bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring mRNA translation in neuronal processes and somata by tRNA-FRET
Authors: Koltun Bella , Ironi Sivan , Gershoni-Emek Noga , Barrera Iliana , Hleihil Mohammad , Nanguneri Siddharth , Sasmal Ranjan , Agasti Sarit S , Nair Deepak , Rosenblum Kobi 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In neurons, the specific spatial and temporal localization of protein synthesis is of great importance for function and survival. Here, we visualized tRNA and protein synthesis events in fixed and live mouse primary cortical culture using fluorescently-labeled tRNAs. We were able to characterize the distribution and transport of tRNAs in different neuronal sub-compartments and to study their association with the ribosome. We found that tRNA mobility in neural processes is lower than in somata and corresponds to patterns of slow transport mechanisms, and that larger tRNA puncta co-localize with translational machinery components and are likely the functional fraction. Furthermore, chemical induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in culture revealed up-regulation of mRNA translation with a similar effect in dendrites and somata, which appeared to be GluR-dependent 6 h post-activation. Importantly, measurement of protein synthesis in neurons with high resolutions offers new insights into neuronal function in health and disease states.
Does non-invasive brain stimulation modulate emotional stress reactivity?
Authors: Smits Fenne M , Schutter Dennis J L G , van Honk Jack , Geuze Elbert 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Excessive emotional responses to stressful events can detrimentally affect psychological functioning and mental health. Recent studies have provided evidence that non-invasive brain stimulation (NBS) targeting the prefrontal cortex (PFC) can affect the regulation of stress-related emotional responses. However, the reliability and effect sizes have not been systematically analyzed. In the present study, we reviewed and meta-analyzed the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the PFC on acute emotional stress reactivity in healthy individuals. Forty sham-controlled single-session rTMS and tDCS studies were included. Separate random effects models were performed to estimate the mean effect sizes of emotional reactivity. Twelve rTMS studies together showed no evidence that rTMS over the PFC influenced emotional reactivity. Twenty-six anodal tDCS studies yielded a weak beneficial effect on stress-related emotional reactivity (Hedges’ g = −0.16, CI95% = [−0.33, 0.00]). These findings suggest that a single session of NBS is insufficient to induce reliable, clinically significant effects but also provide preliminary evidence that specific NBS methods can affect emotional reactivity. This may motivate further research into augmenting the efficacy of NBS protocols on stress-related processes.
‘“These Findings Confirm Conclusions Many Have Arrived at by Intuition or Common Sense”: Water, Quantification and Cost-effectiveness at the World Bank, ca. 1960 to 1995’
Authors: McMillen Christian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Providing clean water and sanitation was based on the common-sense notion that each had obvious benefits. Overcoming uncertainty, achieving precision, and quantifying the effects of clean water and sanitation came to dominate thinking on water and sanitation in the 1980s. As cost effectiveness analysis infiltrated global health the broad goal of providing clean water and adequate sanitation diminished in importance as short term solutions like Oral Rehydration Therapy prevailed. Seeking cost-effective solutions to large scale problems in global health while also wanting to quantify their benefits has common-sense appeal. But when it comes to water and sanitation cost effectiveness analysis has confronted at least one insurmountable challenge: quantifying the benefits of water and sanitation is, and has always, been notoriously difficult. It is intuitive that clean water and adequate sanitation contribute to good health. Quantifying the effects, as we will see, are all but impossible.
Mitigation of Long-Term Human Capital Losses from Natural Disasters: Evidence from the Philippines
Authors: Herrera-Almanza Catalina , Cas Ava 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe detrimental effects of natural disasters on human capital during childhood are well-documented. However, little is known about whether, and to what extent, these impacts can be mitigated in the long term. This study analyzes whether a school infrastructure program can mitigate the adverse effects of extreme weather shocks on long-term children's education and labor market outcomes. This article uses a triple difference model that exploits the geographic variation of super-typhoons combined with the age-cohort exposure to, and spatial variation of, a secondary school infrastructure program in the Philippines. This study finds that the school infrastructure program almost entirely mitigated the negative effect of typhoons on educational attainment. These differential effects of the program on education among typhoon-affected children are also associated with their higher likelihood of working in a high-skilled occupation, in the non-agricultural sector, and of migrating overseas.
Navicular Body Fractures—Surgical Treatment and Radiographic Results
Authors: Sanders Roy , Serrano Rafael 
Published: January 2020

Objective:
To assess injury patterns and outcomes after navicular fractures.

Design:
Retrospective radiographic review using the Schmid classification.

Setting:
Academic Level 1 Trauma Center;

Patients/Participants:
Thirty-nine navicular fractures associated with additional foot injuries.

Intervention:
Open reduction internal fixation.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Radiographic evaluation of nonunion, malunion, and post-traumatic arthritis; secondary operations.

Results:
A total of 12/18 (67%) Schmid type II fractures healed without complications. Ten fractures were treated with tension band plates (56%) and 8 with screws (44%). Three complications were in cases treated with screws (3/8 = 37.5%). No case went on to develop avascular necrosis. In the 21 Schmid type III fractures, radiographic results were uniformly poor. Only 3 healed after the index procedure without evidence of radiographic post-traumatic arthritis. Four required a primary talonavicular (TN) fusion for an unreconstructable articulation found at the time of the index surgical treatment. The remaining 14 (67%) all had radiographic evidence of severe collapse, end-stage post-traumatic arthritis, and/or a significant midfoot deformity at the time of follow-up examination. Three of these required a late triple arthrodesis.

Conclusion:
Type II navicular body fractures are substantial injuries in which the amount of comminution belies the amount of damage to the talonavicular articulation. Tension band plate augmentation seemed to keep the navicular fracture secure and prevent lag screw loosening. Schmid type III navicular body fractures are devastating injuries. They are associated with additional severe trauma to the foot and require extensive surgical reconstruction of the medial column, lateral column, or both. Residual problems should be expected and may not be due to the navicular injury, but rather to the associated fractures and dislocations. Patients should be aware that their foot will be stiff and may require further reconstructive treatment.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
A Systematic Review of Cochlear Implant Outcomes in Prelingually-deafened, Late-implanted Patients
Authors: Pattisapu Prasanth , Lindquist Nathan R. , Appelbaum Eric N. , Silva Rodrigo C. , Vrabec Jeffrey T. , Sweeney Alex D. 
Published: January 2020

Objective:
To analyze outcomes of cochlear implantation (CI) in prelingually-deafened, late-implanted patients.

Data Sources:
A search of MEDLINE and EMBASE was performed in February 2018 using SCOPUS for the intersection of “cochlear implant,” “prelingual,” “deaf,” and “delay.”

Review Methods:
Two independent reviewers screened all abstracts and titles for relevance, with conflicts resolved by either the primary or senior author. All articles passing this screen were subjected to a full-text review, during which the primary and senior author each examined manuscripts for inclusion and exclusion criteria. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool was used to assess potential sources of systematic error, and postoperative clinical outcomes were collected at the latest clinical follow-up.

Results:
Twenty-eight articles were yielded in the final systematic review, accounting for 542 patients. For open-set sentence scores, 10 studies representing 240 patients showed an overall estimated improvement of 44.6% (95% CI: 38.0–51.2%). In terms of quality of life, studies generally showed improvement when looking at specific emotional, social, or hearing-specific domains, but not in global measures. Nonuser rates ranged from 0 to 9.5%.

Conclusion:
Despite performance that is generally poorer than what is generally seen in “traditional” candidates, prelingually-deafened, late-implanted (PL-LI) CI users can experience benefit in terms of both QOL and audiometric scores. The wide range of performance that is reported in the literature highlights the importance of careful patient counseling.
Contextualizing the Modern Epidemiology of Neurofibromatosis Type 2 in an Era of Heightened Detection of Sporadic Vestibular Schwannoma
Authors: Dowling Eric M. , Marinelli John P. , Lohse Christine M. , Carlson Matthew L. 
Published: January 2020

Objective:
Closely paralleling previous radiologic studies, recent population-based prevalence data suggest sporadic vestibular schwannoma (VS) affects over one in 2,000 adults and up to one in 500 in those aged 70 years or older. Attributable to increased utilization of magnetic resonance imaging and screening protocols for asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss, the increasing detection rate of sporadic VS fundamentally changes the perception of VS as a whole. The primary objective of the current study was to contextualize modern epidemiological trends in neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) in light of these recent advancements in the understanding of sporadic VS.

Study Design:
Population-based study.

Setting:
Olmsted County, Minnesota. Population size on January 1, 2017: 159,689 people.

Patients:
All patients with NF2 diagnosed between Jan 1, 1966 and Dec 31, 2016, identified using the Rochester Epidemiology Project.

Main Outcome Measures:
Incidence, prevalence.

Results:
Six incident cases were identified over the past 50 years. From 1966 to 2016, the age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate was 0.10 per 100,000 person-years. The incidence rate remained at 0.12 over the most recent decade. Five cases met disease prevalence criteria, and the age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of NF2 on Jan 1, 2017 was 3.1 per 100,000 persons. All prevalent cases were women, and the resultant prevalence among women only was 6.0 per 100,000 persons.

Conclusions:
The modern age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate and prevalence of NF2 is 0.10 per 100,000 person-years and 3.1 per 100,000 persons, respectively. In contrast to trends in incidence rates of sporadic VS over the last half-century, this study demonstrates that the incidence of NF2 has remained relatively stable since 1966. This divergence in epidemiological trends is likely attributed to the nature of NF2, with early clinical manifestations resulting in diagnosis regardless of modern advances, whereas the increased incidence of sporadic VS is heavily influenced by improved detection in a greater population of patients with minimally symptomatic or asymptomatic tumors.
Trends in Age of Cochlear Implant Recipients, and the Impact on Perioperative Complication Rates
Authors: Fakurnejad Shayan , Vail Daniel , Song Yohan , Alyono Jennifer , Blevins Nikolas H. 
Published: January 2020

Objective:
The aim of the study is to examine trends in the age of patients receiving cochlear implants and to determine the effect of age on the rate of perioperative complications.

Study Design:
Retrospective analysis of deidentified administrative claims data from a US commercial insurance database (Optum).

Patients:
Individuals undergoing cochlear implantation between 2003 and 2016.

Setting:
US hospital and outpatient facilities serving commercially insured patients.

Intervention:
Cochlear implantation.

Main Outcome Measures:
Age at implantation, incidence of perioperative complications within 30 days identified by ICD9/10 codes including device problems, myocardial infarction, stroke, venous thromboembolism, local infection, meningitis, stroke, cerebrospinal fluid leak, and facial weakness.

Results:
Between 2003 and 2016, 3420 patients underwent a total of 4154 cochlear implants. The number of implants per year increased annually from 171 in 2003 to 531 in 2016, with the greatest growth demonstrated in those aged 60 and older.
The age of patients undergoing implantation increased annually from an average of 26.6–57.2 years (p < 0.001). The implantation rates from 2003 to 2016, per 100,000 enrollees, increased from 1.64 to 6.82 for patients 60–79 years of age, and 0 to 11.57 for patients greater than 80 years of age (p < 0.001). No significant differences in 30-day complication rates were found between patients when grouped by age in decades, except for device related problems, which was significantly higher in younger patients (<18 years).

Conclusion:
Over the past decade and a half, cochlear implantation is more frequently being performed, and in an increasingly aging population. This trend does not seem to alter the risk of perioperative complications.
Aggressive Hydration With Lactated Ringer Solution in Prevention of Postendoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Feng , Duan Zhi-Jun , Wang Li-Xia , Zhao Gang , Deng Wu-Guo 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Pancreatitis is the most common complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The results of previous studies evaluating aggressive hydration with lactated Ringer solution for reducing the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) are inconsistent.

Aim:
We performed a meta-analysis to determine whether aggressive hydration with lactated Ringer solution reduced PEP.

Methods:
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing aggressive hydration with standard hydration with the same lactated Ringer solution for prophylaxis of PEP were searched in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and CINAHL databases. ClinicalTrial.gov and International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number registry were also searched for unpublished studies. A meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systemic Reviews of Intervention.

Results:
A total of 7 RCTs with 1047 participants were included into this meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed that aggressive hydration reduced the incidence of PEP as compared with standard hydration [odds ratio (OR), 0.47; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.30-0.72; P=0.0006]. Aggressive hydration also reduced the incidence of post-ERCP hyperamylasemia as compared with standard hydration (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.25-0.59; P<0.00001). No difference of adverse effects was found between aggressive hydration and standard hydration (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.15-1.57; P=0.23). Sensitivity analyses showed that neither alternative effect measures nor statistical models regarding heterogeneity affected the conclusions of this meta-analysis. Sensitivity analyses also showed that omitting 1 study from analysis did not change the conclusion of this meta-analysis.

Conclusions:
On the basis of this meta-analysis of RCTs, aggressive hydration with lactated Ringer solution is an effective and safe therapy for prophylaxis of PEP.
Comparison of Two Diagnostic Criteria for Hepatopulmonary Syndrome–High Prevalence in Biliary Atresia
Authors: Snehavardhan Pandey , Khanna Rajeev , Lal Bikrant B. , Sood Vikrant , Sood Arun K. , Alam Seema 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:There is lack of clarity regarding the exact prevalence of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) in pediatric liver diseases owing to lack of standardized diagnostic criteria. Thus, we aimed to do a comparative study of HPS with respect to its prevalence using the available diagnostic criteria.Methods:All consecutive children with biliary atresia (BA) and other chronic liver diseases (CLDs) were studied. Prevalence of HPS was compared using the 2 available criteria: demonstration of intrapulmonary vascular dilatation along with either alveolar‐arterial oxygen difference (P [A‐a] O2) on arterial blood gas analysis of more than 15 mmHg (criteria 1), or higher than age‐appropriate calculated value for P (A‐a) O2 (criteria 2).Results:A total of 42 children in BA group and 62 in the non‐BA CLD group were included. Using the criteria 1, the prevalence of HPS was 42.3%: 57.1% in the BA group and 32.2% in the CLD group, whereas using criteria 2, the prevalence was 48.1%: 61.9% in the BA group and 38.7% in the CLD group. Criteria 2 diagnosed 6 additional patients with HPS compared to criteria 1 (P value 0.405). BA subjects had higher risk (2.9–3 folds) of developing HPS compared to other CLDs.Conclusion:There is high prevalence of HPS in pediatric liver disease subjects. Age‐appropriate formula for HPS diagnosis may be better applicable in pediatric population. BA subjects have a higher risk of developing HPS compared to other CLDs overall, irrespective of the severity of liver disease and/or portal hypertension.
Aberrant Distributions of Collagen I, III, and IV in Hirschsprung Disease
Authors: Gao Ni , Wang Jian , Zhang Qiangye , Zhou Tingting , Mu Weijing , Hou Peimin , Wang Dongming , Lv Xiaona , Li Aiwu 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTBackground:Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is the most common congenital gut motility disorder, involving a severe anomaly of the enteric nervous system, and is characterized by functional intestinal obstruction due to lack of intrinsic innervation (aganglionosis) in the distal bowel.Objective:The aim of this study was to examine the distribution patterns of collagens I (Col I), III (Col III), and IV (Col IV) in the enteric nervous system of HSCR patients, to determine whether or not collagen levels are altered in the aganglionic bowel.Methods:We measured the expression levels of Col I, Col III, and Col IV in colonic muscle from 129 children with HSCR. The localizations of the 3 collagens and myenteric ganglia were assessed morphologically by immunofluorescence staining. western blots and real‐time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to examine the relative levels of these collagens in aganglionic, transitional, and ganglionic colon segments.Results:Immunoreactivities of Col I and Col III were high around and within myenteric ganglia in the ganglionic segment, moderate in the transitional segment, and weak in the aganglionic segment. Col IV immunoreactivity showed the opposite pattern, being lowest in the ganglionic segment and highest in the aganglionic segment.Conclusion:Col I and Col III are decreased and Col IV is increased in the distal colon of patients with HSCR.
PrEP Implementation Behaviors of Community-Based HIV Testing Staff: A Mixed-Methods Approach Using Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Turner DeAnne , Lockhart Elizabeth , Wang Wei , Shore Robert , Daley Ellen M. , Marhefka Stephanie L. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) is an important option for HIV prevention, but the approach has reached a limited number of people at risk of HIV infection.

Methods:
A mixed-methods concurrent triangulation design was used to investigate unobserved subgroups of staff who provide community-based, publicly funded HIV testing in Florida (USA). PrEP implementation groups, or classes, were determined using latent class analysis. Generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate PrEP implementation as a function of staff characteristics. In-depth interviews based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research were analyzed thematically.

Results:
Based on fit statistics and theoretical relevance, a 3-class latent class analysis was selected. Class 1 (“Universal”) staff were highly likely to talk about PrEP with their clients, regardless of client eligibility. Class 2 (“Eligibility dependent”) staff were most likely to discuss PrEP if they believed their client was eligible. Class 3 (“Limited”) staff sometimes spoke to clients about PrEP, but not systematically. In multivariate analyses, only race and sexual orientation remained significant predictors of the PrEP implementation group. Staff who identified as a racial or sexual minority were less likely to be in the Limited group than their heterosexual or white counterparts. Age, gender, ever having taken PrEP, and HIV status did not impact the odds of being in a specific PrEP implementation group.

Conclusions:
A subset of HIV testing staff differentially discuss PrEP based on perceived client eligibility; others inconsistently talk to clients about PrEP. Targeted training based on PrEP implementation groups may be beneficial.
Spectrum of Early Postoperative Multidetector Computed Tomography Findings Following Cytoreductive Surgery With Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
Authors: Boegel Kevin H. , Gaertner Wolfgang , Sharma Sandeep , Sanghvi Tina , Spilseth Benjamin 
Published: January 2020

Objective
To review and describe imaging findings on multidetector computed tomography in the early postoperative period after cytoreductive surgery with concomitant hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS + HIPEC).

Methods
This was a retrospective review of consecutive patients undergoing early (≤60 days) postoperative abdominopelvic multidetector computed tomography scans after CRS + HIPEC from 2014 to 2018 at a single institution. Two radiologists separately assessed bowel wall thickening, bowel wall enhancement, bowel dilation, ascites, and pleural effusion(s) and identified any other significant finding(s).

Results
Thirty-two patients met the inclusion criteria. The majority of patients demonstrated bowel wall thickening (53%; n = 17) and ascites (72%; n = 23), whereas postoperative ileus (35%; n = 10), pleural effusion(s) (24%; n = 7), and bowel wall hyperenhancement (6%; n = 1) were less common. Significant findings included anastomotic leak/perforation (13%; n = 4), fistula (13%; n = 4), abscess (13%; n = 4), and bladder leak (6%; n = 2).

Conclusions
Multidetector computed tomography is an excellent imaging modality to identify common postoperative findings as well as complications following CRS + HIPEC.