bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organic carbon pools and organic matter chemical composition in response to different land uses in southern Brazil
Authors: Briedis Clever , Baldock Jeff , de Moraes Sá João C. , dos Santos Josiane B. , McGowan Janine , Milori Débora M. B. P. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe adoption of conservation agriculture (e.g., no‐till system) has been recognized as pivotal to maintaining soil functions, but the potential of this system to enhance organic carbon (OC) quantity and quality and how this OC is stabilized in soils are not well established. In this study, we evaluated the effects of land‐use types (native vegetation (NV) vs. no‐till system (NT)) on OC stocks and on the chemical composition of organic matter (OM), and sought to understand the mechanisms that govern OC protection in the studied highly weathered soils. To achieve these objectives, we used an OC fractionation scheme in a combination of solid‐state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses in soils from six farms in southern Brazil. Our results showed smaller OC stocks (whole soil) under NT than under NV in four of the six sites. In addition, the OC stock differences between land‐use types were larger in coarser textured soils and in those where conventional tillage was used before the adoption of NT. Among fractions, particulate organic carbon (POC) represented only 8% of the whole OC stock but was the fraction most affected by land‐use type. In contrast, the humus organic carbon (HOC) fraction contributed 78% of the whole OC stock and was little altered by land‐use type. Resistant organic carbon (ROC) represented 14% of the whole OC stock and it was altered by land‐use type, demonstrating that this fraction is not as inert as previously thought. Overall, OM chemical composition was quite similar between land uses, with O‐alkyl‐C being the predominant C type. This labile component was further highly correlated with OC stock and silt + clay contents, indicating that the accumulation of OC in these highly weathered soils is mainly a response to the association between labile C compounds and minerals.Highlights
The OC build‐up in no‐till areas and the mechanisms of OC protection in soils are still uncertain.
OC stocks under no‐till are still smaller than under native vegetation.
Soils under no‐till showed untapped potential for OC sequestration.
The association of labile compounds with soil minerals is the driving factor for OC protection.
Increased risk of death associated with the use of proton‐pump inhibitors in patients with dementia and controls – a pharmacoepidemiological claims data analysis
Authors: Cetin H. , Wurm R. , Reichardt B. , Tomschik M. , Silvaieh S. , Parvizi T. , König T. , Erber A. , Schernhammer E. , Stamm T. , Stögmann E. 
Published: April 2020

Background and purposeThe use of proton‐pump inhibitors (PPIs) was reported to be associated with increased mortality risk and has been proposed as a potential risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. We aimed to assess the impact of PPI use on survival in patients with dementia as compared with controls.MethodsThis register‐based control‐matched cohort study included 28 428 patients with dementia ascertained by the prescription of antidementia drugs and two control individuals matched by sex, age and area of residence for each patient with dementia during the study period from 1 January 2005 to 30 June 2016. Cumulative defined daily doses (DDDs) of PPIs were extracted from the health insurance prescription registries. A multivariate Cox regression model for non‐proportional hazards was used to analyse mortality risk in dependence of PPI exposure, which was limited to 1 year preceding the date of cohort entry (index date) in order to avoid immortal time bias.ResultsThe PPI exposure of 100 DDDs in the year before the index date was associated with an increased mortality risk in patients with dementia (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence intervals, 1.03–1.12), but also in controls (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence intervals, 1.31–1.64). The mortality risk in relation to PPI use was significantly lower in patients with dementia as compared with controls (P < 0.0001) and highest in the first 2 years after the index date in both cohorts.ConclusionsOur findings promote more stringent pharmacovigilance strategies to avoid PPI use in cases lacking a clear indication for therapy or where potential risks outweigh the benefits.
Radiopacity of computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing composite resin blocks
Authors: Koizumi Hiroyasu , Okamura Kentaro , Hiraba Haruto , Kodaira Akihisa , Yoneyama Takayuki , Matsumura Hideo 
Published: April 2020

This study aimed to clarify the degree of difference in radiopacity between sixteen CAD/CAM composite resin blocks, one ceramic block, and teeth of the same thickness on radiographs. The radiographic density of CAD/CAM composite resin blocks was measured and the results were compared with the corresponding values for enamel and dentin. Additionally, the study analyzed the constituent elements of each type of CAD/CAM composite resin block and conducted an examination to identify those elements exerting an influence on radiopacity. Compared to the enamel, there were five blocks with significantly higher radiopacity, two blocks with the same level in radiopacity, and ten blocks with notably lower radiopacity. Compared to the dentin, there were ten blocks with significantly higher radiopacity, one block with the same level in radiopacity, and six blocks with notably lower radiopacity. All of the CAD/CAM composite resin blocks for molars contained barium and strontium. This result suggests that the addition of heavy metals, for example, barium, strontium, and zirconium, would be effective in providing CAD/CAM composite resin blocks with radiopacity.
Association study between vitiligo and autoimmune‐related genes CYP27B1, REL, TNFAIP3, IL2 and IL21
Authors: Martins Laysa Toschi , Frigeri Henrique Ravanhol , de Castro Caio Cesar Silva , Mira Marcelo Távora 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe aetiology of vitiligo has not been fully elucidated, and several hypotheses have been investigated; among them, the most explored assumes an autoimmune basis for the disease. Supporting this hypothesis is the frequent co‐occurrence of autoimmune diseases with vitiligo. In addition, various genetic loci associated with vitiligo harbour key immune response genes. Our general hypothesis is that autoimmunity‐associated genes participate in the control of vitiligo susceptibility. To investigate this hypothesis, we tested for association between vitiligo and genes CYP27B1, REL, TNFAIP3 and IL2/IL21, all previously related to autoimmune diseases associated with vitiligo. The study was performed using two independent population samples: a family‐based discovery set (211 trios) and a replication set (131 cases/119 controls). Statistically significant association with vitiligo was detected between markers of the REL and IL2 gene in the family‐based sample. Both association signals were concentrated among patients displaying autoimmune comorbidity and non‐segmental vitiligo. Evidence for validation was detected for IL2 marker. Our findings suggest REL and IL2 as new vitiligo susceptibility genes and reinforce the hypothesis of a shared genetic mechanism controlling vitiligo and other autoimmune diseases.
Weight function for an external circumferential semielliptical crack in a cylinder
Authors: Nabavi Seyed Mehdi , Montazer Torbati Ehsan , Jamal‐Omidi Majid 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this paper, the weight function was extracted at the deepest point of a semielliptical circumferential crack. The crack is assumed to exist on the outer surface of the cylinder. For this purpose, the three‐dimensional finite element method was accomplished to specify two reference loads, which are indispensable for determining the weight function. The verification study confirms the accuracy of the derived weight function under prescribed mechanical loading on the crack surfaces. There is consistency among the solution results compared with those in the literature. The second part describes the application of the weight function for the thermal boundary conditions. Steady‐state thermal stress intensity factors are demonstrated using the weight function and presented as a closed‐form solution. The results were compared with the finite element data on the special case of thermal loading, and good agreement is obtained.
Fatigue life analysis of automotive key parts based on improved peak‐over‐threshold method
Authors: Liu Xintian , Zhang Minghui , Wang Haijie , Luo Jiao , Tong Jiachi , Wang Xiaolan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTo eliminate the limitations of the peak‐over‐threshold (POT) extrapolation method, the paper proposes an improved POT extrapolation method to reconstruct the load sequence and frequency of the part. A threshold model is established based on a generalized Pareto distribution (GPD). Assuming a road surface's irregularity obeys a normal distribution, the load between the upper and lower thresholds is reconstructed to obtain more dynamic road load data. Rain‐flow counting method is used to calculate the peak‐to‐valley value and frequency of the load signal, and the characteristics of the load mean and amplitude before and after the improvement of the POT extrapolation method were discussed. The effectiveness and conservativeness of the enhanced method are verified by predicting the fatigue life of a swing support rod.
Factors affecting the fate of Pacific lamprey carcasses and resource transport to riparian and stream macrohabitats
Authors: Dunkle Matthew R. , Lampman Ralph T. , Jackson Aaron D. , Caudill Christopher C. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Anadromous fish transport marine‐derived nutrients to freshwaters during spawning migrations with potential implications for stream food webs. While many studies have explored the role of marine‐derived nutrients instream ecosystems (particularly via Pacific salmonids [Oncorhynchus spp.]), relatively few have examined the spatial distribution and patchiness of non‐salmonid fish carcasses or rates of transport to the riparian zone.

We radio‐tagged and released 144 mature Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) prior to spawning and tracked the fate of post‐spawn carcasses in two inland Columbia River basin streams to characterise spatial distribution of carcasses and marine‐derived nutrient deposition. We found that 27 and 40% of lamprey that could be assigned a fate were moved into the riparian zone adjacent to stream segments exhibiting higher velocity conditions with larger substrates. Conversely, lamprey with instream fates were associated with depositional microhabitats and woody debris dams. Estimated carcass loading rates varied by more than an order of magnitude among habitats. These patterns probably reflect a combination of processes influencing the likelihood of carcass removal (e.g. by predators or scavengers, or stranding) and factors affecting the distribution of carcasses remaining within the stream.

Our results demonstrate substantial transport of lamprey carcasses across the stream‐riparian ecotone and a non‐random distribution of carcasses within streams, patterns which probably influence how resources enter stream and riparian food webs. More broadly, the results suggest local and landscape‐scale hydrogeomorphic factors, along with species‐specific traits and phenology, affect the distribution and potential roles of fish carrion in stream food webs.
Preference for Lighting Chromaticity in Migraine With Aura
Authors: Vieira Alexandra , van der Linde Ian , Bright Peter , Wilkins Arnold 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveWe studied the color of lighting chosen as comfortable for reading by individuals with migraine and controls. We explored the effects of the chosen color on visual performance.BackgroundIt has been reported that individuals who experience migraine with aura (MWA) choose, as comfortable for reading, light that is more strongly saturated in color than that chosen by individuals without migraine.MethodsA convenience sample of 18 individuals who experienced MWA, 18 without aura, and 18 controls without migraine participated in a cross‐sectional laboratory study at Anglia Ruskin University. We used an Intuitive Colorimeter that illuminated text with colored light and permitted the separate control of hue (color) and saturation (strength of color) without a change in luminance. We selected individuals with migraine and healthy controls from the general population. They were headache‐free in the 48 hours prior to testing. We used a routine that permitted the selection of the most comfortable hue from 12 alternatives and then alternately optimized the saturation and hue using small changes, thereby allowing for color adaptation. Visual performance at a word search task was measured under white light and under light of a color chosen as comfortable, using colored lenses.ResultsHealthy individuals chose light with chromaticity close to the Planckian locus, which approximates the chromaticities of daylight and most electric lighting. The distance from the locus averaged 0.029 (SD 0.021). Individuals who experienced MWA chose strongly saturated colors well away from the Planckian locus (average distance 0.056, SD 0.022). Individuals who experienced migraine without aura chose intermediate chromaticities (average distance 0.034, SD 0.022). Overall there was a large statistically significant difference between participant groups that explained 24% variance. Visual search time of individuals with migraine aura decreased from 22.5 to 16.8 s when light of the chosen color was provided using tinted lenses (the average increase in search speed was 45.7%). The lenses had no statistically significant effect on the performance of individuals without migraine aura.ConclusionsIndividuals who experienced MWA selected as comfortable colors that deviated from the lighting typically experienced in everyday life. Possibly, individuals who experience MWA may be more susceptible to photophobia under typical lighting. Visual performance was improved using lenses that provided light of the chosen comfortable color. The spectral power of that choice showed no evident relationship to melanopic energy (energy captured by the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells).
A systematic review of factors associated with side‐effect expectations from medical interventions
Authors: Smith Louise E. , Webster Rebecca K. , Rubin G. James 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundFear of side‐effects can result in non‐adherence to medical interventions, such as medication and chemotherapy. Side‐effect expectations have been identified as strong predictors of later perception of side‐effects. However, research investigating predictors of side‐effect expectations is disparate.ObjectiveTo identify factors associated with side‐effect expectations.Search strategyWe systematically searched Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, Global Health, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Scopus.Inclusion criteriaStudies were included if they investigated associations between any predictive factor and expectations of side‐effects from any medical intervention.Data extraction and synthesisWe extracted information about participant characteristics, medication, rates of side‐effects expected and predictors of side‐effect expectations. Data were narratively synthesized.Main resultsWe identified sixty‐four citations, reporting on seventy‐two studies. Predictors fell into five categories: personal characteristics, clinical characteristics, psychological traits and state, presentation format of information, and information sources used. Using verbal risk descriptors (eg ‘common’) compared to numerical descriptors (eg percentages), having lower quality of life or well‐being, and currently experiencing symptoms were associated with increased side‐effect expectations.Discussion and conclusionsDecreasing unrealistic side‐effect expectations may lead to decreased experience of side‐effects and increased adherence to medical interventions. Widespread communications about medical interventions should describe the incidence of side‐effects numerically. Evidence suggests that clinicians should take particular care with patients with lower quality of life, who are currently experiencing symptoms and who have previously experienced symptoms from treatment. Further research should investigate different clinical populations and aim to quantify the impact of the media and social media on side‐effect expectations.
Linear and nonlinear analysis of dental pulp blood flow oscillations in ageing
Authors: Dzeletovic B. , Stratimirovic D. J. , Stojic D. , Djukic L. J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimTo investigate the effect of ageing on control mechanisms of pulpal microcirculation using wavelet analysis and to calculate linear and nonlinear parameters of blood flow oscillations, in a healthy general population.MethodologyPulpal blood flow (PBF) oscillations were recorded on right maxillary central incisors using laser Doppler Flowmeter (PeriFlux PF 5001, Perimed, Jarfalla, Sweden) on a group of 10 young participants (20–25 years) and a group of 10 older adults (60–70 years). In total, 20 recordings were obtained for at least 20 min (one recording on one tooth per subject). Using wavelet spectral analysis, the amplitude and power were calculated as a linear and Hurst exponent as a nonlinear parameter of PBF oscillations. Differences between the two groups were assessed with the independent Student t‐test.ResultsMean PBF levels were significantly lower (P = 0.024) in older adults than in young participants. Relative amplitudes and powers corresponding to the myogenic (P = 0.046, P < 0.001, respectively) and neurogenic activity (P = 0.04, P = 0.01, respectively) were significantly higher, whereas values corresponding to the endothelial function (P = 0.04, P = 0.01, respectively) were significantly lower in older adults than in young participants. Hurst exponents of the total spectrum, myogenic and endothelial component (P < 0.001, P = 0.02, P < 0.001, respectively) of PBF oscillations were significantly lower in older adults in comparison to young participants.ConclusionsAt the level of pulpal microcirculation, ageing was associated with altered blood flow levels, the contribution of different control mechanisms to blood flow oscillations as well as the interaction of vascular smooth muscle and endothelium. Described changes of pulpal haemodynamics contribute to a better understanding of physiological behaviour and decreased adaptability of aged dental pulp to pathological stimuli.
Oxide ceramic fibers via dry spinning process—From lab to fab
Authors: Scholz Hermann , Vetter Johannes , Herborn Ralf , Ruedinger Arne 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOxide fibers preparation and manufacturing capabilities at Fraunhofer‐Center HTL are introduced, showing the development and preparation of oxide ceramic fibers from lab scale to pilot scale up to near production scale. As a specific example, the development of an aluminosilicate fiber with mullite composition is discussed in more detail. Fiber development started from nonaqueous sol‐gel precursors in the early lab scale. With increasing fiber spinning volume, precursors were switched to water‐soluble systems. Transformation from green fiber to ceramic fiber was monitored by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The evolution of ceramic phases, microstructure formation, and the effects on tensile strength and Young's modulus were investigated. Weibull statistics and fracture analysis helped to understand the results. Next step will be the transition from large lab scale to pilot scale, demonstrating manufacturing capability.
Research on strain distribution and damage behavior of thermal barrier coatings based on digital image correlation
Authors: Wang Li , Wang Haidou , Di Yuelan , Zhao Yuncai , Wang Le 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDue to the complicated structure and serving environments, thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) usually encounter failure in the form of surface coating cracking and interface spalling without warning. At present, although many experimental techniques and equipment were developed to predict their service life, the transfer process of stress between different layers and the strain characteristics of ceramic surface are not clearly explained. In this paper, the nondestructive digital image correlation method was used to observe the character of surface strains of supersonic plasma‐sprayed TBCs systems in tensile failure processes. Also, mathematical model was established basing on the principle of minimum function to calculate interface stress and coating strain expressions. The results show the characteristics of strain change in the whole tensile stage can be divided into four stages. At first, strain concentration occurs in the range of 9%‐27% of the effective distance between one end of the tensile specimen, second, a certain number of strain fringes are formed and distributed at a certain distance, and then the first crack appears in the initial strain concentration area; as the load continues, more and more cracks on the coating surface reach saturation and finally fail. In the microlinear elasticity stage, the shear strain in the coating and the interface shear stress are in a linear relationship. As the thickness of the single‐layer coating increasing, the strain value of the surface strain of the coating decreases, the surface strain value of the single‐layer coating is about six times larger than that of the double‐layer coating.
The effect of intensity of consumer education, self‐efficacy, personality traits and social media on consumer empowerment
Authors: Tajurahim Nurul Nadiah Syahida , Abu Bakar Elistina , Md Jusoh Zuroni , Ahmad Sa’odah , Muhammad Arif Afida Mastura 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to develop a consumer empowerment model by adopting the Social Cognitive Theory and the Empowerment Theory in explaining consumer empowerment. Specifically, this study intended to identify the relationships between consumer self‐efficacy, intensity of consumer education, personality traits, social media and consumer empowerment. A total of 400 respondents had participated in this study and were selected using a multi‐stage probability sampling. The data were collected through a self‐administered questionnaire. A multiple linear regression was conducted to predict the correlation between the independent variables and consumer empowerment. The finding revealed that the intensity of consumer education, self‐efficacy, social media and aggressive personality were positively related to consumer empowerment, whereas the assertive personality variable was deleted from the model because it did not have a significant relationship with consumer empowerment. The results can significantly contribute to improving the current consumer policy and developing effective consumer education programmes.