bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous Manganese‐Catalyzed Oxidase C−H/C−O Cyclization to Access Pharmaceutically Active Compounds
Authors: Ferlin Francesco , Marini Alberto , Ascani Nicola , Ackermann Lutz , Lanari Daniela , Vaccaro Luigi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHeterogeneous manganese‐catalyzed C−H oxidative couplings were accomplished to gain access to pharmaceutically relevant 2‐aminophenoxazin‐3‐ones and to diaminophenazine and purpurogallin moieties in excellent yields. The user‐friendly K‐OMS‐2 oxidase strategy proved to be more versatile and robust than enzymatic catalysts‐based procedures allowing a wider substrate scope and being effectively reusable as proven by leaching measurements and XRD analyses.
A Tripeptide Approach to the Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Peptide Thioacids and N‐Glycopeptides
Authors: Schöwe Markus Julian , Keiper Odin , Unverzagt Carlo , Wittmann Valentin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA general and robust method for the incorporation of aspartates with a thioacid side chain into peptides has been developed. Pseudoproline tripeptides served as building blocks for the efficient fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) solid‐phase synthesis of thioacid‐containing peptides. These peptides were readily converted to complex N‐glycopeptides by using a fast and chemoselective one‐pot deprotection/ligation procedure. Furthermore, a novel side reaction that can lead to site‐selective peptide cleavage using thioacids (CUT) was discovered and studied in detail.
Reaction of Vinyl Aziridines with Arynes: Synthesis of Benzazepines and Branched Allyl Fluorides
Authors: Kaldas Sherif J. , Kran Eva , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Yudin Andrei K. , Studer Armido 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe report the cycloaddition between vinyl aziridines and arynes. Depending on the reaction conditions and the choice of the aryne precursor, the aziridinium intermediate can be trapped through two distinct mechanistic pathways. The first one proceeds through a formal [5+2] cycloaddition to furnish valuable multi‐substituted benzazepines. In the second pathway, the aziridinium is intercepted by a fluoride ion to afford allylic fluorides in good yields. Both reactions proceed stereospecifically and furnish enantiopure benzazepines and allylic fluorides.
Formation of Perylenes by Oxidative Dimerization of Naphthalenes Bearing Radical Sources
Authors: Hirao Yasukazu , Okuda Tomoki , Hamamoto Yosuke , Kubo Takashi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe introduction of phenol groups at the 1,8‐positions of naphthalene allowed its one‐pot oxidative dimerization and subsequent oxidative cyclization to the perylene structures under mild conditions and upon addition of iron (III) chloride. Examination using various derivatives and DFT calculations revealed that these reactions are initiated by the oxidation of the phenol moiety to generate a radical cation, which is supplied as a radical source for the reactions. The delocalization of the spin density from the radical cation of the introduced phenol groups to the naphthalene ring is proposed to be responsible for the intermolecular oxidative homo‐coupling reactions at the peri‐positions of the naphthalene and the subsequent oxidative cyclization at the 8,8’‐positions of the 1,1’‐binaphthyl derivative.
Changes in Manufacturing Processes of Biologic Therapies Can Alter the Immunogenicity Profile of the Product
Authors: Vanderlaan Martin , Maniatis Aristides , Olney Robert , Rahmaoui Abdelkader , Yau Linda , Quarmby Valerie , Azzolino Craig , Woods Cynthia , Moawad Dalia 
Published: October 2019

Manufacturing process changes may alter the characteristics of a protein therapeutic. In 2009, somatropin (version 1.0), a recombinant human growth hormone therapeutic, underwent a manufacturing update (version 1.1). The immunogenicity of somatropin version 1.1 as a daily subcutaneous injection was evaluated in 2014 in a prospective, open‐label, single‐arm clinical study of treatment‐naive pediatric patients with idiopathic human growth hormone deficiency for 1 year. The primary end point was the proportion of patients who developed antidrug antibodies (ADAs) after treatment. Eighty‐two patients were enrolled. The mean (SD) treatment duration was 347 (53) days. The incidence of ADAs was 3.7%. No neutralizing antibodies were observed in the three patients with ADA‐positive samples. Two patients (2.6%) had growth attenuation, but they were not ADA positive. The manufacturing changes for somatropin version 1.1 resulted in a similar safety and efficacy profile compared with somatropin version 1.0 and a different immunogenicity profile with a lower incidence of ADAs.
Comparative Renoprotective Effect of Febuxostat and Allopurinol in Predialysis Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Nationwide Database Analysis
Authors: Hsu Yun‐Shiuan O. , Wu I‐Wen , Chang Shang‐Hung , Lee Cheng‐Chia , Tsai Chung‐Ying , Lin Chan‐Yu , Lin Wan‐Ting , Huang Yu‐Tung , Wu Chao‐Yi , Kuo George , Hsiao Chih‐Yen , Lin Hsing‐Lin , Yang Chih‐Chao , Yen Tzung‐Hai , Chen Yung‐Chang , Hung Cheng‐Chieh , Tian Ya‐Chong , Kuo Chang‐Fu , Yang Chih‐Wei , Anderson Gerard F. , Yang Huang‐Yu 
Published: October 2019

Hyperuricemia has been associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. The antihyperuricemic febuxostat's potential renoprotective effect has been demonstrated in stage 1–3 CKD. Large‐scale studies comparing the renoprotective potential of febuxostat and allopurinol in advanced CKD are lacking. We exclusively selected 6,057 eligible patients with predialysis stage 5 CKD prescribed either febuxostat or allopurinol using the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan during 2012–2015. There were 69.57% of allopurinol users and 42.01% febuxostat users who required long‐term dialysis (P < 0.0001). The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.65 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–0.70) indicated near 35% lower hazards of long‐term dialysis with febuxostat use. The renal benefit of febuxostat was consistent across most patient subgroups and/or using the propensity score‐matched cohort. The adjusted HR was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.61–0.70) for long‐term dialysis or death. In conclusion, lower risk of progression to dialysis was observed in predialysis stage 5 CKD febuxostat users without compromising survival.
Developmental changes in elemental and configural perception of odor mixtures in young rabbits
Authors: Coureaud Gérard , Letagneaux Chloé , Thomas‐Danguin Thierry , Romagny Sébastien 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDevelopment can change the way organisms represent their environment and affect their behavior. In vision, complex stimuli are treated as the sum of their elements (elemental perception) in children or as a whole (configural perception) in adults. However, the influence of development in elemental/configural perception has never been tested in olfaction. Here we explored this issue in young rabbits, which are known to perceive during the neonatal period certain binary odor mixtures elementally and others weak configurally. Using conditioning and behavioral testing procedures, we set out six experiments evaluating the putative evolution of their odor perception between birth and weaning. Results highlighted that between postnatal days 2 and 9 the perception of an initially weak configural mixture became robust configural while that of two elemental mixtures did not. Additional switches from elemental to configural perception were observed at postnatal day 24. The use of a chemically more complex senary mixture resulted also in a shift from weak to robust configural perception between postnatal days 2 and 9. Thus, the perception of certain odor mixtures may rapidly evolve toward a more holistic mode in young rabbits, which may help simplifying their representation of the environment once out of the nest.
Multi‐method assessment of irritability and differential linkages to neurophysiological indicators of attention allocation to emotional faces in young children
Authors: Deveney Christen M. , Grasso Damion , Hsu Amy , Pine Daniel S. , Estabrook Christopher R. , Zobel Elvira , Burns James L. , Wakschlag Lauren S. , Briggs‐Gowan Margaret J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFacilitated attention toward angry stimuli (attention bias) may contribute to anger proneness and temper outbursts exhibited by children with high irritability. However, most studies linking attention bias and irritability rely on behavioral measures with limited precision and no studies have explored these associations in young children. The present study explores irritability‐related attention biases toward anger in young children (N = 128; ages 4–7 years) engaged in a dot‐probe task with emotional faces, as assessed with event‐related brain potential (ERP) indices of early selective attention and multi‐method assessment of irritability. Irritability assessed via semi‐structured clinical interview predicted larger anterior N1 amplitudes to all faces. In contrast, irritability assessed via a laboratory observation paradigm predicted reduced P1 amplitudes to angry relative to neutral faces. These findings suggest that altered early attentional processing occurs in young children with high irritability; however, the nature of these patterns may vary with methodological features of the irritability assessments. Future investigations using different assessment tools may provide greater clarity regarding the underlying neurocognitive correlates of irritability. Such studies may also contribute to the ongoing debates about how to best define and measure irritability across the developmental spectrum in a manner that is most informative for linkage to neural processes.
Vegetation dynamics following compound disturbance in a dry pine forest: fuel treatment then bark beetle outbreak
Authors: Crotteau Justin S. , Keyes Christopher R. , Hood Sharon M. , Larson Andrew J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn the western United States, restoration of forests with historically frequent, low‐severity fire regimes often includes fuel reduction that reestablish open, early‐seral conditions while reducing fuel continuity and loading. Between 2001 and 2016, fuel reduction (e.g., thinning, prescribed burning, etc.) was implemented on over 26 million hectares of federal lands alone in the United States, reflecting the urgency to mitigate risk from high‐severity wildfire. However, between 2001 and 2012, nearly 20 million hectares in the United States were impacted by mountain pine beetle (MPB;Dendroctonus ponderosae), compounding restoration effects in wildfire‐hazard‐treated stands. Knowledge of the effects of treatments followed by natural disturbance on long‐term forest structure and communities is needed, especially considering that fuel treatments are increasingly being implemented and warming climate is predicted to exacerbate disturbance frequency and severity. We tested the interacting effects of treatments designed to reduce high‐severity wildfire hazard in stands subsequently challenged by MPB outbreak on vegetation dynamics using a factorial experimental design (control, thin only, burn only, thin + burn) in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)‐dominated forest. Stands were treated by 2002, then impacted by MPB outbreak from 2005 to 2012. We assessed change in overstory and understory forest community structure, composition, and diversity over time. There were distinct thinning, burning, and year effects. Thinning immediately reduced overstory density; pine density then declined 4.5 times more in unthinned than thinned treatments due to MPB. Burning immediately reduced graminoid, shrub, and total understory cover by as much as 52%, resulting in greater species evenness than unburned treatments, but differences disappeared by 2016 due to growth and MPB outbreak. Similarly, multivariate analyses indicated forest communities were starkly different after treatment but became more similar over time, though key understory and overstory attributes still distinguish control and thin + burn. This study shows the value of long‐term silvicultural experiments to evaluate treatment longevity and the compounded effects of treatment and natural disturbance. We demonstrate the homogenizing effects of treatment‐induced growth coupled with MPB‐caused tree mortality on management strategies that just treat the overstory (thinning) or understory (burning), showing that only combined treatments can provide the unique structural and compositional outcomes expected of restoration.
Warming and pollutants interact to modulate octocoral immunity and shape disease outcomes
Authors: Tracy Allison M. , Weil Ernesto , Harvell C. Drew 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWarming environments can alter the outcome of host–parasite relationships with important consequences for biodiversity. Warming often increases disease risk, and interactions with other environmental factors can intensify impacts by modifying the underlying mechanisms, such as host immunity. In coastal ecosystems, metal pollution is a pervasive stressor that influences disease and immunity in many organisms. Despite the crisis facing coral reefs, which stems in part from warming‐associated disease outbreaks, the impacts of metal pollutants on scleractinian and octocoral disease are largely unknown. We investigated how warming oceans and copper pollution affect host immunity and disease risk for two diseases of the abundant Caribbean octocoral, the sea fan Gorgonia ventalina. Field surveys across a sediment copper concentration gradient in Puerto Rico, USA revealed that cellular immunity of sea fans increased by 12.6% at higher sediment copper concentrations, while recovery from multifocal purple spots disease (MFPS) tended to decrease. MFPS severity in the field increased at warmer sites. In a controlled laboratory experiment, sea fans were inoculated with live cultures of a labyrinthulid parasite to test the interactive effects of temperature and copper on immune activation. As in the field, higher copper induced greater immunity, but the factorial design of the experiment revealed that copper and temperature interacted to modulate the immune response to the parasite: immune cell densities increased with elevated temperature at lower copper concentrations, but not with high copper concentrations. Tissue damage was also greater in treatments with higher copper and warmer temperatures. Field and lab evidence confirm that elevated copper hinders sea fan immune defenses against damaging parasites. Temperature and copper influenced host–pathogen interactions in octocorals by modulating immunity, disease severity, and disease recovery. This is the first evidence that metal pollution affects processes influencing disease in octocorals and highlights the importance of immune mechanisms in environmentally mediated disease outbreaks. Although coral conservation efforts must include a focus on global factors, such as rapid warming, reducing copper and other pollutants that compromise coral health on a local scale may help corals fight disease in a warming ocean.
Steady state operation exergy‐based optimization for solar thermal collectors
Authors: Grosu Lavinia , Mathieu Antoine , Rochelle Pierre , Feidt Michel , Ahmadi Mohammad H. , Sadeghzadeh Milad 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this investigation, exergy‐based optimization was carried out on two configurations of solar thermal collectors. A set of control sensors were utilized to control the performance of the system and monitor the design variables, that is, inlet and outlet temperature of the solar fluid, ambient temperature, incident solar flux, and required mechanical and electrical work in the system. The fluid temperature was considered to vary in the range of 120–180°C with respect to technical and economic considerations. The collector surface area was considered 606 m2 in both configurations, and a medium solar incident was considered about 520 W/m2. The maximum acceptable temperature difference is obtained as function of the input temperature. The technical limitation is plotted for both configurations of solar collectors. It was noticed that the exergy flow of simple evacuated tubes can reach the maximum value when the input temperature is greater than 115°C for an incident solar flow, from 250 W/m2 up to the limit of 950 W/m2. Exergy analysis demonstrated that more control is required on the temperature control to obtain the optimum performance of the solar collector. Thus, applying exergy optimization approach can be very useful to guide control system, the maximum outlet temperature being a key variable on the performance of the collectors.
Exergy analysis of large and impounded hydropower plants: Case study El Roseires Dam (280 MW)
Authors: Abuelnuor Abuelnuor A. A. , Ahmed Khadir , Saqr Khaled M. , Nogoud Yasser A. M. , Babiker Mohammed E. A. M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNowadays, one of the major and serious worldly concerns is the limitation of energy resources. Sudan, in specific, confronts a critical crisis in fossil fuel resources due to its separation science 2011, and mostly concerning the production of electricity energy. There are many sources of renewable energies in Sudan such as hydropower. Which it is widely used in Sudan, and one example is Elroseires hydropower plant. This research aims to conduct an exergy analysis of the performance of the Elroseires hydropower plant to identify areas for improvement using actual operation data. The exergy efficiency and exergy destruction rate of each unit in the plant were determined independently. The thermodynamic inefficiencies of all units of the plant were quantified for analysis to identify breakthrough points for further energy savings. Results indicated that the lowest exergy destruction rate occurs in August (20.6 MW) despite the lowest production of energy during this period. This outcome is due to the volumetric flow rate being less than those in other months, thereby leading to minimal flow turbulence that result in low exergy destruction. By contrast, the greatest exergy destruction occurs in December (106.1 MW) because of the high volumetric flow rate for the same pipe diameter. Such condition leads to turbulent flow and results in considerable exergy destruction. This study emphasizes that exergy analysis is useful in determining irreversibilities and losses in Elroseires hydropower plant to improve its thermodynamic performance.
Zinc oxide supported silver nanoparticles as a heterogeneous catalyst for production of biodiesel from palm oil
Authors: Laskar Ikbal B. , Rokhum Lalthazuala , Gupta Rajat , Chatterjee Sushovan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBiodiesel, also called fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), a promising alternative to petroleum diesel, has become more attractive in recent years due to its environmental friendliness coupled with its accessibility from renewable resources. This work investigated the novel zinc oxide supported silver nanoparticles (ZnO@Ag NPs) catalyzed transesterification of palm oil to biodiesel. Novel ZnO@Ag NPs were synthesized via homogeneous precipitation of Zn(OH)2 and reduction of Ag(I) to Ag (0). During the preparation of nanocatalyst, polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) played a dual role as both the surfactant and reducing agent. The synthesized NPs were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and BET analysis. Biodiesel formation was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis. In addition, different constituents of FAME were identified using GC–MS analytical technique. Under the optimum reaction conditions (methanol to oil ratio, 10:1, catalyst loading, 10 wt%, temperature 60°C and time, 60 min), the percentage conversion of triglycerides to corresponding FAME was 97% as determined by 1H NMR. Catalyst recyclability tests confirmed that ZnO@Ag NPs could be reused at least for five successive cycles without appreciable loss in its activity.
Convergence of five‐point scheme with diagonally dominant characteristic for DLR k−ε model and its application
Authors: Guangbiao Jiang , Shi Shu , Yongsen He , Yingxiong Xiao , Shuiping Ying 
Published: October 2019

SummaryIn this paper, the equivalent equations of DLR k−ε turbulent model in the boundary‐fitted curvilinear coordinate are employed. Using the upwind idea that the contribution of the difference coefficients to the main node is positive contribution, and the other nodes are negative contribution or no contribution, new five‐point difference schemes with a full diagonally dominant coefficient matrix (5‐point‐DD difference scheme) are constructed. Finally, taking the
equation in the DLR k−ε turbulent model as an example, the mathematical characteristics of the 5‐point‐DD difference scheme are analyzed, and the uniform boundedness and convergence theorems of the Gauss‐Seidel iterative sequence are given. Numerical simulations show that the five‐point schemes are strictly diagonally dominant, and the calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Self‐regulation of ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation using real‐time fMRI neurofeedback—Influence of default mode network
Authors: Mayeli Ahmad , Misaki Masaya , Zotev Vadim , Tsuchiyagaito Aki , Al Zoubi Obada , Phillips Raquel , Smith Jared , Stewart Jennifer L. , Refai Hazem , Paulus Martin P. , Bodurka Jerzy 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is involved in regulation of negative emotion and decision‐making, emotional and behavioral control, and active resilient coping. This pilot study examined the feasibility of training healthy subjects (n = 27) to self‐regulate the vmPFC activity using a real‐time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rtfMRI‐nf). Participants in the experimental group (EG, n = 18) were provided with an ongoing vmPFC hemodynamic activity (rtfMRI‐nf signal represented as variable‐height bar). Individuals were instructed to raise the bar by self‐relevant value‐based thinking. Participants in the control group (CG, n = 9) performed the same task; however, they were provided with computer‐generated sham neurofeedback signal. Results demonstrate that (a) both the CG and the EG show a higher vmPFC fMRI signal at the baseline than during neurofeedback training; (b) no significant positive training effect was seen in the vmPFC across neurofeedback runs; however, the medial prefrontal cortex, middle temporal gyri, inferior frontal gyri, and precuneus showed significant decreasing trends across the training runs only for the EG; (c) the vmPFC rtfMRI‐nf signal associated with the fMRI signal across the default mode network (DMN). These findings suggest that it may be difficult to modulate a single DMN region without affecting other DMN regions. Observed decreased vmPFC activity during the neurofeedback task could be due to interference from the fMRI signal within other DMN network regions, as well as interaction with task‐positive networks. Even though participants in the EG did not show significant positive increase in the vmPFC activity among neurofeedback runs, they were able to learn to accommodate the demand of self‐regulation task to maintain the vmPFC activity with the help of a neurofeedback signal.