bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cobamide remodeling in the freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Baum Christoph , Menezes Riya C , Svatoš Aleš , Schubert Torsten 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTMicroalgae are not able to produce cobamides (Cbas, B12 vitamers) de novo. Hence, the production of catalytically active Cba-containing methionine synthase (MetH), which is present in selected representatives, is dependent on the availability of exogenous B12 vitamers. Preferences in the utilization of exogenous Cbas equipped with either adenine or 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole as lower base have been reported for some microalgae. Here, we investigated the utilization of norcobamides (NorCbas) for growth by the Cba-dependent Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant strain (ΔmetE). The growth yields in the presence of NorCbas were lower in comparison to those achieved with Cbas. NorCbas lack a methyl group in the linker moiety of the nucleotide loop. C. reinhardtii was also tested for the remodeling of NorCbas (e.g. adeninyl-norcobamide) in the presence of different benzimidazoles. Extraction of the NorCbas from C. reinhardtii, their purification, and identification confirmed the exchange of the lower base of the vitamers. However, the linker moiety of the NorCbas nucleotide loop was not exchanged. This observation strongly indicates the presence of an alternative mode of Cba deconstruction in C. reinhardtii that differs from the amidohydrolase (CbiZ)-dependent pathway described in Cba-remodeling bacteria and archaea.
International Law and Linguistics: Pieces of an Interdisciplinary Puzzle
Authors: Pirker Benedikt , Smolka Jennifer 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the framework of the empirical turn in international law, international lawyers are increasingly turning to specific linguistic theories to gain insights into language-related processes in international law, such as interpretation or law-making. The present article addresses these current, selective approaches by offering a broad overview and taxonomy of the most prominent and relevant directions of research in linguistics. It addresses in turn discourse analysis and text linguistics, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, historical linguistics and etymology, lexicography, corpus linguistics and computational linguistics, sociolinguistics and forensic linguistics, loosely following the phases of the ‘life cycle’ of international law in which they could most fruitfully be used to study and practise international law.
Quantifying the structure of strong gravitational lens potentials with uncertainty-aware deep neural networks
Authors: Vernardos Georgios , Tsagkatakis Grigorios , Pantazis Yannis 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTGravitational lensing is a powerful tool for constraining substructure in the mass distribution of galaxies, be it from the presence of dark matter sub-haloes or due to physical mechanisms affecting the baryons throughout galaxy evolution. Such substructure is hard to model and is either ignored by traditional, smooth modelling, approaches, or treated as well-localized massive perturbers. In this work, we propose a deep learning approach to quantify the statistical properties of such perturbations directly from images, where only the extended lensed source features within a mask are considered, without the need of any lens modelling. Our training data consist of mock lensed images assuming perturbing Gaussian Random Fields permeating the smooth overall lens potential, and, for the first time, using images of real galaxies as the lensed source. We employ a novel deep neural network that can handle arbitrary uncertainty intervals associated with the training data set labels as input, provides probability distributions as output, and adopts a composite loss function. The method succeeds not only in accurately estimating the actual parameter values, but also reduces the predicted confidence intervals by 10 per cent in an unsupervised manner, i.e. without having access to the actual ground truth values. Our results are invariant to the inherent degeneracy between mass perturbations in the lens and complex brightness profiles for the source. Hence, we can quantitatively and robustly quantify the smoothness of the mass density of thousands of lenses, including confidence intervals, and provide a consistent ranking for follow-up science.
Mechanisms coordinating ribosomal protein gene transcription in response to stress
Authors: Zencir Sevil , Dilg Daniel , Rueda Maria Paula , Shore David , Albert Benjamin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
While expression of ribosomal protein genes (RPGs) in the budding yeast has been extensively studied, a longstanding enigma persists regarding their co-regulation under fluctuating growth conditions. Most RPG promoters display one of two distinct arrangements of a core set of transcription factors (TFs) and are further differentiated by the presence or absence of the HMGB protein Hmo1. However, a third group of promoters appears not to be bound by any of these proteins, raising the question of how the whole suite of genes is co-regulated. We demonstrate here that all RPGs are regulated by two distinct, but complementary mechanisms driven by the TFs Ifh1 and Sfp1, both of which are required for maximal expression in optimal conditions and coordinated downregulation upon stress. At the majority of RPG promoters, Ifh1-dependent regulation predominates, whereas Sfp1 plays the major role at all other genes. We also uncovered an unexpected protein homeostasis-dependent binding property of Hmo1 at RPG promoters. Finally, we show that the Ifh1 paralog Crf1, previously described as a transcriptional repressor, can act as a constitutive RPG activator. Our study provides a more complete picture of RPG regulation and may serve as a paradigm for unravelling RPG regulation in multicellular eukaryotes.
Sustained Lung Inflation in Pre-term Infants at Birth: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Abuel Hamd Walaa A , El Sherbiny Douaa E , El Houchi Salma Z , Iskandar Iman F , Akmal Dina M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) of pre-term infants may be associated with high rate of mortality and iatrogenic complications in low- and middle-income countries. Sustained lung inflation (SLI) may help to reduce their need for IMV.

Methods
This randomized controlled trial included 160 infants with gestational age (GA) ≥27 and ≤32 weeks who were randomly assigned to receive either SLI; using a pressure of 20 cmH2O for 15 s followed by nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) of 5 cmH2O or nasal CPAP alone, through an appropriate mask and a T-piece resuscitator. Primary outcome was the need for IMV in the first 72 h of life.

Results
There was no difference in the primary outcome between SLI group; 55% (44 out of 80) and the control group; 65% (52 out of 80) [odds ratio (OR): 0.623, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.33–1.18; p = 0.145]. However, SLI significantly reduced the primary outcome in the sicker infants; who had clinical eligibility criteria (CEC; OR: 0.224, 95% CI: 0.076–0.663; p = 0.005) and in the smaller babies; whose GA was &lt;30 weeks (OR: 0.183, 95% CI: 0.053–0.635; p = 0.005).

Conclusion
SLI was not harmful. Although, it did not lead to reduction in the need for IMV in the first 72 h of life in pre-term infants with GA ≥27 and ≤32 weeks, SLI reduced this outcome in the subgroup of infants with CEC and those with GA &lt;30 weeks. Future trials are needed to investigate the effect of SLI on these two subgroups.

Trial registration
Clinical trials.gov, NCT03518762. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03518762?term=NCT03518762&rank=1
Financial Inclusion and Stability: Review of Theoretical and Empirical Links
Authors: Čihák Martin , Mare Davide Salvatore , Melecky Martin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper reviews the literature on financial stability and financial inclusion—two broad objectives of financial policy that may be mutually dependent. The review suggests the possible co-dependence of stability and inclusion. We build on this theoretical motivation by exploring stylized facts (correlations) obtained from data sets that have been widely used in the literature on financial inclusion and stability. The empirical correlations suggest that, on average, financial inclusion and stability correlate negatively, but the correlations vary systematically across individuals, firms, and country contexts. Depending on the financial instrument and stability measure, positive correlations are also likely. These associations reflect some findings in the existing literature, but also point to knowledge gaps that can be addressed by future research.
Genome Sequence Resources for the Maize Pathogen Fusarium temperatum Isolated in Poland
Authors: Wit Marcin , Leng Yueqiang , Du Yang , Cegiełko Małgorzata , Jabłońska Emilia , Wakuliński Wojciech , Zhong Shaobin 
Published: October 2020

Fusarium temperatum (Scaufl. & Munaut) is one of the most important fungal pathogens that cause ear and stalk rots in maize. In this study, we sequenced genomes of two F. temperatum isolates (KFI615 and KFI660) isolated from corn ears in Poland. A total of 110.3 and 116.3 million 100-nucleotide paired-end clean reads were obtained for KFI615 and KFI660, which were assembled into 20 and 18 scaffolds with an estimated genome size of 45.21 and 45.00 Mb, respectively. These genome sequences provide important resources for understanding pathogenicity and biology of the pathogens within the Fusarium fujikuroi complex. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
The Bowtie diagram: a simple tool for analysis and planning in anesthesia
Authors: Culwick Martin D. , Endlich Yasmin , Prineas Stavros N. 
Published: October 2020

Purpose of review
The purpose is to show the advantages of a Bowtie diagram as a versatile tool for displaying and understanding the evolvement and management of critical incidents.

Recent findings
The Bowtie diagram has been used recently in anesthesia to depict critical incidents having been used in high-risk industries for several decades. This diagram displays the progression from latent factors to potential harm in five steps.

Summary
The Bowtie diagram combines the features of a fault tree and an event tree with the adverse event, known as the Top Event separating the two sections. The fault tree is similar in concept to a Swiss Cheese diagram and the event tree similar in concept to an emergency management algorithm. Preventive barriers and escalation measures are used to detect and trap abnormal states. If these fail, the event proceeds to a crisis, leading to the Top Event, a time for making decisions. A recovery state follows, which depicts an emergency state mandating immediate life or limb-saving management to recover from the crisis. Finally, in the aftermath state, a time for reflection and learning, ultimate outcomes are shown in the right-hand column.

Video abstract
The Bowtie Diagram. Designed and created by Yasmin Endlich, Martin D. Culwick and Stavros N. Prineas, http://links.lww.com/COAN/A68.
Modeling the Effect of Excitation on Depth of Anesthesia Monitoring in γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Agonist ABP-700
Authors: Valk Beatrijs I. , Eleveld Douglas J. , Meyer Peter , Meier Sascha , den Daas Izaak , van Amsterdam Kai , Campagna Jason A. , Sweeney Steven P. , Absalom Anthony R. , Struys Michel M. R. F. 
Published: October 2020

Background
γ-Aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor agonists are known to cause involuntary muscle movements. The mechanism of these movements is not known, and its relationship to depth of anesthesia monitoring is unclear. We have explored the effect of involuntary muscle movement on the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model for the GABAA receptor agonist ABP-700 and its effects on the Bispectral Index (BIS) as well as the Modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (MOAA/S) scores.

Methods
Observations from 350 individuals (220 men, 130 women) were analyzed, comprising 6,312 ABP-700 concentrations, 5,658 ABP-700 metabolite (CPM-acid) concentrations, 25,745 filtered BIS values, and 6,249 MOAA/S scores, and a recirculatory model developed. Various subject covariates and pretreatment with an opioid or a benzodiazepine were explored as covariates. Relationships between BIS and MOAA/S models and involuntary muscle movements were examined.

Results
The final model shows that the pharmacokinetics of ABP-700 are characterized by small compartmental volumes and rapid clearance. The BIS model incorporates an effect-site for BIS suppression and a secondary excitatory/disinhibitory effect-site associated with a risk of involuntary muscle movements. The secondary effect-site has a threshold that decreases with age. The MOAA/S model did not show excitatory effects.

Conclusions
The GABAA receptor agonist ABP-700 shows the expected suppressive effects for BIS and MOAA/S, but also disinhibitory effects for BIS associated with involuntary muscle movements and reduced by pretreatment. Our model provides information about involuntary muscle movements that may be useful to improve depth of anesthesia monitoring for GABAA receptor agonists.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Pediatric Radial Neck Fractures: Which Ones Can Be Successfully Closed Reduced in the Emergency Department?
Authors: Kong Justin , Lewallen Laura , Elliott Marilyn , Jo ChanHee , McIntosh Amy L. , Ho Christine A. 
Published: October 2020

Background:
The purpose of this study is to examine pediatric patients with a radial neck fracture and determine the factors associated with a failed closed reduction (CR) in the emergency department (ED).

Methods:
A total of 70 patients with acute radial neck fractures were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria were: age 18 years or younger at time of injury, diagnosis of radial neck fracture without other associated elbow fractures, an attempt at CR with manipulation in the ED or immediate surgery, open proximal radial physis, and appropriate imaging to categorize the injury. Charts were reviewed and demographic data was obtained. Initial injury films were reviewed and the Judet classification was used to define fracture types/categories.

Results:
CR was attempted on 41 patients. Twenty-nine patients went straight to surgery without a CR attempt. Compared with patients that had an attempted CR in the ED, patients that went straight to surgery had longer mean time from injury to ED presentation (5.6 d; P=0.0001), greater mean fracture angulation (55.0 degrees; P=0.001), and greater fracture translation (46.2%; P=0.001). When analyzing the patients that had a CR attempted in the ED, univariate statistical analysis demonstrated that ≥Judet 4 classification (P=0.03), greater amounts of fracture angulation (P=0.003), and a treatment delayed >24 hours from injury (P=0.007) were significant risk factors for failure of CR in the ED. Zero (0/10) patients with fracture angulation ≥60 degrees had a successful CR. Only 1/14 patients presenting >24 hours after injury had a successful CR in the ED.

Conclusions:
Circumventing sedation in the ED, and instead splinting for a planned surgical intervention may be a more efficient treatment method for pediatric radial neck fractures that present to the ED>24 hours after injury and/or have angulations ≥60 degrees. Adopting this new strategy may save time, reduce costs, and avoid possible harm/complications associated with sedation in the ED.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—prognostic.
Predictor of Surgical Outcomes in Ankylosing Spondylitis Cervical Spinal Fracture
Authors: Gao Qichang , Zhang Zhizhuang , Shao Tuo , Tang Weilong , Hu Yuhang , Sheng Hongtao , Gu Jiaao , Yu Zhange 
Published: October 2020

Study Design.
Retrospective study.

Objective.
A retrospective study was conducted to clarify the prognostic factors of postoperative for cervical spine fractures patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Summary of Background Data.
Now the high probability of cervical fractures in patients with AS is unanimously recognized. Fractures mostly occur in the lower cervical spine and two-thirds of patients are accompanied by spinal cord injury. But there are few studies on treatment of AS patients with cervical fracture and it is unclear whether the surgical method, timing of surgery, basic treatment of AS, and different doses of steroids therapy have an impact on the prognosis. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the impact of perioperative factors on the prognosis of traumatic cervical fractures in surgical patients with AS.

Methods.
Preoperative and postoperative spinal cord function were assessed according to the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) Scores and Improvement rate were calculated. The neck pain severity were rated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) score. The t test and v2-test were used for comparison of clinical data between the preoperative and postoperative groups. Logistic univariate and multivariate regression analysis were used to obtain adjusted odds ratios. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the relationship between variables.

Results.
The degree of fracture displacement in cervical spine fractures patients with AS was most common at the neck–chest junction (26.1%). Patients with degree of cervical fracture displacement less than 50% had significantly improved JOA scores after surgery (P = 0). The incidence of spinal cord injury (SCI) due to fracture was high (52.2%). Patients with combined anterior and posterior is helpful for neurological recovery (P = 0.01). Basic AS treating before injury would be benefit for neurological improvement (P = 0).

Conclusion.
Basic AS treatment, SCI, and surgical methods are independent factors that affect the prognosis of cervical spine fractures patients with AS. It is controversial to perform surgery and preoperative steroid application as soon as possible.

Level of Evidence: 3
Characterizing the Patients, Hospitals, and Data Quality of the eICU Collaborative Research Database*
Authors: O’Halloran Heather M. , Kwong Kenneth , Veldhoen Richard A. , Maslove David M. 
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
The eICU Collaborative Research Database is a publicly available repository of granular data from more than 200,000 ICU admissions. The quantity and variety of its entries hold promise for observational critical care research. We sought to understand better the data available within this resource to guide its future use.

Design:
We conducted a descriptive analysis of the eICU Collaborative Research Database, including patient, practitioner, and hospital characteristics. We investigated the completeness of demographic and hospital data, as well as those values required to calculate an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score. We also assessed the rates of ventilation, intubation, and dialysis, and looked for potential errors in the vital sign data.

Setting:
American ICUs that participated in the Philips Healthcare eICU program between 2014 and 2015.

Patients:
A total of 139,367 individuals who were admitted to one of the 335 participating ICUs between 2014 and 2015.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Most encounters were from small- and medium-sized hospitals, and managed by nonintensivists. The median ICU length of stay was 1.57 days (interquartile range, 0.82–2.97 d). The median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV-predicted ICU mortality was 2.2%, with an observed mortality of 5.4%. Rates of ventilation (20–33%), intubation (15–24%), and dialysis (3–5%) varied according to the query method used. Most vital sign readings fell into realistic ranges, with manually curated data less likely to contain implausible results than automatically entered data.

Conclusions:
Data in the eICU Collaborative Research Database are for the most part complete and plausible. Some ambiguity exists in determining which encounters are associated with various interventions, most notably mechanical ventilation. Caution is warranted in extrapolating findings from the eICU Collaborative Research Database to larger ICUs with higher acuity.
Effect of Driving Pressure Change During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Adults With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Randomized Crossover Physiologic Study*
Authors: Del Sorbo Lorenzo , Goffi Alberto , Tomlinson George , Pettenuzzo Tommaso , Facchin Francesca , Vendramin Alice , Goligher Ewan C. , Cypel Marcelo , Slutsky Arthur S. , Keshavjee Shaf , Ferguson Niall D. , Fan Eddy ,   for the International ECMO Network (ECMONet)
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is an effective intervention to improve gas exchange in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, the mortality of patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome supported with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation remains high, and this may be due in part to a lack of standardized mechanical ventilation strategies aimed at further minimizing ventilator-induced lung injury. We tested whether a continuous positive airway pressure ventilation strategy mitigates ventilator-induced lung injury in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, compared with current ventilation practice that employs tidal ventilation with limited driving pressure. We used plasma biomarkers as a surrogate outcome for ventilator-induced lung injury.

Design:
Randomized crossover physiologic study.

Setting:
Single-center ICU.

Patients:
Ten patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome supported on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Interventions:
The study included four phases. After receiving pressure-controlled ventilation with driving pressure of 10 cm H2O for 1 hour (phase 1), patients were randomly assigned to receive first either pressure-controlled ventilation 20 cm H2O for 2 hours (phase 2) or continuous positive airway pressure for 2 hours (phase 3), and then crossover to the other phase for 2 hours; during phase 4 ventilation settings returned to baseline (pressure-controlled ventilation 10 cm H2O) for 4 hours.

Measurements and Main Results:
There was a linear relationship between the change in driving pressure and the plasma concentration of interleukin-6, soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products, interleukin-1ra, tumor necrosis factor alpha, surfactant protein D, and interleukin-10.

Conclusions:
Ventilator-induced lung injury may occur in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation despite the delivery of volume- and pressure-limited mechanical ventilation. Reducing driving pressure to zero may provide more protective mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients supported with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. However, the risks versus benefits of such an approach need to be confirmed in studies that are designed to test patient centered outcomes.