bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From stars to stripes: RNA‐directed shaping of plant viral protein templates—structural synthetic virology for smart biohybrid nanostructures
Authors: Wege Christina , Koch Claudia 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe self‐assembly of viral building blocks bears exciting prospects for fabricating new types of bionanoparticles with multivalent protein shells. These enable a spatially controlled immobilization of functionalities at highest surface densities—an increasing demand worldwide for applications from vaccination to tissue engineering, biocatalysis, and sensing. Certain plant viruses hold particular promise because they are sustainably available, biodegradable, nonpathogenic for mammals, and amenable to in vitro self‐organization of virus‐like particles. This offers great opportunities for their redesign into novel “green” carrier systems by spatial and structural synthetic biology approaches, as worked out here for the robust nanotubular tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) as prime example. Natural TMV of 300 x 18 nm is built from more than 2,100 identical coat proteins (CPs) helically arranged around a 6,395 nucleotides ssRNA. In vitro, TMV‐like particles (TLPs) may self‐assemble also from modified CPs and RNAs if the latter contain an Origin of Assembly structure, which initiates a bidirectional encapsidation. By way of tailored RNA, the process can be reprogrammed to yield uncommon shapes such as branched nanoobjects. The nonsymmetric mechanism also proceeds on 3'‐terminally immobilized RNA and can integrate distinct CP types in blends or serially. Other emerging plant virus‐deduced systems include the usually isometric cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) with further strikingly altered structures up to “cherrybombs” with protruding nucleic acids. Cartoon strips and pictorial descriptions of major RNA‐based strategies induct the reader into a rare field of nanoconstruction that can give rise to utile soft‐matter architectures for complex tasks.This article is categorized under:
Biology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus‐Based Structures
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Biology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid‐Based Structures
Introduction
Authors: McLean Mora L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWhether they reside in the Global North or the Global South, young people who live in poverty and are African-born or members of the racialized Black African Diaspora in other parts of the world, especially including the United States, are disproportionately burdened by income and structural inequality. Comparative research that explores the range of attitudes, behaviors, and experiences of West African-born and African Diasporan youth in the United States—especially in U.S. cities where West African immigrant populations are increasing—makes sense based on shared history and for heuristic reasons. Black youth on either side of the Atlantic would be well served by comparative research that illuminates how and why their life experiences and trajectories converge or diverge, and how ameliorative interventions might be mutually informed and better conceived to maximally support their well being.
Education for All: The Case of Out-of-School Migrants in Ghana
Authors: Kyereko Daniel Owusu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDespite the high number of migrants involved in intra-West African migration, the work on education for marginalized groups pays little or no attention to the children of migrants. This study involving qualitative research into the factors keeping migrant children and youth out of school in Ghana is a step toward filling this gap. The research highlights the role that economic factors, the conflict between opposing value systems, the nature of migration, and the age at migration played in serving as barriers for out-of-school migrants. The findings mark an important starting point for considering educational access for migrants in Ghana and understanding the limitations that confront them.
Untold Stories: Newark’s Burgeoning West African Population and the In-School Experiences of African Immigrant Youth
Authors: Simmons Michael , Etta Mahako 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAlthough Africans have become the fastest-growing migrant group in both the United States and New Jersey, there has not been a commensurate level of research or policy attention to their experiences, particularly the experiences of adolescent African immigrants. This chapter aims to spark further research that deepens the understanding of the contemporary West African experience in urban cities in connection to the social, educational, and workforce systems. The authors briefly provide historical context to explain the exponential growth of the African immigrant population, quantify and document the neighborhood resettlement patterns of African immigrants in Newark, New Jersey, and conduct interviews with one Newark-based high school to highlight the challenges faced by the educational sector in addressing the needs of West African immigrant youth.
The Limits of Individual-Level Factors for Ghanaian and South African Girls’ Learning
Authors: Nuamah Sally A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUtilizing interviews from South Africa and targeted surveys from Ghana, this chapter examines how confidence and socioeconomic background work together to shape the learning of girls across these various contexts. The point of this chapter is to show why noncognitive skills emphasized in the existing literature on the education of youth are by themselves insufficient. Rather, girls in these contexts need strategies to respond to challenges as well as institutions that seek to create environments that eliminate the gendered barriers that they face.
Anomaly free Froggatt-Nielsen models of flavor
Authors: Smolkovič Aleks , Tammaro Michele , Zupan Jure 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We introduce two anomaly free versions of Froggatt-Nielsen (FN) models, based on either GFN = U(1)3 or GFN = U(1) horizontal symmetries, that generate the SM quark and lepton flavor structures. The structure of these “inverted” FN models is motivated by the clockwork mechanism: the chiral fields, singlets under GFN, are supplemented by chains of vector-like fermions charged under GFN. Unlike the traditional FN models the hierarchy of quark and lepton masses is obtained as an expansion in M/〈ϕ〉, where M is the typical vector-like fermion mass, and 〈ϕ〉 the flavon vacuum expectation value. The models can be searched for through deviations in flavor observables such as $$ K-\overline{K} $$
K
−

K
¯

mixing, μ → e conversion, etc., where the present bounds restrict the masses of vector-like fermions to be above $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(107 GeV). If GFN is gauged, the models can also be probed by searching for the flavorful Z′ gauge bosons. In principle, the Z′s can be very light, and can be searched for using precision flavor, astrophysics, and beam dump experiments.
Eighty-three sublattices and planarity
Authors: Czédli Gábor 
Published: October 2019

AbstractLetLbe a finiten-element lattice. We prove that ifLhas at least$$83\cdot 2^{n-8}$$83·2n-8sublattices, thenLis planar. For$$n>8$$n>8, this result is sharp since there is a non-planar lattice with exactly$$83\cdot 2^{n-8}-1$$83·2n-8-1sublattices.
MicroRNA in localized scleroderma: a review of literature
Authors: Wolska-Gawron Katarzyna , Bartosińska Joanna , Krasowska Dorota 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Localized scleroderma (LoSc) is rare connective tissue disease that manifests with inflammation and fibrosis of the skin. Depending on the LoSc subtype, adjacent structures such as subcutaneous tissue, fascia, muscles, bones may be affected. The hallmark of fibrosis is tissue remodelling with excess deposition of extracellular matrix proteins (ECM), principally collagens. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules that consist of 19–24 nucleotides and act as negative regulators of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Based on the current articles, approximately 40 microRNAs have been linked to fibrosis in different organs and diseases. The majority of these molecules promote or inhibit fibrosis by targeting connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), extracellular matrix proteins, TGF-β pathway and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway. Further, particular microRNAs regulate fibrogenesis by altering epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or activating proliferation of myofibroblasts. MiRNAs are relatively stable, detectable in tissues and body fluids (serum, plasma) which suggest that they may serve as beneficial biomarkers to monitor the course of the disease and response to treatment. Herein, we report the present state of knowledge on microRNA expression in localized scleroderma.
Experiences and satisfaction of children, young people and their parents with alternative mental health models to inpatient settings: a systematic review
Authors: Vusio Frane , Thompson Andrew , Birchwood Max , Clarke Latoya 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Community-based mental health services for children and young people (CYP) can offer alternatives to inpatient settings and treat CYP in less restrictive environments. However, there has been limited implementation of such alternative models, and their efficacy is still inconclusive. Notably, little is known of the experiences of CYP and their parents with these alternative models and their level of satisfaction with the care provided. Therefore, the main aim of this review was to understand those experiences of the accessibility of alternative models to inpatient care, as well as overall CYP/parental satisfaction. A searching strategy of peer-reviewed articles was conducted from January 1990 to December 2018, with updated searches conducted in June 2019. The initial search resulted in 495 articles, of which 19 were included in this review. A narrative synthesis grouped the studies according to emerging themes: alternative models, tele-psychiatry and interventions applied to crisis, and experiences and satisfaction with crisis provision. The identified articles highlighted increased satisfaction in CYP with alternative models in comparison with care as usual. However, the parental experiential data identified high levels of parental burden and a range of complex emotional reactions associated with engagement with crisis services. Furthermore, we identified a number of interventions, telepsychiatric and mobile solutions that may be effective when applied to urgent and emergency care for CYP experiencing a mental health crisis. Lastly, both parental and CYP experiences highlighted a number of perceived barriers associated with help-seeking from crisis services.
Assessing disease severity in bio-naïve patients with RA on treatment with csDMARDs: insights from the Corrona Registry
Authors: Harrold Leslie R. , Patel Pankaj A. , Griffith Jenny , Litman Heather J. , Feng Hua , Schlacher Casey A. , Kremer Joel M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Introduction
This study aimed to characterize disease burden among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with moderate-to-high disease activity who had received conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (csDMARD) monotherapy for ≥ 6 months but had not advanced to a biologic therapy.

Methods
Patients enrolled in the US Corrona RA Registry between June 1, 2014, and January 30, 2018, with 6 months of continuous csDMARD monotherapy, with moderate-to-high disease activity, who remained biologic naive, and who had ≥ 1 follow-up visit were identified. Disease activity was assessed among patients with a 6-month follow-up visit (± 3 months). Descriptive statistics were used to compare demographics and disease characteristics between patients with or without treatment advancement.

Results
The study included 409 patients with a disease activity assessment at 6 months (mean (SD) age 65.9 (12.6) years; mean duration of csDMARD therapy 407 (221) days). Of those patients, more than half (54%, n = 219) remained in moderate-to-high disease activity. Patients remaining in moderate-to-high vs. remission-to-low disease activity had higher baseline swollen (6.1) and tender joint counts (6.8). Over the 6-month period, treatment advancement occurred in 29% of patients. Those who advanced treatment (n = 118) vs. did not advance treatment (n = 291) were younger, had a shorter duration of RA, had higher disease activity, and reported higher levels of pain and fatigue.

Conclusions
The substantial number of patients with persistent moderate-to-high disease on csDMARDs over a 6-month period and who did not advance treatment indicates that there is considerable need for a treat-to-target approach to care for patients with RA.

Key Points•For patients with RA and an inadequate response to treatment with initial csDMARD monotherapy, guidelines recommend treatment advancement; however, this may not be occurring in real-world clinical settings.•In the current study, a substantial proportion of patients (54%) on csDMARDs had persistent moderate-to-severe disease activity at the 6-month (± 3 months) follow-up visit; however, only 29% of patients had their medication treatment advanced, indicating that there is considerable need for a treat-to-target approach to care for patients with RA.•Patients with younger age, shorter RA duration, and higher disease activity were more likely to have their medication treatment advanced, which suggests that potentially more aggressive treatment of disease activity is needed across the whole RA population.
Advantageous conditions of saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuels generation via fermentation processes
Authors: Kucharska Karolina , Słupek Edyta , Cieśliński Hubert , Kamiński Marian 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Processing of lignocellulosic biomass includes four major unit operations: pre-treatment, hydrolysis, fermentation and product purification prior to biofuel generation via anaerobic digestion. The microorganisms involved in the fermentation metabolize only simple molecules, i.e., monosugars which can be obtained by carrying out the degradation of complex polymers, the main component of lignocellulosic biomass. The object of this paper was to evaluate the saccharification conditions and identify the process parameters that should be applied to improve the saccharification efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass, defined as the simple sugars concentration, which was considered as a crucial parameter for hydrogen generation via dark fermentation. Drawing global conclusions about the occurring changes in the biomass requires learning about the nature of the biomass structure and composition at different stages of the process. Therefore, techniques for analysis, as FTIR, HPLC and SEM were applied. The experiment was planned employing Box–Behnken design. The advantageous operating conditions and the composition of saccharification enzymatic cocktail were identified and their values occurred similar in the applied border conditions for all tested biomass types. Analysis of the intermediate solid and liquid streams generated during the pre-treatment procedure revealed several structural and compositional changes in the biomass.
Customer satisfaction prediction with Michigan-style learning classifier system
Authors: Borna Keivan , Hoseini Shokoofeh , Aghaei Mohammad Ali Mehdi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Many different classification algorithms can be use in order to analyze, classify and predict data. Learning classifier system (LCS) which is known as a genetic base machine learning system, combines the machine learning with evolutionary computing and other heuristics to produce an adaptive system that learns to solve a particular problem. This paper uses the Michigan style LCS, in the context of bank customer satisfaction to classify customers into two different groups: unsatisfied/satisfied customers. Three different Rule Compaction strategies are used to compare the rule population’s accuracy and micro/macro population size. The result specifies features that mostly influence prediction.
A Descriptive and Longitudinal Analysis of Pain During Intercourse in Pregnancy
Authors: Rossi Meghan A. , Mooney Kayla M. , Binik Yitzchak M. , Rosen Natalie O. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Pain during vaginal intercourse in pregnancy has largely been ignored despite physiological and psychological components of pregnancy that may be associated with its onset and persistence.

Aim
The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and the characteristics of clinically significant pain during intercourse in the second (18−24 weeks) and third (32−36 weeks) trimesters of pregnancy.

Methods
Pregnant women (N = 501) recruited from a local women’s hospital completed an online survey in the second and third trimesters of their pregnancy regarding the presence, intensity, and characteristics of pain during intercourse. Women with clinically significant pain (ie, pain greater than or equal to 4 of 10 on a numerical rating scale) were grouped according to whether the pain was resolved, persistent, or new onset across the 2 pregnancy time points. Following guidelines outlined by the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT), we conducted a descriptive analysis assessing the intensity and characteristics (eg, quality, onset, degree of improvement over time, and treatment strategies utilized) of clinically significant pain during intercourse.

Main Outcome Measure
The main outcome measures in this study were the prevalence, intensity, and characteristics of clinically significant pain during intercourse.

Results
Overall, 21% of pregnant women (106/501) reported clinically significant pain during intercourse. We found that 22% (N = 16/106) of women who had this pain at 20 weeks reported that it had resolved at 34 weeks, 33% (40/106) reported persistent pain at both time points, and 46% (50/106) reported new onset of pain during intercourse at 34 weeks. The majority of women across all pain groups reported that the pain began during pregnancy and remained at the same intensity. Most women reported not using any pain management strategies to cope with their pain.

Clinical Implications
One in 5 women experienced clinically significant pain during intercourse in pregnancy, with the majority of women not seeking treatment.

Strengths & Limitations
This study is the first to comprehensively assess and describe the prevalence and characteristics of clinically significant pain during intercourse across 2 time points in pregnancy using IMMPACT guidelines. Small sample sizes in our pain groups may limit the generalizability of pain characteristics.

Conclusion
Findings suggest that many pregnant women in this study experienced significant pain during intercourse in pregnancy. Understanding the characteristics of this pain may improve its identification by health care providers and inform better prevention and treatment recommendations.
Understanding Australian Community ABI Therapists’ Preferences for Training in and Implementing Behaviour Interventions: A Focus on Positive Behaviour Support
Authors: Carmichael Jai Jason , Gould Kate Rachel , Hicks Amelia J. , Feeney Timothy J. , Ponsford Jennie Louise 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjective:Individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI) may experience persistent and distressing challenging behaviours (CB), and therefore, effective delivery of behaviour interventions is crucial. This study aimed to investigate community ABI therapists’ experiences of using, training in and implementing behaviour interventions with a focus on Positive Behaviour Support (PBS).Methods:A sample of Australian community ABI therapists (n = 136) completed an online survey about their experiences with behaviour interventions, including PBS. Data from open-ended questions were analysed using content analysis. Frequency and descriptive statistics were computed, and a multiple regression was performed to determine factors predicting readiness to learn and implement new behaviour interventions. Rank-based non-parametric tests were conducted to investigate the influence of clinical role on experiences with behaviour interventions and training preferences.Results:Consistent with PBS, participants indicated that the following were important in addressing CB: teamwork and collaboration, person-centred practice, working with antecedents, environmental modification, improving quality of life and skill-building. Despite a high level of desire and readiness, 80% of participants reported facing barriers to learning and implementing new behaviour interventions (e.g., lack of time). Participants’ confidence in using behaviour interventions (β = 0.31; p = 0.002) and the number of barriers faced (β = −0.30; p = 0.002) predicted their readiness to learn and implement new behaviour interventions. Confidence, duration of past training in behaviour interventions and preferred duration of future training did not differ based on clinical role.Conclusion:Implications for the development of training in behaviour interventions such as PBS and implementation into community practice are discussed.
Military techno-vision: Technologies between visual ambiguity and the desire for security facts
Authors: Saugmann Rune 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMilitary applications of technologies for enhancing or producing vision play a key role in composing contemporary security, as such technologies are deployed to make security sense of everyday sociality, of battlefields, and of much in between these extremes. In this article, I set out to recompose militarised techno-vision through the public detritus left by its heterogenous development, use, and appropriation. I argue that as an heterogenous and amalgamated object, military techno-vision can be composed by speaking the stories of its leftovers, and that this composition is characterised by and in turn characterises a longstanding dilemma between fact and vision – between the ambiguity that is constitutive of the human practices of visual perception and image-making, and the desire for machines that can produce visual ‘actionable intelligence’ that can underpin security decisions. Discourses, practices, and regimes of visibility are deployed alongside technologies to occlude the ambiguity of technological vision and sustain the imaginary of technologically altered vision as neutral production of military or security facts.
Security compositions
Authors: Austin Jonathan Luke 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article argues that security politics is constituted through the ways in which its contours are ‘made sensible’ (perceivable to our senses) through material, aesthetic, or affective mechanisms. To make this argument, the article introduces the theoretical scaffolding for what it terms a compositional ontology. A compositional approach to security identifies, theorises, and studies the perceptual base of security politics in order to ask how – say – the sight of a single photograph, sound of a security announcement, or smell of tear gas, can frequently be the direct (efficient) cause of international security policy, discourse, and decision. To theorise the deep political impact of such fleeting moments of local sensory experience, the article lays out a compositional ontology comprised of a synthesis of poststructuralist and new-realist philosophy, as well as the empirical sensibilities of pragmatist sociology. Combined with a focus on sensibility, it is shown that these approaches can produce an ontology of security that more effectively explains contingency, fluidity, and change in world politics. Having laid out the theoretical frame for a compositional ontology, the article discusses its political and methodological implications, suggesting it demands that security studies shift towards a more postcritical, experimental, and collaborative ethos.