bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spinning stars and cosmic recycling
Authors: Andersson Nils 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis chapter considers the relevance of rotating stars as gravitational-wave sources, introducing the notion of a deformed spinning star and estimating the associated gravitational-wave strength through the quadrupole formula. The estimates are compared to the observed spin-down rate for the Crab Pulsar, providing a first idea of how faint these signals are likely to be. Additional physics that must be considered for accreting systems is introduced and a simple model for the spin–orbit evolution of such systems is outlined.
The stellar graveyard
Authors: Andersson Nils 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis chapter introduces the different classes of compact objects—white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes—that are relevant for gravitational-wave astronomy. The ideas are placed in the context of developing an understanding of the likely endpoint(s) of stellar evolution. Key ideas like Fermi gases and the Chandrasekhar mass are discussed, as is the emergence of general relativity as a cornerstone of astrophysics in the 1950s. Issues associated with different formation channels for, in particular, black holes are considered. The chapter ends with a discussion of the supermassive black holes that are found at the centre of galaxies.
Colliding black holes
Authors: Andersson Nils 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe standard approaches to numerical simulations in general relativity are introduced, starting with the 3+1 formalism. General computational issues are discussed and the problem of providing relevant initial data for simulations is touched upon. Different slicing conditions and the extraction of wave from a numerical simualtions are discussed. The developments through to successful simulations of merging black holes are surveyed.
Anatomy of a merger
Authors: Andersson Nils 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses the different stages of an inspiralling neutron star binary system, through the formation of a black hole and the possible emergence of a gamma-ray burst. Tidal effects and the information encoded in the so-called Love numbers are explored. The violent dynamics of the merger is considered and models of gamma-ray bursts and the late time kilonova emission are also explored.
The Return of Traditional Geopolitical Thought
Authors: Doyle Timothy , Rumley Dennis 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The principal aim of this chapter is to provide an overview and synthesis of the diffusion, perpetuation, and contextual transformation of traditional geopolitical thinking throughout the Indo-Pacific region and assess how these concepts and ideas might still form some input into regional geopolitical thinking, particularly among some key individual states within the Indo-Pacific. The re-emergence of these classical ideas and their deployment through different national lenses reveals the construction of vastly disparate Indo-Pacific regionalisms, in which, we argue, narrow national constructions of the region take precedence over more genuine, pan-regional aspirations. In the twenty-first century, to some degree, the Indo-Pacific concept is a useful enabling tool for regional state territorial expansionism and/or for the geographical extension of military power and control. However, this enabling Indo-Pacific concept contains within it the potential for significant regional and even global conflict. This prospect has also been predicted by Haushofer.
Conclusion
Authors: Doyle Timothy , Rumley Dennis 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this final chapter, we contend that despite the fact that differing constructions of the Indo-Pacific occur across matrices of space, time, and selected world-view methodologies, it is important to conclude that not all constructions and geopolitical imaginations are equal. Consequently, we prioritize the ongoing relationships between the US and China: these will largely determine the geopolitics of the Indo-Pacific region in the twenty-first century and beyond. Also, we end the book on a constructive note, exploring a regional institutional model which is the closest we have yet experienced in terms of being representative of Indo-Pacific nation-states, from the western Indian Ocean, to the western periphery of the Pacific. The case of the Indian Ocean Rim Association, now over twenty years since its inception, is an exemplar (however imperfect) of the maritime regional organization wrestling with the daily realities of what it is to operate in a new Indo-Pacific world.
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Tom 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The introduction sets up the main arguments and problems of the book. It opens with three short case studies, through which we are introduced to the kinds of people who will be encountered in the book. It gradually builds up the complex picture of legal pluralism in late-medieval England, and draws this together with the broader problems facing the historiography of law and society, namely, the problem of differentiating ‘the legal’ from ‘the social’ in a model where they are mutually constitutive. It goes on to suggest two frameworks for doing this: first, through the concept of ‘local legal cultures’, as the distinctive senses of law produced within constellations of local environments, socio-economic patterns, and legal institutions; and second, through the notion of ‘common legalities’, widespread practices through which ordinary people differentiated law from the social, both inside and outside of legal institutions. Finally, it explains the extent and range of local sources used to ground the book’s arguments, and the methodology employed in reading them as texts.
Rural Legal Culture
Authors: Johnson Tom 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that legal institutions—manorial, church, and leet or hundred courts—were deeply embedded in rural social relations. These courts had been established as the fulcrum of villagers’ legal engagement for a long time, and by the fifteenth century, rural legal culture in England was characterized by a set of profound practical and ideological correspondences between law and community. In the first place, associative relations in the late-medieval countryside were constituted by a dense lattice of mutually reinforcing legal relationships; from the bargains one made to the reputation one cultivated, law provided an epistemology of rural social life. In the second place, law framed an ethical vision of rural community, which villagers attempted to create using the mechanisms available in their local courts. These courts were often dominated by a relatively small, select group of richer families, and certainly the kinds of community that they wished to build and control were neither egalitarian nor inclusive. Yet, for all that it was hierarchical, narrow, and unrealistic, the ideal of a village united by laws served as a powerful concept for inspiring, cajoling, and enforcing action in the courts. Rural legal culture was characterized by this strong emphasis on community.
Maritime Legal Culture
Authors: Johnson Tom 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that maritime legal culture in late-medieval England was characterized by an emphasis on nautical expertise. Across the idiosyncratic and complicated legal traditions of maritime law, and the unpredictable conditions of work at sea, mariners, fishermen, shipmasters, and others conceptualized the regulation of associative relations through particular ideas about the seaworthiness of ships, skilful seamanship, and the obedience of the crew. These concepts of nautical expertise often helped to reinforce the position of shipmasters—whose expertise was officially recognized in many different ways by legal institutions—as they attempted to navigate their ships, freight the cargo of merchants, and manage a highly skilled and unusually mobile workforce; but at the same time, expertise also represented a set of broader ideals to which common mariners could appeal in order to resist the authority of shipmasters. If this jurisprudence of nautical expertise often flowed within the existing channels of domination, then, it also represented a powerful discourse that bound sundry people together in the maritime community.
The Legal Landscape
Authors: Johnson Tom 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that law had a physical presence in the landscape of late-medieval England. Legal ideas did not consist merely in words and writings, but were constituted in their concrete manifestations in the material environment; this was the terrain upon which they were articulated, contested, and resolved. People whose lives were lived so close to the land understood its signification intuitively. They knew the places in which they dwelt and worked were replete with different legal claims, some so well established by generations of institutional or customary arrangements that they formed part of the architecture of the everyday, while others remained latent in the slowly changing land, ready to become problematic if a stream were diverted, or new buildings were constructed. The existence of such claims imbued everyday mobilities with legal significance: people had to watch their step, moving through the world in ways that accorded with some claims while contesting others—droving cattle through a particular field, moving a boundary stone to its ‘proper’ place, fishing at a certain point on the river—in a legal language that was broadly comprehensible. The late-medieval landscape represented a large surface on which non-elites could make their own legal inscriptions.
Common Legal Documents
Authors: Johnson Tom 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that late-medieval England underwent a documentary revolution as the vast majority of the population came to possess legal writings for themselves. There were many dynamics to this transformation: some were straightforward continuations of earlier cultural developments, while others derived from new impulses within post-plague society, such as the tumultuous land market, and the growing ambition of government. This enabled many more people to do things with writing. While they had long encountered legal writings passively—hearing charters read aloud, seeing the compilation of court records, or swearing oaths on the gospels, for example—in the later Middle Ages their ownership of documents allowed them to pursue their own legal aims. This can be seen particularly in the proliferation of supplicatory writings that directly requested justice from remote authorities, but more generally in the ways that people used various documents in creative attempts to circumvent, cajole, or manipulate court process. Yet this rising tide of documents served ultimately to constrain their flexibility of legal action. Documents subtly bound people to legal institutions in new ways. More people may have held more documents, but their documents came to hold them.
Beyond a Sovereign State of Exception
Authors: White Jonathan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Central to the imagery of European crisis politics in the 2010s was the figure of the Troika. Though on one level just a term of public condemnation, on another it encapsulated some deeper truths about the politics of the time. Specifically, the concept of the Troika expressed a politics based on ostensibly impermanent, unconventional arrangements for defined purposes, governed by an agenda of speed and urgency, and propelled by trans-institutional executive power. Taken together, these features amount to a specific mode of governing, one usefully grasped with the concept of emergency rule. The chapter outlines its core features and dynamics. Such a perspective is intended to offer an original contribution to EU scholarship and a starting-point for thinking about the specificities of transnational emergency rule.
Populism as the Promise of Agency
Authors: White Jonathan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Persistently engaged in the politics of emergency, the EU has come to rationalize some of its most important decisions as urgent measures to handle a crisis. With its suggestion of decisions born of necessity rather than choice, this governing mode consolidates an image of the EU as the negation of political agency. This chapter examines how such actions invite their opposite: a politics defined by its rejection of necessity and the celebration of political volition. The mobilizations commonly studied under the heading of ‘populism’ gather much of their wider appeal from this promise to restore political agency—a promise independent of the other features typically ascribed to them, and which the term populism can serve to obscure. The chapter goes on to examine how the spectre of such mobilizations may be invoked by established powers as reason for further constraining measures, thus raising the prospect of escalation.
Virtue Theory and the Lawfulness of Withholding or Withdrawing Treatment or Care
Authors: Jones David Albert 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Virtue theory as best understood both excludes some intentional actions and intentional omissions as inherently incompatible with the goods of worthwhile human practices and seeks the mean between excess and defect. The Hippocratic tradition excludes withdrawal of treatment with intent to end life. The virtuous physician will then seek a mean between overtreatment and undertreatment. This requires not only clinical judgment (techne), but an overall best-interest decision (phronesis). Medical law has means to prevent undertreatment due to negligence, but is less well-adapted to preventing overtreatment. The Law Lords in the Bland case seemingly approved the withdrawal of tube-feeding even with intent to end life, which would mark a radical departure from Hippocratic virtue ethics. Subsequent legal developments have restored consistency to the law by prohibiting omissions with that intent, but they have not remedied the error of condoning undertreatment through neglect of the objective goods of health and life.
Turbulent British Politics
Authors: Fieldhouse Edward , Green Jane , Evans Geoffrey , Mellon Jonathan , Prosser Christopher , Schmitt Hermann , van der Eijk Cees 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets out a novel theoretical approach for understanding electoral change. This approach focuses on the mechanisms and consequences of electoral shocks in the context of electoral volatility. The chapter sets out the reasons for focusing on shocks, a definition of electoral shocks, and the mechanisms through which shocks affect voting behaviour. We argue that the consequences of electoral shocks depend on how politicians respond to those shocks and compete around them, and how they are politicized in the wider media environment. The chapter explains why the gradual destabilization of the party system means that electoral shocks are having increasingly dramatic consequences.
Reward, Blame, and Guilt by Association? The Electoral Collapse of the Liberal Democrats
Authors: Fieldhouse Edward , Green Jane , Evans Geoffrey , Mellon Jonathan , Prosser Christopher , Schmitt Hermann , van der Eijk Cees 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In 2015 the Liberal Democrats won 8.1 per cent of the vote, only a third of what they managed five years earlier, making it their worst performance since 1970. As a result, they faced almost complete electoral wipe-out, winning only eight seats, losing forty-nine of the fifty-seven they had won in 2010. Two years later in 2017, the Liberal Democrats hoped that they might ride an anti-Brexit wave to recovery. Instead, the Liberal Democrats only made a net gain of four seats and lost a further half point of vote share. In this chapter we explore the reasons behind the 2015 collapse and failure to recover in 2017. We argue that the answer lies in the party’s involvement in the 2010–15 coalition government. As a result of coalition, many left-leaning Liberal Democrat voters deserted the party and as their support plummeted they also lost tactical voters because of the damage to their electoral viability.
Introduction
Authors: Bauer Stefan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This Introduction presents Onofrio Panvinio (1530–68), an Augustinian friar who gained prominence as a historian of both the Catholic Church and Roman antiquity. Historiography in sixteenth-century Rome and the interrelationship between history and theology have been awaiting a profound re-examination. Panvinio’s case enables us to trace changes in the approach to history-writing across the epochs of the Renaissance and the Catholic Reformation. This Introduction discusses Panvinio’s methods, which were modelled on humanist source criticism. It highlights differences between Panvinio and the more strongly confessionalized and dogmatized historiography (such as that of Cesare Baronio) which came after him. Lastly, there is a brief discussion of the terms Catholic Reform and Counter Reformation.
‘The Clouds Roar’
Authors: Bauer Stefan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapters 1 and 2 provide for the first time since 1899 an up-to-date intellectual biography of Onofrio Panvinio, which shows that he was much more than the antiquarian and historian of ancient Rome whom existing scholarship has generally presumed him to be. The first chapter begins with a discussion of his family background, education, and entry into the Augustinian Order in Verona. Panvinio’s relations with the general of the order, Girolamo Seripando, are then discussed, as are his studies in Naples and Rome. Panvinio found another patron in Cardinal Marcello Cervini (elected pope in 1555), who encouraged him to study ecclesiastical history as well as Roman antiquity. The first fruit of this new approach was his treatise on papal primacy. The chapter then turns to the earliest series of historical accounts Panvinio wrote: the histories of several Roman noble families of his time. Here Panvinio made small but decisive interventions, resorting to forgery to prove his points. Cardinal Alessandro Farnese became Panvinio’s most important patron, giving him access to a significant learned circle. From 1557 to 1559, Panvinio went into exile from Rome with Farnese, spending two years in Parma and Venice. In this period, Panvinio wrote his first short history of the popes and cardinals. This chapter also discusses Panvinio’s works on Roman antiquity, which raise questions regarding epigraphy and forgery.
Political Calling in an Age of Technology
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The modern world has been marked by a recurring sense of the degradation of language. According to Hannah Arendt, for whom the possibility of politics is interdependent with the possibility of authentic speech, this generates a political crisis, connected to the role of science in contemporary society. The impact of science on the language of public discourse is further explored through Habermas and Uwe Poerksen. Their analyses receive added force through the development of new communications technologies that are proving fateful both for individuals and their personal relationship as well as for political life. Though acknowledging the optimism still associated with these technologies in some quarters, the chapter asks how we can protect against their negative effects. The thought of Byung-Chul Han is used to identify the need for attentive listening and a sense of the uniqueness of the human countenance and name to counter the digital shitstorm.
In the Beginning was the Word
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Turning to the New Testament, the chapter examines the prologue to St John’s Gospel as an exemplary commentary on Christian vocation. However, this requires rejecting interpretations that have seen John’s logos in terms of Platonic ideas or ‘ratio’, as in much ancient and medieval commentary (Eckhart’s commentary is used for illustration). German Idealism (Fichte) refigures ratio in terms of will, and in the twentieth century, Michel Henry foregrounds ‘life’. A rediscovery of the word element is found in Ferdinand Ebner and Rudolf Bultmann. Their insights are used to develop an original interpretation of the Gospel, contrasting John’s existential focus on calling and the name with Platonizing interpretations.
At the Name of Jesus
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this chapter the focus turns from God’s call to human beings to human beings calling upon God in prayer. This is especially exemplified in the practice of hesychasm or calling on the name of Jesus. This practice stimulated a series of philosophical and theological approaches to language among early twentieth century Russian thinkers: Pavel Florensky, Sergius Bulgakov, A. S. Losev, and Gustav Shpet. Despite significant differences these converge on the fundamental importance of the personal name as the core of human beings’ capacity for language. These thinkers also share an emphasis on the social concreteness of language, a focus further developed in Bakhtin’s dialogism. Bakhtin shows how the prosaic everyday world can become a milieu in which to seek and express authentic personal being and therewith a spiritual life in the condition of secularity.
Advocates of Humanity: Human Rights NGOs in International Criminal Justice
Authors: Lohne Kjersti 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Advocates of Humanity offers an analysis of international criminal justice from the perspective of sociology of punishment by exploring the role of human rights organizations in their mobilization for global justice through the International Criminal Court. Based on multi-sited ethnography, primarily in The Hague and Uganda, the author approaches the transnational networks of NGOs advocating for the ICC as an ethnographic object. A central objective is to explore how connections are made, and how forces and imaginations of global criminal justice travel. By analysing how international criminal justice is arranged spatially, and as such expresses social, political, and cultural relations of power, Advocates of Humanity shows how international criminal justice is situated in particular spaces, networks, and actors, and how they structure the imaginations of justice circulating in the field. From a sociology of punishment perspective, it compares the ‘penal imaginations’ of domestic and international criminal justice, and considers the particularly central role of victims as a universalized symbol of humanity for the legitimacy of international criminal justice. With clear global asymmetries emerging from the work, Advocates of Humanity provides descriptive as well as explanatory understandings of criminal punishment ‘gone global’, analysing its social causation while examining its cultural meanings, particularly as regards its role as an expression of ‘the international’ will to punish. To whom is it meaningful, and why?