bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intact Reinforcement Learning But Impaired Attentional Control During Multidimensional Probabilistic Learning in Older Adults
Authors: Daniel Reka , Radulescu Angela , Niv Yael 
Published: December 2019

To efficiently learn optimal behavior in complex environments, humans rely on an interplay of learning and attention. Healthy aging has been shown to independently affect both of these functions. Here, we investigate how reinforcement learning and selective attention interact during learning from trial and error across age groups. We acquired behavioral and fMRI data from older and younger adults (male and female) performing two probabilistic learning tasks with varying attention demands. Although learning in the unidimensional task did not differ across age groups, older adults performed worse than younger adults in the multidimensional task, which required high levels of selective attention. Computational modeling showed that choices of older adults are better predicted by reinforcement learning than Bayesian inference, and that older adults rely more on reinforcement learning-based predictions than younger adults. Conversely, a higher proportion of younger adults' choices was predicted by a computationally demanding Bayesian approach. In line with the behavioral findings, we observed no group differences in reinforcement-learning related fMRI activation. Specifically, prediction-error activation in the nucleus accumbens was similar across age groups, and numerically higher in older adults. However, activation in the default mode was less suppressed in older adults in for higher attentional task demands, and the level of suppression correlated with behavioral performance. Our results indicate that healthy aging does not significantly impair simple reinforcement learning. However, in complex environments, older adults rely more heavily on suboptimal reinforcement-learning strategies supported by the ventral striatum, whereas younger adults use attention processes supported by cortical networks.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTChanges in the way that healthy human aging affects how we learn to optimally behave are not well understood; it has been suggested that age-related declines in dopaminergic function may impair older adult's ability to learn from reinforcement. In the present fMRI experiment, we show that learning and nucleus accumbens activation in a simple unidimensional reinforcement-learning task was not significantly affected by age. However, in a more complex multidimensional task, older adults showed worse performance and relied more on reinforcement-learning strategies than younger adults, while failing to disengage their default-mode network during learning. These results imply that older adults are only impaired in reinforcement learning if they additionally need to learn which dimensions of the environment are currently important.
Integration of Motion and Form Cues for the Perception of Self-Motion in the Human Brain
Authors: Kuai Shu-Guang , Shan Zhou-Kui-Dong , Chen Jing , Xu Zhe-Xin , Li Jia-Mei , Field David T. , Li Li 
Published: December 2019

When moving around in the world, the human visual system uses both motion and form information to estimate the direction of self-motion (i.e., heading). However, little is known about cortical areas in charge of this task. This brain-imaging study addressed this question by using visual stimuli consisting of randomly distributed dot pairs oriented toward a locus on a screen (the form-defined focus of expansion [FoE]) but moved away from a different locus (the motion-defined FoE) to simulate observer translation. We first fixed the motion-defined FoE location and shifted the form-defined FoE location. We then made the locations of the motion- and the form-defined FoEs either congruent (at the same location in the display) or incongruent (on the opposite sides of the display). The motion- or the form-defined FoE shift was the same in the two types of stimuli, but the perceived heading direction shifted for the congruent, but not for the incongruent stimuli. Participants (both sexes) made a task-irrelevant (contrast discrimination) judgment during scanning. Searchlight and ROI-based multivoxel pattern analysis revealed that early visual areas V1, V2, and V3 responded to either the motion- or the form-defined FoE shift. After V3, only the dorsal areas V3a and V3B/KO responded to such shifts. Furthermore, area V3B/KO shows a significantly higher decoding accuracy for the congruent than the incongruent stimuli. Our results provide direct evidence showing that area V3B/KO does not simply respond to motion and form cues but integrates these two cues for the perception of heading.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHuman survival relies on accurate perception of self-motion. The visual system uses both motion (optic flow) and form cues for the perception of the direction of self-motion (heading). Although human brain areas for processing optic flow and form structure are well identified, the areas responsible for integrating these two cues for the perception of self-motion remain unknown. We conducted fMRI experiments and used multivoxel pattern analysis technique to find human brain areas that can decode the shift in heading specified by each cue alone and the two cues combined. We found that motion and form cues are first processed in the early visual areas and then are likely integrated in the higher dorsal area V3B/KO for the final estimation of heading.
Schistosomal extracellular vesicle‐enclosed miRNAs modulate host T helper cell differentiation
Authors: Meningher Tal , Barsheshet Yiftah , Ofir‐Birin Yifat , Gold Daniel , Brant Boris , Dekel Elya , Sidi Yechezkel , Schwartz Eli , Regev‐Rudzki Neta , Avni Orly , Avni Dror 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDuring the chronic stage of Schistosoma infection, the female lays fertile eggs, triggering a strong anti‐parasitic type 2 helper T‐cell (Th2) immune response. It is unclear how this Th2 response gradually declines even though the worms live for years and continue to produce eggs. Here, we show that Schistosoma mansoni downregulates Th2 differentiation in an antigen‐presenting cell‐independent manner, by modulating the Th2‐specific transcriptional program. Adult schistosomes secrete miRNA‐harboring extracellular vesicles that are internalized by Th cells in vitro. Schistosomal miRNAs are found also in T helper cells isolated from Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes of infected mice. In T helper cells, the schistosomal miR‐10 targets MAP3K7 and consequently downmodulates NF‐κB activity, a critical transcription factor for Th2 differentiation and function. Our results explain, at least partially, how schistosomes tune down the Th2 response, and provide further insight into the reciprocal geographic distribution between high prevalence of parasitic infections and immune disorders such as allergy. Furthermore, this worm‐host crosstalk mechanism can be harnessed to develop diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for human schistosomiasis and Th2‐associated diseases.
PP2A‐B56 binds to Apc1 and promotes Cdc20 association with the APC/C ubiquitin ligase in mitosis
Authors: Fujimitsu Kazuyuki , Yamano Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCell cycle progression and genome stability are regulated by a ubiquitin ligase, the anaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) has long been implicated in APC/C activation; however, the molecular mechanisms of governing this process in vivo are largely unknown. Recently, a Cdk1‐dependent phosphorylation relay within Apc3‐Apc1 subunits has been shown to alleviate Apc1‐mediated auto‐inhibition by which a mitotic APC/C co‐activator Cdc20 binds to and activates the APC/C. However, the underlying mechanism for dephosphorylation of Cdc20 and APC/C remains elusive. Here, we show that a disordered loop domain of Apc1 (Apc1‐loop500) directly binds the B56 regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and stimulates Cdc20 loading to the APC/C. Using the APC/C reconstitution system in Xenopus egg extracts, we demonstrate that mutations in Apc1‐loop500 that abolish B56 binding decrease Cdc20 loading and APC/C‐dependent ubiquitylation. Conversely, a non‐phosphorylatable mutant Cdc20 can efficiently bind the APC/C even when PP2A‐B56 binding is impeded. Furthermore, PP2A‐B56 preferentially dephosphorylates Cdc20 over the Apc1 inhibitory domain. These results indicate that Apc1‐loop500 plays a role in dephosphorylating Cdc20, promoting APC/C‐Cdc20 complex formation in mitosis.
Creación de Atlas Fotográficos de Botánica, Flora, Vegetación y Paisajes para la mejora del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en asignaturas de los grados de Biología y Ciencias Ambientales
Authors: Recio Criado Marta , Altamirano Jeschke María , Bañares España Elena , Cabezudo Artero Baltasar , Díez Garretas Blanca , Flores Moya Antonio , García Sánchez José , Hidalgo Triana Noelia , Lozano Torelli Inmaculada , Navarro del Águila Teresa , Pérez Latorre Andrés Vicente , Trigo Pérez Mª Mar , Salvo Tierra Ángel Enrique , Picornell Rodríguez Antonio 
Published: December 2019

Se muestran los resultados obtenidos en dos Proyectos de Innovación Educativa de la Universidad de Málaga (PIE10-013 y PIE13-047), cuyos principales objetivos fueron la creación de Atlas Virtuales de Prácticas de Botánica, Flora y Vegetación, y su aplicación práctica mediante cuestionarios de autoevaluación a través del Campus Virtual. Estos atlas están publicados en la web del Departamento de Biología Vegetal de esta universidad. El Atlas de Prácticas de Botánica consta de 10 carpetas, cada una de ellas correspondientes a diferentes grupos vegetales, y un total de 482 páginas de composición de imágenes fotográficas. Actualmente, el Atlas de Flora cuenta con más de 1000 fotografías, y en él se incluyen índices alfabéticos de taxones (775) y familias (111), cada uno de ellos con su correspondiente enlace a la página de imágenes. Constituye, por tanto, un rápido y práctico buscador de imágenes de plantas, avalado además por profesores universitarios con experiencia, por lo que presenta garantía y calidad científica. El Atlas de Vegetación cuenta con cerca de 500 páginas de imágenes fotográficas, repartidas en cuatro bloques: Bosques (137), Arbustedas y Matorrales (86), Comunidades riparias (67) y Otras comunidades (103). En cada uno de ellos se incluye un índice ordenado y numerado, con objeto de facilitar la búsqueda de determinadas formaciones vegetales, así como de conocer su identidad y clasificación. Se ha creado también Atlas de Paisajes Vegetales y Atlas de Angiospermas-Flores. Todos contribuyen de manera sustancial a mejorar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en varias asignaturas de los grados de Biología y Ciencias Ambientales. Su uso y aplicación en pruebas de evaluación evita la sobrecarga de trabajo del profesorado.
¿Cuáles son los ámbitos de transversalidad educativa?
Authors: Rosales López Carlos 
Published: December 2019

En este trabajo se analizan las características de la transversalidad educativa en una serie de ámbitos como la organización de contenidos de enseñanza, la planificación administrativa, el trabajo en los centros escolares y en las aulas, los recursos o medios educativos y los modelos de innovación.Se hace uso de una metodología basada en la reflexión sobre la realidad educativa actual en los niveles de educación infantil, primaria y secundaria y en el análisis de obras relevantes en el campo, así como de documentos y programas de carácter internacional y la legislación en un sentido histórico y administrativo, con estudio específico del tratamiento de los temas transversales en las leyes orgánicas correspondientes a las últimas décadas en nuestro país: LODE (1985), LOGSE (1990), LOE (2006) y LOMCE (2013).En la organización de contenidos se pone de relieve la necesidad de potenciar el trabajo interdisciplinar y en equipo, capaz de superar los límites de la organización disciplinar convencional. Respecto a la planificación administrativa, se subraya su carácter ambiguo y poco orientador, con mayor incidencia a nivel de fines, principios y objetivos, pero no tanto de contenidos, con notables desequilibrios en el tratamiento de diversos temas.Se considera que el centro escolar puede plasmar en su proyecto educativo una planificación adaptada de los temas transversales. Y que el profesor, como profesional capacitado para conducir los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, puede hacer realidad el desarrollo de los mismos en las tareas cotidianas del aula.Se propone que la innovación educativa en la enseñanza de los temas transversales combine el modelo descendente, promovido por la administración educativa, con el ascendente, constituido por iniciativas valiosas de profesores y centros y el horizontal, cuando instituciones y centros se coordinan y cooperan en proyectos que parten de necesidades comunes y asumen aspiraciones semejantes.
Trends in Trampoline Fractures: 2008–2017
Authors: Hadley-Miller Nancy , Carry Patrick M. , Brazell Christopher J. , Holmes Kaley S. , Georgopoulos Gaia 
Published: December 2019

OBJECTIVES:
In this study, we aim to evaluate the current trends in pediatric fractures related to trampolines.

METHODS:
The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was queried for fractures occurring between 2008 and 2017 in individuals aged 0 to 17 years. Sex, anatomic region, locale of injury, admission status, and year of injury were recorded. Incidence rates were calculated by using national census data. Poisson regression analysis was used to test for changes in fracture incidence across the time period. Logistic regression analyses were used to test temporal trends in the odds of a fracture occurring at a place of recreation or sport and a patient with a fracture being admitted.

RESULTS:
Between 2008 and 2017, there was a 3.85% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.51–7.30) increase in the incidence of trampoline-related pediatric fractures per person-year. The incidence of pediatric trampoline-related fractures increased from 35.3 per 100 000 person-years in 2008 to 53.0 per 100 000 person-years in 2017. There was no change in the odds of a trampoline fracture requiring hospitalization (odds ratio per 1 year: 1.02; 95% CI: 0 6–1.07; P = .5431). There was a significant increase in the odds of a fracture occurring at a place of recreation or sport (odds ratio per year: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.21–1.43; P &lt; .0001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Between 2008 and 2017, there was a significant increase in the national incidence of trampoline-related fractures. We identified a significant increase in the proportion of trampoline fractures that occurred at a place of recreation or sport. Advocacy campaigns should consider these sites in their prevention efforts.
DE LA EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL AL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE: DESAFÍOS Y TENSIONES EN LOS TIEMPOS DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO
Authors: Canaza-Choque Franklin Américo 
Published: December 2019

El Cambio Climático (cc) se ha convertido, en cierta forma, en la alarma y emergencia de proporciones multidimensionales que atañe a agencias globales, gobiernos, empresas y sociedades enteras con el propósito único de atemperar sus efectos devastadores y de un desenfrenado mundo-consumo en términos insostenibles. Bajo esas circunstancias, el estudio pretende reanalizar la importancia de la Educación Ambiental (ea) y del Desarrollo Sostenible (ds) en tiempos de desajustes climáticos y de emergencia planetaria. Por ello, acentuar y cristalizar estas alternancias en los sistemas educativos supone, desde un primer momento, denotar una ea que construya una conciencia ecológica en ciudadanas y ciudadanos de las distintas coordenadas del planeta. Como también, un ds que acoja los diferenciados problemas y vectores remarcados en la Agenda 2030, que simultáneamente, reconfiguren los estereotipos de consumo y de desarrollo económico en la búsqueda del balance entre la naturaleza y la especie humana, en especial, de volver a reconectar a este último, con el primero.
Discursos en el Homenaje póstumo al profesor Edelberto Torres Rivas
Authors: Camacho Monge Daniel , Garita Bonilla Nora , Cordero Ulate Allen , Fernández Lépiz Cinthya , Tremiño Sánchez Ilka , Rovira Mas Jorge 
Published: December 2019

Discursos en el Homenaje póstumo al profesor Edelberto Torres RivasDr. Honoris Causa Universidad de Costa RicaEx-secretario General de FlacsoEscuela de SociologíaSecretaria General flacsoFacultad de Ciencias Sociales31/01/2019
Subtype-Guided 18F-FDG PET/CT in Tailoring Axillary Surgery Among Patients with Node-Positive Breast Cancer Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Wu Siyu , Wang Yujie , Li Jianwei , Zhang Na , Mo Miao , Klimberg Suzanne , Kaklamani Virginia , Cochet Alexandre , Shao Zhiming , Cheng Jingyi , Liu Guangyu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of 18[F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in tailoring axillary surgery by predicting nodal response among patients with node-positive breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC).

Methods
One hundred thirty-three patients with breast cancer with biopsy-confirmed nodal metastasis were prospectively enrolled. 18F-FDG PET/CT scan was performed before NAC (a second one after two cycles with baseline maximum standardized uptake value [SUVmax] ≥2.5), and a subset of patients underwent targeted axillary dissection (TAD). All the patients underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). The accuracy was calculated by a comparison with the final pathologic results.

Results
With the cutoff value of 2.5 for baseline SUVmax and 78.4% for change in SUVmax, sequential 18F-FDG PET/CT scans demonstrated a sensitivity of 79.0% and specificity of 71.4% in predicting axillary pathologic complete response with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.65–0.84). Explorative subgroup analyses indicated little value for estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive patients (AUC, 0.55; sensitivity, 56.5%; specificity, 50.0%). Application of 18F-FDG PET/CT could spare 19 patients from supplementary ALNDs and reduce one of three false-negative cases in TAD among the remaining patients without ER-negative/HER2-positive subtype.

Conclusion
Application of the subtype-guided 18F-FDG PET/CT could accurately predict nodal response and aid in tailoring axillary surgery among patients with node-positive breast cancer after NAC, which includes identifying candidates appropriate for TAD or directly proceeding to ALND. This approach might help to avoid false-negative events in TAD.
MICRO-CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF 57Fe15Cr25Ni0.32Mn0.96Si AUSTENITE STEEL AFTER 850°C-5H TEMPERATURE-QUENCHING TREATMENTS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE MATERIAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: Parikin Parikin , Rudi Rudi , Sumaryo Sumaryo , Ahda S 
Published: December 2019

MICRO-CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF 57Fe15Cr25Ni0.32Mn0.96Si AUSTENITE STEEL AFTER 850°C-5H TEMPERATURE-QUENCHING TREATMENTS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE MATERIAL APPLICATIONS. A serial austenite stainless steel, namely A2-type, has been synthesized by using casting technique at temperature more than 1250 °C in the induction furnace that used an electromagnetic inductive-thermal system. The steel is dedicated for structural component material in multi-purpose applications such as in high-temperature operating environments. So, the material must be resistant to mechanical loads, high temperature, corrosion and irradiation. In order to increase the strength of materials, temperature-quenching treatments are required in some cooling media. Mineral element was extracted from crude ores of Indonesian mines and commercial scrap materials, i.e: ferro scrap, ferro chrome, nickel, manganese, and ferro silicon; all of them in granular shape were prepared to alloy the steel. Titanium was not added to this austenite low carbon steel. The OES-chemical composition in %wt of the materials is 57%Fe, 15%Cr, 25%Ni, 0.34%C and less than 0.1% of impurities that comprised of: titanium, phosphor, copper, niobium and sulphur elements in the steel. X-ray diffraction pattern shows that ascast material had an fcc crystal structure with lattice parameter of 3.632 Å. Meanwhile, two of samples, i.e: annealing and oil quench, have strictly similar lattice parameter to that of air (normalizing) quench (3.580 Å). On the other hand, the lattice parameter of water quenched samples has a slightly lower lattice parameter than the ascast lattice , i.e. 3.587 Å. The peak shift of (111) and (200) -plane in the diffraction profile, is very significant, approximately 0.63 degrees between ascast sample and the last two samples. Ascast microstructure reveals that the austenite phase grains look large and describe an undeformed structure, with an average grain size of about 6 mm, while the annealed sample was larger. Air- and oil- quenched sample microstructures showed a fine grain which was very different to water quenched sample microstructure that showed a coarse grain. The viscousity (h) of the quenching medium had an important role in the formation of grain boundary, because the rate of decreasing temperature was heavily influenced by the diffusion of heat from the high to low temperature spaces.
Charisms in the Service of the Universal Church
Authors: Adam Anton 
Published: December 2019

Charyzmaty w służbie Kościoła powszechnego
Z eklezjologicznego punktu widzenia Kościół należy rozumieć jako dar Ojca i Ciało Mistyczne Chrystusa. Ciało Chrystusowe ożywiane jest Duchem Świętym, który obdarza Kościół posługiwaniami, urzędami i charyzmatami. Duch Święty prowadzi Kościół, mający udział w życiu Trójcy Przenajświętszej, do jego pełni. Równocześnie obdarza go szczególnymi impulsami i darami zwanymi charyzmatami. Dokument Kongregacji Nauki Wiary Iuvenescit Ecclesia wskazuje na wzajemne relacje między darami hierarchicznymi a charyzmatycznymi. Charyzmaty powinny służyć dobru Kościoła uniwersalnego. Każdy poszczególny chrześcijanin przyczynia się do budowania Kościoła poprzez swoje charyzmaty oraz swoją służbę. Żaden charyzmat nie udziala dyspensy od obowiązku akceptacji urzędu pasterskiego w Kościele oraz od konieczności podporządkowania się decyzjom pasterzy Kościoła. Jasnym znakiem autentyczności charyzmatu jest jego eklezjalność, jego zdolność do harmonijnego włączenia się w życie świętego Ludu Bożego dla dobra wszystkich.