bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Valuing Alzheimer's disease drugs: a health technology assessment perspective on outcomes
Authors: Bauer Annette , Wittenberg Raphael , Ly Amanda , Gustavsson Anders , Bexelius Christin , Tochel Claire , Knapp Martin , Nelson Mia , Sudlow Catherine 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesDue to the nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), health technology assessment (HTA) agencies might face considerable challenges in choosing appropriate outcomes and outcome measures for drugs that treat the condition. This study sought to understand which outcomes informed previous HTAs, to explore possible reasons for prioritizations, and derive potential implications for future assessments of AD drugs.MethodWe conducted a literature review of studies that analyzed decisions made in HTAs (across disease areas) in three European countries: England, Germany, and The Netherlands. We then conducted case studies of technology assessments conducted for AD drugs in these countries.ResultsOverall, outcomes measured using clinical scales dominated decisions or recommendations about whether to fund AD drugs, or price negotiations. HTA processes did not always allow the inclusion of outcomes relevant to people with AD, their carers, and families. Processes did not include early discussion and agreement on what would constitute appropriate outcome measures and cut-off points for effects.ConclusionsWe conclude that in order to ensure that future AD drugs are valued appropriately and timely, early agreement with various stakeholders about outcomes, outcome measures, and cut-offs is important.
The concept of resilience and the evaluation of hybrid courts
Authors: Wiebelhaus-Brahm Eric 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this article, I explore the concept of resilience and its relevance for evaluating hybrid court design and the impact of hybrid courts in societies that have experienced periods of mass violence or repression. I begin by tracing the evolution of the concept of resilience from the fields of materials science and ecology to human responses to natural and human-made disasters. Then, I examine the implications of how one defines the concept for the policy recommendations that should be provided to the architects and staff of hybrid courts. From there, I assess how the way one conceives of resilience shapes the assessment of the circumstances under which hybrid courts are more likely to be beneficial for violence-affected societies. I conclude by reflecting upon the utility of adopting resilience language in the study of hybrid courts. Resilience may be seductive conceptually because it provides a vision of empowerment and autonomy for victims and affected communities. However, resilience thinking is also consistent with neoliberal prescriptions that are contrary to the realization of the type of emancipatory justice that many hybrid court advocates seek.
Frozen–thawed cleavage stage versus blastocyst stage embryo transfer in high responder patients
Authors: Eftekhar Maryam , Mohammadi Banafsheh , Tabibnejad Nasim , Mortazavi Lahijani Maryam 
Published: August 2020

SummaryClinical outcomes following frozen–thawed cleavage embryo transfer versus frozen–thawed blastocyst transfer in high responder patients undergoingin vitrofertilisation/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles are still debated. In a retrospective study, 106 high responder patients who were candidate for ‘freeze-all embryos’ were recruited. Frozen–thawed embryos were transferred at the cleavage stage (n= 53) or the blastocyst stage (n= 53). Clinical pregnancy was considered as the primary outcome and chemical pregnancy, ongoing pregnancy, implantation rate, and fertilization rate, as well as miscarriage rate, were measured as the secondary outcome. Clinical (47.2% vs. 24.5%), chemical (56.6% vs. 32.1%), and ongoing pregnancy rates (37.7% vs. 17%) as well as implantation rates (33.6% vs. 13.5%) were significantly higher in the blastocyst group compared with the cleavage group respectively (P< 0.05). Miscarriage rate was comparable between groups (P> 0.05). Transfer of frozen–thawed embryos at the blastocyst stage was preferable in the high responder patients to increase implantation, pregnancy and live birth rates compared with cleavage stage embryo transfer.
Analysis and design of inclined fractal defected ground-based circularly polarized antenna for CA-band applications
Authors: Gupta Sonal , Patil Shilpee , Dalela Chhaya , Kanaujia Binod Kumar 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDesign of single-feed circularly polarized (CP) microstrip antenna is proposed in this article. The design employs the concept of E-shape patch with inclined fractal defected ground structure (IFDGS), which can improve the impedance bandwidth, gain, and axial ratio (AR) bandwidth. The excellent enhanced impedance bandwidth, axial ratio bandwidth, and gain are achieved by an inclined E-shaped fractal etched on the ground plane. The parameter studies of the E-shaped IFDGS are given to illustrate the way to obtain CP radiation. The third iterative IFDGS is fabricated on easily available FR4 substrate with a size of 0.494 λ0 × 0.494 λ0 × 0.019 λ0 (λ0 is the wavelength in free space at 3.624 GHz). The measured results verify the simulated results and show good agreement. The proposed antenna shows an impedance bandwidth of 12.7% at a centre frequency of 3.47 GHz and 3-dB AR bandwidth for this band is 2.39% at a centre frequency of 3.626 GHz. The measured peak gain for the proposed antenna is found as 8.1 dBi. The proposed antenna can be suitable for mobile WIMAX operation (IEEE 802.16e-2005 standard), wireless communication in CA-band and FCC.
Accelerated Greenland Ice Sheet Mass Loss Under High Greenhouse Gas Forcing as Simulated by the Coupled CESM2.1‐CISM2.1
Authors: Muntjewerf Laura , Sellevold Raymond , Vizcaino Miren , Ernani da Silva Carolina , Petrini Michele , Thayer‐Calder Katherine , Scherrenberg Meike D. W. , Bradley Sarah L. , Katsman Caroline A. , Fyke Jeremy , Lipscomb William H. , Lofverstrom Marcus , Sacks William J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) is now losing mass at a rate of 0.7 mm of sea level rise (SLR) per year. Here we explore future GrIS evolution and interactions with global and regional climate under high greenhouse gas forcing with the Community Earth System Model version 2.1 (CESM2.1), which includes an interactive ice sheet component (the Community Ice Sheet Model v2.1 [CISM2.1]) and an advanced energy balance‐based calculation of surface melt. We run an idealized 350‐year scenario in which atmospheric CO2 concentration increases by 1% annually until reaching four times pre‐industrial values at year 140, after which it is held fixed. The global mean temperature increases by 5.2 and 8.5 K by years 131–150 and 331–350, respectively. The projected GrIS contribution to global mean SLR is 107 mm by year 150 and 1,140 mm by year 350. The rate of SLR increases from 2 mm yr−1 at year 150 to almost 7 mm yr−1 by year 350. The accelerated mass loss is caused by rapidly increasing surface melt as the ablation area expands, with associated albedo feedback and increased sensible and latent heat fluxes. This acceleration occurs for a global warming of approximately 4.2 K with respect to pre‐industrial and is in part explained by the quasi‐parabolic shape of the ice sheet, which favors rapid expansion of the ablation area as it approaches the interior “plateau.”
Recent Activity of Nyiragongo (Democratic Republic of Congo): New Insights From Field Observations and Numerical Modeling
Authors: Burgi P.‐Y. , Boudoire G. , Rufino F. , Karume K. , Tedesco D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNyiragongo volcano is known for its active lava lake and for socioeconomic issues arising from future possible eruptive events having major impacts on the community living in the Virunga region. The 2020 field expedition inside the summit crater has allowed the collection of unprecedented field observations to state on the current activity. Since the February 2016 intracrater event, the crater floor level has been rising much faster than during the 2010–2016 period. The current activity is reminiscent of the 1970–1972 and 1994–1995 periods preceding the lava lake drainage events in 1977 and 2002. Numerical simulations, successfully validated with data over the past 30 years, show that the rising of the crater floor could slow down in the next months/years and reach a critical equilibrium. Based on the past eruptive history and on the current activity, a flank eruption in the March 2024 to November 2027 interval could be a possible scenario.
Irreversibility of Marine Climate Change Impacts Under Carbon Dioxide Removal
Authors: Li Xinru , Zickfeld Kirsten , Mathesius Sabine , Kohfeld Karen , Matthews J. B. Robin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractArtificial carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere has been proposed as a measure for mitigating climate change and restoring the climate system to a target state after exceedance (“overshoot”). This research investigates to what extent overshoot and subsequent recovery of a given cumulative CO2 emissions level by CDR leaves a legacy in the marine environment using an Earth system model. We use RCP2.6 and its extension to year 2300 as the reference scenario and design a set of cumulative emissions and temperature overshoot scenarios based on other RCPs. Our results suggest that the overshoot and subsequent return to a reference cumulative emissions level would leave substantial impacts on the marine environment. Although the changes in sea surface temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen are largely reversible, global mean values and spatial patterns of these variables differ significantly from those in the reference scenario when the reference cumulative emissions are attained.
WeatherBench: A Benchmark Data Set for Data‐Driven Weather Forecasting
Authors: Rasp Stephan , Dueben Peter D. , Scher Sebastian , Weyn Jonathan A. , Mouatadid Soukayna , Thuerey Nils 
Published: August 2020

AbstractData‐driven approaches, most prominently deep learning, have become powerful tools for prediction in many domains. A natural question to ask is whether data‐driven methods could also be used to predict global weather patterns days in advance. First studies show promise but the lack of a common data set and evaluation metrics make intercomparison between studies difficult. Here we present a benchmark data set for data‐driven medium‐range weather forecasting (specifically 3–5 days), a topic of high scientific interest for atmospheric and computer scientists alike. We provide data derived from the ERA5 archive that has been processed to facilitate the use in machine learning models. We propose simple and clear evaluation metrics which will enable a direct comparison between different methods. Further, we provide baseline scores from simple linear regression techniques, deep learning models, as well as purely physical forecasting models. The data set is publicly available at https://github.com/pangeo‐data/WeatherBench and the companion code is reproducible with tutorials for getting started. We hope that this data set will accelerate research in data‐driven weather forecasting.
Mitomycin C enhanced the efficacy of PD-L1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Luo Min , Wang Fang , Zhang Hong , To Kenneth K. W. , Wu Shaocong , Chen Zhen , Liang Shaobo , Fu Liwu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractProgrammed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibitors are promising therapeutic agents for treating cancers but the response rate is <20%. Some chemotherapeutic drugs could also activate an anticancer immune response to kill cancer cells, apart from their direct cytotoxicity. Our study investigated the combination of chemotherapeutic drugs with PD-L1 antibody to enhance the response rate of PD-L1 blockade. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells were pre-treated with mitomycin C (MMC) and then co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to investigate the effect of the combination of MMC with PD-L1 antibody. The drug combination was also evaluated in vivo in Lewis lung cancer (LLC) cells-bearing C57BL/6 mice. MMC increased the expressions of PD-L1 and MHC-I in NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo and enhanced the cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes on NSCLC in vitro. In LLC-bearing mouse model, the combination of MMC and PD-L1 antibody was found to be more effective in retarding tumor growth and prolonging overall survival than either single treatment alone, which was associated with increased lymphocyte infiltration and granzyme B release. Mechanistically, MMC activated the ERK pathway, which subsequently enhanced the binding of c-JUN to the PD-L1 promoter and recruited its co-factor STAT3 to increase PD-L1 expression. The upregulated ERK pathway was shown to activate p65 to increase the MHC-I expression. MMC was shown to enhance the efficacy of PD-L1 blockade in NSCLC cells. Further study is warranted to translate the findings to clinical application.
Short-term metreleptin treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa: rapid on-set of beneficial cognitive, emotional, and behavioral effects
Authors: Milos Gabriella , Antel Jochen , Kaufmann Lisa-Katrin , Barth Nikolaus , Koller Antonia , Tan Susanne , Wiesing Urban , Hinney Anke , Libuda Lars , Wabitsch Martin , von Känel Roland , Hebebrand Johannes 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTo examine the hypothesis that normalization of low circulating leptin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa ameliorates hyperactivity, three seriously ill females with hyperactivity were treated off-label with metreleptin (recombinant human leptin) for up to 14 days. Drive for activity, repetitive thoughts of food, inner restlessness, and weight phobia decreased in two patients. Surprisingly, depression improved rapidly in all patients. No serious adverse events occurred. Due to obvious limitations of uncontrolled case series, placebo-controlled clinical trials are mandatory to confirm the observed rapid onset of beneficial effects. Our findings suggest an important role of hypoleptinemia in the mental and behavioral phenotype of anorexia nervosa.
Dust coagulation feedback on magnetohydrodynamic resistivities in protostellar collapse
Authors: Guillet V. , Hennebelle P. , Pineau des Forêts G. , Marcowith A. , Commerçon B. , Marchand P. 
Published: August 2020

Context. The degree of coupling between the gas and the magnetic field during the collapse of a core and the subsequent formation of a disk depends on the assumed dust size distribution.
Aims. We study the impact of grain–grain coagulation on the evolution of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) resistivities during the collapse of a prestellar core.
Methods. We use a 1D model to follow the evolution of the dust size distribution, out-of-equilibrium ionisation state, and gas chemistry during the collapse of a prestellar core. To compute the grain–grain collisional rate, we consider models for both random and systematic, size-dependent, velocities. We include grain growth through grain–grain coagulation and ice accretion, but ignore grain fragmentation.
Results. Starting with a Mathis-Rumpl-Nordsieck (MRN) size distribution (Mathis et al. 1977, ApJ, 217, 425), we find that coagulation in grain–grain collisions generated by hydrodynamical turbulence is not efficient at removing the smallest grains and, as a consequence, does not have a large effect on the evolution of the Hall and ambipolar diffusion MHD resistivities, which still drop significantly during the collapse like in models without coagulation. The inclusion of systematic velocities, possibly induced by the presence of ambipolar diffusion, increases the coagulation rate between small and large grains, removing small grains earlier in the collapse and therefore limiting the drop in the Hall and ambipolar diffusion resistivities. At intermediate densities (nH ~ 108 cm−3), the Hall and ambipolar diffusion resistivities are found to be higher by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude in models with coagulation than in models where coagulation is ignored, and also higher than in a toy model without coagulation where all grains smaller than 0.1 μm would have been removed in the parent cloud before the collapse.
Conclusions. When grain drift velocities induced by ambipolar diffusion are included, dust coagulation happening during the collapse of a prestellar core starting from an initial MRN dust size distribution appears to be efficient enough to increase the MHD resistivities to the values necessary to strongly modify the magnetically regulated formation of a planet-forming disk. A consistent treatment of the competition between fragmentation and coagulation is, however, necessary before reaching firm conclusions.
Verletzungen im Inline-Skaterhockey
Authors: Burggraf Manuel , Burgsmüller Lars , Meyer Heinz-Lothar , Polan Christina , Husen Martin , Mester Bastian , Dudda Marcel , Kauther Max Daniel 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungInline-Skaterhockey (ISH) wird in Deutschland von etwa 7500 Aktiven mit einer dem Eishockey vergleichbaren Ausrüstung auf Inlineskates mit einem Hartkunststoffball gespielt. Ziel dieser retrospektiven epidemiologischen Querschnittsstudie ist die Erfassung von Verletzungshäufigkeiten und Verletzungsarten dieser medizinisch unzureichend untersuchten Sportart. Über einen 112 Items umfassenden Fragebogen wurden demografische Daten, Verletzungen in 8 Körperregionen und definierte Überlastungsschäden erfasst. Untersucht wurden 274 ISH-Spieler mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 24,5 ± 6,2 Jahren mit einer Expositionszeit von 2787 ± 2063 Stunden. Es wurden 5701 Verletzungen erfasst, von denen 60,5 % leichte Prellungen, Schürfungen und Wunden waren. Es ergab sich eine Gesamtverletzungsrate pro 1000 h von 9,6 ± 17,7 mit einer verletzungsbedingten Pause von 12,8 ± 21,8 Wochen pro Spieler. Feldspieler mit Visier hatten hochsignifikant weniger Kopfverletzungen (2,8 ± 6,1 vs. 8,9 ± 13,1; p < 0,001) mit hochsignifikant (p < 0,001) weniger Platzwunden, Nasenbeinfrakturen, Augenverletzungen und Zahnverletzungen. Eine schwach negative Korrelation bestand zwischen Gesichtsschutz und Anzahl der Kopfverletzungen (r = –0,386; p < 0,001). Schlussfolgernd zeigt sich die Verletzungshäufigkeit und Verletzungsart im ISH vergleichbar mit dem Eishockey im Training. Die Schutzausrüstung im ISH kann analog zum Eishockey das Auftreten einer Reihe von Verletzungen im Kopfbereich reduzieren. Präventives Augenmerk sollte auf das Tragen eines Vollvisiers und die Aufklärung über das Auftreten von Gehirnerschütterungen trotz Schutzhelms gelegt werden.
Editorial
Authors: Greitemann Bernhard 
Published: August 2020

Liebe Leserinnen, liebe Leser,die Corona-Pandemie hat uns weltweit noch fest im Griff. Diejenigen, die gedacht
haben, dass es sich um ein singuläres Phänomen handelt, das schnell
vorbei ist, sehen sich in der Zwischenzeit – hoffentlich –
getäuscht. Es gilt weiterhin, höchste Achtsamkeit zu haben, wie sich
täglich erweist. Immer wieder aufflackernde Infektionsherde, sei es bei
größeren Treffen oder Veranstaltungen, sei es in lokalen
Industriesparten oder in sozialen Brennpunkten, weisen nicht nur auf die
Gefährlichkeit des Erregers, sondern auch u. a. auf erheblichen
Handlungsbedarf in bestimmten Bereichen unseres Industrie- und Sozialsystems hin.
Umso unverständlicher ist es, dass bestimmte Führer großer
Nationen dieses Infektionsgeschehen anscheinend bewusst negieren und dadurch
zahlreiche Tote in ihrer Bevölkerung offenbar bewusst in Kauf nehmen!
The Impact of Lead Aprons on Posture of Orthopaedic Surgeons
Authors: Kabir Koroush , Welle Kristian , Scheidt Sebastian , Ossendorf Robert , Prangenberg Christian , Wirtz Dieter Christian , Burger Christof 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground Surgeons working in orthopedics and trauma surgery are frequently exposed to repetitive actions and non-ergonomic positions in their operative activities with the regular use of lead aprons. Musculoskeletal complaints of the neck and back among surgeons are reported in the literature as up to 80%. In this study, the effects of lead aprons on the posture of surgeons are examined using videorasterstereography, foot pressure measurement and questionnaires.Methodology All subjects (n = 31) were examined before and after exposure to wearing lead aprons during surgery using videorasterstereography and pedography. In addition, a survey with a separately created questionnaire and the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire (CMDQ) was carried out.Results An average duration of lead apron use of 102.6 min showed an increase in forefoot load (p = 0.002) especially in the elderly subjects and thoracic kyphosis (p < 0.001) especially in the younger doctors with a significant lateral deviation (p = 0.006). In addition, the lateral deviation was shown to correlate with an increasing body size or a shorter period of employment (p = 0.008; r = 0.51/p = 0.026; r = − 0.44). Significantly fewer surgeons experienced back complaints on working days without lead apron use in the operating room compared to days in the OR (p = 0.011).Conclusion The impact of wearing front covered lead aprons during operations in the field of orthopaedics and trauma surgery leads to more frequent back complaints, even among young and healthy doctors. Under an average duration of surgery of 102 min a temporary postural deviation occurs that can be demonstrated by means of videorasterstereography and foot pressure measurement. The subjects showed a shifted weight distribution on the forefoot, a gain in thoracic kyphosis and an increase in lateral deviation, which also correlated with an increasing height and shorter length of employment.
Zusammenhang zwischen der seitenabhängigen präoperativ bestimmten intraprostatischen Tumorlokalisation mittels Stanzbiopsie und HistoScanning und der Lymphknotenmetastasierung des Prostatakarzinoms
Authors: Niemann Debora , Hamann Claudius , Jünemann Klaus-Peter , Knüpfer Stephanie , Osmonov Daniar 
Published: August 2020

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Anhand dieser Studie soll untersucht werden, ob es präoperativ möglich ist, mittels Stanzbiopsie oder HistoScanning, die Lymphknotenmetastasenseite/n des Prostatakarzinoms vorherzusagen bzw. einzugrenzen.
Material Die Studie ist retrospektiv angelegt. In die Studie werden 56 Patienten eingeschlossen. Einschlusskriterien sind eine radikale Prostatektomie mit extendierter Lymphadenektomie und ein positiver Lymphknotenstatus. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der präoperativ bestimmten Seit des Tumors innerhalb der Prostata und der Seite der Lymphknotenmetastasen wird analysiert.
Methoden Die Datenerhebung erfolgt mittels Microsoft® Office 365 Excel und IBM® SPSS® Statistics Subscription. Zur Testung wird der exakte Fisher-Test angewendet. Als statistisch signifikant werden p-Werte < 0,05 gewertet.
Ergebnisse Ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zeigt sich zwischen der mittels Stanzbiopsie bestimmten Seite/n des Tumors innerhalb der Prostata und der Seite/n der Lymphknotenmetastasen. Bei 83 % der Patienten mit einem einseitig festgestellten Stanzbiopsiebefund zeigt sich eine Lymphknotenmetastasierung in eine Körperhälfte, ipsilateral oder kontralateral. Ein Anteil von 75 % dieser Patienten hat ausschließlich Lymphknotenmetastasen auf der ipsilateralen Körperseite aufzuweisen. Bezüglich des HistoScannings zeigt sich kein signifikanter Zusammenhang. In der histologischen Begutachtung nach radikaler Prostatektomie zeigt sich bei 89 % der Patienten ein beidseits positiver Tumorbefall.
Schlussfolgerung Sowohl die Stanzbiopsie als auch das HistoScanning scheinen die Tumorausdehnung innerhalb der Prostata zu unterschätzen. Auf Grund dieser Ungenauigkeiten ist trotz zum Teil signifikanter Ergebnisse eine Empfehlung der Beschränkung der Lymphadenektomie auf den seitenanalogen Bereich nicht möglich.