bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multi-disciplinary investigation of the AFEN Slide: the relationship between contourites and submarine landslides
Authors: Gatter Ricarda , Clare Michael A. , Hunt James E. , Watts Millie , Madhusudhan B. N. , Talling Peter J. , Huhn Katrin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Contourite drifts are sediment deposits formed by ocean bottom currents on continental slopes worldwide. Although it has become increasingly apparent that contourites are often prone to slope failure, the physical controls on slope instability remain unclear. This study presents high-resolution sedimentological, geochemical and geotechnical analyses of sediments to better understand the physical controls on slope failure that occurred within a sheeted contourite drift within the Faroe–Shetland Channel. We aim to identify and characterize the failure plane of the late Quaternary landslide (the AFEN Slide), and explain its location within the sheeted drift stratigraphy. The analyses reveal abrupt lithological contrasts characterized by distinct changes in physical, geochemical and geotechnical properties. Our findings indicate that the AFEN Slide likely initiated along a distinct lithological interface, between overlying sandy contouritic sediments and softer underlying mud-rich sediments. These lithological contrasts are interpreted to relate to climatically controlled variations in sediment input and bottom current intensity. Similar lithological contrasts are likely to be common within contourite drifts at many other oceanic gateways worldwide; hence our findings are likely to apply more widely. As we demonstrate here, recognition of such contrasts requires multi-disciplinary data over the depth range of stratigraphy that is potentially prone to slope failure.
Effect of acetazolamide on susceptibility to central sleep apnea in chronic spinal cord injury
Authors: Ginter Geoffrey , Sankari Abdulghani , Eshraghi Mehdi , Obiakor Harold , Yarandi Hossein , Chowdhuri Susmita , Salloum Anan , Badr M. Safwan 
Published: February 2020

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an established risk factor for central sleep apnea. Acetazolamide (ACZ), a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, has been shown to decrease the frequency of central apnea by inducing mild metabolic acidosis. We hypothesized that ACZ would decrease the propensity to develop hypocapnic central apnea and decrease the apneic threshold. We randomized 16 participants with sleep-disordered breathing (8 SCI and 8 able-bodied controls) to receive ACZ (500 mg twice a day for 3 days) or placebo with a 1-wk washout before crossing over to the other drug arm. Study nights included polysomnography and determination of the hypocapnic apneic threshold and CO2 reserve using noninvasive ventilation. For participants with spontaneous central apnea, CO2 was administered until central apnea was abolished, and CO2 reserve was measured as the difference in end-tidal Pco2 ([Formula: see text]) before and after. Steady-state plant gain, the response of end-tidal Pco2 to changes in ventilation, was calculated from [Formula: see text] and V̇e ratio during stable sleep. Controller gain, the response of ventilatory drive to changes in end-tidal Pco2, was defined as the ratio of change in V̇e between control and hypopnea to the ΔCO2 during stable non-rapid eye movement sleep. Treatment with ACZ for three days resulted in widening of the CO2 reserve (−4.0 ± 1.2 vs. −3.0 ± 0.7 mmHg for able-bodied, −3.4 ± 1.9 vs. −2.2 ± 2.2 mmHg for SCI, P < 0.0001), and a corresponding decrease in the hypocapnic apnea threshold (28.3 ± 5.2 vs. 37.1 ± 5.6 mmHg for able-bodied, 29.9 ± 5.4 vs. 34.8 ± 6.9 mmHg for SCI, P < 0.0001), respectively. ACZ significantly reduced plant gain when compared with placebo (4.1 ± 1.7 vs. 5.4 ± 1.8 mmHg/L min for able-bodied, 4.1 ± 2.0 vs. 5.1 ± 1.7 mmHg·L−1·min for SCI, P < 0.01). Acetazolamide decreased apnea-hypopnea index (28.8 ± 22.9 vs. 39.3 ± 24.1 events/h; P = 0.05), central apnea index (0.6 ± 1.5 vs. 6.3 ± 13.1 events/h; P = 0.05), and oxyhemoglobin desaturation index (7.5 ± 8.3 vs. 19.2 ± 15.2 events/h; P = 0.01) compared with placebo. Our results suggest that treatment with ACZ decreases susceptibility to hypocapnic central apnea due to decreased plant gain. Acetazolamide may attenuate central sleep apnea and improve nocturnal oxygen saturation, but its clinical utility requires further investigation in a larger sample of patients. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Tetraplegia is a risk factor for central sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and is associated with narrow CO2 reserve (a marker of susceptibility to central apnea). Treatment with high-dose acetazolamide for 3 days decreased susceptibility to hypocapnic central apnea and reduced the frequency of central respiratory events during sleep. Acetazolamide may play a therapeutic role in alleviating central SDB in patients with cervical spinal cord injury, but larger clinical trials are needed.
Mechanisms of nasal high flow therapy in newborns
Authors: Mazmanyan Pavel , Darakchyan Mari , Pinkham Maximilian I. , Tatkov Stanislav 
Published: February 2020

In newborns, it is unclear how nasal high flow (NHF) generates positive airway pressure. In addition, the reported benefits of NHF such as reduction in work of breathing may be independent of airway pressure. The authors hypothesized that during NHF the area of leak and the flow determine airway pressure and that NHF can reduce the required minute ventilation to maintain gas exchange. In response to NHF, pressure was measured in the upper airways of 9 newborns and ventilation was measured in another group of 17 newborns. In a bench model, airway pressures were measured during NHF with different prong sizes, nare sizes, and flows. The airway pressures during 8 L/min NHF were greater when a larger cannula versus a smaller cannula was used ( P < 0.05). NHF reduced minute ventilation in 16 of 17 neonates, with a mean decrease of 24% from a baseline of 0.66 L/min (SD 0.21) ( P < 0.001), and was unrelated to changes in airway pressure; arterial oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry ([Formula: see text]) and tissue CO2were unchanged. In the bench model, the airway pressure remained <2 cmH2O when <50% of the “nare” was occluded by the prongs. As the leak area decreased, because of a smaller nare or a larger cannula, the airway pressure increased exponentially and was dependent on flow. In newborns NHF using room air substantially reduced minute ventilation without affecting gas exchange irrespective of a decrease or an increase of respiratory rate. NHF generates low positive airway pressure that exponentially increases with flow and occlusion of the nares.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In healthy newborns, nasal high flow (NHF) with room air reduced minute ventilation by one-fourth without affecting gas exchange but, in contrast to adults, produced variable response in respiratory rate during sleep. During NHF, pressure in the upper airways did not exceed 2 cmH2O at 8 L/min (3.4 L·min−1·kg−1) and was unaffected by opening of the mouth. NHF can generate higher pressure with larger prongs that decrease the leak around the cannula or by increasing the flow rate.
Radiogenomic-Based Survival Risk Stratification of Tumor Habitat on Gd-T1w MRI Is Associated with Biological Processes in Glioblastoma
Authors: Beig Niha , Bera Kaustav , Prasanna Prateek , Antunes Jacob , Correa Ramon , Singh Salendra , Saeed Bamashmos Anas , Ismail Marwa , Braman Nathaniel , Verma Ruchika , Hill Virginia B. , Statsevych Volodymyr , Ahluwalia Manmeet S. , Varadan Vinay , Madabhushi Anant , Tiwari Pallavi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPurpose:To (i) create a survival risk score using radiomic features from the tumor habitat on routine MRI to predict progression-free survival (PFS) in glioblastoma and (ii) obtain a biological basis for these prognostic radiomic features, by studying their radiogenomic associations with molecular signaling pathways.Experimental Design:Two hundred three patients with pretreatment Gd-T1w, T2w, T2w-FLAIR MRI were obtained from 3 cohorts: The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA; n = 130), Ivy GAP (n = 32), and Cleveland Clinic (n = 41). Gene-expression profiles of corresponding patients were obtained for TCIA cohort. For every study, following expert segmentation of tumor subcompartments (necrotic core, enhancing tumor, peritumoral edema), 936 3D radiomic features were extracted from each subcompartment across all MRI protocols. Using Cox regression model, radiomic risk score (RRS) was developed for every protocol to predict PFS on the training cohort (n = 130) and evaluated on the holdout cohort (n = 73). Further, Gene Ontology and single-sample gene set enrichment analysis were used to identify specific molecular signaling pathway networks associated with RRS features.Results:Twenty-five radiomic features from the tumor habitat yielded the RRS. A combination of RRS with clinical (age and gender) and molecular features (MGMT and IDH status) resulted in a concordance index of 0.81 (P &lt; 0.0001) on training and 0.84 (P = 0.03) on the test set. Radiogenomic analysis revealed associations of RRS features with signaling pathways for cell differentiation, cell adhesion, and angiogenesis, which contribute to chemoresistance in GBM.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that prognostic radiomic features from routine Gd-T1w MRI may also be significantly associated with key biological processes that affect response to chemotherapy in GBM.
Constitutive CHK1 Expression Drives a pSTAT3–CIP2A Circuit that Promotes Glioblastoma Cell Survival and Growth
Authors: Khanna Anchit , Thoms Julie A.I. , Stringer Brett W. , Chung Sylvia A. , Ensbey Kathleen S. , Jue Toni Rose , Jahan Zeenat , Subramanian Shruthi , Anande Govardhan , Shen Han , Unnikrishnan Ashwin , McDonald Kerrie L. , Day Bryan W. , Pimanda John E. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

High-constitutive activity of the DNA damage response protein checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) has been shown in glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines and in tissue sections. However, whether constitutive activation and overexpression of CHK1 in GBM plays a functional role in tumorigenesis or has prognostic significance is not known. We interrogated multiple glioma patient cohorts for expression levels of CHK1 and the oncogene cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A), a known target of high-CHK1 activity, and examined the relationship between these two proteins in GBM. Expression levels of CHK1 and CIP2A were independent predictors for reduced overall survival across multiple glioma patient cohorts. Using siRNA and pharmacologic inhibitors we evaluated the impact of their depletion using both in vitro and in vivo models and sought a mechanistic explanation for high CIP2A in the presence of high-CHK1 levels in GBM and show that; (i) CHK1 and pSTAT3 positively regulate CIP2A gene expression; (ii) pSTAT3 and CIP2A form a recursively wired transcriptional circuit; and (iii) perturbing CIP2A expression induces GBM cell senescence and retards tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, we have identified an oncogenic transcriptional circuit in GBM that can be destabilized by targeting CIP2A.

Implications:
High expression of CIP2A in gliomas is maintained by a CHK1-dependent pSTAT3–CIP2A recursive loop; interrupting CIP2A induces cell senescence and slows GBM growth adding impetus to the development of CIP2A as an anticancer drug target.
Systemic Antitumor Effects and Abscopal Responses in Melanoma Patients Receiving Radiation Therapy
Authors: D’Andrea Mark A. , Reddy G. Kesava 
Published: February 2020

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Malignant melanoma represents the deadliest form of skin cancer with a high tendency to metastasize during the early course of the disease. Radiation therapy has long played a key role in the management of both local and metastatic melanoma. Although local radiation therapy exerts antitumor effects by damaging the cellular DNA, it also induces an important out-of-field (distant) effect known as the “abscopal effect” in nonirradiated sites. Radiation therapy-induced abscopal effects are believed to be mediated by activation and stimulation of the immune system. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To provide a detailed overview of the current state of knowledge and clinical experience of radiation therapy-induced abscopal effects in patients with malignant melanoma. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Using electronic databases such as MEDLINE via PubMed and Google Scholar, a systematic literature review was performed to find published clinical evidence for radiation therapy-induced abscopal effects in patients with malignant melanoma. The clinical data on radiation therapy-induced abscopal effects were reviewed and the outcomes summarized. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Clinical evidence of patients with malignant melanoma was gathered using databases from MEDLINE and those findings were summarized. Although the precise mechanism of the abscopal effect of radiation therapy is still not completely understood, evidence suggests that tumor cell destruction by radiation releases tumor antigens that stimulate the immune system of the host to activate the body’s immune effector cells systemically and produce distant non-target antitumor effects. This forms a basis for using the radiation therapy with immunotherapy to augment the abscopal response rates. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Current clinical evidence suggests that there is a large potential to enhance the abscopal effect when radiation therapy is combined with immunotherapeutic agents for the treatment of malignant melanoma. Ongoing and planned clinical trials may provide us with a more in-depth understanding of how this combination therapy can be optimally utilized clinically to achieve improved survival outcomes among patients with malignant melanoma.
Three new species of the spider genus Belisana Thorell, 1898 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China
Authors: ZHU WENHUI , YAO ZHIYUAN , ZHENG GUO , LI SHUQIANG 
Published: February 2020

Three new species of the spider genus Belisana Thorell, 1898 are described based on material collected in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China: Belisana mengla Yao & Li sp. nov. (male, female), Belisana menglun Yao & Li sp. nov. (male), and Belisana mengyang Yao & Li sp. nov. (male, female), bringing the total Belisana fauna of Xishuangbanna to 12 species.
Seasonality of the MJO Impact on Upper Troposphere–Lower Stratosphere Temperature, Circulation, and Composition
Authors: Tweedy Olga V. , Oman Luke D. , Waugh Darryn W. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Seasonal differences in the impact of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) on tropical and extratropical upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) temperature, circulation, and trace gases are examined using trace gases (ozone, carbon monoxide, and water vapor) and temperature from measurements from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and meteorological fields from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). During boreal winter months (November–February), atmospheric fields exhibit a well-known planetary-scale perturbation consistent with the upper-level flow modeled by Gill, with twin high and low pressure extratropical systems associated with a Rossby wave response. However, the circulation anomalies in the UTLS differ during boreal summer months (June–September), when background UTLS circulation north of the equator is dominated by the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone. The twin high and low pressure extratropical systems are much weaker but with a stronger equatorial Kelvin wave front that encircles the globe as the MJO propagates eastward. These differences are explained in terms of seasonal variations in vertically propagating Kelvin waves that strongly depend on the zonal structure of the climatological background winds. The trace gas response to the MJO is strongly coherent with circulation anomalies showing strong seasonal differences. The stronger equatorial Kelvin wave front during the summer produces enhanced upwelling in the tropical tropopause layer, resulting in significant cooling of this region, reduced ozone and water vapor, and enhanced carbon monoxide.
The Influence of Submesoscales and Vertical Mixing on the Export of Sinking Tracers in Large-Eddy Simulations
Authors: Taylor John R. , Smith Katherine M. , Vreugdenhil Catherine A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe use idealized large-eddy simulations (LES) and a simple analytical theory to study the influence of submesoscales on the concentration and export of sinking particles from the mixed layer. We find that restratification of the mixed layer following the development of submesoscales reduces the rate of vertical mixing which, in turn, enhances the export rate associated with gravitational settling. For a neutral tracer initially confined to the mixed layer, subinertial (submesoscale) motions enhance the downward tracer flux, consistent with previous studies. However, the sign of the advective flux associated with the concentration of sinking particles reverses, indicating reentrainment into the mixed layer. A new theory is developed to model the gravitational settling flux when the particle concentration is nonuniform. The theory broadly agrees with the LES results and allows us to extend the analysis to a wider range of parameters.
Radiological findings of fibrocartilaginous coalition of the third tarsometatarsal joint: a retrospective cross-sectional study with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Domingues Giancarlo MC , da Silva Taise T , Aihara André Y , Cardoso Fabiano N , Barreto Virgílio O 
Published: February 2020

Background Fibrocartilaginous coalition of the third tarsometatarsal joint has been indicated as an extremely rare form of tarsal coalition in the radiological literature, and most articles concerned with tarsal coalition do not mention involvement of this joint. Only two reports written in the English language that approach this subject were found, an orthopedic report and an anthropological report. Purpose To evaluate the prevalence of this finding and discuss and illustrate the radiological characteristics of this coalition. Material and Methods A retrospective analysis of 614 computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans of the ankle and/or foot, acquired at a health service within a period of three months, was performed to assess the prevalence of this coalition. Results Of the examinations characterized as valid for analysis for the purposes of the study, 17 cases compatible with fibrocartilaginous coalition of the third tarsometatarsal joint were found, thus indicating an involvement of approximately 2.97% of the examined feet. Conclusion Our radiological findings are typical, and the prevalence found in this study was statistically significant, being similar to that described in the anthropological report (3.2%–6.8%).
Diagnostic value of the axial view of magnetic resonance imaging to identify two-dimensional shapes of full-thickness rotator cuff tears
Authors: Jung Sung-Weon , Jin Jin-Woo , Kim Dong-Hee , Kim Hyeon-Soo , Lee Gwang-Eun , Kim Jin-Woo , Jang Min-Jae 
Published: February 2020

Background Coronal and sagittal views of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to determine rotator cuff tear size and fatty infiltration, but these images were not enough to identify the tear shape. Purpose To correlate the preoperative axial MRI views and arthroscopic surgical findings to identify the two-dimensional shapes in rotator cuff tears. Material and Methods This study included 166 patients who underwent arthroscopic repair between 2015 and 2018. Preoperative coronal, sagittal, and axial MRI views were evaluated for tear size and geographic configuration in axial sections, and the length and the width were measured and were matched with arthroscopic surgical views by lateral portals. Results The agreement of axial MRI views with the arthroscopic view was 88.0% in crescent, 97.2% in longitudinal, 78.6% in massive, and 100% in rotator cuff tear arthropathy. The mean agreement rate of axial MRI views with arthroscopic view was 81.9%. Mean mediolateral and anteroposterior tear sizes on axial MRI were 16.68 mm and 19.33 mm, respectively. Mean mediolateral and anteroposterior tear sizes by arthroscopic view were 21.49 mm and 21.04 mm, respectively. Tear sizes by MRI axial images were 71.3% of arthroscopic view. SST/IST degenerative changes were noted in most patients with massive tears and rotator cuff arthropathy ( P = 0.001). Conclusion Rotator cuff tear shape on preoperative axial MRI view had close agreement (81.9%) with arthroscopic findings by lateral portal, and tear size by preoperative axial MRI views was 71.3% of that of arthroscopic view. Axial MRI views helped to predict the geometric tear shape of rotator cuff tears.
Join the Commune: A Controlled Study of Social Branding Influencers to Decrease Smoking Among Young Adult Hipsters
Authors: Ling Pamela M. , Lisha Nadra E. , Neilands Torsten B. , Jordan Jeffrey W. 
Published: February 2020

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of a Social Branding intervention in bars and nightclubs on smoking behavior. Design: Quasi-experimental controlled study. Setting: Bars and nightclubs in San Diego and San Francisco (intervention) and Los Angeles (control). Participants: “Hipster” young adults (age 18-26) attending bars and nightclubs. Intervention: Anti-tobacco messages delivered through monthly anti-tobacco music/social events, opinion leaders, original art, direct mail, promotional activities, and online media. Measures: A total of 7240 surveys were collected in 3 cities using randomized time location sampling at baseline (2012-2013) and follow-up (2015-2016); data were analyzed in 2018. The primary outcome was current smoking. Analysis: Multivariable logistic regression assessed correlates of smoking, adjusting for covariates including electronic cigarette use; differences between cities were evaluated using location-by-time interactions. Results: Smoking in San Francisco decreased at a significantly faster rate (51.1%-44.1%) than Los Angeles (45.2%-44.5%) ( P = .034). Smoking in San Diego (mean: 39.6%) was significantly lower than Los Angeles (44.8%, P < .001) at both time points with no difference in rate of change. Brand recall was not associated with smoking behavior, but recall was associated with anti-tobacco attitudes that were associated with smoking. Conclusion: This is the first controlled study of Social Branding interventions. Intervention implementation was accompanied by decreases in smoking (San Francisco) and sustained lower smoking (San Diego) among young adult bar patrons over 3 years.