bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Content Knowledge to Competencies and Exams to Exit Profiles: Education Reform in Zimbabwe
Authors: Gory Djénéba , Bhatia Jayanti , Reddy Venkatesh Reddy Mallapu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
For over two decades, Zimbabwe has been embroiled within a complex web of economic, political, and financial challenges. In 2013, the country embarked on an ambitious journey of overhauling its education system by moving from content knowledge to a competency-based curriculum. The theory of change, in particular, was that, if the curriculum is entirely overhauled from outdated knowledge-based to twenty-first-century skills and competencies, then in the long-term, students would ultimately be able to meet the economy and labor market demands. The reform was phased from 2015 to 2022 and at the time of writing is in its last leg of implementation; there is much to appreciate and learn from the progress thus far. The chapter begins with an overview of the country’s education system and conditions that shaped the reform, followed by a more detailed description of the reform. It then analyzes the reform stages through Reimers’ five perspectives of educational change (Reimers, Educating students to improve the world. Springer, Singapore, 2020), and concludes by presenting the results and challenges at the time of writing. The success of such reform requires a systemic collaboration and stable conditions, and at this stage, it remains to be seen, which direction the reform takes.
Prognosemodelle für Beckenbodenschäden im Vergleich von Vaginalgeburt und Sectio
Authors: Betschart Cornelia , Zimmermann Roland 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungMehr als die Hälfte der Primiparae berichten ein Jahr nach der Geburt über Veränderungen am Beckenboden. Symptome sind Harn- oder Stuhlinkontinenz, Missempfindungen, Laxität oder Senkungsgefühl am Beckenboden. Zugrunde liegende Schädigungen können muskulärer Art (M. levator ani oder M. sphincter ani) oder ligamentärer Art sein. Risikofaktoren für Beckenbodentraumata sind höheres mütterliches Alter, eine protrahierte Austreibungsphase, Forzepsgeburt, okzipitoposteriore Einstellung und ein Dammriss III und IV°. Abgesehen vom mütterlichen Alter sind die Risikofaktoren jedoch präpartal nicht bekannt, und diese Lücke wollen Prädiktionsmodelle schließen. Das erste Prädiktionsmodell trägt den Namen UR-CHOICE. Basierend auf epidemiologischen Langzeitdaten aus den Datenbanken ProLong (UK und Neuseeland) und SWEPOP (Schweden) werden für verschiedene Parameter wie dem mütterlichen Alter, dem Body-Mass-Index (BMI), der Anzahl gewünschter Kinder und der Familienanamnese für Inkontinenz Risikogewichte etabliert, welche in der Kombination eine Prozentzahl für Urin‑, Stuhlinkontinenz und Genitaldeszensus liefern. Das zweite Modell, das „Capacity-Demand-Modell“, integriert objektive Daten aus der Bildgebung, nämlich den kindlichen Kopfumfang und den Umfang des M. levator ani, um mit einer Zuverlässigkeit von 0,8 in der Receiver-Operating-Characteristic(ROC)-Kurve ein schweres Levator-ani-Muskeltrauma vorauszusagen.
Cross-species analysis of hepatic cytochrome P450 and transport protein expression
Authors: Hammer Helen , Schmidt Felix , Marx-Stoelting Philip , Pötz Oliver , Braeuning Albert 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMost drugs and xenobiotics are metabolized in the liver. Amongst others, different cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes catalyze the metabolic conversion of foreign compounds, and various transport proteins are engaged in the excretion of metabolites from the hepatocytes. Inter-species and inter-individual differences in the hepatic levels and activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters result from genetic as well as from environmental factors, and play a decisive role in determining the pharmacokinetic properties of a compound in a given test system. To allow for a meaningful comparison of results from metabolism studies, it is, therefore, of utmost importance to know about the specific metabolic properties of the test systems, especially about the levels of metabolic enzymes such as the CYPs. Using a targeted proteomics approach, we, therefore, compared the hepatic levels of important CYP enzymes and transporters in different experimental systems in vivo and in vitro, namely Wistar rats, C57/Bl6 mice, mice humanized for the two xeno-sensing receptors PXR (pregnane-X-receptor) and CAR (constitutive androstane receptor), mice with human hepatocyte-repopulated livers, human HepaRG hepatocarcinoma cells, primary human hepatocytes, and human liver biopsies. In addition, the effects of xenobiotic inducers of drug metabolism on CYP enzymes and transporters were analyzed in selected systems. This study for the first time presents a comprehensive overview of similarities and differences in important drug metabolism-related proteins among the different experimental models.
Complex patterns of secondary spread without loss of genetic diversity in invasive populations of the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus takanoi (Decapoda) along European coasts
Authors: Geburzi Jonas C. , Ewers-Saucedo Christine , Brandis Dirk , Hartl Günther B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGenetic studies of introduced non-native species are a valuable tool to investigate invasion history and pathways, source populations and multiple introductions of alien species, as well as evolutionary genetic changes following establishment in a new environment. We used a set of nine polymorphic microsatellites to analyse the population genetic structure of the introduced Asian shore crabHemigrapsus takanoialong European coasts. Our dataset covered the complete known European range of the species, including the most recent records from Great Britain and the southwestern Baltic Sea. The results showed a similarly high genetic diversity ofH. takanoithroughout Europe, and no indication of genetic bottlenecks during secondary spread, even in the most recently established populations. Analyses for population structure along geographic regions gave support for a separation between the Bay of Seine populations (northern France) and all other populations. Genetic differentiation within the North and Baltic Seas was more subtle and patchy, hinting to potential unrecognised introduction events, dispersal barriers and anthropogenic vector activity. The populations from the Baltic Sea and Great Britain clustered with the Wadden Sea populations, suggesting secondary introductions from the southeastern North Sea as likely invasion pathways. In summary, we suggest that a combination of anthropogenic secondary spread and the species’ reproductive biology have prevented a loss of genetic diversity during its ongoing expansion. We argue that genetic data depicting population status shortly after an introduction event—like the British and Baltic Sea populations ofH. takanoi—may provide important baseline data for investigations of genetic changes during establishment and adaptation processes.
Do species display characteristic intraspecific levels of patchiness in a given habitat type? The case of intertidal seagrass macrobenthos
Authors: Barnes R. S. K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntertidal macrobenthic assemblages associated with monospecific stands of Zostera muelleri, Cymodocea serratula, Halodule uninervis and Halophila ovalis seagrasses are known to display uniform spatial patchiness on the Moreton Bay coast of North Stradbroke Island, Queensland, as do those in Z. capensis in the Knysna estuarine bay, South Africa. Thirty-seven historical datasets of these macrobenthic assemblages were re-analysed to assess variation of local patchiness in each of the 18 most common individual assemblage components at each of these localities in terms of three metrics: overall patchiness (Lloyd's index of patchiness), levels of unoccupancy, and variation in abundance across occupied samples (Lloyd's index of mean crowding). Within-site patchiness was not caused by a restriction of individual species to specific subareas but by variation in their local density, particularly by the extent of unoccupied ‘interstitial’ spaces within patches. Especially in the more uniform Queensland conditions, the more common species occurred relatively widely across the whole locality; individual samples from which a given species was absent never themselves formed patches, the number of such samples conforming to points on truncated normal curves of the frequency of occurrence. Of the 36 species investigated, the two most abundant and widespread both in Queensland and in South Africa displayed significant or near-significant uniformity of levels of local patchiness, whilst five showed significantly uniform mean crowding and ten significantly uniform unoccupancy. This is the first demonstration that some species may display a characteristic level of patchiness in a given habitat type.
IL-10, IL-13, Eotaxin and IL-10/IL-6 ratio distinguish breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma from all types of benign late seromas
Authors: Di Napoli Arianna , Greco Daniele , Scafetta Giorgia , Ascenzi Francesca , Gulino Alessandro , Aurisicchio Luigi , Santanelli Di Pompeo Fabio , Bonifacino Adriana , Giarnieri Enrico , Morgan John , Mancini Rita , Kadin Marshall E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBreast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BI-ALCL) is an uncommon peripheral T cell lymphoma usually presenting as a delayed peri-implant effusion. Chronic inflammation elicited by the implant has been implicated in its pathogenesis. Infection or implant rupture may also be responsible for late seromas. Cytomorphological examination coupled with CD30 immunostaining and eventual T-cell clonality assessment are essential for BI-ALCL diagnosis. However, some benign effusions may also contain an oligo/monoclonal expansion of CD30 + cells that can make the diagnosis challenging. Since cytokines are key mediators of inflammation, we applied a multiplexed immuno-based assay to BI-ALCL seromas and to different types of reactive seromas to look for a potential diagnostic BI-ALCL-associated cytokine profile. We found that BI-ALCL is characterized by a Th2-type cytokine milieu associated with significant high levels of IL-10, IL-13 and Eotaxin which discriminate BI-ALCL from all types of reactive seroma. Moreover, we found a cutoff of IL10/IL-6 ratio of 0.104 is associated with specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 83% in recognizing BI-ALCL effusions. This study identifies promising biomarkers for initial screening of late seromas that can facilitate early diagnosis of BI-ALCL.
Lysine-urethane-based tissue adhesion for mastectomy—an approach to reducing the seroma rate?
Authors: Boeer B. , Schneider J. , Schoenfisch B. , Röhm C. , Paepke S. , Oberlechner E. , Ohlinger R. , Hartkopf A. , Brucker S. Y. , Hahn M. , Marx M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Postoperative seromas are a problem in the surgical treatment of breast cancer. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether the lysine-urethane-based tissue adhesive TissuGlu® without drainage is equal/ non-inferior to standard mastecomy with drainage.

Methods
The study was designed as a prospective, randomized, multicentre non-inferiority study comparing the use of TissuGlu® without drainage with standard wound care with a drain insertion in ablative breast procedures. The number of clinical interventions, quality of life and wound complications were followed-up for 90 days in both groups.

Results
Although the statistical power was not reached, twice as many clinical interventions were performed in the TissuGlu® group than in the drainage group, especially aspirations of clinically relevant seromas (p = 0.014). The TissuGlu® group produced overall less wound fluid, but developed a clinically relevant seroma (100% vs. 63%) which made an intervention necessary. Less hospitalisation time was observed in the TissuGlu® group, but the complication rate was higher. There was no significant difference in regards to postoperative pain. In summary the non-inferiority of TissuGlu® compared to standard drainage couldn’t be reached.

Discussion
The present evaluation shows no advantage of the tissue adhesive TissuGlu® in terms of seroma formation and frequency of intervention compared to a standard drainage for mastectomies, but the shorter inpatient stay certainly has a positive effect on the quality of life.
Feasibility and safety of breast-conserving surgery via a periareolar incision for cancers located far from the nipple–areolar complex: a retrospective study
Authors: Woo Joohyun , Lee Jihae , Paek Se Hyun , Lim Woosung 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose
We performed breast-conserving surgery (BCS) using periareolar incisions for cancers located far from the nipple–areolar complex (NAC) and examined if BCS via a periareolar incision maximized cosmesis and maintained oncologic safety. One of the most important goals of BCS is to improve cosmesis after surgery and quality of life, but the skin incision can affect cosmesis based on the tumor location.

Methods
Fifty-five patients with breast cancers located far from the NAC underwent BCS via periareolar incisions between January 2017 and April 2018. If a sentinel lymph node biopsy was required, another skin incision was created in the axilla using the conventional technique. Medical records of patients were reviewed retrospectively.

Results
The mean patient age was 48.1 ± 10.6 years. The mean tumor size was 1.8 ± 1.0 cm (range 0.2–4.5 cm) on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the mean distance from the NAC to the tumor was 5.9 ± 1.9 cm (range 4.0–12.3 cm). Patients with cancers in the subareolar area were excluded even though the distance from the nipple was > 4 cm on MRI. Negative microscopic margins were obtained in all patients. There was no surgical complication such as seroma, bleeding, or infection. Re-operation was not needed. All patients received whole breast radiation therapy. After surgery and radiation therapy, periareolar incision scars were nearly invisible.

Conclusion
For cancers located far from the NAC, BCS via periareolar incisions is feasible and leads to superior cosmesis in selective patients. Moreover, BCS seems oncologically safe, although long-term outcomes need to be evaluated.
Towards a Polynomial Kernel for Directed Feedback Vertex Set
Authors: Bergougnoux Benjamin , Eiben Eduard , Ganian Robert , Ordyniak Sebastian , Ramanujan M. S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn theDirected Feedback Vertex Set (DFVS)problem, the input is a directed graphDand an integerk. The objective is to determine whether there exists a set of at mostkvertices intersecting every directed cycle ofD. DFVS was shown to be fixed-parameter tractable when parameterized by solution size by Chen et al. (J ACM 55(5):177–186, 2008); since then, the existence of a polynomial kernel for this problem has become one of the largest open problems in the area of parameterized algorithmics. Since this problem has remained open in spite of the best efforts of a number of prominent researchers and pioneers in the field, a natural step forward is to study the kernelization complexity ofDFVSparameterized by a naturallargerparameter. In this paper, we study DFVS parameterized by the feedback vertex set number of the underlyingundirected graph. We provide two main contributions: a polynomial kernel for this problem on general instances, and a linear kernel for the case where the input digraph is embeddable on a surface of bounded genus.
Prospective practice survey of management of cetuximab-related skin reactions
Authors: Lugtenberg R. T. , Boers-Doets C. B. , Witteveen P. O. , van Herpen C. M. L. , Wymenga A. N. M. , de Groot J. W. B. , Hoeben A. , del Grande C. , van Doorn B. , Koldenhof J. J. , Driessen C. M. L. , Gelderblom H. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Evidence-based guidelines on how to prevent or treat cetuximab-related skin reactions are lacking and multiple care and management strategies are used. The main purpose of the present study is to gain information about the different skincare products being used against skin reactions in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and recurrent/metastatic (R/M) or locally advanced (LA) squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN) patients treated with cetuximab.

Methods
An open-label, prospective observational study conducted in the Netherlands. The occurrence of skin reactions and the care and management options taken were documented for 16 weeks, starting from the first administration of cetuximab.

Results
A total of 103 patients were included in 7 hospitals. 38 patients (37%) developed a grade ≥ 2 skin reaction. Eighty-six patients could be analysed for the primary endpoint (73.3% males, mean age 62.4 years, n = 44 LA SCCHN, n = 16 R/M SCCHN, n = 26 mCRC). The most frequently used skin products at some point during the observation period were moisturizing products (70%), systemic antibiotics (64%), topical antibiotics (58%), lipid-regenerating (28%) and other topical products (28%). The overall use of products gradually increased from baseline to week 6–10, reducing by week 16. Hospital protocols were the primary reason (> 50%) for choice of the skincare products and medications.

Conclusion
A variety of skin care products and antibiotics were commonly used. Only few patients developed severe cutaneous reactions. For patients, the occurrence of skin reactions did not influence their willingness to continue cetuximab therapy.
Emotional well-being and pain could be a greater determinant of quality of life compared to motor severity in cervical dystonia
Authors: Klingelhoefer Lisa , Kaiser Maximilian , Sauerbier Anna , Untucht Robert , Wienecke Miriam , Mammadova Könül , Falkenburger Björn , Gregor Olaf , Chaudhuri K. Ray , Reichmann Heinz 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNon-motor symptoms (NMS) occur in patients with cervical dystonia (CD) but with variable frequencies and impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). To define non-motor and motor profiles and their respective impact on HRQoL in CD patients using the newly validated Dystonia Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (DNMSQuest). In an observational prospective multicentre case–control study, we enrolled 61 patients with CD and 61 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) comparing demographic data, motor and non-motor symptoms and HRQoL measurements. 95% CD patients reported at least one NMS. Mean total NMS score was significantly higher in CD patients (5.62 ± 3.33) than in HC (1.74 ± 1.52; p < 0.001). Pain, insomnia and stigma were the most prevalent NMS and HRQoL was significantly impaired in CD patients compared to HC. There was strong correlation of NMS burden with HRQoL (CDQ-24: r = 0.72, EQ-5D: r = − 0.59; p < 0.001) in CD patients. Regression analysis between HRQoL and NMS suggested that emotional well-being (standardized beta = − 0.352) and pain (standardized beta = − 0.291) had a major impact on HRQoL while, in contrast motor severity had no significant impact in this model. Most NMS with the exception of pain, stigma and ADL did not correlate with motor severity. NMS are highly prevalent in CD patients and occur independent of age, sex, disease duration, duration of botulinum neurotoxin therapy and socio-economic status. Specific NMS such as emotional well-being and pain have a major impact on HRQoL and are more relevant than motor severity.
Humean supervenience and tripartite entanglement relations
Authors: Lorenzetti Lorenzo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIt has been argued that Humean Supervenience (HS) is threatened by the existence of quantum entanglement relations. The most conservative strategy for defending HS is to add the problematic entanglement relations to the supervenience basis, alongside spatiotemporal relations. In this paper, I’m going to argue against this strategy by showing how certain particular cases of tripartite entanglement states – i.e. GHZ states – posit some crucial problems for this amended version of HS. Moreover, I will show that the principle of free recombination – which is strictly linked to HS – is severely undermined if we add entanglement relations to the supervenience basis. I conclude that the conservative move is very unappealing, and therefore the defender of HS should pursue other, more controversial, strategies (e.g. committing to the nomological interpretation of the wave function).
Attention Deficits Influence the Development of Motor Abnormalities in High Functioning Autism
Authors: Pitzianti Mariabernarda , Fagioli Sabrina , Pontis Marco , Pasini Augusto 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEarly attentional dysfunction is one of the most consistent findings in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including the high functioning autism (HFA). There are no studies that assess how the atypical attentional processes affect the motor functioning in HFA. In this study, we evaluated attentional and motor functioning in a sample of 15 drug-naive patients with HFA and 15 healthy children (HC), and possible link between attentional dysfunction and motor impairment in HFA. Compared to HC, HFA group was seriously impaired in a considerable number of attentional processes and showed a greater number of motor abnormalities. Significant correlations between attention deficits and motor abnormalities were observed in HFA group. These preliminary findings suggest that deficit of attentional processes can be implied in motor abnormalities in HFA.
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: mechanisms of action in heart failure
Authors: Dutka Mieczysław , Bobiński Rafał , Ulman-Włodarz Izabela , Hajduga Maciej , Bujok Jan , Pająk Celina , Ćwiertnia Michał 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDiabetes is a key independent risk factor in the development of heart failure (HF) and a strong, adverse prognostic factor in HF patients. HF remains the primary cause of hospitalisation for diabetics and, as previous studies have shown, when HF occurs in these patients, intensive glycaemic control does not directly improve the prognosis. Recent clinical studies assessing a new class of antidiabetic drugs, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) showed some unexpected beneficial results. Patients treated with SGLT2is had a significant decrease in both cardiovascular (CV) and all-cause mortality and less hospitalisations due to HF compared to those given a placebo. These significant clinical benefits occurred quickly after the drugs were administered and were not solely due to improved glycaemic control. These groundbreaking clinical trials’ results have already changed clinical practice in the management of patients with diabetes at high CV risk. These trials have triggered numerous experimental studies aimed at explaining the mechanisms of action of this unique group of drugs. This article presents the current state of knowledge about the mechanisms of action of SGLT2is developed for the treatment of diabetes and which, thanks to their cardioprotective effects, may, in the future, become a treatment for patients with HF.