bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bosnia and Herzogovina
Authors: Pranjić Nurka , Račić Maja 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSimilar to other European countries experiencing growth in their 65+ populations, Bosnia and Herzegovina have also been affected by an intensive population ageing process. This national phenomenon affects the pension system, the health system and the labour market. A brief description of extending working life in the socio-economic context in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including gendered statistics on employment forolder workers and pension coverage, is presented in this chapter. There is a discussion on extended working lifepolicies, pension reforms, pensions systems and policy, and relevant employment and healthpolicies for older workers. Flexible employment policies and training forolder workers have not yet been introduced in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Future policy recommendations are also discussed.
Finland
Authors: Salonen Laura , Kähäri Antti , Pietilä Ilkka 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFinland’s population is ageing due to declining fertility and increasing life expectancy rates. This creates pressure to maintain high employment rates. Lately, Finland has focused on extending working careers by raising statutory pension age and facilitating part-time employment for pensioners. Finland faces high unemploymentrates, low re-employment among over 55-year olds and high gender inequality in pension levels. Gender and educational inequality in pensions reflect the employment gaps and sectoral segregation that have accumulated along lifecourses. Finland aims to extend working life by promoting wellbeing at work, increasing labour market flexibility and supporting workers’ competitiveness through various strategies. The latest reforms on unemployment activation and possible future reforms on the regional government, health and social services and basic income will likely affect pension intentions. To ensure equal levels of pensions, future reforms should focus on whole lifecourses and account for breaks in working life, such as parental leave and unemployment periods.
The ‘Older Worker’ and the ‘Ideal Worker’: A Critical Examination of Concepts and Categorisations in the Rhetoric of Extending Working Lives
Authors: Krekula Clary , Vickerstaff Sarah 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPolicies supporting longer working lives have to a great extent described older people as the problem. In this chapter we challenge this description by looking critically at some of the assumptions underlying the extending working life agenda. The chapter begins with a discussion about the homogeneous representations of increased life expectancy, where we show that the neglect of growing differences in longevity takes privileged aging as the starting point. Next we discuss the use of the concept of genderequality to illustrate how male life courses are taken as the norm. The chapter then considers how increased individualization and the conditions that work organizations provide frames older people as all the same leading to widening inequalities amongst those in retirement. All taken together, extended working life leads to be an individualization of the risks of working life. Based on an analysis of the debates at the country level we further argue that the extended working life agenda is a top-down process and a globally spread implementation of an economically based political project.
Israel
Authors: Benjamin Orly , Nisim Sarit , Segel-Karpas Dikla 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIsrael’s response to population ageing has included policies increasing pension age, flexible working, and privatisation of pensions. These policies have increased povertyrisks for those experiencing exclusion and isolation and limited access to housing, education, quality jobs, and healthcareservices. In this context, polarised gender/class positions leave women at higher risk of poverty in old age, particularly for women not living with a partner or when a pension related to a partner’s work life is not available. Only a minority of Israeli women currently extend their working lives, despite very low state allowances for older people. Policymakers have paid little attention to differences between men and women or among women in different circumstances. This has contributed to an assumption that raising pension age is an appropriate one-size-fits-all solution when it clearly is not.
Netherlands
Authors: Fleischmann Maria , van den Broek Thijs 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Netherlands traditionally had ample early retirement possibilities. Several reforms introduced from the late 1990s onward contributed to the successful reversal of this early exit trend. As a result, in 2018, employees on average retired at age 65.0, representing a three-year increase in the last ten years. This chapter describes the Dutch pension system and recent employment, healthand care policies and reforms that have likely shaped the changes in the effective retirement age. We conclude with a short discussion of the current debate about future changes to the statutory retirementage and consider other potential avenues through which policies could yield further increases in the effective retirement age of Dutch workers.
New Zealand
Authors: Davey Judith A. , Phillips Hannah , Alpass Fiona 
Published: February 2020

AbstractNew Zealand has high rates of workforce participation for people in the 55+ age groups. These rates have grown rapidly, and growth is expected to continue, especially for women workers. Existing policy settings support extended workforce participation. There is a universal flat rate pension at age 65, which can be received while continuing in paid work; flexiblework arrangements; and legislation againstage discrimination and compulsory retirement. However, assistance for working carers, education and training forolder workers and direct support for employers are all very limited. There are many calls for a comprehensive approach to the challenges and opportunities of workforce ageing in New Zealand, many from government agencies, but comparatively little provides a gender perspective. Much depends on the extent to which individual employers recognise the implications of workforce ageing and respond with appropriate policies and practices.
Poland
Authors: Siemieńska Renata 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIt is estimated that Poland’spopulation is ageing rapidly. It is expected that the proportion of working-age people will decline substantially in the coming decades, while the share of people aged 65+ and of those in advanced old age (80+) will increase significantly. Increasingly, older Poles live in single-person households, a situation associated with loneliness, intensifying the risk of social exclusion, particularly for older people with disabilities and for women. Unlike the situation in many countries where governments have raised the retirement age, the retirement age has been decreased in 2017 in Poland, reversing previous plans to increase retirement age. There remains a gender difference in retirement age where men retire at 65 and women at age 60. This is likely to increase old-age poverty, particularly among women. Institutional long-term care for older people falls significantly short of needs. This chapter shows the complexity of the Polish context and demonstrates the serious problems facing older people, who are vulnerable under current policies.
Romania
Authors: Şoitu Daniela , Tiberiu Şoitu Conţiu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses social, economic, and demographic realities in Romania and the public policy challenges they present. In common with many other European countries, Romania is experiencing socio-demographic changes including an increase in the number and proportion of older people in the population, increasing life expectancy, decreasing birth and fertility rates and increasing labour migration. All these phenomena have an impact on the labour market which is already under stress due to macroeconomic factors. Education, health and administration are the largest sectors of public employment. The transition to retirement in the public sector is not accompanied by support programmes such as training, shorter or more flexible working hours or intergenerational transfer of skills, all of which could stimulate older adults who wish to remain in paid work. An extension of working life after retirement is possible and salaries can be combined with pensions. Romania faces an increasing deficit in the pension system.
Slovakia
Authors: Pilková Anna , Mikuš Juraj 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAlthough ageing is a universal process that concerns most countries, so far there are great differences particularly in relation to post-socialist countries. In Slovakia, population ageingappears to be irreversible in the coming decades at least up to 2050. Therefore, society must prepare to function under changed conditions and adapt to the increasing number and proportion of older people. The ageing of the population brings serious economic, social and political consequences. In addition, the effects of ageing cannot be eliminated or mitigated by isolated measures in a short period of time. They require comprehensive solutions made over time. For this reason, social, employment, health and education reforms are essential. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of such measures in Slovakia. The chapter starts with an introduction which gives a brief socio-demographic context and the rest of the chapter provide a concise overview of pensions, of the employment of older people, of precariouswork and of healthpolicies as well as the underlying particular characteristics and challenges in Slovakia.
Spain
Authors: Spijker Jeroen , González Juan Manuel García , Puga Dolores 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter describes recent developments and debates onolder workers’ participation in the labour force, retirement decisions and the pension system in Spain, from a socialclass, health and gender perspective. Spain is one of the most aged countries in the world. However, the Spanish population has one of the lowest levels of employment among people aged 50+ in Europe. Women retire later than men, mainly because they cannot afford to retire earlier. Women have a lower probability of achieving the requisite minimum contributions that give them the right to receive a pension. For women transition to post-employment life depends on perceiving retirement as forced upon them for family reasons or the need to care for other family members in poor health. Health is an important variable in determining the rate of activity among people under 60 years old, however this becomes less important as the incentives of the pension system become more evident. Women are more likely to have temporary work contracts, greater job insecurity and more exposure to emotional pressure. If women also care for relatives, extending working life may further worsen their mental and physicalhealth status.
Switzerland
Authors: Le Feuvre Nicky , Avramito Maurice , Hugentobler Valérie 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the situation ofolder workers in Switzerland and reflects on the gender implicationsof extending working lifepolicies and practices. Firstly, we describe the current employment patternsofolder workers in the Swiss context, paying particular attention to gender differences over the life-course. In a second section, we present the three-pillarSwiss pension system, before going on to analyse the nature and the origins of the gender pensiongap. In a final section, we summarize the most important extended working life policy initiatives that have taken place in recent years and discuss the mismatch between these reforms and the conservative gender regime that has influenced the life-course of current generations ofolder workers.
United States
Authors: Street Debra 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFor decades, American discourse about the future of SocialSecurity has trumped meaningful discussion of extending working lives. Similar to patterns of public debate and policymaking elsewhere, in the US pensions and delayed retirement has received most of the policy focus with relatively little attention paid to the gendered structure of the US labour market, and the systematic disadvantages built into its retirementincome regime. Nor have debates come to grips with the real likelihood as opposed to imagined potential for most older Americans remain employed longer, given the mismatch between available jobs andolder workers’ skills, their physical capacities, and competing family careresponsibilities. Complicating the US context further is the sheer complexity arising from significant regional differences in employment prospects, interactions between federal and state policies that shape employment and retirement outcomes, and the very exceptional character of UShealthinsurance arrangements to contend with, all within an ageist and age-denying culture. This chapter explores why there has been little debate and no consensusin US policymaking about how to expand good employment opportunities that could help Americans to extend their working lives, but plenty about raising retirement ages and contribution levels for SocialSecurity.
Belgium
Authors: Burnay Nathalie , Vendramin Patricia 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBelgium is characterised by a low rate of employment for older people, though recent measures taken by national and regional governments have increased this rate. However, the extension of working life generates an increase in inequalities, especially for women. Having drastically reduced the legal provisions allowing people to leave the labour market before the legal retirement age, the Belgian federal government has adopted a series of measures aimed at extending working life. These reforms target botholder workers and companies. The trade unions are trying to resist, however neo-liberal logic is gradually penetrating the Belgian framework.
Perspective for Part I
Authors: Yamagishi Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in vertebrates, other than fish, that function as an efficient gas exchanger. This respiratory system is physically and physiologically connected to the cardiovascular system to extract oxygen from the atmosphere and transfer it into the bloodstream and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere. The normal pulmonary circulation, in contrast to the systemic circulation, has low pressure because of a low-resistant vascular bed that enables highly efficient gas exchange between the millions of alveoli and capillaries. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare pulmonary arterial disease with a high mortality and morbidity although treatment options have improved in the last decades. PH is defined by a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) greater than or equal to 20 mmHg at rest and is classified into five main subgroups based on the etiology and hemodynamic criteria. Because PH is heterogeneous at the genetic and molecular levels, a deeper understanding is required for the development of more effective therapies.
Using Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Understand and Treat Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Gu Mingxia 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, loss of peripheral pulmonary arterial (PA) microvessels, and proliferation of vascular cells in proximal PAs, leading to occlusion of the lumen. Loss of function mutations in bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR)2 occur in over 70% of heritable form of PAH (HPAH) patients. Intriguingly, only 20% of the mutation carriers develop clinical symptoms, suggesting that genetic variation may provide modifiers that alleviate the disease. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived vascular cells provide a new opportunity to further understand the disease mechanisms in a personalized manner. In our study, we demonstrated that iPSC-derived endothelial cell (iPSC-EC) recapitulates the functional and gene expression abnormalities in native PAEC from the same PAH patients compared with healthy controls. Interestingly, PAH PAEC and iPSC-EC also respond similarly to potential PAH therapies elafin and FK506 in terms of improved angiogenesis. We then used iPSC-ECs to further understand the reduced penetrance of the BMPR2 mutation. iPSC-EC was generated from three families with unaffected mutation carriers (UMC), HPAH patients, and gender-matched controls. We identified patient-specific features of preserved function in UMC iPSC-EC attributed to the regulators of BMPR2 signaling or to cell survival gene revealed by RNA-Seq analyses. Our findings therefore highlight protective modifiers for HPAH that could help inform development of future treatment strategies. Despite the site of disease in the lung and the particular vulnerability of the PA vasculature, iPSC-EC is a good surrogate for PAH modeling and drug testing.
Risk Stratification in Paediatric Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Moledina Shahin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRisk stratification can be defined as clinical assessment and investigation with the purpose of determining a person’s risk of suffering a particular outcome and thereby guiding the need for preventative intervention (McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine 2002). The need for risk stratification comes from the realisation that although the presence of pulmonary arterial hypertension significantly impairs survival, the degree of impairment can vary across the population of patients by as much as an order of magnitude.Furthermore the understanding that therapies aimed at palliating symptoms and prolonging life has negative consequences both for the patients by way of side effects and society by way of costs and should therefore be targeted at those for whom potential benefit outweighs harm.
The Adaptive Right Ventricle in Eisenmenger Syndrome: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Pulmonary Hypertension?
Authors: Kameny Rebecca Johnson , Datar Sanjeev A. , Boehme Jason , Fineman Jeffrey R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare disease with significant mortality despite targeted therapies. Among patients with PH, both survival and functional class are more closely correlated with right ventricular (RV) function than with the degree of pulmonary artery pressure elevation or pulmonary vascular resistance. Unfortunately, the RV is usually exquisitely sensitive to increases in afterload associated with PH, and progressive RV failure is the typical clinical course among most patients over time. However, in the subset of PH patients with congenital heart disease and Eisenmenger syndrome, survival is prolonged and RV function is preserved compared to patients with primary PH. This functional superiority may be due to a persistent RV fetal phenotype as patients continue to have a biventricular hypertrophy pattern which mimics fetal cardiac morphology. We have utilized an ovine model of congenital heart disease to demonstrate superior RV function following acute afterload stimulus—a unique RV Anrep effect. Further, we have shown shared gene expression patterns in the fetal and CHD model RV. In the future, understanding the underlying mechanisms of RV adaptation in CHD and PH may yield novel therapeutic strategies for all patients with pulmonary hypertension.
Impaired Right Coronary Vasodilator Function in Pulmonary Hypertensive Rats Assessed by In Vivo Synchrotron Microangiography
Authors: Inagaki Tadakatsu , Tsuchimochi Hirotsugu , Pearson James T. , Schwenke Daryl O. , Umetani Keiji , Shirai Mikiyasu , Nakaoka Yoshikazu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPulmonary hypertension (PH) causes cardiac hypertrophy in the right ventricle (RV) and eventually leads to RV failure due to persistently elevated afterload. Considerable clinical and experimental animal studies have shown that abnormalities of endothelial function represent a hallmark of heart failure. However, the relationships between right coronary endothelial dysfunction and the development of heart failure remain to be fully established especially in the right heart. Synchrotron radiation (SR) microangiography has provided the temporal and spatial resolution required to visualize microvessels of various organs in vivo [1]. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to validate a new approach for the in vivo assessment of endothelial coronary function of the rat right heart using SR microangiography.
Lung Development and Notch Signaling
Authors: Morimoto Mitsuru 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe respiratory system is connected to the cardiovascular system physically and physiologically. This chapter overviews the morphogenesis and epithelial development of the lung. The airway branching structure is formed as development progresses and is controlled by reciprocal mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. During the branching process, the distal terminal buds are thought to contain a population of multipotent epithelial progenitors that are more proliferative than proximal cells. This predominant proliferation in the distal tip leads to the lung bud extension toward the distal end. As the bronchial tree extends further, descendants of these multipotent cells give rise to lineage-restricted progenitors in the conducting airways. Notch signaling is used repeatedly to organize three epithelial cell types: Club, ciliated, and neuroendocrine (NE) cells. The Notch-mediated fate selection of Club/ciliated cells and of the size of NE cell clusters is regulated by different mechanisms. The Club/ciliated cell fate decision is mediated exclusively by Notch2 in response to Jag1. In contrast, all three Notch receptors contribute to robustly regulate the NE cell-cluster size. High-resolution whole-mount imaging of the developing lung revealed that the NE cell cluster appears at the stereotypic positions at the bifurcating area of the branching airways. Moreover, the 4D imaging, 3D plus live-imaging, method for developing lung epithelial cells discovered dynamics of NE cell clustering in which NE cells appear at inter-bifurcation area as solitary cells and migrate toward the branching points to form clusters. Further analyses determined that Notch signaling regulates the number of solitary NE cells in a lateral-inhibition fashion.
Prostaglandin E2 Receptor EP4 Inhibition Constricts the Rat Ductus Arteriosus
Authors: Sakuma Toshiki , Akaike Toru , Minamisawa Susumu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPatent ductus arteriosus (PDA) often occurs in premature infants [1]. At present, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin is used to treat patients with PDA by inhibiting prostaglandin E2 synthesis. However, its efficiency is frequently limited [2] and adverse effects are problematic [3]. We have demonstrated that the prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 specifically expresses in the rat ductus arteriosus (DA) [4]. Therefore, we hypothesized that EP4 inhibition promoted closure of the DA with fewer side effects.
Dilatation of the Ductus Arteriosus by Diazoxide in Fetal and Neonatal Rats
Authors: Toyoshima Katsuaki , Momma Kazuo , Ishii Tetsuko , Nakanishi Toshio 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe previously reported that ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels regulate ductal constriction in response to oxygen [1]. Diazoxide is a KATP channel opener while the usefulness of diazoxide for hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is well established. Yoshida et al. reported DA reopening in very low-birth-weight infants [2]. The objectives of this study were to elucidate the effect of KATP channel openers on the DA in neonatal rats as well as the different effects in preterm and full-term fetal rats [3].