bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sorting beef subprimals by ribeye area size at the packer level to optimize utility and product uniformity in foodservice and retail
Authors: Steele Chandler C , Arnold Ashley N , Gehring Kerri B , Griffin Davey B , Savell Jeffrey W 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The objectives of the study were to evaluate if sorting beef carcasses at the packer level by loin muscle (LM) area, using instrument grading technology, would increase the consistency of three boxed beef products for the foodservice and retail sectors of the industry. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Choice beef sides (n = 100) and USDA Select sides (n = 100) were selected and stratified into five LM area categories (±2.9 cm2): 1) 77.4, 2) 83.9, 3) 90.3, 4) 96.8, and 5) 103.2 cm2. Beef lip-on ribeyes and boneless strip loins were obtained from USDA Choice sides and full, partially defatted tenderloins were obtained from USDA Select sides. Subprimals were scanned with a portioner that captured visual images and dimensional analyses of each subprimal, and data were analyzed by the software to determine multiple portioning outcomes for each subprimal. Portioning data were generated for each subprimal based on a variety of targeted portion weights (ribeye and strip loin steaks = 340.2 g; tenderloin steak = 170.1 g), as well as various portion thicknesses (ribeye and strip loin steaks = 31.8 mm; tenderloin steak = 44.5 and 50.8 mm). Subprimal utility varied across targeted portion weights and thicknesses within each LM area category. For the ribeyes and strip loins, optimal portion weight and thickness combinations were observed more frequently in LM area categories 1 and 2 than for the three larger LM area categories. Analysis of data for tenderloins revealed that LM area categories played a lesser role in identifying optimization of steak portion weight and thickness combinations. Findings demonstrate that creating categories of beef subprimals based on LM area as opposed to subprimal weight might provide a unique sorting method that would improve boxed beef product consistency and uniformity for foodservice and retail sectors.
A pooled analysis of six large-pen feedlot studies: effects of a noncoated initial and terminal implant compared with a single initial and delayed-release implant on arrival in feedlot heifers
Authors: Smith Zachary K , Renter David G , Holland Ben P , Word Alyssa B , Crawford Grant I , Nichols Wade T , Nuttelman Brandon L , Streeter Marshall N , Walter Lee-Anne J , Hutcheson John P , Dicke Bill , Brandt Robert T , Szasz Josh I , Bryant Tony C , Pringle Lois F G , Carlson Zac E , Erickson Galen E , Johnson Bradley J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Randomized complete block design experiments (n = 6 experiments) evaluating steroidal implants (all from Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) were conducted in large-pen feedlot research facilities between 2015 and 2018 comparing an 80 mg trenbolone acetate (TBA) and 8 mg estradiol-17β (E2) initial implant (Revalor-IH) and reimplanted with 200 mg TBA and 20 mg E2 (Revalor-200; REPEATED) to a single 80 mg TBA and 8 mg E2 uncoated; 120 mg TBA and 12 mg E2 coated implant (Revalor-XH) at arrival (SINGLE) on growth and carcass responses in finishing heifers. Experiments occurred in Nebraska, Oklahoma, Washington, and Texas. Similar arrival processing was used across experiments where 17,675 heifers [initial body weight = 333 kg SEM (4.1)] were enrolled into 180 pens (90 pens per treatment with 65–240 heifers per pen) and fed for 145–222 d. Only REPEATED heifers were removed from their pen at reimplant. Diets contained monensin and tylosin, consisted of ingredients common to each region, and contained greater than 90% concentrate. Ractopamine hydrochloride was fed for a minimum of 28 d prior to harvest. Linear mixed models were used for all analyses; model-adjusted means for each implant group and the corresponding SEM were generated. Distributions of U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) quality grade (QG) and yield grade (YG) were analyzed as ordinal outcomes. No differences (P ≥ 0.11) were detected for any performance parameters except dry matter intake (DMI), where SINGLE had greater (P = 0.02) DMI (9.48 vs. 9.38 ± 0.127 kg) compared with REPEATED. Heifers implanted with REPEATED had greater (P ≤ 0.02) hot carcass weight (HCW; 384 vs. 382 ± 2.8 kg), dressing percentage (64.54 vs. 64.22 ± 0.120%), and ribeye area (91.87 vs. 89.55 ± 0.839 cm2) but less (P ≤ 0.01) rib fat (1.78 vs. 1.83 ± 0.025 cm) and calculated YG (2.82 vs. 2.97 ± 0.040) and similar (P = 0.74) marbling scores (503 vs. 505 ± 5.2) compared with SINGLE heifers. Distributions of USDA YG and QG were impacted (P ≤ 0.03) by treatment such that REPEATED had fewer USDA Prime and YG 4 and 5 carcasses. Heifer growth performance did not differ between implant regimens, but HCW and muscling did, perhaps indicating that REPEATED may be suited for grid-based marketing, and SINGLE might be suited for heifers sold on a live basis depending upon market conditions and value-based grid premiums and discounts. However, these decisions are operational dependent and also may be influenced by factors including animal and employee safety, stress on animals, processing facilities, time of year, labor availability, and marketing strategies.
Peripheral nerve biopsy: a tool still needed in the early diagnosis of neural leprosy?
Authors: dos Santos Diogo Fernandes , Antunes Douglas Eulálio , Dornelas Bruno Carvalho , da Cunha Bruno Araujo , Oliveira Thales Junqueira , Pereira Raquel Campos , Goulart Luiz Ricardo , Goulart Isabela Maria Bernardes 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
The early recognition of neural impairment in leprosy, especially in primary neural forms, represents a challenge in clinical practice and a peripheral nerve biopsy may be required for diagnostic confirmation. This study aims to characterize the epidemiological, clinical, electroneuromyographic, laboratory and histopathological aspects of patients undergoing peripheral nerve biopsy during investigation of primary neural cases in leprosy.

Methods
A total of 104 patients with peripheral neuropathy who were referred to a national reference centre for leprosy were biopsied from 2014 to 2018. All cases underwent clinical, laboratory, histopathological and electroneuromyographic evaluations.

Results
Of 104 biopsied patients, leprosy was confirmed in 89.4% (93/104). The biopsied nerves were the ulnar (67.8% [63/93]), superficial fibular (21.5% [20/93]), sural (8.6% [8/93]), radial (1.1% [1/93]) and deep fibular (1.1% [1/93]). Twenty-nine percent (27/93) presented histopathological abnormalities and 4.4% (4/93) presented acid-fast bacilli. Nerve and superjacent skin quantitative polymerase chain reaction were positive in 49.5% (46/93) and 24.8% (23/93) of cases, respectively. Patients with multiple mononeuropathy had a higher frequency of histopathological abnormalities (p=0.0077).

Conclusions
This study reinforces peripheral nerve biopsy's role as an important tool in the investigation of primary neural cases, contributing to the early diagnosis and also reducing diagnostic errors and the need for empirical treatment.
Polymorphism in the IL-1β promoter is associated with IgG antibody response to circumsporozoite protein repeats of Plasmodium vivax
Authors: Capobianco Marcela Petrolini , Cassiano Gustavo Capatti , Storti-Melo Luciane Moreno , Pimenta Tamirys Simão , Rodrigues Ana Paula Drummond , Arruda José Eduardo Gomes , Pinto Marcia Ribeiro , Baptista Andrea Regina de Souza , Pratt-Riccio Lilian Rose , Bonini-Domingos Cláudia Regina , de Oliveira-Ferreira Joseli , Machado Ricardo Luiz Dantas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
It is well established that infection by Plasmodium vivax is a result of host-parasite interactions. In the present study, association with the IL1/IL2 cytokine profiles, anticircumsporozoite protein antibody levels and parasitic loads was evaluated in individuals naturally infected with P. vivax in an endemic area of the Brazilian Amazon.

Methods
Molecular diagnosis of P. vivax and variants was performed using the PCR-RFLP method and IL1B -511C&gt;T, IL2 -330T&gt;G and IL2+114T&gt;G polymorphisms were identified using PCR-RFLP and allele-specific PCR. IL-1β and IL-2 cytokine levels were detected by flow cytometry and circumsporozoite protein (CSP) antibodies were measured by ELISA.

Results
Three variants of P. vivax CSP were identified and VK247 was found to be the most frequent. However, the prevalence and magnitude of IgG antibodies were higher for the VK210 variant. Furthermore, the antibody response to the CSP variants was not associated with the presence of the variant in the infection. Significant differences were observed between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -511T&gt;C in the IL1B gene and levels of antibodies to the VK247 and P. vivax-like variants, but there were no associations between SNPs in IL1 and IL2 genes and their plasma products.

Conclusions
Individuals with the rs16944 CC genotype in the IL1β gene have higher antibody levels to the CSP of P. vivax of VK247 and P. vivax-like variants.
The effect of menopause on metabolic syndrome: cross-sectional results from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Christakis Marie K. , Hasan Haroon , De Souza Leanne R. , Shirreff Lindsay 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objectives:
Data were examined from women surveyed in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging to evaluate whether menopause is an independent risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) or its components, including hypertension, central obesity, dyslipidemia, or elevated glycated hemoglobin.

Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of women aged 45-85 years old that participated in the baseline data of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging Comprehensive Cohort collected from 2012 to 2015. Modified Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to estimate the crude and adjusted relative risks (aRRs) of MetS in postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women.

Results:
Among 12,611 women analyzed, 10,035 (79.6%) had undergone menopause and 2,576 (20.4%) were premenopausal. Postmenopausal women were more likely to meet criteria for MetS compared to premenopausal women (32.6% vs 20.5%, P < 0.001). Using the MetS criteria with a lower waist circumference threshold, the prevalence of MetS was higher at 38.2% among postmenopausal women and 23.2% among premenopausal women (P < 0.001). After adjusting for age, body mass index, and other covariates, the occurrence of menopause was not associated with a significantly higher relative risk of MetS, using the unified criteria for MetS (aRR 1.09 [95% CI: 0.99-1.19]). Women with menopause had a significantly higher relative risk of MetS when using criteria with a lower waist circumference (aRR 1.10 [95% CI: 1.01-1.19]). Menopause was also associated with a higher risk of impaired glucose tolerance (aRR 1.42 [95% CI: 1.26-1.59]), elevated blood pressure (aRR 1.12 [95% CI: 1.03-1.21]), and elevated triglycerides (aRR 1.17 [95% CI: 1.08-1.26]).

Conclusion:
Menopause is associated with an increased risk of MetS, independent of age. Lifestyle interventions targeted at women with MetS are known to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk. Perimenopause may be an important preventative care opportunity to assess metabolic risk factors and improve health and longevity of Canadian women.
Depression, anxiety, and fear of death in postmenopausal women
Authors: Ozdemir Kevser , Sahin Sevil , Guler Dondu Sevimli , Unsal Alaattin , Akdemir Nermin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objective:
This study aimed to determine the frequency of depression in postmenopausal women, examine some variables that are thought to be related, and evaluate the relationships between postmenopausal depression, anxiety, and fear of death.

Methods:
The study is a cross-sectional study conducted among postmenopausal women who applied to an Obstetrics and Gynecology Polyclinic in Sakarya, Turkey, between March and September 2018. The study group consisted of 485 postmenopausal women. For statistical analysis, the chi-square test, logistic regression analysis, Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman correlation analysis were used. Values of P ≤ 0.05 were accepted as statistically significant.

Results:
The ages of the participants ranged between 35 and 78 years, and the average was 56.33 ± 7.34 years. Being a widow or separated from one's partner (odds ratio [OR]: 3.478), alcohol consumption (OR: 11.772), any history of illness that required continuous medication (OR: 3.579), presence of any physical disability (OR: 2.242), history of any mental disorder with a physician's diagnosis (OR: 4.213), and number of living children 4 or more (OR: 4.174) were found to be important risk factors for postmenopausal depression. A moderate positive correlation was found between the depression scale and the scores obtained from the anxiety scale (r = 0.467; P = 0.001). No difference was found between participants with and without depression in terms of fear of death.

Conclusion:
Depression among postmenopausal women is an important health problem that needs to be studied further. No relation was found between depression and fear of death. These results will be beneficial for raising awareness about depression among postmenopausal women and conducting screening for early diagnosis.
Orbital Lobe and Palpebral Adenomas of the Lacrimal Gland Behave as Distinct Entities
Authors: Rose Geoffrey E. , Vahdani Kaveh 
Published: July 2020

Aims:
To assess whether orbital lobe and palpebral adenomas of the lacrimal gland are biologically similar, based upon a comparison of the age at presentation and at first symptom. The size of the excised tumor in the 2 groups is also examined and considered in relation to age at surgery.

Methods:
Review of clinical details and histopathology reports for patients with biopsy-proven lacrimal gland pleomorphic adenomas, under the care of Moorfields Eye Hospital. The age at presentation and at earliest symptoms were calculated for each patient. Where available, estimates of tumor volume were obtained from the 3 orthogonal measurements taken during histopathological examination.

Results:
One hundred eighty-seven patients (100 male patients; 53%) presented at an average age of 48 years (median, 46.8; range, 11–88): the average age for 144 patients with orbital lobe tumors (mean, 48 years; median, 47.8; range, 11–88) was similar to that for 43 patients with palpebral tumors (mean, 46 years; median, 46.8; range, 24–81) (p = 0.45). The average age at first symptom(s) in the 2 groups is similar (orbital 45 years, palpebral 44 years; p = 0.63). In contrast, there is a very highly significant difference in estimated tumor volumes, with the mean for orbital lobe pleomorphic adenomas being 5.4 ml (median, 4.9 ml; range, 1.5–13.6) and that for palpebral being 0.91 ml (median, 0.7 5 ml; range 0.11–3.61) (p = 1.42 × 10−25).

Conclusions:
As expected, excised palpebral adenomas—readily palpable in the eyelid—are very much smaller than orbital lobe tumors, that tend to be impalpable. If pleomorphic adenomas in the 2 locations were biologically identical, they should arise at the same time and have similar growth rates—which would mean that orbital pleomorphic adenomas ([PAs] being, on average, 6 times the size of palpebral PAs) should present several decades later. The age at presentation and age at first symptom are, however, almost identical in the 2 groups. These observations provide incontrovertible evidence that, in their biological behavior, palpebral and orbital PAs are distinct entities—either arising at different ages (with orbital tumors arising much earlier in life) or having different growth rates (palpebral PAs being slower).
Management of neonates after postpartum discharge and all children in the ambulatory setting during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
Authors: Harriel Katherine L. , Nolt Dawn , Moore Scot , Kressly Susan , Bernstein Henry (Hank) 
Published: July 2020

Purpose of review
The present coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created additional challenges with an increased number of presumed healthy, full-term newborns being discharged at 24 h after delivery. Short lengths of stay raise the possibility of mother–infant dyads being less ready for discharge, defined as at least one of the three informants (i.e., mother, pediatrician, and obstetrician) believing that either the mother and/or infant should stay longer than the proposed time of discharge. This public health crisis has reduced the number of in-person well child visits, negatively impacting vaccine receipt, and anticipatory guidance.

Recent findings
Extra precautions should be taken during the transition period between postpartum discharge and follow-up in the ambulatory setting to ensure the safety of all patients and practice team members. This should include restructuring office flow by visit type and location, limiting in-person visits during well infant exams, instituting proper procedures for personal protective equipment and for cleaning of the office, expanding telehealth capabilities for care and education, and prioritizing universal vaccinations and routine well child screenings.

Summary
Based on current limited evidence, this report provides guidance for the postdischarge management of newborns born to mothers with confirmed or suspected disease in the ambulatory setting as well as prioritizing universal immunizations and routine well child screenings during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Knowledge Gaps in the Etiology and Pathophysiology of Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis
Authors: Koudounas Sofoklis , Bader Dan L. , Voegeli David 
Published: July 2020

PURPOSE:
Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) due to the prolonged exposure of the skin to urinary, fecal, or double incontinence represents a major clinical practice challenge. The aim of this review was to identify and critically appraise the results of published studies on the etiology and pathophysiology of IAD and highlight the current gaps in empirical evidence.

METHODS:
Scoping literature review.

SEARCH STRATEGY:
The electronic databases PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE, and Embase were searched for relevant articles published from 1996 to April 2018. Thirteen studies and review articles related to the etiology and pathophysiology of IAD were identified in our initial review, and 3 studies published subsequent to our initial review were evaluated and included in our final review.

FINDINGS:
These studies suggest that several etiologic factors contribute to the development of IAD including exposure to urine, stool, or a combination of these substances (dual incontinence), the duration and frequency of exposure, frequent cleaning, and inflammatory responses. Results from the current scoping review showed that despite the increasing interest in IAD, evidence related to the underlying mechanisms causing IAD remains sparse. This paucity represents a clear gap in knowledge and indicates a need for additional research.

IMPLICATIONS:
Future studies should aim at elucidating: (1) the role of urine and its inherent pH on skin integrity, (2) the role of stool, specific digestive enzymes, and fecal bacteria on skin integrity, (3) the permeability and susceptibility of the skin to damage following frequent cleansing activities and occlusion, and (4) the specific inflammatory response triggered following exposure to urine and fecal matter.
Low Risk of Variceal Bleeding Among Subjects With Cirrhosis Treated With Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Ramsey Mitchell L. , Sobotka Lindsay A. , Hinton Alice , Reeves Kevin C. , Hanje Adam James 
Published: July 2020

Background and Aim
Esophageal variceal bleeding is a dangerous complication of end-stage liver disease. There is limited information evaluating the hypothesis that medical procedures, specifically electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), may lead to variceal bleeding. The current study aims to determine the risk of variceal bleeding among subjects with cirrhosis who undergo ECT compared with other short medical procedures.

Methods
The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2002–2013) and Nationwide Readmissions Database (2010–2014) were queried using International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, codes to evaluate all patients 18 years or older with cirrhosis who underwent ECT, bronchoscopy, or cystoscopy, or who experienced in-hospital seizures. Rates of variceal bleeding and hospital outcomes were compared. Multivariable analysis for readmission rate was performed.

Results
From the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a total of 5,442,306 patients with cirrhosis were studied, including 840 (0.02%) patients who underwent ECT. Patients who underwent ECT were more likely to have compensated cirrhosis (P < 0.001). Among patients without ECT, 6.8% had variceal bleeding during admission compared with 0% who underwent ECT. From the Nationwide Readmissions Database, 1,383,853 patients were included, including 357 patients (0.03%) who underwent ECT during index admission. Electroconvulsive therapy did not increase the risk of 30- or 90-day readmission for variceal bleeding or mortality compared with other short medical procedures.

Conclusions
Electroconvulsive therapy does not increase the risk of variceal bleeding in subjects with compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Preoperative optimization of these patients should take the risk of bleeding into account based on current guidelines for variceal surveillance.
Real-world Experience with Favipiravir for Treatment of COVID-19 in Thailand: Results from a Multicenter Observational Study
Authors: Rattanaumpawan Pinyo , Jirajariyavej Supunnee , Lerdlamyong Kanokorn , Palavutitotai Nattawan , Saiyarin Jatuporn 
Published: July 2020

SYNOPSISBackgroundFavipiravir is a broad-spectrum oral antiviral agent that shows in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2. Presently, data on the effectiveness and optimal dosage of favipiravir for treating COVID-19 is limited.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective observational study of hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19 at five tertiary care hospitals in Thailand. We reviewed patient charts to obtain all necessary data.ResultsAmong 247 COVID-19 patients, 63 (23.0%) received ≥1 dose of favipiravir. Of these, 27.0% required an O2-nasal cannula, 9.5% required non-invasive ventilation and/or high-flow O2-therapy, and 6.4% required invasive mechanical ventilation and/or ECMO. The median baseline NEWS2 score was 5(0–16). The Day-7 clinical improvement rate [95%CI] was 66.7%[53.7–78.0%] in all patients, 92.5%[75.7%–99.1%] in patients who did not require O2-supplementation, and 47.2%[0.4%–64.5%] in patients who required O2-supplementation. No life-threatening adverse events were identified. The 28-day mortality rate was 4.8%.Multivariate analysis revealed three poor prognostic factors for Day-7 clinical improvement [odds ratio (95%CI); p-value]: older age [0.94 (0.89–0.99); p=0.04], higher baseline NEWS2 score [0.64 (0.47–0.88); p=0.006], and lower favipiravir loading dose (≤45 mg/kg/day) [0.04 (0.005–0.4); p=0.006].ConclusionsOur study reports the promising effectiveness of favipiravir for treating COVID-19 patients. In addition to older age and a high baseline NEWS2 score, a low loading dose of favipiravir (≤45 mg/kg/day) was also identified as a poor prognostic factor for early clinical improvement. Further studies to explore the optimal dose and the optimal timing of drug initiation for favipiravir should be performed.