bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of a short burst of exercise during the night on subsequent sleep
Authors: Dominiak Michelle , Kovac Katya , Reynolds Amy C. , Ferguson Sally A. , Vincent Grace E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhen on‐call workers wake during the night to perform work duties, they may experience reduced alertness and impaired performance as a result of sleep inertia. After performing their duties, on‐call workers may have the opportunity to return to sleep. Thus, it is important that sleep inertia countermeasures do not affect subsequent sleep. Exercise may be a suitable countermeasure; however, the impact on subsequent sleep is untested. Healthy participants (n = 15) completed three conditions in a counterbalanced order: sedentary, low‐intensity exercise or high‐intensity exercise, performed for 2 min upon awakening. Sleep was recorded 2 hr later using polysomnography, the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale was administered to measure subjective sleepiness, and core body temperature was measured continuously. Results indicate there was no effect of condition on most sleep variables; however, three variables had small differences, with longer total sleep time (p = .006), higher sleep efficiency (p = .006) and shorter N3 latency (p < .001) in the low‐intensity exercise condition. There was no difference in subjective sleepiness (p = .124) or core body temperature (p = .216) 90 min after the exercise intervention. These results indicate that using a short burst of exercise to counteract sleep inertia when woken during the night may be a suitable countermeasure for on‐call workers who not only need to be alert upon waking but also need quality sleep when returning to bed. Future research could include participants of other ages and health statuses to investigate whether the results are generalizable.
Preferred orientation distribution of shock‐induced planar microstructures in quartz and feldspar
Authors: Pittarello Lidia , Ferrière Ludovic , Feignon Jean‐Guillaume , Osinski Gordon R. , Koeberl Christian 
Published: June 2020

AbstractShocked quartz and feldspar grains commonly exhibit planar microstructures, such as planar fractures, planar deformation features, and possibly microtwins, which are considered to have formed by shock metamorphism. Their orientation and frequency are typically reported to be randomly distributed across a sample. The goal of this study is to investigate whether such microstructures are completely random within a given sample, or whether their orientation might also retain information on the direction of the local shock wave propagation. For this work, we selected samples of shatter cones, which were cut normal to the striated surface and the striation direction, from three impact structures (Keurusselkä, Finland, and Charlevoix and Manicouagan, Canada). These samples show different stages of pre‐impact tectonic deformation. Additionally, we investigated several shocked granite samples, selected at different depths along the drill core recovered during the joint IODP‐ICDP Chicxulub Expedition 364 (Mexico). In this case, thin sections were cut along two orthogonal directions, one parallel and one normal to the drill core axis. All the results refer to optical microscopy and universal‐stage analyses performed on petrographic thin sections. Our results show that such shock‐related microstructures do have a preferred orientation, but also that relating their orientation with the possible shock wave propagation is quite challenging and potentially impossible. This is largely due to the lack of dedicated experiments to provide a key to interpret the observed preferred orientation and to the lack of information on postimpact orientation modifications, especially in the case of the drill core samples.
Maternal knowledge in complementary feeding following Baby Friendly Community Initiative in Koibatek, Kenya
Authors: Maingi Mildred , Kimiywe Judith , Iron‐Segev Sharon 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Kenyan Ministry of Health has developed a National Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding with the goal of improving feeding practices for infants and children. In order to promote appropriate infant feeding, the government has explored implementation of the Baby Friendly Community Initiative (BFCI). This study assessed maternal knowledge of attributes of complementary feeding following implementation of BFCI in Koibatek, Kenya. A randomized control study composed of 270 mother–infant pairs previously enrolled in a BFCI programme in Koibatek was conducted. The study found that a significantly greater number of mothers in the intervention group were more knowledgeable about proper breastfeeding and complementary feeding aspects compared with controls (P ≤ 0.001). About half (53%) of mothers in the intervention group had high knowledge scores in comparison with 20% of mothers in the control group. When the relationship between mothers' knowledge and complementary feeding practices (minimum meal frequency, minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet) was assessed, significant associations were observed (P = 0.010, P ≤ 0.001 and P ≤ 0.001, respectively). The odds of having a high knowledge score regarding complementary feeding practices were significantly higher for the intervention group compared with the control group (odds ratio [OR]: 25.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 13.62–49.55, P ≤ 0.001). The BFCI intervention effectively improved mothers' knowledge on complementary feeding and correlated with improved feeding practices.
In vivo measures of anterior scleral resistance in humans with rebound tonometry
Authors: Buckhurst Hetal D , Gilmartin Bernard , Lam Andrew , Cubbidge Robert P , Logan Nicola S 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposeTo measure regional variations in anterior scleral resistance (ASR) using a ballistic rebound tonometer (RBT) and examine whether the variations are significantly affected by ethnicity and refractive error (RE).MethodsASR was measured using a RBT (iCare TA01) following calibration against the biomechanical properties of agarose biogels. Eight scleral regions (nasal, temporal, superior, inferior, inferior‐nasal, inferior‐temporal, superior‐nasal and superior‐temporal) were measured at locations 4mm from the limbus. Subjects were 130 young adults comprising three ethnic groups whose RE distributions [MSE (D) ± S.D.] incorporated individuals categorised as without‐myopia (NM; MSE ≥ −0.50) and with‐myopia (WM; MSE < −0.50); British‐White (BW): 26 NM + 0.52 ± 1.15D; 22 WM −3.83 ± 2.89D]; British‐South‐Asian (BSA): [9 NM + 0.49 ± 1.06D; 11 WM −5.07 ± 3.76D; Hong‐Kong‐Chinese (HKC): [11 NM + 0.39 ± 0.66D; 49 WM −4.46 ± 2.70D]. Biometric data were compiled using cycloplegic open‐field autorefraction and the Zeiss IOLMaster. Two‐ and three‐way repeated measures analysis of variances (anovas) tested regional differences for RBT values across both refractive status and ethnicity whilst stepwise forward multiple linear regression was used as an exploratory test.ResultsSignificant regional variations in ASR were identified for the BW, BSA and HKC (p < 0.001) individuals; superior‐temporal region showed the lowest levels of resistance whilst the inferior‐nasal region the highest. Compared to the BW and BSA groups, the HKC subjects displayed a significant increase in mean resistance for each respective region (p < 0.001). With the exception of the inferior region, ethnicity was found to be the chief predictor for variation in the scleral RBT values for all other regions. Mean RE group differences were insignificant.ConclusionsThe novel application of RBT to the anterior sclera confirm regional variation in ASR. Greater ASR amongst the HKC group than the BW and BSA individuals suggests that ethnic differences in anterior scleral biomechanics may exist.
DNA methylation and mRNA expression of IGF‐1 and MMP‐2 after form‐deprivation myopia in guinea pigs
Authors: Ding Xuan , Fu Dan , Ge Shichao , Guan Qinghua , Chen Minjie , Yu Zhiqiang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposeThe molecular mechanism of form‐deprivation myopia is unclear. This study was aimed to investigate the roles of scleral DNA methylation and mRNA expression of IGF‐1 and MMP‐2 in a guinea pig model of form‐deprivation myopia.MethodsSeventy 2‐week‐old male guinea pigs were assigned to three groups: (1) zero week group that was used to collect baseline data; (2) monocular deprivation treatment (MDT) group, in which a thin slice of opaque latex glove was placed over the right eyes of the animals for four weeks, and the left eyes were untreated and served as the monocular contralateral control (MCC) group; (3) control group (CG), in which the animals grew four weeks, but received no manipulation. Animals in each group were evenly divided for DNA methylation assay and quantitative PCR (qPCR). After eye enucleation, the sclerae were harvested for DNA methylation assay and qPCR. The DNA methylation pattern in the promoter and exon regions of IGF‐1 and MMP‐2, along with the mRNA expression level of them, were determined by base‐specific cleavage and mass spectrometry and qPCR, respectively.ResultsAfter four weeks of form‐deprivation, DNA methylation at 4/8 cytosine‐guanine sites in the IGF‐1 promoter was significantly lower in the MDT eyes than in the MCC or CG eyes. In addition, the level of IGF‐1 mRNA was moderately higher in MDT eyes compared to the MCC eyes and CG eyes. DNA methylation at 4/14 cytosine‐guanine sites in the MMP‐2 gene was very low, and no significant change was observed between the MDT eyes and the MCC or CG ones. However, the level of MMP‐2 mRNA in MDT eyes was significant higher compared with MCC eyes and CG eyes, with an increase of 217% and 222%, respectively.ConclusionsIn our guinea pig model of form‐deprivation myopia, the methylation of four cytosine‐guanine sites in the IGF‐1 gene promoter was significantly lower in the sclera after four weeks of MDT, and the transcription level of scleral IGF‐1 was moderately higher. Hence, the IGF‐1 gene methylation might play a role in the pathogenesis of form‐deprivation myopia in guinea pigs. The level of MMP‐2 mRNA in the sclera of MDT eyes was significantly higher, but not regulated by the methylation pathway, as the methylation status of MMP‐2 was unchanged.
iCareTrack: measuring the appropriateness of eyecare delivery in Australia
Authors: Ho Kam Chun , Stapleton Fiona , Wiles Louise , Hibbert Peter , White Andrew , Jalbert Isabelle 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposeTo meet the needs of an ageing population and optimise health expenditure, delivery of care should be based on evidence. However, the level of evidence‐based care delivered to patients with eye conditions is rarely assessed. This study thus aimed to determine the percentage of eyecare encounters at which a sample of adult Australians received appropriate care (i.e., eyecare in line with evidence‐based or consensus‐based guidelines).MethodsA cross‐sectional retrospective review of optometry practice records was conducted using random stratified (by state) sampling in mainland Australia. Eighty‐five clinical indicators were developed from evidence‐based clinical practice guideline recommendations and refined by panels of experts using a modified Delphi process. Healthcare records of patients 18 years and over were examined against these indicators, representing appropriate care for three common eye conditions (preventative eyecare, glaucoma, and diabetic eyecare). Encounters occurred in optometry practices that were selected to be representative of the socioeconomic profile of Australian practices. The primary outcome measure was percentage compliance of eyecare delivery against the clinical indicators.ResultsFrom 426 optometry practices contacted by mail or telephone, 90 (21%) replied, 46 proved eligible and 42 were included in the study and visited for data collection. From these 1260 patient records were reviewed. Appropriate eyecare was received by Australian patients at an average of 71% (95%CI 70%, 73%) of eligible encounters. The percentage of appropriateness of eyecare at the condition level for preventative, glaucoma and diabetic eyecare was 81% (95%CI 79%, 83%), 63% (95%CI 61%, 64%), and 69% (95%CI 66%, 73%), respectively. Appropriateness of eyecare delivery was lowest for the domains of history taking and physical examination for all eye conditions.ConclusionsThere were pockets of excellence but consistent delivery of appropriate eyecare needs improvement, and gaps in eyecare delivery should be addressed.
Long‐Term Clinical Outcomes and Pain Assessment after Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniation
Authors: Yang Yalin , Yan Xu , Li Wenhui , Sun Weizong , Wang Kai 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the long term effects of posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF), applied after recurrent lumbar disc herniation (rLDH), on pain relief and clinical outcome improvement.MethodsThe current study is a retrospective study. We observed 22 cases from 85 patients that had undergone PLIF during February 2003 to October 2012 and all patients were followed for at least 5 years. The average age of those patients were 53 years, among them there were eight men and 14 women. Plain radiography and dynamic plain films were obtained, pre‐operation, for every patient. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) was conducted to confirm the diagnosis of rLDH before the operation. All surgeries were performed from posterior approach by the same surgeon using PLIF. Quality of life (QOL) and clinical outcomes were assessed by Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scoring system, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) before revision surgery and at 1 week, 3 months, 12 months, and 24 months postoperative. These were also examined every time they came back to the hospital for a review.ResultsAll patients were discharged and no serious comorbidities occurred. Three cases with wound infections and one case with dural laceration were cured and discharged. The end point of follow‐up was August 2018 and the mean follow‐up after revision surgery was 85 months. There were significant differences in NRS. It decreased from 7.32 ± 1.17 to 2.77 ± 1.31 (P < 0.05). The mean postoperative NRS score was 2.27 ± 1.48 (P < 0.05), 1.90 ± 1.51 (P < 0.05), and 2.36 ± 1.36 (P < 0.05) at 3, 12, and 24 months after surgery. There were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in ODI scores. The average JOA score improved from 5.00 ± 1.08 to 8.18 ± 1.59 (P < 0.05) 1 week after revision surgery. RR was between 50% and 70%. Overall satisfaction rates were beyond 80%. Only one patient required subsequent lumber surgery during the follow‐up period.ConclusionIf surgical indications are mastered, undergoing PLIF after rLDH may induce efficient pain relief and major improvements in clinical outcome scores, as well as quality of life scores.
Defibrillators in adult congenital heart disease: Long‐term risk of appropriate shocks, inappropriate shocks, and complications
Authors: Moore Benjamin M. , Cao Jacob , Cordina Rachael L. , McGuire Mark A. , Celermajer David S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimsSudden cardiac death (SCD) accounts for up to 25% of deaths in the adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) population. Current guidelines for defibrillator implantation are either extrapolated from acquired cardiac disease or are based upon single lesion studies, predominantly Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Defibrillator‐related morbidity appears to be substantially higher in ACHD patients.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated all patients in our ACHD database who received an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) between 2000 and 2019, and who were ≥16 years old at time of implant. Patients were followed for appropriate shocks, inappropriate shocks, and complications.ResultsOf 4748 patients in our database, 59 patients (1.2%) underwent ICD implantation. ICDs were for primary prevention in 63% and secondary prevention in 37%. Over a median follow‐up of 6.6 years, 24% received an appropriate shock, 27% an inappropriate shock, and 42% suffered a device‐related complication (annualized risks of 3.2%, 3.6%, and 5.7%, respectively). There were no significant predictors of appropriate shocks or inappropriate shocks. All appropriate shocks in primary prevention patients occurred in TOF or transposition of the great arteries (TGA) with atrial switch, typically in the presence of multiple SCD risk factors. The majority of inappropriate shocks were due to supraventricular arrhythmias. Device‐related mortality was 1.7% (0.3% per annum).ConclusionsAppropriate shocks were relatively common in an ACHD ICD population followed in the long term. Device‐related morbidity was significant. Although risk factors have been established for TOF, and to a lesser extent TGA, risk stratification for ICD implantation in ACHD remains challenging.
Role of cytokines in the clinical manifestation of exophthalmia in newborn calves with tropical theileriosis
Authors: Ram Pradeep K. , Singh Shanker K. , Kumari Priyambada , Srivastava Mukesh , Sudan Vikrant , Pandey Rudra P. , Garg Satish K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe present study aimed to evaluate the pathology of the exophthalmia and the host‐immune response in naturally Theileria annulata‐infected calves. The newborn calves detected positive for theileriosis were grouped into calves with theileriosis and absence of exophthalmia (n = 30), and calves with theileriosis and the presence of exophthalmia (n = 13). Sixteen healthy calves, free from any haemoprotozoal infection, were kept as healthy controls. A significantly (P ≤ .001) higher circulating levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) were estimated in diseased calves with and without exophthalmia as compared to healthy controls. Contrarily, significantly (P ≤ .01) lower interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) level was estimated in diseased calves. The diseased calves with exophthalmia revealed significantly higher levels of TNF‐α (P ≤ .001) and IL‐10 (P ≤ .006) as compared to the diseased calves without exophthalmia. The diseased calves were not found to have an elevated intraocular pressure; rather they had significantly (P ≤ .001) lower intraocular pressure compared to the healthy controls. An elevated systemic TNF‐α level might be attributed to the exophthalmia in calves with tropical theileriosis. The elevated circulatory IL‐10 and reduced IFN‐γ levels could be one of the strategies of Theileria annulata to escape the host immunity.
A novel model for determining tensile properties and hardness of steels by spherical indentations
Authors: Chen Hui , Cai Li‐xun , Bao Chen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAn energy‐based spherical indentation (ESI) model according to equivalent energy principle is developed to determine the stress–strain relation, tensile strength and hardness of steels. Several parameters in the model are determined with finite element analysis (FEA). For a wide range of homogeneous and isotropic materials in power stress–strain law, a large number of FEA calculations are carried out to verify the ESI model. Results show that both the forward‐predicted load‐depth relations and the reverse‐predicted stress–strain relations from the model agree well with the results from FEA. For 12 steels, the tensile properties, Rockwell and Brinell hardness predicted by the ESI model are close to the standard testing results.
Independent translation of ORFs in dicistronic operons, synthetic building blocks for polycistronic chloroplast gene expression
Authors: Yu Qiguo , Tungsuchat‐Huang Tarinee , Verma Kanak , Radler Megan R. , Maliga Pal 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARYWe designed a dicistronic plastid marker system that relies on the plastid's ability to translate polycistronic mRNAs. The identification of transplastomic clones is based on selection for antibiotic resistance encoded in the first open reading frame (ORF) and accumulation of the reporter gene product in tobacco chloroplasts encoded in the second ORF. The antibiotic resistance gene may encode spectinomycin or kanamycin resistance based on the expression of aadA or neo genes, respectively. The reporter gene used in the study is the green fluorescent protein (GFP). The mRNA level depends on the 5′‐untranslated region of the first ORF. The protein output depends on the strengths of the ribosome binding, and is proportional with the level of translatable mRNA. Because the dicistronic mRNA is not processed, we could show that protein output from the second ORF is independent from the first ORF. High‐level GFP accumulation from the second ORF facilitates identification of transplastomic events under ultraviolet light. Expression of multiple proteins from an unprocessed mRNA is an experimental design that enables predictable protein output from polycistronic mRNAs, expanding the toolkit of plant synthetic biology.
Fiber Type and Size as Sources of Variation in Human Single Muscle Fiber Passive Elasticity
Authors: Noonan Alex M. , Zwambag Derek P. , Mazara Nicole , Weersink Erin , Power Geoffrey A. , Brown Stephen H. M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Studies on single muscle fiber passive material properties often report relatively large variation in elastic modulus (or normalized stiffness), and it is not clear where this variation arises. This study was designed to determine if the stiffness, normalized to both fiber cross-sectional area and length, is inherently different between types 1 and 2 muscle fibers. Vastus lateralis fibers (n = 93), from ten young men, were mechanically tested using a cumulative stretch-relaxation protocol. SDS-PAGE classified fibers as types 1 or 2. While there was a difference in normalized stiffness between fiber types (p = 0.0019), an unexpected inverse relationship was found between fiber diameter and normalized stiffness (r = −0.64; p &lt; 0.001). As fiber type and diameter are not independent, a one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) including fiber diameter as a covariate was run; this eliminated the effect of fiber type on normalized stiffness (p = 0.1935). To further explore the relationship between fiber size and elastic properties, we tested whether stiffness was linearly related to fiber cross-sectional area, as would be expected for a homogenous material. Passive stiffness was not linearly related to fiber area (p &lt; 0.001), which can occur if single muscle fibers are better represented as composite materials. The rule of mixtures for composite materials was used to explore whether the presence of a stiff perimeter-based fiber component could explain the observed results. The model (R2 = 0.38) predicted a perimeter-based normalized stiffness of 8800 ± 2600 kPa/μm, which is within the range of basement membrane moduli reported in the literature.