bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies for the Adsorption of Gemfibrozil onto Graphitized Carbon Black (GCB)
Authors: Liu Shicheng , Qi Guanjing , Ding Cong , Tan Kun , Yin Meiling , Zhang Tingting , Xu Zhenzhen 
Published: July 2020

Adsorption of gemfibrozil (GF) from aqueous solution by highly/lowly graphitized carbon black (GCB-H/GCB-L) was investigated by batch and fixed-bed experiments. Results showed that the adsorption of GF onto GCB greatly depended on solution pH and graphitization of carbon. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was found to be more appropriate in describing the adsorption processes of two GCBs. The adsorption equilibriums were well fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model, and GCB-H exhibited a higher adsorption capacity of 47.68 mg g−1at 298 K, compared with GCB-L of 4.33 mg g−1. GCB-H achieved 69.76% GF removals in simulated water after 6 h, indicating its potential practicability. The GCBs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the results indicated that the [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] interaction was strongly involved in the adsorption. Thermodynamic studies further suggested that the adsorption of GF on GCB-H was exothermic, which could happen spontaneously at any temperature mainly through [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] interaction for physical adsorption on the surface of the plane.
Surface coat proteins of the potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis
Authors: Price James A. , Smith Terry K. , Jones John T. 
Published: July 2020

Summary
Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are estimated to cause over £50 million worth of crop losses in the UK each year. It has been shown that the infective juveniles are able to alter their surface composition to avoid damage from host defence mechanisms. However, relatively few proteins present on the cuticle surface of PCN juveniles have been identified. We have developed a method based upon biotinylation that allows selective labelling of proteins present on the cuticle surface of PCN. Isolated proteins can consequently be affinity purified and identified using mass spectrometry proteomics. Using this technique, we identify a variety of proteins present on the surface of PCN, including all previously described PCN surface proteins. Identification of known surface coat proteins using these methods demonstrates the viability of the process for isolation of novel surface coat proteins. Subsequent analysis confirmed that the genes encoding seven of the novel proteins were expressed in the hypodermis. This work provides a technique for study of surface proteins in a wide range of nematodes and expands our knowledge of the surface proteome of PCN.
Resisting Resolution: Islamist Claims and Negotiations in Intrastate Armed Conflicts
Authors: Nilsson Desirée , Svensson Isak 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The prevalence of Islamist armed conflicts is an important problem of our time. One pivotal question that remains unexplored is whether conflicts fought over Islamist claims are more or less likely to be negotiated, and if so, why? This paper provides the first large-N study exploring the relationship between Islamist claims and negotiations in all intrastate armed conflicts for the time period 1975–2011. We argue that the transnational dimension can serve to make some Islamist conflicts resistant to peaceful resolution attempts. Our findings show that while conflicts over Islamist claims generally are no more likely to see negotiations, there is significant variation within this category. When we disaggregate Islamist conflicts, we find that transnational Islamist conflicts are less likely to experience negotiations, whereas conflicts fought over separatist or revolutionary Islamist claims are no more likely to see negotiations.
Negotiating Sacred Grounds? Resolving Islamist Armed Conflicts
Authors: Söderberg Kovacs Mimmi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Under what conditions can Islamist armed conflicts be resolved through peace negotiations? Armed conflicts involving Islamist groups have emerged as one of the most pressing challenges on the global agenda for peace and security. But the track record of conflict resolution in these settings is not encouraging. While armed conflicts have generally decreased in the post-Cold War period, as many prolonged civil wars were resolved through negotiated settlements, this has not been true to the same extent for this sub-category of conflicts. Yet, we know surprisingly little about why this is the case. The purpose of this thematic issue is to address this gap. Each contributor tackles a different angle of the overarching research problem.
Loneliness within the general population of Slovenia
Authors: Lavrič Meta , Gomboc Vanja , Krohne Nina , Podlogar Tina , Poštuvan Vita , Zadravec Šedivy Nuša , De Leo Diego 
Published: July 2020

Background: While loneliness is recognized as a risk to mental and physical health, there is a lack of data covering a broad age range. This study used a Slovenian adult sample to investigate loneliness. Aims: To examine levels of social, emotional and general loneliness within the general population. Method: A survey on a sample representative of the general population ( N = 1,189; aged between 18 and 95 years old ( M = 46.74, standard deviation ( SD) = 16.18); 49.7% were men) was conducted in Slovenia by means of an online questionnaire, covering data on demographic variables and levels of emotional, social and general loneliness. Results: In general, people experienced more social than emotional loneliness. Demographic variables that were significant for emotional, social and general loneliness were the history of past mental illness, civil status and employment status. Other demographic variables played different roles in different types of loneliness. Conclusions: Our study shows that differences in loneliness among demographic subgroups are an important factor in understanding and studying loneliness, especially with regard to the distinction between social and emotional loneliness. Given that loneliness represents today not only a social threat but also a significant health problem, it is important to understand which demographic subgroups are more at risk and how we can help them.
Gearing Up for the Future of Exercise
Authors: McGloin Rory , Embacher-Martin Kimberly , Gilbert Christine , VanHeest Jaci 
Published: July 2020

Background Exergames—which combine physical activity with elements of virtual interaction (e.g., “cyber-cycling”)—come in a wide range of styles and with an array of structural and environmental characteristics that are likely to influence a user’s experience, including their overall enjoyment. Aim The aim of the current study was thus to compare adolescents’ experience of flow and enjoyment across two cyber-cycling sessions that featured two unique styles of cycling exergames. Method Eighty-eight participants aged 11-13 participated in two cyber-cycling sessions spaced one week apart. Participants engaged in two unique conditions, one virtual game featuring the collection of coins to earn points and one a virtual simulation of an outdoor trail ride. The order of condition delivery was randomly selected. Results Participants reported experiencing greater flow and enjoyment when the cyber-cycling session was centered on a virtual gaming experience. Conclusion Adolescents find greater enjoyment from exergames that feature traditional gaming characteristics and features. Implications for the design and sustained adoption of exergames for adolescents are discussed.
Combined Posteromedial and Posterolateral Approaches for 2-Part Posterior Malleolar Fracture Fixation
Authors: He Wenbao , Yang Yunfeng , Zhou Haichao , Xia Jiang , Li Bing , Yu Tao 
Published: July 2020

Background: This study investigated the clinical efficacy of combined posteromedial and posterolateral approaches for repair of 2-part posterior malleolar fractures associated with medial and lateral malleolar fractures. Methods: This case series report included 27 Weber B with Haraguchi type II patients with medial and lateral malleolar fractures combined with 2-part posterior malleolar fractures. Patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation through a combination of posteromedial and posterolateral approaches from January 2015 to January 2018. There were 11 males and 16 females, with an average age of 61.5 years (range, 53-67 years). The procedures were performed on prone patients under spinal anesthesia. The medial, lateral, and posterior malleolar fractures were exposed through posteromedial and posterolateral approaches performed at the same time. The lateral malleolar fracture was fixed using a plate, the medial malleolar fracture was fixed using screws, and the posterior malleolar fracture was fixed using a plate or cannulated screws according to the size of the fragments. We performed follow-up on 22 patients for an average of 30 months (range, 18-48 months). Results: Primary healing of the incisions was achieved in all cases, and no infection was found. The mean time of bone union was 12.5 weeks (range, 10-15 weeks). The mean time from the operation to full weightbearing was 13 weeks (range, 11-16 weeks). We used the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale to score patient outcomes; the mean score was 85.4 (range, 80-92) at the final follow-up. No significant pain was found at the final follow-up. Conclusion: This study showed that satisfactory outcomes were achieved with combined posteromedial and posterolateral approaches. Therefore, we believe this approach was a good alternative strategy to repair 2-part posterior malleolar fractures associated with medial and lateral malleolar fractures. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case series.
Repeatability of whole-cornea measurements using a new swept-source optical coherence tomographer
Authors: Tañá-Rivero Pedro , Aguilar-Córcoles Salvador , Ruiz-Mesa Ramón , Montés-Micó Robert 
Published: July 2020

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the repeatability of several corneal parameters provided by a high-resolution swept-source optical coherence tomographer (SS-OCT). Methods: One eye from each of 74 patients was measured five times consequently using the ANTERION SS-OCT. The following corneal parameters were analyzed: average, steep and flat keratometry (K), astigmatism for anterior, posterior and total at 3-mm, average K and astigmatism at 6-mm, anterior and posterior eccentricity, higher-order aberrations (HOA) and spherical aberration ([Formula: see text]), and anterior and posterior best-fit sphere at 8-mm. The intrasubject standard deviation (Sw), coefficient of variation (CoV), coefficient of repeatability (CoR) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated for each parameter to assess the repeatability. Results: We have not found statistically significant differences between repeated measurements ( p > 0.05). Repeatability was good considering the different metrics used. Sw values were <0.09, varying from 0.035 (posterior average K at 6-mm) to 0.0878 (anterior flat K at 3-mm). CoV values were also low and similar among the different parameters (from 0.08% to 0.21%), except for anterior, posterior and total astigmatism (from 2.25% to 8.46%). Both anterior and posterior eccentricity, and corneal aberrations (HOA and [Formula: see text]) CoV values were also high. The CoR values were low for all parameters showing those related to the posterior cornea the lowest values (about 0.01). ICC values were >0.98. Conclusions: The ANTERION SS-OCT showed good repeatability when reconstructed different parameters for the whole cornea. This device produces measurements with high repeatability that could be useful for clinical research.
Using a Do-It-Yourself Artificial Pancreas: Perspectives from Patients and Diabetes Providers
Authors: Palmer Walter , Greeley Siri Atma W. , Letourneau-Freiberg Lisa R. , Naylor Rochelle N. 
Published: July 2020

Background: A growing number of people with diabetes are choosing to adopt do-it-yourself artificial pancreas system (DIYAPS) despite a lack of approval from the US Food and Drug Administration. We describe patients’ experiences using DIYAPS, and patient and diabetes providers’ perspectives on the use of such technology. Methods: We distributed surveys to patients and diabetes providers to assess each group’s perspectives on the use of DIYAPS. The patient survey also assessed glycemic control and impact on sleep. The patient survey was distributed in February 2019 via Facebook and Twitter ( n = 101). The provider survey was distributed via the American Association of Diabetes Educators’ e-mail newsletter in April 2019 and the Pediatric Endocrine Society membership e-mail list in May 2019 ( n = 152). Results: Patients overwhelmingly described improvements in glycemic control and sleep quality: 94% reported improvement in time in range, and 64% reported improvement in all five areas assessed. Eighty-nine percent of patients described DIYAPS as “Safe” or “Very Safe,” compared to only 27% of providers. Most felt encouraged by their diabetes provider to continue using DIYAPS, but few described providers as knowledgeable regarding its use. Providers cited a lack of experience with such systems and an inability to troubleshoot them as their most significant challenges. Conclusions: Despite evidence that DIYAPS usage is increasing, our surveys suggest that patients’ adoption of this technology and trust in it is outpacing that of diabetes providers. Providers must be aware of this growing population of patients and familiarize themselves with DIYAPS to support patients using this technology.
FluConvert and IniFlu: a suite of integrated software to identify novel signatures of emerging influenza viruses with increasing risk
Authors: Yang Chin-Rur , King Chwan-Chuen , Liu Li-Yu Daisy , Ku Chia-Chi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
The pandemic threat of influenza has attracted great attention worldwide. To assist public health decision-makers, new suites of tools are needed to rapidly process and combine viral information retrieved from public-domain databases for a better risk assessment.

Results
Using our recently developed FluConvert and IniFlu software, we automatically processed and rearranged sequence data by standard viral nomenclature, determined the group-related consensus sequences, and identified group-specific polygenic signatures. The software possesses powerful ability to integrate viral, clinical, and epidemiological data. We demonstrated that both multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site of the HA gene and also at least 11 more evidence-based viral amino acid substitutions present in global highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 viruses during the years 2009–2016 that are associated with viral virulence and human infection.

Conclusions
FluConvert and IniFlu are useful to monitor and assess all subtypes of influenza viruses with pandemic potential. These programs are implemented through command-line and user-friendly graphical interfaces, and identify molecular signatures with virological, epidemiological and clinical significance. FluConvert and IniFlu are available at https://apps.flutures.com or https://github.com/chinrur/FluConvert_IniFlu
Ancient DNA of northern China Hystricidae sub-fossils reveals the evolutionary history of old world porcupines in the Late Pleistocene
Authors: Sheng Guilian , Hu Jiaming , Tong Haowen , Llamas Bastien , Yuan Junxia , Hou Xindong , Chen Shungang , Xiao Bo , Lai Xulong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Old World porcupines (Family: Hystricidae) are the third-largest rodents and inhabit southern Europe, Asia, and most regions of Africa. They are a typical indicator of warm climate and their distribution is restricted to tropical and subtropical zones. In China, porcupines are widely distributed in southern areas of the Yangtze River. However, fossil remains have been identified in a few sites in northern China, among which Tianyuan Cave—near Zhoukoudian site—represents the latest known porcupine fossil record. So far, studies have focused mainly on porcupines’ husbandry and domestication but little is known about their intrafamilial phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history.

Results
In this study, we sequence partial mitochondrial 12S rRNA and cyt b genes for seven Late Pleistocene porcupine individuals from Northern, Southern and Central China. Phylogenetic analyses show that the Tianyuan Cave porcupines, which had been morphologically identified as Hystrix subcristata, have a closer relationship to Hystrix brachyura.

Conclusion
Together with morphological adaptation characteristics, associated fauna, and climate change evidence, the molecular results reveal that a Late Quaternary extirpation has occurred during the evolutionary history of porcupines.
Sexual dimorphism and sex-biased gene expression in an egg parasitoid species, Anastatus disparis
Authors: Liu Peng-Cheng , Hao De-Jun , Hu Hao-Yuan , Wei Jian-Rong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Differences in the expression of genes present in both sexes are assumed to contribute to sex differences including behavioural, physiological and morphological dimorphisms. For enriching our knowledge of gender differences in an important egg parasitoid wasp, Anastatus disparis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), sex-biased differences in gene expression were investigated using Illumina-based transcriptomic analysis.

Results
A total of 15,812 resulting unigenes were annotated, and a large set of genes accounting for 50.09% of the total showed sex-biased expression and included 630 sex-specific genes. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses showed that the functional categories associated with sex-biased genes were mainly related to reproduction. In addition, the transcriptome data provided evidence that sex pheromones in A. disparis are produced by the female, and activity of Δ12-desaturases appear to have been replaced by Δ9-desaturases playing roles in sex pheromone production. The large set of sex-biased genes identified in this study provide a molecular background for sexually dimorphic traits such as flyability, longevity, and aggression in this species and suggests candidate venom proteins expressed only in females that could be used for biological control.

Conclusions
This study provides comprehensive insight into sexually dimorphic traits of a parasitoid wasp and can inform future research into the molecular mechanisms underlying such traits and the application of parasitoids to the biological control of pest species.
Transcriptome-based selection and validation of optimal house-keeping genes for skin research in goats (Capra hircus)
Authors: Zhang Jipan , Deng Chengchen , Li Jialu , Zhao Yongju 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) experiments, accurate and reliable target gene expression results are dependent on optimal amplification of house-keeping genes (HKGs). RNA-seq technology offers a novel approach to detect new HKGs with improved stability. Goat (Capra hircus) is an economically important livestock species and plays an indispensable role in the world animal fiber and meat industry. Unfortunately, uniform and reliable HKGs for skin research have not been identified in goat. Therefore, this study seeks to identify a set of stable HKGs for the skin tissue ofC. hircususing high-throughput sequencing technology.ResultsBased on the transcriptome dataset of 39 goat skin tissue samples, 8 genes (SRP68,NCBP3,RRAGA,EIF4H,CTBP2,PTPRA,CNBP, andEEF2) with relatively stable expression levels were identified and selected as new candidate HKGs. Commonly used HKGs includingSDHAandYWHAZfrom a previous study, and 2 conventional genes (ACTBandGAPDH) were also examined. Four different experimental variables: (1) different development stages, (2) hair follicle cycle stages, (3) breeds, and (4) sampling sites were used for determination and validation. Four algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ΔCt method) and a comprehensive algorithm (ComprFinder, developed in-house) were used to assess the stability of each HKG. It was shown thatNCBP3 + SDHA + PTPRAwere more stably expressed than previously used genes in all conditions analysis, and that this combination was effective at normalizing target gene expression. Moreover, a new algorithm for comprehensive analysis, ComprFinder, was developed and released.ConclusionThis study presents the first list of candidate HKGs forC. hircusskin tissues based on an RNA-seq dataset. We propose that theNCBP3 + SDHA + PTPRAcombination could be regarded as a triplet set of HKGs in skin molecular biology experiments inC. hircusand other closely related species. In addition, we also encourage researchers who perform candidate HKG evaluations and who require comprehensive analysis to adopt our new algorithm, ComprFinder.
Early versus delayed postoperative oral hydration in children following general anesthesia: a prospective randomized trial
Authors: Yin Xiaorong , Zeng Xiaoqi , Wang Ting , Dong Binbin , Wu Menghang , Jia Anna , Ye Ling 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Oral hydration has typically not been administered for between 4 and 6 h postoperative for children’s safety in China. But children are more likely to suffer from apnea, crying and agitation, wound bleeding, and other complications during the post-anesthesia recovery period because of thirsty and fear. This Prospective, randomized study sought to assess the compare the early and late oral hydration (EOH and DOH, respectively) in children following general anesthesia, with the goal of assessing relative safety and tolerability and thereby improving patient comfort.

Methods
A total of 2000 children corresponding to the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) I-III were randomized into an EOH group (n = 1000) and a DOH group (n = 1000). For the former group, children were administered a small amount of drinking water following recovery of the swallowing reflex, and children’s vital signs were monitored for 20 min in a postanesthesia care unit (PACU). DOH group patients received water at 4 h following general anesthesia). All patients underwent monitoring to assess their thirst, satisfaction, oropharyngeal discomfort, nausea, and vomiting.

Results
Complete data were collected from a total of 1770 patients (EOH = 832, DOH = 938) and was compared via chi-squared and t-tests as appropriate. There was no hypoxemia in either group, nor did the incidence of nausea and vomiting differ between the two groups (P > 0.05). The thirst score of the EOH group was significantly decreased relative to the DOH group in the children over 5 years old after drinking for 10 to 20 min (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
For children undergoing general anesthesia, a small amount of drinking water in the early stages of recovery will not increase the incidence of nausea, vomiting, or hypoxemia, but will decrease thirst and improve satisfaction. It is important, however, that medical staff carefully monitor the swallowing reflex and vital signs of all children.

Trial registration
This study was registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-IOR-16008197) (http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx. On April 2, 2016 the first patients was enrolled and on March 31, 2016 the trial was registered).