bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Right to Dominate: How Old Ideas About Sovereignty Pose New Challenges for World Order
Authors: Paris Roland 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA principal theme of international relations scholarship following the Cold War was the apparent erosion of state sovereignty caused by globalization's integrative effects and the proliferation of international institutions and networks. In recent years, however, scholars have noted a reverse trend: the reassertion of traditional, or Westphalian, state sovereignty. By contrast, I highlight another recent trend that has gone largely overlooked: the reaffirmation of older “extralegal” and “organic” versions of sovereignty by three of the world's most powerful states—Russia, China, and the United States. After tracing the genealogy of these older concepts, I consider how and why they have gained prominence in the official discourse of all three countries. I also explore the implications of this shift, which not only illustrates the importance of “norm retrieval” in international affairs, but also raises questions about the foundations of international order. Contrary to Westphalian sovereignty, which emphasizes the legal equality of states and the principle of noninterference in domestic affairs, the extralegal and organic versions offer few constraints on state action. If anything, they appear to license powerful states to dominate others.
On the evolution of the glass ceiling in Italian academia: the case of economics
Authors: Corsi Marcella , D’Ippoliti Carlo , Zacchia Giulia 
Published: March 2020

ArgumentFollowing an international trend, Italy has reformed its university system, especially concerning methods and tools for research evaluation, which are increasingly focused on a number of bibliometric indexes. To study the effects of these changes, we analyze the changing profiles of economists who have won competitions for full professorship in the last few decades in the country. We concentrate on individual characteristics and on scientific production. We show that the identification of a univocal and standardized concept of “research quality” within the new research assessments has progressively imposed a strategy of “homologation,” especially for women. We find that women economists are at a higher risk of discrimination than their male colleagues and thus they are more likely to conform their research activities to the standardized profile imposed by the gender-blind application of simplistic bibliometric methods.
Cultural differences in the content of child talk: evaluative lexis of English monolingual and Spanish–English bilingual 30-month-olds
Authors: SHIRO Martha , HOFF Erika , RIBOT Krystal M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe examined the size, content, and use of evaluative lexis by 26 English monolingual and 20 Spanish–English bilingual 30-month-old children in interaction with their mothers. We extracted the evaluative words, defined as words referring to cognition, volition, or emotion. Controlling for overall vocabulary skills as measured by the MacArthur-Bates inventories, monolinguals had a larger evaluative lexicon than the bilinguals’ Spanish evaluative lexicon, but no difference was found between monolinguals’ and bilinguals’ English evaluative lexicons. There were differences between the monolinguals and bilinguals in the distribution of evaluative words across semantic categories: English monolingual children used more words pertaining to volition and cognition and talked more about volition than the Spanish–English bilingual children. These results suggest that the development of evaluative lexicons is influenced by cultural differences, and consequently, bilingual children, who are also bicultural, follow a different developmental path in both languages from the path followed by their monolingual peers.
What mental health services should be available after the postnatal period?
Authors: Schrank B. , Jovanovic N. , Abiskup E. , C. Dimech , Luciano M. , Mahlke C. , Ness O. , Pintodacosta M. , van der Krieke L. , Priebe S. 
Published: March 2020

IntroductionMothers with severe mental illness may require mental health support through postnatal services. However, little is known about what services are actually provided to support parents after the postnatal period in Europe.AimsTo explore existing services for parents with severe mental illness after the postnatal period across Europe.MethodsMental health specialists from major cities in nine European countries were asked to identify all health and social services available for mothers with psychosis after the postnatal period. They received two case vignettes and completed a data collection sheet for every identified service. Data analysis used semi-quantitative methods to describe the identified services.ResultsA wide range of different services was identified with no systematic coverage of specific target groups or target problems. Likewise, their scope was extremely diverse, ranging from simple telephone advice to multi-professional support for multiple complex problems. Most services targeted parents or families in general but would at least in principle be available for parents with severe mental illness. A much smaller number specialized on targeted help for parents with mental illness.ConclusionsPatchy and heterogeneous service provision may make it difficult to navigate support systems for both patients and professionals. Systematic research is required, e.g. on the use, the costs, and patient experiences in different types of services, so that service provision can be based on some evidence. Given the differences in service provision across European countries, such research might use international comparisons for evaluating the benefits of different types of services for parents with severe illnesses.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Building national associations for psychiatry trainees: The MENTA recipe for success
Authors: Gondek T.M. 
Published: March 2020

European Federation of Psychiatric Trainees (EFPT) is an umbrella organization for national psychiatric trainee associations in Europe, aiming to develop collaboration between psychiatric trainees. EFPT states that organised trainee interest is crucial in promoting high quality psychiatric training, therefore it promotes that both general adult psychiatry and child and adolescent psychiatry trainees are represented by national trainee association in each European country. The Maintaining and Establishing a National Trainee Association Working Group (MENTA WG), a permanent EFPT working group, has been created to assist trainees in building a local trainee organization. MENTA WG supports organising meetings, helps manage the problems of functioning of an association, sends letters of support to national decision makers, helps prepare the organization's bylaws and facilitates the process of application for full EFPT membership. The group also helps reactivate the inactive associations and assists them in expansion and developing new initiatives. MENTA WG maintains close collaboration with the European Psychiatric Association Early Career Psychiatrists Committee (EPA ECPC) Task Force on Meetings and Associations and other organizations dedicated to early career psychiatrists, such as the Young Psychiatrists’ Network. In the last few years, due to the work done within MENTA WG, the EFPT family has grown and welcomed new official members, such as: Poland, Spain and Slovakia. Currently, we are planning on supporting trainees in Moldova, Bulgaria and Kosovo to establish new official organizations in these countries. We also expand our activities beyond Europe and offer counselling for psychiatric trainees from such countries as Australia or South Africa.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Does Europe need foreign psychiatrists? Recruitment trend in Europe
Authors: Ryland H. , Gomez Alemany T. , Azvee Z. , Baessler F. , Casanova Dias M. , Kanellopoulos A. , Pinto da Costa M. , Sonmez E. 
Published: March 2020

IntroductionRecruitment in to psychiatry is a long-standing concern in many countries, with low proportions of medical graduates choosing it as a specialty and ongoing stigma from within the medical profession. In other countries, the reverse problem is the case, with too many doctors wishing to enter psychiatry and insufficient training places available.ObjectivesTo understand the current situation within Europe with regards to recruitment in to psychiatry and to identify existing initiatives designed to boost recruitment.MethodsThe European Federation of Psychiatric Trainees conducts an annual survey of all member organizations. This is purposive sampling via an online, semi-structured survey, which is completed by country representatives. The survey asks respondents to identify if their country has a problem with recruitment and if so whether there were too many or too few applicants for training places. Those countries identifying recruitment initiatives were asked to provide further details.ResultsData will be presented from the past three years (2014–2016). Around half of all countries have stated that recruitment is a concern in the EFPT country survey. Many report that the number of new psychiatrists is too low and vacancies are not being filled. A small number reported that the number of new psychiatrists is too high and there are not enough vacancies. Of those countries reporting problems with recruitment around half describe initiatives to improve recruitment, which include financial incentives, careers fairs, mentoring schemes and a whole host of other projects.ConclusionsRecruitment in to psychiatry remains a serious problem in many European countries, but there are a wide range of initiatives, which aim to combat this shortfall.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Going private: Selling your soul to the devil or freedom at last?
Authors: R. Psaras 
Published: March 2020

Going private, whether by choice or by circumstance, may offer a lot of opportunities or benefits, but at the same time create certain difficulties. In this presentation, we are taking a closer look to what it means to be an early career medical doctor, specifically a psychiatrist, and have your own private practice. Does it feel like “freedom at last”? Or does it mean “selling your soul to the devil”? Or both?Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Machine Learning Analysis of Digital Clock Drawing Test Performance for Differential Classification of Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes Versus Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Binaco Russell , Calzaretto Nicholas , Epifano Jacob , McGuire Sean , Umer Muhammad , Emrani Sheina , Wasserman Victor , Libon David J. , Polikar Robi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjective:To determine how well machine learning algorithms can classify mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using features obtained from the digital Clock Drawing Test (dCDT).Methods:dCDT protocols were administered to 163 patients diagnosed with AD(n= 59), amnestic MCI (aMCI;n= 26), combined mixed/dysexecutive MCI (mixed/dys MCI;n= 43), and patients without MCI (non-MCI;n= 35) using standard clock drawing command and copy procedures, that is, draw the face of the clock, put in all of the numbers, and set the hands for “10 after 11.” A digital pen and custom software recorded patient’s drawings. Three hundred and fifty features were evaluated for maximum information/minimum redundancy. The best subset of features was used to train classification models to determine diagnostic accuracy.Results:Neural network employing information theoretic feature selection approaches achieved the best 2-group classification results with 10-fold cross validation accuracies at or above 83%, that is, ADversusnon-MCI = 91.42%; ADversusaMCI = 91.49%; ADversusmixed/dys MCI = 84.05%; aMCIversusmixed/dys MCI = 84.11%; aMCIversusnon-MCI = 83.44%; and mixed/dys MCIversusnon-MCI = 85.42%. A follow-up two-group non-MCIversusall MCI patients analysis yielded comparable results (83.69%). Two-group classification analyses were achieved with 25–125 dCDT features depending on group classification. Three- and four-group analyses yielded lower but still promising levels of classification accuracy.Conclusion:Early identification of emergent neurodegenerative illness is criterial for better disease management. Applying machine learning to standard neuropsychological tests promises to be an effective first line screening method for classification of non-MCI and MCI subtypes.
Development of the scale of effects of social media on eating behaviour: a study of validity and reliability
Authors: Keser Alev , Bayındır-Gümüş Aylin , Kutlu Hüseyin , Öztürk Ebru 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectives:The aim of the current study is to develop a valid and reliable instrument with psychometric qualities to measure effect of social media usage on eating behaviour in university students.Design:A thirty-eight-item draft scale developed by the researchers. After content validity, twenty-two items are remained and was used to collect the data. In the analysis of the data, confirmatory factor analyses were performed to test construct validity. For the reliability of the scale, Cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated for the whole of the scale.Setting:The participants attended from various departments of different universities in Ankara.Participants:The scale was administered to the study group consisting of 247 university students.Results:Four items that had total correlation value less than 0·40 were removed from scale. The reliability coefficient of the whole eighteen-item scale was found to be 0·928.Conclusions:It has been shown that the scale developed as a result of the validity and reliability analyses performed for the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool and can be used in studies.
Solar Cycle Modulation of Nighttime Ozone Near the Mesopause as Observed by MLS
Authors: Lee Jae N. , Wu Dong L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEleven‐year solar cycle variations of nighttime ozone near the secondary ozone maximum layer in the mesosphere are analyzed with Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations since 2004, fully covering solar cycle 24. Produced primarily from the recombination of molecular oxygen (O2) with atomic oxygen (O) transported from the lower thermosphere, the mesospheric nighttime ozone concentration is proportional to atomic oxygen density [O], which itself is modulated by ultraviolet (UV) solar cycle variations. MLS nighttime ozone data and UV data at 240 nm from Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) Solar‐Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) show a positive correlation over the solar cycle. Nighttime O3 and nighttime carbon monoxide (CO) distributions are highly correlated with each other with similar seasonal and solar cycle variations, because both [O3] and [CO] depend strongly on UV photolysis and are modulated by Eddy diffusion in this region. Nighttime ozone correlates strongly with temperature, with a generally positive correlation, except at high latitudes during boreal winter.
Burial Diagenesis and Tectonism Inferred From Paleomagnetism and Magnetic Fabrics in the Wolfcamp Shale, Midland Basin, Texas, USA
Authors: Heij Gerhard W. , Elmore R. Douglas 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAn integrated rock magnetic, paleomagnetic, geochemical, and electron microscopy study was performed on three cores penetrating the Wolfcamp Shale interval in the Midland Basin, West Texas. This work presents a temporally constrained diagenetic history of the Wolfcamp Shale, refines our understanding of tectonic influences in the Midland Basin, and postulates an interplay of late diagenetic processes that may contribute to the formation of authigenic magnetite on the surfaces of chlorite/illite. Paleomagnetic results indicate a well constrained, lithofacies independent, Jurassic‐aged chemical remanent magnetization carried by SD‐PSD magnetite. 1D basin modeling suggests that the Jurassic chemical remanent magnetization occurred within the oil window (100–120 °C) during a tectonically quiescent phase. Burial temperatures, electron microscopy, and inorganic geochemistry provide lines of evidence for maturation/migration of hydrocarbons, dissolution of carbonates, and chloritization/illitization. We interpret that the interaction of these processes may have created conditions suitable for the neoformation of magnetite on the surfaces of chlorite/illite. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) fabrics are carried by paramagnetic clays, and ferroan dolomite is observed in all cores. Geographically corrected data show NE‐SW lineations among normal AMS fabrics and streaked inverse AMS fabrics trending NW‐SE. Textural observations indicate that authigenic ferroan dolomite formed in undercompacted conditions and likely behaved as passive structural markers. The orientation of AMS fabrics and the relative timing of ferroan dolomite authigenesis suggest that layer‐parallel shorting occurred shortly after the deposition of the Wolfcamp Shale and likely corresponds with the timing of Marathon‐Ouachita suturing.
Estimation of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation During a Photochemical Smog Episode in Shanghai, China
Authors: Wang Hongli , Wang Qian , Gao Yaqin , Zhou Min , Jing Shengao , Qiao Liping , Yuan Bin , Huang Dandan , Huang Cheng , Lou Shengrong , Yan Rusha , de Gouw Joost A. , Zhang Xuan , Chen Jianmin , Chen Changhong , Tao Shikang , An Jingyu , Li Yingjie 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSecondary organic aerosols (SOA) are formed through diverse processes in the atmosphere, among which photochemical processing is one important pathway. SOA formation was studied based on one heavy photochemical smog episode in summer in Shanghai. During the pollution episode, ozone and organic carbon (OC) increased simultaneously with a strong positive correlation, which was complete opposite to the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pattern but similar to that of VOC photochemical consumption. The OC evolution was explained well by a parameterization method based on the observation of OC and VOCs, and secondary OC (SOC) formation was derived, being comparable with the result based on elemental carbon (EC) tracer method. About 67% of SOC could be explained by the photochemical consumption of VOCs (mainly aromatics, ~93%) during the episode. The contribution of VOCs to SOC formation was also estimated from the available VOC emissions inventories, which was comparable with that based on VOCs observations in ambient. Some differences of VOC species contribution to SOC were found between the ambient observation‐based and the emission‐based results, and the contribution of C9 aromatics was underestimated in the emission inventory. This suggests that bias of speciation might exist in the current VOC emissions inventories. The present study highlights the importance of VOC oxidation for SOC formation in summer in Shanghai. More insights are needed to improve the accuracy of VOCs speciated emissions inventories.
Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Hazard, Downstream Impact, and Risk Over the Indian Himalayas
Authors: Dubey Saket , Goyal Manish Kumar 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIndian Himalayas are home to numerous glacial lakes, which can pose serious threat to downstream communities and lead to catastrophic socioeconomic disasters in case of a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF). This study first identified 329 glacial lakes of size greater than 0.05 km2 in the Indian Himalayas, and then a remote sensing‐based hazard and risk assessment was performed on these lakes. Different factors such as avalanche, rockfall, upstream GLOF, lake expansion, identification of the presence of ice cores, and assessment of the stability of moraine were considered for the hazard modeling. Further, a stochastic inundation model was applied to quantify the potential number of buildings, bridges, and hydropower systems that could be inundated by GLOF in each lake. Finally, the hazard parameters and downstream impact were collectively considered to determine the risk linked with each lake. A total of 23 lakes were identified as very high risk lakes and 50 as high‐risk lakes. The potential flood volumes associated with various triggering mechanisms were also measured and were used to identify the lakes with the most considerable risk, such as Shakho Cho and Khangchung Tso. This study is anticipated to support stakeholders and decision‐makers in identifying critical glacial lakes and make well‐informed decisions related to future modeling efforts, field studies, and risk mitigation measures.
Combining In Situ and Satellite Observations to Understand the Vertical Structure of Tropical Anvil Cloud Microphysical Properties During the TC4 Experiment
Authors: Yue Qing , Jiang Jonathan H. , Heymsfield Andrew , Liou Kuo‐Nan , Gu Yu , Sinha Arushi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTropical anvil clouds have a profound impact on Earth's weather and climate. Their role in Earth's energy balance and hydrologic cycle is heavily modulated by the vertical structure of the microphysical properties for various hydrometeors in these clouds and their dependence on the ambient environmental conditions. Accurate representations of the variability and covariability of such vertical structures are key to both the satellite remote sensing of cloud and precipitation and numerical modeling of weather and climate, which remain a challenge. This study presents a new method to combine vertically resolved observations from CloudSat radar reflectivity and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation cloud masks with probability distributions of cloud microphysical properties and the ambient atmospheric conditions from detailed in situ measurements on tropical anvils sampled during the National Aeronautics and Space Administration TC4 (Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling) mission. We focus on the microphysical properties of the vertical distribution of ice water content, particle size distributions, and effective sizes for different hydrometeors, including ice particles and supercooled liquid droplets. Results from this method are compared with those from in situ data alone and various CloudSat/Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation cloud retrievals. The sampling limitation of the field experiment and algorithm limitations in the current retrievals is highlighted, especially for the liquid cloud particles, while a generally good agreement with ice cloud microphysical properties is seen from different methods. While the method presented in this study is applied to tropical anvil clouds observed during TC4, it can be readily employed to study a broad range of ice clouds sampled by various field campaigns.