bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 Pandemic’s Effects on Disease and Psychological Outcomes of People With Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Portugal: A Preliminary Research
Authors: Trindade Inês A , Ferreira Nuno B 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Aims
No empirical research on the psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on people living with IBD, a population known to typically present high levels of anxiety and depression and to be potentially vulnerable to COVID-19, has yet been conducted. This study aimed to explore the links between contextual variables related to the COVID-19 pandemic and disease and psychological outcomes.

Methods
The sample included 124 Portuguese patients with Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis (85.48% women) who completed self-reported measures in an online survey during April 2020.

Results
Fear of contracting COVID-19 and medication adherence were both high and unrelated. About half of the sample presented moderate (37.10%) to severe (14.50%) anxiety. Normal and mild anxiety levels were at 29.80% and 18.50%, respectively. Regarding depressive symptoms, 51.60% of the sample presented normal levels, 27.40% mild severity, 16.10% moderate, and 4.8% severe. No differences were found between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis patients. Regression analyses showed that anxiety explained IBD symptom perception (β = 0.29; P = 0.022); fear of contracting COVID-19 (β = 0.35; P &lt; 0.001) and IBD symptom perception (β = −0.22; P = 0.009) explained depressive symptoms; and fear of contracting COVID-19 (β = 0.41; P &lt; 0.001), IBD symptom perception (β = 0.26, P &lt; 0.001), and being in isolation (β = −0.16, P = 0.041) explained anxiety. Type of medication was not linked to these outcomes.

Conclusions
The COVID-19 pandemic does not seem to be affecting adherence to medication but seems to present relevant effects on psychological well-being. Inflammatory bowel disease health care professionals should be attentive of patients’ psychological response to this pandemic and of its possible consequences on disease expression. This study additionally provided a psychometrically sound measure of fear of contracting COVID-19.
Comparative study of snake lateral undulation kinematics in model heterogeneous terrain
Authors: Schiebel Perrin E , Hubbard Alex M , Goldman Daniel I 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Terrestrial organisms that use traveling waves to locomote must leverage heterogeneities to overcome drag on the elongate body. While previous studies illuminated how habitat generalist snakes self-deform to use rigid obstacles in the surroundings, control strategies for multi-component terrain are largely unknown. We compared the sand-specialist Chionactis occipitalis to a habitat generalist, Pantherophis guttatus, navigating a model terrestrial terrain–rigid post arrays on a low-friction substrate. We found the waveshapes used by the generalist were more variable than the specialist. Principal component analysis revealed that while the specialized sand-swimming waveform was always present on C. occipitalis, the generalist did not have a similarly pervasive low-dimensional waveshape. We expected the generalist to thus outperform the specialist in the arrays, but body slip of both species was comparable on level ground and in all trials the snakes successfully traversed the arena. When we further challenged the snakes to ascend an inclined lattice, the sand-specialist had difficulty maintaining contact with the obstacles and was unable to progress up the steepest inclines in the largest lattice spacings. Our results suggest that species adapted to different habitats use different control modalities—the specialist is primarily controlling its kinematics to achieve a target shape while, consistent with previous research, the generalist is using force control and self-deforms in response to terrain contacts. While both strategies allowed progress on the uninclined low-friction terrain with posts, the more variable waveshapes of the generalist may be necessary when faced with more challenging locomotor tasks like climbing inclines.
Activity of imipenem/relebactam against Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing ESBLs and carbapenemases
Authors: Mushtaq Shazad , Meunier Danièle , Vickers Anna , Woodford Neil , Livermore David M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa are prevalent in, for example, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Latin America, though rarer elsewhere. Because P. aeruginosa readily mutate to become carbapenem resistant via loss of OprD, isolates producing ESBLs are often as broadly resistant as those producing carbapenemases. We hypothesized that: (i) relebactam might overcome class A carbapenemases directly in P. aeruginosa; and (ii) relebactam’s inhibition of AmpC, which gives a generalized potentiation of imipenem against the species, might restore imipenem susceptibility in OprD-deficient ESBL producers.

Methods
MICs were determined using CLSI agar dilution for P. aeruginosa isolates producing ESBLs, principally VEB types, and for those producing GES-5, KPC and other carbapenemases.

Results
Relebactam potentiated imipenem by around 4–8-fold for most P. aeruginosa isolates producing VEB and other ESBLs; however, MICs were typically only reduced to 4–16 mg/L, thus mostly remaining above EUCAST’s susceptible range and only partly overlapping CLSI’s intermediate range. Strong (approx. 64-fold) potentiation was seen for isolates producing KPC carbapenemases, but only 2-fold synergy for those with GES-5. Predictably, potentiation was not seen for isolates with class B or D carbapenemase activity.

Conclusions
Relebactam did potentiate imipenem against ESBL-producing P. aeruginosa, which are mostly imipenem resistant via OprD loss, but this potentiation was generally insufficient to reduce imipenem MICs to the clinical range. Imipenem resistance owing to KPC carbapenemases was reversed by relebactam in P. aeruginosa, just as for Enterobacterales.
The Role of State Amici Curiae in the Article 19(3) ICC Statute Proceedings
Authors: Williams Sarah , Woolaver Hannah 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
An unprecedented number of states have sought to act as amici curiae in the proceedings before the Pre-Trial Chamber of International Criminal Court (ICC) considering the Court’s jurisdiction over alleged crimes committed in Palestine. Given the centrality of the issue of Palestinian statehood to this jurisdictional question, these proceedings raise complex and novel questions of international law — and politics. The high number of states seeking to participate as amici either individually or through international organizations reflects the controversial nature of the questions at hand. Conversely, Israel has refused to participate in the proceedings, despite an invitation from the Chamber. In this submission, we consider the challenges raised by state participation as amici curiae, including the role(s) played by state amici, and the impact — if any — such extensive participation has on the legitimacy of the proceedings and its outcome(s) and for the ICC as an institution.
Brigatinib and lorlatinib: their effect on ALK inhibitors in NSCLC focusing on resistant mutations and central nervous system metastases
Authors: Naito Tomoyuki , Shiraishi Hideaki , Fujiwara Yutaka 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Major issues in anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung carcinoma are acquired resistance against anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors and control of central nervous system metastasis. The development of these inhibitors has changed therapeutic strategy in patients with advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung carcinoma. Brigatinib and lorlatinib were designed to penetrate the blood–brain barrier and to inhibit resistant mutations against anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitors. We review the clinical data supporting treatment of advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung carcinoma with brigatinib and lorlatinib. Brigatinib has shown promising antitumour activity, including substantial activity against central nervous system metastases, in crizotinib-treated (ALTA trial) patients and crizotinib-naïve (ALTA-1L trial) patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung carcinoma. In addition, brigatinib improved progression-free survival compared with crizotinib in anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor-naïve patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lorlatinib has demonstrated clinical antitumour activity against both intracranial and extracranial lesions in patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase- or c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1)-positive non-small cell lung carcinoma. Ongoing trials and further studies of these agents’ biological and clinical properties would provide insight into the optimal therapeutic strategy for administering them to achieve the best survival benefit.
Focusing on Specific Rights
Authors: Albanese Francesca P , Takkenberg Lex 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a number of specific rights and entitlements of Palestinian refugees under international law, including the rights to self-determination, return, and compensation, as well as a number of civic, cultural, economic, political, and social rights, relevant because of the protracted nature of Palestinians’ exile and the main vulnerabilities to protection threats, as discussed in Part II. Despite being firmly established in international law, and being reaffirmed multiple times by the United Nations, both the right to self-determination of the Palestinian people, and the right to return and compensation of the refugees, remain unmet. This is largely because of the lack of a solution in accordance with international law. The chapter argues that recognizing other fundamental rights of the Palestinians as refugees, stateless persons, and/or protected persons under international humanitarian law, and above all, as human beings, does not undermine the right to return and rather helps ensure human dignity while a just and lasting solution remains pending. These rights remain an important benchmark for assessing the treatment of Palestinian refugees in the MENA region and beyond, for as long as the more fundamental rights to self-determination, return, restitution, and compensation remain unrealized.
State Succession in Respect of Treaty
Relationships
Authors: Hafner Gerhard , Novak Gregor 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter returns to the international frame, asking how treaties apply in cases of disruption to the international legal order — State succession — a topic addressed by the 1978 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties (VCSST). The present state of affairs relating to treaty succession suggests that only some of the VCSST’s provisions can serve as a reliable guide to the current State of customary international law (e.g. Article 11’s continuation of all boundary regimes, Article 15’s ‘moving treaty boundaries’ rule). Others constitute progressive development of international law (e.g. Article 31 in cases of incorporation; Article 34 in cases of separation). In any case, modern treaty succession distinguishes not only among the different cases of State succession, such as merger or dismemberment, but also among specific categories of treaties that are subject to different rules or principles. It is therefore difficult to identify a generally applicable legal regime of treaty succession.
Fundamental Guarantees
Authors: McLaughlin Robert 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a background of the international humanitarian law (IHL) fundamental guarantees. The IHL fundamental guarantees is that body of rules, equally applicable in both forms of armed conflict, that deals with the treatment (and its consequences) of civilians, and of combatants/civilians who are not taking a direct part in hostilities (DPH)/organized armed groups (OAGs) who are hors de combat or otherwise under the control of an adversary belligerent party (and, in some cases, of their own party), when and whilst they remain under that control, and where no other more contextually specific rule of law of armed conflict (LOAC) applies to the treatment or consequence in question. The chapter then assesses a number of specific fundamental guarantees under two broad category headings. The first is humane treatment, which is itself an umbrella fundamental guarantee encompassing: violence to life; through other violent breaches of fundamental guarantees, such as torture and rape; to the proscriptions relating to degrading treatment. The second broad category is restriction of freedoms, focusing upon forced labour and slavery. Whilst this provides but a slim and selective assessment across the broad and still evolving concept of fundamental guarantees, it is hoped that it will nevertheless furnish some indication of the scope and content of this externally referencing, inclusive category of IHL rights and obligations.
War Crimes
Authors: Cryer Robert 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the law of war crimes, which is a criminalized subset of violations of international humanitarian law (IHL). The law of war crimes is a controversial one, not least as states cannot be certain that their nationals will not commit them. Young soldiers in stressful situations, and who are highly armed, may well end up violating IHL (as well as their superiors), and thus be responsible for war crimes. This is not inappropriate, but leads to worry in states about their possible liability, both political and legal. This, in addition to nationalist sentiment that often accompanies armed conflicts, often makes the circumstances surrounding prosecution difficult. Whilst the deterrent effect of prosecutions is not clear, there are important retributive reasons for prosecuting war crimes, and, in addition, criminal law is only one means of enforcing IHL.
International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law
Authors: Sassòli Marco 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the relationship between international human rights law (IHRL) and international humanitarian law (IHL). While IHRL, unlike IHL, was not founded specifically to protect people affected by armed conflicts, both branches of international law apply simultaneously during such conflicts. This raises the question of how they interrelate and also how possible contradictions between them can be resolved. Today, genuine armed conflicts are mainly not of an international character. In such situations, the relationship between IHL and IHRL is particularly controversial and difficult to determine. Nevertheless, both IHL and IHRL lead, in most cases, to the same results. In the few instances where results differ, states could do a lot to harmonize their obligations under both branches, by resorting to derogations permitted under IHRL, one of the means offered by international law to harmonize their IHRL obligations with their IHL obligations. Beyond this, legal reasoning allows for differentiated solutions on when and on which issues one or the other branch prevails.
Escape and evolution of Titan’s N2 atmosphere constrained by 14N/15N isotope ratios
Authors: Erkaev N V , Scherf M , Thaller S E , Lammer H , Mezentsev A V , Ivanov V A , Mandt K E 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We apply a 1D upper atmosphere model to study thermal escape of nitrogen over Titan’s history. Significant thermal escape should have occurred very early for solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) fluxes 100–400 times higher than today with escape rates as high as ≈1.5 × 1028 s−1 and ≈4.5 × 1029 s−1, respectively, while today it is ≈7.5 × 1017 s−1. Depending on whether the Sun originated as a slow, moderate, or fast rotator, thermal escape was the dominant escape process for the first 100–1000 Myr after the formation of the Solar system. If Titan’s atmosphere originated that early, it could have lost between $\approx0.5\,\, \mathrm{ and}\,\, 16$ times its present atmospheric mass depending on the Sun’s rotational evolution. We also investigated the mass-balance parameter space for an outgassing of Titan’s nitrogen through decomposition of NH3-ices in its deep interior. Our study indicates that, if Titan’s atmosphere originated at the beginning, it could have only survived until today if the Sun was a slow rotator. In other cases, the escape would have been too strong for the degassed nitrogen to survive until present day, implying later outgassing or an additional nitrogen source. An endogenic origin of Titan’s nitrogen partially through NH3-ices is consistent with its initial fractionation of 14N/15N ≈ 166–172, or lower if photochemical removal was relevant for longer than the last ≈ 1000 Myr. Since this ratio is slightly above the ratio of cometary ammonia, some of Titan’s nitrogen might have originated from refractory organics.
Revisiting profile instability of PSR J1022+1001
Authors: Padmanabh Prajwal V , Barr Ewan D , Champion David J , Karuppusamy Ramesh , Kramer Michael , Jessner Axel , Lazarus Patrick 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Millisecond pulsars in timing arrays can act as probes for gravitational wave detection and improving the Solar system ephemerides among several other applications. However, the stability of the integrated pulse profiles can limit the precision of the ephemeris parameters and in turn the applications derived from it. It is thus crucial for the pulsars in the array to have stable integrated pulse profiles. Here we present evidence for long-term profile instability in PSR J1022+1001 which is currently included in the European and Parkes pulsar timing arrays. We apply a new evaluation method to an expanded data set ranging from the Effelsberg Pulsar Observing System backend used in the 1990s to that of data from the current PSRIX backend at the Effelsberg Radio Telescope. We show that this intrinsic variability in the pulse shape persists over time-scales of years. We investigate if systematic instrumental effects like polarization calibration or signal propagation effects in the interstellar medium causes the observed profile instability. We find that the total variation cannot be fully accounted for by instrumental and propagation effects. This suggests additional intrinsic effects as the origin for the variation. We finally discuss several factors that could lead to the observed behaviour and comment on the consequent implications.
Kobus vardonii(Artiodactyla: Bovidae)
Authors: Rduch Vera 
Published: October 2020

AbstractKobus vardonii (Livingstone, 1857) is a bovid commonly known as the puku. It is a medium-sized antelope with a golden-yellow coat and white underparts, sexually dimorphic as only males carry lyre-shaped horns, and according to current taxonomy it is one of 12 extant species in the genus Kobus. Adult males defend territories, whereas females and young move around in unstable groups. Feeding on a great variety of grasses, K. vardonii occurs in grasslands along rivers and lakes in southern central Africa with Zambia being the center of its distribution and Tanzania holding the largest population. It is classified as “Near Threatened” on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Survivors Achieving Stable Housing: Implementation, Challenges, and Lessons Learned
Authors: Messing Jill Theresa , Thomas Kristie A , Ward-Lasher Allison , Johnson Jessye 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
There is a movement toward permanent housing as an alternative to emergency shelter for survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). Through a case study, this article illuminates the challenges survivors encountered at multiple levels after being offered one of 25 permanent housing choice vouchers (HCVs) as part of the Survivors Achieving Stable Housing project. Obtaining an HCV is a complicated and lengthy process; survivors transitioning from emergency shelter may face time limits on shelter stays while awaiting this permanent housing option. This article identifies challenges, such as difficulties with landlords, moving costs, and a lack of affordable housing, similar to issues reported in previous research. However, specific to IPV survivors, intersecting U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 (S. 47) policies led to challenges in implementing and interpreting rules and guidance for IPV survivors. Survivor safety from an abusive partner and across other aspects of their lives is of particular concern to survivors as they consider housing options. Given the overlap of homelessness and IPV, social workers in both systems must be knowledgeable about the intersecting issues survivors face as well as the policies affecting them so they can advocate effectively for their clients.
A systematic review of weight-related communication trainings for physicians
Authors: Reading Jean M , Snell L Morgan , LaRose Jessica Gokee 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Obesity is a leading cause of preventable death in the USA. Given the high number of adults seeking routine health care services, physicians have an opportunity to address weight loss during routine clinical encounters. It’s often reported that physicians lack the training to address weight. Training programs are implemented in medical settings to prepare physicians to have conversations with patients. Yet, the degree of consistency among training programs and factors associated with better outcomes is unclear. The purpose of this study is to systematically review literature in physician communication trainings related to weight—to compare the content, outcomes, and implementation of existing studies examining weight-related communication training programs for physicians and determine factors associated with physician and patient outcomes. Articles were extracted from PubMed, Proquest, and Embase. Search terms included: health communication, physician training, weight, and obesity. Studies implementing a training program addressing weight among physicians were included. Trainings using either motivational interviewing (MI) or 5 As (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, and Arrange) framework found improvements in physicians’ communication skills. A small number of trainings including experiential components were also associated with improvements in positive physician outcomes. Findings suggest trainings based in MI or 5 As framework improve physicians’ communication skills, but few programs affected patient outcomes. Gaps remain with trainings that can demonstrate weight loss in patients. While work is needed to enhance the effects of these trainings on patient outcomes, data suggest that trainings should be longer in duration and include an experiential component.