bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Pain on Brain and Behavior During Cognitive and Motor Performances in Older Adults
Authors: Pakray Hannah , Seng Elizabeth , Izzetoglu Meltem , Holtzer Roee 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Pain is prevalent and associated with adverse outcomes in older adults. The moderating effect of pain on cortical control of locomotion has not been assessed. This study examined the effects of subjective pain on changes in fNIRS-derived oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2), gait velocity, and cognitive accuracy from single to dual-task walking conditions among older adults. Participants (n=383; 55% female; mean age=76) were community-residing older adults. Participants completed two single tasks [Single-Task-Walk (STW) and Cognitive Interference (Alpha)] and the Dual-Task-Walk (DTW), during which participants performed the two single tasks simultaneously. The MOS- PSS and PES were used to assess pain severity and interference. Gait velocity was assessed with an electronic gait mat, cognitive accuracy was measured using the rate of correct letter generation. Linear mixed effects models revealed that HbO2 increased in DTW compared to STW (p &lt; .001) and Alpha (p &lt; .05). The presence of perceived pain was associated with an attenuated increase in HbO2 from Alpha to DTW (p &lt; .05). Amongst those with pain, worse pain severity was associated with an attenuated increase in HbO2 from STW to DTW (p &lt; .001). Pain interference did not moderate the increase in HbO2 from single to dual tasks. Pain did not have a moderating effect on behavioral outcomes. These results indicate that task-related changes in the hemodynamic response in the prefrontal cortex during walking may be a sensitive marker to the effects of subjective pain on brain function in older adults.
Predicting Hospital Outcomes Using the Reported Edmonton Frail Scale-Thai Version
Authors: Roopsawang Inthira , Thompson Hilaire , Zaslavsky Oleg , Belza Basia , Aree-Ue Suparb 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Backgrounds Frailty is a common geriatric condition leading to poor surgical outcomes. Having a valid frailty measure has the potential to improve surgical care quality. Objectives To test the ability of the Reported Edmonton Frailty Scale-Thai version (REFS-Thai) in predicting hospital outcomes compared with the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (ASA) and the Elixhauser Comorbidity Measure (EMC) in older Thai orthopedic patients. Methods A prospective study was conducted on hospitalized older adults scheduled for elective orthopedic surgery. Multiple Firth logistic regression modeled the effect of frailty on postoperative complications, postoperative delirium (POD), and discharge disposition, while the length of stay (LOS) was examined by Poisson regression. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and mean squared errors (MSE) were used to compare the predictive ability of the instruments. Results Two hundred participants with mean age of 72 (range 60-94 years) were mostly female, 23% were frail. Adjusting for other variables, frailty was significantly associated with postoperative complications (OR = 2.38, p = 0.049), POD (OR = 3.52, p = 0.034), and prolonged LOS (relative risk [RR] = 1.42, p = 0.043). The REFS-Thai alone shows good performance in predicting postoperative complications (AUC = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.74-0.88) and POD (AUC = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.72-0.90). The combination of REFS-Thai with ASA and EMC demonstrates an improved predictability. Conclusion The REFS-Thai was useful in predicting adverse outcomes in surgical orthopaedic older adults. Integrating the REFS-Thai for preoperative assessment may be useful for enhancing care quality.
Predictors for Confidence in Self-Management of Falls and the Role of Fear of Falls
Authors: Li Qiwei , Knight Becky 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Falls have been a crucial threat for older adults to stay independent. Once they have fallen, older adults are more likely to receive injuries and become people with disabilities. Conventionally, the measurement of fall efficacy focused on the capacity of performing certain activities such as walking or bathing without a fall. However, given the fact that one out of five older adults fall every year, self-efficacy in self-protection when falls do happen calls for a better understanding of confidence in self-management of a fall. Among predictors for fall prevention outcomes, “fear of falls” has received attention. However, “fear of falls” was largely missing in studies exploring self-management of falls in scenarios where falls do happen. This study explores the predictors for CSMoF including “fear of falls”. A series of simultaneous and hierarchical regression analyses with related interaction analyses and a path model were applied to determine the contribution of each predictor variable and the mediating role of “fear of falls”. The findings of the study reported that demographic characteristics, chronic conditions, and perceptions of falls were associated with CSMoF. The path analysis confirmed the mediating role of “fear of falls” as the indirect effects were occupying substantial percentages in the total identified effects. “Fear of falls” should continue to be a core of fall prevention programs and is particularly important for programs that aim to teach older adults what to do when they fall, whom to call for help, and how to avoid injuries upon falling.
The Link of Three-Dimensional Frailty Index With Quality of Life and Fear of Falling Among Taiwanese Older Adults
Authors: Chen Duan-Rung , Kuo Chun-Tung , Chen Peng-Yu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objective. Frailty has received increasing attention as a way of understanding gradual losses in one or more domains of human functioning (physical, psychological, and social) in older adults. Studies suggested that frailty is related to lower quality of life (QoL) and the fear of falling (FoF). The most commonly used frailty criteria is the Fried Phenotype, which solely focuses on physical dimension of frailty. This study aims to evaluate the three-dimensional frailty index (namely, physical, psychological and social), and its association with QoL and FoF in a sample of community-dwelling Taiwanese older people. Methods. A total of 751 older adults aged 65 years and older (mean age 73.69 yrs ; SD=6.6) were included from May 2019 to Jan 2020 in Taipei City. The 8-Item Short-Form Health and the Falls Efficacy Scare International (FES-I) were used. Structural equation models (SEM) were employed to examine the association of the three-dimensional frailty index with QoL and FoF. Results. The SEM results confirmed a three-dimensional frailty index (physical, psychological and social frailty), and it is significantly associated with OoL and FoF. Physical frailty had the strongest association with PCS and FES-I, yet social frailty with MCS. Conclusion. Public health efforts to prevent elderly frailty should not solely focusing on physical aspect of frailty.
Preliminary Findings of Needs of Older Cambodians in Three Provinces
Authors: Kuy Kakada 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The most recent national survey of older Cambodians was conducted in 2004. To further our understanding of Cambodia’s older adults, new data are required. This primary data collection study aimed to assess physical, psychological and social needs of older Cambodians and examine gender differences in those needs. We collected data in 2019 in three provinces in the northwestern region of Cambodia (N=210). Due to older Cambodians’ higher level of illiteracy, research assistants filled out paper surveys for them during individual interviews. Then responses were transferred into an e-survey database for data management. Physical needs were examined with self-rated health and health complaints. Psychological wellbeing and depression scores were used to measure psychological needs. For social needs, we examined social support using Social Network and Social Support scale. More than half of older Cambodians had less than good physical health and reported numerous health symptoms. Yet, three quarter reported higher than average psychological wellbeing and a low level of depression. Some of the samples showed modest level of social support in their family and community. Furthermore, independent two-sample T-tests showed that older men and women did not differ in physical and social needs (p&lt;.001). Older women, however, did poorly in psychological needs compared to men (p&lt;.001). Men also had lower level of depression and better psychological wellbeing (p&lt;.001). Future studies shall further investigate other aspects of Cambodia’s aging population in which gender differentials may also exist.
Deep mantle structure and origin of Cenozoic intraplate volcanoes in Indochina, Hainan and South China Sea
Authors: Zhao Dapeng , Toyokuni Genti , Kurata Kenkichi 
Published: December 2020

SUMMARYCenozoic basalts with ages ranging from 28.5 to &lt; 0.1 Ma are widely distributed in the Indochina block, the South China Sea basin and the Leiqiong area in South China including the Leizhou Peninsula and the northern Hainan Island, which form the southeastern Asian basalt province (SABP). These Cenozoic basalts share common petrological and geochemical characteristics. However, the origin of the Cenozoic intraplate volcanism in the SABP is still a controversial issue. In this work, we apply a novel technique of multiscale global tomography to study the whole-mantle 3-D P-wave velocity (Vp) structure beneath the SABP. Our results show that low-Vp anomalies prevail in the whole mantle beneath the SABP. Although the strongest low-Vp zones exist beneath Hainan, significant low-Vp anomalies are also visible in the mantle beneath other parts of the SABP. These low-Vp anomalies appear somehow independent, rather than deriving from a single plume. We deem that a cluster of plumes rather than a single plume existed in the Cenozoic and may still exist now in the mantle beneath the SABP, though the Hainan plume may be the strongest one. A geochemical study suggested that the Hainan plume upwelling might be slowing down and close to exhausting its source zone. This geochemical inference is supported by our tomographic images showing that the low-Vp zones under Hainan are weak and intermittent in the lower mantle (∼700–2889 km depths). The low-Vp zones in the mantle beneath other SABP Cenozoic volcanoes are also weak, suggesting that those mantle plumes, if any, are also dying or already dead. As compared with a strong single plume, each member in a plume cluster should be small and weak, and so hard to exist long. The SABP is surrounded by subduction zones. The hot mantle upwelling beneath the SABP might be caused by collapsing of subducted slabs down to the lowermost mantle.
Recent advances in molecular targeted therapy for unresectable and metastatic BRAF-mutated melanoma
Authors: Kiniwa Yukiko , Okuyama Ryuhei 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The clinical outcome of BRAF-mutated advanced melanoma has been improved by both molecular targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Long-term follow-up data reveal durable clinical responses in patients receiving first-line combinations of BRAF inhibitors plus MEK inhibitors, particularly those showing a complete response. Clinical outcomes are also associated with the lactate dehydrogenase levels and the number of metastatic organs. Although brain metastasis is frequently difficult to control, systemic therapy is preferred in cases with small and asymptomatic brain metastases associated with progressive extra-cranial disease. Control of intra-cranial disease with BRAF inhibitors plus MEK inhibitors is comparable with that of immune checkpoint inhibitors, although immune checkpoint inhibitors are superior to targeted therapies with respect to survival. The BRAF inhibitors plus MEK inhibitors regimen is well-tolerated, and toxicities are usually manageable and reversible, but differ according to the specific regimen used. Guidelines in the United States, Europe, and Japan recommend targeted therapy for patients who need early tumor responses. A meta-analysis of retrospective data shows that the baseline lactate dehydrogenase level is significantly higher in patients treated with BRAF inhibitors plus MEK inhibitors than in those treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, suggesting that clinicians tend to use BRAF inhibitors plus MEK inhibitors for more advanced disease. Since there is insufficient efficacy and safety data on the use of targeted therapies for acral and mucosal melanoma, a retrospective analysis may be useful. The combination of molecular targeted therapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors is expected to elicit further improvement. The results of several trials using combination or sequential therapies will be available in the next few years.
Imagining Justice for Syria
Authors: Van Schaack Beth 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This book situates the war in Syria within the actual and imagined system of international criminal justice. It explores the legal impediments and diplomatic challenges that have led to the fatal trinity that is Syria: the massive commission of international crimes that are subject to detailed investigations and documentation but whose perpetrators have enjoyed virtually complete impunity. The book tracks a number of accountability solutions to this tragic state of affairs that are being explored within multilateral gatherings, by states, and by civil society actors, including innovations of institutional design; the reactivation of a range of domestic jurisdictional principles (including universal jurisdiction in Europe); the emergence of creative investigative and documentation techniques, technologies, and organizations; and the rejection of state consent as a precondition for the exercise of jurisdiction. Engaging both law and policy around international justice, the text offers a set of justice blueprints, within and without the International Criminal Court. It also considers the utility, propriety, and practicality of establishing an ad hoc tribunal and pursuing a transitional justice program without a genuine political transition. All told, the book attempts to capture the creative energy radiating from members of the international community intent on advancing the accountability norm in Syria even in the face of geopolitical blockages within the U.N. Security Council. In so doing, it presents the range of juridical measures—both criminal and civil—that are available to the international community to respond to the crisis, if only the political will existed.
The Security Council and International Crimes in Syria
Authors: Van Schaack Beth 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 revisits some of the conflict history through the lens of (in)action at the U.N. Security Council, whose discursive practices, pronouncements, operational initiatives, and vetoed resolutions offer a distinctive window into the trajectory of the conflict and the international community’s meager and ineffectual reaction to the atrocities underway. This chapter traces these malfunctions on a number of fronts alongside the few areas of progress. The areas of concern include condemnations of human rights violations and abuses; attempts to impose ceasefires and expand humanitarian access; the use of force and the Responsibility to Protect; inspiring the parties to pursue a political transition; the international community’s preoccupation with counterterrorism and countering violent extremism measures; neutralizing Syria’s chemical weapons; futile efforts to impose U.N. sanctions; and—most relevant to this volume—attempts to promote accountability, including a French-led effort to refer the situation in Syria to the International Criminal Court. Along the way, the chapter assembles the vetoes deployed by the P-5 during the Syrian conflict and captures the deteriorating dynamics within the Council chamber. The paralysis in the Council sets the scene for the chapters that follow, which recount efforts to promote accountability elsewhere. The chapter concludes with a short discussion of the way in which the Syrian conflict has further stimulated the Security Council reform effort.
Clustering and Stereotyping
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Social clustering and stereotyping are both unavoidable and necessary to navigate and try to make sense of the social world and yet also a source of major moral blind spots. It is part of the necessity to parse to predict, make decisions, and, ultimately, create meanings. This process leads to our natural inclination to cluster and create an information amalgam leading to much illusory correlations and biased attitudes in thinking about Blacks, Whites, Russians, Chinese, women, men, gays, straights, or Europeans as wholes having in common elusive essential characteristics. Social stereotypes have typically a negative connotation, linked to racism and all sorts of prejudices and discrimination toward minorities. However, they can be both negative and/or positive (e.g., Jews tend to be smart; Blacks are prone to be criminals). The ultimate function of social clustering and stereotypes is always to create contrasts that typically uphold one’s own group advantage, ultimately in defense of one’s own group sense of superiority and ascendance. Social stereotypes do not just help us in thinking about the social world; they can also hinder how we perform as individuals and foresee obstacles for oneself.
Beyond Alexandria
Authors: Visscher Marijn S. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This book aims to further our understanding of Seleucid literature, covering the period from Seleucus I to Antiochus III. Despite the historical importance of the Seleucid Empire during this time, little attention has been devoted to its literature. The works of authors affiliated with the Seleucid court have tended to be overshadowed by works coming out of Alexandria, emerging from the court of the Ptolemies, the main rivals of the Seleucids. This book makes two key points, both of which challenge the idea that ‘Alexandrian’ literature is coterminous with Hellenistic literature as a whole. First, the book sets out to demonstrate that a distinctly Seleucid strand of writing emerged from the Seleucid court, characterized by shared perspectives and thematic concerns. Second, the book argues that Seleucid literature was significant on the wider Hellenistic stage. Specifically, it aims to show that the works of Seleucid authors influenced and provided counterpoints to writers based in Alexandria, including key figures such as Eratosthenes and Callimachus. For this reason, the literature of the Seleucids is not only interesting in its own right; it also provides an important reference point for further understanding of Hellenistic literature in general. These two points are worked out in four chapters, each focussing on a specific ‘moment’ in Seleucid history and the corresponding literature: the establishment of the Eastern borders under Seleucus I; the consolidation of a symbolic centre at Babylon; the crisis of the Third Syrian War under Seleucus II; and the flourishing literary court of Antiochus III.
The Chinese Way
Authors: Patey Luke 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Beijing has geopolitical, economic, and geostrategic ambitions for the Belt and Road. First, it wants to harness the Belt and Road to legitimize China’s developmental model of political authoritarianism and state capitalism worldwide. Africa, and large economies such as Kenya and Ethiopia, represents a key venue for the expansion of China’s model. China also seeks to drive the global expansion of China’s state-owned enterprises and private corporations and to offshore China’s overcapacity in heavy industries on its path to full economic development and modernization. Finally, Beijing aims to harness the Belt and Road to alleviate its geostrategic vulnerabilities. But there are challenges facing the Belt and Road. China’s model will only gain long lasting legitimacy if the initiative produces tangible economic development for foreign countries. In Sri Lanka, Malaysia, the Maldives, and across Asia, China’s economic and geostrategic aims face entrenched business and political interests, changing politics, conflict, and varying economic capacities to shoulder new debt.
What Is Best for Europe?
Authors: Patey Luke 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Across European and Western liberal market democracies, China’s rise exposes friction between economic interests and political values and challenge common foreign and security policy in the European Union. From positions of economic weakness, Greece, Hungary, and Portugal have blocked or watered down common security, human rights, and economic positions in the regional body. Beijing’s formation of a formal group with Central and Eastern European countries, the so-called 17+1, is similarly seen in Brussels as a “divide and rule” tactic. Yet while European governments receive ample criticism for neglecting their political values in order to advance economic relations with China, the economic importance of China to the EU is rarely scrutinized. For large member states like Germany and France, and smaller ones such as Denmark and Norway, trade and investment with China does not produce a relationship of economic dependency for the EU as commonly perceived, particularly as China’s state capitalist system produces new competition for European companies. Beijing’s infringements on European democratic values and competitive economic pressures are changing the public discourse on China, but without a collective response, economic relations with China will only become more asymmetric than they are today.
Behave Accordingly
Authors: Patey Luke 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Some think that China and Japan are destined for war. Japan’s historical wartime aggression and present-day territorial disputes and military tensions over control of a small grouping of uninhabited islands in the East China Sea, known as Senkaku in Japan and Diaoyu in China, pave the way for a modern-day conflict. Beijing has even weaponized its trade with Japan to drive nationalism at home and try to shape Japan’s foreign and defense policy. Others argue China and Japan’s economic relationship will save Asia from a disastrous conflict. For decades the two economies have fed off one another. Economic interdependence forces Beijing to pull back from hard trade restrictions and consumer boycotts. Yet Xi Jinping’s calls for China to become self-sufficient by building its technological capabilities are a threat to Japan’s modern industries. Beijing’s military aggression and economic competitiveness provokes a response from Japan to build up its military and diversify its trade and investment.
Thinking Technocratically
Authors: Ciancia Kathryn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Although Polish politics moved to the right after the death of Józef Piłsudski in 1935, demographic anxieties about Volhynia had already been expressed by academics who supported the Sanacja’s technocratic program in the province. Focusing most particularly on geographical Polesie (which covered the northern part of the province of Volhynia), some scholars fostered the concept of national uncertainty in order to support more aggressive measures of Polonization. By dispensing with the regionalists’ patience for the provincial framework and in line with broader political radicalization across Europe, Polish officials increasingly used scholarly conclusions to advocate for redrawing internal borders and launching internal colonization. By the late 1930s, the army and border guards carried out forced religious conversions (“revindications”) of Orthodox Christian, Ukrainian-speaking populations to Roman Catholicism, based on the idea that these people were descended from Polish Catholics. Their concurrent support for policies of Jewish emigration was based on the opposite assumption—that Jews could never be considered Polish.