bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Invited) Using High Frequency Impedance Measurements for Phase Wetting Detection and Water Layer Thickness Characterization in Two-Phase Oil-Water Flow
Authors: Paolinelli Luciano , Nesic Srdjan , Juncheng Yao , Rashedi Ahmadreza 
Published: February 2020

Two-phase oil-water pipe flow is common in oil and gas production. When transported water comes in contact with pipeline walls, water wetting results and severe internal corrosion can occur. Water wetting can be avoided by disrupting and entraining the water phase into the oil phase. Consequently, it is of great interest to know under which operating conditions this happens. Various experimental studies have been performed in order to investigate water wetting in oil-water pipe flow. Most often, two-electrode DC conductance measurements have been used to detect water wetting. Despite the relative success of the present implementation, the DC analytical setup is not straightforward to deploy as it requires extensive calibration, due to the complicating effect of the electrochemical reactions occurring at electrode surfaces. Moreover, as the conductance of the water phase cannot be measured reliably this way, estimation of important geometric characteristics, such as the thickness of water layer, is not possible either. In the present work, high frequency impedance measurements were made using a flush mounted two-electrode concentric probe, in order to detect phase wetting regimes in large-scale oil-water pipe flow, as well as to determine the water layer thickness associated with water wetting. Theoretical formulations to correlate the resistance of sensed water layers with their actual thickness are introduced and experimentally validated. Excellent results in terms of phase wetting detection and characterization of water layer thickness are obtained.
Monitoring of Corrosion Resistance of Steel in Simulated Concreate Pore Solution By EIS
Authors: Okamoto Tatsuki , Tokieda Hiroyuki , Hoshi Yoshinao , Shitanda Isao , Itagaki Masayuki 
Published: February 2020

The method to evaluate the reinforcing steel in concreate have been investigated because the degradation of reinforced concrete is a serious problem in the whole world. An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is the powerful tool to determine the condition of the reinforcing steel in concrete because it is possible to obtain the electrochemical parameters of the reinforcing steel in concrete without its destruction by EIS. Dawson et al. [1] applied EIS to the investigation of corrosion of rebar in concrete. In the present study, we proposed the method to determine the corrosion resistance of reinforcing steel in concrete using the cylindrical steel probes by EIS. Figure 1 shows the cylindrical steel probes developed in the present study. The diameter and thickness of the steel probe is 10 mm and 8 mm respectively. The distance between the steel probes are 50 mm. These probes are embedded in concreate with the reinforcing steel. We expect that the corrosion resistance of the reinforcing steel in concreate can be determined by monitoring of the electrochemical impedance of the cylindrical steel probes.
In order to establish the proposed monitoring method, the electrochemical impedance of the cylindrical steel probes were measured in the simulated concreate pore solution. Figure 2 shows the experimental setup of the electrochemical impedance measurement of the cylindrical steel probes in Fig. 1. The electrolyte solution was the saturated Ca(OH)2. The cylindrical steel probes were immersed in the electrolyte solution for 2 days. The air was continuously provided by pump during the immersion of the cylindrical steel probes in the electrolyte solution. The electrochemical impedance was automatically monitored at 10 kHz and 10 mHz using a corrosion monitor (Corp. i-pec, CEM-100A) by two electrode system. The potential amplitude was 10 mV. In addition, the electrochemical impedance measurement was carried out using the Potentiostat (Toyo Corp., Solatron1287) and FRA (Toyo Corp., Solatron1255B) in the frequency range from 10 mHz to 10 kHz at five frequencies per decade with AC amplitude of 10 mV. The pH of the electrolyte solution was measured every 24 hours.
The electrochemical impedance of the cylindrical steel probes determined using the corrosion monitor was compared to that measured using FRA. The changes of the charge transfer resistance R
ct was discussed by the time variation of pH.

Reference

[1]　J. Dawson, L. Callow, K. Hladky and J. Richardson, Corrosion/78, 125 (1978).

Figure 1
Leveraging Available Resources: A Small Business Perspective on Collaboration and Commercialization
Authors: Ayers Katherine E 
Published: February 2020

In a small company working on electrochemical technologies, access to external resources (researchers, equipment, grants) can be a deciding factor in bridging from innovative concepts to demonstration and implementation. Often small companies need to hire more generalists than specialists, since employees need to be able to cover multiple roles, but the result is a reduced ability to analyze parameters in depth. Chararacterization equipment is also often limited. In addition, electrochemical technologies often take several years to get from proof of concept to product, due to the manufacturing complexities and safety requirements of electrodes. Strategies to stretch internal resources are therefore needed for success.
Proton OnSite has been highly effective in developing technology roadmaps, collaborations, and project portfolios that support our business and advance our core technologies, while providing opportunities for future growth. The company has also been successful in finding niche applications to drive product development at increasing scale, which spreads out the required investment in manufacturing. In this talk, Proton’s product evolution will be discussed, as well as external collaborations with national labs, universities, and other companies that have driven specific component advancements. Specific case studies will be discussed.
Another challenge in technology development is obtaining external support, within the constantly changing landscape of favored technologies and policies. A strategy that Proton has leveraged is to look for synergistic technologies that both expand our technology portfolio and can feed elements back to our core products. Examples of technologies which complement our core business in hydrogen generation from PEM electrolysis will also be discussed.
Development of Magnetic Films for Encoding of Information on Heavy Equipment Parts
Authors: Zhao Fu , Pechan Tom , Wilmeth Steve , Sechi Paolo , Arns Don , Zangari Giovanni 
Published: February 2020

Ferromagnetic coatings with hard magnetic properties are widely used for long-term information storage. In the form of hard disk drives, these devices provide reliable storage for more than half the digital information produced worldwide. The same technology could however provide solutions for sensing with regard to location and motion in other technological contexts, for example excavation, mining and construction equipment.
A research and development project has been undertaken by a team including a non-profit, independent research center, a company manufacturing specialty tubing and bars, and a university laboratory, with the objective to develop an electroplating process to coat steel rods with a magnetic coating characterized by medium-high coercivity (few thousand Oe), high magnetic saturation (~ 1 T), suitable readback signal, and stable magnetic response during operation. In parallel, a device to write and read magnetization transitions on these coatings with sub-mm linear density was designed and developed. While the magnetic properties discussed above are relatively easy to achieve in an average environment, in an excavation and construction environment the coating will be subject to large mechanical stresses, large impact forces and friction, requiring unusual mechanical properties.
In this talk we will examine the material selection, the laboratory efforts to achieve the magnetic properties of interest at low cost, while providing the necessary mechanical strength, and we describe the scale-up process carried out at the company location. Results, competing technological approaches and lessons learned will be discussed in detail.
Analyzing the Prospects of Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide to Value-Added Chemicals
Authors: Kenis Paul J.A. 
Published: February 2020

Increasing evidence suggests that the unwanted effects of climate change, including global warming, rising sea levels, and erratic weather patterns are the result of the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. Further development and integration of renewable but intermittent energy sources such as solar and wind, as well as enhancing energy efficiency in buildings and transportation applications will be critical to significantly reduce global CO2 emissions. An alternative strategy to reduce CO2 emissions is the capture and subsequent electrochemical reduction of CO2 into useful chemicals such as formic acid, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons, or alcohols. This approach has the additional advantage that it can enhance the utilization of renewable energy that is produced in excess of grid demand (too much solar or wind energy production) and currently wasted.
Multiple research efforts over the last decade have developed increasingly better cathode catalyst for the efficient electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formic acid, CO, and other products. At the same time progress has been made on anode catalysts (typically for the oxygen evolution reaction), gas diffusion electrodes suitable for CO2 electrolysis cells, and on the optimization of electrolysis operating conditions. Despite this progress, it is still unclear whether this emerging electrochemical technology has the potential to achieve a net reduction in CO2 emissions and is economically feasible.
We developed a gross-margin model for a first order estimate of the economic viability of CO2 electrolysis. Second, in a collaborative effort, we performed a techno-economic analysis of a process that starts with the flue gas from a 0.5 MW power plant, captures the CO2, converts that CO2 into CO, which then in combination with hydrogen from a water electrolyzer is converted into liquid fuels via the Fischer Tropsch process. The results of these models with respect to economic viability and their ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will be presented.
(Invited) Membrane Development for Energy Technologies
Authors: Soloveichik Grigorii L. 
Published: February 2020

The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA-E) funds high risk, high reward transformational research to reduce energy related emissions, reduce imports of energy from foreign sources, improve energy efficiency across all economic sectors, and ensure US technological lead in advanced energy technologies, including electrochemical energy storage and transformation for grid scale and automotive applications.
This presentation will highlight new technologies using ion-selective membranes for energy storage (batteries and flow batteries) and generation (fuel cells) including funded by ARPA-E. Several projects on development of anion-conducting membranes for CO2 reduction and water electrolysis are supported through OPEN program. The Reliable Electricity Based on Electrochemical Systems (REBELS) program is targeting distributed generation for more reliable and flexible smart grid focuses on intermediate temperature fuel cells that operate between 200-500oC. Two types of ionic conducting membranes (proton- and oxygen-conductors) are applied in such fuel cells. The Integration and Optimization of Novel Ionic Conducting Solids (IONICS) seeks to enable transformational electrochemical cells by creating novel solid ion conductors with wide range of desirable properties such as low ionic area-specific resistance, high chemical and electrochemical stability, high selectivity, good mechanical properties and to develop and apply methods for processing of solid ion conductors at a practical scale.
The presentation will highlight the use of various ion conducting membranes for separation processes including electrochemical pumps and in fuel cells and flow batteries. Compatibility of fuels, electrocatalysts and membranes will be discussed. State-of-the-art technologies for electrochemical synthesis of fuels and organic active materials using different types of electrochemical cells will be presented.
(Invited) Electrically Conductive Diamond Membrane for Electrochemical Separation Processes
Authors: Gao Fang , Nebel Christoph E. 
Published: February 2020

Boron-doped diamond has been applied as an outstanding electrode material for electrochemical applications. Using templated growth techniques, a variety of diamond nanostructures like diamond wires and diamond foams can be fabricated [1, 2]. Using quartz or glass fiber paper as growth templates, porous diamond membranes are fabricated [3]. Compared to polymer membranes or membranes based on sp2 carbons, diamond membranes can survive in aggressive media and high temperature conditions. Also, the ion selectivity can be controlled by surface terminations as well as the bias potential of the membrane. Therefore, this kind of membranes is very promising for the electrochemical separation processes such as desalination, pollutants concentration and protein separation. However, both the fabrication and application of diamond membranes are so far reported only in very limited cases.
In this paper, we report our recent progress with respect to the templated diamond growth using quartz fiber paper as the growth template [3]. With optimized microwave CVD growth, nanocrystalline diamond film is fully coated onto the quartz fiber as has been confirmed via SEM. The growth conditions in terms of temperature, methane concentration and boron/carbon ratio are investigated in detail. The diamond quality is evaluated via Raman spectroscopy. The potential window of the diamond membrane is determined via cyclic voltammetry in an aqueous NaClO4 solution to be over 3 V. By applying potential to the membrane, reactive ions will accumulate inside the membrane and change its porosity. As a result, the ion flux through the membrane can be well tuned. This ion selectivity can be used to separate charged molecules. As a proof of concept, Rhodamine B, Ni2+ and Cu2+ are separated by the diamond membrane under different biases. Finally, due to the robustness of diamond, the membrane can be cleaned via a high potential (+2 V vs Ag/AgCl) oxidation process in situ. Metal deposits and organic contaminants are proved to be removable by this method. Therefore, this membrane is also suitable for applications where only simple in-situ maintenances are possible.

This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Programme under Grant Agreement no. 665085 (DIACAT).

[1] Gao F, Wolfer MT, Nebel CE. Highly porous diamond foam as a thin-film micro-supercapacitor material. Carbon. 2014;80(0):833-40.
[2] Gao F, Lewes-Malandrakis G, Wolfer MT, Muller-Sebert W, Gentile P, Aradilla D, et al. Diamond-coated silicon wires for supercapacitor applications in ionic liquids. Diamond Relat Mater. 2015;51:1-6.
[3] Gao F, Nebel CE. Diamond-Based Supercapacitors: Realization and Properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2015.
(Invited) Characterization of Semiconductor Materials Using Syncrotron Radiation, XAFS and X-Ray CTR Scattering
Authors: Tabuchi Masao 
Published: February 2020

Synchrotron radiation (SR) is a very powerful tool for the material science. However some of the characterization techniques using the SR are not so popular for the researchers studying on the semiconductors. At the PRiME 2016 meeting, I would like to provide three topics relating to the SR. Two of them are topics on the measurement techniques, which must be interesting for the researchers of semiconductors. The third one is to introduce a compact SR facility recently built in Japan, which is successfully operating for the academic and industrial researchers.
X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurement might be one of the minor techniques for the researchers studying on semiconductors, although it is a very powerful technique to investigate atomic scale structure. For example, by the XAFS measurement, a local structure around a target element in a semiconductor crystal can be revealed. In other words, if impurity atoms in a crystal locate at interstitial site or are substituting matrix can be discussed and the distortion of the lattice around the impurity atoms can also be estimated. Further, if the impurity atoms are ionized or not, is able to be determined by the XAFS measurement. Because the XAFS measurement is a kind of absorption measurement in the energy range of X-ray, the SR is essentially important to scan the energy of the incident X-ray and it is very difficult to conduct the measurement at laboratory using ordinal X-ray sources like X-ray tubes. That might be one of the reasons why the XAFS measurement is not so popular. At the PRiME 2016 meeting, I would like to introduce what the XAFS measurement is, why we can obtain such atomic scale information from the spectra, and for what kind of studies the measurement is useful.
X-ray CTR scattering measurement is an important technique to study on layer structures like semiconductor films so precisely in an atomic scale and it is another measurement which essentially needs the SR. In order to measure the so week CTR scattering signal, the intensity of the SR is very important. When the measurement is conducted properly and obtained spectra are analyzed carefully, the results show us the interface structures of semiconductor hetero layers in an atomic scale. I would like to show some of the examples at the meeting.
Finally, I am going to introduce a recently built compact SR facility in Aichi, Japan. The facility is named Aichi SR, of which acceleration energy and current are 1.2 GeV and 300mA. By using super conducting bending magnets of 5 T as light source, the facility can provide X-rays in the energy range of hard X-ray, more than 5 keV and up to 20 keV or higher as easy as those in the range of soft X-ray. The specs of the light source are not on cutting edge, however, the general design is so useful and stable for the users who would like to use the SR as a daily tool to characterize their samples. Such a facility must be very important to bottom up the level of the researches.
Development of Silicon Substrate for Advanced Multi-Chip Packaging Process with the Enhanced Gettering Ability
Authors: An Jeong-Hoon , Kim Jang-Seop , Lee Anselmo Jaehyeong , Park Hyung-Kook , Park Hyeung-il , Moon Byeong-Sam , Lee Sang- Hyun , Park Jea-Gun 
Published: February 2020

Gettering techniques are the key features in recent semiconductor industry to develop the high performance devices. Above all, the intrinsic gettering is considered as the easiest way to achieve metal gettering effect in a silicon substrate with the formation of extended defects during thermal process. Moreover, intrinsic gettering is the only way available in the multi-chip packaging (MCP) technique that cannot be accompanied by the extrinsic gettering due to the backside grinding process [1]. Therefore, the epitaxial wafers based on the heavily boron-doped substrate have been used in MCP to obtain the gettering effect even in thinned substrate. However, the use of epitaxial wafers in the fabrication process leads the high cost of ownership (CoO) in the production. Thus, various investigations on the substitution of the epitaxial wafer have been carried out to reduce the total process cost.
In this work, a novel concept of silicon substrate that represents the low-cost and comparable gettering efficiency on metal contamination to that of the epitaxial wafer was proposed. To achieve these features, rapid thermal annealing (RTA) adjusted at high temperature was applied to the base wafer with high interstitial oxygen (Oi) concentration. As shown in Fig. 1
a), oxygen precipitates was evenly formed over the entire bulk in the RTA-treated high Oi wafer after device heat simulation, which is favorable in thinned substrate for the MCP. In addition, the average size of oxygen precipitates increased in high Oi wafer, which means the ‘total inner surface’ of oxygen precipitates [2] was possibly expanded over the threshold value required for effective gettering. Finally, we confirmed the effect of RTA-treated high Oi wafer on the metal gettering after the thinning process, especially in nickel, which was more effective than in the epitaxial wafer up to 1.5 times while the gettering ability for copper was almost saturated in all wafer condition, as shown in Fig. 1 b). Specific features of our results will be discussed in detail.

Fig. 1 a) Optical micrographs of entire bulk observed in RTA-treated wafers with different Oi level. Wafers were heat-treated and etched in the Wright etchant for 5 min. b) Gettering ability for copper and nickel contamination measured in RTA-treated samples after thinned to 30 μm thickness.

References

[1] J. H. An, J. S. Kim, J. Y. Kim, K. S. Lee, H. B. Kang, B. S. Moon, S. H. Lee, Y. Shin, S. M. Hwang, and H. Y. Park, ECS Transactions
50(5), 319 (2012).
[2] R. Hoelzl, M. Blietz, L. Fabry, and R. Schmolke, The Electrochem. Soc.
PV
2002-2, 608 (2002).

Figure 1