bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation zones for large crustal earthquakes consequent on fault-valve action
Authors: Sibson Richard H. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA combination of geological evidence (in the form of hydrothermal vein systems in exhumed fault systems) and geophysical information around active faults supports the localized invasion of near-lithostatically overpressured aqueous fluids into lower portions of the crustal seismogenic zone which commonly extends to depths between 10 and 20 km. This is especially the case for compressional–transpressional tectonic regimes which, beside leading to crustal thickening and dewatering through prograde metamorphism, are also better at containing overpressure and are ‘load-strengthening’ (mean stress rising with increasing shear stress), the most extreme examples being associated with areas undergoing active compressional inversion where existing faults are poorly oriented for reactivation. In these circumstances, ‘fault-valve’ action from ascending overpressured fluids is likely to be widespread with fault failuredual-drivenby a combination of rising fluid pressure in the lower seismogenic zone lowering fault frictional strength, as well as rising shear stress. Localized fluid overpressuring nucleates ruptures at particular sites, but ruptures on large existing faults may extend well beyond the regions of intense overpressure. Postfailure, enhanced fracture along fault rupture zones promotes fluid discharge through the aftershock period, increasing fault frictional strength before hydrothermal sealing occurs and overpressures begin to reaccumulate. The association of rupture nucleation sites with local concentrations of fluid overpressure is consistent with selective invasion of overpressured fluid into the roots of major fault zones and with observed non-uniform spacing of major hydrothermal vein systems along exhumed brittle–ductile shear zones. A range of seismological observations in compressional–transpressional settings are compatible with this hypothesis. There is a tendency for large crustal earthquakes to be associated with extensive (L ~ 100–200 km) low-velocity zones in the lower seismogenic crust, with more localVp/Vsanomalies (L ~ 10–30 km) associated with rupture nucleation sites. In some instances, these low-velocity zones also exhibit high electrical conductivity. Systematic, rigorous evaluation is needed to test how widespread these associations are in different tectonic settings, and to see whether they exhibit time-dependent behaviour before and after major earthquake ruptures.
Femoral derotational osteotomy level does not effect resulting torsion
Authors: Edmonds Eric W. , Fuller Corey B. , Jeffords Megan E. , Farnsworth Christine L. , Lindgren Amelia M. , Pennock Andrew T. , Upasani Vidyadhar V. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to assess the effect on femoral torsion by rotational osteotomies at three different levels as measured in 3D using both the mechanical and the anatomic axes.

Methods
Ten cadaveric lower extremities underwent femoral osteotomies perpendicular to the anatomic axis (AA) at three levels: subtrochanteric, mid-diaphyseal and supracondylar. Parallel pins were placed, one in each femur segment. Computed tomography (CT) was acquired in post-osteotomies neutral position, then post-external rotation of the femur at each osteotomy level. Femurs were returned to neutral rotation between imaging exams. Using 3D CT reconstructions, custom software calculated femoral torsion (angle between the femoral neck axis and the posterior condylar axis in the transverse plane) and pin angle between segments, reoriented to both the mechanical axis (MA) and the AA. Pin angle and torsion change were compared for the three osteotomy locations (regression analysis and ANOVA performed).

Results
Two specimens were omitted (inadequate imaging); the remaining eight donors were 55–90 years old (mean: 64 ± 15 years), CT confirmed no bony defects. All three levels of osteotomy demonstrated significant correlations between the amount of rotation at the osteotomy (pin angle change) and the resulting change in femoral torsion (R square range 0.658–0.847). No significant differences were found between osteotomy level in torsion (MA:p = 0.285, AA:p = 0.156) or in pin angle (MA:p = 0.756, AA:p = 0.753).

Conclusions
Performing a corrective rotational osteotomy orthogonal to the AA achieves the desired effect on MA regardless of location. This suggests that a surgeon’s osteotomy level choice may be based on other risks/benefits of the various techniques.
Comparison of the Biograph Vision and Biograph mCT for quantitative 90Y PET/CT imaging for radioembolisation
Authors: Kunnen Britt , Beijst Casper , Lam Marnix G. E. H. , Viergever Max A. , de Jong Hugo W. A. M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
New digital PET scanners with improved time of flight timing and extended axial field of view such as the Siemens Biograph Vision have come on the market and are expected to replace current generation photomultiplier tube (PMT)-based systems such as the Siemens Biograph mCT. These replacements warrant a direct comparison between the systems, so that a smooth transition in clinical practice and research is guaranteed, especially when quantitative values are used for dosimetry-based treatment guidance. The new generation digital PET scanners offer increased sensitivity. This could particularly benefit 90Y imaging, which tends to be very noisy owing to the small positron branching ratio and high random fraction of 90Y. This study aims to determine the ideal reconstruction settings for the digital Vision for quantitative 90Y imaging and to evaluate the image quality and quantification of the digital Vision in comparison with its predecessor, the PMT-based mCT, for 90Y imaging in radioembolisation procedures.

Methods
The NEMA image quality phantom was scanned to determine the ideal reconstruction settings for the Vision. In addition, an anthropomorphic phantom was scanned with both the Vision and the mCT, mimicking a radioembolisation patient with lung, liver, tumour, and extrahepatic deposition inserts. Image quantification of the anthropomorphic phantom was assessed by the lung shunt fraction, the tumour to non-tumour ratio, the parenchymal dose, and the contrast to noise ratio of extrahepatic depositions.

Results
For the Vision, a reconstruction with 3 iterations, 5 subsets, and no post-reconstruction filter is recommended for quantitative 90Y imaging, based on the convergence of the recovery coefficient. Comparing both systems showed that the noise level of the Vision is significantly lower than that of the mCT (background variability of 14% for the Vision and 25% for the mCT at 2.5·103 MBq for the 37 mm sphere size). For quantitative 90Y measures, such as needed in radioembolisation, both systems perform similarly.

Conclusions
We recommend to reconstruct 90Y images acquired on the Vision with 3 iterations, 5 subsets, and no post-reconstruction filter for quantitative imaging. The Vision provides a reduced noise level, but similar quantitative accuracy as compared with its predecessor the mCT.
A review on Zika virus outbreak, epidemiology, transmission and infection dynamics
Authors: Kazmi Syeda Sidra , Ali Waqar , Bibi Nousheen , Nouroz Faisal 
Published: March 2020

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) is a newly emergent relative of the Flaviviridae family and linked to dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIVKV). ZIKV is one of the rising pathogens promptly surpassing geographical borders. ZIKV infection was characterized by mild disease with fever, headache, rash, arthralgia and conjunctivitis, with exceptional reports of an association with Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly. However, since the end of 2015, an increase in the number of GBS associated cases and an astonishing number of microcephaly in fetus and new-borns in Brazil have been related to ZIKV infection, raising serious worldwide public health concerns. ZIKV is transmitted by the bite of infected female mosquitoes of Aedes species. Clarifying such worrisome relationships is, thus, a current unavoidable goal. Here, we extensively described the current understanding of the effects of ZIKV on heath, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment options based on modern, alternative and complementary medicines regarding the disease.
Influence of the use of autogenous bone particles to close the access window after maxillary sinus floor augmentation: an experimental study in rabbits
Authors: Favero Giacomo , Viña-Almunia Jose , Carda Carmen , Martín de Llano José Javier , García-Mira Berta , Soto-Peñaloza David , Peñarrocha-Diago Miguel , Botticelli Daniele 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Aim
To study the influence on the healing of the placement of particulate autogenous bone in the antrostomy and in the subjacent region after maxillary sinus elevation.

Material and methods
Sixteen New Zealand rabbits were undergone to bilateral maxillary sinus floor augmentation with 4 × 4 mm antrostomy dimension. The sinus mucosa was elevated, and the space obtained was filled with xenograft. In the test site (treated sites), autogenous bone was harvested from the tibia and was placed either in the antrostomy and the subjacent region while the control site was left untreated. Antrostomy was covered bilaterally with collagen membranes. Animals were euthanized after 1 and 8 weeks of healing, with 8 rabbits in each group. Histomorphometric evaluations were done. The Wilcoxon test is used for statistical analysis, for a 5% statistical significance.

Results
After 1 week of healing, the new bone proportion in the antrostomy was 7.7 ± 11.2% and 6.1 ± 6.4% in the treated and untreated sites, respectively. In the subjacent region (close-to-window region), hardly any new bone was assessed. In the elevated region, 2.7–2.8% of total new bone was found in both sites. In the antrostomy region, after 8 weeks of healing, 35.5 ± 20.9% of new bone in the treated sites, and 28.6 ± 24.1% in the untreated sites was observed (p = 0.499). In the close-to-window region, the respective proportions were 25.8 ± 16.1% and 17.6 ± 16.3% (p = 0.018). In the elevated region, the total new bone reached fractions of 27.9 ± 12.9% and 23.6 ± 15.2% in the treated and untreated sites, respectively (p = 0.128).

Conclusions
The placement of autogenous bone in the antrostomy and the subjacent region after maxillary sinus elevation, slightly enhanced bone formation compared with sites only grafted with xenograft. Though, only the subjacent close-to-window region showed a statistical significance at 8 weeks of healing. Despite the limitations of the present study, due to its preclinical nature, findings should be extrapolated to humans with caution.
Topical application of mupirocin to exit sites in patients on peritoneal dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Obata Yoko , Murashima Miho , Toda Naohiro , Yamamoto Shuto , Tsujimoto Yoshihiro , Tsujimoto Yasushi , Tsujimoto Hiraku , Yuasa Hidemichi , Ryuzaki Munekazu , Ito Yasuhiko , Tomo Tadashi , Nakamoto Hidetomo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
The International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis guidelines recommends the topical application of antibiotics on the exit site for the prevention of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related infections. However, the recommendation is based on meta-analyses on applying nasal mupirocin ointment or observational or retrospective studies. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of topical application of mupirocin on the exit site for the prevention of PD-related infections.

Methods
We searched the databases, MEDLINE and CENTRAL, documenting the topical application of antibiotics on the exit site in PD patients in April 2017. We included only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with adult patients wherein the effects of mupirocin were examined. Exit site infection (ESI), peritonitis, and technical failure were assessed as the main outcomes.

Results
Overall, six RCTs were included in this study. It was uncertain whether the application of mupirocin ointment prevents ESI (rate ratio (RR), 0.36; 95% CI, 0.13–1.05), peritonitis (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.50–1.21), and technical failure (RR, 1.35; 95% CI, 0.25–7.21). Moreover, a comparison between mupirocin and gentamicin showed no difference in the incidence of ESI (RR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.27–4.81), peritonitis (RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.32–2.26), and technical failure (RR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.28–1.20).

Conclusions
It remains unclear whether topical application of mupirocin on the exit site has any significant effects on PD-related infection or technical failure. Large-scale RCTs with high methodological quality are required to confirm the efficacy of topical application of antibiotics on the exit site.

Trial registration
UMINR000039267
Ethnic fertility behavior and internal migration in Nigeria: revisiting the migrant fertility hypotheses
Authors: Odimegwu Clifford O. , Adewoyin Yemi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFertility patterns in Nigeria are high and widely skewed away from the targets of the country’s population policy. As population growth is fueled by natural increase and migration, and with spatial disparities in fertility preferences among the different ethnic groups in Nigeria, this study investigates the fertility behavior of ethnic migrants in their destinations, the place-effects on such behavior, and the convergence or otherwise of the behavior with fertility behaviors in the migrants’ places of origin and destination. Explanations for the behavioral pattern are provided in the hypotheses of migrant fertility and in the sociodemographic confounders of the behavior. Study data was extracted for the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria from the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey. Median numbers of children ever born (CEB) were 7, 6, and 4 for the Hausa-Fulani, Igbo, and Yoruba ethnic groups respectively. Relative to the destination fertility patterns, Hausa-Fulani and Yoruba migrants had lower CEB in Igboland while Igbo and Yoruba migrants recorded lower CEB in the North-West home of the Hausa-Fulani ethnic group. Whereas the Igbo migrants maintained an equal CEB with their Yoruba hosts, the Hausa-Fulani group replicated their home fertility behavior in Yorubaland. Overall, the adaptation, socialization, and selectivity hypotheses were found valid for some of the disparities in migrant fertility behavior and the influence of the sociodemographic predictors of fertility behavior varied among the different ethnic groups.
Simulation-based education involving online and on-campus models in different European universities
Authors: Campos Neila , Nogal Maria , Caliz Cristina , Juan Angel A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSimulation-based education (SE) refers to the use of simulation software, tools, and serious games to enrich the teaching and learning processes. Advances in both computer hardware and software allow for employing innovative methodologies that make use of SE tools to enhance the learning experience. Moreover, thanks to the globalisation of e-learning practices, these educational experiences can be made available to students from different geographical regions and universities, which promotes the development of international and inter-university cooperation in education. This paper provides a review of recent works in the SE subject, with a focus on the areas of engineering, science, and management. It also discusses some experiences in SE involving different European universities and learning models. Finally, it also points out open challenges as well as noticeable trends.
Verum versus sham tDCS in the treatment of stroke-induced apraxia: study protocol of the randomized controlled trial RAdiCS -“Rehabilitating (stroke-induced) Apraxia with direct Current Stimulation”
Authors: Kleineberg Nina N. , Richter Monika K. , Becker Ingrid , Weiss Peter H. , Fink Gereon R. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Stroke is the leading cause of acquired disability in western societies. (Motor) cognitive deficits like apraxia significantly contribute to disability after stroke, harming activities of daily living and rehabilitation outcome. To date, efficient therapeutic options for apraxia remain sparse. Thus, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are warranted.

Methods
Based on promising results of a pilot study, the on-going RAdiCS (Rehabilitating stroke-induced Apraxia with direct Current Stimulation) study is a randomized controlled trial, which follows a double-blinded (investigator and patient), two-arm parallel interventional model. It is designed to include 110 apraxic patients (as diagnosed by the Cologne Apraxia Screening, KAS) in the subacute phase after a left hemisphere (LH) stroke. The University of Cologne initiated the trial, which is conducted in two German Neurorehabilitation Centers.
The study aims to evaluate the effect of anodal (versus sham) transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the left posterior parietal cortex (PPC) with an intensity of 2 mA for 10 min on five consecutive days on apraxic deficits. In addition to anodal or sham tDCS, all LH stroke patients undergo a motor (cognitive) training that is performed before and after the stimulation (off-line stimulation).
The primary outcome measure is the (differential) change in the overall KAS score after five daily sessions of anodal versus sham tDCS when compared to the baseline assessment before tDCS. Secondary study outcomes include further apraxia scores, aphasia severity, and measures of motor performance and disability after stroke. All outcome measures are obtained in the post-stimulation assessment as well as during follow-up (3–4 months after tDCS).

Perspective
The RCT RAdiCS shall evaluate in a large number of LH stroke patients whether anodal tDCS (compared to sham tDCS) expedites the rehabilitation of apraxia – over and above additional motor (cognitive) training and standard care. A positive study outcome would provide a new strategy for the treatment of apraxia, which hopefully ameliorates the negative impact of apraxia on daily living and long-term outcome.

Trial registration
Clinical Trials Gov: NCT03185234, registered 14 June 2017 ; Deutsches Register für Klinische Studien: DRKS00012292, registered 01 June 2017.

Trial status
Participant enrollment began on 22 June 2017. The trial is expected to be completed on 30 June 2022.
Dynamic modeling of heat exchanger tube rupture
Authors: Harhara Ahmed , Hasan M.M. Faruque 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOne fault that occurs with heat exchangers is a tube rupture, an overpressure scenario in which high pressure fluid flows into the low pressure region. It is a serious safety concern that may lead to significant damage. Accurate prediction of the pressure build-up after a rupture is critical to determine the appropriate size of a relief device and avoid exceeding allowable pressure limits. This paper describes a model-based step-by-step methodology to predict dynamic pressure profiles during tube rupture for liquid-liquid, vapor-liquid, and flashing liquid-liquid systems. The transient effects of the relief valve are considered. The effects of choked flow must also be considered for accurate maximum pressure predictions. Using a dimensionless analysis, the pressure ratio and density ratio are shown to significantly impact the severity of this incident. Results show that vapor-liquid systems result in the highest pressure surges.
On the calculation of the electron temperature flowfield in the DSMC studies of ionized re-entry flows
Authors: Shevyrin Alexander , Bondar Yevgeniy 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCurrently available procedures of electron temperature calculations in studying ionized flows around reentry spacecraft by the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method are analyzed. It is shown that the heat conduction of electrons is not taken into account in these procedures. The contributions of various effects to the electron energy balance are calculated by an example of the RAM-C II capsule, and a numerical solution of the electron energy conservation equation is obtained, which refines the electron temperature distribution used in the DSMC computations. A method of coupled calculation of the electron temperature within the framework of the continuum approach and modelling of ionized gas flow by the DSMC method is proposed.
Project Khanya: a randomized, hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of a peer-delivered behavioral intervention for ART adherence and substance use in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Magidson Jessica F. , Joska John A. , Myers Bronwyn , Belus Jennifer M. , Regenauer Kristen S. , Andersen Lena S. , Majokweni Sybil , O’Cleirigh Conall , Safren Steven A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundSubstance use is prevalent in South Africa and associated with poor HIV treatment outcomes, yet, it is largely unaddressed in HIV care. Implementing an evidence-based, task-shared intervention for antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and substance use integrated into HIV care may be a feasible and effective way to improve HIV treatment outcomes and reduce substance use in this population.MethodsGuided by the RE-AIM framework, a randomized, hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation trial (n = 60) is being used to evaluate a peer-delivered intervention that integrates evidence-based intervention components, including Life-Steps (problem solving and motivational skills for HIV medication adherence), behavioral activation to increase alternative, substance-free rewarding activities in one’s environment, and relapse prevention skills, including mindfulness. The comparison condition is enhanced standard of care, which includes facilitating a referral to a local substance use treatment clinic (Matrix). Participants are followed for a period of 6 months. Implementation outcomes are defined by Proctor’s model for implementation and include mixed methods evaluations of feasibility, acceptability, and fidelity, and barriers and facilitators to implementation. Primary patient-level effectiveness outcomes are ART adherence (Wisepill) and substance use (WHO-ASSIST and urinalysis); viral load is an exploratory outcome.DiscussionResults of this trial will provide important evidence as to whether peer delivery of an integrated intervention for ART adherence and substance use is feasible, acceptable, and effective. Implementation outcomes will provide important insight into using peers as an implementation strategy to extend task sharing models for behavioral health in resource-limited settings globally.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.govidentifier:NCT03529409. Trial registered on May 18, 2018.