bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slot Antennas
Authors: Nakano Hisamatsu 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The radiation pattern and conductance of a thin straight half‐wavelength slot are derived using an assumed electric field distribution over the slot. Subsequently, Babinet's principle, which provides a relationship between the input impedances of a slot and a conducting plate, both having the same shape, is derived. In addition, an antenna evaluation method based on the finite‐difference time‐domain method (FDTDM) is briefly described. Using the FDTDM, straight, bowtie, loop, curl, and spiral slot antennas are analyzed. The analysis reveals (1) the effects of the finiteness of the conducting sheet, in which the straight slot is cut, on the radiation characteristics; (2) the effects of the bowtie angle on the radiation characteristics; (3) the input impedance of the loop as a function of the circumference; and (4) the frequency responses of the curl and spiral slots, acting as circularly polarized radiation elements.
Electromagnetic Modeling
Authors: Chen Zhizhang D. , Hoefer Wolfgang J. R. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Electromagnetic modeling is a critical analysis and design methodology in various fields such as radio‐frequency (RF) and microwave engineering, antennas, radar, remote sensing, medical diagnostics, bio‐electromagnetics, physics and radio astronomy, and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and interference. It formulates and solves electromagnetic field problems using mathematical, physical, or computational models that relate the electromagnetic functionality of devices to their geometrical and material parameters or predict how electromagnetic fields interact with physical objects and materials. This chapter presents the most common methods for modeling electromagnetic scenarios in the frequency, the spectral, and the time domain, as well as their hybrid combinations. They are introduced as projective approximations of field solutions using the method of weighted residuals (MWR). This unified perspective best illustrates their properties, differences, and their suitability for solving a particular electromagnetic problem, thus helping the reader to appreciate the connections, similarities, and differences among the various methods. It also reflects historical and methodological developments and aims to provide a foundational understanding of current electromagnetic modeling methods.
Microwave Circuits
Authors: Cho Choon S. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

The term “microwave circuits” is used to identify the electrical circuits used at microwave frequencies for performing signal‐processing functions such as amplification, frequency conversion, mixing, detection, phase shifting, filtering, and power dividing. By “microwave frequencies,” we refer to electromagnetic signals whose wavelength is in centimeters, roughly from 30 cm to 1 mm with the corresponding frequencies ranging from 1 GHz (GHz = 10
9
Hz) to 300 GHz. The frequency range from 30 to 300 GHz is also known as the
millimeter‐wave band
. Microwave frequencies present several interesting and unusual features not found in other portions of the electromagnetic frequency spectrum. These features make microwaves uniquely suitable for several useful applications in telecommunications, radar, industrial heating and sensors, wireless power transfer, and so on. The most common consumer application of microwaves is the domestic microwave oven used for food processing.
Synthetic Aperture Radar
Authors: Özdemir Caner 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Since its invention in the early 1950s, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has gathered increasing attention thanks to its attractive capabilities such as providing good resolutions both in range and in cross‐range dimensions. Although primary practices of airborne and spaceborne SAR systems were for surveillance purposes of geophysical remote sensing, other numerous applications of SAR have also been implemented in many areas from subsurface imaging to crop monitoring. This chapter begins with the history of SAR and presents the basic principles of SAR signal processing procedures such as range compression, range cell migration correction, and azimuth compression. Applications and some common problems in SAR imagery are covered as well. Principles of inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) and its applications are demonstrated with examples. Advanced SAR concepts such as motion compensation, interferometric SAR, and polarimetric SAR imaging applications are also presented. The concluding remarks are devoted on some hot topics and emerging technologies in SAR imagery.
Silicon Millimeter‐Wave Phased Arrays
Authors: Lee Wooram , Sadhu Bodhisatwa 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Millimeter‐wave technology, with its large available bandwidth, promises many new wireless applications, from cellular communications to automotive radar for self‐driving vehicles. The silicon integration of mmWave and phased array technology has opened the door for large‐scale deployment of such systems. This chapter provides an overview tutorial of silicon‐based millimeter‐wave phased arrays and key building blocks.
Inkjet Printed Metal–Organic Frameworks for Non‐Volatile Memory Devices Suitable for Printed RRAM
Authors: Liu Yan , Fischer Franz , Hu Hongrong , Gliemann Hartmut , Natzeck Carsten , Schwotzer Matthias , Rainer Christian , Lemmer Uli , Wöll Christof , Breitung Ben , Aghassi‐Hagmann Jasmin 
Published: December 2024

AbstractInkjet printing has emerged as a promising technique for patterning functional materials, offering significant advantages over traditional subtractive thin‐film methods. Its versatility enables the structuring of various materials, expanding application ranges and minimizing waste through additive manufacturing. However, the limited availability of functional material‐based inks suitable for inkjet printing presents challenges in ink formulation. HKUST‐1, a 3D cubic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) comprised of copper(II) ions coordinated to benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxylate (BTC) organic linkers, known for its porosity and tunability, have potential to enhance inkjet‐printed devices. This study combines inkjet printing and evaporation‐induced crystallization to structure HKUST‐1, marking the first demonstration of nanocrystalline HKUST‐1 integrated into a printed electronic device, specifically a memristor, where the MOF is prepared by inkjet printing of a precursor solution. Memristors, which change their resistance based on the external stimuli history, enabling the construction of resistive random‐access memory (RRAM). The fabricated memristors in this study exhibit notable properties: low forming voltage, an Roff/Ron ratio of 104, a retention time of 600 s, and endurance exceeding 60 write and erase cycles. This research highlights the potential of integrating MOFs into inkjet printing, unlocking broader application possibilities, and advancing additive manufacturing for functional materials.
Lurid Bolete‐Inspired Damage Reporting Coating with Simultaneous Weathering and Corrosion Resistance: Construction Strategy and Real‐Time Degradation Monitoring
Authors: Wang Jinke , Liu Shaopeng , Zhou Yinhan , Yu Siyuan , Chen Zhibin , Li Zongbao , Chen Weiting , Li Ning , Ma Lingwei , Zhang Dawei 
Published: December 2024

AbstractOrganic protective coatings encounter significant challenges in the face of mechanical damage, weathering degradation, and corrosion activities. Developing coatings that feature both autonomous damage reporting and enhanced durability is a promising yet challenging endeavor. In this study, inspired by the “damage coloration” of lurid bolete, a multifunctional smart coating integrating color/fluorescence damage reporting, weathering resistance, and active corrosion protection capabilities is developed by incorporating microcapsules encapsulated with crystal violet lactone (CVL) and cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles into polyurethane (PU) resins. CVL, a damage‐reporting indicator exhibiting both color and fluorescence emission, is encapsulated within PU/poly‐(urea formaldehyde) (PU/UF) microcapsules. CVL is released from the microcapsules upon damage, exhibiting localized fluorescence enhancement under UV irradiation and an intense blue coloration resulting from the chromogenic reaction with CeO2 nanoparticles. In addition to initiating the chromogenic reaction of CVL, the CeO2 nanoparticles confer outstanding weathering resistance and active corrosion protection to the coating matrix through their UV absorption and corrosion inhibition properties. The performance improvement of the composite coating in terms of weathering resistance and corrosion resistance is verified by in situ transmittance testing and real‐time atmospheric corrosion monitoring.
Elastic Yet Strength Triboelectric Aerogel Enabled by Constructing a Supramolecular System
Authors: Wu Xunxiao , Liu Tao , Qiu Yuhang , Hou Zhuli , Cai Chenchen , Li Mingyang , Xu Yanniu , Mou Yakun , Luo Shuwen , Lu Dengjun 
Published: December 2024

AbstractElastic aerogels are ultra‐lightweight, highly porous materials widely used in fields such as sensing, aerospace, and thermal insulation. However, constrained by weak mechanical properties under deformation, the strength and elasticity of aerogels are mutually exclusive and difficult to reconcile. In this study, a triboelectric aerogel with a centripetal structure is constructed using a supramolecular system in combination with ice‐templating, resulting in outstanding mechanical properties (specific strength of 186.67 kN m kg−1) and rapid recovery speed (792 mm s−1). The key to reconciling strength and elasticity lies in multiscale structural synergy, mitigating local stress through controlled inelastic deformation to balance resistance and deformation. A portable triboelectric sensor is developed based on this material, offering motion protection and posture monitoring. This study addresses the challenge of reconciling elasticity and strength in aerogels, providing new insights for designing elastic smart materials.
Cation‐Vacancy‐Induced Reinforced Electrochemical Surface Reconstruction on Spinel Nickel Ferrite for Boosting Water Oxidation
Authors: Li Yuxin , Zhang Zhe , Li Chunguang , Hou Xiangyan , Zeng Jianrong , Chen Xiao‐Bo , Shi Zhan , Feng Shouhua 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSpinel oxides still exhibit unsatisfactory electrocatalytic performance toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) given their low intrinsic activity, poor electronic conductivity, and limited exposure of reaction sites. Defect engineering has garnered intensive attention and become a promising strategy to enhance the reaction kinetics. In this work, spinel NiFe2O4 nanospheres with rich nickel vacancies are prepared via simple one‐pot hydrothermal synthesis. Combined electrochemical measurements and in situ Raman characterization prove that a relatively higher degree of electrochemical surface reconstruction is realized after the introduction of nickel vacancies in NiFe2O4, in addition to boosted OER electrocatalytic performance. Further theoretical calculations also reveal that the cation‐vacancy‐induced effect can reduce the difficulty for surface reconstruction by increasing the octahedral nickel‐oxygen covalency in nickel ferrite. Contributed to the great structural flexibility and optimized electronic structure of the pre‐catalyst, the reconstructed electrocatalyst presents desirable OER performance, accompanied by long durability in alkaline solution. This work provides a sound strategy to intensify surface reconstruction on spinel oxides and design electrocatalysts with high efficiency toward water oxidation.
Developing an in Situ Polyoxovanadate to Vanadium Nitride/Carbon Conversion Strategies in Manufacture Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries Cathode with Ultrahigh Rate Capability
Authors: Bian Yujian , Hu Ruiting , Wang Haiyan , Gong Jiaxin , Liu Weifang , Fu Meiqian , Wang Weiwei , Yan Jun 
Published: December 2024

AbstractVanadium nitride (VN) is considered to have sufficient application potential for energy storage, and in the field of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs), its unique in situ phase transition mechanism is conducive to solving the intrinsic low conductivity, slow kinetics, and poor cycling stability of vanadium‐based materials. In the present study, the nanoscale morphology of VN cathode materials is controlled by cationic modulation of decavanadate precursors. Among them, VN quantum dots/nitrogen‐doped carbon nanosheets (VNQD/NC), which have the prime particle size and uniform distribution on a carbon substrate, show excellent cathode performance after activation. The innovative VNQD/NC composite exhibits high discharge capacity (698 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1), excellent rate performance (498 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1), and excellent stability. The mechanism of the VNQD/NC cathode is investigated by various ex situ means, and researchers actively analyze the source of its excellent electrochemical performance. This work offers an alternative strategy for the preparation of nitride materials and provides insights into the development of high‐performance vanadium‐based cathodes for AZIBs.
Self‐Adapting Oxyanion Armor Achieves Highly Stable and Efficient Seawater Electrolysis at Ampere‐Level Current Densities
Authors: Zhang Xingheng , Zhang Huili , Chen Zengxuan , Chen Xiaodong , Wang Jianye , Wei Shuxian , Liu Siyuan , Wang Zhaojie , Dai Fangna , Wang Maohuai , Lu Xiaoqing 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSeawater electrolysis is an effective way for large‐scale green hydrogen. Nevertheless, the anode suffers from the severe corrosion of Cl− and Br− during oxygen evolution, which gives rise to the issues of narrow‐deep pits and shallow‐wide pits, respectively. Herein, an anti‐corrosion strategy is presented by self‐adapting oxyanion armor to prevent the high valence active sites from Cl− and Br− corrosion. The core–shell FeNi2Se4@NiFe‐Phy is reconstructed to active species NiFeOOH covered by an oxyanion layer composed of phosphoric and carbonate. The aimed anode exhibits remarkable efficiency, achieving current densities of 10 and 200 mA cm−2 at overpotentials of merely 220 and 277 mV, respectively. Notably, it shows unparalleled durability, enduring without any discernible degradation following rigorous testing for 400 h at 400–1000 mA cm−2 in alkaline simulated seawater, as well as natural seawater. A combination of density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations further confirms the bifunctional enhancement of oxyanion armor on NiFeOOH surface. At a current density of 200 mA cm−2, the alkaline seawater electrolyzer has significant energy efficiency, consuming merely 4.61 and 4.27 kWh Nm−3 H2 at room temperature and 80 °C, respectively. This work offers an efficacious surface corrosion resistance strategy for anode protection during seawater electrolysis.
Nano‐Space Confinement Crystal Growth Boosted Hole Extraction in Carbon‐Based CsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Qixian , Wu Yuhang , Wei Xiaozhen , Li Gaofeng , Lv Chunyu , Gao Mangmang , Li Weiping , Zhu Liqun , Lan Yisha , Wang Kexiang , Yin Penggang , Bai Yang , Zhu Cheng , Chen Qi , Liu Huicong , Chen Haining 
Published: December 2024

AbstractCarbon‐based CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells (C‐PSCs) have shown a great promising due to its excellent chemical stability. However, the low hole selectivity and inefficient charge separation at the perovskite/carbon interface suppress their photovoltaic performance. Introducing a low‐dimensional (LD) perovskite structure is anticipated to address the issue but the randomly grown LD perovskite crystals would considerably increase the surface roughness, which not only weakens interface contact for inhibiting hole extraction but also increases the charge transporting length in LD perovskite. Herein, COMSOL Multiphysics simulation is first explored to establish the relation of the LD perovskite structure with the device performance, which suggests that a p‐type and thin LD perovskite capping layer with high coverage is favorable for device performance. To verify the simulation results, a nano‐space confinement (NSC) strategy is proposed to inhibit the vertical growth of 2D Cs2PbI2Cl2 perovskite plates for promoting in‐plane growth, during which a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) layer is pre‐covered on the Cs2PbI2Cl2 nuclear before their growth. Consequently, a well‐covered p‐type Cs2PbI2Cl2 capping layer is deposited on n‐type CsPbI3 perovskite layer, which significantly increases the hole selectivity and enhances charge separation for promoting the efficiency of C‐PSCs to 18.23% with an ultra‐high VOC of 1.161 V.
Emerging Opportunities of Steel‐Based Electrode at Mesoscale Design
Authors: Lv Zepeng , Li Shaolong , Zhang Xuan , Jiang Yinzhu , Sun Wenping , He Jilin , Jiao Shuqiang , Song Jianxun 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe electrochemical water splitting technology, a cornerstone for the production of “green hydrogen”, holds paramount significance in the global pursuit of carbon neutrality. Steel‐based electrocatalysts, when judiciously designed at the mesoscale, emerge as pivotal players in the quest for cost‐effective and highly active catalysts for industrial‐scale deployment. This domain has witnessed remarkable progress in recent times, prompting this review to offer a holistic overview of the design and synthesis methodologies for steel‐based electrocatalysts. The focus of this review lies in three primary aspects: the intricate phase transition design of the exterior layer, the strategic manipulation of 3D steel‐based substrate architectures, and the ingenious coupling of multifarious heterointerfaces. These strategies collectively contribute to the enhancement of catalytic performance. Concluding the discussion, the key insights are briefly summarized and delved into the challenges and prospects surrounding the advancement of steel‐based electrocatalysts for sustainable, large‐scale hydrogen production. Against the strategic backdrop of integrating computational chemistry, paired electrocatalysis, and industrial‐grade high‐current direct electrolysis of seawater, a roadmap is envisioned that aims to overcome existing barriers and propel the field toward new horizons.
Radiation‐Resistant Bacteria Deinococcus radiodurans‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Radioprotectors
Authors: Han Jeong Moo , Mwiti Godfrey , Yeom Seo‐Joon , Lim Jaeyoon , Kim Woo Sik , Lim Sangyong , Lim Seung‐Taik , Byun Eui‐Baek 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe increasing use of radiation presents a risk of radiation exposure, making the development of radioprotectors necessary. In the previous study, it is investigated that Deinococcus radiodurans (R1‐EVs) exert the antioxidative properties. However, the radioprotective activity of R1‐EVs remains unclear. In the present study, the protective effects of R1‐EVs against total body irradiation (TBI)‐induced acute radiation syndrome (ARS) are investigated. To assess R1‐EVs' radioprotective efficacy, ARS is induced in mice with 8 Gy of TBI, and protection against hematopoietic (H)‐ and gastrointestinal (GI)‐ARS is evaluated. The survival rate of irradiated mice group decreases substantially after irradiation. In contrast, pretreatment with R1‐EVs increases the survival rates of the mice. The administration of R1‐EVs provides effective protection against radiation‐induced death of bone marrow cells and splenocytes by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, R1‐EVs protect both intestinal stem and epithelial cells from radiation‐induced apoptosis. R1‐EVs stimulate the production of short‐chain fatty acids in the gastrointestinal tract, suppress proinflammatory cytokines, and increase regulatory T cells in pretreated mice versus the irradiation‐only group. Proteomic analysis shows that the R1‐EV proteome is significantly enriched with proteins involved in oxidative stress response. These findings highlight R1‐EVs as potent radioprotectors with applications against radiation damage and ROS‐mediated diseases.
High‐Efficiency Gold Nanoaggregates for NIR LED‐Driven Sustained Mild Photothermal Therapy Achieving Complete Tumor Eradication and Immune Enhancement
Authors: Qi Ming‐Hui , Wang Dan‐Dan , Qian Wang , Zhang Zhi‐Li , Ao Ya‐Wen , Li Jia‐Mi , Huang Shi‐Wen 
Published: December 2024

AbstractFor millennia, humans have harnessed thermal energy to treat cancer. However, delivering energy to tumor tissues in traditional hyperthermia remains a significant challenge. Nanotechnology has revolutionized this approach, enabling nanomaterials to target tumors precisely and act as internal heat sources. Nanomaterial‐based photothermal therapy employs nano‐photothermal agents to absorb near‐infrared light and convert it into heat, offering non‐invasive, highly controllable, and specific treatment for solid tumors. Nonetheless, achieving complete tumor eradication, preventing recurrence, and ensuring safety continue to be major concerns. To address these issues, sustained mild photothermal therapy (smPTT) is proposed, utilizing gold nanoaggregates (AuNAs) with a high photothermal conversion efficiency (92.8%) in combination with a single irradiation of low‐power (∼0.1 W cm−2) sustained LED light. This method achieved complete tumor eradication in animal models, with no recurrence over long‐term (>180 days) monitoring. This strategy provides superior therapeutic effects compared to mild photothermal therapy and higher safety than high‐temperature photothermal therapy. Additionally, it induces a strong immune response and immune memory, crucial for preventing tumor recurrence and metastasis. This novel approach to photothermal therapy may significantly impact clinical applications for shallow tumor treatment and offer new avenues for immunotherapy.
Self‐Selective (220) Directional Grown Copper Current Collector Design for Cycling‐Stable Anode‐Less Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhan Jun , Deng Lequan , Liu Yaoyao , Hao Mengjiao , Wang Zhaofen , Dong Lu‐Tan , Yang Yushuang , Song Kepeng , Qi Dongqing , Wang Jianjun , Wang Shuhua , Liu Hong , Zhou Weijia , Chen Hao 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAnode‐less lithium metal batteries (ALLMB) are promising candidates for energy storage applications owing to high‐energy‐density and safety characteristics. However, the unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on anode copper current collector (CuCC) leads to poor reversibility of uneven lithium deposition/stripping. Though the well‐known knowledge of lithium salt‐derived inorganic‐rich SEI (iSEI) benefiting uniform lithium deposition, how to design a lithium salt‐philic CuCC with undiscovered salt‐philic facet that favors lithium salt adsorption and catalyzing salt decomposition into iSEI, remains unexplored yet. Here, a self‐selective and iSEI‐catalyzing CuCC design is developed by using lithium salt as surface‐controlling agent in CuCC electrodeposition process, self‐selecting out and guiding unidirectional Cu(220) facet growth as the most salt‐philic facets of CuCC. This self‐selected Cu(220) facet promotes the salt adsorption and formation of salt decomposition‐derived iSEI in battery, thus improving the lithium plating/stripping coulombic efficiency from 99.25% to 99.50% (stable within 400 cycles), and the capacity decay rate of ALLMB is also reduced by 42.4% within 100 cycles. Practical mass‐productivity of this self‐selective CuCC for 350 Wh kg−1 pouch‐cell fabrication is also demonstrated, providing a new self‐selective current collector design strategy for improving selectivity and catalyzation of desired chemical reaction, important for high‐selectivity electrochemical reaction system construction.