bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urine dipsticks are not accurate for detecting mild ketosis during a severely energy restricted diet
Authors: Gibson Alice. A. , Eroglu Elif. I. , Rooney Kieron. , Harper Claudia. , McClintock Sally. , Franklin Janet. , Markovic Tania. P. , Seimon Radhika. V. , Sainsbury Amanda. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryBackgroundDetection of the mild ketosis induced by severely energy‐restricted diets may be a clinically useful way to monitor and promote dietary adherence. Mild ketosis is often assessed using urine dipsticks, but accuracy for this purpose has not been tested.ObjectiveTo determine the accuracy of urine dipsticks to detect mild ketosis during adherence to a severely energy‐restricted diet.MethodsTwo hundred and sixty three (263) fasting urine and 263 fasting blood samples were taken from 50 women (mean [standard deviation, SD] age 58.0 [4.3] years and body mass index 34.3 [2.4] kg/m2) before and at six time points during or for up to 10 weeks after 16 weeks of severe energy restriction, achieved with a total meal replacement diet. The amount of ketones (acetoacetate) in the urine was classified as ‘0 (Negative)’, ‘+/− (Trace)’, ‘+ (Weak)’ or ‘++ (Medium)’ by urine dipsticks (Ketostix, Bayer). The concentration of ketones (β‐hydroxybutyrate) in the blood was measured with our reference method, a portable ketone monitor (FreeStyle Optium, Abbott). The diagnostic accuracy of the urine dipsticks was assessed from the percent of instances when a person was actually ‘in ketosis’ (as defined by a blood β‐hydroxybutyrate concentration at or above three different thresholds) that were also identified by the urine dipsticks as being from a person in ketosis (the percent ‘true positives’ or sensitivity), as well as the percent of instances when a person was not in ketosis (as defined by the blood monitor result) was correctly identified as such with the urine dipstick (the percent ‘true negatives’ or specificity). Thresholds of ≥0.3mM, ≥0.5mM or ≥1.0mM were selected, because mean blood concentrations of β‐hydroxybutyrate during ketogenic diets are approximately 0.5mM. Sensitivity and specificity were then used to generate receiver operating characteristic curves, with the area under these curves indicating the ability of the dipsticks to correctly identify people in ketosis (1 = perfect results, 0.5 = random results).ResultsAt threshold blood β‐hydroxybutyrate concentrations of ≥0.3mM, ≥0.5mM and ≥1.0mM, the sensitivity of the urine dipsticks was 35%, 52% and 76%; the specificity was 100%, 97% and 78%; and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves was 0.67, 0.74 and 0.77, respectively. These low levels of sensitivity mean that 65%, 48% or 24% of the instances when a person was in ketosis were not detected by the urine dipsticks.ConclusionUrine dipsticks are not an accurate or clinically useful means of detecting mild ketosis in people undergoing a severely energy‐restricted diet and should thus not be recommended in clinical treatment protocols. If monitoring of mild ketosis is indicated (eg, to monitor or help promote adherence to a severely energy‐restricted diet), then blood monitors should be used instead.
Efficacy of bioactive compounds and their association with different cowpea cultivars against their major stored pest
Authors: Barbosa Douglas Re S , de Oliveira José V , da Silva Paulo HS , Breda Mariana O , de Andrade Dutra Kamilla , Lopes Fabiana SC , de Araújo Alice MN 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundStored grain insects are controlled with fumigant insecticides which can select resistant insect populations and cause environmental and applicator contamination. Thus, resistant cultivars and chemical constituents of essential oils are an alternative to the almost exclusive use of these insecticides. The effects of the combination of cowpea cultivars Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. with chemical constituents of essential oils against Callosobruchus maculatus were determined. Four cowpea cultivars: BRS Tracuateua, BR 17 Gurgueia, Epace 10 and Sempre Verde (insect rearing) untreated were used in the experiments and combined with chemical constituents of essential oil: eugenol, geraniol and trans‐anethole. The biological parameters observed were: total egg number and eggs per grain, egg viability (%), insects emerged and insects per grain, immature stage viability (%), instantaneous rate of growth (ri), insect dry weight (mg), grain weight loss (%) and egg‐adult period.ResultsWhen comparing all biological parameters, the cultivars BRS Tracuateua and BR 17 Gurgueia were harmful to C. maculatus. In the toxicity tests, the results showed that LC30 and LC50 of the chemical constituents ranged from 54.77 to 103.48 ppm and 60.99 to 125.18 ppm, respectively. In most of the biological parameters, LC50 had adverse effects significantly higher than LC30 and BR 17 Gurgueia treated were harmful to C. maculatus.ConclusionsOverall, the findings showed that BR 17 Gurgueia combined with eugenol and geraniol more significantly affected the biological parameters of C. maculatus than when associated with trans‐anethole, reducing egg number, insects emerged and egg viability. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Mesoporous Carbon Nanotablets Coupled with Mo2C Nanoparticles: Combining Morphology and Structure to Realize High Activity for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Nie Xiaorong , Guo Tianyu , Du Qianqian , Liu Rui , Liu Lu , Zhao Ruihua , Zhang Jie , Du Jianping , Li Jinping 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTransition metal carbide such as molybdenum carbide is most potential alternative to Pt catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A high effective non‐noble metal electrocatalyst synthesized by the facile route isurgently needed. Herein, we designed a facile approach to synthesize molybdenum carbide nanocrystal dispersed on hexagonal carbon nanotablets possessing mesoporous structures. The electrocatalytic activities for HER were studied. The results show that as‐synthesized molybdenum carbide nanocomposites exhibit a superior HER activity and stability, with an overpotential of 176 mV to drive j=10 mA cm−2 in basic solution and a smaller Tafel slope of 52 mV dec−1in acidic medium, implying molybdenum carbide hexagonal nanotablets have a promising application as Pt‐free electrocatalysts for HER. This strategy also opens a new way to fast synthesize other non‐noble metal electrocatalysts for various applications.
Hypervalent Iodine Reagent‐Mediated Selective Vinyl C−H Amidation of 4‐Alkoxystyrenes with Diarylsulfonimides for Preparation of Enamides
Authors: Wang Xia , Liu Hao , Xiang Dehu , Zhang Qian , Li Dong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA selective vinyl C−H amidation of 4‐alkoxystyrenes with diarylsulfonimides has been developed for preparation of enamides. The reaction was mediated by a hypervalent iodine reagent through a radical dearomatization/aromatization process. It proceeded under metal‐free, mild and neutral conditions with good air and moisture tolerance, providing the highly regioselective enamide products in moderate to good yields.
Safety and Efficacy of Bedside Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Placement in the COVID‐19 Era: Initial Experience at a New York City Hospital
Authors: Vigiola Cruz Mariana , Bellorin Omar , Srivatana Vesh , Afaneh Cheguevara 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntroductionAcute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) is common in critically ill patients with COVID‐19. Unparalleled numbers of patients with AKI and shortage of dialysis machines and operative resources prompted consideration of expanded use of urgent‐start peritoneal dialysis (PD) and evaluation of the safety and efficacy of bedside surgical placement of PD catheters.Study designBedside, open PD catheter insertions were performed in early April 2020, at a large academic center in New York City. Patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and AKI and ambulatory patients with chronic kidney disease and impending need for RRT were included. Detailed surgical technique is described.ResultsFourteen catheters were placed at the bedside over 2 weeks, 11 in critically ill COVID‐19 patients and three in ambulatory patients. Mean patient age was 61.9 years (43–83), and mean body mass index was 27.1 (20–37.6); four patients had prior abdominal surgery. All catheters were placed successfully without routine radiographic studies or intraoperative complications. One patient (7%) experienced primary nonfunction of the catheter requiring HD. One patient had limited intraperitoneal bleeding while anticoagulated, which was managed by mechanical compression of the abdominal wall and temporarily holding anticoagulation. All other catheters had an adequate function at 3–18 days of follow‐up.ConclusionsBedside placement of PD catheters is safe and effective in ICU and outpatient clinic settings. Our surgical protocols allowed for optimization of critical hospital resources, minimization of hazardous exposure to healthcare providers and a broader application of urgent‐start PD in selected patients. Long‐term follow‐up is warranted.
What to Propose After Failed Adjustable Gastric Banding: One‐ or Two‐step Procedure?
Authors: Marion Yoann , Eid Yassine , Menahem Benjamin , Lee Bion Adrien , Thobie Alexandre , Alves Arnaud 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundRoux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG) can be proposed in case of failed laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB). The main question is whether the revisional procedure is carried out in one or two stages.ObjectivePostoperative outcomes between the one‐step approach and the two‐step approach of conversion of failed LAGB to RYGB or SG were, respectively, compared.MethodsA systematic review of the literature published until June 2019 was conducted. All studies comparing one‐step and two‐step approaches after failed LAGB were included. Primary outcomes include both mortality and morbidity at 30 days postoperatively according to Dindo–Clavien classification. Among the studies included, a random effect model was used with Review Manager 5.3 (Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK).ResultsA total of 3895 patients had conversion of failed LAGB to RYGB (n = 3214) or SG (n = 681), respectively. The conversion was carried out in one‐step (n = 2767) or two‐step (n = 1128) approaches. Meta‐analysis did not show statistical difference for overall morbidity rate (OR = 1.01, 95%CI = 0.78–1.30, p = 0.96) whether it is for SG (OR = 1.25, 95%CI = 0.73–2.14, p = 0.42) or RYGB (OR = 0.94, 95%CI = 0.71–1.26, p = 0.69) and for major postoperative morbidity (OR = 0.96, 95%CI = 0.59–1.56, p = 0.87) whether it is for SG (OR = 0.66, 95%CI = 0.22–1.97, p = 0.46) or RYGB (OR = 1.05, 95%CI = 0.61–1.81, p = 0.86). Moreover, there was no statistical difference for specific morbidity rate including reoperation, leak, abscess, postoperative bleeding, and late postoperative complications.LimitationsGiven the retrospective nature of the studies, these results should be interpreted with caution.ConclusionThis updated meta‐analysis suggests that conversion of failed LAGB to RYGB or SG can be safely performed in one‐step or two‐step approaches.
Crohn’s disease: prevalence, MR features, and clinical significance of enteric and colonic sinus tracts
Authors: Scharitzer Martina , Koizar Bernd , Vogelsang Harald , Bergmann Michael , Primas Christian , Weber Michael , Schima Wolfgang , Mang Thomas 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Enteric and colonic sinus tracts are inflammatory complications that precede intestinal fistulas in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). The aim of this study was to retrospectively determine the prevalence, morphologic features, and outcome of sinus tracts using MR imaging.

Methods
A consecutive cohort of 642 patients with known CD, referred for MR enterography or MR enteroclysis (study period 01/2014–09/2019), was evaluated retrospectively for the presence of sinus tracts, their locations, presence and length of coexisting strictures, bowel wall thickness, CDMI score, upstream dilation, and bowel distension. Clinical outcome was assessed using medical records. For metric data, means and standard deviation, as well as one-way ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, were calculated.

Results
In 36/642 patients with CD undergoing MRE, 49 sinus tracts (forty in small intestine, nine in left-sided colon) were detected with a prevalence of 6.9% in patients with MR-visible signs of CD (n = 519, overall prevalence of 5.6%). Mean segmental bowel wall thickness was 8.9 mm, and mean CDMI score was 9.3. All sinus tracts were located within a stenotic segment, showing mesenteric orientation within the small bowel and upstream dilation in 13 patients. Of 36 patients, 19 underwent immediate surgery and seven developed clinical progression within the segment containing the sinus tract.

Conclusions
Sinus tracts occur in 6.9% of patients with visible signs of CD. They are located within stenotic, severely thickened bowel segments with high MR inflammation scores. Their detection is clinically important, because they indicate a more aggressive phenotype and, if left untreated, may show severe progression.

Key Points
• Sinus tracts occur in 6.9% of patients with MR-visible signs of Crohn’s disease.
• Sinus tracts are a radiological indicator of early penetrating Crohn’s disease, with a high risk of progression, and require dedicated treatment.
• Sinus tracts can be recognized by characteristic findings and typically occur in stenotic, severely thickened bowel segments with high MR inflammation scores.
EEG Theta/Beta Ratio Neurofeedback Training in Healthy Females
Authors: van Son Dana , van der Does Willem , Band Guido P. H. , Putman Peter 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA growing number of studies suggest that EEG theta/beta ratio (TBR) is inversely related to executive cognitive control. Neurofeedback training aimed at reducing TBR (TBR NFT) might provide a tool to study causality in this relation and might enhance human performance. To investigate whether TBR NFT reduces TBR in healthy participants. Twelve healthy female participants were assigned (single blind) to one of three groups. Groups differed on baseline durations and one group received only sham NFT. TBR NFT consisted of eight or fourteen 25-min sessions. No evidence was found that TBR NFT had any effect on TBR. The current TBR NFT protocol is possibly ineffective. This is in line with a previous study with a different protocol.
Factor Xa Inhibition with Apixaban Does Not Influence Cardiac Remodelling in Rats with Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Yurista Salva R. , Silljé Herman H. W. , Nijholt Kirsten T. , Dokter Martin M. , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , de Boer Rudolf A. , Westenbrink B. Daan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Heart failure (HF) is considered to be a prothrombotic condition and it has been suggested that coagulation factors contribute to maladaptive cardiac remodelling via activation of the protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). We tested the hypothesis that anticoagulation with the factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor apixaban would ameliorate cardiac remodelling in rats with HF after myocardial infarction (MI).

Methods and Results
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were either subjected to permanent ligation of the left ascending coronary artery (MI) or sham surgery. The MI and sham animals were randomly allocated to treatment with placebo or apixaban in the chow (150 mg/kg/day), starting 2 weeks after surgery. Cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography and histological and molecular markers of cardiac hypertrophy were assessed in the left ventricle (LV). Apixaban resulted in a fivefold increase in anti-FXa activity compared with vehicle, but no overt bleeding was observed and haematocrit levels remained similar in apixaban- and vehicle-treated groups. After 10 weeks of treatment, LV ejection fraction was 42 ± 3% in the MI group treated with apixaban and 37 ± 2 in the vehicle-treated MI group (p > 0.05). Both vehicle- and apixaban-treated MI groups also displayed similar degrees of LV dilatation, LV hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis. Histological and molecular markers for pathological remodelling were also comparable between groups, as was the activity of signalling pathways downstream of the PAR1 receptor.

Conclusion
FXa inhibition with apixaban does not influence pathological cardiac remodelling after MI. These data do not support the use of FXa inhibitor in HF patients with the aim to amend the severity of HF.
Is cellular energy monitoring more responsive to hypoxia than pulse oximetry?
Authors: Hatch Guy M. , Ashbrook Liza , Prather Aric A. , Krystal Andrew D. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Pulse oximetry is the current standard for detecting drops in arterial blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) associated with obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea events in polysomnographic (PSG) testing. However, cellular energy monitoring (CE monitoring), a measure related to cellular hypoxia in the skin, is likely to be more responsive to inadequate breathing during sleep because during hypoxic challenge, such as occurs during apneic events, regulatory mechanisms restrict blood flow to the skin to preferentially maintain SpO2 for more vital organs. We carried out initial proof of concept testing to determine if CE monitoring has promise for being more responsive to hypoxic challenge occurring during sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) than pulse oximetry.

Methods
We assessed both CE monitoring and pulse oximetry in a series of conditions which affect oxygen supply: (1) breathing nitrogen or 100% oxygen, (2) physical exertion, and (3) studying a night of sleep in an individual known to be a loud snorer. We also present the results of a preliminary study comparing CE monitoring to pulse oximetry in eight individuals undergoing standard clinical overnight polysomnography for suspected SDB.

Results
CE monitoring is responsive to changes in cellular oxygen supply to the skin and detects hypoxia during SDB events that is not detected by pulse oximetry.

Conclusion
CE monitoring is a promising tool for identifying pathology at the mild end of the SDB spectrum.
INNER AMENABLE GROUPOIDS AND CENTRAL SEQUENCES
Authors: KIDA YOSHIKATA , TUCKER-DROB ROBIN 
Published: May 2020

We introduce inner amenability for discrete probability-measure-preserving (p.m.p.) groupoids and investigate its basic properties, examples, and the connection with central sequences in the full group of the groupoid or central sequences in the von Neumann algebra associated with the groupoid. Among other things, we show that every free ergodic p.m.p. compact action of an inner amenable group gives rise to an inner amenable orbit equivalence relation. We also obtain an analogous result for compact extensions of equivalence relations that either are stable or have a nontrivial central sequence in their full group.
Effects of Chinese word structure on object categorization in Chinese–English bilinguals
Authors: PAN XUAN , JARED DEBRA 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTWe investigated how verbal labels affect object categorization in bilinguals. In English, most nouns do not provide linguistic clues to their categories (an exception issunflower), whereas in Chinese, some nouns provide category information morphologically (e.g., 鸵鸟-ostrichand 知更鸟-robinhave the morpheme鸟-birdin their Chinese names), while some nouns do not (e.g., 企鹅-penguinand 鸽子-pigeon). We examined the effect of Chinese word structure on bilinguals’ categorization processes in two ERP experiments. Chinese–English bilinguals and English monolinguals judged the membership of atypical (e.g.,ostrich,penguin) vs. typical (e.g.,robin,pigeon) pictorial (Experiment 1) and English word (Experiment 2) exemplars of categories (e.g.,bird). English monolinguals showed typicality effects in RT data, and in the N300 and N400 of ERP data, regardless of whether the object name had a category cue in Chinese. In contrast, Chinese–English bilinguals showed a larger typicality effect for objects without category cues in their name than objects with cues, even when they were tested in English. These results demonstrate that linguistic information in bilinguals’ L1 has an effect on their L2 categorization processes. The findings are explained using the label-feedback hypothesis.
Information structure in language acquisition. Production and comprehension of (in)definite articles by German-speaking children
Authors: FUCHS Julia , DOMAHS Ulrike , KAUSCHKE Christina 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe present study investigates the production and comprehension of indefinite and definite articles as markers of givenness by typically-developing German-speaking children, from the perspective of information structure theory. The study involves 93 typically-developing children aged four to seven years old with normal language-skills and 20 adults. The results of a story-narration task and a truth-value judgment task reveal that children have more problems with new than with given referents in production as well as comprehension suggesting a “given better than new”-pattern. These findings are explained in the context of perspective-taking capacities and cue weighting theory.
Factors influencing dietary behaviours in urban food environments in Africa: a systematic mapping review
Authors: Osei-Kwasi Hibbah , Mohindra Aarti , Booth Andrew , Laar Amos , Wanjohi Milka , Graham Fiona , Pradeilles Rebecca , Cohen Emmanuel , Holdsworth Michelle 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjective:To identify factors influencing dietary behaviours in urban food environments in Africa and identify areas for future research.Design:We systematically reviewed published/grey literature (protocol CRD4201706893). Findings were compiled into a map using a socio-ecological model on four environmental levels: individual, social, physical and macro.Setting:Urban food environments in Africa.Participants:Studies involving adolescents and adults (11–70 years, male/female).Results:Thirty-nine studies were included (six adolescent, fifteen adolescent/adult combined and eighteen adult). Quantitative methods were most common (twenty-eight quantitative, nine qualitative and two mixed methods). Studies were from fifteen African countries. Seventy-seven factors influencing dietary behaviours were identified, with two-thirds at the individual level (45/77). Factors in the social (11/77), physical (12/77) and macro (9/77) environments were investigated less. Individual-level factors that specifically emerged for adolescents included self-esteem, body satisfaction, dieting, spoken language, school attendance, gender, body composition, pubertal development, BMI and fat mass. Studies involving adolescents investigated social environment-level factors more, for example, sharing food with friends. The physical food environment was more commonly explored in adults, for example, convenience/availability of food. Macro-level factors associated with dietary behaviours were food/drink advertising, religion and food prices. Factors associated with dietary behaviour were broadly similar for men and women.Conclusions:The dominance of studies exploring individual-level factors suggests a need for research to explore how social, physical and macro-level environments drive dietary behaviours of adolescents and adults in urban Africa. More studies are needed for adolescents and men, and studies widening the geographical scope to encompass all African countries.