bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic knee valgus in competitive alpine skiers: Observation from youth to elite and influence of biological maturation
Authors: Ellenberger Lynn , Oberle Felix , Lorenzetti Silvio , Frey Walter O. , Snedeker Jess G. , Spörri Jörg 
Published: March 2020

Numerous studies investigated the association between dynamic knee valgus and injury risk in post‐pubertal and elite athletes; however, normative reference scores for competitive alpine skiers and observations on the development process throughout and beyond athletes' growth spurt are lacking. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the dynamic knee valgus of competitive alpine skiers during drop jump landings (DJ) and single‐leg squats (SLS) with respect to sex, sportive level, and biological maturation. Thirty‐seven elite and 104 youth competitive alpine skiers around the growth spurt (U15) were examined for their maximal medial knee displacement (MKD) during DJ and SLS by a marker‐based 3D motion analysis evaluating dynamic knee valgus. Additionally, skiers' age, anthropometry and biological maturation were assessed. MKD of youth and elite alpine skiers during DJ was comparable and did not improve with increasing training age. Female U15 skiers (on average further matured) had significantly larger MKD values during DJ than male U15 skiers (less matured) (P < .01). Moreover, MKD during DJ was directly associated with the athlete's individual biological maturation status. MKD values obtained from DJ significantly differed from those obtained during SLS (P < .01). The gender‐specific difference in MKD values during DJ and their relationship with maturity offset highlight the fundamental changes to the neuromuscular control system during the growth spurt. Thus, biological maturation needs to be considered as a confounding factor for knee valgus screening. Caution is required when evaluating MKD by using high‐ and low‐dynamic tasks, as corresponding information can differ.
Social capital and the impact of the recent economic crisis: Comparing the effects of economic and fiscal policy developments
Authors: Hörisch Felix , Obert Peter 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this contribution, we offer an analysis that evaluates the impact of the recent financial and economic crisis on social capital. An economic crisis offers a unique chance to study people's associational lives, volunteering, network‐making, and trust‐building under duress. Theoretical perspectives on the relationship between social capital and economic development emphasize a reciprocal relationship between the two. Therefore, we hypothesize that if economic performance is compromised, this might lead to an erosion of social capital. More importantly, however, we also argue that states can actively intervene by means of fiscal policy measures. We will illustrate our approach by comparing 29 Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development countries before and after the crisis. Using qualitative comparative analysis, we demonstrate that imperatives related to fiscal policy stimuli provide leverage on social capital development.
Relationships of Horizontalism and Hierarchy: Exploring Divergent Forms of Sociopolitical Trust
Authors: Williams Dana M. 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivePropose a conceptualization of trust that acknowledges varying levels of power between trusting partners. The weak, positive statistical correlation between social and political trust conceals very different experiences of trust. While many people possess either high or low levels of both forms of trust, others have divergent levels of the two forms of trust. Present a simple typology of sociopolitical trust that categorizes individuals as trusters, distrusters, hierarchicalists, and horizontalists.MethodsExploratory analysis of United States using the World Values Survey. Multivariate analysis of sociopolitical trust's effect upon protest and voting.ResultsAmericans have low levels of political trust and higher levels of social trust. Protesters possess social trust and political distrust, and voters are both social and political trusters.ConclusionThe combination of social trust and political trust impacts public participation preferences. Protesters embody a libertarian‐socialist orientation toward sociopolitical trust, while voters possess a social‐democrat orientation.
Crack path tracking from full field measurements: A novel empirical methodology
Authors: Feld‐Payet Sylvia , Le Besnerais Guy , Bonnand Vincent , Pacou Didier , Thiercelin Léo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe identification of crack growth models requires the knowledge of the crack path geometry and, in particular, of the crack tip position. The objective of the present paper is to provide a criterion for the detection of the crack tip position regardless of the loading conditions or the material behavior. The novelty of the proposed approach is its ability to provide a good estimation of the crack tip even when large plastic deformations occur. The proposed empirical criterion uses the evolution of the displacement gradient standard deviation along a potential crack path to locate the crack tip. It thus relies on full field measures that are relatively smooth while providing accurate displacement vectors even close to the lips. We successfully apply the proposed criterion in two cases of fatigue crack growth: A straight crack at high temperature and a curved crack at room temperature involving large plastic deformations.
No evidence of transfusion transmitted sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease: results from a bi‐national cohort study
Authors: Holmqvist Jacob , Wikman Agneta , Pedersen Ole Birger Vesterager , Nielsen Kaspar René , Rostgaard Klaus , Hjalgrim Henrik , Edgren Gustaf 
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUNDCreutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (CJD) is an uncommon, invariably fatal, neurodegenerative disorder that presents as progressive dementia with concurrent motor symptoms and myoclonia. The pathophysiology involves prion protein misfolding and spreading in a self‐catalyzed manner. It has been shown to be transmissible through tissue transplants. Variant CJD (vCJD), a subtype of the disease is also transmissible through transfusion of blood products. This study aims to corroborate the scarce data that suggest that sporadic CJD (sCJD) is not transmitted via blood transfusion.METHODS AND STUDY DESIGNA retrospective cohort study was performed, using data from the bi‐national Scandinavian Donations and Transfusions (SCANDAT2) database containing data on blood donors, donations, transfusions, and transfused patients in Sweden and Denmark since 1968 and 1982, respectively. Mortality and medical data were collected from nationwide health care and population registries. Donors with subsequent CJD were identified, as well as recipients of blood products from these donors. A second analysis was performed, screening for clustering of CJD cases from donors without a CJD diagnosis.RESULTSWe identified 39 donors with a subsequent diagnosis of sCJD. No cases of CJD occurred among the 883 recipients of blood products from these donors. A total of 89 CJD cases were identified among recipients of transfusions. No clustering of cases from the same donor occurred.DISCUSSIONUsing data from a large, bi‐national database of transfused patients, we find no evidence of sCJD transmission. Our data adds to the growing body of evidence indicating that sCJD is not transfusion transmitted.
Long interspersed nucleotide element‐1 hypomethylation in canine malignant mucosal melanoma
Authors: Ishizaki Teita , Yamazaki Jumpei , Meagawa Shinji , Yokoyama Nozomu , Aoshima Keisuke , Takiguchi Mitsuyoshi , Kimura Takashi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCanine malignant melanoma is a common cancer with a high mortality rate and is a clinically important disease. DNA methylation has been considered to be a potential tumorigenic mechanism through aberrant DNA methylation at promoter region which represses gene transcription. Global hypomethylation could also facilitate chromosome instability. There are few reports regarding DNA methylation in canine malignant melanoma; therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine DNA methylation status of long interspersed nucleotide element‐1 (LINE‐1) to be a surrogate marker of genome‐wide methylation changes in this disease. We measured levels of DNA methylation of two adjacent cytosine‐guanine sites on CpG island (CGI) at the putative promoter of canine LINE‐1 sequence by bisulphite‐pyrosequencing in 41 canine melanoma patient samples as well as six cell lines compared with normal mucosae. The survival rates were obtained from owners or medical records. We found DNA methylation levels of LINE‐1 in normal mucosae were methylated. Interestingly, both melanoma cell lines and clinical melanoma samples showed remarkable hypomethylation. In addition, patients with lower LINE‐1 methylation showed worse prognosis than those with higher LINE‐1 methylation, though the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = .09). Here, we demonstrate that hypomethylation of LINE‐1 is an epigenetically aberrant feature in canine melanoma with possible prognostic value.
Evaluation of the Element point‐of‐care blood gas analyzer for use in horses
Authors: Krueger Clarisa R. , Hackett Eileen S. , Hess Ann M. , Mama Khursheed R. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the Element point‐of‐care (POC) portable blood gas analyzer with a laboratory‐based bench‐top reference analyzer using whole blood samples obtained from horses presenting to a referral center with various disorders in order to determine agreement between these analyzers.DesignProspective clinical study.SettingThe study was conducted at a university teaching hospital at moderate altitude.AnimalsOne hundred paired samples from 80 horses >1 year of age were collected after obtaining informed client consent. Fifty paired samples were from patients admitted for elective procedures and considered to be healthy, and 50 paired samples were emergency admissions and considered to be critically ill.Measurements and Main ResultsPaired whole blood samples were evaluated on both the Element POC and Radiometer ABL 800 FLEX analyzers simultaneously, and results were compared. Pearson correlation coefficients between analyzers were calculated. To assess agreement, scatter and Bland–Altman plots were evaluated, and mean difference and 95% limits of agreement were calculated for each analyte. Correlation was either good (0.8–0.92) or excellent (>0.93) for the majority of analytes. All analytes apart from hemoglobin had acceptable agreement, with ≥80% of individual results within agreement targets. Precision targets were acceptable for most analytes, with partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and calcium (Ca2+) exceeding precision targets.ConclusionsThe portable Element POC system had acceptable agreement with the ABL 800 FLEX bench‐top analyzer currently in use at the study center when evaluating the majority of analytes from equine whole blood samples.
The Impact of Education on Fluid Intelligence
Authors: Sanginabadi Bahram 
Published: March 2020

Fluid intelligence, which refers to the ability of a person to solve novel problems independent of previously acquired knowledge, is a highly crucial factor in learning and has a big impact on educational and professional success. However, the impacts of formal education on fluid intelligence has been neglected in the literature. In this paper, we apply an exogenous variation in years of schooling to explore the impacts of education on fluid intelligence. From 1971 to the end of 1973, the global price of crude oil increased over 400%. Such an increase in oil price improved the revenue of the Indonesian government from oil production. Indonesia invested most of the new income on central government’s construction projects famous as “Presidential Instructions” (INPRES), which aimed to improve regional equity in the country. The largest INPRES program, known as Sekolah Dasar INPRES, also remains the largest school construction project in history. The government built over 60 thousand elementary schools all over the country from 1973 to 1978. Duflo (2001) studies the impacts of the program on years of education. We have received INPRES data from Duflo and combined it with the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), which contains individual cognitive ability tests. This dataset represents 83% of the population of 13 out of 26 Indonesian provinces. The results show positive and statistically significant impacts of years of schooling on the fluid intelligence of both females and males.
Increased oxygenation in the non‐contracting forearm muscle during contralateral skilful hand movement
Authors: Asahara Ryota , Ishii Kei , Okamoto Izumi , Sunami Yuki , Hamada Hironobu , Kataoka Tsuyoshi , Ohshita Wakana , Watanabe Tae , Matsukawa Kanji 
Published: March 2020

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
When performing skilful hand movement, motor command descends especially towards distal arm muscles. Does central command evoke a vascular response selectively in the distal arm muscles during skilful hand movement?
What is the main finding and its importance?
We found, using near‐infrared spectroscopy, that unilateral skilful hand movement evoked a greater increase in oxygenation of the contralateral forearm muscle compared with that of the upper arm muscles. Mental imagery of the hand movement also increased oxygenation of the forearm muscle. These findings suggest that central command might contribute to the vasodilator response in the non‐contracting forearm muscle during contralateral skilful hand movement.AbstractThe human hand is a special organ to perform skilful movement in daily life. To meet metabolic demands of the working distal arm muscles, central command might evoke neurogenic vasodilatation in the muscles. Based on our previous demonstration that a centrally generated vasodilator signal is transmitted bilaterally to skeletal muscles during exercise, centrally induced vasodilatation might occur in the non‐contracting distal arm muscles during contralateral skilful hand movement. To examine this possibility, we used near‐infrared spectroscopy to measure the relative concentrations of oxygenated haemoglobin (Oxy‐Hb; as an index of regional blood flow) in the non‐contracting arm muscles during skilful hand movement (two‐ball rotation) in 22 subjects. Two‐ball rotation increased Oxy‐Hb of both forearm and upper arm muscles, with little changes in perfusion pressure and cardiac output. The increased Oxy‐Hb was greater in the forearm muscle than in the upper arm muscles. The increased Oxy‐Hb of the forearm muscle during two‐ball rotation was greater than that during one‐armed cranking performed with no load. Mental imagery of two‐ball rotation increased Oxy‐Hb of the forearm and biceps muscles. The increases in Oxy‐Hb of both forearm and upper arm muscles during two‐ball rotation were reduced by decreasing the level of task difficulty. Intravenous administration of atropine attenuated the increases in Oxy‐Hb of the arm muscles during two‐ball rotation. It is likely that contralateral skilful hand movement evokes a selective increase in Oxy‐Hb of the non‐contracting forearm muscle via a sympathetic cholinergic mechanism and that the increase in oxygenation might be mediated, at least in part, by central command.
sMF-BO-2CoGP: A Sequential Multi-Fidelity Constrained Bayesian Optimization Framework for Design Applications
Authors: Tran Anh , Wildey Tim , McCann Scott 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Bayesian optimization (BO) is an efiective surrogate-based method that has been widely used to optimize simulation-based applications. While the traditional Bayesian optimization approach only applies to single-fidelity models, many realistic applications provide multiple levels of fidelity with various computational complexity and predictive capability. In this work, we propose a multi-fidelity Bayesian optimization method for design applications with both known and unknown constraints. The proposed framework, called sMF-BO-2CoGP, is built on a multi-level CoKriging method to predict the objective function. An external binary classifier, which we approximate using a separate CoKriging model, is used to distinguish between feasible and infeasible regions. The sMF-BO-2CoGP method is demonstrated using a series of analytical examples, and a fiip-chip application for design optimization to minimize the deformation due to warping under thermal loading conditions.
Measurement of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients With Supercritical CO2 Using the Wilson-Plot Technique
Authors: Black Jim , Straub Doug , Robey Ed , Yip Joe , Ramesh Sridharan , Roy Arnab , Searle Matthew 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper describes the measurement of convective heat transfer coefficients and friction factors for sCO2 flowing in a smooth tube and compares the results with published correlations for validation. The paper also describes the Heat Exchange and Experimental Testing (HEET) rig recently designed and built at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DoE’s) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) in Morgantown, WV. The Wilson-plot technique used for measuring the heat transfer coefficients is described along with the data reduction process. The Wilson-plot technique was chosen as the basis for the design of NETL’s HEET rig. Advantages of the Wilson-plot technique include the (1) ability to measure high convective heat transfer coefficients accurately, (2) ability to measure average heat transfer coefficient for complicated heat exchange geometries like those produced using additive manufacturing, (3) ability to measure heat transfer coefficients on both sides of a heat exchanger independently, and (4) simplicity of experimental setup. Capabilities of the HEET rig include pressure to 24 MPa (3500 psig), temperature to 538 °C (1000 °F), mass flow rate to 1.5 kg/s (3 lb/s), and Re to 500,000. The rig is designed to operate with pure CO2 or a mixture of CO2 and up to 10% N2 by volume to study the impact of gas mixtures typical of direct-fired sCO2 power cycles on the convective heat transfer and pressure drop. Preliminary tests in the HEET rig were performed with smooth stainless-steel tube and pure CO2, and the results were compared with published correlations for Nusselt number (Nu) and friction factor. Over a Reynolds number (Re) range from 58,000 to 228,000, measured Nu was compared to predictions using the Dittus and Boelter equation (Kreith and Bohn, 1993, “Principles of Heat Transfer, West Publishing Company”) within 5% and measured friction factors were compared to predictions using the McAdams correlation (“McAdams, 1954, “Heat Transmission,” 3rd ed., McGraw Hill, New York)” for smooth tube to be within 5%.
A Novel Model for Well Production Performance Estimate in Low-Permeability and Tight Reservoirs Considering Stress Sensitivity
Authors: Dong Mingda , Shi Xuedong , bai Jie , Yang Zhilong , Qi Zhilin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Stress sensitivity phenomenon is an important property in low-permeability and tight reservoirs and has a large impact on the productivity of production wells, which is defined as the effect of effective stress on the reservoir parameters such as permeability, threshold pressure gradient, and rock compressibility change accordingly. Most of the previous works are focused on the effect of effective stress on permeability and threshold pressure gradient, while rock compressibility is critical of stress sensitivity but rarely noticed. A series of rock compressibility measurement experiments have been conducted, and the quantitative relationship between effective stress and rock compressibility is accurately described in this paper. In the experiment, the defects in previous experiments were eliminated by using a new-type core holder. The results show that as the effective stress increases, the rock compressibility becomes lower. Then, a stress sensitivity model that considers the effect of effective stress on rock compressibility is established due to the experimental results. The well performance of a vertical well estimated by this model shows when considering the effect of effective stress on the rock compressibility, the production rate and recovery factor are larger than those without considering it. Moreover, the effect of porosity and confining pressure on the productivity of a vertical well is also studied and discussed in this paper. The results show that the productivity of a vertical well decreases with the increase in overburden pressure, and increases with the increase in the porosity.
The Streptococcal Protease SpeB Antagonizes the Biofilms of the Human PathogenStaphylococcus aureusUSA300 through Cleavage of the Staphylococcal SdrC Protein
Authors: Carothers Katelyn E. , Liang Zhong , Mayfield Jeffrey , Donahue Deborah L. , Lee Mijoon , Boggess Bill , Ploplis Victoria A. , Castellino Francis J. , Lee Shaun W. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTStreptococcus pyogenes, or group AStreptococcus(GAS), is both a pathogen and an asymptomatic colonizer of human hosts and produces a large number of surface-expressed and secreted factors that contribute to a variety of infection outcomes. The GAS-secreted cysteine protease SpeB has been well studied for its effects on the human host; however, despite its broad proteolytic activity, studies on how this factor is utilized in polymicrobial environments are lacking. Here, we utilized various forms of SpeB protease to evaluate its antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties against the clinically important human colonizerStaphylococcus aureus, which occupies niches similar to those of GAS. For our investigation, we used a skin-tropic GAS strain, AP53CovS+, and its isogenic ΔspeBmutant to compare the production and activity of native SpeB protease. We also generated active and inactive forms of recombinant purified SpeB for functional studies. We demonstrate that SpeB exhibits potent biofilm disruption activity at multiple stages ofS. aureusbiofilm formation. We hypothesized that the surface-expressed adhesin SdrC inS. aureuswas cleaved by SpeB, which contributed to the observed biofilm disruption. Indeed, we found that SpeB cleaved recombinant SdrCin vitroand in the context of the fullS. aureusbiofilm. Our results suggest an understudied role for the broadly proteolytic SpeB as an important factor for GAS colonization and competition with other microorganisms in its niche.IMPORTANCEStreptococcus pyogenes(GAS) causes a range of diseases in humans, ranging from mild to severe, and produces many virulence factors in order to be a successful pathogen. One factor produced by many GAS strains is the protease SpeB, which has been studied for its ability to cleave and degrade human proteins, an important factor in GAS pathogenesis. An understudied aspect of SpeB is the manner in which its broad proteolytic activity affects other microorganisms that co-occupy niches similar to that of GAS. The significance of the research reported herein is the demonstration that SpeB can degrade the biofilms of the human pathogenStaphylococcus aureus, which has important implications for how SpeB may be utilized by GAS to successfully compete in a polymicrobial environment.