bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assay of Amphetamine in Formulations with Thyroid, Phenobarbital, Atropine, and Aloin
Authors: Mccullough Robert W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The USP XVII partition-chromatographic method was found unsuitable for the assay of amphetamine in commercial formulations with thyroid, phenobarbital, atropine, and aloin. A method employing distillation, extraction, and ultraviolet absorbance measurement was applied to the determination of amphetamine in eight samples of such commercial preparations. Results ranged from 95.6 to 102.0% of the label declarations. Standard recoveries of amphetamine from solutions and simulated tablet mixtures averaged 99.0%. A collaborative study was completed for two authentic tablet mixtures and two commercial preparations. Collaborators' results are reported in duplicate, based on two different methods of correction for general background absorption. Recoveries for the two tablet mixtures averaged 96.4 ± 1.8 and 98.8 ± 2.8%, respectively. Results for the commercial tablets averaged 95.3 ± 1.2 and 94.9 ± 1.4% of the respective label declarations. The method based on AA correction is recommended for adoption as official first action.
Microcoulometric Gas Chromatography: Improvements in Instrumentation
Authors: Giuffrida Laura , Ives N Fred 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Microcoulometric gas chromatography has been available for many years for the specific determination of chlorine and sulfur in pesticides and other compounds. The less specific electron capture has been more widely used in many cases because of its higher sensitivity and also because it is decidedly easier to operate. For more functional microcoulometric equipment, changes have been made that simplify connections and reduce dead volume. The substitution of air as the carrier gas has been successful as well as practical. Additional aspects have been examined for optimum and efficient application of this system.
Collaborative Study on a Modified STPB Method for K2O in Fertilizers
Authors: Hambleton Larry G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted on a modification of the official STPB method for K2O in fertilizers, 2.085. The modified method uses an aliquot from the direct available P2O5 extract, thus eliminating a separate sample weighing and solution preparation. Results by the modified method and by the official STPB method from 13 laboratories on four fertilizer samples and a potassium dihydrogen phosphate standard are reported and evaluated. The modification of the official method is recommended for adoption as official first action.
m-SuIfobenzaldehyde in FD&C Violet No. 1
Authors: Marmion Daniel M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An unknown substance present in FD&C Violet No. 1 has been identified as m-sulfobenzaldehyde containing a small amount of p-sulfobenzaldehyde. Identification is based on the coincidence of the UV, IR, and NMR spectra of the unknown, as well as the chromatographic retention volume of the unknown, with those of m-sulfobenzaldehyde. The presence of some p-sulfobenzaldehyde is shown by NMR data. A method is also described for the determination of m-sulfobenzaldehyde and the estimation of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, p-dimethylaminobenzoic acid, and ethylbenzylanilinesulfonic acid.
Fluorometric Analysis of Selenium in Plants
Authors: Olson O E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A previously reported method for the determination of Se in biological materials has been slightly modified for use on plant materials. Based on a wet digestion and measurement of the fluorescence of the piazselenol formed on reaction with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene, the method as used is sensitive to about 0.02 μg Se. The results of several studies of the method, including a collaborative study, are reported. This method is recommended for adoption as official first action.
Extraction and Analysis of Aflatoxins from Cured and Aged Meats
Authors: Bullerman Lloyd B , Hartman Paul A , Ayres John C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method is presented that is suitable for the analysis of aflatoxins in meats. Ham, bacon, salami, and fresh beef were treated with four levels of aflatoxins, and the toxins were recovered by chloroform extraction. A silica gel column was used to partially purify the chloroform extract, when necessary, and the aflatoxin levels were quantitatively measured by visual comparison with aflatoxin standards on TLC plates. Concentrations of aflatoxin B1 in meat as low as 2.5 ppb could be detected with this method.
Paper Chromatographic Detection of Adulteration in Dark Colored Fruit Juices
Authors: Fitelson J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Individual and collaborative tests were made to demonstrate the differences between fat values obtained by the “washed” and “unwashed” methods and to define the crude fat method that yields the true fat values. In an individual study on 18 samples and in a collaborative test by 7 participants on 20 commercial feed samples, the fat values by the two methods were identical on many samples; the washed method yielded lower fat values on certain samples and higher values on other samples. The differences were as much as –49% or +64%. The results were statistically evaluated. Based on these results, it is recommended that a statement be included in method 22.033 for aqueous extraction of samples containing large quantities of water-soluble substances prior to the fat determination.
Dessert Gel Strength Testing. II. Collaborative Study
Authors: Borker Emanuel , Sloman Katherine G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Collaborative results on a modified Bloom gelometer method for determining dessert gel strength of gelatin desserts show that the modified method is more precise than 21.012. The modified method uses a lower shot-flow rate (45 g/5 sec compared to 200 g/5 sec), and a different method of sample preparation than the current method. It is recommended that the method described be adopted as official first action to replace 21.012.
Trapping of Dieldrin Lost from Aqueous Algae Cultures
Authors: Wheeler W B 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The treatment given to aqueous solutions containing dieldrin governed the quantity of insecticide lost by co-distillation with water. Co-distilling dieldrin may be effectively trapped on a short length of a common gas chromatographic column packing (5% DC-200 on 80–100 mesh Gas Chrom Q) and easily eluted for quantitation. Algae present in the aqueous medium reduced the loss of insecticide by this mechanism.
Colorimetric Determination of 2,6-Dichloro-4-Nitroaniline (Dichloran) Residues in Foods
Authors: Heagy James A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The colorimetric method of Groves and Chough for determining dichloran residues in food was modified. The modified method uses a Florisil chromatographic column cleanup and a Bratton-Marshall color development procedure. Recoveries ranged from 90 to 100% for eight crops. The method is recommended for further study.
Degradation and Anticarboxylesterase Activity of Disulfoton and Phorate after 60Co Gamma Irradiation
Authors: Grant D L , Sherwood C R , Mccully K A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Disulfoton and phorate were subjected to gamma radiation from 60Co at dose levels of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 Mrad. The inhibition of beef liver carboxylesterases by disulfoton and phorate in vitro was greater with increasing doses of radiation. The degradation of these organophosphorus pesticides was monitored by GLC with electron capture and phosphorus detectors, by TLC with detection by Brilliant green, and by enzyme inhibition with 5-bromoindoxyl acetate as substrate. The pesticides were degraded to the greatest extent in hexane or acetone solution. Less decomposition occurred at low temperatures. The sulfoxide and oxygen analog were present in most irradiated samples. The sulfone, oxygen analog sulfone, and oxygen analog sulfoxide were present in some of the disulfoton and phorate samples which were irradiated with 4 Mrad.
Stability of Chlortetracycline in Pelleted Feeds
Authors: Katz Stanley E , Fassbender Carol A , Hain Leslie J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The stability of chlortetracycline in pelleted feeds was examined. A poultry feed was pelleted and stored at 20, 30, and 40°C a n d compared to the mash of these feeds. The microbiological potencies, total chlortetracycline content, and epichlortetracycline levels were measured over a period of five weeks. The temperature of storage was found to be the greatest factor in the loss of antibiotic potency.
Identification of Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, Silver, and Zinc in Silver Brazing Alloys by Paper Chromatography
Authors: Fitzgerald James W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Metals in silver brazing alloys are detected by paper chromatography on paper treated with di-(2-ethylhexyl) orthophosphoric acid. The developed paper is sprayed with dithizone solution to visualize silver, zinc, and cadmium spots; quercetin solution is used to detect copper and nickel.
Chemical Method for the Determination of Vitamin D in Evaporated Milk With Elimination of Cholesterol by Digitonin Precipitation
Authors: Eisses J , Vries H Dk 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The colorimetric method of Jones et al. for the determination of vitamin D in evaporated milk, based on theUSPXVI method, was modified to obtain a simpler colorimetric measurement and more accurate results. The main modification is the elimination of nearly all cholesterol, according to the procedure of Den Herder for the determination of the sterol content of fats, by precipitation with digitonin in the saponified mass. The Florex column, used in the procedure of Jones et al. for the elimination of decomposition products of vitamin A, was omitted since it gave high blank values; an alumina column was substituted. The resulting method, when applied to samples of evaporated milk to which a known quantity of vitamin D had been added, showed a recovery of 78% with a standard deviation of 6%, using a calibration curve based on crystalline vitamin D. Data from these measurements, as well as data from vitamin D determination on several brands of fortified and unfortified evaporated milk, are presented.
Study of the Performance of Gas Chromatographic Columns Under Severe Injection Loading
Authors: Thompson John F , Walker Annita C , Moseman Robert F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A systematic study was conducted to observe the effect on column performance of a series of 600 consecutive injections of human adipose tissue extract, both cleaned and uncleaned. Ten different column packings were used and included single and mixed nonpolar and polar liquid phases. The column characteristics observed were peak height response, efficiency, on-column conversion of p,p’-DDT to p,p’- DDD, and peak configuration. Repetitive injections of uncleaned and high lipid content human adipose tissue extract resulted in decreased performance of most columns in response, efficiency, and compound conversion. However, all columns could be maintained and restored to full or nearly full performance capacity by daily changing of the glass injection port insert used for off-column injection and the glass wool plug at column inlet.
Collaborative Study of Gas Chromatographic and Infrared Methods for Dacthal Formulations
Authors: Wapensky Lawrence A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Five granular formulations containing approximately 2.4–75.0% Dacthal were sent to seven collaborators for GLC and IR analysis. Acetone and benzene were compared as extraction solvents. In the GLC analysis, Dacthaland hexachlorobenzene (a constituent of the commercial product) were separated on a 10% UC-98 column and detected by a flame ionization detector. Dacthal is determined at the IR absorption at 964 cm–1. The method is recommended for adoption as official first action with benzene as the preferred extraction solvent.
Note on the Analysis ot Chlorate Defoliants and Weed Killers
Authors: Roth Fred J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chlorate moiety in chlorate-containing defoliant and weed killer formulations can be analyzed for conformity to guarantee as follows: quantitative release of available chlorine from hydrochloric acid by the chlorate moiety, release of iodine from a potassium iodide solution by the chlorine, and determination of iodine released by titration with standardized sodium thiosulfate.
High Correlation between Ethanol Concentrations in Postmortem Femoral Blood and in Alternative Biological Specimens, but Large Uncertainty When the Linear Regression Model Was Used for Prediction in Individual Cases
Authors: Thelander G , Kugelberg F C , Jones A W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In connection with medicolegal autopsies peripheral blood (e.g. from a femoral vein) is the specimen of choice for toxicological analysis, although alternative specimens are also sometimes submitted, such as bile, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), vitreous humor (VH), bladder urine, pleural effusions and/or lung fluid. Ethanol concentrations were determined in duplicate in femoral blood and in various alternative biological specimens by headspace gas chromatography. The analysis was carried out on two different fused silica capillary columns furnishing different retention times for ethanol and both n-propanol and t-butanol were used as internal standards. The results were evaluated by linear regression using blood alcohol concentration (BAC) as dependent or outcome variable and the concentrations in an alternative specimen as independent or predictor variable. The Pearson correlation coefficients were all statistically highly significant (P &lt; 0.001); r = 0.94 (bile), r = 0.98 (CSF), r = 0.97 (VH), r = 0.92 (urine), r = 0.94 (lung fluid) and r = 0.96 (pleural cavity effusions). When the regression model was used to predict femoral BAC from the mean concentration in an alternative specimen the mean and 95% prediction intervals were 1.12 ± 0.824 g/L (bile), 1.41 ± 0.546 g/L (CSF), 1.15 ± 0.42 g/L (VH), 1.29 ± 0.780 g/L (urine), 1.25 ± 0.772 g/L (lung fluid) and 0.68 ± 0.564 g/L (pleural cavity effusions). This large uncertainty for a single new observation needs to be considered when alcohol-related deaths are evaluated and interpreted. However, the analysis of alternative specimens is recommended in medical examiner cases to provide supporting evidence with regard to the origin of ethanol, whether this reflects antemortem (AM) ingestion or postmortem (PM) synthesis.
Network Agenda Setting, Partisan Selective Exposure, and Opinion Repertoire: The Effects of Pro- and Counter-Attitudinal Media in Hong Kong
Authors: Chen Hsuan-Ting , Guo Lei , Su Chris Chao 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUsing data from a content analysis of partisan media and a public opinion survey administered in Hong Kong, this study incorporates selective exposure and deliberation literature into the network agenda-setting (NAS) model to test media effects on people’s perception of the relationship between Hong Kong and mainland China. This study advances the NAS literature by examining the effects of different media types (i.e., pro- and counter-attitudinal media), considering the patterns of media consumption (i.e., engagement in selective exposure or not), and differentiating between the NAS effects on one’s own opinion repertoire and the oppositional opinion repertoire (i.e., thoughts about how oppositional others perceive the issue). The findings of the study demonstrate that the network agenda of pro-attitudinal media was significantly correlated with both one’s own and oppositional opinion repertoires for those who engaged in partisan selective exposure. For those who did not engage in partisan selective exposure, the network agenda of counter-attitudinal media was significantly related to the oppositional opinion repertoire and the findings for one’s own opinion repertoire were mixed.
Examining Keyboard Bitonality in the Middle-Period Music of Karol Szymanowski
Authors: Reese Alan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A characteristic technique of Karol Szymanowski’s middle-period style (1914–18) is “keyboard bitonality”: the juxtaposition of the black-key pentatonic and white-key diatonic scales. To explore Szymanowski’s treatment of keyboard bitonality, I introduce the scalar alignment network, a biscalar landscape of all possible pairings of black- and white-key pitch classes that highlights the effects of a particular alignment, such as the resultant pitch-class pairings and intervallic patterns. To accomplish this, I employ a variety of transformational tools, including diatonic transpositions, Julian Hook’s (2007) interscalar transformations, and what I call SHIFT transformations. Analyzed works include: Masks (1916), Métopes (1915), Myths (1915), Twelve Etudes (Op. 33, 1916), and Violin Concerto No. 1 (1916).
Improved LbCas12a variants with altered PAM specificities further broaden the genome targeting range of Cas12a nucleases
Authors: Tóth Eszter , Varga Éva , Kulcsár Péter István , Kocsis-Jutka Virág , Krausz Sarah Laura , Nyeste Antal , Welker Zsombor , Huszár Krisztina , Ligeti Zoltán , Tálas András , Welker Ervin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe widespread use of Cas12a (formerly Cpf1) nucleases for genome engineering is limited by their requirement for a rather long TTTV protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequence. Here we have aimed to loosen these PAM constraints and have generated new PAM mutant variants of the four Cas12a orthologs that are active in mammalian and plant cells, by combining the mutations of their corresponding RR and RVR variants with altered PAM specificities. LbCas12a-RVRR showing the highest activity was selected for an in-depth characterization of its PAM preferences in mammalian cells, using a plasmid-based assay. The consensus PAM sequence of LbCas12a-RVRR resembles a TNTN motif, but also includes TACV, TTCV CTCV and CCCV. The D156R mutation in improved LbCas12a (impLbCas12a) was found to further increase the activity of that variant in a PAM-dependent manner. Due to the overlapping but still different PAM preferences of impLbCas12a and the recently reported enAsCas12a variant, they complement each other to provide increased efficiency for genome editing and transcriptome modulating applications.
Metacognitive domain specificity in feeling-of-knowing but not retrospective confidence
Authors: Mazancieux Audrey , Dinze Claire , Souchay Céline , Moulin Chris J A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Previous research has converged on the idea that metacognitive evaluations of memory dissociate between semantic and episodic memory tasks, even if the type of metacognitive judgement is held constant. This often observed difference has been the basis of much theoretical reasoning about the types of cues available when making metacognitive judgements of memory and how metacognition is altered in memory pathologies. Here, we sought to revisit the difference between episodic and semantic feeling-of-knowing (FOK) judgements in the light of recent research which has supported a domain general account of metacognition. One hundred participants performed classical episodic and semantic memory tasks with FOK judgements and confidence judgements. Using the meta-d′ framework, we applied a hierarchical Bayesian model to estimate metacognitive sensitivity and cross-task covariance. Results revealed a significant correlation in metacognitive efficiency (meta-d′/d′) between the episodic memory task and the semantic memory task for confidence judgements; however, no evidence was found for a cross-task correlation for FOK judgements. This supports the view that FOK judgements are based on different cues in semantic and episodic memory, whereas confidence judgements are domain general.
Thiopental Does Not Produce Hyperalgesia: A Laboratory Study Using Two Human Experimental Pain Models
Authors: Arout Caroline A , Petrakis Ismene L , Ralevski Elizabeth , Acampora Gregory , Koretski Julia , DeNegre Diana , Newcomb Jenelle , Perrino Albert C 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivePast investigations assessing the effects of thiopental on pain are conflicting. Although several studies demonstrate hyperalgesia as a result of barbiturate administration, others show analgesia. Our objective was to assess the effects of an infusion of the GABAA agonist thiopental, compared with placebo, in healthy participants on two subjective experimental pain paradigms: noxious electrical stimulation and intradermal capsaicin.MethodsFor electrical stimulation, the milliamps required to achieve pain threshold and tolerance were recorded, and the percent change from baseline was determined for each infusion condition. In the intradermal capsaicin condition, the area of hyperalgesia was determined by von Frey technique pre- and postinfusion, and the percent change in the area of hyperalgesia was calculated.ResultsThough thiopental infusion resulted in an increase in the electrical stimulation current required to elicit pain threshold or reach pain tolerance when compared with baseline, this finding was not statistically significant. In the intradermal capsaicin condition, there was a statistically significant difference in overall pre- and postinfusion pain interpretation, as measured by the McGill Pain Questionnaire (P &lt; 0.05), but there was no significant difference in area of hyperalgesia.ConclusionsIn this human study of thiopental’s effects on two experimental pain models, our results show that thiopental does not induce hyperalgesia.
Determining the Biological Mechanisms of Action for Environmental Exposures: Applying CRISPR/Cas9 to Toxicological Assessments
Authors: Lujan Henry , Romer Eric , Salisbury Richard , Hussain Saber , Sayes Christie 
Published: February 2020

AbstractToxicology is a constantly evolving field, especially in the area of developing alternatives to animal testing. Toxicological research must evolve and utilize adaptive technologies in an effort to improve public, environmental, and occupational health. The most commonly cited mechanisms of toxic action after exposure to a chemical or particle test substance is oxidative stress. However, because oxidative stress involves a plethora of genes and proteins, the exact mechanism(s) are not commonly defined. Exact mechanisms of toxicity can be revealed using an emerging laboratory technique referred to as CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats). This article reviews the most common CRISPR techniques utilized today and how each may be applied in Toxicological Sciences. Specifically, the CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein complex is used for single gene knock-outs, whereas CRISPR interference/activation is used for silencing or activating (respectively) ribonucleic acid. Finally, CRISPR libraries are used for knocking-out entire gene pathways. This review highlights the application of CRISPR in toxicology to elucidate the exact mechanism through which toxicants perturb normal cellular functions.