bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Church and Mosque to WhatsApp—Africa Check’s Holistic Approach to Countering ‘Fake News’
Authors: Cunliffe‐Jones Peter 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFalse claims and misinformation spread in Africa not only on Facebook, in WhatsApp groups or on the dark web, but also in political meeting rooms, churches, mosques, and community gatherings. To reduce the harms caused by misinformation, Africa Check, the leading independent fact‐checking organisation on the continent, believes a four‐pronged, or holistic approach is needed: identifying and reducing the circulation of harmful misinformation; ensuring accurate information is more widely available; ensuring a more accurate understanding of topics it covers; and fostering fact‐checking skills among the public. To achieve this, it reaches out and engages with a wide range of on‐ and offline communities and networks. The UK could learn from this approach to tackle the ways that misinformation continues to spread offline today.
Do Caucasian American and South Asian Indian cultural groups differ in sensitivity to capsaicin? A study designed to control for chili pepper affinity
Authors: Berry Danica N. , Simons Christopher T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAlthough different cultural groups are known to vary in their tolerance for hot chili peppers, the influence of factors such as cultural background and upbringing on sensitivity to compounds in spicy food is unclear. A study was designed to investigate sensitivity differences to capsaicin between Caucasian American and South Asian Indian cultural groups while controlling for general chili pepper affinity. The two cultural groups were selected to match on metrics related to chili pepper use and liking. Subjects were exposed to a capsaicin (100 ppm) stimulus on the tongue, cheek, hard palate, and lip and rated the intensity of irritation every 30 s, over a 10‐min period. Overall sensitivity to capsaicin in the oral cavity did not differ between the groups, nor were responses different between the groups depending on the oral cavity area stimulated. These data suggest a limited role of cultural attributes on capsaicin sensitivity between Caucasian Americans and South Asian Indians. The methods and findings here provide subject recruitment insight and guidance on effectively designing a sensory study to answer perceptual questions regarding specific subject groups.Practical ApplicationThis study design provides a model for researchers interested in utilizing sensory testing to answer questions about subject groups. Although the objective of this study regarded sensitivity differences across two cultural groups, alterations in the subject matching process used presently could be easily implemented to investigate sensitivity across other differing subject characteristics of interest.
Preparation of newly identified polysaccharide from Pleurotus eryngii and its anti‐inflammation activities potential
Authors: Ma Gaoxing , Kimatu Benard Muinde , Yang Wenjian , Pei Fei , Zhao Liyan , Du Hengjun , Su Anxiang , Hu Qiuhui , Xiao Hang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe anti‐inflammatory effects of two newly identified Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharides (WPEP, NPEP) were determined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages in this study. Characterization analysis revealed that molecular weights of WPEP and NPEP were 167 and 274 kDa, and were mainly composed of glucose with β‐type glycosidic linkages. WPEP and NPEP could significantly inhibit LPS‐induced inflammatory responses by regulating the production of NO, Protaglandin E2 (PGE2), Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). This was through the blocking of the activation of Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway by inhibiting phosphorylation of p38, extracellular regulation of protein kinases 1/2, and stress‐activated protein kinase/jun aminoterminal kinase. Moreover, WPEP and NPEP inhibited NF‐κB signaling by reducing nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of p65. Overall, our results, for the first time identified two P. eryngii polysaccharides and demonstrated the related anti‐inflammatory effects, which indicated the favorable potential of P. eryngii polysaccharide as specific functional foods.Practical ApplicationThis study prepared and characterized newly identified Pleurotus eryngii water‐soluble polysaccharide fractions and elucidated the nutritional benefits, mainly the immune response related to anti‐inflammatory activities by utilizing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Collectively, results of this study suggested that the P. eryngii polysaccharide fractions could be considered as potential candidates for exploration in the development of new immunomodulatory agent or functional supplementary foods.
Heat‐induced formation of N,N‐dimethylpiperidinium (mepiquat) in Arabica and Robusta coffee
Authors: Li Xuenan , Zhang Xu , Tan Lulu , Yan Haiyang , Yuan Yuan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractN,N‐dimethylpiperidinium (mepiquat) is a new process‐induced compound formed from natural constituents during the cooking process. Mepiquat was first found in coffee and cereal products, but its formation mechanism in coffee is still unclear. In the current study, Arabica and Robusta coffee beans were roasted at different temperatures (215, 220, and 230 °C) to study the effect of roasting process on mepiquat formation. The highest mepiquat content, 1,020 µg/kg, was found in dark roast (230 °C) Indonesia Wahana, while 430 µg/kg of mepiquat was detected in medium roast (220 °C) Vietnam Robusta. At the same roasting temperature, higher level of mepiquat was observed in Arabica than in Robusta. In both species, substances related to mepiquat formation, including betaine, choline, trigonelline, lysine, carnitine, pipecolic acid (PipAc), pipecolic acid betaine (PipBet), were also detected. The lysine‐based Maillard reaction and decarboxylation in Arabica and Robusta promoted mepiquat formation through the degradation of choline and trigonelline, and the formation of intermediate products. Results from both the model system and selected commercial beans showed that choline and trigonelline had a significant correlation (P < 0.01) with mepiquat formation in Arabica.Practical ApplicationMepiquat is considered as a new process‐induced compound resulting from typical roasting conditions, but its formation mechanism in coffee is still unclear. This work demonstrates the formation mechanism of mepiquat by many precursor substances contained in Arabica and Robusta. It is very important to figure out how mepiquat is ‘‘naturally” present in daily diets, especially in those processed at high temperatures.
Amphibian assemblages and diversity patterns in two forest ecosystems of South‐Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Rahman Md Mizanur , Nneji Lotanna M. , Adeniyi Adeola C. , Chen Jinmin , Eniang Edem A. , Oladipo Segun O. , Olatunde Omotoso , Onadeko Abiodun B. , Kilunda Felista Kasyoka , Ayoola Adeola O , Adedeji Babatunde E. , Nneji Ifeanyi C. , Akwaowo Nelson U. , Ugwumba Adiaha A. A. , Jin Jie‐Qiong , Yin Tingting , Peng Min‐Sheng , Olory Caroline , Eninekit Nsikan , Che Jing 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDespite recent anthropogenic interference, south‐eastern (SE) Nigeria historically hosts a myriad of pristine forest habitats that could sustain diverse amphibian assemblages. Currently, land conversion of primary forests through human activities has led to modified habitats, such as agricultural fields and secondary forest. This calls for biodiversity documentation and initiation of conservation plans. However, the dearth of herpetological studies has limited knowledge of the amphibian species richness and distribution patterns in some forest ecosystems of SE Nigeria. Thus, we surveyed two less‐explored intact forests in SE Nigeria—Afi Forest Reserve (AFR) and Ikpan forest ecosystem (IFE)—to document the patterns of amphibian diversity and distribution. Specimens were searched for opportunistically using visual and acoustic survey methods. Literature searches were conducted to document additional species that were not encountered. Using the observational records and arrays of diversity indices, the patterns of species richness and abundance across habitat types were evaluated. The result of our study revealed the presence of 30 and 31 amphibian species from AFR and IFE, respectively. Our field collections included two unidentified species (Sclerophrys sp. and Hyperolius sp.) from AFR and one (Phrynobatrachus sp.) from IFE. Analyses revealed high species diversity and richness in forest and swamps compared with the agricultural field and savannah. Given the increased human activities and the antecedent threats to forest ecosystems of SE Nigeria, we offer recommendations for the initiation of conservation plans for these two surveyed localities.
Early IL‐2 treatment of mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia induced PMN‐dominating response and reduced lung pathology
Authors: Calum Henrik Pierre , Moser Claus , Jensen Peter Ostrup , Bjarnsholt Thomas , Givskov Michael , Høiby Niels 
Published: August 2020

IL‐2 is a pro‐inflammatory and a Th1 inducing cytokine, which is important for activation of the cell‐mediated immunity. IL‐2 in serum and sputum has been observed to be reduced in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. The present IL‐2 treatment study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) lung infected mice was performed in order to evaluate the effect of IL‐2 supplement. One hundred‐and‐twenty female BALB/c mice were divided into three groups: 1) IL‐2 treatment/infection (TIG), 2) non‐treatment/infection (NTIG), and 3) IL‐2 treatment/non‐infection (TNIG). The mice were challenged intra‐tracheally with PA (PAO579) embedded in seaweed alginate to resemble the biofilm mode of growth. At day 0 and 1, the treatment groups received IL‐2 s.c. Mice were killed on day 1 or 2, and cytokine production, lung pathology, and quantitative lung bacteriology were estimated. IL‐2 treatment of infected mice reduced the number of mice with signs of macroscopic lung pathology at day 2 (p < 0.05). The reduced macroscopic pathology was paralleled by a reduced IL‐1β and TNF‐α. In contrast, an increased PMN response at day 2 was observed in the IL‐2 treated mice (p < 0.01). This was preceded by a significantly higher degree of microscopic inflammation at day 1 (p < 0.02). The IL‐12 levels decreased in both groups of infected mice at day 2 (p < 0.01), however, significantly more in the IL‐2 treated mice (p < 0.02). In accordance, but surprisingly, IFN‐γ was significantly reduced in the IL‐2 treated PA infected group at day 2 (p < 0.05). The present results indicate that early IL‐2 treatment prolongs the PMN response but also reduces pro‐inflammatory IL‐1β and TNF‐α and macroscopic signs of pathology.
Next‐generation biological control: the need for integrating genetics and genomics
Authors: Leung Kelley , Ras Erica , Ferguson Kim B. , Ariëns Simone , Babendreier Dirk , Bijma Piter , Bourtzis Kostas , Brodeur Jacques , Bruins Margreet A. , Centurión Alejandra , Chattington Sophie R. , Chinchilla‐Ramírez Milena , Dicke Marcel , Fatouros Nina E. , González‐Cabrera Joel , Groot Thomas V. M. , Haye Tim , Knapp Markus , Koskinioti Panagiota , Le Hesran Sophie , Lyrakis Manolis , Paspati Angeliki , Pérez‐Hedo Meritxell , Plouvier Wouter N. , Schlötterer Christian , Stahl Judith M. , Thiel Andra , Urbaneja Alberto , van de Zande Louis , Verhulst Eveline C. , Vet Louise E. M. , Visser Sander , Werren John H. , Xia Shuwen , Zwaan Bas J. , Magalhães Sara , Beukeboom Leo W. , Pannebakker Bart A. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTBiological control is widely successful at controlling pests, but effective biocontrol agents are now more difficult to import from countries of origin due to more restrictive international trade laws (the Nagoya Protocol). Coupled with increasing demand, the efficacy of existing and new biocontrol agents needs to be improved with genetic and genomic approaches. Although they have been underutilised in the past, application of genetic and genomic techniques is becoming more feasible from both technological and economic perspectives. We review current methods and provide a framework for using them. First, it is necessary to identify which biocontrol trait to select and in what direction. Next, the genes or markers linked to these traits need be determined, including how to implement this information into a selective breeding program. Choosing a trait can be assisted by modelling to account for the proper agro‐ecological context, and by knowing which traits have sufficiently high heritability values. We provide guidelines for designing genomic strategies in biocontrol programs, which depend on the organism, budget, and desired objective. Genomic approaches start with genome sequencing and assembly. We provide a guide for deciding the most successful sequencing strategy for biocontrol agents. Gene discovery involves quantitative trait loci analyses, transcriptomic and proteomic studies, and gene editing. Improving biocontrol practices includes marker‐assisted selection, genomic selection and microbiome manipulation of biocontrol agents, and monitoring for genetic variation during rearing and post‐release. We conclude by identifying the most promising applications of genetic and genomic methods to improve biological control efficacy.
Public servants and politics: Developing political acuity in local government
Authors: Siegel David 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA good relationship between council and senior staff is essential for the successful operation of the municipality. However, the academic treatment of the council‐staff relationship has lagged real‐world expectations. The purpose of this article is to extend the literature on council‐staff relations by identifying the competencies associated with the concept of political acuity needed to maintain this good relationship.
Multimedia based education on bowel preparation improves adenoma detection rate: Systematic review & meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Chandan Saurabh , Arora Sumant , Mohan Babu P. , Khan Shahab R. , Chandan Ojasvini C. , Kassab Lena L. , Murali Arvind R. 
Published: August 2020

Background and AimsColorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer worldwide. Studies have shown a strong association between screening colonoscopy and a reduced risk of death from colorectal cancers. The incidence of poor bowel preparation has been reported in up to 25% cases. We conducted a systematic review and comprehensive meta‐analysis to evaluate the effect of patient education using multimedia platforms on adenoma detection rate and adequacy of bowel preparation.MethodsMultiple databases were searched through May 2020 for studies that reported the efficacy of multimedia education (smartphone app and online audio‐visual aids) in improving quality of bowel preparation and its effect on adenoma detection rate (ADR). Meta‐analysis was performed to determine whether multimedia based patient education (MM) helps improve ADR and bowel preparation quality as compared to controls (CT).ResultsWe included 13 randomized controlled trials with a total of 3754 patients. Eight studies reported outcomes on ADR and 12 reported on adequacy of bowel preparation. Overall ADR was higher in patients receiving multimedia based education as compared to CT (risk ratio (RR) 1.25, confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.56, P = 0.04). A higher proportion of patients receiving multimedia based education achieved adequate bowel preparation (RR 1.2, CI 1.1–1.3, P = 0.001). In patients with mean age over 50 years, ADR was better in MM cohort as compared to controls (RR 1.3, CI 1.1–1.6, P = 0.001).ConclusionPre‐colonoscopy patient education using multimedia based platforms seems to improve ADR and the adequacy of bowel preparation.
Oral 3‐hydroxybutyrate ingestion decreases endogenous glucose production, lipolysis, and hormone‐sensitive lipase phosphorylation in adipose tissue in men: a human randomized, controlled, crossover trial
Authors: Svart M. , Rittig N. , Pedersen S.B. , Jessen N. , Møller N. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimsTo test whether oral administration of D/L‐3‐hydroxybutyrate as a sodium salt inhibits lipolysis and intracellular lipid signalling, in particular, hormone‐sensitive lipase, and whether D/L‐3‐hydroxybutyrate alters endogenous glucose production.MethodsWe studied six young men in a randomized, controlled, crossover study after ingestion of Na‐D/L‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (hyperketotic condition) or saline (placebo control). We quantified lipolysis and endogenous glucose production using [9,10‐3H]‐palmitate and [3‐3H]glucose tracers, and adipose tissue biopsies were collected to investigate key lipolytic enzymes.ResultsAfter ingestion, D/L‐3‐hydroxybutyrate increased by more than 2.5 mmol/l, free fatty acid concentrations decreased by >70%, and palmitate rate of appearance was halved. Protein kinase A phosphorylation of perilipin was reduced and hormone‐sensitive lipase 660 phosphorylation in adipose tissue biopsies was 70–80% decreased in the hyperketotic condition and unchanged in the control. Compared to the control, endogenous glucose production was reduced by close to 20% (P<0.05) after 3‐hydroxybutyrate ingestion.ConclusionWe conclude that oral D/L‐Na‐3‐hydroxybutyrate increases D/L‐3‐hydroxybutyrate concentrations within half an hour, decreases free fatty acid concentrations, lowers lipolysis and endogenous glucose production, and dephosphorylates hormone‐sensitive lipase. Collectively these phenomena may be viewed as an orchestrated feedback loop, controlling endogenous glucose production, lipolysis and ketogenesis. Such effects would be beneficial in insulin‐resistant states.(www.clinicaltrials.gov ID number: NCT02917252)
Orofacial trauma and mouthguard use in Brazilian rugby union players
Authors: Padilha Ana Clara Loch , Constante Helena Mendes , Fronza Helena Pickler , Coto Neide Pena 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground/AimRugby union represents a high‐risk sport for orofacial trauma due to its impact collisions and repetitive tackles. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of orofacial trauma according to mouthguard use among a sample of Brazilian rugby union players.MethodsAn online questionnaire was sent to the 16 best rugby union clubs in Brazil. The questionnaire contained questions about the training history of each athlete, prevalence of orofacial trauma, and details about mouthguard use. Only participants who reported using a mouthguard were selected for this analysis.ResultsA total of 244 individuals were included. The prevalence of orofacial trauma was 34.4%, and 61.9% of them did not wear a mouthguard at the time of the incident. The only type of mouthguard reported was the pre‐fabricated (“boil and bite” and “ready‐to‐wear”) type. A stronger association was observed between the reason for using a mouthguard and the outcome, whereas a lower proportion of trauma was observed among individuals who claimed mandatory mouthguard use at the gym/sport (20.0%). Time since the respondent started playing rugby union and who instructed them to use a mouthguard were not associated with orofacial trauma.ConclusionPrevalence of orofacial trauma was high among this sample of rugby union players from Brazil, even with the use of pre‐fabricated mouthguards. This study encourages further investigation on the use of custom‐made mouthguards in rugby union and the role of coach/physical educators to reduce the prevalence of orofacial trauma.
The outward shift of clarithromycin binding to the ribosome in mutantHelicobacter pyloristrains
Authors: Salehi Najmeh , Attaran Bahareh , Zare‐Mirakabad Fatemeh , Ghadiri Bahareh , Esmaeili Maryam , Shakaram Mohadeseh , Tashakoripour Mohammad , Eshagh Hosseini Mahmoud , Mohammadi Marjan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesDisruption of protein synthesis, by drug‐mediated restriction of the ribosomal nascent peptide exit tunnel (NPET), may inhibit bacterial growth. Here, we have studied the secondary and tertiary structures of domain V of the 23S rRNA in the wild‐type and mutant (resistant)H. pyloristrains and their mechanisms of interaction with clarithromycin (CLA).MethodsH pyloristrains, isolated from cultured gastric biopsies, underwent CLA susceptibility testing by E test, followed by PCR amplification and sequencing of domain V of 23S rRNA. The homology model of this domain inH pylori, in complex with L4 and L22 accessory proteins, was determined based on theE. coliribosome 3D structure. The interactions between CLA and 23S rRNA complex were determined by molecular docking studies.ResultsOf the 70H pyloristrains, isolated from 200 dyspeptic patients, 11 (16%) were CLA‐resistant. DNA sequencing identified categories with no (A), A2142G (B), and A2143G (C) mutations. Docking studies of our homology model of 23S rRNA complex with CLA showed deviated positions for categories B and C, in reference to category A, with 12.19 Å and 7.92 Å RMSD values, respectively. In both mutant categories, CLA lost its interactions at positions 2142 and 2587 and gained two new bonds with the L4 accessory protein.ConclusionOur data suggest that, in mutantH pyloristrains, once the nucleotides at positions 2142 and 2587 are detached from the drug, CLA interacts with and is peeled back by the L4 accessory protein, removing the drug‐imposed spatial restriction of the NPET.
Non‐surgical peri‐implantitis treatment using a pocket irrigator device; clinical, microbiological, radiographical and patient‐centred outcomes—A pilot study
Authors: Hentenaar Diederik F. M. , De Waal Yvonne C. M. , Van Winkelhoff Arie Jan , Meijer Henny J. A. , Raghoebar Gerry M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimThe aim of this prospective cohort study was to assess the effect of a pocket irrigator/evacuator device (IED) in the non‐surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis.Material and MethodsIn total 24 patients having 38 implants diagnosed with peri‐implantitis were included in this study. Peri‐implant pockets were irrigated six times in three consecutive weeks. The primary outcome was bleeding on probing (BoP). Secondary outcome parameters included plaque index (Pl), suppuration on probing (SoP), probing pocket depth (PPD), marginal bone loss (MBL), presence and numbers of periodontal pathogens. Parameters were assessed at baseline and 3 months after the last treatment. Treatment pain perception was scored using the visual analog scale (VAS) after the first and last treatment.ResultsAt 3 months, IED treatment revealed significant reduction of peri‐implant BoP (71% [±20] vs 57% [±28] [P = .014]) and peri‐implant plaque scores (10 [±14] to 5 [±9] [P = .039] [T0 vs T3 respectively]). Significant reduction in mean peri‐implant PPD from 4.92 mm (SD ± 1.28) to 4.66 mm (SD ± 1.35) (P = .041) was observed. In addition, a reduction in VAS pain score between the first and the last (6th) treatment was found (P = .039). No reduction in SoP (P = .088) was found. No changes in mean periodontal full mouth plaque, BOP, SOP and PPD levels, MBL and microbiological outcomes were found.ConclusionBeneficial clinical effects in terms of BoP, PPD and PI were found at 3 months after IED treatment. However, the IED does not seem to effectively treat peri‐implantitis in terms of disease resolution.