bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Criminal Tribunal Backlash
Authors: Lovat Henry 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the phenomenon of backlash against international criminal tribunals, defining backlash as ‘intense and sustained government disapproval of tribunal conduct, accompanied by aggressive steps to resist such conduct and to remove its legal force’. After promising beginnings, post-Cold War international criminal tribunals have increasingly faced strident criticism from important constituencies, including previously supportive governments. This has prompted concern about declining support for and ‘backlash’ against such tribunals, amidst broader debates about similar tendencies affecting international adjudication more generally. Drawing on International Relations theories, this chapter analyzes drivers and inhibitors to backlash against international criminal tribunals, specifically the International Criminal Court, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. It identifies several factors relevant for explaining tribunal backlash: domestic politics and the preferences and interests of powerful elites; external actors, particularly engaged regional and great powers; and transnational social pressure.
Inequality of Arms Reversed?
Authors: Glasius Marlies , Meijers Tim 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses a communicative advantage for ‘defiant defendants’, otherwise known as the ‘inequality of arms reversed’. A common critique of international criminal justice is that international criminal trials, when faced with high-profile and charismatic defendants, are basically doomed: either they silence the defendant’s political rhetoric and become show trials, or they let the defendant speak of the bias and inconsistencies in their institutional set-up, thus equally imperilling their legitimacy. This chapter argues that international criminal courts are not doomed by the reverse inequality: the communicative outcomes of international criminal trials remain contingent. For instance, prosecutors can make arguments that are politically and culturally attuned to local audiences. Moreover, the procedure of the trial can influence the defendant’s attitude. This chapter contends that it is possible for prosecutors and judges to acknowledge the political dimension of international criminal processes without turning them into show trials. Indeed, it is desirable for judges and prosecutors to confront the politics of the defendant head on.
Invented Geographies: The Material and Immaterial Geopoetics of Sandra Cisneros’s “Pilón”
Authors: Hernández Teresa 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCurrent scholarship on Sandra Cisneros's novel Caramelo (2002) has focused on the Reyes family's transnational migrant narrative and their explicit traversing of the US-Mexico border. However, Cisneros's final offering at the close of the novel, “Pilón,” has been excluded from these significant discussions. My essay focuses primarily on this cuento and how it relates to Caramelo as an (im)material part of the novel. I propose that “Pilón” partakes in a dialogic relationship to the novel proper—existing inside and outside of Caramelo through its location after the “fin” of the novel but within the binding of the text. By assessing the material and immaterial borders presented—I particularly explore three fundamental borders in “Pilón” (textual, geopoetical, and corporal)—I claim that “Pilón” presents an urgency in redefining a transnational border experience. Ultimately, I explore the imagining of the US-Mexico (m)otherland within “Pilón,” the limits of this imagining, and the (im)possibility of its geography through the nostalgic and spiritual analytic of the ofrenda.
Runaway and walkaway stars from the ONC with Gaia DR2
Authors: Schoettler Christina , de Bruijne Jos , Vaher Eero , Parker Richard J 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Theory predicts that we should find fast, ejected (runaway) stars of all masses around dense, young star-forming regions. N-body simulations show that the number and distribution of these ejected stars could be used to constrain the initial spatial and kinematic substructure of the regions. We search for runaway and slower walkaway stars within 100 pc of the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) using Gaia DR2 astrometry and photometry. We compare our findings to predictions for the number and velocity distributions of runaway stars from simulations that we run for 4 Myr with initial conditions tailored to the ONC. In Gaia DR2, we find 31 runaway and 54 walkaway candidates based on proper motion, but not all of these are viable candidates in three dimensions. About 40 per cent are missing radial velocities, but we can trace back nine 3D runaways and 24 3D walkaways to the ONC, all of which are low/intermediate mass (&lt;8 M⊙). Our simulations show that the number of runaways within 100 pc decreases the older a region is (as they quickly travel beyond this boundary), whereas the number of walkaways increases up to 3 Myr. We find fewer walkaways in Gaia DR2 than the maximum suggested from our simulations, which may be due to observational incompleteness. However, the number of Gaia DR2 runaways agrees with the number from our simulations during an age of ∼1.3–2.4 Myr, allowing us to confirm existing age estimates for the ONC (and potentially other star-forming regions) using runaway stars.
Chemical modelling of dust–gas chemistry within AGB outflows – II. Effect of the dust-grain size distribution
Authors: Van de Sande M , Walsh C , Danilovich T 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars are, together with supernovae, the main contributors of stellar dust to the interstellar medium (ISM). Dust grains formed by AGB stars are thought to be large. However, as dust nucleation and growth within their outflows are still not understood, the dust-grain size distribution (GSD) is unknown. This is an important uncertainty regarding our knowledge of the chemical and physical history of interstellar dust, as AGB dust forms ${\sim} 70{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the starting point of its evolution. We expand on our chemical kinetics model, which uniquely includes a comprehensive dust–gas chemistry. The GSD is now allowed to deviate from the commonly assumed canonical Mathis, Rumpl & Nordsieck distribution. We find that the specific GSD can significantly influence the dust–gas chemistry within the outflow. Our results show that the level of depletion of gas-phase species depends on the average grain surface area of the GSD. Gas-phase abundance profiles and their possible depletions can be retrieved from observations of molecular emission lines when using a range of transitions. Because of degeneracies within the prescription of GSD, specific parameters cannot be retrieved, only (a lower limit to) the average grain surface area. None the less, this can discriminate between dust composed of predominantly large or small grains. We show that when combined with other observables such as the spectral energy distribution and polarized light, depletion levels from molecular gas-phase abundance profiles can constrain the elusive GSD of the dust delivered to the ISM by AGB outflows.
Familial primary ovarian insufficiency associated with an SYCE1 point mutation: defective meiosis elucidated in humanized mice
Authors: Hernández-López Diego , Geisinger Adriana , Trovero María Fernanda , Santiñaque Federico F , Brauer Mónica , Folle Gustavo A , Benavente Ricardo , Rodríguez-Casuriaga Rosana 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMore than 50% of cases of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) and nonobstructive azoospermia in humans are classified as idiopathic infertility. Meiotic defects may relate to at least some of these cases. Mutations in genes coding for synaptonemal complex (SC) components have been identified in humans, and hypothesized to be causative for the observed infertile phenotype. Mutation SYCE1 c.721C&gt;T (former c.613C&gt;T)—a familial mutation reported in two sisters with primary amenorrhea—was the first such mutation found in an SC central element component-coding gene. Most fundamental mammalian oogenesis events occur during the embryonic phase, and eventual defects are identified many years later, thus leaving few possibilities to study the condition’s etiology and pathogenesis. Aiming to validate an approach to circumvent this difficulty, we have used the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate a mouse model with an SYCE1 c.721C&gt;T equivalent genome alteration. We hereby present the characterization of the homozygous mutant mice phenotype, compared to their wild type and heterozygous littermates. Our results strongly support a causative role of this mutation for the POI phenotype in human patients, and the mechanisms involved would relate to defects in homologous chromosome synapsis. No SYCE1 protein was detected in homozygous mutants and Syce1 transcript level was highly diminished, suggesting transcript degradation as the basis of the infertility mechanism. This is the first report on the generation of a humanized mouse model line for the study of an infertility-related human mutation in an SC component-coding gene, thus representing a proof of principle.
Design, optimization and analysis of large DNA and RNA nanostructures through interactive visualization, editing and molecular simulation
Authors: Poppleton Erik , Bohlin Joakim , Matthies Michael , Sharma Shuchi , Zhang Fei , Šulc Petr 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This work seeks to remedy two deficiencies in the current nucleic acid nanotechnology software environment: the lack of both a fast and user-friendly visualization tool and a standard for structural analyses of simulated systems. We introduce here oxView, a web browser-based visualizer that can load structures with over 1 million nucleotides, create videos from simulation trajectories, and allow users to perform basic edits to DNA and RNA designs. We additionally introduce open-source software tools for extracting common structural parameters to characterize large DNA/RNA nanostructures simulated using the coarse-grained modeling tool, oxDNA, which has grown in popularity in recent years and is frequently used to prototype new nucleic acid nanostructural designs, model biophysics of DNA/RNA processes, and rationalize experimental results. The newly introduced software tools facilitate the computational characterization of DNA/RNA designs by providing multiple analysis scripts, including mean structures and structure flexibility characterization, hydrogen bond fraying, and interduplex angles. The output of these tools can be loaded into oxView, allowing users to interact with the simulated structure in a 3D graphical environment and modify the structures to achieve the required properties. We demonstrate these newly developed tools by applying them to design and analysis of a range of DNA/RNA nanostructures.
The translational activator Sov1 coordinates mitochondrial gene expression with mitoribosome biogenesis
Authors: Seshadri Suhas R , Banarjee Chitra , Barros Mario H , Fontanesi Flavia 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMitoribosome biogenesis is an expensive metabolic process that is essential to maintain cellular respiratory capacity and requires the stoichiometric accumulation of rRNAs and proteins encoded in two distinct genomes. In yeast, the ribosomal protein Var1, alias uS3m, is mitochondrion-encoded. uS3m is a protein universally present in all ribosomes, where it forms part of the small subunit (SSU) mRNA entry channel and plays a pivotal role in ribosome loading onto the mRNA. However, despite its critical functional role, very little is known concerning VAR1 gene expression. Here, we demonstrate that the protein Sov1 is an in bona fide VAR1 mRNA translational activator and additionally interacts with newly synthesized Var1 polypeptide. Moreover, we show that Sov1 assists the late steps of mtSSU biogenesis involving the incorporation of Var1, an event necessary for uS14 and mS46 assembly. Notably, we have uncovered a translational regulatory mechanism by which Sov1 fine-tunes Var1 synthesis with its assembly into the mitoribosome.
Modeling Etiology of Smoking During Pregnancy in Swedish Twins, Full-, and Half-Siblings, Reared Together and Apart
Authors: Maes Hermine H , Neale Michael C , Lonn Sara Larsson , Lichtenstein Paul , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina , Kendler Kenneth S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Using Swedish nationwide registry data, we investigated the contribution of genetic and environmental risk factors to the etiology of smoking status across stages of pregnancy with increasing degrees of social and psychological pressure to reduce or quit smoking, by twin and sibling modeling.

Aims and Methods
Smoking status was available before, and during early and late pregnancy from the Medical Birth Register. Twin, full-, and half-sibling pairs, both reared together and apart, born between 1960 and 1990 were obtained from national twin and genealogical registers. Genetic structural equation modeling in OpenMx was applied to the population-based data to estimate shared genetic and/or environmental covariance across stages of pregnancy, accounting for maternal birth cohort and age at pregnancy.

Results
Analyses of paired data on 258 749 individuals suggested that risk factors for smoking status changed across stages of pregnancy. Results predicted substantial heritability (60–70%) and moderate contributions of shared environmental factors (10–15%) for smoking status. Whilst the same shared environmental factors were amplified from before pregnancy to late pregnancy, new primarily unique environmental factors explained ~10% of the variance during early pregnancy which was carried forward to late pregnancy.

Conclusions
Using registry data on women across pregnancy, we replicated that smoking status is highly heritable. Furthermore, we found support for increased impact of shared environmental factors during pregnancy of factors already present prior to pregnancy, and an independent set of mostly new unique environmental factors that may be triggered by increased social pressure to reduce or quit smoking during pregnancy.

Implications
As new factors partially explain smoking status during pregnancy and the effects of familial factors increase across pregnancy, efforts to prevent or reduce smoking during pregnancy should receive continued attention, with a focus on both the individual and the family unit.
Chagas Disease in the New York City Metropolitan Area
Authors: Zheng Crystal , Quintero Orlando , Revere Elizabeth K , Oey Michael B , Espinoza Fabiola , Puius Yoram A , Ramirez-Baron Diana , Salama Carlos R , Hidalgo Luis F , Machado Fabiana S , Saeed Omar , Shin Jooyoung , Patel Snehal R , Coyle Christina M , Tanowitz Herbert B 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundChagas disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, once considered a disease confined to Mexico, Central America, and South America, is now an emerging global public health problem. An estimated 300 000 immigrants in the United States are chronically infected with T. cruzi. However, awareness of Chagas disease among the medical community in the United States is poor.MethodsWe review our experience managing 60 patients with Chagas disease in hospitals throughout the New York City metropolitan area and describe screening, clinical manifestations, EKG findings, imaging, and treatment.ResultsThe most common country of origin of our patients was El Salvador (n = 24, 40%), and the most common detection method was by routine blood donor screening (n = 21, 35%). Nearly half of the patients were asymptomatic (n = 29, 48%). Twenty-seven patients were treated with either benznidazole or nifurtimox, of whom 7 did not complete therapy due to side effects or were lost to follow-up. Ten patients had advanced heart failure requiring device implantation or organ transplantation.ConclusionsBased on our experience, we recommend that targeted screening be used to identify at-risk, asymptomatic patients before progression to clinical disease. Evaluation should include an electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and chest x-ray, as well as gastrointestinal imaging if relevant symptoms are present. Patients should be treated if appropriate, but providers should be aware of adverse effects that may prevent patients from completing treatment.
Genetic Heterogeneity of Australian Candida auris Isolates: Insights From a Nonoutbreak Setting Using Whole-Genome Sequencing
Authors: Biswas Chayanika , Wang Qinning , van Hal Sebastiaan J , Eyre David W , Hudson Bernard , Halliday Catriona L , Mazsewska Krystyna , Kizny Gordon Alice , Lee Andie , Irinyi Laszlo , Heath Christopher H , Chakrabarti Arunaloke , Govender Nelesh P , Meyer Wieland , Sintchenko Vitali , Chen Sharon C-A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing clustered Australian Candida auris isolates from sporadic cases within clade III. Case isolates were genomically distinct; however, unexpectedly, those from 1 case comprised 2 groups separated by &gt;60 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with no isolate being identical, in contrast to outbreaks where isolates from any 1 individual have differed by &lt;3 SNPs. Multidrug resistance was absent. High within-host genetic heterogeneity should be considered when investigating C. auris infections.
Clindamycin induced toxic epidermal necrolysis versus Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: a case report
Authors: Davey Matthew G , Birrane John , Brennan Michelle , Breen David P , Laing Mary E 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) are potentially life-threatening dermatological emergencies that present in a similar clinical fashion. Toxic epidermal necrolysis is typically triggered by anticonvulsant and other neurological medications and reports clindamycin inducing the disease is exceedingly rare. SSSS seldomly occurs in adult patients. We present the case of a 60-year-old male presenting with dermatological rash covering &gt;80% his body surface. Diagnosis and therapy involved multidisciplinary contribution from medical physicians, dermatologists, microbiologists and histopathologists to provide a favourable outcome.
The Dreyfus Affair and Durkheim’s Experience of Anti-Semitism
Authors: Birnbaum Pierre 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article emphasizes the importance of the Dreyfus Affair in the manner in which Emile Durkheim approached the subject of anti-Semitism between 1897 and 1899, while the Affair was in full swing in France. Although Durkheim was the founder of positivist sociology, disconnected from preconceived notions, he nevertheless courageously entered the fight to defend Dreyfus, both as a scholar and as a Jew. In a series of articles and letters, he reflected on the causes of anti-Semitism and proposed an interpretation of Jews as scapegoats, because in his view society’s suffering was resolved by ostracizing Jews as pariahs. But this interpretation is unsatisfactory. Based on impressions rather than on a sociological analysis conducted in accordance with his Rules of Sociological Method, Durkheim’s analysis of explanatory variables is not convincing and is oriented around psychological considerations rarely seen elsewhere in his work.
Kwa
Authors: Dakubu Mary Esther Kropp 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The chapter surveys the history of both the external and the internal classification of the Kwa family of languages within the Niger-Congo phylum. While Benue-Congo plays a primary role with respect to external relations, the hotly debated issue of the internal cohesion of the family as a whole is a central question in the discussion of Kwa subgrouping. The chapter takes a critical look at the arguments that have been brought forward in this discussion, in particular those involving lexicostatistics, lexical innovation, and sound changes, and establishes five subgroups that are considered to be uncontested. In addition, this chapter discusses contact phenomena within the Kwa family.
Cognition and Language
Authors: Fleisch Axel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe convergence between a linguistically motivated interest in cognition, on the one hand, and descriptive and typological interests, on the other, causes a growing number of scholars to recognize the need for enhanced linguistic anthropological work in the African context, which promises to be beneficial to both the study of human cognition and a richer understanding of African language cultures. By looking at how certain key areas of cognitive linguistics (conceptual metaphor, spatial language, temporality) have been applied to the study of African languages, this chapter focuses on the intersection of both perspectives: that of descriptivists and typologists. Current trends in the study of African languages that address language and cognition draw on grammaticalization studies, neo-relativism, and the emergence of linguistic areas by cross-linguistic conceptual convergence. How these relate to each other is briefly outlined in the second part of this chapter.
Narratives
Authors: Möhlig Wilhelm J. G. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDespite the high complexity of oral art in Africa, some of its features are shared by almost all narrative cultures. The most prominent criterion appears to be the truth aspect—whether a storyteller considers his narration as rendering facts or fictional matters. To the category of telling facts belong historical reports (chronicles) and ethno-texts, i.e. descriptions of special handicrafts, economic activities, and legal concepts. The main genres falling under the category of fiction are fables, animal tales, and fairy tales. According to the basic definition of truth and fiction at least three borderline genres emerge: anecdotes, legends, and epics. Modern scholarly interests are mainly directed towards the comparison of narrative types and motifs, the performance aspect, and the exploitation of oral narrations as sources for the reconstruction of precolonial history.
Kumam
Authors: Hieda Osamu 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Kumam is a Western Nilotic language that is spoken in central Uganda. This chapter focuses on the formation of a double downstep high tone, the function of middle sentences, and evidentiality in complementation. Kumam is a tone language with a low and a high toneme, exhibiting a double downstep high tone as a feature. Aspect (imperfective vs. perfective) is marked obligatorily with a suprasegmental morpheme, while tense is not marked in verbal complexes. Tense is expressed lexically. Kumam has no passivization, but middle sentences function as a passive equivalent instead. Kumam has two types of complementation, “paratactic” and “hypotactic”, that are different syntactically and semantically. For instance, when perception verbs are followed by a “paratactic” clause, they express direct perception. When they are followed by a “hypotactic” clause, they express indirect perception. There is the relationship between the complement types and evidentiality.
Khoisan
Authors: Honken Henry 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents a brief historical survey of research on languages grouped under the name Khoisan, consisting of three distinct language families: !Ui (also known as Northern Khoisan), Khoe (also known as Central Khoisan), and Tuu (also known as Southern Khoisan), Kwadi in Angola, as well as two languages spoken in Tanzania, Hadza and Sandawe. All extant members of this areal grouping have clicks. Many Khoisan languages have become extinct over the centuries, and in modern times, due to the more prestigious status of other languages, in particular in Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. A brief survey is presented of the phonetic and phonological features of these languages as well as of their sociolinguistic status. Also, the digitization of recently collected language materials as well as materials from the past is discussed.