bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systemtherapie beim metastasierten Urothelkarzinom − Aktueller Stand und was kommt nach den Checkpointinhibitoren?
Authors: Grunewald Camilla Marisa , Hiester Andreas , Niegisch Günter 
Published: April 2020

ZusammenfassungDas zunehmende Wissen um den Einfluss des Immunsystems auf Tumorentstehung und -progression haben unser Verständnis von Tumorbiologie in den letzten Jahren grundlegend verändert. Während sich die zur Verfügung stehenden Therapieoptionen für Patienten mit metastasiertem Urothelkarzinom der Harnblase über Jahrzehnte hinweg kaum verbessert haben, hat der Einzug von Immuncheckpoint-Inhibitoren in kurzer Zeit zu einer starken Wandlung der Behandlungslandschaft geführt. Zwar bildet die Cisplatin-basierte Kombinationstherapie auch weiterhin die Hauptsäule, darüber hinaus bestehen aber nun zusätzliche wirkungsvolle Behandlungsoptionen mit den in Europa zugelassenen PD-(L)-1-Inhibitoren Atezolizumab, Pembrolizumab und Nivolumab. Einem bemerkenswerten Langzeitansprechen stehen hier das Auftreten teils schwerster immun-vermittelter Nebenwirkungen sowie eine insgesamt nur geringe Ansprechrate von etwa 25 % gegenüber. Eine Vielzahl aktueller klinischer Studien beschäftigt sich daher besonders mit möglichen Kombinationsansätzen und sinnvollen Therapiesequenzen, um mögliche Synergismen sowie additive Effekte der bisher zur Verfügung stehenden Substanzen unter Berücksichtigung eines vertretbaren Nebenwirkungsprofils optimal auszunutzen. Darüber hinaus werden viele neue Therapieansätze in klinischen Studien erprobt. In diesem Zusammenhang sind besonders die Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Antikörper-Wirkstoff-Konjugate und FGFR-Inhibitoren vor dem Hintergrund der erst kürzlich erfolgten FDA-Zulassung hervorzuheben.Der hier vorliegende Review gibt einen Überblick über die aktuell zur Verfügung stehenden Therapieoptionen im metastasierten Urothelkarzinom der Harnblase und behandelt darüber hinaus schwerpunktmäßig zukünftige Therapieansätze anhand gegenwärtiger Studien.
Self-expandable metal stents for obstructing colonic and extracolonic cancer: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline – Update 2020
Authors: van Hooft Jeanin E. , Veld Joyce V. , Arnold Dirk , Beets-Tan Regina G.H. , Everett Simon , Götz Martin , van Halsema Emo E. , Hill James , Manes Gianpiero , Meisner Soren , Rodrigues-Pinto Eduardo , Sabbagh Charles , Vandervoort Jo , Tanis Pieter J. , Vanbiervliet Geoffroy , Arezzo Alberto 
Published: April 2020

Main RecommendationsThe following recommendations should only be applied after a thorough diagnostic evaluation including a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan.
1 ESGE recommends colonic stenting to be reserved for patients with clinical symptoms and radiological signs of malignant large-bowel obstruction, without signs of perforation. ESGE does not recommend prophylactic stent placement.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence.
2 ESGE recommends stenting as a bridge to surgery to be discussed, within a shared decision-making process, as a treatment option in patients with potentially curable left-sided obstructing colon cancer as an alternative to emergency resection.Strong recommendation, high quality evidence.
3 ESGE recommends colonic stenting as the preferred treatment for palliation of malignant colonic obstruction.Strong recommendation, high quality evidence.
4 ESGE suggests consideration of colonic stenting for malignant obstruction of the proximal colon either as a bridge to surgery or in a palliative setting.Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.
5 ESGE suggests a time interval of approximately 2 weeks until resection when colonic stenting is performed as a bridge to elective surgery in patients with curable left-sided colon cancer.Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.
6 ESGE recommends that colonic stenting should be performed or directly supervised by an operator who can demonstrate competence in both colonoscopy and fluoroscopic techniques and who performs colonic stenting on a regular basis.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence.
7 ESGE suggests that a decompressing stoma as a bridge to elective surgery is a valid option if the patient is not a candidate for colonic stenting or when stenting expertise is not available.Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.
Immune-Mediated Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: A Narrative Review of Diagnosis and Treatment in Adults
Authors: Blennerhassett Richard , Curnow Jennifer , Pasalic Leonardo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractImmune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) is a rare and potentially lethal disease characterized by fragmentary hemolysis, moderate-to-severe thrombocytopenia, end-organ dysfunction, and severely reduced ADAMTS13 levels (< 10%). Survival in iTTP has improved significantly since the introduction of plasma exchange as standard therapy combined with immune suppression to address the underlying pathophysiology. A host of challenges remain including prompt recognition of the disease, treatment of the end-organ effects of the disease, improving the early mortality rate, significantly reducing the relapse rate as well as addressing refractory disease. Discussed in this narrative review of iTTP are the recent measures aimed at addressing these issues, including improvements in clinical prediction models, postremission maintenance approaches with early retreatment as well as the development of novel therapies.
Second Heart Sound
Authors: Seepana Lokanath , Vala Dayasagar Rao 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe auscultation of second heart sound reveals presence of the disease and its pathophysiology, conduction defects, ventricular function, and hemodynamics around the aortic and pulmonary valves. To understand the splitting of the second heart sound, it is useful to understand the concepts of hangout interval and ejection time. Differential diagnosis of S2 split include opening snap, third heart sound, and pericardial knock. Variations of second heart sound may involve intensity or variations of split. Variations of split can be single heart sound, wide split, wide fixed split, or paradoxical splitting.Interpretation of second heart sound in congenital heart disease provides information about the presence and position of semilunar valves.
Expanding the genetic code of the human hematopoietic system
Authors: Shao Sida , Koh Minseob , Schultz Peter G. 
Published: April 2020

Significance
The ability to genetically incorporate noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins in bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells, and multicellular organisms has provided useful tools to study and manipulate protein structure and function. Here, we report the development of a method to stably encode ncAAs in human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their differentiated progenies, using self-replicating plasmids derived from Epstein-Barr virus. We also demonstrate that once transplanted, these manipulated HSCs can give rise to the entire hematopoietic system encoded with ncAAs. The methods described here should be applicable to other progenitor cell populations and provide tools for the study of human proteins in vitro and in vivo.
Ultratough graphene–black phosphorus films
Authors: Zhou Tianzhu , Ni Hong , Wang Yanlei , Wu Chao , Zhang Hao , Zhang Jianqi , Tomsia Antoni P. , Jiang Lei , Cheng Qunfeng 
Published: April 2020

Significance
This manuscript describes the functionalization of the graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets by black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets through P-O-C covalent bonding. Such a strategy reduces the voids in the lamellar graphene film and makes the graphene film much more compact, while at the same time improving the alignment degree of GO nanosheets. Equally important, the conjugated AD molecules improve the compactness of the graphene films and the alignment degree of rGO nanosheets via π-π stacking interaction between adjacent rGO nanosheets. As a result, the record high toughness of our graphene film was achieved along with excellent electrical conductivity. In addition, our tough graphene–black phosphorus films also exhibit high ambient stability and electromagnetic shielding performance.
Cell-autonomous expression of the acid hydrolase galactocerebrosidase
Authors: Mikulka Christina R. , Dearborn Joshua T. , Benitez Bruno A. , Strickland Amy , Liu Lin , Milbrandt Jeffrey , Sands Mark S. 
Published: April 2020

Significance
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) are one of the most prevalent inherited pediatric conditions. Although some LSDs were described over a century ago, we understand little about how specific cells contribute to pathogenesis. Most LSDs are caused by a lysosomal enzyme deficiency. Lysosomal enzymes can be secreted from one cell and correct neighboring cells (cross-correction). Cross-correction prevents cell-limited expression or deletion of lysosomal enzymes, making it impossible to determine the role of specific cells in LSDs. Here we describe a method to eliminate cross-correction while maintaining enzymatic function. We used this method to determine the role of specific cells (myelin-producing) in Krabbe disease. This same method could be used to determine the role of specific cells in most other LSDs.
Distinct modes of manipulation of rice auxin response factor OsARF17 by different plant RNA viruses for infection
Authors: Zhang Hehong , Li Lulu , He Yuqing , Qin Qingqing , Chen Changhai , Wei Zhongyan , Tan Xiaoxiang , Xie Kaili , Zhang Ruifang , Hong Gaojie , Li Jing , Li Junmin , Yan Chengqi , Yan Fei , Li Yi , Chen Jianping , Sun Zongtao 
Published: April 2020

Significance
Auxin signaling plays essential roles in almost every aspect of plant growth and development. Auxin response factors (ARFs) are key transcriptional regulators of auxin signaling. However, it is not clear what roles ARF transcription factors may play in plant–pathogen, and specifically plant–virus, interactions. This study reveals that an ARF transcription factor is targeted by several independently evolved viral proteins of very different plant RNA viruses. These viral proteins impede the ARF activity in different ways, but in each case, these interactions benefit viral infection. These findings demonstrate that manipulation of the auxin signaling by viral proteins is a common pathogenicity strategy in plant RNA viruses.
Human settlement of East Polynesia earlier, incremental, and coincident with prolonged South Pacific drought
Authors: Sear David A. , Allen Melinda S. , Hassall Jonathan D. , Maloney Ashley E. , Langdon Peter G. , Morrison Alex E. , Henderson Andrew C. G. , Mackay Helen , Croudace Ian W. , Clarke Charlotte , Sachs Julian P. , Macdonald Georgiana , Chiverrell Richard C. , Leng Melanie J. , Cisneros-Dozal L. M. , Fonville Thierry , Pearson Emma 
Published: April 2020

Significance
We combine indicators from lake sediments with archaeological records that identify an earlier and incremental arrival of humans in East Polynesia than indicated by current models. We use lake sediments to reconstruct a quantitative, multiproxy hydroclimate sequences from Vanuatu, Samoa, and the Southern Cook Islands and combine these with published data to show that the timing of human migration into East Polynesia coincided with a prolonged drought. We postulate this regional drought was a significant contributory factor in eastward exploration and subsequent colonization of the Southern Cook Islands and beyond. The return of wetter conditions in East Polynesia after c. AD 1150 supported subsequent colonization of other central islands and, eventually, migration into far eastern and South Polynesia.
A dual effect of ursolic acid to the treatment of multiple sclerosis through both immunomodulation and direct remyelination
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Li Xing , Ciric Bogoljub , Curtis Mark T. , Chen Wan-Jun , Rostami Abdolmohamad , Zhang Guang-Xian 
Published: April 2020

Significance
Current immunomodulatory therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) can effectively inhibit autoimmune response, but largely fail to promote myelin repair. This therapeutic deficiency is due mainly to the failure of treatment to promote remyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). Here we show that ursolic acid (UA), a natural triterpenoid, in addition to its well-known antiinflammatory effect, also directly stimulates oligodendrocyte maturation and CNS myelin repair. Mechanisms of UA action involve induction of pro-myelinating neurotrophic factor in astrocytes by PPARγ/CREB signaling and regulation of myelin-related gene expression during oligodendrocyte maturation via PPARγ activation. Our data demonstrate that UA has great potential as an agent for MS, especially at the chronic-progressive stage, because of its capacity in both immunomodulation and neural repair.
The geodynamo for non-geophysicists
Authors: Herrmann Friedrich , Vorbach Tobias 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The geodynamo usually appears as a somewhat intimidating subject. Its understanding seems to require knowledge of the intricate theory of magnetohydrodynamics. The solution of the corresponding equations can only be achieved numerically. It seems to be a subject for the specialist. We show that one can understand the basics of the functioning of the geodynamo solely by using the well-known laws of electrodynamics. The topic is not only important for geophysicists. The same physics is the cause for the magnetic fields of Sun-like stars, of the very strong fields of neutron stars, and also of the cosmic magnetic fields.
Ising models of charge storage in multifile metallic nanopores
Authors: Zaboronsky A O , Kornyshev A A 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Ising type models of charging of conductive nanopores with ions have already been proposed and investigated for single file cylindrical or single layer slit nanopores. In such pores, the state of ions, the coulombic interactions of which are exponentially screened by their images in pore walls, was named superionic. In the present work we extend the analysis of the superionic state to nanopores that can accommodate multiple rows of ions. By grouping multiple charges in the same row into ‘supercharges’, we map the arrangement of ions in polarised electrodes on a multi-row Ising model in an external field. We investigate one-, two- and three-row cases, which we solve exactly, using a purpose-built semi-numerical transfer matrix method. For pores of different radii, which can accommodate the corresponding number of ion rows, we calculate the dependence of the electrical capacitance and stored energy density on electrode potential. As in charging the single file pores, we find that in narrower pores higher energy densities can be achieved at low applied potentials, while wider pores perform better as the voltage is increased.
A resonant cavity method for measuring electrical permittivity in the
GHz region
Authors: Thompson Frank 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Resonant cavity perturbation as a means to measuring permittivity has been used
since the early 1940s. It is attractive because it is non-contact,
non-destructive and experimentally simple. Only recently, however, has the cost
of a small analyser board become acceptably low that experiments can be carried
out in schools and colleges. Using the TE 1,0,1 cavity mode in a rectangular
cavity, measurements of permittivity for distilled water, methanol and PTFE in
the microwave region of 1 GHz are presented and these agree well with published
data. A granular sugar sample is also investigated to confirm measurements
carried out with a compact Lecher Line apparatus
Smartphone-based remote assessment of upper extremity function for multiple sclerosis using the Draw a Shape Test
Authors: Creagh A P , Simillion C , Scotland A , Lipsmeier F , Bernasconi C , Belachew S , van Beek J , Baker M , Gossens C , Lindemann M , De Vos M 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjective: Smartphone devices may enable out-of-clinic assessments in chronic neurological diseases. We describe the Draw a Shape (DaS) Test, a smartphone-based and remotely administered test of Upper Extremity (UE) function developed for people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). This work introduces DaS-related features that characterise UE function and impairment, and aims to demonstrate how multivariate modelling of these metrics can reliably predict the 9-Hole Peg Test (9HPT), a clinician-administered UE assessment in PwMS.Approach: The DaS Test instructed PwMS and healthy controls (HC) to trace predefined shapes on a smartphone screen. A total of 93 subjects (HC,n= 22; PwMS,n= 71) contributed both dominant and non-dominant handed DaS tests. PwMS subjects were characterised as those with normal (nPwMS,n= 50) and abnormal UE function (aPwMS,n= 21) with respect to their average 9HPT time (≤ or > 22.7 (s), respectively).L1-regularization techniques, combined with linear least squares (OLS, IRLS), or non-linear support vector (SVR) or random forest (RFR) regression were investigated as functions to map relevant DaS features to 9HPT times.Main results: It was observed that average non-dominant handed 9HPT times were more accurately predicted by DaS features (r2= 0.41,P<0.05; MAE: 2.08 ± 0.34 (s)) than average dominant handed 9HPTs (r2= 0.39,P<0.05; MAE: 2.32 ± 0.43 (s)), using simple linear IRLS (P<0.01). Moreover, it was found that the Mean absolute error (MAE) in predicted 9HPTs was comparable to the variability of actual 9HPT times within HC, nPwMS and aPwMS groups respectively. The 9HPT however exhibited large heteroscedasticity resulting in less stable predictions of longer 9HPT times.Significance: This study demonstrates the potential of the smartphone-based DaS Test to reliably predict 9HPT times and remotely monitor UE function in PwMS.
An Active Flexure Compensation Method for LAMOST spectrograph based on BP-Neural Network
Authors: Huang Shuo , Zou Hua , Liu Tian-Jiao , Zhao Shi-Yu , Zhang Hang 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Large sky AreaMulti-Object fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) is a Chinese national scientific research facility operated by National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC). The LAMOST survey for the Milky Way Galaxy and extra-galactic objects has been carried out for several years. The accuracies in measuring radial velocity are expected to be 5 km s−1 for the low resolution spectroscopic survey (R = 1800), and 1 km s−1 for the medium resolution mode. The stability of spectrograph is the main factor affecting the accuracies in measuring radial velocity, so an Active Flexure Compensation Method (AFCM) based on Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) is proposed in this paper. It utilizes a deep BP (4-layer, 5-layer etc.) model of thermal-induced flexure to periodically predict and apply flexure corrections by commanding the corresponding tilt and tip motions to the camera. The spectrograph camera system is adjusted so that the positions of these spots match those in a reference image. The simulated calibration of this compensation method analytically illustrates its performance on LAMOST spectrograph.
Assessing the performance of molecular gas clump identification algorithms
Authors: Li Chong , Wang Hong-Chi , Wu Yuan-Wei , Ma Yue-Hui , Lin Liang-Hao 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The detection of clumps (cores) in molecular clouds is an important issue in sub-millimetre astronomy. However, the completeness of the identification and the accuracy of the returned parameters of the automated clump identification algorithms are still not clear. In this work, we test the performance and bias of the GaussClumps, ClumpFind, FellWalker, Reinhold, and Dendrograms algorithms in identifying simulated clumps. By designing the simulated clumps with various sizes, peak brightness, and crowdedness, we investigate the characteristics of the algorithms and their performance. In the aspect of detection completeness, FellWalker, Dendrograms, and GaussClumps are the first, second, and third best algorithms, respectively. The numbers of correct identifications of the six algorithms gradually increase as the size and signal-to-noise ratio (SNRs) of the simulated clumps increase and they decrease as the crowdedness increases. In the aspect of the accuracy of retrieved parameters, FellWalker and Dendrograms exhibit better performance than the other algorithms. The average deviations in clump parameters for all algorithms gradually increase as the size and SNR of clumps increase. Most of the algorithms except FellWalker exhibit significant deviation in extracting the total flux of clumps. Taken together, FellWalker, GaussClumps, and Dendrograms exhibit the best performance in detection completeness and extracting parameters. The deviation in virial parameter for the six algorithms is relatively low. When applying the six algorithms to the clump identification for the Rosette molecular cloud, ClumpFind1994, ClumpFind2006, GaussClumps, FellWalker, and Reinhold exhibit performance that is consistent with the results from the simulated test.
The Coude Echelle Spectrograph for the Lijiang 1.8m telescope
Authors: Wang Xiao-Li , Chang Liang , Wang Lei , Ji Hang-Xin , Xian Hao , Tang Zhen , Xin Yu-Xin , Wang Chuan-Jun , He Shou-Sheng , Zhang Ju-Jia , Lun Bao-Li , Wei Kai , Li Xi-Qi , Jiang Xiao-Jun , Wang Hui-Juan , Li Hong-Bin , Mao Ji-Rong 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Coude Echelle Spectrograph (CES) was originally mounted on Xinglong 2.16 m telescope in 1994. When the High Resolution Fiber-fed Spectrograph (HRS) was commissioned at Xinglong 2.16 m telescope, the red path of CES was moved to Lijiang 1.8 m telescope, following some redesign and reinstallation. The CES of Lijiang 1.8 m telescope has the spectral resolution (R = λ/Δλ) ranging from 20000 to 50000 corresponding to different slit widths. With a 2k × 2k PI CCD, CES has a wavelength coverage between 570 nm to 1030 nm. In particular, the resolution of 37000 at 0.5 mm slit corresponds to 1.3″ on the sky. The limiting magnitude is V = 11.5 with the use of the tip-tilt feedback system, and the S/N is about 40 for 1 hour exposure at 600 nm (R = 37000). During the installation of CES, the tip-tilt mirror technology had successfully fulfilled high precision guiding and tracking for high resolution spectral observation and significantly improved the observation efficiency.
Irregular changes in Hα emission line of V423 Aur observed by LAMOST Medium-Resolution Spectrographs
Authors: Wu Chao-Jian , Wu Hong , Hsia Chih-Hao , Zhang Wei , Ren Juan-Juan , Li Guang-Wei , Chen Jian-Jun , Yang Fan , Shi Jian-Rong , Hou Yong-Hui , Liu Ji-Feng 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe obtained seven spectra of the Be star V423 Aur on 2017 Dec. 5 using the LAMOST Medium-Resolution Spectrograph with exposures from 600 to 1200 seconds. These spectra show the irregular Hαemission line profile variations (LPVs). In the seven spectra, from the 4th to 7th, the left part of Hαprofile even shows excess. However, no variation can be seen from the follow-up observation of photometry by 1.26-m telescope and High-Resolution spectra by 2.16-m telescope. According to the High-Resolution spectra, we conclude that it is a B7V type star withE(B−V) = 0.709 ± 0.036 and itsvsini is ∼ 221.8 km s−1. The short-term HαLPVs could be explained as a result of the transient ejection of matter from rotating disk or shell around V423 Aur.