bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Fire in the Coevolution of Soils and Temperate Forests
Authors: Inbar Assaf , Nyman Petter , Lane Patrick N. J. , Sheridan Gary J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractClimate drives the coevolution of vegetation and the soil that supports it. Wildfire dramatically affects many key eco‐hydro‐geomorphic processes, but its potential role in coevolution of soil‐forest systems has been largely overlooked. The steep landscapes of southeastern Australia provide an excellent natural laboratory to study the role of fire in the coevolution of soil and forests, as they are characterized by temperate forest types, fire frequencies, and soil depths that vary systematically with aridity. The aims of this study were (i) to test the hypothesis that in Southeastern Australia, fire‐related processes are critical to explain the variations in coevolved soil‐forest system states across an aridity gradient and (ii) to identify the key processes and (iii) feedbacks involved. To achieve these aims, we developed a numerical model that simulates the coevolution of soil‐forest systems which employ eco‐hydro‐geomorphic processes that are typical of the flammable forests of southeastern Australia. A stepwise model evaluation, using measurements and published data, confirms the robustness of the model to simulate eco‐hydro‐geomorphic processes across the aridity gradient. Simulations that included fire replicated patterns of observed soil depth and forest cover across an aridity gradient, supporting our hypothesis. The contribution of fire to coevolution increased in magnitude with aridity, mainly due to the higher fire frequency and lower post‐fire infiltration capacity, increasing the rates of fire‐related surface runoff and erosion. Our results show that critical feedbacks between soil depth, vegetation, and fire frequency dictate the trajectory and pace of the coevolution of flammable temperate forests and soils.
Hydrologic Signals and Surprises in U.S. Streamflow Records During Urbanization
Authors: Bhaskar A. S. , Hopkins K. G. , Smith B. K. , Stephens T. A. , Miller A. J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUrban development has been observed to lead to variable magnitudes of change for stormflow volume and directions of baseflow change across cities. This work examines temporal streamflow trends across the flow duration curve in 53 watersheds during periods of peak urban development, which ranged from 1939 to 2016. We used U.S. Geological Survey streamgage records combined with pre‐development and urbanization characteristics to identify 20 years for analysis in each urbanizing watershed. Each urbanizing gage was paired with a nearby reference gage representing climatic trends over the same time period. Results indicated that urbanization, as measured by housing density, did not homogeneously alter the flow duration curve. Urbanization led to widely variable trends in low flow, where half of the urbanizing gages had increasing flow at the 10th non‐exceedance percentile, and the other half had declining low flow. High flows generally increased in streams as the area urbanized. The largest increases in high flows were in streams in semi‐arid and arid areas. The largest urban flow changes had transformations in wastewater infrastructure, water supply infrastructure, and flood control facilities. Isolating flow changes due to urbanization from those of reference sites will serve to better identify and manage synergistic effects of urban development and climate change on flooding and water availability.
Accessory Mineral Eu Anomalies in Suprasolidus Rocks: Beyond Feldspar
Authors: Holder R. M. , Yakymchuk C. , Viete D. R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAccessory mineral Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*) are routinely measured to infer changes in the amount of feldspar over time, allowing accessory mineral U‐Pb dates to be linked to the progressive crystallization of igneous and metamorphic rocks and, by extension, geodynamic processes. However, changes in Eu/Eu* can reflect any process that changes the relative availability of Eu2+ and Eu3+. We constructed partitioning budgets for Sm, Eu2+, Eu3+, and Gd in suprasolidus metasedimentary rocks to investigate processes that can influence accessory mineral Eu anomalies. We modeled three scenarios: (1) closed‐system, equilibrium crystallization; (2) fractionation of Eu by feldspar growth during melt crystallization; and (3) removal of Eu by melt extraction. In the closed‐system equilibrium model, accessory mineral Eu/Eu* changes as a function of fO2 and monazite stability; Eu/Eu* changes up to 0.3 over a pressure‐temperature range of 4–12 kbar and 700–950°C. Fractionation of Eu by feldspar growth is modeled to decrease accessory mineral Eu/Eu* by ~0.05–0.15 per 10 wt% feldspar crystallized. Melt extraction has a smaller effect; removal of 10% melt decreases accessory mineral Eu/Eu* in the residue by ≤0.05. Although these models demonstrate that fractionation of Eu by feldspar growth can be a dominant control on a rocks u budget, they also show that the common interpretation that Eu/Eu* only records feldspar growth and breakdown is an oversimplification that could lead to incorrect interpretation about the duration and rates of tectonic processes. Consideration of other processes that influence Eu anomalies will allow for a broader range of geological processes to be investigated by petrochronology.
Model for (De)Compaction and Porosity Waves in Porous Rocks Under Shear Stresses
Authors: Yarushina V. M. , Podladchikov Y. Y. , Wang L. H. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAn understanding of instantaneous and long‐term compaction of porous rocks is important for reservoir engineering and Earth sciences. Experience from laboratory triaxial compression tests and from subsurface operations indicates that shear and volumetric deformations are interdependent. Their mutual dependence results in shear‐enhanced compaction and shear‐induced dilation under short‐term and long‐term loading. Using a classical averaging approach, we consider the evolution of a single fluid‐filled pore in a solid elastoplastic or viscoplastic matrix under combined pressure and shear loading to introduce a new failure envelope and 3‐D constitutive relations for both rate‐dependent and rate‐independent deformation of porous rocks. Our model provides a simple description of rock behavior under a wide range of strain rates. The model predictions agree well with experimental data from triaxial instantaneous and creep tests. Analytical and numerical solutions for solitary porosity wave propagation in viscoplastic rocks in the presence of shear were obtained. New solutions show that new rheological laws have serious implications for porosity waves. Plasticity onset leads to compaction‐decompaction asymmetry and the formation of elongated channel‐like porosity waves. Shear‐induced dilation facilitates porosity wave propagation at fluid pressures below the lithostatic stress. This makes porosity waves a viable mechanism in the formation of focused fluid flow structures in crustal rocks.
Size‐Fractionated Compositions of Marine Suspended Particles in the Western Arctic Ocean: Lateral and Vertical Sources
Authors: Xiang Yang , Lam Phoebe J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe present full water depth sections of size‐fractionated (1–51 μm; >51 μm) concentrations of suspended particulate matter and major particle phase composition (particulate organic matter [POM], including its carbon isotopic composition [POC‐δ13C] and C:N ratio, calcium carbonate [CaCO3], opal, lithogenic particles, and iron and manganese [oxyhydr]oxides) from the U.S. GEOTRACES Arctic Cruise (GN01) in the western Arctic in 2015. Whereas biogenic particles (POM and opal) dominate the upper 1,000 m, lithogenic particles are the most abundant particle type at depth. Minor phases such as manganese (Mn) oxides are higher in GN01 than in any other U.S. GEOTRACES cruises so far. Extremely depleted POC‐δ13C, as low as ~ −32‰, is ubiquitous at the surface of the western Arctic Ocean as a result of different growth rates of phytoplankton. Moderate penetration of depleted POC‐δ13C to depth indicates active sinking of large particles in the central basin. Lateral transport from the Chukchi shelf is also of significance in the western Arctic, as is evident from increases in biogenic silica to POC ratios and Mn oxide concentrations in the halocline, as well as lithogenic element contents in the deep waters. Our study supports previous suggestions of the near absence of CaCO3 in the Arctic Basin. This study presents the first data set of concentration and composition of suspended particles in the western Arctic Ocean and sheds new light on the vertical and lateral processes that govern particle distribution in this enclosed ocean basin.
A New Crater Near InSight: Implications for Seismic Impact Detectability on Mars
Authors: Daubar I. J. , Lognonné P. , Teanby N. A. , Collins G. S. , Clinton J. , Stähler S. , Spiga A. , Karakostas F. , Ceylan S. , Malin M. , McEwen A. S. , Maguire R. , Charalambous C. , Onodera K. , Lucas A. , Rolland L. , Vaubaillon J. , Kawamura T. , Böse M. , Horleston A. , van Driel M. , Stevanović J. , Miljković K. , Fernando B. , Huang Q. , Giardini D. , Larmat C. S. , Leng K. , Rajšić A. , Schmerr N. , Wójcicka N. , Pike T. , Wookey J. , Rodriguez S. , Garcia R. , Banks M. E. , Margerin L. , Posiolova L. , Banerdt B. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA new 1.5 m diameter impact crater was discovered on Mars only ~40 km from the InSight lander. Context camera images constrained its formation between 21 February and 6 April 2019; follow‐up High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment images resolved the crater. During this time period, three seismic events were identified in InSight data. We derive expected seismic signal characteristics and use them to evaluate each of the seismic events. However, none of them can definitively be associated with this source. Atmospheric perturbations are generally expected to be generated during impacts; however, in this case, no signal could be identified as related to the known impact. Using scaling relationships based on the terrestrial and lunar analogs and numerical modeling, we predict the amplitude, peak frequency, and duration of the seismic signal that would have emanated from this impact. The predicted amplitude falls near the lowest levels of the measured seismometer noise for the predicted frequency. Hence, it is not surprising this impact event was not positively identified in the seismic data. Finding this crater was a lucky event as its formation this close to InSight has a probability of only ~0.2, and the odds of capturing it in before and after images are extremely low. We revisit impact‐seismic discriminators in light of real experience with a seismometer on the Martian surface. Using measured noise of the instrument, we revise our previous prediction of seismic impact detections downward, from ~a few to tens, to just ~2 per Earth year, still with an order of magnitude uncertainty.
Evaluation of Physics‐Based Data Assimilation System Driven by Neutral Density Data From a Single Satellite
Authors: Ren Dexin , Lei Jiuhou 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAccurate forecast of the thermospheric density is critical to the space community. The data assimilation approach that is based on the self‐consistent upper‐atmosphere model may provide better predictive capability of the coupled thermosphere system. In this study, a physics‐based assimilation system (hereafter referred to as PIDA) that is based on the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model was used to validate the capability of reproducing the evolution of the global thermosphere state. The effective solar and geophysical drivers were estimated by ingesting neutral density from a single satellite into the PIDA. It was found that the PIDA can reproduce the temporal variation of the global thermospheric density at around the altitude where the orbit density was ingested. Furthermore, the PIDA is also capable of capturing the temporal evolution of the thermospheric density at various altitudes. However, a systematic bias, depending on altitude, is seen in the modeled neutral density of the PIDA. Moreover, this systematic bias in the thermospheric density is likely ascribed to the overestimation of the density in the lower thermosphere. Consequently, the spatial and temporal evolutions of the lower thermosphere under various conditions should be considered carefully in the physics‐based data assimilation system. Additionally, the assessments of the obtained results suggested that the observations of multiple parameters at different altitudes are required to be assimilated into the thermospheric model.
Primary Intrathoracic Neurogenic Tumors: Clinical, Pathological, and Long-Term Outcomes
Authors: Galetta Domenico , Spaggiari Lorenzo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackground Intrathoracic neurogenic tumors (INTs) are uncommon neoplasms arising from nerve tissues. We report our single-center experience in treating these rare INTs.Methods Using a prospective institutional database, clinical, surgical, and pathological records of patients receiving resection of INT between May 1998 and June 2018 were analyzed. Survival was calculated by Kaplan–Meier method.Results There were 82 patients (24 females) with an average age of 53 years (29–75 years). Mean diameter was 32 mm (range, 12–68 mm). Histology included 49 schwannomas (11 malignant), 15 neurinomas (2 malignant), 14 neurilemmomas, and 4 paragangliomas. Tumor was located in the posterior mediastinum in 52 patients, in the thoracic inlet in 12, in the anterior mediastinum in 7, in the lung parenchyma in 5, and in the chest wall in 3. In three (3.6%) patients, the tumor showed an intraspinal extension. Symptoms were reported in 51 patients (62.2%) and included cough in 23, dyspnea in 15, neurologic symptoms in 11, and wheezing in 2. Operation was performed by thoracotomy in 42 (51.2%) cases and less invasive technique in 40 (48.8%) cases. Resection was completed in 80 patients (97.6%). Postoperative radiotherapy was administered in two cases. Intraoperative and postoperative mortalities were nil. Morbidity occurred in four patients (4.8%) including two prolonged air leaks, one hemothorax, and one chylothorax. Five-year survival was 97% (mean follow-up, 4.9 years). Malignant tumors had a worse prognosis (p = 0.02). No recurrence occurred during the follow-up neither for malignant nor for benign tumors.Conclusion The treatment of choice for INTs is complete resection which will be tailored to tumor size, location, and extension. Long-term prognosis is favorable for benign neurogenic tumors.
Epidemics as an adaptive driving force determining lifespan setpoints
Authors: Lidsky Peter V. , Andino Raul 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Aging is an evolutionary paradox. Traditionally, it is assumed as a maladaptive and nonprogrammed process of physical deterioration. Hypotheses of programmed aging are currently regarded as unfeasible since the evolutionary benefits of senescence are unclear. Here, we develop a model indicating that limiting lifespan is beneficial to control epidemics, providing a possible explanation for species lifespan setpoint selection and the absence of biologically immortal mutants. Our study suggests a unifying hypothesis in which lifespan is selected to prevent and limit outbreaks of chronic infectious diseases.
Pharmacologic induction of innate immune signaling directly drives homologous recombination deficiency
Authors: McLaughlin Lena J. , Stojanovic Lora , Kogan Aksinija A. , Rutherford Julia L. , Choi Eun Yong , Yen Ray-Whay Chiu , Xia Limin , Zou Ying , Lapidus Rena G. , Baylin Stephen B. , Topper Michael J. , Rassool Feyruz V. 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Combining DNMTi with PARPi induces HRD in a BRCA-proficient setting. We now uncover an unexpected mechanism for generation of HRD that joins drug induction of a broad, innate immune signaling to directly drive HRD. The findings have important translational implications for broadening the scope of PARPi therapy and potentially for immunotherapy.
River basin salinization as a form of aridity
Authors: Perri Saverio , Suweis Samir , Holmes Alex , Marpu Prashanth R. , Entekhabi Dara , Molini Annalisa 
Published: July 2020

SignificanceCombining observations and model results, we show that soil salinization does affect the long-term soil–water balance of saline river basins, eventually acting as an aridity enhancer. The strength of this control depends on the capability of vegetation to cope with salt stress through specific functional traits—i.e., salt tolerance—and is key to the understanding of vegetation–water relations in arid and transitional watersheds. Our approach can also be applied to infer crucial data about the salinization level and vegetation salt tolerance of river basins. Such information is essential to develop reverse-engineering measures to mitigate catchment-scale aridity and salinization, based on salt-tolerance plant traits.
Regulation of ERK basal and pulsatile activity control proliferation and exit from the stem cell compartment in mammalian epidermis
Authors: Hiratsuka Toru , Bordeu Ignacio , Pruessner Gunnar , Watt Fiona M. 
Published: July 2020

SignificanceUnderstanding how intracellular signaling cascades control cell fate is a key issue in stem cell biology. Here we show that exit from the stem cell compartment in mammalian epidermis is characterized by pulsatile ERK MAPK activity. Basal activity and pulses are differentially regulated by DUSP10 and DUSP6, two phosphatases that have been shown previously to regulate differentiation commitment in the epidermis. ERK activity is controlled both transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally. Spatial segregation of mean ERK activity and pulses is observed both in reconstituted human epidermis and in mouse epidermis. Our findings demonstrate the tight spatial and temporal regulation of ERK MAPK expression and activity in mammalian epidermis.
The impact of COVID-19 on small business outcomes and expectations
Authors: Bartik Alexander W. , Bertrand Marianne , Cullen Zoe , Glaeser Edward L. , Luca Michael , Stanton Christopher 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Drawing on a survey of more than 5,800 small businesses, this paper provides insight into the economic impact of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) on small businesses. The results shed light on both the financial fragility of many small businesses, and the significant impact COVID-19 had on these businesses in the weeks after the COVID-19–related disruptions began. The results also provide evidence on businesses’ expectations about the longer-term impact of COVID-19, as well as their perceptions of relief programs offered by the government.
Working memory capacity predicts individual differences in social-distancing compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Authors: Xie Weizhen , Campbell Stephen , Zhang Weiwei 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Before vaccination and other intervention measures become available, successful containment of an unknown infectious disease critically relies on people’s voluntary compliance with the recommended social-distancing guidelines. This involves a decision process of prioritizing the merits of social distancing over its costs, which may depend on one’s ability to compare multiple pieces of potentially conflicting information regarding social distancing in working memory. Our data support this hypothesis, highlighting the critical role of one’s working memory capacity in social-distancing compliance during the early stage of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. This observation reveals a core cognitive limitation in one’s response to a public health crisis and suggests a possible cognitive venue for the development of strategies to mitigate this challenge.
The application of bilingual phonological learning models to
early second language development
Authors: Meziane R. Sabah , MacLeod Andrea A.N. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to review how
bilingual phonological learning models can be applied to
understanding early second language development among children in
kindergarten. Specifically, we review Best’s Perceptual Assimilation
Model, Flege’s Speech Learning Model, Kuhl’s Language Magnet Model,
and Willem van Leussen & Escudero’s Second Language Phonetic Model. We
present results from a study of 25 children who were attending
kindergarten in French and who spoke Tagalog and English at home.
The children’s consonant productions in a word naming task were
transcribed and analysed. Although the results did not align with a
single model, it was useful conceptually to contrast “shared” versus
“unshared” phonemes as the “unshared” phonemes were produced with
lower accuracy overall.
Issues for second language pronunciation in children
Authors: Derwing Tracey M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Many L2 children exhibit native-like phonology,
which can result in false assumptions about overall language
development. For instance, teachers may assume that a child’s
difficulties understanding schoolwork are due to cognitive delays
rather than attributable to incomplete language acquisition. These
suppositions can lead to the placement of L2 students in special
education classes rather than language enrichment programming.
Studies of children’s second language (L2) pronunciation development
reveal that, contrary to popular opinion, some children have foreign
accents. Although some L2 accents are easy to understand, requiring
no intervention, pronunciation instruction research has identified
strategies to enhance intelligibility when children’s productions
are difficult to understand. Suggestions for assisting children and
youth with intelligibility difficulties are made.
Two solitudes?
Authors: Enns Robyn , Lemire Nicole , Nicoladis Elena 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Proficient adult bilinguals likely have one
conceptual store encompassing both languages: in experimental tasks,
they produce many translation equivalents. In contrast, bilingual
preschoolers often produce few translation equivalents on similar
tasks, perhaps because they have not yet developed the hierarchical
semantic organization to access concepts consistently across
languages. We test this possibility in two studies. In Study 1,
French-English bilingual children between 4–6 years of age generated
examples of animals, clothes, food and drinks in both languages. The
results showed 15% conceptual overlap. In Study 2, French-English
bilingual children between 7–10 years of age completed a
picture-naming task in both languages. The results showed 8%
overlap. These results are consistent with hierarchical organization
being necessary for producing many translation equivalents.
Using a novel sorting game to explore the role of phonotactic
probability and linguistic environment in nonword processing by
Spanish-English bilingual children
Authors: Betancourt Kyna R. , Frisch Stefan A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Bilingual children process distinct phonotactics
of two languages in a mixed linguistic environment. The Unified
Competition Model (MacWhinney,
2005), which posits language processing via weighing
informational cues, would predict that bilingual children rely more
on phonotactic probability than linguistic environment when
organizing new words into languages. This chapter presents a study
testing this hypothesis. Using nonwords of differing phonotactic
probabilities, bilingual children were tested in predominantly
Spanish or English contexts and asked to classify nonwords as
English or Spanish. Data analyzed using a mixed effects generalized
linear model indicated that bilingual children rely on phonotactic
probabilities, not linguistic environment, to encode language
membership supporting predictions of the Unified Competition Model
and extending its explanatory function to bilingual language
membership encoding.