bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High bond reliability of newly developed silver alloy bonding wire
Authors: Araki Noritoshi , Eto Motoki , Ohkabe Takumi , Haibara Teruo , Yamada Takashi , Oyamada Tetsuya , Uno Tomohiro 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this paper, a new type of silver (Ag) alloy bonding wire is introduced, and its bonding property and long term reliability are demonstrated. The new Ag wire, called GX2s, is developed as a cost-effective alternative to gold (Au) wire targeting at automotive electronics. The wire material is doped with added element, and its electrical resistivity is much lower than the conventional palladium (Pd) doped Ag wire. Highly accelerated stress test (HAST) and high temperature storage life (HTSL) test were carried out along with other bonding evaluations. The results show that GX2s has good bonding property and excellent long term bond reliability. Microstructural analyses of bond interface after the reliability tests were also conducted to investigate its improving mechanism. GX2s is a suitable alternative to Au wire for many applications including high temperature automotive devices.
“Drop-in” Conventional Reflow Oven Sinter-Able Pressure-Less Silver Paste for Die-Attach Assembly Mass Production
Authors: Chen Sihai , Wernicki Evan , Wright Sara , LaBarbera Christine , Lee Ning-Cheng 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
During the experiment, pressure-less silver sintering pastes that can sinter using a conventional reflow oven for die-attach applications were developed. This development makes it possible to produce die-attach assemblies in a continuous and high throughput fashion for mass production. Different reflow profiles such as “ramp-up and peak” and “ramp-up and plateau” types were tested and high shear strength joints with no voids were obtained. For each sample, the sintering time was around twelve minutes or less, which is about one order of the magnitude that is presently used for box oven sintering time. Two sintering pastes, A and B, were developed. Paste A has been used to study the relationship between processing conditions (reflow oven sintering temperature and atmosphere such as air vs nitrogen) and the die-attach structures (with varied substrate materials such as copper or active metal brazing (AMB) and surface metallization such as copper, silver, or gold). Under the same combined conditions of sintering temperature, atmosphere, and substrate type, the Ag metalized substrate gave the strongest joint shear strength. In comparison, Au metalized substrate displayed the weakest strength because of the formation of a “depletion layer” as a result of the diffusion of silver on gold surface, leaving behind a weak connection between sintered silver and Ag-Au layer. For the above noble metal metallized surfaces, sintering in air normally results in stronger joint shear strength than that in a nitrogen atmosphere. On the bare Cu metallized surface with nitrogen sintering, increasing the sintering temperature and changing to paste B are two ways to increase joint shear strength. Sintering on an AMB substrate displays around 10Mpa higher shear strength than that on a Cu substrate, indicating the importance of surface morphology. When sintering at 250°C in air, oxygen can help accelerate the inter-diffusion between Cu substrate and sintered Ag and enhance interfacial adhesion, increasing the shear strength. A higher sintering temperature reduces the adhesion due to the formation of large amounts of copper oxide; therefore, control of the optimum temperature range is key to obtaining a strong joint in air.
Advances in Hermetic Projection Weld Sealing
Authors: Salzer Tom 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this article, we describe a novel process for hermetic projection weld sealing of semiconductor devices, considered by many to be an important legacy technology from decades gone bye, but not particularly relevant in today's arsenal of sealing technologies. We will demonstrate that with appropriate modifications to be described, this technology can used to seal various high power devices as well as high reliability semiconductors, crystals, hybrid packages, medical electronics, photonic devices, automotive electronics, etc. Its features primarily stem from the fact that it can be used to quickly and efficiently produce true hermetic seals in components. The welding is so rapid, that it is essentially a room temperature technology and the equipment is small enough that it can be housed in an atmosphere controlled chamber filled with any gas that is not explosive. Air, Nitrogen, Argon, Helium and their mixtures are the most commonly utilized gasses. The process is so adiabatic that it can be used to seal many liquids also. In some applications the technology competes against pulsed laser welding, but unlike laser welding the entire seal takes place in a few milliseconds because it is a single discharge, component-shaped spot/projection weld, which means that the entire seam is made in a single high speed discharge. So, in the same time that it takes a laser welding machine to make one of the many small overlapping spot welds required to make a seal, the projection welder has completed the entire operation. This process results in minimal stress and distortion, and maximum hermetic properties, strength and reliability, without requiring electroplating or preforms. Because the weld involves the localized high speed melting of metals, it among the highest energy density processes. A concern with the earlier resistance welding technologies has been the expulsion of particulates, both out of, and into the seal. This expulsion has been systemic and becomes progressively worse as the package size increases. In the course of this presentation we will demonstrate how this concern has been dealt with and corrected. Internal dew points can be held to −40 degrees, or lower if required. Other common applications for this technology include sealing and welding of nuts and studs for hermetic applications and sealing of devices for medical applications that must endure autoclave sterilization. In the course of this presentation, we will take you back to the roots of the original resistance welding process as taught by the early process developers so that you will understand how things have changed, and the reasons for the changes.
An EMI Suppression Method in SiC Half-bridge Power Module Design
Authors: Wang Zhiwei , Zhang Chi , Yan Yiyang , Chen Cai , Kang Yong 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a 1200V/24A SiC half-bridge power module with ultra-low parasitic capacitance and inductance for low CM EMI. This module is improved from a stacked substrate hybrid packaging structure by optimizing the copper pattern. The parasitic capacitance reduction methods and the trade-off optimization for geometrical parameters are given. The parasitic capacitance of the output node is reduced by 70% compared to the original module. The parasitic capacitance and inductance of the proposed module are 6.8pF and 5.5nH respectively. The EMI simulation shows the proposed module can reduce CM EMI by about 9 dB, while the EMI test result shows a maximum of 6 dB reduction.
A Study on Reduced/Absent Adhesion/Cap Layers for Optimized BEOL RC Performance
Authors: Xu Dewei , Sun Zhiguo , Zhang Haojun , Pozder Scott , Justison Patrick , Kook Seung-Yeop , Augur Rod , Fox Robert 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Lower RC delay is vital to achieve optimal and competitive circuit performance and hence drives the endlessly pursued BEOL integration scheme advancement. To date low-k dielectric materials, i.e., fluorine-doped oxides, carbon-doped oxide (SiCOH), to porous carbon-doped oxides (p-SiCOH) have been implemented. However, due to the process integration challenges with inherently weak low-k materials, the trend to pursue lower k dielectrics has come to a plateau as technology nodes scale down past 20/14nm. On the other hand, the trend of geometry layer thickness shrinking down, such as trench CD and height, via CD and height, etc., still continues for each advanced technology node. In the BEOL stack adhesion layers (oxide + gradient layers) (ALs) with higher k value were introduced to enhance interface adhesion strength between SiCOH/p-SiCOH and dielectric cap film (SiCN), which offset the intrinsic RC benefit from low-k dielectric material. At more advanced nodes and beyond, the combined ALs and cap film could be up to via or trench height, which poses a huge challenge to meet desired RC performance and technology node scaling. Therefore, the thickness reduction of ALs and cap film becomes necessary for further technology node scaling.
In this study, samples with interfacial full ALs, reduced ALs and bulk only (no ALs) for p-SiCOH (k=2.75) on various cap films were prepared, such as SiCN, SiCN/ODC, SiCN/AlONx, etc. TOF-SIMS analyses was used to confirm the composition of the dielectric stacks and later check the debonded surface morphology. Four-point bend adhesion tests were conducted to evaluate interfacial adhesion strength. Results show the interfacial adhesion strength on samples with reduced Als and bulk only (no ALs) is dropped by ~20% and ~30%, respectively. Additional ODC layer on top of SiCN would increase the interfacial adhesion strength by ~10%. It is suggested that reduced ALs may be adequate to satisfy overall CPI requirement for the BEOL integration scheme of p-SiCOH on advanced dielectric cap films (AlN + ODC). The coupling capacitance reduction for a combined reduced ALs and advanced dielectric cap can be up to 16% at M0 level and 10% at Mx level for a 40nm metal pitch.
Long-term trends in pH in Japanese coastal seawater
Authors: Ishizu Miho , Miyazawa Yasumasa , Tsunoda Tomohiko , Ono Tsuneo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract. In recent decades, acidification of the open ocean has shown a consistent
increase. However, analysis of long-term data in coastal seawater shows
that the pH is highly variable because of coastal processes and
anthropogenic carbon inputs. It is therefore important to understand how
anthropogenic carbon inputs and other natural or anthropogenic factors
influence the temporal trends in pH in coastal seawater. Using water quality
data collected at 289 monitoring sites as part of the Water Pollution
Control Program, we evaluated the long-term trends of the pHinsitu in
Japanese coastal seawater at ambient temperature from 1978 to 2009. We found
that the annual maximum pHinsitu, which generally represents the pH of
surface waters in winter, had decreased at 75 % of the sites but had
increased at the remaining sites. The temporal trend in the annual minimum
pHinsitu, which generally represents the pH of subsurface water in
summer, also showed a similar distribution, although it was relatively
difficult to interpret the trends of annual minimum pHinsitu because
the sampling depths differed between the stations. The annual maximum
pHinsitu decreased at an average rate of −0.0024 yr−1, with
relatively large deviations (0.0042 yr−1) from the average value.
Detailed analysis suggested that the decrease in pH was caused partly by
warming of winter surface waters in Japanese coastal seawater. The pH, when
normalized to 25 ∘C, however, showed decreasing trends, suggesting
that dissolved inorganic carbon from anthropogenic sources is increasing in
Japanese coastal seawater.
Pattern and structure of microtopography implies autogenic origins in forested wetlands
Authors: Diamond Jacob S. , McLaughlin Daniel L. , Slesak Robert A. , Stovall Atticus 
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Wetland microtopography is a visually striking feature, but also critically
influences biogeochemical processes at both the scale of its observation
(10−2–102 m2) and at aggregate scales (102–104 m2). However, relatively little is known about how wetland microtopography develops or the factors influencing its structure and
pattern. Growing research across different ecosystems suggests that reinforcing processes may be common between plants and their environment,
resulting in self-organized patch features, like hummocks. Here, we used
landscape ecology metrics and diagnostics to evaluate the plausibility of
plant–environment feedback mechanisms in the maintenance of wetland
microtopography. We used terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to quantify the
sizing and spatial distribution of hummocks in 10 black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marshall) wetlands in northern Minnesota, USA. We observed clear elevation bimodality in our wettest sites, indicating microsite divergence into two states: elevated hummocks and low elevation hollows. We coupled the TLS dataset to a 3-year water level record and soil-depth measurements, and showed that hummock height (mean = 0.31±0.06 m) variability is
largely predicted by mean water level depth (R2=0.8 at the site scale, R2=0.12–0.56 at the hummock scale), with little influence of subsurface microtopography on surface microtopography. Hummocks at wetter sites exhibited regular spatial patterning (i.e., regular spacing of ca. 1.5 m,
25 %–30 % further apart than expected by chance) in contrast to the
more random spatial arrangements of hummocks at drier sites. Hummock size
distributions (perimeters, areas, and volumes) were lognormal, with a
characteristic patch area of approximately 1 m2 across sites. Hummocks
increase the effective soil surface area for redox gradients and exchange
interfaces in black ash wetlands by up to 32 %, and influence surface
water dynamics through modulation of specific yield by up to 30 %. Taken
together, the data support the hypothesis that vegetation develops and
maintains hummocks in response to anaerobic stresses from saturated soils,
with a potential for a microtopographic signature of life.
Youth Developmental Experiences Among Female Hockey Players: The Role of Relative Age
Authors: Chittle Laura , Dixon Jess C. , Horton Sean 
Published: December 2019

Relative age differences can lead to varying sport participation opportunities; however, scant research has focused on the impact of relative age on experiences within sport. This study explored if youth developmental experiences differed by relative age among competitive female ice hockey players. Players within Ontario (n = 264) completed an online survey that contained the Youth Experience Survey for Sport (YES-S) along with additional demographic questions. The YES-S measures 5 dimensions of positive (i.e., personal and social skills, cognitive skills, goal setting, and initiative) and negative developmental experiences in sport. The results of the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) suggested that the developmental experiences reported by athletes did not differ across birth quartiles (Wilks’ Lambda = 0.940, F (15, 707.105) = 1.061, p = .390). Although there was a relative age effect (RAE) trend within this sample of competitive female ice hockey players, the differences across birth quartiles were not statistically significant. It appears that relative age does not result in youth having different positive and negative sporting experiences. Exploring the characteristics of sport environments (e.g., coaches, practices) and personality traits of competitive athletes to better understand how relatively younger athletes continue their participation in sport despite being at a perceived disadvantage warrants further investigation.
Sacrifices, Sidekicks, and Scapegoats: Black Characters and White Stories in Nora Roberts’s Romances
Authors: Ali Kecia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In several of the scores of romance novels she published between the 1980s and the early 2000s, bestselling American author Nora Roberts limns whiteness by deploying black characters as sacrifices or sidekicks. In her recent novels (2016-19), villainous white characters who express racist sentiments become scapegoats, obscuring racism’s broader structural and cultural dimensions. At a time when discrimination within romance publishing and award-giving has gained attention, it is vital to explore how the genre continues to center white readers and white identities, even while explicitly condemning racism.
New Insights into the Evolution and Age of the Neoproterozoic Jebel Ohier Porphyry Copper Deposit, Red Sea Hills, Northeastern Sudan
Authors: Bierlein Frank P. , Potma Warren , Cernuschi Federico , Brauhart Carl , Robinson Jamie , Bargmann Chris J. , Bullen Warwick , Henriquez Jose F. , Davies Ian , Kennedy Allen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNew SHRIMP U-Pb data from dioritic to granodioritic synmineral intrusions associated with the Jebel Ohier porphyry copper deposit (mineral inventory, including NI43-101-compliant total inferred and indicated resources, of 593 million tonnes [Mt] at 0.33% Cu and 0.05 ppm Au, for 1.953 Mt of contained Cu and 933,600 oz of Au at 0.15% Cu cutoff) in the Red Sea Hills of northeastern Sudan have bracketed the age of mineralization to ca. 816 to 812 Ma. This age range, as well as constraints from new and existing lithogeochemical data, is consistent with the deposit’s formation from a productive parental magma source during the early stages in the evolution of an intra-Mozambique Ocean island arc. The Jebel Ohier porphyry copper deposit bears many similarities to well-documented Phanerozoic analogues elsewhere in terms of (1) the mapped style and zonation of hydrothermal alteration (i.e., proximal K-silicate–dominated, to sericitic, to distal propylitic alteration), (2) the occurrence of intense Cu-bearing A- and B-type vein stockwork, as well as sulfide-only C-type veins, anhydrite veins, and younger, peripheral D-type veins, and (3) the geochemical fingerprint of the associated porphyry, which is akin to those of ore-related Tertiary porphyries in the Escondida area in northern Chile. The multiphase intrusion hosting the Jebel Ohier porphyry copper deposit has been intruded by several generations of mafic to felsic postmineralization dikes and voluminous plutons, with a peak in magmatic activity coinciding with the suturing of the Gebeit terrane at ca. 724 Ma. In spite of, or perhaps because of, the occurrence of extensive postmineralization magmatism, and regardless of subsequent deformation, regional metamorphism, uplift, and erosion, the deposit has remained remarkably intact. The discovery of a relatively ancient, yet well-preserved porphyry copper deposit in the Neoproterozoic Arabian-Nubian Shield has major implications for the exploration potential of this resource-rich geologic terrain.
Topical Imiquimod and Subsequent Erythema Multiforme
Authors: Maxfield Luke , Gaston David , Peck Aurora , Hansen Katrina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Topical imiquimod is commonly used in the nonsurgical management of actinic keratosis and superficial basal cell carcinoma. Although adverse effects have been limited primarily to local irritation, another rare adverse reaction is erythema multiforme. We present a case of erythema multiforme involving the oral mucosa, trunk, and extremities that followed broad application of topical imiquimod for the management of suspected superficial basal cell skin cancers and actinic keratosis. The patient had used imiquimod previously without complication. Cessation of use and systemic corticosteroids resulted in prompt clearance.
The fast–slow continuum of longevity among yellow-bellied toad populations (Bombina variegata): intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of variation
Authors: Hantzschmann Alena Marcella , Gollmann Birgit , Gollmann Günter , Sinsch Ulrich 
Published: December 2019

Yellow-bellied toad populations (Bombina variegata) show a wide fast–slow continuum of the life-history trait longevity ranging from 5 to 23 years. We investigated populations in Germany (n = 8) and Austria (n = 1) to determine their position within the continuum of longevity and the potential drivers of adult survival at the local and the continental scale. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors considered were local weather, nutritional state, allocation of ingested energy to somatic growth, pathogen prevalence, and geographical clines (latitude, altitude, and longitude). Capture-mark-recapture (CMR) monitoring and direct age assessment by skeletochronology allowed for reliable estimates of longevity and adult survival. Raw and corrected recapture rates as well as a probabilistic estimate of the lifespan of the eldest 1% adults of a cohort (CMR data) were used as surrogates for adult survival and thus longevity in a population. Additionally, survival rates were calculated from static life tables based on the age structure (skeletochronological data) of eight populations. Populations in Germany were short-lived with a maximum lifespan of annual cohorts varying from 5 to 8 years, whereas the population in Austria was long-lived with a cohort longevity of 13 to 23 years. We provide evidence that annual survival rates and longevity differ among years and between short- and long-lived populations, but there was no decrease of survival in older toads (i.e. absence of senescence). Variation of weather among years accounted for 90.7% of variance in annual survival rates of short-lived populations, whereas the sources of variation in the long-lived population remained unidentified. At the continental scale, longevity variation among B. variegata populations studied so far did not correspond to geographical clines or climate variation. Therefore, we propose that a population’s position within the fast–slow continuum integrates the response to local environmental stochasticity (extrinsic source of variation) and the efficiency of chemical antipredator protection determining the magnitude of longevity (intrinsic source of variation).
Significance of TP53 mutation in bladder cancer disease progression and drug selection
Authors: Wu Guang , Wang Fei , Li Kai , Li Shugen , Zhao Chunchun , Fan Caibin , Wang Jianqing 
Published: December 2019

Background
The tumor protein p53 (TP53) mutant is one of the most frequent mutant genes in bladder cancer. In this study, we assessed the importance of the TP53 mutation in bladder cancer progression and drug selection, and identified potential pathways and core genes associated with the underlying mechanisms.

Methods
Gene expression data used in this study were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas and cBioportal databases. Drug sensitivity data were obtained from the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer. We did functional enrichment analysis by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID).

Results
We found the TP53 mutation in 50% of bladder cancer patients. Patients with the TP53 mutation were associated with a lower TP53 mRNA expression level, more advanced tumor stage and higher histologic grade. Three drugs, mitomycin-C, doxorubicin and gemcitabine, were especially more sensitive to bladder cancer with the TP53 mutation. As for the mechanisms, we identified 863 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Functional enrichment analysis suggested that DEGs were primarily enriched in multiple metabolic progressions, chemical carcinogenesis and cancer related pathways. The protein–protein interaction network identified the top 10 hub genes. Our results have suggested the significance of TP53 mutation in disease progression and drug selection in bladder cancer, and identified multiple genes and pathways related in such program, offering novel basis for bladder cancer individualized treatment.