bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marketing System of Small Scale Broiler in Selected Areas of Tangail District
Authors: Akhter Shahida , Hasan Alamgir , Rahman Hasan Habibur , Hassan Md Kamrul , Khan Most Tahmina , Siddique Mahbubul Pratik , Rashid M Harun Ar , Hossain Mohammad Ismail 
Published: September 2020

The study was attempted to explore the small scale broiler farming of Tangail district. Bhuapur, Ghatail, Kalihati, Shakhipur, Delduar and Basail Upazilas were selected purposively for this study. Primary data were collected through face to face interview with the respondents of broiler farmers during February to July, 2016. Secondary data were collected from the BBS, poultry production and marketing reports, journals, DAM, DLS and MS theses. A total of 30 broiler farm owners and 54 intermediaries were selected by applying purposive sampling technique. In the production and marketing system of broiler, many intermediaries were involved such as Bepari, Paiker, Wholesaler and Retailer. Marketing of broiler, produced in Tangail district, was moved from producers to the consumers through four separate chains. The average production cost of farmer for 500 birds was BDT 54781.25, and marketing cost of paiker, wholesaler and retailer were BDT 1230, BDT 1310 and BDT 440, respectively. However, beparies received highest marketing cost which was BDT 1370/500 birds. Transportation was found as the highest cost item which was 37.96%, 39.02% and 40.46%, in case of bepari, paiker, and wholesalers, respectively, but there was no transportation cost of retailer. Broiler farmers sold 90% of their broiler to paiker/bepari and remaining 10% to retailer (distance paiker) sold directly. Paikers sold 85.63% of their broilers to retailers and 14.34% to retailers through wholesalers. Consumer purchases100% of broiler from the retailers in the study areas. Broiler producers did not get fair price due to lack of economic storage facilities, existence of stronger middlemen, inadequacy of veterinary care and services, inefficient transportation facilities, and lack of proper marketing information. It could be concluded that institutional credits, timely supply of inputs and stable price of broiler should be ensured along with the provision of transport and market facilities.
Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(2): 243-254, August 2020
Clinico-Pathological Investigation of Chicken Coccidiosis at Different Upazila in Bogura District
Authors: Islam Md Mofizul , Ali Md Haydar , Islam Md Nazrul , Akther Mahfuza , Rahman Md Gausur 
Published: September 2020

The experiment was conducted with the interest to know the overall condition of coccidiosis in small scale commercial poultry farms at different upazilla in Bogura district and the investigation was done from July to December, 2018. A thorough clinical and necropsy examination was done for characterizing the clinical signs, recording of gross lesions and collection of different organs mainly the small intestine and the caecum for further histopathological examination. A total of 343 suspected and dead chickens were examined, among them 52 (15.38%) (20.6% in broiler, 10.47% in sonali, 10.25% in layer) chickens were found positive for chicken coccidiosis. The proportional mortality rates were 19.25%, 21.42%, 8.23% and 7.5% respectively in age group of 0-4 weeks, 5-6 weeks, 7-8 weeks and above 8 weeks and the highest value was found in age group of 5- 6 weeks. Depression, ruffled feather, bloody diarrhoea, anaemia, drooping of wings and reduction of feed and water intake were commonly observed. Several gross changes were recorded including enlargement and discoloration of caecum, pinkish or blood mixed catarrhal contents in the intestinal lumen with numerous haemorrhagic lesions over intestinal mucosa. Histopathologically there was architectural destruction of caecum, destroyed and disorganized villi mucosa without any continuation of the lining epithelium. Some facts like farmers knowledge, the bio-safety measures and different protection programs with vaccination against the disease did not properly comply with the approved standards. Thus consideration of such points in management program of coccidiosis can improve the poultry farms of Bogura district.
Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(2): 267-274, August 2020
Effects of Curcuma Zedoaria (Shoti) on Growth Performance and Hemato-Biochemical Parameters in Broiler
Authors: Kabir TM Rahsin , Sultana Nahid Nawrin , Ferdausi Tangila , Hasan Muhammad Rakibul , Bashar Nayamul , Ahmad Nazim 
Published: September 2020

The experiment was conducted on “Cobb-500” broiler chicks to study the effects of Curcumazedoaria (shoti) on growth performances and haemato-biochemical parameters. A total of twentybroilers chicks (16 days old) were randomly divided into five equal groups (n=4). Three groups ofbroilers fed shoti powder at the rate of 10%; 20%; 30% (w/w) with other ingredients for 22 days.Broilers chicks fed on maize-soybean were considered as positive control while non-protein controlwas regarded as negative control. The results showed that body weight of broilers fed 10% and 20%shoti meal grew very close to those of control (maize-soybean) group. After having completed thefeeding trial, the birds were sacrificed to collect blood sample for and biochemical analysis .Weightsof different organs and length of intestine were also measured. Results showed that decreaseddressed weight, weight of skin and liver were found in 30% shoti treated group compared to proteincontrol group. Intestinal weight was highest in 30% shoti treated group but length was similar to theprotein control group. Total erythrocytes count, hemoglobin content and PCV value were founddecreased in shoti treated group compared to protein control group but ESR value was highest in10% shoti treated group. Total cholesterol was found to be decreased in the birds fed on shoticompared to protein control and significantly higher than non-protein control group. Triglyceride valuedecreased in 10% shoti treated group compared to protein and non-protein control group. IncreasedHDL value was found in 10% shoti treated group compared to control groups and 20 % and 30 %shoti treated groups. Result of this experiment showed that body weight of birds significantly (p<0.05)increased in all shoti treated groups. Further investigations are necessary by using differentpercentages of shoti and other shoti type feed to determine the effects of this feed supplement onanimal’s physiology.
Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(2): 293-301, August 2020
Present Status of Aquaculture Practices in Some Selected Areas of Dinajpur District
Authors: Zafar Md Abu , Mia Md Faruk , Parvez Imran , Kibria Abu Syed Md , Roy Krishna Chandra 
Published: September 2020

An investigation was conducted to have a clear idea on current aquaculture practicesof 67 fish farmers in Birganjupazila, Dinajpur district for a period of six months fromOctober 2016- March 2017. Fish farmers were selected randomly from three villagesof Moricha Union of Birganjupazila through questionnaire interview, FGD and crosscheck interview and secondary information were used to assess the performances inaquaculture activities. Most of the farmers (52.24%) had pond having the size rangefrom 5 to10 decimal with the mean depth 4.44 ft. It was found that 79% of pondscontained water throughout the year and 21% pond had water for a period of 6 to 8months. The major culture species was Indian major carps along with SmallIndigenous Species. About 76% farmer used feed in culture pond and none of thefarmers were found to take any measures for maintaining proper water quality. Thetotal fish production was found as 1204 kg where Tilapia ranked highest with 22% inthe study area. About 92.5 % farmers use the fish only for family consumptionwhereas the remaining farmers (7.5%) used for both family consumption and sales.The major problems identified during the culture period were high price of quality fishseeds and feeds, less protein in feed, poor technical knowledge etc. It is therefore,necessary to provide necessary training to the farmers, institutional and policysupports and proper credit facilities for sustainable fish production as well assustainable livelihood of the poor farmers.
Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(2): 341-349, August 2020
Economic evaluation of low-dose SKA cytokines in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in maintaining low disease activity or remission
Authors: Ravasio Roberto , Migliore Alberto 
Published: September 2020

Introduction. The administration of low-dose SKA cytokines allows to maintain remission or low disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This analysis aims to estimate the maintenance treatment cost of low-dose SKA cytokines versus DMARDs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Methods and Results. Rather than evaluating the cost-effectiveness of individual therapeutic agents, it becomes recommendable for decision-makers to identify an optimal sequencing of such agents. A one-year cost consequence analysis (CCA) was conducted, comparing two alternative strategies to maintain remission or low disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: i) first line with low-dose SKA cytokines and second line with antitumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), ii) first line with DMARDs and second line with TNF-α. The CCA was conducted from the perspective of the Italian National Health Service (iNHS). Only direct medical costs (drugs cost) were considered. We performed a sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of the results. The sequence using cytokines in first line showed the lower mean annual cost of treatment: the mean annual cost per patient was €1,280.96 with cytokines and €1,987.21 with DMARDs. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the base case result.
Conclusion. From the iNHS’s perspective low-dose, SKA cytokines, as first line treatment appears a cost-saving strategy to maintain remission or low disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (HTA & Market Access)
Orhan Kemal'in İlk Dönem Öykülerinde Küçük Adam'ın Edilgin Görünümü Nesneleştirilen Kadınlar
Authors: ÇOPUR Gürhan 
Published: September 2020

Orhan Kemal, anlatılarında yaşam mücadelesinin merkezinde yer alan Küçük Adamʹa odaklanır. Yazar, süreğen bir mücadele içerisindeki küçük adamın çoklukla müşahit olarak yer alır. Bunula birlikte anlatıları kurgularken yoğun olarak özyaşamöyküsünden de faydalanır. Yazarın oğlu Işık Öğütçü tarafından 2016 yılında tamamlanan "Orhan Kemal, Unutulmuş Öyküler" adlı kitap, Orhan Kemalʹin öykücülük anlayışının ilk yıllarına ışık tutmaktadır. Kitapta yer alan elli dört öykü yazarın yazınsal serüveninin ilk yıllarına dair özellikleri okurla buluşturur. Birçoğu, romanlarına eklemlenecek olan öykülerinde, Orhan Kemalʹin toplumcu gerçekçiliği kendi yorumuyla özgün bir forma soktuğu söylenebilir.Orhan Kemalʹin ilk dönem öykülerinde yer alan kadın kahramanlar, sıklıkla emeği ve bedeni sömürülen edilgin karakterler olarak çizilir. Yazar, küçük adam olarak adlanan toplumsal sınıfı tasvir ederken kadınları kendi trajedileriyle ayrıca ele alır. Böylelikle Orhan Kemalʹin yazınsal serüveninde Kadınʹın konumu ilk öykülerinden itibaren belirginleşir.Bu çalışmada Orhan Kemalʹin çeşitli takma adlar kullanarak kaleme aldığı, birtakım dergi ve gazetelerde yayımlanmış öyküleri nesneleştirilen ve sömürülen yönüyle kadın izleği çerçevesinde ele alınacaktır. Orhan Kemalʹin yazarlığının ilk dönemlerine ışık tutan, "Asma Çubuğu", "Güllü", "Vatana Dönüş", "Sevgili", "Küçücük" ve "Birtakım Gençler" adlı öyküleri çerçevesinde irdeleme yapılacaktır. Öykülerde yer alan yoksul ve düşük gelirli toplum tabakasına mensup kadın karakterlerin ev, iş ve toplum üçgeninde üzerlerine giydirilen edilgin rol, yaşadıkları nesneleştirilme ve bedeninden, emeğinden faydalanılan bir obje olarak sömürülmesi sorunları temelinde, kadın izleği irdelenecektir.
Öteki’nin Gözünden Dünya Düşü: "Bir Çocuk"ta Yapı ve Tema
Authors: YÜCE Büşra Gökçe 
Published: September 2020

Orhan Kemal, Türk Edebiyatının, hayat karşısında yeterli bilgisi ve görüsü olmayan bireyinin, yaşama tutunabilme öyküsünü gerçekçi bir bakış açısı ile anlatan bir sanatkârıdır. "Bir Çocuk" öyküsü, 1968 yılında yayımlanan Önce Ekmek isimli kitapta bulunur. 1969 yılı Sait Faik Hikâye Armağanı ve Türk Dil Kurumu Ödülünü alan Önce Ekmekʹte on yedi öykü yer alır. Zamandan ve mekândan bağımsız yapıtları ile Türk edebiyatının ölümsüz ismi Orhan Kemal, anlatıyı leitmotifler ve güçlü betimlemeler ile donatır. Yazar, yaşam mücadelesi veren, hayatta kalmak için çalışan ve emek harcayan insanın edebiyatımızdaki sözcüsüdür. "Bir Çocuk", yetersizlik durumunu ifade eder. Eserin ismi ile belli yaş aralığı ve kişiden bağımsız insan imlenir. Her yaştan kimse, belli konularda çocuk sayılır. Bir kelimesi ile tek başına, savunmasız olduğu anlaşılan insan, anonim bir görüntü çizer, bu yönüyle kapsayıcılığı artar, eserin etki alanı genişler. Bu çalışmada Orhan Kemalʹin "Bir Çocuk" adlı öyküsü yapı ve tema bakımından tahlil edildi. Yoksulluk, sosyal adaletsizlik, yabancılaşma, toplumsal boyuttaki görüngüsü yozlaşma temaları ekseninde şekillenen öyküde, başkişinin içinde bulunduğu yaşam koşullarının eylem düzlemine yansımaları vurgulandı. Rehberi olmadan dünyada varlığını devam ettirmeye çalışan bireyin, kurtuluş yolu olarak toplumun yasaklarına yönelmesinin sebepleri, isim- içerik, olay örgüsü, bakış açısı ve anlatıcı, zaman, mekân, kişiler dünyası ve tema bağlamında incelendi ve tahlil edilen hikâye özelinde sanatkârın Türk öykücülüğünde anonim ve kapsayıcı bir kavram dizgesi oluşturduğu tespit edildi.
Orhan Kemal Romanlarında "Küçük Adam"ın Yitim Görüngüleri
Authors: ELIUZ Ülkü 
Published: September 2020

Sanat, kâinattaki fenomenleri sorgulamak yerine onlara kalbin sonsuz muhabbetini sunarak kucaklayan bir kavrayış sistemidir. Orhan Kemal, özündeki insan sevgisini bu kavrayış sistemi ile sentezleyerek yansıtan bir sanatkârdır. Asgari şartlarda yaşama mücadelesi veren ʹküçük adamʹın tarihi ve sosyal perspektif içerisinde ʹyer edinmeʹ sorunsalını, dil aracılığıyla varlık bulmuş gerçeğimsi dünya içinde ele alır. Orhan Kemalʹin eserleri, belli bir yer ve zamana özgü egemen dünya görüşünün birey yoluyla ifade bulmuş biçimleridir. O, bireysel ve kolektif değerler sistemini, ideolojik koşullanmalar ile bütünleştirir.Cumhuriyet dönemi Türk edebiyatı içinde, önceden vaaz edilmiş kuralların değil bir yaşam tarzının metinleşmesi olan Orhan Kemal romanı, küçük adamʹın kendini gerçekleştirme serüveninin yansımasıdır. İnsanın varlığıyla yokluğu arasındaki derin anlamlar, onun eserlerinin özünü oluşturur. Değerlerin olması gerek sesine duyarlı olan sanatkâr, geçmiş ve şimdi arasındaki çatışmaları mekân ve zaman boyutunda sorgularken; kukla, kimliksiz, tekdüze, şeyʹleştirilmiş kişilerle yığınlaştırılan toplumun geleceğinin endişesini duyar. Orhan Kemal, insan sevgisi ve insanı eğitme gayesi paralelinde yıpranmış, boyutsuzlaşmış, rutinleşmiş bir anlam düzenini kırarak değerler dünyasını yeniden anlamlandırmak arzusu içinde, yadsırken bile yeniden kurabilme gayreti içerisindedir. Bu makalede Orhan Kemalʹin niyete bağlı olarak birey ve toplum düzeyinde psikolojik ve sosyolojik çözümlemeler yaptığı romanlarında ʹküçük adamʹın yitim görüngüleri yozlaşma ve sosyal adaletsizlik izlekleri bağlamında tahlil edilecektir. Yazarın eserleri aracılığıyla ulaştırmak istediği mesaja yönelik olarak küçük adam tipinin çözülüşündeki temel belirteçlerin kurgusal varlığı değerlendirilecektir.
Tribal Economy of India with Special Reference to Tiruchirappalli District of Tamilnadu in India
Authors: Chithra N 
Published: September 2020

The tribal communities live in about 15% of the country’s areas in various ecological and geo-climatic conditions ranging from plains and forests to hills and inaccessible areas. The tribal groups are at different stages of socio-economic and educational development. While some tribal communities have adopted a mainstream way of life, at the other end of the spectrum, there are 75 groups still not adopted mainstream life, Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PTGs), who were identified earlier for having the following characteristics:(a) pre-agriculture level of technology;(b) stagnant or declining population;(c) extremely low literacy and(d) subsistence level of economy
MSME Sector: A Multifaceted Model to Achieve Prosperity
Authors: Jarwal Devendra 
Published: September 2020

The current enthusiasm for the entrepreneurship culture results in mushrooming of self-employment activities. Self-employment also supports the growth of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). Of course, MSMEs have various economic benefits, and India is riding upon the performance of MSMEs to become self-reliant. But still, MSMEs should not be perceived in isolation for the economic benefits only. Rather, other socio-economic perspectives of MSMEs should also get equal consideration. Thus, this paper descriptive in nature attempts to record other socio-economic benefits. For this paper, various government reports and other related literature have been consulted. MSMEs have an impressive track record in contribution to GDP, employment generation, reducing social inequalities, women empowerment, and balanced geographical growth. The study concludes that the role of MSMEs in the development of India is crucial, yet there are many roadblocks that need state intervention through an appropriate policy framework. Some of the roadblocks in the progress of the MSME sector are difficulty in availing credit facility, lack of marketing avenues, inefficient productivity gave operation of scale, frequent obsolescence of technology, inadequate infrastructure, and institutional framework. The paper also highlights the role of professionals in facilitating the smooth functioning and growth of the MSME sector.
Impact of Navaratnalu on Manabadi (Nadu-Nedu / Education) in Andhra Pradesh State
Authors: Subba Reddy P V 
Published: September 2020

Navaratnalu is in operation in Andhra Pradesh State from 30th May 2019 to provide various schemes to the beneficiaries viz, Farmers, Students, Mothers, old age Persons, Auto-walas, Weavers community, Fisherman community, Poor people in OC, BC, SC, ST, Minorities, and others for better living in the society. The purpose of one Programme of Navaratnalu is to provide infrastructure facilities for all government schools on far with corporate schools and capacity building of the teachers to improve the quality of education in the state.Purpose of the study: The study tried to assess two issues, which are the impact of Manabadi-Nadu-Nedu/Education and to recommend suitable suggestions for the improvement of the schools under government control.Methodology: This empirical research adopted a quantitative method by distributing a schedule to 108 beneficiaries representing from four districts in Andhra Pradesh State. The data analyzed by using statistical techniques such as mean and percentages to assess the impact of the Manabadi-Nadu-Nedu/Education.Main Findings: MANA-BADI project is intended to develop with a provision for up-gradation of schools as model schools for the benefit of the students in rural and semi-urban areas in A.P. Majority of the respondents are aware of the manabadi /Education (nadu-nedu) program a, and everybody knows the activities being implemented by the government of A.P and are positively responded.Application of the Study: The findings of the study are useful for the government in implementing the navaratnalu in the state. As education has increased the self-confidence level among the students of primary, higher, technical knowledge, the state of Andhra Pradesh, which is developing fast in almost all areas people to be educated so that they become part and parcel of development.Novelty/originality of the Study: The impact of navaratnalu (Manabadi-Nadu-Nedu/Education) has been addressed categorically, empowering the manabadi-Nadu nedu. Therefore, a determined plan of implementation of further action can significantly allow the manabadi / Education (nad-unedu)
Rural Electrification and Profitability among Rural Women - Owned Microenterprises in Nigeria
Authors: Olanrewaju Emilia , Olanrewaju Olumuyiwa 
Published: September 2020

In most developing countries, higher numbers of women depend on microenterprise for survival, and access to electricity supply is considered to be vital to the operations of microenterprise businesses. Despite the significance of rural electrification, microenterprises are still battling with a lack of quality and stable electricity supply. To this end, this study analyzed the effect of grid electricity supply on the profitability of microenterprise among rural women. Primary data were used for this study. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Probit model, and the ordinary least square (OLS) method. The result shows that hairdressing (16.8%) is the most common form of businesses followed by tailoring (14.1%), oil palm processing (12.4%), grain milling (7.9%), traditional birth attendants and retail shop (7.1%). Also, the result reveals that age, years of schooling, connection charge, enterprise share of electricity bill with household, and duration of power outage supported the adoption of electricity service among microenterprise owners. The study further shows that the billing method of electricity supply negatively affects the profitability of microenterprise. On the other hand, grid electricity adoption, years spent in business, duration of power supply, and expenditure on alternative sources of energy significantly have a positive impact on the profitability of microenterprise. The study, therefore, recommends that the Government should intensify action in providing rural communities with reliable and affordable electricity services, which is one of the indispensable tools in microenterprises establishment, expansion, and performance.
A Study on Misconception of Using Brackets in Arithmetic Expression
Authors: Das Kaushik 
Published: September 2020

The present study focused on the lack of knowledge of the double use of brackets in arithmetic expressions and the difficulty in the operatively of expression for mathematics application at the school level. Learning the other rules and formulas of mathematics involves learning the use of a bracket. Binding is useful in both arithmetic and algebra. If the bracket is not used properly, the value of the mathematical result is completely changed. The concept of this bracket is inserted into the students while learning school-based mathematics. So at the beginning of the bracket learning process, school-based textbooks, curriculum, and teachers are of great importance. The methodology of the proposed study is based on the document-based analysis. This study employed including studying international and national journals, library consultation, expert opinion, online journals, periodical, newspapers, and documents. Finally, the researcher suggested the importance, precaution, and effectiveness of using brackets in arithmetic.