bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cases and the Dialectic
Authors: McSweeney Thomas J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Bracton contains more than 500 citations to cases on the plea rolls, the administrative records of the royal courts, and this chapter will demonstrate that the authors of Bracton thought of them as authoritative texts, similar to the authoritative texts of Roman and canon law they had learned from in the schools. The authors of Bracton use and treat citations to plea roll entries and citations to the authoritative texts of Roman law—Justinian’s Digest, Codex, and Institutes—in very similar ways. The authors of the treatise adopt similar citation methods for both, and speak about them in similar terms. The authors of Bracton applied to their case records the scholastic methods of harmonization and reconciliation that they had learned to apply to the authoritative texts of Roman and canon law.
The Value-Extracting Enablers
Authors: Lazonick William , Shin Jang-Sup 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains historical and systemic sources of institutional activism. Starting from re-examining underlying principles of New Deal financial regulations established in the 1930s that discouraged institutional activism, it argues that they were overturned in the 1980s and 1990s in the name of promoting “shareholder democracy.” It analyzes these misguided regulatory “reforms” including the introduction of compulsory voting by institutional investors, a proxy-voting rule change that greatly facilitated aggregation of proxy votes by predatory value extractors. The chapter argues that those reforms created a large vacuum in corporate voting because, contrary to the ideal of shareholder democracy and particularly with the increasing dominance of index funds, institutional investors had little ability and incentive to vote the shares in their portfolios. The main beneficiaries of these reforms have been the leading proxy advisory firms and a small group of hedge-fund activists intent on looting the business corporation.
Singers and Storytellers
Authors: Pooley William G. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In order to understand the folk traditions that Félix Arnaudin recorded, it is important to consider who his informants were. Félix Arnaudin prided himself on his honesty in how he presented these informants, but this chapter suggests that this honesty was only ever partial. Research drawing on birth, marriage, and death certificates, notarial documents, and other sources suggests that Félix Arnaudin exaggerated the age of his informants, and put more emphasis on informants who worked in ‘traditional’ occupations, such as pastoralism, even though many of his singers and storytellers worked in ‘modern’ occupations, as employees of the state, for example.
Silence and Chastity
Authors: Pooley William G. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter complements Chapter 6. It focuses on one of Arnaudin’s most prolific singers, a woman named Catherine Gentes. Rather than what Catherine sang, the chapter asks what she did not. By leaving verses out of well-known songs, or by refusing to sing whole songs, Catherine created a very different personal repertoire of singing to the picture presented in Chapter 6 of the bawdy singing of the moorlands. The chapter replaces these singing choices in her life, suggesting that her identity as a seamstress and her physical impairment would have encouraged her community to sexualize her. The fact that she systematically avoided bawdy singing material suggests some of the ways that she attempted to forge an alternative identity, which did not necessarily draw on Catholic models of female chastity.
Passions and Reason in the Ethics
Authors: Sangiacomo Andrea 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 develops the interpretation introduced in Chapter 4 by showing how the notion of agreement in nature underpins another crucial distinction in Spinoza’s ontology: namely, that between actions and passions. Section 5.2 presents the conceptual link between the individual conatus, the power of acting and the degree of agreement in nature. Section 5.3 discusses how the distinction between activity and passivity relies on the notion of agreement. Section 5.4 argues that passions (under appropriate circumstances) can initiate positive causal feedback loops, which lead to maximizing agreement in nature and fostering activity. Section 5.5 implements this reading to interpret and clarify Spinoza’s techniques to master the passions discussed in the fifth part of the Ethics. Section 5.6 argues that the reading presented in this chapter is better placed than other current interpretations to make full sense of Spinoza’s techniques.
Introduction
Authors: Wolkenstein Fabio 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn addition to summarizing the book’s main themes as described, this Introduction places special emphasis on connecting the problem animating the book—the apparent incapacity of contemporary parties to mediate between citizens and the state—to current political developments in established Western democracies, showing that the issues the book addresses are not only of academic interest but also directly relevant to ongoing public debates about the state and health of representative democracy. Chief amongst the themes foregrounded here is the rise of so-called ‘populist’ parties on the left and right of the political spectrum, as well as the re-branding of established political actors as ‘movements’ (think, e.g. of Emmanuel Macron’s La République en Marche). These phenomena are interpreted as part of a larger ‘revolt against intermediary bodies’—meaning first and foremost a rebellion against political parties. The Introduction suggests that this ‘revolt’ brings with it only a temporary shift in how representative politics looks, without actually reversing the disconnect between parties and voters or compelling established political parties to give up their privileges and de-colonize the institutions of the state. This argument sets the stage for the book’s core contention that more thought has to be put into finding ways to reconnect political parties with society.
Leaving It Out
Authors: Montgomery Will 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 23 shows how in the modernist era rhythm was no longer a stable background pattern, but became part of the overall acoustic texture of the poem—with short-form poetry the most powerful vehicle for rhythmic innovation. Poetry had, for most of English literary history, generally been held to be metrical—rhythmic in a consistent pattern. Ezra Pound helped shape modernist poetics, and the author focuses on the Poundian line of influence, with particular emphasis on the writing of the American poet Robert Creeley. While his verse is not “musical” in the tightly patterned sense of balladry, his precise and economical use of language encourages rhythmic innovations comparable to those of twentieth-century musical pioneers such as the composer Anton Webern or the bebop drummer Max Roach. The author argues that brevity and ellipsis are integral to a modernism best approached through the modernist dictum Dichten = condensare (to poetize is to condense).
A Zookeeper’s Ecology
Authors: Lekan Thomas M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the early career of Bernhard Grzimek, who became the director of the Frankfurt Zoo in 1945 after serving as a veterinarian and agricultural minister for the Third Reich. Grzimek became famous for transforming the zoo from a bombed-out shell into one of Europe’s most successful zoological gardens by combining insights from ethology and ecology to help the animals thrive in captivity. Behind his carefully crafted public image as savior of animals, however, Grzimek revealed in memoirs and writings about animal behavior a much darker self, haunted by fears of extinction, eugenic decline, and wartime displacement that signaled an inability to come to terms with his and his country’s Nazi experience. Grzimek’s concern about the spread of Western “degeneracy” to Africa explains the urgency of his quest to save animals and their habitats there—and the indifference he often displayed toward local and indigenous peoples who stood in the way of his pursuit.
Serengeti Shall Not Die
Authors: Lekan Thomas M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the politics of scientific knowledge and visual representation of savanna environments in Bernhard and Michael Grzimek’s bestselling book and Academy Award–winning documentary film, Serengeti Shall Not Die (1959). It shows how the Grzimeks used their iconic airplane, nicknamed the “Flying Zebra,” to conduct ecological reconnaissance and employ aerial filmography. They depicted the Serengeti as an untouched ecosystem and a global heritage of mankind, despite its history of pastoralist land use and as a battleground between contending German and British imperial forces. Following international conventions established in London in 1933, the Grzimeks insisted that the Serengeti should encompass the entire habitat of migrating wildebeest—and not, as some officials in the Tanganyika Territory insisted, be divided to accommodate the local Maasai people’s customary cattle grazing. The Grzimeks failed to stop the redrawing of the park’s boundaries, partly because the airborne camera never expunged the Serengeti’s “ghosts of land use past.”
Origins
Authors: Aronson Amy 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Crystal Eastman was the only daughter of two ordained Congregationalist ministers—both feminists. Her father, Samuel, though prone to bouts of mental distress, was a pillar of strength when it came to supporting his daughter’s ambitions and opportunities. Still, it was her mother, Annis Ford Eastman, who loomed largest in the family. She became regionally renowned as a woman preacher and followed Thomas Beecher as pastor of the famed Park Church in Elmira, New York, leading a flock that included Mark Twain’s family. She had a magnetic personality—original, energetic, thrilling—but was also “a stormy troubled soul, capable of black cruelty and then again of the deepest generosities,” as Eastman revealed late in her own life. Eastman worshipped her mother, the economic and emotional engine of the family, and maintained an intense attachment to her that shaped her expectations and mindset in her life, work, and relationships.
Review of the Evidence on, and Fundamental Questions About, Efforts to Improve Executive Functions, Including Working Memory
Authors: Diamond Adele , Ling Daphne S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This systematic review of executive function (EF) interventions is the largest such review thus far, including 179 studies from all over the world, reported in 193 papers. It covers all the ways that have been tried to improve EFs, including computerized and noncomputerized cognitive training, neurofeedback, school programs, physical activities, mindfulness practices, and miscellaneous approaches (e.g., drama and Experience Corps), at all ages. A little studied approach—mindfulness practices involving movement (such as taekwondo and t’ai chi)—shows the best results for improving EFs. Promising school programs are second. Both approaches show better results than any cognitive training. Third best at improving EFs is noncomputerized cognitive training. Perhaps these three approaches show better results than computerized training because they involve more in-person trainer-trainee interaction. The best-performing computerized cognitive-training method for improving EFs is Cogmed®. Support was lacking for claims that N-back training improves fluid intelligence. Resistance training and “plain” aerobic-exercise interventions (e.g., running or walking) show the least evidence of benefit to EFs of all methods. Results for aerobic exercise with more cognitive or motor-skill challenges are only slightly better. This probably reflects how physical-activity interventions have been structured, rather than that physical activity does not benefit EFs. For any intervention, trainers’ ability to make the training activity enjoyable and to communicate their unwavering faith in participants and the program plus the activity being personally meaningful and relevant, inspiring commitment and emotional investment in participants to the activity and to one another is probably what is most important.
The meaning and enactment of openness in Personalised and Precision Medicine
Authors: Prainsack Barbara 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Along with the proliferation of digital technologies and the datafication of wider areas of people’s bodies and lives, the meaning of Personalised Medicine has shifted. In contemporary Personalised and ‘Precision’ Medicine, openness typically features in terms of calls for data sharing to ensure the availability of the very data sets required for the personalisation of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. But there are other, more fundamental ways of considering openness in the context of Personalised and Precision Medicine that set different goals for public policy: (1) in an ontological sense, pertaining to the openness of the category of the ‘person’ in Personalised and Precision Medicine; (2) in a pluralistic sense, regarding the plurality of personal and societal perspectives and values in healthcare; and (3) in an emancipatory sense, counteracting concentrations of power around corporate actors—including consumer tech companies—in the health domain. The enhancement of public benefit and social justice and the protection of privacy are key goals for public policy in this context.
Racial Valuation: Cultural Gatekeepers, Race, Risk, and Institutional Expectations of Success and Failure
Authors: Erigha Maryann 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Racial inequality persists in culture industries, despite increases in representation. Focusing on the Hollywood film industry, this research analyzes written correspondence to understand how, in their discourses, cultural workers as intermediaries or gatekeepers construct ideas about race to make predictions about economic value, success, and failure of cultural products. Findings demonstrate that cultural workers make racial valuations, or race-based judgments about the economic worth of cultural products—in this case by associating white actors with low economic risk, increased chances of profitability, and the expectation of success and linking black actors to high economic risk, decreased chances of profitability, and the expectation of failure. This practice of racial valuation disrupts conventional logics that emphasize the financial ambiguity of cultural markets to advance white institutional logics that invoke raced-based projections about a cultural product’s expected performance. Ultimately, these racially biased assessments affect people, products, and processes along the film production, distribution, and consumption spectrum, especially privileging white workers and limiting Black workers in foreign markets, thereby creating and reinforcing unequal racial outcomes within culture industries.
No support for the adaptive hypothesis of lagging-strand encoding in bacterial genomes
Authors: Liu Haoxuan , Zhang Jianzhi 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTGenes are preferentially encoded on the leading instead of the lagging strand of DNA replication in most bacterial genomes1. This bias likely results from selection against lagging-strand encoding, which can cause head-on collisions between DNA polymerases and RNA polymerases that induce transcriptional abortion, replication delay, and possibly mutagenesis1. But there are still genes encoded on the lagging strand, an observation that has been explained by a balance between deleterious mutations bringing genes from the leading to the lagging strand and purifying selection purging such mutations2. This mutation-selection balance hypothesis predicts that the probability that a gene is encoded on the lagging strand decreases with the detriment of its lagging-strand encoding relative to leading-strand encoding, explaining why highly expressed genes and essential genes are underrepresented on the lagging strand3,4. In a recent study, Merrikh and Merrikh proposed that the observed lagging-strand encoding is adaptive instead of detrimental, due to beneficial mutations brought by the potentially increased mutagenesis resulting from head-on collisions5. They reported empirical observations from comparative genomics that were purported to support their hypothesis5. Here we point out methodological flaws and errors in their analyses and logical problems of their interpretation. Our reanalysis of their data finds no evidence for the adaptive hypothesis.
Tumor Mutational Burden Predicts Survival In Patients With Low Grade Gliomas Expressing Mutated IDH1
Authors: Alghamri Mahmoud S , Thalla Rohit , Avvari Ruthvik , Dabaja Ali , Taher Ayman , Zhao Lili , Castro Maria G , Lowenstein Pedro R 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTGliomas are the most common primary brain tumors. High Grade Gliomas have a median survival of 18 months, while Low Grade Gliomas (LGG) have a median survival of ∼7.3 years. Seventy-six percent of patients with LGG express mutated isocitrate dehydrogenase (mIDH1) enzyme (IDH1R132H). Survival of these patients ranges from 1-15 years, and tumor mutational burden ranges from 8 to 447 total somatic mutations per tumor. We tested the hypothesis that the tumor mutational burden would predict survival of patients with tumors bearing mIDH1R132H. We analyzed the effect of tumor mutational burden on patients’ survival using clinical and genomic data of 1199 glioma patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas and validated our results using the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas. High tumor mutational burden negatively correlates with survival of patients with LGG harboring IDH1R132H (p<0.0001). This effect was significant for both Oligodendroglioma and Astrocytoma LGG-mIDH1 patients. In the TCGA data, median survival of the high mutational burden group was 76 months, while in the low mutational burden group it was 136 months; p<0.0001. There was no differential representation of frequently mutated genes (e.g., TP53, ATRX, CIC, FUBP) in either group. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed an enrichment in Gene Ontologies related to Cell cycle, DNA damage response in high vs low tumor mutational burden. Finally, we identified a 19 gene signature that predicts survival for patients from both databases. In summary, we demonstrate that tumor mutational burden is a powerful, robust, and clinically relevant prognostic factor of median survival in mIDH1 patients.
Head Movements Control the Activity of Primary Visual Cortex in a Luminance Dependent Manner
Authors: Bouvier Guy , Senzai Yuta , Scanziani Massimo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe vestibular system broadcasts head-movement related signals to sensory areas throughout the brain, including visual cortex. These signals are crucial for the brain’s ability to assess whether motion of the visual scene results from the animal’s head-movements. How head-movements impact visual cortical circuits remains, however, poorly understood. Here, we discover that ambient luminance profoundly transforms how mouse primary visual cortex (V1) processes head-movements. While in darkness, head movements result in an overall suppression of neuronal activity, in ambient light the same head movements trigger excitation across all cortical layers. This light-dependent switch in how V1 processes head-movements is controlled by somatostatin expressing (SOM) inhibitory neurons, which are excited by head movements in dark but not in light. This study thus reveals a light-dependent switch in the response of V1 to head-movements and identifies a circuit in which SOM cells are key integrators of vestibular and luminance signals.
PathExt: a general framework for path-based mining of omics-integrated biological networks
Authors: Sambaturu Narmada , Pusadkar Vaidehi , Hannenhalli Sridhar , Chandra Nagasuma 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMotivationLarge scale transcriptomic data are routinely used to prioritize genes underlying specific phenotypes. Current approaches largely focus on differentially expressed genes (DEGs), despite the recognition that phenotypes emerge via a network of interactions between genes and proteins, many of which may not be differentially expressed. Furthermore, many practical applications lack sufficient samples or an appropriate control to robustly identify statistically significant DEGs.ResultsWe provide a computational tool - PathExt, which, in contrast to differential genes, identifies differentially active paths when a control is available, and most active paths otherwise, in an omics-integrated biological network. The sub-network comprising such paths, referred to as the Top-Net, captures the most relevant genes and processes underlying the specific biological context. The TopNet forms a well-connected graph, reflecting the tight orchestration in biological systems. Two key advantages of PathExt are (i) it can extract characteristic genes and pathways even when only a single sample is available, and (ii) it can be used to study a system even in the absence of an appropriate control. We demonstrate the utility of PathExt via two diverse sets of case studies, to characterize (a) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) response upon exposure to 18 antibacterial drugs where only one transcriptomic sample is available for each exposure; and (b) tissue-relevant genes and processes using transcriptomic data from GTEx (Genotype-Tissue Expression) for 39 human tissues. Overall, PathExt is a general tool for prioritizing context-relevant genes in any omics-integrated biological network for any condition(s) of interest, even with a single sample or in the absence of appropriate controls.AvailabilityThe source code for PathExt is available athttps://github.com/NarmadaSambaturu/PathExt.Contactnchandra@iisc.ac.in,sridhar.hannenhalli@nih.gov
A minimal 3D model of mosquito flight behavior around the human baited bed net
Authors: Jones Jeff , Murray Greg , McCall Philip J 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAdvances in digitized video-tracking and behavioral analysis have enabled accurate recording and quantification of mosquito flight and host-seeking behaviors, enabling development of Individual (agent) Based Models at much finer spatial scales than previously possible. We used such quantified behavioral parameters to create a novel virtual testing model, capable of accurately simulating indoor flight behavior by a virtual population of host-seeking mosquitoes as it interacts with and responds to simulated stimuli from a human-occupied bed net. We describe the model, including base mosquito behavior, state transitions, environmental representation and host stimulus representation. In the absence of a bed net and human bait, flight distribution of the model population is relatively uniform in the arena. Introducing an unbaited net induces a change in distribution due to landing events on the net surface, predominantly occurring on the sides and edges of the net. Presence of simulated human baited net strongly impacted flight distribution patterns, exploratory foraging, the number and distribution of net landing sites, depending on the bait orientation. As recorded in live mosquito experiments, contact with baited nets (a measure of exposure to the lethal insecticide) occurred predominantly on the top surface of the net. Number of net contacts and height of contacts decreased with increasing attractant dispersal noise. Results generated by the model are an accurate representation of actual mosquito behavior recorded at and around a human-occupied bed net in untreated and insecticide treated nets. In addition to providing insights into host-seeking behavior of endophilic vectors, this fine-grained model is highly flexible and has significant potential for in silico screening of novel bed net designs, accelerating the deployment of new and more effective tools for protecting against malaria in sub-Saharan Africa.