bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerging Principles of Practice Research
Authors: Michael Austin , Carnochan Sarah 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 summarizes the core practice research principles identified in Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model. The first set of principles relates to learning from the experiences of others, and includes understanding the context of practice research, the role of persistent communications, and the process of disseminating results. The second set of principles focuses on knowing how to implement practice research by utilizing specialized skills, balancing the dynamics of practice and research, and engaging in collaborative teamwork. The third set of principles relates to managing complexities by coping with the tensions and ongoing change associated with practice research, responding to negative findings, and engaging service users. The last set of principles focuses on the process of sharing practice research with the practitioners who are most able to integrate it into their practice. The chapter concludes with a discussion of rigor, relevance, and theory in practice research.
Milton and the Problem of Belief
Authors: Kahn Victoria 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the tension in John Milton’s Paradise Lost, Paradise Regain’d, and Samson Agonistes between the work of poetry and the work of faith. In Paradise Losts Milton conceives of faith on the analogy of poetry, insofar as both require a work of interpretation and construction, one aligned with the theological and legal notion of equity. But Milton’s 1671 volume, including Paradise Regain’d and Samson Agonistes, is the poet’s most powerful meditation on the dilemmas of faith. These poems question the notion of sacred truth precisely because they privilege the activity of interpreting the biblical text over the text itself. One implication of this argument is that God himself might be an artifact or construct of the human imagination.
The Seigneurial Transformation
Authors: Fiore Alessio 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The aim of this book is to discuss the transformation of the fabric of power in the kingdom of Italy in the period between the late eleventh century and the early twelfth century. The study analyses the major socio-political change of this period, the crisis of royal and public structures and the development of seigneurial powers, using as a standpoint the structures of power over men and land, and the discourses about the exercise of local power. The analysis is conducted over a broad geographical space (central and northern Italy), focusing on a few decades around year 1100, showing a sharp and relatively rapid reshaping of the structures of local power. The period appears as a phase of crisis and closure in the sphere of political discourses. The outbreak of civil wars in the 1080s (connected with the ‘investiture crisis’) imply a reconfiguration of the matrix of power, in turn expressed in a transformation both of the instruments of local political communications and of the practices of power. The reshaping of documentary landscape mirrors the transformation of socio-political landscape: the fragmentation of power and the importance of local frameworks goes hand in hand with a forceful investment by political actors in legitimizing discourses, which find their reference point within these localized setups. Legitimization is sought not through the relationship with the kingdom, but rather through the relations with peers and subjects. From this perspective the Italian case can offer fresh insights into the problematique of ‘feudal revolution’ in European countrysides.
Custom
Authors: Fiore Alessio 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
References to ‘bonus usus’ and other terms denoting ‘good custom’ are more common in a rural than an urban context from 1100 onwards. Much attention is devoted to oaths and oath swearers (sacramentales), who appear to have been mainly chosen by signori rather than by local communities, and their role in dispute settlement. Socially oath swearers appear to be members of the upper-middle stratum of village society, the same group that later supplied the consuls of the thirteenth-century rural commune. Collective memory appears to stretch back 40–70 years at which time-frame customs acquired sufficient antiquity to be considered immutable. The act of recalling customs in a public assembly (placitum) served to reinforce community identity and delineate the parameters of seigneurial intervention in local society (rights, privileges, dues). Discussion moves on to the inter-relationship between written and oral custom and the meaning of the term malus usus which together with its antonym bonus usus is seen as key to unlocking the content of political discourse in the countryside. The sense of malus usus is of novelty, lack of precedent, absence of consensus. Interestingly the author shows that what was once perceived as bonus usus could at a later date and in different circumstances be seen as malus usus.
Wage Theft as a Legal Concept
Authors: Green Sarah 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses the fraud offence from the perspective of ‘wage theft’. The social concept of a ‘wage theft’ encompasses a wide range of dishonest or ‘sharp’ practices: false labelling of individuals as ‘self-employed’ and hence outside the scope of the National Minimum Wage framework, failure to pay holiday pay, unlawful deductions, and an absence of transparency in relation to wage entitlements. It is linked to wider public concerns about the effective enforcement of the statutory minimum wage regime. The chapter then examines whether the social concept of ‘wage theft’ maps onto the legal definition of ‘theft’ in section 1 of the Theft Act 1968. It argues the legal label of theft is ill-suited to the constellation of practices associated with the social label of ‘wage theft’. This is because of the disjunction between the proprietary status of ‘wages’ and the offence elements of theft in English law. In short, unpaid wages will often not count as ‘property belonging to another’ at the time of the dishonest appropriation by the employer, hence there is a difficulty with identifying a complete and coincident mens rea and actus reus.
The Preventive Role of the Criminal Law in Employment Relations
Authors: Collins Jennifer , Ashworth Andrew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the range of preventive interventions in labour market regulation. In relation to preventive orders in labour market enforcement, the chapter queries whether there are good reasons to resort to criminal law in situations where civil enforcement mechanisms might be improved. This also raises uncomfortable questions of a government that has presided over onerous tribunal fees impeding access to justice, and the pursuit of deregulation of labour standards and restriction of trade unions. The chapter considers whether the enforcement crisis is being produced by ‘bad’ employers or by the political choices of our elected representatives. The most effective form of prevention would be worker-protective labour law, supported by access to justice and strong trade unions. Preventive criminal law is a response to an avoidable crisis that has been brought about by specific political choices. Nevertheless, the penetration of these preventive orders into labour law fits with the more general expansion of preventive criminal measures in different spheres of social life.
The Medical Professional as Special before the Criminal Law
Authors: Ost Suzanne 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the position of medical professionals, primarily doctors, in criminal law. In certain respects, doctors appear to have an unusually privileged position under English criminal law. However, doctors are also particularly exposed to the risk of very serious criminal liability, such as in respect of gross negligence manslaughter. While one would be unlikely to identify doctors with the precariat, as one might be inclined to do with care workers, doctors are also working under intense pressures in circumstances of austerity. In this way, the personalizing dynamic of criminal liability deflects attention away from the economic context to medical mistakes and errors of judgement. In these situations, the chapter suggests that the structural dimension might be better captured through forms of organizational liability for employers. This reflects the proposal from Chapter 8 on criminal liability for workplace harassment. Overall,the chapter offers a critical reflection on whether it is appropriate that the medical profession continues to be a relatively autonomous category of personal work relations that is dealt with in a unique way by the criminal law. .
Workplace Safety and Criminalization
Authors: Almond Paul 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the contribution of criminalization to better health and safety in workplaces has been limited by certain contextual features of this regulatory method. It focuses on the role of criminal law in the health and safety legislation and the corporate manslaughter offence. In particular, this chapter argues that criminal law interventions are gravitationally oriented towards individualized notions of fault, capacity, choice, and responsibility. Once the liability enquiry is structured in this highly personalized way, the regulatory capacities of the criminal law to secure effective and enduring structural change is limited. Thus, it remains an open question whether the criminal law can accommodate approaches to responsibility that are more attuned to structures, cultures, and organizational norms.
The Quick UDP Internet Connection (QUIC) and Transport Layer Security 1.3 Standards
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the effect of Snowden on security protocols. For twenty years, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and its successor Transport Layer Security (TLS) provided security for Internet traffic. However, the TLS 1.2 protocol developed in 2008 suffered from a series of implementation and security issues. The 2013 Snowden revelations sent shock waves through the engineering community. The extent of the targeting of protocol vulnerabilities by security agencies had been greatly underestimated by the IETF. By 2016, Cisco, Fortinet, and Juniper revealed that the National Security Agency (NSA) had successfully targeted its firewalls for years. However, stasis within the IETF barred upgrade to TLS 1.3. The chapter analyses the emergence and contestation of potential solutions to TLS and how the parallel development of the QUIC protocol by Google opened a window of opportunity to enhance security. The agreement on TLS 1.3 in March 2018 was supported by digital rights groups.
Political Drift and Forum Shifts
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains one of the most important components of the web: the development and standardization of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and DOM (Document Object Model) which are used for creating web pages and applications. In 1994, Tim Berners-Lee established the World Wide Web consortium (W3C) to work on HTML development. In 1995, the W3C decided to introduce a new standard, WHTML 2.0. However, it was incompatible with the older HTML/WHTML versions. This led to the establishment of Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) which worked externally to the W3C. WHATWG developed HTML5 which was adopted by the major browser developers Google, Opera, Mozilla, IBM, Microsoft, and Apple. For this reason, the W3C decided to work on HTML5, leading to a joint WHATWG/W3C working group. This chapter explains the development of HTML and WHATWG’s Living Standard with explanation of ongoing splits and agreements between the two fora. It explains how this division of labour led to W3C focus on the main areas of web architecture, the semantic web, the web of devices, payments applications, and web and television (TV) standards. This has led to the spillover of work to the W3C from the national sphere, notably in the development of copyright protection for TV streaming.
Protocols and State Surveillance
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses how SDOs have mitigated the targeting of protocol vulnerabilities by security agencies. It begins with protocols identified by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). In this context, the chapter explains legal measures underpinning state surveillance such as the 2018 renewal of Section 702 of the US Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). The latter part of the chapter looks at the action of states with development of government positions in the United Kingdom and United States, most notably against the company Huawei. It examines the position of the engineering community and technology companies in relation to these conditions.
Walk through the problem, as on the Konigsberg bridges
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Walk through the problem, as on the Konigsberg bridges” offers an introduction to the mathematical subfield of graph theory, including its origin in Konigsberg, Prussia—now Kaliningrad, Russia. When townspeople were unable to identify a path that started in one place, crossed all seven of their city’s bridges once, and returned to the same place, they enlisted the help of mathematician Leonard Euler. In response, Euler developed a “geometry of position”—now known as “graph theory”—which concerned not distance, measurements, or angles, but arrangement. The discussion is supplemented with numerous hand-drawn sketches and mention of real-life applications of graph theory in technology, disease modeling, neuroscience, and social media. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to “walk through” their own problems in mathematics and life. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Untangle problems, with knot theory
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Untangle problems, with knot theory” offers a basic introduction to the mathematical subfield of knot theory, including the classification of knots by crossing numbers. A mathematical knot is a closed loop that may or may not be tangled. Two knots are considered the same if one may be manipulated into the other using easy-to-understand techniques. Readers learn to identify knots by crossing numbers and encounter numerous hand-drawn sketches of knots, including the trivial knot, trefoil knot, figure-eight knot, and more. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to employ knot theory methods for untangling problems in mathematics or life by asking whether they have encountered the problem before. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Proceed at your own pace, because of terminal velocity
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Proceed at your own pace, because of terminal velocity” offers a short introduction to the mathematics behind terminal velocity—the speed at which the force of air resistance equals the force of gravity on that object. The discussion is illustrated with hand-drawn sketches. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to find their own metaphorical terminal velocity in mathematical and life pursuits—the moment at which the force of resistance they encounter matches the force they are able to expend. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Appreciate the process, by taking a random walk
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Appreciate the process, by taking a random walk” offers a basic introduction to random walks—a mathematical formalization for a path as an object wanders away from a starting point—with a particular focus on biased random walks, including a real-life example of a random walk of an E. coli bacterium. The discussion is illustrated with hand-drawn sketches. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to build in a productive bias in mathematical and life pursuits. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Go outside your realm of experience, on a hypercube
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Go outside your realm of experience, on a hypercube” explains how and why mathematicians conceive of cubes in many dimensions, including a four-dimensional hypercube. Einstein’s special theory of relativity and the mathematics of string theory—a subfield of physics that seeks to understand the structure of the universe—both require more than the three dimensions with which we are familiar. The discussion, which focuses on how to make a four-dimensional hypercube, is enhanced with numerous hand-drawn sketches. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to go outside their realm of experience in both mathematical and life pursuits. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Relativity in Categories 7, Topics, and Sophistical Refutations
Authors: Duncombe Matthew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Aristotle discusses relatives in the Categories, Topics, and Sophistical Refutations. This chapter begins to argue that Aristotle adapted Plato’s ideas about relativity into an Aristotelian framework. In the Categories, Aristotle defines relatives (6a36–b10) then discusses four hallmarks of the class of relatives: contrariety (6b15–18), scalability (6b19–27), reciprocity (6b28–7b14), and simultaneity (7b15–8a12). This chapter clarifies what these hallmarks are and shows how constitutive relativity is involved in the hallmarks. The chapter goes on to discuss how Aristotle treats the idea that relatives can fall into genus and species structures and how Aristotle treats the definition of relatives.
Victorian Fictions of Computational Creativity
Authors: Ward Megan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In designing his foundational test of AI, Alan Turing refers to Ada’s Lovelace’s Victorian pronouncement that a machine cannot be intelligent because it only does what it is programmed to do. This idea continues to shape the field of computational creativity as the ‘Lovelace objection’. This chapter, however, argues that the term is a misnomer; Lovelace actually proposes a much more nuanced understanding of human–machine collaboration. Returning to Lovelace’s 1843 essays, I situate them within broader Victorian debates about originality in literary realism, especially in relation to Charles Dickens and Anthony Trollope’s fictional uses of ‘mechanicity’. This chapter hopes to intervene in contemporary discussions of computational creativity, which continue to invoke the Lovelace objection as a means to focus on a human-centred definition of ‘creativity’. Seeing computational creativity as the outgrowth of a long history of human–machine originality may open up the field to that history’s creative symbiosis.
Theories as Fictions
Authors: French Steven 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
An alternative and well-known option when it comes to the ontological status of theories is to understand them as fictions. Here again there is ‘trading’ between the philosophy of art and the philosophy of science as Walton’s account of fiction in terms of ‘make-believe’ is typically deployed in this regard. As before, the role of the imagination is crucial and in this case the issue of accommodating the heuristic processes involved can be more straightforwardly dealt with than in the case of theories conceived of as ‘abstract artefacts’. Nevertheless, it is not clear that this view of theories as fictions can embrace all the different kinds of models and theories deployed in science and it too incurs certain costs. Despite its attractive features, then, and given that an even less costly account is available, this view should also be rejected.
Contexts
Authors: Moriarty Michael 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter gives a brief account of Pascal’s life and of the scientific and religious contexts of his work. It discusses his social milieu, with its characteristic ethos, and points to the importance of the civil war known as the Fronde for his thinking about politics. It describes his scientific formation and his rejection of Aristotelian orthodoxy in favour of the new science propounded by Descartes. Pascal’s religious thought was deeply influenced by the Augustinian theology of Cornelius Jansenius, the development of which is placed in its historical context and the key tenets of which are summarized here. A brief history is given of the Jansenist movement in France, centred on the nunnery at Port-Royal and on the community that grew around it.
Happiness
Authors: Moriarty Michael 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Pascal argues that the fundamental driver of human activity in general is the search for happiness. Philosophy (in particular Stoicism) cannot achieve this goal. Pascal’s views are compared and contrasted with those of Aristotle: like Aristotle, Pascal thinks that all people seek happiness; but, unlike Aristotle, he conceives happiness in terms of pleasure and does not identify it with the supreme good; the supreme good is God, and happiness would consist in being united with him. Our relentless search for a happiness that experience tells us is unattainable is a mark of the residual sense of loss that has afflicted us since the Fall; only God can fill our fundamental emptiness. A true religion (supposing there is one) must both account for the contradictions of human nature and offer a prospect of happiness through union with God. Pascal’s conception of happiness is contrasted with Bertrand Russell’s thoroughly secular account. Bernard Williams’s argument that immortality would be undesirable is also considered.
Transition
Authors: Moriarty Michael 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Pensées section ‘Transition from the knowledge of man to the knowledge of God’ is not so much concerned to propel an argument forward as to deepen insights already arrived at in earlier sections. Pascal stresses the radical contingency of the human condition, as manifested in our subjection to custom. He invites the reader to consider the two infinites: we are imperceptibly small in the vastness of the universe, yet there are imperceptible creatures in relation to whom we are colossal. Our fundamental nature is incomprehensible either in dualist or in non-dualist terms. There is a gulf between conscious humanity (the ‘thinking reed’) and unconscious matter. Our distinctive attribute is the power of thought, and we must cultivate this if we are to respond appropriately to our condition.
True and False Religions
Authors: Moriarty Michael 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Pascal is requiring his seeker to make a choice between Christianity and other religions. He argues that Christianity perfectly fits the blueprint of a possible true religion. He dismisses the claims of Islam. He emphasizes the difference between a purely philosophical theism and the knowledge of God through Christ. This knowledge is furnished by the Bible, which combines literal and figurative discourse in ways he links to his conception of the hidden God; the figurative reading allows him also to proclaim the essential continuity between Judaism and Christianity. Pascal’s arguments for accepting the divine origin of Christianity are briefly discussed: more generally, it is shown (in the light of Newman’s reading of them) that they are to be regarded as cumulative, mutually reinforcing; and that they are intended to produce conviction only in a reader already predisposed to accept them.