bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An investigation on FR4 as a based material for Ti/Au and Cu/Au evaporated fabrication for DNA biosensor application
Authors: Hamzah I H , Rahim A F A , Zulhanip A Z , Idris M , Malik A A 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGlass fabricated with Ti/Au is a common technique for DNA in biosensor application. However, the wet etching technique produced poor adhesion for the Ti/Au on the glass. FR4 had been investigated to be used as a based material in this research. Three types of thermal evaporated methods for metal fabrication are investigated; Ti/Au, oxidized Cu/Au, and non-oxidized Cu/Au. In this research, Ti and Cu acts as adhesion layer for Au. A 2 cm length, 1.2 cm width and 1.6 mm thickness of FR4 was used as a base material. The FR4 was cleaned sequentially with acetone and isopropanol then left to dry with nitrogen gas. RF sputtering method is used to deposit Ti whereas copper layer (Cu) remained as it is on the FR4. The Cu/FR4 is cleaned sequentially with acetone and isopropanol and dried with nitrogen. It is found that the adhesion of Ti is good and worked on the FR4 surface. However, a major problem arises when the Ti/Au layer is unsuccessfully removed during the wet etching process. The result shows that non-oxidized Cu/Au fabrication worked well on FR4 as well as during wet etching technique. Hence, it is concluded that FR4 can be used as an alternative based material for Au evaporation in biosensor application. The first section in your paper.
Effect of Laser Ablation on Light Output in LED
Authors: Chandran H. , Poopalan P. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Surface roughening is a technique used to modify the light extraction efficiency (LEE) from a LED die. UV laser ablation was used to roughen the backside surface of LED dies by creating pore like structures which would enhance the light output. Measurements of light output before and after laser ablation were taken and modifications of the light output were analysed. The ablating source used was a 248nm pulse focused laser.
The Growth of AlN Single Layer on Sapphire at Low Pressure using Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD)
Authors: Sahar M.A.A.Z. Md , Hassan Z. , Lim W.F. , Samsudin M.E.A. , Hanafiah A.M. , Yusuf Y. , Ahmad M.A. , Hamzah N.A. , Asri R.I.M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this work, aluminium nitride (AlN) single layer has been successfully grown on c-plane sapphire using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) at low reactor pressure. The effects of growth temperature, ammonia (NH3) flux and trimethylaluminum (TMAl) flux towards AlN growth were investigated. It was noted that the reaction between NH3 and TMAl has affected the growth rate across the growth temperature. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) have revealed the formation of AlN single layer on the sapphire substrate and elemental composition of the layer, respectively. The dependence of growth rate on growth temperature, TMAl flux and NH3 flux has been observed. A relationship was drawn, whereby an increase in TMAl flux and decrease in NH3 flux would lead to an increase in the AlN growth. In addition, a drastic increase in the AlN growth was observed at high growth temperature, which was more than 1100°C. Furthermore, observation from atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated improvement on surface roughness as growth rate increases. Further characterization was carried out using phase analysis using high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD).
Comparative Studies between Porous Silicon and Porous P-Type Gallium Nitride Prepared Using Alternating Current Photo-Assisted Electrochemical Etching Technique
Authors: Sohimee S. N. , Hassan Z. , Ahmed Naser M. , Radzali R. , Quah H. J. , Lim W. F. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Porous n-type Si and porous p-type GaN nanostructures were fabricated using alternating current photo-assisted electrochemical (ACPEC) etching in 1:4 volume ratio of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and ethanol (C2H5OH) for a duration of 30 min. The proposed approach to this work was to study pore formation on the Si and p-GaN substrates in the aspects of morphological and structural changes. The morphological and structural properties of porous Si and porous p-type GaN samples have been studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) measurement, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD) in comparison to the respective as-grown sample. FESEM analysis revealed that uniform pore size with triangular-like shape was formed in porous Si sample while circular-like shape pores were formed in the porous p-type GaN sample. AFM measurement revealed that the root-mean-square surface roughness of porous Si and porous p-type GaN was 6.15 nm and 5.90 nm, respectively. Detailed investigation will be presented in this work to show that ACPEC etching technique is a viable technique to produce porous nanostructures in different substrates.
Characteristics of Cu-doped ZnO films prepared using magnetron co-sputtering
Authors: Yusof A S , Hassan Z 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This work reports the fabrication of un-doped and cu-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) films using magnetron co-sputtering technique. The fabricated films were deposited on glass substrates followed by thermal annealing process in an ambient condition for 60 minutes at 400 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Hall measurement with four-point Van der Pauw method were used to study the crystal orientation, optical properties, surface structure and the resistivity of the deposited films respectively. Polycrystalline films with hexagonal wurtzite structure were observed in the CZO films. The redshift and bandgap narrowing were discussed in optical analysis. The trend in bandgap narrowing was contributed by the hybridization of O 2p and Cu 3d band. Hall effect measurement showed that the resistance of deposited Cu-doped ZnO (CZO) films will increase at excessive-high Cu doping level.
Polyester-graphene primer coatings: corrosive and mechanical properties
Authors: Hasniraaiman A H , Zuliahani A , Ishak M A M , Faiza M A , Azniwati A A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study developed and characterized of the polyester (PE)-graphene (GR) primer coating in corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. PE coatings varied with 0-8% of GR were prepared using ultrasonication method and undergone the morphology characterization using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and also being evaluated using various corrosion and mechanical tests, namely tafel test, immersion test, adhesion test and hardness test. The FE- SEM analysis shows that the homogeneous dispersion of GR in PE resin at 2% of GR loading, whilst at higher loading of GR produced agglomeration that reduced the corrosion inhibition properties of the coatings. The corrosive properties were characterized using autolab potentiostat for determination of corrosion rate and immersion testing using 3.5% NaCl for 9 days. The results show that the optimum corrosion rate of coatings was found at 2% of GR loadings which is 0.586 mmpy. This is due to at 2% GR is optimum as a physical barrier and inhibit the diffusion pathways of corrosive species as there is no agglomeration of GR which is showed that very well dispersion of GR in the PE resin. Whilst, immersion observation also shows the optimum condition at 2% of GR loading, which has a lower corrosion property. On the other hand, adhesion and hardness testing were enhanced by increasing of GR loadings (0-8%) as the properties of GR imparted high strength, rigidity, and durability. Therefore, the incorporation of GR is very efficient materials to enhance both mechanical and corrosive properties of polymeric coatings.
Performance Study of Watermelon Rind as Coagulants for the Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Muhammad Arbanah , Rashidi Ahmad Ramli , Roslan Azmi , Shah Buddin Meor Muhammad Hafiz 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The scarcity of fresh and hygienic water sources leads to a demand of more research for the treatment of wastewater. One of the possible ways is using a watermelon rind as a natural coagulant where its performance was investigated in terms of turbidity, pH and BOD. Watermelon rind (WR) and alum(A) at different compositions (WR100, WR50A50, WR70A30, A100) were introduced in the synthetic wastewater before treated on natural wastewater by jar test. Results revealed that the turbidity, pH as well as dissolved oxygen level were highly dependent on the coagulant dosage. About 90% of turbidity was reducing at 70% of powdered watermelon rind and 30% alum (WR70A30) on the contrary only 72% in natural wastewater. In addition, WR70A30 had better reduction in turbidity as compared to using 100A. On the other hand, final pH reading falls approximately in the range of 6 to 8, respectively which is acceptable for the standard wastewater discharge. Meanwhile, the results for the BOD5 for the natural wastewater is in the ranges between 0.35 to 1.39 had met the WHO standard. Finally, the FTIR analysis on treated and untreated watermelon rind confirms similar peaks of functional groups. Overall, the present study on WR as coagulant show a good performance in treating both natural and synthetic wastewater.
Hundred-year spatial trajectory of lake coverage changes in response to human activities over Wuhan
Authors: Wang Jialin , Cai Xiaobin , Chen Fang , Zhang Zhan , Zhang Yufang , Sun Kun , Zhang Tianhao , Chen Xiaoling 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Environmental changes induced by ongoing anthropogenic activities have caused severe lake degradation. Because of the lack of long-term records, few studies have investigated the change in Wuhan lakes, and the effect of human activities on regional lake changes prior to 1973 has not been systematically studied yet. Therefore, in this study, historical maps and Landsat images were combined to track these changes from the 1920s to 2015. Three phases could be identified over the nearly 100-year study period. The most dramatic lake reduction (−21.53 km2 yr−1) occurred during Phase II (1950s–1980s) rather than Phase III (after the 1980s), as indicated by previous studies; the decreased lake area in Phase II was almost double that in Phase III. This reduction could be attributed to major hydraulic engineering projects during Phase II based on the watershed-scale analysis. In addition, land-use conversion over the past 45 years was used to quantify the impact of human exploitation on lakes. The shrinkage of lakes was predominately driven by agricultural activities, such as reclamation (39.2%) and aquaculture development (29.0%), and urbanization was a secondary driving force (19.8%), despite the rapid economic development of Wuhan. This study therefore provides a practical guide for lake protection in other areas similar to Wuhan.
A retrospective study of the 2012–2016 California drought and its impacts on the power sector
Authors: Kern Jordan D , Su Yufei , Hill Joy 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Over the period 2012–2016, the state of California in the United States (U.S.) experienced a drought considered to be one of the worst in state history. Drought’s direct impacts on California’s electric power sector are understood. Extremely low streamflow manifests as reduced hydropower availability, and if drought is also marked by elevated temperatures, these can increase building electricity demands for cooling. Collectively, these impacts force system operators to increase reliance on natural gas power plants, increasing market prices and emissions. However, previous investigations have relied mostly on ex post analysis of observational data to develop estimates of increases in costs and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions due to the 2012–2016 drought. This has made it difficult to control for confounding variables (e.g. growing renewable energy capacity, volatile natural gas prices) in assessing the drought’s impacts. In this study, we use a power system simulation model to isolate the direct impacts of several hydrometeorological phenomena observed during the 2012–2016 drought on system wide CO2 emissions and wholesale electricity prices in the California market. We find that the impacts of drought conditions on wholesale electricity prices were modest (annual prices increased by $0–3 MWh−1, although much larger within-year increases are also observed). Instead, it was an increase in natural gas prices, punctuated by the 2014 polar vortex event that affected much of the Eastern U.S., which caused wholesale electricity prices to increase during the drought. Costs from the drought were very different for the state’s three investor owned utilities. Overall, we find that increased cooling demands (electricity demand) during the drought may have represented a larger economic cost ($3.8 billion) than lost hydropower generation ($1.9 billion). We also find the potential for renewable energy to mitigate drought-cased increases in CO2 emissions to be negligible, standing in contrast to some previous studies.
Study of Water and Sediment Quality and Heavy Metal Pollution (Pb) at South Kalimantan Mangrove Ecosystem
Authors: Kadarsah Anang , Salim Dafiuddin , Husain dan Sadang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Changes in the water quality, sediment, and the presence of heavy metals in the environment have a close links with human activities including the presence of pollutants in the mangrove ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to compare water and sediment quality as well as heavy metal pollution from lead (Pb) in mangrove ecosystems affected by anthropogenic activities (oil palm plantations and mining) in South Kalimantan. The research was carried out for 4 months (June until September 2019) from four villages (Kuala Tambangan, Bunati, Angsana and Setarap) in South Kalimantan Province. The purposive sampling method is used for sampling, which is determined in estuary, middle and inland parts, based on the area division of mangrove ecosystem. Data analysis was performed descriptively while differences in each location were tested using bivariate analysis (Pearson). The results showed that the water quality at the four observation sites was above the standard of Government Regulation number 82 of 2001. There are four values with the highest parameters found in the village of Kuala Tambangan, the first is total dissolved solids (TDS) that reaching ± 8.005 mg / L, nitrite (NO2) as N (± 0.13 mg/L), nitrate (NO3) as N (±0.11 mg/L) and color levels that reach ±129.33 ptCo. The other two highest parameters in Setarap Village are turbidity and dissolved oxygen. Turbidity value reaches ± 16.01 NTU while dissolved oxygen (DO) value is around ±5.92 mg/L. The highest pH value can be found in Bunati Village (± 7.54). The average value of heavy metals in Lead (Pb) is also above the standard of the Minister Decree of Environment in 2004, recorded in waters 0.04 - 0.36 mg/L (highest in Angsana Village ±0.31 mg/L) and sediment 0.01 - 17.43 mg/L (highest in Angsana Village ±15.05 mg/L). The highest water content in sediment comes from Kuala Tambangan village (±6.6%), while the highest organic sediment content is found in Angsana village (±7.8%). Bivariate analysis results used to determine differences between sampling locations showed that the levels of Nitrite (NO2) as N (α = 0,000), Nitrate (NO3) as N (α = 0,000)), pH (α = 0,000), Color (α = 0,000), and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (α = 0,000), sediment water content (α = 0,000) and heavy metal Pb content in water and sediment (α = 0,000) are differ between mangrove ecosystems in Angsana and Setarap Village.
Physical and chemical characteristics in peat lands of Aceh Jaya District, Indonesia
Authors: Arabia T , Basri H , Manfarizah  , Zainabun  , Mukhtaruddin  
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study aims to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the peat lands (Histosols) in Aceh Jaya District using descriptive method. The results showed that some physical characteristics such as: water saturation in drilling-M1 (fibric soil materials) was 786.06% higher than drilling-M2 (hemic soil materials) and drilling-M3 (sapric soil materials) were 568.01% and 549.97%, respectively. Bulk density (BD) of drilling-M1, drilling-M2 and drilling-M3 are very low (0.08 - 0.12 g cm−3). Porosity in drilling-M1, drilling-M2 and drilling- M3 are classified as very porous at 95.00%, 93.00% and 90.54%. Some chemical characteristics show as follows: pH in drilling-M1, drilling-M2, and drilling-M3 categorized acid (4.52 - 5.16). Organic-C in drilling-M1, drilling-M2, and drilling-M3 ranges of 20.75 - 55.62% (very high). Exchangeable bases for calcium (3.6 - 23.9 cmol.kg−1), Mg (0.6 - 18.1 cmol.kg−1), and K (0.18 - 1.22 cmol.kg−1) are classified as low - very high. Exchangeable acidity for H (1.2 - 6.1 cmol.kg−1) higher than Al measured only in the drilling of M3 layers of Oa3 (2.3 cmol.kg−1). The CEC in drilling-M1, drilling-M2 and drilling-M3 ranges from 35.28 - 204.48 cmol.kg−1 (high - very high). Bases saturation (BS) ranges from very low - high (11.73 - 73.27%). Soil EC ranges 0.48 - 0.92 dS cm−1 (very low).
The Effect of Straw and Purun Tikus (Eleocharis dulcis) Compost to Rice Physiological Traits, Iron Toxicity and Grain Yield on Acid Sulfate Soils
Authors: Khairullah Izhar , Indradewa Didik , Maas Azwar , Yudono Prapto 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The experiment was aimed to determine the effect straw and Eleocharis dulcis compost on physiological traits and grain yield of rice grown in acid sulfate. The experiment was conducted in 2010 WS in greenhouse of ISARI, Banjarbaru. The soils was sampled from rice fields of acid sulfate soil. The experiment was employed Factorial CRD, in which first factor was three varieties and second factor were six rates straw and E. dulcis compost. Variables observated were physiological traits (root length, stomatal density, transpiration rate, total chlorophyll content, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity), Fe toxicity symptoms and grain yield. The result showed that application of 5.0 t ha−1 straw and 5.0 t ha−1
E. dulcis compost resulted in the best physiological traits of rice plants, decreased Fe toxicity, but led to increase in grain yield. Inpara 1 was more tolerant to iron toxicity, better physiological traits, lower Fe toxicity symptoms, and higher grain yield compared to Inpara 2. On the other hand, IR64 was susceptible to iron toxicity and the lowest observed. Results of the experiment demonstrate that increasing rate of applied E. dulcis compost up to 5 t ha−1 may increase physiologal traits and grain yield and decrease Fe toxicity symptoms.
Vegetation and Fauna Diversity of High Conservation Value (HCV) Swamp Areas in Oil Palm Plantation
Authors: Kissinger  , Pitri RMN , Violet  
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The designation of an area as a “high conservation value” (HCV) is a form of concern for environmental management. The palm oil company is one of the business units that has responsibility for the existence of HCVs in its area. This study aims to characterize and analyze the components of vegetation and fauna in HCV in swamp areas in oil palm plantations. The research object is in the form of vegetation and wild animals found in HCV swamp areas. The equipment used is: a set of survey equipment, tally sheets, documentation equipment, equipment for data analysis. Vegetation data collection is done using line transect system. Data collected were the number of individuals and the number of species. Fauna data collection is done by exploring and adjusting to vegetation data plots. Data collected were the number of species found in each plot. Vegetation and fauna data were analyzed by using tabulation matrix. Specifically for vegetation species and aves, the data were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’). There are 8 types of vegetation in the HCV area. The most dominant species found at this location at all levels of growth (seedlings, saplings, poles and trees) is the Melaleuca cajuputi species. The dominant tree species was Melaleuca cajuputi. The important value index of M.cajuputi > 90%. The H’ value for all vegetation levels are classified in the low category. The H’ values of trees, poles, saplings and seedling are 0.84, 0.41, 0.49, 0.46, respectively. There are 16 species of undergrowth which are dominated by plants associated with water. There were 21 species of birds at the study site, 4 of which were protected by government regulation PP No.7 / 1999. There are 21 species of birds with a value of H’=2.5. There are 8 species of mammals (including primates), 6 species of reptiles and 3 species of amphibians. The existence of HCV is very important in contributing to the diversity of homogeneous areas of oil palm plantations. Protecting HCV swamp areas in oil palm plantations are very important for the availability of a conducive animal habitat.
Partnership in Weather Observation using the Crowdsourcing Method
Authors: Radjab A F , Akib H , Rifdan  , Jasruddin  
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Proper weather observation is definitely required to obtain the right and accurate weather information. Currently the weather observation in Indonesia is managed by various parties and coordinated by the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG). BMKG manage weather observation networks that distributed nationwide. Unfortunately, in terms of quantity and distribution, the current weather observation network is not ideal yet. Increasing the density of the weather observation network is undoubtly needed, therefore BMKG needs to develop a partnership with all parties including general public. This study attempts to identify level of participation of general public and find the ideal partnership model for weather observation in Indonesia. Three partnership variables, namely motivation, consistency and sustainability, examined in this study. As a result of the data analysis it was found that the level of participation of general public is very high especially in the participant group that threat with guidance. And it was also found that the crowdsourcing method can be implemented as an ideal partnership model between BMKG and general public in the field of weather observation.
Increases in Greenhouse Gases Following the Use of Peatlands for Agricultural Areas
Authors: Saidy Akhmad R. , Razie Fakhrur , Aidawati Noor , Hidayat Taufik 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Peatlands with very high C contents are generally considered a source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This research aimed to quantify the changes in peatland characteristics and GHG emission from the conversion of peatlands to agricultural areas. Height of water table, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), redox potential (Eh), organic carbon (OC), hot water-soluble C, total-N, the concentrations of NH4
+, and NO3
−, soluble-Al, soluble- Fe, and the emission of CH4, CO2 and N2O were quantified before and after land clearing of peats for agriculture. Results of study showed that pH, EC, OC contents, hot water-soluble-C, and total-N did not change after peatland clearing for agriculture. On the other hand, the concentrations of NH4
+, NO3
−, soluble-Al, soluble-Fe, redox potential and height of water table increased significantly after the peatland land clearing. Methane emissions from peatlands before peatland clearing were in the range of 0.13-0.22 mg C m−2 h−1 increased significantly to 0.14-0.31 mg C m−2 h−1 after the peatland clearing. The land clearing of peatlands for agricultural practices also caused increases in CO2 and NOx emissions by 85% and 76%, respectively. Changes in GGH emissions were not related to the changes in substrates quality of peats (OC contents, total-N and hot water- soluble-C). Results of the study indicate that increases in the GHG emission following the use of peatlands for agricultural areas are attributed to the changes in the peat characteristics.