bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canal Flare Index in the Canine Femur Is Influenced by the Measurement Method
Authors: Sevil-Kilimci Figen , Kara Mehmet E. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Objectives We evaluated whether differences exist among the canal flare index (CFI) values obtained by different calculation methods in the veterinary literature.
Study Design The endosteal widths were measured from radiographic images of canine cadaveric femora. Three different formulae were used to calculate the CFI. The CFILT-M was the ratio of endosteal width at the medial aspect of the lesser trochanter (LT) to the midshaft (M), while the CFILT-I was the ratio of LT to the isthmus (I). The CFIPLT-I was the ratio of endosteal width at the proximal aspect of the lesser trochanter (PLT) and the I. The widths at each level and the CFI calculation methods were compared. Using Rashmir–Raven's method, the femora were typed as stovepipe, normal and champagne fluted. The limits of agreement were also evaluated.
Results The endosteal width at the proximal aspect of the lesser trochanter was 12% wider than at the medial aspect and 8% wider at the midshaft than at the isthmus. The CFILT-M was less than CFILT-I and CFIPLT-I by 9 and 20%, respectively. By Rashmir–Raven's classification, the CFILT-M method provided 18% stovepipe, 79% normal and 3% champagne fluted femora. The CFILT-I method showed the stovepipe, the normal and the champagne fluted as 6, 82 and 12%, respectively. The CFIPLT-I method classified the femora either normal (55%) or champagne fluted (45%). The comparison of CFILT-M with the other methods using Bland–Altman analysis showed lower mean difference for the CFILT-I than the CFIPLT-I.
Conclusion The level of width measurements at proximal femora might have an impact on the CFI values, likewise, preoperative planning procedures and the selection of a stem type in total hip arthroplasty.
AGRN Gene Mutation Leads to Congenital Myasthenia Syndromes: A Pediatric Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Gan Siyi , Yang Haiyan , Xiao Ting , Pan Zou , Wu Liwen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe congenital myasthenia syndromes (CMS) are a group of autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant diseases that affect neuromuscular junctions. CMS caused by AGRN mutations is very uncommon typically characterized by ptosis, mild weakness, and proximal limb weakness. We report the case of an 8-year-old female who exhibited the onset of motor development retardation from infancy and slow progression to proximal muscle weakness. Repeated nerve stimulation at 3 Hz showed a clear decrement with 17%. Whole exon sequencing showed an AGRN gene compound heterozygous mutation (c.5009C >T and c.5078T > C). She was treated with salbutamol but without improvement. Then pseudoephedrine was adapted as a treatment choice and obtained remarkable curative effect. We have summarized and analyzed 12 patients who have been reported in the literature. An early age of onset and muscle weakness in the lower limbs are the main feature of an early AGRN gene mutation. Both types of AGRN-related CMS respond favorably to ephedrine. This is the first report showing that pseudoephedrine is effective as a choice for the treatment of AGRN-related CMS.
Latin influence on the syntax of the languages of Europe
Authors: Cornillie Bert , Drinka Bridget 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This special issue explores the role of Latin in shaping the syntactic patterns of the European languages. Among the key issues examined are the identification of sources of syntactic change, whether internal or external, the chronologization of these changes, and their actualization. Authors have tackled such cutting-edge topics as the role of sociolinguistic motivation in syntactic change in the vernaculars, the complex role played by translators, and the syntactic creativity that may occur as a result of calquing. Several authors, conversely, question the role of Latin in influencing particular structures, and propose alternative explanations. It is hoped that the present special issue succeeds in filling some gaps in our understanding of the roofing effects of Latin, as we attempt to track down and interrogate the causes and effects of syntactic change in the languages of Europe.
On the notion of linguistic influence in syntax
Authors: Greco Paolo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper tackles the topic of Latin influence on Italo-Romance syntax by addressing the question how to combine the analysis of structural data with socio-historical reflections. It views the genre and discourse tradition of a given medieval text as governing the extent to which Latin is used as a model in this text. The paper proposes a methodology which incorporates consideration of the historical, cultural, and sociolinguistic context of language change, focusing on evidence from the development of present participles in Italo-Romance. The main conclusion is that, rather than talking about the general influence of Latin syntax on Italian, we should be examining the influence of particular Latin models on the syntax of different texts written in Italo-Romance varieties in a given historical period.
AcI
Authors: Milano Federica Da , Cuzzolin Pierluigi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the history of theAccusativus cum Infinitivo(henceforth: AcI) construction in some languages of Western Europe (the Romance and Germanic languages), and attempts to ascertain whether the AcI in the modern languages is modelled on the AcI of Latin or whether the form was simply inherited. In this paper, only those constructions which are formed with verbs of saying or thinking + infinitive are considered instances of true AcI constructions. FollowingPountain (1998), we attempt to distinguish ‘hard’ vs ‘weak’, ‘total’ vs ‘partial’, ‘learnèd’ vs ‘non-learnèd’ Latinisms. In conclusion, we hypothesize that the construction is favoured by Latin models, but it is consistent with structural patterns already occurring in the languages involved.
The role of roofing
Authors: Drinka Bridget 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper presents evidence in support of the claim that Latin played a significant role as a ‘roof language’ in the languages of western Europe. It focuses on the role that Latin played at three stages of the development of the perfects in western Europe: first, as a conduit of the ‘sacral stamp of Greek’ in bible translation and as influential in other ecclesiastical contexts; secondly, through the influence of scribal tradition and the establishment of the ‘Charlemagne Sprachbund’; and, finally, as a model for classicized syntactic style of the Late Middle and Early Modern period, as exemplified by the patterns of perfect use by the translators of Boethius, especially Chaucer and Elizabeth I. Several larger generalizations also emerge from this investigation: evidence is provided for the stratified nature of Latin syntactic influence across time and space, and the effect of this recurrent replication on the temporal-aspectual systems of the western European languages. Above all, this analysis underlines the essential role of calquing in superstrate-induced change, the structural patterns that are most frequently affected, and the social motivations that foster this type of innovation.
Coordinating metaphors in science, learning and instruction
Authors: Amin Tamer G. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A substantial body of research has accumulated on the use of metaphor and analogy in science, their role in
the construction of novel concepts during learning, and their strategic deployment in instruction. Despite this
significant body of work, we still do not have a coherent picture of the role of metaphor in how a specific scientific concept
comes to be understood. This chapter draws on the theories of conceptual metaphor and blending to put forward a perspective on how metaphor makes a scientific concept accessible; crucially, the account coordinates analyses of the roles of metaphor in science, learning and instruction. The chapter offers a case study of the concept of energy to illustrate the perspective.
To be or not to be: Reconsidering the metaphors of apoptosis in press popularisation
articles
Authors: Williams Camus Julia T. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the metaphorical expressions used to explain apoptosis in press popularisations. The
study was performed on a bilingual English-Spanish subset of 58 texts on apoptosis identified from a corpus of 300
cancer articles published in The Guardian, The Times, El País and
El Mundo. The analysis shows that most metaphors coincide with those found in scientific articles
and there are few creative explanatory images in the English and Spanish popularisations. The English articles make
greater use of the suicide image whereas the Spanish texts rely more on variants based on “cell death” and “die”. In
certain contexts, some metaphors are ambiguous and confuse rather than clarify the process while others might not be
considered the most appropriate choices.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Thomas H. , Beger Anke 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This final chapter uses the metaphor characteristics set
forth in the introductory chapter to comment on the individual
studies reported here. Where the introductory chapter describes the
principles of modern metaphor research that promise to improve
access to science, this chapter highlights the actual application of
these principles as found in the chapters of this book. When we
focus on key requirements of scientific inquiry – description,
explanation, and prediction – metaphor is found to be both very
helpful and sometimes to pose difficulties. Such results are
reviewed here, with discussions intended to benefit scientists,
communicators, and metaphor scholars.
A cognitive-pragmatic study of non-scalar implicatures
Authors: Zhang Yanfei , Zhang Shaojie 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWhether or not non-entailment relations generate scalar implicatures is a cutting-edge issue in linguistic pragmatics. The present study intends to argue that, based on the Cognitive Grammar paradigm, non-scalar implicatures generated by non-entailment relations are manifested as cognitive defaults which are conventionally incorporated into symbolic units in schema-instance complexes. Conventions provide a shortcut for the hearer to infer non-scalar implicatures in an unconscious, effortless and automatic way. We maintain that, contrary to neo-Gricean pragmatics, non-entailment relations cannot generate (scalar) Q-implicatures.
Poverty and living conditions with Boko Haram in the Lake Chad Basin: the case of southeastern Niger
Authors: Hamadou Daouda Youssoufou 
Published: March 2020

SUMMARY
This briefing analyses the political economy of Boko Haram and explains how the conflict dismantles the local economy, jeopardises living conditions and heightens tensions between local communities and public authorities. The conflict destroys the dynamism of the Lake Chad Basin economy based on cross-border trade in agricultural and fisheries products, and reduces many people to living in camps, where precarious living conditions and poverty become daily challenges, and where tensions between refugees, host populations and local authorities are recurrent.
An interpretation of SPring-8 ground elevation by the empirical ATL-law approach
Authors: Okayasu Y. , Matsui S. , Zhang C. , Kimura H. 
Published: March 2020

Starting in 1996, the coordinates of the accelerator components on the SPring-8 storage ring were continuously surveyed for over two decades. The dispersion of the elevation changes of the ground motion ⟨ dz
2⟩ analyzed from the aspect of the empirical ATL-law which has been intensively researched since 1990s. With the ATL-law, ⟨ dz
2⟩ can be expressed as products of a ground diffusion coefficient A, temporal survey spans T, and spatial scales L. The coefficient A is well known to depend on the local geology and is evaluated as (7.6 ± 1.4) × 10−6 μm2/s/m for the SPring-8 storage ring. In this paper, a transition of survey methods in the SPring-8 storage ring is reviewd and survey results both in horizontal and vertical directions are presented. Furthermore, the relevance of the ATL-law approach for the ground elevation dispersion are discussed.
Precipitation seasonality promotes acquisitive and variable leaf water-economics traits in southwest Australian granite outcrop species
Authors: Ottaviani Gianluigi , Marcantonio Matteo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSouthwestern Australia (SWA) is a global biodiversity hotspot characterized by a mediterranean climate and is among the world’s oldest and resource-poorest landscapes. Within this region, granite outcrops provide habitat complexity, and contribute to high levels of species diversity and endemism. Granite outcrop plant species are characterized by distinct anatomical, morphological and eco-physiological traits. So far, functional studies of SWA granite outcrop plants examined trait patterns along the stark aridity gradient that occurs in the region. Despite precipitation seasonality being an important climatic driver of plant species richness and distribution in mediterranean-type ecosystems, relationships between plant traits and precipitation seasonality remain understudied. Here, we investigated granite outcrop species’ responses to changes in precipitation seasonality in terms of average and variability values of leaf traits related to water use efficiency. We found that plants displayed more acquisitive and variable trait values with increasing precipitation seasonality. These patterns are likely associated with the long-term effect of the stable and predictable precipitation regime in the old SWA that may have fine-tuned plant water use strategies to maximize water acquisition during the most favourable season.
A Novel Framework to Protect Animal Data in a World of Ecosurveillance
Authors: Lennox Robert J , Harcourt Robert , Bennett Joseph R , Davies Alasdair , Ford Adam T , Frey Remo M , Hayward Matt W , Hussey Nigel E , Iverson Sara J , Kays Roland , Kessel Steven T , Mcmahon Clive , Muelbert Monica , Murray Taryn S , Nguyen Vivian M , Pye Jonathan D , Roche Dominique G , Whoriskey Frederick G , Young Nathan , Cooke Steven J 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Surveillance of animal movements using electronic tags (i.e., biotelemetry) has emerged as an essential tool for both basic and applied ecological research and monitoring. Advances in animal tracking are occurring simultaneously with changes to technology, in an evolving global scientific culture that increasingly promotes data sharing and transparency. However, there is a risk that misuse of biotelemetry data could increase the vulnerability of animals to human disturbance or exploitation. For the most part, telemetry data security is not a danger to animals or their ecosystems, but for some high-risk cases, as with species’ with high economic value or at-risk populations, available knowledge of their movements may promote active disturbance or worse, potential poaching. We suggest that when designing animal tracking studies it is incumbent on scientists to consider the vulnerability of their study animals to risks arising from the implementation of the proposed program, and to take preventative measures.
Sulcatol: Enantiospecific Attractant for Monarthrum mali (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Leptostylus asperatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Associated Predators
Authors: Miller D R , Crowe C M 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn 2014–2019, we conducted six experiments in north-central Georgia in an attempt to verify the aggregation pheromone response of the ambrosia beetle Gnathotrichus materiarius (Fitch) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Scolytini: Corthylina) to sulcatol known to be produced by male G. materiarius; we failed to catch any G. materiarius. However, we did find that another corthyline ambrosia beetle species Monarthrum mali (Fitch) was attracted to (R)-(–)-sulcatol, whereas the longhorn beetle Leptostylus asperatus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) was attracted to (S)-(+)-sulcatol. Attraction of both species was unaffected by the respective antipodes. Ethanol enhanced attraction of both species to traps baited with sulcatol. In at least one experiment, attraction to ethanol-baited traps was enhanced by sulcatol for Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), Xyleborus spp., and Hypothenemus spp. but reduced for Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Additionally, traps baited with ethanol and racemic sulcatol [50% (S)-(+): 50% (R)-(-)] caught the greatest numbers of four species of beetle predators: Coptodera aerata Dejean (Coleoptera: Carabidae), Colydium lineola Say (Coleoptera: Zopheridae), Madoniella dislocata (Say), and Pyticeroides laticornis (Say) (Coleoptera: Cleridae). Ethanol but not sulcatol attracted Temnoscheila virescens (F.) (Coleoptera: Trogossitidae). Information on interspecific relationships within forested communities may help us to better determine the roles of these species in maintaining stable and resilient forested ecosystems.
Montenegro makes important strides towards achievement of the SDGs
Authors:   Ministry of Health, Montenegro, Schmoll Oliver , Shinee Enkhtsetseg , Brajovic Mina , Menne Bettina , Zambon Francesco , Nemer Leda 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In 2018, Montenegro took an important step towards ratification of the Protocol on Water and Health to the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes. A multisectoral national consultation provided a forum where national stakeholders could assist in related decision-making. The Protocol is the first and only multilateral legal agreement linking sustainable water management and the prevention, control and reduction of water-related diseases in the pan-European region. It was adopted in 1999 at the Third Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health in London and entered into force in 2005 as legally binding for the ratifying countries. To date, 26 countries have ratified it, covering about 60% of the population of the pan-European region. Montenegro is on the way to becoming the next country to ratify it and has used it as an instrument to strengthen national action towards progressively reaching regional and global WASH-related commitments, specifically in relation to SDG 3 (good health and well-being), SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation) and the Ostrava Declaration on Environment and Health (2017).
Catfish egg lectin affects influx and efflux rates of sunitinib in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells
Authors: Sugawara Shigeki , Takayanagi Madoka , Honda Shota , Tatsuta Takeo , Fujii Yuki , Ozeki Yasuhiro , Ito Jun , Sato Makoto , Hosono and Masahiro 
Published: March 2020

AbstractNew treatment protocols are aiming to reduce the dose of the multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib, as sunitinib elicits many adverse effects depending on its dosage. Silurus asotus egg lectin (SAL) has been reported to enhance the incorporation of propidium iodide as well as doxorubicin into Burkitt’s lymphoma Raji cells through binding to globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) on the cell surface. The objective of this study was to examine whether SAL enhances the cytotoxic effect of sunitinib in Gb3-expressing HeLa cells. Although the treatment with SAL delayed the cell growth and enhanced the propidium iodide uptake, cell death accompanied by membrane collapse was not observed. The viability of sunitinib-treated HeLa cells was significantly reduced when the treatment occurred in combination with SAL compared to their separate usage. Sunitinib uptake significantly increased for 30 min in SAL-treated cells, and this increment was almost completely abolished by the addition of L-rhamnose, a hapten sugar of SAL, but not by D-glucose. After removal of SU from the medium, the intracellular sunitinib level in SAL-treated cells was higher than in untreated cells for 24 h, which was not observed in Gb3-deficient HeLa cells. Furthermore, we observed that SAL promoted the formation of lysosome-like structures, which are LAMP1 positive but not acidic in HeLa cells, which can trap sunitinib. Interestingly, SAL-induced vacuolation in HeLa cells was not observed in another Gb3 positive Raji cells. Our findings suggest that SAL/Gb3 interaction promoted sunitinib uptake and suppressed sunitinib excretion and that sunitinib efficiently exerted cytotoxicity against HeLa cells.
Ocean warming combined with nutrient enrichment increases the risk of herbivory during cultivation of the marine macroalga Undaria Pinnatifida
Authors: Endo Hikaru , Sato Yoichi , Kaneko Kenji , Takahashi Daisuke , Nagasawa Kazue , Okumura Yutaka , Agatsuma Yukio 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Recent declines of macroalgal forests due to climate change imply that the aquaculture production of macroalgae may also be negatively affected by ocean warming. It has previously been shown that nutrient enrichment can offset the negative impact of warming on the survival and growth of the cultivated macroalga Undaria pinnatifida, although it can also increase the risk of herbivory by unrecognized mesograzers. Observations of several hundreds or thousands of the isopod Cymodocea japonica around U. pinnatifida cultivation ropes in autumn, prompted the analysis of their size-frequency distribution, relationship between body size and consumption rate, and combined effects of elevated temperature and nutrient enrichment on the consumption rate of the algae by the isopod in the current study. Although the body size of the isopods collected in autumn was smaller than those collected in winter and spring, the consumption rate of 600 small isopods was similar to the rate of a large individual. Additionally, the consumption rate doubled in response to an increase in temperature from 15 to 18°C and nutrient enrichment, and tripled with their combination. These results suggest that ocean warming combined with nutrient enrichment increase the risk of herbivory during U. pinnatifida cultivation, especially during isopod outbreak periods.