bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Global Disarmament Treaties
Authors: Casey-Maslen Stuart , Vestner Tobias 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Since the adoption of the UN Charter, states have concluded numerous international disarmament treaties. What are their core features, and are there any trends in their design? This article discusses the five global disarmament treaties, namely the 1971 Biological Weapons Convention, the 1992 Chemical Weapons Convention, the 1997 Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions and the 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. It first considers how a broad set of prohibitions of activities with respect to specific weapons has evolved over time. Then, it analyses the treaties’ implementation and compliance support mechanisms as well as their procedural aspects regarding entry into force and withdrawal. This article finds that a pattern has developed over the last two decades to outlaw all and any use of weapons by disarmament treaty, without first instituting a prohibition on their use under international humanitarian law (IHL). It also finds that reporting obligations, meetings of States Parties and treaty-related institutions are generally created, either directly by treaty or by subsequent state party decisions. Finally, there is a tendency to make the treaty’s entry into force easier, and the withdrawal more difficult. It is argued that these trends arise from states’ attempt to establish more easily disarmament treaties, design more robust disarmament treaties and more effectively protect civilians. The article concludes by reflecting whether these trends form the basis of a new branch of international law—international disarmament law—and discusses them in the context of emerging weapons and technologies.
A Review of Black Widow (Araneae: Theridiidae) Envenomation, Epidemiology, and Antivenom Utilization in Canada
Authors: Curran-Sills Gwynn , Wilson Steven M , Bennett Robb 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two species of black widow spider (BWS—Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie and Latrodectus variolus Walckenaer) naturally occur in Canada and are capable of causing deleterious envenomation to humans. No Canadian literature exists on the frequency of envenomations by these species or the use of antivenom in the treatment of those patients. A review of primary Canadian arachnology data was undertaken to identify BWS populations. A retrospective review of the Health Canada Special Access Program records generated epidemiology and the utilization of antivenom for BWS envenomations in Canada. The geographical distribution of BWS species is limited to along the southern Canadian border. From January 2009 to December 2015, there were five BWS envenomations that required treatment with antivenom and all cases occurred in British Columbia. An average patient age of 41 yr ± 21 SD (range 7–59) was observed, along with three of the five patients being female. The average number of vials used for treatment was 2 ± 1 SD (range 1–3). BWS Antivenin was also obtained by facilities in Alberta, Ontario, and Nova Scotia, but not used in any of these jurisdictions. Further investigation is necessary to determine the annual incidence of BWS envenomations and if treatment with BWS antivenin is required.
Comparative Phylogeography and Integrative Taxonomy of Ochlerotatus caspius (Dipera: Culicidae) and Ochlerotatus dorsalis
Authors: Francuski Ljubinka , Ludoški Jasmina , Milutinović Aleksandra , Krtinić Bosiljka , Milankov Vesna 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGiven that accurately identifying pathogen vectors is vital for designing efficient mosquito control programs based on the proper surveillance of the epidemiologically important species, it has been suggested the complementary use of independently evolving genes and morphometric traits as a reliable approach for the characterization and delimitation of related species. Hence, we examined the spatial distribution of COI mtDNA and ITS2 rDNA variation from the historical perspective of Ochlerotatus caspius (Pallas, 1771) and O. dorsalis (Meigen, 1830), while simultaneously testing the utility of the two markers in integrative species delimitation when combined with phenotypic character analyses of larvae and adults. Despite the striking difference in haplotype diversity (high in COI mtDNA, low in ITS2 rDNA), no evident phylogeographic structure was apparent in the Palearctic O. caspius. The Holarctic O. dorsalis species was subdivided into two highly distinctive COI mtDNA phylogroups which corresponded to the Nearctic and Palearctic regions. Strong support for the independence of the two allopatric evolutionary lineages suggested that geographical barrier and climatic changes during Pleistocene caused vicariance of the ancestral range. COI mtDNA reliably distinguished O. caspius and O. dorsalis, while ITS2 rDNA yet again lacked the proper resolution for solving this problem. An integrative approach based on the larval and adult morphological traits have varying taxonomic applications due to their differential diagnostic values. Thus, by the implementation of an integrative taxonomic approach, we successfully detected species borders between the two epidemiologically relevant species and uncovered the presence of cryptic diversity within O. dorsalis.
Molecular and Morphological Identification of Dermanyssoid Mites (Parasitiformes: Mesostigmata: Dermanyssoidea) Causatives of a Parasitic Outbreak on Captive Snakes
Authors: Alfonso-Toledo Jorge Alberto , Paredes-León Ricardo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A parasitic outbreak caused by dermanyssoid mites in a herpetarium of the Metropolitan area of the Valley of Mexico is revealed. This outbreak was caused by Hemilaelaps triangulus (Ewing), but a second mite species, Ophionyssus natricis (Gervais), was found in low abundance. The parasitic load is analyzed, and the morphological and molecular diagnostic characters to identify each of the two species involved are given. A barcode analysis is presented, and two more molecular markers are presented and analyzed. Hemilaelaps triangulus is recorded for the first time in Mexico, and this is the first record of massive infestation on captive snakes caused by ixodorhynchid mites, and DNA sequences of ixodorhynchid mites are publicly available for the first time.
Nine Tips to Improve Your Everyday Forest Data Analysis
Authors: Russell Matthew B 
Published: August 2020

AbstractForestry data are complex—they are collected across long time periods, at different resolutions, and include multiple types and sources. Forestry professionals are increasingly relying on new technologies to make informed decisions using these data. This article describes nine practices that forestry professionals and their organizations can take to improve their everyday forest data analysis. By integrating these practices into their work, forestry professionals can sharpen their data management and analytical skills and contribute to more effective decisions made by their organizations.Study ImplicationsForestry professionals contribute to the collection and analysis of data, but less training is provided to them in managing, organizing, and communicating data. A considerable amount of time is spent organizing and restructuring data in forestry, but these actions do not lead to immediate results that can inform decisions. Creating a workplace culture where data are high-quality and trustworthy can assist forestry professionals in using their analytical skills to address problems in areas such as forestland acquisition, carbon sequestration, and ecosystem services. If data are going to continue to drive forest management and policy decisions at the stand, landscape, or national scale, then data analysis skills need to be valued by foresters and the organizations for which they work.
Prioritizing Research Needs in Natural Resources: Using Q-Methodology as a Focus Group Discussion Tool
Authors: Edgeley Catrin M , Stasiewicz Amanda M , Hammond Darcy H 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCombining Q-methodology with focus groups offers a novel opportunity to explore how researchers and managers can collectively address natural resource management issues. We explored the potential utility of this pairing for prioritizing long-term vegetation recovery research needs after wildfire at a two-day workshop. The approach entailed individual Q-sort activities, followed by focus group discussion about differences and similarities in Q-sort outcomes between managers and researchers. We found that Q-methodology was a versatile discussion tool that offered opportunities for building shared definitions of management issues and identifying new pathways for collaboration between diverse participants. Group discussion around research needs also fostered opportunities for identifying organizational barriers and fostering partnerships to overcome them. Collecting social data on research needs prior to designing or conducting data collection efforts can help ensure that outputs have practical value and utility for land management.Study ImplicationsEstablishing shared research priorities between researchers and managers is one way to ensure that scientific advancements have practical applications. Using outputs from Q-sort activities as a prompt to initiate discussion between researchers and managers is an effective technique for understanding divergent prioritizations, identifying organizational and scientific barriers, and establishing feasible next steps for collective action to produce application-oriented research. Employing mixed-method social data collection early in the land management planning process is increasingly valuable; many recent policies for forest and natural resource management require the incorporation of collaborative components.
Endometriosis of the rectus abdominis muscles: a rare case of dual location
Authors: Slaiki Saad , Jamor Jihad 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Endometriosis of the abdominal wall is a rare entity, the etiopathogenesis remains unclear. It most often occurs after gynecological or obstetric surgery. We report the case of a patient with a dual localization of endometriosis in the abdominal wall, the diagnosis was made by abdominal CT scan. The treatment was surgical. The pathology study confirmed the diagnosis of parietal endometriosis. The postoperative course was uneventful with a favorable outcome for 2 years without recurrence. Through our case, we will discuss the characteristics of this entity in order to understand the interest of an early diagnosis and management to deduce possible means of prevention during each gynecological or obstetric surgery.
Detectability of radio afterglows from binary neutron star mergers and implications for fast radio bursts
Authors: Lin Haoxiang , Totani Tomonori 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Binary neutron star (BNS) mergers are one of the proposed origins for both repeating and non-repeating fast radio bursts (FRBs), which associates FRBs with gravitational waves and short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). In this work, we explore detectability of radio afterglows from BNS mergers and compare it to the observed radio limits on FRB afterglow. We calculate the afterglow flux powered by the two components: a relativistic jet and a slower isotropic ejecta, and quantify the detection probability as a function of the source redshift, observing time, and flux sensitivity. The model parameter distributions inferred from short GRB afterglows are adopted, and viewing angle distributions (uniform spherical, gravitational-wave, on-axis biased) are assumed to reflect different searching scenario. Assuming that FRBs are not strongly beamed, we make comparison to FRBs detected with reported radio limits and find the detection probabilities are 1–10 per cent in general, and hence not a strong constraint on the BNS progenitor model considering the small sample number (&lt;10). In particular for some nearby FRBs (e.g. 180916.J0158+65, 190608), we find a high chance of detection (&gt;20 per cent at 10 μJy sensitivity) for the isotropic component that would peak around ∼1–10 yr after the merger. Therefore, a long-term radio monitoring of persistent radio emission for these objects is important.
Multiwavelength study of high-redshift blazars
Authors: Sahakyan N , Israyelyan D , Harutyunyan G , Khachatryan M , Gasparyan S 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
High-redshift blazars are among the most powerful objects in the Universe. The spectral and temporal properties of 33 distant blazars (z &gt; 2.5) detected in the high-energy γ-ray band are investigated by analysing the Fermi-LAT and Swift Ultraviolet and Optical Telescope/X-ray Telescope (UVOT/XRT) data. The considered sources have soft time-averaged γ-ray spectra (Γγ ≥ 2.2) whereas those that have been observed in the X-ray band have hard X-ray spectra (ΓX = 1.01−1.86). The γ-ray flux of high-redshift blazars ranges from 4.84 × 10−10 to 1.50 × 10−7 photon cm−2 s−1 and the luminosity is within (0.10−5.54) × 1048 erg s−1 which during the γ-ray flares increases up to (0.1−1) × 1050 erg s−1. In the X-ray band, only the emission of PKS 0438−43, B2 0743+25, and TXS 0222+185 is found to vary in different Swift XRT observations whereas in the γ-ray band, the emission is variable for fourteen sources: the flux of B3 1343+451 and PKS 0537−286 changes in sub-day scales, that of PKS 0347−211 and PKS 0451−28 in day scales, while the γ-ray variability of the others is in week or month scales. The properties of distant blazar jets are derived by modelling the multiwavelength spectral energy distributions within a one-zone leptonic scenario assuming that the X-ray and γ-ray emissions are produced from inverse Compton scattering of synchrotron and dusty torus photons. From the fitting, the emission region size is found to be ≤0.05 pc and the magnetic field and the Doppler factor are correspondingly within 0.10−1.74 G and 10.0−27.4. By modelling the optical–UV excess, we found that the central black hole masses and accretion disc luminosities are within Ld ≃ (1.09−10.94) × 1046 erg s−1 and (1.69−5.35) × 109 M⊙, respectively.
Inferring efficiency of translation initiation and elongation from ribosome profiling
Authors: Szavits-Nossan Juraj , Ciandrini Luca 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
One of the main goals of ribosome profiling is to quantify the rate of protein synthesis at the level of translation. Here, we develop a method for inferring translation elongation kinetics from ribosome profiling data using recent advances in mathematical modelling of mRNA translation. Our method distinguishes between the elongation rate intrinsic to the ribosome’s stepping cycle and the actual elongation rate that takes into account ribosome interference. This distinction allows us to quantify the extent of ribosomal collisions along the transcript and identify individual codons where ribosomal collisions are likely. When examining ribosome profiling in yeast, we observe that translation initiation and elongation are close to their optima and traffic is minimized at the beginning of the transcript to favour ribosome recruitment. However, we find many individual sites of congestion along the mRNAs where the probability of ribosome interference can reach $50\%$. Our work provides new measures of translation initiation and elongation efficiencies, emphasizing the importance of rating these two stages of translation separately.
Computational Drug Repositioning Identifies Potentially Active Therapies for Chordoma
Authors: Traylor Jeffrey I , Sheppard Hadley E , Ravikumar Visweswaran , Breshears Jonathan , Raza Shaan M , Lin Charles Y , Patel Shreyaskumar R , DeMonte Franco 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Chordomas are aggressive bone tumors that often recur despite maximal resection and adjuvant radiation. To date there are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved chemotherapies. Computational drug repositioning is an expanding approach to identify pharmacotherapies for clinical trials.

OBJECTIVE
To identify FDA-approved compounds for repurposing in chordoma.

METHODS
Previously identified highly differentially expressed genes from chordoma tissue samples at our institution were compared with pharmacogenomic interactions in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) using ksRepo, a drug-repositioning platform. Compounds selected by ksRepo were then validated in CH22 and UM-Chor1 human chordoma cells in Vitro.

RESULTS
A total of 13 chemical compounds were identified in silico from the CTD, and 6 were selected for preclinical validation in human chordoma cell lines based on their clinical relevance. Of these, 3 identified drugs are FDA-approved chemotherapies for other malignancies (cisplatin, cytarabine, and lucanthone). Cytarabine, a deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitor approved for the treatment of various leukemias, exhibited a significant concentration-dependent effect against CH22 and UM-Chor1 cells when compared to positive (THZ1) and negative (venetoclax) controls. Tretinoin exhibited a significant concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect in CH22, sacral chordoma-derived cell lines but to a much lesser extent in UM-Chor1, a cell line derived from skull base chordoma.

CONCLUSION
Cytarabine administration reduces the viability of human chordoma cells. The equally effective reduction in viability seen with tretinoin seems to be cell line dependent. Based on our findings, we recommend the evaluation of cytarabine and tretinoin in an expanded set of human chordoma cell lines and animal models.
Multiparameter quantitative histological MRI values in high-grade gliomas: a potential biomarker of tumor progression
Authors: Reuter Gilles , Lommers Emilie , Balteau Evelyne , Simon Jessica , Phillips Christophe , Scholtes Felix , Martin Didier , Lombard Arnaud , Maquet Pierre 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Conventional MRI poorly distinguishes brain parenchyma microscopically invaded by high-grade gliomas (HGGs) from the normal brain. By contrast, quantitative histological MRI (hMRI) measures brain microstructure in terms of physical MR parameters influenced by histochemical tissue composition. We aimed to determine the relationship between hMRI parameters in the area surrounding the surgical cavity and the presence of HGG recurrence.

Methods
Patients were scanned after surgery with an hMRI multiparameter protocol that allowed for estimations of longitudinal relaxation rate (R1) = 1/T1, effective transverse relaxation rate (R2)*=1/T2*, magnetization transfer saturation (MTsat), and proton density. The initial perioperative zone (IPZ) was segmented on the postoperative MRI. Once recurrence appeared on conventional MRI, the area of relapsing disease was delineated (extension zone, EZ). Conventional MRI showing recurrence and hMRI were coregistered, allowing for the extraction of parameters R1, R2*, MTsat, and PD in 3 areas: the overlap area between the IPZ and EZ (OZ), the peritumoral brain zone, PBZ (PBZ = IPZ – OZ), and the area of recurrence (RZ = EZ – OZ).

Results
Thirty-one patients with HGG who underwent gross-total resection were enrolled. MTsat and R1 were the most strongly associated with tumor progression. MTsat was significantly lower in the OZ and RZ, compared to PBZ. R1 was significantly lower in RZ compared to PBZ. PD was significantly higher in OZ compared to PBZ, and R2* was higher in OZ compared to PBZ or RZ. These changes were detected 4 to 120 weeks before recurrence recognition on conventional MRI.

Conclusions
HGG recurrence was associated with hMRI parameters’ variation after initial surgery, weeks to months before overt recurrence.
Evaluating the Suitability and Potential Efficiency of Cannabis sativa Oil for Patients with Primary Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Prospective, Open-Label, Single-Arm Pilot Study
Authors: Gambino Alessio , Cabras Marco , Panagiotakos Evangelos , Calvo Federico , Macciotta Alessandra , Cafaro Adriana , Suria Marco , Haddad Giorgia El , Broccoletti Roberto , Arduino Paolo Giacomo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the use of a Cannabis sativa oil in the management of patients diagnosed with primary burning mouth syndrome (BMS).

Design
Prospective, open-label, single-arm pilot study.

Setting
University hospital.

Subjects
Seventeen patients with diagnosed BMS were included.

Methods
Subjects were treated for 4 weeks with a full cannabis plant extract, which was prepared from standardized plant material (cannabis flos) in specialized pharmacies by means of Romano-Hazekamp extraction and was diluted in oil (1 g of cannabis in 10 g of olive oil). The primary outcome was the change in pain intensity (assessed by the visual analog scale, Present Pain Intensity scale, McGill Pain Questionnaire, and Oral Health Impact Profiles) at the end of the protocol and during the succeeding 24 weeks; the neuropathic pain was also investigated with a specific interview questionnaire (DN4-interview [Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions]). Levels of anxiety and depression were considered as secondary outcomes, together with reported adverse events due to the specified treatment.

Results
Subjects showed a statistically significant improvement over time in terms of a clinical remission of the oral symptoms. Levels of anxiety and depression also changed statistically, displaying a favorable improvement. No serious reactions were detailed. None of the patients had to stop the treatment due to adverse events.

Conclusions
In this pilot evaluation, the C. sativa oil provided was effective and well tolerated in patients with primary BMS. Further bigger and properly defined randomized controlled trials, with different therapeutic approaches or placebo control, are needed, however.
What Do Index Options Teach Us About COVID-19?
Authors: Jackwerth Jens 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Risk-neutral distributions of the S&P 500 are informative about the COVID-19 pandemic beyond what one can learn from index values and the market fear gauge of the VIX alone. We learn that, on February 20, 2020, the index did not yet reflect the impending crisis. Only on March 16, 2020, was the full impact visible, with a pronounced bimodality for longer-maturity options revealing a sizeable crash scenario. The corresponding physical distribution is more symmetric and features a high-volatility crash scenario. Firms bought crash protection ahead of the index crash, whereas retail customers bought it as the index was already recovering.