bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluations of traffic flow on Al-Yarmouk Overpass Bridge
Authors: Ziboon Abdul-Razak T. , Qasim Zaynab I. , Faraj Almas 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTraffic volume has been increasing rapidly throughout the country, people have a hard time because of the traffic problems especially on the peak hours causing traffic congestion which is the biggest problem in Baghdad city, one of the solutions for congestion is to build an overpasses bridge at intersections in order to minimize these kinds of problems, the research maintains to evaluate the overpass bridge with the help of GIS, the various advantage of GIS makes it an attractive option to be used to face the emerging traffic problems. The main objective of this research is analyzing the existing traffic situation on Al-Yarmouk Overpass Bridge and estimating the level of service via v/c ratios were level of service is one of the constant functions of traffic to either maintain a stable traffic flow or to identify and cure for traffic congestion by gathering information concerning the transportation system in the study area by using field information count, camera for estimating traffic volume, speed Gun device for measuring vehicle speed. The result showed that the overpass bridge operates with the level of service (LOS F), at which the vehicle relative to the road capacity (v/c) is (1.48) as illustrated in analysis map on the basis of analyses of the existing traffics situation of the bridge. Some improvements are suggested to improve the level of service, and optimization suggestion, in addition to geometric improvement, is suggested in this study.
Design of an Expert System for Airport Rubber Removal
Authors: Abduljabbar Ahmed S. , Salman Nawal Dawood , Jaleel Zeena Tariq 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The most important parameter for airport operator is safety. Minimizing any possible risks for passengers, crew, and equipment is the main objective of applying safety management systems at airports. The rubber deposits that accumulate on the runway surface due to aircraft operations is one of the most critical factors that directly effects on the skid resistance value of the airport runway.
Four common techniques are applied throughout the world for mitigating this rubber strip water blasting, chemical, shot blasting, and mechanical. Every technique has its pros and cons in terms of cost, efficiency, environmental effect, and damage to pavement surface. The current design involves developing an expert system that takes into account the parameters that may support choosing the optimal method for rubber removal in certain situations. These parameters include airport classification, cost involvement, accessibility, pavement damage concerns, environment damage or side effects, and any additional factors such as noise.
The system is developed using webpage-based Expert System builder ES-Builder. Simple user interface, windows based, easy to build the decision tree are the major concerns for choosing this program to build the proposed expert system. The expert system follows a deduction process, until the expert system makes the final conclusion according to user selected answers. The proposed expert system works very well when selecting appropriate answers taking into consideration specific characteristics for each airport category. Faulty conclusions could be given if the user does not use the appropriate parameters related to the airport category. There is no optimum solution, every airport situation is different, and the solution or the recommended method varies from one airport to another.
Land use of Al-Ramadi City and its Impact on Sustainable Transport Strategies Using (AHP)
Authors: Mahmood Thaer Sh , Ibraheem Arwa H 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRamadi, the capital of Anbar province, has long suffered from a series of urban problems, mainly the problem of transport and traffic in the city. Sustainable development and climate change are high on the agenda for most cities around the world today. Urban transport is at the heart of these changes. For the purpose of proposing and implementing sustainable transport strategies in the city, this research presents a study to answer the most important question of how to prioritize strategies resulting from the impact of land use on sustainable transport standards. It is of paramount importance to give the decision-makers, administrative and technical staff in the city enough room to make the appropriate decision spatially, temporally and artistically using a modern method to apply descriptive and quantitative analysis together, which is the hierarchical analysis method (AHP). The research has encountered a number of difficulties, the most important of which is the scarcity of the field data, especially the road and transport data in the city, which led researchers to rely personally on the analysis and collection of data related to research and based on the opinions of experts and specialists in the field of transport planning, the analysis found that the strategy of integration of land use with the transport network, is of paramount importance, followed by the strategy of avoiding unnecessary trips and then a number of strategies according to priority and importance in the service of the city.
Assessment of the mechanical properties of concrete pavement containing crumb rubber of tires
Authors: Al-Khuzaie Muhaned G. , Al-Humeidawi Basim H. , Al-Sa’idi Ra’id F. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The disposal of waste scrap tires is one of the most important challenges and a massive burden facing the developed countries. One of the most important method to disposal it, is using the Crump Rubber (CR) of tires in roads and structural projects. The current research focused on assessing the performance of concrete pavement contained CR. The mechanical properties of concrete were evaluated after adding 5 percentages of CR particles as 2%, 4 %, 6 %, 8% and 10 % of total weight of aggregate. The work methodology involved investigation the effect of using different methods of treatment of CR compared with untreated CR. Also, it investigated the effect of CR particles’ sizes on the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete pavement. The results of study showed that the chemically treated CR can produce rubberized concrete pavement with properties closed to that of reference mix. The replacement with 2% and 4% CR gave adequate properties of pavement to be used in highway construction, while the 6% is closed to acceptable limit. The coarser particles showed better performance in terms of mechanical properties compared with the smaller particles (as replacement from sand). Chemically treatment by NaOH for CR only caused reduction in compressive strength of concrete by 7.6%, 15% and 28% while water soaking method produce more reduction in compressive strength reached up to 52.5%, 55.1% and 65.8% for the percentages of 2%, 4% and 6% CR respectively.
Evaluating the Negative Impact of Traffic Congestion on Air Pollution at Signalized Intersection
Authors: Alobaidi Maan k , Badri Rawand M , Salman Mohammed M 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTraffic Congestion is considered as one of the largest contributors to the problem of air pollution at present. A major part of this pollution is due to emissions from vehicles. Intersections are considered as critical elements of road regarding the high level of air pollution which is due to the slow down and stop operations. Thus, the combustion of fuel is increased negatively as intersection compared with other types of road elements. The key focus of this paper is to estimate the negative impact of traffic congestion by calculating the quantities of gases emitted during the traffic congestion at the signaled intersection in Baghdad city. The traffic flow data was obtained by video recording of the study area. From these videos, data was analyzed by using Signalized and Un-signalized Intersection Design and Research Aid (SIDRA 8.0.) software. The selected emissions of HC, CO, NOX, and CO2 in (kg/hr) are based on delay and LOS computation at the signalized intersection. The results of this study will provide suggestions to the transportation and public health officials to reduce the risk of air pollutant by trying different approaches such as eco-routing and eco-signal timing.
Investigation and evaluation of Discharge Coefficient for the trapezoidal labyrinth weir
Authors: Shlash Marwah Abdullah , Mohammed Hayder Sami , Aal-khalaf Safaa K.Hashim 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The spillway capacity can be adjusted to increase the crest of spillway length, or increasing the coefficient discharge or effective head, or any others permutation of these approaches. In a standing spillway, a labyrinth weir constructing is a case of an active technique for increasing the length of spillway crest and as resultant increase the capacity of discharge (up to 3-4 times) for the identical effective head. Therefore, labyrinth weirs are well-matched to the sites. There are many effective factors such as width to the height of the weir which is called a vertical aspect ratio (w/p), head of water to height of crest ratio (Ht/p), angle of the side wall (α), and conditions of channel that effect on the weir capacity and labyrinth weir hydraulic design of. In this paper four different geometric variations applied to a two cycle of sharp crested trapezoidal labyrinth weir under free flow condition which include changing of vertical aspect ratio (w/P) (width to height ratio) that have effects on the hydraulic efficiency of the labyrinth weir and state the effect of the hydraulic parameter Ht/P on the coefficient of discharge (Cdw
) over weir. It was concluded that decreasing w/P has affirmative effect on the discharge capacity. On adverse it has influence of decreasing the discharge coefficient by about 20% (when increasing w/P to 1.5), while increasing it to 2.0 and 2.5 will cause more reduction to Cdw
ranging from 32% to 25% for w/P=2.0 & 40% to 35 for w/P=2.5. The smaller values of the head Ht provide more discharge coefficient.
Three-dimensional numerical model of Baghdad metro with fluctuation of ground water
Authors: Al-Adili Aqeel , Al-Taee Muammar 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
When a tunnel is excavated below the ground water table, water flows into the excavated faces of the opening tunnel and leads to affecting the stability by reducing the effective stress and shear resistance by generating seepage forces towards the excavation boundaries. The seepage flow may lead to ground water drawdown and time dependent subsidence due to consolidation and rearrangement of the pores. The effect of interaction between tunnelling and ground water on the soil around boring tunnel and ground surface has become an essential part of the planning, design, and construction of tunnelling project. This paper presents the analysis and the results of a numerical solution for a series of actual tunnelling processes of the proposed Baghdad metro as a case study. The finite element package, ABAQUS 2017, was used for this study. A fully coupled three dimensional stress-pore pressure model has been adopted to realistically capture the mechanical and hydrological interaction between tunnelling and ground water. The effect of fluctuation of ground water level on the pore water pressures for soil surrounding tunnel have been computed. Four sequential simulation steps have been done for the location approximately under Kasra Square where the tunnel will be approximately passed through different soil layer profiles. It is concluded that increased pore water pressures is associated with rising ground water and vice versa. It was also concluded that the left tunnel route will be under danger during the excavation only because of presence of negative pore water pressures along it. Therefore, preliminary proceedings of safety are recommended during the excavation of the left tunnel route.
The rationing system effect on seepage from the cement-treated gypsum canals
Authors: Al-Hadidi Maysam Th , Al-Jassim Wissam S. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The shortage of irrigation water requires specific measures. One of these measures is the application of the rationing system (a period of irrigation followed by a period of drought). This system could have an effect on the behavior and properties of irrigation canals. So, studying rationing system on the irrigation canals is important both in civil engineering and water resources engineering, especially if these channels constructed with gypsum soil. This study includes the calculation of seepage velocity and water content in each cycle (10 days wetting and 10 days of drying). The model is built for this research contains four samples, two samples for untreated soil one of them exposed to a rationing system while the other two samples mixed with 10% cement also one of them exposed to rationing system. The paper reveals that the seepage velocity decreases about 90% when using cement as a treatment material. The seepage velocity and water content value changes with cycles of rationing, where the seepage velocity relatively increases and stabilizes in the case of untreated soil. In the case of the treatment soil, the seepage velocity is very little and reduces with each cycle of rationing. In the absence of a rationing system, the results are completely reversed.
Modelling water quantity parameters using Artificial Intelligence techniques, A case study Abu-Ziriq Marsh in south of Iraq.
Authors: Al-Mukhtar Mustafa , Al-Yaseen Fuaad , Sahib Jamal 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The low water quantity has a significant impact on the ecosystem and the food chain of living organisms, thus causing a loss of biodiversity and a lack of natural food sources. Abu-Ziriq Marsh, located in the south of Iraq, is chosen as the case study for the application of the proposed methodology. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of using three different models of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques: Adaptive Neural-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Multiple Regression Model (MLR) to predict and estimate the discharge of Abu-Ziriq Marsh by depending on flow release from upstream Al-Badaa regulator. Daily discharge of Al-Badaa regulator(QB
) and Abu-Ziriq Marsh(Qz
) were used in this study. The water quantity data, consisting of 720 records of daily data between the years 2017 and 2018, were used for training and testing the models. The training and testing data were randomly partitioned into 515 (70.5 %) and 215 (29.5 %) datasets, respectively. The performance of all models was assessed through the correlation coefficient (R), root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE). Results of RMSE, R and NSE for the calibration (validation) of ANFIS model were 4.11 (4.17), 0.87 (0.83) and 0.76 (0.70), respectively. The evaluation of the results indicates that ANFIS model is superior to other models. The identified ANFIS models can be used as tools for the computation of water quantity parameter(Qz
) in Iraqi Marshes.
3D Filtration Membrane prepared from ceramic
Authors: Ali Ghasaq Abd , Al-Anbari Riyad , Al-Obaidy Abdul Hameed 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A ceramic membrane (CFM) was prepared from Iraqi raw materials by using two main types of clay, white clay soil (Kaolin) and the red clay soil. The red clay soil was Sused for its low melting point, which is lower than kaolin and matured in low firing temperature, in addition to its higher porosity compared to kaolin. The manufacture of this (CFM) was Slip Casting Method, and different additives were used in ratios as pores forming agents in (CFM) such as sawdust and porcelanite rock. These additives were added in ratios (5%, 10%,15%). Porcelanite rock was used in three grades of particle size (106, 75, 53) μm. The result revealed that the porosity and absorption of the filter increased linearly with an increase in the amount of the additives materials. On the other hand, its density inversely related to the porosity. The porosity and absorption increased on increasing porcelanite particle size, while density reduced on increasing porcelanite particle size. The result showed that porosity and absorption of the filter increased linearly with an increase in the additives materials amount, while porosity was inversely affected by the density of ceramic filter. Also, porosity, absorption increased with increasing porcelanite particle size, while density reduced with increasing porcelanite particle size.
Decolorization of Crystal Violet from Aqueous Solution Using Electrofenton Process
Authors: Fattahi Hadis , Karimi Hazhir , Amiri Samira , Heshmati Shohreh , Hosseini Fatemeh , Hossini Hooshyar , Mustafa Yaseen T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In recent years, advance oxidation processes (AOPs) have been widely interested for treatment of industrial wastewater and organic matter. At among, Electrofenton has been proposed as a strong oxidative method. So, the aim of this work was purification of colored aqueous containing crystal violet by electrofenton process and steel mesh electrodes. All regents and methods were prepared from analytical grad and standard methods. The amounts of crystal violet were determined by colorimetric using a spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength about 586 nm. The main parameters such as pH, applied current, dye concentration, reaction time and supporting electrolyte dose were investigated. Experimental data analysis was also performed using excel software. The results of this study showed that the better dye degradation is occurred in acidic pH (pH3), contact time of 5 minutes, initial concentration of crystal violet 50 mg/l, applied current 0.8 A and an electrolyte level about 0.1 g/L of NaCl. Higher electrical current and lower pHs were caused to generate the higher amount of oxidative radical and regeneration of Fe2+. Under optimal condition, crystal violet was removed around 99.72%. Referring to the results, it can be concluded that the electrofenton is a suitable in situ hydrogen peroxide generation technology for treatment of colored wastewater.
Urban landscape improvement by small architectures Case study: Al-Kadhimiya Shrine
Authors: Kawther Khawla k. , Hussien Rasha 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Focus on all elements that might improve the city, the community, and the environment in general, with special elements level of small scales or so-called small architectures by considering the distribution, characteristics, quality, and location of the elements of street furniture (seats, lights, telephone booths, trees, posters, billboards, etc.).
The Research Problem: increased visual distortion and urban chaos in Iraqi cities. The importance of studying small architectures: improve the urban environment by improving urban design. Scope of Study: The selection of the spaces surrounding the holy shrine in the city of Al-Kadhimiya is considered as a model.
Research Hypothesis: the development process must determine how to deal with street furniture, which is deemed to be one of elements adopted towards solving the urban problem as well as an important element in promoting the city frontispiece.
It has become very important to infer the imbalances in the streets, as well as propose scientific solutions for development. The conclusion of the research is that the realization process of the urban scene abstractly is conducted by means of symbols, heritage meanings, and signs of urban street spaces, which in turn increases the population’s interaction with the urban environment, as well as the need to conduct studies providing the design of the streets using the small architectures.
Comparative analysis of weighted arithmetic and CCME Water Quality Index estimation methods, accuracy and representation
Authors: Noori Mohammed Dheyaa 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper aims to investigate and evaluate the difference in the computed WQI using the weighted arithmetic method (WAM) and Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) and the reasons of the exaggeration and permissive of these WQIs. In addition, it also aims to specify the suitable WQI computation method in Iraq. Al-Shula City, Baghdad, Iraq was considered as the case study. The results of estimating the WQI in the Al-Shula City using WA and (CCME) methods for each month fluctuated between 0.103 to 8645 and 8.53 to 58.56, respectively. Hence the WQ fluctuated between excellent to unsuitable for drinking (excellent to poor). However, the range of the computed accumulated WA and CCME WQI was between 8 to 3886 and 9 to 59. Consequently, for the two methods, the class of WQ is fluctuated between excellent to unsuitable and excellent to poor. In addition, the calculated CCME WQIs were always lower than the computed WA WQIs. Therefore, the CCME method is permissive or somewhat lenient in contrast to the WA method. Consequently, the WA WQI is more sensitive to presence of toxic contaminants than the CCME WQI. Therefore, the WA WQI is more suitable to use in Iraq because of the high fluctuation in the level and types of pollution sources.
Reusing of condensate water harvesting from spilt units for domestic and irrigation purposes: residential complex in Al-Mussiab Technical Institute and College, Iraq, as a case study
Authors: Al-Qaisi A Z , Ali Z H , Mahdi M A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The research deals with the sustainable development of water resources. It considers with the possibility to benefit from condensate water harvesting from split units for domestic and irrigation purposes in residential complex of Al–Mussiab Technical Institute and College located in the Babylon Government of Iraq, which is selected as a case study. Ten samples of the water are collected in the scaled containers distributed in selected houses and apartments during six months of test in summer and winter seasons. The required physical and chemical parameters of water quality that is suitable for domestic and irrigation purposes requirements are tested. The results of the tests showed that the physical parameters are within Iraqi Standards while only Sulfates for heating condensate water are out of Iraqi Standards of chemical parameters. The results are also showed that the condensate water from cooling is soft in terms of suitability for washing clothes; while the condensate water from heating spilt units is very hard and the soap does not soak in the water; but they could be used to wash the floors and toilet as well as in the air coolers because there is no salt in them. On the other hand, the results demonstrate the validity of condensate water for drinking animals; especially the Poultry. The amount of condensate water harvesting from the split units that is collected from the residential complex forms 11% from the total consumption of water and this quantity of water could be added to the available water in the residential complex. It is concluded from the research, the condensate water from the cooling spilt units is within the limits, while the heating water exceeded the specified specifications for irrigation water and household water pumps. The research recommends to consider the placement of pipes and reservoirs for condensation water when designing residential complex, and to conduct studies about the effect of reusing the condensate water in agriculture on soil.