bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hemichorea‐Hemiballism: An Uncommon Presentation of Central Nervous System Tuberculosis
Authors: Rubio‐Hernandez Moises , Ortiz‐Alvarez Arturo , Tello‐Martinez Nallely , Vazquez‐Guevara Damaris , Rodriguez‐Leyva Ildefonso 
Published: September 2020

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Association of PICALM with Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Periñán María Teresa , Macías‐García Daniel , Labrador‐Espinosa Miguel Ángel , Jesús Silvia , Buiza‐Rueda Dolores , Adarmes‐Gómez Astrid D. , Muñoz‐Delgado Laura , Gómez‐Garre Pilar , Mir Pablo 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundCognitive impairment is one of the most disabling nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, a genome‐wide association study in Alzheimer's disease has identified the PICALM rs3851179 polymorphism as one of the most significant susceptibility genes for Alzheimer's disease after APOE. The aim of this study was to determine the potential role of PICALM and its genetic interaction with APOE in the development of cognitive decline in PD.MethodsA discovery cohort of 712 patients with PD were genotyped for PICALM (rs3851179) and APOE (rs429358 and rs7412) polymorphisms. The association of PICALM and APOE–PICALM genetic interaction with cognitive dysfunction in PD was studied using logistic regression models, and the relationship of PICALM with cognitive decline onset was assessed with Cox regression analysis. PICALM effect was then replicated in an international, independent cohort (Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative, N = 231).ResultsPICALM rs3851179 TT genotype was significantly associated with a decreased risk of cognitive impairment in PD (TT vs. CC + CT, P = 0.041, odds ratio = 0.309). Replication studies further demonstrated its protective effect on cognitive impairment in PD. In addition, the protective effect of the PICALM rs3851179 TT genotype was more pronounced in the APOE ε4 (−) carriers from the discovery cohort (P = 0.037, odds ratio = 0.241), although these results were not replicated in the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative cohort.ConclusionsOur results support the fact that PICALM is associated with cognitive impairment in PD. The understanding of its contribution to cognitive decline in PD could provide new targets for the development of novel therapies. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Small molecules regulating reactive oxygen species homeostasis for cancer therapy
Authors: Zhang Junmin , Duan Dongzhu , Song Zi‐Long , Liu Tianyu , Hou Yanan , Fang Jianguo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractElevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense systems have been recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Compared with normal cells, cancer cells exhibit increased ROS to maintain their malignant phenotypes and are more dependent on the “redox adaptation” mechanism. Thus, there are two apparently contradictory but virtually complementary therapeutic strategies for the regulation of ROS to prevent or treat cancer. The first strategy, that is, chemoprevention, is to prevent or reduce intracellular ROS either by suppressing ROS production pathways or by employing antioxidants to enhance ROS clearance, which protects normal cells from malignant transformation and inhibits the early stage of tumorigenesis. The second strategy is the ROS‐mediated anticancer therapy, which stimulates intracellular ROS to a toxicity threshold to activate ROS‐induced cell death pathways. Therefore, targeting the regulation of intracellular ROS‐related pathways by small‐molecule candidates is considered to be a promising treatment for tumors. We herein first briefly introduce the source and regulation of ROS, and then focus on small molecules that regulate ROS‐related pathways and show efficacy in cancer therapy from the perspective of pharmacophores. Finally, we discuss several challenges in developing cancer therapeutic agents based on ROS regulation and propose the direction of future development.
Pressure relief location—A hidden hazard
Authors: Giang William 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPressure relief devices are considered the last line of defense against overpressure scenarios; they help protect the facility and personnel from a catastrophic event. However, incorrect routing of the relief location may potentially expose not only on‐site personnel but also the surrounding residents to a toxic release event. Some facilities may route the relief path to a safe location; this location sometimes is a direct release to the atmosphere off‐site. The Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) study sometimes does not have the information to fully evaluate the consequence of the relief event. Without conducting a consequence model of a release event from the relief devices that vent to the atmosphere, it is difficult to evaluate the extent of the consequence to the facility, its personnel, and the community. Raising awareness of the potential hazard from the pressure relief devices can promote the safety and reliability of a facility.
Eye Explorer: A robotic endoscope holder for eye surgery
Authors: Zhou Dongbo , Kimura Shintaro , Takeyama Hayato , Haraguchi Daisuke , Kaizu Yoshihiro , Nakao Shintaro , Sonoda Koh‐Hei , Tadano Kotaro 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundHolding endoscopes by hand when performing eye surgery reduces the dexterity of the surgeon.MethodsA robotic endoscope holder called “Eye Explorer” is proposed to hold the endoscope and free the surgeon's hand.ResultsThis device satisfies the engineering and clinical requirements of eye surgery. The force for manual operation is less than 0.5 N. The observable ranges inside the patient's eye considering horizontal and vertical perspectives are 118° and 97°, and the motion of the holder does not interfere with the surgeon's hand and other surgical devices. The self‐weight compensation can prevent the endoscope from falling when extra supporting force is released. When comparing the external force exerted on the eye by the Eye Explorer with that in case of manual operation, a decrease of more than 15% can be observed. Moreover, the consumption time of endoscope view adjustment using the Eye Explorer and manual operation does not significantly differ.ConclusionThe Eye Explorer allows dual‐hand operation, facilitating a successful endoscopic eye surgery.
Adaptive exact sliding tracking control of high‐order strict‐feedback systems with mismatched nonlinearities and external disturbances
Authors: Xi Changjiang , Dong Jiuxiang 
Published: September 2020

SummaryThis paper investigates the issue of fuzzy‐approximation‐based adaptive exact tracking control for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with mismatched external disturbances. Due to the existence of unstructured nonlinear functions and unexpected disturbances, most of the current reported results on adaptive control of high‐order nonlinear strict‐feedback systems are semi‐globally bounded. In this paper, a novel backstepping‐based adaptive sliding control scheme is proposed, which makes the tracking error converge to zero in spite of the presence of uncertain nonlinearities and disturbances. In particular, under the framework of adaptive control mechanism, the upper bounds of fuzzy approximation errors and external disturbances are properly estimated. Based on the estimation information, an asymptotic adaptive tracking control strategy is constructed, such that the tracking error will be forced to keep sliding along the origin once the bounds are reached. Therefore, the exact tracking control objective is achieved. Simulation example verifies the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
On phase deficit of homogeneous sliding mode control
Authors: Boiko Igor 
Published: September 2020

SummaryThe notion of the phase deficit recently proposed in the literature is determined for systems with homogeneous higher order sliding mode (HOSM) controllers. The previously formulated criterion based on the phase deficit gives necessary conditions of finite‐time convergence. A few homogeneous control algorithms of orders from two to five are analyzed. It is shown that, when the phase deficit is positive, the system controlled by an HOSM algorithm is capable of producing finite time convergence. However, under some controller parameters, a homogeneous HOSM controller may produce asymptotic conversion or even nonvanishing oscillations. Necessary conditions for finite‐time convergence, infinite‐time convergence, and finite‐frequency oscillations are obtained through the developed approach.
2D Perovskite Single Crystals with Suppressed Ion Migration for High‐Performance Planar‐Type Photodetectors
Authors: Zhang Yunxia , Liu Yucheng , Xu Zhuo , Yang Zhou , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) 
Published: September 2020

Abstract2D Dion–Jacobson (DJ) perovskites have recently drawn much attention owing to their superior charge transport and high environmental stability. Unfortunately, their intrinsic optoelectronic properties are largely unexplored due to the lack of high‐quality single crystals available for accurate measurements. Herein, a reactive, low‐temperature‐gradient crystallization process to grow high‐quality 2D perovskite single crystal (BDAPbI4) using symmetric straight chain 1,4‐butanediammonium as a short‐chain insulating spacer is developed. It is found that the BDAPbI4 single crystal exhibits a direct bandgap with effective charge collection (μτ = 1.45 × 10−3 cm2 V−1). In particular, the BDAPbI4 single crystal shows a high ion migration activation energy (0.88 eV) that is desired for stability. Moreover, the planar‐type photodetectors made of BDAPbI4 single crystals demonstrate excellent photoresponse performance, including large dynamic linear range (150 dB), high responsivity (927 mA W−1), fast response speed, and exceptional stability. Theoretical calculations reveal that the enhanced carrier transport properties are mainly attributed to the interlayer‐induced coupling of the inorganic layers. Furthermore, the rigid structure of BDAPbI4, resulting from the strong hydrogen bonds between the organic cations and the inorganic framework, will result in both low defect density and low ion migration, leading to superior carrier transport properties and detection performance.
Highly Active and Sulfur‐Resistant Fe–N4 Sites in Porous Carbon Nitride for the Oxidation of H2S into Elemental Sulfur
Authors: Lei Ganchang , Tong Yawen , Shen Lijuan , Liu Fujian , Xiao Yihong , Lin Wei , Zhang Yongfan , Au Chaktong , Jiang Lilong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIron‐based catalysts have been widely studied for the oxidation of H2S into elemental S. However, the prevention of iron sites from deactivation remains a big challenge. Herein, a facile copolymerization strategy is proposed for the construction of isolated Fe sites confined in polymeric carbon nitride (CN) (Fe‐CNNχ). The as‐prepared Fe‐CNNχ catalysts possess unique 2D structure as well as electronic property, resulting in enlarged exposure of active sites and enhancement of redox performance. Combining systematic characterizations with density functional theory calculation, it is disclosed that the isolated Fe atoms prefer to occupy four‐coordinate doping configurations (Fe–N4). Such Fe–N4 centers favor the adsorption and activation of O2 and H2S. As a consequence, Fe‐CNNχ exhibit excellent catalytic activity for the catalytic oxidation of H2S to S. More importantly, the Fe‐CNNχ catalysts are resistant to water and sulfur poisoning, exhibiting outstanding catalytic stability (over 270 h of continuous operation), better than most of the reported catalysts.
MOF Induces 2D GO to Assemble into 3D Accordion‐Like Composites for Tunable and Optimized Microwave Absorption Performance
Authors: Li Qingqing , Zhao Yunhao , Li Xiaohui , Wang Lei , Li Xiao , Zhang Jie , Che Renchao 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) materials assembled by 2D layered lamella can provide abundant interfaces which are greatly advantageous for high‐performance microwave absorbers. Herein, accordion‐like CeO2−x/reduced graphene oxide (CeO2−x/RGO) hybrid materials can be successfully synthesized by a solvothermal and hydrothermal method, which are composed of laminated RGO sheets and confined CeO2−x nanoparticles (NPs). The multilayer structure is attributed to the process of Ce‐MOF dissolving into NPs, then the NPs combining with graphene oxide (GO) to induce the 2D GO assembled into 3D accordion‐like composites. The 3D accordion‐like CeO2−x/RGO simultaneously utilizes the insulated CeO2−x and highly conductive RGO to assemble into the laminated structure with moderate electromagnetic parameters. The 3D‐laminated lightweight CeO2−x/RGO composite exhibits excellent attenuation ability of an ultrabroad bandwidth (5.84 GHz) and a maximum reflection loss (−50.6 dB) which can be ascribed from the glorious impedance matching, synergistic effect between RGO sheets and the embedded CeO2−x NPs. An off‐axis electron holography is carried out to visualize the spatial electrical potential and charge distribution around the CeO2−x/RGO heterojunction, which clarifies the dipole polarization and interfacial polarization. This work enlightens a simple strategy to fabricate an excellent 3D laminated RGO‐based microwave absorber.
TiO2‐Based Heterostructures with Different Mechanism: A General Synergistic Effect toward High‐Performance Sodium Storage
Authors: Huang Man , Chu Yanting , Xi Baojuan , Shi Nianxiang , Duan Bin , Zhang Chenghui , Chen Weihua , Feng Jinkui , Xiong Shenglin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe general synergistic effect of TiO2‐based heterostructures has been discovered to improve the sodium storage of anodes, involving conversion, alloying, and insertion mechanism materials. Herein, metal sulfides (MS2, M = Sn2+, Co2+, Mo2+), metallic Sb and Sn, as well as, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are chosen as the model examples from the three kinds. The electrochemical testing demonstrates a better performance of heterostructrues involving TiO2 than the pristine anode components. The introduction of TiO2 into the MS2 and Sb or Sn systems induces a built‐in electric field as the charge transfer force at the heterojunctions, greatly reducing the ion transfer resistance and promoting interfacial electron transfer. In the CNT/TiO2 structure, the chemical growth of TiO2 nanoparticles on the outer surface of CNTs makes the interface more compact than the physical blending case, offering better improvement of electrochemistry. The synergy should work via the growth of heterostructures, relying on the interface effects, which always plays the promotion role through the formation of driving force or grain boundaries and/or condense phase interface to facilitate charge transfer at the interface during the storage process. Therefore, the construction of reasonable heterostructures can endow materials with intriguing electrochemical performance based on the synergistic effect.
In Operando Visualization of Cation Disorder Unravels Voltage Decay in Ni‐Rich Cathodes
Authors: Gao Ang , Li Xinyan , Meng Fanqi , Guo Shengnan , Lu Xia , Su Dong , Wang Xuefeng , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDespite the high energy density of Ni‐rich layered‐oxide electrodes, their real‐world implementation in batteries is hindered by the substantial voltage decay on cycling, which mainly originates from bulk and surface structural degradation. Here, in operando observation of cation disorder, a major origin of structural degradation, reveals the voltage decay mechanism in Ni‐rich cathode. Viewed along [1 1–0] and [110] orientations by scanning transmission electron microscopy, it is demonstrated that transition metal (TM) migration gives rise to the drastic fluctuation of interlamellar spacing and NiO bond length, but almost exerts no influence on atom site in ab plane. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the fluctuation of the NiO bond length triggers voltage decay via lifting the energy level of the antibonding (3dz2‐2p)* orbits. Broadening bands by a shorter NiO bond increase the voltage slope of battery, which will reduce the accessible Li capacity within the stable voltage range of the electrolyte. Furthermore, a collaborative path of TM migration triggered by oxygen vacancy is verified to account for the TM migration. The finding provides insights into new chemistry to be explored for developing high‐capacity layered electrodes that evade voltage decay.
Applying the Correlation between Amplitude and Phase Change for Mass‐Independent Moisture Content Evaluation of Wheat Flour
Authors: Watabe Ken‐ichi , Kon Seitaro , Horibe Masahiro 
Published: September 2020

Nondestructive and mass‐independent moisture content measurements are necessary for the quality control of wheat flours. Methods that use microwaves can evaluate the moisture content on both the surface layer and the inside of the bulk of the wheat flour. We describe the correlation between amplitude change at the resonance frequency and phase change at a specified frequency for varying masses of wheat flour, using a cylindrical cavity resonator operating at 3.920 GHz. Three types of wheat flours with moisture contents of 9.6, 13.2, and 16.6% were used up to 0.3 g in this experiment. The relation between the amplitude change at the resonance frequency and the phase change at the specified frequency was linear. The squares of the correlation coefficients of the linear approximation lines were both 0.999 for the three wheat flours. The three types of moisture contents were distinguished based on the difference in the slopes of the approximation lines. The validity of the experimental results was confirmed via calculations based on the S‐parameter in the transmission characteristics of a two‐port resonator. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Spin structures and baby universes
Authors: Balasubramanian Vijay , Kar Arjun , Ross Simon F. , Ugajin Tomonori 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We extend a 2d topological model of the gravitational path integral to include sums over spin structure, corresponding to Neveu-Schwarz (NS) or Ramond (R) boundary conditions for fermions. This path integral corresponds to a correlator of boundary creation operators on a non-trivial baby universe Hilbert space, and vanishes when the number of R boundaries is odd. This vanishing implies a non-factorization of the correlator, which necessitates a dual interpretation of the bulk path integral in terms of a product of partition functions (associated to NS boundaries) and Witten indices (associated to R boundaries), averaged over an ensemble of theories with varying Hilbert space dimension and different numbers of bosonic and fermionic states. We also consider a model with End-of-the-World (EOW) branes, for which the dual ensemble then includes a sum over randomly chosen fermionic and bosonic states. We propose two modifications of the bulk path integral which restore an interpretation in a single dual theory: (i) a geometric prescription where we add extra boundaries with a sum over their spin structures, and (ii) an algebraic prescription involving “spacetime D-branes”. We extend our ideas to Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity, and propose a dual description of a single unitary theory with spin structure in a system with eigenbranes.
Ungauging schemes and Coulomb branches of non-simply laced quiver theories
Authors: Hanany Amihay , Zajac Anton 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Three dimensional Coulomb branches have a prominent role in the study of moduli spaces of supersymmetric gauge theories with 8 supercharges in 3, 4, 5, and 6 dimensions. Inspired by simply laced 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 supersymmetric quiver gauge theories, we consider Coulomb branches constructed from non-simply laced quivers with edge multiplicity k and no flavor nodes. In a computation of the Coulomb branch as the space of dressed monopole operators, a center-of-mass U(1) symmetry needs to be ungauged. Typically, for a simply laced theory, all choices of the ungauged U(1) (i.e. all choices of ungauging schemes ) are equivalent and the Coulomb branch is unique. In this note, we study various ungauging schemes and their effect on the resulting Coulomb branch variety. It is shown that, for a non-simply laced quiver, inequivalent ungauging schemes exist which correspond to inequivalent Coulomb branch varieties. Ungauging on any of the long nodes of a non-simply laced quiver yields the same Coulomb branch $$ \mathcal{C} $$
C
. For choices of ungauging the U(1) on a short node of rank higher than 1, the GNO dual magnetic lattice deforms anisotropically such that it no longer corresponds to a Lie group, and therefore, the monopole formula yields a non-valid Coulomb branch. However, if the ungauging is performed on a short node of rank 1, the one-dimensional magnetic lattice is rescaled along its single direction i.e. isotropically and the corresponding Coulomb branch is an orbifold of the form $$ \mathcal{C} $$
C
/ℤk . Ungauging schemes of 3d Coulomb branches provide a particularly interesting and intuitive description of a subset of actions on the nilpotent orbits studied by Kostant and Brylinski [1]. The ungauging scheme analysis is carried out for minimally unbalanced Cn, affine F4, affine G2, and twisted affine $$ {D}_4^{(3)} $$

D
4

3

quivers, respectively. The analysis is complemented with computations of the Highest Weight Generating functions.
Wormhole calculus, replicas, and entropies
Authors: Giddings Steven B. , Turiaci Gustavo J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We investigate contributions of spacetime wormholes, describing baby universe emission and absorption, to calculations of entropies and correlation functions, for example those based on the replica method. We find that the rules of the “wormhole calculus”, developed in the 1980s, together with standard quantum mechanical prescriptions for computing entropies and correlators, imply definite rules for limited patterns of connection between replica factors in simple calculations. These results stand in contrast with assumptions that all topologies connecting replicas should be summed over, and call into question the explanation for the latter. In a “free” approximation baby universes introduce probability distributions for coupling constants, and we review and extend arguments that successive experiments in a “parent” universe increasingly precisely fix such couplings, resulting in ultimately pure evolution. Once this has happened, the nontrivial question remains of how topology-changing effects can modify the standard description of black hole information loss.