bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the prothrombin time‐derived and Clauss assays for the measurement of plasma fibrinogen in hospitalized dogs
Authors: Hasiuk Michelle H. , Russell Karen E. , Jeffery Unity 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAccurate measurement of fibrinogen is necessary for detecting bleeding tendencies and inflammation. The Clauss assay determines fibrinogen concentration from its inverse relationship with thrombin‐induced clot times. PT‐derived assays determine fibrinogen concentrations from changes in the optical density during a routine prothrombin assay and allow determination of fibrinogen without additional reagents. This method has not been assessed in clinically ill dogs.ObjectivesWe aimed to determine the agreement between the Clauss and PT‐derived fibrinogen assays and compare the ability of the assays to predict surgery‐associated transfusions and discriminate between dogs with and without bleeding.MethodsRetrospective medical record review identified 200 dogs with a variety of underlying diseases with results from both assays. The two assays were compared using Passing‐Bablok regression, and the ability of the assays to identify bleeding and predict the need for transfusions was assessed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses.ResultsThe PT‐derived assay displayed constant (y‐intercept, 32 mg/dL; 95% CI 18‐41) and proportional (slope, 0.79; 95% CI 0.75‐0.82) bias compared with the Clauss assay. The Clauss assay reported lower values than the PT‐derived assay at lower fibrinogen concentrations and higher values at higher concentrations. Comparing the area under the ROC curve did not detect significant differences in the ability of the two assays to discriminate between dogs with and without bleeding or predict the need for surgery‐associated transfusions.ConclusionsThe PT‐derived and Clauss assays are not interchangeable, and the Clauss assay could be more sensitive to hypofibrinogenemia in dogs.
Emotions and beliefs arising from replacement blood donation may hinder transitioning to exclusive voluntary non‐remunerated blood donation
Authors: Charles Kenneth Sterling , Harrilal Rakesh , Singh Stephanie , Gomez Kimberly , Hall Ronald , Danielle Zoe , Gopeesingh Samir , Gonzales Christian , Guy Kendra , Morain Kristin , Mohammed Riyad , McClure Kiara , Mansoor Anthony , McIntyre Brennan , Maraj Chnique , Maraj Nirvan , Chantry Andrew Douglas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackground and objectivesFor many developing countries, achieving exclusive voluntary non‐remunerated blood donation requires converting an existing pool of family replacement donors consisting of individuals recruited by health professionals and persons they recruited. This study was done to evaluate emotions and beliefs in these two groups and their effect on future blood donor intentions.Materials and methodsCross‐sectional, descriptive, questionnaire‐based surveys were administered by two medical student research groups. Survey 1 assessed persons recruited by health professionals to serve as or recruit replacement donors and Survey 2, individuals recruited by patients or their relatives to be replacement donors.ResultsThe majority of Survey 1 participants experienced negative emotional reactions to being asked to solicit and actually asking persons to serve as family replacement donors (72·3% and 50·2%, respectively). The proportion that would serve as a replacement donor increased from 55·9% to 74·1% (P < 0·001). Among Survey 2 participants, 61% (P < 0·001) would more willingly donate blood if directly approached by the person in need.ConclusionEmotions and beliefs arising from family replacement donation encouraged future replacement donation intention.
Comparative study of impact of animal source on physical, structural, and biological properties of bone xenograft
Authors: Gashtasbi Fatemeh , Hasannia Shahriar , Hasannia Sadegh , Mahdi Dehghan Mohammad , Sarkarat Farzin , Shali Abbas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundDue to the unique features of xenografts including large supply from donors, minimal risk of human disease transmission, and the lower cost of preparation and production compared to autografts and allografts, they are considered as attractive alternatives to traditional bone grafts. The animal source accessibility and production process have a direct correlation with the cost and quality of the final product. To evaluate whether the animal source of the bone has any effect on the physicochemical and histological properties of the final xenograft, three deproteinized bone grafts were prepared from sources that are easily available in Iran, including the bovine (DBB), camel (DCB), and ostrich (DOB).MethodsIn the current study, three bone substitute materials intended to serve as bone xenografts were derived from the cow, camel, and ostrich using the thermochemical processing procedure. The physicochemical properties, in vitro cytocompatibility and in vivo bone regeneration capability of the prepared deproteinized bone grafts, were assessed and compared with OCS‐B as an approved product in the global market.ResultsThe physical tests confirmed the hydroxyapatite nature of the final products. SEM and BET analysis showed morphological and structural differences between the products due to differences in the animal sources. In vitro studies showed the prepared deproteinized bone was free of processing chemicals and was biocompatible with mouse fibroblast and myoblast cell lines. In vivo studies revealed that the bone formation capability of the DBB, DCB, and DOB has no significant difference with one another and with OCS‐B despite their structural differences. The DCB showed the highest graft residue after two month. No signs of immunogenicity were observed in the study groups compared to the blank group.ConclusionDBB, DCB, and DOB may offer a favorable cell response and bone regeneration similar to those of commercial bovine bone material.
Prefrontal dopaminergic system and its role in working memory and cognition in spinal cord‐injured rats
Authors: Kheyrkhah Hasan , Soltani Zangbar Hamid , Salimi Omid , Shahabi Parviz , Alaei HojjatAllah 
Published: July 2020

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
How does spinal cord injury affect prefrontal cortex function and the expression of dopamine receptors?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Spinal cord injury impaired cognitive function, which was associated with reduced dopamine receptor expression in the prefrontal cortex.

AbstractThe effect of spinal cord injury (SCI) has been studied widely in paraplegia and motor areas of the brain, but its mechanisms in memory and cognitive impairment remain controversial. Here, we focused on the impact of SCI on prefrontal performance via dopamine levels and receptors. We divided 18 male rats into three groups, i.e. control, laminectomy and SCI groups. Laminectomy and SCI were induced at T10 of the spinal cord. One week later, after locomotor recovery, the novel object recognition and T‐maze (spontaneous alternation) tests were applied. After behavioural assessments, the rats were killed and their brain tissues harvested. According to the behavioural findings, cognitive function was impaired in the SCI group (P < 0.05). Also, SCI significantly increased the dopamine level and decreased the expression of dopamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex 2 weeks after injury (P < 0.05). Given the role of dopamine in cognition, SCI could impair novel object recognition and spatial working memory via dopaminergic systems.
Interpregnancy and interbirth intervals and all-cause, cardiovascular-related and cancer-related maternal mortality: findings from a large population-based cohort study
Authors: Weisband Yiska Loewenberg , Manor Orly , Friedlander Yechiel , Hochner Hagit , Paltiel Ora , Calderon-Margalit Ronit 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionScarce research is available regarding the association between interbirth intervals (IBI) and long-term maternal health outcomes, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. We aimed to assess whether IBIs were associated with all-cause, CVD-related and cancer-related mortality.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study in the setting of the Jerusalem Perinatal Study. Women with at least two consecutive singleton live births in 1964–1976 (N=18 294) were followed through 2016. IBIs were calculated as the interval between women’s first and second cohort birth. We estimated associations between IBIs and mortality using Cox’s proportional hazards models, adjusting for age, parity, maternal education, maternal origin and paternal socioeconomic status. Date of last menstrual period was available for a subset of women. We assessed the interpregnancy interval (IPI) for these women and compared the models using IPI and IBI.ResultsDuring 868 079 years of follow up (median follow-up: 49.0 years), 3337 women died. Women with IBIs <15 months had higher all-cause mortality rates (HR 1.18; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.33) compared to women with 33-month to 68-month IBIs (reference category). IBI and CVD mortality appeared to have a J-shaped association; IBIs of <15, 15–20, 21–2626–2632, 33–68 and ≥69 months had HRs of 1.44, 1.40, 1.33, 1.14, 1.00 and 1.30, respectively. No substantial association was found with cancer mortality. Models using IPIs and those using IBI were similar.ConclusionOur results support the WHO recommendations for IPIs of ≥24 months and add additional evidence regarding long-term CVD mortality.
Applying Multiple Level Cell to Non-volatile FPGAs
Authors: Liu Ke , Zhao Mengying , Ju Lei , Jia Zhiping , Hu Jingtong , Xue Chun Jason 
Published: July 2020

Static random access memory– (SRAM) based field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are currently facing challenges of limited capacity and high leakage power. To solve this problem, non-volatile memory (NVM) is proposed as the alternative to build non-volatile FPGAs (NVFPGAs). Even though the feasibility of NVFPGA has been confirmed, the utilization of multiple level cells (MLCs) has not been fully exploited yet.
In this article, we study architecture of MLC-based NVFPGAs, and propose five cluster structures. To give detailed comparisons and extensive discussions, we conduct experiments for area, performance and leakage power evaluation. Based on explorations of the characteristics of MLC-based NVFPGAs, we further present MLC-aware timing-driven packing method to improve delay. In critical paths, our proposed method reduces the overhead of the additional delay in slow MLC cells. Experiments show that, compared to SRAM-based FPGAs, the proposed architecture with the proposed CAD flow can reduce the area, critical path delay and leakage power by 31%, 10%, and 95%, respectively.
End-of-Dinner Food Offering: A Three-Way Contrastive Study
Authors: Chen Rong , Hu Chunmei 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a three-way contrastive study of the structure of the end-of-dinner food offering event – hosts asking guests to eat more food when the latter have indicated that they have finished eating – across three population groups: Chinese residents of the City of Xi’an as of 1995 (as reported in Chen, 1996), American residents of Southern California as of 2019, and Chinese residents of Xi’an as of 2019. It is found that, in 2019, Americans living in Southern California only infrequently offer their guests more food at the end of a dinner, while the Chinese residents of Xi’an (the Xi’an Chinese) offer their guests food much less often than in 1995, although still more frequently than their American counterparts. The difference observed between the Chinese and American groups is attributed to the different notions of politeness that are held in the two cultures: the Xi’an Chinese still maintain elements of hospitality and warmth as key notions of politeness, in a similar way to Libyan Arabic speakers, as discovered by Grainger, Mansor and Mills (2015), while the offering behaviour of Southern Californians is motivated by the respect they hold for another person’s freedom of action. The noticeable change in the way food is offered at the end of a Chinese dinner between 1995 and 2019 – which can be seen to be a process of ‘deritualisation’ (Kádár, 2013) – is due to the influence of Western cultures. The significance of our work thus goes beyond the understanding of both food offering in Chinese and Chinese politeness: it adds to the scant literature on the structure of the offering event across cultures and places Chinese politeness in the context of other languages; it brings insights from language contact into the field of pragmatics, a decades-long research paradigm; and it demonstrates the value of diachronic contrastive pragmatics, a direction that will no doubt aid the advancement of contrastive pragmatics in particular and, as a consequence, pragmatics in general.
‘We Want Fork but No Pork’: (Im)Politeness in Humour by Asian Users of English as a Lingua Franca and Australian English Speakers
Authors: Walkinshaw Ian , Kirkpatrick Andy 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This study explores the conversational humour of Asian multilinguals using English as a lingua franca (ELF) – specifically, their use of (im)politeness strategies to humorously maintain, neglect or affront their target’s face. The Asian ELF data come from the Asian Corpus of English (ACE), which comprises naturally occurring data of English being used as a lingua franca by Asian multilinguals. These data are compared with similar instances drawn from existing Australian humour studies. Our qualitative analysis reveals significant insights into how (im)politeness (both actual and pretended) are utilised as humour strategies by Asian ELF speakers compared with Australian English users.
Pleural fluid MYD88 L265P mutation supporting diagnosis and decision to treat extramedullary Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia: a case report
Authors: Barnes Martin , Sharma Pritha , Kumar Vikas , Kaell Alan , LiPera William 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Our case of a patient with untreated lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia with extramedullary pleural effusion is the first documented case of pleural fluid MYD88 L265P mutation status in a community hospital setting. Our patient was intolerant to 420 mg ibrutinib, but still achieved a lasting complete remission, as defined by National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, with a dose reduction to 240 mg of ibrutinib.

Case presentation
A 72-year-old Caucasian (white) man diagnosed with monoclonal immunoglobin M kappa lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia monitored without treatment for 2 years, presented with dyspnea and a left pleural effusion. At presentation, computed tomography scans of his chest, abdomen, and pelvis showed layering left pleural effusion and para-aortic lymphadenopathy. Pleural fluid cytology demonstrated B-cell lymphoma of the lymphoplasmacytic subtype, with monoclonal kappa B-cell population on flow and a positive MYD88 L265P mutation. The pleural effusion recurred post-thoracentesis and he achieved a lasting complete remission as defined by National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline with 240 mg ibrutinib.

Conclusions
Our discussion details a comprehensive literature review of extramedullary pulmonary involvement in Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia. Establishing a malignant etiology for pleural effusion in Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia can be challenging, as standard techniques may be insensitive. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction for detecting MYD88 L265P mutations is more sensitive for confirming lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia in pleural fluid. Extramedullary pulmonary involvement usually presents post-diagnosis of Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia and responds well to Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia-directed treatment regimens. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction is a sensitive assay for detecting MYD88 L265P mutations in pleural fluid to support the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion in the setting of Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia and helps guide the treatment decision to use ibrutinib. Although intolerant of ibrutinib 420 mg, our patient achieved complete and sustained remission of pleural effusion with a dose of 240 mg with progression free survival of over 30 months.
Some perturbation results of Kirchhoff type equations via Morse theory
Authors: Sun Mingzheng , Chen Yutong , Tian Rushun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the following Kirchhoff type equation:
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} - (a+b \int _{\varOmega } \vert \nabla u \vert ^{2}\,dx ) \Delta u= f(x,u) &\text{in } \varOmega , \\ u=0 &\text{on } \partial \varOmega , \end{cases} $$

{

−
(
a
+
b

∫
Ω

|
∇
u

|
2

d
x
)
Δ
u
=
f
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x
,
u
)

in
Ω
,

u
=
0

on
∂
Ω
,

where $a,b>0$
a
,
b
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are constants and $\varOmega \subset \mathbb{R}^{N}$
Ω
⊂

R
N

($N=1,2,3$
N
=
1
,
2
,
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) is a bounded domain with smooth boundary ∂Ω. By applying Morse theory, we obtain some existence and multiplicity results of nontrivial solutions for either a or b being sufficiently small.
Differential assessment of skeletal, alveolar, and dental components induced by microimplant-supported midfacial skeletal expander (MSE), utilizing novel angular measurements from the fulcrum
Authors: Paredes Ney , Colak Ozge , Sfogliano Luca , Elkenawy Islam , Fijany Layla , Fraser Andrew , Zhang Boshi , Moon Won 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
In order to assess skeletal expansion, alveolar bone bending, and dental tipping after maxillary expansion, linear and angular measurements have been performed utilizing different craniofacial references. Since the expansion with midfacial skeletal expander (MSE) is archial in nature, the aim of this paper is to quantify the differential components of MSE expansion by calculating the fulcrum locations and applying a novel angular measurement system.

Methods
Thirty-nine subjects with a mean age of 18.2 ± 4.2 years were treated with MSE. Pre- and post-expansion CBCT records were superimposed and compared. The rotational fulcrum of the zygomaticomaxillary complex was identified by localizing the interfrontal distance and modified interfrontal distance. Based on the fulcrum, a novel angular measurement method is presented and compared with a conventional linear method to assess changes of the zygomaticomaxillary complex, dentoalveolar bone, and maxillary first molars.

Results
From 39 patients, 20 subjects have the rotational fulcrum of the zygomaticomaxillary complex at the most distant points of the interfrontal distance (101.6 ± 4.7 mm) and 19 subjects at the most distant points of the modified interfrontal distance (98.9 ± 5.7 mm). Linear measurements accounted for 60.16% and 56.83% of skeletal expansion, 16.15% and 16.55% of alveolar bone bending, and 23.69% and 26.62% of dental tipping for right and left side. Angular measurements showed 96.58% and 95.44% of skeletal expansion, 0.34% and 0.33% alveolar bone bending, and 3.08% and 4.23% of dental tipping for the right and left sides. The frontozygomatic, frontoalveolar, and frontodental angles were not significant different (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
In the coronal plane, the center of rotation for the zygomaticomaxillary complex was located at the most external and inferior point of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone or slightly above and parallel to the interfrontal distance. Due to the rotational displacement of the zygomaticomaxillary complex, angular measurements should be a preferred method for assessing the expansion effects, instead of the traditional linear measurement method.
Comprehensive stability-indicating method development of Avanafil Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor using advanced Quality-by-Design approach
Authors: Patel Mital , Kothari Charmy 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAvanafil (AV) is the phosphodiesterase (PDE) type 5 inhibitor drug used in erectile dysfunction, having pyrrolidine, pyrimidine, carboxamide, and chlorine as functional groups which can easily break by environmental changes and cause toxicity. Henceforth, in detail, HPLC stability study with the Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach is presented which leads to recommended storage conditions. The stability of AV was analyzed in hydrolysis, photolysis, and thermal and oxidative conditions. The application of the QbD approach during the stability method development comprises steps as screening and optimization. Quality target product profile (QTPP) was defined, and critical quality attributes (CQAs) were assigned to meet the QTPP requirements. Primary parameters obtained from the Ishikawa diagram were studied via Placket–Burman, and four critical factors were optimized through the central composite design (CCD). The finalized method includes mobile phase [10 mM ammonium acetate, pH 4.5 adjusted by acetic acid:ACN (60:40, v/v)] at 0.9-mL/min flow rate and 239-nm wavelength. A control strategy was set up to ensure that the method repeatedly meets the acceptance criteria. Overall, 16 degradation product peaks of AV in all conditions (solid and solution state) were identified with optimized method and evaluated by HPLC-PDA study. A comprehensive systemic optimization of AV stability study is stated for the first time, which reveals that AV is prone to degrade in sunlight, moisture, and temperature. Global regulators and manufacturers should take care of the packaging, handling, and labeling of AV. A fully validated LC–MS compatible stability method can be successfully applied to monitor AV stability from its formulation which can be wisely extrapolated to assess the AV from biological samples.
Importance of overstorey attributes for understorey litter production and nutrient cycling in European forests
Authors: Landuyt Dries , Ampoorter Evy , Bastias Cristina C. , Benavides Raquel , Müller Sandra , Scherer-Lorenzen Michael , Valladares Fernando , Wasof Safaa , Verheyen Kris 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn contrast with the negligible contribution of the forest understorey to the total aboveground phytobiomass of a forest, its share in annual litter production and nutrient cycling may be more important. Whether and how this functional role of the understorey differs across forest types and depends upon overstorey characteristics remains to be investigated.MethodsWe sampled 209 plots of the FunDivEUROPE Exploratory Platform, a network of study plots covering local gradients of tree diversity spread over six contrasting forest types in Europe. To estimate the relative contribution of the understorey to carbon and nutrient cycling, we sampled non-lignified aboveground understorey biomass and overstorey leaf litterfall in all plots. Understorey samples were analysed for C, N and P concentrations, overstorey leaf litterfall for C and N concentrations. We additionally quantified a set of overstorey attributes, including species richness, proportion of evergreen species, light availability (representing crown density) and litter quality, and investigated whether they drive the understorey’s contribution to carbon and nutrient cycling.Results and conclusionsOverstorey litter production and nutrient stocks in litterfall clearly exceeded the contribution of the understorey for all forest types, and the share of the understorey was higher in forests at the extremes of the climatic gradient. In most of the investigated forest types, it was mainly light availability that determined the contribution of the understorey to yearly carbon and nutrient cycling. Overstorey species richness did not affect the contribution of the understorey to carbon and nutrient cycling in any of the investigated forest types.