bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maturational patterns of left ventricular rotational mechanics in pre-term infants through 1 year of age
Authors: Lehmann Gloria C. , Levy Philip T. , Patel Meghna D. , Sekarski Timothy , Gu HongJie , Choudhry Swati , Hamvas Aaron , Singh Gautam K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackground:Pre-mature birth impacts left ventricular development, predisposing this population to long-term cardiovascular risk. The aims of this study were to investigate maturational changes in rotational properties from the neonatal period through 1 year of age and to discern the impact of cardiopulmonary complications of pre-maturity on these measures.Methods:Pre-term infants (<29 weeks at birth, n = 117) were prospectively enrolled and followed to 1-year corrected age. Left ventricular basal and apical rotation, twist, and torsion were measured by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography and analysed at 32 and 36 weeks post-menstrual age and 1-year corrected age. A mixed random effects model with repeated measures analysis was used to compare rotational mechanics over time. Torsion was compared in infants with and without complications of cardiopulmonary diseases of pre-maturity, specifically bronchopulmonary dysplasia, pulmonary hypertension, and patent ductus arteriosus.Results:Torsion decreased from 32 weeks post-menstrual age to 1-year corrected age in all pre-term infants (p < 0.001). The decline from 32 to 36 weeks post-menstrual age was more pronounced in infants with cardiopulmonary complications, but was similar to healthy pre-term infants from 36 weeks post-menstrual age to 1-year corrected age. The decline was due to directional and magnitude changes in apical rotation over time (p < 0.05).Conclusion:This study tracks maturational patterns of rotational mechanics in pre-term infants and reveals torsion declines from the neonatal period through 1 year. Cardiopulmonary diseases of pre-maturity may negatively impact rotational mechanics during the neonatal period, but the myocardium recovers by 1-year corrected age.
What would people think? Perceived social norms, willingness to serve as a surrogate, and end-of-life treatment decisions
Authors: Spalding Rachael , Strough JoNell , Edelstein Barry 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundPopulation aging has increased the prevalence of surrogate decision making in healthcare settings. However, little is known about factors contributing to the decision to become a surrogate and the surrogate medical decision-making process in general. We investigated how intrapersonal and social-contextual factors predicted two components of the surrogate decision-making process: individuals’ willingness to serve as a surrogate and their tendency to select various end-of-life treatments, including mechanical ventilation and palliative care options.MethodAn online sample (N= 172) of adults made hypothetical surrogate decisions about end-of-life treatments on behalf of an imagined person of their choice, such as a parent or spouse. Using self-report measures, we investigated key correlates of willingness to serve as surrogate (e.g., decision-making confidence, willingness to collaborate with healthcare providers) and choice of end-of-life treatments.ResultsViewing service as a surrogate as a more typical practice in healthcare was associated with greater willingness to serve. Greater decision-making confidence, greater willingness to collaborate with patients’ physicians, and viewing intensive, life-sustaining end-of-life treatments (e.g., mechanical ventilation) as more widely accepted were associated with choosing more intensive end-of-life treatments.Significance of resultsThe current study's consideration of both intrapersonal and social-contextual factors advances knowledge of two key aspects of surrogate decision making — the initial decision to serve as surrogate, and the surrogate's selection of various end-of-life treatment interventions. Providers can use information about the role of these factors to engage with surrogates in a manner that better facilitates their decision making. For instance, providers can be sensitive to potential cultural differences in surrogate decision-making tendencies or employing decision aids that bolster surrogates’ confidence in their decisions.
Leviathan on trial: should states be held criminally responsible?
Authors: Fleming Sean 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMany political theorists, philosophers, and International Relations scholars argue that states are ‘corporate moral agents’, which can be held responsible in many of the same ways as individual moral agents. States can have debts, contractual obligations, reparative obligations, and duties. Should states also be subject to criminal responsibility and punishment? Thus far, the debate about state crime has focused on two general problems with corporate crime: whether corporate entities can have intentions (or mens rea); and whether it is possible to punish them. In this paper, I identify two problems with extending corporate criminal responsibility to the state. First, since there is no ‘international corporate law’ that regulates the internal structures of states, many states fail to meet the conditions for corporate agency (and hence for criminal responsibility). Second, since the most serious international crimes are not subject to a statute of limitations, the argument for state crime paves the way for forms of ‘historical punishment’ that few of its proponents would accept. Finally, I argue that it is unnecessary to hold states criminally responsible, and that state responsibility ought to be understood as reparative rather than punitive.
Informational demand across the globe: toward a comparative understanding of information exchange
Authors: Hanegraaff Marcel , De Bruycker Iskander 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study examines the information demands of decision-makers from across the globe in their exchanges with interest organizations. It proposes two explanatory factors that drive these information demands: democracy and development. We argue that decision-makers’ information demands vary depending on whether they hail from developed countries or developing countries, as well as the extent to which their political systems are democratically accountable. We test our expectations based on interviews with 297 decision-makers from 107 different countries who were active during transnational trade and climate change negotiations. Our findings demonstrate that decision-makers from less developed countries exhibit a higher preference for interactions with organizations that provide them with technical information. Decision-makers from democratically accountable countries, by contrast, tend to place relatively greater value on political information provided by interest groups.
Encouraging Indonesians to Pray From Home During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Kuipers Nicholas , Mujani Saiful , Pepinsky Thomas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDespite the introduction of social restrictions designed to stem the spread of COVID-19, many Indonesians have continued to attend places of worship. This poses a major public health threat, as congregational prayer involves large numbers of worshippers gathering under conditions known to enable the spread of the virus. Using a nationally representative survey, we evaluated the efficacy of messages delivered from different authorities in encouraging Indonesians to worship at home. We find no consistent evidence that public health messages change Indonesians’ attitudes toward communal prayer or their willingness to forgo communal prayer during the COVID-19 pandemic. Importantly, however, looking at well-defined subpopulations – non-Muslims and supporters of the president – we find suggestive evidence that messages were effective in increasing the likelihood of individuals to indicate a willingness to forgo communal prayer in the forthcoming week. Our results suggest that public health officials should eschew blanket messaging strategies in favor of more targeted approaches.
Distinct Change of Supercooled Liquid Cloud Properties by Aerosols From an Aircraft‐Based Seeding Experiment
Authors: Dong Xiaobo , Zhao Chuanfeng , Yang Yang , Wang Yang , Sun Yue , Fan Rong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCloud plays essential roles to Earth's energy balance and hydrological cycle. Its characteristics could be modified by human activities through cloud seeding. However, there is long‐lasting debate whether the cloud seeding can modify the clouds to introduce or change precipitation effectively, due to the challenge that the effect of cloud seeding is difficult to be evaluated. Using the data from a cloud seeding experiment, this study investigates the differences of cloud properties between before and after the cloud seeding for a supercooled liquid cloud. It shows that before the cloud seeding, the clouds are supercooled liquid phase clouds. After cloud seeding, the observations from both the cloud particle images and cloud particle size distributions indicate the occurrence of large ice crystal particles and the broadening of particle size distribution. Thus, much larger and much more ice crystal particles occurred after the cloud seeding, which could further grow into precipitation particles through collision‐coalescence process. Satellite image further shows the formation of precipitation clearly after the cloud seeding experiment. This study suggests that cloud seeding can work efficiently for supercooled liquid clouds.
Deep learning for small and big data in psychiatry
Authors: Koppe Georgia , Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas , Durstewitz Daniel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPsychiatry today must gain a better understanding of the common and distinct pathophysiological mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders in order to deliver more effective, person-tailored treatments. To this end, it appears that the analysis of ‘small’ experimental samples using conventional statistical approaches has largely failed to capture the heterogeneity underlying psychiatric phenotypes. Modern algorithms and approaches from machine learning, particularly deep learning, provide new hope to address these issues given their outstanding prediction performance in other disciplines. The strength of deep learning algorithms is that they can implement very complicated, and in principle arbitrary predictor-response mappings efficiently. This power comes at a cost, the need for large training (and test) samples to infer the (sometimes over millions of) model parameters. This appears to be at odds with the as yet rather ‘small’ samples available in psychiatric human research to date (n < 10,000), and the ambition of predicting treatment at the single subject level (n = 1). Here, we aim at giving a comprehensive overview on how we can yet use such models for prediction in psychiatry. We review how machine learning approaches compare to more traditional statistical hypothesis-driven approaches, how their complexity relates to the need of large sample sizes, and what we can do to optimally use these powerful techniques in psychiatric neuroscience.
Early triage of critically ill COVID-19 patients using deep learning
Authors: Liang Wenhua , Yao Jianhua , Chen Ailan , Lv Qingquan , Zanin Mark , Liu Jun , Wong SookSan , Li Yimin , Lu Jiatao , Liang Hengrui , Chen Guoqiang , Guo Haiyan , Guo Jun , Zhou Rong , Ou Limin , Zhou Niyun , Chen Hanbo , Yang Fan , Han Xiao , Huan Wenjing , Tang Weimin , Guan Weijie , Chen Zisheng , Zhao Yi , Sang Ling , Xu Yuanda , Wang Wei , Li Shiyue , Lu Ligong , Zhang Nuofu , Zhong Nanshan , Huang Junzhou , He Jianxing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe sudden deterioration of patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) into critical illness is of major concern. It is imperative to identify these patients early. We show that a deep learning-based survival model can predict the risk of COVID-19 patients developing critical illness based on clinical characteristics at admission. We develop this model using a cohort of 1590 patients from 575 medical centers, with internal validation performance of concordance index 0.894 We further validate the model on three separate cohorts from Wuhan, Hubei and Guangdong provinces consisting of 1393 patients with concordance indexes of 0.890, 0.852 and 0.967 respectively. This model is used to create an online calculation tool designed for patient triage at admission to identify patients at risk of severe illness, ensuring that patients at greatest risk of severe illness receive appropriate care as early as possible and allow for effective allocation of health resources.
Spontaneous creation and annihilation dynamics and strain-limited stability of magnetic skyrmions
Authors: Rendell-Bhatti Frederic , Lamb Raymond J. , van der Jagt Johannes W. , Paterson Gary W. , Swagten Henk J. M. , McGrouther Damien 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMagnetic skyrmions are topological magnetic spin structures exhibiting particle-like behaviour. They are of strong interest from a fundamental viewpoint and for application, where they have potential to act as information carriers in future low-power computing technologies. Importantly, skyrmions have high physical stability because of topological protection. However, they have potential to deform according to their local energy environment. Here we demonstrate that, in regions of high exchange energy density, skyrmions may exhibit such extreme deformation that spontaneous merging with nearest neighbours or spawning new skyrmions is favoured to attain a lower energy state. Using transmission electron microscopy and a high-speed imaging detector, we observe dynamics involving distinct configurational states, in which transitions are accompanied by spontaneous creation or annihilation of skyrmions. These observations raise important questions regarding the limits of skyrmion stability and topological charge conservation, while also suggesting a means of control of skyrmion creation and annihilation.
High-efficiency super-elastic liquid metal based triboelectric fibers and textiles
Authors: Dong Chaoqun , Leber Andreas , Das Gupta Tapajyoti , Chandran Rajasundar , Volpi Marco , Qu Yunpeng , Nguyen-Dang Tung , Bartolomei Nicola , Yan Wei , Sorin Fabien 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFibers that harvest mechanical energy via the triboelectric effect are excellent candidates as power sources for wearable electronics and functional textiles. Thus far however, their fabrication remains complex, and exhibited performances are below the state-of-the-art of 2D planar configurations, making them impractical. Here, we demonstrate the scalable fabrication of micro-structured stretchable triboelectric fibers with efficiencies on par with planar systems. We use the thermal drawing process to fabricate advanced elastomer fibers that combine a micro-textured surface with the integration of several liquid metal electrodes. Such fibers exhibit high electrical outputs regardless of repeated large deformations, and can sustain strains up to 560%. They can also be woven into deformable machine-washable textiles with high electrical outputs up to 490 V, 175 nC. In addition to energy harvesting, we demonstrate self-powered breathing monitoring and gesture sensing capabilities, making this triboelectric fiber platform an exciting avenue for multi-functional wearable systems and smart textiles.
Asymmetric total synthesis of yuzurimine-type Daphniphyllum alkaloid (+)-caldaphnidine J
Authors: Guo Lian-Dong , Zhang Yan , Hu Jingping , Ning Chengqing , Fu Heyifei , Chen Yuye , Xu Jing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEver since Hirata’s report of yuzurimine in 1966, nearly fifty yuzurimine-type alkaloids have been isolated, which formed the largest subfamily of the Daphniphyllum alkaloids. Despite extensive synthetic studies towards this synthetically challenging and biologically intriguing family, no total synthesis of any yuzurimine-type alkaloids has been achieved to date. Here, the first enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-caldaphnidine J, a highly complex yuzurimine-type Daphniphyllum alkaloid, is described. Key transformations of this approach include a highly regioselective Pd-catalyzed hydroformylation, a samarium(II)-mediated pinacol coupling, and a one-pot Swern oxidation/ketene dithioacetal Prins reaction. Our approach paves the way for the synthesis of other yuzurimine-type alkaloids and related natural products.
Force generation by a propagating wave of supramolecular nanofibers
Authors: Kubota Ryou , Makuta Masahiro , Suzuki Ryo , Ichikawa Masatoshi , Tanaka Motomu , Hamachi Itaru 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDynamic spatiotemporal patterns that arise from out-of-equilibrium biochemical reactions generate forces in living cells. Despite considerable recent efforts, rational design of spatiotemporal patterns in artificial molecular systems remains at an early stage of development. Here, we describe force generation by a propagating wave of supramolecular nanofibers. Inspired by actin dynamics, a reaction network is designed to control the formation and degradation of nanofibers by two chemically orthogonal stimuli. Real-time fluorescent imaging successfully visualizes the propagating wave based on spatiotemporally coupled generation and collapse of nanofibers. Numerical simulation indicates that the concentration gradient of degradation stimulus and the smaller diffusion coefficient of the nanofiber are critical for wave emergence. Moreover, the force (0.005 pN) generated by chemophoresis and/or depletion force of this propagating wave can move nanobeads along the wave direction.
Autonomic function in amnestic and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment: spectral heart rate variability analysis provides evidence for a brain–heart axis
Authors: Nicolini Paola , Mari Daniela , Abbate Carlo , Inglese Silvia , Bertagnoli Laura , Tomasini Emanuele , Rossi Paolo D. , Lombardi Federico 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a heterogeneous syndrome with two main clinical subtypes, amnestic (aMCI) and non-amnestic (naMCI). The analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) is a tool to assess autonomic function. Cognitive and autonomic processes are linked via the central autonomic network. Autonomic dysfunction entails several adverse outcomes. However, very few studies have investigated autonomic function in MCI and none have considered MCI subtypes or the relationship of HRV indices with different cognitive domains and structural brain damage. We assessed autonomic function during an active orthostatic challenge in 253 oupatients aged ≥ 65, [n = 82 aMCI,n = 93 naMCI,n = 78 cognitively normal (CN), neuropsychologically tested] with power spectral analysis of HRV. We used visual rating scales to grade cerebrovascular burden and hippocampal/insular atrophy (HA/IA) on neuroimaging. Only aMCI showed a blunted response to orthostasis. Postural changes in normalised low frequency (LF) power and in the LF to high frequency ratio correlated with a memory test (positively) and HA/IA (negatively) in aMCI, and with attention/executive function tests (negatively) and cerebrovascular burden (positively) in naMCI. These results substantiate the view that the ANS is differentially impaired in aMCI and naMCI, consistently with the neuroanatomic substrate of Alzheimer's and small-vessel subcortical ischaemic disease.
Melting properties by X-ray absorption spectroscopy: common signatures in binary Fe–C, Fe–O, Fe–S and Fe–Si systems
Authors: Boccato Silvia , Torchio Raffaella , Anzellini Simone , Boulard Eglantine , Guyot François , Irifune Tetsuo , Harmand Marion , Kantor Innokenty , Miozzi Francesca , Parisiades Paraskevas , Rosa Angelika D. , Antonangeli Daniele , Morard Guillaume 
Published: July 2020

AbstractX-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a widely used technique to probe the local environment around specific atomic species. Applied to samples under extreme pressure and temperature conditions, XAS is sensitive to phase transitions, including melting, and allows gathering insights on compositional variations and electronic changes occurring during such transitions. These characteristics can be exploited for studies of prime interest in geophysics and fundamental high-pressure physics. Here, we investigated the melting curve and the eutectic composition of four geophysically relevant iron binary systems: Fe–C, Fe–O, Fe–S and Fe–Si. Our results show that all these systems present the same spectroscopic signatures upon melting, common to those observed for other pure late 3d transition metals. The presented melting criterion seems to be general for late 3d metals bearing systems. Additionally, we demonstrate the suitability of XAS to extract melt compositional information in situ, such as the evolution of the concentration of light elements with increasing temperature. Diagnostics presented in this work can be applied to studies over an even larger pressure range exploiting the upgraded synchrotron machines, and directly transferred to time-resolved extreme condition studies using dynamic compression (ns) or fast laser heating (ms).
New group of transmembrane proteins associated with desiccation tolerance in the anhydrobiotic midge Polypedilum vanderplanki
Authors: Voronina Taisiya A. , Nesmelov Alexander A. , Kondratyeva Sabina A. , Deviatiiarov Ruslan M. , Miyata Yugo , Tokumoto Shoko , Cornette Richard , Gusev Oleg A. , Kikawada Takahiro , Shagimardanova Elena I. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLarvae of the sleeping chironomid Polypedilum vanderplanki are known for their extraordinary ability to survive complete desiccation in an ametabolic state called “anhydrobiosis”. The unique feature of P. vanderplanki genome is the presence of expanded gene clusters associated with anhydrobiosis. While several such clusters represent orthologues of known genes, there is a distinct set of genes unique for P. vanderplanki. These include Lea-Island-Located (LIL) genes with no known orthologues except two of LEA genes of P. vanderplanki, PvLea1 and PvLea3. However, PvLIL proteins lack typical features of LEA such as the state of intrinsic disorder, hydrophilicity and characteristic LEA_4 motif. They possess four to five transmembrane domains each and we confirmed membrane targeting for three PvLILs. Conserved amino acids in PvLIL are located in transmembrane domains or nearby. PvLEA1 and PvLEA3 proteins are chimeras combining LEA-like parts and transmembrane domains, shared with PvLIL proteins. We have found that PvLil genes are highly upregulated during anhydrobiosis induction both in larvae of P. vanderplanki and P. vanderplanki-derived cultured cell line, Pv11. Thus, PvLil are a new intriguing group of genes that are likely to be associated with anhydrobiosis due to their common origin with some LEA genes and their induction during anhydrobiosis.