bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The glycolytic shift was involved in CdTe/ZnS quantum dots inducing microglial activation mediated through the mTOR signaling pathway
Authors: Wu Tianshu , He Keyu , Liang Xue , Wei Tingting , Wang Yan , Zou Lingyue , Zhang Ting , Xue Yuying , Tang Meng 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe excellent optical property and relatively low toxicity of CdTe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) make them an advanced fluorescent probe in the application of biomedicines, particularly in neuroscience. Thus, it is important to evaluate the biosafety of CdTe/ZnS QDs on the central nervous system (CNS). Our previous studies have suggested that the high possibility of CdTe/ZnS QDs being transported into the brain across the blood‐brain barrier resulted in microglial activation and a shift of glycometabolism, but their underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, when mice were injected intravenously with CdTe/ZnS QDs through tail veins, the microglial activation, polarized into both M1 phenotype and M2 phenotype, and the neuronal impairment were observed in the hippocampus. Meanwhile, the increased pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines released from BV2 microglial cells treated with CdTe/ZnS QDs also indicated that QD exposure was capable of inducing microglial activation in vitro. We further demonstrated that the glycolytic shift from oxidative phosphorylation switching into aerobic glycolysis was required in the microglial activation into M1 phenotype induced by CdTe/ZnS QD treatment, which was mediated through the mTOR signaling pathway. The findings, taken together, provide a mechanistic insight regarding the CdTe/ZnS QDs inducing microglial activation and the role of the glycolytic shift in it.
COSMO‐RS based ionic liquid screening for the separation of acetonitrile and ethanol azeotropic mixture
Authors: Zhang Zhigang , Lu Ruizhe , Zhang Qinqin , Chen Jinling , Li Wenxiu 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe selection of competent entrainer is very important for separating azeotrope systems by extractive distillation. Ionic liquids (ILs) are outstanding entrainers due to their excellent properties. However, it is time‐consuming to choose suitable ILs from the huge database of anions and cations. Herein, the selectivity and viscosity of ILs were combined as double standards to select suitable ILs for the separation of acetonitrile and ethanol mixture.RESULTSThe selectivity and viscosity of 450 ILs (25 cations and 18 anions) were predicted based on Conductor‐like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO‐RS). 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate [BMIM][Ac] was selected as a potential entrainer due to its higher selectivity and lower viscosity and [BMIM][Cl] was chosen as a comparison item as ILs with [Cl]− anion have separation performance next to [Ac]−‐based ILs. The vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data of the acetonitrile + ethanol + ILs systems were determined at 101.3 kPa and correlated with the non‐random two‐liquid (NRTL) model. The result showed that the addition of the two ILs produced a salting‐out effect on acetonitrile and enhanced the relative volatility of acetonitrile to ethanol. Furthermore, [BMIM][Ac] exhibited better separation performance than [BMIM][Cl] and our previous reported ILs, which are consistent with the predicted results. The reduced density gradient (RDG) method indicated that hydrogen bonding dominated the interactions between ethanol and IL.CONCLUSION[BMIM][Ac] is a superior entrainer for the separation of acetonitrile–ethanol azeotrope. Compared to the previously studied ILs, there is a stronger hydrogen bond between ethanol and [BMIM][Ac]. This makes ethanol ‘bundled’ and acetonitrile more volatile, resulting in the superior separation performance of [BMIM][Ac]. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of novel heterocycles using 1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐carbohydrazides as precursors
Authors: Mohamed Hanan A. , Khidre Rizk E. , Kariuki Benson M. , El‐Hiti Gamal A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHerein, we report the synthesis of various heterocyclic ring systems containing 1,2,3‐triazole from the reactions of acid hydrazides and commercially available reagents, using efficient and simple procedures. Reactions of certain 1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐carbohydrazides and α‐bromoketones in boiling ethanol afforded the corresponding hydrazones rather than the expected triazines. The hydrazones could also be synthesized in 85‐90% yield via an alternative pathway that involved the reaction of 1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐carbohydrazides and 4‐acetyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles in boiling ethanol containing glacial acetic acid. Reaction of one of the 4‐carbohydrazides with carbon disulfide, followed by the reaction with hydrazine hydrate, gave 4H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thiol in 73% yield, which further reacted with other α‐bromoketones in boiling ethanol to afford 7H‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines in 82‐84% yields. Additionally, reactions of certain carbohydrazides with ethyl 2‐cyano‐3,3‐bis(methylthio)acrylate gave 1‐aryl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐carbohydrazides rather than the expected 1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxylates.
Two‐drug antiretroviral regimens: an assessment of virologic response and durability among treatment‐experienced persons living with HIV in the OPERA® Observational Database
Authors: Pierone Gerald , Henegar Cassidy , Fusco Jennifer , Vannappagari Vani , Aboud Michael , Ragone Leigh , Fusco Gregory 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntroductionTwo‐drug regimens (2‐DR) have the potential to be a viable solution to the challenges of treatment complexity, cost, adverse effects and contraindications. We sought to describe the real‐world use and effectiveness of 2‐DR among persons living with HIV (PLHIV) in the United States.MethodsWe analysed data for 10,190 treatment‐experienced patients from the OPERA® Observational Database initiating a new 2‐DR or three‐drug regimen (3‐DR) between 1 January 2010 and 30 June 2016. Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards models were used to estimate the association among 2‐DR or 3‐DR initiation and virologic suppression (viral load (VL) <50 copies/mL), virologic failure (2 VLs > 200 copies/mL or 1 VL > 200 copies/mL + discontinuation) or regimen discontinuation.ResultsPatients initiating a 2‐DR (n = 1337, 13%) were older, and more likely to have a lower CD4 count, a history of AIDS and comorbid conditions than patients initiating a 3‐DR. There was no difference between groups in time to virologic suppression (aHR: 1.00 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.13)) among viraemic patients (baseline VL ≥ 50 copies/mL, n = 4180), or time to virologic failure (aHR: 1.15 (95% CI: 0.90, 1.48)) among virologically stable patients (baseline VL < 50 copies/mL, n = 6010). However, time to discontinuation was shorter following 2‐DR than 3‐DR initiation (aHR: 1.51 (95% CI: 1.41, 1.61)).ConclusionsIn this large cohort of treatment‐experienced patients, 2‐DR prescriptions were common and more frequent among patients with significant comorbidity. Virologic response was similar, but duration of use was shorter with a 2‐DR than a 3‐DR, suggesting that 2‐DRs may be a virologically effective treatment strategy for treatment‐experienced PLHIV with existing comorbidities.
Dissecting the human immune system with single cell RNA sequencing technology
Authors: Xu Gang , Liu Yang , Li Hanjie , Liu Lei , Zhang Shuye , Zhang Zheng 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful new technology allowing the analysis of transcriptomes from individual cell and is ideally suited to dissect immune cell heterogeneity. ScRNA-seq has already been applied to identify novel immune cell subsets, elaborate cellular differentiation trajectories, and elucidate immunopathogenic mechanisms. Here, we briefly discuss the recent progresses and challenges in the scRNA-seq technology including the workflow, recent applications in immunology, and potential hurdles that need to be overcome. This review will highlight how single cell technology promotes our understanding of human immunology.
Two‐layer flows of generalized immiscible second grade fluids in a rectangular channel
Authors: Luo Liang , Shah Nehad Ali , Alarifi Ibrahim M. , Vieru Dumitru 
Published: December 2019

AbstractUnsteady one‐dimensional flows of two incompressible and immiscible generalized second grade fluids in a rectangular channel are studied. A constant pressure gradient acts in the flow direction, while the channel walls have oscillating translational motions in their planes. The generalization considered in this paper consists into a mathematical model based on constitutive equations of second grade fluid with Caputo time‐fractional derivative in which the history of the shear stress influences the velocity gradient. The velocity and shear stress fields in the Laplace transform domain are obtained. Numerical solutions for the real velocity and shear stress have been found by employing the Stehfest numerical algorithm for the inverse Laplace transform. The influence of the fractional parameters on the velocity and shear stress has been studied by numerical simulations and graphical illustrations. It is found that the memory effects are significant only for small values of the time t.
Sibship Analysis to Characterize Alligator Gar Reproductive Contributions in Two Texas Systems
Authors: Kreiser Brian R. , Daugherty Daniel J. , Buckmeier David L. , Smith Nathan G. , Newsome Eleanor B. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We used sibship analysis to further our understanding of Alligator Gar Atractosteus spatula reproductive biology. Quantifying the relative contributions of spawners and spatial patterns of reproduction is important in making management decisions, especially with regard to long-lived, large-bodied fish like Alligator Gar, for which exploitation of large females may negatively impact recruitment. Using genetic data from age-0 fish, we estimated the effective number of breeders (Nb) and the number of spawning adults (NS) at multiple spatial and temporal scales in two Texas systems over a 2-year period. Analysis of 265 fish collected in 2015 from six sites within an approximately 3,000-ha floodplain wetland system on the Trinity River identified no full siblings or half siblings with a probability greater than 0.90. Estimates of Nb (24–30) and NS (21–33) were comparable among sites, with low levels of relatedness among individuals within sites. Analysis of an additional 136 age-0 Alligator Gar collected during 2015 from six other sites distributed over 275 river kilometers downstream of the wetland system revealed similar patterns. Age-0 fish collected in Choke Canyon Reservoir (N = 131) in 2015 also demonstrated close correspondence between estimates of Nb and NS (54 and 56, respectively). Age-0 Alligator Gar (N = 88) were again collected at three sites in the Trinity River system during 2016; results were comparable to those of the previous year, with no evidence of repeat spawning at each site. The similarities we observed between the estimated Nb and NS indicated little variance in the number of offspring produced among individual spawners. Because individual spawners appear to contribute somewhat equally to the year-classes and spawning appears to occur over a broad geographic extent, there is likely little risk of year-class failure from harvesting a sustainable number of spawning adults.
Occurrence and Co-Occurrence Patterns of Gar in River–Floodplain Habitats: Methods to Leverage Species Coexistence to Benefit Distributional Models
Authors: Schumann David A. , Colvin Michael E. , Miranda Leandro E. , Jones-Farrand D. Todd 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Habitat segregation and hypothesized biotic interactions among coexisting gar species may confound attempts to describe the distributions of these species by using only macrohabitat availability in the presence of conspecifics. However, the strength of interactions among gar species and the spatial scale at which they occur are largely unknown. We used an existing data set to evaluate the co-occurrence patterns (i.e., random assemblages versus species co-occurring more or less than expected at random) of three gar species in 62 dynamic river–floodplain habitats associated with the lower Mississippi River and its major tributaries. A novel parameterization of a multispecies occupancy model was utilized to examine the spatial relationships among the full array of possible gar assemblages across a gradient of floodplain habitats. Spotted Gar Lepisosteus oculatus were the most abundant and frequently encountered species (~78% of samples). Shortnose Gar L. platostomus (~27% of samples) and Longnose Gar L. osseus (~12% of samples) were relatively uncommon, and no Alligator Gar Atractosteus spatula were captured in over 600 electrofishing transects. Estimated detection probabilities of the encountered species varied (range = 0.27 [Longnose Gar] to 0.80 [Spotted Gar]), and five species-specific environmental and sampling covariates predicted detection. Relatively strong co-occurrence patterns between Shortnose Gar and Longnose Gar were significantly influenced by the proximity of a floodplain lake to a river (i.e., river : lake elevation change and linear distance) and by lake latitude. In contrast, the occurrence patterns of Spotted Gar were largely independent of the other species and had minor influences on the relationship between Longnose Gar and Shortnose Gar. We demonstrate how species co-occurrence patterns can be leveraged to reduce uncertainty associated with species-specific occupancy estimates and how species distribution models can be improved by utilizing abiotic and biotic features of the target ecosystems.
Altered cerebral perfusion in children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis after chemotherapy
Authors: Han Michelle , Kim Lily H. , Shpanskaya Katie , Kim Christine , Iv Michael , Jeng Michael , Yeom Kristen W. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackground and purposeChildren with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) may develop a wide array of neurological symptoms, but associated cerebral physiologic changes are poorly understood. We examined cerebral hemodynamic properties of pediatric LCH using arterial spin‐labeling (ASL) perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Materials and methodsA retrospective study was performed in 23 children with biopsy‐proven LCH. Analysis was performed on routine brain MRI obtained before or after therapy. Region of interest (ROI) methodology was used to determine ASL cerebral blood flow (CBF) (mL/100 g/min) in the following bilateral regions: angular gyrus, anterior prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and hippocampus. Quantile (median) regression was performed for each ROI location. CBF patterns were compared between pre‐ and posttreatment LCH patients as well as with age‐matched healthy controls.ResultsSignificantly reduced CBF was seen in posttreatment children with LCH compared to age‐matched controls in angular gyrus (P = .046), anterior prefrontal cortex (P = .039), and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (P = .023). Further analysis revealed dominant perfusion abnormalities in the right hemisphere. No significant perfusion differences were observed in the hippocampus or orbitofrontal cortex.ConclusionPerfusion in specific cerebral regions may be consistently reduced in children with LCH, and may represent effects of underlying disease physiology and/or sequelae of chemotherapy. Studies that combine a formal cognitive assessment and hemodynamic data may further provide insight into perfusion deficits associated with the disease and the potential neurotoxic effects in children treated by chemotherapy.
Short‐term and long‐term outcomes after preventive surgery in adolescent patients with familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Vitellaro Marco , Piozzi Guglielmo , Signoroni Stefano , Ricci Maria Teresa , Ciniselli Chiara Maura , Cardani Anna , Vecchi Irene , Mancini Andrea , Magarotto Andrea , Verderio Paolo , Massimino Maura , Ferrari Andrea , Biasoni Davide 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundAPC gene pathogenic variants are characterized by a lifetime risk of nearly 100% to develop a colorectal carcinoma. International guidelines suggest a prophylactic surgery in the second decade.MethodsA descriptive analysis was performed evaluating a surgical series of adolescent patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) enrolled in the prospectively maintained hereditary polyposis registry.ResultsThirty‐eight adolescent patients (median age 16 years; range, 7‐19) underwent laparoscopic prophylactic surgery. APC gene pathogenic variants were detected in all patients, and six patients were proband. No patients were converted to open surgery. Median postoperative stay was five days (4‐16). Early postoperative complications were one dural puncture and one anastomotic leakage. Regarding late complications, we observed one patient having small bowel obstruction 56 months after surgery. Pathological reports showed one patient with pTis adenocarcinoma in two separate sites; 33 patients with low‐grade dysplasia, four with high‐grade dysplasia. One patient developed a desmoid tumor 37 months after surgery. After a median follow‐up of 40.5 months, no patients died or had a second abdominal surgery because of cancer in rectal stump.ConclusionsRectal sparing surgery was the first choice in the major respect of patients’ quality of life. Laparoscopic prophylactic surgery for FAP is well accepted from adolescents. It represents a safe option due to the low incidence of post‐surgical desmoids and quick postoperative recovery.
Permafrost and periglacial processes in mid‐ and low‐latitude mountain regions
Authors: Ruiz‐Fernández Jesús , Oliva Marc , Hughes Philip 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Special Issue that justifies this Editorial has been designed to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the first Spanish scientific meeting of the International Permafrost Association organized in 1994 in Madrid. This Special Issue, entitled “Permafrost and periglacial processes in mid‐ and low‐latitude mountains regions,” includes nine papers from various mountain regions around the world, such as the Pyrenees, Sierra Nevada, Galician and Cantabrian Mountains in the Iberian Peninsula, Atacama and Central Andes in South America, Absaroka ranges in North America, and Seckauer Tauern Range in the European Alps. These articles provide new methodologies and approaches focusing on a wide range of periglacial phenomena, such as past cryogenic environments, active periglacial processes, permafrost and ground thermal regime, as well as rock glaciers. As a result of this Special Issue, we have detected several knowledge gaps that should be addressed in the future by the scientific community studying permafrost and periglacial processes in mid‐ and low‐latitude mountains regions, namely: (a) improving the geochronology of past periglacial environments and associated paleoclimatic implications; (b) the study of periglacial features existing in low‐altitude mountain environments and/or in the lowlands; (c) improve our current knowledge of active periglacial processes, permafrost distribution and ground thermal regime in mid‐altitude mountains; (d) the monitoring of periglacial mass wasting processes and mechanisms of sediment transfer; (e) the interaction between glaciers and periglacial processes; and (f) geoecological dynamics in response to climate scenarios anticipating significant changes of temperature and moisture in periglacial regions.
Demonstration of a memory calibration method in water isotope measurement by laser spectroscopy
Authors: Qu Dongmei , Tian Lide , Zhao Huabiao , Yao Ping , Xu Baiqing , Cui Jiangpeng 
Published: December 2019

RationaleMeasuring δ18O and δ2H values in water using wavelength‐scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy (WS‐CRDS) requires multiple injections of up to six (and sometimes eight or more) of one sample to remove the memory effect, which decreases the sample throughput and increases the consumables cost. Thus, improved methods for removing the memory effect are required.MethodsWe calculated the memory coefficients by sequential WS‐CRDS measurement of two lab standard waters with isotopic differences, and used them to establish calibration equations. We then used these equations to correct the measured δ18O and δ2H values by removing the memory effect, instead of using multiple injections in the routine daily measurements.ResultsBy using this method, the number of injections per sample was reduced to one. The reproducibility (one standard deviation) of the δ18O and δ2H values obtained for quality control sample was less than 0.05‰ and 0.5‰ for an annual average, respectively.ConclusionsBy measuring the memory coefficients and establishing the calibration equations, a highly effective method was developed for determining the δ18O and δ2H values of water, which could significantly improve sample throughput for liquid water dual isotope measurement without sacrificing the precision.
A Novel Supramolecular Silver Coordination Complex Based on a Triazole Carboxylate Ligand: Synthesis and Fluorescence Sensing of Colchicine and a Series of Nitro Explosives
Authors: Xiao Yao , Guan Qing‐Lin , Wang Yu , You Zi‐Xin , Zhang Kai‐Yue , Xing Yong‐Heng , Bai Feng‐Ying , Sun Li–Xian 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA novel supramolecular coordination complex [Ag(HMCTCA)(H2MCTCA)] (1) was firstly synthesized by the reaction of a nitrogen heterocyclic organic ligand H2MCTCA (5‐Methyl‐1‐(4‐carboxylphenyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐carboxylic Acid) with AgNO3. It was characterized in detail by some microanalysis means such as elemental analysis, IR, UV, TG and PXRD. Furthermore, the solid fluorescent behavior was explored at room temperature. The results indicated that coordination complex 1 exhibited excellent fluorescent properties. Based on this phenomenon, we discussed its application in fluorescence sensing. The results illustrated that the coordination complex 1 can be applied to detect colchicine and a series of nitro explosives. It is worth noting that coordination complex 1 showed preeminent sensitivity for detecting p‐nitroaniline (PNA), the detection limit was as low as 0.59 μM.
Numerical modeling of the hydraulic blade pitch actuator in a spar‐type floating wind turbine considering fault conditions and their effects on global dynamic responses
Authors: Cho Seongpil , Bachynski Erin E. , Nejad Amir R. , Gao Zhen , Moan Torgeir 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis paper deals with numerical modeling of the hydraulic blade pitch actuator and its effect on the dynamic responses of a floating spar‐type wind turbine under valve fault conditions. A spar‐type floating wind turbine concept is modeled and simulated using an aero‐hydro‐servo‐elastic simulation tool (Simo‐Riflex [SR]). Because the blade pitch system has the highest failure rate, a numerical model of the hydraulic blade pitch actuator with/without valve faults is developed and linked to SR to study the effects of faults on global responses of the spar‐type floating wind turbine for different faults, fault magnitudes, and environmental conditions. The consequence of valve faults in the pitch actuator is that the blade cannot be pitched to the desired angle, so there may be a delay in the response due to excessive friction and the wrong voltage, or slit lock may cause runaway blade pitch. A short circuit may cause the blade to get stuck at a particular pitch angle. These faults contribute to rotor imbalance, which result in different effects on the turbine structure and the platform motions. The proposed method for combining global and hydraulic actuator models is demonstrated in case studies with stochastic wind and wave conditions and different types of valve faults.
Cover Image
Authors: Shotwell Carl R. , Cleary John D. , Berglund J. Andrew 
Published: December 2019

The cover image is based on the Review Article The Potential of Engineered Eukaryotic RNA‐Binding Proteins as Molecular Tools and Therapeutics, by Carl R. Shotwell, John Cleary, Andy Berglund. https://doi.org/10.1002/wrna.1573
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