bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sanctions and Global Collaboration in Innovative Activities
Authors: Milani Sahar , Pham Linh 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTSanctions are one of the most prominent tools in international politics, designed to influence the target countries' policies by inflicting economic damage. Sanctions may also interfere with collaborative research relationships between countries, reducing knowledge diffusion and growth. In this paper, we study the impact of travel sanctions on patents that contain multiple inventors that are located in more than one country. Using a gravity model framework that includes 173 countries over 43 years, we find that travel sanctions negatively impact international patent collaboration. Specifically, travel sanctions reduce the intensity of collaboration by 43%. This impact only occurs during the sanctioning period, is persistent even in distant country pairs and is partially moderated by the availability of telecommunication technology.
Non-pharmaceutical treatments for irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Wang Xiao Jing , Thakur Elyse , Shapiro Jordan 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder of gut-brain interaction that impacts a significant portion of the population and is associated with substantial morbidity, reduced quality of life, and economic impact globally. The pathophysiology of IBS is complex and incompletely understood, and the heterogeneity of IBS is reflected in the variety of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical therapies utilized for the management of IBS. Given limitations with pharmaceutical treatments, many patients with IBS seek non-pharmaceutical options. Several non-pharmaceutical treatments such as the low FODMAP diet and brain-gut behavior interventions such as gut directed hypnosis and cognitive behavioral therapy are now considered standard of care and are part of all major guidelines for the treatment of IBS. However, challenges with access to and optimal implementation of these therapies remain. This review focuses on the current evidence for common non-pharmaceutical treatments for IBS, including the latest advances in dietary and brain-gut behavioral care, in addition other complementary and integrative health practices and emerging therapies.
Blood Urea Nitrogen to Albumin Ratio Was Associated With Mortality in Critically Ill Septic Patients: A Multicenter Retrospective Propensity–Adjusted Analysis
Authors: Wang Tsai-Jung , Lee Shang-Yi , Wong Li-Ting , Chao Wen-Cheng 
Published: December 2024

Background: Sepsis is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, and increasing studies have found that high ratio of blood urea nitrogen to blood albumin ratio (BAR) was associated with mortality in inflammatory diseases. We used a multicenter database and propensity score–adjusted approach to address the mortality association of BAR in critically ill septic patients.Methods: Using the eICU Collaborative Research Database, we enrolled adult septic patients who fulfilled the sepsis‐3 criteria. We used Cox proportional hazards analysis and propensity score–adjusted analyses, consisting of propensity score matching (PSM), inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW), and covariate balancing propensity score (CBPS) to determine hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of in‐hospital all‐cause mortality.Results: We analyzed data from 8069 critically ill septic patients in 335 ICUs. The median age was 67 (interquartile range, 56–79) years, with 46.9% being female. The nonsurvivors (31.4%) were older and had higher APACHE IV scores, more shock, and more mechanical ventilation usage. Cox regression identified that higher BAR was independently associated with increased mortality (adjusted HR 1.247, 95% CI 1.142–1.361) after adjusting for covariates. The propensity score–based approach found a consistent and robust association, with adjHRs in the PSM, IPTW, and CBPS populations were 1.191 (95% CI 1.074–1.321), 1.178 (95% CI 1.068–1.299), and 1.215 (95% CI 1.111–1.329), respectively.Conclusions: This multicenter study demonstrated that high BAR, which is a ready‐for‐use biomarker in critical care, correlated with increased mortality in critically ill septic patients, and more studies are warranted to explore the underlying mechanism.
A Temporal and Gender-Based Analysis on the Ottoman Cash Waqfs in Southeast Europe, 1506–1921
Authors: Altay Bora , Bulut Mehmet 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This study analyzes the temporal changes in the capital levels of cash waqfs in Southeast European provinces of the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century to the early twentieth century. By utilizing cash waqf deeds (waqfiyya), the present study compiles a new dataset and employs it to conduct an analysis through the average capital levels, capital shares of the top 10 percent of cash waqfs, and quartiles of cash waqfs. The findings suggest that there was a downward trend in the capital levels of cash waqfs, despite an increase in numbers of such foundations, from the sixteenth century to the early twentieth century. Furthermore, the analysis indicates that the capital levels of cash waqfs established by men exhibited a similar trend, whereas the pattern of capital levels for women was an approximately inverted U-shape during the same period. The study thus represents one of the first examinations of the trend in cash waqf capital levels by gender, from a long-term perspective.
Mechanisms and Performance of the Maoist Economy: a Holistic Approach, 1950–1980
Authors: Deng Kent , Shen Jim Huangnan , Guo Jingyuan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This article probes the performance and mechanisms of the Maoist economy from 1950 to 1980, a period commonly regarded as a turning point that ushered in a new path for China’s industrialisation and modernisation. Commonly, however, the welfare effect of this new path has been overlooked. The present research aims to fill this gap.
Methodologically, this article re-conceptualises, re-examines, and re-assesses the Maoist economy with qualitative and quantitative evidence. This study applies a holistic two-pronged approach with (1) capital accumulation and re-investment, material production and consumption, and (2) mathematical conceptualisation and empirical modelling. The key findings suggest that the Maoist economy was a closed one with industrial dependence on agriculture in an urban-rural zero-sum game with inevitable constraints on workers’ incentives for growth to continue. In the end of the Mao’s era, agriculture declined, the size of industrial workforce stagnated, and the population was poor.
This was not the end of the story, however. This failed industrial transition was itself highly influential as a subsequent point of reference used to justify the post-Mao reforms and opening up as a radical game changer that put China on a very different trajectory of growth and development.
The Polyfunctionality and Origins of makee in Chinese Pidgin English
Authors: Li Michelle 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Words expressing ‘make’ are semantically and functionally versatile in many languages. Focusing on the word makee, derived from English make, in Chinese Pidgin English, a contact language originated in 18th-century Canton, China, this paper examines its origins and functions. Primarily a lexical verb, makee is polyfunctional in that it also occurs in the complex form [makee X] which indicates causation, imperative, and verbalization. Functioning as a main verb and a causative verb, makee largely mirrors the corresponding words in the source languages of the pidgin, namely English and Cantonese. However, makee as an imperative marker and a verbalizer are innovative features. In imperative sentences, makee in combination with another verb indicate commands. As a verbalizer, makee gives a verbal interpretation to the whole construction. These two new features of makee are not attributable to existing models in the source languages.
Multifunctional Markers in a Contact Situation
Authors: Schiattarella Valentina , Serreli Valentina 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a synchronic analysis of two items – bass and ġayr – in Siwi Berber and Arabic L2 spoken in the Siwa Oasis (Egypt). Despite their different etymologies, both items have followed a similar grammaticalization path, going from focus particles to contrastive conjunctions and, in turn, to discourse markers. These three functions are attested in the synchronic stage of both languages under study as well as in other Berber and Arabic varieties. After a general overview of the distribution and functions of bass and ġayr in Arabic and Berber languages, data on Siwi and Arabic L2 are discussed in a comparative fashion. This study shows that the use of bass and ġayr in the two languages largely overlaps, confirms the layered influence of Arabic on Siwi on a diachronic level, and demonstrates the increasing presence of Egyptian Arabic and its dominance over other Arabic varieties in the present day.
How Can a Skeptic Write a Book?
Authors: Ribeiro Brian 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In this short essay, I will be using my title’s question as a way to explore some of the main themes and most intriguing new ideas in Mark Walker’s Outlines of Skeptical-Dogmatism: On Disbelieving Our Philosophical Views. I will first offer a sketch of Walker’s skeptical-dogmatist view. I will then lay out the “skeptic’s predicament” and explore possible ways of escaping the predicament, viz. longshotting, pseudonymizing, and dialogizing.
Living without an irrealis
Authors: Klein Jared S. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
An important grammatical feature that separates Old Church Slavic from the languages of the other five first-millennium CE Indo-European versions of the Gospels is the absence of a third mood, outside of the indicative and imperative, to encode irrealis contexts. For speakers of Modern English, such contexts are, with few exceptions, encoded by means of modal verbs. A particularly clear distinction may be drawn in English between purpose clauses, where no actual result is stated to have occurred (I arrived early so that I could get a seat; irrealis), and result clauses, where an actual outcome is indicated (I arrived early, so that I got a seat). Another category where a similar distinction comes into play in English is in indirect questions (I wondered how he would solve the problem) as opposed to a factual statement (I know how he solved the problem). This article will investigate the entire range of contexts where the original Greek text employs a subjunctive (or, rarely, an optative) in order to document the manner in which Old Church Slavic handles irrealis contexts, comparing this to the way such contexts are handled by the other Indo-European languages of the first millennium CE recording the Gospel text.
Masters of Mechanics: Exploring the Science of Ingenious Devices in the Abbasid Empire
Authors: Zubani Alessia 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This article explores the historical development of mechanical inventions during the Abbasid period, a time of significant scientific and technological advancements in the medieval Islamicate world. It focuses on works addressing mechanical devices prevalent in the Abbasid context, such as water clocks, drinking vessels, and musical automata. The study has three main objectives: first, to provide an analysis of the intellectual and scientific environment of the time, discussing both renowned and lesser-known scholars; second, to investigate the connections between scholars and translators, as well as the interrelations among texts, highlighting the importance of teaching activities, patronage, and scientific collaborations; and third, to examine the relationship between translators, scientists, and mechanicians with the Abbasid court, showcasing the interest of princes and caliphs in mechanics and mechanical devices.
Strike while the iron is hot: unravelling the impact of dietary iron on two edible insects
Authors: First T. , Van Haeften A.J. , Oonincx D.G.A.B. , Van Loon J.J.A. , Fogliano V. , Mishyna M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Edible insects are key players in the alternative protein market. Alongside their high protein content, edible insects contain abundant trace minerals, including iron. Given the lack of sustainable and bioavailable iron sources, edible insects are a promising iron source in both human and livestock diets. However, little is known about how the iron concentration in edible insects can be manipulated. This study aims to investigate the impact of dietary iron at different concentrations on the growth, survival, and nutrient composition of two edible insect species larvae: black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) and yellow mealworm (YM, Tenebrio molitor). Substrate iron content was increased using ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), ranging from 267-563 mg/kg (0 to 10 mM FAC) for YM and 323-6637 mg/kg (0 to 100 mM FAC) for BSF. Larval weight of YM was unaffected by dietary iron content, but survival rates significantly decreased by 4% at the 10 mM diet. In BSF larvae, no differences in body weight or survival were noted between dietary iron treatments, but cuticular lesions potentially indicative of iron overload appeared at 100 mM diet. When exposed to excess dietary iron, both YM and BSF showed significant increases in iron content in a dose-dependent manner, with BSF larvae exhibiting a threefold increase from 372 mg/kg to 999 mg/kg. Both species exhibited significant reductions in zinc on iron-enriched diets. Calcium levels in BSF strongly correlated with dietary iron concentration, rising by over 20% at the 100 mM diet, a phenomenon not previously reported. Finally, across all dietary iron concentrations, no significant effects on protein and fat content or soluble protein composition were observed in either species. All together data suggest that BSF larvae can act as a precious source of both iron and calcium for food and feed formulations through substrate manipulation.
Battleground Michigan: The Divided Political Trajectory of the American Working Classes
Authors: Witherspoon Alex , Yushi Song 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The political behavior of core demographic voting blocs in critical swing states can be elucidated by Marxist class analysis. Through 22 interviews, participatory observation, novel analysis of statistical data and a review of extant literature, we argue that it is possible to construct a tentative sketch of the class dynamics operating within the state’s electorate today. We find, whereas downwardly mobile white workers are the core demographic group who can connect with Donald Trump’s campaign message, it is upwardly mobile workers of all races who are the mass base of Kamala Harris’ campaign, while Muslim immigrant workers with their unique relationship to American imperialism are at the core of Judith Stein and the Green Party’s voting base. Beyond this basic analysis, we also assess the contradictions between different class-inflected demographic groups within the Harris coalition that had to be overcome for the Democratic Party to carry this November. We argue that political economists should watch and study the November 2024 election as a test of American worker acceptance of the neoliberal superstructure, as would be evidenced by a Harris victory.
Coercition
Authors: Perina Mickaella 
Published: December 2024

Résumé
Cet article propose une analyse des lieux de coercition en prenant pour exemple les anciennes colonies françaises d’Amérique dans leur rapport avec la République française. La coercition y est conçue comme stratégie coloniale et postcoloniale, et l’affaire de l’OJAM en Martinique en 1962 est offerte comme exemple pour explorer les structures de coercition et les réponses qu’elles peuvent susciter. Une approche relationnelle de la coercition est développée et fait apparaître des structures distinctes qui ne peuvent être véritablement comprises que dans la durée.
Mermaid Dialectics
Authors: Ploug Anna Cornelia 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This article uncovers an underestimated Hegelian legacy in Beauvoir’s method of analysis, which is “concrete” not only experientially but also logically, because of its dialectical concept formation. It traces the conceptual movement from abstract to concrete in The Second Sex by identifying three determinations of “woman,” culminating in the figure of the mermaid, an expression of the inner contradiction of sexed existence. Consequently, Beauvoir is recognized as a thinker of immanent critique, pointing towards a politics of emancipation rather than equality.
A Copyist and Restorer in Seventeenth-Century Coptic Egypt
Authors: Soldati Agostino G.F. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The copyist and restorer Solomon, whose lineage originated from the city of Arish—the ancient Rhinokolura—hailing from the suburb of Muḥnān (now known as Umm Khenan, in the outskirts of Gizah) and ultimately residing in Old Cairo, served the monastic communities of the Wādī al-Naṭrūn for at least a decade, in the first half of seventeenth century. In 1616, he copied the Coptic-Arabic missal, currently preserved in the Vatican Library under the shelfmark Vat. copt. 26, and in 1626, on behalf of the Coptic Patriarch John XV, he restored a magnificent Pentaglot Psalter, a codex belonging to the library of the monastery of St. Macarius and nowadays known as Ms Barb. or. 2.
A Newly Discovered Fragment of the Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Soṭah, in the Vatican Library
Authors: Olszowy-Schlanger Judith 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In the process of systematic search for reused Hebrew fragments in the bindings of printed books in the collections of the Vatican Library, as a part of the collaborative project “Books within Books,” two previously unknown fragments of a manuscript of the Babylonian Talmud (Tractate Soṭah) have been discovered. This paper is a preliminary study of these fragments and focuses on their material features.
Conserving the Albani Lectionary-Menologion (Vat. gr. 2144)
Authors: di Remigio Maruska , Németh András 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The Museum of the Bible in Washington, DC, financed the conservation and digitization of Vat. gr. 2144, an eighth-century Greek Lectionary of Gospel readings. The manuscript was in a bad state of conservation when it arrived to the Vatican Library about two hundred years ago. Gelatin was used for the repair of its damaged folios, and its loose leaves were sewn into a structure which did not correspond to the original one. It became apparent that the manuscript deserved a more careful approach to its conservation than originally planned. With close collaboration between the conservation and manuscript departments of the Vatican Library, a compromise was found to conserve and consolidate this significant manuscript for future generations. In addition to the conservation treatment, information concerning the manuscript is briefly presented. It is mostly known from Morcelli’s publication of 1788 when it was already a part of Cardinal Alessandro Albani’s collection in Rome.
Pope Sixtus V and the Hunt for Manuscripts Containing the Works of Bonaventure of Bagnoregio
Authors: Metzger Stephen M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This short note considers two manuscripts now among the Vaticani latini that were acquired during the pontificate of Sixtus V in order to publish his desired edition of the Opera omnia of Bonaventure of Bagnoregio. Sixtus had named Bonaventure the sixth Latin Doctor of the Catholic Church and announced the preparation of the edition in 1588, the first volume of which was published that same year. The hypothesis, most recently put forward by Pierre Petitmengin, that Vat. lat. 918 was acquired from the Carthusian monastery of Seitz (Žiče, modern-day Slovenia) in June 1587 expressly for this project is confirmed.
Can Intra-Operative Cell Salvage Reduce the Rate of Allogeneic Transfusion in Pediatric Spinal Deformity Surgery?
Authors: Chan Vivien , Shumilak Geoffrey , Malhotra Armaan K. , Lebel David E. , Skaggs David L. 
Published: December 2024

Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Objectives The objective of this study was to characterize the association between cell-salvage and allogeneic transfusion rate in pediatric patients undergoing posterior arthrodesis for scoliosis. Methods NSQIP Pediatric database years 2016-2022 was used. Patients under the age of 18 who received posterior arthrodesis with 7 or more surgical levels for spinal deformity correction were included. Rates of cell-salvage and allogeneic transfusion were determined. We assessed the impact of cell-salvage on the rate of allogeneic transfusion using chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression. Results There were 34,241 patients in this study. The rate of allogeneic transfusion was 21.6% (n = 7407). The allogeneic transfusion rates for idiopathic, neuromuscular, and congenital/syndromic scoliosis were 12.3%, 50.8%, and 25.9%, respectively. Cell-salvage was used in 71.1% of patients (n = 24,344). In the multivariable regression analysis, longer operative time ( P < .001), non-idiopathic scoliosis ( P < .001), hematocrit less than 35 ( P < .001), and ≥13 surgical levels ( P < .001) were associated with higher odds of allogeneic transfusion. Use of cell-salvage ( P < .001), increasing age ( P < .001), and increasing patient weight ( P < .001) were associated with significantly lower odds of allogeneic transfusion. In a subanalysis, use of cell-salvage was associated with reduced rate of allogeneic transfusion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Cell-salvage was not associated with reduced rates of allogeneic transfusion in neuromuscular and congenital/syndromic scoliosis. Conclusion This is the largest study investigating the impact of cell-salvage on rate of allogeneic transfusion in pediatric spinal deformity surgery. Use of cell-salvage is associated with reduced allogeneic transfusion rates in idiopathic scoliosis surgery.