bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perilunate Injury with Concomitant Short Radiolunate Ligament Disruption: Prevalence and Surgical Outcomes—"An Unusual Perilunate Injury Variant”
Authors: Sgromolo Nicole M. , Mullikin Ian A. , Rhee Peter C. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background In the classic description of perilunate injuries, the short radiolunate ligament (SRL) remains intact.
Objective This study was aimed to determine the occurrence of SRL disruptions with perilunate injuries and review the clinical and radiographic outcomes after surgical management.
Patients and Methods A retrospective review was conducted for patients who sustained a perilunate injury and a concomitant disruption of the SRL at a single–level-1 trauma center between January 2013 and January 2017. Patients with the combined injury pattern were compared with those with perilunate injury alone without SRL injury during the study period. Outcome measures included pain scores (visual analogue score), wrist and forearm range of motion, patient's return to their former occupation, and multiple radiographic parameters.
Results Twenty-seven patients were treated operatively for a perilunate injury. Eight of these patients (30%) were found to have associated disruption of the SRL. When compared with patients with perilunate injury alone, these patients had a lower rate of return to work (57% [4 of 7] vs. 92% [12 of 13]), a significantly longer mean length of time to return to work (5.9 vs. 3.8 months), and a higher rate of associated upper extremity injury (75% [3 of 8] vs. 16% [3 of 19].
Conclusion Combined SRL disruption and perilunate dislocation or fracture dislocation represent a high-energy variant from the classic description of a perilunate injury. A heightened awareness for this combined injury pattern should be maintained when treating patients with perilunate injuries.
Level of Evidence This is a Level III, prognostic study.
Arthroscopic Reinsertion of Acute Injuries of the Scapholunate Ligament Technique and Results
Authors: Carratalá Vicente , Lucas Francisco Javier , Miranda Ignacio , Prada Alfonso , Guisasola Eva , Miranda Francisco J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objective To describe a technique for treating acute injuries of the scapholunate ligament (SLL) by performing an arthroscopic reinsertion of the SLL and dorsal capsulodesis and to present the results obtained.
Methods The study deals with an analytical, prospective clinical study that included 19 consecutive patients with acute injury of the SLL. The range of joint motion, grip strength, pain according to the visual analog scale, functional outcomes according to the Mayo Wrist Score (MWS), and the QuickDASH Score were studied preoperatively and 6 and 12 months postoperatively. The complications and necessary reinterventions were recorded.
Results Nineteen patients with acute injury of the SLL were studied; mean age was 44 ± 2 years, 74% males, 58% complete rupture, and 42% partial rupture, treated with the above-mentioned technique. Thirty-seven percent also had a distal radius fracture and there was one case of perilunate dislocation. Improvement in pain, grip strength, joint balance, and functionality was observed 6 and 12 months postoperatively, with 79% of the cases with good or excellent results
Conclusion The arthroscopic reinsertion and dorsal capsular reinforcement of the SLL, allow a reliable and stable primary repair of the dorsal aspect of the ligament in acute or subacute SL injuries where there is tissue that can potentially be repaired, thus achieving an anatomical repair similar to that obtained with open surgery, but without the complications and stiffness secondary to aggressive interventions on the soft tissues that are inherent to the open dorsal approach.
Congenital Ulnar Carpal Bone Luxation in a Miniature Donkey Treated by Pancarpal Arthrodesis
Authors: Robert Mickaël Patrice , Smit Yolandi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAn 18-month-old miniature donkey was presented for evaluation and treatment of a left carpal valgus present since birth. Clinical examination confirmed the severe and unstable carpal valgus. Radiographs and computed tomography revealed a caudally luxated ulnar carpal bone, malformation of the distal radial epiphysis, as well as a complete collapse of the lateral part of the radiocarpal joint. Outward rotation of the limb distal to the joint collapse was also visible. Surgical treatment was elected and a pancarpal arthrodesis performed using two short 3.5 mm locking compression plates. Ten months later, the donkey was pasture sound and radiographs showed complete fusion of the carpal joints.
The αvβ6 integrin in cancer cell‐derived small extracellular vesicles enhances angiogenesis
Authors: Krishn Shiv Ram , Salem Israa , Quaglia Fabio , Naranjo Nicole M. , Agarwal Ekta , Liu Qin , Sarker Srawasti , Kopenhaver Jessica , McCue Peter A. , Weinreb Paul H. , Violette Shelia M. , Altieri Dario C. , Languino Lucia R. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTProstate cancer (PrCa) cells crosstalk with the tumour microenvironment by releasing small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). sEVs, as well as large extracellular vesicles (LEVs), isolated via iodixanol density gradients from PrCa cell culture media, express the epithelial‐specific αvβ6 integrin, which is known to be induced in cancer. In this study, we show sEV‐mediated protein transfer of αvβ6 integrin to microvascular endothelial cells (human microvascular endothelial cells 1 – HMEC1); we demonstrate that de novo αvβ6 integrin expression is not caused by increased mRNA levels. Incubation of HMEC1 with sEVs isolated from PrCa PC3 cells that express the αvβ6 integrin results in a highly significant increase in the number of nodes, junctions and tubules. In contrast, incubation of HMEC1 with sEVs isolated from β6 negative PC3 cells, generated by shRNA against β6, results in a reduction in the number of nodes, junctions and tubules, a decrease in survivin levels and an increase in a negative regulator of angiogenesis, pSTAT1. Furthermore, treatment of HMEC1 with sEVs generated by CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated down‐regulation of β6, causes up‐regulation of pSTAT1. Overall, our findings suggest that αvβ6 integrin in cancer sEVs regulates angiogenesis during PrCa progression.
Retrieval of attosecond pulse ensembles from streaking experiments using mixed state time-domain ptychography
Authors: Witting Tobias , Furch Federico J , Kornilov Oleg , Osolodkov Mikhail , Schulz Claus P , Vrakking Marc J J 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The electric field of attosecond laser pulses can be retrieved from laser-dressed photoionisation measurements, where electron wavepackets that result from single-photon ionisation by the attosecond pulse in the presence of a dressing field are produced. In case of fluctuating dressing laser and/or attosecond pulses, e.g. due to pulse-to-pulse fluctuations of the carrier envelope phase of the infrared laser pulse, commonly applied retrieval algorithms result in the erroneous extraction of the pulse fields. We present a mixed state time-domain ptychography algorithm for the retrieval of pulse ensembles from attosecond streaking experiments.
Iteration of semiconductor Bloch equations for ultrashort laser pulse propagation
Authors: Pfeiffer Adrian N 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The numerical propagation of intense laser pulses through bulk material requires the recurrent calculation of the nonlinear material response. To describe the optical Kerr effect and the current in the conduction band for macroscopic propagation distances, very simplified models are typically used. Recent studies of the response of dielectrics to intense few-cycle pulses have revealed that ionization does not accumulate monotonically, but conduction bands are populated both irreversibly and reversibly during a laser cycle. The reversible (or transient or virtual) population of the conduction bands is not captured by simple response models. Here, an efficient iteration based on the semiconductor Bloch equations for three bands is developed, which consistently captures the laser cycle resolved interband polarization and intraband current. The full calculation of the nonlinear material response at each propagation step is avoided, instead only the incremental modification of the previous propagation step is calculated. The iteration is particularly well-suited for very short pulses and can be applied for intensities above the critical value at which perturbation theory does not converge. Furthermore, it is shown that virtual currents and dynamic Bloch oscillations are mechanisms which are missing in the Drude model, but these two mechanisms prevail for short intense pulses. Therefore, a generalized Drude model is derived from the SBEs, which is capable to account for arbitrary band shapes and both real and virtual ionization.
Trace moisture measurement in natural gas mixtures with a single calibration for nitrogen background gas
Authors: Takeda N , Carroll P , Tsukahara Y , Beardmore S , Bell S , Yamanaka K , Akao S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The measurement and control of trace moisture is an important procedure to maintain and secure the quality and safety of pipeline systems for natural gas. The natural gas mix typically comprises methane, ethane, propane, some higher hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. It is too impractical to perform additional calibrations of trace moisture measurement every time the combination of gas components in the natural gas mix is changed. This paper proposes a method to separate and compensate for the effect of the background gas composition from the trace moisture measurement by using two different frequencies in a trace moisture analyzer utilizing a ball surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor. The experiment was performed by connecting the ball SAW trace moisture sensor to supplies of trace moisture in multiple background gases from the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Multi-gas, Multi-pressure Standard Humidity Generator, and changing the composition of the background gases including N2, air, CH4, 80% CH4/20% C2H6, and 50% CH4/50% C2H6. At the nominal humidity frost-point values of −70 °C, −50 °C, −40 °C and −30 °C, the deviations due to the change of the background gases were within

±

1 °C in frost point.
Experimental observation of elevated heating in dynamically compressed CH foam
Authors: Falk K , Fontes C J , Fryer C L , Greeff C W , Holec M , Johns H M , Montgomery D S , Schmidt D W , Šmíd M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We present an experimental result of significantly increased heating in a laser-driven blastwave experiment carried out at the OMEGA laser facility. Abnormally high temperatures were observed in warm dense CH compared to older experiments and theoretical predictions. The higher temperatures in compressed CH were linked to an improved smoothness of the laser intensity profile, which resulted in better efficiency of the drive and coupling of more energy into the system compared to previous similar experiments. Fifteen beams with combined intensity of ∼7× 1014 W cm−2 and a square intensity profile with 2 ns duration were used to drive a strong shock, which subsequently developed to a blastwave travelling through low density CH foam creating warm dense matter. Multiple diagnostics were used to examine the thermodynamic conditions in the warm dense CH foam. Velocity interferometry (VISAR) and streaked pyrometry (SOP) observed increased blastwave velocities, while x-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) measured elevated temperatures of 17.5 − 35 eV in compressed CH foam. The experimental results were compared to hydrodynamic simulations and a potential contribution from x-rays to the elevated temperatures in the dense material was considered.
Secondary CLIQ, a robust, redundant, and cost-effective means of protecting high-field accelerator magnets
Authors: Mentink M , Ravaioli E 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Secondary CLIQ is a quench protection method for protecting high-field accelerator magnets that involves charged capacitors into secondary normal-conducting coils that are magnetically coupled to the superconducting coils. The resulting coupling losses quickly brings the magnet to normal state and safely discharges it.
No direct electrical or thermal link is required between the primary and secondary coils, and robust insulation is placed in between them. The two secondary circuits per magnet are galvanically insulated from the primary circuit, so that the tens to hundreds of CLIQ units needed to protect an accelerator circuit are galvanically insulated from one-another and from the superconducting magnets. The two secondary circuits per magnet each feature a CLIQ unit, and each CLIQ unit discharge is sufficient to bring the magnet to normal state over the entire operational current range. The coil geometry is such that the CLIQ discharge does not raise the voltage over the half-turns of the superconducting coils. After the superconducting coils develop resistance, a significant fraction of the stored magnetic energy is inductively transferred to and dissipated in the secondary coils. The resulting favourable adiabatic hot-spot temperature and voltage-to-ground enables the magnet designer to reduce the copper content of the superconducting coils, and thus lower the overall cost of the magnet.
Secondary CLIQ quench simulations were performed on a hypothetical 14 m variant of the HD2 Nb3Sn dipole with a bore field of 16 T. It is demonstrated that the Secondary CLIQ method protects the magnet over its entire operational current range even in the case where one of the two CLIQ units fails to discharge with an adiabatic hotspot temperature of 248 K and voltage-to-ground of 610 V under nominal protection conditions, and a worst-case adiabatic hot-spot temperature of 263 K and voltage-to-ground of 840 V under fault conditions.
Spurious ergodicity breaking in normal and fractional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process
Authors: Mardoukhi Yousof , Chechkin Aleksei , Metzler Ralf 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process is a stationary and ergodic Gaussian process, that is fully determined by its covariance function and mean. We show here that the generic definitions of the ensemble- and time-averaged mean squared displacements fail to capture these properties consistently, leading to a spurious ergodicity breaking. We propose to remedy this failure by redefining the mean squared displacements such that they reflect unambiguously the statistical properties of any stochastic process. In particular we study the effect of the initial condition in the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process and its fractional extension. For the fractional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process representing typical experimental situations in crowded environments such as living biological cells, we show that the stationarity of the process delicately depends on the initial condition.
Bipolar and unipolar valley filter effects in graphene-based P/N junction
Authors: Lü Xiao-Long , Xie Hang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We use the spin and valley degrees of freedom to design the bipolar and unipolar valley filter effects based on the graphene-based P/N junction. When the modified Haldane model and staggered potential are applied on the region P, while the off-resonant circularly polarized light and staggered ferromagnetic exchange field are applied on the region N, the unipolar valley filter effect emerges with the unidirectional spin–valley current. The direction and type of the unidirectional spin–valley current depend on the phase of the modified Haldane model and the direction of polarized light. Other types of the bipolar valley filter effects are also reported, such as the valley-mixed bipolar spin filter effect, valley-mixed bipolar filter effect, valley-locked bipolar spin filter effect and valley-locked bipolar filter effect. These bipolar filter effects have the similarity that the spin–valley currents flow bidirectionally. These types of the unipolar and bipolar valley filter effects can be also mutually switched by modulating the external fields. Moreover, these unipolar and bipolar valley filter effects are robust against a weak temperature. This work reveals that the graphene-based junction has the potential applications in designing the valley filter device and improving the reprogrammable spin logic.
Vegetation biomass change in China in the 20th century: an assessment based on a combination of multi-model simulations and field observations
Authors: Song Xiang , Li Fang , Harrison Sandy P , Luo Tianxiang , Arneth Almut , Forrest Matthew , Hantson Stijn , Lasslop Gitta , Mangeon Stephane , Ni Jian , Yue Chao , Hickler Thomas , Luo Yiqi , Sitch Stephen , Xu Xin , Zhu Zaichun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Vegetation biomass is a key and active component of the carbon cycle. Though China’s vegetation biomass in recent decades has been widely investigated, only two studies have quantitatively assessed its century-scale changes so far and reported totally opposite trends. This study provided the first multi-model estimates of China’s vegetation biomass change for the 20th century and its responses to historical changes in environmental and anthropogenic factors, based on simulations evaluated with the field observations from 3757 inventory plots in China and bias-corrected using machine learning (Gaussian process regression). A significant decline in vegetation biomass over the 20th century was shown by bias-corrected simulations from the six Dynamic Global Vegetation models (DGVMs) with trends ranging from −32.48 to −11.10 Tg C yr–1 and a mean trend of −17.74 Tg C yr–1. Land use and land cover change (LULCC) was primarily responsible for the simulated downward trend (−50.71 to −24.28 Tg C yr–1), while increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration lead to increased vegetation biomass (+9.27 to + 13.37 Tg C yr–1). Climate change had limited impacts on the long-term trend (−3.75 to + 5.06 Tg C yr–1). This study highlights the importance of LULCC for historical reconstruction and future projection of vegetation biomass over China. It also suggests that the incorrect change in China’s forest area for 1980–2000 in the LULCC dataset used as model input data of many existing and ongoing model intercomparison projects (MIPs) has likely led to inaccurate estimations of historical vegetation biomass changes in China.
Optimal spatial scales for seasonal forecasts over Africa
Authors: Young Matthew , Heinrich Viola , Black Emily , Asfaw Dagmawi 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The availability of seasonal weather forecast information in Africa has potential to provide advanced early warning of rainfall variability, informing preparedness actions to minimise adverse impacts. Obtaining accurate forecast information for the spatial scales at which decisions are made is vital. Here we examine the impact of spatial scales on the utility of seasonal rainfall forecasts in Africa. Using observations alongside seasonal forecasts from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), we combine measures of local representativity and skill to assess optimal spatial scales for anticipating local rainfall conditions. The results reveal regions where spatial aggregation of gridded forecast data improves the quality of information provided at the local scale, and regions where forecasts have useful skill without aggregation. More generally this study presents a novel approach for evaluating the utility of forecast information which is applicable both globally and at all timescales.
What goes up must come down: impacts of deposition in a sulfate geoengineering scenario
Authors: Visioni Daniele , Slessarev Eric , MacMartin Douglas G , Mahowald Natalie M , Goodale Christine L , Xia Lili 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The problem of reducing the impacts of rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas on warming temperatures has led to the proposal of using stratospheric aerosols to reflect some of the incoming solar radiation back to space. The deliberate injection of sulfur into the stratosphere to form stratospheric sulfate aerosols, emulating volcanoes, will result in sulfate deposition to the surface. We consider here an extreme sulfate geoengineering scenario necessary to maintain temperatures at 2020 levels while greenhouse gas emissions continue to grow unabated. We show that the amount of stratospheric sulfate needed could be globally balanced by the predicted decrease in tropospheric anthropogenic SO2 emissions, but the spatial distribution would move from industrialized regions to pristine areas. We show how these changes would affect ecosystems differently depending on present day observations of soil pH, which we use to infer the potential for acid-induced aluminum toxicity across the planet.
Effects of the atmosphere and Mn doping on the electrical properties of Sr2Fe1−xMnxNbO6 and their mechanisms
Authors: Ge Ben , Sheng Jiaqi , Zhuang Yuan , Ma Jingtao , Yang Zhibin , Li Cunpu , Peng Suping 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Double-perovskite composite oxides (A2BB′O6) usually have excellent functional properties and are widely studied and applied. Its electrical, magnetic or other properties can be optimized by doping transition metal elements at its B or B′ site. In this paper, the effects of Mn doping and testing atmosphere on the crystal structures and the electrical conductivities of Sr2Fe1−xMnxNbO6(SFMN) were systematically investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conductivities of SFMN will increase in air while decrease under H2/H2O(g) atmosphere with Mn content rise. Doping Mn can enlarge the interplanar spacing of SFMN which increases the resistance of electron conduction across the crystal. First-principles calculations and XPS analysis results reveal that the chemical adsorption of H2 on the surface of SFMN is a key reason for its conductivity increase under H2/H2O(g) atmosphere. The forbidden band width of the reduced state of Sr2FeNbO6 (1.177 eV) is much smaller than that of the oxidation state (1.426 eV). The analysis results suggest that Fe 3d electron transition and exchange interaction between Mn–O–Mn are mainly two possible mechanisms contribute to the electrical conductivity of SFMN.
Toxicity assessment of laser-induced graphene by zebrafish during development
Authors: d’Amora Marta , Lamberti Andrea , Fontana Marco , Giordani Silvia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a three-dimensional porous graphene-based material easily prepared by single or multiple laser direct writing on a polymeric or organic surface. It possesses impressive physical and chemical properties, including high surface area, hierarchical porosity, and good electrical conductivity. Here, we investigate the toxicological profile of LIG and its impact in zebrafish (Danio rerio) as in vivo biological models with high homology with humans. We evaluate the effect of LIG, administered in different concentrations to zebrafish embryos, on different biological parameters, including embryo viability and morphological changes. Our results show that LIG does not exhibit toxic effects and does not interfere with zebrafish development, even at high concentrations. Our findings provide direct evidence of the LIG biocompatibility and offer a promising avenue for its safe use in biological applications.