bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impacts of trade‐related international intellectual property rights on domestic legislative debates: Evidence from the 104th to the 112th U.S. Congresses
Authors: Hernandes Teodoro João Paulo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDespite the large body of literature on the connection between intellectual property rights (IPRs) and trade at the international level, less attention has been paid to the impacts of such rights included in preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on domestic legislative debates. This article contributes to filling this gap by analyzing debates in the U.S. legislature where the IPRs included in PTAs were referred to. We consider the 1995–2012 period (104th to 112th Congresses). We also analyze trade laws enacted by Congress over the period. The data suggest that the IPRs negotiated with foreign partners affect Congress voting on the concession of trade promotion authority to the president. They may also trigger urges for adjustments to trade agreements and be tapped into by members of Congress to advocate for changes to domestic patent legislation. The importance placed on IPRs by members of Congress was not consistent over time and across parties. These results suggest that theoretical explanations of the U.S. trade policy must account for the diversity of views at the domestic level and for how such often divergent sentiments translate into policies, as framed by the domestic laws and institutions in place.
Overactive bladder and sleep disturbance have a significant effect on indoor falls: Results from the community health survey in Japan
Authors: Konishi Sakae , Hatakeyama Shingo , Imai Atsushi , Kumagai Mika , Okita Kazutaka , Togashi Kyo , Hamaya Tomoko , Hamano Itsuto , Okamoto Teppei , Iwamura Hiromichi , Yamamoto Hayato , Yoneyama Takahiro , Hashimoto Yasuhiro , Ohyama Chikara 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of overactive bladder (OAB) and frailty on indoor fall events in community‐dwelling adults aged 50 or older.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study involving 723 adults between 2016 and 2017 in Hirosaki, Japan. OAB symptoms and sleep disturbance were assessed using the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Indoor fall events (falls or near‐falls) within 1 year were evaluated. Frailty was evaluated by the frailty discriminant score. We investigated the association of OAB symptoms with sleep disturbance, frailty, and indoor fall events. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the effect of OAB symptoms on fall events controlling for confounding factors such as age, gender, comorbidity, frailty, and sleep disturbance.ResultsThe median age was 64. We observed OABSS ≥6 in 98 participants (14%), nocturia ≥2 in 445 (62%), urgency score ≥3 in 80 (11%), urge incontinence score ≥3 in 36 (5.0%), PSQI ≥6 in 153 (21%), frailty in 169 (23%), and indoor fall events in 251 (35%). Older age, diabetes, OABSS, nocturia, urgency, urge incontinence, and the PSQI were significantly associated with indoor fall events. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that OAB symptoms and sleep disturbance were significantly associated with fall events.ConclusionsThe effect of OAB symptoms and sleep disturbance on indoor fall events was significant. The causal relationship between OAB and falls needs further study.
Evolution is a double‐edged sword, not a silver bullet, to confront global change
Authors: Diamond Sarah E. , Martin Ryan A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAlthough there is considerable optimism surrounding adaptive evolutionary responses to global change, relatively little attention has been paid to maladaptation in this context. In this review, we consider how global change might lead populations to become maladapted. We further consider how populations can evolve to new optima, fail to evolve and therefore remain maladapted, or become further maladapted through trait‐driven or eco–evo‐driven mechanisms after being displaced from their fitness optima. Our goal is to stimulate thinking about evolution as a “double‐edged sword” that comprises both adaptive and maladaptive responses, rather than as a “silver bullet” or a purely adaptive mechanism to combat global change. We conclude by discussing how a better appreciation of environmentally driven maladaptation and maladaptive responses might improve our current understanding of population responses to global change and our ability to forecast future responses.
Effects of accommodation and simulated convergence on anterior scleral shape
Authors: Niyazmand Hamed , Read Scott A , Atchison David A , Collins Michael J 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposeThe sclera plays an important role in the biomechanical stability of the eye. We aimed to examine if changes in the shape of the anterior sclera occur in response to accommodation and convergence.MethodsThirty‐six healthy young adult participants aged between 18 and 30 years including 18 myopes (–0.5 to –4.0 D) and 18 emmetropes (+0.5 to –0.25 D) were recruited. Eye surface profilometry was used to evaluate the anterior eye surface shape before and during visual tasks involving accommodation (5.0 D demand), simulated convergence (9° demand) and their combination. The changes in the sagittal height and axial radius of curvature of the nasal (n = 25) and temporal (n = 31) corneal periphery and anterior sclera were analysed in those participants with complete and reliable data on these sides.ResultsSignificant changes were confined to the nasal anterior scleral surface. A significant forward movement of the surface accompanied accommodation (mean change: 5 ± 2 µm), convergence (19 ± 6 µm), and their combination (16 ± 6 µm). There was flattening with convergence (0.092 ± 0.044 mm) and with the combination of accommodation and convergence (0.201 ± 0.071 mm). The changes in response to accommodation and convergence increased peripherally. Changes were not significantly different between low to moderate myopes and emmetropes.ConclusionsAccommodation and simulated convergence affect the nasal anterior scleral shape, with the greatest changes associated with convergence and being most evident in the more peripheral nasal scleral regions.
Fall Prevention and Anti‐Osteoporosis in Osteopenia Patients of 80 Years of Age and Older: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Zhou Jian , Liu Bo , Qin Ming‐zhao , Liu Jin‐ping 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of two fall‐prevention and anti‐osteoporotic protocols in elderly patients with osteopenia (OPA).MethodsThe present randomized controlled study included patients with OPA (n =123). The age of these patients was ≥80 years old, with the mean age of 83.54 ± 2.99 years, and the male‐to‐female ratio was 2.97:1.00. Fall‐prevention guidance was given to all patients. Patients in the experiment group (n = 62) orally received 600 mg/d of calcium carbonate, 0.5 μg/d of alfacalcidol, and 70 mg/week of alendronate, while patients in the control group (n = 61) orally received 600 mg/d of calcium carbonate and 0.5 μg/d of alfacalcidol for 18 months. The grip strength, gait speed, bone turnover markers, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and bone mineral density were measured, and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and the chair rising test (CRT) were performed. Falls, fragility fractures, medication compliance, and side effects of the drugs were recorded.ResultsThe serum levels of bone turnover markers (type I procollagen amino‐terminal peptide [P1NP], type I collagen carboxyl terminal peptide [β‐CTx], and osteocalcin [OC]) decreased, while the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and bilateral femoral neck increased after treatment in the experiment group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The rate of change in bone mineral density of the bilateral femoral neck was higher in the experiment group than the control group (3.43% vs 0.03%, P < 0.05; 2.86% vs −0.02%, P < 0.01). After treatment, the proportion of patients with increased hip T scores in the experiment group (66.1%, 41/62) was significantly higher than the proportion (35.0%, 21/60) in the control group (P = 0.001). The incidence of fall decreased in both groups after treatment compared to that before treatment (54.8% vs 33.9% and 54.1% vs 36.7%, respectively; P < 0.05). The incidence of fragility fractures was lower in the experiment group than the control group (8.1% vs 20.0%, P = 0.057). During the intervention period, the incidence of fragility fractures in patients who did not fall (3.8%, 3/79) was significantly lower than that in patients who fell (32.6%, 14/43) (P = 0.000). The risk of fragility fractures was significantly lower in patients who did not fall compared to patients who fell (relative risk: 0.117, 95% confidence interval: 0.035–0.384).ConclusionThe combination of alendronate sodium with alfacalcidol and calcium can significantly improve the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and femoral neck. For older patients with OPA, subjectively paying attention to avoiding falls can significantly reduce the risk of fragility fractures.
Root isoprene formation alters lateral root development
Authors: Miloradovic van Doorn Maja , Merl‐Pham Juliane , Ghirardo Andrea , Fink Siegfried , Polle Andrea , Schnitzler Jörg‐Peter , Rosenkranz Maaria 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIsoprene is a C5 volatile organic compound, which can protect aboveground plant tissue from abiotic stress such as short‐term high temperatures and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we uncover new roles for isoprene in the plant belowground tissues. By analysing Populus x canescens isoprene synthase (PcISPS) promoter reporter plants, we discovered PcISPS promoter activity in certain regions of the roots including the vascular tissue, the differentiation zone and the root cap. Treatment of roots with auxin or salt increased PcISPS promoter activity at these sites, especially in the developing lateral roots (LR). Transgenic, isoprene non‐emitting poplar roots revealed an accumulation of O2− in the same root regions where PcISPS promoter activity was localized. Absence of isoprene emission, moreover, increased the formation of LRs. Inhibition of NAD(P)H oxidase activity suppressed LR development, suggesting the involvement of ROS in this process. The analysis of the fine root proteome revealed a constitutive shift in the amount of several redox balance, signalling and development related proteins, such as superoxide dismutase, various peroxidases and linoleate 9S‐lipoxygenase, in isoprene non‐emitting poplar roots. Together our results indicate for isoprene a ROS‐related function, eventually co‐regulating the plant‐internal signalling network and development processes in root tissue.
Host‐pathogen interaction in the tissue environment during Plasmodium blood‐stage infection
Authors: Yui Katsuyuki , Inoue Shin‐Ichi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHuman malarial infection occurs after an infectious Anopheles mosquito bites. Following the initial liver‐stage infection, parasites transform into merozoites, infecting red blood cells (RBCs). Repeated RBC infection then occurs during the blood‐stage infection, while patients experience various malarial symptoms. Protective immune responses are elicited by this systemic infection, but excessive responses are sometimes harmful for hosts. As parasites infect only RBCs and their immediate precursors during this stage, direct parasite‐host interactions occur primarily in the environment surrounded by endothelial lining of blood vessels. The spleen is the major organ where the immune system encounters infected RBCs, causing immunological responses. Its tissue structure is markedly altered during malarial infection in mice and humans. Plasmodium falciparum parasites inside RBCs express proteins, such as PfEMP‐1 and RIFIN, transported to the RBC surfaces in order to evade immunological attack by sequestering themselves in the peripheral vasculature avoiding spleen or by direct immune cell inhibition through inhibitory receptors. Host cell production of regulatory cytokines IL‐10 and IL‐27 limits excessive immune responses, avoiding tissue damage. The regulation of the protective and inhibitory immune responses through host‐parasite interactions allows chronic Plasmodium infection. In this review, we discuss underlying interaction mechanisms relevant for developing effective strategies against malaria.
Application of spectral conjugate gradient methods for solving unconstrained optimization problems
Authors: Ibrahim Sulaiman Mohammed , Yakubu Usman Abbas , Mamat Mustafa 
Published: June 2020

Conjugate gradient (CG) methods are among the most efficient numerical methods for solving unconstrained optimization problems. This is due to their simplicty and less computational cost in solving large-scale nonlinear problems. In this paper, we proposed some spectral CG methods using the classical CG search direction. The proposed methods are applied to real-life problems in regression analysis. Their convergence proof was establised under exact line search. Numerical results has shown that the proposed methods are efficient and promising.
Low sleep efficiency does not impact upper or lower limb vascular function in young adults
Authors: Scott Matthew C. , Hogwood Austin C. , Fralin Richard C. , Weggen Jennifer B. , Zúñiga Tiffany M. , Garten Ryan S. 
Published: June 2020

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
We sought to investigate whether young adults reporting low sleep quality possessed lower vascular function and altered autonomic nervous system modulation when compared with young adults reporting high sleep quality.

What is the main finding and its importance?
The study revealed that in young adults reporting low sleep quality, neither vascular nor autonomic function was significantly different when compared with young adults reporting high sleep quality. These findings suggest that young adults are either not substantially impacted by or can adequately adapt to the negative consequences commonly associated with poor sleep.

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate whether young adults reporting low sleep quality also possessed lower vascular function, potentially stemming from altered autonomic nervous system modulation, when compared with young adults reporting high sleep quality. Thirty‐one healthy young adults (age 24 ± 4 years) underwent a 7 night sleep assessment (Actigraph GT3X accelerometer). After the sleep assessment, subjects meeting specific criteria were separated into high (HSE; ≥85%; n = 11; eight men and three women) and low (LSE; <80%; n = 11; nine men and two women) sleep efficiency groups. Peripheral vascular function was assessed in the upper and lower limb, using the flow‐mediated dilatation technique in the arm (brachial artery) and leg (superficial femoral artery). Heart rate variability was evaluated during 5 min of rest and used frequency parameters reflective of parasympathetic and/or sympathetic nervous system modulation (high‐ and low‐frequency parameters). By experimental design, significant differences in sleep quality between groups were reported, with the LSE group exhibiting a longer time awake after sleep onset, higher number of awakenings and longer average time per awakening when compared with the HSE group. Despite these differences in sleep quality, no significant differences in upper and lower limb vascular function and heart rate variability measures were revealed when comparing the LSE and HSE groups. Additionally, in all subjects (n = 31), no correlations between sleep efficiency and vascular function/autonomic modulation were revealed. This study revealed that low sleep quality does not impact upper or lower limb vascular function or autonomic nervous system modulation in young adults.
Electrophysiological significance of the interatrial conduction including cavo‐tricuspid isthmus during atrial fibrillation
Authors: Lim Byounghyun , Park Je‐Wook , Hwang Minki , Ryu Ah‐Jin , Kim In Soo , Yu Hee Tae , Joung Boyoung , Shim Eun Bo , Pak Hui‐Nam 
Published: June 2020

Key points
The interatrial conduction, including Bachmann's bundle, the posterior septal conduction, the anterior septal conduction, and the cavo‐tricuspid isthmus, contributes to the maintenance mechanisms of atrial fibrillation in a 3D biatrial model.
The interatrial conduction ablation including a cavo‐tricuspid isthmus ablation significantly affects the wave dynamics of atrial fibrillation (AF) and facilitates the AF termination or atrial tachycardia conversion of the AF after the circumferential pulmonary vein isolation.
Additional cavo‐tricuspid isthmus ablation after the circumferential pulmonary vein isolation improves long‐term rhythm outcome after clinical AF catheter ablation.
AbstractAlthough it is known that atrial fibrillation (AF) is mainly a left atrial (LA) disease, the role of the right atrium (RA) and interatrial conduction (IAC), including the cavo‐tricuspid isthmus (CTI), has not been clearly defined. We tested AF wave dynamics with or without IAC in computational modelling and the rhythm outcome of AF catheter ablation (AFCA) including CTI ablation in clinical cohort data. We evaluated the dominant frequency (DF) in 3D biatrial AF simulations integrated with 3D‐computed tomograms obtained from 10 patients. The IAC was implemented at Bachmann's bundle, posterior septum and the CTI. After virtual circumferential PV isolation (CPVI), we disconnected IACs one by one, and observed the wave dynamics. We compared the long‐term rhythm outcome after CPVI alone and additional CTI ablation in 846 patients with AFCA. LA‐DF was higher than RA‐DF in AF (P < 0.001). After CPVI, the DF decreased significantly by additional IAC ablation (P = 0.003), especially in the LA (P = 0.016). The amount of DF reduction (P = 0.020) and rates of AF termination (P < 0.001) or AT conversion (P = 0.021) were significantly higher after IAC ablations including CTI than those without. In clinical AFCA, the AF recurrence rate was significantly lower in patients with additional CTI ablation than CPVI alone during 25 ± 20 months’ follow‐up (hazard ratio 0.60 [0.46–0.79], P < 0.001, Log rank P < 0.001). IAC contributes to the maintenance mechanism of AF, and IAC including CTI ablation affects AF wave dynamics, facilitating AF termination in 3D biatrial modelling. Additional CTI ablation after CPVI improves the long‐term rhythm outcome in clinical AFCA, potentially in a paroxysmal type with accompanying atrial flutter, or atrial dimension close to normal.
Automated diagnoses of age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal
choroidal vasculopathy using bi-modal deep convolutional neural networks
Authors: Xu Zhiyan , Wang Weisen , Yang Jingyuan , Zhao Jianchun , Ding Dayong , He Feng , Chen Di , Yang Zhikun , Li Xirong , Yu Weihong , Chen Youxin 
Published: June 2020

Aims
To investigate the efficacy of a bi-modality deep convolutional neural
network (DCNN) framework to categorise age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) from colour fundus images and
optical coherence tomography (OCT) images.

Methods
A retrospective cross-sectional study was proposed of patients with AMD or
PCV who came to Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Diagnoses of all
patients were confirmed by two retinal experts based on diagnostic gold
standard for AMD and PCV. Patients with concurrent retinal vascular diseases
were excluded. Colour fundus images and spectral domain OCT images were taken
from dilated eyes of patients and healthy controls, and anonymised. All images
were pre-labelled into normal, dry or wet AMD or PCV. ResNet-50 models were
used as the backbone and alternate machine learning models including random
forest classifiers were constructed for further comparison. For human-machine
comparison, the same testing data set was diagnosed by three retinal experts
independently. All images from the same participant were presented only within
a single partition subset.

Results
On a test set of 143 fundus and OCT image pairs from 80 eyes (20 eyes
per-group), the bi-modal DCNN demonstrated the best performance, with accuracy
87.4%, sensitivity 88.8% and specificity 95.6%, and a perfect agreement with
diagnostic gold standard (Cohen’s κ 0.828), exceeds slightly over the best
expert (Human1, Cohen’s κ 0.810). For recognising PCV, the model outperformed
the best expert as well.

Conclusion
A bi-modal DCNN for automated classification of AMD and PCV is accurate
and promising in the realm of public health.
Panenteric capsule endoscopy versus ileocolonoscopy plus magnetic resonance enterography in Crohn’s disease: a multicentre, prospective study
Authors: Bruining David Henry , Oliva Salvatore , Fleisher Mark R , Fischer Monika , Fletcher Joel G 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionCrohn’s disease diagnosis and monitoring remains a great clinical challenge and often requires multiple testing modalities. Assessing Crohn’s disease activity in the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract using a panenteric capsule endoscopy (CE) system could be used as an alternative to colonoscopy and cross-sectional imaging. This study assessed the accuracy and safety of panenteric CE in Crohn’s disease as compared with ileocolonoscopy (IC) and/or magnetic resonance enterography (MRE).MethodsA prospective, multicentre study was performed in subjects with established Crohn’s disease. Individuals with proven small bowel patency underwent a standardised bowel preparation, followed by CE ingestion and IC either the same or following day. MRE, IC, and CE interpretations were performed by blinded central readers using validated scoring systems. The primary endpoint was the overall sensitivity of CE vs MRE and/or IC in Crohn’s disease subjects.ResultsStudy enrolment included 158 subjects from 21 sites in the USA, Austria, and Israel. Of those, 99 were included in the analysis. Imaging modality scores indicated none to mild inflammation in the proximal small bowel and colon, but discrepant levels of inflammation in the terminal ileum. Overall sensitivity for active enteric inflammation (CE vs MRE and/or IC) was 94% vs 100% (p=0.125) and specificity was 74% vs 22% (p=0.001). Sensitivity of CE was superior to MRE for enteric inflammation in the proximal small bowel (97% vs 71%, p=0.021), and similar to MRE and/or IC in the terminal ileum and colon (p=0.500–0.625). There were seven serious adverse advents of which three were related to the CE device.ConclusionPanenteric CE is a reliable tool for assessing Crohn’s disease mucosal activity and extent compared with more invasive methods. This study demonstrates high performance of the panenteric CE as compared to MRE and/or IC without the need for multiple tests in non-stricturing Crohn’s disease.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.govNCT03241368