bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Perception and Behavior in Egyptian Adolescent Pesticide Applicators: An Intervention Study
Authors: Rohlman Diane S , Davis Jonathan W , Ismail Ahmed , Rasoul Gaafar Abdel , Hendy Olfat , Olson James R , Bonner Matthew R 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Adolescents are engaged in agricultural work, including pesticide application, around the world. Adolescent pesticide applicators are more likely to be exposed to pesticides than their adult counterparts because of their application practice and hygiene habits surrounding pesticide use. There is a need for low-cost interventions to reduce pesticide exposure. We evaluated a theoretically-based educational intervention to change perceptions about the risk of pesticide use and hygiene habits during and after pesticide application for adolescent and young adult pesticide applicators in Egypt.Methods: Young adult and adolescent pesticide applicators were given an educational intervention to inform them on the risk of pesticide use and how to reduce pesticide exposure. Changes in perceived susceptibility and effectiveness were measured with a survey pre and post intervention. The same survey was given 8-month post intervention to identify sustained effects. Observational checklists of pesticide application practice were also completed during application seasons before and after the intervention.Results: There was an increase in the proportion of individuals who viewed pesticides as being a long-term health risk (74.7% pre-intervention to 97.9% post-intervention, McNemar test p<0.001). This change remained significant when surveyed at the 8-month follow-up (90.5%, p<0.001). There was also a sustained improvement in regards to participant’s view of proper hygiene practice surrounding pesticide application. Applicators where observed wearing googles, shoes, and mask more frequently post intervention.Conclusion: This theoretically-based intervention is an example of a low-cost solution that can improve adolescent and young adult’s practices regarding pesticide application and personal hygiene practice during and after pesticide application. The intervention can be applied in other countries with similar safety culture surrounding pesticide application.
Reunion, a sentinel island for multidrug-resistant bacteria surveillance in South-western Indian ocean: a retrospective survey using hospitalised patients screening, 2015-2017
Authors: Gay Noellie , Lugagne Nathalie , Miltgen Guillaume , Belmonte Olivier , Cardinale Eric 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
BackgroundSince 2015, antimicrobial resistance was identified as a public health priority for the Southwestern Indian ocean (SWIO) (Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte (France), Reunion (France), and Seychelles). However, multidrug-resistant Bacteria (MRB) colonization rates in human populations from most islands of SWIO were still unknown in 2020 with neither hospital nor community baseline colonization rates estimated.MethodsBased on exhaustive hospital MRB screening laboratory data, we provided the first estimation of MRB colonization rates in hospitalized patients residing in SWIO (2015-2017). Using Reunion (European Union) MRB colonization rate as a baseline we identified at risk patients according to their territory of residence.ResultsThe survey pointed out significantly higher overall MRB colonization rates in patients from Comoros, Madagascar, Mayotte, and Seychelles when compared to Reunion (France) with extended-spectrum betalactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae as a generalized public health issue for these territories. Specific epidemiological dynamics were pointed out in Mayotte and Seychelles patients with significantly higher methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization rates; and in Mauritius patients with higher carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) colonization rate.ConclusionThese results could be the first step to set up a regional MRB surveillance in SWIO hospitals.
Clustering 46 Asian countries according to the trend of breast cancer incidence rate from 1990- 2016: An application of growth mixture model
Authors: Azadikhah Fariba , Mehrabani Kamran , Shahraki Hadi Raeisi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Breast cancer among Asian countries is the second cause of cancer death and remains as a challenging issue in woman health as 39% of all new cases of breast cancer have been diagnosed in Asia. The current study was devoted to recognize different patterns of breast cancer incidence rate among Asian countries. Information about the incidence rates of female breast cancer within 1990-2016 years was extracted from Gapminder web site and growth mixture model was developed to describe the growth patterns and provide a set of tools to investigate the individual differences in change. Our findings suggest an overall increasing trend throughout the continent, but individual trajectories show different behaviors among countries. Bayesian information creation showed that 3-cluster model was the best. Cluster one countries including: Bangladesh, Israel, Kyrgyz republic, Maldives, Nepal, North Korea, Tajikistan and Timor-Leste, the slope of -0.13 suggests a slight negative trend for the incidence rate of breast cancer. 17 countries including: Armenia, Bahrain, Brunei, Cyprus, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Singapore, South Korea, United Arab Emirate which belongs to cluster 2, had not only a high intercept that means higher amounts of incidence rate in 1990 year, but also a slope of 0.96, indicating a sharp increase trajectory. Also slope of 0.38 showed a slow increase in the incidence rate of breast cancer over time for another 21 countries. In conclusion, increase of breast cancer incidence among cluster 2 countries is tremendous therefore effective strategies for prevention are urgently needed.
What does the American public know about 'child marriage'?
Authors: Lawson David W , Lynes Rachel , Morris Addison , Schaffnit Susan B 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: A global campaign to eradicate ‘child marriage’ (<18 years) increasingly targets governments, the private sector and the general public as agents of change. Here, we measure the current state of public knowledge of child marriage, identifying potential misconceptions and inaccurate beliefs. We then consider the implications of our survey for global health initiatives addressing child marriage.Methods: We surveyed USA nationals via the online survey platform MTurk. Participants provided sociodemographic information and answered ten questions about their understanding of child marriage. To identify potential misconceptions and inaccurate beliefs we present descriptive statistics for participant responses paired with correct answers where available.Results: 609 participants provided data for analysis. 59% were women, with a mean age of 37 years, just over half (55%) were university educated, and the majority (79%) were currently employed. Half of those surveyed mistakenly believed that the cut-off for child marriage is younger than the legal threshold of 18 years, and nearly three-quarters incorrectly believed that most child marriages occur at 15 years or below (child marriage primarily takes place in later adolescence). The large majority of participants incorrectly believed that child marriage is illegal throughout the United States (it’s illegal in only two states), and mistakenly believed that child marriage primarily takes place among Muslim-majority regions of the Middle East and North Africa (it is most common in sub Saharan Africa and South Asia). Participants tended to substantially overestimate the prevalence of child marriage in both the USA and abroad.Conclusions: These findings suggest that public understanding of child marriage is not only poor, but also shaped by wider misperceptions of both relatively high and low-income nations. Organizations seeking to empower girls and young women by reducing child marriage need to be cautious of these misunderstandings, and wary of the potential for their own activities to seed misinformation. For example, we suggest the terminology ‘child marriage’, as opposed to ‘teen marriage’ or ‘adolescent marriage’, may contribute to widespread confusion about the typical ages at which child marriages occur.
Performance of India’s national publicly funded health insurance scheme, Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogaya Yojana (PMJAY), in improving access and financial protection for hospital care: findings from household surveys in Chhattisgarh state
Authors: Garg Samir , Bebarta Kirtti Kumar , Tripathi Narayan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background:A national Publicly Funded Health Insurance (PFHI) scheme called Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogaya Yojana (PMJAY) was launched by government of India in 2018. PMJAY seeks to cover 500 million persons with an annual cover of around 7000 USD per household. PMJAY claims to be the largest government funded health scheme globally and has attracted an international debate as a policy for Universal Health Coverage. India’s decade-long experience of the earlier national and state-specific PFHI schemes had shown poor effectiveness in financial protection. Most states in India have completed a year of implementation of PMJAY but no evaluations are available of this important scheme.Methods:The study was designed to find out the effect of enrolment under PMJAY in improving utilisation of hospital services and financial protection in Chhattisgarh which has been a leading state in implementing PFHI in terms of enrolment and claims. The study analyses three repeated cross-sections. Two of the cross-sections are from National Sample Survey (NSS) health rounds – year 2004 when there was no PFHI and 2014 when the older PFHI scheme was in operation. Primary data was collected in 2019-end to cover the first year of PMJAY implementation and it formed the third cross-section. Multivariate analysis was carried out. In addition, Propensity Score Matching and Instrumental Variable method were applied to address the selection problem in insurance.Results:Enrollment under PMJAY or other PFHI schemes did not increase utilisation of hospital-care in Chhattisgarh. Out of Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) and incidence of Catastrophic Health Expenditure did not decrease with enrollment under PMJAY or other PFHI schemes. The size of OOPE was significantly greater for utilisation in private sector, irrespective of enrollment under PMJAY.Conclusion:PMJAY provided substantially larger vertical cover than earlier PFHI schemes in India but it has not been able to improve access or financial protection so far in the state. Though PMJAY is a relatively new scheme, the persistent failure of PFHI schemes over a decade raises doubts about suitability of publicly funded purchasing from private providers in the Indian context. Further research is recommended on such policies in LMIC contexts.
Inequalities in participation and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity: analysis using the Health Surveys for England 2008, 2012, and 2016
Authors: Scholes Shaun , Mindell Jennifer S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
BackgroundEvidence is unclear on whether inequalities in average levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) reflect differences in participation, differences in the amount of time spent active, or both. Using self-reported data from 24 882 adults (Health Survey for England 2008, 2012, 2016), we examined gender-specific inequalities in these separate aspects for total and domain-specific MVPA.MethodsHurdle models can accommodate continuous data with excess zeros and positive skewness. Such models were used to assess differences between income groups in three aspects: (1) the probability of doing any MVPA, (2) the average hours/week spent in MVPA, and (3) the average hours/week spent in MVPA conditional on participation (MVPA-active). Inequalities were summarised on the absolute scale using average marginal effects (AMEs) after confounder adjustment.ResultsInequalities were robust to adjustment in each aspect for total MVPA and for sports/exercise. Differences between adults in high-income versus low-income households in sports/exercise MVPA were 2.2 hours/week among men (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.7, 2.6) and 1.7 hours/week among women (95% CI: 1.4, 2.1); differences in sports/exercise MVPA-active were 1.3 hours/week (95% CI: 0.7, 1.9) and 1.0 hours/week (95% CI: 0.5, 1.6) for men and women, respectively. Heterogeneity in associations was evident for the other domains. For example, adults in high-income versus low-income households were more likely to do any walking (men: 13.0% (95% CI: 11.0, 15.0%); women: 10.2% (95% CI: 7.5, 12.9%)), yet showed no difference in hours/week walking, whilst among those doing any walking, women in high-income households spent less time walking (-1.0 hours/week; 95% CI: -1.6, -0.4).ConclusionsMonitoring inequalities in MVPA requires assessing different aspects of the distribution within each domain.
Association between depression and the combination of lower socioeconomic status and metabolic syndrome: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)
Authors: Kim Byungmi , Park Eun Young 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Accumulating evidence supports the existence of a metabolic–mood syndrome. Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is correlated with a higher prevalence of both depression and metabolic syndrome (MS). However, the nature of this association remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to examine whether the combination of MS and lower SES was associated with the prevalence of depression. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 24,102 adults (>19 years of age) who participated in the 2008–2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and for whom MS and depression data were available. MS was defined using the diagnostic criteria of the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Depression was assessed using a questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between depression and MS as well as SES (alone and in combination). Results: Overall, 622 of the 24,102 subjects (2.2%) met the criteria for depression. The prevalence of depression was associated with MS, a lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, an elevated triglyceride level, a lower education level, and a lower household income. Participants with MS and a low SES had a higher likelihood of depression than those without MS and a high SES (odds ratio [OR]=4.180 for low education level and OR=3.994 for low household income level). Conclusions: This study suggests that the combination of SES and MS may play an important role in depression, which has implications for healthcare policy and depression management.
Health Literacy and its Effect on Chronic Disease Prevention: Evidences from China’s Data
Authors: Liu Lefan , Qian xujun , chen zhuo , He Tianfeng 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Improving health literacy is an important public health goal in many countries. Although many studies have suggested that low health literacy has adverse effects on an individual’s health outcomes, factors that may be confounding the relationship between health literacy and health outcomes are often not accounted. This paper examines the interplay between health literacy and chronic disease prevention.Methods: A sample of 2,835 residents aged 14-71 years old in Ningbo province of China were selected from China’s National Health Literacy Surveillance Survey in 2017. The multivariate regression analysis is used to untangle the relationship between health literacy and chronic disease prevention.Results: We find the association between health literacy and the occurrence of the first chronic condition is attenuated after we adjust the results for age and education. In contrast, we find having one or more chronic conditions leads to better knowledge about chronic diseases and thus improved health literacy on chronic disease prevention. Thus, when a respondent has one chronic disease, health literacy could reduce the incidence of a new chronic condition (comorbidities). However, the protective effect of health literacy is only found among our urban sample, suggesting health literacy might be a key factor explaining the rural-urban disparity in health outcomes.Conclusion: Our findings highlight that health literacy plays a more important role in helping individuals preventing comorbidity than preventing their first chronic disease. Moreover, family support could be a potential channel through which health literacy accumulates and results in beneficial effects on health.
Factors influencing length of hospital stay during the intensive phase of multidrug resistant tuberculosis treatment at Amhara Regional State hospitals, Ethiopia: retrospective follow up study
Authors: Tamirat Koku Sisay , Andargie Gashaw , Babel Yaregal Animut 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) generally considered as an ambulatory disease. However, hospitalization remains an important component for isolation and medical stabilization of patients. Hence, this study aimed to identify factors influencing the length of hospital stay during the intensive phase of multidrug resistant tuberculosis treatment at Amhara Regional State hospitals, Ethiopia: retrospective follow up study.Methods: An institution based retrospective follow up study was conducted at three hospitals, namely the University of Gondar comprehensive specialized, Borumeda and Debremarkos referral from September 2010 to December 2016 (n=465). Data were extracted from hospital admission/discharge logbooks and individual patient medical charts. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with longer hospital stays during the intensive phase of multidrug resistant tuberculosis treatment.Result: Most patients (92.5%) had a pulmonary form of multidrug resistant tuberculosis and a quarter of them HIV co-infections. The median length of hospital stay was 61 (interquartile range 34 to 101) days. The pulmonary form of tuberculosis (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 1.28 to 7.96), treated at the University of Gondar (AOR= 2.11, 95%CI; 1.02 to 4.41) and Borumeda Hospital (AOR= 3.59, 95%CI; 1.67 to 7.72), functional status of ambulatory (AOR=2.25, 95% CI; 1.19 to 4.27) and bedridden (AOR= 3.39, 95%CI; 1.57 to 7.35), and reported adverse drug reactions (AOR=2.54, 95%CI; 1.60 to 4.02) were significant predictors of extended hospital stays.Conclusion: The study revealed that longer hospital stay and significant differences were observed among hospitals. Decreased functional status at admission, pulmonary form of tuberculosis and reported adverse drug reactions were determinants of longer hospital stays. This underscores the importance of early case detection and prompt treatment of adverse effects.
Spatial Distribution and Associated Factors of Neonatal Mortality in Ethiopia: using Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016
Authors: Deres Gedamnesh Bitew , Teshome Destaw Fetene , Lakew Ayenew Molla 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Neonatal mortality is continuing on top of the agenda of public health and international development agencies. In Ethiopia, it is still high accounts 60% infant mortality and 43% of under-five mortality. However, the distribution of the problem across the regions of Ethiopia is not well addressed. Therefore, this analysis aimed to assess spatial distribution of neonatal mortality and identify associated factors in Ethiopia using the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey (EDHS). Exploring spatial distribution and identifying associated factors is important to select priority areas and design effective intervention program to reduce neonatal mortality. Methods: The analysis included 7,193 live births, selected by stratified two-stage cluster sampling techniques. Spatial analysis was done to explore spatial distribution of neonatal death using Geographic information system and Sat scan. Multilevel logistic regression was fitted to identify individual and community level factors associate with neonatal mortality. Results: The hot-spot areas for neonatal mortality were Amhara, West Tigray, northeast, southwest and central part of Oromia. Mother’s with age >35 years (AOR=2.25, 95CI%: 1.47, 3.45), family size of 3-5 (AOR=0.14, 95CI%: 0.06, 0.36) and 6 and above (AOR=0.08, 95%CI: 0.02, 0.20), male neonates (AOR=3.45, 95%CI: 2.27, 5.22), smaller birth size (AOR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.02, 2.54), birth interval less than 2 years (AOR=3.58, 95%CI: 1.66, 7.70) and 2 years and more (AOR=2.54, 95%CI: 1.26-5.11), early initiation of breast feeding (AOR=0.20, 95%CI: 0.09-0.42), had no ANC visit (AOR=1.68, 95%CI: 1.08, 2.60), did not receive PNC services (AOR=3.58, 95%CI: 1.13 -11.33) and C/S delivery (AOR=19.55, 95%CI: 8.07, 47.34) were statistically significant variables for neonatal mortality. Conclusions: High risk areas for neonatal mortality were identified in northern, central and southwest part of the Ethiopia. Individual level variables were important factors associated with neonatal mortality. Focusing on maternal health care services, increase birth interval and initiation of breast feeding early will be needed to reduce neonatal mortality.
Prevalence of Primary Headache Disorders among Information Technology Staff in China: The Negative Effects of Computer Use and Other Correlative Factors
Authors: Li Chunlin , Zhang Lei , Zhou Jin , Fan Zhiliang , Wang Yan , Wang Xiaolin , Wang Weidong , Yu Shengyuan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background To date, there have been very few studies that have explored the relationship between headaches and computer use. The chief aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of primary headache disorders among informational technology staff and identify the potential factors contributing to it. Methods This is a cross-sectional study based on annual health checks of employees from the information technology industry. We identified 2216 information technology staff members from Beijing by stratified random sampling who met the inclusion criteria. All participants were initially required to have a physical examination, after which they complete a general situation questionnaire that included a headache screening question. Those who had suffered from headache within the previous year also completed the questionnaire developed by Lifting the Burden. The International Classification of Headache Disorders 3(ICHD-3) criteria was used for the diagnosis of headache. Results A total of 2012 valid questionnaires (males, 1544; females, 468) were obtained from 2216 participants for a response rate of 90.8%. A total of 619 participants were diagnosed with primary headache, the one-year prevalence of which was 30.8%. Regarding the classification of the primary headache, 152 participants suffered from migraine, with a one-year prevalence of 7.6%; 440 and 27 suffered from tension-type headache and unclassified headaches, with one-year prevalences of 21.9% and 1.3%, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis showed that female gender was a risk factor for migraine and tension-type headache (OR 3.21 and 1.88, respectively). Age was also related to migraine and tension-type headache. The 41-50 age group had 2.02 times the probability of migraine, and the 31-40 age group had 1.89 times the probability of tension-type headaches compared to the 18-30 age group. Obesity and excessive computer use (more than 12 hours per day) were also factors contributing to tension-type headache (OR: 2.61 and 1.63, respectively). Conclusions The one-year prevalence of primary headache in this population was 30.8%. The prevalence of tension-type headache in this population was higher than that in the general Chinese population. The occurrence of primary headache is correlated with many factors, among which excessive computer use significantly contributed to the risk of tension-type headache.