bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of Major Metabolites of AB-FUBINACA in Solid Tissues Obtained from an Abuser
Authors: Minakata Kayoko , Hasegawa Koutaro , Nozawa Hideki , Yamagishi Itaru , Suzuki Masako , Kitamoto Takuya , Suzuki Osamu , Watanabe Kanako 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
AB-FUBINACA M3 was reported to be a major metabolite of the drug, but its in vivo concentration in authentic human solid tissues has not been quantified yet. Another metabolite AB-FUBINACA M4 did not receive much attention previously and also has not been quantified yet in any authentic human specimens. The aims of this study are to establish a sensitive method for quantification of M3 and M4 in solid tissues and to compare the metabolite profile of AB-FUBINACA in authentic human specimens in vivo with that produced by human hepatocytes in vitro. The quantification was performed by liquid chromatography (LC)–quadrupole-ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS), and the characterization by LC–quadrupole Orbitrap MS-MS The limits of quantification of M3 were 10 pg/mL and 60 pg/g, and those of M4 were 100 pg/mL and 600 pg/g in urine and tissues, respectively. In the present work, M3 and M4 were identified and quantified in human lung, liver and kidney obtained from a cadaver for the first time; the concentrations of M3 were 226, 255, 202 and 155 pg/mL or g, and those of M4 14,400, 768, 637 and 1,390 pg/mL or g in urine, lung, liver and kidney, respectively. The peak intensity profiles of seven metabolites in these specimens were compared with that produced by human hepatocytes; the top three metabolites in urine specimen were completely different from those of hepatocytes. M3 was reported as the predominant metabolite in several previous works and M4 was listed as a minor metabolite in only one work, but, in this work, M4 has been found to be the major metabolite in all of the authentic urine, lung, liver and kidney specimens. The M3 plus M4 metabolites in lung or kidney were found most recommendable to prove AB-FUBINACA consumption, when urine specimen is lacking.
Robustness of Parametric and Nonparametric Fitting Procedures of Tree-Stem Taper with Alternative Definitions for Validation Data
Authors: Yang Sheng-I , Burkhart Harold E 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study aims to evaluate the robustness of parametric and nonparametric procedures using alternative definitions of validation data for loblolly pine. Specifically, four data division strategies were implemented: random selection of one-third of the trees in the data set, selection of the smallest one-third of the trees by diameter at breast height (DBH), selection of the middle third of the trees by DBH, and selection of the largest third of the trees by DBH. Results indicate that tree taper was predicted reasonably well by both procedures when the smallest, medium-sized, or randomly selected trees were withheld for validation. However, when the largest trees were withheld for validation, diameters predicted by the nonparametric random forest algorithm were considerably less accurate than those predicted by the parametric models, especially for diameters near the tree top. When extrapolation is anticipated, a carefully designed data-partitioning strategy should provide some protection against poor results for given prediction objectives.Study ImplicationsParametric tree-stem taper models have been widely applied in forestry. Recently, nonparametric methods with computationally intensive algorithms were proposed for estimating tree taper, but reliability of the methods has not been explicitly examined. In practice, models are commonly applied to predict unknown populations, which may vary from the observations used in model development. This study provides insights for natural resource and forest managers to select appropriate validation procedures when developing models for predicting tree-stem taper and examining robustness of parametric and nonparametric fitting of tree-stem taper under varying levels of interpolation/extrapolation from fitting to validation of data.
Business People in War Times, the ‘Fluid Capital’ and the ‘Shy Diaspora’: The Case of Syrians in Turkey
Authors: AkÇalI Emel , GörmüŞ Evrim 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Due to intensive conflict, a significant amount of Syrian capital flight has funnelled to Turkey since 2011. Drawing upon fieldwork conducted in five major Turkish cities which have hosted the highest number of Syrian business people, this paper first reveals the convergence of the interests of the host state and of the displaced capital owners, as well as the increasing transnationalization of Syrian economic practices. It then assesses the capacity and/or willingness of the Syrian business people to organize themselves as an interest group regarding their interests in Turkey and to assist the process of conflict resolution in Syria. Finally, the paper reflects upon whether a hybrid identity is in the making within the Syrian business diaspora in Turkey. Our findings suggest that the Syrian business diaspora in Turkey is evolving itself into a transnational business community, and developing hybrid socio-economic practices. Yet, we delineate this flourishing community as ‘shy’ because the issues concerning both domestic and Syrian politics are carefully being avoided to keep stability and unity within. This consequently hinders the Syrian business community to form itself as an interest group in Turkey focused on conflict resolution and post-conflict reconstruction in Syria.
Extra-thoracal migration of the Nuss Bar in corrective surgery for pectus excavatum: a very rare late complication
Authors: Simon Natalie , Kolvekar Shyam , Khosravi Amir 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Pectus excavatum is a chest wall deformity with an incidence of around 1 in 400 live births. The Nuss procedure is a surgical intervention that aims to restore functional integrity in these patients. We report the first case of bar migration into the stomach necessitating further surgical intervention for removal. Our case presents a rare complication of pectus excavatum repair and highlights the importance of vigilant follow-up in these patients. If bar migration does occur, imaging in the form of X-ray and CT scans may be of use in early detection in order to expedite management.
The League of Nations, autonomy and collective security
Authors: White Nigel D 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article tests the assumption that in institutional and legal design the League of Nations was incapable of providing collective security. The lens through which this issue is scrutinised is the concept of institutional legal autonomy, in other words the legal separation of the organisation from its member states. The thinking is not necessarily that the greater the autonomy the greater the potential of the organisation to fulfil its functions, but that the organisation already had sufficient autonomy in international relations to provide an effective form of ‘collective security’, a term that was not found in the Covenant but, by 1935, was being used to describe the response of the League to the Italian invasion of Abyssinia in 1935. This article tests the assumption that the League did not have sufficient autonomy in terms of collective judgment and power to deliver collective security.
Predictors of early, recurrent, and intractable seizures in low-grade glioma
Authors: Jo Jasmin , Nevel Kathryn , Sutyla Ryan , Smolkin Mark , Lopes M Beatriz , Schiff David 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Seizures are common among patients with low-grade glioma (LGG) and can significantly affect morbidity. We sought to determine the association between the clinical and molecular factors with seizure incidence and refractoriness in LGG patients.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective review at the University of Virginia in patients with LGG (World Health Organization, WHO Grade II) evaluated between 2002 and 2015. Descriptive statistics were calculated for variables of interest, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival curves, which were compared with the log-rank test.

Results
A total of 291 patients were included; 254 had molecular testing performed for presence of an isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation and/or 1p/19q codeletion. Sixty-eight percent of patients developed seizures prior to LGG diagnosis; 41% of all patients had intractable seizures. Using WHO 2016 integrated classification, there was no significant difference in seizure frequency during preoperative and postoperative periods or in developing intractable seizures, though a trend toward increased preoperative seizure incidence among patients with the IDH mutation was identified (P = .09). Male sex was significantly associated with higher seizure incidence during preoperative (P &lt; .001) and postoperative periods (P &lt; .001); men were also more likely to develop intractable seizures (P = .01).

Conclusions
Seizures are common among patients with LGG. Differences in preoperative or postoperative and intractable seizure rates by WHO 2016 classification were not detected. Our data showed a trend toward higher seizure incidence preoperatively in patients with IDH-mutant LGG. We describe a unique association between male sex and seizure incidence and intractability that warrants further study.
Behavioral Activation and Inhibition Systems: Further Evaluation of a BIS-BAS Model of Chronic Pain
Authors: Sánchez-Rodríguez Elisabet , Racine Mélanie , Castarlenas Elena , Tomé-Pires Catarina , Galán Santiago , Jensen Mark P , Miró Jordi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe role of the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral activation system (BAS) in function has been evaluated in a wide range of populations. However, research on the role of the BIS and BAS in pain is in its early stages. This study sought to evaluate the utility of a BIS-BAS model of chronic pain.MethodsParticipants were 164 individuals with chronic pain who responded to an online survey. Participants provided information about pain location, intensity, and frequency and completed questionnaires assessing behavioral inhibition and activation sensitivity, pain catastrophizing, pain interference, activity engagement, pain willingness, hope, and pain self-efficacy. Seven hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to test hypothesized associations between BIS and BAS sensitivity and measures of participant function.ResultsBIS scores were significantly and positively associated with pain catastrophizing, anxiety, depression, and pain interference and were negatively associated with activity engagement, hope, and pain self-efficacy (P&lt;0.01). BAS scores showed significant and positive associations with activity engagement and hope and showed significant negative associations with pain catastrophizing and anxiety (P&lt;0.05). Furthermore, BIS sensitivity evidenced stronger associations with all the other study measures than did BAS sensitivity.ConclusionsThe findings provide important new information regarding the utility of the BIS-BAS model of chronic pain. Our results support the idea that BIS activation is more important than BAS activation in explaining a variety of pain-related outcomes, including positive and negative responses to pain, and suggest that modification of the model may be indicated. These results have several theoretical and clinical implications.
Invention disclosures and the slowdown of scientific knowledge
Authors: Link Albert N , Scott John T 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Invention disclosures are one measure of new scientific knowledge that represents and predicts the future scientific research output of a US federal laboratory. In this article, we document a negative shift in the production function for new scientific knowledge as measured by invention disclosures at one federal laboratory, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, over the first 16 years of the new millennium. We find a negative shift of the production function for new scientific knowledge, and that shift might reflect the coincidence of the information and communication technology revolution that enabled fast science, and the evaluation of research with uncritical use of citation counts that created incentives to focus on incremental research in crowded research topics.
Influence of stocking rate and advancing season on forage intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation in steers supplemented with dried distillers grains with solubles while grazing northern Great Plains rangelands1
Authors: Chilcoat Kayla E , Crouse Matthew S , Undi Michael R , Caton Joel S , Neville Bryan W 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of stocking rate and advancing season on diet chemical composition, intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation in steers supplemented with distillers grains with solubles [0.3% of body weight (BW)] while grazing northern Great Plains rangelands. Angus cross beef steers (n = 188; 320 ± 30.3 kg initial BW) were used to establish targeted stocking rates, and 12 ruminal cannulated steers (272 ± 20.0 kg initial BW) were used for diet sampling while cograzing with the noncannulated animals on 12 pastures (n = 3 per treatment). Stocking rates were set to target 65%, 50%, 35%, and 20% of an average annual above-ground biomass remaining at the end of the grazing season (May–September). Five 10-d collection periods were conducted for May 13–22, June 10–19, July 8–17, August 5–14, and September 2–11. There was no difference in steer BWs or average daily gain during any of the collection periods or between stocking rate (P ≥ 0.10). Organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of forage masticate samples were not affected (P ≥ 0.25) by stocking rate. Crude protein, and all N fractions of forage masticates also did not differ between stocking rate treatments (P ≥ 0.18). Forage OM intake (grams per kilogram of BW) increased cubically across the entire grazing season (P = 0.05). Organic matter digestibility decreased quadratically (P &lt; 0.01) from May to September. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility showed a cubic effect (P &lt; 0.01) across the grazing season, increasing from May to June, then decreasing till September. Crude protein digestibility decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) as the season advanced. Ruminal ammonia and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were affected by stocking rate × period interactions (P ≤ 0.02). Ruminal pH, ammonia, and VFA concentrations were not affected by the stocking rate (P &gt; 0.13) but were impacted by the advancing season (P &lt; 0.01). Ruminal pH increased quadratically (P ≤ 0.01) with advancing season (6.3 to 6.6 ± 0.05 from May to September, respectively). The results of this study demonstrate that intake, fermentation, and digestibility of northern Great Plains forages were influenced more by seasonal factors associated with forage maturity than stocking rate under the conditions of this study.
Postoperative Syrinx Shrinkage in Spinal Ependymoma of WHO Grade II
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuyoshi , Ando Kei , Machino Masaaki , Tanaka Satoshi , Morozumi Masayoshi , Kanbara Shunsuke , Ito Sadayuki , Inoue Taro , Matsuyama Yukihiro , Ishiguro Naoki , Imagama Shiro 
Published: August 2020

Study Design:
A retrospective study of preoperative and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in spinal ependymoma.

Objective:
The goal of the study was to examine MRI features, including the syrinx component volume, after surgical resection of spinal ependymoma, and to relate these features to extent of resection and improvement of postoperative neurological status.

Summary of Background Data:
Spinal ependymomas have a variety of MRI findings preoperatively, including a hemorrhage cap sign, gadolinium enhancement, and a spinal tumor cyst. However, little is known about these features on postoperative MRI after tumor resection.

Materials and Methods:
The subjects were 38 patients treated for spinal cord ependymoma of World Health Organization grade II at our hospital. All had a spinal tumor cyst on preoperative MRI. All cases were followed with MRI for >1 year after surgery, including imaging at postoperative months (POM) 1 and 12. The maximum diameter of the syrinx was measured on mid-sagittal MRI. The extent of tumor resection was categorized as gross total resection (GTR) and subtotal resection (STR).

Results:
The mean age of the 38 patients (22 male and 16 female individuals) was 50.9 years (range, 21–71 y) at the time of surgery. The mean preoperative duration from disease onset was 14.9 months (range, 2–47 mo). GTR was achieved in 28 patients (74%) and STR in 10 (26%). The mean syrinx sizes preoperatively and at POM 1 and POM 12 were 7.5±2.3, 4.1±1.9, and 2.5±1.8 mm, respectively, with significant differences among the time points (P<0.01). The syrinx size shrunk over time after GTR and STR. The shrinkage rate was significantly higher in GTR cases (P<0.05) and in cases with the improvement of McCormick grade for neurological status after both GTR and STR (P<0.05).

Conclusions:
These findings suggest that MRI can be used to evaluate the improvement of neurological status after surgery for spinal ependymoma.
No pain, still gain (of function): the relation between sensory profiles and the presence or absence of self-reported pain in a large multicenter cohort of patients with neuropathy
Authors: Forstenpointner Julia , Ruscheweyh Ruth , Attal Nadine , Baron Ralf , Bouhassira Didier , Enax-Krumova Elena K. , Finnerup Nanna B. , Freynhagen Rainer , Gierthmühlen Janne , Hansson Per , Jensen Troels S. , Maier Christoph , Rice Andrew S.C. , Segerdahl Märta , Tölle Thomas , Treede Rolf-Detlef , Vollert Jan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The pathophysiology of pain in neuropathy is complex and may be linked to sensory phenotypes. Quantitative sensory testing, a standardized method to evaluate sensory profiles in response to defined stimuli, assesses functional integrity of small and large nerve fiber afferents and central somatosensory pathways. It has revealed detailed insights into mechanisms of neuropathy, yet it remains unclear if pain directly affects sensory profiles. The main objective of this study was to investigate sensory profiles in patients with various neuropathic conditions, including polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy, and lesions to the central nervous system, in relation to self-reported presence or absence of pain and pain sensitivity using the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire. A total of 443 patients (332 painful and 111 painless) and 112 healthy participants were investigated. Overall, loss of sensation was equally prevalent in patients with and without spontaneous pain. Pain thresholds were equally lowered in both patient groups, demonstrating that hyperalgesia and allodynia are just as present in patients not reporting any pain. Remarkably, this was similar for dynamic mechanical allodynia. Hypoalgesia was more pronounced in painful polyneuropathy, whereas hyperalgesia was more frequent in painful mononeuropathy (compared with painless conditions). Self-reported pain sensitivity was significantly higher in painful than in painless neuropathic conditions. Our results reveal the presence of hyperalgesia and allodynia in patients with central and peripheral lesions of the somatosensory system not reporting spontaneous pain. This shows that symptoms and signs of hypersensitivity may not necessarily coincide and that painful and painless neuropathic conditions may mechanistically blend into one another.
Factors Affecting Problem Drinking Among Korean Adolescents Based on an Ecological Model
Authors: Cho Mi-Kyoung , Kim Mi Young 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting problem drinking among adolescents in Korea.

Methods
This survey involved 68,043 adolescents who participated in the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey conducted in 2015. The data were analyzed using the PASW Statistics 23.0 program.

Results
The subjects were aged 14.96 ± 1.74 years (mean ± standard deviation), including 52.1% male subjects and 53.0% high school students. Most of the drinkers started drinking during their middle school years (13,906 students, 51.6%). Among the 11,021 adolescent drinkers, 7,391 (67.1%) reported at least one of six behavioral problems related to drinking. Problem drinking behaviors involved (a) drinking alcohol to relieve stress; (b) drinking alcohol alone; (c) receiving advice from family or friends to reduce alcohol consumption; (d) driving a motorcycle or riding a bicycle after drinking alcohol, or riding on a motorcycle or a car with a drunk driver at the steering wheel; (e) memory loss after drinking alcohol; and (f) arguing with others after drinking alcohol. The overall problem-drinking score was 1.36 ± 1.42 (range: 0–6). A regression model that included individual (5.7%), interpersonal (3.6%), social (0.3%), contextual (11.7%), and drinking (6.6%) behaviors as predictors accounted for 27.9% of the variance in problem drinking (Wald F = 70.10, p < .001).

Conclusion
The drinking levels as well as method and ease of alcohol purchase were the most significant variables predicting problem drinking by adolescents in Korea.
Point-of-Care Ultrasound Use to Differentiate Hematoma and Sarcoma of the Thigh in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Le Cathie-Kim , Harvey Gregory , McLean Lianne , Fischer Jason 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hematomas and soft tissue sarcomas can be difficult to differentiate clinically, even with the addition of traditional imaging modalities. There are several case reports of sarcomas being misdiagnosed as hematomas, most commonly with a history of mild trauma. In this case report, we described a sarcoma initially misinterpreted as a hematoma on ultrasound. Key clinical features and sonographic findings that may assist clinicians using point-of-care ultrasound to correctly differentiate sarcomas from hematomas are reviewed. A soft tissue mass larger than 5 cm, with internal vascular Doppler flow, presenting without a clear mechanism of injury or with constitutional symptoms should be considered as suspicious for malignancy.