bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensory characterization of specific wood smoke aromas and their contributions to smoked Cheddar cheese flavor
Authors: Del Toro‐Gipson Rachel S. , Rizzo Peter V. , Hanson Dana J. , Drake MaryAnne 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study characterized the sensory properties of different wood smokes and their application to smoked Cheddar cheese flavor. Sniff jars of wood smokes were created by exposing filter paper to 23°C smoke (cold smoke). Sensory attributes for nine wood smokes (apple, alder, cedar, cherry, hickory, maple, mesquite, oak, and pecan) were generated by a trained panel followed by projective mapping of the different wood smoke aromas. Four distinct wood smokes (mesquite, cherry, hickory, and cedar) were selected for cold smoking of 30 day old Cheddar cheeses. Cheeses were cold smoked at 23°C followed by descriptive analysis of flavor attributes using the trained panel. Nonparametric and parametric statistical analyses were applied to the collected data. Twelve attributes were selected to describe wood smoke aromas. The sensory descriptors for the cold smokes cited most often included: sweet aromatic, charcoal/charred, guaiacol, meaty, vanillin, and fresh tobacco. Mesquite, cherry, hickory, and cedar smokes were the most distinct smokes by projective mapping, and these smokes also imparted distinct flavors to smoked Cheddar cheeses. The mesquite smoked cheese was characterized by high smoke aroma and the highest meaty/brothy flavor, the cherry smoked cheese was distinguished by campfire/marshmallow flavor, the hickory smoked cheese had high campfire/marshmallow and meaty flavors, and the cedar smoked cheese was characterized by an intense resinous flavor. The determination of sensory properties of different wood smokes demonstrates the differences in specific smoke flavor contributions to cheese. Furthermore, the determination of the sensory properties specific to smoked cheese will provide a platform to understand consumer perception of smoked cheeses.Practical ApplicationsSmoked foods are a growing category. This study demonstrated that smokes from different wood sources have distinct aromas that can be differentiated and that these distinct smoke aromatics are imparted to cheeses exposed to different wood smokes. Results from this study provide a sensory language to differentiate aromatics from different wood smokes and may be useful to product developers and food manufacturers seeking to position and differentiate smoked foods.
Who pays for workplace benefits?
Authors: Caserta Maurizio , Ferrante Livio , Reito Francesco 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn a simple model with hidden action, we analyze the role of nonwage benefits (perks) in the structure of incentive‐compatible contracts. We show that the provision of perks depends on the size of the agent’s reservation wage. The two main results are: (a) for low levels of the reservation wage, perks are never provided by the principal, but the agent may decide to buy, as own consumption, a certain amount of private benefits; (b) for high levels, the principal may find it profitable to offer perks, and the equilibrium quantity increases more than proportionally with the reservation wage, up to the first‐best level.
Atom probe tomography of space‐weathered lunar ilmenite grain surfaces
Authors: Greer Jennika , Rout Surya. S. , Isheim Dieter , Seidman David N. , Wieler Rainer , Heck Philipp R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe surfaces of airless bodies, such as the Moon and asteroids, are subject to space weathering, which alters the mineralogy of the upper tens of nanometers of grain surfaces. Atom probe tomography (APT) has the appropriate 3‐D spatial resolution and analytical sensitivity to investigate such features at the nanometer scale. Here, we demonstrate that APT can be successfully used to characterize the composition and texture of space weathering products in ilmenite from Apollo 17 sample 71501 at near‐atomic resolution. Two of the studied nanotips sampled the top surface of the space‐weathered grain, while another nanotip sampled the ilmenite at about 50 nm below the surface. These nanotips contain small nanophase Fe particles (~3 to 10 nm diameter), with these particles becoming less frequent with depth. One of the nanotips contains a sequence of space weathering products, compositional zoning, and a void space (~15 nm in diameter) which we interpret as a vesicle generated by solar wind irradiation. No noble gases were detected in this vesicle, although there is evidence for 4He elsewhere in the nanotip. This lunar soil grain exhibits the same space weathering features that have been well documented in transmission electron microscope studies of lunar and Itokawa asteroidal regolith grains.
Acotiamide attenuates central urocortin 2‐induced intestinal inflammatory responses, and urocortin 2 treatment reduces TNF‐α productions in LPS‐stimulated macrophage cell lines
Authors: Yamawaki Hiroshi , Futagami Seiji , Sakasegawa Noriko , Murakami Makoto , Agawa Shuhei , Ikeda Go , Noda Hiroto , Kirita Kumiko , Gudis Katya , Higuchi Kazutoshi , Kodaka Yasuhiro , Ueki Nobue , Iwakiri Katsuhiko 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundTo determine whether central and in vitro administration of urocortin 2 (Ucn 2) affected intestinal inflammatory responses in LPS‐stimulated rat models and macrophage cell lines and acotiamide modified mucosal inflammation in this model.MethodsRats were divided into four groups. LPS‐stimulated group (n = 4); LPS‐ and urocortin 2‐treated group (n = 4); LPS‐ and acotiamide‐treated group (n = 4); and LPS‐, urocortin 2‐, and acotiamide‐treated group (n = 4). CD68‐, CCR2‐, and corticotropin‐releasing hormone receptor type 2 (CRHR2)‐positive cells were assessed by immunostaining. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was measured. TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐4 levels were measured by ELISA method. Gastric emptying and small intestinal transit time were determined using Evans blue.Key ResultsCentral administration of Ucn 2 significantly aggravated infiltrations of CD68‐ and CCR2‐positive cells in the intestinal mucosa of LPS‐stimulated rat models compared to those in LPS treatment alone. Interestingly, acotiamide treatment significantly reduced the migrations of both CD68‐ and CCR2‐positive cells in the jejunum of central Ucn 2‐treated LPS‐stimulated rat models. Acotiamide significantly reduced the expression levels of IkB‐α phosphorylation in LPS‐ and MCP‐1‐stimulated NR8383 cells. Central administration of Ucn 2 significantly delayed gastric emptying. In contrast, Ucn 2 stimulation significantly reduced TNF‐α and IL‐6 productions in LPS‐stimulated NR8383 cells and astressin B reversed the inhibition of TNF‐α production in stimulated NR8383 cells. Acotiamide (30 μmol/L) significantly reduced TNF‐α and IL‐6 productions in LPS‐ and MCP‐1‐stimulated NR8383 cells.Conclusions and InferencesCentral and in vitro treatments of Ucn 2 affected intestinal inflammatory responses, respectively, and acotiamide improved them.
Chest pain in Brugada syndrome: Prevalence, correlations, and prognosis role
Authors: Sebai Fatiha , Rollin Anne , Mondoly Pierre , Voglimacci‐Stephanopoli Quentin , Dupin‐Deguine Delphine , Bieth Eric , Hocini Meleze , Monteil Benjamin , Mandel Franck , Galinier Michel , Carrié Didier , Haïssaguerre Michel , Sacher Frederic , Maury Philippe 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundBrugada syndrome (BrS) is sometimes diagnosed because of chest pain. Prevalence and characteristics of such BrS patients are unknown.MethodsA total of 200 BrS probands were retrospectively included. BrS diagnosis made because of chest pain (n = 34, 17%) was compared to the other ones.ResultsBrS probands with diagnosis because of chest pain had significantly more often smoker habits, increased body mass index, and familial history of coronary artery disease but less frequently previous resuscitated sudden death/syncope or atrial fibrillation. Presence of coronary spasm and familial coronary artery disease were independently associated with BrS diagnosed because of chest pain. They presented more often with spontaneous type 1 ST elevation (59% vs 26%, P = .0004) and higher ST elevation during the episode of chest pain compared to other patients or compared to baseline electrocardiogram after chest pain resumption. ST elevation during chest pain was lower compared to ajmaline test. A total of 20% of them had significant coronary artery disease and four (11%) had coronary spasm, and they experienced more often recurrent chest pain episodes (24% vs 5%, P = .0002). Presence of chest pain at BrS diagnosis was not correlated to future arrhythmic events in univariate analysis. Only previous sudden cardiac death (SD)/syncope and familial SD were still significantly associated with outcome in multivariate analysis.ConclusionChest pain is a common cause for BrS diagnosis, although major part is not apparently explained by ischemic heart disease. Mechanisms leading to chest main remain unknown in the other ones. ST elevation is higher in this situation but does not seem to carry poor prognosis.
Contextualizing Mexican Migrant Education Selectivity
Authors: Hamilton Erin R. , Huang Po‐Chun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe debate on whether Mexican immigrants are positively or negatively selected on education has been limited by studying immigrants in data collected only from the sending or the destination country. Using nationally representative data from Mexico that tracked migrants to the United States prospectively, we examine the education selectivity of Mexicans who immigrated to the United States from 2002 to 2005. We find that using reports of migration by remaining household members and proxy substitution of migration education underestimates migrant selectivity. Migrant men and women were positively selected within households and rural municipalities of origin but negatively selected from the national educational distribution. Differences in selectivity by size of place, as well as when considering the local or national context, means that the answer of whether immigrants are positively or negatively selected on education depends on the context considered.
The LATERAL ROOT DENSITY gene regulates root growth during water stress in wheat
Authors: Placido Dante F. , Sandhu Jaspreet , Sato Shirley J. , Nersesian Natalya , Quach Truyen , Clemente Thomas E. , Staswick Paul E. , Walia Harkamal 
Published: February 2020

SummaryDrought stress is the major limiting factor in agriculture. Wheat, which is the most widely grown crop in the world, is predominantly cultivated in drought‐prone rainfed environments. Since roots play a critical role in water uptake, root response to water limitations is an important component for enhancing wheat adaptation. In an effort to discover novel genetic sources for improving wheat adaptation, we characterized a wheat translocation line with a chromosomal segment from Agropyron elongatum, a wild relative of wheat, which unlike common wheat maintains root growth under limited‐water conditions. By exploring the root transcriptome data, we found that reduced transcript level of LATERAL ROOT DENSITY (LRD) gene under limited water in the Agropyron translocation line confers it the ability to maintain root growth. The Agropyron allele of LRD is down‐regulated in response to water limitation in contrast with the wheat LRD allele, which is up‐regulated by water deficit stress. Suppression of LRD expression in wheat RNAi plants confers the ability to maintain root growth under water limitation. We show that exogenous gibberellic acid (GA) promotes lateral root growth and present evidence for the role of GA in mediating the differential regulation of LRD between the common wheat and the Agropyron alleles under water stress. Suppression of LRD also had a positive pleiotropic effect on grain size and number under optimal growth conditions. Collectively, our findings suggest that LRD can be potentially useful for improving wheat response to water stress and altering yield components.
A Response To H. O. Mounce
Authors: Farman Keith 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWittgenstein: “If a lion could speak, we could not understand him.” (PI, p. 223)Wittgenstein bids us to be wary of trying to explain or interpret language and its use, instead of limiting ourselves – with a rigorous discipline – to describing such use as comprehensively and clearly as we can.This injunction, it seems to me, is important even when discussing ‘normal’, ‘everyday’ uses of language by fully sentient human beings, but even more so in such unique cases of sentient disability as Helen Keller’s. As the above quote suggests, explanatory extrapolation from the behaviour of animals risks even greater philosophical confusion.
Diagnosis and treatment of lung disease associated with alpha one‐antitrypsin deficiency: A position statement from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand*
Authors: Dummer Jack , Dobler Claudia C. , Holmes Mark , Chambers Daniel , Yang Ian A. , Parkin Lianne , Smith Sheree , Wark Peter , Dev Anouk , Hodge Sandra , Dabscheck Eli , Gooi Julian , Samuel Sameh , Knowles Steven , Holland Anne E. 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTAATD is a common inherited disorder associated with an increased risk of developing pulmonary emphysema and liver disease. Many people with AATD‐associated pulmonary emphysema remain undiagnosed and therefore without access to care and counselling specific to the disease. AAT augmentation therapy is available and consists of i.v. infusions of exogenous AAT protein harvested from pooled blood products. Its clinical efficacy has been the subject of some debate and the use of AAT augmentation therapy was recently permitted by regulators in Australia and New Zealand, although treatment is not presently subsidized by the government in either country. The purpose of this position statement is to review the evidence for diagnosis and treatment of AATD‐related lung disease with reference to the Australian and New Zealand population. The clinical efficacy and adverse events of AAT augmentation therapy were evaluated by a systematic review, and the GRADE process was employed to move from evidence to recommendation. Other sections address the wide range of issues to be considered in the care of the individual with AATD‐related lung disease: when and how to test for AATD, changing diagnostic techniques, monitoring of progression, disease in heterozygous AATD and pharmacological and non‐pharmacological therapy including surgical options for severe disease. Consideration is also given to broader issues in AATD that respiratory healthcare staff may encounter: genetic counselling, patient support groups, monitoring for liver disease and the need to establish national registries for people with AATD in Australia and New Zealand.
A Simplified Two-Group Multipoint Kinetics Model
Authors: Pradhan Santosh K. , Obaidurrahman K. , Iyer Kannan N. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Detailed multiphysics modeling of nuclear power plants has become a necessity in the era of best-estimate analysis. For a number of transients with strong coupling between the neutronics in the reactor core and the fluid-dynamics in the primary circuit and overall heat transfer, it is required to carry out coupled system thermal hydraulics and core three-dimensional (3D) neutronics analysis. Point kinetics approach in the system thermal-hydraulics (TH) code RELAP5 limits its use for many reactivity-induced transients, which involve asymmetric core behavior. In a recent development, a simplified multipoint kinetics model has been coupled with system TH code RELAP5 to circumvent its inadequacy for the analysis of reactivity-induced transients involving asymmetric core behavior. The objective of this paper is to validate the simplified multipoint kinetics model against an asymmetric fast transient benchmark problem in a large power reactor. Time-step and nodalization sensitivity studies have been performed. It is demonstrated that the multipoint kinetics model results are in good agreement with the benchmark, advocating its applicability.
Assessment of the External and Internal Exposure Risk Index and the Annual Gonadals Equivalent Dose Due to Cement in Côte D'Ivoire
Authors: Alain Monnehan G. , Huberson Gogon B. D. L. , Florentin Braffo Ayo , Antonin Koua A. , Omer Kouakou 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Cement is the most used material in bulding activities in Côte d'Ivoire. Thus, most of the radiation exposure from the building materials is due to the cement. This work is part of radiation protection logic and therefore to assess the level of exposure due to the cement used in Côte d'Ivoire. In this study, samples of gray and white cement whose are sold on Ivorian territory were examined. To carry out this study, we analyzed these samples using a gamma spectrometer. This consisted mainly of a scintillation detector NaI (Tl) and an acquisition system both designed by the German group-LD Didactic. The specific activity of radionuclides that are 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K was evaluated. The average values obtained are 29.66 Bq/kg for 226 Ra; 34.88 Bq/kg for the 232Th; 178.424 Bq/kg for 40K. These are all lower than the limit values recommended by the United Nations Scientific Committee on Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). In order to assess the radiological impact of these activities, we estimated the external and internal exposure risk indices and the annual gonadals equivalent dose (AGED). The values obtained for these parameters are well below those recommended by UNSCEAR for internal and external exposure indices, and below the world average (except for CG3 sample) for the AGED. These results suggest that the risk to the use of these different cement brands is low.
Inversion for Fire Heat-Release Rate Using Heat Flux Measurements
Authors: Kurzawski Andrew J. , Ezekoye Ofodike A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In fire hazard calculations, knowledge of the heat-release rate (HRR) of a burning item is imperative. Typically, room-scale calorimetry is conducted to determine the HRRs of common combustible items. However, this process can be prohibitively expensive. In this work, a method is proposed to invert for the HRR of a single item burning in a room using transient heat flux measurements at the walls and ceiling near the item. The primary device used to measure heat flux is the directional flame thermometer (DFT). The utility of the inverse method is explored on both synthetically generated and experimental data using two so-called forward models in the inversion algorithm: fire dynamics simulator (FDS) and the consolidated model of fire and smoke transport (CFAST). The fires in this work have peak HRRs ranging from 200 kW to 400 kW. It was found that FDS outperformed CFAST as a forward model at the expense of increased computational cost and that the error in the inverse reconstruction of a 400 kW steady fire was on par with room-scale oxygen consumption calorimetry.
Universal Gray Finite Elements for Heat Transfer Analysis in the Presence of Uncertainties
Authors: Nejadpak Ashkan , Rao Singiresu S. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new finite element method is presented for the analysis of uncertain heat transfer problems using universal gray number theory. The universal gray number representation involves normalization of the uncertain parameters based on their lower and upper bound values with its own distinctive rules of arithmetic operations which makes this method distinctive from conventional interval analysis approaches. This work introduces the concept of fuzzy finite element-based heat transfer analysis using universal gray number theory, that compared to the interval-based fuzzy analysis, would yield significantly improved and more accurate results. Heat transfer problems, including a one-dimensional tapered fin, a two-dimensional hollow rectangle representing a thin slice of a chimney of a thermal power plant, and a three-dimensional (axisymmetric) solid body with different boundary conditions, were considered for the uncertainty analysis. It is shown that, in each case, the interval values of the response parameters given by the universal gray number theory are consistent with the ranges of the input parameters, compared to those given by the interval analysis. It is also revealed that universal gray number theory is more inclusive and less computationally intensive compared to the interval analysis.
Glaucoma in the Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal Study of Ageing (NICOLA): cohort profile, prevalence, awareness and associations
Authors: McCann Paul , Hogg Ruth , Wright David M , Pose-Bazarra Sara , Chakravarthy Usha , Peto Tunde , Cruise Sharon , McGuinness Bernardette , Young Ian S , Kee Frank , Azuara-Blanco Augusto 
Published: February 2020

Background/AimsThis study aimed to describe the cohort profile of the Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal Study of Ageing (NICOLA) and to report the prevalence of, awareness of and associations with glaucoma.MethodsUsing geographic stratification, a representative sample of non-institutionalised Northern Irish adults aged over 50 years was invited to participate. NICOLA participants underwent a Computer-Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI), a Self-Completion Questionnaire (SCQ) and a health assessment. The CAPI and SCQ collected comprehensive sociodemographic and health-related data. At the health assessment, participants underwent optic disc stereophotography, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement using ocular response analyser (ORA), autorefraction, spectral domain optical coherence tomography and self-reported history of glaucoma. We invited NICOLA participants suspected of having glaucoma due to optic disc appearance or raised IOP for clinical examination by a glaucoma expert and perimetry. Epidemiological definitions by the International Society Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology were used to define glaucoma.ResultsOf 3221 NICOLA participants (mean age 64.4, SD 8.5, female sex 51.7%) who attended the health assessment component of the NICOLA study (and had a vertical cup to disc ratio measurement in at least one eye), 91 participants had glaucoma. Overall, the crude prevalence of glaucoma was 2.83% (95% CI 2.31% to 3.46%) and 67% of affected individuals did not give a self-reported history of glaucoma.ConclusionsThe prevalence of glaucoma in Northern Ireland is comparable with other population-based studies of European populations. Approximately two-thirds of people with glaucoma were undiagnosed.
Increasing the documentation of 48-hour antimicrobial reviews
Authors: Sahota Ramandeep Singh , Rajan Kiran Kasper , Comont Jonathan Mark Sabine , Lee Hyungeun Hans , Johnston Nikolina , James Mary , Patel Rakhee , Nariculam Joseph 
Published: February 2020

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem worldwide. Encouraging antimicrobial stewardship can help to reduce the negative consequences of inappropriate antibiotic use. This quality improvement project targets to do this by aiming to improve the proportion of 48-hour antimicrobial reviews completed and documented on two surgical wards at Darent Valley Hospital with a goal of 100% compliance.This project used four PDSA (plan, do, study, act) cycles to achieve our aim: a trust-wide email; education sessions with junior doctors; sticker reminders in patient notes; presenting our study to surgical consultants and displaying posters on the wards.The proportion of antimicrobial reviews completed at 48 hours in the patient notes increased from 18% to 77% over 19 weeks from 10 October 2018 to 20 February 2019. The most successful intervention was providing a presentation for consultants at an audit meeting in conjunction with displaying posters on the wards.The most successful interventions (education sessions with junior doctors and presentation to surgical consultants alongside displaying posters on the wards) were found to be those that required minimal further input after their initial rollout. This project was carried out by medical students and is highly transferrable to other hospitals, and highlighted that a successful quality improvement project can be undertaken by any member of the healthcare team.