bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Updated Global Warming Potentials and Radiative Efficiencies of Halocarbons and Other Weak Atmospheric Absorbers
Authors: Hodnebrog Ø. , Aamaas B. , Fuglestvedt J. S. , Marston G. , Myhre G. , Nielsen C. J. , Sandstad M. , Shine K. P. , Wallington T. J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHuman activity has led to increased atmospheric concentrations of many gases, including halocarbons, and may lead to emissions of many more gases. Many of these gases are, on a per molecule basis, powerful greenhouse gases, although at present‐day concentrations their climate effect is in the so‐called weak limit (i.e., their effect scales linearly with concentration). We published a comprehensive review of the radiative efficiencies (RE) and global warming potentials (GWP) for around 200 such compounds in 2013 (Hodnebrog et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/rog.20013). Here we present updated RE and GWP values for compounds where experimental infrared absorption spectra are available. Updated numbers are based on a revised “Pinnock curve”, which gives RE as a function of wave number, and now also accounts for stratospheric temperature adjustment (Shine & Myhre, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001951). Further updates include the implementation of around 500 absorption spectra additional to those in the 2013 review and new atmospheric lifetimes from the literature (mainly from WMO (2019)). In total, values for 60 of the compounds previously assessed are based on additional absorption spectra, and 42 compounds have REs which differ by >10% from our previous assessment. New RE calculations are presented for more than 400 compounds in addition to the previously assessed compounds, and GWP calculations are presented for a total of around 250 compounds. Present‐day radiative forcing due to halocarbons and other weak absorbers is 0.38 [0.33–0.43] W m−2, compared to 0.36 [0.32–0.40] W m−2 in IPCC AR5 (Myhre et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.018), which is about 18% of the current CO2 forcing.
Reply to Comment by A. Argnani on “Geometry of the Deep Calabrian Subduction From Wide‐Angle Seismic Data and 3‐D Gravity Modeling”
Authors: Dellong David , Klingelhoefer Frauke , Dannowski Anke , Kopp Heidrun , Murphy Shane , Graindorge David , Margheriti Lucia , Moretti Milena , Barreca Giovanni , Scarfì Luciano , Polonia Alina , Gutscher Marc‐Andre 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAndrea Argnani in his comment on Dellong et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gc008586) (Geometry of the deep Calabrian subduction (Central Mediterranean Sea) from wide‐angle seismic data and 3‐D gravity modeling) proposes an alternate interpretation of the wide‐angle seismic velocity models presented by Dellong et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB015312) and Dellong et al. (2020) and proposes a correction of the literature citations in these paper. In this reply, we discuss in detail all points raised by Andrea Argnani.
Sedimentation of Snow Particles in Still Air in Stokes Regime
Authors: Zeugin Till , Krol Quirine , Fouxon Itzhak , Holzner Markus 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe compute the resistance matrices of realistic 3‐D snow particle shapes obtained from microcomputed tomography data of snowpack samples and a phase field model. Using these resistance matrices, we calculate the sedimentation of the particles in still air in Stokes regime. We find that particles attain preferred orientations and the mode of motion is either drifting or spiraling. Simple laws, relating average drag and rotation torque coefficients to the particles' sphericity, are established which lead to a new formulation of a snow particle's average terminal velocity. The presented models are valid in Stokes regime in still air, corresponding to particle sizes up to ∼100 μm but can reasonably be extended to moderately higher Reynolds numbers (∼1 mm) and used for estimating mean settling velocity in turbulent conditions. Though not all relevant atmospheric conditions are covered, our study provides the basis for addressing more complex conditions in the future.
Aerosol‐Forced AMOC Changes in CMIP6 Historical Simulations
Authors: Menary Matthew B. , Robson Jon , Allan Richard P. , Booth Ben B. B. , Cassou Christophe , Gastineau Guillaume , Gregory Jonathan , Hodson Dan , Jones Colin , Mignot Juliette , Ringer Mark , Sutton Rowan , Wilcox Laura , Zhang Rong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) has been, and will continue to be, a key factor in the modulation of climate change both locally and globally. However, there remains considerable uncertainty in recent AMOC evolution. Here, we show that the multimodel mean AMOC strengthened by approximately 10% from 1850–1985 in new simulations from the 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), a larger change than was seen in CMIP5. Across the models, the strength of the AMOC trend up to 1985 is related to a proxy for the strength of the aerosol forcing. Therefore, the multimodel difference is a result of stronger anthropogenic aerosol forcing on average in CMIP6 than CMIP5, which is primarily due to more models including aerosol‐cloud interactions. However, observational constraints—including a historical sea surface temperature fingerprint and shortwave radiative forcing in recent decades—suggest that anthropogenic forcing and/or the AMOC response may be overestimated.
Basin‐Width Dependence of Northern Deep Convection
Authors: Youngs Madeleine K. , Ferrari Raffaele , Flierl Glenn R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractConvection penetrates to the ocean bottom in the North Atlantic but not in the North Pacific. This study examines the role of basin width in shutting down high‐latitude ocean convection. Deep convection is triggered by polar cooling, but it is opposed by precipitation. A two‐layer analytical model illustrates that the overturning circulation acts to mitigate the effect of precipitation by advecting salty, dense water from subtropical latitudes to polar latitudes. The nonlinear dependence of the overturning strength on basin width makes it more efficient in a narrow basin, resulting in a convection shutdown at a stronger freshwater forcing. These predictions are confirmed by simulations with a general circulation model configured with a single closed basin to the north and a reentrant channel to the south. This suggests that basin width may play a role in suppressing convection in the North Pacific but not in the North Atlantic.
The emerging role of ferroptosis in non-cancer liver diseases: hype or increasing hope?
Authors: Mao Lihong , Zhao Tianming , Song Yan , Lin Lin , Fan Xiaofei , Cui Binxin , Feng Hongjuan , Wang Xiaoyu , Yu Qingxiang , Zhang Jie , Jiang Kui , Wang Bangmao , Sun Chao 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFerroptosis is an iron- and lipotoxicity-dependent form of regulated cell death (RCD). It is morphologically and biochemically distinct from characteristics of other cell death. This modality has been intensively investigated in recent years due to its involvement in a wide array of pathologies, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and acute kidney injury. Dysregulation of ferroptosis has also been linked to various liver diseases and its modification may provide a hopeful and attractive therapeutic concept. Indeed, targeting ferroptosis may prevent the pathophysiological progression of several liver diseases, such as hemochromatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and ethanol-induced liver injury. On the contrary, enhancing ferroptosis may promote sorafenib-induced ferroptosis and pave the way for combination therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) and system xc−have been identified as key players to mediate ferroptosis pathway. More recently diverse signaling pathways have also been observed. The connection between ferroptosis and other forms of RCD is intricate and compelling, where discoveries in this field advance our understanding of cell survival and fate. In this review, we summarize the central molecular machinery of ferroptosis, describe the role of ferroptosis in non-cancer hepatic disease conditions and discuss the potential to manipulate ferroptosis as a therapeutic strategy.
The chromatin remodeling enzyme Chd4 regulates genome architecture in the mouse brain
Authors: Goodman Jared V. , Yamada Tomoko , Yang Yue , Kong Lingchun , Wu Dennis Y. , Zhao Guoyan , Gabel Harrison W. , Bonni Azad 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe development and function of the brain require tight control of gene expression. Genome architecture is thought to play a critical regulatory role in gene expression, but the mechanisms governing genome architecture in the brain in vivo remain poorly understood. Here, we report that conditional knockout of the chromatin remodeling enzyme Chd4 in granule neurons of the mouse cerebellum increases accessibility of gene regulatory sites genome-wide in vivo. Conditional knockout of Chd4 promotes recruitment of the architectural protein complex cohesin preferentially to gene enhancers in granule neurons in vivo. Importantly, in vivo profiling of genome architecture reveals that conditional knockout of Chd4 strengthens interactions among developmentally repressed contact domains as well as genomic loops in a manner that tightly correlates with increased accessibility, enhancer activity, and cohesin occupancy at these sites. Collectively, our findings define a role for chromatin remodeling in the control of genome architecture organization in the mammalian brain.
Antisense oligonucleotide modulation of non-productive alternative splicing upregulates gene expression
Authors: Lim Kian Huat , Han Zhou , Jeon Hyun Yong , Kach Jacob , Jing Enxuan , Weyn-Vanhentenryck Sebastien , Downs Mikaela , Corrionero Anna , Oh Raymond , Scharner Juergen , Venkatesh Aditya , Ji Sophina , Liau Gene , Ticho Barry , Nash Huw , Aznarez Isabel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhile most monogenic diseases are caused by loss or reduction of protein function, the need for technologies that can selectively increase levels of protein in native tissues remains. Here we demonstrate that antisense-mediated modulation of pre-mRNA splicing can increase endogenous expression of full-length protein by preventing naturally occurring non-productive alternative splicing and promoting generation of productive mRNA. Bioinformatics analysis of RNA sequencing data identifies non-productive splicing events in 7,757 protein-coding human genes, of which 1,246 are disease-associated. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting multiple types of non-productive splicing events lead to increases in productive mRNA and protein in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Moreover, intracerebroventricular injection of two antisense oligonucleotides in wild-type mice leads to a dose-dependent increase in productive mRNA and protein in the brain. The targeting of natural non-productive alternative splicing to upregulate expression from wild-type or hypomorphic alleles provides a unique approach to treating genetic diseases.
Proton irradiation-decelerated intergranular corrosion of Ni-Cr alloys in molten salt
Authors: Zhou Weiyue , Yang Yang , Zheng Guiqiu , Woller Kevin B. , Stahle Peter W. , Minor Andrew M. , Short Michael P. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe effects of ionizing radiation on materials often reduce to “bad news”. Radiation damage usually leads to detrimental effects such as embrittlement, accelerated creep, phase instability, and radiation-altered corrosion. Here we report that proton irradiation decelerates intergranular corrosion of Ni-Cr alloys in molten fluoride salt at 650 °C. We demonstrate this by showing that the depth of intergranular voids resulting from Cr leaching into the salt is reduced by proton irradiation alone. Interstitial defects generated from irradiation enhance diffusion, more rapidly replenishing corrosion-injected vacancies with alloy constituents, thus playing the crucial role in decelerating corrosion. Our results show that irradiation can have a positive impact on materials performance, challenging our view that radiation damage usually results in negative effects.
Direct and indirect punishment of norm violations in daily life
Authors: Molho Catherine , Tybur Joshua M. , Van Lange Paul A. M. , Balliet Daniel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAcross societies, humans punish norm violations. To date, research on the antecedents and consequences of punishment has largely relied upon agent-based modeling and laboratory experiments. Here, we report a longitudinal study documenting punishment responses to norm violations in daily life (k = 1507; N = 257) and test pre-registered hypotheses about the antecedents of direct punishment (i.e., confrontation) and indirect punishment (i.e., gossip and social exclusion). We find that people use confrontation versus gossip in a context-sensitive manner. Confrontation is more likely when punishers have been personally victimized, have more power, and value offenders more. Gossip is more likely when norm violations are severe and when punishers have less power, value offenders less, and experience disgust. Findings reveal a complex punishment psychology that weighs the benefits of adjusting others’ behavior against the risks of retaliation.
Th1 responses in vivo require cell-specific provision of OX40L dictated by environmental cues
Authors: Gajdasik Dominika W. , Gaspal Fabrina , Halford Emily E. , Fiancette Remi , Dutton Emma E. , Willis Claire , Rückert Timo , Romagnani Chiara , Gerard Audrey , Bevington Sarah L. , MacDonald Andrew S. , Botto Marina , Vyse Timothy , Withers David R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe OX40-OX40L pathway provides crucial co-stimulatory signals for CD4 T cell responses, however the precise cellular interactions critical for OX40L provision in vivo and when these occur, remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that provision of OX40L by dendritic cells (DCs), but not T cells, B cells nor group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), is critical specifically for the effector Th1 response to an acute systemic infection with Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). OX40L expression by DCs is regulated by cross-talk with NK cells, with IFNγ signalling to the DC to enhance OX40L in a mechanism conserved in both mouse and human DCs. Strikingly, DC expression of OX40L is redundant in a chronic intestinal Th1 response and expression by ILC3s is necessary. Collectively these data reveal tissue specific compartmentalisation of the cellular provision of OX40L and define a mechanism controlling DC expression of OX40L in vivo.
Self-amplifying RNA SARS-CoV-2 lipid nanoparticle vaccine candidate induces high neutralizing antibody titers in mice
Authors: McKay Paul F. , Hu Kai , Blakney Anna K. , Samnuan Karnyart , Brown Jonathan C. , Penn Rebecca , Zhou Jie , Bouton Clément R. , Rogers Paul , Polra Krunal , Lin Paulo J. C. , Barbosa Christopher , Tam Ying K. , Barclay Wendy S. , Shattock Robin J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe spread of the SARS-CoV-2 into a global pandemic within a few months of onset motivates the development of a rapidly scalable vaccine. Here, we present a self-amplifying RNA encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein encapsulated within a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) as a vaccine. We observe remarkably high and dose-dependent SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody titers in mouse sera, as well as robust neutralization of both a pseudo-virus and wild-type virus. Upon further characterization we find that the neutralization is proportional to the quantity of specific IgG and of higher magnitude than recovered COVID-19 patients. saRNA LNP immunizations induce a Th1-biased response in mice, and there is no antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) observed. Finally, we observe high cellular responses, as characterized by IFN-γ production, upon re-stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 peptides. These data provide insight into the vaccine design and evaluation of immunogenicity to enable rapid translation to the clinic.
Active control of broadband sound through the open aperture of a full-sized domestic window
Authors: Lam Bhan , Shi Dongyuan , Gan Woon-Seng , Elliott Stephen J. , Nishimura Masaharu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractShutting the window is usually the last resort in mitigating environmental noise, at the expense of natural ventilation. We describe an active sound control system fitted onto the opening of the domestic window that attenuates the incident sound, achieving a global reduction in the room interior while maintaining natural ventilation. The incident sound is actively attenuated by an array of control modules (a small loudspeaker) distributed optimally across the aperture. A single reference microphone provides advance information for the controller to compute the anti-noise signal input to the loudspeakers in real-time. A numerical analysis revealed that the maximum active attenuation potential outperforms the perfect acoustic insulation provided by a fully shut single-glazed window in ideal conditions. To determine the real-world performance of such an active control system, an experimental system is realized in the aperture of a full-sized window installed on a mockup room. Up to 10-dB reduction in energy-averaged sound pressure level was achieved by the active control system in the presence of a recorded real-world broadband noise. However, attenuation in the low-frequency range and its maximum power output is limited by the size of the loudspeakers.
Lifestyle preferences drive the structure and diversity of bacterial and archaeal communities in a small riverine reservoir
Authors: Borrego Carles , Sabater Sergi , Proia Lorenzo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSpatial heterogeneity along river networks is interrupted by dams, affecting the transport, processing, and storage of organic matter, as well as the distribution of biota. We here investigated the structure of planktonic (free-living, FL), particle-attached (PA) and sediment-associated (SD) bacterial and archaeal communities within a small reservoir. We combined targeted-amplicon sequencing of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes in the DNA and RNA community fractions from FL, PA and SD, followed by imputed functional metagenomics, in order to unveil differences in their potential metabolic capabilities within the reservoir (tail, mid, and dam sections) and lifestyles (FL, PA, SD). Both bacterial and archaeal communities were structured according to their life-style preferences rather than to their location in the reservoir. Bacterial communities were richer and more diverse when attached to particles or inhabiting the sediment, while Archaea showed an opposing trend. Differences between PA and FL bacterial communities were consistent at functional level, the PA community showing higher potential capacity to degrade complex carbohydrates, aromatic compounds, and proteinaceous materials. Our results stressed that particle-attached prokaryotes were phylogenetically and metabolically distinct from their free-living counterparts, and that performed as hotspots for organic matter processing within the small reservoir.
Serum vitamin D is associated with improved lung function markers but not with prevalence of asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis
Authors: Ganji Vijay , Al-Obahi Asma , Yusuf Sumaya , Dookhy Zainab , Shi Zumin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHypovitaminosis D has been linked to several non-bone diseases. Relation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and lung function and lung diseases has received little attention at the global level. Cross-sectional data from three National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2007–2008, 2009–2010, and 2011–2012 were used to investigate the relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and lung function makers [forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)] and lung diseases (asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis) with multivariate regression models (n = 11,983; men, 6,010; women, 5,973). Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were directly associated with FVC and FEV1 (P for trend < 0.01). Individuals in the 4th quartile serum 25(OH)D had significantly higher FVC and FEV1 compared to those in the 1st quartile (P < 0.01). When data were stratified based on gender and smoking status, we found similar associations between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and lung function markers. There was no relation between serum 25(OH)D and prevalence of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema in US adults. Serum 25(OH)D concentration is associated with improved lung function markers but not with the prevalence of asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Controlled studies are needed to determine if the vitamin D supplementation improves lung function in adults and in smokers.
Clustering of human prion protein and α-synuclein oligomers requires the prion protein N-terminus
Authors: Rösener Nadine S. , Gremer Lothar , Wördehoff Michael M. , Kupreichyk Tatsiana , Etzkorn Manuel , Neudecker Philipp , Hoyer Wolfgang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe interaction of prion protein (PrP) and α-synuclein (αSyn) oligomers causes synaptic impairment that might trigger Parkinson’s disease and other synucleinopathies. Here, we report that αSyn oligomers (αSynO) cluster with human PrP (huPrP) into micron-sized condensates. Multivalency of αSyn within oligomers is required for condensation, since clustering with huPrP is not observed for monomeric αSyn. The stoichiometry of the heteroassemblies is well defined with an αSyn:huPrP molar ratio of about 1:1. The αSynO−huPrP interaction is of high affinity, signified by slow dissociation. The huPrP region responsible for condensation of αSynO, residues 95−111 in the intrinsically disordered N-terminus, corresponds to the region required for αSynO-mediated cognitive impairment. HuPrP, moreover, achieves co-clustering of αSynO and Alzheimer’s disease-associated amyloid-β oligomers, providing a case of a cross-interaction of two amyloidogenic proteins through an interlinking intrinsically disordered protein region. The results suggest that αSynO-mediated condensation of huPrP is involved in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies.
Variants and expression changes in PPAR-encoding genes display no significant association with schizophrenia
Authors: Li Xinrong , Zhu Yue , Keaton Maria , Baranova Ancha , Liu Sha , Hu Xiaodong , Li Qi , Cheng Long , Zhou Peng , Cao Hongbao , Xu Yong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A few studies suggested the contribution of PPARs to the etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, it is still not clear whether variants in PPAR-encoding genes have a direct association with SCZ. The potential linkage between SCZ and the variants within PPAR encoding genes (PPARA, PPARD, and PPARG) was tested in a large cohort genome-wide association study (GWAS). Then, a mega-analysis was conducted using 14 gene expression profiling experiments in various human brain regions. Finally, the expression levels of the three PPAR-encoding genes were quantified in early-onset SCZ patients. Only one PPARG polymorphisms, rs62242085, presented a minor frequency deviation in the SCZ cohort (P-value = 0.035). None of the PPAR-encoding genes presented significant expression change within the brain regions profiled in 14 datasets acquired from different populations (P-value &gt; 0.14) or in the whole blood of early-onset overall SCZ patients (P-value &gt; 0.22). However, compared with healthy female controls, female early-onset SCZ patients presented a moderate but significant decrease in the expression level of PPARD (LFC = −0.55; P-value = 0.02) and a strong, but non-significant decrease in expression of PPARG (LFC = −1.30; P-value = 0.13). Our results do not support a significant association between variants in PPAR-encoding genes and SCZ, but suggest a necessity to explore the role of PPARD and PPARG in early SCZ phenotypes, specifically in females.