bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divergent selection on flowering phenology but not on floral morphology between two closely related orchids
Authors: Chapurlat Elodie , Le Roncé Iris , Ågren Jon , Sletvold Nina 
Published: May 2020

AbstractClosely related species often differ in traits that influence reproductive success, suggesting that divergent selection on such traits contribute to the maintenance of species boundaries. Gymnadenia conopseass. andGymnadenia densifloraare two closely related, perennial orchid species that differ in (a) floral traits important for pollination, including flowering phenology, floral display, and spur length, and (b) dominant pollinators. If plant–pollinator interactions contribute to the maintenance of trait differences between these two taxa, we expect current divergent selection on flowering phenology and floral morphology between the two species. We quantified phenotypic selection via female fitness in one year on flowering start, three floral display traits (plant height, number of flowers, and corolla size) and spur length, in six populations ofG. conopseas.s. and in four populations ofG. densiflora.There was indication of divergent selection on flowering start in the expected direction, with selection for earlier flowering in two populations of the early‐floweringG. conopseas.s. and for later flowering in one population of the late‐floweringG. densiflora. No divergent selection on floral morphology was detected, and there was no significant stabilizing selection on any trait in the two species. The results suggest ongoing adaptive differentiation of flowering phenology, strengthening this premating reproductive barrier between the two species.Synthesis: This study is among the first to test whether divergent selection on floral traits contribute to the maintenance of species differences between closely related plants. Phenological isolation confers a substantial potential for reproductive isolation, and divergent selection on flowering time can thus greatly influence reproductive isolation and adaptive differentiation.
Evaluation of commercial biochar in South Korea for environmental application and carbon sequestration
Authors: Oh Seok‐Young , Shin Myungsu , Seo Yong‐Deuk , Cha Soo‐Won 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe performance of commercial wood chip (WC) and biosolid (BS) biochars available in bulk from carbonization processes in South Korea was examined via determination of sorption capacity from batch experiments and evaluation of carbon sequestration using biochar–mortar composites according to construction and environmental properties. Compared with rice straw (RS) biochar synthesized in a laboratory, the sorption capacities of WC and BC biochars are determined by the types of contaminants, the properties of the biochar, and sorption mechanisms. BS and WC biochars are competitive as sorbents for nitro explosives and chlorinated phenols. Characterization of biochar–mortar composites showed that 3–5 wt% biochar inclusion did not significantly change the composites' engineering properties, including flowability, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity. As the biochar content increased in the biochar–mortar composites, the benzene and toluene concentrations in air were accordingly reduced, suggesting that biochar inclusion may be favorable to remove volatile toxic contaminants that cause sick building syndrome. The toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) and Micotox® bioassay tests showed that biochar–mortar composites were not toxic. These results suggest that BS and WC biochars in South Korea are competitive as sorbents for some organic contaminants and that biochar–mortar composites may be environmentally friendly carbon‐sequestering construction materials.
Pyrolysis of waste milk packets in a screw‐type continuous reactor: Optimization through response surface methodology and products characterization
Authors: Almas Sadiya , Lal Navneeta , Varma Anil Kumar , Thakur Lokendra Singh , Mondal Prasenjit 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this work, the pyrolysis of waste milk packets was conducted in a screw‐type continuous reactor. The waste milk packets were characterized by the proximate, ultimate, and thermal analyses. The central composite rotatable design has been applied with the variation of reaction temperature and residence time to investigate the optimum process conditions. In addition, different input‐output models have been developed for predicting oil, gas, and char yield. The optimum process temperature and residence time were identified to be 477°C and 45 min, respectively. The yield of oil, gas, and char at the optimum conditions achieved were 51.19 wt%, 41.79 wt%, and 7.00 wt%, respectively. Ultimate composition, physical properties, heating value, and chemical composition analysis of oil have been performed. The composition of gaseous products has been analyzed. The physical properties of the oil were comparable to conventional fuels. The carbon range of the oil is C5–C16, which can be used as a transportation fuel.
Optimization of the formula and processing of a sweet potato leaf powder‐based beverage
Authors: Luo Dan , Mu Tai‐Hua , Sun Hongnan , Chen Jingwang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFor the development of a sweet potato leaf powder (SPLP)‐based beverage, we investigated the effects of blanching methods on SPLP quality (including color, nutritional and functional compositions and antioxidant activity), and the effects of particle size and stabilizers on suspension stability of final product. The total polyphenol and antioxidant activity of SPLP of uncut group were 1.69 and 1.91 times those of cut group, respectively, and the indices of nutritional quality of copper, manganese and vitamin E of uncut group were significantly greater than cut group. The ultrafine SPLP‐produced lowest gravitational sedimentation ratio (49%), indicating it had greatest suspension stability. The optimized formula of SPLP‐based beverage was as follows: ultrafine SPLP of uncut group was mixed with 2.5% (w/w, powder basis) xanthan gum, 1% calcium lactate, 2% ascorbic acid, 12% maltodextrin, 20% xylitol, and 0.9% apple essence. The final product had high nutritional value along with consumer‐acceptable flavor and texture.
Probing regional cortical excitability via input–output properties using transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography coupling
Authors: Raffin Estelle , Harquel Sylvain , Passera Brice , Chauvin Alan , Bougerol Thierry , David Olivier 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe modular organization of the cortex refers to subsets of highly interconnected nodes, sharing specific cytoarchitectural and dynamical properties. These properties condition the level of excitability of local pools of neurons. In this study, we described TMS evoked potentials (TEP) input–output properties to provide new insights into regional cortical excitability. We combined robotized TMS with EEG to disentangle region‐specific TEP from threshold to saturation and describe their oscillatory contents. Twenty‐two young healthy participants received robotized TMS pulses over the right primary motor cortex (M1), the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the right superior occipital lobe (SOL) at five stimulation intensities (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120% resting motor threshold) and one short‐interval intracortical inhibition condition during EEG recordings. Ten additional subjects underwent the same experiment with a realistic sham TMS procedure. The results revealed interregional differences in the TEPs input–output functions as well as in the responses to paired‐pulse conditioning protocols, when considering early local components (<80 ms). Each intensity in the three regions was associated with complex patterns of oscillatory activities. The quality of the regression of TEPs over stimulation intensity was used to derive a new readout for cortical excitability and dynamical properties, revealing lower excitability in the DLPFC, followed by SOL and M1. The realistic sham experiment confirmed that these early local components were not contaminated by multisensory stimulations. This study provides an entirely new analytic framework to characterize input–output relations throughout the cortex, paving the way to a more accurate definition of local cortical excitability.
Circulating Osteocalcin-Positive Cells as a Novel Diagnostic Biomarker for Bone Metastasis in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Lee Kyung-Hun , Lee Kyoung Jin , Kim Tae-Yong , Hutomo Febby , Sun Hyun Jin , Cheon Gi Jeong , Park Serk In , Cho Sun Wook , Im Seock-Ah 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Current diagnosis of bone metastasis (BM) in breast cancer relies on structural changes of bone that occur only in the advanced stage. A sensitive biomarker for detecting early progression of bone metastasis is urgently required. We performed clinical and preclinical studies to investigate diagnostic value of circulating osteocalcin-positive cells (cOC) in breast cancer bone metastasis. Metastatic breast cancer patients (n = 92) with or without bone metastasis (ie, BM+ or BM–) were enrolled, and cOC were measured at enrollment. Patients were followed up for bone metastasis progression for 18 months. BM+ patients (n = 59) were divided into progressive (PD) or stable disease (SD) groups, based on imaging studies at the end of the 18-month study. The PD group had higher baseline cOC compared with the SD group. Furthermore, higher cOC resulted in reduced BM progression-free survival. Three patients in the BM– group (n = 33) developed new BM during the 18-month study, and these patients had a higher level of baseline cOC compared with the remaining BM– patients. In murine preclinical studies, cOC increased at early time points when micro-metastases were evident only by histology but undetectable by bioluminescence imaging. Also, cOC levels predicted the progression of BM and correlated significantly with BM tumor burden. cOC increased in the early phase of breast cancer BM and can predict BM progression, supporting cOC as a potential novel biomarker. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Increasing success in college: Examining the impact of a project‐based introductory engineering course
Authors: Nguyen Ha , Wu Lily , Fischer Christian , Washington Gregory , Warschauer Mark 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundProject‐based learning has shown promise in improving learning outcomes for diverse students. However, studies on its impacts have largely focused on the perceptions of students and instructors or students' immediate performance. This study reports the impact of taking a project‐based introductory engineering course on students' subsequent academic success.Purpose/HypothesisThis quantitative study examines characteristics related to enrollment in the project‐based introductory engineering course and subsequent academic performance. We hypothesized that participation in the course would be associated with higher academic performance in subsequent engineering courses. In addition, we examined heterogeneity effects for students traditionally underrepresented in engineering education.Design/MethodThis study utilized data on students' demographics, academic preparation, course enrollment, and course performance from 1,318 engineering students from a large public university in Southern California. Logistic regression analysis with robust standard errors examined enrollment patterns. We applied propensity scores as inverse‐probability weights in multiple linear models to calculate the average treatment effect on the treated for participants from the project‐based introductory engineering course in five subsequent engineering courses. This analysis was conducted for all students and for selected student subgroups.ResultsEnrollment in the project‐based introductory engineering course was positively associated with students' performance in some subsequent engineering courses and did not adversely affect students traditionally underrepresented in engineering.ConclusionsThis study provides an example of a project‐based introductory engineering course that can support students' academic success in engineering. The benefits detected for some student populations (e.g., female) are encouraging for broadening engineering pathways.
Antecedents and consequences of empowering leadership: Leader power distance, leader perception of team capability, and team innovation
Authors: Tang Guiyao , Chen Yang , van Knippenberg Daan , Yu Bingjie 
Published: May 2020

SummaryThe evidence that empowering leadership is an effective form of team leadership brings the question on what the antecedents of empowering leadership are into focus. We propose that empowering leadership is driven by considerations of the normative and situational appropriateness of empowering leadership that are associated with leader power distance value and leader perception of team capability. We propose that leader power distance and perceived team capability interact such that the influence of leader power distance on empowering leadership is stronger with higher perceived team capability. We extend our model to show that by affecting empowering leadership, the interaction of leader power distance and perceived team capability indirectly influences team innovation, an important team outcome associated with empowered teamwork. We tested our model in two multisource surveys in China: Study 1 of 84 technical teams and Study 2 of 83 financial service teams. We discuss how our study contributes to empowering leadership theory by providing a theoretical perspective that lends itself well to identifying other trait and situational antecedents of empowering leadership.
Nutrition Support Team Oversight and Appropriateness of Parenteral Nutrition in Hospitalized Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Stidham Morgan A. , Douglas Joy W. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractInappropriate parenteral nutrition (PN) administration often occurs in hospitalized patients, increasing the risk of complications. Nutrition support teams (NSTs) regulate and approve PN use in some hospitals. This systematic review examined whether appropriateness of PN use in hospitalized adult patients increased under NST oversight. Ten databases were searched systematically to select studies from 2004 to 2020 that analyzed appropriateness of PN use in adult hospitalized patients under NST oversight. Studies were included if appropriateness of PN was examined and NSTs were involved in PN orders or recommendations. Studies were evaluated using the Quality Criteria Checklist from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Library. Nine studies were included in the final analysis. One received a positive rating on the quality checklist, whereas 8 received a neutral rating. Inappropriate PN use varied from 4.3% to 18%. Two studies compared PN use between multiple hospitals, both with and without NSTs. Two compared appropriateness before and after NST implementation, whereas another 2 studies compared it before and after NST restructuring. Three studies examined appropriateness of PN with NST oversight at a single facility with no control group. Overall, NSTs were associated with decreased incidence of inappropriate PN use. No studies were randomized, and several did not describe demographics between groups. Although NSTs appear to decrease inappropriate PN use, the results are limited because of study design or reporting. Future studies should monitor and evaluate clinical outcomes, such as mortality, and utilize more rigorous methodologies.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorescent Surfactants for Studying the Penetration of Cosmetic Surfactants on the Skin
Authors: Kong Shuai , Shen Chong , Luo Yulu , Meng Qin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSurfactants are one of the important ingredients of cosmetics. However, their penetration and penetration‐promoting behavior in the skin has not been well understood. Aiming to explore the surfactant penetration in skin, a novel fluorescent surfactant F‐C16, based on sodium fluorescein, was synthesized in this paper. F‐C16 has a fluorescence maxima (λem) of around 530 nm, and its fluorescence increased with the polarity of solvent. It possesses good emulsifying properties and low cytotoxicity. Hence, it can be used as a quickly detected indicator for surfactants in cosmetics. As demonstrated by this fluorescent surfactant, it was found that the surfactants can penetrate well into skin and cells. It seems that surfactants in cosmetics can enter the cells and reach the dermal layer of skin.
Electrospun potato starch nanofibers for thyme essential oil encapsulation: antioxidant activity and thermal resistance
Authors: Fonseca Laura M , Radünz Marjana , dos Santos Hackbart Helen C , da Silva Francine T , Camargo Taiane M , Bruni Graziella P , Monks Jander LF , da Rosa Zavareze Elessandra , Dias Alvaro RG 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThyme essential oil (TEO) is an excellent natural substitute for synthetic compounds to maintain the quality and safety of food products. It acts as an antioxidant agent. We aimed to nanoencapsulate TEO at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% (v/w, dry basis) in electrospun nanofibers made of starch (50% w/v) and formic acid (75% v/v). The rheological parameters of the fiber‐forming solutions were measured, and various physical and chemical properties of the nanofibers were analyzed.RESULTSThe starch/TEO nanofibers presented homogeneous morphology. The starch nanofibers showed high encapsulation efficiency (EE, 99.1% to 99.8%), which, along with the Fourier transform infra‐red (FTIR) spectrum and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis, indicate strong protection of the phenolic compounds of TEO. Nanofibers with 5% TEO retained up to 50% of the phenolic compounds after exposure to thermal treatment. The antioxidant activity against 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals of the starch/TEO nanofibers varied from 11.1% to 14.2% and the inhibition values (29.8%, P ≤ 0.05) against hydroxyl radicals were the same for free TEO and the nanofibers.CONCLUSIONOwing to these properties, electrospun starch/TEO nanofibers can be applied in food products or food packaging.
Characterization of Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma and High‐Grade Dysplastic Nodules on Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound
Authors: Fan Pei‐li , Xia Han‐sheng , Ding Hong , Dong Yi , Chen Ling‐li , Wang Wen‐ping 
Published: May 2020

ObjectivesTo explore the enhancement features of early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, including well‐differentiated HCC and high‐grade dysplastic nodules with a focus of HCC) and high‐grade dysplastic nodules (HGDNs) on contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), correlated with the histopathologic findings.MethodsThis retrospective study enrolled 81 patients with 85 pathologically confirmed hepatic lesions (69 early HCCs and 16 HGDNs). All of the hepatic lesions were examined by CEUS with SonoVue (Bracco SpA, Milan, Italy) before surgery or biopsy. The enhancement features of early HCCs and HGDNs were evaluated and compared with histopathologic findings.ResultsThirty‐eight (55.1%) early HCCs showed arterial‐phase hyperenhancement (APHE). The major enhancement pattern of early HCCs was APHE without portal venous/late‐phase wash‐out (20 of 69 [29.0%]). Eight (11.6%) early HCCs manifested APHE. Wash‐out was observed in 30 (43.5%) early HCCs. Sixteen (23.2%) early HCCs showed very‐late wash‐out (>120 seconds). Wash‐out was not observed in all HGDNs. Of the 16 HGDNs, arterial‐phase isoenhancement without portal venous/late‐phase wash‐out was the major enhancement pattern (n = 7 [43.8%]). The degree of CD34 expression of sinusoidal endothelial cells was more diffuse in early HCCs than in HGDNs (56.5% versus 12.5%; P = .001). Arterial‐phase enhancement patterns of early HCCs on CEUS were correlated with the degree of CD34 expression (P = .039).ConclusionsEnhancement patterns were significantly different between early HCCs and HGDNs on CEUS. Diffuse CD34 expression of sinusoidal endothelial cells in early HCC was correlated with APHE on CEUS.
Patient‐Reported Quality of Life After Resection With Primary Closure for Oral Tongue Carcinoma
Authors: Ochoa Edgar , Larson Andrew R. , Han Mary , Webb Katherine L. , Stanford‐Moore Gaelen B. , El‐Sayed Ivan H. , George Jonathan R. , Ha Patrick K. , Heaton Chase M. , Ryan William R. 
Published: May 2020

Objectives/HypothesisFor early‐stage oral tongue carcinoma and carcinoma in situ (ESOTCCIS), we evaluated patient‐reported quality‐of‐life (QOL) outcomes following resection with primary closure (R‐PC).Study DesignRetrospective review at an academic cancer center.MethodsThirty‐nine ESOTCCIS patients (Tis, T1, T2) who underwent R‐PC without radiation completed the University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire Version 4 (UW‐QOL) at least 6 months since R‐PC (mean = 2.39 years; range = 0.5–6.7 years). We compared UW‐QOL scores for pain, swallowing, chewing, speech, and taste to established normative population scores. Multivariable regression analysis evaluated factors associated with QOL impairment.ResultsESOTCCIS patients who underwent R‐PC in comparison to the normative population reported significantly worse mean speech (87.7 vs. 98, P < .001) and taste (85.6 vs. 95, P = .002) scores and no significant differences in mean pain (91.7 vs. 86, P = .96), swallowing (100 vs. 98, P = .98), chewing (97.4 vs. 94, P = .98) scores. For speech and taste, 59% (23/39) reported no postoperative change from baseline, whereas 41% (16/39) and 35.9% (14/39) reported mild impairment, respectively. Overall, postoperative QOL was reported as good, very good, or outstanding by 87.2% (34/39). Higher American Society of Anesthesiologists class, cT1 compared to CIS, and ventral tongue involvement were independently associated with worse speech. Age < 60 years was independently associated with worse taste.ConclusionsESOTCCIS patients who undergo R‐PC without radiation can expect long‐term swallowing, chewing, and pain to be in the normative range. Although a majority of patients can expect to achieve normative speech and taste outcomes, R‐PC carries the risks of mild speech and/or taste impairments.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 131:312–318, 2021