bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control ofLeiodes cinnamomeus(Coleoptera: Leiodidae) in Cultivated Black Truffle Orchards by Kairomone-Based Mass Trapping
Authors: Navarro-Llopis Vicente , López Borja , Primo Jaime , Martín-Santafé María , Vacas Sandra 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe monoculture situation of truffle cultivation is favoring the appearance of pests that would not be economically important in naturally balanced forest ecosystems. The most prominent of them is the European truffle beetle Leiodes cinnamomeus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Leiodidae), for which there are no effective control methods capable of reducing its populations. The potential of the mass trapping technique against this beetle, based on adapted pitfall traps and the semiochemical methyl disulfide as an attractant, is explored in the present work. Two trap densities (40 and 80 traps/ha) were tested in 2-yr field trials carried out in the region of Teruel (Spain) with black truffle cultivation tradition. Kairomone dispensers were placed in the field immediately before adult outbreak and remained active there throughout the season. The efficacy of each treatment was measured according to the reduction in beetle populations and the damaged truffles in the center of the treated areas. The results showed that both trapping densities reduced adult populations (mean 57% catch reduction), but 80 traps/ha were needed to significantly lower damage parameters (&gt;40% reduction), percentage of attacked truffles and number of galleries/g truffle. The cost effectiveness of these treatments and possible improvements are discussed.
Impact of Constant and Fluctuating Temperatures on Population Characteristics of Tetranychus pacificus (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Rismayani  , Ullah Mohammad Shaef , Chi Hsin , Gotoh Tetsuo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
To understand the effect of fluctuating temperature on the population characteristics of Tetranychus pacificus, we determined their life tables under constant temperatures between 10 and 35°C and fluctuating temperatures (12 h per day at each of 5°C above and 5°C below the corresponding constant temperature). Tetranychus pacificus eggs did not hatch when held at a constant temperature of 10°C, whereas 77.6% of the T. pacificus eggs reached an adult life stage at fluctuating temperature 10°C ± 5°C. Female preadult development was faster under fluctuating temperatures 12.5, 15, and 20°C than under constant temperatures, whereas it was not significantly different at temperatures ≥ 22.5°C. The lower developmental thresholds (T0) for female preadult development were 10.24 and 5.73°C for the constant and fluctuating temperatures, respectively, while the thermal summations (K) were 215.10 and 265.64 degree days, respectively. The net reproductive rates (R0) at constant temperatures 15 and 35°C were significantly higher than those at the corresponding fluctuating temperatures. However, for 20, 25, and 30°C, the R0 values were not significantly different between constant and fluctuating temperatures. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) at fluctuating temperatures 10, 20, and 30°C were higher compared to the corresponding constant temperature. However, the values of r and λ at constant 25 and 35°C were higher than those at fluctuating temperature. The differential responses of life history between constant and fluctuating temperatures help to understand the population dynamics of T. pacificus under natural conditions.
Weak signal enhancement using adaptive local similarity and neighboring super-virtual trace for first arrival picking
Authors: Liang Shanglin , Hu Tianyue , Cui Dong , Ding Pengcheng 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Accurate traveltime of first arrivals is of great importance in investigating subsurface velocity information. A significant challenge preventing the picking of the first arrival, however, is that the recorded traces in complex mountain areas are often characterised by weak energy, strong noise and dramatic phase variation. The method of super-virtual refraction interferometry (SVI) is capable of retrieving and enhancing the weak first arrivals from those traces and attenuating the random noise. Unfortunately, the conventional SVI has equal-weighted stacking, and is susceptible to strong local noise. This paper introduces adaptive data-driven weights based on local similarity into SVI to solve this problem. Both near- and far-offset reference traces of high quality are technically selected for better preservation of useful information. Next, we develop some neighboring super-virtual traces in the stacking process for further enhancement of weak signals, which is a further extension and theoretically superior to conventional SVI in increasing the total stacking number. The successful applications of model and field data show the great advantages of our improved method. Compared with conventional SVI, our method has a better local noise suppression effect and stronger enhancement ability, especially at weak refractions. More importantly, it can provide a significant guarantee of higher quality data, thus distinctly achieving a more accurate and reliable traveltime in first arrival picking.
Exploring the Genetic Consequences of Clonality in Haplodiplontic Taxa
Authors: Krueger-Hadfield Stacy A , Guillemin Marie-Laure , Destombe Christophe , Valero Myriam , Stoeckel Solenn 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPartially clonality is an incredibly common reproductive mode found across all the major eukaryotic lineages. Yet, population genetic theory is based on exclusive sexuality or exclusive asexuality, and partial clonality is often ignored. This is particularly true in haplodiplontic eukaryotes, including algae, ferns, mosses, and fungi, where somatic development occurs in both the haploid and diploid stages. Haplodiplontic life cycles are predicted to be correlated with asexuality, but tests of this prediction are rare. Moreover, there are unique consequences of having long-lived haploid and diploid stages in the same life cycle. For example, clonal processes uncouple the life cycle such that the repetition of the diploid stage via clonality leads to the loss of the haploid stage. Here, we surveyed the literature to find studies that had genotyped both haploid and diploid stages and recalculated population genetic summary metrics for seven red algae, one green alga, three brown algae, and three mosses. We compared these data to recent simulations that explicitly addressed the population genetic consequences of partial clonality in haplodiplontic life cycles. Not only was partial clonality found to act as a homogenizing force, but the combined effects of proportion of haploids, rate of clonality, and the relative strength of mutation versus genetic drift impacts the distributions of population genetic indices. We found remarkably similar patterns across commonly used population genetic metrics between our empirical and recent theoretical expectations. To facilitate future studies, we provide some recommendations for sampling and analyzing population genetic parameters for haplodiplontic taxa.
Breast Tumor Microenvironment in Black Women: A Distinct Signature of CD8+ T-Cell Exhaustion
Authors: Yao Song , Cheng Ting-Yuan David , Elkhanany Ahmed , Yan Li , Omilian Angela , Abrams Scott I , Evans Sharon , Hong Chi-Chen , Qi Qianya , Davis Warren , Liu Song , Bandera Elisa V , Odunsi Kunle , Takabe Kazuaki , Khoury Thaer , Ambrosone Christine B 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Blacks tend to have a stronger inflammatory immune response than Whites. We hypothesized that racial differences in host immunity also manifest in the tumor microenvironment, constituting part of a distinct aggressive tumor biology underlying higher mortality in Black women.

Methods
Pathological and gene expression profiling approaches were used for characterizing infiltrating immune cells in breast tumor microenvironment from 1315 patients from the Women’s Circle of Health Study. Racial differences in tumor immune phenotypes were compared, with results validated in a publicly accessible dataset. Prognostic associations of immune phenotypes were assessed in 3 independent cohorts.

Results
We found marked and consistent differences in tumor immune responses between Black and White patients. Not only did tumors from Blacks display a stronger overall immune presence but also the composition and quality of immune infiltrates differed, regardless of tumor subtypes. Black patients had a stronger CD4+ and B-cell response, and further, a more exhausted CD8+ T-cell profile. A signature indicating a higher ratio of exhausted CD8+ T cells to total CD8+ T cells (ExCD8-r) was consistently associated with poorer survival, particularly among hormone receptor–positive patients. Among hormone receptor–negative patients, combinations of the absolute fraction of CD8+ T cells and ExCD8-r signature identified the CD8lowExCD8-rhigh subgroup, the most prevalent among Blacks, with the worst survival.

Conclusions
Our findings of a distinct exhausted CD8+ T-cell signature in Black breast cancer patients indicate an immunobiological basis for their more aggressive disease and a rationale for the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the exhaustion phenotype.
Public Attitude in the Netherlands towards Cartels in Comparison to Other Economic Infringements
Authors: Dijkstra Peter T , van Stekelenburg Loet 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigate the public attitude towards cartels in the Netherlands in comparison with other economic infringements. We examine this in a survey on several types of economic infringements. We find that cartels are considered serious offenses in the Netherlands. People generally think that cartels are not allowed, consider them immoral, and have negative consequences for society. However, on average, most other infringements are considered more serious, are less allowed, more immoral, and have more negative consequences for society than cartel behavior. Furthermore, we find that the considered seriousness of an infringement is explained by people’s personal norms, followed by the infringement’s consequences, whether people think the infringement is allowed and to what extent it has direct impact on people.
JEL: L41
Deflection calculation of cam profile due to a Hertzian contact pressure
Authors: Yousuf Louay S 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe bending deflection of cam profile was analyzed for three paths of contact and distinct Hertzian contact pressure. The impact happened between the disc cam and roller follower based on the contact parameters. The contact parameters are contact body stiffness, sliding contact velocity, exponent and penetration. A disc cam and roller follower system were discussed and analyzed for the dynamic response of the follower and bending deflection of the cam profile. The objective of this paper was to study the effect of contact load on the bending deflection. A system with spring stiffness (k) and viscous damping coefficient (c) at the end of the follower stem was used to reduce the bending deflection on the cam profile. The theory of circular plate was applied to derive the analytic solution of the bending deflection. The dynamic response of the follower had been determined by using the SolidWorks software based on the contact parameters. The experimental setup was done through an infrared camera device. Finite-element analysis was used to calculate the bending deflection of the cam profile numerically. Finite-element analysis was carried out by using the ANSYS version 19.2 package. The analytic and simulation results are checked and verified for bending deflection at the point of contact. The reduction rate for bending deflection was 73.425% for path no. (1), 85.925% for path no. (2) and 61.467% for path no. (3).
The role ofWOX1genes in blade development and beyond
Authors: Vandenbussche Michiel 
Published: December 2020

This article comments on:Wang C, Zhao B, He L, Zhou S, Liu Ye, Zhao W, Guo S, Wang R, Bai Q, Li Y, Wang D, Wu Q, Yang Y, Yan J, Liu Yu, Tadege M, Chen J. 2021. The WOX family transcriptional regulator SlLAM1 controls compound leaf and floral organ development in Solanum lycopersicum. Journal of Experimental Botany 72, 1822–1835.
Host susceptibility factors render ripe tomato fruit vulnerable to fungal disease despite active immune responses
Authors: Silva Christian J , van den Abeele Casper , Ortega-Salazar Isabel , Papin Victor , Adaskaveg Jaclyn A , Wang Duoduo , Casteel Clare L , Seymour Graham B , Blanco-Ulate Barbara 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe increased susceptibility of ripe fruit to fungal pathogens poses a substantial threat to crop production and marketability. Here, we coupled transcriptomic analyses with mutant studies to uncover critical processes associated with defense and susceptibility in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. Using unripe and ripe fruit inoculated with three fungal pathogens, we identified common pathogen responses reliant on chitinases, WRKY transcription factors, and reactive oxygen species detoxification. We established that the magnitude and diversity of defense responses do not significantly impact the interaction outcome, as susceptible ripe fruit mounted a strong immune response to pathogen infection. Then, to distinguish features of ripening that may be responsible for susceptibility, we utilized non-ripening tomato mutants that displayed different susceptibility patterns to fungal infection. Based on transcriptional and hormone profiling, susceptible tomato genotypes had losses in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis, while jasmonic acid accumulation and signaling coincided with defense activation in resistant fruit. We identified and validated a susceptibility factor, pectate lyase (PL). CRISPR-based knockouts of PL, but not polygalacturonase (PG2a), reduced susceptibility of ripe fruit by &gt;50%. This study suggests that targeting specific genes that promote susceptibility is a viable strategy to improve the resistance of tomato fruit against fungal disease.
The tip of the iceberg: emerging roles of TORC1, and its regulatory functions in plant cells
Authors: Pacheco Javier Martínez , Canal María Victoria , Pereyra Cintia M , Welchen Elina , Martínez-Noël Giselle M A , Estevez José M 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTarget of Rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase that plays a central role in coordinating cell growth with light availability, the diurnal cycle, energy availability, and hormonal pathways. TOR Complex 1 (TORC1) controls cell proliferation, growth, metabolism, and defense in plants. Sugar availability is the main signal for activation of TOR in plants, as it also is in mammals and yeast. Specific regulators of the TOR kinase pathway in plants are inorganic compounds in the form of major nutrients in the soils, and light inputs via their impact on autotrophic metabolism. The lack of TOR is embryo-lethal in plants, whilst dysregulation of TOR signaling causes major alterations in growth and development. TOR exerts control as a regulator of protein translation via the action of proteins such as S6K, RPS6, and TAP46. Phytohormones are central players in the downstream systemic physiological TOR effects. TOR has recently been attributed to have roles in the control of DNA methylation, in the abundance of mRNA splicing variants, and in the variety of regulatory lncRNAs and miRNAs. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries in the plant TOR signaling pathway in the context of our current knowledge of mammalian and yeast cells, and highlight the most important gaps in our understanding of plants that need to be addressed in the future.
Methodology to Evaluate Clinical Impact of 0/3 Hour High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T Protocol on Managing Acute Coronary Syndrome in Daily Emergency Department Practice
Authors: Bellini Claudia , Cinci Francesca , Bova Giovanni , Mascarucci Monica , Leoncini Roberto , Scapellato Carlo , Guerranti Roberto 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
Sex-/age-differentiated cutoffs and the magnitude of serial changes in high-sensitivity cardiac troponins (hs-cTn) for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) diagnosis algorithms are still under discussion. This study presents a methodology to evaluate decision-making limits and to assess whether sex-specific cutoffs could improve diagnostic accuracy.

Methods
A high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) 0-/3-hour protocol was adopted, applying the 2015 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines. Decision-making limits (99th percentile: 14 ng/L; delta change ≥ 30%) were agreed upon with the emergency department (ED) at the University Hospital of Siena in Siena, Italy. One-year requests (5177) for hs-cTnT serial determination were compared with the final International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, clinical modifications diagnosis (contingency tables; receiver operating characteristic curves).

Results
The algorithm’s capability to exclude or confirm ACS was verified by remarkable negative predictive value (97%) and high areas under the curve for the first troponin sampling (0.712), troponin sampling at 3 hours (0.789), and delta (0.744). The clinical utility for the general population—even those with comorbidities—accessing the ED was verified. Our data did not support a sex-differentiated cutoff utility because it would not have affected patient management.

Conclusion
This methodology allowed us to confirm the effectiveness of our decision-making limits.
Confirming known planetary trends using a photometrically selected Kepler sample
Authors: Hansen Jonah T , Casagrande Luca , Ireland Michael J , Lin Jane 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Statistical studies of exoplanets and the properties of their host stars have been critical to informing models of planet formation. Numerous trends have arisen in particular from the rich Kepler data set, including that exoplanets are more likely to be found around stars with a high metallicity and the presence of a ‘gap’ in the distribution of planetary radii at 1.9 R⊕. Here we present a new analysis on the Kepler field, using the APOGEE spectroscopic survey to build a metallicity calibration based on Gaia, 2MASS and Strömgren photometry. This calibration, along with masses and radii derived from a Bayesian isochrone fitting algorithm, is used to test a number of these trends with unbiased, photometrically derived parameters, albeit with a smaller sample size in comparison to recent studies. We recover that planets are more frequently found around higher metallicity stars; over the entire sample, planetary frequencies are 0.88 ± 0.12 per cent for [Fe/H] &lt; 0 and 1.37 ± 0.16 per cent for [Fe/H] ≥ 0 but at two sigma we find that the size of exoplanets influences the strength of this trend. We also recover the planet radius gap, along with a slight positive correlation with stellar mass. We conclude that this method shows promise to derive robust statistics of exoplanets. We also remark that spectrophotometry from Gaia DR3 will have an effective resolution similar to narrow band filters and allow to overcome the small sample size inherent in this study.
Testing the intrinsic scatter of the asteroseismic scaling relations with Kepler red giants
Authors: Li Yaguang , Bedding Timothy R , Stello Dennis , Sharma Sanjib , Huber Daniel , Murphy Simon J 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Asteroseismic scaling relations are often used to derive stellar masses and radii, particularly for stellar, exoplanet, and Galactic studies. It is therefore important that their precisions are known. Here we measure the intrinsic scatter of the underlying seismic scaling relations for Δν and νmax, using two sharp features that are formed in the H–R diagram (or related diagrams) by the red giant populations. These features are the edge near the zero-age core-helium-burning phase, and the strong clustering of stars at the so-called red giant branch bump. The broadening of those features is determined by factors including the intrinsic scatter of the scaling relations themselves, and therefore it is capable of imposing constraints on them. We modelled Kepler stars with a Galaxia synthetic population, upon which we applied the intrinsic scatter of the scaling relations to match the degree of sharpness seen in the observation. We found that the random errors from measuring Δν and νmax provide the dominating scatter that blurs the features. As a consequence, we conclude that the scaling relations have intrinsic scatter of $\sim 0.5$ (Δν), $\sim 1.1$ (νmax), $\sim 1.7$ (M), and $\sim 0.4{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ (R), for the SYD pipeline measured Δν and νmax. This confirms that the scaling relations are very powerful tools. In addition, we show that standard evolution models fail to predict some of the structures in the observed population of both the HeB and RGB stars. Further stellar model improvements are needed to reproduce the exact distributions.
tRNA 3′ shortening by LCCR4 as a response to stress in Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Cristodero Marina , Brogli Rebecca , Joss Oliver , Schimanski Bernd , Schneider André , Polacek Norbert 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Sensing of environmental cues is crucial for cell survival. To adapt to changes in their surroundings cells need to tightly control the repertoire of genes expressed at any time. Regulation of translation is key, especially in organisms in which transcription is hardly controlled, like Trypanosoma brucei. In this study, we describe the shortening of the bulk of the cellular tRNAs during stress at the expense of the conserved 3′ CCA-tail. This tRNA shortening is specific for nutritional stress and renders tRNAs unsuitable substrates for translation. We uncovered the nuclease LCCR4 (Tb927.4.2430), a homologue of the conserved deadenylase Ccr4, as being responsible for tRNA trimming. Once optimal growth conditions are restored tRNAs are rapidly repaired by the trypanosome tRNA nucleotidyltransferase thus rendering the recycled tRNAs amenable for translation. This mechanism represents a fast and efficient way to repress translation during stress, allowing quick reactivation with a low energy input.