bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Above-ground biomass estimation of Eucalyptus plantation using remotely sensed data and field measurements
Authors: Wongchai W. , Insuan W. , Promwungkwa A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Biomass has had an essential role in the energy sector of the world due to applications in bioenergy. Stand level biomass is frequently calculated from allometric models with field measurements, which is usually time-consuming and costly. They are limited because of the consideration of spatial pattern analysis of above-ground biomass (AGB) across the landscape. Therefore, the development of reliability and low-cost methods is necessary for AGB estimations in landscape level. This study aims to develop a model for estimating AGB for Eucalyptus plantation located in the Sahacogen Green Co., Ltd., in Lampang province, Thailand using remotely sensed data. The AGB value was coupled which calculated from field measurement (tree height, H and diameter at breast height, DBH) using the allometric equation with various vegetation indices. The 55 sample plots and 5 vegetation indices derived from Thailand Earth Observation System (THEOS) were used to develop a model for estimating AGB of Eucalyptus plantation. After discussing the results of the investigation, the Transformed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (TNDVI) showed a robust correlation with AGB compared to other indices (r = 0.833). Based on stepwise linear regression between AGB and 5 vegetation indices demonstrated TNDVI was only selected while the other indices were eliminated because their relationship was not significant. The developed model R2 was 0.693, adjusted R2 was 0.684 and SEE was 12.41 Mg ha−1. The relationship between observed AGB and predicted AGB from the THEOS model of Eucalyptus plantation with R2 of 0.742 and RMSE of 9.63 Mg ha−1 indicated that remotely sensed data from THEOS can be useful for AGB estimation with high accuracy.
A simplified model of energy performance indicators for sustainable energy management
Authors: Vichan Nakthong V , Kubaha Kuskana 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In international management, ISO 50001 has been widely applied in organisations across the world, including Thailand. The main objective of this standard is to continuously and sustainably improve the energy performance of the organisation in order to reduce energy consumption and costs, including alleviating environmental climate change impacts. This standard stipulates the measurement of energy performance improvement using energy performance indicators (EnPIs) and the energy baseline (EnB). This study proposes a simplified model of energy performance indicators ( EnPIs), effective for ISO 50001 energy management at organisational level. Appropriate internal benchmarking is proposed for measuring three levels of energy performance, namely organisational, process, and main machine, through energy consumption, intensity, and efficiency. Multiple linear regression was selected to develop energy equations to express the relationship between energy consumption and significantly related variables such as service usage, operating hour, and CDD for business buildings, etc. The proposed EnPIs are applied to measure the energy performance of the case study of business buildings in Thailand complying with ISO 50001. This method can be effectively used to measure changes in the energy performance of the organisation as well as the processes and considered as a comparative alternative to public benchmarking, such as kWh/m2. The findings of this study are considered to be beneficial for every organisation adopting the ISO 50001 system. This proposed method can be effectively used to monitor and measure the organisation’s energy performance towards sustainable energy management. However, it still has certain limitations. In the case of energy consumption models that are related to non-linear related variables, it is necessary to conduct further studies to determine more appropriate EnPIs.
Internet of things based metaheuristic reliability centered maintenance of distribution transformers
Authors: Venkataswamy R , Rao K Uma , Meena P 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The transformer is a vital component of the power system. Continuous stress on the transformer due to overload, transient and faults will lead to physical damages. The isolation of the transformer causes significant revenue loss and inconvenience to the consumers at the distribution level. This invites the need to achieve a reliable power supply to the consumers and to perform maintenance activity appropriately. Optimized and predictive maintenance strategies are evolved to improve power availability for consumers. The model considers dispersive generation at the customer end, namely solar photovoltaics standalone system, diesel generation, and vehicle to load capabilities. Incipient or critical status of transformers’ functional parameters are observed through the transformer terminal unit and sent to the internet of things platform. The remote processing unit acquires the information from all the distribution transformer and generates the optimized and reliability-centered maintenance schedule. In the proposed work, new reliability indices concerning the consumer dispersive generation are defined. The maximization of the reliability problem is solved using the coconut tree optimization technique. The highest reliability of power supply to the consumer and maintenance schedule are obtained. Economic facet of the estimated maintenance schedule exhibit benefit for both utility and consumer as it encapsulate time of use tariff. The heuristic dataset is used to synthesize the trained model by the machine learning algorithm and future maintenance schedule is predicted. The comparative study is made for the outcome of time-based optimized and predicted maintenance schedules against reliability.
Computational appraisal of the thermalhydraulic charac-teristics of supercritical carbon dioxide in heated mini-channel for HVAC applications
Authors: Kumar Nitesh , Basu Dipankar Narayan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Over last couple of decades, supercritical fluid has found enhanced applications in numerous commercial sectors, encompassing aerospace, chemical, fast reactors, fusion rectors and renewable energy. Supercritical fluid is of major interest to the thermal engineers, primarily owing to its superior heat transport characteristics around the pseudocritical temperature. Supercritical carbon dioxide has particularly been identified as the next-generation coolant in power industry, due to its low critical temperature and reasonable critical pressure. The heating, ventilation and air-conditioning sector has also seen increasing popularity of supercritical CO2 with the phasing out of the conventional halocarbons, as it has zero ozone depletion potential and substantially smaller global warming potential. While decent volume of literature is available regarding the application of supercritical CO2 in macrochannel, thermalhydraulics of supercritical CO2 in minichannel lacks comprehensive investigation, and the present work attempts to fill that specific void through a computational appraisal of a heated horizontal minichannel of 2 mm inner diameter. Systematic simulations have been performed to explore the role of the wall heat flux ranging from 30–50 kW/m2, operating pressure ranging from 8–9 MPa, inlet temperature ranging from 295–315 K and buoyancy parameter on the thermalhydraulic characteristics of supercritical CO2. The Reynolds number in the present simulation ranges from 10000-17000. This article is aimed to explore the phenomena of heat transfer deterioration in horizontal minichannel subjected to uniform wall heat flux. It is observed that increase in wall heat flux leads to lower area-averaged heat transfer coefficient The results show an early heat transfer deterioration on top half surface whereas, normal heat transfer is observed on bottom half surface. Heat flux has significant effect on heat transfer deterioration and higher heat flux leads to reduction in peak value of heat transfer coefficient. At higher inlet temperature heat transfer coefficient decreases and peak of heat transfer coefficient shifted in the upstream direction. Also, peak of heat transfer coefficient vanishes for inlet temperature higher than pseudocritical temperature due to non-significant variation in thermophysical properties at higher temperature. Stratification of temperature, velocity and density is observed along the channel due to local buoyancy produced by non-linear thermophysical property variation of supercritical CO2.
Environmental and socio-economic assessment of wood pellet production from fast growing trees in Thailand
Authors: Saosee P. , Sajjakulnukit B. , Gheewala S. H. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Sufficient quantity of raw materials is a critical factor for wood pellet production. The recommendations from past research on biomass have indicated that the cultivation of fast growing trees should be encouraged in wasteland. Leucaena and Acacia are the popular fast growing trees in Thailand because they are resistant to drought and can grow in low quality soil. Wood from them has a high heating value and entrepreneurs invite farmers to grow these varieties on contract farming for renewable energy. The purpose of this study is to assess the environmental and socio-economic of wood pellet production from Leucaena and Acacia. The environmental impacts were evaluated by cradle to gate life cycle assessment, covering fast growing tree cultivation (sprout preparation, plantation, cutting), transportation and wood pellet production. The ReCiPe2016 Midpoint method (version 1.02) was used to evaluate the environmental impacts of one tonne wood pellet production from Leucaena and Acacia. The indicators of socio-economic considered in this study were the profit from cultivation, economic assessment of wood pellet production (net present value, internal rate of return, payback period, discount payback period and benefit cost ratio) and opportunity of employment. The environmental results showed a better performance of wood pellets made from Leucaena are better than Acacia. The production capacity of 110 tonnes per day of wood pellet factory would return a profit when the price of raw material is less than 1,300 THB per tonne. Finally, Leucaena and Acacia cultivation increase the opportunity of employment at 0.16 and 0.10 person-year per ha, respectively. The wood pellet production increases the opportunity of employment at 0.0019 person-year per tonne. Considering the results of the environmental and socio-economic assessment, Leucaena is seen to be better than Acacia and should be supported as an alternative raw material for wood pellet production.
Effective environmental management system of acid mine drainage at Kyisintaung copper surface mine in Myanmar
Authors: Aung Myint , Tin Aung Lay 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Copper products are being utilized in many utilities such as electrical equipment, mechanical, architecture, and military industries. Basically the copper processing begins with the mining of copper ore which causes the environmental and social problems unless proper management systems are being exercised. This study focus on the effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) of Kyisintaung mine, located near the confluence of the Yama Creek and the Chindwin River in Monywa, Sagaing region, Myanmar. To identify the effects, surface and ground water in the vicinity of the mine are sampled and analysed at the certified national laboratory. The study highlights the detailed analysis of the study programme and the results and findings have been discussed thoroughly. It has been observed that the hydrometallurgy method and zero discharging system are utilized at the mine. The results indicates that the effects of AMD around the area are insignificant because the laboratory analysis results of studied pollutants such as pH, temperature, hardness, conductivity, TDS, DO, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, SO4
2-are within the acceptable range of national environmental quality guideline. Finally, it has been noticed that there are no significant effects of AMD to surface and groundwater around the mine site, no water pollution sources to the environment, no serious environmental damages caused by AMD to near-by areas, and hence the adopted EMS of the mine is considered to be an effective system.
Fuel replacement: a possible option for Thailand energy security?
Authors: Nakapreecha N , Vivanpatarakij S , Audomvongseree K 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Natural gas has been playing an important role in strengthening energy security of Thailand as over 60 percent of total natural gas consumed in the country is from the Gulf of Thailand. In the past 20 years, the average growth of natural gas demand is 5.5 percent per year. Thanks to its low carbon content, natural gas is considered as cleaner fuel comparing to other fossil-based fuels. Still, there are usages of carbon-intensive fuels such as fuel oil and coal in Thailand e.g. in the industrial sector. Most of fuel oil and coal consumed are imported from foreign countries. Replacing these fuels with natural gas may be an option for the country to promote domestic clean energy and reduce overall carbon emissions. This paper forecasts the possibility of replacing fuel oil and coal in the industrial sector with natural gas. The research starts with examining the limitations of Thai regulations, estimating the amount of natural gas required for the replacement, and forecasting future prices of all three fuels. The price projection shows an attractive option for fuel oil users as the long term price of natural gas is projected to be lower than that of fuel oil. On the contrary, the projected coal price alone will not encourage coal users to switch their fuels. Thus, strong government measures will be required to stimulate coal replacement. The result of the study will be useful for determining appropriate policies to support long-term demand for natural gas of the country.
Assessment of environmental, energy and economic prospective of anaerobic digestion of organic municipal solid waste in Malaysia
Authors: Yong Zi Jun , Bashir Mohammed J.K. , Hassan Mohd Sayuti 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The continuous increase in population, higher living standards and economic development resulted in the inevitable increase of waste generation, energy consumption, carbon emissions and environmental degradation. The current average operating expenditure (OPEX) of a landfill is RM148/tonne/day for disposing municipal solid waste (MSW) which is an economic burden to the government. Thus, this study investigates the feasibility of biogas production from organic MSW as a renewable source of energy via anaerobic digestion. The economic and environmental benefits including the sales of electricity and fertilizer were investigated. Organic fraction municipal solid waste (OFMSW) was collected at Sahom landfill, Kampar. Waste composition was analyzed to determine the percentage of organic waste. Approximate and ultimate analysis were conducted to characterize the organic samples and to measure the calorific value. The biogas and bio-fertilizer yield were estimated. It was found that OFMSW consists 45% of the total MSW. Conversion of OFMSW to electricity and fertilizer via anaerobic digestion (AD) resulted in 3,274,812.51 m3/day of biogas which consists of 56.62% CH4 and 43.38% carbon dioxide. This can be resulted in 7,494.08 MWh/day of electrical energy and a daily yield of 13,013.73 tonnes of bio-fertilizer. This transforms the economic burden of solid waste management expenditures into an income generating movement.
Solar desalination by combination with concentrated solar power: exergy cost analysis
Authors: Leiva-Illanes Roberto , Herrera Cynthia , Alarcón-Padilla Diego , Uche Javier , Martinez Amaya 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Some regions of the world with high solar irradiation conditions have a growing demand for electricity and freshwater that could cause supply problems in the industries and population. To reduce this risk, the use of solar energy to generate electricity and freshwater is an interesting option to consider. Electricity could be generated from concentrated solar power (CSP) plants fuelled by solar energy and natural gas, while freshwater could be produced from multi-effect distillation (MED) and reverse osmosis (RO) technologies driven by thermal energy and electricity, respectively. An exergy cost analysis of the integration of two desalination technologies (MED and RO) with a CSP plant is carried out to compare in terms of exergy cost. The symbolic exergoeconomics method is applied in the configurations analyzed. The different configurations are evaluated in a representative region with high irradiation conditions. Results show that the best configuration for producing electricity and freshwater is achieved when the stand-alone RO plant is connected to the grid where the unit exergy cost of electricity and water is 31% and 54% lower than in the stand-alone CSP plant and stand-alone MED, respectively. However, CSP-MED is the recommended configuration for the solar cogeneration scheme evaluated. Additionally, the most influential components in the cost formation of electricity are solar collectors (46.6% in CSP-MED and 44.3% in CSP-RO) while for freshwater they are solar collectors (27.6% in CSP-MED and 42.0% CSP-RO), multi-effect distillation module (15.7% in CSP-MED), and reverse osmosis module (20.5% in CSP-RO). In these components the design should be improved to reduce the unit exergy cost of electricity and freshwater.
Modeling of chemical processes using commercial and open-source software: A comparison between Aspen Plus and DWSIM
Authors: Tangsriwong Kwanchanok , Lapchit Puttida , Kittijungjit Tanatip , Klamrassamee Thepparat , Sukjai Yanin , Laoonual Yossapong 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Computer simulation plays a key role in chemical process design. Currently, there are a large number of widely accepted commercial software. For example, Aspen Plus which was used to simulate offshore petroleum production processes, but it is often too costly to purchase and maintain a valid software license. On the other hand, since open-source software is freely accessible, the simulation models developed using open-source software could be studied, reviewed, and modified by any interested parties. This would help promoting technology transfer and knowledge dissemination in both academic and industry sectors. We specifically focus on the simulation of chemical process using the modeling software to evaluate thermal and chemical behaviour of the system which uses the chemical processes related to offshore petroleum production facilities as an example to demonstrate the software capabilities of both Aspen Plus and DWSIM. This work emphasizes on the comparison of simulation results calculated by commercial software namely Aspen Plus vs. open-source software called DWSIM (An open-source sequential modular steady state simulator) [1]. The simulation was carried out under the steady-state conditions, adiabatic processes, and negligible pressure losses. Finally, simulation results from DWSIM and Aspen Plus were compared with the heat and mass flow diagram which was used as reference. It was found that the discrepancy between simulation and reported values was in general less than 5%. It has been demonstrated that free and open-source software like DWSIM could potentially perform similar tasks as commercial software.
Utilization of mesocarp fiber and the impact of its physicochemical properties on the performance of direct carbon fuel cells
Authors: Jafri N , Wong W Y , Yoon L W , Doshi V , Cheah K H 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) is a promising technology for power generation. It works on the utilization of solid carbon fuel and is high in efficiency with low emissions. In this study, biochar derived from oil palm mesocarp fibre (PMF) biomass was evaluated as a fuel supply in a DCFC based on solid-oxide electrolyte. To understand the connection between the physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance of PMF biochar (carbon fuel) in DCFCs better, the PMF biomass is subjected to acid and alkali pre-treatment for structural modification. All samples are characterized by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests to obtain the link between cell performance and fuel characteristics. The maximum power density of pre-treated PMF biochars reached up to 40-55% level when compared to conventional fuels. In specific, the HCl-treated PMF biochar showed the highest electrochemical reactivity in the DCFC, giving a maximum power output of 11.8 mW cm−2 at 850 °C. It is found that after pre-treatment, the thermal stability of the biochar increases along with an increase in the surface area and pore volumes. Henceforth, these factors are believed to have a pronounced impact on the electrochemical reaction in the DCFC.
Numerical simulation of three-dimensional microbial fuel cell
Authors: Kataky Kumar Pijush , Dalal Amaresh , Biswas Gautam , Wang Chin-Tsan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) has various application potential as in generation of bioelectricity, bio-hydrogen production, waste water treatment and it is also used as biosensors. It would not be possible to headway without mentioning that MFCs have quite a many similarities with Chemical Fuel Cells (CFC). It is seen that a lot of research is carried out for CFCs as compared to MFCs. Most of the research works on MFCs include experimental approach while very few computational studies have been carried out for MFCs. So an endeavour is made to create a model which mimics the working by simulating the key physical and biochemical processes occurring. Results imply that variation of current density occurs with change in Reynolds number (Re) and kinetic rate of reaction (k) which lead to the study of effects of variation of flow rates, turbulence and the action of different bacteria in the efficiency of MFCs. The current density achieved computationally is around 512 mA/m2 for Re=5 and k=10−3 which is in good agreement with the experimental data. Regions of higher current density are found which can be used to improvise the MFCs. Present mathematical model provides a new perspective in understanding the biomass concentration across the MFC and gives better knowledge of the mechanisms taking place. This simple computational framework provides insight into the fluid dynamics involved during continuous feeding, by overcoming the limitations and technical barriers in monitoring and examining through experiments. By implementing the findings from this model optimization of designs can be achieved leading to higher current generation, increase in efficacy and cost effective production techniques which paves the way for future work.