bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Künstliche Intelligenz in der Bildanalyse – Grundlagen und neue Entwicklungen
Authors: Pouly Marc , Koller Thomas , Gottfrois Philippe , Lionetti Simone 
Published: August 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Seit 2017 berichten Wissenschafts- und Populärmedien immer wieder von bildanalytischen Verfahren der künstlichen Intelligenz, die in der medizinischen Diagnostik zu menschlichen Experten vergleichbar gute Resultate erzielen. Mit der erstmaligen Zulassung eines solchen Systems durch die amerikanische Arzneimittelbehörde 2018 begann ihr Einzug in den klinischen Alltag.

Fragestellung
Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick der wichtigsten Entwicklungen der künstlichen Intelligenz für bildanalytische Verfahren in klinischen Anwendungen mit Fokus auf die Dermatologie.

Material und Methode
Am Beispiel der ImageNet Challenge wird gezeigt, dass klassische Ansätze des maschinellen Lernens stark auf menschlicher Expertise beruhten und dass ihre Performance und Skalierbarkeit praktischen Anforderungen nicht genügen konnten. Mittels Deep Learning, einem auf neuronalen Netzen beruhenden Verfahren, konnten diese Limitierungen und insbesondere die Abhängigkeit von menschlicher Expertise überwunden werden. Wir beschreiben wichtige Eigenschaften von Deep Learning, den methodischen Durchbruch von Transfer Learning und berichten über vielversprechende Entwicklungen hin zu generativen Modellen.

Ergebnisse
Mittels Deep Learning erreichen bildanalytische Verfahren in vielen Fällen die für den industriellen und klinischen Einsatz geforderte Genauigkeit. Zudem gestaltet sich ihre Industrialisierung weitestgehend barrierefrei. Derzeitige Entwicklungen fokussieren sich daher weniger auf die nochmalige Verbesserung der Genauigkeit, sondern nehmen sich den Herausforderungen der Interpretierbarkeit und Anwendbarkeit unter Alltagsbedingungen an. Durch die Weiterentwicklung zu generativen Modellen werden gänzlich neuartige Anwendungen möglich.

Schlussfolgerungen
Deep Learning hat in vielerlei Hinsicht beeindruckende Erfolge vorzuweisen und gilt heute nicht nur in der Bildanalyse als das Standardverfahren schlechthin. Dieser Durchbruch der künstlichen Intelligenz ermöglicht eine rasch anwachsende Zahl von klinischen Anwendungen und entwickelt sich fortwährend zu einem unverzichtbaren Werkzeug in der modernen Medizin.
Industrial biotechnology of Pseudomonas putida: advances and prospects
Authors: Weimer Anna , Kohlstedt Michael , Volke Daniel C. , Nikel Pablo I. , Wittmann Christoph 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPseudomonas putidais a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can be encountered in diverse ecological habitats. This ubiquity is traced to its remarkably versatile metabolism, adapted to withstand physicochemical stress, and the capacity to thrive in harsh environments. Owing to these characteristics, there is a growing interest in this microbe for industrial use, and the corresponding research has made rapid progress in recent years. Hereby, strong drivers are the exploitation of cheap renewable feedstocks and waste streams to produce value-added chemicals and the steady progress in genetic strain engineering and systems biology understanding of this bacterium. Here, we summarize the recent advances and prospects in genetic engineering, systems and synthetic biology, and applications ofP. putidaas a cell factory.Key points• Pseudomonas putida advances to a global industrial cell factory.• Novel tools enable system-wide understanding and streamlined genomic engineering.• Applications of P. putida range from bioeconomy chemicals to biosynthetic drugs.
The influence of phosphorus source and the nature of nitrogen substrate on the biomass production and lipid accumulation in oleaginous Mucoromycota fungi
Authors: Dzurendova Simona , Zimmermann Boris , Tafintseva Valeria , Kohler Achim , Ekeberg Dag , Shapaval Volha 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOleaginous filamentous fungi grown under the nitrogen limitation, accumulate high amounts of lipids in the form of triacylglycerides (TAGs) with fatty acid profiles similar to plant and fish oils. In this study, we investigate the effect of six phosphorus source concentrations combined with two types of nitrogen substrate (yeast extract and ammonium sulphate), on the biomass formation, lipid production, and fatty acid profile for nine oleaginousMucoromycotafungi. The analysis of fatty acid profiles was performed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and the lipid yield was estimated gravimetrically. Yeast extract could be used as both nitrogen and phosphorus source, without additional inorganic phosphorus supplementation. The use of inorganic nitrogen source (ammonium sulphate) requires strain-specific optimization of phosphorus source amount to obtain optimal lipid production regarding quantity and fatty acid profiles. Lipid production was decreased in ammonium sulphate-based media when phosphorus source was limited in all strains except forRhizopus stolonifer.High phosphorus source concentration inhibited the growth ofMortierellafungi. The biomass (22 g/L) and lipid (14 g/L) yield ofUmbelopsis vinaceawas the highest among all the tested strains.Key points• The strain specific P requirements of Mucoromycota depend on the nature of N source.• Yeast extract leads to consistent biomass and lipid yield and fatty acids profiles.• Umbelopsis vinacea showed the highest biomass (22 g/L) and lipid (14 g/L) yield.• High P source amounts inhibit the growth of Mortierella fungi.
Endoscopic versus Conventional Thyroid Surgery: A Comparison of Quality of Life, Cosmetic Outcomes and Overall Patient Satisfaction with Treatment
Authors: Johri Goonj , Chand Gyan , Mishra Anjali , Mayilvaganan Sabaretnam , Agarwal Gaurav , Agarwal Amit , Mishra Saroj Kanta 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundOur aim was to investigate whether the surgical approach, i.e. endoscopic (ET) versus conventional/open thyroidectomy (ConT), contributes towards the improvement in quality of life (QoL), cosmetic outcomes and overall patient satisfaction with treatment.MethodsWe conducted a prospective study (October 2016–August 2018) consisting of patients undergoing hemithyroidectomy for euthyroid, non‐malignant solitary thyroid nodules (STNs). Patients were divided into two groups: Group I (ET)—41 patients and Group II (ConT)—52 patients. ET was performed via bilateral‐axillo breast approach (BABA). A thyroid disease‐specific questionnaire “ThyPRO‐39hin” was used to evaluate pre‐ and post‐operative QoL. Visual analogue scale (VAS) was used for post‐operative pain. Cosmetic satisfaction, paraesthesia and overall satisfaction with treatment were evaluated using Likert‐type verbal response scales. Pre‐ and post‐operative scores (>6 months) were compared, and p value < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsMean age (p = 0.26), gender distribution (p = 0.07), mean tumour size (p = 0.74) and preoperative scores of QoL were comparable between the two groups. Post‐operatively scores of symptom domain (p = 0.03), tiredness (p = 0.03), impaired social life (p = 0.03), cosmetic complaints (p =  < 0.001) and overall QoL (p =  < 0.001) were significantly better in Group I. Also, post‐operative pain perception at first follow‐up visit (p = 0.001) was lower in patients undergoing ET/Group I, with higher scar satisfaction scores (p =  < 0.001) and overall satisfaction with treatment (p =  < 0.001). Post‐operative paraesthesia perception was comparable (p = 0.06) amongst the two groups.ConclusionIn this cohort study, patients undergoing endoscopic thyroid surgery reported superior post‐operative QoL, cosmetic and overall satisfaction with treatment as compared to conventional/open thyroidectomy.
CAS FGOALS-g3 Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP)
Authors: Pu Ye , Liu Hongbo , Yan Ruojing , Yang Hao , Xia Kun , Li Yiyuan , Dong Li , Li Lijuan , Wang He , Nie Yan , Song Mirong , Xie Jinbo , Zhao Shuwen , Chen Kangjun , Wang Bin , Li Jianghao , Zuo Ling 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper describes the datasets from the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) simulation experiments run with the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model, GridPoint version 3 (CAS FGOALS-g3). FGOALS-g3 is driven by eight shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) with different sets of future emission, concentration, and land-use scenarios. All Tier 1 and 2 experiments were carried out and were initialized using historical runs. A branch run method was used for the ensemble simulations. Model outputs were three-hourly, six-hourly, daily, and/or monthly mean values for the primary variables of the four component models. An evaluation and analysis of the simulations is also presented. The present results are expected to aid research into future climate change and socio-economic development.
Stable clinical long term results after AMIC in the aligned knee
Authors: Kaiser Nadine , Jakob Roland P. , Pagenstert Geert , Tannast Moritz , Petek Daniel 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Introduction
The aim of this study was to report a long-term follow-up of patients treated with autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC) for full-thickness chondral and osteochondral defects of the femoral condyle or patella combined with the correction of lower limb malalignment or patellar tracking if indicated.

Methods
Thirty-three patients (thirty-four knees) were treated surgically for chondral and osteochondral cartilage defects of the knee joint. Regarding the origin of the lesion, patients were divided into three groups. Chondral lesions were observed in the patella (cP group) in fifteen patients, whereas eight patients demonstrated a femoral condylar location (cF group). Eleven patients presented with osteochondritis dissecans of the femur (ocF group). Associated procedures involving realignment of the patella, osteotomy around the knee, or cancellous bone grafting were performed when necessary. The mean size of the lesions was 2.8 ± 1.6 cm2, and the mean patient age was 37.1 ± 11.9 years. To evaluate the clinical outcomes, the Lysholm score and the VAS pain score were imposed, as well as the reoperation rate.

Results
After an average of 9.3 ± 1 years, follow-up was completed in 79% of the patients. Two patients from the cohort received a total knee prosthesis. The primary outcome measures (Lysolm and VAS pain) at 9-year follow-up were 85 ± 13 for the Lysholm score and 1.9 ± 1.6 for the VAS score in the entire analyzed population. Compared to the preoperative values (Lysholm 56 ± 19, VAS 5.8 ± 2.4) and the 2-year results (Lysholm 85 ± 16, VAS 2.0 ± 2.1), there was significant improvement in the first 2 years after intervention and a stable course in the long-term observation. The same was observed in the cP and ocF subgroups, whereas patients of the cF group showed even further improvement.

Conclusions
AMIC showed durable results in aligned knees. The favorable outcome was maintained after an average of 9 years when malalignment of the lower limb and patellar maltracking were corrected. Such data are particularly encouraging for young adult patients who may benefit from a procedure that circumvents early arthroplasty.
Importance of continuous treatment with intravitreal aflibercept injections in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration—12-month post hoc analysis of the PERSEUS real-world evidence study
Authors: Wachtlin Joachim , Eter Nicole , Hasanbasic Zoran , Keramas Georgios , Rech Christine , Sachs Helmut , Schilling Harald , Wiedemann Peter , Framme Carsten 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the influence of treatment regularity with intravitreal aflibercept injections (IVT-AFL injections) on visual acuity (VA) outcomes in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) enrolled in the PERSEUS trial who received at least 7 IVT-AFL injections during the first year.

Methods
This was a post hoc analysis of the PERSEUS trial, a prospective, non-interventional, multicenter cohort study, and included 370 patients with nAMD who had received ≥ 7 IVT-AFL injections during year 1. In addition to the prespecified subgroups of treatment-naïve and previously treated patients, results were compared between patients with regular (n = 209) and irregular (n = 161) treatment. Regular treatment was defined as initial dosing with monthly IVT-AFL injections for 3 months, then bimonthly IVT-AFL injections until month 12. Irregular treatment was defined as any deviation from regular treatment (provided ≥ 7 injections were received). The outcome of primary interest was the mean change in VA from baseline after 12 months. Further outcomes of interest included VA gain or loss, proportion of patients achieving reading vision, and percentage of patients with fluid.

Results
At month 12, the mean (± standard deviation, SD) VA improvement from baseline was 6.1 ± 15.6 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters in the regular cohort and 2.5 ± 16.7 letters in the irregular cohort with ≥ 7 IVT-AFL injections (P = 0.0514). Best results were obtained in the treatment-naïve regular sub-cohort with a mean ± SD VA improvement of 8.0 ± 17.7 letters, whereas treatment-naïve patients with irregular treatment experienced a considerably lower VA gain (2.8 ± 20.0 letters). Irregular treatment consistently correlated with inferior results in treatment-naïve patients. At month 12, the proportion of treatment-naïve patients who had experienced a worsening of ≥ 5 letters was 29.6% in the irregular sub-cohort versus 13.6% in the regular sub-cohort (P = 0.0049). However, among the treatment-naïve patients, the mean number of injections was significantly higher in the irregular than in the regular sub-cohort (8.0 ± 1.2 vs. 7.4 ± 0.6; P = 0.0001). Furthermore, compared with the treatment-naïve, regular sub-cohort, patients in the irregular sub-cohort had more visits (19.1 ± 8.6 vs. 16.1 ± 5.7), VA tests (14.2 ± 6.9 vs. 12.0 ± 4.6), and optical coherence tomography examinations (5.1 ± 3.7 vs. 3.4.0 ± 3.0).

Conclusions
Although irregularly treated patients received more injections and more monitoring visits during the first year of IVT-AFL treatment, they experienced worse VA outcomes than regularly treated patients.
Passive concept drift handling via variations of learning vector quantization
Authors: Heusinger Moritz , Raab Christoph , Schleif Frank-Michael 
Published: August 2020

AbstractConcept drift is a change of the underlying data distribution which occurs especially with streaming data. Besides other challenges in the field of streaming data classification, concept drift has to be addressed to obtain reliable predictions. Robust Soft Learning Vector Quantization as well as Generalized Learning Vector Quantization has already shown good performance in traditional settings and is modified in this work to handle streaming data. Further, momentum-based stochastic gradient descent techniques are applied to tackle concept drift passively due to increased learning capabilities. The proposed work is tested against common benchmark algorithms and streaming data in the field and achieved promising results.
Molekulare Diagnostik der infektiösen Gastroenteritis
Authors: Muche Marion , Siegmund Britta , Epple Hans-Jörg 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDie infektiöse Gastroenteritis gehört zu den häufigsten Erkrankungen überhaupt. Leitsymptom ist die akute Diarrhö mit oder ohne Erbrechen. Aufgrund des selbstlimitierenden Charakters der Erkrankung ist die Therapie in erster Linie symptomatisch und unabhängig vom auslösenden Pathogen. Eine Erregerdiagnostik ist nur sinnvoll, wenn deren Ergebnis erwartungsgemäß eine Änderung der Therapie oder des Hygienemanagements nach sich zieht. Die konventionelle Stuhldiagnostik beruht auf kulturellen, immunologischen und mikroskopischen Nachweisverfahren. Sie wurde in den letzten Jahren durch molekulare Verfahren erweitert. Insbesondere wurden von verschiedenen Herstellern so genannte integrierte Gastroenteritispanel auf den Markt gebracht, bei denen mittels Multiplexpolymerasekettenreaktion eine einzige Stuhlprobe simultan auf eine Vielzahl bakterieller, viraler und protozoaler Erreger untersucht werden kann. In diesem Beitrag wird anhand von klinischen Studien der Stellenwert dieser Verfahren im Vergleich zu den konventionellen Methoden der Stuhldiagnostik diskutiert. Zusammenfassend zeigen die molekularen Gastroenteritispanels bei deutlich kürzerer Prozessierungszeit signifikant höhere Detektionsraten. Ob aber die verbesserten Detektionsraten zu einer Verbesserung von Therapie oder Hygienemanagement führen, ist noch fraglich, sodass ihr Einsatz derzeit nur in speziellen Situationen als Zusatzmethode zur konventionellen Diagnostik empfohlen wird.
Evaluation of long-term stability of monolithic 3D-printed robotic manipulator structures for minimally invasive surgery
Authors: Krieger Yannick S. , Ostler Daniel , Rzepka Korbinian , Meining Alexander , Feussner Hubertus , Wilhelm Dirk , Lueth Tim C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeIn the era of patient-centered medicine, clinical procedures, tools and instruments should be individually adapted to the patient. In this context, the presented 3D-printed Single-Port Overtube Manipulator System follows the aims to provide patient- and task-specific disposable manipulators for minimally invasive surgery. In a first experiment, the robustness of the monolithic flexure hinge structures in use as robotic manipulators will be investigated.MethodsCustomizable monolithic manipulator structures designed by means of an automated design process and manufactured with selective laser sintering were investigated with regard to long-term stability in an endurance test. Therefore, a bare manipulator arm, an arm equipped with a standard instrument and finally loaded with an additional load of 0.5 N were evaluated by continuously following a trajectory within the workspace of the manipulator arms over a period of 90 min.ResultsThe unloaded manipulator as well as the manipulator arm equipped with a standard instrument showed a sufficient reproducibility (deviation of 1.5 mm and 2.5 mm, respectively, on average) with regard to an application as telemanipulated master–slave surgical robotic system. The 3D-printed manipulators showed no damage and maintained integrity after the experiment.ConclusionIt has been shown that 3D-printed manipulators in principle are suitable for use as disposable surgical manipulator systems and offer a long-term stability over at least 90 min. The developed manipulator design shows great potential for the production of patient-, task- and user-specific robot systems. However, the manipulator geometries as well as the control strategies still show room for improvements.
Epigenetic Regulators of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Lineage Determination
Authors: Cakouros Dimitrios , Gronthos Stan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurpose of ReviewAlthough many signalling pathways have been discovered to be essential in mesenchymal stem/stromal (MSC) differentiation, it has become increasingly clear in recent years that epigenetic regulation of gene transcription is a vital component of lineage determination, encompassing diet, lifestyle and parental influences on bone, fat and cartilage development.Recent FindingsThis review discusses how specific enzymes that modify histone methylation and acetylation or DNA methylation orchestrate the differentiation programs in lineage determination of MSC and the epigenetic changes that facilitate development of bone related diseases such as osteoporosis. The review also describes how environmental factors such as mechanical loading influence the epigenetic signatures of MSC, and how the use of chemical agents or small peptides can regulate epigenetic drift in MSC populations during ageing and disease.SummaryEpigenetic regulation of MSC lineage commitment is controlled through changes in enzyme activity, which modifies DNA and histone residues leading to alterations in chromatin structure. The co-ordinated epigenetic regulation of transcriptional activation and repression act to mediate skeletal tissue homeostasis, where deregulation of this process can lead to bone loss during ageing or osteoporosis.
Fighting the War Against COVID-19 via Cell-Based Regenerative Medicine: Lessons Learned from 1918 Spanish Flu and Other Previous Pandemics
Authors: Park You Jeong , Farooq Jeffrey , Cho Justin , Sadanandan Nadia , Cozene Blaise , Gonzales-Portillo Bella , Saft Madeline , Borlongan Maximillian C. , Borlongan Mia C. , Shytle R. Douglas , Willing Alison E. , Garbuzova-Davis Svitlana , Sanberg Paul R. , Borlongan Cesar V. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe human population is in the midst of battling a rapidly-spreading virus— Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, responsible for Coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19. Despite the resurgences in positive cases after reopening businesses in May, the country is seeing a shift in mindset surrounding the pandemic as people have been eagerly trickling out from federally-mandated quarantine into restaurants, bars, and gyms across America. History can teach us about the past, and today’s pandemic is no exception. Without a vaccine available, three lessons from the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic may arm us in our fight against COVID-19. First, those who survived the first wave developed immunity to the second wave, highlighting the potential of passive immunity-based treatments like convalescent plasma and cell-based therapy. Second, the long-term consequences of COVID-19 are unknown. Slow-progressive cases of the Spanish flu have been linked to bacterial pneumonia and neurological disorders later in life, emphasizing the need to reduce COVID-19 transmission. Third, the Spanish flu killed approximately 17 to 50 million people, and the lack of human response, overcrowding, and poor hygiene were key in promoting the spread and high mortality. Human behavior is the most important strategy for preventing the virus spread and we must adhere to proper precautions. This review will cover our current understanding of the pathology and treatment for COVID-19 and highlight similarities between past pandemics. By revisiting history, we hope to emphasize the importance of human behavior and innovative therapies as we wait for the development of a vaccine.