bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐run productivity trends: A global update with a global index
Authors: Krüger Jens J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper documents the results from a macroeconomic total factor productivity analysis with a special focus on disentangling efficiency change and technological change under variable returns to scale. A sample of 93 countries is investigated by nonparametric methods. For the measurement three variants of the Malmquist index (basic, biennial, and global) are used. Specific country groups and selected individual countries are examined. The results show that productivity development is mainly driven by the interplay of technological change and efficiency change with a reversal from a backward shifting frontier function until the mid‐1990s to an advancing frontier thereafter.
Decomposing implicit associations about life and death improves our understanding of suicidal behavior
Authors: O’Shea Brian A. , Glenn Jeffrey J. , Millner Alexander J. , Teachman Bethany A. , Nock Matthew K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Death/Suicide Implicit Association Test (IAT) is effective at detecting and prospectively predicting suicidal thoughts and behaviors. However, traditional IAT scoring procedures used in all prior studies (i.e., D‐scores) provide an aggregate score that is inherently relative, obfuscating the separate associations (i.e., “Me = Death/Suicide,” “Me = Life”) that might be most relevant for understanding suicide‐related implicit cognition. Here, we decompose the D‐scores and validate a new analytic technique called the Decomposed D‐scores (“DD‐scores”) that creates separate scores for each category (“Me,” “Not Me”) in the IAT. Across large online volunteer samples (N > 12,000), results consistently showed that a weakened association between “Me = Life” is more strongly predictive of having a history of suicidal attempts than is a stronger association between “Me = Death/Suicide.” These findings replicated across three different versions of the IAT and were observed when calculated using both reaction times and error rates. However, among those who previously attempted suicide, a strengthened association between “Me = Death” is more strongly predictive of the recency of a suicide attempt. These results suggest that decomposing traditional IAT D‐scores can offer new insights into the mental associations that may underlie clinical phenomena and may help to improve the prediction, and ultimately the prevention, of these clinical outcomes.
High‐value care for senior medical students
Authors: Lacy Mary , Noronha Leonard 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundPhysicians have an opportunity to address rising health care costs by optimising resource use. Recent research suggests that regional spending patterns influence student engagement with high‐ and low‐value behaviours, revealing that these behaviours may be adopted early in training. The major curriculum for the internal medicine clinical experience does not address high‐value care (HVC). At our institution, senior medical students in the subinternship of internal medicine have an increased responsibility in the development and implementation of patient management plans.ObjectiveOur study aimed to determine whether a curriculum on HVC delivered to senior medical students would have a lasting impact on the students.MethodsWe implemented a curriculum in HVC for medical students and surveyed them before and after the curriculum as well as prior to graduation about their perceptions and engagement with HVC practices.ResultsWe found a statistically significant increase in positive attitudes and reported perception of practice in senior medical students who received the curriculum; this was sustained prior to graduation.ConclusionsOur study supports the notion that a curriculum in HVC can increase reported HVC practices. Further research should be carried out to assess the impact of efforts to teach medical students about limiting unnecessary care within our medical system.
Simultaneous Fault Detection and Multivariable Adaptive Hybrid Control for Unbalanced Vibrations of Cracked Flexible Rotor Systems
Authors: Vashisht Rajiv Kumar , Peng Qingjin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
For the reduction of unbalanced vibrations in a multi-input and multi-output flexible rotor system with electromagnetic actuators (EAs), conventional adaptive feedforward controllers (AFFCs) are very sensitive for changes in rotor spin frequencies. Although frequency updating is used in these controllers, a small variation in the rotor spin frequency can completely reduce their effectiveness. An adaptive notch filter is used in this research for the frequency estimation. By using this external frequency estimation, the performance of the conventional AFFCs can be enhanced. During changes in the rotor spin frequency, fundamental harmonics of the flexible rotor are also excited. Their amplitude is much higher compared to steady-state unbalanced vibrations, which can accelerate the wear and tear of components of EAs. By using feedback controllers, the amplitude of these fundamental harmonics can be reduced significantly. In real rotors with flexible bearing supports, any looseness of bolts and presence of transverse cracks can change system parameters significantly. Multiple harmonics are generated corresponding to even single spinning speed of the rotor. Robust stability as well as performance can be achieved in the presence of uncertainty and rotor crack nonlinearities using feedback controllers designed by mu-synthesis. By using the multiharmonic hybrid control, the higher harmonics can be compensated efficiently in case of a crack in rotor systems. The fast Fourier transform of the control signal can indicate the presence of a transverse crack in an online manner. In this way, active vibration control as well as rotor crack fault detection can be done simultaneously.
Application of Short and Long (Enhanced Vlasov's) Solutions for Cylindrical Shell on Example of Concentrated Radial Force
Authors: Oryniak Andrii , Orynyak Igor 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Analytical approaches for cylindrical shell are mostly based on expansion of all variables in Fourier series in circumferential direction. This leads to eighth-order differential equation with respect to axial coordinate. Here it is approximately treated as a sum of two fourth-order biquadratic equations. First one assumes that all variables change more quickly in circumferential direction than in axial one (long solution), while the second (short) one is based on opposite assumption. The accuracy and applicability of this approach were demonstrated (Orynyak, I., and Oryniak, A., 2018, “Efficient Solution for Cylindrical Shell Based on Short and Long (Enhanced Vlasov's) Solutions on Example of Concentrated Radial Force,” ASME Paper No. PVP2018-85032) on example of action of one or two concentrated radial forces and compared with finite element method results. This paper is an improvement of our previous work (Orynyak, I., and Oryniak, A., 2018, “Efficient Solution for Cylindrical Shell Based on Short and Long (Enhanced Vlasov's) Solutions on Example of Concentrated Radial Force,” ASME Paper No. PVP2018-85032). Two amendments are made. The first is insignificant one and use slightly modified expressions for bending strains, while the second one relates to the short solution. Here we do not consider any more that circumferential displacement is negligible as compared with radial one. Eventually this improves the accuracy of results, as compared with previous work. For example, for cylinder with radius, R, to wall thickness, h, ratio equal to 20, the maximal inaccuracy for radial displacement in point of force application decreases from 5% to 3%. For thinner cylinder with R/h = 100, this inaccuracy decreases from 2.5% to 1.25%. These inaccuracies are related to larger terms in Fourier expansion, the significance of which decrease when length or area of outer loading becomes greater. The last conclusion is demonstrated for the case of distributed concentrated force acting along short segment on axial line.
A Method to Solve the Heat Transfer Problem in a Circular Duct With an Internal Longitudinal Fin
Authors: Vachagina E. K. , Kadyirov A. I. , Sibgatova K. I. , Yunusova V. S. , Gurmanchuk E. P. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The heat transfer problem in a circular duct with an internal longitudinal fin is investigated under constant wall temperature. Different fin heights are considered. The problem is solved in two stages. In the first stage, the distribution of axial velocity corresponding to the fully developed laminar viscous flow is obtained using comsolmultiphysics. In the second stage, the variable-separation method is implemented to reduce the solution of the energy transfer equation under constant wall temperature to an eigenvalue problem. Finally, the temperature distribution is obtained in the analytical form as a series expansion. The influence of fin height on the Nusselt number and the friction factor is discussed.
Heuristic Optimization of Ribbed Cooling Channels With Variable Length and Roughness
Authors: Ejaz Faizan , Hwang Leslie K. , Kwon Beomjin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a heuristic optimization method for cooling channels with internal repeated-rib roughness. The method rapidly explores a design space to simultaneously optimize two geometric parameters, channel length, and rib roughness ratio. For a rapid and accurate optimization, the method combines a heuristic optimization technique, simulated annealing (SA), and numerically derived closed-form models of heat transfer and pressure drop. It is shown that approximately 1 million designs are evaluated within 6 s, resulting in optimal designs having minimal thermal resistance for given pressure thresholds. Closed-form correlations for developing and fully developed flow are derived by evaluating discrete design points using a finite volume model (FVM). The derived correlations predict the channel properties with acceptable ranges of mean absolute error (&lt;5% for Nusselt number and &lt; 15% for pressure drop) against the FVM. Optimal channel designs exhibit up to about 12 times greater performance factor compared to smooth channels, supporting the efficacy of optimization. The introduced method demonstrates the potential of rapid numerical optimization method in designing heat transfer devices with complex geometries.
Influence of smoking status on acute biomarker responses to successive days of arduous military training
Authors: Siddall A G , Stokes K A , Thompson D , Izard R , Greeves J , Bilzon J L J 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionHabitual smoking is highly prevalent in military populations despite its association with poorer training outcomes. Smoking imposes challenges on the immune and endocrine systems which could alter how smokers acutely respond to, and recover from, intensive exercise particularly over multiple days of training.MethodsOver a two-day period, 35 male British Army recruits (age 22±3 years; mass 76.9±8.0 kg; height 1.78±0.06 m; 15 smokers) completed a 16.1 km loaded march (19.1 kg additional mass) on the first morning and a best-effort 3.2 km‘log race’(carrying a 60 kg log between six and eight people) on the subsequent morning. Blood samples were obtained on waking and immediately postexercise on both days and analysed for C reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), testosterone to cortisol ratio and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).ResultsIndependent of smoking group, the exercise bouts on both days evoked significant increases in IL-6 (p<0.001) and decreases in testosterone to cortisol ratio (p<0.05). CRP concentrations on day 2 were significantly higher than both time points on day 1 (p<0.001), and a 9% decline in IGF-1 occurred over the two-day period, but was not significant (p=0.063). No significant differences were observed between smokers and non-smokers (p>0.05).ConclusionsMilitary-specific tasks elicited inflammatory and endocrine responses, with systemic CRP and IGF-1 indicating that the physiological stress generated during the first training day was still evident on the second day. Despite the well-established impacts of smoking on resting levels of the markers examined, responses to two days of arduous military-specific training did not differ by smoking status.
Reporting of conflicts of interest by authors of primary studies on health policy and systems research: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Hakoum Maram B , Bou-Karroum Lama , Al-Gibbawi Mounir , Khamis Assem M , Raslan Abdul Sattar , Badour Sanaa , Agarwal Arnav , Alturki Fadel , Guyatt Gordon , El-Jardali Fadi , Akl Elie A 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to assess the frequency and types of conflict of interest (COI) disclosed by authors of primary studies of health policy and systems research (HPSR).DesignWe conducted a cross-sectional survey using standard systematic review methodology for study selection and data extraction. We conducted descriptive analyses.SettingWe collected data from papers published in 2016 in ‘health policy and service journals’ category in Web of Science database.ParticipantsWe included primary studies (eg, randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, qualitative studies) of HPSR published in English in 2016 peer-reviewed health policy and services journals.Outcome measuresReported COI disclosures including whether authors reported COI or not, form in which COI disclosures were provided, number of authors per paper who report any type of COI, number of authors per paper who report specific types and subtypes of COI.ResultsWe included 200 eligible primary studies of which 132 (66%) included COI disclosure statements of authors. Of the 132 studies, 19 (14%) had at least one author reporting at least one type of COI and the most frequently reported type was individual financial COI (n=15, 11%). None of the authors reported individual intellectual COIs or personal COIs. Financial and individual COIs were reported more frequently compared with non-financial and institutional COIs.ConclusionA low percentage of HPSR primary studies included authors reporting COI. Non-financial or institutional COIs were the least reported types of COI.
Randomised phase II trial of CAPTEM or FOLFIRI as SEcond-line therapy in NEuroendocrine CArcinomas and exploratory analysis of predictive role of PET/CT imaging and biological markers (SENECA trial): a study protocol
Authors: Bongiovanni Alberto , Liverani Chiara , Pusceddu Sara , Leo Silvana , Di Meglio Giovanni , Tamberi Stefano , Santini Daniele , Gelsomino Fabio , Pucci Francesca , Berardi Rossana , Lolli Ivan , Bergamo Francesca , Ricci Sergio , Foca Flavia , Severi Stefano , Ibrahim Toni 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionPatients with metastatic or locally advanced, non-resectable, grade 3 poorly differentiated gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) and lung neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) are usually treated with in first-line platinum compounds. There is no standard second-line treatment on progression. Accurate biomarkers are needed to facilitate diagnosis and prognostic assessment of patients with NEC.Methods and analysisThe SEcond-line therapy in NEuroendocrine CArcinomas (SENECA) study is a randomised, non-comparative, multicentre phase II trial designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) or capecitabine plus temozolomide (CAPTEM) regimens after failure of first-line chemotherapy in patients with lung NEC and GEP-NEC. Secondary aims are to correlate the serum miRNA profile and primary mutational status of MEN1, DAXX, ATRX and RB-1 with prognosis and outcome and to investigate the prognostic and predictive role of the Ki-67 score and 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) or 68Ga-PET/CT. The main eligibility criteria are age ≥18 years; metastatic or locally advanced, non-resectable, grade 3 lung or GEP-NECs; progression to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. A Bryant and Day design taking into account treatment activity and toxicity was used to estimate the sample size. All analyses will be performed separately for each treatment group in the intention-to-treat population. A total of 112 patients (56/arm) will be randomly assigned (1:1) to receive FOLFIRI every 14 days or CAPTEM every 28 days until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity or for a maximum of 6 months. Patients undergo testing for specific biomarkers in primary tumour tissue and for miRNA in blood samples. MiRNA profiling will be performed in the first 20 patients who agree to participate in the biological substudy.Ethics and disseminationThe SENECA trial, supported by Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST), was authorised by the locals Ethics Committee and the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA). Results will be widely disseminated via peer-reviewed manuscripts, conference presentations and reports to relevant authorities.The study is currently open in Italy.Trail registration numberNCT03387592; Pre-results. EudraCT-2016-000767-17.Protocol versionClinical Study Protocol Version 1, 7 November 2016.
‘Our culture prohibits some things’: qualitative inquiry into how sociocultural context influences the scale-up of community-based injectable contraceptives in Nigeria
Authors: Akinyemi Oluwaseun Oladapo , Harris Bronwyn , Kawonga Mary 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesTo explore how sociocultural factors may support or impede the adoption of community-based distribution of injectable contraceptives in Nigeria.DesignA qualitative study based on inductive thematic analysis was conducted through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions.SettingMost participants lived in Gombe State, North-East Nigeria. Other participants were from Ibadan (South-West) and Abuja (Federal Capital Territory).ParticipantsThrough seven key informant interviews, 15 in-depth interviews and 10 focus group discussions, 102 participants were involved in the study.MethodsThis study conducted in 2016 was part of a larger study on scale-up of community-based distribution of injectable contraceptives. Qualitative data were collected from traditional and religious leaders, health workers and community members. The data were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed using a thematic framework method.ResultsSociocultural challenges to scale-up included patriarchy and men’s fear of losing control over their spouses, traditional and religious beliefs about fertility, and myths about contraceptives and family planning. As a result of deep-rooted beliefs that children are ‘divine blessings’ and that procreation should not be regulated, participants described a subtle resistance to uptake of injectable contraceptives. Since Gombe is largely a patriarchal society, male involvement emerged as important to the success of meaningful innovation uptake. Community leaders largely described their participation in the scale-up process as active, although they also identified the scope for further involvement and recognition.ConclusionScale-up is more than setting up health sector implementing structures, training health workers and getting innovation supplies, but also requires preparedness which includes paying attention to complex contextual issues. Policy implementers should also see scale-up as a learning process and be willing to move at the speed of the community.
Cohort profile: Center for Research on Early Childhood Exposure and Development in Puerto Rico
Authors: Manjourides Justin , Zimmerman Emily , Watkins Deborah J , Carpenito Thomas , Vélez-Vega Carmen M , Huerta-Montañez Gredia , Rosario Zaira , Ayala Ishwara , Vergara Carlos , Feric Zlatan , Ondras Martha , Suh Helen H , Gu April Z , Brown Phil , Cordero José F , Meeker John D , Alshawabkeh Akram 
Published: July 2020

PurposePuerto Rican children experience high rates of asthma and obesity. Further, infants born in Puerto Rico are more at risk for being born prematurely compared with infants on the mainland USA. Environmental exposures from multiple sources during critical periods of child development, potentially modified by psychosocial factors, may contribute to these adverse health outcomes. To date, most studies investigating the health effects of environmental factors on infant and child health have focused on single or individual exposures.ParticipantsInfants currently in gestation whose mother is enrolled in Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats (PROTECT) cohort, and infants and children already born to mothers who participated in the PROTECT study.Findings to dateData collection and processing remains ongoing. Demographic data have been collected on 437 mother–child pairs. Birth outcomes are available for 420 infants, neurodevelopmental outcomes have been collected on 319 children. Concentrations of parabens and phenols in maternal spot urine samples have been measured from 386 mothers. Center for Research on Early Childhood Exposure and Development mothers have significantly higher urinary concentrations of dichlorophenols, triclosan and triclocarban, but lower levels of several parabens compared with reference values from a similar population drawn from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Future plansData will continue to be collected through recruitment of new births with a target of 600 children. Seven scheduled follow-up visits with existing and new participants are planned. Further, our research team continues to work with healthcare providers, paediatricians and early intervention providers to support parent’s ability to access early intervention services for participants.
Imputing HbA1c from capillary blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes in Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Choo Monica , Hoy Gregory E. , Dugan Sarah P. , McEwen Laura N. , Gunaratnam Naresh , Wyckoff Jennifer , Jeevaraaj Thangarasa , Saththiyaseelan Arunachalam , Ganeikabahu B. , Katulanda Prasad , Balis Ulysses , Herman William H. , Saha Anjan K. 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveTo develop a population-specific methodology for estimating glycaemic control that optimises resource allocation for patients with diabetes in rural Sri Lanka.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingTrincomalee, Sri Lanka.ParticipantsPatients with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (n=220) from three hospitals in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka.Outcome measureCross-validation was used to build and validate linear regression models to identify predictors of haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Validation of models that regress HbA1c on known determinants of glycaemic control was thus the major outcome. These models were then used to devise an algorithm for categorising the patients based on estimated levels of glycaemic control.ResultsTime since last oral intake other than water and capillary blood glucose were the statistically significant predictors of HbA1c and thus included in the final models. In order to minimise type II error (misclassifying a high-risk individual as low-risk or moderate-risk), an algorithm for interpreting estimated glycaemic control was created. With this algorithm, 97.2% of the diabetic patients with HbA1c ≥9.0% were correctly identified.ConclusionsOur calibrated algorithm represents a highly sensitive approach for detecting patients with high-risk diabetes while optimising the allocation of HbA1c testing. Implementation of these methods will optimise the usage of resources devoted to the management of diabetes in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka. Further external validation with diverse patient populations is required before applying our algorithm more widely.