bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Job strain, social support in the workplace, and haemoglobin A1c in Japanese men
Authors: Kawakami N , Akachi K , Shimizu H , Haratani T , Kobayashi F , Ishizaki M , Hayashi T , Fujita O , Aizawa Y , Miyazaki S , Hiro H , Hashimoto S , Araki S 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo examine the association between job strain (defined in the model of job demands and job control) and social support at the workplace with levels of glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)METHODSAll male employees aged 40–60 in a manufacturing firm, Japan, were invited to take part in the study. A blood sample was taken from the participants and HbA1c (%) was measured. Job strain and social support at the workplace were assessed with the job content questionnaire (JCQ). After excluding those who had a history of diabetes mellitus or other chronic diseases, data from 268 male day workers were analyzed.RESULTSAge adjusted average concentrations of HbA1c were significantly higher in the highest quartile group of job strain or the lowest quartile group of social support at the workplace (p<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that job strain was significantly and positively related to HbA1c (p<0.05), whereas social support at the workplace was significantly and negatively related to HbA1c (p<0.05), both after controlling for other covariates.CONCLUSIONSGreater job strain and lower social support at the workplace may be associated with increased concentrations of HbA1c. Increased blood glucose may be a physiological mediator between job strain or social support at the workplace and coronary heart disease.
Local road traffic activity and the prevalence, severity, and persistence of wheeze in school children: combined cross sectional and longitudinal study
Authors: Venn Andrea , Lewis Sarah , Cooper Marie , Hubbard Richard , Hill Ian , Boddy Rachel , Bell Margaret , Britton John 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the relation between local road traffic activity and the occurrence, severity, and persistence of wheeze in children.METHODSData on wheeze and asthma were collected in a cross sectional questionnaire survey of 22 968 primary school children (age 4–11) and 27 826 secondary school children (age 11–16) in the Nottingham area. Direct measures of road traffic flow were made in the locality of each school and combined with Local Authority traffic data for major roads to estimate local traffic activity in vehicle metres/day/km2. Assessment of the effects of potential confounders was performed in nested case-control groups of 6576 primary and 5936 secondary children. Data on frequency of wheeze were collected for the cases to study disease severity. Longitudinal data on a historical cohort of 883 children who reported wheeze when aged 4–11 in 1988 were used to study the persistence of wheeze into adolescence.RESULTSUnadjusted prevalence of wheeze in the past year within schools varied widely but was not associated with traffic activity in the school locality (weighted regression coefficient β=−0.01, p=0.93 for primary schools, β=−0.18, p=0.26 for secondary schools). The risk of wheeze in individual primary school children was not associated with traffic activity analysed as a continuous variable, although there was some suggestion of a weak, non-linear plateau effect. Similar effects were found for diagnosed asthma and recent cough. There was no evidence of any relation between traffic activity and risk of wheeze in secondary school children. There were positive but non-significant dose related effects of traffic activity on wheeze severity in primary and secondary children and on persistence of wheeze in the longitudinal cohort.CONCLUSIONSTraffic activity in the school locality is not a major determinant of wheeze in children.
Mortality among women and men relative to unemployment, part time work, overtime work, and extra work: a study based on data from the Swedish twin registry
Authors: Nylén L , Voss M , Floderus B 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVETo examine mortality before 70 years of age among women and men relative to unemployment, part time work, overtime work, and extra work. Age, marital status, children, smoking and alcohol habits, use of sleeping pills and tranquilisers, stress, shift work, personality factors, and long lasting or serious illness were taken into account as potential confounding factors.METHODSThe study group comprised a subcohort of the Swedish twin registry, people born in 1926–58. Data were based on a postal questionnaire of 1973 and on information from the Swedish Causes of Death Registry. All subjects reporting a main occupation were selected, 9500 women and 11 132 men, and mortality from all causes during 1973–96 was analysed. The subjects were treated as a sample from the general population regardless of the twinning.RESULTSUnemployment in 1973 among both women and men showed an association with increased mortality. The adjusted relative risk (RR) (95% confidence interval (95% CI)) was 1.98 (1.16 to 3.38), for women and 1.43 (0.91 to 2.25) for men. For the first 5 years of follow up, a threefold increase in risk was found for men (RR (95% CI) 3.29 (1.33 to 8.17)). The RR declined by time, but remained increased throughout the 24 year study period. In women overtime work of more than 5 hours a week was followed by an increased mortality rate (RR (95% CI) 1.92 (1.13 to 3.25)). A protective effect of moderate overtime work of a maximum 5 hours a week was shown for men (RR (95% CI) 0.58 (0.43 to 0.80)), whereas an increased mortality was indicated for part time work (RR (95% CI) 1.58 (0.91 to 2.77)) and extra work (work outside employment) of more than 5 hours a week (RR (95% CI) 1.29 (0.99 to 1.69)).CONCLUSIONUnemployment and some time aspects of work were associated with subsequent mortality, even when controlling for social, behavioural, work, and health related factors. The idea that losing a job may have less importance for women than for men is not supported by this study.
Occupational injuries in Italy: risk factors and long term trend (1951–98)
Authors: Fabiano B , Currò F , Pastorino R 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTrends in the rates of total injuries and fatal accidents in the different sectors of Italian industries were explored during the period 1951–98. Causes and dynamics of injury were also studied for setting priorities for improving safety standards.METHODSData on occupational injuries from the National Organisation for Labour Injury Insurance were combined with data from the State Statistics Institute to highlight the interaction between the injury frequency index trend and the production cycle—that is, the evolution of industrial production throughout the years. Multiple regression with log transformed rates was adopted to model the trends of occupational fatalities for each industrial group.RESULTSThe ratios between the linked indices of injury frequency and industrial production showed a good correlation over the whole period. A general decline in injuries was found across all sectors, with values ranging from 79.86% in the energy group to 23.32% in the textile group. In analysing fatalities, the trend seemed to be more clearly decreasing than the trend of total injuries, including temporary and permanent disabilities; the fatalities showed an exponential decrease according to multiple regression, with an annual decline equal to 4.42%.CONCLUSIONSThe overall probability of industrial fatal accidents in Italy tended to decrease exponentially by year. The most effective actions in preventing injuries were directed towards fatal accidents. By analysing the rates of fatal accident in the different sectors, appropriate targets and priorities for increased strategies to prevent injuries can be suggested. The analysis of the dynamics and the material causes of injuries showed that still more consideration should be given to human and organisational factors.
Asbestos fibreyears and lung cancer: a two phase case–control study with expert exposure assessment
Authors: Pohlabeln H , Wild P , Schill W , Ahrens W , Jahn I , Bolm-Audorff U , Jöckel K-H 
Published: July 2002

Aims:To assess the cumulative effect of asbestos on lung cancer risk where the exposure is assessed by an expert rating.Methods:1678 male cases and controls were enrolled in a population based matched case–control study, focused on occupational risk factors, carried out in West Germany. The exposure to asbestos was computed as lifelong working hours. For a validation subsample of 164 matched pairs from this study the intensity of asbestos exposure was further assessed by a panel of experts in order to obtain an estimate of the cumulative exposure on a time by intensity scale (fibreyears). The information on duration of asbestos exposure in the original study was combined with the fibreyears following the two phase case control study paradigm.Results:The number of exposed subjects in the validation subsample was 75 cases and 71 controls. The percentage of subjects with a cumulative exposure ≤1, 1 to ≤10, and >10 fibreyears was 16%, 15%, and 15% for the cases and 18%, 16%, and 9% respectively for the controls. The smoking adjusted odds ratios for the fibreyears based on an unconditional logistic regression were 0.81, 1.02, and 1.60 respectively with increasing exposure categories (not significant). The coefficient (beta) for a log transformed trend was 1.156. Applying the two phase paradigm, these odds ratios became 0.86, 1.33, and 1.94; the latter reached significance and the beta coefficient was 1.178.Conclusions:The two phase paradigm allowed us to obtain a more precise estimate of the effect of asbestos on lung cancer. Results are consistent with a doubling of the lung cancer risk with 25 fibreyears asbestos exposure.
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Badvie Sara 
Published: July 2002

Summary
Primary hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the 10 most common tumours, and the most common primary liver malignancy, in the world. In the majority of cases, it occurs against a background of hepatitis B or C viral infection and/or liver cirrhosis, and is associated with a dismal prognosis of a few months. Current treatments in routine clinical practice are surgical resection and liver transplantation, but these therapies are applicable to only a small proportion of patients and prolongation of survival is restricted. Other treatment options include intra-arterial chemotherapy, transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation, percutaneous ethanol injection, cryotherapy, thermotherapy, proton therapy, or a wide range of their possible combinations. The current lack of definitive data, however, limits the use of these therapies. Another option is gene therapy, which although in its infancy at the present time, may have a significant role to play in the future management of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Addison's disease in type 1 diabetes presenting with recurrent hypoglycaemia
Authors: McAulay Vincent , Frier Brian M 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) often develops insidiously. Although a rare disorder, it is more common in type 1 diabetes mellitus. A 19 year old male with type 1 diabetes and autoimmune hypothyroidism experienced recurrent severe hypoglycaemia over several months, despite a reduction in insulin dose, culminating in an adrenal crisis. Recurrent severe hypoglycaemia resolved after identification and treatment of the adrenocortical insufficiency. In type 1 diabetes, undiagnosed Addison's disease can influence glycaemic control and induce severe hypoglycaemia.
Will an orange a day keep the doctor away?
Authors: Richardson T I L , Ball L , Rosenfeld T 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
An 80 year old man, who relied on a home based meals-on-wheels service was admitted to hospital with non-specific symptoms, but had clinical and biochemical evidence of scurvy. Subsequently, all new admissions (n=37) to the department over a three week period were assessed for evidence of undernutrition. It was found that 73% had hypovitaminosis C, with 30% having concentrations suggestive of scurvy. There were no significant associations between level of vitamin C and type of accommodation, food provision, or age. The commonest symptom associated with vitamin C deficiency was anorexia, but overall, there was a paucity of clinical signs associated with vitamin C deficiency. The possible associations of vitamin C deficiency in the elderly are discussed.
COMPLEXIFIED PSUSY AND SSUSY INTERPRETATIONS OF SOME PT-SYMMETRIC HAMILTONIANS POSSESSING TWO SERIES OF REAL ENERGY EIGENVALUES
Authors: BAGCHI B. , MALLIK S. , QUESNE C. 
Published: July 2002

We analyze a set of three PT-symmetric complex potentials, namely harmonic oscillator, generalized Pöschl–Teller and Scarf II, all of which reveal a double series of energy levels along with the corresponding superpotential. Inspired by the fact that two superpotentials reside naturally in order-two parasupersymmetry (PSUSY) and second-derivative supersymmetry (SSUSY) schemes, we complexify their frameworks to successfully account for the three potentials.
ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION IN A FINANCIAL MARKET WITH JUMPS
Authors: GRORUD AXEL 
Published: July 2002

This paper uses the enlargement of filtrations to analyze the financial strategy of an insider trader in a discontinuous time market where prices are driven by a Brownian motion and a compound Poisson process. We compare this strategy with that of a non-insider trader. The market is a chosen viable and complete; we can give an explicit expression of the optimal portfolio of the insider trader. On considère un marché financier dont les prix sont dirigés par un mouvement brownien et un processus de Poisson multivarié. Dans ce cadre le marché peut être complet et viable. Nous étudions la stratégie financière d'un agent qui a une information anticipant l'évolution du marché et nous la comparons un agent qui n'a pas cette information. La complétude du marché permet d'expliciter le portefeuille optimal de l'agent initié. Le grossissement de filtration permet de replacer une équation anticipante dans un cadre adapté.
A graph formulation of a school scheduling algorithm
Authors: Salazar A. , Oakford R. V. 
Published: July 2002

The problem classically titled “The Examination Schedule Problem” takes various forms in the literature. Most of these formulations can be presented in the terminology of classical Network Theory. One such formulation is: Given a nondirected network, partition its nodes into a minimal number of subsets such that no two members of the same subset are connected by an arc.
An obvious lower limit to this number is the size of the largest strongly connected subgraph. Kirchgassner proved that an upper limit is this size plus one.
One logical extension of the previous work is the introduction of variable length examinations where W(I) is the number of periods for exam I. The object of this paper is to generalize the definition of largest strongly connected subgraph to include the weighting of nodes, to present an approximate algorithm which usually finds the largest strongly connected subgraph, and to discuss the application of this algorithm to the solution of school scheduling and exam scheduling problems.
The Interaction of Knowledge Sources in Word Sense Disambiguation
Authors: Stevenson Mark , Wilks Yorick 
Published: July 2002

Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is a computational linguistics task likely to benefit from the tradition of combining different knowledge sources in articial intelligence research. An important step in the exploration of this hypothesis is to determine which linguistic knowledge sources are most useful and whether their combination leads to improved results. We present a sense tagger which uses several knowledge sources. Tested accuracy exceeds 94% on our evaluation corpus. Our system attempts to disambiguate all content words in running text rather than limiting itself to treating a restricted vocabulary of words. It is argued that this approach is more likely to assist the creation of practical systems.
Electrophysiological Correlates of Phonological Processing: A Cross-linguistic Study
Authors: Dehaene-Lambertz G. , Dupoux E. , Gout A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
It is well known that speech perception is deeply affected by the phoneme categories of the native language. Recent studies have found that phonotactics, i.e., constraints on the cooccurrence of phonemes within words, also have a considerable impact on speech perception routines. For example, Japanese does not allow (nonasal) coda consonants. When presented with stimuli that violate this constraint, as in / ebzo/, Japanese adults report that they hear a /u/ between consonants, i.e., /ebuzo/. We examine this phenomenon using event-related potentials (ERPs) on French and Japanese participants in order to study how and when the phonotactic properties of the native language affect speech perception routines. Trials using four similar precursor stimuli were presented followed by a test stimulus that was either identical or different depending on the presence or absence of an epenthetic vowel /u/ between two consonants (e.g., “ebuzo ebuzo ebuzo—ebzo”). Behavioral results confirm that Japanese, unlike French participants, are not able to discriminate between identical and deviant trials. In ERPs, three mismatch responses were recorded in French participants. These responses were either absent or significantly weaker for Japanese. In particular, a component similar in latency and topography to the mismatch negativity (MMN) was recorded for French, but not for Japanese participants. Our results suggest that the impact of phonotactics takes place early in speech processing and support models of speech perception, which postulate that the input signal is directly parsed into the native language phonological format. We speculate that such a fast computation of a phonological representation should facilitate lexical access, especially in degraded conditions.
The Role of Familiar Size in the Control of Grasping
Authors: Marotta J. J. , Goodale M. A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The present study examined whether the learned pictorial depth cue of “familiar size” could be used to plan a reaching and grasping movement in the absence of binocular vision. Sixteen right-handed subjects were presented with two different arrays, under monocular and binocular viewing conditions, in which a range of different “grasp-sized” spheres that were lit from within could be presented in an otherwise darkened environment. In the “familiar-size” presentation array, only one “standard” sized sphere was presented, which gave subjects an opportunity to learn the relationship between the standard sphere's retinal image size and its distance. In the “multiple” spheres presentation array, subjects could not learn such a relationship because on any one trial, one of four different sphere sizes could be present. In a second experiment, the effects of this paradigm on six subjects' perceptual reports of distance were examined by having subjects slide their index fingers apart along a horizontal rod to indicate the estimated distance of the spheres. When familiar size could not be used as a cue to distance, subjects produced more on-line corrections in their reaching and grasping movements to the standard-sized spheres—but only under monocular viewing conditions. It appears that subjects are able to exploit the learned relationship between an object's distance and its projected retinal image size to help program and control reaching and grasping movements when binocular vision is not available. Although the influence of familiar size on subjects' perceptual estimates is less clear, it is clear that subjects' perceptual estimates show poor absolute scaling for distance. This result further supports the notion that under normal viewing conditions the visuomotor system uses binocular information to program and control manual prehension, but is able to use pictorial information when binocular vision is denied.
Hemispheric and Facial Asymmetry: Faces of Academe
Authors: Smith William M. 
Published: July 2002

Facial asymmetry (facedness) of selected academic faculty members was studied in relation to brain asymmetry and cognitive specialization. Comparisons of facedness were made among humanities faculty (H), faculty members of mathematics and physics (M-P), psychologists (P), and a group of randomly selected individuals (R). Facedness was defined in terms of the relative sizes (in square centimeters) of the two hemifaces. It was predicted that the four groups would show differences in facedness, namely, H, right face bias; M-P, left face bias; P, no bias; and R, no bias. The predictions were confirmed, and the results interpreted in terms of known differences in hemispheric specialization of cognitive functions as they relate to the dominant cognitive activity of each of the different groups. In view of the contralateral control of the two hemifaces (below the eyes) by the two hemispheres of the brain, the two sides of the face undergo differential muscular development, thus creating facial asymmetry. Other factors, such as gender, also may affect facial asymmetry. Suggestions for further research on facedness are discussed.
Cortical Regions Associated with Perceiving, Naming, and Knowing about Colors
Authors: Chao Linda L. , Martin Alex 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to investigate whether retrieving information about a specific object attribute requires reactivation of brain areas that mediate perception of that attribute. During separate PET scans, subjects passively viewed colored and equiluminant gray-scale Mondrians, named colored and achromatic objects, named the color of colored objects, and generated color names associated with achromatic objects. Color perception was associated with activations in the lingual and fusiform gyri of the occipital lobes, consistent with previous neuroimaging and human lesion studies. Retrieving information about object color (generating color names for achromatic objects relative to naming achromatic objects) activated the left inferior temporal, left frontal, and left posterior parietal cortices, replicating previous findings from this laboratory. When subjects generated color names for achromatic objects relative to the low-level baseline of viewing gray-scale Mondrians, additional activations in the left fusi-form/lateral occipital region were detected. However, these activations were lateral to the occipital regions associated with color perception and identical to occipital regions activated when subjects simply named achromatic objects relative to the same low-level baseline. This suggests that the occipital activa-tions associated with retrieving color information were due to the perception of object form rather than to the top-down influence of brain areas that mediate color perception. Taken together, these results indicate that retrieving previously acquired information about an object's typical color does not require reactivation of brain regions that subserve color perception.