bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Astragalus root extract improved average daily gain, immunity, antioxidant status and ruminal microbiota of early weaned yak calves
Authors: Wei Haiyan , Ding Luming , Wang Xianju , Yan Qi , Jiang Cuixia , Hu Changsheng , Wang Guowen , Zhou Yuqing , Henkin Zalmen , Degen Abraham Allan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDEarly weaning in yak calves is being attempted to improve yak reproduction rate. However, this has to be done with caution because of the high mortality rate of calves due to the lack of nutrients and the harsh environmental conditions. Twenty‐four weaned male yak calves were used in a 60 day feeding trial in which astragalus root extract (ARE) was supplemented. They were assigned randomly to one of four dietary treatments (n = six per treatment) that differed in ARE level: 0 g kg−1 (control), ARE0; 20 g kg−1, ARE20; 50 g kg−1, ARE50; and 80 g kg−1 dry matter intake (DMI), ARE80.RESULTSFinal bodyweight and average daily gain (ADG) were significantly higher and the DMI/ADG ratio was significantly lower in calves with ARE supplementation than control (ARE0) calves. Ruminal concentrations of acetate and propionate and serum concentration of superoxide dismutase in ARE80 calves were higher than in the other groups and serum concentration of insulin was higher in ARE80 calves than in ARE20 calves. Serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) concentrations in ARE‐fed calves were higher than in controls. Serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α) concentration was higher in ARE50 and ARE80 groups than ARE0 calves and serum interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) concentration was higher in ARE80 than in ARE0 calves. Serum immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations increased with age in ARE‐fed calves. ARE supplementation increased the abundance of fiber degrading bacteria.CONCLUSIONARE at a dosage of 5% to 8% DMI can be supplemented to early weaned yak calves to improve growth performance, antioxidant capacity and immunity. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant, functional properties and health‐promoting potential of native South American berries: a review
Authors: Vega‐Galvez Antonio , Rodríguez Angela , Stucken Karina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNowadays berries are globally recognized to be among the healthiest foods because they contain diverse and abundant bioactive compounds. Among these are phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which are known to have beneficial health effects. South America, particularly southern Chile, is covered by a diversity of insufficiently studied and underexploited native berry species. In this review we summarize all the available literature on the phenolic composition, antioxidant activity, bioaccessibility, and biological activity of five native South American berries: calafate, maqui, murta, arrayán, and chequén. The potential of these native berries for promoting human health and as source of bioactive substances is remarkable. Bioactive compounds, mainly anthocyanins, and in less abundance flavonoids and phenolic acids, show strong antioxidant effects. Some of these constituents are bioaccessible and bioavailable, and exert anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti‐inflammatory activities as well as inhibitory effects against enzymes involved in metabolic syndromes. Given the potential of native South American berries to promote health, more work is still needed to understand fully the potential beneficial effects of the consumption of these berries on human health. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantitative identification and segmentation repeatability of thoracic spinal muscle morphology
Authors: Pai S Anoosha , Zhang Honglin , Shewchuk Jason R. , Al Omran Bedoor , Street John , Wilson David , Doroudi Majid , Brown Stephen H. M. , Oxland Thomas R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveMRI derived spinal‐muscle morphology measurements have potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications in spinal health. Muscle morphology in the thoracic spine is an important determinant of kyphosis severity in older adults. However, the literature on quantification of spinal muscles to date has been limited to cervical and lumbar regions. Hence, we aim to propose a method to quantitatively identify regions of interest of thoracic spinal muscle in axial MR images and investigate the repeatability of their measurements.MethodsMiddle (T4‐T5) and lower (T8‐T9) thoracic levels of six healthy volunteers (age 26 ± 6 years) were imaged in an upright open scanner (0.5T MROpen, Paramed, Genoa, Italy). A descriptive methodology for defining the regions of interest of trapezius, erector spinae, and transversospinalis in axial MR images was developed. The guidelines for segmentation are laid out based on the points of origin and insertion, probable size, shape, and the position of the muscle groups relative to other recognizable anatomical landmarks as seen from typical axial MR images. 2D parameters such as muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA) and muscle position (radius and angle) with respect to the vertebral body centroid were computed and 3D muscle geometries were generated. Intra and inter‐rater segmentation repeatability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC (3,1)) for 2D parameters and with dice coefficient (DC) for 3D parameters.ResultsIntra and inter‐rater repeatability for 2D and 3D parameters for all muscles was generally good/excellent (average ICC (3,1) = 0.9 with ranges of 0.56‐0.98; average DC = 0.92 with ranges from 0.85‐0.95).ConclusionThe guidelines proposed are important for reliable MRI‐based measurements and allow meaningful comparisons of muscle morphometry in the thoracic spine across different studies globally. Good segmentation repeatability suggests we can further investigate the effect of posture and spinal curvature on muscle morphology in the thoracic spine.
Increased Pain Reporting by Head and Neck Cancer Patients at Radiation Oncology Consultation: A Quality‐of‐Life Analysis
Authors: Havard Molly , Esslinger Hope , Mierzwa Michelle , Kharofa Jordan , Takiar Vinita 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesHead and neck cancers (HNC) are associated with significant morbidity. Quality‐of‐life (QoL) analyses can assist with understanding subjective factors shaping the patient experience. Here, we assess for patient and/or tumor factors associated with increased pain reporting at the time of initial radiation oncology consultation at a single institution in 2015.Study DesignProspective cross‐sectional questionnaire research.MethodsAll new patient consultations in 2015 were offered the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality‐of‐Life Questionnaire Core‐30 (EORTC QLQ‐C30) survey. HNC patients were also offered the EORTC QLQ‐HN35 module. Retrospective chart review was performed on patients who completed the surveys. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and QoL responses were analyzed for potential associations. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS v9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC), with P < .05 considered significant.ResultsOf 771 new patient consultations, 137 consultations were for HNC patients. Of those, 62 patients completed both surveys. HNC patients reported greater pain relative to all other disease sites (odds ratio [OR]: 2.05; P < .01). On univariate analysis of the EORTC QLQ‐C30 data, increased pain was found to be associated with tumor size > 4 cm (OR: 3.05; P ≤ .05). The EORTC QLQ‐HN35 data revealed lymph node involvement to be independently associated with pain (OR: 3.12; P ≤ .05). On multivariate analysis, increased pain was associated with lack of pain medication prescription at the time of consultation (P ≤ .05) and age ≥ 65 years (P ≤ .05).ConclusionPatients with HNC reported significantly more pain at consultation than patients with other primary malignancies. Understanding factors contributing to subjective pain may allow providers to potentially address these symptoms proactively to improve patients’ QoL.Level of Evidence2c – Outcomes research. Laryngoscope, 131:326–332, 2021
A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Taste Dysfunction in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Xie Deborah X. , Leland Evelyn M. , Seal Stella M. , Lin Sandra Y. , Rowan Nicholas R. 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesPatients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) often describe alterations in sense of taste. These complaints have historically been attributed to olfactory dysfunction; however, there is evidence of direct, objective, gustatory disturbances in the setting of CRS that are not thoroughly characterized. This study sought to investigate and summarize gustatory dysfunction experienced by patients with CRS.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were reviewed following PRISMA guidelines. English language, original studies investigating objective taste in adult patients with CRS were included. A meta‐analysis with inverse variance, random‐effects model was performed.ResultsOf 2750 studies screened, 11 articles with 471 unique patients were included. Patients with CRS exhibit worse gustatory function compared to healthy controls (standardized mean difference 0.94 [95% CI, 0.44–1.45]). Hypogeusia was identified in 32/95 (33.7%) patients from three studies that used methods with a validated definition of hypogeusia. Older age, male gender, and smoking history were associated with taste dysfunction, while objective gustatory and olfactory dysfunction were not correlated. Subjective taste and quality of life measures were also not associated with objective taste. The impact of sinus surgery on objective taste is unclear.ConclusionApproximately 34% of patients with CRS experience hypogeusia. Neither olfactory function nor subjective taste were associated with objective gustatory function. Given the substantial prevalence of taste dysfunction patients with CRS, there is significant potential for growth in understanding of pathogenesis, impact on quality of life, and potential treatment strategies of taste impairment in the CRS patient population.Level of Evidence1 Laryngoscope, 131:482–489, 2021
Nano–Micro Dimensional Structures of Fiber‐Shaped Luminous Halide Perovskite Composites for Photonic and Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Ercan Ender , Liu Cheng‐Liang , Chen Wen‐Chang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPerovskite nanomaterials have been revealed as highly luminescent structures regarding their dimensional confinement. In particular, their promising potential lies behind remarkable luminescent properties, including color tunability, high photoluminescence quantum yield, and the narrow emission band of halide perovskite (HP) nanostructures for optoelectronic and photonic applications such as lightning and displaying operations. However, HP nanomaterials possess such drawbacks, including oxygen, moisture, temperature, or UV lights, which limit their practical applications. Recently, HP‐containing polymer composite fibers have gained much attention owing to the spatial distribution and alignment of HPs with high mechanical strength and ambient stability in addition to their remarkable optical properties comparable to that of nanocrystals. In this review, the fabrication methods for preparing nano–microdimensional HP composite fiber structures are described. Various advantages of the luminescent composite nanofibers are also described, followed by their applications for photonic and optoelectronic devices including sensors, polarizers, waveguides, lasers, light‐down converters, light‐emitting diode operations, etc. Finally, future directions and remaining challenges of HP‐based nanofibers are presented.
On Demand Light‐Degradable Polymers Based on 9,10‐Dialkoxyanthracenes
Authors: Becker Fabian , Klaiber Marvin , Franzreb Matthias , Bräse Stefan , Lahann Joerg 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLight induced degradation of polymers has drawn increasing interest due to the need for externally controllable modulation of materials properties. However, the portfolio of polymers, that undergo precisely controllable degradation, is limited and typically requires UV light. A novel class of backbone‐degradable polymers that undergo aerobic degradation in the presence of visible light, yet remain stable against broad‐spectrum light under anaerobic conditions is reported. In this design, the polymer backbone is comprised of 9,10‐dialkoxyanthracene units that are selectively cleaved by singlet oxygen in the presence of green light as confirmed by NMR and UV/vis spectroscopy. The resulting polymers have been processed by electrohydrodynamic (EHD) co‐jetting into bicompartmental microfibers, where one hemisphere is selectively degraded on demand.
Optimizing Coded Aperture Imaging techniques to allow for online tracking of fiducial markers with high‐energy scattered radiation from treatment beam
Authors: Mahl Adam , Miller Brian , Miften Moyed , Jones Bernard L. 
Published: July 2020

PurposeReal‐time visualization of target motion using fiducial markers during radiation therapy treatment will allow for more accurate dose delivery. The purpose of this study was to optimize techniques for online fiducial marker tracking by detecting the scattered treatment beam through coded aperture imaging (CAI). Coded aperture imaging is a novel imaging technique that can allow target tracking in real time during treatment, and do so without adding any additional radiation dose, by making use of the scattered treatment beam radiation.MethodsRadiotherapy beams of various energies, incident on phantoms containing gold fiducial markers were modeled using MCNP6.2 Monte Carlo transport code. Orthogonal scatter radiographs were collected through a CAI geometry. After decoding the simulated radiograph data, the centroid location and FWHM/SNR of the fiducial signals were analyzed. The effects of properties related to the CA (rank, pattern, and physical dimensions), detector (dimensions and pixel count), position (CA and phantom), and the incident beam (spectrum and direction) were investigated. These variables were evaluated by quantifying the positional accuracy, resolution, and SNR of the fiducials' signal. The effects of phantom scatter and decoding artifacts were reduced via Fourier filtering to avoid treatment interruption and physical interaction with the coded mask.ResultsThe method was able to accurately localize the markers to within 1 pixel of a simulated radiograph. A 10 × 10 × 2 cm tungsten mask was chosen to attenuate >99 % of incident scatter through opaque elements, while minimizing collimation artifacts which arise from vignetting of the coded radiograph. Clear separation of centroids from fiducial signals with 2.5 mm separation was maintained, and initial optimization of parameters has produced an aperture which decodes the location of multiple fiducial markers inside a human phantom properly with a high SNR in the final radiograph image.ConclusionCurrent results show a proof of concept for a novel real‐time imaging method. Coded aperture imaging is a promising technique for extracting the fiducial scatter signal from a broader Compton‐scatter background. These results can be used to further optimize the CAI parameter space and guide fabrication and testing of a clinical device.
Je später, desto lieber: C(sp3)‐H‐Hydroxylierung
Authors: Thomas Franziska 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNaturstoffe und Pharmakophore so spät wie möglich zu funktionalisieren, hat den Reiz, gegen Ende der Synthese die ohnehin komplexen Strukturen im Syntheseweg einfach verändern zu können. So entstehen schnell und mit wenig Aufwand unterschiedlich wirkende Moleküle. Als gutes Werkzeug dafür haben sich Eisen‐ und Mangankatalysatoren mit sterisch anspruchsvollen Substituenten herausgestellt.
Die Entstehung des Lebedew‐Verfahrens
Authors: Requardt Axel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIm Jahr 1931 ging im russischen Jaroslawl die erste großtechnische Butadien‐Anlage weltweit in Betrieb. Sie arbeitete nach einem Verfahren, das Sergej Wasilewitsch Lebedew vier Jahre zuvor im Rahmen eines Wettbewerbs entwickelt hatte. Das war der Schlüssel zur Kautschukproduktion.
Digitalisierung: molekulares Design plattformisieren
Authors: Scarbath‐Evers Laura Katharina , Cappel Daniel , Weiser Jörg 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMit Hochdurchsatzsimulationen lassen sich Milliarden hypothetischer Moleküle in kurzer Zeit auf gewünschte Eigenschaften screenen. Um simulierte und experimentelle Daten zu verbinden, bieten sich Plattformen an, mit denen Forschungsabteilungen in Echtzeit zusammenarbeiten können.
Evaluation of a Deepwater Release Method for Hatchery-Reared Lake Sturgeon
Authors: Lacho Christine D. , McDougall Craig A. , Nelson Patrick A. , Legge Michael M. , Gillespie Mark A. , Michaluk Yhana , Klassen Cheryl N. , Macdonald Don 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Hatchery rearing and stocking of young Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens have become key management and species recovery tools in many jurisdictions, yet there has been relatively little investigation into the optimization of release methods. Based on the contemporary understanding of the species’ ecology in Boreal Shield rivers, it was hypothesized that poststocking survival and/or within-reach retention could be improved via release of hatchery-reared fish directly into the deepwater habitats that are preferred by juvenile and subadult life stages. Acoustic telemetry and mark–recapture methods were used to evaluate this hypothesis. In total, 390 PIT-tagged age-1 Lake Sturgeon (mean ± SD of length measured 1 week prior to stocking = 242 ± 29 mm FL) were released during spring 2015 from shore at the base of a set of falls on the Nelson River, Manitoba (mimicking the status quo stocking procedure for the reach), and 391 PIT-tagged individuals (240 ± 27 mm FL) were released approximately 4.2 river kilometers downstream of the shore release location into an approximately 750-m-long patch of deepwater habitat (maximum depth = 15 m) using the deepwater release method. Of the released fish, 30 (15 per stocking method) were implanted with acoustic transmitters. In total, 23% and 22% of the stocked fish were recaptured in gill-net surveys conducted during fall 2015 and 2016, respectively. Recapture proportions associated with the two release types were not significantly different. Acoustic telemetry revealed considerable variation among individuals and offered general insight into poststocking behavior but provided no direct support for the primary hypothesis. Despite the null results of the current study, optimization of release methods for Lake Sturgeon may warrant further investigation.
Variable Length at Age for Black Crappies and White Crappies in Missouri Small Impoundments
Authors: Michaletz Paul H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
I observed exceptionally variable TL at age for both Black Crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus and White Crappies P. annularis in several small impoundments in northern Missouri. I used linear mixed models to assess the relative influences of sex, juvenile growth (back-calculated lengths at age 1 [L1] and age 2 [L2]), and age in explaining variation in TL of age-3 and older crappies. I also examined the potential effects of TL, age, and sex on body condition (relative weight Wr) and TL, age, and Wr on reproductive investment (gonadosomatic index [GSI]) of females. Models with various combinations of explanatory variables were compared with Akaike’s information criterion. The most supported model explained over 60% of the variation in TL at age of age-3 and older fish and included age, L2, and sex for both species. For White Crappies, the L2-only model explained more variation in TL than the age-only model, but the opposite was true for Black Crappies. Logistic regression using TL and L2 as independent variables revealed that crappies of both species had less than a 50% probability of reaching 229 mm TL—a common minimum TL limit—by age 5 if L2 did not exceed 150 mm, indicating the importance of juvenile growth in determining adult size. The best model for Wr included TL, age, and sex for both species but explained less than 19% of the variation in this variable. Likewise, the best models for GSI explained less than 10% of the variation and included TL and Wr for Black Crappies and TL, Wr, and age for White Crappies. Because of the importance of juvenile growth in determining sizes of adult crappies, future studies should focus on processes that influence growth rates during the juvenile phase.
Use of a Restrictive Regulation to Manage Walleyes in a New Glacial Lake in South Dakota
Authors: Blackwell Brian G. , Smith Bradley J. , Kaufman Todd M. , Moos Tyrel S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Above-average precipitation in the 1990s resulted in many new fisheries across northeastern South Dakota and elsewhere in the Upper Midwest. Walleye Sander vitreus populations in these new fisheries can be extremely vulnerable to angler harvest. In an attempt to maintain a Walleye fishery in Reetz Lake, South Dakota, a new lake, a restrictive regulation of one Walleye ≥711 mm TL per day was implemented when the lake opened to public fishing (October 2001). To evaluate the regulation, we monitored the estimated number of Walleyes ≥508 mm, Walleye gill-net catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of stock-length fish (≥250 mm), size structure, condition, length at age at capture (ages 2–5), mortality, recruitment, and angler use during the period 2001–2019. The estimated number of Wall-eyes ≥508 mm, gill-net CPUE, and proportional size distribution of preferred-length fish (PSD-P; ≥510 mm) trended higher across years. Relative weight (Wr) for the quality–preferred (380–509 mm) and preferred–memorable (510–629 mm) length-groups and the length at age at capture for ages 4 and 5 trended lower. Walleyes &lt;510 mm were in better condition than larger fish throughout the study. Estimated total mortality was 62% in 2004 but substantially declined in subsequent years before ranging from 6% to 21% for 2010–2019. The coefficient of variation of age-3 gill-net CPUE by cohort was 93%, indicating variable recruitment. Decreasing trends in Wr and growth were not surprising, as Walleye CPUE increased through time. Lengths at age remained at or above statewide and national averages. The values for number of angler-hours and Walleye catch rates were high during the summer months when most anglers targeted Walleye. The regulation that restricted harvest at Reetz Lake to one Walleye ≥711 mm allowed an abundant Walleye population to establish and was successful at maintaining the fishery in terms of abundance, size structure, and angler use.
Acid‐Catalyzed Rearrangements of 3‐Aryloxirane‐2‐Carboxamides: Novel DFT Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Qu Zheng‐Wang , Zhu Hui , Katsyuba Sergey A. , Mamedova Vera L. , Mamedov Vakhid A. , Grimme Stefan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEfficient synthesis of 3‐arylquinolin‐2(1H)‐ones and N‐(2‐carboxyaryl)‐oxalamides from protic acid‐catalyzed rearrangements of 3‐aryloxirane‐2‐carboxamides was achieved recently but not well understood. In contrast to the classical Meinwald rearrangement, extensive DFT calculations reveal that the proximal aryl and amide groups have strong synergetic effects to control the amide‐aided and aryl‐directed oxirane‐opening and further rearrangement sequences. The ortho‐nitro substituent of the proximal aryl is directly involved in a nucleophilic oxirane ring‐opening, the amide C=O is an important proton shuttle for facile H‐shifts, while the N‐aryl may act as a potential ring‐closing site via Friedel‐Crafts alkylation. The mechanistic insights are useful for rational design of novel synthesis by changing the aryl and amide functional groups proximal to the oxirane ring.