bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting high‐frequency variation in stream solute concentrations with water quality sensors and machine learning
Authors: Green Mark B. , Pardo Linda H. , Bailey Scott W. , Campbell John L. , McDowell William H. , Bernhardt Emily S. , Rosi Emma J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStream solute monitoring has produced many insights into ecosystem and Earth system functions. Although new sensors have provided novel information about the fine‐scale temporal variation of some stream water solutes, we lack adequate sensor technology to gain the same insights for many other solutes. We used two machine learning algorithms – Support Vector Machine and Random Forest – to predict concentrations at 15‐min resolution for 10 solutes, of which eight lack specific sensors. The algorithms were trained with data from intensive stream sensing and manual stream sampling (weekly) for four full years in a hydrologic reference stream within the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, USA. The Random Forest algorithm was slightly better at predicting solute concentrations than the Support Vector Machine algorithm (Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiencies ranged from 0.35 to 0.78 for Random Forest compared to 0.29 to 0.79 for Support Vector Machine). Solute predictions were most sensitive to the removal of fluorescent dissolved organic matter, pH and specific conductance as independent variables for both algorithms, and least sensitive to dissolved oxygen and turbidity. The predicted concentrations of calcium and monomeric aluminium were used to estimate catchment solute yield, which changed most dramatically for aluminium because it concentrates with stream discharge. These results show great promise for using a combined approach of stream sensing and intensive stream discrete sampling to build information about the high‐frequency variation of solutes for which an appropriate sensor or proxy is not available.
Independence day: Political risk and cross‐sectional determinants of firm exposure after the Catalan crisis
Authors: Angosto‐Fernández Pedro L. , Ferrández‐Serrano Victoria 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article covers the relationship of one of the most uncertainty‐generating events in the recent history of Spain: the Catalan secessionist crisis, and the equity market. The research analyses the differences between Catalan companies and the rest of the country and it is focused on the determinants of the variability of returns after the illegal independence referendum. Determinants such as firm country risk concentration, measured as the level of internationalization or the growth opportunities, and others like size or financial constraints. An additional event study examines the impact of the flight of companies from the region. The general approach used in this article is the event study methodology. The experiment is divided in two parts (geographical and firm level). The market model is used to describe the returns, abnormal returns are obtained in one step using dummy variables and all equations are estimated together through a seemingly unrelated regressions framework. Then cross‐sectional regressions are employed to explain the abnormal returns' variance. Changes in sample, variables and volatility are also implemented. It demonstrates that larger and more internationalized firms were less exposed to this event, unlike those with higher growth opportunities and higher financial constraints. Lastly, the flight of companies served to mitigate the adverse effect. This research highlights investors' fear of drastic political changes and points out characteristics that make some securities a refuge in a unique case, as an attempt of unilateral independence.
Toxic compounds produced by cyanobacteria belonging to several species of the order Nostocales: A review
Authors: Nowruzi Bahareh , Porzani Samaneh Jafari 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCyanobacteria are well recognised as producers of a wide range of natural compounds that are in turn recognised as toxins that have potential and useful applications in the future as pharmaceutical agents. The order Nostocales, which is largely overlooked in this regard, has become increasingly recognised as a source of toxin producers including Anabaena, Nostoc, Hapalosiphon, Fischerella, Anabaenopsis, Aphanizomenon, Gloeotrichia, Cylindrospermopsis, Scytonema, Raphidiopsis, Cuspidothrix, Nodularia, Stigonema, Calothrix, Cylindrospermum and Desmonostoc species. The toxin compounds (i.e., microcystins, nodularin, anatoxins, ambiguines, fischerindoles and welwitindolinones) and metabolites are about to have a destructive effect on both inland and aquatic environment aspects. The present review gives an overview of the various toxins that are extracted by the order Nostocales. The current research suggests that these compounds that are produced by cyanobacterial species have promising future considerations as potentially harmful algae and as promising leads for drug discovery.
Higher Undercarboxylated to Total Osteocalcin Ratio Is Associated With Reduced Physical Function and Increased 15-Year Falls-Related Hospitalizations: The Perth Longitudinal Study of Aging Women
Authors: Smith Cassandra , Lewis Joshua R , Sim Marc , Lim Wai H , Lim Ee Mun , Blekkenhorst Lauren C , Brennan-Speranza Tara C , Adams Leon , Byrnes Elizabeth , Duque Gustavo , Levinger Itamar , Prince Richard L 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Evidence from animal models suggests that undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) is involved in muscle mass maintenance and strength. In humans, the ucOC to total (t)OC ratio may be related to muscle strength and perhaps physical function and falls risk, but data are limited. We tested the hypothesis that ucOC and ucOC/tOC ratio are associated with muscle function (muscle strength and physical function) in older women and 15-year falls-related hospitalizations. Serum tOC and ucOC were assessed in 1261 older women (mean age 75.2 ± 2.7 years) forming the Perth Longitudinal Study of Aging Women (1998 to 2013). Timed-up-and-go (TUG) and grip strength were assessed at baseline and at 5 years. Falls-related hospitalizations (14.5-year follow-up) were captured by the Hospital Morbidity Data Collection, via the Western Australian Data Linkage System. At baseline, women with higher ucOC/tOC ratio (quartile 4) had slower TUG performance compared with quartile 1 (~0.68 seconds, p &lt; .01). Grip strength and 5-year change of TUG and grip were not different (p &gt; .05) between quartiles. Fear of falling limiting house, outdoor, and combined activities was significantly different across quartiles (p &lt; .05). Higher ucOC/tOC was significantly associated with poorer TUG performance at baseline and 5-year change in performance, increased walking aid use, and fear of falling (all p &lt; .05). Higher ucOC was related to lower grip strength at baseline (p &lt; .05) but not 5-year change in strength. Those with the highest ucOC/tOC had greater falls-related hospitalizations (unadjusted log rank, p = .004) remaining significant after adjusting for key variables (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09–1.57, p = .004). We identified a large proportion of older women with high ucOC/tOC ratio who had reduced physical function, including its long-term decline and increased risk of falls-related hospitalizations. Early identification of women at higher risk can enable prevention and intervention strategies to occur, reducing risk for injurious falls. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)..
Bisecting GlcNAc modification diminishes the pro‐metastatic functions of small extracellular vesicles from breast cancer cells
Authors: Tan Zengqi , Cao Lin , Wu Yurong , Wang Bowen , Song Zhihui , Yang Juhong , Cheng Lanming , Yang Xiaomin , Zhou Xiaoman , Dai Zhijun , Li Xiang , Guan Feng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSmall extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are enriched in glycoconjugates and display specific glycosignatures. Aberrant expression of surface glycoconjugates is closely correlated with cancer progression and metastasis. The essential functions of glycoconjugates in sEVs are poorly understood. In this study, we observed significantly reduced levels of bisecting GlcNAc in breast cancer. Introduction of bisecting GlcNAc into breast cancer cells altered the bisecting GlcNAc status on sEVs, and sEVs with diverse bisecting GlcNAc showed differing functions on recipient cells. Carcinogenesis and metastasis of recipient cells were enhanced by sEVs with low bisecting GlcNAc, and the pro‐metastatic functions of sEVs was diminished by high bisecting GlcNAc modification. We further identified vesicular integrin β1 as a target protein bearing bisecting GlcNAc. Metastasis of recipient cells was strongly suppressed by high bisecting GlcNAc levels on vesicular β1. Our findings demonstrate the important roles of glycoconjugates on sEVs. Modification of sEV glycosylation may contribute to development of novel targets in breast cancer therapy.
Localized fluorescent imaging of multiple proteins on individual extracellular vesicles using rolling circle amplification for cancer diagnosis
Authors: Zhang Junli , Shi Jinjin , Zhang Hongling , Zhu Yifan , Liu Wei , Zhang Kaixiang , Zhang Zhenzhong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EV) have attracted increasing attention as tumour biomarkers due to their unique biological property. However, conventional methods for EV analysis are mainly based on bulk measurements, which masks the EV‐to‐EV heterogeneity in tumour diagnosis and classification. Herein, a localized fluorescent imaging method (termed Digital Profiling of Proteins on Individual EV, DPPIE) was developed for analysis of multiple proteins on individual EV. In this assay, an anti‐CD9 antibody engineered biochip was used to capture EV from clinical plasma sample. Then the captured EV was specifically recognized by multiple DNA aptamers (CD63/EpCAM/MUC1), followed by rolling circle amplification to generate localized fluorescent signals. By‐analyzing the heterogeneity of individual EV, we found that the high‐dimensional data collected from each individual EV would provide more precise information than bulk measurement (ELISA) and the percent of CD63/EpCAM/MUC1‐triple‐positive EV in breast cancer patients was significantly higher than that of healthy donors, and this method can achieve an overall accuracy of 91%. Moreover, using DPPIE, we are able to distinguish the EV between lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous carcinoma patients. This individual EV heterogeneity analysis strategy provides a new way for digging more information on EV to achieve multi‐cancer diagnosis and classification.
Extracellular vesicles derived from macrophages display glycyl‐tRNA synthetase 1 and exhibit anti‐cancer activity
Authors: Goughnour Peter C. , Park Min Chul , Kim Sang Bum , Jun Sangmi , Yang Won Suk , Chae Sehyun , Cho Seongmin , Song Chihong , Lee Ji‐Hyun , Hyun Jae Kyung , Kim Byung Gyu , Hwang Daehee , Jung Hyun Suk , Gho Yong Song , Kim Sunghoon 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGlycyl‐tRNA synthetase 1 (GARS1), a cytosolic enzyme secreted from macrophages, promotes apoptosis in cancer cells. However, the mechanism underlying GARS1 secretion has not been elucidated. Here, we report that GARS1 is secreted through unique extracellular vesicles (EVs) with a hydrodynamic diameter of 20–58 nm (mean diameter: 36.9 nm) and a buoyant density of 1.13–1.17 g/ml. GARS1 was anchored to the surface of these EVs through palmitoylated C390 residue. Proteomic analysis identified 164 proteins that were uniquely enriched in the GARS1‐containing EVs (GARS1‐EVs). Among the identified factors, insulin‐like growth factor II receptor, and vimentin also contributed to the anti‐cancer activity of GARS1‐EVs. This study identified the unique secretory vesicles containing GARS1 and various intracellular factors that are involved in the immunological defence response against tumorigenesis.
Exponential time differencing implementation of the stretched coordinate perfectly matched layer
Authors: Huang Shou Jiang , Wang P. X. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe exponential time differencing (ETD) formulation for the stretched coordinate perfectly matched layer (PML) is proposed through the Taylor expansion. This general D and B formulation can be used to truncate arbitrary media in the FDTD simulations. The numerical experiments validate the effectiveness of the ETD schemes. The computational efficiency of the ETD algorithm is identical to that of simple auxiliary differential equation method. The ETD is superior to any other implementation of the stretched coordinate and uniaxial PMLs. The optimum value of the effective relative permittivity for the inhomogeneous media can reduce the peak relative reflection error of the PML by about 15 dB relative to the average value. The performance of the PML is improved remarkably.
Sensorimotor dysfunction in a mild mouse model of cortical contusion injury without significant neuronal loss is associated with increases in inflammatory proteins with innate but not adaptive immune functions
Authors: Nieves Michael D. , Furmanski Orion , Doughty Martin L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTraumatic brain injury is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States. Acute trauma to the brain triggers chronic secondary injury mechanisms that contribute to long‐term neurological impairment. We have developed a single, unilateral contusion injury model of sensorimotor dysfunction in adult mice. By targeting a topographically defined neurological circuit with a mild impact, we are able to track sustained behavioral deficits in sensorimotor function in the absence of tissue cavitation or neuronal loss in the contused cortex of these mice. Stereological histopathology and multiplex enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay proteomic screening confirm contusion resulted in chronic gliosis and the robust expression of innate immune cytokines and monocyte attractant chemokines IL‐1β, IL‐5, IL‐6, TNFα, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL10, CCL2, and CCL3 in the contused cortex. In contrast, the expression of neuroinflammatory proteins with adaptive immune functions was not significantly modulated by injury. Our data support widespread activation of innate but not adaptive immune responses, confirming an association between sensorimotor dysfunction with innate immune activation in the absence of tissue or neuronal loss in our mice.
An Intelligent Reminder System Reduces Deficiencies and Errors in Ultrasound Reports
Authors: Zhang Yan‐Fen , Li Jian , Jin Lin‐Yuan , Li Fen‐Sui 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesWe designed a computer‐based, integrated intelligent reminder system to reduce the deficiencies and errors in ultrasound (US) reports. In this study, we assessed the performance of this system and evaluated its impact on the quality of US reporting.MethodsUltrasound reporting deficiencies or errors were divided into 2 categories: missing items (including outpatient or inpatient number and clinical diagnosis) and content errors (including measurement data, sex‐related, and laterality errors). The intelligent reminder system was designed in Visual Basic for Applications (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) and integrated with the US system. It automatically detects reporting errors before printing of the report and provides real‐time prompts for correction of the errors. We compared the US reporting deficiencies and errors during the 20 months before and after implementation of the system.ResultsBefore implementation of the system, deficiencies/errors were detected in 2.26% (8841 of 391,230) of US reports compared with 0.12% (530 of 444,215) of reports after implementation of the system (P < .0001). After adoption of the system, the reported item deficiencies were improved more than the content deficiencies, with the most notable improvement in clinical diagnosis. Sex‐related errors were reduced from 7 cases to nil after use of the intelligent reminder system. No laterality errors were found before and after the implementation of the system.ConclusionsThe intelligent reminder system within the US system significantly reduced deficiencies and errors, improving the quality of the report.
Automated plankton classification from holographic imagery with deep convolutional neural networks
Authors: Guo Buyu , Nyman Lisa , Nayak Aditya R. , Milmore David , McFarland Malcolm , Twardowski Michael S. , Sullivan James M. , Yu Jia , Hong Jiarong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn situ digital inline holography is a technique which can be used to acquire high‐resolution imagery of plankton and examine their spatial and temporal distributions within the water column in a nonintrusive manner. However, for effective expert identification of an organism from digital holographic imagery, it is necessary to apply a computationally expensive numerical reconstruction algorithm. This lengthy process inhibits real‐time monitoring of plankton distributions. Deep learning methods, such as convolutional neural networks, applied to interference patterns of different organisms from minimally processed holograms can eliminate the need for reconstruction and accomplish real‐time computation. In this article, we integrate deep learning methods with digital inline holography to create a rapid and accurate plankton classification network for 10 classes of organisms that are commonly seen in our data sets. We describe the procedure from preprocessing to classification. Our network achieves 93.8% accuracy when applied to a manually classified testing data set. Upon further application of a probability filter to eliminate false classification, the average precision and recall are 96.8% and 95.0%, respectively. Furthermore, the network was applied to 7500 in situ holograms collected at East Sound in Washington during a vertical profile to characterize depth distribution of the local diatoms. The results are in agreement with simultaneously recorded independent chlorophyll concentration depth profiles. This lightweight network exemplifies its capability for real‐time, high‐accuracy plankton classification and it has the potential to be deployed on imaging instruments for long‐term in situ plankton monitoring.
Status and Outlook of Metal–Inorganic Semiconductor–Metal Photodetectors
Authors: Shi Linlin , Chen Keqiang , Zhai Aiping , Li Guohui , Fan Mingming , Hao Yuying , Zhu Furong , Zhang Han , Cui Yanxia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMetal–inorganic semiconductor–metal photodetectors (MSM‐PDs) have received great attention in many areas, such as optical fiber communication, sensing, missile guidance, etc., due to their inherent merits of high speed, high sensitivity, and easy integration. This review focuses on MSM‐PDs with the semiconductor layer made of inorganic materials including traditional semiconductors (such as GaAs and Si), the third‐generation wide bandgap semiconductors (such as GaN, ZnO, and SiC), as well as several emerging semiconductors (such as perovskites and 2D materials). First, the basic structures of MSM‐PDs, including the planar and vertical configurations, are presented. Then, their working principles of MSM‐PDs are discussed. Subsequently, the research progresses on MSM‐PDs consisting of different photosensitive semiconductor materials are described in detail. Additionally, the efforts to optimize MSM‐PDs from the aspects of dark current, response speed, responsivity, spectral adjustment, etc., are also introduced. Finally, the review is concluded with the perspectives of MSM‐PDs from the authors’ vision.
Progress in the Free and Controlled Radical Homo‐ and Co‐Polymerization of Itaconic Acid Derivatives: Toward Functional Polymers with Controlled Molar Mass Distribution and Architecture
Authors: Sollka Lea , Lienkamp Karen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPolymeric derivatives of itaconic acid are becoming increasingly more interesting for research and industry because itaconic acid is accessible from renewable resources. In spite of the structural similarity of poly(itaconic acid derivatives) to poly(methacrylates), they are much less reactive, homopolymerize only sluggishly by free radical polymerization (FRP), and are often obtained with low molar masses and conversions. This has so far limited their use. The reasons for the low reactivity of itaconic acid derivatives (including itaconimides, diitaconates, and diitaconamides) are combined steric and electronic effects, as demonstrated by the body of literature on the FRP homopolymerization kinetics of these monomers which is summarized herein. These problems can be solved to a large extent by using controlled radical polymerization (CRP) techniques, notably atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition and fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization (RAFT). By optimizing the reaction conditions for the ATRP and RAFT of itaconic acid derivatives, in particular the reaction temperature, linear relations between molar mass and conversion are obtained in many cases, and homopolymers with high molar masses and reasonably narrow polydispersity indices become accessible. This review presents the state‐of‐the‐art FRP and CRP of itaconic acid derivatives, and highlights functional polymers obtained by these methods.
Facile Synthesis of Sequence‐Defined Oligo(Dimethylsiloxane‐co‐Diphenylsiloxane)s
Authors: Kawatsu Takahiro , Choi Jun‐Chul , Sato Kazuhiko , Matsumoto Kazuhiro 
Published: December 2020

Abstract1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7‐Octamethyltetrasiloxane (HMD2MH), which is reported to release Me2SiH2 via a B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed redistribution, acts as a good Me2SiH2 precursor in the B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed dehydrocarbonative condensation of alkoxysilanes. A series of oligo(dimethylsiloxane‐co‐diphenylsiloxane)s that are uniformly sized and sequence‐defined at the atomic level are synthesized by a one‐pot controlled iteration of a B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed dehydrocarbonative condensation of alkoxysilanes with HMD2MH or Ph2SiH2 and a B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of carbonyl compounds, followed by the subsequent B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed dehydrogenative condensation of silanols.
Luminescent and Robust Perovskite–Silicone Elastomers Prepared by Light Induced Thiol–Ene Reaction
Authors: Guo Mengdong , Huang Yue , Cao Jinfeng , Xu Yunfan , Lu Shilong , Feng Shengyu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe preparation of a series of luminescent perovskite–silicone elastomer (PSE) composites by embedding inorganic lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (CsPbBr3 NCs) into networks constructed by trimethylolpropane tris(2‐mercaptoacetate) and sulfone‐containing silicone copolymers with vinyl side groups (PSMVS) is reported herein. The networks are obtained by an environmentally friendly thiol–ene cross‐linking reaction under 30 W household LED light. The conducted analysis shows that the prepared PSEs display strong green fluorescence due to encapsulation of CsPbBr3 NCs, which constitute a luminescent center in sulfone‐containing silicone networks. Using PSMVS as basic polymers instead of commercial polysiloxanes endows PSEs with enhanced mechanical strength and excellent luminescent stability at high temperatures. The PSEs show robust tensile stress and >650% elongation. Additionally, the construction of colorful ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes (UV‐LEDs) by an in situ cross‐linking process is described.