bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Simple Membrane Immunobead Assay for Detecting Ciguatoxin and Related Polyethers from Human Ciguatera Intoxication and Natural Reef Fishes
Authors: Hokama Yoshitsugi , Takenaka Warren E , Nishimura Kristi L , Ebesu Joanne S M , Bourke Robert , Sullivan Patrick K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple membrane immunobead assay (MIA) for detecting ciguatoxin (CTX) and related polyethers directly from fish tissue is presented. A membrane laminated onto a solid plastic support is immersed with a piece of fish tissue in methanol. The membrane is thoroughly dried and placed into an immunobead suspension containing polystyrene particles coated with monoclonal antibody to CTX (MAb-CTX). Two beads of different diameter and color are used. The color intensity of the membrane is related to the concentration of the toxin bound to the membrane. Twelve of 13 fish implicated in human ciguatera fish poisoning showed borderline or positive responses in the assay. A Sphyraena barracuda sample that tested negative with the MIA and was highly toxic with the mouse toxicity bioassay showed only weak CTX-like toxin activity in the guinea pig atrial assay, indicating that the major toxin in the sample was not CTX-like. Examination of 154 routinely caught reef fish from Hawaii, Kosrae, and Kwajalein by MIA found 132 (86℅) negative and 8 (5℅) positive for CTX, with 14 (9℅) giving a borderline response. Fish from Hawaii showed a higher frequency of borderline or positive responses than those from Kosrae and Kwajalein, probably because several species of fish from several islands of Hawaii were tested, whereas only one species from a single area was examined from each of the islands of Kosrae and Kwajalein.
Data Processing and Software Requirement for Analytical Method Validation
Authors: Feinberg Max H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Method documentation and validation reports are necessary steps in developing quality assurance programs in laboratories. Consequently, large amounts of data must be stored, archived, and processed in a standardized way. This paper presents these new requirements and proposes a programming approach based on Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) automation technology. Major advantages of this technique include a very flexible and modular programming technique and the possible integration of classically well known software, such as spreadsheets, into the new application. Both advantages reduce development and personnel training costs. Several examples are presented to explain some computing aspects and implementation problems
Determination of Magnesium and Calcium in Foods by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry after Microwave Digestion: NMKL Collaborative Study
Authors: Julshamn Kaare , Maage Amund , Wallin Harriet C ,   Collaborators:, Lierhagen S , Nielsen J , Åsbø E , Engman J , Berg H , Johansson M-L , Liukkonen-Lilja H , Hirvonen A , Højgaard A , Meyland I , Niemi E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
On the basis of results of the performed collaborative study, the 49th Annual General Meeting of the Nordic Committee on Food Analysis (NMKL) in The Faroe Islands, August 1995, approved this method to be printed and included in NMKL's collection of methods of analysis of foods. Eleven laboratories participated in an interlaboratory methods-performance (collaborative) study of a method for determining magnesium and calcium in foodstuffs by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) after wet microwave digestion. The study was preceded by a practice round of familiarization samples. The method was tested on 7 materials: 5 foods (apple, milk powder, minced fish, wheat bran, and chocolate cake) and 2 composite diets ranging in Mg content from 240 to 3900 mg/kg and in Ca content from 290 to 9300 mg/kg. The materials were presented to study participants as blind duplicates, and participants were asked to perform single determinations on each sample. Repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) ranged from 1.9 to 4.9% for Mg and from 2.2 to 8.1 % for Ca. Reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 4.0 to 13% for Mg and from 5.9 to 23% for Ca. For Ca, lowest RSDR values were found for samples with high concentrations of Ca (&gt;3800 mg/kg sample) and with nitrate ion residues of &lt;1.3% (w/v).
Determination of Small Amounts of Niacin in Vinegar: Comparison of Liquid Chromatographic Method with Microbiological Methods
Authors: Hirayama Shuji 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An LC method using a new cleanup technique was compared with 2 microbiological methods for determining small amounts of niacin in vinegar. Coefficients of variation for grain vinegar and rice vinegar were 8.33 and 5.3%, respectively, with the LC method, 5.26 and 2.0% with the titrimetric method, and 5.55 and 7.11 % with the turbidimetric method. Among the 3 methods, titrimetry was the most precise. The turbidimetric method tended to yield greater positive error than the titrimetric method. On the other hand, the titrimetric method requires a longer incubation period (72 h) than the turbidimetric method. The LC method using the new cleanup procedure may be useful for routine analysis of small amounts of niacin in vinegars.
Solid-Phase Extraction and Spectrophotometric Determination of Iodate in Table Salt after Azo Dye Formation
Authors: Gosain Shefali , Pandey Madhurima , Verma Krishna K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new reaction for determining iodate in table salt is proposed. It is based on oxidation of phenylhy-drazine-4-sulfonic acid by iodate in acidic medium to the 4-diazobenzenesulfonic acid cation and its electrophilic coupling with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylene- diamine dihydrochloride to give an azo dye, which is measured spectrophotometrically at 545 nm. Maximum molar absorptivity was 8.41 ×104 L/mol cm. A rectilinear calibration graph was obtained for iodate in the range 0.25–5 mg/L. The azo dye could be preconcentrated at least 40-fold by solid-phase extraction on C18 sorbent. The limit of detection was 0.6 μg iodate/L. The method was used to determine iodate in laboratory-prepared and commercially available table salt samples. Up to 5 mg bromate/kg and 10 mg iron(lll)/kg in table salt did not interfere.
Colorimetric Determination of Silver in Synthetically Prepared Ores with Preliminary Separation from Associated Metal Ions by Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Mohammad Ali , Chahar Jay Pal Singh 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of metal ions on layers of microcrystalline cellulose, alumina G, and their binary mixtures was performed with aqueous solutions of ammonia (NH3), acetic acid (HOAc), sodium acetate (NaOAc), ammonium acetate (NH4OAc), and sodium nitrate (NaNO3) as mobile phases. Ag+ was separated from other metal ions by using a mixed layer with 1.0M aqueous NH3 as mobile phase. Some important binary, ternary, and quaternary separations were achieved. The effect of acid-base equilibria on the retention behavior of Ag+ was examined. After TLC separation, Ag+ was determined quantitatively by spectrophotometry using dithizone solution (in acetone) as chromogenic reagent. The TLC–colorimetric method was applied to recovery of Ag+ from horn silver (AgCI) and argentite (Ag2S).
Performance of Sampling Plans To Determine Aflatoxin in Farmers’ Stock Peanut Lots by Measuring Aflatoxin in High-Risk-Grade Components
Authors: Whitaker Thomas B , Hagler Winston M , Giesbrecht Francis G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Five 2 kg test samples were taken from each of 120 farmers’ stock peanut lots contaminated with aflatoxin. Kernels from each 2 kg sample were divided into the following U.S. Department of Agriculture grade components: sound mature kernels plus sound splits (SMKSS), other kernels (OK), loose shelled kernels (LSK), and damaged kernels (DAM). The kernel mass (g), aflatoxin mass (ng), and afla- toxin concentration (ng of aflatoxin/g of peanuts) were measured for each of the 2400 component samples. The variabilities associated with measuring aflatoxin mass (ng) in OK + LSK + DAM, or A(OLD)ng, and in LSK + DAM, or A(LD)ng, and afla-toxin concentration (ng/g) in OK + LSK + DAM, or A(OLD)ng/g, and in LSK + DAM, or A(LD)ng/g, were determined. The variance associated with measuring aflatoxin in each of the 4 combinations of components increased with aflatoxin, and functional relationships were developed from regression analysis. The variability associated with estimating the lot concentration from each of the 4 combinations of components was also determined. The coefficients of variation (CV) associated with estimating the aflatoxin for a lot with aflatoxin at 100 ng/g were 90,86,94, and 96% for aflatoxin masses A(OLD)ng and A(LD)ng and aflatoxin concentrations A(OLD)ng/g and A(LD)ng/g, respectively. The performance of aflatoxin sampling plans using the combination of aflatoxin masses in OK + LD + DAM and LD + DAM components was evaluated with a 2 kg test sample and a 50 ng/g accept/reject limit.
Value Assignment of Retinol, Retinyl Palmitate, Tocopherol, and Carotenoid Concentrations in Standard Reference Material 2383 (Baby Food Composite)
Authors: Sharpless Katherine E , Arce-Osuna Mariana , Thomas Jeanice Brown , Gill Lisa M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In 1997, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) released Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2383 Baby Food Composite. This SRM can be used as a control material when assigning values to in-house control materials and when validating analytical methods for the measurement of proximates, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements in baby foods and similar matrixes. The Certificate of Analysis for SRM 2383 provides certified and reference values for concentrations of lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, αcarotene, β-carotene, δ-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, α-tocopherol, retinol, and retinyl palmitate for 2 types of sample preparation—extraction and saponification. The assigned values were based on the agreement of measurements made by NIST and collaborating laboratories. The Certificate of Analysis also provides reference and information values for concentrations of proximates, minerals, and additional vitamins; assignment of these values is discussed in a companion paper (this issue, page 276).
Relevance of Matrix Effect in Determination of Biogenic Amines in Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and Whiting (Merlangus merlangus)
Authors: Duflos Guillaume , Dervin Catherine , Malle Pierre , Bouquelet Stephane 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Spoilage can be evaluated by separating and determining biogenic amines by various techniques, notably high-performance liquid chromatography. Previous studies have not taken into account how the muscle tissue matrix affects the assay. We demonstrate a matrix effect in plaice and whiting and show that it changes during spoilage. This effect should be taken into account when plotting regression lines relating the quantity of amine to the biogenic amine/internal standard ratio.
Determination of Lipids in Infant Formula Powder by Direct Extraction Methylation of Lipids and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Analysis by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Cantellops Dennis , Reid Anne P , Eitenmiller Ronald R , Long Austin R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) of pure triglyceride standards, oils, and fat from dry matrixes were formed by transesterification using sodium methoxide in methanol–hexane. FAMEs were produced by direct addition of sodium methoxide¯hexane to samples and heating to simultaneously extract and transesterify acyl lipids. FAMEs were quantitated by capillary gas chromatography (GC) over a fatty acid concentration range of 0 to 1.7 mg/mL (r ≥ 0.9997). Total fat was calculated as the sum of individual fatty acids expressed as triglyceride equivalents, in accordance with nutrition labeling guidelines. Saturated, polyunsaturated, and monounsaturated fats were calculated as sums of individual free fatty acids. Absolute recoveries determined from individual fatty acids in test samples ranged from 69.7 to 106%. Recoveries (relative to the C13:0 internal standard) for individual fatty acids in test samples ranged from 95 to 106%. Reproducibility was constant at each fatty acid level in the reaction mixture (n = 5, coefficient of variation [CV] &lt;2%). Absolute recovery determined from the sum of total fatty acids in standard reference material (SRM) 1846 (powdered infant formula) was 96.4%. Analysis of SRM 1846 gave results that agreed closely with the certified fat and fatty acid values. Analysis of commercial infant formula gave results that were comparable to those obtained with AOAC Method 996.01. The direct extraction methylation procedure is rapid, and the transesterification of acyl lipids to form FAMEs is complete within 15 min. Classical saponification and refluxing are not required. This method provides FAMEs free of interferences and easily quantitated by GC or confirmed by GC/mass spectrometry (MS). Unambiguous MS identification of individual FAMEs derived from pure standards, SRM 1846, and powdered infant formula product was obtained.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Sulfentrazone in Soil
Authors: Ohmes G Anthony , C Mueller Thomas 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid method for the determination of sulfentrazone in soils is described. The method consists of extraction of soil samples with methanol, filtration, liquid chromatographic separation of methanol-soluble components through a C18 column, and ultraviolet detection at 220 nm. Recoveries from fortified surface soils were &gt;85% for sulfentrazone. Average relative standard deviations over the soils examined was 7.7%. A conservative lower limit of quantitation for sulfentrazone was 40 ng/g soil.
Determination of Inorganic Arsenic in Marine Food Samples by Hydrochloric Acid Distillation and Flow-Injection Hydride-Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Øygard Joar Karsten , Lundebye Anne-Katrine , Julshamn Kåre 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple, rapid, and reliable method was developed for determination of inorganic As in biological samples such as fish fillet. Inorganic AS was distilled from the sample as AsCl3 with HCI. The separated inorganic AS was determined by flow-injection hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrometry after prereduction with Kl and HCI. The influences of various concentrations of Kl, ascorbic acid, and HCI in the prereduction stage; NaBH4 as the reductant; and HCI as the carrier solution on analytical results were studied. Digestion was performed in a Kjeldahl digestion system for 75 min with 4 mL nitric acid and 1 mL sulfuric acid at 380°C. The concentrations of inorganic As in samples were less than 0.1 mg/kg dry weight for fish fillet and somewhat higher for crustaceans and bivalve molluscs. The total and inorganic As contents of various marine biological samples and certified reference materials were determined.
Analysis of Fumigant Residues—A Critical Review
Authors: Desmarchelier James M , Ren Yong-Lin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This review concentrates on the main fumigants currently applied to commodities: phosphine (PH3) and methyl bromide (CH3Br). It discusses possible new fumigants, such as carbonyl sulfide (COS) and ethyl formate (EtF), that may be able to be applied in such a way that “residues” after fumigation do not exceed the range of natural levels. The review aims to raise some general issues and to suggest some general conclusions from a synthesis of studies on analytical chemistry and on fumigant behavior.
Use of Biogenic Amines to Evaluate Spoilage in Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and Whiting (Merlangus merlang)
Authors: Duflos Guillaume , Dervin Catherine , Malle Pierre , Bouquelet Stephane 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Fish muscle decarboxylases generate biogenic amines during spoilage. We monitored spoilage in plaice and whiting by assaying biogenic amines represented by the amine index (Al), and by using expert assessors to determine a freshness index (Fl) for each fish. First we characterized the assessor- and fish species-related effects on Fl, and then we sought to correlate changes in Al and Fl by statistical data analysis. We propose rejection limits on the basis of our findings.
Rapid Immunoaffinity-Based Method for Determination of Zearalenone in Corn by Fluorometry and Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Kruger Scott C , Kohn Barb , Ramsey Catherine S , Prioli Reginaldo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An immunoaffinity-based method was developed to determine zearalenone in corn. Corn samples were extracted in acetonitrile-water (90 + 10, v/v), applied to an immunoaffinity column, and eluted with methanol. The isolated toxin was quantitated either by reaction with aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl33.6H2O) prior to measurement with a fluorometer or injection into a liquid chromatographic (LC) system with a fluorescence detector. Performance was evaluated in terms of antibody specificity, limit of detection, percentage recovery, precision, column capacity, assay linearity, and comparison with AOAC Official Method 985.18. With the immunoaffinity column cleanup procedure, only zearalenone and its metabolites were recognized by the antibody (≥75% recovery). Limits of detection were 0.10 μg/g for the fluorometer and 0.10 or 0.0025 μg/g (sensitive method) for the LC method. Percentage recovery averaged 105% (fluorometer) and 93% (LC method), with average relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 15.7 and 9 .3%. Naturally contaminated samples gave comparable RSDs of 8.3 and 9.9% for the fluorometer and LC methods, respectively. Column capacity was 4.0 μg with 89% recovery. Assay linearity was comparable for both methods (r2 = 0.998). Optimum assay ranges were 0.10-5.0 μg/g for the fluorometer and 0.10-50 or 0.0025-5.0 μg/g (sensitive method) for the LC method. Comparative analysis of 17 naturally contaminated corn samples using ZearalaTest LC and the official AOAC LC method for detection of zearalenone showed that ZearalaTest is statistically comparable to the AOAC Official Method 985.18 (r2 = 0.747).
Evaluation of the Novel Soxflo Technique for Rapid Extraction of Crude Fat in Foods and Animal Feeds
Authors: Brown Ron H , Mueller-harvey Irene 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The new Soxflo instrument was evaluated for the determination of crude fat in foods and animal feeds. Samples are packed into small columns and extracted with petroleum ether at room temperature. The Soxflo yielded accurate data from foods, ranging from 0.4 to 73.2% crude fat, compared with Soxhlet extractions and Certified Reference Materials, for which recoveries averaged 99.7 and 100.7%, respectively. Relative standard deviations (1.81 %) were approximately half those of Soxhlet extractions (3.68%). Regression analysis of the data suggested that there was no proportional bias. A small but acceptable constant bias was measured. Soxflo extractions are easy to perform and take approximately 1 h to complete. The main difference between the Soxflo and Soxhlet techniques lies in the extraction procedure. Estimated savings during extractions are in time (85% reduction), energy (95%), cooling water (100%), and solvents (50%). Soxflo extractions are, therefore, more environmentally friendly than Soxhlet extractions.
Beware of Bar Charts for Plotting Calibration Curves for Analytical Method Development
Authors: Shayanfar Ali 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Some researchers, in their published articles in authentic scientific journals, plot calibration curves using bar charts instead of scatter plots using common software such as Excel. Bar charts can significantly affect the apparent linear range and sensitivity of the developed method, and using bar charts as calibration curves gives the wrong results. Therefore, this issue should be considered by researchers in developing analytical methods.
Long-term health-related quality of life in pediatric brain tumor survivors receiving proton radiotherapy at &lt;4 years of age
Authors: Eaton Bree R , Goldberg Saveli , Tarbell Nancy J , Lawell Miranda P , Gallotto Sara L , Weyman Elizabeth A , Kuhlthau Karen A , Ebb David H , MacDonald Shannon M , Yock Torunn I 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this analysis is to report long-term health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among brain tumor survivors treated with proton therapy (PRT) at a very young age.

Methods
Fifty-nine children &lt;4 years old received PRT between 2000 and 2011. Forty families participated. HRQoL was assessed by child self-report (CSR; age ≥5) and parent proxy report (PPR; age 2+) using the PedsQL Core.

Results
The median age was 2.5 years (range, 0.3–3.8) at PRT and 9.1 years (5.5–18) at last follow-up. The most common diagnoses were ependymoma (n = 22) and medulloblastoma (n = 7). Median follow-up is 6.7 years (3–15.4). Follow-up mean CSR and PPR scores were: total core (78.4 and 72.9), physical (82.9 and 75.2), psychosocial (76.0 and 71.6), emotional (74.4 and 70.7), social (81.2 and 75.1), and school (72.4 and 69.9). Parent-reported HRQoL fell within a previously defined range for healthy children in 37.5% of patients, and for children with severe health conditions in 45% of patients. PPR HRQoL was stable from baseline to last follow-up among all domains except for social functioning. History of gastrostomy tube was significantly associated with poorer CSR and PPR HRQoL on multivariable analysis. Ninety percent of children functioned in a regular classroom, 14 (36%) used a classroom aid, 9 (23%) used an outside tutor, and 18 (46%) had an individualized education plan.

Conclusion
Long-term HRQoL among brain tumor survivors treated with PRT at a very young age is variable, with over a third achieving HRQoL levels commensurate with healthy children.

Key Points
1. One third of survivors reported long-term HRQoL scores comparable to those of healthy children.
2. Treatment for hydrocephalus or a feeding tube was associated with significantly lower HRQoL.
3. Total core HRQoL scores remained stable from baseline to last follow-up.
Predicting Long-Term Outcomes After Poor-Grade Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Using Decision Tree Modeling
Authors: Liu Jinjin , Xiong Ye , Zhong Ming , Yang Yunjun , Guo Xianzhong , Tan Xianxi , Zhao Bing 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Despite advances in the treatment of poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), predicting the long-term outcome of aSAH remains challenging, although essential.

OBJECTIVE
To predict long-term outcomes after poor-grade aSAH using decision tree modeling.

METHODS
This was a retrospective analysis of a prospective multicenter observational registry of patients with poor-grade aSAH with a World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) grade IV or V. Outcome was assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 12 mo, and an unfavorable outcome was defined as an mRS of 4 or 5 or death. Long-term prognostic models were developed using multivariate logistic regression and decision tree algorithms. An additional independent testing dataset was collected for external validation. Overall accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) were used to assess model performance.

RESULTS
Of the 266 patients, 139 (52.3%) had an unfavorable outcome. Older age, absence of pupillary reactivity, lower Glasgow coma score (GCS), and higher modified Fisher grade were independent predictors of unfavorable outcome. Modified Fisher grade, pupillary reactivity, GCS, and age were used in the decision tree model, which achieved an overall accuracy of 0.833, sensitivity of 0.821, specificity of 0.846, and AUC of 0.88 in the internal test. There was similar predictive performance between the logistic regression and decision tree models. Both models achieved a high overall accuracy of 0.895 in the external test.

CONCLUSION
Decision tree model is a simple tool for predicting long-term outcomes after poor-grade aSAH and may be considered for treatment decision-making.