bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consanguinity rates among Syrian refugees in Lebanon: a study on genetic awareness
Authors: El Sabeh Malak , Kassir Mohamed Faisal , Ghanem Paola , Saifi Omran , El Hadi Dalia , Khalifeh Yara , Akkawi Abdul Rahman , Ghabach Marc , Chaaya Monique , Nemer Georges , Abbas Ossama , Kurban Mazen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractConsanguineous marriage is a deeply rooted tradition in the Arab world. Such marriages are linked to higher rates of recessive genetic diseases. During the Syrian conflict, which started in 2011, around one million Syrian individuals became refugees in Lebanon. This study assessed the consanguinity rates among Syrian refugees living in Lebanon up to three successive consanguineous generations, and examined refugees’ awareness of the possible consequences of consanguineous marriage and their attitudes towards consanguinity. Their knowledge of, and access to, premarital screening was also assessed. The study was conducted between January and May 2018. Several study sites representing refugees’ distribution within the country were chosen. The study sample included 1008 interviewees from different families. Of those interviewed, 51.9% were in a consanguineous marriage. Interestingly, 23.9% were the product of consanguineous marriages themselves, and 17.9% were consanguineous for three successive generations. The interviewees generally knew about premarital screening, but the majority (61.9%) had not had the screening. The high rates of consanguinity in these Syrian refugees call for immediate action, including raising genetic awareness and providing appropriate genetic counselling. Despite the respondents’ familiarity with premarital screening, there was a low rate of uptake of the test, underscoring the importance of providing better education to these refugees.
Unnatural death in India
Authors: Panda Basant Kumar , Mishra Udaya S. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRising adult mortality is an essential feature of the mortality transition. Vulnerability to disease and infection decreases with age, and adult mortality is more likely to be from unnatural causes such as suicide, homicide and road traffic accidents. This study aimed to assess the patterns of unnatural deaths in India as a whole and for various population subgroups. Data were obtained from the fourth wave of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) conducted in 2015–16 in 29 states and 7 union territories of India. The survey collected information on deaths in households occurring in the 3 years before the survey. Rate of unnatural mortality and years of life lost were calculated separately for males and females as well as for urban and rural populations. Unnatural mortality in India was found to make up 10.3% of total deaths, and was greater among the population aged 10 to 45 years. The unnatural mortality rate in India was 0.67 per 1000 population: 0.84 per 1000 among the male population and 0.49 per 1000 among the female population. A strict positive association was found between the unnatural mortality rate and a state’s development level. In addition, a substantial loss of person-years of life due to unnatural mortality was observed. The results serve as a reminder of the need to adopt measures to reduce this avoidable loss of life in India. Prevention strategies should be targeted at the most vulnerable populations to limit young-age fatality, with its resulting loss of productive years of life.
Effect of carbonation and probiotic addition on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of whey dairy beverage
Authors: Alves Carla Salete Jadão , Floriano Simone Andreoti Mendes , Voltarelli Verônica Parassen , de Rensis Christiane Maciel Vasconcellos Barros , Pimentel Tatiana Colombo , Costa Giselle Nobre , Vianna Priscila Cristina Bizam 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis research communication addresses the impact of the addition of Lactobacillus casei and/or carbonation (CO2) on the chemical composition, physicochemical characteristics, probiotic survival, and sensory acceptance of passion-fruit flavored whey dairy beverages (70% milk/30% whey) during storage (30 d/4°C). The addition of Lactobacillus casei and/or carbonation did not impact on the chemical composition, pH values, and acceptance (flavor and overall impression) of the products, but increased the acidity, and decreased the aroma acceptance. The carbonation process did not affect the probiotic survival but decreased the acidity of the products during storage. It can be concluded that it is possible to develop a probiotic passion-fruit flavored carbonated whey dairy beverage with suitable chemical composition, acidity, sensory acceptance (>6 in 9-point hedonic scale) and probiotic viability (>7 log cfu/ml) that could be refrigerated stored for 30 d. This is the first report considering a probiotic non-fermented carbonated whey dairy beverage.
COVID-19 psychological impact in 3109 healthcare workers in Spain: The PSIMCOV group
Authors: Romero Carolina S. , Delgado Carlos , Catalá Juan , Ferrer Carolina , Errando Carlos , Iftimi Adina , Benito Ana , de Andrés Jose , Otero Maria ,   The PSIMCOV group*
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has a great impact worldwide. Healthcare workers play an essential role and are one of the most exposed groups. Information about the psychosocial impact on healthcare workers is limited.Methods3109 healthcare workers completed a national, internet-based, cross-sectional 45-item survey between 9 and 19 April 2020. The objective is to assess the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spanish healthcare workers. A Psychological Stress and Adaptation at work Score (PSAS) was defined combining four modified versions of validated psychological assessment tests (A) Healthcare Stressful Test, (B) Coping Strategies Inventory, (C) Font-Roja Questionnaire and (D) Trait Meta-Mood Scale.ResultsThe highest psychosocial impact was perceived in Respiratory Medicine, the mean (S.D.) PSAS was 48.3 (13.6) and Geriatrics 47.6 (16.4). Higher distress levels were found in the geographical areas with the highest incidence of COVID-19 (>245.5 cases per 100 000 people), PSAS 46.8 (15.2); p < 0.001. The least stress respondents were asymptomatic workers PSAS, 41.3 (15.4); p < 0.001, as well as those above 60 years old, PSAS, 37.6 (16); p < 0.001. Workers who needed psychological therapy and did not receive it, were more stressed PSAS 52.5 (13.6) than those who did not need it PSAS 39.7 (13.9); p < 0.001.ConclusionsThe psychological impact in healthcare workers in Spain during COVID-19 emergency has been studied. The stress perceived is parallel to the number of cases per 100 000 people. Psychotherapy could have a major role to mitigate the experimented stress level.
Some Thoughts on the Socratic Method
Authors: Fishman Ethan M. 
Published: May 2020

The Socratic method was the major pedagogic tool at the first great Western university, Plato's Academy, and continues to be respected, at least in theory, by teachers at our institutions of higher learning. Yet today many of Plato's heirs in the university community seem to hold several perhaps innocent but nonetheless serious misconceptions concerning the Socratic technique. As a political scientist interested in the history of political philosophy, I have developed some thoughts on this subject in response to repeated inquiries by colleagues and students alike.One popular inaccuracy describes the Socratic method as an openended question and answer process. Actually, the Socratic approach has a singular purpose, namely the search for truth, and it is this explicit goal rather than an informal procedure of give and take which distinguishes the Socratic method from other teaching techniques.
Feminist Theory—Reconstructing Research and Teaching About American Politics and Government
Authors: Fowlkes Diane L. 
Published: May 2020

Every social institution is affected by the way in which its internal processes are publicized. For example, the survival of the family as a social institution depends to a great extent on its privacy. It is almost impossible to imagine what forces in society might be released if all conflict in the private domain were thrown open for public exploitation.When E. E. Schattschneider wrote the above passage in 1960, (inThe Semisovereign People,p. 17), he could not know that the women's movement was about to resurface not only in the United States but around the world, and that one of its aims would be exactly to expose the “conflict in the private domain” of the family. The ideology of “the family,” the power relations in families—these and other “family“-related or other “personal” matters would be questioned in the 1960s, 1970s, and beyond.
Simulating the Politburo
Authors: Petro Nicolai N. 
Published: May 2020

For the spring semester of 1986 I designed a seminar on the problems of contemporary Soviet society that would give students a different perspective on the dynamics of decision- making in the USSR. The class, which met once a week for fifteen weeks, culminated in a series of Politburo meetings during which students acted as key Politburo members and considered proposals for reform submitted to them by specialists from various branches of the soviet government.The idea for such an exercise came to me after reading Douglas W. Simon's recent article in News for Teachers of Political Science about a National Security Council simulation he conducted at Drew University. I felt the most crucial difficulty with a Politburo simulation as opposed to the NSC simulation would be the paucity of reliable and detailed information on sessions of the Politburo.
Electronic News and Public Affairs
Authors: Cherry Dianne L. 
Published: May 2020

This annotated syllabus provides suggestions for college professors who are interested in developing a one-semester course that examines the influence of the news and other public affairs programming provided by the Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network (C-SPAN) on the formation of the public's opinions about salient issues of national interest.An earlier version of this syllabus was used for advanced undergraduates and graduate students (with an additional reading list and bi-weekly seminar meetings) in a department of communication as a component of their academic preparation in theories of media criticism, performance and “effects,” including social responsibility in the news media, media construction of social reality and agenda-setting by the press. This course met twice weekly for one and one-quarter hours.
Policy Analysis: An Examination of Recent Textbooks
Authors: Fox Douglas M. 
Published: May 2020

Policy analysis is one of the most frequently used buzz terms in public administration and political science. A recent spate of textbooks indicates that a substantial segment of the MPA curriculum is devoted to the study of policy analysis. In this essay, we will examine the concept and practice of policy analysis as defined by its various proponents.How do the authors whose work we scrutinize define the term? For Duncan MacRae and James Wilde, “policy analysis is the use of reason and evidence to choose the best policy among a number of alternatives.” This definition closely resembles that of Edith Stokey and Richard Zeckhauser, who are concerned with “The advantages and disadvantages of each course of action.”
The European Community: Basic Resources
Authors: Goelhert Robert , Shaaban Marian 
Published: May 2020

With the first direct election to the European Parliament in the fall of 1979, there has been a renewed interest in the study of the European Community. While very few American universities offer courses on the European Community, more college and universities are including some coverage of the Community through course offerings on European politics or the study of international organizations.There are several reasons why the European Community is today receiving more attention by scholars and researchers. With the addition of three states in 1973, the nine member organization has become a significant economic force in the world. And because of the Community's economic importance, its decisions also have social and political implications.
Learning How to Do Research: An Exercise and Syllabus
Authors: Schooler Dean 
Published: May 2020

“You learn how to do research by doing research.” “You learn about research by studying others’ research.” “You learn research by studying the elements and requirements of research.” We have taught students, both undergraduate and graduate, about the research process with those three traditional approaches and sets of basic assumptions. However, the idea of a Research Process Vision provides a fourth alternative blending elements of the three basic approaches.The Research Process Vision is an exercise for students in studying and experiencing the political science research process. Basically, the project/ exercise serves as a vehicle for students to sense the varied elements and issues in research and research design through a hypothetical “envisioning” process. Specifically, they develop a paper or document which sketches out and discusses a potential research project, envisions what might exist or be done, and what might occur.
Simulation : The National Security Council
Authors: Simon Douglas W. 
Published: May 2020

In the spring of 1981 I designed and taught what I considered, at the time, a "high risk" seminar for seventeen junior and senior political science majors. There were to be no textbooks, no lectures, no examinations and no term papers, those hallmarks of the traditional college course. Nevertheless, when the thirteen week course was over, the students were exhausted and claimed that they had never worked so hard in their college careers.The adventure that my students (and I) undertook was a semester long simulation of the United States National Security Council (NSC), dealing with actual global events as they happened. As Washington dealt with a problem, we dealt with the same problem. The simulation was initially offered during the deteriorating situation in Iran and instability in the Gulf region.
An Assessment of Simulations on an : International Organization
Authors: Diehl Paul F. , Montgomery Michael J. 
Published: May 2020

Simulation is an increasingly popular pedagogical device; much of the recent literature on the theory and practice of political science instruction attests to this. Probably the most popular simulation device is called model United Nations. In recent articles in Teaching Political Science and NEWS for Teachers of Political Science, William Hazelton and James Jacob have described Model United Nations in glowing terms, focusing on one particular conference and completely ignoring the rest of the 200 or more conferences held annually across the United States.Like Jacob and Hazelton, we recognize the great potential value of United Nations simulations in trying to illuminate the often confusing politics of international organizations. As former participants and directors of these programs, however, we are keenly aware of the shortcomings and difficulties associated with the existing structure of model U.N. programs.
The Write Stuff
Authors: Cronin Thomas E. 
Published: May 2020

In recent years I've supervised countless undergraduate research papers and numerous senior theses. Not surprisingly, I repeat myself about basic research and writing hints, suggestions, and outright warnings. This handout, “Write Tigers Write!” prepared for the “tigers” at Princeton and The Colorado College (the mascot is the same), attempts to help the novice researcher and is, as well, an act of self-protection.What follows are suggestions and cautions for students writing a research paper. My suggestions are merely that. They are personal, general and speak more about writing than about research.Make no mistake about it. Research and writing are demanding work even for the professional. You won't hear professional scholars or writers boast about the easiness of their craft. No matter how much they love it, and they often love it more than anything else, they find it demanding, exacting, lonely and often painful—if they really work at it.
Ethics in World Politics: An Int'l Relations Course
Authors: Weisband Edward 
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Why Ethics and Theory.Blaise Pascal once exhorted, “Let us endeavor, then, to think well, this is the principle of morality” — sound advice, indeed, especially in an era such as ours in which both the substance and the character of morality appear “up for grabs.“That a moral or ethical perspective can facilitate classroom instruction, particularly with regards to the development of clear, competent, cogent, even, compelling reasoning, has not gone unnoticed by both readers and contributors to the NEWS. On the contrary, several recent issues have linked moral perspectives to the teaching of various subjects, eg., Guenter Lewy, “Teaching War and Morality,” (Winter, 1982, No. 32) and William P. Brandon and William T. Bluhm, “Teaching Ethics in a Not- So-Ivory Tower of Babel: Using Health Politics as a Text,” (Fall, 1984, No. 43).
Educating Policy Analysts
Authors: Schacter Hindy Lauer 
Published: May 2020

This article explores the role of political science in educating people who perform policy analysis in public bureaucracies. Policy analysts are defined as applied scientists who study the nature, causes and effects for alternative public policies, using relevant academic disciplines, theories and methodologies to choose optimal policies to achieve a given aim. Typically, analysts evaluate enacted policies but occasionally they compare hypothetical alternatives.The education of policy analysts is similar to the education of engineers. Both draw on several basic sciences for information to solve real-world problems. However, greater consensus exists on which sciences are important for engineers. Their key science is physics although engineering education also uses insights from chemistry, geology and biology.
"Oh, No. Women?" Student Research Projects
Authors: Tolleson Rinehart Sue ,   members of the class in “Policies and Functions of American Government”, Catalano M. , Gonzalez S. , White A. , King R. , Clemmons J. , Coats D. , Greene R. , Johnson W. , Keasler J. , Pope A. , Wylie R. , Murray D. , Chajkowski M. , Ostberg S. 
Published: May 2020

This article serves two purposes. It is an account of field testing two instructional units in the APSA text series “Citizenship and Change: Women and American Politics” and it is a report of original research findings produced by students who used the units. In the course of reading about the changing place of American women in the political System and then researching questions raised by their reading, students surprised themselves. They learned to evaluate their own attitudes and the socialization processes leading to them, while they found that they could tackle practical research problems successfully.GINT 202, Policies and Functions of American Government, is a course which I have treated as an “introductory seminar” on important policy questions and the political system's response to them.
The Constitution and Foreign Affairs
Authors: Destler I.M. 
Published: May 2020

J.W. Fulbright once called it "American Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century Under an Eighteenth Century Constitution." In no other policy sphere has our governing charter generated as much anxiety about its suitability to the modern world. Can a system with divided authority, with two major foreign policy decisionmaking institutions, meet the need for united national action on life-or-death matters like, for example, the control and deployment of nuclear arms?There are those who would deny the problem through simple assertion of presidential predominance. Citing authorities from John Marshall (as federalist Congressman) through Woodrow Wilson (as Constitutional scholar) to Edwin Meese (as presidential counselor), executive branch practitioners and even scholars assert repeatedly that, on foreign policy, the president reigns supreme (or at least ought to).
Teaching International Relations to American Students
Authors: Quester George H. 
Published: May 2020

Contemporary world politics is a matter of life and death. Studying international relations means studying war — a traditionally tragic subject that has become existentially overwhelming today — and peace. Orthodox theories of international relations proclaim the inevitability of periodic warfare; modern science informs us of the likelihood that human civilization at our present standard would not survive an all-out nuclear exchange.Since they are aware that the world is a dangerous place, it is not difficult to persuade eighteen-year-olds of the importance of studying world politics. The prospect of nuclear destruction can powerfully concentrate the mind. So can the possibility that America's ruling class would once again send young men to fight in jungles on behalf of ill-defined causes combining ideology with a peculiar version of Realpolitik.
Bibliography, Palaeography, and Printing
Authors: Schullian Dorothy M. 
Published: May 2020

Few of you would deny that bibliography, palaeography, and printing often cut across the other disciplines represented here. I would not minimize their importance as separate disciplines. They began, however, in the service of the others, and for the Renaissance period they have closer relations, I believe, with each of the other disciplines than does any other single discipline with any other of its sisters. I would ask you to bear this in mind as I report on significant publications in them for the year 1962.Remembering and regretting that some 1962 publications from abroad have not yet reached this country and that some which have are not yet fully processed and accessible in our libraries, I would begin for bibliography by paying tribute to the bibliographer Jacques-Charles Brunet. The 150th anniversary of the first edition of his Manuel and the 100th anniversary of the first volume of its last edition fell in 1960; subsequently Cesare Olschki edited, and published at Pisa in 1962, a series of contemporary accounts of Brunet's life and work.
Versatility in the timing of seed germination of the cold desert herbaceous perennialLeontice incerta(Berberidaceae)
Authors: Mamut Jannathan , Zhang Cai-Yun , Tan Dun-Yan , Baskin Carol C. , Baskin Jerry M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOnly a few studies have been performed on seed germination of perennial ephemeral species native to the cold deserts of central Asia. We hypothesized that seeds of the cold desert perennial ephemeralLeontice incertaexhibit versatility in the timing of germination, that is, having the capacity to germinate at any time in summer, autumn and next spring. At dispersal in late May, only about 30% of the seeds could germinate; thus, a high percentage of the seeds was dormant. Seeds had a fully developed embryo, and dry storage, cold stratification, warm stratification and gibberellin promoted germination; we concluded that they have non-deep physiological dormancy. Seeds buried under natural conditions during summer germinated to 57–86% in autumn (late October) when exhumed and incubated at 5/2–25/15°C. However, seeds were sown in soil exposed to natural temperature and (low) precipitation did not germinate until next spring when the soil was moist. Thus, like various cold desert annuals, seeds of the perennialL. incertacan germinate in summer, autumn and next spring, depending on the availability of soil moisture (rainfall). Rainfall in cold deserts can play an important role in shaping seed germination traits of desert plants.