bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solvent‐Induced Growth of Free‐Standing 2D Si Nanosheets
Authors: Wang Fei , Chen Siyu , Song Changsheng , Zhao Baoxun , Du Hongbin , Fang Min 
Published: November 2020

Abstract2D Si nanomaterials draw great interest owing to their fascinating properties and potential applications in electronic devices, catalysts, and energy storage and conversion devices. However, high‐quality and large‐scale synthesis of Si nanosheets remains a big challenge, despite the limited reports on their preparations via chemical exfoliation of layered Zintl silicide, magnesiothermic reduction of layered silicon oxide, and chemical vapor deposition. In this work, a facile, solution method to produce free‐standing Si nanosheets in high yields and low cost, based on the reaction of commercial magnesium powder with trichlorosilane and tripropylamine in dichloromethane under mild conditions, is reported. The prepared Si nanosheets have an average thickness of ≈2 nm and show photoluminescence. Experiments demonstrate that the key to the formation of Si nanosheets is the use of dichloromethane as a solvent. This method can be used to prepare Si nanosheets in large scale for various potential applications and possibly Si crystals with specific crystal morphology.
Seismic performance of precast concrete wall with vertical energy‐dissipating connection
Authors: Dang Longji , Liang Shuting , Zhu Xiaojun , Zhang Ming , Song Yamin 
Published: November 2020

SummaryA precast concrete wall with vertical energy‐dissipating connection (PCWVEC) was proposed in which X‐shaped metal dampers (XMD) with better energy‐dissipating capacity were installed along the vertical connections between precast wall panels, and the pore‐forming grouted lap‐sliced connector was adopted for the longitudinal steel bars between wall panels and floors. Lateral cyclic loading tests were carried out on two full‐scale specimens, including an assembled monolithic concrete wall (PCWVEC1) and unbonded post‐tensioning (PT) concrete wall (PCWVEC2), where the longitudinal steel bars at wall toes were replaced by PT tendons to provide the self‐centering capacity and bearing capacity. The seismic behavior of PCWVEC was experimentally investigated including failure mode, wall panel and XMD deformation, bearing capacity, ductility, strain, and energy‐dissipating capacity. The test results showed that XMDs used as vertical connection can effectively transfer the internal force and dissipate energy well. The average peak load of specimen PCWVEC2 was smaller than that of specimen PCWVEC1 about 13.67%. In addition, the finite element analysis (FEA) model of specimen PCWVEC2 was established, and the FEA results match well with the test results. Based on a parameter study, specimen PCWVEC2 with proper design parameter can have the same strength, energy‐dissipating capacity, and better self‐centering capacity.
Cell mimicry as a bottom‐up strategy for hierarchical engineering ofnature‐inspiredentities
Authors: Qian Xiaomin , Nymann Westensee Isabella , Brodszkij Edit , Städler Brigitte 
Published: November 2020

AbstractArtificial biology is an emerging concept that aims to design and engineer the structure and function of natural cells, organelles, or biomolecules with a combination of biological and abiotic building blocks. Cell mimicry focuses on concepts that have the potential to be integrated with mammalian cells and tissue. In this feature article, we will emphasize the advancements in the past 3–4 years (2017‐present) that are dedicated to artificial enzymes, artificial organelles, and artificial mammalian cells. Each aspect will be briefly introduced, followed by highlighting efforts that considered key properties of the different mimics. Finally, the current challenges and opportunities will be outlined.This article is categorized under:Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Quantum critical scaling and holographic bound for transport coefficients near Lifshitz points
Authors: Inkof Gian Andrea , Küppers Joachim M. C. , Link Julia M. , Goutéraux Blaise , Schmalian Jörg 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe transport behavior of strongly anisotropic systems is significantly richer compared to isotropic ones. The most dramatic spatial anisotropy at a critical point occurs at a Lifshitz transition, found in systems with merging Dirac or Weyl point or near the superconductor-insulator quantum phase transition. Previous work found that in these systems a famous conjecture on the existence of a lower bound for the ratio of a shear viscosity to entropy is violated, and proposed a generalization of this bound for anisotropic systems near charge neutrality involving the electric conductivities. The present study uses scaling arguments and the gauge-gravity duality to confirm the previous analysis of universal bounds in anisotropic Dirac systems. We investigate the strongly-coupled phase of quantum Lifshitz systems in a gravitational Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton model with a linear massless scalar which breaks translations in the boundary dual field theory and sources the anisotropy. The holographic computation demonstrates that some elements of the viscosity tensor can be related to the ratio of the electric conductivities through a simple geometric ratio of elements of the bulk metric evaluated at the horizon, and thus obey a generalized bound, while others violate it. From the IR critical geometry, we express the charge diffusion constants in terms of the square butterfly velocities. The proportionality factor turns out to be direction-independent, linear in the inverse temperature, and related to the critical exponents which parametrize the anisotropic scaling of the dual field theory.
A New Approach to Transport Coefficients in the Quantum Spin Hall Effect
Authors: Marcelli Giovanna , Panati Gianluca , Teufel Stefan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe investigate some foundational issues in the quantum theory of spin transport, in the general case when the unperturbed Hamiltonian operator$$H_0$$H0does not commute with the spin operator in view of Rashba interactions, as in the typical models for the quantum spin Hall effect. A gapped periodic one-particle Hamiltonian$$H_0$$H0is perturbed by adding a constant electric field of intensity$$\varepsilon \ll 1$$ε≪1in thej-th direction, and the linear response in terms of aS-current in thei-th direction is computed, whereSis a generalized spin operator. We derive a general formula for the spin conductivity that covers both the choice of the conventional and of the proper spin current operator. We investigate the independence of the spin conductivity from the choice of the fundamental cell (unit cell consistency), and we isolate a subclass of discrete periodic models where the conventional and the properS-conductivity agree, thus showing that the controversy about the choice of the spin current operator is immaterial as far as models in this class are concerned. As a consequence of the general theory, we obtain that whenever the spin is (almost) conserved, the spin conductivity is (approximately) equal to the spin-Chern number. The method relies on the characterization of anon-equilibrium almost-stationary state(NEASS), which well approximates the physical state of the system (in the sense of space-adiabatic perturbation theory) and allows moreover to compute the response of the adiabaticS-current as the trace per unit volume of theS-current operator times the NEASS. This technique can be applied in a general framework, which includes both discrete and continuum models.
Arzneimittel für neuartige Therapien – Perspektiven, Chancen, Herausforderungen
Authors:   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin e. V. (DGKJ), Rascher Wolfgang , Klingebiel Thomas , Herting Egbert , Hoffmann Georg F. , Berner Reinhard , Krägeloh-Mann Ingeborg , Gärtner Jutta , Zepp Fred , Schara Ulrike 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungArzneimittel für neuartige Therapien (ATMP) wie somatische Gentherapie und Zelltherapie besitzen ein hohes therapeutisches Potenzial für Krankheiten, die sehr früh im Leben beginnen, und die bisher nicht behandelbar waren. Sie werden oft in einem sehr frühen Entwicklungsstadium zugelassen, wenn an wenigen Betroffenen die Wirksamkeit gezeigt wurde und sich ein bisher nie dagewesener Therapieerfolg auftut, vor allem, wenn die Therapie vor Eintritt von Organschäden greift. Dadurch ergeben sich für Pädiater neue arzneimittelrechtliche und ethische Fragen.Um die neuen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten adäquat einzusetzen, muss die Diagnose früher als bisher gestellt werden, oder neue Screeningmethoden müssen zur Verfügung stehen. Denkbar ist, dass das Neugeborenenscreening in zeitkritische Krankheiten in den ersten 72 h nach Geburt und ein genetisches Screening (z. B. in der 4. bis 5. Lebenswoche) aufgeteilt wird.ATMP sind bei ihrer Zulassung noch nicht in ausreichender Anzahl angewendet worden, sodass die notwendigen Erkenntnisse für Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit noch nicht vorliegen (Nutzen-Risiko-Verhältnis). Deswegen werden sie unter strengen Auflagen in spezialisierten Behandlungszentren nach Qualitätskriterien eingesetzt, die der Gemeinsame Bundesausschuss (G-BA) nach Beratung mit den Fachgesellschaften festlegt. Der Aufwand der Therapie und der Dokumentation des Verlaufes in Registern ist erheblich und muss entsprechend vergütet werden.Der Wert eines ATMP wird erst mit seiner breiteren Anwendung nach der Zulassung klar, ähnlich wie die Sicherheit eines Arzneimittels nicht mit der Zulassung vollumfänglich bekannt ist. Für die Pädiatrie ergeben sich neue Herausforderungen und Chancen.
Uncovering the invisible—prevalence, characteristics, and radiomics feature–based detection of visually undetectable intraprostatic tumor lesions in 68GaPSMA-11 PET images of patients with primary prostate cancer
Authors: Zamboglou Constantinos , Bettermann Alisa S. , Gratzke Christian , Mix Michael , Ruf Juri , Kiefer Selina , Jilg Cordula A. , Benndorf Matthias , Spohn Simon , Fassbender Thomas F. , Bronsert Peter , Chen Mengxia , Guo Hongqian , Wang Feng , Qiu Xuefeng , Grosu Anca-Ligia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Primary prostate cancer (PCa) can be visualized on prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography (PSMA-PET) with high accuracy. However, intraprostatic lesions may be missed by visual PSMA-PET interpretation. In this work, we quantified and characterized the intraprostatic lesions which have been missed by visual PSMA-PET image interpretation. In addition, we investigated whether PSMA-PET-derived radiomics features (RFs) could detect these lesions.

Methodology
This study consists of two cohorts of primary PCa patients: a prospective training cohort (n = 20) and an external validation cohort (n = 52). All patients underwent 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT and histology sections were obtained after surgery. PCa lesions missed by visual PET image interpretation were counted and their International Society of Urological Pathology score (ISUP) was obtained. Finally, 154 RFs were derived from the PET images and the discriminative power to differentiate between prostates with or without visually undetectable lesions was assessed and areas under the receiver-operating curve (ROC-AUC) as well as sensitivities/specificities were calculated.

Results
In the training cohort, visual PET image interpretation missed 134 tumor lesions in 60% (12/20) of the patients, and of these patients, 75% had clinically significant (ISUP > 1) PCa. The median diameter of the missed lesions was 2.2 mm (range: 1–6). Standard clinical parameters like the NCCN risk group were equally distributed between patients with and without visually missed lesions (p < 0.05). Two RFs (local binary pattern (LBP) size-zone non-uniformality normalized and LBP small-area emphasis) were found to perform excellently in visually unknown PCa detection (Mann-Whitney U: p < 0.01, ROC-AUC: ≥ 0.93). In the validation cohort, PCa was missed in 50% (26/52) of the patients and 77% of these patients possessed clinically significant PCa. The sensitivities of both RFs in the validation cohort were ≥ 0.8.

Conclusion
Visual PSMA-PET image interpretation may miss small but clinically significant PCa in a relevant number of patients and RFs can be implemented to uncover them. This could be used for guiding personalized treatments.
MRI-induced artifact by a cochlear implant with a novel magnet system: an experimental cadaver study
Authors: Canzi Pietro , Aprile Federico , Simoncelli Anna , Manfrin Marco , Magnetto Marianna , Lafe Elvis , Minervini Domenico , Avato Irene , Terrani Simone , Scribante Andrea , Gazibegovic Dzemal , Benazzo Marco 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purposes
To primarily evaluate MRI-induced effects for Ultra 3D cochlear implantation in human cadavers in terms of artifact generation and MR image quality.

Methods
Three human cadaveric heads were submitted to imaging after unilateral and bilateral cochlear implantation. The 1.5 T MR examination protocol was chosen in accordance with our institutional protocol for the assessment of brain pathology. The maximal signal void size was measured according to each sequence and plane. Two experienced neuro-radiologists and one experienced otoneurosurgeon independently evaluated the MR image quality findings. A 4-point scale was used to describe the diagnostic usefulness of 14 brain structures.

Results
Shape and size of the artifacts were found to be highly related to MRI sequences and acquisition planes. MRI sequences and processing algorithms affected the ability to assess anatomical visibility. Image quality appeared either high or assessable for diagnostic purposes in 9 out of 14 of the ipsilateral structures, in at least one plane. Anatomical structures contralateral to the cochlear implant were highly visible in all conditions. Artifact intrusion clearly improved after application of metal artifact-reduction techniques. In the case of bilateral cochlear implant, a mutual interaction between the two implant magnets produced an additional artifact.

Conclusions
We performed the first cadaver study aimed at systematically evaluating the MRI-induced artifacts produced by a cochlear implant with a novel four bar magnet system. Specific brain structures can be assessable for diagnostic purposes under 1.5 T MRI, with the cochlear implant magnet in place.
Characterization of metal concentration, heavy metal elution, and desalination behavior of municipal solid waste incineration bottom and grate sifting deposition ash based on particle size
Authors: Iino Shigenori , Tatsuichi Sukehisa , Miyawaki Kentaro 
Published: November 2020

AbstractResource and environmental safety protocols of incineration residues were evaluated by analyzing the metal concentration, heavy metal elution, desalination behavior, and chlorine removal ratio owing to particle size differences between bottom ash (BA) and grate sifting deposition ash (GA). In the total content test, Cl, Zn, and Cr in the incinerator BA exceeded the cement acceptance standard (Cl: 1000 mg/kg; Zn: 1700 mg/kg, and Cr: 170 mg/kg) at almost all of the particle sizes, while Au, Ag, Pd, and Zn had high contents in the GA. When using BA as a construction material, heavy metal elution values and contents are restricted as per the product quality standards based on the Japanese soil pollution control law. Lead within the BA and GA exceeded the standard values for most particle sizes. We predicted that there would be a limit on the elution of K by only washing with water. The removal ratio of total chlorine by particle size was approximately 20–70%, where the effect of the particle size on the removal ratio was small, suggesting that the elution of chlorine was complete in approximately 6 hours. These results contribute to information on the recycling of BA and GA.
Stochastic Multi-objective Optimisation of Exoskeleton Structures
Authors: Reggio Anna , Greco Rita , Marano Giuseppe Carlo , Ferro Giuseppe Andrea 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this study, a structural optimisation problem, addressed through a stochastic multi-objective approach, is formulated and solved. The problem deals with the optimal design of exoskeleton structures, conceived as vibration control systems under seismic loading. The exoskeleton structure is assumed to be coupled to an existing primary inner structure for seismic retrofit: the aim is to limit the dynamic response of the primary structure to prevent structural damage. A non-stationary filtered Gaussian white noise stochastic process is taken as the seismic input. Design variables pertain to the mechanical properties (stiffness, damping) of the exoskeleton structure. Two concurrent and competing objective functions are introduced, in order to take into account not only safety performance but also economic cost considerations. The resulting trade-off is solved searching the Pareto front by way of a controlled elitist genetic algorithm, derived from the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II. Sensitivities of Pareto fronts and Pareto optimal sets to different system parameters are finally investigated by way of a numerical application.
Pancreas-on-a-Chip Technology for Transplantation Applications
Authors: Abadpour Shadab , Aizenshtadt Aleksandra , Olsen Petter Angell , Shoji Kayoko , Wilson Steven Ray , Krauss Stefan , Scholz Hanne 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurpose of ReviewHuman pancreas-on-a-chip (PoC) technology is quickly advancing as a platform for complex in vitro modeling of islet physiology. This review summarizes the current progress and evaluates the possibility of using this technology for clinical islet transplantation.Recent FindingsPoC microfluidic platforms have mainly shown proof of principle for long-term culturing of islets to study islet function in a standardized format. Advancement in microfluidic design by using imaging-compatible biomaterials and biosensor technology might provide a novel future tool for predicting islet transplantation outcome. Progress in combining islets with other tissue types gives a possibility to study diabetic interventions in a minimal equivalent in vitro environment.SummaryAlthough the field of PoC is still in its infancy, considerable progress in the development of functional systems has brought the technology on the verge of a general applicable tool that may be used to study islet quality and to replace animal testing in the development of diabetes interventions.
Minimising risk to thoracic surgical teams in an era of COVID-19: exploring possible preventative measures
Authors: Patel Akshay Jatin , Mohamed Saifullah , Caruana Edward Joseph , Naidu Babu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe demands of curtailing the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic have disrupted the world’s ability to care for patients with thoracic pathologies. Those who undergo thoracic surgical therapeutic procedures are a high-risk category, likely to have impaired lung function but also high risk for exposing clinical teams to aerosolised viral loads. In light of this global pandemic, thorough pre-procedural planning, adequate personal protective equipment (PPE), experienced personnel and judicious anaesthetic and intra-operative measures will serve to be instrumental in ensuring positive patient outcomes whilst still protecting the safety of healthcare workers.
The “Gray Spacing” of Market Vendors and Their Associations and Vendors’ Collective Agency in the Zambian City of Kitwe
Authors: Jongh Lennert 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMarket vendors are often marginalized in urban spaces—they may be harassed, face threats to their workplace security, or lack opportunities to influence urban policy-making. Associations of market vendors have been identified as a potential means to represent vendors’ interests, offering vendors possibilities to improve their working conditions. Fieldwork has been conducted in 2013, 2016, and 2018 to understand the struggles of market vendors and those of their associations in the Zambian city of Kitwe. The paper explores how both market vendors and their associations are positioned in a “gray space” between legality and illegality, unaware if their existence will be approved or sanctioned by the (local) government. The paper argues that the “gray space” in which many market vendors are positioned is a consequence of a lack of suitable alternative and more secure marketspaces. Associations are considered in relation to the political environment in which they operate and their future existence is particularly threatened by a regulation criminalizing them. Not only has this led to the abolishment of a well-known association, but it has also protected some associations whereas others are sidelined. Findings indicate that “gray spacing” and the accompanied changes in the associations jeopardize market vendors’ efforts to organize more autonomously and have isolated their struggles from attempts to organize all informal economy workers under a Zambian umbrella association.
Functional Alterations in Cerebellar Functional Connectivity in Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Lee Yoon Ji , Guell Xavier , Hubbard Nicholas A. , Siless Viviana , Frosch Isabelle R. , Goncalves Mathias , Lo Nicole , Nair Atira , Ghosh Satrajit S. , Hofmann Stefan G. , Auerbach Randy P. , Pizzagalli Diego A. , Yendiki Anastasia , Gabrieli John D.E. , Whitfield-Gabrieli Susan , Anteraper Sheeba Arnold 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAdolescents with anxiety disorders exhibit excessive emotional and somatic arousal. Neuroimaging studies have shown abnormal cerebral cortical activation and connectivity in this patient population. The specific role of cerebellar output circuitry, specifically the dentate nuclei (DN), in adolescent anxiety disorders remains largely unexplored. Resting-state functional connectivity analyses have parcellated the DN, the major output nuclei of the cerebellum, into three functional territories (FTs) that include default-mode, salience-motor, and visual networks. The objective of this study was to understand whether FTs of the DN are implicated in adolescent anxiety disorders. Forty-one adolescents (mean age 15.19 ± 0.82, 26 females) with one or more anxiety disorders and 55 age- and gender-matched healthy controls completed resting-state fMRI scans and a self-report survey on anxiety symptoms. Seed-to-voxel functional connectivity analyses were performed using the FTs from DN parcellation. Brain connectivity metrics were then correlated with State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) measures within each group. Adolescents with an anxiety disorder showed significant hyperconnectivity between salience-motor DN FT and cerebral cortical salience-motor regions compared to controls. Salience-motor FT connectivity with cerebral cortical sensorimotor regions was significantly correlated with STAI-trait scores in HC (R2 = 0.41). Here, we report DN functional connectivity differences in adolescents diagnosed with anxiety, as well as in HC with variable degrees of anxiety traits. These observations highlight the relevance of DN as a potential clinical and sub-clinical marker of anxiety.