bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining child intake frequency, mothers’ own liking and child early exposure as potential predictors of child liking for restricted foods and drinks at 5 years old
Authors: Jackson Kim , Jansen Elena , Mallan Kimberley M 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:To examine longitudinal patterns of child introduction to foods and drinks targeted for restriction by parents and associations between child intake frequency, mother’s own liking, child early exposure and child liking for restricted foods and drinks at 5 years old.Design:The study involved secondary analyses of longitudinal data from mothers and children participating in the NOURISH randomised controlled trial. Patterns of descriptive data were examined, and a binary logistic regression model tested for prediction of child liking of a selection of restricted foods and drinks.Setting:Brisbane and Adelaide, Australia.Participants:Two hundred and eleven mothers and their first born 5-year-old children.Results:The proportion of children who had tried the selected restricted foods and drinks progressively increased from 14 months to 5 years old. Mothers’ own high liking for both sweet and savoury restricted foods and drinks predicted child high liking for the same items at 5 years old. Child high intake frequency at 5 years old also predicted child high liking for sweet foods and drinks, but child early exposure did not predict child liking for the restricted items examined.Conclusions:These results challenge the belief that limiting children’s intake of foods high in sugar, fat and/or salt will increase their liking for them. Findings instead suggest that restricting children’s access to such foods may be beneficial. While further research is required, mothers should be made aware that their own food preferences may inadvertently influence their child’s liking for the very foods they are trying to restrict.
Fault Geometry and Slip Distribution of the 2013 Mw 7.7 Balochistan Earthquake From Inversions of SAR and Optical Data
Authors: Lauer B. , Grandin R. , Klinger Y. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe 2013 Mw 7.7 Balochistan earthquake ruptured the Hoshab fault (Pakistan) over 200 km. It was dominated by left‐lateral slip, with a secondary reverse component. By combining optical (SPOT 5 and Landsat 8) and radar satellite data (RADARSAT‐2 and TerraSAR‐X ScanSAR), we derive the 3‐D coseismic displacement field and the slip distribution. Our modeling strategy involves two successive inversions allowing to explore first the fault geometry and then slip distribution. Following a statistical analysis of the coseismic surface trace, the fault is discretized into 16 segments. To determine the dip angle and down‐dip width of the segments, we then perform a non‐linear elastic inversion of the geodetic data set. Using output of this model, we prescribe the fault geometry and linearly invert for slip at depth with refined discretization. Results show a decrease of the fault dip, reaching 50° in the central part of the fault that structurally connects the two sub‐vertical terminations dipping at >70°. The distribution of strike‐slip forms a shallow continuous patch (0–8 km) that peaks at 12.7 m of slip near the epicenter. Reverse slip is distributed on several patches and becomes shallower near the southern termination, where it peaks at 5.7 m. Our model shows an absence of shallow slip deficit (SSD), as for other Mw 7.5 + strike‐slip earthquakes elsewhere, hence suggesting that SSD is only found for lesser magnitude earthquakes. We speculate that moment magnitude is a key element in the occurrence of SSD.
Orbital Forcing of Late Miocene–Early Pleistocene Environmental Change in the Zhada Basin, SW Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Saadeh C. M. , Saylor J. E. , Nie J. , Shanahan T. M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMechanisms controlling the long‐ and short‐term variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) and high‐elevation environmental change have largely been examined using low‐elevation or marine records with less emphasis on high‐elevation non‐marine records. We address this using a high‐resolution, long‐term record from upper Miocene–lower Pleistocene (~9.0–2.2 Ma) fluvio‐lacustrine strata in the Zhada Basin, southwestern Tibetan Plateau. Long‐term changes include the onset of lacustrine deposition, a decrease in mean grain size, and an increase in δ18Ocarb and δ13Ccarb values at ~6.0 Ma in response to basin closure following regional extension. This was followed by a return to palustrine/fluvial deposition, an increase in mean grain size, and a decrease in δ18Ocarb and δ13Ccarb values at ~3.5 Ma in response to tectonically driven long‐term ISM weakening. Spectral analysis reveals that high‐frequency variations in the δ18Ocarb record are dominated by 100 and ~20 kyr cycles from ~6.0–2.2 Ma. Wavelet and spectral analysis of the most densely sampled interval (4.23–3.55 Ma), tuned to the record of daily insolation (21 June at 35°N) confirms and highlights 100 and 20 kyr cycles. The tuned Pliocene δ18Ocarb record is coherent with the record of Northern Hemisphere insolation at precession periods but not at obliquity or eccentricity periods. Additionally, the tuned δ18Ocarb record is anticorrelated to the insolation record, indicating that stronger Northern Hemisphere insolation correlates with a stronger ISM. These results suggest that variations in daily insolation drove late Miocene–early Pleistocene high‐frequency ISM variability and environmental changes in the high‐elevation southwestern Tibetan Plateau.
A Simple Elemental Sulfur Reduction Method for Isotopic Analysis and Pilot Experimental Tests of Symmetry‐Dependent Sulfur Isotope Effects in Planetary Processes
Authors: Lin Mang , Thiemens Mark H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRecent insights into fundamental mechanisms underlying quadruple stable sulfur isotope (32S, 33S, 34S, and 36S) mass‐independent fractionation (S‐MIF) chemistry and potential implications for planetary processes highlight the urgent need of conducting laboratory experiments to delineate the chemical physics of S‐MIF. Elemental sulfur (S0), a ubiquitous component in the atmospheres of early Earth and Mars, is a major product or reactant in most experiments. Developing different chemical protocols for isotopic analysis is consequently of utility. The reduction of S0 to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is the first step of the fluorination method for isotopic analysis, but existing S0 reduction methods require relatively long chemical reagent preparation time. Here we present an operationally simple and rapid method for reducing S0 to H2S directly by “Thode solution.” External uncertainties of our method for δ34S, Δ33S, and Δ36S measurements (associated with reduction, fluorination, purification, and mass spectrometer analysis) are 0.3‰, 0.01‰, and 0.2‰, respectively, comparable with traditional methods. This new technique was used to determine quadruple stable sulfur isotope compositions of product S0 in a set of pilot experiments designed to investigate possible symmetry‐dependent isotope effects in planetary‐relevant elemental sulfur recombination reactions. Differences in Δ33S and Δ36S between initial and produced S0 are slightly larger than analytical errors, shedding new light into the role of sulfur recombination reactions in S‐MIF. Our study offers a practical approach for measuring multiple isotopic compositions of S0 in laboratory and natural samples and creates new opportunities for deepening understanding of S‐MIF signatures in Archean rocks and Martian meteorites.
Nondiffusive Pitch‐Angle Scattering of a Distribution of Energetic Particles by Coherent Whistler Waves
Authors: Yoon Young Dae , Bellan Paul M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhether or not coherent magnetospheric whistler waves play important roles in the pitch‐angle scattering of energetic particles is a crucial question in magnetospheric physics. The interaction of a thermal distribution of energetic particles with coherent whistler waves is thus investigated. The distribution is prescribed by the Maxwell‐Jüttner distribution, which is a relativistic generalization of the Maxwell‐Boltzmann distribution. Coherent whistler waves are modeled by circularly polarized waves propagating parallel to the background magnetic field. It is shown that for parameters relevant to magnetospheric chorus, a significant fraction (1–5%) of the energetic particle population undergoes drastic, nondiffusive pitch‐angle scattering by coherent chorus. The scaling of this fraction with the wave amplitude may also explain the association of relativistic microbursts to large‐amplitude chorus. A much improved condition for large pitch‐angle scattering is presented that is related to, but may or may not include the exact resonance condition depending on the particle's initial conditions. The theory reveals a critical mechanism not contained in the widely used second‐order trapping theory.
Three‐Dimensional Structure, Ground Rupture Hazards, and Static Stress Models for Complex Nonplanar Thrust Faults in the Ventura Basin, Southern California
Authors: Hughes A. , Bell R. E. , Mildon Z. K. , Rood D. H. , Whittaker A. C. , Rockwell T. K. , Levy Y. , DeVecchio D. E. , Marshall S. T. , Nicholson C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo investigate the subsurface geometry of a recently discovered, seismically active fault in the Ventura basin, southern California, USA, we present a series of cross sections and a new three‐dimensional fault model across the Southern San Cayetano fault (SSCF) based on integration of surface data with petroleum industry well log data. Additionally, the fault model for the SSCF, along with models of other regional faults extracted from the Southern California Earthquake Center three‐dimensional Community Fault Model, are incorporated in static Coulomb stress modeling to investigate static Coulomb stress transfer between thrust faults with complex geometry and to further our understanding of stress transfer in the Ventura basin. The results of the subsurface well investigation provide evidence for a low‐angle SSCF that dips ~15° north and connects with the western section of the San Cayetano fault around 1.5–3.5 km depth. We interpret the results of static Coulomb stress models to partly explain contrasting geomorphic expression between different sections of the San Cayetano fault and a potential mismatch in timings between large‐magnitude uplift events suggested by paleoseismic studies on the Pitas Point, Ventura, and San Cayetano faults. In addition to new insights into the structure and potential rupture hazard of a recently discovered active reverse fault in a highly populated area of southern California, this study provides a simple method to model static Coulomb stress transfer on complex geometry faults in fold and thrust belts.
Surface Slip Distribution Along the West Helanshan Fault, Northern China, and Its Implications for Fault Behavior
Authors: Bi Haiyun , Zheng Wenjun , Lei Qiyun , Zeng Jiangyuan , Zhang Peizhen , Chen Gan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHigh‐resolution topographic data sets have now become increasingly available, which allows for remotely measuring and analyzing offset features and their associated slip distributions at a very high resolution along a fault, hence providing important insights into the fault behavior. The West Helanshan Fault is a Holocene active right‐lateral strike‐slip fault located at the junction of the Tibetan Plateau, Alashan, and Ordos blocks. In this study, a 2‐m‐resolution DEM of the West Helanshan Fault was built from the WorldView‐3 stereo satellite images (0.5 m). Combined with the high‐resolution topography acquired from the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images based on the Structure from Motion (SfM) method, a total of 180 lateral offsets and 201 vertical displacements were acquired along ~50 km of the fault. By statistical analysis of the offset observations and constructing the cumulative slip profiles, we conclude that large paleoearthquakes have produced characteristic slip accumulation along the fault with a right‐lateral slip of ~3 m and a vertical slip of ~1 m, rupturing at least two segments of the fault simultaneously, which corresponds to a moment magnitude ofMw7.1 ~ 7.5. The cumulative slip profiles suggest that the fault has likely propagated northward over its lifetime, and the south segment may be the most mature section of the fault where larger coseismic slip of earthquake ruptures may occur. The ratio of lateral to vertical displacement has remained constant (~3:1) through multiple successive events, indicating that the fault has maintained the same kinematic style over the last few thousands of years.
Improved Representation of Underwater Light Field and Its Impact on Ecosystem Dynamics: A Study in the North Sea
Authors: Skákala Jozef , Bruggeman Jorn , Brewin Robert J. W. , Ford David A. , Ciavatta Stefano 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUnderstanding ecosystem state on the North‐West European (NWE) Shelf is of major importance for both economy and climate research. The purpose of this work is to advance our modeling of in‐water optics on the NWE Shelf, with important implications for how we model primary productivity, as well as for assimilation of water‐leaving radiances. We implement a stand‐alone bio‐optical module into the existing coupled physical‐biogeochemical model configuration. The advantage of the bio‐optical module, when compared to the preexisting light scheme is that it resolves the underwater light spectrally and distinguishes between direct and diffuse downwelling streams. The changed underwater light compares better with both satellite and in situ observations. The module lowered the underwater photosynthetically active radiation, decreasing the simulated primary productivity, but overall, the improved underwater light had relatively limited impact on the phytoplankton seasonal dynamics. We showed that the model skill in representing phytoplankton seasonal cycle (e.g., phytoplankton bloom) can be substantially improved either by assimilation of satellite phytoplankton functional type (PFT) chlorophyll, or by assimilating a novel PFT absorption product. Assimilation of the two PFT products yields similar results, with an important difference in the PFT community structure. Both assimilative runs lead to lower plankton biomass and increase the nutrient concentrations. We discuss some future directions on how to improve our model skill in biogeochemistry without using assimilation, for example, by improving nutrient forcing, retuning the model parameters, and using the bio‐optical module to provide a two‐way physical‐biogeochemical coupling, improving the consistency between model physical and biogeochemical components.
Time‐Lapse Seismic Imaging of Oceanic Fronts and Transient Lenses Within South Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Gunn Kathryn L. , White Nicky , Caulfield Colm‐cille P. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOceanic fronts play a pivotal role in controlling water mass transfer, although little is known about deep frontal structure on appropriate temporal and spatial scales. Here, we present a sequence of calibrated time‐lapse images from a three‐dimensional seismic survey that straddles the Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence—a significant feature of the meridional overturning circulation. Eight vertical transects reveal the evolution of a major front. It is manifest as a discrete planar surface that dips at less than 2° and is traceable to 1.5–2 km depth. Its shape and surface expression are consistent with sloping isopycnal surfaces of the calculated potential density field and with coeval sea surface temperature measurements, respectively. Within the top ∼1 km, where cold fresh water subducts beneath warm salty water, a series of tilted lenses are banked up against the sharply defined front. The largest of these structures is centered at 700 m depth and is cored by cold fresh water. Time‐lapse imagery demonstrates that this tilted lens grows and decays over 9 days. It has a maximum diameter of <34±0.13 km and a maximum height of <750±10 m. Beneath 1 km, where horizontal density gradients are negligible, numerous deforming lenses and filaments on length scales of 10–100 km are being swept toward the advecting front.
Modified GIC Estimation Using 3‐D Earth Conductivity
Authors: Kelbert Anna , Lucas Greg M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGeomagnetically induced currents (GICs) are quasi‐direct current (DC) electric currents that flow in technological conductors during geomagnetic storms. Extreme GICs are hazardous to man‐made infrastructure. GICs enter and exit the technological systems, such as the electric power grid, at grounding points, and their magnitudes depend on the currents that flow underground. They are, therefore, a function of the Earth's electrical conductivity, represented at ground level as Earth impedances, as well as the resistance parameters of the power network. Traditional GIC estimation practices are based on Earth impedances obtained from laterally homogeneous or piecewise layered‐Earth models. We refer to these methods, collectively, as the 1‐D approximation. However, GIC hazard mitigation can be improved with more accurate GIC modeling that takes the spatially heterogeneous Earth's conductivity into account. Here, we propose a modified approximation for GIC estimation that is very similar to the 1‐D approximation but is instead derived from empirical 3‐D Earth impedances. Our formulation sets up the computation of static, frequency‐dependent power line telluric response functions, which, once computed, may be considered part of the power grid system model. These response functions may then be used for historical scenario analysis of GIC hazards and for simplified real‐time, albeit approximate, GIC estimation in a power grid. This modest modification to the simpler local field formulation approach avoids real‐time integration of geoelectric fields along power lines while taking the realistic 3‐D Earth into account in a rigorous manner. Once implemented, the method provides a power grid operator with the benefits of convenience and computational speed for a first look real‐time operational GIC hazard assessment. We estimate that the proposed modified 3‐D GIC modeling approach produces GIC values that are well within 50% of those obtained with the full‐scale power line integration of spatially variable geoelectric fields, for storms comparable in scale to the 2003 Halloween storm, all geological structures, and power lines located in the contiguous United States and other low‐ to middle‐latitude regions.
Solar Wind Prediction Using Deep Learning
Authors: Upendran Vishal , Cheung Mark C. M. , Hanasoge Shravan , Krishnamurthi Ganapathy 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEmanating from the base of the Sun's corona, the solar wind fills the interplanetary medium with a magnetized stream of charged particles whose interaction with the Earth's magnetosphere has space weather consequences such as geomagnetic storms. Accurately predicting the solar wind through measurements of the spatiotemporally evolving conditions in the solar atmosphere is important but remains an unsolved problem in heliophysics and space weather research. In this work, we use deep learning for prediction of solar wind (SW) properties. We use extreme ultraviolet images of the solar corona from space‐based observations to predict the SW speed from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) OMNIWEB data set, measured at Lagragian Point 1. We evaluate our model against autoregressive and naive models and find that our model outperforms the benchmark models, obtaining a best fit correlation of 0.55 ± 0.03 with the observed data. Upon visualization and investigation of how the model uses data to make predictions, we find higher activation at the coronal holes for fast wind prediction (≈3 to 4 days prior to prediction), and at the active regions for slow wind prediction. These trends bear an uncanny similarity to the influence of regions potentially being the sources of fast and slow wind, as reported in literature. This suggests that our model was able to learn some of the salient associations between coronal and solar wind structure without built‐in physics knowledge. Such an approach may help us discover hitherto unknown relationships in heliophysics data sets.
miR-410 induces both epithelial–mesenchymal transition and radioresistance through activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Yuan Yue , Liao Hu , Pu Qiang , Ke Xixian , Hu Xueting , Ma Yongfang , Luo Xinmei , Jiang Qianqian , Gong Yi , Wu Min , Liu Lunxu , Zhu Wen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRadiotherapy remains one of the major treatments for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients; whereas intrinsic or acquired radioresistance limits its efficacy. Nevertheless, most studies so far have only focused on acquired resistance. The exact mechanisms of intrinsic radioresistance in NSCLC are still unclear. A few studies have suggested that epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with radioresistance in NSCLC. However, little is known about whether the abnormal expression of specific microRNAs induces both EMT and radioresistance. We previously found that miR-410 has multiple roles as an oncomiRNA in NSCLC. In this study, we revealed that miR-410 overexpression promoted EMT and radioresistance, accompanied by enhanced DNA damage repair both in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, knockdown of miR-410 showed the opposite effects. We further demonstrated that PTEN was a direct target of miR-410 by using bioinformatic tools and dual-luciferase reporter assays, and the miR-410-induced EMT and radioresistance were reversed by PI3K, Akt, and mTOR inhibitors or by restoring the expression of PTEN in NSCLC cells. In addition, we preliminarily found that the expression of miR-410 was positively correlated with EMT and negatively associated with the expression of PTEN in NSCLC specimens. In summary, these results demonstrated that miR-410 is an important regulator on enhancing both NSCLC EMT and radioresistance by targeting the PTEN/PI3K/mTOR axis. The findings suggest that miR-410-induced EMT might significantly contribute to the enhanced radioresistance. Therefore, miR-410 may serve as a potential biomarker or therapeutic target for NSCLC radiotherapy.