bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central Tunnel Technique and Fat Grafting for Surgical Correction of Inverted Nipples and Introduction of a Treatment Algorithm
Authors: Kalaaji Amin , Dreyer Stine , Jönsson Vanja , Schnegg Jakob , Orejuela Ileana , Maric Ivana , Vadseth Line 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Inverted nipples are prevalent in 3% to 10% of women and can often cause functional, psychological, and aesthetic problems.

Objectives
The authors sought to treat inverted nipples and restore the aesthetic appearance of the nipple while minimizing ductal disruption, preserving the ability to breast-feed, and reducing recurrence rates.

Methods
A retrospective review was performed on a total of 161 inverted nipples in 86 consecutive patients who underwent correction of inverted nipples at Oslo Plastic Surgery Clinic. Mean age at operation was 28.7 years and mean follow-up period was 14 months. A novel technique with central tunnelization of the retracted fibers/ducts was employed in 39 patients (45%); partial incision of the center of the inversion through a tunnel in 31 patients (36%); and total cut of the lactiferous ducts in 16 patients (19%). Fat grafting was utilized as support in 14 patients (26 nipples). Postoperatively, nipples were suspended for 4 weeks with a manually constructed device.

Results
Most patients had moderate (grade 2, 40 patients) or severe (grade 3, 52 patients) nipple inversion. Infection occurred in 4 patients and 2 patients had local irritation. Recurrence was seen in 32 patients (55 nipples) after the first operation, in 6 patients (6 nipples) after the second operation, and in 1 patient (1 nipple) after the third operation.

Conclusions
The authors propose a treatment algorithm that addresses important therapeutic goals when treating inverted nipples. Clinical examination is crucial to determine the method to be employed. The new central tunnel method and fat grafting to support the nipple are promising, although additional follow-up is necessary.

Level of Evidence: 4
Determination of Thiafentanil in Plasma Using LC–MS
Authors: Cox Sherry , Bergman Joan , Allender Matthew C , Beckmen Kimberlee , Lance William 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A new method of analysis has been developed and validated for the determination of thiafentanil in plasma. After protein precipitation, samples were separated on an XBridge BEH C18 column and quantified using mass spectrometry. The mobile phase was a mixture of water with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid (90:10). The standard curve ranged from 0.1 to 25 ng/mL. Intra- and Inter-assay variability for thiafentanil was less than 10%, and the average recovery was greater than 95%. The lower limit of quantification was 0.1 ng/mL. This is the first validated method for thiafentanil analysis in plasma.
Development of a Novel Thin-Layer Chromatographic Method of Screening the Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Pigments in Alimentary Products
Authors: Łata Eliza , Fulczyk Agnieszka , Kowalska Teresa , Sajewicz Mieczysław 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a thin-layer chromatographic method of qualitative analysis, aiming to confirm the presence of the red beetroot pigments in a given sample. The TLC system developed for this purpose consists of the precoated RP-18 F254s TLC plates and the acetonitrile + methanol + water + glacial acetic acid, 2:7:1:0.1 (v/v/v/v) mobile phase. With the use of this system, a striking horizontal separation of betacyanin pigments is obtained for both the red beetroot juice and the commercial betanin sample (with the left-to-right resolution distance of the two bands equal to ca. 6 mm), and a unique pattern of the two skewed chromatographic bands is observed. This striking phenomenon has been given a thorough consideration, and its tentative physicochemical justification was provided, based on analogical cases reported and extensively discussed in our earlier studies. Characteristic fingerprint obtained both for the beetroot juice and the commercial sample of betanin (resembling two slant butterfly wings) can prove very helpful for qualitative confirmation of the presence (or otherwise) of the betanin pigment in the red color juices and beverages, as it was demonstrated upon an example of elderberry juice with a confirmed fortification with the betanin pigment.
Sodium Selenium Enhances the Antioxidative Activities and Immune Functions of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Increases the Selenium Content in Royal Jelly
Authors: Chi Xuepeng , Wei Wei , Zhang Weixing , Liu Zhenguo , Wang Hongfang , Xu Baohua 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Selenium (Se), as an essential micronutrient, has been demonstrated to play an important role in life activities. In this study, we studied the effects of sucrose solutions containing sodium selenite on Apis mellifera (L.). We obtained the appropriate level of sodium selenite for A. mellifera by determining the life span by lab rearing, and then, we studied the effects of sodium selenite on antioxidant activity, phenol oxidase activity, development of the hypopharyngeal gland, Se content of body tissues and royal jelly (RJ), and related gene transcription levels for a bee colony. The results of lab rearing showed that a concentration of 0.57 mg/liter sodium selenium could extend life. After feeding the colony sodium selenium at concentrations of 0.3 mg/liter and 0.6 mg/liter, the results showed that 0.6 mg/liter sodium selenite could enhance the antioxidant and immune activity of 6-d-old larvae and 1-d-old and 9-d-old worker bees (P &lt; 0.05), increase the Se content of body tissues (P &lt; 0.05) and RJ (P &lt; 0.05), and improve the expression of related genes (P &lt; 0.05).
On the Pacific Salmon Treaty*
Authors: Jiang Shenzhe , Zhang Yuzhe 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper studies the optimal design of the Pacific Salmon Treaty, which was signed by the U.S. and Canada in 1999 to share salmon on the Pacific coast. Moral hazard exists because countries may steal from each other. If a country’s observed output is suspiciously too high, the treaty either reduces the country’s future share, or asks the country to make a monetary transfer to its opponent. A calibrated version of our model shows that it is optimal for the U.S. to pay Canada $328.93 million every 30.78 years. Switching to the optimal contract improves the total welfare by 1.55%.
Danger to the Old Lady of Threadneedle Street? The Bank Restriction Act and the regime shift to paper money, 1797–1821
Authors: O'Brien Patrick K , Palma Nuno 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Bank Restriction Act of 1797 was the unconventional monetary policy of its time. It suspended the convertibility of the Bank of England's notes into gold, a policy that lasted until 1821. The current historical consensus is that it was a result of the state's need to finance the war, France’s remonetization, a loss of confidence in the English country banks, and a run on the Bank of England’s reserves following a landing of French troops in Wales. We argue that while these factors help us understand the timing of the suspension, they cannot explain its success. We deploy new long-term data that leads us to a complementary explanation: the policy succeeded thanks to the reputation of the Bank of England, achieved through a century of prudential collaboration between the Bank and the Treasury.
Genomic Basis of Convergent Island Phenotypes in Boa Constrictors
Authors: Card Daren C , Adams Richard H , Schield Drew R , Perry Blair W , Corbin Andrew B , Pasquesi Giulia I M , Row Kristopher , Van Kleeck Melissa J , Daza Juan M , Booth Warren , Montgomery Chad E , Boback Scott M , Castoe Todd A 
Published: October 2019

AbstractConvergent evolution is often documented in organisms inhabiting isolated environments with distinct ecological conditions and similar selective regimes. Several Central America islands harbor dwarf Boa populations that are characterized by distinct differences in growth, mass, and craniofacial morphology, which are linked to the shared arboreal and feast-famine ecology of these island populations. Using high-density RADseq data, we inferred three dwarf island populations with independent origins and demonstrate that selection, along with genetic drift, has produced both divergent and convergent molecular evolution across island populations. Leveraging whole-genome resequencing data for 20 individuals and a newly annotated Boa genome, we identify four genes with evidence of phenotypically relevant protein-coding variation that differentiate island and mainland populations. The known roles of these genes involved in body growth (PTPRS, DMGDH, and ARSB), circulating fat and cholesterol levels (MYLIP), and craniofacial development (DMGDH and ARSB) in mammals link patterns of molecular evolution with the unique phenotypes of these island forms. Our results provide an important genome-wide example for quantifying expectations of selection and convergence in closely related populations. We also find evidence at several genomic loci that selection may be a prominent force of evolutionary change—even for small island populations for which drift is predicted to dominate. Overall, while phenotypically convergent island populations show relatively few loci under strong selection, infrequent patterns of molecular convergence are still apparent and implicate genes with strong connections to convergent phenotypes.
The Sequence of Physical and Cognitive Impairment and the Association with Mortality Among Unimpaired Older Mexican Adults
Authors: Downer Brian , Milani Sadaf , Wong Rebeca 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Many older adults become physically and cognitively impaired. However, it is unclear whether unimpaired older adults are more likely to become physically or cognitively impaired first and if this sequence impacts mortality risk.

Methods
Data came from the Mexican Health and Aging Study. The sample included 1,283 participants aged ≥60 years who were physically and cognitively unimpaired in 2001. Multinomial logistic regression was used to estimate probabilities of being unimpaired, cognitively impaired only, physically impaired only, or cognitively-physically impaired in 2003. Proportional hazard models were used to estimate mortality risk through 2015 according to physical and cognitive status in 2003.

Results
The probabilities for being unimpaired, physically impaired only, cognitively impaired only, and cognitively-physically impaired in 2003 were 0.45, 0.22, 0.19, and 0.13, respectively. Older age, female sex, and arthritis were associated with significantly greater probability of becoming physically impaired only than cognitively impaired only in 2003. Cognitive impairment only (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09–1.85) in 2003 but not physical impairment only (HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.94–1.58) was associated with greater mortality than being unimpaired in 2003. Cognitively-physically impaired participants had higher mortality risk than participants who were physically (HR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.18–2.12) or cognitively (HR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.01–1.84) impaired only.

Discussion
The likelihood of becoming only physically or cognitively impaired over 2 years varies by demographic and health characteristics. The mortality risk for unimpaired older adults who become cognitively impaired only is similar to those who become physically impaired only. Research should determine if the sequence of cognitive and physical impairments is associated with other outcomes.
Impact of Different Sampling Schemes for Decision Making in Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis Control Programs
Authors: Coffeng Luc E , Malizia Veronica , Vegvari Carolin , Cools Piet , Halliday Katherine E , Levecke Bruno , Mekonnen Zeleke , Gichuki Paul M , Sayasone Somphou , Sarkar Rajiv , Shaali Ame , Vlaminck Johnny , Anderson Roy M , de Vlas Sake J 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Starting and stopping preventive chemotherapy (PC) for soil-transmitted helminthiasis is typically based on the prevalence of infection as measured by Kato-Katz (KK) fecal smears. Kato-Katz-based egg counts can vary highly over repeated stool samples and smears. Consequentially, the sensitivity of KK-based surveys depends on the number of stool samples per person and the number of smears per sample. Given finite resources, collecting multiple samples and/or smears means screening fewer individuals, thereby lowering the statistical precision of prevalence estimates. Using population-level data from various epidemiological settings, we assessed the performance of different sampling schemes executed within the confines of the same budget. We recommend the use of single-slide KK for determining prevalence of moderate-to-heavy intensity infection and policy decisions for starting and continuing PC; more sensitive sampling schemes may be required for policy decisions involving stopping PC. Our findings highlight that guidelines should include specific guidance on sampling schemes.
A retrospective study to determine the cefepime-induced neurotoxicity threshold in hospitalized patients
Authors: Lau Cindy , Marriott Deborah , Gould Michael , Andresen David , Reuter Stephanie E , Penm Jonathan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Cefepime-induced neurotoxicity (CIN) has been demonstrated to be associated with cefepime plasma concentrations; however, the toxicity threshold remains unclear. The primary objective of this study was to identify the cefepime plasma trough concentration at which neurotoxicity occurs. Secondary objectives were to determine the incidence of CIN at a large tertiary institution and to identify patient factors associated with the development of CIN.

Methods
A retrospective review of all adult patients administered cefepime between October 2017 and May 2018 in a tertiary hospital was conducted to determine total incidence of CIN. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to review the sensitivity and specificity of using various cefepime trough plasma concentrations to predict the development of neurotoxicity. Cefepime plasma concentrations were measured using ultra-HPLC. A regression was conducted to identify patient factors associated with CIN.

Results
In total, 206 patients were administered 259 courses of cefepime, with an overall CIN incidence of 6% (16/259 courses). A total of 64 courses had a cefepime trough concentration measured (24.7%). A cefepime trough concentration of 36 mg/L provided the best differentiation between patients who experienced neurotoxicity and those who did not. No other patient covariates were identified to be significantly associated with neurotoxicity occurring.

Conclusions
A cefepime trough plasma concentration ≥36 mg/L appears to be the most sensitive and specific cut-off to predict CIN occurring. No patient factors were associated with the development of CIN when accounting for cefepime trough plasma concentrations.
Rediscovery of the sponge crab Cryptodromia fallax (Latreille in Milbert, 1812) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Dromiidae) at Mauritius, with the description of a new genus and the confirmation of an unusual seaweed-carrying camouflage mode
Authors: McLay Colin L 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCryptodromia fallax (Latreille in Milbert, 1812) has been serendipitously found again on the island of Mauritius, almost 200 yrs after its discovery. The new material provides new information about the structure of the female sternum, providing stronger evidence that a new genus, Alcockdromiagen. nov., is required. Observations show that this crab cuts out and carries pieces of seaweed in the manner of a paraglider, rather than pieces of sponge normally carried by dromiid crabs. The crab uses Ulva lactuca Linnaeus, a green alga, and Lobophora variegata (J.V. Lamouroux), a brown alga. This discovery shows that the last two prehensile dromiid pereopods, which are used to carry soft camouflage, are multi-purpose, having only minor structural differences allowing them to carry seaweeds.
Refugees and Guesthood in Turkey
Authors: Abdelaaty Lamis 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEven as Turkey took in over 3 million Syrians at great expense, Turkish officials were referring to these individuals as guests rather than refugees. Despite significant legal developments in the country, and particularly the formalization of a temporary-protection regime, this choice of labels reveals the influence of underlying political trends on Turkish policymaking regarding refugees. This article compares Turkey’s reactions to the Syrian inflow with its responses to previous refugee groups, including Iraqis in 1988, Bosnians in 1992, Kosovars in 1998 and Chechens starting 1999. In so doing, it demonstrates that the refusal to designate certain populations as asylum seekers or refugees enables Turkey to opt in or out of what might otherwise appear to be generally applicable, national-level policies. Through these strategic semantics, policymakers retain a freedom to manoeuvre in response to international and domestic political incentives.
Fit for Purpose in Action: Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of the National Internet Flu Survey
Authors: Dever Jill A , Amaya Ashley , Srivastav Anup , Lu Peng-Jun , Roycroft Jessica , Stanley Marshica , Stringer M Christopher , Bostwick Michael G , Greby Stacie M , Santibanez Tammy A , Williams Walter W 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Researchers strive to design and implement high-quality surveys to maximize the utility of the data collected. The definitions of quality and usefulness, however, vary from survey to survey and depend on the analytic needs. Survey teams must evaluate the trade-offs of various decisions, such as when results are needed and their required level of precision, in addition to practical constraints like budget, before finalizing the design. Characteristics within the concept of fit for purpose (FfP) can provide the framework for considering the trade-offs. Furthermore, this tool can enable an evaluation of quality for the resulting estimates. Implementation of a FfP framework in this context, however, is not straightforward.
In this article, we provide the reader with a glimpse of a FfP framework in action for obtaining estimates on early season influenza vaccination coverage estimates and on knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and barriers related to influenza and influenza prevention among civilian noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 years and older in the United States. The result is the National Internet Flu Survey (NIFS), an annual, two-week internet survey sponsored by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In addition to critical design decisions, we use the established NIFS FfP framework to discuss the quality of the NIFS in meeting the intended objectives. We highlight aspects that work well and other survey traits requiring further evaluation. Differences found in comparing the NIFS to the National Flu Survey, the National Health Interview Survey, and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System are discussed via their respective FfP characteristics. The findings presented here highlight the importance of the FfP framework for designing surveys, defining data quality, and providing a set a metrics used to advertise the intended use of the survey data and results.
Near-infrared monitoring of the accretion outburst in the massive young stellar object S255-NIRS3
Authors: Uchiyama Mizuho , Yamashita Takuya , Sugiyama Koichiro , Nakaoka Tatsuya , Kawabata Miho , Itoh Ryosuke , Yamanaka Masayuki , Akitaya Hiroshi , Kawabata Koji , Yonekura Yoshinori , Saito Yu , Motogi Kazuhito , Fujisawa Kenta 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We followed up the massive young stellar object S255-NIRS3 (= S255-IRS1b) during its recent accretion outburst event in the $K_{\rm s}$ band with Kanata/HONIR for four years after its burst and obtained a long-term light curve. This is the most complete near-infrared light curve of the S255-NIRS3 burst event that has ever been presented. The light curve showed a steep increase reaching a peak flux that was 3.4 mag brighter than the quiescent phase and then a relatively moderate year-scale fading until the last observation, similar to that of the accretion burst events such as EXors found in lower-mass young stellar objects. The behavior of the $K_{\rm s}$-band light curve is similar to that observed in 6.7 GHz class II methanol maser emission, with a sudden increase followed by moderate year-scale fading. However, the maser emission peaks appear 30–50 d earlier than that of the $K_{\rm s}$ band emission. The similarities confirmed that the origins of the maser emission and the $K_{\rm s}$-band continuum emission are common, as previously shown from other infrared and radio observations by Stecklum et al. (2016, Astronomer’s Telegram, 8732), Caratti o Garatti et al. (2017b, Nature Phys., 13, 276), and Moscadelli et al. (2017, A&A, 600, L8). However, the differences in energy transfer paths, such as the exciting/emitting/scattering structures, may cause the delay in the flux-peak dates.
“Looking Mexican”: Indigenous and non-Indigenous Latina/o Immigrants and the Racialization of Illegality in the Midwest
Authors: Gómez Cervantes Andrea 
Published: October 2019

AbstractImmigration laws, judiciary hearings, and enforcement strategies produce the racialization of illegality, linking “illegality” to homogenized and stereotypical images of “Mexican,” “Hispanic,” and “Latina/o” origin. Immigration scholars have shown the transgressions produced by the racialization of illegality on Latina/o immigrants and non-immigrants who fit these stereotypes. How do Latina/o immigrants of different ethnic origins navigate the racialization of illegality? What strategies do they employ to manage risks associated with illegality? Through 61 interviews with Indigenous-origin and non-Indigenous Latina/o immigrants in Kansas between 2016 to 2019, this study examines the salience of race and the active role that the body plays within Latina/o immigrants’ experiences with the immigration regime. I find that immigrants actively employ the body as a resource to navigate illegality, particularly in a context where Latina/os make up a smaller share of a white-majority population. The racialization of illegality brings social divisions within Latina/o groups, reproducing centuries-old systems of oppression where whiteness is equated with protections given to citizens, while “looking Mexican” or “Hispanic” leaves Indigenous-origin immigrants and non-white Latina/os at the hands of immigration control. This research contributes to scholars’ call to further explore the role of race and the body in immigration processes.