bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exine and Aperture Patterns on the Pollen Surface: Their Formation and Roles in Plant Reproduction
Authors: Wang Rui , Dobritsa Anna A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPollen grains, the male gametophytes of seed plants, surround themselves with a complex pollen wall for protection from various environmental stresses. The deposition and assembly of exine, the outer layer of the pollen wall, lead to the formation of patterns on the pollen surface that are species specific, tremendously diverse, and often very beautiful. These patterns arise due to exine's assembly into various nano‐ and microstructures, and due to the absence of exine deposition at certain areas of the pollen surface. The areas that have reduced exine deposition, or lack it completely, are known as pollen apertures, and their patterns are also species specific and highly variable. Although the intricate patterns of exine and apertures have been drawing attention for centuries, it is still not clear how exactly they develop, what genes are involved in their formation, and what purpose they serve. Here, we review the current state of knowledge about the exine and aperture patterns, their perceived roles in plant reproduction, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that guide their formation.
Novel mutation in optineurin causing aggressive ALS+/−frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Feng Shu‐Man , Che Chun‐Hui , Feng Shu‐Yan , Liu Chang‐Yun , Li Liu‐Yi , Li Yuan‐Xiao , Huang Hua‐Pin , Zou Zhang‐Yu 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveMutations in optineurin (OPTN) have been identified in familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We screened a cohort of Chinese patients for mutations in optineurin. We also performed an extensive literatures review of all mutations in optineurin identified previously to detect genotype–phenotype associations.MethodsAll 16 exons of the OPTN gene in a cohort of 15 familial ALS indexes and 275 sporadic ALS patients of Chinese origin were sequenced by targeted next generation sequencing.ResultsTwo known heterozygous missense mutations in the OPTN, c.1481T> G (p.L494W), and c.1546G> C (p.E516Q), as well as one novel heterozygous missense mutation c.1690G> C (p.D564H) were each detected in one sporadic ALS patient. The patient carrying the p.E516Q mutation developed clinical features of ALS‐frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and the patient carrying the p.D564H mutation showed a phenotype of ALS. They both had an aggressive course, with a survival of 18 and 14 months respectively. Literature review showed that the clinical phenotypes in OPTN mutated ALS were not homogeneous, although some individuals showed a relatively slow progression and a long duration, some mutations carriers developed an aggressive progression and a short survival.InterpretationOPTN mutations contribute to ALS in Chinese population and account for 0.8% of sporadic ALS patients and 1.5% of familial ALS in the pooled Chinese ALS cohorts. Mutations in optineurin can cause aggressive ALS+/−FTD.
Fatigue and Its Association With Social Participation, Functioning, and Quality of Life in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Murphy Susan L. , Kratz Anna L. , Whibley Daniel , Poole Janet L. , Khanna Dinesh 
Published: December 2019

ObjectiveFatigue is consistently ranked as one of the most problematic symptoms of systemic sclerosis (SSc), but the impact of fatigue on daily life is not well characterized. The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of fatigue to deficits in social participation, functioning, and quality of life.MethodsBaseline data from a sample undertaking a clinical trial were utilized (n = 267). Fatigue, pain interference, depressive symptoms, physical function, and social participation were assessed by measures from the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System. Hierarchical linear regressions were performed to determine the unique contribution of fatigue to social participation, physical function, and quality of life above and beyond the effects of demographic and clinical variables, pain interference, and depressive symptoms.ResultsThe sample was predominantly female (91%), with an average age of 53.7 years, average disease duration of 9 years, and a mean fatigue T score of 58.7. Of all outcomes, fatigue was most strongly associated with deficits in social participation, explaining 48% of the variance beyond demographic and clinical factors, which is similar to the amount of variance contributed by pain interference and depressive symptoms combined (49%). Fatigue also accounted for significant amounts of variance in physical function and quality of life (R2 = 0.27 and 0.33, respectively) above and beyond the effects of demographic and clinical factors.ConclusionFatigue is an important clinical problem in SSc and is strongly associated with decreased participation in social roles and activities. Rehabilitation interventions that focus on fatigue management may be necessary to maximize participation.
How Are Neighborhood Characteristics Associated With Mental and Physical Functioning Among Older Adults With Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis?
Authors: Kowitt Sarah D. , Aiello Allison E. , Callahan Leigh F. , Fisher Edwin B. , Gottfredson Nisha C. , Jordan Joanne M. , Muessig Kathryn E. 
Published: December 2019

ObjectiveTo examine how neighborhood characteristics are associated with health outcomes among older adults with osteoarthritis.MethodsIn multilevel, cross‐sectional, and longitudinal analyses we examined whether 4 neighborhood characteristics were associated with depressive symptoms and reported knee impact scores, and whether the neighborhood characteristics interacted with race/ethnicity among older adults with radiographic knee osteoarthritis (n = 656 for cross‐sectional analyses and n = 434 for longitudinal analyses). The data came from the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project, a prospective cohort study in North Carolina designed to examine risk factors for osteoarthritis.ResultsAlthough few longitudinal associations were found, cross‐sectional results suggested that greater perceived neighborhood social cohesion (B = –0.04, P < 0.001) and perceived neighborhood resources for physical activity and walking (B = –0.03, P < 0.001) were associated with fewer depressive symptoms, and that greater perceived neighborhood resources for physical activity and walking were associated with higher (better) knee impact scores (B = 0.48, P = 0.008). We also observed 2 significant interactions among neighborhood characteristics and race/ethnicity related to depressive symptoms (P < 0.01); for African American adults, greater perceived neighborhood resources for physical activity and walking were associated with fewer depressive symptoms (B = –0.03, P < 0.001), but for White adults, greater perceived neighborhood safety was associated with fewer depressive symptoms (B = –0.04, P = 0.003).ConclusionIn a sample of older adults with radiographic knee osteoarthritis, neighborhood context mattered, but in nuanced ways. Interventions aiming to improve mental and physical functioning of older adults with knee osteoarthritis can look to this study as evidence for the importance of neighborhood characteristics.
Association of Low Muscle Density With Deteriorations in Muscle Strength and Physical Functioning in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Baker Joshua F. , Mostoufi-Moab Sogol , Long Jin , Taratuta Elena , Leonard Mary B. , Zemel Babette 
Published: December 2019

ObjectiveRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with low muscle density due to the accumulation of intramuscular fat. The present study was undertaken to identify predictors of changes in muscle density and to determine whether low muscle density predicted changes in strength and physical function.MethodsPatients with RA, ages 18–70 years, completed whole‐body dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography to quantify lean and fat mass indices and muscle density. Dynamometry was used to measure strength at the hand, knee, and lower leg. Disability and physical function were measured with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Assessments were performed at baseline and at follow‐up. Regression analyses assessed associations between patient characteristics, muscle density, and deteriorations in strength and function.ResultsMuscle density was assessed at baseline in 107 patients with RA. Seventy‐nine of these patients (74%) returned for a follow‐up assessment at a median follow‐up time of 2.71 years (interquartile range 2.35–3.57). Factors associated with declines in muscle density included female sex, higher disease activity, smoking, and lower insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) levels. Greater muscle density Z score at baseline (per 1 SD) was associated with less worsening per year according to HAQ, SPPB, and 4‐meter walk time scores and a lower risk of a clinically important worsening in HAQ score (odds ratio [OR] 1.90 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.06, 3.42]; P = 0.03) and walking speed (OR 2.87 [95% CI 1.05, 7.89]; P = 0.04).ConclusionWorsening of skeletal muscle density occurred in patients with higher disease activity, in smokers, and in those with lower IGF‐1. Low muscle density was associated with worsening of physical function. Interventions addressing reductions in muscle quality might prevent functional decline.
Substrate‐Free and Shapeless Planar Micro‐Supercapacitors
Authors: Das Pratteek , Shi Xiaoyu , Fu Qiang , Wu Zhong‐Shuai 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMicro‐supercapacitors (MSCs), albeit powerful, are unable to broaden their potential applications primarily because they are not as flexible and morphable as electronics. To address this problem, a universal strategy to fabricate substrate‐free, ultrathin, shapeless planar‐MSCs with high‐performance tenability under serious deformation is put forward. These represent a new class of “all‐inside‐one” film supercapacitors, achieved by encapsulating two‐dimensional interdigital microelectrodes within chemically cross‐linked polyvinyl‐alcohol‐based hydrogel electrolyte containing graphene oxide (GO). GO nanosheets significantly improve ionic conductivity, enhance the capacitance, and boost robustness of hydrogel electrolyte. Consequently, the entire MSC, while being only 37 µm thick, can be crumpled and its shape can self‐adjust through fluid channel ten times smaller than its original size without any damage, demonstrating shapelessness. Using MXene as active material, high single‐cell areal capacitance of 40.8 mF cm−2 is achieved from microelectrodes as thin as 5 µm. Furthermore, to demonstrate wide applicability of this protocol, screen‐printed graphene‐based highly integrated MSCs connecting nine cells in series are fabricated to stably output a high voltage of 7.2 V while crumpling them from 0.11 to 0.01 cm−3, manifesting superior performance uniformity. This protocol allows the coexistence of high performance with incredible flexibility that may greatly diversify MSCs' applications.
Systematical Investigation of Ultrathin Doped Emissive Layer Structure: Achieving Highly Efficient and Long‐Lifetime Orange Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zhao Yi , Wu Shiwei , Ling Zhitian , Chen Huimin , Yu Nanjie , Zhou Pengchao , Lian Hong , Lan Weixia , Liao Yingjie , Wei Bin , Wang Shuanglong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPhosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) with ultrathin emissive layer (UEML) structure have great potential in solid‐state lighting and display applications due to their relatively simple fabrication process. In this paper, the effect of doped UEML architecture on the performance of orange PhOLEDs is systematically investigated and highly efficient and long‐lifetime devices with the doped UEML structures are successfully constructed. Through strategic exciton management, the probability of exciton recombination is significantly enhanced, while simultaneously that of exciton annihilation is greatly suppressed, along with excellent charge balance. The resulting orange PhOLEDs based on tris[2‐(2‐pyridyl) imidazole] gallium(III):bis (2‐phenylbenzothiazolato) (acetylacetonate) iridium as emitter exhibit a maximum current efficiency of 60.8 cd A−1, power efficiency of 65.8 lm W−1, and external quantum efficiency of 23.4%, respectively. In addition, the doped UEML architecture greatly extends the device operational stability with a nearly fourfold lifetime improvement (time to reduce to 50% of the initial luminance at 2300 cd m−2) over the conventional phosphorescent device with doped bulk emitting layer. This should be the best results reported so far for orange PhOLEDs, indicating the use of doped UEML structure displays great potential value in designing highly efficient and long‐lifetime PhOLEDs.
2D Resistive Switching Based on Amorphous Zinc–Tin Oxide Schottky Diodes
Authors: Casa Branca Nuno , Deuermeier Jonas , Martins Jorge , Carlos Emanuel , Pereira Maria , Martins Rodrigo , Fortunato Elvira , Kiazadeh Asal 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA room‐temperature‐processed resistive switching Schottky diode that can be operated in two distinct modes, depending solely on the choice of device initialization mode, is presented. Electroforming in the diode's reverse polarity leads to an abrupt filamentary switching with inherently long data retention at the expense of rectification. After this electroforming process, the devices may work in either a bipolar or unipolar manner with a resistance window of at least two orders of magnitude. Device initialization in the forward direction shows a smooth area‐dependent switching over two orders of magnitude, which conserves the current rectification and allows for analog control over the resistance states (dependence of device history and applied voltage stimuli). This secondary mechanism involves ion exchange or charge trapping at the Schottky interface without a contribution from the bulk (hence, it is termed 2D), which is reported for the first time for an amorphous oxide semiconductor switching matrix.
Dopant‐Free, Donor–Acceptor‐Type Polymeric Hole‐Transporting Materials for the Perovskite Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiencies over 20%
Authors: You Guofeng , Zhuang Qixin , Wang Lijun , Lin Xinyu , Zou Ding , Lin Zhenghuan , Zhen Hongyu , Zhuang Wenliu , Ling Qidan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe rich molecular design of electron donor (D)–acceptor (A) polymers offers many valuable clues to obtain high‐efficiency hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) for use in perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). The fused aromatic or heteroaromatic units can increase the conjugation of the polymer backbone to facilitate electron delocalization, which increases the rigidity of adjacent units to prevent rotational disorder and lower the reorganization energy, leading to improved carrier mobility and optimized film morphology. In this work, fused‐ring ladder‐type indacenodithiophene and indacenodithieno[3,2‐b]thiophene are used as D units, benzodithiophene‐4,8‐dione as the A unit, and thienothiophene as a π‐bridge to form the D–A polymers PBDTT and PBTTT, respectively. Both polymers exhibit favorable properties as HTMs including suitable energy levels, high hole mobility, and excellent film quality. Both dopant‐free HTMs endow n‐i‐p PVSCs with promising performance and stability. A maximum power conversion efficiency of 20.28% is achieved for PBDTT‐based devices, which is among the highest values reported to date.
Nature of FeSe2/N‐C Anode for High Performance Potassium Ion Hybrid Capacitor
Authors: Ge Junmin , Wang Bin , Wang Jue , Zhang Qingfeng , Lu Bingan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPotassium ion hybrid capacitors have great potential for large‐scale energy devices, because of the high power density and low cost. However, their practical applications are hindered by their low energy density, as well as electrolyte decomposition and collector corrosion at high potential in potassium bis(fluoro‐sulfonyl)imide‐based electrolyte. Therefore, anode materials with high capacity, a suitable voltage platform, and stability become a key factor. Here, N‐doping carbon‐coated FeSe2 clusters are demonstrated as the anode material for a hybrid capacitor, delivering a reversible capacity of 295 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 over 100 cycles and a high rate capability of 158 mAh g−1 at 2000 mA g−1 over 2000 cycles. Meanwhile, through density functional theory calculations, in situ X‐ray diffraction, and ex situ transmission electron microscopy, the evolution of FeSe2 to Fe3Se4 for the electrochemical reaction mechanism is successfully revealed. The battery‐supercapacitor hybrid using commercial activated carbon as the cathode and FeSe2/N‐C as the anode is obtained. It delivers a high energy density of 230 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 920 W kg−1 (the energy density and power density are calculated based on the total mass of active materials in the anode and cathode).
The effect of individual and food characteristics on food retrieval and food sharing in captive Guinea baboons (Papio papio)
Authors: Dell'Anna Fabrizio , Llorente Miquel , Weiß Brigitte M. , von Fersen Lorenzo , Amici Federica 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAccess to food is of major importance to the fitness and survival of every individual, particularly in group‐living animals, in which individual characteristics and food distribution can affect food intake. Additionally, several species of primates are known to share food under certain conditions. Such unresisted transfer of food from one individual to another appears to be adaptive, for instance as a tool to maintain and reinforce social bonds. In this study, we aimed to test how food retrieval and food sharing varies depending on the social relationship between individuals, and on the characteristics of the food. In six different test conditions, we provided a captive group of Guinea baboons (Papio papio,N = 23) with multiple food items, differing in quality, quantity, density, monopolizability, and effort required to obtain it. We further used behavioral observations to assess individual relationships and possible variations in grooming exchanges linked to food sharing events. Out of 424 events in which food items were retrieved by the subjects, we detected no instances of active food sharing and only 17 of passive food sharing. The way food was retrieved was affected by individual and food characteristics (i.e., quantity, quality, and monopolizability of food): Males and central individuals (i.e., those connected to many partners, and/or having partners with many connections in the social network) were more likely to retrieve food during test conditions. In particular, events of passive food sharing mostly happened when the quality of food was low, and between individuals belonging to the same community (i.e., having close relationships). No other food characteristics affected the probability to share food, and the occurrence of food sharing had no immediate effect on grooming exchanges. Overall, our findings suggest that food sharing is relatively rare in Guinea baboons unless the food has a low quality and individuals form close social bonds.
Photoacoustic Imaging Quantifies Drug Release from Nanocarriers via Redox Chemistry of Dye‐Labeled Cargo
Authors: Jeevarathinam Ananthakrishnan Soundaram , Lemaster Jeanne E. , Chen Fang , Zhao Eric , Jokerst Jesse V. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe report a new approach to monitor drug release from nanocarriers via a paclitaxel–methylene blue conjugate (PTX‐MB) with redox activity. This construct is in a photoacoustically silent reduced state inside poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (PTX‐MB@PLGA NPs). During release, PTX‐MB is spontaneously oxidized to produce a concentration‐dependent photoacoustic signal. An in vitro drug‐release study showed an initial burst release (25 %) between 0–24 h and a sustained release between 24–120 h with a cumulative release of 40.6 % and a 670‐fold increase in photoacoustic signal. An in vivo murine drug release showed a photoacoustic signal enhancement of up to 649 % after 10 hours. PTX‐MB@PLGA NPs showed an IC50 of 78 μg mL−1 and 44.7±4.8 % decrease of tumor burden in an orthotopic model of colon cancer via luciferase‐positive CT26 cells.
An Intrinsically Non‐flammable Electrolyte for High‐Performance Potassium Batteries
Authors: Liu Sailin , Mao Jianfeng , Zhang Qing , Wang Zhijie , Pang Wei Kong , Zhang Lei , Du Aijun , Sencadas Vitor , Zhang Wenchao , Guo Zaiping 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPotassium‐ion batteries are promising for low‐cost and large‐scale energy storage applications, but the major obstacle to their application is the lack of safe and effective electrolytes. A phosphate‐based fire retardant such as triethyl phosphate is now shown to work as a single solvent with potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide at 0.9 m, in contrast to previous Li and Na systems where phosphates cannot work at low concentrations. This electrolyte is optimized at 2 m, where it exhibits the advantages of low cost, low viscosity, and high conductivity, as well as the formation of a uniform and robust salt‐derived solid‐electrolyte interphase layer, leading to non‐dendritic K‐metal plating/stripping with Coulombic efficiency of 99.6 % and a highly reversible graphite anode.
Stabilization of the Oxidation State +IV in Siloxide‐Supported Terbium Compounds
Authors: Willauer Aurélien R. , Palumbo Chad T. , Scopelliti Rosario , Zivkovic Ivica , Douair Iskander , Maron Laurent , Mazzanti Marinella 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe synthesis of lanthanides other than cerium in the oxidation state +IV has remained a desirable but unmet target until recently, when two examples of TbIV with saturated coordination spheres were isolated. Here we report the third example of an isolated molecular complex of terbium(IV), where the supporting siloxide ligands do not saturate the coordination sphere. The fully characterized six‐coordinate complex [TbIV(OSiPh3)4(MeCN)2], 2‐TbPh, shows high stability and the labile MeCN ligands can be replaced by phosphinoxide ligands. Computational studies suggest that the stability is due to a strong π(O−Tb) interaction which is stronger than in the previously reported TbIV complexes. Cyclic‐voltammetry experiments demonstrate that non‐binding counterions contribute to the stability of TbIV in solution by destabilizing the +III oxidation state, while alkali ions promote TbIV/TbIII electron transfer.