bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flavonoids as antiobesity agents: A review
Authors: Rufino Ana T. , Costa Vera M. , Carvalho Félix , Fernandes Eduarda 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObesity is a global health problem that affects all age groups in both developing and developed countries. In recent years, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has reached pandemic levels, resulting in a dramatic increase in the incidence of various comorbidities, such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and cancer, consequently leading to massive health and socioeconomic burdens. Together with lifestyle changes, antiobesity pharmacotherapy is gaining momentum as an adjunctive treatment. However, the available pharmacological approaches have limited use owing to either significant adverse effects or low efficacy. Over the years, natural products have been an important source of lead compounds for drug discovery. Among these, flavonoids are associated with important biological effects and health‐promoting activities. In this review, we discuss the modulatory effects of flavonoids on obesity and their potential mechanisms of action. The literature strongly suggests that most common flavonoids demonstrate a pronounced effect on obesity as shown by their ability to lower body weight, fat mass, and plasma triglycerides/cholesterol, both in in vitro and in vivo models. The impact of flavonoids on obesity can be observed through different mechanisms: reducing food intake and fat absorption, increasing energy expenditure, modulating lipid metabolism, or regulating gut microbiota profile. A better understanding of the known antiobesity mechanisms of flavonoids will enable their potential use to treat this medical condition. Therefore, this review focuses on the putative biological mechanisms through which flavonoids may prevent or treat obesity and highlights new perspectives on future pharmacological use.
Structure elucidation of a new triterpene from Inonotus obliquus
Authors: Park Sangmin , Shin Hyeji , Park Dawon , Kim Hyunwoo , Byun Youngjoo , Lee Ki Yong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEthyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction of the Inonotus obliquus (Hymenochaetaceae) significantly inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–induced murine BV2 microglial cells. A new triterpene, characterized as inonotusol H (1), was isolated from the EtOAc fraction using the bioactivity‐guided fractionation together with four known triterpenes, inotodiol (2), trametenolic acid (3), inonotsutriols A (4), and inonotusol A (5). Among them, Compounds 2–4 significantly reduced LPS‐induced nitric oxide production to 4.5 ± 0.8%, 47.4 ± 4.4%, and 2.8 ± 1.7%, respectively, at a concentration of 30 μM.
Analysis of a novel finance chaotic model via ABC fractional derivative
Authors: Dokuyucu Mustafa Ali 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this study, the analysis of the new finance chaotic model was expanded to Atangana–Baleanu–Caputo fractional derivative. The existence solution was investigated using the fixed model theorem of the new model. Then, the uniqueness solution of model was examined by using the Sumudu transformation.
Long‐term effect of diesel degradation on polyoxymethylene at different temperatures
Authors: Reis J.M.L. , Amorim F.C. , Souza J.F.B. , Sant'Anna T. , da Costa Mattos H.S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDiesel is an important fuel, partly because of the longevity and cleanliness of diesel engines. Often, polymers are in direct contact with diesel and understanding compatibility is critical. Polyoxymethylene (POM) is a thermoplastic used to manufacture automotive fuel pump gears and rotors due to its low coefficient of friction and thermal and dimensional stability. In this study, tensile tests were performed on plain and glass fiber reinforced (POM and POMGF) after immersion in diesel at different temperatures (−10°C, 23°C, and 60°C) for 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, and 10 000 hour. A mathematical model was developed using data from just three tensile stress‐strain curves obtained at two different fluid temperatures and three different immersion times. Model and experimental results show good agreement with one another for all conditions tested.
A curated list of genes that affect the plant ionome
Authors: Whitt Lauren , Ricachenevsky Felipe Klein , Ziegler Greg Ziegler , Clemens Stephan , Walker Elsbeth , Maathuis Frans J. M. , Kear Philip , Baxter Ivan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms underlying plants’ adaptation to their environment will require knowledge of the genes and alleles underlying elemental composition. Modern genetics is capable of quickly, and cheaply indicating which regions of DNA are associated with particular phenotypes in question, but most genes remain poorly annotated, hindering the identification of candidate genes. To help identify candidate genes underlying elemental accumulations, we have created the known ionome gene (KIG) list: a curated collection of genes experimentally shown to change uptake, accumulation, and distribution of elements. We have also created an automated computational pipeline to generate lists of KIG orthologs in other plant species using the PhytoMine database. The current version of KIG consists of 176 known genes covering 5 species, 23 elements, and their 1588 orthologs in 10 species. Analysis of the known genes demonstrated that most were identified in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and that transporter coding genes and genes altering the accumulation of iron and zinc are overrepresented in the current list.
Plasticity and the role of mass‐scaling in allocation, morphology, and anatomical trait responses to above‐ and belowground resource limitation in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Wang Yan , Donovan Lisa A. , Temme Andries A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn the face of resource limitations, plants show plasticity in multiple trait categories, including biomass allocation, morphology, and anatomy, yet inevitably also grow less. The extent to which passive mass‐scaling plays a role in trait responses that contribute to increased potential for resource acquisition is poorly understood. Here, we assessed the role of mass‐scaling on the direction, magnitude, and coordination of trait plasticity to light and/or nutrient limitation in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus). We grew seedlings of 10 sunflower genotypes for 3 weeks in a factorial of light (50% shade) and nutrient (10% supply) limitation in the greenhouse and measured a suite of allocational, morphological, and anatomical traits for leaves, stems, fine roots, and tap roots. Under resource limitation, plants were smaller and more biomass was allocated to the organ capturing the most limiting resource, as expected. Traits varied in the magnitude of plasticity and the extent to which the observed response was passive (scaled with plant mass) and/or had an additional active component. None of the allocational responses were primarily passive. Plastic changes to specific leaf area and specific root length were primarily active, and adjusted toward more acquisitive trait values under light and nutrient limitation, respectively. For many traits, the observed response was a mixture of active and passive components, and for some traits, the active adjustment was antagonistic to the direction of passive adjustment, for example, stem height, and tap root and stem theoretical hydraulic conductance. Passive scaling with size played a major role in the coordinated response to light, but correcting for mass clarified that the active responses to both limitations were more similar in magnitude, although still resource and organ specific. Our results demonstrate that both passive plasticity and active plasticity can contribute to increased uptake capacity for limiting resources in a manner that is resource, organ, and trait specific. Indeed, passive adjustments (scaling with mass) of traits due to resource stress extend well beyond just mass allocation traits. For a full understanding of plants’ response to environmental stress, both passive and active plasticity need to be taken into account.
Impact of accelerated aging of epoxy‐Ni nanocomposites on space charge variation adopting pulsed electro acoustic technique
Authors: Sukesh Babu Myneni , Amizhtan Somasundaram Karthikeyan , Danikas Michael G. , Sarathi Ramanujam 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEpoxy‐Ni nanocomposites of different weight percentages are subjected to accelerated aging by water aging, thermal aging and UV irradiation to understand the influence of aging conditions on their space charge behavior. Homo‐charge accumulation is observed for unaged epoxy‐Ni nanocomposites. The magnitude of accumulated space charge is found to be lesser in 0.5 wt% epoxy‐Ni nanocomposite specimen compared to other unaged specimens. Water diffusion coefficient of epoxy‐Ni nanocomposites decreased with increasing weight percentage of filler addition. Space charge accumulation tends to increase with water aging. Increment in the space charge accumulation of 0.25 wt% epoxy‐Ni nanocomposite specimen is lesser compared to other water aged specimens. Exposure to thermal stress resulted in deterioration of the molecular structure of insulating material leading to an increase in trap‐controlled mobility, further leading to the reduction in space charge density with aging period. UV irradiation marginally assisted the charge transportation phenomenon, which resulted in the slight decrease of space charge density of epoxy‐Ni nanocomposites after UV irradiation. Hetero‐charge formation is found for all the three aging procedures. Overall, the specimen S1 reflected better space charge characteristics after being subjected to different aging conditions.
The Role of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) Aging in Determining Detonator Firing Characteristics
Authors: Lease Nicholas , Burnside Nathan J. , Brown Geoff W. , Lichthardt Joseph P. , Campbell Maria C. , Buckley Reid T. , Kramer John F. , Parrack Kristina M. , Anthony Spencer P. , Tian Hongzhao , Sjue Sky K. , Preston Daniel N. , Manner Virginia W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) is one of the most commonly used explosives for both military and mining applications. PETN is used in EBW (exploding bridge wire) and EFI (exploding foil initiator) detonator devices. Due the widespread usage of PETN, studies focusing on how the explosive changes with age, primarily its function in detonators has received particular interest. Aging studies have identified several factors that affect PETN detonator function over time, most notably the specific surface area of the explosive powder. Though small‐scale studies have been performed on specific detonator systems with isolated batches of material, what is missing is a large statistically‐significant study focusing on PETN aging characteristics – such as powder coarsening – and their influence on detonator performance. Herein we report the first large statistically viable PETN aging study focusing on four batches of PETN powder from the same stock of PETN using two stabilizers, polysaccharide and TriPEON. PETN was aged both as a free‐flowing powder as well as in modified EBW RP‐2 detonators, for one month at 75 °C. The PETN powder has been analyzed chemically using Fisher specific surface area analysis, SEM imaging and light scattering particle size analysis. Additionally the detonators were tested for performance through voltage‐sweep threshold testing and function time measurements. Findings from the study indicate that aging at 75 °C for one month significantly changes the specific surface area and particle size of unstabilized PETN, leading to increases in detonator function time, but not detonator threshold values. Powders stabilized with TriPEON displayed less significant increases in function time, while powder stabilized with polysaccharide exhibited no aging effects, despite the high temperature aging.
High intratumoral CD8+ T‐cell infiltration is associated with improved survival in prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomy
Authors: Yang Yuanquan , Attwood Kristopher , Bshara Wiam , Mohler James L. , Guru Khurshid , Xu Bo , Kalinski Pawel , Chatta Gurkamal 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundA high density of CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is associated with improved survival in multiple cancers, but its prognostic role in prostate cancer remains controversial. The aim of our study was to evaluate the prognostic value of CD8+ TILs in prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP). We hypothesized that elevated density of CD8+ TILs in the RP specimen would correlate with improved clinical outcomes. This information may be helpful for future immunotherapy clinical trial design and treatment selection.MethodsTumor microarrays constructed from 230 patients with localized prostate cancers who underwent RP from 2006 to 2012 at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center were analyzed retrospectively using immunohistochemistry. CD8+ cell density was evaluated using a computerized scoring system. The cohorts were separated by CD8+ TIL density at the 25th percentile (i.e., low <quartile 1 and high ≥quartile 1). The quartile 1 threshold was chosen through a “minimal p value approach” based on overall survival with correction of significance to adjust for multiple testing. Clinical outcomes were compared in the high versus low CD8+ TIL density groups.ResultsOne hundred and forty‐nine (65%) patients had high risk diseases (Gleason >7 or pT3/4). The median follow‐up time was 8.4 years. High CD8+ TIL density was associated with improved 5‐year overall survival (98% vs. 91%, p = .01) and prostate cancer‐specific survival (99% vs. 95%, p = .04) compared with patients with low CD8+ TIL density. There was a trend toward higher 5‐year biochemical recurrence‐free survival and metastasis‐free survival in the cohort of patients with high CD8+ TIL density (52% vs. 38% and 86% vs. 73%, respectively), although the difference did not reach statistical significance (p = .18 and p = .05, respectively). In a multivariate analysis high CD8+ TIL density was an independent favorable prognostic factor for overall survival (hazards ratio = 0.38; 95% confidence interval: 0.17–0.87; p = .02). In contrast to the prognostic value of CD8+ TIL density, the CD8+ cell density in the matched normal prostate tissue was not associated with any clinical outcomes.ConclusionIntratumoral CD8+ T‐cell infiltration in the RP specimen is independently associated with improved survival after RP in this high‐risk prostate cancer cohort. Pre‐RP immunomodulation that promotes intratumoral CD8+ cytotoxic T‐cell infiltration may be beneficial for this population.
Activated autophagy restored the impaired frequency and function of regulatory T cells in chronic prostatitis
Authors: Liu Yi , Zhang Yong , Zhang Meng , Meng Jialin , Ma Qingqing , Hao Zongyao , Zheng Meijuan , Zhang Li , Chen Xianguo , Liang Chaozhao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundChronic prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a disease with an unclear pathogenesis. Recent studies have reported that regulatory T (Treg) cells might be involved in the development of CP/CPPS. In this study we aimed to examine the functional role of Treg cells and explore the possible regulatory mechanism of Treg cells in CP/CPPS.MethodsAn experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) mouse model was constructed; the numbers and functions of Treg cells in the EAP and control groups were tested. Then, cell differentiation experiments were conducted to evaluate the regulatory effect of autophagy on Treg cell differentiation. Furthermore, autologous CD4+CD25‐ cells and CD4+CD25+ cells from the two groups were magnetically sorted and cocultured to observe differences in cellular inhibitory functions. Finally, in an in vivo experiment, rapamycin was intraperitoneally injected into EAP mice for 4 weeks to observe the therapeutic effects.ResultsWe found that the number and function of Treg cells in the EAP group were diminished compared to those in the control group. Meanwhile, the tolerance of pain in EAP mice had also decreased. Moreover, after using the autophagy activator rapamycin, the expression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐1β was decreased and the pain symptoms were alleviated. A mechanistic study found that autophagy activation promoted the differentiation of Treg and increased the suppressive functions of Treg cells, along with the elevated expression of GATA‐3 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA‐4). Furthermore, in vivo administration of the autophagy activator rapamycin had similar effects on recovering the frequency and function of Treg cells as well as the expression of GATA‐3 and CTLA‐4.ConclusionThe impaired frequency and function of Treg cells may contribute to the progression of CP/CPPS, and autophagy is a protective mechanism that promotes the differentiation of Treg cells and restores the suppressive functions of Treg cells. Autophagy may be a novel therapeutic option for patients with CP/CPPS.
Effects of marine biofertilisation on Celtic bean carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotopes: Implications for reconstructing past diet and farming practices
Authors: Gröcke Darren R. , Treasure Edward R. , Lester Jonathan J. , Gron Kurt J. , Church Mike J. 
Published: October 2020

RationaleThe application of fertilisers to crops can be monitored and assessed using stable isotope ratios. However, the application of marine biofertilisers (e.g., fish, macroalgae/seaweed) on crop stable isotope ratios has been rarely studied, despite widespread archaeological and historical evidence for the use of marine resources as a soil amendment.MethodsA heritage variety of Celtic bean, similar in size and shape to archaeobotanical macrofossils of Vicia faba L., was grown in three 1 × 0.5 m outdoor plots under three soil conditions: natural soil (control); natural soil mixed with macroalgae (seaweed); and 15 cm of natural soil placed on a layer of fish carcasses (Atlantic cod). These experiments were performed over two growing seasons in the same plots. At the end of each growing season, the plants were sampled, measured and analysed for carbon, nitrogen and sulphur stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S).ResultsThe bean plants freely uptake the newly bioavailable nutrients (nitrogen and sulphur) and incorporate a marine isotopic ratio into all tissues. The bean δ15N values ranged between 0.8‰ and 1.0‰ in the control experiment compared with 2‰ to 3‰ in the macroalgae crop and 8‰ to 17‰ in the cod fish experiment. Their δ34S values ranged between 5‰ and 7‰ in the control compared with 15‰ to 16‰ in the macroalgae crop and 9‰ to 12‰ in the cod fish crop. The beans became more 13C‐depleted (δ13C values: 1–1.5‰ lower) due to crop management practices.ConclusionsHumans and animals consuming plants grown with marine biofertilisers will incorporate a marine signature. Isotopic enrichment in nitrogen and sulphur using marine resources has significant implications when reconstructing diets and farming practices in archaeological populations.
Invoking the political in socioscientific issues: A study of Indian students' discussions on commercial surrogacy
Authors: Raveendran Aswathy 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe political nature of socioscientific controversies becomes starkly apparent in countries of the Global South where science and technology are embedded in societies characterized by pervasive structural inequalities which, in part, were created by the Global North. This article presents empirical work from the standpoint of a critical science educator, which attempts to highlight the political nature of socioscientific controversies, in‐line with criticisms of the dominant paradigm of research on socioscientific issues (SSIs) that foregrounds moral over political considerations, and the logico‐scientific over narrative modes of expression. The study highlights these aspects using the SSI of commercial surrogacy, involving data collected from 39 Indian students through interviews as well as group discussions—as they negotiated a SSI of commercial surrogacy. The data were analyzed in three parts and involved a discussion of: (1) the ethico‐political considerations that were raised; (2) the nature of standpoints that the students adopted; and (3) the nature of disagreements that were raised in discussions. The results reveal that the students in the study adopted a wide variety of ethico‐political positions on the issue, which were mostly supportive of, but occasionally challenged structural inequalities related to caste, class, and gender. The study examines these positions using a theoretical framework that draws on scholarship within the critical studies of science education.
Social media campaigns addressing gender‐based violence: Policy entrepreneurship and advocacy networks
Authors: Stabile Bonnie , Purohit Hemant , Hattery Angela 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSocial media campaigns on Twitter are one of their primary strategies used by organizations aiming to mitigate the global problem of gender‐based violence (GBV). Social media has been touted as a transformative force in social movements, affecting the influence and interplay of actors in advocacy networks, and their entrepreneurship in shaping policy. We examine the social media campaigns of three anti‐GBV organizations operating at the local, national, and global levels to assess the nature and extent of their effectiveness.
On matrix models and their q-deformations
Authors: Cassia Luca , Lodin Rebecca , Zabzine Maxim 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMotivated by the BPS/CFT correspondence, we explore the similarities be- tween the classicalβ-deformed Hermitean matrix model and theq-deformed matrix models associated to 3d$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 2 supersymmetric gauge theories onD2×qS1and$$ {S}_b^3 $$Sb3by matching parameters of the theories. The novel results that we obtain are the correlators for the models, together with an additional result in the classical case consisting of theW-algebra representation of the generating function. Furthermore, we also obtain surprisingly simple expressions for the expectation values of characters which generalize previously known results.
Higher-spin symmetry vs. boundary locality, and a rehabilitation of dS/CFT
Authors: David Adrian , Neiman Yasha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We consider the holographic duality between 4d type-A higher-spin gravity and a 3d free vector model. It is known that the Feynman diagrams for boundary correlators can be encapsulated in an HS-algebraic twistorial expression. This expression can be evaluated not just on separate boundary insertions, but on entire finite source distributions. We do so for the first time, and find that the result ZHS disagrees with the usual CFT partition function. While such disagreement was expected due to contact corrections, it persists even in their absence. We ascribe it to a confusion between on-shell and off-shell boundary calculations. In Lorentzian boundary signature, this manifests via wrong relative signs for Feynman diagrams with different permutations of the source points. In Euclidean, the signs are instead ambiguous, spoiling would-be linear superpositions. Framing the situation as a conflict between boundary locality and HS symmetry, we sacrifice locality and choose to take ZHS seriously. We are rewarded by the dissolution of a long-standing pathology in higher-spin dS/CFT. Though we lose the connection to the local CFT, the precise form of ZHS can be recovered from first principles, by demanding a spin-local boundary action.