bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Cashew Nut DNA in Spiked Baked Goods Using a Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Method
Authors: Brzezinski Jennifer L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The detection of potentially allergenic foods, such as tree nuts, in food products is a major concern for the food processing industry. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was designed to determine the presence of cashew DNA in food products. The PCR amplifies a 67 bp fragment of the cashew 2S albumin gene, which is detected with a cashew-specific, dual-labeled TaqMan probe. This reaction will not amplify DNA derived from other tree nut species, such as almond, Brazil nut, hazelnut, and walnut, as well as 4 varieties of peanut. This assay was sensitive enough to detect 5 pg purified cashew DNA as well as cashew DNA in a spiked chocolate cookie sample containing 0.01% (100 mg/kg) cashew.
Assessing Exposure to Lignans and Their Metabolites in Humans
Authors: Lampe Johanna W , Atkinson Charlotte , Hullar Meredith A J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Phytoestrogens occur naturally in plants and are structurally similar to mammalian estrogens. The lignans are a class of phytoestrogen and can be metabolized to the biologically active enterolignans, enterodiol, and enterolactone by a consortium of intestinal bacteria. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), a plant lignan, is metabolized to enterodiol and, subsequently, enterolactone. Matairesinol, another plant lignan, is metabolized to enterolactone. Other dietary enterolignan precursors include lariciresinol, pinoresinol, syringaresinol, arctigenin, and sesamin. Enterolignan exposure is determined in part by intake of these precursors, gut bacterial activity, and host conjugating enzyme activity. A single SDG dose results in enterolignan appearance in plasma 810 h latera timeframe associated with colonic bacterial metabolism and absorption. Conjugation of enterolignans with sulfate and glucuronic acid occurs in the intestinal wall and liver, with the predominant conjugates wall and liver, with the predominant conjugates have demonstrated dose-dependent urinary lignan excretion in response to flaxseed consumption (a source of SDG); however, even in the context of controlled studies, there is substantial interindividual variation in plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of enterolignans. The complex interaction between colonic environment and external and internal factors that modulate it likely contribute to this variation. Knowledge of this field, to date, indicates that understanding the sources of variation and measuring the relevant panel of compounds are important in order to use these measures effectively in evaluating the impact of lignans on human health.
AReview of the Animal Models Used to Investigate the Health Benefits of Soy Isoflavones
Authors: Cooke Gerard M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This review considers the recent literature in which animal models were used to investigate the purported health benefits of soy isoflavones. The main conclusions are that our animal models demonstrate minimal effects in breast, prostate, and colon cancer prevention, and that, while some cancers may respond to isoflavones, it would appear that isoflavones do not prevent further development once cancer has become established. Regarding cardiovascular health, the lipid-lowering effects of isoflavones have been established, but their efficacy may be less than original research purported. However, it may be considered a bonus of habitual soy consumption that blood cholesterol levels would be reduced somewhat. With respect to osteoporosis and menopausal symptoms, animal models do not show any consistent benefit of isoflavones in preventing osteoporosis, and calcium fortification or the use of prescribed medications are likely much better approaches to combat bone loss. However, our animal models of osteoporosis and menopausal symptoms may not be entirely representative of the human situation. Perhaps the benefit of isoflavones in cognitive skills and in delaying Alzheimer's disease is an area where they can be of some advantage. However, this field is very recent and requires much more research in both humans and animal models before any definitive benefit can be propounded. On the other hand, isoflavones in moderation are probably not dangerous, as few studies have indicated adverse effects. However, large doses have been shown to increase apoptosis and cell degeneration, and in some cancer regimes, once the cancer has progressed beyond the hormone-dependent stage, high doses of isoflavones may be contraindicated. The prospect of mega-dosing from isoflavone supplements opens a new chapter in the risk assessment of isoflavone consumption.
Determination of Aristolochic Acid in Botanicals and Dietary Supplements by Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection and by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry: Single Laboratory Validation Confirmation
Authors: Trujillo William A , Sorenson Wendy R , Luzerne Paul La , Austad John W , Sullivan Darryl 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The presence of aristolochic acid in some dietary supplements is a concern to regulators and consumers. A method has been developed, by initially using a reference method as a guide, during single laboratory validation (SLV) for the determination of aristolochic acid I, also known as aristolochic acid A, in botanical species and dietary supplements at concentrations of approximately 2 to 32 μg/g. Higher levels were determined by dilution to fit the standard curve. Through the SLV, the method was optimized for quantification by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (LC-UV) and LC/mass spectrometry (MS) confirmation. The test samples were extracted with organic solvent and water, then injected on a reverse phase LC column. Quantification was achieved with linear regression using a laboratory automation system. The SLV study included systematically optimizing the LC-UV method with regard to test sample size, fine grinding of solids, and solvent extraction efficiency. These parameters were varied in increments (and in separate optimization studies), in order to ensure that each parameter was individually studied; the test results include corresponding tables of parameter variations. In addition, the chromatographic conditions were optimized with respect to injection volume and detection wavelength. Precision studies produced overall relative standard deviation values from 2.44 up to 8.26% for aristolochic acid I. Mean recoveries were between 100 and 103% at the 2 μg/g level, between 102 and 103% at the 10 μg/g level, and 104% at the 30 μg/g level.
Spectrophotometric, Difference Spectroscopic, and High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Cefixime in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Shah Paresh B , Pundarikakshudu Kilambi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Three simple and sensitive spectrophotometric, difference spectroscopic, and liquid chromatographic (LC) methods are described for the determination of cefixime. The first method is based on the oxidative coupling reaction of cefixime with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinon hydrazone HCl in presence of ferric chloride. The absorbance of reaction product was measured at the maximum absorbance wavelength (max), 630 nm. The difference spectroscopic method is based on the measurement of absorbance of cefixime at the absorbance maximum, 268 nm, and minimum, 237 nm. The measured value was the amplitude of maxima and minima between 2 equimolar solutions of the analyte in different chemical forms, which exhibited different spectral characteristics. The conditions were optimized, and Beer's law was obeyed for cefixime at 1 to 16 μg/mL and 10 to 50 μg/mL, respectively. The third method, high-performance LC, was developed for the determination of cefixime using 50 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 3.0)methanol (78 + 22, v/v) as the mobile phase and measuring the response at λmax 286 nm. The analysis was performed on a Lichrospher RPC18 column. The calibration curve was obtained for cefixime at 5 to 250 μg/mL, and the mean recovery was 99.71 ± 0.01%. The methods were validated according to the guidelines of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia and also assessed by applying the standard addition technique. The results obtained in the analysis of dosage forms agreed well with the contents stated on the labels.
Two Rapid Methods for Detection of Escherichia coli Exceeding 104/g Action Levels: Precollaborative Study
Authors: Grant Michael A , Wernberg Jane S , Van Khanh T , Albert Angelina M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The current AOAC Method 966.24 for enumeration of Escherichia coli in foods uses a most probable number (MPN) procedure with extensive confirmation steps. Two new methods based on membrane filtration (MF) were compared to the MPN reference method for detection of high levels of E. coli in 5 food types, some of which represent categories for which the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandates additional testing if an action level of 104/g E. coli is exceeded. Ground beef, which is not FDA regulated, was also tested. The 5 food types were all inoculated at 3 levels: 102/g, ≥104/g, and ≥105/g E. coli. An MF protocol using either m-ColiBlue24® (CB) or lauryl sulfate tryptose plus BCIG (LST/BCIG) was an effective potential alternative to the reference method. Sensitivity and specificity for both CB and LST/BCIG were 98 and 100%, respectively. Agreement between MPN and both CB and LST/BCIG was 98%. The 2 proposed methods allow completion of both presumptive and confirmatory steps in 13 days, whereas the reference method requires as many as 11 days. Exclusivity testing with 50 non-E. coli strains indicated 100% were correctly ruled out by the proposed protocols. Inclusivity testing was used to determine whether typical results were obtained after incubation of E. coli cultures on CB or LST/BCIG for 24 h. Of 50 E. coli strains tested, 100% yielded typical results after incubation on CB, and 98% yielded typical results after incubation on LST/BCIG.
Determination of Arsenic, Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Lead, Molybdenum, Nickel, and Selenium in Fertilizers by Microwave Digestion and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry Detection: Collaborative Study
Authors: Kane Peter F , Hall William L ,   Collaborators:, Bartos J , Boles R , Dupuis M , Hasty E , Kinsey C , Mullins S , Newlon N , Purkiss J , Rivera C , Robarge W , Sakyi-Amfo K , Seeley C , Seigel S , Svee M , Van Erem T , Vindiola A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
There is increasing regulatory interest in the non-nutritive metals content of fertilizer materials, but at present there is no consensus analytical method for acid digestion and instrument detection of those elements in fertilizer matrixes. This lack of method standardization has resulted in unacceptable variability of results between fertilizer laboratories performing metals analysis. A method has been developed using microwave digestion with nitric acid at 200C, followed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry instrument detection, for the elements arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, lead, and selenium. The method has been collaboratively studied, and statistical results are here reported. Fourteen collaborators were sent 62 sample materials in a blind duplicate design. Materials represented a broad cross section of fertilizer types, including phosphateore, manufactured phosphate products, N-P-K blends, organic fertilizers, and micro-nutrient materials. As much as possible within the limit of the number of samples, materials were selected from different regions of the United States and the world. Limit of detection (LOD) was determined using synthetic fertilizers consisting of reagent grade chemicals with near zero levels of the non-nutritive elements, analyzed blindly. Samples with high iron content caused the most variability between laboratories. Most samples reasonably above LOD gave HorRat values within the range 0.5 to 2.0, indicating acceptable method performance according to AOAC guidelines for analyses in the mg/kg range. The method is recommended for AOAC Official First Action status.
A Validated Liquid Chromatographic Method for Estimation of Solasodine in Various Solanum Species and Market Formulations
Authors: Trivedi Priti D , Patel Brijesh C , Rathnam Shivprakash , Pundarikakshudu Kilambi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper describes an improved liquid chromatographic (LC) method involving a prechromatographic derivatization step for the estimation of solasodine from berries of various Solanum species, market samples of Solanum xanthocarpum herb, extract, and its market formulations. Solasodine has heterocyclic nitrogen but has no conjugated double bonds in its structure. However, in all reported LC methods, detection was made in the ultraviolet range of 200213 nm. In the present study, a prechromatographic derivatization of solasodine was done by forming an ion-pair complex of the heterocyclic nitrogen using the acidic dye methyl orange and acetate buffer of pH 4.7. Detection could be made in the visible range at 530 nm in this method. The method was validated and successfully applied to determine solasodine content in various plant samples and polyherbal formulations. The relative standard deviation was found to be 0.025% for system precision, and 0.8% for the linearity of the method, and the correlation coefficient was 0.999. Plant samples and market formulations were analyzed and found to contain solasodine in the range of 0.1130.227% (w/w) on a fresh weight basis in berries; 0.31.278% (w/w) and 0.412% (w/w) on a dry weight basis in S. xanthocarpum herb powder and extract, respectively; and 0.2450.525% (w/w) on dry weight basis in formulations containing S. xanthocarpum herb powder. No matrix interference was encountered. The method was found to be accurate, with a mean recovery of 100.5 ±0.83%. The method has good reproducibility and was found to be suitable for estimation of solasodine.
Fractional Wavelet Analysis for the Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis of Lacidipine and Its Photodegradation Product by Continuous Wavelet Transform and Multilinear Regression Calibration
Authors: Din Erdal , Ragno Gaetano , Ioele Giuseppina , Baleanu Dumitru 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Fractional wavelet transform (FWT) was applied to the original absorption spectra of lacidipine (LAC) and its photodegradation product (LACD), and the resulting FWT spectra were processed by continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and multilinear regression calibration (MLRC) for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of both products in their binary mixtures. These methods do not require any chemical separation step and chemical complex reaction to obtain a detectable signal for the degradation product. By using the Mexican hat function, 2 calibration functions for LAC and LACD were obtained by measuring the CWT transformed signals at 416.1 nm for LAC and 414.6 nm for LACD, after FWT processing of the original absorption spectra. The calibration graphs were linear in the concentration range of 5.0840.64 μg/mL for LAC and 0.518.16 μg/mL for LACD. The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation were found to be 0.289 and 0.956 μg/mL for LAC and 0.036 and 0.118 μg/mL for LACD, respectively. For comparison, the MLRC algorithm was applied to the linear regression functions for the individual drug and its photoproduct. In this approach, a set of linear regression functions was obtained from the relationship between concentrations and FWT signals in the wavelength range 411.0412.4 nm. Both methods were applied to the quantitative evaluation of LAC and LACD in laboratory and pharmaceutical samples, and produced very satisfactory results.
Simultaneous Determination of Hyoscine Butylbromide and Ketoprofen in Pharmaceutical Preparations by Spectrophotometric and Liquid Chromatographic Methods
Authors: El-Saharty Yasser Shaker , Metwally Fadia H , Refaat Mohamed , El-Khateeb Sonia Zaki 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A binary mixture of hyoscine butylbromide and ketoprofen was determined by 4 different methods. The first involved determination of hyoscine butylbromide and ketoprofen using the ratio-spectra first-derivative spectrophotometric technique at 211 and 234 nm over the concentration ranges of 2-14 and 5-45 μg/mL with mean accuracies 99.84 ± 0.92 and 99.98 ± 0.64%, respectively. The second method utilized second-derivative spectrophotometry over the concentration ranges of 2-14 and 5-35 μg/mL with mean accuracies 99.32 ± 1.06 and 99.55 ± 1.15%, respectively. The third method was based on the resolution of the 2 components by bivariate calibration depending on a simple and rapid mathematical algorithm and quantitative evaluation of the absorbances at 206 and 254 nm over concentration ranges of 2-16 and 5-35 μg/mL; mean accuracies of 100.21 ± 1.30 and 100.19 ± 1.07% were obtained for hyoscine butylbromide and ketoprofen, respectively. The fourth method was reversed-phase liquid chromatography using 0.05 M ammonium dihydrogen phosphateacetonitrilemethanol (20 + 30 + 6, v/v) as the mobile phase with ultraviolet detection at 220 nm over concentration ranges of 1-90 and 5-70 μg/mL; mean accuracies were 99.92 ± 1.02 and 99.61 ± 0.98%, respectively. The suggested procedures were checked using laboratory-prepared mixtures and were successfully applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations. The methods retained their accuracy and precision when the standard addition technique was applied. The results obtained by applying the proposed methods were statistically analyzed and compared with those obtained by the manufacturer's method.
Determination of Patulin in Apple and Hawthorn Beverages by Solid-Phase Filtration Column and Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Li Fengqin , Zhao Shan , Chin Leejiuan , Li Yuwei , Wu Duojia , Zhao Xi , Han Chunhui , Zhang Hongyuan , Ji Rong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The use of solid-phase filtration column (MycoSep 228®) and liquid chromatography for determination of patulin in apple and hawthorn beverages was investigated. The method passed a series of validation tests, including separation efficiency, sensitivity, repeatability, validation within a collaborative trial, recoveries, and applicability. Accuracy and precision were very good for determination of patulin in both spiked and naturally contaminated apple/hawthorn beverage samples at levels of 10 μg/L and above, with limits of detection and quantification at 8 and 23 μg/L, respectively. The applicability of the method was tested by analyzing commercially available domestic apple and hawthorn beverages. Patulin was found in 3 of 52 (5.77%) apple beverages at concentrations ranging from 63.45 to 88.44 μg/L, and in 6 of 43 (13.95%) hawthorn beverages ranging from 19.8 to 206.88 μg/L. Among these were 3 apple and 4 hawthorn beverage samples with toxin levels that exceeded the Chinese legislative requirement of 50 μg/L in apple- and hawthorn-based products intended for human consumption. Comparable tests revealed that the results obtained by both the new MycoSep-based method and the official AOAC method are not significantly different (t value 0.003268 &lt; t0.05, P &gt; 0.05).
Determination of Site-Specific (Deuterium/Hydrogen) Ratios in Vanillin by 2H-NuclearMagnetic Resonance Spectrometry: Collaborative Study
Authors: Jamin Eric , Martin Frédérique , Martin Gilles G ,   Collaborators:, Billault I , Blanch-Cortès A -I , Fauhl C , Guillou C , Ha S , Hermann A , Lamoureux C , Mazac J , Rétif M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The results of collaborative study are reported for a method that determines the site-specific isotope ratios of deuterium/hydrogen (D/H)i in vanillin by deuterium-nuclear magnetic resonance (2H-NMR) spectrometry. This method allows characterization of all the main commercial sources of commercial vanillin and detection of undeclared mixtures. It is based on the fact that the amounts of deuterium at various positions in the vanillin molecule are significantly different from one source to another. Vanillin is dissolved in acetonitrile and analyzed with a high-field NMR spectrometer fitted with a deuterium probe and a fluorine lock. The proportions of isotopomers monodeuterated at each hydrogen position of the molecule are recorded, and the corresponding (D/H) ratios are determined by using a calibrated reference. Nine laboratories analyzed 5 materials supplied as blind duplicates (1 natural vanillin from vanilla beans, 2 synthetic vanillins from guaiacol, 1 semisynthetic vanillin from lignin, and a mixture of natural and synthetic vanillins). The precision of the method for measuring site-specific ratios was as follows: for (D/H)1 the within-laboratory standard deviation (sr) values ranged from 2.2 to 5.8 ppm, and the among-laboratories standard deviation (sR) values ranged from 3.6 to 5.1 ppm; for (D/H)3 the sr values ranged from 1.7 to 3.2 ppm, and the sR values ranged from 2.4 to 3.7 ppm; for (D/H)4 the sr values ranged from 2.3 to 6.2 ppm, and the sR values ranged from 2.4 to 6.4 ppm; for (D/H)5 the sr values ranged from 0.8 to 2.7 ppm, and the sR values ranged from 0.9 to 2.3 ppm. It was shown that these values allow a satisfactory discrimination between vanillin sources. Therefore, the Study Director recommends the method for adoption as a First Action Official Method by AOAC INTERNATIONAL.
Quantitative Recovery of Listeria monocytogenes and Select Salmonella Serotypes from Environmental Sample Media
Authors: Bazaco Michael C , Eifert Joseph D , Williams Robert C , Kathariou Sophia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Environmental sampling has become increasingly important in the food industry for monitoring the presence of specific pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica. Several microbiological media are available for storage and transport of environmental samples from the processing plant to the test laboratory. In this study, we quantified the survival of L. monocytogenes, S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, and S. Typhi in environmental sampling media over several time and temperature combinations to determine optimum conditions for transport and storage. A cocktail of L. monocytogenes strains and Salmonella serotypes was separately added to tubes of Dey-Engley (D/E) Neutralizing Broth, Copan SRK solution, and Neutralizing Buffer and incubated at either -4, 4, 10, or 15°C. Counts were made of the bacterial load after 0, 12, 24, and 48 h. Neutralizing Buffer and Copan SRK solution were best at maintaining bacterial concentrations at all temperatures. D/E Neutralizing Broth, at 10 and 15C, allowed significant bacterial growth. This study helped validate the use of these 3 media for environmental sample transport and storage at cold holding temperatures and demonstrated that, at elevated temperatures (&gt;4°C), it is preferable to use Neutralizing Buffer or Copan SRK solution for quantifying microbial recovery.