bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Security, Resilience and Participatory Urban Upgrading in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Hilgers Tina 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTIn theory, security and resilience in contexts of violence and crime are improved by participatory urban upgrading. Yet, upgrading practices actually demonstrate how vulnerabilities to violence, insecurity and crime are reproduced by state–society and intra‐community power hierarchies. On the one hand, the priorities and perspectives of politicians and bureaucrats continue to take precedence over the needs and demands of residents of marginalized communities, undermining participation. On the other hand, the internal socio‐political structures of marginalized communities complicate the capacity and willingness of residents and external state actors to engage with each other. The result is that upgrading programmes are not particularly successful in ordering development and security or in creating resilience. Internal processes have a greater impact on residents’ choices in their daily struggles to survive and thrive, but the resilience they create is limited because power and resources tend to be centralized and sometimes linked to crime groups. This article uses the cases of Kingston (Jamaica) and São Paulo (Brazil) to highlight these power hierarchies and how they impede the resilience project of participatory urban upgrading processes in contexts of crime and violence.
Knowledge and Forms in Plato's Educational Philosophy
Authors: Marshall Mason 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this essay, Mason Marshall argues that Plato's views on Forms play a central role in his educational philosophy. In response to what certain commentators have recently written, Marshall contends that this interpretation not only is accurate but also is advantageous because of how it can help philosophy of education. He also addresses the view, proposed by one philosopher of education, that Plato believes that the most valuable sort of knowledge cannot be fully expressed in words and that the objects of this knowledge are something other than transcendent Forms. Preferable to that view, Marshall argues, is the idea that Plato wants knowledge of Forms which is nonrepresentational.
Conserved ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes in Caribbean croaking geckos (Aristelliger: Sphaerodactylidae)
Authors: Keating Shannon E. , Griffing Aaron H. , Nielsen Stuart V. , Scantlebury Daniel P. , Gamble Tony 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCurrent understanding of sex chromosome evolution is largely dependent on species with highly degenerated, heteromorphic sex chromosomes, but by studying species with recently evolved or morphologically indistinct sex chromosomes we can greatly increase our understanding of sex chromosome origins, degeneration and turnover. Here, we examine sex chromosome evolution and stability in the gecko genus Aristelliger. We used RADseq to identify sex‐specific markers and show that four Aristelliger species, spanning the phylogenetic breadth of the genus, share a conserved ZZ/ZW system syntenic with avian chromosome 2. These conserved sex chromosomes contrast with many other gecko sex chromosome systems by showing a degree of stability among a group known for its dynamic sex‐determining mechanisms. Cytogenetic data from A. expectatus revealed homomorphic sex chromosomes with an accumulation of repetitive elements on the W chromosome. Taken together, the large number of female‐specific A. praesignis RAD markers and the accumulation of repetitive DNA on the A. expectatus W karyotype suggest that the Z and W chromosomes are highly differentiated despite their overall morphological similarity. We discuss this paradoxical situation and suggest that it may, in fact, be common in many animal species.
Application of an improved distributed Xinanjiang hydrological model for flood prediction in a karst catchment in South‐Western China
Authors: Yang Wenzhe , Chen Lihua , Deng Fangfang , Lv Shuting 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHydrological processes in karst aquifer systems are controlled by highly permeable media, so studying flood processes in karst‐dominated regions is very important; however, it is still a challenge to model the hydrological dynamics in such strongly heterogeneous conditions. This study proposed a distributed Xinanjiang karst hydrological model (DXAJKHM) for simulating the flood processes in karst catchments, which was based on topographical information extracted from a digital elevation model. Considering the dual‐porosity in karst aquifer systems, the DXAJKHM was coupled with a traditional Xinanjiang conceptual hydrological model and utilized two karst reservoirs that simulated both the rapid underground run‐off and the slow underground run‐off in each grid cell. The uncertainty in the model parameters is estimated by the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation method, and the parameters are determined by the shuffled complex evolution approach optimization algorithm. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed DXAJKHM satisfactorily simulated the flood processes, and the model has better simulation effects for floods with larger flood peaks. In order to analyse the flood recession error, one run‐off signature index was employed to improve the model runs. This study thus provides a new approach to simulating and predicting floods in karst areas.
Long‐term outcomes after endoscopic submucosal dissection for differentiated‐type early gastric cancer that fulfilled expanded indication criteria: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Shichijo Satoki , Uedo Noriya , Kanesaka Takashi , Ohta Takashi , Nakagawa Kentaro , Shimamoto Yusaku , Ohmori Masayasu , Arao Masamichi , Iwatsubo Taro , Suzuki Sho , Matsuno Kenshi , Iwagami Hiroyoshi , Inoue Shuntaro , Matsuura Noriko , Maekawa Akira , Nakahira Hiroko , Yamamoto Sachiko , Takeuchi Yoji , Higashino Koji , Ishihara Ryu , Fukui Keisuke , Ito Yuri , Narahara Hiroyuki , Ishiguro Shingo , Iishi Hiroyasu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackground and AimEndoscopic resection for early gastric cancer (EGC) is widely performed. However, there is still a paucity of strong evidence regarding long‐term outcomes after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for the expanded indication criteria of the Japanese guidelines (ver. 2010).MethodsEndoscopic submucosal dissection was performed in patients with EGC that met the expanded indication criteria: (i) cT1a, differentiated‐type EGC of 2 to 5 cm, ulcer negative or (ii) cT1a, differentiated‐type EGC of ≤3 cm, ulcer positive. Patients whose pathological examination fulfilled the curative resection criteria were then enrolled in this cohort study: negative vertical margin, negative lymphovascular invasion, and (i) pT1a, differentiated‐type, and ulcer negative; (ii) pT1a, differentiated‐type, ≤3 cm, and ulcer positive; or (iii) pT1b1 (<500‐μm submucosal invasion), differentiated‐type, and ≤3 cm. Patients with only a positive horizontal margin as a noncurative factor were included for follow‐up.ResultsFrom September 2003 to February 2012, a total of 356 patients underwent ESD, and 214 were enrolled in the survival analysis. One hundred twenty patients (56%) had >2 cm in diameter and ulcer‐negative lesions, and 94 (44%) had ≤3 cm and ulcer‐positive lesions. The vital status at 5 years after ESD was confirmed in all (100%) patients. No local or metastatic recurrence was detected; however, 26 metachronous gastric cancers developed, and 1 patient died of metachronous gastric cancer. The 5‐year disease‐specific and overall survival rates were 99.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 97.2%–100%) and 93.9% (95% CI, 89.8%–96.4%), respectively.ConclusionESD for EGC that fulfills the expanded criteria is feasible and shows favorable long‐term outcomes.
Long‐term walking ability and patient satisfaction after lower limb functional surgery in patients affected by Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease: A retrospective study
Authors: Carantini Irene , Merlo Andrea , Esposito Donatella , Zerbinati Paolo , Gaiani Luca , Ferraro Francesco 
Published: July 2020

AbstractStructural foot deformities consequent to Charcot Marie Tooth (CMT) can be treated by functional surgery (FS). This study aims to evaluate both long‐term walking ability and patients' satisfaction in CMT subjects who underwent FS during their lifetime. We conducted a retrospective observational study. Age, sex, CMT type, comprehensive surgical history, current walking ability assessed by the Walking Handicap Scale (WHS) and patients' global impression of change (pGIC) were retrieved from a custom database managed at our institution. WHS and pGIC were assessed between mid‐2018 and mid‐2019. Data from 79 patients were screened and 63 were included, 35W‐28M, mean age 42 (15), with demyelinating (75%), axonal (20%), and other types (5%) of CMT, who underwent FS between 1967 and 2018. FS evolved significantly over the years from bone‐related procedures (e.g., arthrodesis) to both bone and soft tissues‐related procedures. The re‐intervention rate decreased from 70% before 2000 to 32% in the last decade. Complications arose in five cases. FS was mainly performed on adults (73%). WHS was ≥ 5 in three‐quarters of the sample (range 1‐6) and was significantly affected by age groups in patients with demyelinating CMT (n=47, p<0.01, non‐parametric ANOVA). Nearly 80% of patients were satisfied with FS (pGIC ≥ 4). In conclusion, CMT subjects who underwent FS surgery maintained a high gait efficiency in the long‐term period, with middle to high levels of satisfaction in the majority of the cases. This confirms the validity of FS in the management of acquired foot deformities in CMT patients.
The pharmacists' contribution against opioid addiction
Authors: Wertheimer Albert I , Lai Leanne 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate pharmacists' willingness to consider suggesting a non-narcotic NSAID medication instead of an opioid for patients requiring pain relief. Specifically, the study aimed to extend the vital role of the pharmacist in helping to alleviate the opioid crisis.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted by a University Continuing Pharmacy Education Office (response rate = 66%).

Key findings
Although 84.1% of respondents were willing to suggest NSAID replacement to patients, they appeared to be a bit less optimistic to patient's response, and only 13.5% of them felt that more than half of their patients would go along with the NSAID suggestion. There was no statistically significant difference in the responses of female and male pharmacists. The relatively older pharmacists tended to be more likely to consult their patients about this issue compared with younger pharmacists. This may be due to greater confidence that accompanies greater experience or the fact that they had longer relationships with their patients.

Conclusions
While opioid addiction occurs from numerous sources, the partial elimination of opioid prescriptions by pharmacists could possibly reduce in some modest way the total number of persons exposed to opioids.
Spousal Religiosity is Positively Associated with the Partner's Meaning in Life
Authors: Jung Jong Hyun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPast research has established that personal religiosity is positively associated with a sense of meaning in life. However, it has largely overlooked how religious others influence one's own life meaning. Given that a marital partner may be the most influential other in a person's everyday life, this study aims to examine how the religiosity of one's spouse is associated with the sense of meaning in life of the self, regardless of the religiosity of the self. Moreover, this study assesses whether this association differs by gender. Analysis of data from the 2006 Portraits of American Life Study reveals that spousal religiosity is positively associated with the partner's meaning in life, net of the partner's own religious commitment. However, these observed patterns do not vary by gender. Overall, these observations highlight the importance of social contexts in which others’ religious attributes are related to one's own meaning in life.
Keratinocytic epidermal nevi associated with localized fibro‐osseous lesions without hypophosphatemia
Authors: Mestach Lien , Polubothu Satyamaanasa , Calder Alistair , Denayer Ellen , Gholam Karolina , Legius Eric , Levtchenko Elena , Van Laethem An , Brems Hilde , Kinsler Veronica A. , Morren Marie‐Anne 
Published: July 2020

AbstractKeratinocytic epidermal nevi (KEN) are characterized clinically by permanent hyperkeratosis in the distribution of Blaschko's lines and histologically by hyperplasia of epidermal keratinocytes. KEN with underlying RAS mutations have been associated with hypophosphatemic rickets and dysplastic bone lesions described as congenital cutaneous skeletal hypophosphatemia syndrome. Here, we describe two patients with keratinocytic epidermal nevi, in one associated with a papular nevus spilus, who presented with distinct localized congenital fibro‐osseous lesions in the lower leg, diagnosed on both radiology and histology as osteofibrous dysplasia, in the absence of hypophosphatemia or rickets, or significantly raised FGF23 levels but with distinct mosaic HRAS mutations. This expands the spectrum of cutaneous/skeletal mosaic RASopathies and alerts clinicians to the importance of evaluating for bony disease even in the absence of bone profile abnormalities.
“Eat, my child.” Obesity among children in developing countries: Evidence from South Africa
Authors: Minos Dimitrios 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChildhood obesity in developing countries is a topic that has not yet been adequately covered in the literature. Although obesity is rising worldwide and is very present even among the poorest of households in developing countries, most of the attention is still given to industrialized ones. This exploratory paper utilizes the South African National Income Dynamics Study panel data set to highlight some of the aspects policymakers should bear in mind. In particular, policy options targeting mothers may not be appropriate in a developing setting. Higher attention should be given to caregivers instead. The results of the fixed effects probability regressions indicate that having a nonobese, well‐educated caregiver could potentially reduce the probability of a child being obese, thus informing policymakers about potential target groups and channels.
Effect of Shaft Diameter on the Hydrodynamic Torque of Butterfly Valve Disk
Authors: Lin Zhe , Yin Dapeng , Tao Junyu , Li Yi , Sun Jin , Zhu Zuchao 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this study, computational fluid dynamics (cfd) software and detached eddy simulation turbulence model were used to simulate butterfly valves with different designs. The effects of shaft diameters on the value and the fluctuation of valve disk torque were studied, and the physical reason was discussed. The simulation results were verified by comparing with the experimental data. The findings revealed that with the closing of the valve, the hydraulic torque of the valve disk first increases and then decreases. Meanwhile, the torque decreases gradually with the increase of the shaft diameter. The variation of torque is caused by the change of pressure on both sides of the valve disk. The result also indicates that the fluctuation of torque is induced by the flow separation phenomenon occurs on the valve disk. The fluctuation is significant for the valve opening from 20% to 60%. The strength of the torque fluctuation is greater for the smaller shaft diameter. This study provides a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of butterfly valves.
Active Control of Unsteady Cavitating Flows Over Hydrofoil
Authors: De Giorgi Maria Grazia , Fontanarosa Donato , Ficarella Antonio 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A preliminary two-dimensional (2D) numerical investigation of the active control of unsteady cavitation by means of one single synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented. The investigation involves the cloud-cavitating flow of water around a NACA 0015 hydrofoil with an angle of attack of 8-deg and ambient conditions. The SJA locates on the suction side at a distance of 16% of the chord from the leading edge; it has been modeled by means of a user-defined velocity boundary conditions based on a sinusoidal waveform. A Eulerian homogeneous mixture model has been used, coupled with an extended Schnerr–Sauer cavitation model and a volume of fluid interface tracking method. As first, a sensitivity analysis allowed to evaluate the influence of the main control parameters, namely, the momentum coefficient Cμ, the dimensionless frequency F+, and the jet angle αjet. As a result, the best performing SJA configuration was retrieved at Cμ=0.0002, F+=0.309, and αjet=90 deg, which led to a reduction of both the average vapor content and the average torsional load in the measure of 34.6% and 17.8%. The analysis of the coupled dynamics between vapor cavity–vorticity and their proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-based modal structures highlighted the benefit of the SJA lies in preventing the growth of a thick sheet cavity, which causes the development of the highly cavitating cloud dynamics after the cavity breakup. This is mainly due to an additional vorticity close to the hydrofoil surface just downstream the SJA, as well as a local pressure modification close the SJA during the blowing stroke.
Heaving Inverted Wing in Extreme Ground Effect
Authors: Jacuzzi Eric , Granlund Kenneth 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
An inverted single element was subjected to a sinusoidal heaving motion in both free flight and extreme ground effect, with the ground-effect simulations oscillating in various states of interaction with the peak lift ride height of the wing. Peak negative lift during the heaving cycle was greater than the static values at the same ground clearances, time, and ensemble averaging showed an overall reduction in the lift coefficient of 10–22%. An analytical model combining potential flow lift predictions and a new variation of the Goman–Khrabrov state-space model predicts the lift behavior of the wing-in-ground effect based on reduced frequency and ground clearance.
Significance of early-diagenetic water-rock interactions in a modern marine siliciclastic/evaporite environment: Salina Ometepec, Baja California
Authors: Martini Anna M. , Walter Lynn M. , Lyons Timothy W. , Hover Victoria C. , Hansen John 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAlthough marine brines are a significant component of pore waters in sedimentary basins, there are few geochemical studies of modern analogues of such systems, especially in siliciclastic settings. For these reasons, we chose the evaporite-associated siliciclastic sediments deposited in the salt flats of the Salina Ometepec, Baja California, for an integrated investigation of sediment, pore-water, and overlying brine geochemistry. Here, the detrital components include quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, chlorite, biotite, and smectite, and authigenic minerals are dominated by halite, gypsum, and K-rich magnesium smectite.Thermal and saline stresses on the sediments of the Salina Ometepec keep both organic and inorganic carbon concentrations in the sediments unusually low relative to other coastal marine environments. Sediment pore waters exhibit little microbial sulfate reduction, and dissolved inorganic C contents are also very low. As a result, we did not observe carbonate and sulfide mineral authigenesis in the Salina Ometepec sediments. Instead, pore-water geochemical evolution is largely controlled by evaporative concentration of seawater, evaporite-mineral dissolution and recrystallization, and diagenetic alteration of detrital aluminosilicates.Evaporite-mineral recycling affects the compositional evolution of surficial brines even before they infiltrate the sediment. Specifically, Na+ and Cl− concentrations are increased owing to halite dissolution. We see significant Br− enrichment relative to expected seawater evaporation trends in near-surface pore water, secondary to dissolution of K- and Mg salts. Because bacterial sulfate reduction is inhibited in the Salina Ometepec sediments, sulfate concentrations are more accurate indicators of the degree of evaporation than Br−, a usually conservative element during geochemical reactions.Pore waters exhibit down-core increases in dissolved Mg2+, K+, and \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(H_{4}SiO_{4}^{0}\) \end{document} over the upper 1 m. Authigenic K-rich Mg-smectite formation is promoted by the concurrent processes of brine concentration, selective dissolution of K- and Mg-bearing salts, and dissolution of detrital aluminosilicates. Pore waters at a depth of 1 m have 87Sr/86Sr ratios that require input of Sr that is less radiogenic than that of Gulf of California seawater. This Sr is likely derived from weathering of detrital aluminosilicates from nearby volcaniclastic sources. These results show that significant chemical interactions among marine brines, evaporite minerals, and detrital aluminosilicates can occur relatively soon after sedimentation.
Eolian megaripple stripes
Authors: Gough Tyler , Hugenholtz Chris , Barchyn Thomas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe present observations, measurements, and modeling of an enigmatic eolian bedform pattern of cross-wind alternating, wind-parallel corridors of megaripples and smaller bedforms (“megaripple stripes”). Megaripple corridors have taller bedforms, longer wavelengths, and coarser surface sediment than intervening smaller bedform corridors. We document examples from Earth (Argentina, Namibia, United States, Iran, Peru, and China) and Mars. Using a reduced complexity model, we show that megaripples and megaripple stripes initiate under the influence of two eolian transport length scales: long-hop saltons and short-hop reptons. The self-organizing stripe pattern manifests in a narrow range of repton concentrations and develops into more typical megaripples as the surface repton concentration increases. We show that the three-dimensional topography of simulated megaripple stripes closely resembles natural megaripple stripes at Oceano Dunes, California, USA. By tracking repton surface concentration and spatial autocorrelation during simulations, we show that the striped pattern initiates from local repton concentrations of sufficient size to serve as megaripple nuclei that seed the striped pattern. Results suggest that megaripple stripes may have a simple and robust formation mechanism.
Time-evolving surface and subsurface signatures of Quaternary volcanism in the Cascades arc
Authors: O’Hara Daniel , Karlstrom Leif , Ramsey David W. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIncreased resolution of data constraining topography and crustal structures provides new quantitative ways to assess province-scale surface-subsurface connections beneath volcanoes. We used a database of mapped vents to extract edifices with known epoch ages from digital elevation models (DEMs) in the Cascades arc (western North America), deriving volumes that likely represent ∼50% of total Quaternary eruptive output. Edifice volumes and spatial vent density correlate with diverse geophysical data that fingerprint magmatic influence in the upper crust. Variations in subsurface structures consistent with volcanism are common beneath Quaternary vents throughout the arc, but they are more strongly associated with younger vents. Geophysical magmatic signatures increase in the central and southern Cascade Range (Cascades), where eruptive output is largest and vents are closely spaced. Vents and correlated crustal structures, as well as temporal transitions in the degree of spatially localized versus distributed eruptions, define centers with lateral extents of ∼100 km throughout the arc, suggesting a time-evolving spatial focusing of magma ascent.