bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
391 Effects of increasing carbohydrases levels on productive performance of beef cattle fed feedlot finishing diets
Authors: Carvalho Victor V , Perdigão Alexandre , Acedo Tiago S , Vasconcellos Guilherme S , Tamassia Luis Fernando 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding increasing exogenous carbohydrases levels on cattleˈ performance, when fed a 90-d feedlot finishing diet. A total of 240 Nellore bulls (IBW = 389 ± 27 kg) were distributed in 24 pens (10 animals/pen), in a randomized complete block design (6 pens/treatment). The basal diet was composed by 15% sugarcane bagasse, 72.8% ground corn, 7.6% soybean meal and 4.6 % mineral-vitamin premix (DM basis). The treatments were: 1) control: No addition of carbohydrases blend; 2) Blend1, in g/animal/d: 1 g of Ronozyme® WX (xylanase) + 3.75 g of Ronzyme® VP (beta-glucanase); 3) Blend2, in g/animal/d: 2 g of Ronozyme® WX + 7.5 g of Ronzyme® VP and 4) Blend3, in g/animal/d: 4 g of Ronozyme® WX + 15 g of Ronzyme® VP. The animals were fed once a day and had free access to fresh water. Statistical analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4, and comparisons were performed out by orthogonal contrasts, which compared the control and treatments, and the linear and quadratic effects of the increasing carbohydrases levels. Statistical significance was declared at P &lt; 0.05, and tendencies considered when 0.05 &lt; P &lt; 0.10. Animals fed carbohydrases had greater (P = 0.045) ADG (1.59 vs. 1.51 kg/d) and tended to have greater (P = 0.069) final BW (533.4 vs. 527.7 kg) compared with control; although no difference were observed on these variables among carbohydrases levels. Feeding carbohydrases increased DM intake, expressed either as kg/d (10.17 vs. 9.92; P = 0.019) and as percentage of BW (2.20 vs. 2.16 %; P = 0.038), compared to control group, respectively. However, no difference was observed among treatments on G:F, and dressing percentage. In conclusion, the addition of carbohydrases blend can improve performance of finishing cattle.
389 Effects of energy source on performance and carcass characteristics in hair lambs finished in feedlot
Authors: Castañeda-Serrano Roman , Gutierrez-Oviedo Fabian , Diaz-Cristancho Marcela , Pardo-Guzman Jairo , Lozano-Morales Paula , Diana Cediel-Devia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different energy sources on performance, and carcass characteristics in hair lambs finished in feedlots. Twenty-eight hair lambs with an initial body weight (BW) 20.8 ± 3.01, were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments included with seven lambs per treatment. The dietary treatments included an energy source included at 18% Dry matter: S. spectabilis flour (SF), palm kernel (PK), corn bran (CB) and rice bran (RB) in a diet based in corn silage, ground corn, soybean meal formulated to 13.0% PC and 2.6 Mcal/Kg of DM. The feeding trial was performed for 13 weeks. Water was allowed ad libitum. Animals were slaughtered after the feeding trial, and the carcasses were kept at 4°C for 24 h under Colombian standard guidelines. Data were analyzed by using the ANOVA procedure, SAS version 9.1 to perform a randomized complete experiment with four diets. For each studied variable, the mean and standard error of the mean (SEM) were calculated and differences between means were evaluated Using Tukey′s Test (P ≤ 0.05). Final body weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, hot dressing carcass (%), and cold dressing weight (%) were not different between the four treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Dry matter intake was superior to the S. spectabilis flour (P &lt; 0,001). Feed efficiency was higher in the CB and RB treatments (P &lt; 0,05). These results indicate that the inclusion of S. spectabilis and palm kernel could improve the dry matter intake and corn bran and rice bran the feed efficiency without effects on carcass characteristics
392 Effects of a vitamin and mineral bolus on heifer feedlot performance, feeding behavior and carcass characteristics
Authors: McCarthy Kacie L , Underdahl Sarah , Dahlen Carl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Crossbred beef heifers (n = 23; initial BW= 370.0 ± 11.5 kg) housed at the Beef Cattle Research Complex (BCRC) in Fargo, ND were used to evaluate effects of a vitamin and mineral bolus on feedlot performance, feeding behavior, carcass characteristics, and liver mineral concentrations. Heifers were assigned to one of two treatments: 1) received no supplemental mineral or vitamin (CON, n = 12), or 2) received two mineral and vitamin boluses on d 0 (Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, I, Mn, Se, Zn, Co, Vitamin A, Vitamin D3, and Vitamin E; Reloader 250, Cargill Inc., Minneapolis, MN; MIN, n = 11). Heifers were fed a TMR (16.05% CP, 1.44 Mcal NEg) with no added vitamin or mineral supplement. Feed intake, number and time of visits were recorded for each heifer using the Insentec feeding system (Hokofarm Group B.V., the Netherlands) over the 150 d feeding period. Liver biopsies were conducted on heifers on d 0, 69, and 134 of the feeding period to measure mineral concentrations. Carcass characteristics were determined. Data were analyzed in SAS using the GLM procedure with heifer as the experimental unit. Final BW, ADG, DMI, G:F, and carcass characteristics were similar among treatments (P &gt; 0.19). Control heifers visited feeders more but spent less time per visit and ate less per visit compared with MIN heifers (P &lt; 0.03). No differences (P &gt; 0.31) were observed among treatments in d 0 or 134 liver mineral concentrations. At d 69, Co was lower (P = 0.01) in CON heifers compared to MIN heifers; however, Se, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, and Mn were not different among treatments (P &gt; 0.34). In this experiment the vitamin and mineral bolus evaluated failed to increase liver mineral concentrations over the finishing period or impact heifer performance and carcass characteristics.
393 Beef cow antepartum glucose-insulin kinetics are altered by overfeeding metabolizable protein during late gestation and influenced by test-day relative to calving
Authors: Hare Koryn S , Penner Greg B , Wood Katie M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether antepartum glucose-insulin kinetics were affected when primiparous Hereford-cross heifers were fed diets containing 100 (CON; n = 10) or 133% (HMP; n = 11) of their metabolizable protein requirements from d -55.3 ± 3.7 until parturition. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were performed on d -5.4 and -7.1 ± 1.3 (CON and HMP, respectively; P = 0.34) by collecting baseline (-10 min) plasma, infusing 1.36 g glucose/kg BW0.75 via a jugular catheter, and subsequently sampling plasma for analysis of glucose and insulin. Data were analyzed with PROC GLIMMIX as a randomized block design with the fixed effects of diet, time (minute), and diet × time, considering cow (block) as a random effect. Pearson correlations were performed for IVGTT variables and test-day relative to parturition. Differences and trends were declared at P &lt; 0.05 and 0.05 ≤ P &lt; 0.10, respectively. Basal glucose was 13.5% greater (P = 0.048) and basal insulin tended to be 28.8% greater (P = 0.068) for HMP than CON heifers. Plasma glucose (-10 to 120 min) was greater (P = 0.047) for HMP than CON, whereas insulin was not (P = 0.54). Glucose and insulin were respectively elevated (time: P &lt; 0.001) at 0 and 5 and 5 to 20 min and both equilibrated to baseline by 90- and 120-min. Diet × time tended to affect (P = 0.061) the glucose:insulin ratio. Test-day was correlated with time-to-max insulin (ρ = 0.60, P = 0.006), insulin clearance rate (ρ = 0.48, P = 0.027), and glucose area-under-the-curve (ρ = -0.47, P = 0.031). Time relative to calving can influence antepartum glucose-insulin kinetics. Oversupplying metabolizable protein increased baseline glucose and insulin and glucose throughout the IVGTT. Antepartum beef cattle may have altered energy partitioning that is responsive to protein consumption.
384 Metabolizable energy content of feeds: Errors that need attention
Authors: Owens Fredric N , Zinn Richard 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Feedlot performance is predicted reliably from DMI and diet NE. Tabular NE values in turn commonly are calculated from TDN either measured in digestion trials or predicted from nutrient compositions. When estimated from nutrient composition (NRBC, 2016), TDN values for feeds were related imprecisely (R2 = 0.83) to in vivo TDN values (NRC, 2000); deviations ranged from -29% to 162%. Traditionally, DE has been calculated as TDN percentage times 0.044, an assumed calorie content of carbohydrate (4.4 kcal/g). Surprisingly, this value is 5% greater than the heats of combustion of DM from isolated starch, cellulose, and glycogen (4.1788, 4.1810, and 4.1868 kcal/g; Blaxter, 1962; The Energy Metabolism of Ruminants). Being “carbohydrate-equivalent energy,” TDN includes the extra calories from lipid whereas urinary energy (UE) lost during catabolism of digested protein automatically is deducted. When determined calorimetrically, ME equals DE minus both gas energy (GasE) loss and UE. But when DE is being calculated from TDN, UE from digested CP already has been subtracted. Double deduction for UE underestimates ME content of high protein feeds. When DE is calculated from TDN, ME equals DE minus only GasE. Using data assembled by Galyean et al. (2016), multiple regression revealed that GasE was predicted more accurately from dietary NDF and lipid concentrations (GasE, % of DE = 4.87 + 0.131 x NDF - 0.331 x EE; R2 = 0.69) than from diet DE (R2 = 0.27). From this formula, GasE loss as a fraction of DE of feeds ranges from 5 to 15% except for isolated fats than have a negative value; non-additivity across feeds complicates formulation of least cost diets. Correcting discrepancies in calculating ME from TDN should improve reliability of predicting the cost of ME from various feeds and for quantifying feed requirements for maintenance and gain of cattle fed diverse diets.
385 Feed efficiency of beef cattle in low-protein diets is driven by nitrogen use efficiency
Authors: Costa Diogo Fleury Azevedo , Carmona Peter , Lima Lais , Fraser Brandon , Silva Luis 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Performance of cattle in rangeland systems is driven by the ability to efficiently use nutrients during periods of restricted availability. Thirty Bos indicus steers (398 ± 24 kg BW) were used to evaluate the relationship between feed efficiency (FE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The hypothesis was that FE would be related to NUE in protein restricted diets, but not in high-protein diets. Steers used in a completely randomized block design were classified by residual gain in low (LFE), medium (MFE) and highly feed efficient (HFE), after being fed for periods of 70 days with diets supplying either 70% (LP) or 100% (HP) of their rumen degradable protein requirements. After each 70-day period, animals were adapted to metabolism crates for two days, and NUE was measured for five days. About 10% of daily faecal and urine output of each animal was collected for N analysis. Results of N intake from LFE, MFE and HFE in the LP diet were 21.6, 21.2 and 22.2 g N/100 kg BW (P = 0.63), while the total N excretion was 20.3, 18.0 and 19.0 g N/100 kg BW (P = 0.45) for LFE, MFE and HFE, respectively. NUE values were 11.1, 26.9 and 28.0 g retained N/100 g of digested N (P = 0.04). In the HP diet, N intake was 31.6, 30.8 and 26.8 g/100 kg BW (P = 0.12) for LFE, MFE, and HFE, respectively. Total N excretion was 26.9, 28.8 and 27.5 g N/100 kg BW (P = 0.83), respectively. NUE in the HP diet was 21.0, 5.2 and -6.3 g retained N/100 g of digested N (P = 0.04). These results support the hypothesis that FE is dependent on NUE in protein restricted diets; whereas when evaluated in protein abundant diets, FE is not related to NUE.
397 Effect of Smartamine M on acute phase protein response in receiving beef heifers
Authors: Grant Madeline S , Speer Hannah F , Hollenbeck William R , Wahl Ross N , Luchini N D , Blasi Dale A , Titgemeyer Evan C 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Methionine supplementation can improve immune function in transition dairy cattle. Our objective was to determine if supplemental methionine could reduce acute phase protein responses in newly received growing cattle. 384 crossbred heifers (222 kg initial BW; southeastern U.S. origin) were received in 4 truckloads (blocks) over 9 d. BW was measured at arrival. The following day (d 0) cattle were vaccinated for viral and clostridial diseases, received Draxxin (2.5 mg tulathromycin/kg BW), and were stratified within block by arrival BW to 1 of 8 pens containing 12 animals each. Cattle (in 32 total pens) were limit-fed at 2.2% of BW daily (DM basis) a ration containing 40% Sweet Bran, 34.5% dry-rolled corn, 10% corn silage, 7.5% supplement, 4% alfalfa hay, and 4% prairie hay. Within blocks, pens were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 0 (control) or 10 g/d Smartamine M (SM) to provide 6 g/d metabolizable methionine. Pen weights were collected weekly to adjust feed offered the following week. Individual BW and tail-vein blood samples were collected on d 0, 14, and 45. Plasma haptoglobin was measured to assess acute phase protein response. Incidences of morbidity (1.6% for control, 2.6% for SM) and mortality (0.5% for both control and SM) were low. Between d 0 and 45, no differences were observed for ADG (1.24 vs. 1.27 kg/d; control vs. SM, P = 0.55) or G:F (0.107 vs. 0.110, P = 0.28), but DMI was 1.3% greater (P &lt; 0.01) for control than SM due to differences in diet DM. An interaction between treatment and linear effect of day was detected for plasma haptoglobin (P &lt; 0.05); over time, haptoglobin increased more for control (2.15, 2.28, and 2.95 mg/mL at 0, 14, and 45 d) than for SM (2.35, 2.37, and 2.58 mg/mL). Supplemental methionine may alleviate acute phase protein responses in stressed receiving cattle.
403 Using ruminally protected and unprotected Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products as alternatives to antibiotics in finishing beef steers: growth performance and antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Shen YiZhao , Ran Tao , Saleem Atef , Narveaz Claudia , Gomaa Walaa , Yang Wenzhu , Davedow Taylor , Yoon Ilkyu , McAllister Tim A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP; NaturSafe® and Original XPC™, Diamond V) on growth performance and antimicrobial resistance in beef steers. Ninety Angus steers (initial BW=533±9.8 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete design with 6 treatments: 1) control (10% barley silage and 90% barley concentrate, DM basis), 2–4) control diet with 12, 15 and 18 g/d NaturSafe, 5) control diet with 8 g/d encapsulated XPC (eXPC), and 6) control diet with antibiotics (ANT; 330 mg/d monensin and 110 mg/d tylosin). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of steers. Though the final BW (715 kg) and DMI (12.0 kg/d) were not affected by treatments, average daily gain tended (P &lt; 0.10) to be greater in steers supplemented with eXPC compared with control (1.80 vs. 1.62 kg/d) with a trend (P &lt; 0.09) for a linear increase in gain: feed with increasing NaturSafe. The proportion of total abscessed liver did not differ among treatments (58.9%), but the proportion of severely abscessed liver tended (P &lt; 0.10) to be lower in cattle supplemented with 15 and 18 g NaturSafe/d, eXPC and antibiotics (20.0, 20.0, 20.0 and 6.7 vs. 53.3%). The percentage of erythromycin resistant and erythromycin + tetracycline resistant Enterococci increased (P &lt; 0.05) in steers receiving antibiotics compared with control and SCFP group (34.57 vs. 4.28 and 6.88%), while no difference was observed between control and SCFP groups. These results indicate that NaturSafe and eXPC were beneficial in improving the growth performance by increasing average daily gain and feed efficiency. Both NaturSafe and eXPC could potentially act as alternatives to growth promoting antibiotics.
406 Reduce Reuse Rerumen: Reduction of Eschericia coli, coliform bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and yeast and mold colonies in dried paunch manure
Authors: Miller Ranee A , Smith William B 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The discovery of novel by-product feeds for animals, especially cattle, supports an economically viable agricultural community and enhanced stability in the United States food chain. By-products of livestock processing (in this case, paunch manure, or rumen content) could provide the tools necessary to achieve this goal. Paunch manure, the material from ruminant stomachs at the time of harvest, is a waste product of the meat industry and represents a final loss due to cost of disposal. Our objective in this study was to determine the microbial content of fresh versus dried paunch manure in an effort to assess viability as a potential feed source. Fresh paunch manure was collected from cattle at a local abattoir and immediately homogenized for microbial plating. One milliliter of decanted paunch manure was plated on specialized film for determination of colony counts from Enterobacteriaceae, coliform-forming bacteria, Eschericia coli, Salmonella, and yeast and mold. Plates were incubated at 36°C for 24 ± 2 hours. Data were analyzed as a random effects model using PROC MIXED of SAS v. 9.4. In the wet paunch, E. coli had a mean colony count of 3, coliform bacteria of 53, yeast and mold of 0, and Enterobacteriaceae were too numerous to count. In the dry paunch, E. coli had a mean colony count of less than 1, coliform bacteria of 52, yeast and mold of 0, and Enterobacteriaceae less than 1. Source of paunch contributed a majority to the total variance in all instances of the random effects models. Results are interpreted to mean that, given the drastic reduction in microbial loads, paunch manure may represent a viable feedstock for further testing and development.
415 More efficient steers on good diets are not the most efficient ones on limiting diets
Authors: Carmona Peter , Silva Luis , Costa Diogo Fleury Azevedo , Lima Lais 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Nutrition for a positive growth path represents the major cost of any beef cattle enterprise. Improvements on feed efficiency (FE) can lead to significant economic benefits and reduce the environmental footprint. Usually, animals selected for FE on high-protein (HP) diets are expected to perform as efficiently on low-protein (LP) diets. This experiment used 30 Bos indicus steers (398 ± 24 kg BW) to determine the agreement between FE rankings of beef cattle fed a LP or a HP diet. As hypothesis, it was suggested that the agreement would be high. A completely randomized block design was used, where each steer represented an experimental unit. Steers were fed in individual pens for two periods of 70 days, including an adaptation of 10 days, with diets supplying either 70% or 100% of their rumen degradable protein requirements. Average daily gain (ADG) and dry matter intake (DMI) were measured, while residual feed intake (RFI) and residual gain (RG) were calculated. Kappa analysis was used to determine the agreement between FE of both diets. In the LP diet, ADG was 0.93 kg/d (0.38 to 1.47), DMI averaged 9.67 kg/d (7.9 to 12.1), RFI varied between -1.55 and 1.84, and RG from -0.61 to 0.53. In the HP diet, ADG was 1.16 kg/d (0.77 to 1.57) and DMI averaged 9.87 kg/d (4.79 to 11.87). RFI varied between -2.53 and 1.61 and RG from -0.34 to 0.33. Chance-corrected analysis of the ranking between diets showed no agreement for RFI (Kappa=5.6%, P = 0.68) nor for RG (Kappa=9.1%, P = 0.44). These results suggest that different physiological mechanisms are responsible for FE regulation in both diets; thus, appropriate diets targeting each scenario must be used when selecting animals for feed efficiency.
164 The effect of grass silage compared to whole crop wheat silage on colostrum yield, lamb birth weight and ewe performance during late gestation
Authors: Higgins Jonathan T , Lynch Mary B , Jones Joe , Lott Stephen , Grace Cornelia , McGovern Fiona , McEvoy Mary , Campion Dermot , Flynn Bernie , Boland Tommy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Number of lambs born is a key factor influencing profitability of seasonal sheep meat production systems and a key driver of nutrient requirements. Energy and nutrient requirements to support foetal development, mammogenesis and lactogensis increase in the final eight weeks of ovine gestation. A 3 × 2 factorial design experiment involving 90 twin bearing ewes was conducted during the final eight weeks of pregnancy with ewes offered 100% of predicted metabolisable energy (ME) requirements. Three prolific breed types (Mule (Bluefaced Leicester X Blackface mountain), Belclare X and Lleyn X) were offered one of two silage types (grass (GS) or whole crop wheat (WCW)) resulting in six treatments (n = 15). Where silage intake was insufficient to meet 100% of ME requirements, concentrates were offered to reach 100% of ME allocation per ewe per day. Colostrum yield at one, ten and eighteen hours, combined litter weight (CLW), maternal body weight and body condition score (BCS) change during the final eight weeks of gestation were recorded. The data were analysed using repeated measures and glimmix in SAS (Version 9.4). Ewes offered grass silage produced lambs with a higher CLW (P = 0.03). There was an interaction between breed type and silage type with Mule ewes offered WCW producing a lower CLW than Mule ewes offered GS (P = 0.004), with no difference for Belclare or Lleyn ewes (P &gt; 0.05). Within silage type Mule ewes offered GS had a higher CLW than Belclare ewes (P &lt; 0.05) while within WCW Belclare ewes had a higher CLW than Lleyn ewes (P &lt; 0.05). Other variables did not differ with treatment. In conclusion, a breed specific response was recorded in this study whereby Mule ewes produced a lower CLW when offered WCW compared to GS silage, though no differences were observed in the other breed types studied.
171 Fecal microbiota transplant at weaning improves growth performance and alters fecal microbiome in pigs
Authors: Tsai Tsungcheng , Maxwell Charles V , Zhao Jiangchao 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
To evaluate the effect of fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) on the growth performance and fecal microbiome, a total of 24 weaned pigs were stratified by weaning BW and sex, and assigned to one of two groups: a) Control (20% glycerol); b) FMT (from a healthy-grower-stage-no-antibiotics-treated pig). Microbiota mixture or placebo were drenched to pigs for two consecutive days after weaning (d-0 and -1). All pigs were fed antibiotics-free diets for an 8 feeding phase regimes: nursery phase 1, 2, and 3 (0–8, 8–21 and 21–40 d, respectively); finisher phase 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 (40–63, 63–78, 78–117, 117–138, and 138–166 d, respectively). Individual pig BW was recorded at each phase change, and FOMeater data were collected at the end of trial. Growth and carcass data were analyzed by GLM procedure of SAS (Cary, NC) as CBD. Rectal swabs were collected prior to treatment, on d 1 & 2, and at each phase change. DNA was extracted from these swabs, amplified by primers targeting the V4 region of the 16S rDNA gene, and sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq sequencer. Sequences were classified against Ribosomal Database Project using Mothur (v.1.42) package. Pigs received FMT tended to have greater weight gain during finisher phase 1 (1.05 vs 0.91 kg/d, P = 0.07), and heavier HCW (105.5 vs 97.6 kg, P = 0.09) than control. PCoA plot based on the Jaccard distance shows that FMT pigs microbiota community was not different from control pigs until the end of nursery phase 2 (ANOSIM, R = 0.237, P &lt; 0.01) and 3 (R = 0.241, P = 0.01). Classification-based Random Forest revealed that OTU3 Streptococcus (d 3, 63, 117) and OTU95 Selenomonas (d 8, 21) were more abundant in the FMT pigs than in control pigs. Results suggests that FMT at weaning age from grower stage pig donor modulate microbiome and improve growth performance.