bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MEDICATED LOZENGES FOR SORE THROAT
Authors: CHANDA RUPALI , NALLAGUNTLA LAVANYA 
Published: October 2020

Objective: The objective of the present work was to formulate and evaluate lozenges for a sore throat using Loratadine. Loratadine is a long-acting peripheral H1-receptor antagonist which is mainly used as an antihistamine. Loratadine lozenges were prepared to prevent the itching and inflammation in sore throat.
Methods: Solid dispersion of Loratadine was prepared using β-cyclodextrin in the ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 to enhance the solubility of Loratadine. The prepared solid dispersion of Loratadine was analyzed for solubility enhancement. Loratadine lozenges were then formulated with mannitol, sucrose, acacia, xanthan gum, liquid glucose by heat, and congealing technique. The prepared lozenges were evaluated for drug-excipient incompatibility study, diameter, thickness, weight variation, hardness, friability, in vitro release study, and drug content.
Results: The results of the Fourier transform infrared study showed that there was no interaction between the selected drug and excipients. In vitro drug release study of Loratadine lozenges were performed in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer, wherein >90% of the drug was released within 30 min for all the formulations. The lozenges were optimized based on in vitro release data. Formulation F7 of Loratadine lozenges exhibited 99.1% release in 30 min. Stability studies revealed that the formulation was stable.
Conclusion: From the present work, it was concluded that the Loratadine lozenges can be considered as a suitable delivery system for the treatment of sore throat.
CYTOTOXICITY OF FIVE PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST DIFFERENT HUMAN CANCER CELL LINES AND THEIR MOLECULAR MECHANISM
Authors: EL-HALLOUTY SALWA , BATAWI ASHWAQ , SHAFI MANAL , RASHWAN ESAM , ELHAWARY EZZELDIN , ABDELAAL NESMA 
Published: October 2020

Objective: Five methanol plant extracts namely, Euphorbia hierosolymitana, Dracaena marginata, Cordyline terminalis, and Sapium sebifera were screened in vitro for their cytotoxic effect on human tumor cell lines; namely, PC-3, HepG-2, HCT-116, and MCF-7 (prostate, liver, colon, and breast cancer) and human normal cell lines, namely, BJ-1.
Methods: E. hierosolymitana (extract A) selectively inhibited HCT-116 cell proliferation with IC50 of 4.22 μg/ml, both Dracaena marginata (extract B) (bark, leaves, and branches) showed moderate cytotoxicity on MCF-7 with IC50 of 22.4 and 48.2 μg/ml, respectively. The remaining two extracts showed minimal to insignificant percentage inhibition on all cell lines.
Results: E. hierosolymitana extract was selected for further studying, where the effect of the extract on the HCT116 cells showed a downregulation of her2 and Bcl-2 gene and overexpression of the Bax gene. Flow cytometry analysis was also performed to understand the effect of E. hierosolymitana on the apoptosis induction and the cell cycle. The results showed the induction of early and late apoptosis by 5.81 and 10.01%, respectively.
Conclusion: Our results infer that E. hierosolymitana has a promising chance in fighting colorectal cancer due to its high cytotoxic effects on HCT116 cancer cells while having minimal effects on the BJ-1 normal cell lines.
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF HYDROMETHANOL EXTRACT OF GORDONIA DIPTEROSPERMA KURZ.
Authors: LAPASAM PHAIBIANG , LALTHASANGA ANDREW , NONGKHLAW FREDDY TEILANG , PUIA ZOTHAN 
Published: October 2020

Objective: This research is to evaluate the pharmacognostic parameter, phytochemical analysis, and in vitro antioxidant properties of hydromethanol extract.
Method: This study carries out the collection and authentication of the plant, extraction, pharmacognostic study, preliminary phytochemical screening, and antioxidant property of leaves hydromethanol extract were evaluated by scavenging the following free radicals – DPPH (2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl), hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and reducing power. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s test was performed. The minimum value of *p˂0.05 considered as significant, **p˂0.01 and ***p˂0.001.
Results: Powder microscopy of the leaves showed the presence of stomata, calcium oxalate crystals, trichome, fibers, and oil glands. The total ash was considered to be 3.75%, water-soluble ash 1.25%, and acid-soluble ash 3%. Hydromethanol (3:7) extract yielded 38.8%, moisture content 15.6%. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, glycoside, saponin, phenol, tannin, flavonoid, and steroid. The total flavonoid content was considered to be 32.25 mg/g of quercetin and the total phenolic content of the extract was found 610 mg/g of gallic acid. The IC50 radical scavenging effect of extract and gallic acid was considered to be 3.62 and 3.46 for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 10.4 and 24.73 for hydrogen peroxide, and 48.76 and 58.83 for nitric oxide.
Conclusion: The phytochemical constituents of the extract were well-known pharmacologically active chemicals and significant antioxidant potential was shown by the extract. This study finds out the rationality of the use of this plant as a medicinal plant. Further studies would be needed to explore their potential as a treatment for fever, diarrhea, and dysentery.
ANTI-MELANOMA BIO-EFFICACY OF THE PLANT MADHUCA LONGIFOLIA AND ITS ENHANCEMENT USING BIOACTIVE PRINCIPLE LOADED GOLD NANOPARTICLE
Authors: YADAV SAURABH , SHARMA MUKTI , GANESH NARAYANAN , SRIVASTAVA SHALINI , SRIVASTAVA M. M. 
Published: October 2020

Objective: Unexplored in-vivo anti-melanoma bio-efficacy of the plant Madhuca longifolia (bark) has been carried out against C57BL/6 mice.
Methods: Optimized experimental conditions of phytofabrication of gold nanoparticles were as follows: flavonoid content (1 ml, 0.5 mg/ml), sodium tetrachloroaurate dihydrate solution (2 ml, 1 mM), and sonication (15 min, 20 KHz) at pH 4. The optical properties; ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis), particles size and zeta potential (Zetasizer), miller indices; X-ray diffraction (XRD), morphology; field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), particle size; high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), surface roughness; atomic force microscopy (AFM) and elemental composition; and energy dispersive X-rays (EDX) of flavonoid loaded gold nanoparticles. In-vivo anti-melanoma bio-efficacy has been carried out against C57BL mice. Radioisotopic, hematological, and histopathological studies were carried out using standard procedures.
Results: Redox potential of the total flavonoid extracted from the bark of the plant (Madhuca longifolia) has been used for the fabrication of flavonoid loaded gold nanoparticles (F@AuNp) and confirmed for the first time their significant anti-melanoma bio-efficacy. The finding is supported by hematological and histopathological studies carried out in the organs (liver, kidney, and intestine) of C57BL mice. The significant enhancement in phytofabricated F@AuNp compared to native bark extract of the plant has been assigned to enhanced stay period and nanosizing, biocompatibility, nontoxic nature, and enhanced beneficial payload to the cancerous cells.
Conclusion: Such phytofabricated gold nanoparticles possess an admirable prospect for the expansion of herbal nanomedicine for anti-melanoma bio-efficacy.
A SYNERGISTIC INSULINOTROPIC EFFECT OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT AND POMEGRANATE EXTRACT WITH ROSIGLITAZONE: BOTH IN VIVO AND IN VITRO EXPERIMENT
Authors: S REKHA , S CHANDRASHEKHARA 
Published: October 2020

Objective: Scientists have growing interest in traditional medicinal plants as they contain active ingredients for the treatment of various diseases. Tea is one of the most popular beverages worldwide. The variety of tea and tea extracts in the market has different polyphenol profiles, which are the bioactive chemical entities. We performed a direct comparison between Thea sinensis, green tea extracts (GTEs), and Punica granatum peel powder (PGPP), which have been chemically well characterized in a type II diabetic mouse model.
Methods: We conducted both in vivo and in vitro experiments in the present paper. In vivo studies were carried out on male Swiss albino rats having type II diabetes, induced by single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (0.7 mg/Kg i.m.) and IDDM rats received either PGPP (200 mg/kg) or GTE (100 mg/kg) as a single oral dose. After the above result, the extracts were further subjected to know the effect of insulin secretion by RIN-5F cells providing confirmation of insulinotropic effect.
Results: The results revealed that both PGPP and GTE substantially lowered blood glucose levels and ameliorated glucose intolerance, both were effective in antihyperglycemic activity and in lowering body weight gain. Serum insulin levels significantly increased in GTE group as well as in PGPP group, suggesting that they were exerting hypoglycemic effects through different pathways.
Conclusion: Synergistic action of PGPP and GTE is an effective alternative for the treatment of type II diabetes through the regeneration of β cells of pancreas.
DELONIX REGIA BOJ. EX. HOOK RAFFIN; FAMILY: FABACEAE, BARK METHANOL EXTRACT PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION
Authors: SHIVAMALLU ARPITHA , SEKHAR SHAILASREE 
Published: October 2020

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer potencies of the Delonix regia bark, a first of its kind.
Methods: The bark was extracted sequentially in Soxhlet apparatus with hexane, chloroform, and methanol in the increasing order of polarity. These extracts were subjected to find its antioxidant activity and total phenol content. Antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria was tested. The anti-inflammatory properties were elucidated by its capacity to inhibit 15-lipoxygenase (LOX) and human cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Cell cytotoxic capacity was evaluated against MCF-7 cells breast cancer cell lines.
Results: Liquid chromatography (LC)-Mass Spectroscopy (MS) fingerprint of the methanol extract identified a total of 14 polyphenols, of which five were structurally characterized based on their mass-charge ratio [M-H]− peak, UV-vis absorption in comparison to published data. Antibacterial activity by disk diffusion inhibited human pathogenic bacteria. Bacterial biofilm inhibition capacity of extract (750 mg) imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed loss of microcolonies. Extract when tested for 15-LOX inhibition exhibited IC50 values of 94.5 ± 1.23 mg.mL−1 by enzyme kinetics studies using spectrophotometric techniques. Similarly, it could inhibit COX-2 enzyme at relatively lower concentrations (32.18 ± 1.91 mg.mL−1). Further, it quenched free radicals produced by Fentons’ reagent studied by DNS-nicking assay indicating its strong antioxidant property with the capacity to protect DNA. In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphynyl tetrazolium bromide assay and apoptosis induced in MCF-7 cells was assessed morphologically.
Conclusion: Our data suggest that D. regia bark methanol extract exerts its therapeutic activity for further pharmaceutical evaluations. Further studies are necessary to determine the mechanisms of these pharmacological properties.
ASSIMILATING AND REPRODUCING CONCEPTS AFTER PHARMACOLOGY LECTURE - A QUESTIONNAIRE-BASED STUDY
Authors: SREEDHARAN SYAM , PALAPPALLIL DHANYA SASIDHARAN , VEEDU LAILA KANDATH , KN HARI SANKAR , MUTHANATTU DIVAKARAN ATHIRA 
Published: October 2020

Objective: Medical undergraduates learn pharmacology during the second phase of MBBS. Considering the expanding list of drugs and volatility associated with its learning, the objective of this study was to describe the factors that interfere with the assimilation and reproduction of the concepts in pharmacology.
Methods: This was a descriptive study done in the Department of Pharmacology of a Government Medical College in Central Kerala for a period of 2 months. Five short answer questions were chosen to elicit responses from the participants in the form of a surprise test. A Google fill out form elicited the perception of the participants about learning during the pharmacology lecture. The data were sorted and entered into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 16 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA). Descriptive data were expressed using frequencies and percentages.
Results: Of the 148 students, 84 (56.75%) participated in the study. For the surprise test, the mean marks scored were 2.24±0.77 (maximum marks 5). Forty-seven (56%) participants claimed that they were attentive in pharmacology lectures only “sometimes.” The majority of the participants 82 (97.6%) “sometimes” found it difficult to imbibe the concepts in pharmacology. Seventy (83.3%) agreed that definitions are difficult to learn as such. Only 10 (11.9%) disagreed with the statement that a drug’s action cannot be interpreted as its use because sometimes actions can aggravate some diseases. Sixty-one (72.6%) participants had difficulty in understanding the word “rationale.” Five minutes break, continuity of topics, separate question-answer session at the end of class, summarization, a video demonstration of the mechanism of action, providing printed lecture notes, simple explanation, mnemonics to learn, clinical correlation, lectures during morning hours, and team-based quizzes were some suggestions to increase the assimilation of the subject.
Conclusion: Participants had a mean score which was <50% of the total score. While the scores for definitions varied the question on uses of drugs fetched similar marks; however, the students had poor performance on the question related to rationale. Ignorance about the meaning of the word “rationale” shows the importance of regular feedback and the use of simple language in understanding the problems faced by the participants in learning the concepts in pharmacology.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS HERBAL COSMETICS: A SURVEY
Authors: TIWARI MEGHA , DUBEY VISHAL , LAHIRI AKANKSHA 
Published: October 2020

Objective: The objective of the study was to compare various herbal cosmetic brands to find their popularity ranking.
Methodology: The method used is a survey-based questionnaire.
Results: According to the above survey conducted in Kanpur regarding herbal products, we came across the following result that Himalaya was the most popular brand as compared to other brands like Patanjali and Joves and other similar brands.
Conclusion: There is not at all shortage in the demand for herbal products in the market. The consumers concern toward health risk and harmful effect of chemical products forcing them to switch over to natural products. There is high favorability of Himalaya products among its users.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICES TOWARD CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 INFECTION AMONG RESIDENTS OF DELHI NCR, INDIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY BASED STUDY
Authors: AQEEL UBADA , DAUD ALI MOHAMMAD , IQBAL ZEENAT , MIRZA MOHD. AAMIR 
Published: October 2020

Objective: In the given study, we have carried out a survey among general population of Delhi NCR (India) for the knowledge, perceptions, and attitude toward coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and also attempted to reach to a few conclusions in the form of recommendations.
Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire based online survey (using Google Forms) was conducted between April 2020 and May 2020 to investigative knowledge, perceptions, and attitude toward COVID-19. Chi-square test was used for the computation of p-value.
Results: There were total 823 respondents, with 43.01% females and 56.98% males. Around 73.74% respondents believe that it has become a social stigma. About 75.09% were of the opinion that sneezing etiquettes can help in curbing the infection. About 93.43% of study population follows the personal hygiene, 24.78% wished to get insurance coverage. Similarly, interesting data were collected over different aspects of COVID-19.
Conclusions: The current pandemic is the first exposure at such a large scale to the existing population but with the progression of time, authorities and general population are collating knowledge about the same. It is to be fought at all the fronts such as medical, social, economic, and psychological. Hence, this type of survey becomes an important tool in decision making.
HPTLC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF β-SITOSTEROL FROM IN-VIVO AND IN-VITRO SAMPLES OF MERREMIA AEGYPTIA AND MERREMIA DISSECTA
Authors: JOSHI RIDHI , MEENA RISHIKESH , MISHRA PREETI , PATNI VIDYA 
Published: October 2020

Objective: A normal-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method has been developed and validated for estimation and quantitation of beta-sitosterol from the methanolic fraction of different plant parts of two medicinally important plants viz. Merremia aegyptia and Merremia dissecta. These plants have been reported to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.
Methods: Chromatographic separation of beta-sitosterol from the methanolic extracts of plant parts of M. aegyptia and M. dissecta was performed on TLC aluminum plates pre-coated with silica gel 60F254 using a suitable mobile phase. The densitometric scanning was done after derivatization at ????-580 nm for ????-sitosterol.
Result: Only M. dissecta leaf sample was reported to contain ????-sitosterol (4.6 ng/μl), whereas other samples such as seed, stem, and callus extracts of M. aegyptia and M. dissecta did not showed its presence.
Conclusion: The developed HPTLC method is simple, rapid, and precise and can be used for routine analysis and quantification of ????-sitosterol and other useful plant bioactives that are phytopharmaceutically important.
ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF HOLOPTELEA INTEGRIFOLIA (ROXB.) LEAVES
Authors: TRIPATHI REKHA 
Published: October 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine various extracts of leaves of Holoptelea integrifolia against some test bacteria and test fungi.
Methods: Disk diffusion method was adopted for the assessment of antimicrobial activity. Amikacin and nystatin were used as standard drugs for antibacterial and antifungal activity, respectively.
Results: The screening data indicated that all four extracts showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, but the growth of this bacteria was inhibited the most by the aqueous extract. In the case of antifungal efficacy, all the extracts inhibited the growth of almost all the test fungi. Petroleum ether and benzene extracts showed maximum efficacy against Aspergillus flavus, whereas methanolic extract and aqueous extract inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia bataticola significantly.
Conclusion: Different extracts of leaves of H. integrifolia were significantly active against selected test fungi and they can be a harmless alternative of expensive conventional medicines.
Topiltzin actor
Authors: Lebeuf Arnold 
Published: October 2020

Este ensayo analiza las cuatro páginas de los Anales de Cuauhtitlan que tratan la vida y muerte de Quetzalcóatl. En él, me ciño a un punto de vista: revisar las fuentes históricas que refieren a Quetzalcóatl a la luz de lo que sabemos del teatro del misterio religioso en el México prehispánico, representaciones teatrales que culminan con el sacrificio del actor principal o bien de toda la agrupación. Algunos autores opinan que Quetzalcóatl fue un personaje histórico y otros que fue una figura únicamente mítica, aunque es posible que fuese ambos. Los Anales de Cuauhtitlan describen una o más representaciones históricas de un libreto mitológico.
Analisa Efisiensi Algoritma Hybrid El Gamal dan Short Range Natural Number pada Keamanan Pesan Berbasis Socket TCP
Authors: Limbong Pitra Nur Dwijayanto , Aminudin Aminudin , Arifianto Sofyan 
Published: October 2020

Perkembangan teknologi yang pesat dapat berdampak pada keamanan digital. Pengiriman pesan singkat merupakan salah satu pengimplementasian pada era digital. Pengirman pesan sangat berdampak pada keamanannya. Kriptografi dibutuhkan dalam proses pengamanan pesan. Penelitian ini menguji algoritma Hybrid (El Gamal SRNN) yang merupakan hasil improvisasi dari penelitian sebelumnya. Algoritma Hybrid akan dianalisa efisiensinya dalam segi performa dan keamanannya. Efisiensi performa meliputi tiga hal yaitu waktu proses pembangkitan kunci, waktu proses enkripsi dan waktu proses dekripsi. Efisiensi keamanan akan diuji menggunakan serangan kombinasi baby step-giant step dan factorization attack. Algoritma Hybrid dirancang menggunakan inputan bilangan prima yang akan menghasilkan kunci public dan privat tambahan hasil dari bilangan acak variable u dan a yang akan menghasilkan masing-masing kunci publik (y, g, pEL, n, e, ua) dan kunci privat (x, pEL, d, a, u). Penambahan variable kunci privat dan public ini dimaksudkan agar keamanan dari algoritma ini lebih baik dan sulit untuk dipecahkan. Performa algoritma Hybrid yang diajukan lebih buruk dari segi pembangkitan kunci, waktu enkripsi dan dekripsi yang mana waktu yang diperlukan masing-masing adalah 1.429, 1.407, 1.516 lebih lambat dari algoritma Hybrid (El Gamal RSA). Pengujian keamanan menunjukkan bahwa algoritma Hybrid (El Gamal SRNN) yang diajukan lebih baik ketimbang algoritma Hybrid (El Gamal RSA) dilihat dari waktu eksekusi yang masih belum ditemukan variable u dan a belum bisa dipecahkan.
Remote Control Monitoring Simtem Irigasi Sprinkler Berbasis IoT Pada Tanaman Hortikultura
Authors: Nasrulloh Fakhrul , Wicaksono Galih Wasis , Sari Zamah 
Published: October 2020

Dengan adanya lahan pertanian yang melimpah di Indonesia maka diperlukan suatu perencanaan jaringan irigasi yang lebih modern, berteknologi dan berinovasi. Hal tersebut dilakukan guna menunjang sistem irigasi yang baik sehingga mampu menghasilkan kualitas pertanian yang bagus. Remote control monitoring sistem irigasi sprinkler berbasis IoT (Internet of Things) merupakan rancangan jaringan irigasi sprinkler yang bisa digunakan dari jarak jauh menggunakan smartphone. Dimana pada sistem irigasi tersebut mengikuti perkembangan teknologi yang sudah berkembang di Indonesia saat ini yaitu industri 4.0. Desain dan rancangan komponen mikrokontroler sistem jaringan irigasi sprinkler berbasis IoT dapat terintegrasi dengan smartphone pada Blynk App dan tentunya terkoneksi dengan jaringan internet. Untuk terwujudnya suatu sistem irigasi sprinkler perlu dilakukan implementasi dan pengujian hardware maupun software guna mengetahui kinerja dari sistem irigasi. Mikrokontroler pada sistem irigasi sprinkler ini menggunnakan ESP8266 NodeMCU v3. Pemrograman pada board ESP8266 NodeMCU menggunakan bahasa pemrograman yang sama dengan Arduino yaitu bahasa C/C++ dan untuk melakukan pengembangan pemrograman juga support dengan software Arduino IDE. Komponen mikrokontroler yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini ialah kontroler motor servo, water flow sensor, dan soil moisture sensor. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium terbuka milik Universitas Islam Malang (UNISMA) dengan lahan asli persawahan ukuran 10x10 meter dan tanpa memperhatikan faktor cuaca.