bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qualitative characterizations of relationships among South African adolescent girls and young women and male partners: implications for engagement across HIV self‐testing and pre‐exposure prophylaxis prevention cascades
Authors: Holmes Leah E , Kaufman Michelle R , Casella Albert , Mudavanhu Mutsa , Mutunga Lillian , Polzer Tara , Bassett Jean , Van Rie Annelies , Schwartz Sheree 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionAdolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub‐Saharan Africa have emerged as a priority population in need of HIV prevention interventions. Secondary distribution of home‐based HIV self‐test kits by AGYW to male partners (MP) is a novel prevention strategy that complements pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a female‐controlled prevention intervention. The objective of this analysis was to qualitatively operationalize two HIV prevention cascades through the lens of relationship dynamics for secondary distribution of HIV self‐tests to MP and PrEP for AGYW.MethodsFrom April 2018 to December 2018, 2200 HIV‐negative AGYW aged 16‐24 years were enrolled into an HIV prevention intervention which involved secondary distribution of self‐tests to MP and PrEP for AGYW; of these women, 91 participants or MP were sampled for in‐depth interviews based on their degree of completion of the two HIV prevention cascades. A grounded theory approach was used to characterize participants’ relationship profiles, which were mapped to participants’ engagement with the interventions.ResultsIn cases where AGYW had a MP with multiple partners, AGYW perceived both interventions as inviting distrust into the relationship and insinuating non‐monogamy. Many chose not to accept either intervention, while others accepted and attempted to deliver the self‐test kit but received a negative reaction from their MP. In the few cases where AGYW held multiple partnerships, both interventions were viewed as mechanisms for protecting one’s health, and these AGYW exhibited confidence in accepting and delivering the self‐test kits and initiating PrEP. Women who indicated intimate partner violence experiences chose not to accept either intervention because they feared it would elicit a violent reaction from their MP. For AGYW in relationships described as committed and emotionally open, self‐test kit delivery was completed with ease, but PrEP was viewed as unnecessary. MP experience with the cascade corroborated AGYW perspectives and demonstrated how men can perceive female‐initiated HIV prevention options as beneficial for AGYW and a threat to MP masculinity.ConclusionsScreening to identify AGYW relationship dynamics can support tailoring prevention services to relationship‐driven barriers and facilitators. HIV prevention counseling for AGYW should address relationship goals or partner’s influence, and engage with MP around female‐controlled prevention interventions.
Mechanoelectrical feedback in pulmonary vein arrhythmogenesis: Clinical challenges and therapeutic opportunities
Authors: Lu Yen‐Yu , Chen Yao‐Chang , Lin Yung‐Kuo , Chen Shih‐Ann , Chen Yi‐Jen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMechanoelectrical feedback is an important factor in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation (AF). Ectopic electrical activity originating from pulmonary vein (PV) myocardial sleeves has been found to trigger and maintain paroxysmal AF. Dilated PVs by high stretching force may activate mechanoelectrical feedback, which induces calcium overload and produces afterdepolarization. These results, in turn, increase PV arrhythmogenesis and contribute to initiation of AF. Paracrine factors, effectors of the renin‐angiotensin system, membranous channels, or cytoskeleton of PV myocytes may modulate PV arrhythmogenesis directly through mechanoelectrical feedback or indirectly through endocardial/myocardial cross‐talk. The purpose of this review is to present laboratory and translational relevance of mechanoelectrical feedback in PV arrhythmogenesis. Targeting mechanoelectrical feedback in PV arrhythmogenesis may shed light on potential opportunities and clinical concerns of AF treatment.
Segmenting Western Australian national park visitors by perceived benefits: A factor‐item mixed approach
Authors: Huang Songshan (Sam) , Pearce Joanna , Wen Jun , Dowling Ross K. , Smith Amanda J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNational park visitors are a significant tourist market that demonstrates heterogeneous visitation behaviors. Segmentation studies employing relevant criterion variables with reference to visitor behavior variables prove to be an effective way to better understand this tourist market. Employing a factor‐item mixed segmentation approach, this study aims to segment Western Australian national park visitors by perceived benefits with reference to visitors' overall satisfaction, willingness to recommend, and pro‐environmental behavior. Based on a sample of 324 on‐site visitor survey responses, two perceived benefit factors, Nature Appreciation and Relaxation, and Learning, were identified. Subsequent cluster analysis using 12 original perceived benefit items identified two clusters: “moderate nature experiencers” (MNE) and “high nature appreciators and learners” (HNAL). No differences were found between the two clusters in visitor demographics and trip characteristics. However, HNAL members consistently exhibited higher levels of overall satisfaction, willingness to recommend, and pro‐environmental behavior tendencies than members of MNE. Based on the findings, Australian national park managers should advocate both the nature and learning benefits in their future market communication and product development strategies.
Soil available nitrogen and phosphorus affected by functional bacterial community composition and diversity as ecological restoration progressed
Authors: Wang Honglei , Bu Lianyan , Song Fangqin , Tian Jing , Wei Gehong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAvailable nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the most common elements limiting the success of ecosystem restoration. Soil microbial communities, harbouring the alkaline metalloprotease (apr) gene and alkaline phosphatase activity gene (phoD), play a crucial role in regulating and maintaining soil available N and P. However, the dynamics ofapr‐ andphoD‐harbouring bacteria and their contributions to regulating soil available N and P balances remain largely unexplored as ecological restoration proceeded. In this study, we investigated the community dynamics ofapr‐ andphoD‐harbouring bacteria during the plant growing season in association with the long‐term passive (40 years) and active (35 years) restoration of degraded ecosystems. The results showed that soil available N steadily increased while available P typically decreased as ecosystem restoration proceeded. The passive and active restoration efforts resulted in a higher available N balance than available P balance. Passive and active restoration significantly enhanced the abundances, diversities of OTUs, and beta diversities ofapr‐ andphoD‐harbouring bacteria. Notably, the alpha diversity ofapr‐harbouring bacteria did not keep pace with that ofphoD‐harbouring bacteria with increased site age. Our results indicated that the distinct beta diversities of theapr‐ andphoD‐harbouring bacteria were the predominant cause of the variation in the available N and P balance. Our findings provide a foundation for a better understanding of the distinct responses ofapr‐ andphoD‐harbouring bacteria to ecological restoration and how they ultimately regulate the available N and P balance in the developing soils of degraded ecosystems.
Inequality in plant diversity knowledge and unrecorded plant extinctions: An example from the grasses of Madagascar
Authors: Vorontsova Maria S. , Lowry Porter P. , Andriambololonera Sylvie R. , Wilmé Lucienne , Rasolohery Andriambolantsoa , Govaerts Rafaël , Ficinski Sarah Z. , Humphreys Aelys M. 
Published: June 2020

Societal impact statementPlants are essential for all life, providing the infrastructure and energy for our ecosystems. A recent report indicates that more than 500 plant species are already presumed extinct and many more could have been lost without anyone being aware, especially in species‐rich areas with high levels of human impact, and where botanical knowledge is poor. Inequality in the availability and accessibility of biodiversity data, professional expertise, and funding interact to produce chronic differences in knowledge between countries. Here, we illustrate this using an example from Madagascar. Understanding these knowledge inequalities will strengthen our ability to improve the situation for people as well as for plants.SummaryIn order to understand geographic differences in our knowledge of plant extinction, species occurrence knowledge is compared for the grasses (Poaceae) of Madagascar and the British Isles. Poaceae are a useful model system for exploring extinction because they are globally diverse and present interesting characteristics compared with plants as a whole: grasses have a similar species description curve and percentage assessed as threatened, but they have broader and more continental distribution ranges.Historical and current factors affecting the documentation of the Malagasy and British floras are reviewed with regard to science funding, human capital, accessibility, and existing records. Knowledge of Poaceae is compared in the light of these constraints. Global patterns of grass diversity are examined and future extinction rates for Malagasy grasses are estimated.Multiple factors interact to shape a set of constraints on species distribution knowledge. The flora of Madagascar has been described largely by foreigners, science funding is external, and Malagasy botanists face difficult challenges. Spatial data for Madagascar are more limited and less even. We demonstrate that unrecorded extinctions are more likely among Malagasy than British and Irish grasses: they were described later, have smaller ranges, and are more threatened. It is possible that extinction rates of Malagasy grasses will increase tenfold in the next century.Differences in our knowledge of the Malagasy and British floras are long‐standing, deep, and perpetuated by numerous modern‐day factors. We urge researchers to understand and acknowledge these differences, and we provide recommendations for future work.
A robust least squares based approach to min‐max model predictive control
Authors: Jetto L. , Orsini V. 
Published: June 2020

SummaryThis article deals with the model predictive control (MPC) of linear, time‐invariant discrete‐time polytopic (LTIDP) systems. The 2‐fold aim is to simplify the treatment of complex issues like stability and feasibility analysis of MPC in the presence of parametric uncertainty as well as to reduce the complexity of the relative optimization procedure. The new approach is based on a two degrees of freedom (2DOF) control scheme, where the output r(k) of the feedforward input estimator (IE) is used as input forcing the closed‐loop system ∑f. ∑f is the feedback connection of an LTIDP plant ∑p with an LTI feedback controller ∑g. Both cases of plants with measurable and unmeasurable state are considered. The task of ∑g is to guarantee the quadratic stability of ∑f, as well as the fulfillment of hard constraints on some physical variables for any input r(k) satisfying an “a priori” determined admissibility condition. The input r(k) is computed by the feedforward IE through the on‐line minimization of a worst‐case finite‐horizon quadratic cost functional and is applied to ∑f according to the usual receding horizon strategy. The on‐line constrained optimization problem is here simplified, reducing the number of the involved constraints and decision variables. This is obtained modeling r(k) as a B‐spline function, which is known to admit a parsimonious parametric representation. This allows us to reformulate the minimization of the worst‐case cost functional as a box‐constrained robust least squares estimation problem, which can be efficiently solved using second‐order cone programming.
Reducing anthropogenic environmental stresses: A review on cleaner production and industrial ecology
Authors: Jayasooriya V. M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCleaner production (CP) provides source control measures of minimizing the waste and emissions occurred by the production and processes. CP, which is also known by the term pollution prevention (P2), has been practiced for several years among various countries across the world. Practicing of CP in industries supports in optimization of materials utilization, lowering the energy consumption, and the reduction of emissions to air, water, and soil. CP provides a continuous and preventive environmental improvement for the organizations by focusing on the prevention rather than providing solutions, once the pollution has been occurred. Implementing CP in a business requires support from the employees from top to bottom levels in the hierarchy, to obtain a successful and long‐term outcome. Thus, CP is no longer considered as a standalone process and should be integrated in the entire business development activities, in order to improve the quality of life. CP can also be identified as a subset of industrial ecology, which focuses on designing the industrial processes, products, and services, in order to minimize the environmental concerns of the industrial activities. This article will provide an overview of the background of CP, the CP assessment methodology, and the concepts of industrial ecology.
Homogenization of nonlinear parabolic equations with hysteresis
Authors: Pokam Kakeu Achille Landri , Woukeng Jean Louis 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis work is concerned with the homogenization of initial boundary value parabolic equations with hysteresis, containing nonlinear monotone operators in the diffusion term. We make use of the sigma‐convergence concept together with the properties of hysteresis operator to derive the homogenized problem. The homogenized operator is obtained in terms of a solution of a nonlinear corrector problem posed and solved in the usual sense of distributions. We also provide an approximation scheme for the homogenized coefficient.
Bergman kernel and oscillation theory of plurisubharmonic functions
Authors: Chen Bo-Yong , Wang Xu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBased on Harnack’s inequality and convex analysis we show that each plurisubharmonic function is locally BUO (bounded upper oscillation) with respect to polydiscs of finite type but not for arbitrary polydiscs. We also show that each function in the Lelong class is globally BUO with respect to all polydiscs. A dimension-free BUO estimate is obtained for the logarithm of the modulus of a complex polynomial. As an application we obtain an approximation formula for the Bergman kernel that preserves all directional Lelong numbers. For smooth plurisubharmonic functions we derive a new asymptotic identity for the Bergman kernel from Berndtsson’s complex Brunn–Minkowski theory, which also yields a slightly better version of the sharp Ohsawa–Takegoshi extension theorem in some special cases.
Understanding digitalization and educational change in school by means of activity theory and the levels of learning concept
Authors: Pettersson Fanny 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs shown in research and practice digitalization processes are many times limited to implementation of digital technologies without pedagogical and organizational change. In this study it is argued for a broader perspective on the concept of digitalization, viewing it as a process involving change and transformation in different stages and several organizational levels. Based on cultural–historical activity theory and the concept of levels of learning, this study will elaborate on the concept of digitalization as well as how schools are dealing with digital and educational change. Two schools known for their large-scale digitalization processes are analyzed. In the analysis, it is indicated that the object of digitalization harbors an idea that influence how digitalization is planned for and enacted within the school organization. How schools conceptualized—what is theoretically and practically meant by digitalization—influence how they plan their budget, professional development, and organizational change. With this backdrop, it is a concluded need for explicit discussions and conceptual clarifications on what digitalization is and what it involves in different school contexts.
Observation of Differential Rotation Within a Sunspot Umbra During an X-Class Flare
Authors: Grimes Richard , Pintér Balázs , Morgan Huw 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSunspots and their dynamics dominate the magnetic topology and evolution of both the photosphere and the overlying coronal active regions. Thus a comprehensive understanding of their behaviour is essential to understanding the solar magnetic field. A new technique is presented for applying multiple ellipse fits as a method for rotation tracking of sunspot umbrae. The method is applied to a sunspot in NOAA active region AR 12158 during an X-class flare event and the resulting rotation rate correlates well with other measurements from literature. The method also reveals an apparent difference in rotation rate between the edge and the innermost region of the sunspot umbra of up to 2 degrees per hour. Such differential rotation must lead to the large-scale twisting of sunspot magnetic flux tubes with implications for models of coronal loops and the build-up of instabilities that may lead to eruptions.
Jim Greer’s and Mary Mark’s Reviews of Evaluation Methods for Adaptive Systems: a Brief Comment about New Goals
Authors: du Boulay Benedict 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMark and Greer’s (International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 4(2/3), 129–153, 1993) review was very influential in setting out effective goals and methods for evaluating adaptive educational systems of all kinds. A later review brought the story up to date (Greer, International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 26(1), 387–392, 2016). The current paper explores a new range of evaluative goals which go beyond the quality of learning outcomes, learning efficiency, transfer, retention, and short-term motivation. While learner satisfaction has been downgraded over the years as a reliable indicator of learning quality, it cannot be wholly ignored in terms of wider issues such as the learner’s developing metacognitive and meta-affective insight, regulatory competence and longer-term motivation. These factors lead on to such evaluable issues as the learner’s appetite for further learning of the kind just experienced as well as for learning in general. The rise in the use of data analytics and the increasing use of AIED and computer-based learning systems in schools and universities has led to the development of orchestration systems to assist the teacher to manage their students using such systems. Orchestration systems raise new kinds of evaluation goal, such as the balance of activity, cooperation and agency between the human teacher and the adaptive systems, as well as between the learner, the systems, the teacher and, indeed, other learners. Further evaluable goals include the degree to which the teacher is alerted to the learning difficulties of the learners, the degree to which the teacher’s scarce and valuable time is being used efficiently, and the degree to which the orchestration system can be used as a reflective device for teachers to examine their own practice.
The MRE11 nuclease promotes homologous recombination not only in DNA double-strand break resection but also in post-resection in human TK6 cells
Authors: Shimizu Naoto , Akagawa Remi , Takeda Shunichi , Sasanuma Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHomologous recombination (HR) repairs double-strand breaks (DSBs) occurring in sister chromatids using the intact sisters as the repair template. HR is initiated by DSB resection, which generates 3′ single-strand DNA (ssDNA). RAD51 recombinase polymerizes on the ssDNA and undergoes strand exchange with intact sister chromatids, generating junction molecules (JMs). The separation of JMs completes HR-dependent DSB repair. Defective resolution of JMs not only leaves DSBs unrepaired but also has the broken sisters remain entangled with the intact sisters, leading to the formation of isochromatid-type breaks, where both sister chromatids are broken at the same sites, in mitotic chromosome spreads. The MRE11 nuclease plays a key role in HR, and it is generally believed that MRE11 does so by initiating DSB resection. We here showed that the loss of MRE11 reduced the efficiency of HR in human TK6 cells without affecting DSB resection, indicating a role for MRE11 in HR also at a post-resection step. MRE11-deficient TK6 cells showed proficient induction of RAD51 foci by ionizing-radiation (IR) and olaparib but significantly delayed their resolution. Although exposure of G2-phase cells to IR cleaves only one of two sister chromatids, the loss of the MRE11-nuclease activity increased the number of isochromosome-type breaks in subsequent M phase. The overexpression of GEN1 resolvase suppressed the formation of IR-induced isochromatid-type breaks in MRE11-nuclease-deficient TK6 cells. These data indicate that MRE11 plays an important role in HR by processing JMs. We propose the dual roles of MRE11 in HR at DSB resection and post-resection steps.
The Integration of Lidar and Legacy Datasets Provides Improved Explanations for the Spatial Patterning of Shell Rings in the American Southeast
Authors: Davis Dylan S. , DiNapoli Robert J. , Sanger Matthew C. , Lipo Carl P. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTArchaeologists have struggled to combine remotely sensed datasets with preexisting information for landscape-level analyses. In the American Southeast, for example, analyses of lidar data using automated feature extraction algorithms have led to the identification of over 40 potential new pre-European-contact Native American shell ring deposits in Beaufort County, South Carolina. Such datasets are vital for understanding settlement distributions, yet a comprehensive assessment requires remotely sensed and previously surveyed archaeological data. Here, we use legacy data and airborne lidar-derived information to conduct a series of point pattern analyses using spatial models that we designed to assess the factors that best explain the location of shell rings. The results reveal that ring deposit locations are highly clustered and best explained through a combination of environmental conditions such as distance to water and elevation as well as social factors.
The Logic of Violence in Drug War
Authors: CASTILLO JUAN CAMILO , KRONICK DOROTHY 
Published: June 2020

Drug traffickers sometimes share profits peacefully. Other times they fight. We propose a model to investigate this variation, focusing on the role of the state. Seizing illegal goods can paradoxically increase traffickers’ profits, and higher profits fuel violence. Killing kingpins makes crime bosses short-sighted, also fueling conflict. Only by targeting the most violent traffickers can the state reduce violence without increasing supply. These results help explain empirical patterns of violence in drug war, which is less studied than are interstate or civil war but often as deadly.