bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A quarter of patients time their early rheumatoid arthritis onset differently than physicians
Authors: Ellingwood Leah , Kudaeva Fatima , Schieir Orit , Bartlett Susan J , Bessette Louis , Boire Gilles , Hazlewood Glen S , Hitchon Carol , Keystone Edward , Tin Diane , Thorne Carter , Bykerk Vivian P , Pope Janet 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveEarly rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment requires timely recognition. This large, multicentre study compared patient-reported vs physician-reported onset of early RA.MethodsPatients from the Canadian Early ArThritis CoHort with early/suspected RA (persistent synovitis <1 year) completed questionnaires asking about the date of symptom onset; and rheumatologists date of onset for persistent synovitis. Groups with similar reported timing (patient and physician) versus differing timing of 30 days or more were compared.ResultsIn 2683 patients, the median patient symptom duration (IQR) was 178 days (163) and physician-reported duration was 166 (138). 1940 (72%) patients had similar patient-reported and physician-reported onset (<30 days), whereas 497 (18%) reported onset 30 or more days preceding physicians, and 246 (9%) 30 or more days after physicians. Patients reporting onset preceding physicians had lower baseline Disease Activity Score based on 28 joint count, swollen joint counts and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p<0.05). Patients reporting onset after physicians were more likely to be rheumatoid factor positive (p<0.001) and had higher anticitrullinated protein antibody titres (p<0.009). Regression showed low income, smoking, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis and baseline non-methotrexate non-biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug use were predictors for longer patient-reported symptoms. At 12 months, patients reporting longer symptom duration than physicians had lower rates of Simplified Disease Activity Index remission and higher physician global assessments.ConclusionOver one-fourth of patients reported differences of >1 month in symptom onset from their rheumatologist. Patients with longer symptom durations had less improvement at 1 year, which may be reflective of comorbid musculoskeletal conditions.
Rehabilitation treatment for long‐term associated femoral head ostectomy muscle atrophy
Authors: Miyata Takuma , Kawamura Kazumi 
Published: November 2019

Rehabilitation after femoral head ostectomy (FHO) is recommended on awakening from anaesthesia. This report summarises the effects of delayed rehabilitation in a Yorkshire terrier and two toy poodles who underwent rehabilitation beginning at 1 month, 3 months and 9 years after FHO surgery, in cases where rehabilitation was impossible immediately after surgery. Rehabilitation was conducted once per week for approximately 3 hours at our facility; we focused on underwater therapy and inclined walking. The results in the dog that underwent rehabilitation 9 years after surgery showed a poor increase in femoral muscle perimeter; in all three cases, improvement in gait was observed. If rehabilitation begins with a long delay after surgery, the end of rehabilitation will be similarly delayed. Nevertheless, the effects of rehabilitation were evident in these cases.
Endometrial osseous metaplasia and endometritis in a Thoroughbred broodmare
Authors: Savage Victoria 
Published: November 2019

Endometrial osseous metaplasia is a condition characterised by the presence of mature bone fragments within the endometrium. It is rarely reported in human beings and other domestic mammals, but to the author’s knowledge has not previously been recognised in horses. This case describes a Thoroughbred broodmare presented for breeding evaluation 14 days postpartum. No previous reproductive abnormalities had been identified. Transrectal ultrasonography of the reproductive tract identified multifocal, well‐defined, irregular hyperechoic structures with acoustic shadowing within the uterine wall. Following a single, unsuccessful, reproductive cycle, the fragments were manually removed. Histopathology identified osseous metaplasia and septic endometritis. A combination of intrauterine treatments were implemented, including lavage, infusion with both N‐acetylcysteine and antibiotics. Chemical curettage was performed using an intrauterine kerosene infusion to remove the remaining microspicules and resolve the endometritis. The mare successfully conceived twin embryos. Following manual ablation of one conceptus, the remaining pregnancy was successfully carried to term.
Detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in nasal and laryngeal swab specimens in endemically infected pig herds
Authors: Moiso Nicolás , Pieters Maria , Degano Facundo , Vissio Claudina , Camacho Pablo , Estanguet Abel , Parada Julián , Tamiozzo Pablo J 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundApparently, laryngeal swabs (LS) are more sensitive than nasal swabs (NS) and allow earlier detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae by PCR. However, antecedents about the compared detection of M hyopneumoniae with NS and LS in growing pigs, from naturally infected herds, are lacking in the literature. Thus, this study compared the PCR detection of M hyopneumoniae from NS and LS in pigs of various ages.MethodsA longitudinal study was performed at two farms where NS and LS were collected from three consecutive groups of 20 pigs at 3, 6, 10, 16 and 22 weeks of age. All samples were analysed by nested PCR for M hyopneumoniae detection.ResultsThe probability of PCR detection of M hyopneumoniae was higher in LS for pigs of all ages (odds ratio (OR)=1.87; 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 1.31–2.67) and in 22‐week‐old pigs (OR=4.87; 95 per cent CI 2.86–8.30). The agreement between both sample types was low to moderate (kappa 0.087–0.508), highlighting that M hyopneumoniae does not appear to colonise the respiratory tract in a generalised and consistent fashion.ConclusionsThe results suggest that LS could be employed at different ages to achieve greater bacterial detection. Considering that LS is a minimally invasive, highly sensitive sample compared with the traditional NS, it could be suggested to employ this sample type for M hyopneumoniae detection in naturally infected pigs.
Bias varies for bioimpedance analysis and skinfold technique when stratifying collegiate male athletes’ fat-free mass hydration levels
Authors: Nickerson Brett S. , Snarr Ronald L. , Ryan Greg A. 
Published: November 2019

This study evaluated the accuracy of bioimpedance analysis (BIA)- and skinfold (SF)-based body fat percentage estimates in collegiate athletes with varying fat-free mass (FFM) hydration levels. Subjects were evaluated as a whole (n = 63) and at FFM hydration levels of 64.00%–68.99% (FFM-HydrationL1; n = 37) and 69.00%–74.00% (FFM-HydrationL2; n = 26). Proportional bias was absent in the SF technique when stratifying FFM hydration levels. Contrarily, proportional bias was observed when using BIA for FFM-HydrationL1, but not in FFM-HydrationL2. Novelty Fat-free mass hydration levels impact BIA-based body fat estimates more than skinfold-based body fat.
Adenosine 2A Receptor Blockade as an Immunotherapy for Treatment-Refractory Renal Cell Cancer
Authors: Fong Lawrence , Hotson Andrew , Powderly John D. , Sznol Mario , Heist Rebecca S. , Choueiri Toni K. , George Saby , Hughes Brett G.M. , Hellmann Matthew D. , Shepard Dale R. , Rini Brian I. , Kummar Shivaani , Weise Amy M. , Riese Matthew J. , Markman Ben , Emens Leisha A. , Mahadevan Daruka , Luke Jason J. , Laport Ginna , Brody Joshua D. , Hernandez-Aya Leonel , Bonomi Philip , Goldman Jonathan W. , Berim Lyudmyla , Renouf Daniel J. , Goodwin Rachel A. , Munneke Brian , Ho Po Y. , Hsieh Jessica , McCaffery Ian , Kwei Long , Willingham Stephen B. , Miller Richard A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Adenosine mediates immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment through triggering adenosine 2A receptors (A2AR) on immune cells. To determine whether this pathway could be targeted as an immunotherapy, we performed a phase I clinical trial with a small-molecule A2AR antagonist. We find that this molecule can safely block adenosine signaling in vivo. In a cohort of 68 patients with renal cell cancer (RCC), we also observe clinical responses alone and in combination with an anti–PD-L1 antibody, including subjects who had progressed on PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Durable clinical benefit is associated with increased recruitment of CD8+ T cells into the tumor. Treatment can also broaden the circulating T-cell repertoire. Clinical responses are associated with an adenosine-regulated gene-expression signature in pretreatment tumor biopsies. A2AR signaling, therefore, represents a targetable immune checkpoint distinct from PD-1/PD-L1 that restricts antitumor immunity.

Significance:
This first-in-human study of an A2AR antagonist for cancer treatment establishes the safety and feasibility of targeting this pathway by demonstrating antitumor activity with single-agent and anti–PD-L1 combination therapy in patients with refractory RCC. Responding patients possess an adenosine-regulated gene-expression signature in pretreatment tumor biopsies.
See related commentary by Sitkovsky, p. 16.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1
A Preoperative Scoring System to Predict Carcinoma in Patients with Gallbladder Polyps
Authors: Onda Shinji , Futagawa Yasuro , Gocho Takeshi , Shiba Hiroaki , Ishida Yuichi , Okamoto Tomoyoshi , Yanaga Katsuhiko 
Published: November 2019

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> A preoperative scoring system to predict carcinoma in patients with gallbladder polyps (GBPs). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Preoperative parameters of patients with GBPs who underwent cholecystectomies were used to construct a scoring system to ascertain the risk of malignancy (reference group). The scoring system developed from this approach was applied to the validation group. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In the reference group, 11.5% of patients had carcinomas, in whom the median age was 68 years and the polyp size was 16.9 mm. According to the univariate analysis, the significant factors for carcinoma were age ≥65 years, the presence of gallstones, polyp size ≥13 mm, solitary polyp, and sessile polyp. Age ≥65 years and polyp size ≥13 mm were significant factors according to the multivariate analysis. From these results, we developed a preoperative scoring system to predict carcinoma. The patients were divided into 1 of 2 groups: low-risk and high-risk and their malignancy rates were 4.1 and 61.1% respectively (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). In the validation group, the malignancy rate was higher for those in the high-risk group (<i>p</i> = 0.016). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The proposed preoperative scoring system based on simple clinical variables appears to be useful for predicting malignancy in patients with GBPs.
Scholars, Spice Traders, and Sultans: Arguing over the Alms-Tax in the Mamluk Era
Authors: Blecher Joel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Amidst the politics of the Mamluk-era spice route, why did the standard-bearers of Islamic law routinely oppose the sultanate’s imposition of an alms-tax on merchandise (zakāt al-tijāra), despite the abundance of support for such a tax within the classical tradition of Islamic law? Rather than contending – as some modern scholars have – that prominent jurists developed loopholes that circumvented the original intent of the law to protect the wealthy and the ruling class, I argue that it was precisely the jurists’ careful defense of exemptions and exclusions that allowed them to define the essence of zakāt against forms of taxation they considered unlawful. By narrowing the scope of zakāt, jurists attempted to achieve a moral aim that went beyond the ritual purification of wealth: a limit on the sultanate’s otherwise arbitrary power to tax Muslims as it wished. In doing so, they alleviated some of the tax burden for spice merchants and camel herders alike.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of Aporcelinus zapotitlanensis sp. n. (Dorylaimida: Aporcelaimidae) from central Mexico
Authors: Mejía-Madrid Hugo H. , Peña-Santiago Reyes 
Published: November 2019

Summary
A new species of Aporcelinus, collected in a natural habitat of central Mexico, is described and illustrated, including molecular (D2-D3 28S-rRNA) data. Aporcelinus zapotitlanensis sp. n. is characterised by its 1.19-1.43 mm long body, lip region offset by a deep constriction and 16.5-18.5 μm broad, odontostyle 19.5-22 long, neck 325-368 μm long, pharyngeal expansion 150-201 μm long or 46-55% of the total neck length, uterus 130-167 μm long and tripartite, V = 54-56, tail conical with finely rounded tip (30-37 μm, c = 34-43, c′ = 1.2-1.4) lacking a distinct dorsal concavity, spicules 48-51 μm long, and 11-12 spaced ventromedian supplements with one or two of them located within the range of the spicules. Molecular analyses confirm the monophyly of Aporcelinus and places the new species within a clade shared with A. infundibulicaudatus and A. amazonicus.
Une interprétation politique de la représentation pontificale en Syrie et au Liban
Authors: Coquet Édouard 
Published: November 2019

Résumé
Au début du mandat français en Syrie et au Liban, le Saint-Siège renouvelle ses objectifs et ses moyens d’ action dans la région. Nous avons étudié ce mouvement à travers les lettres adressées à Rome par Mgr Frediano Giannini, vicaire apostolique d’ Alep et délégué apostolique en Syrie de 1905 à 1936. Les rapports de Giannini constituent un bon exemple de la manière dont les missionnaires participent à la production de connaissances sur les communautés chrétiennes orientales. En rendant compte des épreuves et des migrations qui leur sont imposées, Giannini participe au développement d’ une nouvelle perception de ces communautés, vues comme des minorités persécutées. Giannini sollicite les autorités françaises pour défendre les intérêts des chrétiens (à la fois les catholiques et les orthodoxes). Sa position est ambiguë : alors qu’ il exprime sa nostalgie au sujet du fonctionnement traditionnel du protectorat français, Giannini s’ implique lui-même dans le domaine politique et prend en charge une partie de l’ ancien rôle des Français. Cette ambivalence révèle l’ émergence d’ une nouvelle politique pontificale, fondée sur un double mouvement d’ autonomisation et de centralisation.
A Causality-Based View of the Interaction between Synoptic- and Planetary-Scale Atmospheric Disturbances
Authors: Samarasinghe Savini M. , Deng Yi , Ebert-Uphoff Imme 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper reports preliminary yet encouraging findings on the use of causal discovery methods to understand the interaction between atmospheric planetary- and synoptic-scale disturbances in the Northern Hemisphere. Specifically, constraint-based structure learning of probabilistic graphical models is applied to the spherical harmonics decomposition of the daily 500-hPa geopotential height field in boreal winter for the period 1948–2015. Active causal pathways among different spherical harmonics components are identified and documented in the form of a temporal probabilistic graphical model. Since, by definition, the structure learning algorithm used here only robustly identifies linear causal effects, we report only causal pathways between two groups of disturbances with sufficiently large differences in temporal and/or spatial scales, that is, planetary-scale (mainly zonal wavenumbers 1–3) and synoptic-scale disturbances (mainly zonal wavenumbers 6–8). Daily reconstruction of geopotential heights using only interacting scales suggest that the modulation of synoptic-scale disturbances by planetary-scale disturbances is best characterized by the flow of information from a zonal wavenumber-1 disturbance to a synoptic-scale circumglobal wave train whose amplitude peaks at the North Pacific and North Atlantic storm-track region. The feedback of synoptic-scale to planetary-scale disturbances manifests itself as a zonal wavenumber-2 structure driven by synoptic-eddy momentum fluxes. This wavenumber-2 structure locally enhances the East Asian trough and western Europe ridge of the wavenumber-1 planetary-scale disturbance that actively modulates the activity of synoptic-scale disturbances. The winter-mean amplitude of the actively interacting disturbances are characterized by pronounced fluctuations across interannual to decadal time scales.
Ketamine for suicidal ideation in adults with psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of treatment trials
Authors: Witt Katrina , Potts Jennifer , Hubers Anna , Grunebaum Michael F , Murrough James W , Loo Colleen , Cipriani Andrea , Hawton Keith 
Published: November 2019

Objective: Ketamine may reduce suicidal ideation in treatment-resistant depression. But it is not known how quickly this occurs and how long it persists. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the short- and long-term effectiveness of ketamine for suicidality. Method: CENTRAL, EMBASE, Medline, and PsycINFO were searched until 12 December 2018. Randomised controlled trials of ketamine or esketamine reporting data on suicidal ideation, self-harm, attempted or completed suicide in adults diagnosed with any psychiatric disorder were included. Two reviewers independently extracted data, and certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation tool. Standardised mean difference was used for continuous outcomes. Results: Twenty-five reports from 15 independent trials, with a total of 572 participants diagnosed with predominately affective disorders, were included. The evidence was rated moderate to low. In most trials, ketamine was administered at 0.5 mg/kg via a single intravenous infusion over a 30- to 45-minute period. Only a single trial of intranasal esketamine was identified. At 4 hours post-infusion, treatment with ketamine was associated with a significant reduction in suicidal ideation scores (standardised mean difference = −0.51, 95% confidence interval = [−1.00, −0.03]), which persisted until 72 hours post-infusion (time points between 12 and 24 hours: standardised mean difference = −0.63, 95% confidence interval = [−0.99, −0.26]; between 24 and 72 hours: standardised mean difference = −0.57, 95% confidence interval = [−0.99, −0.14]), but not thereafter. However, there was marked heterogeneity of results. In a single trial of esketamine, marginal effects on suicidal ideation were observed. In terms of actual suicidal behaviour, there were virtually no data on effects of ketamine or esketamine. Conclusion: A single infusion of ketamine may have a short-term (up to 72 hours) beneficial impact on suicidal thoughts. While confirmation of these results in further trials is needed, they suggest possible use of ketamine to treat acute suicidality. Means of sustaining any anti-suicidal effect need to be found.
Criminal Records, Positive Employment Credentials, and Race
Authors: DeWitt Samuel E. , Denver Megan 
Published: November 2019

Objectives: To assess the impact of positive credentials on perceptions of individuals with criminal records and whether the effects of credentials differ by the type of conviction or the criminal record holder’s race. Methods: We present fictional job applicant details to a nationwide survey of American adults ( n = 5,822) using a factorial design. We manipulate whether the job applicant is Black or White and has a criminal record or not. Among those randomly assigned to have a criminal record, we also vary the type of felony (violent or drug), whether they report a positive credential, and the type of credential (if applicable). Results: Among those with criminal records, respondents viewed applicants with positive credentials more favorably than those without credentials. In fact, a supportive reference letter from a former employer mitigates most of the stigma from a criminal record. The results are consistent by applicant race as well as criminal record type, and our employer respondents react similarly to experimental conditions as compared to the overall sample. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the inclusion of positive credentials can help reduce criminal record stigma and aid in the normification process.
Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: An Exploratory Study of Their Experience of Family Relationships and Coping With the Illness
Authors: Peleg Ora , Hadar Efrat , Cohen Ami 
Published: November 2019

Purpose The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore familial patterns that may be related to type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and to patients’ ways of coping with the illness. Methods A purposive sample of 32 Israeli Jewish (n = 12) and Arab (n = 20) individuals with T2DM were recruited from a community population and interviewed about their familial experiences and their illness. Interview data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological method. Results Many participants, particularly from the Arab society, reported familial patterns that suggest fused relationships and emotional cutoff. They described highly close and positive family relationships, on one hand, but demonstrated unwillingness to share their difficulties with their family members, on the other hand. Precipitating stressful or traumatic events and day-to-day stress appeared as leading perceived causes of the illness. Maintaining an appropriate lifestyle, stress reduction, and family support were the main coping strategies with the illness. Conclusions The findings suggest a possible avenue in which fusion with family members and inability to attenuate emotional distress by sharing difficulties with others may contribute to the development of T2DM. Assessment of such family dynamics and ways of coping with stress could lead to more appropriately nuanced treatment for individuals with T2DM and prediabetes.
Effect of Graft Choice on Revision and Contralateral Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Results From the New Zealand ACL Registry
Authors: Rahardja Richard , Zhu Mark , Love Hamish , Clatworthy Mark G. , Monk Andrew Paul , Young Simon W. 
Published: November 2019

Background: The patellar tendon is often considered the “gold standard” graft for reducing the risk of graft rupture after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. However, its use may also be associated with an increased risk of injury to the contralateral ACL. Purpose: To clarify the association between graft choice and the risk of revision and contralateral ACL reconstruction. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Prospective data captured by the New Zealand ACL Registry between April 2014 and December 2018 were reviewed. All primary ACL reconstructions performed using either a hamstring tendon or patellar tendon autograft were included. Cox regression survival analysis adjusting for patient factors was performed to compare the risk of revision and contralateral ACL reconstruction between the hamstring tendon graft and the patellar tendon graft. Results: A total of 7155 primary ACL reconstructions were reviewed, of which 5563 (77.7%) were performed using a hamstring tendon graft and 1592 (22.3%) were performed using a patellar tendon graft. Patients with a hamstring tendon graft had a revision rate of 2.7% compared with 1.3% in patients with a patellar tendon graft (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 2.51; 95% CI, 1.55-4.06; P < .001). The patellar tendon graft was associated with an increased risk of contralateral ACL reconstruction compared with the hamstring tendon graft (adjusted HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.15-3.16; P = .012). The number needed to treat (NNT) with a patellar tendon graft to prevent 1 revision was 73.6. However, the NNT with a hamstring tendon graft to prevent 1 contralateral reconstruction was 116.3. Conclusion: Use of a patellar tendon graft reduced the risk of graft rupture but was associated with an increased risk of injury to the contralateral ACL. Adequate rehabilitation and informed decision making on return to activity and injury prevention measures may be important in preventing subsequent injury to the healthy knee.