bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Controversy of Renin–Angiotensin-System Blocker Facilitation Versus Countering COVID-19 Infection
Authors: Manolis Antonis S. , Manolis Theodora A. , Manolis Antonis A. , Melita Helen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract:
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has produced serious turmoil world-wide. Lung injury causing acute respiratory distress syndrome seems to be a most dreaded complication occurring in ∼30%. Older patients with cardiovascular comorbidities and acute respiratory distress syndrome have an increased mortality. Although the precise mechanisms involved in the development of lung injury have not been fully elucidated, the role of the extended renin–angiotensin system seems to be pivotal. In this context, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an angiotensin-converting enzyme homologue, has been recognized as a facilitator of viral entry into the host, albeit its involvement in other counter-regulatory effects, such as converting angiotensin (Ang) II into Ang 1–7 with its known protective actions. Thus, concern was raised that the use of renin–angiotensin system inhibitors by increasing ACE2 expression may enhance patient susceptibility to the COVID-19 virus. However, current data have appeased such concerns because there has been no clinical evidence of a harmful effect of these agents as based on observational studies. However, properly designed future studies will be needed to further confirm or refute current evidence. Furthermore, other pathways may also play important roles in COVID-19 transmission and pathogenesis; spike (S) protein proteases facilitate viral transmission by cleaving S protein that promotes viral entry into the host; neprilysin (NEP), a neutral endopeptidase known to cleave natriuretic peptides, degrades Ang I into Ang 1–7; NEP can also catabolize bradykinin and thus mitigate bradykinin's role in inflammation, whereas, in the same context, specific bradykinin inhibitors may also negate bradykinin's harmful effects. Based on these intricate mechanisms, various preventive and therapeutic strategies may be devised, such as upregulating ACE2 and/or using recombinant ACE2, and exploiting the NEP, bradykinin and serine protease pathways, in addition to anti-inflammatory and antiviral therapies. These issues are herein reviewed, available studies are tabulated and pathogenetic mechanisms are pictorially illustrated.
Screening of the Abdominal Aorta During Routine Echocardiographic Examination Is Cost-effective and Leads to Increase in Statin Utilization by Detecting Subclinical Atherosclerosis
Authors: Dodge Melisa , Movahed Mohammad Reza 
Published: August 2020

Background:
Performing abdominal aorta screenings during routine echocardiographic examination can be useful for quick detection of asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) without additional cost. Furthermore, detection of any atherosclerosis of the aorta during this screening would qualify the patient for statin therapy, with potential to improve outcome. The goal of our study was to evaluate the effect of routine screening of abdominal aorta during echocardiographic examination.

Methods:
Recently, we started performing routine AAA screening during routine echocardiographic examinations. We retrospectively studied a total of 727 patients with successful screening between the ages of 33 and 96 years, with a median age of 72.4 years. We evaluate the presence of atherosclerosis of aorta and its effect on lipid therapy and detection of asymptomatic AAA.

Results:
We found 18 (2.4%) asymptomatic AAAs and 468 (64.3%) cases of atherosclerosis of abdominal aorta. Retrospectively, data were collected on preventative lipid therapy. Of the 468 patients who had detected atherosclerosis of aorta, 414 patients had clinical follow up; 240 (57.9%) patients were already treated with a statin due to another indication. However, 38 (9.1%) of these patients had been started on statin drugs for the first time, 85 (20.5%) were set a new lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol goal, and 41 (9.9%) had an intensified statin treatment.

Conclusions:
Using a routine screening of the abdominal aorta during standard echocardiograms can markedly improve preventive statin therapy in patients, with asymptomatic atherosclerosis detected during screening without additional cost and detect some AAA.
Fatigue in Children With Moderate or Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Compared With Children With Orthopedic Injury: Characteristics and Associated Factors
Authors: Bogdanov Stefan , Brookes Naomi , Epps Adrienne , Naismith Sharon L. , Teng Arthur , Lah Suncica 
Published: August 2020

Objective:
To characterize fatigue in children with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to identify associated factors.

Setting:
Urban tertiary pediatric healthcare facility.

Participants:
Children aged 5 to 15 years with a moderate TBI (n = 21), severe TBI (n = 23), or an orthopedic injury (OI; n = 38).

Design:
Case-control study.

Main Measures:
(i) Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (PedsQL-MFS), completed by parents and children; (ii) Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children, completed by parents. Data on injury-specific factors and other factors of interest were also collected.

Results:
The 2 TBI groups did not differ on any of the fatigue outcomes (child or parent ratings). Relative to the OI group, parents rated children in both TBI groups as experiencing greater fatigue. However, on self-ratings, only children with moderate TBI endorsed greater fatigue. Sleep was commonly associated with fatigue, with child sleep disturbance and child sleep hygiene associated with parent-rated and self-rated child fatigue, respectively. Individually, there were no cases of “normal” fatigue coinciding with severe sleep disturbance. However, there were several cases of severe fatigue coinciding with normal sleep. Additional factors associated with fatigue were older age at injury, longer time since injury, and/or greater internalizing difficulties.

Conclusion:
Children with moderate and severe TBI experience greater fatigue than OI controls. Parent and child ratings of fatigue appear to be associated with different factors, indicating that fatigue management may require a broad range of treatments.
Reinjury After Moderate to Severe TBI: Rates and Risk Factors in the NIDILRR Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems
Authors: Bannon Sarah M. , Kumar Raj G. , Bogner Jennifer , O'Neil-Pirozzi Therese M. , Spielman Lisa , Watson Eric M. , Dams-O'Connor Kristen 
Published: August 2020

Objectives:
To compare characteristics of those who do and do not sustain subsequent traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) following index TBI and to identify reinjury risk factors.

Design:
Secondary data analysis of an ongoing longitudinal cohort study.

Setting:
TBI Model Systems Centers.

Participants:
In total, 11 353 individuals aged 16+ years.

Main Outcome Measures:
Ohio State University TBI Identification Method.

Results:
In total, 7.9% of individuals reported sustaining a TBI post–index TBI. Twenty percent of reinjuries occurred within a year of the index TBI. Reinjury risk followed an approximate U-shaped distribution such that risk was higher in the first year, declined 2 to 10 years postinjury, and then increased after 10 years. A multivariable Weibull model identified predictors of reinjury: younger (<29 years) and middle-aged and older (50+ years) age at index TBI relative to middle age, pre–index TBI, pre–index alcohol and illicit drug use, incarceration history, and less severe index TBI.

Conclusions:
A subset of individuals who receive inpatient rehabilitation for TBI are at an increased risk for reinjury, and an injury-prone phenotype may be characterized by engagement in risk behaviors. Factors associated with reinjury risk may differ for younger versus middle-aged and older adults. Findings underscore the need for empirically informed risk stratification models to identify TBI survivors at risk for reinjury.
Telebehavioral Interventions for Family Caregivers of Individuals With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
Authors: Coxe Kathryn A. , Liu Chang , Moore Megan 
Published: August 2020

Objective:
To identify and examine research on telebehavioral interventions that support family caregivers of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods:
A systematic review using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Studies published between 1999 and 2019 were identified through CINHAL, EMBASE, ERIC, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science.

Results:
Twelve studies met inclusion criteria; 3 used quasi-experimental designs, 7 were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 1-group comparison, 1 was RCT with a 2-group comparison, and 1 was RCT with a 3-group comparison. Outcomes primarily focused on caregiver depression, distress, self-efficacy, anxiety, stress, burden, and problem solving. Eleven studies found significant differences between the intervention and control groups on at least 1 outcome indicator, and 10 of these reported effect sizes supporting clinical significance. However, studies lacked data on caregiver and injury characteristics, and most studies lacked diverse study samples that may contribute to psychosocial outcomes. Nearly all studies demonstrated methodological bias (PEDro-P M = 5.5).

Conclusions:
Caregiver psychosocial outcomes following telebehavioral interventions were generally positive, but caution should be used when generalizing outcomes due to lack of sample diversity. Additional research is needed to assess how caregiver demographics and injury severity moderate caregiver outcomes.
Revealing the Invisible Emotion Work of Caregivers: A Photovoice Exploration of Informal Care Provided by Family Caregivers for Post-9/11 Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injuries
Authors: Abraham Traci H. , Ono Sarah S. , Moriarty Helene , Winter Laraine , Bender Ryan E. , Facundo Ray , True Gala 
Published: August 2020

Objective:
Describe the different forms of emotion work performed by family caregivers of veterans living with a traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Design:
Collaborators were provided cameras to take photographs illustrating their experiences as family caregivers. The meaning behind caregiver photographs was solicited using photoelicitation interviews and coded.

Setting:
Homes of veterans or other informal settings in 2 regions of the United States served by the Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System and the Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System.

Participants:
Twenty-six family caregivers of post-9/11 era veterans with TBI.

Results:
Caregivers described performing different types of intangible, and largely invisible, work centered on emotion management. Emotion work primarily involved creating a new normal, keeping things calm, and suppressing their own emotional experiences to “put on a brave face.” Although having derived a sense of satisfaction and identity from their role, caregivers acknowledged that emotion work was challenging and sometimes stressful. The Photovoice method allowed caregivers to express through metaphor experiences that otherwise would have been hard to articulate and share with others.

Conclusion:
Findings signal a need for healthcare systems and providers to acknowledge emotion work as a potential source of stress and to provide multifaceted support for veterans and family caregivers.
Negative Attribution Bias and Related Risk Factors After Brain Injury
Authors: Neumann Dawn , Sander Angelle M. , Perkins Susan M. , Bhamidipalli Surya Sruthi , Hammond Flora M. 
Published: August 2020

Objective:
In participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and peer controls, examine (1) differences in negative attributions (interpret ambiguous behaviors negatively); (2) cognitive and emotional factors associated with negative attributions; and (3) negative attribution associations with anger responses, life satisfaction, and participation.

Setting:
Two TBI outpatient rehabilitation centers.

Participants:
Participants with complicated mild to severe TBI (n = 105) and peer controls (n = 105).

Design:
Cross-sectional survey study.

Main Measures:
Hypothetical scenarios describing ambiguous behaviors were used to assess situational anger and attributions of intent, hostility, and blame. Executive functioning, perspective taking, emotion perception and social inference, alexithymia, aggression, anxiety, depression, participation, and life satisfaction were also assessed.

Results:
Compared with peer controls, participants with TBI rated behaviors significantly more intentional, hostile, and blameworthy. Regression models explained a significant amount of attribution variance (25%-43%). Aggression was a significant predictor in all models; social inference was also a significant predictor of intent and hostility attributions. Negative attributions were associated with anger responses and lower life satisfaction.

Conclusion:
People with TBI who have higher trait aggression and poor social inferencing skills may be prone to negative interpretations of people's ambiguous actions. Negative attributions and social inferencing skills should be considered when treating anger problems after TBI.
Risk Factors for Suicidal Ideation Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A TRACK-TBI Study
Authors: Campbell-Sills Laura , Jain Sonia , Sun Xiaoying , Fisher Lauren B. , Agtarap Stephanie D. , Dikmen Sureyya , Nelson Lindsay D. , Temkin Nancy , McCrea Michael , Yuh Esther , Giacino Joseph T. , Manley Geoffrey T. 
Published: August 2020

Objective:
To identify risk factors for suicidal ideation (SI) following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).

Setting:
Eleven US level 1 trauma centers.

Participants:
A total of 1158 emergency department patients with mTBI (Glasgow Coma Scale score = 13-15) enrolled in the Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) study.

Design:
Prospective observational study; weights-adjusted multivariable logistic regression models (n's = 727-883) estimated associations of baseline factors and post-TBI symptoms with SI at 2 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months postinjury.

Main Measures:
Patient Health Questionnaire, Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire.

Results:
Preinjury psychiatric history predicted SI at all follow-ups (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] = 2.26-6.33, P values <.05) and history of prior TBI predicted SI at 2 weeks (AOR = 2.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16-4.81, P = .018), 3 months (AOR = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.33-5.16, P = .005), and 6 months postinjury (AOR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.19-5.42, P = .016). Adjusting for these baseline factors, post-TBI symptoms were strongly associated with SI at concurrent (AORs = 1.91-2.88 per standard deviation unit increase in Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire score; P values <.0005) and subsequent follow-up visits (AORs = 1.68-2.53; P values <.005). Most of the associations between post-TBI symptoms and SI were statistically explained by co-occurring depression.

Conclusion:
Screening for psychiatric and prior TBI history may help identify patients at risk for SI following mTBI. Awareness of the strong associations of post-TBI symptoms with SI may facilitate interventions to prevent suicide-related outcomes in patients with mTBI.
Mood, Psychological, and Behavioral Factors of Health-Related Quality of Life Throughout Recovery From Sport Concussion
Authors: Walton Samuel R. , Broshek Donna K. , Kranz Sibylle , Malin Steven K. , Hertel Jay , Resch Jacob E. 
Published: August 2020

Objective:
To measure alterations in mood, psychological, and behavioral factors in collegiate athletes throughout recovery from sport concussion (SC) compared with matched controls.

Setting:
University research laboratory.

Participants:
Twenty (55% female) division I collegiate athletes with SC (19.3 ± 1.08 years old, 1.77 ± 0.11 m, 79.6 ± 23.37 kg) and 20 (55% female) uninjured matched controls (20.8 ± 2.17 years old, 1.77 ± 0.10 m, 81.9 ± 23.45 kg).

Design:
Longitudinal case control.

Main Measures:
Self-reported concussion-related symptoms, anxiety, resilience, stigma, sleep disturbance, fatigue, and appetite were assessed at 3 time points in the SC group: T1 (≤72 hours of SC), T2 (7 days after T1), and TF (after symptom resolution). Control participants were evaluated at similar intervals. Group and group-by-sex differences were assessed using repeated-measures analyses of variance. Post hoc analyses were performed with Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) and paired-sample t tests.

Results:
The SC group had greater sleep disturbance than controls at T1 (P = .001; d = 1.21) and endorsed greater stigma at all time points (P ≤ .03; d ≥ 0.80). Stigma (F
(2) = 3.68; P = 0.03; η2
p = 0.12), sleep disturbance (F
(2) = 5.27; P = .008; η2
p = 0.15), and fatigue (F
(2) = 3.46; P = .04; η2
p = 0.11) improved throughout recovery in those with SC only. No differences were observed between males and females (P > .05).

Conclusion:
Sleep disturbance and stigma were negatively affected by SC, highlighting potential areas for clinical interventions to maximize recovery in males and females.
Preclinical Studies of a Novel Microfabricated Device to Treat Corneal Epithelial Disease
Authors: Chaum Edward 
Published: August 2020

Purpose:
Anterior stromal puncture is an inexpensive technique for treating recurrent corneal erosions but is often ineffective and cannot be used in the optical axis because of scarring. These studies tested a novel microfabricated imprinting instrument to assess its potential efficacy for the treatment of corneal epithelial disease in the optical axis.

Methods:
The device is made using glass rods, bundled and drawn through multiple iterative cycles, and then fused under high heat to generate a solid rod comprised of many parallel, aligned, cladded fibers. The rods are sliced into discs and then etched to yield designable spikes based on the borosilicate composition of the glass.

Results:
Imprinting the cornea yields a regular pattern of imprints. Histologic studies showed both nonpenetrating stable deformations of Bowman layer, with formation of stable epithelial attachments, and full thickness penetration, with superficial ingrowth of the basal epithelium.

Conclusions:
Microimprinted corneal tissue shows focal subepithelial scarring without evidence of optically evident anterior stromal scarring, and may be an effective way of treating recurrent corneal erosions in the optical axis, which is not currently possible using standard anterior stromal puncture methods.
Corynebacterium Species of the Conjunctiva and Nose: Dominant Species and Species-Related Differences of Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles
Authors: Hoshi Saichi , Todokoro Daisuke , Sasaki Takashi 
Published: August 2020

Purpose:
Nondiphtherial Corynebacterium species are normal residents of human skin and mucosa, including the conjunctiva and nose, but can cause conjunctivitis and keratitis. Recently, resistance against various classes of antibiotics has been reported in Corynebacterium. The present study investigated the type of species and antibiotic susceptibilities of the conjunctival and nasal Corynebacterium species.

Methods:
This study examined 183 strains of Corynebacterium species that were isolated from patients undergoing preoperative examinations for cataract surgery. Species were identified by RNA polymerase β-subunit-encoding gene (rpoB) sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed by the microdilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standard method M45.

Results:

Corynebacterium macginleyi was the most predominant species (84%; 46 of 55) in the conjunctiva. The 2 major species in the nasal cavity were Corynebacterium accolens and Corynebacterium propinquum (44% and 31%, respectively), followed by Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum (8%), Corynebacterium jeikeium (7%), and C. macginleyi (3%). In contrast to other nasal Corynebacterium species, only C. macginleyi showed a high susceptibility to macrolides. However, among nonconjunctival Corynebacterium species, C. propinquum, was unique in having a high resistance rate to levofloxacin (29%), comparable with that observed in C. macginleyi (36%). Penicillin G and tobramycin showed good susceptibility in almost all strains.

Conclusions:
Drug resistance against fluoroquinolones and macrolides was observed in Corynebacterium species, with the antibiotic susceptibility profiles correlating with differences of the species and niche. Nasal and conjunctival Corynebacterium profiles of drug resistance suggest habitat segregation strictly at the species level.
A Retrospective Case Series of Uveal Effusion Syndrome
Authors: Claeys Emilie , Stalmans Peter , Van Calster Joachim , Casteels Ingele , Stalmans Ingeborg , Vandewalle Evelien 
Published: August 2020

Purpose:
This study aimed to describe the clinical findings and management of eyes affected by uveal effusion syndrome.

Methods:
We retrospectively evaluated the charts of 13 eyes of 8 consecutive patients diagnosed with uveal effusion syndrome attending the Ophthalmology Unit of the University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium, between 2007 and 2018. The presenting features, investigations, management, and outcomes were analyzed for each case.

Results:
Cataract surgery was the predisposing factor for uveal effusion in 6 eyes, 2 bilateral uveal effusions (4 eyes) were considered to be medication-induced, and in 3 eyes, the uveal effusion was described as idiopathic. Fundus examination of 5 of 13 eyes showed bullous choroidal detachment, treated with pars plana vitrectomy with superotemporal sclerectomy or transscleral punction. Fundoscopy showed uveal effusion without serous retinal detachment in 3 eyes. Serous retinal detachment accompanied by uveal swelling was observed in 3 eyes and the 2 remaining eyes presented with uveal swelling only. The 8 nonbullous choroidal detachments were treated in a conservative way. A rapid resolution of subretinal fluid and uveal effusion was observed in all cases.

Conclusions:
A conservative approach with acetazolamide treatment or just observation was used in our case series in choroidal detachment without substantial visual loss if, over time, slow improvement was documented. However, further studies are needed to verify the effectiveness of the reported therapy.