bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal aging and chemical resistance evaluation of carbon black filled natural rubber blending: effect of the composition of acrylo nitrile and styrene butadiene rubber
Authors: Susanto T , Rahmaniar  , Farida  , Lestari D W , Abdullah K 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) has excellent tensile and abrasion properties, but its thermal and chemical resistance needs to be improved. The present study investigates the effect of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) composition in NR compounding filled carbon black (CB). The effect of chemical and heat resistance was examined by varying the addition of SBR/NBR (phr/phr) as follows 40/0; 35/5; 30/0; 25/15; and 20/20 into 60 phr (part hundred rubber) NR filled by 50 phr CB respectively. Compared with NR composites, SBR/NBR addition improved the hardness and density slightly. While tensile strength, modulus, abrasion resistance, and compression set decreased significantly. The volume, hardness, and physical properties were measured before and after 28 days of immersion in acidic, alkalis, and salty solutions. It was found that the higher loading SBR/NBR enhances chemical resistance. The hydrochloric and sulphuric acid immersion influenced the physical changes more vigorously. The thermal aging evaluation was observed by measuring the hardness and tensile strength at hot air circulation of 70°C for 24; 48 and 72 hours. The higher SBR/NBR loading could minimize the changes in hardness and tensile strength. To sum up, SBR/NBR addition improves the chemical and heat resistance on ternary blends.
The effect of pumice and clay composition in natural rubber-ethylene propylene diene monomer blends towards its curing characteristics and physic-mechanical properties
Authors: Rahmaniar  , Susanto T , Prasetya H A , Marlina P , Purbaya M , Chalid M , Hasan A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Since some adverse effects of using carbon black as petroleum-based filler in rubber compounding, mineral fillers may be a feasible alternative filler. This research studied the effect of the composition of pumice and clay as mineral filler in natural rubber (NR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) blending towards its curing characteristics and physical-mechanical properties. The effect of reinforced filled in EPDM-NR (70/30) phr blends was observed by varying 50, 70, and 90 phr of filler. While the filler was designed as the composition of pumice/clay (P/C): 20/80; 50/50; 80:20 (weight/weight). The rubber, fillers, and chemical were compounded based on ASTM D-3182. The results showed that the loading of P/C fillers in EPDM-NR blends increased scorch time and decreased cure rate index. It was found that the optimum number of filler could enhance density, modulus. Remarkably, the higher pumice composition caused the abrasion resistance and compression set improved significantly, whereas the overloading pumice and clay cause the physic-mechanical properties remained stable or evenly drop. FTIR spectra of the binary blends confirmed that the fine fillers dispersion was obtained due to some interaction bonding between silanol, aluminol of fillers with the EPDM-NR.
Failure analysis of aluminum alloys casting in four-wheels vehicle rims
Authors: Surasno  , Tjahjohartoto B 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The small industry of casting aluminum alloy produces four-wheeled motorized tire rims that have been used in various vehicles. However, in general, these products do not yet have the quality and safety guarantees required by SNI 1896: 2008. Failure analysis research must be conducted to examine the causes of failure. The research method is to compare the products of small industry with products made by local and imported products by analyzing test results. Observation on visual and penetrant test showed porosity at the center of the rim. Tensile strength was (111-145)MPa much lower than local and imported product (260-285)MPa. The impact value was (500-570)kg (rim broken) and this value was lower than the SNI requirement (936 kg). The content of iron element was (0.401-0.433)%, this content was higher than local and imported rim (0.120-0.135)%. This element will cause a tendency to form micro crack and reduce the strength of mechanical properties. Microstructure observation showed a dendritic structure, porosity, and AlFeSi phase resembles needles. It was concluded that the failure of this rim product is caused by the material and the casting process. Small industries should make efforts to know the casting defects aiming to minimize product failure.
Current development, potentials, and challenges of biological synthesis of nanoparticle (as a photocatalyst): A review
Authors: Agustina L , Suprihatin S , Romli M , Suryadarma P 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Nanoparticles can be applied potentially in various areas of industrial processes because of their unique mechanical and optical properties, antimicrobial abilities, and catalytic capabilities. This paper aims to analyze the current status of research and development of producing high-value nanoparticles as a photocatalyst using the principle of green chemistry and to identify the potentials and challenges of the new green synthesis in its further developments. The biological method is considered effective and environmentally friendly in producing nanoparticles as a photocatalyst. These efforts can be realized by utilizing natural reducing agents. The bioreductor compounds are available in plants and their waste is in large quantities. It is also reported that some kinds of microorganisms may be used in the biological synthesis of nanoparticles effectively. Some potentials and challenges for it, further research and development were identified, presented, and discussed. Biologically, the synthesis of nanoparticles is considered to be more energy efficient because the process is simpler by utilizing microorganisms, plants and horticultural food waste extracts as a medium for the synthesis of nanoparticles.
Synthesis and characterization of amine-functionalized sugarcane bagasse fiber magnetic nanoparticle biocomposites
Authors: Juwita R , Irawan C , Jelita R , Nata I F 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Sugarcane bagasse is one of the by-products in the sugar industry which contains 60% of cellulose. Cellulose can be used as a matrix for biocomposite. The purpose of this research was to produce amine-functionalized sugarcane bagasse fiber magnetic nanoparticle biocomposites (SBB). The SBB was produced from sugarcane bagasse (SB) by solvothermal reaction. The SB was dried and blended into small size (±60 mesh), then lignin was removed with 1% NaOH (w/v) through the delignification. The biocomposites was made by adding delignified SB (SB-D) into a mixture of ethylene glycol, FeCl3.6H2O, and hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) in solution, and then heated for 6 h at 200 °C. HMDA as an amine source was applied different concentrations (5, 7, and 9 mL). The surface morphology of biocomposites was covered by the magnetic nanoparticles along SB-D which contained amine of about 17.78 mmol/g. The Fe content of SBB was 98.34% which had specific peaks for magnetite at 36°, 43°, and 57° which were measured by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR) identified N–H bending vibration on SBB at 1640 cm−1. The iron content and amine group on the surface may affect high adsorption capacity for a wide range of biological pollutants.
Molecular dynamics simulation of nanocellulose-oil-water interaction in enhanced oil recovery application
Authors: Ledyastuti M , Jason J 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEnhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a way to obtain long hydrocarbon-structured oil by flooding oil reservoirs using water with certain materials. Hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (HPAM) and xanthan gum are commonly used in the EOR process. Both of these materials have several disadvantages, including unstable at high salinity and leave debris in the environment. One alternative to substitute HPAM and xanthan gum is nanocellulose, which is an abundant amount of natural polymer. Molecular dynamics simulations investigate the potential of nanocellulose as an EOR agent. A mixture of decane and naphthalene is used as an oil model, while the SPC/E model is used as a water model. By analyzing the simulation trajectory, the interfacial tension and viscosity values were obtained. The simulation results showed the value of the water-oil interfacial tension increased with the addition of nanocellulose. This was caused by the position of nanocellulose that was always in the aqueous phase during the simulation. The water-oil interfacial tension also increased from 46.94 dyne/cm to 47.96 dyne/cm with the presence of two nanocellulose molecules at 353 K. Water viscosity increased from 3.10×10−4kg/m.s to 3.80×10−4kg/m.s after the addition of one cellulose molecule at 353 K. Nanocellulose can be an EOR agent by increasing the water viscosity but unfortunately the water-oil interfacial tension also increasing. Due to the change of these two opposing properties, nanocellulose cannot optimally improve oil recovery as shown by previous research.
The development of indonesian local clay as a lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) for organic growing medium
Authors: Subari  , Hernawan  , Wahyudi K , Rosmayanti I , Nurhidayati  
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA), a clay-based lightweight aggregate expanding after burning at high temperatures, is among the promising material since it can be used as construction materials for buildings and roads, geotechnical fillings, hydroponic growing medium, humidity control, wall damper, heat insulation, water treatment, and others. However, the potential of clay from various places in Indonesia used for LECA as an organic planting medium is still not explored considerably. In this paper, various local clays in Indonesia were studied to obtain a suitable clay as the single raw material for LECA production. Clay raw materials were originated from Purwakarta, Sukabumi, Klaten and Boyolali. The preliminary selection was evaluated based on XRD and XRF test results. The XRD and XRF analysis showed that Boyolali shale and Boyolali bentonite were the most fitted clay as single raw material for LECA production. Both materials were synthesized into LECA through a firing process at 1100°C and 1200°C. Furthermore, the LECA product was characterized by its bloating coefficient and water absorption. The best results were obtained by Boyolali bentonite with a bloating coefficient of 4.63 or can be referred to as medium type and 14.63% for water absorption.
The effect of solvent in the hydrogenation of lauric acid to lauryl alcohol using Ru-Fe/TiO2 catalyst
Authors: Ibrahim  , Riski M , Rodiansono  
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We describe the effect of solvent in the hydrogenation of lauric acid to lauryl alcohol using bimetallic ruthenium-iron supported on titanium oxide (5.0Ru-xFe/TiO2 (5.0 is loading amount of Ru (wt%) and x = 1.0; 3.0; 5.0 is the loading amount of Fe (wt%). Ru-xFe/TiO2 catalyst was synthesized via the hydrothermal method at a temperature of 150 °C for 24 hours, then followed by reduction with H2 at a temperature of 500 °C for 3 h. The catalytic reactions were carried out in a batch reactor system in various organic solvents (e.g., 2-propanol, water, 1, 4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, and its mixture solvent). Results of XRD analysis of 5.0Ru-xFe/TiO2 showed a typical diffraction peak at 2θ = 44.14°C, which can be attributed as metallic Ru(101). The best solvent used was 1, 4-dioxane: water (4.5:0.5 ml) at 170 °C, initial H2 pressure 4.0 MPa and a reaction time of 5 h, providing 39.4% lauric acid conversion and 5.8% yield of lauryl alcohol using 5.0Ru-1.0Fe/TiO2 catalyst. The yield of lauryl alcohol could be enhanced up to 33% (at 49.2% conversion) after the reaction time was prolonged to 30 h under the same reaction conditions.
Selective hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone using bimetallic Pd-Fe catalyst supported on titanium oxide
Authors: Damayanti A P , Dewi H P , Ibrahim  , Rodiansono  
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The synthesis of γ-valerolactone (GVL), a versatile precursor in the manufacture of high-value chemicals such as polymer plasticizer, solvent, jet fuel, and, agrochemicals, has been targeted by many research groups. In this study, we report the catalytic performance of iron-modified palladium supported on titanium oxide (denoted as Pd(5.0)-Fe(5.0)/TiO2; 5.0 was the loading amount of Pd and Fe, respectively) in the selective hydrogenation of levulinic acid (LA) to γ-valerolactone (GVL) in stainless-steel batch reactor system. Pd(5.0)-Fe(5.0)/TiO2 catalyst was synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method at 150°C for 24 h, then followed by reduction with H2 at 500°C for 3 h. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of Pd(5.0)-Fe(5.0)/TiO2 before and after reduction showed the formation of metallic Pd at 2θ = 40.34° and 47.2° corresponding to Pd(111) and Pd(200), respectively. The hydrogenation of LA to GVL effectively occurred in the H2O solvent, whereas in 2-propanol the formation of ester was the main side product. The highest yield of GVL (52.5%) was obtained over Pd(5.0)-Fe(5.0)/TiO2 catalyst at a temperature of 170 °C, initial H2 pressure of 4.0 MPa, solvent H2O 3 ml at a reaction time of 7 h. The yield of GVL slightly increased to 63.3% when the reaction time was prolonged to 15 h.
Synthesis and characterization of magnetic adsorbent based on Fe2O3-fly ash from Pulang Pisau’s power plant of Central Kalimantan
Authors: Wardani D A P , Rosmainar L , Iqbal R M , Simarmata S N 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
One of the biggest producers of fly ash in Central Kalimantan is Pulang Pisau’s power plant. Fly ash, which is produced from burning coal or biomass, is a mixture of oxides with less combustible carbon and other minor inorganic compounds so that it has a dominant-negative surface charge and is a promising adsorbent. Modification of fly ash with Fe2O3 can affect the structure and morphology of the adsorbent, and the magnetic properties of the adsorbent can help in the process of separating the adsorbent after treatment. This study aims to study the synthesis and magnetic characteristics of magnetic adsorbent based on Fe2O3-fly ash from Pulang Pisau’s power plant. The proximate test results obtained showed that the SiO2 compound contained in fly ash was the highest with a percentage level of 32%. The optimum composition of fly ash and Fe2O3 ratio is 1: 2. Morphology of magnetic adsorbent based on Fe2O3-fly ash was observed using SEM EDX. The results showed Fe2O3 particles impregnated to the pores of fly ash particles which had 29, 11% of O and 70, 22% of Fe. The magnetic properties of magnetic adsorbent based on Fe2O3-fly ash from Pulang Pisau’s power plant were simply proven using an external magnetic field.
The identification of the components, molecular structures and quality of stamp ink from gambier extract
Authors: Silfia S , Sofyan S , Failisnur F , Yeni G 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Stamp ink is a major product of gambier plant (Uncaria gambir) extracts. Its level of tannins is usually high, making it an ideal raw material in the production of dyes and stamp ink. Hence, it is necessary to identify these color forming components in stamp ink. The aim of this study was to identify the components, molecular structures, and the quality of gambier stamp ink complexed with FeSO4. Five samples of the ink were complexed with 30%, 25%, 20%, 15% and 10% FeSO4. The Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the optimum results with 25% FeSO4 treatment. It contained 11.44% pyrocatechol, 3.74% glycerol, and 2 Propanol, 1 Amina 81.98%, with clearer printings on paper compared with other treatments.
Properties of cellulose and modified cellulose-alginate for rifampicin drug delivery
Authors: Arianto R J D , Sunardi  
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Oral drug delivery of rifampicin as tuberculosis healing treatment has several challenging issues such as poor solubility in water and short biological half-life resulting in some unfavorable side effects. Various polymeric materials have the prospective to overcome the obstacles correlated with rifampicin oral drug delivery to deliver controlled release and protect this drug from the severe gastric environment. In this study, alginate (Alg), alginate-cellulose (Alg-Cel), and alginate-C16TMABr modified cellulose (Alg-MCel) beads were prepared and evaluated as a potential agent for drug delivery of rifampicin. Numerous parameters were investigated, such as beads size, gel fraction, swelling ratio, encapsulation efficiency, and release percentage. The results showed that the addition of cellulose and C16TMABr modified cellulose into the alginate improves the encapsulation efficiency and controlled release of rifampicin.
The exploration of banana bunch as a new vegetable tanning agent
Authors: Maryati T , Pertiwiningrum A , Bachrudin Z , Yuliatmo R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Recently, the green tannery is an issue that has been developed because it is known as a contributor of hazardous waste. The substitution of mineral tanning agents, such as chrome, with vegetable tanning agent is the best choice. Banana bunch has the potential to be an environmentally friendly tanning agent. This study aims to explore the banana bunch as a vegetable tanning agent for rabbit skin. The banana bunch was extracted using ethanol. The tannin quality of banana extract was determined by both qualitative and quantitative methods. The quality of leather tanned by the banana bunch was determined by chemical and physical properties. The qualitative results of the tannin content showed that the banana bunch had the tannin compounds, while quantitatively the tannin content was 4.1%. Banana bunch has an inhibitory potential, indicating that the banana bunch can be an anti-bacterial. Besides, the chemical analysis showed that the tanning by banana bunch had a water content of 14.90±0.01%, a water-soluble content of 3.55±0.01%, the pH value of 3.42±0.03, and the degree of tannage of 52.47±2.29%. Also, the physical quality of rabbit skin showed the tensile strength of 302.00 kg/cm2 and the elongation of 174.12±6.44%. Based on these results, it shows that the extract of the banana bunch has the potential as a vegetable tanning agent.
Biduri (Calotropis gigantea) leaves extract as natural dyes and ultraviolet protector applied on silk fabric with an exhaust dyeing method
Authors: Nugraha J , Sukmawati A , Mulyawan A S , Sugiyana D 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Biduri (Calotropis gigantean) leaves extract can be natural dyes and ultraviolet protector agents on the silk fabric. In this research, silk fabric with ultraviolet protection performance was developed using biduri leaves extract in a simple dyeing process. This study aimed to obtain a colored silk fabric from biduri leaves extract with good UV protection properties. The methodology consisted of the extraction process using an aqueous method, dyeing process with exhaust dyeing method, and post mordanting with several mordant. Evaluation of dyeing results included color strength (K/S), color brightness (L*), color direction (a*, b*), ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), and durability after washing. The result showed brightness was inversely proportional to the color strength, and the direction of the resulting color were greenish and yellowish. Dyeing with dyes from the biduri leaves extract with FeSO4 mordant were effectively reflected by the improvement of the UPF up to 31 from an initial value of 5.4. UPF value after 5 times washing down to 29.2 and at 26.8 washing 10 times. Biduri (Calotropis gigantea) leaves showed a high potential to be utilized as natural dyes and UV protector agents simultaneously on the silk dyeing process.
Improving aluminum strength with chemical modification based on titanium and boron elements
Authors: Rahman E , Kumar R , Monandes V , Yadi R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In general, Al5TiB is added to hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys with Si levels <12%. The addition of Al5Tib grain refiner to hypoeutectic Al-Si alloy has been shown to be effective in increasing the mechanical properties of the alloy. While the addition of Al5TiB grain refiner to the Al-11% Si alloy master has never been done. This study aims to determine the effect of adding Al5TiB grain refiner to the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si eutectic alloys (Si 11%). The mechanical property to be known after the addition of Al5TiB grain refiner is hardness. In this research Al-11% Si material was used. Al5TiB grain refiner added to Al-11% Si material to determine changes in microstructure and the value of violence that occurs. The results showed that the addition of Al5TiB would produce a large number of fine grains with a uniform distribution and shortening the distance between dendrite arms. The results of the hardness test showed that the hardness tended to increase with increasing levels of Al5TiB grain refiner added. The decreasing in the value of hardness in the addition of Al5TiB grain refiner with 0, 15% is due to the addition of Al5TiB grain refiner has exceeded its maximum limit.
Redistillation of wood vinegar from peat swamp species
Authors: Wahyuningtyas R S 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the characteristics of wood vinegar (WV) from 3 native peat swamp forest species: gerunggang (Cratoxylon
arborescens), mertibu (Dactylocladus stenotachys), and meranti bunga (Shorea teysmanniana) after redistillation. The redistillation was carried out in a laboratory by heating 550 mL of wood vinegar in the distillation flask at a temperature of 100 °C for 7 hours. The parameters observed were the yield, the density, the acetic acid content, the pH, and the percentage of hydroxyl scavenging. The results showed that WV of D. stenotachys had the highest values of yield (%), pH, and, percentage of hydroxyl scavenging among other WV types. However, its acetic acid content was the lowest when compared with that of S. teysmanniana WV and C. arborescens WV. Besides, both S. Teysmanniana WV and C. arborescens WV were considered to have better potential as an antioxidant, an antimicrobial, and a food preservative. The pH levels of all purified WV in this study were classified as very acid indicated by the high quality of WV. Furthermore, D. stenotachys WV and C. arborescens WV fulfilled the requirement of Japanese WV standard. The redistillation of WV from the three species of peat swamp forest successfully produced WV with a clearer, transparent, and pale-yellow color.
Redistillation and characterization of liquid smoke from ulin wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) and its ability as a chitosan solvent
Authors: Junaidi A B , Nursyifa A , Abdullah  
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this research was to study the solubility of chitosan in the liquid smoke as a preliminary study for the application of liquid-chitosan combination as a bioimmunizer and growth booster in plants and as a preservative in fish processing. This research focused on redistillation and characterization of the liquid smoke from ulin wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn.) and its ability as a chitosan solvent. The purpose was to obtain the scientific data on the yield redistillation, characterization of the liquid smoke (pH, total acid, total phenol, and composition), and its ability as a chitosan solvent. This liquid smoke was the side product of ulin wood charcoal in South Kalimantan. The results showed that the yield of liquid smoke from redistillation was 76.14% and the characteristics were containing 2.21 pH, 3.38% g/mL of total acid, 3.05 g/L of total phenol, and other chemical compositions such as carboxylic acid (73.08%), alcohol (14.73%), carbonyl (9.43%), phenolic (1.56%), and ether (1.21%). This research also uncovered that the solubility of chitosan in the liquid smoke increased along with the higher value of the liquid smoke concentration, and the liquid smoke concentration of 5% was able to dissolve more than 50 g/L of the chitosan.