bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Color variation in signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus
Authors: Sacchi Roberto , Cancian Stefania , Ghia Daniela , Fea Gianluca , Coladonato Alan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
External coloration in animals depends on the interaction of several different factors including the genetics and epigenetics processes that underlie the color expression, the mechanisms of color perception, and the general mechanisms controlling color evolution and function. Among all, camouflages from predators and conspicuousness are of particular interest because pose animal to choose between opposite adjustment in coloration. The external coloration of crustaceans is mainly due to the accumulation of carotenoids in the exoskeleton and the epidermal layer, and the trade-off between camouflage and communication had led to a variety of responses, involving signal partitioning, spectral sensibility, changing coloration, or signaling behavior. Here, we used digital images to explore intrapopulation variability of the external coloration of Pacifastacus leniusculus among body regions within an individual and between sexes. We found that 1) ventral coloration of claws are more saturated and brilliant than upper parts, 2) males express a more saturated and brightness coloration than females, especially on the lower portion of claws, 3) color intensity and brightness increases with size differently in different body regions, and 4) brightness is more variable in males than in females. All the above patterns support the hypothesis that color in this species could be the result of a compromise between camouflage from predators and conspicuousness for communication. The results of this study suggest that carotenoid might have something to do with intraspecific communication and perform more complex functions than that of a simple pigment.
Pathways From Social Activities to Cognitive Functioning: The Role of Physical Activity and Mental Health
Authors: Cohn-Schwartz Ella 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
One of the greatest challenges of old age is the risk of cognitive decline. Engagement in social activities has been identified as a possible protective factor. However, it is not yet clear what are the mechanisms underlying this association. This study aims to elucidate the pathways through which social activities impact cognitive functioning, focusing on physical activity and mental health as possible mediators.

Research Design and Methods
The study utilized 3 waves of data—the fourth, fifth, and sixth waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, collected in 2011, 2013, and 2015, respectively. It focused on respondents aged 60 and older. Cognitive functioning was assessed via immediate recall, delayed recall, and fluency. Social activities were measured by volunteering and attending social clubs. Data were analyzed using a structural equation modeling approach.

Results
The results indicated a significant direct effect of social activities on cognitive functioning. That is, being socially active at baseline was related to better cognitive function 4 years later. The results also indicated the existence of indirect effects. Engaging in social activities was related to better mental health and more physical activities 2 years later, which were related to better subsequent cognitive performance.

Discussion and Implications
These findings highlight the mediating roles of physical activity and mental health in the effects of social activities on cognitive functioning. Understanding these mechanisms can help optimize social activity interventions to improve cognitive aging.
Broad-band study of high-synchrotron-peaked BL Lac object 1ES 1218+304
Authors: Sahakyan N 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
The origin of the multiwavelength emission from the high-synchrotron-peaked BL Lac 1ES 1218+304 is studied using the data from SwiftUVOT/XRT, NuSTAR, and Fermi-LAT. A detailed temporal and spectral analysis of the data observed during 2008–2020 in the  γ-ray (&gt;100 MeV), X-ray (0.3–70 keV), and optical/UV bands is performed. The γ-ray spectrum is hard with a photon index of 1.71 ± 0.02 above 100 MeV. The SwiftUVOT/XRT data show a flux increase in the UV/optical and X-ray bands; the highest 0.3–3 keV X-ray flux was (1.13 ± 0.02) × 10−10 erg cm−2 s−1. In the 0.3–10 keV range, the averaged X-ray photon index is &gt;2.0 which softens to 2.56 ± 0.028 in the 3–50 keV band. However, in some periods, the X-ray photon index became extremely hard (&lt;1.8), indicating that the peak of the synchrotron component was above 1 keV, and so 1ES 1218+304 behaved like an extreme synchrotron BL Lac. The hardest X-ray photon index of 1ES 1218+304 was 1.60 ± 0.05 on MJD 58489. The time-averaged multiwavelength spectral energy distribution is modelled within a one-zone synchrotron self-Compton leptonic model using a broken power law and power law with an exponential cutoff electron energy distributions. The data are well explained when the electron energy distribution is $E_{\rm e}^{-2.1}$ extending up to γbr/cut ≃ (1.7 − 4.3) × 105, and the magnetic field is weak (B ∼ 1.5 × 10−2 G). By solving the kinetic equation for electron evolution in the emitting region, the obtained electron energy distributions are discussed considering particle injection, cooling, and escape.
ALMA observations of PSR B1259−63/LS 2883 in an inactive period: Variable circumstellar disk?
Authors: Fujita Yutaka , Nagai Hiroshi , Akahori Takuya , Kawachi Akiko , Okazaki Atsuo T 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We report Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of the gamma-ray binary system containing the pulsar PSR B1259−63 orbiting around a massive star LS 2883 in an inactive period between the 2017 and 2021 periastron passages. We detected radio continuum emission from the binary system at 97 GHz (Band 3) and 343 GHz (Band 7). Compared with our previous ALMA observations performed soon after the 2017 periastron passage, the fluxes have decreased by a factor of six at 97 GHz and of two at 343 GHz. The flux at 343 GHz is large relative to that at 97 GHz and appears to be thermal emission from the circumstellar disk around LS 2883. The decrease of the 343 GHz flux may indicate that the disk has expanded and become partially optically thin since the disk is no longer affected by pulsar winds. The flux at 97 GHz is consistent with that expected from the pulsed emission from the pulsar, which indicates that the unpulsed emission that had been produced through pulsar-disk or pulsar-stellar wind interaction has disappeared. The image of the system is consistent with a point source and shows no sign of ejecta.
Combined influence of practice guidelines and prospective audit and feedback stewardship on antimicrobial treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and empyema in children: 2012 to 2016
Authors: Le Saux Nicole M A , Bowes Jennifer , Viel-Thériault Isabelle , Thampi Nisha , Blackburn Julie , Buba Melanie , Harrison Mary-Ann , Barrowman Nick 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Aminopenicillins are recommended empiric therapy for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The aim of the study was to assess treatment over a 5-year period after CAP guideline publication and introduction of an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP).

Methods
Using ICD-10 discharge codes for pneumonia, children less than 18 years admitted to the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2016 were identified. Children ≥ 2 months with consolidation were included. One day of therapy (DOT) was one or more doses of an antimicrobial given for 1 day.

Results
Of 1,707 patients identified, 713 met inclusion criteria. Eighteen (2.5%) had bacteria identified by culture and 79 of 265 (29.8%) had Mycoplasma pneumoniae detected. Mean DOT/1,000 patient days of aminopenicillins/penicillin (AAP) increased by 18.1% per year (95% confidence interval [CI] −0.2, 39.9%) and decreased by 37.6% per year (95% CI −56.1, −11.3%) for second- and third-generation cephalosporins in the post-ASP period. The duration of discharge antimicrobials decreased. Of 74 (10.4%) patients who had pleural fluid drained, 35 (47.3%) received more than 5 days of AAP and ≤ 5 days of second-/third-generation cephalosporins with no difference in median length of stay nor mean duration of antimicrobials.

Conclusions
Implementation of CAP management guidelines followed by prospective audit and feedback stewardship was associated with a sustained decrease in the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in childhood CAP. Use of AAP should also be strongly considered in patients with effusions (even if no pathogen is identified), as clinical outcome appears similar to patients treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobials.
Research progress on ecological protection technology of highway slope: status and challenges
Authors: Fu Hongyuan , Zha Huanyi , Zeng Ling , Chen Caiying , Jia Chuankun , Bian Hanbing 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSlope protection has always been a major concern in highway construction and later operation. Ecological protection technology is widely used in highway slope, which takes into account functions of protection, ecology, and landscape. Ecological protection technology is mainly to improve the stability of the slope through the combination of supporting structure and plants, and vegetation restoration can reduce the negative impact of highway construction. In this paper, the latest research progress of ecological protection technology was first reviewed to identify the main construction process and types, which revealed the protection mechanism of ecological protection technology. The comprehensive benefits of ecological slope protection technology were analysed from the aspects of air, water circulation, landscape and biodiversity. It has found that ecological protection technology of highway slope mainly forms the atmosphere-plant-soil system. Ecological protection technology of highway slope improved the stability of the slope through the supporting structure and the anchoring effect of plant roots. And the restoration of the surface vegetation on the slope promoted the photosynthesis and transpiration of plants and purifies the air quality along the highway. Ecological protection technology of highway slope could quickly restore the ecological balance, overall landscape and biodiversity of the region.
Genetic recombination in fast-spreading coxsackievirus A6 variants: a potential role in evolution and pathogenicity
Authors: Song Yang , Zhang Yong , Han Zhenzhi , Xu Wen , Xiao Jinbo , Wang Xianjun , Wang Jianxing , Yang Jianfang , Yu Qiuli , Yu Deshan , Chen Jianhua , Huang Wei , Li Jie , Xie Tong , Lu Huanhuan , Ji Tianjiao , Yang Qian , Yan Dongmei , Zhu Shuangli , Xu Wenbo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common global epidemic. From 2008 onwards, many HFMD outbreaks caused by coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) have been reported worldwide. Since 2013, with a dramatically increasing number of CV-A6-related HFMD cases, CV-A6 has become the predominant HFMD pathogen in mainland China. Phylogenetic analysis based on the VP1 capsid gene revealed that subtype D3 dominated the CV-A6 outbreaks. Here, we performed a large-scale (near) full-length genetic analysis of global and Chinese CV-A6 variants, including 158 newly sequenced samples collected extensively in mainland China between 2010 and 2018. During the global transmission of subtype D3 of CV-A6, the noncapsid gene continued recombining, giving rise to a series of viable recombinant hybrids designated evolutionary lineages, and each lineage displayed internal consistency in both genetic and epidemiological features. The emergence of lineage –A since 2005 has triggered CV-A6 outbreaks worldwide, with a rate of evolution estimated at 4.17 × 10−3 substitutions site-1 year−1 based on a large number of monophyletic open reading frame sequences, and created a series of lineages chronologically through varied noncapsid recombination events. In mainland China, lineage –A has generated another two novel widespread lineages (–J and –L) through recombination within the enterovirus A gene pool, with robust estimates of occurrence time. Lineage –A, –J, and –L infections presented dissimilar clinical manifestations, indicating that the conservation of the CV-A6 capsid gene resulted in high transmissibility, but the lineage-specific noncapsid gene might influence pathogenicity. Potentially important amino acid substitutions were further predicted among CV-A6 variants. The evolutionary phenomenon of noncapsid polymorphism within the same subtype observed in CV-A6 was uncommon in other leading HFMD pathogens; such frequent recombination happened in fast-spreading CV-A6, indicating that the recovery of deleterious genomes may still be ongoing within CV-A6 quasispecies. CV-A6-related HFMD outbreaks have caused a significant public health burden and pose a great threat to children’s health; therefore, further surveillance is greatly needed to understand the full genetic diversity of CV-A6 in mainland China.
XI The Eighteenth Century
Authors: Lyons-McFarland Michelle , Glover Danni , Scott Robert , Distel Kristin M 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter has four sections: 1 General and Prose; 2 The Novel; 3. Poetry; 4. Drama. Section 1 is by Michelle Lyons-McFarland; section 2 is by Danni Glover; section 3 is by Robert Scott; section 4 is by Kristin M. Distel
Stress in the Clinical Learning Environment: Perceptions of First-Year Finnish Nursing Students
Authors: Bhurtun Hanish , Saaranen Terhi , Estola Matti , Turunen Hannele 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

AIM
The aim of the study was to examine how first-year Finnish nursing students perceive stress and the coping strategies they use in the clinical learning environment.

BACKGROUND
Stress from the clinical learning environment is a recurrent problem in nursing education. This topic has not been explored in the Finnish context.

METHOD
This is a cross-sectional study using data from 189 first-year nursing students. Students completed the Perceived Stress Scale and Coping Behavior Inventory; t-tests and Pearson correlation analyses were performed.

RESULTS
Our sample rarely experienced stress, with a mean stress score of 1.07 (SD = 0.49). A commonly reported stressor was lack of professional knowledge and skills (M = 1.49, SD = 0.82). Transference was the most common coping strategy.

CONCLUSION
Our findings may help nursing teachers understand stressors in the clinical learning environment and support their students to use effective coping strategies, such as problem-solving and optimistic attitudes.
Nonoperating room anesthesia for children
Authors: Shih Grace , Bailey Philip D. 
Published: June 2020

Purpose of review
Nonoperating room anesthesia (NORA) cases performed in pediatric patients have increased over the past decade. It is imperative for the anesthesia provider to be familiar with the nuances of this environment and the myriad of cases to ensure delivery of safe and efficient care.

Recent findings
Though case volume has increased, sedative agents have largely remained unchanged. NORA sites must meet the same operating room standards and expectations of anesthesia established by the American Society of Anesthesiologists. Despite the increasing NORA volume and efforts to instill a similar culture of safety as the operating room complex, NORA cases present challenges with limited resources and access to the patient, highlighting the need for resident and fellow training to include NORA experiences.

Summary
Experience working in the NORA environment helps provide, maintain, and improve the cognitive fitness and resilience that an anesthesiologist needs to tackle the complexities from the variety of NORA cases and locations. Patient factors aside, procedural considerations can affect the anesthetic plan, so understanding the nuances of the procedure helps the anesthesia provider provide safe and efficient care.
The anesthesiologist and global climate change: an ethical obligation to act
Authors: Van Norman Gail A. , Jackson Stephen 
Published: June 2020

Purpose of review
Pollution and global warming/climate change contribute to one-quarter of all deaths worldwide. Global healthcare as a whole is the world's fifth largest emitter of greenhouse gases, and anesthetic gases, intravenous agents and supplies contribute significantly to the overall problem. It is the ethical obligation of all anesthesiologists to minimize the harmful impact of anesthesia practice on environmental sustainability.

Recent findings
Focused programs encouraging judicious selection of the use of anesthetic gas agents has been shown to reduce CO2 equivalent emissions by 64%, with significant cost savings. Good gas flow management reduces nonscavenged anesthetic gas significantly, and has been shown to decrease the consumption of volatile anesthetic agent by about one-fifth. New devices may allow for recapture, reclamation and recycling of waste anesthetic gases. For propofol, a nonbiodegradable, environmentally toxic agent, simply changing the size of vials on formulary has been shown to reduce wasted agent by 90%.

Summary
The 5 R's of waste minimization in the operating room (OR) (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Rethink and Research) have proven benefit in reducing the environmental impact of the practice of anesthesiology, as well as in reducing costs.
Intubation outside of the operating room: new challenges and opportunities in COVID-19 era
Authors: Lee Delice Weishan , Ma Martin , Parotto Matteo , Wąsowicz Marcin 
Published: June 2020

Purpose of review
Airway management in patients outside the operating room is associated with increased difficulties and risks, and the setting of the COVID-19 global pandemic adds another layer of complexity. Therefore, endotracheal intubation (ETT) of a patient who is presumptive COVID-19 or COVID-19 positive presents an additional challenge to an anesthesiologist. The aim of this review is to summarize the important principles of airway management outside of the operating room during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Recent findings
Several professional societies have formulated guidelines on airway management COVID-19 suspect and proven patients. Additionally, anesthesiologists working in hospitals treating many infected patients have developed specialized teams responsible for airway management outside the operating room. These documents and protocols focus on the importance of wearing personal protective equipment and the skills of the providers responsible for securing the airway. Staff safety is always a priority when performing ETT outside operating room.

Summary
The COVID-19 pandemic redefined the management of patients requiring aerosol generating procedures (droplet and airborne precautions). ETT is one of them and anesthesiologists are experts in performing airway management. Although the operating room is a highly controlled environment, airway management outside of this setting is not always the easiest task.
Prognostic value of free triiodothyronine in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Zhao Hong-Yan , Sun Ling , Zhu Ye-Qian , Chen Qiu-Shi , Zhu Wen-Wu , Toorabally Mohammad Bilaal , Chen Xin-Guang , Zhang Feng-Xiang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
The association between free triiodothyronine (FT3) and long-term prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients has not been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the level of FT3 could provide prognostic value in patients with DCM.

Methods
Data of consecutive patients diagnosed with DCM were collected from October 2009 to December 2014. FT3 was measured by fluoroimmunoassay. Other biochemical markers, such as free thyroxin (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone, red blood cell, hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine, were tested at the same time. Follow-up was performed every 3 months. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Pearson analysis was used to evaluate the correlation of FT3 and other lab metrics with DCM patients’ prognosis. The association of long-term mortality in DCM and FT3 was compared using Cox hazards model.

Results
Data of 176 patients diagnosed with DCM were collected. Of them, 24 patients missed FT3 values and six patients were lost to follow-up. Altogether, data of 146 patients were analyzed. During the median follow-up time of 79.9 (53.5–159.6) months, nine patients lost, 61 patients died (non-survival group), and 85 patients survived (survival group). FT3 was significantly lower in non-survival group than that in survival group (3.65 ± 0.83 pmol/L vs. 4.36 ± 1.91 pmol/L; P = 0.003). FT3 also showed a significantly positive correlation with red blood cell and hemoglobin, negatively correlated with age, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine (P < 0.05), respectively. Patients in the group of lower FT3 levels (FT3 ≤3.49 pmol/L) suffered from a higher risk of all-cause mortality (P for log-rank = 0.001). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, FT3 level was significantly associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio: 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.52–0.95, P for trend = 0.021).

Conclusion
Low levels of FT3 were associated with increased all-cause mortality in patients with DCM.
RECURRENCE OF IDIOPATHIC EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE AND ITS PREDISPOSING FACTORS
Authors: Ahn Seong Joon , Woo Se Joon , Park Kyu Hyung 
Published: June 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate the incidence and clinical course of recurrent epiretinal membrane (ERM) after ERM surgery and to identify predisposing optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings for the recurrence.

Methods:
Postoperative ERM recurrence, defined as reappearance of the membrane after its removal or regrowth of the remnant membrane, was investigated in 301 eyes with idiopathic ERM followed up for more than 6 months after macular surgery by fundus photographs and spectral-domain OCT. The incidences of recurrent ERM and its associated clinical characteristics were assessed. Preceding OCT findings in the area subsequently showing recurrent ERM were evaluated at early postoperative periods.

Results:
Among the 301 eyes that underwent ERM peeling, 119 (39.5%) and 86 (28.6%) showed ERM recurrence on OCT images and biomicroscopic examination/fundus photographs, respectively, during the follow-up period (average: 18.1 months). Neighboring remnant membrane and hyperreflective dots on the retinal surface at 1 week after the surgery and postoperative inner retinal wrinkling persisting for ≥1 month were predisposing OCT findings for ERM recurrence, with an odds ratio of 6.48 (95% confidence interval, 3.51–12.0), 3.48 (95% confidence interval, 1.81–6.70), and 6.11 (95% confidence interval, 3.30–11.3), respectively (all P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Incidence of ERM recurrence varies depending on the definition used for the recurrence. Optical coherence tomography examination may be useful for the prediction and sensitive detection of recurrent ERM.