A Value-Based Comparison of the Management of Ambulatory Respiratory Diseases in Walk-in Clinics, Primary Care Practices, and Emergency Departments: Protocol for a Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Berthelot Simon , Breton Mylaine , Guertin Jason Robert , Archambault Patrick Michel , Berger Pelletier Elyse , Blouin Danielle , Borgundvaag Bjug , Duhoux Arnaud , Harvey Labbé Laurie , Laberge Maude , Lachapelle Philippe , Lapointe-Shaw Lauren , Layani Géraldine , Lefebvre Gabrielle , Mallet Myriam , Matthews Deborah , McBrien Kerry , McLeod Shelley , Mercier Eric , Messier Alexandre , Moore Lynne , Morris Judy , Morris Kathleen , Ovens Howard , Pageau Paul , Paquette Jean-Sébastien , Perry Jeffrey , Schull Michael , Simon Mathieu , Simonyan David , Stelfox Henry Thomas , Talbot Denis , Vaillancourt Samuel 
Published: December 2020

Background
In Canada, 30%-60% of patients presenting to emergency departments are ambulatory. This category has been labeled as a source of emergency department overuse. Acting on the presumption that primary care practices and walk-in clinics offer equivalent care at a lower cost, governments have invested massively in improving access to these alternative settings in the hope that patients would present there instead when possible, thereby reducing the load on emergency departments. Data in support of this approach remain scarce and equivocal.

Objective
The aim of this study is to compare the value of care received in emergency departments, walk-in clinics, and primary care practices by ambulatory patients with upper respiratory tract infection, sinusitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, influenza-like illness, pneumonia, acute asthma, or acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Methods
A multicenter prospective cohort study will be performed in Ontario and Québec. In phase 1, a time-driven activity-based costing method will be applied at each of the 15 study sites. This method uses time as a cost driver to allocate direct costs (eg, medication), consumable expenditures (eg, needles), overhead costs (eg, building maintenance), and physician charges to patient care. Thus, the cost of a care episode will be proportional to the time spent receiving the care. At the end of this phase, a list of care process costs will be generated and used to calculate the cost of each consultation during phase 2, in which a prospective cohort of patients will be monitored to compare the care received in each setting. Patients aged 18 years and older, ambulatory throughout the care episode, and discharged to home with one of the aforementioned targeted diagnoses will be considered. The estimated sample size is 1485 patients. The 3 types of care settings will be compared on the basis of primary outcomes in terms of the proportion of return visits to any site 3 and 7 days after the initial visit and the mean cost of care. The secondary outcomes measured will include scores on patient-reported outcome and experience measures and mean costs borne wholly by patients. We will use multilevel generalized linear models to compare the care settings and an overlap weights approach to adjust for confounding factors related to age, sex, gender, ethnicity, comorbidities, registration with a family physician, socioeconomic status, and severity of illness.

Results
Phase 1 will begin in 2021 and phase 2, in 2023. The results will be available in 2025.

Conclusions
The end point of our program will be for deciders, patients, and care providers to be able to determine the most appropriate care setting for the management of ambulatory emergency respiratory conditions, based on the quality and cost of care associated with each alternative.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
PRR1-10.2196/25619