bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variable‐Wavelength Quick Scanning Nanofocused X‐Ray Microscopy for In Situ Strain and Tilt Mapping
Authors: Richard Marie‐Ingrid , Cornelius Thomas W. , Lauraux Florian , Molin Jean‐Baptiste , Kirchlechner Christoph , Leake Steven J. , Carnis Jérôme , Schülli Tobias U. , Thilly Ludovic , Thomas Olivier 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCompression of micropillars is followed in situ by a quick nanofocused X‐ray scanning microscopy technique combined with 3D reciprocal space mapping. Compared to other attempts using X‐ray nanobeams, it avoids any motion or vibration that would lead to a destruction of the sample. The technique consists of scanning both the energy of the incident nanofocused X‐ray beam and the in‐plane translations of the focusing optics along the X‐ray beam. Here, the approach by imaging the strain and lattice orientation of Si micropillars and their pedestals during in situ compression is demonstrated. Varying the energy of the incident beam instead of rocking the sample and mapping the focusing optics instead of moving the sample supplies a vibration‐free measurement of the reciprocal space maps without removal of the mechanical load. The maps of strain and lattice orientation are in good agreement with the ones recorded by ordinary rocking‐curve scans. Variable‐wavelength quick scanning X‐ray microscopy opens the route for in situ strain and tilt mapping toward more diverse and complex materials environments, especially where sample manipulation is difficult.
Comparison of forecasting models to predict concrete bridge decks performance
Authors: Santamaria Ariza Monica , Zambon Ivan , S. Sousa Hélder , Campos e Matos José António , Strauss Alfred 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe accuracy of forecasting models for the prediction of an infrastructure's deterioration process plays a significant role in the estimation of optimal maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement strategies. Numerous approaches have been developed to overcome the limitations of existing forecasting models. In this article, a direct comparison is made between different models using the same input data to derive conclusions of their distinct performance. The models selected for the comparison were Markov, semi‐Markov, and hidden Markov models together with artificial neural networks (ANNs), which have been reported in literature as reliable deterioration prediction models. A quality of fit was performed to measure how well the observed data corresponded to the predicted values, and therefore objectively compare the performance of each model. The results demonstrated that the most accurate prediction was accomplished by the ANN model. Nevertheless, all models presented differences with respect to typical values of concrete decks life expectancy, which is attributed to the inherent difficulties of the database. Additionally, the problem of the visual inspection subjectivity was also regarded as one of the potential causes for the found deviations. Therefore, this article also discusses the shortcomings of current condition assessment practices and encourages future bridge management systems to replace the classical methods by more sophisticated and objective tools.
A molecular‐level perspective on the frequency, distribution, and consequences of messenger RNA modifications
Authors: Jones Joshua D. , Monroe Jeremy , Koutmou Kristin S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCells use chemical modifications to alter the sterics, charge, and conformations of large biomolecules, modulating their biogenesis, function, and stability. Until recently post‐transcriptional RNA modifications were thought to be largely limited to nonprotein coding RNA species. However, this dogma has rapidly transformed with the discovery of a host of modifications in protein coding messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Recent advancements in genome‐wide sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of mRNA modifications as a potential new frontier in gene regulation—leading to the development of the epitranscriptome field. As a result, there has been a flurry of multiple groundbreaking discoveries, including new modifications, nucleoside modifying enzymes (“writers” and “erasers”), and RNA binding proteins that recognize chemical modifications (“readers”). These discoveries opened the door to understanding how post‐transcriptional mRNA modifications can modulate the mRNA lifecycle, and established a link between the epitranscriptome and human health and disease. Despite a rapidly growing recognition of their importance, fundamental questions regarding the identity, prevalence, and functional consequences of mRNA modifications remain to be answered. Here, we highlight quantitative studies that characterize mRNA modification abundance, frequency, and interactions with cellular machinery. As the field progresses, we see a need for the further integration of quantitative and reductionist approaches to complement transcriptome wide studies in order to establish a molecular‐level framework for understanding the consequences of mRNA chemical modifications on biological processes.This article is categorized under:RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics and ChemistryRNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification
Thermoelastic responses of a nonlocal elastic rod due to nonlocal heat conduction
Authors: Sarkar Nantu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis is an attempt to design a dynamic model of nonlocal heat conduction in a nonlocal elastic bounded rod. This model is drafted using the Lord‐Shulman theory of generalized thermoelasticity due to the involvement of one relaxation time to the heat conduction equation and the equation of motion. This model is then employed to discuss the thermal behavior of the rod when subjected to a moving heat source. Both ends of the rod are assumed to be rigidly fixed and thermally insulated. Analytical solutions for the distribution of temperature, displacement and thermal stresses are obtained using integral transform in the Laplace transform technique is used to obtain the analytical solutions for the field variables such as temperature, displacement and stress. The inverse Laplace transform based on the Zakian method is used to invert the results in the space‐time domain. Specific attention is paid to study the effect of thermal nonlocal parameter and the velocity of the moving heat source on the distribution of the field variables.
Anti-individualism and Phenomenal Content
Authors: Byrne Darragh 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe paper addresses a prima facie tension between two popular views about concepts. The first is the doctrine that some concepts are constitutively perceptual/experiential, so that they can be possessed only by suitably experienced subjects. This is a classic empiricist theme, but its most conspicuous recent appearance is in literature onphenomenal concepts. The second view is anti-individualism: here, the view that concept possession depends not only on a thinker’s internal states and relations to the concepts’ referents, but also on certain of her relations to sociolinguistic peers. In recent works, Derek Ball and Michael Tye have in effect argued that the doctrines are incompatible, and their conclusion is that no concepts depend on experience. In reply, Bénédicte Veillet endorses those authors’ incompatibilism, but argues that it is anti-individualism (about the concepts at issue) that we should reject. I develop an approach to reconciliation that is more promising than any considered by these theorists. Against Veillet, I defend a version of anti-individualism about phenomenal concepts, but against Ball and Tye, I argue that they can be possessed only by suitably experienced thinkers.
Why Epistemic Reductionism Won’t Save the Moral Error Theorist
Authors: Murphy Alex 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMoral error theorists often respond to the epistemic companions in guilt strategy by adopting the Disparity Response: reject the putative parity between moral and epistemic reasons and claim that though the former are irreducibly normative, the latter aren’t. I argue such a response fails. Expanding on Das’ Australas J Philos 95(1):58–69, (2017) work I present a master argument against Disparity Responses: the arguments moral error theorists use to advance their conceptual claim apply in the epistemic domain also. This prohibits the error theorist from adopting epistemic reductionism. I use Jonas Olson’s work as exemplary of moral error theory. I demonstrate that Olson’s (2014) argument that the rhetorical authority of moral claims is best explained by the error theorist’s conceptual claim applies equally in the epistemic case. Olson (2018) attempts to avoid this by claiming that epistemic claims are reducible to claims about whether our doxastic attitudes live up to their functions. There are two problems with Olson’s (2018) argument. Firstly, functional reasons are a species of a common genus – standards reasons – and since Olson’s authority argument against moral reductionism applies to standards reasons, it applies to functional reasons. Secondly, Olson’s (2018) claim that we cannot also cast moral reasons as functional is under-supported. I suggest that there is plausible evidence that we can and undermine his arguments against this claim. I do not argue that the epistemic companions in guilt strategy demonstrates the falsity of moral error theory. Rather, I argue that the Disparity Response to the epistemic companions in guilt strategy fails.
Conformational analysis of macrocycles: comparing general and specialized methods
Authors: Olanders Gustav , Alogheli Hiba , Brandt Peter , Karlén Anders 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMacrocycles represent an important class of medicinally relevant small molecules due to their interesting biological properties. Therefore, a firm understanding of their conformational preferences is important for drug design. Given the importance of macrocycle-protein modelling in drug discovery, we envisaged that a systematic study of both classical and recent specialized methods would provide guidance for other practitioners within the field. In this study we compare the performance of the general, well established conformational analysis methods Monte Carlo Multiple Minimum (MCMM) and Mixed Torsional/Low-Mode sampling (MTLMOD) with two more recent and specialized macrocycle sampling techniques: MacroModel macrocycle Baseline Search (MD/LLMOD) and Prime macrocycle conformational sampling (PRIME-MCS). Using macrocycles extracted from 44 macrocycle-protein X-ray crystallography complexes, we evaluated each method based on their ability to (i) generate unique conformers, (ii) generate unique macrocycle ring conformations, (iii) identify the global energy minimum, (iv) identify conformers similar to the X-ray ligand conformation after Protein Preparation Wizard treatment (X-rayppw), and (v) to the X-rayppwring conformation. Computational speed was also considered. In addition, conformational coverage, as defined by the number of conformations identified, was studied. In order to study the relative energies of the bioactive conformations, the energy differences between the global energy minima and the energy minimized X-rayppwstructures and, the global energy minima and the MCMM-Exhaustive (1,000,000 search steps) generated conformers closest to the X-rayppwstructure, were calculated and analysed. All searches were performed using relatively short run times (10,000 steps for MCMM, MTLMOD and MD/LLMOD). To assess the performance of the methods, they were compared to an exhaustive MCMM search using 1,000,000 search steps for each of the 44 macrocycles (requiring ca 200 times more CPU time). Prior to our analysis, we also investigated if the general search methods MCMM and MTLMOD could also be optimized for macrocycle conformational sampling. Taken together, our work concludes that the more general methods can be optimized for macrocycle modelling by slightly adjusting the settings around the ring closure bond. In most cases, MCMM and MTLMOD with either standard or enhanced settings performed well in comparison to the more specialized macrocycle sampling methods MD/LLMOD and PRIME-MCS. When using enhanced settings for MCMM and MTLMOD, the X-rayppwconformation was regenerated with the greatest accuracy. The, MD/LLMOD emerged as the most efficient method for generating the global energy minima.Graphic abstract
Stress Echocardiography in the Era of Fractional Flow Reserve
Authors: Bioh Gabriel , Senior Roxy 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
It is the aim of this review to demonstrate the relevance of stress echocardiography in the era of fractional flow reserve by establishing the current use of stress echocardiography and fractional flow reserve, underlining their physiological basis and through this demonstrating the clear differences in their application.

Recent Findings
The importance of the microcirculation is only now being understood, no more so than in the fact that abnormalities in the microcirculation, determined by abnormal coronary flow reserve, predict adverse mortality regardless of the normality of the epicardial coronary lesions. Stress echocardiography therefore gives a fuller picture of the overall cardiovascular risk to our patients in its ability to interrogate the epicardial vessels down to the microcirculation, with a number of techniques available to measure coronary flow reserve such as myocardial perfusion stress echocardiography and transthoracic Doppler stress echocardiography of epicardial coronary vessels. Fractional flow reserve can then add further information by determining whether a coronary artery lesion is responsible for myocardial ischaemia.

Summary
In an era of fractional flow reserve affording the resolution of myocardial ischaemia down to the specific lesion, it can be tempting to think that other generally non-invasive techniques no longer have a role in the investigation and management of coronary artery disease. This, however, betrays a lack of understanding of the scope and complexity of coronary artery disease from epicardial vessels down to the microvasculature, the physiological basis of the tests available and therefore what, in fact, is actually being measured. For some, fractional flow reserve is held as a gold standard by which to compare other techniques such as stress echocardiography as correct or incorrect. However, these tests do not measure the same thing, and therefore, they cannot be directly compared. Stress echocardiography gives a fuller picture through its ability to account for the coronary flow reserve, considering the epicardial vessels down to the microvasculature. Fractional flow reserve is far more specific, looking at the effect of the lesion being interrogated. Furthermore, where fractional flow reserve is normal, we now know that knowledge of the coronary flow reserve is critical as it is this that allows us to predict the overall mortality risk of our patient. We therefore require a combination of the two techniques.
Economic patterns in a world with artificial intelligence
Authors: Wagner Dirk Nicolas 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article outlines relevant economic patterns in a world with artificial intelligence (AI). Five specific economic patterns influenced by AI are discussed: (1) following in the footsteps of ‘homo economicus’ a new type of agent, ‘machina economica’, enters the stage of the global economy. (2) The pattern of division of labor and specialization is further accelerated by AI-induced micro-division of labor. (3) The introduction of AI leads to triangular agency relationships and next level information asymmetries. (4) Data and AI-based machine labor have to be understood as new factors of production. (5) The economics of AI networks can lead to market dominance and unwanted external effects. The analytical perspective is rooted in institutional economics and serves to integrate findings from relevant disciplines in economics and computer science. It is based on the research proposition that ‘institutional matters’ are of high relevance also in a world with AI but that AI gives a new meaning to these matters. The discussion unveils a reinforcing interdependence of the patterns portrayed and points to required research.
Operational technology security – a data perspective
Authors: Andreu Andres 
Published: January 2020

In the evolution of the operational technology (OT) and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) landscapes, one of the most commonly overlooked areas within cyber security is that of the actual values in the data. Contextually this means that when the term ‘data’ is used, the reference is to data seen beyond network metadata (ie, source address, source port, destination address, destination port, etc). With operational technology (OT) and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), one of the most commonly overlooked security issues is the values in the data. The primary concern is the data elements that actually have an impact on the physical realm via values being set or modified. The objective is to not allow a hostile piece of data (ie, a value change) to reach a destination endpoint, such as a programmable logic controller (PLC), causing a negative physical action. Andres Andreu of Bayshore Networks argues that we need to have a deeper understanding of this data if we are to properly secure such environments.
Autoregressive repeatability model for genetic evaluation of longitudinal reproductive traits in dairy cattle
Authors: Silva Hugo T. , Lopes Paulo S. , Costa Claudio N. , Silva Fabyano F. , Silva Delvan A. , Silva Alessandra A. , Thompson Gertrude , Carvalheira Júlio 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe investigated the efficiency of the autoregressive repeatability model (AR) for genetic evaluation of longitudinal reproductive traits in Portuguese Holstein cattle and compared the results with those from the conventional repeatability model (REP). The data set comprised records taken during the first four calving orders, corresponding to a total of 416, 766, 872 and 766 thousand records for interval between calving to first service, days open, calving interval and daughter pregnancy rate, respectively. Both models included fixed (month and age classes associated to each calving order) and random (herd-year-season, animal and permanent environmental) effects. For AR model, a first-order autoregressive (co)variance structure was fitted for the herd-year-season and permanent environmental effects. The AR outperformed the REP model, with lower Akaike Information Criteria, lower Mean Square Error and Akaike Weights close to unity. Rank correlations between estimated breeding values (EBV) with AR and REP models ranged from 0.95 to 0.97 for all studied reproductive traits, when the total bulls were considered. When considering only the top-100 selected bulls, the rank correlation ranged from 0.72 to 0.88. These results indicate that the re-ranking observed at the top level will provide more opportunities for selecting the best bulls. The EBV reliabilities provided by AR model was larger for all traits, but the magnitudes of the annual genetic progress were similar between two models. Overall, the proposed AR model was suitable for genetic evaluations of longitudinal reproductive traits in dairy cattle, outperforming the REP model.
A new species ofPseudoacanthocephalus(Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchidae) from the guttural toad,Sclerophrys gutturalis(Bufonidae), introduced into Mauritius, with comments on the implications of the introductions of toads and their parasites into the UK
Authors: Smales L.R. , Allain S.J.R. , Wilkinson J.W. , Harris E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPseudoacanthocephalus goodmanin. sp. is described from faecal pellets collected fromSclerophrys gutturalis(Power, 1927), the guttural toad. The species is characterized by a suite of characters, including a proboscis armature of 14–18 longitudinal rows of 4–6 hooks with simple roots, lemnisci longer than the proboscis receptacle, equatorial testes, a cluster of elongated cement glands and eggs without polar prolongations of the middle membrane 72.6–85.8 long. The toad had been accidentally translocated from Mauritius to the UK in a tourist's luggage and survived a washing machine cycle. The guttural toad was introduced into Mauritius from South Africa in 1922 and the cane toad,Rhinella marina(Linneaus, 1758), from South America, between 1936 and 1938. It seems most likely, therefore, thatP. goodmaniwas introduced, with the guttural toad, from South Africa. The cane toad is host to the similar species,Pseudoacanthocephalus lutzi, from the Americas, butP. lutzihas not been recorded from places where the cane toad has been introduced elsewhere. Clearly, the guttural toad is a hardy and adaptable species, although it seems unlikely that it could become established in Northern Europe. Nevertheless, any accidental translocation of hosts poses the potential risk of introducing unwanted pathogens into the environment and should be guarded against.
Free Heyting algebra endomorphisms: Ruitenburg’s Theorem and beyond
Authors: Ghilardi Silvio , Santocanale Luigi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRuitenburg’s Theorem says that every endomorphismfof a finitely generated free Heyting algebra is ultimately periodic ifffixes all the generators but one. More precisely, there isN≥ 0 such thatfN+2=fN, thus the period equals 2. We give a semantic proof of this theorem, using duality techniques and bounded bisimulation ranks. By the same techniques, we tackle investigation of arbitrary endomorphisms of free algebras. We show that they are not, in general, ultimately periodic. Yet, when they are (e.g. in the case of locally finite subvarieties), the period can be explicitly bounded as function of the cardinality of the set of generators.
How different code-switching types modulate bilinguals’ executive functions: A dual control mode perspective
Authors: Hofweber Julia , Marinis Theodoros , Treffers-Daller Jeanine 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMost existing studies on the relationship between code-switching and executive functions have focused on experimentally induced language-switching, which differs fundamentally from naturalistic code-switching. This study investigated whether and how bilinguals’ code-switching practices modulate different aspects of executive functioning. Our findings suggest that existing processing models of code-switching should be extended by a dual control mode perspective, differentiating between reactive and proactive monitoring. Bilinguals engaging in code-switching types that keep languages more separate (Alternation) displayed inhibitory advantages in a flanker task inducing reactive control. Dense code-switching, which requires bilinguals to constantly monitor cross-linguistic competition, explained performance in proactive monitoring conditions. Furthermore, a correlation between Dense code-switching and response inhibition suggests that linguistic co-activation may persist during articulatory stages of language processing. Crucially, bilinguals outperformed monolinguals at those aspects of the executive system that were trained by their most frequent code-switching habits. This underlines the importance of sociolinguistic variables in bilingualism research.