bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adoption of Exposure Assessment Tools to Assist in Providing Respiratory Protection Recommendations
Authors: Lee Eun Gyung , Ceballos Diana M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Selecting a proper respirator requires determining the ratio of an employee’s maximum use concentration (MUC) divided by the occupational exposure limit of a chemical. Current industrial hygiene practice often is to obtain a percentile estimate (e.g. 95th) of the measured exposure distribution to apply as the MUC. However, practitioners who are not yet familiar with statistical or mathematical approaches may choose the highest exposure data point as the MUC, a method that is still considered appropriate by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Nonetheless, choosing a respirator using the highest exposure data point when only limited data are available may result in not always providing the most adequate respirator. Because some practitioners are not familiar with exposure assessment tools, our primary goal in this study was to demonstrate the best process when selecting respiratory protection by using a combination of exposure data and assessment tools. Three user-friendly tools, IHDataAnalyst, Advanced REACH Tool, and IHSTAT, were selected to demonstrate how to use different types of tool outputs when choosing a respirator. A decision logic was developed to help users navigate the combining of different data inputs. Personal full-shift exposure data collected in four different workplaces were used to describe four different outcomes generated when the maximum exposure data point and the tool’s output are compared with the exposure limit of the chemical. Outcomes varied, from determinations of ‘high confidence’ (or final decision) to ‘low confidence’ (or indicating more data are needed) in the selection of a respirator recommendation. In conclusion, systematically adopting the combination of exposure data and assessment tools could increase practitioners’ confidence in decision-making when choosing respirators from a limited exposure data set. These suggested guidelines will lead practitioners toward good industrial hygiene practices.
Vaxign-ML: supervised machine learning reverse vaccinology model for improved prediction of bacterial protective antigens
Authors: Ong Edison , Wang Haihe , Wong Mei U , Seetharaman Meenakshi , Valdez Ninotchka , He Yongqun 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Motivation
Reverse vaccinology (RV) is a milestone in rational vaccine design, and machine learning (ML) has been applied to enhance the accuracy of RV prediction. However, ML-based RV still faces challenges in prediction accuracy and program accessibility.

Results
This study presents Vaxign-ML, a supervised ML classification to predict bacterial protective antigens (BPAgs). To identify the best ML method with optimized conditions, five ML methods were tested with biological and physiochemical features extracted from well-defined training data. Nested 5-fold cross-validation and leave-one-pathogen-out validation were used to ensure unbiased performance assessment and the capability to predict vaccine candidates against a new emerging pathogen. The best performing model (eXtreme Gradient Boosting) was compared to three publicly available programs (Vaxign, VaxiJen, and Antigenic), one SVM-based method, and one epitope-based method using a high-quality benchmark dataset. Vaxign-ML showed superior performance in predicting BPAgs. Vaxign-ML is hosted in a publicly accessible web server and a standalone version is also available.

Availability and implementation
Vaxign-ML website at http://www.violinet.org/vaxign/vaxign-ml, Docker standalone Vaxign-ML available at https://hub.docker.com/r/e4ong1031/vaxign-ml and source code is available at https://github.com/VIOLINet/Vaxign-ML-docker.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Tally-2.0: upgraded validator of tandem repeat detection in protein sequences
Authors: Perovic Vladimir , Leclercq Jeremy Y , Sumonja Neven , Richard Francois D , Veljkovic Nevena , Kajava Andrey V 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Motivation
Proteins containing tandem repeats (TRs) are abundant, frequently fold in elongated non-globular structures and perform vital functions. A number of computational tools have been developed to detect TRs in protein sequences. A blurred boundary between imperfect TR motifs and non-repetitive sequences gave rise to necessity to validate the detected TRs.

Results
Tally-2.0 is a scoring tool based on a machine learning (ML) approach, which allows to validate the results of TR detection. It was upgraded by using improved training datasets and additional ML features. Tally-2.0 performs at a level of 93% sensitivity, 83% specificity and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 95%.

Availability and implementation
Tally-2.0 is available, as a web tool and as a standalone application published under Apache License 2.0, on the URL https://bioinfo.crbm.cnrs.fr/index.php? route=tools&tool=27. It is supported on Linux. Source code is available upon request.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Dissociable Neural Information Dynamics of Perceptual Integration and Differentiation during Bistable Perception
Authors: Canales-Johnson Andrés , Billig Alexander J , Olivares Francisco , Gonzalez Andrés , Garcia María del Carmen , Silva Walter , Vaucheret Esteban , Ciraolo Carlos , Mikulan Ezequiel , Ibanez Agustín , Huepe David , Noreika Valdas , Chennu Srivas , Bekinschtein Tristan A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
At any given moment, we experience a perceptual scene as a single whole and yet we may distinguish a variety of objects within it. This phenomenon instantiates two properties of conscious perception: integration and differentiation. Integration is the property of experiencing a collection of objects as a unitary percept and differentiation is the property of experiencing these objects as distinct from each other. Here, we evaluated the neural information dynamics underlying integration and differentiation of perceptual contents during bistable perception. Participants listened to a sequence of tones (auditory bistable stimuli) experienced either as a single stream (perceptual integration) or as two parallel streams (perceptual differentiation) of sounds. We computed neurophysiological indices of information integration and information differentiation with electroencephalographic and intracranial recordings. When perceptual alternations were endogenously driven, the integrated percept was associated with an increase in neural information integration and a decrease in neural differentiation across frontoparietal regions, whereas the opposite pattern was observed for the differentiated percept. However, when perception was exogenously driven by a change in the sound stream (no bistability), neural oscillatory power distinguished between percepts but information measures did not. We demonstrate that perceptual integration and differentiation can be mapped to theoretically motivated neural information signatures, suggesting a direct relationship between phenomenology and neurophysiology.
Determination of Diacetyl in Beer: Collaborative Studies
Authors: West Dwight B 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The American Society of Brewing Chemists has released 3 analytical methods for the determination of diacetyl (2,3-butanedione) in malt beverages. These 3 methods give essentially equal results and were tested by ASBC technical committees over a 3-year period. Method A is a detailed reference method; Method B is a micro method for simultaneously analyzing several samples; and Method C is an ultraviolet procedure. The colorimetric reference Method A was adopted as official first action.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Analysis of Gossypol and Its Analogs in Cotton Flower Buds (Gossypium)
Authors: Waiss Anthony C , Chan Bock G , Benson Mabry , Lukefahr Maurice J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A specific nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method has been developed for determining gossypol and its analogs in the cotton flower bud. Gossypol and its related analogs, some of whose chemical structures have not yet been determined, can be identified by the distinctive NMR absorption of the aldehydic protons between 10.0 and 11.3 ppm. These compounds are quantitatively estimated by comparing the areas of the aldehydic proton absorptions with the aromatic proton peak (6.82 ppm) from p-dimethoxybenzene internal standard.
High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Methomyl and Oxamyl on Vegetable Crops
Authors: Thean James E , Fong W George , Lorenz David R , Stephens Thomas L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method is presented for the separation and determination of residues of the carbamates oxamyl and methomyl on vegetables. A liquid-liquid extraction and cleanup procedure is applied to the vegetable extract. Samples are eluted from μBondapak C18 column and quantitated by ultraviolet absorbance at 240 nm. Recovery data for vegetable samples spiked at 2 ppm are presented.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Sorbitol in Cooked Sausage Products
Authors: Moseley Fred A , Salinsky Joel S , Woods Robert W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid and simple method of analysis has been developed for sorbitol in cooked sausage products. Sorbitol is extracted from cooked sausage products with water, an aliquot of the extract is freeze-dried, and the trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative of sorbitol is formed. An aliquot of the TMS-sorbitol is injected into a gas chromatograph and measured by a flame ionization detector. Analysis of fortified samples shows that the recovery compares well with known amounts of sorbitol added.
Phosphorylation of Alcohols/Phenols for Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Separation and Flame Photometric Detection
Authors: Deo Padmakar G , Howard Philip H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new procedure is presented for the gas-liquid chromatographic separation of alcohols and phenols, using phosphorylation by diethyl chlorophosphate. Alcohols/phenols were phosphorylated by a base-catalyzed reaction with diethyl chlorophosphate, and the resulting alkyl/aryl diethyl phosphates were separated by gas-liquid chromatography and detected by a flame photometric detector supplied with a 526 nm filter. For seven alcohols/phenols tested, quantities as low as 10–25 ng were easily detected.
Microbiological Assay of Lincomycin in Swine and Broiler Feeds
Authors: Stahl Gerald L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The AOAC official first action method for lincomycin has been modified to include the broiler 2 g/ton level and the swine feed levels approved for use as high as 2600 g/ton. The procedures involve 3 different sample preparatory methods with progressive simplification as the concentration of the antibiotic is increased. A 7–8 ml agar monolayer is used with slightly lower standard concentrations which produce a more sensitive response by the organism and allows for a reduction in sample size for 2 g/ton feeds. Samples prepared by all 3 techniques are analyzed by this same bio-plate system. Recoveries of the feed concentrations analyzed ranged from 80.5 to 118.0% and averaged 96– 103% of theory. Standard deviations of 10% or less indicate the methods described are accurate and precise enough to be used with confidence. The use of these methods has resulted in more rapid assay turnover and cost savings.
Modified Gas Chromatographic Determination of Phosphine
Authors: Dumas Theodore 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method for determining residual phosphine (PH3) at the ppt level using 10 cm × 3 mm id stainless steel tubing containing absorbent and cooled with Dry Ice was used to trap PH3 from a stream of air. The trap which was adapted for use with a gas chromatographic (GC) system was then transferred to the gas chromatograph for direct analysis of the PH3. Samples of wheat treated with PH3 and exposed to air for several days were analyzed after 24-hr desorption and ppt quantities of PH3 were found even after 17 days’ aeration. Trapping PH3 and the GC determination took less than 30 min, and the time for inserting the trap in the gas chromatograph was about 10 sec.
Quantitative Determination of Chlorpromazine. HC1 in Tablets, Spansules, Injectables, and Bulk Chemical by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Zarembo John E , Warren Richard J , Staiger David B 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) procedure is described for the quantitative analysis of chlorpromazine. HC1 in bulk chemical as well as in final dosage forms—tablets, spansules, and injectables. The method is based on measurement of a characteristic signal of chlorpromazine relative to an internal standard. Three different internal standards are specified: Cyclohexane was selected because of the convenience and rapidity with which samples could be prepared for assay. Piperonal was used to verify the method and to show that precision and accuracy were not affected by the volatility of the cyclohexane. Tetramethylammonium bromide was used as an internal standard for Thorazine injectable. No interferences were found from stearates and other tablet excipients. The NMR procedure provides a simple, direct, and specific assay with a precision of ± 1–2%.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of p-Chloroacetanilide in Acetaminophen
Authors: Wyatt Dorothy K , Grady Lee T 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) coupled with column chromatography was used to accurately determine as little as 25 ppm p-chloroacetanilide in acetaminophen. p-Chloroacetanilide was eluted from a pH 8 phosphate-buffered diatomite partition column by using purified tetrachloroethylene (acetaminophen was retained). This solution was concentrated, internal standard (docosane) was added, and p-chloroacetanilide was determined by using a 0.9 m × 2 mm glass column packed with 3% Poly A 103 on Supelcoport and a flame ionization detector with electronic integration. Standard curves were linear for 10–100 ppm p-chloroacetanilide. Various chromatographic materials were investigated for optimal retention characteristics. High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was also evaluated as an alternative; however, lack of reproducibility of the HPLC column favored the GLC procedure.
Simplified Fat Extraction with Sulfuric Acid as Cleanup Procedure for Residue Determination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Butter
Authors: Veierov Dan , Veierov Dan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new cleanup procedure is described for chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in butterfat. The method is based on the dropwise addition of H2SO4 to a fat solution column and continuous removal of the lipids and the acid. The cleanup of 0.25-2.0 g fat requires only 10–40 ml sulfuric acid and 12–17 ml petroleum ether. There is no need for any further cleanup step, solvent evaporation, or centrifugation. The method is easy to standardize and is suitable for automation. At least 30 fat samples can be cleaned up manually by one analyst in one day. Recoveries were complete (&gt;90%) for polychlorinated biphenyl compounds and for 13 chlorinated pesticides of 16 examined. The method was tested on chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in commercial butter and the results were compared with those obtained with the acetonitrile method. The versatility and limitations of the method were investigated by varying the sulfuric acid strength, initial fat solution concentration, and column dimensions.
Gas-Solid Chromatographic Determination of Vinylidene Chloride in Saran Film and Three Food-Simulating Solvents
Authors: Hollifield Henry C , McNeal Timothy 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Gas-solid chromatographic (GSC) procedures are described for the analysis of Saran films for vinylidene chloride (VdC) and for determining the level of VdC migration from Saran film into 3 food-simulating solvents. The films are dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and analyzed for VdC by direct injection of the polymer solutions. VdC migration from Saran film to corn oil, heptane, and water is measured by headspace GSC. With electron capture detection and confirmation by GSC-mass spectrometry fragmentography, about 1 ppm VdC can be quantitated in the polymer and 5–10 ppb in the food simulants. Data for VdC migration from 2 commercial Saran films into the food simulants are presented to demonstrate the utility of the method.
Thin Layer Chromatographic Determination of Aflatoxin in Eggs: Collaborative Study
Authors: Nesheim Stanley , Trucksess Mary W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The thin layer chromatographic method of Trucksess et al. for aflatoxin Bx in eggs was collaboratively studied. Each collaborator analyzed 3 known practice samples and 9 unknown samples containing added aflatoxin Bx at 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.30 ng/g. For 9 collaborators, recoveries for the 3 positive levels were: 0–0.13 ng/g (average 98%, coefficient of variation (C.V.) 83%), 0.05-0.18 ng/g (average 102%, C.V. 36%), and 0.11-0.42 ng/g (average 93%, C.V. 31%), respectively. The method has been adopted as official first action.
Spectral Behavior of Ochratoxin A in Different Solvents
Authors: Goliński Piotr , Chetkowski Jerzy 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The spectral behavior of ochratoxin A in solvents of different polarity was investigated. A red shift of absorption maximum to 375 nm in several solvents was observed as well as a red shift of fluorescence maxima. Molar extinction coefficients and efficiencies of fluorescence were dependent on solvent polarity.
High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Strychnine, Using a Reverse Phase Solvent System
Authors: Crouch Michael D , Short Charles R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple, rapid extraction and subsequent determination for strychnine, using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a reverse phase solvent system, is described. Stomach contents or grain bait containing strychnine were made alkaline with sodium hydroxide and extracted with chloroform. Extract filtrates were injected directly into a liquid chromatograph without further preparation except for dilution, if necessary. Peaks were resolved within 3.5 min and peak heights were used for quantitation. HPLC of strychnine was carried out on a 30 cm × 4 mm id stainless steel column packed with ≧Bondapak C18. The solvent program was 0.005M phosphate buffer-methanol (60+40) at a flow of 1.5 ml /min. Recovery from spiked stomach contents was 93.9±3.5%. The detection capability for strynchnine, using the 254 nm ultraviolet detector, was 5 ng. The strychnine peak was collected and subjected to thin layer chromatography with strychnine standards for confirmation.
Neutral Cleanup Procedure for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Residues in Bovine Fat and Milk
Authors: O'Keefe Patrick W , Meselson Matthew S , Baughman Robert W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A neutral cleanup method for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in milk and animal tissue was developed involving solvent extraction and liquid adsorption chromatography on magnesia-Celite 545, alumina, and Florisil. Cleaned up extracts were subjected to dual-ion analysis in a direct probe high resolution mass spectrometer, interfaced to a multichannel analyzer for signal averaging. Calibration experiments were carried out with bovine milk and beef fat samples containing added TCDD. The 37C1 isotopic isomer of TCDD was added as an internal standard. The response was linear for concentrations in the ppt range, with recoveries about 80%. Milk from a cow fed TCDD was cleaned up by the neutral procedure or, alternatively, a base-acid extraction procedure. The TCDD recoveries for both procedures were essentially the same. Recoveries of TCDD from liver samples of a rat given 14C-TCDD intraperitoneally, subjected to neutral cleanup and radioactive counting, were about 70%.
Direct Analysis of Lead in Fruit Juice by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry With No Prior Sample Preparation
Authors: Zink Eric W , Matson Wayne R , Pfeiffer Sandra L , Pietrzyk Alexander F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method is presented for determining lead in fruit juice in less than 3 min after instrument calibration. The range examined is 0.01 to 1.3 ppm lead. The method is compared with 3 other methods in general use. Standard error of estimates between the methods compared range from 0.023 to 0.051 ppm for a set of 50 samples and from 0.037 to 0.091 ppm for a set of 9 samples. Regression correlation coefficients between methods range from 0.968 to 0.995. Judged by the comparisons, the direct method is precise and accurate over greater than a 100-fold range of lead concentrations.
Automated Fluorometric Analysis of Calcium Pantothenate in Multivitamin Preparations
Authors: Roy Ram B , Buccafuri Anthony 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An automated fluorometric procedure is described for assaying calcium pantothenate in multivitamin preparations. Sample extracts containing calcium pantothenate are treated on-line with a slurry of magnesium trisilicate which removes any interfering riboflavin that may be present. The nitrate is resampled, mixed online with a slurry of Dowex 50W-X4 (H+) which removes any interfering β-alanine that may be present, and dialyzed. Dialysates are hydrolyzed in an alkaline medium and reacted with a mixture of o-phthalaldehyde and 2-mercaptoethanoI in boric acid solution. The fluorescence intensity due to the formation of a fluorogenic compound is measured at 455 nm after excitation at 350 nm. The procedure developed is capable of analyzing 20 samples/hr. Analytical data indicate that calcium pantothenate is assayed reliably both from real and synthetic multivitamin preparations. The mean recovery of calcium pantothenate added to sample solutions of tablet composites was 95.4%.
Analysis of Fat-Soluble Vitamins. XX. Determination of Vitamin D in Multivitamin Preparations. Second Collaborative Study
Authors: De Vries Ellen J , Mulder Frits J , Borsje Ben 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The official first action method for determining vitamin D in multivitamin preparations was modified. The method was collaboratively studied by 7 laboratories, using 6 preparations in oil. The preparations consisted of vitamin D at various levels and at various ratios (in w/w) to vitamin A. Three samples contained cholecalciferol and 3 samples contained vitamin D3 from vitamin D3 resin. After outliers were eliminated by the Dixon test, data were analyzed and averages were compared with amounts of vitamin D known to be in each sample. For samples with vitamin D: vitamin A ratios of 1:0.5, 1:5, and 1:10, the mean vitamin D recoveries were 98.8, 94.6, and 90.7%, respectively. The method has been adopted as official final action.
Mass Spectrometric Detection of High-Fructose Corn Sirup in Honey by Use of 13C/12C Ratio: Collaborative Study
Authors: White Jonathan W , Doner Landis W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Mass spectrometry is used to determine the 13C/12C/ratios in honey products. The 13C/12C ratios in domestic and imported honeys are sufficiently consistent and different from those of high-fructose corn sirups (HFCSs) so that the presence of added HFCS in honey can be demonstrated. Average values of δ13C of —25.4%0 (parts per thousand) for 119 honey samples and —9.7%0 for 4 HFCSs were found. δ13C values of mixtures are the weighted sum of the 813C values of the components. In a collaborative study, 4 honey-HFCS mixtures and 1 pure honey sample were correctly identified by 6 laboratories. The method has been adopted as official first action.