bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measure of complexity for dynamical self-gravitating structures
Authors: Yousaf Z. , Bhatti M. Z. , Naseer T. 
Published: May 2020

We consider the definition of complexity for dynamical spherically self-gravitating matter distribution in the presence of heat dissipation introduced by Herrera [L. Herrera, A. Di Prisco and J. Ospino, Phys. Rev. D 98 (2018) 104059] and generalize it in [Formula: see text] gravity, where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are the Ricci scalar and the trace of energy–momentum tensor, respectively. We measure the complexity of structure as well as pattern of evolution of the fluid distribution and examine these under the effects of dark source terms of modified gravity. Some dynamical and kinematical equations are observed in the dissipative and nondissipative cases in the background of modified theory. Finally, we discuss evolution of the structure scalars and stability of a condition where the complexity factor vanishes.
探討中學生抱負取向與職業生涯探索的關係
Authors: 崔 永康 , 張 偉良 , 譚 子豪 , 金 秋萍 
Published: May 2020

本文從自我決定理論 (Self Determination Theory) 的觀點出發，探討香港中學生的抱負取向（包括外在期望及內在期望）與職業生涯探索的關係。是次研究以問卷形式進行，從10間中學總共2,122名中一至中六的學生得到有效數據。結果顯示在控制了人口因素、成績及社會支持後，學生的抱負取向與職業生涯探索有顯著的關係。對比以上各項因素，發現學生的內在期望對職業生涯探索起較大的預測作用。最後，本文會探討結果在實踐及研究的應用。 Based on Self Determination Theory, this paper explores the relationship between different aspirations (intrinsic aspirations and extrinsic aspirations) and career exploration among Hong Kong secondary school students. The sample consisted of 2,122 secondary school students from 10 secondary schools. The results found that both intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations are significant predictors of career exploration after controlling for demographic, academic results and perceived social support variables. Among the predictors examined, intrinsic aspirations explained more variance of career exploration than others. Implications of the results for theory and practice were discussed.
FARMERS’ PERCEPTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE COMPARED WITH OBJECTIVE DATA: EVIDENCE FROM THE CENTRAL REGION OF GHANA
Authors: DADZIE SAMUEL KWESI NDZEBAH 
Published: May 2020

Many studies of climate change adaptation have relied on farmers’ perceptions of climate change to explain why farmers are adopting new farming methods, and to advise adaptation policy framework that justifies Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) especially in Africa. These studies have rarely verified whether farmers’ perceptions are consistent with observed changes in meteorological conditions to establish sufficient premise. This study compares farmers’ perceptions of changes in precipitation and temperature in a rainfed agriculture region of Ghana against objective measurements made in nearby weather stations in the region. The study finds that farmers correctly perceived the increase in temperature over time but incorrectly perceived a reduction in precipitation, while objective data showed high fluctuations with no clear trend. It is possible that farmers mistakenly assumed reduction in soil moisture meant to support crop growth requirements was caused by less rainfall when in fact it was caused by higher temperature.
Randomized Trial of Combined Aerobic, Resistance, and Cognitive Training to Improve Recovery From Stroke: Feasibility and Safety
Authors: Koch Sebastian , Tiozzo Eduard , Simonetto Marialaura , Loewenstein David , Wright Clinton B. , Dong Chuanhui , Bustillo Antonio , Perez‐Pinzon Miguel , Dave Kunjan R. , Gutierrez Carolina M. , Lewis John E. , Flothmann Marti , Mendoza‐Puccini M. Carolina , Junco Barbara , Rodriguez Zuzel , Gomes‐Osman Joyce , Rundek Tatjana , Sacco Ralph L. 
Published: May 2020

Background

Physical exercise and cognitive training have been recommended to improve cognitive outcomes poststroke, but a multifaceted strategy including aerobic, resistance, and cognitive training to facilitate poststroke recovery has not been investigated. We aimed to assess the feasibility, adherence, and safety of a combined aerobic, resistance, and cognitive training intervention (
CARET
+
CTI
) after stroke.

Methods and Results

We prospectively randomized patients presenting with recent stroke to a comparison of a supervised 12‐week
CARET
+
CTI
program and a control group receiving sham
CARET
+
CTI
. Participants were scheduled for 3 weekly
CARET
and
CTI
sessions. All participants underwent pre‐ and postintervention assessments of strength, endurance, and cognition. The primary outcomes were feasibility and adherence, defined as the ratio of scheduled and observed visits, and safety. We enrolled 131 participants, of whom 37 withdrew from the study. There were 17 (20%) withdrawals in the
CARET
+
CTI
and 20 (44%) in the control group. The observed‐over‐expected visit ratio was significantly higher in the intervention than in the control group (0.74±0.30 versus 0.54±0.38;
P
=0.003). A total of 99 adverse events were reported by 59 participants, none of which were serious and related to the intervention. Greater gains in physical, cognitive, and mood outcomes were found in the
CARET
+
CTI
group than in the control group, but were not statistically significant after adjustments.

Conclusions

A
CARET
+
CTI
intervention, after stroke, is safe, feasible, and has satisfactory participant adherence over 12 weeks.

REGISTRATION

URL
:
https://www.clini​caltr​ials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
02272426.
Relationship Between Platelet Reactivity and Ischemic and Bleeding Events After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in East Asian Patients: 1‐Year Results of the PENDULUM Registry
Authors: Nakamura Masato , Kadota Kazushige , Takahashi Akihiko , Kanda Junji , Anzai Hitoshi , Ishii Yasuhiro , Shibata Yoshisato , Yasaka Yoshinori , Takamisawa Itaru , Yamaguchi Junichi , Takeda Yoshihiro , Harada Atsushi , Motohashi Tomoko , Iijima Raisuke , Uemura Shiro , Murakami Yoshitaka ,   for the PENDULUM Registry Investigators*
Published: May 2020

Background

The balance between ischemic and bleeding events and their association with platelet reactivity in patients receiving antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention (
PCI
), which differs among regions, is not fully evaluated for East Asians. We examined ischemic/bleeding events and platelet reactivity in Japanese patients undergoing
PCI
and determined associations between high/low platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes.

Methods and Results

PENDULUM
(Platelet Reactivity in Patients with Drug Eluting Stent and Balancing Risk of Bleeding and Ischemic Event) is a prospective, multicenter registry of Japanese patients with
PCI
. Primary end points were incidence of first major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (
MACCE
) and first major bleeding events at 12 months post‐
PCI
. Platelet reactivity (P2Y
12
reaction unit
[PRU
] value) was measured at 12 to 48 hours post‐
PCI
; patients were grouped as having high
PRU
(>208), optimal
PRU
(>85 to ≤208), and low
PRU
(≤85).
MACCE
and major bleeding occurred in 4.4% and 2.8% of 6267 patients, respectively. The mean±SD
PRU
value was 182.1±77.1.
MACCE
was significantly higher in the high
PRU
(5.7%; n=2227) versus the optimal
PRU
group (3.6%; n=3002). The hazard ratio (HR) for high
PRU
versus optimal
PRU
level was significantly higher for
MACCE
(adjusted HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.14–2.06 [
P
=0.004]); stent thrombosis followed the same trend. Incidence of major bleeding did not differ significantly between groups. A high
PRU
level was significantly associated with
MACCE
in both patients with and patients without acute coronary syndrome.

Conclusions

These real‐world data suggest an association between high platelet reactivity and cardiovascular events in Japanese patients undergoing
PCI
. The trend was the same in both patients with and patients without acute coronary syndrome.

REGISTRATION

URL
:
https://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr
. Unique identifier:
UMIN
000020332.
Sex Differences in Oral Anticoagulation and Outcomes of Stroke and Intracranial Bleeding in Newly Diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Yong Celina M. , Tremmel Jennifer A. , Lansberg Maarten G. , Fan Jun , Askari Mariam , Turakhia Mintu P. 
Published: May 2020

Background
Female sex is an independent predictor of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Older data suggest undertreatment with anticoagulation among women compared with men. However, it is unknown if novel therapies and updated guidelines have impacted sex differences in AF treatment and outcomes.

Methods and Results

We performed a retrospective cohort study of 2.3 million women and men with a new diagnosis of AF and CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc ≥2 from Marketscan US commercial claims data from 2008 to 2015 to determine whether women with AF remain undertreated and whether this difference mediates observed differences in outcomes. There were 358 649 patients with newly diagnosed AF (43% women). Compared with men, women were older, with higher CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc scores, and higher comorbidity burden (
P
<0.0001 for all). Oral anticoagulation‐eligible women with CHA
2
DS
2
‐VASc scores ≥2 were more likely to not receive anticoagulation (50.0% women versus 43.9% men). Women, compared with men, had a higher risk of ischemic stroke (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.27; 95% CI, 1.21–1.32;
P
<0.0001) and hospitalization (aHR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.05–1.07,
P
<0.0001) but had a lower risk of intracranial bleeding (aHR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.83–0.99,
P
=0.03). In mediation analysis, nonreceipt of oral anticoagulation partially mediated the observed increased risk of stroke and decreased risk of intracranial bleeding in women.

Conclusions
In the care of newly diagnosed AF in the United States, women, compared with men, are less likely to receive oral anticoagulation. This appears to mediate the increased risk of both stroke and hospitalization but also appears to mediate lower observed intracranial bleeding risk.
Supplemental Radiofrequency Ablation After Acutely Unsuccessful Cryoballoon Pulmonary Vein Isolation is Associated With Increased Risk of Recurrent Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Huang Henry D. , Pietrasik Grzegorz , Abid Qurrat‐ul‐ain , Sharma Parikshit S. , Krishnan Kousik , Larsen Timothy R. , Trohman Richard G. 
Published: May 2020

Background

Cryoballoon (
CB
) ablation is widely performed for pulmonary vein isolation (
PVI
) in patients with atrial fibrillation (
AF
). Anatomic variations in patient pulmonary vein (
PV)
anatomy are believed to impact short‐ and long‐term procedural success of
CB PVI
.

Methods and Results

We hypothesized that failure of initial
PV
isolation with a standard technique (ie, requiring >2 freeze cycles per
PV
and/or radiofrequency ablation [RFA] to achieve
PV
isolation) during index
CB PVI
procedures would be associated with decreased freedom from
AF
. We examined a cohort of 177 consecutive patients with drug‐refractory
AF
who underwent CB
PVI
with a 28‐mm balloon second‐generation
CB
device. Mean follow‐up time was 19±9 months. Forty‐three patients had
AF
recurrence after the 90‐day blanking period after ablation. In 40 patients, acute isolation of one or more
PV
s could not be achieved by
CB
ablation with the standard technique (single freeze with or without bonus freeze). To obtain complete acute
PVI
, 15 patients received extra freeze applications, 20 required supplemental
RFA
, and 5 received both extra freeze applications and supplemental
RFA
. Multivariate regression analysis revealed supplemental
RFA
use during index CB
PVI
procedures was independently associated with a threefold increased risk of
AF
recurrence (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.01; 1.45–10.87;
P
=0.003).

Conclusions

Use of supplemental
RFA
during
CB PVI
procedures to assist with isolation of one or more
PV
s was independently associated with increased risk of
AF
recurrence. Use of additional freezes to achieve
PVI
did not increase the risk for recurrent
AF
.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 and the Cerebrovascular‐Cardiovascular Systems: What Do We Know So Far?
Authors: Larson Anthony S. , Savastano Luis , Kadirvel Ramanathan , Kallmes David F. , Hassan Ameer E. , Brinjikji Waleed 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic of 2019 to 2020 has resulted in multiple hospitalizations, deaths, and economic hardships worldwide. Although respiratory involvement in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (
COVID
‐19) is well known, the potential cardiovascular and cerebrovascular manifestations are less understood. We performed a PubMed and Google Scholar search and reviewed relevant literature on
COVID
‐19 and cardiovascular system involvement. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 possesses high affinity for angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 receptor, which is highly concentrated in the lungs and cardiovascular tissue, thereby provoking concern for cardiovascular involvement in
COVID
‐19 cases. Preexisting cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease has been shown in previous reports to be a risk factor for severe infection. On the basis of our review of published studies,
COVID
‐19 patients may be more likely to experience acute cardiac injury, arrhythmia, coagulation defects, and acute stroke and are likely to have poorer outcomes as a result. As the
COVID
‐19 pandemic continues, more data about potential cardiovascular and cerebrovascular manifestations of the disease are required.
Carnivorous sponges from the Australian Bathyal and Abyssal zones collected during the RV Investigator 2017 Expedition
Authors: EKINS MERRICK , ERPENBECK DIRK , HOOPER JOHN N.A. 
Published: May 2020

This research presents 17 new species of carnivorous sponges from the family Cladorhizidae sampled at bathyal and abyssal depths off the east coast of Australia during the RV Investigator 2017 Abyss Expedition. The species are comprised of six genera: Abyssocladia escheri sp. nov., A. annae sp. nov., A. gliscofila sp. nov., Asbestopluma (Asbestopluma) maxisigma sp. nov., Cladorhiza australis nov. sp., C. poritea sp. nov., C. investigator sp. nov., C. moniqueae sp. nov., C. pentaeiros sp. nov., Chondrocladia (Chondrocladia) freycinetensis sp. nov., Ch. (Ch.) callistemonex sp. nov., Ch. (Ch.) zygainadentonis sp. nov., Lycopodina nikitawimandi sp. nov., L. helios sp. nov., L. cassida sp. nov., L. brochidodroma sp. nov. and Euchelipluma claudochela sp. nov. Only three carnivorous species, A. desmophora, As. (As.) desmophora and C. (Meliiderma) tasmaniensis, have been recorded from Australia previously. This expedition also recovered two described species commonly recorded from the Southern Hemisphere Ch. (Ch.) clavata and L. calyx. This paper also redescribes two species from the South Pacific i.e. C. mirabilis and C. similis.
Finescale Clusterization Intermittency of Turbulence in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Liu Lei , Hu Fei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe intermittency of atmospheric turbulence plays an important role in the understanding of particle dispersal in the atmospheric boundary layer and in the statistical simulation of high-frequency wind speed in various applications. There are two kinds of intermittency, namely, the magnitude intermittency (MI) related to non-Gaussianity and the less studied clusterization intermittency (CI) related to long-term correlation. In this paper, we use a 20 Hz ultrasonic dataset lasting for 1 month to study CI of turbulent velocity fluctuations at different scales. Basing on the analysis of return-time distribution of telegraphic approximation series, we propose to use the shape parameter of the Weibull distribution to measure CI. Observations of this parameter show that contrary to MI, CI tends to weaken as the scale increases. Besides, significant diurnal variations, showing that CI tends to strengthen during the daytime (under unstable conditions) and weaken during the nighttime (under stable conditions), are found at different observation heights. In the convective boundary layer, the mixed-layer similarity is found to scale the CI exponent better than the Monin–Obukhov similarity. At night, CI is found to vary less with height in the regime with large mean wind speeds than in the regime with small mean wind speeds, according to the hockey-stick theory.
The GLACE-Hydrology Experiment: Effects of Land–Atmosphere Coupling on Soil Moisture Variability and Predictability
Authors: Kumar Sanjiv , Newman Matthew , Lawrence David M. , Lo Min-Hui , Akula Sathish , Lan Chia-Wei , Livneh Ben , Lombardozzi Danica 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe impact of land–atmosphere anomaly coupling on land variability is investigated using a new two-stage climate model experimental design called the “GLACE-Hydrology” experiment. First, as in the GLACE-CMIP5 experiment, twin sets of coupled land–atmosphere climate model (CAM5-CLM4.5) ensembles are performed, with each simulation using the same prescribed observed sea surface temperatures and radiative forcing for the years 1971–2014. In one set, land–atmosphere anomaly coupling is removed by prescribing soil moisture to follow the control model’s seasonally evolving soil moisture climatology (“land–atmosphere uncoupled”), enabling a contrast with the original control set (“land–atmosphere coupled”). Then, the atmospheric outputs from both sets of simulations are used to force land-only ensemble simulations, allowing investigation of the resulting soil moisture variability and memory under both the coupled and uncoupled scenarios. This study finds that in midlatitudes during boreal summer, land–atmosphere anomaly coupling significantly strengthens the relationship between soil moisture and evapotranspiration anomalies, both in amplitude and phase. This allows for decreased moisture exchange between the land surface and atmosphere, increasing soil moisture memory and often its variability as well. Additionally, land–atmosphere anomaly coupling impacts runoff variability, especially in wet and transition regions, and precipitation variability, although the latter has surprisingly localized impacts on soil moisture variability. As a result of these changes, there is an increase in the signal-to-noise ratio, and thereby the potential seasonal predictability, of SST-forced hydroclimate anomalies in many areas of the globe, especially in the midlatitudes. This predictability increase is greater for soil moisture than precipitation and has important implications for the prediction of drought.
A Bayesian Approach to Regional Decadal Predictability: Sparse Parameter Estimation in High-Dimensional Linear Inverse Models of High-Latitude Sea Surface Temperature Variability
Authors: Foster Dallas , Comeau Darin , Urban Nathan M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStochastic reduced models are an important tool in climate systems whose many spatial and temporal scales cannot be fully discretized or underlying physics may not be fully accounted for. One form of reduced model, the linear inverse model (LIM), has been widely used for regional climate predictability studies—typically focusing more on tropical or midlatitude studies. However, most LIM fitting techniques rely on point estimation techniques deriving from fluctuation–dissipation theory. In this methodological study we explore the use of Bayesian inference techniques for LIM parameter estimation of sea surface temperature (SST), to quantify the skillful decadal predictability of Bayesian LIM models at high latitudes. We show that Bayesian methods, when compared to traditional point estimation methods for LIM-type models, provide better calibrated probabilistic skill, while simultaneously providing better point estimates due to the regularization effect of the prior distribution in high-dimensional problems. We compare the effect of several priors, as well as maximum likelihood estimates, on 1) estimating parameter values on a perfect model experiment and 2) producing calibrated 1-yr SST anomaly forecast distributions using a preindustrial control run of the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Finally, we employ a host of probabilistic skill metrics to determine the extent to which an LIM can forecast SST anomalies at high latitudes. We find that the choice of prior distribution has an appreciable impact on estimation outcomes, and priors that emphasize physically relevant properties enhance the model’s ability to capture variability of SST anomalies.
Deep Learning on Three-Dimensional Multiscale Data for Next-Hour Tornado Prediction
Authors: Lagerquist Ryan , McGovern Amy , Homeyer Cameron R. , Gagne II David John , Smith Travis 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This paper describes the development of convolutional neural networks (CNN), a type of deep-learning method, to predict next-hour tornado occurrence. Predictors are a storm-centered radar image and a proximity sounding from the Rapid Refresh model. Radar images come from the Multiyear Reanalysis of Remotely Sensed Storms (MYRORSS) and Gridded NEXRAD WSR-88D Radar dataset (GridRad), both of which are multiradar composites. We train separate CNNs on MYRORSS and GridRad data, present an experiment to optimize the CNN settings, and evaluate the chosen CNNs on independent testing data. Both models achieve an area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUC) well above 0.9, which is considered to be excellent performance. The GridRad model achieves a critical success index (CSI) of 0.31, and the MYRORSS model achieves a CSI of 0.17. The difference is due primarily to event frequency (percentage of storms that are tornadic in the next hour), which is 3.52% for GridRad but only 0.24% for MYRORSS. The best CNN predictions (true positives and negatives) occur for strongly rotating tornadic supercells and weak nontornadic cells in mesoscale convective systems, respectively. The worst predictions (false positives and negatives) occur for strongly rotating nontornadic supercells and tornadic cells in quasi-linear convective systems, respectively. The performance of our CNNs is comparable to an operational machine-learning system for severe weather prediction, which suggests that they would be useful for real-time forecasting.
Is Physiobehavioral Monitoring Nonintrusive? An Examination of Transcranial Doppler Sonography in a Vigilance Task
Authors: Greenlee Eric T. , Lui Tiffany G. , Maw Emily L. 
Published: May 2020

Objective The current study was designed to determine whether continuous, physiobehavioral monitoring via transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) has negative effects on human performance or user state in a vigilance task. Background Physiobehavioral measures have been identified as a promising method of user state assessment, in part because they are thought to be relatively nonintrusive. The notion that physiobehavioral measures are nonintrusive should not be taken for granted and needs to be tested empirically. It is possible that, even though physiobehavioral measures do not require input from a user, they may still hinder performance by causing discomfort, distraction, or interfering with physical activities required for task performance. Method The current study employed TCD, a common method of monitoring user vigilance. Participants completed a 40-min vigilance task. During the task, 50% wore TCD apparatus, while 50% did not. Intrusiveness was measured in terms of vigilance performance as well as workload, stress, and simulator sickness. Results Analyses revealed results that mirrored prototypical vigilance findings: performance declined over time, workload was high, distress and reported simulator sickness symptomology increased during the task, while engagement decreased. The presence or absence of TCD monitoring had no direct or interactive effects on performance or user state. Conclusion TCD monitoring of user vigilance appears to be nonintrusive. Application Findings support the recommendation that TCD should be used in research and operational settings where user vigilance is of paramount importance. More broadly, when developing and fielding physiobehavioral state measurement systems, intrusiveness should be considered and evaluated.