bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The protective effect of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis against CCl4‐induced hepatotoxicity in rats
Authors: Lee Kwang Yeon , Bae In Young 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe present study was performed to investigate the protective effect of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐induced liver damage and coagulation disturbances in rats, in comparison to silymarin. Rats were orally pre‐treated with P. brevitarsis larvae and silymarin at a dose of 300 mg/kg once daily for 5 days, and then a single dose of CCl4 (4 mL/kg i.p.). P. brevitarsis larvae showed significant hepatoprotection by reducing the liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) activity levels that had been raised by CCl4 administration. In addition, P. brevitarsis larvae significantly restored prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) values to nearly silymarin level, which were abnormalized after CCl4 administration. The histopathological results of liver tissues treated with P. brevitarsis larvae supported the serum biochemical results, indicating improved liver functions. The current study showed that P. brevitarsis larvae have potential against CCl4‐induced liver damage and coagulation disorders.
Identification ofCollimonasgene loci involved in the biosynthesis of a diffusible secondary metabolite with broad‐spectrum antifungal activity and plant‐protective properties
Authors: Akum Fidele N. , Kumar Ravi , Lai Gary , Williams Catherine H. , Doan Hung K. , Leveau Johan H.J. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryIn greenhouse and field trials, a bacterial mixture ofCollimonas arenaeCal35 andBacillus velezensisFZB42, but not Cal35 alone or FZB42 alone, was able to protect tomato plants from challenge with the soilborne fungal pathogenFusarium oxysporumf.sp.lycopersici(Fol). To identify genes and mechanisms underlying this property in Cal35, we screened a random transposon insertion library for loss of function and identified two mutants that were impaired completely or partially in their ability to halt the growth of a wide range of fungal species. In mutant 46A06, the transposon insertion was located in a biosynthetic gene cluster that was predicted to code for a hybrid polyketide synthase–non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase, while mutant 60C09 was impacted in a gene cluster for the synthesis and secretion of sugar repeat units. Our data are consistent with a model in which both gene clusters are necessary for the production of an antifungal compound we refer to as carenaemins. We also show that the ability to produce carenaemin contributed significantly to the observed synergy between Cal35 and FZB42 in protecting tomato plants fromFol. We discuss the potential for supplementingBacillus‐based biocontrol products withCollimonasbacteria to boost efficacy of such products.
Executive and Social Functioning Across Development in Children and Adolescents With Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Authors: Rockhold Madeline N. , Krueger Alyssa M. , de Water Erik , Lindgren Christopher W. , Sandness Kristin E. , Eckerle Judith K. , Schumacher Mariah J. , Fink Birgit A. , Boys Christopher J. , Carlson Stephanie M. , Fuglestad Anita J. , Mattson Sarah N. , Jones Kenneth L. , Riley Edward P. , Wozniak Jeffrey R. 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundPrenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is linked to a variety of neurodevelopmental challenges, including social functioning (SF) and executive functioning (EF) deficits. These deficits present differently across developmental stages from preschool age to adolescence.MethodsThe post hoc analyses described here were conducted on data from 83 preschool‐age children with PAE (early childhood group; ages 2.5 to 5.0) and 95 adolescents (49 with PAE, 46 controls; ages 8 to 16). Each child completed EF tasks as part of several prior studies. Parents completed social and communication inventories about their child’s abilities. Thirty‐three participants from the early childhood group returned for a 4‐year follow‐up and completed both SF and EF measures.ResultsBoth the early childhood and adolescent groups with PAE showed deficits in SF and EF. There was a relationship between SF and EF within the adolescent PAE group that was not present in the adolescent control group or the early childhood PAE group. However, at the 4‐year follow‐up (Mage = 8.45), participants originally in the early childhood PAE group also demonstrated this relationship.ConclusionsThese findings support previous research on EF/SF deficits in adolescents with PAE while also addressing a gap in the literature concerning early childhood research on this topic. Additionally, these findings suggest that the relationship between EF and SF deficits may strengthen throughout development. This line of research highlights potential sensitive periods for SF and EF training in children with PAE and suggests that fetal alcohol spectrum disorders programs consider targeting EF training as a component of social skill interventions.
Wood ants prefer conifers to broadleaved trees in mixed temperate forests
Authors: Sondej Izabela , Domisch Timo , Finér Leena , Czechowski Wojciech 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWood ants, species of the subgenusFormicas. str., are one of the most important groups of insects in forest ecosystems due to their high abundance and activity.We assessed the foraging pressure ofFormica polyctenaandFormica rufa, two dominant wood ant species in the Białowieża Forest. In addition, we compared coniferous and mixed stands in these respects.In mixed standsF. polyctenavisited more trees per plot thanF. rufa.F. polyctenamight forage a larger area due to higher population sizes, which further confirms higher foraging pressure ofF. polyctenain comparison withF. rufa.In our study area, host trees of the ant–aphid mutualism were larger in diameter than nonhost trees. The ants also preferred trees situated closer to their nests. In both mixed and coniferous stands, the most visited tree species was Norway spruce. Thus, we can conclude that Norway spruce seems to be preferred by the ant. The decline of living spruce in the Białowieża Forest may endanger their food source and impact the vitality of ant colonies.
Implementation of a guideline of early administration of tranexamic acid for severe primary postpartum haemorrhage: a retrospective comparative study
Authors: Watkins Leah , Kearney Lauren , Kynn Mary , Hodgman Caitlin , Nugent Rachael 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundSince the WOMAN trial, intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) has been increasingly used in severe postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) but research evaluating use in high‐income settings is limited.AimsTo assess whether implementation of a new guideline involving early administration of 1 g intravenous TXA in active PPH with blood loss ≥ 1000 mL, was associated with a change in maternal morbidity.Materials and MethodsRetrospective study of all singleton, term, vaginal births from November 2016 to June 2019 with a PPH of ≥1000 mL, before and after hospital adoption of a guideline recommending early (within three hours of birth) administration of TXA for women with active PPH ≥ 1000 mL. Univariate analysis assessed the impact of this guideline implementation on a primary outcome of maternal morbidity, defined as one or more of haemoglobin < 90 g/L, administration of blood products, hysterectomy or intensive care admission. Secondary outcomes were adverse events related to administration of TXA, use of an intrauterine balloon or postpartum iron infusion.ResultsThere was no difference in morbidity (odds ratio (OR) 0.86, 95% CI 0.57–1.29, P = 0.46) or postpartum iron infusion (OR 1.44, 95% CI 0.92–2.27, P = 0.11), but there was a reduction in the use of intrauterine balloon tamponade after the implementation of the TXA guideline (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.16–0.67, P < 0.01).ConclusionsThis retrospective analysis showed a reduced use of intrauterine balloon but failed to show a benefit in maternal morbidity with early administration of TXA for severe postpartum haemorrhage in a high‐income setting.
Predicting tropical tree mortality with leaf spectroscopy
Authors: Doughty Christopher E. , Cheesman Alexander W. , Riutta Terhi , Thomson Eleanor R. , Shenkin Alexander , Nottingham Andrew T. , Telford Elizabeth M. , Huaraca Huasco Walter , Majalap Noreen , Arn Teh Yit , Meir Patrick , Malhi Yadvinder 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDo tropical trees close to death have a distinct change to their leaf spectral signature? Tree mortality rates have been increasing in tropical forests, reducing the global carbon sink. Upcoming hyperspectral satellites could be used to predict regions close to experiencing extensive tree mortality during periods of stress, such as drought. Here we show, for a tropical rainforest in Borneo, how imminent tropical tree mortality impacts leaf physiological traits and reflectance. We measured leaf reflectance (400–2500 nm), light‐saturated photosynthesis (Asat), leaf dark respiration (Rdark), leaf mass area (LMA), and % leaf water across five campaigns in a six‐month period during which there were two causes of tree mortality: a major natural drought and a co‐incident tree stem girdling treatment. We find that prior to mortality, there were significant (p < 0.05) leaf spectral changes in the red (650–700 nm), the NIR (1,000–1,400 nm), and SWIR bands (2,000–2,400 nm) and significant reductions in the potential carbon balance of the leaves (increased Rdark and reduced Asat). We show that the partial least squares regression technique can predict mortality in tropical trees across different species and functional groups with medium precision but low accuracy (r2 of .65 and RMSE/mean of 0.58). However, most tree death in our study was due to girdling, which is not a natural form of death. More research is needed to determine if this spectroscopy technique can be applied to tropical forests in general.
National differences in cost analysis of Afirma Genomic sequencing classifier
Authors: Ronen Ohad , Oichman Maya 
Published: December 2020

AbstractContextThyroid nodules of indeterminate cytology can be subjected to molecular testing such as the Afirma Genomic Sequencing Classifier (GSC), thereby minimizing the number of unnecessary diagnostic surgeries.ObjectiveThis work aimed to evaluate and compare the cost of routine GSC testing of indeterminate thyroid nodules in different countries.Design, Patients and Main Outcome MeasuresThe cost of diagnostic hemithyroidectomy of indeterminate thyroid nodules was calculated by performing a Monte Carlo simulation cost analysis on a Markov decision‐analytic model and then compared to that of GSC testing in the UK, Australia, USA, and Israel.ResultsAssuming that patients are treated by surgical resection and routine GSC testing is performed for all nodules of indeterminate significance, we found the GSC test to be more cost effective compared with diagnostic hemithyroidectomy when malignancy rates of thyroid nodules are less than 22.6%‐37.1%, depending on the country where the test is performed. Given the cost of a thyroidectomy in the UK, Australia and Israel, performing routine GSC tests on all Bethesda IV nodules is more expensive than routine diagnostic hemithyroidectomy and becomes cost effective for Bethesda III when the GSC cost is below 3,031‐3,087 USD. In comparison, in the USA, higher cost of thyroidectomy makes the GSC test cost effective for Bethesda III nodules at its current cost, but not for Bethesda IV nodules where it becomes cost effective under the price of 3,031 USD.ConclusionsDifferent molecular testing and surgical costs in different countries should be considered when performing cost analysis. In addition, since different medical centres have different malignancy rates, personalized in‐house assessment of cost‐effectiveness is warranted.
Investigation on the grain boundary strengthening effect of a nickel‐based superalloy
Authors: Shi Dongfang , Zhang Zhenjun , Hu Jinhai , Zhang Zhefeng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe grain boundary strengthening effect (GBSE) was investigated for nickel‐based superalloy bicrystals with various misorientations under different temperatures and loading directions. The results show that the GBSE is enhanced with the increase of misorientation and insensitive to the temperature and the loading direction relative to the GB also has a strong effect on the GBSE. On the other hand, the GBSE is often accompanied by GB cracking. The trend of grain boundary (GB) cracking is heightened with the increase of the misorientation and temperature, and the transformation of the loading direction from vertical to parallel.
Risk Transfer with Interest Rate Swaps
Authors: Baker Lee , Haynes Richard , Roberts John , Sharma Rajiv , Tuckman Bruce 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper proposes Entity‐Netted Notionals (ENNs) as a metric of interest rate risk transfer in the interest rate swap (IRS) market. Unlike the ubiquitous metric of notional amount, ENNs normalize for risk and account for the netting of longs and shorts within counterparty relationships. Using regulatory data for U.S.‐reporting entities, the size of the market measured by notional amount is $231 trillion, but, measured by ENNs, is only $13.9 trillion 5‐year swap equivalents, which is the same order of magnitude as other large U.S. fixed income markets. This paper also quantifies the size and direction of IRS positions across and within various business sectors. Among the empirical findings are that 92% of entities using IRS are exclusively long or exclusively short. Hence, the vast majority of market participants are prototypical end users, and the extensive amount of netting in the market is attributable to the activity of relatively few, larger entities. Finally, some sector‐specific empirical findings are inconsistent with widespread, prior beliefs. For example, pension funds and insurance companies are typically thought to be long IRS to hedge their long‐term liabilities, and these sectors are indeed net long, but approximately 50% of individual entities in these sectors are actually net short.
Meeting Paris agreement objectives will temper seabird winter distribution shifts in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Clairbaux Manon , Cheung William W. L. , Mathewson Paul , Porter Warren , Courbin Nicolas , Fort Jérôme , Strøm Hallvard , Moe Børge , Fauchald Per , Descamps Sebastien , Helgason Hálfdán , Bråthen Vegard S. , Merkel Benjamin , Anker‐Nilssen Tycho , Bringsvor Ingar S. , Chastel Olivier , Christensen‐Dalsgaard Signe , Danielsen Jóhannis , Daunt Francis , Dehnhard Nina , Erikstad Kjell‐Einar , Ezhov Alexeï , Gavrilo Maria , Krasnov Yuri , Langset Magdalene , Lorentsen Svein‐Håkon , Newell Mark , Olsen Bergur , Reiertsen Tone Kirstin , Systad Geir , Þórarinsson Þorkell L. , Baran Mark , Diamond Tony , Fayet Annette L. , Fitzsimmons Michelle G. , Frederiksen Morten , Gilchrist Grant H. , Guilford Tim , Huffeldt Nicholas P. , Jessopp Mark , Johansen Kasper L. , Kouwenberg Amy L. , Linnebjerg Jannie F. , McFarlane Tranquilla Laura , Mallory Mark , Merkel Flemming R. , Montevecchi William , Mosbech Anders , Petersen Aevar , Grémillet David 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe explored the implications of reaching the Paris Agreement Objective of limiting global warming to <2°C for the future winter distribution of the North Atlantic seabird community. We predicted and quantified current and future winter habitats of five North Atlantic Ocean seabird species (Alle alle, Fratercula arctica, Uria aalge, Uria lomvia and Rissa tridactyla) using tracking data for ~1500 individuals through resource selection functions based on mechanistic modeling of seabird energy requirements, and a dynamic bioclimate envelope model of seabird prey. Future winter distributions were predicted to shift with climate change, especially when global warming exceed 2°C under a “no mitigation” scenario, modifying seabird wintering hotspots in the North Atlantic Ocean. Our findings suggest that meeting Paris agreement objectives will limit changes in seabird selected habitat location and size in the North Atlantic Ocean during the 21st century. We thereby provide key information for the design of adaptive marine‐protected areas in a changing ocean.
Anthropogenic climate change impacts on copepod trait biogeography
Authors: McGinty Niall , Barton Andrew D. , Record Nicholas R. , Finkel Zoe V. , Johns David G. , Stock Charles A. , Irwin Andrew J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCopepods are among the most abundant marine metazoans and form a key link between marine primary producers, higher trophic levels, and carbon sequestration pathways. Climate change is projected to change surface ocean temperature by up to 4°C in the North Atlantic with many associated changes including slowing of the overturning circulation, areas of regional freshening, and increased salinity and reductions in nutrients available in the euphotic zone over the next century. These changes will lead to a restructuring of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities with cascading effects throughout the food web. Here we employ observations of copepods, projected changes in ocean climate, and species distribution models to show how climate change may affect the distribution of copepod species in the North Atlantic. On average species move northeast at a rate of 14.1 km decade−1. Species turnover in copepod communities will range from 5% to 75% with the highest turnover rates concentrated in regions of pronounced temperature increase and decrease. The changes in species range vary according to copepod traits with the largest effects found to occur in the cooling, freshening area in the subpolar North Atlantic south of Greenland and in an area of significant warming along the Scotian shelf. Large diapausing copepods (>2.5 mm) which are higher in lipids and a crucial food source for whales, may have an advantage in the cooling waters due to their life‐history strategy that facilitates their survival in the arctic environment. Carnivorous copepods show a basin wide increase in species richness and show significant habitat area increases when their distribution moves poleward while herbivores see significant habitat area losses. The trait‐specific effects highlight the complex consequences of climate change for the marine food web.
“You’re a teacher you’re a mother, you’re a worker”: Gender inequality during COVID‐19 in Ireland
Authors: Clark Serena , McGrane Amy , Boyle Neasa , Joksimovic Natasha , Burke Lydia , Rock Nicole , O’ Sullivan Katriona 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) was declared a global pandemic in March 2020. Unlike previous highly contagious diseases that brought the threat of global instability this century such as SARS‐CoV, Zika virus (ZIKV), Swine flu (H1N1), and the Avian flu (H5N1), COVID‐19 was unable to be contained. Global restrictions were implemented to curb the spread of the virus, which included but were not limited to the closure of all educational institutions and the advice to engage in remote working. This study aims to understand the experience of working mothers who managed work and home duties during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Ireland. Thirty working mothers were interviewed in this study, and qualitative analyses were conducted to gain insight into their work and family life during the restrictions. The findings of the analysis indicate that working mothers have been negatively impacted by COVID‐19 in relation to their psychological well‐being, experiences of negative emotions, and the redefinition of family dynamics, in which working mothers have adopted additional and disproportionate care burden. These findings are consistent with the current research arguing that COVID‐19 has highlighted an increase in the gender gap in domestic labor as well as the undermining of career advancement for working mothers.
Carbon ion radiotherapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe
Authors: Okazaki Shohei , Shibuya Kei , Shiba Shintaro , Okamoto Masahiko , Miyasaka Yuhei , Osu Naoto , Kawashima Motohiro , Kakizaki Satoru , Araki Kenichiro , Shirabe Ken , Ohno Tatsuya 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimThe treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in the caudate lobe (HCCCL) is technically challenging. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and toxicity of carbon ion radiotherapy (C‐ion RT) for HCCCL.MethodsPatients with HCCCL treated with C‐ion RT at our hospital between January 2011 and December 2018 were evaluated. The total dose was 52.8 or 60 Gy (relative biological effectiveness) in four or 12 fractions depending on the distance between the tumor and the gastrointestinal tract. The survival outcome, the presence or absence of recurrence (local recurrence, intrahepatic recurrence outside the irradiation field, or extrahepatic recurrence), and acute/late adverse events were evaluated.ResultsNine patients were included. The median tumor size was 3.4 cm, and the median follow‐up duration was 18.3 months for all patients. No patient developed local recurrence during follow‐up. Five patients subsequently developed intrahepatic recurrence outside the irradiation field and two had extrahepatic metastasis. Five patients died of hepatocellular carcinoma. No acute adverse events of grade ≥2 were observed. Two patients experienced grade 2 or 3 late adverse events, including obstructive jaundice, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, and edema.ConclusionCarbon ion radiotherapy for HCCCL achieved excellent local control with acceptable adverse events and can thus be a curative treatment option for HCCCL.
Petrology of green polished stone axes of the Jomon period from the Sannai‐Maruyama site, Japan, investigating the origin of source rock
Authors: Maekawa Hirokazu , Ohtsuka Kazuyoshi , Yamamoto Koshi , Gouchi Nobuo , Hattori Keiko 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNumerous green polished stone axes have been excavated from the Sannai‐Maruyama site, one of Japan's largest archeological sites in the Jomon period (5.9–4.2 cal kyr BP). The axes are composed of weakly metamorphosed fine‐grained volcaniclastic rock having a peculiar texture that includes numerous acicular actinolites growing in random directions within a quartz and albite matrix. Cobbles of Aotora stone found along the Nukabira River, Biratori town, southern Hokkaido, are the most likely raw material for these stone axes. Aotora stones have alternate bands of a soft dark‐green picritic layer and a hard SiO2‐rich pale‐green layer. The pale‐green layer has a texture similar to the stone axes. Basaltic and picritic volcanic rocks of the Sorachi‐Yezo Belt occupy the area along the Shidoni River, a tributary of the Nukabira River. Volcaniclastic rocks similar in texture, mineralogy, and bulk rock compositions to the Aotora stone are exposed in the area. These rocks underwent metamorphism under the actinolite‐pumpellyite facies conditions. Their protolith is submarine hyaloclastic rocks that are intercalated with laminated picrite detritus. The stone axes, pale‐green layers of Aotora stone, and those of the volcaniclastic rocks of the Shidoni River area all have high SiO2 (~ 55 wt%), Cr (~ 840 μg/g), and Ni (~ 370 μg/g). The rare earth element patterns with abundant light rare earth elements and depleted heavy rare earth elements of stone axes were also consistent with the pale‐green layers of the outcrop. These pale‐green layers, interleaved with dark‐green layers of picritic detritus, were the likely source rock of the stone axes. The high SiO2 content in the pale‐green layer caused the crystallization of quartz and albite in the matrix, which resulted in high‐quality raw material for making stone axes.