bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hodnoty v právnickém vzdělávání
Authors: Draslarová Hana 
Published: October 2020

Diskuze o právnickém vzdělávání se často soustředí na znalosti a dovednosti, které by si studenti měli osvojovat. Hodnoty většinou zůstávají mimo pozornost, a pokud už se o nich hovoří, obvykle není zřejmé, co přesně se jimi myslí. Jedná se totiž o pojem neurčitý, se kterým různí autoři spojují různé obsahy, což debatu o posilování významu hodnot v procesu přípravy budoucích právníků značně ztěžuje. Aby bylo možné se hodnotami blíže zabývat, je klíčové porozumět tomu, co hodnoty v právnickém vzdělávání znamenají. Článek se proto v první části zabývá tím, jak se osvojování hodnot v právnickém vzdělávání v České republice promítá, a to za pomoci analýzy koncepčních dokumentů právnických fakult i jejich neoficiálních prezentací. Druhá část představuje vlastní kategorizaci významu pojmu hodnoty v právnickém vzdělávání. Je totiž důležité o hodnotách v právnickém vzdělávání přemýšlet a rozdělení užívání daného pojmu do pěti různých překrývajících se kategorií má sloužit k tomu, aby bylo možné o hodnotách v souvislosti s právnickým vzděláváním uvažovat konkrétněji.
Onychogryphosis
Authors: Tosun Salih , Tosun Bilgehan 
Published: October 2020

Background
Onychogryphosis is a nail disorder that can damage nail plates, usually caused by repeated minor trauma to the foot. Onychogryphosis of the toe is commonly seen in clinical practice; however, optimal treatment of the condition is still the subject of debate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes of patients with toe onychogryphosis treated by subcutaneous flap coverage after total matricectomy.

Methods
In this article, we describe 12 patients who had onychogryphosis on the great toe treated by subcutaneous flap coverage after total matricectomy. There were eight men and four women, with a mean age of 63.8 years (range, 56–74 years).

Results
The follow-up period ranged from 4 to 108 months, with an average of 25.2 months. All of the flap reconstructions ultimately survived.

Conclusions
The advantage of the described technique is the avoidance of tight closure of the skin and preservation of toe length. The possible limitation of the technique is poor blood circulation to the feet.
Somatic Dysfunctions of Hip and Pelvis Overlooked in a Case of Vulvodynia
Authors: Giovanis Athina , Zeszutek Stephanie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Vulvodynia is chronic perineal pain in women. Repercussions of this disorder can have a negative effect on women's health and lifestyle. The origin is often multifactorial, including pelvic and lower extremity somatic dysfunctions. If left untreated, these somatic dysfunctions can directly alter ligamentous tension on the pelvic floor and surrounding regions, resulting in perineal pain. Management of vulvodynia must be individualized due to the multifactorial etiology and complicated structure and function of the pelvic floor muscles. The authors present a case of vulvodynia in which osteopathic manipulative treatment was an effective management technique.
Assessment of the Effectiveness of Internal Control Systems of Adamawa State Ministries, Departments and Agencies in Adamawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Ishaku Ahmed Adamu , Kakanda Mohammed Mahmud , Danladi Sagir 
Published: October 2020

Aim: This study examines the effectiveness of internal control systems (ICS) of Adamawa state Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs).
Study Design: Survey research design.
Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Ministries, Departments and Agencies in Adamawa State in 2019.
Methodology: The sample size of the study was one hundred and sixty-five (165) target respondents which consist of all heads of MDAs, Directors of Finance, internal auditors’ and two key staff from accounts and audits of the ministries, departments and agencies. The study used primary data and questionnaire was used in collecting data used for analyses. The effectiveness of the internal control systems under four dimensions: control environment (CE), control activities (CA), information, and communication (IC), and monitoring of controls (MC) were analyzed using descriptive statistics while ANOVA test was used to test the hypothesis of the study.
Results: The study found that the effectiveness of ICS for the MDAs in Adamawa state was good. The Departments category generally had the highest rating for CE, CA, IC and MC. This is reflected in their overall effectiveness. However, other categories (Ministries & Agencies) had moderate ICS effectiveness, particularly the Agencies that recorded the lowest rating in concerning to CE and CA.
Recommendation: The study recommends that Departments should maintain their level of internal control systems through effective monitoring and separate evaluations of their systems of control. This will help enhance or maintain the current level of their internal control systems. Ministries and Agencies should strengthen their Control Environment through mechanisms such as a commitment to integrity, ethical values, and competence, and Control Activities by ensuring that unauthorized transactions are not processed and more controls are put in place to avoid overspending. This will render the other components of internal controls more effective.
In silico molecular target prediction unveils mebendazole as a potent MAPK14 inhibitor
Authors: Ariey‐Bonnet Jeremy , Carrasco Kendall , Le Grand Marion , Hoffer Laurent , Betzi Stéphane , Feracci Mikael , Tsvetkov Philipp , Devred Francois , Collette Yves , Morelli Xavier , Ballester Pedro , Pasquier Eddy 
Published: October 2020

The concept of polypharmacology involves the interaction of drug molecules with multiple molecular targets. It provides a unique opportunity for the repurposing of already‐approved drugs to target key factors involved in human diseases. Herein, we used an in silico target prediction algorithm to investigate the mechanism of action of mebendazole, an antihelminthic drug, currently repurposed in the treatment of brain tumors. First, we confirmed that mebendazole decreased the viability of glioblastoma cells in vitro (IC50 values ranging from 288 nm to 2.1 µm). Our in silico approach unveiled 21 putative molecular targets for mebendazole, including 12 proteins significantly upregulated at the gene level in glioblastoma as compared to normal brain tissue (fold change > 1.5; P < 0.0001). Validation experiments were performed on three major kinases involved in cancer biology: ABL1, MAPK1/ERK2, and MAPK14/p38α. Mebendazole could inhibit the activity of these kinases in vitro in a dose‐dependent manner, with a high potency against MAPK14 (IC50 = 104 ± 46 nm). Its direct binding to MAPK14 was further validated in vitro, and inhibition of MAPK14 kinase activity was confirmed in live glioblastoma cells. Consistent with biophysical data, molecular modeling suggested that mebendazole was able to bind to the catalytic site of MAPK14. Finally, gene silencing demonstrated that MAPK14 is involved in glioblastoma tumor spheroid growth and response to mebendazole treatment. This study thus highlighted the role of MAPK14 in the anticancer mechanism of action of mebendazole and provides further rationale for the pharmacological targeting of MAPK14 in brain tumors. It also opens new avenues for the development of novel MAPK14/p38α inhibitors to treat human diseases.
The genetic landscape of metaplastic breast cancers and uterine carcinosarcomas
Authors: Moukarzel Lea A. , Ferrando Lorenzo , Da Cruz Paula Arnaud , Brown David N. , Geyer Felipe C. , Pareja Fresia , Piscuoglio Salvatore , Papanastasiou Anastasios D. , Fusco Nicola , Marchiò Caterina , Abu‐Rustum Nadeem R. , Murali Rajmohan , Brogi Edi , Wen Hannah Y. , Norton Larry , Soslow Robert A. , Vincent‐Salomon Anne , Reis‐Filho Jorge S. , Weigelt Britta 
Published: October 2020

Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) and uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS) are rare aggressive cancers, characterized by an admixture of adenocarcinoma and areas displaying mesenchymal/sarcomatoid differentiation. We sought to define whether MBCs and UCSs harbor similar patterns of genetic alterations, and whether the different histologic components of MBCs and UCSs are clonally related. Whole‐exome sequencing (WES) data from MBCs (n = 35) and UCSs (n = 57, The Cancer Genome Atlas) were reanalyzed to define somatic genetic alterations, altered signaling pathways, mutational signatures, and genomic features of homologous recombination DNA repair deficiency (HRD). In addition, the carcinomatous and sarcomatous components of an additional cohort of MBCs (n = 11) and UCSs (n = 6) were microdissected separately and subjected to WES, and their clonal relatedness was assessed. MBCs and UCSs harbored recurrent genetic alterations affecting TP53, PIK3CA, and PTEN, similar patterns of gene copy number alterations, and an enrichment in alterations affecting the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐related Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. Differences were observed, however, including a significantly higher prevalence of FAT3 and FAT1 somatic mutations in MBCs compared to UCSs, and conversely, UCSs significantly more frequently harbored somatic mutations affecting FBXW7 and PPP2R1A as well as HER2 amplification than MBCs. Genomic features of HRD and biallelic alterations affecting bona fide HRD‐related genes were found to be more prevalent in MBCs than in UCSs. The distinct histologic components of MBCs and UCSs were clonally related in all cases, with the sarcoma component likely stemming from a minor subclone of the carcinoma component in the samples with interpretable chronology of clonal evolution. Despite the similar histologic features and pathways affected by genetic alterations, UCSs differ from MBCs on the basis of FBXW7 and PPP2R1A mutations, HER2 amplification, and lack of HRD, supporting the notion that these entities are more than mere phenocopies of the same tumor type in different anatomical sites.
The Problem of Feral Hogs and the Challenges of Providing a Weak‐Link Public Good
Authors: Ellis Sean F. , Masters Mark , Messer Kent D. , Weigel Collin , Ferraro Paul J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFeral hogs are an invasive species in the United States annually inflicting $1.5 billion in damages. Although interest in mitigating this grows, control spans properties and jurisdictions, creating challenges. Because landowners and local governments cannot capture the benefits of control that accrue beyond their boundaries, they generally underinvest. Worse, the weakest contributors constrain efforts. To offer insights into this problem, we synthesized studies on best management practices, invasive species, and weak‐link public goods. We also provide estimates of farmers' willingness‐to‐pay for control efforts, finding that they require financial assistance. Together, this suggests that more investment is necessary to manage feral hogs.
Barriers to Using Economic Experiments in Evidence‐Based Agricultural Policymaking
Authors: Rosch Stephanie , Raszap Skorbiansky Sharon , Weigel Collin , Messer Kent D. , Hellerstein Daniel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEconomic experiments have been used to inform evidence‐based policymaking in a variety of fields but have rarely been used to address agricultural policy topics in the United States. Several barriers exist in designing and funding experimental studies with farmer participants, which limits the usefulness of this approach for informing agricultural policymaking. We review three such barriers: heterogenous treatment effects, access to participants, and aligning funding agencies' priorities. We document the extent of these barriers using original analyses of the literature. We then suggest potential methods of mitigating these barriers through changes in how experiments are designed, reviewed, and funded.
Reversible Reductive Elimination in Aluminum(II) Dihydrides
Authors: Falconer Rosalyn L. , Nichol Gary S. , Smolyar Ivan V. , Cockroft Scott L. , Cowley Michael J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOxidative addition and reductive elimination are defining reactions of transition‐metal organometallic chemistry. In main‐group chemistry, oxidative addition is now well‐established but reductive elimination reactions are not yet general in the same way. Herein, we report dihydrodialanes supported by amidophosphine ligands. The ligand serves as a stereochemical reporter for reversible reductive elimination/oxidative addition chemistry involving AlIand AlIIIintermediates.
Tuning of Delicate Host–Guest Interactions in Hydrated MIL‐53 and Functional Variants for Furfural Capture from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Cao Na , Wang Honglei , Ban Yujie , Wang Yuecheng , Yang Kun , Zhou Yingwu , Zhao Meng , Deng Weiqiao , Yang Weishen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCapture of high‐boiling‐point furfural from diluted aqueous solution is a critical but challenging step in sustainable bio‐refinery processes, but conventional separation methods such as distillation and liquid‐liquid extraction requires prohibitive energy consumption. We report control over the microenvironment of hydrated MIL‐53 and isoreticular variants with diversified functional terephthalic acid linkers for the purpose of preferential binding of furfural through delicate host‐guest interactions. Methyl‐bounded MIL‐53 with improved binding energy in the hydrated form results in highly efficient capture ratio (ca. 98 %) in the extremely low concentration of furfural solution (0.5–3 wt %) and 100 % furfural specificity over xylose. The distinct hydrogen bonding sites and multiple Van de Wall interactions for furfural adsorption was testified by computational modeling. Furthermore, the recovery ratio of furfural reaches ca. 93 % in desorption.
Coherent Vibration and Femtosecond Dynamics of the Platinum Complex Oligomers upon Intermolecular Bond Formation in the Excited State
Authors: Iwamura Munetaka , Fukui Airi , Nozaki Koichi , Kuramochi Hikaru , Takeuchi Satoshi , Tahara Tahei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFemtosecond time‐resolved absorption and picosecond time‐resolved emission measurements were carried out for highly concentrated aqueous solutions of K2[Pt(CN)4] to investigate excited‐state dynamics of the [Pt(CN)42−] oligomers formed with metallophilic interactions. Time‐resolved absorption spectra exhibit complicated dynamics that are represented with five time constants. Among them, the 90‐ps and 400‐ps dynamics were assigned to the S1 → T1 intersystem crossing of the trimer and tetramer coexisting in the solution by comparison with the fluorescence decays. Clear oscillations of transient absorption were observed in the first few picoseconds, and the frequency‐detected‐wavelength 2D analysis revealed that the 135‐cm−1 and 65‐cm−1 oscillations arise from the Pt–Pt stretch motions of the S1 trimer and S1 tetramer, respectively. The obtained time‐resolved spectroscopic data provide a clear view of the excited‐state dynamics of the [Pt(CN)42−] oligomers in the femto‐/picosecond time region.
Insights into the Composition and Structural Chemistry of Gallium(I) Triflate
Authors: Boronski Josef T. , Stevens Matthew P. , van IJzendoorn Bono , Whitwood Adrian C. , Slattery John M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract“GaOTf” is a simple, convenient source of low‐valent gallium for synthetic chemistry and catalysis. However, little is currently known about its composition or reactivity. In this work, 71Ga NMR spectroscopy shows the presence of [Ga(arene)n]+ salts on oxidation of Ga metal with AgOTf in arene solvents. However, a more complex picture of speciation is uncovered by X‐ray diffraction studies. In all cases, mixed‐valence compounds containing Ga‐arene and Ga‐OTf coordination motifs, in addition to an unusual “naked” [Ga]+ ion, are found. Addition of 18‐crown‐6 allows for the isolation of a discrete GaI crown complex. Evidence of a potential intermediate in the formation of “GaOTf” has been isolated in the form of the bimetallic silver(I)/gallium(I) cluster anion [Ag4{Ga(OTf)3}4(μ‐Ga)6(OTf)4]2−.
Quantifying Planarity in the Design of Organic Electronic Materials
Authors: Che Yuxuan , Perepichka Dmitrii F. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPlanarity is essential for many organic electronic materials as it maximizes the intramolecular π‐orbital overlap and enables efficient intermolecular interactions through π‐stacking. We propose a statistical way of quantifying the planarity of a wide range of conjugated systems. The quantification takes into account all torsional conformations and their relative contribution to the overall structural disorder, through a planarity index ⟨cos2ϕ⟩. The propensity for planarization and the effect of rotational disorder were examined for a series of commonly used building blocks. The application of the analysis to extended conjugated systems and the correlations between the gas‐phase ⟨cos2ϕ⟩ and crystallographically observed planarity in the solid state were explored. Our calculations also reveal a previously unrecognized effect of increasing band gap upon planarization for conjugated systems coupling strong electron donor and acceptor units.
High‐viscoelastic graft modified chitosan hydrophobic association polymer for enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Liu Tao , Gou Shaohua , Zhou Lihua , Hao Jingjing , He Yang , Liu Ling , Tang Lan , Fang Shenwen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe conventional partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) is greatly restricted by its single linear molecular structure in oil reservoirs with severe reservoir conditions such as high temperature and high salt. In this article, the chitosan (CS) grafted imidazoline monomer copolymer (CS‐g‐AM/AA/NIDA) was prepared from N‐maleyl CS (N‐MCS), acrylamide (AM), acrylic acid (AA), 1‐(2‐N‐acryloylaminoethyl)‐2‐oleoyl imidazoline (NIDA) by free radical copolymerization. The structure was determined by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, thermal gravimetric analysis, and so forth, which confirmed the successful preparation of the copolymer with good thermal stability. Under the same conditions, compared with HPAM and copolymer CS‐g‐AM/AA, CS‐g‐AM/AA/NIDA greatly increased the viscosity of the aqueous solution and exhibited excellent shear stability (viscosity retention rate 15.62, 4.91, and 11.54% at 510 s−1), temperature resistance (the viscosity retention rate reached 50.89, 24.50, and 36.59% at 120°C) and salt resistance (14,000 mg/L NaCl: viscosity retention rate up to 17.27, 8.26, and 14.60%). In addition, core flooding experiments showed that oil recovery could be enhanced by up to 8.08% by CS‐g‐AM/AA/NIDA. As a natural polymer material, CS has hardly been reported for polymer flooding, and it is expected to replace general polymers in tertiary oil recovery.
Effect of electric field on storage modulus of dielectric composites
Authors: Ma Ning , Gong Guangping , Li Nannan , Li Bo , Dong Xufeng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDCs composed by dielectric particles and elastomer matrix present electric field dependent deformation. Viscoelasticity dominates their electric field response, which has to be considered in their applications. Although the influence of strain amplitude and oscillation frequency on the viscoelasticity of DCs has been investigated, the effect of electric field has been seldom studied. In this study, DCs were prepared by dispersing TiO2 particles with different concentrations and different distributions within silicone rubbers. The areal strain and the storage modulus of the DCs under different electric fields were tested. The results indicated the electric field has significant influence on the storage modulus of the DCs. Such an electric field dependent storage modulus is more significant for the DCs with higher particle fraction, or with aligned distributed particles. The enhanced electrostatic interaction between the adjacent particles by applying electric field is responsible for the phenomena.
Distribution of PDLIM1 at actin‐rich structures generated by invasive and adherent bacterial pathogens
Authors: Dhanda Aaron S. , Yang Diana , Kooner Avneen , Guttman Julian A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe enteric bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) remodel the eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton during their disease processes. Listeria generate slender actin‐rich comet/rocket tails to move intracellularly, and later, finger‐like membrane protrusions to spread amongst host cells. EPEC remain extracellular, but generate similar actin‐rich membranous protrusions (termed pedestals) to move atop the host epithelia. These structures are crucial for disease as diarrheal (and systemic) infections are significantly abrogated during infections with mutant strains that are unable to generate the structures. The current repertoire of host components enriched within these structures is vast and diverse. In this protein catalog, we and others have found that host actin crosslinkers, such as palladin and α‐actinin‐1, are routinely exploited. To expand on this list, we set out to investigate the distribution of PDLIM1, a scaffolding protein and binding partner of palladin and α‐actinin‐1, during bacterial infections. We show that PDLIM1 localizes to the site of initial Listeria entry into cells. Following this, PDLIM1 localizes to actin filament clouds surrounding immotile bacteria, and then colocalizes with actin once the comet/rocket tails are generated. Unlike palladin or α‐actinin‐1, PDLIM1 is maintained within the actin‐rich core of membrane protrusions. Conversely, α‐actinin‐1, but not PDLIM1 (or palladin), is enriched at the membrane invagination that internalizes the Listeria‐containing membrane protrusion. We also show that PDLIM1 is a component of the EPEC pedestal core and that its recruitment is dependent on the bacterial effector Tir. Our findings highlight PDLIM1 as another protein present within pathogen‐induced actin‐rich structures.
Valence, Size, and Shape Control of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized by Electron‐Assisted Reduction
Authors: Shi Mengge , Wang Zhao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAn electron‐assisted strategy was developed to prepare gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) at room temperature. Glow discharge plasma as electron source was successfully used to control the valence state, size, and shape of AuNPs. Stable Au(I) was obtained in 3 min by plasma, and Au(I) was reduced to zero valence with the increase in treatment time. An increase in the amount of Au did not induce an increase in particle size. A narrow size distribution was also achieved. The narrowest size distribution was observed at 9 min at 600 V. AuNPs grew slowly under glow discharge plasma, which slightly changed the mean size of AuNPs. Moreover, the average size of AuNPs was smaller under alkaline conditions. The initial pH of the solution can affect the nucleation and growth of AuNPs and further affect their particle size. Spherical AuNPs, hexagonal AuNPs, rectangular AuNPs, flower‐shaped AuNPs, and Au nanorods were easily obtained within 30 min by adding different additives. The hexagonal AuNPs exhibited the largest current response toward caffeine and showed a good linear range (0.1–1000 μM) with a low detection limit (0.064 μM), because their high‐energy planes can increase the electron transfer rate and improve electrocatalytic activity.
Discussion of virtual age, is it real?
Authors: Cui Lirong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this note, some point of views on virtual ages are presented in terms of the discussion paper written by Finkelstein and Cha, which include generalized stochastic order‐based virtual ages, system‐level virtual ages, virtual ages in Weibull distribution and repair degrees with virtual ages. Finally, some possible future researches on virtual ages are described.