bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the (In)consistency of RE modeling
Authors: Heymann Daniel , Pascuini Paulo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe notion of rational expectations (RE) as usually understood seeks to encompass two different propositions: (i) perceived law of motion equals actual law of motion: an equivalence between the probability distributions of future outcomes which inform the decisions of agents and the objective distributions which generate those outcomes; (ii) perceived law of motion equals model law of motion: a correspondence of the subjective distributions underlying the choices of agents and the distributions generated by professionally validated models (particularly that which the analyst proposes contemporaneously). Both definitions are quite different unless absolute validity is counterfactually attributed to the provisional and fallible models constructed by economists. A further ambiguity arises with the model-consistent notion since the constructs built by economists have certainly evolved and will continue to change. If an economist imputes current-model-consistent expectations to agents in the past when trying to validate that model, she attributes to those individuals different beliefs from those that the analyst held at the time. These issues condition the logic and significance of large segments of macroeconomic theory. They seem particularly relevant for the study of phenomena like the processes leading to financial crises, where unsustainable patterns of behavior may have once found support in influential bodies of macroanalysis.
Compensation and Moral Luck
Authors: Heinzelmann Nora 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In some vicarious cases of compensation, an agent seems obligated to compensate for a harm they did not inflict. This raises the problem that obligations for compensation may arise out of circumstantial luck. That is, an agent may owe compensation for a harm that was outside their control. Addressing this issue, I identify five conditions for compensation from the literature: causal engagement, proxy, ill-gotten gains, constitution, and affiliation. I argue that only two of them specify genuine and irreducible grounds for compensation, and that factors determining the agent’s obligations may be beyond their control. However, I suggest that this is unproblematic. There is thus no problem of circumstantial moral luck for compensation.
Acquisition and Long-term Carriage of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in US International Travelers
Authors: Worby Colin J , Earl Ashlee M , Turbett Sarah E , Becker Margaret , Rao Sowmya R , Oliver Elizabeth , Taylor Walker Allison , Walters Maroya , Kelly Paul , Leung Daniel T , Knouse Mark , Hagmann Stefan H F , Ryan Edward T , LaRocque Regina C 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We performed prospective screening of stool for multidrug-resistant organisms from 608 US international travelers and identified an acquisition rate of 38% following travel. Carriage rates remained significantly elevated for at least 6 months post-travel. Travel-related diarrhea was a risk factor for acquisition, as well as for long-term carriage upon return.
Prevalence of Co-infection at the Time of Hospital Admission in COVID-19 Patients, A Multicenter Study
Authors: Karaba Sara M , Jones George , Helsel Taylor , Smith L Leigh , Avery Robin , Dzintars Kathryn , Salinas Alejandra B , Keller Sara C , Townsend Jennifer L , Klein Eili , Amoah Joe , Garibaldi Brian T , Cosgrove Sara E , Fabre Valeria 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Bacterial infections may complicate viral pneumonias. Recent reports suggest that bacterial co-infection at time of presentation is uncommon in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, estimates were based on microbiology tests alone. We sought to develop and apply consensus definitions, incorporating clinical criteria to better understand the rate of co-infections and antibiotic use in COVID-19.

Methods
A total of 1016 adult patients admitted to 5 hospitals in the Johns Hopkins Health System between March 1, 2020, and May 31, 2020, with COVID-19 were evaluated. Adjudication of co-infection using definitions developed by a multidisciplinary team for this study was performed. Both respiratory and common nonrespiratory co-infections were assessed. The definition of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia (bCAP) included proven (clinical, laboratory, and radiographic criteria plus microbiologic diagnosis), probable (clinical, laboratory, and radiographic criteria without microbiologic diagnosis), and possible (not all clinical, laboratory, and radiographic criteria met) categories. Clinical characteristics and antimicrobial use were assessed in the context of the consensus definitions.

Results
Bacterial respiratory co-infections were infrequent (1.2%); 1 patient had proven bCAP, and 11 (1.1%) had probable bCAP. Two patients (0.2%) had viral respiratory co-infections. Although 69% of patients received antibiotics for pneumonia, the majority were stopped within 48 hours in patients with possible or no evidence of bCAP. The most common nonrespiratory infection was urinary tract infection (present in 3% of the cohort).

Conclusions
Using multidisciplinary consensus definitions, proven or probable bCAP was uncommon in adults hospitalized due to COVID-19, as were other nonrespiratory bacterial infections. Empiric antibiotic use was high, highlighting the need to enhance antibiotic stewardship in the treatment of viral pneumonias.
Secondary attack rate in household contacts of COVID-19 Paediatric index cases: a study from Western India
Authors: Shah Komal , Kandre Yogini , Mavalankar Dileep 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Role of pediatric cases in secondary transmission of COVID-19 is not well understood. We aim to study secondary attack rate (SAR) of COVID-19 in household contacts of pediatric index cases from Gujarat, Western Indian state.

Methods
For this cross-sectional study, details of 2412 paediatric patients were collected from Government records. Through stratified random sampling 10% (n = 242) of the patients were selected for the study and were telephonically contacted for obtaining the details of household secondary infection; 72 pediatric index cases having 287 household contacts were included in the study.

Results
The SAR in household contacts of pediatric index cases was 1.7% (95% CI: 0.74–4%). Majority of the index cases were males (94.4%) with 66% of the patients being admitted at various hospitals and isolation facilities (45%); 37% were home quarantine. Of 72, 50 (74%) cases were aged between 12 and 18 years. The family size of the index cases causing secondary infection was comparatively larger than index cases without secondary household infection (6.75 ± 2.3 versus 4.9 ± 1.9; P = 0.034).

Conclusions
The household SAR from pediatric patients is low and is closely associated with the family size of the index cases. Hence, home quarantine should be advocated in smaller families with appropriate isolation facilities.
Perinatal Epidermal Growth Factor Signal Perturbation Results in the Series of Abnormal Auditory Oscillations and Responses Relevant to Schizophrenia
Authors: Inaba Hiroyoshi , Kai Ryota , Namba Hisaaki , Sotoyama Hidekazu , Jodo Eiichi , Nin Fumiaki , Hibino Hiroshi , Yabe Hirooki , Eifuku Satoshi , Horii Arata , Nawa Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Auditory neurophysiological responses, such as steady-state responses, event-related potential P300/P3, and phase-amplitude coupling, are promising translational biomarkers for schizophrenia, but their molecular underpinning is poorly understood. Focusing on ErbB receptor signals that are implicated in both schizophrenia and auditory processing/cognition, we explored the causal biological links between ErbB signals and these auditory traits with an experimental intervention into rats. We peripherally challenged rat pups with one of the amniotic ErbB ligands, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and characterized its consequence on the series of these auditory electrocorticographic measures. Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and cortical ON responses were also assessed under anesthesia to estimate the influence of higher brain regions. An auditory steady-state paradigm revealed attenuation of spectral power and phase synchrony to 40-Hz stimuli in EGF-challenged rats. We observed a reduction in duration mismatch negativity-like potentials and a delay of P3a responses, all of which are relevant to the reported auditory pathophysiological traits of patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, the perinatal EGF challenges resulted in enhanced theta-alpha/beta and theta-gamma coupling within the auditory cortex and changes in ABRs. However, the EGF challenges retained the normal ranges of cortical ON responses, potentially ruling out their fundamental auditory deficits. Perinatal exposure of an ErbB ligand to rats strikingly reproduced the whole series of aberrant auditory responses and oscillations previously reported in patients with schizophrenia. Accordingly, these findings suggest that developmental deficits in ErbB/EGF signaling might be involved in the auditory pathophysiology associated with schizophrenia.
Correlation Between Invasive and Noninvasive Technique of Intracranial Pressure Measurement in Children With Traumatic Brain Injury: An Observational Study
Authors: Dhanda Ankur , Singh Gyaninder P. , Bindra Ashish 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Direct measurement of intracranial pressure (ICP) is an invasive technique with potential complications, which has prompted the development of alternative, noninvasive, methods of ICP assessment. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between noninvasive ultrasound-based measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), transcranial Doppler-derived pulsatility index (PI), and invasive ICP measurements in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods:
Children aged 1 to 18 years undergoing invasive ICP monitoring following TBI were included in the study. Noninvasive ONSD and PI measurements were compared with simultaneous invasive ICP.

Results:
In all, 406 measurements of ONSD and PI were obtained in 18 patients. ONSD and PI correlated with ICP (r=0.76 and 0.79, respectively), combining ONSD and PI resulted in an even stronger correlation with ICP (r=0.99). Formulas were derived from mixed-effect models that best fitted the data for noninvasive ICP estimation. A combination of ONSD and PI had the highest ability to detect ICP >20 mm Hg (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.99, 95% confidence interval: 0.99-1.00). Optimal cutoff values for the prediction of intracranial hypertension were 5.95 mm for ONSD (sensitivity, 92%; specificity, 76%) and 1.065 for PI (sensitivity, 92%; specificity, 87%).

Conclusions:
In children with TBI, a combination of ONSD and PI strongly correlates with invasive ICP and has potential to screen for intracranial hypertension noninvasively. ONSD and PI may be useful tools for assessing ICP where invasive monitoring is unavailable or contraindicated.
Treating patients across European Union borders
Authors: Adam Elisabeth H. , Flinspach Armin N. , Jankovic Radmilo , De Hert Stefan , Zacharowski Kai 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND
In light of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, how resources are managed and the critically ill are allocated must be reviewed. Although ethical recommendations have been published, strategies for dealing with overcapacity of critical care resources have so far not been addressed.

OBJECTIVES
Assess expert opinion for allocation preferences regarding the growing imbalance between supply and demand for medical resources.

DESIGN
A 10-item questionnaire was developed and sent to the most prominent members of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC).

SETTING
Survey via a web-based platform.

PATIENTS
Respondents were members of the National Anaesthesiologists Societies Committee and Council Members of the ESAIC; 74 of 80 (92.5%), responded to the survey.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Responses were analysed thematically. The majority of respondents (83.8%), indicated that resources for COVID-19 were available at the time of the survey. Of the representatives of the ESAIC governing bodies, 58.9% favoured an allocation of excess critical care capacity: 69% wished to make them available to supraregional patients, whereas 30.9% preferred to keep the resources available for the local population. Regarding the type of distribution of resources, 35.3% preferred to make critical care available, 32.4% favoured the allocation of medical equipment and 32.4% wished to support both options. The majority (59.5%) supported the implementation of a central European institution to manage such resource allocation.

CONCLUSION
Experts in critical care support the allocation of resources from centres with overcapacity. The results indicate the need for centrally administered allocation mechanisms that are not based on ethically disputable triage systems. It seems, therefore, that there is wide acceptance and solidarity among the European anaesthesiological community that local medical and human pressure should be relieved during a pandemic by implementing national and international re-allocation strategies among healthcare providers and healthcare systems.
A Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach to Determine the Efficacy of Intravenous Amikacin in Children with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Woillard Jean-Baptiste , Bouchet Stéphane , Fayon Michael , Marquet Pierre , Monchaud Caroline , Bui Stéphanie 
Published: December 2020

Background:
In children with cystic fibrosis (CF), the currently recommended amikacin dose ranges between 30 and 35 mg/kg/d; however, data supporting this dosing efficacy are lacking. In this article, the objectives were to develop a nonparametric pharmacokinetic population model for amikacin in children with CF and investigate the efficacy and toxicity at different dose rates for distinct minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) clinical breakpoints using Monte Carlo simulations.

Methods:
Data from 94 children with CF (613 serum concentrations) from the Bordeaux University Hospital's CF-centre were analyzed. After determination of nonparametric pharmacokinetic population model parameters and associated influent covariates in Pmetrics, 1000 Monte Carlo simulations were performed for 7 different dose rates between 30 and 60 mg/kg/d, to predict the probability of obtaining peak serum amikacin ≥10 × MIC and trough level ≤2.5 mg/L, for MIC values between 1 and 16 mg/L.

Results:
The median (min–max) age and weight were 10 (0.3–17) years and 29 (6–71) kg, respectively, with only 2 children younger than 1 year of age. Body weight and creatinine clearance significantly impacted the amikacin volume of distribution and clearance. The mean relative bias/root mean squared error between observed and individual predicted concentrations was −0.68%/8.1%. Monte Carlo simulations showed that for sensitive bacteria with MICs ≤ 4, 30 mg/kg/d was most appropriate for a 100% success rate; for bacteria with MICs ≥ 8 [eg, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MICamikacin = 8)], a dose of at least 40 mg/kg/d allowed a high success probability (90%), with a trough level below 2.5 mg/L.

Conclusions:
For intermediate pathogens, a dose of at least 40 mg/kg/d can improve efficacy, with an acceptable calculated residual trough level in cases of normal or hyperfiltration. Because amikacin undergoes renal clearance, which is immature until 1 year of age, dosing recommendations for this age group may be markedly high, warranting cautious interpretation.
A History of the Radiation Warning Sign
Authors: Frame Paul W. , Frame Emily A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper provides a history of the radiation warning sign with a focus on the period from 1946 to 1948. It employs previously unpublished material from the University of California Radiation Laboratory’s Health Chemistry Group, the memoirs of John Gifford, and an account by George Warlick. Also considered is an alternative version of the sign’s origin described by Cyrill Orly.
Magnetoacoustic wave energy dissipation in the atmosphere of solar pores
Authors: Gilchrist-Millar Caitlin A. , Jess David B. , Grant Samuel D. T. , Keys Peter H. , Beck Christian , Jafarzadeh Shahin , Riedl Julia M. , Van Doorsselaere Tom , Ruiz Cobo Basilio 
Published: December 2020

The suitability of solar pores as magnetic wave guides has been a key topic of discussion in recent years. Here, we present observational evidence of propagating magnetohydrodynamic wave activity in a group of five photospheric solar pores. Employing data obtained by the Facility Infrared Spectropolarimeter at the Dunn Solar Telescope, oscillations with periods of the order of 5 min were detected at varying atmospheric heights by examining Si ɪ 10827 Å line bisector velocities. Spectropolarimetric inversions, coupled with the spatially resolved root mean square bisector velocities, allowed the wave energy fluxes to be estimated as a function of atmospheric height for each pore. We find propagating magnetoacoustic sausage mode waves with energy fluxes on the order of 30 kW m
−2
at an atmospheric height of 100 km, dropping to approximately 2 kW m
−2
at an atmospheric height of around 500 km. The cross-sectional structuring of the energy fluxes reveals the presence of both body- and surface-mode sausage waves. Examination of the energy flux decay with atmospheric height provides an estimate of the damping length, found to have an average value across all five pores of
L

d

≈ 268 km, similar to the photospheric density scale height. We find the damping lengths are longer for body mode waves, suggesting that surface mode sausage oscillations are able to more readily dissipate their embedded wave energies. This work verifies the suitability of solar pores to act as efficient conduits when guiding magnetoacoustic wave energy upwards into the outer solar atmosphere.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘High-resolution wave dynamics in the lower solar atmosphere’.
Group affiliation and corporate debt maturity: Co-insurance or expropriation
Authors: Sur Jagan Kumar , Chauhan Yogesh 
Published: December 2020

PurposeWe examine how business group affiliation affects corporate debt maturity.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs the financial data of all listed Indian companies obtained from the CMIE database for 2011–2018. The ordinary least square, firm-fixed effect and Fama–Macbeth regression methods are used for empirical analysis. We use propensity score matching and difference-in-difference method to address endogeneity issues. Further, two-stage least square (2SLS) regression is performed to mitigate the endogeneity that stems from simultaneity between debt maturity and leverage.FindingsUsing Indian firms, we report that group affiliation is positively associated with corporate debt maturity; group firms use more long-term debt compared to similar standalone firms. We also observe that the positive effect of group affiliation on debt maturity is more pronounced in business group firms associated with a group having more resources and having unrelated diversification. However, information asymmetry and moral hazard problems weaken the impact of group affiliation on debt maturity structure of a firm. Overall, our results are consistent with co-insurance benefits that are an argument for the presence of business groups in emerging markets.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the existing literature by testing the role of group affiliation on corporate debt maturity decisions in the Indian market context where market imperfections persuade firms to borrow from banks. This is also the first study on determinants of corporate debt maturity that distinguishes between public and private debt.
Aotearoa New Zealand: keeping the virus at bay
Authors: Lilley Spencer 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThis paper responds to an invitation from the Editor to write about how the COVID-19 virus has impacted on New Zealand and possible future outcomes, which are presented as three scenarios.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses a scenario-based methodology to outline the implications of COVID-19 in New Zealand. Three different scenarios are presented for consideration.FindingsThere is a need for adaptability and flexibility in the way that New Zealand approaches how it recovers from the impact that COVID-19 has had. Specific challenges for libraries are to ensure that they can continue to deliver resources and services to their communities in a fast-changing environment.Research limitations/implicationsThere will be a substantial number of research opportunities in the years ahead to identify how libraries were able to contribute to recovery efforts.Originality/valueThis is a thought piece, delivered as scenarios. It only presents the views of the author.
Managing a library service through a crisis
Authors: Cowell Jane 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThe study aims to explore public libraries' ability to respond to worst-case scenarios and whether planning and scenario planning is a useful exercise to prepare library staff and library organisations for quick and agile responses to crises in the future.Design/methodology/approachPersonal viewpoint of crisis management of a library service through the experience of the library service the author manages.FindingsThis paper describes Yarra Plenty Regional Library’s (YPRL’s) response to the pandemic and lockdowns in Metro Melbourne. It offers some opinions on library services readiness to respond to crises and describes the foundations of YPRL's successful response.Originality/valueYPRL is a regional corporation governed by a board of directors and serves three councils. This is one of 10 such corporations in Victoria. The organisation's response and the development as a corporation through this crisis is something that other organisations can learn from.
Multidimensional morphological assessment for middle school students
Authors: Goodwin Amanda , Petscher Yaacov , Tock Jamie 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundMiddle school students use the information conveyed by morphemes (i.e., units of meaning such as prefixes, root words and suffixes) in different ways to support their literacy endeavours, suggesting the likelihood that morphological knowledge is multidimensional. This has important implications for assessment.MethodsThe current study investigates the dimensionality of morphological knowledge considering the performance of 3,214 fifth through eighth graders on a range of morphological tasks (N = 14 across the project's development and 10 for dimensionality analyses) and items (N = 491) using multiple‐group item response modelling. It then presents validation evidence related to performance of 1,140 fifth through eighth graders on a gamified, computer‐adaptive, multidimensional assessment of morphological knowledge, which consists of seven morphological tasks and 181 items that make four morphological skills.ResultsResults indicate morphological knowledge is multidimensional and best represented via a bifactor model of four skills as well as task‐related variance. These skills are Skill 1: Morphological Awareness; Skill 2: Morphological‐Syntactic Knowledge; Skill 3: Morphological‐Semantic Knowledge; and Skill 4: Morphological‐Orthographic/Phonological Knowledge. The assessment designed after this model, called Monster, PI, was shown to be both reliable and valid, with each morphological knowledge skill explaining unique variance in standardised reading vocabulary.ConclusionsFindings suggest that morphological skills play unique roles in language and literacy outcomes. This indicates the importance of conceptualising and assessing morphological knowledge as multidimensional. Implications for theory, research, policy and practice are considered.