bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
173 Characterization of urea transport mechanisms in the intestinal tract of growing pigs
Authors: Columbus Daniel , Krone Jack , borgh Miriam ter , Burakowska Kasia , Gratton Gillian , Hamonic Kimberley , Agyekum Atta K , Penner Greg B 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that pigs are capable of nitrogen salvage via urea recycling, which involves the movement of urea into the gastrointestinal tract and incorporation of nitrogen into endogenous or microbially produced amino acids. Aquaporins (AQP) and urea transporter B (UT-B) have been shown to contribute to urea transport in ruminants; however, it is unclear whether the same processes contribute to urea movement in the intestinal tract of the pig. The objective of this study was to characterize the presence and relative contribution of known urea transporters to urea flux in the growing pig. A total of 9 barrows of 50.8±0.9 kg BW were euthanized and samples of intestinal tissue were obtained from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon. All tissue samples were analyzed for mRNA abundance of UT-B and AQP-3, 7, and 10 via qPCR. Immediately after tissue collection, samples from jejunum and cecum were placed in Ussing chambers for analysis of serosal-to-mucosal urea flux using 14C-urea (49.95 kBq). Serosal-to-mucosal urea flux was measured across intestinal tissue samples with no inhibition or with addition of phloretin (1 mM) to inhibit UT-B-mediated transport, NiCl2 (1 mM) to inhibit AQP-mediated transport, or both inhibitors. UT-B was most highly expressed in the cecum (P &lt; 0.05), while AQP-3, 7, and 10 were most highly expressed in the jejunum (P &lt; 0.05). Serosal-to-mucosal urea flux occurred in both the jejunum and the cecum and was higher in the cecum (42.7 vs. 67.8±5.01 µmol/cm2/h; P &lt; 0.05), confirming the capacity for urea recycling into the gut in pigs; however, neither flux rate was influenced by urea transporter inhibitors (P &gt; 0.05). The results of this study indicate that while known urea transporters are present in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, they do not play a significant role in urea transport.
174 Multi-enzyme solution improved growth performance of piglets fed a corn-SBM-DDGS based diet
Authors: Perez Victor G , Li Wenting , Hong Jinsu , Rudolph Bryan , Souza Ana Lucia Pozzobon de , Remus Janet C , Woyengo Tofuko A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effect of adding a multi-enzyme product to corn-SBM-DDGS-based diet on growth performance of weaned pigs. A total of 132 pigs weaned at 21 d of age (initial BW=7.5±1.5kg) were blocked by weight and housed in pens of 4 barrows (6) or gilts (5) per pen (n = 11). The diets consisted of: 1) a corn-SBM-based diet with high animal-by products (Comp); 2) a corn-SBM-based diet with 5 to 15% DDGS and reduced animal-by products (Simp); and 3) Simp with a multi-enzyme product that supplied 4,000 U of xylanase, 150 U of β-glucanase, 150 U of amylase and 3,000 U of protease/kg (Simp+ENZ). All diets were isoenergetic and met the NRC (2012) recommendations for weaned pigs. The diets were fed for 6 weeks with a 3-phase-feeding program: phase-1, 0–7 d; phase-2, 7–21 d and phase-3, 21–42 d post-wean. A Buttiauxella spp. phytase was supplemented at 2000, 1250 and 1250 FTU/kg for phase-1, 2 and 3, respectively. Pharmaceutical level of Zn was only included in phase 1 and 2 at 3000 and 2000 ppm, respectively. Performance was measured by phase and analyzed using SAS MIXED model with repeated measure. Average ADG from 0–42 d was 521, 465 and 434 g/day in pigs fed Comp, Simp+ENZ and Simp diet, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). The ADFI was 861, 765 and 778 from 0–42 d in pigs fed Comp, Simp and Simp+ENZ (P &lt; 0.05). Final BW for pigs fed Simp+ENZ was 1.36 kg heavier than those fed Simp (26.93 vs. 25.57 kg, P &lt; 0.05). Fecal score was not affected by feeding Simp diet with or without enzyme as compared to those fed Comp diets (P &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, the multi-enzyme solution significantly improved ADG when piglets were fed a diet containing low animal by-products and high DDGS.
420 Case study: Educational outreach as a component of graduate education
Authors: Galvin Megan K , Smith William B 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Graduate students are developing skills in scientific communication, research, and various other specified trainings. However, adequate resources for these students are not always available at their home institution. Educational outreach programs are often discussed in relation to secondary education. The potential to expand these types of programs to the post-secondary and graduate levels of education would represent a potential benefit to the students, scientists, and universities involved in the exchange. In such programs, graduate students would participate in an exchange with other universities to address deficits introduced by a lack of resources. This educational experience in a new setting would allow exposure to techniques and ideals otherwise inaccessible to the student. The objective of this observational case study was to evaluate the relevance and value of graduate exchange as an educational outreach model in graduate education. In this case study, a graduate student from Tarleton State University’s Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Technology was supported to study for a period of three weeks in the University of Georgia’s Parasitology Laboratory. This exchange was established to teach in vitro techniques related to the student’s graduate research. The student was able to gain valuable experience in laboratory techniques that aided in personal and professional growth while also expanding the capabilities of the home institution through training exercises conducted on return to campus. In addition to expansion of research capacity, the student was able to serve as an ambassador for the home institution, thereby enabling a more fluid exchange of ideas through student recruitment. Qualitative results from this case study would indicate that similar educational outreach opportunities are valuable components of graduate education and serve as an example for development in future graduate programs.
423 What’s the beef with communication? Investigating communication styles of advanced animal science students
Authors: Norris Shannon L , Leggette Holli , Siptak Hanna , Herring Andy , Murphrey Theresa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Effective science communication skills are vital to the animal science industry for translating science-focused information to lay audiences. To address the American Society of Animal Science’s (2017) third core principle of communicating research and scientific information in an “open, transparent, and dynamic manner,” we sought to investigate the communication styles of students enrolled in a senior-level animal science (beef cattle production) course at Texas A&M University. To do so, we described students’ preferred communication style(s) and ranching experience levels to assess potential effect of ranching experience levels on communication styles. We used Hartman and McCambridge (2011) communication style assessment to describe the communication styles of amiable, analytical, driver, and expressive for students enrolled in this course during four semesters (N = 188; spring 2018 = 61, summer 2018 = 15, fall 2018 = 55, and spring 2019 = 57). Of these, 124 were females (66%) and all (100%) were animal science majors. Students preferred the amiable communication style (n = 59; 31.4%), while females preferred amiable (n = 124; 32.3%) and males preferred driver (n = 64; 29.3 %). Students were moderately experienced with ranching (M = 3.1, SD = 1.08 on a 1-to-5, lowest to highest, respectively, scale). We used a one-way, between-subjects ANOVA to compare the effect of ranching experience on communication styles at the P &lt; 0.05 level and met the assumption of homogeneity using Levene’s test (P = 0.52). There was no significant effect [F(10, 174) = 0.68, P = 0.74]. Because amiable communicators are generally supportive but not assertive, we recommend implementing decision-making exercises to move them to become more assertive in making decisions. Previous experiences due to familiarity with livestock production were not related to communication styles. Therefore, we recommend investigating students’ communication styles to prepare animal science graduates to meet industry needs.
177 Strategies to improve the efficiency of beef cattle production
Authors: McAllister Tim A , Basarab John , Guan Leluo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Globally there are approximately 1 billion beef cattle raised in both intensive and extensive production systems and of the principal livestock species, beef cattle are known to have the poorest feed efficiency. As a result of low feed efficiency, cattle also have a larger environmental footprint per kg of product produced. However, these metrics fail to consider that beef cattle produce high quality protein from feeds that are largely unsuitable for other livestock species. Even in Canada’s intensive beef production system, forages account for more than 80% of feed, with high grain diets only being fed for 3 to 4 months during finishing. Strategies to improve the efficiency of beef cattle are focusing on the genetics of the host, the functional efficiency of the gastrointestinal microbiome and the structure and composition of the feed. Maintenance of hybrid vigor is central to matching the optimal biological type of animal to a variety of management practices and environments. Genotyping can play a key role in ensuring hybrid vigor is maintained so that populations can adapt to changing environmental conditions brought about by influences such as climate change. The central role of microbiome-host interactions in the efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract is becoming increasingly apparent. Microbial markers and gene expression patterns within the intestinal microbiome are being used to identify efficient hosts and to alter the microbiome in a manner that enhances fibre digestion. Finally, feed types and feed processing are being optimized to maximize the value that can be derived from both forages and concentrates. This multi-faceted approach to improving efficiency is coupled with strategies that reduce disease and improve host health. Strategies to improve the efficiency of cattle production are a perquisite for the sustainable intensification that is needed to satisfy the future demand for beef.
PSIII-14 Infrared thermography as a tool to detect inflammation in feedlot lambs with footrot
Authors: Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen , Nordi Wiolene Montanari , Gellatly Desiree , Meléndez Daniela M , Schwinghamer Timothy , Marti Sonia , Anklam Kelly , Donkersgoed Joyce Van , Parker Kathy , Dopfer Dorte 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Infrared thermography (IRT) has been used as a non-invasive tool to detect inflammatory processes associated with disease in livestock. The aim of this study was to evaluate IRT as a tool to compare healthy and footrot (FR) affected hooves in feedlot lambs with varying degrees of lameness over two seasons. A total of 106 lame lambs with footrot from a feedlot in Alberta were individually categorized according to a 3-point locomotion scale [1 = mild (n = 7), 2 = moderate (n = 46) and 3 = severe lameness (n = 53)] during the summer (n = 39) and fall (n = 68) of 2018. All lambs were physically examined once by two experienced observers to determine if the lamb had footrot. IRT images of the interdigital space were used to obtain the maximum hoof temperature (MHT) of both FR affected as well as healthy (CT) hooves within the same animal. Generalized linear mixed models (SAS PROC GLIMMIX) were performed separately for each season and diagnosis and included locomotion score as a fixed effect and ambient temperature as a co-variate. Predicted means were compared using the limits at 95% of confidence. Overall, greater MHT (P &lt; 0.05) were observed for FR affected compared to unaffected hooves for lambs categorized as moderately and severely lame, within each season. However, no differences (P &gt; 0.05) in MHT were observed for lambs categorized as mildly lame, likely due to the small number of lambs having a locomotion score of 1. Under the conditions of this study, thermal images can be effectively used as a tool to distinguish footrot affected hooves in feedlot lambs with moderate and severe lameness. Further studies should be conducted with more lambs with a locomotion score of 1 to assess the relationship between mild lameness, IRT, and footrot diagnosis.
PSIII-2 Effects of temperament on adaptation to prolonged water restriction
Authors: Bruno Kelsey , Ahlberg-Smith Cashley , Meador Heather , Calvo-Lorenzo Michelle S , DeSilva Udaya , Krehbiel Clint , Mateescu Raluca G , Place Sara E , Rolf Megan , Vanoverbeke Deb , Wilson Blake K , Richards Chris 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
It is generally accepted that “temperamental” cattle are more anxious or experience higher stress, causing differences in intake and performance. The objective of this study was to examine whether temperament affects how steers perform during prolonged water restriction, a chronic stressor. Steers from numerous sources in 4 groups (n = 469) were randomly allocated to 2 weight blocks. Steers were fed ad libitum 3 times a day for 70 d. After a 28 d step-down period, steers were maintained at 50% of normal water allotment for 42 d while feed continued to be offered ad libitum. Individual feed and water intake (WI) were measured daily using an Insentec RIC feeding system. Body weight, exit velocity (EV; measured over 1.5m), and chute score (CS; reported on a 1–4 scale) were measured every 14 d. Lower scores indicate calmer temperament. Due to the study design, DMI, ADG, G:F, and WI were split into 7 periods (d 0–28, 28–70, 0–70, 98–140, 98–112, 112–126, and 126–140). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS where the model included EV, CS, the interaction, and block; group was included as a random effect. Gain, DMI, and G:F d 0–28 were affected by both CS and EV. Slow EV steers had higher DMI than fast EV steers (P &lt; 0.02) during d 28–70 and 0–70. During d 28–70, intermediate CS steers had the highest DMI (P &lt; 0.05). During d 0–70 and 98–140, intermediate CS steers had the highest ADG (P &lt; 0.05). All measures of DMI and WI were higher in the heavy weight block (P &lt; 0.05); ADG and G:F were also higher in the heavy weight block during d 0–70 (P &lt; 0.001). This experiment indicates that there may be performance benefits for steers with intermediate CS during long periods of water restriction.
PSIII-15 Effect of a neuro-sensory additive on behaviour and growth of feedlot finishing beef cattle
Authors: D’Aurea Andre Pastori , Desrousseaux Guillaume , Fonseca Natalia Vilas Boas , Fernandes Lauriston Bertelli , Tozetto Rodrigo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Combining natural additives with specific and selected neuro-sensory molecules is a possible solution to manage stress in feedlot beef cattle. The objective of this study was to compare the combination of a neuro-sensory additive (VeO) with a mix of natural additives (Fator P, Premix, Brazil) on behavior and performance. This study was conducted from May to August in the Premix Research Center, Patrocínio Paulista, Brazil. Fator P is made up of amino acids, organic minerals, probiotics, essential fatty acids and surfactant. VeO is based on a specific extract from Rutacea family. 80 Nellore bulls were randomly assigned to a control group (FP) and a treated group with 40 animals in each (10 per pen). Both groups received the same total mixed ration with the addition of a neuro-sensory additive (FPV) as the only difference. Adaptation period was considered as 21 first days out of 100 days total fattening period. Analyzed variables were eating (min/day) and rumination (min/day), average daily gain (g/day), dry matter intake (%BW) and feed conversion. Tukey test was used for comparison of means. During adaptation, animals spent 30.8 % more time ruminating. Feed conversion and DMI with FPV tended to be more efficient by 30.86% (P = 0.074) and 31.16% (P = 0.063) respectively. After 21 days, treated animals continued eating (P = 0.14) and ruminating more as well (P = 0.07). Over 100 days, bulls receiving FPV showed a higher average daily gain by 9.94% (+153 g/day, P = 0.07) consuming less feed per kg of growth (6.46 vs. 7.00; -7.7%; ns). Results showed that the use of the neuro-sensory additive with the mix of natural additives changed behavior of feedlot finishing bulls, leading to more efficient production with an increased average daily gain and an improvement of feed conversion.
PSVI-42 Effect of increasing concentrations of aflatoxins (AFB1) on rumen gas production (GP), dry matter (DM) disappearance and fermentation parameters using the in vitro ANKOM gas technique
Authors: Marden Jean-Philippe , Marquis Virginie , Medjdoub Kheira Hadjeba , Lacombe Marine 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species known to be the most prevalent contaminants in feedstuffs. In ruminants, contaminated AFB1 feeds usually exhibit symptoms including reduced feed efficiency and milk production and decreased appetite. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of AFB1 on rumen fermentation parameters by using the ANKOM gas production protocol. Rumen fluid was collected from a cannulated dry dairy cow, filtered with cheese-cloth and diluted (1:1) with a standard buffer. Triplicates of 75 mL flasks were fed 0,75g of feed (79% corn silage, 15% alfalfa and 6% concentrates) and inoculated with 0 (blank), 0,2, 0,5, 1 and 2 ppm of AFB1. Flasks were placed in a rotating incubation at 39°C for 96h and connected to ANKOM GP system. After 96h of incubation, the contents of each flask were centrifuged. Supernatants were analyzed for total VFA and AFB1 while precipitates were dried at 104°C for DM disappearance. The experimentation was repeated weekly 3 times and named wk1, 2 and 3. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS using a univariate model. Results showed no significant differences on GP max at 96h among AFB1 concentrations. Only wk 1 showed that higher AFB1 concentration (2 ppm) decreased significantly (P &lt; 0,05) DM disappearance (- 8,2 pts) when compared to the blank. Total VFA contents (75,0 ± 1,6 mM) were not affected by AFB1. Wk 2 and 3 did not show any difference neither on DM disappearance nor on VFA (89,1 ± 1,6 mM; 110,2 ± 4,8 mM). It can be concluded that our in vitro model, GP did not reflect DM disappearance and it can be put forward that rumen fluid with low total VFA concentrations (≤ 75 mM) could be more sensible to AFB1 challenge.
PSVI-27 Kidney damage in cows with steatosis
Authors: Nikitina Anastasia , Kovalev Sergey , Nikitin Georgiy , Plemyashov Kirill , Anipchenko Polina , Stekolnikov Anatoly , Nechaev Andrey , Mikhalev Vitaliy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Steatosis is an often detected pathology in cows. Due to hypertension, the load on the urinary system increases, which is accompanied by kidney damage. Often in cows with steatosis, necritis, pyelitis and kidney dystrophy are detected at autopsy. The goal of this study was to determine the characteristic features of kidney damage in cows with steatosis and to identify alterations in blood biochemistry. In 2018, a histological study was carried out on 7 samples of cow liver and kidneys with signs of hepatorenal syndrome (HRS). Observed pathological changes in the liver in the form of fatty degeneration, as well as a decrease in the content of glycogen in hepatocytes were recorded. The livers had a girder structure, moderately full. The sinusoids of the liver and Disse space were moderately dilated. Portal tracts had a typical histological structure; hepatic triads, represented by an interlobular artery, vein, and bile duct, were detected in the stroma. Schiff-iodic acid by MacManus stain showed decrease or absence of glycogen in the samples. The use of the same staining protocol showed positive staining of the reticular fibers of the interstitial kidney tissue. In the kidneys, hyaline droplet epithelium of the tubule, accumulation of hyaline-like substance in the spaces between the capsule and the vascular glomerulus, and development of fibrosing interstitial glomerulonephritis were noted. Biochemical analysis of blood showed normal levels of creatinine (68.5±2.7 μmol/L), and urea (6.6±0.3 mmol/L), and reduced concentration of albumin to 23.2±0.9%. Liver function parameters were elevated: total bilirubin (28.1±1.9 μmol/L), total protein (89.3±3.4 g/L), gamma-glutamyltransferase (131.9±18.0 IU/L). Urine analysis demonstrated proteinuria and hematuria.
PSVI-22 Immunity indicators of calves obtained from cows with ketosis during the treatment process
Authors: Kovalev Sergey , Nikitina Anastasia , Anipchenko Polina , Stekolnikov Anatoly , Kiselenko Pavel , Alekhin Yuiriy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The purpose of these studies was to determine the indicators of cellular and humoral immunity of calves. Compared to calves obtained from untreated cows, the number of T-lymphocytes in young calves born from cows treated with Timolin increased the level of T-cells to 32.9%, while using Timosplenin 45%. As a result of the use of immunomodulators in treating cows with ketosis in mothers, the relative content of T-lymphocytes in the blood of calves born from them increased when using the drug Leucogen by 1.7 times, Timosplenin by 2.3 times, Timalin in 2.2 times. The use of Leucogen for cows with ketosis contributed to an increase in the percentage of B cells in the blood of calves born by 23%, Timosplenin 83%, and Timalin 42%. At the same time, the absolute number of B-lymphocytes in the treatment of “Leucogen” increased 1.9 times and reached the level of healthy calves, in the treatment with the preparations “Timosplenin” and “Timalin” - the increase was, respectively, 3.0 and 2.3 times and was higher this indicator in young animals born from healthy calves. Thus, the inclusion of dry immunomodulators in the treatment regimen of patients with ketosis leads not only to normalization of metabolism, but is also accompanied by an increase in the level of cellular immunity factors in calves born from them. Under the influence of “Leucogen,” the percentage of lymphocytes was normalized, whereas with the introduction of “Timalin” and “Timosplenin,” the content of this type of cells in newborn calves even exceeded those in healthy young.