bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choreographing Architectures of Public Intimacy
Authors: Iyer Usha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 develops a body-space-movement framework that studies the spaces of dance, the movement vocabularies used, and the resulting construction of star bodies. This framework uncovers the production processes behind the fetishized space of the Hindi film cabaret, an “architecture of public intimacy,” whose spatial and choreographic operations arouse intense sensorial stimulation. Through a focus on cabaret numbers featuring the dancing star Helen, this chapter discusses the cine-choreographic practices that produce a collision of infrastructures, bodies, and spaces. The body-space-movement framework is also employed to analyze film dance in relation to Indian “classical” and “folk” dance forms. Borrowing from Indian performance treatises like the Natya Shastra and Abhinaya Darpana, this chapter deconstructs the dancing female body into three broad zones—the face, the torso, and the limbs—each of which is capable of a variety of addresses depending on the social connotations of those gestural articulations at certain historical moments.
Corporealizing Colonial Modernities
Authors: Iyer Usha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on Azurie and Sadhona Bose, once-famous, now-forgotten dancing stars of the 1930s–1940s, to excavate an intersecting, global history of early twentieth-century discourses on dance, featuring figures like Ruth St. Denis, Anna Pavlova, Rabindranath Tagore, Uday Shankar, and Rukmini Devi Arundale, among many others. Situating Bose, the Bengali bhadramahila, and Azurie, an Indo-German “dancing girl,” as co-choreographers of new mobilities throws light on cosmopolitan, transnational dance networks that intersected with nationalist projects of modernity. This chapter relates these dancer-actresses to the so-called revival of classical dance forms, which involved an appropriation of the cultural practices of traditional performers like devadasis and tawaifs by upper-caste, upper-class performers. By reading Bose and Azurie’s performing bodies and careers alongside each other, this chapter dislodges unitary accounts of the impulses and controversies around dance on film by a new class of urban performers.
Stardom Ke Peeche Kya Hai (What Is behind the Stardom)?
Authors: Iyer Usha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
With her vigorously libidinous dancing, her infamous “jhatkas and matkas,” Madhuri Dixit, the leading Hindi actress of the late 1980s and the 1990s, initiated a whole new movement vocabulary for the Hindi film heroine. Dixit’s moves carried the unmistakable imprint of the choreographer who led her to stardom, Saroj Khan. With her six-decade-long career, Khan constitutes a remarkable, embodied archive of Bombay cinema’s industrial practices in relation to dance performance and choreography. Chapter 5 delves into Khan and Dixit’s co-choreography of a new style of movement, reading choreography as an archival-corporeal system of transmission and transformation that articulates body cultures, industrial systems, and labor networks. A focus on training, rehearsal, and collaboration foregrounds the creative processes in their co-choreography that produced new techniques of the body, which both women continue to build on through richly intermedial careers in film, reality TV dance shows, and on web platforms.
Bringing an American Report Card to Russia
Authors: Searcy Anne 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 analyzes American Ballet Theatre’s (ABT’s) often-overlooked 1960 tour of the Soviet Union. The tour took place under highly fraught circumstances. Ballet was considered a uniquely Russian art form in both the United States and the Soviet Union. At many points in the spring and summer of 1960, both the Soviet and American governments threatened to withdraw support from the tour. In dealing with these concerns, ABT director Lucia Chase developed a strategy for presenting her company and the United States as the leader of an international, elite art form. Through repertoire and casting choices, she balanced the troupe’s profile, showing it as both an international company and an American organization. Moreover, the company’s American works bore striking similarities to Soviet drambalety and were therefore praised by Russian critics for displaying common aesthetic and political values. Much to the surprise of everyone involved, the strategy was successful.
Epilogue
Authors: Searcy Anne 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Epilogue addresses how issues in Cold War cultural diplomacy have played out in the last few years, focusing on the figures of David Hallberg and Alexei Ratmansky, two artists who have worked in both the American and Russian ballet worlds. Through a brief examination of their careers, the Epilogue shows how deeply the rhetorical strategies worked out during the Cold War continue to dominate discussions of ballet in the United States and Russia, despite the many obvious overlaps of personnel and repertoire in today’s globalized ballet culture.
Who Is a Refugee?
Authors: Parekh Serena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
“Refugee” is a term that is used in many different and sometimes inconsistent ways. This chapter provides an overview of the complexities involved in defining who a refugee is. It argues that because there is no universally agreed-on definition of a refugee, one that is consistent with international law, our moral intuitions, and on-the-ground practice, we cannot be confident that we are categorizing the right people as refugees and others as not deserving of any help. The line between refugees and other kinds of forced migrants is blurry at best, and a rigid distinction is perhaps impossible. The seemingly arbitrary way that refugee status is given is a feature of the global refugee regime that contributes to the second crisis and the inability of refugees to find refuge.
Moral Obligations, or Why We Should Help People Even If We Don’t Like Them
Authors: Parekh Serena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that Western liberal democracies have a moral obligation to rethink the way that refugees are treated during their displacement and to ensure they have access to the minimum conditions of human dignity. Yet many people find the language of morality uncomfortable or inappropriate when it comes to refugees. Others deny that morality is real and makes legitimate demands on us. This chapter responds to these concerns and gives an overview of the concept of a moral obligation by looking at its roots in philosophy and religion. The chapter examines the consequentialist, Kantian, religious, and human rights grounds for morality in order to demonstrate why a moral perspective is fundamental to addressing the crisis that refugees experience. This chapter makes clear that morality is not merely personal but can and must be extended globally. Countries must take their moral obligations to refugees seriously.
The Violence Pendulum
Authors: Matesan Ioana Emy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
What drives Islamist groups to shift between nonviolent and violent tactics? When do groups move away from armed action, and why do some organizations renounce violence permanently, while others only place it on hold temporarily? The Violence Pendulum answers these questions and offers a theory of tactical change that explains both escalation and de-escalation. The analysis traces the historical evolution of four key Islamist groups: the Muslim Brotherhood and al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya in Egypt, and Darul Islam and Jemaah Islamiyah in Indonesia. Drawing on a wide variety of archival materials, interviews, and reports, each chapter narrows in on critical turning points in each organization, and shows the factors that best explain whether the group legitimizes and resorts to violence and develops an armed wing. The book’s main contention is that Islamist groups alter their tactics in response to changes in the perceived need for activism, shifts in the cost of violent versus nonviolent resistance, and internal or external pressures on the organization. However, escalation and de-escalation are not simply mirror images of each other. Groups turn toward violence when their grievances escalate, when violent resistance is feasible and publicly tolerated, and when there are internal or external pressures to act. Organizations may renounce armed action when violence becomes too costly for the group, disillusionment eclipses the perceived need for continued activism, and leaders are willing to rethink the group’s the tactics and strategies.
Conclusion
Authors: Matesan Ioana Emy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the findings of the book and discusses their implications for our understanding of violence and nonviolence. Despite their differences, all four Islamist groups started legitimizing armed resistance when their grievances were high and violence was widespread. The groups turned to violent behavior once they began facing internal pressures from organizational fragmentation or external pressures from the state. Disengagement from violence does not occur when grievances cease to exist or groups no longer face pressures. Groups renounce violence when armed resistance becomes unsustainable, pressures turn to disillusionment, and leaders are willing to rethink tactics and strategies. The case studies examined in the book shed light on the contradictory findings on the effects of repression, by showing that that the impact of repression is filtered through organizational dynamics and social context. An effective long-term approach to terrorism should strive to design exit options from violence, resolve conflicts, and promote trust in the government.
Can One Turn to One’s Outward Baptism for Assurance of Salvation?
Authors: Tipson Baird 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a single day during a late-sixteenth-century confrontation between Lutheran and Reformed theologians. As each side argued for its understanding of the meaning of infant baptism, each fastened on a different part of Martin Luther’s teaching. As the theologians argued, the distinction between the traditional understanding of sacramental baptism and something else, an “inward baptism,” became clear. Commitment to an inward baptism, which appeared to the Reformed to be a necessary consequence of Luther’s teaching, would eventually create space for evangelicalism.
Building the Future
Authors: Parkin Jack 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe fourth chapter describes how technological decentralisation emerged with advancements in cryptography and acted as a political counterweight of resistance to the encroachment of centralised governments across (online) spaces. The decentralist worldview is shown to be rooted in the specific political geography of the West Coast of the United States that, during the latter half of the 20th century, became a crucible of counterculture and entrepreneurship. Fuelled by this vision, a monetarist desire to create fairer economies through algorithmic decentralisation gave rise to the advent of cryptocurrencies. The intersection and slippage of this technologically deterministic imaginary (preaching a freedom from hierarchy and control) with geographies of material practice is developed throughout following chapters.
Programming Politics
Authors: Parkin Jack 
Published: October 2020

AbstractChapter 5 outlines the community of developers who have contributed to Bitcoin’s source code. Drawing from ethnographic data and existing political economy theorisations of cryptocurrencies, the governance of the Bitcoin codebase is understood through obligatory passage points found among key individuals and groups involved in the creation of Bitcoin. The consensus model for making changes to the Bitcoin software shows how code is bound up with political tensions that arise through coordinating geographies of production. Pressures between different stakeholders are exposed to show how a stagnation of decision-making in code development and the increased likeliness of the project forking as it scales demands degrees of centralisation at the architectural level of cryptocurrency design so actions can be resolved and implemented. The overall political framework for altering Bitcoin’s code is described as senatorial governance: a (de)centralised model where bureaucratic parties compete to change the monetary policy (codified rules) of the protocol.
Embedded Centralism
Authors: Parkin Jack 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDrawing from ethnographic research conducted within the Silicon Valley cryptocurrency and blockchain industry, Chapter 7 provides an account of the situated frictions among varying stakeholders in high-technology culture. The clashing of libertarian anarchy and entrepreneurial profit-seeking are forced into a vision reminiscent of the Californian Ideology, contributing to tensions of a splintering community. Blockchain technology is symptomatic of this polarising worldview. As “radical” and “disruptive” start-up companies are absorbed into the embedded spatial ties of the surrounding economy, they become increasingly “normalised” by their investors at the same time as scaling to enrol more users within their platforms. This has the effect of funnelling financial practices on blockchains through proprietary software controlled by a small number of technocrats, who can be more easily regulated by nation-state jurisdictions. The entrepreneurial geographies of high-technology agglomeration industries thereby act as another spatial limitation to algorithmic decentralisation.
Blueprinting BlockchainsIntroduction
Authors: Parkin Jack 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe final chapter dives deeper into the territory of spin-off blockchains offered as technological modes of organisation for decentralising a host of socioeconomic practices. Recent discussions of platform capitalism are used to critique claims that blockchains are an incorruptible mode of democratic governance. Instead, blockchain capitalism is offered as a more accurate transaction model where profit necessitates certain points of centralisation through dominant distributed ledger technologies. A close examination of blockchain typologies reveals the co-option of these architectures by the very centralised banking firms and governments they were initially designed to bypass. As financial giants and central banks design their own distributed ledgers to increase the efficiency of business practices and monetary policy, innovation from the disruptive edges is once again absorbed into “the centre” by the corporate/state powers that be.
Introduction
Authors: Laats Adam 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The notion that Americans do not disagree about evolution can seem difficult to digest. This introduction previews the many ways that Americans fight about creationism yet share a fundamental desire to have children learn real evolutionary science. To recognize the real contours of American disagreements about creationism—not merely the inflated rhetoric we see in newspapers—all sides need to adopt a humbler attitude about their own preconceptions. Secular people need to take note of the broad divisions among American creationists and realize that few creationists actually dispute mainstream science. Creationists who are nervous about mainstream science need to modify their century-old anxieties.
After Their Kinds
Authors: Laats Adam 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the many varieties of American creationism. A certain form of creationism tends to attract the most attention, a form this book describes as “radical” creationism. Some radical creationists believe in ideas that are truly outside the scientific mainstream, such as an actual global flood and the recent creation of humanity within the last 10,000 years or so. But those creationists are by far not the only representatives of American creationism. All religious traditions tend to have creation stories but very few religions demand that those stories are superior science. Many more people believe in types of creationism that have no argument with evolutionary science, as this chapter describes.
Ignorance and Evolution
Authors: Laats Adam 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Secular Americans might assume that creationism is the result of a lack of knowledge about evolution. In fact, as this chapter argues, creationists are not distinguished by their lack of knowledge. The best available evidence suggests that all Americans—creationist or not—do not know very much about actual evolutionary theory. Key ideas such as natural selection are vaguely understood, at best. Those who say they believe evolutionary theory tend to be just as ignorant about it as those who say they do not believe it. Creationism tends to be less about what people know than about whom they trust.
I Saw the Light
Authors: Laats Adam 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The history of culture-war battles over creationism and evolution have been dominated by the language of religious conversion. Instead of focusing on the science of evolutionary theory, activists have focused on its religious implications. This long tradition of conversion-talk has confused the real disagreements among creationists about evolutionary theory. It has not only been religious creationists that have tried to convert America to their particular creationist vision, but also secular people hoping to convert creationists to the side of mainstream science. In the end, talk of conversion only makes it more difficult to see the broad areas of agreement Americans share about evolutionary theory.
Conclusion
Authors: Laats Adam 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Americans do not have a fundamental disagreement about evolutionary science. Not the science itself, that is, and not in ways that matter to public policy. The thing that distinguishes radical creationists from the rest of us is not their sincere belief in religious ideas that seem peculiar to outsiders. Rather, the thing that separates radical creationists is their profound distrust of mainstream institutions. Radical creationists do not distrust science, but they have been taught for generations to distrust scheming secularists who hope to undermine their children’s religious beliefs in the name of science. If we can separate out science itself from this accumulated distrust, we can agree on two fundamental principles about evolution education.
Personal Jurisdiction and Fifth Amendment Due Process Revisited
Authors: Keitner Chimène I. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the contested role of U.S. courts in adjudicating disputes with foreign elements. As a matter of domestic law, the Due Process Clauses in the U.S. Constitution constrain the scope of adjudicatory jurisdiction that legislatures can confer on State and federal courts. The Fourth Restatement restates the U.S. law of personal jurisdiction in civil proceedings as requiring that “sufficient contacts” exist between the defendant and the forum, “and that the exercise of jurisdiction be reasonable.” These criteria limit the reach of U.S. courts’ personal jurisdiction. The chapter explores these limits and Congress’s ability to extend them. It also revisits the history and jurisprudence of Fifth Amendment due process limits on personal jurisdiction, considering the Anti-Terrorism Clarification Act of 2018 (ATCA) and the Promoting Security and Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act of 2019 (PSJVTA).
International Law in U.S. Courts within the Limits of the Constitution
Authors: Harrison John C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains that in order to facilitate the expert, impartial, and uniform ascertainment, development, and application of customary international law in U.S. courts, the Supreme Court of the United States should return to treating customary international law as neither State nor federal, but general, law. The federal courts should ascertain the content of that body of law for themselves, treating State-court precedents on that subject with respect but not as binding on them. The lower federal courts should follow both the Supreme Court’s approach to customary international law and any principles thereof that it announces. The Court should take the same approach to private international law when a conflicts question concerns the extraterritorial application of the law of a State of the Union. Indeed, although the chapter does not propose applying this approach to all of conflict of laws, it suggests that the federal courts apply general principles of conflicts to decide when and whether the substantive law of a State of the Union applies to transactions outside the United States.
Adjudicatory Jurisdiction and Public International Law
Authors: Parrish Austen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how the Fourth Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States charts a new, unexpected path in the area of adjudicatory jurisdiction. The Fourth Restatement breaks with common understandings to find that personal jurisdiction is not a concern of international law. It indicates that “with the significant exception of various forms of immunity, modern customary international law generally does not impose limits on jurisdiction to adjudicate.” The Fourth Restatement’s discussion of adjudicatory jurisdiction also appears to premise its conclusion on two unorthodox approaches to international law. First, it implies that fundamental structural limits of the international legal system can disappear unless states are vigilant in protesting illegal activity of other states. However, states are not required to persistently protest illegal activity, and it is far from clear that the absence of protests can nullify long-standing principles of sovereignty. Second, the Restatement appears to assume that states have unfettered authority absent a limiting customary rule. Yet international legal practice has not traditionally addressed jurisdictional questions that way.
Evangelicals, Authenticity, and Sacrament
Authors: Porter Mark 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines evangelical worship music as an environment in which ideals of congregational singing focus particularly strongly on dimensions of affective interaction. Recent evangelical discourse has had a lot to say about ideas of authenticity and sacrament as they are present in musical worship. This chapter examines the potential for these terms to be understood as different varieties of resonant interaction as sound is either expressed outward from the worshiper into their surrounding environment or received inward as something that carries with it something from God. It highlights the limits of understanding these phenomena through a simple inward/outward dichotomy. Rather, it suggests that each relies on a range of different back-and-forth sonic and more-than-sonic interactions.
Conclusion
Authors: Porter Mark 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Conclusion draws together the insights gained through the exploration of different environments in the foregoing chapters. These insights suggest how these different situations of congregational musicking can be understood alongside one another. In concluding the book, this chapter returns explicitly to the nine questions asked in Chapter 1. Here the answers that have been given through the different explorations are considered, while reflecting on the outcomes of the volume as a whole. The Conclusion considers themes of contingency and normative experience that can be traced across the chapters of the book, and it suggests what the impact of this investigation might be going forward.