bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One step replica symmetry breaking and overlaps between two temperatures
Authors: Derrida Bernard , Mottishaw Peter 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We obtain an exact analytic expression for the average distribution, in the thermodynamic limit, of overlaps between two copies of the same random energy model (REM) at different temperatures. We quantify the non-self averaging effects and provide an exact approach to the computation of the fluctuations in the distribution of overlaps in the thermodynamic limit. We show that the overlap probabilities satisfy recurrence relations that generalise Ghirlanda–Guerra identities to two temperatures. We also analyse the two temperature REM using the replica method. The replica expressions for the overlap probabilities satisfy the same recurrence relations as the exact form. We show how a generalisation of Parisi’s replica symmetry breaking ansatz is consistent with our replica expressions. A crucial aspect to this generalisation is that we must allow for fluctuations in the replica block sizes even in the thermodynamic limit. This contrasts with the single temperature case where the extremal condition leads to a fixed block size in the thermodynamic limit. Finally, we analyse the fluctuations of the block sizes in our generalised Parisi ansatz and show that in general they may have a negative variance.
Unitary matrix decompositions for optimal and modular linear optics architectures
Authors: Kumar Shreya P , Dhand Ish 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We introduce procedures for decomposing N × N unitary matrices into smaller M × M unitary matrices. Our procedures enable designing modular and optimal architectures for implementing arbitrary discrete unitary transformations on light. Such architectures rely on systematically combining the M-mode linear optical interferometers together to implement a given N-mode transformation. Thus this work enables the implementation of large linear optical transformations using smaller modules that act on the spatial or the internal degrees of freedom of light such as polarization, time or orbital angular momentum. The architectures lead to a rectangular gate structure, which is optimal in the sense that realizing arbitrary transformations on these architectures needs a minimal number of optical elements and minimal circuit depth. Moreover, the rectangular structure ensures that each of the different optical modes incurs balanced optical losses, so the architectures promise substantially enhanced process fidelities as compared to existing schemes.
Asymptomatic Patient Testing After 10:1 Pooling Using the Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 Assay
Authors: Procop Gary W , Tuohy Marion , Ramsey Christine , Rhoads Daniel D , Rubin Brian P , Figler Richard 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Pool testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) preserves testing resources at the risk of missing specimens through specimen dilution.

Methods
To determine whether SARS-CoV-2 specimens would be missed after 10:1 pooling, we identified 10 specimens with midrange (ie, 25-34 cycles) and 10 with late (ie, &gt;34-45 cycles) crossing threshold (Ct) values and tested these both neat and after 10:1 pooling. Final test results and Ct changes were compared.

Results
Overall, 17 of 20 specimens that contained SARS-CoV-2 were detected after 10:1 pooling with the Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 Assay (Cepheid), rendering an 85% positive percentage of agreement. All 10 of 10 specimens with an undiluted Ct in the mid-Ct range were detected after 10:1 pooling, in contrast to 7 of 10 with an undiluted Ct in the late-Ct range. The overall Ct difference between the neat testing and the 10:1 pool was 2.9 cycles for the N2 gene target and 3 cycles for the E gene target. The N2 gene reaction was more sensitive than the E gene reaction, detecting 16 of 20 positive specimens after 10:1 pooling compared with 9 of 20 specimens.

Conclusions
An 85% positive percentage of agreement was achieved, with only specimens with low viral loads being missed following 10:1 pooling. The average impact on both reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions within this assay was about 3 cycles.
Stream sediment bacterial communities exhibit temporally-consistent and distinct thresholds to land use change in a mixed-use watershed
Authors: Martin Gregory , Dang Chansotheary , Morrissey Ember , Hubbart Jason , Kellner Elliot , Kelly Charlene , Stephan Kirsten , Freedman Zachary 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Freshwater ecosystems are susceptible to biodiversity losses due to land conversion. This is particularly true for the conversion of land from forests for agriculture and urban development. Freshwater sediments harbor microorganisms that provide vital ecosystem services. In dynamic habitats like freshwater sediments, microbial communities can be shaped by many processes, although the relative contributions of environmental factors to microbial community dynamics remain unclear. Given the future projected increase in land use change, it is important to ascertain how associated changes in stream physico-chemistry will influence sediment microbiomes. Here, we characterized stream chemistry and sediment bacterial community composition along a mixed land-use gradient in West Virginia, USA across one growing season. Sediment bacterial community richness was unaffected by increasing anthropogenic land use, though microbial communities were compositionally distinct across sites. Community threshold analysis revealed greater community resilience to agricultural land use than urban land use. Further, predicted metagenomes suggest differences in potential microbial function across changes in land use. The results of this study suggest that low levels of urban land use change can alter sediment bacterial community composition and predicted functional capacity in a mixed-use watershed, which could impact stream ecosystem services in the face of global land use change.
Older Adults Seek Out Congregate Nutrition Programs for Socialization
Authors: Robinson Kristen , Jenkins Susan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Social connectedness is vital for healthy aging. Older adults often have fewer opportunities to socialize due to reasons such as illness, death of spouse, and mobility limitations. The Older Americans Act Congregate Nutrition Program provides meals and related nutrition services in group settings to people age 60 and over. Until now, the contribution of congregate meals to the socialization of older adults has been primarily anecdotal. However, according to data from the 2019 National Survey of Older Americans Act Participants, over 40% of the 1.5 million people receiving congregate meals said that they started attending to socialize with other people. According to the data, two-thirds report their social opportunities have increased since becoming involved with these services. To measure the impact of program participation on socialization outcomes, an evaluation compared congregate program participants to non-participants. Findings from regression-adjusted socialization outcomes found that congregate meal participants were less likely to screen positively for depression (18% vs. 24% p&lt;.05) and have greater satisfaction with their socialization opportunities (94% vs. 86% p&lt;.01), yet there was no significant difference in a measure of perceived loneliness. Based on these results, we used weighted, bivariate tests to detect differences between congregate meal participants who were satisfied with the socialization opportunities to those who were not. Our findings suggest a significant relationship between number of days per week participants attended congregate meals and satisfaction with socialization, X2 (2, N = 1,072) = 7.5, p = &lt; .05.
The Influence of Aging Attitudes on the Relationship Between Loneliness and Perceived Health
Authors: Kondolf Kate , Shelton Zoë , Sörensen Silvia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Loneliness has negative implications for both psychological and physical wellbeing. Age-related impairments further limit social ties, making older adults with vision loss more susceptible to loneliness. Negative age stereotypes directed at the self over the course of one’s personal aging process (Levy, 2009) have harmful effects on cardiovascular health (Levy et al., 2009), engagement in health behaviors (Stewart et al., 2012), longevity (Sun et al., 2017), and psychological well-being. Feelings of loneliness are strongest among individuals who believe that loneliness is a part of aging (Pikhartova et al., 2015). Although loneliness and aging attitudes are both closely linked to health, their interplay has not been investigated within older adult populations. We hypothesized that attitudes about aging would increase as a result of loneliness and thus help explain the relationship between loneliness and perceived health. This study used baseline data from an intervention study of older adults with Macular Degeneration (N=224, aged 60-96, 63.4% female, 20% low-income). Measures: 8-item UCLA Loneliness Scale, Attitudes toward Own Aging scale (ATOA for self-stereotypes, Lawton, 1975), One-item self-reported health. Results: Linear regression showed significant relationships between loneliness and health (β=-.145, p&lt;.05), loneliness and ATOA (β=.32, p&lt;.001), and self-stereotypes and health (β=-.45, p&lt;.001). Adding ATOA to the model regressing health on loneliness rendered the direct effect of loneliness on health non-significant (β=-.014, p=.833), suggesting a mediator effect. Analyses controlling for age, gender, and education yielded comparable results, with the explained variance increasing from 5% (demographics and loneliness) to almost 24% (adding ATOA as mediator).
Development and Validation of Age-Friendly Employment Measurement
Authors: Choi Mi Sun , Dabelko-Schoeny Holly , White Katie , Sheldon Marisa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Scholars have paid attention to the concept of age-friendly to address aging workforce issues. Although prior research has been conducted to conceptualize age-friendly work environments by investigating older workers’ perspectives, little is known about the practices and conditions that promote organizations to employ older employees longer and theory driving measurement of age-friendly employment (AFE). To address these knowledge gaps, we developed the AFE measurement tool based on the existing measures, focus group data, two-round Delphi study and a pilot test. We collected primary data from human resource professionals working in a large city in the midwestern state and evaluated the reliability and validity of the AFE measurement using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Results supported the hypothesized five-factor structure. We obtained 16 indicators of AFE: 1) accommodation: fewer physical work demands, reduced work hours, mobility and transportation support; 2) development: career advice, a training needs assessment, and training opportunities to employees all ages; 3) maintenance: financial and medical benefits for full-time workers of all ages, and wellness programs benefits for full-time and part-time workers; 4) utilization: move into a different position, involvement in decision making, knowledge or skills transfer). Accommodation, maintenance, and inclusion factors were predicted by organizational size. A major strength of this study was that the AFE measurement was constructed using a lifespan theory (Selection Optimization Compensation model). The findings of the current study enable employers to self-monitor their ability to employ and retain older employees, especially for small organizations with less than 20 employees.
Living Alone Transitions and Mortality in Older Men and Women
Authors: Abell Jessica , Steptoe Andrew 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Living alone has been established as a risk factor for mortality, with biopsychosocial mechanisms suggested as plausible. However, it is unclear whether this is due to health selection. We analysed data from 4,888 individuals who participated in both wave 2 (2004-2005) and wave 4 (2008-2009) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Mortality status was ascertained from linked mortality register data. An association was found between living alone at wave four and mortality (HR: 1·20, 95% CI 1·04–1·38) in a model adjusted for a range of factors. We also found that participants who transitioned into a solo household due to divorce or bereavement had a higher risk of mortality (HR: 1·34, 95% CI 1·01–1·79). Transitioning into a solo household is also associated with mortality and the underlying reason for this transition was found to be important.
The Generational Impact on Meaning Making and Well-being of Adult Children Caregivers in Dementia Caregiving
Authors: Lou Vivian , Lai Daniel W L , Wong Daniel Fu-Keung , Yu Doris , Chen Shuangzhou , Leung Reynold 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Children caregivers contributed significantly to care and support dementia parents globally. In the caregiving journey, making sense of providing care plays significant role in their caregiving journey. In an ageing society such as Hong Kong, different generations of children caregivers take up dementia caregiver roles. We hypothesized that from studying baby boomers (BB, born in 1946-1964) and generation X (GX, born in 1965-1980), generations have impacts on their meaning making and well-being outcomes. 601 Caregivers completed a paper or online battery of questionnaires on burden (ZBI-4), mental well-being (PHQ-9), caregiving factors (ADL, IADL, caregiving hours, Positive Aspect of Caregiving; PAC) and the meaning making factors (Finding Meaning Through Caregiving; FMTC). Results showed that significant difference between caregivers from two generations. GX have significantly lower meaning made, measured by PAC affirming self and enriching life, as well as FMTC provisional meaning. While they spent less caregiving hours for the more independent care recipients, they suffered from higher burden, higher FMTC loss/powerless and worse psychological well-being (PHQ). The findings demonstrated generation X caregiver suffered from lower level of the meaning made and worse psychological wellbeing outcomes than BB caregivers. Future caregiver studies should take generational effect into account and services shall be provided in a generation-responsive approach.
Daily Stress Processes in a Pandemic: The Effects of Affect, Worry, and Age
Authors: Nelson Niccole , Bergeman Cindy 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
On March 13th, 2020, the World Health Organization declared a novel coronavirus, COVID-19, a pandemic. Given the day-to-day behavioral changes necessitated by this global threat, the current study examined daily stress reactivity and its potential moderators during the COVID-19 pandemic. Two-level, multilevel modeling was used to examine the daily relationship between perceived stress and negative affect, as well as the moderating effects of daily positive affect, average pandemic worry, and age, on this process. Participants included 349 individuals from the young adult, midlife, and later-life cohorts of the Notre Dame Study of Health & Well-being who completed a 28-day, daily diary study amidst the COVID-19 pandemic (NDHWB; Age Range = 26-89). Individuals were affectively reactive to perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic, experiencing higher negative affect on days of higher perceived stress. Regarding moderators, older individuals were less stress reactive than younger individuals, and the extent of individuals’ pandemic worry exacerbated their stress reactivity. Furthermore, daily positive affect buffered daily stress reactivity, regardless of pandemic worry and age. In sum, individuals who were younger or more worried about the pandemic tended to be more stress reactive than older or less worried individuals. Furthermore, daily positive affect buffered stress reactivity, and this buffering effect did not depend on age or the extent to which individuals were worried about the pandemic. Thus, mobilizing positive affect during the COVID-19 pandemic may be a promising avenue for intervention in daily stress processes.
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Villages: Results of a National Survey
Authors: Galucia Natalie , Morrow-Howell Nancy , Sun Peter , Meyer Tanner , Li Ying 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This study, launched in June 2020, documents the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Villages nationally. Villages are non-profit, membership-based organizations that provide support from volunteers and social connections to enable aging in place. We distributed on-line surveys to the leaders of the 287 Villages in the national network to capture the effects of the pandemic on organizational operations, membership recruitment, service provision, and member well-being. A 40% response rate (n=116) was obtained. A majority of Villages reported that the pandemic greatly affected the organization, with the top concerns being: 1) membership recruitment, 2) the health and well-being of members and volunteers and 3) connecting with their members outside of normal in-person events. Over half of the respondents reported that the mental health of members had declined; and there were high levels of disruption to usual health care. New member recruitment efforts were thwarted and most Villages lost revenue. About 70% offered virtual programming but, in general, participation in these on-line events dropped. From the survey respondents’ perspective, the value of the Village to members and their family increased (48%) or remained the same (22%). New opportunities emerged that may be continued post-pandemic: new meal and medicine delivery volunteer services, more on-line communication and telephone reassurance, and new family and community connections. Findings indicate a wide range of experiences during the pandemic, with variation stemming from age of the Village and size of membership. The study informs the sustainability and growth efforts of Villages during and after the pandemic.
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Brief Sense of Community Scale for Spanish-Speaking Older Adults in Puerto Rico
Authors: Buckley Tommy , Kim Kyeongmo , Burnette Denise 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Psychological sense of community is a concept used to describe how individuals feel about their community. The Brief Sense of Community Scale (BSCS) is an 8-item scale that includes these four domains: membership, needs fulfillment, emotional connection, and influence. It has been used in various contexts and was validated with young adults in Puerto Rico. The purpose of this study was to validate the BSCS for use with Spanish-speaking older adults in Puerto Rico. We conducted face-to-face interviews with a non-probability sample of 154 community- dwelling adults aged 60+ in Puerto Rico. BSCS is comprised of a 5-point likert-type scale with score values ranging from 0 (strongly agree) to 4 (strongly disagree) (total score range 0-32, mean= 24.75, SD= 6.04), and it showed good reliability in our sample (a=.85) and acceptable subscale reliability (membership, a=.85; needs fulfillment, a=.85; influence, a=.66; and emotional connection, a=.69). Five competing factor structures were tested based on prior research using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The CFA indicated that a four factor structure from the original scale was the best fit (χ² (16) =25.9; p=.06; RMSEA=.06; CFI=.98; TLI=.97; SRMR=.04). The BSCS showed significant correlations in the expected direction with quality of life (r=.41), social isolation (r=.34), loneliness (r=.27) and self-rated health (r=.17). We conclude that the BSCS is a valid and reliable scale for measuring psychological sense of community with community-dwelling Spanish-speaking older adults in Puerto Rico. Future research should confirm and extend our findings with other Spanish-speaking older adult populations.
Challenges of Caregivers of Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Sajwani Zara 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this presentation is to identify burden and problems experienced by caregivers of patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). AD results in gradual deterioration of cognition, language, and memory that can impact an individual’s ability to independently perform daily functional activities (CDC, 2019). The role of caregivers is significant in providing assistance to the patients with chronic AD which can be a source of strain for caregiver population. About 16.3 million informal AD caregivers have spent 18.5 billion hours, which is equal to value of $234 billion, to assist patients with other dementia types and AD in 2018 (Alzheimer’s Association, 2019). In-depth literature synthesis was carried out using multiple databases. Recent and relevant articles were selected to be added in the review. Due to responsibility of constant vigilance of AD patients, the caregivers may overlook their self-care needs and detach themselves from social life. Literature analysis revealed common challenges and needs of AD care partners including limited social engagement, concerns of sexuality, and sleep problems. Understanding caregiver problems will help nurses and other health care professionals to support families by planning preventive measures. Resources can be invested to improve physical and mental well-being of caregivers. Researches can be planned to bridge the knowledge gap identified through literature review on this topic. References Alzheimer’s Association. (2019). Alzheimer’s disease caregivers. http://act.alz.org/site/DocServer/caregivers_fact_sheet.pdf?docID=3022 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Alzheimer’s disease and healthy aging. https://www.cdc.gov/aging/aginginfo/alzheimers.htm
Life Course Socioeconomic Status and Later Life Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Neuropathological Lesions
Authors: Tom Sarah , Mehta Amol , Izard Stepanie , Crane Paul , Bennett David , De Jager Philip , Schneider Julie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
While higher life course socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with lower Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) risk, relationships with AD-related neuropathological lesions are unclear. We hypothesize that high SES in early, mid and late life will be associated with lower frequency of AD-related pathological lesions. The Rush Memory and Aging Project is a cohort of 2025 people age ≥ 65 years from Northeastern Illinois recruited 1997 – 2018; 972 participants died. We created binary variables for Braak stage (0-II versus III-VI), NIA-Reagan score (low likelihood/no AD pathology versus high/intermediate likelihood), presence of microinfarcts and, separately, macroinfarcts, and life course SES based on median for late life (baseline income), midlife (income at age 40 years), and early life (composite of parental education and number of siblings). Logistic regression models adjusted for ages at baseline and death, sex, presence of APOE-Ɛ4 alleles, and separately, vascular factors and education. Of 761 participants with relevant data, 69% were women, and mean ages at baseline and death were 83 + 6 years and 90 + 6 years, respectively. High early life SES was related to lower frequency of AD pathology (OR= 0.69, 95% CI 0.50, 0.96) and macroinfarcts (OR= 0.69, 95% CI 0.51, 0.94). Results were similar when adjusting for vascular factors; adjustment for education modestly attenuated these associations. Mid-life and late life SES were not associated with AD-related neuropathological lesions. High early life SES was related to lower frequency of AD pathology and macroinfarct presence. Environment during early development may influence later life brain aging.