bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Bayesian Structural Time Series Analysis of the Effect of Basic Income on Crime: Evidence From the Alaska Permanent Fund
Authors: Dorsett Richard 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of Alaska’s Permanent Fund Dividend on crime. The Dividend has been payable annually to state residents since 1982 and is the world’s longest-running example of a basic income. Initially universal, from 1989 onwards eligibility was withdrawn from an increasing proportion of those in prison. A Bayesian structural time series estimator is used to simulate Alaskan crime rates in the counterfactual no-Dividend case. A comparison with actual rates provides an estimate of the Dividend’s impact. This does not provide strong evidence of an effect. However, incorporating information on Dividend amounts suggests the size of payments is important, with larger amounts reducing crime. There is no evidence that this effect is reinforced by the 1989 change to eligibility. The results demonstrate the potential for a basic income to encourage positive outcomes and lend support to payment being universal rather than conditional.
A Dynamic Separable Network Model with Actor Heterogeneity: An Application to Global Weapons Transfers
Authors: Lebacher Michael , Thurner Paul W. , Kauermann Göran 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we analyse the network of international major conventional weapons (MCW) transfers from 1950 to 2016, based on data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). The dataset consists of yearly bilateral arms transfers between pairs of countries, which allows us to conceive of the individual relationships as part of an overall trade network. For the analysis, we extend the separable temporal exponential random graph model (STERGM) to account for time-varying effects on both the network level (trade network) and the actor level (country effects). Our investigation enables the identification of potentially differing driving forces that influence the formation of new trade relationships versus the persistence of existing ones. In accordance with political economy models, we expect security- and network-related covariates to be most important for the formation of transfers, whereas repeated transfers should prevalently be determined by the importers’ market size and military spending. Our proposed modelling approach corroborates the hypothesis and quantifies the corresponding effects. Additionally, we subject the time-varying heterogeneity effects to a functional principal component analysis. This analysis serves as an exploratory tool and allows us to identify countries with exceptional increases or decreases in their tendency to import and export weapons.
The Mediation Dilemma of (Not) Talking to Terrorists
Authors: Haspeslagh Sophie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNot long ago, it was accepted practice to ‘talk to whomever you need to talk to for peace’. Then the idea that you cannot talk to ‘terrorists’ took hold. The article explores norm contestation, what happens when hard norms interact with softer norm even when they are settled and central to mediation practice. The article traces the emergence, development and interaction of these two contradictory norms in key United Nations documents and discussions since 1945. It also triangulates this content analysis with personal interviews with UN mediators and perspectives from international non‐governmental mediators. The article argues that over the last 20 years the embedding of proscription regimes in the multilateral system has deeply re‐shaped fundamental norms underlying mediation such as impartiality, inclusivity and the idea that mediators should be able to speak to everyone to protect human lives.
Identifying and Understanding Distinctive Political Attitudes of Chinese Migrant Workers: A Research Note
Authors: Yeh Yao‐Yuan , Harmel Robert 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveThe objectives are to (1) determine the extent to which problem priorities of migrant workers differ from attitudes of both nonmigrating rural peasants and urban workers and (2) attempt to explain those differences as resulting from either relative deprivation or relative awareness.MethodsUsing data from a nationwide representative survey of Chinese adults, analyses include both cross‐tabulation and multiple regression.ResultsRural migrants are indeed significantly more likely than at‐home peasants to give high priority to solving several “economic” problems as well as environmental pollution and crime.ConclusionThe problem identifications of hundreds of millions of rural migrant workers have plausibly been altered by their experience as rural‐to‐urban migrants. Of broader theoretical significance, the findings of this study suggest not only that citizens’ attitudes can be shaped significantly by their environment, but that change in a citizen's attitudes may result when a citizen experiences a dramatic change in environment.
Perception of Immigrants in Europe: A Multilevel Assessment of Macrolevel Conditions
Authors: Boateng Francis D. , McCann Wesley S. , Chenane Joselyne L. , Pryce Daniel K. 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveIn recent times, immigration has been a controversial topic. Discussions about immigration have become common household conversation. The primary objective of the current study is to explore the dynamics of native‐born citizens' attitudes toward immigrants and examine the potential influence of macro‐level conditions.MethodsThe current study employed multi‐level techniques to examine macro‐level effects on attitudes toward immigrants across 22 European countries. Specifically, three Hierarchical Linear Models were conducted to achieve the study's stated objective.ResultsThe Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) analyses revealed that a country's level of economic development as measured by changes in gross domestic product (GDP) and education significantly influenced native‐born citizens' views about immigrants. Moreover, the number of immigrants (per 1,000 residents) and crime rates determine whether native‐born Europeans will view foreigners positively or negatively. Nevertheless, a country's unemployment rate had no significant effect on perceptions of immigrants. Several individual‐level characteristics were found to predict perceptions of immigrants among native‐born Europeans.ConclusionResults from this endeavor provide insights for addressing common misconceptions about immigration and also help in understanding, from empirical standpoint, how native‐born citizens form their views about immigrants.
The People and The Nation: The “Thick” and the “Thin” of Right‐Wing Populism in Canada
Authors: Erl Chris 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveWhile Canada is commonly portrayed as a bastion of political moderation, two influential right‐wing populist (RWP) movements appeared in the past decade. This study examines support for the People's Party of Canada (PPC) and “Ford Nation” of the eponymous Toronto‐based political family, comparing each movement's supporters.MethodsData from the 2014 Toronto Election Study and 2019 Canadian Election Study were analyzed with logistic regression models to assess differences between supporters of each movement.ResultsPopulism as a “thin‐centered ideology” is displayed by the differences between each movement. Ford Nation advanced a suburban‐focused neoliberal populism while the PPC blended libertarianism and civilizationist–nationalist rhetoric. Contrary to both movements’ platforms, PPC supporters did not display significant animosity toward immigrants, while those of the Ford Nation did. The supporters of Ford Nation were distinct among conventional supporters of RWP movements because they tended to be both immigrants and economically secure.ConclusionsWhile both the PPC and Ford Nation are RWP movements, each movement is only nominally related, as evidenced by their different underlying “thick” ideologies and the substantial differences among their supporters.
Low socioeconomic level and enterobius vermicularis: A interventional study to children and their mothers in home
Authors: Özdil Kamuran , Karataş Nimet , Zincir Handan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo determine the effects of care and monitoring provided at home to children in whom Enterobius vermicularis is detected and their mothers on the presence of observing the parasite and the knowledge and practices of the children and their mothers on the issue. This study used a pre‐test‐post‐test quasi‐experimental design. In the study, 20 students and their mothers were determined as the experimental group, while 18 students and their mothers were determined as the control group. Home visits were made to the families of the children in the experimental group for 6 months. At these home visits, health education on the parasite was provided to the mothers and the children. There were highly significant differences between the experiment and control groups in terms of E. vermicularis presence, knowledge and hygiene practice scores (p < .001).
The Onset of Double-Diffusive Convection in a Two-Layer System With a Viscoelastic Fluid-Saturated Porous Medium Under High-Frequency Vibration
Authors: Zhao Moli , Zhao Huan , Wang Shaowei , Yin Chen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The effect of high frequency vibration in the gravity field on the double-diffusive convection in a two-layer system with a viscoelastic fluid-saturated porous layer is studied. The averaging method is employed to split the unknown functions into a periodic rapidly varying part and a slower mean part. Then, the governing equation of perturbations is numerically solved by the Chebyshev tau method and QZ decomposition method. The influence of physical parameters on the stability of system is investigated. It is shown that the neutral stability curves are bimodal under high frequency vibration. The parameter of the high frequency vibration mainly stabilizes the pure fluid layer for greater wave numbers and has a weak impact on the whole system for smaller wave numbers.
Feasibility Assessment of a Grid-Connected Carbon-Neutral Community in Midland, Texas
Authors: Shah Archan , Engler Nicholas , Krarti Moncef 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMidland, Texas is one of the fastest-growing urban population centers in the country and has one of the lowest costs of electricity. This study aims to assess the potential of a grid-connected carbon-neutral community in an oil-rich city using energy efficiency measures and hybrid distributed generation (DG) systems. The community consists mostly of residential buildings including detached homes and apartment buildings. Moreover, a cost-optimization analysis of various DG technologies is carried out to meet both electrical and thermal loads of the community in Midland. The energy efficiency measures are selected for two main objectives: (i) reduce the total energy needs and (ii) electrify most of the buildings within the community. Improvement of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems and their controls are the main energy efficiency measures considered for all the buildings part of the community. DG systems are constrained by the renewable energy resources identified to be prevalent within the site of the community. It is found that photovoltaic (PV) systems are the most cost-effective, while wind and combined heat and power (CHP) would not be competitive compared to the current grid energy prices. Specifically, the optimization results indicate that PV, when implemented on a large scale, can provide adequate power to meet the energy needs of the community while also meeting carbon neutrality. A PV system size of 3400 kW is found to be required for the grid-connected community to be carbon neutral. While under this scenario a 100% reduction in carbon emissions is technically feasible, the cost of energy is estimated to be $0.194/kWh, almost double the current grid electricity price. However, if the capital cost of PV is decreased by 70% from its current level, the cost of energy due to the DG addition can be reduced significantly. In particular, a 1050-kW PV system was found to reduce the cost of energy below the grid electricity price of $0.10/kWh and achieves 31% reduction in carbon emissions for the community. Moreover, the 70% reduction in PV capital costs allows the carbon-neutral design for the community to be a cost-competitive solution with the grid.
Design Optimization of a Piezocomposite Morphing Multi-Element Airfoil
Authors: Wright Cody , Bilgen Onur 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A slotted natural-laminar-flow airfoil design is a two-element airfoil design that employs a slot between the fore and aft elements. This slot alters the pressure recovery condition on the suction surface of the fore element, minimizing skin-friction and inhibiting the laminar to turbulent transition. These benefits reduce overall aircraft drag and increase wing lift. This allows smaller planforms, in turn, reducing fuel burn. This paper investigates the proposal that by help of piezocomposite surface actuation the aft element can be moved, rotated, and morphed to be used as a high-lift effector for take-off and landing conditions. A theoretical analysis is performed using a coupled fluid-structure interaction method assuming static aero-elastic behavior. During analysis the fore-element of the multi-element airfoil is assumed rigid. Thus, shape optimization is limited exclusively to the aft element. Airfoil morphing is achieved by way of piezocomposite actuating elements applied to the pressure and suction sides of the aft element. A genetic algorithm is used to independently optimize substrate thicknesses for each piezocomposite actuator as well as voltage, chord position and piezocomposite length. The nominal and leading edge substrate thicknesses of the airfoil are also varied. The optimized geometry for the high lift configuration is presented.
Decoupled Antagonistic SMA Actuator for Valve Applications
Authors: Britz Rouven , Seelecke Stefan , Rizzello Gianluca , Motzki Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a novel shape memory alloy (SMA) valve actuator concept for active venting in injection molding applications. The developed system can be used to expel air which is trapped during the injection molding process. If such air bubbles are not properly removed from the cavity, they would result into an uncomplete cast and, in turn, in an unsuccessful molding. To address this issue, we propose a new valve system based on an agonist-antagonist SMA-spring actuator concept. By means of the developed SMA valve, the same dynamic performance of conventional actuators can be achieved with a more compact and lightweight actuator design. Design process, assembly, and validation of the novel SMA actuator are first described. In addition, development of an electronics concept and a test rig is discussed. First validation results are finally presented, showing the prototype electro-mechanical response when operating at different ambient temperatures.
Design and Test of an Articulation Mechanism for a Morphing Missile Nosecone
Authors: Ehler Andrew , Hoppe Christopher , Kovarik Hayden , Lamy Reed , Loo Connor , Moore Aaron , Shu Benjamin , Snyder Matthew 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper covers the design and development of a mechanism to change the angle of an air-to-air missile nosecone relative to the missile body while in flight. A group of senior cadets at the United States Air Force Academy performed the work in fulfillment of requirements for their capstone design project. The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) sponsored the project and provided a set of requirements to guide the design. These requirements include the challenge of torque transfer under significant loading in order to drive the nosecone to a new angle. The report will cover significant design changes from last year’s design and the justification for these changes. A complete sub-system breakdown follows. Finally, the planned testing and evaluation of the design is discussed.
The Effect of Fatigue Loading on Electrical Impedance in Open-Hole Carbon Nanofiber-Modified Glass Fiber/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Karnik I. T. , Tallman T. N. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Composite materials are ideal for many weight-conscious applications such as aerospace and automotive structures because of their exceptionally high specific properties. However, composite materials are susceptible to complex damage and difficult-to-predict damage growth. This necessitates the application of structural health monitoring (SHM) for in-operation monitoring of damage formation and accumulation. Self-sensing materials are strong candidates for composite SHM because they do not suffer from limitations associated with traditional, point-based sensors. A common approach to self-sensing is the piezoresistive effect in nanofiller-modified materials. To date, work in the area of self-sensing via the piezoresistive effect has focused overwhelmingly on the direct current (DC) response of these materials. This is an important limitation because alternating current (AC) effects inherently provide more information by relating both impedance and phase to damage. Therefore, this work explores the effect of high-cycle fatigue loading on the AC response of carbon nanofiber (CNF)-modified glass fiber/epoxy laminates. Specifically, impedance magnitude and phase angle are both measured through the thickness and along the length of a tension-tension fatigue-loaded specimen with an open-hole stress concentration as a function of load cycle and up to 10 MHz. The collected impedance data is then fit to an equivalent circuit model and correlated to stiffness changes. This means that changes in equivalent circuit behavior can be used to track fatigue-induced softening in self-sensing composites. In light of these promising preliminary results, AC effects appear to have considerable potential for real-time tracking of damage accumulation.
Tunable Postbuckling Systems of Bi-Walled Nonuniform Beams
Authors: Salem Talal , Jiao Pengcheng , Bolandi Hamed , Lajnef Nizar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Structural instability, in particular postbuckling resulted in predefined constraints, has been performing advantages in many applications given their promising mechanical characteristics. However, inadequate studies have been conducted to effectively control and tune the postbuckling behavior of bilaterally constrained nonuniform beams. This study develops postbuckling systems comprised of multiple nonuniform beams subjected to bilateral confinements. Theoretical model is developed using Euler-Bernoulli theory and small deformation assumptions to predict postbuckling response of the beam systems under quasi-static axial loading. To locate the minimum energy path of the deformed beam system, the minimization problem of total potential energies of the bi-walled beam systems is solved by Nelder-Mead algorithm. Snap-through transitions of buckled systems are shown by drops in the response curves. To validate the developed model with existing models in literature, the model was simplified to account for single uniform beam under displacement control. The proposed model is experimentally and numerically validated, and satisfactory agreements are obtained. Parametric studies are carried out to investigate the influence of varying the geometric parameters (i.e., length, thickness) of the nonuniform beams on the tunable systems. Using the presented theoretical model, the postbuckling events can be accurately controlled by the geometry properties of the nonuniform beams.
Vibration Response Studies of a Bi-Morph SMA Hybrid Composite Using 3D Laser Doppler Vibrometer
Authors: Srivastava Rupal , Kumar Ranjeet , Bhattacharya Bishakh 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
With the advancement in the field of morphing and adaptive structures, there has been a tremendous increase in the application of such systems in the civil and aerospace engineering, especially wherever space constraint and variable operational environment demand frequent changes in system configuration. The control of stiffness and hence dynamic response of such deployable structures can be achieved through smart material based actuation mechanisms such as shape memory alloys (SMA), and piezoelectric active fiber composites. Selection of appropriate smart material hinges on the requirements of the speed of actuation, actuator bandwidth, and force requirement. In this work, we study the vibration modes of a bi-morph SMA reinforced composite with controlled current input. The composite consists of two layers of SMA reinforcements with 0° and 90° orientation angles placed orthogonally in alternate plies. The temperatures of these layers are raised through Joule heating, first individually, and then followed by combined actuation, where the current supply is controlled using a programmable DC supply. As the material properties of SMA are temperature dependent, we observe thermal contraction and a resulting increase in laminate stiffness. The change of compliance at multiple step-input current contributes to variation in the natural frequency which is recorded using a 3D laser doppler vibrometer (LDV). This study gives us a deep insight into the application of SMA-based bimorph composites for active damping and vibration control subject to varying temperatures.
Investigation of Analysis and Gradient-Based Design Optimization Using Neural Networks
Authors: Fuchi Kazuko W. , Wolf Eric M. , Makhija David S. , Wukie Nathan A. , Schrock Christopher R. , Beran Philip S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Design optimization of adaptive systems requires a robust analysis method that can accommodate various changes in design and boundary conditions. In this work, physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are used to approximate solutions to differential equations across a range of problem parameter values. This mesh-free method simply requires residual evaluation at sampling points within the analysis domain and along boundaries, and the training process does not require any reference problem to be solved through conventional solution methods. The trained model can be used to predict the solution field, conduct parameter space analysis and design optimization. Using automatic differentiation, the design objective and their derivatives can be computed as a post process for a gradient-based design optimization. The method is demonstrated in a 1D heat transfer problem governed by the steady-state heat equation. Use of the PINN model for design optimization is illustrated in a problem of finding a material transition location to minimize temperature at a specified location. The PINN model that does not include problem parameters as input can be trained to within 0.05% error. PINN models that involve problem parameters as inputs are more difficult to train, especially when the input-to-output relationship is complex.
A Two Dimensional Finite Element Model for Prestress Effects on Magnetoelectric Laminated Composites
Authors: Sridhar Sudersan , Arunachalakasi Arockiarajan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Magnetoelectric (ME) composites are viable candidates for use in numerous applications owing to their multifunctional capabilities. These composites develop voltages across the piezo-electric phase under external magnetic fields. Numerous models available in literature consider the magnetostriction under pure magnetic loading. However, fabrication of ME composites results in development of compressive stresses on the magnetostrictive layer, which leads to a poor ME response and hence an initial effective tensile prestress to the magnetostrictive phase is required to either compensate or enhance the ME coupling. In this work, the ME response of an unsymmetric laminate is predicted using a finite element procedure based on Mindlin plate theory, giving due consideration the magnetostrictive nonlinearity, the direction of the applied field and the effect of the stress state on the magnetostrictive response. The model predicts that initial shear stresses, positive or negative, provide the best enhancement to the ME coupling.