bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estradiol, Progesterone, Immunomodulation, and COVID-19 Outcomes
Authors: Mauvais-Jarvis Franck , Klein Sabra L , Levin Ellis R 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSevere outcomes and death from the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) appear to be characterized by an exaggerated immune response with hypercytokinemia leading to inflammatory infiltration of the lungs and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes is consistently lower in women than men worldwide, suggesting that female biological sex is instrumental in protection. This mini-review discusses the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory actions of high physiological concentrations of the steroids 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4). We review how E2 and P4 favor a state of decreased innate immune inflammatory response while enhancing immune tolerance and antibody production. We discuss how the combination of E2 and P4 may improve the immune dysregulation that leads to the COVID-19 cytokine storm. It is intended to stimulate novel consideration of the biological forces that are protective in women compared to men, and to therapeutically harness these factors to mitigate COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.
Neurobiology and Neuroprotective Benefits of Sleep
Authors: Schneider Logan 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article outlines the neurocircuitry underlying sleep-wake and circadian physiology with a focus on the fundamental roles that sleep and circadian health play in optimal neurologic function.

RECENT FINDINGS
The foundation of sleep and wake promotion is laid primarily by the “fast-acting” neurotransmitters: γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) for sleep and glutamate for wake. External to these primary systems are a host of modulatory systems that are characterized by two flip-flop switches of mutually inhibitory neurotransmitter systems that facilitate transitions between wake and sleep as well as non–rapid eye movement (non-REM) and REM sleep. Additional mechanisms are in place to help coordinate the sleep-wake states with environmental, metabolic, and behavioral demands. The complexity of the evolutionarily preserved sleep-wake and circadian systems, the proportion of the day dedicated to the natural sleeping period, as well as the neurocognitive dysfunction and neurodegeneration caused by deficient sleep highlight the importance of defining, assessing, and optimizing the sleep health of our patients and ourselves.

SUMMARY
Exciting discoveries continue to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of sleep and wake state coordination, reinforcing fundamental healthy practices and paving the way for new interventions that preserve and promote optimal neurologic health.
Laudon’s Garden
Authors: Jovanović Miloš 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article traces how processes of physical displacement (and its corollary, re-emplacement) have emerged during multiple periods and in distant locales associated with the history and legacy of the Habsburg Empire. It focuses on an eighteenth-century Turkish garden made from Field Marshal Gideon Ernst von Laudon’s spoils of war on the outskirts of Vienna. Utilizing Anthony Vidler’s concept of “warped space,” the article explores Laudon’s garden as an exemplary form of imperial space. It then proceeds to argue that imperial capitalism continued to produce warped spaces based on processes of displacement and dispossession, using the example of the short-lived Austro-Hungarian concession in Tianjin. In doing so, the article argues for an understanding of imperial subjectivity that takes into account the built space of empire.
Real Estate Questions
Authors: Sell Zach 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Historians of the United States have often described slavery as guided by the chattel principle. Yet in Black Reconstruction, W. E. B. Du Bois wrote, “No matter how degraded the factory hand, he is not real estate.” This article builds upon Du Bois’s description of slavery’s real estate basis and considers real estate as central to both slavery and territorial expansion in the nineteenth-century United States. Real estate formed the basis of slaveholder family stability and also enabled the intergenerational transfer of wealth. The article also considers the continuing influence of real estate after black emancipation. Real estate enabled post-slavery black dispossession and also facilitated the continuation of the United States as a settler empire.
Directional hearing in insects: biophysical, physiological and ecological challenges
Authors: Römer Heiner 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTSound localisation is a fundamental attribute of the way that animals perceive their external world. It enables them to locate mates or prey, determine the direction from which a predator is approaching and initiate adaptive behaviours. Evidence from different biological disciplines that has accumulated over the last two decades indicates how small insects with body sizes much smaller than the wavelength of the sound of interest achieve a localisation performance that is similar to that of mammals. This Review starts by describing the distinction between tympanal ears (as in grasshoppers, crickets, cicadas, moths or mantids) and ﬂagellar ears (specifically antennae in mosquitoes and fruit flies). The challenges faced by insects when receiving directional cues differ depending on whether they have tympanal or flagellar years, because the latter respond to the particle velocity component (a vector quantity) of the sound ﬁeld, whereas the former respond to the pressure component (a scalar quantity). Insects have evolved sophisticated biophysical solutions to meet these challenges, which provide binaural cues for directional hearing. The physiological challenge is to reliably encode these cues in the neuronal activity of the afferent auditory system, a non-trivial problem in particular for those insect systems composed of only few nerve cells which exhibit a considerable amount of intrinsic and extrinsic response variability. To provide an integrative view of directional hearing, I complement the description of these biophysical and physiological solutions by presenting findings on localisation in real-world situations, including evidence for localisation in the vertical plane.
Total Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of Phelligridins C and D, and Phellifuropyranone A
Authors: Ohyoshi Takayuki , Mitsugi Keisuke , Ichimura Fumitaka , Higuma Tatsuya , Yoshida Masahito , Kigoshi Hideo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
α-Pyrone polyphenols, phelligridins C and D (meshimakobnols B and A), and phellifuropyranone A, isolated from a Japanese mushroom, are growth inhibitors of cancer cells. Herein, we report full details of the total synthesis of phelligridins C and D. The key reactions of the synthetic pathways were Pd catalyzed cross-coupling and aldol-type condensation. This strategy also enabled the total synthesis of phellifuropyranone A and artificial analogs of phelligridins. Subsequent biological evaluation of these compounds clarified that the whole skeleton of phelligridin C and the catechol group of the left hand side are essential for the cytotoxicity.
Clinical study of different doses of atorvastatin combined with febuxostat in patients with gout and carotid atherosclerosis
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Xu Ming-hua , Wei Feng-ju , Shang Li-na 
Published: July 2020

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of atorvastatin combined with febuxostat in the treatment of gout patients with carotid atherosclerosis and to observe the effects on serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, carotid plaques, and the adverse reactions.
Methods: Seventy patients with gout and carotid atherosclerosis admitted to Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University from January 2014 to June 2017 were randomly divided into a treatment group and a control group. The treatment group received oral febuxostat 40 mg/day combined with atorvastatin 40 mg/day. The control group was given 40 mg/day febuxostat combined with 20 mg/day atorvastatin for 90 days. The effects of treatment on TNF-α, IL-1β, and CRP levels and carotid plaques of the patients were observed.
Results: After 90 days of treatment, serum TNF-α, IL-1β, and CRP levels, as well as HUA and total cholesterol (TC), decreased in both groups after treatment. There were significant differences observed (p < 0.05). The carotid artery plaques in the two groups were significantly smaller after treatment (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in adverse reactions between the two groups (P > 0.05).
Conclusion: Double doses of atorvastatin combined with febuxostat can effectively reduce uric acid to improve the inflammatory state in patients and reduce carotid plaques without increasing the incidence of adverse reactions.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.6.2945
How to cite this:Zhang Z, Xu MH, Wei FJ, Shang LN. Clinical study of different doses of atorvastatin combined with febuxostat in patients with gout and carotid atherosclerosis. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(6):1334-1338. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.6.2945
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Obesity and mental health
Authors: Dąbrowska Justyna , Wójcik Magdalena , Samek Ilona , Jańczyk Magdalena , Bator Damian , Milanowska Joanna 
Published: July 2020

Introduction: Obesity is definied as having an excess of body weight caused by a chronic caloric imbalance with more calories being consumed than expended each day. There are over 2.1 billion individuals with obesity around the world. Body mass index (BMI), which is weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, is used to identify individuals with obesity. For adults, a BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2 is defined as overweight and a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or higher is defined as obese.The aim of the study: The purpose of this systemic review was to collect and analyse current and new information on obesity, its impact on mental health and vice versa.Material and method: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed database was carried out using the following keywords: obesity, mental health, diet, depression, anxiety.Description of the state of knowledge: There are numerous studies about obesity and other factors. Obesity can be the cause of depression, often due to stigma and discrimination, however depression could be also a reason of development of obesity. There was found bidirectional relationship – obesity increased the risk of depression by 55% and depression increased the risk of obesity by 58%. Studies show that anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be associated with obesity and considered as its risk factor. Another disorders, such as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) and Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) may also cause obesity.Summary: Obesity has complicated and multifactorial etiology. Discovered dependencies and conducted research will allow to find new therapeutic paths and isolate people at risk. However more research is needed to fully understand problem of obesity and all its dependencies.
Treatment of femoral fractures in children aged two to six
Authors: Gordon J. Eric , Anderson John T. , Schoenecker Perry L. , Dobbs Matthew B. , Luhmann Scott J. , Hoernschemeyer Daniel G. 
Published: July 2020

Aims Current American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) guidelines for treating femoral fractures in children aged two to six years recommend early spica casting although some individuals have recommended intramedullary stabilization in this age group. The purpose of this study was to compare the treatment and family burden of care of spica casting and flexible intramedullary nailing in this age group. Methods Patients aged two to six years old with acute, non-pathological femur fractures were prospectively enrolled at one of three tertiary children’s hospitals. Either early closed reduction with spica cast application or flexible intramedullary nailing was accomplished under general anaesthesia. The treatment method was selected after discussion of the options by the surgeon with the family. Data were prospectively collected on patient demographics, fracture characteristics, complications, pain medication, and union. The Impact on Family Scale was obtained at the six-week follow-up visit. In all, 75 patients were included in the study: 39 in the spica group and 36 in the nailing group. The mean age of the spica group was 2.71 (2.0 to 6.9) years and the mean age of the nailing group was 3.16 (2.0 to 6.9) years. Results All fractures healed without evidence of malunion or more than 2.0 cm of shortening. The mean Impact on Family score was 70.2 for the spica group and 63.2 (55 to 99) for the nailing group, a statistically significant difference (p = 0.024) in a univariate analysis suggesting less impairment of the family in the intramedullary nailing group. There was no significant difference between pain medication requirements in the first 24 hours postoperatively. Two patients in the spica group and one patient in the intramedullary nailing group required additional treatment under anaesthesia. Conclusion Both early spica casting and intramedullary nailing were effective methods for treating femoral fractures in children two to six years of age. Intramedullary stabilization provides an option in this age group that may be advantageous in some social situations that depend on the child’s mobility. Fracture treatment should be individualized based on factors that extend beyond anatomical and biological factors. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(8):1056–1061.
Responsiveness and ceiling effects of the English version of the 12-item International Hip Outcome Tool following hip arthroscopy at minimum one-year follow-up
Authors: Robinson Patrick G. , Maempel Julian F. , Murray Iain R. , Rankin Conor S. , Hamilton David F. , Gaston Paul 
Published: July 2020

Aims Responsiveness and ceiling effects are key properties of an outcome score. No such data have been reported for the original English version of the International Hip Outcome Tool 12 (iHOT-12) at a follow-up of more than four months. The aim of this study was to identify the responsiveness and ceiling effects of the English version iHOT-12 in a series of patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for intra-articular hip pathology at a minimum of one year postoperatively. Methods A total of 171 consecutive patients undergoing hip arthroscopy with a diagnosis of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) under the care of a single surgeon between January 2013 and March 2017 were included. iHOT-12 and EuroQol 5D-5L (EQ-5D-5L) scores were available pre- and postoperatively. Effect size and ceiling effects for the iHOT-12 were calculated with subgroup analysis. Results A total of 122 patients (71.3%) completed postoperative PROMs scores with median follow-up of 24.3 months (interquartile range (IQR) 17.2 to 33.5). The median total cohort iHOT-12 score improved significantly from 31.0 (IQR 20 to 58) preoperatively to 72.5 (IQR 47 to 90) postoperatively (p < 0.001). The effect size (Cohen’s d) was 1.59. In all, 33 patients (27%) scored within ten points (10%) of the maximum score and 38 patients (31.1%) scored within the previously reported minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of the maximum score. Furthermore, nine (47%) male patients aged < 30 years scored within 10% of the maximum score and ten (53%) scored within the previously reported MCID of the maximum score. Conclusion There is a previously unreported ceiling effect of the iHOT-12 at a minimum one-year follow-up which is particularly marked in young, male patients following hip arthroscopy for FAI. This tool may not have the maximum measurement required to capture the true outcome following this procedure. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(8):1010–1015.
Filterless radio-over-fiber system based on polarization multiplexing to generate an 80  GHz millimeter wave
Authors: Wu Zengyan , Cao Changqing , Zeng Xiaodong , Feng Zhejun , Shen Jingshi , Yan Xu , Wang Bo , Su Xiyuan 
Published: July 2020

We propose a filterless full-duplex radio-over-fiber system based on polarization multiplexing and demonstrate the generation of an 80 GHz millimeter wave using two Mach–Zehnder modulators. By adjusting the polarization direction, we could generate an 80 GHz frequency millimeter-wave signal and restore the original pure light carrier, providing a light source for the uplink. The simulation results show that the 80 GHz millimeter-wave signal was obtained with a 23.48 dB radio-frequency sideband suppression ratio. Furthermore, we showed that the proposed scheme is relatively flexible and free from the limitation of filter fixed bandwidth in addition to being simple and economical.
ZrSe2 nanosheet as saturable absorber for soliton operations within an Er-doped passive mode-locked fiber laser
Authors: Guo Lin-Guang , Shang XinXin , Gao Jinjuan , Zhang Huanian , Gao Yuanmei 
Published: July 2020

Two-dimensional materials have extensively promoted the development of ultrafast photonics in the past decade. In our work, the saturable absorption properties of

Z
r
S

e

2

were presented. The saturation intensity, modulation depth, and nonlinear absorption coefficient of the

Z
r
S

e

2

saturable absorber (SA) are about

13.14

M
W

/

c

m

2

, 6.09%, and

1.85

∗

1

0

−
1

c
m

/

G
W

. In the experiment, based on the

Z
r
S

e

2

SA, two types of solitons were recorded. A conventional soliton with a pulse width of 985 fs and a three-pulse bound state soliton have been obtained. Our experiment reveals that

Z
r
S

e

2

can be employed for generating multiple ultrafast soliton generations and possess promising application in ultrafast photonics.
Terahertz photonic crystal fiber polarization rotator
Authors: Hameed Mohamed Farhat O. , Esmail Mohamed Saleh M. , Obayya Salah S. A. 
Published: July 2020

Polarization control of terahertz (THz) waves is highly required due to their immense practical applications. Most of the THz polarization rotators in the literature depend on the transmission or reflection from metamaterials or all-dielectric metasurfaces. There is also a lack of THz polarization handling waveguides due to the material absorption in this frequency regime. In this paper, a THz photonic crystal fiber (PCF) polarization rotator (PR) is introduced and analyzed for the first time to the best of our knowledge. The suggested PCF-PR has an asymmetric porous core to decrease the material losses and increase the hybridness of the two polarized modes. Therefore, high polarization conversion ratio of 80.7% is achieved with a good crosstalk of

−

18.9

d
B

at a frequency of 1 THz along a device length of 7.9 mm. Further, the operating frequency has a tolerance of

f

=

1

±

0.1

T
H
z

where the crosstalk is still better than

−

15

d
B

.
Experimental demonstration of a tunable photonic hook by a partially illuminated dielectric microcylinder
Authors: Minin Igor V. , Minin Oleg V. , Liu Cheng-Yang , Wei Hao-De , Geints Yury E. , Karabchevsky Alina 
Published: July 2020

In this Letter, we report the experimental observations of a tunable curved photonic nanojet (photonic hook) generated by a 5 µm polydimethylsiloxane microcylinder deposited on a silicon substrate and illuminated by 405 nm laser beam. A moveable opaque aluminum-mask is mounted in front of the microcylinder implementing partial illumination and imparting spatial curvature to the photonic nanojet. Experimental results of main parameters (tilt angle, width, and intensity) of emerging photonic hooks exhibit close agreement with numerical predictions of the near-field optical structures. The experimentally measured full widths at half-maximum of photonic hooks are

0.48

λ

,

0.56

λ

, and

0.76

λ

for tilt angles of

θ
=

0

∘

, 5.7°, and 20.1°, respectively. Photonic hooks possess great potential in complex manipulation such as super-resolution imaging, surface fabrication, and optomechanical manipulation along curved trajectories.
Realization of high-dimensional frequency crystals in electro-optic microcombs
Authors: Hu Yaowen , Reimer Christian , Shams-Ansari Amirhassan , Zhang Mian , Loncar Marko 
Published: July 2020

Crystals are ubiquitous in nature and are at the heart of material
research, solid-state science, and quantum physics. Unfortunately, the
controllability of solid-state crystals is limited by the complexity
of many-body dynamics and the presence of defects. In contrast,
synthetic crystal structures, realized by, e.g., optical lattices,
have recently enabled the investigation of various physical processes
in a controllable manner, and even the study of new phenomena. Past
realizations of synthetic optical crystals were, however, limited in
size and dimensionality. Here we theoretically propose and
experimentally demonstrate optical frequency crystal of arbitrary
dimensions, formed by hundreds of coupled spectral modes within an
on-chip electro-optic frequency comb. We show a direct link between
the measured optical transmission spectrum and the density of states
of frequency crystals in one, two, three, and four dimensions, with no
restrictions to further expanding the dimensionality. We demonstrate
that the generation of classical electro-optic frequency comb can be
modeled as a process described by random walks in a tight-binding
model, and we have verified this by measuring the coherent
distribution of optical steady states. We believe that our platform is
a promising candidate for exploration of topological and quantum
photonics in the frequency domain.
Efektifitas Pelatihan Komunikasi Organisasi Terhadap Management Organisasi Karang Taruna Dusun Kembang Putihan dan Kentolan Lor Desa Guwosari Bantul.
Authors: Rivada Bernicha 
Published: July 2020

This research was conducted in Guwosari village, Kembang Putihan and Kentolan Lor hamlets. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of organizational communication training on the management of the organization of Karang Taruna Kembang Putihan and Kentolan Lor Hamlet, Guwosari Village, Pajangan, Bantul. The subjects of this study were 21 young people in Kembang Putihan and Kentolar Lor Hamlets, Guwosari Village, Bantul. By using the effectiveness test of training from Simamora (2006). The results of this study have not changed behavior in young people who have attended training.[Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Guwosari, Kembang Putihan, dan Kentolan Lor di Bantul Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan efektivitas dari pelatihan komunikasi organisasi dan dampaknya pada pengelolaan organisasi Karang Taruna di Desa Guwosari, Kembang Putihan, dan Dusun Kentolan Lor. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 21 pemuda di tiga desa tersebut. Tingkat efektivitasnya diukur menggunakan uji efektivitas pelatihan dari Simamora (2006). Temuan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada perubahan yang signifikan yang terjadi pada kebiasaan komunikasi dari organisasi pemuda dari tiga desa tersebut yang dihasilkan dari pelatihan komunikasi organisasi yang mereka hadiri.]
À espera do contra-campo: subsídios para uma leitura de uma nova História da Fotografia
Authors: Coimbra Cláudia 
Published: July 2020

Leitura de uma abordagem "informal" da(s) técnica(s) e estética(s) da arte fotográfica, do Paleolítico à modernidade. Neste texto viajamos com e contra imagens que o autor evoca como representativas de movimentos e momentos-chave da evolução de uma ideia de fotografia, sem que delas se percam a beleza e o mistério.