bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 cloud flagging method and rapid retrieval of marine boundary layer cloud properties
Authors: Richardson Mark , Lebsock Matthew D. , McDuffie James , Stephens Graeme L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) carries a hyperspectral A-band sensor that can obtain information about cloud geometric thickness (H). The OCO2CLD-LIDAR-AUX product retrieved H with the aid of collocated CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite
Observation) lidar data to identify suitable clouds and provide a priori cloud top pressure (Ptop). This collocation is no longer possible, since CALIPSO's coordination flying with OCO-2 has ended, so here we introduce a new cloud flagging and a priori assignment using only OCO-2 data, restricted to ocean footprints where solar zenith angle <45∘. Firstly, a multi-layer perceptron network was trained to identify liquid clouds over the ocean with sufficient optical depth (τ>1) for a valid retrieval, and agreement with MODIS–CALIPSO (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) is 90.0 %. Secondly, we developed a lookup table to simultaneously retrieve cloud τ, effective radius (re) and Ptop from A-band and CO2 band radiances, with the intention that these will act as the a priori state estimate in a future retrieval. Median Ptop difference vs. CALIPSO is 12 hPa with an inter-decile range of [-11,87]hPa, substantially better than the MODIS–CALIPSO range of [-83,81]hPa. The MODIS–OCO-2 τ difference is 0.8[-3.8,6.9], and re is -0.3[-2.8,2.1]µm. The τ difference is due to optically
thick and horizontally heterogeneous cloud scenes. As well as an improved passive Ptop
retrieval, this a priori information will allow for a purely OCO-2-based Bayesian retrieval of cloud
droplet number concentration (Nd). Finally, our cloud flagging procedure may also be
useful for future partial-column above-cloud CO2 abundance retrievals.
Use of Frozen Tendon Allograft in Two Clinical Cases: Common Calcaneal Tendon and Patellar Ligament Rupture
Authors: Serra C. Iván , Navarro Paula , Guillem Ricardo , Soler Carme 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Many surgical techniques have been described in the literature to repair chronic tendon or ligament ruptures. Although direct approximation of the edges is the surgical technique of choice, the use of synthetic, fascia lata, semitendinosus muscle, and small intestinal submucosa grafts has been described to repair large defects or augment tenous repairs. The aim of this paper was to present the long-term outcome of two clinical cases using a common calcaneal tendon cadaver allograft with subsequent application of platelet-rich plasma for chronic ruptures diagnosed by ultrasound, with a chronic defect between both edges. Twenty-four months after common calcaneal tendon rupture and 12 mo after patellar ligament rupture, orthopedic follow-up of both patients showed complete functional recovery and ultrasound findings were consistent with correct integration of the graft in both cases.
AÇÕES DE PREVENÇÃO DA TRANSMISSÃO VERTICAL DA SÍFILIS OFERTADAS À POPULAÇÃO INDÍGENA
Authors: Pícoli Renata Palópoli , Cazola Luiza Helena De Oliveira 
Published: September 2020

Objetivo: identificar as ações de prevenção da transmissão vertical da sífilis ofertadas à população indígena de Mato Grosso do Sul.Método: estudo quantitativo, transversal, com 33 enfermeiros, utilizando-se de questionário autoaplicável, de maio a agosto de 2018, contendo três componentes (laboratorial, assistência clínica e promoção da saúde em contexto intercultural). Foi calculada média das respostas e desvio padrão da média.Resultados: verificou-se a disponibilidade do exame no diagnóstico da sífilis, embora houvesse demora no seu tempo de retorno. Para a assistência clínica, a disponibilidade da penicilina G benzatina e competência profissional para tratar a gestante e o recém-nascido mostraram-se relevantes. Para a promoção da saúde, a capacitação e conhecimento sobre os aspectos socioculturais relacionados à sífilis apresentaram-se frágeis.Conclusão: o conjunto de ações de prevenção da transmissão vertical da sífilis revela ganhos ainda parciais e comprometem a ampliação de capacidade de resposta das equipes no tratamento da gestante e recém-nascido.
Thoughts on War
Authors: Meilinger Phillip S. 
Published: September 2020

In these provocative essays, military historian Phillip Meilinger explores timeless issues. Beginning with an iconoclastic look at the ideas of Carl von Clausewitz, Meilinger sees an unfortunate influence due to an emphasis on bloody battle, combined with a Euro-centric worldview. Moreover, Clausewitz’s dictum that war is an extension of policy actually says very little to guide modern world leaders. Other essays examine the nature of war in the twenty-first century, principles of war, the meaning of decisive victory, the importance of second front operations, the influence of time in battle, and a look at the first major amphibious and joint campaign of World War II in Norway. He also notes the crucial role played by service culture, and his controversial look at the American military tradition reveals that the US military has played a major role in politics throughout our history. An essay on unity of command in the Pacific during World War II reveals interservice rivalry and conflicting strategic views. Strategic bombing in World War II depended on new analytical tools, such as intelligence gathering. The United States Strategic Bombing Survey examined the results of those bombing campaigns in depth. The United States now engages in wars of choice and requires an international mandate to intervene to restore peace or destroy a terrorist group. We must therefore limit risk and cost, especially to the civilian populace. This leads to a new paradigm emphasizing the use of airpower, special operations forces, intelligence gathering and dissemination systems, and indigenous ground forces.
Jørgen Elbek: Litteraturen i dag.
Authors: Michelsen William 
Published: September 2020

Reviews of literature on Grundtvig Jørgen Elbek, Literaturen i dag. Artikler om ældre o g nyere forfattereRev. by William MichelsenThis book contains, among other things, reprints of three essential studies on Grundtvig, it is prefaced by an excellent defence of existential criticism, and it concludes in considerations of literature and its application in education, inspired, in part, by Grundtvig’s view of poetry. Therefore the review calls attention to Elbek’s interpretations of “Nyaars-Morgen” and “Sang-Værk” as valuable contributions towards the intrepretation of Grundtvig’s poetry in general. In volume his Grundtvig studies do not yet equal Toldberg’s and Uffe Hansen’s, but in quality he is equal to Magnus Stevns. And over these scholars he has the advantage of being familiar with literature at large, which makes his assessment of Grundtvig a weighty one. A full appreciation of Elbek’s interpretations presupposes that the poems are fresh in one’s memory, and thus the book is a strong incentive to re-reading Grundtvig’s poetry.
Supplement to Grundtvig-Studier 1972
Authors: Michelsen William , Albeck Gustav 
Published: September 2020

Supplement til Grundtvig-Studier 1972 Holger Kjær: Højskolens Grund. Kolding 1971, 139 pages, 32 kr. 20 øre.Reviewed by William Michelsen. (Grundtvig-Studier 1972). Ebbe Kløvedal Reich: Frederik. A popular book about the life and times of N. F. S. Grundtvig. Reviewed by Gustav Albeck. (Grundtvig-Studier 1972 ).
Perceptions of Ontario chiropractors on business education in chiropractic schools
Authors: Ciolfi Michael A. , Azad Ayla , Al-Azdee Mohammed , Habib Andrew , Lalla Amanda , Moslehi Madine , Nguyen Alex , Panah Bita Ahmad 
Published: September 2020

Objective
Chiropractic, as a business in the health care system, has a component of entrepreneurship. Therefore, it is important to have business education in chiropractic schools. This study examines perceptions of business education in chiropractic schools as evaluated by Ontario, Canada, practicing chiropractors.

Methods
We conducted a series of interviews with 16 chiropractors practicing in Ontario. Questions aimed at analyzing 2 levels of chiropractors' perceptions on the quality of business education they received. The questions were designed around 2 concepts: perceived level of business knowledge acquired and current level of knowledge for 6 business topics. The topics included accounting and finance, organizational behavior and human resources, legal and ethical issues, strategic management, managerial decision making, and operational management. Interview responses were analyzed by grouping significant statements into themes followed by descriptions of what and how the subjects experienced the phenomena.

Results
The interviews revealed that Ontario practicing chiropractors' requirements for education in business skills are both broad and essential, embracing most if not all major business domains. Many participants indicated that the status of business education in chiropractic schools is minimally contributing to business skills following graduation.

Conclusion
Producing chiropractors with entrepreneurship skills requires enhanced business education in chiropractic schools. Perceptions of Ontario chiropractors reveal a gap between skill-oriented business training in chiropractic education and the skills needed to practice within the profession.
The Role of Pastors in the Prevention of Breast Cancer: Analysis of 176 Ante Natal Clinic Attendees at the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital
Authors: Eli S. , Kalio D. G. B. , Aaron F. , Okagua K. , Briggs N. C. T. , Wichendu P. 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Pastors and religious leaders have a role to play in the prevention of diseases, in this scenario prevention of breast cancer. Breast cancer is the leading cause of death globally in women between 44 – 50 years.
Aim: The role pastors and religious leaders play in the prevention of breast cancer exemplified by the analysis of 176 antenatal clinic (ANC) attendees at the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH).
Methods: It was a prospective study of ANC attendees at the RSUTH. The information was coded and analyzed using SPSS version 25.
Results: A total of 180 questionnaires were distributed and 176 questionnaires retrieved. The mean gestational age was 32.4 years. The modal parity was 1.As regards level of education, tertiary were 129 (73-3%), secondary 43 (24.4%) and primary 4 (2.3%). Those aware of breast cancer were 159 (90.3%). Means of information by the subjects for breast cancer prevention were media 96 (54.6%), hospital 39 (22.0%), religious house 3 (3.8%) and others 38 (19.6%) Antenatal mothers who carried out self breast examination for detection of breast lumps were 95 (54%). Subjects who were aware of mammogram were 42 (23.9%) while those who had mammogram in the past were 2 (1.1%). ANC attendees who had family history of breast cancer were 7 (4%). The relationship between breast cancer awareness and educational status tertiary 123 (69.9%), secondary 34 (19.3%), primary 2 (1.1%) and no information on educational status 17(9.7%).
Conclusion: Though the level of breast cancer awareness was high 90.3%, religious houses contributed to only 3%. In addition, preventive measures such as self breast examination (54%) and mammogram (1.1%) are still not encouraging.
Expression of HGF, pMet, and pAkt is related to benefit of radiotherapy after breast‐conserving surgery: a long‐term follow‐up of the SweBCG91‐RT randomised trial
Authors: Sjöström Martin , Veenstra Cynthia , Holmberg Erik , Karlsson Per , Killander Fredrika , Malmström Per , Niméus Emma , Fernö Mårten , Stål Olle 
Published: September 2020

Experimental studies suggest that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor, Met, in part also relying on Akt kinase activity, mediate radioresistance. We investigated the importance of these biomarkers for the risk of ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence (IBTR) after adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) in primary breast cancer. HGF, phosphorylated Met (pMet) and phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) were evaluated immunohistochemically on tissue microarrays from 1004 patients in the SweBCG91‐RT trial, which randomly assigned patients to breast‐conserving therapy, with or without adjuvant RT. HGF was evaluated in the stroma (HGFstr); pMet in the membrane (pMetmem); HGF, pMet and pAkt in the cytoplasm (HGFcyt, pMetcyt, pAktcyt); and pAkt in the nucleus (pAktnuc). The prognostic and treatment predictive effects were evaluated to primary endpoint IBTR as first event during the first 5 years. Patients with tumours expressing low levels of HGFcyt and pMetcyt and high levels of pAktnuc derived a larger benefit from RT [hazard ratio (HR): 0.11 (0.037–0.30), 0.066 (0.016–0.28) and 0.094 (0.028–0.31), respectively] compared to patients with high expression of HGFcyt and pMetcyt, and low pAktnuc [HR: 0.36 (0.19–0.67), 0.35 (0.20–0.64) and 0.47 (0.32–0.71), respectively; interaction analyses: P = 0.052, 0.035 and 0.013, respectively]. These differences remained in multivariable analysis when adjusting for patient age, tumour size, histological grade, St Gallen subtype and systemic treatment (interaction analysis, P‐values: 0.085, 0.027, and 0.023, respectively). This study suggests that patients with immunohistochemically low HGFcyt, low pMetcyt and high pAktnuc may derive an increased benefit from RT after breast‐conserving surgery concerning the risk of developing IBTR.
Solid Electrolyte Interphases on Sodium Metal Anodes
Authors: Bao Changyuan , Wang Bo , Liu Peng , Wu Hao , Zhou Yu , Wang Dianlong , Liu Huakun , Dou Shixue 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSodium metal anodes have attracted significant attention due to their high specific capacity (1166 mA h g−1), low redox potential (−2.71 V vs the standard hydrogen electrode), and abundant natural resources. Nevertheless, unstable solid electrolyte interphases (SEI) and uncontrolled dendrite growth critically hinder their commercialization. Notably, SEIs play a critical role in regulating Na deposition and improving the cycling stability of rechargeable Na metal batteries. Recently, SEI research on Na metal anodes has been intensively conducted worldwide; thus, a comprehensive review is necessary. Herein, initially, the fundamentals of SEI and the related issues induced by its intrinsic instability are discussed. Thereafter, advanced characterization techniques that unveil the morphological evolution and interfacial chemistry of Na metal anodes are presented. Subsequently, efficient strategies, including liquid electrolyte engineering, artificial SEI, and solid‐state electrolyte technology, to stabilize SEI films are outlined. Finally, key aspects and prospects in the development of SEI for Na metal anodes are highlighted. It is believed that this review will serve to further advance the understanding and development of SEIs for Na metal anodes.
MXene‐Based Conductive Organohydrogels with Long‐Term Environmental Stability and Multifunctionality
Authors: Wei Yuan , Xiang Lijing , Ou Huajie , Li Fang , Zhang Yazeng , Qian Yangyang , Hao Lijing , Diao Jingjing , Zhang Mengli , Zhu Penghui , Liu Yijun , Kuang Yudi , Chen Gang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractConductive hydrogels are promising interface materials utilized in bioelectronics for human–machine interactions. However, the low‐temperature induced freezing problem and water evaporation‐induced structural failures have significantly hindered their practical applications. To address these problems, herein, an elaborately designed nanocomposite organohydrogel is fabricated by introducing highly conductive MXene nanosheets into a tannic acid‐decorated cellulose nanofibrils/polyacrylamide hybrid gel network infiltrated with glycerol (Gly)/water binary solvent. Owing to the introduction of Gly, the as‐prepared organohydrogel demonstrates an outstanding flexibility and electrical conductivity under a wide temperature spectrum (from −36 to 60 °C), and exhibits long‐term stability in an open environment (>7 days). Additionally, the dynamic catechol‐borate ester bonds, along with the readily formed hydrogen bonds between the water and Gly molecules, further endow the organohydrogel with excellent stretchability (≈1500% strain), high tissue adhesiveness, and self‐healing properties. The favorable environmental stability and broad working strain range (≈500% strain); together with high sensitivity (gauge factor of 8.21) make this organohydrogel a promising candidate for both large and subtle motion monitoring.
Near‐Infrared Light‐Responsive Cu‐Doped Cs2AgBiBr6
Authors: Ji Fuxiang , Huang Yuqing , Wang Feng , Kobera Libor , Xie Fangyan , Klarbring Johan , Abbrent Sabina , Brus Jiri , Yin Chunyang , Simak Sergei I. , Abrikosov Igor A. , Buyanova Irina A. , Chen Weimin M. , Gao Feng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLead‐free halide double perovskites (A2BIBIIIX6) with attractive optical and electronic features are considered to be a promising candidate to overcome the toxicity and stability issues of lead halide perovskites (APbX3). However, their poor absorption profiles limit device performance. Here the absorption band edge of Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskite to the near‐infrared range is significantly broadened by developing doped double perovskites, Cs2(Ag:Cu)BiBr6. The partial replacement of Ag ions by Cu ions in the crystal lattice is confirmed by the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) measurements. Cu doping barely affects the bandgap of Cs2AgBiBr6; instead it introduces subbandgap states with strong absorption to the near‐infrared range. More interestingly, the near‐infrared absorption can generate band carriers upon excitation, as indicated by the photoconductivity measurement. This work sheds new light on the absorption modulation of halide double perovskites for future efficient optoelectronic devices.
Large‐Scale and Robust Multifunctional Vertically Aligned MoS2 Photo‐Memristors
Authors: Ranganathan Kamalakannan , Fiegenbaum‐Raz Mor , Ismach Ariel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMemristive devices have drawn considerable research attention due to their potential applications in non‐volatile memory and neuromorphic computing. The combination of resistive switching devices with light‐responsive materials is considered a novel way to integrate optical information with electrical circuitry. On the other hand, 2D materials have attracted substantial consideration, thanks to their unique crystal structure, as reflected in their chemical and physical properties. Although not the major focus, van der Waals solids are proven to be potential candidates in memristive devices. In this scheme, the majority of the resistive switching devices are implemented on planar flakes, obtained by mechanical exfoliation. Here a facile and robust methodology is utilized to grow large‐scale vertically aligned MoS2 (VA‐MoS2) films on standard silicon substrates. Memristive devices with the structure silver/VA‐MoS2/Si are shown to have low set‐ON voltages (<0.5 V), large‐retention times (>2 × 104 s), and high thermal stability (up to 350 °C). The proposed memristive device also exhibits long term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD) and photo‐active memory states. The large‐scale fabrication, together with the low operating voltages, high thermal stability, light‐responsive behavior, and LTP/LTD, make this approach very appealing for real‐life non‐volatile memory applications.
Recent Progress in Functional Materials for Selective Detection and Removal of Mercury(II) Ions
Authors: Dai Dihua , Yang Jie , Wang Yan , Yang Ying‐Wei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSevere disease and environmental pollution derived from heavy metal ions has become one of the major problems in global public health. In particular, mercury(II) as one type of highly poisonous pollutant can destroy human metabolism, central nervous system, and immune system, representing a critical threat to living systems. Therefore, exploitation of new strategies for designing and synthesizing eco‐friendly, efficient, and economical materials for selective detection and removal of Hg2+ is of great importance. Among the various measures for sensing, detection, and removal of mercury ions, advanced functional systems including nanomaterials, polymers, aggregation‐induced emission luminogens, and porous materials have attracted considerable attention over the past years due to their capabilities of real‐time detection, rapid removal, great anti‐interference, quick response, high selectivity, and low limit of detection. In this review, some efficient techniques and strategies for the detection and removal of mercury in aqueous solutions using the abovementioned functional materials are overviewed and the ways in which these advanced material systems are used to tackle the problem of mercury pollution are also discussed.
Bacteria‐Derived Nanoparticles: Multifunctional Containers for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Liu Lin , Wu Jiahe , Gao Jianqing , Lu Xiaoyang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn recent decades, investigations on bacteria‐derived materials have progressed from being a proof of concept to a means for improving traditional biomaterials. Owing to their unique characteristics, such as gene manipulation, rapid proliferation, and specific targeting, bacteria‐derived materials have provided remarkable flexibility in applied biomedical functionalization. In this review, bacteria‐derived nanoparticles are focused on as a promising biomaterial, introducing several bacterial species with great potential and useful strategies for fabrication. Through well‐designed choices, bacteria‐derived nanoparticles can be exploited to obtain functional bacteria‐mimicking materials for a variety of applications, including cargo delivery, imaging, therapy, and immune modulation. Finally, the prospects and challenges of bacteria‐derived nanoparticles are discussed. Particularly, safety concerns regarding the use of bacteria and their immunogenicity remain major obstacles to the clinical application of bacteria‐derived nanoparticles and these concerns are immediate priorities for the research community.
Understanding Plant Biomass via Computational Modeling
Authors: Zhou Shengfei , Jin Kai , Buehler Markus J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPlant biomass, especially wood, has been used for structural materials since ancient times. It is also showing great potential for new structural materials and it is the major feedstock for the emerging biorefineries for building a sustainable society. The plant cell wall is a hierarchical matrix of mainly cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Herein, the structure, properties, and reactions of cellulose, lignin, and wood cell walls, studied using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD), which are the widely used computational modeling approaches, are reviewed. Computational modeling, which has played a crucial role in understanding the structure and properties of plant biomass and its nanomaterials, may serve a leading role on developing new hierarchical materials from biomass in the future.