bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of a strain sensor based on polymer/silver nanowires nanocomposite for medical applications: Siloxane based versus urethane based nanocomposites
Authors: Hashemi Pegah , Mehranpour Milad , Ghasemi Ismail 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the current study, strain sensors based on two polymer matrixes of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and conductive nanomaterials of the silver nanowires (AgNWs) were fabricated. The sensors were arranged with a sandwich like morphology in which AgNWs layer(s) were embedded with polymeric layers of PDMS or TPU. The effect of the polymer matrix type and the number of the conductive layers on sensor properties has been evaluated. Morphology and electromechanical properties of the sensors including electrical resistance (R), sensitivity of the resistance change to strain, linearity of the resistance change with strain and repeatability of the sensor response to cyclic loading were analyzed. The experimental results corroborated that with increasing conductive layers from one to three, the resistance decreased by 53% and 61% in respective PDMS and TPU based sensors. Moreover, the sensitivity decreased by 78% and 77% in PDMS and TPU based sensors, respectively. The calculation of the relative SD (RSD) of the maximum ΔR/R0 values substantiated that sensors were able to represent a repeatable response to the sequential loading/unloading cycles. The repeatability was decreased with increasing conductive layers from one to two, and then augmented with further increase in conductive layers. With respect to polymer type, the resistance and repeatability of the TPU based sensors was higher than the PDMS counterparts, whereas the sensitivity of the TPU based sensors was lower than the PDMS ones.
On the interplay of microstructure and residual stress in LPBF IN718
Authors: Serrano-Munoz Itziar , Fritsch Tobias , Mishurova Tatiana , Trofimov Anton , Apel Daniel , Ulbricht Alexander , Kromm Arne , Hesse René , Evans Alexander , Bruno Giovanni 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe relationship between residual stresses and microstructure associated with a laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) IN718 alloy has been investigated on specimens produced with three different scanning strategies (unidirectional Y-scan, 90° XY-scan, and 67° Rot-scan). Synchrotron X-ray energy-dispersive diffraction (EDXRD) combined with optical profilometry was used to study residual stress (RS) distribution and distortion upon removal of the specimens from the baseplate. The microstructural characterization of both the bulk and the near-surface regions was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). On the top surfaces of the specimens, the highest RS values are observed in the Y-scan specimen and the lowest in the Rot-scan specimen, while the tendency is inversed on the side lateral surfaces. A considerable amount of RS remains in the specimens after their removal from the baseplate, especially in the Y- and Z-direction (short specimen dimension and building direction (BD), respectively). The distortion measured on the top surface following baseplate thinning and subsequent removal is mainly attributed to the amount of RS released in the build direction. Importantly, it is observed that the additive manufacturing microstructures challenge the use of classic theoretical models for the calculation of diffraction elastic constants (DEC) required for diffraction-based RS analysis. It is found that when the Reuß model is used for the calculation of RS for different crystal planes, as opposed to the conventionally used Kröner model, the results exhibit lower scatter. This is discussed in context of experimental measurements of DEC available in the literature for conventional and additively manufactured Ni-base alloys.
Ultra-thin membrane is capable of producing more energy from sea water than ones currently used
Authors: Atkinson Simon 
Published: December 2020

This article briefly describes the development of a nanoporous carbon membrane that is similar to graphene. The scientists behind the research done at Leiden University, in The Netherlands, say that this ultra-thin material, which is only 2 nm thick, is capable of producing about a hundred times more power from sea water than the best membranes used today.
Longitudinal Variation of Postsunset Plasma Depletions From the Global‐Scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) Mission
Authors: Martinis C. , Daniell R. , Eastes R. , Norrell J. , Smith J. , Klenzing J. , Solomon S. , Burns A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission, launched in 2018, aims to investigate the low latitude ionosphere from a geostationary orbit at 47.5°W. It uses two identical spectrometers measuring the wavelength range from 134.0 to 163.0 nm. The configuration of the Earth's magnetic field shows that the largest offset between geographic and geomagnetic equators occurs in the longitude sectors sampled by GOLD. In an attempt to investigate the longitude dependence of the occurrence rate and time of onset of plasma bubbles, or plasma depletions, GOLD data were separated in three sectors: 65°‐55°W, 50°‐40°W, and 10°W–0°. Observations of the nighttime emissions in 135.6 nm on November 2018 and March 2019 show plasma depletions occurring very frequently at these longitudes. The growth rate of the Rayleigh‐Taylor instability was computed at these longitudes under similar low solar activity conditions, assuming an empirical model of upward plasma drifts. The time and value of the maximum growth rates obtained cannot always explain the observations. On average, the observed occurrence rate of plasma depletions is high, with a maximum of 73% (observed during November 2018 at ∼45°W). Most of the depletions observed in November at 45°W and 60°W occur within 1 h after sunset. When compared with the November 2018 observations, depletions in March 2019 occur at later times.
The Tilt of Mean Dynamic Topography and its Seasonality Along the Coast of the Chinese Mainland
Authors: Lin Wenqiang , Lin Hongyang , Hu Jianyu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTilt of coastal mean dynamic topography (MDT) has recently been investigated in many regions, but few studies have examined the seasonality of the MDT along the coast of the Chinese mainland. The China seas are relatively unique as they experience prominent seasonal changes in monsoons and the China Coastal Currents, which are supposed to affect the coastal MDT significantly. This study investigates the Chinese coastal MDT tilt and its seasonality based on the geodetic and ocean approaches. The two independent approaches show a good agreement in their respective estimates. The Chinese coastal MDT presents an overall northward drop and undergoes an evident seasonality with steeper slopes in winter and flatter ones in summer. A dynamical analysis based on alongshore momentum equation suggests that the alongshore MDT along the coast of the Chinese mainland is a counter balance of contributions from the alongshore wind and the coastal current‐induced bottom friction, with both of them having prominent seasonality. The overall northward drop is in fact induced primarily by the strong alongshore wind stress in winter and by coastal currents in summer, in particular for the segment between Xiamen and Zhapo. The wintertime coastal MDT is well predicted by the arrested topographic wave model, which however could not reproduce the summertime tilt. The summertime MDT is more likely affected by the open‐ocean forcing (i.e., the latitudinal difference of the Kuroshio strength) and a return flow caused by flattening the coastal tilt piled up by the previous winter monsoon.
Modeling the Accumulation and Transport of Microplastics by Sea Ice
Authors: Mountford A. S. , Morales Maqueda M. A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPlastic pollution is ubiquitous within the marine environment. Despite increasing public and scientific attention to the issue, there still remain gaps in the knowledge of the full global extent of the distribution of this microplastic pollution. The presence and transportation of microplastics in sea ice is an emerging area of research, particularly with regards to sea ice in the Southern Ocean. This study uses numerical modeling to explore the accumulation and transport of positively and neutrally buoyant microplastics in both Arctic and Southern Ocean sea ice. In general, sea ice may be an important seasonal sink for microplastics pollution in both the Arctic and the Antarctic. Positively buoyant microplastics dominate in Arctic sea ice, whereas in the Southern Ocean, neutrally buoyant plastics, which arrive in the region through deep‐water transport, appear to be dominant. The overall distribution of microplastics in the Arctic is in keeping with the current literature, although direct comparisons between the results of this model and observational data should be made with caution. There is a clear need for further observational data in the Southern Ocean to elucidate both the transport mechanisms and accumulation of microplastics in Southern Ocean sea ice.
Numerical Modeling of Two‐Dimensional Hydrodynamics in a Highly Curving and Actively Evolving Neck Cutoff Under Different Hydrologic Conditions
Authors: Turnipseed Christopher , Konsoer Kory , Richards Derek , Willson Clinton 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNeck cutoffs are a common morphologic feature of meandering rivers though their occurrence on natural rivers is intermittent. Morphologic adjustments following cutoff initiation are typically rapid making detailed field investigations of the interactions between flow and form challenging. However, numerical models can offer insights into the hydrodynamic characteristics within the early stages of cutoff evolution. Field measurements of channel bathymetry and three‐dimensional velocities were collected during the first two years of morphologic change for a neck cutoff on the White River in Arkansas, USA. These data were used to calibrate a two‐dimensional numerical model to investigate the influence of hydrologic variability on the hydrodynamic characteristics of neck cutoffs during the early stages morphologic adjustment. The modeling results reveal complex patterns of the two‐dimensional flow field, including multiple regions of flow separation and recirculation related to strong redirection of the flow nearly 180 degrees through the cutoff. These regions of recirculation are also shown to vary depending on discharge conditions and affect hydrologic connectivity between the main channel and abandoned bend. Model results for the initial cutoff morphology show a substantial portion of discharge still conveyed by the original bend for all three discharge scenarios, resulting in a shear layer within the downstream limb of the site that limits advection of high‐momentum fluid against the bank opposite of the cutoff. The findings from this investigation are among the first detailed flow structure studies during the initiation of a neck cutoff and are used to improve conceptual models for cutoff dynamics.
Physics‐Informed Neural Networks With Monotonicity Constraints for Richardson‐Richards Equation: Estimation of Constitutive Relationships and Soil Water Flux Density From Volumetric Water Content Measurements
Authors: Bandai Toshiyuki , Ghezzehei Teamrat A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWater retention curves (WRCs) and hydraulic conductivity functions (HCFs) are critical soil‐specific characteristics necessary for modeling the movement of water in soils using the Richardson‐Richards equation (RRE). Well‐established laboratory measurement methods of WRCs and HCFs are not usually suitable for simulating field‐scale soil moisture dynamics because of the scale mismatch. Hence, the inverse solution of the RRE must be used to estimate WRCs and HCFs from field measured data. Here, we propose a physics‐informed neural network (PINN) framework for the inverse solution of the RRE and the estimation of WRCs and HCFs from only volumetric water content (VWC) measurements. The proposed framework does not need initial and boundary conditions, which are rarely available in real applications. The PINNs consist of three linked feedforward neural networks, two of which were constrained to be monotonic functions to reflect the monotonicity of WRCs and HCFs. Alternatively, we also tested PINNs without monotonicity constraints. We trained the PINNs using synthetic VWC data with artificial noise, derived by a numerical solution of the RRE for three soil textures. The monotonicity constraints regularized the inverse problem. The PINNs were able to reconstruct the true VWC dynamics. We demonstrated that the PINNs could recover the underlying WRCs and HCFs in nonparametric form. However, the reconstructed WRCs and HCFs at wet and dry ends were unsatisfactory because of the strong nonlinearity. We additionally showed that the trained PINNs could estimate soil water flux density with a broader range of estimation than the currently available methods.
How Effective is Model Predictive Control in Real‐Time Water Quality Regulation? State‐Space Modeling and Scalable Control
Authors: Wang Shen , Taha Ahmad F. , Abokifa Ahmed A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractReal‐time water quality control (WQC) in water distribution networks (WDN), the problem of regulating disinfectant levels, is challenging due to lack of (i) a proper control‐oriented modeling considering complicated components (junctions, reservoirs, tanks, pipes, pumps, and valves) for water quality modeling in WDN and (ii) a corresponding scalable control algorithm that performs real‐time water quality regulation. In this paper, we solve the WQC problem by (a) proposing a novel state‐space representation of the WQC problem that provides an explicit relationship between inputs (chlorine dosage at booster stations) and states/outputs (chlorine concentrations in the entire network) and (b) designing a highly scalable model predictive control (MPC) algorithm that showcases fast response time and resilience against some sources of uncertainty.
Does the Sweating Severity of Primary Hyperhidrosis Sites Affect Post-Sympathotomy Results?
Authors: Çınar Hüseyín Ulaş , Çelik Burçin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background Improvement in quality of life (QOL) and patient satisfaction after endoscopic thoracic sympathotomy (ETS) in patients with primary hyperhidrosis may be affected by various factors. We examined whether the preoperative sweating severity of primary hyperhidrosis sites affects postoperative results.
Methods The records of 112 patients who underwent bilateral ETS were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into three groups according to the sweating severity score obtained from all primary hyperhidrosis sites (primary hyperhidrosis severity score [PHSS]) and analyzed comparatively. Group A (PHSS = 1–4) included 22 patients, Group B (PHSS = 5–8) 36 patients, and Group C (PHSS ≥ 9) 54 patients. Outcome measures included QOL prior to surgery, improvement in QOL after surgery, degree of clinical improvement, presence, severity, localization, and site number of reflex sweating (RS) and general patient satisfaction after 6 months of surgery.
Results The preoperative QOL of patients with higher PHSS (groups B, C) was worse than other patients (group A). More than 91% of all patients had any level improvement in QOL, and over 96% had slight or great clinical improvement. RS developed in 80% of the patients, mostly in the back, very severe in 8%, and in median two different body areas. The overall patient satisfaction rate was more than 95%. There was no significant difference between the three groups in terms of all postoperative results.
Conclusion Preoperative sweating severity of primary hyperhidrosis sites does not affect post-sympathotomy results. Surgeons should not be worried when deciding upon surgery, even in patients with high sweating severity.
Nonvascular Complications of Injectable Fillers—Prevention and Management
Authors: Singh Kuldeep , Nooreyezdan Shahin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractInjectable filler treatments have increased in popularity because of enhanced safety profile and improved physical characteristics. ISAPS (International Society of Plastic Surgery) put out global data showing 3.7 million hyaluronic acid (HA) filler procedures in 2018, making it the second most often performed procedure in the world, after botulinum toxin. And these are only ‘those’ performed by qualified plastic surgeons. There was a concomitant increase in both the nonvascular and vascular complications, which coincided with the number and type of filler procedures performed. Filler complications were reviewed from existing literature, and an attempt was made to understand etiology, elucidate clinical features, and clarify optimum treatment strategies for each. Complications can be early or delayed in presentation, early consisting of injection site complications like bruising, edema, and hypersensitivity, Tyndall effect, and intravascular injection. Delayed complications included hypersensitivity type IV, acute infections like cellulitis, abscesses, and herpes and delayed ones like granulomas, biofilms, and atypical mycobacterial infections. These were analyzed and treatment options, protocols, and consensus guidelines were suggested. A clear understanding of facial anatomy, physical characteristics of all fillers used, early recognition, and treatment options of complications will ensure optimum outcomes.
Temperature- and size-dependent photoluminescence in colloidal CdTe and Cd
x
Zn1−x
Te quantum dots
Authors: Balakrishnan Janani , L K Preethi , D Sreeshma , Jagtap Amardeep , Madapu Kishore K , Dhara Sandip , Rao K S R Koteswara 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Semiconductor colloidal quantum dots (QDs) of CdTe and alloyed Cd
x
Zn1−x
Te QDs with N-acetyl-L-cysteine capping ligands are synthesized by a reflux method in aqueous solution. Alloying provides a new degree of freedom to tune the optical and electronic properties of the nanocrystals. The photoluminescence (PL) of Cd
x
Zn1−x
Te QDs is sharper and displays a highly enhanced quantum yield (QY) of 65% relative to the 16% of CdTe QDs. The fluorescence of Cd
x
Zn1−x
Te QDs is observed to be highly stable for over 12 months without degradation, while that of CdTe QDs begins to mildly flocculate around 8 months of storage. To characterise the material structure and composition, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, x-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurements are carried out. To understand the fundamental processes that play in the luminescence behaviour, temperature- and size-dependent PL spectra are investigated in the range 80–300 K. The Varshni and O’Donnell equations fit well on the PL peak emission energies and the Huang–Rhys parameter indicates the strengthening of exciton–phonon coupling in the nanocrystals upon alloying and with decreasing nanocrystal sizes. PL linewidth analysis reveals that the inhomogeneous broadening is considerably reduced in Cd
x
Zn1−x
Te QDs relative to CdTe. Moreover, the quantum confinement effect of the nanocrystals leads to an increase in exciton–acoustic phonon interactions with the coefficients ranging between 26.9 and 95.6 µeV K−1 compared to the bulk CdTe value of 0.72 µeV K−1. Exciton–longitudinal optical phonon interactions are made stronger by the ZnTe alloying with the coefficients lying in the range between 24.8 and 41.7 meV and also with the effect of increasing crystal size. An Arrhenius plot of PL integrated area is used to calculate the thermal activation energy value E

a
of the non-radiative recombination channel, which is 132 meV for CdTe QDs and a higher value of 185 meV for Cd
x
Zn1−x
Te QDs. This is consistent with the observed QY enhancement in Cd
x
Zn1−x
Te QDs as a higher E

a
value indicates reduced generation of non-radiative recombination centres and a decrease in defect densities upon alloying. Cd
x
Zn1−x
Te QDs with enhanced fluorescence properties serve both as a medium for studying fundamental effects of alloying and its properties, and for practical applications such as biomedical labelling and optoelectronics.
Variable-period oscillations in optical spectra in sub-bandgap long wavelength region: signatures of new dispersion of refractive index?
Authors: Bao Yitian , Xu Shijie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Variable-period oscillations (VPOs) in various optical spectra in sub-bandgap long wavelength region, including reflection, transmission, absorption, and even luminescence spectra, are a frequently observed phenomenon in various semiconducting and dielectric films. These functional films include nitrides, oxides, silicides, sulfides, and perovskites. Although the phenomenon is widely known to be caused by optical interference, a generalized analytical model for it has not yet been established, probably due to both varying oscillation period and amplitude. In this article, we attempt to develop such a model by introducing a new concise dispersion of the sub-bandgap refractive index, i.e. containing a frictional component. In particular, we show that the VPOs in the reflectance and corresponding transmission shall have reverse maxima and minima in intensity, giving a self-consistent explanation to the existing experimental results in literature. Furthermore, the present analytical method is proven to be accurate for finding optical constants and thicknesses of films. Finally, the rationality of the new dispersion is further argued in terms of a generalized refractive index of crystal with lattice anomalies (e.g. defected and strained lattice), which was derived by Gonçalves et al from the fractional Drude–Lorentz model. In addition, the equivalency between the VPOs and Newton’s rings in energy space is discussed based on the present model.
The Comparative Study of Treated Sewage Water on Mechanical Properties of High Performance Concrete M40 with Conventional Concrete
Authors: Lavanya Damaraju Lakshmi , Bharath Kumar Jonna , Prathyusha Yadav B , Basid MD 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Concrete, the widely used building material in construction industry.Cement is the primary constituent of concrete, during its production releases the large amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere creating the serious environmental threats like air pollution. The paper discuss the ways to reduce cement composition as building material, so that the construction industry will be more environment friendly by replacing the cement with fly ash to an extent. Fly ash is waste product in thermal power plants creatingdisposal problems on landfills.Treated water effluent from STPs are used in the preparation of concrete makes benefits to the environment. The study investigates the water quality tests like Ph, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, COD,BOD, TSS. The Mix proportions was obtained for the preparation of M40 grade concrete and the Destructive (compressive strength )tests and nonDestructive Tests (rebound hammer, ultrasonic pulse velocity test )was conducted and analysed and compared with conventional M40 grade concrete test values for different ages of concrete 7,14,28 days