bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Switch to autophagy the key mechanism for trabecular meshwork death in severe glaucoma.
Authors: Rao Aparna , Sahay Prity , Chakraborthy Munmun , Prusty Birendra , Sriniva Sandhya , Mishra Pragyan , Modak Rahul , Suar Mrutyunjay 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
The key differences in cell deathmechanisms in the trabecular meshwork (TM) in adult moderate and severe primary glaucoma remain still unanswered. This studyexplored key differences in cell deathmechanisms in the trabecular meshwork (TM) in adult moderate and severe primary glaucoma.
Methods
Select cell death related proteins differentially expressed on mass spectrometric analysis in ex-vivo dissected TM specimens patients with severe adult primary open angle (POAG) or angle closure glaucoma (PACG) compared to controls (cadaver donor cornea), were validated for temporal changes in cell death related gene expression on in-vitro primary human TM cell culture after 48 hours (moderate) or 72 hours (severe) oxidative stress with H2O2 (400-1000uM concentration). These were compared with histone modifications after oxidative stress in HTM culture and peripheral blood of patients with moderate and severe glaucoma.
Results
Autophagy related proteins seemed to be the predominant cell death mechanism over apoptosis in ex-vivo dissected TM specimens in severe glaucoma. Analyzing HTM cell gene expression at 48 hrs and 72 hours of oxidative stress, autophagy genes were up-regulated at 48 hours of exposure > 72 hours which was in contrast to apoptosis related genes showing down-regulation at 72 hours. There was corresponding preferential abrupt upregulation of autophagy genes in the peripheral blood of the patients with severe glaucoma with associated increased expression of H3K14ac in HTM after 72 hrs of oxidative stress and in peripheral blood of severe POAG and PACG patients. Necrosis seemed to play a minimal role in cell death in moderate or severe stress in cell lines or peripheral blood.
Conclusion
A preference of autophagy over apoptosis may be underlie the mechanism of stage transition from moderate to severe glaucoma in the trabecular meshwork or peripheral blood which may be tightly regulated by epigenetic modulators. Associated epigenetic control mediating the unidirectional upregulation of autophagy in severe glaucoma requires to be explored.
Reactional Ultrasonic Systems And Microwave Irradiation For Pretreatment Of Agro-Industrial Waste To Increase Enzymatic Activity
Authors: Czapela Fabiane Fernanda , Kubeneck Simone , Preczeski Karina Paula , Dalastra Caroline , Scapini Thamarys , Bonatto Charline , Stefanski Fábio Spitza , Camargo Aline Frumi , Zanivan Jessica , Mossi Altemir José , Fongaro Gislaine , Treichel Helen 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Pretreatment of keratinous residues using an ultrasonic reaction system provides greater enzymatic production in less time. This is a promising technology for measuring enzyme activity and microwave processes. In the present work, an ultrasonic probe reaction system was used to evaluate the potential of swine hair pretreatment. The pretreated material was submerged with non-pretreated residues for 9 days to obtain the enzyme. Enzyme activity was measured in the extracts obtained using the ultrasonic probe, ultrasonic bath, and microwave. We also used the enzymatic concentration technique with NaCl and acetone. Homemade enzymatic extracts were evaluated for their ability to degrade swine hair and chicken feathers by comparing them with the activities commercial enzymes. Macrobeads gave greater energy dissipation in less time, providing greater enzyme activity (50.8 U/mL over 3 days). In terms of waste degradation, non-pretreated swine hair was more promising. The ultrasonic probe reaction system had the potential to evaluate increased enzyme activity (38.4% relative activity) and the enzyme concentration increased activity by 53.5%. The homemade enzymatic extract showed promise for degradation of keratinous residues.
Person-centred care in practice: Perspectives from a short-course regimen for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan
Authors: Horter Shona , Stringer Beverley , Gray Nell , Parpieva Nargiza , Safaev Khasan , Tigay Zinaida , Singh Jatinder , Achar Jay 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Introduction: Person-centred care, an internationally recognised priority, describes the involvement of people in their care and treatment decisions, and the consideration of their needs and priorities within service delivery. Clarity is required regarding how it may be implemented in practice within different contexts. The standard multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment regimen is lengthy, toxic and insufficiently effective. 2019 World Health Organisation guidelines include a shorter (9-11-month) regimen and recommend that people with MDR-TB be involved in the choice of treatment option. We examine the perspectives and experiences of people with MDR-TB and health-care workers (HCW) regarding person-centred care in an MDR-TB programme in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, run by Médecins Sans Frontières and the Ministry of Health.Methods: A qualitative study comprising 48 interviews with 24 people with MDR-TB and 20 HCW was conducted in June-July 2019. Participants were recruited purposively to include a range of treatment-taking experiences and professional positions. Interview data were analysed thematically using coding to identify emerging patterns, concepts, and categories relating to person-centred care, with Nvivo12.Results: People with MDR-TB were unfamiliar with shared decision-making and felt uncomfortable taking responsibility for their treatment choice. HCW were viewed as having greater knowledge and expertise, and patients trusted HCW to act in their best interests, deferring the choice of appropriate treatment course to them. HCW had concerns about involving people in treatment choices, preferring that doctors made decisions. People with MDR-TB wanted to be involved in discussions about their treatment, and have their preference sought, and were comfortable choosing whether treatment was ambulatory or hospital-based. Participants felt it important that people with MDR-TB had knowledge and understanding about their treatment and disease, to foster their sense of preparedness and ownership for treatment. Involving people in their care was said to motivate sustained treatment-taking, which some felt directly observed treatment (DOT) could undermine. Conclusions: There is a preference for doctors choosing the treatment regimen, linked to shared decision-making unfamiliarity and practitioner-patient knowledge imbalance. Involving people in their care, through discussions, information, and preference-seeking could foster ownership and self-responsibility, supporting sustained engagement with treatment, which DOT may contradict.
Comparative In Vitro Quality Evaluation of Different Brands of Ibuprofen Tablets Marketed in Mekelle, Ethiopia
Authors: Welegebrial Brhane Gebrehiwot , Kahsay Getu , Eticha Tadele , Gebretsadik Hailekiros 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objective: Quality of pharmaceutical products is required to guarantee their safety and efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical quality attributes of different brands of ibuprofen tablets marketed in Mekelle, Ethiopia. The methods stated in the British Pharmacopeia were adopted for weight uniformity, hardness, friability, disintegration test and assay of drug content. Dissolution test was also carried out as stated in the United States Pharmacopeia. To compare dissolution profile, statistical analysis of drug release at different time points were employed. Results: All the brands were found with acceptable pharmacopeial specifications for weight uniformity, friability, hardness, assay of drug content and dissolution test. Six brands fulfilled the pharmacopeial requirements of disintegration test while one brand failed to disintegrate as per the BP specification. However, there were statistically significant difference in weight, hardness, disintegration, dissolution and amount of drug content among the tested samples. Thus, from this study we can conclude that all the products fulfilled the required quality evaluation parameters as stipulated in pharmacopeias except one brand which failed the disintegration test. However, the in vitro dissolution profile indicated that there may be a potential bio-in equivalence among the pharmaceutical products.
Effectiveness over 10 years (2004-2014) of the e chinococcosis control progamme in China ： Impact on humans and dogs population interventions
Authors: Yu Qing , Xiao Ning , Han Shuai , Tian Tian , Zhou Xiaonong 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background A national control program for echinococcosis has been in effect since 2005 in China. This program has applied a comprehensive strategy, and good control results have been achieved. The objective of this study is focusing on the effectiveness of the programme with two indices, including patients treatment and registered dogs deworming, in endemic areas of echincoccosis control over the period of 10 years (2004-2014) in China. Methods 10 provinces and autonomous regions of China were chosen for this study and a database was established that included demography at county and township levels, grouping available patients into those subjected to surgery and those receiving drug treatment after population screening. All statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel software and SPSS software and the results are shown as percentages with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results The study showed that over this period, the coverage rate (the grant total average rate) of surgical patient (after surgical operation) treatment had increased with 32.4% and with 81.3% for medical treatment with albendazole. Meanwhile, it increased by 58.6% for the deworming of registered dog since 2007. The accumulated costs amounted to US$ 27.03 million after discount for patients and registered dog treatment, which is 1/4 (27.03/110.67) of the total accumulated financial inputs (US$ 110.67 million from the Chinese Government. Since the implementation of the national program, it has increased 57 times (1705.9/30.1=57) with respect to the annual financial inputs (costs) and 368 times (11,067.9/30.1=368) with respect to all accumulated financial inputs (costs). Conclusions As found through this study, it is suggested that more attention should be paid to controlling wild canines during the ongoing program period and sustainable follow-up evaluations are crucial for success and continued implementation of the national program, which will be necessary until the disease is under control and has been eliminated in all endemic areas of China.
Myoinositol to total choline ratio in IDH wild-type gliomas as a prognostic factor on preoperative magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Kumon Masanobu , Nakae Shunsuke , Murayama Kazuhiro , Kato Takema , Ohba Shigeo , Inamasu Joji , Abe Masato , Yamada Seiji , Sasaki Hikaru , Ohno Yoshiharu , Hasegawa Mitsuhiro , Kurahashi Hiroki , Hirose Yuichi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type gliomas tend to be pathologically defined as glioblastomas. We previously reported that, unlike IDH-mutant gliomas, IDH wild-type gliomas showed significantly lower ratios of myoinositol to total choline (i.e., the Ins/Cho ratio) on magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy. Given that IDH-mutant gliomas also have much better prognoses than IDH wild-type gliomas, we hypothesized that this lower Ins/Cho ratio is associated with malignancy in adults with supratentorial gliomas. Therefore, we calculated the Ins/Cho ratios of patients with supratentorial IDH wild-type gliomas and investigated their progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) to determine its utility as a prognostic marker.Methods: We classified IDH wild-type gliomas (n = 30) into two groups based on the Ins/Cho ratios, and compared patient backgrounds, pathological findings, PFS, OS, and copy number aberrations.Results: Compared with the group with high Ins/Cho ratios, the group with low Ins/Cho ratios had shorter PFS (P = 0.020) and OS (P = 0.037) durations. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the Ins/Cho ratio correlated significantly with PFS (hazard ratio 0.34, P = 0.027). Conclusion: We conclude that the preoperative Ins/Cho ratio can be used as a novel prognostic factor for IDH wild-type gliomas.
ROCK2 promotes osteosarcoma growth and glycolysis by up-regulating HKII via phospho-PI3K/AKT signalling
Authors: Deng Xue qaing , Deng Jianyong , Yi Xuan , Zou Yeqing , Hao Liang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumour that exhibits a high mortality. While tumours thrive in a state of malnutrition, the mechanism by which OS cells adapt to metabolic stress through metabolic reprogramming remains unclear. Methods: We analysed the expression of ROCK2 in osteosarcoma tissues by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Cell proliferation were analysed using CCK8, EdU and colony formation assays. The level of Cell glycolysis was detected by glucose-6 phosphate, glucose consumption, lactate production and ATP levels.Results: Herein, our study showed that ROCK2 expression in OS tissues was higher than in adjacent tissues. Functional assays have demonstrated that ROCK2 contributes to the growth of OS cells by inducing aerobic glycolysis. The current study revealed that ROCK2 knockdown decreased the levels of mitochondrial hexokinase II (HKII). And also indicated that ROCK2 served as a key enzyme in glycolysis and that it served an important role in tumour growth. A significant positive correlation was identified between the mRNA and protein expressions of ROCK2 and HKII, further demonstrating that ROCK2-induced glycolysis and proliferation was dependent on HKII expression in OS cells. Mechanistically, ROCK2 promotes HKII expression by activating the phospho-PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. Conclusions: Taken together, the results of the current study linked the two drivers of OS growth and aerobic glycolysis, and identified a new mechanism of ROCK2 control in OS.
Prevalence and associated factors of undernutrition among pregnant women vising ANC clinic in Silte zone, southern Ethiopia
Authors: Muze Mohammed , Yesse Mubarak , Kedir Shemsu , Mustefa Abdulmejid 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: Maternal undernutrition is highly prevalent in underdeveloped country. Hence, this study was intended to determine prevalence and associated factors of undernutrition among pregnant women visiting ANC follow up clinics of health facilities.Method: Facility based cross sectional study was conducted from July to January 2019. Data was collected by using structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) was measured by standard non stretchable MUAC tape. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select 422 study participants from 11 randomly selected health facilities. Sample size was allocated proportionately to each health facilities. Data was entered into a computer using Epi data 3.1 and edited, cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Both bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses was employed to identify factors associated with maternal undernutrition.Result: This study found 91 (21.8%) of study subjects were undernourished. Age greater than 31 years of women (AOR=0.15; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.93), Birth intervals > 2 years (AOR= 0.18; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.76), good nutritional knowledge (AOR=0.34; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.67), and having no dietary change as a result of current pregnancy AOR=6.02; 95% CI: 2.99, 12.14) were significantly associated with undernutrition.Conclusion and recommendation: The prevalence of undernutrition among pregnant women was 21.8 % indicates little decrement. Age of women, Birth intervals, and Dietary change as a result of current pregnancy and Nutrition knowledge were important risk factors/ predictors of undernutrition (MUAC < 23 cm). Government, and other concerned bodies should strength nutritional counseling of pregnant women at health setting and in community level with giving special emphasis to adolescent pregnant women (Age ≤20 years old).
Barriers and facilitators to the effective de-escalation of conflict behaviours in forensic high-secure settings: A qualitative study
Authors: Goodman Helena , Brooks Cat Papastavrou , Price Owen , Barley Elizabeth Alexandra 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: Violent and aggressive incidents are common within mental health settings and are often managed using high-risk physical interventions such as restraint and seclusion. De-escalation is a first-line technique to manage conflict behaviours and prevent violence and aggression. There is limited research into the use of de-escalation in high-secure settings. This study investigated staff, patient and carer perspectives on the barriers and facilitators to using de-escalation for conflict behaviours.Methods: Semi-structured individual interviews (n=12) and focus groups (n=3) were conducted with eight patients, four carers and twenty-five staff members in a high-secure hospital in England. Interviews and focus groups were informed by the theoretical domains framework and were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using framework analysis and the COM-B behaviour change model. Results: Four themes and 15 sub-themes (barriers and facilitators) were identified. Themes related to capabilities (building relationships: knowing the patient and knowing yourself), opportunities (filling the void: challenges within the high-security environment; dynamic relationships) and motivation (keeping everyone safe). Strong staff-patient therapeutic relationships underpinned by trust, fairness, consistency and an awareness of the trauma-aggression link were considered key to successful de-escalation. Specific psychological and interpersonal skills including empathy, respect, reassurance, sincerity, genuine concern and validation of the patient perspective are needed to achieve this. Barriers related to the physical environment; organisational resources, practices and systems; staff traumatisation; hierarchical and punitive attitudes towards patient care, and an insufficient understanding of psychiatric diagnoses, especially personality disorder. It was apparent across themes that fear, which was experienced by both staff and patients, was a driver for many behaviours. Conclusions: This work has identified organizational and behaviour change targets for interventions seeking to reduce violence and restrictive practices through the use of de-escalation in high-secure hospitals. The potential for, and occurrence of, violence in such settings is high and leads to fear in patients and staff. The factors which promote fear in each group should be addressed in de-escalation training.
Comparing outpatient and inpatient utilization rate in physicians, informed healthcare service consumers, and non-physicians, uninformed healthcare service consumers
Authors: Mohebi Farnam , Ahmadnezhad Elham , Mansournia Mohammad Ali , Majdzadeh Reza , Harirchi Iraj , Ahmadi Naser , Ghanbari Ali 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background

Supplier-induced demand(SID)cause a considerable but preventable economic burden on health systems.SID exists when the supplier changes a patient’s demand for his greater interest because of their asymmetric medical information.The informed patient is expected to resist demand induction;thus,his amount of utilization would be free of induction.In this study,we aimed to examine the impact of the opportunity of SID,information asymmetry,on healthcare utilization.As the nature of the association of interest could be considered to be the same in variety of contexts,we believe our results are generalizable to other countries as well.
Methods

We compared the individual outpatient and inpatient utilization rates in randomly chosen physicians(medically-informed)and non-physicians(medically-uninformed)with university degree and same living area in the Tehran province,the capital of Iran.Subjects were chosen by simple random selection with replacement from the relevant phone number list.Phone number lists were extracted from the Tehran province phone number list categorized by occupation.We excluded non-physicians with at least one physician in their close family and medical interns and subjects who did not answer the phone call and were unwilling to cooperate.Negative-binomial was used for comparing incidence rates of utilization(Hurdle in inpatient utilization),adjusted for demographic characteristics,insurance coverage,access to healthcare,and health status as healthcare-utilization-altering factors.The data collection tool consisted of 22 questions and was designed based on the list of the services that are prone to be induced by a supplier.The questionnaire was face-validated and content-validated in face to face interviews.
Results

In 349 physicians and 295 non-physicians,the adjusted outpatient and inpatient-utilization incidence was higher in non-physicians(incidence-rate-ratio: 1.38 and 3.19,respectively),p-value < 0.05.The only variable that correlated significantly with utilization rates was the presence of chronic diseases as the incidence rate of inpatient utilization was in patients with chronic conditions was 2.01 times of the individuals without.
Conclusions

The higher incidence rate of utilization in non-physicians comparing to physicians suggest SID existence and might be caused by information asymmetry and non-physicians’ vulnerability for SID,especially that utilization-altering factors were considered in the study design and analysis.The findings validate policies to regulate service provision,plan an appropriate payment system,which is mainly fee for service payment in Iran,and increase general population-health information via trusted routes.
Analysis of real-world free cervical cancer screening for eligible women in Beijing China, 2008-2018
Authors: Jie Shen , Yan Zhang , Lili Gao , Yue Zhang , Lili Han 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer is a very common gynecological malignancy. The incidence of cervical cancer in Beijing increased rapidly, the local government launched free cervical cancer screening in 2008 as a pilot, and then the program covered all register eligible women in 16 districts since 2009. Our study assessed the free screening program in Beijing from 2008 to 2018. Methods: Analyzed the data of all women aged 35-64 years old who received free cervical cancer screening in Beijing from January 2008 to December 2018. Results: Since 2008, Beijing has conducted five cycles of cervical cancer screening among 35-64 years old women. During the period, target population has adjusted and service management kept on improved. Totally 2,624,129 person times have received the services. The average detection rate of abnormal cervical cytology was 2.3%, the rate of colposcopy referral was 1.8%, and the rate of abnormal colposcopy result was 63.5%. The detection rate of CIN2+ and cervical cancer was 208.5 / 100,000, of which 5228 cases of CIN 2+ were detected, the detection rate of 199.2 / 100,000; 244 cases of cervical cancer were detected and the rate was 9.3 / 100,000. Conclusions: Free cervical cancer screening can effectively serve the grassroots women, improve women's health awareness, and realize the early detection and early treatment of cervical cancer. The coverage of the screening population and the screening strategies need to be further explored to achieve the goal of decreasing cervical cancer incidence and mortality in the future.