bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune Response of VNN (Viral Nervous Necrosis) Infected Grouper Utilizing Chlorella vulgaris Extract as an Anti-Virus Candidate
Authors: Junirahma Nur Sakinah , Yanuhar Uun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe quality and health of fish guarantee the success of aquaculture. However, grouper aquaculture are susceptible to diseases such as VNN (Viral Nervous Necrosis). It is necessary to determine the fish immune response system by observing the changes in the number of blood cells. Utilizing alternative substances,Chlorella vulgarisfor instance, may minimize infection. This study aims to determine the effect ofC. vulgarisextract treatment, as a candidate of VNN anti-virus, through hematological observations. The research method used qualitative experimental design by describing the fish immune response based on the number of blood cells. Fish blood was collected from each treated fish in the following treatments: (A) healthy fish, (B) VNN-infected fish, (C) VNN-infected fish treated with 17 µg / mLC. vulgarisextract, (D) VNN-infected fish treated with 33 µg / mLC. vulgarisextract, and (E) VNN-infected fish treated with 50 µg / mLC. vulgarisextract. The blood cells are observed using a light microscope. The water quality parameters analyzed were Temperature, pH, Salinity, and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) as supporting data. The research results showed that healthy fish has a high number of erythrocytes (28 cells/field of view). Treatment (D) shows a value close to healthy conditions, namely 22 cells/field of view.C. vulgarisextract treatment on VNN-infected groupers improves the immune system as indicated by an increased number of erythrocytes and decreased number of basophils cells (11 cells/field of view) and neutrophils (16 cells/field of view). Examination of water quality parameters shows tolerable conditions for the growth of groupers based on quality standards.
Propolis Extraction Using Vacuum Resistive Heating Method
Authors: Kartika Annisa Aurora , Lastriyanto Anang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Indonesian raw propolis as herbal medicine is produced by many farms but the bioactive content is not yet known. An innovative propolis extractor based on vacuum ohmic heating emerged. Vacuum ohmic heating is an extraction technology that uses an electric current that is carried out in a vacuum. This study aims to determine the effect of the origin of propolis on chemical characteristics extract using propolis extractor machine and compared with commercial propolis. This study used completely randomized design method with the origin of propolis variations. The extraction process was carried out in two stages. The results were compared with commercial product. The highest total phenol and flavonoid in vacuum resistive heating method was obtained in Makassar propolis while the lowest was obtained from Bali. In conclusion, the origin of the propolis area affects the results of propolis extraction using vacuum resistive heating technology to the parameters of total phenol and total flavonoids. By knowing the difference in the yield of bioactive compounds in propolis, it can be seen which propolis is best for use in producing herbal medicine propolis as a source of antioxidants.
Innovation Of Propolis Extraction Machine Based On Vacuum Resistive Heating
Authors: Lastriyanto Anang , Kartika Annisa Aurora 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In herbal medicine production, extraction technology is an important process because it determines the quality. The extraction of propolis is limited to conventional maceration method which the process is too long. New technology called vacuum resistive heating extraction is technology that utilizes electric current combine with vacuum condition, it has been applied to Makassar propolis extraction, dehydration, evaporation and distillation. This study used method as variations. The extraction process was carried out 20 minutes in two stages. The first process was at 16.6 KPa, 100V and 58 °C using water solvent. While the second process was using 70% ethanol solvent at 16.6 KPa, 220V, and 37 °C. The voltage gradient used in energy consumption analysis is 40 V/cm and 80 V/cm. The power delivered and temperature rate were analysed using 25V/cm, 30 V/cm, and 35V/cm. The results showed that the extraction machine ran well where the electric field affects heat rate of the material. Energy consumption in the process was 0.4225 kWh/L. The highest total phenol and flavonoid in VRH method were 45.72 mg GAE/g and 15.19 mg QE/g whereas higher than maceration method. Vacuum resistive heating as extraction machine is a promising way for aseptically producing herbal medicine especially propolis.
Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Cayratia trifolia on Histologically Kidney Mouse Model
Authors: Santoso Djoko , Ketut Sudiana I , Rahayu Anny Setijo , Yunus Muchammad 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of Cayratia trifolia ethanolic extract on histological mouse kidney models. A total of 12 adult male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into two groups, comprising six mice in each group. The first group of 6 mice provided as the control group and received 25 ml/kg BW orally sodium carboxymethylcellulose during 6 days.The second group, 6 mice was administered 50 mg/kg BW of C. trifolia ethanolic extract in sodium carboxymethylcellulose orally during 6 days. The present study, we have performed histological kidney mice evaluation after 6 days of C. trifolia ethanolic extract administration. The histological mice kidney was quantified in term of tubular epithelium, glomerular and focal mononuclear infiltrate. The effect of administration of C. trifolia ethanolic extract on histological kidney of mice appeared normal tubular morphology in cortical and medullary regions of kidney in administered C. trifolia ethanolic extract mice, there was no kidney change histologically showed normal architecture of the glomerulus and tubules, while in control mice group, kidney histologically first marked with mononuclear cell infiltration, tubular necrosis, glomerular congestion and hyaline casts. The study results exhibit that relatively sufficient in histopathological changes in the corticomedullary junction of mice kidneys, including tubular epithelial damage, tubular dilatation and intratubular cast formation.
Smart Ammonia Analyzer for Detecting Nitrogen-Ammonium Content in Fertilizer
Authors: Sulistyarti Hermin , Putra Boyfannie Ifan , Sutrisno  , Sulistyo Erwin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential nutrient required by majority of plants to enhance metabolic processes for growing. Insufficient supply of nitrogen leads to severe plant disorders in flowering and fruiting; however, there are many false fertilizers available in markets. This project is focused on developing a smart method as a means for quality detection of nitrogen fertilizer. The smart ammonia analyzer was constructed on a normal smartphone which filled with Qpython3 software functions as an information processing application to analyze the level of nitrogen-ammonium and Color Grab application to process the RGB image of coloured product reaction of nitrogen-ammonium to be measured. The image of blue indophenol as the coloured product of the nitrogen was developed on a paper containing phenate reagent by releasing nitrogen ammonia from sample. The measurement process using the constructed “Smart Ammonia Analyzer’ involving taking image by smartphone camera, measuring image intensity on position with RED readings, and analyzing process to change the RED-value to concentration of nitrogen-ammonium. The chemicals used for colour formation of blue indophenol were 0.2 M NaOCl, 0.5 M HCl, 0.003 M MnSO4 M, and 2 M phenate with 0.1 M of NaOH for releasing agent of nitrogen fertilizer as ammonia. The developed smart ammonia analyzer resulted linear relation between the absorbance of blue indophenol image to concentration of nitrogen ammonia (y = 0.0181x + 0.2834, R2 = 0.9726) and has been successfully applied to nitrogen fertilizer. Development of smart ammonia analyzer has been achieved to provide an easy, inexpensive, and fast device for detecting quality of nitrogen fertilizer with satisfactory results.
Bioactive Compound Impacting the Metabolism and Antibacterial Activity of Gadung Tuber (Dioscorea hispida Dennst)
Authors: Suryowati T , Sirait R H , Siagian F E , Nursyam M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Plant extracts continue to represent an untapped source of renewable therapeutic compounds for the prevention of illnesses including metabolic disorders such as antihyperglycemia. This study was to determine and identify the chemical compounds in leaves and gadung tuber (Dioscorea hispida Dennst), a-glucosidase inhibitory effects of leaves and to test antibacterial activity of tuber against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (Gram positive) and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (Gram negative). Identification of the chemical compounds was conducted using GC-MS technique, a-glucosidase inhibitory effects test was measured with spectrophotometric and antibacterial activity test was performed in vitro using agar disc diffusion assay. The bioactive compound evaluation of leaves confirmed the presence of dl-chimyl alcohol (11.82%); 10 (E), 12(Z)-conjugated linoleic acid (10.84%); stigmasterol (9.55%); heptadecane (5.94%); campesterol (5.91%). The analysis of gadung tuber revealed the presence of 7-Azabicyclo [4.1.0] heptane, 1-methgyl- (23.16%); n-Hexadecanoic acid (18.85%); 10E, 12(Z)-Conjugated linoleic acid (13.73%); 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 -hexaoxacyclooctadecane (4.34%); 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (4.07%). IC50 values inhibition of a-glucosidase extract was >300 ppm and glucobay standard was 0.210 ppm. The antimicrobial activity was performed against bacteria, its inhibitory effect. The results concluded that gadung tuber has great potential to invade some human pathogenic bacteria as it showed zone inhibition. Results from this research show that the concentration of gadung tuber compound has a low inhibition of alpha glucosidase activity. Further research is required to fully elucidate the bioactive compounds in this plant using vigorous analytical methods to be potentially responsible for health benefits
Evaluation of Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid, and In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Syzygium cumini Extract in Cervical Cancer Cell
Authors: Fiqri Hairil , Arda Adzani Gaisani , Adrebi Khodijah , Proborini Wahyu Diah , Widyanto Rahma Micho 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Side effect of conventional cancer terapy has driven researches to find alternative therapy. People in the province of West Nusa Tenggara, especially the Sasak tribe, perform medical treatments that refer to the traditional Lontar Usada manuscript. One of the plants mentioned in this manuscript was jamblang plant (Syzygium cumini). This study aims to explore and determine the potential of S. cumini leaves extract as an anti-cervical cancer. Extraction was carried out by the Soxhlet method using ethyl acetate, methanol, and water as solvents. The extract obtained was tested for Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), FTIR test, and cytotoxicity test for the MTT method using HeLa cells. TLC exhibited that the extract contain phenol and flavonoid. FTIR analyzed that the extract had functional groups O-H phenols, C-H alkanes, C=C alkenes, C=0 ketone, C=C aromatic ring, NO2 nitro compound, and C=C alkenes. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of ethyl acetate, methanolic and water extract were 443.80 + 0.33; 305.80 + 0.28; and 45.80 + 0.11 mg GAE / g, and 74 + 0.12; 70 + 0.28; and 34 + 0.21 mg QE / g. Ethyl acetate extract showed highest cytotoxicity with IC50 value 330.50 + 1.59, followed by methanol extract 378.35 + 2.84 and water extract 3608.84 + 0.85.
The Status of VNN (Viral Nervous Necrosis)-lnfected Grouper Fish Tissue with Chlorella vulgaris Extract as Anti-Virus Candidate
Authors: Yanuhar Uun , Arfiati Diana , Musa Muhamad , Kusriani  , Junirahma Nur Sakinah , Caesar Nico Rahman 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTo date, the most common problem in Grouper fish cultivation is VNN(Viral Nervous Necrosis)virus attack. Visual and histological observations on the fish behavior can be done to diagnose the presence of VNN.Chlorella vulgarisis believed to be one of the natural alternative ingredients that have the potential to be a VNN anti-virus. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential use ofC. vulgarisextract as a candidate for VNN antivirus by conducting histological observations on the organ tissue of Grouper fish. The method used in this study was a qualitative approach with histopathological techniques examining the fish organs such as brain, kidney and eyes from each treated fish. The clinical symptom observation was carried out for 14 days. Then, the harvested organs were brought for tissue preparation and observed again with a light microscope. In this case, the histopathological changes can be assessed using a semiquantitative scoring method. The results reveal that the Grouper fish had several symptoms such as darkening body-color, abdominal bloating, abnormal swimming behavior, and decreased appetite. It is also found that there was a change in the histological picture between the infected fish without treatment and the infected fish with the administration ofC. vulgarisextract. There were a number of lesions such as vacuolization, hemorrhagic, hypertrophy, and necrosis in the kidney, eye, and brain of the infected fish. Of all the treatments given, treatment (D) shows a little damage to the fish kidney, eye, and brain respectively by 26.7%, 33.3% and 33.3%. Therefore, it can be said that the administration ofC. vulgarisas an alternative feed and antivirus candidate can be used as a natural immune-stimulant to enhance the immune system of Grouper fish.
Evaluating cross-sectoral impacts of climate change and adaptations on the energy-water nexus: a framework and California case study
Authors: Szinai Julia K , Deshmukh Ranjit , Kammen Daniel M , Jones Andrew D 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Electricity and water systems are inextricably linked through water demands for energy generation, and through energy demands for using, moving, and treating water and wastewater. Climate change may stress these interdependencies, together referred to as the energy-water nexus, by reducing water availability for hydropower generation and by increasing irrigation and electricity demand for groundwater pumping, among other feedbacks. Further, many climate adaptation measures to augment water supplies—such as water recycling and desalination—are energy-intensive. However, water and electricity system climate vulnerabilities and adaptations are often studied in isolation, without considering how multiple interactive risks may compound. This paper reviews the fragmented literature and develops a generalized framework for understanding these implications of climate change on the energy-water nexus. We apply this framework in a case study to quantify end-century direct climate impacts on California’s water and electricity resources and estimate the magnitude of the indirect cross-sectoral feedback of electricity demand from various water adaptation strategies. Our results show that increased space cooling demand and decreased hydropower generation are the most significant direct climate change impacts on California’s electricity sector by end-century. In California’s water sector, climate change impacts directly on surface water availability exceed demand changes, but have considerable uncertainty, both in direction and magnitude. Additionally, we find that the energy demands of water sector climate adaptations could significantly affect California’s future electricity system needs. If the worst-case water shortage occurs under climate change, water-conserving adaptation measures can provide large energy savings co-benefits, but other energy-intensive water adaptations may double the direct impacts of climate change on the state’s electricity resource requirement. These results highlight the value of coordinated adaptation planning between the energy and water sectors to achieve mutually beneficial solutions for climate resilience.
Wind amplifies the polar sea ice retreat
Authors: Alkama Ramdane , Koffi Ernest N , Vavrus Stephen J , Diehl Thomas , Francis Jennifer Ann , Stroeve Julienne , Forzieri Giovanni , Vihma Timo , Cescatti Alessandro 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The rapid polar sea ice retreat and its drivers are challenging and still unresolved questions in climate change research. In particular, the relationship between near-surface wind speed and sea ice extent remains unclear for two main reasons: (1) observed wind speeds over Polar Regions are very sparse, and (2) simulated winds by climate models are dependent on subjective parameterizations of boundary layer stratification, ultimately leading to large uncertainty. Here, we use observation-based data (passive microwave sea ice concentration and six different reanalysis datasets) together with output from 26 climate models (from the CMIP5 archive) to quantify the relationships between near-surface wind speed and sea ice concentration over the past 40 years. We find strong inverse relationships between near-surface wind speed and sea ice concentration that are consistent among the six reanalysis datasets. The poleward wind component is particularly increasing in years of reduced sea ice concentration, which contributes to the enhancement of the atmospheric (surface oceanic) poleward heat flux by up to 24 ± 1% (29 ± 2%) in the Arctic and 37 ± 3% (51 ± 3%) in the Antarctic seas, therefore boosting the impact of polar sea ice loss and contributing to polar amplification of climate warming. In addition, our results show a marginal contribution of the dynamical (pushing/opening/compacting) effects of wind on sea ice compared to the thermodynamic effects which in turn play a lower role than the associated change in local surface Autumn–Winter turbulent and Spring–Summer radiative fluxes. Climate models generally produce similar results but with lower magnitude, and one model even simulates the opposite relationship wind/sea-ice. Given the rapid changes in polar climate and the potential impacts on the mid-latitudes, it is urgent that model developments make use of evidence from satellite observations and reanalysis datasets to reduce uncertainties in the representation of relationships between polar winds and sea ice.
Improved accuracy and precision of bioprinting through progressive cavity pump-controlled extrusion
Authors: Fisch Philipp , Holub Martin , Zenobi-Wong Marcy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
3D bioprinting has seen a tremendous growth in recent years in a variety of fields such as tissue engineering, drug testing and regenerative medicine, which has led researchers and manufacturers to continuously advance and develop novel bioprinting techniques and materials. Although new bioprinting methods are emerging (e.g. contactless and volumetric bioprinting), micro-extrusion bioprinting remains the most widely used method. Micro-extrusion bioprinting, however, is still largely dependent on the conventional pneumatic extrusion process, which relies heavily on homogenous biomaterial inks and bioinks to maintain a constant material flow rate. Augmenting the functionality of the bioink with the addition of nanoparticles, cells or biopolymers can induce inhomogeneities resulting in uneven material flow during printing and/or clogging of the nozzle, leading to defects in the printed construct. In this work, we evaluated a novel extrusion technique based on a miniaturized progressive cavity pump (PCP) which allows precise control over the volumetric flow rate by positive displacement. We compared the accuracy and precision of this system to the pneumatic extrusion system and tested both systems for their effect on cell viability after extrusion. The PCP achieved a significantly higher accuracy and precision compared to the pneumatic system, while maintaining good viability. These improvements were independent of the bioink composition, printing speed or nozzle size. This study demonstrates the merit of precise extrusion-process control in bioprinting by PCPs and investigates their influence on process-induced cell damage. PCPs are a promising tool for bioprinting and could help provide standardized and validated bioprinted constructs while leaving the researcher more freedom in the design of the bioinks.
Antibacterial Ti-Cu alloy with enhanced mechanical properties as implant applications
Authors: Yi ChangBo , Ke ZunYun , Zhang Lei , Tan Jun , Jiang YeHua , He ZhengYuan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The service life as hard tissue implantation for clinical application needs compatible mechanical properties, e.g. strength, modulus, etc, and certain self-healing in case of internal infection. Therefore, for sake of improving the properties of Ti-Cu alloy, the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and antibacterial properties of Ti-xCu alloy (x = 2, 5, 7 and 10 wt.%) prepared by Ar-arc melting followed by heat treatment were studied. The results show that the Ti-Cu alloy was mainly composed of α-Ti matrix and precipitated Ti2Cu phase. The Cu element mainly accumulates in the lamellar structure and forms the precipitated Ti2Cu phase. As the increase of Cu content, the lamellar Ti2Cu phase increases, the compressive strength and elastic modulus also were altered. The Ti-7Cu alloy exhibited the higher compressive strength (2169 MPa) and the lower elastic modulus (108 GPa) compared with other Ti-Cu alloys. The corrosion resistance of Ti-xCu alloys increases with the increase of Cu content. When the Cu content was greater than 5 wt.%, the value of corrosion current density for Ti-Cu alloy was less than 1 μA·cm−2, which is also significantly lower than that of CP-Ti. The antibacterial test revealed that only the Ti-Cu alloy with 5 wt.% or greater Cu content could display a strong antibacterial rate against E. coli and S. aureus. Therefore, the prepared Ti-7Cu alloy via heat treatment showed excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and antibacterial properties, which would meet the replacement of human hard tissue and clinical applications.
Study on corrosion mechanism of high-nitrogen steel laser-arc hybrid welded joints
Authors: Bai Di , Yang Zhikun , Chen Mingying , Zhang Hong , Liu Fengde , Huang Genzhe , Yang Li 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the electrochemical microcorrosion behavior of High-nitrogen steel hybrid weld joints with different wires addition were investigated. Polarization curves measurement was conducted to evaluate the corrosion feature in 3.5% NaCl solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the specific corrosion behavior and pitting deepening mechanism induced by precipitated ferrite-dendrites. The experimental results showed that the addition of nitrogen-containing welding wire improved the corrosion resistance of whole weld joint. As a transitional region, the HAZ exhibited relative weak pitting resistance and severe shedding behavior. The coherent dendrites and similar complex geometries led to the accumulation of continuous corrosion channels. The XPS spectra results indicated that the additional nitrogen in the welding wire optimized oxide composition of the surface passive film.