bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing communicative participation in preschool children with the Focus on the Outcomes of Communication Under Six: a scoping review
Authors: Cunningham Barbara Jane , Thomas‐Stonell Nancy , Rosenbaum Peter 
Published: September 2020

AimTo describe uses of the Focus on the Outcomes of Communication Under Six (FOCUS) in research with children with and without various communication disorders since its publication in 2010.MethodSix databases were searched for the term ‘Focus on the Outcomes of Communication Under Six’. With additional searches we ascertained 70 articles, of which 25 met inclusion criteria for full review and data extraction.ResultsThe FOCUS has been used in research across multiple countries, purposes, populations, contexts, and versions. Evaluative studies have described: the development of children’s communicative participation skills and factors that impact the development of communicative participation; the impact of specific interventions on communicative participation; how FOCUS captures change relative to measures of impairment; and how FOCUS performs when used at different intervals. Adaptations have included: use of the FOCUS as a descriptive or discriminative tool; use with children outside the validated age range; use of select items; and use with typically developing children.InterpretationThe FOCUS is used worldwide in research and practice, and much has been learned about children’s communicative participation. Future research is needed to explore the relationship between children’s impairments and their communicative participation, develop a FOCUS App, and develop and validate a FOCUS for school‐age children.
Three‐dimensional echocardiographic acquisition and validity of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction
Authors: Jenkins Carly , Tsang Wendy 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTransthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal (TEE) three‐dimensional echocardiography (3DE) is now used in daily clinical practice. Advancements in technology have improved image acquisition with higher frame rates and increased resolution. Different 3DE acquisition techniques can be used depending upon the structure of interest and if volumetric analysis is required. Measurements of left ventricular (LV) volumes are the most common use of 3DE clinically but are highly dependent upon image quality. Three‐dimensional LV function analysis has been made easier with the development of automated software, which has been found to be highly reproducible. However, further research is needed to develop normal reference range values of LV function for both 3D TTE and TEE.
A single bout of high‐intensity exercise modulates the expression of vitamin D receptor and vitamin D‐metabolising enzymes in horse skeletal muscle
Authors: Puangthong Chanikarn , Sukhong Patskit , Saengnual Pattrawut , Srikuea Ratchakrit , Chanda Metha 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe expressions of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and vitamin D‐metabolising enzymes (CYP27B1 and CYP24A1) in skeletal muscle have been reported. However, the regulation of this vitamin D system in horse skeletal muscle after high‐intensity exercise has not yet been elucidated.ObjectivesTo investigate the effect of high‐intensity exercise on the expression of vitamin D system‐related proteins in horse skeletal muscle and its associations with skeletal muscle stem cell (SMSC) activity and serum 25(OH)D level.Study designLongitudinal study.MethodsSix healthy ponies (5 geldings, 1 mare; age 6.3 ± 2.2 years) were studied. Serum and muscle samples were taken from the jugular vein and gluteus medius respectively. Samples were collected at pre‐exercise, post‐exercise, 1 and 3 weeks after a single bout of high‐intensity exercise. Protein expression levels of VDR, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, OxPhos and Pax7 (SMSC marker) were determined using immunohistochemical analysis. Oxidative capacity and intramuscular glycogen content were evaluated using histochemical analysis. Blood biochemistry was analysed for lactate concentration and creatine kinase (CK), and 25(OH)D activity.ResultsHigh‐intensity exercise significantly upregulated Pax7 and VDR protein expression, which correlated with significantly increased blood lactate and serum CK levels immediately post‐exercise. Serum 25(OH)D2level correlated with CYP27B1 protein expression in skeletal muscle, and it reduced significantly immediately post‐exercise and at 1 and 3 weeks post‐exercise. However, CYP24A1 protein expression was unchanged throughout study periods.Main limitationThe healthy ponies could not represent a fit population of racehorses and eventers.ConclusionsThe rapid increase in Pax7 and VDR protein expression along with serum CK level after high‐intensity exercise demonstrated an association between SMSC activity and activation of the vitamin D system in response to muscle injury in horses. Moreover, a decrease in CYP27B1 protein expression, correlated with a reduction in serum 25(OH)D2, may indicate a compromised vitamin D metabolism after high‐intensity exercise.
Risks, Vulnerabilities, and Desires for Future Romantic Relationships and Relationship Education During Early Adulthood
Authors: Kanter Jeremy B. , Conner Stacy , Vennum Amber , Deitz Sharon L. , Taylor Loren 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to explore how vulnerabilities, stressors, and adaptive processes influenced early adults' (N = 1,073) future relational desires and topic preferences in relationship education (RE).BackgroundThere is great diversity in pathways to relationship formation. Early adults are exposed to risk factors from their past and present relationship experiences that can influence their current and future relational functioning. Thus, there is an increasing need to provide individually relevant relationship education services to ultimately help early adults navigate these diverse relationship processes and transitions. To ensure relevant and successful programing, relationship educators need to consider early adults' future relational preferences and variations in early adults' interest in specific areas of RE content.MethodsCombining data from a nationally representative sample (N = 436) and a snowball sample (N = 637), we collected information on various risk factors for relationship distress early adults had observed or experienced, demographic information, and current relationship status to identify not only future relational desires but also interest in RE topics.ResultsResults indicated that early adults are concurrently experiencing many risks that influence their future relational desires and interests in specific RE topics.ConclusionWe demonstrate how each risk factor independently influences an early adult's future relational desires and interest in RE topics, while also highlighting the cumulative effect of risk factors on these outcomes.ImplicationsImplications highlight tailoring functions within RE to increase interest and engagement and more precisely address specific participant stressors and vulnerabilities.
The effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on changes in the fractal dimension of periapical lesion in teeth after root canal treatment: a fractal analysis study
Authors: Uğur Aydın Z. , Ocak M. G. , Bayrak S. , Göller Bulut D. , Orhan K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimThis single‐centre retrospective case–control study evaluated fractal dimension (FD) changes in radiographs of periapical lesions using a fractal analysis in healthy individuals and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients following root canal treatment.MethodologyThe study data consisted of two groups: the DM group which contained a total of 46 mandibular molar teeth in 37 patients with no systemic disease other than type 2 DM, and the control group which contained a total of 52 mandibular molar teeth in 41 patients without systemic disease. Periapical radiographs were obtained prior to root canal treatment and 1 year post‐treatment. Fractal analysis was performed by selecting a region of interest on the periapical radiographs. For both groups, the FD changes in lesion area were calculated and compared. In addition, periapical status was evaluated using the periapical index (PAI) scores on periapical radiographs for both groups. Data were analysed using dependent‐sample t‐test, independent‐sample t‐test, Wilcoxon signed‐rank test and Mann–Whitney U‐test.ResultsIn both groups, FD values were increased significantly 1 year post‐treatment as compared with those prior to treatment (P < 0.05). The time‐dependent increase in FD was significantly greater in the control group (P < 0.05). Time‐dependent increases in FD did not differ between genders (P > 0.05). There was a significant decrease in PAI scores in both type 2 DM and control groups depending on time (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of time‐related decreasesin PAI scores (P > 0.05).ConclusionAn increase in the FD of the periapical lesion area was observed 1 year after root canal treatment. DM had a negative effect on FD increase.
The state of the evidence about the Synergy Model for patient care
Authors: Nania T. , Barello S. , Caruso R. , Graffigna G. , Stievano A. , Pittella F. , Dellafiore F. 
Published: September 2020

AimTo systematically and critically summarize the state of the evidence about the Synergy Model and its utilization in nursing practice.BackgroundThe Synergy Model emphasizes the importance of alignment between patient needs and nurse competencies in achieving adequate patient‐ and nurse‐related outcomes. It is a relatively new patient‐centred care model developed at the end of the 1990s.IntroductionDespite the Synergy Model’s potential to support patient‐centred care, its practical application is still mainly limited. Thus far, literature about the Synergy Model has not yet been synthesized, undermining its broader utilization globally.MethodsA systematic search was performed on the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus. The authors used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) statement and checklist to guide the systematic search; 26 papers were included in this study. A critical interpretative synthesis was adopted to summarize the data extracted from the included papers.ResultsFive interpretative themes emerged: conceptualization, experiences from the field, nursing education, patient‐related outcomes and system‐related outcomes. Synergy Model shows a precise theoretical definition, and it was implemented in multiple clinical settings, mainly in critical care contexts. It seems to have a positive influence on patient‐related, nurse‐related and system‐related outcomes.DiscussionSynergy Model seems to be positively associated with specific susceptible outcomes, such as patient satisfaction, reduction of patient’s complications, staff satisfaction, empowerment, and engagement of patients and healthcare providers. However, the level of evidence is still limited.ConclusionFuture international research should demonstrate the feasibility of implementing the Synergy Model at an international level. More empirical research is needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model on susceptible outcomes.Implications for nursing and health policyThis systematic review could support further development of international programmes based on the Synergy Model. The Synergy Model's implementation has the potential to optimize nursing competencies, patient‐ and nurse‐related outcomes.
Within‐patient comparison of His‐bundle pacing, right ventricular pacing, and right ventricular pacing avoidance algorithms in patients with PR prolongation: Acute hemodynamic study
Authors: Keene Daniel , Shun‐Shin Matthew J. , Arnold Ahran D. , March Katherine , Qureshi Norman , Ng Fu Siong , Tanner Mark , Linton Nicholas , Lim Phang B. , Lefroy David , Kanagaratnam Prapa , Peters Nicholas S. , Francis Darrel P. , Whinnett Zachary I. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimsA prolonged PR interval may adversely affect ventricular filling and, therefore, cardiac function. AV delay can be corrected using right ventricular pacing (RVP), but this induces ventricular dyssynchrony, itself harmful. Therefore, in intermittent heart block, pacing avoidance algorithms are often implemented. We tested His‐bundle pacing (HBP) as an alternative.MethodsOutpatients with a long PR interval (>200 ms) and intermittent need for ventricular pacing were recruited. We measured within‐patient differences in high‐precision hemodynamics between AV‐optimized RVP and HBP, as well as a pacing avoidance algorithm (Managed Ventricular Pacing [MVP]).ResultsWe recruited 18 patients. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 44.3 ± 9%. Mean intrinsic PR interval was 266 ± 42 ms and QRS duration was 123 ± 29 ms. RVP lengthened QRS duration (+54 ms, 95% CI 42–67 ms, p < .0001) while HBP delivered a shorter QRS duration than RVP (−56 ms, 95% CI −67 to −46 ms, p < .0001). HBP did not increase QRS duration (−2 ms, 95% CI −8 to 13 ms, p = .6). HBP improved acute systolic blood pressure by mean of 5.0 mmHg (95% CI 2.8–7.1 mmHg, p < .0001) compared to RVP and by 3.5 mmHg (95% CI 1.9–5.0 mmHg, p = .0002) compared to the pacing avoidance algorithm. There was no significant difference in hemodynamics between RVP and ventricular pacing avoidance (p = .055).ConclusionsHBP provides better acute cardiac function than pacing avoidance algorithms and RVP, in patients with prolonged PR intervals. HBP allows normalization of prolonged AV delays (unlike pacing avoidance) and does not cause ventricular dyssynchrony (unlike RVP). Clinical trials may be justified to assess whether these acute improvements translate into longer term clinical benefits in patients with bradycardia indications for pacing.
TLR4 contributes to the damage of cartilage and subchondral bone in discectomy‐induced TMJOA mice
Authors: Liu Xin , Cai Heng‐xing , Cao Pin‐yin , Feng Yaping , Jiang Heng‐hua , Liu Li , Ke Jin , Long Xing 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe abundance of inflammatory mediators in injured joint indicates innate immune reactions activated during temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) progression. Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) can mediate innate immune reaction. Herein, we aimed to investigate the expression profile and effect of TLR4 in the cartilage and subchondral bone of the discectomy‐induced TMJOA mice. The expression of TLR4 and NFκB p65 in the synovium of TMJOA patients was measured by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and RT‐PCR. H&E and Masson staining were utilized to assess the damage of cartilage and subchondral bone of the discectomy‐induced TMJOA mice. A TLR4 inhibitor, TAK‐242, was used to assess the effect of TLR4 in the cartilage and subchondral bone of the discectomy‐induced TMJOA mice by Safranin O, micro‐CT, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Western blotting was used to quantify the expression and effect of TLR4 in IL‐1β–induced chondrocytes. The expression of TLR4 and NFκB p65 was elevated in the synovium of TMJOA patients, compared with the normal synovium. TLR4 elevated in the damaged cartilage and subchondral bone of discectomy‐induced TMJOA mice, and the rate of TLR4 expressing chondrocytes positively correlated with OA score. Intraperitoneal injections of TAK‐242 ameliorate the extent of TMJOA. Furthermore, TLR4 promotes the expression of MyD88/NFκB, pro‐inflammatory and catabolic mediators in cartilage of discectomy‐induced TMJOA. Besides, TLR4 participates in the production of MyD88/NFκB, pro‐inflammatory and catabolic mediators in IL‐1β–induced chondrocytes. TLR4 contributes to the damage of cartilage and subchondral bone in discectomy‐induced TMJOA mice through activation of MyD88/NFκB and release of pro‐inflammatory and catabolic mediators.
Naturally activated adaptive immunity in COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Yang Xiaofeng , Dai Tongxin , Zhou Xiaobo , Qian Hongbo , Guo Rui , Lei Lei , Zhang Xingzhe , Zhang Dan , Shi Lin , Cheng Yanbin , Hu Jinsong , Guo Yaling , Zhang Baojun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) has rapidly spread worldwide, threatening the health and lives of many people. Unfortunately, information regarding the immunological characteristics of COVID‐19 patients remains limited. Herein, we collected blood samples from 18 healthy donors (HDs) and 38 COVID‐19 patients to analyse changes in the adaptive immune cell populations and their phenotypes. We observed that the lymphocyte percentage moderately decreased, CD4 and CD8 T cell percentage among lymphocytes were similar, and B cell percentage was increased in COVID‐19 patients in comparison to that in HDs. T cells, especially CD8 T cells, showed an enhanced expression of late activation marker CD25 and exhaustion marker PD‐1. Importantly, SARS‐CoV‐2 infection increased the percentage of T follicular helper– and germinal centre B–like cells in the blood. The parameters in COVID‐19 patients remained unchanged across various age groups. Therefore, we demonstrated that the T and B cells are activated naturally and are functional during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. These data provide evidence that the adaptive immunity in most patients could be primed to induce a significant immune response against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection upon receiving standard medical care.
MicroRNA‐497 elevation or LRG1 knockdown promotes osteoblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in osteoporosis via TGF‐β1/Smads signalling pathway
Authors: Gu ZhengTao , Xie DengHui , Huang CaiQiang , Ding Rui , Zhang RongKai , Li QingChu , Lin ChuangXin , Qiu YiYan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been corroborated to engage in the process of cellular activities in osteoporosis. However, few researches have been conducted to expose the integrated role of miR‐497, leucine‐rich alpha‐2‐glycoprotein‐1 (LRG1) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1)/Smads signalling pathway in osteoporosis. Thereafter, the study is set out to delve into miR‐497/LRG1/TGF‐β1/Smads signalling pathway axis in osteoporosis. Osteoporosis bone tissues and normal bone tissues were collected. Rat osteoporosis models were constructed via ovariectomy. Model rats were injected with restored miR‐497 or depleted LRG1 to explore their roles in osteoporosis. Rat osteoblasts were extracted from osteoporosis rats and transfected with restored miR‐497 or depleted LRG1 for further verification. MiR‐497 and LRG1 expression in femoral head tissues and osteoblasts of osteoporosis rats were detected. TGF‐β1/Smads signalling pathway‐related factors were detected. MiR‐497 was poorly expressed while LRG1 was highly expressed and TGF‐β1/Smads signalling pathway activation was inhibited in osteoporosis. MiR‐497 up‐regulation or LRG1 down‐regulation activated TGF‐β1/Smads signalling pathway, promoted collagen type 1 synthesis and suppressed oxidative stress in femoral head tissues in osteoporosis. MiR‐497 restoration or LRG1 knockdown activated TGF‐β1/Smads signalling pathway, promoted viability and suppressed apoptosis of osteoblasts in osteoporosis. Our study suggests that miR‐497 up‐regulation or LRG1 down‐regulation promotes osteoblast viability and collagen synthesis via activating TGF‐β1/Smads signalling pathway, which may provide a novel reference for osteoporosis treatment.
mTOR‐autophagy promotes pulmonary senescence through IMP1 in chronic toxicity of methamphetamine
Authors: Zhu Mei‐Jia , Liu Bing‐Yang , Shi Lin , Wang Xin , Wang Yun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIt is growingly concerned about methamphetamine (MA)‐induced lung toxicity. IMP1 is identified as a key molecule for cell life processes, but the role of IMP1 in MA‐induced senescence remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether chronic exposure to MA can cause autophagy and senescence of the lungs, whether there are interactions between Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and IMP1 and whether IMP1 is involved in pulmonary senescence promoted by mTOR‐autophagy. The rats were randomly divided into control group and MA group, following by H&E staining, immunohistochemistry staining and Western blot. The alveolar epithelial cells were proceeded by ß‐galactosidase staining, cell cycle detection, transfection and co‐immunoprecipitation. Long‐term exposure to MA led to the thickening of alveolar septum and more compact lungs. MA promoted the conversion of LC3‐I to LC3‐II and inhibited the activation of mTOR to induce autophagy. Bioinformatics and co‐immunoprecipitation results presented the interactions between IMP1 and mTOR. MA induced cell senescence by decreasing IMP1, up‐regulating p21 and p53, arresting cell cycle and increasing SA‐β‐gal. Overexpression of IMP1 reduced p21 and SA‐β‐gal to inhibit the senescence of alveolar epithelial cells. These results demonstrated that mTOR‐autophagy promotes pulmonary senescence through IMP1 in chronic toxicity of methamphetamine.
Effect of water velocity and temperature on energy use, behaviour and mortality of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus larvae
Authors: Mrnak Joseph T. , Heironimus Laura B. , James Daniel A. , Chipps Steven R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNatural reproduction of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus has been limited for decades and a recruitment bottleneck is hypothesized to occur during the larval stage of development. In this study, we evaluated the effects of water velocity and temperature on the swimming activity, energy use, settling behaviour and mortality of endogenously feeding larvae. The swimming activity of drifting sturgeon larvae (i.e., fish exhibiting negative rheotaxis) increased at low water velocity. In subsequent experiments, we observed greater energy depletion and resultant mortality of larvae in no‐flow environments (0 cm s−1) compared to tanks with water velocity ranging from 3.5 to 8.3 cm s−1. The growth rate of drifting larvae was positively related to water temperature (18.7–23.3°C), but reduced growth rate at low water temperature (18.7°C) resulted in protracted development that extended average drift duration by ~4 days compared to larvae reared at 23.3°C. This study provides evidence that cooler summer water temperatures, characteristic of present‐day conditions in the upper Missouri River, can reduce larval development and extend both the drift duration and distance requirements of S. albus. Moreover, if dispersed into low velocity environments, such as in reservoir headwaters, larvae may experience increased mortality owing to a mismatch between early life stage drift requirements and habitat conditions in the river. Manipulation of water releases to increase seasonal water temperature below dams may aid survival of S. albus larvae by shortening the time and distance spent drifting.