bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Changes of Tongue Thickness and Tongue Pressure in Neuromuscular Disorders
Authors: Umemoto George , Fujioka Shinsuke , Arahata Hajime , Sakae Nobutaka , Sasagasako Naokazu , Toda Mine , Furuya Hirokazu , Tsuboi Yoshio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Swallowing dysfunction is related to major cause of adverse events and an indicator of shorter survival among patients with neuromuscular disorders (NMD). It is critical to assess the swallowing function during disease progression, however, there are limited tools that can easily evaluate swallowing function without using videofluoroscopic or videoendoscopic examination. Here, we evaluated the longitudinal changes in tongue thickness (TT) and maximum tongue pressure (MTP) among patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).Methods: Between 2010 and 2020, TT and MTP were measured from 21 ALS, 30 DM1, and 14 DMD patients (mean ages of 66.9, 44.5, and 21.4 years, respectively) at intervals of more than half a year. TT was measured, by ultrasonography, as the distance from the mylohyoid muscle raphe to the tongue dorsum, and MTP was determined by measuring the maximum compression on a small balloon when pressing the tongue against the palate. Then we examined the relationship between these evaluations and patient background and swallowing function.Results: Mean follow-up periods were 24.0 months in the ALS group, 47.2 months in the DM1group, and 61.1 months in the group. The DMD group demonstrated larger initial TT than the other groups, while the DM1 group had lower initial MTP than the ALS group. The ALS group showed a greater average monthly reduction in mean TT than the DM1 group and greater monthly reductions in mean BW and MTP than the other groups. Significant differences between the first and last BW, TT, and MTP measures were found only in the ALS group.Conclusions: This study suggests that ALS is associated with more rapid degeneration of tongue function over several years compared to DMD and DM1.
The Older Prisoner Health and Social Care Assessment and Plan (OHSCAP) versus Treatment as Usual: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Forsyth Katrina , Webb Roger T , Power Laura Archer , Emsley Richard , Senior Jane , Burns Alistair , Challis David , Hayes Adrian , Meacock Rachel , Walsh Elizabeth , Ware Stuart , Shaw Jenny 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background Older adults are the fastest-growing subgroup among prisoners in England and Wales and have more health and social care needs than their younger counterparts and those the same age living in the community . We hypothesised that the Older prisoner Health and Social Care Assessment and Plan (OHSCAP) would significantly increase the proportion of met health and social care needs three months after prison entry, compared to treatment as usual (TAU).MethodsA parallel randomised controlled trial (RCT) was conducted at ten prisons in the North of England. Males aged 50 and over received the OHSCAP or TAU. The allocation procedure was minimisation with a random element. The OHSCAP process involved individuals having their needs assessed, care plans being created and reviewed. TAU encompassed the standard prison health assessment. The trial was registered with the UK Clinical Research Network Portfolio (ISRCTN ID: 11841493) and was closed on 30th November 2016.ResultsData were collected between 28th January 2014 and 06th April 2016. 249 older prisoners were assigned TAU of which 32 transferred prison; 12 were released; 2 withdrew and 1 was deemed unsafe to interview. 253 prisoners were assigned the OHSCAP of which 33 transferred prison; 11 were released; 6 withdrew and 1 was deemed unsafe to interview. Consequently, data from 202 participants were analysed in each of the two groups. There were no significant differences in the number of unmet needs as measured by the Camberwell Assessment of Needs – Forensic Short Version (CANFOR-S). The mean number of unmet needs for the OHSCAP group at follow-up was 2.03 (SD=2.07) and 2.06 (SD= 2.11) for the TAU group (RR = 0.088; 95% CI -0.276 to 0.449, p = 0.621). No adverse events were reported. Conclusion Those received the OHSCAP did not experience an improvement to the meeting of the needs in comparison to the TAU g. This was largely due to the OHSCAP not being implemented as planed due to a national prison crisis.The OHSCAP was fundamentally not implemented as planned, partly due to the national prison staffing crisis that ensued during the study period. Therefore, those receiving OHSCAP did not experience improved outcomes compared to those who received TAU. Trial RegistrationISRCTN11841493 25/10/2013Protocol available at: http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN11841493
Path to Action – Closing the Gap to Make Patient Blood Management the New Norm(al) as Viewed by Implementors in Diverse Countries
Authors: Hofmann Axel , Spahn Donat R. , Holtorf Anke-Peggy 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Patient Blood Management (PBM) is an evidence-based approach in surgery and emergency care which aims to minimize the risk for blood loss and the need for blood replacement for each patient through a coordinated multidisciplinary care process before, during, and after surgery. In combination with blood loss, anemia is the main driver for transfusion and an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes including morbidity and mortality. Hence, identifying and correcting anemia as well as minimizing blood loss are important pillars of PBM. Evidence demonstrates that PBM significantly improves outcomes and safety while reducing cost by macroeconomic magnitudes. Despite its huge potential to improve healthcare systems, PBM is not yet adopted broadly. The aim of this study is to analyze the collective experiences of a diverse group of PBM implementors across countries reflecting different healthcare contexts and to use these experiences to develop a guidance for initiating and orchestrating PBM implementation for stakeholders from diverse professional backgrounds.Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 1-4 PBM implementors from 12 countries in Asia, Latin America, Australia, Central and Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Responses reflecting the drivers, barriers, measures, and stakeholders regarding the implementation of PBM were summarized per country, and key observations extracted. By clustering the levels of intervention for PBM implementation, a PBM implementation framework was created and populated.Results: A set of PBM implementation measures were extracted from the interviews with the implementors. Most of these measures relate to one of six levels of implementation including government, healthcare providers, funding, research, training/education, and patients/public. Essential cross-level measures are multi-stakeholder communication and collaboration.Conclusion: This implementation framework helps to decompose the complexity of PBM implementation into concrete measures on each implementation level. It provides guidance for diverse stakeholders to independently initiate and develop strategies to make PBM a national standard of care, thus closing current practice gaps and matching this unmet public health need.
Understanding the molecular–pharmaceutical basis of sartan recalls focusing on valsartan
Authors: Ray Avik , Atal Shubham , Sadasivam Balakrishnan 
Published: December 2020

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) or the ‘sartans’ are widely used for the management of hypertension and heart failure. There have been a series of recent incidents where drug formulations containing different ARBs as active pharmaceutical ingredients have been recalled by various pharmaceutical firms. This article addresses valsartan as well as other sartan recalls besides discussing the recent recalls of ranitidine and metformin, giving insights into the molecular-pharmaceutical basis of the recalls. A thorough literature search of PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar databases was performed to identify all relevant articles and information published up to 29th April 2020 using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH terms) and Boolean operators. We also searched for relevant information on the web using web-browsers and reference lists from original research papers and review articles. The main impurity found was N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) which was thought to be formed due to a change in the manufacturing process of valsartan. Besides, other impurities such N- nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and N-nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid (NMBA) were found in batches of other sartans, such as losartan and irbesartan. All of these are carcinogens and harmful if consumed at a level beyond a certain acceptable daily limit. Ranitidine, and more recent metformin recalls, have also been linked with valsartan in view of the presence of NDMA, the same impurity. Safety of ARBs is a major concern among healthcare professionals after the recalls of valsartan in the recent years. Periodic quality assessment of the manufacturing process and the drugs is key to ensure safe, effective and high-quality drugs for the global population. Additionally, practising physicians need to be vigilant in reporting adverse events in their patients receiving treatments.
DETERMINAÇÃO DE AGROTÓXICOS EM AMOSTRAS DE ARROZ EMPREGANDO MÉTODO QuEChERS e GC-MS
Authors: Barbosa Sergiane Caldas , Cerqueira Maristela Barnes , Primel Ednei Gilberto , Furlong Eliana Badiale , Kupski Larine 
Published: December 2020

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a validação do método QuEChERS para extração de agrotóxicos em arroz. Para a seleção dos analitos foi consultado o relatório do Programa De Análise De Resíduos De Agrotóxicos Em Alimentos de 2013-2015 da ANVISA. A separação cromatográfica foi realizada em cromatógrafo a gás, GC-MS-QP 2010 Shimadzu, com coluna RTX-5MS (30m x 0,25mm ID x 0,25 µm) Restek. Para separação dos compostos foram fixados os parâmetros: temperatura de injeção de 280 °C, temperatura de fonte de íons de 260 °C, tempo de corte de 6 minutos, volume de injeção de 1 ?L no modo splitless; e otimizada a programação de temperatura do forno. As análises foram realizadas no modo de Monitoramento do Íon Selecionado (SIM). A melhor condição obtida possibilitou a separação dos compostos nos tempos de retenção: pirimifós (10,06 min), tiametoxan (10,46 min), procimidona (10,73 min), flutriafol (10,98 min), tebuconazol (12,14 min), permetrina (14,27 min), difenoconazol (18,14 min). A amostra de arroz integral foi triturada para obtenção da granulometria de 0,5 mm. Para determinação dos agrotóxicos foi empregado o método QuEChERS e este foi validado em termos de limite de quantificação, exatidão (recuperação), precisão (RSD) e efeito matriz. Os limites de quantificação do método variaram entre 0,05- 0,5 mg kg-1. Os valores de recuperação variaram de 71,9 – 113,1%, com RSD<13,7%, dentro dos limites legislados. Os compostos pirimifós (1,8%), tiametoxan (-12,2%), flutriafol (1,3%), tebuconazol (-9,9%) apresentaram baixo efeito de matriz; os compostos procimidona (22%) e difenoconazol (32,4%) apresentaram um efeito de matriz médio; e a permetrina (69,5%) apresentou um efeito de matriz elevado. O método validado será empregado para o monitoramento dos níveis de contaminação em amostras de arroz disponíveis no comercio local, para inferir sobre o risco de exposição da população de Umuarama
Textural properties of low fat mayonnaise with whey protein concentrate and Tragacanth gum as egg and fat substitutes
Authors: Habashi Venus , Elhamirad Amir Hossein , Pedramnia Ahmad 
Published: December 2020

Introduction. Mayonnaise is a kind of oil-in-water emulsion that usually contains 70–80% of oil. However, modern food science keeps providing new knowledge about high-fat products, which makes it possible to solve the problems related to health concerns.
Study objects and methods. The research featured high-fat mayonnaise (20% of oil) with reduced oil stabilizer (1.75%) and without egg stabilizer. In experimental samples, egg stabilizer was replaced with 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% of whey protein concentrate and 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0% of Tragacanth gum. Mayonnaise with 3.5% oil stabilizer and 0.3% egg stabilizer was used as control sample. The samples were tested for such textural attributes as firmness, consistency, adhesive force, and adhesiveness.
Results and discussion. The highest and the lowest textural values were demonstrated by the sample with 0.4% of whey protein concentrate and 0.5% of Tragacanth gum and the sample with 0.5% of whey protein concentrate and 1.0% of Tragacanth, respectively. The former showed textural characteristics similar to those of the control sample. The presence of hydrocolloids proved to affect the texture properties of mayonnaise, whereas Tragacanth gum reduced its elasticity. It formed a strong and complex gel-like structure in the continuous phase. As a result, oil droplets in the emulsion had a smaller diameter, which improved the texture properties of low-fat mayonnaise.
Conclusion. Whet protein concentrate and Tragacanth gum in amounts of 0.5% and 1.0%, respectively, can be used to replace egg stabilizer and reduce oil stabilizer in low-fat mayonnaise.
The effect of karst system occurrence on flood peaks in small watersheds, southwest China
Authors: Mo Chongxun , Wang Yafang , Ruan Yuli , Qin Junkai , Zhang Mingshan , Sun Guikai , Jin JuLiang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFlooding at small basins is characterized by weak predictability, sudden onset, and rapid disaster formation, especially in karst areas. Therefore, an accurate flood simulation will be helpful for flood control and disaster reduction. In this study, the reservoir unit is added into the original HEC-HMS model to improve the model and analyze the stagnation of the runoff process in karst basins. Then, the HEC-HMS model before and after improvement is used to simulate floods in the Xiajia basin, a typical karst area in southwest China. Before improvement, the calibration result shows that the accuracy of 31 flood simulations is poor, and the qualified rate is only 38.71%. After improvement, the qualified rate increases to 51.61% during calibration, and the simulation accuracy is increased by 12.90%. Moreover, the qualified rate reaches 61.11% during validation, and the simulation accuracy is increased by 22.40%. The improved HEC-HMS model can be applied to flood simulations in the study area and the study results can provide useful insights for flood warning and management in karst areas.
Understanding the role of informal pit emptiers in sanitation in Nairobi through case studies in Mukuru and Kibera settlements
Authors: Mallory Adrian , Omoga Lilian , Kiogora Domenic , Riungu Joy , Kagendi Dorothy , Parker Alison 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Achieving universal sanitation in informal settlements will depend on improved onsite sanitation, as sewer systems are unlikely to be viable solutions due to technical and political constraints. In Nairobi, Kenya, 60% of the population live among its 150 informal settlements, occupying only 5% of its total residential land. This research assessed the role of informal pit emptiers in providing sanitation in Mukuru and Kibera, two of the largest informal settlements in Nairobi, and the barriers to achieving improved services. Through qualitative data collection, the research found that pit emptiers are institutionally and physically outside of the current paradigm of sanitation service delivery. There is no infrastructure available to remove waste from informal settlements, except for a transfer station that is being piloted by Sanergy, and instead waste ends up disposed in the community. The pit emptiers also face violence and intimidation from competitors or locals claiming ownership of territory. Providing improved sanitation in such areas will depend on the provision of new infrastructure, but this can only succeed with a detailed understanding of the competing and vested interests that can enable or undermine a project.
Pengaruh Toilet Training Media Balloon dengan Tehnik Modelling Terhadap Bina Diri (BAB & BAK) Anak Down syndrome
Authors: Radina Radina 
Published: December 2020

Pada penelitian ini yang menjadi sasaran subjek yang akan diteliti adalah anak dengan hambatan intelektual (down syndrome). Tujuan penelitian mengembangkan tehnik modelling pembelajaran keterampilan bina diri pada anak down syndrome dengan toilet training sesuai dengan karakteristik dan kebutuhan siswa down syndrome. Dalam membelajarkan toilet training pada down syndrome diantaranya dapat menggunakan media balloon. Jenis penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian SSR. Teknik pengumpulan data observasi langsung, dokumentasi serta wawancara. Metode pengumpulan data analisis kemampuan toilet training. Hasil dianalisis meliputi jumlah pengamatan dalam kondisi awal sebanyak 8x dan kondisi intervensi sebanyak 52 sesi/minggu. Hasil penelitian ditujukan untuk analisis data dalam kondisi dan analisis data antara kondisi menunjukkan perubahan kemampuan pelatihan toilet X ke arah yang lebih baik, terbukti dari data yang diperoleh selama kondisi baseline, hanya 37, 5% sedangkan data yang diperoleh selama kondisi intervensi pada 50 hingga 52 sesi kemampuan anak untuk pelatihan toilet adalah 100%.
Evaluasi Program Pembelajaran Metode Ummi dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Al-Qur’an di SMP
Authors: Wahyuni Sita Nila , Aisyah Nurul 
Published: December 2020

The aims of this research is to analyze context, input, process, and product of Tahfidz Al-Qur’an program at SMP Muhammadiyah 1 Gamping. The type of this research is evaluative research with a qualitative approach and use an evaluation model of CIPP (Context, Process, Input, Product)by Stufflebeam. Data collection techniques with observation, interview, and documentation. Analysis of this data using data reduction and conclusion. The results of this study are (1) in the context component, the goals and objectives of Tahfidz Al-qur’an program have been a means category that has a purpose to inculcate the Quranic values and familiarize the atmosphere of the Qur’an in life. (2) in the input, the component shows that the input of teachers, methods, and facilities have been a quite good category, but in teacher input still lack educator to guide tahfidz to be more effective in guiding, while input means to study Tahfidz still less comfortable because there is no place specifically so as not to disturbed student concentration (3) in the process component shows that the implementation schedule is held every day, the target of memorization is 2 juz, but in the achievement of the target, not all student can achieve 2 juz (4) in the product, component shows the results and impact of the Tahfidz program can be categorized well. And the completeness of the achievement of Tahfidz Al-Qur’an program has a value 50 % and categorized “means”.
Increased Flower Production of Calibrachoa x hybrida by the Soil Fungus Mortierella elongata1
Authors: Becker Lindsey E. , Cubeta Marc A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Calibrachoa (Calibrachoa x hybrida) is a highly valued solanaceous flowering ornamental plant, characterized by its drought-hardiness, abundant flowering, and diverse flower colors. Recently, the saprobic soil fungus Mortierella elongata was isolated as a root endophyte from eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and identified as a potential biological amendment for bioenergy and food crops. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted by transplanting rooted cuttings of Calibrachoa cv. ‘Kabloom Deep Blue' into a potting media mixture amended with 1 or 2% volume mix ratio of millet seed colonized with one of four isolates of M. elongata. Plants were assessed weekly for flower production and 86 days post inoculation for leaf/stem, root, and total dry weight. M. elongata strain 624- significantly increased flower production compared to the non-inoculated millet seed controls at 6 and 7 wk post amendment in both experiments. Above and below ground vegetative dry weight for plants grown in potting media mixture amended with M. elongata isolates varied across isolates, fungal amendment concentrations, and experiments. Our results suggest that potting media mixture amended with M. elongata strain 624- can increase flower production of Calibrachoa during peak marketable periods.
Index words: Calibrachoa, plant growth promotion, plant reproduction, biological amendment.
Species used in this study: Calibrachoa (Calibrachoa x hybrida); Mortierella elongata Linnem.
Soil Solarization to Eradicate Soilborne Phytophthora spp. in Container Nurseries with Surface Gravel1
Authors: Funahashi Fumiaki , Parke Jennifer L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
To describe the effect of soil solarization in the presence of a gravel layer on the soil surface of container nurseries, we investigated belowground temperatures and soil water potential during solarization with different thicknesses of a surface gravel layer (2.5 cm, 7.5 cm, or no gravel) (1 in, 3 in, or no gravel) in relation to survival of soilborne Phytophthora spp. inoculum. In field trials conducted for 4 weeks with Phytophthora ramorum Werres and Phytophthora pini Leonian in San Rafael, California and with P. pini in Corvallis, Oregon, infested rhododendron leaf inoculum was placed on the surface, and at 5 cm (2 in) and 15 cm (6 in) below the surface. In solarized plots with thicker layers of gravel, inoculum buried in the soil layer was killed in shorter treatment periods by higher elevated temperatures. Inoculum at the surface and within the gravel layer was also killed, but showed greater tolerance to heat under the lower water potential conditions as compared to the soil layer. P. pini has a significantly longer survival in heat than P. ramorum, allowing it to serve as a conservative surrogate for P. ramorum in testing solarization outside the quarantine facility. This study demonstrates how presence of a gravel layer influences soil solarization effectiveness in reducing Phytophthora inoculum survival.
Index words: Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora pini, soil disinfestation, disease management, soil temperature, soil water potential, ornamentals.
Species used in this study: Phytophthora ramorum Werres, de Cock & Man in't Veld, Phytophthora pini Leonian.