bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discretionary Power, Scientific Uncertainty and Right to Life in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learnt from the Administrative Tribunal of Guadeloupe and the French Council of State
Authors: DONATI Alessandra 
Published: July 2020

Administrative Tribunal of Guadeloupe 28 March 2020, case n° 2000295 (Judge for interim relief); French Council of State 4 April 2020, cases n° 439904, 439905 (Judge for interim relief)Based on the precautionary principle and to protect the right to life under Article L. 521-2 of the French Code of Administrative Justice, the Administrative Tribunal of Guadeloupe (Judge for interim relief) ordered the Regional Health Agency of Guadeloupe and the University Hospital Centre of Guadeloupe to procure 200,000 COVID-19 screening tests corresponding to half of the population of Guadeloupe and to buy the doses necessary for the treatment of the COVID-19 epidemic with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin for 20,000 patients. On appeal, the French Council of State, by disregarding the application of the precautionary principle and with controversial reasoning concerning the relationship between discretionary power and scientific uncertainty, annulled the decision of the Administrative Tribunal of Guadeloupe.
Solving gyrokinetic systems with higher-order time dependence
Authors: Sharma A. Y. , McMillan B. F. 
Published: July 2020

We discuss theoretical and numerical aspects of gyrokinetics as a Lagrangian field theory when the field perturbation is introduced into the symplectic part. A consequence is that the field equations and particle equations of motion in general depend on the time derivatives of the field. The most well-known example is when the parallel vector potential is introduced as a perturbation, where a time derivative of the field arises only in the equations of motion, so an explicit equation for the fields may still be written. We will consider the conceptually more problematic case where the time-dependent fields appear in both the field equations and equations of motion, but where the additional term in the field equations is formally small. The conceptual issues were described by Burby (J. Plasma Phys., vol. 82 (3), 2016, 905820304): these terms lead to apparent additional degrees of freedom to the problem, so that the electric field now requires an initial condition, which is not required in low-frequency (Darwin) Vlasov–Maxwell equations. Also, the small terms in the Euler–Lagrange equations are a singular perturbation, and these two issues are interlinked. For well-behaved problems the apparent additional degrees of freedom are spurious, and the physically relevant solution may be directly identified. Because we needed to assume that the system is well behaved for small perturbations when deriving gyrokinetic theory, we must continue to assume that when solving it, and the physical solutions are thus the regular ones. The spurious nature of the singular degrees of freedom may also be seen by changing coordinate systems so the varying field appears only in the Hamiltonian. We then describe how methods appropriate for singular perturbation theory may be used to solve these asymptotic equations numerically. We then describe a proof-of-principle implementation of these methods for an electrostatic strong-flow gyrokinetic system; two basic test cases are presented to illustrate code functionality.
Autonomous Detection of Particles and Tracks in Optical Images
Authors: Liounis Andrew J. , Small Jeffrey L. , Swenson Jason C. , Lyzhoft Joshua R. , Ashman Benjamin W. , Getzandanner Kenneth M. , Moreau Michael C. , Adam Coralie D. , Leonard Jason M. , Nelson Derek S. , Pelgrift John Y. , Bos Brent J. , Chesley Steven R. , Hergenrother Carl W. , Lauretta Dante S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhen optical navigation images acquired by the OSIRIS‐REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security‐Regolith Explorer) mission revealed the periodic ejection of particles from asteroid (101955) Bennu, it became a mission priority to quickly identify and track these objects for both spacecraft safety and scientific purposes. The large number of particles and the mission criticality rendered time‐intensive manual inspection impractical. We present autonomous techniques for particle detection and tracking that were developed in response to the Bennu phenomenon but that have the capacity for general application to particles in motion about a celestial body. In an example OSIRIS‐REx data set, our autonomous techniques identified 93.6% of real particle tracks and nearly doubled the number of tracks detected versus manual inspection alone.
Seasonal Variation of O/N2 on Different Pressure Levels From GUVI Limb Measurements
Authors: Yu Tingting , Ren Zhipeng , Le Huijun , Wan Weixing , Wang Wenbin , Cai Xuguang , Li Xing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe ratio of O number density to N2 number density (O/N2) is an important parameter to describe thermospheric composition changes and its effects on the ionosphere. Based on Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) limb measurements, we investigate the seasonal behaviors of O/N2 volume density ratio on different constant pressure levels during geomagnetically quiet periods. The global O/N2 shows the prominent annual and semiannual variations with solar activity dependence. An empirical model considering the solar activity and annual/semiannual variations can reasonably reproduce the original O/N2. The modeled O/N2 captures the hemispheric asymmetry of the annual variations in both length and magnitude. Global maps of the seasonal harmonic components of the modeled O/N2 indicate the latitudinal and altitudinal dependence of O/N2 seasonal variations. The annual component dominates over the semiannual component at mid‐latitudes, but it is smaller than the semiannual component at low latitudes. In the Northern Hemisphere, and at low geomagnetic latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, the annual component peaks around December solstice at all altitudes, whereas at middle geomagnetic latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, it peaks around June solstice. The semiannual component peaks at the equinoxes in almost all regions over the globe at all altitudes. The annual and semiannual amplitudes both increase with altitude. In addition, O/N2 annual variations and solar activity dependence are more influenced by the thermal expansion and contraction.
Relationship Between Presunset Wave Structures and Interbubble Spacing: The Seeding Perspective of Equatorial Plasma Bubble
Authors: Das S. K. , Patra A. K. , Kherani E. A. , Chaitanya P. Pavan , Niranjan K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we study on the precursor seed structures well before the prospective occurrence of equatorial plasma bubble (EPB). We use the scanning mode observations made by the 30‐MHz Gadanki Ionospheric Radar Interferometer for estimating interbubble spacing and high time resolution observations made by a collocated digisonde for inferring horizontal wavelength of wave‐like variations prior to the onset of EPB. Horizontal wavelength of wave‐like variations has been inferred from plasma density variations and height variations of isodensity contours; both show consistent results. Remarkable agreement has been found between the estimated horizontal wavelength and interbubble spacing, which demonstrates the potential of digisonde in providing relevant seed structure for a prospective EPB formation. Further analysis based on observational results and numerical simulation of collisional interchange instability shows that while the eventual formation of EPB has a strong bearing on the height of the F layer and density gradient scale length, the growth perspective of the EPB depends on the seed wavelength. These results are presented and discussed keeping the future prospective of EPB forecasting/nowcasting.
Spatial Distribution of the Pedersen Conductance in the Jovian Aurora From Juno‐UVS Spectral Images
Authors: Gérard J.‐C. , Gkouvelis L. , Bonfond B. , Grodent D. , Gladstone G. R. , Hue V. , Greathouse T. K. , Versteeg M. , Kammer J. A. , Blanc M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIonospheric conductivity perpendicular to the magnetic field plays a crucial role in the electrical coupling between planetary magnetospheres and ionospheres. At Jupiter, it controls the flow of ionospheric current from above and the closure of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere circuit in the ionosphere. We use multispectral images collected with the Ultraviolet Spectral (UVS) imager on board Juno to estimate the two‐dimensional distribution of the electron energy flux and characteristic energy. These values are fed to an ionospheric model describing the generation and loss of different ion species, to calculate the auroral Pedersen conductivity. The vertical distributions of H3+, hydrocarbon ions, and electrons are calculated at steady state for each UVS pixel to characterize the spatial distribution of electrical conductance in the auroral region. We find that the main contribution to the Pedersen conductance stems from collisions of H3+and heavier ions with H2. However, hydrocarbon ions contribute as much as 50% to Σp when the auroral electrons penetrate below the homopause. The largest values are usually associated with the bright main emission, the Io auroral footprint and occasional bright emissions at high latitude. We present examples of maps for both hemispheres based on Juno‐UVS images, with Pedersen conductance ranging from less than 0.1 to a few mhos.
Probing of carotenoid-tryptophan hydrogen bonding dynamics in the single-tryptophan photoactive Orange Carotenoid Protein
Authors: Maksimov Eugene G. , Protasova Elena A. , Tsoraev Georgy V. , Yaroshevich Igor A. , Maydykovskiy Anton I. , Shirshin Evgeny A. , Gostev Timofey S. , Jelzow Alexander , Moldenhauer Marcus , Slonimskiy Yury B. , Sluchanko Nikolai N. , Friedrich Thomas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe photoactive Orange Carotenoid Protein (OCP) plays a key role in cyanobacterial photoprotection. In OCP, a single non-covalently bound keto-carotenoid molecule acts as a light intensity sensor, while the protein is responsible for forming molecular contacts with the light-harvesting antenna, the fluorescence of which is quenched by OCP. Activation of this physiological interaction requires signal transduction from the photoexcited carotenoid to the protein matrix. Recent works revealed an asynchrony between conformational transitions of the carotenoid and the protein. Intrinsic tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence has provided valuable information about the protein part of OCP during its photocycle. However, wild-type OCP contains five Trp residues, which makes extraction of site-specific information impossible. In this work, we overcame this problem by characterizing the photocycle of a fully photoactive OCP variant (OCP-3FH) with only the most critical tryptophan residue (Trp-288) in place. Trp-288 is of special interest because it forms a hydrogen bond to the carotenoid’s keto-oxygen to keep OCP in its dark-adapted state. Using femtosecond pump-probe fluorescence spectroscopy we analyzed the photocycle of OCP-3FH and determined the formation rate of the very first intermediate suggesting that generation of the recently discovered S* state of the carotenoid in OCP precedes the breakage of the hydrogen bonds. Therefore, following Trp fluorescence of the unique photoactive OCP-3FH variant, we identified the rate of the H-bond breakage and provided novel insights into early events accompanying photoactivation of wild-type OCP.
Mapping the local viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids flowing through disordered porous structures
Authors: Eberhard U. , Seybold H. J. , Secchi E. , Jiménez-Martínez J. , Rühs P. A. , Ofner A. , Andrade J. S. , Holzner M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFlow of non-Newtonian fluids through topologically complex structures is ubiquitous in most biological, industrial and environmental settings. The interplay between local hydrodynamics and the fluid’s constitutive law determines the distribution of flow paths. Consequently the spatial heterogeneity of the viscous resistance controls mass and solute transport from the micron to the meter scale. Examples range from oil recovery and groundwater engineering to drug delivery, filters and catalysts. Here we present a new methodology to map the spatial variation of the local viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid flowing through a complex pore geometry. We use high resolution image velocimetry to determine local shear rates. Knowing the local shear rate in combination with a separate measurement of the fluid’s constitutive law allows to quantitatively map the local viscosity at the pore scale. Our experimental results—which closely match with three-dimensional numerical simulations—demonstrate that the exponential decay of the longitudinal velocity distributions, previously observed for Newtonian fluids, is a function of the spatial heterogeneity of the local viscosity. This work sheds light on the relationship between hydraulic properties and the viscosity at the pore scale, which is of fundamental importance for predicting transport properties, mixing, and chemical reactions in many porous systems.
Translating GWAS-identified loci for cardiac rhythm and rate using an in vivo image- and CRISPR/Cas9-based approach
Authors: von der Heyde Benedikt , Emmanouilidou Anastasia , Mazzaferro Eugenia , Vicenzi Silvia , Höijer Ida , Klingström Tiffany , Jumaa Sitaf , Dethlefsen Olga , Snieder Harold , de Geus Eco , Ameur Adam , Ingelsson Erik , Allalou Amin , Brooke Hannah L. , den Hoed Marcel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified eight loci that are associated with heart rate variability (HRV), but candidate genes in these loci remain uncharacterized. We developed an image- and CRISPR/Cas9-based pipeline to systematically characterize candidate genes for HRV in live zebrafish embryos. Nine zebrafish orthologues of six human candidate genes were targeted simultaneously in eggs from fish that transgenically express GFP on smooth muscle cells (Tg[acta2:GFP]), to visualize the beating heart. An automated analysis of repeated 30 s recordings of beating atria in 381 live, intact zebrafish embryos at 2 and 5 days post-fertilization highlighted genes that influence HRV (hcn4 and si:dkey-65j6.2 [KIAA1755]); heart rate (rgs6 and hcn4); and the risk of sinoatrial pauses and arrests (hcn4). Exposure to 10 or 25 µM ivabradine—an open channel blocker of HCNs—for 24 h resulted in a dose-dependent higher HRV and lower heart rate at 5 days post-fertilization. Hence, our screen confirmed the role of established genes for heart rate and rhythm (RGS6 and HCN4); showed that ivabradine reduces heart rate and increases HRV in zebrafish embryos, as it does in humans; and highlighted a novel gene that plays a role in HRV (KIAA1755).
Deep learning-based classification of the mouse estrous cycle stages
Authors: Sano Kyohei , Matsuda Shingo , Tohyama Suguru , Komura Daisuke , Shimizu Eiji , Sutoh Chihiro 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThere is a rapidly growing demand for female animals in preclinical animal, and thus it is necessary to determine animals' estrous cycle stages from vaginal smear cytology. However, the determination of estrous stages requires extensive training, takes a long time, and is costly; moreover, the results obtained by human examiners may not be consistent. Here, we report a machine learning model trained with 2,096 microscopic images that we named the "Stage Estimator of estrous Cycle of RodEnt using an Image-recognition Technique (SECREIT)." With the test dataset (736 images), SECREIT achieved area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve of 0.962 or more for each estrous stage. A test using 100 images showed that SECREIT provided correct classification that was similar to that provided by two human examiners (SECREIT: 91%, Human 1: 91%, Human 2: 79%) in 11 s. The SECREIT can be a first step toward accelerating the research using female rodents.
BAFF attenuates oxidative stress-induced cell death by the regulation of mitochondria membrane potential via Syk activation in WiL2-NS B lymphoblasts
Authors: Park Sojin , Jang Ju-Won , Moon Eun-Yi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCell survival is facilitated by the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). B cell activating factor (BAFF) plays a role in survival, differentiation, and maturation of B cells. In the present study, we examined whether BAFF could attenuate oxidative stress-induced B cell death by the regulation of MMP collapse via spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) activation using WiL2-NS human B lymphoblast cells. BAFF binds to receptors on WiL2-NS cells. When the cells were incubated in serum-deprived conditions with 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS), BAFF reduced the percentage of dead cells as determined through trypan blue staining and caspase 3 activity. BAFF also inhibited MMP collapse with 1% FBS, as indicated by a decrease in the number of cells with high-red fluorescence of MitoProbe™ JC-1 reagent or a decrease in the percentage of DiOC6-stained cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was reduced by incubation with BAFF in the presence of 10% or 1% FBS. BAFF inhibited MMP collapse, cell growth retardation, dead cell formation, and caspase 3 activation caused by treatment with H2O2. Syk phosphorylation on tyrosine (Y) 525/526 was increased in cells incubated with 1% FBS in the presence of BAFF than cells incubated with 1% FBS or BAFF alone. BAY61-3606, a Syk inhibitor reduced the effect of BAFF on MMP collapse, caspase 3 activation, cell growth retardation, and dead cell formation. Together, these data demonstrate that BAFF might attenuate oxidative stress-induced B cell death and growth retardation by the maintenance of MMP through Syk activation by Y525/526 phosphorylation. Therefore, BAFF and Syk might be therapeutic targets in the pathogenesis of B cell-associated diseases such as autoimmune disease.
Mitigation of B1+ inhomogeneity for ultra-high-field magnetic resonance imaging: hybrid mode shaping with auxiliary EM potential
Authors: Park Minkyu , Noh Hansol , Park Namkyoo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe notion of mode shaping based on evanescent coupling has been successfully applied in various fields of optics, such as in the dispersion engineering of optical waveguides. Here, we show that the same concept provides an opportunity for the seemingly different field of ultra-high-field MRI, addressing transmit RF magnetic field (B1+) inhomogeneity. In this work, treating the human phantom as a resonator, we employ an evanescently coupled high-index cladding layer to study the effects of the auxiliary potential on shaping the B1+ field distribution inside the phantom. Controlling the strength and coupling of the auxiliary potential ultimately determining the hybridized mode, we successfully demonstrate the global 2D homogenization of axial B1+ for a simplified cylindrical phantom and for a more realistic phantom of spheroidal geometry. The mode-shaping potentials with a magnetic permeability or material loss are also tested to offer additional degrees of freedom in the selection of materials as well as in the manipulation of the B1+ distribution, opening up the possibility of B1+ homogenization for 3D MRI scanning.
Specialized adaptations allow vent-endemic crabs (Xenograpsus testudinatus) to thrive under extreme environmental hypercapnia
Authors: Allen Garett J. P. , Kuan Pou-Long , Tseng Yung-Che , Hwang Pung-Pung , Quijada-Rodriguez Alex R. , Weihrauch Dirk 
Published: July 2020

AbstractShallow hydrothermal vent environments are typically very warm and acidic due to the mixing of ambient seawater with volcanic gasses (> 92% CO2) released through the seafloor making them potential ‘natural laboratories’ to study long-term adaptations to extreme hypercapnic conditions. Xenograpsus testudinatus, the shallow hydrothermal vent crab, is the sole metazoan inhabitant endemic to vents surrounding Kueishantao Island, Taiwan, where it inhabits waters that are generally pH 6.50 with maximum acidities reported as pH 5.50. This study assessed the acid–base regulatory capacity and the compensatory response of X. testudinatus to investigate its remarkable physiological adaptations. Hemolymph parameters (pH, [HCO3−], $${\text{P}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}$$PCO2, [NH4+], and major ion compositions) and the whole animal’s rates of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were measured throughout a 14-day acclimation to pH 6.5 and 5.5. Data revealed that vent crabs are exceptionally strong acid–base regulators capable of maintaining homeostatic pH against extreme hypercapnia (pH 5.50, 24.6 kPa $${\text{P}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}$$PCO2) via HCO3−/Cl− exchange, retention and utilization of extracellular ammonia. Intact crabs as well as their isolated perfused gills maintained $${\text{P}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}$$PCO2tensions below environmental levels suggesting the gills can excrete CO2 against a hemolymph-directed $${\text{P}}_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}$$PCO2 gradient. These specialized physiological mechanisms may be amongst the adaptations required by vent-endemic animals surviving in extreme conditions.
Low serum lymphocyte level is associated with poor exercise capacity and quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Moon Sung Woo , Leem Ah Young , Kim Young Sam , Lee Ji-Hyun , Kim Tae-Hyung , Oh Yeon-Mok , Shin Hyejung , Chang Joon , Jung Ji Ye ,   KOLD Study Group
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of serum lymphocyte level with several clinical parameters in COPD. The study population included 451 COPD patients from the Korean Obstructive Lung Disease cohort study. Serum lymphocyte level was measured every year along with various clinical parameters, such as lung function, 6-min walking (6 MW) distance, quality of life using COPD assessment test (CAT) and St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) scores, exacerbations, and survival. Serum lymphocyte level less than 20% was considered as a low lymphocyte level. Normal lymphocyte and low lymphocyte groups comprised of 409 (90.7%) and 42 (9.3%) patients, respectively. Clustered analysis showed that patients in low lymphocyte group had a lower post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s % predicted (estimated mean =  − 5.70%;P = 0.001), a lower forced vital capacity % predicted (estimated mean =  − 5.63%;P = 0.005), a shorter 6 MW distance (estimated mean =  − 41.31 m;P < 0.001), a higher CAT score (estimated mean = 2.62;P = 0.013), and a higher SGRQ score (estimated mean = 10.10;P < 0.001). Serum lymphocyte level was not associated with frequent acute exacerbations nor mortality. Low serum lymphocyte group showed poorer pulmonary function, lower 6 MW distance, and worse quality of life. Serum lymphocyte levels could be a simple and widely available predictive marker for variable clinical outcomes in COPD patients.