bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scaling climate change to human behavior predicting good and bad years for Maya farmers
Authors: Kramer Karen L. , Hackman Joseph 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesHuman responses to climate variation have a rich anthropological history. However, much less is known about how people living in small‐scale societies perceive climate change, and what climate data are useful in predicting food production at a scale that affects daily lives.MethodsWe use longitudinal ethnographic interviews and economic data to first ask what aspects of climate variation affect the agricultural cycle and food production for Yucatec Maya farmers. Sixty years of high‐resolution meteorological data and harvest assessments are then used to detect the scale at which climate data predict good and bad crop yields, and to analyze long‐term changes in climate variables critical to food production.ResultsWe find that (a) only local, daily precipitation closely fits the climate pattern described by farmers. Other temporal (annual and monthly) scales miss key information about what farmers find important to successful harvests; (b) at both community‐ and municipal‐levels, heavy late‐season rains associated with tropical storms have the greatest negative impact on crop yields; and (c) in contrast to long‐term patterns from regional and state data, local measures show an increase in rainfall during the late growing season, indicating that fine‐grained data are needed to make accurate inferences about climate trends.ConclusionOur findings highlight the importance to define climate variables at scales appropriate to human behavior. Course‐grained annual, monthly, national, and state‐level data tell us little about climate attributes pertinent to farmers and food production. However, high‐resolution daily, local precipitation data do capture how climate variation shapes food production.
Coming of age in the Netherlands: An osteological assessment of puberty in a rural Dutchpost‐medievalcommunity
Authors: Blom Alette Anne , Schats Rachel , Hoogland Menno L.P. , Waters‐Rist Andrea 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study is to apply pubertal stage estimation methods to a sample from a rural community: the post‐medieval Dutch skeletal collection from Middenbeemster. Puberty is a key developmental period involving transition to physical adulthood with broad societal relevance through its impact on fertility, morbidity, and mortality.Materials and methodsIndividuals (n= 55), including 27 of known sex and age‐at‐death, between the ages of 8 and 25 years were assessed for six skeletal markers indicative of pubertal growth spurt. Recent novel osteoarchaeological methods from Shapland and Lewis are used to reconstruct the timing and duration of pubertal stages.ResultsPubertal acceleration occurred earlier in females (10.38 years,n= 8) than males (13.30 years,n= 6), whereas maturation occurred later in males (21.36 years,n= 11) than females (19.30 years,n= 5). Onset appears earlier and completion later compared to other archaeological skeletal samples with osteoarchaeological evidence of puberty. Age shortly after menarche was reconstructed at 20.45 years, substantially later than historic records and bioarchaeological research reports suggest.ConclusionThis early onset and late completion caused a “stretch” of the overall duration of puberty compared to other collections, especially of the last three stages. This prolonged development is reflected in historically known social expectations for the Netherlands, for example, that marriage and children should not occur before about 22–23 years of age. Increasing the range of past peoples with puberty stage reconstruction will permit more insightful interpretations of the biological and cultural patterns of this important life stage.
Katalyse der Oxidation von CO an Pt/CeO2 bei Raumtemperatur: Synergie zwischen metallischen und oxidierten Pt‐Zentren
Authors: Meunier Frederic C. , Cardenas Luis , Kaper Helena , Šmíd Břetislav , Vorokhta Mykhailo , Grosjean Rémi , Aubert Daniel , Dembélé Kassiogé , Lunkenbein Thomas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPt‐basierte Materialien sind weitverbreitet in der heterogenen Katalyse für die katalytische Entfernung von Schadstoffen. Oft wird der Zustand des aktiven Platins als abhängig von den experimentellen Bedingungen beschrieben: bei niedrigen Temperaturen unterhalb der Light‐off‐Temperatur liegt mit CO vergiftetes metallisches Pt vor, bei höheren Temperaturen oberhalb der Light‐off‐Temperatur oxidiertes Pt. Im Gegensatz zu vorherigen Studien zeigen wir hier, dass metallisches wie auch oxidiertes Pt in ähnlichen Proportionen an der Oberfläche von hoch aktiven, ca. 1 nm großen Nanopartikeln unter Reaktionsbedingungen bei 30 °C vorliegen. Die simultane Gegenwart von metallischem und oxidiertem Pt ermöglicht eine Synergie zwischen den beiden Phasen. Dabei bietet das metallische Pt Adsorptionsstellen für CO, während das oxidierte Pt vermutlich reaktiven Sauerstoff zuführt. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen die Komplexität von dualen oxidischen‐metallischen Pt‐Katalysatoren und ihre leicht veränderliche Natur unter den jeweiligen Reaktionsbedingungen.
Kinetic Resolution of Aziridines Enabled by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Copper Cooperative Catalysis: Carbene Dose‐Controlled Chemo‐Switchability
Authors: Zhang Zi‐Jing , Wen Yu‐Hua , Song Jin , Gong Liu‐Zhu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCatalytic kinetic resolution (KR) and dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DyKAT) are alternative and complementary avenues to access chiral stereoisomers of both starting materials and reaction products. The development of highly efficient chiral catalytic systems for kinetically controlled processes has therefore been one of the linchpins in asymmetric synthesis. N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)/copper cooperative catalysis has enabled highly efficient KR and DyKAT of racemicN‐tosylaziridines by [3+3] annulation with isatin‐derived enals, leading to highly enantioenrichedN‐tosylaziridine derivatives (up to >99 %ee) and a large library of spirooxindole derivatives with high structural diversity and stereoselectivity (up to >95:5 d.r., >99 %ee). Mechanistic studies suggest that the NHC can bind reversibly to the copper catalyst without compromising its catalytic activity and regulate the catalytic activity of the copper complex to switch the chemoselection between KR and DyKAT.
Controlling Optical and Catalytic Activity of Genetically Engineered Proteins by Ultrasound
Authors: Zhou Yu , Huo Shuaidong , Loznik Mark , Göstl Robert , Boersma Arnold J. , Herrmann Andreas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUltrasound (US) produces cavitation‐induced mechanical forces stretching and breaking polymer chains in solution. This type of polymer mechanochemistry is widely used for synthetic polymers, but not biomacromolecules, even though US is biocompatible and commonly used for medical therapy as well as in vivo imaging. The ability to control protein activity by US would thus be a major stepping‐stone for these disciplines. Here, we provide the first examples of selective protein activation and deactivation by means of US. Using GFP as a model system, we engineer US sensitivity into proteins by design. The incorporation of long and highly charged domains enables the efficient transfer of force to the protein structure. We then use this principle to activate the catalytic activity of trypsin by inducing the release of its inhibitor. We expect that this concept to switch “on” and “off” protein activity by US will serve as a blueprint to remotely control other bioactive molecules.
Evaluation of an onset of electrospun beadless poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibres
Authors: Filip Petr , Zelenkova Jana , Peer Petra 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTo evaluate the lowest polymer concentration within a solvent from which there appears beadless nanofibres during the process of electrospinning, is rather complicated. A widely used method is based on a determination of so called entanglement concentrationceand the onsets of beadless nanofibres are characterized by multipliers ofcesubjected to used materials. However, a determination ofceas an intersection point of two linear segments (in log–log coordinates specific viscosity vs. concentration) in a semi‐dilute region is not applicable for all materials as for instance a solution of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in water does not exhibit 'classical' three linear segments within the dilute and semi‐dilute regions determining overlap and entanglement concentrations. For such cases a new approach for the evaluation of an initial concentration from which beadless nanofibres are produced is proposed. This method does not use the terms overlap and entanglement concentrations. The procedure is demonstrated using four PEO solutions differing in molecular weight. The relationship expressing initial concentration in dependence on PEO molecular weight containing no adjustable parameters is proposed.
What the dingo says about dog domestication
Authors: Shipman Pat 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWorldwide, dogs (Canis familiaris) are certainly the most common domesticate (900 million according to the World Atlas) and are sometimes used as a proxy for human presence. Dogs were the first and therefore arguably most important species ever to be domesticated. It is widely accepted that the domestic dog is a descendent of Pleistocene gray wolves (Canis lupus), possibly of a population now extinct. How can an extant canid, the dingo (Canis dingo or Canis familiaris), whose status as a species and as a domesticate is controversial, improve our understanding of the ancient process of domesticating the dog? Here I review anatomical, behavioral, biogeographic, and molecular evidence on the appropriate status of dingoes in a historical context. Dingoes are now the major apex predator in Australia aside from humans. Different sources of evidence have suggested different times of arrival in Greater Australia for humans and canids and different degrees of intimacy or domestication between humans and canids. Just as domestic dogs are often accorded near‐human status, dingoes have special relationships with human families, but reproductively and behaviorally they remain independent. In sum, traits of the dingo reflect its lupine ancestry, a certain degree of accommodation to human company, and unique adaptations to the demands of its habitat. Emphasizing that domestication is a long‐term process, not an event, helps clarify the ambiguous status of dingoes.
Allometric growth in mass by the brain of mammals
Authors: Packard Gary C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractI re‐examined published data for ontogenetic change in relative mass of the brain in six species of mammal (i.e., sheep, pig, cow, horse, rat, cat) to illustrate an insidious problem with conventional analyses of brain–body allometry. Graphical displays of logarithmic transformations of the original data for each species give the appearance of two discrete mathematical distributions, but untransformed observations nonetheless conform to a single distribution that is well described by a single, nonlinear equation. The concept of biphasic, allometric growth by the brain consequently is an artifact of transformation. The notion of Rapid and Slow phases in relative growth by the brain also is an artifact, because the notion is based explicitly on the concept of biphasic growth allometry. Relative growth by the brain in sheep, pigs, cows, and horses follows the path of a power curve with an exponent less than 1, so relative growth declines progressively as animals grow to their maximum size, at which point growth effectively ends for both brain and body. Relative growth by the brain in rats and cats follows the path of an exponential curve and consequently is more like relative growth by the brain of odontocoete cetaceans and primates, with the brain growing rapidly relative to the body early in ontogeny and attaining maximum (cats) or near‐maximum (rats) mass well before the body reaches its maximum. An exponential pattern of relative growth by the brain appears to have evolved independently in rodents, carnivores, odontocoetes, and primates.
NLTE C and O abundances in RR lyrae stars
Authors: Andrievsky Sergei M. , Wallerstein George , Korotin Sergey A. , Kovtyukh Valery V. , Khrapaty Sergii V. , Rydyak Yuri , Mishenina Tamara V. , Huang Wenjin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe high excitation levels that form the O i and C i lines seen in RR Lyrae stars have long been known not to obey local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) statistics. We have observed 21 RR Lyrae and related stars with the Apache Point Observatory echelle spectrograph on the 3.5‐m telescope and, for the first time, have derived abundances using non‐local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) analyses in conjunction with spectral synthesis. In our previous investigation, we determined carbon to be overabundant using an LTE analysis. We now find the carbon abundance to be underabundant relative to solar abundance for stars with [Fe/H] < 0.0 ([C/Fe] < 0 and by implication [C/H] < 0). Abundances derived for C using an NLTE analysis are consistent with both main‐sequence stars and red giants. This supports the predictions by He flash hydrodynamic simulations, which predict no convective mixing that might bring carbon produced in the He flash to the atmosphere. For oxygen, we find the dependence of [O/Fe] on [Fe/H] to be similar to other stars with [Fe/H] from 0.0 to −2.8.
Factors affecting corporate environmental disclosure in emerging markets: The role of corporate governance structures
Authors: Gerged Ali Meftah 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study seeks to examine whether internal corporate governance (CG) mechanisms affect corporate environmental disclosure (CED) in emerging economies. Using a sample of 500 firm‐year observations, this study distinctively applies a linear panel quantile regression (PQR) model to examine the CG–CED nexus in Jordan. This technique is supplemented with conducting a two‐step dynamic generalised method of moment (GMM) model to overcome any potential occurrence of endogeneity problems. This study reports an increasing trend in CED practice among the sampled companies over the period of analysis, yet it is still at an early stage as compared with their developed counterparts. Furthermore, this study suggests that board size, board independence, CEO duality and foreign ownership have positive associations with CED. In contrast, managerial ownership, institutional ownership and ownership concentration are negatively associated with the disclosed amount of environmental information in the Jordanian context. Theoretically, board structures appeared to be more efficient than ownership structures in reducing agency conflicts by addressing the asymmetric gap of information and promoting the disclosure of environmental information. These findings add to the debate about whether ownership structures detrimental to CED in developing economies. Specifically, when it comes to spending money on CED, owners seemed to be more concerned about any reductions in their share of the pie and may, therefore, be less motivated to disclose their companies' environmental information. This paper provides managers, owners and policymakers with a set of context‐specific recommendations related to the crucial need for a more concerted effort to integrate governance and environmental regulations in order to ensure sustainability in emerging markets.
Hybridization Networks of mRNA and Branched RNA Hybrids
Authors: Damakoudi Vassiliki , Feldner Tobias , Dilji Edina , Belkin Andrey , Richert Clemens 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMessenger RNA (mRNA) is emerging as an attractive biopolymer for therapy and vaccination. To become suitable for vaccination, mRNA is usually converted to a biomaterial, using cationic peptides, polymers or lipids. An alternative form of converting mRNA into a material is demonstrated that uses branched oligoribonucleotide hybrids with the ability to hybridize with one or more regions of the mRNA sequence. Two such hybrids with hexamer arms and adamantane tetraol as branching element were prepared by solution‐phase synthesis. When a rabies mRNA was treated with the branched hybrids at 1 M NaCl concentration, biomaterials formed that contained both of the nucleic acids. These results show that branched oligoribonucleotides are an alternative to the often toxic reagents commonly used to formulate mRNA for medical applications.
Late‐stage Pd‐catalyzed Cyanations of Aryl/Heteroaryl Halides in Aqueous Micellar Media
Authors: Thakore Ruchita R. , Takale Balaram S. , Singhania Vani , Gallou Fabrice , Lipshutz Bruce H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNew technology is described that enables late stage ppm Pd‐catalyzed cyanations of highly complex molecules, as well as a wide variety of aryl and heteroaryl halides possessing sensitive functional groups. These reactions are efficient in water containing nanomicelles, formed from a commercially available and inexpensive surfactant. The implications for advancing drug synthesis and discovery are apparent.
Dirhodium Complexes as Panchromatic Sensitizers, Electrocatalysts, and Photocatalysts
Authors: Lin Shaoyang , Turro Claudia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDinuclear rhodium complexes are attractive candidates as homogeneous panchromatic photosensitizers and photocatalysts. Modification of the coordination sphere of the Rh2(II,II) compounds results in photophysical and redox properties that are highly desirable for electro‐ and photocatalysis. Specifically, Rh2(II,II) complexes have shown promising catalytic activity towards proton reduction to generate H2, a clean fuel, and for the selective reduction of CO2 to HCOOH. In addition, paddlewheel Rh2(II,II) complexes provide robust platforms for the design of efficient and stable single‐component photocatalysts. Optimization of the Rh2(II,II) catalysts is crucial to realize their future application in devices or systems designed for the production of fuels from sunlight.
Combined treatment with valsartan and fluvastatin to delay disease progression in nonpermanent atrial fibrillation with hypertension: A clinical trial
Authors: Zhao Zhiqiang , Yang Yu , Wang Jianwei , Dong Zhaojie , Niu Xiaowei , Liu Enzhao , Liu Tong , Li Lifeng , Liang Yingzi , Li Guangping 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) is a complex cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice with increasing incidence. However, the effects of statins on patients with AF are not quite clear.HypothesisTo investigate the protective effect of calcium channel blocker (CCB) and valsartan combined fluvastatin on hypertension (HTN) patients with nonpermanent AF.MethodsIn three and a half years, 189 cases of patients diagnosed as HTN combining nonpermanent AF by eight medical centers, were recruited and randomly assigned to four groups with varied treatments: CCB group; CCB + statin group; valsartan group; and valsartan + statin group. The four groups were followed up for 24 months. The 7‐day Holter ultrasound echocardiography (UCG) and biochemical indexes were completed at preset time nodes respectively.ResultsAfter 24 months of follow‐up, 178 patients completed the study. Compared with CCB group, the blood lipid level, inflammatory index, ultrasonic index and electrocardiographic measurement results of CCB + statin group, valsartan group and valsartan + statin group were improved in different degrees and had statistical significance (P < .05 or P < .01). Furthermore, the improvement trend of CCB + statin group and valsartan + statin group was more obvious.ConclusionsThe results indicated that valsartan can reduce AF load and recurrence rate, and delay the progression of nonpermanent AF to permanent AF in multiple ways, and the effect of combination of valsartan and fluvastatin is more significant. These results provide a new direction for the integrated upstream control strategy of AF.
FHOD‐1 is the only formin in Caenorhabditis elegans that promotes striated muscle growth and Z‐line organization in a cell autonomous manner
Authors: Sundaramurthy Sumana , Votra SarahBeth , Laszlo Arianna , Davies Tim , Pruyne David 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe striated body wall muscles of Caenorhabditis elegans are a simple model for sarcomere assembly. Previously, we observed deletion mutants for two formin genes, fhod‐1 and cyk‐1, develop thin muscles with abnormal dense bodies (the sarcomere Z‐line analogs). However, this work left in question whether these formins work in a muscle cell autonomous manner, particularly since cyk‐1(∆) deletion has pleiotropic effects on development. Using a fast acting temperature‐sensitive cyk‐1(ts) mutant, we show here that neither postembryonic loss nor acute loss of CYK‐1 during embryonic sarcomerogenesis cause lasting muscle defects. Furthermore, mosaic expression of CYK‐1 in cyk‐1(∆) mutants is unable to rescue muscle defects in a cell autonomous manner, suggesting muscle phenotypes caused by cyk‐1(∆) are likely indirect. Conversely, mosaic expression of FHOD‐1 in fhod‐1(Δ) mutants promotes muscle cell growth and proper dense body organization in a muscle cell autonomous manner. As we observe no effect of loss of any other formin on muscle development, we conclude FHOD‐1 is the only worm formin that directly promotes striated muscle development, and the effects on formin loss in C. elegans are surprisingly modest compared to other systems.
Structural diversity and distribution of cilia in the apical sense organ of the ctenophore Bolinopsis mikado
Authors: Jokura Kei , Inaba Kazuo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe apical organ of ctenophores is the center of sensory information that controls locomotion. Previous studies have described several types of cilia in this organ. However, detailed ciliary structures, particularly axonemal structures, have not been extensively investigated. Here, we reported that the apical organ of the ctenophore Bolinopsis mikado contains six types of cilia with different axonemal structures. These include the typical “9 + 2” motile axonemes, with both outer and inner dynein arms, only the inner dynein arm, or no dynein arm; axonemes with electron‐dense structures in the A‐tubules; “9 + 0” axonemes lacking the central pair of microtubules; and axonemes with compartmenting lamellae. Considering that “9 + 2” axonemal structures with both dynein arms are thought to be ancestral forms of cilia, the apical organ of ctenophores would comprise an elaborate assembly of modified ciliary forms that sense and transmit extracellular stimuli and generate various fluid flows.
Projections of ipRGCs and conventional RGCs to retinorecipient brain nuclei
Authors: Beier Corinne , Zhang Ze , Yurgel Maria , Hattar Samer 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRetinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the output neurons of the retina, allow us to perceive our visual environment. RGCs respond to rod/cone input through the retinal circuitry, however, a small population of RGCs are in addition intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGCs) and project to unique targets in the brain to modulate a broad range of subconscious visual behaviors such as pupil constriction and circadian photoentrainment. Despite the discovery of ipRGCs nearly two decades ago, there is still little information about how or if conventional RGCs (non‐ipRGCs) target ipRGC‐recipient nuclei to influence subconscious visual behavior. Using a dual recombinase fluorescent reporter strategy, we showed that conventional RGCs innervate many subconscious ipRGC‐recipient nuclei, apart from the suprachiasmatic nucleus. We revealed previously unrecognized stratification patterns of retinal innervation from ipRGCs and conventional RGCs in the ventral portion of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Further, we found that the percent innervation of ipRGCs and conventional RGCs across ipsi‐ and contralateral nuclei differ. Our data provide a blueprint to understand how conventional RGCs and ipRGCs innervate different brain regions to influence subconscious visual behaviors.