bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early emergency readmission frequency as an indicator of short-, medium- and long-term mortality post-discharge from hospital
Authors: Fluck David , Murray Paul , Robin Jonathan , Fry Christopher Henry , Han Thang Sieu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFrequent emergency readmissions, an indicator of quality of care, has been rising in England but the underlying reasons remain unclear. We examined the association of early readmissions with subsequent mortality in adults, taking into account the underlying presenting diagnoses and hospital length of stay (LOS). Data of alive-discharge episodes were prospectively collected between 01/04/2017 and 31/03/2019 in an National Health Service hospital, comprising 32,270 patients (46.1% men) aged 18–107 years (mean = 64.0, ± SD = 20.5 years). The associations of readmission frequency within 28 days of discharge and mortality within 30 days and 6 months of hospital discharge, and over a 2-year period were evaluated, adjusted for presenting diagnoses, LOS, age and sex during the first admission. Analysis of all patients 18–107 years (reference: no readmission) showed mortality within 30 days was increased for 1 readmission: event rate = 9.2%, odds ratio (OR) = 3.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.9–4.0), and ≥ 2 readmissions: event rate = 10.0%, OR = 2.6 (95%CI = 2.0–3.3), and within 6 months for 1 readmission: event rate = 19.6%, OR = 3.0 (95%CI = 2.7–3.4), and ≥ 2 readmissions: event rate = 27.4%, OR = 3.4 (95%CI = 2.9–4.0), and over a 2-year period for 1 readmission: event rate = 25.5%, hazard ratio = 2.2 (95%CI = 2.0–2.4), and ≥ 2 readmissions: event rate = 36.1%, hazard ratio = 2.5 (95%CI = 2.2–2.8). Within the age groups 18–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79 and ≥ 80 years, readmissions were also associated with increased risk of mortality within 3 months and 6 months of discharge, and over 2-year period. In conclusion, early hospital readmission predicts short-, medium- and long-term mortality post-discharge from hospital in adults aged 18–107 years, independent of underlying presenting conditions, LOS, age and sex. Further research focussing on safe discharge and follow-up patient care may help reduce preventable readmissions and post-discharge mortality.
Mechanisms and adsorption capacities of biochar for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from industrial wastewater
Authors: Ambaye T. G. , Vaccari M. , van Hullebusch E. D. , Amrane A. , Rtimi S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCurrently, due to the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization in developing countries, a large volume of wastewater is produced from industries that contain chemicals generating high environmental risks affecting human health and the economy if not treated properly. Consequently, the development of a sustainable low-cost wastewater treatment approach has attracted more attention of policymakers and scientists. The present review highlights the recent applications of biochar in removing organic and inorganic pollutants present in industrial effluents. The recent modes of preparation, physicochemical properties and adsorption mechanisms of biochar in removing organic and inorganic industrial pollutants are also reviewed comprehensively. Biochar showed high adsorption of industrial dyes up to 80%. It also discusses the recent application and mechanism of biochar-supported photocatalytic materials for the degradation of organic contaminants in wastewater. We reviewed also the possible optimizations (such as the pyrolysis temperature, solution pH) allowing the increase of the adsorption capabilities of biochar leading to organic contaminants removal. Besides, increasing the pyrolysis temperature of the biochar was seen to lead to an increase in its surface area, while it decreases their amount of oxygen-containing functional groups, consequently leading to a decrease in the adsorption of metal (loid) ions present in the medium. Finally, the review suggests that more research should be carried out to optimize the main parameters involved in biochar production and its regeneration methods. Future efforts should be also carried out towards process engineering to improve its adsorption capacity to increase the economic benefits of its implementation.
Baseline serum TSH levels predict the absence of thyroid dysfunction in cancer patients treated with immunotherapy
Authors: Brilli L. , Danielli R. , Campanile M. , Secchi C. , Ciuoli C. , Calabrò L. , Pilli T. , Cartocci A. , Pacini F. , Di Giacomo A. M. , Castagna M. G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurposeImmunotherapy against immune checkpoints has significantly improved survival both in metastatic and adjuvant setting in several types of cancers. Thyroid dysfunction is the most common endocrine adverse event reported. Patients who are at risk of developing thyroid dysfunction remain to be defined. We aimed to identify predictive factors for the development of thyroid dysfunction during immunotherapy.MethodsThis is a retrospective study including a total of 68 patients who were treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for metastatic or unresectable advanced cancers. The majority of patients were treated with anti-PD1 drugs in monotherapy or in combination with anti-CTLA4 inhibitors. Thyroid function and anti-thyroid antibodies, before starting immunotherapy and during treatment, were evaluated. Thyroid ultrasound was also performed in a subgroup of patients at the time of enrolment in the study.ResultsEleven out of 68 patients (16.1%) developed immune-related overt thyroid dysfunction. By ROC curve analysis, we found that a serum TSH cut-off of 1.72 mUI/l, at baseline, had a good diagnostic accuracy in identifying patients without overt thyroid dysfunction (NPV = 100%,p = 0.0029). At multivariate analysis, both TSH and positive anti-thyroid antibodies (ATAbs) levels, before ICIs treatment, were independently associated with the development of overt thyroid dysfunction during immunotherapy (p = 0.0001 andp = 0.009, respectively).ConclusionsPre-treatment serum TSH and ATAbs levels may help to identify patients at high risk for primary thyroid dysfunction. Our study suggests guidance for an appropriate timely screening and for a tailored management of thyroid dysfunctions in patients treated with ICIs.
Prevalence of multidrug resistance bacterial isolates from infected wound patients in Dhaka, Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Alam Mohammad Morshad , Islam Nazrul , Hossain Hawlader Mohammad Delwer , Ahmed Shakil , Wahab Abrar , Islam Muzahidul , Uddin KM Roshed , Hossain Ahmed 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is threatening the adequate coverage of antibiotics. This study aimed to analyze the antimicrobial resistance pattern of bacterial isolates from wound infection and the scenario of multidrug resistance.

Methods:
Microbiological culture results scripts of Medinova Medical Services LTD, representing non-repetitive various wound samples (post-surgical, trauma, superficial skin, burn) reported between January 2017 and March 2018, were retrieved and analyzed for pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns using R version 3.5.3.

Results:
Overall, 1266 bacterial isolates were obtained, and 850 (67.1%) were identified as MDR. The percentage of MDR among gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial isolates were 68.8% and 66.0%, respectively. Among isolates Staphylococcus aureus (n = 401), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 200), and Escherichia coli (n = 193) were predominant. Vancomycin followed linezolid showed most activity against gram-positive bacteria. Whereas, Colistin was found to be the most active against most of the gram-negative bacterium except for the Proteus spp in sensitivity test. Although, carbapenem group was determined to be the best against Proteus spp. About 82% Enterococcus spp and 76% Proteus spp were MDR. Isolates from patients aged >60 years (AOR = 1.774 95%CI: 1.089–2.892) were more prone to becoming MDR in compared to other age group and was a significant determinant (P = 0.02) of MDR.

Conclusions:
Our study revealed that the presence of MDR pathogens in wound infection was noteworthy. The findings of this study would assist in decision making of wound infection treatment.

Highlights
Deep Ductile Shear Zone Facilitates Near‐Orthogonal Strike‐Slip Faulting in a Thin Brittle Lithosphere
Authors: Liang Chao , Ampuero Jean‐Paul , Pino Muñoz Daniel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSome active fault systems comprise near‐orthogonal conjugate strike‐slip faults, as highlighted by the 2019 Ridgecrest and the 2012 Indian Ocean earthquake sequences. In conventional Mohr‐Coulomb failure theory, orthogonal faulting requires a zero frictional coefficient (pressure‐insensitive), which is unlikely in the brittle lithosphere. The simulations developed here show that near‐orthogonal faults can form in the brittle layer by inheriting the geometry of orthogonal shear zones nucleated in the deep ductile (pressure‐insensitive) layer. In particular, if the brittle layer is sufficiently thinner than the ductile fault root, near‐orthogonal faulting is preserved at the surface. The preservation is further facilitated by a depth‐dependent strength in the brittle layer. Conversely, faults nucleated within the brittle layer are unlikely to form at orthogonal angles. Our model thus offers a possible explanation for orthogonal strike‐slip faulting and reveals the significant interactions between the structure of faults in the brittle upper lithosphere and their deep ductile roots.
Comparison of Thermospheric Winds Measured by GOCE and Ground‐Based FPIs at Low and Middle Latitudes
Authors: Jiang Guoying , Xiong Chao , Stolle Claudia , Xu Jiyao , Yuan Wei , Makela Jonathan J. , Harding Brian J. , Kerr Robert B. , March Günther , Siemes Christian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe re‐estimates of thermospheric winds from the Gravity field and steady‐state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) accelerometer measurements were released in April 2019. In this study, we compared the new‐released GOCE crosswind (cross‐track wind) data with the horizontal winds measured by four Fabry‐Perot interferometers (FPIs) located at low and middle latitudes. Our results show that during magnetically quiet periods the GOCE crosswind on the dusk side has typical seasonal variations with largest speed around December and the lowest speed around June, which is consistent with the ground‐FPI measurements. The correlation coefficients between the four stations and GOCE crosswind data all reach around 0.6. However, the magnitude of the GOCE crosswind is somehow larger than the FPIs wind, with average ratios between 1.37 and 1.69. During geomagnetically active periods, the GOCE and FPI derived winds have a lower agreement, with average ratios of 0.85 for the Asian station (XL) and about 2.15 for the other three American stations (PAR, Arecibo and CAR). The discrepancies of absolute wind values from the GOCE accelerometer and ground‐based FPIs should be mainly due to the different measurement principles of the two techniques. Our results also suggested that the wind measurements from the XL FPI located at the Asian sector has the same quality with the FPIs at the American sector, although with lower time resolution.
A Statistical Survey of Low‐Frequency Magnetic Fluctuations at Saturn
Authors: Pan Dong‐Xiao , Yao Zhong‐Hua , Guo Rui‐Long , Bonfond Bertrand , Wei Yong , Dunn William , Zhang Bin‐Zheng , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Zhou Xu‐Zhi , Grodent Denis , Wan Wei‐Xing 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLow‐frequency waves are closely related to magnetospheric energy dissipation processes. The Cassini spacecraft explored Saturn's magnetosphere for over 13 years, until September 2017, covering a period of more than a complete solar cycle. Using this rich heritage data set, we systematically investigated key physical parameters of low‐frequency waves in Saturn's magnetosphere, including their local time distribution and the dependence on solar activity. We found that the wave activity peaked in the near noon sector. For the nightside, the wave intensity also appeared to peak pre and postmidnight. Due to the limited local time coverage for each solar phase, we were not able to draw a firm conclusion on the wave's dependence on solar activity. In general, the wave power showed a monotonically decreasing trend toward larger distances in nightside sectors especially during the declining phase, which implied that low‐frequency waves mainly originate from the relatively inner regions of the magnetosphere. On the dayside, stronger waves were mostly located at/within ∼25 Rs, near the magnetopause. The study shows a global picture of low‐frequency waves in Saturn's magnetosphere, providing important implications for how magnetospheric energy dissipates into Saturn's polar ionosphere and atmosphere.
Geomagnetic Activity Effects on CO2‐Driven Trend in the Thermosphere and Ionosphere: Ideal Model Experiments With GAIA
Authors: Liu Huixin , Tao Chihiro , Jin Hidekatsu , Abe Takamichi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe examine impacts of geomagnetic activity (GA) on CO2‐driven trend in the ionosphere and thermosphere using the Ground‐to‐topside Atmosphere Ionosphere model for Aeronomy whole atmosphere model. The model reveals three salient features. (1) Geomagnetic activities usually weakens the CO2‐driven trend at a fixed altitude. Among the IT parameters analyzed, the thermosphere mass density is the most robust indicator for CO2 cooling effect even with GA influences. (2) Geomagnetic activities can either strengthen or weaken the CO2‐driven trend in hmF2 and NmF2, depending on local time and latitudes. This renders the widely used linear fitting methods invalid for removing geomagnetic effects from observations. (3) An interdependency exists between the efficiency of CO2 forcing and geomagnetic forcing, with the former enhances at lower GA level, while the latter enhances at higher CO2 concentration. This could imply that the CO2‐driven trend would accelerate in periods of declining GA, while magnetic storms may have larger space weather impacts in the future with increasing CO2. These findings provide a preliminary model framework to understand interactions between the CO2 forcing from below and the geomagnetic forcing from above.
Ion Velocity and Temperature Variation Around Topside Nighttime Irregularities: Contrast Between Low‐ and Mid‐Latitude Regions
Authors: Park Jaeheung , Heelis Roderick , Chao Chi Kuang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStudies on low‐/mid‐latitude ionospheric irregularities have a long history, but ion temperature and drift velocity variations within the irregularities have been rarely investigated, especially at mid‐latitudes. To fill this knowledge gap, we statistically investigate ion temperature and velocity of mid‐latitude ionospheric irregularities and compare them to those of low‐latitude ones. This study mainly relies on in situ plasma moment data from the newly launched Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite and is supplemented by Republic of China Satellite 1 (ROCSAT‐1) data in 2000–2004. At low latitudes (|MLAT|<10°) plasma density irregularities encountered by ICON have the following properties: lower‐density regions have cooler ions and more poleward/westward/outward velocity than the ambient plasma, which agrees with previous reports on equatorial plasma bubbles. At mid‐latitudes (|MLAT| = 10°∼30°), the opposite trends are observed: lower‐density regions have hotter ions and more equatorward/eastward/inward drift than the ambient, which is a new finding in this study. The mid‐latitude observations can be put into the context of Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance (MSTID) properties reported previously, which evidences that topside irregularities at nighttime mid‐latitudes generally represent MSTIDs. ROCSAT‐1 data support the contrast between low‐ and mid‐latitude ionospheric irregularities.
Remote Sensing of Magnetic Reconnection in the Magnetotail Using In Situ Multipoint Observations at the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer
Authors: Wellenzohn S. , Nakamura R. , Nakamura T. K. M. , Varsani A. , Sergeev V. A. , Apatenkov S. V. , Holmes J. C. , Grigorenko E. E. , Burch J. L. , Giles B. L. , Torbert R. B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCharacteristics of the reconnection region are examined based on Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observation of a plasma sheet boundary layer crossing on July 12, 2018 when both high‐energy (>few keV) electrons as well as ions flowing parallel to the magnetic field showed distinct energy dispersion. Remote sensing techniques are applied to estimate location of reconnection region and injection time of these particles. The reconnection region is estimated to be located at X = (−23 ± 1.9) RE from electrons, comparable to that from ions, X = (−24.5 ± 0.7) RE by taking into account the time of flight effect as well as the effect of separatrix motion relative to the plasma. The electron injection times precede that of ions by ∼6 s. We found that the time dispersed energetic electron beams away from X‐line are accompanied by short‐lived high‐frequency parallel‐electric field disturbances around plasma frequency. These wave packets are the first observable remote feature of reconnection. Using multi‐point measurements of high energy ions, electrons, magnetic field, and parallel‐electric field disturbances, reconnection electric field is estimated as 1.6–2.5 mV/m initially and decrease to ∼0.8 mV/m within ∼20 s. This study shows that the remote sensing scheme is an alternative method to infer the temporal/spatial changes of the magnetotail reconnection.
A Unified Model of Crustal Stress Heterogeneity From Borehole Breakouts and Earthquake Focal Mechanisms
Authors: Luttrell Karen , Hardebeck Jeanne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObservations of crustal stress orientation from the regional inversion of earthquake focal mechanisms often conflict with those from borehole breakouts, possibly indicating local stress heterogeneity, either laterally or with depth. To investigate this heterogeneity, we compiled SHmax estimates from previous studies for 57 near‐vertical boreholes with measured breakout azimuths across the Los Angeles region. We identified subsets of earthquake focal mechanisms from established earthquake catalogs centered around each borehole with various criteria for maximum depth and maximum lateral distance from the borehole. Each subset was independently inverted for 3‐D stress orientation and corresponding SHmax probability distributions, then compared with the corresponding borehole breakout‐derived estimate. We find good agreement when both methods sample the basement stress (breakouts are close to the sediment‐basement interface), or when both methods sample the mid‐basin stress (sufficient earthquakes are present within a sedimentary basin). Along sedimentary basin margins, in contrast, we find acceptable agreement only when focal mechanisms are limited to shallow and close earthquakes, implying short‐length‐scale heterogeneity of <20 km. While the region as a whole shows evidence of both lateral and vertical stress orientation heterogeneity, we find a more homogeneous stress state within basement rock, over length scales of 1–35 km. These results reconcile the apparently conflicting observations of short‐length‐scale heterogeneity observed in boreholes, which sample primarily the basins, with the relative homogeneity of stress inferred from focal mechanisms, which sample primarily the basement, and imply distinct regimes for the appropriate use of each type of stress indicator.
The Role of Waves and Heat Exchange in the Hydrodynamics of Multi‐Basin Bays: The Example of Cádiz Bay (Southern Spain)
Authors: Zarzuelo C. , López‐Ruiz A. , Ortega‐Sánchez M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMulti‐basin bays constitute one of the most complex coastal environments, as tides, waves, freshwater discharges and air‐water heat exchange often coexist in basins with very different characteristics, ranging from low‐friction open water bodies directly connected to the open sea to narrow, highly frictional shallow creek systems with no connection to the open sea. Although the influence of tides and baroclinic gradients in these areas is relatively well known, the role of waves in the hydrodynamics and distributions of density, salinity and temperature has received less attention. The aim of this research is to evaluate the effects of waves and heat exchange on the hydrodynamics of multiple basins through numerical modeling. The model is calibrated and tested in a mesotidal bay in Southern Spain with five different basins; the results are used to analyze the momentum balance equation and the salinity, temperature and density distributions for simulations with and without consideration of waves. The results show that baroclinic density gradients often dominate the hydrodynamics in highly frictional, shallow basins of the bay where the air‐water heat exchange is more efficient. Waves can also modify the hydrodynamics of basins directly connected to open sea by increasing flow velocities and causing deviations of baroclinic density gradients, increasing the importance of tidal stresses in low frictional basins, while increasing baroclinic density gradients in narrow, highly frictional basins.
The South Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and Mesoscale Eddies in the First GO‐SHIP Section at 34.5°S
Authors: Manta G. , Speich S. , Karstensen J. , Hummels R. , Kersalé M. , Laxenaire R. , Piola A. , Chidichimo M. P. , Sato O. T. , Cotrim da Cunha L. , Ansorge I. , Lamont T. , van den Berg M.A. , Schuster U. , Tanhua T. , Kerr R. , Guerrero R. , Campos E. , Meinen C. S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) has considerable impacts on the global climate system. Past studies have shown that changes in the South Atlantic control the stability of the AMOC and drive an important part of its variability. That is why significant resources have been invested in a South (S)AMOC observing system. In January 2017, the RV Maria S. Merian conducted the first GO‐SHIP hydrographic transect along the SAMOC‐Basin Wide Array (SAMBA) line at 34.5°S in the South Atlantic. This paper presents estimates of meridional volume, freshwater (MFT), and heat (MHT) transports through the line using the slow varying geostrophic density field and direct velocity observations. An upper and an abyssal overturning cell are identified with a strength of 15.64 ± 1.39 Sv and 2.4 ± 1.6 Sv, respectively. The net northward MHT is 0.27 ± 0.10 PW, increasing by 0.12 PW when we remove the observed mesoscale eddies with a climatology derived from the Argo floats data set. We attribute this change to an anomalous predominance of cold core eddies during the cruise period. The highest velocities are observed in the western boundary, within the Brazil and the Deep Western Boundary currents. These currents appear as a continuous deep jet located 150 km off the slope squeezed between two cyclonic eddies. The zonal changes in water masses properties and velocity denote the imprint of exchange pathways with both the Southern and the Indian oceans.