bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PKC‐ and PKA‐dependent phosphorylation modulates TREK‐1 function in naïve and neuropathic rats
Authors: García Guadalupe , Méndez‐Reséndiz Karina A. , Oviedo Norma , Murbartián Janet 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPKC and PKA phosphorylation inhibit TREK‐1 channels downstream of Gs protein‐coupled receptor activation in vitro. However, the role of phosphorylation of TREK‐1 in neuropathic pain is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether altered TREK‐1 channel function by PKA and PKC modulators contributes to antiallodynia in neuropathic rats. Furthermore, we investigated if the in vitro described sites for PKC and PKA phosphorylation (S300 and S333, respectively) participate in the modulation of TREK‐1 in naïve and neuropathic rats. L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) induced tactile allodynia. Intrathecal injection of BL‐1249 (TREK‐1 activator) reversed nerve injury‐induced tactile allodynia, whereas spadin (TREK‐1 blocker) produced tactile allodynia in naïve rats and reversed the antiallodynic effect induced by BL‐1249 in neuropathic rats. Intrathecal administration of rottlerin or Rp‐cAMPs (PKC and PKA inhibitors, respectively) enhanced the antiallodynia observed with BL‐1249 in neuropathic rats. In contrast, pretreatment with PdBu or forskolin (PKC and PKA activators, respectively) reduced the BL‐1249‐induced antiallodynia. Intrathecal injection of two high‐activity TREK‐1 recombinant channels, using a in vivo transfection method with lipofectamine, with mutations at PKC/PKA phosphosites (S300A and S333A) reversed tactile allodynia in neuropathic rats, with no effect in naïve rats. In contrast, transfection of two low‐activity TREK‐1 recombinant channels with phosphomimetic mutations at those sites (S300D and S333D) produced tactile allodynia in naïve rats and interfered with antiallodynic effects of rottlerin/BL‐1249 or Rp‐cAMPs/BL‐1249. Data suggest that TREK‐1 channel activity can be dynamically tuned in vivo by PKC/PKA to provoke allodynia and modulate its antiallodynic role in neuropathic pain.
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Student Self‐Reported Positive Purpose Over Two Years in Urban Middle Schools
Authors: Hatchimonji Danielle R. , Gregory Anne , Osher David , Selby Edward A. , Elias Maurice J. 
Published: October 2020

We used Developmental Systems Theory as a framework for understanding the role of contextual factors in the development of purpose in urban adolescents. The sample included primarily low‐socioeconomic students of color attending urban middle schools (n = 2,629; 10–16 years of age). Longitudinal data were collected at four time points across two years. We used hierarchical linear modeling to model change in purpose. On average, purpose declined over time. We also identified several predictors of intercept and slope. For example, Black youth had a higher average purpose intercept, as well as a steeper average decline than other racial/ethnic groups. Females demonstrated a higher average purpose intercept than males, but this effect disappeared when academic achievement was added to the model.
Emergency department visits for nontraumatic dental conditions: a systematic literature review
Authors: Akinlotan Marvellous A. , Ferdinand Alva O. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo summarize the literature on factors associated with emergency department (ED) use for nontraumatic dental conditions (NTDCs).MethodsFollowing a database search, empirical studies were included if they examined factors associated with ED visits for NTDCs. The factors identified in these studies were further categorized using the Andersen Behavioral Model. Where appropriate, odds ratios (ORs) predicting the likelihood of NTDC ED visits were extracted to obtain summary estimates using random effects models.ResultsSixty‐three articles were included. Nontraumatic dental ED visits made up about 2.2 percent of all ED visits. Having public health insurance coverage such as Medicaid [OR = 2.17, 95 percent confidence interval (CI) = 1.79–2.64], and being uninsured (OR = 2.80, 95 percent CI = 2.39–3.39) were predictive of ED visits for NTDCs. Adults were more likely to use the ED for NTDCs compared to children and older adults. Rural adults had increased odds of ED use for NTDCs compared to urban adults (OR = 1.31, 95 percent CI = 1.12–1.52). Among younger children, regular dental care without sealant placement was associated with increased ED use for NTDCs. In the United States, both expansion and restriction of Medicaid dental coverage for adults were associated with increased ED visits for NTDCs.ConclusionsPolicy makers and health care providers should address modifiable factors such as accessible dental care for the uninsured, and comprehensive dental coverage for those with public dental benefits. Targeted interventions should focus on young adults, children with special needs, and subpopulations with low socioeconomic status and chronic health conditions.
Four Pillars of the Montessori Method and Their Support by Current Neuroscience
Authors: Catherine L'Ecuyer , Javier Bernacer , Francisco Güell 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTMaria Montessori developed an educational program during the first half of the 20th century. Nowadays, the Montessori method (MM) is considered one of the main alternatives to teacher‐paced conventional preschool education. This review aims to open a dialogue between the MM and current understanding of neurodevelopment. Four conceptual pillars of the MM—the sensitive periods, the education of the senses, the prepared environment, and spontaneous activities through repetition—are discussed. According to the MM, the teacher provides children with an environment that, leaning on maturational time windows, should promote sensory development through spontaneous repetition. We describe brain changes in 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children due to development and externally‐provided experience. Then, it is discussed whether these pillars are supported by neuroscience. Finally, the influences of Montessori are explained, and we suggest possible lines of research to underpin the neuroscientific grounds of the MM.
Dipeptidyl‐peptidases: Key enzymes producing entry forms of extracellular proteins in asaccharolytic periodontopathic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Nemoto Takayuki K. , Ohara Nemoto Yuko 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPorphyromonas gingivalis, a pathogen of chronic periodontitis, is an asaccharolytic microorganism that solely utilizes nutritional amino acids as its energy source and cellular constituents. The bacterium is considered to incorporate proteinaceous nutrients mainly as dipeptides, thus exopeptidases that produce dipeptides from polypeptides are critical for survival and proliferation. We present here an overview of dipeptide production by P. gingivalis mediated by dipeptidyl‐peptidases (DPPs), e.g., DPP4, DPP5, DPP7, and DPP11, serine exopeptidases localized in periplasm, which release dipeptides from the N‐terminus of polypeptides. Additionally, two other exopeptidases, acylpeptidyl‐oligopeptidase (AOP) and prolyl tripeptidyl‐peptidase A (PTP‐A), which liberate N‐terminal acylated di‐/tri‐peptides and tripeptides with Pro at the third position, respectively, provide polypeptides in an acceptable form for DPPs. Hence, a large fraction of dipeptides is produced from nutritional polypeptides by DPPs with differential specificities in combination with AOP and PTP‐A. The resultant dipeptides are then incorporated across the inner membrane mainly via a proton‐dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT), a member of the major facilitator superfamily. Recent studies also indicate that DPP4 and DPP7 directly link between periodontal and systemic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and coagulation abnormality, respectively. Therefore, these dipeptide‐producing and incorporation molecules are considered to be potent targets for prevention and treatment of periodontal and related systemic diseases.
Acne fulminans concomitant with vasculitis‐like symptoms mimicking Henoch‐Schoenlein purpura
Authors: Xu Xiaoxi , Li Xiaohua , Pradhan Sushmita , Li Wei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAcne fulminans is a severe form of acne vulgaris accompanied by systemic symptoms. A 17‐year‐old Chinese boy presented with an outbreak of necrotic lesions on his face eight days after the onset of palpable purpura, arthralgia, fever, abdominal pain, and proteinuria. He was successfully treated with oral prednisolone and isotretinoin. Vasculitis‐like symptoms are rarely reported in acne fulminans; therefore, the physician needs to maintain awareness of this uncommon presentation.
Cryospheric processes in Quaternary and Cretaceous hyper‐arid plateau desert oases
Authors: Wu Chihua , Rodríguez‐López Juan Pedro 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWinter supercooling of oasis waters in hyper‐arid plateau deserts leads to the formation of ice floes on oases water surfaces. Multi‐year satellite imagery from recent oases in the Badain Jaran Desert (China) reveals dynamic cryospheric processes including ice floe, ice jams abutting on border ice, hinge and transverse cracks, multiple ice lobes related to aufeis formation on the ice floe surface indicating oases water level oscillations linked with short‐term variations of the groundwater input. Oasis ice floe break up and transportation by strong desert winds produce an effective gouge and abrasion mechanism of oasis margin sediments, incorporating them both into the oasis bottom, and as supra‐ice floe debris that ultimately will be released to the bottom of the oasis as dropstones as the ice cover melts. Supercooling conditions in the Badain Jarain Desert oases suggest that anchor ice can form in the oases bottoms from fazil ice crystals generated in open supercooled oasis waters. Mud dropstones and diamicton in Cretaceous wet interdune facies from China suggest ice‐rafting processes in oases. Rounded and subangular mud intraclasts are mud boudins formed by in situ boudinage of mud interdune sediments due to the combined effect of compaction by prograding aeolian sediments and aufeis formation. Anchor ice formed in the oases bottoms lifted them up due to floatability and released them as dropstones to the oasis bottom when melted. Cryospheric processes in hyper‐arid oases are more active than expected and may play a significant role in intraclast reworking. The recognition of these processes is critical for Mesozoic palaeoclimates.
Catch‐up industrial policy and economic transition in China
Authors: Lin Justin Yifu , Wang Wei , Xu Venite Zhaoyang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper studies how catch‐up industrial policies in China affect economic development in a two‐sector neoclassical growth model. To fulfil their aspirations of catching up with the output of the capital‐intensive sector of developed countries, Chinese political leaders adopted industrial policies that subsidise this target sector at the expense of other sectors from 1952 until the economic reform in 1978. The static effect of this industrial policy distorts the allocation of resources across sectors and lowers the aggregate TFP. The dynamic effect discourages the accumulation of capital. We show that although the output of the capital‐intensive sector boosts initially, it will be lower than its first‐best counterpart in the long run if catch‐up aspirations are too strong. Our theoretical predictions are consistent with the experience of the Chinese economy from 1952 to 1978.
Investigation of covers and chemical treatment for the suppression of cyanobacteria in water treatment systems
Authors: Box Justin , Otto John , Kent William , Higgins Brendan T. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAlgal growth in water treatment plants can lead to the introduction of toxin and odour compounds from cyanobacteria and causes filter fouling. Here, we investigate the use of woven polypropylene covers and a proprietary copper sulfate formulation (EarthTec) to prevent algal growth within mesocosms designed to simulate settling basins. Chlorophyll a, soluble nutrients, weather patterns and cyanobacterial gene abundance were measured. The covers suppressed algal and cyanobacterial growth in mesocosms, likely due to a combination of light blockage and prevention of insects from entering the mesocosms. In contrast, mesocosms amended with EarthTec exhibited little difference from the control mesocosms in terms of algal growth. qPCR analysis revealed that only a small fraction of cyanobacteria in the system contained genes necessary for the production of the microcystin toxin. Despite differences between mesocosms and full‐scale settling basins, the data here suggest that woven covers can suppress algal growth while minimising evaporative water losses.
The sweat glands’ maximum ion reabsorption rates following heat acclimation in healthy older adults
Authors: Gerrett Nicola , Amano Tatsuro , Inoue Yoshimitsu , Kondo Narihiko 
Published: October 2020

New Findings

What is the central question to this study?
Do the sweat glands’ maximum ion reabsorption rates increase following heat acclimation in healthy older individuals and is this associated with elevated aldosterone concentrations?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Sweat gland maximum ion reabsorption rates improved heterogeneously across body sites, which occurred without any changes in aldosterone concentration following a controlled hyperthermic heat acclimation protocol in healthy older individuals.

AbstractWe examined whether the eccrine sweat glands’ ion reabsorption rates improved following heat acclimation (HA) in older individuals. Ten healthy older adults (>65 years) completed a controlled hyperthermic (+0.9°C rectal temperature, Tre) HA protocol for nine non‐consecutive days. Participants completed a passive heat stress test (lower leg 42°C water submersion) pre‐HA and post‐HA to assess physiological regulation of sweat gland ion reabsorption at the chest, forearm and thigh. The maximum ion reabsorption rate was defined as the inflection point in the slope of the relation between galvanic skin conductance and sweat rate (SR). We explored the responses again after a 7‐day decay. During passive heating, the Tb thresholds for sweat onset on the chest and forearm were lowered after HA (P < 0.05). However, sweat sensitivity (i.e. the slope), the SR at a given Tre and gross sweat loss did not improve after HA (P > 0.05). Any changes observed were lost during the decay. Pilocarpine‐induced sudomotor responses to iontophoresis did not change after HA (P ≥ 0.801). Maximum ion reabsorption rate was only enhanced at the chest (P = 0.001) despite unaltered aldosterone concentration after HA. The data suggest that this adaptation is lost after 7 days’ decay. The HA protocol employed in the present study induced partial adaptive sudomotor responses. Eccrine sweat gland ion reabsorption rates improved heterogeneously across the skin sites. It is likely that aldosterone secretion did not alter the chest sweat ion reabsorption rates observed in the older adults.
Regulation of glycolysis by the hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF): implications for cellular physiology
Authors: Kierans S. J. , Taylor C. T. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUnder conditions of hypoxia, most eukaryotic cells can shift their primary metabolic strategy from predominantly mitochondrial respiration towards increased glycolysis to maintain ATP levels. This hypoxia‐induced reprogramming of metabolism is key to satisfying cellular energetic requirements during acute hypoxic stress. At a transcriptional level, this metabolic switch can be regulated by several pathways including the hypoxia inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) which induces an increased expression of glycolytic enzymes. While this increase in glycolytic flux is beneficial for maintaining bioenergetic homeostasis during hypoxia, the pathways mediating this increase can also be exploited by cancer cells to promote tumour survival and growth, an area which has been extensively studied. It has recently become appreciated that increased glycolytic metabolism in hypoxia may also have profound effects on cellular physiology in hypoxic immune and endothelial cells. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms central to mediating this reprogramming are of importance from both physiological and pathophysiological standpoints. In this review, we highlight the role of HIF‐1α in the regulation of hypoxic glycolysis and its implications for physiological processes such as angiogenesis and immune cell effector function.
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5‐HT1A receptor‐mediated attenuation of synaptic transmission in rat medial vestibular nucleus impacts on vestibular‐related motor function
Authors: Han Lei , Wu Kenneth Lap‐Kei , Kwan Pui‐Yi , Chua Oscar Wing‐Ho , Shum Daisy Kwok‐Yan , Chan Ying‐Shing 
Published: October 2020

Key points
Chemogenetic activation of medial vestibular nucleus‐projecting 5‐HT neurons resulted in deficits in vestibular‐mediated tasks, including negative geotaxis, balance beam and rota‐rod tests.
The 5‐HT1A receptor mediates the vestibular‐related behavioural effects of 5‐HT in the vestibular nucleus.
5‐HT1A receptor activation attenuated evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents and evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents via a presynaptic mechanism in the vestibular nucleus.
AbstractWhile the anxiolytic effects of serotonergic neuromodulation are well studied, its role in sensorimotor coordination and postural control is unclear. In this study, we show that an increase of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) at the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), a brainstem centre for vestibulospinal coordination, by either direct cannula administration or chemogenetic stimulation of MVN‐projecting serotonergic neurons, adversely affected performance of rats in vestibular‐mediated tasks, including negative geotaxis, balance beam and rota‐rod tests. Application of the 5‐HT1 and 5‐HT7 receptor co‐agonist 8‐hydroxy‐2‐(di‐n‐propylamino) tetralin recapitulated the effect of 5‐HT, while co‐administration of the specific 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist WAY 100135 effectively abolished all 5‐HT‐induced behavioural deficits. This indicated that 5‐HT1A receptors mediated the effects of 5‐HT in the rat MVN. Using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recording, we demonstrated that 5‐HT1A receptor activation attenuated both evoked excitatory and evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents through a presynaptic mechanism in the rat MVN. The results thus highlight the 5‐HT1A receptor as the gain controller of vestibular‐related brainstem circuits for posture and balance.
Influence of sex on the age‐related adaptations of neuromuscular function and motor unit properties in elite masters athletes
Authors: Piasecki Jessica , Inns Thomas B. , Bass Joseph J. , Scott Reece , Stashuk Daniel W. , Phillips Bethan E. , Atherton Philip J. , Piasecki Mathew 
Published: October 2020

Key points
Masters athletes maintain high levels of activity into older age and allow an examination of the effects of aging dissociated from the effects of increased sedentary behaviour.
Evidence suggests masters athletes are more successful at motor unit remodelling, the reinnervation of denervated fibres acting to preserve muscle fibre number, but little data are available in females.
Here we used intramuscular electromyography to demonstrate that motor units sampled from the tibialis anterior show indications of remodelling from middle into older age and which does not differ between males and females.
The age‐related trajectory of motor unit discharge characteristic differs according to sex, with female athletes progressing to a slower firing pattern that was not observed in males.
Our findings indicate motor unit remodelling from middle to older age occurs to a similar extent in male and female athletes, with discharge rates progressively slowing in females only.
AbstractMotor unit (MU) remodelling acts to minimise loss of muscle fibres following denervation in older age, which may be more successful in masters athletes. Evidence suggests performance and neuromuscular function decline with age in this population, although the majority of studies have focused on males, with little available data on female athletes. Functional assessments of strength, balance and motor control were performed in 30 masters athletes (16 male) aged 44–83 years. Intramuscular needle electrodes were used to sample individual motor unit potentials (MUPs) and near‐fibre MUPs in the tibialis anterior (TA) during isometric contractions at 25% maximum voluntary contraction, and used to determine discharge characteristics (firing rate, variability) and biomarkers of peripheral MU remodelling (MUP size, complexity, stability). Multilevel mixed‐effects linear regression models examined effects of age and sex. All aspects of neuromuscular function deteriorated with age (P < 0.05) with no age × sex interactions, although males were stronger (P < 0.001). Indicators of MU remodelling also progressively increased with age to a similar extent in both sexes (P < 0.05), whilst MU firing rate progressively decreased with age in females (p = 0.029), with a non‐significant increase in males (p = 0.092). Masters athletes exhibit age‐related declines in neuromuscular function that are largely equal across males and females. Notably, they also display features of MU remodelling with advancing age, probably acting to reduce muscle fibre loss. The age trajectory of MU firing rate assessed at a single contraction level differed between sexes, which may reflect a greater tendency for females to develop a slower muscle phenotype.
Salivary gland disease in dogs and cats
Authors: de la Puerta Benito , Emmerson Terry 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundIn general practice it is common to be presented with patients that suffer from salivary gland disease, particularly salivary sialoceles. This disease affects all salivary glands, although most commonly the sublingual salivary gland. There are various treatment approaches that should be considered. The second most common salivary gland disease is salivary gland neoplasia, particularly adenocarcinomas – surgery can be curative when the tumour is confined to the capsule; however, in many cases, these tumours are more invasive and local reoccurrence can occur.Aim of the articleThis article discusses the different treatments for salivary sialoceles, paying particular attention to the different approaches for the surgical resection of the mandibular and sublingual salivary gland. It also discusses the surgical treatment methods for parotid and zygomatic sialoceles, as well as salivary gland neoplasia and other less common pathologies.