bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between adolescents’ nutrition literacy and food habits, and affecting factors
Authors: Koca Bennur , Arkan Gulcihan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between nutrition literacy (NL) and food habits (FH) in adolescents, and the factors affecting the relationship.Design:The study used a cross-sectional design. The data were collected using socio-demographic information forms, the Adolescent Nutrition Literacy Scale (ANLS) and the Adolescent Food Habit Checklist (AFHC). The socio-demographic characteristics of adolescents were analysed using descriptive statistics, and the factors affecting NL and FH were determined using the t test, Mann–Whitney U test and ANOVA. The correlation between ANLS and AFHC scores was tested with correlation analysis, and linear regression analysis was employed to predict the change in the NL of adolescents at the level of FH.Setting:The study was conducted in the city of Izmir in Turkey.Participants:The study consisted of a total of 467 adolescents.Results:There was a statistically significant relationship between NL of adolescents and their gender, education level of the father, grade, BMI values and daily lifestyle behaviours (DLB), as well as between their FH and DLB. There was a positive and significant relationship between ANLS and AFHC. The ANLS and its subscales were found to have a statistically significant effect on AFHC. According to the linear regression analysis, the nutritional habits of adolescents were found to be significantly affected by NL (β = 0·357).Conclusions:As ANLS scores increased, AFHC scores were determined to increase as well. This finding shows that the FH of adolescents have changed positively with increase in their NL.
Distance to supermarkets and dietary variety among Japanese older adults: examining the moderating role of grocery delivery services
Authors: Harada Kazuhiro , Masumoto Kouhei , Okada Shuichi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objective:
To examine whether using grocery delivery services moderates the relationship between distance to supermarket and dietary variety among Japanese older adults.

Design:
We conducted a 1-year prospective cohort study. Distance to supermarket was measured using geographic information systems. We collected information on dietary variety score (range 0–10), regular use of grocery delivery services and socio-demographic factors using a questionnaire delivered via post.

Setting:
The current study was performed in Nada Ward, Kobe City, Japan, from 2017 to 2018.

Participants:
Older adults living in Nada Ward (n 778).

Results:
The linear mixed model showed that a longer distance to supermarket (per 100 m: B = –0·07, 95 % CI –0·14, –0·01, P = 0·048) significantly predicted lower dietary variety after adjusting for socio-demographic factors. Using grocery delivery services (B = 0·28, 95 % CI –0·08, 0·64, P = 0·127) did not significantly predict dietary variety, and neither did its interaction with distance to supermarket (B = –0·04, 95 % CI –0·17, 0·10, P = 0·604).

Conclusions:
The current study found that longer distance to supermarket was associated with lower dietary variety among Japanese older adults and that the use of grocery delivery services did not moderate this association. The findings imply that the use of grocery delivery services is insufficient to reduce the negative influence of inconvenient food access on dietary variety among older adults.
Favorable Circulation Patterns and Moisture Sources for Wintertime Extreme Precipitation Events Over the Balkhash‐Junggar Region
Authors: He Xinsheng , Huang Wenyu , Yang Zifan , Wright Jonathon S. , Wang Bin , Xie Zuowei , Qiu Tianpei , Dong Wenhao , Lu Hui , Li Xiang , Liao Jie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Balkhash‐Junggar (B‐J) region is a typical dryland region with strong sensitivity to climate change. The snowstorms of the year 2009 caused financial damage worth of 2,516 million RMB. This study examines the dynamical features and the moisture sources associated with wintertime extreme precipitation over the B‐J region. The analyses are based primarily on the data set from ERA‐Interim during DJF 1979–2017. Both Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches are used to examine the moisture sources. An upper‐tropospheric Rossby wave train that extends from the North Atlantic Ocean to the B‐J region is found to play a leading role in the formation of 127 wintertime extreme precipitation events in the B‐J region. This Rossby wave train deepens a cyclonic anomaly in the lower troposphere over the B‐J region, which favors the development of strong southwesterly moisture transport and strong updrafts there. These conditions are favorable for the occurrence of extreme precipitation events over the B‐J region. Lagrangian moisture source analysis indicates that most of the moisture for precipitation during these events comes from terrestrial sources, with central Asia the key moisture source region. The Eulerian moisture budget analysis further shows that most of the moisture for extreme precipitation enters the B‐J region through its western boundary via enhanced southwesterly flow. These dynamical and moisture source analyses establish a set of valuable precursor conditions for predicting wintertime extreme precipitation events over the B‐J region.
An Efficient Ice Sheet/Earth System Model Spin‐up Procedure for CESM2‐CISM2: Description, Evaluation, and Broader Applicability
Authors: Lofverstrom Marcus , Fyke Jeremy G. , Thayer‐Calder Katherine , Muntjewerf Laura , Vizcaino Miren , Sacks William J. , Lipscomb William H. , Otto‐Bliesner Bette L. , Bradley Sarah L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSpinning up a highly complex, coupled Earth system model (ESM) is a time consuming and computationally demanding exercise. For models with interactive ice sheet components, this becomes a major challenge, as ice sheets are sensitive to bidirectional feedback processes and equilibrate over glacial timescales of up to many millennia. This work describes and demonstrates a computationally tractable, iterative procedure for spinning up a contemporary, highly complex ESM that includes an interactive ice sheet component. The procedure alternates between a computationally expensive coupled configuration and a computationally cheaper configuration where the atmospheric component is replaced by a data model. By periodically regenerating atmospheric forcing consistent with the coupled system, the data atmosphere remains adequately constrained to ensure that the broader model state evolves realistically. The applicability of the method is demonstrated by spinning up the preindustrial climate in the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2), coupled to the Community Ice Sheet Model Version 2 (CISM2) over Greenland. The equilibrium climate state is similar to the control climate from a coupled simulation with a prescribed Greenland ice sheet, indicating that the iterative procedure is consistent with a traditional spin‐up approach without interactive ice sheets. These results suggest that the iterative method presented here provides a faster and computationally cheaper method for spinning up a highly complex ESM, with or without interactive ice sheet components. The method described here has been used to develop the climate/ice sheet initial conditions for transient, ice sheet‐enabled simulations with CESM2‐CISM2 in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6).
Scaling Laws for Regional Stratification at the Top of Earth's Core
Authors: Mound Jonathan E. , Davies Christopher J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSeismic and geomagnetic observations have been used to argue both for and against a global stratified layer at the top of Earth's outer core. Recently, we used numerical models of turbulent thermal convection to show that imposed lateral variations in core‐mantle boundary (CMB) heat flow can give rise to regional lenses of stratified fluid at the top of the core while the bulk of the core remains actively convecting. Here, we develop theoretical scaling laws to extrapolate the properties of regional stratified lenses measured in simulations to the conditions of Earth's core. We estimate that regional stratified lenses in Earth's core have thicknesses of up to a few hundred kilometres and Brunt‐Väisälä frequencies of hours, consistent with independent observational constraints. The location, thickness, and strength of the stratified regions would change over geological time scales in response to the slowly evolving CMB heat flux heterogeneity imposed by mantle convection.
Distinct Growth Rates of the Two ENSO Types
Authors: Ren Hong‐Li , Wang Run 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEl Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events can be grouped into two types based on their sea surface temperature anomaly spatial patterns, that is, eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) types. In this study, we propose a new method to empirically diagnose linear growth rates of the EP and CP ENSO types due to a limitation of applying the traditional Bjerknes stability index method simply to these two types. We spatially project the peak‐time symmetric component of the mixed‐layer oceanic heat budget terms onto the ENSO‐related sea surface temperature anomaly patterns to estimate the ENSO grow rate. After validating the method by comparing it with the Bjerknes stability index, we show that the growth rate is positive for the CP ENSO type and weakly negative for the EP ENSO type, contributed by different feedback terms. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5‐based multimodel ensemble mean shows similar characteristics as the reanalysis for the EP ENSO type rather than the CP ENSO type.
Ice Particle Size Distributions From Composites of Microphysics Observations Collected in Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Leighton Hua , Black Robert , Zhang Xuejin , Marks Frank D. , Gopalakrishnan Sundararaman G. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIce microphysics observations collected from eight flights into tropical cyclones (TCs) were analyzed to examine the performance of exponential versus gamma functions in representing the particle size distributions (PSDs) for cloud ice, snow, and graupel. Eighty‐four percent (87%) of cloud ice (snow) PSDs are above the correlation threshold of 0.9 between observations and the corresponding fitted curves by gamma fits, while only 43% (55%) of cloud ice (snow) PSDs by exponential fits. Sixteen percent of graupel PSDs are above the threshold by gamma fits but none by exponential fits. The intercept, slope, and shape in gamma functions are mutually dependent. When one among the three parameters is prescribed, the other two can be empirically rendered from the mutual‐dependence relationship. Counterintuitively, temperature does not play a conspicuous role in controlling ice PSDs in the TC environment but horizontal winds do, especially for snow, through the breakup process.
Generation of Quasi‐Biweekly Yanai Waves in the Equatorial Indian Ocean
Authors: Arzeno Isabella B. , Giddings Sarah N. , Pawlak Geno , Pinkel Robert 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe spatial and temporal structure of quasi‐biweekly Yanai waves in the Indian Ocean and their relationship to wind stress are uniquely described using satellite observations of sea level anomalies and wind velocities, previously approximated only using theory, numerical models, and discrete mooring observations. Yanai waves represent a significant contribution to equatorial antisymmetric sea level anomaly variability in the 10–20 day band. Robust climatologies produced using 17 years of data (spanning 45–95°E and 10°S to 10°N) reveal a clear spatiotemporal pattern and are consistent with Yanai wave generation in the western equatorial Indian Ocean during monsoon seasons. Spectral and correlation analyses imply that Yanai waves are linearly forced by wind stress patterns with similar wavelengths. A new method of assembling data composites shows the first full structure of a vertical mode‐2 Yanai wave moving across the equatorial Indian Ocean under westward propagating wind vortices.
Contrasting Transition Complexity Between El Niño and La Niña: Observations and CMIP5/6 Models
Authors: Fang Shih‐Wei , Yu Jin‐Yi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe observed El Niño and La Niña exhibit different complexities in their event‐to‐event transition patterns. The El Niño is dominated in order by episodic, cyclic, and multiyear transitions, but the reversed order is found in the La Niña. A subtropical Pacific onset mechanism is used to explain this difference. This mechanism triggers El Niño/La Niña events via subtropical processes and is responsible for producing multiyear and episodic transitions. Its nonlinear responses to the tropical Pacific mean state result in more multiyear transitions for La Niña than El Niño and more episodic transitions for El Niño than La Niña. The CMIP5/6 models realistically simulate the observed transition complexity of El Niño but fail to simulate the transition complexity of La Niña. This deficiency in CMIP5 models arises from a weaker than observed subtropical onset mechanism and a cold bias in the tropical Pacific mean sea surface temperatures in the models.
The Relationship Between MAIAC Smoke Plume Heights and Surface PM
Authors: Cheeseman M. , Ford B. , Volckens J. , Lyapustin A. , Pierce J. R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBiomass burning is a source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution, which adversely impacts human health. However, quantifying the health effects from biomass burning PM2.5 is difficult. Monitoring networks generally lack the spatial density needed to capture the heterogeneity of biomass burning smoke. Satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) can be used to fill spatial gaps but does not distinguish surface‐level aerosols. Plume height (PH) observations may provide constraints on the vertical distribution of smoke and its impact on surface concentrations. We assessed PH characteristics from Multi‐Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) and evaluated its correlation with colocated PM2.5 and AOD measurements. PH is generally highest over the western United States. The ratio PM2.5:AOD generally decreases with increasing PH:PBLH (planetary boundary layer height), showing that PH has the potential to refine surface PM2.5 estimates for collections of smoke events.
Computing Refractive Index Structure Parameter Cn2 in a Numerical Weather Prediction Model
Authors: Wang Shouping , Wang Qing , Wauer Benjamin J. , Jiang Qingfang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe refractive index structure parameter Cn2 provides crucial information regarding turbulent effects on electromagnetic wave propagation. We propose to use second‐order turbulence closure techniques to predict Cn2 based on boundary layer parameterizations in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. This predictive approach provides additional degrees of freedom for improving Cn2 simulations. The model is evaluated using a single‐column version of Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System in a case study of convective boundary layer over the ocean. The predicted Cn2 is generally consistent with results from large‐eddy simulations, well‐known scaling theories, and limited surface layer observations. This study offers a general approach for computing Cn2 for the entire boundary layer and various turbulence regimes in an NWP model.
Deadly Compound Heat Stress‐Flooding Hazard Across the Central United States
Authors: Zhang Wei , Villarini Gabriele 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhile major advances have been made toward understanding flooding across the central United States, little is known about the linkage between heat stress, characterized by high temperature and humidity, and flooding during the summer in this area. Here, we focus on a compound event that relates these two hazards; we find that a high percentage of floods are preceded by a heat stress event. The potential impacts are significant, leading to overwhelming the current infrastructure (e.g., damaged roads, hospitals, and power grid) and to a high number of fatalities and economic damage. We show that heat stress is tied to high surface temperatures, sensible heat flux, and humidity, which all tend to enhance convective available potential energy (CAPE) and stormy weather, frequently resulting in flooding. Given that heat stress is projected to become more frequent and intense, our findings point to an associated enhanced risk of flooding throughout this area.
Global and Polar Region Temperature Change Induced by Single Mega Volcanic Eruption Based on Community Earth System Model Simulation
Authors: Liu Bin , Wang Bin , Liu Jian , Chen Deliang , Ning Liang , Yan Mi , Sun Weiyi , Chen Kefan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn order to understand the pure long‐term influence of single mega volcanic eruption (SMVE) of universal significance on global and polar region temperature changes, the AD 1258 Samalas mega volcanic eruption in Indonesia which is the largest eruption over the past millennium is selected as an ideal eruption for simulation study based on Community Earth System Model. Both reconstructions and simulations show that the Northern Hemisphere experienced nearly two decades of strong cooling after the Samalas mega eruption. The significant cooling in the Arctic lasts for 16 years, while the cooling in the Antarctic lasts only 2 years. As the volcanic aerosol gradually disappears, stronger cooling occurs in Arctic winter, and warming occurs in Antarctic winter. This asymmetric temperature changes over Arctic and Antarctic after SMVE (such as Samalas) are caused by the combined effects of albedo feedback and ocean‐atmosphere heat exchange related to sea ice.
Tropical Expansion Driven by Poleward Advancing Midlatitude Meridional Temperature Gradients
Authors: Yang Hu , Lohmann Gerrit , Lu Jian , Gowan Evan J. , Shi Xiaoxu , Liu Jiping , Wang Qiang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAn abundance of evidence indicates that the tropics are expanding. Despite many attempts to decipher the cause, the underlying dynamical mechanism driving tropical expansion is still not entirely clear. Here, based on observations, multimodel simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) and purposefully designed numerical experiments, the variations and trends of the tropical width are explored from a regional perspective. We find that the width of the tropics closely follows the displacement of oceanic midlatitude meridional temperature gradients (MMTG). Under global warming, as a first‐order response, the subtropical ocean experiences more surface warming because of the mean Ekman convergence of anomalously warm water. The enhanced subtropical warming, which is partially independent of natural climate oscillations, such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, leads to poleward advance of the MMTG and drives the tropical expansion. Our results, supported by both observations and model simulations, imply that global warming may have already significantly contributed to the ongoing tropical expansion, especially over the ocean‐dominant Southern Hemisphere.
Influence of Vertical Heterogeneities in the Canopy Microenvironment on Interannual Variability of Carbon Uptake in Temperate Deciduous Forests
Authors: Wozniak M. C. , Bonan G. B. , Keppel‐Aleks G. , Steiner A. L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractVegetation structure and function are key design choices in terrestrial models that affect the relationship between carbon uptake and environmental drivers. Here, we investigate how representing canopy vertical structure in a terrestrial biosphere model—that is, micrometeorological, leaf area, and leaf water profiles—influences carbon uptake at five U.S. temperate deciduous forest sites in July. Specifically, we test whether the interannual variability (IAV) of gross primary productivity (GPP) responds differently to four abiotic environmental drivers—air temperature, relative humidity, incoming shortwave radiation, and soil moisture—using either a Community Land Model multilayer canopy model (CLM‐ml) or a big‐leaf model (CLM4.5/CLM5). We conclude that vertical leaf area and microclimatic profiles (temperature, humidity, and wind) do not impact GPP IAV compared to a single‐layer model when plant hydraulics is excluded. However, with a mechanistic representation of plant hydraulics there is vertically varying water stress in CLM‐ml, and the sensitivity of carbon uptake to particular climate variables changes with height, resulting in dampened canopy‐scale GPP IAV relative to CLM4.5. Dampening is due to both a reduced dependence on soil moisture and opposing climatic forcing on different leaf layers. Such dampening is not evident in the single‐layer representation of plant hydraulic water stress implemented in the recently released CLM5. Overall, both model representations of the canopy fail to accurately simulate observed GPP IAV and this may be related by their inability to capture the upper range of observed hourly GPP and diffuse light‐GPP relationships that cannot be resolved by canopy structure alone.
The Eocene‐Oligocene Transition in the South‐Western Neo‐Tethys (Tunisia): Astronomical Calibration and Paleoenvironmental Changes
Authors: Messaoud Jihede Haj , Thibault Nicolas , Yaich Chokri , Monkenbusch Johannes , Omar Hamdi , Jemai Hela Fakhfakh Ben , Watkins David K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA detailed biostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic, and chronostratigraphic study was carried out in the South‐Western margin of the Neo‐Tethys ocean (Tunisia) covering the Eocene‐Oligocene interval to report potential paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes associated with the growth of the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS). The studied section consists of marls and limestones extending from theHelicosphaera compactanannofossil Zone (CNE21) to theReticulofenestra umbilicusZone (CNO2). The Bc ofClausicoccus subdistichuscoincides in northeastern Tunisia with the extinction of hantkeninids and is thus used here to define the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (EOB) at 34.03 Ma. Calcareous nannofossil assemblages suggest a significant change from oligotrophic/warm surface waters during the late Eocene to eutrophic/cool waters during the early Oligocene. The observed changes in trophic conditions are synchronous with a shallowing trend testified by an increase in nearshore species and enhanced terrigenous input. Major environmental changes occurred at the EOB and across glaciation event Oi‐1a whereas we record a poor imprint of glaciation event Oi‐1. Three orbital configurations have been distinguished: (1) The late Eocene is characterized by a prominent 405‐kyr cycle and a weak obliquity component; (2) the onset of cooling at 34.35 Ma coincides with the rosette‐shapeddiscoasterextinction and is reflected by a shift toward enhanced obliquity and short‐eccentricity cycles. The installation of a fully developed AIS (event Oi‐1a, 32.75 Ma) shows the most pronounced obliquity imprint reflecting an increased influence of high‐latitude climate processes; (3) after 31.75 Ma, the obliquity decreases in coincidence with the return to a dominant long‐eccentricity cycle.