bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Strain State of a Rolled Aluminum Sheet in Multi-Pass Conventional Spinning
Authors: Gondo Shiori , Arai Hirohiko , Kajino Satoshi , Nakano Shizuka 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This study clarified the strain state evolution of a cylindrical cup spun from a rolled aluminum sheet in 13 passes. Measurements of radial (ɛr), circumferential (ɛθ), and thickness (ɛt) directional strains as well as forming forces revealed that the strain state evolved as follows: the cup-wall exhibits ɛr &lt; 0 and small |ɛθ| and |ɛt| in early passes and ɛr &gt; 0, ɛθ &lt; 0, and ɛt &lt; 0 in later passes; meanwhile, the cup-edge exhibits ɛr &gt; 0 and small |ɛθ| and |ɛt| in early passes and ɛr &gt; 0, ɛθ &lt; 0, and ɛt &gt; 0 in later passes. The relationship between the strain states and the forming force is interpreted as follows. The normal direction forming force, which pushes into the workpiece in the thickness direction, primarily deforms the workpieces. The radial direction forming force, toward the edge along the workpiece configuration, facilitates elongation in the radial direction of the cup-wall and results in ɛr &gt; 0 during spinning. By contrast, a small radial direction forming force or a forming force whose direction is inverse against the roller movement direction restrains to elongate the material in the radial direction and facilitates shrinkage, thereby resulting in ɛr &lt; 0 in the cup-edge in early passes. Furthermore, the small or inverse directional force facilitates the accumulation of the material to the edge and results in ɛt &gt; 0 in latter passes.
Modeling of Active Gap Capacitance Electrical Discharge Machining
Authors: Wang Xiangzhi , Guo Hun , Tu Jiyuan , Ding Songlin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Active gap capacitance electrical discharge machining (AGC-EDM) is a high-speed EDM method for machining polycrystalline diamond tools utilizing the active capacitive effect and powder mixing effect formed by the kerosene dielectric added with graphene particles. The capacitive effect increases the discharge energy and explosive force, which in turn influences the material removal efficiency; the powder-mixed effect changes the states of dielectric and forms a non-fixed gap discharge process. Take into account these two aspects, a new discharge mechanism of AGC-EDM is proposed to describe the discharge process. Capacitance characteristics and chain stacking process of graphene-kerosene dielectrics are verified by experimental results. The material removal rate, relative electrode wear, and surface roughness are discussed with the pulse duration, peak current, and graphene concentration to study the theories of the new EDM process.
Damage Mechanisms of Material in Single-Cone Scratching
Authors: Peng Linfa , Xu Zhutian , Mao Mengyun , Lai Xinmin , Fu Ming Wang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The scratching test has been a key method to characterize the basic mechanics of material in vast scenarios. Although attentions have been paid to this field for decades, a comprehensive analytical framework, which includes material flow, fracture initiation, and crack propagation, is still missing. The wide application of scratching test and the accurate description of material behaviors in friction is thus limited. To address the problem, an analytical frame model was established in this study. The strain distribution and pileup ratio in the symmetry section of the front ridge was calculated. Furthermore, the ductile fracture law was also included to predict the mechanism and the initiation location of fracture in the scratching process. The predictive results were further validated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations of the scratched grooves. The effects of cone angle and material properties on the damage mechanisms of material in the scratching process were studied. It was revealed that the damage mechanism changes from shear failure to tensile failure, and further to plastic deformation with the increase of cone angle and the ratio of yielding stress to Young’s modulus. Finally, a map of the damage mechanism of material in the scratching process was obtained by utilizing the developed model. The presented works are meaningful to the understanding of material behavior in ploughing and helpful in predicting and controlling the surface quality of those parts subject to different machining and forming processes.
Prevention of hepatic encephalopathy by administration of rifaximin and lactulose in patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS): a multicentre randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial (PEARL trial)
Authors: de Wit K , Schaapman J J , Nevens F , Verbeek J , Coenen S , Cuperus F J C , Kramer M , Tjwa E T T L , Mostafavi N , Dijkgraaf M G W , van Delden O M , Beuers U H W , Coenraad M J , Takkenberg R B 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionCirrhotic patients with portal hypertension can suffer from variceal bleeding or refractory ascites and can benefit from a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Post-TIPS hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common (20%–54%) and often severe complication. A prophylactic strategy is lacking.Methods and analysisThe Prevention of hepatic Encephalopathy by Administration of Rifaximin and Lactulose in patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing placement of a TIPS (PEARL) trial, is a multicentre randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. Patients undergoing covered TIPS placement are prescribed either rifaximin 550 mg two times per day and lactulose 25 mL two times per day (starting dose) or placebo 550 mg two times per day and lactulose 25 mL two times per day from 72 hours before and until 3 months after TIPS placement. Primary endpoint is the development of overt HE (OHE) within 3 months (according to West Haven criteria). Secondary endpoints include 90-day mortality; development of a second episode of OHE; time to development of episode(s) of OHE; development of minimal HE; molecular changes in peripheral and portal blood samples; quality of life and cost-effectiveness. The total sample size is 238 patients and recruitment period is 3 years in six hospitals in the Netherlands and one in Belgium.Ethics and disseminationThis study protocol was approved in the Netherlands by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam (2018-332), in Belgium by the Ethics Committee Research UZ/KU Leuven (S62577) and competent authorities. This study will be conducted in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Study results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numbersClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04073290) and EudraCT database (2018-004323-37).
Clinical outcomes and cost–utility of rotator cuff repair surgery by open and arthroscopic techniques: study protocol for a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Pierami Rafael , Antonioli Eliane , Oliveira Isadora , Castro Isabela Queirós , Manente Felipe , Fairbanks Paula , Carrera Eduardo da Frota , Matsumura Bruno Akio , Lenza Mario 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionRotator cuff injuries account for up to 70% of pain in the shoulder. However, there remains no consensus on the best surgical treatment for patients with rotator cuff injuries, in terms of the cost-effectiveness and cost–utility of open and arthroscopic methods for rotator cuff repair. The objective of this trial is to compare the efficacy, cost-effectiveness and cost–utility of open and arthroscopic procedures for rotator cuff repair.Methods and analysisThe trial is a two-group, parallel-design, randomised controlled trial. A total of 100 patients with symptomatic rotator cuff lesions will be allocated in either open or arthroscopic technique in a 1:1 ratio, considering smoking (yes or no), lesion size (≤3 cm or >3 cm) and diabetes (present or absent) as stratification factors. All patients will be included in the same rehabilitation programme after the intervention. The primary outcome measure will be the Constant-Murley Score and the EuroQol-5D-3L score at 48 weeks postsurgery. Secondary outcomes include cost-effectiveness, cost–utility, pain, complications and clinical analysis, using the Simple Shoulder Test, Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS), integrity of the repair evaluated through MRI, and complications and failures of the proposed methods. For the cost-effectiveness analysis, we will use the VAS and the Constant-Murley Score as measures of effectiveness. For the cost–utility analysis, we will use the EuroQol-5D-3L as a measure of utility in terms of incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-years.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the local research ethics committee of both institutions: Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein and Hospital Alvorada Moema/Hospital Pró-Cardíaco. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed, open access journal.Trial registration numberNCT04146987.
Rapid quality improvement in a preterm birth clinic care pathway during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Zarasvand Sara , Bayar Erna , Adan Malko , Mountain Katherine , Lewis Holly , Joash Karen , Teoh TG , Bennett Phillip R , Das Sabrina , Sykes Lynne 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundPreterm birth (PTB) occurs in 8% of births in the UK. At Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, our PTB prevention clinic manages the care of approximately 1000 women/year. Women referred to the clinic are seen from 12 weeks of pregnancy with subsequent appointments every 2–4 weeks to measure cervical length (CL) using transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS). Women with a history of cervical weakness or short cervix on TVUS are offered a cervical cerclage.Local problemDuring the COVID-19 outbreak, pregnant women were strongly advised to avoid social mixing and public transport. The National Health Service had to rapidly adopt remote consultation and redesign clinical pathways in order to reduce transmission, exposure and spread among women at high risk of PTB.MethodsWe focused on Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Timebound aims and used a driver diagram to visualise our changes. We used a series of Plan Do Study Act cycles to evaluate and adapt change ideas through the UK’s national lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic between 23 March and 29 May 2020.ResultsWe reduced the number of face-to-face appointments by 54%. This was achieved by increasing remote telephone consultations from 0% to 64%, and by reducing the intensity of surveillance. The rate of regional anaesthetic was increased from 53% to 95% for cerclage placement in order to minimise the number of aerosol-generating procedures. Patient and staff satisfaction responses to these changes were used to tailor practices. No women tested positive for COVID-19 during the study period.ConclusionsBy using quality improvement methodology, we were able to safely and rapidly implement a new care pathway for women at high risk of PTB which was acceptable to patients and staff, and effective in reducing exposure of COVID-19.
Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of the undivided Midnapore District, West Bengal, India: a preliminary report
Authors: Mahata Anirban , Mishra Niladri Prasad , Palita Sharat Kumar 
Published: December 2020

A butterfly study in the biodiversity rich biogeography transition zone of the undivided Midnapore District of West Bengal was carried out from March 2014 to March 2017. A total of 98 species of butterflies under five families, 19 subfamilies, and 70 genera were documented by the study. Maximum species diversity was found in Nymphalidae family with 31 species (31.63%), followed by Lycaenidae 24 species (24.48%), Hesperiidae-17 (17.34%), Pieridae 16 (16.32%), and the least by Papilionidae 10 (10.28%). Among the families, the highest common species (n=10) was recorded under the family Nymphalidae and maximum rare species (n=4) under the family Lycaenidae. Highest species richness has been recorded in post-monsoon season (97 species) followed by monsoon (78 species), winter (66 species), and pre-monsoon (47 species). During the study, five species of butterflies (Castalius rosimon, Neptis jumbah, Discophora sondaica, Lethe europa, and Papilio clytia) under Schedule-I, three species (Euchrysops cnejus, Mahathala ameria, and Cepora nerissa) under Schedule-II and three species (Baoris farri, Hyarotis adrastus, and Euploea core) under Schedule-IV were legally protected under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. A good species to genera ratio (1.4: 1) along with 10 newly recorded species and their range extension provide information for better understanding of the ecology and distribution pattern of the butterfly fauna. The information of the study will thus help to develop conservation strategies for management of the unique bio-geographical transitional zone.
A Physically Based Stochastic Boundary Layer Perturbation Scheme. Part I: Formulation and Evaluation in a Convection-Permitting Model
Authors: Clark P. A. , Halliwell C. E. , Flack D. L. A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe present a simple, physically consistent stochastic boundary layer scheme implemented in the Met Office’s Unified Model. It is expressed as temporally correlated multiplicative Poisson noise with a distribution that depends on physical scales. The distribution can be highly skewed at convection-permitting scales (horizontal grid lengths around 1 km) when temporal correlation is far more important than spatial. The scheme is evaluated using small ensemble forecasts of two case studies of severe convective storms over the United Kingdom. Perturbations are temporally correlated over an eddy-turnover time scale, and may be similar in magnitude to or larger than the mean boundary layer forcing. However, their mean is zero and hence they, in practice, they have very little impact on the energetics of the forecast, so overall domain-averaged precipitation, for example, is essentially unchanged. Differences between ensemble members grow; after around 12 h they appear to be roughly saturated; this represents the time scale to achieve a balance between addition of new perturbations, perturbation growth, and dissipation, not just saturation of initial perturbations. The scheme takes into account the area chosen to average over, and results are insensitive to this area at least where this remains within an order of magnitude of the grid scale.
The Contribution of Internal Variability to Asian Midlatitude Warming
Authors: Feng Xiaofang , Wu Liguang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe tropospheric warming in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitudes has been an important factor in regulating weather and climate since the twentieth century. Apart from anthropogenic forcing leading to the midlatitude warming, this study investigates the possible contribution of internal variability to Asian midlatitude warming and its role in East Asian circulation changes in boreal summer, using four reanalysis datasets in the past century and a set of 1800-yr preindustrial control simulations of the Community Earth System Model version 1 large ensemble (CESM-LE). The surface and tropospheric warming in the Asian midlatitudes is associated with a strong upper-level geopotential height rise north of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Linear trends of 200-hPa geopotential height (Z200) confirm a dipole of an anomalous high north of the TP and an anomalous low over the Iranian Plateau in 1958–2017. The leading internal circulation mode bears a striking resemblance to the Z200 trend in the past 60 and 111 years, indicating that the long-term trend may be partially of internal origin. The Asian midlatitude warming is also found in preindustrial simulations of CESM-LE, further suggesting that internal variability explains at least part of the temperature change in the Asian midlatitudes, which is in a chain of wave trains along the NH midlatitudes. The Asian warming decreases the meridional gradient of geopotential height, resulting in the weakening of westerly winds over the TP and the TP thermal forcing. Thus, it is essential to consider the role of internal variability in shaping East Asian surface temperature and East Asian summer monsoon changes in the past decades.
Using Bayesian Networks to Investigate the Influence of Subseasonal Arctic Variability on Midlatitude North Atlantic Circulation
Authors: Harwood Nathanael , Hall Richard , Di Capua Giorgia , Russell Andrew , Tucker Allan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRecent enhanced warming and sea ice depletion in the Arctic have been put forward as potential drivers of severe weather in the midlatitudes. Evidence of a link between Arctic warming and midlatitude atmospheric circulation is growing, but the role of Arctic processes relative to other drivers remains unknown. Arctic–midlatitude connections in the North Atlantic region are particularly complex but important due to the frequent occurrence of severe winters in recent decades. Here, dynamic Bayesian networks with hidden variables are introduced to the field to assess their suitability for teleconnection analyses. Climate networks are constructed to analyze North Atlantic circulation variability at 5-day to monthly time scales during the winter months of the years 1981–2018. The inclusion of a number of Arctic, midlatitude, and tropical variables allows for an investigation into the relative role of Arctic influence compared to internal atmospheric variability and other remote drivers. A robust covariability between regions of amplified Arctic warming and two definitions of midlatitude circulation is found to occur entirely within winter at submonthly time scales. Hidden variables incorporated in networks represent two distinct modes of stratospheric polar vortex variability, capturing a periodic shift between average conditions and slower anomalous flow. The influence of the Barents–Kara Seas region on the North Atlantic Oscillation is found to be the strongest link at 5- and 10-day averages, while the stratospheric polar vortex strongly influences jet variability on monthly time scales.
Cartilage Grafting Outcomes in Intermediate and Definitive Cleft Rhinoplasty
Authors: Pagan Angel D. , Sterling David A. , Andrews Brian T. 
Published: December 2020

Objective: To compare cartilage grafting outcomes in intermediate versus definitive cleft rhinoplasty. Design: A retrospective chart review was conducted. The χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used for statistical analyses. Results were considered statistically significant at P < .05. Participants: All subjects who underwent revision cleft rhinoplasties between July 2011 and June 2019 were included. Subjects with syndromic conditions were excluded. Results: A total of 46 subjects with a cleft nose deformity underwent 65 rhinoplasty procedures. The ages averaged 17 years (range 5-50) with 34 (73.9%) males and 12 (26.1%) females. In the intermediate group, 6 (28.6%) subjects required cartilage grafting as part of 6 cleft rhinoplasties, whereas 15 (71.4%) subjects underwent a total of 26 cleft rhinoplasties that did not require grafting. In the definitive group, 18 (76%) subjects required cartilage grafting over 21 cleft rhinoplasties, whereas 7 (24%) subjects underwent a total of 9 cleft rhinoplasties where cartilage grafting was not required. The difference between the number of subjects requiring cartilage grafting in the intermediate versus the definitive group was statistically significant ( P = .007). Ear concha and nose were the most frequently used cartilage donor sites, with no observed complications. Conclusions: Cartilage grafting was significantly more common in the definitive rhinoplasty group. Intermediate cleft rhinoplasty during the 5- to 13-year age period was effective, with a low-risk profile. In our experience, ear concha and nose were the preferred cartilage donor sites, with effective results and an excellent safety profile.
Combined p53 and Bcl2 Immunophenotypes in Prognosis of Vietnamese Invasive Breast Carcinoma: A Single Institutional Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Van Nguyen Chu , Nguyen Quang Tien , Vu Ha Thi Ngoc , Phung Huyen Thi , Pham Khoa Hong , Le Roanh Dinh 
Published: December 2020

Background: Aberrant of p53 and Bcl2 genes cause changes in the quantity and quality of their proteins and contribute to the pathogenesis of some cancer types including breast cancer. Expression of p53 and Bcl2 were associated to adverse clinical outcomes in breast cancer. Purpose: To predict the survival outcomes of invasive breast cancer in Vietnam, using immunohistochemical expression of p53, Bcl2 proteins. Methods: The current study was conducted on 526 breast cancer patients who had surgical operations, but had not received neo-adjuvant chemotherapy, from 2011 to 2014. The clinicopathological characteristics were recorded. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on p53, Bcl2 markers. Expression of p53 and Bcl2 were paired into different immunophenotypes for analysis with clinicopathological characteristics and survival. All breast cancer patients’ survival were analyzed by using Kaplan-Meier and Log-Rank models. Results: The presence of p53 protein was detected in 44.1%. Positive p53, and p53+Bcl2- immunophenotype were significantly associated with poorer prognostic features. In contrast, the positive Bcl2 protein accounted on 57.6%, and combination of p53-Bcl2+ were strong correlated with better clinicopathological parameters. Bcl2 positivity was observed in higher than the negative Bcl2 in the five-year OS (Overall survival) proportion (91.2 vs 79.4%, respectively) (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that the expression of p53, Bcl2 or combinations of these 2 proteins was no longer remained as an independent prognostic variable. Conclusion: The Bcl2 positivity had a distinct OS and DFS (Disease free survival). The expression of p53 and Bcl2 are inversely correlated to clinical outcomes in breast cancer.