bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of fatal myocardial infarction with past level of physical activity: a pooled analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Hansen Kim Wadt , Peytz Nina , Blokstra Anneke , Bojesen Stig E , Celis-Morales Carlos , Chrysohoou Christina , Clays Els , De Bacquer Dirk , Galatius Søren , Gray Stuart R , Ho Frederick , Kavousi Maryam , Koolhaas Chantal M , Kouvari Matina , Løchen Maja-Lisa , Marques-Vidal Pedro , Osler Merete , Panagiotakos Demosthenes , Pell Jill P , Sulo Gerhard , Tell Grethe S , Vassiliou Vassilios , Verschuren W M Monique , Prescott Eva 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Aims
To assess the association between past level of physical activity (PA) and risk for death during the acute phase of myocardial infarction (MI) in a pooled analysis of cohort studies.

Methods and results
European cohorts including participants with a baseline assessment of PA, conventional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, and available follow-up on MI and death were eligible. Patients with an incident MI were included. Leisure-time PA was grouped as sedentary (&lt;7 MET-hours), low (7–16 MET-hours), moderate (16.1–32 MET-hours), or high (&gt;32 MET-hours) based on calculated net weekly energy expenditure. The main outcome measures were instant and 28-day case fatality of MI. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using multivariate random-effects models. Adjustments for age, sex, CV risk factors, alcohol consumption, and socioeconomic status were made. From 10 cohorts including a total of 1 495 254 participants, 28 140 patients with an incident MI comprised the study population. A total of 4976 (17.7%) died within 28 days—of these 3101 (62.3%) were classified as instant fatal MI. Compared with sedentary individuals, those with a higher level of PA had lower adjusted odds of instant fatal MI: low PA [OR, 0.79 (95% CI, 0.60–1.04)], moderate PA [0.67 (0.51–0.89)], and high PA [0.55 (0.40–0.76)]. Similar results were found for 28-day fatal MI: low PA [0.85 (0.71–1.03)], moderate PA [0.64 (0.51–0.80)], and high PA [0.72 (0.51–1.00)]. A low-to-moderate degree of heterogeneity was detected in the analysis of instant fatal MI (I2 = 47.3%), but not in that of 28-day fatal MI (I2 = 0.0%).

Conclusion
A moderate-to-high level of PA was associated with a lower risk of instant and 28-day death in relation to a MI.
Burden of heart failure and underlying causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017
Authors: Bragazzi Nicola Luigi , Zhong Wen , Shu Jingxian , Abu Much Arsalan , Lotan Dor , Grupper Avishay , Younis Arwa , Dai Haijiang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Aims
To provide the first systematic analysis of the burden and underlying causes of heart failure (HF) in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017.

Methods and results
We collected detailed information on prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), and underlying causes of HF from the Global Burden of Disease study 2017. Numbers and age-standardized rates of HF prevalence and YLDs were compared by age, sex, socio-demographic index (SDI), and location. The proportions of HF age-standardized prevalence rates due to 23 underlying causes were also presented. Globally, the age-standardized prevalence and YLD rates of HF in 2017 were 831.0 and 128.2 per 100 000 people, a decrease of −7.2% and −0.9% from 1990, respectively. Nevertheless, the absolute numbers of HF prevalent cases and YLDs have increased by 91.9% and 106.0% from 1990, respectively. There is significant geographic and socio-demographic variation in the levels and trends of HF burden from 1990 to 2017. Among all causes of HF, ischaemic heart disease accounted for the highest proportion (26.5%) of age-standardized prevalence rate of HF in 2017, followed by hypertensive heart disease (26.2%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (23.4%).

Conclusion
HF remains a serious public health problem worldwide, with increasing age-standardized prevalence and YLD rates in countries with relatively low SDI. More geo-specific strategies aimed at preventing underlying causes and improving medical care for HF are warranted to reduce the future burden of this condition.
Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, apolipoprotein C-III, angiopoietin-like protein 3, and cardiovascular events in older adults: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study
Authors: Hussain Aliza , Sun Caroline , Selvin Elizabeth , Nambi Vijay , Coresh Josef , Jia Xiaoming , Ballantyne Christie M , Hoogeveen Ron C 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Aims
Despite statin and antihypertensive therapies, older Americans have high atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. Novel measures of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, low-density lipoprotein triglycerides (LDL-TG), and remnant-like particle cholesterol (RLP-C), are associated with ASCVD in middle-aged adults. Polymorphisms in genes encoding angiopoietin-related protein 3 (ANGPTL3) and apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III), two proteins involved in triglyceride catabolism, are associated with increased risk for hypertriglyceridaemia and ASCVD and are potential therapeutic targets. We examined associations of LDL-TG, RLP-C, apoC-III, and ANGPTL3 levels with ASCVD events in older adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

Methods and results
In 6359 participants (mean age 75.8 ± 5.3 years) followed for ASCVD events [coronary heart disease (CHD) or ischaemic stroke] up to 6 years, associations between LDL-TG, RLP-C, apoC-III, and ANGPTL3 and ASCVD events were assessed using Cox regression. With adjustment for age, sex, and race, RLP-C, LDL-TG, apoC-III, and ANGPTL3 (as continuous variables) were significantly associated with CHD. However, after adjustment for traditional risk factors and lipid-lowering medications, only LDL-TG and ANGPTL3 were significantly associated with ASCVD events [hazard ratio (HR) 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25–2.37 per log unit increase in LDL-TG; HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.17–2.28 per log unit increase in ANGPTL3].

Conclusions
In older adults, LDL-TG, RLP-C, apoC-III, and ANGPTL3 were associated with CHD events in minimally adjusted models; LDL-TG and ANGPTL3 remained independent predictors of ASCVD events with further adjustment. Future studies should assess potential benefit of lowering hepatic apoC-III or ANGPTL3 expression in patients with elevated triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.
Excess deaths in people with cardiovascular diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Banerjee Amitava , Chen Suliang , Pasea Laura , Lai Alvina G , Katsoulis Michail , Denaxas Spiros , Nafilyan Vahe , Williams Bryan , Wong Wai Keong , Bakhai Ameet , Khunti Kamlesh , Pillay Deenan , Noursadeghi Mahdad , Wu Honghan , Pareek Nilesh , Bromage Daniel , McDonagh Theresa A , Byrne Jonathan , Teo James T H , Shah Ajay M , Humberstone Ben , Tang Liang V , Shah Anoop S V , Rubboli Andrea , Guo Yutao , Hu Yu , Sudlow Cathie L M , Lip Gregory Y H , Hemingway Harry 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Aims
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) increase mortality risk from coronavirus infection (COVID-19). There are also concerns that the pandemic has affected supply and demand of acute cardiovascular care. We estimated excess mortality in specific CVDs, both ‘direct’, through infection, and ‘indirect’, through changes in healthcare.

Methods and results
We used (i) national mortality data for England and Wales to investigate trends in non-COVID-19 and CVD excess deaths; (ii) routine data from hospitals in England (n = 2), Italy (n = 1), and China (n = 5) to assess indirect pandemic effects on referral, diagnosis, and treatment services for CVD; and (iii) population-based electronic health records from 3 862 012 individuals in England to investigate pre- and post-COVID-19 mortality for people with incident and prevalent CVD. We incorporated pre-COVID-19 risk (by age, sex, and comorbidities), estimated population COVID-19 prevalence, and estimated relative risk (RR) of mortality in those with CVD and COVID-19 compared with CVD and non-infected (RR: 1.2, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0).
Mortality data suggest indirect effects on CVD will be delayed rather than contemporaneous (peak RR 1.14). CVD service activity decreased by 60–100% compared with pre-pandemic levels in eight hospitals across China, Italy, and England. In China, activity remained below pre-COVID-19 levels for 2–3 months even after easing lockdown and is still reduced in Italy and England. For total CVD (incident and prevalent), at 10% COVID-19 prevalence, we estimated direct impact of 31 205 and 62 410 excess deaths in England (RR 1.5 and 2.0, respectively), and indirect effect of 49 932 to 99 865 deaths.

Conclusion
Supply and demand for CVD services have dramatically reduced across countries with potential for substantial, but avoidable, excess mortality during and after the pandemic.
Current perceptions and practices in lipid management: results of a European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society Survey
Authors: Koskinas Konstantinos C , Catapano Alberico L , Baigent Colin , Tokgozoglu Lale , Mach Francois 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Aims
We sought to evaluate physicians’ opinions and practices in lipid management.

Methods and results
A web-based survey by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) was distributed to 70 696 individuals at two time points, before and after publication of the 2019 ESC/EAS dyslipidaemia guidelines. Respondents (1271 in the first and 1056 in the second part) were most commonly cardiologists in Europe. More than 90% of participants reported that they regularly measure lipid levels and discuss lipid-lowering treatment with patients. More than 87% found the use of LDL-C goals useful or potentially useful, although it was acknowledged that recommended goals are frequently not achieved. Regarding the LDL-C goal according to the 2019 guidelines (&lt;1.4 mmol/L for very high-risk patients), more than 70% of respondents felt that it is based on solid scientific evidence, but 31% noted that implementation should also consider available local resources and patient preferences. Statin intolerance was perceived as infrequent, affecting 1–5% of patients according to most respondents but was the main reason for not prescribing a statin to secondary-prevention patients, followed by patient non-adherence. Although most respondents reported that 11–20% of secondary-prevention patients have an indication to add a non-statin medication, fewer patients (&lt;10% according to most respondents) receive these medications.

Conclusions
This survey shows a high level of acceptance of the LDL-C treatment goals recommended by current ESC/EAS guidelines. Although patient-related factors were the main reported reasons for suboptimal lipid-lowering therapy, physician inertia to intensify treatment cannot be excluded as an additional contributing factor.
β-blocker use and risk of all-cause mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: effect modification by serum vitamin A
Authors: Dhar Indu , Svingen Gard F T , Olsen Thomas , Lysne Vegard , Bjørnestad Espen Ø , Ueland Per M , Nygård Ottar K 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Aims
Blockade of β-adrenoceptors reduces sympathetic nervous system activity and improves survival in patients with heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF); however, any improvement in longevity among patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) but without HFrEF remains uncertain. Vitamin A has been linked to the activation of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the catecholamine synthesis pathway. We investigated if vitamin A status modified the association of β-blocker use with the risk of all-cause mortality.

Methods and results
A total of 4118 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography for suspected stable angina pectoris, of whom the majority had normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were studied. Hazard ratios (HRs) of all-cause mortality comparing treatment vs. non-treatment of β-blockers according to the tertiles of serum vitamin A were explored in Cox proportional hazards regression models. During a median follow-up of 10.3 years, 897 patients (21.8%) died. The overall LVEF was 65% and 283 (6.9%) had anamnestic HF. After multivariable adjustments for traditional risk factors, medical history, and drug therapies of cardiovascular disease, β-blocker treatment was inversely associated with the risk of all-cause mortality [HR : 0.84; 95% CI (confidence interval), 0.72–0.97]. However, the inverse association was generally stronger among patients in the upper serum vitamin A tertile (HR :0.66; 95% CI, 0.50–0.86; Pinteraction = 0.012), which remained present after excluding patients with LVEF &lt; 40%.

Conclusion
In patients with suspected CHD, β-blocker treatment was associated with improved survival primarily among patients with high serum vitamin A levels.
Associations between acute and long-term exposure to PM2.5 components and temperature with QT interval length in the VA Normative Aging Study
Authors: Peralta Adjani A , Schwartz Joel , Gold Diane R , Coull Brent , Koutrakis Petros 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Aims
Our study adds to the sparse literature on the effect of multiple fine particulate matter (PM2.5) components on QT interval length, an outcome with high clinical relevance in vulnerable populations. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the association between spatiotemporally resolved exposures to PM2.5 components and QT interval length.

Methods and results
Among 578 men living in Eastern Massachusetts between 2000 and 2011, we utilized time-varying linear mixed-effects regressions with a random intercept to examine associations between acute (0–3 days), intermediate (4–28 days), and long-term (1 year) exposure to PM2.5 components, temperature, and heart-rate corrected QT interval (QTc). Each of the PM2.5 components and temperature was geocoded to the participant’s residential address using validated ensemble and hybrid exposure models and gridMET predictions. We also evaluated whether diabetic status modified the association between PM2.5 components and QTc interval. We found consistent results that higher sulfate levels and colder temperatures were associated with significant longer QTc across all moving averages except the day of exposure. The greatest effect of sulfate and temperature was detected for the 28-day moving average. In the multi-pollutant model, each 1.5 µg/m3 IQR increase in daily sulfate was associated with a 15.1 ms [95% confidence interval (CI): 10.2–20.0] increase in QTc interval and in the single-pollutant models a 15.3 ms (95% CI: 11.6–19.1) increase in QTc interval. Other secondary particles, such as nitrate and organic carbon, also prolonged QT interval, while elemental carbon decreased QT interval. We found that diabetic status did not modify the association between PM2.5 components and QTc interval.

Conclusion
Acute and long-term exposure to PM2.5 components and temperature are associated with changes in ventricular repolarization as measured by QT interval.
Dose–response effects of physical activity on all-cause mortality and major cardiorenal outcomes in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Kuo Chou-Pin , Tsai Ming-Tsun , Lee Kuo-Hua , Lin Yao-Ping , Huang Shao-Sung , Huang Chin-Chou , Tseng Wei-Cheng , Tarng Der-Cherng 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Aims
Physical activity has a protective effect against mortality and cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Nonetheless, how different levels of physical activity affect the health benefits in CKD remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the dose–response effects of physical activity on mortality and major cardiorenal events in CKD.

Methods and results
We evaluated a longitudinal cohort of 4508 Taiwanese CKD patients between 2004 and 2017. Physical activity was assessed by the NHANES questionnaire and quantified in metabolic equivalent-hours per week (MET-hour/week). Patients were categorized into highly active (≥7.5 MET-h/week), low-active (0.1 to &lt;7.5 MET-h/week), or inactive (0 MET-h/week) groups. Cox regression and restricted cubic spline models were utilized to explore the association between physical activity and the risks of study outcomes, including all-cause mortality, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, and hospitalized heart failure). During a median follow-up of 686 days, 739 death, 1059 ESRD, and 521 MACE events occurred. Highly active group had the lowest chance of all study outcomes, followed by low-active and inactive groups (P &lt; 0.001). Multivariable Cox regression showed that only highly active group was independently associated with lower risks for all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53–0.74], ESRD (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72–0.96), and MACE (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.51–0.76) compared to the inactive group. The risks of MACE did not further decrease once physical activity surpassed 15 MET-h/week, indicating a U-shaped association. The results were consistent in the subgroup and sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion
Physical activity of 7.5 to &lt;15 MET-h/week is associated with lower risks of adverse cardiorenal outcomes and should be integrated into the care of CKD.
SCORE underestimates cardiovascular mortality in hypertension: insight from the OLD-HTA and NEW-HTA Lyon cohorts
Authors: Courand Pierre-Yves , Lenoir Jerôme , Grandjean Adrien , Garcia Damien , Harbaoui Brahim , Lantelme Pierre 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Aims
Current European guidelines recommend the SCORE to estimate 10-year cardiovascular mortality in patients with moderate/low cardiovascular risk. SCORE was derived from the general population. The objective of this study was to investigate the estimated 10-year cardiovascular mortality according to the SCORE in a historic and a contemporary cohort of hypertensive patients.

Methods and results
After exclusion of secondary prevention and diabetes, 3086 patients were analysed in the OLD-HTA (1969–90) and 1081 in the NEW-HTA (1997–2014) Lyon cohorts. SCORE was calculated using the low and high cardiovascular risk equations and charts, and patients classified as being at low (0%), moderate (1–4%), high (5–9%), and very high (≥10%) risk. In the OLD-HTA cohort, 10-year cardiovascular mortality was higher (1.2%, 5.5%, 17.7%, and 27.0%) than that predicted by the low-risk equation (0%, 1.7%, 6.4%, and 14.8%). In the NEW-HTA cohort, similar results were observed (1.1%, 4.7%, 15.1%, and 15.2% vs. 0%, 1.9%, 6.2%, and 11.7%, respectively). Using the high-risk equation, mortality was underestimated in both cohorts, but the difference was smaller. The diagnostic performance of the high-risk equation was lower than the low-risk equation in both cohorts, considering the SCORE as a continuous or a categorical variable (Likelihood ratio test P &lt; 0.05 for all comparisons in OLD-HTA). Similar results were obtained using SCORE charts.

Conclusion
SCORE underestimates the 10-year cardiovascular mortality risk in hypertensive patients in a historic cohort and in a contemporary one. The algorithm to predict cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients needs an update given new information since its creation.
Limited carbon sources prevent sulfate remediation in circumneutral abandoned mine drainage
Authors: Valkanas Michelle M , Rosso Taylor , Packard Jessica E , Trun Nancy J 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Passive remediation systems (PRS) use both biotic and abiotic processes to precipitate contaminants from abandoned mine drainage (AMD) so that the contaminants do not spread into local watersheds. PRS are efficient at removing heavy metals but sulfate remediation frequently does not occur. To understand the reasons for the lack of sulfate remediation, we studied four PRS that treat circumneutral AMD and one raw mine drainage discharge. Using 16S sequencing analysis, microbial community composition revealed a high relative abundance of bacterial families with sulfur cycling genera. Anaerobic abiotic studies showed that sulfide was quickly geochemically oxidized in the presence of iron hydroxides, leading to a buildup of sulfur intermediates. Supplementation of laboratory grown microbes from the PRS with lactate demonstrated the ability of actively growing microbes to overcome this abiotic sulfide oxidation by increasing the rate of sulfate reduction. Thus, the lack of carbon sources in the PRS contributes to the lack of sulfate remediation. Bacterial community analysis of 16S rRNA gene revealed that while the microbial communities in different parts of the PRS were phylogenetically distinct, the contaminated environments selected for communities that shared similar metabolic capabilities.
A Dictionary of Slovak Neologisms (A Project Description)
Authors: Ološtiak Martin , Rešovská Soňa 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe paper presents the project focusing on neologisms in the Slovak language, the main outcome of which is A Dictionary of Slovak Neologisms (DSN), a specialized restricted dictionary of a certain lemma type. The first part introduces general remarks including relations of extralinguistic reality with the lexicon of a natural language. In the second section, elementary terminology (language change, lexical change, innovation, neologism, neology, newness) is outlined. In the third section, the project of the DSN is introduced. The dictionary aims to provide linguistic (lexicographic) information on approximately 13,000-15,000 new words, meanings and expressions. When compiling the dictionary, the synchronic-diachronic perspective is taken into account. This indicates that lexical units that came into existence in the Slovak language after 1989 are included. The publication of the dictionary is planned for 2023, both in printed and electronic form, with the latter intended to be available online.
The Wessex Dementia Friendly Pharmacy Framework
Authors: Moores Amanda , Rutter Paul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To develop and launch a dementia friendly framework for community pharmacies in the Wessex region of England.

Methods
A framework consisting of essential (mandatory) and additional (non-mandatory) criteria were devised by local stakeholders and external scrutiny from the Alzheimer’s Society. The framework was designed to allow pharmacy teams to achieve essential criteria without the need for approval by others (e.g. authorisation from internal company management structures). In total, 38 essential criteria across seven domains were devised. All essential criteria had to be met for pharmacies to be awarded dementia friendly status. Engagement events were organised to launch the framework detailing what it was and how pharmacies could meet each criterion. Pharmacies self-certified compliance with the framework criteria via an online platform, and validation activity was subsequently undertaken to see if pharmacies had appropriately self-certified against all essential criteria.

Key findings
Three hundred and fifty-five pharmacies (n = 504, 70%) engaged with the initiative, of which 330 uploaded self-certifications met all essential criteria of the framework. Validation visits showed self-certification to be appropriate in all but one visit (n = 11/12). Staff comments revealed that engaging with the framework had allowed them to be more aware of how better to support people with dementia.

Conclusions
A dementia friendly framework was devised and implemented with a subsequent high level of uptake by community pharmacy.