bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulating Water Residence Time in the Coastal Ocean: A Global Perspective
Authors: Liu Xiao , Dunne John P. , Stock Charles A. , Harrison Matthew J. , Adcroft Alistair , Resplandy Laure 
Published: November 2019

AbstractExchanges between coastal and oceanic waters shape both coastal ecosystem processes and signatures that they impart on global biogeochemical cycles. The timescales of these exchanges, however, are poorly represented in current‐generation, coarse‐grid climate models. Here we provide a novel global perspective on coastal residence time (CRT) and its spatio‐temporal variability using a new age tracer implemented in global ocean models. Simulated CRTs range widely from several days in narrow boundary currents to multiple years on broader shelves and in semi‐enclosed seas, in agreement with available observations. Overall, CRT is better characterized in high‐resolution models (1/8° and 1/4°) than in the coarser (1° and 1/2°) versions. This is in large part because coastal and open ocean grid cells are more directly connected in coarse models, prone to erroneous coastal flushing and an underestimated CRT. Additionally, we find that geometric enclosure of a coastal system places an important constraint on CRT.
New Crystal Preferred Orientation of Amphibole Experimentally Found in Simple Shear
Authors: Kim Junha , Jung Haemyeong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe crystal preferred orientation (CPO) of amphibole has a large effect on seismic anisotropy in the crust. Previous studies have reported four CPO types (I–IV) of amphibole, but the genesis of type IV CPO, which is characterized by [100] axes aligned in a girdle subnormal to the shear direction, is unknown. In this study, shear deformation experiments on amphibolite were conducted to find the genesis of type IV CPO at high pressure (0.5 GPa) and temperature (500–700 °C). The type IV CPO was found under high shear strain (γ > 3.0), and the sample exhibited grains in a range of sizes but generally smaller than the grain size of samples with lower shear strain. The seismic anisotropy of type IV CPO is lower than that of types I–III. The weak seismic anisotropy of highly deformed amphibole could explain weak seismic anisotropy observed in the middle crust.
Crossing of Plasma Structures by Spacecraft: A Path Calculator
Authors: Manuzzo R. , Belmont G. , Rezeau L. , Califano F. , Denton R. E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWhen spacecraft (s/c) missions probe plasma structures (PSs) the relative location of the s/c with respect to the PS is unknown. This information is, however, needed to measure the geometrical features of the PS (orientation and thickness) and to understand the physical processes underlying the PS dynamics. Methods to determine the s/c location exist, but they need strong assumptions to be satisfied (stationarity and special spatial dependencies). The number of cases for which these assumptions are likely to be valid for the entire PS seems to be limited, and even weak departures from these hypotheses may affect the results. For a quasi‐1‐D geometry in particular, the determination of the velocity component along the two quasi‐invariant directions is very inaccurate and the assumption of strict stationarity may lead these quantities to diverge. In this paper we present new methods to compute the s/c trajectory through a PS, without a priori assumption on its spatial geometry, and able to work even in the presence of weak nonstationarities. The methods are tested both on artificial and real data, the latter provided by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission probing the Earth's magnetopause. The 1‐D and 2‐D trajectories of the Magnetospheric Multiscale are found that can be used as an initial step for future reconstruction studies. Advanced minimization procedures to optimize the results are discussed.
Multispacecraft Study of the Interaction Between an Interplanetary Shock and a Solar Wind Flux Rope
Authors: Blanco‐Cano X. , Burgess D. , Sundberg T. , Kajdič P. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractInterplanetary (IP) shocks are driven in the heliosphere by fast coronal ejecta, they can accelerate particles and are associated with solar energetic particle and energetic storm particle events. IP shocks can interact with structures in the solar wind and with magnetospheres. We show how the properties of an IP shock change when it interacts with a small‐scale flux rope‐like structure (FRLS). Data from Cluster, Wind, and ACE show that the spacecraft observed the shock‐FRLS interaction at different stages of evolution. Wind and ACE observed the FRLS at shock crossing; Cluster observed the FRLS downstream, after it had crossed the shock. The shock‐FRLS interaction changes shock geometry, affecting ion injection processes, energetic particles fluxes, and the upstream/downstream regions. While Wind and ACE observed a quasi‐perpendicular shock, Cluster crossed a quasi‐parallel shock and a foreshock with a variety of ion distributions. The FRLS modified the shock on scales of at least ∼ 10–20 RE. The complexity of the ion foreshock measured by Cluster is explained by the dynamics of the shock transitioning from quasi‐perpendicular to quasi‐parallel and the geometry of the magnetic field within the flux rope. Fluxes of particles with energy up to 125 keV are affected by the FRLS‐shock interaction, modulating the associated energetic storm particle event. The interaction of a FRLS with an IP shock has not been discussed before using multispacecraft observations. Interactions like this should occur often along the shock fronts; hence, they are important for a better understanding of shock structure, evolution, and particle acceleration.
Magnetic Field Effect on Antenna Signals Induced by Dust Particle Impacts
Authors: Nouzák L. , Sternovsky Z. , Horányi M. , Hsu S. , Pavlů J. , Shen M.‐H. , Ye S.‐Y. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument on Cassini has observed fewer than expected dust particle impacts during the mission's Grand Finale orbits. The relatively strong magnetic field in the close vicinity of the planet has been suggested to affect the intensity of the dust impact generated signals. A laboratory investigation is performed using dust particles accelerated to ≥20 km/s speed impacting onto a previously developed model of the spacecraft and the Radio and Plasma Wave Science antennas. The external magnetic field is generated by two sets of magnetic coils. The recorded antenna waveforms are decomposed into contributions from the electrons and ions of the dust impact generated plasma cloud. A good qualitative understanding of the waveforms is achieved by dividing the electron and ion population into two portions: one that is escaping from the spacecraft and another that is collected by the spacecraft. The experimental results show that the part of the signal corresponding to escaping electrons is affected by the magnetic field and that dust impact signals can be significantly reduced for spacecraft floating potentials close to zero.
Three‐Dimensional Modeling of Spontaneous and Triggered Slow‐Slip Events at the Hikurangi Subduction Zone, New Zealand
Authors: Shibazaki Bunichiro , Wallace Laura M. , Kaneko Yoshihiro , Hamling Ian , Ito Yoshihiro , Matsuzawa Takanori 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAt the southern Hikurangi margin, New Zealand, long‐term (duration of >1 year), deep (>25 km) slow‐slip events (SSEs) occur at intervals of approximately 5 years. In contrast, along the northern and central Hikurangi margin, short‐term and shallow (<10 km) SSEs (2‐ to 3‐week duration) occur at 1‐ to 2‐year intervals. However, it is not clear what controls these differences in SSE behavior. In this study, we simulate SSEs along the entire Hikurangi subduction zone using a 3‐D model of the plate boundary incorporating a rate‐and‐state friction law with a cutoff velocity to the evolution effect. Overall, our models are able to replicate the along‐strike and depth‐dependent variations in SSE behavior at the Hikurangi margin. Our models also show that the slip velocities of the deep, long‐term SSEs increase when the slip velocities at the deeper extension of the seismogenic zone increase during the latter half of the interseismic period. By imposing static stress changes induced by the Kaikōura earthquake in the SSE regions, we also reproduce patterns of triggering of deep, long‐term SSEs that followed the earthquake. Our results further suggest that the propensity for SSE triggering via static stress transfer depends on the amplitude of perturbation and the timing with respect to the SSE cycle. Overall, both spontaneous and triggered SSEs require larger values of effective stress for deep, long‐term events (~5 MPa) compared to the shallow, short‐term events (~1 MPa). Such low effective stresses can be explained by the existence of high pore fluid pressure in these SSE source regions.
Efficacy of Climate Forcings in PDRMIP Models
Authors: Richardson T. B. , Forster P. M. , Smith C. J. , Maycock A. C. , Wood T. , Andrews T. , Boucher O. , Faluvegi G. , Fläschner D. , Hodnebrog Ø. , Kasoar M. , Kirkevåg A. , Lamarque J.‐F. , Mülmenstädt J. , Myhre G. , Olivié D. , Portmann R. W. , Samset B. H. , Shawki D. , Shindell D. , Stier P. , Takemura T. , Voulgarakis A. , Watson‐Parris D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractQuantifying the efficacy of different climate forcings is important for understanding the real‐world climate sensitivity. This study presents a systematic multimodel analysis of different climate driver efficacies using simulations from the Precipitation Driver and Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP). Efficacies calculated from instantaneous radiative forcing deviate considerably from unity across forcing agents and models. Effective radiative forcing (ERF) is a better predictor of global mean near‐surface air temperature (GSAT) change. Efficacies are closest to one when ERF is computed using fixed sea surface temperature experiments and adjusted for land surface temperature changes using radiative kernels. Multimodel mean efficacies based on ERF are close to one for global perturbations of methane, sulfate, black carbon, and insolation, but there is notable intermodel spread. We do not find robust evidence that the geographic location of sulfate aerosol affects its efficacy. GSAT is found to respond more slowly to aerosol forcing than CO2 in the early stages of simulations. Despite these differences, we find that there is no evidence for an efficacy effect on historical GSAT trend estimates based on simulations with an impulse response model, nor on the resulting estimates of climate sensitivity derived from the historical period. However, the considerable intermodel spread in the computed efficacies means that we cannot rule out an efficacy‐induced bias of ±0.4 K in equilibrium climate sensitivity to CO2 doubling when estimated using the historical GSAT trend.
Convective Aggregation and Indices Examined from CERES Cloud Object Data
Authors: Xu Kuan‐Man , Hu Yongxiang , Wong Takmeng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractConvective aggregation is a self‐aggregation phenomenon appearing in idealized radiative‐convective equilibrium simulations under constant, uniform sea surface temperature (SST). To gain an understanding of observed convective aggregation or organization, three metrics, i.e., simple convective aggregation index (SCAI), modified SCAI (MCAI), and convective organization potential (COP), are evaluated with cloud object data from CERES. MCAI is related to object sizes through a modified inter‐object distance (IOD). It is found that large‐size object groups are less aggregated according to SCAI but more organized according to COP, compared to small‐size object groups. The opposite sensitivities to object‐group size can be explained by the dominant roles of the IOD in SCAI and the sum of object radii in COP as object‐group sizes increase. However, large‐size object groups are slightly more aggregated than small‐size ones according to MCAI. Both SCAI and MCAI increase with the number of cloud objects (N) in an object group but COP has a weak dependency on N. Further sorting by object‐group total area shows that sensitivity of MCAI to object‐group area agrees with that of SCAI for small‐area ranges but with that of COP for large‐area ranges, which is related to the weak sensitivity of the modified IOD to object‐group area, as compared to that of the original IOD. Finally, the three metrics show the similar contrasts between continental and oceanic convection and the same weak sensitivity to SST. The latter suggests that self‐aggregation is weaker at higher SSTs than at lower SSTs, in contrast to the findings of many simulations.
Germanium/perovskite heterostructure for high-performance and broadband photodetector from visible to infrared telecommunication band
Authors: Hu Wei , Cong Hui , Huang Wei , Huang Yu , Chen Lijuan , Pan Anlian , Xue Chunlai 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA high-performance and broadband heterojunction photodetector has been successfully fabricated. The heterostructure device is based on a uniform and pinhole-free perovskite film constructed on top of a single-crystal germanium layer. The perovskite/germanium photodetector shows enhanced performance and a broad spectrum compared with the single-material-based device. The photon response properties are characterized in detail from the visible to near-infrared spectrum. At an optical fibre communication wavelength of 1550 nm, the heterojunction device exhibits the highest responsivity of 1.4 A/W. The performance is promoted because of an antireflection perovskite coating, the thickness of which is optimized to 150 nm at the telecommunication band. At a visible light wavelength of 680 nm, the device shows outstanding responsivity and detectivity of 228 A/W and 1.6 × 1010 Jones, respectively. These excellent properties arise from the photoconductive gain boost in the heterostructure device. The presented heterojunction photodetector provides a competitive approach for wide-spectrum photodetection from visible to optical communication areas. Based on the distinguished capacity of light detection and harvesting from the visible to near-infrared spectrum, the designed germanium/perovskite heterostructure configuration is believed to provide new building blocks for novel optoelectronic devices.
The DNA methylome in panic disorder: a case-control and longitudinal psychotherapy-epigenetic study
Authors: Ziegler Christiane , Grundner-Culemann Franziska , Schiele Miriam A. , Schlosser Pascal , Kollert Leonie , Mahr Marina , Gajewska Agnieszka , Lesch Klaus-Peter , Deckert Jürgen , Köttgen Anna , Domschke Katharina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn panic disorder (PD), epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation of candidate genes have been suggested to play a key role at the intersection of genetic and environmental factors. On an epigenome-wide level, however, only two studies in PD patients have been published so far, while to date no study has intra-individually analyzed dynamic epigenetic correlates of treatment-response in PD on a DNA methylome level. Here, an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) was performed in a sample of 57 PD patients and matched healthy controls using the Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChip, along with a longitudinal approach assessing changes on the DNA methylome level corresponding to clinical effects of a manualized six-week cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in PD. While no epigenome-wide significant hits could be discerned, top suggestive evidence was observed for decreased methylation in PD at cg19917903 in the Cilia and Flagella Associated Protein 46 (CFAP46) gene, and for an increase in methylation after CBT at cg06943668 in the Interleukin 1 Receptor Type 1 (IL1R1) gene in treatment responders to CBT. Additional exploratory analyses based on biological validity and a combined statistical/biological ranking point to further new potential PD risk genes such as the CCL4L1 or GMNN genes, and suggest dynamic methylation of, e.g., the ZFP622 and the SLC43A2 genes along with response to CBT. These EWAS and first longitudinal epigenome-wide pilot data in PD add to the emerging candidate gene-based body of evidence for epigenetic mechanisms to be involved in PD pathogenesis and to possibly constitute dynamic biological correlates of therapeutic interventions.
Tenascin-c mediated vasculogenic mimicry formation via regulation of MMP2/MMP9 in glioma
Authors: Cai Hai-ping , Wang Jing , Xi Shao-yan , Ni Xiang-rong , Chen Yin-sheng , Yu Yan-jiao , Cen Zi-wen , Yu Zhi-hui , Chen Fu-rong , Guo Cheng-cheng , Zhang Ji , Ke Chao , Wang Jian , Chen Zhong-ping 
Published: November 2019

AbstractVasculogenic mimicry (VM), the formation of vessel-like structures by highly invasive tumor cells, has been considered one of several mechanisms responsible for the failure of anti-angiogenesis therapy in glioma patients. Therefore, inhibiting VM formation might be an effective therapeutic method to antagonize the angiogenesis resistance. This study aimed to show that an extracellular protein called Tenascin-c (TNC) is involved in VM formation and that TNC knockdown inhibits VM in glioma. TNC was upregulated with an increase in glioma grade. TNC and VM formation are potential independent predictors of survival of glioma patients. TNC upregulation was correlated with VM formation, and exogenous TNC stimulated VM formation. Furthermore, TNC knockdown significantly suppressed VM formation and proliferation in glioma cells in vitro and in vivo, with a reduction in cellular invasiveness and migration. Mechanistically, TNC knockdown decreased Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 and Thr308 and subsequently downregulated matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9, both of which are important proteins associated with VM formation and migration. Our results indicate that TNC plays an important role in VM formation in glioma, suggesting that TNC is a potential therapeutic target for anti-angiogenesis therapy for glioma.
RUNX1 contributes to the mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma in a TGFβ pathway-dependent manner
Authors: Zhao Kai , Cui Xiaoteng , Wang Qixue , Fang Chuan , Tan Yanli , Wang Yunfei , Yi Kaikai , Yang Chao , You Hua , Shang Rui , Wang Jiachong , Kang Chunsheng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRunt-Related Transcription Factor 1 (RUNX1) is highly expressed in the Mesenchymal (Mes) subtype of glioblastoma (GBM). However, the specific molecular mechanism of RUNX1 in Mes GBM remains largely elusive. In this study, cell and tumor tissue typing were performed by RNA-sequencing. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) and immunofluorescence (IF) were employed to identify members of the RUNX1 transcriptional protein complex. Bioinformatics analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and luciferase reporter experiments were utilized to verify target genes. Analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) verified the expression levels and prognoses associated with RUNX1/p-SMAD3/SUV39H1 target genes. In vivo patient-derived xenograft (PDX) studies and in vitro functional studies verified the impact of RUNX1 on the occurrence and development of GBM. The results showed that RUNX1 was upregulated in Mes GBM cell lines, tissues and patients and promoted proliferation and invasion in GBM in a TGFβ pathway-dependent manner in vivo and in vitro. We found and verified that BCL3 and MGP are transcriptionally activated by p-SMAD3 /RUNX1, while MXI1 is transcriptionally suppressed by the RUNX1/SUV39H1-H3K9me3 axis. This finding offers a theoretical rationale for using molecular markers and choosing therapeutic targets for the Mes type of GBM.
The differential statin effect on cytokine production of monocytes or macrophages is mediated by differential geranylgeranylation-dependent Rac1 activation
Authors: Fu Hang , Alabdullah Mohamad , Großmann Julia , Spieler Florian , Abdosh Reem , Lutz Veronika , Kalies Katrin , Knöpp Kai , Rieckmann Max , Koch Susanne , Noutsias Michel , Pilowski Claudia , Dutzmann Jochen , Sedding Daniel , Hüttelmaier Stefan , Umezawa Kazuo , Werdan Karl , Loppnow Harald 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMonocytes and macrophages contribute to pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases, including auto-inflammatory diseases, cancer, sepsis, or atherosclerosis. They do so by production of cytokines, the central regulators of inflammation. Isoprenylation of small G-proteins is involved in regulation of production of some cytokines. Statins possibly affect isoprenylation-dependent cytokine production of monocytes and macrophages differentially. Thus, we compared statin-dependent cytokine production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated freshly isolated human monocytes and macrophages derived from monocytes by overnight differentiation. Stimulated monocytes readily produced tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β. Statins did not alter cytokine production of LPS-stimulated monocytes. In contrast, monocyte-derived macrophages prepared in the absence of statin lost the capacity to produce cytokines, whereas macrophages prepared in the presence of statin still produced cytokines. The cells expressed indistinguishable nuclear factor-kB activity, suggesting involvement of separate, statin-dependent regulation pathways. The presence of statin was necessary during the differentiation phase of the macrophages, indicating that retainment-of-function rather than costimulation was involved. Reconstitution with mevalonic acid, farnesyl pyrophosphate, or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate blocked the retainment effect, whereas reconstitution of cholesterol synthesis by squalene did not. Inhibition of geranylgeranylation by GGTI-298, but not inhibition of farnesylation or cholesterol synthesis, mimicked the retainment effect of the statin. Inhibition of Rac1 activation by the Rac1/TIAM1-inhibitor NSC23766 or by Rac1-siRNA (small interfering RNA) blocked the retainment effect. Consistent with this finding, macrophages differentiated in the presence of statin expressed enhanced Rac1-GTP-levels. In line with the above hypothesis that monocytes and macrophages are differentially regulated by statins, the CD14/CD16-, merTK-, CX3CR1-, or CD163-expression (M2-macrophage-related) correlated inversely to the cytokine production. Thus, monocytes and macrophages display differential Rac1-geranylgeranylation-dependent functional capacities, that is, statins sway monocytes and macrophages differentially.
BET and Aurora Kinase A inhibitors synergize against MYCN-positive human glioblastoma cells
Authors: Čančer Matko , Drews Lisa F. , Bengtsson Johan , Bolin Sara , Rosén Gabriela , Westermark Bengt , Nelander Sven , Forsberg-Nilsson Karin , Uhrbom Lene , Weishaupt Holger , Swartling Fredrik J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Patients usually undergo surgery followed by aggressive radio- and chemotherapy with the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ). Still, median survival is only 12–15 months after diagnosis. Many human cancers including GBMs demonstrate addiction to MYC transcription factor signaling and can become susceptible to inhibition of MYC downstream genes. JQ1 is an effective inhibitor of BET Bromodomains, a class of epigenetic readers regulating expression of downstream MYC targets. Here, we show that BET inhibition decreases viability of patient-derived GBM cell lines. We propose a distinct expression signature of MYCN-elevated GBM cells that correlates with significant sensitivity to BET inhibition. In tumors showing JQ1 sensitivity, we found enrichment of pathways regulating cell cycle, DNA damage response and repair. As DNA repair leads to acquired chemoresistance to TMZ, JQ1 treatment in combination with TMZ synergistically inhibited proliferation of MYCN-elevated cells. Bioinformatic analyses further showed that the expression of MYCN correlates with Aurora Kinase A levels and Aurora Kinase inhibitors indeed showed synergistic efficacy in combination with BET inhibition. Collectively, our data suggest that BET inhibitors could potentiate the efficacy of either TMZ or Aurora Kinase inhibitors in GBM treatment.