bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A biogeography‐based management forMytilus chilensis: The genetic hodgepodge of Los Lagos versus the pristine hybrid zone of the Magellanic ecotone
Authors: Díaz‐Puente Borja , Pita Alfonso , Uribe Juan , Cuéllar‐Pinzón José , Guiñez Ricardo , Presa Pablo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study was intended to identify mussel species from the Magellanic ecotone, quantifying interspecific hybridization withinMytilusand depicting the genetic architecture ofMytilus chilensisin its South Pacific range.The analysis comprises the sub‐Antarctic Magallanes Province as a rich ecotone of climates, ecosystems and admixed faunas embedded among the biogeographic regions of the Pacific, the Atlantic, and Antarctica.Highly conserved molecular sequences within species were used to identify species, and polymorphic microsatellites were used to calculate the genetic architecture ofM. chilensis. The absence of the invasive speciesMytilus galloprovincialisfrom theM. chilensisrange clarifies previous doubts on its expansion southward from the Arauco Gulf. The ubiquitous presence of the typicalGlu‐5′‐Me‐15/16PAP allele ofMytilus trossulusin the Northern Hemisphere might come from hull biofouling, but rather it seems to be an ancient polymorphism conserved inM. chilensisas occurs in blue mussels from other regions of the Southern Hemisphere. There is a very limited connectivity (FST= 0.167) between two latitudinal gene pools ofM. chilensisthat are highly divergent in composition, architecture, and ecological relevance.Fifty years of aquaculture enhancement in Los Lagos explains its high diversity and genetic heterogeneity among patches, so its mussel management should seek a balance between exploitation and environmental sustainability.The Magellanic ecotone bears a pristineM. chilensis×Mytilusedulisplatensishybrid zone around the Southern Cone, larger (450 km) than previously thought. Such a hybrid zone permeates one of the last remaining wilderness areas in the world (Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve) and is a natural laboratory for addressing introgression, hybridization, and evolution ofMytilusspp. genomes in their last southern frontier.
Effect of early life stress on anxiety and depressive behaviors in adolescent mice
Authors: He Ting , Guo Chen , Wang Chunlian , Hu Chunrong , Chen Huanxin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntroductionAdolescence is a critical period for physical and mental development. The effect of early life stress on mood disorders has been intensively studied in adults using rodent models, but it has been less studied in adolescents. The present study aimed to examine the effect of early life stress on anxiety‐related and depression‐like behaviors in adolescent C57BL/6 mice and the sex difference.MethodsC57BL/6 mice of both sexes were used, and early life stressors included maternal separation (MS, P2‐12, 4 hr per day), restraint stress (RS, P33 to 39, 4 hr per day), and their combination (MRS). Open field test, elevated plus maze, and forced swimming test were performed at different time points during adolescence and adulthood.ResultsIt was found that MS did not affect the anxiety‐related behaviors of both males and females tested on P30‐31 and P41‐42. RS decreased the anxiety level in adolescent males but did not affect it in the females. MS, RS, and MRS all significantly increased the depression‐like behavior in adolescent males, but only MRS increased the depression‐like behavior in adolescent females. All effects on adolescent males and females did not persist into adulthood.ConclusionThe present results showed that early life stress affected anxiety‐related and depression‐like behavior in adolescent mice in manners depending on the nature of stress, the developmental period, and sex.
Holistic process development to mitigate proteolysis of a subunit rotavirus vaccine candidate produced in Pichia pastoris by means of an acid pH pulse during fed‐batch fermentation
Authors: Velez‐Suberbie M. Lourdes , Morris Stephen A. , Kaur Kawaljit , Hickey John M. , Joshi Sangeeta B. , Volkin David B. , Bracewell Daniel G. , Mukhopadhyay Tarit K. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTo meet the challenges of global health, vaccine design and development must be reconsidered to achieve cost of goods as low as 15¢ per dose. A new recombinant protein‐based rotavirus vaccine candidate derived from non‐replicative viral subunits fused to a P2 tetanus toxoid CD4(+) T cell epitope is currently under clinical development. We have sought to simplify the existing manufacturing process to meet these aims. To this end, we have taken a holistic process development approach to reduce process complexity and costs while producing a product with the required characteristics. We have changed expression system from Escherichia coli to Pichia pastoris, to produce a secreted product, thereby reducing the number of purification steps. However, the presence of proteases poses challenges to product quality. To understand the effect of fermentation parameters on product quality small‐scale fermentations were carried out. Media pH and fermentation duration had the greatest impact on the proportion of full‐length product. A novel acidic pH pulse strategy was used to minimize proteolysis, and this combined with an early harvest time significantly increased the proportion of full‐length material (60–75%). An improved downstream process using a combination of CIEX and AIEX to further reduce proteases, resulted in maintaining product quality (95% yield).
Blame and Culpability in Children's Narratives of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Ellis Katie 
Published: January 2020

Though child sexual abuse (CSA) is a global problem, victims are treated differently across the world. In the UK, there is a dominant assumption that victims are passive, which risks further marginalising those who do not identify themselves in line with prominent understanding of ‘vulnerability’. Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork and in‐depth interviews, this paper shares the perspectives of girls who were placed in secure accommodation for their own protection, owing to professional concerns of CSA. Despite their experiences being reported almost identically in their files, this sensitive research shows that girls understood and narrated their journeys in strikingly different ways. Each shared complex relationships with their abuser and admitted to absconding with them on multiple occasions. Despite disparate narratives, the girls unanimously rejected being labelled as ‘vulnerable’ and instead felt that they were responsible for the abuse that they had endured. I argue that limited understanding of CSA problematises girls who claim sexual agency, meaning that they are consequently forced to shoulder responsibility for their own exploitation. By sharing the voices of those who are usually unheard, this paper concludes by calling for a radical reframing of the way that victims are treated, both by professionals working with them and by policies written about them.‘This paper shares the perspectives of girls who were placed in secure accommodation for their own protection, owing to professional concerns of CSA’Key Practitioner Messages

Girls believed that professionals held them accountable for being sexually abused.
The structural disadvantages of childhood meant that children sometimes relied on their abusers for food and shelter.
Victims sometimes felt that their abuser was their only friend.
Professionals sometimes mistook resilience for culpability.
Identification and functional analysis of long non‐coding RNAs in the synovial membrane of osteoarthritis patients
Authors: Shui Xiaolong , Xie Qipeng , Chen Shaomin , Zhou Chengwei , Kong Jianzhong , Wang Yi 
Published: January 2020

Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common chronic joint disease in the elderly, has become a significant economic burden for families and societies worldwide. Although treatments are continually improving, current drugs only target joint pain, with no effective therapies modifying OA progression. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have received increasing attention in recent years, are abnormally expressed in OA cartilage. In the present study, weighted coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to identify modules related to certain OA clinical traits. In total, 4404 coding genes and 161 lncRNAs were differentially expressed based on two OA expression profile data sets and normal control samples. Subsequently, 11 independent modules were acquired, and the green module, with a total of 49 hub genes, was identified as the most relevant to OA. These hub genes were validated using the GSE12021 data set. There was only one lncRNA among the hub genes, namely, NONHSAG034351. Thus, we further explored the function of NONHSAG034351‐related genes in the network. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that NONHSAG034351‐associated genes are involved in the response to lipopolysaccharide, angiogenesis, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) signalling, and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways. In conclusion, we identified modules through WGCNA related to OA clinical traits. NONHSAG034351, the only hub‐lncRNA, was downregulated in OA synovial tissue and might play a significant role in the pathological progression of this disease. Our findings have important clinical implications and could provide novel biomarkers that indicate the molecular mechanisms of OA and act as potential therapeutic targets.Significance of this studyLong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be abnormally expressed in osteoarthritis (OA), which is the most common chronic joint disease among the elderly. In the present study, we report the expression profiles of lncRNAs in OA and the identification of modules through WGCNA related to OA clinical traits. NONHSAG034351, the only hub‐lncRNA identified to be downregulated in the synovial tissue of OA patients, might play a significant role in the pathological progression of OA. Furthermore, our findings provide novel biomarkers associated with the molecular mechanisms underlying OA pathogenesis, thus implying potential therapeutic targets with important clinical implications.
Evaluation of Sludge Digester Effluent as Feeding Solution for the Enrichment of Anammox Bacteria
Authors: Çelen‐Erdem İpek 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of sludge digester effluent as feeding solution to enrich anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria. The performance of the two parallel pilot scale‐upflow packed bed anammox reactors (UPBAn1 and UPBAn2) are examined in terms of the enrichment of anammox bacteria. The control experiment is set up conducting synthetic wastewater as feeding solution in the UPBAn1 reactor whereas, the sludge digester effluent is fed to the nitritation reactor and then the partially nitrated digester effluent to the UPBAn2 reactor. Anammox activities are evaluated by mass balances based on ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2−), and nitrate (NO3−) analysis and NRR. Microbial community of anammox bacteria is analyzed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results demonstrate that UPBAn 1 and UPBAn2 reactors are successfully enriched on days 64 and 40 with NRRs of 19.54 and 19.43 g N m−3 per day, respectively. This study reveals that both synthetic wastewater and digester effluent are suitable for the enrichment of anammox bacteria; however, digester effluent as feeding solution for enrichment of anammox bacteria based on the ease of process control and process stability is more advisable.
Visual pathways in the brain of the jumping spider Marpissa muscosa
Authors: Steinhoff Philip O. M. , Uhl Gabriele , Harzsch Steffen , Sombke Andy 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSome animals have evolved task differentiation among their eyes. A particular example is spiders, where most species have eight eyes, of which two (the principal eyes) are used for object discrimination, whereas the other three pairs (secondary eyes) detect movement. In the ctenid spider Cupiennius salei, these two eye types correspond to two visual pathways in the brain. Each eye is associated with its own first‐ and second‐order visual neuropil. The second‐order neuropils of the principal eyes are connected to the arcuate body, whereas the second‐order neuropils of the secondary eyes are linked to the mushroom body. We explored the principal‐ and secondary eye visual pathways of the jumping spider Marpissa muscosa, in which size and visual fields of the two eye types are considerably different. We found that the connectivity of the principal eye pathway is the same as in C. salei, while there are differences in the secondary eye pathways. In M. muscosa, all secondary eyes are connected to their own first‐order visual neuropils. The first‐order visual neuropils of the anterior lateral and posterior lateral eyes are connected with a second‐order visual neuropil each and an additional shared one (L2). In the posterior median eyes, the axons of their first‐order visual neuropils project directly to the arcuate body, suggesting that the posterior median eyes do not detect movement. The L2 might function as an upstream integration center enabling faster movement decisions.
Development and implementation of a laser headlight system for electro‐optic characteristic measurement and comparison
Authors: Lin Chang‐Hua , Pai Kai‐Jun , Chen Po‐Hsun 
Published: January 2020

SummaryIn this study, a laser headlight driving controller (LHDC) using the controller area network (CAN)‐bus communication system was developed and implemented for vehicle headlight applications. To observe temperature variations that influence the forward‐bias voltage and optical power of laser diodes, the laser diode was placed in an ambient temperature‐testing chamber to measure the electro‐optic characteristics and calculate the electro‐optic conversion efficiencies. The optical power and conversion efficiency values obtained at different temperatures (from negative to positive temperatures) when optical power adjustment was executed using analog and pulse‐width modulation technologies were compared. Moreover, a human‐machine operating interface was developed using the LabVIEW software. Therefore, the LHDC and laser optical power can be controlled using a computer through the CAN‐bus communication system to control the LHDC and monitor it.
Cluster‐based spectrum access scheme selection and optimal relay link selection for hybrid overlay/underlay cognitive radio networks
Authors: Rajaganapathi Rajappan , Nathan P. MuthuChidambara 
Published: January 2020

SummaryCognitive radio (CR) network is the effective technique for the optimum utilization of the spectrum. The hybrid cognitive network (HCN) has been implemented to increase the utilization of the spectrum, by using both (overlay/underlay) modes of spectrum sharing. In overlay mode, cognitive radio (CR) opportunistically uses the spectrum, whereas in underlay mode, the CR uses the spectrum simultaneously with primary user (PU) with transmit power limitation. The HCN tries to use advantages of both modes of spectrum sharing. Its performance is based on the accuracy of the method used to find the PU status. Hence, in this paper, “clustering‐based spectrum access scheme selection and optimal relay link selection for hybrid overlay/underlay cognitive radio networks” have been proposed to improve the performance of the hybrid cognitive radio network. In this proposed method, the scheme selection is done in two levels. In the first level, spectrum sharing scheme is selected based on the cluster in which the SU is present, and in the second level, scheme is selected based on the PU status. The cluster‐based cooperative spectrum sensing method has been used to find the status of the PU. Compared with cooperative spectrum sensing, a cluster‐based cooperative spectrum sensing has a huge effect on sensing accuracy. While the underlay scheme is used by SU, best relay link has been selected by using particle swarm optimization technique. Thus, the best scheme selection and relay selection improve the performance of hybrid cognitive radio network. The simulation result shows that the proposed method improves the throughput of the HCN.
Hybridization patterns between two marine snails, Littorina fabalis and L. obtusata
Authors: Costa Diana , Sotelo Graciela , Kaliontzopoulou Antigoni , Carvalho João , Butlin Roger , Hollander Johan , Faria Rui 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCharacterizing the patterns of hybridization between closely related species is crucial to understand the role of gene flow in speciation. In particular, systems comprising multiple contacts between sister species offer an outstanding opportunity to investigate how reproductive isolation varies with environmental conditions, demography and geographic contexts of divergence. The flat periwinkles, Littorina obtusata and L. fabalis (Gastropoda), are two intertidal sister species with marked ecological differences compatible with late stages of speciation. Although hybridization between the two was previously suggested, its extent across the Atlantic shores of Europe remained largely unknown. Here, we combined genetic (microsatellites and mtDNA) and morphological data (shell and male genital morphology) from multiple populations of flat periwinkles in north‐western Iberia to assess the extent of current and past hybridization between L. obtusata and L. fabalis under two contrasting geographic settings of divergence (sympatry and allopatry). Hybridization signatures based on both mtDNA and microsatellites were stronger in sympatric sites, although evidence for recent extensive admixture was found in a single location. Misidentification of individuals into species based on shell morphology was higher in sympatric than in allopatric sites. However, despite hybridization, species distinctiveness based on this phenotypic trait together with male genital morphology remained relatively high. The observed variation in the extent of hybridization among locations provides a rare opportunity for future studies on the consequences of different levels of gene flow for reinforcement, thus informing about the mechanisms underlying the completion of speciation.
An accessible scheme for monitoring free‐roaming cat population trends
Authors: Gunther Idit , Azriel Lior , Wolf Hila , Raz Tal , Klement Eyal 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFree‐roaming cats (FRCs) form nondomiciliary population groups that might lead to adverse environmental effects, as well as to welfare impairment of the cats themselves. Though criticized by ecologists, for the last two decades, the trap–neuter–return (TNR) programs were often employed aiming to manage these populations. At present, no accepted and accessible monitoring scheme exists to determine the effectiveness of those programs. In the current study, we present the reliability and validity of an applicable monitoring scheme, as an adjunct tool for a TNR program of FRC in an urban environment. The monitoring scheme is based on cat observation counts along randomly chosen transects. Fifty‐four transects were repeatedly walked for three years, between 2012‐2014, in 27 neighborhoods within an urban area of 19.3 Km2. Cat numbers counted in the 2014 observations were significantly higher than cat numbers found in the 2012 observations (prevalence ratio = 1.258, CI95%= 1.198–1.322, p < 0.001). The method revealed high reliability when different observers and different transects in the same neighborhood were compared (R2 = 0.548 and R2 = 0.391, respectively, for measuring cat counts per km, p < 0.001; and R2 = 0.5 and R2 = 0.74, respectively, for measuring neutering percentage, p < 0.001). This scheme was constructively validated by measurements of municipal data on the number of neutered cats and demonstrated high correlation (R2 = 0.59, p < 0.001). Conducting cat observations using friendly calling and feeding resulted in an increased number of FRC observed per km walk (by 79% and 22%–30%, respectively). However, these manipulations did not alter the recorded percentage of neutered cats. The proposed scheme provides spatio‐temporal data that can contribute to the management programs of such cat metapopulations in an urban environment.
Nutrient addition increases grassland sensitivity to droughts
Authors: Bharath Siddharth , Borer Elizabeth T. , Biederman Lori A. , Blumenthal Dana M. , Fay Philip A. , Gherardi Laureano A. , Knops Johannes M. H. , Leakey Andrew D. B. , Yahdjian Laura , Seabloom Eric W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGrasslands worldwide are expected to experience an increase in extreme events such as drought, along with simultaneous increases in mineral nutrient inputs as a result of human industrial activities. These changes are likely to interact because elevated nutrient inputs may alter plant diversity and increase the sensitivity to droughts. Dividing a system’s sensitivity to drought into resistance to change during the drought and rate of recovery after the drought generates insights into different dimensions of the system’s resilience in the face of drought. Here, we examine the effects of experimental nutrient fertilization and the resulting diversity loss on the resistance to and recovery from severe regional droughts. We do this at 13 North American sites spanning gradients of aridity, five annual grasslands in California, and eight perennial grasslands in the Great Plains. We measured rate of resistance as the change in annual aboveground biomass (ANPP) per unit change in growing season precipitation as conditions declined from normal to drought. We measured recovery as the change in ANPP during the postdrought period and the return to normal precipitation. Resistance and recovery did not vary across the 400‐mm range of mean growing season precipitation spanned by our sites in the Great Plains. However, chronic nutrient fertilization in the Great Plains reduced drought resistance and increased drought recovery. In the California annual grasslands, arid sites had a greater recovery postdrought than mesic sites, and nutrient addition had no consistent effects on resistance or recovery. Across all study sites, we found that predrought species richness in natural grasslands was not consistently associated with rates of resistance to or recovery from the drought, in contrast to earlier findings from experimentally assembled grassland communities. Taken together, these results suggest that human‐induced eutrophication may destabilize grassland primary production, but the effects of this may vary across regions and flora, especially between perennial and annual‐dominated grasslands.