bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recognition of Girls on the Autism Spectrum by Primary School Educators: An Experimental Study
Authors: Whitlock Alana , Fulton Kate , Lai Meng‐Chuan , Pellicano Elizabeth , Mandy William 
Published: June 2020

Autism has long been considered a predominantly male condition. It is increasingly understood, however, that autistic females are under‐recognized. This may reflect gender stereotyping, whereby symptoms are missed in females, because it is assumed that autism is mainly a male condition. Also, some autistic girls and women may go unrecognized because there is a “female autism phenotype” (i.e., a female‐typical autism presentation), which does not fit current, male‐centric views of autism. Potential biases shown by educators, in their role as gatekeepers for an autism assessment, may represent a barrier to the recognition of autism in females. We used vignettes describing autistic children to test: (a) whether gender stereotyping occurs, whereby educators rate males as more likely to be autistic, compared to females with identical symptoms; (b) whether recognition is affected by sex/gender influences on autistic presentation, whereby children showing the male autism phenotype are rated as more likely to be autistic than those with the female phenotype. Ratings by primary school educators showed a significant main effect of both gender and presentation (male phenotype vs. female phenotype) on estimations of the child in the vignette being autistic: respondents showed a bias against girls and the female autism phenotype. There was also an interaction: female gender had an effect on ratings of the female phenotype, but not on the male phenotype vignette. These findings suggest that primary school educators are less sensitive to autism in girls, through under‐recognition of the female autism phenotype and a higher sensitivity to autism in males.Lay SummaryEducators have an important role in identifying children who need an autism assessment, so gaps in their knowledge about how autism presents in girls could contribute to the under‐diagnosis of autistic girls. By asking educators to identify autism when presented with fictional descriptions of children, this study found that educators were less able to recognize what autism “looks like” in girls. Also, when given identical descriptions of autistic boys and girls, educators were more likely to identify autism in boys. These results suggest that primary school educators might need extra help to improve the recognition of girls on the autism spectrum. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1358–1372. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer among the younger population in Sweden
Authors: Petersson J , Bock D , Martling A , Smedby K E , Angenete E , Saraste D 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
The incidence of colorectal cancer in patients aged less than 50 years is increasing in Western countries. This population-based study investigated the age- and sex-specific incidence of colorectal cancer over time in Sweden, and characterized trends in tumour localization and stage at diagnosis.

Methods
Patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer between 1970 and 2016 were identified from the Swedish Cancer Registry, and categorized by sex, age and tumour location. The incidence and average annual percentage change (AAPC) were estimated and compared between age groups.

Results
There was an overall increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer between 1970 and 2006, but a decrease in 2006–2016 (AAPC −0·55 (95 per cent c.i. −1·02 to −0·07) per cent). The largest increase in colonic cancer was in 1995–2005 in women aged less than 50 years (AAPC 2·30 (0·09 to 4·56) per cent versus 0·04 (−1·35 to 1·44) and − 0·67 (−1·62 to 0·28) per cent in women aged 50–74 and 75 years or more respectively). Since 1990, rectal cancer increased in patients of both sexes aged below 50 years, with higher AAPC values in women (2006–2016: 2·01 (−1·46 to 5·61) per cent versus 0·20 (−2·25 to 2·71) per cent in men). Younger patients were more likely than those aged 50–74 and 75 years or more to present with stage III–IV colonic (66·2, 57·6 and 49·6 per cent respectively) and rectal (61·2, 54·3 and 51·3 per cent) cancer. From the mid 1990s, rates of proximal and distal colorectal cancer, and rectal cancer were increased in patients aged less than 50 years.

Conclusion
The overall incidence of colorectal cancer in Sweden decreased in the past decade. However, in patients under 50 years of age the incidence of colorectal cancer – proximal, distal and rectal – continued to increase over time.
Theory of green purchase behavior (TGPB): A new theory for sustainable consumption of green hotel and green restaurant products
Authors: Han Heesup 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFostering customer green purchase behavior is a fundamental constituent of an eco‐friendly hospitality firms' success. The present study developed a theory of green purchase behavior (TGPB) that clearly and sufficiently explains customer environmentally responsible buying behavior for green hospitality products, such as green hotels and green restaurants. Mixed methods based on a psychometric approach were used for the development of the theory. Within the theory, attitude, ascribed responsibility, and social norm directly activate the personal norm. These types of activators form based on awareness of consequences, image, ecological worldview, and environmental value. In addition, past behavior increases behavior. This theorization is fully supported and demonstrated through both qualitative and quantitative processes. Green purchase behavior was satisfactorily accounted for by the proposed theory. The TGPB included a stronger prediction power than the existing pro‐social theories, and it is applicable to diverse hospitality/tourism/consumer behavior contexts.
CAG regimen for refractory or relapsed adult T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A retrospective, multicenter, cohort study
Authors: Qian Jie‐Jing , Hu Xiaoxia , Wang Ying , Zhang Yi , Du Juan , Yang Min , Tong Hongyan , Qian Wen‐Bin , Wei Juying , Yu Wenjun , Lou Yin‐Jun , Mao Liping , Tao Meng Hai , You Liang‐Shun , Wang Libing , Li Xia , Huang Xin , Cao Li‐Hong , Zhao Jian‐Zhi , Yan Yan Xiao , Chen Yu‐Bao , Chen Yu , Zhang Su‐Jiang , Jin Jie , Hu Jiong , Zhu Hong‐Hu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAdult patients with relapsed or refractory T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (R/R‐T‐ALL) have extremely poor prognosis, representing an urgent unmet medical need. Finding an optimal salvage regimen to bridge transplantation is a priority. The CAG (cytarabine, aclarubicin, and G‐CSF) regimen was initially used by one group in China, showing unexpectedly promising results in 11 R/R‐T‐ALL patients. Here, we report the multicenter results of 41 patients who received the CAG regimen as salvage therapy. After one cycle of the CAG regimen, complete remission and partial remission were achieved in 33 (80.5%) and two (4.9%) patients, respectively. Failure to respond was observed in six patients (14.6%). Early T‐cell precursor (ETP) (n = 26) and non‐ETP (n = 15) patients had a similar CR rate (80.8% vs 80.0%, P = .95). Among 41 patients, allo‐HSCT was successfully performed in 27 (66%) patients (22 in CR and 5 in non‐CR). With a median follow‐up time of 12 months, the estimated 2‐year overall survival and event‐free survival were 68.8% (95% CI, 47.3%‐83.0%) and 56.5% (95% CI, 37.1%‐71.9%), respectively. The CAG regimen was well‐tolerated, and no early death occurred. Our multicenter results show that the CAG regimen is highly effective and safe, representing a novel choice for adult patients with R/R‐T‐ALL and providing a better bridge to transplantation.
Cationic Organophosphorus Chromophores: A Diamond in the Rough among Ionic Dyes
Authors: Belyaev Andrey , Chou Pi‐Tai , Koshevoy Igor O. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTunable electron‐accepting properties of the cationic phosphorus center, its geometry and unique preparative chemistry that allows combining this unit with diversity of π‐conjugated motifs, define the appealing photophysical and electrochemical characteristics of organophosphorus ionic chromophores. This Minireview summarizes the achievements in the synthesis of the π‐extended molecules functionalized with P‐cationic fragments, modulation of their properties by means of structural modification, and emphasizes the important effect of cation‐anion interactions, which can drastically change physical behavior of these two‐component systems.
Thermal Adaptation of Enzymes: Impacts of Conformational Shifts on Catalytic Activation Energy and Optimum Temperature
Authors: Maffucci Irene , Laage Damien , Sterpone Fabio , Stirnemann Guillaume 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThermal adaptation of enzymes is essential for both living organism development in extreme conditions and efficient biocatalytic applications. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to a shift in catalytic activity optimum temperatures remain unclear, and there is increasing experimental evidence that thermal adaptation involves complex changes in both structural and reactive properties. Here, a combination of enhanced protein conformational sampling with an explicit chemical reaction description was applied to mesophilic and thermophilic homologues of the dihydrofolate reductase enzyme, and a quantitative description of the stability and catalytic activity shifts between homologues was obtained. The key role played by temperature‐induced shifts in protein conformational distributions is revealed. In contrast with pictures focusing on protein flexibility and dynamics, it is shown that while the homologues’ reaction free energies are similar, the striking discrepancy between their activation energies is caused by their different conformational changes with temperature. An analytic model is proposed that combines catalytic activity and structural stability, and which quantitatively predicts the shift in homologue optimum temperatures. It is shown that this general model provides a molecular explanation of changes in optimum temperatures for several other enzymes.
Iron‐Based Multi‐Catalysis: Eco‐Compatible Alternative for Complex Molecules Synthesis
Authors: Quintard Adrien 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the last decade, multi‐catalysis has emerged as an excellent alternative to classical methods, rapidly elaborating complex organic molecules while considerably decreasing steps and waste generation. In order to further decrease costs, the application of cheaper and more available iron‐based catalysts has recently arisen. Through these iron‐based multi‐catalytic combinations, greener transformations have been developed that generate complex organic scaffolds from simple building blocks at lower costs. In addition to the decrease in catalysts costs, it was also demonstrated that in many cases, the application of iron complexes could also lead to unique reactivity features, expanding chemist's available toolbox. All the advantages observed in terms of costs and reactivity, should make iron‐based multi‐catalysis one of the leading technology of the future.
Brønsted Acid‐Catalysed Dehydrative Substitution Reactions of Alcohols
Authors: Estopiñá‐Durán Susana , Taylor James E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe direct, catalytic dehydrative substitution of alcohols is a challenging, yet highly desirable process in the development of more sustainable approaches to organic chemistry. This review outlines recent advances in Brønsted acid‐catalysed dehydrative substitution reactions for C−C, C−O, C−N and C−S bond formation. The wide range of processes that are now accessible using simple alcohols as the formal electrophile are highlighted, while current limitations and therefore possible future directions for research are also discussed.
Elimination of dormant, autophagic ovarian cancer cells and xenografts through enhanced sensitivity to anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition
Authors: Blessing Alicia M. , Santiago‐O'Farrill Janice M. , Mao Weiqun , Pang Lan , Ning Jing , Pak Daewoo , Bollu Lakshmi Reddy , Rask Philip , Iles LaKesla , Yang Hailing , Tran Samantha , Elmir Ezzeddine , Bartholomeusz Geoffrey , Langley Robert , Lu Zhen , Bast Robert C. 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundPoor outcomes for patients with ovarian cancer relate to dormant, drug‐resistant cancer cells that survive after primary surgery and chemotherapy. Ovarian cancer (OvCa) cells persist in poorly vascularized scars on the peritoneal surface and depend on autophagy to survive nutrient deprivation. The authors have sought drugs that target autophagic cancer cells selectively to eliminate residual disease.MethodsBy using unbiased small‐interfering RNA (siRNA) screens, the authors observed that knockdown of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) reduced the survival of autophagic OvCa cells. Small‐molecule ALK inhibitors were evaluated for their selective toxicity against autophagic OvCa cell lines and xenografts. Autophagy was induced by reexpression of GTP‐binding protein Di‐Ras3 (DIRAS3) or serum starvation and was evaluated with Western blot analysis, fluorescence imaging, and transmission electron microscopy. Signaling pathways required for crizotinib‐induced apoptosis of autophagic cells were explored with flow cytometric analysis, Western blot analysis, short‐hairpin RNA knockdown of autophagic proteins, and small‐molecule inhibitors of STAT3 and BCL‐2.ResultsInduction of autophagy by reexpression of DIRAS3 or serum starvation in multiple OvCa cell lines significantly reduced the 50% inhibitory concentration of crizotinib and other ALK inhibitors. In 2 human OvCa xenograft models, the DIRAS3‐expressing tumors treated with crizotinib had significantly decreased tumor burden and long‐term survival in 67% to 79% of mice. Crizotinib treatment of autophagic cancer cells further enhanced autophagy and induced autophagy‐mediated apoptosis by decreasing phosphorylated STAT3 and BCL‐2 signaling.ConclusionsCrizotinib may eliminate dormant, autophagic, drug‐resistant OvCa cells that remain after conventional cytoreductive surgery and combination chemotherapy. A clinical trial of ALK inhibitors as maintenance therapy after second‐look operations should be seriously considered.
Designs of Singlet Fission Chromophores with a Diazadiborinine Framework**
Authors: Pradhan Ekadashi , Bentley Jordan N. , Caputo Christopher B. , Zeng Tao 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn 2016, a diazadiborinine molecule was synthesized (Nature Commun. 2016, 7, 11871). The core structure of this molecule is a 6‐membered π system with a trans stitching up of two NCB fragments. This core structure is identical to a model singlet fission chromophore that one of us (T.Z.) proposed in 2014 (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 12638–12647.) Inspired by this resemblance, we performed quantum chemistry calculations to design a series of singlet fission chromophores based on the diazadiborinine framework. The essence is to impair the aromaticity of the diazadiborinine framework by substitutions and/or additions so that diradical resonance structures gain higher weight in the ground states of the designed chromophores.
Market participation, household food security, and income: The case of cowpea producers in northern Nigeria
Authors: Manda Julius , Alene Arega D. , Tufa Adane Hirpa , Feleke Shiferaw , Abdoulaye Tahirou , Omoigui Lucky O. , Manyong Victor 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article evaluates the impact of cowpea market participation on household food security and income in northern Nigeria. Using household survey data from a representative sample of over 1,500 farm households and applying a combination of instrumental variable techniques and dose–response functions, we found that cowpea market participation had a statistically significant positive impact on household food security and income. Cowpea market participation increased food expenditure by 1.6% and household income by 0.7% with a 10 unit increase in the quantity of cowpea sold. These results underscore the importance of cowpea market participation for household food security and income improvement. We also found that selling cowpea to rural and urban traders significantly increased household income, food expenditure, and food security. Results show that selling cowpea to rural and urban traders increased household income by 17% and 13%, respectively. The results point to the need for an enabling policy environment and public infrastructure to enhance market participation of farmers and traders. Public infrastructure investments in the form of feeder road construction and maintenance in the distant villages are encouraged, which in the long run can translate into improved cowpea productivity and welfare of smallholder farmers.
Enhanced extraction efficiency of natural D‐borneol from Mei Pian tree leaves pretreated with deep eutectic solvents
Authors: Fu Minghui , Lu Ziqing , Ma Xiaoyu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStems and leaves of Mei Pian tree can be used to extract natural D‐borneol. In this study, a variety of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on choline chloride were used to pretreat leaves of Mei Pian tree, from which natural D‐borneol was extracted by Soxhlet extraction. The extraction efficiency of most pretreated leaves was higher than that of the unpretreated leaves, and that pretreated by DES based on choline chloride and sucrose or choline chloride and glycol was maximal. Moreover, The Box–Behnken design (BBD) of response surface method was used to optimize the water content, temperature, and pretreatment time. The optimal conditions included pretreatment of Mei Pian tree for 4.07 hr at 44.5°C by DES, which was synthesized using choline chloride, sucrose, and water at the molar ratio of 5:2:5.9, and the extraction efficiency (4.936 mg/g) was maximal, more than twice as much as that of unpretreatment. The results showed that the pretreatment process using DES based on choline chloride and sucrose could effectively improve the extraction efficiency of natural D‐borneol from Mei Pian tree.
Purification and identification of buckwheat hull flavonoids and its comparative evaluation on antioxidant and cytoprotective activity in vitro
Authors: Cui Yang , Zhao Ziying , Liu Ziqi , Liu Junmei , Piao Chunhong , Liu Dailin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBuckwheat hulls, by‐products of buckwheat processing, contain various flavonoids, but the antioxidant capacity and synergy of different flavonoids are unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of flavonoid monomers and high‐flavonoid component (HBHF) in buckwheat hulls using chemical‐based assays and cellular‐based assays. Four kinds of flavonoids were identified as rutin, isoorientin, vitexin, and hyperoside from buckwheat hulls. In chemical‐based assays, rutin and HBHF showed relatively high free radical scavenging activities and total antioxidant capacities. In cellular‐based assays, however, HBHF showed much higher proliferation activity against cell damage than flavonoid monomers when HepG2 cell was oxidatively damaged by H2O2 or high glucose. The cytoprotective activities of flavonoid monomers and HBHF were closely associated with reducing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) or increasing catalase (CAT) activity. In conclusion, buckwheat hull flavonoids are the favorable application candidates for natural antioxidants.
Data mining: The association of 2‐h postprandial plasma glucose with the fasting plasma glucose in a large Chinese population
Authors: Sun Dandan , Li Dandan , Yu Songlin , Zhang Kai , Cheng Xinqi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundIt is generally believed that the lower limit of postprandial plasma glucose is the same or higher than that of fasting plasma glucose (FPG). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between 2‐h postprandial plasma glucose (2‐hPG) and FPG. Insulin sensitivity and β‐cell function were also evaluated.MethodsAnalytical data from January 2013 to August 2018 included 10 465 participants’ 2‐h OGTT results and 19 518 participants’ FPG and 2‐hPG values after autonomous self‐feeding. Participants were divided into two groups based on the relationship between FPG and 2‐hPG (OGTT‐A1/Postprandial‐B1:FPG > 2‐hPG;OGTT‐A2/Postprandial‐B2:FPG ≤ 2‐hPG).Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by Matsuda index and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR). β‐cell function was estimated by homeostasis model assessment of β‐cell function (HOMA‐β) and early‐phase insulin secretion index (ΔI30/ΔG30).ResultsThe ratio of OGTT‐A1 and OGTT‐A2 is 11.1%; the ratio of postprandial B1 and postprandial B2 is 13.7%. HOMA‐IR and HOMA‐β values were lower, while Matsuda index and ΔI30/ΔG30 values were higher in the non‐diabetic OGTT‐A1 group than those in the OGTT‐A2 group. The value of Matsuda index in women was 0.368 times higher than that in men in group OGTT‐A1. In group OGTT‐A2, the values of HOMA‐IR (0.346), HOMA‐β (9.096), and ΔI30/ΔG30 (3.575) in women were lower, higher, and higher than those in men, respectively. Both HOMA‐β and ΔI30/ΔG30 decreased with age in OGTT groups.ConclusionIt existed that FPG was >2‐hPG, and this group had better insulin sensitive and β‐cell function. The influence of age on insulin sensitivity and β‐cell function was greater than that of gender.
Impacts of epidural electrical stimulation on Wnt signaling, FAAH, and BDNF following thoracic spinal cord injury in rat
Authors: Ghorbani Meysam , Shahabi Parviz , Karimi Pouran , Soltani‐Zangbar Hamid , Morshedi Mohammad , Bani Soheila , Jafarzadehgharehziaaddin Mohsen , Sadeghzadeh‐Oskouei Behnaz , Ahmadalipour Ali 
Published: June 2020

AbstractElectrical stimulation (ES) has been shown to improve some of impairments after spinal cord injury (SCI), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The Wnt signaling pathways and the endocannabinoid system appear to be modulated in response to SCI. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ES therapy on the activity of canonical/noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and fatty‐acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which regulate endocannabinoids levels. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: (a) Sham, (b) laminectomy + epidural subthreshold ES, (c) SCI, and (d) SCI + epidural subthreshold ES. A moderate contusion SCI was performed at the thoracic level (T10). Epidural subthreshold ES was delivered to upper the level of T10 segment every day (1 hr/rat) for 2 weeks. Then, animals were killed and immunoblotting was used to assess spinal cord parameters. Results revealed that ES intervention for 14 days could significantly increase wingless‐type3 (Wnt3), Wnt7, β‐catenin, Nestin, and cyclin D1 levels, as well as phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β and Jun N‐terminal kinase. Additionally, SCI reduced BDNF and FAAH levels, and ES increased BDNF and FAAH levels in the injury site. We propose that ES therapy may improve some of impairments after SCI through Wnt signaling pathways. Outcomes also suggest that BDNF and FAAH are important players in the beneficial impacts of ES therapy. However, the precise mechanism of BDNF, FAAH, and Wnt signaling pathways on SCI requires further investigation.