bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poorly crystalline iron and aluminium oxides contribute to the carbon saturation and sorption of dissolved organic carbon in the soil
Authors: Khandakar Tania , Guppy Chris , Rabbi Sheikh M. F. , Daniel Heiko 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSoil carbon (C) saturation implies an upper limit to a soil's capacity to store C depending on the contents of silt + clay and poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides. We hypothesized that the poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides in silt + clay fraction increased the C saturation and thus reduced the capacity of the soil to sorb additional C input. To test the hypothesis, we studied the sorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on silt + clay fractions (<53 µm) of highly weathered oxic soils, collected from three different land uses (i.e., improved pasture, cropping and forest). Soils with high carbon saturation desorbed 38% more C than soils with low C saturation upon addition of DOC, whereas adsorption of DOC was only observed at higher concentration (>15 g kg−1). While high Al oxide concentration significantly increased both the saturation and desorption of DOC, the high Fe oxide concentration significantly increased the desorption of DOC, supporting the proposition that both oxides have influence on the DOC sorption in soil. Our findings provide a new insight into the chemical control of stabilization and destabilization of DOC in soil.
Exploring the components of bleeding outcomes in transfusion trials for patients with hematologic malignancy
Authors: Balitsky Amaris K. , Liu Yang , Van der Meer Pieter F. , Heddle Nancy M. , Arnold Donald M. 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundClinically significant bleeding in patients with hematologic malignancies is a heterogeneous composite outcome currently defined as World Health Organization (WHO) bleeding Grades 2, 3, and 4. However, the clinical significance of some minor bleeds categorized as WHO Grades 1 and 2 remains controversial. We analyzed the number and frequency of individual signs and symptoms of WHO Grades 1 and 2 bleeds and explored their association with more severe incident bleeds graded as WHO Grades 3 and 4.Study Design and MethodsWe aggregated daily bleeding assessment data from three randomized controlled trials conducted in patients with hematologic malignancies that used bleeding as an outcome. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to identify signs and symptoms categorized as WHO Grades 1 and 2 bleeds that were associated with more severe bleeds (Grades 3 and 4).ResultsWe collected data from 315 patients (n = 5476 daily bleeding assessments; 3383 [61.8%] with a bleed documented). A total of 98.3% (3326/3383) were Grade 1 and 2 bleeds and 1.7% (57/3383) were Grades 3 and 4. Grade 1 and 2 bleeds were composed of 20 different bleeding signs and symptoms. Hematuria (hazard ratio, 16.1; 95% confidence interval, 4.4‐59.2; P < .0001) was associated with incident Grade 3 or 4 bleeds.ConclusionIn patients with hematologic malignancy, only hematuria (microscopic and/or macroscopic) was associated with more severe incident bleeds. This findings require validation in independent data sets.
Cervical disc width index is a reliable parameter and consistent in young growing Dutch Warmblood horses
Authors: Veraa Stefanie , Scheffer Carmen J.W. , Smeets Danielle H.M. , de Bruin Renske B. , Hoogendoorn Arie C. , Vernooij Johannes C.M. , Nielen Mirjam , Back Willem 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntervertebral disc disease, as well as the associated alteration of the radiographic intervertebral disc space width, has been reported in horses. Disc height index (DHI) has proven to be an accurate and objective parameter in other species but data related to this parameter are lacking in horses. Therefore, the aims of this retrospective longitudinal diagnostic accuracy study were (a) to evaluate the reliability of measurements within and between observers of the equine Disc Width Index (EDWI) as a parameter for radiographic equine cervical intervertebral disc space width, and (b) to evaluate the sequential development of the EDWI over time. For this, EDWI from all intervertebral disc spaces between second cervical (C) to first thoracic (Th) vertebrae were obtained in a group of 39 Dutch Warmblood horses at 1, 5, and 18 months of age, by one European College of Veterinary Diagnostic Imaging (ECVDI) board‐certified veterinary radiologist (S.V.) and two veterinary students. Bland‐Altmann plots and intraclass Correlation Coefficient revealed a good intra‐ and interobserver agreement. A linear mixed‐effect model did reveal that mean EDWI increases significantly toward the caudal cervical spine, but did not differ significantly for a certain location over time or between sexes. Spearman's rank test did show a significant correlation between the vertebral alignment angle induced by different head‐neck positions and a normalized EDWI (ρ = 0.33,P < .0001). Student'st‐test revealed that the presence of C6‐C7 transposition of the transverse processes did not influence EDWI significantly. It was concluded that EDWI represents a reliable parameter for equine cervical radiographic intervertebral disc space width. Practical implementation of EDWI warrants monitoring in a group of adult horses while maintaining a standardized head‐neck position.
Incidence of hospital‐acquired pressure injury: A cohort study of adults admitted to public and private hospitals in Sao Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Serpa Leticia Faria , Ortiz Margarita Maria , Lima Anne Chaves , Bueno Línea , Nogueira Paula Cristina , Ferri Cleusa , Santos Vera Lucia Conceição De Gouveia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to estimate the incidence of hospital‐acquired pressure injury (PI) and its risk factors in inpatient and intensive care units of five hospitals (two public and three private) in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. A 6‐month follow‐up prospective cohort study (n = 1937) was conducted from April to September 2013. Baseline and follow‐up measurements included demographic and care information, as well as risk assessments for both undernutrition (NRS‐2002) and PI (Braden scale). Poisson regression with robust variance was used for data analysis. A total of 633 patients (32.60%) showed risk for PI. The incidence rate of PI was of 5.9% (9.9% in public hospitals vs 4.1% in private hospitals) and was higher in intensive care units, compared to inpatient care units (10% vs 5.7%, respectively). Risk for PI increased with age (RR = 1.05; 95% CI 1.04‐1.07); was higher in in public hospitals, compared to private hospitals (RR = 4.39; 95% CI 2.92‐6.61); in patients admitted for non‐surgical reasons compared to those admitted for surgical reasons (RR = 1.91; 95% CI 1.12‐3.27); in patients with longer hospital stays (RR = 1.04; 95% CI 1.03‐1.06); high blood pressure (RR = 1.76; 95% CI 1.17‐2.64); or had a risk for undernutrition (RR = 3.51; 95% CI 1.71‐7.24). Higher scores in the Braden scale was associated with a decreased risk of PI (RR = 0.79; 95% CI 0.75‐0.83). The results of our study indicate that 5.9% of all patients developed PI and that the most important factors that nurses should consider are: patient age, care setting, length of hospitalization, comorbidities, reason for admission and nutrition when planning and implementing PI‐preventative actions.
Failure Analysis for Evaporator Fin-Tubes of HRSG in CCGT
Authors: Xu Hong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The finned evaporator tube of medium pressure evaporator leakage occurred after the no. 1 unit of a combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power station was put into commercial operation for only 40 days (including 24 days of operation and 19 days of shutdown and standby). Cut off a section of failure pipe for a thorough inspection. Macro inspection found that severe corrosion occurred in some local areas of some pipe sections, which led to the obvious thinning of pipe wall thickness, leading to perforation and leakage. Metallographic test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the metal materials around the leakage points was qualified and the microstructure was normal. The corrosion products around the leakage points were mainly iron oxide which were generated before the unit had been put into commercial operation. The root cause was that the pH value of water used in the hydraulic test during the commissioning of the unit was as low as 9.2, and after the completion of the hydraulic test, the filled water remained in the boiler for a month and a half before being drained. Researches indicated that if carbon steels were prolonged immersed in demineralized water with a lower pH value, it would inevitably occur severe local corrosion which was due to pitting induced by the activation of inclusions in the steel. After pitting corrosion induced by active inclusions, no obvious pitting corrosion occurred in the surrounding inclusions. Accompanied with the extending of corrosion spots that had been formed, the activation zone continued to expand. Along with the formation of surface rust spots, corrosion developed along the inclusion boundary to the depth of the matrix, and finally caused the perforating and leaking of the tubes. The inner pitting corrosion of fin-tube of evaporator in HRSG could be avoided as long as the relevant provisions of “Guidelines of chemical supervision for combined cycle power plants” (DL/T 1717-2017) were strictly implemented during normal operation of boiler, standby maintenance and water pressure test after overhaul.
Boiler Emissions and Performance Improvement due to Utilization Real-Time Intelligent Sootblowing Boiler Monitoring Place
Authors: Chudnovsky B. , Chatskiy I. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
As it is well known, deposits in boilers contribute to boiler inefficiency, capacity reductions, and overheated tubes, which lead to tube failures. To improve the heat transfer inside the furnace the fouling deposits obviously should be removed. In order to take fouling into account in the overall furnace and boiler heat balance it is necessary to measure two main parameters — thickness of the deposits and their reflectivity (emissivity) in the wavelength of visible and IR region. In the present paper it is demonstrated how such measurement (see detailed description in Ref [1–3] can be used for on-line automatic sootblowing control. Results of our study demonstrate that dynamics of both parameters (contamination thickness and reflectivity) on the operated boiler can be registered in real time and then interpreted separately. The sootblowing boiler monitoring has been implemented at the 550 MW unit equipped with B&W opposite wall burners. The fouling and thickness sensors (FTR) were installed in different locations of the combustion chamber through its width and height. It was shown that dynamics of thickness and reflectivity variation just after the wall cleaning activation are quite different. Situations have been registered where changes of reflectivity have a significant impact on heat transfer, comparable and sometimes even greater than that of growing fouling thickness. Technique and device exploited in this study appears to be a very useful tool for sootblowing optimization and, as a result, for improvement of boiler efficiency and reduction of water wall erosion and corrosion. The paper presents a strategy to implement a comprehensive automatic control of soot blowing in power plant boilers. The paper will describe the existing installations where individual components are in operation, and describe an integrated system that could combine all these parts to make an integrated intelligent sootblowing system.
Technical Overview and Basis of the Design Section of the NM.1 Standard
Authors: Vetter Lorenz G. , Adams Timothy M. , Fong Sze Shen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the spring of 2019, the ASME published the first edition of the NM.1, NM.2, and NM.3 standards. These standards are for the design of non-metallic pressure piping systems. The focus is thermoplastics (NM.1), glass-fiber reinforced thermoset resins (NM.2), and material data (NM.3). These standards were developed by the Non-Metallic Pressure Piping Standards Committee, reporting to the ASME Board on Pressure Technology. This paper provides an overview and the technical basis of the design sections of the NM.1 Standard. The focus is the basis design requirements for HDPE, PVC, CPVC, PP, and ABS resins. Also discussed are the mandatory and non-mandatory Appendices applicable to the NM.1 design section.
Thermal and Fluid Analysis of Test Canister for Spent Nuclear Fuel
Authors: Charrouf Marwan , Williams Allen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The absence of a long-term solution for the storage of spent nuclear fuel prompts utilities in the United States to establish on-site storage for used fuel. The challenges associated with placement of spent fuel in dry cask storage on the power plant’s Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installations (ISFSI’s) include aging management of the stainless steel canisters and monitoring for the possible onset of stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS) has initiated a test program to examine the effects of heat generation variations inside a test canister using an electric heater rather than spent fuel on the shell temperatures. The test helps in the evaluation of external environmental factors and shell temperature, and to monitor for SCC. This paper presents the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling developed in support of the test to analyze the air natural circulation in the subgrade enclosure and within the test canister with the electrical heating. The thermal analysis is performed using ANSYS CFX and integrally simulates the flow behavior and heat transfer mechanisms both inside and outside the test canister. Comparison of results from different heat loads that represent the decay heat time-profile, sensitivity to the turbulence model, and modes of heat dissipation are discussed. The CFD results are also compared to in-situ temperature measurements to validate the analysis.
Realization of a Fully Optically Accessible Medium Speed Large Bore Engine Using a Fisheye Optic
Authors: Karmann Stephan , Friedrich Christian , Prager Maximilian , Wachtmeister Georg 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
To address one of the main environmental concerns, the engine out emissions, an enhanced understanding of the combustion process itself is fundamental. Recent optical and laser optical measurement techniques provide a promising approach to investigate and optimize the combustion process regarding emissions. These measurement techniques are already quite common for passenger car and truck size engines and significantly contribute to their improvement. Transferring these measurement techniques to large bore engines from low to high speed is still rather more uncommon especially due to the bigger challenges caused by the engine size and thus much higher stability requirements and design effort for optical accessibility. To cover this new field of research a new approach for a medium speed large bore engine was developed using a fisheye optic mounted centrally in the cylinder head to design a fully optically accessible engine test bench. This new approach is detailed with a test setup layout and a stability concept consisting of cooling systems and the development of a suitable operation strategy based on simulation and experimental verification. The design of this single cylinder engine with 350mm bore and 440mm stroke providing 530kW nominal load at 750 rpm was tested up to 85% nominal load in skipped fire engine operation mode. The measurements of the flame chemiluminescence of a dual fuel combustion of the diesel gas type present proof of the feasibility of the new design as a starting point for future systematic studies on the combustion process of large bore engines.
A Framework for Demand-Side Management With Demand Response Input
Authors: Peinado-Guerrero Miguel A. , Campbell Nicolas A. , Villalobos Jesus R. , Phelan Patrick E. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A framework is proposed for demand-side load management (DSLM) of manufacturers participating in demand response (DR) programs. Utilities are increasingly focused on enticing their portfolios of energy end-users to adjust their energy use patterns in a mutually beneficial manner such as with DR programs. DR programs allow the utility to receive bulk peak load reduction and the participating end-user to receive credit towards their electricity bills. Once an end-user is enrolled in a DR program, they receive periodic requests for some amount of load reduction, typically the day before. Failing to respond to a DR signal will usually cost the end-user handsomely. The end-user is often left to their own discretion on how to attain the level of load reduction requested by the utility. For a manufacturer, this means if the request in load reduction is high enough, they will need to figure out how to curtail production. On the other hand, if the load reduction requested is small enough to need no disruption to production, the utility may be missing out on untapped DR capabilities that could be offered from the ability of the manufacturer to reschedule their production. In either case, the availability of an optimal plan for the manufacturer to best schedule its production in response to a DR event can maximize the benefits for both parties. Most of the research found in literature addresses production scheduling with minimal energy use or cost with respect to a time-of-use price tariff. A system that communicates the desires of the utility to the end-user for a DR event and provides the end-user with support in the decision-making process remains to be developed. The framework proposed addresses these shortcomings, considering the introduction of IoT capabilities and the physical constraints of the manufacturer.
Gender-transformative programming with men and boys to improve sexual and reproductive health and rights: a systematic review of intervention studies
Authors: Ruane-McAteer Eimear , Gillespie Kathryn , Amin Avni , Aventin Áine , Robinson Martin , Hanratty Jennifer , Khosla Rajat , Lohan Maria 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundGlobal health organisations advocate gender-transformative programming (which challenges gender inequalities) with men and boys to improve sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) for all. We systematically review evidence for this approach.MethodsWe previously reported an evidence-and-gap map (http://srhr.org/masculinities/wbincome/) andsystematic review of reviewsof experimental intervention studies engaging men/boys in SRHR, identified through a Campbell Collaboration published protocol (https://doi.org/10.1002/CL2.203) without language restrictions between January 2007 and July 2018. Records for the current review of intervention studies were retrieved from those systematic reviews containing one or more gender-transformative intervention studies engaging men/boys. Data were extracted for intervention studies relating to each of the World Health Organization (WHO) SRHR outcomes. Promising programming characteristics, as well as underused strategies, were analysed with reference to the WHO definition of gender-transformative programming and an established behaviour change model, the COM-B model. Risk of bias was assessed usingCochrane Risk of Bias tools,RoB V.2.0 andRisk of Bias In Non-randomised Studies of Interventions.FindingsFrom 509 eligible records, we synthesised 68 studies comprising 36 randomised controlled trials, n=56 417 participants, and 32 quasi-experimental studies, n=25 554 participants. Promising programming characteristics include: multicomponent activities of education, persuasion, modelling and enablement; multilevel programming that mobilises wider communities; targeting both men and women; and programmes of longer duration than three months. Six of the seven interventions evaluated more than once show efficacy. However, we identified a significant risk of bias in the overall available evidence. Important gaps in evidence relate to safe abortion and SRHR during disease outbreaks.ConclusionIt is widely acknowledged by global organisations that the question is no longerwhetherto include boys and men in SRHR buthowto do so in ways that promote gender equality and health for all and are scientifically rigorous. This paper provides an evidence base to take this agenda for programming and research forward.
The socioeconomic dynamics of trends in female genital mutilation/cutting across Africa
Authors: Batyra Ewa , Coast Ernestina , Wilson Ben , Cetorelli Valeria 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundThe majority of women who undergo female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) live in Africa. Although the UN Sustainable Development Goals call for intensified efforts to accelerate the abandonment of FGM/C, little is known about where in Africa the declines in prevalence have been fastest and whether changes in prevalence differ by women’s socioeconomic status.MethodsWe use data from Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys for 23 African countries, collected between 2002 and 2016, and covering 293 170 women. We reconstruct long-term cohort trends in FGM/C prevalence spanning 35 years, for women born between 1965 and 1999. We compute absolute and relative changes in FGM/C prevalence and differentials in prevalence by women’s education and urban-rural residence. We examine whether socioeconomic differences in FGM/C are converging or diverging.FindingsFGM/C prevalence has declined fastest (in relative terms) in countries with lower initial prevalence, and more slowly in countries with higher initial prevalence. Although better-educated women and those living in urban areas tend to have lower prevalence, in some countries the opposite pattern is observed. Socioeconomic differentials in FGM/C have grown in the majority of countries, particularly in countries with moderate-to-higher overall prevalence.ConclusionsThe documented relationship between absolute and relative FGM/C prevalence rates suggests that in settings with higher initial prevalence, FGM/C practice is likely to be more entrenched and to change more slowly. There is substantial variation between countries in socioeconomic differentials in prevalence and their changes over time. As countries change from higher to lower overall prevalence, socioeconomic inequalities in FGM/C are increasing.