bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do you see what I know? On reasons, perceptual evidence, and epistemic status
Authors: Littlejohn Clayton 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOur epistemology can shape the way we think about perception and experience. Speaking as an epistemologist, I should say that I don't necessarily think that this is a good thing. If we think that we need perceptual evidence to have perceptual knowledge or perceptual justification, we will naturally feel some pressure to think of experience as a source of reasons or evidence. In trying to explain how experience can provide us with evidence, we run the risk of either adopting a conception of evidence according to which our evidence isn't very much like the objects of our beliefs that figure in reasoning (e.g., by identifying our evidence with experiences or sensations) or the risk of accepting a picture of experience according to which our perceptions and perceptual experiences are quite similar to beliefs in terms of their objects and their representational powers. But I think we have good independent reasons to resist identifying our evidence with things that don't figure in our reasoning as premises and I think we have good independent reason to doubt that experience is sufficiently belief‐like to provide us with something premise‐like that can figure in reasoning. We should press pause. We shouldn't let questionable epistemological assumptions tell us how to do philosophy of mind. I don't think that we have good reason to think that we need the evidence of the senses to explain how perceptual justification or knowledge is possible. Part of my scepticism derives from the fact that I think we can have kinds of knowledge where the relevant knowledge is not evidentially grounded. Part of my scepticism derives from the fact that there don't seem to be many direct arguments for thinking that justification and knowledge always requires evidential support. In this paper, I shall consider the three arguments I've found for thinking that justification and knowledge do always require evidential support and explain why I don't find them convincing. I think that we can explain perceptual justification, rationality, and defeat without assuming that our experiences provide us with evidence. In the end, I think we can partially vindicate Davidson's (notorious) suggestion that our beliefs, not experiences, provide us with reasons for forming further beliefs. This idea turns out to be compatible with foundationalism once we understand that foundational status can come from something other than evidential support.
“You got to eat, but then what you are eating, it’s going to kill you”: Living with hypertension while experiencing homelessness
Authors: Groton Danielle B. , Leavitt Mary A. , Opalinski Andra S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHeart disease, including hypertension, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among persons experiencing homelessness (PEH). PEH exhibit a greater number of modifiable risk factors for hypertension than the general population and are challenged to reach optimal blood pressure control despite receiving medical treatment. This descriptive qualitative study used data collected from three focus groups to explore the barriers and facilitators of self‐management of hypertension while experiencing homelessness. Participants discussed co‐morbidity, limited food choices, medication issues, stress, and negative health care provider experiences as the biggest barriers toward self‐management of hypertension. To address the barriers described above, participants discussed strategies to manage their medications, healthy eating, exercise, social support, and reducing stress. Strategies for health care practitioners and shelter providers to reduce barriers to self‐management of hypertension among PEH are discussed.
Biomarkers of the early response to treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: A prospective cohort study
Authors: S. Lima Simone , Cavalcante Braz Débora , Costa Silva Vladimir , J. C. Farias Teresinha , Zacarias Danielle Alves , da Silva Jailthon Carlos , Costa Carlos Henrique Nery , Costa Dorcas Lamounier 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundEarly biomarkers of the response to treatment are lacking and may help to reduce mortality by the vector‐borne disease visceral leishmaniasis (VL).MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted to investigate plasma cytokines and clinical laboratory data as biomarkers of the early response to specific treatment for VL in 36 patients.ResultsThe mean interleukin 6 (IL‐6) concentration on the 7th day was 2.3% of the pre‐treatment concentration, interleukin 10 (IL‐10) was 8.0%, and interleukin 8 (IL‐8) was 8.2%. On the 7th day, IL‐10 was below half of the pre‐treatment concentration in 100.0%, IL‐8 in 95.5% and IL‐6 in 90.9%. The spleen and liver sizes, haemoglobin, interleukin 1 beta (IL‐1β) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) showed a slower recovery. Fever disappeared in 91% on the 7th day, 69.4% had a normal white cell count, and 77.8% had a normal platelet value by this time.ConclusionsThe plasma cytokines IL‐6, IL‐10 and IL‐8 were demonstrated to be excellent markers of the early response to VL treatment and if tested before the 7th day, will likely prove to be better than fever measurement.
Folates in legume root nodules
Authors: Banuelos Jacob , Martínez‐Romero Esperanza , Montaño Noé Manuel , Camargo‐Ricalde Sara Lucía 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFolates are multifunctional metabolites in plants that are essential for cell division, nucleic acids and amino acid synthesis. During symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes, these cofactors are needed for de novo purine biosynthesis, meaning that changes in the folate pools could directly affect the flow of fixed nitrogen to the plant. Its role related to symbiotic nitrogen fixation has not been yet explored, but recent data suggest a relevant role during the first steps. Transcriptomic, metabolomic and proteomic analyses indicate that folates are accumulated in symbiotic plant tissue, as they are involved, not only in de novo purines biosynthesis, but in nitrogen translocation, endoreduplication and phytohormones biosynthesis. Understanding the possible implication of folate pools during the nitrogen fixation and assimilation, might aid for new engineering targets, in relation to the two transformylations or the production of glycine by serine hydroxymethyltransferase during the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway. In this review, we intend to deliver and discuss the available evidence that support a relevant role of folates during the symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
Who to whom and why: The social nature of emotional mimicry
Authors: Hess Ursula 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe goal of this manuscript is to provide support for the notion that emotional mimicry is a social act. For this, I will provide a brief overview of recent developments in the domain of emotional mimicry research. I will present the mimicry in social context model of mimicry and evidence for four predictions that set this theory apart. Specifically, based on a review of the literature on emotional mimicry, I conclude that we do not mimic the specific muscle movements we observe, but rather we mimic what we infer from these movements. Furthermore, emotional mimicry only occurs when the expresser and observer share the intention to affiliate. Hence, we are less likely to mimic strangers and do not mimic people we do not like. Interactions in which affiliative mimicry occurs are perceived as more positive, but interactions in which mimicry is antagonistic as more negative. This supports the three social functions proposed here: Affiliation, Emotional understanding, and Social regulation.
The Robustness of National Agency Governance in Integrated Administrative Systems: Evidence from a large‐scale study
Authors: Trondal Jarle , Haslerud Gjermund , Kühn Nadja S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article examines government agencies facing choice architectures that are multiple, overlapping, ambiguous, and sometimes incompatible—in short: turbulent. It makes two contributions: First, two conceptual images of agency governance are outlined that derive distinct predictions on how agencies are likely to maneuver when embedded in integrated multilevel administrative orders. Secondly, benefitting from a large‐Ndataset on agency officials (N= 1,963) from 47 government agencies, the study suggests that government agencies are primarily biased towards a pragmatist compound dynamic. Additionally, the analysis probes the robustness of these conceptual images by entering moderator variables into the analysis. Multiplicative interaction model analysis suggests that the compound dynamic of agency governance is robust because no moderator variables fundamentally transform relationships from one governance type to another.
Impact of Abstract Versus Concrete Conceptualization of Genetic Modification (GM) Technology on Public Perceptions
Authors: Tallapragada Meghnaa , Hardy Bruce W. , Lybrand Evan , Hallman William K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBased on the scholarship of abstract/concrete cognition, mental schema, and the integrated model of behavior change, this study found that using concrete over abstract language increased support for specific genetically modified (GM) applications and GM in general, and improved intentions to purchase products containing genetically modified organisms (GMOs). An online survey with an embedded 3 × 2 experiment was conducted using a national sample of U.S. adults (N = 1,470). Participants were randomly assigned to conditions that varied in abstract/concrete conceptualization of GMOs and were prompted to assess GM risk and benefit perceptions with respect to human health and the environment. Regardless of whether they assessed risks or benefits, participants who assessed GMOs through concrete terms compared to abstract terms showed an increase in positive emotions, which in turn increased their support for specific GM applications and GM in general, and their intentions to buy products with GMOs.
Determinants of social assistance caseloads for employable single adults without dependants in Canada
Authors: Falvo Nick , Jadidzadeh Ali 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGovernment officials like the idea of just a small number of households in their respective jurisdiction receiving social assistance. A large number is seen as costly to the public treasury, and declining caseloads are generally viewed as a mark of success for both the economy and the government of the day. But what factors account for the size of a Canadian province's social assistance caseload? This article aims to shed light on this question, with a focus on single adults without dependants (and without serious disabilities) during the 1989–2017 period. One important finding is that when the value of social assistance benefit levels for this group increases by 1% in a province, the social assistance caseload for this demographic rises by 0.457%. Put differently, there is indeed an important behavior response associated with higher benefit levels. In response, we propose that provincial officials budget for higher take up levels when they increase benefit levels for this household group.
Pulmonary complications of transfusion: Changes, challenges, and future directions
Authors: Grey Sharran , Bolton‐Maggs Paula 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe pulmonary complications of transfusion (TACO, TRALI and TAD) are the leading cause of transfusion‐related mortality and major morbidity. Advance in this area is essential in improving transfusion safety. This review describes the drivers for change in haemovigilance practice, the influence of recent key publications and future directions.
Survey to assess knowledge, attitude and practices for safe and efficient vein‐to‐vein transfusion practices and effect of educational intervention in a hospital setting
Authors: Pandey Prashant , Setya Divya , Suresh Arya , George Geobin , Chaudhary Chhavi , Kumar Praveen , Ranjan Shweta 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe primary aim was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of employees (medical, paramedical and other hospital staff) towards blood donation and transfusion practices in a tertiary care hospital. A secondary objective was to assess and interpret the effect of an educational module on improvement in the KAP of employees in a hospital setting.BackgroundFor satisfactory practices, it is essential to initiate KAP studies.Methods/materialsThis was a prospective, observational study conducted among hospital staff (clinical and non‐clinical) from January to December 2019. The study was divided into two phases: pre‐educational module (P1) and post‐educational module (P2). In both phases, a questionnaire was distributed. Knowledge was assessed by 30 questions, attitude by 20 questions and practice by 30 questions. If any individual had unsatisfactory scores in both the P1 and P2 phases (scores <40; 50%), they had to participate in a mandatory certificate course.ResultsA total of 180 individuals participated in the P1 and 172 participated in the P2 phase. Mean score for practice (0.471) was better than that for attitude (0.447) and knowledge (0.43). Factors associated with good scores were younger age group, more than 5 years of employment and clinical field of study. The total score for KAP increased, and a statistically significant difference (P‐value < .05) was observed between P1 and P2 scores. Of 172 participants, 27 were asked to attend the 2‐week certificate course due to unsatisfactory scores (score < 40) in both P1 and P2 phases. These 27 participants required attending this certificate course a mean of 1.67 ± 0.83 times to obtain satisfactory scores.ConclusionEducational intervention is an important tool for improving KAP among not only physicians but hospital staff as well.
Predictors of receiving a diagnosis, referral and treatment of depression in people on antiretroviral therapy in South African primary care: a secondary analysis of data from a randomised trial
Authors: Zani B. , Fairall L. , Petersen I. , Folb N. , Bhana A. , Thornicroft G. , Hanass‐Hancock J. , Lund C. , Bachmann M. ,   the CobALT Research Team
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the receipt of a diagnosis, referral and treatment for depression in people receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), with depressive symptoms and attending primary care clinics in South Africa, and investigate factors associated with receiving these components of care.MethodsThis is a secondary analysis of data from a randomised controlled trial of an intervention intended to improve detection and treatment of depression in primary care patients receiving ART. In this analysis, we combined cross‐sectional and longitudinal data from the intervention and control arms. Using regression models and adjusting for intra‐cluster correlation of outcomes, we investigated associations between socioeconomic characteristics, depressive symptoms, stress, disability and stigma, and receipt of a diagnosis, referral and treatment for depression.ResultsOf 2002 participants enrolled, 18% reported a previous diagnosis of depression by a healthcare worker and 10% reported having received counselling from a specialist mental health worker. Diagnosis, referral and counselling during the follow‐up period were appropriately targeted, being independently more frequent in participants with higher enrolment scores for depressive symptoms, stress or disability. Participants with higher stigma scores at enrolment were independently less likely to receive counselling. Severe socio‐economic deprivation was common but was not associated with treatment.ConclusionWhile the receipt of a diagnosis, referral and treatment for depression were uncommon, they seemed to be appropriately targeted. Socio‐economic deprivation was not associated with treatment.
Validation of predictive models identifying patients at risk for massive transfusion during liver transplantation and their potential impact on blood bank resource utilization
Authors: Pustavoitau Aliaksei , Rizkalla Nicole A. , Perlstein Brooke , Ariyo Promise , Latif Asad , Villamayor April J. , Frank Steven M. , Merritt William T. , Cameron Andrew M. , Philosophe Benjamin , Ottmann Shane , Garonzik Wang Jacqueline M. , Wesson Russell N. , Gurakar Ahmet , Gottschalk Allan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundIntraoperative massive transfusion (MT) is common during liver transplantation (LT). A predictive model of MT has the potential to improve use of blood bank resources.Study Design and MethodsDevelopment and validation cohorts were identified among deceased‐donor LT recipients from 2010 to 2016. A multivariable model of MT generated from the development cohort was validated with the validation cohort and refined using both cohorts. The combined cohort also validated the previously reported McCluskey risk index (McRI). A simple modified risk index (ModRI) was then created from the combined cohort. Finally, a method to translate model predictions to a population‐specific blood allocation strategy was described and demonstrated for the study population.ResultsOf the 403 patients, 60 (29.6%) in the development and 51 (25.5%) in the validation cohort met the definition for MT. The ModRI, derived from variables incorporated into multivariable model, ranged from 0 to 5, where 1 point each was assigned for hemoglobin level of less than 10 g/dL, platelet count of less than 100 × 109/dL, thromboelastography R interval of more than 6 minutes, simultaneous liver and kidney transplant and retransplantation, and a ModRI of more than 2 defined recipients at risk for MT. The multivariable model, McRI, and ModRI demonstrated good discrimination (c statistic [95% CI], 0.77 [0.70‐0.84]; 0.69 [0.62‐0.76]; and 0.72 [0.65‐0.79], respectively, after correction for optimism). For blood allocation of 6 or 15 units of red blood cells (RBCs) based on risk of MT, the ModRI would prevent unnecessary crossmatching of 300 units of RBCs/100 transplants.ConclusionsRisk indices of MT in LT can be effective for risk stratification and reducing unnecessary blood bank resource utilization.
In situ c‐KIT mRNA quantification of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours and its relationship to prognostic factors
Authors: Seung Byung‐Joon , Cho Seung‐Hee , Kim Soo‐Hyeon , Bae Min‐Kyung , Lim Ha‐Young , Sur Jung‐Hyang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs) are the most frequent malignant skin tumours in dogs. Mutations in the c‐KIT proto‐oncogene are correlated with the pathogenesis and aggressiveness of MCTs. To date, studies have focused on c‐KIT mutations and KIT protein localization, with a general lack of mRNA‐level analyses. In this study, c‐KIT mRNA expression was investigated in canine MCTs by RNA in situ hybridization (RNA‐ISH). Furthermore, we evaluated associations between c‐KIT mRNA expression and the histological grade, KIT immunohistochemical staining pattern and other clinicopathological parameters. c‐KIT mRNA expression was observed in all MCT samples, appearing as clusters of dots in the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells. A significant correlation was detected between c‐KIT mRNA expression (quantified according to the H‐score and the percentage of positive cells) and the histological grade (determined using two‐and three‐tier grading systems; P < .05). We also found a significant positive correlation (all P < .05) between c‐KIT mRNA expression and the proliferation indices (mitotic index, Ki‐67, and Ag67). However, no significant associations with c‐KIT expression from RNA‐ISH were found with respect to different KIT staining patterns. Overall, these results demonstrate that c‐KIT mRNA expression might be an additional tool for measuring the c‐KIT status in canine cutaneous MCTs and could serve as a potential prognostic factor. Further studies should evaluate the prognostic significance of c‐KIT mRNA expression in a large and uniform cohort of canine MCTs.
Serum albumin and total protein concentration in the tear film of horses with healthy or diseased eyes
Authors: Terhaar Hannah M. , Allbaugh Rachel A. , Mochel Jonathan P. , Sebbag Lionel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine total protein content (TPC) and serum albumin levels in the tears of horses with healthy or diseased eyes.Animals studiedForty‐two horses with healthy eyes and 11 horses with unilateral (n = 10) or bilateral (n = 1) ocular disease.ProcedureEach eye underwent an ophthalmic examination including detailed conjunctivitis scoring and tear collection with Schirmer strips. TPC and serum albumin levels were quantified in tear samples and compared among healthy eyes, affected eyes, and contralateral unaffected eyes. The impact of the following variables on lacrimal protein levels were assessed: age, breed, and sex (healthy eyes), as well as conjunctivitis score (diseased eyes).ResultsLacrimal TPC ranged from 7.0 to 19.5 mg/mL in healthy eyes, while serum albumin ranged from 71.1 to 711.3 µg/mL (~1.6% of TPC) and was higher in tears of aged and female horses (P ≤ .033). Eyes with ocular disease had significantly greater (P ≤ .001) serum albumin in tears (median 679.6 µg/mL) compared to contralateral unaffected eyes (130.0 µg/mL) and eyes of the reference population (200.7 µg/mL). However, lacrimal TPC did not differ significantly among the 3 groups. Scoring of palpebral conjunctival hyperemia trended toward a positive association with serum albumin in tears (r = 0.49, P = .062).ConclusionsThe protein profile in equine tears differs in health and disease. Serum albumin in tears increases with ocular disease and, similar to other species, might serve as a biomarker for ocular insult in horses. Future studies could investigate the protein levels in horses with specific ocular conditions and help determine the biological importance of albumin on the equine ocular surface.
Mathematical Tools for Building Setup-Maps to Optimally Locate Each Casting in a Machining Fixture: Case Study With Minimum Wall Thickness
Authors: Kalish N. J. , Davidson J. K. , Shah Jami J. , Shah Jiten V. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA novel combination of mathematical tools underlies a method to lower cost of the first fixture-setup required to finish-machine surfaces on large castings or weldments where components will be attached. The computer-aided design (CAD) model, tolerance specifications, process plan, and design of the fixture, including configuration of the locators, are given. The math tools are used to build algorithms for a digital model, the Setup-Map© (S-Map©), that predictively captures all allowable locator adjustments needed to position and orient each part in its fixture before machining begins. The S-Map in this paper is generated for a case-study design, a cast valve-body with two to-be-machined (TBM) features, but the math tools are general so the same methods could be applied directly, or easily adapted, to other designs and fixture schemes. Geometric variations at the TBM features are represented with Tolerance-Maps© (T-Maps©) that are constructed with higher-dimensional linear half-spaces. The T-Maps are shifted to be aligned with, and offset from, one-sided simulated envelopes derived from scans of corresponding features on each casting. Linear programming identifies the setup-point that is chosen to most evenly distribute the required amount of machining over all the TBM features. Inverse kinematics of parallel robots is used to convert the setup-point to custom settings at the fixture locators for each casting. The half-space construction enables the identification of TBM features that have insufficient material and require repair. The algorithms were validated with 13 castings.