bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct Comparison of PI‐RADS Version 2 and 2.1 in Transition Zone Lesions for Detection of Prostate Cancer: Preliminary Experience
Authors: Byun Jieun , Park Kye Jin , Kim Mi‐hyun , Kim Jeong Kon 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundThere appears to be less agreement in the identification of cancers in the transition zone (TZ), which is not as reliable as those in peripheral zone when using the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS) version 2 (v2). In response to such shortcomings, the updated version 2.1 was introduced, which incorporated diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) into category 2 and clarified lexicons.PurposeTo compare the diagnostic performance for the detection of clinically significant TZ prostate cancers (csPCa) and interreader agreement between PI‐RADS v2.1 and v2.Study TypeRetrospective study.PopulationIn all, 142 patients, 201 TZ lesions.Field Strength/Sequence3.0T; T2‐weighted image and DWI.AssessmentLesions were scored by three independent readers using PI‐RADS v2 and v2.1.Statistical TestsThe sensitivity and specificity at category ≥3 were compared between v2 and v2.1 using the generalized estimating equation model. Detection rates for csPCa of upgraded and downgraded lesions in the use of PI‐RADS v2.1 from v2 were assessed. Interreader agreement was assessed using κ statistics.ResultsPI‐RADS v2.1 showed a higher sensitivity and specificity (94.5% and 60.9%) than v2 (91.8% and 56.3%) for category ≥3 lesions in the detection of csPCa, although not significantly. Of eight upgraded lesions from category 2 to 3 (2 + 1) with an incorporated DWI, 50% (4/8) were csPCa. This was significantly higher than category 2 lesions (4.4%; P = 0.003). No csPCa was detected among the 22.8% (46/201) downgraded lesions. There was a moderate interreader agreement for scores ≥3 (κ = 0.565) in v2.1, which was slightly higher than that for v2 (κ = 0.534), although not significantly.Data ConclusionPI‐RADS v2.1 provides moderate and comparable interreader agreement at category ≥3 than v2 in the TZ lesions. Upgraded lesions from category 2 to 3 demonstrated a higher detection rate of csPCa than category 2 lesions in v2.1.Level of Evidence4Technical Efficacy Stage2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:577–586.
MRI‐Based Machine Learning for Differentiating Borderline From Malignant Epithelial Ovarian Tumors: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Li Yong'ai , Jian Junming , Pickhardt Perry J. , Ma Fenghua , Xia Wei , Li Haiming , Zhang Rui , Zhao Shuhui , Cai Songqi , Zhao Xingyu , Zhang Jiayi , Zhang Guofu , Jiang Jingxuan , Zhang Yan , Wang Keying , Lin Guangwu , Feng Feng , Lu Jing , Deng Lin , Wu Xiaodong , Qiang Jinwei , Gao Xin 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundPreoperative differentiation of borderline from malignant epithelial ovarian tumors (BEOT from MEOT) can impact surgical management. MRI has improved this assessment but subjective interpretation by radiologists may lead to inconsistent results.PurposeTo develop and validate an objective MRI‐based machine‐learning (ML) assessment model for differentiating BEOT from MEOT, and compare the performance against radiologists' interpretation.Study TypeRetrospective study of eight clinical centers.PopulationIn all, 501 women with histopathologically‐confirmed BEOT (n = 165) or MEOT (n = 336) from 2010 to 2018 were enrolled. Three cohorts were constructed: a training cohort (n = 250), an internal validation cohort (n = 92), and an external validation cohort (n = 159).Field Strength/SequencePreoperative MRI within 2 weeks of surgery. Single‐ and multiparameter (MP) machine‐learning assessment models were built utilizing the following four MRI sequences: T2‐weighted imaging (T2WI), fat saturation (FS), diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and contrast‐enhanced (CE)‐T1WI.AssessmentDiagnostic performance of the models was assessed for both whole tumor (WT) and solid tumor (ST) components. Assessment of the performance of the model in discriminating BEOT vs. early‐stage MEOT was made. Six radiologists of varying experience also interpreted the MR images.Statistical TestsMann–Whitney U‐test: significance of the clinical characteristics; chi‐square test: difference of label; DeLong test: difference of receiver operating characteristic (ROC).ResultsThe MP‐ST model performed better than the MP‐WT model for both the internal validation cohort (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.932 vs. 0.917) and external validation cohort (AUC = 0.902 vs. 0.767). The model showed capability in discriminating BEOT vs. early‐stage MEOT, with AUCs of 0.909 and 0.920, respectively. Radiologist performance was considerably poorer than both the internal (mean AUC = 0.792; range, 0.679–0.924) and external (mean AUC = 0.797; range, 0.744–0.867) validation cohorts.Data ConclusionPerformance of the MRI‐based ML model was robust and superior to subjective assessment of radiologists. If our approach can be implemented in clinical practice, improved preoperative prediction could potentially lead to preserved ovarian function and fertility for some women.Level of EvidenceLevel 4.Technical EfficacyStage 2. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:897–904.
Comparison between observations and gridded data sets over complex terrain in the Chilean Andes: Precipitation and temperature
Authors: Schumacher Vanúcia , Justino Flávio , Fernández Alfonso , Meseguer‐Ruiz Oliver , Sarricolea Pablo , Comin Alcimoni , Peroni Venancio Luan , Althoff Daniel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study describes the performance of five gridded data sets in reproducing precipitation and/or temperature over the complex terrain in the high Chilean Andes. The relationship of instrumental observations and the gridded data sets with climate modes of variability and the trends of indices of climate extremes are also explored between the period 1980–2015. The mismatches between gridded data sets are larger in northern and southern regions in relation to precipitation, while for temperature, disagreement is higher in central region. However, better results are delivered by the Climatic Research Unit and Global Precipitation Climatology Centre followed by Re‐Analysis Interim Project. The El Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation indices are well correlated with precipitation in North and South Chile. Additional, trend analyses reveal a significant downward (upward) tendency for precipitation (temperature), especially in central region, delivered by observed and the majority of gridded data sets. Furthermore, the consecutive number of dry days is increasing in all regions at the annual scale. This study allows a better understanding of the capacity of global data sets and thus contributes to further climate research within this Andean region.
Independent and joint influences of eastern Pacific El Niño–southern oscillation and quasi‐biennial oscillation on Northern Hemispheric stratospheric ozone
Authors: Xie Fei , Zhang Jiankai , Li Xiaoting , Li Juan , Wang Tao , Xu Mian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUsing ozone observations, reanalysis data, and climate model simulations, this study investigates in detail the independent and joint influences of the eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) on stratospheric ozone in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) during winter. Statistically, the stratospheric ozone in the NH in winter increases during El Niño events but decreases during La Niña events. Stratospheric ozone increases in the east wind phases of the QBO (EQBO) and decreases in the west wind phases of the QBO (WQBO). The stratospheric ozone anomalies in the middle and high latitudes caused by ENSO activities are clearly larger than those related to the QBO phase. Since the phases of wave‐1 and wave‐2 planetary waves anomalies related to ENSO activities are broadly similar to those of QBO phases, the joint effect of ENSO and QBO on stratospheric ozone is approximately equal to the linear superposition of their independent impacts. This means that during EQBO phases, the stratospheric ozone anomalies are increased during El Niño events but reduced during La Niña events, and vice versa during WQBO phases. Numerical sensitivity experiments are performed to further investigate the independent and joint influences of EP ENSO and QBO on stratospheric ozone in the NH during winter. The results from simulations agree well with the results from statistical analysis.
Desloratadine inhibits heterotopic ossification by suppression of BMP2‐Smad1/5/8 signaling
Authors: Kusano Taiki , Nakatani Masashi , Ishiguro Naoki , Ohno Kinji , Yamamoto Naoki , Morita Mitsuhiro , Yamada Harumoto , Uezumi Akiyoshi , Tsuchida Kunihiro 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHeterotopic ossification (HO) is a pathological condition in which ectopic bone forms within soft tissues such as skeletal muscle. Human platelet‐derived growth factor receptor α positive (PDGFRα+) cells, which were proved to be the original cells of HO were incubated in osteogenic differentiation medium with Food and Drug Administration‐approved compounds. Alkaline phosphatase activity was measured as a screening to inhibit osteogenic differentiation. For the compounds which inhibited osteogenic differentiation of PDGFRα+ cells, we examined dose dependency of its effect using alizarin red S staining and its cell toxicity using WST‐8. In addition, regulation of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)‐Smad signaling which is the major signal of osteogenic differentiation was investigated by Western blotting to elucidate the mechanism of osteogenesis inhibitory effect by the compound. In vivo experiment, complete transverse incision of Achilles tendons in mice was made and mice were fed the compound by mixing with drinking water after operation. Ten weeks after operation, we assessed and quantified HO by micro‐computed tomography scan. Intriguingly, we discovered desloratadine inhibited osteogenic differentiation of PDGFRα+ cells using the drug repositioning method. Desloratadine inhibited osteogenic differentiation of the cells dose dependently without cell toxicity. Desloratadine suppressed phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 induced by BMP2 in PDGFRα+ cells. In Achilles tenotomy mice model, desloratadine treatment significantly inhibited ectopic bone formation compared with control. In conclusion, we discovered desloratadine inhibited osteogenic differentiation using human PDGFRα+ cells and proved its efficacy using Achilles tenotomy ectopic bone formation model in vivo. Our study paved the way to inhibit HO in early clinical use because of its guaranteed safety.
Trends in sensitive detection and rapid removal of sulfonamides: A review
Authors: Xie Xintong , Huang Shuyao , Zheng Juan , Ouyang Gangfeng 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSulfonamides in environmental water, food, and feed are a major concern for both aquatic ecosystems and public health, because they may lead to the health risk of drug resistance. Thus, numerous sensitive detection and rapid removal methodologies have been established. This review summarizes the sample preparation techniques and instrumental methods used for sensitive detection of sulfonamides. Additionally, adsorption and photocatalysis for the rapid removal of sulfonamides are also discussed. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on future sulfonamide analyses that have good performance, and on the basic methods for the rapid removal of sulfonamides.
Changes in the community structure of the symbiotic microbes of wild amphibians from the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Xu Liang Liang , Chen Hua , Zhang Mengjie , Zhu Wei , Chang Qing , Lu Guoqing , Chen Youhua , Jiang Jianping , Zhu Lifeng 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEnvironment has a potential effect on the animal symbiotic microbiome. Here, to study the potential relationship of the symbiotic microbiomes of wild amphibians with altitude, we collected the gut and skin samples from frogs (nine species) and the environmental samples (water and soil samples) from the Leshan Mountains (altitude: 360–410 m) and Gongga Mountains (altitude: 3340–3989 m) on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. Bufo gargarizans (Bg) samples were collected from both the Leshan and Gongga mountain regions (Bg was the only species sampled on both mountains). The DNA extracted from each sample was performed high‐throughput sequencing (MiSeq) of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons. High relative abundance of Caulobacteraceae and Sphingomonadaceae was found in skin samples from both Bg and the other high‐altitude amphibians (nine species combined). High relative abundance of Coxiellaceae and Mycoplasmataceae was found in gut samples from both Bg and the other high‐altitude amphibians. Furthermore, the alpha and beta diversities of skin and gut samples from Bg and the other amphibian species (nine species combined) were similar. In terms of the symbiotic microbial community, the low‐altitude samples were less diverse and more similar to each other than the high‐altitude samples were. We speculated that extreme high‐altitude environments and host phylogeny may affect the amphibian microbiome. Despite the distinct microbial community differences between the skin and gut microbiomes, some functions were similar in the Bg and combined high‐altitude samples. The Bg and high‐altitude skin samples had higher oxidative stress tolerance and biofilm formation than the low‐altitude skin samples. However, the opposite results were observed for the Bg and high‐altitude gut samples. Further study is required to determine whether these characteristics favor high‐altitude amphibian adaptation to extreme environments.
The clinical trial landscape in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis—Past, present, and future
Authors: Wobst Heike J. , Mack Korrie L. , Brown Dean G. , Brandon Nicholas J. , Shorter James 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease marked by progressive loss of muscle function. It is the most common adult‐onset form of motor neuron disease, affecting about 16 000 people in the United States alone. The average survival is about 3 years. Only two interventional drugs, the antiglutamatergic small‐molecule riluzole and the more recent antioxidant edaravone, have been approved for the treatment of ALS to date. Therapeutic strategies under investigation in clinical trials cover a range of different modalities and targets, and more than 70 different drugs have been tested in the clinic to date. Here, we summarize and classify interventional therapeutic strategies based on their molecular targets and phenotypic effects. We also discuss possible reasons for the failure of clinical trials in ALS and highlight emerging preclinical strategies that could provide a breakthrough in the battle against this relentless disease.
An X‐band high‐efficiency GaN load modulated balanced amplifier MMIC
Authors: Wang Guangnian , Tao Hong‐Qi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAn X‐band high‐efficiency GaN load modulated balanced amplifier monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) composed of 90° Lange Couplers at radio frequency (RF) input and output, a pair of balanced power amplifier (BPA) and a control signal (CS) PA is presented in this article. The impedance of the BPA is modulated by varying the amplitude and phase of the injected CS at same frequency. The prototype has a peak continuous wave output power of 42.5 dBm, with efficiency of 45% to 55% at peak power and 40% to 45% at 6 dB output back‐off over 8 to 11 GHz. The average efficiency for the 37.2 dBm output power is 40%, with adjacent channel leakage ratio of −32 dBc without digital predistortion at 10 GHz center frequency.
Performance evaluation of Er3+/Yb3+ codoped fiber amplifier
Authors: Mukhtar Sani , Aliyu Kabiru N. , Qureshi Khurram K. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this work, we report the performance evaluation of Erbium/Ytterbium (Er3+/Yb3+) codoped fiber amplifier based on theoretical simulations. The proposed design achieved a broadband small signal gain of around 43.5 dB while incorporating a short length of 10 m codoped fiber at an optimized pump power of 100 mW. A minimum noise figure of 4.9 dB was observed at 1560 nm.
Effect of Beaver on Brook Trout Habitat in North Shore, Lake Superior, Streams
Authors: Renik Kathryn M. , Hafs Andrew W. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis is a native salmonid that provides a valued and productive sport fishery in northeastern Minnesota. Revival of North American beaver Castor canadensis (hereafter, “beaver”) populations since their near extermination and concern over their impacts on Brook Trout habitat prompted a reexamination of the complex ecological relationship where the two taxa interact. Suitable Brook Trout habitat is characterized by cold, spring-fed water with silt-free rocky substrate and abundant cover, all of which beaver may directly or indirectly affect. Data collection occurred on 79 stream sections (200 m each) and 21 beaver ponds spanning the North Shore of Lake Superior during the summer in 2017 and 2018. Habitat suitability index (HSI) models determined the average HSI and quantity of suitable Brook Trout habitat (m2/100 m2) at stream and beaver pond sites, and a bioenergetics model calculated Brook Trout growth availability (m2/100 m2) and mean growth (g/d) at stream sites. Classification regression trees identified significant thresholds at which beaver activity (e.g., number of dams upstream of sampled sites and beaver pond age) influenced the quantity or quality of Brook Trout habitat and growth. No significant variables were identified as affecting Brook Trout habitat or growth rates in stream sites. Alternatively, the quantity and quality of Brook Trout habitat in this region appeared to be influenced by microhabitat variables (depth, velocity, and temperature) that are eminent at individual stream sites. Brook Trout growth was strongly influenced by velocity (m/s) and mean prey concentration (mg dry mass/m3). Results indicated that 12 of the 21 sampled beaver ponds contained suitable Brook Trout habitat, with dissolved oxygen (mg/L) identified as a threshold. This study recommends focusing on individual stream characteristics and beaver pond dissolved oxygen concentrations to achieve desired Brook Trout habitat and aid in the development of management strategies pertaining to these two taxa in Lake Superior's North Shore streams.
Research on scheduling method based on traffic matrix for IoT security
Authors: Cao Shaohua , Zhu Dongjie , Li Guofu , Zhang Yanwu , Fan Xiani , Geng Shanshan , Du Haiwen , Cao Ning 
Published: February 2020

SummaryWith the increasing number of sensors in the Internet of Things (IoT), network nodes are prone to load imbalance, which seriously affects the reliability and scalability of the IoT. In this paper, a method of load balancing is proposed to reduce the pressure of switches in IoT and improve the efficiency of switch. The method is based on software defined network (SDN) technology using dynamic traffic scheduling of server cluster (DTSSC) model. It obtains the traffic and load matrices for each server and achieves load balancing on each of them. This method has high efficiency and low overhead and is easy to deploy. The validity of this method is verified through experiments; ie, the load ratio of each server is balanced.
An optimized fuzzy continuous sliding mode controller combined with an adaptive proportional‐integral‐derivative control for uncertain systems
Authors: Elawady Wael M. , Lebda Samar M. , Sarhan Amany M. 
Published: February 2020

SummaryThis article discusses the design of a hybrid fuzzy variable structure control algorithm combined with genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique to improve the adaptive proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) continuous second‐order sliding mode control approach (APID2SMC), recently published in our previous article in the literature. In this article, first, as an improved extension to APID2SMC published recently in the literature, an adaptive proportional‐integral‐derivative fuzzy sliding mode scheme (APIDFSMC) is presented in which a fuzzy logic controller is added. Second, a GA‐based adaptive PID fuzzy sliding mode control approach (APIDFSMC‐GA) is introduced to obtain the optimal control parameters of the fuzzy controller in APIDFSMC. The proposed control algorithms are derived based on Lyapunov stability criterion. Simulations results show that the proposed approaches provide robustness for trajectory tracking performance under the occurrence of uncertainties. These simulation results, compared with the results of conventional sliding mode controller, APID2SMC, and standalone classical PID controller, indicate that the proposed control methods yield superior and favorable tracking control performance over the other conventional controllers.
Characteristics of finasteride users in comparison with nonusers: A Nordic nationwide study based on individual‐level data from Denmark, Finland, and Sweden
Authors: Kjærulff Thora Majlund , Ersbøll Annette Kjær , Pukkala Eero , Bolin Kristian , Green Anders , Emneus Martha , Brasso Klaus , Iversen Peter , Thygesen Lau Caspar 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPurposePublished epidemiological studies on the association between finasteride use and the risk of male breast cancer have been inconclusive due to methodological limitations including a few male breast cancer cases included. Determinants of male breast cancer have been studied, but it remains unexplored whether these are also related to finasteride use and thereby constitute potential confounders. This study aimed to assess whether there are differences between finasteride users and nonusers with regard to numerous potential confounders.MethodsIn total, 246 508 finasteride users (≥35 years) were identified in the prescription registries of Denmark (1995‐2014), Finland (1997‐2013), and Sweden (2005‐2014). An equal number of nonusers were sampled. The directed acyclic graph (DAG) methodology was used to identify potential confounders for the association between finasteride and male breast cancer. A logistic regression model compared finasteride users and nonusers with regard to potential confounders that were measurable in registries and population surveys.ResultsFinasteride users had higher odds of testicular abnormalities (odds ratio [OR] 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36‐1.44), obesity (1.31; 1.23‐1.39), exogenous testosterone (1.61; 1.48‐1.74), radiation exposure (1.22; 1.18‐1.27), and diabetes (1.07; 1.04‐1.10) and lower odds of occupational exposure in perfume industry or in high temperature environments (0.93; 0.87‐0.99), living alone (0.89; 0.88‐0.91), living in urban/suburban areas (0.97; 0.95‐0.99), and physical inactivity (0.70; 0.50‐0.99) compared to nonusers.ConclusionsSystematic differences between finasteride users and nonusers were found emphasizing the importance of confounder adjustment of associations between finasteride and male breast cancer.