bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening Sarcoidosis Patients for Occult Disease
Authors: Judson Marc A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAs sarcoidosis may involve any organ, sarcoidosis patients should be evaluated for occult disease. Screening for some organ involvement may not be warranted if it is unlikely to cause symptoms, organ dysfunction, or affect clinical outcome. Even organ involvement that affects clinical outcome does not necessarily require screening if early detection fails to change the patient's quality of life or prognosis. On the other hand, early detection of some forms of sarcoidosis may improve outcomes and survival. This manuscript describes the approach to screening sarcoidosis patients for previously undetected disease. Screening for sarcoidosis should commence with a meticulous medical history and physical examination. Many sarcoidosis patients present with physical signs or symptoms of sarcoidosis that have not been recognized as manifestations of the disease. Detection of sarcoidosis in these instances depends on the clinician's familiarity with the varied clinical presentations of sarcoidosis. In addition, sarcoidosis patients may present with symptoms or signs that are not related to specific organ involvement that have been described as parasarcoidosis syndromes. It is conjectured that parasarcoidosis syndromes result from systemic release of inflammatory mediators from the sarcoidosis granuloma. Certain forms of sarcoidosis may cause permanent and serious problems that can be prevented if they are detected early in the course of their disease. These include (1) ocular involvement that may lead to permanent vision impairment; (2) vitamin D dysregulation that may lead to hypercalcemia, nephrolithiasis, and permanent kidney injury; and (3) cardiac sarcoidosis that may lead to a cardiomyopathy, ventricular arrhythmias, heart block, and sudden death. Screening for these forms of organ involvement requires detailed screening approaches.
Overlap Syndromes in Sarcoidosis: Clinical Features and Outcomes
Authors: James W. Ennis 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease characterized by noncaseating granulomatous inflammation. While pulmonary sarcoidosis is most common, extrapulmonary involvement occurs in 50 to 74% of patients and can be the presenting abnormality in some patients. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis is based on a compatible clinical presentation in combination with granulomas on histology and exclusion of other causes. However, the absence of a diagnostic biomarker for sarcoidosis, in addition to the overlap of granulomatous inflammation and nonspecific clinical findings with other diseases, often results in a delayed diagnosis. Sarcoidosis overlap syndromes are typically described when sarcoidosis is diagnosed in the presence of another disease (concurrently or sequentially) with shared clinical and histologic features, or when sarcoidosis presents with clinical features typically observed in, but not diagnostic of, other diseases. Awareness of overlap syndromes is important for clinicians to avoid diagnostic errors and evaluate for concomitant diagnoses that may impact the management and outcome of sarcoidosis. This article is intended to provide an overview of these presentations and the most commonly associated diseases, with attention to their prevalence, clinical features, and reciprocal impacts on disease outcomes.
The Spectrum of Brain Stem Lesions in Children
Authors: Prajapati Hanuman Prasad , Kumar Raj 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study was to describe the clinicodemographic profiles, management, and outcomes of brain stem lesions in 53 pediatric patients with brain stem lesions. Most of the patients were male, 6 to 10 years of age (8.66 ± 4.69). Out of 53 patients, there were 77.36% brain stem gliomas, 11.32% tuberculomas, 5.66% abscesses, 3.77% cavernomas, and 1.89% schwannomas. With advancement in neuroimaging (e.g., tractography), intraoperative technology (e.g., ultrasound, neurophysiological monitoring, and magnetic resonance imaging), and safe and precise incision for particular lesions, majority of brain stem lesions had improved outcomes (67.92%) with significant reduction in morbidity and mortality (11.32%).
Rett-like Syndrome in a Pediatric Patient—A Challenging Diagnosis
Authors: Ferreira Sofia Simões , Mesquita Marta , Nunes Joana , Alonso Isabel , Leão Miguel , Santos Fátima , Real Marta Vila 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNeurodevelopmental disorders with features overlapping Rett's syndrome frequently remain unexplained in patients without disease-causing variants in MECP2. Variants in IQSEC2 frequently cause nonsyndromic X-linked intellectual disability (XLID), although de novo variants may cause a severe syndrome that resembles Rett and Angelman's syndrome. We report a 7-year-old girl presenting severe neurodevelopmental delay, stereotypic hand movements, hypotonia, autistic-like features, inappropriate laughing/screaming spells, and symmetrical hypomyelination. A whole exome sequencing detected a novel de novo heterozygous truncating variant within the IQSEC2 gene. Variants of IQSEC2 should be considered in patients with Rett–Angelman phenotype spectrum and autistic features when those causes were excluded.
Diagnostic Yield of Neuroimaging and Electroencephalography in Children with Recurrent Headaches
Authors: Ozturk-Hismi Burcu , Teber Serap , Ozkan Mehpare , Unal Ozlem , Deda Gulhis 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNeuroimaging and electroencephalography (EEG) are commonly used for pediatric recurrent headache evaluation, although not routinely recommended. In this study, data of 517 children with recurrent headaches were analyzed to evaluate the diagnostic yield of neuroimaging and EEG. Neuroimaging was performed in 55% (n = 283) of children, 61% with magnetic resonance imaging and 39% with computed tomography. Abnormal findings were reported in 17% (n = 48), and 5% (n = 13) were significant abnormalities altering headache management. Among children with significant imaging abnormalities, 85% had alarming signs on history, physical, or neurological examination. The diagnostic yield of imaging was 0.7% (n = 2), picking a cavernous hemangioma and a giant arachnoid cyst. EEG was performed in 69% (n = 356) of children, significant findings were reported in 8% (n = 29), with sharp waves/spikes in 4.1% (n = 15), and intermittent focal slow waves in 3.9% (n = 14). EEG was diagnostic for epilepsy in 1.6% (n = 6) of children with recurrent headaches. When there are no red flags on history or physical examination, diagnostic yield of neuroimaging is low for pediatric recurrent headaches. EEG can be helpful in selective cases, and when performed during and at headache-free periods.
Evaluating the Abrasivity of a Nanosized Eggshell–Titanium Dioxide on Tooth Enamel Using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Onwubu Stanley Chibuzor , Mdluli Phumlane Selby , Singh Shenuka , Nyembe Sanele , Thakur Rookmoney 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectives This study aimed to evaluate nanosized eggshell–titanium dioxide (EB@TiO2) abrasiveness in comparison with calcium carbonate and hydrated silica-containing toothpaste.Material and Methods Thirty-five bovine tooth enamels were prepared, and specimens randomly assigned to a sample group of five (n = 7), namely, Colgate regular, Colgate pro-relief, Sensodyne rapid relief, Sensodyne repair, and EB@TiO2. Half of the enamel surface was brushed with each respective sample group, while the other half was covered with a tap.Statistical Analysis The mean roughness value (Ra) of the brushed and covered halves were measured using an atomic force microscope (AFM). To assess the surface morphology and changes, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was performed. Using pair sample test and ANOVA, the Ra for the entire specimens were analyzed. A Bonferroni correction was used to identify the mean differences among the five groups (α=.05).Results  The findings from this analysis show that all the tested toothpaste abraded the enamel significantly (p < 0.05). The abrasive value contained in toothpaste comprising calcium carbonate was lower than the silica toothpaste hydrated.Conclusion Overall, Colgate regular had the lowest toothpaste abrasivity, followed by EB@TiO2, while Sensodyne rapid relief had the most enamel wear. The prominent feature of this study suggests that EB@TiO2 is suitable for oral use, as its abrasivity is comparable with calcium carbonate-containing toothpaste.
The Role of Rice Hull Liquid Smoke in the Traumatic Ulcer Healing
Authors: Arundina Ira , Diyatri Indeswati , Kusumaningsih Tuti , Surboyo Meircurius Dwi Condro , Monica Elita , Afanda Novitasari Mira 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective The aim of this study was to prove the role of rice hull liquid smoke (RH-LS) on lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) expression during traumatic ulcer healing.Materials and Methods The RH-LS was obtained from the pyrolysis process. Traumatic ulcers were made 10 mm along the labial fornix incisive inferior of Wistar rat using a round stainless-steel blade. In control group, traumatic ulcers were treated using sterile water, and meanwhile in experimental group were treated using RH-LS once a day for 3, 5, and 7 days. After treatment, animal was terminated and their labial fornix incisive inferior tissues were biopsy and stained using hematoxylin and eosin staining to determine lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts. The IL-6 and TGF-β expressions were analyzed used immunohistochemistry staining.Result The lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts were higher in the RH-LS group for 3-, 5-, and 7-day treatment (p < 0.05). The IL-6 expression was higher only in the 5-day treatment, and the TGF-β expression was higher in the 3- and 7-day treatment.Conclusion The RH-LS able to accelerated the traumatic ulcer healing by increasing the number of lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, IL-6, and TGF-β expression.
The Impact of Dedicated Cardiac Intensive Care Units on Outcomes in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Virtual Pediatric Systems Database Analysis
Authors: Bagdure Dayanand N. , Custer Jason W. , Foster Cortney B. , Blackwelder William C. , Mishcherkin Vladimir , Portenoy Allison , Bhutta Adnan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCare of children undergoing cardiac surgery occurs in dedicated cardiac intensive care units (CICU) or mixed intensive care units. In this article, we analyzed data from Virtual Pediatric Systems (VPS, LLC) database (2009–2014) for children < 18 years of age undergoing cardiac surgery, classified according to Society of Thoracic Surgery–European Association of Cardiothoracic Surgery (STS-EACTS) risk category. We had 25,052 (52%) patients in 53 mixed units (mortality rate, 2.99%), and 22,762 (48%) patients in 19 dedicated CICUs (mortality rate, 2.62%). There was a direct relationship between STS-EACTS risk category and death rate in both units. By multivariable logistic and linear regression, there was no difference in mortality between mixed unit and CICU death rates within STS-EACTS risk categories. We found no difference in outcomes for children undergoing cardiac surgery based on the unit type (dedicated CICU or mixed unit).
Alargamiento Oseo Con Clavo Intramedular Magnetico Experiencia Preliminar y Lecciones Aprendidas
Authors: Baar-Zimend Alejandro 
Published: August 2020

Resumen
Objetivos Mostrar resultados, complicaciones y lecciones aprendidas utilizando el clavo intramedular magnético (IML, Intramedullary Magnetic Lengthener) en un grupo de pacientes sometidos a alargamiento óseo.
Pacientes y Métodos Entre enero 2017 y diciembre 2019, 9 pacientes (15 segmentos), edad entre 15 y 39 años, fueron sometidos a alargamiento óseo con IML: 5 pacientes tuvieron alargamiento femoral bilateral por talla baja, 1 paciente se sometió a alargamiento de Piernas bilateral por Tibia vara y acortamiento mesomélico y 3 recibieron alargamientos femorales unilaterales por discrepancia de longitud de extremidades. Todos fueron operados por el mismo cirujano, con técnica standard. Se indicó kinesiterapia al menos 5 veces por semana durante la fase de distracción.
Resultados En todos se logró el objetivo de alargamiento planteado. No hubo complicaciones intra ni postoperatorias graves (TVP, TEP, Embolia grasa), ni fallas del sistema distractor. Un paciente desarrolló contracturas articulares de ambas rodillas por no adhesión a Kinesiterapia. Ninguno requirió aporte de injerto óseo, sin embargo en 2 pacientes de alargamiento de Fémur bilateral, se presentó deformidad en varo, que hizo necesario recambio a clavo convencional y un paciente desarrolló una parálisis transitoria del Nervio Peroneo común.
Conclusiones El advenimiento de los IML significó un gran avance en el campo de la osteogènesis por distracción, sin embargo, aún se trata de un procedimiento complejo, que debe ser planificado cuidadosamente para minimizar los riesgos y complicaciones. Una selección meticulosa del paciente y la evaluación física y psicológica previa, son fundamentales para el éxito del procedimiento. Los casos bilaterales requieren de un seguimiento cercano, por el riesgo de falla del implante.
The relationship between biosecurity surveillance and risk analysis.
Authors: MacLeod A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

National authorities that seek to protect plant and animal health and welfare follow international agreements and guidelines designed to inhibit the introduction and spread of pests and diseases harmful to animals and plants by conducting formal risk analyses. Analyses are generally initiated by: (i) new information about a pest or disease; (ii) discovery of a pathway for pest or disease introduction (e.g. through pre-border, border and post-border biosecurity surveillance); or (iii) review of a relevant pest or disease management policy. Quantitative and qualitative techniques are used in risk analyses whose conclusions can form the basis of sanitary and phytosanitary regulations and inform biosecurity surveillance strategies generating data that helps narrow uncertainties within risk analyses.
Surveillance for soilborne microbial biocontrol agents and plant pathogens.
Authors: Whittle P. , Sundh I. , Neate S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Soilborne microbes are well known in agriculture as biological control agents and plant pathogens. Methods for their detection or diagnosis have been studied extensively over decades in order to identify the organisms, elucidate their biology, detect their presence and estimate their prevalence in environments, manipulate and control their populations, and answer questions about risk. The high importance of microbial biocontrol agents and soilborne plant pathogens in agriculture and the environment has given rise to needs to undertake surveillance on them. The appropriate design of surveillance (the deployment of detection methods in practice in order to create surveillance information) is driven by the questions that need to be answered, which depend on the context. This chapter will discuss the reasons for surveillance for these two groups of soilborne microbes and the methods used for their detection, to see whether there are opportunities, or needs, to improve the design of soilborne microbe surveillance.
Inference and prediction with individual-based stochastic models of epidemics.
Authors: Gibson G. , Gilligan C. A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Stochastic models for the spread of epidemics in space and time are increasingly being used as predictive tools to help in the control of emergent pests and pathogens and as tools for the interpretation of observations of epidemics as they occur. This chapter provides an introduction to a particular class of stochastic model - the individual-based, spatio-temporal compartment model - that is frequently applied in this context. An overview of the techniques used to implement these models and to fit them to observations is provided. The main implications of different model formulations for biosecurity and the design of control strategies are given. The chapter aims to provide the reader, who already has some knowledge of mathematical and statistical approaches to modelling infectious diseases, with a technical overview of the Bayesian computational approach.
Statistical emulators of simulation models to inform surveillance and response to new biological invasions.
Authors: Renton M. , Savage D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

When a new biosecurity incursion is detected, rapid response is critical to maximize the chance of containment and eradication and minimize the threat to important industries. However, inappropriate response can be extremely costly. For example, we might waste resources on trying to eradicate a pest that has already spread too far to be contained, or use a management strategy that has a lower chance of success than another possibility, and thus allow the pest to escape and establish permanently. Simulation modelling is a tool that can be used to evaluate different management options in the light of available knowledge about the pest's dispersal and population dynamics and its new environment, but simulation models typically take a long time to develop, parameterize, test, run and analyse. How can modelling be used to provide valuable predictions when rapid response is critical? Emulators, or meta-models, are relatively simple and empirical models that capture the important characteristics of more complex and realistic process-based simulation models, and thus 'emulate' their predictions. However, the meta-model is much simpler than the simulation model, making it much quicker to run and analyse. It can also be used to make predictions for a wide range of organisms, environments and management options, and to evaluate which characteristics of these organisms and environments are most important to the final outcome, thus focusing expensive and time-consuming collection of new data where it is most needed.
Animal, vegetable, or ...? A case study in using animal-health monitoring design tools to solve a plant-health surveillance problem.
Authors: Hester S. , Sergeant E. , Robinson A. P. , Schult G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Biosecurity managers are often responsible for designing the surveys that are used to demonstrate pest absence from a region or country. This design process involves determining the number of locations to measure and choosing the locations from which survey information is collected (the sampling plan) as well as the number of units within each location that will be sampled (sample size). The choice of sampling plan may be influenced by prior information about the locations and by their spatial distribution. Sample size is influenced by the effectiveness of the testing method, the confidence interval required and the available budget. Biosecurity managers who do not have the time or skills to design appropriate surveys would benefit from applying pre-existing tools or templates to determine the sampling plan, the sample size and the level of resources needed to meet the survey requirements to ensure market access. Unfortunately such tools have not been developed specifically for plant-health applications, despite their development and widespread use in animal health surveillance. We show how EpiTools, a set of web-based tools developed to support survey designs for estimating disease prevalence or demonstrating free dom from diseases in animal herds, is equally applicable in the plant-health context. In this chapter we demonstrate the use of several of the statistical functions provided in EpiTools by designing a citrus canker surveillance strategy for the Northern Territory.
Agent-based Bayesian spread model applied to red imported fire ants in Brisbane.
Authors: Keith J. M. , Spring D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Red imported fire ants were first detected in Brisbane in February 2001. Since then, the National Red Imported Fire Ant Eradication Program has been collecting data on the locations of detected nests and keeping a record of the areas searched and treated with baits. The result is an exceptionally large and detailed record of both the spread of the ant and the effects of human intervention on the invasion. In recent work, these data have been used to reconstruct the history of the invasion in terms of the trajectories of nest abundance and geographic range. A novel feature of the method is that it explicitly models individual nests and can thus reconstruct the invasion to a high level of spatial and temporal detail. Some important lessons have been learned from this reconstruction. One is that an invasion can continue to expand its geographic range despite a drop in the number of invaders. Another is that immature nests - those not yet able to found new nests and generally too small to be detected - outnumbered mature nests at every stage of the invasion. Both of these lessons highlight the importance of sophisticated models to assist in monitoring an invasion and managing an eradication programme.
Anthropometric and physical performance profiling does not predict professional contracts awarded in an elite Scottish soccer academy over a 10‐year period
Authors: Craig Thomas P. , Swinton Paul 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this long‐term retrospective analysis was to determine whether anthropometric and physical performance data could predict success in elite youth Scottish soccer players. Stature, body mass, sprint, jump and aerobic performance were collected from 512 players (U10 to U17) across a 10‐year period. Players participated in an average of four profiling sessions (range: 1–14) and up to a maximum of three per year (August, December, and May) with standardisation applied to the surface, test order, time and protocols. One hundred players were awarded professional contracts. Associations between variables were quantified with mixed‐effects linear models. Prediction was assessed with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression developed on a training set (2/3 data) and tested with proportion of error on a leave‐out (1/3 data) test set. Confidence intervals were obtained through bootstrap LASSO samples. A strong relative age bias was identified with 50% of successful players born in the first quarter of the year. Successful players were on average taller and performed better in sprint and jump tests (p < 0.05). However, effects were small and even when variables were combined, proportion of errors identified were similar to random guessing (0.45[95%CI:0.41–0.49]). The results indicate that whilst successful players as youths demonstrate on average distinct anthropometric and physical profiles, these differences are unlikely to provide a reliable source to predict success within an already talented group. Practitioners should use data collected to guide exercise prescription but be aware of its substantive limitations in predicting success in isolation.