bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Control Valve Technology Requiring Engineering Solutions to Reduce Erosion Corrosion and Flow Accelerated Corrosion
Authors: LeBoeuf Catherine , Laurito Mark 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Due to the new control valve technology presented in this paper, inlet and outlet reducers must be used to replace globe valves up to five times its size in existing systems. In many water, steam or any high velocity fluid application, there are wear mechanisms, such as Erosion Corrosion (EC) and Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC), that cause wall-thinning and pitting in process equipment. This deterioration of the reducer wall can be extremely dangerous and, ultimately, can cause reducers to fail.
In an attempt to lessen the risk of these failure modes, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Clarke Valve™ has engineered new asymmetric reducers that are cast into the body of the valve. These newly designed reducers with a coned-shaped inlet and a bell-shaped outlet will decrease failures in the field by reducing high velocity areas along the pipe wall, preventing unplanned downtime and unsafe system failures.
A digital twin of both the off-the-shelf (OTS) reducers and the newly designed asymmetric reducers were created and, in support of the design process, CFD simulations were used to not only observe the deficiencies in the existing “off-the-shelf” (OTS) reducers, but also optimize the newly integrated asymmetric reducers.
Numerical Investigation on Thermal and Fluid Dynamic Behaviors of a Thermoelectric Generator in an Exhaust Automotive Line With Aluminium Foam
Authors: Buonomo Bernardo , di Pasqua Anna , Ercole Davide , Manca Oronzio , Nardini Sergio 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In the present work a two-dimensional steady state convective heat transfer problem in a channel aluminum foam partially filled with an external thermos-electrical generator (TEG) component is numerically solved. The channel is characterized by a length equal to 272 mm and by a height of 60mm; instead, the TEG has a length equal to 65 mm and a thickness of 8.5 mm. The metal foam is modelled assuming the local thermal equilibrium (LTE) hypothesis. The TEG is analyzed as a solid with an internal energy generation. Thermophysical properties of the exhaust gas are assumed equal to the ones of the air. The governing equations are considered with temperature independent thermophysical properties. The governing equations for gas, porous media and TEG are solved by finite volume method using the Ansys-Fluent code. The foam is characterized by a porosity of 0.92 and number of pores per inch equal to 5, 20, 40. Results are carried out for several mass flow rates of gas and different thicknesses of metal foam. Results are given in terms of temperature distributions, pressure drop, thermoelectric efficiency and power density for TEG for different exhaust gas flow rates and aluminum foam thicknesses.
Definition of Basic Functional Geometries: A Survey to Support Automatic Metrology
Authors: Vale André Pinto , Silva João , Costa Carlos A. P. , Machado Michael 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The greed of consumers always increasing in terms of performance, quality and price of future products, has contributed a lot in recent decades to the development of integrated manufacturing systems and the production of large series. At the same time, measuring processes and systems have become increasingly flexible and capable of automatically verifying the conformity of the products at the inspection stage. The article intends to approach the fundamental concepts and techniques used in the evaluation of the basic functional geometries: plane and cylinder. The paper will present an overview of the main inspection methods and the mathematical foundations used to contribute to the automatic measurement of a fundamental geometry (cylindric).
Combustion of Biomass Based Pellets With Pyrolysis Bio-Oils
Authors: Couto Diogo Manuel , Gonçalves Maria Margarida , Carvalho Joana , Ferreira Manuel Eduardo , Araújo Jorge , Teixeira José Carlos , Vilarinho Cândida 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Due to increased energy demands and environmental concerns, biomass has become an increasingly attractive primary source in the energy mix. It can be used as heat supply to both domestic and industrial sectors, but also as fuel in dedicated or co-generation-based power plants and it is also considered CO2 neutral.
Amongst the most widely used formats, wood pellets are very attractive because of their standardized properties which makes them efficient over a wide range of applications. In Portugal alone, over 1 million tons a year are produced. However, due to their attractiveness, the pressure on traditional raw materials for their fabrication (saw dust) has driven the cost upwards and induced bottlenecks upstream in the supply chain. One way to expand the range of raw materials is to combine a biomass based matrix with alien materials into the same pellet format. In this way one can also find alternative uses for other materials which, some of them wastes, are often dumped into landfills. Such an approach has been pursued into combining industrial wastes with biomass in pellets.
This project concerns the evaluation of the combustion behavior of saw dust based pellets fortified with pyrolysis bio-oils produced from waste vegetable oils. The bio-oil is an organic liquid obtained by pyrolysis of used vegetable sunflower oil, at 420 °C and 10 min. The pellets were manufactured with pine saw dust with bio-oil incorporation up to 5% in mass. The resulting pellets were fully characterized for their properties, including the heating value, which increased when compared with standard saw dust pellets. These pellets were afterward tested in a fully instrumented 20 kW fixed grate combustion facility. The flue gases were analyzed and the resulting ashes were tested for their chemical composition in order to assess their ability to melt during combustion. The results show that this route can be beneficial in terms of exhaust emissions, including promoting the reduction of NOx during combustion. However, the physical characteristics of the pellets have some restrictions, since they do not meet minimum requirements for its certification ENplus level of density, mechanical durability and fines content.
Effect of Annealing on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg-9Al% Alloy Plates Processed With Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Rolling
Authors: Xu Zhigang , Zhang Honglin , Yarmolenko Sergey , Wei Qiuming , Kecskes Laszlo , Sankar Jagannathan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this study, the Mg-9Al% plates with a total of approximately 50% thickness reduction corresponding to 0.76mm per pass, were obtained by symmetrical and asymmetrical rolling. The effect of different annealing temperature and corresponding holding time on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. Key results showed that in the as-rolled state, the plates processed by asymmetrical rolling had smaller grain size and higher hardness value and ultimate tensile strength than symmetrical rolling. After annealing treatment, the hardness value of the both plates decreased due to the internal stress released. A good combination of strength and ductility were achieved for symmetrical and asymmetrical processed plates at 350°C for 1 hour and 325°C for 1 hour, respectively, which can be attributed to the static recrystallization and weakening the basal texture. These results show that the appropriate annealing is an effective way to enhance the mechanical formability of plastic deformed Mg plates.
Study of Low-Frequency Narrow Bandwidth Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor for Liquid Applications
Authors: Lee Kun-Lin , Voiculescu Ioana 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices have been applied as telecommunication filter for decades. Due to its simple interdigitated transducer (IDT) layout and geometry-dependent frequency, the SAW filter operates at the designed frequency and its working bandwidth could be designed to fulfill specific applications. Researchers also use SAW devices for sensing the mass or pressure in air. Furthermore, SAW device can be employed in liquid environments. The main focus of this paper is to present a Love mode device for liquid sensing. The Love mode device included a shear-horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) delay-line configuration with a photoresist waveguide, which was deposited on split-electrode IDT and reflectors. The substrate was ST-cut quartz, and the SH-SAW propagated between the waveguide and the piezoelectric substrate. Using the Love mode device, we monitored the frequency shift corresponding to a water drop. We demonstrate that the insertion loss level is not critical for S-parameter transmission signal readout. The signal quality within the resonant narrowband is very important for water sensing. In this study, two types of SH-SAW devices were fabricated and tested; SH-SAW resonator and SH-SAW delay-line. We also demonstrate single and split electrodes electrode configurations to generate acoustic waves. Four different waveguide thickness values were tested to prove the benefit of thick polymer waveguide. This research also offers a standard method to fabricate SAW on ST-quartz for liquid application. In the future, we plan to integrate the Love mode device with a cell-culturing chamber to obtain a biosensor.
Design and Start-Up of a Plant for Dairy Processed Sweets
Authors: Maradey Lázaro Jessica Gissella , Garrido Gianina , Cáceres Kevin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The industry of processed dairy and fruit sweets is listed in the agroindustry as one of the most representative at the economic level preceding poultry and oil palm production. In addition, the requirements of safety and product quality that are indispensable, it also requires committed and specialized labor generating a social impact in terms of employability and competitiveness of the companies that make up the production chain.
The production process is carried out in an artisanal way, therefore, one of the problems faced by this industry is the absence of technology and / or automation that allows them to improve process times and, consequently, productivity. However, this can be solved with the incorporation of systems that optimize the acquisition and control of the process variables of cooking and dosing of the sweet, reducing the costs due to waste and poor handling of its ingredients, as well as reaching higher production levels with quality and products that meet the standards imposed by globalized markets.
This article shows the development, implementation and start-up of a pilot plant for the cooking and dosing of the sweet, taking into account that the capacity of the hopper is 70 liters.
The results show a considerable improvement in the quality and process standards, as well as establishing criteria to optimize other variables that appear in the development.
Flow Modelling of Propulsion Nozzles for Nano-Satellites
Authors: Páscoa Marques José , Ribeiro Gustavo , Brójo Francisco 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The development of compact propulsion systems for nano and micro satellites is nowadays a growing research topic. Actually, the availability of low cost materials able to withstand space operation is now becoming widespread technology. This democratization on the access to space was not followed with a corresponding availability of critical propulsion technologies. However, the availability of propulsion systems for this class of satellites will provide them with new possibilities in what relates to mission profiles. In the present work an electrospray will be analysed, in particular the flow in the nozzle. This flow is controlled by a mix of pressure and electrostatic field. A full EHD (electrohydrodynamics) computational model is developed that is integrated in a classic CFD code using user specified functions. The proposed computational model was able to compute the flowfield for the electrospray test case under consideration. A benchmark against experimental results, by comparing spray thruster droplet size, concluded that the numerical model can predict their size within an error of 5%.
EMG Controlled Soft Robotic Bicep Augmentation
Authors: Zhang Jiayue , Vanderbilt Daniel , Fitz Ethan , Dong Janet 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Repeated lifting tasks are often required of industrial workers. Such repetitive loading of workers’ arms throughout the workday can lead to injury and fatigue. This paper details the development and prototyping of a wearable soft robotic device to augment a worker’s arms by sensing and mimicking the contractions of their arm muscles. The device shares lifting loads with the user’s muscles to increase their lifting capacity, thereby preventing injury and reducing fatigue. The human arm contains many muscles that coordinate to produce movement. However, as a simplified proof of concept, this project developed a prototype to augment just the biceps brachii muscle since it is the primary pulling muscle used in lifting movements. Key components of the prototype include a soft robotic actuator analogous to the biceps, a control system for the actuator, and a method of attaching the actuator to the user’s arm. The McKibben-inspired pneumatic muscle was chosen as the soft actuator of the prototype. The Electromyography (EMG) and pressure sensors are used to inform a hybrid control algorithm combining PID and model-based control methods. The method and results of the design and preliminary feasibility testing of the pneumatic muscle, the controlling algorithm, and the overall prototype are discussed in this paper. Based on these results, a wearable EMG controlled soft robotic arm augmentation could feasibly increase the endurance of industrial workers performing repetitive lifting tasks.
Fatigue Modeling of Friction-Stir-Welded (FSW) Butt-Joints for Aerospace Applications
Authors: Wahab Muhammad A. , Raghuram Vinay 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Among the recent research Friction-Stir-Welding (FSW) has been adopted worldwide as one of the dominant processes for welding lightweight aerospace Aluminum alloys. Al-2195 which is one of the new generation Aluminum alloys has been used in the external tank of the space shuttles. Aerospace fabricators are continuously pursuing FSW-technologies in its efforts to advance fabrication of the external tanks of the space shuttles. The future launch vehicles with reusable mandates require the structures to have excellent fatigue properties and improved fatigue lives. The butt-welded specimens of Al-2195 and Al-2219 are fatigue tested according to ASTM-E647. The effects of stress ratios, use of corrosion preventive compound (CPC), and the applications of periodic overloading on fatigue lives are investigated in this study. Scanning-electron-microscopy (SEM) is used to examine the criticality of the failure surfaces and the different modes of crack propagation that could have been initiated into the materials. It is found that fatigue life increases with the increase in stress ratio, and results show an increase in fatigue life ranging over 30% with the use of CPC, and the fatigue life increases even further with periodic overloading; whereas crack-closure phenomenon predominates the fatigue fracture. Fracture mechanics analysis and crack similitude was modified for fatigue cracks by Paris. Numerical studies using FEA has produced a model for fatigue life prediction scheme for these structures, where a novel strategy of the interface element technique with critical bonding strength criterion for formation of new fracture surfaces has been used to model fatigue crack propagation lives. The linear elastic fracture mechanics stress intensity factor is calculated using FEA and the fatigue life predictions made using this method are within 10–20% of the experimental fatigue life data obtained. This method overcomes the limitation of the traditional node-release scheme and closely matches the physics of the crack propagation.
Three-Dimensional Velocity Field Measurements in Rugged Terrain Using Magnetic Resonance Velocimetry
Authors: Chung Daniel 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging techniques were used to collect three-dimensional velocity data measurements of scaled models of a canyon in New Mexico to compare to simulations where a gas was released inside the canyon. The first canyon model covers an area of 1850m × 1030m with a scale of 1:5250 while the second model covers an area of 290m × 160m with a scale of 1:825. A fully turbulent flow with a Reynolds number of 36,000 using the channel hydraulic diameter passes through the canyon geometry for both models. With Magnetic Resonance Velocimetry (MRV), more than 13 million data points were measured to represent flow velocity. The MRV experiment with the 1:5250 scale model helped to identify key terrain features to be included in the next set of measurements of a higher resolution model. MRV not only served as a method of analysis but also as a method for design. The analysis of the data resulted in a new design of a 1:825 scale, which had a higher resolution of the terrain surrounding the gas release point. The preliminary scans from the 1:825 scale model showed a much more dynamic flow around the release point than observed in the 1:5250 scale model. Counter-rotating vortices and circulation can be observed in the 1:825 scale model. This data set will be used to compare to Sandia National Laboratories’ simulations of turbulent flows in a complex terrain.
Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Milling of Aerospace Materials
Authors: Tapoglou Nikolaos , Taylor Chris 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The machinability of aerospace grade alloys is a major concern in the production of components and is the focus of industrial and academic research projects. Assisted processes have emerged as a potential alternative for machining aerospace materials, increasing the material removal rate while not compromising the quality of the component. One of the assisted processes which have shown potential are ultrasonic (vibration assisted) processes. In these methods the tool is vibrated at a high frequency using an actuator, usually parallel to the depth of cut direction. In general this method is thought to be more effective when applied to hard materials. This research focuses on the machining of an aerospace material on a milling configuration using traditional and ultrasonic machining techniques. The results present the potential benefits of using ultrasonic machining techniques in machining difficult to machine alloys.
Performance of Prophylactic Knee Brace
Authors: Saboori Parisa , Corado Margarita 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Female athletes are more likely to incur a knee injury compared to men when competing in the same sport. The increased risk is due to anatomical, biomechanical and hormonal differences between males and females. Women anatomically, have wider hips and this creates a greater quadriceps angle, which is the angle measured between the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), and a line that passes through the tibia trubercle and the middle of the patella (kneecap). Consequently, when landing after a jump, or making sudden movement, women tend to turn their feet inwards to compensate for a greater bending moment and this can result in knee injuries.
This work involved using a prophylactic brace to retrain the muscle memory of the leg and thereby promote correct landing technique. The brace geometry was based on data collected from 20 previous women athletes and was 3D printed using ABS to allow some basic customization. However, even though the results were somewhat promising, they were statistically inconclusive due to unforeseen braced design issues. Consequently, a new brace will be redesigned using the feedback from the participants and a new study will be undertaken.
Numerical Study of Particle Transport and Deposition in a Horizontal Channel Using a Lagrangian-Based Modelling Approach
Authors: Choi Byung-Hee , Orea Daniel , Nguyen Thien , Anand N. K. , Hassan Yassin , Sabharwall Piyush 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Texas A&M University is participating in the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Nuclear Energy’s Versatile Test Reactor (VTR) program to develop instrumentation and tools for a proposed fast spectrum test reactor. Our research project aims to develop and implement techniques to quantify the transport and deposition of fission products in the primary system of Gas Fast Reactors (GFRs) and ultimately in the reactor confinement. Developed techniques will be performed and tested in the NGNP Reactor Building experimental facility, which was previously 1/28 downscaled from General Atomics 350 MWth and built to study the reactor building responses to depressurization accidents. Prior to applying the techniques to the scaled facility, it is essential to verify and validate the performance of developing techniques using numerical simulations and quantify their associated uncertainties.
This manuscript presents our numerical study of particle transport and deposition in an experimental channel. The channel has three test sections, each has 3-inch square cross-section, 24 inches in length for a combined total length of 72 inches. The experimental facility is built using transparent materials, allowing the applications of non-intrusive, laser-based measurement techniques, such as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV). Details of the experimental setup, measurement techniques, and results of flow field characteristics and particle transports in the channel will be presented in an accompanied manuscript.
The simulation domain is built upon the geometrical dimensions of the experimental facility, while upstream flow characteristics of the square channel obtained by PIV measurements are used as boundary conditions. State-of-the-art Lagrangian approach with random walk model is employed to investigate behaviors of surrogate particles within the square channel, coupled with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. While the main stream in the channel is solved by Eulerian turbulent model, motion of particles is tracked in Lagrangian framework. It is assumed that well-mixed air-particle mixture at a constant temperature is injected into the horizontal channel. Drag force, gravity force and turbophoresis force are adapted on this simulation and their competition are investigated.
Comparisons and validations of simulations and measurements on the flow fields downstream of the channel and characteristics of particle transports and depositions within the square channel will be systematically investigated. Experimental and numerical uncertainties will be quantified using the accepted standard approaches.