bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spinal or general anaesthesia for surgical repair of hip fracture and subsequent risk of mortality and morbidity: a database analysis using propensity score‐matching
Authors: Morgan L. , McKeever T. M. , Nightingale J. , Deakin D. E. , Moppett I. K. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryAround 76,000 people fracture their hip annually in the UK at a considerable personal, social and financial cost. Despite longstanding debate, the optimal mode of anaesthesia (general or spinal) remains unclear. Our aim was to assess whether there is a significant difference in mortality and morbidity between patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia compared with general anaesthesia during hip fracture surgery. A secondary analysis examined whether a difference exists in mortality for patients with pre‐existing cardiovascular disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This was a clinical database analysis of patients treated for hip fracture in Nottingham, UK between 2004 and 2015. Propensity score‐matching was used to generate matched pairs of patients, one of whom underwent each mode of anaesthesia. Data were analysed using conditional logistic regression, with 7164 patients successfully matched. There was no difference in 30‐ or 90‐day mortality in patients who had spinal rather than general anaesthesia (OR [95%CI] 0.97 [0.8–1.15]; p = 0.764 and 0.93 [0.82–1.05]; p = 0.247 respectively). Patients who had a spinal anaesthetic had a lower‐risk of blood transfusion (OR [95%CI] 0.84 [0.75–0.94]; p = 0.003) and urinary tract infection (OR [95%CI] 0.72 [0.61–0.84]; p < 0.001), but were more likely to develop a chest infection (OR [95%CI] 1.23 [1.07–1.42]; p = 0.004), deep vein thrombosis (OR [95%CI] 2.18 [1.07–4.45]; p = 0.032) or pulmonary embolism (OR [95%CI] 2.23 [1.16–4.29]; p = 0.016). The mode of anaesthesia for hip fracture surgery resulted in no significant difference in mortality, but there was a significant difference in several measures of postoperative morbidity.
In pursuit of enhanced recovery after total joint replacement: a narrative review of drivers of length of stay
Authors: Rele Siddharth , Dowsey Michelle M. , Choong Peter F. M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA continual increase in the prevalence of osteoarthritis drives growing demand for total joint arthroplasty. So far, a decrease in length of stay has been the target for health professionals globally. However, a consensus pathway of achieving this has not yet been reached. This article reviews recent advances in pre‐operative and perioperative factors impacting length of stay.
Management of pleomorphic dermal sarcoma
Authors: Lonie Sarah , Yau Benny , Henderson Michael , Gyorki David , Angel Christopher , Webb Angela 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundPleomorphic dermal sarcoma (PDS) is a rare, poorly defined skin neoplasm with features similar to atypical fibroxanthoma, but with adverse histopathological characteristics indicating metastatic potential such as tumour necrosis, invasion beyond superficial subcutis or vascular and/or perineural infiltration. Optimal treatment for PDS is uncertain and reported outcomes vary due to the rarity of this diagnosis and uncertainty over histopathological categorization. The aim of this study was to review the clinical and histopathological features of PDS in a single Australian centre.MethodsA retrospective review of all patients managed at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre with PDS between 2003 and 2017 was performed by a search of electronic records and histories reviewed.ResultsA total of 27 patients were identified, mostly elderly males (85.2%, mean age 79.8 years). Lesions were seen most commonly on the head and neck region (96.3%), predominantly on the scalp (63%). Mean tumour radial surgical excision margin was 12.8 mm. Eighteen patients (66.7%) underwent radiotherapy; 13 adjuvant, three neoadjuvant and two with palliative intent. After median follow‐up of 46.4 months, two patients had recurrence (7.4%); both had inadequate deep margins at first excision. There were three all‐cause deaths in the cohort. There was one disease‐specific mortality with metastatic PDS disease at the time of initial presentation.ConclusionPDS is a rare cutaneous malignancy most commonly found in the head and neck region in elderly men, which is best managed with adequate surgical excision. The role of radiotherapy is undefined and an area for future investigation.
The Political Forest in the Era of Green Neoliberalism
Authors: Devine Jennifer A. , Baca Jenny A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNancy Peluso and Peter Vandergeest first used the term “political forest” to denaturalise forests, refiguring them as political‐ecological entities. Across three moments of colonialism, post‐colonial independence, and counter‐insurgency struggles, they analyse how states in Southeast Asia (re)made forests as a means of territorialising power. More recently, they identify a fourth, contemporary moment characterised by the entry of diverse non‐state actors into the making of forests, and a shift in the rationalities and technologies of forest management. We label this fourth moment “green neoliberalism” to identify an era of global environmental governance characterised by market‐based solutions to socio‐ecological problems, biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration priorities, and new moral and scientific claims to forests spanning a variety of sites and scales. The papers in this symposium transport the analytic of the political forest to Colombia, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Guatemala, Indonesia, Madagascar, Singapore, and Thailand to examine how green neoliberalism’s discourses and practices have created new sites and expressions of territorialisation, governance, knowledge production, and subject formation. In doing so, they illuminate the multiplicity of actors (re)making political forests at a moment when forests’ virtues as carbon sinks and biodiversity hotspots draw massive flows of capital and justify remaking socio‐ecological relations across the globe.
Refusing Reform, Reworking Pity, or Reinforcing Privilege? The Multivalent Politics of Young People’s Fun and Friendship within a Volunteering Encounter
Authors: Cheung Judge Ruth 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper analyses initiatives which took British young people from ethnic minority and disenfranchised backgrounds to volunteer in sub‐Saharan Africa. It asks whether decolonial possibilities can be seen in the politics of youthful fun and friendship amid a practice undeniably driven by interpenetrating neocolonial logics, where enrolment in helping “needy” others is seen as a means to “improve” working‐class and racially marked youth. The paper argues that volunteers’ investments in leisure constituted a politics of refusal towards how they were acted upon as objects of concern. More ambivalently, playful, friendly interactions between British and African youth disrupted relations of charitable pity and signalled desires for solidarity and equality, but cannot be claimed as fully decolonial. At times, fun also re‐entrenched neocolonial and other oppressive relations. Overall, the paper demonstrates that a close reading of the multivalent, affective politics of young people’s fun and friendship can reveal much about the reproduction or subversion of contemporary neocolonial logics that operate both within and beyond the borders of postcolonial Britain.
A comparative analysis of tioguanine versus low‐dose thiopurines combined with allopurinol in inflammatory bowel disease patients
Authors: Biemans Vince B. C. , Savelkoul Edo , Gabriëls Ruben Y. , Simsek Melek , Dijkstra Gerard , Pierik Marieke J. , West Rachel L. , de Boer Nanne K.H. , Hoentjen Frank 
Published: April 2020

SummaryBackgroundBoth tioguanine and low‐dose thiopurines combined with allopurinol (LDTA) can be considered for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) when conventional thiopurines fail due to adverse events.AimTo compare the safety of tioguanine and LDTA in IBD patients.MethodsInflammatory bowel disease patients who failed conventional thiopurines due to adverse events and initiated LDTA in standard care were identified in the prospective ICC Registry. IBD patients who failed conventional thiopurines due to adverse events and initiated tioguanine were enrolled in three university hospitals. Patients on concomitant biologicals were excluded. The primary outcome was discontinuation of therapy due to adverse events. Secondary outcomes included: safety outcomes and surgery‐, biological‐ and corticosteroid‐free clinical remission (physician global assessment = 0) after 104 weeks. Both multiple logistic regression and propensity score matching were used to correct for confounders.ResultsIn total, 182 IBD patients treated with tioguanine (n = 94) or LDTA (n = 88) were included with a median follow‐up of 104 weeks (IQR 91‐104). Of these, 19% (tioguanine: 20%, LDTA: 18%) of patients discontinued therapy due to adverse events. After adjusting for confounders, there were no differences in terms of discontinuation rate due to adverse events (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.15‐1.68, P = 0.26), adverse events (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.44‐1.81, P = 0.75), infections (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.40‐2.73, P = 0.93), hospitalisations (OR 2.00, 95% CI 0.64‐6.23, P = 0.23) or clinical remission (OR 0.74, 95%CI 0.33‐1.68, P = 0.48). All results are comparable with the propensity score matched cohort.ConclusionNineteen percent of IBD patients with prior failure to conventional thiopurines due to adverse events discontinued therapy with tioguanine or LDTA due to adverse events. Either therapy may be considered before escalating to biological therapy.
Making Research Usable Beyond Academic Circles: A Relational Model of Public Engagement
Authors: Schalet Amy T. , Tropp Linda R. , Troy Lisa M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThere is a growing recognition among researchers, university administrators, funding agencies, and the broader public that the knowledge produced in academia often remains divorced from impacts and use in real‐world contexts. Across a wide range of disciplines, scholars have commonly followed one of two models to take research beyond peer‐reviewed publications and contribute to the common good: the “Expert” model of public engagement and the “Community‐Engaged” model. We present a relational model of public engagement that builds on strengths of these two existing pathways, but constitutes a distinctive third one. The relational model urges relationship building and mutual learning, as well as partnership during dissemination, while maintaining independence of thought, decision‐making, and institutional affiliation during the processes of research design, data collection, and analysis. Researchers can maintain their intellectual and institutional independence while forging relationships of mutual learning with nonacademic audiences, who are not just recipients of knowledge but bring their own interpretations, motivations, and needs in relation to academic knowledge. We clarify the goals, challenges, audience roles, and relations between ethical values and research in the relational model. Researchers can tailor this model to the opportunities and constraints they face, given their specific disciplines, career phases, and individual strengths and proclivities.
A semiparametric Bayesian approach to population finding with time‐to‐event and toxicity data in a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Morita Satoshi , Müller Peter , Abe Hiroyasu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA utility‐based Bayesian population finding (BaPoFi) method was proposed by Morita and Müller to analyze data from a randomized clinical trial with the aim of identifying good predictive baseline covariates for optimizing the target population for a future study. The approach casts the population finding process as a formal decision problem together with a flexible probability model using a random forest to define a regression mean function. BaPoFi is constructed to handle a single continuous or binary outcome variable. In this paper, we develop BaPoFi‐TTE as an extension of the earlier approach for clinically important cases of time‐to‐event (TTE) data with censoring, and also accounting for a toxicity outcome. We model the association of TTE data with baseline covariates using a semiparametric failure time model with a Pólya tree prior for an unknown error term and a random forest for a flexible regression mean function. We define a utility function that addresses a trade‐off between efficacy and toxicity as one of the important clinical considerations for population finding. We examine the operating characteristics of the proposed method in extensive simulation studies. For illustration, we apply the proposed method to data from a randomized oncology clinical trial. Concerns in a preliminary analysis of the same data based on a parametric model motivated the proposed more general approach.
Cancer stem cells in Epstein‐Barr virus‐associated gastric carcinoma
Authors: Yasui Mariko , Kunita Akiko , Numakura Satoe , Uozaki Hiroshi , Ushiku Tetsuo , Fukayama Masashi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCancer stem cells (CSCs) play a decisive role in the development and progression of cancer. To investigate CSCs in Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐associated carcinoma (EBVaGC), we screened previously reported stem cell markers of gastric cancer in EBV‐infected gastric cancer cell lines (TMK1 and NUGC3) and identified CD44v6v9 double positive cells as candidate CSCs. CD44v6/v9+/+ cells were sorted from EBVaGC cell line (SNU719) cells and EBV‐infected TMK1 cells and these cell populations showed high spheroid‐forming ability and tumor formation in SCID mice compared with the respective CD44v6/v9−/− cells. Sphere‐forming ability was dependent on the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling pathway, which was confirmed by decrease of sphere formation ability under BAY 11‐7082. Small interfering RNA knockdown of latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), one of the latent gene products of EBV infection, decreased spheroid formation in SNU719 cells. Transfection of the LMP2A gene increased the sphere‐forming ability of TMK1 cells, which was mediated through NF‐κB signaling. Together, these results indicate that CD44v6v9+/+ cells are CSCs in EBVaGC that are maintained through the LMP2A/NF‐κB pathway. Future studies should investigate CD44v6/v9+/+ cells in normal and neoplastic gastric epithelium to prevent and treat this specific subtype of gastric cancer infected with EBV.
Look Me in the Eyes: Mechanisms Underlying the Eye Contact Effect
Authors: Niedźwiecka Alicja 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEye contact with an experimenter enhances participants’ performance in certain cognitive tasks. The eye contact effect has been demonstrated in studies with infants and adults. However, this effect may be modulated by individual and contextual factors. In this review, I focus on several mechanisms that may account for the enhancement of cognitive processing by eye contact: an early preparedness to process gaze, an informative signal value of direct gaze, and responses elicited by eye contact (i.e., increased arousal, positive emotions, and approach motivation). We need developmental studies to determine how these mechanisms change over time.
Adolescent Psychopathology: The Role of Brain‐Based Diatheses, Sensitivities, and Susceptibilities
Authors: Guyer Amanda E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe rates of onset for several forms of psychopathology peak during adolescence, which coincides with the refinement of brain circuitry attuned to expanding social‐contextual interactions, stressors, and settings. Although some adolescents experience mental health difficulties, most do not develop significant problems. Conceptual work suggests that brain‐based individual differences in adolescents’ neurobiological susceptibility to their social contexts play a role in the development of psychopathology and well‐being. In this article, I summarize evidence supporting the idea that individual differences in brain structure and function moderate the relation between adolescents’ social‐contextual experiences and psychopathology. I discuss why this approach is important in developmental research designed to identify adolescents at greatest risk for psychopathology or poised for positive outcomes, as well as those who may benefit most from intervention.
An ensemble high‐resolution projection of changes in the future habitat of American lobster and sea scallop in the Northeast US continental shelf
Authors: Tanaka Kisei R. , Torre Michael P. , Saba Vincent S. , Stock Charles A. , Chen Yong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimTo address the uncertainty associated with climate‐driven biogeographical changes in commercial fisheries species through an ensemble species distribution modelling (SDM) approach.LocationNortheast US Continental Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem (NEUS‐LME).MethodsWe combined an ensemble SDM platform (BIOMOD 2) and a high‐resolution global climate model (NOAA GFDL CM2.6) to quantify spatiotemporal changes in habitat of two commercially important species in the Northeast US Continental Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem (NEUS‐LME); American lobster (Homarus americanus); and sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus). An ensemble SDM was calibrated using multi‐decadal fisheries‐independent surveys (1984–2016). Statistically weighted species‐specific ensemble SDM outputs were combined with 80 years of projected bottom temperature and salinity changes in response to a high greenhouse gas emissions scenario (an annual 1% increase in atmospheric CO2).ResultsStatistically significant changes (p < .05) in habitat suitability for both species were found over a large portion of the study area. Sea scallop undergoes a northward shift over the study period, while American lobster moves further offshore. The ensemble projections showed that several management zones were identified with increases and decreases in species‐specific habitat. Uncertainty due to variations in ensemble member models was also found in the direction of change within each management zone.Main conclusionsThis study provides ensemble estimates of climate‐driven changes and associated uncertainties in the biogeography of two economically important species in the United States. Projected climate change in the NEUS‐LME will pose management challenges, and our ensemble projections provide useful information for climate‐ready management of commercial fisheries.
Parental education and the risk of cerebral palsy for children: an evaluation of causality
Authors: Forthun Ingeborg , Lie Rolv Terje , Strandberg‐Larsen Katrine , Solheim Magne Haugland , Moster Dag , Wilcox Allen J , Mortensen Laust Hvas , Tollånes Mette C 
Published: April 2020

AimTo explore whether increasing parental education has a causal effect on risk of cerebral palsy (CP) in the child, or whether unobserved confounding is a more likely explanation.MethodWe used data from Norwegian registries on approximately 1.5 million children born between 1967 and 2011. We compared results from a traditional cohort design with results from a family‐based matched case–control design, in which children with CP were matched to their first cousins without CP. In addition, we performed a simulation study to assess the role of unobserved confounding.ResultsIn the cohort design, the odds of CP were reduced in children of mothers and fathers with higher education (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.60–0.75 for maternal education, and adjusted OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.67–0.85 for paternal education). In the family‐based case–control design, only an association for maternal education remained (adjusted OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.64–0.99). Results from a simulation study suggested that this association could be explained by unobserved confounding.InterpretationA causal effect of obtaining higher education on risk of CP in the child is unlikely. Results stress the importance of continued research on the role of genetic and environmental risk factors that vary by parents’ educational level.What this paper adds

Children of higher‐educated parents had significantly lower odds of cerebral palsy (CP).

There was no evidence of difference in risk of CP within first cousins whose mothers or fathers had different educational levels.

Association between parental education and odds of CP did not reflect a causal effect.
Stability of the resistance to lambda‐cyhalothrin in the ladybird beetle Eriopis connexa
Authors: Rodrigues Alice Sutana , Guedes Raul Narciso Carvalho , Siqueira Herbert Álvaro Abreu de , Torres Jorge Braz 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNatural enemies resistant to insecticides are expected to help control the remaining arthropod pests after insecticide application and, hence, prevent crop damage, pest resurgence, and resistance selection. Field‐evolved resistance to lambda‐cyhalothrin and to other pyrethroids exhibited by the neotropical ladybird beetle Eriopis connexa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has been characterized and enhanced under laboratory selection. In this study, we investigated the stability of the resistance and its relationship with detoxification enzyme activity and biological performance, which are important for a biocontrol agent. One subgroup of the resistant population of E. connexa was established without selection pressure (R‐UNSEL) during eight generations, and compared to either a susceptible (SUS) or its parental resistant (R‐SEL) population. The resistance ratio in R‐UNSEL was reduced by 50% compared to R‐SEL between the first and fourth generation without selection pressure, but stayed stable afterwards, from the fifth to the eighth generation. Despite eight generations without selection pressure and reduction in the resistance level, the resistance ratio in R‐UNSEL was still 39× greater than in the SUS population. The reduced resistance in R‐UNSEL correlated to reduction in esterase activity, but the R‐UNSEL maintained greater activity than the SUS group. The absence of selection pressure and reduction in enzyme activity in R‐UNSEL did not mitigate the adaptive costs, with 2.7× lower egg production compared to SUS females. These findings indicate that resistance to lambda‐cyhalothrin in R‐UNSEL has already stabilized in the population. Although the resistance ratio and detoxifying enzymes were reduced in R‐UNSEL, the impact on fecundity was maintained. Furthermore, the absence of crossing with wild SUS individuals will allow the R‐UNSEL offspring to retain the resistance allowing survival to lambda‐cyhalothrin even when used at the highest recommended field rate.