bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shapeshifting attachment: Exploring multi‐dimensional people–place bonds in place‐based citizen science
Authors: Haywood Benjamin K. , Parrish Julia K. , He Yurong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractResearch on citizen science programmes has highlighted that they can foster science content and knowledge gain, enhance pro‐environmental behaviour and cultivate civic action among participants. Especially in the case of place‐based citizen science, which requires hands‐on repeated activity in an out‐of‐door setting through a scientific lens, evidence suggests that some of these outcomes may be linked to the unique people–place relationships and interactions afforded by such programmes.Even still, studies that empirically examine the influence of place on citizen science participant and programme outcomes are scant. This is due, in part, to the methodological challenges involved in interrogating complex aspects of a person's sense of place—aspects like place attachment—the emotional bonds between people and place.Here, an adapted three‐dimensional model of place attachment is proposed as a theoretical framework from which place‐based citizen science experiences and outcomes might be empirically examined in depth. The model, which posits personal, social and natural environment dimensions of place attachment is contextualized with research findings from the US‐based Coastal Observation and Seabird Survey Team (COASST) citizen science programme.Data from COASST suggest that participants do exhibit place attachment in all three dimensions of attachment, categorized within seven unique constructs, although questions remain regarding the unique intensity, make‐up (shape) and scale (spatial, social and nature‐science) of individual‐level attachment along the three central dimensions. Critically, more research is needed to investigate whether the unique place attachment ‘profile’ of participants is a function of personal, social or programmatic variables pre‐ and post‐programme participation.To encourage further scholarship on potential links between the experiences, exposures and programme components of place‐based citizen science and the place attachment profiles of participants, this paper includes a brief review of the research opportunities presented by the adapted three‐dimensional place attachment model discussed.Advancing this line of inquiry is an important component of broader efforts to understand how sense of place is altered via place‐based citizen science and whether or not that is linked to specific programme outputs or participant outcomes in science knowledge, ecological understanding and civic engagement.A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
The cys‐loop ligand‐gated ion channel gene superfamilies of the cockroaches Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana
Authors: Jones Andrew K , Goven Delphine , Froger Josy‐Anne , Bantz Alexandre , Raymond Valerie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDCockroaches are serious urban pests that can transfer disease‐causing microorganisms as well as trigger allergic reactions and asthma. They are commonly managed by pesticides that act on cys‐loop ligand‐gated ion channels (cysLGIC). To provide further information that will enhance our understanding of how insecticides act on their molecular targets in cockroaches, we used genome and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) data to characterize the cysLGIC gene superfamilies from Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana.RESULTSThe B. germanica and P. americana cysLGIC superfamilies consist of 30 and 32 subunit‐encoding genes, respectively, which are the largest insect cysLGIC superfamilies characterized to date. As with other insects, the cockroaches possess ion channels predicted to be gated by acetylcholine, γ‐aminobutyric acid, glutamate and histamine, as well as orthologues of the drosophila pH‐sensitive chloride channel (pHCl), CG8916 and CG12344. The large cysLGIC superfamilies of cockroaches are a result of an expanded number of divergent nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits, with B. germanica and P. americana, respectively, possessing eight and ten subunit genes. Diversity of the cockroach cysLGICs is also broadened by alternative splicing and RNA A‐to‐I editing. Unusually, both cockroach species possess a second glutamate‐gated chloride channel as well as another CG8916 subunit.CONCLUSIONThese findings on B. germanica and P. americana enhance our understanding of the evolution of the insect cysLGIC superfamily and provide a useful basis for the study of their function, the detection and management of insecticide resistance, and for the development of improved pesticides with greater specificity towards these major pests. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Sample size calculations for single‐arm survival studies using transformations of the Kaplan–Meier estimator
Authors: Nagashima Kengo , Noma Hisashi , Sato Yasunori , Gosho Masahiko 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn single‐arm clinical trials with survival outcomes, the Kaplan–Meier estimator and its confidence interval are widely used to assess survival probability and median survival time. Since the asymptotic normality of the Kaplan–Meier estimator is a common result, the sample size calculation methods have not been studied in depth. An existing sample size calculation method is founded on the asymptotic normality of the Kaplan–Meier estimator using the log transformation. However, the small sample properties of the log transformed estimator are quite poor in small sample sizes (which are typical situations in single‐arm trials), and the existing method uses an inappropriate standard normal approximation to calculate sample sizes. These issues can seriously influence the accuracy of results. In this paper, we propose alternative methods to determine sample sizes based on a valid standard normal approximation with several transformations that may give an accurate normal approximation even with small sample sizes. In numerical evaluations via simulations, some of the proposed methods provided more accurate results, and the empirical power of the proposed method with the arcsine square‐root transformation tended to be closer to a prescribed power than the other transformations. These results were supported when methods were applied to data from three clinical trials.
Quercetin ameliorates reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation, mucus depletion, goblet disintegration, and tumor multiplicity in colon cancer: Probable role of adenomatous polyposis coli, β‐catenin
Authors: Shree Alpa , Islam Johirul , Sultana Sarwat 
Published: December 2020

Abstract1,2 Dimethyl hydrazine (DMH), a cogent environmental toxicant, targets the colon. Previous reports suggest that DMH‐mediated dysregulation of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway plays a vital role in the initial events of colon carcinogenesis. Our study was designed to investigate the effect of quercetin on DMH‐mediated colon cancer by targeting adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and β‐catenin in Wistar rats. Animals were pretreated orally with quercetin at doses of either 25 or 50 mg/kg bodyweight (bw) and DMH at a dose of 20 mg/kg bw subcutaneously up to the 15th week and sacrificed after the 30th week. DMH administration leads to reactive oxygen species generation, resulting in an imbalance in redox homeostasis and causing membrane lipid peroxidation, which is also partly due to the decrease in the level of tissue antioxidant machinery. Increased inflammatory and proliferative proteins were observed in DMH‐induced colon cancerous rats. DMH treatment also led to dysregulation in the apoptotic pathway with decreased Bax:Bcl‐2 ratio. Quercetin pretreatment ameliorates DMH‐induced proliferation, activities of detoxifying enzymes, and putative early markers (mucin depletion and goblet cell disintegration) in colonic tissue. It also significantly regulates APC and β‐catenin expression and inhibits tumor incidence and multiplicity. Histological results further confirm the beneficial role of quercetin in averting DMH‐induced pathological alterations.
Mechanism for negative differential conductivity in holographic conductors
Authors: Ishigaki Shuta , Nakamura Shin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We clarify the mechanism for negative differential conductivity in holographic conductors. Negative differential conductivity is a phenomenon in which the electric field decreases with the increase of the current. This phenomenon is widely observed in strongly correlated insulators, and it has been known that some models of AdS/CFT correspondence (holographic conductors) reproduce this behaviour. We study the mechanism for negative differential conductivity in holographic conductors by analyzing the lifetime of the bound states of the charge carriers. We find that when the system exhibits negative differential conductivity, the lifetime of the bound states grows as the electric field increases. This suggests that the negative differential conductivity in this system is realized by the suppression of the ionization of the bound states that supplies the free carriers.
Endpoint contributions to excited-state modular Hamiltonians
Authors: Kabat Daniel , Lifschytz Gilad , Nguyen Phuc , Sarkar Debajyoti 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We compute modular Hamiltonians for excited states obtained by perturbing the vacuum with a unitary operator. We use operator methods and work to first order in the strength of the perturbation. For the most part we divide space in half and focus on perturbations generated by integrating a local operator J over a null plane. Local operators with weight n ≥ 2 under vacuum modular flow produce an additional endpoint contribution to the modular Hamiltonian. Intuitively this is because operators with weight n ≥ 2 can move degrees of freedom from a region to its complement. The endpoint contribution is an integral of J over a null plane. We show this in detail for stress tensor perturbations in two dimensions, where the result can be verified by a conformal transformation, and for scalar perturbations in a CFT. This lets us conjecture a general form for the endpoint contribution that applies to any field theory divided into half-spaces.
Stringy structure at the BPS bound
Authors: Martinec Emil J. , Massai Stefano , Turton David 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We explore the stringy structure of 1/2-BPS bound states of NS fivebranes carrying momentum or fundamental string charge, in the decoupling limits leading to little string theory and to AdS3/CFT2 duality. We develop an exact worldsheet description of these states using null-gauged sigma models, and illustrate the construction by deriving the closed-form solution sourced by an elliptical NS5-F1 supertube. The Calabi-Yau/Landau-Ginsburg correspondence maps this geometrical worldsheet description to a non-compact LG model whose superpotential is determined by the fivebrane source configuration. Singular limits of the 1/2-BPS configuration space result when the fivebrane worldvolume self-intersects, as can be seen from both sides of the CY/LG duality — on the Landau-Ginsburg side from the degeneration of the superpotential(s), and on the geometrical side from an analysis of D-brane probes. These singular limits are a portal to black hole formation via the condensation of the branes that are becoming massless, and thus exhibit in the gravitational bulk description the central actors in the non-gravitational dual theory underlying black hole thermodynamics.
Finding wombling boundaries in LHC data with Voronoi and Delaunay tessellations
Authors: Matchev Konstantin T. , Roman Alexander , Shyamsundar Prasanth 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We address the problem of finding a wombling boundary in point data generated by a general Poisson point process, a specific example of which is an LHC event sample distributed in the phase space of a final state signature, with the wombling boundary created by some new physics. We discuss the use of Voronoi and Delaunay tessellations of the point data for estimating the local gradients and investigate methods for sharpening the boundaries by reducing the statistical noise. The outcome from traditional wombling algorithms is a set of boundary cell candidates with relatively large gradients, whose spatial properties must then be scrutinized in order to construct the boundary and evaluate its significance. Here we propose an alternative approach where we simultaneously form and evaluate the significance of all possible boundaries in terms of the total gradient flux. We illustrate our method with several toy examples of both straight and curved boundaries with varying amounts of signal present in the data.
From BFV to BV and spacetime covariance
Authors: Ikeda Noriaki , Strobl Thomas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The BFV formulation of a given gauge theory is usually significantly easier to obtain than its BV formulation. Based on foundational work by Fisch and Henneaux, Grigoriev and Damgaard introduced simple formulas for obtaining the latter from the former. Since BFV relies on the Hamiltonian version of the gauge theory, however, it does not come as a surprise that in general the resulting BV theory does not exhibit spacetime covariance. We provide an explicit example of this phenomenon in two spacetime dimensions and show how to restore covariance of the BV data by improving the Fisch-Henneaux-Grigoriev-Damgaard procedure with appropriate adaptations of their formulas.
Calculation of transverse momentum dependent distributions beyond the leading power
Authors: Moos Valentin , Vladimirov Alexey 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We compute the contribution of twist-2 and twist-3 parton distribution functions to the small-b expansion for transverse momentum dependent (TMD) distributions at all powers of b. The computation is done by the twist-decomposition method based on the spinor formalism for all eight quark TMD distributions. The newly computed terms are accompanied by the prefactor (M2b2)n and represent the target-mass corrections to the resummed cross-section. For the first time, a non-trivial expression for the pretzelosity distribution is derived.
On continuity properties of semigroups in real interpolation spaces
Authors: Kunstmann Peer Christian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStarting from a bi-continuous semigroup in a Banach spaceX(which might actually be strongly continuous), we investigate continuity properties of the semigroup that is induced in real interpolation spaces betweenXand the domainD(A) of the generator. Of particular interest is the case$$(X,D(A))_{\theta ,\infty }$$(X,D(A))θ,∞. We obtain topologies with respect to which the induced semigroup is bi-continuous, among them topologies induced by a variety of norms. We illustrate our results with applications to a nonlinear Schrödinger equation and to the Navier–Stokes equations on$$\mathbb {R}^d$$Rd.
The Tragedy of the Risk Averse
Authors: Stefánsson H. Orri 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThose who are risk averse with respect to money, and thus turn down some gambles with positive monetary expectations, are nevertheless often willing to accept bundles involving multiple such gambles. Therefore, it might seem that such people should become more willing to accept a risky but favourable gamble if they put it in context with the collection of gambles that they predict they will be faced with in the future. However, it turns out that when a risk averse person adopts the long-term perspective, she faces a decision-problem that can be analysed as a noncooperative game between different “time-slices” of herself, where it is in the interest of each time-slice (given its prediction about other slices) to turn down the gamble with which it is faced. Hence, even if a risk averse but rational person manages to take the long-term perspective, she will, in the absence of what Hardin called “mutual coercion”, end up in a situation analogous to the “tragedy of the commons”.
Laves phases: a review of their functional and structural applications and an improved fundamental understanding of stability and properties
Authors: Stein Frank , Leineweber Andreas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLaves phases with their comparably simple crystal structure are very common intermetallic phases and can be formed from element combinations all over the periodic table resulting in a huge number of known examples. Even though this type of phases is known for almost 100 years, and although a lot of information on stability, structure, and properties has accumulated especially during the last about 20 years, systematic evaluation and rationalization of this information in particular as a function of the involved elements is often lacking. It is one of the two main goals of this review to summarize the knowledge for some selected respective topics with a certain focus on non-stoichiometric, i.e., non-ideal Laves phases. The second, central goal of the review is to give a systematic overview about the role of Laves phases in all kinds of materials for functional and structural applications. There is a surprisingly broad range of successful utilization of Laves phases in functional applications comprising Laves phases as hydrogen storage material (Hydraloy), as magneto-mechanical sensors and actuators (Terfenol), or for wear- and corrosion-resistant coatings in corrosive atmospheres and at high temperatures (Tribaloy), to name but a few. Regarding structural applications, there is a renewed interest in using Laves phases for creep-strengthening of high-temperature steels and new respective alloy design concepts were developed and successfully tested. Apart from steels, Laves phases also occur in various other kinds of structural materials sometimes effectively improving properties, but often also acting in a detrimental way.
When do the expectations of others matter? Experimental evidence on distributional justice and guilt aversion
Authors: Ghidoni Riccardo , Ploner Matteo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDistributional justice—measured by the proportionality between effort exerted and rewards obtained—and guilt aversion—triggered by not fulfilling others’ expectations—are widely acknowledged fundamental sources of pro-social behavior. We design three experiments to study the relevance of these sources of behavior when considered in interaction. In particular, we investigate whether subjects fulfill others’ expectations also when this could produce inequitable allocations that conflict with distributional justice considerations. Our results confirm that both justice considerations and guilt aversion are important drivers of pro-social behavior, with the former having an overall stronger impact than the latter. Expectations of others are less relevant in environments more likely to nurture equitable outcomes.
Coded conduct: making MACSYMA users and the automation of mathematics
Authors: Dick Stephanie A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article explores an early computer algebra system called MACSYMA – a repository of automated non-numeric mathematical operations developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from the 1960s to the 1980s, to help mathematicians, physicists, engineers and other mathematical scientists solve problems and prove theorems. I examine the extensive paper-based training materials that were produced alongside the system to create its users. Would-be users were told that the system would free them from the drudgery of much mathematical labour. However, this ‘freedom’ could only be won by adapting to a highly disciplined mode of problem solving with a relatively inflexible automated assistant. In creating an automated repository of mathematical knowledge, MACSYMA developers sought to erase its social context. However, looking at the training literature, we see that the social operates everywhere, only recoded. This article uses the paper-based training materials to uncover the codes of conduct – both social and technical – that coordinated between the users, developers and machines that constituted the system.
Trusts, co-ops, and crowd workers: Could we include crowd data workers as stakeholders in data trust design?
Authors: Gomer Richard C. , Simperl Elena 
Published: December 2020

AbstractData trusts have been proposed as a mechanism through which data can be more readily exploited for a variety of aims, including economic development and social-benefit goals such as medical research or policy-making. Data trusts, and similar data governance mechanisms such as data co-ops, aim to facilitate the use and re-use of datasets across organizational boundaries and, in the process, to protect the interests of stakeholders such as data subjects. However, the current discourse on data trusts does not acknowledge another common stakeholder in the data value chain—the crowd workers who are employed to collect, validate, curate, and transform data. In this paper, we report on a preliminary qualitative investigation into how crowd data workers themselves feel datasets should be used and governed. We find that while overall remuneration is important to those workers, they also value public-benefit data use but have reservations about delayed remuneration and the trustworthiness of both administrative processes and the crowd itself. We discuss the implications of our findings for how data trusts could be designed, and how data trusts could be used to give crowd workers a more enduring stake in the product of their work.
Addressing Operational Challenges Faced by COVID-19 Public Health Rapid Response Teams in Non–United States Settings
Authors: Anantharam Puneet , Hoffman Adela , Noonan Michelle , Bugli Dante , Pechta Laura , Bornemann Jennifer , Victory Kerton R. , Greiner Ashley L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global response underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach that integrates and coordinates various public health systems—surveillance, laboratory, and health-care systems/networks, among others—as part of a larger emergency response system. Multidisciplinary public health rapid response teams (RRTs) are one mechanism used within a larger COVID-19 outbreak response strategy. As COVID-19 RRTs are deployed, countries are facing operational challenges in optimizing their RRT’s impact, while ensuring the safety of their RRT responders. From March to May 2020, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention received requests from 12 countries for technical assistance related to COVID-19 RRTs and emergency operations support. Challenges included: (1) an insufficient number of RRT responders available for COVID-19 deployments; (2) limited capacity to monitor RRT responders’ health, safety, and resiliency; (3) difficulty converting critical in-person RRT operational processes to remote information technology platforms; and (4) stigmatization of RRT responders hindering COVID-19 interventions. Although geographically and socioeconomically diverse, these 12 countries experienced similar RRT operational challenges, indicating potential applicability to other countries. As the response has highlighted the critical need for immediate and effective implementation measures, addressing these challenges is essential to ensuring an impactful and sustainable COVID-19 response strategy globally.