bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethical research in global health emergencies: making the case for a broader understanding of ‘research ethics’
Authors: Wright Katharine S 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The ethical challenges of global health research become particularly acute in emergency contexts, and are exacerbated by historic inequities and imbalances in power and influence. Drawing on the findings of an international working group established by the Nuffield Council on Bioethics, this article argues for the need to take a broader approach to ‘research ethics’ as traditionally understood, to include the role of ‘duty-bearers’ such as funders, governments, research institutions and journals. An ‘ethical compass’ of three core values (equal respect, fairness and helping reduce suffering) supports ethical reflection at the level of policy, as well as on the ground.
Human factors/ergonomics work system analysis of patient work: state of the science and future directions
Authors: Werner Nicole E , Ponnala Siddarth , Doutcheva Nadia , Holden Richard J 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Purpose
To demonstrate the use and value of the Human Factors/Ergonomics-based Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) family of work system models for studying and improving patient work.

Data Sources
We conducted a review of the published empirical literature applying the SEIPS family of work system models for patient work.

Study Selection
Included studies had to apply one of the SEIPS family of work system models to study patient work; be published in a peer-reviewed journal in English and include analysis of data. We identified 16 articles that met our inclusion criteria.

Data Extraction
For each study, we extracted settings and situations in which models were applied; research design; study methods; model(s) used; type and number of study participants; study objective(s); whether the study included an intervention; specific aspects of the model used; knowledge generated about patient work and benefits of using the models.

Results of Data Synthesis
Our analysis revealed that a majority of studies were conducted in the United States, used qualitative or mixed methods and employed a variety of data collection techniques to study adult patient populations with chronic illness and their informal caregivers and healthcare providers performing patient work in the home and clinical setting. The studies resulted in a variety of useful products, demonstrating several benefits of using the models.

Conclusion
Our review has demonstrated the value of using the SEIPS family of work systems models to study and improve patient and family contributions to health-related work.
Why Delay? Early Enteral Nutrition in Pediatric Burn Patients Improves Outcomes
Authors: Shahi Niti , Skillman Heather E , Phillips Ryan , Cooper Emily H , Shirek Gabrielle P , Goldsmith Adam , Meier Maxene R , Kaizer Alexander M , Recicar John F , Banks Ashley , Moulton Steven L 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Children who sustain moderate to large surface area burns present in a hypermetabolic state with increased caloric and protein requirements. A policy was implemented at our institution in 2017 to initiate enteral nutrition (EN) in pediatric burn patients within 4 hours of admission. The authors hypothesize that early EN (initiated within 4 hours of admission) is more beneficial than late EN (initiated ≥ 4 hours from admission) for pediatric burn patients and is associated with decreased rates of pneumonia, increased calorie and protein intake, fewer feeding complications, a shorter Intensive Care Unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), and a reduced hospital LOS. Children who sustained a total body surface area (TBSA) burn injury ≥ 10% between 2011 and 2018 were identified in a prospectively maintained burn registry at Children’s Hospital Colorado. Patients were stratified into two groups for comparison: early EN and late EN. The authors identified 132 pediatric burn patients who met inclusion criteria, and most (60%) were male. Approximately half (48%) of the study patients were in the early EN group. The early EN group had lower rates of underfeeding during the first week (P = .014) and shorter ICU LOS (P = .025). Achieving and sustaining adequate nutrition in pediatric burn patients with moderate to large surface area burn injuries are critical to recovery. Early EN in pediatric burn patients is associated with decreased underfeeding and reduced ICU LOS. The authors recommend protocols to institute feeding for patients with burns ≥ 10% TBSA within 4 hours of admission at all pediatric burn centers.
Development of Proxy and Self-report Burn Model System Pediatric Itch Interference Scales: A National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research Burn Model System Study
Authors: Amtmann Dagmar , Bamer Alyssa M , McMullen Kara , Kowalske Karen , Schneider Jeffrey C , Gibran Nicole S 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Pruritus is a commonly reported symptom after burn injury. Valid and reliable scales to measure itch in pediatric burn survivors are important for treatment and epidemiological studies. This study sought to develop psychometrically sound, publicly available self- and proxy-report measures of itch for use in pediatric burn survivors suitable for use in research and clinical practice. A panel of burn experts developed a definition of itch interference and a set of parallel self- and proxy-report candidate items that covered important activities affected by itch. Candidate items were evaluated in cognitive interviews with pediatric burn survivors (n = 4) and proxies (n = 2). Items were translated to Spanish and administered in both English and Spanish to a sample (N = 264) of pediatric burn survivors and/or their proxy enrolled in the Burn Model System (BMS) longitudinal database. The mean age of the pediatric sample was 13 years and average time since burn 5 years. The final itch interference measures each included 5 parallel items calibrated using a one-parameter graded response item response theory model, with a mean of 50 representing the average itch interference of the sample. Reliability of the scores is excellent between the mean and two standard deviations above. Initial analyses provide support for validity of the score. Concordance between the self- and proxy-report scores was moderate (ICC = 0.68). The results support the reliability and validity of the itch scale in children and youth with burn injury. The new BMS Pediatric Itch Interference scales are freely and publicly available at https://burndata.washington.edu/itch.
Refining aesthetic approaches to tuberous breast using combined minimally invasive approaches to treat moderate asymmetric tuberous breast
Authors: Bonomi Riccardo , Johnson Miguel , Toussoun Gilles 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Tuberous breast deformity refers to a deformity of the breast that is characterized by varying degree of herniation of the breast parenchyma, widened nipple areolar complex, constriction of the breast base and may involve some degree of hypoplasia. Tuberous breast deformity is most often seen in young women who commonly presents due to dissatisfaction with breast symmetry, as this can be a source of significant psychosocial distress. Principles of reconstruction are focused on recreating an aesthetically pleasing breast shape and achieving symmetrization. Traditionally, reconstruction commonly involved utilization of breast implants or local flap to achieve these goals. The introduction of fat transfer has led to a paradigm shift in aesthetic breast surgery. Fat grafting is safe and can reliably achieve satisfactory aesthetic results in selected cases and reduces the need for implants or local flaps. Concepts that reduce scar burden allows for even more satisfactory aesthetic outcomes.
Protoclusters at 𝓏 = 5.7: a view from the MultiDark galaxies
Authors: Cui Weiguang , Qiao Jiaqi , Davé Romeel , Knebe Alexander , Peacock John A , Yepes Gustavo 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Protoclusters, which will yield galaxy clusters at lower redshift, can provide valuable information on the formation of galaxy clusters. However, identifying progenitors of galaxy clusters in observations is not an easy task, especially at high redshift. Different priors have been used to estimate the overdense regions that are thought to mark the locations of protoclusters. In this paper, we use mimicked Ly α-emitting galaxies at z = 5.7 to identify protoclusters in the MultiDark galaxies, which are populated by applying three different semi-analytic models to the $1\, h^{-1}\, {\rm Gpc}$ MultiDark Planck2 simulation. To compare with observational results, we extend the criterion 1 (a Ly α luminosity limited sample) to criterion 2 (a match to the observed mean galaxy number density). To further statistically study the finding efficiency of this method, we enlarge the identified protocluster sample (criterion 3) to about 3500 at z = 5.7 and study their final mass distribution. The number of overdense regions and their selection probability depends on the semi-analytic models and strongly on the three selection criteria (partly by design). The protoclusters identified with criterion 1 are associated with a typical final cluster mass of $2.82\pm 0.92 \times 10^{15} \, \rm {M_{\odot }}$, which is in agreement with the prediction (within ±1σ) of an observed massive protocluster at z = 5.7. Identifying more protoclusters allows us to investigate the efficiency of this method, which is more suitable for identifying the most massive clusters: completeness ($\mathbb {C}$) drops rapidly with decreasing halo mass. We further find that it is hard to have a high purity ($\mathbb {P}$) and completeness simultaneously.
A radio polarimetric study to disentangle AGN activity and star formation in Seyfert galaxies
Authors: Sebastian Biny , Kharb P , O’Dea C P , Gallimore J F , Baum S A 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
To understand the origin of radio emission in radio-quiet active galactic nucleus (AGN) and differentiate between the contributions from star formation, AGN accretion, and jets, we have observed a nearby sample of Seyfert galaxies along with a comparison sample of starburst galaxies using the Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA) in full-polarization mode in the B-array configuration. The radio morphologies of the Seyfert galaxies show lobe/bubble-like features or prominent cores in radio emission, whereas the starburst galaxies show radio emission spatially coincident with the star-forming regions seen in optical images. There is tentative evidence that Seyferts tend to show more polarized structures than starburst galaxies at the resolution of our observations. We find that unlike a sample of Seyfert galaxies hosting kilo-parsec scale radio (KSR) emission, starburst galaxies with superwinds do not show radio-excess compared to the radio–FIR correlation. This suggests that shock acceleration is not adequate to explain the excess radio emission seen in Seyferts and hence most likely have a jet-related origin. We also find that the [O iii] luminosity of the Seyferts is correlated with the off-nuclear radio emission from the lobes, whereas it is not well correlated with the total emission which also includes the core. This suggests strong jet–medium interaction, which in turn limits the jet/lobe extents in Seyferts. We find that the power contribution of AGN jet, AGN accretion, and star formation is more or less comparable in our sample of Seyfert galaxies. We also find indications of episodic AGN activity in many of our Seyfert galaxies.
A simple random walk model explains the disruption process of hierarchical, Eccentric three-body systems
Authors: Mushkin Jonathan , Katz Boaz 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the disruption process of hierarchical three-body systems with bodies of comparable mass. Such systems have long survival times that vary by orders of magnitude depending on the initial conditions. By comparing with three-body numerical integrations, we show that the evolution and disruption of such systems can be statistically described as a simple random walk process in the outer orbit’s energy, where the energy exchange per pericenter passage (step size) is calculated from the initial conditions. In our derivation of the step size, we use previous analytic results for parabolic encounters, and average over the (Kozai–Lidov) oscillations in orbital parameters, which are faster then the energy diffusion time-scale. While similar random walk models were studied before, this work differs in two manners: (a) this is the first time that the Kozai–Lidov averaged step size is derived from first principles and demonstrated to reproduce the statistical evolution of numerical ensembles without fitting parameters, and (b) it provides a characteristic lifetime, instead of answering the binary question (stable/unstable), set by case-specific criteria.
A dusty origin for the correlation between protoplanetary disc accretion rates and dust masses
Authors: Sellek Andrew D , Booth Richard A , Clarke Cathie J 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Recent observations have uncovered a correlation between the accretion rates (measured from the UV continuum excess) of protoplanetary discs and their masses inferred from observations of the submm continuum. While viscous evolution models predict such a correlation, the predicted values are in tension with data obtained from the Lupus and Upper Scorpius star-forming regions; for example, they underpredict the scatter in accretion rates, particularly in older regions. Here, we argue that since the submm observations trace the discs’ dust, by explicitly modelling the dust grain growth, evolution, and emission, we can better understand the correlation. We show that for turbulent viscosities with α ≲ 10−3, the depletion of dust from the disc due to radial drift means we can reproduce the range of masses and accretion rates seen in the Lupus and Upper Sco data sets. One consequence of this model is that the upper locus of accretion rates at a given dust mass does not evolve with the age of the region. Moreover, we find that internal photoevaporation is necessary to produce the lowest accretion rates observed. In order to replicate the correct dust masses at the time of disc dispersal, we favour relatively low photoevaporation rates ≲ 10−9 M⊙ yr−1 for most sources but cannot discriminate between EUV or X-ray-driven winds. A limited number of sources, particularly in Lupus, are shown to have higher masses than predicted by our models which may be evidence for variations in the properties of the dust or dust trapping induced in substructures.
The Economic Cost of Smoking in South Africa, 2016
Authors: Boachie Micheal Kofi , Rossouw Laura , Ross Hana 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Chronic, noncommunicable diseases are on the rise globally, with tobacco consumption being an important contributing risk factor. These increases result in significant economic costs due to increased healthcare costs, productive lives lost, and productive days lost due to illness. Estimates of these economic costs are scarce in low- and middle-income countries.

Methods
Drawing on a diverse range of data sources, direct healthcare costs, and productivity losses due to illness and premature deaths were estimated using the cost-of-illness approach. The present value of lifetime earnings was used to estimate productivity losses from premature deaths.

Results
We estimate that 25 708 deaths among persons aged 35–74 in 2016 are smoking-attributable. The economic cost of smoking was R42 billion (US$2.88 billion), of which R14.48 billion was for healthcare costs (hospitalization and outpatient department visits). The economic cost of smoking amounted to 0.97% of the South African GDP in 2016, while the healthcare cost of smoking-related diseases was 4.1% of total South African health expenditure. The costs are lower for women because of their lower smoking prevalence.

Conclusion
The economic burden of smoking calls for a further scaling-up of tobacco-control interventions in South Africa.

Implications
This article addresses the paucity of research on the detailed economic costs of smoking in low-and middle-income countries, including South Africa. Our calculations, based on an extensive range of recent data, provide the most detailed estimate to date and include quantification of the direct and indirect costs of smoking in South Africa. We found that the magnitude of the costs related to smoking in South Africa is larger than in the previous estimates and that for every Rand received in the form of cigarette tax, society loses 3.43 Rands. This article provides an economic case for evidence-based tobacco control in South Africa.
Limited Added Value of Oropharyngeal Swabs for Detecting Pneumococcal Carriage in Adults
Authors: Farrar Jennifer L , Odiembo Herine , Odoyo Arthur , Bigogo Godfrey , Kim Lindsay , Lessa Fernanda C , Feikin Daniel R , Breiman Robert F , Whitney Cynthia G , Carvalho Maria G , Pimenta Fabiana C 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We compared pneumococcal isolation rates and evaluated the benefit of using oropharyngeal (OP) specimens in addition to nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens collected from adults in rural Kenya. Of 846 adults, 52.1% were colonized; pneumococci were detected from both NP and OP specimens in 23.5%, NP only in 22.9%, and OP only in 5.7%. Ten-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine strains were detected from both NP and OP in 3.4%, NP only in 4.1%, and OP only in 0.7%. Inclusion of OP swabs increased carriage detection by 5.7%; however, the added cost of collecting and processing OP specimens may justify exclusion from future carriage studies among adults.
Reliabilism’s Memory Loss
Authors: Frise Matthew 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGenerativism about memory justification is the view that memory can generate epistemic justification. Generativism is gaining popularity, but process reliabilists tend to resist it. Process reliabilism explains the justification of beliefs by way of the reliability of the processes they result from. Some advocates of reliabilism deny various forms of generativism. Other reliabilists reject or remain neutral about only the more extreme forms. I argue that an extreme form of generativism follows from reliabilism. This result weakens a long-standing argument for reliabilism.
On the emergence of an expanding universe from a Lorentzian matrix model
Authors: Klinkhamer F R 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We present evidence that recent numerical results from the reduced classical equations of the Lorentzian IIB matrix model can be interpreted as corresponding to the emergence of an expanding universe. In addition, we propose an effective metric to describe the emerging (3+1)D spacetime. This metric gives, at all times, finite values for the Ricci and Kretschmann curvature scalars. With these results, we are able to give a heuristic discussion of the origin of the Universe in the context of the IIB matrix model.
Problems of Progress: Modernity and Writing the Social History of Medicine
Authors: Waddington Keir 
Published: August 2020

Summary
Reflecting on the discipline over the last 60 years, this historiographical essay considers how social historians of medicine might deal with the problem that ‘modernity’ and its associated phenomena—progress, tradition and backwardness—have become normalised. It argues that such terms require conscious interrogation and should be situated within a critique of sources, actors’ categories and competing historical interpretations. The essay suggests three routes out of the problem of modernity. First, by shifting the focus to re-interrogate those areas commonly framed as backward; secondly, by using the metaphor of ‘blended modernities’ to examine commonalities across time and space and finally, by employing the everyday as an analytical category to approach those ambiguities and ambivalences that helped structure the nineteenth- and twentieth-century social history of medicine.
Estimating hepatitis B virus cccDNA persistence in chronic infection†
Authors: Lythgoe Katrina A , Lumley Sheila F , Pellis Lorenzo , McKeating Jane A , Matthews Philippa C 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health problem with over 240 million infected individuals at risk of developing progressive liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV is an enveloped DNA virus that establishes its genome as an episomal, covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) in the nucleus of infected hepatocytes. Currently, available standard-of-care treatments for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) include nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) that suppress HBV replication but do not target the cccDNA and hence rarely cure infection. There is considerable interest in determining the lifespan of cccDNA molecules to design and evaluate new curative treatments. We took a novel approach to this problem by developing a new mathematical framework to model changes in evolutionary rates during infection which, combined with previously determined within-host evolutionary rates of HBV, we used to determine the lifespan of cccDNA. We estimate that during HBe-antigen positive (HBeAgPOS) infection the cccDNA lifespan is 61 (36–236) days, whereas during the HBeAgNEG phase of infection it is only 26 (16–81) days. We found that cccDNA replicative capacity declined by an order of magnitude between HBeAgPOS and HBeAgNEG phases of infection. Our estimated lifespan of cccDNA is too short to explain the long durations of chronic infection observed in patients on NA treatment, suggesting that either a sub-population of long-lived hepatocytes harbouring cccDNA molecules persists during therapy, or that NA therapy does not suppress all viral replication. These results provide a greater understanding of the biology of the cccDNA reservoir and can aid the development of new curative therapeutic strategies for treating CHB.
Preadaptation of pandemic GII.4 noroviruses in unsampled virus reservoirs years before emergence
Authors: Ruis Christopher , Lindesmith Lisa C , Mallory Michael L , Brewer-Jensen Paul D , Bryant Josephine M , Costantini Veronica , Monit Christopher , Vinjé Jan , Baric Ralph S , Goldstein Richard A , Breuer Judith 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The control of re-occurring pandemic pathogens requires understanding the origins of new pandemic variants and the factors that drive their global spread. This is especially important for GII.4 norovirus, where vaccines under development offer promise to prevent hundreds of millions of annual gastroenteritis cases. Previous studies have hypothesized that new GII.4 pandemic viruses arise when previously circulating pandemic or pre-pandemic variants undergo substitutions in antigenic regions that enable evasion of host population immunity, as described by conventional models of antigenic drift. In contrast, we show here that the acquisition of new genetic and antigenic characteristics cannot be the proximal driver of new pandemics. Pandemic GII.4 viruses diversify and spread over wide geographical areas over several years prior to simultaneous pandemic emergence of multiple lineages, indicating that the necessary sequence changes must have occurred before diversification, years prior to pandemic emergence. We confirm this result through serological assays of reconstructed ancestral virus capsids, demonstrating that by 2003, the ancestral 2012 pandemic strain had already acquired the antigenic characteristics that allowed it to evade prevailing population immunity against the previous 2009 pandemic variant. These results provide strong evidence that viral genetic changes are necessary but not sufficient for GII.4 pandemic spread. Instead, we suggest that it is changes in host population immunity that enable pandemic spread of an antigenically preadapted GII.4 variant. These results indicate that predicting future GII.4 pandemic variants will require surveillance of currently unsampled reservoir populations. Furthermore, a broadly acting GII.4 vaccine will be critical to prevent future pandemics.