bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trajectories of subjective cognitive decline, and the risk of mild cognitive impairment and dementia
Authors: Liew Tau Ming 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
In cognitively normal individuals, subjective cognitive decline (SCD) has been reported to predict MCI and dementia (MCI/dementia). However, prior studies mostly captured SCD at single time-points without considering the longitudinal course of SCD. This study examined whether the trajectories of SCD provide any added information—beyond one-time assessments of SCD—on the risk of MCI/dementia.

Methods
This cohort study included 5661 participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Centers across the USA, who were ≥ 50 years and had normal cognition in the first-four annual visits (year 1 to year 4). The participants were evaluated for SCD in the first-four annual visits (year 1 to year 4), and followed-up almost annually (year 4 up to year 14) for incident MCI/dementia. SCD trajectories (as identified from latent-class-growth-curve-analysis) were included in Cox regression to estimate their risks of MCI/dementia, with analyses further stratified by age (< 75 years versus ≥ 75 years; based on median-split).

Results
Compared to those without SCD (in the first-four annual visits), Intermittent SCD (i.e., reported in 1–2 of the first-four annual visits) predicted a higher risk (HR 1.4) and Persistent SCD (i.e., reported in 3–4 of the first-four annual visits) predicted the highest risk (HR 2.2), with the results remaining significant even after adjusting for baseline SCD. Age-stratified analysis revealed that the risk associated with Intermittent SCD was only present in older individuals, while risk related to Persistent SCD was consistently present across the younger and older age groups. Age compounded the effects of the trajectories, whereby older individuals with Persistent SCD had > 75% probability of developing MCI/dementia by 10 years, in contrast to < 25% probability by 10 years in younger individuals with No SCD.

Conclusions
The findings demonstrate the utility of SCD trajectories—especially when used in combination with age strata—in identifying high-risk populations for preventive interventions and trials. They also suggest a potential modification in the current SCD criteria, with the inclusion of “persistent SCD over several years” as a feature of SCD plus.
Physical health of autistic girls and women: a scoping review
Authors: Kassee Caroline , Babinski Stephanie , Tint Ami , Lunsky Yona , Brown Hilary K. , Ameis Stephanie H. , Szatmari Peter , Lai Meng-Chuan , Einstein Gillian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere is a growing recognition of sex and gender influences in autism. Increasingly, studies include comparisons between sexes or genders, but few have focused on clarifying the characteristics of autistic girls’/women’s physical health.MethodsA scoping review was conducted to determine what is currently known about the physical health of autistic girls/women. We screened 1112 unique articles, with 40 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. We used a convergent iterative process to synthesize this content into broad thematic areas.ResultsAutistic girls/women experience more overall physical health challenges compared to non-autistic girls/women and to autistic boys/men. Emerging evidence suggests increased prevalence of epilepsy in autistic girls/women compared to non-autistic girls/women and to autistic boys/men. The literature also suggests increased endocrine and reproductive health conditions in autistic girls/women compared to non-autistic girls/women. Findings regarding gastrointestinal, metabolic, nutritional, and immune-related conditions are preliminary and inconsistent.LimitationsThe literature has substantial heterogeneity in how physical health conditions were assessed and reported. Further, our explicit focus on physical health may have constrained the ability to examine interactions between mental and physical health. The widely differing research aims and methodologies make it difficult to reach definitive conclusions. Nevertheless, in keeping with the goals of a scoping review, we were able to identify key themes to guide future research.ConclusionsThe emerging literature suggests that autistic girls/women have heightened rates of physical health challenges compared to non-autistic girls/women and to autistic boys/men. Clinicians should seek to provide holistic care that includes a focus on physical health and develop a women’s health lens when providing clinical care to autistic girls/women.
Sex differences in fatigability after ischemic preconditioning of non-exercising limbs
Authors: Pereira Hugo M. , de Lima Felipe F. , Silva Bruno M. , Kohn André F. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is suggested to decrease fatigability in some individuals but not others. Sex differences in response to IPC may account for this variability and few studies systematically investigated the effects of IPC in men and women. The goal of this study was to determine if time to task failure, perception of pain, and neuromuscular mechanisms of fatigability were altered by IPC in men and women.

Methods
Ten women (29 ± 5 years old) and 10 men (28 ± 6 years old) performed isometric contractions with the plantar flexor muscles of the dominant leg at 20% of maximal voluntary contraction until task failure. We used a repeated measures design where each individual performed 3 randomized and counterbalanced test sessions: (A) IPC session, cuff inflation and deflation (5 min each repeated 3 times) performed before the exercise by inflating cuffs to the non-dominant leg and arm; (B) sham session, cuffs were inflated for a short period (1 min); and (C) control session, no cuffs were involved.

Results
Compared with control, IPC increased time to task failure in men (mean difference, 5 min; confidence interval (CI) of mean difference, 2.2; 7.8 min; P = 0.01) but not women (mean difference, − 0.6 min; CI of mean difference, − 3.5; 2.4 min; P = 0.51). In men, but not women, the IPC-induced increase in time to task failure was associated with lower response to pressure pain (r = − 0.79). IPC further exposed sex differences in arterial pressure during fatiguing contractions (session × sex: P < 0.05). Voluntary activation, estimated with the twitch interpolation technique, and presynaptic inhibition of leg Ia afferents were not altered after IPC for men and women. The tested variables were not altered with sham.

Conclusions
The ergogenic effect of IPC on time to task failure was observed only in men and it was associated with reductions in the perception of pain. This pilot data suggest the previously reported inter-individual variability in exercise-induced fatigability after IPC could be a consequence of the sex and individual response to pain.
M-BiRank: co-ranking developers and projects using multiple developer-project interactions in open source software community
Authors: Yan Dengcheng , Qi Bin , Zhang Yiwen , Shao Zhen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSocial collaborative coding is a popular trend in software development, and such platforms as GitHub provide rich social and technical functionalities for developers to collaborate on open source projects through multiple interactions. Developers often follow popular developers and projects for learning, technical selection, and collaboration. Thus, identifying popular developers and projects is very meaningful. In this paper, we propose a multiplex bipartite network ranking model, M-BiRank, to co-rank developers and projects using multiple developer-project interactions. Firstly, multiple developer-project interactions such as commit, issue, and watch are extracted and a multiplex developer-project bipartite network is constructed. Secondly, a random layer is selected from this multiplex bipartite network and initial ranking scores are calculated for developers and projects using BiRank. Finally, initial ranking scores diffuse to other layers and mutual reinforcement is taken into consideration to iteratively calculate ranking scores of developers and projects in different layers. Experiments on real-world GitHub dataset show that M-BiRank outperforms degree centrality, traditional single layer ranking methods, and multiplex ranking method.
On resonant mixed Caputo fractional differential equations
Authors: Guezane-Lakoud Assia , Kılıçman Adem 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to discuss the existence of solutions for a boundary value problem at resonance generated by a nonlinear differential equation involving both right and left Caputo fractional derivatives. The proofs of the existence of solutions are mainly based on Mawhin’s coincidence degree theory. We provide an example to illustrate the main result.
Integrating structure and function: mapping the hierarchical spatial heterogeneity of urban landscapes
Authors: Qian Yuguo , Zhou Weiqi , Pickett Steward T. A. , Yu Wenjuan , Xiong Dingpeng , Wang Weimin , Jing Chuanbao 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Cities are social-ecological systems characterized by remarkably high spatial and temporal heterogeneity, which are closely related to myriad urban problems. However, the tools to map and quantify this heterogeneity are lacking. We here developed a new three-level classification scheme, by considering ecosystem types (level 1), urban function zones (level 2), and land cover elements (level 3), to map and quantify the hierarchical spatial heterogeneity of urban landscapes.

Methods
We applied the scheme using an object-based approach for classification using very high spatial resolution imagery and a vector layer of building location and characteristics. We used a top-down classification procedure by conducting the classification in the order of ecosystem types, function zones, and land cover elements. The classification of the lower level was based on the results of the higher level. We used an object-based methodology to carry out the three-level classification.

Results
We found that the urban ecosystem type accounted for 45.3% of the land within the Shenzhen city administrative boundary. Within the urban ecosystem type, residential and industrial zones were the main zones, accounting for 38.4% and 33.8%, respectively. Tree canopy was the dominant element in Shenzhen city, accounting for 55.6% over all ecosystem types, which includes agricultural and forest. However, in the urban ecosystem type, the proportion of tree canopy was only 22.6% because most trees were distributed in the forest ecosystem type. The proportion of trees was 23.2% in industrial zones, 2.2% higher than that in residential zones. That information “hidden” in the usual statistical summaries scaled to the entire administrative unit of Shenzhen has great potential for improving urban management.

Conclusions
This paper has taken the theoretical understanding of urban spatial heterogeneity and used it to generate a classification scheme that exploits remotely sensed imagery, infrastructural data available at a municipal level, and object-based spatial analysis. For effective planning and management, the hierarchical levels of landscape classification (level 1), the analysis of use and cover by urban zones (level 2), and the fundamental elements of land cover (level 3), each exposes different respects relevant to city plans and management.
Disentangling community-level changes in crime trends during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chicago
Authors: Campedelli Gian Maria , Favarin Serena , Aziani Alberto , Piquero Alex R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRecent studies exploiting city-level time series have shown that, around the world, several crimes declined after COVID-19 containment policies have been put in place. Using data at the community-level in Chicago, this work aims to advance our understanding on how public interventions affected criminal activities at a finer spatial scale. The analysis relies on a two-step methodology. First, it estimates the community-wise causal impact of social distancing and shelter-in-place policies adopted in Chicago via Structural Bayesian Time-Series across four crime categories (i.e., burglary, assault, narcotics-related offenses, and robbery). Once the models detected the direction, magnitude and significance of the trend changes, Firth’s Logistic Regression is used to investigate the factors associated to the statistically significant crime reduction found in the first step of the analyses. Statistical results first show that changes in crime trends differ across communities and crime types. This suggests that beyond the results of aggregate models lies a complex picture characterized by diverging patterns. Second, regression models provide mixed findings regarding the correlates associated with significant crime reduction: several relations have opposite directions across crimes with population being the only factor that is stably and positively associated with significant crime reduction.
Successful resection of a neuroendocrine tumor in the gallbladder: a case report
Authors: Tomihara Hideo , Hashimoto Kazuhiko , Wakasa Tomoko , Ishikawa Hajime , Tsujimoto Tomoyuki , Gakuhara Atsushi , Fukuda Shuichi , Ohta Katsuya , Kitani Kotaro , Hida Jin-ichi , Ohta Yoshio , Yukawa Masao 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Gallbladder neuroendocrine tumors (GB-NETs) are extremely rare, representing only 0.5% of all NETs because no neuroectodermal cells are present in the gallbladder. In 2019, the World Health Organization updated the classification of NETs based on their molecular differences. The mutation status of DAXX and ATRX has been added to the criteria for well-differentiated NETs.

Case presentation
A 50-year-old man presented to our hospital for further examination of a gallbladder polyp. He had no right quadrant pain, fever, jaundice, weight loss, or carcinoid syndrome-related symptoms. The patient hoped to avoid cholecystectomy. During the 3-year observation period, the polyp gradually increased in size from 8.3 to 9.9 mm. He decided to undergo surgery, and whole cholecystectomy was successfully performed. Immunohistochemical staining revealed positivity for chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and CD56. The Ki-67 index was < 3%. Taken together, these results led to a diagnosis of a grade 1 GB-NET. We also performed immunohistochemical staining of DAXX and ATRX, which revealed that DAXX protein expression was negative. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful, and he developed no recurrence for 8 years after surgery.

Conclusion
We experienced a very rare case of GB-NET. Obtaining a correct preoperative diagnosis is quite difficult at the first evaluation. A GB-NET should be considered as a differential diagnosis of gallbladder tumors.
Investigation of epididymal proteins and general sperm membrane characteristics of Formosan pangolin (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla)
Authors: Chang Yu-Chia , Yu Jane-Fang , Wang Tse-En , Chin Shih-Chien , Wei Yu-Syuan , Chen Ting-Yu , Tsai Pei-Shiue 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundFormosan Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) is one of the three subspecies of Chinese pangolins, it is also an isolated sub-species naturally habitat in Taiwan. Despite earlier report on successful breeding of Sunda (Manis javanica) pangolin, breeding of Formosan pangolins in zoo captive populations is still challenging due to unknown reproductive characterizations of this species in both male and female populations.ResultsWe characterized for the first time, reproductive tract of male Formosan pangolin. We showed pangolin epididymis was a collagen-enriched organ with apparent segmented sub-regions similar to other mammals. However, unlike most mammals exhibited two V-ATPase subunits, Formosan pangolin exhibited only V-ATPase subunit 2. This specific V-ATPase subunit extended its cellular localization throughout the cytoplasm of epididymal clear cells, suggesting pH regulation of luminal microenvironment might be different from other mammals. Electron micrographs showed rod-shaped pangolin sperm cells with multi-lamellar membrane structure at the sperm head. Similar to well-defined capacitation and acrosome reaction membrane changes in other mammals, we reported three distinct patterns (homogenous, punctuated and faded) of pangolin sperm head membrane changes. The concurrent increase in phosphotyrosine protein expression detected at the sperm mid-piece/tail and the emergence of punctuated membrane aggregates likely representing three sperm activation stages, namely inactivated, capacitated and acrosome reacted status of pangolin sperm.ConclusionBy revealing unique epididymal V-ATPase distribution and sperm membrane dynamics in Formosan pangolin, we would understand better the fundamental aspects of reproduction parameters of Formosan pangolin.
Tomographic findings in patients with COVID-19 according to evolution of the disease
Authors: Quispe-Cholan Axel , Anticona-De-La-Cruz Yoselyn , Cornejo-Cruz Marco , Quispe-Chirinos Oswaldo , Moreno-Lazaro Veronica , Chavez-Cruzado Edward 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
The tomographic findings in COVID-19, its classification, a brief overview of the application of artificial intelligence, and the stages during the course of the disease in patients with moderate COVID-19

Main body
Chest CT allows us to follow the course of COVID-19 in an objective way; each phase has characteristic imaging findings and, consequently, takes the corresponding measures.
A search was made in the PubMed database with the keywords extracted from the DeCs and the combinations of these. Only articles published between December 2019 and June 2020 were included. The search was limited to the English language.

Conclusions
CT serves to monitor the course of the disease since it assesses the severity of lung involvement. The most frequent finding is bilateral ground glass opacities with a subpleural distribution. The progression occurs in two phases: one slow and one fast. At discharge, the patient may have ground glass opacities or areas that will later become fibrosis, leaving sequelae for life.
Radiation Sciences Education in Africa: An Assessment of Current Training Practices and Evaluation of a High-Yield Course in Radiation Biology and Radiation Physics
Authors: Stecklein Shane R. , Taniguchi Cullen M. , Melancon Adam D. , Lombe Dorothy , Lishimpi Kennedy , Banda Lewis , Mwaba Catherine , Pupwe George , Mwale Maurice , Munkupa Harry , Kanduza Mulape , Mule Barbara , Mwale Augustine , Court Laurence , Ohrt Jared D. , Kupferman Michael E. , Jhingran Anuja , Msadabwe-Chikuni Susan Citonje 
Published: October 2020

PURPOSE Formal education in the radiation sciences is critical for the safe and effective delivery of radiotherapy. Practices and patterns of radiation sciences education and trainee performance in the radiation sciences are poorly described. This study assesses the current state of radiation sciences education in Africa and evaluates a high-yield, on-site educational program in radiation biology and radiation physics for oncology and radiation therapy trainees in Africa. METHODS An anonymous survey was distributed to members of the African Organization for Research and Treatment in Cancer Training Interest Group to assess current attitudes and practices toward radiation sciences education. A 2-week, on-site educational course in radiation biology and radiation physics was conducted at the Cancer Diseases Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. Pre- and postcourse assessments in both disciplines were administered to gauge the effectiveness of an intensive high-yield course in the radiation sciences. RESULTS Significant deficiencies were identified in radiation sciences education, especially in radiation biology. Lack of expert instructors in radiation biology was reported by half of all respondents and was the major contributing factor to deficient education in the radiation sciences. The educational course resulted in marked improvements in radiation biology assessment scores (median pre- and posttest scores, 27% and 55%, respectively; P < .0001) and radiation physics assessment scores (median pre- and posttest scores, 30% and 57.5%, respectively; P < .0001). CONCLUSION Radiation sciences education in African oncology training programs is inadequate. International collaboration between expert radiation biology and radiation physics instructors can address this educational deficiency and improve trainee competence in the foundational radiation sciences that is critical for the safe and effective delivery of radiotherapy.
Corticotroph Aggressive Pituitary Tumors and Carcinomas Frequently Harbor ATRX Mutations
Authors: Casar-Borota Olivera , Boldt Henning Bünsow , Engström Britt Edén , Andersen Marianne Skovsager , Baussart Bertrand , Bengtsson Daniel , Berinder Katarina , Ekman Bertil , Feldt-Rasmussen Ulla , Höybye Charlotte , Jørgensen Jens Otto L , Kolnes Anders Jensen , Korbonits Márta , Rasmussen Åse Krogh , Lindsay John R , Loughrey Paul Benjamin , Maiter Dominique , Manojlovic-Gacic Emilija , Pahnke Jens , Poliani Pietro Luigi , Popovic Vera , Ragnarsson Oskar , Schalin-Jäntti Camilla , Scheie David , Tóth Miklós , Villa Chiara , Wirenfeldt Martin , Kunicki Jacek , Burman Pia 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Context
Aggressive pituitary tumors (APTs) are characterized by unusually rapid growth and lack of response to standard treatment. About 1% to 2% develop metastases being classified as pituitary carcinomas (PCs). For unknown reasons, the corticotroph tumors are overrepresented among APTs and PCs. Mutations in the alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) gene, regulating chromatin remodeling and telomere maintenance, have been implicated in the development of several cancer types, including neuroendocrine tumors.

Objective
To study ATRX protein expression and mutational status of the ATRX gene in APTs and PCs.

Design
We investigated ATRX protein expression by using immunohistochemistry in 30 APTs and 18 PCs, mostly of Pit-1 and T-Pit cell lineage. In tumors lacking ATRX immunolabeling, mutational status of the ATRX gene was explored.

Results
Nine of the 48 tumors (19%) demonstrated lack of ATRX immunolabelling with a higher proportion in patients with PCs (5/18; 28%) than in those with APTs (4/30;13%). Lack of ATRX was most common in the corticotroph tumors, 7/22 (32%), versus tumors of the Pit-1 lineage, 2/24 (8%). Loss-of-function ATRX mutations were found in all 9 ATRX immunonegative cases: nonsense mutations (n = 4), frameshift deletions (n = 4), and large deletions affecting 22-28 of the 36 exons (n = 3). More than 1 ATRX gene defect was identified in 2 PCs.

Conclusion
ATRX mutations occur in a subset of APTs and are more common in corticotroph tumors. The findings provide a rationale for performing ATRX immunohistochemistry to identify patients at risk of developing aggressive and potentially metastatic pituitary tumors.