bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A-172 Monolingual Advantage in Visual Task-Shifting in English-Speaking Individuals When Compared to English-and-Spanish-Speaking Bilingual Individuals
Authors: A Chester , E Gracian , C Gallagher , F Sabb , R Bilder 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Researchers reported that bilinguals have an advantage in visual task-shifting (VTS) and associated this advantage with executive functions (EF). We found self-reported monolinguals were faster than bilinguals when comparing switch (SW) and no-switch (NSW) incongruent trials on VTS, and that memory and age were significant predictors, not EF. Our aim is to repeat previous analyses with a sample of individuals matched on language fluency.

Method
Participants were 881 adults (Age: M = 31.64 ± 8.64; Men = 517; Monolingual = 646; Bilingual = 235; Education: M = 14.92 ± 2.05) from the Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics (UL1DE019580, PL1MH083271). Participants completed VTS, Memory, and EF tasks, including English Letter Fluency and, if bilingual, Spanish. Participants were dichotomized into the monolingual group if English letter fluency was at least low average, and the bilingual group if English/Spanish letter fluencies were at least low average.

Results
Response times (RTs) for short and long incongruent trials were computed in two-way ANCOVAs with Group (monolingual, bilingual) as between-participant and Trial Type (SW, NSW) as within-participant factors, and Age and Education as covariates. Short trials revealed main effects of Group (p = .034), as monolinguals achieved faster RTs than bilinguals, and main effects of Trial Type (p &lt; .001), as RTs for NSW was faster than SW. Long trials were nonsignificant (p &gt; .05). Hierarchical stepwise regressions revealed EF (p = .032) and Age (p = .004) significantly predicted Primary and Residual VTS performance.

Conclusions
Our results are inconsistent with literature. We found English monolinguals were faster than English/Spanish bilinguals when controlled for Age and Education. Further, the neuropsychological correlates revealed Age and EF are important predictors of VTS that should be further examined.
A-174 Language Impairments Following Subcortical Infarct: An Aphasia Case Study
Authors: E Schultz , R Churchill , A Malina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Subcortical aphasia associated with internal capsule and adjacent structure lesions often involve impaired naming, grammatical but slow dysarthric speech, impaired syntactic comprehension, repetition impairments, and apraxia. Furthermore, neuropsychiatric disturbances, such as diminished motivation and emotional dysregulation are additionally expected given connections to frontal lobe circuits. Overall, the type and severity of aphasia varies following subcortical stroke and the pattern of symptoms associated with subcortical aphasia have not been fully explored.

Method
The present case is a 34-year-old right-handed African-American female who sustained an acute infarct involving the left splenium, thalamus, and internal capsule, who was evaluated at bedside.

Results
Upon initial exam, the patient was aphasic, exhibiting difficulties with expression, fluctuating comprehension and frequent paraphasic errors. Repetition and single-step command following were impaired and apraxia was evident. She demonstrated poor insight and awareness into her current deficits. She additionally demonstrated low motivation and mild emotional dysregulation with heightened anxiety and depression. During recovery she demonstrated improved comprehension, verbal output, and reduced emotionality.

Conclusions
Consistent with previous studies, this case demonstrates the extreme variability of subcortical lesions in their aphasic manifestations and may suggest that subcortical aphasias are generally milder than that of cortical aphasias with generally faster symptom recovery.
A-176 Primary Components of Spoken Language are Specifically Associated with Dimensional Components of Intelligence
Authors: R Maciel , J Moses , A Boese , A Vickery , J Lyu 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
We compared the factorial dimensional structure of the four components of spoken language from the Multilingual Aphasia Examination (MAE) with the factorial dimensions of the WAIS-III to test the hypothesis that these intellectual and linguistic components are systematically related.

Method
Factorial components of spoken language from MAE subtest measures of visual naming (VN), verbal fluency (VF), sentence repetition (SR), and auditory comprehension (AC) were factor analyzed with the factorial components of the WAIS-III index score measures. The sample consisted of 107 neuropsychiatric patients who were administered the WAIS-III and the MAE as clinical procedures. There were no exclusion criteria.

Results
Specific, independent, robust relationships were demonstrated between each of the four components of spoken language and each of the four factorial components of the WAIS-III. The factorial model explained 70.42% of the total variance among the component measures. VN loaded uniquely with the Verbal Comprehension component. SR loaded uniquely with the Working Memory component. VF loaded uniquely with the Processing Speed component. AC loaded uniquely with the Percentual Organization component.

Conclusions
The four components of spoken language each provide a unique component of verbal mediation for each of the verbal and nonverbal modular components of the WAIS-III cognitive dimensions. These findings suggest that systematic evaluation of spoken language abilities would complement the assessment of intellectual abilities in both clinical and empirical examinations.
A-178 Characterizing Memory Measurement in Cognitively Normal Individuals Using Latent State Trait Modeling of Neuropsychological Tests
Authors: W Goette , J Schaffert , A Carlew , H Rossetti , L Lacritz 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Characterize trait and state measurement of memory in a longitudinal, cognitively normal (CN) sample.

Method
Data were taken from 515 participants (81.17% white; Mage = 64.78, SD = 8.20; Medu = 13.04, SD = 4.39; 73.40% female) deemed CN for 5 consecutive visits in the Texas Alzheimer’s Research and Care Consortium. The memory trait was measured by the CERAD (total learning and delayed recall) and WMS-III Logical Memory (LM) and Visual Reproduction (VR) I and II subtests. Multiple-indicator growth models were used as the primary analysis.

Results
Assumption screening revealed the memory trait was characterized by three domain factors: list learning (CERAD learning and recall), story memory (LM I and II), and visual memory (VR I and II). Generalized second-order growth models demonstrated best overall fit. Scores demonstrated a positive latent growth process such that trait memory scores actually increased over time. Consistency and specificity coefficients suggest less situation-specific error occurs as individuals are tested over time with the first evaluation having the largest portion of situation-specific measurement error (Supporting Figure).

Conclusions
Measurement accuracy of memory in CN individuals improved over repeated administrations. Accurate identification of cases with normal memory in memory disorders research may require serial assessments to account for (a) improved measurement accuracy of the trait after multiple assessments and (b) reducing the influence of state-specific sources of error that are greatest at the first assessment time. Further research is needed to determine whether the observed positive growth in trait scores is unique to CN samples and whether measurement accuracy changes in cognitive domains other than memory.
A-182 Convergent and Divergent Validity of the ChAMP with the CVLT-C and RCFT in Children with Epilepsy
Authors: C David , B Brooks , W Macallister 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
As new measures of memory become available, clinicians may be cautious to adopt them without evidence supporting their validity. The present study assesses the convergent and divergent validity of the Child and Adolescent Memory Profile (ChAMP), with the California Verbal Learning Test Children’s (CVLT-C) and the Rey Complex Figure Test (RCFT) in children with epilepsy.

Method
Twenty four clinically referred children (16 female, 8 male, - age = 12.37 years, SD = 2.68) completed the ChAMP, CVLT-C, and RCFT. Pearson correlations assessed the ChAMP’s convergent and divergent validity with the CVLT-C and the RCFT. Base rate of impairment was calculated for scores ≤2nd percentile.

Results
The ChAMP verbal tasks demonstrated strong relations with CVLT-C (lists; r = 0.678 p = &lt; .001, instructions; r = 0.724 p = &lt; .001 with CVLT-C learning trials and ChAMP lists free recall with CVLT-C long delay r = 0.580 p = .003). The ChAMP visual tasks correlated strongly with the RCFT delay (objects; r = 0.570 p = .004, places; r = 0.619 p = .001, Visual Memory Index; r = 0.657 p = &lt; .001). However, divergent validity was limited as ChAMP Verbal Memory Index correlated with RCFT delay (r = 0.550 p = .005) and ChAMP Visual Memory Index with CVLT-C delay (r = 0.606 p = .002). Eight percent were deemed impaired on ChAMP lists delay similar to the CVLT-C delay (13%), however, ChAMP places delay identified 21% impaired, compared to the RCFT delay (42%).

Conclusions
ChAMP scores are strongly correlated with older established measures, but identify fewer cases as clinically impaired. This may reflect the more contemporary normative data or the fact that ChAMP tasks are less multifactorial in nature than are the CVLT-C and RCFT.
A-183 A Preliminary Study of Comfort with Computers and Analog Tasks in Relation to Older Adults’ Performance in Virtual Reality
Authors: L Williams , A Coldiron , A Sandlin , E Flores , J Flair , D Lee , N Tran , M Barnett 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Neuropsychologists are using virtual reality to simulate everyday activities in order to increase ecological validity in neuropsychological assessments (Kane & Parsons, 2017). However, relatively little is known about the extent to which comfort with computers and analog tasks influences older adults’ performance on virtual reality-based tasks.

Methods
Healthy older adults (N = 42) rated how comfortable they are with computers and cooking meals in daily life and completed the Virtual Kitchen Protocol, a measure of procedural learning and memory for meal preparation tasks.

Results
Both higher comfort with cooking meals in a real kitchen and higher comfort with computers were associated with better learning, immediate recall, and delayed recall of the procedural task in virtual reality. However, comfort with computers did not explain a significant amount of variance in performance beyond comfort cooking in a real kitchen.

Conclusion
While both comfort with computers and analog versions of tasks may relate to older adults’ learning and memory in virtual reality, performance may be primarily related to analog abilities.
A-186 An Enhanced Delayed Recognition Measure for the WMS-IV Logical Memory Subtest
Authors: C Gass , B Patten , A Penate , A Rhodes 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
We introduce a supplemental measure based on the Logical Memory (LM) subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale – IV (Wechsler, 2008) to assist in distinguishing deficient memory storage from compromised retrieval operations. A 20-item five-option multiple choice delayed recognition test for the LM stories is described, followed by descriptive data based on a normative sample of 168 female and 105 male neurologically normal outpatient referrals to a neuropsychology clinic.

Method
Ten 5-option items were developed for each of the three LM stories (A, B, and C) reflecting the stories’ narrative content, yielding 20 items for administration to examinees under 70 (Stories B and C) and older than 69 (Stories A and B). Four distractor options for each item were designed to be “plausible” alternatives for the examinee who had little or no recollection of the narrative material. Examinees (N=360), screened for performance validity (effort), completed the LM Recognition test immediately after delayed LM free recall.

Results
Internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) was acceptable for both 20-item LM Recognition tests. Individuals’ scaled scores on LM-Recognition were compared with LM-II (free recall). Recognition was superior (&gt; one SD) to free recall performance in 43% (age 18 to 69) and 48.2% (age 70+).

Conclusion
Delayed free recall scores often underestimate a person’s ability to encode and store new information. For clinical application, separate LM Recognition norms were derived for older (Stories A and B) and younger examinees (stories B and C). This 20-item measure assists clinicians in differentiating between storage and retrieval deficits on the Logical Memory subtest.
A-194 The Impact of Emodiversity on Mental and Physical Health
Authors: R Rivera , D Carballea , A Ardila 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine how emodiversity affects mental and physical health. Emodiversity has been described as an integral component of the human emotional ecosystem that can serve as a predictor for mental and physical health.

Data Selection
This review was conducted using the following databases: Taylor & Francis, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and ProQuest Central. Inclusion criteria consisted of peer-reviewed articles published in English between the years of 2011–2019. Keywords for the search included emodiversity, emotional diversity, emotion, neuroscience, physical health, and mental health. A total number of 20 articles were reviewed and 8 articles were retained.

Data Synthesis
Research indicated that lack of differentiated emotional experiences, specifically the continuity of negative emotional states, stimulates inflammatory responses that are associated with negative moods and traits, such as depression and anxiety. Furthermore, heightened systemic inflammation has been associated with poor health conditions, such as Type II Diabetes, insulin resistance, rheumatoid disease, and oxidative stress. On the other hand, the presence of differentiation in emotions may lead to adaptive coping and adjustment. Emodiversity is also considered a predictor of habits that may contribute positively to physical health, such as healthy diets, regular exercise, and refraining from smoking.

Conclusion
Articles reviewed suggest that emodiversity is a fundamental criterion for evaluating the human emotional ecosystem. Reviewed literature showed that the absence of emodiversity may be related to different mental health conditions and physical illnesses. Studies have shown that diverse emotional experiences are beneficial for mental and physical health.
A-201 Factor Structure of the RBANS in Patients with Huntington’s Disease
Authors: J Carvalho , B Springate 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status is a commonly used screen of neuropsychological performance (RBANS). A 5-factor structure is used when scoring this measure, revealing 5 composite scores that are used in clinical diagnosis (Immediate Memory; Visuospatial/Constructional; Language; Attention; Delayed Memory). This structure has been supported in a sample of older adults with cognitive impairment. However, a 5-factor structure has not been consistently observed. Rather, in a sample of veterans, a 2-factor solution was noted, as was in a large exploration of past RBANS studies. We explored the factor structure of the RBANS in a sample of patients with Huntington’s Disease (HD).

Method
Participants were 147 patients with HD who presented to an outpatient HD clinic at UConn Health Center, Mage = 46.75, SD = 13.35; Meducation = 13.87, SD = 2.63.

Results
Exploratory principal component factor analysis with direct Oblimin rotation was conducted. A 2-component structure was found with eigenvalues &gt; 1 (65.1% variance). Contrary to expectations from other clinical samples, we did not find the traditional 5-factor solution. Rather, results revealed a 2-factor solution. Factor loadings generally are comprised of visually-loaded (Figure Copy, Line Orientation, Picture Naming, Figure Recall) versus non-visually-loaded tasks.

Conclusions
Results revealed a 2-factor structure of the RBANS in a sample of patients with HD, contrary to the traditional 5-factor solution typically derived into composite scores with this measure. Our findings suggest that HD patients may not perform on the RBANS in a traditional manner. Thus, clinicians evaluating HD patients should exercise caution when using composite scores when considering patient performance on this measure.
A-203 Method Matters: Measures of Social Communication Ability Disagree in Women with Autistic Traits
Authors: J Beck , M South , T Gabrielsen , J Cox , R Lundwall 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Increasing evidence suggests that many women with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be undiagnosed and thus denied access to supports and interventions. Evaluating suspected ASD involves assessing social communication abilities, and many potentially helpful tools exist. We sought to compare various social communication measures (self-report, clinician-rated, and behavioral) in a sample of women with autistic traits.

Method
Our sample includes women without intellectual impairment (N = 66; age M = 25 years; IQ M = 114; 63 White) who reported impairing symptoms associated with ASD (BAPQ total score &gt; 3). One third (n = 22) had been diagnosed with ASD. Participants were recruited through local clinics, a university counseling center, and social media. Participants completed the SRS-2 (self-report), ADOS-2 (clinician rating of autistic traits), and TASIT-S (video-based test of social cognition).

Results
As expected, women with a previous diagnosis of ASD showed significantly more social communication difficulties on the ADOS-2, t(64) = −4.88, p &lt; .001, and TASIT-S, t(64) = 2.23, p = .03. Observable social difficulties on the ADOS-2 were significantly associated with poor performance on the TASIT-S (rS = −.27, p = .03). However, women with an ASD diagnosis did not report more social communication problems on the SRS-2, and SRS-2 scores were not associated with ADOS-2 or TASIT-S scores.

Conclusions
These findings highlight the importance of using a multi-method approach when assessing social communication abilities in women with suspected autism, as self-report measures may not discriminate well mild from more severe impairment, and may disagree with clinician ratings and/or behavioral measures.
A-209 The Relationship Between Performance on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) Trial 1 and Neurocognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Functioning in a Pediatric Concussion Population
Authors: A Smith , J Thomas , C Friedhoff , E Chin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
In concussion populations, suboptimal effort on performance validity tests (PVTs) has been associated with poorer neuropsychological scores and greater post-concussive complaints. This study examined if performance on TOMM Trial 1 was associated with increased cognitive deficits, post-concussive symptoms, and emotional concerns in a pediatric concussion population.

Method
This study utilized archival data from 93 patients (mean age = 14.56, SD = 2.01) with a history of concussion who were assessed at approximately 40 days post-injury. Individuals were divided into “Pass” and “Fail” groups based on their TOMM Trial 1 performance using the established cut-off. The testing battery included Auditory Consonant Trigrams, CPT-II and III, HVLT-R, WJ-III and IV, ImPACT, BASC-2, and BRIEF.

Results
The overall pass rate on Trial 1 was 70% (mean = 46.04, SD = 4.55). There were no significant correlations with Trial 1 and age, grade, gender, prior history of concussion, or mechanism of injury. The Fail group scored lower across domains of attention, memory, and processing speed when compared to the Pass group (p &lt; .05), though their performances were largely average. On rating scales, more concerns were endorsed with the Fail group for attention and executive functioning relative to the Pass group (p &lt; .05), though their scores were below clinical levels. The Fail group reported more post-concussive complaints (p &lt; .05) but they did not significantly differ from the Pass group in terms of depressive symptoms, anxiety, or somatization.

Conclusions
This study highlights the importance of utilizing PVTs when evaluating concussion recovery in pediatric patients.
A-211 Examination of the Personality Assessment Inventory and Performance Validity Tests: Correlation between Response Styles, Performance Effort, and Somatic Complaint
Authors: C Chan , J Roth , J Roberts , G Getz 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Correlation between the performance validity measures from the Advanced Clinical Solution (ACS) package and select scales from the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) were examined to investigate relationships between performance effort and response styles involving negative impression (NIM), inconsistency (ICN), infrequency (INF), and somatic compliant (SOM) scales. Theoretical differences between symptom validity based on self-report questionnaires and credibility of performance on a performance validity tests (PVTs) were considered.

Method
Archival data from clinical neuropsychological evaluations between the years 2015–2018 were reviewed, and 120 consecutive adult cases involving 68 males and 52 females between the ages of 19–69 were collected. Examined measures included: ACS—Word Choice Test (WCT), Reliable Digit Span, Visual Reproduction II Recognition, Logical Memory II Recognition, and the PAI. Spearman’s rank-order correlation and point-biserial correlation analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between variables.

Results
WCT had significant negative correlations with the NIM scale (rs(118) = −.203, p = .013). Modest correlations were found between SOM and WCT when examining PVT raw score (rs (118) = −.192, p = .018) and base rate performance (rs(118) = −.222, p = .007). Point-biserial serial analysis found a weak negative correlation between performance credibility and the SOM scale, which was statistically significant (rpb = −.221, n = 120, p = .008).

Conclusions
NIM T-scores appear to be correlated with lower performance on the WCT, suggesting that an exaggerated or distorted impression of the self is associated with higher risk of poorer performance the stand-alone PVT. Correlation between embedded PVTs and PAI scales were inconsistent.