bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A mathematical model of cerebral blood flow control in anaemia and hypoxia
Authors: Duffin James , Hare Gregory M.T , Fisher Joseph A. 
Published: December 2019

Key points
The control of cerebral blood flow in hypoxia, anaemia and hypocapnia is reviewed with an emphasis on the links between cerebral blood flow and possible stimuli.
A mathematical model is developed to examine the changes in the partial pressure of oxygen in brain tissue associated with changes in cerebral blood flow regulation produced by carbon dioxide, anaemia and hypoxia.
The model demonstrates that hypoxia, anaemia and hypocapnia, alone or in combination, produce varying degrees of cerebral hypoxia, an effect exacerbated when blood flow regulation is impaired.
The suitability of brain hypoxia as a common regulator of cerebral blood flow in hypoxia and anaemia was explored, although we failed to find support for this hypothesis. Rather, cerebral blood flow appears to be related to arterial oxygen concentration in both anaemia and hypoxia.
AbstractA mathematical model is developed to examine the changes in the partial pressure of oxygen in brain tissue associated with changes in cerebral blood flow regulation produced by carbon dioxide, anaemia and hypoxia. The model simulation assesses the physiological plausibility of some currently hypothesized cerebral blood flow control mechanisms in hypoxia and anaemia, and also examines the impact of anaemia and hypoxia on brain hypoxia. In addition, carbon dioxide is examined for its impact on brain hypoxia in the context of concomitant changes associated with anaemia and hypoxia. The model calculations are based on a single compartment of brain tissue with constant metabolism and perfusion pressure, as well as previously developed equations describing oxygen and carbon dioxide carriage in blood. Experimental data are used to develop the control equations for cerebral blood flow regulation. The interactive model illustrates that there are clear interactions of anaemia, hypoxia and carbon dioxide in the determination of cerebral blood flow and brain tissue oxygen tension. In both anaemia and hypoxia, cerebral blood flow increases to maintain oxygen delivery, with brain hypoxia increasing when cerebral blood flow control mechanisms are impaired. Hypocapnia superimposes its effects, increasing brain hypoxia. Hypoxia, anaemia and hypocapnia, alone or in combination, produce varying degrees of cerebral hypoxia, and this effect is exacerbated when blood flow regulation is degraded by conditions that negatively impact cerebrovascular control. Differences in brain hypoxia in anaemia and hypoxia suggest that brain oxygen tension is not a plausible sensor for cerebral blood flow control.
On the Wave Speed of Thermal Radiation Inside and Near the Boundary of an Absorbing Material
Authors: Budaev Bair V. , Bogy David B. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Planck's law describes thermal radiation into vacuum from a black body in thermal equilibrium. This law can be easily adapted to describe radiation into a transparent medium with a constant refractive index, and it admits a less trivial extension to radiation into a transparent medium with a nonconstant refractive index. However, this law cannot be straightforwardly generalized to describe thermal radiation into absorbing media and, in particular, to describe thermally exited electromagnetic fields inside the radiating body itself. We first analyze Planck's law and show why it cannot be straightforwardly extended to radiation into an absorbing medium. The derivation of this law relies on the assumption that a radiated field admits decomposition into normal modes, which cannot exist in absorbing media that are characterized by a complex-valued refractive index n=n′+in″, whose imaginary part describes the rate of energy dissipation. Correspondingly, the speed of electromagnetic waves in absorbing media c=c0/n, where c0 is the speed of light in vacuum, is also complex-valued, which suggests that the conventional concept of a complex valued wave speed is not suitable for modeling thermal radiation. We demonstrate that complex-valued wave speeds adequately describe waves that carry signals, such as radio waves and laser beams. Such waves decay because they pass some of their energy to the medium. The energy absorbed by the medium is eventually reradiated, but in studies focused on the transmission of signals, the reradiated fields are ignored as noise. In order to study thermal radiation in an absorbing material, one must treat the material and the radiation together as a closed system. The energy in such a system is conserved, and its distribution between the material and radiation does not change in time. This radiation admits decomposition into normal modes, which makes it possible to extend Planck's law to radiation into absorbing materials. This paper proposes a model of thermal radiation in an absorbing medium as a closed, energy conserving system. The radiation field has normal modes that correspond to an effective speed of wave propagation. Assuming that an absorbing material and the radiation in it are in thermal equilibrium, we show that deep inside the material, the average speed of photons is given by a frequency and temperature-dependent expression c∗=c0/(1+e−ℏω/κT). While this result is independent of the material, we further show that close to the boundary of the medium, the speed of thermal radiation depends in a complex way on the refractive index and the extinction coefficient of the material, as well as the direction of propagation and the distance from the material's surface.
Contribution of the Hydroxyl Group on Interfacial Heat Conduction of Monohydric Alcohols: A Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Feng Biao , Fan Li-Wu , Zeng Yi 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Monohydric alcohols have been used as promising phase change materials (PCMs) for low-temperature latent heat storage. However, the heat storage/retrieval rates are limited due to the low thermal conductivity of such alcohols. In this work, nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations were performed to study the microscopic heat conduction in example monohydric alcohols, i.e., 1-dodecanol (C12H26O), 1-tetradecanol (C14H30O), and 1-hexadecanol (C16H34O). A simplified ideal crystal model was proposed to exploit the potential for improving the thermal conductivity of monohydric alcohols. The effect of ideal crystalline structures, especially the contribution of the hydroxyl group, on the microscopic heat conduction process was analyzed. The thermal conductivity of the ideal crystals of the various monohydric alcohols was predicted to be more than twice as compared to that of their respective solids. The major thermal resistance in the ideal crystals was found around the molecular interfaces, as a result of the excellent heat conduction performance along the linear molecular chains. The calculated vibrational density of states (VDOS) and interfacial heat transfer were then investigated. When the interfaces are surrounded by hydroxyl groups as walls, strong hydrogen bond (HB) interactions were observed. The interfacial heat transfer coefficient of the ideal crystalline structures of 1-tetradecanol was found to reach up to ∼735.6 MW/m2 W. It was elucidated that the high interfacial heat transfer rate is clearly related to the stronger intermolecular interactions.
Modeling and Simulation on Heat Transfer in Blood Vessels Subject to a Transient Laser Irradiation
Authors: Zhang Xuelan , Zheng Liancun , Liu Lin , Zhang Xinxin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates heat transfer of blood vessels subject to transient laser irradiation, where the irradiation is extremely short times and has high power. The modified Fourier heat conduction model (Cattaneo–Christov flux) and Heaviside step function are used in describing the thermal relaxation and temperature jump characteristics in initial time. A novel auxiliary function is introduced to avoid three-level discretization and temporal–spatial mixed derivative, and the numerical solutions are obtained by Crank–Nicolson alternating direction implicit (ADI) scheme. Results indicate that the temperature distributions in blood vessels strongly depend on the blood property, the laser exposure time, the blood flowrate (Reynolds number) and the thermal relaxation parameter. The isothermal curve exhibits asymmetric characteristics due to the impact of blood flow, and the higher blood velocity leads to more asymmetric isotherm and less uniform thermal distribution. Further, the heat-flux relaxation phenomenon is also captured, and its effect on blood temperature becomes more noticeable as blood flows downstream of blood vessels.
A JSME Code Case on Piping Seismic Design Based on Inelastic Response Analysis and Strain-Based Fatigue Criteria
Authors: Morishita Masaki , Otani Akihito , Nakamura Izumi , Watakabe Tomoyoshi , Shibutani Tadahiro , Shiratori Masaki 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A Code Case in the framework of the Nuclear Codes and Standards of Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME) has been published to incorporate seismic design evaluation methodologies for piping systems by detailed inelastic response analysis and strain-based fatigue criteria as an alternative design rule to the current rule, in order to provide a more rational seismic design evaluation by taking directly the response reduction due to plasticity energy absorption into account. The Code Case provides two strain-based criteria: one is a limit to maximum amplitude of equivalent strain amplitude derived from detailed analysis and the other is a limit to the fatigue usage factor also based on the equivalent strain amplitude. Some discussions are provided on the adequacy of additional damping in the simplified inelastic analysis and the safety margin and reliability of fatigue evaluation by the detailed inelastic response analysis provided in the Code Case.
A Numerical Model for Heat Transfer in Dry and Wet Grinding Based on the Finite Difference Method and Jet Cooling
Authors: Kadivar Mohammadreza , Kadivar Mohammadali , Daneshi Amir 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGrinding is a promising machining method for finishing workpieces that need a smooth surface with tight tolerances. Due to the high thermal energy generated in the grinding zone, an accurate prediction of workpiece temperature plays a crucial role in the design and optimization of the grinding process. Finite difference method (FDM) is used for simulating the temperature distribution in a workpiece subjected to shallow grinding using a DuFort–Frankel explicit scheme. Moreover, two simple methods, one for modeling the effect of material removal in shallow grinding and the other for calculating the heat partition, are presented. A semi-empirical correlation of cooling jet is applied to calculate the convection heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) over the grinding surface. Experiments were carried out to verify the simulation results, and a good agreement was observed between the simulation and experimental data. An analysis of the results indicated that the misestimation of workpiece temperature could occur when the effect of the material removal rate is not considered in the simulation. The simulation results showed that the heat flux flow is one-dimensional for a high Peclet number, while a two-dimensional heat flux flow prevails for a low Peclet number. The results revealed that reducing the Peclet number and extending the depth of cut increase the heat partition. The study of wet grinding demonstrated that, for efficient cooling, the coolant should be applied directly to the contact zone. Moreover, using water-based emulsion as a coolant was more effective than palm and sunflower oils.
Numerical Investigation of Turbulent Premixed Combustion in a High Acceleration Field
Authors: Liu Yu , Wang Zishuo , Tang Hao 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
To guide ultra-compact combustor (UCC) engineering, simulations were conducted about turbulent premixed combustion in a high acceleration field which is called high-g combustion, along with a detailed investigation on the evolution of turbulent premixed flame in a rotating tube of stoichiometric propane-air. The rotation of the tube was mimicked by modified momentum source term in the unsteady 2D simulations to decouple the centrifugal force and the Coriolis force, the latter of which was usually neglected in previous reports. A good agreement was found between the simulation result and experimental data, along with a discovery of the phenomenon that flame speed was accelerated by the imposed acceleration field. Further study indicated that the flame acceleration phenomenon can be attributed to the flame corrugation induced by the Rayleigh–Taylor instability (RTI). The Coriolis force was found to be non-negligible in high-g combustion since the Coriolis acceleration could be at the same magnitude as the centrifugal acceleration, and the observed flame speed was nearly 20% lower without the Coriolis force. The current study revealed that the high-g combustion in an open chamber due to the absence of pressure wave/flame front interaction could not be fully compatible with predictions derived from closed chamber experiments and that the Coriolis force could not be ignored in the high-g combustion process.
Effects of Cenozoic subduction along the outboard margin of the Northern Cordillera: Derived from e-book on the Northern Cordillera (Alaska and Western Canada) and adjacent marine areas
Authors: Nokleberg Warren J. , Scholl David W. , Bundtzen Thomas K. , Stone David B. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article describes the regional effects of Cenozoic subduction along the outboard margin of the Northern Cordillera (Alaska, USA, and Western Canada), and thereby acquaints the reader with several chapters of the e-book Dynamic Geology of the Northern Cordillera (Alaska, Western Canada, and Adjacent Marine Areas). This article and the e-book are written for earth-science students and teachers. The level of writing for the article and the source e-book is that of popular science magazines, and readers are encouraged to share this article with students and laypersons.
The main thrust of the article is to present and describe a suite of ten regional topographic, bathymetric, and geologic maps, and two figures portraying deep-crustal sections that illustrate the regional effects of Cenozoic subduction along the outboard margin of the North American Cordillera. The regional maps and cross sections are described in a way that a teacher might describe a map to students.
Cenozoic subduction along the margin of the Northern Cordillera resulted in the formation of the following: (1) underthrusting of terranes and oceanic lithosphere beneath Southern Alaska; (2) landscapes, including narrow continental shelves along Southern and Southeastern Alaska and Western Canada (the Canadian Cordillera) and continental-margin mountain ranges, including the Alaska Peninsula, Chugach Range, Saint Elias Mountains, and Cascade Mountains; (3) sedimentary basins; (4) an array of active continental strike-slip and thrust faults (inboard of subduction zones); (5) earthquake belts related to subduction of terranes and oceanic plates; (6) active volcanoes, including continental-margin arcs (the Aleutian, Wrangell, and Cascade Arcs) linked to subduction zones, and interior volcanic belts related to strike-slip faulting or to hot spots; (7) lode and placer mineral deposits related to continental margin arcs or subduction of oceanic ridges; (8) hot springs related to continental-margin arcs; (9) plate movements as recorded from GPS measurements; and (10) underthrusting of terranes and oceanic lithosphere beneath the Northern Cordillera.
Geochronology of the Oliverian Plutonic Suite and the Ammonoosuc Volcanics in the Bronson Hill arc: Western New Hampshire, USA
Authors: Valley Peter M. , Walsh Gregory J. , Merschat Arthur J. , McAleer Ryan J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractU-Pb zircon geochronology by sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe–reverse geometry (SHRIMP-RG) on 11 plutonic rocks and two volcanic rocks from the Bronson Hill arc in western New Hampshire yielded Early to Late Ordovician ages ranging from 475 to 445 Ma. Ages from Oliverian Plutonic Suite rocks that intrude a largely mafic lower section of the Ammonoosuc Volcanics ranged from 474.8 ± 5.2 to 460.2 ± 3.4 Ma. Metamorphosed felsic volcanic rocks from within the Ammonoosuc Volcanics yielded ages of 460.1 ± 2.4 and 455.0 ± 11 Ma. Younger Oliverian Plutonic Suite rocks that either intrude both the upper and lower Ammonoosuc Volcanics or Partridge Formation ranged in age from 456.1 ± 6.7 Ma to 445.2 ± 6.7 Ma.These new data and previously published results document extended magmatism for &gt;30 m.y. The ages, along with the lack of mappable structural discontinuities between the plutons and their volcanic cover, suggest that the Bronson Hill arc was part of a relatively long-lived composite arc. The Early to Late Ordovician ages presented here overlap with previously determined igneous U-Pb zircon ages in the Shelburne Falls arc to the west, suggesting that the Bronson Hill arc and the Shelburne Falls arc could be part of one, long-lived composite arc system, in agreement with the interpretation that the Iapetus suture (Red Indian Line) lies to the west of the Shelburne Falls–Bronson Hill arc system.
Effectiveness of management strategies for uninvestigated dyspepsia: systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Eusebi Leonardo H , Black Christopher J , Howden Colin W , Ford Alexander C 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of management strategies for uninvestigated dyspepsia.DesignSystematic review and network meta-analysis.Data sourcesMedline, Embase, Embase Classic, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and clinicaltrials.gov from inception to September 2019, with no language restrictions. Conference proceedings between 2001 and 2019.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesRandomised controlled trials that assessed the effectiveness of management strategies for uninvestigated dyspepsia in adult participants (age ≥18 years). Strategies of interest were prompt endoscopy; test for Helicobacter pylori and perform endoscopy in participants who test positive; test for H pylori and eradication treatment in those who test positive (“test and treat”); empirical acid suppression; or symptom based management. Trials reported dichotomous assessment of symptom status at final follow-up (≥12 months).ResultsThe review identified 15 eligible randomised controlled trials that comprised 6162 adult participants. Data were pooled using a random effects model. Strategies were ranked according to P score, which is the mean extent of certainty that one management strategy is better than another, averaged over all competing strategies. “Test and treat” ranked first (relative risk of remaining symptomatic 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.78 to 1.02, P score 0.79) and prompt endoscopy ranked second, but performed similarly (0.90, 0.80 to 1.02, P score 0.71). However, no strategy was significantly less effective than “test and treat.” Participants assigned to “test and treat” were significantly less likely to receive endoscopy (relative risk v prompt endoscopy 0.23, 95% confidence interval 0.17 to 0.31, P score 0.98) than all other strategies, except symptom based management (relative risk v symptom based management 0.60, 0.30 to 1.18). Dissatisfaction with management was significantly lower with prompt endoscopy (P score 0.95) than with “test and treat” (relative risk v “test and treat” 0.67, 0.46 to 0.98), and empirical acid suppression (relative risk v empirical acid suppression 0.58, 0.37 to 0.91). Upper gastrointestinal cancer rates were low in all trials. Results remained stable in sensitivity analyses, with minimal inconsistencies between direct and indirect results. Risk of bias of individual trials was high; blinding was not possible because of the pragmatic trial design.Conclusions“Test and treat” was ranked first, although it performed similarly to prompt endoscopy and was not superior to any of the other strategies. “Test and treat” led to fewer endoscopies than all other approaches, except symptom based management. However, participants showed a preference for prompt endoscopy as a management strategy for their symptoms.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO registration number CRD42019132528.
Evaluation protocol to assess maternal and child health outcomes using administrative data: a community health worker home visiting programme
Authors: Sabo Samantha , Butler Matthew , McCue Kelly , Wightman Patrick , Pilling Vern , Celaya Martín , Rumann Sara 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionEmerging evidence suggests community health workers (CHWs) delivering preventive maternal and child health (MCH) interventions through home visiting improve several important health outcomes, including initiation of prenatal care, healthy birth weight and uptake of childhood immunisations.Methods and analysisThe Arizona Health Start Program is a behavioral-based home visiting intervention, which uses CHWs to improve MCH outcomes through health education, referral support, and advocacy services for at-risk pregnant and postpartum women with children up to 2 years of age. We aim to test our central hypothesis that mothers and children exposed to this intervention will experience positive health outcomes in the areas of (1) newborn health; (2) maternal health and healthcare utilisation; and (3) child health and development. This paper outlines our protocol to retrospectively evaluate Health Start Program administrative data from 2006 to 2015, equaling 15 576 enrollees. We will use propensity score matching to generate a statistically similar control group. Our analytic sample size is sufficient to detect meaningful programme effects from low-frequency events, including preterm births, low and very low birth weights, maternal morbidity, and differences in immunisation and hospitalisation rates.Ethics and disseminationThis work is supported through an inter-agency contract from the Arizona Department of Health Services and is approved by the University of Arizona Research Institutional Review Board (Protocol 1701128802, approved 25 January 2017). Evaluation of the three proposed outcome areas will be completed by June 2020.