bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does incident severity influence surveillance by lifeguards in aquatic scenes?
Authors: Lanagan‐Leitzel Lyndsey K. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDo lifeguards monitor events according to the level of danger they pose to the patron? This study examined this question by displaying 40 min of video of natural swimming activity to three lifeguards while an eye‐tracker recorded their eye position. In a separate session, those same lifeguards viewed 100 short video clips of some of the incidents that had been presented earlier and they were asked to provide a severity rating (0–7) for each one. The proportion of time that an event was monitored was calculated, and was not consistently predicted by incident severity, physical salience, or incident duration, but by the number of swimmers in the scene. Although this study had an extremely small number of lifeguards and should be treated as exploratory, it suggests that lifeguards may have trouble monitoring incidents they deem severe when they are presented in the context of a busy aquatic scene.
Tumor Microenvironment Sensitive Nanocarriers for Bioimaging and Therapeutics
Authors: Park Hyeongmok , Saravanakumar Gurusamy , Kim Jinseong , Lim Junha , Kim Won Jong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe tumor microenvironment (TME), which is composed of cancer cells, stromal cells, immune cells, and extracellular matrices, plays an important role in tumor growth and progression. Thus, targeting the TME using a well‐designed nano‐drug delivery system is emerging as a promising strategy for the treatment of solid tumors. Compared to normal tissues, the TME presents several distinguishable physiological features such as mildly acidic pH, hypoxia, high level of reactive oxygen species, and overexpression of specific enzymes, that are exploited as stimuli to induce specific changes in the nanocarrier structures, and thereby facilitates target‐specific delivery of imaging or chemotherapeutic agents for the early diagnosis or effective treatment, respectively. Recently, smart nanocarriers that respond to more than one stimulus in the TME have also been designed to elicit a more desirable spatiotemporally controlled drug release. This review highlights the recent progress in TME‐sensitive nanocarriers designed for more efficient tumor therapy and imaging. In particular, the design strategies, challenges, and critical considerations involved in the fabrication of TME‐sensitive nanocarriers, along with their in vitro and in vivo evaluations are discussed.
Incorporation of Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes into Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis
Authors: Soliman Nancy , Gasser Gilles , Thomas Christophe M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRu(II) polypyridyl complexes are compounds of great interest in cancer therapy due to their unique photophysical, photochemical, and biological properties. For effective treatment, they must be able to penetrate tumor cells effectively and selectively. The development of nanoscale carriers capable of delivering Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes has the potential to passively or selectively enhance their cellular uptake in tumor cells. Many different strategies have been explored to incorporate Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes into a variety of nanosized constructs, ranging from organic to inorganic materials. Herein, recent developments in nanomaterials loaded with Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes are highlighted. Their rational design, preparation, and physicochemical properties are described, and their potential applications in cancer therapy are eventually discussed.
A Freestanding 3D Heterostructure Film Stitched by MOF‐Derived Carbon Nanotube Microsphere Superstructure and Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets: A Superior Multifunctional Electrode for Overall Water Splitting and Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Yan Liting , Xu Yulin , Chen Pan , Zhang Shuo , Jiang Huimin , Yang Lingzhi , Wang Ying , Zhang Li , Shen Jianxing , Zhao Xuebo , Wang Lianzhou 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDeveloping a scalable approach to construct efficient and multifunctional electrodes for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is an urgent need for overall water splitting and zinc–air batteries. In this work, a freestanding 3D heterostructure film is synthesized from a Ni‐centered metal−organic framework (MOF)/graphene oxide. During the pyrolysis process, 1D carbon nanotubes formed from the MOF link with the 2D reduced graphene oxide sheets to stitch the 3D freestanding film. The results of the experiments and theoretical calculations show that the synergistic effect of the N‐doped carbon shell and Ni nanoparticles leads to an optimized film with excellent electrocatalytic activity. Low overpotentials of 95 and 260 mV are merely needed for HER and OER, respectively, to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2. In addition, a high half‐wave potential of 0.875 V is obtained for the ORR, which is comparable to that of Pt/RuO2 and ranks among the top of non‐noble‐metal catalysts. The use of an “all‐in‐one” film as the electrode leads to excellent performance of the homemade water electrolyzer and zinc–air battery, indicating the potential of the film for practical applications.
Strontium Ion B‐Site Substitution for Spectral‐Stable Blue Emitting Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Li Junnan , Wang Xuechun , Tan Yeshu , Liang Dong , Zou Yatao , Cai Lei , Wu Tian , Wen Kaichuan , Wang Yusheng , Li Yajuan , Song Tao , Wang Lu , Sun Baoquan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHalide perovskites are promising emitters for light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties, i.e., tunable bandgap, high photoluminescence quantum efficiency, and excellent color purity. However, in contrast to their green and red cousins, the present blue perovskite LEDs are still suffering from poor operational lifetime and electroluminescence shift during bias operation, hindering their practical applications in full‐color information displays. Developing rational strategies to achieve efficient and stable blue perovskite LEDs is one of the urgent tasks in this community. Herein, through substituting the Pb site with strontium ions, blue perovskite films with stable emission under relatively harsh working conditions, i.e., high electrical bias, constant thermal heating, and UV illumination, are obtained, which accordingly guarantees spectrally stable blue perovskite LEDs with external quantum efficiency of 4.1%. Moreover, different alkaline‐earth metal ions are also investigated to further explore the effects of B‐site ion substitution on the performance of perovskite LEDs. This work demonstrates an alternative path for the development of spectral‐stable blue perovskite LEDs.
Nanotechnology‐Based Targeted Drug Delivery: An Emerging Tool to Overcome Tuberculosis
Authors: Baranyai Zsuzsa , Soria‐Carrera Héctor , Alleva Maria , Millán‐Placer Ana C. , Lucía Ainhoa , Martín‐Rapún Rafael , Aínsa José A. , de la Fuente Jesús M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe appearance and rapid spread of drug resistant strains of tuberculosis (TB), one of the deadliest infectious diseases, pose a serious threat to public health and increase the need for shorter, less toxic, and more effective therapies. Developing new drugs is difficult and often associated with side effects, so nanotechnology has emerged as a tool to improve current treatments and to rescue drugs having elevated toxicity or poor solubility. Due to their size and surface chemistry, antimicrobial‐loaded nanocarriers are avidly taken up by macrophages, the main cells hosting Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Macrophages are continuously recruited to infected areas, they can transport drugs with them, making passive targeting a good strategy for TB treatment. Active targeting (decorating surface of nanocarriers with ligands specific to receptors displayed by macrophages) further increases local drug concentration, and thus treatment efficacy. Although in in vivo studies, nanocarriers are often administered intravenously in order to avoid inaccurate dosage in animals, translation to humans requires more convenient routes like pulmonary or oral administration. This report highlights the importance and progress of pulmonary administration, passive and active targeting strategies toward bacteria reservoirs to overcome the challenges in TB treatment.
Targeting Senescent Cells for a Healthier Aging: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Song Shuling , Tchkonia Tamara , Jiang Jing , Kirkland James L. , Sun Yu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAging is a physiological decline in both structural homeostasis and functional integrity, progressively affecting organismal health. A major hallmark of aging is the accumulation of senescent cells, which have entered a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest after experiencing inherent or environmental stresses. Although cellular senescence is essential in several physiological events, it plays a detrimental role in a large array of age‐related pathologies. Recent biomedical advances in specifically targeting senescent cells to improve healthy aging, or alternatively, postpone natural aging and age‐related diseases, a strategy termed senotherapy, have attracted substantial interest in both scientific and medical communities. Challenges for aging research are highlighted and potential avenues that can be leveraged for therapeutic interventions to control aging and age‐related disorders in the current era of precision medicine.
Field performance on lettuce crops of poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate)/polylactic acid as alternative biodegradable composites mulching films
Authors: de Souza Alana G. , Ferreira Rafaela R. , Harada Julio , Rosa Derval S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis work developed biodegradable poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate)/polylactic acid (PBAT/PLA) composites with different fillers to improve their physicochemical properties and biodegradability. The films were tested considering mechanical, morphological, thermal, crystalline, biodegradability, and ecotoxicity tests. Mechanical and morphological results indicated that the fillers' nature influences mechanical performance; all composites showed high‐tensile strength (~30 MPa) than the pristine films (~12 MPa). The use of both fillers resulted in an interface, improving the matrix compatibility, reflecting in good thermal performance, low‐water absorption, and high hydrophobicity. The WA (water absorption) and hydrophobicity are essential to maintain the crop's moisture since the water lost through plant transpiration will be condensed and returned to the soil. Films showed biodegradability and absence of toxicity, which allows the substitution of polyethylene commodity films as mulching films. Biodegradation and ecotoxicity tests indicate that the developed films are beneficial for lettuce crops and contribute to the development of seedlings.
Bisphenol A decreases progesterone synthesis in human ovarian granulosa cells
Authors: Qi Junfeng , Liu Lida , Yang Jie , Gao Xueying , Zhang Wei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEvidences indicate that the decline of female fertility is becoming a common problem over the past few decades. Environmental exposure of Bisphenol A (BPA) has been considered as an endocrine‐disrupting chemical deleteriously affecting human reproductions. To better understand the effect of BPA exposure on human ovarian granulosa cells, we treated human ovarian granulosa cell line (KGN) with increasing concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM) of BPA for 24 hr. About 0.1, 1, and 10 μM BPA did not significantly affect the viability of KGN while 100 μM of BPA caused a statistically significant decrease in the viability of KGN. Treatment KGN with 10 μM BPA resulted in a significant decrease in progesterone biosynthesis. The treatment also significantly increased the expression of ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR). In the current study, exposure to BPA could lead to decreased progesterone production probably through the upregulation of ABCA1 in human granulosa cells.
AlGaN‐based ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Usman Muhammad , Malik Shahzeb , Munsif Munaza 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDue to low power consumption, tunable wavelength and long lifetime ultraviolet light‐emitting diodes (UV LEDs) have found many applications in different fields such as health care, water disinfection, agriculture. In this review, we report different problems that lead to low external quantum efficiency of UV LEDs. We also report various challenges in the growth process of the UV LEDs such as increase in the dislocation density, which affects the optoelectronic performance of the devices. We also report the analysis of the two modes of light polarization, i.e. transverse electric and transverse magnetic in UV LEDs. Moreover, we also summarize various state‐of‐the‐art reported external quantum efficiencies, light output power and peak emission wavelengths in the three UV wavelength regimes, i.e. UV‐A, UV‐B and UV‐C LEDs.
Efficacy of FGF‐2 in Periodontal Regeneration in a Case of Severe Intrabony Defect and Furcation Involvement With 15‐Month Follow‐Up
Authors: Takayama Shin‐ichi , Murakami Shinya 
Published: October 2020

IntroductionSeveral studies have demonstrated that basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2) is one of the most effective growth factors for periodontal regeneration. The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan have approved 0.3% human recombinant FGF‐2 for periodontal regeneration, and it has been commercially available since 2016. In this case report, a patient was treated with this periodontal regenerative medicine and demonstrated success at 15‐month follow‐up, as confirmed by dental X‐ray and on cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT).Case PresentationA 42‐year‐old woman with a one by two walled intrabony defect and Class III furcation involvement in tooth #19, and Class II furcation involvement in tooth #18 (lingual) underwent periodontal regenerative surgery with FGF‐2 without any bone graft materials. Favorable clinical and radiographic outcomes were noted 15 months after the procedure. The vertical bone defect in tooth #19 showed a clinical attachment level gain of 8 mm. Moreover, CBCT analysis revealed considerable new bone formation in the Class II furcation involvement in tooth #18 and limited bone formation in the Class III furcation involvement in tooth #19.ConclusionsThis case report indicates that FGF‐2 showed a positive outcome in terms of periodontal regeneration in a case of one by two wall intrabony defects with Class III furcation involvement. A complete recovery of Class II furcation involvement was observed without artificial bone graft materials.
Liquid‐liquid‐phase Synthesis of exo‐Vinylene Carbonates from Primary Propargylic Alcohols: Catalyst Design and Recycling
Authors: Johnson Chloë , Dabral Saumya , Rudolf Peter , Licht Ulrike , Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Schaub Thomas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA straight‐forward approach to separate catalyst from the exo‐vinylene carbonate (EVC) products of the carboxylative cyclisation of primary propargylic alcohols has been developed. The liquid‐liquid phase synthesis utilises lipophilic silver(I) carboxylate salts and N,N‐dioctyl modified phosphine (FatPhos) ligands to enhance catalyst solubility in non‐polar solvents. Following simple liquid‐liquid phase separation, EVCs relevant as monomers for poly(urethane) and poly(carbonate) synthesis were isolated in the non‐miscible polar phase in good yields. In situ reaction monitoring by ReactIR gave insights into the reaction kinetics and informed the conditions used to afford good EVC selectivity. Under optimised conditions, silver leaching into the product phase was very minor as confirmed by ICP‐MS. Furthermore, a protocol for catalyst recycling by liquid‐liquid separation was demonstrated, with modest loss of catalytic activity over 3 runs.
Enhancement of Cocatalyst‐Coated ZnFe2O4 Photoanode Grown In Situ on a Metallic Iron Substrate
Authors: Yin Yanjun , Wang Xiaodong , Li Lei , Hei Jinpei , Han Yang , Li Lei , Li Mingling 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMFe2O4 (M=Zn, Cu, Mg, Ca) spinel ferrites, with electronic band gaps between 1.4 and 2.1 eV and containing only earth‐abundant elements, are promising visible‐light‐harvesting materials for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. In situ growth of semiconducting thin films directly on a metallic substrate usually produced highly mechanical stable photoelectrodes and lower interfacial transfer resistance. Here, we advanced the in‐situ‐grown ZnFe2O4 thin‐film photoanode on a Fe substrate with an optically transparent FeNiOx electrocatalyst, giving a photocurrent of approximately 46 μA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE, which was 3.5 times larger as compared to pristine Fe/ZnFe2O4. Multiple electrochemical techniques were employed to elucidate the augmented effects of surface modification. Our results suggest that FeNiOx can accelerate the surface charge separation efficiency, thus improving the PEC performance. Additionally, low bulk charge separation efficiency was proposed to be the main hindrance for the ZnFe2O4 photoanode on a metallic Fe substrate.
A novel one‐step reaction sodium‐sulfur battery with high areal sulfur loading on hierarchical porous carbon fiber
Authors: Guo Qiubo , Sun Shuo , Kim Keun‐il , Zhang Hongshen , Liu Xuejun , Yan Chenglin , Xia Hui 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRoom temperature sodium‐sulfur (RT Na‐S) batteries are gaining extensive attention as attractive alternatives for large‐scale energy storage, due to low cost and high abundancy of sodium and sulfur in nature. However, the dilemmas regarding soluble polysulfides (Na2S
n
, 4 ≤ n ≤ 8) and the inferior reaction kinetics limit their practical application. To address these issues, we report the activated porous carbon fibers (APCF) with small sulfur molecules (S2
–
4) confined in ultramicropores, to achieve a reversible single‐step reaction in RT Na‐S batteries. The mechanism is investigated by the in situ UV/vis spectroscopy, which demonstrates Na2S is the only product during the whole discharge process. Moreover, the hierarchical carbon structure can enhance areal sulfur loading without sacrificing the capacity due to thorough contact between electrolyte and sulfur electrode. As a consequence, the APCF electrode with 38 wt% sulfur (APCF‐38S) delivers a high initial reversible specific capacity of 1412 mAh g−1 and 10.6 mAh cm−2 (avg. areal sulfur loading: 7.5 mg cm−2) at 0.1 C (1 C = 1675 mA g−1), revealing high degree of sulfur utilization. This study provides a new strategy for the development of high areal capacity RT Na‐S batteries.
Cytomorphologic features of NTRK‐rearranged thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Viswanathan Kartik , Chu Ying‐Hsia , Faquin William C. , Sadow Peter M. 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundNTRK‐rearranged thyroid carcinomas (NRTC), though rare, harbor a potential therapeutic target. The cytomorphologic features by fine needle aspiration (FNA) and the utility of preoperative molecular testing for NRTC remain largely uncharacterized. We provide a detailed cytomorphologic analysis of an institutional NRTC cohort with clinical, radiologic, histopathologic, and molecular correlations.MethodsOur NRTC FNA cohort included 21 specimens from 19 patients. The mean age and female‐to‐male ratio were 42 years and 2.2:1, respectively. Predominantly alcohol‐stained Papanicolaou smears and liquid‐based preparations were reviewed for 14 patients with available materials, and histologic review of subsequent resections was conducted for all 19 patients. Imaging and clinical data were accessed through electronic medical records.ResultsSonographically, NRTC were hypoechoic (87%), predominantly solid (53%) with limited central vascularity (27%), ill‐defined borders (67%), and microcalcifications (67%). Observed cytomorphologic features include mixed architectural patterns (79%), fibrosis (93%), oncocytic and vacuolated cytoplasm (36% and 43%, respectively), and abundant intranuclear pseudoinclusions (14%). Most NRTC FNAs were classified as suspicious for malignancy or malignant (89%). One case classified as atypia of uncertain significance underwent ThyroSeq sequencing where a NTRK1 fusion was identified.ConclusionAlthough NRTC did not show a consistent cytomorphologic signature, mixed architectural patterns, prominent fibrosis and distinct cytoplasmic or nuclear features should raise suspicion for NRTC and, when accompanied by negative BRAFV600E by immunohistochemistry on cell block material, aid in selecting cases for molecular testing. This algorithmic approach may help identify potential NRTC, maximizing treatment options for patients, especially in patients for whom treatment planning is complicated.
Surface Passivation Strategies for Improving Photoluminescence and Stability of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Dutt V. G. Vasavi , Akhil Syed , Mishra Nimai 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCesium lead halide (CsPbX3) perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are of great interest for next‐generation optoelectronics because of its excellent optical properties and exceptional colour tunability. Nevertheless, these materials suffer degradation which has become a major challenge for their use in practical applications. Researchers mainly focused on developing various approaches to improve the photoluminescence properties and stability of CsPbX3 perovskite NCs. Among these, herein, we review some of the promising approaches to address the challenges like post‐synthetic modification, ligand exchange, and in situ addition.
2D Dual Anisotropic Conductive Janus Nanostrips Array Pellicle and Derivative 3D Janus‐structural Pipe Concurrently Endowed with Magnetism and Red‐green Two‐colored Fluorescence
Authors: Yang Xiuling , Qi Haina , Tian Jiao , Xie Yunrui , Sheng Yuqi , Dong Xiangting , Ma Qianli , Liu Guixia , Wang Jinxian , Yu Wensheng 
Published: October 2020

Abstract2D dual anisotropic conductive left‐to‐right structured special Janus array pellicle (SJAP) synchronously functionalized by red‐green two‐colored fluorescence and magnetism was constructed by electrospinning. SJAP is assembled by two closely joint films, viz. {[CoFe2O4/polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)]@[polyaniline (PANI)/PMMA]}//[Tb(acac)3bipy/PMMA] special Janus nanostrip array film as left‐side (L‐SJAF) and {[CoFe2O4/PMMA]@[PANI/PMMA]}//[Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2/PMMA] special Janus nanostrip array film as right‐side (R‐SJAF). Microscopically, Janus nanostrip with coaxial//monaxial structure effectively limits three functional substances to their own regions, avoiding adverse impact among conduction, magnetism and fluorescence to achieve enhanced fluorescence and strong anisotropic conduction. Macroscopically, SJAP realizes the division of green and red fluorescence regions, and close binding of L‐SJAF and R‐SJAF with single anisotropy enables SJAP to obtain dual anisotropic conduction. The high integration of micro and macro portion endues SJAP with dual anisotropic conduction, magnetism and red‐green two‐colored fluorescence. Two types of 3D Janus‐structural pipe were created by curling SJAP, achieving the structural evolution from 1D nanostrip to 2D SJAP then to 3D pipe. The new 3D pipes exhibit identical properties with SJAP. The novel SJAP and 3D pipe have wide prospect in electronic skin. This design theory and technology provide an idea to prepare other polyfunctional materials.