bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental and numerical fitting of model parameters versus the gas pressure using six phase radiative Lee model in AECS PF‐1, 2 and INTI PF for nitrogen, argon, and neon gases
Authors: Al‐Hawat Sh. , Akel M. , Saw S. H. , Lee S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAtomic energy commission of syria (AECS) PF‐1, 2 devices were operated in N2 and Ar gases at pressures varied between 0.1–1 mbar and applied voltage of 15 kV on the capacitors bank with capacitance of 25 μF. The voltage, current, and current derivative curves were digitally recorded by Ohmic voltage divider and two Rogowskii coils; one with a big number of turns for current and the other one with a low number of turns for the current derivative. Also, the current curve for the discharge as LCR circuit was recorded to calibrate the current measurement. By integrating the current derivative in time and using the curve of calibrated current, the current curve free of noise has been established. By inserting the geometrical and electrical parameters of two AECS PF‐1, 2 devices, the working gas pressure and the kind of the gas into six phase model which describes the instability in the plasma, and adding the anomalous resistance as a term in the current and voltage equations in the model; the computed curves for voltage and current were found and compared with the obtained experimental curves at the same conditions taking into account the readjustment of model parameters fm, fc, fmr, and fcr until getting a good fitting between the measured and computed currents. This fitting has proved the validity of six phase Lee model and its ability to give a description of plasma focus in the radial phase stage (which consists now of four subradial phases: radial inward shock, radial reflected shock, the pinch phase, and after that the instability phase), which is followed by the expanded phase of plasma focus. In parallel to our work, similar efforts were made on the INTI PF device in Ne; the validity of six phase Lee model was proved by getting a proper fitting between the measured and computed currents under the operational conditions. Moreover, the equivalent resistances and time scales of the anomalous resistance phases were obtained by this method; also, the ratios for PF device classification into two types according to the static inductance of the PF system were determined for N2 and Ar as working gases in AECS‐PF1, 2.
A privacy‐preserving biometrics based authenticated key agreement scheme using ECC
Authors: Qi Mingping , Chen Jianhua 
Published: March 2020

SummaryTo ensure secure communication over the insecure public network, this work presents a privacy‐preserving biometrics‐based authenticated key agreement scheme using elliptic curve cryptography, making full use of the advantages that the biometrics can be used to uniquely identify a particular human, and the elliptic curve cryptography can provide the same level security with far less key size compared with other public key cryptography. The proposed scheme realizes the mutual authentication of participants, session key agreement, and various security properties and also can resist kinds of known attacks. Moreover, the proposed scheme has perfect user experience in the aspect of changing password by not interacting with the server. In addition, the security features of our new designed scheme are formally proved under the widely used BPR adversary model. Therefore, from the viewpoint of the authors, the proposed scheme can be considered as the authenticated key agreement scheme for mobile users.
Influences of early‐life stress on frontolimbic circuitry: Harnessing a dimensional approach to elucidate the effects of heterogeneity in stress exposure
Authors: Cohodes Emily M. , Kitt Elizabeth R. , Baskin‐Sommers Arielle , Gee Dylan G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEarly‐life stress confers profound and lasting risk for developing cognitive, social, emotional, and physical health problems. The effects of stress on the developing brain contribute to this risk, with frontolimbic circuitry particularly susceptible to early experiences, possibly due to its innervation with glucocorticoid receptors and the timing of frontolimbic circuit maturation. To date, the majority of studies on stress and frontolimbic circuitry have employed a categorical approach, comparing stress‐exposed versus non‐stress‐exposed youth. However, there is vast heterogeneity in the nature of stress exposure and in outcomes. Recent forays into understanding the psychobiological effects of stress have employed a dimensional approach focused on experiential, environmental, and temporal factors that influence the association between stress and subsequent vulnerability. This review highlights empirical findings that inform a dimensional approach to understanding the effects of stress on frontolimbic circuitry. We identify the timing, type, severity, controllability, and predictability of stress, and the degree to which a caregiver is involved, as specific features of stress that may play a substantial role in differential outcomes. We propose a framework for the effects of these features of stress on frontolimbic development that may partially determine how heterogeneity in stress exposure influences this circuitry and, ultimately, mental health.
Mega‐trials in heart failure: effects of dilution in examination of new therapies
Authors: Davison Beth A. , Takagi Koji , Senger Stefanie , Koch Gary , Metra Marco , Kimmoun Antoine , Mebazaa Alexandre , Voors Adriaan A. , Nielsen Olav W. , Chioncel Ovidiu , Pang Peter S. , Greenberg Barry H. , Maggioni Aldo P. , Cohen‐Solal Alain , Ertl Georg , Sato Naoki , Teerlink John R. , Filippatos Gerasimos , Ponikowski Piotr , Gayat Etienne , Edwards Christopher , Cotter Gad 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAimsOver the last 30 years, many medicine development programmes in acute and chronic heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have failed, in contrast to those in HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). We explore how the neutral results in larger HF trials may be attributable to chance and/or the dilution of statistical power.Methods and resultsUsing simulations, we examined the probability that a positive finding in a Phase 2 trial would result in the study of a truly effective medicine in a Phase 3 trial. We assessed the similarity of clinical trial and registry patient populations. We conducted a meta‐analysis of paired Phase 2 and 3 trials in HFrEF and acute HF examining the associations of trial phase and size with placebo event rates and treatment effects for HF events and death. We estimated loss in trial power attributable to dilution with increasing trial size. Appropriately powered Phase 3 trials should have yielded ∼35% positive results. Patient populations in Phase 3 trials are similar to those in Phase 2 trials but both differ substantially from the populations of ‘real‐life’ registries. We observed decreasing placebo event rates and smaller treatment effects with increasing trial size, especially for HF events (and less so for mortality). This was more pronounced in trials in acute HF patients.ConclusionsThe selection of more positive Phase 2 trials for further development does not explain the failure of HFpEF and acute HF medicine development. Increasing sample size may lead to reduced event rates and smaller treatment effects, resulting in a high rate of neutral Phase 3 trials.
Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays of halobenzoquinones disinfection byproducts using different human cell lines
Authors: Li Jiabao , Zhang Haifeng , Han Yingnan , Chao Huang , Ma Mei , Yang Min 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRecently, halobenzoquinones (HBQs) disinfection byproducts, including 2,6‐dichloro‐1, 4‐benzoquinone (DCBQ), 2,6‐dichloro‐3‐methyl‐1, 4‐benzoquinone (DCMBQ), 2,3,6‐trichloro‐1, 4‐benzoquinone (TCBQ), and 2,6‐dibromobenzoquinone (DBBQ), have been of increasing concern due to their reported ability to induce oxidative damage, and thus genotoxicity. However, data on the risk of genotoxicity due to chromosomal damage by HBQs are still scarce. Here, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the four HBQs were assessed using human cell lines (bladder cancer 5637 cells, colon carcinoma Caco‐2 cells, and gastric MGC‐803 cells). The four HBQs exhibited significant concentration‐response relationships in all the three cell lines. Cytotoxicity of DCBQ, DCMBQ, TCBQ, and DBBQ, represented by the 50% concentration of inhibition (IC50) values, were 80.8–99.5, 41.0–57.6, 122.1–146.6, and 86.9–93.8 μM, respectively. The lowest effective concentrations for cellular micronuclei induction in the cell lines by DCBQ, DCMBQ, TCBQ, and DBBQ were 50–75, 20–41.5, 87.4–100, and 50 μM, respectively. 5637 and Caco‐2 cells were more sensitive to the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of HBQs than MGC‐803 cells. These results show that HBQs can induce chromosomal damage; DCMBQ induced the highest cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in all the cell lines, and TCBQ caused the least toxicity.
The association between gut butyrate‐producing bacteria and non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Gui Qifeng , Li Hanyu , Wang Ange , Zhao Xinxiu , Tan Zhongju , Chen Lufang , Xu Keying , Xiao Chi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundRecently, it has been found that the gut microbiota may affect the development of lung cancer through the “gut‐lung axis.” To investigate this relationship, we performed this study to determine whether the gut microbiota in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients is different from that in healthy adults.MethodsQuantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to detect the expression levels of eight gut butyrate‐producing bacteria in healthy adults and NSCLC patients. We enrolled 30 patients with NSCLC and 30 subjects from 100 healthy adults after matching for age and sex.ResultsCompared to healthy adults, most of the gut butyrate‐producing bacteria in NSCLC patients were significantly decreased; these included Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium leptum, Clostridial cluster I, Ruminococcus spp., Clostridial Cluster XIVa, and Roseburia spp. Among the gut butyrate‐producing bacteria, we analyzed Clostridial cluster IV and Eubacterium rectale were not decreased in NSCLC patients.ConclusionsWe conclude that NSCLC patients had gut butyrate‐producing bacteria dysbiosis. Further studies should be performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of how these specific bacteria affect lung cancer progression and prognosis.
Expanding our understanding of the relationship between nonsuicidal self‐injury and suicide attempts: The roles of emotion regulation self‐efficacy and the acquired capability for suicide
Authors: Gratz Kim L. , Spitzen Tara L. , Tull Matthew T. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveAlthough past literature has emphasized the role of acquired capability in the relationship between nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts, support for the indirect relationship of NSSI to suicide attempts through acquired capability is limited. Thus, research examining other factors that may underlie this relationship is needed. Across two studies, this research examined the indirect relationships of NSSI frequency to suicide attempts through both acquired capability and emotion regulation self‐efficacy (ERSE).MethodTwo large samples of adults (one nationwide community sample and one clinical sample of patients with substance use disorders) completed questionnaires and/or interviews.ResultsResults revealed significant indirect relationships of NSSI frequency to lifetime suicide attempts through ERSE, but not acquired capability, within both samples.ConclusionsResults highlight the relevance of ERSE to both suicide attempts and the NSSI‐suicide attempt relationship, and suggest the potential utility of interventions aimed at increasing ERSE among individuals with repeated NSSI.
Assessing the availability and quality of Spanish‐language genetic resources for patients on the internet
Authors: Westrate Libby , Brennan Simone , Carmany Erin P. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn recent years, people increasingly are accessing health information on the Internet. A significant percentage of the United States (US) population has limited English proficiency with Spanish being the most common other language spoken. There is limited research on the presence or quality of Spanish‐language health information, particularly in genetics, on the Internet overall. Therefore, we aimed to assess the availability and quality of patient‐specific education resources in Spanish available on US‐based support group websites for a wide range of genetic conditions. We assessed 630 websites through the Disease InfoSearch website (www.diseaseinfosearch.org), created by Genetic Alliance, for the presence of Spanish genetic resources for patients with a new diagnosis of a genetic condition. Of these, 261 (41.4%) websites met study criteria for further evaluation. Of the 99 websites (37.9%) that had any Spanish content, 45 Spanish resources and a paired English resource from the same site met criteria for a quality assessment. Scoring was performed by two independent raters using Ensuring Quality Information for Patients (EQIP), a previously validated tool to assess the quality of written health information. The mean scores for Spanish and English resources were 57.3% and 58.4%, respectively, corresponding to a good quality score according to guidelines proposed by authors of EQIP. An independent two‐sample t test showed no significant difference in the mean quality scores between Spanish and English resources (p‐value = .506). Overall, we found limited availability of Spanish resources on the websites analyzed, but of those identified, there was no difference between the quality of Spanish resources and the paired English resources from the same site. These results highlight the need for genetics professionals to advocate for the creation of more Spanish patient resources. However, genetics professionals can have some reassurance that if a support group does produce a Spanish resource, it likely has comparable quality to its English equivalent.
POVERTY REDUCTION AND ECONOMIC LIVELIHOOD MOBILITY IN RURAL SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICA
Authors: Dzanku Fred Mawunyo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis article uses household panel data for six countries in rural sub‐Saharan Africa to study the dynamics of off‐farm diversification rather than the ‘static’ analyses common in the related literature. It identifies drivers of economic livelihood mobility and implications for poverty reduction. The results show that on‐farm specialization imposes considerable welfare costs on rural households. In most of the countries, income poverty reduction was highest for households that became diversified and lowest for those that became specialized. Yet, off‐farm diversification entry is hampered by living in a female‐headed household, old age, low farm productivity and poor rural infrastructure. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption and desorption characteristics of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer on middle‐pressure chromatogram isolated gels
Authors: Zhang Yan‐Fei , Wu Fa‐Jie , Jia Ai‐Ling , He Tian‐Zhu , Qu Mo , Xiao Chun‐Ping , Cole Janét , Wang Wei‐Nan , Qiu Zhi‐Dong 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFour types of middle‐pressure chromatogram isolated gels are evaluated for adsorption or desorption characteristics of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng. Among them, SP207SS and SP2MGS were selected for dynamic investigations based on their static adsorption or desorption capacity of total ginsenoside. Their adsorption kinetics was better explained by pseudosecond‐order model and isotherms were preferably fitted to Langmuir model. Dynamic breakthrough experiments indicated an optimum sample loading speed of 4 bed volume/h for either SP207SS or SP2MGS. Desorption speed was determined to be 2 bed volume/h according to desorption amount of total ginsenoside in their effluents. Eight ginsenosides were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography‐triple quadropole‐mass spectrometry in total ginsenoside extract and different fractions during stepwise dynamic elution. For SP207SS, 27.62% of loaded ginsenosides was detected in 40% ethanol fraction, while 59.12% of them were found in 60% ethanol fraction. As on SP2MGS, the number went to 53.71 and 44.43%, respectively. Recovery rate of ginsenosides were calculated to 78.65% for SP207SS and 89.53% for SP2MGS, respectively. Intriguingly, content of Rg1 and Re in 40% ethanol fraction from SP207SS became 20.1 and 18.6 times higher than that in total ginsenoside extract by one‐step elution, which could be leveraged for the facile enrichment of these two ginsenosides from natural sources.
Diagnostic Accuracy Evaluation of Two‐Dimensional Shear Wave Elastography in the Differentiation Between Benign and Malignant Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Filho Raimundo Holanda Carneiro , Pereira Fernando Linhares , Iared Wagner 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesTo evaluate two‐dimensional (2D) shear wave elastography (SWE) performance as an independent predictor of malignancy in the diagnostic differentiation of thyroid nodules (TNs), including subgroup analyses of different manufacturers and respective cutoffs points.MethodsThe online databases MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched for articles using 2D SWE in TN evaluation. After good‐quality relevant thyroid‐specific articles were selected, the main data, plus their sensitivity and specificity, were tabulated. Summary receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to verify the accuracy of data obtained from 3 manufactures. A meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate whether clinical recommendations can be improved by the use of 2D SWE to differentiate TNs.ResultsThe sensitivity and specificity parameters of 2D SWE for the differentiation between benign and malignant TNs according to different instruments were, respectively, as follows: Toshiba SWE (Toshiba Medical Systems, Tochigi, Japan), 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70–0.83) and 0.76 (95% CI, 0.72–0.81); Virtual Touch tissue imaging and quantification (Siemens Medical Solutions, Mountain View, CA), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.67–0.77) and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.78–0.84); and SuperSonic SWE (SuperSonic Imagine, Aix‐en‐Provence, France), 0.63 (95% CI, 0.59–0.66) and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.79–0.83). The summary receiver operating characteristic curves showed the following area under the curve syntheses: Toshiba SWE, 0.84 (Q* = 0.7707); Virtual Touch tissue imaging and quantification, 0.85 (Q* = 0.7809); and SuperSonic SWE, 0.88 (Q* = 0.8102). Positive and negative predictive values varied, respectively, from 16% to 94% and 29% to 100%, considering all included articles. The overall accuracy ranged from 53% to 93%.ConclusionsTwo‐dimensional SWE is a relevant and an important tool that supports ultrasound in clinical practice in the diagnostic differentiation between benign and malignant TNs.
Transmitter Effects on Growth and Survival of Forster's Tern Chicks
Authors: Herzog Mark P. , Ackerman Joshua T. , Hartman C. Alex , Peterson Sarah H. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTRadio‐telemetry is a commonly used scientific technique that allows researchers to collect detailed movement, habitat use, and survival data of animals; however, evidence indicates that using telemetry can affect behavior and survival. Using multiple breeding colonies and years, we investigated the effects of attached radio‐transmitters on growth and survival of Forster's tern (Sterna forsteri) chicks in San Francisco Bay, California, USA, 2010–2011. We tested these potential effects at isolated islands that allowed for high re‐capture rates (typically >85%) in radio‐marked and banded‐only chicks. Modeled Gompertz growth curves suggested that transmitters had a small negative effect on some of the asymptotic growth parameters of tern chicks; tarsus (−1.5 ± 0.7% [SE]), culmen (−1.7 ± 1.2%), and wing (−4.9 ± 2.0%) lengths were shorter for radio‐marked chicks compared to banded‐only chicks. In contrast, there was no difference in asymptotic mass between radio‐marked chicks and banded‐only chicks. Survival from hatching to fledging was lower for radio‐marked chicks than banded‐only chicks during 2010 (banded‐only = 0.313 ± 0.162 vs. radio‐marked = 0.250 ± 0.165) and 2011 (0.193 ± 0.030 vs. 0.123 ± 0.027). Most of the transmitter effect occurred within the first week after hatching, rather than in older chicks. Notably, the effect of transmitters on chick survival was primarily additive, indicating that the effect of transmitters on radio‐marked chicks was not influenced by other ecological covariates. Given the effect radio‐transmitters had on survival did not change across temporal or ecological gradients, transmitters can still be used to evaluate ecological factors affecting survival and timing of mortality and radio‐marked birds can be used to make inferences to the general population. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Estimation of vertical structure of latent heat generated in thunderstorms using CloudSat radar
Authors: Naren Athreyas Kashyapa , Gunawan Erry , Tay Bee Kiat 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe Earth's atmosphere is highly coupled between the vertical layers and the surface. An understanding of circulations in the atmosphere is important for developing models and improving weather forecasting. The latent heat produced in the atmosphere is one of the key driving forces of these circulations. It is therefore very important to estimate the latent heat in the atmosphere accurately, especially in thunderstorm clouds, which have proved to be one of the major sources of gravity waves in tropical regions. The current space‐based latent heat retrievals are limited to precipitation‐based estimation which cannot define the complete structure of a thunderstorm where precipitation is not the main indicator of the severity. A novel method is proposed in this study which retrieves the latent heat profiles of thunderstorm clouds using CloudSat W‐band radar profiles. A realistic database of simulated thunderstorm events developed using the Regional Atmospheric Modelling System – Cloud Resolving Model (RAMS‐CRM) is compared with observations using the Bayesian Monte Carlo method to derive an estimate with an uncertainty analysis for each estimate. The method is validated in the southeast Asian region with European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts driven RAMS‐CRM profiles. The algorithm performance on observation data using linear fit, regression and bias analysis is discussed. A case study retrieval is also performed to demonstrate the retrieval on real CloudSat data.