bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Niebuhrian International Relations
Authors: Moore Gregory J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Reinhold Niebuhr (1892–1971) may have been the most influential and insightful American thinker of the twentieth century. In dealing with the intricacies of human nature, society, politics, ethics, theology, racism, and international relations, Niebuhr the teacher, preacher, philosopher, social critic, and ethicist was highly influential and difficult to ignore during the World War II and Cold War eras because of his intellectual heft and the novel manner in which he addressed the economic, spiritual, social, and political problems of his time. This book distills Niebuhr’s disparate and now difficult-to-access work on international relations into one volume, making it more easily accessible than ever before, at the same time bringing his work into the twenty-first century. It argues that if he were alive today Niebuhr would be a champion of the United Nations, a supporter of globalization, a fierce opponent of America’s 2003 Iraq War (for all the reasons he opposed the Vietnam War), an advocate of responsibility to protect, and a pragmatic hawk on China as it rises today. This book also highlights his many contributions to international relations (IR) theory, from Realism to Liberalism to existentialism to the English School to constructivism. This is the first book that focuses exclusively on the IR thought of Reinhold Niebuhr, one of America’s most important public intellectuals and classical Realism’s most important figures, dubbed “the father of us all” by American diplomat and Realist George Kennan.
Introduction
Authors: Stimeling Travis D. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In the early 1950s, country music was a cottage industry in Nashville, supporting a handful of small recording studios, publishers, and managers, and Nashville was known primarily as the home of The Grand Ole Opry. By the mid-1960s, however, Nashville had become “Music City, USA,” a bustling town known around the world as the epicenter of country music production and dissemination. As Nashville underwent this transformation, popular music consumption in the United States also underwent a radical change, as disc jockey programs replaced live performance on radio stations across the United States. Drawing upon recent academic work in the musicology of recording, the Introduction considers how these changes affected the ways that audiences heard country music during the 1950s and 1960s. In its focus on recorded country music, the Nashville Sound era begs for a musicological inquiry examining the creative decisions of session musicians, recording engineers, and record producers and the impacts of those decisions on the listeners who engaged with their work.
The Birth of the Nashville Recording Industry
Authors: Stimeling Travis D. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Country music was recorded in Nashville as early as the 1920s, but it was not until the mid-1950s that the city became a significant center for the production of recorded country music. This chapter traces the development of Nashville’s recording studio infrastructure from ad hoc facilities used in the decade following the end of World War II to the mid-1970s, when the city was home to several state-of-the-art permanent recording facilities. This chapter not only explores the business of recording in Nashville, but also examines how new technologies that were deployed within the city’s recording studios changed the ways in which musicians created their work (Horning 2013). Finally, this chapter considers how trade publications, the mainstream press, and films promoted Nashville as both a state-of-the-art recording center and a relaxed, small-town alternative to urban recording industries in New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles.
Introduction
Authors: Kuehn Evan F. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Although Troeltsch is often read as merely a voice of criticism in theology, this book argues that he makes an important constructive contribution to theology, namely, an eschatological conception of the Absolute. Two points of clarification are made in order to curtail skepticism in areas where misconceptions about Troeltsch’s theological project may arise. First, the book distinguishes Troeltsch’s critique of absoluteness in the history of religions from his idea of the Absolute itself, which is the proper focus of the current study. Second, the coherence of Troeltsch’s theological project, even into his late work on the philosophy of history and his posthumous lectures on world religions, is explained.
Ontological Implications
Authors: Kuehn Evan F. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the ontological implications of Troeltsch’s eschatological Absolute by considering his critique of pantheistic and monistic conceptions of the Absolute. Monism was an important philosophical force in early twentieth-century religion, popularized by writers such as Ernst Haeckel and radical preachers such as Carl Jatho. Beginning in his own lifetime, some interpreters considered Troeltsch himself a monist or even a sort of pantheist. This chapter clarifies Troeltsch’s commitment to a metaphysical dualism and transcendence by examining critiques of Troeltsch and his responses to them. It also provides an account of the theological context within which various misreadings of Troeltsch circulated.
Introduction
Authors: Games Alison 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A conspiracy trial featuring English, Japanese, and Indo-Portuguese co-conspirators in the Indian Ocean in 1623 caused a diplomatic crisis in Europe and became known in English culture for four centuries as the Amboyna Massacre. This introduction explains the European context of the Anglo-Dutch alliance that helped produce the conspiracy and that in turn enabled the English East India Company to create the massacre. In creating the incident as a massacre, the English East India Company yoked the episode to a new word, “massacre”; detached the conspiracy from its regional setting; and created new histories for the episode—as a massacre and as a story of violence against English innocents that would in turn become foundational to the history of the British Empire.
From Competition to Conspiracy
Authors: Games Alison 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
For twenty years, the Dutch and English East India Companies cooperated and competed throughout the Indian Ocean in search of dominance in the spice trade. Conflicts over nutmeg and cloves in Banda and the Moluccas were especially deadly for Europeans and non-Europeans alike. The two companies were constrained in their actions in the Indian Ocean by the nations’ historical ties in Europe and by decisions made by their employers, which ultimately forced them into partnership in 1619 in the wake of overt conflict. That new partnership placed the English in a secondary position. A new type of conflict erupted, one centered on conspiracies. To further trust, the companies required traders to live together in shared houses in the clove-trading posts on Ambon, but the scheme backfired and their intimacy was their undoing.
The Amboyna Business
Authors: Games Alison 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs the conspiracy trial on Ambon in 1623 by drawing on over fifty depositions and other sources, almost all created after the trial. It analyzes why a Japanese soldier’s questions triggered VOC suspicions of a regional plot featuring Japanese, English, and Indo-Portuguese co-conspirators, and why the alleged plot took the form the VOC believed it did. It explores the role of torture in the legal process. In the course of presenting a narrative of the conspiracy trial, it sifts through conflicting perspectives and interpretations of events. Almost all aspects of the trial were later disputed in Europe, and this chapter deals directly with the interpretive problems posed by the surviving sources.
Inventing the Amboyna Massacre
Authors: Games Alison 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The English East India Company turned the Amboyna conspiracy into the Amboyna massacre in 1624. Massacre was a relatively new word in the English language. This chapter analyzes how the company drew on this new word, detached the incident from its Indian Ocean origins, and obscured the participation of non-Europeans in creating the massacre. At a time of renewed Anglo-Dutch alliance, the company could not use the word massacre in print, so it created this powerful message in other ways, especially in a pamphlet called the True Relation and through illustrations of tortured traders. By linking the executed English traders to martyrs, miracles, and acts of divine providence, the company crafted an enduring history of the Amboyna Massacre. The Habsburg Empire printed its own works in an effort to sever the alliance. This chapter charts the tension between the EIC and the English government as the government sought to secure the Dutch alliance and suppressed multiple works connected to Amboyna.
The Reckoning
Authors: Games Alison 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The English government struggled for thirty years to receive restitution for the incident they had come to know as the Amboyna Massacre. This chapter traces the repercussions in the Indian Ocean and especially in Europe. In England, the English traders who had survived the conspiracy trial became the key witnesses for the East India Company. This chapter explores how these men created new lives for themselves in the wake of the trial. A central component to the success of the East India Company in securing restitution was the publication of old and new Amboyna pamphlets, as well as new illustrations, especially during the 1650s and the First Anglo-Dutch War. The Treaty of Westminster resolved all outstanding claims in 1654, but the animosities of the Amboyna crisis ensured that the English remained dissatisfied with a financial settlement alone and still looked for justice.
Domesticating Amboyna
Authors: Games Alison 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Despite the resolution in the Treaty of Westminster (1654), the Amboyna massacre became entrenched in English culture as a familiar cultural touchstone. Three further wars with the Dutch led to new Amboyna pamphlets. Amboyna also became part of internal political disputes in which Tories wrote Amboyna pamphlets to attack Whig rivals. In a wide-ranging exploration of multiple genres of popular and print culture, including plays, advice manuals, fiction, and library catalogues, this chapter analyzes the many ways in which Amboyna became domesticated in English culture. By the end of the seventeenth century it had shed its political significance as a symbol of ingratitude and instead became a consummate tale of cruelty. It also endured as a tale of unrequited injury. British authors such as Dryden, Defoe, and Swift were part of this process. By the end of the eighteenth century, with a final True Relation, it had become a legend.
Legacies
Authors: Games Alison 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
By the nineteenth century, the Amboyna massacre had become the linchpin of the British Empire, explaining why the British came to have a stronghold in India. This chapter looks at a convergence of circumstances in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including the new availability of historical sources, the rise of imperial history as an academic subject, and the crisis of empire posed by the Boer War, to explore the centrality of Amboyna in British history. Works of history and children’s schoolbooks are key sources. The triumph of the Amboyna Massacre—in British history and culture, in reference works, in modern library subject classification systems—reveals that the English at Amboyna may have lost their heads, but they got the last word.
Epilogue
Authors: Games Alison 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Although the Amboyna Massacre had not originally been the first English massacre, by the eighteenth century that is what it had become. The epilogue analyzes how the incident displaced previous incidents and acquired historical primacy, drawing on contemporary histories and almanacs to chart this process. It situates Amboyna in the context of other massacres around the world to assess what distinguished Amboyna from other episodes of violence. It concludes by arguing that Amboyna’s status as the first English massacre, along with its origin at the time the word massacre itself entered the English language, shaped the meaning of subsequent violent episodes, and placed intimacy, treachery, and ingratitude at the center of massacres in ways that endure to the present day.
Arena of Desire
Authors: Seymour Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The arrival of a circus in Raffaella Saraceni’s home town in Calabria forms the basis of this chapter, which investigates the intense emotional experiences, particularly desire, evoked within this distinctive social and cultural arena. The circus arts represented by this small provincial troupe, based around an extended family, are contextualized within the broader history of the circus, mostly in the nineteenth century but also reaching back to ancient Roman arenas. Personal testimonies give surprising evidence about the degree of desire experienced and expressed in this arena, particularly by women towards the leading performer, Pietro Cardinali. It appears that Cardinali was the provincial version of more famous contemporary practitioners of the circus arts such as Jules Léotard. The chapter explores evidence about the way Cardinali’s circus performers participated in the social life of a small Calabrian town during their month-long visit, which provides means to think more generally about the cultural and social dynamics of southern Italian provincial life in the 1870s. Forensic evidence also supports exploration of the emotional ‘regime’ within the circus family, in which male desire and female fear were central. Cardinali and his sister Antonietta were favoured guests at soirées held in Raffaella Saraceni’s family home, and it was not long before the town’s gossip mill, or voce pubblica (public voice), became firmly convinced that Raffaella, now estranged from her husband, had herself embarked upon a love affair with Pietro Cardinali.
Of Constituent Nations
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which the debates about the nature and implications of the theory of constituent power that arose during the French Revolution reappeared in later constituent episodes. It pays particular attention to the electoral rules regulating citizen activity and to the types of constitutional forms that resulted from them. In Part I, the chapter explores the distinction between the constituent power of the people and the constituent power of the nation. From each of these notions, emanate different types of legal and institutional demands on the juridical order. After distinguishing between these two approaches, the chapter examines, in Part II, the ways in which they were (or not) put into practice in the constitution-making process that resulted in the creation of the Spanish Constitution of 1812. Part III focuses on the creation of the Venezuelan Constitution of 1811 and Part IV examines the process that led to the adoption of the Colombian Constitution of 1886. During these three processes, constituent power became an extraordinary constitution-making jurisdiction directed at the identification of the common good, and as a power that could be exercised through mechanisms that excluded important parts of the population.
Sovereignty and Dictatorship
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter develops a distinction between sovereignty and constituent power. It argues that when distinguished from constituent power, sovereignty appears not as a constitution-making force, but as the ability to create any legal content without being subject to the separation of powers. A sovereign, in this sense, is best understood as an individual or entity who enjoys an uncontrollable jurisdiction to transform its will into law. The exercise of constituent power, in contrast, only involves a constitution-making authority; it can only produce constitutional norms. Part I examines Jellinek’s conception of constituent power, which he developed in the context of his discussion of the theory of the organ. In his work, constituent power usually appears as an extra-legal force, inseparable from the notion of an omnipotent law-maker. Part II contrasts that conception with that of Carré de Malberg, who tried to avoid the risks of a constitution-maker attributed with the totality of political power by conceiving the nation as a sovereign entity that could only act and will through state organs who never enjoyed sovereign authority. Part III argues that it is in Schmitt’s work where the distinction between sovereignty and constituent power (between sovereignty and sovereign dictatorship) appears more clearly. Part IV considers examples of entities that, in the 20th and 21st centuries, have understood themselves as the means for the exercise of constituent power and have assumed sovereign authority. The emphasis will be on the Colombian Constituent Assembly of 1991 and in the Venezuelan Constituent Assembly of 2017.
Conclusion
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter summarizes the main insights of the book, which present constituent power as an eminently juridical concept, one that can play a key role in determinations of legal validity and that places important demands on constitutional orders. It also identifies avenues for further research, particularly with respect to the imperative mandate, primary assemblies, the doctrine of unconstitutional constitutional amendments, the legality of informal but democratic constitution-making processes, and the enforceability of constituent mandates. The chapter concludes by arguing that to approach constituent power through legal lenses does not necessarily entail an attempt to domesticate an otherwise revolutionary concept. In the case of this book, such an approach seeks to realize part of the radical democratic potential of the concept: that, as in Rousseau, it is the sovereign people, and not its representatives, who must determine the content of the fundamental laws.
Shocking the Conscience of Humanity
Authors: deGuzman Margaret M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The most commonly cited justification for international criminal law is that it addresses crimes of such gravity that they “shock the conscience of humanity.” From decisions about how to define crimes and when to exercise jurisdiction, to limitations on defenses and sentencing determinations, gravity rhetoric permeates the discourse of international criminal law. Yet the concept of gravity remains highly undertheorized. This book uncovers the consequences for the regime’s legitimacy of its heavy reliance on this poorly understood idea. It argues that gravity’s ambiguity may at times enable a thin consensus to emerge around decisions, such as the creation of an institution or the definition of a crime, but that, increasingly, it undermines efforts to build a strong and resilient global justice community. The book suggests ways to reconceptualize gravity in line with global values and goals to better support the long-term legitimacy of international criminal law.
The Arena of Conformal Models
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 14 discusses how the identification of a class of universality is one of the central questions needing an answer for those in the field of statistical physics. This chapter discusses in detail the class of universality of several models, and provides examples that include the Ising model, the tricritical Ising model and its structure constants, the Yang–Lee model and the 3-state Potts model. This chapter also covers the study of the statistical models of geometric type (as, for instance, those that describe the self-avoiding walks) and their formulation in terms of conformal minimal models, including conformal models with O(n) symmetry.
S-matrix Theory
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 17 discusses the S-matrix theory of two-dimensional integrable models. From a mathematical point of view, the two-dimensional nature of the systems and their integrability are the crucial features that lead to important simplifications of the formalism and its successful application. This chapter deals with the analytic theory of the S-matrix of the integrable models. A particular emphasis is put on the dynamical principle of bootstrap, which gives rise to a recursive structure of the amplitudes. It also covers several dynamical quantities, such as mass ratios or three-coupling constants, which have an elegant mathematic formulation that is also of easy geometrical interpretation.
Symbolic Management
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book presents the symbolic management perspective as a comprehensive, behavioral theory of corporate governance. It describes a pervasive pattern of symbolic decoupling, or separation between appearances and reality, at each level of the governance system. The processes of governance are less efficient or effective than they appear, at every level: from interpersonal relations within organizations, such as relations between chief executive officers and directors and between top managers and lower-level employees, between firm leaders and external stakeholders, and between communities of leaders and groups of constituents. There is even a separation between appearances and reality at the level of the governance system. Symbolic management comprises the agentic practices by which decoupling is maintained at different levels of the system, including internal and external communications by firm leaders that conform to prevailing cultural values. The symbolic management perspective not only provides an integrative, behavioral alternative to economic theories of governance such as agency theory, but it subsumes economic theory. Agency theory is reconceived as a historically contingent, institutional logic, or a set of cultural values, assumptions, and prescriptions that became taken for granted among key stakeholders for a period of time. We reveal a gradual shift in institutional logics of governance, away from the traditional agency logic, and toward an alternative “neo-corporate” logic that reinterprets agency prescriptions and drops fundamental economic assumptions of agency theory. Our theory and research ultimately demonstrate how the symbolic management activities of firm leaders have contributed to this historical shift in prevailing logics of governance.
Symbolic Management of Process
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this chapter we examine the symbolic management of social processes in firm leadership and governance. We explain how firm leaders engage in verbal impression management about their strategic advice network, and how such communication is decoupled from their actual advice-seeking behavior. We go on to describe how firms gain legitimacy by adopting participative strategic decision-making programs that ostensibly use cutting-edge information technology to solicit input, despite decoupling the programs from actual strategic decision making. We then consider how and when firms manage impressions about the diversity and inclusiveness of firm leadership, and how such rhetoric may also be decoupled from actual decision-making processes. We conclude that the symbolic management of social and organizational processes in firm leadership is among the most efficient and effective means of increasing the legitimacy of firm governance and strategy.