bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solving Barriers to Commercialization of Cells with Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Crowther Owen 
Published: February 2020

Commercially available Li-ion batteries using graphite or graphite-silicon blended anodes are currently approaching a cell level specific energy of 300 Wh kg−1. The use of lithium metal instead as an anode an intriguing possibility to further increase cell level specific energies to 400 Wh kg−1 and beyond. Lithium is an ideal anode because it is the lightest metal and highly electronegative. However, attempts to commercialize cells using lithium metal anodes have been slowed by poor cycle life and safety issues. This is because nonuniform lithium plating leads to the growth of dendrites that cause loss of active lithium and can eventually lead to internal cell shorts.
Safe cell cycle life must be improved to 50-100 cycles for special purpose applications like unmanned aerial vehicles, >300 cycles for portable power applications and >1000 cycles for electric vehicle applications. This performance must be maintained during the challenge of scaling cell size from <5 mAh coin cells with relative low areal capacities less than 2 mAh cm−2 used in most literature research to larger cell sizes such as (>2000 mAh) pouch cells and 18650/21700 cylindrical cells with practical areal capacities >4.5 mAh cm−2.
The advantages and disadvantages of several potential cell designs will be discussed including using lithium metal with conventional Li-ion cathodes, nonlithithated metal oxides and fluorides, sulfur and air cathodes, as well as other advanced concepts. Several types of electrolytes including liquid, polymer and ceramic will be evaluated based on ability to limit dendrites and manufacturability. Other methods to limit dendrite propagation such as surface pretreatments and pulse plating will also be covered.
Finally, the performance of prototype cells developed at EaglePicher using lithium metal anode will be highlighted. Figure 1 shows a 2 Ah prototype pouch cell using a lithium anode, high nickel cathode and nonaqueous electrolyte. The cell demonstrates an extremely high specific energy of >375 Wh kg−1 but a poor cycle life of ~25 cycles to 80% retention. This presentation will focus on design considerations for cells with lithium anodes, as well as improving the cycle life and safety characteristics of these cells. Several methods for improving both of these areas will discussed. Incorporation of these methods and the performance improvement of 2 and 10 Ah pouch cells using the lithium anode will presented.

Figure 1
(Invited) Considerations of Ionic Charge Carriers for Aqueous Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Ji Xiulei 
Published: February 2020

There is a pressing need for new battery technologies in two key areas: high-energy power batteries for electric vehicles, and large-scale storage batteries to buffer the output from the renewable-but-intermittent solar and wind power generation. For storage batteries, the goal is to minimize the levelized energy cost over the devices’ lifetime. This means that electrode materials containing rare and expensive elements should be avoided. Secondly, the cycle life of storage batteries must be excellent — ideally over 10,000 cycles. Thirdly, these batteries should be quickly rechargeable to store, for example, energy from wind farms. Most importantly, storage batteries should be intrinsically safe, i.e., nonflammable. To meet this list of requirements, batteries with aqueous electrolytes relish several distinct advantages. Aqueous electrolytes are cheaper and safer. The simplicity of an aqueous chemistry environment may facilitate long battery longevity, and its high conductivity brings an innate power advantage. In battery chemistry design, one of the most important considerations is the choice of working charge carriers. To date, a majority of battery technologies rely on metal-ion charge carriers. Surprisingly, non-metal cations, particularly proton-containing cations, i.e., H+, H3O+,1 and NH4
+,1,2, have received exceedingly little attention. The simplest form of hydrogen cation, a single proton, is nearly “invisible” with a measured radius of ~0.89 fm or ~2.1 fm, using muon or e- spectroscopy, respectively. Due to the negligible strain of hosting protons, the rate capability and cycle life of proton batteries have the potential to be far superior to those of existing batteries. In this talk, I will introduce some of our new results, experimental and computational, on the storage of new charge carriers in battery chemistry for grid-storage purposes, particularly related to the Grotthuss mechanism3 and the ion/electrode interactions. I will compare different charge carriers in terms of their correlations to electrochemical properties, such as capacity fading, polarization, and operation potentials.
References:

Wang, X., Bommier, C., Jian, Z., Li, Z., Chandrabose, R. S., Rodríguez Pérez, I., Ji*, X.“Hydronium-Ion Batteries with Perylenetetracarboxylic Dianhydride Crystals as an Electrode” Chem. Int. Ed. 56, (2017): 2909-2913 doi:10.1002/ange.201700148

Wu, X., Qi, Y., Hong, J. J., Hernandez, A. S., Ji*, X. “Rocking-Chair NH4-Ion Battery: A Highly Reversible Aqueous Energy Storage System” Angewandte Chemie International Edition
56, (2017) 13026-13030 doi: 10.1002/anie.201707473

Wu, X., Hong, J. J., Shin, W., Ma, L., Liu, T., Bi, X., Yuan, Y., Qi, Y. (undergraduate), Surta, T., Huang, W., Neuefeind, J., Wu, T., Greaney*, P. A., Lu*, J., and Ji* X., “Diffusion-Free Grotthuss Topochemistry for High-rate and Long-Life Proton Batteries" Nature Energy, (2019) DOI: 10.1038/s41560-018-0309-7
Low Concentration Electrolytes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Glaser Rebecca , Johnson Billy , Wu Feixiang , Ready Jud , Sanghadasa Mohan , Yushin Gleb 
Published: February 2020

As a promising cathode material due to its high theoretical capacity (1166 mAh/g) lithium sulfide (Li2S) has been the focus of research worldwide. In addition to being based on inexpensive, widely-available, and non-toxic sulfur, Li-Li2S or Li-S batteries offer remarkably high specific energy, which is critically important for weight-sensitive applications. Previous research demonstrated that highly concentrated electrolytes (e.g., 2.5-5M) may reduce polysulfide dissolution and improve performance of cells with Li2S cathodes.1
,
2 However, salts in the organic electrolyte are fairly expensive and relatively heavy. In addition, high salt concentrations reduce Li+ mobility and may severely limit the rate performance of high loading cathodes. In contrast, low concentration electrolytes have not been explored for Li-S batteries, despite being significantly lighter, cheaper and less viscous than their high concentration counterparts. Furthermore, salts and additives that are not soluble in some solvents used in Li-S batteries at high concentrations can offer sufficient solubility at low concentrations, thus offering more options for the design of high-loading and high performance Li-Li2S or Li-S cells. In our study, we examine a broad range of low concentration electrolytes with various salt and solvent combinations and ratios. In contrast to our initial expectations, some low-concentration electrolytes demonstrated strong rate performance. We also examine lifetime performance and performance with high loading cathodes. In this talk, we will discuss the impact of electrolyte salt chemistries, their mixtures, relative concentrations and solvent compositions on electrolyte conductivity, the anode and cathode solid electrolyte interphase layers (CEI and SEI) as well as cell rate performance and stability.
(1) Lee, J. T.; Zhao, Y.; Thieme, S.; Kim, H.; Oschatz, M.; Borchardt, L.; Magasinski, A.; Cho, W. Il; Kaskel, S.; Yushin, G. Adv. Mater.
2013, 25 (33), 4573–4579.
(2) Suo, L.; Hu, Y. S.; Li, H.; Armand, M.; Chen, L. Nat. Commun.
2013, 4, 1–9.
Promises and Challenges Facing Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wu Sheng-Hui , Wu Wei-Hsin , Chao Chung-Hsiang , Chang Chih-Ching , Fang Jason 
Published: February 2020

Nowadays, due to rapid development in technology, regardless of automobile industry, portable devices and energy storage system, the requirement of energy density, capacity and operating voltage becomes higher and higher. Traditionally, graphite anode with low capacity is limited to develop advanced lithium ion battery(LIB) and is hard to achieve the high-tech product specification; therefore, battery industries have started to focus on silicon-carbon composite materials in substitution. However, it also faces its limitation to achieve energy density of 700 Wh L-1. Using lithium metal as the anode material seems to be the only route to achieve 1000 Wh L-1 due to its extremely high capacity (3860 mAh g-1), lightness (0.59 g cm-3), and low reduction potential (-3.04 V). Consequently, more and more battery experts and researchers have devoted themselves to lithium metal battery (LMB) research.
Nevertheless, lithium as active metal easily reacts with electrolyte producing poor solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with high internal resistance leading to low coulombic efficiency and short cycle life. During charge and discharge process, lithium plating and stripping leads to non-even deposition. As a further matter, under extreme environment, such as high current density and charge density, dendritic dendrite easily forms resulting in safety issue including failure of separator and short circuit. Based on the above issues, lithium metal battery could be hardly commercialized. Therefore, battery design should be aimed at lithium metal anode instead of traditional LIB anode. First of all, innovative electrolyte system which benefits the formation of highly-stable SEI should be established. Secondly, the artificial SEI on lithium anode is served as the first line of defense against dendrite due to excellent mechanical strength and elasticity. Finally, it is important to develop a structured anode for improving lithiophilic property, uniform electric field and solving volume expansion issue.
On Improving the Cycling Stability of P2-Type Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 Cathode Material By Ti-Substitution for Na-Ion Batteries
Authors: Pahari Debanjana , Puravankara Sreeraj 
Published: February 2020

The extensive studies over the last decade have established Na-ion batteries (NIBs) as one of the cheaper alternatives to Li-ion batteries (LIBs) [1-2]. P2-type Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 has stood out among layered oxide based electrode materials providing the best over-all electrochemical performance. The electrodes can exert up to 92.5% of its theoretical capacity (160 mAhg-1) at a voltage higher than 3 V accounted for the Ni2+/Ni4+ redox. However, at higher voltages, electrodes suffer irreversibility due to P2-O2 structural transition [3]. Recent studies in suppressing this transition by partial substitution with various metals on either Ni or Mn lattice site have suggested enhancing cycling stability [4-7]. In this study, a novel cathode material with Ti-substitution on Ni site, P2-type Na0.67Ni0.25Ti0.08Mn0.67O2 has been synthesized via solid-state synthesis method and characterized electrochemically. Na0.67Ni0.25Ti0.08Mn0.67O2 electrodes have been observed to be highly reversible at higher voltage ranges. The electrodes have an initial discharge capacity of 125 mAhg-1 and can retain around 84% of this capacity (105 mAhg-1) even after 50 cycles at 0.1C when cycled at an upper cut-off voltage of 4.3 V (Figure 1). Na0.67Ni0.25Ti0.08Mn0.67O2 electrodes are believed to suppress the irreversible P2-O2 transformation by diverting the charging reaction through a more reversible P2-OP4 transition.

References

[1] A. Eftekhari, D. W. Kim, J. Power Sources 2018, 395, 336-348.
[2] J. Y. Hwang, S. T. Myung, Y. K. Sun, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017. 46, 3529-3614.
[3] G. Singh, N. Tapia-Ruiz, J.M. Lopez del Amo, U. Maitra, J.W. Somerville, A.R. Armstrong, J. Martinez de Ilarduya, T. Rojo, P.G. Bruce, Chem. Mater. 2016, 28, 5087-5094.
[4] T. Y. Yu, J. Y. Hwang, D. Aurbach, Y. K. Sun, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 44534-44541.
[5] K. Kubota, Y. Yoda, S. Komaba, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2017, 164, A2368-A2373.
[6] J. Xu, D. H. Lee, R. J. Clément, X. Yu, M. Leskes, A. J. Pell, G. Pintacuda, X. Q. Yang, C. P. Grey, Y. S. Meng, Chem. Mater. 2014, 26, 1260-1269.
[7] W. Zhao, A. Tanaka, K. Momosaki, S. Yamamoto, F. Zhang, Q. Guo, H. Noguchi, Electrochim. Acta 2015, 170, 171-181.

Figure 1
Pb-Based Nanocomposite Anodes for Li- and Na-Ion Batteries
Authors: Han Jinhyup , Park Jehee , Kim Youngsik , Ahmed Shabbir , Lee Eungje , Johnson Christopher S. 
Published: February 2020

Anode materials that undergo alloying and conversion type electrochemical reactions are studied as alternative electrodes to graphite and hard carbon with the promise of higher capacities, and potentially higher energy densities. Little studied however are lead (Pb) and lead oxides (PbO, Pb3O4) that have advantages of low cost and high volumetric energy density [1]. In fact when the Argonne BatPaC model is used with Pb as anode, and layered sodium transition metal oxide cathode are coupled together the energy density for a sodium-ion pouch cell design is 549 Wh/L, and the cost is projected quite low at 63.5 USD/kWh [2]. These metrics are certainly competitive with many grid storage battery systems. However, lead toxicity is a concern. But Pb has always been one of the most recycled materials in the world, with a high recycling rate close to 99 % in the United States [3]. Certainly, with the rapid in-line progress of lithium- and sodium-ion battery recycling technologies, lead-based materials could become a viable contender for high-energy, low-cost anodes in the future if the performance can be improved and validated.
In this presentation, we report novel Pb-O-C nanocomposite anodes synthesized by simple high energy ball milling process. The electrochemical test data from lithium and sodium cells show higher reversible capacity and improved cycle stability when compared to previously reported data of lead and lead oxides materials.[4-5] The reaction mechanism and effect of nanocomposite structure with improved performance will be discussed.
[1] M.N. Obrovac and V.L. Chevrier, Chem. Rev., 2014, 114, 11444-11502.
[2] P. Nelson, K. Gallagher, I. Bloom, Dennis Dees, and Shabbir Ahmed, BatPaC, Argonne National Laboratory. (n.d.). http://www.cse.anl.gov/batpac.
[3] L. Gaines, Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2014, 1-2, 2-7.
[4] M. Martos, J. Morales and L. J. E. A. Sanchez, Electrochimica Acta, 2003, 48, 615-621.
[5] L. D. Ellis, B. N. Wilkes, T. D. Hatchard and M. N. Obrovac, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2014, 161, A416-A421.
NaM2(PO4)(SO4)2 (M= Fe, V, Cr) As Electroactive Materials for Na-Ion Batteries
Authors: Ben Yahia Hamdi , Alkhateeb Alaa , Essehli Rachid 
Published: February 2020

To date, research on sodium-ion batteries started to gain more interest. It is mainly motivated by the large abundance of sodium and the hope to produce batteries that are cheaper compared to LIBs and less prone to resource issues and safety concerns [1-3].
NASICON compounds have been well investigated as possible electroactive materials for sodium-, lithium-, and magnesium-ion batteries. In this paper, we report on the structural and electrochemical properties of the NASICON phases NaFe2-xMx(PO4)(SO4)2 (M=V, Cr and 0 < x < 1) [4] . The crystal structures were solved by the Rietveld method using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data. The electrochemical performances were examined by galvanometric cycling and cyclic voltammetry. The stability of the NASICON structure during cycling was also followed by ex-situ PXRD experiments.
The NaFe2-xMx(PO4)(SO4)2 powders (0 < x < 1) were synthesized via a solid state synthesis route from stoichiometric mixtures of NaNO3 (Aldrich, ≥99 %), Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O (Aldrich, ≥98%), Cr(NO₃)₃·9H₂O (Aldrich, ≥98%), NH4VO₃ (Aldrich, ≥99%), (NH4)2SO4 (Aldrich, ≥99 %), NH4H2PO4 (Merk, ≥99%) and citric acid C6H8O7 (Riedel-deHaën) (CA). The starting raw materials, dissolved in an aqueous medium, were stirred at 80oC until evaporation of water. The resulting powders were calcined at 500oC for several hours under argon to obtain pure NaFe2-xVx(PO4)(SO4)2 powders. TGA experiments performed on all the samples resulted in a 30% weight loss which corresponds to the departure of two SO2 molecules, and hence confirm the chemical compositions of NaFe2-xVx(PO4)(SO4)2. This was also confirmed by EDS analyses. The crystal structure of the NaFe2-xVx(PO4)(SO4)2 were solved using X-ray powder diffraction data. A phase transition from R-3c (x = 0) to R-3 (x > 0) was observed during the replacement of iron by vanadium. The structure can be described as a covalent skeleton [(Fe/V)2P3O12]- built of Fe/VO6 octahedra and XO4 tetrahedra (X= S, P), which forms 3D interconnected channels with several types of interstitial positions where sodium and vacancies are distributed. The cycling performances of NaFe2-xVx(PO4)(SO4)2 were studied in cells embedding (NaPF6:EC:PC) electrolyte and Na-metal (Figure 1). Additional details will be provided during the conference.
Figure 1. Charge/discharge curves of NaFe2-xVx(PO4)(SO4)2 at the rate of C/10 vs. Na+/Na (a) and capacity retention for x = 0.4 (b) and rate capability for x = 0.4 (c).

Reference:

[1] Makino, K.; Katayama, Y.; Miura, T.; Kishi, T., J. Power Sources 2002, 112, 85−89.
[2] Gaubicher, J.; Wurm, C.; Goward, G.; Masquelier, C., Nazar, L., Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 3240−3242.
[3] Jian, Z.; Zhao, L.; Pan, H.; Hu, Y.-S.; Li, H.; Chen, W., Chen, L., Electrochem. Commun. 2012, 14, 86−89.
[4] H. Ben Yahia, R. Essehli, R. Amin, K. Boulahya, T. Okumura, I. Belharouak, Journal of Power Sources 382 (2018) 144-151.

Figure 1
A Polymer Scaffold Binder Structure for Improving Long-Term Cycle Performance of Lithium Metal Powder Electrode
Authors: Jin Dahee , Roh Youngjoon , Byun Seoungwoo , Kim Dohwan , Ryou Myung-Hyun , Lee YongMin 
Published: February 2020

Lithium metal anode is being revalued as a candidate for large-scale battery systems, such as electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESSs), owing to its high theoretical density and lowest negative potential. However, to commercialize lithium metal in large-scale battery systems, the formation of dendrite and continuous side reactions during repeated cycling must be suppressed.
In our previous contribution, we improved this problem by using Li metal powder (LiMP), which was compressed on a Cu foil with a small amount of binder instead of bare lithium metal foil. Due to higher surface area of LiMP, the actual current density felt by LiMP is much lower than that of general lithium foil. Nevertheless, during repeated cycling, the high-surface-area structure of LiMP became flatter and is finally covered with numerous dendrites.
Herein, we report a LiMP electrode with a scaffold barrier using polyimide (PI) binder. As PI binder forms its own barrier structure at the interstitial region between LiMP particles, the energy density of the cell can be enhanced without additional hosting materials or processes. Especially, the scaffold structure of PI binder can confine the Li stripping/plating reactions within the matrix. Furthermore, we investigated their electrochemical properties, such as DC-IR based on hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC), cycle performance, and Li plating/stripping mechanism.
A Novel Ternary Ordered Intermetallics Cu3znsb As Anode for Sodium-Ion Storage
Authors: Pahari Debanjana , Misra Samiran , Jana Partha P , Puravankara Sreeraj 
Published: February 2020

Among the high capacity anodes, antimony (Sb) shows a high theoretical capacity of 660 mAh/g by forming Na3Sb, safer working potential and less volume expansion compared to graphite anodes for Na-ion batteries(NIBs) [1]. Sb-based intermetallic systems can actively take part in sodiation /de-sodiation reaction. The relatively small volume change during charge-discharge reactions makes them promising anodes for Na-ion batteries. Cu2Sb has extensively been studied as intermetallic Sb-based anode for Na-ion storage. The anodes are capable of transferring three electrons in the redox reaction giving rise to a capacity of 250 mAh/g which is closely 77% of its theoretical capacity [2]. In this study, a ternary intermetallic Sb-based alloy Cu3ZnSb has been investigated to attain better electrochemical performance.
Ternary Cu3ZnSb crystallises in tetragonal space group P4/nmm (129) with lattice parameters a = 4.2171 (3) Å and c = 8.6925 (11) Å [3]. The structure is built up with [Cu3Sb] slabs that correspond to the unit cells of Cu2Sb and planer 44 nets of Zn atoms. The planar nets of Zn atoms are interspersed between two adjacent [Cu3Sb] slabs. The structure of Cu3ZnSb can be viewed as stacking of Cu2Sb-unit cells interleaved with CsCl type b’-brass (CuZn) layers along c-direction (Figure 1a).
Ternary Cu3ZnSb anodes exhibit an initial discharge capacity of 323 mAh/g when cycled at a rate of 0.05C in the voltage range of 0.005 – 2 V (Figure 1b). The average voltage can be calculated as 0.4 V with respect to Na/Na+. Although, the discharge capacity fades in the initial cycles, from the 6th cycle onwards a reversible capacity of 56 mAh/g has been observed for the pristine material.

References

Darwiche , C. Marino , M. T. Sougrati , B. Fraisse , L. Stievano and L. Monconduit, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
,
2012,134, 20805 – 20811.

Baggetto , E. Allcorn , R. R. Unocic , A. Manthiram and G. M. Veith, J. Mater. Chem. A
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2013, 1, 11163 - 11169.

Misra, B. Koley, S. Chatterjee, S. Mallick, and P. P. Jana Inorg. Chemi. 2018
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57 (19), 11970-11977.

Figure 1
Impact of Salt Concentration on Lithium Dendritic Growth in a Rigid SEO Polymer Electrolyte
Authors: Frenck Louise , Maslyn Jacqueline A. , Balsara Nitash P. 
Published: February 2020

In a society increasingly concerned by its impact on the environment and the urgent issue of climate change, there is great demand for an energy storage device with higher energy density and power capability (especially for electric vehicles and power grid). The use of the high energy density lithium metal anode jointly with a solid polymer electrolyte could enable the development of large-scale battery applications. Yet, dendritic lithium formation leading to short circuit currently limits its practical applications. Therefore, understanding the fundamentals of dendrite nucleation and growth is necessary to design robust battery systems.
In this work, the nucleation and growth of lithium dendrite is studied in function of salt concentration in lithium-lithium symmetric cells in a rigorous manner. Complete electrochemical characterization of a solid block copolymer polystyrene-polyethylene oxide mixed with lithium salt (LiTFSI) will be presented, as well as the cell lifetime under galvanostatic cycling. We have discovered an unexpected relationship between cell lifetime and salt concentration. X-ray micro-tomography was used to underpin the relationship between salt concentration and dendrite nucleation and morphology.