bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Projection of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Welfare of Remittance-Dependent Households in the Philippines
Authors: Murakami Enerelt , Shimizutani Satoshi , Yamada Eiji 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is inevitably affecting remittance-dependent countries through economic downturns in the destination countries, and restrictions on travel and sending remittances to their home country. We explore the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the welfare of remittance-dependent households using a dataset collected in the Philippines prior to the outbreak. First, we confirm that remittances are associated with welfare of households, particularly for those whose head is male or lower educated. Then, we use the revision of the 2020 GDP projections before and after the COVID-19 crisis to gauge potential impacts on households caused by the pandemic. We find that remittance inflow will decrease by 14–20% and household spending per capita will decline by 1–2% (food expenditure per capita by 2–3%) in one year as a result of the pandemic.
JUVENILE INFORMERS: IS IT APPROPRIATE TO USE CHILDREN AS COVERT HUMAN INTELLIGENCE SOURCES?
Authors: Gillespie Alisdair A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRecently, attention has been given to the question as to whether children should be used as covert human intelligence sources (CHIS), aka informers. Being a CHIS is a risky endeavour, particularly when the person is deployed against serious crime, for example, gang violence. Questions arise over the propriety of using adolescents as CHIS, and whether the regulation of covert sources serves to minimise the risk to them. This article considers the regulatory environment. It concludes that the use of juveniles as CHIS can be justified, but that additional safeguards must be put in place to ensure their safety.
Revisiting the tectonic evolution of the Triassic Palaeo-Tethys convergence zone in northern Thailand inferred from detrital zircon U–Pb ages
Authors: Hara Hidetoshi , Tokiwa Tetsuya , Kurihara Toshiyuki , Charoentitirat Thasinee , Sardsud Apsorn 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDetrital zircon U–Pb ages for sediments in and around the Palaeo-Tethyan convergence zone in northern Thailand provide constraints for tectonic interpretations of the Indochina Block, the Sibumasu Block, the Inthanon Zone accretionary complex and the Nan Back-arc Basin during the Triassic. In sedimentary rocks of the Indochina Block, almost all of the Palaeozoic and Triassic zircons were sourced from the collision zone between the Indochina and South China blocks, and an active continental margin in the western Indochina Block. Sediments of the Sibumasu Block were supplied by erosion of Archaean basement and from the Grenville and the Pan African orogenies, but show no record of Permian to Triassic igneous activity. Accretionary complex sediments have provenances of both the Sukhothai Arc and the Indochina and South China blocks, with detrital zircons of various ages being supplied from crustal uplift and erosion related to the Indosinian I orogeny. Sedimentary rocks of the Nan Back-arc Basin are widely distributed not only in the Nan–Uttaradit but also in northern Sukhothai areas. The origin of the Pha Som Metamorphic Complex and associated formations can be traced to basin-filling sediments in the Nan Back-arc Basin. These detrital zircon U–Pb ages have also allowed identification of the changing tectonic setting in the Palaeo-Tethys convergence zone from the ‘erosion of Proterozoic continental basement’ to ‘Palaeozoic active continental margin in the western Indochina Block’ and ‘Palaeozoic, Permian to Triassic collision zone between the South China and Indochina blocks’ through to ‘Triassic active Sukhothai Arc’.
Boosting Familiarity-Based Memory Decisions in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Importance of Metacognition
Authors: Geurten Marie , Salmon Eric , Willems Sylvie , Bastin Christine 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjective:Recent studies in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have suggested that AD patients are not always able to rely on their feeling of familiarity to improve their memory decisions to the same extent as healthy participants. This underuse of familiarity in AD could result from a learned reinterpretation of fluency as a poor cue for memory that would prevent them to attribute a feeling of fluency to a previous encounter. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether AD patients could relearn the association between processing fluency and past exposure after being repeatedly exposed to situations where using this association improves the accuracy of their memory decisions.Method:Thirty-nine patients with probable AD were recruited and asked to complete several recognition tests. During these tests, participants were put either in a condition where the positive contingency between fluent processing and previous encounters with an item was systematically confirmed (intervention condition) or in a condition where there was no correlation between fluency and prior exposure (control condition). The efficacy of the intervention was evaluated at three time points (baseline, posttest, and 3-month follow-up).Results:Our results indicated that all AD patients do not benefit to the same extent from the training. Two variables appeared to influence the likelihood that participants increase and maintain their reliance on the fluency cues after the intervention: the ability to detect the fluency manipulation and the preservation of implicit metacognitive skills.Conclusion:These findings indicate the importance of metacognition for inferential attribution processes in memory.
Behavioural characteristics and abdominal obesity among Brazilian shift working women
Authors: Theodoro Heloísa , Bassani Diego Garcia , da Silva Janaína Cristina , Mendes Karina Giane , Cibeira Gabriela Hermann , Schenkel Julia Cigana , Olinto Maria Teresa Anselmo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjective:To explore the association between behavioural characteristics with the prevalence of abdominal obesity (AO) among a population of Southern Brazilian shift working women.Design:A cross-sectional study was conducted. AO was estimated using waist circumference (WC), and it was used to classify women as having AO (WC ≥ 88 cm). Prevalence ratios were estimated using Poisson regression with robust variance.Setting:A large plastic utensils company in Southern Brazil.Participants:450 female shift workers.Results:The prevalence of the AO in the women shift workers was 44·5 % (95 % CI 40·0, 49·2 %). In night shift workers, the prevalence of AO was 56·1 % compared with 40·9 % among hybrid shift workers. After adjustments for covariates, women who were current smokers had a decrease in the prevalence of AO compared with those who never smoked. Women who had three or fewer meals per day had a 46 % increase in the AO prevalence compared with those eating more frequent meals. Night shift work was associated with increase in AO prevalence compared with hybrid shift (PR 1·33; 95 % CI: 1·08, 1·64).Conclusions:Our findings indicate that behavioural characteristics are associated with a high prevalence of AO in female shift workers, thus suggesting that behavioural modifications among women working shifts, such as increase in meal frequency and physical activity, may reduce AO.
A Test of the Diatom‐Bound Paleoproxy: Tracing the Isotopic Composition of Nutrient‐Nitrogen Into Southern Ocean Particles and Sediments
Authors: Robinson Rebecca S. , Jones Colin A. , Kelly Roger P. , Love Amanda , Closset Ivia , Rafter Patrick A. , Brzezinski Mark 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSedimentary nitrogen isotope (as δ15N) records from the Southern Ocean provide critical constraints on surface nutrient consumption in the past and the role of Southern Ocean biophysical changes in setting atmospheric pCO2. We present a field assessment of how surface nitrate consumption is reflected in δ15N values of total nitrogen and diatom‐bound nitrogen pools of particles and sediments across the Southern Ocean along 170°W during late austral summer. Mixed layer nitrate δ15N values increase northwards associated with greater nitrate drawdown. Particles and sediments are expected to follow this trend. Contrary to expectations, surface ocean particle total nitrogen and diatom‐bound δ15N values decreased northward during the late summer, likely due to recycling of nitrogen and the assimilation of regenerated ammonium, as well as nitrate. The relationship between δ15N values of the total nitrogen and diatom‐bound pools remains relatively constant across this Southern Ocean transect, suggesting that the isotopic composition of these two surface ocean nitrogen pools are largely set by the δ15N value(s) of the assimilated nutrient(s). Surface sediment δ15N values do increase away from the region of maximum biogenic silica deposition, suggesting that the recycled nitrogen isotopic signal observed in late summer particles may not significantly impact the sedimentary record. However, the enrichment in δ15N values of the diatom‐bound pool is greater than what is expected from progressive utilization of the surface nitrate alone and not yet explained.
Identifying Climate Modes Contributing to Sea Surface Salinity Decadal Variation in the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Chen Jian , Liu Hailong , Bai Chengzu , Yan Hengqian , Lu Kaicheng , Bao Senliang , Liu Kefeng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe North Pacific sea surface salinity (SSS) decadal variation (NPSDV) plays key roles in tracing ocean circulation and hydrological cycle, and its contributing climate modes need to be identified. Three data sets, ORAS4, EN4.2.1, and GODAS, were first evaluated. An autoregressive lag 1 (AR‐1) process model, along with spectrum and correlation analysis, was then applied to the most robust SSS data set during 1980–2017. The AR‐1 reconstructed SSS anomalies explain up to 77% and 55% of the first two modes, respectively. As expected, the NPSDV arises from the superposition of SSS variations with different dynamical origins, including the reemergence, Eastern Pacific and Central Pacific El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (EP‐ENSO and CP‐ENSO), Aleutian Low (AL), North Pacific Oscillation (NPO), and Kuroshio and Oyashio Extension (KOE) meridional and zonal modes (KOE‐M and KOE‐Z). Its first mode is 50% EP‐ENSO and 32% CP‐ENSO, while the second mode is 58% NPO and 54% CP‐ENSO. Specifically, stronger persistence in salinity explains most of NPSDV variance. The first mode resembles the EP‐ENSO pattern with a positive loading center in the eastern North Pacific, and the second mode resembles the CP‐ENSO (and also NPO) pattern with a positive loading center near the dateline, alike the contrasting EP‐ENSO and CP‐ENSO SSS flavors in the tropics. Besides, a fraction of the first mode notable in the KOE region is controlled by KOE‐Z and KOE‐M as intrinsic oceanic dynamics. The importance of AL to NPSDV, after removing the indirect impact of ENSO, is insignificant. A general NPSDV evolution was lastly revealed.
Drizzle, Turbulence, and Density Currents Below Post Cold Frontal Open Cellular Marine Stratocumulus Clouds
Authors: Ghate Virendra P. , Cadeddu Maria P. , Wood Robert 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNine cases of postcold frontal marine stratocumulus clouds exhibiting open cellular mesoscale organization are analyzed to characterize the drizzle, turbulence, and density currents below them. Data collected by the vertically pointing Doppler cloud radar and multiple lidars part of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Eastern North Atlantic (ENA) site are used in these analyses. A total of 251 drizzle shafts passed over the site with 76 shafts sampled for more than 15 min by the vertically pointing instruments. On average the drizzle shafts were ~18 km wide with below‐cloud drizzle water path of ~40 g m−2, cloud base rain rate of 7.78 mm day−1, and cloud base drizzle modal diameter of 393 μm. The widths of the drizzle shafts did not exhibit any relationship with the cloud base rain rate, below‐cloud drizzle water path, and the total water removed from the cloud. The downdrafts in the lowest 500 m within the drizzle cells strengthened with increasing cloud base rain rates, while the updrafts within drizzle cells did not exhibit this behavior. On average, the surface air density, pressure, water vapor mixing ratio, and wind speed along the background wind during the drizzle shaft were higher by 1.88 g m−3, 8.60 Pa, 0.24 g kg−1, and 1.22 m s−1, respectively, from their background values. On the other hand, the surface air temperature was lower by 0.43 K during the drizzle shaft than its background value. The coincident measurements highlight the drizzle‐turbulence‐surface coupling in these cloud systems.
Tracking Dissolved Trace and Heavy Metals in the Ganga River From Source to Sink: A Baseline to Judge Future Changes
Authors: Boral Soumita , Sen Indra Sekhar , Tripathi Aditya , Sharma Bhupendra , Dhar Sanjukta 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUnderstanding how dissolved trace elements chemically evolve in the Ganga River from source to sink is important to understand subcatchment contributions and chemical variability across space and time but remains poorly constrained. What exists is site‐specific data sets that are focused on capturing contamination “hotspots.” Here, we present riverine trace element concentrations of 38 targeted locations in the Ganga Basin. Samples in the headwater and the upstream segments of the river were collected during the premonsoon, monsoon, and postmonsoon seasons of 2014, 2015, and 2016, and the downstream samples were collected in 2016. In addition, monthly time‐series samples were collected at a downstream site to capture the geochemical variability at a higher temporal‐resolution. To evaluate the geogenic contributions, groundwater, rainwater, snow, glacier‐ice, and sediment samples were also analyzed. We find that the river chemistry displays a wide spatio‐temporal variability. Headwater samples are characterized by high concentrations of trace elements that are primarily controlled by ice meltwater, intense weathering, and interactions with glacial flour and are therefore geogenic in nature. Moreover, high concentrations of trace metals were also observed in a few localized downstream sites. However, such enriched signals are not persistent further downstream as they get diluted by the joining of large tributaries. We show that the dissolved trace element concentrations in the Ganga River are low compared to existing datasets and are comparable to the global average river water composition. We additionally quantified the present‐day “baseline” concentration ranges to facilitate future water quality assessment in the Ganga Basin.
Mixing Driven by Breaking Nonlinear Internal Waves
Authors: Jones N. L. , Ivey G. N. , Rayson M. D. , Kelly S. M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNon‐linear internal waves (NLIW) are important to processes such as heat transfer, nutrient replenishment and sediment transport on continental shelves. Our unique field observations of shoaling NLIW of elevation revealed a variety of different wave shapes, varying from relatively symmetric waves, to waves with either steepened leading‐ or trailing‐faces; many had evidence of trapped cores. The wave shape was related to the position of maximum density overturns and diapycnal mixing. We observed both shear (where sheared currents overcome the stabilizing effects of stratification) and convective (where the local velocity exceeds the wave propagation speed) instabilities. The elevated diapycnal mixing (>10−3 m2s−1) and heat flux (>500 Wm−2) were predominantly local to the NLIW of elevation packets, and were transported onshore 10s kilometers with the wave packets. We demonstrate that wave steepness may be a useful bulk property for the parameterization of wave‐averaged diapycnal heat flux.
Mobile Pressure Calibrator for the Development of Submarine Geodetic Monitoring Systems
Authors: Machida Yuya , Nishida Shuhei , Kimura Toshinori , Araki Eiichiro 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMonitoring long‐term vertical seafloor displacements at the centimeter scale using a pressure gauge network in the seismogenic zone is key to understanding the real‐time strength of interplate coupling. The mobile pressure calibrator (MPC) was developed for calibrating a seafloor pressure gauge network with a resolution of less than 1 hPa/year, equivalent to about 1 cm/year. Inherent drift of the seafloor pressure gauges is estimated by comparing the raw observations between the seafloor pressure gauges and the MPC and subsequently subtracting the long‐term pressure data. In October 2018, three in situ pressure measurements were conducted to evaluate the measurement uncertainty of the MPC. The calibrator was placed adjacent to a seafloor pressure gauge, which is installed at a depth of about 1,750 m in the Nankai Trough offshore Japan, and measured the pressure differences between the calibrator and the seafloor pressure gauge. The drift component of the pressure gauge used inside the MPC was estimated and corrected based on calibrations performed in the laboratory before and after the in situ seafloor pressure measurements. The results indicated an uncertainty of 0.04 hPa for the in situ measurements and therefore the possibility of detecting small, long‐term seafloor displacements. We continue to compare the MPC and seafloor pressure gauge deviations over intervals of several months to years and estimate the drift of the seafloor pressure gauge.
A Baseline for Global Weather and Climate Simulations at 1 km Resolution
Authors: Wedi Nils P. , Polichtchouk Inna , Dueben Peter , Anantharaj Valentine G. , Bauer Peter , Boussetta Souhail , Browne Philip , Deconinck Willem , Gaudin Wayne , Hadade Ioan , Hatfield Sam , Iffrig Olivier , Lopez Philippe , Maciel Pedro , Mueller Andreas , Saarinen Sami , Sandu Irina , Quintino Tiago , Vitart Frederic 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn an attempt to advance the understanding of the Earth's weather and climate by representing deep convection explicitly, we present a global, four‐month simulation (November 2018 to February 2019) with ECMWF's hydrostatic Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) at an average grid spacing of 1.4 km. The impact of explicitly simulating deep convection on the atmospheric circulation and its variability is assessed by comparing the 1.4 km simulation to the equivalent well‐tested and calibrated global simulations at 9 km grid spacing with and without parametrized deep convection. The explicit simulation of deep convection at 1.4 km results in a realistic large‐scale circulation, better representation of convective storm activity, and stronger convective gravity wave activity when compared to the 9 km simulation with parametrized deep convection. Comparison of the 1.4 km simulation to the 9 km simulation without parametrized deep convection shows that switching off deep convection parametrization at a too coarse resolution (i.e., 9 km) generates too strong convective gravity waves. Based on the limited statistics available, improvements to the Madden‐Julian Oscillation or tropical precipitation are not observed at 1.4 km, suggesting that other Earth system model components and/or their interaction are important for an accurate representation of these processes and may well need adjusting at deep convection resolving resolutions. Overall, the good agreement of the 1.4 km simulation with the 9 km simulation with parametrized deep convection is remarkable, despite one of the most fundamental parametrizations being turned off at 1.4 km resolution and despite no adjustments being made to the remaining parametrizations.
The Impact of Resolving Subkilometer Processes on Aerosol‐Cloud Interactions of Low‐Level Clouds in Global Model Simulations
Authors: Terai C. R. , Pritchard M. S. , Blossey P. , Bretherton C. S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSubkilometer processes are critical to the physics of aerosol‐cloud interaction (ACI) but have been dependent on parameterizations in global model simulations. We thus report the strength of ACI in the Ultra‐Parameterized Community Atmosphere Model (UPCAM), a multiscale climate model that uses coarse exterior resolution to embed explicit cloud‐resolving models with enough resolution (250 m horizontal, 20 m vertical) to quasi‐resolve subkilometer eddies. To investigate the impact on ACIs, UPCAM's simulations are compared to a coarser multiscale model with 4 km horizontal resolution. UPCAM produces cloud droplet number concentrations (Nd) and cloud liquid water path (LWP) values that are higher than the coarser model but equally plausible compared to observations. Our analysis focuses on the Northern Hemisphere (20–50°N) oceans, where historical aerosol increases have been largest. We find similarities in the overall radiative forcing from ACIs in the two models, but this belies fundamental underlying differences. The radiative forcing from increases in LWP is weaker in UPCAM, whereas the forcing from increases in Nd is larger. Surprisingly, the weaker LWP increase is not due to a weaker increase in LWP in raining clouds, but a combination of weaker increase in LWP in nonraining clouds and a smaller fraction of raining clouds in UPCAM. The implication is that as global modeling moves toward finer than storm‐resolving grids, nuanced model validation of ACI statistics conditioned on the existence of precipitation and good observational constraints on the baseline probability of precipitation will become key for tighter constraints and better conceptual understanding.
Stat2 stability regulation: an intersection between immunity and carcinogenesis
Authors: Lee Cheol-Jung , An Hyun-Jung , Cho Eun Suh , Kang Han Chang , Lee Joo Young , Lee Hye Suk , Cho Yong-Yeon 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSignal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT2) is a member of the STAT family that plays an essential role in immune responses to extracellular and intracellular stimuli, including inflammatory reactions, invasion of foreign materials, and cancer initiation. Although the majority of STAT2 studies in the last few decades have focused on interferon (IFN)-α/β (IFNα/β) signaling pathway-mediated host defense against viral infections, recent studies have revealed that STAT2 also plays an important role in human cancer development. Notably, strategic research on STAT2 function has provided evidence that transient regulatory activity by homo- or heterodimerization induces its nuclear localization where it to forms a ternary IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) complex, which is composed of STAT1 and/or STAT2 and IFN regulatory factor 9 (IEF9). The molecular mechanisms of ISGF3-mediated ISG gene expression provide the basic foundation for the regulation of STAT2 protein activity but not protein quality control. Recently, previously unknown molecular mechanisms of STAT2-mediated cell proliferation via STAT2 protein quality control were elucidated. In this review, we briefly summarize the role of STAT2 in immune responses and carcinogenesis with respect to the molecular mechanisms of STAT2 stability regulation via the proteasomal degradation pathway.