bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Epistemology
Authors: Qu Hsueh M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores Hume’s considered treatment of scepticism in the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding in EHU 12. It finds a two-tiered epistemology in this section. First, Hume’s dismissal of antecedent scepticism suggests that he accords our faculties default authority (EHU 12.3). Having done so, we use these faculties to reflexively investigate themselves; those that are found wanting will be dismissed in line with Hume’s consequent scepticism (EHU 12.5). Pyrrhonian scepticism is founded on a problematic methodology: it either over-generalises discovered unreliability in our faculties, or ventures into enquiries for which our faculties are entirely unsuited. Thus, Hume rejects it in favour of his own mitigated scepticism, which recommends staying within the limits of our faculties. The chapter then argues against the sceptical interpretation of EHU 12, before pointing to various parallels between this account and EHU 1, EHU 5, and Part 1 of the Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion.
Epilogue
Authors: Johnson Julian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Grappling with music in language (music-ology) offers a critical reflection on both. It is here that a hundred years of the philosophical critique of language (from Mauthner, Wittgenstein, and Bergson through to Serres, Nancy, Derrida, and Wellmer) overlaps with a tradition of music after Debussy that, through a logic of the senses, resists the grammars of language. A key source here is Lyotard’s Discours/Figure. A recent convergence of work on the relation between music and language, across diverse scientific disciplines, suggests productive links with the kinds of ideas that emerge from the study of music ‘after Debussy’. The chapter concludes by considering how, at its boundaries, the range of practices we might call musical (playing, listening, composing) blur into something more broadly ecological and ethical.
Reckoning with the “View From Nowhere”
Authors: Callison Candis , Young Mary Lynn 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 lays the conceptual groundwork for the book, bridging histories of journalism and science with particular attention to journalistic stance, objectivity, and representational critique. We start with why and how the tarnished ideal of objectivity—the view from nowhere—is still doing so much work, heavy lifting, and harm. We contend that journalism studies as a field has failed to address questions of power and decades of persistent criticism from media studies, critical race studies, science and technology studies, and feminist media studies. Instead, journalism scholarship has tended to focus on individual, ethical, and front-stage professional reputational concerns more than on journalism’s claims to speak truth to power—and its ability to talk about methods, expertise, and reliable knowledge claims. This focus has allowed journalists to deny their personal subjectivity and professional context as a white-dominated profession, which has left journalism open to yet more critique.
Introduction
Authors: Daneshgar Majid 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The introduction deals with the format of the book as well as the overview of its four chapters. It shows how the book can provide a first-hand look into intra-Muslim critical scholarship. Through this introduction, readers may get familiar with the aim of the book, which is to shed light on relatively unexplored issues touching on the political, cultural, and intellectual contexts of the study of Islam in the Muslim academy. It explains how this book breaks taboos on internal self-criticism, highlights the influence of politics on Muslim approaches to the Qurʾān and Islam, and shows that the study of Islam (and “Qurʾanic sciences”) is far and away more political than is generally represented.
“Islamic Apologetics” and Islamic Studies
Authors: Daneshgar Majid 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights the notion of “Islamic Apologetics” in the Muslim academy and Islamic studies in Western academia. The goal of the chapter is to prepare readers to see how topics discussed in the Western academy are understood differently in the Muslim academy. In it, the chapter tries to unpack the motives and intentions behind the development of Islamic Apologetics in the Muslim academy. This, as author hopes, will enable readers to understand what “Islamic Apologetics” both is and is not. This chapter also tries to outline the development of an academic approach to the pertinent issues in the Western academy.
The Sectarian Study of Islam
Authors: Daneshgar Majid 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with the persistence of sectarian treatment of the Qurʾān and Qurʾanic studies. It shows how Muslim academics are, or are obliged to be, inattentive to the cultural and literary connections both between the Shiʿi and Sunni traditions and the different Muslim academies. These all combine to create a systemic ignorance of, and systematic disregard for, non-Middle Eastern sources and resources. It shows that Muslim academics too often do not appreciate the views of co-religionists of a different sect, especially in respect to the Sunni or Shiʿi traditions. This neglect of Islamic sources extends to other countries and cultures, even when these are of the same sect.
Introduction
Authors: Velmet Aro 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The introduction outlines the contributions of the book to French history, the history of bacteriology, and the history of global health. It develops the use of “technopolitics,” particularly the use of the technopolitical strategy known as “pastorization,” and “politics of scale” for the argument advanced later in the book. It establishes the geographical and chronological boundaries of the inquiry (1890–1940) and surveys the history of laboratory medicine in France, particularly the role of Louis Pasteur. Finally, after noting that each chapter follows a particular scientific and political project, from its initial articulation through development, contestation, and praxis, it describes the focus of the individual chapters.
The Making of Imperial Tuberculosis
Authors: Velmet Aro 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
From 1880 to 1914, Pastorians reinterpreted tuberculosis in the French colonies as a central public health problem. The disease had been previously considered of marginal importance, compared with tropical diseases such as malaria or yellow fever. This chapter looks at the epidemiological studies, new disease ecologies, and technical innovations that made this reinterpretation possible. Armed with the tuberculin skin test, a conviction that contact with the tubercle microbe determined symptomatic illness, and a network of laboratories, Albert Calmette convinced colonial officials that Europeans were infecting a “virgin soil.” This idea echoed emerging anticolonial arguments that highlighted the health costs of “civilization” at events such as the Anti-colonial Exposition of 1931.
Citizen Activism and the Democratic Party
Authors: Skocpol Theda , Putnam Lara , Tervo Caroline 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
How will new grassroots resistance groups affect the electoral prospects and activities of the Democratic Party? This chapter draws evidence from groups in many states, but it principally analyzes changes in the large, variegated state of Pennsylvania—where more than two hundred grassroots anti-Trump groups emerged after 2016 in all but a dozen of sixty-seven counties. Drawing from answers to online questionnaires given by leaders of eighty-two groups, the chapter details group involvements in the 2018 election and analyzes the changing relationships between grassroots groups and Democratic candidates and local parties in five Pennsylvania settings: inner cities, metropolitan suburbs, upscale exurbs, declining rust belt areas, and rural counties.
Introduction
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Citizens are often asked to make decisions about ballot measures, but they rarely have access to reliable information with which to make those decisions. This chapter tells the story of Seattle’s failed monorail project to explain the problems voters face when figuring out how to cast their vote. It introduces a new governing institution that could help solve that dilemma, the Citizens’ Initiative Review (CIR). The CIR gathers together a small group of citizens to deliberate about a ballot measure and then pass along their findings for voters to use when making their own decisions. The CIR continues the tradition of experimental democracy, which seeks to improve the ways that citizens govern themselves. The CIR, and deliberative institutions like it, attempt to empower the public by introducing reliable information into political decision making.
A Political Life Transformed
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Democratic citizens often feel disempowered by contemporary politics, but deliberative democracy provides an antidote by creating opportunities for the public to engage in meaningful decision making. This chapter introduces readers to a few of those projects, including AmericaSpeaks, Participatory Budgeting, and the CIR and provides insight from one citizen who has engaged in two of those forums. These processes bring diverse citizens together to learn about and discuss public problems with the goal of creating better policy decisions. Initiatives and referenda were initially proposed with similar goals of empowering the public but have become beholden to the same problems that plague the rest of governance, namely the outsized influence of money and the proliferation of manipulative rhetoric. The CIR and processes like it attempt to bridge the decision-making power of initiative elections with the informed judgment gained in deliberative forums.
A Crucial Test
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 tells the story of the first official Citizens’ Initiative Review (CIR) through the eyes of one of its participants, Marion Sharp. The CIR asked twenty-four demographically stratified voters to review an Oregon ballot measure that increased mandatory minimum sentencing for repeat sexual offenses and driving under the influence of intoxicants. Over five days, participants heard from expert witnesses and reviewed evidence related to the need for and potential impact of mandatory sentencing. Participants engaged in facilitated discussion aimed at gauging the credibility of that evidence and distilling it for voters. Despite flare-ups among participants and behind-the-scenes challenges, at the end of the review Marion and her fellow panelists drafted a Citizens’ Statement containing key facts about the measure and the best arguments favoring and opposing it. That statement appeared in the state Voters’ Pamphlet for the electorate to use before casting their ballots.
The Best Argument Wins
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Deliberation encourages participants to reason with one another chapter 6 details how cultural biases often impede such reasoning. Cultural predispositions are an indication of people’s beliefs along two dimensions: hierarchical-egalitarian and individualism-collectivism. The first relates to whether government should regulate individual behavior and the second to whether government should provide a social safety net. US political parties and subsequent policies map onto these dimensions, with Republicans more likely to identify as hierarchical individualists and Democrats more likely to identify as egalitarian collectivists. As outlined here, deliberative processes, such as the CIR and Deliberative Polling, ask participants to overcome their cultural predispositions in the interest of reaching the best decision possible. Deliberation can produce such results, particularly when the available evidence clearly favors specific policy proposals. On values-based questions, however, deliberative participants may ultimately rely on their cultural cognitions to reach decisions.
Back in the Wind Tunnel
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 reviews the 2012 Citizens’ Initiative Review (CIR), which faced a problem common to contemporary elections: the influence of money. That year, participants studied Measure 82, which would have legalized non-tribal casinos in Oregon. Well-funded casino lobbyists represented the advocates of the measure and tribal members, who themselves operated casinos, represented the opponents. The chapter shows how, despite efforts by proponents to utilize manipulative campaign tactics, participants took their task seriously and produced a nuanced and readable statement for voters. It goes on to explain the results of further studies showing that the CIR continued to maintain process integrity as it expanded to other locations. Findings indicate that the CIR does not appear to favor any one type of decision, with panelists as likely to largely agree as they are to reach a more evenly split decision and as likely to ultimately side with the electorate as not.
Conclusion
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The book’s conclusion details how the Citizen’s Initiative Review (CIR) exemplifies the possibility for democratic reform. This chapter draws on the stories of several deliberative reforms to exemplify their possibilities and pitfalls. Tough some attempts at institutionalization have fallen flat, the CIR has expanded from a pilot in Oregon to a new governing body being tested and proposed across the United States. Other citizen-centered institutions, like juries, have seen similar expansion, bringing greater opportunity for self-governance to citizens across the globe. Though the diffusion of democratic reform may seem idealistic, once immovable policy can shift. One example reviewed in the chapter is same-sex marriage legalization, which swept through the United States as voters and politicians began to understand the perspectives of individuals and communities who had been denied the right to marry. In Ireland, a deliberative minipublic produced a ballot measure to legalize same-sex marriage that won public backing. The chapter, and book, concludes that democratic reform is possible but will not happen unless the public demands it—citizens, activists, politicians, and academics alike.
Personality Disruption as Mental Torture
Authors: Luban David , Newell Katherine S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the interrogation program employed by the CIA on high-value detainees (the so-called Rendition, Detention, and Interrogation or RDI program), and argues that it constitutes mental torture under U.S. law. By extension, the argument applies to any use of similar interrogation methods. Specifically, we show through detailed textual and historical analysis that the RDI program of inducing “learned helplessness” violates the Torture Acts’ prohibition on inflicting prolonged mental harm by procedures “calculated to disrupt profoundly the human personality.” The chapter accomplishes four main things. First, it demonstrates a connection between the RDI program and previous decades’ interrogation research sponsored by the CIA. The program was not an improvisation devised by contract psychologists because the Agency lacked expertise (one of its public claims). Second, it demonstrates that the Torture Statute prohibits the methods devised through this research. Third, it demonstrates the need for a fundamental shift in the way both lawyers and commentators talk about the RDI program: de-emphasizing the short list of “enhanced interrogation techniques” approved in the well-known “torture memos,” and emphasizing instead the larger program of round-the-clock abuse aiming at personality disruption. Finally, it documents these claims with information mined from tens of thousands of pages of declassified government sources.
The HIG Project
Authors: Fallon Mark , Brandon Susan E. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
When the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) began its interrogation program post-9/11, it adopted tactics developed by the Agency after the Korean Conflict and deployed in Southeast Asia and Latin America during the Cold War. As some of these tactics had become part of military counter-interrogation training, we argue here that none of these tactics were new. In addition, they were based on the false assumption that resistance can be overcome with pain and that once this is achieved, a detainee will provide valid information—contrary to both the science known on September 11, 2001, and to what seasoned military and civilian interrogators argued for at the time. In the wake of this program, the High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group (HIG) was set up at the beginning of the Obama administration with the mandate to develop research to assess the tactics of the 2006 Army Field Manual (comprising all of the approved interrogation approaches and techniques for military and intelligence agencies) and to develop new interrogation methods based on science. The HIG Research Program, in place since 2010, has now produced a robust and public set of findings on rapport-based, information-gathering interrogation tactics based on sound science. We argue that whether these findings will be sufficient to sustain against the naïve assumption that pain makes people talk remains an open question.
What Can Be Asked of Interrogators?
Authors: Skerker Michael 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers how the rights and interests of interrogators should shape interrogation ethics. What can States ask of their police and military interrogators, given that certain interrogation techniques may have lasting moral and psychological effects on practitioners? I reject a prominent theory advocating a complete separation between professional and nonprofessional moral spheres as well as a theory that expects professionals to martyr themselves by using expedient methods even if they are conventionally considered immoral. I develop a theory of professional ethics involving a triangulation among the rights and interests of professionals, their clients, and their “targets.” The chapter applies the preferred standard of professional ethics to different modern interrogation methods. It draws on interviews with over a dozen interrogators to highlight concerns about the emotional toll that certain techniques may have on the interrogator. I conclude with recommendations on how interrogators using modern rapport-based techniques can engage in self-care to avoid compassion fatigue and moral injury.
Calvinism and Literature
Authors: Sweetnam Mark S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Calvinists wrote indefatigably, flooding early modern Europe with sermons and commentaries, theological treatises and works of polemic. But for some critics, early modern Calvinism has seemed fundamentally inimical to the production of literature in any form. These views have retreated in the face of recent work, which has highlighted—or, at any rate, acknowledged—the Calvinism of some significant authors. These efforts have been most sustained where the poetry of John Donne and George Herbert is concerned. The critical history of these two poets provides us with an excellent, if not altogether encouraging, case study in the search for a Calvinist poetic.
Calvinism and Visual Culture: The Art of Evasion
Authors: Vanhaelen Angela 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the seeming impossibility of reconciling Reformed interdictions with a burgeoning of the arts. Pictures proliferated in post-Reformation Europe. In spite—or perhaps because—of Reformed Protestant prohibitions, the visual arts flourished even in places that embraced Calvinism, with its noted distrust of the image. In the Dutch Republic, for instance, the Reformed faith was adopted as the public confession, yet a lively and prosperous art market was a dominant feature of the so-called Golden Age of cultural and economic vibrancy. The central claim of this chapter is that Calvinism generated an art of evasion and, in so doing, it brought about significant—and often unanticipated—changes to cultural life.
Calvinism and Moral Discipline
Authors: Murdock Graeme 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The exercise of discipline was a central feature of Reformed religious life. A culture of moral discipline was not simply imposed from above by clergy and elders on passive or resentful communities. Especially in areas where joining a church was not merely a matter of obeying state laws, we need to account for the enduring popular appeal of Reformed ideals of moral renewal. Synods, clergy, and elders certainly held much greater power than ordinary church members in determining the culture of moral discipline in Reformed societies. However, in the work of consistories we find informal processes of negotiation over the limits of acceptable behavior and appropriate sanctions against offenders. This chapter explores evidence from one French community to examine the role of clergy, consistories, and congregations in the culture of Reformed moral discipline.
Comparative Ethnographic Views of Social Structure
Authors: Cicourel Aaron V. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The concept of micro social structure is viewed as a level of predication requiring explicit reference to specific knowledge processes and memory systems initiated and sustained by conscious and unconscious contacts with self and others, including verbal and nonverbal observation of daily life settings. Communal life is enabled by micro-level, affective, cognitive, analogical, and relational reasoning; different types of communicative events; and taken-for-granted normative and tacit knowledge. “Macro social structure” refers to large or enlarged complex forms of organization activities: sociocultural, political-economic, sociohistorical, aggregated micro, behavioral, communicative actions essential for eliciting demographic, sample-survey, and archival historical data that ignores tacit, micro-level phenomena—that is, real-time, real-life, conscious episodic and unconscious procedural memory, colloquial language use, gestural events, documented elicitation procedures, and mundane forms of communal daily life. This chapter examines observed and recorded, moment-to-moment, negotiated elements of behavioral outpatient clinical medicine as it emerges in situated, ethnographic settings. One goal of this chapter is to clarify the micro of the concept of cognitive overload, a cognitive/behavioral obstacle inherent in all communicative, socially organized ecological settings. Participant observation data leverages the temporal and situational comparisons of the method required for the study and explanation of micro social structure. Thus micro social structure is essential for understanding the normative, socially organized, institutionalized macro, complex activities called medical clinics, and hospital settings embedded in abstract meso-structures, such as macro-economic systems.