bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the National Healthcare Safety Network standardized infection ratio risk adjustment for healthcare-facility-onset Clostridioides difficile infection in intensive care, oncology, and hematopoietic cell transplant units in general acute-care hospitals
Authors: Polage Christopher R. , Quan Kathleen A. , Madey Keith , Myers Frank E. , Wightman Debbra A. , Krishna Sneha , Grein Jonathan D. , Gibbs Laurel , Yokoe Deborah , Mabalot Shannon C. , Chinn Raymond , Hallmark Amy , Rubin Zachary , Fontenot Michael , Cohen Stuart , Birnbaum David , Huang Susan S. , Torriani Francesca J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the National Health Safety Network (NHSN) hospital-onset Clostridioides difficile infection (HO-CDI) standardized infection ratio (SIR) risk adjustment for general acute-care hospitals with large numbers of intensive care unit (ICU), oncology unit, and hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) patients.Design:Retrospective cohort study.Setting:Eight tertiary-care referral general hospitals in California.Methods:We used FY 2016 data and the published 2015 rebaseline NHSN HO-CDI SIR. We compared facility-wide inpatient HO-CDI events and SIRs, with and without ICU data, oncology and/or HCT unit data, and ICU bed adjustment.Results:For these hospitals, the median unmodified HO-CDI SIR was 1.24 (interquartile range [IQR], 1.15–1.34); 7 hospitals qualified for the highest ICU bed adjustment; 1 hospital received the second highest ICU bed adjustment; and all had oncology-HCT units with no additional adjustment per the NHSN. Removal of ICU data and the ICU bed adjustment decreased HO-CDI events (median, −25%; IQR, −20% to −29%) but increased the SIR at all hospitals (median, 104%; IQR, 90%–105%). Removal of oncology-HCT unit data decreased HO-CDI events (median, −15%; IQR, −14% to −21%) and decreased the SIR at all hospitals (median, −8%; IQR, −4% to −11%).Conclusions:For tertiary-care referral hospitals with specialized ICUs and a large number of ICU beds, the ICU bed adjustor functions as a global adjustment in the SIR calculation, accounting for the increased complexity of patients in ICUs and non-ICUs at these facilities. However, the SIR decrease with removal of oncology and HCT unit data, even with the ICU bed adjustment, suggests that an additional adjustment should be considered for oncology and HCT units within general hospitals, perhaps similar to what is done for ICU beds in the current SIR.
Glacier change in Norway since the 1960s – an overview of mass balance, area, length and surface elevation changes
Authors: Andreassen Liss M. , Elvehøy Hallgeir , Kjøllmoen Bjarne , Belart Joaquín M. C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we give an overview of changes in area, length, surface elevation and mass balance of glaciers in mainland Norway since the 1960s. Frontal advances have been recorded in all regions except the northernmost glaciers in Troms and Finnmark (Storsteinsfjellbreen, Lyngen and Langfjordjøkelen). More than half of the observed glaciers, 27 of 49, had marked advances in the 1990s. The glaciological mass-balance values for the period 1962–2018, where 43 glaciers have been measured, show great inter-annual variability. The results reveal accelerated deficit since 2000, the most negative decade being 2001–2010. Some years with a positive mass balance (or less negative) after 2010s can be attributed to variations in large-scale atmospheric circulation. A surface elevation change and geodetic mass balance were calculated for a sample of 131 glaciers covering 817 km2 in the ‘1960s’ and 734 km2 in the ‘2010s’, giving an area reduction of 84 km2, or 10%. The sample covers many of the largest glaciers in Norway, and they had an overall change in surface elevation of −15.5 m for the ~50 year period. Converted to a geodetic mass balance this gives a mean mass balance of −0.27 ± 0.05 m w.e. a−1.
Building the Nation, Legitimizing the State: Russia—My History and Memory of the Russian Revolutions in Contemporary Russia
Authors: Klimenko Ekaterina V. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe collapse of the Soviet Union set Russia’s ruling elites the challenge of nation-building: while “Russians” had to be imagined as a political community on behalf of which the newly established Russian state was ruled, their national history needed to be narrated. Crucial for this enterprise was interpreting the Soviet past. Although the latter was used for political purposes by both Boris Yeltsin (who attempted to break with it) and Vladimir Putin (who established continuity with it), a politically usable interpretation of the Russian Revolutions was never found. Such is the consensus that emerged in 2017. Challenging this consensus, I argue that a specific interpretation of the Revolutions—nested within a narrative that covers Russia’s history from Kievan Rus to the contemporary Russian Federation—has been developed in Russia. Turning Russia’s politically problematic past into a politically usable one, this interpretation is (re)produced through the project Russia—My History. As Russia—My History (initially developed within the Russian Orthodox Church) is becoming a part of state-sponsored efforts to forge an “official” vision of Russian history, the interpretation of the Revolutions (re)produced through it is growing in influence in present-day Russia.
Qualitative evaluation of paediatric surgical otolaryngology content on YouTube
Authors: Ward B , Bavier R , Warren C , Yan J , Paskhover B 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis study evaluated the quality of YouTube content focusing on common paediatric otolaryngology procedures, as this content can influence the opinions and medical decisions of patients.MethodsA total of 120 YouTube videos were compiled to review using the terms ‘adenoid removal’, ‘adenoidectomy’, ‘ear tubes’, ‘tympanostomy’, ‘tonsil removal’ and ‘tonsillectomy’. The Discern criteria was used to rate the quality of health information presented in each video.ResultsThe mean bias Discern score was 3.18 and the mean overall Discern score was 2.39. Videos including US board certified physicians were rated significantly higher (p< 0.001) than videos without (bias Discern score = 3.00vs2.38; overall Discern score = 3.79vs1.55). The videos had been viewed a total of 176 769 549 times.ConclusionUnbiased, high quality videos on YouTube are lacking. As patients may rely on this information when making medical decisions, it is important that practitioners continually evaluate and improve this video content. Otolaryngologists should be prepared to discuss YouTube content with patients.
Epidemiology of hepatitis A in Greece in the last decade: management of reported cases and outbreaks and lessons learned
Authors: Mellou K. , Chrysostomou A. , Sideroglou T. , Kyritsi M. , Georgakopoulou T. , Tsiodras S. , Hadjichristodoulou C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Hepatitis A is a mandatory notifiable disease in Greece. Here, we present the epidemiological data for 2009–2018 and the results of outbreak investigations performed, and discuss future public health priorities.
Overall, 1193 cases were reported; 320 migrants/refugees, 240 Roma, 112 travellers and 521 from the general population. The median age of the affected general population (37 years) had an increasing trend (from 30.8 years in 2009 to 40.5 in 2018, P < 0.001) and was significantly higher than that among Roma and migrants (7 and 8 years, respectively, P < 0.001). Twenty-two cases (2.2%) were unvaccinated patients with a chronic liver disease. Fifty clusters with 2–12 cases each were recorded; 44 were attributed to person-to-person transmission and six to food consumption. Three outbreaks accounting for 32.3% of the total number of recorded cases were identified; in 2013 among Roma (112 cases), in 2016 among refugees (188 cases) and in 2017 among men having sex with men (96 cases; 33 of them (34.4%) HIV-positive). The epidemiological data depict that improving living conditions and vaccination coverage of deprived populations, and informing adults on the disease focusing at faecal–oral transmission during sexual intercourse and travel should be the future public health priorities.
Antarctic sea anemone distribution, abundance and relationships with habitat composition, community structure and anthropogenic disturbance
Authors: Watson Leslie A. , Stark Jonathan S. , Johnstone Glenn , Wapstra Erik , Miller Karen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the distribution, abundance and habitat preferences of species in the Southern Ocean provides a foundation for assessing the impacts of environmental change and anthropogenic disturbance on Antarctic ecosystems. In near-shore waters at Casey and Davis Stations, photoquadrat surveys were used to determine sea anemone distribution and abundance, habitat preferences, associations with other species and the impact of human disturbance on sea anemone distribution. Two distinct sea anemone morphotypes were found in this study: large sea anemones that require hard substrate for attachment and small, burrowing sea anemones found in muddy sediment. The large sea anemones were found in rocky habitats, with the exception of some sedimentary habitats where other biota were used as substrate. The large sea anemones were associated with a diverse community of epibenthic species found in rocky habitats. The burrowing sea anemones were associated with a less diverse assemblage of sediment-dwelling epibenthos. At Casey Station, sea anemones were more abundant in habitats adjacent to a former waste disposal site than at control sites. The reason for this is not yet known, but may be due to high organic matter inputs or, alternatively, a longer sea ice duration providing protection from ice scour.
Subglacial brine flow and wind-induced internal waves in Lake Bonney, Antarctica
Authors: Lawrence Jade P. , Doran Peter T. , Winslow Luke A. , Priscu John C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBrine beneath Taylor Glacier has been proposed to enter the proglacial west lobe of Lake Bonney (WLB) as well as from Blood Falls, a surface discharge point at the Taylor Glacier terminus. The brine strongly influences the geochemistry of the water column of WLB. Year-round measurements from this study are the first to definitively identify brine intrusions from a subglacial entry point into WLB. Furthermore, we excluded input from Blood Falls by focusing on winter dynamics when the absence of an open water moat prevents surface brine entry. Due to the extremely high salinities below the chemocline in WLB, density stratification is dominated by salinity, and temperature can be used as a passive tracer. Cold brine intrusions enter WLB at the glacier face and intrude into the water column at the depth of neutral buoyancy, where they can be identified by anomalously cold temperatures at that depth. High-resolution measurements also reveal under-ice internal waves associated with katabatic wind events, a novel finding that challenges long-held assumptions about the stability of the WLB water column.
Dialogue as a Strategy of Struggle: Religious Politics in East Germany, 1957–1968
Authors: Tóth Heléna 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article argues that thetoposof dialogue between Christians and Marxists fulfilled a key role in the creation and maintenance of power relations in religious politics in East Germany. Three case studies illustrate thetoposof dialogue as a strategy of struggle: 1. the campaign against ‘revisionism’ and ‘politicised religion’; 2. the church policy strategy of ‘differentiation’; 3. the critique of the phenomena commonly associated with the Christian–Marxist dialogue outside East Germany in the mid-1960s. These instances of socialist religious politics, while having their own dynamics, were closely related through specific actors and argumentative strategies.
Disentangling commodity histories:pauameand sassafras in the early modern global world
Authors: Griffin Clare 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article takes a close look at the history of an American tree now known as sassafras but known to the Timucua of early modern Florida aspauame. Sassafras root was a major anti-febrile medicament in the early modern world. The history of that medicament has thus far primarily been written in terms of the Spanish empire, which commodified it in post-contact Eurasia. Yet Native Americans, in particular the Timucua, as well as the French, the British, and the Russians, all played major roles in the history of sassafras. That history involves several objects derived from the tree sometimes called sassafras, knowledge about those objects, and Eurasian ideas about the Americas. This article focuses on the issues of entangled empires, and commodity and knowledge exchanges, to show that early modern commodities were not unitary objects, but rather shifting entanglements of objects, words, and ideas.
Compact four-way suspended-stripline power divider with low loss and high isolation
Authors: Guo Song , Song Kaijun , Fan Yong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA four-way suspended-stripline power divider is presented in this letter. The power dividing network is designed by using the suspended stripline, while the isolation network is designed by using the microstrip line. The vias are used to connect the power dividing network and the isolation network. The even- and odd-mode analysis method is applied to design the presented power divider. The simulated and measured results of the presented power divider show reasonable agreement with each other. The measured input return loss in the band is greater than 28 dB (7.92 to 9.53 GHz), while the measured insertion loss is less than 0.37 dB. The measured output return loss is greater than 20 dB from 7.82 to 9.86 GHz. Besides, the measured output isolation is greater than 20 dB.
Effect of Water on the Dislocation Creep of Enstatite Aggregates at 300 MPa
Authors: Zhang Guinan , Mei Shenghua , Song Maoshuang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTo investigate the effect of water on the rheological properties of enstatite, we have conducted triaxial compressive creep experiments on enstatite aggregates using a gas medium apparatus at a confining pressure of 300 MPa and temperatures of 1373–1473 K under both water‐saturated and anhydrous conditions. Samples were mainly deformed in the dislocation creep regime; analyses of mechanical data yield activation energies of 603 and 567 kJ/mol for hydrous and anhydrous conditions, respectively. Under similar differential stress and temperature, the creep rate of enstatite under water‐saturated conditions is a factor of ~50 greater than that under anhydrous conditions. Based on a comparison of creep strength between olivine and enstatite in the dislocation creep regime, our results suggest that, at least under limited pressure and temperature conditions, enstatite is weaker than olivine. The results from this study provide a solid database for modeling geological processes occurring within Earth's interior.
Multipoint Observations of Magnetosheath Response to Foreshock Transients
Authors: Cai Chunlin , Wei Xinhua 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMultispacecraft observations of the magnetosheath responses to various foreshock transients in a single event on 17 March 2004 are reported in this paper. The Cluster spacecraft recorded long‐standing large amplitude ULF waves with both compressive and transverse components in the magnetosheath. Additionally, two transient structures with depressions in density and magnetic field were observed in this period. One structure contains greatly heated and significantly deflected plasmas in the middle and a cold solar wind population at its trailing edge, which is identified as a spontaneous hot flow anomaly with a remnant of the foreshock caviton. It is transmitted through the magneosheath and evolved into a magnetosheath cavity. This cavity was subsequently encountered by the Double Star TC‐1 spacecraft deeper inside the magnetosheath. Meantime, fluxes of hot ions in the energy range of 5–38 keV exhibit quasiperiodic variations. These energetic ions are earthward with pitch angle distributions of alternately field aligned or antifield aligned. A correlation between its flux variations and the transverse fluctuations of the ULF waves is found. Moreover, magnetosheath filamentary structures with a series of anticorrelated oscillations of density and temperature were observed simultaneously.
Global‐Scale Observations and Modeling of Far‐Ultraviolet Airglow During Twilight
Authors: Solomon Stanley C. , Andersson Laila , Burns Alan G. , Eastes Richard W. , Martinis Carlos , McClintock William E. , Richmond Arthur D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe NASA Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk ultraviolet imaging spectrograph performs observations of upper atmosphere airglow from the sunlit disk and limb of the Earth, in order to infer quantities such as the composition and temperature of the thermosphere. To interpret the measurements, the observational and solar illumination geometry must be considered. We use forward models of upper atmosphere density and composition, photoelectron impact, airglow emissions, radiative transfer, and line‐of‐sight integration, to describe the expected observations, and here test those calculations against observations near the terminator, and near the limb. On the nightside of the terminator, broad regions of faint airglow are seen, particularly near the winter solstice. These are caused by photoelectrons generated in magnetically conjugate areas in the other hemisphere that are still illuminated, transported along field lines, and then precipitated back into the atmosphere. Model calculations demonstrate that this process is the source of the emission, and obtain good agreement with its morphology and intensity. In some regions, the observed emissions are not as bright as the model simulations. Some of the reduction in electron flux is explained by changes in magnetic field strength; in other cases, particularly at high magnetic latitude, the cause is unknown, but must occur along extended field lines that reach into the plasma sheet.
Urban Seismic Site Characterization by Fiber‐Optic Seismology
Authors: Spica Zack J. , Perton Mathieu , Martin Eileen R. , Beroza Gregory C. , Biondi Biondo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAccurate ground motion prediction requires detailed site effect assessment, but in urban areas where such assessments are most important, geotechnical surveys are difficult to perform, limiting their availability. Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) offers an appealing alternative by repurposing existing fiber‐optic cables, normally employed for telecommunication, as an array of seismic sensors. We present a proof‐of‐concept demonstration by using DAS to produce high‐resolution maps of the shallow subsurface with the Stanford DAS array, California. We describe new methods and their assumptions to assess H/V spectral ratio—a technique widely used to estimate the natural frequency of the soil—and to extract Rayleigh wave dispersion curves from ambient seismic field. These measurements are jointly inverted to provide models of shallow seismic velocities and sediment thicknesses above bedrock in central campus. The good agreement with an independent survey validates the methodology and demonstrates the power of DAS for microzonation.
Pore Fractal Characteristics of Hydrate‐Bearing Sands and Implications to the Saturated Water Permeability
Authors: Zhang Zhun , Li Chengfeng , Ning Fulong , Liu Lele , Cai Jianchao , Liu Changling , Wu Nengyou , Wang Daigang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPermeability mainly governs fluid flow through hydrate‐bearing sediments, and its theoretical models play a primary role in the efficiency prediction of gas recovery from hydrate reservoirs by using numerical simulators. Most of these numerical simulators rely on empirical or semiempirical permeability models largely due to the lack of suitable parameters that well quantify the evolution of pore structures. In this study, X‐ray computed tomography scans are conducted on methane hydrate‐bearing sands, followed by extractions of the maximal diameter and fractal dimensions for the pore space occupied by fluids. These extracted parameters, including area and volume pore‐size fractal dimensions, tortuosity fractal dimension, and the area maximal pore diameter, are further extended to develop fractal theory‐based models for predictions of the hydraulic tortuosity and the saturated water permeability in hydrate‐bearing sands. Results show that the pore space occupied by fluids within hydrate‐bearing sands is inherently fractal. The area pore‐size fractal dimension decreases but the tortuosity fractal dimension changes little with increasing hydrate saturation, and the sum of these two fractal dimensions can be used to predict the volume pore‐size fractal dimension. In addition, the area maximal pore diameter decreases with increasing hydrate saturation, and a semiempirical model is proposed. The fractal theory‐based permeability reduction model agrees well with available experimental data, and it can capture the essential physics of saturated water permeability reduction in hydrate‐bearing sediments during hydrate formation.
Exploring Topography‐Based Methods for Downscaling Subgrid Precipitation for Use in Earth System Models
Authors: Tesfa Teklu K. , Leung L. Ruby , Ghan Steven J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTopography exerts major control on land surface processes. To improve representation of topographic impacts on land surface processes, a new topography‐based subgrid structure has been introduced to the Energy Exascale Earth System Model to represent the subgrid heterogeneity of surface elevation. To take advantage of the new subgrid structure for improving land surface modeling, this study explores four topography‐based methods for downscaling grid precipitation to the subgrids. In the first three methods, the deviation of the subgrid precipitation from the grid mean is equal to the grid precipitation multiplied by the ratio of the elevation difference between the subgrid and grid mean to a specified elevation, which is equal to grid elevation, difference between the maximum and minimum subgrid elevation, and maximum subgrid elevation, respectively. The second method limits the ratio to 0.5 to avoid extreme values in mountains, and the third method utilizes the subgrid hypsometric elevation. The fourth method is similar to the third method except that a height rise determined based on an ambient flow regime with the Froude number equals to 1 is used to limit the numerator. The downscaled precipitation is evaluated using the Precipitation‐elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model precipitation data over the United States and statistical metrics. Results show that by utilizing the subgrid hypsometric elevation, the third and fourth methods show clear advantages over the first and second methods. Furthermore, introducing the height rise in the fourth method improves downscaling skill slightly compared to the third method consistently across multiple grid sizes in areas with larger subgrid heterogeneity.