bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
5 New guidelines for managing tuberculosis
Authors: Nunn Paul 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In 2018, tuberculosis (TB) was still among the top 10 leading causes of death, and the leading infectious agent, above HIV/AIDS. An estimated 10 million cases occurred in 2018, with 1.2 million deaths in people uninfected with HIV, and another 250,000 cases of HIV-associated TB. Among all TB cases, 8–6% were HIV infected; 57% were men, 32% women and 11% children (&lt;15 years). About 500,000 cases of rifampicin resistant RR-TB also occurred. Between 2000 and 2018 TB incidence fell on average about 1.6% annually, and 2% between 2017 and 2018. The new global control targets will be presented and recent changes to guidelines positioned in this new scenario.
Guidelines for TB management from the UK, US and WHO were reviewed for recent changes. NICE’s 2016 guidance not to screen contacts of non-pulmonary TB met with widespread criticism, but has recently been supported by a cost-effectiveness analysis. A 2019 meta-analysis of the seminal 2014 studies, OFLOTUB, ReMOX and RIFAQUIN trials showed that while none of those trials showed non-inferiority of a four month fluoroquinolone-containing regimen in all patients, those with low smear grade or no cavitation may be treated with 4-month rifampicin containing regimens. ATS/CDC/IDSA guidelines reflect this, but had not been accepted in the UK by October 2019. WHO has recently recommended the use of new agents in the treatment of rifampicin and multi-drug resistant TB. The rapidly-evolving picture of treatment recommendations for MDR-TB will be explained.
A completely deformed anisotropic class one solution for charged compact star: a gravitational decoupling approach
Authors: Maurya S. K. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this article, we have investigated a new completely deformed embedding class one solution for the compact star in the framework of charged anisotropic matter distribution. For determining of this new solution, we deformed both gravitational potentials as $$\nu ~\mapsto ~\xi +\alpha \, h(r)$$ν↦ξ+αh(r) and $$e^{-\lambda } \mapsto ~e^{-{\mu }} + \alpha \,f(r)$$e-λ↦e-μ+αf(r) by using Ovalle (Phys Lett B 788:213, 2019) approach. The gravitational deformation divides the original coupled system into two individual systems which are called the Einstein’s system and Maxwell-system (known as quasi-Einstein system), respectively. The Einstein’s system is solved by using embedding class one condition in the context of anisotropic matter distribution while the solution of Maxwell-system is determined by solving of corresponding conservation equation via assuming a well-defined ansatz for deformation function h(r). In this way, we obtain the expression for the electric field and another deformation function f(r). Moreover, we also discussed the physical validity of the solution for the coupled system by performing several physical tests. This investigation shows that the gravitational decoupling approach is a powerful methodology to generate a well-behaved solution for the compact object.
Vascular White Matter Lesions in Young Adults: A Neurology Outpatient Clinic Registry
Authors: Viana-Baptista Miguel , Cruz-e-Silva Vera , Caetano André , Marto João Pedro , Azevedo Elsa , Ferreira Carla , Pinho-e-Melo Teresa , Silva Fernando , Ros Forteza Francisco Javier , Inácio Nuno , Veiga Andreia , Rodrigues Miguel , Martins João , Nogueira Pinto Ana Amélia , Carmona Cátia , Soares Pedro ,   on behalf of the PORTYWHITE investigators
Published: November 2019

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Although frequently assumed to be age-related changes, vascular white matter lesions (WML) are sometimes found in young adults. Etiology is usually attributed to sporadic small vessel disease; nevertheless, genetic disorders may also be implicated. We aimed to characterize the population of young adults with vascular WML in Neurology outpatient clinics. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Neurologists from 12 Portuguese hospitals were invited to include patients aged 18–55 years evaluated in consultation, with vascular WML on MRI, scoring II or III in the Fazekas scale. Central imaging validation was performed by 2 independent, blinded, Neuroradiologists. Demographic and clinical data were collected as well as results of investigations performed. <b><i>Results:</i></b> During 2 years, 77 patients were included (mean age 47.7 years). Vascular risk factors were present in 88.3% patients (hypertension in 53.2%) and previous history of stroke in 36.4%. Patients without history of stroke were younger (46.6 ± 7.2 vs. 49.6 ± 3.9 years, <i>p</i> = 0.045) and had fewer vascular risk factors (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). They were more frequently females (87.8 vs. 46.4%, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001), and headache (30.6 vs. 3.6%, <i>p</i> = 0.007), contrary to focal symptoms (16.3 vs. 53.6%, <i>p</i> = 0.001), was the most frequent reason of referral. Etiological investigations performed differed between Neurologists. A genetic disorder was identified in 6 out of 58 patients (CADASIL <i>n</i> = 5; COL4A1 <i>n</i> = 1). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Young adults with vascular WML evaluated in Neurology outpatient clinics concentrate in the oldest age groups. Vascular risk factors should be screened carefully in this population. Among patients without history of stroke, females largely outweigh males. Diagnostic investigations performed do not follow a standardized protocol.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BILIGENIC FUNCTION OF LIVER IN RESPONSE TO CRANIO-SKELETAL TRAUMA COMPLICATED BY HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: Zaiets T. A. , Boiko T. V. , Dzyha S. V. , Habor H. H. 
Published: November 2019

The aim of the work. To find out the dynamics of indicators of biligenic function of the liver in response to cranial skeletal trauma associated with haemorrhage. Materials and Methods. Experiments were performed on 54 outbred white male rats, weighing 180–200 g. Animals were divided into three groups: a control one and two experimental. Closed cranio-skeletal injury according to the established technique in our own modification was mo­delled under thiopental-sodium anaesthesia. A single hit on each hip that caused a closed fracture of femoral bones, was performed by means of an individually designed device. The striking force was 0.375 J, which corresponded to a moderate injury. Results and Discussion. It has been first established that the complication of cranio-skeletal trauma with additional blood loss exa­cerbates and accelerates liver dysfunction. The content in bile of total bile acids, cholesterol, the degree of conjugation of bilirubin, the rate of biliary excretion and excretion of the main components of bile, as well as absorption-excretory and glycogen synthesizing functions are impaired already on the first day of the post-traumatic period and in all times of the follow-up period they significantly differ from the similar indices of the injured animals with no blood loss. Conclusions. In the presence of experimental cranio-skeletal trauma, the rates of liver biligenic function change up to a maximum declination in 7 days of post-traumatic period. Additional haemorrhage intensifies the revealed abnormalities: the content of total bile acids and cholesterol in bile, as well as the amount of direct bilirubin and the degree of its conjugation in post-traumatic period are significantly lower during the whole period of observation.
ТЕОРІЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ ТА ЇЇ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ В МЕДИЧНІЙ РЕАБІЛІТАЦІЇ
Authors: Kуlivnуk V. S. , Smirnova V. L. , Panchyshyn N. Ya. 
Published: November 2019

Мета роботи. Вивчити та узагальнити результати інформаціологічних досліджень ефективності медичної реабілітації на біохімічному та біофізичному рівнях.
Матеріали і методи. Використано інформаціологічний метод та математичний апарат теорії інформації.
Результати й обговорення. Зменшення надлишковості створює для біологічної системи небезпеку легкої інформаційної поломки та зриву. При збільшенні передачі інформації надлишковості відбувається зниження швидкості передачі інформації. Надмірне зростання надлишковості веде до того, що канали перевантажуються надмірною передачею повідомлень, що зменшує кількість нової інформації, яку отримує приймач за одиницю часу по даному каналу зв’язку, тому при дуже великій надлишковості система інформації втрачає свою ефективність, лабільність і стає більш інертною.
Висновки. Інформаційні характеристики можна використовувати в якості кількісних критеріїв оцінки ефективності лікування та вибору найоптимальніших методів. Досвід клінічного застосування гальванізації та лікарського електрофорезу свідчить про ефективність використання гальванічного струму щільністю 0,03–0,05 мА/см2. Наведені матеріали свідчать про перспективність використання прикладної теорії інформації в медико-біологічних дослідженнях. Теорію інформації можна застосовувати для визначення чутливості біохімічних систем до фізичних факторів, встановлення оптимального діапазону їх дії та оцінки ефективності медичної реабілітації при різних захворюваннях.
Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Taking Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Oral Anticoagulants in the ARISTOTLE Trial
Authors: Dalgaard Frederik , Mulder Hillary , Wojdyla Daniel M. , Lopes Renato D. , Held Claes , Alexander John H. , De Caterina Raffaele , Washam Jeffrey B. , Hylek Elaine M. , Garcia David A. , Gersh Bernard J. , Wallentin Lars , Granger Christopher B. , Al-Khatib Sana M. 
Published: November 2019

Background:
The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with oral anticoagulants has been associated with an increased risk of bleeding. We investigated the risk of bleeding and major cardiovascular outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation taking NSAIDs and apixaban or warfarin.

Methods:
The ARISTOTLE trial (Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation; n=18 201) compared apixaban with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation at an increased risk of stroke. Patients in ARISTOTLE without severe renal (creatine clearance ≤30 mL/min) or liver disease were included in this analysis (n=17 423). NSAID use at baseline, NSAID use during the trial (incident NSAID use), and never users were described. The primary outcome was major bleeding. Secondary outcomes included clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, heart failure hospitalization, stroke or systemic embolism, and all-cause mortality. NSAID use during the trial, and the interaction between randomized treatment, was analyzed using time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models.

Results:
Those with baseline NSAID use (n=832 [4.8%]), incident NSAID use (n=2185 [13.2%]), and never users were similar in median age (age [25th, 75th]; 70 [64, 77] versus 70 [63, 75] versus 70 [62, 76]). Those with NSAID use at baseline and incident NSAID use were more likely to have a history of bleeding than never users (24.5% versus 21.0% versus 15.6%, respectively). During a median follow-up (25th, 75th) of 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) years and when excluding those taking NSAID at baseline, we found that incident NSAID use was associated with an increased risk of major bleeding (hazard ratio [HR], 1.61 [95% CI, 1.11–2.33]) and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding (HR, 1.70 [95% CI, 1.16–2.48]), but not gastrointestinal bleeding. No significant interaction was observed between NSAID use and randomized treatment for any outcome.

Conclusions:
A substantial number of patients in the ARISTOTLE trial took NSAIDs. Incident NSAID use was associated with major and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding, but not with gastrointestinal bleeding. The safety and efficacy of apixaban versus warfarin appeared not significantly to be altered by NSAID use. This study warrants more investigation of the effect of NSAIDs on the outcomes of patients treated with apixaban.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00412984.
Leveling the Field for a Fairer Race between Going and Stopping: Neural Evidence for the Race Model of Motor Inhibition from a New Version of the Stop Signal Task
Authors: Dykstra Tobin , Waller Darcy A. , Hazeltine Eliot , Wessel Jan R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The stop signal task (SST) is the gold standard experimental model of inhibitory control. However, neither SST condition–contrast (stop vs. go, successful vs. failed stop) purely operationalizes inhibition. Because stop trials include a second, infrequent signal, the stop versus go contrast confounds inhibition with attentional and stimulus processing demands. While this confound is controlled for in the successful versus failed stop contrast, the go process is systematically faster on failed stop trials, contaminating the contrast with a different noninhibitory confound. Here, we present an SST variant to address both confounds and evaluate putative neural indices of inhibition with these influences removed. In our variant, stop signals occurred on every trial, equating the noninhibitory demands of the stop versus go contrast. To entice participants to respond despite the impending stop signals, responses produced before stop signals were rewarded. This also reversed the go process bias that typically affects the successful versus failed stop contrast. We recorded scalp electroencephalography in this new version of the task (as well as a standard version of the SST with infrequent stop signal) and found that, even under these conditions, the properties of the frontocentral stop signal P3 ERP remained consistent with the race model. Specifically, in both tasks, the amplitude of the P3 was increased on stop versus go trials. Moreover, the onset of this P3 occurred earlier for successful compared with failed stop trials in both tasks, consistent with the proposal of the race model that an earlier start of the inhibition process will increase stopping success. Therefore, the frontocentral stop signal P3 represents a neural process whose properties are in line with the predictions of the race model of motor inhibition, even when the SST's confounds are controlled.
Conversational Code Switching
Authors: Carstens Sharon , Ang Lay Hoon 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The mixing of three or more languages in casual conversations, a hallmark of Chinese Malaysian informal speech, expresses a range of sociological and ideological meanings in the ongoing construction of Chinese Malaysian heteroglossic identities. While code-switching patterns sometimes mark different speaker positions, they also express broader language identities and ideologies that transcend individual conversations. This is especially clear when analysing the relative frequency and semantic domains of single lexeme mixing, where English is mostly used for consumer culture, Malay for place names and personal names, and Chinese topolects for expressing emotion. Detailed analysis of 12 adult conversations recorded in natural settings in diverse regions of Malaysia is corroborated by language attitudes expressed in focus groups, Facebook posts, and informal conversations and interviews, revealing the diverse and sometimes contending language ideologies linked to specific languages in the Chinese Malaysian setting.
Representation of Gender in the Secondary School Sindhi Textbooks of Pakistan
Authors: Syed Ghazal Kazim , Agha Nadia 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Following a pictorial analysis of Sindhi primary textbooks used in Sindh province of Pakistan (Agha et al., 2018), we are interested in analysing the text and pictures used in secondary textbooks of Sindhi. The present study uses the previous study as a pilot and aims at exploring the representation of gender and citizenship in textbooks of Sindhi language used at the secondary level. This study uses Kabira and Masinjila’s (1997) framework of gender analysis. Data was taken from four textbooks and analysed through the thematic coding technique adopted from Braun and Clarke (2006). Findings of this study depict that women are represented much less in terms of being the main actors, involved in productive actions in society, or present in the public sphere. We argue that the textbooks are restrengthening the patriarchal norms of Pakistani society and treating women as secondary citizens who are incapable of being leaders of any kind.
Addressing the ‘Dressing Down’: Introducing Summonses as Source Material in North-East Asia
Authors: Bang Jiun 
Published: November 2019

Summary
As a ‘banal’ everyday practice of state conduct, diplomatic summonses — colloquially known as a ‘dressing down’ — are a rich yet untapped source for research. To that end, this article’s objectives are to: 1) introduce this practice of reprimand between states, along with a sample dataset of summonses in North-East Asia from 2000 to 2016; and 2) then extract valuable contributions that summonses could make to a variety of ongoing discourses. Specifically, the article highlights a summons’ ability to reveal the foreign policy priorities of a state, as well as emphasise the need to think about dyadic relations as a set of two separate relations that might not exhibit the kind of reciprocity or symmetry that scholars have come to associate with inter-state relations. Along the way, the article also suggests ramifications for the ongoing literature on ‘emotions’, given the nature of summonses and its aspect of ‘insult’ or ‘shaming’.
Diplomatic Representation in the Public Sphere: Performing Accreditation
Authors: Neumann Iver B. 
Published: November 2019

Summary
Part of diplomatic work is public, so a diplomat must be presentable — that is, clean, smart or decent enough to be seen in public. This article starts by recognising the recent spate of work on aesthetics and representation in social sciences and diplomacy studies, and questions why it occurred so late when representation has always been constitutive of diplomacy, perhaps because of Enlightenment distrust of visuals and reaction against Nazi aestheticising of politics. Part two sets out what it takes to stage a successful visual performance and points to three factors: the agent’s own preparations; audience assessment; and mediatisation to a broader public. Part three analyses two successful performances of accreditation, highlighting how they succeeded because they were deemed particularly presentable by being remarkably smart and decent, respectively. In conclusion, I argue that smartness trumps decency. This offers female diplomats more options than males, but also incurs greater risks.
The diaconiae of Early Medieval Rome: From “Greek” to “Roman”, from “Private” to “Papal”?
Authors: Winterhager Philipp 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Traditionally, scholarship has seen the history of the diaconiae, charitable foundations in the city of Rome, in line with the alleged general trends in Roman history in the early Middle Ages, i.e. the gradual “Romanization” of formerly “Greek” elements of Byzantine origin, and the “papalization” of secular (state and private) initiatives, both taking place primarily in the mid-8th century. Although the diaconiae had come under papal control as late as the 9th and eventually the 10th centuries, this paper argues that this development took place not as an abandonment of private forms of endowments prominent in Byzantine Rome, but namely through the appropriation of “post-Byzantine” aristocratic endowment practice by the popes around the turn of the 9th century.
Fixed Anvil Temperature Feedback: Positive, Zero, or Negative?
Authors: Yoshimori Masakazu , Lambert F. Hugo , Webb Mark J. , Andrews Timothy 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe fixed anvil temperature (FAT) theory describes a mechanism for how tropical anvil clouds respond to global warming and has been used to argue for a robust positive longwave cloud feedback. A constant cloud anvil temperature, due to increased anvil altitude, has been argued to lead to a “zero cloud emission change” feedback, which can be considered positive relative to the negative feedback associated with cloud anvil warming when cloud altitude is unchanged. Here, partial radiative perturbation (PRP) analysis is used to quantify the radiative feedback caused by clouds that follow the FAT theory (FAT–cloud feedback) and to set this in the context of other feedback components in two atmospheric general circulation models. The FAT–cloud feedback is positive in the PRP framework due to increasing anvil altitude, but because the cloud emission does not change, this positive feedback is cancelled by an equal and opposite component of the temperature feedback due to increasing emission from the cloud. To incorporate this cancellation, the thermal radiative damping with fixed relative humidity and anvil temperature (T-FRAT) decomposition framework is proposed for longwave feedbacks, in which temperature, fixed relative humidity, and FAT–cloud feedbacks are combined. In T-FRAT, the cloud feedback under the FAT constraint is zero, while that under the proportionately higher anvil temperature (PHAT) constraint is negative. The change in the observable cloud radiative effect with FAT–cloud response is also evaluated and shown to be negative due to so-called cloud masking effects. It is shown that “cloud masking” is a misleading term in this context, and these effects are interpreted more generally as “cloud climatology effects.”
Diurnal Cycle of the Asian Summer Monsoon: Air Pump of the Second Kind
Authors: Chen Guixing 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDiurnal variations of rainfall and winds are pronounced over the Asian summer monsoon region, but their activities under different monsoon conditions are not clarified. Here, the diurnal cycle of monsoon flow and its influence are examined using 20-yr satellite rainfall and reanalysis data. A total of 1840 summer days are partitioned into four dynamic groups of strong or weak background flows with large or small diurnal amplitudes of low-level meridional wind. Large-scale southerly wind is found to be strongest after midnight, with a large diurnal amplitude on strong monsoon days over central-north India and southeast China. Such a nocturnal speed-up is closely associated with the Blackadar boundary layer inertial oscillation due to the diurnal heating over low-lying landmass. It acts like a large air pump that injects moisture poleward at night and strengthens monsoonal circulation with anomalous rising motion at the northern rainband of the Asian monsoon. In particular, monsoon southerlies with large nighttime speed-up converge with downslope winds from the Himalayas or northerly anomaly from midlatitudes. Enhanced water vapor convergence facilitates the growth of organized convection, producing substantial rainfall at the Himalayan foothills in predawn hours and at the mei-yu–baiu zone from predawn to noon. When monsoon flow undergoes a small diurnal cycle, rainfall is instead displaced south and mostly recorded in daytime. Both the daily mean and morning peak of rainfall are suppressed on land under weak monsoon southerlies. Moreover, the monsoon diurnal cycle exhibits evident intraseasonal/interannual variations and contributes to rainfall variability. The results highlight that monsoon flow couples with subdaily forcings to strongly regulate the detailed patterns of rainfall and moisture budget over the Asian monsoon regions.