bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structures of Solid‐Electrolyte Interphases and Impacts on Initial‐Stage Lithium Deposition in Pyrrolidinium‐Based Ionic Liquids
Authors: He Jun‐Wu , Gu Yu , Wang Wei‐Wei , Wang Jun‐Hao , Chen Zhao‐Bin , He Hong‐Yan , Wu Qi‐Hui , Yan Jia‐Wei , Mao Bing‐Wei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractElectrodeposition of lithium is of both fundamental significance and practical importance. However, Li deposition has to proceed beneath a solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI). Herein, we present a fundamental study on the formation of SEIs and their influences on Li initial‐stage deposition on Cu in Py14 cation‐based ionic liquids (ILs) combined with different ratios of TFSI and FSI anions. Different SEIs are pre‐formed on Cu by using cyclic voltammetry, followed by detailed characterizations by XPS and AFM, which elucidate that all the SEIs bear mosaic‐like I−O structures but with different compositions and structures and varying thicknesses of approximately 60–150 nm. The Li initial‐stage depositions are studied by using cyclic voltammetric and potential stepping techniques, and current‐time transients are analyzed with the aid of the Scharifker‐Hills model. Discrepancies in nucleation density and diffusion coefficients and their relationships with overpotentials are investigated in correlation with the SEI structures. The present work demonstrates that interfacial and bulk properties of SEI strongly affect the Li deposition processes, which provides opportunities for uniform Li deposition.
Small (<5 nm), Clean, and Well‐Structured Cubic Platinum Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization
Authors: Antoniassi Rodolfo M. , Erikson Heiki , Solla‐Gullón Jose , Torresi Roberto M. , Feliu Juan M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractShape‐controlled metal nanoparticles are significantly improving the electrocatalysis of many relevant reactions. By controlling the shape of nanoparticles, it is possible to engineer their surface to exhibit a preferential structure. However, to facilitate the incorporation of shaped nanomaterials into practical electrochemical devices, it is indispensable to overcome limitations caused by their large particle size (typically >5 nm). For practical applications, nanoparticles must have a size lower than 5 nm with a clean surface to decrease costs and provide a sufficiently large specific surface area. This is a major challenge that has remained unexplored up to now. Herein, we present the synthesis and electrochemical characterization of 3–5 nm, with well‐defined cubic Pt nanoparticles supported on carbon. The electrochemical characterization of the nanoparticles evidences the existence of a preferential {100} and clean structure (within about 40 % of {100} terrace surface).
Evaluating winter malting barley grain yield with fractional green canopy cover
Authors: McGlinch Gregory J. , Jacquemin Stephen J. , Lindsey Laura E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBecause of growth in the craft brewing industry, farmers in the eastern United States are planting winter malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) to meet demands for locally sourced grain. However, given that barley is a relatively new crop in this region, basic agronomic information relating to stand assessment is needed. This is particularly relevant in this region, as climatic variability from extreme temperature fluctuations during the winter and spring can reduce a barley stand, creating the need for farmers to estimate grain yield potential. The objective of the research was to evaluate the relationship between spring stem counts, fractional green canopy cover (FGCC), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and barley grain yield. Trials were established at five site‐years in Ohio, where seeding rate treatments of 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 million seeds acre−1 were used to simulate a range of poor to excellent plant stands. All barley stand assessment methods were conducted in the spring at the Feekes 5 growth stage. Stem counts were correlated with FGCC and NDVI measurements (r = .76 and .74, respectively). Stem counts (R2 = .67) and FGCC (R2 = .65) measurements accounted for the greatest variability in barley grain yield. Specifically, FGCC ≤5% corresponded to yield between 27 and 39 bu acre−1, whereas 5 to 10% corresponded to yield between 60 and 89 bu acre−1. Fractional green canopy cover should be considered as a stand and yield assessment tool, as it reduces labor compared with stem counting techniques.
α‐ and γ‐Regiocontrol and Enantiospecificity in the Copper‐Catalyzed Substitution Reaction of Propargylic Phosphates with Grignard Reagents
Authors: Kobayashi Yuichi , Takashima Yuji , Motoyama Yuuya , Isogawa Yukari , Katagiri Kyosuke , Tsuboi Atsuki , Ogawa Narihito 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe regioselectivity (r.s.) and enantiospecificity (e.s.) of the substitution reactions of secondary propargylic alcohol derivatives using reagents derived from ArMgBr and Cu salts were studied. First, the picolinate, 3‐methylpicolinate, and diethylphosphonate derivatives of Ph(CH2)2CH(OH)C≡CTMS were reacted with PhMgBr/CuCN in ratios of 2.5:2.7–2.5:0.25. The use of 2.5:0.25 ratio in THF/DME (6:1) at 0 °C for 1 h afforded the α‐substitution product from the phosphate with ≥98 % r.s. and 99 % e.s. CuBr⋅Me2S gave similar selectivity. The reaction system was then applied to phosphates derived from R1CH(OH)C≡CR2 and ArMgBr to obtain synthetically sufficient r.s. and e.s. values with R2=TMS, Ph, whereas iPr was borderline in terms of size as an R1 substituent. The presence of a substituent at the o‐position of Ar marginally affected the selectivity. We also found that the use of PhMgBr/Cu(acac)2 in a 2:1 ratio in THF produced the γ‐substitution products (allenes) with high r.s. and e.s.
Pharmacokinetics, Bioequivalence, and Safety Studies of Pantoprazole Sodium Enteric‐Coated Tablets in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Chen Zhimin , Gan Fangliang , Rao Xiali , Huang Xiaoxiao , Chen Huafang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the bioequivalence of 2 pantoprazole sodium enteric‐coated tablet formulations, a generic formulation and a branded formulation, and to investigate their pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. The study was designed as a single‐center, randomized, open‐label, single‐dose, dual‐period, and 2‐sequence crossover trial, and was divided into fasting and postprandial human bioequivalence trials. In the first trial, 36 subjects were fasted overnight before they were given generic or branded tablets (during 2 separate administration periods). Separately, 42 subjects were provided a high‐fat meal 1 hour before the drugs were administered. Blood specimens of each subject were obtained up to 24 hours after drug administration. No significant differences were observed between the pharmacokinetic profiles of the generic and branded pantoprazole sodium enteric‐coated tablets. Bioequivalence was evaluated using 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of test/reference log area under the concentration‐time curve over 24 hours, log area under the concentration‐time curve to infinity (AUC0‐∞), and log peak concentration (Cmax). The 90% confidence intervals of the least squares geometric mean ratio of Cmax, area under the concentration‐time curve from time zero to the last measurable concentration (AUC0‐t), and AUC0‐∞ of 36 subjects in the fasting trial and of 40 of 41 subjects in the postprandial trial (Cmax [41], AUC0‐t [41], and AUC0‐∞ [40]) were in accordance with the bioequivalence criteria. No severe adverse effects were detected. The generic and branded pantoprazole sodium enteric‐coated tablets were considered bioequivalent with similar safety profiles.
The cytologic and immunohistochemical findings of pancreatic mixed acinar‐endocrine carcinoma
Authors: Whitehair Rachel , Stelow Edward B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe classification of epithelioid pancreatic neoplasms based on fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is important for proper management, as distinction of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms from other similar appearing lesions can result in significantly different treatment. Mixed acinar‐endocrine carcinomas (MAEC) are genetically related to acinar carcinomas and are treated as such. We reviewed cases of MAEC to better characterize their cytologic and immunohistochemical features.MethodsEight FNAs of MAECs were identified and reviewed. A chart review for each case was conducted.ResultsAll patients were male, 42‐68 years of age, and presented with either Stage 3 or 4 disease. Smear backgrounds of all cases showed naked nuclei without significant necrosis. The smears were cellular with cells arranged in either three‐dimensional (3D) clusters with intervening capillaries or singly dispersed. Acinar formation was a prominent feature. Cells were round to oval with small to moderate amounts of delicate cytoplasm. The nuclei were round to oval with mild to moderate anisonucleosis with granular chromatin and small nucleoli. Apoptotic bodies and mitoses were noted in most cases, with Ki67 indices of 10%‐48%. All tumors, by definition, demonstrated expression of trypsin and synaptophysin with variable chromogranin expression (50%).ConclusionThe cytology of acinar cell carcinoma shares features with aspirates of other nonductal adenocarcinoma neoplasms of the pancreas. A clue to the diagnosis is that tumors show high Ki67 indices and a diagnosis of MAEC should be excluded anytime a diagnosis of Grade 2 or 3 well‐differentiated neuroendocrine tumor or high‐grade neuroendocrine carcinoma is in the differential.
Different landscape effects on the genetic structure of two broadly distributed woody legumes, Acacia salicina and A. stenophylla (Fabaceae)
Authors: Encinas‐Viso Francisco , McDonald‐Spicer Christiana , Knerr Nunzio , Thrall Peter H. , Broadhurst Linda 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRestoring degraded landscapes has primarily focused on re‐establishing native plant communities. However, little is known with respect to the diversity and distribution of most key revegetation species or the environmental and anthropogenic factors that may affect their demography and genetic structure. In this study, we investigated the genetic structure of two widespread Australian legume species (Acacia salicina and Acacia stenophylla) in the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), a large agriculturally utilized region in Australia, and assessed the impact of landscape structure on genetic differentiation. We used AFLP genetic data and sampled a total of 28 A. salicina and 30 A. stenophylla sampling locations across southeastern Australia. We specifically evaluated the importance of four landscape features: forest cover, land cover, water stream cover, and elevation. We found that both species had high genetic diversity (mean percentage of polymorphic loci, 55.1% for A. salicina versus. 64.3% for A. stenophylla) and differentiation among local sampling locations (A. salicina: ΦPT = 0.301, 30%; A. stenophylla: ΦPT = 0.235, 23%). Population structure analysis showed that both species had high levels of structure (6 clusters each) and admixture in some sampling locations, particularly A. stenophylla. Although both species have a similar geographic range, the drivers of genetic connectivity for each species were very different. Genetic variation in A. salicina seems to be mainly driven by geographic distance, while for A. stenophylla, land cover appears to be the most important factor. This suggests that for the latter species, gene flow among populations is affected by habitat fragmentation. We conclude that these largely co‐occurring species require different management actions to maintain population connectivity. We recommend active management of A. stenophylla in the MDB to improve gene flow in the adversity of increasing disturbances (e.g., droughts) driven by climate change and anthropogenic factors.
Long‐term biodiversity trajectories for pest‐managed ecological restorations: eradication vs. suppression
Authors: Binny Rachelle N. , Innes John , Fitzgerald Neil , Pech Roger , James Alex , Price Robbie , Gillies Craig , Byrom Andrea E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInvasions by alien pest species contribute heavily to global biodiversity decline, with invasive mammals having some of the greatest impacts on endemic biota. Pest management within ecological restorations is therefore critical for conserving threatened biota. Coordinating restoration efforts at global scale requires evidence of the relative efficacy of different pest‐managed restoration approaches (“regimes”) for enhancing biodiversity. Our national meta‐analysis of 447 biodiversity responses across 16 ecological restorations quantifies significant benefits for biodiversity over two decades and multiple trophic levels, and across a spectrum of invasive mammal suppression‐to‐eradication regimes. Deeply endemic species had the strongest responses to pest control compared with recent native or introduced biota. Using this information, we predict levels of pest suppression required to confer biodiversity benefits, to guide future management strategies. Our findings provide new evidence that invasive pest control is an effective approach to ecological restoration, to aid decision‐makers in setting objectives and making targeted investments.
Fibroproliferative disorders and diabetes: Understanding the pathophysiologic relationship between Peyronie’s disease, Dupuytren disease and diabetes
Authors: Gelbard Martin K. , Rosenbloom Joel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionFibrosis is characterized by dysregulation and accumulation of extracellular matrix. Peyronie's disease and Dupuytren disease are fibroproliferative disorders of the tunica albuginea of the penis and fascia of the hand, respectively. Chronic hyperglycaemia due to diabetes mellitus can also lead to tissue injury and fibrosis. A meta‐analysis has shown a relationship between Dupuytren disease and diabetes (overall odds ratio, 3.1; 95% confidence interval, 2.7‐3.5). This review explores commonalities in the pathogenesis of Peyronie's disease, Dupuytren disease and diabetes.MethodsA search of the PubMed database was conducted using the search terms “diabetes” AND “Peyronie's disease”; and “diabetes” AND “Dupuytren.”ResultsGenome‐wide association and gene expression studies conducted with tissue from people with Peyronie's disease or Dupuytren disease identified signalling pathways associated with wingless‐type mammary‐tumour virus integration site signalling, extracellular matrix modulation and inflammation. Biochemical studies confirmed the importance of these pathways in the pathogenesis of fibrosis with Peyronie's disease and Dupuytren disease. Dysregulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity associated with extracellular matrix breakdown was implicated in fibroproliferative complications of diabetes and in the aetiology of Peyronie's disease and Dupuytren disease. A notable percentage of people with diabetes have comorbid Peyronie's disease and/or Dupuytren disease.ConclusionsStudies have not been performed to identify fibroproliferative pathways that all 3 conditions might have in common, but data suggest that common pathways are involved in the fibroproliferative processes of Peyronie's disease, Dupuytren disease, and diabetes.
High‐resolution melting analysis for detection of fusion allele of FUT2
Authors: Soejima Mikiko , Koda Yoshiro 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe secretor status of ABH antigens, determined by FUT2 polymorphisms, affects susceptibility to various infectious diseases. In addition to many SNPs responsible for the nonsecretor phenotype, five nonfunctional alleles (se) resulting from copy number variations have been reported. One of the five alleles generated by an unequal crossover between FUT2 and a pseudogene (SEC1), is sefus. This allele may be misidentified as a functional allele if only common inactivating SNPs are genotyped because it contains the 3ʹ region of the functional FUT2. Therefore, accurate detection of sefus is desirable. For this purpose, a high‐resolution melting (HRM) analysis is developed for detection of sefus in which a 284bp fragment of SEC1 and sefus but not FUT2, are amplified. This HRM analysis detected sefus reliably. Thus, an initial screening or prescreening for sefus using HRM analysis seems to be useful for association studies of FUT2.
Determination of complex type free, non‐conjugated oligosaccharide glucose unit values in tomato xylem sap for early detection of nutrient deficiency
Authors: Mátyás Bence , Singer Júlia , Szarka Máté , Lowy Daniel A. , Döncző Boglárka , Makleit Péter , Failoc‐Rojas Virgilio E. , Ramirez Andrés , Martínez Pedro , Sándor Zsolt , Kincses Ida , Guttman András 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAlthough knowledge on glycan biosynthesis and processing is continuously maturing, there are still a limited number of studies that examine biological functions of N‐glycan structures in plants, which remain virtually unknown. Here, the statistical correlation between nutrient (nitrogen) deficiency symptoms of crops and changes in 8‐aminopyrene‐1,3,6‐trisulfonic acid (APTS)‐labeled complex type free oligosaccharides is reported. While deficiency symptoms are predicted by multispectral images and Kjeldahl digestion, APTS‐labeled complex type free oligosaccharides are identified by their glucose unit (GU) values in tomato xylem sap, using capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection (CE‐LIF). Given the limited number of structures obtained from plants, archived in the literature, in the future, it is intended to create an open access database of promising indicators, namely, glycan structures that are presumably responsible for the nutrient deficiency caused stress in plants (http://glycoplants.org).
Modeling viscous damping in nonlinear response history analysis of steel moment‐frame buildings: Design‐plus ground motions
Authors: Qian Xin , Chopra Anil K. , McKenna Frank 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInvestigated in this paper is the question: Can seismic demands on steel moment‐frame buildings due to maximum considered earthquake (MCER) design‐level ground motions (GMs) be estimated satisfactorily using linear viscous damping models or is a nonlinear model, such as capped damping, necessary? This investigation employs an enhanced model with several complex features of a 20‐story steel moment‐frame building. Considered are two linear viscous damping models: Rayleigh damping and constant modal damping; and one nonlinear model where damping forces are not allowed to exceed a predefined bound. Presented are seismic demands on the building due to two sets of GMs: MCER design‐level GMs (2% probability of exceedance [PE] in 50 years) and rarer excitations (1% PE in 50 years). Based on these results, we conclude that linear damping models are adequate for estimating seismic demands on steel moment‐frame buildings—designed to satisfy current story drift and plastic rotation limits due to MCER design‐level GMs. Between the two linear damping models, constant modal damping is preferred; it is available in commercial computer codes for earthquake structural analysis.
Programmed death ligand‐1 induction restrains the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response against microglia
Authors: Chauhan Priyanka , Hu Shuxian , Prasad Sujata , Sheng Wen S. , Lokensgard James R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMicroglial cells are the main reservoir for HIV‐1 within the brain and potential exists for negative immune checkpoint blockade therapies to purge this viral reservoir. Here, we investigated cytolytic responses of CD8+ T lymphocytes against microglia loaded with peptide epitopes. Initially, flow cytometric analysis demonstrated efficient killing of HIV‐1 p24 AI9 or YI9 peptide‐loaded splenocytes in MHC‐matched recipients. Cytolytic killing of microglia was first demonstrated using ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen for in vitro cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays. Peptide‐loaded primary microglia obtained from programmed death ligand (PD‐L) 1 knockout (KO) animals showed significantly more killing than cells from wild‐type (WT) animals when co‐cultured with activated CD8+ T‐cells isolated from rAd5‐OVA primed animals. Moreover, when peptide loaded‐microglial cells from WT animals were treated with neutralizing α‐PD‐L1 Ab, significantly more killing was observed compared to either untreated or IgG isotype‐treated cells. Most importantly, significantly increased in vivo killing of HIV‐1 p24 YI9 peptide‐loaded microglia from PD‐L1 KO animals, as well as AI9 peptide‐loaded BALB/c microglial cells treated with α‐PD‐L1, was observed within brains of rAd5‐p24 primed‐CNS boosted C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice, respectively. Finally, ex vivo responses of brain CD8+ T‐cells in response to AI9 stimulation showed significantly increased IFN‐γ and IL‐2 production when treated with α‐PD‐1 Abs. Greater proliferation of CD8+ T‐cells from the brain was also observed following blockade. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that PD‐L1 induction on microglia restrains CTL responses and indicate that immune checkpoint blockade targeting this pathway may be beneficial in clearing viral brain reservoirs.
Kicking the habit is hard: A hybrid choice model investigation into the role of addiction in smoking behavior
Authors: Buckell John , Hensher David A , Hess Stephane 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUse of choice models is growing rapidly in tobacco research. These models are being used to answer key policy questions. However, certain aspects of smokers' choice behavior are not well understood. One such feature is addiction. Here, we address this issue by modeling data from a choice experiment on the US smokers. We model addiction using a latent variable. We use this latent variable to understand the relationship between choices and addiction, giving attention to nicotine levels. We find that more addicted smokers have stronger preferences for cigarettes and are unwilling to switch to e‐cigarettes. Addicted smokers value nicotine in tobacco products to a much greater extent than those that are less addicted. Lastly, we forecast short‐term responses to lowering nicotine levels in cigarettes. The results suggest that current nicotine‐focused policies could be effective at encouraging addicted smokers to less harmful products and lead to substantial public health gains.
Field investigation of the groundwater contribution to baseflow in an urban stream from a Quaternary aquifer with a leaky base
Authors: Moore Trisha L. , Nieber John L. , Gulliver John S. , Magner Joseph A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGroundwater contributions to baseflow in Minnehaha Creek, a creek located in a highly developed watershed in the Minneapolis‐St. Paul metropolitan area, from the watershed's Quaternary aquifer were quantified as part of an effort to manage low flow conditions in the creek. Considerable uncertainty exists with any single method used to quantify groundwater contributions to baseflow; therefore, a “weight of evidence” approach in which methods spanning multiple spatial scales was utilized. Analyses conducted at the watershed‐scale (streamflow separation and stable isotope analyses) were corroborated with site‐scale measurements (piezometer, seepage meter, and streambed temperature profiles) over a multi‐year period to understand processes and conditions controlling connectivity between the stream, its shallow aquifer system and other flow sources. In the case of Minnehaha Creek, groundwater discharge was found to range from 6.2 to 23 mm year−1, which represented only 5 to 11% of annual streamflow during the study period. From the weight of evidence, it is conjectured that regional‐scale hydrogeological conditions control groundwater discharge in Minnehaha Creek. Implications of these results with regard to possible augmentation of baseflow by increasing groundwater recharge with infiltration of stormwater are discussed.