bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reef-flat and back-reef development in the Great Barrier Reef caused by rapid sea-level fall during the Last Glacial Maximum (30–17 ka)
Authors: Fujita Kazuhiko , Yagioka Noriko , Nakada Choko , Kan Hironobu , Miyairi Yosuke , Yokoyama Yusuke , Webster Jody M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Reef growth patterns and the development of associated environments have been extensively studied from reef deposits from Holocene and previous interglacial highstands. However, reefs that grew during glacial lowstands are comparatively poorly understood. Here we show the formation of reef-flat and back-reef environments following rapid sea-level fall (15–20 mm yr−1 and 20–40 m in magnitude) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) on the present shelf edge of the Great Barrier Reef. Sedimentological and foraminiferal analyses of unconsolidated reef sediments recovered in cores 111–140 m below sea level at Hydrographers Passage during Integrated Ocean Drilling Project (IODP) Expedition 325 reveal the occurrence of a benthic foraminiferal assemblage dominated by the genera Calcarina and Baculogypsina, which is common in modern reef-flat and back-reef environments in the Great Barrier Reef and elsewhere. This assemblage is associated with higher foraminiferal proportions in reef sediments and higher proportions of well-preserved Baculogypsina tests in the same intervals, which also characterize reef-flat environments. Radiocarbon (14C–accelerator mass spectrometry) ages of reef-flat dwelling foraminifers (n = 22), which indicate the time when these foraminifers were alive, are consistent with the timing of the two-step sea-level fall into the LGM as defined by the previously published well-dated coralgal record. This foraminiferal evidence suggests the development of geomorphically mature fringing reefs with shallow back-reef lagoons during the LGM. Our results also imply that back-reef sediment accumulation rates during the LGM lowstand were comparable to those during the Holocene highstand.
Is the 2019 Canada’s Food Guide Snapshot nutritionally adequate?
Authors: Barr Susan I. 
Published: October 2019

This analysis assessed the nutrient content of foods depicted in Canada’s Food Guide Snapshot. Nutrient contents per 2000 kcal were initially assessed by comparison to Daily Values (DVs). For essential nutrients provided in amounts <DVs, the probability of inadequacy was determined. DVs were met for “nutrients to limit”, dietary fibre, and most essential nutrients. However, the probability of calcium and vitamin D inadequacy for reference individuals in most age/sex groups exceeded 50% and ranged up to >90%. Novelty Canadians who consume foods as depicted in the Food Guide Snapshot are likely to fall below dietary requirements for calcium and vitamin D.
Field trial of a three-state quantum key distribution scheme in the Florence metropolitan area
Authors: Bacco Davide , Vagniluca Ilaria , Da Lio Beatrice , Biagi Nicola , Della Frera Adriano , Calonico Davide , Toninelli Costanza , Cataliotti Francesco S. , Bellini Marco , Oxenløwe Leif K. , Zavatta Alessandro 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In-field demonstrations in real-world scenarios boost the development of a rising technology towards its integration in existing infrastructures. Although quantum key distribution (QKD) devices are already adopted outside the laboratories, current field implementations still suffer from high costs and low performances, preventing this emerging technology from a large-scale deployment in telecommunication networks. Here we present a simple, practical and efficient QKD scheme with finite-key analysis, performed over a 21 dB-losses fiber link installed in the metropolitan area of Florence (Italy). Coexistence of quantum and weak classical communication is also demonstrated by transmitting an optical synchronization signal through the same fiber link.
Effects of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy on Levels of Angiopoetin-2 and Other Selected Circulating Signaling Molecules in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer
Authors: Hohendorff Jerzy , Drozdz Anna , Borys Sebastian , Ludwig-Slomczynska Agnieszka H. , Kiec-Wilk Beata , Stepien Ewa L. , Malecki Maciej T. 
Published: October 2019

Background and Aims. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are linked to amputations and premature deaths. Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has been used for DFUs. The mechanism of NPWT’s action may be associated with its influence on circulating molecules. We assessed NPWT’s effect on the plasma levels of angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), a key regulator of angiogenesis, and its microvesicular receptors (Tie2) as well as the microvesicles (MVs) themselves in DFU patients. Materials and Methods. We included 69 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and neuropathic, noninfected DFUs—49 were treated with NPWT and 20 were treated with standard therapy (ST). Assigning patients to the NPWT group was not random but based on DFU characteristics, especially wound area. Ang2 was measured by ELISA in the entire group, while in a subgroup of 19 individuals on NPWT and 10 on ST, flow cytometry was used to measure Tie2+ and the corresponding isotype control (Iso+) and annexin V (AnnV+) as well as total MVs. Measurements were performed at the beginning and after 8±1 days of therapy. Results. Treatment groups were similar for basic characteristics but differed by their median DFU areas (10.3 (4.2-18.9) vs. 1.3 (0.9-3.4) cm2, p=0.0001). At day 0, no difference was observed in Ang2 levels, total MVs, MV Tie+, and MV AnnV+ between the groups. Ang2 decreased after 8 days in the NPWT group, unlike in the ST group (3.54 (2.40-5.40) vs. 3.32 (2.33-4.61), p=0.02, and 3.19±1.11 vs. 3.19±1.29 ng/mL, p=0.98, respectively). No other parameters were identified that may have been influenced by the NPWT treatment. Conclusion. NPWT in T2DM patients with neuropathic, noninfected DFU seems to lead to reduction of the Ang2 level. Influencing the level of Ang2 may constitute one of NPWT-related mechanisms to accelerate wound healing.
Therapeutic Breast Reconstruction Using Gene Therapy–Delivered IFNγ Immunotherapy
Authors: Davis Christopher R. , Than Peter A. , Khong Sacha M.L. , Rodrigues Melanie , Findlay Michael W. , Navarrete Daniel J. , Ghali Shadi , Vaidya Jayant S. , Gurtner Geoffrey C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
After mastectomy, breast reconstruction is increasingly performed using autologous tissue with the aim of improving quality of life. During this procedure, autologous tissue is excised, relocated, and reattached using microvascular anastomoses at the site of the extirpated breast. The period during which the tissue is ex vivo may allow genetic modification without any systemic exposure to the vector. Could such access permit delivery of therapeutic agents using the tissue flap as a vehicle? Such delivery may be more targeted and oncologically efficient than systemic therapy, and avoid systemic complications. The cytokine IFNγ has antitumor effects, and systemic toxicity could be circumvented by localized delivery of the IFNγ gene via gene therapy to autologous tissue used for breast reconstruction, which then releases IFNγ and exerts antitumor effects. In a rat model of loco-regional recurrence (LRR) with MADB-106-Luc and MAD-MB-231-Luc breast cancer cells, autologous tissue was transduced ex vivo with an adeno-associated viral vector encoding IFNγ. The “Therapeutic Reconstruction” released IFNγ at the LRR site and eliminated cancer cells, significantly decreased tumor burden, and increased survival compared with sham reconstruction (P &lt;0.05). Mechanistically, localized IFNγ immunotherapy stimulated M1 macrophages to target cancer cells within the regional confines of the modified tumor environment. This concept of “Therapeutic Breast Reconstruction” using ex vivo gene therapy of autologous tissue offers a new application for immunotherapy in breast cancer with a dual therapeutic effect of both reconstructing the ablative defect and delivering local adjuvant immunotherapy.
Antibody–Drug Conjugates: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Khongorzul Puregmaa , Ling Cai Jia , Khan Farhan Ullah , Ihsan Awais Ullah , Zhang Juan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAntibody–drug conjugates (ADC) are one of the fastest growing anticancer drugs. This approach comprises a mAb conjugated to the cytotoxic payload via a chemical linker that directed toward a target antigen expressed on the cancer cell surface, reducing systemic exposure and therefore toxicity. ADCs are complex molecules that require careful attention to various components. Selection of an appropriate target, an mAb, cytotoxic payload, and the manner in which the antibody is linked to the payload are key determinants of the safety and efficacy of ADCs. This review provides an overview of the systemic evaluation of each component of an ADC design, improved understanding of the mechanism of action of ADC, and mechanistic pathways involved in ADC resistance and various strategies to optimize ADC design. Moreover, this review also shed light on the current status of ADCs that have gained regulatory approval from the FDA including a description of biology and chemistry, metabolic profiles, adverse events, drug interactions, and the future perspective on combination strategies with other agents, including immunotherapy.
Phase II Trial of Ipilimumab with Stereotactic Radiation Therapy for Metastatic Disease: Outcomes, Toxicities, and Low-Dose Radiation–Related Abscopal Responses
Authors: Welsh James W. , Tang Chad , de Groot Patricia , Naing Aung , Hess Kenneth R. , Heymach John V. , Papadimitrakopoulou Vassiliki A. , Cushman Taylor R. , Subbiah Vivek , Chang Joe Y. , Simon George R. , Ramapriyan Rishab , Barsoumian Hampartsoum B. , Menon Hari , Cortez Maria Angelica , Massarelli Erminia , Nguyen Quynh , Sharma Padmanee , Allison James P. , Diab Adi , Verma Vivek , Raju Uma , Shaaban Sherif G. , Dadu Ramona , Cabanillas Maria E. , Wang Kelvin , Anderson Clark , Gomez Daniel R. , Hahn Stephen , Komaki Ritsuko , Hong David S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIpilimumab is effective for patients with melanoma, but not for those with less immunogenic tumors. We report a phase II trial of ipilimumab with concurrent or sequential stereotactic ablative radiotherapy to metastatic lesions in the liver or lung (NCT02239900). Ipilimumab (every 3 weeks for 4 doses) was given with radiotherapy begun during the first dose (concurrent) or 1 week after the second dose (sequential) and delivered as 50 Gy in 4 fractions or 60 Gy in 10 fractions to metastatic liver or lung lesions. In total, 106 patients received ≥1 cycle of ipilimumab with radiation. Median follow-up was 10.5 months. Median progression-free survival time was 2.9 months (95% confidence interval, 2.45–3.40), and median overall survival time was not reached. Rates of clinical benefit of nonirradiated tumor volume were 26% overall, 28% for sequential versus 20% for concurrent therapy (P = 0.250), and 31% for lung versus 14% for liver metastases (P = 0.061). The sequential lung group had the highest rate of clinical benefit at 42%. There were no differences in treatment-related adverse events between groups. Exploratory analysis of nontargeted lesions revealed that lesions receiving low-dose radiation were more likely to respond than those that received no radiation (31% vs. 5%, P = 0.0091). This phase II trial of ipilimumab with stereotactic radiotherapy describes satisfactory outcomes and low toxicities, lending support to further investigation of combined-modality therapy for metastatic cancers.
Efficacy and Safety of Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate for Treatment of Hyperkalemia: An 11-Month Open-Label Extension of HARMONIZE
Authors: Roger Simon D. , Spinowitz Bruce S. , Lerma Edgar V. , Singh Bhupinder , Packham David K. , Al-Shurbaji Ayman , Kosiborod Mikhail 
Published: October 2019

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC; formerly ZS-9) is a selective potassium (K<sup>+</sup>) binder for treatment of hyperkalemia. An open-label extension (OLE) of the ­HARMONIZE study evaluated efficacy and safety of SZC for ≤11 months. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Patients from HARMONIZE with point-of-care device i-STAT K<sup>+</sup> 3.5–6.2 mmol/L received once-daily SZC 5–10 g for ≤337 days. End points included achievement of mean serum K<sup>+</sup> ≤5.1 mmol/L (primary) or ≤5.5 mmol/L (secondary). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of 123 patients who entered the extension (mean serum K<sup>+</sup> 4.8 mmol/L), 79 (64.2%) completed the study. The median daily dose of SZC was 10 g (range 2.5–15 g). The primary end point was achieved by 88.3% of patients, and 100% achieved the secondary end point. SZC was well tolerated with no new safety concerns. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In the HARMONIZE OLE, most patients maintained mean serum K<sup>+</sup> within the normokalemic range for ≤11 months during ongoing SZC treatment.
A Case Study of Stratospheric Ozone Transport to the Northern San Francisco Bay Area and Sacramento Valley during CABOTS 2016
Authors: Clark Jodie , Chiao Sen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe California Baseline Ozone Transport Study (CABOTS) was a major air quality study that collected ozone measurements aloft between mid-May and mid-August of 2016. Aircraft measurements, ground-based lidar measurements, and balloon-borne ozonesondes collected precise upper-air ozone measurements across the central and Southern California valley. Utilizing daily ozonesonde data from Bodega Bay, California, and Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), reanalysis data for 25 July to 14 August 2016, three stratospheric intrusion events are identified over Northern California influencing air masses above Bodega Bay and Sacramento simultaneously. Calculated percent daily changes in afternoon ozonesonde observations indicate increasing ozone concentrations from the point of likely stratospheric air injection with the arrival of higher potential vorticity, confirmed by ensemble back trajectories. An analysis of the onsite surface monitoring ozone data indicates ozone increases in the observations for dates of plausible low-level stratospheric air influence. Further, a comparison of Bodega Bay surface ozone observations and 14 Sacramento Valley nonattainment zone surface sites show that the surface ozone observed at the higher-elevation surface sites in the lower Sierra Nevada foothills were positively correlated with elevated ozone captured by the ozonesondes within the lowest 0.5–1 km. The strongest correlations observed (~0.61) were between elevated Bodega Bay ozonesonde data and the Placerville (~612 m) afternoon surface ozone data, an indication that these regions separated by 200 km would be influence by the same ozone source. A comparison of daily changes in afternoon ozone show that the two locales often experience similar daily ozone increases or decreases. While this study leads to a basic quantification of stratospheric influence on surface ozone in the Sacramento nonattainment zone, a future campaign that examines ozone and winds aloft at both locales is suggested to improve the quantification of stratospheric ozone.
Regional Differences in Hourly Precipitation Characteristics along the Western Coast of South China
Authors: Li Jian , Li Nina , Yu Rucong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe regional differences in hourly precipitation characteristics along the western coast of South China are investigated. The coastal area can be divided into three regions: two regions with large precipitation amounts to the west and east of the Leizhou Peninsula and another region with less precipitation over the Leizhou Peninsula. The precipitation center west of the Leizhou Peninsula (Dongxing station) is dominated by heavy precipitation, which frequently peaks in the early morning and has a long duration. The precipitation center east of the Leizhou Peninsula (Yangjiang station) has a high frequency of weak precipitation. There are two kinds of precipitation that occur at Yangjiang: short-duration precipitation in the afternoon and long-lasting precipitation in the morning. Over the Leizhou Peninsula (Zhanjiang station), precipitation mainly occurs over a short duration in the afternoon. The possible reasons for the different precipitation features are discussed. The morning precipitation at Dongxing is usually caused by deep convection. A large proportion of the morning precipitation events are locally generated events, which are closely related to the southerly winds and topographic barriers. Among the many possible factors affecting the morning precipitation at Yangjiang, the convergence between the land breeze and prevailing onshore airflow is an important one. The afternoon precipitation events affecting Yangjiang mostly originate over the mountains northwest of Yangjiang. Influenced by the curvature of the coastline and the relatively flat terrain over the Leizhou Peninsula, there is no convergence and less convection in the morning. However, the Leizhou Peninsula is prone to being influenced by daytime thermal forcings, which trigger afternoon precipitation.
A Look at the Relationship between the Large-Scale Tropospheric Static Stability and the Tropical Cyclone Maximum Intensity
Authors: Downs Alexandria , Kieu Chanh 
Published: October 2019

AbstractVarious modeling and observational studies have suggested that tropical cyclone (TC) intensity tends to increase in the future due to projected warmer sea surface temperature (SST). This study examines the effects of the tropospheric stratification that could potentially offset the direct increase of TC intensity associated with the warmer SST. Using reanalysis datasets and TC records in the northwestern Pacific and the North Atlantic basins, it is shown that there exists a consistently negative correlation between the annually averaged TC intensity and the basinwide average of the tropospheric static stability. This negative correlation is more robust in the northwestern Pacific basin when using the TC lifetime maximum intensity but is somewhat less significant in the North Atlantic basin. Further separation of the troposphere into a lower (1000–500 hPa) and an upper layer (500–200 hPa) reveals that it is the upper-tropospheric static stability that plays a more dominant role in governing the TC intensity variability. The negating effects of a stable troposphere on TC intensity as found in this study suggest a partial offset of the projected increase in the TC potential intensity due to the future warmer SST. Thus, the tropospheric static stability is one of the key large-scale factors that need to be properly taken into account in studies of long-term TC intensity change.
The HEART score in the era of the European Society of Cardiology 0/1-hour algorithm
Authors: Cortés Marcia , Haseeb Sohaib , Lambardi Florencia , Arbucci Rosina , Ariznavarreta Paula , Resi Silvana , Vergara Juan M , Katib Cristina , Campos Roberto , Trivi Marcelo , Costabel Juan P 
Published: October 2019

Background:The European Society of Cardiology’s 0/1-hour algorithm improves the early triage of patients towards “rule-out” or “rule-in” of non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. The HEART score is a risk stratification tool for patients with undifferentiated chest pain. We sought to evaluate the performance of the European Society of Cardiology 0/1-hour algorithm and the HEART score to evaluate chest pain patients in the emergency department.Methods:In this prospective study, we applied the European Society of Cardiology 0/1-hour algorithm and the HEART score in 1355 consecutive patients who presented to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation. Patients were followed for non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions and major adverse cardiac events at 30 days: death, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, or unplanned coronary revascularization.Results:The European Society of Cardiology 0/1-hour algorithm classified 921 (68.0%) patients as “rule-out” and the HEART score classified 686 (50.6%) patients as “low-risk”. The 30-day incidence of non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions was 0.32% in the European Society of Cardiology 0/1-hour algorithm “rule-out” patients versus 0.29% in the HEART score “low-risk” patients ( p=0.75). The rate of major adverse cardiac events was 7.7% in the European Society of Cardiology 0/1-hour algorithm “rule-out” patients versus 1.1% in the HEART score “low-risk” patients ( p<0.001).Conclusion:The European Society of Cardiology 0/1-hour algorithm identified more patients with low risk of non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions at 30 days whereas for major adverse cardiac events, the HEART score had a greater capacity to detect low-risk patients.
How Should We Evaluate Syndesmosis Reduction on CT Scan?
Authors: Abdelaziz Mohamed E. , Hagemeijer Noortje , Guss Daniel , El-Hawary Ahmed , El-Mowafi Hani , DiGiovanni Christopher W. 
Published: October 2019

Category: Ankle, Sports, Trauma, Syndesmosis. Introduction/Purpose: Accurate reduction of the syndesmosis is essential to the restoration of normal ankle mechanics, but radiographic evaluation of reduction quality has been demonstrably unreliable. CT imaging has traditionally been considered the gold standard, but there is no uniformly accepted method by which to assess syndesmotic reduction on CT. The aim of this study was to evaluate intra- and interobserver reliability of published measurements for evaluation of syndesmosis reduction using weight-bearing CT scan. Methods: Medical records were reviewed to identify patients who underwent surgical stabilization of a unilateral syndesmotic injury. Exclusion criteria included patients less than 18 years old, ipsilateral pilon fracture, history of contralateral ankle or pilon fracture or syndesmosis injury, BMI >40, and any neurological impairment. Twenty eligible patients were recruited to participate in the study and underwent weight-bearing CT evaluation for both ankles simultaneously. The quality of syndesmotic reduction was evaluated using axial CT images at a level 1 cm proximal to the tibial plafond using nine published radiological measurements (Figure 1). Inter- and intraobserver reliability were assessed for each evaluation method. Side by side method (qualitatively observing the repaired laterality side by side with the contralateral control) was assessed using Kappa interrater agreement, while the reliabilities for all other continuous methods were assessed with interclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results: The study cohort consisted of ten males and ten females with mean age of 43 years (range, 23-67 years). The intraobserver reliability of the side by side method was 0.49 and 0.24 for the first and second observers respectively, and the interobserver reliability was 0.24. The syndesmotic area showed the highest interobserver reliability (0.96), the highest intraobserver reliability for observer 2 (0.97), and the second highest intraobserver reliability for observer 1 (0.92). Fibular rotation had the second highest interobserver reliability in our results (0.84), with high intraobserver reliability of 0.91 and 0.8 for first and second observers, respectively. The other six radiological measurements had interobserver reliability that ranged between 0.62 and 0.83. Conclusion: Qualitatively assessing syndesmotic reduction via side by side comparison with the uninjured ankle had the least intra- and interobserver reliability and should not be relied upon to determine syndesmotic reduction quality. In contradistinction, syndesmotic area calculation showed the highest reliability for evaluating syndesmosis reduction, followed by fibular rotation. Additional efforts should be considered to standardize such measurements within CT image viewers, so they become seamlessly accessible in the clinical setting.