bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Effect of Cooling Vest on Body Thermal Response of People With Paraplegia During Exercise
Authors: Mneimneh Farah , Ghaddar Nesreen , Ghali Kamel , Moussalem Charbel , Omeis Ibrahim 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Persons with thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI), also named as people with paraplegia (PA), are encouraged to participate in sport activities for sake of improving their quality of life and health. Yet, heat strain is a major consequence of SCI after which the body loses its ability to regulate its temperature. Disruption in body temperature regulation and instability in core temperature (Tcr) endangers the patient health especially when subjected to extreme ambient conditions or high level of physical activity.
Since thermophysiology is disrupted after SCI, using conventional personal cooling methods may not be effective on PA in a way similar to that of able-bodied people (AB). Experimental studies evaluated the effect of phase change material (PCM) and ice cooling vests on thermal response of PA during exercise. Results showed no change in Tcr values for both types of vest during exercise. This study aims at studying the effectiveness of PCM cooling vest for PA during exercise at intensity level of 6.5 MET within 21.1–23.9 °C room temperature and 50% relative humidity.
A multi-segmented bioheat model of PA coupled with PCM cooling vest model (fabric-PCM-PA model) was deployed to predict Tcr values at different design conditions of the vest. Segmental core and skin temperatures profiles and the sensible and latent heat losses were obtained for torso segments to assess the percentage of enhancement in the cooling vest performance. Results showed that Tcr value of the body and Tcr values of the torso segments didn’t change at different design conditions of the vest; yet sensible heat losses were increased for all torso segments and latent heat losses were reduced. Decreases in latent heat losses affected Tsk values at the torso.
Simulations were performed using fabric-PCM model integrated with PA bioheat model applying variation of skin coverage area, melting point of PCM and combination of both designs. An effective design of the vest for PA was found when using PCM packet at 10°C melting point and coverage area about 40% of torso because sensible heat losses were the highest compared to the other design cases of the vest.
Droplet Spreading and Evaporation on Nanoporous Superhydrophilic Surfaces: Effects of Impact Parameters
Authors: McClure Emma R. , Carey Van P. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that droplet evaporation heat transfer can be substantially enhanced by fabricating a thin nanoporous superhydrophilic layer on a metal substrate. Earlier investigations have focused on how these surfaces affect low Weber number deposition of droplets and their subsequent evaporation on a horizontal, upward-facing heated surface. This investigation explores the effects of changing impact parameters — specifically how deposition, spreading, and vaporization on nanoporous superhydrophilic surfaces are affected by changing impact velocity and incident angle of the droplet motion relative to the surface. The results of droplet deposition and evaporation experiments are reported here for multiple droplet sizes (2–6 μL), and multiple incident angles (0–45°), and of 8 μL droplets from different drop heights (1.2, 40, and 80 mm). The results indicate that the strong capillary forces that enhance spreading on these surfaces remain dominant in the spreading and vaporization processes even when droplets strike the surface with significant velocity, and when the incident angle is oblique. The results indicate that increasing the Weber number has little effect on droplet evaporation and decreasing the incident deposition angle further enhances spreading and evaporation heat transfer. This paper also explores the implications of these results for spray cooling applications.
Comparison of Model Predictions and Performance Test Data for a Prototype Thermal Energy Storage Module
Authors: Helmns Dre , Carey Van P. , Kumar Navin , Banerjee Debjyoti , Muley Arun , Stoia Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Although model predictions of thermal energy storage (TES) performance have been explored in several previous investigations, information that allows experimental validation of performance models has been very limited. This is particularly true for high-performance TES designs that facilitate fast input and extraction of energy. In this paper, we present a summary of performance tests of a high-performance TES unit using lithium nitrate trihydrate phase change material (PCM) as a storage medium. Our experimental program also included thorough property determinations and cyclic testing of the PCM. Performance data is presented for complete dual-mode cycles consisting of extraction (melting) followed by charging (freezing). These tests simulate the daylong cyclic operation of a TES unit for asynchronous cooling in a power plant. The model analysis is found to agree very well, within 10%, with the experimental data except for conditions very near the initiation of freezing. Slight deviation from the predicted performance at that time is a consequence of sub-cooling that is required to initiate solidification. The comparisons presented here demonstrate the viability of thermal energy storage for augmentation of power plant air-cooled condensers as well as other potential applications.
Temperature-Dependent Wettability of Water on a Nickel Surface at Pressurized Condition: A Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Zeng Dong-Lei , Feng Biao , Song Jia-Wen , Fan Li-Wu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Temperature-dependent wettability of water droplets on a metal surface in a pressurized environment is of great theoretical and practical significance. In this paper, molecular dynamic simulation is used to study this problem by relating the temperature-dependent apparent contact angles to the changes in solid-liquid and solid-vapor interfacial free energies and hydrogen bonds in the nano-sized water droplets with increasing the temperature. The temperature range of interest is set from 298 K to 538 K in a 20 K interval under a constant pressure of 7 MPa. The results show that the contact angle in general decreases with raising the temperature and decreasing trend can be divided into two sections with different slopes. The contact angle drops slowly when the temperature is below 458 K as a critical point. Beyond this point, the contact angle shows a much steeper decrease. The difference between solid-vapor and solid-liquid interfacial free energies is found to decrease slightly with temperature. Combining with that the surface tension drops with increasing the temperature, a decreasing trend of the contact angle is expected according to the Young’s equation. As the temperature increases, the number and average energy of the hydrogen bonds both decrease, and the hydrogen bonds tend to aggregate at the bottom of the nano-droplets.
An Investigation on Mechanism of Droplet Generation in High Inertial Gaseous Flow
Authors: Yao Xinyu , Liu Zhenyu , Wu Huiying 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Droplet generation involving high inertial gas flow in a T-junction microchannel was experimentally and numerically studied in this work. The effect of high inertial flow on the water droplet generation was investigated based on the obtained results. At various gas Reynold (Re) numbers and liquid Capillary (Ca) numbers, the unique flow regime mapping including squeezing, dripping and jetting was observed. It was found that stable aqueous droplets are generated in the squeezing and dripping flow regimes. Visualization experiment shows that the morphology of droplets generated in the water-gas system is different from that in the traditional water-oil system. As the Re number increases or the Ca number decreases, the droplet length decreases. Increasing both Re number and Ca number can increase the detachment frequency. Based on the 3D VOF simulations, the droplet attachment to one of the channel wall during the pinch-off period and the rebound of liquid phase after droplet detachment was observed. Droplet size, detachment time and droplet generation frequency were then analyzed for the droplet generation. The dominant detachment mechanism during the whole droplet generation process was also discussed in this work.
Effect of Twist Ratio on Heat Transfer Enhancement by Swirl Impingement
Authors: Ramakrishnan Kishore Ranganath , Madhavan Srivatsan , Singh Prashant , Ekkad Srinath V. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Steady state experimental work has been carried out to compare a conventional single jet of diameter 12.7mm with a swirling impinging jet. In this study swirl inserts with three different twist ratios 3, 4.5 and 6 were used to induce the swirling motion to the working fluid. The Reynolds number based on conventional impinging jet’s diameter is varied from 10000 to 16000. It is observed that with increase in twist ratio, the average heat transfer enhancement is reduced. However, with higher twist ratios more uniform distribution of heat transfer enhancement is observed.
The Effect of Mixing and s/c Ratio on Lower Temperature Methane Steam Reforming Reaction With Waste Thermal Energy in Stationary Fuel Cell
Authors: Song Hyemin , Yu Sangseok 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In a stationary fuel cell system, secondary reformer is utilized to enhance system efficiency. Since the heat sources of stationary fuel cell has low temperature, the operation philosophy of secondary reformer has to be differed from high temperature reformer. Researches on methane steam reformers have been made in various directions, but most have been done only in high efficiency systems. In this study, the design of the steam reformer with the low temperature gas as the heat source would be improved and the temperature distribution would be improved. To do this, computational analysis was carried out. Through computational analysis, we tried to improve radial flow uniformity and temperature distribution of methane and water vapor mixture in the reformer. In order to improve the flow and temperature distribution inside the reformer, the analysis was carried out considering the presence of the spiral vortex generator, the shape of the perforated plate, and the baffle. As a result, the uniformity of the flow was increased by installing the spiral vortex generator, and it was confirmed that the average temperature was increased by installing the perforated plate and the baffles. And an endothermic chemical reaction inside the reaction part and investigated the reforming characteristics according to the temperature and s/c ratio in order to consider the chemical reaction side with the improved structure in the flow side. The s/c ratio was set to 2 and 3, and the temperature was set to 1000K and 1100K. As a result, it has been concluded that the modification of the reforming reaction depends on the temperature and s/c ratio, and additional structural improvement is required.
Experimental Analysis of Kinetics and Cyclic Performance of Cobalt Oxide Powder As Redox Reactant Agent for High-Temperature Thermochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Vahedi Nasser , Oztekin Alparslan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
For continuous operation of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Plants it is necessary to integrate thermal energy storage module. High-density energy storage system at a high temperature is required for the new generation of large scale CSP plants. The Thermochemical Energy Storage (TCES) systems use the enthalpy of formation of a reversible chemical reaction for energy storage and release. Gas/solid reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions of solid metal oxides using air as heat transfer fluid (HTF) can be directly integrated with air operated CSP plants, and there is no need for HTF storage and any intermediate heat exchanger. A new generation of large scale CSP plants uses high-temperature solar collectors to increase power cycle efficiency. Such operating conditions require the development of suitable high-temperature TCES systems. The selection of suitable metal oxide reactant is very critical in the design of such high-temperature storage systems and requires a detailed study of the physics of reaction within the reactor.
Cobalt oxide (Co3O4/CoO) has been verified to have a high reaction temperature, high enthalpy of reaction together with reasonable cyclic and thermal stability. Unique features of cobalt oxide require more fundamental study of the physics behind the redox reaction and its cyclic performance. Study of the physics of materials during the storage/release cycle is necessary for the design and improvement of the reactor and can be used as a benchmark for comparison of any implemented changes.
A high precision, true differential TGA/DSC instrument is used for simultaneous measurement of weightchange (TGA) and true differential heat flow (DSC) for pure cobalt oxide (Co3O4) powder. Storage cycle (charge/discharge) was conducted for five cycles. Complete re-oxidation was achieved within reasonable times by performing the two reactions at close temperatures and controlling heating/cooling rates. Basic performance parameters were derived as a benchmark for future references. Single-cycle controlling parameters such as heating/cooling rate, dwelling time, and purge gas rate were investigated. System response for few initial cycles was studied. It was shown that pure cobalt oxide could regain weight and complete re-oxidation with reasonable stability. A transition for heat flow was detected after a few initial cycles which reduced discharge heat and decreased overall performance.
Effect of Drinking Rate on the Retention of Water or Milk Following Exercise-Induced Dehydration
Authors: Sayer Liam , Rodriguez-Sanchez Nidia , Rodriguez-Giustiniani Paola , Irwin Christopher , McCartney Danielle , Cox Gregory R. , Galloway Stuart D.R. , Desbrow Ben 
Published: December 2019

This study investigated the effect of drinking rate on fluid retention of milk and water following exercise-induced dehydration. In Part A, 12 male participants lost 1.9% ± 0.3% body mass through cycle exercise on four occasions. Following exercise, plain water or low-fat milk equal to the volume of sweat lost during exercise was provided. Beverages were ingested over 30 or 90 min, resulting in four beverage treatments: water 30 min, water 90 min, milk 30 min, and milk 90 min. In Part B, 12 participants (nine males and three females) lost 2.0% ± 0.3% body mass through cycle exercise on four occasions. Following exercise, plain water equal to the volume of sweat lost during exercise was provided. Water was ingested over 15 min (DR15), 45 min (DR45), or 90 min (DR90), with either DR15 or DR45 repeated. In both trials, nude body mass, urine volume, urine specific gravity and osmolality, plasma osmolality, and subjective ratings of gastrointestinal symptoms were obtained preexercise and every hour for 3 hr after the onset of drinking. In Part A, no effect of drinking rate was observed on the proportion of fluid retained, but milk retention was greater (p < .01) than water (water 30 min: 57% ± 16%, water 90 min: 60% ± 20%, milk 30 min: 83% ± 6%, and milk 90 min: 85% ± 7%). In Part B, fluid retention was greater in DR90 (57% ± 13%) than DR15 (50% ± 11%, p < .05), but this was within test–retest variation determined from the repeated trials (coefficient of variation: 17%). Within the range of drinking rates investigated the nutrient composition of a beverage has a more pronounced impact on fluid retention than the ingestion rate.
Intravascular Ultrasound in Carotid Web
Authors: Hassani Sara , Nogueira Raul G , Al-Bayati Alhamza R , Sachdeva Rajesh , McDaniel Michael , Haussen Diogo C 
Published: December 2019

BackgroundCarotid web (CaW) is a shelf-like linear filling defect in the posterior aspect of the internal carotid bulb, representing an intimal variant of fibromuscular dysplasia. The diagnosis of CaW is traditionally restricted to digital subtraction angiography (DSA), CT/MR angiography (CTA/MRA), and Duplex ultrasonography. In this series of patients with acute ischemic stroke, we evaluated the potential utility of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in further characterizing suspected CaWs.MethodsThis is a case series of three patients with suspected CaW who underwent DSA for treatment or investigation of large vessel occlusion strokes. In all cases the stroke investigation failed to identify an alternative cause, and the stroke etiology was attributed to a symptomatic CaW. The procedure consisted of positioning a guide catheter in the common carotid artery, navigating the IVUS probe distal to the carotid bulb, and then retracting the probe with a manual pullback. The acquired images were then reviewed in an independent workstationResultsIn two of the three cases, IVUS showed an isoechoic-to-hyperechoic focal eccentric area at the posterior carotid bulb, consistent with CaW. The endoluminal protrusion was inconspicuous on IVUS due to the low resolution of ultrasound not allowing a clear differentiation between fibrosis, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. No abnormalities commonly associated with atherosclerotic disease or dissections were noted. The CaW could not be depicted in the third patient.ConclusionThe use of IVUS in the diagnosis of CaW may have limited relevance. Continued investigation of other imaging modalities for accurate CaW diagnosis is recommended.
Impact of frequent testing on the transmission of HIV andN. gonorrhoeaeamong men who have sex with men: a mathematical modelling study
Authors: Reitsema Maarten , Heijne Janneke , Visser Maartje , van Sighem Ard , Schim van der Loeff Maarten , op de Coul Eline L M , Bezemer Daniela , Wallinga Jacco , van Benthem Birgit H B , Xiridou Maria 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesTo investigate the impact and efficiency of combined testing for HIV and other STIs on HIV and STI transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM) and to assess what subgroups of MSM should be targeted for frequent testing.MethodsWe developed an agent-based transmission model that simulates infection with HIV orNeisseria gonorrhoeae(NG) among MSM. We examined scenarios with increased percentages of MSM getting tested six monthly, among all MSM or only specific subgroups of MSM (defined according to recent gonorrhoea, number of partners and engagement in condomless anal intercourse (CAI)) and scenarios with reduced intervals between HIV/STI tests.ResultsThe most efficient strategies were those with increased percentage of MSM getting tested every 6 months among MSM with a recent gonorrhoea diagnosis; or among MSM who had CAI and ≥10 partners; or MSM who had ≥10 partners. Over 10 years, these strategies resulted in 387–718 averted HIV infections and required 29–164 additional HIV tests per averted HIV infection or one to seven additional gonorrhoea tests per averted NG infection. The most effective strategy in reducing HIV transmission was the one where the intervals between tests were reduced by half, followed by the strategy with increased percentage of MSM getting tested every 6 months among all MSM. Over 10 years, these strategies resulted in 1362 and 1319 averted HIV infections, but required 663 and 584 additional HIV tests per averted HIV infection, respectively.ConclusionsTargeting MSM with recent gonorrhoea diagnosis or MSM with many partners is efficient in terms of HIV/STI tests needed to prevent new HIV or NG infections. Major reductions in HIV incidence can be achieved with consistent HIV/STI testing every 6 months among larger groups, including low-risk MSM. To impede HIV transmission, frequent testing should be combined with other prevention measures.
Can proteomics elucidate mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance inNeisseria gonorrhoeaethat whole genome sequencing is unable to identify? An analysis of protein expression within the 2016 WHON. gonorrhoeaereference strains
Authors: Peng Jianhe , Russell Julie , Alexander Sarah 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) inNeisseria gonorrhoeaeis of increasing concern. This study established a quantitative, scalable proteomics method to examine the WHO panel ofN. gonorrhoeaeisolates with completed closed genomic sequences and well-defined phenotypical and genotypical AMR patterns, to gain a greater understanding of AMR inN. gonorrhoeae.Methods14 WHO reference strains were propagated, pooled stable isotope labelled lysates were used as an internal standard (IS). Protein lysates were mixed with IS, digested with trypsin and fractionated before analysis by nano-LC/MS/MS, in triplicate. The susceptible strain WHO F was used as reference to which the proteomic profiles of other strains were compared. Hierarchical clustering and permutation adjusted t-tests were performed to find proteins with significant fold changes.ResultsStandardised, reproducible protein expression profiles inN. gonorrhoeaereference strains were produced. Strains that have previously been shown to be highly similar using genomics, displayed different proteomic profiles. Several proteins from efflux pumps to stress responses, such as oxidative stress, toxin/antitoxin systems, were found to be altered in AMR strains. LtgE was upregulated in strains which displayed chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin. MacB (the ATP hydrolysis part of macrolide efflux pump MacA-B), was ~twofold upregulated in WHO V (MIC of azithromycin >256 mg/L) and maybe associated with azithromycin resistance.ConclusionsA robust method was developed to study protein expression inN. gonorrhoeae. The proteome profiles could differentiate genetically similar stains. This study identified complex mechanisms inN. gonorrhoeaewhich may be associated with AMR.
MUC1 intracellular bioactivation mediates lung fibrosis
Authors: Milara Javier , Ballester Beatriz , Montero Paula , Escriva Juan , Artigues Enrique , Alós Manuel , Pastor-Clerigues Alfonso , Morcillo Esteban , Cortijo Julio 
Published: December 2019

BackgroundSerum KL6/mucin 1 (MUC1) has been identified as a potential biomarker in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), but the role of MUC1 intracellular bioactivation in IPF is unknown.ObjectiveTo characterise MUC1 intracellular bioactivation in IPF.Methods and resultsThe expression and phosphorylation of Thr41 and Tyr46 on the intracellular MUC1-cytoplasmic tail (CT) was increased in patients with IPF (n=22) compared with healthy subjects (n=21) and localised to fibroblasts and hyperplastic alveolar type II cells. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 phosphorylated SMAD3 and thereby increased the phosphorylation of MUC1-CT Thr41 and Tyr46 in lung fibroblasts and alveolar type II cells, activating β-catenin to form a phospho-Smad3/MUC1-CT and MUC1-CT/β-catenin nuclear complex. This nuclear complex promoted alveolar epithelial type II and fibroblast to myofibroblast transitions, as well as cell senescence and fibroblast proliferation. The inhibition of MUC1-CT nuclear translocation using the inhibitor, GO-201 or silencing MUC1 by siRNA, reduced myofibroblast transition, senescence and proliferation in vitro. Bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis was reduced in mice treated with GO-201 and in MUC1-knockout mice. The profibrotic lectin, galectin-3, directly activated MUC1-CT and served as a bridge between the TGF-β receptor and the MUC1-C domain, indicating TGF-β1-dependent and TGF-β1-independent intracellular bioactivation of MUC1.ConclusionsMUC1 intracellular bioactivation is enhanced in IPF and promotes fibrotic processes that could represent potential druggable targets for IPF.