bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Examination of the Relationship Between Media Exposure and Fear of Victimization: Implications of the Superpredator Narrative on Juvenile Justice Policies
Authors: Allen Terrence T. , Whitt Ahmed 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe media allow crime to infiltrate the public’s consciousness in every conceivable way, thereby playing a major role in shaping the public’s opinion and attitude toward crime and crime issues (Barak, 1995; Fields & Jerin, 1996; Kappeler & Potter, 2005). Reporters constantly talk about crime, and crime related stories dominate the headlines of local and national newspaper outlets (Dowler, 2003; Pizarro et al, 2007). Some of the most highly rated television programs are based on crime plots and people across social, political, and racial demographics are constantly engaged in crime dialogue generated from local or national news stories. When the focus of these mediums is on youth they become even more profound and contentious. The images portrayed conjure up stereotypes that lead to fear and inflammatory remarks that become entrenched into the national lexicon. The current study uses data from the National Opinion Survey of Crime and Justice to test the relationship between crime‐related media viewership and fear of victimization within a nationally representative adult sample. Approximately 42.67% of respondents reported regularly watching crime shows and about the same proportion (42.83%) believed their local media paid too much attention to violent crime. In addition to regular crime‐show viewership, confidence in the police, gender, and recent contact with the police were associated with fear of victimization. This article adds to an existing body of research through a largely unexplored area in the administration of justice. It does so within the context of the U.S. juvenile justice system.
MI Implementation in Juvenile Justice: A Case Report
Authors: Brooks Merrian J. , Leskovac Joshua , Benedetto Mark F. , Miller Elizabeth , Mulvey Edward P. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMotivational interviewing (MI) is a communication style focused on enhancing clients’ own motivation towards change. In the justice system MI has evidence to support that it enhances communication and change behaviors in youth. As most MI training is designed for healthcare settings training and implementation of MI must be adapted to fit the juvenile justice model. This includes both rehabilitation and restorative justice. Here we describe the details that allowed one county small county in Pennsylvania to roll out MI training and initial skills review in less than 6 months. The case reviews the details of planning, trainings, and timing of activities. We then discuss what elements of those details fit into a greater implementation plan that may be applied elsewhere. Four key elements were instrumental to implementation: 1) appreciation of JPO time constraints, 2) cost containment 3) using blending to enhance JPO flexibility with MI use, and 4) policies that normalize use of MI. This outline may assist other courts in their own implementation efforts.
A Roadmap for CANS Validation
Authors: Kraus David R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn nearly every jurisdiction, juvenile or family courts will be using the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS) tool to assess whether children can safely be treated in family‐like settings to meet federal Family First Prevention Services Act (FFPSA) requirements. Yet, a number of peer‐reviewed publications have raised serious concerns regarding the lack of CANS validation research. Rather than reject CANS, this article provides a roadmap for validating the tool with data that jurisdictions have already collected. Courts should require these three simple analyses before relying on the assessment.
Patients with post‐transplant biliary strictures have significantly higher rates of liver transplant failure and rejection: A nationwide inpatient analysis
Authors: Kohli Divyanshoo R , Desai Madhav V , Kennedy Kevin F , Pandya Prashant , Sharma Prateek 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and AimBiliary strictures are a common complication of liver transplantation. We assess the impact of post‐transplant biliary strictures and describe the outcomes of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), interventional radiology (IR), and surgical therapies.MethodsUsing the Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD), hospitalized liver transplant recipients were identified using the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision codes. Patients with post‐transplant biliary strictures were identified, and outcomes (inpatient mortality, 30‐day readmission, transplant rejection/infection/failure, and disposition) were compared with transplant recipients without strictures. Among transplant patients with biliary strictures who underwent therapeutic intervention, corresponding outcomes were compared between IR, surgical interventions, and ERCP.ResultsOf the 8300 liver transplant recipients meeting selection criteria, 554 patients (age 48.9 ± 18.2 years, mean ± SD; 39.5% women) had biliary strictures. Compared with patients without strictures, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for various outcomes in patients with biliary strictures were as follows: 1.46 (1.20, 1.77; P < 0.001) for 30‐day non‐elective readmission, 2.71 (2.04, 3.59; P < 0.001) allograft rejection, 2.32 (1.61, 3.37; P < 0.001) liver transplant failure, 3.05 (1.39, 6.73; P < 0.01) infection, and 1.41 (1.08, 1.82; P = 0.01) disposition to skilled nursing or intermediate care facility. Therapeutic interventions during index hospitalization were performed in 350 patients: ERCP 46.6% (n = 163), surgery 41% (n = 144), and IR 12.3% (n = 43) patients. Compared with ERCP, the adjusted odds for various outcomes were disposition to skilled nursing or intermediate care facility 2.72 (1.08, 6.87; P = 0.03) and 2.09 (1.05, 4.15; P = 0.036), prolongation of hospitalization 14.4 (3.7, 25.1; P = 0.008) and 15.0 (7.4, 22.7; P < 0.001), and failure of liver allograft 8.47 (1.47, 48.6; P = 0.017) and 12.23 (2.74, 54.4; P = 0.001) for IR and surgical interventions, respectively.ConclusionPost‐liver transplant biliary strictures are associated with increased rates of allograft rejection, allograft failure/infections, and readmissions. Compared with ERCP, management of these patients with IR or surgical interventions is associated with significantly higher rates of allograft failure and hospital stay.
Prevalence and clinical significance of esophageal motility disorders in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux symptoms
Authors: Sikavi Daniel R , Cai Jennifer X , Carroll Thomas L , Chan Walter W 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and AimEsophageal motor dysfunction may underlie impaired bolus/refluxate clearance in laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). However, the prevalence of esophageal dysmotility and its correlation with reflux parameters and symptoms in LPR is not well established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of coexisting esophageal dysmotility among patients with suspected LPR.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of 194 consecutive patients with LPR symptoms referred for high‐resolution manometry (HRM) and combined hypopharyngeal–esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH testing at a tertiary center in March 2018 to August 2019. Validated symptom surveys were prospectively collected at time of testing, including Reflux Symptom Index, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire, dominant symptom intensity, and 12‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey. HRM findings were categorized using Chicago Classification v3.0.ResultsAbnormal findings on HRM were identified in 84 (43.3%) patients, with ineffective esophageal motility (n = 60, 30.9%) as the most common diagnosis. A disorder of esophagogastric junction outflow or a major disorder of peristalsis was identified in 26 (13.4%) patients, including 2 (1%) with achalasia and 7 (3.6%) with jackhammer esophagus. Reflux burden (distal, proximal, or pharyngeal) on combined hypopharyngeal–esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH testing did not differ across HRM findings. Patients reporting esophageal symptoms were more likely to have a primary motility disorder (odds ratio 2.34, P = 0.04). However, no significant differences in Reflux Symptom Index, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire, or 12‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey were noted across HRM diagnoses.ConclusionEsophageal motility disorders are prevalent among patients with LPR symptoms, including up to one in seven with esophagogastric junction outflow or major peristaltic disorder. Patients with abnormal motility more likely report esophageal symptoms. Clinicians should be aware of these coexisting conditions, particularly in those with refractory symptoms.
Changes in a Frailty Index and Association with Mortality
Authors: Shi Sandra M. , Olivieri‐Mui Brianne , McCarthy Ellen P. , Kim Dae H. 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundAlthough frailty status is dynamic, whether improvements in frailty predict mortality is unknown.ObjectiveDescribe 1‐year changes in a frailty index (FI) and association with 48‐month mortality.DesignSecondary analysis of the National Health in Aging Trends Study.SettingCommunity.ParticipantsFive thousand six hundred and seventy two Medicare beneficiaries 65 and older (3,267 (55.8%) females).MeasurementsA 40‐item deficit accumulation FI was measured in 2011 and 2012, based on multidomain assessment including comorbidities, activities of daily living, physical tasks, cognition, and performance testing. We categorized 2011 FI into robust (FI < 0.15), pre‐frail (FI = 0.15–0.24), mild frailty (FI = 0.25–0.34), and moderate to severe frailty (FI ≥ 0.35). Change in frailty was calculated as the FI change from 2011 to 2012, categorized as either absolute (>0.045 decrease, 0.015–0.045 decrease, ±0.015 change, 0.015–0.045 increase, >0.045 increase) or proportional change (>20% decrease, 5–20% decrease, ±5% change, 5–20% increase, 20% increase). We measured the association of FI change with 4‐year mortality using Cox regression.ResultsFrom 2011 to 2012, mean FI increased by 0.02 (standard deviation 0.07), with 58.6% having an increase. Over 4 years, 1,039 participants (13.6%) died. After adjusting for age and sex, compared to stable frailty (±0.015), both absolute (>0.045) and proportional (>20%) increases in frailty were associated with higher mortality among pre‐frail participants (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) = (1.45–3.79) and HR (95% CI) = 3.32 (1.76–6.26), respectively), participants with mild frailty (HR (95% CI) = 1.96 (1.35–2.85) and 2.03 (1.37–3.02)) and moderate or severe frailty (HR (95% CI) = 1.99 (1.48–2.67) and 1.94 (1.43–2.63)) but not robust participants (HR (95% CI)= 1.48 (0.86–2.54), HR (95% CI) = 1.62 (0.80–3.28)). However, decreases in FI were not significantly associated with decreased risk of mortality.ConclusionsIncreasing deficit accumulation FI over 1 year is associated with increased mortality risk. While decreasing FI occurs, we did not find evidence to support reduced mortality risk.
Collaborative Practice and Teaching in Perinatal Care: Certified Nurse‐Midwives as Educators of Medical Residents
Authors: Neylan Elizabeth , Farahi Narges , Sloane Philip D. , McConaughey Edie , Silbersack Johanna , Oat‐Judge Julia 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionThe goal of this study was to update understanding of the current roles and responsibilities of certified nurse‐midwives (CNMs) in the education of resident physicians. Three subaims were to (1) examine the involvement of CNMs in the education of residents in obstetrics and gynecology and family medicine, (2) examine the typology of CNMs’ collaboration with residents, and (3) describe CNMs’ opinions regarding their educational roles and responsibilities.MethodsThis descriptive study used an electronic survey sent to CNMs involved in the education of medical residents. Survey participants were identified using an online directory of CNMs involved in academic midwifery practices in the United States. Survey items included both closed‐ended and open‐ended questions to generate quantitative and qualitative data, respectively.ResultsOf the 146 CNMs invited to participate, surveys were received from 85, a response rate of 58%. Seventy of the respondents fit inclusion criteria of working with family medicine and obstetrics and gynecology resident physician programs. Most of the midwives’ educational roles included informal mentorship of residents, supervision and consultation of intrapartum care, and caring for either their own or residents’ patients. All respondents agreed that incorporating CNMs into clinical teams and faculty roles improves resident education. The majority of respondents desired a greater degree of involvement in resident education, with 57% preferring a blended interaction model.DiscussionThe majority of CNM respondents reported a preference to have greater involvement in the education of residents. Although CNMs desire a blended interaction or fully integrated model of collaboration with resident physicians, the current state of CNM involvement does not fulfill this degree of collaboration. Opportunities exist for further research, including surveys of resident physicians who work with CNMs, leaders in midwifery, residency program directors, and policy makers.
Communicating prognostic information and hope to families of dying patients in intensive care units: A descriptive qualitative study
Authors: Almansour Issa , Abdel Razeq Nadin M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAims and objectivesTo understand how prognostic information is communicated by Jordanian doctors and nurses to the families of dying patients in intensive care units, with an emphasis on exploring how hope and truth telling about patients' poor prognosis are managed.BackgroundImproving end‐of‐life care requires a focus on adequate family–professionals prognostic communication, while maintaining a realistic level of hope and family support.DesignA descriptive qualitative approach was applied.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with 20 nurses and 15 resident doctors caring for dying patients. Bardin's procedure of categorical content analysis was applied. The COREQ checklist for reporting qualitative studies was followed.ResultsTwo main categories emerged from the data of this study: ‘perspectives on optimistic hope’ and ‘approaches to prognostic communication’. Health professionals experience extreme difficulty, and therefore, frequently avoid openly disclosing information about patients' poor prognosis to the families. Consequently, the health professionals adopted various methods to balance truth telling against sustaining hope among the patients' families. Providing false assurance was perceived as permissible and understandable, in order to nurture the families' hope.ConclusionsImproving end‐of‐life care in intensive care units in Jordan requires a focus on family–professional communication. Jordanian intensive care doctors and nurses perceived honest family–professional communication regarding dying patients to be extremely challenging. Healthcare professionals should develop their competency of meeting the informational and emotional needs of patients in ICUs and their families, while also honouring their cultural values, during prognostic communication.Relevance to clinical practiceEffective training of healthcare professionals is vital on ways to enhance communication of prognostic information and to foster realistic hope among families of dying patients in intensive care units. There is a need to also explore the families' perspectives on prognostic communication in order to understand the similarities and differences between the professionals' and families' perspectives.
ARE IMPACTS OF EARLY INTERVENTIONS IN THE SCANDINAVIAN WELFARE STATE CONSISTENT WITH A HECKMAN CURVE? A META‐ANALYSIS
Authors: Rosholm Michael , Paul Alexander , Bleses Dorthe , Højen Anders , S. Dale Philip , Jensen Peter , M. Justice Laura , Svarer Michael , Calmar Andersen Simon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract“Early intervention” has been a mantra in recent debates about human capital investment. Strong theoretical models motivate this focus by predicting that investment in children is most cost‐effective when they are young. The “Heckman curve” summarizes this idea visually (Heckman, 2006). However, hardly any reviews scrutinize this hypothesis empirically in modern welfare states such as those in Scandinavia that already invest heavily during early childhood. Any such review is ideally based on interventions conducted as randomized controlled trials (RCTs), set in the same welfare state, and comparable across ages through cost‐standardized effects. This meta‐analysis assembles cost‐standardized effect estimates from 10 RCTs, including a total of 18 intervention arms and 30,578 participants (aged 1.5–24 years), conducted by the same research center in the Scandinavian welfare state of Denmark. These interventions show significant effects relative to their costs, despite the large baseline investment level. Interventions targeted at younger children tend to produce larger effects, consistent with the Heckman curve. However, variation in the effect size within age groups is as large as it is across age groups. This indicates that both the quality and timing of investments matter and that “early interventions” are not necessarily superior to later interventions.
Effects of myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) essential oils as dietary antioxidant supplementation on carcass and meat quality of goat meat
Authors: Smeti Samir , Tibaoui Souha , Bertolín Juan Ramon , Yagoubi Yathreb , Mekki Ilyes , Joy Margalida , Atti Naziha 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDespite the fact that the use of rosemary and thyme residues and essential oils in animal feeding was widely documented, that of myrtle is scarce. To test the hypothesis that myrtle essential oils (MEOs) could improve goats' carcass characteristics and meat quality traits, twenty‐one male goats received a ration consisted of 40% oat hay and 60% concentrate. Experimental goat kids received the control diet supplemented with 0, 0.3 and 0.6% of myrtle essential oils (MEOs) for C, Myrt1 and Myrt2 groups respectively. The administration of MEO did not improve the daily DM intake (p > 0.05). Kids of C and Myrt2 groups had higher average daily gain than Myrt1 group (75 versus 55 g). The goats slaughtered at 19.9 kg of weight did not differ (p > 0.05) in carcass weights and carcass yield in terms of commercial dressing percentage (CDP = 41%) and real dressing percentage (RDP = 52%). The administration of MEO increased the meat polyphenol content, being higher in both Myrtle groups (87 versus. 56 μg gallic acid equivalents g‐1 fresh matter, p < 0.05). Myrtle EO administration protected kids’ meat against oxidation (0.48 versus. 0.91 mg MDA/kg of meat for Myrtle and C groups, respectively, at the 9th day of storage; p < 0.05). It could be useful to include MEO as a dietary supplement in goats’ rations since it improves meat's oxidative status without negative effects on FA profile.
Significant otherness nation‐building and identity in postwar Austria
Authors: Tschiggerl Martin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNation‐building in Austria in the first half of the 20th century failed several times before it became possible to construct an independent Austrian nation after 1945. This article traces how Austria's handling of the Nazi era involved a demarcation from Germany, which became an identity‐determining alterity for the idea of an independent Austrian nation. For this purpose, a specifically Austrian history was constructed, which focused on the idea that Austria had been the first victim of National Socialism. The supposed certainty of not being German and the myth of being the first victim of National Socialism were two metanarrative constants along which an Austrian identity could be imagined. They are crucial to the success of the Austrian nation built after 1945.
Novel gel bolus to improve impedance‐based measurements of esophageal cross‐sectional area during primary peristalsis
Authors: Ledgerwood Melissa , Zifan Ali , Lin William , de Alva Jesse , Chen Haojin , Mittal Ravinder K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionIntraluminal esophageal impedance (ILEE) has the potential to measure esophageal luminal distension during swallow‐induced peristalsis in the esophagus. A potential cause of inaccuracy in the ILEE measurement is the swallow‐induced air in the bolus.AimCompare a novel gel bolus to the current alternatives for the measurement of impedance‐based luminal distension (cross‐sectional area, CSA) during primary peristalsis.Methods12 healthy subjects were studied using high‐resolution impedance manometry (HRMZ) and concurrently performed intraluminal ultrasound (US) imaging of the esophagus. Three test bolus materials were used: 1) novel gel, 2) 0.5 N saline, and 3) commercially available Diversatek EFTV viscous. Testing was performed in the supine and Trendelenburg (−15°) positions. US imaging assessed air in the bolus and luminal CSA. The Nadir impedance values were correlated to the US measured CSA. A custom Matlab software was used to assess the bolus travel times and impedance‐based luminal CSA.ResultsThe novel gel bolus had the least amount of air in the bolus during its passage through the esophagus, as assessed by US image analysis. The novel gel bolus in the supine and Trendelenburg positions had the best linear fit between the US measured CSA and nadir impedance value (R2 = 0.88 & R2 = 0.90). The impedance‐based calculation of the CSA correlated best with the US measured CSA with the use of the novel gel bolus.ConclusionWe suggest the use of novel gel to assess distension along with contraction during routine clinical HRM testing.
Assessing the performance of the Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments (CREDI) in rural India
Authors: Alderman Harold , Friedman Jed , Ganga Paula , Kak Mohini , Rubio‐Codina Marta 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlthough many education and health programs aim to improve early childhood development, it is challenging to assess developmental levels of infants and small children through large household surveys. The Caregiver Reported Early Development Instruments (CREDI) has been proposed as an adaptable, practical, and low‐cost instrument for measuring the developmental status of children under 3 years of age at scale, as it is relatively short and collected by caregiver report. This study employed the CREDI to measure the development of a sample of 994 children ages 22–35 months in rural India and compared the results to those obtained using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley‐III), a reliable and widely used instrument, albeit one not always suited to large‐scale data collection efforts given its length, cost, and complexity of administration. The CREDI validation exercise showed that caregivers can provide assessments in keeping with the more interactive (hence more time‐consuming and training‐intensive) Bayley‐III instrument. Noteworthy, there was no indication that concordance of the instruments differed by education of the caregiver. This is important as it points to alternate feasible tools to measure child development outcomes through large‐scale surveys.