bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural Examination of an Opportunistic Organism in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Snell K S , Boudreaux C W , King J A C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Since the emergence of HIV and its counterpart,acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), rare opportunistic organisms have become increasingly prevalent. This increased prevalence has provided an opportunity for ultrastructural evaluation of these infectious organisms. Herein is presented a case of intestinal Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) in a middle-aged male with uncertain HIV status at diagnosis.
A 56 year-old black male presented to University of South Alabama Medical Center complaining of shortness of breath, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, six month weight loss, and bloody diarrhea. His evaluation was negative for stool ova and parasites and fecal white blood cells. Stool culture and hepatitis viral panel was negative. Iron deficiency anemia and multiple calcified granulomas in both lungs were identified. On his third hospital day, he developed an acute abdomen. At exploratory celiotomy, segmental resection of jejunum and a liver biopsy were performed. Post-operatively the patient's cardiopulmonary status steadily declined and he died three days later.
Fibrinogen Marburg Fibrin Network Structure
Authors: DiOrio JP , Mosesson MW , Hernandez I , Sugo T , Matsuda M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Fibrinogen is composed of three pairs of polypeptide chains, termed Aα, Bβ and γ, respectively. Proteolytic conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin releases fibrinopeptide A and exposes an N-terminal polymerization site ('EA’) in the central E domain of the molecule. This site interacts with a constitutive complementary site in each outer D domain ('Da’) to drive the molecular assembly process by end-to-middle domain non-covalent ‘Da:EA’ interactions. End-to-end aligned double-stranded fibrils are formed in coordination with another recently described constitutive self-association site (termed ‘D:D’)fhat is situated at the outer end of each D domain. The D:D site contributes to end-to-end molecular alignment of fibrin molecules within each fibril strand. Concomitant branching and lateral fibril associations to form thick fibers, lead to formation of the mature fibrin clot.
Fibrinogen Marburg is a homozygous hypodysfibrinogenemia lacking amino acid residues Aα461- 610 due to a stop codon at position 461 of the Aα chain.
Microscopic Studies of Endospore and Parasporal Crystal In Bacillus Thuringiensis Kurstaki A3-4 From Fermentor
Authors: Feng-Chen KC , Jan XS , Liu BL , Tzeng YM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Using microbes for the biological control of pests is progressing very rapidly. Because of the high specificity and none of toxicity to the vertebrates, they become the environmental biopesticides. The most commonly used entomopathogen is Bacillus bacteria, such as B. thuringiensis.Mass culturing of B. thuringiensisin different types of fermentor is experimenting in order to reach the highest yield of endospore and the crystalline endotoxin, the main virulent components for the pesticidal activity.
Bacillus thuringiensisproduces endospore and the parasporal inclusions, Hannay (1953) observed in bacterium B. thuringiensis a mature endospore and a prism-shaped crystal (parasporal crystal).’ The endospore and the endotoxin crystal vary during growth depending upon the availability of nutrient. Glucose concentration in medium has enormous effects on the production of parasporal crystal, B. thuringiensiscan not grow, nor produce parasporal crystal in low concentration of glucose medium. The formation time of the endotoxin crystal also differs in different subspecies.
Low Voltage Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy Provides Structural Evidence For Actin-Sized Filaments In Toxoplasma Gondii
Authors: Schatten Heide , Sibley David , Ris Hans 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondiiis an obligate intracellular parasite that exhibits gliding and twisting motility during cell locomotion and host cell invasion. By using molecular and genetic approaches it has been determined that actin and myosin are localized beneath the parasite plasma membrane and produce the force for motility and active penetration during host cell invasion. However, structural evidence for actin fibers beneath the plasma membrane is still missing. Recently Chavez et al. demonstrated actin-like filaments in isolated cytoskeletal complexes. Our aproach has been to remove the cell membrane with 0.15% Triton X-100 in cytoskeleton preserving buffer, followed by imaging with low voltage field emission SEM. As seen in Fig. I, we could demonstrate the subpellicle actin network in parasites invading a host cell (arrow). Fig. 2 shows a similar subsurface network of actin filaments in a parasite gliding on glass.
The Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, Forms Spheroplasts In the Presence of Spingolipid Analogue Ppmp
Authors: Lubke Lori L , Garon Claude F 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Lyme disease is the most common arthropod-borne infection in the United States. Over 100,000 cases have been reported to date. The disease is a multisystem disorder with dermatologic, neurologic and rheumatologic manifestations. The causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi1has been isolated from ticks, animals and humans from around the world and can generally be cultured in the laboratory using BSK-II medium.
While biologically significant concentrations of eukaryotic cell inhibitors such as aphidicolin, ara C, cis platinum, CPX, hydroxyurea, mimosine, nalidixic acid, trioxsalen and boromethyglycine showed little effect on the growth of Borrelia burgdorferiwhen added to BSK-II cultures, PPMP, a spingolipid analogue, showed immediate and profound inhibitory effects when monitored by dark-field microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by optical density measurements at 600 mμ. PPMP (dl-thzreo-l-phenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-morpholino-l-propanol) is known to inhibit the synthesis of spingomyelin in Chinese hamster ovary cells and to inhibit the synthesis of glucosylceramides in a large variety of mammalian cells.
Light and Electron Microscopic Examination of the Vascular Changes After Long Term-Low Dose Cyclosporin-A Treatment
Authors: Aktas R G , Kutlu K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Cyclosporin-A(CyA) is a very potent immunosuppressive agent which is widely used in transplantations and autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate (i) the vascular changes after long term and low dose CyA treatment, (ii)if Cremophor-EL(the vehicle in the intravenous form of CyA) is responsible from these changes, and (iii) the structural effect of combined therapy with prednisolone on light and electrone microscope level.
Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: First group was control. The other three group had daily intraperitoneal injection of 4mg/kg/day CyA for 2.5 months. Second group had oral, third group had intravenous form of this drug while the fourth group had intravenous form with 1 mg/kg/day prednisolone. Biopsy specimens from renal cortex were embedded in paraffin and Araldite for light and electron microscopic examinations.
Light microscopic changes were quite similar in all three experimental groups and confined to arterioles and small arteries: Endothelial cells protruded into the lumen,even seperating from the intimal layer; while some of them were undergoing pyknosis.
A Morphologic Study of Canine Hepatozoonosis: An Emerging Tick-Transmitted Disease
Authors: Cummings CA , Panciera RJ , Ewing SA , Kocan KM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Canine hepatozoonosis, an emerging tick-transmitted protozoal disease of dogs in the United States, was first recognized in Texas in 1978. Since 1978, the geographic distribution of the disease has expanded to include Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Oklahoma. The expansion of hepatozoonosis maybe associated with spread of the tick vector, Amblyomma maculatumThe causative agent of North American hepatozoonosis was initially thought to be a particularly virulent strain of Hepatozoon canis,the parasite that causes hepatozoonosis in the Old World. However, because of notable differences between the disease and the morphologic features of asexual and sexual stages of the parasites in the USA and the Old World, the organism responsible for canine hepatozoonosis in North America was designated a new species, Hepatozoon americanumThe clinical course of canine hepatozoonosis in the USA is chronic, progressive, and generally fatal. The disease manifests with intermittent fever, gait abnormalities, marked lethargy, weight loss, muscle wasting, and pain.
Skeletal Muscle Ultrastructural Pathology In Multihormonal Disorder
Authors: Márquez A , Finol HJ , Pulido-Méndez M , Campos de Veitía M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Several endocrine disorders with increase or deficiency of hormone production may present a skeletal muscle compromise. Those conditions have been considered as metabolic myopathies. Nevertheless, some pathological abnormalities, mainly microvascular changes and the existence of a cell infiltrate, found in endocrine disorders with an autoimmune origin (primary hipothyroidism, hyperthyroidism associated with Graves disease, diabetes mellitus) have permitted classifing them as inflammatory myopathies. Although muscle pathology in diseases with isolated hormone production alteration has been extensively studied, this investigation has not been realized in patients with abnormalities in several endocrine glands. In this work we report the skeletal muscle ultrastructural pathology in a patient with multihormonal disorder.
A 19 years old male patient presented dwarfism with lack of muscular and sexual development. Plasma levels of thyroxin, Cortisol, growth hormone, testosterone, LH and FSH were low. TSH plasma levels were high.
Diagnosis of Polyoma Virus Infection In Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: C. King J A , Howell D N , Tucker J A , Lowry R P 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
BK polyoma virus is a 40-45 nm DNA virus that was first identified in the urine of an immunosuppressed patient in 1971. BK virus infection often occurs in childhood and is subclinical. The majority of adults have antibodies to the virus. Asymptomatic viruria, ureteral ulceration, and ureteral stenosis have been described with infection in immunosuppressed patients. Renal graft dysfunction and interstitial nephritis have been associated with BK virus. Differentiation between rejection and infection is important. We report a case of a renal transplant patient with BK polyoma virus infection. This case illustrates the variety of methods that can be used for identification of BK polyoma virus.
The patient, a 52 year old female, presented with an asymptomatic rise in serum creatinine (1.4 to 2.1 mg/dl). Her past medical history was significant for a cadaver kidney transplant two years prior for polycystic kidney disease.
Localization of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase In a Rat Model of Silicosis
Authors: Millecchia L , Willard P , Hubbs A , Porter D , Castranova V 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We are participating in a collaborative project at NIOSH on mechanisms of silicosis, in which rats were exposed to filtered air (control) or silica aerosol of 15 mg/m3 (6 hr/day, 5 days/week), with assays conducted at intervals over a 6 month period. We are especially interested in the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the pathophysiology of lung disease. One source of NO is the alveolar macrophage, known to express the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); we used immunohistochemical techniques to determine whether iNOS is upregulated in alveolar macrophages and other lung sources in response to silica.
Silica-exposed and air control animals were sacrificed after 10, 20, 41, 79, and 116 days of exposure. Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues were cut at 5μm, deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated. Slides were microwaved in citrate buffer, pH 6.0 for antigen retrieval.2 After blocking endogenous peroxidase in 3% H2O2:Methanol (1:1), slides were placed in 10% BSA for 30 min, then incubated overnight in the primary antibody (Monoclonal anti-iNOS, Transduction Laboratories, N32020, 1:50 dilution)
In Vitro Investigation of the Synthetic Sebum Adsorbing Efficacy of Acrylate Copolymer as an Excipient And In Clinac ™ Oc
Authors: Taylor R W , Smith Christine , White M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
While sebum provides several functions in the integument, there is considerable interest in the control of excess sebum on the human skin. The primary function of sebum is to lubricate and waterproof the stratum cornenum layer, in addition to preventing hair from becoming brittle. In several cases, the secretion of sebum is inhibited as a result of blockage of the drainage pathway for the sebaceous glands which may result in abnormal skin conduction (1,2). Clinac™ OC (Oil Control) has been developed with a special oil adsorbing polymer, DVB/lsobornyl Methacrylate/Lautyl Methacrylate Copolymer (3). This particular copolymer posses the capacity to adsorb oils because of its high affinity for hydrophobic nonpolar substances. The purpose of this investigation is to show the adsorptive capacity of the acrylate copolymer in Clinac™ OC preparation and in buffer.
The acrylate polymer was incubated in artificial sebum for 4 hrs and 8 hrs at 37 C.
Apoptosis In Experimental Unilateral Abdominal Cryptorchid Testis In Rat
Authors: Al-Bagdadi F , Stout R , Farouqi S , Crawford P , Kearny M , O’Donnell J , Husein S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It has been reported that cryptorchidism caused disruption of spermatogenesis that become extensive with time (1). The process of spermatogenesis undergoes spontaneous degeneration in rats, the spermatids degenerate, the primary spermatocytes have been reported to degenerate more commonly (2). Apoptosis has been considered the route for removing sensitive germ cells after short-term experimental cryptorchidism (3). The abdominal heat stress causes cell loss by apoptotic pathway (4). The cellular damage of the experimentally induced cryptorchid adult rat is regulated by local testicular factors in pachytene spermatocyte (5). In this preliminary diagnostic study, we examined the role of the effect of the body temperature on the seminiferous tubule cells in surgically induced unilateral cryptorchid testis at various time periods in rats. This study is to document the extent of the cellular damage at various specified time periods of abdominal retention of the testis.
Angiogenic Remodeling of the Pulmonary Microcirculation
Authors: Schraufnagel D E , Kathula S , Hu F , Michel R P 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The lung is supplied by pulmonary and bronchial arteries. Unilateral ligation of a main pulmonary artery results in bronchial vascular expansion and new anastomoses between the bronchial and pulmonary circulations. The form and location of this expansion is the subject of this project.
We ligated the left pulmonary of 15 rats and killed 3 rats 1,2,4, 6, and 8 weeks after the ligation. We studied 3 control animals that did not undergo ligation. We cast the vasculature of the lungs with methyl methacrylate and examined both the right and left lungs by light and scanning electron microscopy.
We found that the expansion and anastomoses occurred in and near the bronchovascular bundles and along the pleura, even though the rat pleura is supplied by pulmonary vessels. Near large pulmonary arteries, the junctional and alveolar capillaries were irregular, flattened, and had lateral outbulgings. The diameters varied within short lengths.
Micro Vascularization of the Cerebral Cortex in Frontal and Parietal Lobes of the Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cunniculus)
Authors: Chopard RP , Conegero CI , Watanabe I , Ocaña R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In order to warrant the blood supply to the nervous system it is necessary an efficient and intact blood circulation system, where the pattern of vascularization is of fundamental importance. In this way, we intend to demonstrate the tridimensional architecture and the pattern of vascularization in the region of the brain cortex of frontal and parietal lobes. There for, our proposal is to study the microvascularization of the rabbit cortex (Oryctologus cuniculus).The studies about blood irrigation of the brain regions are very important to verify the capilar nets and their relations with intensity of blood flux in specified regions of central nervous system.
The articles about vascularization that uses models obtained by the injection of aloplastic materials whose viscosity is similar to the blood's that allows the difusion until the capilar net was introduced by Murakami (1971). Lametschwandter et al (1984), studied aspects of corrosion technique to microvascular models.
Solid State Conformational Transitions In Peptides Modeling B. Mori Fibroin
Authors: Wilson D , Valluzzi R , Vuong T , Chien S-J , Gido S P , Kaplan D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Fibrous proteins are molecules whose secondary structures are their dominant motifs due to their highly repetitive amino acid sequences. Most fibrous proteins have physiological roles as protective, connective or structural materials. Among the fibrous proteins, silks tend to have blocky structures, with crystallizable and amorphous blocks comprised of short, highly repetitive amino acid sequences. In addition, the high glycine content of silks allows them greater conformational variability than most proteins, thus Bombyx morisilk fibroin is typically polymorphic.
The ability of silk fibroin to adopt multiple conformations and crystal structures makes it difficult to obtain corroborating data using multiple characterization techniques. Differences in sample preparation to accommodate different techniques can also affect the resulting sample structure. Reproducible sample preparation was achieved for IR and TEM experiments by rubbing the dried IR sample with a carbon substrate TEM grid to pick up tiny flakes of solidified peptide.
1,2-Diacetylbenzene Neurotoxicity: A Model to Study the Role of Schwann Cells in Maintenance of Axonal Integrity in Toxic States
Authors: Kim MS , Kayton R , Muñiz J , Austin DR , Spencer PS , Sabri MI 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Twenty-five years ago, one of us postulated the existence of a dynamic mechanism for the selective glial sequestration and removal of effete organelles (mitochondria, vesicles, dense bodies) and leprous bacilli from intact axons of myelinated nerve fibers. A thin cytoplasmic sheet derived from the adaxonal Schwann cell or oligodendrocyte invaginates the axon surface, corralls pockets of axoplasm containing the organelles, and removes the cytoplasmic material by phagocytosis (1). This radical proposal was based on inferences drawn from the seemingly logical sequential assembly of transmission electron micrographs depicting static images of mammalian myelinated nerve fibers in normal and pathologic states. Direct evidence to support this proposal came from the use of light/fluorescence, confocal laser, and/or electron microscopy to trace the fate of fast transported radiolabel injected intraspinally, of red-fluorescent latex nanospheres taken up at a sciatic nerve crush site, and of intramuscularly injected horseradish peroxidase endocytosed by intact synaptic terminals (2,3).
Transmission Of Borreua Hermsii, The Agent Of Relapsing Fever, By The Tick Vector Ornithodoros Hermsi
Authors: Fischer Elizabeth R , Schwan Tom G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Relapsing fever, a disease characterized by recurrent episodes of high fevers, is caused by geographically distinct spirochetes of the genus Borrelia,transmitted by ticks of the genus Ornithodoros. In the Northwestern United States, the soft tick Ornithodoros hermsi has been identified as the vector for the spirochete Borrelia hermsii. The life cycle of O.hermsi includes larval and multiple nymphal stages prior to full maturation into an adult male or female (Fig.1). Progression into each stage requires a blood-meal typically provided by squirrels and chipmunks, and incidentally humans. Feeding is rapid, lasting 10-60 minutes, and during this time an infected tick can transmit the agent of relapsing fever, B. hermsii. Following ingestion, spirochetes are initially found in the tick midgut. Within 1-3 weeks, they are found in other organs, including the central ganglion and salivary glands. Since saliva is the primary mode of transmission of these bacteria during tick feeding, we assessed by electron microscopy the structural and functional relationships between the spirochetes and the salivary glands.
Imaging Molecular Targeting In Living Neural Cultures
Authors: Wallace Christopher S , Silverman Michael A , Burack Michelle A , Lochner Janis E , Allen Richard G , Banker Gary 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recent technical advances in the ability to attach an endogenously fluorescent protein sequence—i.e., green fluorescent protein or GFP and its derivatives--to any protein of experimental interest promises to mark a new era of progress in the study of protein targeting. Bringing these new tools to bear on neurons of the central nervous system has been challenging, however, because they have a very complex structure and are relatively difficult to transfect because they are post-mitotic.
We use two cell culture approaches to characterize protein trafficking within neurons of the central nervous system in vitro. The first is a dissociated culture of hippocampal neurons from embryonic (El8) rats which is especially suited to analysis by conventional light microscopy because these neurons are grown on glass coverslips at low density. Neurons cultured in this way develop a morphology comparable to that seen in vivo and permit the establishment of axons and dendrites to be analyzed by time-lapse microscopy.
Pericyte Ultrastructural Alterations In The Gastrointestinal Adenocarcinomas Microvasculature
Authors: Tonino P , Finol HJ , Sosa L , Hidalgo C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Pericytes are cells of mesodermal origin that intimately surround most types of blood capillaries as well as postcapillary venules and precapillary arterioles (smooth muscle cells are found in the walls of larger vessels). Although abnormalities of capillary endothelial cells have been described in diseases such as diabetes, arterial hypertension, autoimmune inflammatory myopathies and also in the paraneoplastic phenomenon, much less is known about morphology of pericytes and its implications in the microvascular structure in cancers, particularly those arising in the gastrointestinal tract. In this work we report the pericyte ultrastructural pathology in human gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas.
Surgically resected specimens from areas of tumor center and periphery were obtained from thirteen patients (seven females and six males) between 44 and 76 years of age (mean 61.92 years), with a histopathological diagnosis of gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma. Immediately after resection, tissue samples were processed by routine transmission electron microscopy techniques and observed in Hitachi H-500 and H-7100 electron microscopes.