bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adrenergic responses in human small arteries isolated from the femoral neck
Authors: Lundgaard Annette , Aalkjær Christian , Bünger Cody , Hansen Ebbe Stender 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMany pathological bone conditions are accompanied by changes in bone perfusion. However, no method has yet allowed investigation of vascular reactivity in human bone tissue. In the present study, arterial segments (diameter ≈ 0.25 mm) were isolated from human bone biopsies and mounted as ring preparations in vitro. The viability of the arteries and the effects of adrenoceptor stimulations were investigated. Combined α‐ and β‐adrenoceptor stimulation (noradrenaline 10−8–10−5 M) and specific α1‐adrenoceptor stimulation (phenylephrine, 10−8–10−4.5 M) induced concentration‐dependent contractions in all arteries. Selective stimulation of α2‐receptors (B‐HT 933, 10−8–10−3.5 M) only induced contraction in three of eight arteries. Stimulation of β‐receptors with isoprenaline (10−6 M) resulted in vasorelaxation in 3 of 10 arteries. In all arteries, acetylcholine (10−10–10−5 M) induced vasorelaxation, demonstrating preserved function of the endothelium. The results suggest that primarily α1‐receptors are responsible for adrenoceptor induced vasoconstriction in human bone while functional α1‐ and β‐receptors may not be consistently expressed. The model is the first to allow investigations on vascular reactivity in human bone tissue and may become valuable for assessment of both normal and pathological bone physiology. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Expression of β‐ADRENERGIC receptors inthe rat uterus : effects of puberty and oestrogen treatmentduring prepubertal development
Authors: Brauer M.Mónica , Burnstock Geoffrey 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe expression of β‐adrenoceptors in the rat uterus has been analysed duringthe peripubertal transition and following acute and chronic oestradiol treatment duringprepubertal development. The distribution and density of β‐adrenoceptors was assessedautoradiographically on cryostat tissue sections using [3H]‐dihydroalprenolol ([3H]‐DHA). Binding sites were localised in all the ages andexperimental situations examined and showed the following intensity of labelling : endometrialepithelium > longitudinal muscle layer > circular myometrial layer > endometrial stroma.Competition experiments with the selective antagonists ICI 118,551 and atenolol, showed thatmost of the β‐adrenoceptors in the uterus belong to the β2 receptorsubclass. In prepubertal animals, the density of [3H]‐DHA binding sites was extremelylow. Following puberty the density of binding sites showed a generalised increase. Acuteadmininstration of oestradiol at the end of the prepubertal period provoked an increase in thedensity of [3H]‐DHA binding sites in all uterine regions, but the levels of labelling werelower than in peripubertal animals at proestrus and oestrus. Following chronic oestrogentreatment during postnatal development, oestradiol increased further the density of [3H]‐DHA binding sites. Results are discussed considering both the endocrine and neuralchanges accompanying puberty and oestradiol treatment.
Morphological and morphometrical changes in dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating the regenerated lizard tail
Authors: Geuna Stefano , Borrione Paolo , Poncino Alessandro , Giacobini‐Robecchi Maria G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe variations occurring in neurons from dorsal root ganglia that provide innervation to the regenerated tail of the lizard (vicarious ganglia) are analysed. Vicarious ganglion neurons, when compared to control ganglion neurons (i.e. ganglia from the same animal that were not involved in the reinnervation process), show a size increase of the soma (cell hypertrophy) which applies to all cell types and sub‐types. No statistically significant differences in the relative percentage of neurofilament‐poor (type D) and neurofilament‐rich (type L) neurons were found between vicarious dorsal root ganglia compared to controls in all animals. On the contrary, within L neuron sub‐types, a statistically significant increase in sub‐type L2 (very rich in neurofilaments), and the appearance of sub‐type L3 neuron which is not detectable in controls, were demonstrated in vicarious dorsal root ganglia. In spite of these variations in size and percentage distribution, no structural and ultrastructural differences of the various cell types and sub‐types are detectable, except for the appearance of the sub‐type L3 neurons. However, this neuron sub‐type might not be considered specific of hypertrophy since the same morphological features have been observed, in normal conditions, in lizard dorsal root ganglia from cervical and lumbar spinal levels that provide innervation to limb plexuses.
Dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone and sexsteroids down‐regulate reactive astroglia in the male ratbrain after a penetrating brain injury
Authors: Garcı́a‐Estrada Joaquı́n , Luquı́n Sonia , Fernández Ana M. , Garcia‐segura Luis Miguel 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAstrocytes are a target for steroid hormones and for steroids produced by the nervoussystem (neurosteroids). The effect of gonadal hormones and several neurosteroids in theformation of gliotic tissue has been assessed in adult male rats after a penetrating wound of thecerebral cortex and the hippocampal formation. The hormones testosterone, 17β‐estradiol and progesterone and the neurosteroids dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone andpregnenolone sulfate resulted in a significant decrease in the accumulation of astrocytes in theproximity of the wound and in a decreased bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in reactiveastrocytes. Of all steroids tested, dehydroepiandrosterone was the most potent inhibitor of gliotictissue formation. These findings suggest that neurosteroids and sex steroids may affect brainrepair by down‐regulating gliotic tissue.
Depolarization‐induced release of [3H]d‐aspartate from GABAergic neurons caused by reversal of glutamate transporters
Authors: Jensen Jette B. , Pickering Darryl S. , Schousboe Arne 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCultured neocortical neurons, which predominantly consist of GABAergic neurons exhibit a pronounced stimulus‐coupled GABA release. Since the cultures may contain a small population of glutamatergic neurons and the GABAergic neurons have a high content of glutamate it was of interest to examine if glutamate in addition to γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) could be released from these cultures. The neurons were preloaded with [3H]d‐aspartate and subsequently its release was followed during depolarization induced by a high potassium concentration or the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor agonists, AMPA and kainate. Depolarization of the neurons with 55 mM potassium increased the release of [3H]d‐aspartate by more than 10‐fold. When the non‐specific calcium‐channel blockers cobalt or lanthanum were included in the stimulation buffer with potassium, the release of [3H]d‐aspartate was decreased by about 40%. These results indicated that some of the released [3H]d‐aspartate might originate from a vesicular pool. When AMPA was applied to the neurons, the release of [3H]d‐aspartate was increased 2‐fold and could not be prevented or decreased by addition of cobalt. Since AMPA has a rapid desensitizing effect on AMPA receptors, it was examined whether AMPA under non‐desensitizing conditions was able to induce an increased release of [3H]d‐aspartate as compared to the conditions of applying AMPA alone. The desensitization of AMPA receptors was blocked by 6‐chloro‐3,4‐dihydro‐3‐(2‐norbornen‐5‐yl)‐2H‐1,2,4‐benzothiadiazine‐7‐sulphonamide‐1,1‐dioxide (cyclothiazide). Under the non‐desensitizing conditions, the AMPA‐induced release of [3H]d‐aspartate was highly enhanced showing about a 10‐fold increase over basal release. Addition of cobalt or lanthanum did not decrease the amount of [3H]d‐aspartate released, indicating that the release originated from a cytoplasmic pool. Kainate, which induces an almost non‐desensitizing effect on AMPA receptors, showed similar results as observed for AMPA under non‐desensitizing conditions. The NMDA receptor antagonist (5R,10 S)‐(+)‐5‐methyl‐10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten‐5,10‐imine (MK‐801) had only minor effects on the [3H]d‐aspartate release induced by AMPA and kainate. Thus, the depolarization‐induced release of [3H]d‐aspartate from cultured GABAergic neurons appears to be caused mainly by reversal of the glutamate transporters.
Neuroendocrine responsivity to clomipramine challenge test in neuroleptic naive psychotic patients before and after treatment with haloperidol
Authors: Angelopoulos E , Markianos M , Daskalopoulou E , Tzemos J , Stefanis C 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe prolactin, cortisol and growth hormone (GH) responses to intravenous administration of 25 mg clomipramine (CMI) were studied in young male psychotic patients who had never received neuroleptics and suffered from schizophrenia (13 patients), delusional disorder (three patients) or schizoaffective disorder (one patient). The test was repeated after 1 month in 16 patients who were hospitalized and treated with haloperidol in doses appropriate for best clinical response (range: 7.5–40 mg daily). Symptomatology was assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). There was no association of the side effects caused by the administration of CMI (nausea and emesis) to the GH responses. The side effects appeared significantly less in the after treatment trials. Treatment with haloperidol did not influence the response patterns of the three hormones. An indication that high haloperidol doses may inhibit the prolactin response to CMI was obtained when the data were compared between low (7.5–10 mg/day, mean 9.7) and high (15–40 mg/day, mean 22.0) dose subgroups. Significant positive correlations were found between the prolactin and cortisol responses to CMI in the drug-free state, and the scores in the positive symptoms subscale of the BPRS. The degree of improvement did not correlate to any of the hormonal data.
Isolated diastolic heart failure as a cause of breathlessness in the community: the Arbroath study
Authors: MacFadyen Robert J. , MacLeod Catherine M. , Shiels Paul , Smith W. Russell , MacDonald Thomas M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of exercise limitation due to diastolic heart failure among patients felt to have cardiac breathlessness by their general medical practitioner but not referred to hospital. We found that 18% of patients had a simple investigated profile compatible with isolated diastolic dysfunction as a cause of their symptoms. Symptoms appeared to pre‐date major cardiac events (infarction; stroke; arrhythmia) that dominated the subsequent clinical course. The patients in this group have adverse cardiovascular risk profiles. Obesity was a common co‐morbidity which may impair detailed 2‐D echocardiographic assessment.
Heart failure update
Authors: Gomes Uta C.S. , Cleland John G.F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe RUSSLAN study, which randomised 504 patients with post‐infarction heart failure in whom intravenous inotropic support might be deemed appropriate, was presented for the first time in a hotline session at the annual meeting of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. The study suggested that levosimendan, a new calcium sensitising agent, could be used safely in patients with post‐infarction heart failure in the absence of severe hypotension and that it appeared to improve symptoms and survival. If these results can be confirmed it would render it unique among intravenous inotropic agents.
PUTTING RISK IN PERSPECTIVE: AN EVIDENCE‐BASED APPROACH TO SELECTED RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF ORAL CONTRACEPTION
Authors: Murphy Patricia Aikins 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTAlthough use of oral contraceptives is an effective way to prevent unintended pregnancy, concerns exist about associated adverse health outcomes. The concept of risk and different approaches to describing risk are discussed, and studies of health risks associated with specific exposures are used to illustrate the differences between relative and absolute risk. Evidence about health risks associated with use of oral contraceptives is presented within the context of population‐based risk estimates.
Management of the Third Stage Of Labor: An Evidence‐Based Approach
Authors: Brucker Mary C. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe third stage of labor usually is eclipsed by the excitement of the birth of a baby. Evidence shows that management of this stage can directly influence important maternal outcomes such as blood loss, need for manual removal of the placenta, and postpartum hemorrhage. Most of the large trials have compared active management of the third stage to expectant management. Active management includes routine use of cord traction and uterotonins, whereas expectant management can be characterized as one of watchful waiting. The use of herbal therapies and homeopathic remedies lack study; additional factors such as site of birth and hydrotherapy also remain to be explored. However, on the basis of current evidence, if a decrease in postpartum bleeding or avoidance of manual removal is desired, an active approach to third stage is the one that should be adopted until and unless contradictory findings are published.
CONTROVERSIES IN IMMUNIZATION PRACTICES: VACCINE SAFETY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MIDWIFERY PRACTICE
Authors: Hackley Barbara K. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTAdverse events occur only rarely after vaccine exposure. Yet, given the high vaccine coverage rates in the United States, the public is increasingly becoming concerned that vaccines may be causing immediate or long‐term health problems and less concerned about the possibility of becoming infected. More than 10,000 reports of possible vaccine‐related adverse events are reported every year to VAERS, the passive surveillance system that monitors vaccine safety after licensure. As providers of primary health care services to women, midwives are ideally positioned to answer women's questions about vaccine safety. This article provides the background midwives need to be able to help their clients make informed vaccine decisions. It discusses the incidence and risks of infection, the efficacy and risks of vaccines, issues complicating the evaluation of vaccine safety, the state of vaccine safety monitoring systems, and approaches consumers use in vaccine decision making.
Comparison of patient questionnaires, medical records, and plasma assays in assessing exposure to benzodiazepines in elderly subjects
Authors: Moore Nicholas , Pierfitte Corinne , Pehourcq Fabienne , Lagnaoui Rajaa , Bégaud Bernard 
Published: July 2002

ObjectiveExposure in pharmacoepidemiologic studies can rely on various sources such as medical records, patient questionnaires, or plasma samples, which do not always concur. This study endeavored to compare sources of information on current exposure to benzodiazepines in elderly subjects.MethodsIn a study in a hospital admissions department, 1136 elderly subjects included in a case‐control study each completed a structured questionnaire. In addition, an inspection of the medical records of each subject was performed, as well as screening of a plasma sample (high‐pressure liquid chromatography–diode array detector) for current exposure to benzodiazepines.ResultsBenzodiazepines were found in the plasma of 33% of 1013 patients, in the records of 31% of patients, and in the questionnaires of 36% of 797 respondents. With use of the plasma results as a standard, questionnaires had 11% false positives and 28% false negatives; medical records had 14% false positives and 23% false negatives. The κ for concordance between questionnaires and records was 0.63. Most of the errors were related to the unexpected presence in plasma of clorazepate, commonly used as a hypnotic agent.ConclusionsPatient recall and medical records are not reliable measures of current exposure to benzodiazepines in elderly persons, although this unreliability may be more marked with certain drugs used as hypnotic agents.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 69, 445–450; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.116147
The effects of empathy on search efforts for missing persons
Authors: Saraqini Dea , Stear Cassie , N. Moore Kara 
Published: May 2020

SummaryPeople have difficulty sighting missing persons, partially because people's limited cognitive resources are required for searching. As a result, people sometimes do not devote resources to searching. This research will examine whether empathy increases the resources devoted to searching and search performance. In Experiment 1, we will manipulate empathy toward a formerly missing person and measure willingness to volunteer to search and actual search performance. In Experiment 2, we will manipulate empathy felt toward a missing person. We will measure the time participants spend studying the missing person's photograph. We hypothesize that participants induced to feel empathy will indicate more willingness to search (Exp 1 & 2), put more effort toward searching (Exp 1), and spend more time studying the photograph (Exp 2) than those not induced to feel empathy. If empathy increases search effort and performance, it could be induced in actual missing persons cases to increase recovery rates.
Flexible Electrocatalytic Nanofiber Membrane Reactor for Lithium/Sulfur Conversion Chemistry
Authors: Ji Lei , Wang Xia , Jia Yongfeng , Hu Quanli , Duan Limei , Geng Zhibin , Niu Zhiqiang , Li Weishan , Liu Jinghai , Zhang Yuegang , Feng Shouhua 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSevere lithium polysulfide (LiPS) shuttle effects and sluggish electrochemical conversion kinetics constitute bottlenecks in developing fast‐rechargeable, high‐energy, and high‐power Li/S batteries. Here, a flexible and conductive TiN–Ti4O7 core‐shell nanofiber (TiNOC) membrane reactor is designed to electrocatalytically mediate Li/S conversion chemistry. The Ti, N, and O atoms in the nanofiber function as electrocatalysts and chemical confinement active sites to initiate long‐chain LiPS conversion and phase change, as well as to suppress soluble LiPS shuttling. With a sulfur cathode‐membrane reactor module configuration, Li/S cells possess a high sulfur utilization of 91.20%, good rate capability of 869.10 mA h g−1, and high capacity retention of 92.49%, with a coulomb efficiency of 99.57% after 200 cycles at 5 C. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the optimized chemisorption configurations facilitate the elongation of LiS and SS bonds, as well as charge transfer along TiS and LiN bonds, which favors bond breakage, bond formation, and the activation of solid‐state S8, Li2S2, and Li2S. Layer‐by‐layer module stacking provides Li/S batteries with a high areal sulfur loading of 12.00 mg cm−2 to deliver a high areal capacity of 14.40 mA h cm−2 at 2.26 mA. Two batteries in series can power real‐world applications such as light emitting diode (LED) bulbs with a high energy output of 69.00 mW h.
Ferroelectric Domain Wall Memristor
Authors: McConville James P. V. , Lu Haidong , Wang Bo , Tan Yueze , Cochard Charlotte , Conroy Michele , Moore Kalani , Harvey Alan , Bangert Ursel , Chen Long‐Qing , Gruverman Alexei , Gregg J. Marty 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA domain wall‐enabled memristor is created, in thin film lithium niobate capacitors, which shows up to twelve orders of magnitude variation in resistance. Such dramatic changes are caused by the injection of strongly inclined conducting ferroelectric domain walls, which provide conduits for current flow between electrodes. Varying the magnitude of the applied electric‐field pulse, used to induce switching, alters the extent to which polarization reversal occurs; this systematically changes the density of the injected conducting domain walls in the ferroelectric layer and hence the resistivity of the capacitor structure as a whole. Hundreds of distinct conductance states can be produced, with current maxima achieved around the coercive voltage, where domain wall density is greatest, and minima associated with the almost fully switched ferroelectric (few domain walls). Significantly, this “domain wall memristor” demonstrates a plasticity effect: when a succession of voltage pulses of constant magnitude is applied, the resistance changes. Resistance plasticity opens the way for the domain wall memristor to be considered for artificial synapse applications in neuromorphic circuits.
Reaction Mechanism Optimization of Solid‐State Li–S Batteries with a PEO‐Based Electrolyte
Authors: Fang Ruyi , Xu Henghui , Xu Biyi , Li Xinyu , Li Yutao , Goodenough John B. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe shuttle effect of long‐chain polysulfides (Li2Sn, n = 4–8) from the multistep reactions reduces the cycling life of solid‐state lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)‐based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). Moreover, the ambiguous reaction mechanism of polysulfides in an SPE also limits the development of high‐performance solid‐state Li–S batteries. Here, a solid‐state Li–S cell with a much‐improved cycling performance is reported by coating the sulfur cathode with a layer of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), which not only suppresses the formation of soluble polysulfides, but also changes the reaction mechanism of the sulfur from a multistep “solid–liquid–solid” reaction to a single‐step “solid–solid” reaction. These results show that long‐chain polysulfides are insoluble and unstable in PVDF polymers with a low solvent property, which facilitates the direct transformation of elemental sulfur to solid Li2S2/Li2S without the formation of intermediary products. However, the strong PEO–Li2Sn (n = 4–8) attraction causes a dissolution of polysulfides in PEO. The introduction of a polymer with a low solvent property in the sulfur cathode would be promising for the development of solid‐state Li–S batteries with a long cycling life.
Flexible Janus Textile‐Based Electroosmotic Pump for Large‐Area Unidirectional Positive Water Transport
Authors: Zhang Yuying , Tian Mingwei , Wang Lihong , Zhao Hongtao , Qu Lijun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMoisture management plays a vital role in enhancing the comfort of smart textiles and has attracted widespread attention. However, passive liquid transportation is the main method for clothes, and exhibits insufficient capacity for moisture transfer. Herein, a novel and flexible Janus textile‐based electroosmotic pump with directional positive water transport is proposed, based on the mechanism of electroosmosis. This Janus structure is assembled with carbon fabric as the anode and nickel‐plated nonwoven as the cathode with a filling of track‐etched polycarbonate membrane. Water flow can be directionally transported, even vertically against gravity, driven by low‐voltage based on the principle of a microfluidic double electron layer in the microchannels of a nanoporous membrane. The maximum water flux of the proposed electroosmotic pump reached 140.94 mg min−1 cm−2 with the driven voltage of 6 V, which is an excellent moisture permeability performance compared with previous membrane‐based electroosmotic pumps. Such innovative wearable devices can actively tune the moisture permeability for various conditions. As a proof of concept, the wearable electroosmotic pump is applied to sports insoles and sportswear to achieve durable, sufficient directional water transport. Such moisture transporting wearable devices have potential in areas such as smart clothing and medical protection.