bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐order finite difference/spectral‐Galerkin approximations for the nonlinear time–space fractional Ginzburg–Landau equation
Authors: Zaky Mahmoud A. , Hendy Ahmed S. , Macías‐Díaz Jorge E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper proposes and analyzes a high‐order difference/Galerkin spectral scheme for the time–space fractional Ginzburg–Landau equation. For the time discretization, theL2 ‐ 1σdifferentiation formula is used to approximate the Caputo fractional derivative. While for the space discretization, the Legendre–Galerkin spectral method is used to approximate the Riesz fractional derivative. It is shown that the scheme is efficiently applied with spectral accuracy in space and second‐order in time. The error estimates of the solution are established by applying a fractional Grönwall inequality and its discrete form. In addition, a detailed implementation of the numerical algorithm is provided. Furthermore, numerical experiments are presented to confirm the theoretical claims. As an application of the proposed method, the effect of fractional‐order parameters on the pattern formation of time–space fractional Ginzburg–Landau equation is discussed.
Basal microvilli define the metabolic capacity and lethal phenotype of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Han Xu , Ma Lixiang , Gu Jichun , Wang Dansong , Li Ji , Lou Wenhui , Saiyin Hexige , Fu Deliang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractApical microvilli of polarized epithelial cells govern the absorption of metabolites and the transport of fluid in tissues. Previously, we reported that tall and dense basal microvilli present on the endothelial cells of pancreatic cancers, a lethal malignancy with a high metabolism and unusual hypomicrovascularity, contain nutrient trafficking vesicles and glucose; their length and density were related to the glucose uptake of pancreatic cancers in a small‐scale analysis. However, the implications of basal microvilli on pancreatic cancers are unknown. Here, we evaluated the clinical implications of basal microvilli in 106 pancreatic cancers. We found that basal microvilli are a dominant change in pancreatic cancers. The presence of longer and denser basal microvilli on the microvessels in pancreatic cancer tissues positively correlated with increased glucose uptake and higher metastatic (or invasive) and proliferative potentials of neoplastic cells and vice versa. Clinically, postoperative patients with longer and denser basal microvilli were more prone to unfavorable pathological characteristics and dismal prognoses. They were even more refractory to adjuvant therapy than those with shorter and thinner basal microvilli were. Our findings show that basal microvilli define the metabolic capacity and lethal phenotype of pancreatic cancers. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Optimization of anionic conductivity through the coexistence of ionomer cluster and backbone‐backbone morphologies in anion exchange membranes
Authors: Nwosu Chinomso , Pandey Tara P. , Herring Andrew M. , Seifert Soenke , Coughlin E. Bryan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRandom copolymers of poly(4‐vinylpyridine) and polyisoprene were synthesized, and subsequently quaternized with 1‐alkylbromides. The number of carbons on the pendant side‐chain of the resultant comb‐shaped polymer, n, ranged from 2–8. The comb‐shaped polymers were crosslinked employing thiol‐ene chemistry to give mechanically robust ion conducting membranes. Analysis by wide and medium‐angle X‐ray scattering show three morphology regimes that are dependent on the number of carbons on the pendant side‐chains. When n = 2, ionomer cluster morphology was dominant, when n = 8 backbone‐backbone morphology was dominant, and when n = 3–6, the membrane showed a coexistence of both ionomer cluster and backbone‐backbone morphologies. Evaluation of the water uptake of the membranes showed a maximum water uptake per cation of 9.5 when n = 5 at 95% relative humidity (RH) and 60°C. Conductivity of the samples characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed bromide conductivity as high as 110 mS/cm when n = 3 at 95% RH and 90°C.
High‐performance hybrid polymer based on bis(alkoxy) ortho‐substituted para‐phenylene
Authors: Ming Shouli , Zhang Hui , Lin Kaiwen , Jiang Fengxing , Li Zhiyuan , Liu Peipei , Xu Jingkun , Nie Guangming , Duan Xuemin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCompared to bis(alkoxy) group para‐substituted para‐phenylene (p‐phenylene) widely used as spacer, the isomer ortho‐substituted p‐phenylene is rarely studied in constructing organic optoelectronic materials. In this manuscript, bis(hexyloxy) group ortho‐substituted p‐phenylene was used to construct hybrid thienylene‐phenylene polymer poly(EDOT‐o‐BE). The density functional theory study indicated the dihedral angles between thienylene and phenylene are 15° for ortho‐substituted EDOT‐o‐BE and 10° for para‐substituted EDOT‐p‐BE. Poly(EDOT‐o‐BE) exhibits the little potential difference between cathodic (0.61 V) and anodic (0.65 V) peaks even at the high potential scan rate, different from bis(alkoxy) para‐substituted control polymer poly(EDOT‐p‐BE). Moreover, the free‐standing poly(EDOT‐o‐BE) film displays better stability than poly(EDOT‐p‐BE) due to the little degradation of molecular chains. Compared to poly(EDOT‐p‐BE), poly(EDOT‐o‐BE) possesses higher ionic transport and different molecular aggregation. These results indicate the positions of side chains have important influence on the properties of conjugated polymer, including molecular configuration, aggregation state, film quality, electrochemical behavior and optical absorption.
Quantum mechanical insight into the Li‐ion conduction mechanism for solid polymer electrolytes
Authors: Zhou He , Zhao Rongmei , Xiao Yao , Feng Li , Yang Yibin , Bao Lixia , Wang Jiliang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIon transport in polymeric electrolytes (PEs) has been studied for approximately a half century, yet the ion conduction mechanism in the PEs is not fully understood. Herein, we report a new approach to understand the ion migration process in poly (ethylene oxide)/Lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulphonyl) imide (PEO/LiTFSI) and poly (ethylene oxide)/Lithium bis(oxalate) borate (PEO/LiBOB) electrolytes based on quantum mechanics. The results show that the coefficient of determination (R2) obtained from the new model exceeds 0.99 for all the PEs, which is far higher than these obtained from the well‐known Arrhenius and Vogel‐Tammann‐Fulcher (VTF) equations. The wavelength (λLi+) of Li‐ion migrations or the distance between the occupied site and the neighboring partially‐occupied site is the most crucial factor to affect the ionic conductivity of PEs. The higher the λLi+, the better the ionic conductivity. The maximum λLi+ value of the PEs approximates angstrom order of magnitude. The developed ion conduction model opens an avenue to design PEs with a higher ionic conductivity.
Conservation biological control research is strongly uneven across trophic levels and economic measures
Authors: Johnson Anne C , Liu Jian , Reynolds Olivia , Furlong Michael J , Mo Jianhua , Rizvi Syed , Gurr Geoff M 
Published: November 2020

AbstractConservation biological control suppresses pests by promoting established rather than inoculative or mass released natural enemies. Research in this approach has expanded rapidly this century but uptake remains limited. Why? Most of the 150 peer reviewed papers reporting field experiments include results on natural enemies and/or pests. Only a minority report effects on crop damage levels or yield, and very few consider economic consequences. This is despite evidence for potential benefits across this full spectrum of response variables. We argue that the limited scope of work to date constrains the development of a compelling evidence base to demonstrate the field effectiveness of conservation biological control, hampering its uptake so encourage researchers to include the assessment of economic impact in future studies of conservation biological control. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Age of the oldest child and internal migration of immigrant families: A study using administrative data from immigrant landing and tax files
Authors: Choi Kate H. , Ramaj Sagi , Haan Michael 
Published: November 2020

AbstractImmigrant parents report better opportunities for their children as the rationale for moving internationally. Residential mobility is associated with poorer outcomes for school‐age children. Many immigrant families prioritise child opportunities in their mobility decisions, especially those with school‐age children. These families may refrain from moving within the destination country to avoid such outcomes. Whether or not this is true is unknown because researchers have not examined how children's age shapes immigrant families' decisions to move within the host country. We link administrative immigration and income tax files with census data to examine how the age of the oldest child influences immigrant families' decisions to move after they immigrate. Immigrant families with school‐age children are less likely to move than those with younger children. Although the presence of older children deters migration for all immigrant families, those in immigrant gateways are more likely to move relative to those living in nongateways.
Exponential random graph modeling for diagnosis of out‐of‐control signals in social network surveillance: Signal interpretation in social networks with ERG modeling
Authors: Sharifnia S. Golshid , Saghaei Abbas 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMonitoring of the social networks for detecting anomalous behavior could be vital for the system's survival. This anomalous behavior could raise from any changes in behavior or attributes of a particular individual or groups of individuals in the network and causes structural changes. Multivariate statistical process control charts are effective tools for this purpose while Exponential Random Graph Models are used to model highly interdependent data of the network. So after selecting a model for specific network, T2 control charts are used for monitoring the network data to detect any anomalous behavior. Then the Mason, Tracy, and Young method is utilized for interpreting an out‐of‐control condition. Finally, some real‐world examples are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed diagnosis approach. Since complicated dependency in a social network makes different choices in model selection for Exponential Random Graph Models and this causes various results in the evaluation study, if the impact of diagnosis result is not seen in model selection, the appropriate model will not be necessarily selected and this will affect the effectiveness of the whole system. So, in this paper for improving the performance of diagnosis, two indices are introduced and added to model selection criteria and then the appropriate model could be selected based on the decision‐maker's preferences.
Reliability‐based fault analysis models with industrial applications: A systematic literature review
Authors: Ahmed Qadeer , Raza Syed Asif , Al‐Anazi Dahham M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEffective and early fault detection and diagnosis techniques have tremendously enhanced over the years to ensure continuous operations of contemporary complex systems, control cost, and enhance safety in assets‐intensive industries, including oil and gas, process, and power generation. The objective of this work is to understand the development of different fault detection and diagnosis methods, their applications, and benefits to the industry. This paper presents a contemporary state‐of‐the‐art systematic literature survey focusing on a comprehensive review of the models for fault detection and their industrial applications. This study uses advanced tools from bibliometric analysis to systematically analyze over 500 peer‐reviewed articles on focus areas published since 2010. We first present an exploratory analysis and identify the influential contributions to the field, authors, and countries, among other key indicators. A network analysis is presented to unveil and visualize the clusters of the distinguishable areas using a co‐citation network analysis. Later, a detailed content analysis of the top‐100 most‐cited papers is carried out to understand the progression of fault detection and artificial intelligence–based algorithms in different industrial applications. The findings of this paper allow us to comprehend the development of reliability‐based fault analysis techniques over time, and the use of smart algorithms and their success. This work helps to make a unique contribution toward revealing the future avenues and setting up a prospective research road map for asset‐intensive industry, researchers, and policymakers.
The effectiveness of non‐contact thermal screening as a means of identifying cases of Covid‐19: a rapid review of the evidence
Authors: Cardwell Karen , Jordan Karen , Byrne Paula , Smith Susan M. , Harrington Patricia , Ryan Mairin , O'Neill Michelle 
Published: November 2020

SummaryThe aim of this rapid review is to summarise the evidence on non‐contact thermal screening as a method through which to identify cases and reduce the spread of coronavirus disease (Covid‐19). The rapid review was conducted in accordance with Cochrane guidelines, with a systematic search of published peer‐reviewed articles and non‐peer‐reviewed pre‐prints undertaken from 1 January 2000 up to 7 October 2020. Eleven studies were included. One observational study and two mathematical modelling studies were conducted in the context of the Covid‐19 pandemic; the remaining studies were conducted during the influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (n = 7) or middle east respiratory syndrome (n = 1) pandemics. One systematic review and three rapid reviews were identified and screened for relevant studies. Evidence on the effectiveness of thermal screening contained within this review was limited to points of entry (i.e., airports); thus the applicability to other community settings is uncertain. Thermal screening, implemented as part of a composite of screening measures (self‐report of relevant symptoms, contact/travel history), was ineffective in identifying infectious individuals and limiting the spread of disease. Based on limited, low certainty evidence, non‐contact thermal screening is ineffective in limiting the spread of Covid‐19.
Observer design via interconnections of second‐order mixed sliding‐mode/linear differentiators
Authors: Andrieu Vincent , Astolfi Daniele , Bernard Pauline 
Published: November 2020

SummaryHigh‐gain observers and sliding mode observers are two of the most common techniques to design observers (or differentiators) for lower triangular nonlinear dynamics. While sliding mode observers can handle globally bounded nonlinearities, high‐gain linear techniques can deal with globally Lipschitz nonlinearities. To gain in generality and avoid the usual assumption that the plant's solutions are bounded with known bound, we propose here to mix both designs in the more general case where the nonlinearities satisfy a global incremental affine bound. We inspire from the recently developed low‐power high‐gain observer technique, which relies on the interconnection of several second‐order high‐gain observers. Adding sliding‐mode correction terms into this low‐power structure enables to guarantee global convergence of the estimation error in finite‐time with gains depending only on the parameters of the incremental affine bound of the nonlinearities. The estimation error is also proved to be uniformly stable along solutions starting from any compact sets of initial conditions.
Time‐lapse imaging of soil moisture using electromagnetic conductivity imaging: Wetting phase
Authors: Zare Ehsan , Li Nan , Arshad Maryam , Nachimuthu Gunasekhar , Triantafilis John 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Vertosols of the lower Namoi valley in New South Wales, Australia, have been extensively developed for irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production. However, there are competing demands for water from mining, environmental needs, and agriculture, with climate change forecasts suggesting reduced rainfall and hotter climates. This means irrigators need to improve water efficiency, which requires methods to monitor the soil volumetric water content (θ, m3 m–3). The aim of this study is to assess if a multicoil electromagnetic instrument (DUALEM‐421), which measures soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa, mS m–1), can be used to value add to limited measurements of θ and allow extrapolation along a uniformly heavy clay irrigation furrow. Specifically, we seek to invert ECa using EM4Soil software to generate electromagnetic conductivity images, whereby the estimates of soil true electrical conductivity (σ, mS m–1) in the topsoil, subsurface, and subsoil are correlated with θ measured by Decagon GS3 sensors installed at the same depths. We also compared the usefulness of inversion of different combinations of DUALEM ECa: DUALEM‐1, DUALEM‐2, and DUALEM‐21. We found estimated σ from inversion of DUALEM‐421 ECa had good agreement (i.e., Lin's concordance = .84) with measured soil bulk electrical conductivity (σb, mS m–1). We explored the relationship between DUALEM‐421 estimated σ and θ using an artificial neural network. The predictions showed the model had good coefficient of determination (R2 = .74) with good accuracy (RMSE = 0.04 m3 m–3) and demonstrated good agreement between measured and predicted θ (Lin's = .84).
Geography of suicide in Japan: spatial patterning and rural–urban differences
Authors: Yoshioka Eiji , Hanley Sharon J. B. , Sato Yukihiro , Saijo Yasuaki 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose
There are notable geographic variations in incidence rates of suicide both in Japan and globally. Previous studies have found that rurality/urbanity shapes intra-regional differences in suicide mortality, and suicide risk associated with rurality can vary significantly by gender and age. This study aimed to examine spatial patterning of and rural–urban differences in suicide mortality by gender and age group across 1887 municipalities in Japan between 2009 and 2017.

Methods
Suicide data were obtained from suicide statistics of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan. We estimated smoothed standardized mortality ratios for suicide for each of the municipalities and investigated associations with level of rurality/urbanity using Bayesian hierarchical models before and after adjusting for socioeconomic characteristics.

Results
The results of the multivariate analyses showed that, for males aged 0–39 and 40–59 years, rural residents tended to have a higher suicide risk compared to urban ones. For males aged 60+ years, a distinct rural–urban gradient in suicide risk was not observed. For females aged 0–39 years, a significant association between suicide risk and rurality was not observed, while for females aged 40–59 years and females aged 60 years or above, the association was a U-shaped curve.

Conclusion
Our results showed that geographical distribution of and rural–urban differences in suicide mortality in Japan differed substantially by gender and age. These findings suggest that it is important to take demographic factors into consideration when municipalities allocate resources for suicide prevention.
Concurrent optimization of dimensions and tolerances on structures and mechanisms
Authors: Armillotta Antonio 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe paper deals with a problem of robust optimization of mechanical assemblies, which combines the allocation of tolerances with the selection of dimensional parameters. The two tasks are carried out together with the aim of minimizing the manufacturing cost and the variation on an assembly-level functional characteristic. The problem is addressed in the specific context of planar linkages used in structures and mechanisms. The proposed solution is based on an optimality condition involving both tolerances and dimensions, which allows to define a joint optimization problem avoiding the need of two sequential optimization phases. The condition is developed with the method of Lagrange multipliers using an expanded formulation of the reciprocal power cost-tolerance function. The optimal tolerances depend on the stackup coefficients of the output characteristic, which are calculated with a tolerance analysis method based on a static analogy. The procedure is demonstrated on two examples to illustrate some application details and discuss potential advantages and limitations.
Microbial Key Players Involved in P Turnover Differ in Artificial Soil Mixtures Depending on Clay Mineral Composition
Authors: Tanuwidjaja Irina , Vogel Cordula , Pronk Geertje J. , Schöler Anne , Kublik Susanne , Vestergaard Gisle , Kögel-Knabner Ingrid , Mrkonjic Fuka Mirna , Schloter Michael , Schulz Stefanie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNutrient turnover in soils is strongly driven by soil properties, including clay mineral composition. One main nutrient is phosphorus (P), which is known to be easily immobilized in soil. Therefore, the specific surface characteristics of clay minerals might substantially influence P availability in soil and thus the microbial strategies for accessing P pools. We used a metagenomic approach to analyze the microbial potential to access P after 842 days of incubation in artificial soils with a clay mineral composition of either non-expandable illite (IL) or expandable montmorillonite (MT), which differ in their surface characteristics like soil surface area and surface charge. Our data indicate that microorganisms of the two soils developed different strategies to overcome P depletion, resulting in similar total P concentrations. Genes predicted to encode inorganic pyrophosphatase (ppa), exopolyphosphatase (ppx), and the pstSCAB transport system were higher in MT, suggesting effective P uptake and the use of internal poly-P stores. Genes predicted to encode enzymes involved in organic P turnover like alkaline phosphatases (phoA, phoD) and glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase were detected in both soils in comparable numbers. In addition, Po concentrations did not differ significantly. Most identified genes were assigned to microbial lineages generally abundant in agricultural fields, but some were assigned to lineages known to include oligotrophic specialists, such as Bacillaceae and Microchaetaceae.