bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is the efficiency of the healthcare system linked to the country's economic performance? Beveridgeans versus Bismarckians
Authors: Kozuń-Cieślak GraŻyna 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the Bismarckian and Beveridgean-style healthcare systems in 25 OECD countries to identify the relationship between the efficiency of the country's healthcare delivery arrangement and its economic wealth. The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is applied as a quantitative tool. I examine three models using infant mortality and potential years of life lost as output indicators. These models differ only in the way of expressing healthcare inputs. The DEA computations show that neither the Bismarckian nor the Beveridgean healthcare system has a clear advantage over the other when inputs are expressed by health expenditure as a percentage of GDP. The model which uses USD per head expenditure data at purchasing power parity shows a slight advantage of the Beveridge-style systems. This confirms the common opinion that the Bismarck-style systems perform worse in controlling the costs. When inputs are expressed using physical units (medical staff and equipment), DEA shows that the Beveridge system is significantly more efficient than the Bismarckian ones. I analyse the relationship between the DEA scores and the country's GDP per capita, as well. This analysis shows that more developed economies are technically less efficient. These findings are consistent with the belief that technical efficiency is only one of the many criteria that determine the quality of the healthcare system and patient satisfaction.
The post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina: Social capital and pro-social behaviour
Authors: Efendic Adnan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates how social capital contributes to the pro-social behaviour of individuals in a post-conflict environment. I simultaneously investigate the pro-social behaviours in the periods of crisis (floods) and normality and observe whether (structural and relational) social capital has important influences in these two different times. The main novelty of this approach is that I model individuals' pro-social behaviours jointly for both the periods in focus and treat them as systematic outcomes of observed and unobserved (endogenous) influences. I find that more pro-social activities in the normal times are positively associated with such activities in the crisis period. Additionally, the results reveal the importance of (structural) social capital on pro-social behaviour – namely, group membership, size and ethnic structure of individual networks matter. Of particular interest for this post-conflict society and related literature is that greater ethnic diversity of individual networks is supportive for pro-social engagement of citizens. Finally, among the observed economic influences, I find that the respondents working in the informal economy report more pro-social activities while formal employment works more as financial intermediary for these engagements.
Adolescents' attitudes to risk and their employment sector choices in adulthood: Evidence from longitudinal data
Authors: Lin Yen-Ling 
Published: May 2020

AbstractI investigated the effects of adolescents' attitudes toward risk on their choice of employment sector in adulthood. I employed a joint model of employment sector choice and three-dimensional background characteristics to demonstrate that employment preference is an inverse function of the degree of relative risk aversion. Empirical data was obtained from longitudinal data, and a logit model was applied to estimate the effects of the three-dimensional background characteristics on the risk-taking attitudes and employment choices. I observed that individuals with a higher tendency to engage in risky experiences exhibit low risk aversion, and thus, tend to choose a riskier employment sector.
Involutive triangular matrix algebras
Authors: AHMADİ Morteza , MOUSSAVİ Ahmad 
Published: May 2020

In this paper we provide new examples of Banach $ \ast $-subalgebras of the matrix algebra $M_n(\mathscr{A}) $ over a commutative unital $C^*$-algebra $\mathscr{A}$. For any involutive algebra, we define two involutions on the triangular matrix extensions. We prove that the triangular matrix algebras over any commutative unital $C^*$-algebra are Banach ${\ast}$-algebras and that the primitive ideals of these algebras and some of their Banach $ \ast $-subalgebras are all maximal.*******************************************************************************
Принципи побудови хмар тегів даних
Authors: Хараш К. М. , Ольшевська О. В. , Титуренко Ж. А. 
Published: May 2020

Розглядаються механізми візуалізації для побудови термінологічних хмар. На прикладі JSON, HTML, CSV, XLSX, XML, TXT наведений перелік типів файлів та ресурсів. Проаналізовано можливості добування та збереження вхідних даних. Проведено дослідження аналогічних систем, на основі якого було обрано два оптимальні типи файлів, а саме CSV та TXT. Виявлено підхід формування списку ключових слів для наукових публікацій або виокремлення провідної тематики різних текстів. Встановлено, що у разі необхідністі обробки великих текстів спільної спрямованості, якими наприклад можуть бути літературні твори, наукові статті, судові вироки тощо, достатнім буде використання малих веб-додатків для побудови тегових хмар. Тегові хмари на основі алгоритму k-середніх здатні досить ефективно виявити ключові поняття, найбільш уживані слова та провідні концепції. При порівнянні між собою форматів CSV та TXT, було підтверджено, що швидкість обробки залежить скоріше від об’єму вхідної інформації, ніж від структури файлу. Звідси, можна стверджувати, що використання одного або іншого формату зумовлено вибором користувача. Проведено аналіз з якого відзначено, що формат CSV потребує верхнього рядка, в якому вказують атрибути. Для більшої коректності подальшого аналізу, атрибути слід вказати і формувати кожний наступний рядок даних строго по черзі. Така незначна особливість структури допомагає досліднику орієнтуватися серед набору текстової інформації, а при подальшій обробці перший рядок можна не враховувати. На відміну від попереднього формату, формат TXT не потребує формування першого рядка атрибутів. Це ускладнює візуальне сприйняття наявної інформації. Не рекомендовано вводити атрибути самостійно, в подальшому при обробці це буде впливати на коректність результатів кластеризації в негативний бік.
От трагического героя к травматической истории: к проблематике позднего К. Марло («Эдуард II», «Парижская резня»)
Authors: Макаров Владимир Сергеевич 
Published: May 2020

<div><div><p>Сложность начала 1590-х гг. как периода в истории развития английского театра и литературы в том, что происходят значительные перемены в популярных у зрителей драматических жанрах, где на одно из первых мест выходит хроника — жанр, в котором К. Марло успел сделать не так много, его достижения не так заметны и продолжены новыми драматургами — прежде всего У. Шекспиром. Изучение «поздних пьес» Марло показывает его отход от трагедии, построенной вокруг одного героя, которого Г. Левин определил термином “overreacher”, и переход к поэтике, которую М. Мартин не совсем удачно, но в целом точно назвал «травматическим реализмом». Марло исследует ситуацию насилия уже не в вымышленно-трагедийных, а в исторических обстоятельствах, где память о травмирующем насилии сохраняется, воспроизводится, а возможно, и смягчается в сообществах памяти.</p></div></div>
Спосіб вибору безпілотного літального апарата для виконання цільового завдання за апріорною оцінкою якості знімків
Authors: Fryz Sergii , Myklukha Vasyl , Avsiievych Roman , Nechyporuk Nataliia 
Published: May 2020

Мета: розробка способу вибору безпілотного літального апарату за апріорною оцінкою отриманих знімків, який забезпечить виконання польотного завдання та достатню якість отриманих знімків для їх подальшого дешифрування. Методи: розглянуто метод багатокритеріальної оптимізації процесу вибору безпілотного літального апарату. Результати: запропоновано спосіб вибору безпілотного літального апарату за апріорною оцінкою знімка. Обговорення: за допомогою розробленого способу можна швидко та точно визначити можливості наявних в підрозділі безпілотних літальних апаратів і зробити висновки щодо доцільності їх використання за заданих умовах. Обґрунтовано використання нелінійної схеми компромісів для подальших досліджень.
Editorial
Authors: De Obstetricia y Ginecologia Federación Colombiana 
Published: May 2020

El cáncer de mama, cuya incidencia viene aumentando progresivamente en nuestro país, se considera en la actualidad un verdadero problema de salud pública. Nuestros hospitales generales, y particularmente los centros oncológicos, se encuentran bajo presión permanente debido a la gran afluencia de pacientes remitidos de todos los ámbitos del país, que frecuentemente se encuentran en estados avanzados y terminales.
MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS E PROJETOS DE PRESTAÇÃO DE SERVIÇOS AMBIENTAIS EM TERRAS INDÍGENAS NO AMAZONAS
Authors: Aily Franco de Camargo Serguei , Oliveira Gomide Plínio Henrique , Rodrigues Lustosa de Camargo Thaísa 
Published: May 2020

Devido à seca de 2005, o Amazonas editou a Lei n. 3.135, de 05 de junho de 2007, que instituiu a Política Estadual sobre Mudanças Climáticas. O texto previu formas de promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável, de manutenção das condições climáticas e incentivos à participação da população e do Estado na tutela ambiental. Entretanto, cerca de 10 anos após sua edição, a lei parece ter caído em desuso. Parte da ineficácia se deve ao desmantelamento da estrutura de Estado que atuava na implementação de seus instrumentos e parte, em virtude da falta de regulamentação complementar. Anos depois, o Amazonas editou a Lei n. 4.266, de 01 de dezembro de 2015, que instituiu o sistema de gestão de serviços ambientais no estado, criou o Fundo Estadual de Mudanças Climáticas e alterou as leis n. 3.135/2007 e 3.184 de 13 de novembro de 2007, que por sua vez, também altera a Lei n. 3.135/2007. Pretende-se assim, avaliar a interação entre todas essas normas, em um amplo exercício de interpretação, com o objetivo de constatar sua eficácia socioambiental. Concluiu-se que a participação das comunidades tradicionais em unidades de conservação de uso sustentável e dos povos indígenas em suas terras, enseja eficácia parcial à Lei 3.135/2007, ao permitir a implementação de projetos de redução das emissões por desmatamento e degradação nessas áreas protegidas, possibilitando o pagamento de recompensas aos prestadores de serviços ambientais.
Educación comparada
Authors: Goergen Pedro L. 
Published: May 2020

O texto objetivo mostrar do que presente uma das principais causas da situação desalentadora em que se encontra a Educação Comparada no Brasil é a falta quase total de pesquisas na área. A Educação Comparada foi trazida para cá e incluída nos currículos de nossas instituições de ensino superior. Mas a pesquisa, ao contrário do que acontecia nos centros mais evoluídos, foi relegada a segundo plano. Este fato conduziu a uma desqualificação das disciplinas que passou a ser considerada como uma atividade obsoleta e vista com desinteresse por docentes e alunos da área de educação. Contudo, o desenvolvimento da Educação Comparada a nível internacional e o rumo internacionalizante da ciência de hoje nos convencem de que o método comparativo pode oferecer contribuição importante à geração de conhecimentos úteis para a elaboração de políticas educacionais e para a formação dos especialistas em educação. Para que a Educação Comparada se viabilize como uma disciplina útil e produtiva, é necessário renovar a pesquisa na área. Devido às nossas condições limitadas, nos parece conveniente e mais factível orientar essa pesquisa prioritariamente para a realidade latino-americana.
A Union Operation of Non-Dominated K-Coterie in Distributed System
Authors: NURHIDAYAH NURHIDAYAH , Lawi Armin , Amir Amir  Kamal 
Published: May 2020

Coterie is a set of quorums which has non-empty intersections and are not part of other quorum. The natural development of the coterie system is k-coterie. The k-coterie consists of 2 types, that are non-dominated k-coterie and dominated k-coterie. The non-dominated k-coterie is more resilient to failure than the dominated k-coterie. Combining two non-dominated k-coterie by applying union operation can result the dominated k-coterie. This study aims to define a combination of the non-dominated k-coterie with non-dominated k-coterie using the expanded union operation. The merger of non-dominated k-coterie with the non-dominated k-coterie produces a non-dominated k-coterie.
Testing the advantages and disadvantages of short- and long- read eukaryotic metagenomics using simulated reads
Authors: Pearman William S , Freed Nikki E , Silander Olin K 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background: The first step in understanding ecological community diversity and dynamics is quantifying community membership. An increasingly common method for doing so is through metagenomics. Because of the rapidly increasing popularity of this approach, a large number of computational tools and pipelines are available for analysing metagenomic data. However, the majority of these tools have been designed and benchmarked using highly accurate short read data (i.e. Illumina), with few studies benchmarking classification accuracy for long error-prone reads (PacBio or Oxford Nanopore). In addition, few tools have been benchmarked for non-microbial communities. Results: Here we compare simulated long reads from Oxford Nanopore and Pacific Biosciences with high accuracy Illumina read sets to systematically investigate the effects of sequence length and taxon type on classification accuracy for metagenomic data from both microbial and non-microbial communities. We show that very generally, classification accuracy is far lower for non-microbial communities, even at low taxonomic resolution (e.g. family rather than genus). We then show that for two popular taxonomic classifiers, long reads can significantly increase classification accuracy, and this is most pronounced for non-microbial communities.Conclusions: This work provides insight on the expected accuracy for metagenomic analyses for different taxonomic groups, and establishes the point at which read length becomes more important than error rate for assigning the correct taxon.
Neonatal Eye Screening for 203 Healthy Term Newborns Using a Wide-Field Digital Retinal Imaging System
Authors: Leong Kenneth Teow Kheng , Kassim Siti Nur Amira Abu , Sidhu Jasvinjeet Kaur , Zohari Zayani , Sivalingam Thivakar , Ramasamy Sunder , Khialdin Safinaz Mohd , Nordin Noraihan Mohd , Rahmat Jamalia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to determine the proportion and types of ocular abnormalities detected in healthy term newborns and also the risk factors associated with retinal haemorrhages.Method: This cross-sectional study comprised of 203 participants, all healthy term newborn infants in the Obstetrics and Gynaecology ward at Hospital Kuala Lumpur over a six months period. The examination list includes external eye examination, red reflex test, and fundus imaging using a wide-field digital retinal imaging system (Phoenix Clinical ICON Paediatric Retinal Camera) by a trained Investigator. The pathologies detected were documented. The results were compared with similar studies previously published in the literature.Results: Total ocular abnormalities were detected in 34% infants. The most common finding was retinal haemorrhage in 29.6% infants, of which 53.3% occurred bilaterally. Spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) remained the greatest risk factor which has nearly 3.5 times higher risk of newborns developing retinal haemorrhage compared to Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS). There was a 6% increased likelihood of developing retinal haemorrhage for every 1 minute increment in the duration of 2nd stage of labour. Conclusion: Universal eye screening for all newborns using a wide-field digital imaging system is possible, safe and useful in detecting posterior segment disorders. The most common abnormality detected is retinal haemorrhage. Although most resolve spontaneously, a longitudinal study is needed to study the long term effect of retinal haemorrhages in these infants.
Spatial-temporal mapping of hand, foot and mouth disease in relation to climate factors in Xinjiang, China from 2008 to 2016
Authors: xie ling , Huang Ruifang , Wang Hongwei , Xiao Zhengqing 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
[Objectives]: The study mainly aims to depict the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Xinjiang, China and evaluate the effects of meteorological factors on the incidence of HFMD through spatiotemporal analysis. This study provides substantial evidence for HFMD control and prevention.[Methods]: With the data from the national surveillance data of HFMD and meteorological parameters in the study area from 2008 to 2016. We first employed GeoDetector Model to examine the effects of meteorological factors on HFMD incidence in Xinjiang, China and to test the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of HFMD risk, and then the spatial autocorrelation was applied to examine the temporal-spatial pattern of HFMD.[Results]: From 2008 to 2016, the HFMD distribution showed a distinct seasonal pattern and HFMD cases typically occurred between May and July, peaking in June, in Xinjiang. The relative humidity, precipitation, air pressure and temperature had more influence than other risk factors on HFMD incidence with explanatory powers of 0.30, 0.29, 0.29 and 021(p<0.000), respectively. The interactive effect of any two risk factors would enhance the risk of HFMD and there was a nonlinear enhancement between any two risk factors interactive effect. The spatial relative risks in Northern Xinjiang were higher than in Southern Xinjiang. Global spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated the spatial dependency on the incidence of HFMD in 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2015. The spatial dependency was the negative spatial autocorrelation in 2009. The incidence of HFMD in Xinjiang presented a random distribution pattern in 2011 and 2016.[Conclusion]: Our findings show that the risk of HFMD in Xinjiang showed signiﬁcant spatiotemporal heterogeneity. The monthly average relative humidity, monthly average precipitation, monthly average air pressure and monthly average temperature factors might have stronger effects on the HFMD incidence in Xinjiang, China, compared with other factors. The distribution of HFMD in Xinjiang is different from other temperate continental climate zones due to the large difference in climate and latitude between Southern and Northern Xinjiang and their arid and semi-arid geographical environment. These associations draw attention to climate-related health issues and will help in establishing accurate spatiotemporal prevention of HFMD in Xinjiang, China.
Feasibility of laryngeal mask anesthesia combined with nerve block in adult patients undergoing internal fixation of rib fractures: a prospective observational study
Authors: Cao Jun , Gao Xiaoyun , Zhang Xiaoli , Li Jing , Zhang Junfeng 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background: Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) anesthesia with nerve block seems a promising alternative to traditional general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation (ETI), and was applied in kinds of surgeries but not in rib fracture surgery. We developed a protocol for LMA anesthesia technique and evaluated its feasibility for internal fixation of rib fractures. Methods: Twenty patients undergoing unilateral rib fracture surgery were enrolled. Thoracic paravertebral block(TPB) and/or erector spinae plane block(ESPB) were performed before LMA anesthesia. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), pulse oximetry (SpO 2 ) and respiratory parameters were measured. Arterial blood gas analysis and chest X-ray were performed preoperatively and on the day after the operation. All patients received postoperative continuous analgesia (PCA) with 500mg of tramadol and 16mg of lornoxicam, and intravenous 50mg flurbiprofen twice a day. The numerical rating scale (NRS) pain score at 6(T1), 12(T2), 24(T3) hours after surgery and postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV) within 48 h after surgery were assessed as well. We also recorded the incidence of perioperative reflux, aspiration, and nerve block related complications. Results: Thirteen men and 7 women (age 35-70 years) were enrolled. Six (30%) had a flail chest, 9 (45%) had haemothorax and/or pneumothorax, and 2 (10%) had pulmonary contusions. Vital signs and spontaneous breathing were stable during the surgery. End-tidal carbon dioxide concentrations(EtCO 2 ) were within an acceptable range (≤ 63mmHg in all cases). The postoperative partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO 2 ) was higher than the preoperative value (91.2±16.0 vs. 83.7±15.9 mmHg, p =0.004). The preoperative and postoperative partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide(PaCO 2 ) were 42.1±3.7 and 43.2±3.7mmHg ( p =0.165), respectively. NRS at T1, T2, and T3 were 3±1, 2±2, and 0, respectively. None suffered from PONV, regurgitation, aspiration and nerve block related complications. Conclusions: The technique of laryngeal mask anesthesia combined with nerve block was feasible for internal fixation of rib fractures.
Protective Role Of Glutathione And Role Of Nitric Oxide Production In The Pathogenesis Of Pterygium&nbsp;
Authors: Parra Fidelina , Kormanovski Alexandre , Guevara-Balcazar Gustavo , Castillo-Hernández Maria del Carmen , Franco-Vadillo Antonio , Toledo-Blas Mireille , Jarillo-Luna Rosa Adriana , Lara-Padilla Eleazar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background: In the pathogenesis of pterygium, the protective role of glutathione and nitric oxide production is unclear. These are important factors for homeostasis in the redox state of cells. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of these and related parameters in pterygium tissue. Methods: Five groups of tissue samples were examined: control, primary pterygium, recurrent pterygium and two groups of primary pterygium given a one-month NAC pre-surgery treatment (topical or systemic). The levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS), nitric oxide (NO), 3-nitrotyrosine (3NT), reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG), and catalase (CAT) were evaluated in tissue homogenates. Results: Compared to the control, decreased levels of eNOS, NO and 3-nitrotyrosine as well as the degree of oxidation of GSH (GSSG%) were observed in primary and recurrent pterygium. 3-Nitrotyrosine and GSSG% were also reduced in the other pterygium groups. GSH and CAT were enhanced in recurrent pterygium and systemic-treated, but were unchanged for topical-treated primary pterygium. There was a strong positive correlation of eNOS with NO and 3NT, GSSG% with NO and 3NT, and GSH with GSSG and CAT. Conclusions: The results are congruent with the following proposed sequence of events leading to a protective response of the organism during the pathogenesis of primary pterygium: a decreased level of eNOS provokes a decline in the level of NO in pterygium tissue, which then leads to the modulation of the intracellular level of GSH through synthesis and/or mobilization from other tissues.