bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Late Cretaceous‐Eocene Geomagnetic Polarity Timescale (MQSD20) That Steadies Spreading Rates on Multiple Mid‐Ocean Ridge Flanks
Authors: Malinverno A. , Quigley K. W. , Staro A. , Dyment J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMagnetic anomalies over mid‐ocean ridge flanks record the history of geomagnetic field reversals, and the width of magnetized crustal blocks can be combined with absolute dates to generate a Geomagnetic Polarity Timescale (GPTS). We update here the current GPTS for the Late Cretaceous‐Eocene (chrons C33–C13, ~84–33 Ma) by extending to several spreading centers the analysis that originally assumed smoothly varying spreading rates in the South Atlantic. We assembled magnetic anomaly tracks from the southern Pacific (23 ship tracks), the northern Pacific (35), the southern Atlantic (45), and the Indian Ocean (51). Tracks were projected onto plate tectonic flow lines, and distances to magnetic polarity block boundaries were estimated by fitting measured magnetic anomalies with a Monte Carlo algorithm that iteratively changed block model distances and anomaly skewness angles. Distance data from each track were then assembled in summary sets of block model distances over 13 ridge flank regions. We obtained a final MQSD20 GPTS with another Monte Carlo algorithm that iteratively perturbed ages of polarity chron boundaries to minimize the variability of spreading rates over all ridge flanks and fit an up‐to‐date set of radioisotopic dates. The MQSD20 GPTS highlights a major plate motion change at 50–45 Ma, when spreading rates decreased in the Indian Ocean as India collided with Eurasia while spreading rates increased in the South Atlantic and Northern Pacific and the Hawaii‐Emperor seamount chain changed its orientation.
Intermittency of Gravity Waves in the Antarctic Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere Revealed by the PANSY Radar Observation
Authors: Minamihara Y. , Sato K. , Tsutsumi M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe momentum fluxes associated with gravity waves (GWs) significantly vary both in time and space. It is important to qualify the intermittency of GWs because the intermittency largely affects the vertical profile of momentum flux convergences in the middle atmosphere. In this study, 1 year of continuous observation with high time/height resolution and accuracy was provided by the PANSY radar, a Mesosphere‐Stratosphere‐Troposphere (MST) radar at Syowa Station (69.01°S, 39.59°E) in the Antarctic. The PANSY radar is used to study the intermittency of GWs in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. In all seasons, the intermittency is large in the troposphere with Gini coefficients of 0.4–0.6 for absolute momentum fluxes (
) and 0.4–0.7 for vertical wind variances multiplied by the density (
). However, the intermittency is small in the lower stratosphere with Gini coefficients of 0.3–0.5 for
and 0.2–0.4 for
. The seasonal characteristics in the lower stratosphere are different between
and
: small Gini coefficients are observed in May–July for
and in December–February for
. Simple model experiments with ideal distributions of GWs as a function of momentum flux magnitude and ground‐based phase velocity are performed. These results indicate that the vertical profiles of the Gini coefficient obtained by the PANSY radar are largely affected by orographic GWs with large amplitudes. The results also suggest that the generation and the partial reflection of GWs play an important role in determining the vertical profile of GW intermittency.
The GAMIL3: Model Description and Evaluation
Authors: Li Lijuan , Dong Li , Xie Jinbo , Tang Yanli , Xie Feng , Guo Zhun , Liu Hongbo , Feng Tao , Wang Lu , Pu Ye , Sun Wenqi , Xia Kun , Liu Li , Xie Zhenghui , Wang Yan , Wang Longhuan , Shi Xiangjun , Jia Binghao , Liu Juanjuan , Wang Bin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Grid‐point Atmospheric Model of the IAP LASG version 3 (GAMIL3) has been developed by upgrading the horizontal resolution, methods of parallel computation, boundary layer scheme, aerosol parameterization, convective parameterization, stratocumulus cloud fraction scheme, land component, and coupler, as well as tuning some moist physical parameters with large uncertainties. Its performance is evaluated, and the results show significant improvements compared with the previous version, GAMIL2. The simulated performance of mean states is notably enhanced, including the energy budget terms at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and surface, shortwave/longwave cloud radiative forcing (SWCF/LWCF), precipitation, zonal wind, low‐level temperature, 500‐hPa geopotential height, and snow cover fraction in the Northern Hemisphere. The characteristics of internal variability are captured well, such as the frequency band and active areas of quasi‐biweekly (QBW) oscillation, spectral power of convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs), Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) eastward propagation, and heat flux response to El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and these variabilities are generally strengthened in GAMIL3. In addition, the anthropogenic aerosol climate effects are weakened when using the forcings recommended by CMIP6.
Sonografie – die praktische Anwendung in der Physiotherapie
Authors: Griefahn Annika , Krone Christina 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungIst die Sonografie in der Physiotherapie überhaupt sinnvoll? Die Autorinnen antworten auf diese Frage mit einem klaren „Ja“, denn sie bietet sehr unterschiedliche Anwendungsmöglichkeiten – reliable Untersuchung verschiedener Strukturen, Verlaufsbeobachtung und Biodfeedback. Und nicht zuletzt hat auch der Patient eine weitere Möglichkeit, auf sehr anschaulichem Weg in die Therapie miteinbezogen zu werden.
Application of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound to Detect Hepatic Hydrothorax in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Mücke Victoria Therese , Fitting Daniel , Dultz Georg , de Leuw Philipp , Weiler Nina , Mücke Marcus Maximilian , Hausmann Johannes , Welsch Christoph , Zeuzem Stefan , Friedrich-Rust Mireen , Bojunga Jörg 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose Hepatic hydrothorax (HH) is defined as transudate in the pleural cavity in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis (DC) without concomitant cardiopulmonary or pleural disease. It is associated with high short-term mortality. HH can evolve via translocation through diaphragmatic gaps. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of injecting ultrasound contrast medium into the peritoneal cavity to detect HH.
Materials and Methods This study included patients with concomitant ascites and pleural effusion who were admitted to our hospital between March 2009 and February 2019. A peritoneal catheter was inserted and ultrasound contrast medium was injected into the peritoneal cavity. In parallel, the peritoneal and pleural cavities were monitored for up to 10 minutes.
Results Overall, 43 patients were included. The median age was 60 years and the majority of patients were male (n = 32, 74 %). Most patients presented with right-sided pleural effusion (n = 32, 74 %), 3 (7 %) patients with left-sided and 8 (19 %) patients had bilateral pleural effusion. In 12 (28 %) patients ascites puncture was not safe due to low volume ascites. Thus, the procedure could be performed in 31 (72 %) patients. No adverse events occurred. In 16 of 31 (52 %) patients we could visualize a trans-diaphragmic flow of microbubbles. The median time until transition was 120 seconds.
Conclusion Our clinical real-world experience supports the safety and feasibility of intraperitoneal ultrasound contrast medium application to detect HH in patients with DC, as a non-radioactive real-time visualization of HH. Our study comprises the largest cohort and longest experience using this method to date.
Novel Cardioplegia Delivery in Patients with Severe Aortic Regurgitation
Authors: Wang Chuan , Ma Weiguo , Gu Chengxiong , Li Jingxing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDuring aortic valve replacement (AVR) in patients with severe aortic regurgitation (AR), repeated delivery of cardioplegia into the coronary ostia using a routine infusion cannula may induce coronary ostial injury. This study aims to introduce a new no-touch delivery method with reduced time and similar or better outcomes. Preliminary results have shown that no-touch cardioplegia delivery method was a simple, safe, and effective approach for cardioplegia infusion during AVR in patients with severe AR.
Dynamic CCN3 expression in the murine CNS does not confer essential roles in myelination or remyelination
Authors: de la Vega Gallardo Nira , Penalva Rosana , Dittmer Marie , Naughton Michelle , Falconer John , Moffat Jill , de la Fuente Alerie G. , Hombrebueno José R. , Lin Zhiyong , Perbal Bernard , Ingram Rebecca J. , Evergren Emma , Fitzgerald Denise C. 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Remyelination is a natural regenerative process driven by oligodendrocytes that occurs following myelin damage. Understanding this process holds therapeutic value for demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, in which remyelination can fail. CCN3 is a matricellular protein previously reported to enhance oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation and myelination in vitro and ex vivo. Here, we show that despite extensive and dynamic expression in the murine CNS in homeostasis and following toxin-induced myelin damage, CCN3 is not required for myelination or remyelination in vivo. Yet, the anatomically distinct expression pattern suggests unidentified roles of CCN3 in a range of neurological processes. This investigation provides a framework for future investigations of the expression and role of CCN proteins in the CNS.
Human TRIM5α senses and restricts LINE-1 elements
Authors: Volkmann Bianca , Wittmann Sabine , Lagisquet Justine , Deutschmann Janina , Eissmann Kristin , Ross James J. , Biesinger Brigitte , Gramberg Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Significance
LINE-1 retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements that have significantly contributed to the evolution of our genome. However, unhindered LINE-1 mobility can be detrimental and cause various genetic disorders. Here, we identify the antiviral protein TRIM5α as host factor that controls LINE-1 elements and protects our genome from novel insertions. In addition, we show that TRIM5α recognizes LINE-1 ribonucleoprotein complexes as a molecular pattern and initiates innate immune signaling upon sensing. Thus, our findings confirm the role of TRIM5α as pattern recognition receptor in innate immunity and uncover its important role in safeguarding the genome against endogenous mobile genetic elements.
Enhanced mixing across the gyre boundary at the Gulf Stream front
Authors: Wenegrat Jacob O. , Thomas Leif N. , Sundermeyer Miles A. , Taylor John R. , D’Asaro Eric A. , Klymak Jody M. , Shearman R. Kipp , Lee Craig M. 
Published: July 2020

Significance
The Gulf Stream front separates the North Atlantic subtropical and subpolar ocean gyres, which have very distinct physical, biological, and chemical properties. Exchange across the front is believed to be important for both ocean circulation and biological productivity; however, the physical mechanisms responsible are not fully understood. Here, we present direct observational evidence of enhanced mixing across the north wall of the Gulf Stream. High-resolution simulations suggest that the presence of the sharp density front, not typically resolved in ocean-circulation models, is central to generating the observed mixing. Interpreting the observations in terms of the flux of freshwater and nutrients across the Gulf Stream north wall suggests an important mechanism of exchange that has not been fully explored.
Tracking the reach of COVID-19 kin loss with a bereavement multiplier applied to the United States
Authors: Verdery Ashton M. , Smith-Greenaway Emily , Margolis Rachel , Daw Jonathan 
Published: July 2020

Significance
COVID-19 has created a mortality shock throughout the world, and it may yield a second wave of population health concerns tied to bereavement and social support reductions. We created the COVID-19 bereavement multiplier, an indicator that clarifies one downstream impact of COVID-19 mortality and can be applied to different epidemiological projections of death counts: How many people are at risk for losing a grandparent, parent, sibling, spouse, or child for each COVID-19 death. In the United States, we estimate that on average, under diverse epidemiological circumstances, every death from COVID-19 will leave approximately nine bereaved. Studying how acute mortality crises reverberate through a population in the form of bereavement multipliers expands understandings of the social impacts of health crises.
Phonetic characteristics of filled pauses in Hungarian-English
bilingual and Hungarian monolingual speech
Authors: Bóna Judit , Jordanidisz Ágnes , Auszmann Anita , Bunta Ferenc 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We analyzed Hungarian filled pauses produced by
monolingual Hungarian-speaking children (ages 6 to 9 years) and
their bilingual Hungarian- and English-speaking peers in connected
speech samples to investigate whether the hesitations produced by
the groups would differ due to cross-linguistic influences on
bilingual children’s speech or adhere to the phonology of the target
language in both groups. Our results indicated specific effects of
English on Hungarian filled pauses of our bilingual participants. At
the same time, the Hungarian hesitations produced by both groups
largely adhered to the phonology of the target language, reinforcing
the notion that speech and language acquisition in bilinguals
differs – at least in some respects – from speech patterns produced
by monolingual peers (cf. Grosjean, 1989).
Current developments in bilingual primary education in the
Netherlands
Authors: de Graaff Rick , Costache Oana 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This contribution addresses two studies of the
processes and outcomes of English as a foreign language (EFL) in Dutch
primary education. Firstly, this article describes a preliminary
study of the learning outcomes at the end of primary education,
comparing pupils’ language proficiency after either two years or six to
eight years of low-intensity EFL programs. Secondly, it describes
the outcomes of a subsequent classroom observation study in a
high-intensity bilingual primary education pilot in grade 1,
focusing on teacher language use and teacher-pupil interaction.
Results are related to learning outcome in terms of pupils’
receptive vocabulary knowledge. Conclusions focus on foreign
language teaching in primary education in general, and bilingual
primary education in particular.
Speech perception in French immersion students in Western
Canada
Authors: Li Fangfang , Netelenbos Nicole 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The present study reports on stop consonant
perception of voice onset time (VOT) in Anglophone children enrolled
in a French immersion (FI) elementary school in Western Canada.
Fifty-seven children in grades 1, 3, and 5 were tested in both
English and French for the three pairs of stops (/p/-/b/, /t/-/d/,
and /k/-/g/). They were asked to identify words that begin with
these stop consonants when listening to the audio prompts. We found
that FI students’ French perception exhibits language-appropriate VOT
boundaries for all three pairs but they have difficulty with
identifying French voiced stops. Children’s French perception
remains constant across grades. Our findings highlight the role
played by educational context and the social status of L2 in second
language learning.
Phonological development
Authors: Bernhardt Barbara May , Stemberger Joseph P. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In recent years, research in child language
acquisition has expanded beyond English and Euro-Western contexts.
Canada’s multilingual population and commitments to revitalization
of First Nations languages and education underscore the importance
of such research. Knowledge of both monolingual/monocultural and
multilingual/cross-cultural contexts for language acquisition is a
vital foundation for development of culturally safe and relevant
educational and intervention programs. The following paper provides
perspectives on crosslinguistic, cross-cultural research by
presenting an overview of two research streams: (1) a
crosslinguistic study of monolingual phonological development in 17
countries and several language groups; and (2) studies in indigenous
contexts in Canada and Mexico. The chapter concludes with
implications for future research and practice.
Teaching and learning about Spanish L2 compliments in short-term study abroad
Authors: Mir Montserrat 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe case for pragmatics instruction in second language (L2) learning has been evidenced by empirical research, although investigations within the context of study abroad are more limited. The objective of this article is to detail the impact of a pedagogical intervention which included explicit teaching and ethnographic field work on the learning of Spanish compliments and compliment responses during a four-week study abroad program. Despite their restricted exposure to the target language community, the 20 participants in the study demonstrated approximation to native norms in their complimenting behavior. These results support the positive benefits of exploiting exposure to the TL community to aid pragmatics instruction in the classroom.
Linguistic and motivational changes of a German adolescent student in New Zealand
Authors: Sauer Luzia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper reports on the findings of a 15-year-old German girl’s motivational and linguistic experiences during her one-semester study abroad (SA) in New Zealand. Chiara primarily interacted in social settings with either locals (e.g. homestay) or other Germans (e.g. school breaks). This paper investigates the nature of her second language (L2) learning motivation in different social settings, as elicited in interviews, reports and blog entries; and the dynamics of her oral L2 development, as captured in six interviews. The findings show that Chiara’s L2 motivation was highly situational: she only made significant efforts in L2 use when she considered the specific social setting valuable for reaching non-linguistic goals and when it validated her sense of self. The linguistic findings, measured in language complexity, accuracy, lexis and fluency (CALF) demonstrated that Chiara improved her already highly functioning oral skills during SA – especially fluency and accuracy – despite inconsistent L2 interactions.
The influence of a study abroad program on Japanese university students’ motivation and the elaboration of motivational L2 selves
Authors: Matsumoto Masanori 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Three university students from Japan on a five-week study-abroad program in Australia participated in a case study
that investigated the impact of L2 learning experiences on changes in their motivation, especially in relation to development of
their ‘Motivational L2 Selves’ as introduced by Dörnyei (2009). The study collected
both qualitative and quantitative data in three interviews and weekly learning logs during the program. The results from the
learning logs showed an upward trend in the level of motivational intensity as the program proceeded, with the participants’
positive perception of environmental factors. The study confirmed that learner perception of the same motivational factor could
vary, and perception can be affected by their prior learning experience and L1 culture. The study, however, failed to provide
positive evidence that the study abroad program can help the elaboration of the L2 Self, although the learning experiences in the
L2 context enhanced their instrumental motivation.
Sliding Mode ADRC Control Strategy for Three-Phase Vienna Rectifier
Authors: Feng Xingtian , Cui Xiao 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Vienna rectifier is a nonlinear, strong coupling, multi-variable system. In order to improve the static and dynamic response of the Vienna rectifier output voltage performance, this paper adopts the combination of sliding mode and the ADRC(auto-disturbance rejection control) control strategy in the voltage outer loop. When the system is started, the output voltage can quickly track the given value without overshoot. When the load is switched, the output voltage fluctuates less and can quickly recover to the given value, which improves the anti-interference ability of the system. Simulation results verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Experimental Study on Adaptability of Fully-immersed Liquid Cooling IGBT Module
Authors: Wen Yingke , Ruan Lin , Yu Shunzhou , Zhu Keke 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
IGBT converter valve is the core component of the flexible HVDC transmission system, and the failure caused by the thermal problem and the decrease of equipment reliability become the bottleneck of the development of flexible HVDC transmission technology toward large capacity. It is experimentally proved to be an effective way to reduce the junction temperature of IGBT module by using the fully-immersed liquid cooling technology. In this paper, the operation reliability of IGBT module immersed in the liquid cooling medium is studied by carrying out the adaptability experiment of fully-immersed liquid cooling IGBT module. The operation process of fully-immersed liquid cooling IGBT module is monitored, and the research methods of signal observation and energy spectrum analysis are used to diagnose the failed IGBT module in the experiment. The failure mode and cause of the fully-immersed liquid cooling IGBT module are obtained, which provides guidance and technical support for the optimal design of high reliability fully-immersed liquid cooling IGBT module.
Numerical analysis on the effects of water spraying on cooling tower evaporation and drift
Authors: Song Baohong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Evaporation and drift of a wet cooling tower were studied to reduce water loss by changing the makeup water model of the cooling tower. The tower interior had a sprayed makeup water area of 600 m2, which accounted for 30% of the water drenching area. Accurately measuring the water level of the collecting basin with a U-type liquidometer resulted in a test accuracy of 1.38 m3 mm−1. And the accurate data of water loss of cooling tower were obtained by using the liquid level of collecting basin and the water loss law of cooling tower. On the basis of the analysis of water and heat balance, the total water content of unit discharge air and the air humidity ratio of tower outlet were compared. In other words, the air humidity ratio method was used to verify the correctness of Merkel’s assumption of ‘the air saturation in the cooling tower’. And the formation process of drift is explained by the accurate analysis of evaporation loss. This process provided a new research model for the analysis of water loss and air state in cooling towers. The heat and water loss of circulating water before and after the spraying makeup water were compared and analyzed, respectively, according to the accurate water loss data and the droplet calculation model. The best water loss reduction effect was 7.9 m3 h−1, and the drift recovery law is established; the drift recovery rate in the water spraying area was 65.5–96.8%. Furthermore, the optimum working conditions of the drift recovery project were explained. This law guided the operation of the spraying makeup water system. Results showed that the spray water was more favorable to the operation of the cooling tower than the original makeup water and the expected water saving was achieved. The established theories were widely used in the study on water loss of cooling tower and the drift recovery project.