bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demographic Factors Associated with Toxicity in Patients Treated with Anti–Programmed Cell Death-1 Therapy
Authors: Shah Kaustav P. , Song Haocan , Ye Fei , Moslehi Javid J. , Balko Justin M. , Salem Joe-Elie , Johnson Douglas B. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are now routinely used in multiple cancers but may induce autoimmune-like side effects known as immune-related adverse events (irAE). Although classical autoimmune diseases have well-known risk factors, including age, gender, and seasonality, the clinical factors that lead to irAEs are not well-defined. To explore these questions, we assessed 455 patients with advanced melanoma treated with ICI at our center and a large pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase). We found that younger age was associated with a similar rate of any irAEs but more frequent severe irAEs and more hospitalizations (OR, 0.97 per year). Paradoxically, however, older patients had more deaths and increased length of stay (LOS) when hospitalized. This was partially due to a distinct toxicity profile: Colitis and hepatitis were more common in younger patients, whereas myocarditis and pneumonitis had an older age distribution both in our center and in VigiBase. This pattern was particularly apparent with combination checkpoint blockade with ipilimumab and nivolumab. We did not find a link between gender or seasonality on development of irAEs in univariate or multivariate analyses, although winter hospitalizations were associated with marginally increased LOS. This study identifies age-specific associations of irAEs.
Access to Cardiovascular Disease and Hypertension Medicines in Developing Countries: An Analysis of Essential Medicine Lists, Price, Availability, and Affordability
Authors: Husain Muhammad Jami , Datta Biplab Kumar , Kostova Deliana , Joseph Kristy T. , Asma Samira , Richter Patricia , Jaffe Marc G. , Kishore Sandeep P. 
Published: April 2020

Background
Access to medicines is important for long‐term care of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. This study provides a cross‐country assessment of availability, prices, and affordability of cardiovascular disease and hypertension medicines to identify areas for improvement in access to medication treatment.

Methods and Results

We used the World Health Organization online repository of national essential medicines lists (
EML
s) for 53 countries to transcribe the information on the inclusion of 12 cardiovascular disease/hypertension medications within each country's essential medicines list. Data on availability, price, and affordability were obtained from 84 surveys in 59 countries that used the World Health Organization's Health Action International survey methodology. We summarized and compared the indicators across lowest‐price generic and originator brand medicines in the public and private sectors and by country income groups. The average availability of the select medications was 54% in low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries and 60% in high‐ and upper‐middle‐income countries, and was higher for generic (61%) than brand medicines (41%). The average patient median price ratio was 80.3 for brand and 16.7 for generic medicines and was higher for patients in low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries compared with high‐ and upper‐middle‐income countries across all medicine categories. The costs of 1 month's antihypertensive medications were, on average, 6.0 days’ wage for brand medicine and 1.8 days’ wage for generics. Affordability was lower in low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries than high‐ and upper‐middle‐income countries for both brand and generic medications.

Conclusions
The availability and accessibility of pharmaceuticals is an ongoing challenge for health systems. Low availability and high costs are major barriers to the use of and adherence to essential cardiovascular disease and antihypertensive medications worldwide, particularly in low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries.
“The Theory of Practice”
Authors: Luciano Erika , Pizzarelli Chiara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
During the first half of the nineteenth century many protagonists of Italian science took part in the renewal of techno-scientific studies with their use of mundane, everyday objects and a model-based didactic methodology. The Kingdom of Sardinia was relatively advanced in this regard, mostly thanks to the work of renowned mathematics professors at the University of Turin such as Carlo Ignazio Giulio and his pupil Quintino Sella. In 1852 they founded the Regio Istituto Tecnico, which in 1861 would become the Reale Scuola di Applicazione per gli Ingegneri and later, in 1906, the Polytechnic. With a review of unpublished material held in the Turin and Biella archives, this work will show how a willingness to merge theoretical knowledge and practical know-how was the mainstay of education in these three schools, and how their students were able to work in cabinets and laboratories, enjoying access to high-quality scientific collections.
Ὀδοντίζω
Authors: Blanco Cesteros Miriam 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The multidisciplinary approach to different dyeing techniques of the papyri of Leiden (P.Leid. X) and Stockholm (P.Holm.) is entangled with Greco-Egyptian alchemy; yet, it is not an impediment for the recipes – or the processes described in them – to originate from an artisanal environment. In this regard, the lexical study of these recipes is the key to understanding the technical backgrounds of Greco-Egyptian alchemy. With this aim, this paper analyses the verb ὀδοντίζω (odontizō), which appears in a number of ink recipes of the Leiden and Stockholm papyri with a very technical meaning. The comparison to some Latin sources will help us to better understand its meaning and will lead us to explore the technical field from whence the recipes in which this verb appears came: ancient book production.
Pathos, Eros, and Curiosity
Authors: Buckley Cali 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Miniature ivory anatomical models or manikins were first created in the late 1600s, but their history as props for man-midwives as well as kunstkammer objects has not been fully explored until now. Through an investigation of 180 models and texts surrounding them, their roles as props, playthings, and luxury objects is presented against a background of changes in craftsmanship, women’s medicine, and the art and commodity market starting in the seventeenth century. The manikins are explored in terms of their reception for various owners and audiences as well as differences in their making over time to give a framework for further study on these objects.
Religion and Prison Art in Ming China (1368–1644)
Authors: Zhang Ying 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Approaching the prison as a creative environment and imprisoned officials as creative subjects in Ming China (1368–1644), Ying Zhang introduces a few important themes at the intersection of premodern Chinese religion, poetry, and visual and material culture. The Ming is known for its extraordinary cultural and economic accomplishments in the increasingly globalized early modern world. For scholars of Chinese religion and art, this era crystallizes the essential and enduring characteristics in these two spheres. Drawing on scholarship on Chinese philosophy, religion, aesthetics, poetry, music, and visual and material culture, Zhang illustrates how the prisoners understood their environment as creative and engaged it creatively. She then offers a literature survey on the characteristics of premodern Chinese religion and art that helps situate the questions of “creative environment” and “creative subject” within multiple fields of scholarship.
A Historical Morphology of Western Karaim: the -a-d- Continuative Present
Authors: Németh Michał 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this paper the author presents the hitherto undescribed Western Karaim -a-d- ~ -a-dy- ~ -a-dyr- verbal forms. The description of these forms is based on philological data collected from 18th- and 19th-century manuscripts and the final conclusion is that it was primarily used to express continuative present. The author also argues in favour of treating the first half of the 19th century as the terminus ante quem for its final disappearance in colloquial Karaim. This paper is the second in a series of articles introducing previously undocumented Karaim grammatical categories.
Dolgan naada—a Nominal Predicator and Its History
Authors: Siegl Florian 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Several indigenous languages of Siberia have borrowed the Russian deonctic nominal predicator nado (ru: надо). Whereas equivalents of Russian nado can be found in a variety of languages today as the outcome of long-lasting bilingualism, there are several languages which have borrowed nado rather early and most likely already before the Soviet Period. Among these languages are two Turkic languages Dolgan and Sakha, the isolates Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir (Paleosiberian), Central and Southern Selkup (Uralic) and probably Ket (Yeniseian). Although Dolgan naada is undoubtedly of Russian origin, naada replaced an Old Turkic nominal predictor kärgäk which used to appear in a similar predication frame. Therefore, this instance of borrowing classifies as borrowing on the lexical and not on the constructional level.
Geographical clusters and social risk factors for suicide in the city of São Paulo, 2006–2015: An ecologic study
Authors: Bando Daniel Hideki , Barrozo Ligia Vizeu , Volpe Fernando Madalena 
Published: April 2020

Background: To identify geographical clusters of suicide in São Paulo, Brazil (2006–2015) and to verify the associations of suicide with sociocultural characteristics of its 96 districts. Methods: Spatial scan test was used to detect the geographical clusters. Correlation and multiple regression techniques were used to estimate the association of socioeconomic and cultural variables with suicide. Results: The mean suicide rate was 4.8/100,000. Three clusters were identified which are as follows: one of increased risk in downtown and two of decreased risk in the South and in the Southeast. The mean suicide rate of the high-risk clustered districts (7.99/100,000) presented significantly higher average incomes per household, higher proportion of formally educated, of no religious affiliation, of recent migrants, of all-times migrants and lower proportion of married. The multiple model selected two independent risk factors – people with no religious affiliation (β = 0.182) and of recent migrants (β = 0.278) – and two protective factors – the proportion of married (β = –0.185) and of total migrants (β = –0.075), which jointly explained 58.4% of the variance. Conclusion: Durkheimian social and cultural risk factors for suicide were confirmed. Compared to a previous study period (1996–2005), suicide rates and geographical clusters remained relatively stable in the subsequent decade (2006–2015).
Response and role of palliative care during the COVID-19 pandemic: A national telephone survey of hospices in Italy
Authors: Costantini Massimo , Sleeman Katherine E , Peruselli Carlo , Higginson Irene J 
Published: April 2020

Background: Palliative care is an important component of health care in pandemics, contributing to symptom control, psychological support, and supporting triage and complex decision making. Aim: To examine preparedness for, and impact of, the COVID-19 pandemic on hospices in Italy to inform the response in other countries. Design: Cross-sectional telephone survey, in March 2020. Setting: Italian hospices, purposively sampled according to COVID-19 regional prevalence categorised as high (>25), medium (15–25) and low prevalence (<15) COVID-19 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. A brief questionnaire was developed to guide the interviews. Analysis was descriptive. Results: Seven high, five medium and four low prevalence hospices provided data. Two high prevalence hospices had experienced COVID-19 cases among both patients and staff. All hospices had implemented policy changes, and several had rapidly implemented changes in practice including transfer of staff from inpatient to community settings, change in admission criteria and daily telephone support for families. Concerns included scarcity of personal protective equipment, a lack of hospice-specific guidance on COVID-19, anxiety about needing to care for children and other relatives, and poor integration of palliative care in the acute planning response. Conclusion: The hospice sector is capable of responding flexibly and rapidly to the COVID-19 pandemic. Governments must urgently recognise the essential contribution of hospice and palliative care to the COVID-19 pandemic and ensure these services are integrated into the health care system response. Availability of personal protective equipment and setting-specific guidance is essential. Hospices may also need to be proactive in connecting with the acute pandemic response.
Rethinking the time’s arrow: Beginnings and the sociology of the future
Authors: da Silva Filipe Carreira , Vieira Mónica Brito 
Published: April 2020

This article asks: What is, sociologically speaking, a beginning? And why has sociology so relatively little to say about beginnings, that point of discontinuity between past meaning and future meaning? We answer these questions in four successive steps. First, we suggest that the existing literature on beginnings can be organized in light of Lévi-Strauss’ distinction between the irreversible time of social practices and the reversible time of analytic models. We use this distinction in the next two sections as we review existing approaches on beginnings. The next section discuss works that have studied beginnings from the perspective of irreversible time. The following section analyses approaches that centre on the perspective of the reversible time of the observer, that collapse the two, or that distinguish them in purely methodological grounds. Building upon the foregoing, we advance a sociological conception of beginnings as a future-oriented duration involving a non-linear succession of temporalities.
Elements, origins and future of Great Transformations: Eastern Europe and global capitalism
Authors: Gabrisch Hubert 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis essay analyses the relationship of two ‘Great Transformations’: the first from socialism to capitalism, more specifically in Eastern Europe in the 1990s, and the second from regulated to unregulated capitalism in the global economy since the 1980s, with respect to their common origins, elements and social results. Applying Karl Polanyi’s double-movement concept, it is concluded that these two, in essence neoliberal, transformations have led to societies being deeply divided economically, socially and culturally. Moreover, the self-protection of transformation losers is generating adverse political outcomes on a global scale. For both reasons, the outcomes of neoliberal transformations are jeopardising also the viability of the European Union, which was initially built on the basis of a regulated capitalism. The future of the global economy and also of the European Union depends on how the conflicts between the deepening of unregulated globalisation, national sovereignty and democratic politics can be solved.
From talented child to elite athlete: The development of cardiac morphology and function in a cohort of endurance athletes from age 12 to 18
Authors: Bjerring Anders W , Landgraff Hege E W , Leirstein Svein , Haugaa Kristina H , Edvardsen Thor , Sarvari Sebastian I , Hallén Jostein 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Adult athletes undergo cardiac adaptions in what is known as the “athlete’s heart”. Cardiac adaptations in young athletes have not been described in longitudinal studies but have previously been believed to be uniform in nature.

Methods
Seventy-six cross-country skiers were assessed at age 12. Forty-eight (63%) completed the first follow-up at age 15 and 36 (47%) the second follow-up at age 18. Comprehensive exercise data were collected. Echocardiography with three-dimensional measurements and cardiopulmonary exercise testing were performed at all time points. The cohort was divided into active and former endurance athletes, with an eight hours of weekly endurance exercise cut-off at age 18.

Results
The athletes underwent eccentric remodelling between ages 12 and 15, and concentric remodelling between ages 15 and 18. At age 18, the active endurance athletes had greater increases in inter-ventricular wall thickness (1.8 ± 1.4 Δmm vs 0.6 ± 1.0 Δmm, p &lt; 0.05), left ventricular (LV) posterior wall thickness (1.6 ± 1.2 Δmm vs 0.8 ± 0.8 Δmm, p &lt; 0.05), LV mass (63 ± 30 Δg vs 27 ± 21 Δg, p &lt; 0.01), right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic area (3.4 ± 4.0 Δcm2 vs 0.6 ± 3.5Δ cm2, p &lt; 0.05), RV end-systolic area (1.0 ± 2.3 Δcm2 vs –0.9 ± 2.0 Δcm2, p &lt; 0.05) and left atrial volume (24 ± 21 ΔmL vs 6±10 ΔmL, p &lt; 0.05) and had greater indexed maximal oxygen uptake (66.3 ± 7.4 mL/min/kg vs 57.1 ± 8.2 mL/min/kg, p &lt; 0.01). There was no significant difference for LV volumes.

Conclusion
This study finds a shift in the development of the young athlete’s heart. Between ages 12 and 15, the active endurance athletes underwent eccentric remodelling. This dynamic switched to concentric remodelling between ages 15 and 18.
Effects of Antiplatelet and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Medications on Platelet-Rich Plasma: A Systematic Review
Authors: Frey Christopher , Yeh Peter Chia , Jayaram Prathap 
Published: April 2020

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has wide applications in orthopaedic care. Its beneficial effects are attributed to the growth factor profile from the platelet secretome. In theory, these effects would be diminished by medications that inhibit platelet activation and/or the subsequent release of growth factors. Purpose: To determine whether commonly used antiplatelets, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or anticoagulant medications affect platelet growth factor release in PRP. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 2. Method: A systematic review of the literature related to antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant drugs was performed following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. We used the Downs and Black objective quality scoring system. The literature search consisted of PubMed and Cochrane Library databases. Search terms consisted of 1 item selected from “platelet-rich plasma,” “platelet-derived growth factor,” and “platelet-rich plasma AND growth factor” combined with 1 item from “antiplatelet,” “aspirin,” “anticoagulant,” and “NSAID.” Only studies published within the past 25 years were included. Results: A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria: 7 studies detected no significant decrease in growth factors or mitogenesis, whereas 6 detected a decrease with antiplatelet agents, 1 detected mixed results with an antiplatelet agent, and 1 had mixed results with an antiplatelet agent/vasodilator. In terms of PRP activation, all 3 studies assessing collagen, the 2 studies analyzing adenosine diphosphate alone, and the 1 study investigating arachidonic acid found a decrease in growth factor concentration. Conclusion: Antiplatelet medications may decrease the growth factor release profile in a cyclooxygenase 1– and cyclooxygenase 2–dependent manner. Eight of 15 studies found a decrease in growth factors or mitogenesis. However, more studies are needed to comprehensively understand antiplatelet effects on the PRP secretome.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Patients Older Than 50 Years: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Tan Chong-Wei , Hsu Wei-Hsiu , Yu Pei-An , Chen Chi-Lung , Kuo Liang-Tseng , Chi Ching-Chi , Kim Dokyung , Park Geon 
Published: April 2020

Background: There is no consensus regarding the best treatment approach for middle-aged patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Chronic ACL-deficient knees are often associated with instability as well as secondary meniscal and cartilage lesions. ACL reconstruction (ACLR) has achieved satisfactory outcomes in younger patients; however, the effectiveness and safety of ACLR in middle-aged patients remain uncertain. Purpose: To compare the patient-reported functional scores, arthrometric outcomes, and complications of primary ACLR between older (≥50 years) and younger (<50 years) patients. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of cohort studies that compared the clinical outcomes of ACLR between patients aged ≥50 years and those aged <50 years. The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and MEDLINE databases were searched for relevant studies. The Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies (MINORS) criteria was used to assess the risk of bias and conducted a random-effects meta-analysis to combine the data, and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to evaluate the overall quality of the body of retrieved evidence. The primary outcome was knee functional outcomes, and secondary outcomes were arthrometric outcomes of ACLR and complications. Results: This study included 4 retrospective cohort studies with a total of 287 participants (129 in the older group and 158 in the younger group). All included studies reported significant improvements in clinical outcomes in both groups after ACLR. No significant differences were noted in the improvement of International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores (mean difference [MD], 0.20 [95% CI, −2.65 to 3.05]; P = .89) and Lysholm scores (MD, −1.98 [95% CI, −6.93 to 2.98]; P = .43) between the 2 groups. No significant differences were observed in anteroposterior stability or risk of complications between the groups. Conclusion: ACLR may be performed in middle-aged patients (≥50 years) without concern for inferior clinical and arthrometric results compared with younger patients (<50 years).
Headache medication and the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: MaassenVanDenBrink Antoinette , de Vries Tessa , Danser A. H. Jan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe world is currently dominated by the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Besides the obvious concerns about limitation of virus spread and providing the best possible care to infected patients, a concomitant concern has now arisen in view of a putative link between the use of certain drugs, such as Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) inhibitors and ibuprofen, and an increased risk for COVID-19 infection. We here discuss this concern in relation to headache treatment and conclude that, based on current evidence, there is no reason to abandon treatment of headache patients with RAS inhibitors or ibuprofen.