bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turbulence Power Spectra in Regions Surrounding Jupiter's South Polar Cyclones From Juno/JIRAM
Authors: Moriconi M. L. , Migliorini A. , Altieri F. , Adriani A. , Mura A. , Orton G. , Lunine J. I. , Grassi D. , Atreya S. K. , Ingersoll A. P. , Dinelli B. M. , Bolton S. J. , Levin S. , Tosi F. , Noschese R. , Plainaki C. , Cicchetti A. , Sindoni G. , Olivieri A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe present a power spectral analysis of two narrow annular regions near Jupiter's South Pole derived from data acquired by the Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper instrument onboard NASA's Juno mission. In particular, our analysis focuses on the data set acquired by the Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper M‐band imager (hereafter IMG‐M) that probes Jupiter's thermal emission in a spectral window centered at 4.8 μm. We analyze the power spectral densities of circular paths outside and inside of cyclones on images acquired during six Juno perijoves. The typical spatial resolution is around 55 km pixel−1. We limited our analysis to six acquisitions of the South Pole from February 2017 to May 2018. The power spectral densities both outside and inside the circumpolar ring seem to follow two different power laws. The wave numbers follow average power laws of −0.9 ± 0.2 (inside) and −1.2 ± 0.2 (outside) and of −3.2 ± 0.3 (inside) and −3.4 ± 0.2 (outside), respectively, beneath and above the transition in slope located at ~2 × 10−3 km−1 wave number. This kind of spectral behavior is typical of two‐dimensional turbulence. We interpret the 500 km length scale, corresponding to the transition in slope, as the Rossby deformation radius. It is compatible with the dimensions of a subset of eddy features visible in the regions analyzed, suggesting that a baroclinic instability may exist. If so, it means that the quasi‐geostrophic approximation is valid in this context.
Venusian Cloud Distribution Simulated by a General Circulation Model
Authors: Ando Hiroki , Takagi Masahiro , Sugimoto Norihiko , Sagawa Hideo , Matsuda Yoshihisa 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe construct a simple cloud model for a Venus general circulation model (GCM), which includes condensable gases of H2O and H2SO4 vapors, and condensation, evaporation, and sedimentation of sulfuric acid cloud particles. The zonally averaged mass loading of the cloud reproduced in the model takes its maximum and minimum in high and middle latitudes, respectively. This latitudinal distribution is consistent with the infrared measurements. The thick cloud is formed in high latitudes at 43–55 km altitudes by vertical winds associated with disturbances enhanced in the low static stability layer. The moderately thick cloud in low latitudes is attributed mainly to the transport of H2SO4 vapor by the mean meridional circulation. The horizontal cloud distribution in low latitudes has zonal wave numbers 1 and 2 structures, which change in time significantly. These characteristics of the low‐latitude cloud would be associated with atmospheric waves in the cloud layer. The mixing ratio of H2O vapor increases with latitude in the cloud layer due to the vertical wind disturbances in the low static stability layer in high latitudes. This latitudinal trend is qualitatively consistent with the infrared measurements. The mixing ratio of H2SO4 vapor increases with latitude in the subcloud layer because a large amount of the cloud is evaporated there due to the sedimentation of cloud particles in the thick lower cloud in the polar region. The present results suggest that the Venus cloud distribution in the lower cloud layer is strongly affected by waves and/or disturbances as well as the mean meridional circulation.
Detection of Reduced Sulfur on Vera Rubin Ridge by Quadratic Discriminant Analysis of Volatiles Observed During Evolved Gas Analysis
Authors: Wong Gregory M. , Lewis James M. T. , Knudson Christine A. , Millan Maëva , McAdam Amy C. , Eigenbrode Jennifer L. , Andrejkovičová Slavka , Gómez Felipe , Navarro‐González Rafael , House Christopher H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Mars Science Laboratory mission investigated Vera Rubin ridge, which bears spectral indications of elevated amounts of hematite and has been hypothesized as having a complex diagenetic history. Martian samples, including three drilled samples from the ridge, were analyzed by the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite via evolved gas analysis‐mass spectrometry (EGA‐MS). Here, we report new EGA‐MS data from Martian samples and describe laboratory analogue experiments. Analyses of laboratory analogues help determine the presence of reduced sulfur in Martian solid samples, which could have supported potential microbial life. We used evolved carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) to identify Martian samples likely to contain reduced sulfur by applying a quadratic discriminant analysis. While we report results for 24 Martian samples, we focus on Vera Rubin ridge samples and select others for comparison. Our results suggest the presence of reduced sulfur in the Jura member of Vera Rubin ridge, which can support various diagenetic history models, including, as discussed in this work, diagenetic alteration initiated by a mildly reducing, sulfite‐containing groundwater.
Rupture Dynamics of the 2012 Nicoya Mw 7.6 Earthquake: Evidence for Low Strength on the Megathrust
Authors: Yao Suli , Yang Hongfeng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFrictional properties on subduction interfaces are essential for understanding earthquake nucleation, rupture propagation, and tsunami generation during megathrust earthquakes. Because they cannot be directly observed, they have been inferred from different approaches. However, none of them have reported constraints immediately before a megathrust earthquake. Here we quantify the frictional strength on the megathrust prior to the 2012 Mw 7.6 Nicoya earthquake by conducting spontaneous rupture simulations with constraints from near‐field observations. Our preferred dynamic rupture model shows a remarkable fit on the near‐field data. The simulation results indicate an average strength drop of <5 MPa. Considering typical ranges for the dynamic friction coefficient fd ≤ 0.2 and the static friction coefficient fs = 0.6, we infer that the average strength on the megathrust is ≤7.5 MPa. Such low strength is attributed to the near‐lithostatic pore pressure along the subduction interface, which is implied by seismic studies in this region.
Wintertime Airborne Measurements of Ice Nucleating Particles in the High Arctic: A Hint to a Marine, Biogenic Source for Ice Nucleating Particles
Authors: Hartmann M. , Adachi K. , Eppers O. , Haas C. , Herber A. , Holzinger R. , Hünerbein A. , Jäkel E. , Jentzsch C. , van Pinxteren M. , Wex H. , Willmes S. , Stratmann F. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIce nucleating particles (INPs) affect the radiative properties of cold clouds. Knowledge concerning their concentration above ground level and their potential sources is scarce. Here we present the first highly temperature resolved ice nucleation spectra of airborne samples from an aircraft campaign during late winter in 2018. Most INP spectra featured low concentration levels (<3 · 10−4 L−1 at −15°C). However, we also found INP concentrations of up to 1.8·10−2 L−1 at −15°C and freezing onsets as high as −7.5°C for samples mainly from the marine boundary layer. Shape and onset temperature of the ice nucleation spectra of those samples as well as heat sensitivity hint at biogenic INP. Colocated measurements additionally indicate a local marine influence rather than long‐range transport. Our results suggest that even in late winter above 80°N a local marine source for biogenic INP, which can efficiently nucleate ice at high temperatures, is present.
Exceptionally Warm and Prolonged Flow of Warm Deep Water Toward the Filchner‐Ronne Ice Shelf in 2017
Authors: Ryan Svenja , Hellmer Hartmut H. , Janout Markus , Darelius Elin , Vignes Lucie , Schröder Michael 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Filchner‐Ronne Ice Shelf, fringing the southern Weddell Sea, is Antarctica's second largest ice shelf. At present, basal melt rates are low due to active dense water formation; however, model projections suggest a drastic increase in the future due to enhanced inflow of open‐ocean warm water. Mooring observations from 2014 to 2016 along the eastern flank of the Filchner Trough (76°S) revealed a distinct seasonal cycle with inflow if Warm Deep Water during summer and autumn. Here we present extended time series showing an exceptionally warm and long inflow in 2017, with maximum temperatures exceeding 0.5°C. Warm temperatures persisted throughout winter, associated with a fresh anomaly, which lead to a change in stratification over the shelf, favoring an earlier inflow in the following summer. We suggest that the fresh anomaly developed upstream after anomalous summer sea ice melting and contributed to a shoaling of the shelf break thermocline.
Convection‐Permitting Models Offer Promise of More Certain Extreme Rainfall Projections
Authors: Fosser Giorgia , Kendon Elizabeth J. , Stephenson David , Tucker Simon 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe future increase in extreme precipitation is likely to have a severe impact on society due to flooding. Previous research has shown the improved representation of precipitation in convection‐permitting models (CPMs), but until now it has not been possible to quantify uncertainties in future changes at convective (<5 km) scales. Here we analyze the first‐ever ensemble of convection‐permitting climate projections run within the UK Climate Projections project. We find that the CPM ensemble shows a significantly stronger intensification of summer hourly precipitation compared to the driving 12 km ensemble, with increases above the Clausius‐Clapeyron relation and natural variability dominating the ensemble spread for extremes. Results suggest that the climate change signal across different CPMs may converge thanks to the more realistic representation of the local storm dynamics. We conclude that CPMs offer the promise of reducing uncertainties for extreme summer precipitation projections due to the better and explicit representation of convection.
Spatial Variability and Linkage Between Extreme Convections and Extreme Precipitation Revealed by 22‐Year Space‐Borne Precipitation Radar Data
Authors: Wang Tsechun , Tang Guoqiang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBased on unprecedented 22‐year records from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) dual‐frequency precipitation radar (DPR), this study aims to investigate the global distribution and linkage between both convections and precipitation extremes quasi‐globally. Overall, the spatial distributions of extreme events show significant regional variability and land‐ocean contrast. Extreme precipitation is dominant over tropical ocean while extreme convections are exclusive over land from tropics to higher latitude. Besides, there are strong positive relationships between extreme convections and precipitation based on multiple threshold‐based definitions of extremes, which provides more consistent physical properties of extreme events globally. The correlation is significant over land but relatively weak over oceans. Seasonal occurrences of extreme events are also examined. Furthermore, extreme events exhibit notable diurnal characteristics over global land with most extreme convections occurring in the afternoon, while diurnal cycles are more homogeneous over ocean.
Comparison of InSight Homestead Hollow to Hollows at the Spirit Landing Site
Authors: Weitz Catherine M. , Grant John A. , Golombek Matthew P. , Warner Nicholas H. , Hauber Ernst , Ansan Veronique , Wilson Sharon A. , Charalambous Constantinos , Williams Nathan , Calef Fred , Pike W. Thomas , Lethcoe‐Wilson Heather , Maki Justin , DeMott Alyssa , Kopp Megan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe InSight spacecraft landed within an ~27‐m diameter highly degraded impact crater, informally called Homestead hollow, that was disturbed during landing by pulsed retrorockets that blew out dust and scoured loose sand around the landing site. In order to provide insight into what the surface of Homestead hollow originally looked like before landing and to further characterize hollow physical properties, we examined images of similar hollows taken by the Spirit rover at the Gusev landing site. Hollows at both sites are characterized by a quasi‐circular appearance with little or no crater rim still visible and a bright interior with fewer and smaller rock sizes relative to the surrounding plains. Resolvable clast lengths (>2 mm) measured in Laguna hollow at the Spirit site and Homestead hollow are comparable with most clasts between 3 and 7 mm in length. Measurements of clast shapes show that those in Laguna hollow are slightly more elongate relative to those in Homestead hollow, although this may be an artifact of the differing viewing geometry and (or) a thicker dust mantle obscuring the full shape of clasts at Laguna hollow. The soils at both hollows show evidence for cohesion and a duricrust, with a trench dug at Laguna hollow and pits exposed at Homestead hollow exhibiting steep slopes, overhanging layers, and clods of soils. The similarities in morphology and physical properties of hollows at two different landing sites suggest recent environmental conditions that degrade and infill impact craters are comparable and pervasive for equatorial volcanic plains on Mars.
Epigenetic prediction of major depressive disorder
Authors: Barbu Miruna C. , Shen Xueyi , Walker Rosie M. , Howard David M. , Evans Kathryn L. , Whalley Heather C. , Porteous David J. , Morris Stewart W. , Deary Ian J. , Zeng Yanni , Marioni Riccardo E. , Clarke Toni-Kim , McIntosh Andrew M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractVariation in DNA methylation (DNAm) is associated with lifestyle factors such as smoking and body mass index (BMI) but there has been little research exploring its ability to identify individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Using penalised regression on genome-wide CpG methylation, we tested whether DNAm risk scores (MRS), trained on 1223 MDD cases and 1824 controls, could discriminate between cases (n = 363) and controls (n = 1417) in an independent sample, comparing their predictive accuracy to polygenic risk scores (PRS). The MRS explained 1.75% of the variance in MDD (β = 0.338, p = 1.17 × 10−7) and remained associated after adjustment for lifestyle factors (β = 0.219, p = 0.001, R2 = 0.68%). When modelled alongside PRS (β = 0.384, p = 4.69 × 10−9) the MRS remained associated with MDD (β = 0.327, p = 5.66 × 10−7). The MRS was also associated with incident cases of MDD who were well at recruitment but went on to develop MDD at a later assessment (β = 0.193, p = 0.016, R2 = 0.52%). Heritability analyses found additive genetic effects explained 22% of variance in the MRS, with a further 19% explained by pedigree-associated genetic effects and 16% by the shared couple environment. Smoking status was also strongly associated with MRS (β = 0.440, p ≤ 2 × 10−16). After removing smokers from the training set, the MRS strongly associated with BMI (β = 0.053, p = 0.021). We tested the association of MRS with 61 behavioural phenotypes and found that whilst PRS were associated with psychosocial and mental health phenotypes, MRS were more strongly associated with lifestyle and sociodemographic factors. DNAm-based risk scores of MDD significantly discriminated MDD cases from controls in an independent dataset and may represent an archive of exposures to lifestyle factors that are relevant to the prediction of MDD.
Elevated fatty acid amide hydrolase in the prefrontal cortex of borderline personality disorder: a [11C]CURB positron emission tomography study
Authors: Kolla Nathan J. , Mizrahi R. , Karas K. , Wang C. , Bagby R. M. , McMain S. , Simpson A. I. , Rusjan P. M. , Tyndale R. , Houle S. , Boileau I. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAmygdala-prefrontal cortex (PFC) functional impairments have been linked to emotion dysregulation and aggression in borderline personality disorder (BPD). Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the major catabolic enzyme for the endocannabinoid anandamide, has been proposed as a key regulator of the amygdala-PFC circuit that subserves emotion regulation. We tested the hypothesis that FAAH levels measured with [11C]CURB positron emission tomography in amygdala and PFC would be elevated in BPD and would relate to hostility and aggression. Twenty BPD patients and 20 healthy controls underwent FAAH genotyping (rs324420) and scanning with [11C]CURB. BPD patients were medication-free and were not experiencing a current major depressive episode. Regional differences in [11C]CURB binding were assessed using multivariate analysis of covariance with PFC and amygdala [11C]CURB binding as dependent variables, diagnosis as a fixed factor, and sex and genotype as covariates. [11C]CURB binding was marginally elevated across the PFC and amygdala in BPD (p = 0.08). In a priori selected PFC, but not amygdala, [11C]CURB binding was significantly higher in BPD (11.0%, p = 0.035 versus 10.6%, p = 0.29). PFC and amygdala [11C]CURB binding was positively correlated with measures of hostility in BPD (r > 0.4; p < 0.04). This study is the first to provide preliminary evidence of elevated PFC FAAH binding in any psychiatric condition. Findings are consistent with the model that lower endocannabinoid tone could perturb PFC circuitry that regulates emotion and aggression. Replication of these findings could encourage testing of FAAH inhibitors as innovative treatments for BPD.
America’s opioid crisis: the need for an integrated public health approach
Authors: Blanco Carlos , Wiley Tisha R. A. , Lloyd Jacqueline J. , Lopez Marsha F. , Volkow Nora D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractContinued increases in overdose deaths and recent declines in life expectancy call for need to adopt comprehensive public health approaches to the United States opioid crisis and to establish an infrastructure to avert future crises. Successfully addressing the challenges posed by the crisis requires a translational, integrated approach that combines the contribution of neuroscience, pharmacology, epidemiology, treatment services and prevention. It also is critical to integrate interventions across settings, including healthcare, justice, education and social service systems. This review highlights four interconnected themes: (1) social determinants of health and disease; (2) person-centered approaches for prevention and treatment; (3) bridging the gap between implementation science and practice; and (4) using data to build learning systems of care, relevant to public health approaches to address the opioid crisis. We discuss how across these four themes taking into account the influence of developmental factors on brain function and sensitivity to environmental stimuli including drugs, addressing the complex interactions between biological and social factors, and promoting an ongoing dialogue across disciplines and settings will help accelerate public health advances that are evidenced based and sustainable to address the current opioid crisis and avert future ones.
Lifespan and healthspan benefits of exogenous H2S in C. elegans are independent from effects downstream of eat-2 mutation
Authors: Ng Li Theng , Ng Li Fang , Tang Richard Ming Yi , Barardo Diogo , Halliwell Barry , Moore Philip Keith , Gruber Jan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCaloric restriction (CR) is one of the most effective interventions to prolong lifespan and promote health. Recently, it has been suggested that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) may play a pivotal role in mediating some of these CR-associated benefits. While toxic at high concentrations, H2S at lower concentrations can be biologically advantageous. H2S levels can be artificially elevatedviaH2S-releasing donor drugs. In this study, we explored the function of a novel, slow-releasing H2S donor drug (FW1256) and used it as a tool to investigate H2S in the context of CR and as a potential CR mimetic. We show that exposure to FW1256 extends lifespan and promotes health inCaenorhabditis elegans(C. elegans) more robustly than some previous H2S-releasing compounds, including GYY4137. We looked at the extent to which FW1256 reproduces CR-associated physiological effects in normal-feedingC. elegans. We found that FW1256 promoted healthy longevity to a similar degree as CR but with fewer fitness costs. In contrast to CR, FW1256 actually enhanced overall reproductive capacity and did not reduce adult body length. FW1256 further extended the lifespan of already long-livedeat-2mutants without further detriments in developmental timing or fertility, but these lifespan and healthspan benefits required H2S exposure to begin early in development. Taken together, these observations suggest that FW1256 delivers exogenous H2S efficiently and supports a role for H2S in mediating longevity benefits of CR. Delivery of H2SviaFW1256, however, does not mimic CR perfectly, suggesting that the role of H2S in CR-associated longevity is likely more complex than previously described.
Feature selection strategies for drug sensitivity prediction
Authors: Koras Krzysztof , Juraeva Dilafruz , Kreis Julian , Mazur Johanna , Staub Eike , Szczurek Ewa 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDrug sensitivity prediction constitutes one of the main challenges in personalized medicine. Critically, the sensitivity of cancer cells to treatment depends on an unknown subset of a large number of biological features. Here, we compare standard, data-driven feature selection approaches to feature selection driven by prior knowledge of drug targets, target pathways, and gene expression signatures. We asses these methodologies on Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) dataset, evaluating 2484 unique models. For 23 drugs, better predictive performance is achieved when the features are selected according to prior knowledge of drug targets and pathways. The best correlation of observed and predicted response using the test set is achieved for Linifanib (r = 0.75). Extending the drug-dependent features with gene expression signatures yields the most predictive models for 60 drugs, with the best performing example of Dabrafenib. For many compounds, even a very small subset of drug-related features is highly predictive of drug sensitivity. Small feature sets selected using prior knowledge are more predictive for drugs targeting specific genes and pathways, while models with wider feature sets perform better for drugs affecting general cellular mechanisms. Appropriate feature selection strategies facilitate the development of interpretable models that are indicative for therapy design.