bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Just conservation: The question of justice in global wildlife conservation
Authors: Tan Kok‐Chor 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhile there is a significant amount of discussion in philosophy on the ethics of wildlife conservation, there is relatively less discussion on the justice of conservation. By the “justice of conservation,” I mean the question of what we owe to fellow human beings with respect to conservation goals and practices. The goal of this study is twofold: first to highlight the justice‐gap in the morality of wildlife conservation and second to identify and frame two dimensions of global conservation justice for further discussion. Specifically, I suggest the need for more equitable approaches to conservation to address the problem of distributive unfairness in global conservation practices, and the need to “decolonize” conservation to ensure more deliberative fairness in how global conservation problems and solutions are determined.
Developing sustainable public health care systems for responding to COVID‐19 in Japan
Authors: Yoshioka‐Maeda Kyoko 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveDespite having prevented public health center (PHC) dysfunction in response to COVID‐19 during the first wave, public health nurses (PHNs) who play a central role in preventing COVID‐19 and supporting community people were unable to share practical knowledge with other PHNs immediately. This report aims to introduce the development of novel sustainable public health care systems with regard to COVID‐19 in Japan: task sharing, securing staff, and task shifting.MethodsA descriptive study. The Japan Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare enlisted good practices regarding resource allocation and developing full readiness for sustainable public health care systems in September 2020.ResultsPublic health center developed systems for office support, infection control, hospital coordination, and outsourced inventory control. To reduce the workload of PHNs, a support team of three to four office workers developed a response manual for residents and a format for telephone consultations regarding COVID‐19. Developing an infection control team and web‐based system for hospital coordination decreased the workload of PHCs in each community to prepare for the pandemic.ConclusionPublic health center should consider managing limited human resources and focus on providing specialized care for COVID‐19 patients. Task sharing, securing staff, and task shifting are crucial strategies for developing sustainable public health care systems.
Was Donald Trump an Effective Leader of Congress?
Authors: Edwards George C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDonald Trump came to the presidency claiming a unique proficiency in negotiating deals. Once in office, however, he floundered. He adopted a passive approach to agenda setting, putting him in a reactive mode. Although he received high levels of support from Republicans in both chambers of Congress and although their leaders kept votes that he might lose off the agenda, Congress passed little significant legislation at his behest. The president received historically low levels of support from Democratic senators and representatives and could not win congressional assent for new healthcare policy, immigration reform, or infrastructure spending. Government shutdowns and symbolic slaps at his foreign policies characterized his tenure, even with his party in control of the legislature. He was even less successful after Democrats gained control of the House in the 2018 midterm elections.
Supervised machine learning methods in psychology: A practical introduction with annotated R code
Authors: Rosenbusch Hannes , Soldner Felix , Evans Anthony M. , Zeelenberg Marcel 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMachine learning methods for prediction and pattern detection are increasingly prevalent in psychological research. We provide an introductory overview of machine learning, its applications, and describe how to implement models for research. We review fundamental concepts of machine learning, such as prediction accuracy and out‐of‐sample evaluation, and summarize standard prediction algorithms including linear regressions, ridge regressions, decision trees, and random forests (plus additional algorithms in the supplementary materials). We demonstrate each method with examples and annotated R code, and discuss best practices for determining sample sizes; comparing model performances; tuning prediction models; preregistering prediction models; and reporting results. Finally, we discuss the value of machine learning methods in maintaining psychology’s status as a predictive science.
Prognostic impact of clinical, haematological, and histopathological variables in 102 canine cutaneous perivascular wall tumours
Authors: Chiti Lavinia E. , Ferrari Roberta , Boracchi Patrizia , Morello Emanuela , Marconato Laura , Roccabianca Paola , Avallone Giancarlo , Iussich Selina , Giordano Alessia , Ferraris Erica I. , Agnoli Chiara , Dondi Francesco , Giacobino Davide , Godizzi Francesco , Stefanello Damiano 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIdentification of prognostic factors for perivascular wall tumours (PWTs) is desirable to accurately predict prognosis and guide treatment. 100 and two dogs with surgically excised PWTs without distant metastasis were retrospectively enrolled in this multi‐institutional study, and the impact of pre‐treatment leukocyte parameters, clinical and histopathological variables on local recurrence (LR) and overall‐survival time (OST) were evaluated. Increasing values of white blood cell count (WBCC), neutrophil count (NC) and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were significantly correlated with the hazard of LR in univariate analysis. WBCC and NC remained prognostic when adjusted for margins, grade, tumour size, location and skin ulceration, but lost their significance when adjusted for mitotic index and necrosis, whilst NLR remained prognostic only when close margins where categorised as infiltrated. Castrated males had a higher hazard of LR than intact males in univariate analysis, but significance was lost in multivariate models. Ulcerated PWTs and those located on the distal extremities had a higher hazard of LR both in univariate and multivariate analysis. Histological grade, necrosis, mitotic count, and infiltrated margins were all associated with LR both in univariate and multivariate analysis. Boxer breed, older age, ulceration, grade III, necrosis >50% and higher mitotic count were correlated with shorter OST, although breed and age lost their significance in multivariate analysis. Prognostication of surgically excised PWTs should be based on both clinical and histopathological variables. If validated in further studies, leukocyte counts and NLR may aid the clinician in identifying dogs at higher risk of LR before treatment.
Evaluation of staple line reinforcement after partial gastrectomy closure in an ex vivo canine model
Authors: Duffy Daniel J. , Cocca Christina J. , Chang Yi‐Jen , Moore George E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the influence of stapling on leakage pressures after canine partial gastrectomy.Study designEx vivo study.Sample populationGastric specimens from 24 adult canine cadavers.MethodsPartial gastrectomy constructs were assigned to one of three closure techniques (n = 8 per group): group 1, stapled closure with a 90‐mm thoracoabdominal stapling device and a 4.8‐mm staple cartridge; group 2, hand‐sewn double‐layer inverting suture closure with 3‐0 glycomer 631; and group 3, staple line reinforcement with an inverting Cushing suture pattern. Leakage and pressure testing were performed. Initial leakage pressure (ILP), maximal leakage pressure (MLP), and leakage location were recorded. Significance was set at P < .05.ResultsPlacement of a Cushing suture (group 3) increased ILP and MLP by 3.2‐fold and 2.8‐fold, respectively, compared with stapled closures alone (P < .001). Constructs closed with double‐layer suture closure reached ILP and MLP 4.5‐fold and threefold greater, respectively, compared with those with stapled closures alone (P < .001). Maximal leakage pressure did not differ between groups 2 and 3 (P = .14). Leakage occurred from the inverting suture line in all constructs of groups 2 and 3 and from staple holes in six of eight group 1 constructs.ConclusionDouble‐layer suture closure of canine partial gastrectomies achieved superior biomechanical properties compared with stapled closure techniques. Reinforcing staple closures with an inverting suture line improved resistance to leakage.Clinical significanceReinforcing single‐layer closure of partial gastrectomies with an inverting Cushing pattern is recommended to improve resistance to leakage. In vivo investigation is warranted to evaluate influence of closure technique on gastric healing, postoperative stasis, ischemic injury, and postoperative dehiscence.
Thermal Error Modeling of Rotary Axis Based on Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Chengyang Wu , Sitong Xiang , Wansheng Xiang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Rotary axes are the key components for five-axis computerized numerical control machines, while their motions are dramatically influenced by thermal issues. To precisely model the thermal error of rotary axis, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model is developed. To form data sets for the CNN, a laser interferometer is used to measure the angular positioning error at different temperatures and a thermal imager is taken to obtain thermal images of the rotary axis. The measured thermal error is fitted to a sine curve so that training parameters are reduced. And the thermal pixel values of the initial thermal image are subtracted from all the thermal images to consider the incremental thermal effect, so the influence of the initial temperature is negligible. Finally, a deep CNN model with multiple output classifications is designed to complete the data training, verifying and testing. The experimental results show that the prediction accuracy for the parameters is higher than 90%, and the percentage reduction in error is higher than 80%.
Statistical interpretation of sterile neutrino oscillation searches at reactors
Authors: Coloma Pilar , Huber Patrick , Schwetz Thomas 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA considerable experimental effort is currently under way to test the persistent hints for oscillations due to an eV-scale sterile neutrino in the data of various reactor neutrino experiments. The assessment of the statistical significance of these hints is usually based on Wilks’ theorem, whereby the assumption is made that the log-likelihood is$$\chi ^2$$χ2-distributed. However, it is well known that the preconditions for the validity of Wilks’ theorem are not fulfilled for neutrino oscillation experiments. In this work we derive a simple asymptotic form of the actual distribution of the log-likelihood based on reinterpreting the problem as fitting white Gaussian noise. From this formalism we show that, even in the absence of a sterile neutrino, the expectation value for the maximum likelihood estimate of the mixing angle remains non-zero with attendant large values of the log-likelihood. Our analytical results are then confirmed by numerical simulations of a toy reactor experiment. Finally, we apply this framework to the data of the Neutrino-4 experiment and show that the null hypothesis of no-oscillation is rejected at the 2.6 $$\sigma $$σlevel, compared to 3.2 $$\sigma $$σobtained under the assumption that Wilks’ theorem applies.
On the basic properties of GCn sets
Authors: Hakopian Hakop A. , Vardanyan Navasard K. 
Published: January 2021

In this paper the simplest [Formula: see text]-correct sets in the plane — [Formula: see text] sets are studied. An [Formula: see text]-correct node set [Formula: see text] is called [Formula: see text] set if the fundamental polynomial of each node is a product of [Formula: see text] linear factors. We say that a node uses a line if the line is a factor of the fundamental polynomial of this node. A line is called [Formula: see text]-node line if it passes through exactly [Formula: see text] nodes of [Formula: see text] At most [Formula: see text] nodes can be collinear in any [Formula: see text]-correct set and an [Formula: see text]-node line is called a maximal line. The Gasca–Maeztu conjecture (1982) states that for every [Formula: see text] set there exists at least one maximal line. Until now the conjecture has been proved only for the cases [Formula: see text] Here, for a line [Formula: see text] we introduce and study the concept of [Formula: see text]-lowering of the set [Formula: see text] and define so called proper lines. We also provide refinements of several basic properties of [Formula: see text] sets regarding the maximal lines, [Formula: see text]-node lines, the used lines, as well as the subset of nodes that use a given line.
Smart Contract Languages
Authors: Varela-Vaca Ángel Jesús , Quintero Antonia M. Reina 
Published: January 2021

Blockchain is a disruptive technology that has attracted the attention of the scientific community and companies, as proven by the exponential growth of publications on this topic in recent years. This growing interest is mainly due to the promise that the use of blockchain enables it to be verified, without including any trusted intermediaries, that the information received from the network is authentic and up-to-date. In this respect, blockchain is a distributed database that can be seen as a ledger that records all transactions that have ever been executed. In this context, smart contracts are pieces of software used to facilitate, verify, and enforce the negotiation of a transaction on a blockchain platform. These pieces of software are implemented by using programming languages, which are sometimes provided by the blockchain platforms themselves. This study aims to (1) identify and categorise the state-of-the-art related to smart contract languages, in terms of the existing languages and their main features, and (2) identify new research opportunities. The review has been conducted as a multivocal mapping study that follows the guidelines proposed by Garousi et al. for conducting multivocal literature reviews, as well as the guidelines proposed by Kitchenham and Charters for conducting mapping studies. As a result of the implementation of the review protocol, 4,119 papers were gathered, and 109 of them were selected for extraction. The contributions of this article are twofold: (1) 101 different smart contract languages have been identified and classified according to a variety of criteria; (2) a discussion on the findings and their implications for future research have been outlined. As a conclusion, it could be stated that a rigorous and replicable overview of the state-of-the-art of smart contract languages has been provided that can benefit not only researchers but also practitioners in the field, thanks to its multivocal nature.
On Generating Network Traffic Datasets with Synthetic Attacks for Intrusion Detection
Authors: Cordero Carlos Garcia , Vasilomanolakis Emmanouil , Wainakh Aidmar , Mühlhäuser Max , Nadjm-Tehrani Simin 
Published: January 2021

Most research in the field of network intrusion detection heavily relies on datasets. Datasets in this field, however, are scarce and difficult to reproduce. To compare, evaluate, and test related work, researchers usually need the same datasets or at least datasets with similar characteristics as the ones used in related work. In this work, we present concepts and the Intrusion Detection Dataset Toolkit (ID2T) to alleviate the problem of reproducing datasets with desired characteristics to enable an accurate replication of scientific results. Intrusion Detection Dataset Toolkit (ID2T) facilitates the creation of labeled datasets by injecting synthetic attacks into background traffic. The injected synthetic attacks created by ID2T blend with the background traffic by mimicking the background traffic’s properties.
This article has three core contributions. First, we present a comprehensive survey on intrusion detection datasets. In the survey, we propose a classification to group the negative qualities found in the datasets. Second, the architecture of ID2T is revised, improved, and expanded in comparison to previous work. The architectural changes enable ID2T to inject recent and advanced attacks, such as the EternalBlue exploit or a peer-to-peer botnet. ID2T’s functionality provides a set of tests, known as TIDED, that helps identify potential defects in the background traffic into which attacks are injected. Third, we illustrate how ID2T is used in different use-case scenarios to replicate scientific results with the help of reproducible datasets. ID2T is open source software and is made available to the community to expand its arsenal of attacks and capabilities.
Editorial
Authors: Pacheco Ana Paula Sá e Souza , Silva Anderson Gonçalves da , Fonseca Maria Augusta 
Published: January 2021

O n. 32 da revista Literatura e Sociedade, do DTLLC, da FFLCH /USP, dedicado ao estudo da obra de Primo Levi, traz também contribuições paralelas que ajudam a alimentar diálogos crítico-literários. Neste sentido, encontra-se uma “Entrevista” com Michel Riaudel, concedida a Raquel Machado Galvão, sobre a obra poética de Ana Cristina Cesar em diálogo com percursos da criação e posições teóricas.Os estudos voltados para a compreensão da obra Levi, escritor tão relevante no campo da literatura e da história social, abrem-se com uma “Apresentação” feita por Rogério Ferreira de Souza, intitulada “A urgência do Indizível”: as contribuições de Primo Levi, tendo como foco a trajetória desse escritor italiano – sobrevivente e testemunha dos campos de concentração de Auschwitz-Birkenau, no fluxo da II Grande Guerra. Seguindo essa vertente, na seção “Ensaios”, encontram-se textos sobre o Autor homenageado e sobre sua obra, na qual contribuem Maurício Santana Dias, Andréa Borges Leão e Antonio Cristian Saraiva Paiva em coautoria, Pedro Spinola Pereira Caldas e Anna Basevi.A secção “Rodapé”, configurada por um elenco de textos sobre o fazer literário, complementa os diálogos propostos, com artigos de Klaus Eggensperger, Dionei Mathias, Edinael Sanches Rocha e, em coautoria, Petrônio Domingues e Ruan Levy Andrade Reis.Em “Resenha”, encontra-se o texto de Cristiane Navarrete Tolomei sobre a pesquisa de Márcia Manir Miguel Feitosa que enfoca espaço e poder na obra de Mário de Carvalho.
A ARGUMENTAÇÃO DO TRATADO TEOLÓGICO POLÍTICO E AS TENSÕES INERENTES AO PROJETO SECULAR MODERNO
Authors: Queiros Anthony Lourimar Siqueira de 
Published: January 2021

Resumo: No Tratado Teológico Político Espinosa lança as bases do projeto secular de separação religião/vida pública que caracterizará grande parte da política da Idade Moderna e Contemporânea no Ocidente. Este projeto porém é marcado por uma série de tensões, que se podem já delinear na obra de Espinosa. Este artigo busca descrever a argumentação espinosiana do Tratado, individuar e explicitar os seus conceitos principais e apontar algumas das tensões ainda operantes no projeto secular, resultantes da argumentação filosófica que tal projeto emprega desde o seu início, como a obra de Espinosa nos permite ver.
Palavras Chave: Espinosa; Tratado Teológico Político; secularismo; liberdade; religião; política
UM TRAMPOLIM PARA A ETERNIDADE
Authors: Goldblum Kissel 
Published: January 2021

O objetivo deste artigo é exibir uma via pela qual a mente humana pode alcançar uma perspectiva eterna da natureza. Espinosa expôs a possibilidade de nossa mente compreender a essência dos corpos sob uma perspectiva eterna, que não está relacionada com a existência atual e presente dos corpos. Neste sentido, pretendo mostrar a importância em direcionarmos nosso entendimento à busca de uma via que supere o ponto de vista da duração, tão fundamental para a realização do verdadeiro conhecimento da Natureza. Conhecimento que exigirá algo mais do que interpretações, significantes e significados. No Tratado Teológico-Político, notamos que nossa mente, só pelo fato de conter em si, objetivamente, “a natureza de Deus e dela participar, tem o poder de formar certas noções que explicam a natureza das coisas” (espinosa, 2008, ttp, p. 17). Se quisermos, realmente, entender a Natureza, precisamos nos considerar de maneira interna, e não externa a ela. Mostraremos que apenas através de uma análise não antropocêntrica dos gêneros do conhecimento de Espinosa podemos vislumbrar a conciliação entre a essência da Substância e a essência do modo e, assim, participar adequadamente da Natureza. “Por fim, vemos também que o raciocínio não é o mais importante em nós, mas somente como uma escada que nos permite nos elevarmos ao lugar almejado” (ESPINOSA, 2014, bt, pii, cap. xxvi, p. 150).
Becoming-Woman in Pu Songling’s Strange Tales
Authors: Whyke Thomas William , Yu Zhongli 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This article examines the animal–human erotic encounters in Pu Songling’s strange [zhiguai 志怪] tales, using Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s theories of becoming-woman and affect to think through several intersecting kinds of otherness, including the queer, the woman, the animal, and the strange. Zhiguai is a genre of writing that features ghosts, magical animal–human shapeshifting, dreams that intervene in reality, and other supernatural characters and events. The traditional scholarly approach to the zhiguai tales has been to understand queerkind in these tales as purely allegorical representations of humans and human society. This article approaches them from the perspective of their distinct supernatural qualities or the importance of hybrid human-animal bodies in the stories, as opposed to an anthropocentric reading of the zhiguai tales. It argues that the bodily transformations in the zhiguai tales are Deleuzian becoming-woman, which are sexually transgressive when eroticized queerkind bodies and desires queer the Confucian feminine norm of chaste women.