bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Celts, Romans, Britons
Authors: Kaminski-Jones Rhys , Kaminski-Jones Francesca 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This introduction gives an overview of the interwoven history of the ‘Celtic’ and the ‘Classical’ as concepts, in both British and Irish history and in scholarship more generally, and makes the case for increased interdisciplinary collaboration between the disciplines of Classics and Celtic Studies. It provides examples of the long-established tendency to contrast the Celtic and the Classical, and portray them as opposing poles of civilization and primitivity, but also notes the often anachronistic and misleading nature of this approach, drawing attention to the long history of intercourse between Celtic speakers and the Classical world, the persistent interpenetration of ‘the Celtic’ and ‘the Classical’ as conceptual frameworks, and the possibility of viewing Celticism and Classicism as intellectual counterparts rather than opposing world-views. It ends by briefly setting out the organization and structure of the volume, and summarizing the arguments of its chapters.
Origins and Introductions
Authors: Fulton Helen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The chapter compares different uses of the legend of Troy as a ‘Trojan preface’ to historical and literary texts in medieval England, Wales, and Ireland. Typically used to introduce narratives of nationalist significance, the ‘Trojan preface’ forms a distinctive genre that functioned to establish or confirm myths of national origin. The work of early historians such as Henry of Huntingdon and Geoffrey of Monmouth provides examples of the uses of Troy to construct a particular kind of English identity. In Welsh and Irish texts, the Trojan legend was inserted as a chronological milestone which aligned the ethnic histories of Wales (or Britain) and Ireland with world events. The legacy of Rome was another source of English identity which worked to exclude the early British people and their descendants, the Welsh. Rome was also an important point of reference for the Welsh and Irish, who established their claim to ancient lineage through literary references to Britain under the Romans and through adaptations of Latin epic. The ambiguity of Troy, represented by Aeneas as a figure of both heroic endeavour and treacherous betrayal, is addressed in different ways by English, Welsh, and Irish writers. The chapter ends with a discussion of the Trojan prefaces in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Chaucer’s House of Fame, suggesting that these prefaces are motivated comments on the questionable historical construction of English identity.
Hadrian’s Wall
Authors: Hingley Richard 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the recent afterlife of Hadrian’s Wall, focusing on the use of this monument in debates about English and Scottish nationhood, and in particular the frequently recurring idea that modern political developments might lead to the re-building of this ancient frontier work. The use of this Roman Wall, which formed the boundary of a substantial ancient empire, as a marker of national identity is evidently problematic, although it draws on the dualistic concept of a division between barbarian northern Celts and civilized southern Britons that originated with Classical writers addressing the Roman conquest of Britain, and has been periodically revived at points of conflict and division throughout British history. The chapter ends by suggesting possible interpretive strategies that can accommodate both the Wall’s unavoidable history as a symbol of ethnic and national division, and its (perhaps underappreciated) significance as a transnational monument.
Proportionality and Search-based Disclosure
Authors: Sime Stuart 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter will consider whether standard disclosure based on what Practice Direction 31A calls a reasonable and proportionate search continues to be the most effective and efficient approach to providing documentation to opponents in civil litigation. It will consider the reforms made to the rules on disclosure as recommended by Lord Woolf, and more recent innovations. An underlying problem is the explosion of documentation produced in the digital age, and the knock-on impact in the later stages in litigation on costs in cases where there has been extensive disclosure. The chapter will look at lessons from the past, the present rules, and whether there are more proportionate solutions. It will consider whether disclosure in fast track litigation is out of step with the position in the High Court, and some of the important ideas contained in the Business and Property Courts disclosure pilot. It will argue that the time has come to revert to a modern version of Lord Woolf’s original recommendation that search-based disclosure should be a second stage disclosure process, and confined to cases where it can be justified in accordance with the overriding objective.
Theoretical framework
Authors: Damhuis Koen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This second chapter lays down the theoretical bedrock of the book. In line with the bilateral framework of this study, it covers both the demand-side and supply-side. With respect to the latter, the chapter links cleavage theory and conflict sociology to the Laclauian notion of equivalence, arguing that the appeal of radical right-wing parties relies on their capacity to coherently unify a multiplicity of heterogeneous demands along the same main antagonism: national versus foreign. Following Weber’s and Parkin’s thoughts on social closure, the chapter theorizes that this nativist core conflict is invoked according to a specific tripartite structure, which has remained quite unnoticed in the existing literature. Pertaining to the demand-side, this chapter first discusses the assumptions underlying an electoral equifinality approach, before turning to the theoretically expected structural heterogeneity among radical right-wing voters. This heterogeneity is theorized along three dimensions within a Bourdieusian framework of social space: social characteristics (who), political preferences (why), and political interest (how). Finally, the chapter discusses different micro-level grievances that are likely to foster radical right support and links them to different socio-structural positions.
The design of the study
Authors: Damhuis Koen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The third chapter discusses the case selection of the study and more broadly, its research design. As the subtitle of the book already indicates, two cases are selected here: France (FN) and the Netherlands (PVV). These different cases are highly interesting as they allow pin-pointing the key differences between and similarities among types of radical right-wing voters across various national contexts, as well as improving the specificity and validity of the causal claims. In terms of the research design, the remainder of the chapter follows the same structure as the previous theory chapter, Chapter 2. Accordingly, it first discusses the data and methods used in the supply-side-oriented part of the book, which relies on a content analysis of the tweets of Marine Le Pen and Geert Wilders. The demand-side-related part, by contrast, relies on multiple data sources and methods. This chapter explains why a sequential mixed-methods approach is followed, using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) to investigate the structural heterogeneity among radical right voters and life-history interviews to assess ideal-typical forms of radical right support within this structural heterogeneity.
Inside the political supply of the radical right
Authors: Damhuis Koen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter empirically investigates the political supply of radical right-wing parties. Not only to make sure that the FN and the PVV are actually comparable, which is a necessary condition to justify a comparison of their voters. But also to find out whether there are differences in their political messages, which, in turn, might account for different demands within their respective constituencies. Based on a fine-grained analysis of 1,378 hand-coded tweets of Marine Le Pen and Geert Wilders, the chapter shows which reference groups they denounce and which groups they claim to support, which issues they prioritize and how they articulate these issues. The findings indicate that the political supply of the two politicians is highly comparable. Rather than offering standardized ‘products’ to a general electorate, both radical right politicians use relatively similar forms of ‘product differentiation’ (Eatwell, 2000), by articulating the demands and identities of multiple societal groups in a nativist fashion. Importantly, both leaders do so through ‘dual closure’ (Parkin, 1979), denouncing both elites (above) and non-native out-groups (below).
Hard-done-byness
Authors: Damhuis Koen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the first form of radical right support that I discerned. The latter can be mainly be found among respondents in lower income groups suffering from intragenerational decline. Their electoral support is ultimately rooted in a specific form of relative deprivation, in which non-native out-groups (below) are perceived as unfairly privileged—notably in terms of housing, health care and welfare-state benefits given to the latter by public workers and politicians (up there). Importantly, both the comparative reference group (below) and the responsible reference group (up there) are resented by these interviewees. Relying defensively on their nationality, the ultimate resource they dispose of, Le Pen and Wilders are seen as the only politicians who would give priority to ordinary natives like themselves. The chapter also discusses ideal-typical variants of this form of radical right support and highlights the differences between French and Dutch ‘hard-done-by’ voters.
Contributionism
Authors: Damhuis Koen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 presents the second form of radical right support that I discerned: contributionism. This is found primarily among respondents in the (lower) middle classes, who possess more economic than cultural capital. Having made their way outside the official education system through hard work, they see their relative success as the fruit of their own efforts. Accordingly, this ideal-type is not so much characterized by the belief that one receives too little, as was the case with ‘hard-done-bys’, but rather by the conviction that one gives too much; notably through tax money—collected by politicians and the state (up there). This, in turn, is believed to be redistributed unfairly to non-natives (‘below’, e.g. Arabs, asylum seekers, Greeks), who are believed to violate the self-reliant deservingness criteria of these voters, emphasizing their own ‘disciplined selves’ (Lamont, 2000) The chapter also highlights the differences between French and Dutch ‘contributionists’ and discusses and ideal-type variant of this form of radical right support.
Radical conservatism
Authors: Damhuis Koen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the third and final ideal type of radical right support I discerned: radical conservatism. The latter can mainly be found among socially well-to-do respondents, voting for the FN and PVV for ideological reasons. Contrary to the first two types, the electoral support of these interviewees is not fostered by feelings of relative deprivation, nor is it strongly shaped by socio-economic considerations or justified by moral claims. Instead, socio-cultural convictions dominate their discourse, notably denunciations of non-native out-groups (especially Muslims) who would lack the willingness to assimilate to the native majority culture. Finally, in contrast to respondents corresponding to other types of radical right support, these interviewees tend to describe themselves explicitly as conservatives and display a relatively high level of political sophistication, which, in turn, is related to their relatively high level of cultural and economic capital. The chapter also discusses an ideal-typical variant of this form of radical right support and highlights the differences between French and Dutch ‘radical conservatives’.
Conclusions and perspectives
Authors: Damhuis Koen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the main conclusions of the book and connects the findings of the empirical supply-side- and demand-side-oriented parts of the study. Most importantly, it discusses the structural homology between the three-tiered discourse of Le Pen and Wilders on the one hand and the socio-political worldviews of their interviewed voters on the other. By doing so, the chapter explains how the two politicians are able to symbolically unify an agglomerate of voters with highly diverse interests, preoccupations, and preferences. The second part of the chapter, then, presents the most important perspectives for future research. It notably pleads for an electoral equifinality approach to the study of radical right support in particular and electoral behaviour more generally.
Constitutional Breakdown, Backsliding, or New Post-Conventional Constitutionalism?
Authors: Czarnota Adam 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the text the author tackles the issue of constitutional crisis in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). It analyses the social source of constitutionalism in CEE after 1989. It criticizes the mainstream approach to the crisis as labelling rather than developing tools for analyses. It proposes different interpretations of the present crisis as the potential development of a new post-conventional constitutionalism in this part of the world. The new post-conventional constitutionalism is deeply rooted in historical narratives and is an escape from legal constitutionalism.
Democratic Erosion Without Prerequisites? Poland and the Two Liberalisms
Authors: Ginsburg Tom 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This contribution takes as its starting point Professor Sadurski’s analysis of the Polish slide from democracy. Poland’s populists learned from Hungary, trying many of the same strategies as Viktor Orbán’s Fidesz Party. The lack of a constitutional majority meant that certain moves were open and others foreclosed, and Europe’s previous failures with regard to Hungary’s backsliding motivated the regional institutions to pay more attention to Poland. The supranational interventions show the limits and possibilities of external efforts to slow backsliding: they can at best press the pause button on the backsliding, giving domestic electoral forces time to regroup. Poland illustrates the dynamic perfectly.
Polish Lessons: Backsliding, Sabotage, and the Rule of Law
Authors: Krygier Martin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Why have Kaczyński in Poland and Orbán in Hungary found so apparently easy what Donald Trump, whose power and ambitions are not small and whose motivations appear to tend in similar directions, finds so hard: to overwhelm and take over independent institutions that were hoped by many to be able to temper power? The chapter suggests that a fundamental part of the answer stems from a specific failure of understanding—of the significance of institutionalization—among those who led the optimistic projects of the 1990s that now seem to be unravelling at speed. Next, it argues that their populist opponents have unfortunately displayed a better awareness in these matters. Finally, it suggests some responses that lawyers might and are right to make to the onslaughts they face. In this struggle, the efforts of lawyers are not sufficient, because the crisis is fundamentally social and political, but they are necessary.
The Rule of Law Paradox in the 2016 Constitutional Amendments in Albania
Authors: Piqani Darinka 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In 2016, the Albanian constitution underwent the most comprehensive constitutional reform since its adoption in 1998. One of the purposes of this reform was to transform the judicial system in Albania in order to detach it from corruption. One of the novelties of the reform was the vetting process of judges and prosecutors at all levels, including judges of the Albanian Constitutional Court. Following termination of mandates of some of the members to the Court, dismissals, and resignations in the context of the vetting process, Albania’s Constitutional Court did not function for more than a year. Although indisputably the constitutional reform and more specifically vetting were designed as a means of guaranteeing the rule of law, it seems that they were contributing factors to the stalemate within the Constitutional Court, thus ultimately undermining the rule of law. This chapter unfolds this paradox in Albania, an EU candidate country.
The Problem of Peer Review in Militant Democracy
Authors: Müller Jan-Werner 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Sadurski is the most important interpreter of Art 7 of the Treaty of European Union—the clause that allows for the suspension of membership rights of states that are in violation of fundamental European values. This Article has often been criticized because it involves other Member State governments in deciding whether sanctions are justified. Looked more abstractly, the underlying problem would appear to be the Article's reliance on something like peer review: liberal democratic governments judging whether another government is still sufficiently similar to them. The chapter examines peer review from a normative and legal point of view, not least because it also plays an important role in national forms of militant democracy. This chapter’s argument is that the introduction of what the Venice Commission calls a ‘political filter’ is justified, but there must also be means of getting through the filter in extreme circumstances.
Extracting Voters from the Nation
Authors: Sajó András 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Regimes that operate in a democratic manner without offering the possibility of changes in who rules the country represent the ultimate problem of illiberal democracies and authoritarian rule in general. The shaping of the electoral system in the 1860s and 1870s in England and Hungary was decisive for regime building. In liberal Hungary, the franchise and the electoral system were frozen because of nationalist hegemony. In consequence the governing party remained in power until the collapse of the country in 1918. In England, accidental reform enabled in the long run adaptation to social change and rather peaceful incorporation into the electorate of the working classes, which were thought in Hungary in the 1860s as dangerous, risking the establishment of national minorities. The Hungarian parliamentary debate indicates the importance of comparative constitutional law for liberalism.
Trials and Tribulations
Authors: Spears Dean , Ban Radu , Cumming Oliver 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the WASH (Water Sanitation and Health) sector’s conversations about randomized intervention studies and draws lessons for development policy, more generally. Sanitation is a valuable case because, on the one hand, improving sanitation is widely recognized as a critical part of the development process, but, on the other hand, WASH interventions are often less well suited for randomized intervention evidence than other topics in health science or development economics. The chapter discusses a recent set of randomized trials which, far from definitively settling the important questions of rural sanitation policy, have renewed confusion and debate in the sector. Because even flawlessly designed and implemented sanitation interventions are likely to have different effects from one another and in different contexts, facts and theories from non-RCT sources are necessary (in addition to RCTs) to provide full and timely answers to sanitation policy questions. Finally, a case is made for the increased use of RCTs in the WASH sector where they might be more likely to help: to answer questions about behavior, rather than about health.
Festivals, Amphictiones, and the Calendar
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the relation between the richly attested festival culture of Hittite Anatolia and Greece. The closest to Greek festivals are the local Hittite festivals described in cult inventories, where we get a sense of communal celebration. The big state festivals seem less close, though, paradoxically, these are the ones visiting foreign delegates from place like Greece might have witnessed. The Hittites texts also attest the operation of religious network, whch have been compared to Greek amphictonies. One of the striking differences is that unlike Greek festivals and those of some parts of the Ancient Near East, Hittite festivals do not seem to be celebrated on a fixed monthly calendar, but motivated by the seasons.
Temporal physiological response of pine toFusarium circinatuminfection is dependent on host susceptibility level: the role of ABA catabolism
Authors: Amaral Joana , Correia Barbara , Escandón Mónica , Jesus Cláudia , Serôdio João , Valledor Luis , Hancock Robert D , Dinis Lia-Tânia , Gomez-Cadenas Aurelio , Alves Artur , Pinto Glória 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPine pitch canker (PPC), caused by Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg and O’Donnell, represents an important threat to conifer forests worldwide, being associated with significant economic losses. Although essential to develop disease mitigation strategies, little research focused on host susceptibility/resistance mechanisms has been conducted. We aimed to explore the response of a highly susceptible (Pinus radiata D. Don) and a relatively resistant (Pinus pinea L.) species to F. circinatum infection at different stages of infection. Morpho-physiological, hormonal and oxidative stress-related changes were assessed for each pine species and sampling point. Most of the changes found occurred in symptomatic P. radiata, for which an increased susceptibility to photoinhibition was detected together with decreased superoxide dismutase activity. Abscisic acid catabolism was activated by F. circinatum inoculation in both pine species, leading to the accumulation of the inactive dihydrophaseic acid in P. radiata and of the less-active phaseic acid in P. pinea. Hormone confocal analysis revealed that this strategy may be of particular importance at 6 d.p.i. in P. pinea, which together with photosynthesis maintenance to fuel defense mechanism, could in part explain the species resistance to PPC. These results are of great interest for the development of hormone-based breeding strategies or for the use of hormone application as inducers of resistance to F. circinatum infection.
Understanding calcinosis cutis
Authors: SaterenZoller Elizabeth , Rizzo Marco , Harris Albert 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Calcinosis cutis is the aberrant deposition of insoluble calcified salts in cutaneous tissue that occurs in association with a variety of diseases. A relatively uncommon disorder, it can range in severity from mild to debilitating. This article describes a patient with a long history of dermatomyositis who developed multiple calcific lesions in the extremities that did not respond to conservative therapies and eventually required multiple surgical interventions.