bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesizing Mechanical Chains for Morphing Between Spatial Curves
Authors: Li Yucheng , Murray Andrew P. , Myszka David H. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This work investigates the kinematic synthesis methodology for designing a chain of three-dimensional bodies to match a set of arbitrary spatial curves. The bodies synthesized can be one of three types: a rigid segment, a helical segment with constant curvature and torsion but varying length, and a growth segment that maintains its geometry but may be scaled to become larger or smaller. To realize mechanical chains, only rigid and helical segments are used. After designing the segments, they may be aligned with the original spatial curves with their ends connected via an optimization. For two curves, these connections may be made with revolute joints to obtain high accuracy. For three or more curves, spherical joint connections allow for the best accuracy. To compare curves as is useful in morphometry, all three segment types may be employed. In this case, an accurate description of the changes between curves is important, and optimizing to connect the segments is not needed. The procedure for redefining the curves in a way that the techniques in this paper may be applied, as well as the methodologies for synthesizing the three segment types are presented. Examples include a continuum robot problem and the morphometric analyses of chochlear curves and the lambdoidal suture. This work extends the established planar techniques for synthesizing mechanisms and addressing morphometric issues that are motivated with curves in two-dimensions.
Field Test and Characteristic Analysis of Railroad Track Vibration Energy Harvester
Authors: Zuo Jianyong , Yu Jie , Liu Cheng , Gu Yihao , Zuo Lei , Pan Yu , Lin Teng 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Railroad vibration energy harvester has been researched and developed to harness the energy from the vibration of railway track when the trains pass. The vibrational energy could be transformed into electrical energy using mechanical motion rectification (MMR) mechanism and then further be used to power trackside equipment including sensors and some smart electrical devices. In order to test the performance of the MMR railroad energy harvesting system, a series of infield tests were conducted with a self-developed distributed measurement system in Railroad Test Lab at Tongji University. A 10V peak voltage was achieved with 8 Ohms external resistive load at the train speed of 30 km/h, which was consistent with the result of in-lab bench tests. In addition, some experience of design and installation for the motioned based energy harvesting system was gained, which can provide some references for the future improvement of railroad energy harvesting systems.
Informing Design Defixation Using Interventions for Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Pedret K. , Shu L. H. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Design fixation has been extensively studied in the context of engineering design, leading to several interventions to reduce its negative effects. The concept of mental fixation has roots in diverse psychological contexts from Freudian psychoanalysis to Gestaltism and eating disorders. Although the underlying concepts are similar, the phenomenon has different names, including mental set, rumination, functional fixedness, obsession, etc. Mental fixation in its various forms is always a barrier to problem solving, whether the problem is a psychological disorder or an engineering-design task.
The present paper explores the applicability to design fixation of cognitive therapy, a form of psychotherapy that relies on questioning to identify and modify inaccurate perceptions. Originally developed to treat depression, it is now used to treat a variety of psychiatric disorders. Specific interventions used in cognitive therapy are described in detail towards developing new means of overcoming design fixation. These interventions include cognitive restructuring and exposure response prevention. Also explored are links to other research results from psychology and cognitive science, including focused distraction, and the effects of music and physical exercise. In addition to developing new interventions, existing design-fixation interventions can also be supplemented using insights from these research results.
A Lie Group Approach to the Modular Modeling of Kinematically Non-Redundant Parallel Mechanisms
Authors: Müller Andreas 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Parallel kinematics manupulators (PKM) are established robotic systems. Yet there is no established modeling approach that takes into account the special kinematics of the (usually structurally identical) limbs. In this paper a modeling approach is proposed that accounts for the special kinematics and topology of PKM. It makes use of modern Lie group formulations for rigid body systems that admits efficient description independent of modeling conventions. A task space formulation is presented that can be directly used for model-based control purposes.
Development of an Assist-As-Need Controller for an Upper-Limb Exoskeleton With Voluntary Torque Estimate
Authors: Chatfield Logan T. , Fortune Benjamin C. , McKenzie Lachlan R. , Pretty Christopher G. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study considers the development of an assist-as-need torque controller for an exoskeleton for stroke rehabilitation. Studies have shown that active patient participation improves the patient’s recovery from stroke. Assist-as-need control, providing the patient with the assistance they need to complete a task, is desirable, as the assistance can be varied to maximise patient participation. However, research is limited, and current methods cannot guarantee optimal assistance as non-zero assistive forces are still provided to subjects that are capable of completing the task unassisted. This study proposes a control system to vary and optimise the assistance for a subject based on their capabilities. A particle filter developed from previous research is used to estimate the subject’s voluntary effort. The assistive torque is determined from a target torque and the voluntary effort. The controller is shown to be effective, as zero assistance is provided to a subject capable of completing the task unassisted. Additionally, the assistance will increase if the subject fatigues. Using the estimate of the subject’s strength, the assistive torque can be accurately set to maximise a patient’s participation, and therefore, the assist-as-need controller can lead to improved therapeutic results.
Frequency Response Analysis of Macro-Micro Stages With Active Disturbance Reject Controller
Authors: Zeng Danping , Huang Ruirui , Yang Zhijun , Xue Wenchao 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Under the disturbance of friction and the elastic deformation of motion stage, the positioning accuracy of traditional mechanical bearing high speed direct-drive motion stage can only reach the micron level, which is difficult to meet the requirement of higher speed precision positioning. Therefore, the macro-micro stages utilize the flexure hinges to compensate for displacement in the friction dead zone. However, due to the nonlinear elastic vibration of the flexure hinge during the action, the settling time of micro-platform is different with stiffnesses. Effect analysis of different stiffness on the settling time of the micro-platform is significant for the platform design. According to the motion characteristics of the macro-micro stages, this paper designs the cascade extended state observer (ESO) to estimate and compensate for the disturbance and combine the proportional–derivative (PD) controller as the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) strategy of the micro-platform position loop. Through the frequency response analysis of the control system, the influence of different stiffness on the settling time of micro-platform is explored. The simulation results show that the ADRC strategy based on cascade ESO has better robustness, and the macro-micro stages have a shorter settling time when the flexure hinge have smaller stiffness during the positioning phase.
Developing an Interview Protocol for an Engineering Capstone Design Course
Authors: Clark McKenzie , Shah Devanshi , Kames Elisabeth , Morkos Beshoy 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In a multifaceted course such as senior capstone design, it is integral to ensure students are receiving a value adding experience. In most universities across the United States, senior capstone design is a multiple semester sequence where design is heavily emphasized and students are encouraged to test their skills, both technical and nontechnical, by solving and implementing solutions to real industry problems. Given the nature of design courses, the takeaways are not things that can be measured solely through the use of a letter grade. Rather, an in-depth reflective interview must be performed to fully comprehend what students received from the course. In this study, an In-Depth Interview Protocol was developed to understand the effectiveness of engineering design courses and improve design education as a whole.
This paper outlines the phases that contribute towards the development of an effective interview protocol for implementation in senior capstone design curriculum. The formulation and considerations are outlined with respect to design curriculum and student success. This protocol will be utilized to perform a Reflection Interview for each senior design project team at the end of the spring 2019 semester. The assignment is not graded and is inquisitive on the students’ perceptions of motivation during their time at Florida Tech. The qualitative data gathered will be eligible for further studies and analysis.
Agent-Based Modeling of Decisions and Developer Actions in Wind Farm Landowner Contract Acceptance
Authors: Syal Sita M. , Ding Yiqing , MacDonald Erin F. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper presents an agent-based model to investigate interactions between wind farm developers and landowners. Wind farms require hundreds of square miles of land for development and developers typically interact with landowners to lease land for construction and operations. Landowners sign land lease contracts without knowing the turbine layout, which affects aesthetics of property as well as value of the lease contract. Having a turbine placed on one’s land is much more lucrative than not, but landowners have to sign over the use of their land without knowing if they will receive this financial benefit or not. The timing of this process, typically referred to as “Landowner Acquisition,” introduces high uncertainty for both stakeholders and represents a major pain point of the industry — a source stated up to 50% of wind projects fail due to landowner acquisition issues. We present an agent-based model that models the land lease contract period with unique decision-making characteristics for a set of landowners and a wind farm developer. Citizen participation is an integral part of community acceptance of wind farms, thus we use principles from past studies to quantify three actions a developer can take to influence landowner decisions: (1) community engagement meetings; (2) preliminary environmental studies; and (3) sharing the wind turbine layout with the landowner. The results show how landowner acceptance rates can potentially change over time based on what actions the developer takes. Overall, developers can use this model to better understand interactions with landowners and determine what actions may help positively influence landowner acceptance rates.
A Strategy for Adaptive Sampling of Multi-Fidelity Gaussian Processes to Reduce Predictive Uncertainty
Authors: Ghosh Sayan , Kristensen Jesper , Zhang Yiming , Subber Waad , Wang Liping 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Multi-fidelity Gaussian process (GP) modeling is a common approach to employ in resource-expensive computationally demanding algorithms such as optimization, calibration and uncertainty quantification where multiple datasets of varying fidelities are encountered. Briefly, in its simplest form, a multi-fidelity GP is trained on two separate sources of datasets each with its own fidelity level, e.g., a software code/simulator for the low-fidelity source and real-world experiments for the high-fidelity source. Adaptive sampling for multi-fidelity Gaussian processes is a challenging task since we not only seek to estimate the next sampling location of the design variable, but also account for the data fidelities. This issue is often addressed by including the cost of the data sources as an another element in the search criterion in conjunction with an uncertainty reduction metric. In this work, we extent the traditional design of experiment framework for multi-fidelity GPs by partitioning the prediction uncertainty based on the fidelity level and the associated cost of execution. In addition, we utilize the concept of a meta-model believer which quantifies the effect of adding an exploratory design point on the GP uncertainty prediction. We demonstrate the framework using academic examples as well as an industrial application of a steady-state thermodynamic operation point of a fluidized bed process.
Direct Solid Element Slicing in Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Bender Dylan , Barari Ahmad 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The traditional input to almost all commercially available Additive Manufacturing (AM) systems is in STL (Standard Tessellation Language) format, which represents a solid model by its tessellated surfaces. This does not allow transferring the entire information of a solid model to the additive manufacturing preprocessing system. However, in some recent applications such as additive manufacturing preprocessing simulation, closed-loop of topology optimization and additive manufacturing process planning, and AM-based design optimization the full access to the solid model information is necessary. Slicing of the finite element model directly is introduced in this paper. The presented approach enables access to the entire solid model information during the AM preprocessing tasks with a focus on coupling the topology optimization in the design process with the actual manufacturing constraints.
Computational Cognition for Mission Command and Control Decisions Facing Risk in Unknown Environments
Authors: Short Ada-Rhodes , DuPont Bryony L. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Systems operating in hazardous and remote environments is both desirable from a scientific perspective and incredibly difficult from an engineering and logistical perspective. This paper develops a novel two-system top-down computational-cognition-based agent and investigates its ability to respond to unanticipated situations in a hazardous environment. A simulated space mission is performed in which a Martian settlement site is constructed by a team of robots. In order to evaluate the agent’s ability to respond to unanticipated mission scenarios, “black swan” events are added to the simulation. We found that the agent was able to respond well to black swan events that changed the mission conditions in a detectable way, but black swans that were either undetectable or gave the agent inaccurate mission information increased the likelihood of failure. This work presents an interesting first step towards autonomous systems that are more resilient when facing hazardous or unknown environments. Additionally, the techniques presented here can handle large, complex problems with very minimal computational resources.
Key Issues on Flextensional Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Developments
Authors: Xu Tian-Bing , Zuo Lei 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A “33” mode (mechanical stress being in parallel to the electric dipole moment direction) piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) multilayer stack-based piezoelectric flextensional energy harvester (PZT-Stacked-FEH) has been developed. Interdisciplinary approaches had been taken to increase the performance of the PZT-Stacked-FEH. First, an elastic flextensional frame for force amplification has been optimally designed to capture more mechanical energy with high energy transition efficiency into the PZT-Stacked-FEH. Second, a “33” mode piezoelectric PZT multilayer stack (PZT-Stack) was employed instead of “31” mode (stress being in perpendicular to the dipole moment direction) single layer piezoelectric component to increase mechanical to electrical energy conversion efficiency and to generate more electrical charges in order to improve energy storage efficiency. With these approaches, the PZT-Stacked-FEH demonstrates excellent performance: 1) a 19% of overall mechanical to electrical energy conversion efficiency was achieved, 2) 48.6 times more mechanical energy was transited into PZT-Stacked-FEH and 26.5 times more electrical power was generated than directly applying force to the PZT-stack, and 3) energy storage efficiency was significantly improved. In this paper, we are focusing on the investigations for the off-resonance mode performance of the PZT-Stacked-FEH through theoretical modeling, prototype development, and experimental studies. A prototype PZT-Stacked-FEH of weight 18 grams was able to generate 666 mW electrical power under 52 Nrms force at 250 Hz, which is much lower than the resonant frequency (936 Hz). At this condition, a 6,600 μF super-capacitor was charged from 0 to 7 V in 1.6 second, at an average rate of 100 mW. Furthermore, 70% of generated appear electrical powers were delivered to matched resistive loads in the investigated regime of frequencies. Finally, the experimental results matched well with theoretical predictions which verified the developed theoretical models.
Deposition of Highly Transparent and Conductive Films on Tilted Substrates by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet
Authors: Chen Yu-Chen , Chen Wen-Kai , Huang Jing-Chi , Juang Jia-Yang 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We study the influence of the substrate tilt angle on the microstructure and optoelectronic properties of gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO) thin films deposited by the atmosphere pressure plasma jet (APPJ) method. The nozzle trajectories play a key role in oblique angle deposition. In the process of oblique angle deposition, if the nozzle scanned from the upstream side to the downstream side, the electrical properties such as resistivity, carrier concentration and mobility deteriorate considerably. The optical properties also worsen — specular transmittance goes down and diffuse transmittance increase to a significant amount. This degradation can be attributed to the “pre-deposition” of the GZO adsorbed particles (ad-particles) on the downstream side of the raw glass where the nozzle has not scanned. These GZO ad-particles serve as nuclei on which the incoming vapor particles deposit preferentially. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD confirmed that the film near the downstream is thicker, less smooth, and porous than that near the upstream. The undesirable situation can be mitigated or even completely removed via proper nozzle scanning trajectories — reversing the scanning trajectory of the nozzle. If the nozzle scans from the downstream side to the upstream side, no pre-deposition of the GZO ad-particles to deteriorate the film properties and therefore the obliquely deposited films perform as well as the films deposited without tilt, i.e. flat substrate. This work presents a solution to the challenge of depositing TCO on tilted and curved surfaces.
Platform Design for Characterizing Shear Force Produced by Magnetized Magnetorheological Fluid
Authors: Lee Ping-Hsun , Chang Jen-Yuan (James) 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this paper we proposed a platform for measuring shear force of magnetorheological (MR) fluid by which the relationship of yield stress and magnetic flux density of specific material can be determined. The device consisted of a rotatable center tube in a frame body and the magnetic field was provided by two blocks of permanent magnets placed oppositely outside the frame body. The magnitude and direction of the magnetic field were manipulated by changing the distance of the two permanent magnets from the frame body and rotating the center tube, respectively. For determining the magnetic field of the device, we adopted an effective method by fitting the FEM (finite element method) result to the measured one and then rebuilt the absent components to approximate the magnetic field, which was hardly to be measured simultaneously as different device setup were required. With the proposed platform and analytical methods, the drawing shear force and the corresponding yield stress contributed by MR fluid could be evaluated in respect to the magnitude and direction of given magnetic flux density with acceptable accuracy for specific designing purposes without a large, complex, and expensive instrument.
Development of a Portable Reader for an Optical Intraocular Pressure Sensor
Authors: Truong Phuong , Phan Alex , Williams Nicolas , Talke Frank E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper presents various designs of a handheld reader for an interferometric intraocular pressure measurement system. Reflected lights from the implanted sensor form interference fringes which can be captured using a camera. Image processing software was used to analyze the fringe pattern and determine the eye pressure. Various light sources were considered and the LED with a laser line filter was selected for its ability to generate quality fringe patterns and portability. Three generations of handheld readers have been developed and tested. Interference patterns acquired from each reader were compared to assess the limiting and promising features related to measurement time, form factor, working distance, ease of use, and quality of fringes. Results show that the DSLR-based reader has the highest quality images with the largest form factor while the smartphone-based reader offers the smallest form factor with ease of use and accessibility for the patient.
Application of Code Division Multiple Access Technology in Readout Circuit and System Design for an Ultra-Thin On-Cell Flexible Capacitive Touch Panel
Authors: Lin Ying-Jia , Su Ying-Cheng , Chao Paul C.-P. , Zhang Jia-Yu , Pribadi Eka Fitrah 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A capacitive sensing circuit including electrodes for a 7-inch ultra-thin flexible on-cell touch panel has been designed. Implementing code-division multiple sensing (CDMS) with Walsh transform to scan Tx electrodes is chosen to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The algorithm applies to field programmable logic array (FPGA). The sensing readout algorithm is applied to work on 4 Tx transmitter electrodes and 4 Rx sensing electrodes. The switched-capacitor (SC) circuit is applied to avoid disturbing sample signal from parasitic capacitance and enlarge the voltage difference from capacitance changes of the touch panel. 12-bit ADC to transfer the front-end analog signal to digital code. The digital part adopts a correction algorithm to eliminate the background value of the panel, the moving average algorithm has an adjustable signal-to-noise ratio function, and the Walsh conversion demodulation algorithm improves the touch report rate to achieve high SNR with up-to 34 dB.