bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deformation Theory of the Trivial mod p Galois Representation for GLn
Authors: Iyengar Ashwin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We study the rigid generic fiber $\mathcal{X}^\square _{\overline \rho }$ of the framed deformation space of the trivial representation $\overline \rho : G_K \to \textrm{GL}_n(k)$ where $k$ is a finite field of characteristic $p&gt;0$ and $G_K$ is the absolute Galois group of a finite extension $K/\textbf{Q}_p$. Under some mild conditions on $K$ we prove that $\mathcal{X}^\square _{\overline \rho }$ is normal. When $p&gt; n$ we describe its irreducible components and show Zariski density of its crystalline points.
Antimicrobial stewardship programmes in nursing homes: a systematic review and inventory of tools
Authors: Belan Martin , Thilly Nathalie , Pulcini Céline 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundAntimicrobial overuse/misuse is common in nursing homes and although the effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes has been well explored and demonstrated in hospitals, data are scarce for the nursing-home setting. Our objectives for this systematic review were to make an inventory of: (i) all interventions that could be considered as part of AMS programmes in nursing homes; and (ii) all stewardship tools and guidance that are freely available.MethodsWe performed a systematic review using the MEDLINE database from inception to June 2018, including all interventional studies, reviews, opinion pieces and guidelines/guidance exploring AMS programmes in nursing homes. For the inventory of freely available tools and guidance to help implement an AMS programme, we also performed screening of professional societies and official agencies’ websites and a questionnaire survey among a panel of international experts.ResultsA total of 36 articles were included in our systematic review. Most interventions took place in North America and have explored education or persuasive interventions within multifaceted interventions, showing that they can improve guideline adherence and decrease antibiotic use and unnecessary microbiological testing. Most reviews also highlighted the importance of accountability, monitoring and feedback. A large number of tools (156) available for free on the internet were identified, mostly about education, patient assessment and outcome measurement.ConclusionsAlthough high-quality interventional studies are lacking, multifaceted interventions including education, monitoring and feedback seem the most promising strategy. Many tools are available on the internet and can be used to help implement AMS programmes in nursing homes.
Quercetin attenuates high glucose-induced injury in human retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19 by up-regulation of miR-29b
Authors: Wang Xuejiao , Li Hui , Wang Hao , Shi Jingyun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractQuercetin is a kind of distinctive bioactive flavonoid that has potent anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. The present article was designed to check the effect of quercetin on diabetic retinopathy. Adult retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE)-19 cells were pre-treated with quercetin and then stimulated by high glucose. Cell damage was evaluated by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometer, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe and western blot. The association between quercetin and miR-29b expression as well as the downstream pathways was studied by qRT-PCR and western blot. Pre-treating ARPE-19 cells with quercetin clearly attenuated high glucose-induced viability loss, apoptosis, MCP-1 and IL-6 overproduction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Quercetin down-regulated p53, Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 expression, while up-regulated CyclinD1, CDK4 and Bcl-2. miR-29b was low expressed in high glucose-treated cell, but quercetin elevated its expression. Moreover, the protective action of quercetin towards ARPE-19 cells was attenuated when miR-29b was suppressed. Also, quercetin promoted PTEN/AKT pathway, while inhibited NF-κB pathway via a miR-29b-dependent way. These data illustrated quercetin possibly possess the anti-diabetic retinopathy potential, as quercetin clearly attenuated high glucose-evoked damage in ARPE-19 cells. The protective action of quercetin may due to its regulation on miR-29b expression as well as PTEN/AKT and NF-κB pathways.
Galectin-lattice sustains function of cationic amino acid transporter and insulin secretion of pancreatic β cells
Authors: Maeda Kento , Tasaki Masayoshi , Ando Yukio , Ohtsubo Kazuaki 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMaintenance of cell surface residency and function of glycoproteins by lectins are essential for regulating cellular functions. Galectins are β-galactoside-binding lectins and form a galectin-lattice, which regulates stability, clustering, membrane sub-domain localization and endocytosis of plasmalemmal glycoproteins. We have previously reported that galectin-2 (Gal-2) forms a complex with cationic amino acid transporter 3 (CAT3) in pancreatic β cells, although the biological significance of the molecular interaction between Gal-2 and CAT3 has not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that the structure of N-glycan of CAT3 was either tetra- or tri-antennary branch structure carrying β-galactosides, which works as galectin-ligands. Indeed, CAT3 bound to Gal-2 using β-galactoside epitope. Moreover, the disruption of the glycan-mediated bindings between galectins and CAT3 significantly reduced cell surface expression levels of CAT3. The reduced cell surface residency of CAT3 attenuated the cellular arginine uptake activities and subsequently reduced nitric oxide production, and thus impaired the arginine-stimulated insulin secretion of pancreatic β cells. These results indicate that galectin-lattice stabilizes CAT3 by preventing endocytosis to sustain the arginine-stimulated insulin secretion of pancreatic β cells. This provides a novel cell biological insight into the endocrinological mechanism of nutrition metabolism and homeostasis.
ANTITRUST DAMAGES IN FINANCIAL MARKETS
Authors: Wald John K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
I briefly review the standard regression methods used to estimate damages in antitrust actions, and I analyze how these would be applied to cases in financial markets. I consider applications to three different financial market cases. The first is the NASDAQ odd-eighths litigation, where existing antitrust methods closely resemble the analyses published in the academic literature on this issue. The second type of case is bond market antitrust litigation, where the expert faces an additional hurdle because they have to estimate bid-ask spreads. The third type of case is related to the LIBOR manipulation scandal. I analyzed why existing methods provide a poor fit for the LIBOR damage calculations. Lastly, I evaluate IPO issuance fees as an example of price clustering in financial markets that has not let to antitrust litigation.
Commodification and Slavery in the Nineteenth-Century Indonesian Archipelago
Authors: Bosma Ulbe 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Slavery did not simply die slowly in the nineteenth century; in some parts of the world, it expanded. Engaging with the literature on slavery in the Indian Ocean in the nineteenth century, this article explains how a rising demand for forest and sea products, pepper and rice, together with a proliferation of firearms, kindled slave raiding and trading in the Indonesian archipelago. Enslavement happened both through capture and debt traps. This article offers an estimate of the number of annually enslaved in the Indonesian archipelago during the mid-nineteenth century and relates this to a conjectured total slave population of this particular region. The commercialization of slavery must have fundamentally changed the character of customary institutions of bondage. The article cites contemporary sources about the conditions of the captives and concludes with an explanation of how commercial slavery in this part of the world could continue into early years of the twentieth century.
Dispersal of protoplanetary discs by the combination of magnetically driven and photoevaporative winds
Authors: Kunitomo Masanobu , Suzuki Takeru K , Inutsuka Shu-ichiro 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigate the roles of magnetically driven disc wind (MDW) and thermally driven photoevaporative wind (PEW) in the long-time evolution of protoplanetary discs. We start simulations from the early phase in which the disc mass is $0.118\, \rm M_{\odot }$ around a $1\, \rm M_{\odot }$ star and track the evolution until the disc is completely dispersed. We incorporate the mass-loss by PEW and the mass-loss and magnetic braking (wind torque) by MDW, in addition to the viscous accretion, viscous heating, and stellar irradiation. We find that MDW and PEW, respectively, have different roles: magnetically driven wind ejects materials from an inner disc in the early phase, whereas photoevaporation has a dominant role in the late phase in the outer (≳1 au) disc. The disc lifetime, which depends on the combination of MDW, PEW, and viscous accretion, shows a large variation of ∼1–20 Myr; the gas is dispersed mainly by the MDW and the PEW in the cases with a low viscosity and the lifetime is sensitive to the mass-loss rate and torque of the MDW, whereas the lifetime is insensitive to these parameters when the viscosity is high. Even in discs with very weak turbulence, the cooperation of MDW and PEW enables the disc dispersal within a few Myr.
Splash bridge models of inclined, gas-rich, direct galaxy collisions
Authors: Yeager Travis R , Struck Curtis 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Splash bridges are formed from the direct inelastic collision of gas-rich galaxies. Recent multiwavelength observations of the Taffy galaxies, UGC 12914/15, have revealed complicated gas structures in the bridge. We have upgraded the sticky particle simulation code of Yeager & Struck by adding: the ability to adjust the relative inclination of the gas discs, the ability to track cloud–cloud collisions over time, and additional cooling processes. Inclination effects lead to various morphological features, including filamentary streams of gas stripped from the smaller galactic disc. The offset of disc centres at impact determines whether or not these streams flow in a single direction or multiple directions, even transverse to the motion of the two galaxies. We also find that, across many types of direct collision, independent of the inclination or offset, the distributions of weighted Mach numbers and shock velocities in colliding clouds relax to a very similar form. There is good evidence of prolonged turbulence in the gas of each splash bridge for all inclinations and offsets tested, as a result of continuing cloud collisions, which in turn are the result of shearing and differentially accelerated trajectories. The number distribution of high velocity shocks in cloud collisions, produced in our low inclination models, are in agreement with those observed by Appleton et al. in the Taffy Galaxies with ALMA.
Modelling stochastic signatures in classical pulsators
Authors: Avelino P P , Cunha M S , Chaplin W J 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We consider the impact of stochastic perturbations on otherwise coherent oscillations of classical pulsators. The resulting dynamics are modelled by a driven damped harmonic oscillator subject to either an external or an internal forcing and white noise velocity perturbations. We characterize the phase and relative amplitude variations using analytical and numerical tools. When the forcing is internal the phase variation displays a random walk behaviour and a red noise power spectrum with a ragged erratic appearance. We determine the dependence of the root mean square phase and relative amplitude variations (σΔφ and σΔA/A, respectively) on the amplitude of the stochastic perturbations, the damping constant η, and the total observation time tobs for this case, under the assumption that the relative amplitude variations remain small, showing that σΔφ increases with $t_{\rm obs}^{1/2}$ becoming much larger than σΔA/A for tobs ≫ η−1. In the case of an external forcing the phase and relative amplitude variations remain of the same order, independent of the observing time. In the case of an internal forcing, we find that σΔφ does not depend on η. Hence, the damping time cannot be inferred from fitting the power of the signal, as done for solar-like pulsators, but the amplitude of the stochastic perturbations may be constrained from the observations. Our results imply that, given sufficient time, the variation of the phase associated with the stochastic perturbations in internally driven classical pulsators will become sufficiently large to be probed observationally.
Assessment of the nucleotide modifications in the high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the Escherichia coli 50S subunit
Authors: Stojković Vanja , Myasnikov Alexander G , Young Iris D , Frost Adam , Fraser James S , Fujimori Danica Galonić 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPost-transcriptional ribosomal RNA (rRNA) modifications are present in all organisms, but their exact functional roles and positions are yet to be fully characterized. Modified nucleotides have been implicated in the stabilization of RNA structure and regulation of ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis. In some instances, rRNA modifications can confer antibiotic resistance. High-resolution ribosome structures are thus necessary for precise determination of modified nucleotides’ positions, a task that has previously been accomplished by X-ray crystallography. Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the Escherichia coli 50S subunit at an average resolution of 2.2 Å as an additional approach for mapping modification sites. Our structure confirms known modifications present in 23S rRNA and additionally allows for localization of Mg2+ ions and their coordinated water molecules. Using our cryo-EM structure as a testbed, we developed a program for assessment of cryo-EM map quality. This program can be easily used on any RNA-containing cryo-EM structure, and an associated Coot plugin allows for visualization of validated modifications, making it highly accessible.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor effects on cardiovascular outcomes in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Shivakumar Oshini , Sattar Naveed , Wheeler David C 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce cardiovascular events, specifically those related to heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes. Reductions in major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) outcomes are also observed, but confined largely to patients who have prior cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular outcome benefits extend to patients with type 2 diabetes and reduced estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) rate down to 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 and to patients with heart failure but without diabetes. Ongoing trials are exploring whether patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) but without diabetes will gain similar benefits from this class of agents. Although some safety concerns have emerged, it seems likely that SGLT2 inhibitors will be used more widely in CKD patients to reduce their cardiovascular risk.
Fyn tyrosine kinase, a downstream target of receptor tyrosine kinases, modulates antiglioma immune responses
Authors: Comba Andrea , Dunn Patrick J , Argento Anna E , Kadiyala Padma , Ventosa Maria , Patel Priti , Zamler Daniel B , Núñez Felipe J , Zhao Lili , Castro Maria G , Lowenstein Pedro R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
High-grade gliomas are aggressive and immunosuppressive brain tumors. Molecular mechanisms that regulate the inhibitory immune tumor microenvironment (TME) and glioma progression remain poorly understood. Fyn tyrosine kinase is a downstream target of the oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase pathway and is overexpressed in human gliomas. Fyn’s role in vivo in glioma growth remains unknown. We investigated whether Fyn regulates glioma initiation, growth and invasion.

Methods
We evaluated the role of Fyn using genetically engineered mouse glioma models (GEMMs). We also generated Fyn knockdown stem cells to induce gliomas in immune-competent and immune-deficient mice (nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient gamma mice [NSG], CD8−/−, CD4−/−). We analyzed molecular mechanism by RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Flow cytometry was used to characterize immune cellular infiltrates in the Fyn knockdown glioma TME.

Results
We demonstrate that Fyn knockdown in diverse immune-competent GEMMs of glioma reduced tumor progression and significantly increased survival. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed genes in wild-type versus Fyn knockdown gliomas showed enrichment of GOs related to immune reactivity. However, in NSG and CD8−/− and CD4−/− immune-deficient mice, Fyn knockdown gliomas failed to show differences in survival. These data suggest that the expression of Fyn in glioma cells reduces antiglioma immune activation. Examination of glioma immune infiltrates by flow cytometry displayed reduction in the amount and activity of immune suppressive myeloid derived cells in the Fyn glioma TME.

Conclusions
Gliomas employ Fyn mediated mechanisms to enhance immune suppression and promote tumor progression. We propose that Fyn inhibition within glioma cells could improve the efficacy of antiglioma immunotherapies.
The energy and water cycles under climate change
Authors: Duan Qingyun , Duan Anmin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Energy and water cycles have been a hot research topic in the global scientific community. The global climate change observed over the last century is having a profound impact on global and regional energy and water cycles, leading to more frequent extreme climatic events and affecting water security, ecosystem and socioeconomic development around the world. The impact is especially obvious over the highland regions such as the Tibetan Plateau. Here we have an interview with one of world's most renowned experts in hydroclimatology, Professor Soroosh Sorooshian from the University of California at Irvine, to share his insights on the subject of energy and water cycles.
Ursula K. Le Guin
Authors: Lindow Sandra J. 
Published: January 2020

One of the most influential voices in contemporary American literature, Ursula K. Le Guin (b. 1929–d. 2018) began publishing in the 1960s and soon became known for her courageous exploration of ethics, ecology, and diversity using fantastic and futuristic settings. Elevating fantasy and science fiction from pulp-era sword and sorcery and space opera, her fiction explores and condemns chauvinistic traditions of colonialism, nationalism, sexism, and racism. Through her literary approach to genre themes and settings, she inspired not only generations of genre writers but also many mainstream writers who incorporated fantastic elements in their work. Ursula Kroeber was born on in Berkeley, California. Her parents were the Alfred Kroeber, pioneering anthropologist, and Theodora Kroeber, author of Ishi in Two Worlds. She graduated from Radcliffe College in 1951, earned a masters degree from Columbia University in 1952, and married historian Charles Le Guin in 1953. A prolific writer, she published more than sixty books including novels for adults and young adults, picture books, short story collections, critical nonfiction, poetry, screenplays, and works of translation. Genre and mainstream recognition occurred throughout her career. Her first fantasy novel, A Wizard of Earthsea (1968), earned the Boston Globe-Horn Book Award. Her groundbreaking novel The Left Hand of Darkness (1969) won Hugo and Nebula Awards. She was only the second woman to receive both honors for one book. The Farthest Shore (1973) won the National Book Award for Young People’s Literature. The Dispossessed (1974) won Locus, Nebula, and Hugo Awards. Overall, her novels alone received five Locus, four Nebulas, two Hugos, and one World Fantasy Award. In 1989 she accepted the Pilgrim Award for her critical work. In 1994, 1996, and 1997, she earned Tiptree Awards for her exploration of gender through her depiction of androgyny and alternative cultures that privilege nonheteronormative marriage. Le Guin’s lifetime achievement awards recognize her importance in American literature. In 2000, the US Library of Congress named her a Living Legend for her significant contributions to America’s cultural heritage. In 2002, she won the PEN/Malamud Award for excellence in short fiction and the Grand Master Award from the Science Fiction Writers Association. In 2014, she received the National Book Foundation Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters. In his introduction to her National Book Award acceptance speech, author Neil Gaiman describes her as someone who made him not only a better writer but also a better person as a writer.
National survey of occupational advice for lower limb arthroplasty patients
Authors: Tsang B , McDonald D , McNamara I , Kottam L , Rangan A , Baker P 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Little is known what advice or support patients are given about return to work (RTW) after hip or knee replacement surgery.

Aims
This study aims to understand the delivery, timing and content of ‘RTW’ advice currently delivered by surgical teams offering hip and knee replacements across the UK.

Methods
National online survey exploring five specific areas relating to ‘RTW’ advice: (i) timings of interactions between hospital orthopaedic teams and patients prior to surgery, (ii) routine delivery of ‘RTW’ advice, (iii) methods used to deliver ‘RTW’ advice, (iv) confidence delivering advice and (v) need for an occupational ‘RTW’ advice intervention.

Results
A total of 152 participants including surgeons, physiotherapists, occupational therapists and nurses from 59 different public and private health providers responded. Only 20% (n = 30) of respondents reported that working patients were identified as a specific subgroup in need of additional support. Overall, 62% (n = 92) stated that they did not routinely offer ‘RTW’ advice. When given, ‘RTW’ advice was almost always verbal, generic advice using blanket timescales and based on the respondent’s anecdotal experience rather than the patients individualized needs. Overall, 116 (78%) felt an occupational advice intervention was needed.

Conclusions
This national survey demonstrated wide variation in the timing, content and delivery of information and advice for patients in work and intending to RTW after hip and knee replacement surgery. Current RTW advice provided to hip and knee replacement patients is inadequate.