bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The burden of oral health problems in children with mental health disorders in the United States
Authors: Yusuf Zenab I. , Dongarwar Deepa , Yusuf Rafeek A. , Udoetuk Sade C. , Salihu Hamisu M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesMental health disorders (MHDs) are major public health concerns with increasing risk of morbidity and mortality among children. Oral health problems (OHPs) are receiving attention as associated comorbidities. This study assessed the burden of oral health problems in children aged 3–17 years with MHD in the United States.MethodsCross sectional analyses was performed using the National Survey of Children's Health database 2016–2017 containing information of 60,655,439 children. Weighted survey binomial logistic regression generating odds ratio for association between MHD and OHP were calculated. Weighted dose–response models captured incremental effects of MHD severity on oral health conditions. Population attributable risk (PAR) to quantify proportions of potentially avertable OHP as a result of intervention targeted at different levels of MHD severity were estimated.ResultsPrevalence of OHP among those with any MHD was 22.5 percent. Children with MHD were more likely to be non‐Hispanic White, living in poorer households, and having private health insurance P < 0.001. Dose–response analyses showed children with mild MHD were 85 percent more likely [OR = 1.85 (95% CI: 1.47–2.32)], and those with moderate/severe MHD 93 percent more likely (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.50–2.49) to experience OHP, compared to children without MHD. Population attributable risk (PAR) revealed that if mild and moderate/severe MHD were improved by 75 percent, OHP would be averted in 152,206 children with mild and 255,851 with moderate/severe MHD, respectively.ConclusionOur results suggest that disparities persist among the pediatric population with MHD who suffer OHP in the United States.
Glycogenosis is common in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and is independently associated with ballooning, but lower steatosis and lower fibrosis
Authors: Allende Daniela S , Gawrieh Samer , Cummings Oscar W , Belt Patricia , Wilson Laura , Van Natta Mark , Behling Cynthia A , Carpenter Danielle , Gill Ryan M , Kleiner David E , Yeh Mathew M , Chalasani Naga , Guy Cynthia D ,   NASH Clinical Research Network
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground/AimsGlycogen synthesis and storage are normal hepatocyte functions. However, glycogenosis, defined as excess hepatocyte glycogen visible by routine H&E light microscopy, has not been well characterized in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).MethodsGlycogenosis in NAFLD liver biopsies was graded as “none”, “focal” (in <50% of hepatocytes), or “diffuse” (in ≥50% of hepatocytes). Clinical and pathological variables associated with glycogenosis were assessed. 2047 liver biopsies were prospectively analysed.ResultsIn adults and children, any glycogenosis was present in 54% of cases; diffuse glycogenosis was noted in approximately 1/3 of cases. On multiple logistic regression analysis, adults with glycogenosis tended to be older (P = .003), female (P = .04), have higher serum glucose (P = .01), and use insulin (P = .02). Adults tended to have lower steatosis scores (P = .006) and lower fibrosis stages (P = .005); however, unexpectedly, they also tended to have more hepatocyte injury including ballooning (P = .003). On multiple logistic regression analysis, paediatric patients with glycogenosis were more likely to be Hispanic (P = .03), have lower body weight (P = .002), elevated triglycerides (P = .001), and a higher fasting glucose (P = .007). Paediatric patients with glycogenosis also had less steatosis (P < .001) than those without.ConclusionsGlycogenosis is common in adult and paediatric NAFLD, and is associated with clinical features of insulin resistance. Glycogenosis is important to recognize histologically because it may be misinterpreted as ballooning, and when diffuse, confusion with glycogen storage disorders or glycogenic hepatopathy must be avoided. The newly observed dichotomous relationship between glycogenosis and increased liver cell injury but decreased steatosis and fibrosis requires further study.
Al‐Mg isotopic study of spinel‐rich fine‐grained CAIs
Authors: MacPherson Glenn J. , Krot Alexander N. , Nagashima Kazuhide 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHigh‐precision SIMS analyses of seven spinel‐rich fine‐grained CAIs from the CV3 chondrites Efremovka, Kaba, and Vigarano and the LL3.0 chondrite Semarkona, two known to have volatility‐fractionated Group II REE patterns (likely condensates) and three more probably Group II, all give initial 26Al/27Al (26Al/27Al0) close to the solar system initial value of 5.2 × 10–5. Our data thus provide no evidence for multiple condensation events in the early solar system. Other work by Ushikubo et al. (2017) and Kawasaki et al. (2019a, 2019b) did find some similar inclusions whose values are significantly lower than the solar system initial value. Because the latter data are too few to indicate whether or not the lower ratios cluster or rather spread out over a range, more work will be required to determine if nebular condensation occurred following only a few major, punctuated thermal events or rather happened more frequently. Regardless, it is now clear that CAIs having the Group II REE pattern formed very early in solar system history, contemporaneous with the formation of CAIs having unfractionated REE patterns. Whatever the mechanism that formed Group II, it occurred under conditions that caused spinel to condense prior to (at a higher temperature than) melilite. This is contrary to the predictions of equilibrium nebular condensation.
Thinking with two brains: Student perspectives on the presentation of race in pre‐clinical medical education
Authors: Mosley Marcus P. , Tasfia Nowshin , Serna Kimberly , Camacho‐Rivera Marlene , Frye Victoria 
Published: December 2020

AbstractContextThere is growing concern that during their education medical students come to believe that ‘race’ is a biological construct and that differential treatment of patients based on ‘race’ is clinically beneficial. How ‘race’ is presented to medical students may influence both their implicit biases and future clinical practices, potentially widening racial disparities in care.MethodsWe conducted in‐depth interviews with twenty‐two pre‐clinical mostly non‐White medical students attending a public medical school in a major metropolitan area in the northeastern United States. Interview content focused on how medical students experience the presentation of race in medical education, use race in their learning experiences, and envision using race as physicians in future clinical encounters. Transcripts were analysed using the framework method and emergent themes were identified.ResultsParticipants described being most aware of the presentation of race in board‐style questions and least aware of the presentation of race during lectures. They described being aware of race in problem‐based learning (PBL) modules if the case revolved around a likely race‐disease association. They identified imprecision in how race was presented during lectures and insufficient explanations of causes of racial disparities in health. Participants described feeling ill‐prepared to obtain racial self‐identification and receiving mixed messages around the utility of race in diagnosing a patient. Participants reported experiences of cognitive dissonance around the presentation of race in board‐style questions and lectures.ConclusionsCritical evaluation of the presentation of and instruction around ‘race’ is needed to address whether it is presented as a biological vs. social construct, the level of precision of racial categorisation in curricular content, and the causes of and mechanisms behind race‐disease associations. This has the potential to minimise false beliefs about race as a biological construct and the resultant negative impacts on clinical care. Future research could evaluate whether problem‐based or experiential (OSCE) learning, in contrast to board‐style questions and didactic lectures, are the most effective way to educate students around race in health and illness. Additionally, future research can investigate if the mission (ie social) and composition (Predominantly White Institution or Historically Black College/University) of the faculty impacts student experiences of the presentation of race.
Artificial intelligence and the future of nationalism
Authors: Goode J Paul 
Published: December 2020

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) is spreading through all walks of life, promising social and economic disruptions that prompt comparisons with the Industrial Revolution. While there is growing interest in AI ethics and its implications for humanity, there has been surprisingly little consideration of its implications for national identities and nationalism. This paper argues that the transformation of citizens into population data is driving changes to state sovereignty and that the simultaneous competition between (and within) states and global corporations on a structural level and expansion of algorithmic population management on a quotidian level may crystallize in ways that are likely to produce nationalist responses. It concludes by proposing a number of causal mechanisms and hypotheses regarding the emergence and spread of “AI nationalism.” Scholars in nationalism studies can benefit substantially from embracing the study and applications of AI, though they ignore its development and spread at their peril.
Prolonged SARS‐CoV‐2 viral shedding in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: O'Sullivan Eoin D. , Lees Jennifer S. , Howie Katie L. , Pugh Dan , Gillis Keith A. , Traynor Jamie P. , Macintyre Iain , Mark Patrick B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRecent World Health Organization guidance has aimed to provide pragmatic guidance acknowledging the role of sequential nasopharyngeal swabs taken >24 hours apart for SARS‐CoV‐2 in high‐risk populations. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are known to have an altered immune milieu which may be associated with a delay in viral clearance. Here, a cross‐sectional observational study of 138 patients admitted with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection at two large regional hospitals in Scotland, UK examined the median time to two consecutive negative nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS‐CoV‐2 in an inpatient population. The median time from admission to the first of two consecutive negative nasopharyngeal swabs was 18 days (range = 1‐44) in patients with CKD, compared with 11 days (range: 1‐71) in patients without CKD (P = .0007). Multivariable linear regression analysis using explanatory variables of age, sex, SARS‐CoV‐2 disease severity, key comorbidities and renal function showed that declining estimated glomerular filtration rate was independently associated with prolonged time to viral clearance. Our data suggest that patients with CKD who are admitted to hospital with SARS‐CoV‐2 take longer to achieve sequential negative nasopharyngeal swab reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction results than those without CKD. This has implications for renal service provision, discharge planning and hospital capacity as well as a direct impact on patients due to extended hospital stay, anxiety and stigmatisation.
Transition to renewable energy technologies and future prospects for oil‐exporting countries
Authors: Khan Samar , Shaheen Rozina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the context of recent energy transition from hydrocarbon molecules to electrons, this research aims to examine the degree of substitution between renewable energy sources and fossil fuels through a dynamic framework of time‐varying parameters under state‐space model. For this purpose, this research selects four major oil‐importing countries and employs annual time series data for crude oil imports, gross domestic product, crude oil price, renewable energy consumption, population growth, real effective exchange rate and industrial production index for each country in the sample while covering the period 1991–2018. The estimates reveal positive and significant income, population and industrial production index elasticities for most of the countries in the sample. In addition, this research finds negative and statistically significant elasticity between renewable energy consumption and demand for imported crude oil for India, China and Japan, although magnitude is very small. However, there is insignificant and little substitution for US data. This research is unique as to our knowledge there is no such study available before and it provides insights for policymakers in oil‐exporting countries to develop sustainable long‐term diversification strategies to reduce reliance on oil revenues.
Referrals from community optometrists to the hospital eye service in England
Authors: Evans Bruce J W , Edgar David F , Jessa Zahra , Yammouni Robert , Campbell Peter , Soteri Kiki , Hobby Angharad , Khatoon Abeeda , Beg Amaad , Harsum Steven , Aggarwal Rajesh , Shah Rakhee 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurposeIn the UK, most referrals to the hospital eye service (HES) originate from community optometrists (CO). This audit investigates the quality of referrals, replies, and communication between CO and the HES.MethodsOptometric referrals and replies were extracted from three practices in England. If no reply letter was found, the records were searched at each local HES unit, and additional replies or records copied. De‐identified referrals, replies and records were audited by a panel against established standards to evaluate whether the referrals were necessary, accurate and directed to the appropriate professional. The referral rate (RR) and referral reply rate (RRR) were calculated.ResultsA total of 459 de‐identified referrals were extracted. The RR ranged from 3.6%–8.7%. The proportion of referred patients who were seen in the HES unit was 63%–76%. From the CO perspective, the proportion of referrals for which they received replies ranged from 26%–49%. Adjusting the number of referrals for cases when it would be reasonable to expect an HES reply, RRR becomes 38%–62%. Patients received a copy of the reply in 3%–21% of cases. Referrals were made to the appropriate service in over 95% of cases, were judged necessary in 93%–97% and were accurate in 81%–98% of cases. The referral reply addressed the reason for the referral in 93%–97% and was meaningful in 94%–99% of cases. The most common conditions referred were glaucoma, cataract, anterior segment lesions, and neurological/ocular motor anomalies. The CO/HES dyad (pairing) in the area with the lowest average household income had the highest RR.ConclusionsIn contrast with the Royal College of Ophthalmologists/College of Optometrists joint statement on sharing patient information, CO referrals often do not elicit a reply to the referring CO. Replies from the HES to COs are important for patient care, benefitting patients and clinicians, and minimising unnecessary HES appointments.
Use of simulation practices in public or community health nursing: findings from mixed‐methods systematic review
Authors: Aslan Funda 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundSimulation activities are valuable for nursing education and provide an experimental learning opportunity. However, simulation scenarios have focused on nursing education of traditional medical specialities, and limited research exists on simulation for community or public health nursing education.AimsThis study aimed to explore the methods that are being used to increase the knowledge and skills of nursing students who work for public health nursing and the evidence about the effectiveness of simulation practices in public or community health nursing.MethodsIn this systematic review, a combination of keywords was selected from Medical Subject Headings based on which eight studies were found across Science Direct, Web of Science, EBSCO, Cochrane and PubMed databases between June 2018 and September 2018.FindingsA total of eight studies were included in the mixed‐methods systematic review (two qualitative, two mixed‐methods and four quantitative studies). The students were satisfied with public health nursing simulation practices and had significant gains in the following activities: active learning, collaboration, critical thinking, teamwork, evaluating family and individual together, and practical communication skills.ConclusionThe results of this review revealed that the experiences and gains of the nurses that they gain during their education process were essential, the numbers of simulation practices in the field of public health nursing were minimal, and they should be improved qualitatively.
Disruption of NAP1 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana suppresses the fas1 mutant phenotype, enhances genome stability and changes chromatin compaction
Authors: Kolářová Karolína , Nešpor Dadejová Martina , Loja Tomáš , Lochmanová Gabriela , Sýkorová Eva , Dvořáčková Martina 
Published: December 2020

SUMMARYHistone chaperones mediate the assembly and disassembly of nucleosomes and participate in essentially all DNA‐dependent cellular processes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, loss‐of‐function of FAS1 or FAS2 subunits of the H3‐H4 histone chaperone complex CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY FACTOR 1 (CAF‐1) has a dramatic effect on plant morphology, growth and overall fitness. CAF‐1 dysfunction can lead to altered chromatin compaction, systematic loss of repetitive elements or increased DNA damage, clearly demonstrating its severity. How chromatin composition is maintained without functional CAF‐1 remains elusive. Here we show that disruption of the H2A‐H2B histone chaperone NUCLEOSOME ASSEMBLY PROTEIN 1 (NAP1) suppresses the FAS1 loss‐of‐function phenotype. The quadruple mutant fas1 nap1;1 nap1;2 nap1;3 shows wild‐type growth, decreased sensitivity to genotoxic stress and suppression of telomere and 45S rDNA loss. Chromatin of fas1 nap1;1 nap1;2 nap1;3 plants is less accessible to micrococcal nuclease and the nuclear H3.1 and H3.3 histone pools change compared to fas1. Consistently, association between NAP1 and H3 occurs in the cytoplasm and nucleus in vivo in protoplasts. Altogether we show that NAP1 proteins play an essential role in DNA repair in fas1, which is coupled to nucleosome assembly through modulation of H3 levels in the nucleus.
Topological and Geometric Synthesis of Compliant Mechanisms
Authors: Hetrick Joel A. , Kota Sridhar 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Structural optimization of compliant mechanisms is a systematic and automated approach for synthesizing the topology (layout) of mechanisms given the motion requirements. Here, two optimization approaches are presented: one employing a traditional full ground structure and one utilizing a modular ground structure whose nodes are allowed to wander within specified ranges. For problems discretized by many elements, the modular ground structure effectively reduces the number of design variables and speeds design convergence. In addition, relocation of node coordinates allows for geometric variation within the topology (layout) design stage. Linear finite element analysis using truss elements is utilized along with a sequential quadratic programming algorithm to optimize the mechanisms. Derivation of an efficiency based objective formulation is presented to determine the optimal mechanism design which satisfies motion requirements while maximizing the transfer of energy through the mechanism. Calculation of design derivatives with respect to element cross-section area and node position is performed using the adjoint variable method which provides faster and more stable convergence over finite difference approaches. Design examples are presented which directly compare the performance of topology optimized designs for the fixed node full ground structure to the floating node modular ground structure.
Ortho-Planar Mechanisms
Authors: Parise John J. , Howell Larry L. , Magleby Spencer P. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes a new class of mechanisms called ortho-planar mechanisms. Ortho-planar mechanisms have links that can be simultaneously located in a single plane with motion out of that plane. Advantages of ortho-planar mechanisms include that they can be very compact, compliant ortho-planar mechanisms can be fabricated from a single sheet of material, and micro mechanical devices can be fabricated using surface micromachining methods. The potential impact of this class of mechanism is demonstrated by discussing them in the context of compliant mechanisms, metamorphic mechanisms, and micro-electromechanical systems.
Workplace intervention programmes for decreasing alcohol use in military personnel: a systematic review
Authors: Watterson Jason R , Gabbe B , Rosenfeld J V , Ball H , Romero L , Dietze P 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionHarmful or risky-single occasion drinking (RSOD) alcohol use in the military is a significant problem. However, most studies of interventions have focused on veterans, representing a missed opportunity for intervention with active military personnel. Using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework, the aim of this systematic review was to analyse and synthesise the evidence related to workplace-based interventions for reducing alcohol use in active-duty military personnel.MethodsFour electronic databases and reference lists of relevant articles were searched from database inception until 20 January 2020. This review focused on experimental and quasi-experimental studies of active-duty military personnel. Data extraction and methodological quality assessment were independently performed by two reviewers using a standardised checklist. A third reviewer was used to arbitrate the disputed studies for final selection.ResultsThe search yielded seven studies from an initial 1582 records identified. A range of interventions were used in these studies (four randomised controlled trials, two non-randomised trials and one before and after cohort study), including web-based approaches, telephone-delivered interventions and individual and group-based face-to-face interventions. Seven studies found decreased drinking, measured using a range of outcomes, following the intervention. However, this was not sustained in the longer term in any of the studies.ConclusionsThe low methodological rigour of most studies limited the capacity to demonstrate the efficacy of the interventions studied. Given the importance of reducing harmful or RSOD use of alcohol in the military, future studies would benefit from improved methodological rigour including ensuring adequate study power, randomisation, selection of validated outcome measures, including measures other than consumption (eg, attitudinal measures), and longer-term follow-up. There is also a need to develop methods that ensure participant loss to follow-up is minimised.