bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Value of Quantitative Musculoskeletal Imaging
Authors: Visser Jacob J. , Goergen Stacy K. , Klein Stefan , Noguerol Teodoro Martín , Pickhardt Perry J. , Fayad Laura M. , Omoumi Patrick 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMusculoskeletal imaging is mainly based on the subjective and qualitative analysis of imaging examinations. However, integration of quantitative assessment of imaging data could increase the value of imaging in both research and clinical practice. Some imaging modalities, such as perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion MRI, or T2 mapping, are intrinsically quantitative. But conventional morphological imaging can also be analyzed through the quantification of various parameters. The quantitative data retrieved from imaging examinations can serve as biomarkers and be used to support diagnosis, determine patient prognosis, or monitor therapy.We focus on the value, or clinical utility, of quantitative imaging in the musculoskeletal field. There is currently a trend to move from volume- to value-based payments. This review contains definitions and examines the role that quantitative imaging may play in the implementation of value-based health care. The influence of artificial intelligence on the value of quantitative musculoskeletal imaging is also discussed.
Quantitative Imaging in Muscle Diseases with Focus on Non-proton MRI and Other Advanced MRI Techniques
Authors: Weber Marc-André , Nagel Armin M. , Kan Hermien E. , Wattjes Mike P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe role of neuromuscular imaging in the diagnosis of inherited and acquired muscle diseases has gained clinical relevance. In particular, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), especially whole-body applications, is increasingly being used for the diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression. In addition, they are considered as a powerful outcome measure in clinical trials. Because many muscle diseases have a distinct muscle involvement pattern, whole-body imaging can be of diagnostic value by identifying this pattern and thus narrowing the differential diagnosis and supporting the clinical diagnosis. In addition, more advanced MRI applications including non-proton MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, perfusion MRI, T2 mapping, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy provide deeper insights into muscle pathophysiology beyond the mere detection of fatty degeneration and/or muscle edema. In this review article, we present and discuss recent data on these quantitative MRI techniques in muscle diseases, with a particular focus on non-proton imaging techniques.
Collateral Circulation in Spinal Cord Injury: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Garcia-Ballestas Ezequiel , Murlimanju B. V. , Durango-Espinosa Yeider A. , Joaquim Andrei F. , Vasquez Harold E. , Moscote-Salazar Luis Rafael , Agrawal Amit 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSurgery is the most common cause of spinal cord ischemia; it is also caused by hemodynamic changes, which disrupt the blood flow. Direct ligation of the spinal arteries, especially the Adamkiewicz artery is involved as well. Other causes of spinal cord ischemia include arteriography procedures, thoracic surgery, epidural and rachianesthesia, foraminal infiltration, arterial dissection, systemic hypotension, emboligenic heart disease, thoracic disc herniation, and compression. Understanding the vascular anatomy of the spinal cord is essential to develop optimal strategies for preventing ischemic injuries to the spinal cord. During ischemia, a rich network of intra and paraspinal collaterals allow enough blood flow to compensate the intensity of spinal cord ischemia. In case of interruption of flow of a main artery, the collateral artery increases its flow to maintain perfusion to the tissues. Avoiding spinal cord ischemia by using collateral circulation is necessary to prevent the establishment of hypovolemia, hyperthermia and elevations in venous pressures. The objective of this narrative review is to present the current concepts of spinal collateral circulation and its role in the setting of ischemic events, affecting the vascular supply of the spinal cord.
Considerations for the Management of Women with Breast Cancer during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Irukulla Monica , Reddy Palwai Vinitha 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOutcomes in cancer patients are strongly influenced by timeliness and quality of multidisciplinary interventions. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to severe disruption in cancer care in many countries. This has necessitated several changes in clinical care and workflow, including resource allocation, team segregation and deferment of many elective procedures. Several international oncological societies have proposed guidelines for the care of patients afflicted with breast cancer during the pandemic with a view to optimize resource allocation and maximize risk versus benefit for the individual and society. Clinicians may utilize these recommendations to adapt patient care, based on the current availability of resources and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic in each region. This article discusses the guidelines for care of patients afflicted with breast cancer during the pandemic.
Microsurgery Fellowship Website and Social Media Presence: Are Programs Optimizing Recruitment Strategy?
Authors: Atia Andrew , Langdell Hannah C. , Hollins Andrew , Shammas Ronnie L. , Glener Adam , Marks Caitlin , Lee Bernard T. , Phillips Brett T. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background Microsurgery fellowship applicants make decisions for future training based on information obtained from colleagues, mentors, and microsurgery fellowship program Websites (MFWs). In this study, we sought to evaluate the accessibility and quality of available information by microsurgery programs by analyzing the most commonly used web resources and social media outlets for applicants.
Methods The San Francisco (SF) Match and American Society of Reconstructive Microsurgery Websites were queried in April 2020 for microsurgery fellowship programs (MFPs) participating in the SF Match. Twenty-two independent variables of information were assessed on MFWs based on previously published data. Social media presence was also assessed by querying Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter for official hospital, plastic surgery residency, and microsurgery fellowship accounts.
Results All 24 MFWs participating in the SF Match had a webpage. Program description, faculty listing, operative volume, and eligibility requirements were listed for all programs (100%). The majority of MFWs listed affiliated hospitals (75%), provided a link to the fellowship application (66.7%), listed interview dates (66.7%), and highlighted research interests (50%). A minority of MFWs provided information on conference schedule (37.5%), current fellow listing (25%), previous fellow listing (16.67%), and positions held by previous fellows (8.33%). No MFWs (0%) presented information on selection process, or rotation schedule.All hospitals with an MFP had a Facebook page and nearly all had Instagram (83.3%) and Twitter accounts (95.8%). Plastic surgery residency programs at the same institution of an MFP had social media presence on Facebook (38.9%), Twitter (38.9%), and Instagram (66.7%). Only three MFPs had Facebook accounts (12.5%) and none had Instagram or Twitter accounts.
Conclusion As the field of microsurgery continues to grow, the need for effective recruitment and training of microsurgeons continues to be essential. Overall, we conclude that both the accessibility and quality of information available to applicants are limited, which is a missed opportunity for recruitment.
Burden of Moderate and Severe Head Injury in Kashmir Valley
Authors: Bhat Irfan , Malik Nayil , Kareem Kaiser , Ramzan Altaf , Sheikh Hilal , Wani Abrar , Singh Sarbjit , Arif Sajad , Rashid Abdual 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background Head injury is a major health hazard throughout the world. Overall, the mortality/morbidity has not changed much in the last few decades. In developing nations, the situation is worse.
Methods The study was conducted for a period of 1 year. The data collected include demographic profile, mode, circumstances and timing of the injury, neurological assessment using Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scoring, computed tomography (CT) scan findings, type of management, and outcome.
Results Transport-related injuries and falls were the common cause of head injury, with more severe injuries seen in patients without wearing helmets and seat belts. The youth is at high risk of receiving head injuries. The summer season showed a maximum incidence of head injuries. The most common lesions on CT scan were linear fracture of the skull and brain contusion. Mortality rate was 26% and it correlated with the GCS at presentation.
Conclusion Head injury mostly affects young people and males outnumber females. Road traffic accident is the major cause. People not abiding by the traffic rules, such as wearing helmets and seat belts, were at high risk of developing head injury and poor outcome.
Proteome-wide effects of naphthalene-derived secondary organic aerosol in BEAS-2B cells are caused by short-lived unsaturated carbonyls
Authors: Han Jiajun , Wang Shunyao , Yeung Kirsten , Yang Diwen , Gu Wen , Ma Zhiyuan , Sun Jianxian , Wang Xiaomin , Chow Chung-Wai , Chan Arthur W. H. , Peng Hui 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) causes various adverse health outcomes, but identification of the toxic components remains infeasible for current methodology due to the existence of hundreds of unknown chemical components. In this study, we established a platform to tackle this challenge by combining atmospheric flow reactor, proteomics, reporter bioassays, and nontarget analysis. Short-lived unsaturated carbonyls were identified to be the components in naphthalene-derived SOA responsible for toxicity related to cysteine reactions.
Genetic landscape and autoimmunity of monocytes in developing Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease
Authors: Hu Youjin , Hu Yixin , Xiao Yuhua , Wen Feng , Zhang Shaochong , Liang Dan , Su Lishi , Deng Yang , Luo Jiawen , Ou Jingsong , Lu Mingzhi , Hong Yanhua , Chi Wei 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada (VKH) disease is one of the most common and severe vision-threatening autoimmune uveitis in Asians. However, the functional heterogeneity among subsets in human blood monocytes and the VKH disease-relevant populations remains elusive. This study encoded the landscape of human monocytes, clustered six subsets with distinct functions, and revealed two populations, using single-cell RNA sequencing. Surprisingly, we discovered a disease-specific subset, proinflammatory monocytes, implicating immune activation in VKH disease. We also identified a cell type-specific transcriptional signature in subset ISG15, which might be corresponded with treatment response. These data highlight advanced understanding of pathogenesis, mapping an atlas of autoimmune monocytes and potential therapeutic targets in autoimmune uveitis.
Spontaneous outflow efficiency of confined liquid in hydrophobic nanopores
Authors: Gao Yuan , Li Mingzhe , Zhang Yue , Lu Weiyi , Xu Baoxing 
Published: September 2020

Significance
The outflow of prior confined or intruded liquid from a hydrophobic pore at the nanoscale is the foundation for devising nanofluidics-enabled, reusable functional materials, structures, and devices and is fundamentally different from that at the macroscale due to nanoconfinement effects. We, in both molecular-dynamics simulations and experiments, addressed the nanoconfinement mechanism that hinders the outflow of nanoconfined various liquid by investigating both inflow and outflow processes of liquid in hydrophobic nanopores and demonstrated that a continuous and spontaneous outflow with high and stable efficiency could be achieved. The elucidated outflow mechanisms and regulation strategies will provide a rational route for exploring high-performance reusable devices in a broad scope of nanoporous materials and liquid environments by leveraging unique nanopore–liquid interactions.
Axisymmetric hydrodynamics in numerical relativity using a multipatch method
Authors: Jesse Jerred , Duez Matthew D , Foucart Francois , Haddadi Milad , Knight Alexander L , Cadenhead Courtney L , Hébert Francois , Kidder Lawrence E , Pfeiffer Harald P , Scheel Mark A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We describe a method of implementing the axisymmetric evolution of general-relativistic hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics through modification of a multipatch grid scheme. In order to ease the computational requirements required to evolve the post-merger phase of systems involving binary compact massive objects in numerical relativity, it is often beneficial to take advantage of these system’s tendency to rapidly settle into states that are nearly axisymmetric, allowing for 2D evolution of secular timescales. We implement this scheme in the spectral Einstein code and show the results of application of this method to four test systems including viscosity, magnetic fields, and neutrino radiation transport. Our results show that this method can be used to quickly allow already existing 3D infrastructure that makes use of local coordinate system transformations to be made to run in axisymmetric 2D with the flexible grid creation capabilities of multipatch methods. Our code tests include a simple model of a binary neutron star postmerger remnant, for which we confirm the formation of a massive torus which is a promising source of post-merger ejecta.
Mass–energy connection without special relativity
Authors: D’Abramo Germano 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In 1905, Einstein carried out his first derivation of the mass–energy equivalence by studying in different reference frames the energy balance of a body emitting electromagnetic radiation and assuming special relativity as a prerequisite. In this paper, we prove that a general mass–energy relationship can be derived solely from very basic assumptions, which are the same made in Einstein’s first derivation but completely neglecting special relativity. The general mass–energy relationship turns to a mass–energy equivalence when is applied to the case of a body emitting energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. Our main result is that if the core logic behind Einstein’s approach is sound, then the essence of the mass–energy equivalence can be derived without special relativity. We believe that our heuristic approach, although not capable of giving the exact mathematical formula for the mass–energy equivalence, may represent a useful addition to the general discussion on the matter at the graduate level. Our finding suggests that the connection between mass and energy is at a deeper level and comes before any full-fledged physical theory.
Undergraduate experiments with a 44Ti source
Authors: Pirrie S , Tungate G , Kokalova Tz , Wheldon C , Nikolopoulos K , Rita P Santa , Turner A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Undergraduate experiments provide practical demonstration of both measurement techniques and the underpinning science. The radioactive source 44Ti is particularly useful due to the range of experimental measurements it allows. Five experiments utilising 44Ti, suitable for undergraduate laboratories, are described in this paper. These illustrate several topics in nuclear physics and a number of experimental techniques, such as coincidence measurements and lifetime measurements. The experiments described require careful evaluation of the data which provide students with important analytical skills.
Frequency and damping effect of suspended silicon nitride membranes in water near the megahertz range
Authors: Wang Jiaying , Mei Jiyang , Friend James , Vazquez-Mena Oscar 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Understanding the behavior of water-immersed membranes in the megahertz range is critical to develop novel acoustic metamaterials compatible with biomedical ultrasound applications. Herein, we study the influence of water on the resonance frequency and quality factor near the megahertz range of silicon nitride membranes fully immersed in water using laser Doppler vibrometry. The resonance frequency of silicon nitride membranes significantly decreases in water compared to air. For a 40 µm wide membrane, the resonance frequency is reduced from 11.2 MHz in air to 1.24 MHz after immersion in water, which is confirmed by finite element method simulations. Our results indicate that the water mass loading plays a major role in the resonance frequency reduction, with a ratio of water mass to membrane mass of

m

w
a
t
e
r

/

m

m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e

∼

102 and NAVMI factors of Γ∼1.3. We attribute the main losses to acoustic radiation with small contributions from viscous damping. We estimate that silicon nitride membranes with widths below 50 µm are required to build negative metamaterials operating above 1 MHz. The large NAVMI factors suggest strong coupling between membrane motion and acoustic waves in water, which is important to develop metamaterials able to manipulate acoustic fields.
Characterization of β-Ga2O3 homoepitaxial films and MOSFETs grown by MOCVD at high growth rates
Authors: Tadjer Marko J , Alema Fikadu , Osinsky Andrei , Mastro Michael A , Nepal Neeraj , Woodward Jeffrey M , Myers-Ward Rachael L , Glaser Evan R , Freitas Jaime A , Jacobs Alan G , Gallagher James C , Mock Alyssa L , Pennachio Daniel J , Hajzus Jenifer , Ebrish Mona , Anderson Travis J , Hobart Karl D , Hite Jennifer K , Eddy Jr. Charles R 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor gallium oxide (Ga2O3) offers substantial promise to significantly advance power electronic devices as a result of its high breakdown electric field and maturing substrate technology. A key remaining challenge is the ability to grow electronic-grade epitaxial layers at rates consistent with 20–40 μm thick drift regions needed for 20 kV and above technologies. This work reports on extensive characterization of epitaxial layers grown in a novel metalorganic chemical vapor deposition tool that permits growth rates of 1.0–4.0 μm h−1. Specifically, optical, structural and electrical properties of epilayers grown at ∼1 μm h−1 are reported, including employment in an operating MOSFET. The films demonstrate relatively smooth surfaces with a high degree of structural order, limited point defectivity (Nd − Na ≈ 5 × 1015 cm−3) and an optical bandgap of 4.50 eV. Further, when employed in a MOSFET test structure with an n+ doped channel, a record high mobility for a transistor structure with a doped channel of 170 cm2 V−1 s−1 was measured via the Hall technique at room temperature. This work reports for the first time a β-Ga2O3 MOSFET grown using Agnitron Technology’s high growth rate MOCVD homoepitaxial process. These results clearly establish a significant improvement in epilayer quality at growth rates that can support future high voltage power device technologies.
Electric field gradients in 2H–NbSe2: 93Nb NMR measurements and first-principles calculations
Authors: Li Zefang , Xi Xuekui , Chen Jie , Liu Enke , Wu Guangheng , Wang Wenhong 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Accurate atomic scale structure is of importance for revealing the still mysterious electronic phase transitions in a famous 2D metal, 2H–NbSe2. In this work, the electric field gradients (EFGs) of 2H–NbSe2 at Nb sites in the normal state were investigated by 93Nb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with first-principles computations. The previous T
3/2 and linear T models for describing the temperature dependent EFGs were tested and discussed according to our measured and theoretically computed EFG data in this two-dimensional metal.
Specific absorbed fractions and radionuclide S-values for tumors of varying size and composition
Authors: Olguin Edmond , President Bonnie , Ghaly Michael , Frey Eric , Sgouros George , Bolch Wesley E 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Accurate estimates of tumor absorbed dose are essential for the evaluation of treatment efficacy in radiopharmaceutical cancer therapy. Although tumor dosimetry via the MIRD schema has been previously investigated, prior studies have been limited to the consideration of soft-tissue tumors. In the present study, specific absorbed fractions (SAFs) for monoenergetic photons, electrons, and alpha particles in tumors of varying compositions were computed using Monte Carlo simulations in MCNPX after which self-irradiation S-values for 22 radionuclides (along with 14 additional alpha-emitter progeny) were generated for tumors of both varying size and tissue composition. The tumors were modeled as spheres with radii ranging from 0.10 cm to 6.0 cm and with compositions varying from 100% soft tissue (ST) to 100% mineral bone (MB). The energies of the photons and electrons were varied on a logarithm energy grid from 10 keV to 10 MeV. The energies of alpha particles were varied along a linear energy grid from 0.5 MeV to 12 MeV. In all cases, a homogenous activity distribution was assumed throughout the tumor volume. Furthermore, to assess the effect of tumor shape, several ellipsoidal tumors of different compositions were modeled and absorbed fractions were computed for monoenergetic electrons and photons. S-values were then generated using detailed decay data from the 2008 MIRD Monograph on Radionuclide Data and Decay Schemes. Our study results demonstrate that a soft-tissue model yields relative errors of 25% and 71% in the absorbed fraction assigned to uniform sources of 1.5 MeV electrons and 100 keV photons, respectively, localized within a 1 cm diameter tumor of MB. The data further show that absorbed fractions for moderate ellipsoids can be well approximated by a spherical shape of equal mass within a relative error of < 8%. S-values for 22 radionuclides (and their daughter progeny) were computed with results demonstrating how relative errors in SAFs could propagate to relative errors in tumor dose estimates as high as 86%. A comprehensive data set of radionuclide S-values by tumor size and tissue composition is provided for application of the MIRD schema for tumor dosimetry in radiopharmaceutical therapy.
Characterization of B0-field fluctuations in prostate MRI
Authors: Shrestha Kakkar Lebina , Usman Muhammad , Arridge Simon , Kirkham Alex , Atkinson David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Multi-parametric MRI is increasingly used for prostate cancer detection. Improving information from current sequences, such as T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging, and additional sequences, such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST), may enhance the performance of multi-parametric MRI. The majority of these techniques are sensitive to B0-field variations and may result in image distortions including signal pile-up and stretching (echo planar imaging (EPI) based DW-MRI) or unwanted shifts in the frequency spectrum (CEST and MRS). Our aim is to temporally and spatially characterize B0-field changes in the prostate. Ten male patients are imaged using dual-echo gradient echo sequences with varying repetitions on a 3 T scanner to evaluate the temporal B0-field changes within the prostate. A phantom is also imaged to consider no physiological motion. The spatial B0-field variations in the prostate are reported as B0-field values (Hz), their spatial gradients (Hz/mm) and the resultant distortions in EPI based DW-MRI images (b-value = 0 s/mm2 and two oppositely phase encoded directions). Over a period of minutes, temporal changes in B0-field values were ≤19 Hz for minimal bowel motion and ≥30 Hz for large motion. Spatially across the prostate, the B0-field values had an interquartile range of ≤18 Hz (minimal motion) and ≤44 Hz (large motion). The B0-field gradients were between −2 and 5 Hz/mm (minimal motion) and 2 and 12 Hz/mm (large motion). Overall, B0-field variations can affect DW, MRS and CEST imaging of the prostate.