bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Adverse Outcomes in Pediatric Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
Authors: Alhinai Zaid , Elahi Morvarid , Park Sangshin , Foo Bill , Lee Brian , Chapin Kimberle , Koster Michael , Sánchez Pablo J , Michelow Ian C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Clinicians cannot reliably predict complications of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO).

Methods
Consecutive cases of AHO from 2 pediatric centers in the United States were analyzed retrospectively to develop clinical tools from data obtained within 96 hours of hospitalization to predict acute and chronic complications of AHO. Two novel composite prediction scores derived from multivariable logistic regression modeling were compared with a previously published severity of illness (SOI) score, C-reactive protein (CRP), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve analyses.

Results
The causative organisms were identified in 73% of 261 cases. Bacteremia (45%), abscesses (38%), and associated suppurative arthritis (23%) were relatively common. Acute or chronic complications occurred in 24% and 11% of patients, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression identified bone abscess (odds ratio [OR], 2.3 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.0–5.2]), fever &gt; 48 hours (OR, 2.7 [95% CI, 1.2–6.0]), suppurative arthritis (OR, 3.2 [95% CI, 1.3–7.5]), disseminated disease (OR, 4.6 [95% CI, 1.5–14.3]), and delayed source control (OR, 5.1 [95% CI, 1.4–19.0]) as strong predictors of acute complications. In a separate model, CRP ≥ 100 mg/L at 2–4 days after antibiotics (OR, 2.7 [95% CI, 1.0–7.3]), disseminated disease (OR, 3.3 [95% CI, 1.1–10.0]), and requirement for bone debridement (OR, 6.7 [95% CI, 2.1–21.0]) strongly predicted chronic morbidity. These variables were combined to create weighted composite prediction scores for acute (A-SCORE) and chronic (C-SCORE) osteomyelitis, which were superior to SOI, CRP, and ESR and had negative predictive values &gt; 90%.

Conclusions
Two novel composite clinical scores were superior to existing tools to predict complications of pediatric AHO.
Credit and the Labour Share: Evidence from US States
Authors: Leblebicioğlu Aslı , Weinberger Ariel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe investigate the role of credit markets as a cause for changes in the US labour share. Causal evidence is provided that the labour share declined between 0.8 and 1.2 percentage points following the interstate banking deregulation, explaining more than half of the overall reduction during that period. The lower costs of credit and greater bank competition in each state are mechanisms that led to the decline. To quantify the relationship between credit and factor payments, we calibrate a model with financial frictions and highlight financial development as a potential channel for the reduction in labour share observed globally.
Long-lasting effects of antibiotics on bacterial communities of adult flies
Authors: Ourry Morgane , Lopez Valérie , Hervé Maxime , Lebreton Lionel , Mougel Christophe , Outreman Yannick , Poinsot Denis , Cortesero Anne Marie 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
Insect symbionts benefit their host and their study requires large spectrum antibiotic use like tetracycline to weaken or suppress symbiotic communities. While antibiotics have a negative impact on insect fitness, little is known about antibiotic effects on insect microbial communities and how long they last. We characterized the bacterial communities of adult cabbage root fly Delia radicum in a Wolbachia-free population and evaluated the effect of tetracycline treatment on these communities over several generations. Three D. radicum generations were used: the first- and second-generation flies either ingested tetracycline or not, while the third-generation flies were untreated but differed with their parents and/or grandparents that had or had not been treated. Fly bacterial communities were sequenced using a 16S rRNA gene. Tetracycline decreased fly bacterial diversity and induced modifications in both bacterial abundance and relative frequencies, still visible on untreated offspring whose parents and/or grandparents had been treated, therefore demonstrating long-lasting transgenerational effects on animal microbiomes after antibiotic treatment. Flies with an antibiotic history shared bacterial genera, potentially tetracycline resistant and heritable. Next, the transmission should be investigated by comparing several insect development stages and plant compartments to assess vertical and horizontal transmissions of D. radicum bacterial communities.
Recent progress of the effect of environmental factors on Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxins production on foods
Authors: Tai Bowen , Chang Jinghua , Liu Yang , Xing Fuguo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The contamination of Aspergillus flavus and subsequent aflatoxins (AFs) has been considered as one of the most serious food safety problems due to their acute and chronic adverse effects on humans and animals. This review collects the available information from recent years on the effect of the major environmental factors such as water activity (aw), temperature, CO2, and pH on the fungal growth, the expression of AFs-related genes, and AFs production by A. flavus on foods. In particular, the relationship between the relative expression of key regulatory (aflR and aflS) and structural genes (aflD, aflO, aflQ, etc.) and AFs production under different environmental conditions are collected and discussed. The information collected in this review can be used to design control strategies of A. flavus and AFs contamination in practical applications, primarily during storage and processing. These data suggest that integrating various post-harvest methods with synergistic functions may be more efficient for the control of A. flavus growth and AFs production, although the individual environmental factors alone have an impact.
Transition Readiness Not Associated With Measures of Health in Youth With IBD
Authors: Arvanitis Marina , Hart Laura C , DeWalt Darren A , Díaz-González de Ferris Maria E , Sawicki Gregory S , Long Millie D , Martin Christopher F , Kappelman Michael D 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundIt remains unclear how transition readiness is associated with various domains of health in children and young adults. Our objective was to describe the transition readiness of children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and examine its associations with demographic factors, IBD activity, and measures of physical, psychological, and social health.MethodsWe recruited children ages 12 to 17 and young adults ages 18 to 20 from 2 internet-based cohorts sponsored by the Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation. Participants self-reported demographics, IBD activity, transition readiness, health-related quality of life, and Patient-Reported Outcomes Information Systems domains of physical, psychological, and social health.ResultsAmong 361 pediatric and 119 adult participants, age and female sex were associated with transition readiness. The association was greater in the pediatric cohort. Having IBD in remission was associated with worse transition readiness in the pediatric cohort only (beta = 0.3; P = 0.003). Health-related quality of life and Patient-Reported Outcomes Information Systems measures of fatigue, pain interference, and sleep disturbance were not associated with transition readiness in either children or adults. We observed few small associations between psychological or social health and transition readiness. Better transition readiness was associated with greater anxiety in adults (beta = –0.02; P = 0.02) and greater peer relationships among children (beta = 0.01; P = 0.009).ConclusionsIn children and young adults with IBD, transition readiness was associated with older age and female sex. Associations between transition readiness and physical, psychological, and social health were either small, inconsistent across age groups, or nonexistent.
Area-level deprivation, childhood dental ambulatory sensitive hospitalizations and community water fluoridation: evidence from New Zealand
Authors: Hobbs Matthew , Wade Alicia , Jones Peter , Marek Lukas , Tomintz Melanie , Sharma Kanchan , McCarthy John , Mattingley Barry , Campbell Malcolm , Kingham Simon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
We examined the association between area-level deprivation and dental ambulatory sensitive hospitalizations (ASH) and considered the moderating effect of community water fluoridation (CWF). The hypothesis was that higher levels of deprivation are associated with higher dental ASH rates and that CWF will moderate this association such that children living in the most deprived areas have greater health gain from CWF.

Methods
Dental ASH conditions (dental caries and diseases of pulp/periapical tissues), age, gender and home address identifier (meshblock) were extracted from pooled cross-sectional data (Q3, 2011 to Q2, 2017) on children aged 0–4 and 5–12 years from the National Minimum Dataset, New Zealand (NZ) Ministry of Health. CWF was obtained for 2011 and 2016 from the NZ Institute of Environmental Science and Research. Dental ASH rates for children aged 0–4 and 5–12 years (/1000) were calculated for census area units (CAUs). Multilevel negative binomial models investigated associations between area-level deprivation, dental ASH rate and moderation by CWF status.

Results
Relative to CWF (2011 and 2016), no CWF (2011 and 2016) was associated with increased dental ASH rates in children aged 0–4 [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.171 (95% confidence interval 1.064, 1.288)] and aged 5–12 years [IRR = 1.181 (1.084, 1.286)]. An interaction between area-level deprivation and CWF showed that the association between CWF and dental ASH rates was greatest within the most deprived quintile of children aged 0–4 years [IRR = 1.316 (1.052, 1.645)].

Conclusions
CWF was associated with a reduced dental ASH rate for children aged 0–4 and 5–12 years. Children living in the most deprived areas showed the greatest effect of CWF on dental ASH rates, indicating that the greater health gain from CWF occurred for those with the highest socio-economic disadvantage. Variation in CWF contributes to structural inequities in oral-health outcomes for children.
Effect of Emodin on Coxsackievirus B3m-Mediated Encephalitis in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease by Inhibiting Toll-Like Receptor 3 Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Ding Yan , Xu Jie , Cheng Liang-bin , Huang Yong-qian , Wang You-qin , Li Hui , Li Yu , Ji Jing-yu , Zhang Ji-hong , Zhao Lei 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Encephalitis in hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a serious threat to children’s health and life. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is an innate immune-recognition receptor that can recognize virus and initiate innate immune responses. Emodin has the effects of anti-inflammatory and regulating immune function, but the mechanism is not very clear.

Methods
Cells and mice were pretreated with coxsackievirus B3m (CVB3) and treated with emodin. The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein levels of TLR3 and downstream molecules were detected by quantitative real-time polymearse chain reaction and western blotting analysis, respectively. TLR3 expression was also downregulated by anti-TLR3 antibody (TLR3Ab) or small interfering RNA (siRNA). Pathological changes were assessed with hematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of TLR3 in brain tissues. The expression of interleukin (IL)-6, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and interferon (IFN)-β in serum were tested with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results
Emodin decreased the mRNA and protein levels of TLR3 and downstream molecules in vitro and in vivo. After downregulating TLR3 using anti-TLR3Ab or siRNA, emodin could still decrease the mRNA and protein levels of TLR3 and downstream molecules. Emodin also displayed notable effects on pathology, TLR3 protein in brain tissues, and expression of IL-6, NF-κB, IFN-β, in serum.

Conclusions
Emodin exerts a protective effect in CVB3-mediated encephalitis in HFMD by inhibiting the TLR3 pathway.
Urban Scatopsidae (Diptera) of Los Angeles, California, United States
Authors: Amorim Dalton de Souza , Brown Brian V 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA total of 2,545 specimens of scatopsids were collected by the BioSCAN project in Los Angeles, California, United States—an urban biodiversity project that worked with citizen scientists managing Malaise traps during 108 wk between September 2013 and October 2016. This is one of the largest collections of minute scavenger flies (Diptera: Scatopsidae) ever reported from a single project. Eleven species were identified: in the Ectaetiinae, Ectaetia betzi sp.nov.; in the Psectrosciarinae, Psectrosciara gonzalezae sp.nov.; in the Scatopsinae–Scatopsini, Scatopse notata (Linnaeus); in the Scatopsinae Colobostematini, Holoplagia guamensis (Johannsen); in the Scatopsinae Swammerdamellini, Aztecatopse huertai sp.nov., Swammerdamella marginata (Cook), Coboldia fuscipes (Meigen), Quateiella quatei (Cook), Abrhexosa grossa (Cook), Abrhexosa ryckmani (Cook), and Cooka melanderi (Cook). The three new species are described and illustrated. Phenology of the species collected is discussed. Of the species collected, Scatopse notata, Holoplagia guamensis and Coboldia fuscipes are widespread, cosmopolitan species. Previous records from southern California suggest that eight other species may exist in the area and were not collected—two of Psectrosciara Enderlein, two of Rhegmoclemina Enderlein, and at least one species of Parascatopse Cook, Apiloscatopse Cook, Colobostema Enderlein, and Akorhexoza Cook. This article documents for the first time the genus Aztecatopse Haenni and Huerta in United States and Holoplagia guamensis in continental United States. Overall, the Los Angeles conurbation has been able to keep over 55% of the expected diversity of the family in the area, and some actions in urban planning could possibly extend considerably this percentage. This study emphasizes the value not only of sampling for insect biodiversity in urban environments but of the role of community (=citizen) science in expanding the breadth of such sampling efforts.
Voriconazole: an audit of hospital-based dosing and monitoring and evaluation of the predictive performance of a dose-prediction software package
Authors: Chaudhri Kanika , Stocker Sophie L , Williams Kenneth M , McLeay Robert C , Marriott Deborah J E , Di Tanna Gian Luca , Day Richard O , Carland Jane E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is recommended to guide voriconazole therapy.

Objectives
To determine compliance of hospital-based voriconazole dosing and TDM with the Australian national guidelines and evaluate the predictive performance of a one-compartment population pharmacokinetic voriconazole model available in a commercial dose-prediction software package.

Methods
A retrospective audit of voriconazole therapy at an Australian public hospital (1 January to 31 December 2016) was undertaken. Data collected included patient demographics, dosing history and plasma concentrations. Concordance of dosing and TDM with Australian guidelines was assessed. Observed concentrations were compared with those predicted by dose-prediction software. Measures of bias (mean prediction error) and precision (mean squared prediction error) were calculated.

Results
Adherence to dosing guidelines for 110 courses of therapy (41% for prophylaxis and 59% for invasive fungal infections) was poor, unless oral formulation guidelines recommended a 200 mg dose, the most commonly prescribed dose (56% of prescriptions). Plasma voriconazole concentrations were obtained for 82% (90/110) of courses [median of 3 (range: 1–27) obtained per course]. A minority (27%) of plasma concentrations were trough concentrations [median concentration: 1.5 mg/L (range: &lt;0.1 to &gt;5.0 mg/L)]. Of trough concentrations, 57% (58/101) were therapeutic, 37% (37/101) were subtherapeutic and 6% (6/101) were supratherapeutic. The dose-prediction software performed well, with acceptable bias and precision of 0.09 mg/L (95% CI −0.08 to 0.27) and 1.32 (mg/L)2 (95% CI 0.96–1.67), respectively.

Conclusions
Voriconazole dosing was suboptimal based on published guidelines and TDM results. Dose-prediction software could enhance TDM-guided therapy.
A multicentre study to optimize echinocandin susceptibility testing of Aspergillus species with the EUCAST methodology and a broth microdilution colorimetric method
Authors: Meletiadis Joseph , Siopi Maria , Kanioura Lamprini , Jørgensen Karin Meinike , Perlin David S , Mouton Johan W , Arendrup Maiken Cavling 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
The determination of the minimal effective concentration (MEC) of echinocandins against Aspergillus species is subjective, time consuming and has been associated with very major errors.

Methods
The MECs/MICs of 40 WT [10 each of Aspergillus fumigatus species complex (SC), Aspergillus flavus SC, Aspergillus terreus SC and Aspergillus niger SC] and 4 non-WT A. fumigatus isolates were determined with EUCAST E.Def 9.3.1 read microscopically, macroscopically, spectrophotometrically and colorimetrically in three centres. The optimal conditions for spectrophotometric (single- versus multi-point readings) and colorimetric (XTT/menadione concentration and stability, incubation time) methods were evaluated in preliminary studies using different cut-offs for the determination of macroscopic, spectrophotometric and colorimetric MIC endpoints compared with the microscopically determined MEC. Inter-centre and inter-method essential (within one 2-fold dilution) agreement (EA) and categorical agreement (CA) were determined.

Results
Both macroscopic and spectrophotometric endpoint readings showed poor inter-centre EA (53%–66%) and low CA (41%–88%) in distinguishing WT from non-WT A. fumigatus SC isolates, while significant differences compared with the microscopic MECs were observed for all echinocandins (EA 6%–54%). For the colorimetric method, the optimal conditions were 400 mg/L XTT/6.25 μΜ menadione, incubation for 1–2 h until the drug-free control reached an absorbance at 450/630 nm of &gt;0.8 and use of 50% inhibition of XTT conversion as a cut-off for all species and echinocandins. All non-WT isolates had high XTT MICs &gt;1 mg/L, whereas the overall inter-centre EA and CA were 72%–89% and 100%, respectively.

Conclusions
The XTT colorimetric assay improved the antifungal susceptibility testing of echinocandins against Aspergillus spp., reliably detecting non-WT isolates.
Obesity Paradox: Laboratory Findings in Uncomplicated Obesity. Is Bias a Plausible Explanation?
Authors: Nwogbo Okechukwu V , Ullah Asad , Singh Gurmukh 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Obesity predisposes to multiple diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, stroke, arthritis, and malignancy. However, obese patients have better outcomes than normal-weight patients with some of these disorders, including those admitted to critical care units. We compared the results for common laboratory tests in patients with uncomplicated obesity against the findings in normal-weight patients.

Methods
Patients who had a comprehensive metabolic profile test were identified. Patients with acute and/or chronic debilitating disorders were excluded, and the laboratory parameters were compared among 4 groups based on body mass index.

Results
With the exception of elevated triglycerides and lower high-density lipoprotein in obese and morbidly obese patients, laboratory findings were not meaningfully different from those in normal-weight patients.

Conclusions
The obesity paradox of better outcomes in obese patients admitted to critical care units could not be explained on the basis of lower additional disease burden necessitating critical care admission due to abnormal laboratory values at the baseline. It is conceivable that unconscious bias against obese patients, with lower disease burden than normal-weight patients, triggers their admission to critical care, thus creating the appearance of better outcomes.
Associations of Novel Dietary and Lifestyle Inflammation Scores With Incident Colorectal Cancer in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study
Authors: Byrd Doratha A , Judd Suzanne E , Flanders W Dana , Hartman Terryl J , Fedirko Veronika , Agurs-Collins Tanya , Bostick Roberd M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Chronically higher inflammation, likely contributed to by dietary and lifestyle exposures, may increase risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). To address this, we investigated associations of novel dietary (DIS) and lifestyle (LIS) inflammation scores with incident CRC in the prospective National Institutes of Health–American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study (N = 453 465).

Methods
The components of our previously developed and externally validated 19-component DIS and 4-component LIS were weighted based on their strengths of associations with a panel of circulating inflammation biomarker concentrations in a diverse subset (N = 639) of participants in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study cohort. We calculated the components and applied their weights in the National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons cohort at baseline, summed the weighted components (higher scores reflect a higher balance of proinflammatory exposures), and investigated associations of the scores with incident CRC using Cox proportional hazards regression. All statistical tests were two-sided.

Results
Over a mean 13.5 years of follow-up, 10 336 participants were diagnosed with CRC. Among those in the highest relative to the lowest DIS and LIS quintiles, the multivariable-adjusted hazards ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were HR = 1.27 (95% CI = 1.19 to 1.35; Ptrend &lt; .001) and 1.38 (95% CI = 1.30 to 1.48; Ptrend &lt; .001), respectively. The associations were stronger among men and for colon cancers. The hazards ratio for those in the highest relative to the lowest joint DIS and LIS quintile was HR = 1.83 (95% CI = 1.68 to 1.99; Pinteraction &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Aggregates of proinflammatory dietary and lifestyle exposures may be associated with higher risk for CRC.
Protective effects of new aryl sulfone derivatives against radiation-induced hematopoietic injury
Authors: Cao Jian , Li Hongyan , Yuan Renbin , Dong Yinping , Wu Jing , Wang Meifang , Li Deguan , Tian Hongqi , Dong Hui 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The hematopoietic system is sensitive to radiation. In this research, new aryl sulfone derivatives (XH-201 and XH-202) containing a nitrogen heterocycle were designed and synthesized and their radio-protective efficacies with regard to the hematopoietic system were evaluated. XH-201 administration significantly increased the survival rate of mice after 8.0 Gy total body irradiation (TBI). The results showed that XH-201 treatment not only increased the white blood cells, platelets counts and the percentage of hematopoietic progenitor cells and hematopoietic stem cells in mice exposed to 4.0 Gy TBI but also decreased DNA damage, as determined by flow cytometric analysis of histone H2AX phosphorylation. In addition, our data demonstrated that XH-201 decreased the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in hematopoietic cells. Overall, these data suggest that XH-201 is beneficial for the protection of the hemoatopoietic system against radiation-induced injuries.