bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of clinically significant prostate cancer in biopsy‐naïve men: direct comparison of systematic biopsy, multiparametric MRI‐ and contrast‐ultrasound‐dispersion imaging‐targeted biopsy
Authors: Mannaerts Christophe K. , Engelbrecht Marc R.W. , Postema Arnoud W. , van Kollenburg Rob A.A. , Hoeks Caroline M.A. , Savci‐Heijink Cemile Dilara , Van Sloun Ruud J.G. , Wildeboer Rogier R. , De Reijke Theo M. , Mischi Massimo , Wijkstra Hessel 
Published: April 2020

ObjectivesTo compare and evaluate a multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI)‐targeted biopsy (TBx) strategy, contrast‐ultrasound‐dispersion imaging (CUDI)‐TBx strategy and systematic biopsy (SBx) strategy for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) in biopsy‐naïve men.Patients and MethodsA prospective, single‐centre paired diagnostic study included 150 biopsy‐naïve men, from November 2015 to November 2018. All men underwent pre‐biopsy mpMRI and CUDI followed by a 12‐core SBx taken by an operator blinded from the imaging results. Men with suspicious lesions on mpMRI and/or CUDI also underwent MRI‐TRUS fusion‐TBx and/or cognitive CUDI‐TBx after SBx by a second operator. A non‐inferiority analysis of the mpMRI‐ and CUDI‐TBx strategies in comparison with SBx for International Society of Urological Pathology Grade Group [GG] ≥2 PCa in any core with a non‐inferiority margin of 1 percentage point was performed. Additional analyses for GG ≥2 PCa with cribriform growth pattern and/or intraductal carcinoma (CR/IDC), and GG ≥3 PCa were performed. Differences in detection rates were tested using McNemar’s test with adjusted Wald confidence intervals.ResultsAfter enrolment of 150 men, an interim analysis was performed. Both the mpMRI‐ and CUDI‐TBx strategies were inferior to SBx for GG ≥2 PCa detection and the study was stopped. SBx found significantly more GG ≥2 PCa: 39% (56/142), as compared with 29% (41/142) and 28% (40/142) for mpMRI‐TBx and CUDI‐TBx, respectively (P < 0.05). SBx found significantly more GG = 1 PCa: 14% (20/142) compared to 1% (two of 142) and 3% (four of 142) with mpMRI‐TBx and CUDI‐TBx, respectively (P < 0.05). Detection of GG ≥2 PCa with CR/IDC and GG ≥3 PCa did not differ significantly between the strategies. The mpMRI‐ and CUDI‐TBx strategies were comparable in detection but the mpMRI‐TBx strategy had less false‐positive findings (18% vs 53%).ConclusionsIn our study in biopsy‐naïve men, the mpMRI‐ and CUDI‐TBx strategies had comparable PCa detection rates, but the mpMRI‐TBX strategy had the least false‐positive findings. Both strategies were inferior to SBx for the detection of GG ≥2 PCa, despite reduced detection of insignificant GG = 1 PCa. Both strategies did not significantly differ from SBx for the detection of GG ≥2 PCa with CR/IDC and GG ≥3 PCa.
Teachers' concerns about pupils' mental health in a cross‐sectional survey of a population sample of British schoolchildren
Authors: Mathews Frances , Newlove‐Delgado Tamsin , Finning Katie , Boyle Christopher , Hayes Rachel , Johnston Patrick , Ford Tamsin 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundSchools are becoming central to the identification and referral of children and young people with poor mental health. Understanding how well a teacher concern predicts mental disorder in a child or young person is important for mental health teams who need to respond to referrals.MethodThis secondary analysis of the 2004 British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey used the first item of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) Impact subscale to indicate concern about a child or young person’s mental health. Mental disorder according to DSM IVR criteria was assessed using the multi‐informant Development and Well‐Being Assessment. We compared the proportion with and without mental disorder according to the presence or absence of teacher concern.ResultsTeacher concern was moderately predictive (49% with teacher concern had a disorder) and sensitive (teacher concern present among 56% with disorder), while lack of teacher concern was highly predictive (only 5% had disorder) and specific (94% no disorder). Teacher concern was associated with significantly poorer mental health (mean teacher SDQ total difficulty score 19.6, SD 5.6 with disorder, mean 15.0; SD 5.1 if no disorder) compared to children without teacher concern (mean 9.6, SD 5.5 with disorder, and 4.9; SD 4.3 if no disorder; F (3, 5,931) = 1527.228, p = .001). If both teacher and parents were concerned, the child or young person was much more likely to have a disorder.ConclusionA lack of teacher concern can reassure mental health practitioners in the vast majority of cases. While teacher concern does identify those with poorer mental health, it is only moderately predictive of a disorder. When concerned about a child or young person, discussions with parents or others who know them may help teachers identify those who most need support.Key Practitioner Message

The emphasis on schools as a major setting to provide support and identify the need for referral to specialist mental health services means service commissioners, providers and practitioners could benefit from insight into how predictive a teacher’s concern is of childhood mental health conditions and how this may vary with the type of disorder

If teachers are not concerned about a child, practitioners can be reassured that there is unlikely to be a significant problem with their mental health, although this will be less certain in schools whose pupils are likely to have a higher than average levels of difficulty

Teacher concerns do not necessarily differentiate between clinically impairing and mild/ moderate mental health difficulties, but do identify children in poorer mental health

Asking for corroboration of concern from other sources increases the strength of the association to severe mental health disorders
Food supply chains during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Hobbs Jill E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper provides an early assessment of the implications of the COVID‐19 pandemic for food supply chains and supply chain resilience. The effects of demand‐side shocks on food supply chains are discussed, including consumer panic buying behaviors with respect to key items, and the sudden change in consumption patterns away from the food service sector to meals prepared and consumed at home. Potential supply‐side disruptions to food supply chains are assessed, including labor shortages, disruptions to transportation networks, and “thickening” of the Canada–U.S. border with respect to the movement of goods. Finally, the paper considers whether the COVID‐19 pandemic will have longer‐lasting effects on the nature of food supply chains, including the growth of the online grocery delivery sector, and the extent to which consumers will prioritize “local” food supply chains.
Resilience test of the North American food system
Authors: Orden David 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article assesses the resilience of the North American food system in the context of the coronavirus pandemic in the immediate, medium, and long run. Focus is on the United States. The immediate consequence is substantial disruption of agricultural markets and falling prices, but systemic breakdown of the system is unlikely. Existing farm programs and emergency legislation will support U.S. farmers. Medium term, supply is likely to be strong, while pandemic‐related disruptions in the developing world remain uncertain. Long term, the path forward under the fragility the pandemic has underscored is stronger international institutions and cooperation.
Phase I/II Study of Erlotinib to Determine the Optimal Dose in Patients With Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Only EGFR Mutations
Authors: Takeda Yuichiro , Ishizuka Naoki , Sano Kazumi , Hirano Satoshi , Suzuki Manabu , Naka Go , Sugiyama Haruhito 
Published: April 2020

The recommended daily dose of erlotinib was determined for patients with all types of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We determined the optimal dose (OD) in patients with NSCLC harboring only epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) sensitizing mutations. EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor‐naïve patients with sensitizing mutations were eligible. Clinical OD was determined in a phase I/II study based on the continual re‐assessment method (CRM) of both disease control and dose‐limiting toxicity, defined as any toxicity of grade 2 (G2) or higher within 8 weeks. We also determined the pharmacologic OD via a pharmacokinetic (PK) study. Thirty‐eight patients were enrolled. Clinical OD was 25 mg/day by the CRM. Median progression‐free survival (mPFS) was 9.3 months. In receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of mPFS, the trough concentration (

) was ≥ 0.30 μg/mL. The area under the curve (AUC) and

were predicted via population PK (PopPK) or a bootstrap of 100 iterations (PopPK100). TOX20 was defined as < 20% duration of any toxicity ≥ G2 during the PFS period. In ROC analysis of mPFS and TOX20 in the PopPK100 study,

was ≥ 0.17 and < 0.32 μg/mL, respectively. In ROC analysis of mPFS and TOX20 in the PopPK100 study,

was ≥ 0.15 and < 0.31 μg/mL, AUC was ≥ 14.4 and < 14.5 μg/mL•hour, and the dosage was ≥ 58.4 and < 58.8 mg/day, respectively. Clinical and pharmacologic ODs were 25 by CRM and 50–60 mg/day by PK, respectively. The proposed starting OD is 50–60 mg/day, with personalized adjustment of 0.15–0.31 μg/mL based on

as determined by PopPK monitoring.
A study of dermal melanophages in childhood nevi. Reassessing so‐called “pigment incontinence”
Authors: Cramer Stewart F. , Salgado Cláudia M. , Reyes‐Múgica Miguel 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn inflammatory dermatoses, dermal melanophages (MLP) are ascribed to “pigment incontinence,” with melanin “dropping down” from the epidermis. Although this is analogous to the “dropping down” of melanocytic nevus cells (Abtropfung), MLP in ordinary nevi have not been systematically studied—so “pigment incontinence” may not apply to MLP in nevi. A total of 31 childhood nevi identified by pediatricians and family practitioners were evaluated for the distribution of MLP. We tested the hypothesis that a dermal origin of the melanin in MLP is more likely than dropping down from the epidermis. In our cohort, 90.3% (28/31) of childhood nevi had dermal MLP, a significantly higher frequency, compared to 31/60 ordinary adult nevi (P < 0.0001). Superficial dermis was the most common location (P < 0.001). However, only six specimens had MLP restricted to the superficial dermis, significantly less than predicted by the theory that melanin drops down from the epidermis (P < 0.00001). We also evaluated perivascular MLP, since nerves run together with vessels in neurovascular bundles (NVB), and it has been showed that precursors of melanocytes migrate from the neural crest to the skin as nerve sheath stem cells. Superficial NVB MLP correlated with deep NVB bundle MLP (P < 0.05), suggesting that NVB MLP represent “tombstones” for superficial and deep dermal nevus cells. Deep dermal, deep NVB, and deep periadnexal MLP may be valid biological criteria for diagnosis of congenital type (prenatal) nevi. Viewing prenatal nevi in children as a neurocristopathy fits a major principle of pediatric pathology: childhood diseases should be studied and understood based on what happens during tissue development.
Look west for Australian evidence of the relationship between amphetamine‐type stimulant prescribing and meth/amphetamine use
Authors: Whitely Martin , Allsop Steve 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimsTo investigate Western Australian (WA) data on the relationship between the prescription of Amphetamine‐Type Stimulants (ATS), and the non‐medical use of prescription ATS and other forms of meth/amphetamine, for both adults (18+) and minors (<18).Design and MethodsTwo WA specific data sources were identified. The Stimulant Regulatory Scheme provided comprehensive ATS prescribing data from 2004 until 2017, and Australian Secondary School Alcohol and Drug (ASSAD) surveys provided details of non‐medical prescription ATS use by WA adolescents (12‐17). Other data sources included National Drug Strategy Household Surveys (NDSHS), the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), and the National Wastewater Drug Monitoring Program (NWDMP).ResultsOver 95% of WA ATS prescribing has been for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). WA adults have consistently received prescription ATS at a much higher rate than other Australian adults. The most recent published data reported that in 2017 WA adults were 2.6 times as likely as other Australian adults to be supplied an ATS for ADHD. Drug treatment, NDSHS and NWDMP data indicate that WA adult rates of non‐medical meth/amphetamine use have also regularly exceeded the Australian rate. Furthermore, the little data that exist on the non‐medical use of prescription ATS by Australian adults suggests that it may also be disproportionately common in WA. From 1993 until 2002 the proportion of WA minors prescribed ATS grew rapidly and was the highest in Australia. Following regulatory reforms prescribing rates declined. By 2010 they were approximately half the 2002 rate. Over a similar timeframe there was a 72% fall in WA adolescent self‐reported, past‐week, non‐medical amphetamine use. Since 2011 WA minor ATS prescribing rates have rebounded significantly. Unfortunately, useful data on adolescent meth/amphetamine use since 2011 is not available. Nonetheless, two ASSAD snapshots, in 2005 and 2017, suggest that more WA adolescents use prescription ATS non‐medically than medically.Discussion and ConclusionThe data for WA adults suggest a correlation, but does not establish a causal connection, between ATS prescribing and the non‐medical use of ATS and other forms of meth/amphetamine. Although it is clear that there is significant illicit prescription ATS use by WA adolescents, little is known about the contribution that the prescription of ATS makes to subsequent meth/amphetamine and other drug use. There is a critical need for research that investigates long‐term, population‐wide patterns and individual experiences of both those prescribed ATS and the broader population, to inform policy, prevention and treatment responses.
Bidirectional relationships in the development of internalising symptoms and alcohol use in adolescence
Authors: Birrell Louise , Slade Tim , Teesson Maree , Prior Katrina , Chapman Catherine , Hides Leanne , McBride Nyanda , Mewton Louise , Allsop Steve , Andrews Gavin , Newton Nicola C. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroduction and AimsPrevious literature has demonstrated an inconsistent relationship between alcohol use and internalising symptoms (anxiety, depression) in youth. This study aimed to clarify this link examining the bidirectional relationships between internalising symptoms and alcohol use in a community sample of adolescents, taking into account the effect of gender and externalising symptoms.Design and MethodsParallel latent growth models were run to prospectively explore the bidirectional relationships between internalising symptoms and alcohol use when assessed five times over 2 years, among 1557 (67% female) adolescents from age 13.5 years.ResultsResults showed that higher initial levels of internalising symptoms predicted increasing alcohol use frequency; however, this association was no longer significant once externalising symptoms and gender were accounted for. No bidirectional associations between internalising symptoms and alcohol use were found.Discussion and ConclusionsThis study adds to the literature examining the bidirectional relationships between internalising symptoms and alcohol use in adolescence. Findings highlight the importance of both gender and externalising symptoms in the development of this type of comorbidity and may help explain discrepant findings in the existing literature. Future prevention efforts for internalising problems and alcohol use should consider gender and externalising symptoms.
Hyperglucosuria induced by dapagliflozin augments bacterial colonization in the murine urinary tract
Authors: Saenkham Panatda , Jennings‐Gee Jamie , Hanson Braden , Kock Nancy D. , Adams L. Garry , Subashchandrabose Sargurunathan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimTo test the effects of dapagliflozin‐induced hyperglucosuria on ascending bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) in a mouse model.MethodsDapagliflozin or canagliflozin was used to induce hyperglucosuria in non‐diabetic adult female mice prior to transurethral inoculation with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) or Klebsiella pneumoniae. Glucose, bacterial load, cytokines, neutrophil mobilization and inflammation during acute and chronic UTI were determined.ResultsSignificant increase in UPEC load was observed in the urinary tract of hyperglucosuric mice compared with controls. Dapagliflozin‐treated mice developed bacteraemia resulting in UPEC colonization of the spleen and liver at a higher frequency than controls. Chronic UTI in hyperglucosuric mice resulted in an increased incidence of renal abscesses. Histopathological evaluation revealed only modest increases in tissue damage in the urinary bladders and kidneys of dapagliflozin‐treated mice, despite a profound increase in bacterial load. There was poor neutrophil mobilization to the urine of hyperglucosuric mice. We also observed a delayed increase of IL‐1β in urine, and bladders, and IL‐6 in urine of hyperglucosuric mice. Experimental inoculation with K. pneumoniae also revealed higher bacterial burden in the urinary bladder, spleen and liver from dapagliflozin‐treated mice compared with controls.ConclusionCollectively, our results indicate that dapagliflozin‐induced hyperglucosuria in non‐diabetic female mice leads to increased susceptibility to severe UTI, and bacteraemia of urinary tract origin.
Infectivity and virulence of Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) isolates obtained from various Apis mellifera morphotypes
Authors: Porrini Leonardo P. , Porrini Martín P. , Garrido Melisa P. , Müller Fernando , Arrascaeta Luciana , Fernández Iriarte Pedro J. , Eguaras Martin J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe infection of honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), by the microsporidian Nosema ceranae is one of the factors related to the increase in colony losses and the decrease in honey production observed in recent years. However, these effects seem to differ depending on the climate zone. The range and prevalence of N. ceranae have increased significantly in the last decades, with different consequences in northern and southern temperate areas. The existence of various isolates of N. ceranae from distant geographical areas, which probably exhibit different degrees of virulence, could explain the different responses of the bee to the infection. The aim of this work was to compare the effects of two N. ceranae isolates from different host populations from Argentina on honey bee survival at two ages post‐eclosion. Using cage experiments, we compared the development of infection of worker bees through the estimation of daily bee mortality and spore counts. Host subspecies identity analysis showed a strong similarity with Apis mellifera scutellata morphotype for the northern region, with a greater hybridization between subspecies with European origin toward the central and southern regions. Genetic characterization of isolates from the three regions indicated only the presence of N. ceranae. Infected bees survived longer than control bees, and bees infected at 5 days had a lower survival than those infected at 72 h with isolates from the three regions. These differences in survival matched the development of the N. ceranae infection, with differences in spore loads for infected bees at 5 days. Our studies showed that Nosema infection and survival varied among the different ages post emergence of workers, and both increased as the honey bee aged. These differences in susceptibility to infection could be related to the immune response of bees of different ages or to changes in the composition and succession of the intestinal microbiota throughout its ontogeny.
Curriculum mapping of dental physiology curriculum: The path towards outcome‐based education
Authors: Vashe Asha , Devi Vasudha , Rao Raghavendra , Abraham Reem R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionCurriculum mapping provides a clear picture of curriculum content, learning opportunities and assessment methods employed to measure the achievement of learning outcomes with their interrelationships. It facilitates educators and teachers to examine the extent to which the curricular components are linked and hence to find out gaps in the curriculum. The objective of the study was, therefore, to evaluate the physiology curriculum of Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) programme through curriculum mapping.Materials and MethodsIn this study, mapping of the physiology curriculum of three batches of BDS programme was conducted retrospectively. The components of the curriculum used for mapping were expected learning outcomes, curriculum content, learning opportunities, assessments and learning resources. The data were gathered by reviewing office records.ResultsDescriptive analysis of the data revealed reasonable alignment between the curriculum content and questions asked in examinations for all three batches. It was found that all the expected learning outcomes were addressed in the curriculum and assessed in different assessments. Moreover, the study revealed that the physiology curriculum was contributing to majority of the programme outcomes. Nevertheless, the study could identify some gaps in the curriculum, as well.ConclusionThis study revealed that majority of the components of the curriculum were linked and contributed to attaining the expected learning outcomes. It also showed that curriculum mapping was feasible and could be used as a tool to evaluate the curriculum.
EAN/ERS/ESO/ESRS statement on the impact of sleep disorders on risk and outcome of stroke
Authors: Bassetti C. L. A. , Randerath W. , Vignatelli L. , Ferini‐Strambi L. , Brill A.‐K. , Bonsignore M. R. , Grote L. , Jennum P. , Leys D. , Minnerup J. , Nobili L. , Tonia T. , Morgan R. , Kerry J. , Riha R. , McNicholas W. T. , Papavasileiou V. 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundSleep disorders are highly prevalent in the general population and may be linked in a bidirectional fashion to stroke, which is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality.AimFour major scientific societies established a task force of experts in neurology, stroke, respiratory medicine, sleep medicine and methodology to critically evaluate the evidence regarding potential links and the impact of therapy.Materials and methodsThirteen research questions were evaluated in a systematic literature search using a stepwise hierarchical approach: first, systematic reviews and meta‐analyses; second, primary studies post‐dating the systematic reviews/meta‐analyses. A total of 445 studies were evaluated and 88 were included. Statements were generated regarding current evidence and clinical practice.ResultsSevere obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) doubles the risk for incident stroke, especially in young to middle‐aged patients. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) may reduce stroke risk, especially in treatment‐compliant patients. The prevalence of OSA is high in stroke patients and can be assessed by polygraphy. Severe OSA is a risk factor for recurrence of stroke and may be associated with stroke mortality, whilst CPAP may improve stroke outcome. It is not clear if insomnia increases stroke risk, whilst the pharmacotherapy of insomnia may increase it. Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS), but not restless limb syndrome (RLS), may be associated with an increased risk of stroke. Preliminary data suggest a high frequency of post‐stroke insomnia and RLS and their association with a less favourable stroke outcome, whilst treatment data are scarce.Discussion/ConclusionOverall, the evidence base is best for OSA relationship with stroke and supports active diagnosis and therapy. Research gaps remain especially regarding insomnia and RLS/PLMS relationships with stroke.