bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of mechanisms and transferability of outcomes of SGLT2 inhibition between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Schnell Oliver , Valensi Paul , Standl Eberhard , Ceriello Antonio 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a major chronic disease with ever‐increasing prevalence and a variety of serious complications for persons with DM, such as cardiovascular and/or renal complications. New glucose‐lowering therapies like DPP‐4 inhibitors, GLP‐1 receptor agonists, and SGLT‐2 inhibitors have undergone cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), as by the guidance of the FDA. However, CVOTs for type 1 diabetes (T1DM) are generally lacking. Both, persons with T1DM and T2DM, are burdened with a high incidence of cardiovascular and renal disease such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Although pathologies of the two types of diabetes cannot be compared, similar mechanisms and risk factors like sex, hyperglycaemia, hypertension, endothelial damage and (background) inflammation have been identified in the development of CVD and DKD in T1DM and T2DM. Recent CVOTs in T2DM demonstrated that SGLT‐2 inhibitors, besides exerting a glucose‐lowering effect, have beneficial effects on cardiovascular and renal mechanisms. These mechanisms are reviewed in detail in this manuscript and evaluated for possible transferability to, and thus efficacy in, T1DM. Our review of current literature suggests that SGLT‐2 inhibitors have cardioprotective benefits beyond their glucose‐lowering effects. As this mainly has been observed in CVOTs in T2DM, further investigation in the adjunctive therapy for type 1 diabetes is suggested.
A new approach to detect a set of SNP‐SNP markers: Combining ARMS‐PCR with SNaPshot technology
Authors: Zhang Ranran , Tan Yu , Jian Hui , Qu Shengqiu , Liu Yuqing , Zhu Jing , Wang Li , Lv Meili , Liao Miao , Zhang Lin , Yang Fan , Liang Weibo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMicrohaplotypes are a new promising type of forensic genetic marker. Without the interference of stutter and high mutation rates as for STRs, and with short amplification lengths and a higher degree of polymorphism than single SNP, microhaplotypes composed of two SNPs, SNP–SNP, have a strong application potential. Currently, the most common method to detect microhaplotypes is massive parallel sequencing. However, the cost and extensive use of instruments limit its wide application in forensic laboratories. In this study, we screened 23 new SNP–SNP loci and established a new detection method by combining a multiplex amplification refractory mutation system‐based PCR (ARMS‐PCR) and SNaPshot technology based on CE. First, we introduced an additional deliberate mismatch at the antepenultimate base from the 3′ end of primers when designing ARMS‐PCR for SNP 1 (the first SNP of the SNP–SNP). Then, single base extension primers for SNaPshot assay were designed next to the position of SNP 2 (the second SNP). Finally, 15 loci were successfully built into four panels and these loci showed a relatively high level of polymorphism in the Southwest Chinese Han population. All the loci had an average probability of informative genotypes (I value) of 0.319 and a combined discrimination power of 0.999999999. Therefore, this new detection system will provide a valuable supplement to current methods.
Processes at the margins of supraglacial debris cover: Quantifying dirty ice ablation and debris redistribution
Authors: Fyffe Catriona L. , Woodget Amy S. , Kirkbride Martin P. , Deline Philip , Westoby Matthew J. , Brock Ben W. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCurrent glacier ablation models have difficulty simulating the high‐melt transition zone between clean and debris‐covered ice. In this zone, thin debris cover is thought to increase ablation compared to clean ice, but often this cover is patchy rather than continuous. There is a need to understand ablation and debris dynamics in this transition zone to improve the accuracy of ablation models and the predictions of future debris cover extent. To quantify the ablation of partially debris‐covered ice (or ‘dirty ice’), a high‐resolution, spatially continuous ablation map was created from repeat unmanned aerial systems surveys, corrected for glacier flow in a novel way using on‐glacier ablation stakes. Surprisingly, ablation is similar (range ~5 mm w.e. per day) across a wide range of percentage debris covers (~30–80%) due to the opposing effects of a positive correlation between percentage debris cover and clast size, countered by a negative correlation with albedo. Once debris cover becomes continuous, ablation is significantly reduced (by 61.6% compared to a partial debris cover), and there is some evidence that the cleanest ice (<~15% debris cover) has a lower ablation than dirty ice (by 3.7%). High‐resolution feature tracking of clast movement revealed a strong modal clast velocity where debris was continuous, indicating that debris moves by creep down moraine slopes, in turn promoting debris cover growth at the slope toe. However, not all slope margins gain debris due to the removal of clasts by supraglacial streams. Clast velocities in the dirty ice area were twice as fast as clasts within the continuously debris‐covered area, as clasts moved by sliding off their boulder tables. These new quantitative insights into the interplay between debris cover characteristics and ablation can be used to improve the treatment of dirty ice in ablation models, in turn improving estimates of glacial meltwater production. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Effects of coastal erosion on landslide activity revealed by multi‐sensor observations
Authors: Doi Issei , Matsuura Sumio , Osawa Hikaru , Shibasaki Tatsuya , Tosa Shinichi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCoastal erosion is becoming an increasingly serious consequence of climate change. This study demonstrates the effects of coastal erosion on landslide activity while considering the amount of erosion and changes in pore water pressure. To determine the factors related to landslide slip generation, we specifically measured the displacement, deformation, pore water pressure, and amount of erosion with high temporal resolution (1 s–1 h) for a coastal landslide in Hokkaido, north‐eastern Japan, for 7 months. It has been determined that landslides occur simultaneously with high pore water pressure. Toe erosion events also occurred several times, while the landslide exhibited major displacement. Because toe erosion and the increase in pore water pressure occurred simultaneously, we tried to determine which of the two contributed majorly to the landslide displacement by conducting a stability analysis that incorporates the effects of the two factors. From the actual observed data, toe erosion and the increase in pore water pressure had comparable effects on the destabilization of the studied landslide. Specifically, the time series for the safety factor shows that the landslide in the case with toe erosion was destabilized more than that in the case with no erosion, with a difference of more than 5% in the safety factor. The model with toe erosion provided a better explanation for the landslide displacement. Furthermore, the inclination data suggested that erosion took place at least 1 month before the landslide displacement. This implied that coastal erosion played a role in the preparation and ongoing displacement of the coastal landslide. Inland landslides with toes that are subject to undercutting due to river incision or artificial construction have geomorphological settings that are similar to those of the studied landslide. The knowledge obtained here can contribute to the understanding of destabilization mechanisms and terrain changes related to such landslides. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality and denoising in real‐time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback: A methods review
Authors: Heunis Stephan , Lamerichs Rolf , Zinger Svitlana , Caballero‐Gaudes Cesar , Jansen Jacobus F. A. , Aldenkamp Bert , Breeuwer Marcel 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNeurofeedback training using real‐time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI‐NF) allows subjects voluntary control of localised and distributed brain activity. It has sparked increased interest as a promising non‐invasive treatment option in neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive disorders, although its efficacy and clinical significance are yet to be determined. In this work, we present the first extensive review of acquisition, processing and quality control methods available to improve the quality of the neurofeedback signal. Furthermore, we investigate the state of denoising and quality control practices in 128 recently published rtfMRI‐NF studies. We found: (a) that less than a third of the studies reported implementing standard real‐time fMRI denoising steps, (b) significant room for improvement with regards to methods reporting and (c) the need for methodological studies quantifying and comparing the contribution of denoising steps to the neurofeedback signal quality. Advances in rtfMRI‐NF research depend on reproducibility of methods and results. Notably, a systematic effort is needed to build up evidence that disentangles the various mechanisms influencing neurofeedback effects. To this end, we recommend that future rtfMRI‐NF studies: (a) report implementation of a set of standard real‐time fMRI denoising steps according to a proposed COBIDAS‐style checklist (https://osf.io/kjwhf/), (b) ensure the quality of the neurofeedback signal by calculating and reporting community‐informed quality metrics and applying offline control checks and (c) strive to adopt transparent principles in the form of methods and data sharing and support of open‐source rtfMRI‐NF software. Code and data for reproducibility, as well as an interactive environment to explore the study data, can be accessed at https://github.com/jsheunis/quality‐and‐denoising‐in‐rtfmri‐nf.
Topical preparations to reduce SARS‐CoV‐2 aerosolization in head and neck mucosal surgery
Authors: Parhar Harman S. , Tasche Kendall , Brody Robert M. , Weinstein Gregory S. , O'Malley Bert W. , Shanti Rabie M. , Newman Jason G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimThe COVID‐19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has put health care workers at risk when exposed to aerosolized viral particles during upper airway mucosal surgery. The objective of this review was to discuss topical preparations that could be utilized preoperatively to help to decrease viral load and potentially reduce the risks of viral transmission.MethodsA PubMed/MEDLINE database review of articles was performed querying topical preparations with virucidal activity against coronaviruses.ResultsPovidone‐iodine (PVP‐I) solutions ranging from 0.23% to 7% have been found to demonstrate highly effective virucidal activity against a broad range of viruses including several coronaviruses responsible for recent epidemics including SARS‐CoV‐1 and MERS‐CoV.ConclusionsWhile specific evidence regarding SARS‐CoV‐2 is lacking, PVP‐I‐based preparations have been successfully demonstrated to reduce viral loads of coronaviruses. They are relatively safe to use in the upper airway and may reduce risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 aerosolization during upper airway mucosal surgery.
Strong support for broad policies to prevent childhood obesity among mothers in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Esdaile Emma , Owen Katherine B. , Xu Huilan , Baur Louise A. , Rissel Chris , Wen Li Ming 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIssue addressedSupport for broad policies to prevent childhood obesity is not clear. This study aimed to investigate the level of support for state government health promotion policies among mothers with infants and its associated factors.MethodsThis secondary analysis of data from 1155 mothers in NSW assessed approval for six policy options derived from public health approaches to obesity. Descriptive statistics were used to show the extent of policy approval across the cohort. Logistic regression models tested associations between perceived susceptibility and perceived severity of childhood obesity and approval of each policy option.ResultsThe proportion of mothers who felt these policy options were ‘about the right amount’ (56%‐68%) or ‘not going far enough’ (24%‐36%), collectively represented 89%‐95% approval of government intervention. In comparison, 5%‐11% felt that these policies were ‘going too far’. Factors associated with their levels of support varied between each policy option, based on mothers’ characteristics and perceptions of childhood obesity.ConclusionThese findings indicate high support for government intervention to prevent obesity among mothers in NSW and support health promotion advocacy in this area.So what?Governments should give due consideration to implementing each of the six policy options and prioritise the implementation of restrictions on fast food advertising in publicly owned or controlled areas.
Recent progress in multiphase flow simulation through multiphase pumps
Authors: Meerakaviyad Deepak , Keville Tony , Prakash Atma , Sajid Abdullah , Hamad Faik 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe multiphase flow pumps cover a wide range of industrial sectors extending across petrochemical, metallurgy, and dredging, chemical industry, paint, and construction. The major application is the handling of wet gas and vapor that will condense partially during the compression stage. The main progress in the area of multiphase pumps has been the innovation of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical approach to simulate three‐dimensional flows inside the pump and to predict pump performance. CFD undoubtedly constitutes one of the most promising approaches for the design, analysis, and performance assessment of complex machines. However, practical application of the CFD tool to determine the internal flow field in multiphase pumps is still far from reality owing to the limitations of a detailed three‐dimensional model of the pump and accuracy of multiphase flow simulation. This review accentuates the influence of different geometrical and dynamical parameters on the performance of the pump and the use of CFD simulation to predict the detailed flow patterns of fluid mixtures. CFD analysis has unearthed the fact that the pattern of inner flow varies with the flow rate and concentration of each phase and the rotation speed of the impeller and number of blades were also found to considerably impact pump performance.
Oscillatory slip flow of Fe3O4 and Al2O3 nanoparticles in a vertical porous channel using Darcy's law with thermal radiation
Authors: Abbas Zaheer , Hussain Sifat , Rafiq Muhammad Y. , Hasnain Jafar 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe heat transfer phenomena and oscillatory flow of an electrically conducting viscous nanofluid (NF) in a channel with porous walls and saturated porous media exposed to the thermal radiation are studied. The nanoparticles (NPs) Fe3O4 and Al2O3 are taken with water as base fluid along with nonuniform temperature and velocity slip at the wall of channel (y′ = 0). The basic laws of momentum and energy conservation are converted into the dimensionless system of the partial differential equations (PDEs) using similarity variables. Closed‐form solutions of these coupled PDEs are constructed for all values of time by taking the oscillatory pressure gradient. The physical insight of involved parameters on the fluid velocity, temperature profile, heat transfer rate, and surface friction is studied and analyzed graphically. It is noted from this study that the fluid velocity shows a decreasing behavior with the volume fraction of NPs. Furthermore, the amplitude of the oscillatory motion in case of skin friction decreases for a large magnetic field.
Runoff response of a small agricultural basin in the argentine Pampas considering connectivity aspects
Authors: Ares María Guadalupe , Varni Marcelo , Chagas Celio 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOur manuscript analyses the surface runoff variability, and its controlling factors in a small basin with gentle slopes, at the headwaters of a flat catchment, to improve the knowledge of the hydrology of plain areas under agriculture. We study runoff, rainfall and antecedent conditions in the argentine Pampas region. We use correlations, regressions and quantitative and qualitative descriptive information of the system: erosion signs, ground cover by crops, groundwater depth data and temporal changes in the drainage network, to discuss and understand the complexity of the runoff process by frameworks to study (dis)connectivity. The analysis of 56 events evidenced a nonlinear rainfall–runoff relationship. In contrast with other works, we identified clear upper limit events, under which hydrological responses emerge, as a result of combinations of antecedent wetness, rainfall erosivity, ground cover and preferential drainage paths. We separated the nonlinear rainfall–runoff response in three linear relationships according to differences in antecedent wetness conditions. We found differences in runoff responses under wet and dry antecedent conditions, but complex responses under medium antecedent conditions. The analyses of the inputs, the structural and the functional elements of the (dis)connectivity frameworks, were key in the understanding of the temporal changes of runoff, and its complex responses. Temporal coincidences of connectivity components and their feedbacks appear to be strongly associated with the runoff dynamics. High‐magnitude hydrological responses occur with complete coincidences, while partial coincidences between the components reduce connectivity and low magnitude and/or heterogeneous responses prevail. Thus, these analyses suggest that runoff is controlled by (dis)connectivity in this basin with gentle slopes. Our work contributes to the understanding of the process of surface runoff in the context of humid flatlands under agricultural land use, by the identification of the complex combinations of factors which regulate/control the (dis)connectivity that helps to interpret the nonlinearities of runoff.
Intercomparison of measurements of bulk snow density and water equivalent of snow cover with snow core samplers: Instrumental bias and variability induced by observers
Authors: López‐Moreno J. Ignacio , Leppänen Leena , Luks Bartłomiej , Holko Ladislav , Picard Ghislain , Sanmiguel‐Vallelado Alba , Alonso‐González Esteban , Finger David C. , Arslan Ali N. , Gillemot Katalin , Sensoy Aynur , Sorman Arda , Ertaş M. Cansaran , Fassnacht Steven R. , Fierz Charles , Marty Christoph 
Published: April 2020

AbstractManually collected snow data are often considered as ground truth for many applications such as climatological or hydrological studies. However, there are many sources of uncertainty that are not quantified in detail. For the determination of water equivalent of snow cover (SWE), different snow core samplers and scales are used, but they are all based on the same measurement principle. We conducted two field campaigns with 9 samplers commonly used in observational measurements and research in Europe and northern America to better quantify uncertainties when measuring depth, density and SWE with core samplers. During the first campaign, as a first approach to distinguish snow variability measured at the plot and at the point scale, repeated measurements were taken along two 20 m long snow pits. The results revealed a much higher variability of SWE at the plot scale (resulting from both natural variability and instrumental bias) compared to repeated measurements at the same spot (resulting mostly from error induced by observers or very small scale variability of snow depth). The exceptionally homogeneous snowpack found in the second campaign permitted to almost neglect the natural variability of the snowpack properties and focus on the separation between instrumental bias and error induced by observers. Reported uncertainties refer to a shallow, homogeneous tundra‐taiga snowpack less than 1 m deep (loose, mostly recrystallised snow and no wind impact). Under such measurement conditions, the uncertainty in bulk snow density estimation is about 5% for an individual instrument and is close to 10% among different instruments. Results confirmed that instrumental bias exceeded both the natural variability and the error induced by observers, even in the case when observers were not familiar with a given snow core sampler.
Characterization of contrasting flow and thermal regimes in two adjacent subarctic alpine headwaters in Northwest Canada
Authors: Fabris Luca , Rolick Ryan L. , Kurylyk Barret L. , Carey Sean K. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAlpine headwaters in subarctic regions are particularly sensitive to climate change, yet there is little information on stream thermal regimes in these areas and how they might respond to global warming. In this paper, we characterize and compare the hydrological and thermal regimes of two subarctic headwater alpine streams within an empirical framework. The streams investigated are located within two adjacent catchments with similar geology, size, elevation and landscape, Granger Creek (GC) and Buckbrush Creek (BB), which are part of the Wolf Creek Research Basin in the Yukon Territory, Canada. Hydrometeorological and high‐resolution stream temperature data were collected throughout summer 2016. Both sites exhibited a flow regime typical of cold alpine headwater catchments influenced by frozen ground and permafrost. Comparatively, GC was characterized by a flashier response with more extreme flows, than BB. In both sites, stream temperature was highly variable and very responsive to short‐term changes in climatic conditions. On average, stream temperature in BB was slightly higher than in GC (respectively 5.8 and 5.7°C), but less variable (average difference between 75th and 25th quantiles of 1.6 and 2.0°C). Regression analysis between mean daily air and stream temperature suggested that a greater relative (to stream flow) groundwater contribution in BB could more effectively buffer atmospheric fluctuations. Heat fluxes were derived and utilized to assess their relative contribution to the energy balance. Overall, non‐advective fluxes followed a daily pattern highly correlated to short‐wave radiation. G1enerally, solar radiation and latent heat were respectively the most important heat source and sink, while air–water interface processes were major factors driving nighttime stream temperature fluctuations.
Inside Cover: Sparse‐graph manifold learning method for bioluminescence tomography (J. Biophotonics 4/2020)
Authors: Guo Hongbo , Gao Ling , Yu Jingjing , He Xiaowei , Wang Hai , Zheng Jie , Yang Xudong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study proposed a Sparse‐Graph Manifold Learning (SGML) method to balance the sparseness and morphology preserving for bioluminescence tomography reconstruction. It inherits the benefits of non‐convex sparsity constraint and dynamic Laplacian graph model. The results of numerical simulations and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the proposed method yields accurate and robust results in terms of tumor spatial location and morphology recovery.Further details can be found in the article by Hongbo Guo, Ling Gao, Jingjing Yu, et al. (e201960218)
image