bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meteors with extreme beginning heights from observations with high-sensitivity super-isocon TV systems
Authors: Kozak P M , Watanabe J 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Meteors with extremely high altitudes are considered. Parameters of seven meteors having anomalous beginning heights recorded with highly sensitive super-Isocon TV systems are presented. One 1993 Perseid meteor, one 2001 sporadic meteor and five meteors from the 2002 Leonid storm had beginning heights in the range 135–145 km. The sporadic meteor is used to demonstrate the methods of data processing and observation precision results. The original TV meteor images, photometric calibration curves and meteor light curve are shown. Light curves are shown for the Leonid shower meteors as well. Based on the sporadic meteor and the 2002 Leonid shower meteor data, mass-loss curves were calculated as functions of height and time: the maximum rates of mass loss were 0.14 and 0.20 g s−1, respectively. Using the classic equation for partially isothermal stone particle heating, the detected beginning heights of most meteors considered (136–135 km) are shown to possibly be related to blowing the molten layer off from a meteoroid surface and most segments of the light curves (below 124 km) show intensive evaporation. For some Leonid meteors, appearing higher than 145–140 km, energy exchange of atmosphere molecules and atoms with the ‘cold’ meteoroid surface can also be assumed. Another possible explanation lies in the low melting temperature of 1500–1600 K for Leonid meteors.
Rotational relaxation of HCO+ and DCO+ by collision with H2
Authors: Denis-Alpizar Otoniel , Stoecklin Thierry , Dutrey Anne , Guilloteau Stéphane 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The HCO+ and DCO+ molecules are commonly used as tracers in the interstellar medium. Therefore, accurate rotational rate coefficients of these systems with He and H2 are crucial in non-local thermal equilibrium models. We determine in this work the rotational de-excitation rate coefficients of HCO+ in collision with both para- and ortho-H2, and also analyse the isotopic effects by studying the case of DCO+. A new four-dimensional potential energy surface from ab initio calculations was developed for the HCO+–H2 system, and adapted to the DCO+–H2 case. These surfaces are then employed in close-coupling calculations to determine the rotational de-excitation cross-sections and rate coefficients for the lower rotational states of HCO+ and DCO+. The new rate coefficients for HCO+ + para-H2 were compared with the available data, and a set of rate coefficients for HCO+ + ortho-H2 is also reported. The difference between the collision rates with ortho- and para-H2 is found to be small. These calculations confirm that the use of the rate coefficients for HCO+ + para-H2 for estimating those for HCO+ + ortho-H2 as well as for DCO+ + para-H2 is a good approximation.
Halogen bonding in the co-crystallization of potentially ditopic diiodotetrafluorobenzene: a powerful tool for constructing multicomponent supramolecular assemblies
Authors: Ding Xue-Hua , Chang Yong-Zheng , Ou Chang-Jin , Lin Jin-Yi , Xie Ling-Hai , Huang Wei 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Halogen bonding is emerging as a significant driving force for supramolecular self-assembly and has aroused great interest during the last two decades. Among the various halogen-bonding donors, we take notice of the ability of 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (1,4-DITFB) to co-crystallize with diverse halogen-bonding acceptors in the range from neutral Lewis bases (nitrogen-containing compounds, N-oxides, chalcogenides, aromatic hydrocarbons and organometallic complexes) to anions (halide ions, thio/selenocyanate ions and tetrahedral oxyanions), leading to a great variety of supramolecular architectures such as discrete assemblies, 1D infinite chains and 2D/3D networks. Some of them act as promising functional materials (e.g. fluorescence, phosphorescence, optical waveguide, laser, non-linear optics, dielectric and magnetism) and soft materials (e.g. liquid crystal and supramolecular gel). Here we focus on the supramolecular structures of multicomponent complexes and their related physicochemical properties, highlight representative examples and show clearly the main directions that remain to be developed and improved in this area. From the point of view of crystal engineering and supramolecular chemistry, the complexes summarized here should give helpful information for further design and investigation of the elusive category of halogen-bonding supramolecular functional materials.
A Meta-Analysis of Cue Reactivity in Tobacco Cigarette Smokers
Authors: Betts Jennifer M , Dowd Ashley N , Forney Mia , Hetelekides Eleftherios , Tiffany Stephen T 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The cue reactivity paradigm allows for systematic evaluation of motivational responses to drug-related cues that may elicit drug use. The literature on this topic has grown substantially in recent decades, and the methodology used to study cue reactivity has varied widely across studies. The present research provided a meta-analytic investigation of variables that have an impact on cue reactivity effects to enhance our understanding of this key feature of tobacco use disorders.

Methods
A total of 128 publications yielded 249 effect sizes, which were analyzed to investigate the magnitude of the cue reactivity effect and potential moderators.

Results
Craving generated a moderate-to-large effect size (Hedges’ g = 0.71, p &lt; .001), indicating that drug cues produced significantly greater craving than neutral cues. However, physiological variables yielded significantly lower or nonsignificant effect sizes. Analyses of a variety of empirically and theoretically relevant moderator variables showed that cue modality, cue personalization, cue reactivity environment, and the use of multiple assessments of cue reactivity were significantly associated with the magnitude of cue-specific craving effects (ps &lt; .001). Effect sizes were not significantly related to abstinence status, gender, cigarettes per day, and treatment-seeking status.

Conclusions
The results underscored the strength of self-reported craving as an index of cue reactivity across studies, which support theories that posit cue reactivity is core to the addictive process for daily tobacco cigarette smokers. The present research further elucidates the variables that alter the cue reactivity effects across studies and provides recommendations for future cue reactivity research.

Implications
A core feature of addiction is that drug-related cues can have a major impact on motivational responses across multiple substance use disorders, including tobacco cigarettes. This paper describes a meta-analysis updating and synthesizing cue reactivity research with tobacco cigarette smokers over the last 20 years, a time of rapid growth for this literature. The study leads to a better understanding of the cue reactivity paradigm across different self-report and physiological variables and identifies factors that may modulate addictive motivation for tobacco cigarettes.
Response Inhibition in Adolescents is Moderated by Brain Connectivity and Social Network Structure
Authors: Tompson Steven H , Falk Emily B , O’Donnell Matthew Brook , Cascio Christopher N , Bayer Joseph B , Vettel Jean M , Bassett Danielle S 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The social environment an individual is embedded in influences their ability and motivation to engage self-control processes, but little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying this effect. Many individuals successfully regulate their behavior even when they do not show strong activation in canonical self-control brain regions. Thus, individuals may rely on other resources to compensate, including daily experiences navigating and managing complex social relationships that likely bolster self-control processes. Here, we employed a network neuroscience approach to investigate the role of social context and social brain systems in facilitating self-control in adolescents. We measured brain activation using fMRI as 62 adolescents completed a Go/No-Go response inhibition task. We found that self-referential brain systems compensate for weaker activation in executive function brain systems, especially for adolescents with more friends and more communities in their social networks. Collectively, our results indicate a critical role for self-referential brain systems during the developmental trajectory of self-control throughout adolescence.
Hierarchical Pathways from Sensory Processing to Cognitive, Clinical, and Functional Impairments in Schizophrenia
Authors: Koshiyama Daisuke , Thomas Michael L , Miyakoshi Makoto , Joshi Yash B , Molina Juan L , Tanaka-Koshiyama Kumiko , Sprock Joyce , Braff David L , Swerdlow Neal R , Light Gregory A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a hallmark of schizophrenia and a robust predictor of functional outcomes. Impairments are found in all phases of the illness and are only moderately attenuated by currently approved therapeutics. Neurophysiological indices of sensory discrimination (ie, mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a amplitudes) and gamma-band auditory steady-state response (ASSR; power and phase locking) are translational biomarkers widely used in the development of novel therapeutics for neuropsychiatric disorders. It is unclear whether laboratory-based EEG measures add explanatory power to well-established models that use only cognitive, clinical, and functional outcome measures. Moreover, it is unclear if measures of sensory discrimination and gamma-band ASSR uniquely contribute to putative causal pathways linking sensory discrimination, neurocognition, negative symptoms, and functional outcomes in schizophrenia. To answer these questions, hierarchical associations among sensory processing, neurocognition, clinical symptoms, and functional outcomes were assessed via structural equation modeling in a large sample of schizophrenia patients (n = 695) and healthy comparison subjects (n = 503). The results showed that the neurophysiologic indices of sensory discrimination and gamma-band ASSR both significantly contribute to and yield unique hierarchical, “bottom-up” effects on neurocognition, symptoms, and functioning. Measures of sensory discrimination showed direct effects on neurocognition and negative symptoms, while gamma-band ASSR had a direct effect on neurocognition in patients. Continued investigation of the neural mechanisms underlying abnormal networks of MMN/P3a and gamma-band ASSR is needed to clarify the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Oxytocin or Galantamine in Schizophrenia: Assessing the Impact on Behavioral, Lexical, and Self-Report Indicators of Social Affiliation
Authors: Dwyer Kristen R , Andrea Alexandra M , Savage Christina L G , Orth Ryan D , Shan LeeAnn , Strauss Gregory P , Adams Heather A , Kelly Deanna L , Weiner Elaine , Gold James M , McMahon Robert P , Carpenter William T , Buchanan Robert W , Blanchard Jack J 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Prior studies examining the impact of oxytocin on negative symptoms in schizophrenia have yielded mixed results. The current study explored whether oxytocin can improve more proximal indicators of social affiliation as indicated by changes in behavior, language and subjective indices of social affiliation among individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders during a role-play designed to elicit affiliative responses. We tested the hypothesis that daily intranasal oxytocin administered for 6 weeks would improve social affiliation as manifested by increased social skill ratings, use of positive, affiliative, and social words, and subjective responses from a previously published randomized controlled trial. Forty outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were randomized to the oxytocin, galantamine, or placebo group and completed affiliative role-plays and self-report questionnaires of affect, reactions to the affiliative confederate, and willingness to interact at baseline and post-treatment. Results demonstrated that oxytocin was not effective at improving behavioral or subjective indicators of social affiliation. This study adds to a growing literature that the prosocial effects of oxytocin in schizophrenia are limited or null.
Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in testis of male rat exposed to chlorpyrifos
Authors: Sai Linlin , Jia Qiang , Zhang Yecui , Han Ru , Geng Xiao , Yu Gongchang , Li Shumin , Shao Hua , Zheng Yuxin , Peng Cheng 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In our previous study, we found that subchronic exposure of chlorpyrifos (CPF) can cause reproductive damage in male rats. However, the mechanisms underlying the reproductive effects of CPF are not well understood. DNA methylation is essential for epigenetic gene regulation in development and disease. Therefore, we aim to compare DNA methylation profiles between controls and CPF-treated rats in order to identify the epigenetic mechanism of male reproductive toxicity induced by CPF. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation with high-throughput sequencing (MeDIP-seq) was used to investigate the genome-wide DNA methylation pattern in testes of control and CPF-treated rats for 90 days. We identified 27 019 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) (14 150 upmethylated and 12 869 downmethylated) between CPF-exposed and control groups. The DMR-related genes are mainly involved in 113 pathways predicted by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. The result showed that high methylation gene PIK3CD may play a key role in epigenetic regulation of multiple pathways, such as Ras signaling pathway, AGE–RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, HIF-1 signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, and glioma and Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway in rats exposed to CPF. Our study provides significant explanations for the epigenetic mechanism of male reproductive toxicology induced by CPF.
Efficiency, Legitimacy, and Impacts of Targeting Methods: Evidence from an Experiment in Niger
Authors: Premand Patrick , Schnitzer Pascale 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe methods to select safety net beneficiaries are the subject of frequent debates. Targeting assessments usually focus on efficiency by documenting the pre-program profile of selected beneficiaries. This study provides a more comprehensive analysis of targeting performance through an experiment embedded in a national cash transfer program in Niger. Eligible villages were randomly assigned to have beneficiary households selected by community-based targeting (CBT), proxy-means testing (PMT), or a formula to identify the food-insecure (FCS). The study considers targeting legitimacy and the impact of targeting choice on program effectiveness based on data collected after program roll-out. PMT is more efficient in identifying households with lower consumption per capita. Nonbeneficiaries find formula-based methods (PMT and FCS) more legitimate than CBT. Manipulation and information imperfections affect CBT, which can explain why it is not the most legitimate. Program impacts on some welfare dimensions are larger among households selected by PMT than CBT.
Discontinuation of Immunosuppressive Medications in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Combination Therapy
Authors: El‐Matary Wael , Carroll Matthew W. , Debruyn Jennifer C. , Huynh Hien , Wine Eytan , Lawrence Sally , Chandrakumar Abin , Morel Terra , Jacobson Kevan 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTWe determined the frequency and factors associated with the first clinical relapse after immunomodulator (IM) withdrawal in a cohort of children with inflammatory bowel disease on combination therapy. A total of 105 patients (89 with Crohn disease [CD]) in clinical remission were included (91 [86.7%] were on infliximab, 53 [50.5%] with methotrexate, and 52 on azathioprine). The median duration of combination therapy was 2.1 years (interquartile range [IQR] 1.3–2.8). Only 11 (10.5%) patients experienced a clinical relapse over a median duration of follow‐up of 12.0 months (IQR 5.0–19.0) after IM discontinuation. The median baseline pediatric CD activity index in those with CD who relapsed after IM discontinuation was 47.5 (IQR: 35.0–55.0) versus those who did not relapse (median 35.0, IQR: 20.0–52.5; P = 0.04). In the patients who did not relapse, the median IFX trough level at IM discontinuation was 6.2 and 3.8 μg/mL in those who relapsed.
The Liver in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Lacaille Florence , Allali Slimane , de Montalembert Mariane 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTLiver involvement is found in nearly 40% of children with sickle cell disease. The most frequent complication is cholelithiasis. The most severe complication is acute hepatic crisis, with symptoms ranging from increasing jaundice to multiple organ failure and death. The emergency and mostly efficient treatment is exchange transfusion. Chronic cholangiopathy is increasingly recognized, with autoimmune features in most cases, worsened by chronic ischemia. Transfusion‐related iron overload is not yet a concern in children, and hepatotoxicity of iron chelators is rare. We propose recommendations to prevent, explore, and treat these complications. We emphasize the close collaboration required between hepatologists and specialists of sickle cell disease.
Validation of International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification Codes for Identifying Cases of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea
Authors: Ho Yenling Andrew , Rahurkar Saurabh , Tao Guoyu , Patel Chirag G. , Arno Janet N. , Wang Jane , Broyles Andrea A. , Dixon Brian E. 
Published: August 2020

Background
While researchers seek to use administrative health data to examine outcomes for individuals with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes used to identify persons with chlamydia and gonorrhea have not been validated. Objectives were to determine the validity of using ICD-10-CM codes to identify individuals with chlamydia and gonorrhea.

Methods
We used data from electronic health records gathered from public and private health systems from October 1, 2015, to December 31, 2016. Patients were included if they were aged 13 to 44 years and received either (1) laboratory testing for chlamydia or gonorrhea or (2) an ICD-10-CM diagnosis of chlamydia, gonorrhea, or an unspecified STI. To validate ICD-10-CM codes, we calculated positive and negative predictive values, sensitivity, and specificity based on the presence of a laboratory test result. We further examined the timing of clinical diagnosis relative to laboratory testing.

Results
The positive predictive values for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and unspecified STI ICD-10-CM codes were 87.6%, 85.0%, and 32.0%, respectively. Negative predictive values were high (>92%). Sensitivity for chlamydia diagnostic codes was 10.6%, and gonorrhea was 9.7%. Specificity was 99.9% for both chlamydia and gonorrhea. The date of diagnosis occurred on or after the date of the laboratory result for 84.8% of persons with chlamydia, 91.9% for gonorrhea, and 23.5% for unspecified STI.

Conclusions
Disease-specific ICD-10-CM codes accurately identify persons with chlamydia and gonorrhea. However, low sensitivities suggest that most individuals could not be identified in administrative data alone without laboratory test results.
Assessment of Cerebral Collateral Flow With Single-Phase Computed Tomography Angiography–Based Multimodal Scales in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: He Haoran , Qian Zhong-Ming , Sheng Yuan , Liu Yong 
Published: August 2020

Objective
Assessing collateral status is important in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The purpose of this study was to establish an easy and rapid method for evaluating collateral flow.

Methods
A total of 60 patients with AIS were enrolled. The patients were aged 18 to 85 years with endovascular therapy treatment within 10 hours after the appearance of stroke symptoms, prestroke modified Rankin Scale ≤1, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score ≥6, and the occlusion of large vessels in anterior circulation. We reformed imaging strategies by conducting a small-dose group-injection test before normal computed tomography angiography (CTA) scanning and selected the visual collateral score and the regional leptomeningeal score scales as the single-phase CTA collateral flow assessment scales with the replacement of the parasagittal anterior cerebral artery territory by anterior cerebral artery regions adjacent to the longitudinal fissure and then verified, respectively, the consistencies between the 2 single-phase CTA-based collateral scales and the digital subtraction angiography (DSA)–based American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology scale and compared the prognosis of endovascular therapy between the AIS patients in the poor-collateral-flow group and the other patients' group assessed by 2 single-phase CTA-based collateral scales.

Results
There was a high consistency between the 2 single-phase CTA-based collateral flow scales with DSA-based American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology scale. The assessment by using CTA-based collateral flow assessment methods generated consistent results.

Conclusion
The single-phase CTA-based visual collateral score scale and regional leptomeningeal score scale can be used as the imaging evidence for the evaluation of collateral flow in AIS patients in the majority of grassroots hospitals where DSA is difficult to carry out.
Photo-bioconvection: towards light control of flows in active suspensions
Authors: Javadi A. , Arrieta J. , Tuval I. , Polin M. 
Published: August 2020

The persistent motility of individual constituents in microbial suspensions represents a prime example of the so-called active matter systems. Cells consume energy, exert forces and move, overall releasing the constraints of equilibrium statistical mechanics of passive elements and allowing for complex spatio-temporal patterns to emerge. Moreover, when subject to physico-chemical stimuli their collective behaviour often drives large-scale instabilities of a hydrodynamic nature, with implications for biomixing in natural environments and incipient industrial applications. In turn, our ability to exert external control of these driving stimuli could be used to govern the emerging patterns. Light, being easily manipulable and, at the same time, an important stimulus for a wide variety of microorganisms, is particularly well suited to this end. In this paper, we will discuss the current state, developments and some of the emerging advances in the fundamentals and applications of light-induced bioconvection with a focus on recent experimental realizations and modelling efforts.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (part 2)’.
Stokes' law, viscometry, and the Stokes falling sphere clock
Authors: Cartwright Julyan H. E. 
Published: August 2020

Clocks run through the history of physics. Galileo conceived of using the pendulum as a timing device on watching a hanging lamp swing in Pisa cathedral; Huygens invented the pendulum clock; and Einstein thought about clock synchronization in his Gedankenexperiment that led to relativity. Stokes derived his law in the course of investigations to determine the effect of a fluid medium on the swing of a pendulum. I sketch the work that has come out of this, Stokes drag, one of his most famous results. And to celebrate the 200th anniversary of George Gabriel Stokes’ birth I propose using the time of fall of a sphere through a fluid for a sculptural clock—a public kinetic artwork that will tell the time.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (part 2)’.