bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rational Points on Elliptic K3 Surfaces of Quadratic Twist Type
Authors: Huang Zhizhong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn studying rational points on elliptic K3 surfaces of the form $$\begin{equation*} f(t)y^2=g(x), \end{equation*}$$ where f, g are cubic or quartic polynomials (without repeated roots), we introduce a condition on the quadratic twists of two elliptic curves having simultaneously positive Mordell–Weil rank. We prove a necessary and sufficient condition for the Zariski density of rational points by using this condition, and we relate it to the Hilbert property. Applying to surfaces of Cassels–Schinzel type, we prove unconditionally that rational points are dense both in Zariski topology and in real topology.
Familial risk of Behçet’s disease among first-degree relatives: a population-based aggregation study in Korea
Authors: Ahn Hyeong Sik , Kim Hyun Jung , Kazmi Sayada Zartasha , Kang Taeuk , Jun Jae-Bum , Kang Min Ji , Kim Kyoung-Beom , Kee Sun-Ho , Kim Dong-Sook , Hann Hoo Jae 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objective
Previous studies have indicated that Behçet’s disease (BD) has a genetic component, however population-level familial risk estimates are unavailable. We quantified the familial incidence and risk of BD in first-degree relatives (FDR) according to age, sex and type of family relationship.

Methods
Using the Korean National Health Insurance database, which has full population coverage and confirmed FDR information, we constructed a cohort of 21 940 795 individuals comprising 12 million families, which were followed for a familial occurrence of BD from 2002 to 2017. Age- and sex-adjusted incidence risk ratios for BD were calculated in individuals with affected FDR compared with those without affected FDR.

Results
Among the total study population, 53 687 individuals had affected FDR, of whom 284 familial cases developed BD with an incidence of 3.57/104 person-years. The familial risk (incidence) for BD was increased to 13.1-fold (2.71/104 person-years) in individuals with an affected father, 13.9-fold (3.11/104 person-years) with affected mother, 15.2-fold (4.9/104 person-years) with an affected sibling and the highest risk was 165-fold (46/104 person-years) with an affected twin. Familial risks showed age dependence, being higher in younger age groups. The sex-specific familial risk was similar in males and females.

Conclusion
This study provides quantified estimates of familial incidence and risk in FDR of BD patients in an entire population. Familial risks were higher within generation (sibling–sibling) vs between generations (parent–offspring). This implicates complex interactions between genetic factors and shared childhood environmental exposures in the pathogenesis of BD.
Economic threat heightens conflict detection: sLORETA evidence
Authors: Nash Kyle , Tran Alex , Leota Josh , Scott Andy 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEconomic threat has far-reaching emotional and social consequences, yet the impact of economic threat on neurocognitive processes has received little empirical scrutiny. Here, we examined the causal relationship between economic threat and conflict detection, a critical process in cognitive control associated with the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Participants (N = 103) were first randomly assigned to read about a gloomy economic forecast (Economic Threat condition) or a stable economic forecast (No-Threat Control condition). Notably, these forecasts were based on real, publicly available economic predictions. Participants then completed a passive auditory oddball task composed of frequent standard tones and infrequent, aversive white-noise bursts, a task that elicits the N2, an event-related potential component linked to conflict detection. Results revealed that participants in the Economic Threat condition evidenced increased activation source localized to the ACC during the N2 to white-noise stimuli. Further, ACC activation to conflict mediated an effect of Economic Threat on increased justification for personal wealth. Economic threat thus has implications for basic neurocognitive function. Discussion centers on how effects on conflict detection could shed light on the broader emotional and social consequences of economic threat.
Evaluation of a novel threonine source for nursery pig diets
Authors: Humphrey Dalton , Becker Spenser , Lee Jason , Haydon Keith , Greiner Laura 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Four hundred and eighty (PIC 337 X 1050, PIC Genus, Hendersonville, TN) pigs were used to evaluate a novel threonine source (ThrPro, CJ America Bio, Fort Dodge, IA) for nursery pigs from approximately 7 to 20 kg body weight (BW). After weaning, pigs were sorted by sex and fed a common diet for 1 wk. Upon completion of the first week, pigs were sorted into randomized complete blocks, equalized by weight, within 16 replications. Pigs were allocated to one of three dietary treatments: positive control (POS)—standard ileal digestible threonine-to-lysine ratio (SID; Thr:Lys) 0.60, negative control (NEG)—SID Thr:Lys ≤0.46, and alternative Thr source (TEST)—SID Thr:Lys 0.60. The alternative Thr source included fermentative biomass and was assumed to contain 75% Thr and a digestibility coefficient of 100% based on the manufacturer’s specifications. All other nutrients met or exceeded the NRC recommendations. Growth and intake data were analyzed as repeated measures with a compound symmetry covariance structure using the MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit. Treatment, phase, the interaction between treatment and phase, and block were included as fixed effects in the model. Differences in total removals were tested using Fisher’s Exact Test of PROC FREQ. Results were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and considered a trend at P &gt; 0.05 and P ≤ 0.10. During the first 14 d, pigs fed TEST had decreased gain-to-feed ratio (G:F; 0.77 vs. 0.80, P = 0.022) compared to POS and increased G:F (0.77 vs. 0.73, P &lt; 0.001) compared to NEG. Over days 14–28, pigs fed TEST had similar G:F (0.71 vs. 0.70, P = 0.112) compared to POS and increased G:F (0.71 vs. 0.63, P &lt; 0.001) compared to NEG. Overall (days 0–28), pigs fed TEST had similar average daily gain (ADG; 0.47 vs. 0.47 kg/d, P = 0.982) and G:F (0.76 vs. 0.74, P = 0.395) compared to POS and increased ADG (0.47 vs. 0.43 kg/d, P &lt; 0.001) and G:F (0.76 vs. 0.67, P &lt; 0.001) compared to NEG. The average daily feed intake was not significantly different across treatments for the entirety of the study. In conclusion, the replacement of crystalline L-Thr with a novel Thr source resulted in similar growth performance in nursery pigs from approximately 7 to 20 kg.
Going underwater: multiple origins and functional morphology of piercing-sucking feeding and tracheal system adaptations in water scavenger beetle larvae (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea)
Authors: Rodriguez Georgina , Fikáček Martin , Minoshima Yȗsuke N , Archangelsky Miguel , Torres Patricia L M 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLarvae of water scavenger beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea) are adapted to a wide variety of aquatic habitats, but little is known about functional and evolutionary aspects of these adaptations. We review the functional morphology and evolution of feeding strategies of larvae of the families Hydrophilidae and Epimetopidae based on a detailed scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, analysis of video records of feeding behaviour and observations of living larvae. There are two main types of feeding mechanisms: chewing and piercing-sucking. The character mapping using the latest phylogenetic hypothesis for Hydrophiloidea infers the chewing system as the ancestral condition. The piercing-sucking mechanism evolved at least four times independently: once in Epimetopidae (Epimetopus) and three times in Hydrophilidae (Berosini: Berosus + Hemiosus; Laccobiini: Laccobius group; Hydrobiusini: Hybogralius). The piercing-sucking apparatus allows underwater extra-oral digestion and decreases the dependence of larvae on an aerial environment. A detailed study of the tracheal morphology of the piercing-sucking lineages reveals four independent origins of the apneustic respiratory system, all of them nested within lineages with piercing-sucking mouthparts. We conclude that piercing-sucking mouthparts represent a key innovation, which allows for the subsequent adaptation of the tracheal system, influences the diversification dynamics of the lineages and allows the shift to new adaptive zones.
Outcomes After Surgical Fixation of Posterior Sternoclavicular Physeal Fractures and Dislocations in Children
Authors: Swarup Ishaan , Cazzulino Alejandro , Williams Brendan A. , Defrancesco Christopher , Spiegel David , Shah Apurva S. 
Published: October 2020

Background:
Acute sternoclavicular fractures and dislocations (SCFDs) are a rare but important injury in pediatric patients. SCFDs are either true dislocations, or more commonly, physeal fractures in children. The reduction is advised given the proximity to surrounding vascular structures, and some authors advocate for routine fixation given rates of redisplacement after closed reduction. The purpose of the current study was to provide validated long-term functional outcome data following open reduction and surgical fixation of pediatric SCFDs, as well as provide injury and demographic information.

Methods:
This is a retrospective observational study with a subset of patients reporting functional outcomes. Patients under the age of 18 that had surgically managed acute posterior SCFD from 1990 to 2018 were included. A retrospective chart review was performed to obtain demographic, clinical, and surgical details. Patients with a minimum of 6-month follow-up were contacted to assess outcomes. Functional outcomes of interest included QuickDash, Visual Analog Scale pain rating, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation of shoulder function, and PROMIS Upper Extremity questionnaire. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics.

Results:
A total of 37 patients that sustained an acute posterior SCFD during the study period were included. The average age at the time of injury was 15.2±2.1 years and 89% were male. Patient-reported outcomes were obtained for 14 patients with a mean follow-up of 4.5 years. The mean QuickDash score was 5.1/100 with 0 being normal, and the mean Visual Analog Scale pain rating was 0.7/10. The mean Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation score was 96% with 100% being completely normal. The mean PROMIS score was 55 with 50 being the mean of the relevant reference population. Approximately 29% (4/14 patients) stated that their injury negatively affected their ability to participate in sports.

Conclusions:
There is a paucity of literature on functional outcomes after surgical management of pediatric acute posterior SCFD. Functional outcomes after surgery were satisfactory in this cohort with most patients being able to perform major activities of daily living. Additional future studies with larger cohorts and comparative groups are needed to better understand outcomes in this population.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Assessing the Early Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Spine Surgery Fellowship Education
Authors: Swiatek Peter R. , Weiner Joseph A. , Butler Bennet A. , McCarthy Michael H. , Louie Philip K. , Wolinsky Jean-Paul , Hsu Wellington K. , Patel Alpesh A. 
Published: October 2020

Study Design:
This was a cross-sectional study.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to report the impact of COVID-19 on spine surgery fellow education and readiness for practice.

Summary of Background Data:
COVID-19 has emerged as one of the most devastating global health crises of our time. To minimize transmission risk and to ensure availability of health resources, many hospitals have cancelled elective surgeries. There may be unintended consequences of this decision on the education and preparedness of current surgical trainees.

Materials and Methods:
A multidimensional survey was created and distributed to all current AO Spine fellows and fellowship directors across the United States and Canada.

Results:
Forty-five spine surgery fellows and 25 fellowship directors completed the survey. 62.2% of fellows reported >50% decrease in overall case volume since cancellation of elective surgeries. Mean hours worked per week decreased by 56.2%. Fellows reported completing a mean of 188.4±64.8 cases before the COVID-19 crisis and 84.1% expect at least an 11%–25% reduction in case volume compared with previous spine fellows. In all, 95.5% of fellows did not expect COVID-19 to impact their ability to complete fellowship. Only 2 directors were concerned about their fellows successfully completing fellowship; however, 32% of directors reported hearing concerns regarding preparedness from their fellows and 25% of fellows were concerned about job opportunities.

Conclusions:
COVID-19 has universally impacted work hours and case volume for spine surgery fellows set to complete fellowship in the middle of 2020. Nevertheless, spine surgery fellows generally feel ready to enter practice and are supported by the confidence of their fellowship directors. The survey highlights a number of opportunities for improvement and innovation in the future training of spine surgeons.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Is it depression or is it bipolar depression?
Authors: Rolin Donna , Whelan Jessica , Montano Charles B. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTThis review is intended to guide primary care providers in differentiating patients with bipolar depression from those with unipolar depression and inform patient management. Up to 64% of clinical encounters for depression occur in primary care, with misdiagnosis of bipolar depression common in both primary care and psychiatry. Although bipolar disorder is characterized by manic, hypomanic, and depressive episodes, the most common and debilitating symptomatic presentation is depression. Misdiagnosis as unipolar depression is common, often resulting in mistreatment with an unopposed monoamine antidepressant. Antidepressants are often ineffective for treating bipolar depression and may cause detrimental consequences such as treatment-emergent hypomania/mania, rapid cycling, or increased suicidality. Factors that are suggestive of bipolar disorder versus unipolar depression include early-onset depression, frequent depressive episodes, family history of serious mental illness, hypomania/mania symptoms within the depressive episode, and nonresponse to antidepressants. Comorbid medical (e.g., cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity) and psychiatric (e.g., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorder, personality disorders, and substance use disorder) conditions are common and contribute to premature mortality for patients with bipolar disorder compared with the general public. Cariprazine, fluoxetine/olanzapine, lurasidone, and quetiapine are approved to treat bipolar depression; only cariprazine and quetiapine are approved to treat both bipolar mania and depression. Primary care providers who can differentiate presenting symptoms of bipolar depression from unipolar depression and offer appropriate treatment options will optimize patient care in clinical practice. Relevant information for this review was identified through a multistep literature search of PubMed using the terms bipolar depression/bipolar disorder plus other relevant terms.
Staying alert to ethical challenges
Authors: Winland-Brown Jill E. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Nurse practitioners (NPs) are faced with many ethical challenges. It requires moral courage to stand up for ones' beliefs and resolve ethical issues. Ethical challenges of NPs are discussed including some specific disciplinary situations involving a state board of nursing. Solutions that may help NPs stay alert to ethical challenges include ethics courses and lifelong mentoring. In this “Year of the Nurse and Midwife,” NPs and other nurses should ensure that we maintain the designation of most trusted profession.
Brain Injury Medicine Fellowship Applicant Survey
Authors: Weppner Justin , Patel Komal 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
There is a lack of research regarding trends in the brain injury medicine fellowship match process. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify recent trends in the brain injury medicine fellowship application process, (2) provide meaningful information to future fellowship candidates, and (3) provide fellowship programs information on fellowship candidates’ values. A cross-sectional study was conducted, in which a survey was sent to brain injury medicine applicants involved in the match process from 2016 to 2019. A total of 69 surveys were distributed with a response rate of 72.5%. The median number of interviews attended increased from 3 (range = 1–10) in 2016 to 9 (range = 3–19) in 2019. Most interviews occurred from September to November, with a majority occurring in October. The three top factors applicants considered when evaluating fellowship programs included geographic location, Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education accreditation, and program “well-roundedness.” In 2016, brain injury medicine fellowship applicants ranked a median of 3 fellowships (range = 1–9), which increased to 8 (range = 2–18) in 2019. Although the number of brain injury medicine fellowship applicants has recently trended down, future fellowship applicants may need to consider an increasing applicant pool as fellowship becomes a prerequisite for brain injury medicine board certification.
Rufibacter latericius sp. nov., isolated from Baiyang Lake
Authors: Yang Yun-zhen , Chen Ji-feng , Huang Wan-ru , Zhang Ran-ran , Liu Shuangjiang , Wang Chao , Feng Jie 
Published: October 2020

A novel Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, brick red-pigmented bacterium, designated R-22-1 c-1T, was isolated from water from Baiyang Lake, Hebei Province, PR China. The strain was able to grow at 20–30 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and pH 6–7 (optimum, pH 6) in Reasoner’s 2A medium. 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analyses of R-22-1 c-1T revealed closest relationships to

Rufibacter immobilis

MCC P1T (97.8 %),

Rufibacter sediminis

H-1T (97.9 %) and

Rufibacter glacialis

MDT1-10-3T (97.0 %), with other species of the genus

Rufibacter

showing less than 97.0 % sequence similarity. The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminophospholipids and three unidentified lipids. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C15 : 1
ω6c, C17 : 1
ω6c, anteiso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1
ω7c and/or C16 : 1
ω6c) and summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1I and/or anteiso-C17 : 1B). The respiratory quinone was MK-7. The draft genome of R-22-1 c-1T was 5.6 Mbp in size, with a G+C content of 50.2 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization relatedness values between strain R-22-1 c-1T and related type strains were

R. immobilis

MCC P1T (77.2 and 21.8 %),

R. sediminis

H-1T (81.6 and 21.4 %) and

R. tibetensis

1351T (78.5 and 22.9 %). Based on these phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic results, strain R-22-1 c-1T represents a novel species in the genus

Rufibacter

, for which the name Rufibacter latericius sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R-22-1 c-1T (=CGMCC 1.13570T=KCTC 62781T).
High-Throughput Analysis of Lung Immune Cells in a Murine Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Lung Disease
Authors: Gaurav Rohit , Mikuls Ted R. , Thiele Geoffrey M. , Nelson Amy J. , Niu Meng , Guda Chittibabu , Eudy James D. , Barry Austin E. , Wyatt Todd A. , Romberger Debra J. , Duryee Michael J. , England Bryant R. , Poole Jill A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated lung disease is a leading cause of mortality in RA, yet the mechanisms linking lung disease and RA remain unknown. Using an established murine model of RA-associated lung disease combining collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) with organic dust extract (ODE)-induced airway inflammation, differences among lung immune cell populations were analyzed by single cell RNA-sequencing. Additionally, four lung myeloid-derived immune cell populations including macrophages, monocytes/macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils were isolated by fluorescence cell sorting and gene expression was determined by NanoString analysis. Unsupervised clustering revealed 14 discrete clusters among Sham, CIA, ODE, and CIA+ODE treatment groups: 3 neutrophils (inflammatory, resident/transitional, autoreactive/suppressor), 5 macrophages (airspace, differentiating/recruited, recruited, resident/interstitial, and proliferative airspace), 2 T-cells (differentiating and effector), and a single cluster each of inflammatory monocytes, dendritic cells, B-cells and natural killer cells. Inflammatory monocytes, autoreactive/suppressor neutrophils, and recruited/differentiating macrophages were predominant with arthritis induction (CIA and CIA+ODE). By specific lung cell isolation, several interferon-related and autoimmune genes were disproportionately expressed among CIA and CIA+ODE (e.g.Oasl1,Oas2,Ifit3,Gbp2,Ifi44, andZbp1), corresponding to RA and RA-associated lung disease. Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells were reduced, while complement genes (e.g.C1s1andCfb) were uniquely increased in CIA+ODE mice across cell populations. Recruited and inflammatory macrophages/monocytes and neutrophils expressing interferon-, autoimmune-, and complement-related genes might contribute towards pro-fibrotic inflammatory lung responses following airborne biohazard exposures in setting of autoimmune arthritis and could be predictive and/or targeted to reduce disease burden.
The hearing aid dilemma: amplification, compression, and distortion of the neural code
Authors: Armstrong Alex , Lam Chi Chung , Sabesan Shievanie , Lesica Nicholas A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHearing aids are the only available treatment for mild-to-moderate sensorineural hearing loss, but often fail to improve perception in difficult listening conditions. To identify the reasons for this failure, we studied the underlying neural code using large-scale single-neuron recordings in gerbils, a common animal model of human hearing. We found that a hearing aid restored the sensitivity of neural responses, but failed to restore their selectivity. The low selectivity of aided responses was not a direct effect of hearing loss per se, but rather a consequence of the strategies used by hearing aids to restore sensitivity: compression, which decreases the spectral and temporal contrast of incoming sounds, and amplification, which produces high intensities that distort the neural code even with normal hearing. To improve future hearing aids, new processing strategies that avoid this tradeoff between neural sensitivity and selectivity must be developed.