bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Semantic Content of Subcategorization Frames
Authors: Fisher Cynthia , Gleitman Henry , Gleitman Lila R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates the relations between the meanings of verbs and the syntactic structures in which they appear. The investigation is motivated by the puzzle of how children discover verb meanings. Well-known problems with unconstrained induction of word meanings from observations of world circumstances suggest that additional constraints or sources of information are required. Five experiments are presented which investigate the hypothesis that the closer any two verbs are in their meaning, the greater their overlap should be in their licensed syntactic structures.
Human Simulations of Vocabulary Learning
Authors: Gillette Jane , Gleitman Henry , Gleitman Lila R. , Lederer Anne 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates the generalization that noun learning systematically precedes verb learning. Rather than blame this observation on differences in conceptual content, the authors argue that the information requirements of verb learning crucially determine the acquisition order. Efficient verb learning requires access to structural features of the exposure language and thus cannot take place until a scaffolding of noun knowledge enables the acquisition of clause level syntax. A set of experiments with adult subjects ask about the kinds of information that support learning nouns vs. verbs. The proportion correctly identified and the type of word that is identifiable changes significantly as a function of information type.
Understanding How Input Matters
Authors: Lidz Jeffrey , Gleitman Henry , Gleitman Lila R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Studies under the heading of “syntactic bootstrapping” have demonstrated that syntax guides young children’s interpretations during verb learning. We evaluate two hypotheses concerning the origins of syntactic bootstrapping effects. The “universalist” view, holding that syntactic bootstrapping falls out from universal properties of the syntax-semantics mapping, is shown to be superior to the “emergentist” view, which holds that argument structure patterns emerge from a process of categorization and generalization over the input. These theories diverge in their predictions about a language in which syntactic structure is not the most reliable cue to a certain meaning. Experiments with Kannada speaking children and adults support the universalist view.
Hard Words
Authors: Gleitman Lila R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper suggests that the chief limiting factor in acquiring a vocabulary of natural languages consists not in overcoming conceptual difficulties with abstract word meanings, but rather in mapping these meanings onto their corresponding lexical forms. We describe an overlapping series of steps through which novices move in representing the lexical forms and phrase structures of the exposure language, a probabilistic multiple-cue learning process known as syntactic bootstrapping.
How Words Can and Cannot Be Learned by Observation
Authors: Medina Tamara Nicol , Snedeker Jesse , Trueswell John C. , Gleitman Lila R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three experiments explored how words are learned from hearing them across contexts. Adults watched 40-s videotaped vignettes of parents uttering target words (in sentences) to their infants. Videos were muted except for a beep or nonsense word inserted where each “mystery word” was uttered. Participants were to identify the word. Exp 1 demonstrated that most (90%) of these natural learning instances are quite uninformative, whereas a small minority (7%) are highly informative, as indexed by participants’ identification accuracy. Preschoolers showed similar information sensitivity in a shorter experimental version. Two further experiments explored how cross-situational information helps, by manipulating the serial ordering of highly informative vignettes in five contexts. Response patterns revealed a learning procedure in which only a single meaning is hypothesized and retained across learning instances, unless disconfirmed. Neither alternative hypothesized meanings nor details of past learning situations were retained. These findings challenge current models of cross-situational learning. Learners appear to use a one-trial fast mapping procedure, even under conditions of referential uncertainty.
What Some Concepts Might Not Be
Authors: Armstrong Sharon Lee , Gleitman Lila R. , Gleitman Henry 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A discussion of the difficulties of prototype theories for describing compositional meaning motivates three experiments that inquire how well-defined concepts fare under paradigms that are commonly interpreted to support the prototype view. The stimulus materials include exemplars of prototype categories (sport, vehicle, fruit, vegetable) previously studied by others, and also exemplars of supposedly well-defined categories (odd number, even number, female and plane geometry figure)
Why Stereotypes Don’t Even Make Good Defaults
Authors: Connolly Andrew C. , Fodor Jerry A. , Gleitman Lila R. , Gleitman Henry 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Many concepts have stereotypes. This leaves open the question of whether concepts are stereotypes. It has been argued elsewhere that theories that identify concepts with their stereotypes or with stereotypical instances of their instances fail to provide an adequate account of the compositionality of concepts. This paper extends that argument and reports and experiment suggesting that participants do not assume, even as a default strategy, that complex concepts inherit the stereotypes of their constituents. Thus, propositions such as “baby ducks have webbed feet” were judged to be less likely to be true than propositions like “ducks have webbed feet”. Moreover, manipulation of the type and number of noun phrase modifiers revealed a systematic departure from the unmodified noun’s stereotype both with the addition of stereotypical modifiers (“quacking ducks”) and with the addition of a second modifier (“baby Peruvian ducks”). Thus in the general case the stereotypical properties of a head noun are systematically discounted when that head noun combines with modifiers. This effect represents a general principle of compositional combination that argues against the inheritance of stereotypical features of concepts as a default strategy. Instead, we advocate a model of conceptual combination where concepts remain inert under combination, supported by a separate machinery that introduces pragmatic and world-dependent inferences.
The Emergence of the Formal Category “Symmetry” in a New Sign Language
Authors: Gleitman Lila R. , Senghas Ann , Flaherty Molly , Coppola Marie , Goldin-Meadow Susan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Logical properties such as negation, implication, and symmetry, despite the fact that they are foundational and threaded through the vocabulary and syntax of known natural languages, pose a special problem for language learning. Their meanings are much harder to identify and isolate in the child’s everyday interaction with referents in the world than concrete things (like spoons and horses) and happenings and acts (like running and jumping) that are much more easily identified, and thus more easily linked to their linguistic labels (spoon, horse, run, jump). Here we concentrate attention on the category of symmetry [a relation R is symmetrical if and only if (iff) for all x, y: if R(x,y), then R(y,x)], expressed in English by such terms as similar, marry, cousin, and near. After a brief introduction to how symmetry is expressed in English and other well-studied languages, we discuss the appearance and maturation of this category in Nicaraguan Sign Language (NSL). NSL is an emerging language used as the primary, daily means of communication among a population of deaf individuals who could not acquire the surrounding spoken language because they could not hear it, and who were not exposed to a preexisting sign language because there was none available in their community. Remarkably, these individuals treat symmetry, in both semantic and syntactic regards, much as do learners exposed to a previously established language. These findings point to deep human biases in the structures underpinning and constituting human language.
Turning the Tables
Authors: Li Peggy , Gleitman Lila R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates possible influences of the lexical resources of individual languages on the spatial organization and reasoning styles of their users. That there are such powerful and pervasive influences of language on thought is the thesis of the Whorf–Sapir linguistic relativity hypothesis which, after a lengthy period in intellectual limbo, has recently returned to prominence in the anthropological, linguistic, and psycholinguistic literatures. Our point of departure is an influential group of cross-linguistic studies that appear to show that spatial reasoning is strongly affected by the spatial lexicon in everyday use in a community. Specifically, certain groups customarily use an externally referenced spatial-coordinate system to refer to nearby directions and positions (“to the north”) whereas English speakers usually employ a viewer-perspective system (“to the left”). Prior findings and interpretations have been to the effect that users of these two types of spatial system solve rotation problems in different ways, reasoning strategies imposed by habitual use of the language particular lexicons themselves. The present studies reproduce these different problem-solving strategies in speakers of a single language (English) by manipulating landmark cues, suggesting that language itself may not be the key causal factor in choice of spatial perspective. Prior evidence on rotation problem solution from infants and from laboratory animals suggests a unified interpretation of the findings: creatures approach spatial problems differently depending on the availability and suitability of local landmark cues. The results are discussed in terms of the current debate on the relation of language to thought, with particular emphasis on the question of why different cultural communities favor different perspectives in talking about space.
Relations Between Language and Thought
Authors: Gleitman Lila R. , Papafragou Anna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this chapter we consider the question of whether the language one speaks affects one’s thinking. We discuss arguments showing that language cannot be taken to be the vehicle of thought. We then review evidence from several domains in which language has been proposed to reorganize conceptual representations, including color, objects and substances, space, motion, number, and spatial orientation. We conclude that linguistic representations have significant online processing effects in these and other cognitive and perceptual domains but do not alter conceptual representation.
Corporate Cash Shortfalls and Financing Decisions
Authors: Huang Rongbing , Ritter Jay R 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Given their actual revenue and spending, most net equity issuers and an overwhelming majority of net debt issuers would face immediate cash depletion without external financing. Debt issuers tend to have short-lived cash needs, while equity issuers often have persistent cash needs. On average, debt issuers immediately spend almost all of the proceeds, while equity issuers retain much of the proceeds in cash. Anticipated near-future cash needs and fixed costs of financing help explain the fraction of the proceeds being retained. Our findings support a funding-horizon theory in which cash needs and the nature of cash needs motivate financing decisions.
Position Paper on Critical Care Pharmacy Services (Executive Summary): 2020 Update
Authors: Lat Ishaq , Paciullo Christopher , Daley Mitchell J. , MacLaren Robert , Bolesta Scott , McCann Jennifer , Stollings Joanna L. , Gross Kendall , Foos Sarah A. , Roberts Russel J. , Acquisto Nicole M. , Taylor Scott , Bentley Michael , Jacobi Judith , Meyer Tricia A. 
Published: August 2020

Objectives:
Provide a multiorganizational statement to update the statement from a paper in 2000 about critical care pharmacy practice and makes recommendations for future practice.

Design:
The Society of Critical Care Medicine, American College of Clinical Pharmacy Critical Care Practice and Research Network, and the American Society of Health-Systems Pharmacists convened a joint task force of 15 pharmacists representing a broad cross-section of critical care pharmacy practice and pharmacy administration, inclusive of geography, critical care practice setting, and roles. The Task Force chairs reviewed and organized primary literature, outlined topic domains, and prepared the methodology for group review and consensus. A modified Delphi method was used until consensus (> 66% agreement) was reached for each practice recommendation. Previous position statement recommendations were reviewed and voted to either retain, revise, or retire. Recommendations were categorized by level of ICU service to be applicable by setting, and grouped into five domains: patient care, quality improvement, research and scholarship, training and education, and professional development.

Main Results:
There are 82 recommendation statements: forty-four original recommendations and 38 new recommendation statements. Thirty-four recommendations were made for patient care, primarily relating to critical care pharmacist duties and pharmacy services. In the quality improvement domain, 21 recommendations address the role of the critical care pharmacist in patient and medication safety, clinical quality programs, and analytics. Nine recommendations were made in the domain of research and scholarship. Ten recommendations are in the domain of training and education and eight recommendations regarding professional development.

Conclusions:
The statements recommended by this taskforce delineate the activities of a critical care pharmacist and the scope of pharmacy services within the ICU. Effort should be made from all stakeholders to implement the recommendations provided, with continuous effort toward improving the delivery of care for critically ill patients.
Anterior, posterior, and nonkeratometric contributions to refractive astigmatism in pseudophakes
Authors: Kansara Neal , Cui David , Banerjee Kalins , Landis Zachary , Scott Ingrid U. , Pantanelli Seth M. 
Published: August 2020

Purpose:
To investigate the relationship between measured anterior (ACA) and posterior (PCA) keratometric astigmatism and postoperative refractive astigmatism (RA) and to quantify noncorneal astigmatism (NCA) contributions to RA.

Setting:
Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.

Design:
Retrospective consecutive case series.

Methods:
Consecutive eyes underwent preoperative biometry (IOLMaster 700) and tomography/topography using a dual Scheimpflug–placido disk–based device (Galilei G4), cataract surgery with implantation of a monofocal intraocular lens (IOL), and postoperative manifest refractions. RA was compared with keratometric astigmatism using the following methods: IOLMaster, SimK, CorT, SimK + measured PCA, total corneal power at the corneal plane (TCP2), and CorT(Total). An ocular residual astigmatism (ORA) vector was calculated between RA and each measured astigmatism.

Results:
Analysis was based on 296 eyes. ORA centroids were 0.28 @ 179, 0.45 @ 001, 0.37 @ 001, 0.19 @ 003, 0.19 @ 001, and 0.23 @ 178 diopter (D) for the 6 aforementioned methods, respectively (P < .000001 [ORAx, ORAy]). Based on TCP2 measurements, eyes with against-the-rule ACA and with-the-rule (WTR) ACA had ORA centroids of 0.09 @ 082 and 0.58 @ 001 D (P < .000001 [ORAx, ORAy]), respectively. ORA was nonzero and not entirely explained by the cornea, especially in those with WTR ACA.

Conclusions:
Total keratometric astigmatism did not explain all ocular astigmatism. Noncorneal contributions were significant, especially in eyes with WTR ACA.
Optimized CorT Total to compare Scheimpflug vs dual Scheimpflug/Placido imaging devices
Authors: Ferguson Tanner J. , Piccinini Andre L. , Thulasi Praneetha , Ong James K.Y. , Stamatelatos George , Alpins Noel , Randleman J. Bradley 
Published: August 2020

Purpose:
To compare the manufacturer-provided measures of total corneal power (TCP) generated by Scheimpflug and dual Scheimpflug/Placido imaging compared with corneal topographic astigmatism calculated on the basis of measured TCP data (CorT Total).

Setting:
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Design:
Retrospective case series.

Methods:
TCP values were exported from virgin 209 eyes that underwent imaging with both the Scheimpflug (Pentacam HR) and dual Scheimpflug–Placido (Galilei G4) imaging devices to compute an optimized CorT Total. The standard deviation of the ocular residual astigmatism (ORAsd), which serves as a value describing the vectoral difference between the corneal astigmatism measure and manifest refractive cylinder at the corneal plane, was evaluated for all eyes to compare manufacturer-provided measurements vs the optimized CorT Total.

Results:
The Scheimpflug CorT Total had the lowest ORAsd (0.306 diopter [D]; spherical equivalent [SE] 0.018) of all the parameters evaluated, although the difference was not statistically significant (P = .22) from the dual Scheimpflug/Placido CorT Total (0.32 2 D; SE 0.017). For the Scheimpflug device, the CorT Total had a statistically significant lower (P < .05) ORAsd in comparison to the best measure on the device (total corneal refractive power apex zone 2 mm: 0.324 D; SE 0.021). For dual Scheimpflug/Placido measurements, the CorT Total had the lowest ORAsd (0.322 D; SE 0.017), but the difference was not statistically significant (P = .43) from the lowest manufacturer-provided measure (TCP 2).

Conclusions:
CorT Total generated with the Scheimpflug device corresponded better with the manifest refractive cylinder than all measures of total corneal astigmatism calculated by the software from both the Scheimpflug and the dual Scheimpflug/Placido devices.
Prevention of infection after corneal refractive surgery: a French survey
Authors: Tourabaly Moïse , Knoeri Juliette , Leveziel Loïc , Bouheraoua Nacim , Ameline Barbara , Borderie Vincent 
Published: August 2020

Purpose:
To report the French refractive surgeons' real-life practices for preventing infection after corneal refractive surgery (photorefractive keratotomy [PRK], laser in situ keratomileusis [LASIK], and small-incision lenticule extraction).

Setting:
France.

Design:
Anonymous practice survey.

Methods:
The questionnaire was sent in a single email invitation to 400 declared refractive surgeons. The following information was recorded between December 2019 and April 2020, before the coronavirus pandemic: demographics data, preoperative evaluation and preparation of the patient, surgical management, immediate and postoperative protocol, and infections reported after corneal refractive surgery.

Results:
Eighty-three of 400 surgeons (20.75%) responded to the questionnaire; 55 (66.0%) performed more than 50 corneal refractive surgeries a year, and 25 (30.1%) performed more than 200 procedures a year. Thirty-six (43.4%) surgeons wore 3 protective items, 37 (44.6%) 2, 5 (6.0%) 1, and 5 (6.0%) zero. Seventy-seven (92.8%) surgeons used povidone–iodine for skin area disinfection and 54 (65%) for conjunctival fornix disinfection. The contact time of povidone–iodine was less than 3 minutes for 71 (85.0%) surgeons. Twenty surgeons (24.1%) reported at least 1 postrefractive surgery infection. Twenty percent of surgeons who wore sterile gloves for PRK reported postoperative infections compared with 62.5% for those who did not (P = .008). These figures were, respectively, 8.7% and 66.7% for the use of sterile gloves during LASIK (P = .002); 8.9% of surgeons who wore surgical masks for LASIK reported postoperative infections compared with 50.0% for those who did not (P = .01).

Conclusions:
Practices are variable among French refractive surgeons. Wearing a surgical mask and sterile gloves during corneal refractive surgery appears to be advisable.
Yoga Practice Among Veterans With and Without Chronic Pain
Authors: Donaldson Melvin T. , Neumark-Sztainer Dianne , Gaugler Joseph E. , Groessl Erik J. , Kehle-Forbes Shannon M. , Polusny Melissa A. , Krebs Erin E. 
Published: August 2020

Objectives:
The primary aim of this study was to examine differences in yoga practice between persons with and without chronic pain. Secondarily, we describe use of the Essential Properties of Yoga Questionnaire, Short Form (EPYQ-SF) for self-report.

Design:
Participants were members of an existing cohort of veterans who completed a 2015–2016 survey focused on pain and nonpharmacological health practices. Cohort members who reported yoga in the past year [n=174 (9.4%) of 1850] were eligible for the present study, which used multiple-contact mixed-mode survey methodology to collect data on yoga practices. The EPYQ-SF was used to assess properties and context of yoga practice. Practice patterns were compared for participants with and without chronic pain. To explore potential reasons for reported yoga practice patterns, focused semistructured interviews were conducted with a subset of participants.

Results:
Of 174 participants contacted, 141 (82%) returned the yoga questionnaire and 110 (78% of respondents) were still practicing yoga. Among yoga practitioners, 41 (37%) had chronic pain. Practitioners with chronic pain reported gentler (2.8 vs. 3.1, 5-point scale) and less active (2.9 vs. 3.3) yoga practice than those without. Those with chronic pain attended yoga studios less frequently and reported shorter yoga practices than those without. Most yoga practice was self-directed and at home.

Conclusions:
Differences in yoga practice of persons with and without chronic pain have implications for implementation of yoga interventions for chronic pain. Future interventions should focus on alternative individual delivery formats or addressing barriers to group practice among people with chronic pain.
Provider Perspectives of Battlefield Acupuncture
Authors: Giannitrapani Karleen F. , Ackland Princess E. , Holliday Jesse , Zeliadt Steve , Olson Juli , Kligler Benjamin , Taylor Stephanie L. 
Published: August 2020

Objectives:Nonpharmacological options to treat pain are in demand, in part to address the opioid crisis. One such option is acupuncture. Battlefield acupuncture (BFA) is an auricular needling protocol currently used to treat pain in the Veterans Health Administration. We aimed to identify the advantages and disadvantages of BFA from providers’ perspectives.Methods:We rely on an inductive qualitative approach to explore provider perceptions through thematic analysis of semistructured interviews with 43 BFA providers across the nation.Results:We identified the following themes. Disadvantages included: (1) clinical guidelines are insufficient; (2) patients often request multiple BFA visits from providers; (3) BFA can be uncomfortable; (4) BFA may not be an effective treatment option unless it can be provided “on demand”; and (5) BFA can promote euphoria, which can have deleterious consequences for patient self-care. Perceived advantages included: (1) BFA can simultaneously effectively control pain while reducing opioid use; (2) BFA may alleviate the pain that has been unsuccessfully treated by conventional methods; (3) BFA gives providers a treatment option to offer patients with substance use disorder; (4) BFA helps build a trusting patient-provider relationship; (5) BFA can create the opportunity for hope.Conclusions:Providers perceive BFA to have many benefits, both clinical and relational, including ways in which it may have utility in addressing the current opioid crisis. BFA is easy to deliver and has potential clinical and relational utility. Efforts to better understand effectiveness are warranted.