bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Analytical Thermodynamic Approach to Friction of Rubber on Ice
Authors: Wiese Klaus , Kessel Thiemo M. , Mundl Reinhard , Wies Burkhard 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The presented investigation is motivated by the need for performance improvement in winter tires, based on the idea of innovative “functional” surfaces. Current tread design features focus on macroscopic length scales. The potential of microscopic surface effects for friction on wintery roads has not been considered extensively yet.
We limit our considerations to length scales for which rubber is rough, in contrast to a perfectly smooth ice surface. Therefore we assume that the only source of frictional forces is the viscosity of a sheared intermediate thin liquid layer of melted ice. Rubber hysteresis and adhesion effects are considered to be negligible.
The height of the liquid layer is driven by an equilibrium between the heat built up by viscous friction, energy consumption for phase transition between ice and water, and heat flow into the cold underlying ice. In addition, the microscopic “squeeze-out” phenomena of melted water resulting from rubber asperities are also taken into consideration. The size and microscopic real contact area of these asperities are derived from roughness parameters of the free rubber surface using Greenwood-Williamson contact theory and compared with the measured real contact area.
The derived one-dimensional differential equation for the height of an averaged liquid layer is solved for stationary sliding by a piecewise analytical approximation. The frictional shear forces are deduced and integrated over the whole macroscopic contact area to result in a global coefficient of friction. The boundary condition at the leading edge of the contact area is prescribed by the height of a “quasi-liquid layer,” which already exists on the “free” ice surface.
It turns out that this approach meets the measured coefficient of friction in the laboratory. More precisely, the calculated dependencies of the friction coefficient on ice temperature, sliding speed, and contact pressure are confirmed by measurements of a simple rubber block sample on artificial ice in the laboratory.
Investigating Applicability of the Meshfree Method to the Structural Analysis of Tires
Authors: Ishihara Ken , Noda Takehiro , Sakurai Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
In contrast to the finite element method (FEM), which is widely used in the tire industry nowadays, some alternative methods have been proposed by academic communities over the past decade or so. The meshfree method is one of those new methodologies. Originally intended to remove the burden of creating the mesh that is inherent in FEM, the meshfree method relies on the point data rather than the mesh, which makes it much easier to discretize the geometry. In addition to those modeling issues, it has been found that the meshfree method has several advantages over FEM in handling geometrical nonlinearities, continuities, and so forth. In accordance with those emerging possibilities, the authors have been conducting research on the matter. This article describes the results of the authors' preliminary research on the applicability of the meshfree method to tire analyses, which include the theoretical outline, the strategy of tire modeling, numerical results, comparisons with results of FEM, and conclusions.
Interaction of Anti-lock Braking Systems with Tire Torsional Dynamics
Authors: Adcox John , Ayalew Beshah , Rhyne Tim , Cron Steve , Knauff Mike 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
A tire's torsional dynamics couple the responses of wheel/hub inertia to that of the ring/belt inertia. Depending on the effective stiffness, damping, and mass distribution of the tire, the ensuing deflections between the wheel and the ring can cause significant errors in the estimation of the tire's longitudinal slip from wheel speed measurements. However, this remains the established approach for constructing anti-lock braking system (ABS) control algorithms. Under aggressive braking events, the errors introduced by torsional dynamics may significantly affect the ABS algorithm and result in less than optimal braking performance. This article investigates the interaction of tire torsional dynamics and ABS control using a comprehensive system model that incorporates sidewall flexibility, transient and hysteretic tread-ground friction effects, and the dominant dynamics of a hydraulic braking system. It considers a wheel/hub acceleration-based ABS controller that mimics the working steps of a commercial ABS algorithm. Results from multiple sensitivity studies show a strong correlation of stopping distances and ABS control activity with design parameters governing tire/wheel torsional response and the filter cutoff frequency of the wheel acceleration signals used by the controller.
Aluminum Taper Bristle-Shaped Shear Band for a Nonpneumatic Tire
Authors: Berglind Luke A. , Ju Jaehyung , Summers Joshua D. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Shear-compliant cellular structures have been considered as replacement elastomeric materials in nonpneumatic tire (NPT) shear band to reduce hysteretic energy loss and rolling resistance. In this article, a rectangular-shaped, aluminum cellular shear band is introduced, which uses a tapered-bristle structure. The tapered-bristle geometry was designed to efficiently use material deformation by evenly distributing stresses throughout the structure under shear deformation. The resulting cellular structures are able to achieve higher shear compliance while maintaining high shear stiffness as required for NPT applications. The objective of this study was to discover how a cellular bristle shear band affects NPT performance when compared with a solid-material shear band with similar effective shear properties. An analytical model was developed to design the tapered-bristle shear band to achieve a target set of effective shear properties, and numerical tests were conducted using Abaqus to validate the analytical model. Full NPT models were created in Abaqus using the tapered-bristle shear band developed in this article and a solid-material shear band with similar effective shear properties. The performances of the two models are compared to determine the effects of a bristle shear band in terms of vertical force–deflection and contact pressure.
Finite Element Modeling for Steel Cord Analysis in Radial Tires
Authors: Yintao Wei , Yiwen Luo , Yiming Miao , Delong Chai , Xijin Feng 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT:
This article focuses on steel cord deformation and force investigation within heavy-duty radial tires. Typical bending deformation and tension force distributions of steel reinforcement within a truck bus radial (TBR) tire have been obtained, and they provide useful input for the local scale modeling of the steel cord. The three-dimensional carpet plots of the cord force distribution within a TBR tire are presented. The carcass-bending curvature is derived from the deformation of the carcass center line. A high-efficiency modeling approach for layered multistrand cord structures has been developed that uses cord design variables such as lay angle, lay length, and radius of the strand center line as input. Several types of steel cord have been modeled using the developed method as an example. The pure tension for two cords and the combined tension bending under various loading conditions relevant to tire deformation have been simulated by a finite element analysis (FEA). Good agreement has been found between experimental and FEA-determined tension force-displacement curves, and the characteristic structural and plastic deformation phases have been revealed by the FE simulation. Furthermore, some interesting local stress and deformation patterns under combined tension and bending are found that have not been previously reported. In addition, an experimental cord force measurement approach is included in this article.
Accelerometer Measurements of Tire Tread Vibrations and Implications to Wheel-Slap Noise
Authors: Dare Tyler , Bernhard Robert 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
There are many analytical and finite element models for predicting vibration of a tire tread. However, experimental verification of these models is limited because of the difficulties involved in measuring vibration near the contact patch of the tire. In this research, a set of experiments were conducted using a microaccelerometer mounted against the tire tread, in the center of the tread pattern. The tire was mounted on Purdue University's tire-pavement test apparatus, a machine that allows precise measurements of tire noise and vibration as the tire rolls over samples of actual pavement. Microphone and accelerometer signals were recorded to determine the influence of pavement parameters on tire-pavement noise generation mechanisms. The vibration measurement and signal processing techniques are verified by comparing the results to published studies. The relationship between vibration characteristics and noise was investigated as a tire rolls over contraction joints in Portland cement concrete pavements. We found that although travelling waves are generated at the leading and trailing edge of the contact patch, the speed coefficients of increased noise and traveling wave amplitude do not match, and the wave speed of the impulse is that of an inefficient radiator. Therefore, increased tread vibration is not a major cause of increased noise at contraction joints, and other mechanisms must be involved.
Analysis of the Influence of Vehicle Dynamic Parameters on Tire Marks
Authors: Seipel Gunther , Baumann Frank , Hermanutz Ralf , Winner Hermann 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Tire marks play a central role in the reconstruction of traffic accidents, since they can provide valuable information about the vehicle's trajectory, initial speed, or the steering and braking input of the driver. The research project described in this paper focuses on the analysis of tire marks under controlled conditions using a monowheel setup to enable a selective variation of different vehicle dynamic parameters without mutual influence. The long-term goal is to find a model for the development of tire marks to predict the influence of specific vehicle dynamic parameters on the generation of tire marks. This model may be applied in accident reconstruction tools. A literature review has been performed to find evidence for the development of tire marks and to identify relevant parameters for their generation. Currently, no explicit physical or mathematical model showing the influence of tire forces or slip on the generation of tire marks is available. In the literature, it is often assumed that tire marks occur at the limit of traction. A physically motivated formula has been developed to calculate the friction force within the contact patch as a function of the tire forces, the longitudinal slip, and the side slip angle. The main hypothesis deduced from this formula is that the intensity of a tire mark depends on the magnitude of this friction force independent of the varying parameter. To verify this hypothesis, experiments have been conducted with variations in longitudinal slip, side slip angle, and tire type. First results agree with the model, showing a correlation between the intensity of tire marks and friction force, depending on the tribological and optical tire and road properties. This correlation is introduced as tire-marking sensitivity.
Piezoelectric Vibration-Based Energy Harvesters for Next-Generation Intelligent Tires
Authors: Singh Kanwar Bharat , Taheri Saied 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Because of access limitations inside the tire, the use of batteries for sensor nodes embedded inside an intelligent tire is not practical. The high vibration levels inside a tire have the potential to generate electrical power using vibration-based energy-harvesting techniques. In this article, the feasibility of using an inertial vibrating energy harvester unit to power a sensor module for tire use is assessed. To predict the electrical power output of the generator, a generic analytical model based on the transfer of energy within the system has been derived. The vibration measurements taken from the test conducted using accelerometers embedded in the tire have been applied as an excitation to the model to predict the power output for a device of suitable dimensions and to study the feasibility of this concept. For the tire applications, a special compact harvester design has been proposed that is able to withstand large shocks and vibrations. Suitable mathematical models for different harvester configurations have been developed to identify the best configuration suited for use inside a tire. The harvester unit demonstrates power generation over a wide speed range and provides a distinct advantage in cost and flexibility of installation while extending the lifetime of the power supply for sensor data acquisition and communication. Results indicate the viability of the procedure outlined in the article.
Modeling of Strain Energy Harvesting in Pneumatic Tires Using Piezoelectric Transducer
Authors: Kubba Ali E. , Behroozi Mohammad , Olatunbosun Oluremi A. , Anthony Carl , Jiang Kyle 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
This paper presents an evaluation study of the feasibility of harvesting energy from rolling tire deformation and using it to supply a tire monitoring device installed within the tire cavity. The developed technique is simulated by using a flexible piezoelectric fiber composite transducer (PFC) adhered onto the tire inner liner acting as the energy harvesting element for tire monitoring systems. The PFC element generates electric charge when strain is applied to it. Tire cyclic deformation, particularly at the contact patch surface due to rolling conditions, can be exploited to harvest energy. Finite element simulations, using Abaqus package, were employed to estimate the available strain energy within the tire structure in order to select the optimum location for the PFC element. Experimental tests were carried out by using an evaluation kit for the energy harvesting element installed within the tire cavity to examine the PFC performance under controlled speed and loading conditions.
Objective Analysis of the Stability of an Extralegal Weight Tractor-Trailer Combination during a Rapid Air Loss Event
Authors: Anderson Jeffery , Pawlowski Ryan 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
In the California Transportation Permits Manual, the minimum overall tire-to-tire axle width (overall width) of a vehicle in the extralegal weight configuration is 2.44 m. Commercial truck tractor and trailer tandem 1.82-m-wide axles fitted with new-generation wide base single (NGWBS) tires measure 2.34 m in overall axle width; thus, they are not compliant with the current California Department of Transportation requirement. Because of the growing application of NGWBS tires in the market, it is important to understand the vehicle stability characteristics of a tractor-semitrailer fitted with both dual and NGWBS tire configurations. In this research, a comparison of dual to NGWBS with both a 50.8-m outset wheel and a 25.4-mm outset wheel is presented. A rapid air loss (RAL) event was initiated to represent a severe scenario in each of the three following maneuvers: straight line, steady-state curve, and lane change. The data were evaluated, and differences between NGWBS and dual tire–fitted vehicles were compared. While a tire RAL event can be perceived as a dramatic event, previous studies and driver-training events have shown that such an RAL event is manageable. The conclusion of this work is that an RAL event with NGWBS tires is as manageable as a dual tire–fitted vehicle and does not make the system unstable.
Experimental Friction and Temperature Investigation on Aircraft Tires
Authors: Linke Tim , Wangenheim Matthias , Lind Hagen , Ripka Stefan 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
For modeling an aircraft tire using the brush model method, the friction coefficient μ between rubber and asphalt should not only be described in terms of the applied pressure and sliding velocity/slip ratio, but also by local temperature inside the contact area. Its influence cannot be neglected, since it leads to significant material property changes. Therefore, investigations on different test rigs are analyzed using thermal recordings of an infrared camera.
First measurements are done on a high speed linear tester (HiLiTe), a test rig at the Institute of Dynamics and Vibration Research (IDS) at Leibniz University Hanover, Germany. It allows testing single tread block samples with a constant slip ratio of 100%, that is, pure sliding, on a variety of surfaces such as dry and wet asphalt or concrete, as well as on snow and ice.
Results in this paper show that the convection has a smaller impact on tread block cooling than the actual contact between runway surface and sample. Since colder surface temperatures lead to higher friction, this effect antagonizes the excitation frequency, which heats up the rubber sample at high velocities. On long-lasting test sequences a quasi–steady-state friction coefficient might be achieved once these effects start to converge. Still, owing to permanent slip, the abrasion leads to cooling as the hot top layer of the rubber is removed occasionally.
In addition to these quasi–steady-state measurements on HiLiTe, the thermal behavior of an aircraft tire is investigated with an autonomously running test rig. It allows realistic testing on an airfield runway by altering load, speed, and slip angle of the tire within and beyond the regions of a passenger aircraft. During the measurements, new and partially unknown effects could be observed. The temperature is mostly influenced by the slip angle followed by speed and load. Furthermore, the contact between tire and runway leads to cooling of the tread but does not affect the temperature inside the grooves. They heat up separately and tend to transfer heat to the tread if the cooling by the runway becomes too low.
Average Worn Profile of Tires in Europe
Authors: Biesse Frédéric , Mahé Jérôme , Lévy Nicolas 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Tire tread wear is a key issue in the tire development process and for tire customers. In order to measure the wear performance, tire manufacturers usually proceed to wear tests and calculate the tire life from those tests. An important point in this tire life computation is the criteria chosen for defining the tire's end of life. In Europe, there is a legal minimum tread depth set to 1.6 mm applicable to 75% of the tread pattern width. However, outside those 75% (i.e., on the shoulder part), no clear and shared limit is defined. Also, the usual behavior of customers to decide when their tires should be changed is not well known. The goal of this 2012 study was to identify an average worn profile of tires in Europe and the behavior of customers for replacing their tires. For that, 3000 tires worn out by customers have been collected in scrapyards and measured in five European countries. In this article, we will present the tire collecting method, the measurement process, the analysis method, and some general results and statistics on this 3000 tire database. Finally, the method to compute the average end of life profile and the resulting profile is given.
Heavy Truck Driver Workload Investigation
Authors: Pawlowski Ryan 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Driver workload is of growing interest in the automotive society, since the number of in-vehicle technologies and vehicles on the road grows. Operational and environmental factors impact the driver's ability to negotiate a chosen course and place heavy demands on the driver in terms of mental and physical capacity. A key component of the driver's operating environment is the vehicle. In this research, the impact of various tire configurations, for example, dual and wide based, for a Class 8 tractor–semitrailer combination vehicle on driver workload performance is presented. Driver workload performance is assessed during four maneuvers: 60 m radius steady state circle, 120 m radius steady state circle, road course, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization emergency lane change maneuver. Surface electromyography (sEMG) electrodes were placed on the left and right wrist flexors (flexor carpi ulnaris) and right wrist extensors (extensor carpi ulnaris) in order to capture muscle activity during all maneuvers. Peak and integrated values of sEMG are calculated to obtain metrics of driver workload. Results of the study show distinct separation of muscle activity for each tire configuration. Differences in driving techniques were also identified based on the dominant hand of the driver and orientation of the maneuver, that is, clockwise or counterclockwise.
Tire Operational and Sustainability Trade-Offs
Authors: Pottinger Marion G. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
In 2012 the Sustainable Worldwide Transportation Consortium at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) funded a forecast of likely changes in tire sustainability through 2025, as a result of feasible tire evolution. This paper is a synopsis of the resulting report, “Tire Operational and Sustainability Tradeoffs” [Reference 5], completed in late summer 2013. In it results are expressed in terms of fuel amount, distance, and weight commonly used in the United States rather than in SI units or in terms used in the underlying mandated goals such as grams of CO2 per mile (light vehicles) or grams per load-ton per 100 miles (medium and heavy vehicles) because of the underlying regulatory framework (Unit conversions to SI are found in the Appendix). The forecast fuel-economy change is the primary factor considered in evaluating tire sustainability. The secondary factor considered is the change in raw material usage, which affects tire weight. The changes are predicted for the five vehicle power plants now in use: gasoline, diesel, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric. Vehicles from class A to class E plus pickup trucks are analyzed. This is done with consideration of expected changes in vehicle weight. Tire sizes that are likely to be used, as the vehicles change, are estimated. It is possible that operational trade-offs may preclude tire changes that are desirable in terms of sustainability. To this end, probable vehicle ride and handling effects along the different possible tire-evolution paths are assessed. Aspects of ride that are considered are harshness, modal frequencies, and in-vehicle noise. Cornering in the ordinary driving range, stopping, and the limits of cornering are examined as aspects of handling. Effects on dry, wet, and snowy surfaces are considered. The conclusion reached is that the best tire technical path to follow from now until 2025 is to use higher-aspect-ratio tires operating at higher cold-inflation pressures, provided that any negatives in ride and handling can be overcome in vehicle design. Styling questions are not considered in the report, but it is noted that these could be an important problem, since the tires on the technically desirable path will not have the appearance to which customers have been accustomed in recent years.