bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of lignin from rice husk at low temperature
Authors: Ma’ruf A , Pramudono B , Aryanti N , Usriyati A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Isolation of lignin commonly was conducted at a high temperature. This paper studies the isolation of lignin from rice husk at low temperature (30 °C) using alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP). Optimization of processes variables such as the volume of solvent to the weight of rice husk ratio, H2O2 concentration and pH were done using response surface methodology (RSM) with the central composite design. Characteristic of lignin obtained was analyzed by FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared). The results show that the main factor affecting the process isolation is pH both in linear and quadratic. The are several differences characteristics of rice husk lignin isolated at low temperature compared with rice husk lignin isolated at high temperature.
Gas permeation properties and preparation of carbon membrane by PECVD method using indene as precursor
Authors: Kyaw M , Dugos N P. , Mori S , Roces S A. , Beltran A B. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This work could demonstrate a new approach to the fabrication of gas separation membrane using indene as polymeric precursor for low pressure PECVD system. Membrane characterization was done by taking Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and FTIR measurements. For membrane performance testing, permeability and selectivity of the membrane were evaluated with pure gases of H2, N2, and CO2 using a differential permeation technique. PECVD-derived polyindene membrane showed selectivities of 8.2 and 4.0 for H2/CO2 and H2/N2, respectively, at room temperature. Polyindene (PIn) membrane was successfully fabricated onto a zeolite 5A substrate via radio frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD) at room temperature.
Effect of iron and manganese concentration on the sulfate reducing process in acid mine drainage
Authors: Sudarno S , Hardyanti N , Serafina K , Oktaviana A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Mining activities produce acid mine drainage that can be treated with microorganisms, and in this case, sulfate reducing bacteria. Iron and manganese effect on the sulfate reduction process can be investigated using anaerobic batch and continuous reactors with various iron and manganese concentrations. For batch reactors, the highest efficiency of sulfate reduction and sulfate reduction rate was obtained by 0 mg Mn/l reactor. Both efficiency and rate continued to decline with the increasing of iron and manganese concentration. The temperature for all reactors remained stable. The sediment color in 0 mg Fe/l and 0 mg Mn/l reactors were remain black, while the sediment color in the rest of the reactors changed from black to brown. The COD concentration for all the reactors decreased and the highest efficiency was 35,50% which was obtained by 0 mg Fe/l reactors. The highest efficiency of iron reduction was 99,23% and was achieved by 60 mg Fe Mn/l reactor. The effect for continuous and batch reactors are quite identical.
Scale-up simulation and economic evaluation of encapsulated eugenol with casein micelle using spray drying method
Authors: Wicaksono A B , Hermasnyah H , Wijanarko A , Sahlan M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Clove or Syzygium Aromaticum is one of Indonesia herbs and spices that have a variety of uses; its oil contained >80% eugenol and was reportedly able to act as anti-microbial, anti-fungal, and anti-inflammatory. Encapsulation was done to protect clove oil from oxidation. Eugenol encapsulation has been studied with casein micelle as its encapsulator. Production of encapsulated eugenol uses 8 unit procedure, with a spray dryer to form a solid product. The economic evaluation shows that the project capital investment is $1,249,000 with the annual operating cost of $1,448,000. Annual production capacity is 6972 kg/year, generating a revenue of $1,634,000 with product price $234.32/kg. Payback period estimated is 6.63 years with IRR 14.30% and NPV $334,000. Sensitivity analysis is conducted using three parameters of payback period, NPV and IRR show that product price fluctuation is the most sensitive variable, followed by capital investment and clove oil price.
Effect of Modification Processes on Cassava Starch: Physichochemical Properties and Expansion Ability of Coated Penute
Authors: Sumardiono S , Putri A W Z , Jos B , Pudjihastuti I 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
One of popular peanut-based food product in Indonesia is coated peanuts. Coated nuts are peanuts wrapped in a flour batter and then fried until it dry. Coated peanut quality is influenced by the nature and characteristics of the flour used. Tapioca starch used as a coating on coated peanut products are expected to have a crispness and a good baking expansion. Natural starch has some lack, which it requires a long cooking time and pasta is formed loud and unclear. To improve the performance of the starch used, native starch is modified by physical, chemical or enzymatic process into diversified products with better functionality. In this work, modified starch is obtained by three different modification process, namely process of fermentation using Lactic Acid Bacteria, process of hydrolysis using lactic acid and process of esterification using lactid acid and ethanol. The analysis include the analysis of swelling power, solubility, determination of amylose content, crispness and level of dough development. Modified starch is expected to have optimal crispness and optimal baking expansion. From the result shown modification by hydrolysis give better characteristic of modified starch than the result of esterification and fermentation. Adding UV rays during modification give significant impact for starch. After modification is complete, drying under sunlight or drying with oven has their own strenght and weakness. The optimum variable from this research is wet tapioca starch which modified by esterification with adding UV rays and drying using direct sunlight which have swelling power 21,74 g/g, solubility 18,30%, expansion ability 1457,7%, and crispy starch value 345,8 gf.
Synthesis of 4,7-Di(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole via Direct Arylation
Authors: Wong X L , Sarjadi M S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Owing to its unique electrical and optical properties, 4,7-di(2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (DTBT) moiety has became one of the most important building block for the synthesis of high-performance conjugated polymers. DTBT is commonly synthesized by Stille or Suzuki coupling reactions which are costly and time-consuming. In this work, DTBT moiety was prepared via an operationally simple method namely direct arylation. This coupling was performed under mild condition, giving the product in good yield.
Chemical composition of the fillet, fins, bones and viscera of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus x Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)
Authors: Chan P T , Matanjun P , Shapawi R , Budiman C , Lee J Shya 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Fish provides a rich source of protein, fatty acids and minerals. Being the world’s first hybridised grouper (TGGG) as a result of cross-breeding the giant grouper and tiger grouper, TGGG has proven to be more disease-resistant as compared to both of its parent species. It is important to determine the nutrients compositions of all parts of the fish as a means of widening its scope of usage. The objective of this study is to determine the chemical compositions from the fillet, fins, bones and viscera of TGGG. The results showed that the fins and fillet contained high levels of protein (fins: 68.12%; fillet: 78.63%) and low Na/K ratios (fins: 0.4; fillet: 0.1). Essential amino acids (EAA) in the fillet were comparable to FAO/WHO requirements. The lipid from viscera contained SFA as the major component, whereas other fish parts were rich in unsaturated FA. Both the fillet and fins had the same PUFA/SFA ratio (0.43) and was higher than bones (0.31) and viscera (0.25). Glycine and proline were the most abundant AA, while calcium was the major mineral in the bones. In summary, each part of the fish could be potential new sources of specific nutrient components.
Histological investigation on gonad maturation of cultured short fin eel, Anguilla bicolor (mcclelland, 1844) in captivity.
Authors: Ching F F , Masli A , Senoo S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Anguilla bicolor or commonly known as a shortfin eel is a subspecies of eel in the genus of Anguilla and widely distributed in South East Asia. Present study reveals the first report of the early gonad development of cultured A. bicolor in captivity via histological analysis. The total length and body weight of A. bicolor were 511 to 614 mm and 209 to 420 g respectively. The result showed all specimens were female with no sign of male or intersexual stage. Through histological analysis, identified female were classified in 1) immature (n=3) by the presence of oogonia (O) and primary germ cell (PG) and also 2) developing stages (n=11) by the presence of previtellogemic-stages oocyte (PVO), oogonia (O) and cortical alveolar oocyte (CAO). Meanwhile, the fin difference index (FDI) and eye index (EI %) ranged from 0.55 to 3.89 % and 1.64 to 4.56% respectively. This study concludes smaller size (511 to 614 mm) of cultured A. bicolor is immature, while gonad maturation was already in developing stage for larger size (565-614 mm), hence these range of A. bicolor are still unable to be used as broodstock.
Genotypes of the dengue virus in patients with dengue infection from Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Najri N I , Mazlan Z , Jaimin J J , Mohammad R , Yusuf N H Md , Kumar V S. , Hoque M Z 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDengue fever is an arthropod-borne viral disease caused by the Dengue virus (genus Falvivirus, family Flaviviridae). It has rapidly spread all over the world affecting approximately 400 million people annually. Human dengue infection is caused by four types of closely related viruses (also called serotypes) namely DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4, all of which can be all found in Sabah, Malaysia. Each serotype can then be divided into unique groups based on its genotypes. In Malaysia, dengue has been reported as the most prevalent disease of the country with a ratio of 328.3 cases per 100,000 populations. Exacerbating this further, it was also recently reported in 2017 of the emergence of a newly identified Asian lineage dengue virus i.e. type 3 genotype II (D3GII) in Malaysia. We have aimed, through this study, to examine the serotypes and the genotypes of dengue virus circulating in Sabah. This study was conducted for a period of 8 months i.e. from January to August 2017. A total of 52 NS1 (50.9% were males and 49.1% were females) positive dengue patient serum samples were genotyped. Viral RNA was extracted from serum using QIAamp viral RNA mini kit and DNA sequencing was done on Applied Biosystems 3730xl DNA analyzer. The results showed that serotype DENV-3 was the most predominant dengue circulating virus in Sabah with 23 cases detected. These were further grouped under three genotypes namely D3GI (1 case), D3GII (14 cases) and D3GIII (8 cases). Serotype DENV-1 was the second most common circulating virus in Sabah with 17 cases and grouped under two genotypes, D1Gia (15 cases) and D1Gic (2 cases), respectively. On the other hand, only one genotype (D4GII) was detected for DENV-4 (9 cases), and two genotypes (D2 Cosmopolitan Clade I and D2 Cosmopolitan Clade Ib) for DENV-2, each with one case per genotype, respectively. Understanding of genotype diversity will be useful in designing strategies for dengue management in epidemiological surveillance and vaccine design.
Inhibitory effect of semi-purified extracts obtained from Potato Tree (Solanum erianthum) against protein kinase and phosphatases.
Authors: Azlinah M , Ain I Nurul , Lee P C , How S E , Latifah S Y , Jualang A G 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Kinase and phosphatase are two types of protein which copiously involved in the signal transduction cascade. Misleading of these signaling processes will cause cancer development and other related diseases in human. Therefore, over expression of these signaling proteins might be decreased by the presence of potential inhibitor. In the present study, an attempt was made to verify the potential of Solanum erianthum collected from Sabah, Malaysia against proteins in signal transduction involved in cancer pathway. Leaves of S. erianthum were extracted using methanol. Extracts were tested against protein phosphatase type 1 (PP1), MAPK kinase (MKK1) and MAPK kinase phosphatase (MSG5); which using PAY704-1 and PAY700-4, MKK1P386 and MKK1P386-MSG5 yeast strains, respectively. The results revealed that methanolic extracts of S. erianthum exhibited toxic activities against all assays. Bioassay-guided fractionation of S. erianthum showed positive activities from CHCl3 fraction (CE) against PP1 protein. Chromatographic separation later confirmed column fractions F1 and F2 of S. erianthum as PP1 inhibitor. In-vitro cell growth inhibition assay of this plant sample showed moderate activities against HeLa, CaOV3 and MCF7 cell lines.
Potential DNA Barcoding of Local Stingless Honeybee (Tantadan) From Kiulu, Sabah using 28S Ribosomal DNA
Authors: Abu Bakar A M S , Faik A A M , Rajendraan G , Gansau J A , Abdulla R 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study aims to use DNA sequence and perform classification of eight Tantadan honey bees species from Sabah that were morphologically identified through Pictorial Identification Guide and Composite Algorithm. The species involved were Tetragonula fuscobalteata, Tetragonula laeviceps, Tetragonula drescheri, Lepidotrigona cf. ventralis, Lepidotrigona terminata, Heterotrigona itama and Tetragonula melanocephala. Normally, coI gene is used as it has elevated evolutionary rates higher than nuclear genes and is more specific in discriminating between closely related taxa. However, in this study, the nuclear gene was used as only this region could be amplified from this species. DNA barcoding is a method used for identifying unknown species and taxonomic classification at the molecular level using DNA fragments found in the genome of a species that is unique for the purpose of identification. However, morphological identification is also crucial as it provides the means of observing the differences between species based on the naked eyes. The methods used were DNA extraction, amplification of 28S nuclear DNA by PCR method, DNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of DNA to complete the identification process of these species based on their genetic material. Homology search of the 28S partial gene sequences revealed only three out of eight species were in agreement with taxonomic classification but five out of eight were not. Those five species are as follows; Tetragonula laeviceps identified as Tetragonula carbonaria, Tetragonula drescheri identified as Lepidotrigona terminata, Lepidotrigona cf. ventralis identified as Tetragonula carbonaria, Heterotrigona itama identified as Heterotrigona bakeri and Tetragonula melanocephala identified as Tetragonula carbonaria. The study revealed that 28S fragment of nuclear DNA is a suitable candidate to identify Tantadan honey bees species but it was not distinct enough for specific species identification, thus the result obtained here can be used for further study with primers targeting amplification of coI gene. In a nutshell, this study successfully demonstrated the use of DNA barcode using 28S rDNA in differentiating closely related species.
Expert-Based Approach on Mapping Ecosystem Services Potential Supply Incircling a Protected Areas by Integrating Matrix Model Assessment
Authors: Kamlun Kamlisa Uni , Arndt Renate Bürger 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The concept of ecosystem services was introduced into global policy to consolidate both conservation and development to interconnect the discourse between biodiversity and sustainable development for the benefit of human well-being; this encourages conservation and land use planners to achieve both ecological and social goals. Mapping the potential supply of ecosystem services is necessary for continuous monitoring of such services to ensure the sustainable management of natural resources to support decision-making. Therefore, this study presents a multifaceted methodological framework for mapping ecosystem services potential supply surrounding a protected area. We integrate a non-monetary ‘Matrix Model’ assessment with an expert-driven approach to assess the potential supply from a holistic perspective. Experts and stakeholders dealt with Likert scales to weigh multiple land cover supply of ecosystem services. Our study shows that using an integrated approach to map ecosystem services not only minimizes uncertainties but is also important for the evaluation of ecosystem services. The integration process can also be an interactive approach between scientists and stakeholders to improve mutual understanding regarding resource management. The selected services and land cover data can be an effective medium to visually exhibit forest function and the services of a protected area; these can work as scheming tools that can contribute to an effective policy measurement for the sustainable conservation of protected areas.
Properties of Nitrocellulose from Acacia mangium
Authors: Jesuet Melissa Sharmah Gilbert , Musa Nurfilzati Munirah , Idris Nurdiana Mohd , Musa Dayang Nur Sakinah , Bakansing Shirley Marylinda 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Alternatives for petroleum-based products are much needed now due to the depletion of resources and the negative impact of its usage. Amongst the many renewable alternatives of cellulose-based products, nitrocellulose is the oldest and longest thriving derivatives in the world, obtaining a long line of utilization such as biodegradable plastics and film, wood coatings, nail lacquer, automotive paints, and leather finishes. The inexhaustible selection of raw materials for nitrocellulose production are easily obtainable from the copious lignocellulose materials, primarily from cotton and wood pulp. In this study, the Acacia mangium, which is a timber species that heavily populates the plantation of Sabah, in pulp form are used to produce nitrocellulose. The objectives of this research was to determine the physical and chemical attributes of the nitrocellulose from two different sizes of A. mangium particles (75 and 150 μm), such as its degree of substitution, nitrogen content, rate of efficiency and weight percentage gained. The production method of nitrocellulose includes the nitration process of the A. mangium pulp with nitric and sulphuric acid, followed by repeated stabilizing procedures using hot water, and finally the extraction process. Among the different sizes, the 75 μm sample showed a lower degree of substitution and nitrogen content compared to the other, but however showed higher rate of efficiency and weight percentage gained. This is due to the higher surface area per volume for the 75 μm samples but which contradicts in DS value due its higher affinity towards absorbing other materials more than the nitrate itself. This was further proven by the infrared and EDX spectra, where the 75 μm sized sample was absorbing more elements but at a lower concentration than the other. This goes to show that samples with a higher surface area per volume does not guarantee a better substitution of nitrate in nitrocellulose production due to the non-specific preference of cellulose absorption.
Synthesis and Characterisation of New Water-Based Polyurethane Dispersion via Solvent-Free Prepolymer Mixing Process
Authors: Kuok A M E , Sipaut C S , Sundang M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A new type of water-based polyurethane dispersion (NWPUD) was synthesised from isophorone diisocyanate, polyethylene glycol (Mw = 400 g/mol and 1000 g/mol), dimethylol propionic acid, and 1,4-butanediol using the prepolymer mixing process and without the incorporation of any volatile organic solvent. The hard-/soft-segment molar ratio of NWPUD formulations was varied with higher values (i.e. 5 to 11) allowing excess diisocyanate to reduce the prepolymer viscosity. The formulation using polyethylene glycol 400 g/mol with a hard-/soft-segment molar ratio of 5 failed by solidifying upon dispersion in water. Using polyethylene glycol 1000 g/mol and varying hard segment content, successful NWPUD formulations were obtained, all with pH between 6 and 7. FT-IR spectroscopy was used for the identification of chemical structures and functional groups. The colloidal properties of NWPUD formulations such as particle size, zeta potential, and dispersion stability were investigated to demonstrate feasibility for application in industrial coatings. The size distribution of NWPUD formulations varied from heterogeneous to homogeneous when the hard-/soft-segment molar ratio was increased. It was found that formulations with hard-/soft-segment molar ratio between 7 and 11 exhibited the most desirable dispersion stability within the zeta potential range of -50 to -55 mV.
Fabrication of Stannate Perovskite Structure as Optoelectronics Material: An Overview
Authors: Rahman A B Abd , Sarjadi M S , Alias A , Ibrahim M A 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper presents a review of recent fabrication progress of perovskite-type material suited for the future optoelectronics applications. Wide varieties of optoelectronic devices include solar cell, liquid displays, transparent FETs, etc are becoming the mainstream for the future electronics global industry. In June 2015, the major breakthrough of perovskite structure in solar energy harvesting with PCE of 20.1% has achieved. Since then, numerous research has been conducted progressively to further enhance the performance of the perovskite structure as new alternative materials for optoelectronics applications. The perovskite-type oxide is having typical ABO3 crystallized structure. It is one of an important class of materials that have many exceptional physical properties such as superconductivity, colossal magnetoresistance, ferromagnetic, piezoelectric, high-transition-temperature superconductivity, ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and photoelectrochemical sensitivity. In this paper, we reviewed development progress one of the major classes of perovskite-type materials namely Stannate-based. Calculated data from simulation results such as DFT and first principle were excluded and only fabricated devices are covered in this paper.
Tuning Optical and Structural Properties of Composite Glass: Effect of Rice Husk Fibre
Authors: Piara S. N. H. , Awang A. , Dayou J. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Tuning optical and structural properties of composite glass due to the effect of rice husk fibre are examined. A series of glass with composition of 69.5TeO2-20ZnO-10Na2O-0.5Er2O3-(x)0.2RHF where x is rice husk fibre in weight percentage with three distinctive sizes of 63 μm, 125 μm and 250 μm are prepared following melt-quenching technique and characterized systematically. UV-Vis spectra displayed nine absorption bands centered at 380, 410, 445, 489, 520, 545, 650, 799 and 975 nm corresponding to the transitions of Er3+ originate from ground state to excited states. The direct and indirect band gap is found to lies in range of 3.296 to 3.410 eV and 2.958 to 3.174 eV, respectively. Urbach energy lies in the range of 0.145 to 0.181 eV. SEM images illustrates the fractures surface due to porosity of glass samples and elemental traces verify the appearance of C, O, Na, Zn, Te, Au, Al, Si, Er and Ca elements.