bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurements and prediction of road traffic noise along high-rise building façades in Athens
Authors: Sotiropoulou Alexandra , Karagiannis Ioannis , Vougioukas Emmanouil , Ballis Athanassios , Bouki Aspasia 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Constant exposure to traffic noise pollution can have significant impact on human health and well being. Occupants of high-rise buildings along noisy traffic arteries are severely affected. In an attempt to contribute to noise protection design of prospective high-rise buildings, traffic noise measurements and prediction using the CRTN (calculation of road traffic noise) model, were made along the façade of a high-rise building in central Athens. The aim was to test the accuracy of this model in predicting the vertical distribution (mapping) of traffic noise along such building façades, under the local urban characteristics of the Mediterranean capital. The predicted and measured noise levels were found to be highly coherent with each other, and their vertical distribution pattern, by and large, confirmed findings from earlier studies. Nevertheless, the predicted values had a tendency of underestimation, with a mean difference −2.2 dB(A) with reference to measured values. It is considered that this underestimation is associated mainly with a newly proposed feature of urban morphology, namely (local) geo-morphology. By and large, it can be inferred that the CRTN model is a useful tool, suitable for the prediction of traffic noise along high-rise building façades during their planning and design stage. The results represent a further step towards more general application of this model, as well as a contribution to the use of this model considering a wider number of urban features.
The Feudal Origins of the Western Legal Tradition
Authors: Harwick Cameron , Root Hilton 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper draws a distinction between ‘communitarian’ and ‘rationalist’ legal orders on the basis of the implied political strategy. We argue that the West’s solution to the paradox of governance – that a government strong enough to protect rights cannot itself be restrained from violating those rights – originates in certain aspects of the feudal contract, a confluence of aspects of communitarian Germanic law, which enshrined a contractual notion of political authority, and rationalistic Roman law, which supported large-scale political organization. We trace the tradition of strong but limited government to the conflict between factions with an interest in these legal traditions – nobles and the crown, respectively – and draw limited conclusions for legal development in non-Western contexts.
Die Geldordnungstheorie der Freiburger Schule
Authors: Köhler Ekkehard A. 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungWas ist das geld(-ordnungs)theoretische Anliegen der Freiburger Schule? Wie entstand es und worauf zielt die hier vorgestellte Geldordnungstheorie ab? Diese Fragen werden in dem vorliegenden Beitrag dogmenhistorisch untersucht und ordnungsökonomisch eingeordnet. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Gründungsgeneration der Freiburger Schule um Walter Eucken unterschiedliche Geldordnungsvorschläge vorlegte, um eine Geldverfassung institutionell so auszugestalten, dass sie das Leistungskriterium der Geldwertstabilität langfristig erfüllen kann. Die Geldsystemtheorie Euckens und ihre Rückbindung an die Kapitaltheorie liefern den theoretischen Ausgangspunkt der Geldordnungstheorie. Die Zeitgebundenheit dieser Theorie und der konkreten Vorschläge widersprechen ihrer Rekonstruktion, um sie für die aktuelle Debatte um die Reform der EWU wieder einzuführen. Wer an dieser Frage interessiert ist, wird in diesem Beitrag keine Antworten finden.
Für ein Bedingungsloses Grundeinkommen den Sozialstaat aufgeben?
Authors: Cremer Georg 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungSeine Befürworter verbinden mit dem Bedingungslosen Grundeinkommen sehr hohe Erwartungen: Es sichere Freiheit und Selbstbestimmung, überwinde Armut, stärke den gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalt und die Demokratie und löse die Probleme des Sozialstaats. Ein Teil der Befürworter verbindet das Grundeinkommen mit der Vorstellung eines Wirtschaftssystems, das weitgehend unabhängig von ökonomischen Anreizen funktioniert. Akzeptiert man die Notwendigkeit ökonomischer Anreize auch unter den Bedingungen eines Grundeinkommens, so stellen sich harte Finanzierungsfragen. Ein Grundeinkommen auf substantieller Höhe wäre nur finanzierbar, wenn wir den Sozialstaat heutiger Ausprägung aufgeben. Dies steht in Widerspruch zu den Zielen der meisten Befürworter. Es erscheint vorzugswürdig, auf einen gesellschaftlichen Großversuch mit ungewissem Ausgang zu verzichten und uns auf die Mahnung von Karl Popper zu besinnen, und uns weiter auf den mühsamen Weg des reformerischen Stückwerks zu machen.
Die aktuellen Grundrentenpläne der Großen Koalition: Es geht um den Systemwechsel
Authors: Ragnitz Joachim 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Regierungskoalition hat sich jüngst auf einen Kompromiss zur Einführung einer Grundrente sowie zur Aufstockung der Grundsicherung im Alter verständigt. Während die Anhebung der Grundsicherung im Alter unter bestimmten Bedingungen tatsächlich zu einer Verbesserung der Einkommenssituation von (bedürftigen) Rentnern führt, gilt dies für die Grundrente nicht, denn wer bedürftig ist, erfährt hierdurch überhaupt keine Verbesserung seines Einkommens. Somit kommt die Grundrente im Ergebnis nur Personen zugute, die eben nicht als bedürftig gelten. Hinzu kommt, dass die beschlossenen Reformen diejenigen Personen, die aufgrund ihrer individuellen Erwerbsbiografie am ehesten von Altersarmut betroffen sind, wegen übersteigerter Anspruchsvoraussetzungen überhaupt nicht erreichen. Die Grundrentenpläne der Großen Koalition sollten daher, da sie wirkungslos und mit den Prinzipien der Rentenversicherung nicht vereinbar sind, besser nicht umgesetzt werden.
Eine „relativ primitive Sache“?
Authors: Löttel Holger 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungWelche Prinzipien und Leitmotive Ludwig Erhard und Konrad Adenauer verbanden und an welchen Stellen sich Divergenzen ergaben, wird in diesem Beitrag näher beleuchtet. Als Basis dient die „Rhöndorfer Ausgabe“ der Edition „Konrad Adenauer, Ludwig Erhard und die Soziale Marktwirtschaft“, in der zahlreiche Quellen aus den Apparaten der Bundesregierung erstmals publiziert werden. Eine Besonderheit der Quellen – Briefe, Memoranden, Gesprächsprotokolle – besteht darin, dass sie keinen vorrangig ideengeschichtlichen Zugang zur Sozialen Marktwirtschaft bieten, sondern vielmehr die politische Praxis darlegen. Diese Perspektive wird anhand zahlreicher Beispiele wie der Kartell- und Mittelstandspolitik, der Rentenreform von 1956/57 sowie der Diskussion um Methoden und Ziele der Konjunkturpolitik verdeutlicht.
Individual or Enterprise Liability? The Roles of Sanctions and Liability Under Contractible and Non-contractible Safety Efforts
Authors: Grepperud Sverre 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper analyzes the social effectiveness of fines (sanctions) and awards (liability) where accident risks are influenced by decisions made by both the enterprise and the employees of the enterprise (individuals). The regulator observes a proportion of accidents and the safety decision of the individual can be contractible or non-contractible for the enterprise. All sanction regimes yield the first best, given contractible individual care. The liability regimes, however, produce sub-optimal solutions. Given non-contractible individual care, the combined use of an individual sanction and an enterprise sanction (joint use) produces the first best. The exclusive use of an individual sanction produces the first best if the enterprise does not suffer any direct harm. The exclusive use of an enterprise sanction does not, however, produce the first best. If both decision-makers are solvent and have similar liability probabilities, then individual and enterprise liability do equally well under contractible individual care. Individual liability does, however, best for non-contractible individual care.
Two Advantages of the Negligence Rule Over Strict Liability when the Parties are Risk Averse
Authors: Lando Henrik 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWhen parties are risk-averse and therefore take out insurance, the efficiency of a tort rule depends on how well the insurance contracts govern incentives, risk allocation and transaction costs under the rule. This article presents two overlooked or discarded advantages of the rule of negligence over strict liability, which appear when insurance contracts are incomplete due to ex-ante transaction or ex-post verification costs. One advantage arises because of a legal impediment under strict liability: insurers cannot exempt coverage for all acts of simple negligence. Instead, the insurer must, at a cost, precisely specify each act for which coverage is excluded. Such specification can be prohibitively costly when there are many acts and many contingencies. These transaction costs, or the inefficient risk allocation associated with a deductible, are avoided under the negligence rule, where under idealized conditions the injurer can simply take due care and need not take out insurance. The other advantage of the negligence rule is that it provides incentives for the victim to bring forward information about the injurer’s acts. The victim has little incentive to convey such information under strict liability, whereas the victim’s insurer may elicit it, e. g. by not covering the victim’s loss fully.
Cybernétique et schéma narratif : Jalons pour une nouvelle théorie sémiotique
Authors: Gaudreault Romain 
Published: March 2020

RésuméLa comparaison de la cybernétique de Wiener et du schéma narratif de Greimas permet de repérer leurs points forts respectifs : dans le schéma de la rétroaction de Wiener, les fonctions de commande et d’information des messages, d’une part, ainsi que les opérations relatives à la transmission des messages, d’autre part ; dans le schéma narratif de Greimas, la sanction finale anticipée par un sujet et qui motive celui-ci à donner suite à la proposition d’un autre sujet. La nouvelle théorie proposée fusionne ces points forts et ajoute des notions élaborées ailleurs : notamment celle de besoin, inspirée de la théorie de la motivation de Maslow. Nous aboutissons ainsi à un schéma de la satisfaction d’un besoin en six étapes, auquel sont associées plusieurs notions complémentaires : en particulier, celles de valeur d’un objet par rapport à la satisfaction de l’un des quatre besoins essentiels, de jugement de réalité ou de valeur exprimé par un sujet, d’opération qui modifie ou non l’avoir d’un sujet et de sujet individuel ou collectif. Finalement, dans le cadre de la nouvelle théorie, la notion de sujet s’élargit et inclut tout être vivant ou association d’êtres vivants – êtres humains, animaux ou plantes.
Auf dem Weg in die Moderne: Adolf Heyduks Idylle Oldřich a Božena
Authors: Ibler Reinhard 
Published: March 2020

Summary
The love story of the Přemyslid duke Oldřich (1012–1033, 1034) and the peasant girl Božena Křesinová, who became his second wife, was a popular subject in the Bohemian chronicles of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age. The story’s social and national connotations (Božena being a lower class Czech girl) may have been one of the main factors of its renewed popularity in Czech literature and art since the end of the 18th century. Especially the Czech National Revival gave birth to several works dealing with this topic, such as ballads, romances, dramas, operas and paintings. An absolutely different way of treating the subject was presented by Adolf Heyduk (1835–1923), a representative of the ‘May School’ (Májovci). In his idyll Oldřich a Božena (1879), Heyduk largely ignored the story’s national and social implications and focussed on the love theme. Thus he was also in line with the Májovci poetics being directed against the revivalists’ strictly nationalist and patriotic orientation in literature and culture. Heyduk, moreover, strengthened the work’s symbolic and psychological dimensions, especially in an abundance of nature scenes and in Božena’s songs giving an insight into the girl’s hopes, dreams and latent desires. The work thus gains a new aesthetic quality bringing Oldřich a Božena close to modernistic conceptions.
Andrej Platonovs ‚Unsterblichkeit‘
Authors: Meier Nils 
Published: March 2020

Summary
It has often been claimed that the journalist Platonov reproduced the idea of ‘immortality’ which belonged to the soviet topos of ‘new man’ and that the poet Platonov contradicted the journalist by making this idea ridiculous. Such an overly complicated understanding of Platonov’s work can be replaced by a simpler explanation: An analysis of several of his texts shows that the young and the elder Platonov, the poet and the journalist were unanimously in favour of a certain concept of ‘immortality’, that simply did not fit into the then-mainstream topos of ‘new man’. This first part of the study explains how Platonov rejected the fantastic notion of ‘immortality’ that dominated the corresponding discussions in soviet intellectual life in the decade after 1917. The second part analyses Platonov’s relationship to the stalinist version of ‘new man’ and its specific variant of ‘immortality’.
Spirituality, medicine, and tradition. Some thoughts aboutHostility and Hospitality
Authors: Jobin Guy 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis book by authors Michael J. and Tracy A. Balboni offers a critique of the direction taken by medicine in the modern age. It is critical in the sense that, first, it identifies the shortcomings of current medical, or more generally, caregiving practice and, second, it proposes various ways (training, institutional organization, research, etc.) to correct the serious deficiencies identified. I subscribe willingly to the same critical tradition as the authors. Although I will diverge from their proposals on certain points, I agree with them that the spiritual discourse generated in Western healthcare establishments deserves critical attention, backed up by the resources of theological reflection alongside the contributions made in other fields of knowledge. I also believe that a theological critique can be constructive and help illuminate the spiritual experience during illness, leading to a fairer appraisal, by clinicians, of this facet of the experience of illness. My critical appraisal will cover the following topics: the theological assumptions underlying the Balbonis’ account of the development of medicine in the modern era, the idea of a spiritual therapy, and, finally, the spiritual anthropology that supports the structural pluralism model and its institutionalization.
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Cobalt Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide (Co3O4–rGo) Composite and its Sulfite Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes
Authors: Bankole Owolabi M. , Olaseni Segun E. , Adeyemo Moses A. , Ogunlaja Adeniyi S. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
One-pot synthesis of Co3O4 nanocrystals on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was carried out by reacting cobalt nitrate, L-arginine, extract of Laportae aestuans as oxidant, fuel and reducing agent, respectively, in a domestic microwave. Morphologies of Co3O4–rGo (RGCO) composite was elucidated using UV-Vis, FT-IR, TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD and photoluminescence spectroscopies. The synthesized RGCO composite was applied as heterogeneous photocatalyst in the activation of Na2SO3 (sulfite) as sacrificial agent to degrade cationic dyes: rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB), under visible light, at neutral pH 7.0. Photocatalytic performance of as-prepared RGCO was significantly enhanced in the presence of Na2SO3. Enhanced photocatalytic activity of RGCO was attributed to the synergistic effects between sulfite radicals generated in situ, and reduced graphene oxide, in which rGO served as electron sink to suppress recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. Plausible mechanistic pathways responsible for the activation of sulfite anions in situ are presented in this paper.
„Doing Gender“ lernen. Geschlechtergerechte Bildung im Religionsunterricht
Authors: Kohler-Spiegel Helga 
Published: March 2020

Zusammenfassung
„Doing gender“ nimmt die soziale Konstruktion von Geschlecht in den Blick. Geschlecht bzw. Geschlechtszugehörigkeit werden nicht als Eigenschaft oder Merkmal von Individuen verstanden, sondern sie sind sozial und kulturell konstruiert und in Interaktionen ständig inszeniert, produziert und reproduziert. Doing gender im Schulbereich betrifft das Grundverständnis und die Haltung der Lehrpersonen zum Thema Geschlecht sowie die Institution Schule insgesamt. Dieses Grundverständnis ist auch im Religionsunterricht umzusetzen, um geschlechtergerechte Bildung im religiösen Bereich zu gewährleisten. Beispiele dazu runden den Beitrag.
Wear and Scratch Resistance of Cobalt Boride Layer Exposed to a Diffusion Annealing Process
Authors: Campos-Silva I. , Contla-Pacheco A. D. , Castrejón-Sánchez V. H. , Delgado-Brito A. M. , Garduño-Alva A. , López-Suero D. , Martínez-Trinidad J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the wear (under dry conditions) and scratch resistance of a cobalt boride layer exposed to a diffusion annealing process (DAP). Firstly, the powder-pack boriding process (PPBP) was conducted at 1,223 K with 4 h of exposure to develop a CoB-Co2B layer on the surface of the ASTM F1537 alloy, followed by a DAP at 1,273 K with 2 h of exposure in an argon atmosphere. Before the wear and scratch tests, the resulting cobalt boride layers, obtained by the PPBP and PPBP + DAP, were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and depth-sensing Vickers microindentation techniques. The wear sliding tests, on the PPBP and PPBP + DAP, were performed using a ball-on-flat configuration comprising an alumina ball as a counterpart using a constant normal force and different relative wear distances (50, 100, and 150 m). In addition, the scratch tests were carried out over the surface of the PPBP and PPBP + DAP using a Rockwell-C diamond indenter with a continuously increasing normal force from 5 to 150 N. Finally, and according to the entire set of experimental conditions, the results showed that the presence of the CoB-Co2B layer obtained by the PPBP on the surface of the ASTM F1537 alloy increased the wear resistance compared with the values estimated on the PPBP + DAP. In contrast, the effect of the DAP on the cobalt boride layer enhanced the practical adhesion resistance of the layer-substrate system based on the critical loads obtained during the scratch tests.
Co-aggregation and heritability of organ-specific autoimmunity: a population-based twin study
Authors: Skov Jakob , Eriksson Daniel , Kuja-Halkola Ralf , Höijer Jonas , Gudbjörnsdottir Soffia , Svensson Ann-Marie , Magnusson Patrik K E , Ludvigsson Jonas F , Kämpe Olle , Bensing Sophie 
Published: March 2020

Objective
Co-aggregation of autoimmune diseases is common, suggesting partly shared etiologies. Genetic factors are believed to be important, but objective measures of environmental vs heritable influences on co-aggregation are absent. With a novel approach to twin studies, we aimed at estimating heritability and genetic overlap in seven organ-specific autoimmune diseases.

Design
Prospective twin cohort study.

Methods
We used a cohort of 110 814 twins to examine co-aggregation and heritability of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, atrophic gastritis, celiac disease, Graves’ disease, type 1 diabetes, vitiligo and Addison’s disease. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated for twins developing the same or different disease as compared to their co-twin. The differences between monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs were used to estimate the genetic influence on co-aggregation. Heritability for individual disorders was calculated using structural equational modeling adjusting for censoring and truncation of data.

Results
Co-aggregation was more pronounced in monozygotic twins (median HR: 3.2, range: 2.2–9.2) than in dizygotic twins (median HR: 2.4, range: 1.1–10.0). Heritability was moderate for atrophic gastritis (0.38, 95% CI: 0.23–0.53) but high for all other diseases, ranging from 0.60 (95% CI: 0.49–0.71) for Graves’ disease to 0.97 (95% CI: 0.91–1.00) for Addison’s disease.

Conclusions
Overall, co-aggregation was more pronounced in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins, suggesting that disease overlap is largely attributable to genetic factors. Co-aggregation was common, and twins faced up to a ten-fold risk of developing diseases not present in their co-twin. Our results validate and refine previous heritability estimates based on smaller twin cohorts.
Çocuklarda mandibular foramenlerin panoramik radyograflardaki konumu ve okluzal düzlemle ilişkisi
Authors: APAYDIN Burak Kerem 
Published: March 2020

Amaç: Mandibular anestezi için inferior alveoler sinir
blokajı (İASB) en yaygın kullanılan anestezi tekniğidir. Mandibular foramen (MF) pozisyonunun
çocuğun büyüme periyodu boyunca değiştiği bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de
yaşayan 6-13 yaş arası çocuklardan alınan panoramik radyograflarda MF
pozisyonunun araştırılmasıdır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu
çalışmada, kliniğimizin arşivinden elde edilen 6-13 yaş aralığındaki toplam 150
panoramik radyograf retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Radyograflarda MF’in konumunu tespit
etmek için farklı yaş gruplarında yapılan 3 lineer ölçüm karşılaştırılmıştır. Parametrik test varsayımları
sağlandığında bağımsız grup farklılıklarının
karşılaştırılmasında bağımsız gruplarda t testi ve Tek Yönlü Varyans
Analizi kullanılmıştır. Parametrik test varsayımları sağlanmadığında
ise bağımsız grup farklılıklarının karşılaştırılmasında Mann Whitney
U testi ve Kruskal Wallis Varyans Analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Tüm ölçümlerin, Hellman sınıflamasına göre grup
IIC'den, grup IVA'ya kadar ortalama değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı
bir artış gösterdiği görülmüştür (p&lt;0.05).Sonuçlar: Bulgularımız 7 yaş altındaki çocuklarda mental
foramenin neredeyse okluzyon hizasında olduğunu ve yaş artışıyla kademeli
olarak pozisyonunun, ramus üzerinde daha arkaya ve yukarıya doğru değiştiğini
göstermiştir. Bu bilgi, çocuklarda daha doğru ve etkili İANB için diş hekimlerine
rehber olacaktır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Çocuk Diş Hekimliği, İnferior alveoler sinir blokajı, Mandibular Foramen,
Panoramik radyografi
Comparison of the accuracy of intraoral scanning systems with conventional impression in dentate patient
Authors: ALSAYED İmadettin , ASLAN Yılmaz Umut 
Published: March 2020

Background: Over the last years, different intraoral scanning systems for direct digitalization have been introduced to the dental market. However, the accuracy of these scanners is variable, and little information is available. The aim of this in vivo study was to compare the accuracy of two intraoral scanning systems and the difference between upper and lower jaw on the accuracy.Methods:10 patients with full dentition received one conventional impression with polyvinyl siloxane(Elite HD+, Zhermack SpA, Italy)and three scans with CEREC OC (Sirona Dental Systems, Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) and Straumann CARES IOS (Intra oral Scanner, Basel, Switzerland)for upper and lower jaw. The conventional impresions were poured and the casts made from it were scanned and used as the reference model to evaluate precision and trueness of intraoral scanning virtual models provided by each system. Digital models were analyzed with a software (Geomagic Control;Geomagic, Morrisville,USA).Results:The trueness value was 99.88±42.56μmin upper jaw and 82.6±26.81 μmin lower jaw for CEREC OC, and 105.53±25.49 μmin upper jaw,and 109.56±36.84 μmin lower jaw for CARES IOS. The differences between two systems were not statistically significant (P&gt;0.05), but statistically significant difference was found in the precision (P&lt;0.05). CEREC OC showed higher value in both upper and lowerjaws.Conclusion:CEREC OC was more precise than CARES IOS and at the similar level of trueness. No statistically significant difference was found between upper and lower jaws in both systems.Key Words: Intraoral scanning, STL, Accuracy, CAD/CAM