bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems of science popularization exemplified by modern Russian practice
Authors: Antonyan Karina , Sokolova Nina , Strganova Olga 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Science popularization is a specific public activity of scientists, the purpose of which is education and self-realization. The article emphasizes the fact that this activity is self-organized in Russia, and the key role in its development is played by technical and technological improvement and the Internet. Media development contributes to the uncontrollable spread of pseudoscientific and unscientific theories as well as their criticism. The study is focused on the showization of science, which is presented to the public in the form of spectacle and entertainment. The forms of popularization of science in sociocultural practice begin to fulfill the function of intellectual leisure for the public. Popularization in the context of media development enables scientific knowledge to become public knowledge by means of publishing popular science literature, organizing online and offline lecture halls, web portals with scientific and educational content, which is evidence of the democratization of science in general and the activities of the scientist in particular. The activities of popularizers in modern Russia are consolidating, traditions are being developed, shaped by stable rituals, and recognizable authoritative “stars” are appearing. Thus, the popularization of science seems to be an ambiguous phenomenon of modern Russian culture, which reveals the features of a centralizing sociocultural institution.
Ridge Penalization-based weighting approach for Eco-Efficiency assessment: The case in the food industry in the United States
Authors: Kutty Adeeb A , Abdella Galal M , Kucukvar Murat 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEco-efficiency assessment is of great importance for monitoring and managing environmental and economic aspects of sustainable development. The eco-efficiency indicators are required to assess and measure the impact of multiple environmental aspects per unit of economic value-added. The aggregation of multiple environmental impacts in the presence of high correlation is a critical challenge to sustainability practitioners. This study presents a weighting approach using ridge penalization-based regression to overcoming the consequence of the high correlation among the environmental aspects and hence providing accurate weighting values. The performance of the proposed approach is assessed using economic and environmental footprints of 20 food industries in the United States. The new weighting approach is expected to provide decision-makers with a quantitative management tool for monitoring and controlling core operational functions associated with the sustainable development and management.
A Novel Approach for Determination of Hardening Parameters of an Aluminum Alloy under Cyclic Loading with High Amplitudes
Authors: Arslan Eray , Zigo Milan , Kepplinger Gerhard 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
An optimization procedure for the determination of combined nonlinear isotropic/kinematic hardening parameters for strain rate-independent cyclic plasticity has been investigated. With this procedure, it is offered that only nine material parameters, including Young’s modulus, yield stress, Poisson’s ratio, two isotropic hardening parameters, and four kinematic hardening parameters, will be sufficient to perform cyclic plasticity analysis with high accuracy in well-known FE programs (e.g. ABAQUS) even for separate strain range amplitudes. The procedure has been performed to calculate such parameters for aluminum alloy EN AW-6082, which is frequently used in vehicle bodies and simulation results are compared with experiment results. The determined parameters lead highly accurate simulation results in FE routines.
Analysis of magnetorheological grease normal force characteristics in static and dynamic shear modes
Authors: Ye Xudan , Mao Runsong , Wang Jiong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the normal stress behavior of magnetorheological grease (MRG) in a quiescent state and its dynamic shear modes were systematically studied. Three types of magnetorheological greases were prepared, MRG-30, MRG-50, and MRG-70 with 30%, 50%, and 70% carbonyl iron(CI) powder mass, respectively. Furthermore, static and dynamic shear tests were carried out using a rheometer, the effects of time, magnetic field strength, shear rate and temperature on normal stress were studied and analyzed under both static and dynamic conditions. In the static mode, the research results show that the normal force is related to the magnetic field strength and the content of magnetic particles in the MR grease, but has nothing to do with historical time. the static normal stress generates the evident fluctuation with changing the temperature when magnetic field strengths of 96 kA m−1 and 194 kA m−1. The fluctuation is very small when the magnetic field strengths are 0kA m−1, 391 kA m−1 and 740kA m−1. Similar to the static normal stress, the dynamic normal stress at the degaussing is greater than the normal stress during magnetic field loading. The dynamic normal stress are almost invariant with prolonging the time below 100 s−1 shear rate under the medium magnetic field strength of 194 kA m−1 whereas the stress is increased at the shear rate of 100 s−1. Besides, the dynamic normal stress is basically independent from the time above the shear rate 0f 1 s-1 at the high magnetic field of 740 kA m−1. Under other conditions, the normal force basically presents a stable value. At the absence of the magnetic field, there are quietly weak effects of temperature on the static and dynamic normal stress. Finally, when a magnetic field strength higher than 96 kA m−1 is applied to the material, the value of dynamic normal stress increases with temperature.
Observations of planetary heating since the 1980s from multiple independent datasets
Authors: Allison Lesley C , Palmer Matthew D , Allan Richard P , Hermanson Leon , Liu Chunlei , Smith Doug M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Time series of global mean surface temperature are widely used to measure the rate of climate change that results from Earth’s energy imbalance. However, studies based on climate model simulations suggest that on annual-to-decadal timescales global ocean heat content is a more reliable indicator. Here we examine the observational evidence for this, drawing together multiple datasets that span the past ∼30 years. This observational analysis strongly supports the model-based finding that global ocean heat content and sea level are more reliable than surface temperature for monitoring Earth’s energy accumulation on these timescales. Global ocean temperature anomalies in the 0–100 m and 100–250 m layers are negatively correlated (r = −0.36), primarily explained by the influence of the Tropical Pacific, and a clearer heating signal is revealed by integrating over deeper ocean layers. The striking agreement between multiple independent datasets represents unequivocal evidence of ongoing planetary heating.
CsPbBr3 perovskite photodetector with interdigital chromium electrodes
Authors: Salman Haider , Shariffar Amir , Siddique Tanveer A , Jibreel Wafaa , Kuchuk Andrian , Manasreh M O 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A visible light photodetector made of CsPbBr3 thin film prepared by solution process method was fabricated using a chromium interdigital structure. The device consists of two interdigitated electrodes deposited on glass substrate with 10 μm channel width filled with CsPbBr3. The material was characterized by using absorbance, μ-photoluminescence (μ-PL), and X-ray spectroscopies. The PL peak was observed at 528 nm (2.35 eV). The detector was characterized by using the spectral response, current-voltage (I–V) characteristic, and time response measurements. The photocurrent of the device was observed to be about two orders of magnitude higher than the dark currents. The detectivity was extracted from the I–V measurements to be 2.67 × 109 cm Hz−2W at 5 V bias voltage. The spectral response measured at room temperature exhibited a peak located at 518 nm, which is in good agreement with the absorbance peak. The detectivity was monitored over a period of five weeks and it was observed to decrease by ∼30%.
Prediction of driver variants in the cancer genome via machine learning methodologies
Authors: Rogers Mark F , Gaunt Tom R , Campbell Colin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSequencing technologies have led to the identification of many variants in the human genome which could act as disease-drivers. As a consequence, a variety of bioinformatics tools have been proposed for predicting which variants may drive disease, and which may be causatively neutral. After briefly reviewing generic tools, we focus on a subset of these methods specifically geared toward predicting which variants in the human cancer genome may act as enablers of unregulated cell proliferation. We consider the resultant view of the cancer genome indicated by these predictors and discuss ways in which these types of prediction tools may be progressed by further research.
nMAGMA: a network-enhanced method for inferring risk genes from GWAS summary statistics and its application to schizophrenia
Authors: Yang Anyi , Chen Jingqi , Zhao Xing-Ming 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Motivation: Annotating genetic variants from summary statistics of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is crucial for predicting risk genes of various disorders. The multimarker analysis of genomic annotation (MAGMA) is one of the most popular tools for this purpose, where MAGMA aggregates signals of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to their nearby genes. In biology, SNPs may also affect genes that are far away in the genome, thus missed by MAGMA. Although different upgrades of MAGMA have been proposed to extend gene-wise variant annotations with more information (e.g. Hi-C or eQTL), the regulatory relationships among genes and the tissue specificity of signals have not been taken into account.
Results: We propose a new approach, namely network-enhanced MAGMA (nMAGMA), for gene-wise annotation of variants from GWAS summary statistics. Compared with MAGMA and H-MAGMA, nMAGMA significantly extends the lists of genes that can be annotated to SNPs by integrating local signals, long-range regulation signals (i.e. interactions between distal DNA elements), and tissue-specific gene networks. When applied to schizophrenia (SCZ), nMAGMA is able to detect more risk genes (217% more than MAGMA and 57% more than H-MAGMA) that are involved in SCZ compared with MAGMA and H-MAGMA, and more of nMAGMA results can be validated with known SCZ risk genes. Some disease-related functions (e.g. the ATPase pathway in Cortex) are also uncovered in nMAGMA but not in MAGMA or H-MAGMA. Moreover, nMAGMA provides tissue-specific risk signals, which are useful for understanding disorders with multitissue origins.
NEDD4-like ubiquitin ligase 2 protein (NEDL2) in porcine spermatozoa, oocytes, and preimplantation embryos and its role in oocyte fertilization
Authors: Mao Jiude , Zigo Michal , Zuidema Dalen , Sutovsky Miriam , Sutovsky Peter 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system plays diverse regulatory and homeostatic roles in mammalian reproduction. Ubiquitin ligases are the substrate-specific mediators of ubiquitin-binding to its substrate proteins. The NEDD4-like ubiquitin ligase 2 (aliases NEDL2, HECW2) is a HECT-type ubiquitin ligase that contains one N-terminal HECW ubiquitin ligase domain, one C-terminal HECT ubiquitin ligase domain, one C2 domain, and two WW protein-protein interaction modules. Beyond its predicted ubiquitin-ligase activity, its cellular functions are largely unknown. Current studies were designed to investigate the content and distribution of NEDL2 in porcine spermatozoa, oocytes, zygotes, and early preimplantation embryos, and in cumulus cells before and after in vitro maturation with oocytes, and fibroblast cells as positive control by western blot and immunocytochemistry, and to examine its roles during oocyte fertilization. Multiple isoforms of NEDL2 were identified by WB. One at approximately 52 kDa was detected only in the germinal vesicle (GV) stage and metaphase II oocytes, and in early preimplantation embryos. Other isoforms were high mass bands at 91, 136, and 155 kDa, which were only detected in somatic cells. Interestingly, ejaculated spermatozoa prominently displayed the same 52 kDa band as oocytes; they also had two minor bands of 74 and 129 kDa, which were not detected in somatic cells or oocytes. By immunofluorescence, NEDL2 showed a diffused cytoplasmic localization in all cell types and accumulated in distinct foci in the germinal vesicles (GVs) of immature oocytes, in maternal and paternal pronuclei of zygotes and nuclei of embryo blastomeres and somatic cells. In blastocysts, the labeling intensity of NEDL2 was stronger in the inner cell mass than in trophoblast, indicating higher NEDL2 content in the ICM cells than in trophectoderm. NEDL2 abundance was 10 times higher in post-maturation oocyte-surrounding cumulus cells than that of cumulus cells before in vitro maturation with hormones, indicating that NEDL2 may have a unique role in cumulus cells after ovulation. Microinjection of anti-NEDL2 antibody into oocyte before IVF did not affect the percentage of oocytes fertilized, percentage of oocytes cleaved, or blastocyst formation. However, the anti-NEDL2 antibody decreased the number of pronuclei, accelerated the formation of nuclear precursor bodies at 6 h postfertilization, inhibited sperm DNA decondensation, and resulted in more fertilized oocytes without male pronuclear formation. In summary, NEDL2 may play a key role during fertilization, especially during sperm DNA decondensation.
Financialization of nature and climate change policy: implications for mining-impacted Afro-Colombian communities
Authors: Gilbertson Tamra L 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe use of financial instruments for climate change mitigation puts communities and nature at risk. Success is measured by capital accumulation rather than the ability to protect or enhance human and non-human nature. From cap and trade programmes that allow corporations to buy and sell ‘units’ of pollution on financialized markets, to forest offset credits, the financialization of nature presupposes the separation and quantification of the Earth’s cycles and functions with carbon, water, and biodiversity. Financialization causes these cycles to be treated as units to be sold in financial and speculation markets. This article reviews the theoretical frameworks of financialization of nature and proliferating climate change policies. I explore the flaws of the new carbon pricing and carbon tax platform in Colombia and its impacts on Afro-Colombian communities in the coal mining region of Cesar, in northeast Caribbean and related Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) projects on the Pacific coast of Colombia.
The Exhaustion of Local Remedies Rule in the Settlement of Maritime Disputes: A Study of the Practice of the UNCLOS Tribunals
Authors: Gao Jianjun 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The exhaustion of local remedies (“ELR”) rule is applicable in the settlement of maritime disputes, and it is not limited to the case of diplomatic protection. So far the manner in which the tribunals under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea dealt with the ELR issue in the cases of the flag State’s protection has raised the concern that the rule may become a dead letter in practice. Although the cases involved the protection of natural and legal persons by States, the tribunals rejected the objections to the admissibility of claims raised by the respondents based on the ELR rule in all cases. However, the approaches in which the tribunals dealt with the ELR issue are questionable, and the practice of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea contains dual imbalances. In the case of a mixed claim, the preponderance test suggested by the International Law Commission should be employed to determine the nature of the plaintiff’s claim as a whole. The test was mentioned in several cases, but it was not used correctly.
Semiochemical-based Reproductive Isolation Among Sympatric Species of Trypodendron (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Authors: Kühnholz Susanne , Gries Regine , Borden John H 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Trypodendron retusum (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) females excised from newly attacked trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michaux (Salicaceae), were shown for the first time to produce the aggregation pheromone (+)-lineatin. Coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection analysis (GC-EAD) disclosed that the antennae of T. retusum, as well as the antennae of three sympatric species, native T. lineatum (Olivier) and T. rufitarsus (Kirby) and exotic T. domesticum (L.), respond to synthetic (+)-lineatin, but not the (−) enantiomer. In contrast, the antennae of T. betulae Swaine responded to SR- and RR-linalool oxide pyranoid and did not detect lineatin. GC-EAD analysis of volatiles from host and nonhost tree species revealed that conifer-produced α-pinene and angiosperm-produced conophthorin and salicylaldehyde were perceived by the antennae of all three native lineatin-perceiving species, suggesting behavioral activity. Field trapping experiments showed that salicylaldehyde synergized the response of coastal, but not interior, T. retusum to lineatin and inhibited the response of T. lineatum and T. rufitarsus. In the absence of salicylaldehyde, α-pinene appeared to inhibit the response of interior T. retusum to lineatin, while for T. lineatum and T. rufitarsus it had an apparent positive additive or synergistic effect. No behavioral response occurred to conophthorin. The results provide evidence for semiochemical-based reproductive isolation between T. retusum and T. betulae, and between these two angiosperm-infesting species and the two conifer-infesting species. They do not explain how isolation could be maintained between T. lineatum and T. rufitarsus.
Does a higher retirement age reduce youth employment?
Authors: Bertoni Marco , Brunello Giorgio 
Published: October 2020

SUMMARYPension reforms rising minimum retirement age force some senior workers to retire later than originally expected. We evaluate the impact of a 2011 Italian reform, implemented during a recession, on youth and prime-age employment. Our research design is based on difference-in-differences and exploits the variations in the intensity of the treatment across local labour markets due to differences in the age structure of the population. We estimate that, for any 1,000 local senior workers locked into employment by the reform, local youth and prime-age employment declined by 273 (−0.86%) and 199 (−0.12%) workers, and senior employment increased by 833 (+2.70%) individuals. The estimated reduction in youth employment is broadly similar to the one induced by earlier reforms, implemented when the economy was growing. We estimate that an important part of the total employment change induced by the 2011 reform is due to higher firm turnover.
The emergence of nutrition warning labels in Latin America
Authors: Dorlach T 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Over the last decade, Latin American countries have become leaders in the emerging policy field of front-of-pack nutrition labelling (FOPNL). Recommended by public health experts and the World Health Organization, FOPNL regulations seek to improve the healthiness of population diets and thereby reduce the incidence of overweight and obesity and associated non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. In 2011, Chile passed the world's first comprehensive nutrition labelling law and now prohibits school sales and daytime advertisement of any product labeled “high in” sugar, salt, saturated fats, or calories. Ecuador introduced a mandatory traffic-light labelling scheme in 2014, while Peru, Uruguay, and Mexico introduced Chile-style warning labels since 2018. Several other Latin American countries, including Argentina and Brazil, are currently debating the introduction of mandatory front-of-pack warning labels. In contrast, most countries in the Global North have so far failed to introduce mandatory FOPNL and the European Union even banned its member states from doing so in 2011. This presentation will trace and explain this emergence of FOPNL in Latin America.
NextGenU.org: the first globally free degree, a Master's in Public Health
Authors: Frank E 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
NextGenU.org and partners have offered (since 2012) free, accredited health sciences courses, with registrants in 192 (of 193) countries. We have now developed the world's first free, accredited degree: The Master of Public Health (MPH), including registration, teaching, testing, and co-granting of a degree. To this end, we continue collaborating with leading public health organizations and educational institutions.

Objectives
Our objective is to improve the health of the underserved, remove barriers to diversifying the health professional workforce, and promote understanding of global/population health. The MPH provides tested and validated interprofessional education in an ongoing timeframe. Institutions add to our MPH via qualified mentors to guide the competency-based mentored activities. Universities may use any/all parts and offer the courses/degrees to students for free or for the school's cost of mentoring. Knowledge acquisition continues to be computer-based via resources from academic, government, professional society, and peer-reviewed journal sources; local and remote peer and mentored activities are included.

Results
We have tested and published on this free model in North American public health, medical, and undergrad students, and in community health workers and primary care physicians in Kenya and India, showing as much knowledge gain and greater student satisfaction than with traditional courses. Peer-reviewed publications on NextGenU.org's efficacy are available at https://nextgenu.org/static/publications.html. All our trainings are reviewed/endorsed by our global academic, governmental and professional partners.

Conclusions
Our research shows the MPH creates local opportunities for health workers in their communities, reducing brain drain and exodus of health workers. We hope that conference attendees discovering these educational innovations translate our findings into action, distributing this resource to their institutions and countries.

Key messages
Our free MPH enables would-be and current health professionals and other learners globally to have equal access to first-class learning resources, without economic or geographic barriers. Because NextGenU.org is able to freely offer these first-class resources to all, our MPH can—and will—change the face of global health through creating worldwide communities of practice.