bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STABILITY INDICATING VALIDATED HPLC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ZANUBRUTINIB IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
Authors: KUMARI M. VIJAYA , REDDY CH. BALASEKHAR 
Published: October 2020

Objective: An accurate, rapid economical and straight forward, reliable assay technique was evolved and showed for the evaluation of zanubrutinib using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
Methods: In the proposed method, efficient chromatographic separation was achieved applying acetonitrile and 0.1% orthophosphoric acid (50:50 v/v) as a mobile phase with a flow of 1 ml/min and the wavelength was observed at 220 nm. Chromatography was administered isocratically at ambient temperature and run time was approximately 6 min and the retention time (Rt) was observed as 4.358 min.
Results: The method was justified as per ICH guidelines. System suitability parameters were studied by injecting the quality six fold and results were well under acceptance criteria. Linearity study was administered between 10% and 150% levels, regression coefficient value was observed as 0.999. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were observed as 0.02 μg/ml and 0.2 μg/ml, respectively. Precision was found to be 0.74 for repeatability and 0.68 for intermediate precision. Recovery of the drug was found to be 98–102%, indicates that the recovery is in the acceptable limit. Validation results were found to be satisfactory and the method applicable for bulk and formulation analysis. Hence, it was evident that the proposed method was said to be suitable for regular analysis and quality control of pharmaceutical preparations.
Conclusion: The validation results were in good agreement with the acceptable limit. Relative standard deviation values which are <2.0% indicating the accuracy and precision of this method. Assay of retail formulation was administered and found to be 100.24% was present using the above method. Stress conditions of degradation in acidic, alkaline, peroxide, and thermal were studied. This developed method showed reliable, precise, accurate results under optimized conditions.
IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY STUDIES OF AQUEOUS- AND FREEZE-DRIED FRUIT EXTRACT OF RHUS CHINENSIS AND JUICE OF CITRUS MACROPTERA, THEIR COMPARATIVE STUDIES
Authors: SANGTAM SETINGLA , K THANZAMI 
Published: October 2020

Objectives: The objective of the study is to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous- and freeze-dried fruits extracts of Rhus chinensis and Citrus macroptera and their comparative studies.
Methods: The sumac fruit extracts were prepared by macerating in distilled water for 36 h, strained, and concentrated. Hatkora juice was used as it is for further concentration. Both the sample were dried using two methods, that is, evaporation in the water bath at 50°C and freeze-dried in a lyophilizer. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride method. The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay.
Results: Both sumac extract and Hatkora juice show potent antioxidant activity. When compared, the freeze-dried sample shows better activity as compared to the aqueous dried sample in both DPPH and reducing power assay.
Conclusions: This study result shows high phenolic and flavonoid content which is responsible for its high antioxidant activity. This suggests that the fruits can be viewed as a potential source of natural antioxidants that can provide valuable functional ingredients useful for the prevention of diseases related to oxidative stress, dietary supplements, functional food, nutraceuticals, etc.
MODULATION OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ASSESSED THROUGH HEART RATE VARIABILITY BY INTEGRATED AMRITA MEDITATION TECHNIQUE IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC SUBJECTS – A PILOT STUDY
Authors: KS SARIKA , BALAKRISHNAN VANDANA , KUMAR HARISH , KUMAR ANAND , SUNDARAM KR 
Published: October 2020

Objective: This study aims in understanding the effects of Integrated Amrita Meditation (IAM), a type of mindfulness meditation, on the autonomic balance of type 2 diabetic patients through assessment of heart rate variability (HRV).
Methods: After the initial screening of 30 type 2 diabetic subjects, 10 type 2 diabetic subjects between the age group of 30 and 65 years were randomized into two groups, diabetic test (n=5) and diabetic control group (n=5). Diabetic test group practiced IAM technique under the guidance of a trained practitioner. Both the groups continued the same dietary pattern and medications during the 6-month study period. HRV was taken for all subjects at baseline and after 6 months. In our study, we have focused on the power spectral analysis of HRV which include normalized units of high frequency (nHF), low frequency (nLF), and low frequency-high frequency ratio (LF/HF ratio).
Results: Mean percentage change in nHF, nLF, and LFHF ratio showed significant changes in between-group comparison (p<0.05). Normalized units of HF increased (p=0.049) while LF (p=0.036) and LFHF ratio (p=0.024) decreased significantly within test group after 6 months of IAM practice suggesting the potential of IAM in improving the parasympathetic tone, thereby tuning the mind and body to calm down during stress.
Conclusion: Our study has shown demonstrable improvement in autonomic function which reflects reduced stress after the practice of IAM in diabetic patients.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF GYRA AND GYRB KNOWN MUTATIONS IN DRUG-RESISTANT MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS STRAINS TREATED WITH OFLOXACIN
Authors: RAMASAMY PUSHPARAJU , SOUNDERRAJAN VIGNESH , HARSHAVARDHAN SHAKILA 
Published: October 2020

Objective: The aim of the study is to measure the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ofloxacin antibiotic from gyrA and gyrB mutations present in fluoroquinolones (FQs) resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and to further concentrate the potential association between gene mutations and phenotypic resistance based on their MICs.
Methods: Different levels of ofloxacin MICs levels were detected in 31 archived multi drug-resistant MTB isolates showing gyrA mutations in codon at A90V, S91P, D94A, D94N/Y, D94 G, and D94H and two gyrB probes (N538D and E540V). The MIC determinations were made using the 1% proportion method.
Results: Genotypic assay detected 32 mutations in the gyrA (n=29) and gyrB (n=3) genes among the 31 FQs resistant isolates. Most frequently seen in gyrA mutations at codon D94G (n=16; 50%), these mutations had a clearly elevated MIC level from 2 to 16 μg/ml, that was phenotypically resistant. The A90V mutation region consistently exhibited the lowest levels of ofloxacin resistance, with three out of eight (37.50%) of these isolates had a MIC of <2 μg/ml. In addition, a further strain of S91P mutations for MIC was determined to be less than the critical concentration (CC). These low levels of resistance have been detected in a phenotypic manner which is noticeable in the study. Furthermore, fewer mutations in codons at D94A, D94N/Y were identified. Three wild-type absent isolates from gyrB QRDR were identified and the MIC of those strains for ofloxacin was lower than the critical cutoff value.
Conclusion: Based on the results, it is shown that different resistance mutations were associated with different levels of MICs and the current concentration for MGIT will be lowered from 2 μg/ml to 1 μg/ml for the ofloxacin drug.
PROTECTIVE AND CURATIVE EFFECTS OF FRESH ORANGE JUICE (CITRUS SINENSIS L.) SUPPLEMENTATION AGAINST LIVER INJURIES, HEPATIC LIPID, PROTEIN, AND DNAOXIDATIVE DAMAGE INDUCED CYCLOOXYGENASE-2/PROSTAGLANDIN E2 INFLAMMATORY PATHWAY IN FEMALE IRRADIATED RATS
Authors: M MORSY GEHAN , GABAL ALYAE MS 
Published: October 2020

Objective: Our study aimed to examine the protective and curative ability of fresh orange juice (OJ) (Citrus sinensis L.) to counteract the adverse side effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on hepatic tissues of female irradiated rats and that has not been studied in advance.
Methods: Forty-nine adult female Sprague-Dawley albino rats (170±5 g) were divided into four sets of 12 animals, except the healthy control group contained 10 rats only and the irradiated control group contained 15 rats and was divided as follow Group I: Healthy control; Group II: Irradiated control, rats receiving a single dose (20 gray absorbed dose [Gy]) of whole-body γ-rays; Group III: Protective group, rats received (5 ml OJ/kg body weight) once daily for 14 days and after 24 h exposed to irradiation; and Group IV: Curative group, then rats were submitted to irradiation than after 24 h, treated with (5 ml OJ/kg body weight) once every day for 14 successive days.
Results: Our results explored that fresh OJ contains significant amounts of antioxidants as flavonoids and polyphenols and consequently pre- or post-fresh OJ supplementation to female irradiated rats attenuated significantly (p≤0.05) hepatic lipid, protein, and DNA-oxidative damage, hepatic inflammation, and activated inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 pathway, liver fibrosis, impaired liver functions, and hepatic lipid metabolism when compared with irradiated control rats. Furthermore, fresh OJ improved significantly (p≤0.05) the hepatic antioxidant capacity in protective and curative groups in comparison with the irradiated control group.
Conclusion: The current research illustrated that fresh OJ may improve and normalize the various hepatic biochemical abnormalities resulted from irradiation due to its high content of active constituents of flavonoids and polyphenols. It is advised for people who exposed to IR, especially females, to consume about (5 ml OJ/kg body weight) before exposure as the most significant improvements were recorded in the protective group that supplemented with OJ before irradiation.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE FROM COUROUPITA GUIANENSIS LEAF EXTRACT AND ITS EFFECT ON CLINICAL PATHOGENS
Authors: JOSEPH DEVAKUMAR , BASKARAN SINDHUJA , NAGARAJAN MADURI , SIVASUBRAMNIAN SUDHA 
Published: October 2020

Objective: In this study, a rapid and simple approach was applied for the synthesis of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) from aqueous leaf extract of Couroupita guianensis. The plant extract acts as an antimicrobial agent and is also used to synthesis AgNP.
Methods: Ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectrophotometer was used to characterize synthesized AgNP and to identify the compounds responsible for the reduction of silver ions, the functional groups present in plant extract were investigated by Fourier transform infrared. Agar well diffusion method was used for the antibacterial activity of synthesized AgNPs.
Results: UV–visible spectrophotometer showed an absorbance peak in the range of 405 nm. The AgNPs showed antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus sp, Klebsiella sp, and Pseudomonas sp.
Conclusion: Nowadays, silver-based topical dressing has been widely used as a treatment for infections such as wounds, burns, and chronic ulcer.
A NOVEL TECHNIQUE OF RYLE’S TUBE FIXATION (PARTHA’S TECHNIQUE) FOR CONVENIENT INTRAOPERATIVE USE
Authors: E ARUN THILAK , S PARTHASARATHY 
Published: October 2020

Dear sir,
Nasogastric tube (Ryle’s tube) insertion is one of the commonest ward procedures done for different indications. During selected surgical procedures, the insertion of such tubes is done in the preoperative ward. There are lot of reported difficulties during insertion in the intraoperative period.1 The Ryle’s tube is inserted in the classical manner but usually adjusted to enable the surgeon to do the gut surgery. The tube is usually fixed to the nose by a plaster wound round the tube. This technique is usually difficult to unwound if there is a need to reposition. In surgical and medical wards, the necessity for repositioning is not very significant. But during the intraoperative period, the surgeons always prefer to move the tube here and there to make the operative field better. This in turn causes much discomfort to the attending anaesthesiologist if the plaster is stuck in a traditional way. Hence, we propose a novel technique of fixation wherein we get the advantages of avoiding accidental removal but with the ease of frequent positional adjustment. A sixty-five-year-old male came for upper Gastro-intestinal surgery. The Ryle’s tube was inserted in the ward and fixed as given in fig 1. To adjust the position after removal of the plaster becomes a herculean task. Its more difficult to adjust the plaster with gloved hands. The plaster was removed before induction and fixed as described below. The first plaster (P1 in fig 2) was vertical and fixed the tube to the nose in a vertical fashion. The portion of the plaster which sticks to the tube should be around 50 % of the plaster length. Usually there is a small gap between the attachment of the tube and the nose. The next or the second plaster (P2 in fig 2) was transverse which fixed the vertical plaster to the nose. The transverse plaster never touched the Ryle’s tube. (Fig 2) If we need to adjust the position, the plasters can be easily loosened to adjust and fix again. The portion of the plaster in the gap can be lifted to loosen. There is no need for changing the plasters. Many a time, the surgeons may ask for repeated changes of position during the surgery. Hence this Partha’s technique of fixation suits repeated unfastening and regluing. There are reports of lost Ryle’s tubes2 after fixation in the wards. Lorente3 in his study of intensive care patients, found an incidence of accidental removal of Ryle’s tube as 4.48%. A single plaster use may be a cause of malposition. An extensive search of the literature did not reveal fixation techniques with their pros and cons. We have been using this technique for many years so far with minimal problems. This report is limited to the fact that it is not used much with no comparative studies to know its advantages and disadvantages.
EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA ROOT EXTRACTS
Authors: BHUSAL SHUSHIL , SHARMA KHAGA RAJ 
Published: October 2020

Objectives: The present study was designed to investigate the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant potential, and antibacterial activities of the traditionally used medicinal plant Glycyrrhiza glabra.
Methods: The plant secondary metabolites were extracted through cold percolation using methanol (MeOH) as a solvent. The MeOH extract was further fractionated in different solvents in increasing order of polarity. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. The antibacterial activity was studied by agar well diffusion method.
Results: The antioxidant potential IC50 was found 43.13, 104.83, and 200.11 μg/ml for ethyl acetate (EtOAc), MeOH, and chloroform (CHCl3) extracts, respectively. The EtOAc fraction showed the potent antioxidant with IC50 43.13 μg/ml compared to the standard ascorbic acid 58.76 μg/ml. The antimicrobial activity exhibited by MeOH extract against Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538P) zone of inhibition was 18 mm and 17 mm, for chloroform extracts 15 mm and 13 mm, and for EtOAc fraction 11 mm against Bacillus subtilis. The highest dilution that yielded no single bacteria colony on the nutrient agar plates for Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus of MeOH extract was found 0.39 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml, for chloroform extract 3.125 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml and EtOAc fraction against Bacillus subtilis was 12.50 mg/ml as minimum bactericidal concentration.
Conclusion: The plant extracts showed potent antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The results support for using the G. glabra in bacterial infection which provides partial scientific validation for using the plant against bacterial infections.
Objective: Antifungal activity of total ethanolic extract and fractions of Usnea varieties were proved against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, and Rhizopus nigricans fungi. Methods: To perform the study of relative antifungal activity (AFR), flu
Authors: GACHA DAYANNA CABRA , OSPINA LUIS POMBO , PALACIOS JANETH ARIAS , AGUIRRE OSCAR RODRÍGUEZ 
Published: October 2020

Objective: Antifungal activity of total ethanolic extract and fractions of Usnea varieties were proved against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium digitatum, and Rhizopus nigricans fungi.
Methods: To perform the study of relative antifungal activity (AFR), fluconazole and ketoconazole were used as standards. The inhibition coefficient 50 (IC50) for each extract and the fractions was determined.
Results: It was established that the highest activity was presented by the acetone fraction with a value of 58.53. In the study of antifungal activity, the fraction that presented the best activity against P. digitatum was ethanolic with a value of 44.33, while for R. nigricans was petrol extract, with a value of 75.35 and finally for A. niger was the total extract with a value of 35.48.
Conclusions: Comparing the values obtained from the extract and the different fractions resulted in the dichloromethane fraction showing the best values.
MANIFESTATION OF BRONCHIAL REACTIVITY IN THE WORKERS EXPOSED TO VARIOUS GASES AT THE GASIFICATION DEPARTMENT OF THE POWER PLANTS OF KOSOVO
Authors: ISLAMI PELLUMB , BOZALIJA ADNAN , ISLAMI HILMI 
Published: October 2020

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of indoor air pollution on workers and the effects of discharged gases, such as CO, CO2, NO2, O3, SO2, NH3, and PM, on the manifestation of bronchial reactivity during the process of gasification at the power plants in Kastriot, Kosovo.
Methods: Parameters of lung function were determined using body plethysmography. Airway resistance (Raw) and intrathoracic gas volume (ITGV) were measured; based on these values, specific airway resistance (SRaw) and specific airway conductance were calculated.
Results: The study was performed in two groups: the control group and the experimental group. The control group consisted of 32 healthy people, whereas the experimental group consisted of 55 workers of the gasification department of the power plants in Kastriot, Kosovo. The results of this study indicated that the mean value of SRaw significantly increased in the experimental group (p<0.05) compared to the control group (p>0.1). This study also showed that smoking is in favor of the negative effects of air pollution at the premises of the gasification department (p<0.01). Measurements of the respiratory systems were made before and following provocation with histamine–aerosol (1 mg/ml) in the control and experimental groups. Changes between these two groups following this provocation with histamine–aerosol were found to be statistically significant (p<0.01).
Conclusion: Although air pollution requires time to cause a respiratory pathology, it permanently affects the manifestation of bronchial reactivity. This finding suggests that the real situation of these workers exposed to air pollution during the process of gasification poses a serious risk to their health and particularly to normal respiratory function.
VALIDATION OF A BIOANALYTICAL REVERSE-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATION OF NYSTATIN IN AN ANIMAL MODEL AFTER INTRANASAL IN SITU GEL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: MARZUKA KAZI , MOHAMED HASSAN DEHGHAN 
Published: October 2020

Objective: The aim of the study was to develop and validate a bioanalytical reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the estimation of nystatin in rat plasma after intranasal administration.
Methods: The reversed-phase HPLC system was equipped with a Luna C18 column, the mobile system comprised of methanol, water, and dimethylformamide (55:30:15) and the flow rate was set at 0.9 ml/min.
Results: The elution time for nystatin was 4.096±0.025 min. The calibration curves constructed in rat plasma were linear from 0.25 to 50 μg/ml. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 0.25 μg/ml. The standards for accuracy and precision of the intra- and inter-day variation studies were in the acceptable ranges as per the FDA guidelines.
Conclusion: The LOQ value determined by the proposed method was noted to be satisfactory for inspecting the plasma pharmacokinetics of nystatin in rats’ post-administration of a nasal in situ gelling liquid crystalline precursor formulation in an in vivo study.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF EXTRACTS FROM THE ROOT BARK OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA (AIT.) R. BR. HEPATOPROTECTIVE MEDICINAL PLANT FROM BURKINA FASO
Authors: SOMBIÉ ERNEST NOGMA , OUÉDRAOGO NOUFOU , HILOU ADAMA 
Published: October 2020

Objective: This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in vitro of Calotropis procera root bark.
Methods: Anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract of root bark of C. procera and its fractions were evaluated on lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase (XO). Antioxidant activity was evaluated by trapping the 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), by the reducing power ferric reducing antioxidant power. Inhibitory powers of lipid peroxidation and of degradation of D-deoxyribose as well as the contents of phenolic and triterpene compounds were also evaluated.
Results: Ethanolic extract showed interesting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Butanol fraction which is one of richest fractions for flavonoids (17.38±0.13 mg EQ/10 g extracts) showed the best percentages for inhibitions of XO (60.14±4.89%), degradation of D-deoxyribose (81.04±0.77%), and the DPPH radical (71.43±6.35%). Dichloromethane fraction which is the richest in triterpenes (1067.02±5.77 mg UAE/g extracts) showed the best percentages for inhibitions of lipoxygenase (56.45±1.15%) and of lipid peroxidation (82.45±0.73%). Ethyl acetate and residual aqueous fractions, respectively, showed the best activities of inhibiting H2O2 (75.38±0.76%) and for iron-reducing capacity (23.51±1.69 mg EAA/g extracts).
Conclusion: Ethanolic extract from C. procera root bark and its fractions, their particular the butanol and dichloromethane one, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which could prevent or attenuate liver injury and its complications.