bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasmopara viticola effector PvRXLR111 stabilizes VvWRKY40 to promote virulence
Authors: Ma Tao , Chen Shuyun , Liu Jiaqi , Fu Peining , Wu Wei , Song Shiren , Gao Yu , Ye Wenxiu , Lu Jiang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPlasmopara viticola, the causal organism of grapevine downy mildew, secretes a vast array of effectors to manipulate host immunity. Previously, several cell death‐inducing PvRXLR effectors have been identified, but their functions and host targets are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of PvRXLR111, a cell death‐inducing RXLR effector, in manipulating plant immunity. When coexpressed with other PvRXLR effectors, PvRXLR111‐induced cell death was prevented. Transient expression of PvRXLR111 in Nicotiana benthamiana suppressed bacterial flagellin peptide flg22‐elicited immune responses and enhanced Phytophthora capsici infection. PvRXLR111 induction in Arabidopsis increased susceptibility to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. PvRXLR111 expression in Pseudomonas syringae promoted bacterial colonization. By immunoprecipitation‐mass spectrometry analysis, yeast two‐hybrid, pull‐down, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, it was shown that PvRXLR111 interacted with Vitis vinifera putative WRKY transcription factor 40 (VvWRKY40), which increased VvWRKY40 stability. Transient expression of VvWRKY40 in N. benthamiana inhibited flg22‐induced reactive oxygen species burst and enhanced P. capsici infection and silencing NbWRKY40 attenuated P. capsici colonization. These results suggest VvWRKY40 functions as a negative regulator in plant immunity and that PvRXLR111 suppresses host immunity by stabilizing VvWRKY40.
Temperature‐sensitive biochemical 18O‐fractionation and humidity‐dependent attenuation factor are needed to predict δ18O of cellulose from leaf water in a grassland ecosystem
Authors: Hirl Regina T. , Ogée Jérôme , Ostler Ulrike , Schäufele Rudi , Baca Cabrera Juan C. , Zhu Jianjun , Schleip Inga , Wingate Lisa , Schnyder Hans 
Published: November 2020

Summary

We explore here our mechanistic understanding of the environmental and physiological processes that determine the oxygen isotope composition of leaf cellulose (δ18Ocellulose) in a drought‐prone, temperate grassland ecosystem.

A new allocation‐and‐growth model was designed and added to an 18O‐enabled soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer model (MuSICA) to predict seasonal (April–October) and multi‐annual (2007–2012) variation of δ18Ocellulose and 18O‐enrichment of leaf cellulose (Δ18Ocellulose) based on the Barbour–Farquhar model.

Modelled δ18Ocellulose agreed best with observations when integrated over c. 400 growing‐degree‐days, similar to the average leaf lifespan observed at the site. Over the integration time, air temperature ranged from 7 to 22°C and midday relative humidity from 47 to 73%. Model agreement with observations of δ18Ocellulose (R2 = 0.57) and Δ18Ocellulose (R2 = 0.74), and their negative relationship with canopy conductance, was improved significantly when both the biochemical 18O‐fractionation between water and substrate for cellulose synthesis (εbio, range 26–30‰) was temperature‐sensitive, as previously reported for aquatic plants and heterotrophically grown wheat seedlings, and the proportion of oxygen in cellulose reflecting leaf water 18O‐enrichment (1 – pexpx, range 0.23–0.63) was dependent on air relative humidity, as observed in independent controlled experiments with grasses.

Understanding physiological information in δ18Ocellulose requires quantitative knowledge of climatic effects on pexpx and εbio.
The familial trend of the local inflammatory response in periodontal disease
Authors: Monteiro Mabelle Freitas , Casati Márcio Zaffalon , Sallum Enilson Antonio , Silvério Karina Gonzales , Nociti‐Jr Francisco Humberto , Casarin Renato Corrêa Viana 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe imbalanced host response in front of a dysbiotic biofilm is one of the major aspects of severe periodontitis, which also presents a strong familial aggregation related to the susceptibility factors transmission within family members. This study hypothesized that aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) patients and their descendants could present a similar trend of a local inflammatory response that is different from healthy controls.MethodsFifteen GAgP subjects and their children and fifteen healthy subjects and their children were clinically assessed, and the concentration of interferon (IFN)‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐10, IL‐17, IL‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α was evaluated in the gingival fluid using the multiplexed bead immunoassay.ResultsChildren from the GAgP group presented lower IL‐10 and IFN‐γ subgingival concentration than Health children, despite no difference in the clinical parameters. GAgP parents showed a lower IFN‐γ, IL‐10, and IL‐6 than healthy subjects. IL‐10/IL‐1β and IFN‐γ/IL‐4 ratios were reduced in GAgP dyads, suggesting a familial trend in the subgingival cytokine's profile. The cytokines correlated to the clinical data and were predictors of probing depth increase.ConclusionGAgP parents and their children presented a similar cytokine profile and an imbalance in the subgingival response characterized by decreased IFN‐γ/IL‐4 and IL10/IL‐1β ratios.
Natural goodness without natural history
Authors: Moosavi Parisa 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNeo‐Aristotelian ethical naturalism purports to show that moral evaluation of human action and character is an of evaluation ofnatural goodness—a kind of evaluation that applies to living things in virtue of their nature and based on their form of life. The standard neo‐Aristotelian view defines natural goodness by way of generic statements describing thenatural history, or the ‘characteristic’ life, of a species. In this paper, I argue that this conception of natural goodness commits the neo‐Aristotelian view to a problematic anti‐individualism that results in the wrong assessment of individuals with uniquely adaptive adjustments. I then offer an alternative account of natural goodness that avoids this problem. Instead of relying on generic statements about a species, my account defines natural goodness based on counterfactual conditionals describing the modal properties of a single individual. I argue that this modal‐explanatory account gives a conception of natural goodness that is more intuitively plausible and better suited to capture the diversity and plasticity distinctive of life.
Contemporary Presidency: Going Public in an Era of Social Media: Tweets, Corrections, and Public Opinion
Authors: Christenson Dino P. , Kreps Sarah E. , Kriner Douglas L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPresidents invariably use the bully pulpit to push a political agenda, but whether this leads to political success in advancing that agenda has long been the subject of debate. The increased reliance on social media has renewed that debate, particularly in light of new policies that flag or remove objectionable presidential content. This research conducts a survey experiment that evaluates the effect of presidential tweets on support for executive policies, including proposed unilateral action, and studies the effect of social media corrections of those tweets. We find little evidence that social media appeals move public opinion overall, although they do increase support among Republicans. Corrections generally worked as intended among Democrats but backfired among Republicans, canceling each other out in the aggregate. The findings offer important insights into the efficacy of going public on social media and of corrections to such claims in an era of stark partisan polarization.
Mathematics and science teacher training program improves inquiry practices for teachers
Authors: Cribbs Jennifer D. , Day Martha , Duffin Lisa , Cowley Kimberly 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWith the call for increasing the level of inquiry‐based instruction in mathematics and science classrooms, it is imperative for teacher education programs to prepare teachers with these skills. This study draws from classroom observation data to determine the influence a unique teacher certification program has on key aspects of teacher practice using a series of Kruskal‐Wallis and Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests. Findings indicate that teachers participating in the program have a statistically significant level of growth in their use of inquiry practices related to Classroom Culture. In addition, by the fourth semester of their involvement in the program, participating teachers employ higher levels of inquiry instruction than a comparison group of teachers for almost every factor assessed.
Swarm‐based optimizer for convolutional neural network: An application for flood susceptibility mapping
Authors: Chou Tien‐Yin , Hoang Thanh‐Van , Fang Yao‐Min , Nguyen Quoc‐Huy , Lai Tuan Anh , Pham Van‐Manh , Vu Van‐Manh , Bui Quang‐Thanh 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article investigates the use of the galactic swarm optimization algorithm in searching for parameters of a convolutional neural network for flood susceptibility mapping. Ha Giang province, the mountainous area of Vietnam, was chosen as a case study because of the frequent occurrence of floods. From this study area, 11 predictor variables and historical flood locations were selected to build up the training datasets, in which each sample is prepared in the 3D form of (height × width × channels or variables) = (5 × 5 × 11), (7 × 7 × 11), and (9 × 9 × 11), respectively for three experiments. The model performance was assessed by root mean square error, area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC), and overall accuracy (OA). The results showed that the examined model significantly improved the classification accuracies: OA = 83.093, AUC = 0.917; OA = 83.726, AUC = 0.923; and OA = 82.791, AUC = 0.908 for the three training datasets in comparison to benchmarked classifiers, and this model can be considered as an alternative solution for flood susceptibility mapping.
Semiquantitative acid–base analysis in dogs with typical hypoadrenocorticism
Authors: Osborne Laura G. , Burkitt‐Creedon Jamie M. , Epstein Steven E. , Hopper Kate 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the semiquantitative acid–base status of dogs with untreated naturally occurring typical hypoadrenocorticism and to compare this to the status determined by traditional acid–base analysis.DesignRetrospective study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsThirty‐three dogs with newly diagnosed typical hypoadrenocorticism between 2000 and 2017.InterventionsNone.Measurements and main resultsDogs were included if they had newly diagnosed hypoadrenocorticism, post‐ACTH stimulation serum cortisol concentration <2 μg/dL, and blood collected within 6 hours of presentation for acid–base, electrolyte, and serum biochemical assays. Dogs were excluded if the Na+:K+ratio was ≥28 or the dog had received a mineralocorticoid‐containing corticosteroid medication within the preceding month. Traditional acid–base analysis identified normal acid–base status in 1 dog, simple respiratory acid–base abnormalities in 2 of 33 dogs, and simple metabolic acidosis in 14 of 33 dogs. A mixed disorder was most common, noted in 16 of 33 dogs. The semiquantitative approach identified metabolic abnormalities in all cases. All dogs had ≥1 acidifying process, and 29 of 33 had both acidifying and alkalinizing processes. Acidosis attributable to excess free water was present in all dogs, and an acidifying phosphate effect was present in 27 of 33. Hyperlactatemia contributed to the acidosis in 8 of 33 dogs, with a median (range) lactate concentration of 1.5 mmol/L (13.5 mg/dL) (0.3–4.2 mmol/L [2.7–37.8 mg/dL]).ConclusionsDogs with untreated Addison's disease have complex acid–base derangements. The semiquantitative approach to acid–base analysis provides greater insight into the underlying mechanisms of metabolic acid–base abnormalities in these dogs, particularly because lactic acidosis appears to be a minor influence in most cases.
Normative profiles of neuroretinal rim area in a multiethnic Asian population: the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases study
Authors: Lim Zhi Wei , Chee Miao-Li , Lim Sing Hui , Thakur Sahil , Majithia Shivani , Soh Zhi Da , Teo Zhen Ling , Rim Tyler Hyungtaek , Sabanayagam Charumathi , Tham Yih-Chung , Cheng Ching-Yu 
Published: November 2020

AimsTo evaluate the normative profiles for neuroretinal rim area (RA) in a multiethnic Asian population.MethodsSubjects were recruited from the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases (2009–2015) study and underwent standardised examinations. RA measurements were performed using Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography (Carl Zeiss Meditec). Multivariable linear regression with generalised estimating equation model was used to evaluate the associations between demographic, systemic and ocular factors with RA.ResultsA total of 9394 eyes from 5116 subjects (1724 Chinese, 1463 Malay, 1929 Indian) were included in the final analysis. The mean (±SD) of RA was 1.28 (±0.23) mm2 for Chinese, 1.33 (±0.26) mm2 for Malays, and 1.23 (±0.23) mm2 for Indians. The 5th percentile value for RA was 0.94 mm2 for Chinese, 0.96 mm2 for Malay, and 0.89 mm2 for Indian. In multivariable analysis, following adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, history of cataract surgery, axial length, intraocular pressure (IOP) and disc area, Indian eyes have smaller RA when compared with Malays (β=−0.074; 95% CI −0.090 to −0.058; p<0.001) and Chinese (β=−0.035; 95% CI −0.051 to −0.019; p<0.001), respectively. Additionally, older age (per decade, β=−0.022), male gender (β=−0.031), longer axial length (per mm, β=−0.025), spherical equivalent (per negative dioptre, β=−0.005), higher IOP (per mm Hg, β=−0.009) were associated with smaller RA (all p≤0.004).ConclusionIn this multiethnic population-based study, we observed significantly smaller RA in Indian eyes, compared with Chinese and Malays. This indicates the need of a more refined ethnic-specific RA normative databases among Asians.
Long-term variability of glycemic markers and risk of all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes: the Look AHEAD study
Authors: Kaze Arnaud D , Santhanam Prasanna , Erqou Sebhat , Ahima Rexford S , Echouffo-Tcheugui Justin Basile 
Published: November 2020

IntroductionGlycemic variability may predict poor outcomes in type 2 diabetes. We evaluated the associations of long-term variability in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death among individuals with type 2 diabetes.Research design and methodsWe conducted a secondary, prospective cohort analysis of the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) data, including 3560 participants who attended four visits (baseline, 12 months, 24 months, and 36 months) at the outset. Variability of HbA1Cand FPG was assessed using four indices across measurements from four study visits. Participants without CVD during the first 36 months were followed for incident outcomes including a CVD composite (myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for angina, and CVD-related deaths), heart failure (HF), and deaths.ResultsOver a median follow-up of 6.8 years, there were 164 deaths from any cause, 33 CVD-related deaths, 91 HF events, and 340 participants experienced the CVD composite. Adjusted HRs comparing the highest to lowest quartile of SD of HbA1Cwere 2.10 (95% CI 1.26 to 3.51), 3.43 (95% CI 0.95 to 12.38), 1.01 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.46), and 1.71 (95% CI 0.69 to 4.24) for all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, CVD composite and HF, respectively. The equivalent HRs for highest versus lowest quartile of SD of FPG were 1.66 (95% CI 0.96 to 2.85), 2.20 (95% CI 0.67 to 7.25), 0.94 (95% CI 0.65 to 1.35), and 2.05 (95% CI 0.80 to 5.31), respectively.ConclusionsA greater variability in HbA1Cwas associated with elevated risk of mortality. Our findings underscore the need to achieve normal and consistent glycemic control to improve clinical outcomes among individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Planning prompts to promote uptake of HIV services among men: a randomised trial in rural Uganda
Authors: Kavanagh Nolan M , Schaffer Elisabeth M , Ndyabakira Alex , Marson Kara , Havlir Diane V , Kamya Moses R , Kwarisiima Dalsone , Chamie Gabriel , Thirumurthy Harsha 
Published: November 2020

IntroductionInterventions informed by behavioural economics, such as planning prompts, have the potential to increase HIV testing at minimal or no cost. Planning prompts have not been previously evaluated for HIV testing uptake. We conducted a randomised clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of low-cost planning prompts to promote HIV testing among men.MethodsWe randomised adult men in rural Ugandan parishes to receive a calendar planning prompt that gave them the opportunity to make a plan to get tested for HIV at health campaigns held in their communities. Participants received either a calendar showing the dates when the community health campaign would be held (control group) or a calendar showing the dates and prompting them to select a date and time when they planned to attend (planning prompt group). Participants were not required to select a date and time or to share their selection with study staff. The primary outcome was HIV testing uptake at the community health campaign.ResultsAmong 2362 participants, 1796 (76%) participants tested for HIV. Men who received a planning prompt were 2.2 percentage points more likely to test than the control group, although the difference was not statistically significant (77.1% vs 74.9%; 95% CI –1.2 to 5.7 percentage points, p=0.20). The planning prompt was more effective among men enrolled ≤40 days before the campaigns (3.6 percentage-point increase in testing; 95% CI –2.9 to 10.1, p=0.27) than among men enrolled >40 days before the campaigns (1.8 percentage-point increase; 95% CI –2.3 to 5.8, p=0.39), although the effects within the subgroups were not significant.ConclusionThese findings suggest that planning prompts may be an effective behavioural intervention to promote HIV testing at minimal or no cost. Large-scale studies should further assess the impact and cost-effectiveness of such interventions.
Characterisation and outcomes of ARDS secondary to pneumonia in patients with and without SARS-CoV-2: a single-centre experience
Authors: Mahida Rahul Y , Chotalia Minesh , Alderman Joseph , Patel Chhaya , Hayden Amber , Desai Ruchi , Beesley Emily , Crowley Louise E , Soltan Marina , Bangash Mansoor , Parekh Dhruv , Patel Jaimin , Thickett David R 
Published: November 2020

IntroductionAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the major cause of mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. It appears that development of ‘cytokine storm’ in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia precipitates progression to ARDS. However, severity scores on admission do not predict severity or mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Our objective was to determine whether patients with SARS-CoV-2 ARDS are clinically distinct, therefore requiring alternative management strategies, compared with other patients with ARDS. We report a single-centre retrospective study comparing the characteristics and outcomes of patients with ARDS with and without SARS-CoV-2.MethodsTwo intensive care unit (ICU) cohorts of patients at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham were analysed: SARS-CoV-2 patients admitted between 11 March and 21 April 2020 and all patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) from bacterial or viral infection who developed ARDS between 1 January 2017 and 1 November 2019. All data were routinely collected on the hospital’s electronic patient records.ResultsA greater proportion of SARS-CoV-2 patients were from an Asian ethnic group (p=0.002). SARS-CoV-2 patients had lower circulating leucocytes, neutrophils and monocytes (p<0.0001), but higher CRP (p=0.016) on ICU admission. SARS-CoV-2 patients required a longer duration of mechanical ventilation (p=0.01), but had lower vasopressor requirements (p=0.016).DiscussionThe clinical syndromes and respiratory mechanics of SARS-CoV-2 and CAP-ARDS are broadly similar. However, SARS-CoV-2 patients initially have a lower requirement for vasopressor support, fewer circulating leukocytes and require prolonged ventilation support. Further studies are required to determine whether the dysregulated inflammation observed in SARS-CoV-2 ARDS may contribute to the increased duration of respiratory failure.
Hepatic Krüppel-like factor 16 (KLF16) targets PPARα to improve steatohepatitis and insulin resistance
Authors: Sun Nannan , Shen Chuangpeng , Zhang Lei , Wu Xiaojie , Yu Yuanyuan , Yang Xiaoying , Yang Chen , Zhong Chong , Gao Zhao , Miao Wei , Yang Zehong , Gao Weihang , Hu Ling , Williams Kevin , Liu Changhui , Chang Yongsheng , Gao Yong 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveImpaired hepatic fatty acids oxidation results in lipid accumulation and redox imbalance, promoting the development of fatty liver diseases and insulin resistance. However, the underlying pathogenic mechanism is poorly understood. Krüppel-like factor 16 (KLF16) is a transcription factor that abounds in liver. We explored whether and by what mechanisms KLF16 affects hepatic lipid catabolism to improve hepatosteatosis and insulin resistance.DesignKLF16 expression was determined in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and mice models. The role of KLF16 in the regulation of lipid metabolism was investigated using hepatocyte-specific KLF16-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or using an adenovirus/adeno-associated virus to alter KLF16 expression in mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs) and in vivo livers. RNA-seq, luciferase reporter gene assay and ChIP analysis served to explore the molecular mechanisms involved.ResultsKLF16 expression was decreased in patients with NAFLD, mice models and oleic acid and palmitic acid (OA and PA) cochallenged hepatocytes. Hepatic KLF16 knockout impaired fatty acid oxidation, aggravated mitochondrial stress, ROS burden, advancing hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Conversely, KLF16 overexpression reduced lipid deposition and improved insulin resistance via directly binding the promoter of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) to accelerate fatty acids oxidation and attenuate mitochondrial stress, oxidative stress indb/dband HFD mice. PPARα deficiency diminished the KLF16-evoked protective effects against lipid deposition in MPHs. Hepatic-specific PPARα overexpression effectively rescued KLF16 deficiency-induced hepatic steatosis, altered redox balance and insulin resistance.ConclusionsThese findings prove that a direct KLF16–PPARα pathway closely links hepatic lipid homeostasis and redox balance, whose dysfunction promotes insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis.
Obstructive jaundice: a clinical review for the UK armed forces
Authors: Roy S K , Lambert A 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObstructive jaundice is a clinical condition that indicates the possibility of a significant underlying disease process. This clinical review considers the pathophysiology, investigation and management of patients with obstructive jaundice and considers the particular challenges that medical personnel may face when deployed away from the United Kingdom (UK). It aims to give guidance with regard to the short- and long-term investigation and management of such patients.