bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Right to Procreate and Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Europe
Authors: Jackson Emily 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores some of the themes identified in the previous chapter through a European and perhaps a particularly UK-orientated lens. It begins by considering some of the reasons for the different approaches to the regulation of reproduction within Europe. Second, the chapter looks at the role of rights and rights-based legal claims in relation to assisted reproductive technologies, concluding that they have played a relatively minor role. Third, compared with the United States, professional self-regulation and tort law are background considerations in many European countries, with detailed regulations more commonly found in statute and in the ‘soft law’ guidance and codes issued by regulators. Fourth, increasing numbers of people are engaging in cross-border reproductive care, not only within Europe but much further afield as well. Finally, although there is state funding for assisted conception services in many European countries, access tends to be limited, and hence there is a market in fertility treatment to a much greater extent than there is for most other medical procedures.
Privacy and Integrity of Medical Information
Authors: Hoffman Sharona , Herveg Jean 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores contemporary regulation of medical privacy in the United States and Europe and its challenges. The need for privacy is a fundamental human necessity. Privacy relates to human beings’ ability to maintain their dignity and avoid disclosure of information that might be deemed unpleasant. It is also associated with personal autonomy and informational self-determination. At the same time, however, some degree of data sharing is essential to the appropriate treatment of patients as well as to the proper functioning of society in general and the healthcare system in particular. Thus, privacy cannot be limitless. Hence, this chapter discusses regulatory strengths and shortcomings and highlights gaps in the law. It also suggests further safeguards that policy-makers should implement in order to protect patients and data subjects.
Time and Global Capitalism
Authors: Hope Wayne 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This article cross-relates four epistemes of time (epochality, time reckoning, temporality, and coevalness) with four materializations of time (hegemony, conflict, crisis, and rupture). Understanding the terms within this framework allows us to depict global capitalism as epochally distinctive, riven by time conflicts, prone to recurring financial crises, and vulnerable to collective opposition. Time conflicts materialize across the areas of financialization and capital realization, worker exploitation and transnational supply chains, and the political economies of national and transnational state governance. Initially, these critical insights about the historicity and instability of global capitalism were obscured by the perpetual now-ness of corporate brand culture, 24/7 global television, and digital communication networks. Worldwide structural exclusions of the poor and their experiences of time were also obscured, a process the article defines as a “denial of coevalness.” With the 2008 financial crisis, the time conflicts of financialized capitalism became obviously unmanageable. National and transnational attempts to resolve the crisis simply reproduced the time conflicts of financialization. And structural exclusions of the global poor were further entrenched. However, these developments triggered a confluence of occupation movements, riots, protests, strike activity, and anti-austerity activism, raising the prospect of a sustained collective challenge to global capitalism.
Political Leadership in the American Presidency
Authors: Skowronek Stephen 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The leaders of democratic states are time-bound agents of political change. They probe for breaks in complex institutional settings. This paper distinguishes four temporalities of presidential leadership in the United States: term, succession, sequence, and thickening. Each tells time differently, and each in its own way authorizes and constrains the interventions of incumbents. For example, presidents tend to be more effective politically before the “midterm” elections, and they tend to be more effective in inaugurating a new political sequence than in the follow-through. The politics of presidential leadership are thoroughly caught up in these intercurrent effects. Formally, presidents all lay claim to the same office with the same powers. But their political authority changes profoundly from moment to moment according to its temporal context.
Contractual Relationships among Artists, Record Labels, and Artist Management Companies in Japan
Authors: Ando Kazuhiro 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Although Japan is the second largest music market in the world, the structure and practices of the music industry are little understood internationally. People overseas need to know how the music business works in Japan so that they can conduct business comfortably. The Japanese music industry has unique features in some respects. First, Japanese record labels remain heavily dependent on traditional physically packaged music although its profitability is much lower than that of digital distribution. Second, full-scale competition in the music copyright management business has just begun. While JASRAC monopolized this market for more than sixty years, the new entrant, NexTone has gradually increased the market share thanks to the frustration experienced by many music publishers and songwriters in their dealings with JASRAC. Third, the relationship between artists and artist management companies is more like an employer-employee relationship than a client-agent relationship. Artist management companies are fully invested in discovering, nurturing, and marketing young artists just the way big businesses handle their recruits. This chapter illuminates practices of the Japanese music industry for an international audience.
Women and Popular Politics in Twentieth-Century South Africa
Authors: Healy-Clancy Meghan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the history and historiography of women’s engagement in popular politics in twentieth-century South Africa. Over the first half of the century, women’s combination of marginality from male-dominated politics and centrality to social life made them critical to a range of grassroots movements. Feminist scholars have demonstrated how contending visions of nationalism aimed at transforming the state not only through moments of protest, but also by everyday transformations of social institutions. Women became central to both apartheid state-building and antiapartheid politics, often by organizing in ways that shared much with older forms of organization: most strikingly, they continued to mobilize as mothers. While women’s grassroots activism enabled the survival of the antiapartheid movement, an entrenched history of male leadership worked to women’s disadvantage in the democratic transition.
Indigenous Movements in Latin America
Authors: Rice Roberta 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
What do Indigenous movement struggles in Latin America teach us about reconciling individual and collective rights? How are competing conceptualizations of the environment and development being addressed by states in the region? How are these tensions and contradictions playing out within Indigenous territories? This chapter provides answers to these questions by reviewing the main concepts, findings, and tensions in the literature on contemporary Indigenous movements in Latin America. It examines processes of Indigenous dispossession and resurgence; the struggle for identity, territory and autonomy; and the push for plurinationality and decolonization. It also addresses efforts to incorporate Indigenous ways of knowing and being into governance structures as a way to rebuild Indigenous-state relations on a more just foundation. The chapter concludes by outlining an emerging research agenda in the areas of implementing free, prior, and informed consent regimes; addressing gender dynamics in Indigenous movements; and adopting intersectional approaches to studying Indigenous movements.
Gender and Work in Contemporary Latin America
Authors: de Casanova Erynn Masi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
What are the most important patterns and trends in gender and work in Latin America? How does gender matter for people’s experiences of work? Drawing on evidence from recent research, this chapter addresses these questions. Women’s share of employment has increased substantially since the middle of the twentieth century, yet women workers confront several sources of inequality that limit paid employment’s potentially positive effects. Gender inequality in the labor force is maintained through occupational segregation, in which men and women are funneled into different jobs; through women’s greater probability to work in informal employment; and through the unequal share of unpaid work in the home. Tracing macro-level (regional and national) trends while also attending to experiences of workers, the chapter provides an overview of the major issues in the study of gender and work in Latin America today.
Medical Sociology in Latin America
Authors: Castro Roberto 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the development of the field of medical sociology in Latin America, showing its links to other fields (the medical field, the scientific-academic field, and the field of power). A controversy has arisen within the discipline regarding its object and includes the political agenda of social sciences in health and the relationship between social sciences, medicine, and public health. On the one hand, a relatively autonomous medical sociology has emerged, one nested in some universities and research centers, and thus remains foreign to the health sector. It is an endeavor that can reach a high level of theoretical, methodological, and critical development but has little impact on health policies. On the other hand, government public health institutions promote the development of a “domesticated” social science for instrumental purposes and without a significant critical potential. The exception to the rule is Brazil, where collective health has gained pre-eminence unparalleled in other countries of the region. The chapter concludes by describing how these “debates” are shaped by the stakeholders’ position in the field.
Paul and Feminism
Authors: Ehrensperger Kathy 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPaul and feminism are an uneasy pair, but feminist interpretation has played a pioneering role in demonstrating the social location and cultural embeddedness of Paul and the Pauline literature. Feminist interpretations of Pauline texts can broadly be categorized as ‘thematic’ or ‘structural’. Thematic interpretations focus specifically on women’s issues and intend to uncover women’s hidden voices and unveil arguments and strategies by which women are kept silent, rendered invisible, or marginalized by dominating hierarchical power structures. In addition, Paul’s social location as a member of a marginalized people, the Jews, is here considered important in assessing the significance of his theologizing in light of feminist issues. Structural approaches investigate the rhetorical drive, the power dynamics, the terminology and metaphors in Pauline argumentation. The divergent images of Paul emerging from such diverse feminist approaches indicate that no one ‘true’ Pauline voice concerning the role of women or way of doing theology can be found, but a plurality of feminist interpretations has emerged.
Cosmology and Eschatology
Authors: Lang T. J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The study of cosmology and eschatology in Paul is tied up with other, equally considerable, theological categories. But cosmology and eschatology are two particular threads of thought that tightly knit together. Eschatology is defined as the cosmology of the age to come and all traces of that age in the current age, the age in which ‘the End’ has begun to come to its end. Paul’s cosmology—his understanding of the current world, the world to come, and their relation—is determined by his eschatology. After discussing some of the interpretive issues involved with treating Paul’s cosmology and eschatology in a modern context, this chapter then explores various cartographies of the cosmos in ancient thought; that is, the ways in which the world was mapped by various Graeco-Roman, biblical, and other Jewish thinkers. Paul’s understanding of the world’s structure is then considered in light of his context. The chapter next investigates demographies of the cosmos in ancient thought; that is, Graeco-Roman, biblical, and other Jewish ways of conceiving the celestial population and the variety of its species. The Pauline data is again read in relation to this context. The chapter ends with Paul’s eschatology, or his thoughts about ‘the End’, including the events that precede it, the ‘Day’ itself, and the cosmos to come after Christ’s return. The conclusion thus further reflects on the interplay of cosmology and eschatology in Pauline thinking.
Where the snails have no name: a molecular phylogeny of Raphitomidae (Neogastropoda: Conoidea) uncovers vast unexplored diversity in the deep seas of temperate southern and eastern Australia
Authors: Criscione Francesco , Hallan Anders , Puillandre Nicolas , Fedosov Alexander 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAlthough raphitomid snails are a dominant component of gastropod communities in deep seas worldwide, their systematics is still largely tentative. We assembled the most complete sampling of Raphitomidae from south-eastern Australia to date. Based on morphological and molecular data from this material, we produced a robust phylogenetic framework and used it to delimit genera. For the focus area, our results show a large proportion of undescribed species- and genus-level taxa, 11 of which are formally described herein. We demonstrate that the examination of purely morphological characters rarely suffices for the purpose of accurate genus delimitation. As a result, some traditionally highly diverse raphitomid genera (such as Gymnobela) turn out to be artificial assemblages of several unrelated, mostly undescribed, genus-level lineages. Our data suggest that comparable configurations of shell and radular features, observed at the genus level, commonly do not reflect true phylogenetic relationships. However, our results are inconclusive as to whether homoplasy or conservatism are the drivers of this phenomenon. Accommodating for the inevitable sampling biases, south-eastern Australia appears as a possible hotspot for both raphitomid diversity and endemism, when compared with adjacent areas.
NEDOCS: is it really useful for detecting emergency department overcrowding today?
Authors: Ilhan Bugra , Kunt Mehmet Mahir , Damarsoy Filiz Froohari , Demir Mehmet Cihat , Aksu Nalan Metin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Emergency Department (ED) overcrowding is an ongoing problem all over the world. The scoring systems are available for the detection of this problem. This study aims to test the applicability of the National Emergency Department Overcrowding Study (NEDOCS) scoring system, one of the scoring systems that evaluate the ED overcrowding.
In this prospective observational study, the survey was applied on on-duty doctors, nurses, paramedics, intern doctors, and ward persons working in a University Adult Emergency Department and agreed to participate in the study, between certain hours during the day and the NEDOCS score was calculated simultaneously. The demographic characteristics of the on-duty staff, overcrowding of ED, and the number of the on-duty staff members were recorded in the questionnaires.
During the study, 153 measurements were performed, and 3221 questionnaires were filled. The NEDOCS mean score was determined as 101.59 and the most reached result was “extremely busy but not overcrowded” (32%). The ED was rated mostly as “busy” (33.7%) by the on-duty staff. A significant difference was found between ED overcrowding and NEDOCS score. There is a significant difference between ED overcrowding and on-duty emergency nurse and intern doctor count.
The NEDOCS score is not suitable for evaluating ED overcrowding. Accurate determination of the ED overcrowding is very important to avoid the negative consequences of the ED overcrowding. Increasing emergency nurse and intern doctor count will decrease ED overcrowding. Also, there is an urgent need to constitute local hospitals and also public health policies to satisfy the increasingly ED's presentations.
The use of distributed random forest model to quantify risk predictors for tracheostomy requirements in septic patients
Authors: Rodrigues Lorena Aparecida de Brito , Lago Alessandra Fabiane , Menegueti Mayra Gonçalves , Farias Viviane Aparecida , Auxiliadora-Martins Maria , Ferez Marcus Antonio , Martinez Edson Zangiacomi , Basile-Filho Anibal 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe search for early clinical risk factors in the intensive care setting may improve the outcome of critically ill patients.The objective of this retrospective study is to identify and quantify early predictors for patients who would require tracheostomy. Five hundred and forty four septic patients were divided in 2 groups: non-tracheostomized (NT) (n = 484) and tracheostomized (T) (n = 60). The patients consisted of 241 males (49.8%) in NT and 27 (45%) in T group, respectively (P = .4971). The median and interquartile range difference of age of NT group was of 72 years [59–82] and T of 75 [55.0–83.5] (P = .4687). The SAPS 3 for the group NTxT was 70 [55–85] and 85.5 [77–91] (P = .0001), the SOFA of 9 [6–13] and 12 [10–14] (P = .0002). The comparison of logistic regression analysis for predictors of non-tracheostomy and tracheostomy groups showed an adjusted odds ratio (OR) for SAPS 3 range between 74 and 87 of 18.14 (95%CI = 3.36–97.84) and between 88 and 116 of 27.77 (95%CI = 4.43–174.24) (P < .05). For SOFA, the adjusted OR between 10 and 13 was 12.23 (95%CI = 2.46–60.81) and between 14 and 20 was 8.45 (95%CI = 1.58–45.29) (P < .05). The need for blood transfusions and dialysis presented an OR of 2.74 (95%CI = 1.23–6.08) and 3.33 (95%CI = 1.43–7.73) (P < .05), respectively. Our data shows that SAPS 3 ≥ 74, SOFA ≥ 11, blood transfusions and the need for dialysis were independently associated and could be considered major predictors for tracheostomy requirements in septic patients.
Cytokine Registry In Stroke Patients (CRISP)
Authors: Farooqui Mudassir , Ikram Asad , Suriya Sajid , Saleem Sidra , Quadri Syed A. , Robinson Myranda , Ortega-Gutierrez Santiago , Qeadan Fares , Leira Enrique , Paul Surojit , Zafar Atif 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Inflammation is an important pathophysiological process after an acute stroke (AS). Pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules (cytokines and interleukins) are the key players during this mechanism. Emerging evidence indicate that these molecules can serve as biomarkers of stroke progression and outcome and as novel therapeutics agents. The aim of this study is to explore the temporal changes in these molecules and validate them as biomarker of AS progression and neurological outcome.
The “Cytokine Registry In Stroke Patients (CRISP)” is a prospective cohort study of 600 AS patients presenting to the tertiary hospital with-in 24 h of the onset of symptoms. Plasma cytokines and interleukins will be collected at admission and 24 h after and will be measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the difference in their variation among different gender, race and ethnicity and their association with various neurological outcomes. The primary exposures are biological sex (male, female) and race/ethnicity. Confounding variables include age, vascular risk factors, infarct size, stroke onset to presentation time, and identified stroke etiologies. Matched controls will be used for the comparison and evaluation of the difference among gender and race/ethnicities.
CRISP is a prospective observational study that investigates the role and relationship of molecular biomarkers identifying specific and relevant targets pertinent for monitoring the progression and outcome in AS patients.
Trial Registration: The study is registered on ClinicalTrial.gov: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ (NCT03297827).
Perihematomal edema surrounding spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage by CT
Authors: Shulman Julie G. , Jara Hernan , Qureshi Muhammad M. , Lau Helena , Finn Brandon , Abbas Saleh , Cervantes-Arslanian Anna M. , Mercado Melissa , Greer David , Chapman Margaret , Mian Asim Z. , Takahashi Courtney E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Perihematomal edema (PHE) surrounding intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) may contribute to disease-associated morbidity. Before quantifying PHE's effects on morbidity, a fast, accurate, and reproducible method for measuring PHE volume is needed. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the use of a semiautomated dual clustering segmentation algorithm to generate PHE volumetrics on noncontrast computed tomography (CT) of the head and compare this technique to physicians’ manual calculations.
This is a single-center, retrospective imaging study that included head CTs performed from January 2008 to December 2014 on 154 patients with ICH. Subjects ≥ 18 years old who were admitted to the hospital with spontaneous ICH were included. Included subjects had head CTs performed upon admission and within 6 to 24 hours. Two neurologists, 2 neuroradiologists, and a computer program all calculated hemorrhage and PHE volumes. Inter-rater correlation was evaluated using 2 statistical methods: intraclass correlations (ICCs) and limits of agreement (LOA). Additionally, correlation between volumes was separately evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficient.
There was an excellent correlation between measurements performed by neurologists and neuroradiologists using ABC/2 for ICH (0.93) and PHE (0.78). There was a good correlation between measurements performed by neurologists using ABC/2 and the volume measurements generated by the algorithm for ICH (0.69) and PHE (0.70). There was a fair correlation between measurements performed by neuroradiologists using ABC/2 and volume measurements generated by the algorithm for ICH (0.47) and good correlation for PHE (0.73).
Although the ABC/2 method for measuring PHE is quick and practical, algorithms that do not assume ellipsoidal shape may be more accurate.
Bilateral cervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnants
Authors: Lee Han Shin , Kim Tae Han , Jang Jae Yool , Woo Jung Woo , Lee JinKwon , Jeong Sang Ho , Jung Eun Jung , An Hyo Jung , Park Taejin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Rationale:
Cervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnants are rare, benign, congenital anomalies, frequently seen bilaterally.

Patient concerns:
Here, we report the case of a 4-month-old female infant who presented with bilateral lower neck skin tag since birth.

Diagnosis and Interventions:
The patient underwent mass excision. The final pathological diagnosis was bilateral cervical chondrocutaneous branchial remnants with hyaline cartilage.

Outcomes:
No complications were observed after excision. One-year follow-up revealed no recurrence.

Lessons:
Bilateral chondrocutaneous branchial remnants are rare anomalies. They are often associated with cardiac or genitourinary abnormalities. Therefore, additional preoperative imaging of the abdomen and heart are recommended.