bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of relevant performance indicators for district healthcare systems in Ethiopia: a systematic review and expert opinion
Authors: Yesuf Elias Ali , Woldie Mirkuzie , Haile-Mariam Damen , Koller Daniela , Früschl Gönter , Grill Eva 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Purpose
To identify potential performance indicators relevant for district healthcare systems of Ethiopia.

Data sources
Public Library of Medicine and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality of the United States of America, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Library and Google Scholar were searched.

Study selection
Expert opinions, policy documents, literature reviews, process evaluations and observational studies published between 1990 and 2015 were considered for inclusion. Participants were national- and local-healthcare systems. The phenomenon of interest was the performance of healthcare systems. The Joanna Briggs Institute tools were adapted and used for critical appraisal of records.

Data extraction
Indicators of performance were extracted from included records and summarized in a narrative form. Then, experts rated the relevance of the indicators. Relevance of an indicator is its agreement with priority health objectives at the national and district level in Ethiopia.

Results of data synthesis
A total of 11 206 titles were identified. Finally, 22 full text records were qualitatively synthesized. Experts rated 39 out of 152 (25.7%) performance indicators identified from the literature to be relevant for district healthcare systems in Ethiopia. For example, access to primary healthcare, tuberculosis (TB) treatment rate and infant mortality rate were found to be relevant.

Conclusion
Decision-makers in Ethiopia and potentially in other low-income countries can use multiple relevant indicators to measure the performance of district healthcare systems. Further research is needed to test the validity of the indicators.
Are economists Kings? Economic evidence and discretionary assessments at the UK utility regulatory agencies
Authors: Mantzari Despoina 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
UK sectoral regulatory authorities are hybrid communities of, among others, lawyers and economists. Since the liberalization of essential services, expert economists enjoy broad discretionary powers in advancing the agencies’ broad statutory objectives. Yet, despite the significant societal impact of economic regulation, existing scholarship in the fields of competition law and regulation and public law has, with very few exceptions, disregarded these actors and the very essence of their work. This article aims to address this gap in the literature by blending theoretical with empirical insights deriving from 14 semi-structured elite interviews with regulatory economists in the regulatory agencies for energy (Office for Gas and Electricity Markets), telecoms (Office for Communications), and water (Office of Water Services). It explores the increased reliance on economics in the regulatory decision-making process and the impact this has had on the authorities’ decision-making and discretion, when making complex trade-offs between the various goals of the regulatory enterprise. In doing so, it puts forward a theoretical framework inspired by Craig Parsons’ typology of political action so as to identify and examine the nature and scope of the constraints that inform and shape the influence of economics in the exercise of regulatory discretion. This endeavour is significant in the sense that it is the first of its kind and, in that it provides a normative framework of analysis that can be applied in other areas of regulation heavily infused with and influenced by economic evidence and analysis, such as ‘pure’ competition law enforcement by both sectoral and competition authorities.
Allyl Isothiocyanate in Mustard Seed
Authors: Andersen Donald L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new GLC method for the determination of allyl isothiocyanate in mustard seed was compared to a method of the Midwest Research Institute and to a combination of the AOAC official method and the proposed method. Twelve collaborators compared the AOAC method and the GLC method, using whole mustard seeds. Each collaborator assayed three seed portions by both methods. The range, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation are less for each seed portion by the proposed than by the official method. The average recovery value of allyl isothiocyanate in the prepared standard solutions is lower, using the proposed GLC procedure, but seed assay values are significantly and consistently higher for each seed portion when compared with the results for the AOAC method. Reports from the collaborators also indicate that the proposed method is rugged, as the GLC column preparation was subjected to many changes. It is recommended that the GLC method be adopted as official first action.
Isolation and Identification of Lysergic Acid Amide and Isolysergic Acid Amide as the Principal Ergoline Alkaloids in Argyreia nervosa, a Tropical Wood Rose
Authors: Miller Michael D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Lysergic acid amide and isolysergic acid amide have been extracted and isolated from the seed of Hawaiian baby wood rose. The ergoline alkaloids were identified by TLC, melting point determination, and UV and IR spectrophotometry.
GLC Determination of Quinaldine Residue in Fish
Authors: Allen John L , Sills Joe B 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A procedure for the determination of quinaldine residue in various fish tissues is described. Homogenized tissues are extracted with hexane-ethyl ether, the extracts are concentrated by partitioning through 0.1N sulfuric acid, and the residues are measured by alkali flame ionization gas chromatography. Muscle tissues containing from 0.01 to 10.0 ppm quinaldine were successfully analyzed with recoveries from 75 to 100%.
GLC Determination of Butylated Hydroxyanisole and Butylated Hydroxytoluene in Breakfast Cereals
Authors: Takahashi David M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Eighteen laboratories studied the AOAC official first action method for GLC determination of BHA and BHT in corn and rice ready-toeat breakfast cereals. Recoveries obtained were superior to those from the previous collaborative study. Corn cereal spiked with 29.5 p pm BHA and 30.6 p pm BHT gave 98 and 101% average recoveries, respectively. Rice cereal spiked with 25.2 ppm BHA and 25.6 ppm BHT gave 98 and 100% average recoveries, respectively. The method, as amended, is recommended for adoption as official final action.
Comparison of Drained Weight Determinations by US and ISO Screens
Authors: Lamb Frank C , Farrow R P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
US and ISO screen designations are compared for drained weight determinations on canned fruits and vegetables. It is concluded that there is no practical difference between the US No. 8 and 2 mesh screens, and ISO No. 7 and 7/6″ screens, respectively.
Rotary Separatory Funnel Rack and Shaker for Determination of Molybdenum in Plants and Soils
Authors: Doran J W , Martens D C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rotary separatory funnel rack and shaker for determination of plant and soil molybdenum is described. The separatory funnel rack allows rotation around a fixed axis as well as shaking of 20 separatory funnels. Utilization of the funnel rack and shaking adapters reduces procedural time for molybdenum analyses by decreasing time of shaking and addition of reagents.
Direct Determination of Fluoride in Phosphate Materials in Mineral Feeds with the Fluoride Ion Activity Electrode
Authors: Tušl Jan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The fluoride electrode was used for the direct determination of fluoride in various basic phosphates used as mineral feed ingredients. The results were in good agreement with those obtained with the alizarin complexonate reagent after separation of fluoride from the sample by diffusion or microdistillation of the sample extract. The described method is very suitable for precise routine analyses.
Total Nitrogen Methods—Applicable to All Fertilizer Samples
Authors: Rexroad Paul R , Krause Gary F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An extensive collaborative study was conducted to evaluate a comprehensive nitrogen method and a Raney powder method for acceptance as official methods. Twenty-nine laboratories participated; 10 samples were used and the new methods were compared to the official method, 2.045 (sulfuric-salicylic acid). Evaluation of the data and overall consideration lead to the recommendation that both new methods be adopted as official. It is recommended that 2.047 (reduced iron) and 2.049 (chromium powder) be deleted as official methods.
Comparison of Elemental Composition of Pistol Bullets by Atomic Absorption: Preliminary Study
Authors: Brunelle R L , Hoffman C M , Snow K B 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method is presented for the determination of antimony, copper, bismuth, and silver in bullet leads by atomic absorption. Interference in the determination of these elements from high lead concentrations was studied. Bullets of the same caliber, produced by 3 different manufacturers, can be distinguished based on the antimony concentration alone. Measurable variations in the concentrations of antimony, copper, bismuth, and silver exist and can be used to estimate batch differences in lead produced by the same manufacturer.
Stone Cell Count Method and Stone Cell Group Method for Estimating Shell in Chocolate Products
Authors: Jackson Manion M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Per cent shell in the chocolate component of cocoa and similar products is determined on the basis of an average stone cell content of 9340 stone cells/mg dry fat-free 250 mesh shell. The sample is weighed and diluted to a weighed suspension in 60% (v/v) glycerine. The total number of stone cells in a weighed drop on a slide are counted microscopically at 100–200X. The per cent shell chocolate component is then calculated. Seven cocoa samples were analyzed and their results were compared to previous results obtained by the spiral vessel count and pectic acid methods. Average results for shell in the chocolate component were 6.5% for the stone cell count method, 6.6% for the spiral vessel count method, and 6.4% for the pectic acid method. Six collaborators studied 4 cocoa samples and compared 3 methods: the stone cell count method, the calculation procedure of Van Brederode and Reeskamp, and the stone cell group method. Five varied less than 1 standard deviation from the average for 3 samples and 4 collaborators were within 1 standard deviation in the stone cell count method for the remaining sample. The stone cell count method is recommended for adoption as official first action for the analysis of shell for cocoa, cocoa press cake, chocolate liquor, and expeller cake; the group method is recommended for other chocolate products.
Collaborative Study of Extraction Methods for Fluorometric Assay of Riboflavin
Authors: Ritter E De 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The AOAC fluorometric method for riboflavin is not applicable in the presence of materials that adsorb riboflavin. Deutsch et al. described a modified extraction with methanol- pyridine-water-glacial acetic acid (30 + 10 + 1 0 + 1 ) which yields higher recovery of riboflavin from samples containing interfering adsorbents. A collaborative study of 4 samples confirmed the more efficient extraction of riboflavin by the modified method. The study also shows that the permanganate oxidation step is unnecessary for extracts of relatively high potency products such as concentrates, premixes, and multivitamin supplements. It is recommended that an alternative method be adopted as official first action, with the following modifications: extracting with the new solvent mixture, omitting the permanganate treatment of the extract, and measuring the fluorescence of the standard riboflavin solution separately rather than after addition to an aliquot of sample solution.
New Method for the Extraction of Light Filth from Whole and Granulated Nutmeats
Authors: Gecan John S , Howarth Diane J , Brickey Paris M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new method has been developed which is applicable to all nutmeats, with or without testa, either raw, dry, or oil roasted. Nutmeats are defatted by a 10 min boiling in chloroform (pecans require 3 defattings), after which the solvent is removed by aspiration and an isopropanol rinse. Following a short boiling deaeration and acid hydrolysis, light filth elements are extracted with mineral oil from a mixture of 60% ethanol and calcium chloride. Collaborative trials by the proposed method for nutmeats (except pecans) yielded significantly cleaner extraction papers and better recoveries of all light filth spike elements than by the official method. In addition, the proposed method resulted in reductions of coefficients of variation ranging from 47 to 93% of that for the official method. The modification for pecans, included in this method, required more extensive defatting and also resulted in improved light filth recoveries and reductions in coefficients of variation. Not all varieties of nutmeats were collaboratively studied; however, intralaboratory recovery trials on these nutmeats proved the proposed method superior to the official methods. The method is recommended for adoption as official first.
Extraction of Light Filth from Raw and Processed Wheat Germ
Authors: Roaf Andree L , Brickey Paris M , Dent Russell G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method developed for the extraction of light filth from raw and processed wheat germ utilizes chloroform defatting and acid hydrolysis followed by wet sieving. Light filth is extracted with mineral oil from a hot ethanol or isopropanol solution. The collaborative study resulted in 90, 89, and 84% average recoveries of spike insect fragments, rodent hairs, and adult insects, respectively. The method is recommended for adoption as official first action.
Extraction and Spectrophotometry Determination of Benzthiazide, Hydrochlorothiazide, and Hydroflumethiazide in Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Fazzari F Raymond 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method has been developed for the determination of benzthiazide, hydrochlorothiazide, and hydroflumethiazide in pharmaceuticals. The procedure is rapid and specific and employs established separation techniques. The active ingredient is eluted from a basic Celite column with an acetic acid-ether solvent and extracted from the organic phase into NaOH for the spectrophotometric determination.
Determination of Aflatoxin in Cottonseed by Ferric Hydroxide Gel Cleanup
Authors: Velasco James 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The procedure for determination of aflatoxin in cottonseed has been simplified by removal of interfering gossypol pigments with ferric hydroxide gel. The need for purification of the aflatoxin fractions through silica gel columns is eliminated, thereby reducing the time and cost of analysis. Greater amounts of aflatoxin Bi are recovered by this method than by the official AOAC method.
Determination of Patulin in Apple Juice
Authors: Pohland A E , Sanders K , Thorpe C W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method is described for the quantitative analysis of patulin in apple juice involving ethyl acetate extraction followed by derivatization of the patulin and subsequent GLC analysis of the derivative. Preparation of 3 derivatives, the silyl ether, acetate, and chloroacetate, is described. Using the acetate derivative and the hydrogen flame detector, recoveries of patulin in spiked apple juice are 90% or better and the detection limit is about 0.7 μg/ml
Quantitation of Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate by Gas-Liquid Chromatography of the Silyl Ether Ester Derivative of the Aglycone
Authors: Larry Damon , Fuller Michael J , Harrill Prince G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
GLC method has been developed for the quantitation of ammonium glycyrrhizinate as the aglycone, glycyrrhetic acid. The aglycone is freed from the sugar moiety in a dioxanewater mixture, using a well established acid hydrolysis procedure. The hydrolysate is extracted with chloroform, an aliquot is dried on a steam bath, and the residue is treated with pyridine - trimethylchlorosilane - N,0 - bis (trimethylsilyl)acetamide reagent. The reacted product and internal standard are then chromatographed on a column of 1.5% OV-1 on Gas Chrom Q. Recoveries from both water and sodas containing caramel averaged 87%.
Thin Layer Chromatographic Detection of Carbamate and Phenylurea Pesticide Residues in Natural Waters
Authors: El-Dib M A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Detection, separation, and identification of N-phenyl, N-methylcarbamates and related ureas in natural waters could be achieved on acidic silica plates. Six solvent systems and selective chromogenic agents have been found suitable according to compounds in question. Residues of chlorinated or organophosphorus pesticides did not interfere with this TLC procedure.
Method for Separating Polychlorinated Biphenyls from DDT and Its Analogs
Authors: Armour Judith A , Burke Jerry A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls are separated from DDT and i t s analogs and other common chlorinated pesticides by column chromatography on silicic acid-Celite. PCB are eluted from the column with petroleum ether prior to elution of pesticides with a mixture of acetonitrile, hexane, and methylene chloride. Determination of PCB and pesticides can be made o,n the separate column eluates without cross interference. The method is applicable to samples prepared by multipesticide residue methodology and should be applicable to sample extracts prepared for gas chromatography by usual procedures. Recoveries of Aroclors 1254 and 1260 and of several chlorinated pesticides through the separation method ranged from 76 to 100% and 80 to 107%, respectively.
Microcrystalline Identification of Phenothiazine-Type Tranquilizers. II. Collaborative Study
Authors: Andres Carolyn N 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The method for the microchemical identification of 12 related phenothiazine-type tranquilizers was studied collaboratively. It is recommended that the following most characteristic crystal tests be adopted as official first action: acetophenazine-picric acid, chloroprothixene-ammonium reineckate, fluphenazine-picric acid, mepazine-ammonium thiocyanate, mepazine-gold chloride, promazinegold chloride, promethazine-ammonium reineckate, promethazine-platinum bromide, propiomazine-ammonium reineckate, and trifluoperazine- stannous chloride.
Testing Germicidal Spray Products for Tuberculocidal Activity
Authors: Ortenzio L F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Certain procedural changes were recommended to update the following methods: phenol coefficient—5.001(a)(1), (4)(b), (4)(c), 5.002(d), 5.003, 5.005, and 5.006; water disinfectants for swimming pools—5.042; and tuberculocidal activity—5.048(b). Method 5.042 was also recommended for official final action status. Studies will continue on the possibility of adding a procedure for tuberculocidal activity to the germicidal spray test.
Moisture in Cheese by Gas Chromatography and by Karl Fischer Titrimetry
Authors: Strange Theron E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Anhydrous 2-propanol effectively removes water from cheese during blending in a tightly closed blender jar. The water is determined in the resulting extract by GLC or by Karl Fischer titration, and methods based on both procedures are reported. In the GLC method water was quantitated by incorporating an internal standard of ethanol and by using a Porapak Q or Porapak K column and thermal conductivity detector. The Karl Fischer titration method is essentially as previously reported. The 2-propanol extract of water is introduced into the titrating cell from a buret and, following the titration, the contents of the cell are removed by suction. Comparative results for moisture in several types of cheese are reported.
Review of the Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Pesticide Analysis
Authors: Keith Lawrence H , Alford Ann L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Although the role of NMR spectroscopy in the area of pesticide chemistry is small relative to its usage in other areas of chemistry, the continued and expanding use of NMR spectroscopy by pesticide chemists has aroused a great deal of current interest in this subject. Accordingly, this review has included all references to date where NMR spectroscopy has been used for structural elucidation of pesticide metabolites and degradation products, for structural confirmation of new pesticides, or for product analysis of existing ones.
Rapid Colorimetric Method for Estimation of Ferbam and Ziram Residues on Grains
Authors: Rangaswamy J R , Poornima P , Majumder S K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The rapid colorimetric method for thiram reported earlier has been slightly modified and extended to the analysis of 2 dithiocarbamates (ferbam and ziram). The proposed method is applicable to technical formulations and fieldsprayed grains. Recoveries ranged from 91.35 to 100.50% for a ferbam formulation containing 85% active ingredient and from 88.06 to 100.00% for a ziram formulation containing 80% active ingredient. Recoveries from fortified samples were 93.69 to 99.56%.
Tyramine Content of Raspberries and Other Fruit
Authors: Coffin D E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The tyramine contents of 14 fruits and 9 fruit jams have been determined by gas chromatography of the trifluoroacetyl derivative of tyramine. Tyramine contents of more than 1 μg/g were found only in raspberries, raspberry jams, and 1 sample of apricot jam. The tyramine content of 15 samples of fresh raspberries varied from 12.8 to 92.5 μg/g; tyramine content of raspberry jams varied from 8.0 to 38.4 μ/g- The levels of tyramine in raspberries in relation to other fruit and the stability of tyramine under processing conditions indicate that it is a useful indicator of the presence of raspberry in fruit products. However, the wide variation in the levels of tyramine in raspberries indicates that it is not a satisfactory criterion for the estimation of the raspberry content of fruit products.
Determination of Small Quantities of Butyric Acid in Fatty Foods Application to Determination of Fatty Material of Butter
Authors: Karleskind A , Valmalle G , Wolff J -P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A gas chromatographic method is described for the determination of small quantities of butyric acid in fatty foods. After saponification of the fat in the sample and acid decomposition of the soaps formed, the fatty acids are steam distilled and butyric acid and other volatile acids are collected in dilute NaOH solution. The sodium salts formed are dried and then transformed directly into methyl esters. Methyl butyrate is determined by gas chromatography with an internal standard (methyl valerate).
Separation of Trisulfapyrimidines by Partition Column Chromatography
Authors: Miller Harvey M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A column partition method for the separation of the trisulfapyrimidines (sulfamethazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfadiazine) has been developed and studied collaboratively. The sulfas are separated on a O.1N KHCO3 column and eluted with various organic solvents. Three different samples gave fair results with an overall standard deviation of 2.58%. Difficulties were encountered with the 1-butanol used as a solvent and with the Celite. Further work is needed to correct this problem.