bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where do we go from here? - Opportunities and barriers to the career development of Trial Managers: a survey of UK-based trial management professionals
Authors: Mitchell Eleanor Jane , Goodman Kirsteen , Hartley Suzanne , Hickey Helen , McDonald Alison , Meadows Helen , Rhodes Shelley , Taylor Jodi , Wakefield Natalie , Farrell Barbara 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background
Clinical trials commonly have a dedicated trial manager and effective trial management is essential to the successful delivery of high quality trials. Trial managers have diverse experience and currently there is no standardised structured career pathway. The UK Trial Managers’ Network (UKTMN) surveyed its members to understand what is important to them with respect to career development, since this would be important in the development of any initiative intended to develop a skilled workforce.
Methods
We conducted an online survey of UKTMN members, who are trial management professionals, working on academic-led trials in the UK. Members were asked what they perceive as opportunities and barriers to career development. Two reminders were sent to facilitate completion of the survey and responders were offered the opportunity to enter a prize draw for waived fees at the UKTMN annual meeting. Data was analysed descriptively using Stata (version 15.1) and free-text responses were reviewed for themes.
Results
The survey was sent to 819 UKTMN members; 433 responses were received, though 13 were from non-UKTMN members, thus 420 respondents’ data were included in analyses. Respondents were representative of UKTMN membership, however more responses were received by trial managers based in registered Clinical Trials Units (CTUs). The top three opportunities for career development were: i) training, ii) helping design trials, iii) undertake relevant qualifications. The top three barriers were: i) funding, ii) few opportunities to get involved in development activities aside from managing a trial and iii) unclear organisational career pathway. Almost all respondents (401/420, 95.4%) considered career development either very or quite important. Although all respondents had a day-to-day role in managing trials, there was huge disparity between job titles.
Conclusion
Career development is important to trial managers yet there is a lack of a structured pathway. The enablers and disablers to career development for trial managers should be clearly considered by the clinical trial community and, in particular, employers, sponsors and funders in order to develop a highly skilled workforce of trial managers, who are key to the delivery of trials.
The characteristics of spatial-temporal distribution and cluster of tuberculosis in Yunnan Province, China, 2005-2018.
Authors: Chen Jinou , Qiu Yubing , Yang Rui , Li Ling , Hou Jinglong , Lu Kunyun , Xu Lin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background

Tuberculosis (TB) makes a big challenge to public health, especially in high TB burden counties of China and Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). The aim of this study was to identify the spatial-temporal dynamic process and high-risk region of notified pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), sputum smear-positive tuberculosis (SSP-TB) and sputum smear-negative tuberculosis (SSN-TB) cases in Yunnan, the south-western of China between years of 2005 to 2018. meanwhile, to evaluate the similarity of prevalence pattern for TB among GMS.

Methods

Data for notified PTB were extracted from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP) correspond to population information in 129 counties of Yunnan between 2005 to 2018. Seasonally adjusted time series defined the trend cycle and seasonality of PTB prevalence. Kulldorff’s space-time scan statistics was applied to identify temporal, spatial and spatial-temporal PTB prevalence clusters at county-level of Yunnan. Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical clustering were applied to define the similarity of TB prevalence among borders with GMS.

Result

There were a total of 381 855 notified PTB cases in Yunnan, and the average prevalence was 59.1 per 100 000 population between 2005 to 2018. A declined long-term trend with seasonality of a peak in spring and a trough in winter for PTB was observed. Spatial-temporal scan statistics detected the significant clusters of PTB prevalence, the most likely cluster concentrated in the northeastern angle of Yunnan between 2011 to 2015 ( RR =2.6, P <0.01), though the most recent cluster for PTB and spatial cluster for SSP-TB was in borders with GMS. There were six potential TB prevalence patterns among GMS.

Conclusion

This study detected aggregated time interval and regions for PTB, SSP-TB, and SSN-TB at county-level of Yunnan province. Similarity prevalence pattern was found in borders and GMS. The localized prevention strategy should focus on cross-boundary transmission and SSN-TB control.
Growth Retardation among Children in Southern Iran: A 7-year Population Based Cohort Study
Authors: Fatemi Mohammad Javad , Fararouei Mohammad , Moravej Hossein , Dianatinasab Mostafa 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background Growth retardation is a common health problem, which requires early prevention and detection. This study was conducted to define the approximate age at which stunting starts among the Iranian boys and girls.Method The second phase of a population based cohort nested case-control study on 400 children who were followed from birth to 7 years of age. This study was performed to define the pattern of growth among stunted and normal children and to reveal the age at which stunting starts in each gender.Results For boys the height was relatively similar between the two groups until the age 6 months at which the difference in height between normal and stunted children starts to become significantly large (difference= 0.70 cm, P=0.04). For girls, height in the two groups is relatively similar until the age of 9 months at which the difference starts to become significantly large (difference=0.97 cm, P=0.01). No significant difference in the weight of the girls was observed between the normal and stunted groups during the study period (difference=283.21 gr, P>0.05). However, boys from the stunted group were lighter since almost the same time that they started to become significantly shorter (difference= 1265.19 gr, P=0.001).Conclusions Soon after birth (at about 6 months of age), the growth pattern of some (stunted) children starts to stumble and divert from normal. Six month is the age at which mothers start weaning with withdrawing breast milk and start supplementary foods and adult diet. A specially designed study is needed to understand the actual reason for observing such a phenomenon among Iranian children.
Effects of initial periodontal therapy on the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus DNA and Porphyromonas gingivalis in Japanese chronic periodontitis patients
Authors: Kato Ayako , Ikeda Yorinobu , Imai Kenichi , Ogata Yorimasa 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background Initial periodontal therapy (IPT) is cornerstone of periodontal therapy and the first step to control of periodontal risk factors. Scaling and root planing are used to treat root surface irregularities and remove virulent factors caused by periodontal pathogens. This procedure also incorporated into periodontal surgery. To elucidate the effects of IPT on prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA and Porphyromonas gingivalis , we used subgingival plaque samples from chronic periodontitis (CP) patients.Methods Seventeen CP patients were recruited and determined measured periodontal status clinical parameters such as by probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP) and an X-ray examination, and subgingival plaque samples were collected from two periodontal sites with PD of < 3 mm (healthy sites: HS) or > 5 mm (periodontitis sites: PS) at first visit and after IPT. Plaque samples were subjected to a real-time PCR to detect EBV DNA and P. gingivalis.Results EBV DNA and P. gingivalis were detected 9 (52.9%) and 14 (82.3%) sites within the subgingival samples from HS, and 13 (76.5%) and 14 (82.3%) sites within the PS at first visit. After IPT, number of detections of EBV DNA and P. gingivalis were decreased to 5 (29.4%) and 13 (76.5%) sites within the subgingival samples from HS, and 9 (52.9%) and 10 (58.8%) sites within the PS. Significant improvements in PD and BOP were observed after IPT in PS. Coexistence of EBV DNA and P. gingivalis in the subgingival samples from PS at first visit (12 sites; 70.6%) were significantly decreased after IPT (6 sites; 35.3%).Conclusion These results suggest that the IPT was effective in improvement of clinical parameters such as PD and BOP and reducing the coexistence of EBV and P. gingivalis in the subgingival plaque from PS. However, IPT could not eradicate the EBV and P. gingivalis . Further research would be necessary for improving the periodontal treatment strategy.
Substance P aggravates periodontitis by upregulating HIF-1 α and RANKL / OPG ratio
Authors: Yan Kaixian , Lin Qin , Tang Kailiang , Liu Shuang , Du Yi , Yu Xijiao , Li Shu 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background Both substance P (SP) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) get involved in inflammation and angiogenesis. But the interrelation between SP and HIF-1α in rat periodontitis is still little known. Methods Ligation‐induced rat periodontitis was established to observe the expression of SP and HIF-1α by immunohistochemistry. Gingival fibroblasts and bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) were respectively cultured and stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 10 nM SP with or without 1µg/ml LPS was added to elaborate the relationship between SP and HIF-1α in gingival fibroblasts. The effect of SP on osteoclastogenesis was tested by TRAP staining. Western blotting was applied to investigate the expressions of HIF-1α, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). Results The expression levels of HIF-1α and SP were higher in periodontitis than normal tissues. SP could upregulate the level of HIF-1α and RANKL/OPG ratio in LPS-stimulated gingival fibroblasts. SP with or without LPS also facilitated RANKL induced osteoclastogenesis. Conclusion Substance P aggravates periodontitis by increasing HIF-1α and RANKL / OPG ratio.
Single-visit versus multiple-visits endodontic treatment of apical periodontitis: A meta-analysis of outcome assessed by intra oral radiographs
Authors: Manshadi Bahar Dehghan , Bårdsen Asgeir 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The established multiple-visit treatment for necrotic teeth with apical periodontitis has been challenged by single-visit treatment. However, there is no clear support for the one or the other treatment in the literature. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate if non-surgical primary root canal treatment carried out in single-visit or multiple-visit makes any difference in terms of radiographic healing in necrotic teeth with apical periodontitis. The null hypothesis was: there is no difference in the rate of apical healing for the two treatment modalities The literature search was organized through the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM the National Library of Medicine (NLM)) using PubMed database and EMBASE Ovid to select articles with single-visit or multiple-visit included teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis. Of the 60 identified studies, only eight studies were included in current meta-analysis. The main reasons for exclusions were teeth with other diagnosis except necrotic pulp and apical periodontitis, studies with no comparison between single- and multiple-visit endodontics within the same study and studies without healing rate appearance. Results from each of the included studies were entered into the statistical program Stata, Version 15 (Texas, USA). The odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval for each study were calculated (dependent variable: single-visit/multiple-visit, independent variables: healed/not healed based on intra oral radiographs) with the random effect model. There was no significant difference in radiographic evidence of periapical healing between single-visit endodontics and multiple-visit treatment modalities, of the primary root canal treatment in necrotic teeth with apical periodontitis (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.67-1.83) as evaluated on intra oral radiographs. Thus, the null hypothesis could not be rejected.
No evidence of a synergistic effect of HIV infection and diabetes mellitus type 2 on fat distribution, plasma adiponectin or inflammatory markers.
Authors: Hove-Skovsgaard Malene , Abildgaard Julie , Gelpi Marco , Gaardbo Julie , Kolte Lilian , Ullum Henrik , Trøseid Marius , Lindegaard Birgitte , Nielsen Susanne Dam 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background Altered fat distribution and chronic inflammation are found in both persons living with HIV (PLWH) and persons with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) and are known risk factors for CVD. We aimed to investigate if a synergistic effect of HIV infection and DM2 was found on fat distribution and inflammation. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed including PLWH with HIV RNA <200 copies/mL (18 with DM2 (HIV + DM2+), 18 without DM2 (HIV + DM2-)) and uninfected persons (19 with DM2 (HIV-DM2+) and 25 without DM2 (HIV-DM2-)). We measured fat distribution using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. Plasma concentrations of adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF- α) and soluble CD14 (sCD14) was measured using snap-frozen plasma. Results HIV+DM2+ and HIV+DM2- had comparable trunk/limb fat ratio. In contrast, HIV+DM2+ had a higher trunk/ limb fat ratio than HIV-DM2+ and HIV-DM2- (p=0.013 and p<0.001, respectively). However, HIV+DM2+ and HIV-DM2+ had comparable amount of trunk fat mass (kg) (p=0.254). A lower concentration of plasma adiponectin and higher concentration of IL-6 was found in HIV+DM2+ than in HIV+DM2-(p=0.037 and p=0.039) and in HIV-DM2- (p=0.001 and p=0.012). In contrast, plasma adiponectin and IL-6 concentrations were comparable in HIV+DM2+ and HIV-DM2+ (p=0.345 and p=0.825). Concentration of sCD14 was comparable in HIV+DM2+ and HIV+DM2–(p=0.850), but elevated in HIV+DM2+ compared to HIV-DM2+ (p<0.001) and HIV-DM2- (p=0.007). No statistical interactions were found between HIV infection and DM2 for any of the depending variables. Conclusion A synergistic effect of HIV and DM2 was not found for any of the outcomes. However, HIV+DM2+ had features related to both HIV infection and DM2+ with a high trunk/limb ratio, high trunk fat mass, low concentration of plasma adiponectin and elevated concentrations of IL-6 and sCD14. This could contribute to elevated risk of CVD.
Tick-borne pathogens in Ixodidae ticks collected from privately-owned dogs in Italy: a country-wide molecular survey
Authors: Zanet Stefania , Battisti Elena , Pepe Paola , Ciuca Lavinia , Colombo Liliana , Trisciuoglio Anna , Ferroglio Ezio , Cringoli Giuseppe , Rinaldi Laura , Maurelli Maria Paola 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background Ticks and tick-borne diseases are increasingly recognized as a cause of disease in dogs worldwide. The epidemiology of ticks and tick-transmitted protozoa and bacteria has changed due to the spread of ticks to urban and peri-urban areas and the movement of infected animals, posing new risks for animals and humans. This countrywide study reports information on distribution and prevalence of pathogens in ticks collected from privately-owned dogs in Italy. We analyzed 2681 Ixodidae ticks, collected from 1454 pet dogs from Italy. Specific PCR protocols were used to detect i) Piroplasms of the genera Babesia and Theileria , ii) Gram-negative cocci of the family Anaplasmataceae and iii) Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. Sequencing of positive amplicons allowed for species identification.Results Babesia / Theileria spp. DNA was detected in 435 tick-pools (Minimum Infection Rate (MIR) = 27.57%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 25.42-29.82%) with higher prevalence in Ixodes ricinus and Rhipicephalus sanguneus group. The zoonotic B. venatorum was the most prevalent species (MIR = 7.54%; 95% CI = 6.34-8.95%). Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species were detected in 165 tick-pools (MIR = 10.46%; 95% CI = 9.26-11.79%) and specifically, A. phagocytophilum was identified with MIR = 5.07% (95% CI = 4.09-6.27%). Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and B. afzelii were detected with MIR = 0.38% (95% CI = 0.17-0.83%) and MIR = 0.25% (95% CI 0.1-0.65%) respectively.Conclusions Zoonotic pathogens were the most frequently detected in ticks collected from privately-owned dogs which might be used as markers of pathogens presence and distribution.
Infant Feeding Mode Predicts the Costs of Healthcare Services in One Region of Canada: a Data Linkage Study
Authors: Taylor Alicia Kimberlyn , Chowdhury Sharmeen , Gao Zhiwei , Nguyen Hai Van , Midodzi William , Gill Nicole , Halfyard Beth , Allwood-Newhook Leigh-Anne , Twells Laurie Kathleen 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background Few studies have examined the association between infant feeding mode (IFM) and costs related to healthcare service use (HSU) in Canada. The aim of this study is to evaluate differences in HSU and its associated costs by IFM, in an infant’s first year of life in one region of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.Methods Data from a prospective cohort study were linked to administrative databases to examine HSU during an infant’s first year of life. The cohort study collected information on peri- and postnatal variables, including IFM during three stages that covered pregnancy through the first year postnatally. Consenting mothers provided their infants health insurance number for a data linkage to examine HSU by the infant. Outcomes included: hospital admissions, emergency room, family doctor and specialist visits. IFM was categorized as exclusively breastfed, mixed fed and exclusively formula fed. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis were performed to examine the relationship between IFM, maternal and child characteristics and costs associated with HSU.Results The sample included 160 mother infant dyads who consented to the data linkage. Mothers were Caucasian (95.6%), 26 years or older (95%), partnered (97.5%), living in a household with income greater than $30,000 CAN (98.1%) with a post-secondary education (97.5%). At one month 67% were exclusively breastfeeding, 20% were mixed feeding, and 13% were exclusively formula feeding. Overall $315,235 was spent on healthcare service use for the sample of healthy full-term infants during their first year of life. Generalized linear modelling was performed to assess the effect of IFM on costs associated with HSU adjusting for confounders. When compared to exclusive breastfeeding, exclusive formula and mixed feeding were found to be significant predictors of the total costs associated with HSU during the first year of life (p <0.05), driven by costs of hospital admissions.Conclusions Due to the human and economic burden associated with not breastfeeding, policies and programs that support and encourage breastfeeding should be a priority for governments and regional health authorities.
Modulating effect of vitamin D status on serum anti-adenovirus 36 antibody amount in obese children: National Food and Nutrition Surveillance
Authors: Nikooyeh Bahareh , Hollis Bruce , Neyestani Tirang Reza 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background. Among the causative factors of obesity, a rather newly proposed theory is viral infections. The association of ADV-36 infection and obesity has been reported by some research groups in children. We hypothesized that the association between ADV-36 infection and adiposity may be mediated by sub-optimal vitamin D status of the host. To examine this hypothesis, we conducted a case control study on children and adolescents with normal weight, over weight and obesity. Methods. In total, 91 (normal weight: 33, overweight: 33, obese: 25) apparently healthy children aged 5-18 years were randomly selected from the registered population at National Food and Nutrition Surveillance Program (NFNS). The groups were matched based on age and sex. Anthropometric, biochemical and serological assessments were performed. Results. The amount of anti-ADV36-Ab increased whereas circulating concentrations of calcidiol decreased across BMI categories with higher amounts in normal weight than in overweight and obese children (31.0±16.4, 22.5±10.5 and 21.9±9.8 nmol/L, respectively, p=0.004). Logistic regression analysis revealed that for each unit increment of anti-ADV36-Ab, the chance of increase in weight was 8.5 times (OR: 8.5, p=0.029). Interestingly, when 25(OH)D was introduced into the model, anti-ADV36-Ab was no longer the predictor of weight increment and the chance of increase in weight reduced 5% for each unit increase in calcidiol concentration (OR: 0.95, p=0.012). Conclusion. It is suggested that ADV36-induced lipogenesis and weight gain may be mediated by vitamin D deficiency in obese children. Further studies are warranted.
Potential impact of expanded MUAC-only programs on targeting of acutely malnourished children and ready-to-use-therapeutic-food allocation: lessons from cross-sectional surveys
Authors: Guesdon Benjamin , Couture Alexia , Pantchova Danka , Bilukha Oleg 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background Some of the recently piloted innovative approaches for the management of acute malnutrition in children use the “expanded MUAC-only” approach, with Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) <125mm as the sole anthropometric criterion for screening and admission, classification of cases into moderate or severe using the 115mm cut-off, and use Ready-to-Use-Therapeutic-Food (RUTF) for the management of both moderate (MAM) and severe (SAM) cases of acute malnutrition. Our study aimed at exploring the potential impact of this “expanded MUAC-only” program scenario on the eligibility for treatment and RUTF allocation, as compared with the existing WHO normative guidance.Methods We analyzed data from 550 population representative cross-sectional cluster surveys conducted since 2007. We retrieved all children classified as SAM and MAM according to currently used case definitions, and calculated the proportions of SAM children who would be excluded from treatment, misclassified as MAM, or whose specific risks (because of having both MUAC and weight-for height deficits) would be ignored. We also analyzed the expected changes in the number and profile of children meant to receive RUTF according to the new approach.Results We found that approximately one quarter of SAM children would not be detected and eligible for treatment under the “expanded MUAC-only” scenario, and another 20% would be classified as MAM. A further 17% of the total SAM children would be admitted and followed only according to their MUAC or oedema status, while they also present with a severe weight-for height deficit on admission. Considering MAM targeting, about half of the MAM children would be left undetected. This scenario also shows a 2.5 time increase in the number of children targeted with RUTF, with approximately 70% of MAM and 30% of SAM cases among this new RUTF target.Conclusions This empirical evidence suggests that adoption of “expanded MUAC-only” programs would likely lead to a priori exclusion from treatment or misclassifying as MAM a large proportion of SAM cases, while redirecting programmatic costs in favor of those less in need. It underscores the need to explore other options for improving the impact of programs addressing the needs of acutely malnourished children.