bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diatomite Stabilized KOH: An Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Cyclopentanone Self‐condensation
Authors: Xu Qianqian , Sheng Xueru , Jia Haiyuan , Li Na , Zhang Jian , Shi Haiqiang , Niu Meihong , Ping Qingwei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAldol condensation of cyclopentanone is an attractive reaction for bio‐jet fuel production. KOH is an efficient homogeneous catalyst for aldol condensation but suffering the problem of separation. In this paper, a heterogeneous catalyst, diatomite stabilized KOH (KOH/diatomite) was prepared in a simple way (dry‐mixed impregnation process), and exhibited good activity (overall yield: 85.0 %) and reusability. To clarify the support effect of diatomite, KOH/SiO2 catalyst was also prepared. According to characterizations of these two catalysts, we suggest that the excellent catalytic activity of KOH/diatomite can be attributed to the formation of K−O−Si bond. In addition, the impurity elements existed in diatomite (e. g. CaO, Na2O, Al2O3) and higher BET surface areas may also benefit to this reaction. This study provides a new possibility for converting homogeneous catalyst (KOH) to heterogeneous catalyst (KOH/diatomite). In this way, KOH/diatomite performed excellent catalytic activity and exhibited stable reusability, which can avoid the problem of separation and pollution.
Asymmetric synthesis of (S)‐α‐(octyl)glycine via alkylation of Ni(II) complex of chiral glycine Schiff base
Authors: Fu Bo , Takeda Ryosuke , Zou Yupiao , Konno Hiroyuki , Moriwaki Hiroki , Abe Hidenori , Han Jianlin , Izawa Kunisuke , Soloshonok Vadim A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOver last decade, the use of Ni(II) complexes, derived from of glycine Schiff bases with chiral tridentate ligands, has emerge as a leading methodology for preparation of structurally diverse Tailor‐Made Amino Acids, the key structural units in modern medicinal chemistry, and drug design. Here, we report asymmetric synthesis of derivatives of (S)‐α‐(octyl)glycine ((S)‐2‐aminodecanoic acid) and its N‐Fmoc derivative via alkylation of chiral nucleophilic glycine equivalent with n‐octyl bromide. Under the optimized conditions, the alkylation proceeds with excellent yield (98.1%) and diastereoselectivity (98.8% de). The observed stereochemical outcome and convenient reaction conditions bode well for application of this method for large‐scale asymmetric synthesis of (S)‐2‐aminodecanoic acid and its derivatives.
Two‐phase flow‐patterns identification in oil/gas pipelines based on fractal analysis
Authors: Moguel‐Castañeda Jazael G. , Rocha‐Lara Carlos E. , Ramirez‐Castelan Carlos E. , Soto‐Cortes Gabriel , Hernandez‐Martinez Eliseo , Puebla Hector 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFlow‐pattern identification in two‐phase pipelines is essential for energy reduction as well as for the selection of suitable operating conditions for effective flow transport. The flow pattern in conventional oil/gas pipelines exhibit different flow patterns due to the underlying complex interactions of transport processes at different time scales. Fractal analysis of complex time series has received significant attention in the past few years due to its ability to extract hidden useful information from underlying phenomena in the time‐series complexity. In this work, the potential of fractal analysis for flow‐pattern identification in oil/gas pipelines is investigated using voltage measurements. Experimental data from a downward‐inclined oil/gas pipeline system at different superficial velocities of gas were analyzed. Our results indicate that fractal parameters can be useful for flow‐pattern identification and to gain insights into the complex phenomena of multiphase systems.
Benefit and risk of adding rivaroxaban in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Xie Cheng , Hang Yongfu , Zhu Jianguo , Li Caiyun , Jiang Bin , Zhang Yuzhen , Miao Liyan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlthough the European Medicines Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration have, respectively, approved rivaroxaban for the prevention of recurrent major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with myocardial infarction and stable coronary artery disease, its efficacy and safety is unclear. This meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the benefit and risk of adding rivaroxaban in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, focusing on treatment effects stratified by different baseline clinical presentations.HypothesisThere are differences in treatment effects of adding rivaroxaban among CAD patients with different baseline clinical presentations.MethodsMedline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Databases were systematically searched from inception to 21 July 2020 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing rivaroxaban in CAD patients. The primary efficacy endpoint and safety endpoint were assessed by using Mantel–Haenszel pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsFive RCTs that included 43 650 patients were identified. Patients receiving rivaroxaban had a significantly lower risk of the primary efficacy endpoint (RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76–0.97, p = .01) accompanied by increased risk of the primary safety endpoint (RR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.10–3.05, p = .02). Subgroup analyses showed that in males the risk–benefit appears to be more favorable while in patients ≥65 years, in females, in patients with diabetes, those with mild to moderate impaired renal function, and region of Asia/other seems unfavorable.ConclusionRivaroxaban may provide an additional choice for secondary prevention in CAD patients. However, careful estimation of the risk of ischemic and bleeding events using patient characteristics are critical to achieving net benefit.
Adsorption of Diazo Dye from Aqueous Solutions by Magnetic Montmorillonite Composite
Authors: Tunali Akar Sibel , Ozdemir Irem , Sayin Fatih , Akar Tamer 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSynthetic dyes have complex molecular structures and are stable molecules against oxidizing agents, sunlight, and microbial attack. Therefore, the treatment of dye‐containing wastewater using appropriate techniques is of great importance. Difficulties in separation and recovery of an adsorbent from the solution limit the large‐scale applications of the adsorption process. A magnetic separation technique can be adapted to the adsorption process to overcome these limitations. In this study, a natural mineral‐based magnetic adsorbent is prepared by a co‐precipitation method. Adsorption performance of magnetic montmorillonite (MagMt) is evaluated in both batch and continuous systems as a function of initial pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, ionic strength, flow rate, and bed depth. MagMt is characterized through infrared (IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and zeta potential measurement. Sorption yield of MagMt for Bismark Brown‐Y (BB‐Y) is found as maximum (98.60%) at pH 4 with 40 mg adsorbent. Fast sorption equilibrium is attained within 10 min and the sorption data follow the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum monolayer sorption capacity of MagMt is 138.70 mg g‒1.
Measuring Protein Synthesis in Cultured Cells and Mouse Tissues Using the Non‐radioactive SUnSET Assay
Authors: Ravi Venkatraman , Jain Aditi , Mishra Sneha , Sundaresan Nagalingam Ravi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractChanges in protein synthesis occur under diverse physiological and pathological conditions. For example, translation can increase in response to growth signals or decrease in response to pathological states. Such changes have traditionally been measured by tracking the incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids. However, use of radioactivity is increasingly disfavored, and a simple and efficient puromycin‐based, non‐radioactive method called the SUnSET assay has gained popularity for measuring protein synthesis in diverse cell types and tissues. Here, we describe the principles, procedures, and troubleshooting steps for measuring protein synthesis using the SUnSET assay in cultured cells and mouse tissues. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLCBasic Protocol 1: Measuring protein synthesis in cultured cells by western blottingSupport Protocol 1: Ponceau stainingSupport Protocol 2: Testing the specificity of the anti‐puromycin antibodyBasic Protocol 2: Measuring protein synthesis in cultured cells by immunofluorescenceBasic Protocol 3: Measuring protein synthesis in mouse tissues by western blotting
Holocene progradation and retrogradation of the Central Texas Coast regulated by alongshore and cross‐shore sediment flux variability
Authors: Odezulu Christopher I. , Swanson Travis , Anderson John B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFifteen transects of sediment cores located off the central Texas coast between Matagorda Peninsula and North Padre Island were investigated to examine the offshore record of Holocene evolution of the central Texas coast. The transects extend from near the modern shoreline to beyond the toe of the shoreface. Lithology, grain size and fossil content were used to identify upper shoreface, lower shoreface, ebb‐tidal delta and marine mud lithofacies. Interpretations of these core transects show a general stratigraphic pattern across the study area that indicates three major episodes of shoreface displacement. First, there was an episode of shoreface progradation that extended up to 5 km seaward. Second, an episode of landward shoreline displacement is indicated by 3–4 km of marine mud onlap. Third, the marine muds are overlain by shoreface sands, which indicates another episode of shoreface progradation of up to 5 km seaward. Radiocarbon ages constrain the onset of the first episode of progradation to ca 6.5 ka, ending at ca 5.0 ka when the rate of sea‐level rise slowed from an average rate of 1.6–0.5 mm/yr. Results from sediment budget calculations and sediment transport modelling based on reasonable estimates of an ancient shoreline shape and wave climate indicate that the first progradation was a result of sand supplied from erosion of the offshore Colorado and Rio Grande deltas. The transgressive phase occurred between ca 4.9 ka and ca 1.6 ka and coincided with a major expansion of the Texas Mud Blanket, which resulted in burial of offshore sand sources and the shoreface being inundated with mud. The second, more recent episode of shoreface progradation began ca 500 years ago with a maximum rate of ca 6 m/yr. This most recent change signals a healing phase of coastal evolution from the late Holocene transgressive event. Currently, the shoreline along the central Texas coast is retreating landward at an average rate of 0.30 m/yr, indicating that the second progradation event has ended.
Increase in drugs‐of‐abuse findings in post‐mortem toxicology due to COVID‐19 restrictions—First observations in Finland
Authors: Mariottini Claudia , Ojanperä Ilkka , Kriikku Pirkko 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA lot has been published on the anticipated effects of the current COVID‐19 pandemic on users of illegal drugs. In this study, we present evidence‐based data on such effects, namely, the increased number of drug findings in post‐mortem investigations. All post‐mortem toxicology cases positive for at least one of the following: buprenorphine, amphetamine or cannabis, were investigated in the first 8 months of the year 2020, and the monthly numbers were compared to those in the previous 5 years from 2015 to 2019. These substances served as indicator analytes that could reveal changes in the drug using population. Right after the government restrictions came into force in March 2020, the numbers of buprenorphine, amphetamine and cannabis findings increased. The increase was most noticeable for amphetamine and was evident in all age groups. Our findings indicate that the assumptions on the increased risk of drug‐related harm (including death) have become reality. Reduced access to harm‐reduction services seems to have increased the mortality among individuals that use buprenorphine, amphetamine or cannabis. Significant and prompt actions need to be taken in order to find new ways in helping this vulnerable group of people.
Evaluating natural experiments in ecology: using synthetic controls in assessments of remotely sensed land treatments
Authors: Fick Stephen E. , Nauman Travis W. , Brungard Colby C. , Duniway Michael C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMany important ecological phenomena occur on large spatial scales and/or are unplanned and thus do not easily fit within analytical frameworks that rely on randomization, replication, and interspersed a priori controls for statistical comparison. Analyses of such large‐scale, natural experiments are common in the health and econometrics literature, where techniques have been developed to derive insight from large, noisy observational data sets. Here, we apply a technique from this literature, synthetic control, to assess landscape change with remote sensing data. The basic data requirements for synthetic control include (1) a discrete set of treated and untreated units, (2) a known date of treatment intervention, and (3) time series response data that include both pre‐ and post‐treatment outcomes for all units. Synthetic control generates a response metric for treated units relative to a no‐action alternative based on prior relationships between treated and unexposed groups. Using simulations and a case study involving a large‐scale brush‐clearing management event, we show how synthetic control can intuitively infer treatment effect sizes from satellite data, even in the presence of confounding noise from climate anomalies, long‐term vegetation dynamics, or sensor errors. We find that accuracy depends on the number and quality of potential control units, highlighting the importance of selecting appropriate control populations. Although we consider the synthetic control approach in the context of natural experiments with remote sensing data, we expect the methodology to have wider utility in ecology, particularly for systems with large, complex, and poorly replicated experimental units.
Online but not remote: Adapting field‐based ecology laboratories for online learning
Authors: Richter Christoph F. , Lortie Christopher J. , Kelly Tamara L. , Filazzola Alessandro , Nunes Krystal A. , Sarkar Raani 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTeaching ecology effectively and experientially has become more challenging for at least two reasons today. Most experiences of our students are urban, and we now face the near immediate and continuing need to deliver courses (either partially or wholly) online because of COVID‐19. Therefore, providing a learning experience that connects students to their environment within an ecological framework remains crucial and perhaps therapeutic to mental health. Here, we describe how prior to the pandemic we adapted our field‐based laboratories to include data collection, analysis, and interpretation, along with the development of a citizen‐science approach for online delivery. This design is simple to implement, does not require extensive work, and maintains the veracity of original learning outcomes. Collaboration online following field data collection in ecology courses within the context of cities offers further options to adapt to student experience levels, resource availability, and accessibility, as well as bringing instructors and students together to build an open well‐curated data set that can be used in ecology courses where no laboratories are available. Finally, it promotes an open collaboration among ecology instructors that can drive lasting conversations about ecology curriculum.
Progress towards a holistic land and marine surface meteorological database and a call for additional contributions
Authors: Noone Simon , Atkinson Chris , Berry David I. , Dunn Robert J. H. , Freeman Eric , Perez Gonzalez Irene , Kennedy John J. , Kent Elizabeth C. , Kettle Anthony , McNeill Shelley , Menne Matthew , Stephens Ag , Thorne Peter W. , Tucker William , Voces Corinne , Willett Kate M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper outlines progress of the Copernicus Climate Change Service's (C3S) Global Land and Marine Observations Database service in securing data sources and introduces the data upload component. We present details of land and marine data holdings inventoried, highlighting priority needs in terms of periods, regions and Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) where additional data could bring most benefit. These holdings are being iteratively merged and integrated to best meet user needs and are served to the user via the Copernicus Climate Data Store (CDS). The secure Data Upload Server enables any data provider to share additional data and metadata with the service. We outline the process for registering as a data provider and how data sets are prioritized for integration. We encourage all data owners to share their data with the C3S service via our Data Upload Server. All unique and relevant data acquired or submitted will be also archived at the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information World Data Center for Meteorology, Asheville, North Carolina, USA and used in their database curation efforts which are being jointly developed.
Association between self‐reported night sleep duration and cognitive function among older adults with intact global cognition
Authors: Kondo Risa , Miyano Ichiro , Lee Sangyoon , Shimada Hiroyuki , Kitaoka Hiroaki 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to clarify the association between self‐reported night sleep duration and cognitive functions such as word memory, story memory, attention, executive function, and processing speed of older adults with normal global cognitive function.MethodsA total of 241 functionally independent older adults (mean age, 75.5 ± 6.4 years) participated in this study. No participants had a history of dementia diagnosis, and each had a Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≥ 24. Participants were evaluated for self‐reported sleep duration and cognitive function using the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology‐Functional Assessment Tool (NCGG‐FAT).ResultsThe longest sleep duration group (≥9 h) had lower MMSE scores (p = 0.010), Z‐score of word list memory II (delayed recall; p = 0.001), and Z‐score of story memory II (delayed recognition; p = 0.002) than the medium sleep duration group (7–8 h). Longest and long sleep duration (8–9 h) was significantly associated with impairment of story memory II (longest sleep duration: adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 3.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13–11.37, long sleep duration: adjusted OR = 4.30, 95% CI = 1.34–13.82) with reference to medium sleep duration, but no impairment of MMSE according to multiple logistic regression analysis. Furthermore, short sleep duration (<7 h) was not associated with cognitive impairment.ConclusionsThis study suggests that long sleep duration is associated with cognitive impairment, especially of story memory (delayed recognition) in older adults with normal global cognitive function.
Programmed Death Ligand 1 Is Overexpressed in Liver Macrophages in Chronic Liver Diseases, and Its Blockade Improves the Antibacterial Activity Against Infections
Authors: Pose Elisa , Coll Mar , Martínez‐Sánchez Celia , Zeng Zhutian , Surewaard Bas G. J. , Català Cristina , Velasco‐de Andrés María , Lozano Juan José , Ariño Sílvia , Fuster David , Niñerola‐Bazán Aida , Graupera Isabel , Muñoz Érica , Lozano Francisco , Sancho‐Bru Pau , Kubes Paul , Ginès Pere 
Published: November 2020

Background and Aims
Bacterial infections are common and severe in cirrhosis, but their pathogenesis is poorly understood. Dysfunction of liver macrophages may play a role, but information about their function in cirrhosis is limited. Our aims were to investigate the specific profile and function of liver macrophages in cirrhosis and their contribution to infections. Macrophages from human cirrhotic livers were characterized phenotypically by transcriptome analysis and flow cytometry; function was assessed in vivo by single photon emission computerized tomography in patients with cirrhosis. Serum levels of specific proteins and expression in peripheral monocytes were determined by ELISA and flow cytometry. In vivo phagocytic activity of liver macrophages was measured by spinning disk intravital microscopy in a mouse model of chronic liver injury.

Approach and Results
Liver macrophages from patients with cirrhosis overexpressed proteins related to immune exhaustion, such as programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1), macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), and CD163. In vivo phagocytic activity of liver macrophages in patients with cirrhosis was markedly impaired. Monocytes from patients with cirrhosis showed overexpression of PD‐L1 that paralleled disease severity, correlated with its serum levels, and was associated with increased risk of infections. Blockade of PD‐L1 with anti‐PD‐L1 antibody caused a shift in macrophage phenotype toward a less immunosuppressive profile, restored liver macrophage in vivo phagocytic activity, and reduced bacterial dissemination.

Conclusion
Liver cirrhosis is characterized by a remarkable impairment of phagocytic function of macrophages associated with an immunosuppressive transcriptome profile. The programmed cell death receptor 1/PD‐L1 axis plays a major role in the impaired activity of liver macrophages. PD‐L1 blockade reverses the immune suppressive profile and increases antimicrobial activity of liver macrophages in cirrhosis.
Distribution of clay‐sized sediments in streambeds and influence of fine sediment clogging on hyporheic exchange
Authors: Shrivastava Shivansh , Stewardson Michael J. , Arora Meenakshi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this work, the deposition of clay‐sized fine particles (d50 = 0.006 mm) and its subsequent influence on the dune‐induced hyporheic exchange are investigated. Fine sand (D50 = 0.28 mm), coarse sand (D50 = 1.7 mm), and gravel (D50 = 5.5 mm) grains were used to form homogenous model streambeds; one control ‐ no clay input, and two treatments ‐ increasing clay inputs for each grain type. The results indicate that the clogging profiles of clay‐sized sediments may not be predicted accurately using the previously proposed metric based on the relative sizes of infiltrating and substrate sediments. Further, the depositional patterns vary with the initial concentration of clay particles in the surface water. The assessment of clogging profiles in coarse‐grained model streambeds also reveals a preferential infiltration of the clay particles in the hyporheic downwelling regions. The results from the dye tracer test suggest that the accumulation of clay particles altered the exchange characteristics in the treatment flumes. For each grain size, the treatment flumes exhibit lower hyporheic flux and higher median residence times compared to their respective control flumes. The dye penetration depths were lower in treatment flumes with fine and coarse sand compared to their respective control flumes. Interestingly, higher penetration depths were observed in treatment flumes with gravel compared to their respective control flume potentially due to the generation of preferential flow paths in the partially clogged gravel beds. The clogging altered the hyporheic fluxes and residence times in the coarse‐grained model beds to a greater degree in comparison to the fine sand beds. Overall, our findings indicate that the properties of both fine and substrate sediments influence the clogging patterns in streambeds, and the subsequent influence of fine sediment clogging on hyporheic exchange and associated processes may vary across stream ecosystems.