bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neglected assets in migrants’ health literacy promotion: Translanguaging and second language teacher
Authors: Harsch S , Bittlingmayer U 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Providing health care to migrants and refugees can be difficult due to language discordance, divergent cultural preferences and low levels of health literacy (HL). To improve it, experts suggest promoting newcomers' HL in second language courses (SLC). Yet, little empirical evidence exists on the promotion HL in SLC exist, and the HL debate ignored the plurilingual and pluricultural competencies defined in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. In the project SCURA, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, we explored the role of HL in SLC and developed interventions to promote it. This study's purpose was to understand how HL is addressed in SLC, what teachers contribute and how first language and culture are used to promote HL.

Methods
In our multi-method study, we conducted a realist review of SLC (N = 13 interventions), document analyses of SLC teaching materials worldwide (N = 22) and of German textbook-series (N = 8*3), participant observation in two language courses (N = 100 hours), interviews (N = 15) and focus group discussion (N = 14) with German SLC teachers and an online survey (N = 25) among SLC teacher and triangulated our results.

Results
Four topics emerged: SLC material include various units on health stimulating HL development. Newcomers possess many assets (experiences, language and cultural skills) and show various strategies for using these assets to acquire new HL skills such as translanguaging, digital devices, social support. Teachers play a crucial role in promoting HL in informal conversations, by modelling and in developing interactive, asset-valuing HL-promoting activities.

Conclusions
HL interventions in SLC can draw from a wealth of assets and can be more promising by strengthening translanguaging and transculturing skills and providing discussion stimulating materials.

Key messages
Migrants’ health literacy practices are characterized by a unique use of translanguaging and transculturing. Second language teachers can promote migrants’ health literacy especially by facilitating learning opportunities that encourage them to use their assets.
Health policies and organization of services for the LGBT population: Literature review
Authors: Freitas C A M , Carvalho V N , Jesus N N , Bezerra M V R , Kochergin K N , Santos A M , Prado N M B L 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Historically, the fight for the right to health was one of the paths taken by many LGBT collectives, seeking recognition of their citizenship. However, the policy guidelines have been aligned with the Social determinants in health. In this article, we identify the scope of public health policies for the LGBT population in countries of the European continent, North America and Oceania in order to identify differences and similarities about the content and organization of care services and programs.

Methods
Literature review in scientific databases Science Direct, Web of Science e BVS. 24 articles constituted the corpus. This review followed the recommendations of PRISMA. The instrument proposed by the CASP was used to assess the methodological quality of the selected studies.

Results
Health systems in the countries analyzed, with the exception of the USA, although they have ideological and structural distinctions, were inspired by the Welfare State, broad social protection systems with which they reorganized societies into more egalitarian arrangements in correspondence to the social structure and dynamics of each country. The results reveal different scopes of health policies that influence the process of organizing actions and services in the US, Canada, Australia and the UK. The productions analyzed focused on the provision of specific health services such as population care in cases of HIV, cases of cancer, transgender health care during the transition process, mental health care, health promotion focusing on body weight, smoking cessation program and LGBT population aging Project.

Conclusions
Greater integration between research is proposed, with evaluations going beyond structural aspects, encompassing the comparison of care models and problematizing the qualification of care provided to the LGBT population, to promote services that are more inclusive and equally accessible to all.

Key messages
Contributing to the updating of knowledge, with information that can be implemented in the health care practice of the LGBT population. Give visibility to advances and vulnerabilities in different societal contexts, and contribute to policies and programs and the integration of human rights into public health programming.
The impact of forced displacement on the wellbeing of Syrian refugee children living in Jordan
Authors: Obaje H , Mackinnon S , Sichali J , Sijenyi S , McNatt Z 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The Syrian Civil War is one of the most significant humanitarian crises in modern times. Since 2011, over 5 million Syrians have fled the country in search of safety. Around 650,000 Syrian refugees are registered in Jordan, 48% of whom are children. The impact of forced displacement on children's wellbeing is poorly understood and requires further investigation.

Methods
This is a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional qualitative study consisting of 85 semi-structured interviews, conducted with Syrian refugees living in Jordan in 2017, to understand the impact of forced displacement on child refugees' wellbeing. A four-member research team developed a new Code Structure and analyzed the data thematically.

Results
Education, social integration, behavioral change and mental health, the effect of father's absence, and child marriage, were key areas of consideration. Children not being in school was found to play a big role in child wellbeing because many families had to choose between subsistence and education, with children required to work to earn money for their families. Many parents were afraid to let children out of the house other than for school, resulting in minimal social integration outside the school setting. Children's behavioral changes correlate with the father's absence, and girls were at higher risk of child marriage due to the living conditions of the families.

Conclusions
Education was a major priority for families, but some children were unable to attend school. A novel finding from this research is that many children faced limited social integration outside of school, significantly affecting wellbeing. Thus, providing school buses, prior English classes, as well as the provision of safe spaces where children can socially interact outside of school, needs to be prioritized. Financial difficulty also needs to be addressed so that children are not pushed into child marriage or made to work for their families' survival.

Key messages
Safe spaces that parents trust should be provided where children can socially interact outside the school setting. Financial difficulty needs to be addressed so that children are not forced to work for their families’ survival.
The 'Sick immigrant' and 'Healthy immigrant' phenomenon among Jews migrating from the USSR to Israel
Authors: Pinchas-Mizrachi R , Naparstek Y , Nirel R , Kukia E 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The “healthy immigrant” phenomenon attributes health benefits to immigrants. We examined this phenomenon using the relationship between immigration and mortality, by income level, among Soviet immigrants to Israel in the 1990s, in comparison to veteran immigrants with similar genetic makeup.
A retrospective cohort study of mortality during 1996-2016 was conducted among 99,037 immigrants born during 1940-1955 in the USSR or Eastern Europe who immigrated during 1990-1995, compared to a control group of 119,150 Jews born during 1940-1955 who and/or whose parents were born in those same countries and immigrated by 1960.
After adjusting for gender, age, income and marital status, we found higher mortality rates among immigrants compared to non-immigrants for the total study population (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 1.297, 99% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.248, 1.348) and among 27,563 men (AHR = 2.941, 99%CI = 2.704, 3.199) and 32,220 women (AHR = 1.756, 99%CI = 1.614, 1.909) with low incomes. The opposite relationship was found for 45,863 men (AHR = 0.714 ,99%CI = 0.635, 0.804) and for 24,852 women (AHR = 0.738 ,99%CI = 0.596, 0.913) with high incomes.
For the total study population, we found support for the “sick immigrant” phenomenon. However, both genders in the high-income subgroup, and women in the middle-income subgroup, demonstrated the “healthy immigrant” phenomenon. Decision makers in Israel should devote particular attention to immigrants from a low socioeconomic level. Our results emphasize the need for social stratification when examining the relationships between immigration and health outcomes.

Key messages
For the total study population, we found support for the “sick immigrant” phenomenon. However, both genders in the high-income subgroup, and women in the middle-income subgroup, demonstrated the “healthy immigrant” phenomenon.
Racial inequality and periodontal condition in Brazilian adolescents
Authors: Moreira R S , Santos L D R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Oral health, such as other health conditions, reflects social inequalities. These inequalities are fed back by oral diseases, generating a vicious and sustainable circle. Racial issues play a prominent role, once they are associated with oral diseases as risk markers. Among the different oral diseases, periodontal disease associated with racial inequalities in adolescents is emblematic. Thus, this study aimed to analyse the race differentials associated with the levels of periodontal disease, regardless of other risk factors.

Methods
Data from the 2010 national epidemiological survey on oral health were used, with 5445 adolescents (15 to 19 years old). Multinomial logistic regression models were used. Dependent variable was the Community Periodontal Index. Independent variable was self-declared race/colour, categorized as white, pardo (mixed-race identity) and preto (black). The effect of race was controlled in the presence of the covariates sex, years of study, decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth (DMFT index), toothache and self-reported need for dental treatment. Odds Ratio (OR) was estimated and sample weights were considered.

Results
The simple model showed preto with 2.7 (p &lt; 0.05) and 8 (p &lt; 0.05) times more likely to have shallow and deep periodontal pockets, respectively, compared to white. Pardo was 1.5 (p &lt; 0.05) times more likely to have periodontal calculus. In the multiple model, even in the presence of all independent covariates, preto showed association with shallow pockets (OR = 2.51, p &lt; 0.05) and pardo showed association with the presence of calculus (OR = 1.37, p &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
Regardless of sex, education, perception of pain and need for treatment and the DMFT index, race/colour was associated with periodontal problems. It should be noted that skin colour is not a biological risk factor for periodontal disease. However, the findings of this study revealed racial inequities regardless of socioeconomic variables.

Key messages
Raises the need to guarantee health as a resource for social development, with science having a fundamental role in recovering the citizenship of this historically forgotten population. The findings of this study revealed racial inequities regardless of socioeconomic variables.
Challenges in meeting patient assessment international standards in ambulatory tuberculosis services
Authors: Aslanyan L A , Truzyan N T 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Limitations of tuberculosis (TB) diagnostic tools and measures restrict proper TB control in places with high drug-resistant TB prevalence. This study aimed to explore gaps in the primary health care (PHC) TB services in Armenia compared to international standards on Assessment of Patients (AOP).

Methods
We applied mixed methods to assess the AOP standards in 30 outpatient TB centers using observational and documents/medical records review's standardized checklists, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. Evaluation was conducted in all 10 regions of Armenia and the capital city Yerevan. Joint Commission International Standards for Ambulatory Care, International Standards for TB Care, and WHO framework, served as a guideline for this assessment.

Results
PHC physicians are qualified for a set of examinations to diagnose TB. Planned reassessments are conducted continuously, though defined writings for the scope and content of reassessments administered by each clinical discipline is absent. Laboratory departments provide high quality services to the TB patients with the defined timeframes for reporting the results. Laboratory and radiology services staff is qualified and experienced. The biosafety rules are compliant with local and international standards. However, the location and conditions of the laboratory departments are mostly non-compliant with the standards. Lack of modern equipment restricts maintaining proper environmental controls, including ventilation systems. Laboratory technicians have little knowledge of the organization's safety management program and its relation to the laboratory safety program. The facilities have neither formal quality control programs regulated by documents and policies nor an identified radiation safety program protocol.

Conclusions
On the level of AOP standards, the PHC TB services in Armenia have satisfactory performance. However, assessed standards for this function required certain improvements.

Key messages
In Armenia, the tuberculosis care in PHC facilities presents high level of compliance for patient assessment international standards. To fully meet the standards, facilities need to reconstructed/renovated laboratories and establish the radiology and diagnostic equipment management, quality control and radiation safety programs.
20 years of Malaria notifications in Bologna AUSL
Authors: Canal V , Ubiali A , Resi D , Pandolfi P , Fantini M P 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Notification of confirmed or suspected cases of Malaria is compulsory in Italy. It is essential to optimize control measures in case of imported and indigenous events, considering that the main local vector, Anopheles labranchiae, is still present in Italy.

Methods
Descriptive analysis of malaria cases notified from Bologna local health authority (AUSL) from January 2000 to December 2019.

Results
In the period 2000-2019, out of the 248 Malaria cases notified to the AUSL, 161 were males, and 87 were females, with median age of 33 (IQR: 42-25). All the cases were sporadic and travel-related. The main reasons for travelling were: return to the country of origin (n = 139, 56,0%), tourism (n = 39, 15,7%), work (n = 30, 12,1%), and immigration (n = 13, 5,2%). 86 (34,7%) cases were born in Italy, 43 (17,3%) in Nigeria, 27 (10,9%) in Cameroon, and 17 (6,9%) in Ghana. The cases were imported from Nigeria (n = 56, 22,9%), Cameroon (n = 30, 12,2%), Ghana (n = 26, 10,6%), Ivory Coast (n = 24, 9,8%). Most of the cases were not taking any drug for Malaria chemoprophylaxis (n = 214, 86,6%), 20 cases (8,1%) properly completed the prophylaxis, while 13 cases (5,3%) started chemoprophylaxis but they didn't complete it. The etiological agent identified was Plasmodium falciparum in 176 cases (71,0%), P. vivax in 26 cases (10,5%). Among the former cases 49 (32,2%) were contracted in Nigeria, 29 (19,1%) in Cameroon, 23 (15,1%) in Ghana, 20 (13,2%) in Ivory Coast, 10 (6,6%) in Senegal. 11 (68,8%) cases of P. vivax were contracted in Pakistan.

Conclusions
Epidemiological data collected from Bologna AUSL are consistent with those described from Istituto Superiore di Sanità: the majority of cases was comprised of foreigners, the great majority of cases was imported from Africa. P. Falciparum was prevalent in Africa while P. vivax was prevalent in Asia.

Key messages
The knowledge of the epidemiological situation allows public health workers to advise international travelers focusing on those most at risk of contracting Malaria. Periodic assessment of local epidemiology is necessary to evaluate if data are consistent with those described from international literature.
Is it or is it not? Lessons learned from a case of suspected vaccine strain measles
Authors: Lord H , Kok J , Fletcher-Lartey S , Alexander K 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Measles continues to be a threat to Australia. While post eradication risks are low, imported measles cases from overseas travellers who are non-immune can cause small outbreaks. This case report discusses the challenge of identifying wild-type measles in an individual who was recently vaccinated with measles - containing vaccine (MCV).

Methods
A positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result for measles for an adult who had recently received a measles -containing vaccine was notified. Investigation revealed no known epidemiological link, recent overseas travel or contact with recent measles cases during the incubation period.

Results
The results of the initial sequencing to distinguish between wild-type and vaccine-strain measles were inconclusive. A decision was made to re-run the genotyping, collect additional specimens, and quarantine the case until a definitive result was obtained. Sequencing and genotyping revealed that this indeed was a wild-type measles strain.

Conclusions
Changing epidemiology of measles means distinguishing between wild-type and vaccine-strain measles has become a new challenge. The reflection of the public health management of this case has provided is a valuable teaching tool for public health professionals globally, particularly in low incidence measles countries.

Key messages
The lack of an epidemiological link can create confusion for public health staff when investigating possible measles cases. Changes in the epidemiology of measles means distinguishing between wild type and vaccine strain measles is a challenge.
Tuberculosis and HIV among homeless persons in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Gioseffi J , Brignol S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Tuberculosis is the first cause of death among infectious diseases worldwide (WHO, 2019). People with HIV have 28 times more chances to be infected with TB (MS, 2018) and it represents 29% of the TB deaths in Brazil (SANTOS, 2018). In 2017, the TB incidence ratio in HIV+ patiences was 5.3 out of 100.000 inhabtants in Brazil WHO, 2019). Among homeless persons, socially excluded and disregarded by the public authorities, the scenario of these diseases are even worse, considering that the greater exposure of TB occurs in people with lower incomes (UN, 2016), more vulnerable at the social and programmatic level. The aim of this article is to present the epidemiological profile for TB and HIV infection in homeless persons in the city of Rio de Janeiro between 2014 until 2018.

Methods
The data to this research are of public acess from 2014 to 2018 for the analysis of vulnerability factors in the notification form for TB and HIV in homeless persons. The data are originate from SINAN NET provided by the Rio de Janeiro Municipal Health Department.

Results and Conclusions
There were 1644 notifications for TB, among whom 15.8% had AIDS co-infection and 15,9% had HIV co-infection. Co-infected with TB and HIV 45,5% were brown people, followed by 36.2% black and 18.3% white. Among the homeless people with TB and HIV co-infection (262), were in the 20 to 39 age group 58%, followed by 37.4% in the 40 to 59 age group. Among the TB notifications, 30,8% achieved a cure, 60,4% abandoned treatment and 4,2% died due to TB. General speaking about the city population, the proportion of TB/AIDS coinfection in Rio de Janeiro is 11,5% and 12,2% for TB and HIV. Brown people (41,7%) between 20 and 39 years old (91,2%) were the majority infected as well. About the outcome, 65,8% achieved cure, 12,4% abandoned treatment and 3,5% died from TB. According to the analyzed data, homeless persons presents worst results when compared to the general citizens of Rio de Janeiro.

Key messages
Homeless persons presents worst TB and HIV results when compared to the general citizens of Rio de Janeiro. Study of witch social vulnerabilities are associated with this health conditions.
Challenges of ongoing Covid and Ebola epidemics amidst violence and other epidemics in DR Congo
Authors: Amorim Tomaz A , Bastos F I P M , Santos R S , Mossoko M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The world has seen outbreaks of emergency and re-emergency of infectious diseases very often in the past years, many of them with devastating consequences for low-income countries with fragile or nonexistent health system, covid-19 being by now the last of a long series of global challenges. Although it is a huge challenge for the whole world, one country is facing it together with a current Ebola outbreak plus violence and some other diseases. The Democratic Republic of Congo is facing the immediate effects of both epidemics as illness and death, however its consequences at the political and economic level are usually more complex and may be protracted. Following the debate on why poor countries remain poor, it is maybe useful to rethink poverty and inequality keeping in mind Amartya Sen's seminal concepts: development must comprise freedom and respect for human rights and institutions at the price of fostering a vicious circle of (re)emerging diseases and structural violence. Ebola epidemics, that usually face some challenges when they happen alone, now together with malaria, measles, plague and covid, on top of violence in some areas, the disease sees its protocols harmed: for covid the orientation is to stay isolated, for Ebola the response includes tracking contacts. What means coming with a team to field to do the mapping in the middle of a confinement. The surveillance for such many epidemics on top of violence and humanitarian crisis makes the Democratic Republic of Congo one of the most worrying countries in terms of consequences of the Covid outbreak.

Key messages
Study of the association between the Covid, Ebola virus disease outbreak and the at-risk population living in the conflict zone in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. The study presents the difficulties that the population encountered in the face of restrictions imposed by armed groups to reach health services during an Ebola outbreak, in a conflict zone.