bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical and Safety Evaluation of Continuously Infused Ceftolozane/Tazobactam in the Outpatient Setting
Authors: Jones Bruce M , Huelfer Kathryn , Bland Christopher M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Ceftolozane/tazobactam (C/T) is a novel cephalosporin/β-lactamase inhibitor currently dosed by 8-hour intervals to treat complicated and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in inpatients. This dosing strategy limits the ability to transition patients to outpatient antimicrobial therapy. There are limited data in the literature to support continuous infusion (CI) dosing.

Methods
This study is a retrospective chart review of patients who received CI C/T at an infusion center part of a community health system. Patients were evaluated from August 2016 through January 2018. Patients were included in the study if they were ≥18 years old and received their entire course of C/T as a CI in the outpatient setting. Patients were excluded if they received any part of their therapy as an inpatient.

Results
The primary outcome evaluated was symptom resolution. Secondary outcomes evaluated were microbiologic resolution as well as patient satisfaction. Seven patients received either 4.5 or 9 grams of continuous infusion C/T every 24 hours in the outpatient setting over the study period. For the primary outcome, 6 of 7 patients had symptom resolution. For the secondary outcomes, 3 of 3 patients had microbiologic resolution, and patient satisfaction scores were overall positive among respondents.

Conclusions
Ceftolozane/tazobactam delivered as a continuous infusion may be a safe, effective, and convenient way to treat infections caused by P aeruginosa. This novel treatment regimen can be an option for patients to avoid hospital admission or discharge to complete therapy as an outpatient.
Burden of Active Tuberculosis in an Integrated Health Care System, 1997–2016: Incidence, Mortality, and Excess Health Care Utilization
Authors: Wada Paul Y , Lee-Rodriguez Christian , Hung Yun-Yi , Skarbinski Jacek 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Active tuberculosis (TB) is preventable. To quantify the potential value of prevention, we assessed active TB burden in a large health system from 1997 to 2016. Compared with a matched non-TB cohort, patients with active TB had higher mortality (8.4% vs 1.3%), mean number of hospitalizations (0.55 vs 0.10), emergency department visits (0.78 vs 0.28), and outpatient visits (14.6 vs 5.9) in the first year. TB-associated hospital use (mean number of hospitalizations and total length of stay) increased from 1997–2000 compared with 2013–2016 despite decreasing active TB incidence. Active TB is associated with high mortality and health care utilization and has remained stable or increased over time.
Repeated Syphilis Episodes in HIV-Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study on Risk Factors and the Potential Role of Syphilis Immunity
Authors: Roth Jan A , Franzeck Fabian C , Balakrishna Suraj , Lautenschlager Stephan , Thurnheer Maria Christine , Trellu Laurence Toutous , Cavassini Matthias , Vernazza Pietro , Bernasconi Enos , Braun Dominique , Kouyos Roger D , Battegay Manuel ,   the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS), Anagnostopoulos A , Battegay M , Bernasconi E , Böni J , Braun D L , Bucher H C , Calmy A , Cavassini M , Ciuffi A , Dollenmaier G , Egger M , Elzi L , Fehr J , Fellay J , Furrer H , Fux C A , Günthard H F , Haerry D , Hasse B , Hirsch H H , Hoffmann M , Hösli I , Huber M , Kahlert C R , Kaiser L , Keiser O , Klimkait T , Kouyos R D , Kovari H , Ledergerber B , Martinetti G , Martinez de Tejada B , Marzolini C , Metzner K J , Müller N , Nicca D , Paioni P , Pantaleo G , Perreau M , Rauch A , Rudin C , Scherrer A U , Schmid P , Speck R , Stöckle M , Tarr P , Trkola A , Vernazza P , Wandeler G , Weber R , Yerly S 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundSyphilis is re-emerging globally in general and HIV-infected populations, and repeated syphilis episodes may play a central role in syphilis transmission among core groups. Besides sexual behavioral factors, little is known about determinants of repeated syphilis episodes in HIV-infected individuals—including the potential impact of preceding syphilis episodes on subsequent syphilis risk.MethodsIn the prospective Swiss HIV cohort study, with routine syphilis testing since 2004, we analyzed HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). Our primary outcome was first and repeated syphilis episodes. We used univariable and multivariable Andersen-Gill models to evaluate risk factors for first and repeated incident syphilis episodes.ResultsWithin the 14-year observation period, we included 2513 HIV-infected MSM with an initially negative syphilis test. In the univariable and multivariable analysis, the number of prior syphilis episodes (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] per 1-episode increase, 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.31), having occasional sexual partners with or without condomless anal sex (aHR, 4.99; 95% CI, 4.08–6.11; and aHR, 2.54; 95% CI, 2.10–3.07), and being currently on antiretroviral therapy (aHR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.21–2.16) were associated with incident syphilis.ConclusionsIn HIV-infected MSM, we observed no indication of decreased syphilis risk with repeated syphilis episodes. The extent of sexual risk behavior over time was the strongest risk factor for repeated syphilis episodes. The observed association of antiretroviral therapy with repeated syphilis episodes warrants further immunological and epidemiological investigation.
Secondary electron emission measurement from Cr and Cu bombarded by an Ne10+ beam at 6 MeV/n
Authors: Higashi A , Hashimoto Y , Ohsawa D , Shirai T , Noda K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Backward secondary-electron-emission yield ($\delta$) from plates of 0.1 mm-thick Cu and 1 mm Cr and Al have been measured by irradiation of a fully stripped Ne$^{10+}$ beam at 6 MeV/$n$ stopped within each plate. A difference between $\delta$s from Cr and Cu larger than the ambiguity of this measurement ($\pm$3%) has been observed, with the discrepancy of the predicted small difference by kinetic emission based on stopping power and work function of each metal. The measured $\delta$ from Cr is larger than that from Cu, and also than previous measurements of other transition metals of the 3$d$ series, not only for the process of potential emission but also for kinetic. The conduction-electron density of states around the Fermi level calculated for the metals shows that the number of electrons just below the Fermi level and excited over it to an empty level by many kinds of reaction with the beam irradiation has to be considered. The number involved in this emission from Cr thus seems to be much larger than from Cu, which explains the relation of magnitudes for $\delta$. The measured $\delta$ from Al is larger than previous results, but is still consistent due to the existence of Al$_2$O$_3$ on the Al.
Clinically significant substance use and residential stability among homeless or vulnerably housed persons in Canada: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Nasmith Trudy E , Gadermann Anne , Jaworsky Denise , Norena Monica , To Matthew J , Hwang Stephen W , Palepu Anita 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
We examined clinically significant substance use among homeless or vulnerably housed persons in three Canadian cities and its association with residential stability over time using data from the Health and Housing in Transition study.

Methods
In 2009, 1190 homeless or vulnerably housed individuals were recruited in three Canadian cities and followed for 4 years. We collected information on housing and incarceration history, drug and alcohol use, having a primary care provider at baseline and annually for 4 years. Participants who screened positive for substance use at baseline were included in the analyses. We used a generalized logistic mixed effect regression model to examine the association between clinically significant substance use and residential stability, adjusting for confounders.

Results
Initially, 437 participants met the criteria for clinically significant substance use. The proportion of clinically significant substance use declined, while the proportion of participants who achieved residential stability increased over time. Clinically significant substance use was negatively associated with achieving residential stability over the 4-year period (AOR 0.7; 95% CI 0.57, 0.86).

Conclusions
In this cohort of homeless or vulnerably housed individuals, clinically significant substance use was negatively associated with achieving residential stability over time, highlighting the need to better address substance use in this population.
The effect of cognitive and behavioral therapy for insomnia on week-to-week changes in sleepiness and sleep parameters in patients with comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Sweetman Alexander , McEvoy R Doug , Smith Simon , Catcheside Peter G , Antic Nick A , Chai-Coetzer Ching Li , Douglas James , O’Grady Amanda , Dunn Nicola , Robinson Jan , Paul Denzil , Williamson Paul , Lack Leon 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
While cognitive and behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTi) is an effective treatment in patients with comorbid moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), there is concern that the bedtime restriction component of CBTi might dangerously exacerbate daytime sleepiness in such patients. We examined randomized controlled trial data to investigate the effect of OSA severity, and pretreatment daytime sleepiness on week-to-week changes in daytime sleepiness and sleep parameters during CBTi and no-treatment control.

Methods
One hundred and forty-five patients with untreated physician-diagnosed OSA (apnea–hypopnea index ≥15) and psychologist-diagnosed insomnia (ICSD-3) were randomized to a 4-week CBTi program (n = 72) or no-treatment control (n = 73). The Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) and sleep diaries were completed during pretreatment, weekly CBTi sessions, and posttreatment. Effects of OSA severity, pretreatment daytime sleepiness, and intervention group on weekly changes in daytime sleepiness and sleep parameters were investigated.

Results
The CBTi group reported a 15% increase in ESS scores following the first week of bedtime restriction (M change = 1.3 points, 95% CI = 0.1–2.5, p = 0.031, Cohen’s d = 0.27) which immediately returned to pretreatment levels for all subsequent weeks, while sleep parameters gradually improved throughout CBTi. There were no differences in changes in daytime sleepiness during treatment between CBTi and control groups or OSA-severity groups. Higher pretreatment ESS scores were associated with a greater ESS reduction during CBTi.

Conclusions
CBTi appears to be a safe and effective treatment in the presence of comorbid moderate and severe OSA. Nevertheless, patients living with comorbid insomnia and sleep apnea and treated with CBTi should be monitored closely for increased daytime sleepiness during the initial weeks of bedtime restriction therapy.

Clinical Trial Registration
Treating comorbid insomnia with obstructive sleep apnoea (COMISA) study: A new treatment strategy for patients with combined insomnia and sleep apnoea, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id = 365184 Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12613001178730. Universal Trial Number: U1111-1149-4230.
Insights into paradoxical (REM) sleep homeostatic regulation in mice using an innovative automated sleep deprivation method
Authors: Arthaud Sébastien , Libourel Paul-Antoine , Luppi Pierre-Hervé , Peyron Christelle 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Identifying the precise neuronal networks activated during paradoxical sleep (PS, also called REM sleep) has been a challenge since its discovery. Similarly, our understanding of the homeostatic mechanisms regulating PS, whether through external modulation by circadian and ultradian drives or via intrinsic homeostatic regulation, is still limited, largely due to interfering factors rendering the investigation difficult. Indeed, none of the studies published so far were able to manipulate PS without significantly altering slow-wave sleep and/or stress level, thus introducing a potential bias in the analyses. With the aim of achieving a better understanding of PS homeostasis, we developed a new method based on automated scoring of vigilance states—using electroencephalogram and electromyogram features—and which involves closed-loop PS deprivation through the induction of cage floor movements when PS is detected. Vigilance states were analyzed during 6 and 48 h of PS deprivation as well as their following recovery periods. Using this new automated methodology, we were able to deprive mice of PS with high efficiency and specificity, for short or longer periods of time, observing no sign of stress (as evaluated by plasma corticosterone level and sleep latency) and requiring no human intervention or environmental changes. We show here that PS can be homeostatically modulated and regulated while no significant changes are induced on slow-wave sleep and wakefulness, with a PS rebound duration depending on the amount of prior PS deficit. We also show that PS interval duration is not correlated with prior PS episode duration in the context of recovery from PS deprivation.
Japan taxation of trusts
Authors: Shikuma Michael H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Although trusts are not widely used for estate planning purposes in Japan, the taxation of trusts is becoming an important issue as the scope of Japan’s gift and inheritance taxes have expanded to include settlors or beneficiaries residing in Japan, and Japanese and non-Japanese national settlors or beneficiaries residing abroad. Despite the 2007 revision of the Japan trust and trust taxation rules, the taxation of foreign trusts is often unclear, in part because of the differences in Japan and foreign trust structures. This article is designed to provide a general overview of the Japan taxation of trusts.
Coevolution analysis of amino-acids reveals diversified drug-resistance solutions in viral sequences: a case study of hepatitis B virus
Authors: Teppa Elin , Nadalin Francesca , Combet Christophe , Zea Diego Javier , David Laurent , Carbone Alessandra 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The study of mutational landscapes of viral proteins is fundamental for the understanding of the mechanisms of cross-resistance to drugs and the design of effective therapeutic strategies based on several drugs. Antiviral therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues targeting the hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase protein (Pol) can inhibit disease progression by suppression of HBV replication and makes it an important case study. In HBV, treatment may fail due to the emergence of drug-resistant mutants. Primary and compensatory mutations have been associated with lamivudine resistance, whereas more complex mutational patterns are responsible for resistance to other HBV antiviral drugs. So far, all known drug-resistance mutations are located in one of the four Pol domains, called reverse transcriptase. We demonstrate that sequence covariation identifies drug-resistance mutations in viral sequences. A new algorithmic strategy, BIS2TreeAnalyzer, is designed to apply the coevolution analysis method BIS2, successfully used in the past on small sets of conserved sequences, to large sets of evolutionary related sequences. When applied to HBV, BIS2TreeAnalyzer highlights diversified viral solutions by discovering thirty-seven positions coevolving with residues known to be associated with drug resistance and located on the four Pol domains. These results suggest a sequential mechanism of emergence for some mutational patterns. They reveal complex combinations of positions involved in HBV drug resistance and contribute with new information to the landscape of HBV evolutionary solutions. The computational approach is general and can be applied to other viral sequences when compensatory mutations are presumed.
Exploring the Views of Desk-Based Office Workers and Their Employers’ Beliefs Regarding Strategies to Reduce Occupational Sitting Time, With an Emphasis on Technology-Supported Approaches
Authors: Stephenson Aoife , McDonough Suzanne M. , Murphy Marie H. , Nugent Chris D. , Wilson Iseult M. , Mair Jacqueline L. 
Published: January 2020

Objective:
Employee and employer views regarding how technology-supported strategies can best meet their needs to reduce occupational sitting are not well known. This study explored target user and key stakeholder beliefs regarding strategies to reduce occupational sitting focusing on technology-supported approaches.

Methods:
Nine focus groups and two interviews (employees, n = 27; employers, n = 19; board members, n = 2) were conducted, transcribed, and analyzed thematically.

Results:
The main barrier to reducing sitting was job-related tasks taking primary priority. Intervention designers should consider individual preferences, environmental factors, judgmental culture, productivity concerns, and staff knowledge. Technology-supported strategies such as smartphone applications, computer software, wearables, and emails were deemed to be useful tools to provide prompts and allow behavioral self-monitoring in an easily individualized manner.

Conclusions:
Technology-supported strategies were seen to be valuable approaches and might fruitfully be incorporated into future interventions to reduce sitting time.
The Impact of Massachusetts Health Reform on Colorectal and Breast Cancer Stage at Diagnosis
Authors: Sabik Lindsay M. , Eom Kirsten Y. , Dahman Bassam , Li Jie , Yao Nengliang , van Londen G. J. , Bradley Cathy J. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
This study examines the expansion of health insurance coverage in Massachusetts under state health reform as a natural experiment to investigate whether expanded insurance coverage reduced the likelihood of advanced stage colorectal cancer (CRC) and breast cancer (BCA) diagnosis.

Methods:
Our study populations include CRC or BCA patients aged 50–64 years observed in the Massachusetts Cancer Registry and Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registries for 2001–2013. We use difference-in-differences regression models to estimate changes in the likelihood of advanced stage diagnosis after Massachusetts health reform, relative to comparison states without expanded coverage (Connecticut, New Jersey, Georgia, Kentucky, and Michigan).

Results:
We find some suggestive evidence of a decline in the proportion of advanced stage CRC cases. Approximately half of the CRC patients in Massachusetts and control states were diagnosed at advanced stages pre reform; there was a 2 percentage-point increase in this proportion across control states and slight decline in Massachusetts post reform. Adjusted difference-in-difference estimates suggest a 3.4 percentage-point (P=0.005) or 7% decline, relative to Massachusetts baseline, in the likelihood of advanced stage diagnosis after the reform in Massachusetts, though this result is sensitive to years included in the analysis. We did not find a significant effect of reform on BCA stage at diagnosis.

Conclusions:
The decline in the likelihood of advanced stage CRC diagnosis after Massachusetts health reform may suggest improvements in access to health care and CRC screening. Similar declines were not observed for BCA, perhaps due to established BCA-specific safety-net programs.
Change in Defense Mechanisms and Depression in a Pilot Study of Antidepressive Medications Plus 20 Sessions of Psychotherapy for Recurrent Major Depression
Authors: Perry J. Christopher , Banon Elisabeth , Bond Michael 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Treatment studies of major depression commonly focus on symptoms, leaving aside change in putative psychological risk factors. This pilot study examines the relationship between changes in eight depressive defenses and depressive symptoms. Twelve adults with acute recurrent major depression were given antidepressive medications and randomized to 20 sessions of either cognitive behavioral therapy or dynamic psychotherapy and followed for 1 year. Defenses were assessed using the Defense Mechanism Rating Scales (DMRS) and Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) at intake, termination, and 1-year follow-up. Depression improved highly significantly on both the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Beck Depression Inventory, respectively, eight (67%) and nine (75%) patients attained recovery by 1 year. Depressive defenses improved significantly by termination (mean ES = 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.30–2.16), but retrogressed somewhat by 1 year. A mean of 12.17% (SD = 10.60) depressive defenses remained; only five subjects (50%) attained normative levels. Although causal relationships were not established, depressive defenses are promising candidates for mediating treatment effects on outcome of major depression.
Simple Way of Facilitating Reduction the Fragment for Fractures With Condyle
Authors: Liu Kai , Zhi Yin , Wang Ze , Zhang Wenbin , Shi Jun 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
To describe a technique that uses a fixation screw with a steel wire ring which is implanted into the mandibular to facilitate the condylar fracture reduction. This technique has been used on 382 patients over the last 8 years from the Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Science of Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. No complication has been encountered. Applying this approach, the displaced proximal condylar fragment can be found quickly, and then the fragment can be effectively prevented from being broken again in the reduction process.
Dynamics of oligomer populations formed during the aggregation of Alzheimer’s Aβ42 peptide
Authors: Michaels Thomas C. T. , Šarić Andela , Curk Samo , Bernfur Katja , Arosio Paolo , Meisl Georg , Dear Alexander J. , Cohen Samuel I. A. , Vendruscolo Michele , Dobson Christopher M. , Linse Sara , Knowles Tuomas P. J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOligomeric aggregates populated during the aggregation of the Aβ42 peptide have been identified as potent cytotoxins linked to Alzheimer’s disease, but the fundamental molecular pathways that control their dynamics have yet to be elucidated. By developing a general approach combining theory, experiment, and simulation, we reveal in molecular detail the mechanisms of Aβ42 oligomer dynamics during amyloid fibril formation. Even though all mature amyloid fibrils must originate as oligomers, we find that most Aβ42 oligomers dissociate to their monomeric precursors without forming new fibrils. Only a minority of oligomers converts into fibrillar species. Moreover, the heterogeneous ensemble of oligomeric species interconverts on timescales comparable to aggregation. Our results identify fundamentally new steps that could be targeted by therapeutic interventions designed to combat protein misfolding diseases.