bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability-Indicating Simultaneous Determination of Paracetamol and Three of Its Related Substances Using a Direct GC/MS Method
Authors: Belal Tarek , Awad Tamer , Clark C Randall 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A simple, direct, and selective stability-indicating GC/MS procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol (PR) and three of its related substances: 4-aminophenol (4-AP), acetanilide (AD), and 4-chloroacetanilide (4-CA). The method involved resolution of the underivatized compounds using a 100 dimethylpolysiloxane (Rtx-1) column, and MS detection was carried out in the electron-impact mode. The four compounds were completely resolved in less than 11 min. The fragmentation pathways for the four compounds were described, and the structures of the major fragment ions peaks were proposed. Quantification of the analytes was based on measuring their peak areas. The reliability and analytical performance of the proposed method including linearity, range, precision, accuracy, and detection and quantification limits were statistically validated. Calibration curves were linear over the ranges 75500, 25350, 25350, and 25350 g/mL for PR, 4-AP, AD, and 4-CA, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of PR and its related substances in laboratory-prepared mixtures of different proportions. Also, it was applied for the assay of PR in several commercially available pharmaceutical formulations with recoveries of 98.95100.76.
Assessment of Suitability of Magnetic Beads for Purification of Rat Plasma in Proteomic Analyses by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption IonizationTime-of-Flight MS
Authors: Mohottalage Susantha , Vincent Renaud , Kumarathasan Prem 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Plasma is a complex matrix and has to be clarified or fractionated to obtain informative MS data. Although there are a number of prefractionation methods to clean up complex biological matrixes before proteomic analysis, these methods require large sample volumes and are costly and time-consuming. Alternatively, recently introduced magnetic beads (MB) appear to be attractive in overcoming these difficulties. Therefore, we were interested in investigating the applicability of MB in the clarification of rat plasma samples for proteome analyses. For this purpose, we used complementary supports, such as hydrophobic interaction chromatography-based MB (MB-C18) and weak cation-exchange chromatography-based MB (MB-WCX). MB-based fractionated samples were either spotted directly or underwent tryptic digestion before matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) spotting. Samples from both MB separation techniques gave clean and well-resolved MALDI-time-of-flight MS spectra in the low molecular mass range of 110 kDa with -cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid as the matrix. Both techniques gave approximately 300 analyte peaks in this mass range. Our results showed that both MB-based separation procedures gave complementary mass spectral information. This approach provided information on the identity of a number of less-abundant and more-abundant proteins in plasma. Our findings suggest that this MB-based proteomic approach can be valuable in conducting faster screening of plasma samples for protein profiling.
Second-Derivative Spectrometric Determination of Urea in Milk Using the Diacetyl Monoxime Reagent
Authors: Nyanzi Steven A , Isiko Maureen , Kateregga Francis , Schwack Wolfgang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The application of derivative spectrometry to resolve overlapping spectra and improve the sensitivity and selectivity of the colorimetric determination of urea in milk using diacetyl monoxime is presented. With first-derivative (1D) spectrometry, the max of the colored complex was established to be 525 nm. The absorption band at max 525 nm in normal absorption (0D) spectrometry was resolved into three clearly distinct spectral bands with minima at 497, 530, and 566 nm with second-derivative (2D) spectrometry. With the second-derivative (2D530) technique, the depth of the trough of the strongest signal at 530 nm was used to determine urea in milk samples. Linear calibration curves for urea were obtained over a concentration range of 0.21.4 mg/L, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. The LOD and LOQ of the method were 0.01 and 0.03 mg/L, respectively. Recoveries of 99100 of spiked urea in milk with RSD values below 2.0 were obtained. The second-derivative method is simple, affordable, sensitive, and selective for the determination of urea in milk.
Determination of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in Olive Oil, Peanut Oil, and Sesame Oil
Authors: Bao Lei , Trucksess Mary W , White Kevin D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Edible oils are consumed directly, and used as ingredients in food, soaps, and skin products. However, oils such as olive oil, peanut oil, and sesame oil could be contaminated with aflatoxins, which are detrimental to human and animal health. A method using immunoaffinity column cleanup with RPLC separation and fluorescence detection (FLD) for determination of aflatoxins (AF) B1, B2, G1, and G2 in olive oil, peanut oil, and sesame oil was developed and validated. Test samples were extracted with methanolwater (55 + 45, v/v). After shaking and centrifuging, the lower layer was filtered, diluted with water, and filtered through glass microfiber filter paper. The filtrate was then passed through an immunoaffinity column, and the toxins were eluted with methanol. The toxins were then subjected to RPLC/FLD analysis after postcolumn UV photochemical derivatization. The accuracy and repeatability characteristics of the method were determined. Recoveries of AFB1 spiked at levels from 1.0 to 10.0 g/kg in olive oil, peanut oil, and sesame oil ranged from 82.9 to 98.6. RSDs ranged from 0.6 to 8.9. HorRat values were &lt;0.2 for all of the matrixes tested. Recoveries of AF spiked at levels from 2.0 to 20.0 g/kg ranged from 87.7 to 102.2. RSDs ranged from 1.3 to 12.6. HorRat values were &lt;0.4 for all of the matrixes tested. LC/MS/MS with multiple-reaction monitoring was used to confirm the identities of aflatoxins in a naturally contaminated peanut oil.
Liquid Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Determination of Diflucortolone Valerate and Isoconazole Nitrate in Creams
Authors: Karacan Elif , Çaġlayan Mehmet Gokhan , Palabiyik İsmail Murat , Onur Feyyaz 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A new RP-LC method and two new spectrophotometric methods, principal component regression (PCR) and first derivative spectrophotometry, are proposed for simultaneous determination of diflucortolone valerate (DIF) and isoconazole nitrate (ISO) in cream formulations. An isocratic system consisting of an ACE® C18 column and a mobile phase composed of methanol–water (95+5, v/v) was used for the optimal chromatographic separation. In PCR, the concentration data matrix was prepared by using synthetic mixtures containing these drugs in methanol–water (3+1, v/v). The absorbance data matrix corresponding to the concentration data matrix was obtained by measuring the absorbances at 29 wavelengths in the range of 242–298 nm for DIF and ISO in the zero-order spectra of their combinations. In first derivative spectrophotometry, dA/dλ values were measured at 247.8 nm for DIF and at 240.2 nm for ISO in first derivative spectra of the solution of DIF and ISO in methanol–water (3+1, v/v). The linear ranges were 4.00–48.0 μg/mL for DIF and 50.0–400 μg/mL for ISO in the LC method, and 2.40–40.0 μg/mL for DIF and 60.0–260 μg/mL for ISO in the PCR and first derivative spectrophotometric methods. These methods were validated by analyzing synthetic mixtures. These three methods were successfully applied to two pharmaceutical cream preparations.
124 Impact of heat stress and antioxidant supplements in feed or drinking water on growth, intestinal morphology, and oxidative and immune status in growing pigs
Authors: Silva-Guillen Ysenia Victoria , Martinez Padilla Gabriela E , Wiegert Jeffrey , Arellano Consuelo , Dean Boyd R , van Heugten Eric 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of vitamin E (vitE) or polyphenols supplemented in feed or drinking water as a heat abatement strategy in growing pigs. Individually housed pigs (n = 128, 47.3 ± 5.0 kg BW) were assigned within weight blocks and sex to a 2x4 factorial arrangement consisting of 2 environments (thermo-neutral [21.2°C] or heat-stressed [30.9°C]) and 4 supplementation treatments (control diet [25 IU/kg dl-α-tocopherol acetate]; control+100 IU/L vitE [d-α-tocopherol] in water; control+200 IU/kg vitE [dl-α-tocopherol acetate] in feed; or control+400 mg/kg polyphenols in feed). Supplementation was started 7 d prior to temperature treatments applied for 28 d. Heat stress reduced (P ≤ 0.001) final BW, ADG, and ADFI (-7.4 kg, -26.7%, and -25.4%, respectively) and increased (P &lt; 0.001) respiration rate and rectal temperature, but no effects of supplementation were detected. Serum vitamin E concentration increased (P &lt; 0.001) with vitE supplementation (1.64, 3.59, 3.24, and 1.67 mg/kg for control, vitE in water, vitE in feed, and polyphenols, respectively) and was greater when supplemented in water vs. feed (P = 0.002), especially when measured on d 28 (chronic) vs. d 2 (acute) of heat stress. Liver vitamin E increased (P &lt; 0.001) with vitE supplementation, especially in water, but not polyphenols (3.9, 31.8, 18.0, 4.9 ppm for control, vitE in water, vitE in feed, and polyphenols, respectively). Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for supplemented pigs compared to control, and heat stress reduced (P = 0.014) serum MDA on d 2, but not d 28. No differences were detected for intestinal morphology or MDA in mucosa of jejunum or ileum. Heat stress decreased (P &lt; 0.03) TNF-α in mucosa of ileum and jejunum, and supplementation reduced (P &lt; 0.05) TNF-α in mucosa of the ileum, but not jejunum. Heat stress markedly reduced performance of growing pigs, and supplementing antioxidants in feed or water was not effective in alleviating the impact of heat stress.
Studies on the gene regulation involved in the lytic–lysogenic switch in Staphylococcus aureus temperate bacteriophage Phi11
Authors: Das Avijit , Mandal Sukhendu , Hemmadi Vijay , Ratre Vivek , Biswas Malabika 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Antirepressor proteins of bacteriophages are chiefly involved in interfering with the function of the repressor protein and forcing the bacteriophage to adopt the lytic cycle. The genome of Staphylococcus aureus phage, Phi11 has already been sequenced; from the genome sequence, we amplified gp07 gene and analysed its involvement in the developmental pathway of Phi11. Our results indicate that Gp07 functions as a novel antirepressor and regulates the developmental pathway of Phi11 by enhancing the binding of the Cro repressor protein to its cognate operator. We also report our finding that the CI repressor protein of Phi11 binds to the putative operator of Gp07 and regulates its expression. We further report that S.aureus transcriptional repressor LexA and coprotease RecA play a crucial role in the lytic–lysogenic switching in Phi11. We also identified that the N-terminal domain (Bro-N) of Gp07 is actually responsible for enhancing the binding of Cro repressor to its cognate operator. Our results suggest that Phi11 prophage induction is different from other bacteriophages. This study furnishes a first-hand report regarding the regulation involved in the developmental pathway of Phi11.
Whole Breast Sound Speed Measurement from US Tomography Correlates Strongly with Volumetric Breast Density from Mammography
Authors: Sak Mark , Littrup Peter , Brem Rachel , Duric Neb 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the feasibility of using tissue sound speed as a quantitative marker of breast density.MethodsThis study was carried out under an Institutional Review Board–approved protocol (written consent required). Imaging data were selected retrospectively based on the availability of US tomography (UST) exams, screening mammograms with volumetric breast density data, patient age of 18 to 80 years, and weight less than 300 lbs. Sound speed images from the UST exams were used to measure the volume of dense tissue, the volume averaged sound speed (VASS), and the percent of high sound speed tissue (PHSST). The mammographic breast density and volume of dense tissue were estimated with three-dimensional (3D) software. Differences in volumes were assessed with paired t-tests. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the strength of the correlations between the mammographic and UST assessments of breast density.ResultsA total of 100 UST and 3D mammographic data sets met the selection criteria. The resulting measurements showed that UST measured a more than 2-fold larger volume of dense tissue compared to mammography. The differences were statistically significant (P &lt; 0.001). A strong correlation of rS = 0.85 (95% CI: 0.79–0.90) between 3D mammographic breast density (BD) and the VASS was noted. This correlation is significantly stronger than those reported in previous two-dimensional studies (rS = 0.85 vs rS = 0.71). A similar correlation was found for PHSST and mammographic BD with rS = 0.86 (95% CI: 0.80–0.90).ConclusionThe strong correlations between UST parameters and 3D mammographic BD suggest that breast sound speed should be further studied as a potential new marker for inclusion in clinical risk models.
Effects of Food Bait and Trap Type on Captures ofRhynchophorus palmarum(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Trap Bycatch in Southern California
Authors: Milosavljević Ivan , Hoddle Christina D , Mafra-Neto Agenor , Gómez-Marco Francesc , Hoddle Mark S 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRhynchophorus palmarum (L.) is an invasive pest responsible for killing thousands of ornamental Canary Islands date palms (Phoenix canariensis Chabaud) in San Diego County, CA. Two field experiments were conducted to compare the attractiveness of six different baits and two trap types. The tested baits were dates + water; dates + water + Saccharomyces cerevisiae; dates + water + S. bayanus; dates + water + S. pastorianus; 15% sugarcane molasses water solution mixed with 3% paraffinic oil, and a no bait control treatment. The two traps tested were white bucket traps (hanging 1.5 m above the ground and set on the ground) and black cone shaped Picusan traps (set on ground only). All traps were loaded with commercially available R. palmarum aggregation pheromone and the synergist ethyl acetate. Differences in weevil capture rates were observed across bait and trap types. Weevil captures were almost five times greater in Picusan traps compared to bucket traps that were hanging or placed on the ground. Adding dates and water alone or combined with S. cerevisiae to traps increased weevil captures compared to other baits and controls. Trap and bait types affected bycatch of nontarget arthropod species. In general, spiders, earwigs, and carabid beetles were most commonly recovered from Picusan traps, regardless of bait type. Scarab beetles, moths, and flies were found more frequently in bucket traps baited with molasses or dates mixed with S. bayanus. No effects of bait and trap type were associated with bycatch species richness.
Making the WTO (Not So) Great Again: The Case Against Responding to the Trump Trade Agenda Through Reform of WTO Rules on Subsidies and State Enterprises
Authors: Howse Robert 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A range of WTO scholars, policy experts, and governmental officials have bought into the notion that the Trump Administration’s unilateralism and its assault on China’s trade policies and practices could and should be channeled instead into WTO reform efforts. While dealing with China through unilateral tariff hikes and more recently a bilateral phase I agreement, the notion of addressing some concerns through WTO reform has not fallen entirely on a deaf ear in the Administration. Thus, Japan and the EU have been able to engage the Administration in an initiative to revise and add new WTO rules in the areas of subsidies, state enterprises, and forced technology transfer. This article offers a critical assessment of this initiative, arguing that by and large the proposed changes will add incoherence to existing WTO rules and make it more difficult for WTO Members to engage in economic and industrial policies that are needed, for example, to the address the economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Waveforms From Stylet Probing of the Mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Measured by AC–DC Electropenetrography
Authors: Wayadande Astri C , Backus Elaine A , Noden Bruce H , Ebert Timothy 
Published: July 2020

AbstractElectropenetrography (EPG) has been used for many years to visualize unseen stylet probing behaviors of plant-feeding piercing–sucking insects, primarily hemipterans. Yet, EPG has not been extensively used with blood-feeding insects. In this study, an AC–DC electropenetrograph with variable input resistors (Ri), i.e., amplifier sensitivities, was used to construct a waveform library for the mosquito arbovirus vector, Aedes aegypti (Linneaus), while feeding on human hands. EPG waveforms representing feeding activities were: 1) electrically characterized, 2) defined by visual observation of biological activities, 3) analyzed for differences in appearance by Ri level and type of applied signal (AC or DC), and 4) quantified. Electrical origins of waveforms were identified from five different Ri levels and AC versus DC. Mosquitoes produced short stylet probes (‘bites’) that typically contained five waveform families. Behaviors occurred in the following order: surface salivation (waveform family J), stylet penetration through the outer skin (K), penetration of deeper tissues and location of blood vessels/pathway activities (L), active ingestion with engorgement (M), and an unknown behavior that terminated the probe (N). Only K, L, and M were performed by every insect. A kinetogram of conditional probabilities for waveform performance demonstrated plasticity among individuals in L and M, which were alternated. Now that EPG waveforms for mosquito feeding have been defined, EPG can be used as a tool for improved biological understanding of mosquito-borne diseases.
Amyand’s hernia in a 5-year-old child: a case report and literature review
Authors: Khanal Bhawani , Agrawal Sunit , Gurung Roshan , Sah Suresh , Gupta Rakesh Kumar 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Amyand’s hernia in a child is a very rare entity. It poses a diagnostic challenge to the surgeon due to its variety of presentation. We are presenting a case of a 5-year-old child who presented to our institute with right-sided irreducible inguinal hernia. On exploration, the content of the hernia was caecum with normal appendix for which herniotomy with appendectomy was done.
757. Impact of a Sepsis Improvement Team with Prospective Audit and Feedback on SEP-1 Core Measure Adherence in an Urban Community Hospital
Authors: Mena Lora Alfredo J , Sim Sue , Spencer Sherrie , Coleman Yolanda , Krill Candice , Takhsh Eden , Bleasdale Susan C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Adherence to the CMS sepsis core measure (SEP-1) has been a challenge for facilities nationwide. Checklists, electronic medical record (EMR) alerts and order sets have been shown to improve compliance. We implemented a comprehensive SEP-1 guideline with order sets, checklists and EMR alerts at an urban community hospital. Subsequently, a SEP-1 improvement team with an infectious disease physician and a nurse led a prospective audit and feedback (PAF) program to help improve adherence and reduce errors. We seek to understand the impact of PAF on SEP-1 compliance.

Methods
Quasi-experimental pre- and post-intervention study of SEP-1 compliance at a 151-bed urban community hospital from January 2015 to December 2018. PAF intervention was started on July 2017. Cases were reviewed, SEP-1 failures identified, and feedback given to nurses and clinicians involved within 48 hours of admission. Gaps in adherence are identified, education given, and corrective actions taken. SEP-1 adherence before and after PAF implementation was reviewed.

Results
A total of 307 cases met the SEP-1 inclusion criteria. PAF was successfully implemented. There were 169 SEP-1 cases before and 138 after implementation of PAF. The success rate increased from 44% to 52% with PAF (Figure 1). The most common reasons for failure were initial and repeat lactic acid on both groups (Figure 2).

Conclusion
Prospective audit and feedback for SEP-1 improved compliance rates at our facility. Prospective audit can help identify core measure failures early and provide immediate feedback to clinicians, nurses and laboratory personnel. Immediate feedback by the SEP-1 improvement team may help increase SEP-1 awareness, strengthen existing protocols and promote a culture of safety. SEP-1 is a complex core measure that may transition to pay-for-performance. An ID physician-led SEP-1 improvement team with PAF may be an area for future value-based care opportunities for ID physicians.

Disclosures
All authors: No reported disclosures.
Site Preparation and Phosphorus Application Alter Early Growth of Loblolly Pine
Authors: Wilhite L. P. , McKee W. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) was grown on three sites with a series of site preparation treatments and differential applications of herbicide to determine the impact of site preparation on early growth and nutrition of trees without the interaction of woody competition. The study sites were poorly, somewhat poorly, and moderately well-drained soils of the lower Atlantic Coastal Plain in South Carolina. One year after planting, treatments of no fertilizer, phosphorus, potassium, and phosphorus plus potassium were applied to each site preparation plot. Five years after planting, the tallest pines (12 to 15 feet) were on plots that had received the most expensive and most intensive treatment (bedding, phosphorus fertilizer, and a small amount of herbicide), but growth was good (10 to 13 feet) on plots that had received the least expensive and least intensive treatment as well (preparation with hand tools, no fertilizer, and a larger amount of herbicide). Growth was poorest (7 to 10 feet) on plots that had been rootraked and had received a medium amount of herbicide. Foliar nutrient data also indicated that rootraking was site degrading.
Eucalyptus for Low Elevation Foothill Plantations in California
Authors: LeBlanc John W. , Hasey Janine K. , Standiford Richard B. , Connor Mike , Sachs Roy M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In March 1984 we established a test plantation of selected Eucalyptus and poplar seedlings species and clones on a range site in the Sierra Nevada foothills. The main objectives were to evaluate survival and growth of the various species and clones and to determine a rotation age for intensively managed hardwood trees grown under low elevation foothill conditions. Seedlings and clones of six species of Eucalyptus and one hybrid poplar were grown with short rotation intensive culture techniques for 7 yr. Rotation age, defined as the culmination of mean annual increment, varied from 3 to 6 yr. The best producing clone produced 8 cords of fuelwood per acre per year. The potential for damage from freezing and snow at these elevations is also discussed. West. J. Appl. For. 12(4):104-107.