bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A North American Historical Review of Three-Axle Freight Trucks
Authors: Shust William , Palmieri Michael M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
At first glance, it seems appealing to suggest additional wheelsets under a given railcar type. From the track’s viewpoint, and in a simplistic analysis, trading a particular car’s four-axles for the use of six should allow half again more car weight. This paper will examine efforts to test this concept over the past century. Indeed, the railway marketplace has investigated the three-axle truck in both the freight and passenger car arenas multiple times over the past century. Except in heavy-duty flatcars, the record shows that each implementation has proven to be only temporary.
In general, three-axle freight trucks were developed for use with steam locomotive tenders in the early 20th century. These designs were then adapted to other car types over several decades, involving thousands of individual cars. Today, three-axle trucks are nearly extinct. This paper will address the history and status of three-axle freight trucks (or bogies) as used in North American railcar operations. Various past 20th-century applications will be discussed. International efforts will be reviewed as well. The very limited and remaining current usage of three-axle trucks is also discussed.
Improving the Interpretability of Physics-Based Bias in Material Models
Authors: Chodora Evan , Flynn Garrison , Tippetts Trevor , Unal Cetin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In order to accurately predict the performance of materials under dynamic loading conditions, models have been developed that describe the rate-dependent material behavior and irrecoverable plastic deformation that occurs at elevated strains and applied loads. Most of these models have roots in empirical fits to data and, thus, require the addition of specific parameters that reflect the properties and response of specific materials. In this work, we present a systematic approach to the problem of calibrating a Johnson-Cook plasticity model for 304L stainless steel using experimental testing in which the parameters are treated as dependent on the state of the material and uncovered using experimental data. The results obtained indicate that the proposed approach can make the presence of a discrepancy term in calibration unnecessary and, at the same time, improve the prediction accuracy of the model into new input domains and provide improved understanding of model bias compared to calibration with stationary parameter values.
Treatment Restrictions and the Risk of Death in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Reinink Hendrik , Konya Burak , Geurts Marjolein , Kappelle L. Jaap , van der Worp H. Bart 
Published: August 2020

Background and Purpose:
Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders in the first 24 hours after intracerebral hemorrhage have been associated with an increased risk of early death. This relationship is less certain for ischemic stroke. We assessed the relation between treatment restrictions and mortality in patients with ischemic stroke and in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. We focused on the timing of treatment restrictions after admission and the type of treatment restriction (DNR order versus more restrictive care).

Methods:
We retrospectively assessed demographic and clinical data, timing and type of treatment restrictions, and vital status at 3 months for 622 consecutive stroke patients primarily admitted to a Dutch university hospital. We used a Cox regression model, with adjustment for age, sex, comorbidities, and stroke type and severity.

Results:
Treatment restrictions were installed in 226 (36%) patients, more frequently after intracerebral hemorrhage (51%) than after ischemic stroke (32%). In 187 patients (83%), these were installed in the first 24 hours. Treatment restrictions installed within the first 24 hours after hospital admission and those installed later were independently associated with death at 90 days (adjusted hazard ratios, 5.41 [95% CI, 3.17–9.22] and 5.36 [95% CI, 2.20–13.05], respectively). Statistically significant associations were also found in patients with ischemic stroke and in patients with just an early DNR order. In those who died, the median time between a DNR order and death was 520 hours (interquartile range, 53–737).

Conclusions:
The strong relation between treatment restrictions (including DNR orders) and death and the long median time between a DNR order and death suggest that this relation may, in part, be causal, possibly due to an overall lack of aggressive care.
The Powers of the South African Public Protector: A Note on Economic Freedom Fighters v Speaker of the National Assembly
Authors: Mhango Mtendeweka , Dyani-Mhango Ntombizozuko 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The scope of the powers of the Public Protector was one of the main questions for determination by the Constitutional Court in the landmark case of Economic Freedom Fighters vs Speaker of the National Assembly. This note critically examines that case, especially in relation to its finding that the remedial actions of the Public Protector have a binding effect. The note argues that the court erred by ignoring the text and history of the Constitution in its interpretations of the powers of the Public Protector. We argue that the Court got it wrong when it dismissed an argument that the powers of the Public Protector should be sourced from the Public Protector Act and not directly from the Constitution. In its critical analysis of Economic Freedom Fighters vs Speaker of the National Assembly, the note engages with two other related decisions from lower courts.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of comprehensive drug price reform: a case study from Shihezi city in Western China
Authors: Lin Taoyu , Wu Zhaohui , Liu Menming , Wu Xiangwei , Zhang Xinping 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
China carried out a comprehensive drug price reform (CDPR) in 2017 to control the growing expense of drug effectively and reduce the financial burden of inpatients. However, early studies in pilot regions found the heterogeneity in the effectiveness of CDPR from different regions and other negative effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the reform on medical expenses, medical service utilisation and government financial reimbursement for inpatients in economically weaker regions.

Methods
Shihezi was selected as the sample city, and 238,620 inpatients, who were covered by basic medical insurance (BMI) and had complete information from September 2016 to August 2018 in public hospitals, were extracted by cluster sampling. An interrupted series design was used to compare the changing trends in medical expenses, medical service utilisation and reimbursement of BMI for inpatients before and after the reform.

Results
Compared with the baseline trends before the CDPR, those after the CDPR were observed with decreased per capita hospitalisation expenses (HE) by ¥301.9 per month (p < 0.001), decreased drug expense (DE) ratio at a rate of 0.32% per month (p < 0.05) and increased ratio of diagnosis and treatment expenses (DTE) at a rate of 0.25% per month (p < 0.01). The number of inpatients in secondary and tertiary hospitals declined by 458 (p < 0.001) and 257 (p < 0.05) per month, respectively. The BMI reimbursement in tertiary hospitals decreased by ¥254.7 per month (p < 0.001).

Conclusion
The CDPR controlled the increase in medical expenses effectively and adjusted its structure reasonably. However, it also reduced the medical service utilisation of inpatients in secondary and tertiary hospitals and financial reimbursement for inpatients in tertiary hospitals.
PDX models of human lung squamous cell carcinoma: consideration of factors in preclinical and co-clinical applications
Authors: Jung Hae-Yun , Kim Tae Ho , Lee Jong-Eun , Kim Hong Kwan , Cho Jong Ho , Choi Yong Soo , Shin Sumin , Lee Se-Hoon , Rhee Hwanseok , Lee Hee Kyung , Choi Hyun Jung , Jang Hye Yoon , Lee Seungjae , Kang Jung Hee , Choi Young Ae , Lee Sanghyuk , Lee Jinseon , Choi Yoon La , Kim Jhingook 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Treatment of human lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) using current targeted therapies is limited because of their diverse somatic mutations without any specific dominant driver mutations. These mutational diversities preventing the use of common targeted therapies or the combination of available therapeutic modalities would require a preclinical animal model of this tumor to acquire improved clinical responses. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have been recognized as a potentially useful preclinical model for personalized precision medicine. However, whether the use of LUSC PDX models would be appropriate enough for clinical application is still controversial.

Methods
In the process of developing PDX models from Korean patients with LUSC, the authors investigated the factors influencing the successful initial engraftment of tumors in NOD scid gamma mice and the retainability of the pathological and genomic characteristics of the parental patient tumors in PDX tumors.

Conclusions
The authors have developed 62 LUSC PDX models that retained the pathological and genomic features of parental patient tumors, which could be used in preclinical and co-clinical studies.
Trial registration Tumor samples were obtained from 139 patients with LUSC between November 2014 and January 2019. All the patients provided signed informed consents. This study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of Samsung Medical Center (2018-03-110)
[18F]FDG uptake of the normal spinal cord in PET/MR imaging: comparison with PET/CT imaging
Authors: Aiello Marco , Alfano Vincenzo , Salvatore Elena , Cavaliere Carlo , Picardi Marco , Della Pepa Roberta , Nicolai Emanuele , Soricelli Andrea , Vella Alessandra , Salvatore Marco , Mascalchi Mario 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
The lack of visualization of the spinal cord hinders the evaluation of [18F]Fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) uptake of the spinal cord in PET/CT. By exploiting the capability of MRI to precisely outline the spinal cord, we performed a retrospective study aimed to define normal pattern of spinal cord [18F]FDG uptake in PET/MRI.

Methods
Forty-one patients with lymphoma without clinical or MRI signs of spinal cord or bone marrow involvement underwent simultaneous PET and MRI acquisition using Siemens Biograph mMR after injection of 3.5 MBq/kg body weight of [18F]FDG for staging purposes. Using a custom-made software, we placed ROIs of 3 and 9 mm in diameter in the spinal cord, lumbar CSF, and vertebral marrow that were identified on MRI at 5 levels (C2, C5, T6, T12, and L3). The SUVmax, SUVmean, and the SUVmax and SUVmean normalized (NSUVmax and NSUVmean) to the liver were measured. For comparison, the same ROIs were placed in PET-CT images obtained immediately before the PET-MRI acquisition following the same tracer injection.

Results
On PET/MRI using the 3 mm ROI, the following average (all level excluding L3) spinal cord median (1st and 3rd quartile) values were measured: SUVmean, 1.68 (1.39 and 1.83); SUVmax, 1.92 (1.60 and 2.14); NSUVmean, 1.18 (0.93 and 1.36); and NSUVmax, 1.27 (1.01 and 1.33). Using the 9 mm ROI, the corresponding values were SUVmean, 1.41 (1.25–1.55); SUVmax, 2.41 (2.08 and 2.61); NSUVmean, 0.93 (0.79 and 1.04); and NSUVmax, 1.28 (1.02 and 1.39). Using the 3 mm ROI, the highest values of PET-MRI SUVmax, SUVmean, NSUVmax, and NSUVmean were consistently observed at C5 and the lowest at T6. Using a 9 mm ROI, the highest values were consistently observed at C5 and the lowest at T12 or T6. The spinal cord [18F]FDG-uptake values correlated with the bone marrow uptake at the same level, especially in case of NSUVmax. Comparison with PET-CT data revealed that the average SUVmax and SUVmean of the spinal cord were similar in PET-MRI and PET-CT. However, the average NSUVmax and NSUVmean of the spinal cord were higher (range 21–47%) in PET-MRI than in PET-CT.

Conclusions
Using a whole-body protocol, we defined the maximum and mean [18F]FDG uptake of the normal spinal cord in PET/MRI. While the observed values show the expected longitudinal distribution, they appear to be higher than those measured in PET/CT. Normalization of the SUVmax and SUVmean of the spinal cord to the liver radiotracer uptake could help in multi-institutional comparisons and studies.
A note on degenerate poly-Genocchi numbers and polynomials
Authors: Kim Hye Kyung , Jang Lee-Chae 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRecently, some mathematicians have been studying a lot of degenerate versions of special polynomials and numbers in some arithmetic and combinatorial aspects. Our research is also interested in this field. In this paper, we introduce a new type of the degenerate poly-Genocchi polynomials and numbers, based on Kim and Kim’s (J. Math. Anal. Appl.487(2):124017, 2020) modified polyexponential function. The paper is divided into two parts. In Sect. 2, we consider a new type of the degenerate poly-Genocchi polynomials and numbers constructed from the modified polyexponential function. We also show several combinatorial identities related to the degenerate poly-Genocchi polynomials and numbers. Some of them include the degenerate and other special polynomials and numbers such as the Stirling numbers of the first kind, the degenerate Stirling numbers of the second kind, degenerate Euler polynomials, degenerate Bernoulli polynomials and Bernoulli numbers of orderα, etc. In Sect. 3, we also introduce the degenerate unipoly Genocchi polynomials attached to an arithmetic function by using the degenerate polylogarithm function. We give some new explicit expressions and identities related to degenerate unipoly Genocchi polynomials and special numbers and polynomials.
Working paper respecto al conocimiento de marca aplicado a embajadores o voceros de marca en Facebook: Implicaciones estratégicas para su contratación y uso en mercadeo.
Authors: Lozano Maria Carolina 
Published: August 2020

<p>Entendiendo que el presente documento constituye un "Working Papers" cuyo propósito es alojar el avance de los proyectos de investigación desarrollados en la Maestría de la IUPG, bajo la categoría de "literatura gris" proyectado a un artículo publicable en revista indexada, el resumen de este documento consiste en<a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Carolina/Desktop/Maestria/Art%C3%ADculo%20de%20Investigaci%C3%B3n/Trabajo%20Final/Entrega%20final%201/Entrega%2024%20abril%20-%20Leonardo%20Ortegon%20y%20Javier%20Sanchez/Articulo%20de%20Investigaci%C3%B3n.docx#_ftn1">[1]</a>: En la actualidad los gerentes de marca están retados a crear y promover estrategias para captar la atención de los prosumidores que cada vez se suman a consultar las opiniones y mensajes de los embajadores de marcas y así confirmar su concepto y decisión de compra, por lo cual se ha convertido en un canal interesante donde se deben desarrollar estrategias y tácticas para posicionar marcas y así comunicar mejor los beneficios de los productos y servicios. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el conocimiento de marca aplicado a los embajadores o voceros de marca por parte de sus seguidores de Facebook en un conjunto de distintos productos y servicios que se ofrecen en esta red social. Para tal propósito, se ha diseñado un estudio descriptivo correlacional utilizando la técnica de encuesta aplicada a 384 seguidores de algún embajador de marca. Se espera que los resultados aporten información al estado del concepto de conocimiento de marca, particularmente en el ámbito de los embajadores de marca en la red social Facebook.</p><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div><p><a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/Carolina/Desktop/Maestria/Art%C3%ADculo%20de%20Investigaci%C3%B3n/Trabajo%20Final/Entrega%20final%201/Entrega%2024%20abril%20-%20Leonardo%20Ortegon%20y%20Javier%20Sanchez/Articulo%20de%20Investigaci%C3%B3n.docx#_ftnref1">[1]</a> Este documento representa un “Working Paper" bajo la categoría de literatura gris. No se autoriza la publicación parcial o total de este documento en ninguna plataforma divulgativa de conocimiento académico, profesional o científico. Únicamente se autoriza la divulgación del título, autores, asesores, resumen y palabras claves en los medios que se encuentran estipulados por la Institución Universitaria Politécnico Grancolombiano.</p></div></div>
Tendencias mundiales de la implementación de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera. Un estudio bibliométrico del período 1989 a 2018
Authors: Fuentes Doria Deivi David , Toscano Hernández Aníbal , García Alarcón Héctor 
Published: August 2020

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir las principales características bibliográficas de la producción científica mundial relacionada con la implementación de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera ―NIIF―. A partir de un análisis descriptivo de la evolución cuantitativa de las citaciones, redes de colaboración internacional, productividad de los principales autores y términos frecuentes en las publicaciones científicas.Se realizó un estudio bibliométrico de revistas científicas indexadas en Scopus a través del software VOSviewer que facilita la visualización de mapas bibliométricos. Lo anterior, permite obtener una visión general de las tendencias de la investigación científica relacionada con la implementación de las NIIF. Este es el primer estudio bibliométrico que informa sobre las principales redes de colaboración y los clústeres temáticos de la produccióncientífica relacionada con la implementación de estas normas en las organizaciones a nivel mundial. La estrategia de búsqueda empleada identificó 1224 documentos de producción científica que permiten visualizar la importancia de este campo de estudio en la literatura académica, lo que se refleja en un incremento del 99 % en el número de publicaciones anuales entre 1989 y 2018. Dada la rigurosidad de la metodología, y el enfoque global delámbito de estudio, los resultados del documento facilitan la identificación efectiva de las direcciones de la investigación sobre la implementación de las NIIF en las organizaciones.
Quality of life of patients with kidney stones
Authors: Protoshchak Vladimir V. , Paronnikov Mikhail V. , Sivakov Aleksei A. , Kiselev Artem O. 
Published: August 2020

Relevance. In 2013, the Wisconsin Stone Quality of Life Questionnaire (WISQoL) was developed a specific tool for assessing the quality of life (QoL) in patients with urolithiasis.
Aim. To determine the possibility of using the WISQoL and SF-36 questionnaires to study the treatment results of patients with kidney stones.
Materials and methods. The study included 218 patients with nephrolithiasis. Patients were divided into 2 groups: the first the size of the stone up to 10 mm and the second from 11 to 20 mm. At the first stage, the efficacy of treatment patients by the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and percutaneous nephrolitholapaxy (PNL) 1 week, 1 and 3 months after surgery was compared. Questionnaires were used to study factors affecting the QOL of patients, including: gender, age, number, density and size of stones, hydronephrosis, stone free rate (SFR), type of surgery. At the next stage, the dynamics of changes in scores for the domains of questionnaires at different stages of treatment was evaluated.
Results. The efficacy of treating kidney stones up to 1 cm in size after 3 months with ESWL was 86,1% and PNL 94,4 %, while stones up to 20 mm using ESWL 73,4% and percutaneous techniques 90,6%. Gender, age, stone size, SFR affected the QoL of patients with nephrolithiasis, while the number and density of stones, the presence of hydronephrosis and the type of operation were not significant. Patients 1 week after PNL had lower QoL scores in the domains of social impact and impact on vitalyty of WISQoL and mental heals of SF-36. After 1 month, these changes were determined only in the social impact domain and completely regressed by the 3rd month.
Conclusion. SFR after ESWL and PNL in the first group is comparable, in the second group, percutaneous operations were 17,2% more effective. Male gender, age up to 40 years, stone size more than 1 cm, and also not reached SFR negatively affects patients with nephrolithiasis. Compared with ESWL and PNL is accompanied by the worst dynamics of QOL scores only 1 week after the operation; upon further observation, negative changes are leveled.
EMPLOYING WEBSITE IN JAPANESE LEARNING AS AN INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA FOR PEDAGOGICAL PURPOSE
Authors: Herniwati Herniwati , Aneros Noviyanti , Judiasri Melia Dewi 
Published: August 2020

Industrial revolution 4.0 in the development of instructional media for Japanese language learning is one of the demands of the era that cannot be avoided anymore. Devices that cannot be released from the students' hands make it seems like it's the only source to search for information or answer in the learning process. Learning Japanese is not only through textbooks, but students are able to develop the teaching materials in the form of narratives of tourism and cultural destinations in the city of Bandung using Japanese. Those narratives about the information of destinations are packaged into a website that can be accessed anytime and anywhere, as an interactive instructional media that can increase motivation and interest about the city of Bandung in Japanese. The development of this website is not only for Japanese learners, but also useful as a source of information for Japanese people who will visit the city of Bandung. The latest information about the city of Bandung using Japanese consists of historical sites, tourist attractions, museums, and culinary. Japanese learners can access them at any time and can be used as a medium for discussion, and learners can explain it again about the city of Bandung to their friends. This innovation of learning media is a solution in the era of industrial revolution 4.0 to improve Japanese language skills both orally and in writing.
Phytoremediation of Eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) rearing wastewater using amazon sword (Echinodorus amazonicus ) and water jasmine (Echinodorus palaefolius)
Authors: Handajani Hany , Widanarni Widanarni , Budiardi Tatag , Setiawati Mia , Sujono Sujono 
Published: August 2020

Management of aquaculture wastewater is still the major problems in fisheries, especially in intensive systems. Intensively aquaculture activities often increase organic matter and nutrients (N and P) in the water. The study was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediator performance of Echinodorus amazonicus and Echinodorus palaefolius in removing inorganic nitrogen and orthophosphate from aquaculture wastewater with the recircula­tion system. This study used a completely randomized design with three treatments and 3 replications. The treatments of this study were P1: E. amazonicus, P2: E. palaefolius and P3: control (without aquatic plants). The tested fish were elvers which average weight 6.98 ± 0.19 g, and fish density was 4 gL-1. Elvers reared in an aquarium that containing 48 L in a recirculation system. The paste feed which protein level of 45.25% was given at satiation 3 times/day. Elvers reared for 60 days. The results showed that E. palaefolius significantly reduced concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3) and orthophosphate (PO4) with an efficiency of 27.10 ± 2.42%; 45.03 ± 9.77%; 20.94 ± 1.29% and 14.19 ± 3.05%, respectively higher than E. amazonicus and control. The best result of elver’s performance (SGR and FCR) was in treatment P2 (E. palaefolius), i.e. 1.19 ± 0.18% and 1.57 ± 0.30. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the use of E. palaefolius as phytoremediator in eel culture with recirculation system can removed inorganic nitrogen and orthophosphate more optimal compared to other treatment.