bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinant factor of married women’s knowledge on vertical transmission of HIV in Mecha district, Ethiopia; a community-based study
Authors: Liyeh Tewachew Muche 
Published: December 2020

Introduction
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV infection remains a major public health problem and constitutes the most important cause of HIV infection in children. Knowledge of married women on MTCT of HIV is very important for successful intervention toward prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and achieving the goal of eliminating the new HIV infection. The objective of the study was to assess knowledge of married women on MTCT of HIV and associated factors in Mecha district Northwest Ethiopia.

Methods
A community based cross sectional study was conducted involving 520 married women from January 1 to February 30 /2017 in Mecha district. Interviewer administered questionnaires were used to collect the data. The collected data was entered, cleaned and checked using Epi Data version 3.1 and then analyzed with SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was computed for all explanatory variables to identify determinant factors at 95% confidence interval. Explanatory variables having P-value <0.05 taken as a predictor for knowledge of married women on mother to child transmission of HIV.

Result
This study was carried out among a total of 520 married reproductive age group women with a response rate of 98%. From the total of 510 respondents, 160(31.4%) of women were knowledgeable on vertical transmission of HIV (MTCT). Women who were knowledgeable on MTCT of HIV was positively associated with urban residence (AOR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.05–2.92), women who had history of ANC follow up (AOR = 2.68, 95% CI: 1.17–6.13), women who were pregnant during the study period (AOR = 1.86, 95%CI: 1.10–3.13) and those who had discussions with their husband about HIV/AIDS/ MTCT (AOR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.52-.3.80).

Conclusion and recommendation
The finding from this study revealed that knowledge of married women on MTCT of HIV was low. This may contribute to increase the spread of MTCT of HIV. Therefore, giving more attention and emphasis on continuous education regarding MTCT of HIV is highly recommended.
The impact of antenatal care utilization on admissions to neonatal intensive care units and perinatal mortality in Georgia
Authors: Manjavidze Tinatin , Rylander Charlotta , Skjeldestad Finn Egil , Kazakhashvili Nata , Anda Erik Eik 
Published: December 2020

Introduction
Appropriate antenatal care (ANC) utilization has direct, significant effects on perinatal mortality (PM). Georgia has one of the highest PM rates (11.7 per 1000 births) in Europe and launched a more intensive ANC programme in 2018.

Aim
To evaluate the associations between the Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization (APNCU) index and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission and PM in Georgia.

Methods
The Georgian Birth Registry (GBR), with linkage to the Vital Registration System, was used as the main data source; 148,407 eligible mothers and singleton newborns were identified during the observation period (2017–2019). The main exposure was ANC utilization, measured by the APNCU index, and the hospitalization registry was used to validate NICU admissions. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the associations between the exposure and outcomes while controlling for potential confounders.

Results
The overall PM rate was 11.6/1000 births, and the proportion of newborns with a NICU admission was 7.8%. 85% of women initiated ANC before gestational age week 12. According to the APNCU index, 16% of women received inadequate, 10% intermediate, 38% adequate, and 36% intensive care. Women who received intermediate care had the lowest odds of PM (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45–0.70), and newborns of women who received inadequate care had the highest odds of NICU admission (AOR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.09–1.23) and PM (AOR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.02–1.36).

Conclusion
ANC utilization is significantly associated with newborn asmissions to NICU and PM in Georgia. Women received inadequate care experienced the highest odds of newborn admissions to NICU and PM.
Thermal characteristics of rheumatoid feet in remission: Baseline data
Authors: Gatt Alfred , Mercieca Cecilia , Borg Andrew , Grech Andrea , Camilleri Liberato , Gatt Corene , Chockalingam Nachiappan , Formosa Cynthia 
Published: December 2020

Objectives
Studies have shown conflicting characteristic thermographic patterns of the feet in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, to date no studies have compared thermographic patterns of patients with RA in remission and healthy controls. Thus this study aimed to investigate whether the thermal characteristics of the feet of RA patients, in clinical and radiological remission differ to those of healthy controls.

Methods
Using convenience sampling, RA patients were recruited upon confirmed absence of synovitis by clinical examination and musculoskeletal ultrasound. Thermal images of the feet were taken. Each foot was subdivided into medial, central, lateral, forefoot and heel regions. Subsequently, temperatures in the different regions were analyzed and compared to a cohort of healthy adults.

Results
Data from 32 RA patients were compared to that of 51 healthy controls. The Independent samples T-Test demonstrated a significant difference in temperatures in all the regions of the forefoot between RA participants versus healthy subjects (Table 1). Using the One-Way ANOVA test, no significant difference was found between all the forefoot regions (p = 0.189) of RA patients. Independent sample T-test found significant differences in all heel regions between the two groups (Table 2). One-Way ANOVA demonstrated no significant differences (p = 0.983) between the different foot regions (n = 192) of RA patients.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that RA patients in clinical and radiological remission exhibit significantly different feet thermographic patterns compared to healthy controls. This data will provide the basis for future studies to assess whether thermographic patterns change with disease activity.
Associations between preconception macronutrient intake and birth weight across strata of maternal BMI
Authors: Salavati Nastaran , Bakker Marian K. , Lewis Fraser , Vinke Petra C. , Mubarik Farya , Erwich JanJaap H. M. , van der Beek Eline M. 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionMaternal nutrition during pregnancy is linked with birth outcomes including fetal growth, birth weight, congenital anomalies and long-term health through intra-uterine programming. However, a woman’s nutritional status before pregnancy is a strong determinant in early embryo-placental development, and subsequently outcomes for both mother and child. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary macronutrient intake in the preconception period with birth weight.MethodsWe studied a group of 1698 women from the Dutch Perined-Lifelines linked birth cohort with reliable detailed information on preconception dietary macronutrient intake (using a semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire) and data available on birth weight of the offspring. Birth weight was converted into gestational age adjusted z-scores, and macronutrient intake was adjusted for total energy intake using the nutrient residual method. Preconception BMI was converted into cohort-based quintiles. Multivariable linear regression was performed, adjusted for other macronutrients and covariates.ResultsMean maternal age was 29.5 years (SD 3.9), preconception BMI: 24.7 kg/m2(SD 4.2) and median daily energy intake was 1812 kcal (IQR 1544–2140). Mean birth weight was 3578 grams (SD 472). When adjusted for covariates, a significant association (adjusted z score [95% CI], P) between polysaccharides and birth weight was shown (0.08 [0.01–0.15], 0.03). When linear regression analyses were performed within cohort-based quintiles of maternal BMI, positive significant associations between total protein, animal protein, fat, total carbohydrates, mono-disaccharides and polysaccharides with birth weight were shown in the lowest quintile of BMI independent of energy intake, intake of other macronutrients and covariates.ConclusionOut of all macronutrients studied, polysaccharides showed the strongest association with birth weight, independent of energy intake and other covariates. Our study might suggest that specifically in women with low preconception BMI a larger amount of macronutrient intake was associated with increased birth weight. We recommend that any dietary assessment and advise during preconception should be customized to preconception weight status of the women.
Controle social como cenário de prática da Residência Multiprofissional em Gestão de Políticas Públicas para a Saúde
Authors: Souza Antônio Alves de , Silva João Paulo Almeida Brito da , Raggio Armando Martinho Bardou , Passos Maria Fabiana Damásio 
Published: December 2020

Introdução: A participação da comunidade foi imprescindível para a criação e o desenvolvimento do SUS. Assegurada na Constituição Federal e sendo diretriz estratégica deste, expressa-se na saúde por meio dos conselhos e conferências de saúde e se configura como importante espaço de formação da Residência Multiprofissional em Gestão de Políticas Públicas para a Saúde, na perspectiva de formar profissionais para o exercício de gestões mais democráticas e participativas. Objetivo: Apresentar a discussão do controle social como campo de prática da Residência Multiprofissional em Gestão de Políticas Públicas para a Saúde. Métodos: Relato da experiência institucional de atores da EFG no processo de construção pedagógica da Residência a partir das atividades desenvolvidas junto aos espaços de controle social. Resultados: Dentre a construção do projeto pedagógico da residência, juntamente com a ESCS foi feita a leitura da importância do Controle Social na formação dos residentes. No primeiro trimestre da residência foram ofertadas a participação em conferências e reuniões dos Conselhos Regionais, Distrital e Nacional, cujos debates tem contribuído para a formação destes demonstrando que são importantes espaços para o amadurecimento e formação dos residentes como gestores de políticas públicas. Conclusões: A construção e gestão de políticas públicas devem ser constituídas em espaços democráticos e participativos e devem orientar todo o processo de formação dos profissionais de saúde residentes.
The CO2/CH4 Separation Potential of ZIF-8/Polysulfone Mixed Matrix Membranes at Elevated Particle Loading for Biogas Upgradation Process
Authors: Sutrisna Putu Doddy , Hadi Ronaldo Pangestu , Siswanto Jonathan , Prabowo Giovanni J 
Published: December 2020

Biogas is a renewable energy that has been explored widely in Indonesia to substitute non-renewable energy. However, the presence of certain gas, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), can decrease the calorific value and generate greenhouse gas. Hence, the separation of CO2 from methane (CH4) occurs as a crucial step to improve the utilization of biogas. The separation of CH4/CO2 can be conducted using a polymeric membrane that needs no chemical, hence considered as an environmentally friendly technique. However, the utilization of polymeric membrane in gas separation processes is hampered by the trade-off between gas throughput and selectivity. To solve this problem, the incorporation of inorganic particles, such as Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8) particles, into the polymer matrix to improve the gas separation performance of the membrane has been conducted recently. In this research, ZIF-8 has been incorporated into Polysulfone matrix to form ZIF-8/Polysulfone-based membrane by simple blending and phase inversion techniques in flat sheet configuration. The pure gas permeation tests showed an increase in gas permeability (26 Barrer compared to 17 Barrer) after the inclusion of ZIF-8 particles with a slight decrease in CO2/CH4selectivity for particle loading more than 15wt. %. Therefore, the membrane with 15wt. % of particles showed the best performance in terms of gas selectivity. This result was due to the aggregation of ZIF-8 particles at particle loading higher than 15wt. %. Chemical analysis indicated an interaction between filler and polymer, and there were increases in the degree of crystallinity after the incorporation of ZIF-8.
Florence: a Web-based Grammar of Graphics for Making Maps and Learning Cartography
Authors: Poorthuis Ate , Van der Zee Lucas , Guo Grace , Keong Jo Hsi , Dy Bianchi 
Published: December 2020

Online, web-based cartography workflows use a dizzying variety of software suites, libraries, and programming languages. This proliferation of mapmaking technologies, often developed from a software engineering rather than a cartographic foundation, creates a series of challenges for cartography education, research, and practice.
To address these challenges, we introduce a JavaScript-based open-source framework for web-based cartography and data visualization. It is built on top of existing open web standards that are already in intensive use for online mapmaking today, but provides a framework that is firmly based on cartographic and visualization theory rather than software engineering concepts. Specifically, we adopt concepts from Bertin’s Semiology of Graphics and Wilkinson’s Grammar of Graphics to create a language with a limited number of core concepts and verbs that are combined in a declarative style of “writing” visualizations. In this paper, we posit a series of design guidelines that have informed our approach, and discuss how we translate these tenets into a software implementation and framework with specific use cases and examples. We frame the development of the software and the discussion specifically in the context of the use of such tools in cartography education.
With this framework, we hope to provide an example of a software for web-based data visualization that is in sync with cartographic theories and objectives. Such approaches allow for potentially greater cartographic flexibility and creativity, as well as easier adoption in cartography courses.
Estimating population average treatment effects from experiments with noncompliance
Authors: Ottoboni Kellie N. , Poulos Jason V. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Randomized control trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for estimating causal effects, but often use samples that are non-representative of the actual population of interest. We propose a reweighting method for estimating population average treatment effects in settings with noncompliance. Simulations show the proposed compliance-adjusted population estimator outperforms its unadjusted counterpart when compliance is relatively low and can be predicted by observed covariates. We apply the method to evaluate the effect of Medicaid coverage on health care use for a target population of adults who may benefit from expansions to the Medicaid program. We draw RCT data from the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment, where less than one-third of those randomly selected to receive Medicaid benefits actually enrolled.
Cocaine-Dependent Acquisition of Locomotor Sensitization and Conditioned Place Preference Requires D1 Dopaminergic Signaling through a Cyclic AMP, NCS-Rapgef2, ERK, and Egr-1/Zif268 Pathway
Authors: Jiang Sunny Zhihong , Sweat Sean , Dahlke Sam P. , Loane Kathleen , Drossel Gunner , Xu Wenqin , Tejeda Hugo A. , Gerfen Charles R. , Eiden Lee E. 
Published: December 2020

Elucidation of the mechanism of dopamine signaling to ERK that underlies plasticity in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons leading to acquired cocaine preference is incomplete. NCS-Rapgef2 is a novel cAMP effector, expressed in neuronal and endocrine cells in adult mammals, that is required for D1 dopamine receptor-dependent ERK phosphorylation in mouse brain. In this report, we studied the effects of abrogating NCS-Rapgef2 expression on cAMP-dependent ERK→Egr-1/Zif268 signaling in cultured neuroendocrine cells; in D1 medium spiny neurons of NAc slices; and in either male or female mouse brain in a region-specific manner. NCS-Rapgef2 gene deletion in the NAc in adult mice, using adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of cre recombinase, eliminated cocaine-induced ERK phosphorylation and Egr-1/Zif268 upregulation in D1-medium spiny neurons and cocaine-induced behaviors, including locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference. Abrogation of NCS-Rapgef2 gene expression in mPFC and BLA, by crossing mice bearing a floxed Rapgef2 allele with a cre mouse line driven by calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase IIα promoter also eliminated cocaine-induced phospho-ERK activation and Egr-1/Zif268 induction, but without effect on the cocaine-induced behaviors. Our results indicate that NCS-Rapgef2 signaling to ERK in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons in the NAc, but not in corticolimbic areas, contributes to cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference. Ablation of cocaine-dependent ERK activation by elimination of NCS-Rapgef2 occurred with no effect on phosphorylation of CREB in D1 dopaminoceptive neurons of NAc. This study reveals a new cAMP-dependent signaling pathway for cocaine-induced behavioral adaptations, mediated through NCS-Rapgef2/phospho-ERK activation, independently of PKA/CREB signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTERK phosphorylation in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons exerts a pivotal role in psychostimulant-induced neuronal gene regulation and behavioral adaptation, including locomotor sensitization and drug preference in rodents. In this study, we examined the role of dopamine signaling through the D1 receptor via a novel pathway initiated through the cAMP-activated guanine nucleotide exchange factor NCS-Rapgef2 in mice. NCS-Rapgef2 in the NAc is required for activation of ERK and Egr-1/Zif268 in D1 dopaminoceptive neurons after acute cocaine administration, and subsequent enhanced locomotor response and drug seeking behavior after repeated cocaine administration. This novel component in dopamine signaling provides a potential new target for intervention in psychostimulant-shaped behaviors, and new understanding of how D1-medium spiny neurons encode the experience of psychomotor stimulant exposure.
The economic impact of prevention, monitoring and treatment strategies for iodine deficiency disorders in Germany
Authors: Schaffner Monika , Rochau Ursula , Mühlberger Nikolai , Conrads-Frank Annette , Qerimi Rushaj Vjollca , Sroczynski Gaby , Koukkou Eftychia , Thuesen Betina Heinsbaek , Völzke Henry , Oberaigner Wilhelm , Siebert Uwe 
Published: December 2020

Objective
More than 30% of the German population suffers from mild to moderate iodine deficiency causing goiter and other iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). The economic burden of iodine deficiency is still unclear. We aimed to assess costs for prevention, monitoring and treatment of IDDs in Germany.

Design
We performed a comprehensive cost analysis.

Methods
We assessed direct medical costs and direct non-medical costs for inpatient and outpatient care of IDDs and costs for productivity loss due to the absence of work in 2018. Additionally, we calculated total costs for an IDD prevention program comprising universal salt iodization (USI). We performed threshold analyses projecting how many cases of IDDs or related treatments would need to be avoided for USI to be cost-saving.

Results
Annual average costs per case in the year of diagnosis were € 211 for goiter/thyroid nodules; € 308 for hyperthyroidism; and € 274 for hypothyroidism. Average one-time costs for thyroidectomy were € 4184 and € 3118 for radioiodine therapy. Average costs for one case of spontaneous abortion were € 916. Annual costs of intellectual disability were € 14,202. In the German population, total annual costs for USI would amount to 8 million Euro. To be cost-saving, USI would need to prevent, for example, 37,900 cases of goiter/thyroid nodules.

Conclusion
USI potentially saves costs, if a minimum amount of IDDs per year could be avoided. In order to recommend the implementation of USI, a full health-economic evaluation including a comprehensive benefit-harm assessment is needed.
Reabsorción radicular externa asociada al tratamiento ortodóncico: revisión de la literatura
Authors: Torres-Pinto Daniela Alejandra , Álvarez-Parker María Catalina 
Published: December 2020

La reabsorción radicular externa (RRE) se define como la destrucción del cemento o la dentina por la actividad cementoblástica u osteoclástica, dando como resultado un acortamiento de la raíz al ser sometida a una fuerza ortodóncica. Aproximadamente un 80% de los pacientes presentan algún grado de reabsorción. Esta condición tiene una gran variabilidad individual y su etiología es multifactorial por lo que esta revisión de literatura tiene como propósito entregar información sobre el proceso de reabsorción radicular y sus factores de riesgo para poder prevenir o intervenir oportunamente este efecto indeseado. Para llevar a cabo este estudio se utilizaron bases de datos como Pubmed, Scielo, Wiley, Elsevier, teniendo como límite de búsqueda artículos publicados entre 2010 y 2020, a excepción de tres estudios, uno del 2005, del año 2007 y otro del año 2009, que proporcionaron información de suma relevancia sobre los factores de riesgo del fenómeno estudiado. La reabsorción radicular externa es una complicación prevalente y actualmente no existe un consenso para manejar este proceso, es por esto, que es necesario estudios sistemáticos que proporcionen evidencia más confiable para que tanto ortodoncistas como otros especialistas tengan más conocimiento del tema evitando complicaciones tanto en el diagnóstico como durante el tratamiento al realizar movimientos dentales.
Constitution and Preservation: Experiences of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Authors: Kuolys Darius 
Published: December 2020

By refering to the examples of different cultural traditions, Arūnas Sverdiolas in his study Constitution and Preservation described the mechanisms that are involved in the creation of culture – constitution and preservation. The goal of this article is to show how these mechanisms operated in the reality of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The article analyzes the roles that the Lithuanian political society gave to legislation, upbringing, historical narratives, heroic and occasional poetry while constituting and preserving itself.
Space, Place, Haven: Levinas’s Phenomenology of Home
Authors: Saldukaitytė Jolanta 
Published: December 2020

By distinguishing between space and place, the article situates and analyses the meaning of the closest place – home – in the philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas. The effort to encounter transcendence, to escape, to leave, to not be attached a particular place, and not to be driven by a nostalgia to return, is dominant in Levinas’s philosophy. This article shows that dwelling in a place, as settling in a home, also has a positive meaning for Levinas. This positive meaning comes, however, not from an ontological but from an ethical relationship with a place. The home is shown as chosen place, warm and human, as opposed to a given or natural place. On the one hand, the home is a necessary condition for security, but also the very condition of interiority and activity, of having the place in the world in contrast to thrownness. On the other hand, it is not a place where I is embodied and rooted in like a vegetable, but a place where I welcome the other.