bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fossil Record
Authors: Benton Michael J 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFossils are the remains of plants and animals that once lived. Quality of preservation ranges from complete to traces of hard parts only, and it is important to consider how this incompleteness affects understanding of past life.Key ConceptsFossils were hard for early naturalists to explain: how could there have been ancient worlds with different plants and animals that we don't see today?Fossils may be body fossils, such as skeletons, shells and leaves, or trace fossils, such as footprints, burrows and coprolites (fossil dung).The study of fossils is palaeontology, and the reconstruction of ancient life from those fossils is palaeobiology.Most fossils comprise hard parts of the original organism, preserved as calcium carbonate, silica, phosphates and iron oxides.There are also organic hard tissues, such as lignin, cellulose, sporopollenin and others in plants and chitin, collagen and keratin in animals.After an animal has died, its body undergoes a series of processes, including decay, transport, breakage and burial – all of these are studied as aspects of the taphonomy of the fossil.After burial fossils can be lost forever by processes of rock movement, or erosion when they come to the surface and are not first spotted by a collector.The fossil record is incomplete, and it is debatedhowincomplete – whether it is good enough to understand the history of life, or not.
Agnatha (Lampreys, Hagfishes, Ostracoderms)
Authors: Janvier Philippe 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Agnathans are an ensemble of jawless (nongnathostome) vertebrates, some of which are more closely related to the gnathostomes than others. Living agnathans fall into two groups, hagfishes (Hyperotreta) and lampreys (Hyperoartia), united into a higher group, the cyclostomes (Cyclostomi).

Key Concepts

Phylogenomics now demonstrates that cyclostomes are a monophyletic group contrary to what morphological features suggested.

The rise of bone and dentine occurred after the divergence of the cyclostomes.

The first mineralised skeleton was in the form of small ‘odontodes’ made up by acellular bone and dentine in the dermis, which later fuse into larger plates.

All jawless vertebrates that produce bone and dentine are stem jawed vertebrate, or gnathostomes, and informally referred to as ‘ostracoderms’.

Nonmineralised soft tissues can sometimes be preserved in fossils under particular environmental conditions, and provide information about the early history of cyclostome and jawless fishes in general.
Exocytosis, Endocytosis and Membrane Recycling in Plant Cells
Authors: Shen Jinbo , Wang Xiangfeng , Jiang Liwen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn plants, cell growth is dependent on vacuole enlargement, cell wall deposition and plasma membrane extension. Secretion (exocytosis) and uptake (endocytosis) of materials are two vital processes for cell function and cell–cell communication. The fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane (PM) during exocytosis is essential for proper cell function because it delivers proteins and lipids to the PM as well as proteins and polysaccharides to the cell wall. Basically, secretory proteins can be transported to the PM through the Golgi apparatus (conventional protein secretion) or bypassing the Golgi (unconventional protein secretion) via vesicle‐mediated pathways. In mature, nongrowing cells, the anterograde flow of materials is balanced by endocytosis, which retrieves excess membrane and recycles PM receptors and transporters. Clathrin‐mediated endocytosis (CME) and membrane microdomain‐associated endocytosis (MME) are the major well‐characterised routes. The balance of exocytosis and endocytosis is tightly regulated, which is crucial to both plant development and signalling processes.Key ConceptsConventional protein secretion (CPS) is the trafficking route for secretory proteins that are transported through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus and (plasma membrane) PM via secretory vesicles.Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) is the process by which proteins are secreted by‐passing the Golgi apparatus.Endocytosis in plants shares conserved features with those in animals but also possesses some evolutionarily unique components.Clathrin‐mediated endocytosis (CME) and membrane microdomain‐associated endocytosis (MME) have been recognised to mediate the internalisation of cargo proteins.The balance of exocytosis and endocytosis regulates proteins and lipids in the PM and mediates signalling transduction and plant adaptation to an ever‐changing environment.
Corpus callosum integrity loss predicts cognitive impairment in Leukoaraiosis
Authors: Wang Zhuonan , Bai Lijun , Liu Qi , Wang Shan , Sun Chuanzhu , Zhang Ming , Zhang Yumei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate regional white matter fibers loss in Leukoaraiosis (LA) and its relationship with cognitive impairments.MethodsFifty‐six participants with LA and 38 healthy controls underwent clinical evaluations and MR scans. Participants with LA were classified as cognitively normal (LA‐NC, n = 18), vascular cognitive impairment of none dementia (LA‐VCIND, n = 24), and vascular dementia (LA‐VaD, n = 14) by Mini‐Mental State Examination and Clinical Dementia Rating. Cognitive domains including visual‐spatial, naming, attention, language, abstraction, memory, and orientation were assessed. With the use of Tract‐based spatial statistics, mean fractional anisotropy (FA) of major white matter fiber tracts were compared between LA and controls and among LA groups with varying levels of cognitive impairments. Regression analyses were performed to evaluate relationships between FA values and cognitive performance.ResultsParticipants showed significant FA reduction in the corpus callosum (CC), bilateral corona radiata, anterior limb of the internal capsule, external capsule, posterior thalamic radiation, and superior longitudinal fasciculus compared to controls and across LA groups. The LA‐VaD group showed consistent damage in the body and genu of CC compared to the LA‐NC and LA‐VCIND groups. A positive correlation between visual‐spatial and FA reduction in right anterior corona radiates in LA‐VCIND and body of CC in LA‐ VaD.InterpretationWe found regional fiber loss in the CC across the cognitive spectrum in patients with LA and correlations between FA and visuospatial impairment in the anterior corona radiata in patients with LA‐VCIND and in the body of CC in patients with LA‐VaD.
Direct Polarimetric Image Sensor and Wide Spectral Response Based on Quasi‐1D Sb2S3 Nanowire
Authors: Zhao Kai , Yang Juehan , Zhong Mianzeng , Gao Qiang , Wang Yang , Wang Xiaoting , Shen Wanfu , Hu Chunguang , Wang Kaiyou , Shen Guozhen , Li Ming , Wang Jianlu , Hu Weida , Wei Zhongming 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPolarized photodetectors with wide spectral detection and ultra‐fast photoresponses based on anisotropic semiconductors have potential applications in military and civilian fields and have been widely studied in recent years. The dual advantages of low‐symmetry crystal structure and special electronic band‐structure make Sb2S3 the perfect choice for polarized photodetection. In this work, the optical, vibrational, and optoelectronic anisotropy of the high‐quality orthorhombic Sb2S3 nanowires are systematically investigated by experimental and theoretical studies. The metal‐semiconductor‐metal photodetectors based on a single Sb2S3 nanowire exhibit good polarization sensitivity in a broadband range from ultraviolet to near‐infrared (360 to 1550 nm) and the obtained maximum dichroic ratio is 2.54 at 638 nm. The polarization‐sensitive photocurrent mapping results show that the photocurrent is mainly derived from the Schottky junction at the interface between Au and Sb2S3. The effective separation of the photo‐generated carriers near the Schottky junction gives a photodetector response time of 470 µs. The direct polarimetric imaging demonstrates that the gray value of the image obtained by the imaging system is sensitive to the object's polarized direction. This natural sensitivity of the Sb2S3‐based photodetector to polarized objects makes it possible to image polarized objects directly as an image sensor.
Polysiloxane Cross‐Linked Mechanically Stable MXene‐Based Lithium Host for Ultrastable Lithium Metal Anodes with Ultrahigh Current Densities and Capacities
Authors: Qian Xiaojuan , Fan Xiangqian , Peng Yaling , Xue Pan , Sun Chuang , Shi Xinlei , Lai Chao , Liang Jiajie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe applications of lithium metal anode are limited by uncontrollable lithium dendrite growth and infinite volume changes during cycling. These fundamental issues are exacerbated at high cycling current densities and capacities. Herein, a mechanically stable and resilient lithium metal host is fabricated by covalently cross‐linking a highly‐conductive and lithiophilic MXene/silver nanowire scaffold through a silylation reaction between MXene nanosheets and polysiloxane. Compared with the control sample (an MXene scaffold assembled by weak van der Waals forces), the covalently cross‐linked MXene scaffold displays excellent mechanical strength and resilience, which is conducive to buffer the large internal stress fluctuations generated during rapid and deep lithium plating‐stripping and guaranteed that the integrated framework structure is maintained during long‐term charging‐discharging cycles. When used in a symmetric cell, the lithium composite anode based on the covalently cross‐linked MXene host affords an unprecedented cyclic lithium plating‐stripping stability of a record‐high 3000 h lifespan at an ultrahigh current density (20 mA cm−2) and areal capacity (10 mAh cm−2). When this composite anode is coupled with a LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2cathode, the full cell delivers an ultrahigh rate of 10 C for up to 1000 cycles, with an average capacity decay of 0.043% per cycle and a stable Coulombic efficiency of 98.7%.
Controllable Magnetic Proximity Effect and Charge Transfer in 2D Semiconductor and Double‐Layered Perovskite Manganese Oxide van der Waals Heterostructure
Authors: Zhang Yan , Shinokita Keisuke , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Goto Masato , Kan Daisuke , Shimakawa Yuichi , Moritomo Yutaka , Nishihara Taishi , Miyauchi Yuhei , Matsuda Kazunari 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOptically generated excitonic states (excitons and trions) in transition metal dichalcogenides are highly sensitive to the electronic and magnetic properties of the materials underneath. Modulation and control of the excitonic states in a novel van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure of monolayer MoSe2on double‐layered perovskite Mn oxide ((La0.8Nd0.2)1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7) is demonstrated, wherein the Mn oxide transforms from a paramagnetic insulator to a ferromagnetic metal. A discontinuous change in the exciton photoluminescence intensity via dielectric screening is observed. Further, a relatively high trion intensity is discovered due to the charge transfer from metallic Mn oxide under the Curie temperature. Moreover, the vdW heterostructures with an ultrathinh‐BN spacer layer demonstrate enhanced valley splitting and polarization of excitonic states due to the proximity effect of the ferromagnetic spins of Mn oxide. The controllableh‐BN thickness in vdW heterostructures reveals a several‐nanometer‐long scale of charge transfer as well as a magnetic proximity effect. The vdW heterostructure allows modulation and control of the excitonic states via dielectric screening, charge carriers, and magnetic spins.
Promoted Photocharge Separation in 2D Lateral Epitaxial Heterostructure for Visible‐Light‐Driven CO2 Photoreduction
Authors: Wang Li , Zhao Xue , Lv Dongdong , Liu Chuangwei , Lai Weihong , Sun Chunyi , Su Zhongmin , Xu Xun , Hao Weichang , Dou Shi Xue , Du Yi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPhotocarrier recombination remains a big barrier for the improvement of solar energy conversion efficiency. For 2D materials, construction of heterostructures represents an efficient strategy to promote photoexcited carrier separation via an internal electric field at the heterointerface. However, due to the difficulty in seeking two components with suitable crystal lattice mismatch, most of the current 2D heterostructures are vertical heterostructures and the exploration of 2D lateral heterostructures is scarce and limited. Here, lateral epitaxial heterostructures of BiOCl @ Bi2O3 at the atomic level are fabricated via sonicating‐assisted etching of Cl in BiOCl. This unique lateral heterostructure expedites photoexcited charge separation and transportation through the internal electric field induced by chemical bonding at the lateral interface. As a result, the lateral BiOCl @ Bi2O3 heterostructure demonstrates superior CO2 photoreduction properties with a CO yield rate of about 30 µmol g−1 h−1 under visible light illumination. The strategy to fabricate lateral epitaxial heterostructures in this work is expected to provide inspiration for preparing other 2D lateral heterostructures used in optoelectronic devices, energy conversion, and storage fields.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Functionalized Sonodynamic Treatment for Improving Therapeutic Efficacy and Compliance of Orthotopic Oral Cancer
Authors: Sun Lei , Xu Yurui , Zhang Xiaomin , Gao Ya , Chen Jianmei , Zhou Anwei , Lu Qiangbing , Wang Zeyu , Shao Kaifeng , Wu Heming , Ning Xinghai 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDespite multiple treatment options being available, many critical challenges are still ongoing in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Particularly, the major hurdle is to avoid facial disfigurement and oral function disability during treatment. Herein, nanoengineered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are developed as a supersonosensitizer, named M/LPV/O2, for improving nondestructive sonodynamic therapy (SDT) against OSCC along with good therapeutic compliance. M/LPV/O2 is composed of an MSCs membrane functionalized liposomal formulation of oxygen‐loading perfluorocarbon and sonosensitizer verteporfin (M/LPV/O2), which can not only increase circulation and targeting efficacy but also supply oxygen to overcome tumor‐hypoxia‐associated resistance in SDT, resulting in enhanced therapeutic outcomes in vitro and in vivo. It is identified that M/LPV/O2 effectively stimulates the generation of reactive oxygen species even in hypoxic conditions, and consequently tremendously induces cancer cell death. In addition, M/LPV/O2 displays good tumor accumulation and penetration under ultrasound stimulation, and efficiently induces tumor inhibition and even abrogation, leading to prolonged survival of tumor‐bearing mice. Importantly, M/LPV/O2‐based SDT exhibits minimal systemic adverse effects and successfully maintains oral functions with no facial tissue damage. Therefore, these studies provide a promising therapeutic strategy for OSCC, which has a potential to enhance life quality and compliance after treatment.
Dirac Fermion Kinetics in 3D Curved Graphene
Authors: Tanabe Yoichi , Ito Yoshikazu , Sugawara Katsuaki , Koshino Mikito , Kimura Shojiro , Naito Tomoya , Johnson Isaac , Takahashi Takashi , Chen Mingwei 
Published: October 2020

Abstract3D integration of graphene has attracted attention for realizing carbon‐based electronic devices. While the 3D integration can amplify various excellent properties of graphene, the influence of 3D curved surfaces on the fundamental physical properties of graphene has not been clarified. The electronic properties of 3D nanoporous graphene with a curvature radius down to 25–50 nm are systematically investigated and the ambipolar electronic states of Dirac fermions are essentially preserved in the 3D graphene nanoarchitectures, while the 3D curvature can effectively suppress the slope of the linear density of states of Dirac fermion near the Fermi level are demonstrated. Importantly, the 3D curvature can be utilized to tune the back‐scattering‐suppressed electrical transport of Dirac fermions and enhance both electron localization and electron–electron interaction. As a result, nanoscale curvature provides a new degree of freedom to manipulate 3D graphene electrical properties, which may pave a new way to design new 3D graphene devices with preserved 2D electronic properties and novel functionalities.
Free‐radical Initialized Cyclization of 2‐(3‐Arylpropioloyl)benzaldehydes with Toluene Derivatives: Access to Benzylated 1,4‐Naphthoquinones via Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction
Authors: Zhu Bingbin , Han Hang , Su Wei‐Ke , Yu Chuanming , Jiang Xinpeng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA copper‐catalyzed cyclization reaction of 2‐(3‐arylpropioloyl)benzaldehydes was developed, leading to benzylated 1,4‐naphthoquinones via radical‐triggered cascade cyclization. This example of an acylbenzylation involving internal alkynes could be carried out with a broad substrate scope and wide functional group tolerance.magnified image
Mechanisms for Tuning Engineered Nanomaterials to Enhance Radiation Therapy of Cancer
Authors: Clement Sandhya , Campbell Jared M. , Deng Wei , Guller Anna , Nisar Saadia , Liu Guozhen , Wilson Brian C. , Goldys Ewa M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEngineered nanomaterials that produce reactive oxygen species on exposure to X‐ and gamma‐rays used in radiation therapy offer promise of novel cancer treatment strategies. Similar to photodynamic therapy but suitable for large and deep tumors, this new approach where nanomaterials acting as sensitizing agents are combined with clinical radiation can be effective at well‐tolerated low radiation doses. Suitably engineered nanomaterials can enhance cancer radiotherapy by increasing the tumor selectivity and decreasing side effects. Additionally, the nanomaterial platform offers therapeutically valuable functionalities, including molecular targeting, drug/gene delivery, and adaptive responses to trigger drug release. The potential of such nanomaterials to be combined with radiotherapy is widely recognized. In order for further breakthroughs to be made, and to facilitate clinical translation, the applicable principles and fundamentals should be articulated. This review focuses on mechanisms underpinning rational nanomaterial design to enhance radiation therapy, the understanding of which will enable novel ways to optimize its therapeutic efficacy. A roadmap for designing nanomaterials with optimized anticancer performance is also shown and the potential clinical significance and future translation are discussed.
Effects of Counter‐Ion Size on Delocalization of Carriers and Stability of Doped Semiconducting Polymers
Authors: Thomas Elayne M. , Peterson Kelly A. , Balzer Alex H. , Rawlings Dakota , Stingelin Natalie , Segalman Rachel A. , Chabinyc Michael L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSince doped polymers require a charge‐neutralizing counter‐ion to maintain charge neutrality, tailored and high degrees of doping in organic semiconductors requires an understanding of the coupling between ionic and electronic carrier motion. A method of counter‐ion exchange is utilized using the polymeric semiconductor poly[2,5‐bis(3‐tetradecylthiophen‐2‐yl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene] ‐C14 to deconvolute the effects of ionic/polaronic interactions with the electrical properties of doped semiconducting polymers. In particular, exchanging the counter‐ions of the dopant nitrosonium hexafluorophosphate enables investigation into the role of counter‐ion size from 5.2 to 8.2 Å in diameter. The orientational order of the polymeric crystallites is not affected with this exchange process while effectively modifying the counter‐ion distance to the charge carrier. Doped films have electrical conductivities of 320 S cm−1 and are not sensitive to an increased ion‐polaron distance. It is posited that other factors dominate the electrical properties at a device scale, such as the morphology and presence of domain boundaries. Interestingly, the temperature stability of the doped film can be drastically improved with the use of counter‐ions containing less labile bonds. This platform serves as a unique way to retain the morphology of polymeric thin films while studying charge interactions at the local scale.
Nitrogen and phosphorus uptake from isotope‐labeled fertilizers by sorghum and soil microorganisms
Authors: Traoré O.Y.A. , Kiba D.I. , Bünemann E.K. , Oberson A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOn nutrient‐depleted Lixisols from Burkina Faso, nutrient acquisition by crops and soil microbes mainly relies on the limited amounts of mineral and organic fertilizers applied by small‐scale farmers. The objective of this study was to determine simultaneously the uptake of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contained in organic and mineral fertilizers by sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ] and soil microbial biomass. Double 15N and 33P direct and indirect labeling techniques were applied in a pot experiment to determine the contributions of different fertilizers to sorghum N and P uptake during 52 d of growth. In parallel, soil respiration, available, and microbial N and P were tracked in an incubation experiment. Sorghum derived 83–90% of P from fertilizers. Nitrogen from cattle manure was poorly available, contributing only 20% of the N taken up by sorghum. Water‐soluble mineral fertilizers increased soil N and P availability, resulting in the highest total N and P uptake by sorghum from fertilizers and soil among all treatments. The application of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] residues induced microbial N and P immobilization, reducing sorghum N and P uptake to the level of the non‐fertilized treatment. The use of double 15N and 33P labeling elucidated the impact of fertilizers on soil nutrient pools. The low plant N/P ratio suggested N limitation for sorghum in the manure treatment. Cowpea residues were inefficient for sorghum nutrition, but they increased soil microbial nutrient pools. This study gives insights on the potential effects of legume residues used as green manure to build soil fertility.
Diffusion of ellipsoidal granular particles in shear flow
Authors: Cai Ruihuan , Xiao Hongyi , Christov Ivan C. , Zhao Yongzhi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe diffusion of nonspherical particles has not been well understood due to the complexity of their contact mechanics and self‐organization of their orientations. We perform discrete element method simulations of monodisperse ellipsoids in a shear flow with Lees‐Edwards boundary conditions to quantify the relation between the diffusion coefficient and the flow parameters. The results indicate that the particle aspect ratio strongly affects the diffusion coefficient by influencing the particle orientation and alignment. We develop a scaling law for the diffusion coefficient perpendicular to the flow direction, Dyy, which combines the influences of the shear rate , the solids fraction f, the effective particle diameter deff and the particle aspect ratio Z. We show that , where kd is a dimensionless pre‐factor, and a fit is obtained for the functional form of χ(f, Z). This scaling law will be useful in developing continuum transport models for applications.