bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma prolactin response to d-fenfluramine is
blunted in bulimic patients with frequent binge episodes
Authors: MONTELEONE P. , BRAMBILLA F. , BORTOLOTTI F. , FERRARO C. , MAJ M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Abnormalities of brain serotonin (5-HT)
transmission have been implicated in the
pathophysiology of bulimia nervosa (BN), but no conclusive data have yet
been provided. The
purpose of this study was to assess 5-HT transmission via the measurement
of the prolactin (PRL)
response to the specific 5-HT releasing agent d-fenfluramine
(d-FEN) in both patients with BN and comparison subjects.Methods. According to a double-blind placebo-controlled
design, plasma PRL response to d-FEN
was measured in 14 drug-free bulimics and 14 matched healthy controls.
In both patients and
controls, eating-related psychopathology, depressive and obsessive–compulsive

symptoms, and aggressiveness were measured by rating scales.Results. Baseline plasma levels of PRL and 17β-oestradiol

were significantly reduced in bulimic
patients, whereas basal plasma levels of cortisol did not significantly

differ from healthy controls.
PRL response to d-FEN was not different between patients and
controls as groups, but it was
significantly blunted in bulimics with high frequency bingeing
([ges ]2 binge episodes per day; N=7)
as compared to both those with low frequency bingeing ([les ]1 binge
episode per day; N=7) and
matched controls. A significant negative correlation emerged between the
frequency of binge
episodes and the hormone response to d-FEN. Moreover,
although patients scored higher than
healthy subjects on rating scales assessing depressive and
obsessive–compulsive symptoms and
aggressiveness, no significant correlation was found between these measures
and the PRL response
to d-FEN.Conclusions. These results support the idea that serotonin

transmission is impaired in bulimic
patients with frequent binge episodes.
Socio-economic factors that predict psychiatric admissions at a local level
Authors: KOPPEL SIÂN , McGUFFIN PETER 
Published: July 2002

Background. The aim of the study was to confirm the predictive relationship between socio-economic factors and psychiatric admissions at a fine grain geographical level. The strength of
association was compared with those of other studies that have looked at separate diagnostic
groups.Method. Psychiatric admissions were from electoral wards of the County of South Glamorgan,
which encompasses the capital city of Wales, Cardiff. Standardized psychiatric admission ratios
(SAR) for different diagnostic groups were calculated for a 5-year period. The ecological association
with deprivation indices and with single variables at the level of electoral ward was examined. Of
a total of 15266 psychiatric admissions, 11296 were analysed.Results. Psychiatric morbidity, reflected in SAR was inversely related to socio-economic deprivation
for both sexes. This applied to all diagnostic groups except organic disorders. The relationship was
most marked for schizophrenia, delusional disorders and substance abuse, closely followed by
personality disorders, and less for affective and neurotic disorders. Little difference existed between
three composite indices of deprivation (Carstairs, Jarman, Townsend), but the marginally best
predictor was that designed by Jarman. However, low rates of car ownership and high unemployment
were as good at predicting SAR as any of the compound indices.Conclusion. Socio-economic factors account for almost 50% of the variance in psychiatric
admission rates between electoral wards. The degree of association between psychiatric morbidity
and deprivation varies between diagnostic groups, arguing against a common factor linking
deprivation and psychiatric admissions generally. Frequently updated unemployment figures
provide nearly as useful and more immediate information than 10-yearly Census data used to
calculate the deprivation indices. These figures may be used for needs assessment and targeting
resources at a local level.
Suicide and undetermined death in south east
Scotland. A case–control study using the
psychological autopsy method
Authors: CAVANAGH J. T. O. , OWENS D. G. C. , JOHNSTONE E. C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Mental disorders are major risk factors for suicide. Not all those who suffer from
mental disorders kill themselves. Additional information is required to differentiate higher and
lesser risk patients.Methods. Retrospective case–control comparison was made of cases of suicide/undetermined
death with living controls using psychological autopsy in South East Scotland. Cases and controls
were matched for age, sex and mental disorder. Informants were those closest to cases and controls.
The subjects were 45 cases of suicide/undetermined death and 40 living controls.Results. Cases and controls did not differ significantly in severity of mental disorder. The main
factors independently associated with undetermined death or suicide were: a history of deliberate
self-harm (adjusted OR 4·1); physical ill health (adjusted OR 7·8); and engagement by mental health
services (adjusted OR 0·01). Other antecedents associated with increased risk (criminal record,
police involvement, financial problems and failure to vote) and those associated with decreased risk
(contact with a doctor and in-patient care) did not exert effects after controlling for confounding.Conclusions. Controls were receiving more care of whatever kind. Treatment of mental disorder
co-morbid with physical illness and a history of deliberate self-harm may be especially important.
Factors that separate those with mental disorder at high risk from those at lesser risk relate to care
levels provided, which may be a function of engagement by and with health services. The role of
mental health professionals is beneficial in suicide prevention. The focusing of that role towards
engaging alienated or ‘difficult’ patients should be addressed.
Thought Disorder Index of Finnish adoptees and
communication deviance of their adoptive parents
Authors: WAHLBERG K.-E. , WYNNE L. C. , OJA H. , KESKITALO P. , ANAIS-TANNER H. , KOISTINEN P. , TARVAINEN T. , HAKKO H. , LAHTI I. , MORING J. , NAARALA M. , SORRI A. , TIENARI P. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Diverse forms of thought disorder, as measured by the Thought Disorder Index
(TDI), are found in many conditions other than schizophrenia. Certain thought disorder categories
are primarily manifest during psychotic schizophrenic episodes. The present study examined
whether forms of thought disorder qualify as trait indicators of vulnerability to schizophrenia in
persons who are not clinically ill, and whether these features could be linked to genetic or
environmental risk or to genotype–environment interactions. The Finnish Adoptive Study of
Schizophrenia provided an opportunity to disentangle these issues.Methods. Rorschach records of Finnish adoptees at genetic high risk but without schizophrenia-related clinical diagnoses (N = 56) and control adoptees at low genetic risk (N = 95) were blindly
and reliably scored for the Thought Disorder Index (TDI). Communication deviance (CD), a
measure of the rearing environment, was independently obtained from the adoptive parents.Results. The differences in total TDI between high-risk and control adoptees were not statistically
significant. However, TDI subscales for Fluid Thinking and Idiosyncratic Verbalization were more
frequent in high-risk adoptees. When Rorschach CD of the adoptive rearing parents was introduced
as a continuous predictor variable, the odds ratio for the Idiosyncratic Verbalization component of
the TDI of the high-risk adoptees was significantly higher than for the control adoptees.Conclusions. Specific categories of subsyndromal thought disorder appear to qualify as vulnerability
indicators for schizophrenia. Genetic risk and rearing-parent communication patterns significantly
interact as a joint effect that differentiates adopted-away offspring of schizophrenic mothers from
control adopted-away offspring.
Complex bounds for renormalization of critical circle maps
Authors: YAMPOLSKY MICHAEL 
Published: July 2002

We use the methods developed with Lyubich for proving complex bounds for real quadratics to extend de Faria's complex a priori bounds to all critical circle maps with an irrational rotation number. The contracting property for renormalizations of critical circle maps follows.As another application of our methods we present a new proof of a theorem of Petersen on local connectivity of some Siegel Julia sets.
Sur un critère de récurrence en dimension 2 pour les marches stationnaires, applications
Authors: CONZE J.-P. 
Published: July 2002

Let $(E,{\cal A},\mu,T)$ be a dynamical system and let $\Phi$ be a function defined on $E$ with values in $\mathbb{R}^2$. We give a criterion, the central limit theorem along subsequences of positive density, for the recurrence of the corresponding ‘stationary walk’ defined as the cocycle $\big(\sum^{n-1}_{j=0}\Phi(T^jx)\big)_{n\geq1}$.This criterion is satisfied by functions which are homologous to a martingale difference (a property which holds for regular functions in many systems). It can also be applied to the periodic Lorentz gas in the plane and shows recurrence for this model.
Reflections on the classification of
causes of death
Authors: ALTER GEORGE C. , CARMICHAEL ANN G. 
Published: July 2002

On November 11–14 1993, Indiana University hosted a conference on the ‘History of Registration of Causes of Death’, with funding from the US National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The conference brought together historians of medicine and historically-oriented demographers and epidemiologists to discuss the origins of the recording of
causes of death and the possible uses of these documents in demographic and epidemiological research. Demographers and epidemiologists would like to use long-run series of causes of death to examine the effects of social and economic conditions, the availability of health care, and specific risk factors on mortality. Many important questions (such as the effects of early health experiences on old-age morbidity and mortality) are best studied with data on changes over long periods of time. However, it is very difficult to construct a consistent series of deaths by cause over time because advances in medical theory and practice have led to significant changes in the classification of diseases. For example, it is unclear whether the prevalence of heart disease was increasing, decreasing, or constant before 1940, because heart disease was often classified under other categories.The essays in this special number of
Continuity and Change offer a range of insights on the historical circumstances in which cause-of-death registration emerged. They help us to see the ways in which medical theory, medical practitioners, and their increasingly influential professional organizations shaped the conceptualization of reporting of causes of death. Günter Risse's
‘Causes of death as a historical problem’ serves as an overview of the problems that social historians of medicine find underlying any continuous history of mortality experience. Above all, he argues, medical historians react as historians, wary
of Whiggish confidence in state records without attention to the ideologies governing their creation.
OPTIMAL MAINTENANCE DECISIONS FOR DIKES
Authors: Speijker Lennaert J. P. , van Noortwijk Jan M. , Kok Matthijs , Cooke Roger M. 
Published: July 2002

To protect the Dutch polders against flooding, more than
2500 km of dikes have been constructed. Due to settlement,
subsoil consolidation, and relative sea-level rise, these
dikes slowly sink “away into the sea” and should
therefore be heightened regularly (at present, every 50
years). In this respect, one is interested in safe and
cost-optimal dike heightenings for which the sum of the
initial cost of investment and the future (discounted)
cost of maintenance is minimal.For optimization purposes, a maintenance model has been
developed for dikes subject to uncertain crest-level decline.
On the basis of engineering knowledge, crest-level decline
has been modeled as a monotone stochastic process with
expected decline being either linear or nonlinear (i.e.,
linear after transformation) in time. For both models and
for a particular unit time, the increments are distributed
according to mixtures of exponentials.In a case study, the maintenance decision model has been
applied to the problem of heightening the Dutch
“Oostmolendijk.”
A one year study of Escherichia coli O157 in raw beef and lamb products
Authors: CHAPMAN P. A. , SIDDONS C. A. , CERDAN MALO A. T. , HARKIN M. A. 
Published: July 2002

Between April 1996 and March 1997 we examined 5093 samples of raw beef and lamb
products for the presence of E. coli O157. Samples were purchased from 81 small butchers'
shops in south Yorkshire. In March 1997 we also examined five samples of dried mint for the
presence of E. coli O157.Strains of E. coli O157 were isolated by enrichment culture in modified buffered peptone
water followed by immunomagnetic separation and culture of magnetic beads onto cefixime
tellurite sorbitol MacConkey agar. Strains were characterized by phage typing, toxin
genotyping and plasmid analysis.Strains of E. coli O157 were isolated from 72 (1·4%) of 5093 samples; it was isolated from
36 (1·1%) of 3216 samples of beef products and from 29 (2·9%) samples of lamb products.
The highest prevalence was found in lamb sausages and lamb burgers where E. coli O157 was
isolated from 3 (4·1%) of 73 and 18 (3·7%) of 484 samples respectively. Strains of E. coli
O157 were isolated most frequently during early summer. Strains of E. coli O157 were also
isolated from 2 of 5 samples of dried mint although we did not determine how the mint had
become contaminated.All isolates of E. coli O157 were Verocytotoxin-producing as determined by both Vero cell
assay and DNA hybridization for the genes encoding Verocytotoxin and all were positive for
the eaeA gene. A combination of phage typing, toxin genotyping and plasmid profile
subdivided the 72 strains of E. coli isolated into 20 different subtypes, of which 18 were
indistinguishable from strains isolated previously from cattle and sheep; of these 18 strains, 8
were indistinguishable from strains isolated from human cases of infection during the study
period.
Environmental conditions in burrows of two species of African mole‐rat, Georhychus capensis and Cryptomys damarensis
Authors: Roper T. J. , Bennett N. C. , Conradt L. , Molteno A. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTemperature and respiratory gas (CO2 and O2) concentrations were measured in the foraging tunnels of burrows naturally inhabited by two species of southern African mole‐rats, the Cape mole‐rat Georhychus capensis and the Damaraland mole‐rat Cryptomys damarensis. Both species are completely fossorial and inhabit closed burrow systems. Tunnels of G. capensis burrows had a mean diameter of 8.7 cm and a depth, measured to the roof of the tunnel, of 6.2 cm; those of C. damarensis had a mean diameter of 6.5 cm and depth of 40 cm. In both species, the mean concentration of CO2 was higher, and mean concentration of O2 lower, in burrows than in the surrounding soil or in ambient air. Mean and minimum values of O2 were 20.4% and 19.8%, respectively, in G. capensis and 20.4% and 19.9% in C. damarensis; mean and maximum values of CO2 were 0.4% and 1.2% in G. capensis and 0.4% and 6.0% in C. damarensis. Temperature varied between 18.5 and 24.2 °C in burrows of G. capensis by comparison with an ambient range of 16.9 to 26.8 °C; and from 19.6 to 29.3 °C in burrows of C. damarensis by comparison with an ambient range of 8.6 to 30.8 °C. Thus a burrowing habit seems to offer both species protection from extremes of temperature without entailing the cost of a grossly abnormal respiratory environment. From a review of the relevant literature, we conclude that average concentrations of CO2 and O2 in mammalian burrows often do not differ greatly from ambient values. However, more work is needed to determine the respiratory gas concentrations in the immediate vicinity of active, burrowing animals.
Eviction and dispersal in co‐operatively breeding banded mongooses (Mungos mungo)
Authors: Cant Michael A. , Otali Emily , Mwanguhya Francis 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe mode by which individuals disperse, and the cost of dispersal, are of great importance in attempts to understand variation in reproductive skew in animal societies. In this paper we report detailed information on dispersal and pack formation in banded mongooses Mungos mungo. Six pack fission events were recorded among 11 packs over 22 months. Pack fission occurred under two distinct circumstances. First, groups of individuals were evicted from their natal group as a result of intense aggression from other group members. A small fraction of group members was responsible for most of the aggression. Both sexes helped to attack and evict individuals from the group, and both males and females were driven out of their natal groups en masse. The second mode of pack fission occurred when groups of same‐sex individuals left their natal group voluntarily to join dispersing individuals of the opposite sex, thereby forming new packs. Dispersing groups were more frequently involved in fights with rival packs of mongooses compared to established groups, and in one instance these fights seemed to be responsible for severe injury and increased mortality among members of a dispersing group. The observations of eviction provide one line of evidence that the presence of subordinates is sometimes detrimental to dominants, contrary to the assumptions of concession models of reproductive skew.
Assessing the impact of a music festival on the emergence behaviour of a breeding colony of Daubenton's bats (Myotis daubentonii)
Authors: Shirley M. D. F. , Armitage V. L. , Barden T. L. , Gough M. , Lurz P. W. W. , Oatway D. E. , South A. B. , Rushton S. P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe emergence of Daubenton's bats Myotis daubentonii from a priory in the north of England was recorded to assess the impact of an annual music festival. Bat emergence was related to measured environmental variables using generalized linear modelling. The temperatures inside and outside the priory were significant predictors of the numbers of bats emerging. Sunset time was a significant predictor of the time of bat emergence. The timing of bat emergence was significantly later during the music festival, but there was no significant difference in the number of bats emerging. The bats left the priory up to 47 min later on festival nights than one would expect them to emerge in the absence of the festival. The results on the patterns of bat emergence were used to make recommendations regarding the timing of the music festival in the following year to minimize detrimental impacts on the bat colony.
Group pattern and social segregation in Przewalski's gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) around Qinghai Lake, China
Authors: Lei Runhua , Jiang Zhigang , Liu Binwan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractGroup pattern and social segregation of the sexually size dimorphic Przewalski's gazelle Procapra przewalskii were studied for 7 years in the Qinghai Province, China. The main social units were: female groups; male groups; mixed groups. Mixed groups were the largest and most visible, whereas adult male groups were small and of similar size. The group size of the gazelle varied during different seasons (P < 0.002) and the type of social groups (P < 0.001). Mixed‐sex groups were larger than female groups or male groups across all the seasons (P < 0.008). Adult males and females were mainly in separate groups except during the rut. Groups of adult females were the most common social unit in Przewalski's gazelle, followed in frequency by adult male groups and mixed groups. From late June to late August, social separation was most pronounced. From late October to mid‐September, social segregation was not pronounced. Social segregation showed significant seasonal differences in Przewalski's gazelle (P < 0.004), especially between the rut and other seasons (P < 0.008). The pattern of social segregation of groups and behaviours observed imply that social factors play important roles in social segregation and group formation.
The characterisation of orographic rainfall
Authors: Gray W R , Seed A W 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Otaki Precipitation Estimation by Radar (OPERA) programme was designed to investigate the processes that lead to enhancement of rainfall over the Tararua ranges of New Zealand. These ranges rise to 1500 m above the coastal plain and enhancement of rainfall by windflow over these hills leads to annual hill‐top rainfall of over four times that upwind. The OPERA experimental campaigns aimed to characterise the enhancement processes by analysing data collected from a transect of high‐resolution rain gauges and a locally deployed, high‐resolution radar, supported by scanning radar and satellite observations. Measurements made during these experiments showed that orographic enhancement led to hill‐top accumulations often twice that upwind, and up to as much as a factor of seven in one case. The data suggest that the most frequent occurring enhancement mechanism was triggered convection. This mechanism leads to an increase in rainfall over the hills of around a factor of two, primarily through an increase in the duration of rain. Seeder/feeder‐type enhancement occurs less frequently but leads to larger enhancements. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
The importance of meteorological data for modelling air pollution using ADMS‐Urban
Authors: Arciszewska Christine , McClatchey John 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAtmospheric dispersion models are now being used by some local authorities in the United Kingdom as part of their management of urban air quality. Local authorities are also involved in using air pollution model output in environmental impact assessments for industrial projects, assessing the impact of road improvement or traffic management schemes and environmental health studies. The study, based in Northampton, UK, is concerned with the limitations of the meteorological data available to local authorities. The results indicate that while there is no major problem in the case of long‐term average pollution concentration, meteorological data limitations pose problems when modelling individual events, particularly on occasions when higher pollution levels are expected. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society