bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Getting the story straight: laying the foundations for statistical evaluation of the performance of surveillance.
Authors: Low-Choy S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

This chapter describes the foundations for statistical evaluation of the performance of surveillance. A 'story', about a conversation between biosecurity and quantitative participants, helps weave together these concepts and make them less abstract. The chapter begins with an overview of the biosecurity questions applicable to quantitative analysis, by defining the types of response variables. This provides a basis for introducing the different statistical modelling paradigms that might be adopted for analysis, such as classical or frequentist hypothesis testing, Bayesian approaches and deterministic modelling. Regardless of paradigm, various objectives of the surveillance programme can be identified, and characterized, as 'seek and destroy', 'maintaining the status quo' or hybrids. The chapter proceeds by addressing the elements of statistical design, requiring a more detailed view of the spatio-temporal context of surveillance: identifying the unit of surveillance, the role of randomization, and issues of extent, scale and sampling effort. With all of this preparation, it is now possible to come to the main purpose of the chapter, to evaluate surveillance. This involves deciding whether diagnostic and/or predictive ability are paramount when quantifying surveillance efficiency and efficacy. To facilitate this, the roles of observation versus the reality of the pest incursion are separated and explained, taking advantage of Bayes' theorem. Finally the chapter and the accompanying story end by focusing on interpretation of surveillance design parameters: How can we describe what it is that we wish to learn from surveillance?
Designing surveillance for emergency response.
Authors: Havre Z. van , Whittle P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

This chapter concerns designing surveillance measures for responding to a detected incursion of non-indigenous species (NIS) in an area. The context may be agricultural, urban or natural landscapes - or combinations of these. The NIS may be a plant pest, or an animal disease, or an environmental pest or weed. This is a very broad sphere and so there are relevant extensive literature and policy frameworks covering NIS, especially for plant pests (International Plant Protection Convention) and animal diseases (World Organisation for Animal Health). Our intention is to contribute to this large body of work, rather than to review it, with a focus on surveillance in an emergency response. We discuss concepts, tools and guidelines for the development of both contingency plans for likely or high-risk invasive species, as well as the information required to mount a response for an unanticipated threat. We include strategic advice for planning proof-of-absence studies following an NIS incursion response. We also discuss strategies for dealing with large and heterogeneous landscapes.
Estimating detection rates and probabilities.
Authors: Hauser C. E. , Garrard G. E. , Moore J. L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Surveillance activities provide only imperfect detection of biosecurity threats, and so quantifying detection rates and probabilities is important for making reliable inferences from survey data. Furthermore, an understanding of detection rates and probabilities allows for effective survey design and resource allocation to address biosecurity threats. Detection rates and probabilities can be estimated directly via experiments or indirectly during routine surveillance activities. In this chapter we introduce basic presence/absence detection models and provide guidelines for designing a detection experiment. We also summarize other methods available for estimating detection rates and probabilities when pest abundance, as well as presence/absence, affects management.
Design of a surveillance system for non-indigenous species on Barrow Island: plants case study.
Authors: Murray J. , Whittle P. , Jarrad F. , Barrett S. , Stoklosa R. , Mengersen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Complex surveillance problems are common in biosecurity, such as prioritizing detection among multiple invasive species, specifying risk over a heterogeneous landscape and combining multiple sources of surveillance data in surveillance design. Programmes for surveillance generally do not incorporate power but instead are heavily influenced by budgetary constraints. However, when designing biosecurity programmes for surveillance, monitoring and eradication, it is logical and desirable to design to a statistical standard to detect invaders and then demonstrate that standard was achieved in implementation. We present an approach to meet these challenges in a comprehensive surveillance design, based on statistical power for non-indigenous terrestrial plants on Barrow Island, a conservation reserve off the Western Australian coast, where the possibility of incursions is increased due to construction activities on the island. To assist conservation of the environmental importance of this reserve, we design a surveillance programme with 80% statistical power of detection, focused around the industrial activity occurring on Barrow Island.
Detection survey design for decision making during biosecurity incursions.
Authors: Kean J. M. , Burnip G. M. , Pathan A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Biosecurity surveillance involves special challenges, in particular dealing with the fact that the target organism is usually absent from the surveyed area. In this context, surveys must be designed to detect small target populations and to estimate the likelihood that failing to detect the population means it is really not there. We summarize the basic formulae used to design simple detection surveys and show how they can be combined to create multilevel sample plans that are quick and easy to formulate, parameterize and optimize during a biosecurity incursion response. In particular, incursion investigators often need to assess the spatial extent of populations to evaluate whether eradication is a viable management option, but strict delimitation of the occupied area requires substantial sampling effort. Instead, we advocate a pragmatic approach whereby detection surveys are designed to address a particular data need, such as whether the population is present too widely to be eradicated. In this way key decisions, such as whether or not to attempt eradication, may be informed in the most rapid and cost-efficient way. This approach was used during the investigation of an incursion of an Australian pasture tunnel moth (Philobota sp.) into New Zealand.
Evidence of absence for invasive species: roles for hierarchical Bayesian approaches in regulation.
Authors: Stanaway M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Regulatory agencies responsible for managing pest incursions rely upon an adequate knowledge of the distribution of the pest. Spatio-temporal estimates of distribution for an actively invading pest require ecological and surveillance information to be assimilated, a task which is well suited to hierarchical Bayesian inference. The process of developing a pest observation model and a pest status model to evaluate the evidence for absence is explained in relation to existing simple models used for biosecurity surveillance. A case study to estimate the probability of exotic fruit fly absence in a district illustrates how simple invasion process models can be incorporated into the analysis of surveillance programmes. Trapping information from a previous incursion of Bactrocera papayae in Queensland in 1995 is brought into the detection model. The economic value of maintaining or altering the surveillance programme is assessed in terms of the putative costs of incursion management given different surveillance regimes.
Standardization of tomato juice tastes using a taste sensor approach
Authors: Hayashi Nobuyuki , Ujihara Tomomi , Hayakawa Fumiyo , Nakano Yuko , Kawakami Tomoko , Ikezaki Hidekazu 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
To enable the taste evaluation of many food samples at a time as well as the comparison of taste evaluation data acquired at different times, a standardization method for taste intensities was developed by a combination of a taste sensor system and a standard solution prepared with taste substances. In the case of tomato juices, citric acid, sucrose, and monosodium glutamate were used as standard taste substances for sourness, sweetness, and umami taste, respectively. Each standard point of the taste intensities was determined using only one standard solution including these standard substances. The taste intensity was described as a value on a scale based on discrimination thresholds of human gustation, where intensities of sourness, sweetness, and umami taste of the tomato juices were classified into multiple levels. Organoleptic evaluation supported these results. Validation for the present standardization method revealed that this approach has enough precision for practical tomato taste evaluation.
Patterns of sports involvement in Spain
Authors: Castellanos‐García Pablo , Lera‐López Fernando , Sánchez‐Santos José Manuel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn a context of a rise in physical inactivity, this paper aims to provide new insights about the relationship between different forms of sport engagements and their correlates, analysing, for the first time, both active and passive sport involvement for a large sample of individuals. Applying the cluster technique, we identify four different segments of sports involvement among the Spanish population: non‐sporty, exclusively practitioner, balanced practitioner, and basically spectator. Also, we develop a multinomial logit model to analyse the main sociodemographic, physical, and sports features that could increase the individual sport involvement, from the non‐sporty segment, which assembles the highest number of individuals, to the other clusters. Most of the variables under analysis show a different impact on sport involvement: some of them stimulate active participation (e.g. being member of private sport clubs), whereas others mainly encourage sport attendance (e.g. readers and listeners of sport news, children in the household), and other variables boost sport engagement in general (e.g. being male, educational level, health status, e‐sports). The results may have significant implications in terms of developing a general perspective about sport engagement, including both active and passive participation. Particularly, our findings suggest that active and passive sport engagement do not seem to be negatively associated and they can coexist at different levels.
We Are Here! Claim-making and Claim-placing of Undocumented Migrants in Amsterdam
Authors: Hajer Minke , Bröer Christian 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Through everyday practices, excluded and marginalised undocumented migrants struggle for citizenship, question bordering practices, and can achieve forms of inclusion incrementally. Based on an ethnographic case study in Amsterdam, this article evidences and theorises these piecemeal struggles of undocumented migrants. We show how undocumented migrants—discursively and spatially—claim ‘the right to have rights’. We demonstrate how forms of inclusion emerge as the result of ‘claim-making’: by making appeals to human rights, the use of (limited) legal rights, and identity claims. We combine the analysis of claim-making with research into an understudied but highly relevant process of ‘claim-placing’, which refers to how the use (public) spaces and places can add weight to discursive claim-making. We demonstrate that an incremental process of ‘claim-making’ and ‘claim-placing’ leads to a slightly increased recognition as political subjects and forms of inclusion.
Search for SU(2)
V
singlet Higgs boson in the Georgi–Machacek model at the LHC
Authors: Zhu Jian-Wen , Zhang Ren-You , Ma Wen-Gan , Yang Qiang , Long Ming-Ming , Jiang Yi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we study in detail the phenomenology of the non-SM SU(2)
V
singlet Higgs boson

H

1

0

at the 14 TeV Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in the Georgi–Machacek (GM) model. We present a systematic comparison of the production mechanisms and decay modes of

H

1

0

, especially the vector-boson fusion (VBF) and gluon–gluon fusion (ggF) production mechanisms and the decays to W
+
W
−, ZZ, H
5
H
5, H
3
H
3,

H

3

±

W

∓

and

H

3

0

Z

. After performing a comprehensive scan over the seven-dimensional parameter space of the GM model, we find that the

H

1

0

→

H

3

±

W

∓

,

H

1

0

→

H

3

0

Z

and

H

1

0

→

H

3

H

3

decay channels are almost excluded by the theoretical and experimental constraints, while

H

1

0

can decay into H
5
H
5 in an appreciable region of the GM parameter space. Based on the scanning results, we discuss detailedly the

H

1

0

production via ggF and VBF with subsequent decays of

H

1

0

→

H

5

H

5

→

W

+

W

−

W

+

W

−

→

l

±

ν

(
−
)

l

±

ν

(
−
)

+
4
j
e
t
s

,

H

1

0

→
Z
Z
→

l

+

l

−

l

+

l

−

and

H

1

0

→

W

+

W

−

→

e

±

μ

∓

ν

ν

¯

at the 14 TeV LHC. The integrated cross sections and some kinematic distributions of final products for both the signals at some benchmark points of the GM parameter space and the corresponding SM backgrounds are provided. If the decay to H
5
H
5 is kinematically allowed,

H

1

0

can be detected in the

H

1

0

→

H

5

H

5

→

W

+

W

−

W

+

W

−

→

l

±

ν

(
−
)

l

±

ν

(
−
)

+
4
j
e
t
s

decay channel at high-luminosity LHC unless

B
R

(

H

1

0

→

H

5

H

5

)

is too small or

m

H

1

0

is too high. In the mass range of

2

m

V

≲

m

H

1

0

<
2

m

H

5

, the vector-boson fusion is the most promising production channel in search of

H

1

0

due to the two hard tagging jets in the final state, and we may expect to discover

H

1

0

in both

H

1

0

→

W

+

W

−

→

e

±

μ

∓

ν

ν

¯

and

H

1

0

→
Z
Z
→
4
l

decay channels with

O

(

1

0

2

)

f
b

−
1

of data if the decay branching ratio of

H

1

0

to a pair of weak gauge bosons is sufficiently large.
A demodulation algorithm for processing rotational inertia signals using a torsion pendulum method based on differentiation and resonance frequency analysis
Authors: Zhang Lieshan , Wang Meibao , Lin Jiejun , Liu Pu 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Sensor noise, such as low-frequency drift and white noise, often causes large measurement errors when an oscillation method is used to determine rotational inertia of a rigid body. A demodulation algorithm based on differentiation and resonance frequency analysis of torsional oscillation signals is proposed in this paper to eliminate the influence of sensor noise on inertia measurement. By using a torsion pendulum method as an example, a measurement approach involving a kinetics differential equation of damped torsional oscillation movement is developed and, on this basis, a rotational inertia measurement function in relation to the amplitude modulation parameter and oscillation frequency is derived. In the proposed algorithm, oscillation detection signals are first differentiated to extract local extremum points and calculate the amplitude modulation parameter. Next, with a certain frequency step, a series of reference signals are constructed and mixed with the original signals. The maximum product sum is calculated to determine the resonance frequency that is exactly equal to the oscillation frequency. Finally, the measurand can be determined by the measurement function. The simulation and experimental results show that this algorithm can effectively reduce the influence of sensor noise on measurement. The comparison of measurement results with other signal processing methods and other measurement systems is carried out, which verifies better effectiveness of the proposed method.
On the interpretability and uncertainty propagation of polarimetric measurements in thermonuclear plasmas as a function of the input polarisation and laser wavelength
Authors: Rossi Riccardo , Orsitto Francesco Paolo , Spolladore Luca , Wyss Ivan , Gaudio Pasquale 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Plasma polarimetry is a diagnostic technique used in nuclear fusion reactors to measure the line integral of some plasma parameters, such as the electron density and the magnetic field, and constrain, analyse and validate the equilibrium models. Despite the strong link between the plasma properties and light polarisation propagation, the interpretation of plasma polarimetry remains complex and sometimes uncertain. The type 1 approximation is the most common hypothesis used to link the polarisation effects, such as the Faraday rotation and the Cotton Mouton phase shift, with the plasma properties (electron density and magnetic fields). However, this approximation is valid only in specific conditions, which depend on both the plasma configuration and initial polarisation of the electromagnetic wave. Moreover, the uncertainty propagations of these measurements are affected by regions where their values are too high to guarantee accurate values, making the measurement unsuitable. The need to measure an unsteady physical environment, which goes from the condition of no plasma to the flat top of the discharge, makes the setting of the measurement more constrained. The aim of this work is to analyse, both analytically and numerically, the behaviours of the interpretability and uncertainty propagation of polarisation measurements, in order to give a detailed and the most general as possible description of these issues, ensuring an easier, more performant and reliable understanding and design of plasma polarimetry. The results will show that an input linear polarisation around 45° degree is the most suitable for plasma polarimetry when type 1 approximation is adopted and which the choice of the laser wavelength governs the performances of the polarimeter.
An aluminium nitride based multilayer structure for Love mode surface acoustic wave devices
Authors: Aslam Muhammad Zubair , Jeoti Varun , Manzoor Shahid , Hanif Mehwish , Junaid Muhammad 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Love mode surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are very useful for sensing in liquid environments. Earlier work on such devices mainly made use of zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on silicon (Si) or silicon dioxide (

Si

O

2

). However, using them for sensing still required protection from contamination from zinc (Zn) in the form of some additional passivation layer. In this work, the objective has been to study an aluminium nitride (AlN)-based multilayer structure that is able to generate SAW Love modes very efficiently. A layer of

Si

O

2

on top of the AlN layer does the trick. A 3D finite element method simulation analysis of the proposed structure (

Si

O

2

/

AlN

11

2
ˉ

0

/

Si

O

2

/

Si

100

) is accordingly performed, and phase velocities, electromechanical coupling coefficients and frequency shift due to mass loading are simulated as a function of the normalized thicknesses of AlN and

Si

O

2

films. It is shown that the optimal normalized thickness identified to be

h

s
2

/

λ

= 0.18,

h

AlN

/

λ

= 0.45 with AlN c-axis orientation of

30

o

,

and the maximum value of the electromechanical coupling coefficient

k
2

= 0.58% can be achieved. Even though the value of

k
2

is comparable to ZnO-based Love mode devices, the phase velocity is 1.5 times higher (5530 m s−1 compared to 3652 m s−1). Equally importantly, it is seen that the frequency shift due to mass loading of deionized water (the AlN-based multilayer Love mode sensor) is much higher for that using the ZnO-based multilayer Love mode sensor.
Magnetic breakdown spectrum of a Kramers–Weyl semimetal
Authors: Lemut G , Vela A Donís , Pacholski M J , Tworzydło J , Beenakker C W J 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We calculate the Landau levels of a Kramers–Weyl semimetal thin slab in a perpendicular magnetic field B. The coupling of Fermi arcs on opposite surfaces broadens the Landau levels with a band width that oscillates periodically in 1/B. We interpret the spectrum in terms of a one-dimensional superlattice induced by magnetic breakdown at Weyl points. The band width oscillations may be observed as 1/B-periodic magnetoconductance oscillations, at weaker fields and higher temperatures than the Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations due to Landau level quantization. No such spectrum appears in a generic Weyl semimetal, the Kramers degeneracy at time-reversally invariant momenta is essential.
ANNIE: Neutron multiplicity in neutrino interactions and new technologies
Authors: Fischer V. , Weinstein A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment (ANNIE) aims at measuring the neutron abundance in the final state of neutrino-nucleus interactions. This measurement will have a direct impact on our understanding of neutrino interactions and will lead to a better reduction of systematic errors and an improvement of signal-background discrimination in future large neutrino detectors, thus impacting long baseline oscillation experiments as well as proton decay searches and supernova detection. With a volume of about 26 tons of pure water doped with gadolinium to enhance neutron tagging efficiency, ANNIE will provide a measurement of the neutron yield of neutrino interactions as a function of the neutrino energy in the well-characterized Booster Neutrino Beam at Fermilab. The modularity of ANNIE will allow it to perform several fundamental tests of new technologies to be used in neutrino detectors, such as a novel kind of photodetectors called Large Area Picosecond Photodetectors and Water-based Liquid Scintillator, a newly-developed detection medium. The technology behind the ANNIE detector will have a noticeable impact on the development of future large water Cherenkov detectors as well as on detection techniques for neutrino physics.
Airborne observations of arctic-boreal water surface elevations from AirSWOT Ka-Band InSAR and LVIS LiDAR
Authors: Fayne Jessica V , Smith Laurence C , Pitcher Lincoln H , Kyzivat Ethan D , Cooley Sarah W , Cooper Matthew G , Denbina Michael W. , Chen Albert C. , Chen Curtis W. , Pavelsky Tamlin M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
AirSWOT is an experimental airborne Ka-band radar interferometer developed by NASA-JPL as a validation instrument for the forthcoming NASA Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission. In 2017, AirSWOT was deployed as part of the NASA Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) to map surface water elevations across Alaska and western Canada. The result is the most extensive known collection of near-nadir airborne Ka-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data and derivative high-resolution (3.6 m pixel) digital elevation models to produce water surface elevation (WSE) maps. This research provides a synoptic assessment of the 2017 AirSWOT ABoVE dataset to quantify regional WSE errors relative to coincident in situ field surveys and LiDAR data acquired from the NASA Land, Vegetation, and Ice Sensor (LVIS) airborne platform. Results show that AirSWOT WSE data can penetrate cloud cover and have nearly twice the swath-width of LVIS as flown for ABoVE (3.2 km vs. 1.8 km nominal swath-width). Despite noise and biases, spatially averaged AirSWOT WSEs can be used to estimate sub-seasonal hydrologic variability, as confirmed with field GPS surveys and in situ pressure transducers. This analysis informs AirSWOT ABoVE data users of known sources of measurement error in the WSEs as influenced by radar parameters including incidence angle, magnitude, coherence, and elevation uncertainty. The analysis also provides recommended best practices for extracting information from the dataset by using filters for these four parameters. Improvements to data handing would significantly increase the accuracy and spatial coverage of future AirSWOT WSE data collections, aiding scientific surface water studies, and improving the platform’s capability as an airborne validation instrument for SWOT.