bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Coronal Temperature in Solar Microflares
Authors: Testa Paola , Reale Fabio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We present a study of solar imaging and spectral observations of a microflare, focusing on the temperature diagnostics provided by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory, and the Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer (EIS) on board Hinode. Our data analysis, in particular from the emission in the 131 and 94 Å channels, indicates that the heated plasma reaches temperatures of ≳10 MK, at odds with a previous analysis of the same event, and we discuss the reason for the discrepancy. A particularly interesting aspect is the likely presence of the Fe xxiii 263.76 Å line, though weak, in EIS spectra in the early phases of the event, supporting the presence of high temperature plasma. Hydrodynamic 1D modeling of a single loop heated with a 3 minute pulse to 12–15 MK reproduces well most observed features along one of the brightening loops, including intensities in the AIA hot channels and their temporal variability, as well as the intensity, Doppler shift, and line width of the EIS Fe xxiii line, and its timing relative to the AIA emission. Overall, we obtain a coherent scenario of a typical microflaring loop system and provide constraints on the intensity of the energy release as well as its spatial and temporal distribution, both along and across the loop.
Extraplanar Gas in Edge-on Galaxies Traced by SOFIA Observations of [C ii]
Authors: Reach William T. , Fadda Dario , Rand Richard J. , Stacey Gordon J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Bursts of localized star formation in galaxies can levitate material from the midplane. Spiral galaxies that are edge-on allow a clear distinction of material that is levitated off the galaxies’ midplanes. We used SOFIA to measure the vertical distribution of [C ii] 157.7 μm line emission for two nearby, edge-on galaxies, NGC 891 and NGC 5907. We find that for the central region and actively star-forming regions in the northern portion of NGC 891, and for NGC 5907, a thin (0.3 kpc) disk is supplemented by a thick disk with an exponential scale height of ∼2 kpc. The [C ii] is far more extended than mid-infrared emission (0.1 kpc, tracing present-day massive star formation) but not as extended as the H i (100 kpc, tracing low-metallicity circum/intergalactic matter). The extraplanar [C ii] may arise in walls of chimneys that connect the disk to the halo.
Crepuscular Rays from the Highly Inclined Active Galactic Nucleus in IC 5063*
Authors: Maksym W. Peter , Schmidt Judy , Keel William C. , Fabbiano Giuseppina , Fischer Travis C. , Bland-Hawthorn Joss , Barth Aaron J. , Elvis Martin , Oosterloo Tom , Ho Luis C. , Kim Minjin , Hwang Hyunmo , Mayer Evan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
On Earth near sunset, the Sun may cast “crepuscular rays” such that clouds near the horizon obscure the origin of light scattered in bright rays. In principle, active galactic nuclei (AGN) should be able to produce similar effects. Using new Hubble Space Telescope (HST) near-infrared and optical observations, we show that the active galaxy IC 5063 contains broad radial rays extending to ≳11 kpc from the nucleus. We argue that the bright rays may arise from dusty scattering of continuum emission from the active nucleus, while the dark rays are due to shadowing near the nucleus, possibly by a warped torus. We also consider alternative AGN-related and stellar origins for the extended light.
The MOSDEF Survey: Neon as a Probe of ISM Physical Conditions at High Redshift*
Authors: Jeong Moon-Seong , Shapley Alice E. , Sanders Ryan L. , Runco Jordan N. , Topping Michael W. , Reddy Naveen A. , Kriek Mariska , Coil Alison L. , Mobasher Bahram , Siana Brian , Shivaei Irene , Freeman William R. , Azadi Mojegan , Price Sedona H. , Leung Gene C. K. , Fetherolf Tara , de Groot Laura , Zick Tom , Fornasini Francesca M. , Barro Guillermo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We present results on the properties of neon emission in z ∼ 2 star-forming galaxies drawn from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) survey. Doubly ionized neon ([Ne iii]λ3869) is detected at ≥3σ in 61 galaxies, representing ∼25% of the MOSDEF sample with Hα, Hβ, and [O iii]λ5007 detections at similar redshifts. We consider the neon emission-line properties of both individual galaxies with [Ne iii]λ3869 detections and composite z ∼ 2 spectra binned by stellar mass. With no requirement of [Ne iii]λ3869 detection, the latter provide a more representative picture of neon emission-line properties in the MOSDEF sample. The [Ne iii]λ3869/[O ii]λ3727 ratio (Ne3O2) is anticorrelated with stellar mass in z ∼ 2 galaxies, as expected based on the mass–metallicity relation. It is also positively correlated with the [O iii]λ5007/[O ii]λ3727 ratio (O32), but z ∼ 2 line ratios are offset toward higher Ne3O2 at fixed O32, compared with both local star-forming galaxies and individual H ii regions. Despite the offset toward higher Ne3O2 at fixed O32 at z ∼ 2, biases in inferred Ne3O2-based metallicity are small. Accordingly, Ne3O2 may serve as an important metallicity indicator deep into the reionization epoch. Analyzing additional rest-optical line ratios including [Ne iii]λ3869/[O iii]λ5007 (Ne3O3) and [O iii]λ5007/Hβ (O3Hβ), we conclude that the nebular emission-line ratios of z ∼ 2 star-forming galaxies suggest a harder ionizing spectrum (lower stellar metallicity, i.e., Fe/H) at fixed gas-phase oxygen abundance, compared to systems at z ∼ 0. These new results based on neon lend support to the physical picture painted by oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and sulfur emission of an ionized interstellar medium in high-redshift star-forming galaxies irradiated by chemically young, α-enhanced massive stars.
Arachnids (Araneae, Opiliones) from grass stand and forest litter in the Urals, Russia
Authors: Nesterkov Alexey , Zolotarev Maxim , Belskaya Elena , Tuneva Tatyana 
Published: October 2020

Since the late 1980s, long-term monitoring of various components of natural ecosystems under conditions of industrial pollution has been carried out in the Central Urals. In the mid-2000s, similar programmes were started in the Southern Urals. As a part of these monitoring programmes, the data on invertebrates in different types of biotopes, collected with different methods and in a different time intervals, continue to be gathered. Amongst the most well-studied groups of invertebrates are spiders and harvestmen whose communities are a convenient indicator of the environment. The data collected through these monitoring programmes can also be used to study natural local biodiversity.
The dataset, presented here, includes information from a long-term monitoring programme for Araneae and Opiliones that inhabit grass stands of secondary dry meadows and litter of spruce-fir, aspen-birch and pine-birch forests in the Central and Southern Urals. The dataset (available from the GBIF network at https://www.gbif.org/dataset/e170dbd1-a67f-4514-841c-5296b290ca90) describes the assemblage structure of spiders and harvestmen (list of species and their abundance), age-sex composition and seasonal and inter-annual dynamics for two large areas in the southern taiga zone of the Ural Mountains. The dataset includes 1,351 samples, which correspond to 5,462 occurrences identified during 2004–2009, 2013 and 2018. In total, we collected 10,433 specimens, representing 178 species (36% of arachnofauna of the Urals), 115 genera (54%) and 23 families (100%). Most of the data (4,939 of 5,462 occurrences, 90%) were collected in the western macro-slope of the Ural Mountains (European part of Russia), the rest in the eastern macro-slope (Asian part). All represented data were sampled in industrially undisturbed areas and are used as a local reference for ecotoxicological monitoring. The dataset provides new useful information for recording the state of biodiversity for the Central and Southern Urals and contributes to the study of biodiversity conservation.
Un retour d’expérience graphique sur la crise cyclonique de 2017 aux Antilles
Authors: Chevillot-Miot Élie , Canovas Ingrid , Duarte-Colardelle Cheila , Iasio Christian , Winter Thierry , November Valérie 
Published: October 2020

Réaliser le retour d’expérience d’une crise extrême, telle la crise cyclonique de 2017 aux Antilles françaises, est une procédure délicate et complexe. Elle nécessite non seulement d’intégrer les contraintes et incertitudes liées au passage de trois cyclones majeurs, mais également les effets des actions et décisions prises par l’important réseau des acteurs mobilisés à tous les niveaux d’intervention. La capitalisation d’expériences individuelles et collectives au sein d’un RETEX unique est donc primordiale pour optimiser la prise de décision en conduite de crise « hors-norme », notamment dans un contexte de changement climatique aux effets imprédictibles. Dans cet article, nous proposons un retour d’expérience sous la forme d’une base de données graphique qui intègre des informations hétérogènes et descriptives des aléas, des actions menées, des interactions entre les services, etc. Il s’agit, in fine , d’enrichir les connaissances et d’appuyer les décisions, à tous les niveaux (opérationnel, tactique et stratégique), tant dans le public que dans le privé.
La doctrine en matière de sûreté nucléaire : une amélioration continue intégrant mieux la gestion d’un accident nucléaire
Authors: Lachaume Jean-Luc , Cadet-Mercier Sylvie 
Published: October 2020

Depuis les années 1970, la doctrine en matière de sûreté nucléaire a évolué, prenant en compte les leçons des incidents et accidents qui sont survenus dans le monde. À l’origine, la priorité était accordée à la prévention des accidents. Au fil des années, la limitation des conséquences des accidents et la gestion de crise ont été renforcées dans la doctrine de sûreté. Cette évolution a conduit à un renforcement notable des installations nucléaires : l’analyse d’initiateurs d’accidents plus complexes, résultant notamment de cumuls d’événements, a conduit à la mise en place de dispositions matérielles et organisationnelles complémentaires afin de limiter les conséquences radiologiques. Puis, après l’accident de Tchernobyl, elle a conduit à un renforcement de la protection des populations : la gestion de crise, notamment en ce qui concerne la phase post rejets radioactifs, s’est particulièrement développée afin de mieux gérer sur le long terme les conséquences sanitaires, sociales et environnementales d’un accident.
Les consommateurs britanniques et la qualité des produits à la fin du XIX e siècle
Authors: Riello Giorgio , Millet Audrey , Minard Philippe 
Published: October 2020

La qualité des produits britanniques à la fin du xix e siècle a longtemps été perçue comme mauvaise. Dans un contexte d’expansion spectaculaire de la demande, la qualité intrinsèque des produits manufacturés aurait montré des signes de recul. Pourtant, la qualité n’est pas un concept absolu et ne repose pas uniquement sur l’évaluation des qualités matérielles intrinsèques des produits. Par-delà les plaintes déposées au sujet de la mauvaise qualité de la fabrication, de la contrefaçon et des produits défectueux, le recul de la qualité des produits manufacturés, réel et perçu, doit être analysé dans un contexte d’évolution de la production et de la consommation. En s’appuyant sur les entretiens menés entre 1887 et 1896 par l’enquêteur social Charles Booth et ses assistants, on peut étudier les différentes significations de la qualité pour les producteurs, les consommateurs et les distributeurs de l’époque victorienne. Pour ce faire, on s’appuie sur la théorie économique des conventions, selon laquelle la qualité n’est pas absolue, mais construite en fonction des attentes et des conventions qui lient les différents acteurs du marché. Cet article analyse ainsi la refonte des conventions de qualité par les fabricants, les distributeurs et les consommateurs, à la fin du xix e siècle en Grande-Bretagne. Il examine ensuite ces différents acteurs au prisme de la relation entre les conventions et la législation, à partir du cas spécifique des marques et de la concurrence étrangère. L’analyse propose enfin une réflexion sur la nécessité de reconnecter le secteur industriel et les historiographies de la production et de la consommation, pour mieux comprendre ce que signifie la « qualité ».
Équitation et violence(s) du Moyen Âge au XXI e siècle : évolution et situation des pratiques équestres en France du point de vue du processus de civilisation
Authors: Régnier Patrice , Deneux-Le Barh Vanina 
Published: October 2020

Du Moyen Âge au XIX e siècle, les pratiques équestres sont les formes de travail les plus prégnantes entre humains et chevaux. Elles permettent d’observer, via les traités d’équitation, d’art équestre et les guides fédéraux, le processus civilisateur. L’équitation sert à former les élites en établissant un parallèle entre maîtriser un cheval et commander des troupes, gouverner un peuple. Son évolution du Moyen Âge à nos jours témoigne de la diminution des violences appliquées au cheval, ainsi que l’adoucissement des activités équestres passant de la guerre à l’art puis au sport. Le cheval est aujourd’hui à nouveau envisagé dans ses fonctions d’éducation au respect et à la bienséance des humains. L’institutionnalisation des sports équestres a promu une éducation appuyée sur la compétition. La réduction des violences a été normée par le développement du bien-être équin. Aujourd’hui, elle atteint un stade ultime au travers des critiques des animalistes qui insistent sur les aspects capitalistiques et compétitifs de la relation anthropo-équine. Son développement constitue une nouvelle moralisation de la société en repensant les relations de vie et de travail avec les chevaux et plus largement avec les animaux, enjoignant les professionnels à modifier leurs pratiques, témoignant d’une nouvelle dimension du processus de civilisation .
Antibiotics prescription pattern and determinants of utilization in the national health insurance scheme at a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria
Authors: Okoro Roland Nnaemeka , Nmeka Chijioke , Erah Patrick O 
Published: October 2020

Background: Subsidizing the cost of medicines through insurance schemes increases consumption of medicines and may contribute to irrational use of antibiotics. Objectives: To describe the systemic antibiotics prescriptions patterns and analyze the determinants of their utilization in the National Health insurance Scheme (NHIS).Methods: Established WHO guideline was followed to conduct this cross-sectional retrospective study at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Data were collected from randomly sampled prescription sheets of one year duration. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the predictors of antibiotics prescriptions.Results: The results are based on 802 sampled out-patients NHIS prescriptions. Average number of medicines per encounter was 4.0 ± 1.8, whereas 46.9% of antibiotics were prescribed by generic name. Penicillins (most frequently amoxicillin/clavulanate), and nitroimidazole (most frequently metronidazole) were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics with percentage share of 43.3% and 22.2%. Being <5 years old, and taking more than 4 medicines (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.37-3.55) were the factors associated with the highest risk of antibiotics exposure.Conclusion: There were poly-pharmacy, and non-adherence to generic antibiotic prescriptions. Penicillins (amoxicillin/clavulanate) were the most commonly prescribed antibiotic class. Being < 5 years old, and taking more than 4 medicines were significant predictors of antibiotics exposure.Keywords: Antibiotics; national health insurance scheme; Nigeria; poly-pharmacy; prescription.
A cross-sectional study to determine the use of alternative medicines during pregnancy in the district hospitals in Manicaland, Zimbabwe
Authors: Dimene Liphapang , Fadzai Mutseyekwa , Chifamba Jephat , Nyakatawa Gerald , Mahachi Carol , Marume Amos , Bhebhe Michael , Taderera Tafadzwa 
Published: October 2020

Background: Traditional medicines are widely used in the rapidly growing health system and are of economic importance. The study aimed at determining the frequency, pattern of use and factors that influence traditional medicines use during pregnancy.
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at four district hospitals in Manicaland, Zimbabwe, using questionnaire based convenience sampling.
Results: Traditional medicines use was found to be high with 54% (n = 337) of pregnant women using traditional medicines during pregnancy. The major purpose of use of traditional medicine was found to be preparation for delivery; cervical dila- tion in particular. The following factors showed a significant statistical association for use of traditional medicines: previous mode of delivery (p = 0.006), level of education (p = 0.016), family income (p = 0.007), and residential settlement (p = 0.026). Some of the common traditional medicines used during pregnancy include Camellia sinensis, Aloe, Spirostachys Africana, Thumbergia lancifolia, Dalbergiella nyasae, Steganotaenia oraliacea, Stomatostemma monteiroae and Cussonia arborea.
Conclusion: A number of pregnant women use traditional medicines as partus preparators (labour aids) throughout the entire pregnancy period. This calls for obstetricians, general practitioners and midwives to inquire about use of traditional medicine in history.
Keywords: Traditional medicines; pregnancy; Zimbabwe.
Magnitude of Cryptococcosis among HIV patients in sub-Saharan Africa countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Alemayehu Tsegaye , Ayalew Sosina , Buzayehu Temesgen , Daka Deresse 
Published: October 2020

Background: Cryptococcus is encapsulated opportunistic yeast that causes life threatening meningoencephalitis of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The magnitude of Cryptococcosis among HIV patients varies from 1-10% in Western countries as opposed to almost a one third of HIV-infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa where it is associated with high mortality.
Methodology: By using key terms “Cryptococcosis among HIV patients in sub-saharan Africa countries”, articles that published in different journals from 2010-2017 searched on Pub-Med and Google scholar database. Those freely accessible and included the prevalence of Cryptococcosis in the result section, their PDF file was downloaded and the result extracted manually and presented in table. Articles that did not report the prevalence of Cryptococcosis, with a study design otherthan cross sectional, or a sample size less than 100, and those duplicated in the same study area and period by the same authors were excluded. The article selec- tion followed the PRISMA guidelines and meta- analysis was performed using OpenMeta(analyst).
Results: The overall pooled magnitude of Cryptococcosis among HIV patients in sub saharan African countries was 8.3% (95%CI 6.1-10.5%). The highest prevalence was from Uganda (19%) and the least was from Ethiopia at 1.6%. There was 87.2 % of substantial heterogeneity among the studies with p-value<0.001. The symmetry ofthe forest plot showed that there was little publication bias. The most commonly used method for diagnosis of Cryptococcosis was lateral flow assay and latex agglutination test and culture was the least method employed.
Conclusion: The overall pooled magnitude of Cryptococcosisis high among HIV patients in sub-Saharan African countries. The studies showed substantial heterogeneity, and little publication bias. Most of the studies relied on LFA & LA that showed the scarcity of facilities for fungal culture. Therefore, paying attention to screening HIV patients; those with signs and symptoms of meningitis may help to reduce the loss of HIV patients.
Keywords: Cryptococcosis; sub-Saharan African; HIV; meta-analysis.
High viral suppression and low attrition in healthy HIV-infected patients initiated on ART with CD4 above 500 cells/μL in a program setting in Uganda
Authors: M Byonanebye Dathan , C Semitala Fred , Katende Jackson , Bakenga Alex , Arinaitwe Irene , Kyambadde Peter , Musinguzi Patrick , Andia Biraro Irene , Byakika-Kibwika Pauline , R Kamya Moses 
Published: October 2020

Background: The World Health Organization recommends antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all HIV-infected patients at all CD4 counts. However, there are concerns that asymptomatic patients may have poorer viral suppression and high attrition.
Objectives: We sought to determine attrition and viral suppression among healthy HIV-infected patients initiated on ART in program settings.
Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled ART-experienced patients attending two PEPFAR-supported, high-volume clinics in Kampala, Uganda. Eligible patients were >18 years and had completed at least six months on ART. Participants were inter- viewed on socio-demographics, ART history and plasma viral load (VL) determined using Abbott Real-time. Predictors of viral suppression (<75 copies/ml) were determined using multivariate logistic regression.
Results: Overall, 267 participants were screened, 228 were eligible and 203 (89%) retained in care (visit within 90 days). Of the 203 participants, 115 (56.7%) were key-populations. Viral suppression was achieved in 173 patients (85%; 95% CI, 80.3%- 90.1%). The factors associated with viral suppression were prior VL tests (AOR 6.98; p-value <0.001) and receiving care from a general clinic (AOR 5.41; p=0.009).
Conclusion: Asymptomatic patients initiated on ART with high baseline CD4 counts, achieve high viral suppression with low risk of attrition. VL monitoring and clinic type are associated with viral suppression.
Keywords: Key populations; viral load; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Seroepidemiology of human fascioliasis and its relationship with anti-Fasciola IgG and liver enzymes as biomarkers of pathogenicity
Authors: Afshan Kiran , Kabeer Saman , Firasat Sabika , Jahan Sarwat , Qayyum Mazhar 
Published: October 2020

Background: Fascioliasis has never been considered a public health concern in Pakistan, although the increasing numbers of human cases reported in south Asia need a re-consideration in the country. The current study aimed to find the seroprevalence of human fascioliasis, associated risk factors and its relationship with liver enzymes as biomarkers of pathogenicity.
Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted in different districts of Punjab region from May 2014 to August 2016. A total of 546 respondents were screened by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and serum biochemical tests.
Results: Higher seroprevalence was recorded in Muzaffargarh (6.2%) and Bhara kahu (5.9%), while low infection rate in Gu- jranwala (1.1%) and Islamabad (1.5%). The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed rural inhabitants (OR=7.9, 95%CI: 2.5-24.8), females (OR=3.5, 95%CI: 1.7-7.1), family size 3-7 (OR=1.7, 95%CI: 1.0-2.9) and socioeconomic condition (OR=3.9, 95%CI: 1.5-10.4) were the significantly (p<0.005) associated risk factors with disease. The results of liver enzymes i.e. aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and cholesterol levels were significantly (p=0.001) elevated and associated with fascioliasis pathogenicity.
Conclusion: The higher prevalence recorded may explain with Fasciola IgG antibodies for both active and past infections and cross reactivity of the assay with other helminthes.
Keywords: Human fascioliasis; immunodiagnosis; liver enzymes; Pakistan.