bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of beta-lactam heteroresistance in CRE suggests a stage in the spectrum of antibiotic resistance
Authors: Band Victor I. , Weiss David S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAntibiotic resistance is a growing crisis that threatens many aspects of modern healthcare. Dogma is that resistance often develops due to acquisition of a resistance gene or mutation, and that when this occurs, all the cells in the bacterial population are phenotypically resistant which we term “homogenous resistance”. In contrast, heteroresistance (HR) is a form of antibiotic resistance where only a subset of cells within a bacterial population are resistant to a given drug. These resistant cells can rapidly replicate in the presence of the antibiotic and cause treatment failures. If and how HR and homogenous resistance are related is unclear. Using carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), we show that HR to beta-lactams develops over years of antibiotic usage and that it is gradually supplanted by homogenous resistance. This suggests the possibility that HR may often develop before homogenous resistance and frequently be a stage in its progression, representing a major shift in our understanding of the evolution of antibiotic resistance.
Root Cause Analysis and Its Effect on Auditors' Judgments and Decisions in an Integrated Audit*
Authors: DeZoort Todd , Doxey Marcus , Pollard Troy 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTThis study evaluates whether auditor use of root cause analysis (RCA) for an identified client misstatement affects auditors' assessments of underlying control issues and materiality in an integrated audit setting. We also test whether auditor cognitive style moderates these effects given prior findings that a misfit between task structure and cognitive style undermines performance. This research is motivated by concerns about integrated audit quality and auditors failing to consider control deficiencies indicated by client misstatements. We randomly assigned 147 auditors to four RCA treatments (No RCA, Unstructured RCA, Structured “5 Whys” RCA, Structured “Fishbone” RCA). As predicted, the results suggest that auditors using (not using) structured RCA are more (less) likely to identify control‐related root causes of a financial misstatement and judge the misstatement to be more (less) material. Also consistent with our prediction, we find that the assessed severity of identified control deficiencies mediates RCA's effect on materiality judgments. Finally, the materiality judgment results reveal the expected significant interaction between structured RCA method and auditor cognitive style, suggesting the importance of allowing flexibility in the specific RCA method applied in practice. Overall, the study's results provide evidence that auditor use of RCA as a judgment framework prompts deeper evaluation of audit findings and stronger consideration of critical links between financial reporting and related internal controls in integrated audit settings.
Access to finance and SMEs’ trade credit: evidence from a regression discontinuity design
Authors: Yang Wei , Li Haiyang , Kong Gaowen , Kong Dongmin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe evaluate the substitution effect between formal and informal institutions based on a natural experiment in China, i.e., the targeted reserve requirement ratio cut (TRRRC) policy. TRRRC creates a large and persistent discontinuity affecting loan availability for small and micro‐enterprises (SMEs) with sales below specific cut‐offs. Using the regression discontinuity design, we show that the trade credit of SMEs is significantly lower for firms with sales below the cut‐offs, indicating a substitution effect of banking loan on trade credit. Our findings are more pronounced for firms with poor product market performance, weak mortgage capability, young age, and poor financial environment.
Environmental and psychological variables influencing reactions to the COVID‐19 outbreak
Authors: Rubaltelli Enrico , Tedaldi Elisa , Orabona Noemi , Scrimin Sara 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveThe COVID‐19 outbreak in Italy caused a major health emergency and high uncertainty. We studied how media outlets, risk perception, state anxiety, and emotion regulation impacted peoples’ reactions and undertaking of protective behaviours aimed at reducing the spread of the virus.DesignData were collected in two cross‐sectional waves (N = 992 at T1; N = 1031 at T2): at the beginning of the outbreak and once the national lockdown was imposed.MethodsParticipants completed online surveys on their perception of the COVID‐19 outbreak. Moreover, they were asked to self‐report on their emotion regulation, state anxiety, and protective behaviours.ResultsMedia exposure and wave predicted risk perception. An interaction between wave, risk perception, and emotion regulation predicted the number of protective behaviours people undertook. Specifically, in the second wave, the number of protective behaviours was predicted by risk perception only among those who were ineffective at regulating emotions. Instead, effective regulators undertook the same number of behaviours regardless of their level of risk perception. In the second wave, we also found that the risk perception by emotion interaction predicting protective behaviours was mediated by state anxiety.ConclusionsThe present study provides important insights on how people experienced the early stages of the outbreak. This information could prove valuable in the coming months to understand who might have been more impacted by the stress caused by the COVID‐19 pandemic and the consequent restrictive measures.
Review: How has cognitive behaviour therapy been adapted for adolescents with comorbid depression and chronic illness? A scoping review
Authors: Morey Alice , Loades Maria E. 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundDepression becomes increasingly common in adolescence. Around 10%–20% of adolescents have a chronic illness, and they are more likely to experience depression. There is emerging evidence for cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) interventions to treat depression in adolescents with chronic illnesses, yet no review has been undertaken of how these CBT interventions are delivered in practice.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review to summarise how CBT has been delivered in adolescents with chronic illness and depression. We included studies that evaluated CBT aimed at treating depression/depressive symptoms in adolescents with chronic illness. Searches were carried out across Embase and PsycNET.ResultsTwelve studies met our inclusion criteria. These included diabetes (n = 3), inflammatory bowel disease (n = 3), polycystic ovary syndrome (n = 2), chronic headache (n = 1), chronic pain (n = 1), chronic fatigue syndrome (n = 1) and Fanconi anaemia (n = 1). Adaptations made to the delivery of CBT included cognitive restructuring of illness‐related thoughts, behavioural activation balancing illness‐related and enjoyable activities, psychoeducation of the comorbidity and link between the chronic illness and depression, relationship building, skill building and parental or familial involvement. CBT was typically delivered by trained professionals with expertise in working with adolescents, who worked under supervision.ConclusionsCBT for depression is commonly adapted for this population, and the nature of cognitions and behaviours targeted in CBT may typically depend on how the chronic illness presents. There is relatively little evidence to date, and a need for more research into the efficacy and effectiveness of treatments for adolescent depression in this vulnerable population specifically.
Discovering the Biases Children Bring to Language Learning
Authors: Goldin‐Meadow Susan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe linguistic input children receive has a massive and immediate effect on their language acquisition. This fact makes it difficult to discover the biases that children bring to language learning simply because their input is likely to obscure those biases. In this article, I turn to children who lack linguistic input to aid in this discovery: deaf children whose hearing losses prevent their acquisition of spoken language and whose hearing parents have not yet exposed them to sign language. These children lack input from a conventional language model, yet create gestures, called homesigns, to communicate with hearing individuals. Homesigns have many, although not all, of the properties of human language. These properties offer the clearest window onto the linguistic structures that children seek as they either learn or, in the case of homesigners, construct language.
Architectures of Pain: Racism and Monuments Removal Activism in the “New” New Orleans
Authors: Croegaert Ana 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn 2017, the City of New Orleans removed four segregation‐era monuments celebrating the Southern Confederacy and valorizing white supremacist ideology. As in other cities, efforts to remove such monuments are not new, and historically have been connected to collective challenges to racialized inequality, and more recently to transnational postcolonial struggles. Given the longstanding activism in favor of removing such monuments I ask, Why now? In exploring this question, I examine the circulation of images, talk, and text about the monuments in relation to the city’s post‐2005 political economy and find that people’s expressed sentiments regarding the statues illuminate the ongoing challenges faced by New Orleans’ multiracial working‐class and poor residents. I argue that the city administration’s framing of the monuments as emblems of an unequal past decouples the monuments’ removal from the urgent need to meaningfully address present inequalities. While clearing the cityscape of these four monuments makes neighborhoods more palatable to residents who oppose overt symbols of white supremacy, it may also paradoxically contribute to gentrified redevelopment that displaces predominantly non‐white poor and working‐class residents.
The Development of Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking: Associations with Substance Use among At‐Risk Adolescents
Authors: Wasserman Alexander M. , Mathias Charles W. , Hill‐Kapturczak Nathalie , Karns‐Wright Tara E. , Dougherty Donald M. 
Published: September 2020

We investigated if the dual systems model could explain the increased rates of substance use among at‐risk youth. This study sampled 365 adolescents, 289 of which had a family history of substance use disorder, assessed biannually between the ages 13–16 years old. Growth curve analyses revealed that higher levels of impulsivity were related to higher levels of sensation seeking and a slower rate of decline in impulsivity was related to a faster rate of increase in sensation seeking. Only family history status and sensation seeking were directly associated with substance use (marijuana, alcohol) at age 16, though family history status was also indirectly related to substance use through higher levels of impulsivity to higher levels of sensation seeking.
A meta‐analysis of microRNA networks regulated by melatonin in cancer: Portrait of potential candidates for breast cancer treatment
Authors: Chuffa Luiz Gustavo de Almeida , Carvalho Robson Francisco , Justulin Luis Antônio , Cury Sarah Santiloni , Seiva Fábio Rodrigues Ferreira , Jardim‐Perassi Bruna Victorasso , Zuccari Debora Aparecida Pires de Campos , Reiter Russel J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMelatonin is a ubiquitous molecule with a broad spectrum of functions including widespread anti‐cancer activities. Identifying how melatonin intervenes in complex molecular signaling at the gene level is essential to guide proper therapies. Using meta‐analysis approach, herein we examined the role of melatonin in regulating the expression of 46 microRNAs (miRNAs) and their target genes in breast, oral, gastric, colorectal, and prostate cancers, and glioblastoma. The deregulated miRNA‐associated target genes revealed their involvement in the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, senescence, and autophagy. Melatonin changes the expression of miRNA‐associated genes in breast, gastric, and oral cancers. These genes are associated with cellular senescence, the hedgehog signaling pathway, cell proliferation, p53 signaling, and the hippo signaling pathway. Conversely, colorectal and prostate cancers as well as glioblastoma and oral carcinoma present a clear pattern of less pronounced changes in the expression of miRNA‐associated genes. Most notably, colorectal cancer displayed a unique molecular change in response to melatonin. Considering breast cancer network complexity, we compared the genes found during the meta‐analysis with RNA‐Seq data from breast cancer‐bearing mice treated with melatonin. Mechanistically, melatonin upregulated genes associated with immune responses and apoptotic processes, whereas it downregulated genes involved in cellular aggressiveness/metastasis (eg, mitosis, telomerase activity, and angiogenesis). We further characterized the expression profile of our gene subsets with human breast cancer and found eight upregulated genes and 16 downregulated genes that were appositively correlated with melatonin. Our results pose a multi‐dimension network of tumor‐associated genes regulated by miRNAs potentially targeted by melatonin.
Population genetic structure and dispersal patterns of grey wolfs (Canis lupus) and golden jackals (Canis aureus) in Georgia, the Caucasus
Authors: Shakarashvili M. , Kopaliani N. , Gurielidze Z. , Dekanoidze D. , Ninua L. , Tarkhnishvili D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGrey wolf and golden jackal are both common in Georgia, although they have different habitat preferences. The wolf is more common in mountain areas of the country, and jackals are more common in the lowland part of Georgia, with its milder and warmer climate. In recent decades, the abundance of both species increased. Simultaneously, the jackals are increasingly often sighted at higher elevations than previously recorded, and simultaneously, there are increased sightings of the wolves in lowlands of western Georgia, including the areas close to the Black Sea Coast. The analysis of partial mitochondrial DNA sequences and 20 microsatellite markers suggest substantially higher genetic diversity of wolves than the jackals in Georgia, which could be related to the late expansion of jackals into the Caucasus region (not before the Bronze Age). Clustering using a Bayesian approach based on the microsatellite markers suggests that the vast majority of both jackals and wolves sampled in western Georgia descend from recent migrants from the east of the country. The expansion of the two species may be related to the conservation efforts in the latest decades or/and climate change that explains the appearance of jackals in the mountain regions of Georgia, as well as in northern Europe.
The effects of cognitive load during an investigative interviewing task on mock interviewers’ recall of information
Authors: Hanway Pamela , Akehurst Lucy , Vernham Zarah , Hope Lorraine 
Published: September 2020

PurposeAlthough investigative interviewers receive training in interviewing techniques, they often fail to comply with recommended practices. Interviewers are required to actively listen, accurately remember information, think of questions to ask, make judgements, and seek clarification, whilst conducting interviews with witnesses, victims, or suspects. The current study examined the impact of increased cognitive load on mock interviewers’ recall of a witness’s account.MethodParticipants took the role of an investigative interviewer in one of three conditions, high cognitive load (HCL), moderate cognitive load (MCL), or no cognitive load (NCL). Participants watched a video‐recorded free narrative of a child witness during which they followed condition‐relevant task instructions. Each participant rated their perceived cognitive load during their task and then recalled (free and cued recall) the content of the witness’s account.ResultsParticipants in the HCL and MCL conditions perceived higher cognitive load and demonstrated poorer performance on the free recall task than those in the NCL condition. Participants in the HCL condition demonstrated poorer performance on the cued recall task compared to participants in the NCL condition.ConclusionsThe cognitive demands required to complete an investigative interview task led to an increased perceived cognitive load and had a negative impact on recall performance for mock interviewers. Accurately recalling what has been reported by a witness is vital during an investigation. Inaccurate recall can impact on interviewers’ questioning and their compliance with recommended interviewing practices. Developing and practising interview techniques may help interviewers to better cope with the high cognitive demands of investigative interviewing.
The geographic distribution of the US pediatric dermatologist workforce: A national cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ashrafzadeh Sepideh , Peters Gregory A. , Brandling‐Bennett Heather A. , Huang Jennifer T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground /ObjectivesAlthough 82% of pediatricians report that their patients have difficulty accessing pediatric dermatologists, the regions with greatest need for the specialty are not well‐defined. We aimed to determine the geographic distribution of pediatric dermatologists relative to the number of children and pediatric generalists.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional study of all US board‐certified pediatric dermatologists, generalists (defined as pediatricians and family medicine physicians), and children in 2020. Data were obtained from the Society for Pediatric Dermatology, American Board of Pediatrics, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid, and US Census Bureau. Number of children, pediatric dermatologists, and pediatric generalists were tabulated in each county and state, and the distributions of pediatric dermatologists and generalists relative to the population of children were quantified with the Gini coefficient.ResultsOf 317 pediatric dermatologists, 243 (76.7%) were women and 311 (98.1%) worked in a metropolitan county. A pediatric dermatologist was present in 41/50 (82%) states and 142/3228 (4.4%) counties. Not a single pediatric dermatologist was found in 54/92 (58.7%) counties with 100 000‐199 999 children, 15/53 (28.3%) counties with 200 000‐499 999 children, and 4/13 (30.8%) counties with ≥500 000 children. The Gini coefficient for the state‐level distribution of pediatric dermatologists relative to population of children was 0.488 compared to 0.132 for that of pediatric generalists.ConclusionThere is a maldistribution of pediatric dermatologists, resulting in children with unmet dermatologic needs in nine states and 96 heavily populated counties. These results can inform initiatives to recruit pediatric dermatologists and to expand telehealth access to specific high‐density areas.
Schwarzschild de Sitter and extremal surfaces
Authors: Fernandes Karan , Kolekar Kedar S. , Narayan K. , Roy Sourav 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe study extremal surfaces in the Schwarzschild de Sitter spacetime with real mass parameter. We find codim-2 timelike extremal surfaces stretching between the future and past boundaries that pass through the vicinity of the cosmological horizon in a certain limit. These are analogous to the surfaces in http://arxiv.org/abs/1711.01107 [hep-th]. We also find spacelike surfaces that never reach the future/past boundaries but stretch indefinitely through the extended Penrose diagram, passing through the vicinity of the cosmological and Schwarzschild horizons in a certain limit. Further, these exhibit interesting structure for de Sitter space (zero mass) as well as in the extremal, or Nariai, limit.
Endometriosis-induced massive hemoperitoneum misdiagnosed as ruptured ectopic pregnancy: a case report
Authors: Kim Bong Hyeon , Park Seong Nam , Kim Byoung Ryun 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Endometriosis, an estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease, is commonly observed in gynecologic practice. Spontaneous hemoperitoneum is a rare but serious complication of endometriosis. Most cases of endometriosis-induced hemoperitoneum are attributable to a ruptured endometrioma or utero-ovarian vessel hemorrhage. We report a case of massive hemoperitoneum secondary to intra-abdominal bleeding from the peritoneal endometriotic deposits with spontaneous abortion that was misdiagnosed as a ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

Case presentation
A 36-year-old Korean woman was admitted to our hospital for acute abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding. She was suspected of ruptured ectopic pregnancy on the basis of a positive serum human chorionic gonadotropin test result and ultrasonographic evidence of pelvic fluid collection. During hospitalization, her symptoms deteriorated with peritoneal irritation sign on physical examination, hypotension, and tachycardia. Emergency exploratory laparoscopy was performed and revealed active bleeding from the peritoneal endometriotic deposit, which was treated with laparoscopic electrocoagulation. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful. Spontaneous abortion was diagnosed on the basis of decreased serial serum human chorionic gonadotropin level estimation.

Conclusions
Although rare, gynecologists should consider endometriosis-induced hemoperitoneum with spontaneous abortion in the differential diagnosis in women of reproductive age presenting with a positive serum human chorionic gonadotropin test result and acute abdomen with intra-abdominal bleeding.
COVID-19 susceptibility: potential of ACE2 polymorphisms
Authors: Chaudhary Mayank 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a metallopeptidase that primarily functions as a negative regulator of renin angiotensin system (RAS) by converting angiotensin II (Ang II) to angiotensin 1-7. Contrary to this, another RAS component, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) catalyzes synthesis of Ang II from angiotensin I (Ang I) that functions as active compound in blood pressure regulation. This indicates importance of ACE/ACE2 level in regulating blood pressure by targeting Ang II. An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) highlighted the additional role of ACE2 as a receptor for SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection.

Main body of the abstract
ACE2 is a functional receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Activation of spike (S)-protein by either type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) or cathepsin-mediated cleavage initiates receptor binding and viral entry. In addition to TTSPs, ACE2 can also be trimmed by ADAM 17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17) that competes for the same receptor. Cleavage by TTSPs activates ACE2 receptor for binding, whereas ADAM17 releases extracellular fragment called soluble ACE2 (sACE2). Structural studies of both ACE2 and S-protein have found critical sites involved in binding mechanism. In addition to studies on structural motifs, few single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) studies have been done to find an association between genetic variants and SARS susceptibility. Though no association was found in those reports, but seeing the non-reproducibility of SNP studies among different ethnic groups, screening of ACE2 SNPs in individual population can be undertaken.

Short conclusion
Thus, screening for novel SNPs focussing on recently identified critical regions of ACE2 can be targeted to monitor susceptibility towards coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).