bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aplikasi Ekstrak Kesumba (Bixa Orellanna. L) Sebagai Sumber Pewarna dan Antioksidan Alami
Authors: Handayani Isti , Sujiman NFN 
Published: July 2020

<p>Kesumba (<em>Bixa orellana </em>L.) telah digunakan sebagai pewarna alami di banyak industri, tetapi penggunaan dalam makanan tradisional Indonesia belum banyak digunakan. Penelitian ini mengkaji aplikasi ekstrak kesumba sebagai sumber pewarna dan antioksidan alami pada getuk singkong. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode sokletasi menggunakan tiga jenis pelarut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh jenis pelarut dan konsentrasi ekstrak kesumba terhadap warna, total karotenoid, total fenol dan FFA getuk singkong. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode eksperimental menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK). Pelarut yang digunakan untuk ekstraksi adalah heksana (non polar), kloroform (semi-polar) dan etanol (polar) pada konsentrasi ekstrak 1%; 2%; dan 3%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi ekstrak heksana 3% yang diukur menggunakan kamus warna Munsell dan secara sensorik menghasilkan warna oranye dengan nilai Hue: 7.5 YR (Yellow Red = merah kekuningan); <em>Value</em>: 7, dan kroma: 10, serta menghasilkan tingkat kesukaan paling tinggi. Peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak yang ditambahkan menghasilkan peningkatan kroma (intensitas warna). Kadar karotenoid tertinggi (0,33 mg / g), dihasilkan pada penambahan ekstrak heksana 2% dan kadar fenol total tertinggi (38,95 mg / 100 g) dihasilkan ekstrak heksana 3%. Asam lemak bebas terendah (0,15%) dihasilkan pada penambahan ekstrak heksana 1% walaupun tidak ada bedanya dengan penambahan ekstrak kloroform 1%.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Application of Kesumba Extract (Bixa orellanna. L)as Anaural Colorant and Antioxidant in Cassava Getuk</strong></p><p>Kesumba (Bixa orellana L.) has been used as natural colourant in many industries. However its usage for Indonesian tranditional foods is still limeted. This study examined aplication of kesumba extract as natural colourant as well as antioxidants sources on getuk cassava. The extraction was performed throught soxhletation method using three types of solvents. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of solvent types and concentrations of the extract to colour, total carotenoid, total phenol and FFA of getuk cassava. This research was designed using a randomized block design (RBD). Solvents used for extraction were hexane (non polar), chloroform (semi-polar) and ethanol (polar) and the concentration of the extracts 1%; 2%; and 3%. The results showed that 3% of hexane, measured using the Munsell Color resulted in an orange colour (hue: 7,5 YR; value: 7, chroma:10), as well as sensory test, which obtained the most preference by the panelists. Increasing the extract concentration yielded in enhance of chroma (colour intensity). The 2% of hexane extract produced the highest levels of carotenoids (0.33 mg/g), while the highest levels of total phenols (38.95 mg/100 g) was treated from 3% of hexane extract. The lowest of free fatty acids (0.15%) was obtained at 1% of hexane extract although no differentces to 1% of chloroform extract.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>
An Analysis of Quality Management in Vaccine Manufacturers of China Based on the New Vaccine Administration Law
Authors: Ji Min Xue , Li Xiang Qun , Liu Cui 
Published: July 2020

With the application of new technologies in development and production, the quality of vaccines in China had been constantly improved, and vaccines manufactured in China were being supplied to international markets while meeting the domestic immunization program need. Meanwhile, the quality management performance of vaccine manufacturers in China was continually improving. The implementation of the Vaccine Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China had imposed legal systematic requirements on full lifecycle management of vaccines in development, production and supervision, which was of important milestone significance for guiding the development of China’s vaccine industry. Based on the understanding of this law, this article had discussed quality management of vaccines from four aspects including biosafety, application of new technologies for vaccine development and production, process changes and deviation management with practical work taken into account, intended to arouse readers’attention and discussions on this law and relevant issues and provide reference to vaccine manufacturers in production, development and product quality improvement.
Effect of stress coping ability and working hours on burnout among residents
Authors: Kijima Saori , Tomihara Kazuya , Tagawa Masami 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background: Burnout among residents leads to interruptions in training and even to exit from programs. Despite the implementation of working hour restrictions in the U.S. in 2013, the high rate of burnout remains a serious problem. Therefore, we analyzed Japanese residents’ burnout, training conditions, and associated factors, especially stress coping ability, which could become an evidence base for creating guidelines of programs and working environments.Methods: In total, 37 teaching hospitals were randomly selected, and all residents in the third and fifteenth months of a residency program at these hospitals were targeted for this research. We analyzed the residents’ burnout rates, associated factors, and interactions using response data from a self-administered questionnaire consisting of the Japanese versions of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Sense of Coherence (SOC) scale, as well as items asking about their training environments, gender, and age.Results: Overall, 48 (49.5%) of 97 residents in 18 teaching hospitals (62 and 35 in the third and fifteenth months, respectively), whose average working hours were 63.3 hours per week, were judged as having burnout, among whom, 33 (53.2%) and 15 (42.9%) had burnout in the third and fifteenth months, respectively. Logistic regression analysis indicated that working hours and 10 items on the SOC scale (SOC10) were significant factors of burnout. Two-way analysis of variance revealed that working hours was a significant variable for the MBI-emotional exhaustion score and SOC10 in the third and fifteenth months, respectively. Regarding the MBI-cynicism and professional efficacy scores, the SOC10 was a significant variable in both the third and fifteenth months. In addition, the high SOC group (SOC10>45) showed higher personal efficacy under longer working hours.Conclusion: About half of the Japanese residents were judged as having burnout as early as the third month of training under regulations of working 40 hours per week. Individual stress coping ability and working hours were found to be significant factors for burnout. Residents with high stress coping ability exhibited more personal efficacy with more working experiences, which suggests that the SOC scale could be a valuable tool to help foster a suitable training environment.
Evidence of pathogenic zoonotic tick-borne Rickettsia and Borrelia spp. in some communal farms in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: ADELABU OLUSESAN , Iweriebor Benson Chuks , Okoh Anthony Ifeanyi , Obi Larry Chikwelu 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The abundance of tick populations in South Africa represents a probable risk for both animal and human health. Rickettsia spp. and Borrelia spp. are well-known significant agents of emerging human tick-borne infectious diseases throughout the world. Nevertheless, the epidemiology of their infections has been underreported in South Africa, therefore, the aim of this study was to profile for zoonotic Rickettsia and Borrelia species from ticks infesting domesticated animals in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Morphological and molecular identification techniques were conducted on 1,200 tick samples collected from domestic animals before screening for the target bacterial pathogens. The molecular identification of the tick samples was based on the amplification of the 12S rRNA mitochondrial DNA while those of Rickettsia and Borrelia species were carried out by amplifying fragments of gltA, ompA and ompB genes for Rickettsia and flaB gene for Borrelia spp. Thereafter, the positive ticks, Borrelia and Rickettsia ompB amplicons were sequenced and further analysed. Eight species of ticks belonging to three genera; Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, and Haemaphysalis were identified. A total of 320 (27%) samples were confirmed positive for Rickettsia out of which 74 (23%) were positive for both ompA and ompB genes. Phylogenetic analysis of ompB revealed a high homology to rickettsial reference strains from GenBank, while there was no positive result for Borrelia. The generated sequences showed 99.1 to 100% homology with R. africae-KX227790 (100 %), R. parkeri - KY113111 (99.8 %), R. peacock (99.3 %) and R. slovaca - KJ675445, JX683122 (99.1 %) representative sequences in GenBank. The findings from this study revealed that ticks collected from domesticated animals were parasitized by Rickettsia species with possible zoonotic potential, which is detrimental to human health if bitten by infected ticks.
Autism-associated variants of neuroligin 4X impair synaptogenic activity by various molecular mechanisms
Authors: Yumoto Takafumi , Kimura Misaki , Nagatomo Ryota , Sato Tsukika , Utsunomiya Shun , Aoki Natsue , Kitaura Motoji , Takahashi Koji , Takemoto Hiroshi , Watanabe Hirotaka , Okano Hideyuki , Yoshida Fumiaki , Nao Yosuke , Tomita Taisuke 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: Several genetic alterations, including point mutations and copy number variations in NLGN genes have been associated with psychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). NLGN genes encode neuroligin (NL) proteins, which are adhesion molecules that are important for proper synaptic formation and maturation. Previously, we and others found that the expression level of murine NL1 is regulated by proteolytic processing in a synaptic activity-dependent manner. Methods: In this study, we analyzed the effects of missense variants associated with ASD and XLMR on the metabolism and function of NL4X, a protein which is encoded by the NLGN4X gene and is expressed only in humans, using cultured cells, primary neurons from rodents and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Results: NL4X was found to undergo proteolytic processing in human neuronal cells. Almost all NL4X variants caused a substantial decrease in the levels of mature NL4X and its synaptogenic activity in a heterologous culture system. Intriguingly, the L593F variant of NL4X accelerated the proteolysis of mature NL4X proteins located on the cell surface. In contrast, other variants decreased the cell-surface trafficking of NL4X. Notably, protease inhibitors as well as chemical chaperones rescued the expression of mature NL4X. Limitations: Our study did not reveal whether these dysfunctional phenotypes occurred in individuals carrying NLGN4X variant. Moreover, though these pathological mechanisms could be exploited as potential drug targets for ASD, it remains unclear whether these compounds would have beneficial effects on in ASD model animals and patients. Conclusions: These data suggest that reduced amounts of the functional NL4X protein on the cell surface is a common mechanism by which point mutants of the NL4X protein cause psychiatric disorders, although different molecular mechanisms are thought to be involved. Furthermore, these results highlight that the precision medicine approach based on genetic and cell biological analyses is important for the development of therapeutics for psychiatric disorders.
Elevation of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and C-reactive Protein Levels Reflects Renal Interstitial Inflammation in Drug-Induced Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Authors: Zheng Xi-zi , Gu Yang-hui , Su Tao , Zhou Xu-jie , Huang Jun-wen , Sun Ping-ping , Jia Yan , Xu Da-min , Wang Su-xia , Liu Gang , Yang Li 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: A renal biopsy is needed to define active inflammatory infiltration and guide therapeutic management in drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (D-ATIN). However, factors such as various contraindications, refusal of informed consent and limited technical support may stop the biopsy process. It is thus of great importance to explore approaches that could deduce probable pathologic changes. Methods: A total of 81 biopsy-proven D-ATIN patients were enrolled from a prospective cohort of ATIN patients at Peking University First Hospital. The systemic inflammation score (SIS) was developed based on the CRP and ESR levels at biopsy, and patients were divided into high-SIS, median-SIS, and low-SIS groups. The demographic data, clinicopathologic features, and renal outcomes were compared. Results: The SIS was positively correlated with inflammatory cell infiltration and was inversely correlated with interstitial fibrosis. The number of interstitial inflammatory cells increased significantly with increasing SISs. The proportions of neutrophils and plasma cells were the highest in the high-SIS group compared with the other two groups.Prednisone (30–40 mg/day) was prescribed in all patients. The high-SIS group tended to have more favorable renal restoration than the other two groups. By 12 months postbiopsy, a decreased eGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) was observed in 66.7% of medium-SIS patients, 32.4% of high-SIS patients, and 30.4% of low-SIS patients. Conclusion: The SIS was positively correlated with active tubulointerstitial inflammation and therefore could help to aid therapeutic decisions in D-ATIN. Keywords: C reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, interstitial inflammation, drug-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis.
The impact of parents' health behaviours on their preferences regarding vaccinations in Bialystok, Poland
Authors: Kraśnicka Jolanta , Krajewska-Kułak Elżbieta , Klimaszewska Krystyna , Cybulski Mateusz , Guzowski Andrzej , Lewko Jolanta , Łukaszuk Cecylia , Kowalczuk Krystyna , Doroszkiewicz Halina , Baranowska Anna , Krajewska-Ferishah Katarzyna , Rolka Hanna , Kulak Wojciech 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background. Currently, as the number of vaccinated children in Poland and throughout Europe is decreasing. Many factors impact on the rate vaccination and parents’ health behaviours may affect the frequency of vaccinations. The aim of the study was to assess the association of parents’ health behaviors with children’s vaccinations.Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from July 2015 to June 2016 to assess to assess the association of parents’ health behaviors with children’s vaccinations in Białystok city, Poland. We used the the Inventory of Health Behaviours and an original questionnaire including demographic data and questions about vaccination. Three hundred parents were recruited from the Pro Medica Family Medica Center in Bialystok, Poland.Results: Only 3.7% of respondents did not vaccinate their children. The level of health behaviours was average in 42.3% of the respondents, low in 33%, and high in 24.7%. Significant differences in health behaviours, mainly the level of normal eating habits (p = 0.038) and positive mental attitude (p=0.022), were found in relation to views on the toxicity of vaccines. Participants who reported that vaccines can cause autism engaged in a higher level of prophylactic behaviours. Respondents who vaccinated their children with combined vaccines had a significantly higher level of health practices. Conclusions: Parents preferred health behaviours did not effect on children vaccination. Parents who believed in the toxicity of vaccines were more concerned about proper nutrition, had a positive mental attitude, and engaged in a higher level of preventive behaviours and health practices. Parents who did not vaccinate their children had lower levels of normal eating habits. Parents who vaccinated their children with combined vaccines had a higher level of health behaviours, especially in terms of health practices.
Unraveling the Molecular Heterogeneity in type 2 Diabetes: A Potential Subtype Discovery Study Followed by Metabolic Modeling
Authors: Khoshnejat Maryam , Kavousi Kaveh , Banaei-Moghaddam Ali Mohammad , Moosavi-Movahedi Ali Akbar 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex multifactorial disease with a high prevalence in the world. Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion are the two major abnormalities in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Skeletal muscle is responsible for over 75% of the glucose uptake, thus plays a critical role in T2DM. Here, we attempted to provide a better understanding of abnormalities in this tissue. Methods: We have explored the muscle gene expression pattern in healthy and newly diagnosed T2DM individuals using supervised and unsupervised classification along with examining the potential of sub-typing based on the gene expression pattern in patients.Results: A machine-learning technique applied to identify a pattern of gene expression that could potentially discriminate between normoglycemic and diabetic groups. A gene set comprises 26 genes identified, which was able to discriminate healthy from diabetic individuals with 94% accuracy after 10-fold stratified cross-validation. In addition, three distinct clusters with different dysregulated genes and metabolic pathways identified in diabetic patients. Conclusion :This study implies that it seems the disease has triggered through different cellular/molecular mechanisms and it has the potential to be sub-typing. Possibly, subtyping of T2DM patients in combination with their real clinical profiles will provide a better understanding of abnormalities in each group and lead to the recommendation of the appropriate precision therapy for each subtype in the future.
A new anatomic zone division within the human cervical spinal canal
Authors: Kong Chao , Liu Li , Liu Yadong , Yuan Xin , Gao Yan , Guan Yun , Chen Xueming 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: Anatomic details are important for identifying the origin and anatomic basis of symptoms in patients with cervical spondylosis. However, very little quantitative data has been reported. In an effort to provide an anatomic basis for the examination of cervical spondylosis mechanisms, we characterized the morphologic features of cervical spinal nerve rootlets and defined different zones of the human cervical spinal canal.Methods: In 10 cadaveric cervical cords from C2 to T1, we defined three zones bilaterally from the midline (zones I-III) and two zones from cranial to caudal (zones P and IP) on the coronal plane within the cervical spinal canal. We measured each anatomic zone, including 1) horizontal widths of zones I, II and III; 2) the length of the cervical spinal segment at the ventral rootlets (LV); 3) the pedicle height (zone P) and interpedicle height (zone IP); and 4) the distance between the superior margin of the pedicle and the exit of the uppermost ventral nerve rootlet (PN). Results: The horizontal widths of zone I tended to decrease gradually from C4 to C8 (p=0.98). The width of zone II at C4 was significantly less than that at other levels (p=0.008). The width of zone III increased from C4 to C8 and was significantly greater at C7 and C8 than at C4, C5, and C6 (p=0.032). Pedical and interpedical heights were not significantly different at different levels (p=0.365 and 0.240, respectively). LV values at C4 and C8 were smaller than those at C5, C6, and C7 (p=0.001). At C4, the uppermost ventral rootlet was at approximately the same height as the C3 pedicle, whereas at C8, the uppermost ventral rootlet was at the same level as the inferior part of the C6 pedicle. Ventral intradural intersegmental connections were found in three of 20 (15%) intersegments (two specimens).Conclusions: These anatomic zones may be useful for diagnosing cervical spondylosis and guiding anterior decompression surgery.
Hypertonic glucose inhibits growth and attenuates virulence factors of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Chen Tao , Xu Ye , Xu Wenya , Liao Wenli , Xu Chunquan , Zhang Xiucai , Cao Jianming , Zhou Tieli 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common Gram-negative pathogen responsible for chronic wound infections, such as diabetic foot infections, and further exacerbates the treatment options and cost of such conditions. Hypertonic glucose, a commonly used prolotherapy solution, can accelerate the proliferation of granulation tissue and improve microcirculation in wounds. However, the action of hypertonic glucose on bacterial pathogens that infect wounds is unclear. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of hypertonic glucose on multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa strains isolated from diabetic foot infections. Hypertonic glucose represents a novel approach to control chronic wound infections caused by P. aeruginosa. Results: Four multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa clinical strains isolated from diabetic foot ulcers from a tertiary hospital in China and the reference P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain were studied. Hypertonic glucose significantly inhibited the growth, biofilm formation, and swimming motility of P. aeruginosa clinical strains and PAO1. Furthermore, hypertonic glucose significantly reduced the production of pyocyanin and elastase virulence factors in P. aeruginosa. The expression of major quorum sensing genes (lasI, lasR, rhlI, and rhlR) in P. aeruginosa were all downregulated in response to hypertonic glucose treatment. In a Galleria mellonella larvae infection model, the administration of hypertonic glucose was shown to increase the survival rates of larvae infected by P. aeruginosa strains (3/5).Conclusions: Hypertonic glucose inhibited the growth, biofilm formation, and swimming motility of P. aeruginosa, as well as reduced the production of virulence factors and quorum sensing gene expression. Further studies that investigate hypertonic glucose therapy should be considered in treating chronic wound infections.