bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2D Material Based Synaptic Devices for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Cao Guiming , Meng Peng , Chen Jiangang , Liu Haishi , Bian Renji , Zhu Chao , Liu Fucai , Liu Zheng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe demand for computing power has been increasing exponentially since the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI), internet of things (IoT), and machine learning (ML), where novel computing primitives are required. Brain inspired neuromorphic computing systems, capable of combining analog computing and data storage at the device level, have drawn great attention recently. In addition, the basic electronic devices mimicking the biological synapse have achieved significant progress. Owing to their atomic thickness and reduced screening effect, the physical properties of 2D materials could be easily modulated by various stimuli, which is quite beneficial for synaptic applications. In this article, aiming at high‐performance and functional neuromorphic computing applications, a comprehensive review of synaptic devices based on 2D materials is provided, including the advantages of 2D materials and heterostructures, various robust multifunctional 2D synaptic devices, and associated neuromorphic applications. Challenges and strategies for the future development of 2D synaptic devices are also discussed. This review will provide an insight into the design and preparation of 2D synaptic devices and their applications in neuromorphic computing.
A General Synthetic Strategy toward Highly Doped Pyridinic Nitrogen‐Rich Carbons
Authors: Mou Xiaoling , Ma Jiaxin , Zheng Shuanghao , Chen Xingkun , Krumeich Frank , Hauert Roland , Lin Ronghe , Wu Zhong‐Shuai , Ding Yunjie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDoping carbon materials with p‐block elements such as nitrogen is an effective approach to tune electronic properties of the framework and can endow the host's new characters. To date, highly doped carbons with tunable nitrogen speciation are still less explored due to the grand challenge in fabrication; for example, the typical synthesis based on the pyrolysis of nitrogen‐containing precursors shows a trade‐off between the total nitrogen content and the carbonization temperature, limiting the value to ≈12 wt% at 1073 K. Herein, intensifying ring opening of cross‐linked polymers through controlled pre‐oxidation followed by conventional pyrolysis is demonstrated as an elegant method to circumvent this challenge. In addition to fine tunability at different nitrogen speciation, this strategy can increase the nitrogen content by two‐ to threefold (maximum ≈22 wt%) and shows general viability in six different N‐bearing (co)polymers. The highly doped pyridinic nitrogen‐rich carbons show i) a remarkable capacity of 879 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and excellent cycling performance in lithium ion batteries, and ii) significantly boosted catalytic performance in the selective oxidation of diverse substrates. Therefore, this facile synthetic strategy and the tunability at nitrogen functionalities will greatly broaden the applications of this new class of functional materials.
A Facile Way to Construct Stable and Ionic Conductive Lithium Sulfide Nanoparticles Composed Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Li Metal Anode
Authors: Cui Yongliang , Liu Sufu , Wang Donghuang , Wang Xiuli , Xia Xinhui , Gu Changdong , Tu Jiangping 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDue to the high theoretical capacity and low reduction potential, metallic lithium is a promising anode material for the next generation of high‐energy‐density batteries. However, the dynamic Li plating/stripping process can easily destroy the unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cause dendrite growth. Here, an artificial lithium sulfide nanoparticle composed SEI layer with superior stability and high ionic conductivity is designed by a spray quenching method. The artificial SEI layer on Li surface can effectively minimize the side reactions and suppress Li dendrite growth, and the metal electrode delivers stable cycling for 500 cycles in the symmetrical cell with carbonate electrolyte. Moreover, when this SEI‐modified Li anode is coupled with a LiFePO4 cathode, the full cell shows promoted cycling stability and rate capability. This work provides a broadly applicable and facile strategy to address the intrinsic issues of lithium metal anodes.
Highly In‐Plane Anisotropic 2D PdSe2 for Polarized Photodetection with Orientation Selectivity
Authors: Pi Lejing , Hu Chunguang , Shen Wanfu , Li Liang , Luo Peng , Hu Xiaozong , Chen Ping , Li Dongyan , Li Zexin , Zhou Xing , Zhai Tianyou 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPolarized photodetection based on anisotropic two‐dimensional materials display promising prospects for practical application in optical communication and optoelectronic fields. However, most of the reported polarized photodetection are limited by the lack of valid tunable strategy and low linear dichroism ratio. A peculiar noble metal dichalcogenide—PdSe2 with a puckered pentagonal structure and abnormal linear dichroism conversion—potentially removes these restrictions and is demonstrated in this study. Herein, azimuth‐dependent reflectance difference microscopy combined with anisotropic electrical transport measurements indicate strong in‐plane anisotropic optical and electrical properties of two‐dimensional PdSe2. Remarkably, the typical polarization‐resolved photodetection exhibits anisotropic photodetection characteristics with a dichroic ratio up to ≈1.8 at 532 nm and ≈2.2 at 369 nm, and their dominant polarization orientation differs by 90° corresponding to the a‐axis and b‐axis, respectively. The unique orientation selection behavior in polarization‐dependent photodetection can be attributed to the intrinsic linear dichroism conversion. The results make 2D PdSe2 a promising platform for investigating anisotropic structure–property correlations and integrated optical applications for novel polarization‐sensitive photodetection.
Dual‐Metal Interbonding as the Chemical Facilitator for Single‐Atom Dispersions
Authors: Zhou Yao , Song Erhong , Chen Wei , Segre Carlo U. , Zhou Jiadong , Lin Yung‐Chang , Zhu Chao , Ma Ruguang , Liu Pan , Chu Shufen , Thomas Tiju , Yang Minghui , Liu Qian , Suenaga Kazu , Liu Zheng , Liu Jianjun , Wang Jiacheng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAtomically dispersed catalysts, with maximized atom utilization of expensive metal components and relatively stable ligand structures, offer high reactivity and selectivity. However, the formation of atomic‐scale metals without aggregation remains a formidable challenge due to thermodynamic stabilization driving forces. Here, a top‐down process is presented that starts from iron nanoparticles, using dual‐metal interbonds (RhFe bonding) as a chemical facilitator to spontaneously convert Fe nanoparticles to single atoms at low temperatures. The presence of RhFe bonding between adjacent Fe and Rh single atoms contributes to the thermodynamic stability, which facilitates the stripping of a single Fe atom from the Fe nanoparticles, leading to the stabilized single atom. The dual single‐atom Rh–Fe catalyst renders excellent electrocatalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction in an acidic electrolyte. This discovery of dual‐metal interbonding as a chemical facilitator paves a novel route for atomic dispersion of chemical metals and the design of efficient catalysts at the atomic scale.
Ni‐Doped MoS2 Dry Film Lubricant Life
Authors: Vellore Azhar , Romero Garcia Sergio , Walters Nicholas , Johnson Duval A. , Kennett Andrew , Heverly Matthew , Martini Ashlie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe wear life of undoped and Ni‐doped MoS2 is evaluated at application‐relevant pressure and speed conditions in air. It is found that the Ni‐doped coatings outperform the undoped coatings, particularly at lower pressure (faster speed) conditions. To understand this, the evolution of the coatings during run‐in is characterized in terms of wear track depth, material composition, and microstructure. It is found that wear depth exceeds the thickness of the coatings after hundreds of cycles, in sharp contrast to the wear life that is measured to be tens of thousands of cycles based on friction. This suggests that sliding is facilitated by MoS2 continually worn from the sides of the wear track for most of the coating life. Further, microstructural analysis shows that the improved performance of Ni‐doped coatings is attributable to cracking and delamination during the run‐in stage, leading to more lubricious material available to facilitate sliding.
Correlative Laboratory Nano‐CT and 360° Electron Tomography of Macropore Structures in Hierarchical Zeolites
Authors: Apeleo Zubiri Benjamin , Wirth Janis , Drobek Dominik , Englisch Silvan , Przybilla Thomas , Weissenberger Tobias , Schwieger Wilhelm , Spiecker Erdmann 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHierarchical pore structures exhibit morphological features on several length scales, which govern important materials properties in catalysis, such as catalytic activity, diffusivity or selectivity. Correlative tomography offers unique opportunities for a comprehensive and scale‐bridging 3D characterization of such complex pore morphologies, which is crucial to further optimize materials design and synthesis routines. This study explores the capabilities of correlative 360° electron tomography (ET) and lab‐based nano X‐ray computed tomography (Nano‐CT) enabling 3D analyses of volumes of up to (60 µm)³ with down to nm resolution, as demonstrated for zeolite particles with embedded macropores. By first applying the two techniques to the same particle the higher resolution and fidelity of ET are used to improve the segmentation of pore space in the Nano‐CT reconstruction. Extended statistical relevance and access to interparticle pore space are obtained from reconstructions of larger particle agglomerates, using the large‐field‐of‐view mode of the Nano‐CT. The presented correlative approach enables real space analyses of important pore characteristics for comparison with complementary pore characterization techniques. Moreover, by investigating samples from different stages of the synthesis, 360°‐ET and Nano‐CT provide unique insights into the formation mechanism of porous materials, as demonstrated for the steam‐assisted crystallization of the macroporous zeolite particles.
Carbon Nanomaterials for Halide Perovskites‐Based Hybrid Photodetectors
Authors: Howlader Ashraful Hossain , Li Feng , Zheng Rongkun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOver the last few years, metal halide perovskites have established themselves as important materials in the field of optoelectronics. After their first application in photovoltaics, they have been successfully used in other optoelectronic devices, especially photodetectors, owing to their unparalleled optical and electronic properties. Notably, because of their unique optical and electronic properties and small physical dimensions, various carbon nanomaterials have emerged as alternatives for next‐generation optoelectronic devices, and they have also been combined with other materials to realize optimal optoelectronic performance. Some implementations of hybrid photodetectors combining metal halide perovskites with carbon nanomaterials have been reported. Here, it is presented a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in the application of carbon nanomaterials in metal halide perovskite photodetectors, with particular focus on the possible working mechanisms behind the significant enhancement of their performance. First, a brief introduction to the fundamentals of photodetection devices is presented, followed by a short discussion of the intrinsic characteristics of metal halide perovskites and carbon nanomaterials. Detailed descriptions of the operation mechanisms, the evolution of different device structures, and their optoelectronic performance are then given. Finally, the potential challenges and future perspectives for the development of high‐performance stable photodetectors based on these materials are outlined.
Carbon Encapsulation of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite toward Efficient and Stable Photo‐Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Authors: Zhang Hefeng , Chen Yu , Wang Hong , Wang Hui , Ma Weiguang , Zong Xu , Li Can 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPhoto‐electrochemical (PEC) carbon dioxide reduction to chemicals or fuels has been regarded as an attractive strategy that can close the anthropogenic carbon cycle. However, identifying a PEC system capable of driving efficient and durable CO2 conversion remains a critical challenge. Herein, the fabrication of a sandwich‐like organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite‐based photocathode with carbon encapsulation for PEC CO2 reduction is reported. The carbon encapsulation not only affords protection to the perovskite, but also allows for efficient conductance of photogenerated electrons. When decorated with a cobalt phthalocyanine molecular catalyst, the photocathode shows an onset potential at 0.58 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a high photocurrent density of −15.5 mA cm−2 at −0.11 V versus RHE in CO2‐saturated 0.5 m KHCO3 under AM 1.5G illumination (100 mW cm−2), which represents state‐of‐the‐art performance in this field. Moreover, the photocathode remains stable during a continuous reaction that lasted for 25 h. Unbiased PEC CO2 reduction is further realized by integrating the photocathode with an amorphous Si photoanode in tandem, delivering a solar‐to‐CO energy conversion efficiency of 3.34% and a total solar‐to‐fuel energy conversion efficiency of 3.85%.
Integrated crop residue and subsoiling management strategies influence soil quality and agricultural sustainability
Authors: Shi Jianglan , Li Shuo , Tian Xiaohong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe rapid expansion of commercial‐scale cellulosic industries raises the prospect of widespread crop residue harvest. However, the effects of integrated crop residue and tillage management strategies on agricultural sustainability are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effects of different integrated crop residue and tillage management strategies on crop productivity, economic profit, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability in an intensive wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–maize (Zea mays L.) double‐cropping system over 7 yr. The treatments included residue return of both crops (WrMr), wheat residue return with harvesting maize residue (WrMh), wheat residue return with stubble at a height of 30∼40 cm and harvesting maize residue (WsMh), maize residue return with harvesting wheat residue (WhMr), maize residue return with subsoiling and harvesting wheat residue (WhMs), and residue harvest of both crops (WhMh). The annual average grain yields of wheat and maize increased by 17.6∼36.1% and 9.9∼22.8% under integrated strategies relative to those in WhMh. Compared with the WhMh, the WsMh and WhMs increased the economic profit (EP) by 9.5 and 6.1%, respectively. The integrated strategies significantly improved the chemical, biological, and physical properties of soil, resulting in higher sustainability indices (SIs) relative to the WhMh. The SIs were 1.59 and 1.33 in WrMr and WhMs, respectively, higher than the lowest value when a sustained system needed. Therefore, the adoption of maize residue return with subsoiling and harvesting wheat residue can maintain agricultural sustainability in the wheat–maize double cropping system under commercial‐scale cellulosic industries’ expansion in the north‐central plain of China.
Population‐level variation in host plant response to multiple microbial mutualists
Authors: Franklin James B. , Hockey Kendra , Maherali Hafiz 
Published: October 2020

PremiseMultipartite mutualisms are widespread in nature, but population‐level variation in these interactions is rarely quantified. In the model multipartite mutualism between legumes, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rhizobia bacteria, host responses to microbial partners are expected to be synergistic because the nutrients provided by each microbe colimit plant growth, but tests of this prediction have not been done in multiple host populations.MethodsTo test whether plant response to associations with AM fungi and rhizobia varies among host populations and whether synergistic responses to microbial mutualists are common, we grew 34 Medicago truncatula populations in a factorial experiment that manipulated the presence or absence of each mutualist.ResultsPlant growth increased in response to each mutualist, but there were no synergistic effects. Instead, plant response to inoculation with AM fungi was an order of magnitude higher than with rhizobia. Plant response to AM fungi varied among populations, whereas responses to rhizobia were relatively uniform. There was a positive correlation between plant host response to each mutualist but no correlation between AM fungal colonization and rhizobia nodulation of plant roots.ConclusionsThe greater population divergence in host response to AM fungi relative to rhizobia, weak correlation in host response to each microbial mutualist, and the absence of a correlation between measures of AM fungal and rhizobia performance suggests that each plant–microbe mutualism evolved independently among M. truncatula populations.
Recent Advances in Stetter Reaction and Related Chemistry: An update
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Zadsirjan Vahideh , Kafshdarzadeh Kosar , Amiri Zahra 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Stetter reaction is actually a special C−C bond forming reaction through a 1,4‐addition reaction in the presence of nucleophilic catalyst. It involves a reaction between aldehydes and Michael acceptors catalyzed by N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHC's) leading to preparation of 1,4‐dicarbonyl compounds via carbon‐carbon bond formation. It offers a powerful approach to access 1,4‐dicarbonyl compounds which are significant starting materials and intermediates in the synthesis of several heterocyclic systems, and bioactive heterocyclic framework which are present in natural products. In this review we try to underscore the recent advances in Stetter reaction and its applications from 2015 till date. Notably, we focused on the applications of Stetter reaction in the synthesis of various heterocyclic systems and total synthesis of natural products, which have largely been overlooked, previously.
Regio‐ and Site‐selective Molecular Rearrangements by Homogeneous Gold Catalysis
Authors: Praveen Chandrasekar 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHomogeneous gold catalysis for connection and disconnection of carbon‐carbon (C−C) as well as carbon‐heteroatom (C−X) bond constitutes an important zone in molecular chemistry, since all new or existing organic synthesis relies on the transformation of these chemical bonds. Among the diaspora of molecular transformations, rearrangement and shift reactions occupy a special place in organic chemistry, as they enable the synthesis of molecules of increased complexity from simple precursors. However, the rearrangement in substrates possessing more than one potential reaction site produce more than one isomer and could result in regioselective issues. This challenge of selective synthesis of one regisomer over the other was fairly addressed by gold catalysis on various occasions. To this end, the prowess of homogeneous gold catalysis towards regioselective molecular rearrangement reactions and the contributing parameters are comprehensively reviewed. Also, synthetic applicability of regioselective rearrangements by gold catalysis in total and formal synthesis of several natural products was emphasized.This review also covers the emergence of gold catalyzed migratory/shift selective reactions and could be beneficial for synthetic and medicinal chemists.
In Vivo Uranium Sequestration using a Nanoscale Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Wang Xiaomei , Chen Lei , Bai Zhuanling , Zhang Duo , Guan Jingwen , Zhang Yijing , Shi Cen , Diwu Juan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAn agent for actinide sequestration with fast uranium uptake kinetics and efficient in vivo uranium removal using a nanoscale metal–organic framework (nano‐MOF) is proposed. UiO‐66 nanoparticles post‐synthetically functionalized with carboxyl groups, UiO‐66‐(COOH)4‐180, exhibit the fastest uranium uptake kinetics reported with more than 65 % of uranyl in fetal bovine serum (FBS) removed within 5 min. Moreover, the in vivo bio‐distribution studies show that the material partially accumulates in kidneys and femurs where uranium mainly deposits facilitating the in vivo sequestration of uranium. The results of the in vivo uranium decorporation assays with mice show that UiO‐66‐(COOH)4‐180 could successfully reduce the amounts of uranyl deposited in kidneys and femurs by up to 55.4 % and 36.5 %, respectively, and is significantly more efficient than the commercial actinide decorporation agent, ZnNa3‐DTPA.
Neem oil encapsulated electrospun polyurethane nanofibrous bags for seed storage: A step toward sustainable agriculture
Authors: Gaydhane Mrunalini K. , Pudke Sampada P. , Sharma Chandra Shekhar 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFor higher crop yields, availability of good quality healthy seeds is a major challenge which is directly related to post‐harvesting proper seed storage. Various reasons for significant seed storage losses includes varying temperature, humidity and presence of rodents, insects and microbial infestation. In this study, a new type of seed storage bag is produced using electrospun polyurethane (PU) nanofibers encapsulated with neem oil. The effect of neem oil loading (3, 5, and 10% w/v) on fiber morphology, wettability, and water vapor permeability is studied. The interaction of neem oil with PU is investigated and correlated with thermal stability and mechanical strength. The physico‐mechanical characteristic then compared with commercial polypropylene storage bags to confirm its applicability. The real time storage experiment carried out for 75 days infers that 90% seeds stored in nanofibrous bags were uninfected, whereas 70% seeds in commercial bags found to be infected with storage fungi. These nanofabric bags show a great potential toward reducing seed storage losses and may be a game changer for achieving food security as one of the goal for sustainable development.
Quantitative microbial risk assessment of North Carolina reclaimed water for potable reuse
Authors: Bailey Emily S. , Casanova Lisa M. , Sobsey Mark D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAs water scarcity issues become more common, the use of treated wastewater as a drinking water source presents an opportunity to meet growing water demands. Many reuse projects are primarily focused on agricultural use; however, there is growing interest in potable reuse schemes. In particular, the state of North Carolina has proposed new potable reuse guidelines allowing for potable reuse of tertiary‐treated, dual‐disinfected reclaimed water when combined with surface source waters at a ratio of up to 20%, followed by 5‐day storage and then conventional drinking water treatment. As microbial risks are still a concern in these waters, this study presents a quantitative microbial risk assessment to assess the additional disease burden from these wastewater reuse guidelines. On the basis of the analysis presented here, the reclaimed water produced in North Carolina does not meet acceptable public health risk levels. To reach these goals, North Carolina wastewater reclamation plants may need to further increase and optimize existing treatment trains to achieve greater log10 reductions.