bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolved Multi-element Stellar Chemical Abundances in the Brightest Quiescent Galaxy at z ∼ 2
Authors: Jafariyazani Marziye , Newman Andrew B. , Mobasher Bahram , Belli Sirio , Ellis Richard S. , Patel Shannon G. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Measuring the chemical composition of galaxies is crucial to our understanding of galaxy formation and evolution models. However, such measurements are extremely challenging for quiescent galaxies at high redshifts, which have faint stellar continua and compact sizes, making it difficult to detect absorption lines and nearly impossible to spatially resolve them. Gravitational lensing offers the opportunity to study these galaxies with detailed spectroscopy that can be spatially resolved. In this work, we analyze deep spectra of MRG-M0138, a lensed quiescent galaxy at z = 1.98, which is the brightest of its kind, with an H-band magnitude of 17.1. Taking advantage of full spectral fitting, we measure [Mg/Fe] = 0.51 ± 0.05, [Fe/H] = 0.26 ± 0.04, and, for the first time, the stellar abundances of six other elements in this galaxy. We further constrained, also for the first time in a z ∼ 2 galaxy, radial gradients in stellar age, [Fe/H], and [Mg/Fe]. We detect no gradient in age or [Mg/Fe] and a slightly negative gradient in [Fe/H], which has a slope comparable to that seen in local early-type galaxies. Our measurements show that not only is MRG-M0138 very Mg-enhanced compared to the centers of local massive early-type galaxies, it is also very iron rich. These dissimilar abundances suggest that even the inner regions of massive galaxies have experienced significant mixing of stars in mergers, in contrast to a purely inside-out growth model. The abundance pattern observed in MRG-M0138 challenges simple galactic chemical evolution models that vary only the star formation timescale and shows the need for more elaborate models.
Electron Acceleration in One-dimensional Nonrelativistic Quasi-perpendicular Collisionless Shocks
Authors: Xu Rui , Spitkovsky Anatoly , Caprioli Damiano 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We study diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) of electrons in nonrelativistic quasi-perpendicular shocks using self-consistent one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. By exploring the parameter space of sonic and Alfvénic Mach numbers we find that high Mach number quasi-perpendicular shocks can efficiently accelerate electrons to power-law downstream spectra with slopes consistent with DSA prediction. Electrons are reflected by magnetic mirroring at the shock and drive nonresonant waves in the upstream. Reflected electrons are trapped between the shock front and upstream waves, and undergo multiple cycles of shock-drift acceleration before the injection into DSA. Strong current-driven waves also temporarily change the shock obliquity and cause mild proton pre-acceleration even in quasi-perpendicular shocks, which otherwise do not accelerate protons. These results can be used to understand nonthermal emission in supernova remnants and intracluster medium in galaxy clusters.
The Far-ultraviolet Variations of 17 Com
Authors: Monier Richard 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
All the archival International Ultraviolet Explorer spectra of 17 Com, the most massive member of the open cluster Coma Berenices, are used to show that the far-ultraviolet spectral energy distribution shows large variations at wavelengths shorter than 1800 Å. The large far-ultraviolet variations are most likely due to spots or belts of overabundant elements (chromium in particular) which come and go into the line of sight as the star rotates.
Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Selgantolimod, an Oral Toll-Like Receptor 8 Agonist: A Phase Ia Study in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Reyes Maribel , Lutz Justin D , Lau Audrey H , Gaggar Anuj , Grant Ethan P , Joshi Adarsh , Mackman Richard L , Ling John , Tan Susanna K , Ayithan Natarajan , Daffis Stephane , Woo Jacky , Wu Peiwen , Lam Tina , Fletcher Simon P , Kottilil Shyamasundaran , Poonia Bhawna , Gane Edward J , Mathias Anita , German Polina 
Published: July 2020

Background Selgantolimod is a novel oral, selective Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) agonist in development for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). TLR8 is an endosomal innate immune receptor and a target for treatment of viral infections. This first-in-human study investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of selgantolimod in healthy volunteers. Methods Of 71 subjects enrolled, 59 received a single dose of selgantolimod (0.5, 1.5, 3 or 5 mg) or placebo, and 12 were evaluated for food effect. Safety, PK and PD activity by induction of cytokines, chemokines and acute phase proteins were assessed. PK/PD analyses were conducted. Results Single doses of 0.5–5 mg were generally safe. No serious adverse events (AEs) or AEs leading to discontinuation were reported, and most were Grade 1 in severity. Selgantolimod displayed rapid absorption and dose-proportional PK and PD activity. Food had minimal effect on PK but resulted in diminished PD activity. In PK/PD analyses, near-saturation of induction for most evaluated biomarkers occurred at the 5-mg dose. Conclusions Single doses of up to 5 mg selgantolimod were safe and induced dose-dependent PD responses. These data support evaluation of selgantolimod in combination with other agents in future clinical studies of CHB. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registration: ACTRN12616001646437.
Carbon Dioxide-Induced Mortality of Four Species of North American Fishes
Authors: Treanor Hilary B. , Ray Andrew M. , Amberg Jon J. , Gaikowski Mark P. , Ilgen Jason E. , Gresswell Robert E. , Gains-Germain Leslie , Webb Molly A.H. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFisheries managers have a growing interest in the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a tool for controlling invasive fishes. However, limited published data exist on susceptibility of many commonly encountered species to elevated CO2 concentrations. Our objective was to estimate the 24-h 50% lethal concentration (LC50) and 95% lethal concentration (LC95) of CO2 for four fishes (Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Common Carp Cyprinus carpio, Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus, and Westslope Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi). In the laboratory, we exposed juvenile fish to a range of CO2 concentrations for 24 h in unpressurized, flow-through tanks. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the dose-response relationship for each fish species with associated uncertainty, and estimated 24-h LC50 and LC95 values based on laboratory trials for each species. The minimum concentration inducing mortality differed among cold water–adapted species and warm water–adapted species groups: 150 mg CO2/L for Westslope Cutthroat Trout and Rainbow Trout and 225 mg CO2/L for Common Carp and Channel Catfish. We observed complete mortality at 275 mg CO2/L (38,672 microatmospheres [μatm]), 225 mg CO2/L (30,711 μatm), and 495 mg CO2/L (65,708 μatm [Common Carp]; 77,213 μatm [Channel Catfish]) for Westslope Cutthroat Trout, Rainbow Trout, and both Common Carp and Channel Catfish, respectively. There was evidence of a statistical difference between the 24-h LC95 values of Westslope Cutthroat Trout and Rainbow Trout (245.0 [222.2–272.2] and 190.6 [177.2–207.8] mg CO2/L, respectively). Additionally, these values were almost half the estimated 24-h LC95 values for Common Carp and Channel Catfish (422.5 [374.7–474.5] and 434.2 [377.2–492.2] mg CO2/L, respectively). Although the experimental findings show strong relationships between increased CO2 concentration and higher mortality, additional work is required to assess the efficacy and feasibility of a CO2 application in a field setting.
Lack of Evidence for a Substantial Rate of Templated Mutagenesis in B Cell Diversification
Authors: Fukuyama Julia , Olson Branden J. , Matsen Frederick A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
BCR sequences diversify through mutations introduced by purpose-built cellular machinery. A recent paper has concluded that a “templated mutagenesis” process is a major contributor to somatic hypermutation and therefore Ig diversification in mice and humans. In this proposed process, mutations in the Ig locus are introduced by copying short segments from other Ig genes. If true, this would overturn decades of research on B cell diversification and would require a complete rewrite of computational methods to analyze B cell data for these species. In this paper, we re-evaluate the templated mutagenesis hypothesis. By applying the original inferential method using potential donor templates absent from B cell genomes, we obtain estimates of the methods’ false positive rates. We find false positive rates of templated mutagenesis in murine and human Ig loci that are similar to or even higher than the original rate inferences, and by considering the bases used in substitution, we find evidence that if templated mutagenesis occurs, it is at a low rate. We also show that the statistically significant results in the original paper can easily result from a slight misspecification of the null model.
The Quantitative Assessment of the Secreted IgG Repertoire after Recall to Evaluate the Quality of Immunizations
Authors: Eyer Klaus , Castrillon Carlos , Chenon Guilhem , Bibette Jérôme , Bruhns Pierre , Griffiths Andrew D. , Baudry Jean 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
One of the major goals of vaccination is to prepare the body to rapidly secrete specific Abs during an infection. Assessment of the vaccine quality is often difficult to perform, as simple measurements like Ab titer only partly correlate with protection. Similarly, these simple measurements are not always sensitive to changes in the preceding immunization scheme. Therefore, we introduce in this paper a new, to our knowledge, method to assay the quality of immunization schemes for mice: shortly after a recall with pure Ag, we analyze the frequencies of IgG-secreting cells (IgG-SCs) in the spleen, as well as for each cells, the Ag affinity of the secreted Abs. We observed that after recall, appearance of the IgG-SCs within the spleen of immunized mice was fast (&lt;24 h) and this early response was free of naive IgG-SCs. We further confirmed that our phenotypic analysis of IgG-SCs after recall strongly correlated with the different employed immunization schemes. Additionally, a phenotypic comparison of IgG-SCs presented in the spleen during immunization or after recall revealed similarities but also significant differences. The developed approach introduced a novel (to our knowledge), quantitative, and functional highly resolved alternative to study the quality of immunizations.
Cutting Edge: Batf3 Expression by CD8 T Cells Critically Regulates the Development of Memory Populations
Authors: Qiu Zhijuan , Khairallah Camille , Romanov Galina , Sheridan Brian S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 3 (BATF3) is required for the development of conventional type 1 dendritic cells that are essential for cross-presentation and CD8 T cell–mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens and tumors. However, whether BATF3 intrinsically regulates CD8 T cell responses is not well studied. In this article, we report a role for cell-intrinsic Batf3 expression in regulating the establishment of circulating and resident memory T cells after foodborne Listeria monocytogenes infection of mice. Consistent with other studies, Batf3 expression by CD8 T cells was dispensable for the primary response. However, Batf3−/− T cells underwent increased apoptosis during contraction to contribute to a substantially reduced memory population. Batf3−/− memory cells had an impaired ability to mount a robust recall response but remained functional. These findings reveal a cell-intrinsic role of Batf3 in regulating CD8 T cell memory development.
Bacterial resistance to fluoroquinolones and contributing factors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a mixed methods study
Authors: Mekuria Banchirega , Gebretekle Gebremedhin Beedemariam , Bekele Tamerat , Negussie Mesfin , Kifle Melaku , Fenta Teferi Gedif 
Published: July 2020

Fluoroquinolones are widely used globally and there is a growing trend of resistance to these agents. However, there is scanty information in Ethiopia and this study aimed to assess the level of bacterial resistance to fluoroquinolones and identify contributing factors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Concurrent mixed methods study design was used. Records (January 2013 to December 2016) of the Microbiology Laboratory of International Clinical Laboratories were retrospectively reviewed. In addition, qualitative interviews were conducted with purposively selected 20 prescribers’ and dispensers’ to explore perceived contributing factors to resistance. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the data and possible association was explored using multivariable logistic regression. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. A total of 7,889 bacterial isolates were identified from 4,310 patients. The overall resistance of bacterial isolates to fluoroquinolones was 42.5% and the highest resistance was to nalidixic acid (63.3%). Enterococci and Escherichia coli developed high level of resistance to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin; while Enterococci had higher resistant to nalidixic acid (77.8%). Resistance to fluoroquinolones was 5-times more likely in patients aged ≥ 60 years than those < 15 years old (AOR = 5.63, 95% CI: 4.71, 6.73). Resistance to fluoroquinolones increased from 40.4% in 2013 to 49.0% in 2015 but declined to 46.3% in 2016. Respondents of the qualitative interviews suggested that injudicious prescribing due to lack of institutional antibiogram and inadequate knowledge, nonprescription sales of antibiotics and/or patient hording and sharing practices contributed for the high level of fluoroquinolone resistance. The study showed a high level of bacterial resistance to fluoroquinolones. Patients’ age and year of testing were significantly associated with resistance. Moreover, inappropriate prescribing practice, illegal over-the-counter sales as well as their unreasonable use by patients were key drivers to the problem. This calls for the strict regulation of non-prescription sales of antibiotics, public awareness creation and development of local antibiogram to guide prescribing. Keywords: fluoroquinolones, bacterial resistance, qualitative interview, enterococci, Escherichia coli
Performance Assessment of Erosion Remediation Measures and Proposal of The Best Management Practices for Erosion Control in Sebeya Catchment, Rwanda
Authors: Majoro Félicien , Wali Umaru Garba , Munyaneza Omar , Naramabuye François-Xavier , Mukamwambali Concilie 
Published: July 2020

Soil erosion is an environmental concern that affects agriculture, wildlife and water bodies. Soil erosion can be avoided by maintaining a protective cover on the soil to create a barrier to the erosive agent or by modifying the landscape to control runoff amounts and rates. This research is focused on Sebeya catchment located in the Western Province of Rwanda. Sebeya catchment is one of the most affected areas by soil erosion hazards causing loss of crops due to the destruction of agricultural plots or riverbanks, river sedimentation and damages to the existing water treatment and hydropower plants in the downstream part of the river. The aims of this research were to assess the performance of erosion remediation measures and to propose the Best Management Practices (BMPs) for erosion control in Sebeya catchment. Using literature review, site visits, questionnaire and interviews, various erosion control measures were analyzed in terms of performance and suitability. Land slope and soil depth maps were generated using ArcGIS software. The interview results indicated that among the 22 existing soil erosion control measures, about 4.57% of farmers confirmed their existence while 95.43% expressed the need of their implementation in Sebeya catchment. Furthermore, economic constraints were found to be the main limitative factors against the implementation of soil erosion control measures in Sebeya catchment. Also, the majority of farmers suggest trainings and mobilization of a specialized technical team to assist them in implementing soil conservation measures and to generalize the application of fertilizers in the whole catchment. Finally, soil erosion control measures including agro-forestry, terraces, mulching, tree planting, contour bunds, vegetative measures for slopes and buffer zones, check dams, riverbanks stabilization were proposed and recommended to be implemented in Sebeya catchment.
Keywords: Erosion control measures, Sebeya catchment, Rwanda
Assessment of Cohesive Soil - Cow Dung Mortar Properties as Replacement of Cement Mortar for Simple Plastering Works
Authors: Mbereyaho Leopold , Irafasha Dieudonné , Habumugisha Etienne , Musabirema Julius 
Published: July 2020

The development of local construction industry has resulted in the high demand for cement, used not only for structural but also non structural applications, such as finishing. As a consequence cement has been far from being an affordable material for the good part of the population, especially in the rural areas where financial means are still limited. Regarding the finishing exercise, those people have been using soil mortar alone or reinforced with grasses without any strategy about mixture content. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of cohesive soil mortar mixed with cow dung and establish recommended mix content for plastering works. Twelve samples of soil mortar with 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of cow dung, were prepared and subjected to drying period of 28 days before they were tested for water absorption, shrinkage, weathering resistance, specific gravity and Atterberg limit tests. The tests showed good results for checked properties with 20% of cow dung, and therefore it could be considered as a low-cost alternative plastering material to cement mortar for some structural members under normal weather conditions. In order to avoid the earlier shrinkage and cracks in this mortar due to spontaneous drying by sun, the mortar should be protected and not be left in open area at earlier stage.
Keywords: Cohesive Soil, Cow dung, Mortar, Shrinkage, Water absorption, Weathering resistance
Radar observability of near-Earth objects using EISCAT 3D
Authors: Kastinen Daniel , Tveito Torbjørn , Vierinen Juha , Granvik Mikael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Radar observations can be used to obtain accurate orbital elements for near-Earth objects (NEOs) as a result of the very accurate range and range rate measureables. These observations allow the prediction of NEO orbits further into the future and also provide more information about the properties of the NEO population. This study evaluates the observability of NEOs with the EISCAT 3D 233 MHz 5 MW high-power, large-aperture radar, which is currently under construction. Three different populations are considered, namely NEOs passing by the Earth with a size distribution extrapolated from fireball statistics, catalogued NEOs detected with ground-based optical telescopes and temporarily captured NEOs, i.e. mini-moons. Two types of observation schemes are evaluated, namely the serendipitous discovery of unknown NEOs passing the radar beam and the post-discovery tracking of NEOs using a priori orbital elements. The results indicate that 60–1200 objects per year, with diameters D>0.01 m, can be discovered. Assuming the current NEO discovery rate, approximately 20 objects per year can be tracked post-discovery near the closest approach to Earth. Only a marginally smaller number of tracking opportunities are also possible for the existing EISCAT ultra-high frequency (UHF) system. The mini-moon study, which used a theoretical population model, orbital propagation, and a model for radar scanning, indicates that approximately seven objects per year can be discovered using 8 %–16 % of the total radar time. If all mini-moons had known orbits, approximately 80–160 objects per year could be tracked using a priori orbital elements. The results of this study indicate that it is feasible to perform routine NEO post-discovery tracking observations using both the existing EISCAT UHF radar and the upcoming EISCAT 3D radar. Most detectable objects are within 1 lunar distance (LD) of the radar. Such observations would complement the capabilities of the more powerful planetary radars that typically observe objects further away from Earth. It is also plausible that EISCAT 3D could be used as a novel type of an instrument for NEO discovery, assuming that a sufficiently large amount of radar time can be used. This could be achieved, for example by time-sharing with ionospheric and space-debris-observing modes.
Partial melting of zoisite eclogite from the Sanddal area, North-East Greenland Caledonides
Authors: Cao Wentao , Gilotti Jane A. , Massonne Hans-Joachim 
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Metamorphic textures and a pressure–temperature (P–T) path
of zoisite eclogite are presented to better understand the metamorphic
evolution of the North-East Greenland eclogite province and this particular
type of eclogite. The eclogite contained the mineral assemblage garnet,
omphacite, kyanite, phengite, quartz and rutile at peak pressure. Partial
melting occurred via breakdown of hydrous phases, paragonite,
phengite and zoisite, based on (1) polymineralic inclusions of albite and
K-feldspar with cusps into host garnet, (2) small euhedral garnet with
straight boundaries against plagioclase, (3) cusps of plagioclase into
surrounding phases (such as garnet), and (4) graphic intergrowth of plagioclase
and amphibole next to anhedral zoisite grains. Isochemical phase equilibrium
modeling of a melt-reintegrated composition, along with
XNa-in-omphacite and Si-in-phengite isopleths, yields a peak pressure
of 2.4±0.1 GPa at 830±30 ∘C. A peak temperature
of 900±50 ∘C at 1.9±0.2 GPa is determined using
the rim composition of small euhedral garnet, as predicted by modeling a
crystallized melt pocket. Zoisite growth at the expense of kyanite suggests
that the P–T path crossed the fields of zoisite growth at ∼1.9 GPa, 800–900 ∘C on the modeled phase diagram of the bulk rock. A
point on the exhumation path at ∼1.3 GPa and 750 ∘C is derived from hornblende-plagioclase thermometry and
Al-in-hornblende barometry. The study demonstrates that paragonite, phengite
and zoisite could contribute to partial melting of eclogite at near-peak P
and during exhumation.