bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The structure of plant–herbivore interaction networks varies along elevational gradients in the European Alps
Authors: Pitteloud Camille , Walser Jean‐Claude , Descombes Patrice , Novaes de Santana Charles , Rasmann Sergio , Pellissier Loïc 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimEcological gradients are expected to be associated with structural rewiring of species interaction networks. The study of network structures along geographic and ecological gradients, however, remains marginal because documenting species interactions at multiple sites is a methodological challenge. Here, we aimed to study the structural variation in plant–herbivore interaction networks along elevational gradients using molecular metabarcoding.LocationEuropean Alps.TaxonPlant and Orthopteran herbivores.MethodsWe used a standardized DNA metabarcoding method applied to Orthopteran faeces to document the structure of 48 networks of species interactions across six elevational gradients. We examined how structural properties of plant–Orthoptera networks reflecting specialization and robustness vary with elevation. We compared observed variation to null models to account for differences in network size.ResultsWe found an increase in the levels of generality and nestedness with decreasing temperature, and the correlation was stronger than in null models. These relationships corresponded to greater robustness and reduced the importance of specific keystone species in alpine habitats compared to lowland grasslands.Main conclusionsIn cold environments, plant–herbivore networks are wired in a way that may reinforce the resilience of the system to species extinction. Documenting ecological networks along ecological gradients allows a better understanding of the influence of climate on the structure of ecological communities.
Historical biogeography of Caribbean Podocarpus does not support the progression rule
Authors: Nieto‐Blázquez María Esther , Peña‐Castillo Lourdes , Roncal Julissa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimThe Progression Rule, that older lineages inhabit older islands and colonize newer ones as they emerge, has seldom been tested in the Caribbean due to its geological complexity. Here, we use the conifer genus Podocarpus to explore this hypothesis. We infer the evolutionary history, biogeography, and diversification rates of this genus under a hypothesis testing framework.LocationThe Caribbean archipelago (Antilles).TaxonPodocarpus (Podocarpaceae).MethodsWe present the most comprehensive sampling for Caribbean Podocarpus to date in a Bayesian dated phylogenetic tree using a genotyping by sequencing DNA matrix of 67,589 bp. We inferred ancestral ranges and inter‐island divergence patterns using several models available. We explored diversification rates associated with island colonization, and checked for diversification rate shifts in the phylogeny.ResultsCaribbean Podocarpus is the result of colonization from the Andes during the Eocene to Oligocene (c. 45–31 Ma). Lesser Antillean species originated during the Oligocene from the Andes or the Greater Antilles, depending on the model of choice. Vicariance can explain the divergence of Cuban and Hispaniolan species, with subsequent dispersals into Jamaica. Despite the availability of new habitat opportunities, which might promote cladogenesis, insular Podocarpus did not show higher diversification rates than continental taxa.Main conclusionsThe conditions for progression rule were not met because colonization of younger islands (Lesser Antilles) occurred from the continent, or because suitable habitat in the partially emerged younger islands was likely present at the time older islands (Greater Antilles) were colonized. An improved palaeogeographical knowledge of the Caribbean will allow testing this hypothesis in multiple lineages. Our finding that diversification rates did not increase with island colonization might be common in other Caribbean lineages. Genotyping by sequencing proved promising to reveal complex historical assembly processes of vicariance and dispersal at a fine phylogenetic scale.
Association of CHI3L1 gene variants with YKL‐40 levels and hypertension incidence: A population‐based nested case‐control study in China
Authors: Xu Tian , Zheng Xiaowei , Wang Aili , Guo Zhirong , Zhang Yonghong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractYKL‐40 was reported to be associated with the risk of hypertension. Whether the variants of CHI3L1 gene were associated with both YKL‐40 levels and hypertension needs to be further elucidated. In a 1:1 matched case‐control study of 507 pairs with available YKL‐40 levels and DNA samples nested in a prospective cohort of Chinese subjects, the 15 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CHI3L1 gene were genotyped. The levels of YKL‐40 among different genotypes of each SNP were compared after false discovery rate adjustment. Multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses were used to explore the association between the genotypes and the risk of hypertension. Subjects with the genetic variants for rs10399931, rs1538372, rs2071580, rs2297839 and rs4950928 had lower YKL‐40 levels. The genetic variant for rs10399805 was associated with higher YKL‐40 level. Subjects with the genotype of GA/AA of rs10399805 had a 1.34‐fold risk of hypertension compared with those with GG genotype in the total population (P = .05). Subjects with heterozygote/rare homozygote genotype of rs4950928 and rs2297839 both had a significantly lower risk of hypertension compared with those with major homozygote genotype among men. The ORs (95% CIs) were 0.46 (0.23‐0.89) and 0.49 (0.26‐0.91), respectively. The above three SNPs could significantly improve the accuracy of risk prediction for hypertension based on the conventional factors. The genotypes of rs10399805, rs4950928 and rs2297839 may hopefully become stable biomarkers for predicting the risk of hypertension.
Complement C5 activation promotes type 2 diabetic kidney disease via activating STAT3 pathway and disrupting the gut‐kidney axis
Authors: Li Ling , Wei Tiantian , Liu Shuyun , Wang Chengshi , Zhao Meng , Feng Yanhuan , Ma Liang , Lu Yanrong , Fu Ping , Liu Jingping 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDiabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a severe DM complication. While complement C5 up‐regulation and gut dysbiosis are found in T2DM, their roles in DKD are unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of C5 on the gut microbiota during DKD development. Renal C5a/C5a receptor (C5aR) expression changes were measured in T2DM patients and db/db mice. Db/db mice were treated with a C5aR antagonist (C5aRA), and renal function, gut microbiota and renal genome changes were analysed. The effects of C5a and short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway were examined in vitro. C5a was up‐regulated in glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) of T2DM patients and db/db mice. Although glucose and lipid metabolism were unchanged, C5aR blockade alleviated renal dysfunction, ECM deposition, macrophage infiltration and proinflammatory factor expression in db/db mice. C5aRA partly reversed the declines in gut microbiota diversity and abundance and gut SCFA levels in db/db mice. C5aRA down‐regulated the expression of many immune response‐related genes, such as STAT3, in db/db mouse kidneys. C5aRA and SCFAs suppressed C5a‐induced STAT3 activation in human renal glomerular endothelial cells (HRGECs). Based on our results, C5 hyperactivation promotes DKD by activating STAT3 in GECs and impairing the gut‐kidney axis, suggesting that this hyperactivation is a potential target for the treatment of DKD.
Observations on the growth of temporalis muscle: A 3D CT imaging study
Authors: Moltoni Giulia , D’Arco Felice , Rossi‐Espagnet Maria Camilla , James Greg , Hayward Richard 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the hypothesis that there is, during childhood, a disproportionate age‐related expansion of the origin of temporalis muscle compared to the growth of the underlying skull. Lateral projections of 50 randomly selected 3D reformatted computerized tomographic (CT) scans (yielding 100 temporalis muscles) of children aged >0.6 to 15 years scanned for conditions that did not affect the shape of their head or face were windowed to provide the optimum delineation of temporalis muscle against the underlying bone. Vertical and anterior–posterior measurements of the muscle made independently by two observers were compared with those of the skull along the same planes. The development of the anterior temporal crest was also assessed. The intraclass correlation coefficient for differences in the measurements made by each observer ranged from good to excellent. The muscle and skull measurements were used to produce a ratio of muscle‐to‐skull lengths in both vertical and horizontal planes. Analysis of these ratios showed a statistically significant increase in the vertical reach of temporalis with age (Pearson correlation coefficient (R) =0.7826; p < 0.05) compared to the growth of the skull along the planes chosen for the study—but less so for its horizontal reach (R = 0.5073. p < .001). There were no significant differences between right/left or male/female measurements. There was also a substantial level of agreement between both observers in their assessment of the development of the temporal crest. The mean age of children in whom a fully formed temporal crest could be identified (10.6 years) was significantly greater (p < 0.001) than that of the 38 remaining subjects (6.0 years). These results confirm that there is, in response to increased masticatory/dietary demands during childhood, a disproportionate increase in the vertical and (to a lesser extent) horizontal reach of temporalis muscle over its origin from the temporal, frontal, sphenoid, and parietal bones compared the growth of the skull. It is proposed that surgical interference with this normal process is responsible for the soft tissue component of late‐developing deformity that can occur following early (at 6–18 months of age) operations for the correction of trigonocephalic head shape associated with metopic synostosis.
Frequency of awake bruxism behaviour in orthodontic patients: Randomised clinical trial: Awake bruxism behaviour in orthodontic patients
Authors: Pereira Nayara C. , Oltramari Paula V. P. , Conti Paulo C. R. , Bonjardim Leonardo R. , de Almeida‐Pedrin Renata R. , Fernandes Thaís M. F. , de Almeida Marcio R. , Conti Ana C. C. F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe influence of aligners on the activity of the masticatory muscles is still controversial, especially regarding the behaviour associated with awake bruxism (AB).ObjectiveTo compare the frequency of AB behaviours between patients treated with aligners and fixed appliances.MethodsThe sample comprised 38 Class I patients (mean age 22.08 years), divided by simple randomisation into two groups: OA group; orthodontic aligners (n 19) and FA group; fixed appliance (n 19). The frequency of AB was investigated by the ecological momentary assessment using an online device (mentimeter), during 7 following days at different timepoints, before and after appliance placement and in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th months of orthodontic treatment. These variables were also evaluated: level of anxiety by the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory, stress by the Perceived Stress Scale, catastrophising related to pain and degree of hypervigilance by the Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire, and the presence of facial pain evaluated by the DC/TMD.ResultsThere was no difference between groups in the frequency of AB behaviours, with mean of 53.5% for group OA and 51.3% for FA. The most frequent behaviour was slightly touching the teeth, and in FA group, there was a significant reduction in this behaviour soon after appliance placement. The groups did not differ concerning the degree of anxiety, stress, catastrophising, hypervigilance and facial pain.ConclusionThe orthodontic treatment performed with aligners or fixed appliances did not influence the frequency of AB during the 6 months of treatment.Registry of Clinical Trials(REBEC): RBR‐9zytwf.
Pathogenic analyses of fungus strains isolated from medicinal Fritillaria przewalskii Maxim. bulb rot
Authors: Wu Rui , Chen Yuan , Guo Fengxia , Gao Yuan , Zhou Yang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBulb rot causes a great loss of rare perennial medicinal Fritillaria przewalskii Maxim., which is exacerbated with growth year and seriously constrains the plant productivity, but the pathogens responsible for the disease were still unknown. In this paper, we attempted to explore the potential pathogens leading to bulb rotting and their occurrence patterns in artificial domesticated F. przewalskii. Fungus strains were isolated from the bulb rot spot of the 3‐ to 5‐year‐old diseased F. przewalskii plants by tissue separation, further assayed for pathogenicity according to Koch's law and finally identified by both morphological and molecular methods. Seven pathogenic strains (F1‐F7) were detected in 5‐year‐old rot bulbs, six (F1‐F6) in 4‐year‐old rot bulbs and four (F1, F2, F5, F6) in 3‐year‐old rot bulbs. All of the strains were able to infect bulbs by stabbing and some exhibited varying levels of aggressiveness. Relative to the non‐stabbing controls, the bulbs stab‐inoculated with F5, F2, F7, F4, F1, F6, and F3 showed 76.65%, 75.15%, 71.44%, 40.37%, 39.09%, 36.87%, and 34.93% rot after 8 days, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these seven strains were clustered into Bionectria ochroleuca (F1, F3, F4), Fusarium oxysporum (F2, F7), Fusarium tricinctum (F5), and Clonostachys rosea (F6). The two species of Fusarium had the strongest pathogenicity, followed by Bionectria ochroleuca and Clonostachys rosea. Although leading to low bulb rot incidence by stab inoculation, F1 showed the highest isolation rate (48.9%) among all strains. Thus, the edible and medicinal bulbs of F. przewalskii are susceptible to synergetic contamination by these seven pathogens at some point after their third year of growth, which has contributed to the species endangered status, with the two strains of Fusarium being the predominant pathogens. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the seven strains of four fungal species causing F. przewalskii bulb rot in China.
Rural Availability of Sexual Assault Nurse Examiners (SANEs)
Authors: Thiede Elizabeth , Miyamoto Sheridan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurposeSexual assault care provided by sexual assault nurse examiners (SANEs) is associated with improved health and prosecutorial outcomes. Upon completion of SANE training, nurses can demonstrate their experience and expertise by obtaining SANE certification. Availability of nurses with SANE training or certification is often limited in rural areas, and no studies of rural certified SANEs exist. The purpose of this study is to describe rural SANE availability.MethodsWe analyze both county‐level and hospital‐level data to comprehensively examine SANE availability. We first describe the geographic distribution of certified SANEs across rural and nonrural (ie, urban or suburban) Pennsylvania counties. We then analyze hospital‐level data from semistructured interviews with rural hospital emergency department administrators using qualitative content analysis.FindingsWe identified 49 certified SANEs across Pennsylvania, with 24.5% (n = 12) located in 8 (16.7%) of Pennsylvania's 48 rural counties. The remaining 37 certified SANEs (75.5%) were located in 13 (68.4%) of Pennsylvania's 19 nonrural counties. Interview data were collected from 63.9% of all eligible rural Pennsylvania hospitals (n = 63) and show that 72.5% (n = 29) have SANEs. Of these, 20.7% (n = 6) have any certified SANE availability. A minority of hospitals (42.5%; n = 17) have continuous SANE coverage.ConclusionsVery few SANEs in rural Pennsylvania have certification, suggesting barriers to certification may exist for rural SANEs. Though a majority of hospitals have SANEs, availability of SANEs was limited by inconsistent coverage. A lack of certified SANEs and inconsistent SANE coverage may place rural sexual assault victims at risk of receiving lower quality sexual assault care.
One Conception of Secularism for All? A Comparison of Conceptions of Laïcité among Nonbelievers, Catholics, and Muslims in France
Authors: Cohu Medhi , Maisonneuve Christelle , Testé Benoit 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn European countries, a large number of people feel that Islam is incompatible with secularism. France's legal principle of laïcité (a type of state “secularism”) has governed the relationship between religion and society since 1905. However, recent research suggests that there coexist two distinct lay conceptions of laïcité that differ most notably in their tolerance for the presence of religious symbols in public places, one inclusive, the other restrictive. This latter conception appears to target mainly Muslims. The present research examined the lay conceptions of laïcité held by Catholics, Muslims, and nonbelievers. Analyses of participants’ responses (N = 375) to a scale measuring lay beliefs about laïcité confirmed the existence of two distinct lay conceptions of laïcité that differed in the importance given to public expression of religious beliefs, religious neutrality of the state, and equal treatment of different religions. The results also showed that, independent of participants’ religiosity, the restrictive conception was more prevalent among nonbelievers, the two conceptions were equally prevalent among Catholics, and the inclusive conception was more prevalent among Muslims.
Intracardiac heartworms in dogs: Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics in 72 cases (2010‐2019)
Authors: Romano Abigail E. , Saunders Ashley B. , Gordon Sonya G. , Wesselowski Sonya 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundHeartworms, a cause of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in dogs, can migrate from the pulmonary arteries into the heart resulting in life‐threatening caval syndrome (CS).ObjectivesTo describe clinical and echocardiographic characteristics in dogs with intracardiac heartworms including estimated heartworm burden and frequency of PH and pigmenturia.AnimalsSeventy‐two client‐owned dogs with heartworms.MethodsRetrospective study. Data collected from an electronic medical records search for dogs with intracardiac heartworms included clinicopathologic, echocardiographic, and procedural findings. Dogs with heartworms isolated to the pulmonary arteries were excluded.ResultsEstimated intracardiac heartworm burden was low in 14 of 72 (19%) and high in 58 of 72 (81%) dogs. The majority were small breed (54/72; 75%; 29/72; 40% Chihuahuas) and had a high likelihood of PH (67/72; 93%). Pigmenturia was the second most common clinical finding (31/72; 43%) after lethargy (32/72; 44%). Anemia (37/55; 36%), pigmenturia (30/58; 52%), and bilirubinuria (28/36; 78%) were significantly more common in dogs with a high worm burden (P < .05). Based on the presence of anemia, pigmenturia, and clinical signs, 18 of 72 dogs (25%) were considered to have CS.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAlthough the majority of dogs with intracardiac heartworms had a high worm burden and high likelihood of PH, only 25% had clinical evidence of CS. Echocardiography is a useful tool to identify intracardiac heartworms, detect likelihood of PH, and could be useful for staging heartworm positive small breed dogs for intracardiac heartworm migration.
Evaluation of urine concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanate in cats
Authors: KuKanich Kate , Woodruff Kallie , Bieberly Zackery , Papich Mark G. , KuKanich Butch 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundTo characterize urinary isolates, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) uses an amoxicillin breakpoint for cats based on plasma (not urine) drug concentrations (≤0.25 μg/mL), but a urine‐specific breakpoint for dogs exists (≤8 μg/mL).ObjectivesTo measure urine concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanate after PO administration of amoxicillin‐clavulanate to cats, and to suggest updated urine‐specific susceptibility breakpoints for PO amoxicillin and amoxicillin‐clavulanate in cats.AnimalsEleven healthy purpose‐bred cats.MethodsCats were given 3 62.5 mg doses of amoxicillin‐clavulanate PO q12h. After the third dose, urine was collected over 28 hours, recording urination time and volume. At least 3 urine samples were collected per cat. Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to determine the urine concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanate.ResultsAmoxicillin concentrations were >8 μg/mL in all urine samples collected within 12 hours after administration (range, 31.6‐1351 μg/mL), with means of 929 μg/mL (0‐6 hours) and 532 μg/mL (6‐12 hours). The mean half‐life of amoxicillin in urine was 1.99 hours, and mean recovery was 30%. Clavulanate was detected in all urine samples, with mean half‐life of 2.17 hours.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceOrally administered amoxicillin‐clavulanate resulted in urine amoxicillin concentrations above the cutoff (8 μg/mL) for wild‐type Escherichia coli in all cats. Because urine‐specific susceptibility testing breakpoints can be determined using urine concentrations, this information should allow new CLSI uropathogen susceptibility breakpoints for amoxicillin and amoxicillin‐clavulanate in healthy cats, increasing the urine breakpoint from ≤0.25 to ≤8 μg/mL.
Does cognitive inflexibility predict violent extremist behaviour intentions? A registered direct replication report of Zmigrod, Rentfrow, & Robbins, 2019
Authors: Schumann Sandy , Salman Nadine L. , Clemmow Caitlin , Gill Paul 
Published: December 2020

PurposeResearch assessing violent extremist risk factors thus far largely ignored the role of cognitive processes. Zmigrod and colleagues (2019a) addressed this gap and presented first systematic evidence that lower levels of cognitive flexibility predict a higher willingness to fight and, ultimately, die for a national ingroup. This finding has important theoretical and practical implications. In order to strengthen the potential contribution of Zmigrod et al.’s work, we will conduct a registered direct replication of Study 1. Extending the original study, we further examine whether the documented relationship still holds when a self‐report measure for cognitive flexibility is introduced and when analyses control for identity fusion. We also investigate if cognitive inflexibility solely predicts violent or also normative pro‐group behaviour intentions.MethodsFollowing Zmigrod, Rentfrow, and Robbins (2019a), we will administer a cross‐sectional survey study. Participants (N = 1,378) report their willingness to fight, die, and sacrifice themselves for the ingroup and complete the Remote Associates as well as Wisconsin Card Sorting tests. Afterwards, additional measures of self‐reported cognitive flexibility, identity fusion, and normative pro‐group behaviour are assessed.ResultsTo be completed.ConclusionsTo be completed.