bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Cannabis Use Predict More Severe Types of Alcohol Consequences? Longitudinal Associations in a 3‐Year Study of College Students
Authors: Wardell Jeffrey D. , Egerton Gregory A. , Read Jennifer P. 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundPrior research shows that negative drinking outcomes among young adults may be exacerbated by cannabis use. However, to date, there have been few longitudinal studies of associations between cannabis use and negative alcohol‐related consequences. This study examined longitudinal within‐person associations between cannabis use and several domains of negative alcohol consequences among young adults and explored the moderating role of sex.MethodWe analyzed data from N = 997 students assessed 4 times per year over the first 3 years of university. At each time point, participants completed measures of past‐month cannabis use frequency, typical weekly number of drinks, and 8 domains of negative alcohol consequences. Longitudinal associations were examined in multilevel models.ResultsWithin‐person changes in frequency of cannabis use were not uniquely associated with changes in total alcohol consequences aggregated across several alcohol consequence domains. However, when examining alcohol consequence domains separately, within‐person increases in cannabis use frequency were specifically associated with increases in some (but not all) of the more severe types of alcohol consequences, including risky behaviors, poor self‐care, and alcohol dependence symptoms. No support was observed for the moderating role of sex in the longitudinal within‐person associations between cannabis use and alcohol consequence domains.ConclusionsFindings suggest that within‐person changes in cannabis use frequency among young adults are associated with corresponding changes in some domains of alcohol consequences (but not others) when examined over the course of several years. Results may inform targeted harm reduction interventions for young adult drinkers who use cannabis, although future research is needed to clarify the mechanisms of the observed associations.
Externalizing behaviour, task‐focused behaviour, and academic achievement: An indirect relation?
Authors: Becherer Julia , Köller Olaf , Zimmermann Friederike 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundAlthough many studies have suggested that students’ externalizing (aggressive and rule‐breaking) behaviour is detrimental to their academic achievement, the underlying mechanisms have rarely been investigated.AimsWe conducted a longitudinal investigation of whether the negative relation between externalizing behaviour and academic achievement operationalized as grades and test scores is mediated by students’ task‐focused behaviour while controlling for the effects of initial achievement and general cognitive abilities. We conducted separate analyses for different rating perspectives (i.e., parents and teachers) on students’ externalizing behaviour to investigate the robustness of effects and determined whether gender moderated the mediation.SampleParticipants were N = 1,039 students in 55 classes from different school types who were followed from fifth to ninth grade.MethodIn fifth grade, parents and teachers rated students’ externalizing behaviour, and students were administered standardized tests in mathematics, German, and general cognitive abilities. In seventh grade, teachers rated students’ task‐focused behaviour. In ninth grade, students were again administered standardized tests in mathematics and German, and their grades were obtained from school registries.ResultsStructural equation models consistently revealed indirect effects of externalizing behaviour via task‐focused behaviour on grades and test scores beyond effects of initial achievement and general cognitive abilities. Result patterns were similar for parents’ and teachers’ ratings of externalizing behaviour and male and female students.ConclusionsThis study extends knowledge about the negative relation between externalizing behaviour and academic achievement in adolescents by showing that there is an indirect relation through task‐focused behaviour. Implications are discussed.
A multilevel analytical framework for studying cultural evolution in prehistoric hunter–gatherer societies
Authors: Romano Valéria , Lozano Sergi , Fernández‐López de Pablo Javier 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTOver the past decade, a major debate has taken place on the underpinnings of cultural changes in human societies. A growing array of evidence in behavioural and evolutionary biology has revealed that social connectivity among populations and within them affects, and is affected by, culture. Yet the interplay between prehistoric hunter–gatherer social structure and cultural transmission has typically been overlooked. Interestingly, the archaeological record contains large data sets, allowing us to track cultural changes over thousands of years: they thus offer a unique opportunity to shed light on long‐term cultural transmission processes. In this review, we demonstrate how well‐developed methods for social structure analysis can increase our understanding of the selective pressures underlying cumulative culture. We propose a multilevel analytical framework that considers finer aspects of the complex social structure in which regional groups of prehistoric hunter–gatherers were embedded. We put forward predictions of cultural transmission based on local‐ and global‐level network metrics of small‐scale societies and their potential effects on cumulative culture. By bridging the gaps between network science, palaeodemography and cultural evolution, we draw attention to the use of the archaeological record to depict patterns of social interactions and transmission variability. We argue that this new framework will contribute to improving our understanding of social interaction patterns, as well as the contexts in which cultural changes occur. Ultimately, this may provide insights into the evolution of human behaviour.
Isoniazid–phytochemical conjugation: A new approach for potent and less toxic anti‐TB drug development
Authors: Swain Shasank S. , Paidesetty Sudhir K. , Padhy Rabindra N. , Hussain Tahziba 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes one of the most grievous pandemic infectious diseases, tuberculosis (TB), with long‐term morbidity and high mortality. The emergence of drug‐resistant Mtb strains, and the co‐infection with human immunodeficiency virus, challenges the current WHO‐TB stewardship programs. The first‐line anti‐TB drugs, isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF), have become extensively obsolete in TB control from chromosomal mutations during the last decades. However, based on clinical trial statistics, the production of well‐tolerated anti‐TB drug(s) is miserably low. Alternately, semi‐synthesis or structural modifications of first‐line obsolete antitubercular drugs remain as the versatile approach for getting some potential medicines. The use of any suitable phytochemicals with INH in a hybrid formulation could be an ideal approach for the development of potent anti‐TB drug(s). The primary objective of this review was to highlight and analyze available INH–phytochemical hybrid research works. The utilization of phytochemicals through chemical conjugation is a new trend toward the development of safer/non‐toxic anti‐TB drugs.
Racial inequalities in public dental service utilization: Exploring individual and contextual determinants among middle‐aged Brazilian adults
Authors: Constante Helena Mendes 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate differences between Pardos (mixed) and Blacks with their White counterparts in the use of public dental service among a sample of Brazilian adults taking into consideration the role of individual and contextual characteristics.MethodsA total of 6196 adults aged 35‐44 years were sampled from the 2010 Brazilian National Oral Health Survey and nested in one of 27 Brazilian State Capitals. Binary multilevel logistic analyses were conducted. Use of public dental service in the last visit was the outcome, and self‐reported colour/race (Pardo, Black, White) was the explanatory variable. Individual covariates were sex, level of education, family income, self‐reported need for treatment, dental pain in the last 6 months, presence of decayed, filled and missing teeth. The State Capital covariates were proportion of Pardos/Blacks, Human Development Index, Gini coefficient, Integration of dental teams into Brazil Family Health Program and dentist per population rate.ResultsPardos and Blacks were 1.25 (95% CI 1.10‐1.42) and 1.73 (95% CI 1.41‐2.11) times, respectively, more likely to visit the public dental service than Whites. Adjustments for level of education and income were more relevant in affecting the estimates between groups than any other covariate, but differences persisted. Colour/race was independently associated with the type of service used in the last dental visit after fully adjusted for individual and State Capital characteristics.ConclusionsRacial differences in dental service utilization were evident for middle‐aged adults in Brazil. The results found highlight the importance of investments in public dental service as Pardos and Blacks relied more on this type of service than Whites.
Constructing Semantic Models From Words, Images, and Emojis
Authors: Rotaru Armand S. , Vigliocco Gabriella 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA number of recent models of semantics combine linguistic information, derived from text corpora, and visual information, derived from image collections, demonstrating that the resulting multimodal models are better than either of their unimodal counterparts, in accounting for behavioral data. Empirical work on semantic processing has shown that emotion also plays an important role especially in abstract concepts; however, models integrating emotion along with linguistic and visual information are lacking. Here, we first improve on visual and affective representations, derived from state‐of‐the‐art existing models, by choosing models that best fit available human semantic data and extending the number of concepts they cover. Crucially then, we assess whether adding affective representations (obtained from a neural network model designed to predict emojis from co‐occurring text) improves the model's ability to fit semantic similarity/relatedness judgments from a purely linguistic and linguistic–visual model. We find that, given specific weights assigned to the models, adding both visual and affective representations improves performance, with visual representations providing an improvement especially for more concrete words, and affective representations improving especially the fit for more abstract words.
Efficacy and safety of device‐assisted enteroscopy ERCP in liver transplantation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ferretti Francesca , Fraquelli Mirella , Cantù Paolo , Penagini Roberto , Casazza Giovanni , Vecchi Maurizio , Orlando Stefania , Invernizzi Federica , Branchi Federica , Donato Francesca Maria , Elli Luca 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundEnterobiliary anastomoses are the main source of complications after liver transplantation. An endoscopic approach combining device‐assisted enteroscopy and ERCP (DAE‐ERCP) is technically feasible in postsurgical anatomy.AimsThis study aimed at assessing the efficacy, feasibility, and safety of DAE‐ERCP in liver‐transplanted patients (LT) and other subsets (non‐LT).MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies involving DAE procedures in LT patients (between January 2000 and May 2017) was conducted. The main endpoints were as follows: endoscopic, diagnostic, therapeutic, and overall success rates, complications, and the need for surgery.ResultsA total of 155 studies were retrieved, and 6 relevant trials were analyzed. Overall, 132 subjects (72 LT and 60 non‐LT) undergoing 257 DAE‐ERCP (135 and 122) were included. Complications were rare (4/257), and no deaths occurred. These are the pooled success rates among LT and non‐LT patients: 80%‐100% and 82%‐95% (enteroscopic), 75%‐100% and 89%‐100% (diagnostic), 67%‐100% and 92%‐100% (therapeutic), and 60%‐100% and 79%‐83% (overall results). The requirement for surgery was similar in the two subgroups.ConclusionIn managing biliary complications, the high diagnostic and therapeutic success rates of DAE‐ERCP combined with its safety and feasibility encourage its application as a first‐line approach to transplanted patients.
High‐level motor skills assessment for ambulant children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and decision tree
Authors: Clutterbuck Georgina L , Auld Megan L , Johnston Leanne M 
Published: April 2020

AimTo examine the psychometric evidence for high‐level motor skills assessment tools for ambulant, school‐aged children with cerebral palsy (CP).MethodWe searched five databases for population (children with CP aged 5–18y in Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I and II), assessment focus (high‐level motor skills), and psychometric evidence. We evaluated evidence strength using the number of studies, quality, and conduct according to COnsensus‐based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments checklists.ResultsEleven assessments (39 studies) met the criteria. Seven high‐level motor skills assessment items (Muscle Power Sprint Test, 10m Shuttle Run Test, 10×5m Sprint Test, vertical jump, standing broad jump, seated throw, and Timed Up and Down Stairs) had strong validity and responsiveness evidence. Jumping items and seated throw lacked reliability data. Four high‐level motor skills assessment batteries (Functional Strength Measure in CP, Gross Motor Function Measure‐Challenge, Peabody Developmental Motor Scale, and Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition) had moderate‐to‐strong validity and/or reliability evidence. Responsiveness data were only available for the Gross Motor Function Measure‐Challenge battery. The decision tree was developed with five levels: clinical feasibility, relevance, tool design, clinical utility, and psychometric properties.InterpretationHigh‐level motor skills assessment tools have strong psychometric evidence for ambulant, school‐aged children with CP. The decision tree can assist clinicians and researchers in identifying appropriate tools to measure high‐level motor skills.What this paper adds

An evidence‐based decision tree guides the selection of appropriate high‐level motor skills assessment tools.

Seven high‐level motor skills assessment items have strong psychometric evidence and clinical utility for ambulant children with cerebral palsy.

Four high‐level motor skills assessment batteries with recreation and mobility items have emerging psychometric evidence in this population.
Pallidal 1/f asymmetry in patients with cervical dystonia
Authors: Semenova Ulia , Popov Valentin , Tomskiy Alexey , Shaikh Aasef G. , Sedov Alexey 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLateralized differences in pallidal outflow are putatively linked to asymmetric tonic contractions of the neck muscles in cervical dystonia (CD). At the population level, the interhemispheric asymmetry has been traditionally studied for the estimation of the spectral power in specified frequency bands. Broadband spectral features, however, were not taken into consideration. The contemporary analysis revealed that the aperiodic (1/f) broadband activity could be a neurophysiological marker of the excitation/inhibition ratio. During deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery, we measured bilateral pallidal local field potentials (LFP) in nine CD patients, examining the effects of lateralized asymmetry on 1/f broadband activity. All patients showed a trend towards an asymmetric difference in the 1/f broadband activity. The ipsilateral 1/f slope was significantly higher in internal (GPi) segment of the globus pallidus that is on the contralateral side of the direction of the dystonia. We also found lateralized differences in the beta oscillations for GPi and in the alpha oscillations for GPe. Our findings emphasize the importance of mainstreaming broadband activity in the estimation of LFP spectral features together with periodic features and provide further evidence for the pallidal asymmetry in CD patients.
Lifeform indicators reveal large‐scale shifts in plankton across the North‐West European shelf
Authors: Bedford Jacob , Ostle Clare , Johns David G. , Atkinson Angus , Best Mike , Bresnan Eileen , Machairopoulou Margarita , Graves Carolyn A. , Devlin Michelle , Milligan Alex , Pitois Sophie , Mellor Adam , Tett Paul , McQuatters‐Gollop Abigail 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIncreasing direct human pressures on the marine environment, coupled with climate‐driven changes, is a concern to marine ecosystems globally. This requires the development and monitoring of ecosystem indicators for effective management and adaptation planning. Plankton lifeforms (broad functional groups) are sensitive indicators of marine environmental change and can provide a simplified view of plankton biodiversity, building an understanding of change in lower trophic levels. Here, we visualize regional‐scale multi‐decadal trends in six key plankton lifeforms as well as their correlative relationships with sea surface temperature (SST). For the first time, we collate trends across multiple disparate surveys, comparing the spatially and temporally extensive Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey (offshore) with multiple long‐term fixed station‐based time‐series (inshore) from around the UK coastline. These analyses of plankton lifeforms showed profound long‐term changes, which were coherent across large spatial scales. For example, ‘diatom’ and ‘meroplankton’ lifeforms showed strong alignment between surveys and coherent regional‐scale trends, with the 1998–2017 decadal average abundance of meroplankton being 2.3 times that of 1958–1967 for CPR samples in the North Sea. This major, shelf‐wide increase in meroplankton correlated with increasing SSTs, and contrasted with a general decrease in holoplankton (dominated by small copepods), indicating a changing balance of benthic and pelagic fauna. Likewise, inshore‐offshore gradients in dinoflagellate trends, with contemporary increases inshore contrasting with multi‐decadal decreases offshore (approx. 75% lower decadal mean abundance), urgently require the identification of causal mechanisms. Our lifeform approach allows the collation of many different data types and time‐series across the NW European shelf, providing a crucial evidence base for informing ecosystem‐based management, and the development of regional adaptation plans.
A reduced‐tillering trait shows small but important yield gains in dryland wheat production
Authors: Houshmandfar Alireza , Ota Noboru , O'Leary Garry J. , Zheng Bangyou , Chen Yang , Tausz‐Posch Sabine , Fitzgerald Glenn J. , Richards Richard , Rebetzke Greg J. , Tausz Michael 
Published: April 2020

AbstractReducing the number of tillers per plant using a tiller inhibition (tin) gene has been considered as an important trait for wheat production in dryland environments. We used a spatial analysis approach with a daily time‐step coupled radiation and transpiration efficiency model to simulate the impact of the reduced‐tillering trait on wheat yield under different climate change scenarios across Australia's arable land. Our results show a small but consistent yield advantage of the reduced‐tillering trait in the most water‐limited environments both under current and likely future conditions. Our climate scenarios show that whilst elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]) alone might limit the area where the reduced‐tillering trait is advantageous, the most likely climate scenario of e[CO2] combined with increased temperature and reduced rainfall consistently increased the area where restricted tillering has an advantage. Whilst long‐term average yield advantages were small (ranged from 31 to 51 kg ha−1 year−1), across large dryland areas the value is large (potential cost‐benefits ranged from Australian dollar 23 to 60 MIL/year). It seems therefore worthwhile to further explore this reduced‐tillering trait in relation to a range of different environments and climates, because its benefits are likely to grow in future dry environments where wheat is grown around the world.
Latitudinal gradients and ecological drivers of β‐diversity vary across spatial scales in a temperate forest region
Authors: Zhang Chunyu , He Fangliang , Zhang Zhonghui , Zhao Xiuhai , von Gadow Klaus 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimOur understanding of the mechanisms driving β‐diversity is still rather rudimentary. This study evaluates the influences of environmental filtering versus spatial scale of regional communities on β‐diversity across latitudes.LocationNorth‐eastern China.MethodsThe β‐diversity was calculated in each regional community. The spatial extent of these “regional communities”, which included five or 10 plots, was ≤ 140 km. A random assembly null model was used to assess the effects of species abundance distribution on the β‐diversity. Moreover, the deviation of observed β‐diversity from a null model (called β‐deviation) was also assessed. The variations of the β values were partitioned into environmental, latitudinal and their joint effects.ResultsThe observed β‐diversity declined with increasing latitude, although the β‐deviations showed a non‐monotonic pattern as the latitude increased at two studied scales. All the regional communities consisting of five or 10 local plots exhibited significantly positive β‐deviations. The total amount of variation in β‐deviations explained by environmental and latitudinal variables increased dramatically with increasing scale. A significant pure environmental effect was observed at both scales, explaining 30% of the variation in β‐deviation for regional communities consisting of five local plots and 58.7% for regional communities consisting of 10 local plots. The spatial variation in precipitation primarily accounted for the β‐gradient.Main conclusionsThis is one of the few multiscale analyses to investigate latitudinal patterns and driving mechanisms of tree β‐diversity in temperate forests. The β‐deviation showed a similar trend of change with latitude, but the variation of β‐deviation explained by the environments and latitude was highly dependent on the scale of regional communities studied. Environmental filtering and the spatial scale of regional communities jointly accounted for the β‐gradient, with environmental filtering appearing to determine the high variation of species turnover along the latitudinal gradient.