bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slack Resources and Innovation in Vietnamese SMEs
Authors: Nguyen Tam Thanh , Trinh Chieu Duc 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Slack resources are usually identified as an endogenous motivation for firms to innovate, but it is crucial to assess this relationship, especially in different institutional contexts. Therefore, the chapter investigates the relationship by exploring a longitudinal dataset of 15,589 observations from about 2,500 surveyed manufacturing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam. The analysis reveals that slack resources promote innovation in different ways. While the financial slack harms the efforts of innovating, the presence of human resource slack encourages firms to engage more in innovation activities resulting in the introduction of new products or business processes. The authors further found that for firms located in a more favourable business environment the impact of human resource slack on innovation is less pronounced whereas the negative impact of financial slack is lessened. The above results enrich the literature on the relationship between slack and innovation within an institutional context in emerging economies.
Does Union Membership Pay Off? Evidence from Vietnamese SMEs
Authors: Torm Nina 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the absence of adequate institutional mechanisms, trade unions can potentially promote some measure of equity and social justice for workers including for instance higher wages and other worker benefits. Yet limited data availability means little is known about the effect local firm-based trade unions may have on individual earnings in developing and transition economies. Using matched employer–employee data from the 2013 and 2015 SME surveys, this chapter examines the union wage premium among workers in Vietnamese small and medium-sized enterprises. Controlling for both firm and worker characteristics, including time-varying unobserved heterogeneity, the results show that unionized workers’ wages are 9–22 per cent higher than those of non-union workers, with the exact estimate depending on the econometric approach chosen.
Rudolf Clausius
Authors: Hanlon Robert T. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Clausius completed the heat engine analysis that Carnot started by eliminating the caloric theory on which it was based and replacing it with Joule’s heat–work equivalence. He proceeded to validate Carnot’s theory of the irrelevance of the working substance’s nature by proving equivalent performances between an engine based an ideal gas and one based on liquid–vapor water. Clausius embraced two principles that became forerunners of the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics: 1) heat–work equivalence, and 2) heat must flow from hot to cold whenever work is done in a cyclic process. He also introduced a new physical property of matter he named U, which later became known as internal energy. In his work, Clausius took the first major step towards completion of thermodynamics.
The creation of thermodynamics
Authors: Hanlon Robert T. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The North British group of scientists, including Thomson, Rankine, an adopted Joule, Tait, and Maxwell created in the written word the field of thermodynamics in which temperature plays a central role. Thomson experienced the first glimpse of dQ/T; however, a valid definition of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics remained absent. John Tyndall challenged the revisionist history of this group in which Joule was declared the first to discover heat–work equivalence and not the German Mayer. This led to the infamous Tait–Tyndall controversy.
Dissemination of Gibbs’ work
Authors: Hanlon Robert T. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Gibbs’ work was disseminated along two different paths. Path 1: Gibbs -&gt; Maxwell -&gt; Pupin -&gt; Helmholtz -&gt; van’t Hoff -&gt; community. Path 2: Gibbs -&gt; van der Waals -&gt; Roozeboom -&gt; community. This dissemination provided the means for Francis Arthur Freeth to employ the Gibbs phase rule in practice. Concluding discussion concerns the translation of Gibbs work.
Reading Chaucer in Time
Authors: Gaston Kara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Reading for form can mean reading for formation. Understanding processes through which a text was created can help us in characterizing its form. But what is involved in bringing a diachronic process to bear upon a synchronic work? When does literary formation begin and end? When does form happen? These questions emerge with urgency in the interactions between English poet Geoffrey Chaucer and Italian Trecento authors Dante Alighieri, Giovanni Boccaccio, and Francis Petrarch. In fourteenth-century Italy, new ways were emerging of configuring the relation between author and reader. Previously, medieval reading was often oriented around the significance of the text to the individual reader. In Italy, however, reading was beginning to be understood as a way of getting back to a work’s initial formation. This book tracks how concepts of reading developed within Italian texts, including Dante’s Vita nova, Boccaccio’s Filostrato and Teseida, and Petrarch’s Seniles, impress themselves upon Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde and Canterbury Tales. It argues that Chaucer’s poetry reveals the implications of reading for formation: above all, that it both depends upon and effaces the historical perspective and temporal experience of the individual reader. Problems raised within Chaucer’s poetry thus inform this book’s broader methodological argument: that there is no one moment at which the formation of Chaucer’s poetry ends; rather its form emerges in and through the process of reading within time.
Governing Private Security Companies
Authors: Kruck Andreas 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter retraces how states as governors have weighed and rebalanced the imperatives of competence and control in utilizing private military and security companies (PMSCs) as intermediaries. It argues that the complex and varying competence requirements of governors, derived from both their operational deficits and their legitimacy concerns, as well as changes in the salience of these requirements, have shaped the levels and modes of control imposed on PMSCs. Focusing on the United States, the chapter explains the shifting control mechanisms applied in different periods: 1) the 1990s and early 2000s, 2) the mid-2000s to early 2010s, and 3) the recent years until 2018. Competence–control theory contributes to a deeper understanding of states’ problem with controlling PMSCs. More generally, the chapter highlights that politics and power are key to grasping the evolution of control mechanisms in indirect forms of governance.
Victorian Poetry and the Culture of Evaluation
Authors: Dawson Clara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Victorian Poetry and the Culture of Evaluation argues that the dialectic and dynamic relationship between the periodical review and poetry creates a culture of evaluation which shapes Victorian poetic form. The mediation of poetry by the periodical review orients poets towards public readership and reception, heightening their self-consciousness about their audience and generating a poetics of publicness. Using methodologies associated with historical poetics and new formalism, the book examines the dialogues between poets and periodical reviews from the 1830s to the 1860s. It juxtaposes male and female poets and canonical and uncanonical texts. Challenging the critical binaries of fame and celebrity, the culture of evaluation posits a new way of reading Victorian poetry. It illuminates poets’ engagement with the immediacy and inevitability of writing for the present and for the contemporary media through which poetry was read and disseminated. New patterns of reception were created by mass print culture and both poets and reviewers were preoccupied with reaching the newly constituted mass audience. The changes to the material forms of poetry (e.g. through the periodical or gift-book) and the subjection to the commercial imperatives of the literary marketplace encouraged bold experiment with verse. The book identifies three poetic strategies for articulating the preoccupation with a mass audience and the demands of mass media: voice, style and address. Chapters on voice, style, and address explore the development of poetic form in dialogue with periodical reviews.
Introduction
Authors: Dawson Clara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Introduction offers a background to the Victorian poet and Victorian poetry. The concepts of popularity and intrinsic merit are discussed, and literary criticism is examined through several periodicals that enjoyed a wide readership. The power that reviewers held over the reception of poetry was both commercial and critical, and the spontaneity of writers could be eradicated by the reviewing culture. Although it was impossible not to be conscious of the periodical reviewing culture, poets had to affect an ignorance about writing for this specific audience. In order for their work to be considered truthful and sincere, poets were expected to be oblivious of the system that would evaluate and mediate their work to the public. In reviewers’ evaluations of voice, style, and address, there is a concern with how poetry is mediated in the Victorian period.
Between Kultur and Civilisation
Authors: Rogers Asha 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter on the interwar origins of the UK’s premier national cultural agency considers why literature—a form seemingly opposed to the more obvious forms of propaganda—was attractive to state investment. It does so by showing how literary policy was first yoked to foreign policy, amid the growing national rivalries of the 1930s, in ways that posed challenges for the cultural philosophy of the British state. It then turns to Stanley Unwin’s Books and Periodicals Committee to show how the British state deferred to literary experts and industry insiders, including to commission libraries of ‘world literature’ on decidedly English terms. The chapter concludes by discussing the contrasting approaches taken by T.S. Eliot and Stephen Spender to working for the state cultural ‘machine’ via the British Council.
Labour Law from an Ontological Perspective
Authors: Adams Zoe 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter explains the motivation behind the book. It argues that it is unhelpful to talk about what labour law should be doing, and how, without a deeper understanding both of what law is, its ontology, and the nature of the society to which it is specific. The chapter introduces key themes and ideas, and outlines, briefly, the chapters to follow. It introduces the reader to social ontology, and the particular approach to social ontology inspiring the book. It contrasts two competing conceptions of the law–market and law–society relationship, and explains how these conceptions influence assumptions about the nature, and function, of labour law, and of the concept of the wage.
Cultural Psychology
Authors: Holmes Robyn M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Cultural psychology draws upon major psychological topics, theories, and principles to illustrate the importance of culture in psychological inquiry. It explores how culture broadly connects to psychological processing across diverse cultural communities and settings, highlighting its application to everyday life events and situations, and presenting culture as a complex medium in which individuals acquire skills, values, and abilities. One central theme is the view of culture as a mental and physical construct that individuals live, experience, share, perform, and learn; a second core theme is how culture shapes growth and development. Culture-specific and cross-cultural examples reveal connections between culture and psychological phenomena. The text is multidisciplinary and presents different perspectives on how culture shapes human phenomena. It provides an introduction to this field; covers the history of cultural psychology, cultural evolution, and cultural ecology; explains methods; and examines language and nonverbal communication, and cognition and perception. Topics investigating social behavior include the self, identity, and personality; social relationships, social attitudes, and intergroup contact in a global world; and social influence, aggression, violence, and war. Topics addressing growth and development include human development and its processes, transitions, and rituals across the life span; and socializing agents, socialization practices, and child activities. Additional topics explore emotion and motivation, mental health and psychopathology, and future directions for cultural psychology. Chapters contain teaching and learning tools, including case studies, multidisciplinary contributions, thought-provoking questions, class and experiential activities, a chapter summary, and additional print and media resources.
Cultural Psychology in the 21st Century
Authors: Holmes Robyn M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 16 reflects upon the past contributions of cultural psychology and the directions the discipline will travel in the future. It discusses influential thinkers in the 20th and 21st centuries and reconsiders constructs such as individualism and collectivism. It addresses current and future research endeavors in personality, the self and personality, depression, face, face and self-perceptions, values research, and the connection between values and social change. It also addresses current and future research in development through the subtopics of the Six Cultures Study on Socialization, children as active agents, socialization, education, and parenting. Finally it explores the current and future directions of the topics mental health issues, emotions, applied social psychology, morality, and cultural collisions. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
ESTIMATION OF AIRBORNE 106RU ACTIVITY CONCENTRATION FROM TOTAL BETA ACTIVITY OF PM10 PARTICLE FRACTIONS
Authors: Suric Mihic Marija , Beslic Ivan , Davila Silvije , Marovic Gordana , Pavelić Luka , Sencar Jasminka 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Airborne radioruthenium, as a result of an accidental release, presents a risk for occupational and public exposure. In fall 2017, a detection of 106Ru was reported by the European atmospheric radioactive contamination monitoring networks. We investigated the daily specific total beta activity of PM10 particle fractions samples. The presented method enables indirect determination of airborne 106Ru activity concentration from total beta activity, in case 106Ru was confirmed as single excess radiological pollutant. This allows for daily measurements and time-resolved 106Ru activity concentration data. We estimated the indicative committed effective dose due to 106Ru inhalation for the Croatian population during the exposure period. Although the estimated dose value of ~169.7 nSv, for ~6-d duration of ruthenium air pollution, was very low, it was ~40 times higher than the value for Hinh from inhalation of other radionuclides (90Sr + 137Cs + 40K + 7Be).
Tools of the Trade Multivoxel pattern analysis in fMRI: a practical introduction for social and affective neuroscientists
Authors: Weaverdyck Miriam E , Lieberman Matthew D , Parkinson Carolyn 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe family of neuroimaging analytical techniques known as multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) has dramatically increased in popularity over the past decade, particularly in social and affective neuroscience research using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). MVPA examines patterns of neural responses, rather than analyzing single voxel- or region-based values, as is customary in conventional univariate analyses. Here, we provide a practical introduction to MVPA and its most popular variants (namely, representational similarity analysis (RSA) and decoding analyses, such as classification using machine learning) for social and affective neuroscientists of all levels, particularly those new to such methods. We discuss how MVPA differs from traditional mass-univariate analyses, the benefits MVPA offers to social neuroscientists, experimental design and analysis considerations, step-by-step instructions for how to implement specific analyses in one’s own dataset and issues that are currently facing research using MVPA methods.
Reducing the uncertainty on chilling requirements for endodormancy breaking of temperate fruits by data-based parameter estimation of the dynamic model: a test case in apricot
Authors: Egea Jose A , Egea José , Ruiz David 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Dynamic model has been described as one of the most accurate models to quantify chill accumulation based on hourly temperatures in nuts and temperate fruits. This model considers that a dynamic process occurs at a biochemical level that determines the endodormancy breaking through the accumulation of the so-called portions. The kinetic parameters present in the model should reflect how the fruit trees integrate chilling exposure and thus they should be characteristic for each species. However, the original parameter values, reported in the late 1980s, are still being used. Even if the use of such parameter values is useful to compare among chilling requirements (CRs) for different species or cultivars, it is not the optimal choice when one intends to explain the CR variations in different years for a given cultivar. In this work we propose a data-based model calibration that makes use of phenological data for different apricot cultivars within different years to obtain model parameters, which minimize the variations among years and that have, at the same time, physical meaning to characterize the incumbent species. Results reveal that the estimation not only reduces the accumulated portion dispersion within the considered time periods but also allows to improve the CR predictions for subsequent years. We propose a set of model parameter values to predict endodormancy breaking dates in the apricot cultivars studied here.
Spatiotemporal evolution of dengue outbreaks in Brazil
Authors: de Azevedo Thiago S , Lorenz Camila , Chiaravalloti-Neto Francisco 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Dengue is a mosquito-borne febrile disease infecting millions of people worldwide. Identification of high-risk areas will allow public health services to concentrate their efforts in areas where outbreaks are most likely to occur. The present study focuses on describing the spatiotemporal evolution of dengue outbreaks in Brazil from 2000 to 2018.

Method
To assess the pattern behaviour and spatiotemporal trend of dengue outbreaks, the non-parametric kernel estimator method and the Mann–Kendall test, respectively, were used. Bivariate global Moran's I statistic was used to test the spatial correlation between dengue outbreaks, temperature, precipitation and population data.

Results
Our results revealed that the transmission cycles of dengue outbreaks vary in different spatiotemporal scenarios, with intermittent periods of outbreaks. In the period of study, outbreak clusters were primarily concentrated in the Northeast region and the transmission of dengue extended throughout Brazil until 2018. The probability of occurrence of dengue outbreaks was higher in high temperatures. Further, these space-time fluctuations in the number of outbreaks in the different regions were probably related to the high mobility between the populations of these regions, circulating serotypes and susceptible populations.

Conclusions
The distribution of dengue outbreaks is not random; it can be modified by socioeconomic and climatic moving boundaries.
Evaluating the validity of dengue clinical-epidemiological criteria for diagnosis in patients residing in a Brazilian endemic area
Authors: da Silva Ferreira Elis Regina , de Oliveira Gonçalves Ana Carolina , Tobal Verro Alice , Undurraga Eduardo A , Lacerda Nogueira Maurício , Estofolete Cássia Fernanda , Santos da Silva Natal 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
We evaluated the validity of clinical diagnosis compared with laboratory diagnosis of dengue in a retrospective sample of patients in São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.

Methods
Our sample included 148 299 clinically (56.3%) or laboratory-diagnosed (43.7%) dengue cases. We compared the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV) of dengue patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics with laboratory-based diagnosis. We used logistic regressions to estimate the correlation between clinical and laboratory diagnosis of dengue and a full set of dengue signs and symptoms.

Results
We found substantial variability in sensitivity and specificity of signs and symptoms ranging from 0.8–81.1 and 21.5–99.6, respectively. Thrombocytopenia exhibited the highest PPV (92.0) and lowest NPV (42.2) and was the only symptom showing agreement with laboratory-confirmed dengue (φ = 0.38). The presence of exanthema and thrombocytopenia led to a greater likelihood of concordant clinical and laboratory diagnoses (exanthema: OR: 4.23; 95% CI: 2.09 to 8.57; thrombocytopenia: OR: 4.02; 95% CI: 1.32 to 12.27).

Conclusions
We found substantial variation in sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of dengue signs and symptoms. For accuracy, clinical and laboratory diagnosis of dengue should be performed concurrently. When laboratory tests are not available, we suggest focusing on the clinical manifestations most associated with dengue.
Pre and postoperative risk management: the role of scores and biomarkers
Authors: Jankovic Radmilo J. , Dinic Vesna , Markovic Danica 
Published: April 2020

Purpose of review
The goal of risk prediction is to identify high-risk patients who will benefit from further preoperative evaluation. Clinical scores and biomarkers are very well established tools for risk prediction but their accuracy remains a controversial issue.

Recent findings
Current guidelines recommend one of the risk tools for preoperative cardiac risk assessment: American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) calculator or Revised Cardiac Risk Index. Although not as easy to use as risk scores, risk models are more accurate and can predict individual patient risk more precisely. A step forward in risk estimation was performed by introducing new risk models developed from the American College of Surgeons NSQIP database – NSQIP surgical risk calculator and Myocardial Infarction or Cardiac Arrest index. Although biomarkers, especially in cardiac risk assessment, are already present in current European and American guidelines, this use is still controversial. Novel biomarkers: microRNAs, heart-type fatty acid-binding protein and mid-regional proadrenomedullin, can be used as new potential biomarkers in clinical practice. Also some of the experimental biomarkers have not yet been introduced into clinical practice, preliminary results are encouraging.

Summary
Different risk indices and biomarkers might lead to varying risk estimates. However, the importance of clinical judgment in risk assessment should not be underestimated.