bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
51 ASAS-EAAP Exchange Speaker Talk: Is genomic selection beneficial for the pig industry?
Authors: Knol Egbert 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Genomic selection increases accuracy of prediction and, with that, genetic trend; also in pigs 50% extra trend is gradually becoming a conservative estimate. Theory and experience in other species shows that more is better: the more genotypes, and the more phenotypes, the higher the gain. The downside of this is that fewer and fewer breeding companies can bring up the resources to reach those numbers. Consolidation is the result and within companies the number of sire and dam lines is decreasing. On top of that the essence of current genomic selection is that the presence of existing or new rare alleles is ignored, with the risk of genetic variance. So fewer groups, fewer lines and breeds, and reducing genetic variance. The upside is more possibilities for more difficult traits. Challenge experiments can be more effectively used as training populations, as are crossbred animals for dissection. Costprice of genotyping is down to a level that it could be cost effective to genotype individual crossbred sows for precision production management. Increased genetic trend, combined with precision production and production sorting of boars can lead to very cost efficient uniform production directed to very specific markets. Genomic selection is beneficial for the pig industry to maintain its competitive position against other types of meat in the short to medium term. Developments for the (near) future are genome editing and interaction with other genotypes. The latter is linked to same species genotypes (pen mates), to pathogenic genotypes and to humans. Larger farms with larger groups of animals per age group and fewer and less experienced workers make autonomy of animals more important. Genomic models that estimate which animals do best for the net profit of the farm are needed, but difficult. In the end genomic selection is a powerful tool to create genetic trend and adapt pigs to local market environments. In the bigger picture of long term, worldwide sustainability there are some serious concerns.
229 DNA sequence assisted prediction: the uncomfortable truth
Authors: Perez-Enciso Miguel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Using whole genome sequence for improving genomic prediction relative to that from high density SNP arrays has been well below expectations, despite some overoptimistic computer simulations. Why is this so? First, NGS data are massive, noisy and their computer bioinformatics analysis is expensive when applied to the scale needed in animal breeding. SNP calling is a tricky procedure that is especially sensitive to low depth sequencing. This makes it NGS data far more expensive than array genotyping. Second, rare variants are the most frequent class of variants. Population genetics theory dictates that the number of SNPs of a given frequency f is inversely proportional to f. For prediction purposes, it is clear that rare variants are not useful, because it is very likely that they do not segregate in both testing and training subpopulations. Third, sequence contains highly repetitive info, the number of new SNPs decreases quickly with adding new samples and, further, low effective population sizes in domestic animals makes it disequilibrium to be large. What can we do about it? First, high density data can be imputed up to sequence; this has a mild - and limited - effect on improving accuracy. Second, sequence at very low depth on numerous animals can be obtained. This is an extremely risky option that I discourage due to strong biases in heterozygous genotype calling. Third, predictions can be constructed using some sort of prior information (e.g., based on known causative genes or from GWAS studies) together with high density, perhaps custom designed arrays. I believe this is the most promising approach.
233 Global regulatory landscape for evaluation of products derived from gene editing
Authors: Nesbitt Clint 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Researchers are increasingly excited about the potential of new genetic tools like genome editing to address a wide array of important issues in food and agriculture, including sustainable production, improved nutrition, and animal health and welfare. U.S. regulators and other governments around the world are currently working to develop policies to effectively evaluate the safety of novel products developed with these technologies, but to date, have been sending ambiguous and sometimes conflicting signals about regulatory paths to market. In addition to getting regulatory systems right, successful commercialization of innovative new products may require a broad dialogue about the use of innovation in food and agriculture with a wide array of stakeholders in order to ensure that developers have the social license to bring such products to market. The speaker will review the current global regulatory landscape for evaluation of food and agricultural products derived from gene editing and the potential impact on successful commercialization of such products.
241 True nutrient and amino acid digestibility of human-grade dog foods using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay
Authors: Oba Patricia M , Utterback Pamela L , Parsons Carl M , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Human-grade dog foods are now available and increasing in popularity, but little research has been conducted to test the digestibility of these foods. The objective of this experiment was to determine the true nutrient and amino acid (AA) digestibilities of human-grade ingredient-based dog foods using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. Six commercial dog foods were tested, including the Beef & Russet Potato (BRP), Chicken & White Rice (CWR), Fish & Sweet Potato (FSP), Lamb & Brown Rice (LBR), Turkey & Whole Wheat Macaroni (TWM) and Venison & Squash (VSR) formulas provided by Just Food For Dogs (Irvine, CA). Before analysis, all diets were lyophilized and ground. A precision-fed rooster assay utilizing cecectomized roosters was conducted to determine the true nutrient digestibility and standardized AA digestibilities of the diets tested. Conventional roosters were used to determine the nitrogen-corrected total metabolizable energy (TMEn) of the diets. All animal procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee prior to experimentation. The substrates and rooster excreta were analyzed for macronutrient profile and AA composition. All data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4. In general, all diets tested were highly digestible. Dry matter digestibility was similar among CWR, LBR and TWR diets, and greater (P &lt; 0.0001) than that of FSP and VSR diets. Organic matter digestibility was highest (P = 0.0002) for CWR and lowest (P = 0.0002) for VSR. TMEn value was highest for BRP. For the majority of indispensable AA, digestibilities were greater than 85%, with some being greater than 90%. Although statistical differences were observed among diets, they all performed very well. The diets tested had very high AA digestibilities, being digested at levels exceeding that usually observed with extruded diets.
77 Performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets containing wheat millrun and a multi-carbohydrase enzyme
Authors: Kpogo Livingstone Agbee , Jose Jismol , Agyekum Atta K , Beaulieu Denise A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The inclusion of wheat millrun, a low-cost milling co-product, into swine rations is limited by high non-starch polysaccharide content. The objective of these trials was to determine the response of growing pigs to wheat millrun inclusion, with or without, a multi-carbohydrase enzyme (xylanase, cellulase, amylase, glucanase, invertase). In Exp1, the effects of millrun inclusion and multi-carbohydrase on nutrient digestibility were investigated. The six treatments, arranged as a 3x2 factorial, included millrun (0, 15 or 30%) and enzymes (0 or 1 mg/kg) as main effects. Barrows (n = 48; 60.2±2.2 kg) were housed individually and fed 3×maintenance for 11d. Feces and urine were collected d8-11. In Exp2, 4 treatments (0 or 30% millrun and 0 or 1 mg/kg enzyme; 2x2 factorial) were fed to 180 pigs (60.2±2.2 kg) housed in groups of 5 until they reached 125 kg BW. The diets were isonitrogenous while energy was reduced in the millrun diets. In Exp1, apparent total-tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and N, and digestible energy (DE) content, declined linearly (87.3 to 81.5%; 86.3 to 83.5%; 3.86 to 3.68 Mcal DE/kg DM, respectively; P &lt; 0.01) with increasing millrun inclusion. ATTD of energy was reduced by the inclusion of the enzymes (85.0 to 84.2%; P = 0.05) but there was no effect on DE content, or N ATTD (P &gt; 0.10). In Exp2, ADG and G:F were reduced in pigs fed millrun (P &lt; 0.05) while pigs fed diets supplemented with enzymes had reduced G:F during the initial 14d. There was no effect of millrun or enzyme on ADFI or days to market (P &gt; 0.10). No interactions were detected between millrun and enzyme in either Exp1 or Exp2 (P &gt; 0.10). In conclusion, reduced ADG and energy and N digestibility, were observed with the inclusion of 30% wheat millrun in diets for growing pigs, regardless of multi-carbohydrase enzyme inclusion.
111 Awardee Talk - Sustainable diets must include animal-source foods
Authors: Adesogan Adegbola T , Mckune Sarah , Dahl Geoffrey E , Havelaar Arie , Eilitta Marjatta E 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The notion that consuming animal-source food (ASF; milk, meat, fish and eggs) is incompatible with sustainable development is flawed. Negative perceptions of livestock consumption in many sustainability debates arise from a focus on overconsumption of ASF, particularly in middle to high-income countries, and a narrow interpretation of sustainability that focuses only one, albeit important, indicator — climate change. However, for the almost 800 million extremely poor people who live on less than $1.90/day and subsist on a diet heavily based on starchy foods, more — not less — ASF will be required for sustainable development, as they provide key nutrients required for full human development. Childhood stunting rates and the associated reductions in health, cognitive development, and economic productivity are rampant in countries with low levels of ASF consumption. Yet these foods are the best sources of high-quality nutrient-rich food for children aged 6 to 23 months according to the World Health Organization, and may be the only source of some. Compared to plant foods, ASF supply greater quantities of higher quality protein and more bioavailable vitamin A, vitamin D3, iron, iodine, zinc, calcium and folic acid among other nutrients, and they are the only natural source of vitamin B12, deficiency of which is associated with developmental disorders, anemia, poorer cognitive function, and lower motor development. Therefore, consumption of ASF by the poor should be prioritized to prevent the devastating, lifelong and intergenerational effects of stunting. Consumption of ASF is also important in developed countries to reduce consumption of “empty” calories that contribute to obesity and to meet specific nutrient needs. Sustainable intensification of ASF production addresses the need to improve livestock productivity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions from livestock systems while feeding the world and specifically meeting the growing global demand for ASF, which is expected to double by 2050.
273 The effect of fermented feed on meat quality, lipid antioxidant ability, lipid and protein metabolism in longissimus dorsi muscle of finishing pigs
Authors: Yang Xuefen , Qiu Yueqin , Jiang Zongyong 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of fermented feed on meat quality, lipid antioxidant ability, lipid and protein metabolism in longissimus dorsi muscle of finishing pigs. Boars [Duroc × (Landrace × Large white)] weighed (90 ± 2.3) kg were raised through (130 ± 4.5) kg by a basal diet pretreated with or without solid-state fermentation. In comparison to the control group, fermented feed did not affect the growth performance and lipid antioxidant ability, while it increased lean mass (P &lt; 0.05), tended to increase lion area, and reduced the last rib fat depth (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, fermented feed improved the meat quality of longissimus dorsi muscle by decreasing shear force (P &lt; 0.01) and drip loss at 48 h post slaughter (P &lt; 0.05) and increasing the scores of sensory parameters including tenderness(P &lt; 0.05), fragrance (P &lt; 0.05) and broth freshness (P &lt; 0.05), and enhancing intramuscular fat (IMF) content by 23.2%. Fermented feed significantly up-regulated the abundance of lipogenic-related genes FASN, PPARγ, DGAT2 and HNF-4α mRNA (P &lt; 0.05), while decreased lipolytic-related gene IL-15 in longissimus dorsi muscle (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, we observed that fermented feed effectively increased mRNA expression of MyoD (P &lt; 0.05), decreased MAFbx (P &lt; 0.01) in longissimus dorsi muscle. Besides, protein levels of phosphorylated AKT, mTOR, S6K1, and 4EBP1 in longissimus dorsi muscle were effectively increased by fermented feed. In conclusion, these findings suggested that fermented feed improved the meat quality including both eating quality and technical characteristics, enhanced muscle protein synthesis and IMF deposition in longissimus dorsi muscle of finishing pigs, the underlying mechanism may be partly due to fermented feed effectively modulated the key regulators related to lipid and protein metabolism in the longissimus dorsi muscle. These findings may provide a new insight into the application of fermented feed as a nutrition strategy for finishing pigs.
280 Quality grading using color and electrical conductivity of beef
Authors: Richardson C Reed , Ramkumar Mala S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Four sources of beef were used to determine if the degree of variance in color (Hunter LH) and electrical conductivity (EC) measures correlate to quality grade. It also tested the reliability of the Varian spectrophotometer machine for color scores on beef. Source 1 (S1) samples varied in cuts that were frozen then thawed. S2 – S4 were delivered whole and cut into 16 individual, 1-inch thick samples. Source 2 (S2) was a whole boneless ribeye and choice grade; Source 3 (S3) was a whole strip loin, Wagyu breed and prime grade; Source 4 (S4) was a whole strip loin, Akaushi breed and prime grade. All color measurements (n = 48) were taken on raw samples. EC (n = 48) was measured in microsiemens (μS) for 120s with sampling rate of two measures per s. An emulsified meat slurry solution was placed into a 3in wide silicon vessel with copper electrodes attached to both sides, and placed into plastic container connected to a digital multimeter. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis on color & EC replications and total color & EC means and performed across S1 then S2 – S4. Color results across color mean replications for individual samples were non-significant (P &gt; 0.05, 95% confidence level). Source color means for S1=33.6873, S2=55.4319, S3=47.8122 & S4=53.5633. S1 had the lowest LH mean compared to S2-S4 and presumed to be a result of myoglobin state. These data indicate reliability of the Varian color machine as method for scoring steaks. EC results showed prime grades S3 and S4 had lower scores compared to S1 and S2 with EC means of S1=24.8043, S2=63.5294, S3=17.0451 & S4=18.9656. S3 & S4 both had significant correlations (P &lt; 0.05) between EC and color scores indicating EC and color correlations can be useful in quality grading of beef.
360 Awardee Talk - weight loss strategies in horses
Authors: Phillips Shannon E 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Almost half of the American horse population is reported to be overweight, with approximately 20% reported as obese. Excessive adiposity is associated with potential health consequences including joint disease, heat intolerance, insulin resistance, equine metabolic syndrome, and laminitis. Health management for affected horses includes strategies that not only decrease fat mass but also improve insulin dynamics, as insulin resistance is closely associated with the development of laminitis. Negative energy balance to achieve fat loss can result from decreased caloric intake, increased energy expenditure, or a combination of both. Decreased calorie intake can be achieved by limiting feed intake by reducing the amount of feed offered, limiting pasture intake (through the use of grazing muzzles or limiting time at pasture), and by selecting lower energy density feeds. Weight-loss research has suggested feeding forages at a rate of 1.5% of body weight (90% DM), balanced with appropriate amounts of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as needed. Some horses appear to be “weight loss resistant” and may require further restrictions under veterinary supervision (closer to 1.0 - 1.2% of body weight). Strict feed restriction may increase the risk of hyperlipidemia, colic, gastric ulcers, the onset of wood chewing behavior and/or the consumption of bedding. Several studies have reported significant weight loss with restricted dietary energy intake, though effects on insulin dynamics are varied. Forced exercise not only increases energy expenditure, but also results in more pronounced improvements on insulin dynamics. Light, moderate and heavier exercise protocols have resulted in improvements in insulin sensitivity, with greater benefits along with fat loss being associated with higher workloads. However, lameness may compromise weight-bearing exercise efforts. It is recommended that weight loss strategies for horses incorporate both dietary energy restriction and increased exercise when possible.
363 Integrated transcriptomic and gut microbiome analysis of the toxic effects of T-2 toxin on the small intestine of chickens
Authors: Liu Meng , Wei Jin-Tao , Wu Kun-Tan , Khalil Mahmoud Mohamed , Sun Lv-hui 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study was conducted to reveal the mechanism of T-2 toxin induced small intestine injuries in broilers through a new perspective that combined transcriptomics and microbiology studies. 96-d-old male Cobb broilers were randomly allocated into 4 treatment groups with 4 replicates of 6 birds/cage and all birds were fed a corn-soybean-based diet (Control) and the other 3 groups supplemented with T-2 toxin at 1.0, 3.0 or 6.0 mg/kg, respectively, for 2 weeks. Growth performance and nutrients digestibility were analyzed. Duodenum was collected to assay for histology, transcriptomics and microbiology. Compared with the control, final body weight, body weight gain and feed intake were decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner with increasing dietary T-2 toxin dose. Specially, in dietary T-2 toxin at 6.0 mg/kg, the feed/gain increased (P &lt; 0.05) 11.4% and the apparent metabolic rate of crude protein, calcium and phosphorus were decreased (P &lt; 0.05) by 14.9%, 18.0% and 16.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, T-2 toxin induced severe degeneration, necrosis and desquamation of the villous epithelial cells, increased inflammatory cells. Furthermore, the results of transcriptome drew that 2536 genes showed significant differences and were partially enriched in metabolic pathways, cell growth and death, apoptosis, the metabolism by CYP450, immune response pathways. Gut microbiota play a key role as microbial and duodenum genes and metabolites affected by T-2 toxin shared multiple pathways. Remarkably, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria that related to energy metabolism and inflammatory were seriously affected (P &lt; 0.05). In summary, combined the results of integrated analysis, T-2 toxin partially induced intestine injury, potentially through changing the gene expression and the intestinal micro-ecology or damaging the intestinal mucosal directly, thus inducing inflammatory and apoptotic.
142 Human edible feed conversions of U.S. beef production
Authors: Andreini Emily M , Place Sara E , Oltjen James W 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Multiple factors need to be considered in assessing the sustainability of ruminant livestock production, such as the valuable role ruminants serve in the conversion of feeds grown on non-arable lands and by-products into products suitable for human consumption. The use of intensive systems, where ruminants are fed large quantities of potentially human edible crops, such as cereal grains, poses a debate about the competition between livestock and humans for grains that could be consumed directly by humans. The inclusion of animal products in human diets provides an important source of energy and protein, which often have higher digestibility and superior amino acid compositions. This analysis was conducted for seven U.S. regions in order to determine the human edible feed conversion efficiency (heFCE) of energy and protein and the net protein contribution (NPC) of U.S. beef production using data collected by the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association. Efficiency and NPC values above 1 indicate that beef production is contributing more to meeting human protein or energy requirements than the cattle are consuming, and values below 1 indicate beef is competing for those nutrients. The Southwest and Southeast regions returned heFCE values for energy above 1, while the average of all regions was 0.88 ± 0.27 SD. All regions had heFCE values for protein above 1 with an average of 1.73 ± 0.54 SD. The NPC of all US regions were greater than 3; averaging 4.55 ± 1.41 SD, which illustrates beef’s contribution of high quality protein to human diets. Incorporating a detailed evaluation of different production system efficiencies in converting potentially human edible feeds into human edible animal products of higher quality broadens the discussion for beef’s place in the diet.
PSVI-9 Occurrence of mycotoxins in US forage grasses
Authors: Gott Paige N , Hendel Erika G , Curry Shelby M , Stam Aaron M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Initial survey of standing pastures in the southern United States investigated the occurrence of mycotoxins in grasses. Zearalenone (ZEN), an endocrine disruptor, was the most prevalent mycotoxin and is a potential threat to reproductive performance in grazing livestock. The ongoing survey expanded to cover a greater geographic area and additional grass species, as well as hay and preserved forages, were included in the survey to further investigate the presence of mycotoxins in US grasses. Fresh pasture samples were hand-plucked (25–30 subsamples per pasture) to simulate cattle foraging behavior and composited for analysis. Baled forages were sampled using a probe and other preserved forages were collected via grab samples from the face of bags or silos. Samples were screened for the presence of mycotoxins at Activation Laboratories (Ancaster, Ontario, Canada; 16 mycotoxins) or Romer Labs (Union, MO; 17 mycotoxins) via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method. Parameters of the main mycotoxins detected are presented on a dry basis in parts per billion (ppb) in Table 1. A total of 415 samples were collected March 2016 through February 2019 primarily from southern states (FL, TX, AL, GA, LA). One or more mycotoxins were detected in 286 samples (68.9%). ZEN was detected most frequently across all samples (60.0%; 1428.4 ± 181.3 ppb) with type A trichothecenes (A-Trich; including T-2 toxin & HT-2 toxin; 16.6%; 1139.5 ± 647.2 ppb) and type B trichothecenes (B-Trich; including deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and fusarenon X; 9.6%; 1230.9 ± 522.9 ppb) being the next most prevalent toxin group. These survey results suggest a variety of mycotoxins occur in multiple grass species and can be detected from fresh pasture as well as in hay and other preserved forages. The types and concentrations of mycotoxins detected may pose challenges to livestock reproduction, health, and performance even when consuming high forage diets.