bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of local forearm heating and cooling on motor unit properties during submaximal contractions
Authors: Mallette Matthew M. , Cheung Stephen S. , Kumar Robert I. , Hodges Gary J. , Holmes Michael W. R. , Gabriel David A. 
Published: January 2020

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
How do temperature manipulations affect motor unit (MU) properties during submaximal contractions to the same relative percentage of maximal force?

What is the main finding and its importance?
MU recruitment patterns are affected by temperature manipulations at the forearm. However, the relationship between MU potential amplitude and recruitment threshold indicates no change to the order or recruitment. Additionally, the MU potential amplitude and firing rate relationship was affected by temperature, suggesting that smaller MUs are more affected by temperature changes than larger MUs.

AbstractTemperature impacts muscle contractile properties, such that experiments with workloads based on thermoneutral values will produce different relative intensities if maximal force changes due to muscle temperature. We investigated how temperature affected motor unit (MU) properties with contractions performed at the same normalized percentage of maximal force. Twenty participants (10 females) completed evoked, maximal, and trapezoidal voluntary contractions during thermoneutral‐, hot‐, and cold‐temperature conditions. Forearm temperature was established using 25 min of neutral (∼32°C), hot (∼44°C) or cold (∼13°C) water circulated through a tube‐lined sleeve. Flexor carpi radialis MU properties were assessed with contractions at 30% and 60% MVC relative to each temperature using surface electromyography decomposition. Changes to contractile properties and electromechanical delay from the evoked twitch suggest that muscle contractility was changed from the thermal manipulations (effect size (d) ≥ 0.42, P < 0.05). Maximal force was not different between neutral and hot conditions (d = 0.16, P > 0.05) but decreased in the cold (d ≥ 0.34, P < 0.05). For both contraction intensities, MU potential (MUP) amplitude was larger and duration was longer in the cold compared to neutral and hot conditions (d ≥ 1.24, P < 0.05). Cumulative probability density for the number of MUs recruited revealed differences in MU recruitment patterns among temperature conditions. The relationship between MU recruitment threshold and firing rate or MUP amplitude was not different among temperature conditions (P > 0.05); however, the relationship between MUP amplitude and firing rate was (P < 0.05). Local temperature manipulations appear to affect MU recruitment patterns, which may act as compensatory mechanisms to the changes in muscle viscosity and contractile properties due to local temperature changes.
Intermittent low dose carbon monoxide inhalation does not influence glucose regulation in overweight adults: a randomized controlled crossover trial
Authors: Goodrich J. A. , Frisco D. J. , Ryan S. P. P. , Newman A. A. , Trikha S. R. J. , Braun B. , Bell C. , Byrnes W. C. 
Published: January 2020

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Low dose carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation plays a role in regulating proteins involved in glucose metabolism; does low dose CO improve glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose tolerance test in overweight adults?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Five days of intermittent CO inhalation does not alter the glucose or insulin responses to ingestion of a glucose bolus in overweight adults. Low dose CO is utilized in various physiological assessment procedures; these findings allow researchers and clinicians to utilize these procedures without concern of altering glucose metabolism.

AbstractLow dose carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation upregulates several proteins important for glucose metabolism. Such changes could be clinically significant and may be relevant to those who use CO as a research tool. We hypothesized that low dose CO inhalation would improve glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose bolus in overweight humans. Eleven young adults (5 men, 6 women; body mass index: 25–35 kg m−2) were included in this randomized, placebo‐controlled, single‐blinded crossover study. Following screening, participants completed two 7‐day protocols with a 4‐week washout. Twenty‐four hours prior to and following five consecutive days of either once daily CO (men: 1.2 ml (kg body mass)−1; women: 1.0 ml (kg body mass)−1) or placebo (room air) inhalation, participants underwent oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). For key outcome variables, there were no significant main effects or interactions across condition or time point (mean ± SD), including fasting glucose (mg dl−1: pre‐placebo: 85.2 ± 10.1; post‐placebo: 82.9 ± 10.6; pre‐CO: 83.6 ± 7.7; post‐CO: 84.0 ± 9.0), 2 h post glucose (mg dl−1: pre‐placebo: 100.9 ± 20.0; post‐placebo: 98.7 ± 13.1; pre‐CO: 94.2 ± 23.2; post‐CO: 94.4 ± 14.9), or the Matsuda index (pre‐placebo: 16.1 ± 11.5; post‐placebo: 20.3 ± 24.7; pre‐CO: 15.6 ± 15.3; post‐CO: 17.5 ± 16.8). In conclusion, 5 days of low dose CO administration did not influence glucose and insulin responses to an OGTT in overweight adults. Low dose CO inhalation is utilized in a variety of physiological assessment procedures; these findings allow researchers to utilize these procedures without concern of altering glucose metabolism.
Numerical and Analytical Studies of Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 316 LN Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Abarkan Ikram , Shamass Rabee , Achegaf Zineb , Khamlichi Abdellatif 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMechanical components are frequently subjected to severe cyclic pressure and/or temperature loadings. Therefore, numerical and analytical low cycle fatigue methods become widely used in the field of engineering to estimate the design fatigue lives. The primary aim of this work is to evaluate the accuracy of the most commonly used numerical and analytical low cycle fatigue life methods for specimens made of 316 LN austenitic stainless steel and subjected to fully reversed uniaxial tension–compression loading, in the room temperature condition. It was found that both maximum shear strain and Brown–Miller criterions result in a very conservative estimation for uniaxially loaded specimens. However, maximum shear strain criteria provide better results compared to the Brown–Miller criteria. The total strain energy density approach was also used, and both the Masing and non-Masing analysis were adopted in this study. It is found that the Masing model provides conservative fatigue lives, and non-Masing model results in a more realistic fatigue life prediction for 316 LN stainless steel for both low and high strain amplitudes. The fatigue design curves obtained from the commonly used analytical low cycle fatigue equations were reexamined for 316 LN SS. The obtained design curves from Langer model and its modified versions are nonconservative for this type of material. Consequently, the authors suggest new optimized parameters to fit the given test data. The obtained curve using the currently suggested parameters is in better agreement with the experimental data for 316 LN SS.
Correlation of Three-Dimensional Roughness Parameters With the Crater Dimensions in μED-Milling of Cryogenic-Treated Tool and Workpiece
Authors: Jafferson J. M. , Hariharan P. , Ramkumar J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Microfluidics is one of the rapidly growing markets in the present era of miniaturization. Microchannels have wide applications in various fields such as biomedical, mechanical, electrical, and chemical sciences. Machining microfeatures with high aspect ratio in metals is difficult by mechanical and lithography-based processes. Micro-electric discharge milling is a suitable process to machine microcavities and microchannels in all electrically conductive materials. The main disadvantage of this process is its very low material removal rate. Improving the machining performance of micro-electric discharge machining (μEDM) is a research area that attracts researchers and remains as an unfulfilled agenda. The aim of this study is to improve the machining performance of micro-electric discharge milling process by investigating the performance of cryogenically treated tool and workpiece materials. Since surface roughness determines the minimum feature size machinable by any micromachining process and also it is an important factor in determining the flow characteristics of microchannels, a detailed comparative study was conducted on the three-dimensional (3D) surface quality parameters along with machining performance while using all four different combinations of untreated and cryogenically treated tool and workpiece, and the roughness parameters are correlated with the erosion behavior. The study revealed significant change in material removal rate and erosion pattern due to cryogenic treatment.
Influences of a Varying Sill at the Seabed on Two-Dimensional Radiation of Linear Water Waves by a Rectangular Buoy
Authors: Liu Xiaolei , Wang Xuefeng , Xu Shengwen , Ding Aibing 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The presence of a sill alters the traditional flat seabed conditions, imposing significant effects on hydrodynamic characteristics of the wave–body interaction problem. Eigenfunction matching method (EMM), which is a typical analytical method, is employed to precisely evaluate these effects on two-dimensional radiation of linear water waves by a rectangular buoy. The agreement with the published data and numerical results by the boundary element method (BEM) indicates the correctness of the present EMM. Four aspects involving varying height of the sill, varying width of the sill, varying water depth of the right semi-infinite subdomain, and varying relative positions between the buoy and the sill are considered. Analytical results show that among all the hydrodynamic coefficients, the added mass coefficient of heave is affected most by the varying sill.
REEF3D::FNPF—A Flexible Fully Nonlinear Potential Flow Solver
Authors: Bihs Hans , Wang Weizhi , Pakozdi Csaba , Kamath Arun 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In situations where the calculation of ocean wave propagation and impact on structures are required, fast numerical solvers are desired in order to find relevant wave events. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based numerical wave tanks (NWTs) emphasize on the hydrodynamic details such as fluid–structure interaction, which make them less ideal for the event identification due to the large computational resources involved. Therefore, a computationally efficient numerical wave model is needed to identify the events both for offshore deep-water wave fields and coastal wave fields where the bathymetry and coastline variations have strong impact on wave propagation. In the current paper, a new numerical wave model is represented that solves the Laplace equation for the flow potential and the nonlinear kinematic and dynamics free surface boundary conditions. This approach requires reduced computational resources compared to CFD-based NWTs. The resulting fully nonlinear potential flow solver REEF3D::FNPF uses a σ-coordinate grid for the computations. This allows the grid to follow the irregular bottom variation with great flexibility. The free surface boundary conditions are discretized using fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) finite difference methods and the third-order total variation diminishing (TVD) Runge–Kutta scheme for time stepping. The Laplace equation for the potential is solved with Hypre’s stabilized bi-conjugated gradient solver preconditioned with geometric multi-grid. REEF3D::FNPF is fully parallelized following the domain decomposition strategy and the message passing interface (MPI) communication protocol. The numerical results agree well with the experimental measurements in all tested cases and the model proves to be efficient and accurate for both offshore and coastal conditions.
Reduced-Order Modeling and Experimental Studies of Bilaterally Coupled Fluid–Structure Interaction in Single-Degree-of-Freedom Flapping Wings
Authors: Schwab Ryan K. , Reid Heidi E. , Jankauski Mark 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFlapping wings deform under both aerodynamic and inertial forces. However, many flapping wing fluid–structure interaction (FSI) models require significant computational resources which limit their effectiveness for high-dimensional parametric studies. Here, we present a simple bilaterally coupled FSI model for a wing subject to single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) flapping. The model is reduced-order and can be solved several orders of magnitude faster than direct computational methods. To verify the model experimentally, we construct a SDOF rotation stage and measure basal strain of a flapping wing in-air and in-vacuum. Overall, the derived model estimates wing strain with good accuracy. In-vacuum, the wing has a large 3ω response when flapping at approximately one-third of its natural frequency due to a superharmonic resonance, where the superharmonic occurs due to the interaction of inertial forces and time-varying centrifugal softening. In-air, this 3ω response is attenuated significantly as a result of aerodynamic damping, whereas the primary ω response is increased due to aerodynamic loading. These results highlight the importance of (1) bilateral coupling between the fluid and structure, since unilaterally coupled approaches do not adequately describe deformation-induced aerodynamic damping and (2) time-varying stiffness, which generates superharmonics of the flapping frequency in the wing’s dynamic response. The simple SDOF model and experimental study presented in this work demonstrate the potential for a reduced-order FSI model that considers both bilateral fluid–structure coupling and realistic multi-degrees-of-freedom flapping kinematics moving forward.
“Count the Ways That It Impacts Your Life”: New Parenthood and Sport Fandom
Authors: Mansfield Aaron C. 
Published: January 2020

Scholars have begun exploring how parenthood impacts individuals’ sport fandom. Limited work to date, however, has considered such a question in light of new parenthood. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine how new parent sport fans negotiate their multiple identities. To this end, I completed semi-structured long interviews with 27 sport fans with young children (i.e., individuals presently raising children of age 0–6 years). Drawing on the social–psychological foundations of identity theory, I examined these new parents’ salience hierarchy negotiation. I identified and analyzed two consumer groups: Maintainers (who have sustained the centrality of their fan identity despite a change in life circumstances) and Modifiers (who have “de-escalated” their fandom). These new parents’ voices are used to guide the findings. This study advances the theoretical understanding of how parenthood impacts fandom and illuminates how the sport industry can optimally serve new parent sport fans.
Mining treatment patterns of glucose-lowering medications for type 2 diabetes in the Netherlands
Authors: van den Heuvel Jan Maurik , Farzan Niloufar , van Hoek Mandy , Maitland-van der Zee Anke-Hilse , Ahmadizar Fariba 
Published: January 2020

Rationale and objectivesDifferent classes of glucose-lowering medications are used for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management. It is unclear how often these medications are prescribed in clinical practice. In this study, we aimed to describe treatment patterns of glucose-lowering medications in patients with T2DM in the Netherlands.MethodsWe studied a cohort of 73 819 patients with T2DM, aged ≥45 years with a first prescription for oral glucose-lowering medication between 2011 and 2017. We used the NControl database with dispensing data from 800 pharmacies in the Netherlands. Prevalence of each glucose-lowering medication class during 6 years after the index date was calculated. Using SQL Server, we identified stepwise patterns of medication prescription in this population.FindingsDuring the study period, prevalence of biguanides (BIGU) decreased from 95.6% to 80.8% and use of sulfonylureas (SU) increased from 27.3% to 42.3%. 55.2% of all patients only received BIGUs, 19.1% of all patients started on BIGUs but switched to BIGU +SU. 13.5% of patients with T2DM initiated insulins, on average 532 days (almost 18 months) after the index date.ConclusionsOur findings showed that in the Netherlands, medication treatment in patients with T2DM is mainly consistent with the clinical guidelines in the Netherlands during the study period.
Inequities in the incidence and safety of abortion in Nigeria
Authors: Bell Suzanne O , Omoluabi Elizabeth , OlaOlorun Funmilola , Shankar Mridula , Moreau Caroline 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundWe know little about the frequency, correlates and conditions under which women induce abortions in Nigeria. This study seeks to estimate the 1-year induced abortion incidence and proportion of abortions that are unsafe overall and by women’s background characteristics using direct and indirect methodologies.MethodsData for this study come from a population-based, nationally representative survey of reproductive age women (15–49) in Nigeria. Interviewers asked women to report on the abortion experiences of their closest female confidante and themselves. We adjusted for potential biases in the confidante data. Analyses include estimation of 1-year induced abortion incidence and unsafe abortion, as well as bivariate and multivariate assessment of their correlates.ResultsA total of 11 106 women of reproductive age completed the female survey; they reported on 5772 confidantes. The 1-year abortion incidence for respondents was 29.0 (95% CI 23.3 to 34.8) per 1000 women aged 15–49 while the confidante incidence was 45.8 (95% CI 41.0-50.6). The respondent and confidante abortion incidences revealed similar correlates, with women in their 20s, women with secondary or higher education and women in urban areas being the most likely to have had an abortion in the prior year. The majority of respondent and confidante abortions were the most unsafe (63.4% and 68.6%, respectively). Women aged 15–19, women who had never attended school and the poorest women were significantly more likely to have had the most unsafe abortions.ConclusionResults indicate that abortion in Nigeria is a public health concern and an issue of social inequity. Efforts to expand the legal conditions for abortion in Nigeria are critical. Simultaneously, efforts to increase awareness of the availability of medication abortion drugs to more safely self-induce can help mitigate the toll of unsafe abortion-related morbidity and mortality.
Effect of early palliative care for patients with glioblastoma (EPCOG): a randomised phase III clinical trial protocol
Authors: Golla Heidrun , Nettekoven Charlotte , Bausewein Claudia , Tonn Jörg-Christian , Thon Niklas , Feddersen Berend , Schnell Oliver , Böhlke Christopher , Becker Gerhild , Rolke Roman , Clusmann Hans , Herrlinger Ulrich , Radbruch Lukas , Vatter Hartmut , Güresir Erdem , Stock Stephanie , Müller Dirk , Civello Daniele , Papachristou Irini , Hellmich Martin , Hamacher Stefanie , Voltz Raymond , Goldbrunner Roland 
Published: January 2020

​IntroductionRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) have shown a positive effect of early integration of palliative care (EIPC) in various advanced cancer entities regarding patients’ quality of life (QoL), survival, mood, caregiver burden and reduction of aggressiveness of treatment near the end of life. However, RCTs investigating the positive effect of EIPC for patients suffering from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are lacking. After modelling work identifying the specific needs of GBM patients and their caregivers, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of EIPC in this particular patient group.​Methods and analysisThe recruitment period of this multicenter RCT started in May 2019. GBM patients (n=214) and their caregivers will be randomly assigned to either the intervention group (receiving proactive EIPC on a monthly basis) or the control group (receiving treatment according to international standards and additional, regular assessment of QoL (‘optimised’ standard care)).The primary outcome is QoL assessed by subscales of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy for brain tumour (FACT-Br) from baseline to 6 months of treatment. Secondary outcomes are changes in QoL after 12 (end of intervention), 18 and 24 months (end of follow-up), the full FACT-Br scale, patients’ palliative care needs, depression/anxiety, cognitive impairment, caregiver burden, healthcare use, cost-effectiveness and overall survival.​Ethics and disseminationThe study will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and has been approved by the local ethics committees of the University Clinics of Cologne, Aachen, Bonn, Freiburg and Munich (LMU). Results of the trial will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed, open access journal and disseminated through presentations at conferences.Trial registration numberGerman Register for Clinical Studies (DRKS) (DRKS00016066); Pre-results.
Ocular side effects of antirheumatic medications: a qualitative review
Authors: M Castillejo Becerra Clara , Ding Yue , Kenol Beatrice , Hendershot Andrew , Meara Alexa Simon 
Published: January 2020

TopicThis paper reviews the ocular side effects of medications used in the treatment of rheumatological conditions.Clinical relevanceRheumatic diseases are inflammatory conditions that may affect the skin, blood vessels, joints, muscles and internal organs. Immunosuppressive agents are often used as treatment and while powerful, they carry side effects and toxicities that need careful monitoring. Ophthalmic complications have been reported with the use of antirheumatic medications; however, there is a lack of literature synthesising these reports. This paper addresses this gap and hopes to inform both rheumatologists and ophthalmologists as they work together on the management of patients with rheumatological conditions.MethodsPubMed literature search was conducted from November to September 2019 searching for ocular side effects with the use of 25 rheumatological drugs.ResultsA total of 111 papers were included in this review. Adverse side effects were divided into non-infectious and infectious causes. Traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) were associated with pruritus, irritation and dryness of the conjunctiva while biologic DMARDS showed reports of new-onset/recurrent uveitis and demyelinating conditions. Infectious side effects included episodes of cytomegalovirus retinitis, toxoplasmic chorioretinitis and endophthalmitis. Other serious side effects were encountered and included in this review.ConclusionThe goal of this paper is to inform healthcare providers about potential ocular side effects from rheumatological medications. Healthcare providers are encouraged to learn more about these ophthalmic complications and find relevance within their clinical practice.