bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSII-14 Effect of live yeast on greenhouse gas emissions and energy partitioning of growing steers in heat-stress conditions
Authors: D’Souza Genevieve M , Norris Aaron , Batista Luiz Dias , Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this trial was to identify the influence of live yeast supplementation (LY) and temperature exposure (TEMP) on greenhouse gas emissions and energy metabolism of steers receiving a grower diet. The effects of LY and TEMP were investigated using a 2 × 2 crossover design that spanned five periods. Eight Angus crossbred steers (365 ± 32 kg; 41 mo) were randomly split into pairs and housed in four outdoor pens outfitted with an individualized feeding system. Animals were limit fed a grower diet (DIET) at 1.2% SBW with no live yeast supplementation (NOY) or a grower diet top-dressed with 10 g live yeast/d for 14 days (1.2 × 1012 CFU/d). On days 13 and 14, animals were subjected to one of two TEMP conditions, thermoneutral (TN; 18.4 ± 1.1°C, 57.6 ± 2.8 % RH) or heat stress (HS; 33.8 ± 0.6°C, 55.7 ± 2.7 % RH), in two side-by-side, single-stall open-circuit, indirect respiration calorimetry chambers. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model. Carryover effects were examined and removed from the model if not significant (P &gt; 0.05). There was no effect of DIET, TEMP, or DIET × TEMP (P ≥ 0.752) on enteric methane or carbon dioxide emissions. Similarly, GE, ME, DE, and RE were not influenced by DIET, TEMP, or DIET × TEMP (P ≥ 0.152). Gaseous energy, as a percentage of GE, tended to increase during HS (P = 0.097). Heat energy, as a percentage of GE, had a significant LY carryover effect (P = 0.045), with HS×NOY resulting in less HE than TN×NOY (P = .0495) and HS×LY (P = .084). Live yeast supplementation did not reduce enteric emissions, nor did it improve energy metabolism during heat stress. Further research is required to better understand the dynamic relationship between live yeast and temperature exposure.
PSII-5 Chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility, gas production and methane emission of maintenance, growth and production diets/rations of buffaloes
Authors: Anele Uchenna , Singh Sultan , Kushwaha B P , Gupta P K , Bhattacharya S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Ten types of diets were prepared to meet the nutrient requirements of buffaloes for maintenance (MD1 to MD10), growth (GD1 to GD10) and production/lactation (PD1 to PD10). A total of 30 diets were evaluated for chemical composition, in vitro gas and methane production, and dry matter (DM) disappearance using buffalo rumen liquor. The CNCPS was used to estimate the carbohydrate and protein fractions. Protein fractions PB1 and PB2 of maintenance diets were lower (P &lt; 0.05) than growth and production diets, while protein fractions (PB3) and Pc were (P &lt; 0.05) higher in maintenance than in growth and production diets. Mean values of PA was (P &lt; 0.05) higher in growth diets (136.9) than production (114.8) and maintenance diets (105.6 g/kg DM). Maintenance diets had (P &lt; 0.05) higher structural carbohydrate contents (586.2 g/kg DM) than production diets (513.0 g/kg DM). Carbohydrate fraction (CB1) was highest (P &lt; 0.05) in production diets (187.2 g/kg DM) followed by growth (129.5 g/kg DM) and maintenance diets (96.1 g/kg DM). In vitro gas production at different time periods (12, 24 and 48 h) was similar for maintenance (63.04, 51.98 and 48.15 ml/g DM), growth (63.83, 52.73 and 48.250) and production diets (63.51, 52.54 and 47.21 ml/g DM). Cumulative methane production was numerically lower for maintenance (28.40 ml/g DM) than growth (29.58 ml/g DM) and production diets (33.13 ml/g DM). In vitro methane production as a proportion of degraded DM (ml/g DDM and g/kg DDM) was similar for maintenance (14.21 and 29.53), growth (42.19 and 30.25) and production diets (41.26 and 29.58). Dietary chemical constituents such as EE, lignin, NDIN, ADIN and PB3 and Cc were (P &lt; 0.05) negatively associated with methane production, while OM, NPN, SP, PA and PB1, TCHO and CB2 were positively (P &lt; 0.05) correlated with methane production.
PSIX-16 Investigating the development of the fecal microbiome in growing diary calves
Authors: Fowler Emily , St-Pierre Benoit 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Development of the gut microbiome in young animals is critical for maximizing productivity in adults through beneficial functional contributions of symbiotic microbial communities to the health and nutrition of their host. To gain further insight into this process, development of the fecal microbiome in 12 dairy calves was investigated. Fecal bacterial composition was determined at four time points (weeks 0, 4, 8 and 12) using the 16S rRNA gene through PCR-amplification of the V1-V3 regions from fecal microbial genomic DNA, followed by Illumina MiSeq 2X300 sequencing. A comparative analysis of the most highly represented Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis sum-rank test and Wilcoxon pairwise test identified both known and uncharacterized fecal bacterial species whose abundance fluctuated during development of the calves. Four highly represented OTUs were found to have a peak of abundance at week 0, which was followed by significantly lower abundance at later time points (P &lt; 0.05). Notably, OTU JA_ 89-27339, peaked at week 0 (39.3% ± 3.6%), then declined at later time points with respective means of 2.3%, 0.1% and 0.05%. Seven other OTUs were found to peak at an intermediate time point (P &lt; 0.05), including OTU JA_46-21334 which was found in highest abundance at week 4 (4.5% ± 1.2%) compared to means with a range of 0.001% to 0.01% for the other time points. In contrast, another set of well represented OTUs were found to increase in abundance with time, which included OTU JA_84-17601 whose abundance was highest at week 12 (1.4% ± 0.3%) (P &lt; 0.05). These results are indicative of microbial succession in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy calves and highlight candidate bacterial species whose function could be manipulated towards improving the health and productivity of growing dairy calves.
PSVI-14 Effects of saturated fatty acids of 6 to 12 carbons in length on spoilage microbes, zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial resistant bacteria in air exposed corn silage
Authors: Salinas-Chavira Jaime , Arzola-Alvarez Claudio , Ruiz-Barrera Oscar , Castillo-Castillo Yamicela , Ontiveros Marina , Jones Barbara W , Smith William B , Hume Michael , Beier Ross C , Harvey Roger , Poole Toni L , Anderson Robin , Nisbet David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Aerobic exposure of silage during the feed-out phase promotes growth of spoilage as well as pathogenic and multi-drug resistant (MDR) microbes which can risk infection of food-producing animals and the foods they produce. Livestock producers are interested in finding effective yet environmentally friendly interventions to preserve the nutritional value of these spoiled feedstuffs. We investigated the antimicrobial activity of 6 to 12 carbon-containing saturated fatty acids (C6, C8, C10 or C12) added (0.03 g) individually or as 1:1 mixtures of C6:C8:C10:C12 or C8:C10 to 4 g of overnight exposed silage suspended in 10 mL water. Net changes in colony counts, determined as the difference between counts measured after 0 and 24 h aerobic incubation (22oC) of untreated and treated silage suspensions (n = 3/treatment), were subjected to an analysis of variance. Populations of wild-type total aerobes and experimentally-inoculated MDR-Staphylococcus aureus were unaffected by treatment (P &gt; 0.05), decreasing on average (± SD) 0.64 ± 0.40 and 1.09 ± 0.39 log10 CFU/g silage, respectively. Treatment effects (P &lt; 0.05) were observed against experimentally-inoculated Listeria monocytogenes, with the C8:C10 mix decreasing this foodborne pathogen by 0.64 log10 CFU/g compared to a 0.95 log10/g increase in controls. Indigenous yeast and mold, considered responsible for spoilage, were decreased 2.12 and 3.07 log10 CFU/g by the C8 and C8:C10 treatments compared to 0.40 log10 CFU/g increase in controls. Indigenous lactic acid bacteria, considered beneficial, were decreased most potently by the C8 and C8:C10 treatments compared to controls (1.28, 0.66 and 0.37 log10 CFU/g, respectively). Indigenous enterococci decreased in all incubations, including controls (3.03 log10 CFU/g), compared to 4.69 to 5.03 log10 CFU/g decreases in C6, C8, C10, C12 and C8:C10 treatments. Results reveal that some fatty acid treatments inhibited pathogenic and spoilage microbes, yet treatment optimization is needed to avoid adverse effects against beneficial microbes.
PSVI-3 Effects of dietary supplementation of multi-species direct-fed microbial products on energy status, apparent nutrient digestibility, and rumen metatranscriptome of beef steers
Authors: Ogunade Ibukun M , Pech-Cervantes Andres A , Compart Devan M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of two different multi-strain direct-fed microbial products on energy status, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal metatranscriptome of beef steers. Nine rumen-cannulated Holstein steers were assigned to 3 treatments arranged in a 3 × 3 Latin square design with three 21-d periods. Dietary treatments were (1) CON (basal diet without additive), (2) PROB (basal diet plus 19 g/d of Commence), and (3) SYNB (basal diet plus 28 g/d of RX3). Commence is a blend of S. cerevisiae, Enterococcus lactis, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecium, and L. casei. RX3 is a blend of S. cerevisiae and the fermentation products of S. cerevisiae, Enterococcus lactis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Bacillus subtilis. Rumen fluid (for metatranscriptomics analysis) and blood samples (for analysis of plasma glucose and non-esterified fatty acid) were collected on d 21 of each period. From d 16 – 20, TMR and fecal samples were collected daily to determine apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients using indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) method. The data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. The model included the effects of treatment, period, and random effects of cow and square. There were no effects on DMI and non-esterified fatty acid. Compared with CON, steers fed either additives had greater (P = 0.02) plasma glucose concentrations. Results of metatranscriptome analysis revealed no differentially expressed functional genes among the treatments. Apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients were also similar among treatments. These results demonstrated that supplemental PROB and SYNB improved the plasma glucose concentration, but had no effects on the functional capacity of the ruminal microbiome and apparent digestibility of nutrients in beef steers.
PSXII-2 Potential interactions between prior endophyte exposure and phytogenic supplementation for finishing steers with varying chute exit velocities
Authors: Shanks Paul A , Vanzant Eric , Caldwell James D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
All-natural phytogenic supplementation has gained momentum in the feeding industry. Because mechanisms likely differ, these supplements could add benefit when combined with antibiotics in finishing cattle diets. Our objective was to determine influence of Actifor®Energy (ActEN) when fed with monensin and tylosin on performance and carcass measurements of finishing cattle with varying chute exit velocities (EV) and differing prior endophyte exposure (E). Crossbred steers (n = 118; 345 ± 33 kg BW) were utilized in a split plot design (whole plot: prior grazing toxic [EI] or nontoxic [EN] fescue × 6g·hd-1·d-1 dietary ActEN or control). Prior EV (PEV, subplot factor) from receiving, backgrounding, and grazing periods was included as a covariate. Weights and EV were recorded on d0, d28, d56, d112, and at slaughter when cattle were shipped to a commercial abattoir, harvested, and carcass measurements recorded. Starting weights were 22 kg lower (P = 0.10) for cattle previously grazing EI and 10 kg lower (P &lt; 0.01) per 1m·s-1 increase in PEV. Intake (%BW) was unaffected (P &gt; 0.10) by E or ActEN. Gain:feed (E×ActEN P = 0.09) was greater for EN/ActEN compared with EI/ActEN, most influenced by the first 28d. ADG was depressed by EI and increasing PEV (E×PEV P = 0.09) with greater PEV impact for EN compared with EI. Endophyte effects on ADG were most prominent in the first 56d. ActEN tended (P = 0.12) to interact with E status for ADG where gains were numerically greater for ActEN with EN compared with EI, especially during the first 28d. Carcass measurements were largely unaffected (P &gt; 0.10) by E or ActEN. Decreased PEV (P ≤ 0.02) was associated with heavier HCW, increased backfat, and higher YG. Prior exit velocity and grazing regimen were the primary factors influencing performance and carcass traits. Indications of smaller effects of phytogenic supplementation on top of antibiotics, especially during the first 28 d of feeding, warrant further investigation.
PSX-1 A newly developed pectinase from Aspergillus terreus enhanced feed utilization and milk production of Damascus goats fed pectin-rich diet
Authors: Anele Uchenna , Azzaz Hossam , Kholif Ahmed , Murad Hussein , El-Bordeny Nasr , Ebeid Hossam , Hassaan Noha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A newly developed pectinase from Aspergillus terreus was compared with a commercially available pectinase at 600 IU/kg feed. Thirty (one-week postpartum) Damascus goats stratified by previous milk production, body weight and parity were divided into three experimental treatments. Does were fed a basal diet containing concentrates, orange silage, sugar beet pulp and wheat straw at 50:20:20:10, respectively with (a newly developed pectinase or commercial pectinase) or without a supplement (control treatment). No difference (P &gt;0.05) was noted for feed intake but the newly developed pectinase increased (P &lt; 0.01) nutrient digestibility, diet nutritive value and milk production efficiency more than the other treatments. Out of all the blood parameters, only serum glucose was affected by the treatments with highest (P = 0.025) value noted for the new pectinase. Similarly, the new pectinase increased daily milk production (P &lt; 0.005) and the concentrations of milk components compared to the other two treatments. Additionally, pectinase (both the commercial and new) inclusion increased (P &lt; 0.05) the concentrations of total conjugated linoleic acid and unsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio, and decreased atherogenic index (P = 0.01) compared with control treatment. It is concluded that the supplementation of the diet of lactating goats with pectinase at 600 IU/kg feed will enhance feed digestion and milk production. The newly developed pectinase performed better than the commercial pectinase.
PSX-15 Fall grazing of annual forages with fall born lambs may improve animal growth and total protein concentrations when compared to stockpiled pastures
Authors: Campbell Braden J , Gelley Christine , McCutcheon Jefferson S , Fluharty Francis L , Parker Anthony J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
There is a consistent demand for grass-fed livestock products in the domestic market. Alternative grazing strategies should be considered to sustain the year-round production of grass-fed products that meet consumer demand and support animal health and performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of annual forages on the growth and parasite resilience of growing lambs. We hypothesized that lambs grazing annual forages would increase their body weight at a greater rate when compared to lambs grazing stockpiled pasture. A total of 54, 60-day-old lambs (24 kg ± 4.9 kg) were stratified by weight, sex, and randomly assigned to one of three grazing treatments: 1) oats (O); 2) turnips (T); and 3) stockpiled tall fescue pasture (F). Lamb body weight and indices of parasitism were measured every 14 days. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. There was a treatment × day effect for body weight such that T lambs were heavier on days 42 and 56 than O and F lambs (P &lt; 0.03). Furthermore, there was a treatment × day effect for average daily gain (ADG) whereas T lambs had a greater ADG on days 28 and 42 than O and F lambs (P &lt; 0.0001). In addition, on day 42, F lambs had a greater ADG when compared to O lambs (P &lt; 0.003). For the indices of parasitism, T lambs demonstrated lesser total plasma protein concentration on days 28 and 42 when compared with O lambs (P &lt; 0.05). Forage type plays a critical role in lamb resilience to gastrointestinal parasites and body weight gain whereas T lambs showed a greater liveweight gain. However, T lambs also demonstrated lesser concentrations of total plasma protein when compared to O lambs. Under these conditions, annual forages adequately sustained the growth of fall grazing lambs.
PSX-25 The distribution of runs of homozygosity in nine native Russian sheep breeds
Authors: Deniskova Tatiana Evgenievna , Abdelmanova Alexandra , Dotsev Arsen V , Reyer Henry , Selionova Marina I , Fornara Margaret S , Wimmers Klaus , Brem Gottfried , Zinovieva Natalia A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Native coarse wool fat-tailed sheep breeds are the main producers of mutton in mountainous, steppe and semi-desert regions of Southern Russia. An assessment of homozygosity is required to prevent loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding depression onset. The aim of our work is estimation of genomic inbreeding and distribution of the runs of homozygosity (ROH) segments in Russian sheep breeds. Sample collection included Andean (n = 20), Buryat (n = 18), Buubei (n = 11), Edilbai (n = 20), Karachaev (n = 20), Kalmyk (n = 22), Karakul (n = 20), and Lezgin (n = 15) breeds. All sheep were genotyped using Ovine Infinium® HD SNP BeadChip (Illumina, USA). Quality control and raw data processing were performed in PLINK 1.9. A consecutive runs method implemented in the R package “detectRUNS” was used for estimation of ROH segments. We detected the ROH in all breeds with mean length ranging from 0.35 in Lezgin to 11.18 Mb in Karachaev. Andean had the greatest number of the ROH segments (total of 8496), while 3094 ROH segments were found in Buubei. Short ROH segments (&lt; 2 Mb) were predominant in all breeds and varied from 96.83% in Andean to 99.87% in Buubei. The frequencies of the ROH segments of 8–16 Mb ranged from 0.03% in Karakul to 0.18% in Andean. ROH segments of 8–16 Mb did not occur in the Buubei and Lezgin breeds. The ROH segments were found on all autosomes. The largest genome coverage in the ROH was identified on OAR1, OAR 12 and OAR 20 and the lowest was accounted for OAR 17, OAR 18 and OAR 19. The values FROH ranged from 0.042 in Buubei to 0.084 in Andean. Except of Andean, no traces of long-term inbreeding were detected in local breeds. The obtained data are relevant for future sustainable management of native fat-tailed sheep breeds in Russia. The study was funded by RSF No. 19-16-00070.
PSX-5 Duration of preslaughter stress in winter on physiological responses and meat quality in goats
Authors: Naldurtiker Aditya , Batchu Phaneendra , Estrada-Reyes Zaira , Kouakou Brou , Terrill Thomas H , Kannan Govind 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Transportation conditions can significantly affect physiological status and meat quality in goats. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of duration of preslaughter stress on physiological responses and meat quality in goats. Fifty-four uncastrated male Spanish goats (8-mo old; BW = 29.7 ± 2.03 kg) were randomly subjected to one of three treatments (n = 18 goats/treatment): (i) transported for 3 h, (ii) transported for 30 min, or (iii) held in pens (control) on two different days. The ambient temperatures were -3.0 ± 1.0 ºC and 1.0 ± 1.0 ºC on day 1 and 2, respectively. Blood samples were collected before (covariate) and after transport for differential leukocyte count and plasma cortisol concentration determinations. Goats were slaughtered using humane procedures for meat quality analysis. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS with treatment and day as factors. Cortisol concentrations were higher (P &lt; 0.01) in both 3 h (117.7 ± 7.96 ng/mL) and 30 min (130.1 ± 8.05 ng/mL) transported groups compared to the control group (27.5 ± 7.59 ng/mL). Lymphocyte counts were lower (P &lt; 0.01) in 3 h group compared to the other two groups, and the overall counts were also lower (P &lt; 0.05) on day 1 compared to day 2. The initial Longissimus muscle pH (15 min) was lower on day 1 (6.79 ± 0.04) compared to day 2 (6.94 ± 0.05) and the final pH (24 h) was higher on day 1 (6.31 ± 0.04) than on day 2 (6.14 ± 0.04). Treatment did not influence live or carcass weights, nor did it affect the L*, a*, and b* values of loin chops. The results indicate that ambient temperature during transport may be more important in determining stress responses and muscle pH decline than duration of transportation in goats during winter.
PSVII-26 Detection of selection signatures in Civil and Large White pig breeds
Authors: Getmantseva Lyubov , Bakoev Siroj , Kostyunina Olga V , Traspov Alexey , Prytkov Yuri , Bakoev Nekruz 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The detection of selection signatures can help to understand the mechanisms of artificial selection. The purpose of this work is to determine the selection signatures in Civil pig relatively Large White breed. The research was carried out on Large White of three breeding centers (LW_1_New=16, LW_2_New=12, LW_3_New=15) and Civilskay, bred in Russia on the basis of local pigs and Large White boars, (Civil=17). GeneSeek GGP Porcine HD BeadChip (San Diego, USA) was used. A heatmap plot of genomic relationship matrix (GRM) was used to evaluate genetic variability between populations. The signals of diversifying selection were detected using Fst and Smoothing Fst (R package Lokern). QTLs and genes were identified and annotated in the Ensembl genome browser (Sscrofa 11.1) (https://www.ensembl.org/index.html), Panther 15.0 (http://www.pantherdb.org/) and QTLdb (https://www.animalgenome.org/cgi-bin/QTLdb/index).Data visualization from heatmapplot (Fig.) showed that all individuals are grouped in relation to their groups. However, the groups LW_1_New, LW_3_New and CIVIL were separated from LW_2_New. We have selected LW_1_New, LW_3_New and CIVIL to identify the selection signatures. After smoothing of the data by moving average, top 0.1% of the observations were considered as pinpointing CIVIL-specific selection signals. As a result, genome regions with strong selection signals on SSC1:214634036-217738857, SSSC2:137533941-138048506, SSC4:24655041-30832595, SSC7:27386432-28655399 and SSC8:55806826-56299366 were found. In these areas, 535 QTLs have been identified, including 347 QTLs for Meat and Carcass Traits (the majority related to Backfat), 67 QTLs Production (Average daily gain or Body weight), 62 QTLs Health (Mean corpuscular volume, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae susceptibility et al.), 32 QTLs Reproduction (Teat number) and 27 QTLs Exterior (Leg conformation). In general, 32 genes are defined in these regions (SSC1-11; SSC2-5; SSC4-10; SSC7-3; SSC8-3) (Table). They are mainly involved in the following biological processes: metabolic (GO:0008152), cellular (GO:0009987) and biological regulation (GO:0065007). This research was supported by the Russian Scientific Foundation (RSF) within Project No. 19-16-00109.