bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 covers the main reasons for adopting the methods of quantum field theory (QFT) to study the critical phenomena. It presents both the canonical quantization and the path integral formulation of the field theories as well as the analysis of the perturbation theory. The chapter also covers transfer matrix formalism and the Euclidean aspects of QFT, the field theory of the Ising model, Feynman diagrams, correlation functions in coordinate space, the Minkowski space and the Legendre transformation and vertex functions. Everything in this chapter will be needed sooner or later, since it highlights most of the relevant aspects of quantum field theory.
Symbolic Management beyond the Firm Level
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We describe forms of symbolic management that cross organizational boundaries, including symbolic management by firm leaders about the leadership, strategy, and governance of particular other firms, and symbolic management by and for larger groups of leaders and their firms. We suggest how such “symbolic management support” not only has a significant impact on how constituents evaluate particular firms and their leaders, but over an extended period of time it has had a deeper influence on the normative assumptions of journalists and analysts about leadership and governance, contributing to a historical shift in the institutional logics of governance. Finally, we reveal how firm leaders have engaged in symbolic management about the social structure of corporate leadership elite as a community and how these communications have contributed to a growing decoupling between the social structure of corporate leadership as it appears to constituents, and the actual social networks of firm leaders.
Social Network Ties and Symbolic Management
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this chapter we examine social network ties among firm leaders as a key determinant of symbolic management. After reviewing extant theory about the role of board interlock ties in symbolic management, we explain how other kinds of ties between firm leaders facilitate various forms of symbolic action and decoupling, including (1) director ties between informal groups of firm leaders, (2) social exchange ties between leaders, (3) personal friendship ties between leaders, and (4) mutual ties to management consultants. In suggesting how network ties facilitate decoupling, we also reveal a separation between appearances and reality with respect to the social structure of corporate leadership, wherein corporate stakeholders tend to underestimate the prevalence of social connections among firm leaders, and the resulting frequency of leader communication, cooperation, and collusion.
Social Influence Processes in Leader–Stakeholder Relations
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this chapter we describe common social influence processes in relations between firm leaders and external stakeholders, with particular attention to ingratiation, favor rendering, and negative reciprocity, which our research suggests are the most impactful micro-level influence processes in leader–constituent relations. We contend that the inconspicuous nature of these processes complements the more public forms of symbolic action described in Part I. They maintain the appearance of objective evaluation and control by financial market actors, while protecting managerial discretion over firm strategy and governance, thus supporting the ceremonial inspection and evaluation that makes symbolic decoupling possible, and preserving the dominance of corporate elites.
The Social Psychological Dynamics of Symbolic Management
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
While previous chapters described dyad-level and group-level behavioral processes of symbolic management, in this chapter we examine processes of symbolic management at a more micro-level of analysis. We describe a kind of self-regulated cognition in which managers and directors reflect on personal and social characteristics held in common with colleagues, and avoid thoughts about attributes not shared, prior to interaction. We explain how such cognitions increase the efficiency and efficacy of social influence behavior toward powerful colleagues within the firm, security analysts, and powerful institutional investors. We further describe how managers engage in self-regulated cognition about firm strategy and governance prior to social influence opportunities with security analysts and institutional investors, and how such cognitions enhance the efficacy of impression management. We also reveal important side benefits of self-regulated cognition, including reduced symptoms of burnout in top executives, and reduced interpersonal conflict in diverse top management teams.
Completing Clock B
Authors: Frodsham & Co. Charles 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Charles Frodsham & Co. completed the work on Clock B that finalised its aesthetic and enabled it to run effectively in a sealed case with minimal human interaction for very long periods. This chapter documents their work on the clock and discusses their choices for implementing modern materials, such as Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as bushing for gold pivots in the grasshopper escapement. It presents the reasoning for changing Burgess’s original method of driving the clock, which is found on Clock A (also known as the Gurney Clock). Instead of using a weight on a Huygens endless chain with motorised rewind, the team elected to use an unobtrusive weighted arm with electrical rewind to drive the clock.
Conceptual Baggage of Empirical Research
Authors: Möllers Christoph 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that when philosophical theories of normativity miss the mark concerning the social practice of normativity, they thereby miss a side of the normative that is empirically accessible and can be recognized and described in time and space. In order to substantiate this claim, four models are examined so as to explicate how they relate to the question of social norms' empirical recognizability. The first concerns the rationalization of the normative through generalizability, as drawn from Kantian philosophy. Next, the chapter covers a model drawn from David Hume concerning the empiricization of the normative. Power, or the absorption of the normative, is next discussed. Finally, the chapter studies moral realism.
Interlude I: False Juxtapositions for the Description of Norms
Authors: Möllers Christoph 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines pairs of conceptual alternatives in order to develop a notion of what marks a normative practice. These are alternatives between which many theories of normativity implicitly or explicitly take sides. This chapter is concerned with a critique of the notion that norms could appropriately be described by reference to these alternatives or juxtapositions. This form of critique is necessary because in many theories of normativity one of these alternatives is presented as the exclusive explanatory option. Because the deficit of this approach does not simply lie in the quality of the explanatory option presented, but already in discussing questions of normativity within such a framework of alternatives. That is because these alternative pairs are assumed to conceptually mislead in their exclusivity. As distinctions, these alternatives have a limited descriptive capacity; as exclusive, counter-positional alternative pairs, they lead to lamentably narrow notions of social normativity.
The Possibility of Norms
Authors: Möllers Christoph 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter develops a two-part concept of norms: norms consist of a possibility and a marking that affirms the realization of said possibility. It introduces a model or a distinction, stemming from the theory of intentionality, as a rudimentary concept of normativity. This distinction is of pertinent interest for the question because of what it captures and what it leaves out. The model offers an inclusive and wieldy notion of the normative. The chapter builds upon the model with further questions, all of which have their own justification. From here, the chapter is concerned with developing the conceptual precondition of the concept of social normativity itself.
The Reality of Norms
Authors: Möllers Christoph 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers three areas in laying the foundations for normativity: formalization, authorization, and written fixation. Formalization here is defined as the techniques by which a normative order defines its own elements and thereby makes them distinguishable from each other, and from elements of other orders. The chapter then takes a look at how the practice of the normative often relies on the metaphor of the source. From there, the chapter looks into the relationship between informality and formality of norm authorization. Finally, the chapter describes how the written word is one of the important techniques through which norms are portrayed and formalized.
The Meaning and Function of Social Norms
Authors: Möllers Christoph 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that a social norm affirms the realization of a possibility. This notion does without a justificatory element because the concept is supposed to be used to describe, not evaluate, social practice. The concept does without a criterion of success, a measure for a norm being established. Finally, the concept does without the threat of sanctions. Every norm carries with it a specific sanction. Norms create a tension with reality, which they seek to bring into harmony with themselves. The more successful a norm is in terms of being in accord with the course of events, the less obvious it becomes what noticeably distinguishes the norm from this very course of events. This is why normative orders deploy numerous instruments for securing their own distinguishability. It is only in this distinguishability from reality that norms find their achievement, thereby fulfilling a number of different functions. But, as this chapter shows, social norms are just as irreducible to a certain function as appropriate descriptions are.
Research Perspectives
Authors: Möllers Christoph 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers some research perspectives. In the realm of empirics, it discusses a twofold level of observation and examines the description of forms as a point of departure. It also looks at the observation of social norms. Next, this chapter turns to norms beyond functional differentiation and autonomy. Here, it considers Luhmann's model of the pure norm. It comments on the inevitable hybrid character of social norms as well. In addition to these remarks, the chapter turns toward the challenge of historicism and the project of a comparison of theories, after which it discusses two perspectives on normativity succeeding—over-normativization and under-normativization.
Online Revolution
Authors: Jemielniak Dariusz 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses three major changes resulting from the emerging communication technologies. It addresses the new forms of shaping relations online. Friendships, intimacy, the rise of weak ties, as well as an increased fluidity of relations are discussed. Next, the chapter addresses the demise of expert knowledge. Starting with McDonaldization of higher education and the rise of anti-intellectual sentiments, the chapter addresses the new trends in democratizing knowledge. While recognizing highly positive aspects of the turn, such as citizen science, Wikipedia, or free/open source movement, it also addresses the darker and more troubling processes, such as anti-scientific sentiments, pseudotheories, and the takeover of knowledge production and distribution by quacks. Finally, the chapter focuses on sharing economy. By problematizing the “sharing” premise, as well as by showing the impact of the ongoing change reaching far beyond economy itself, the chapter introduces the notion of collaborative society, as better covering the social change we witness.
Final Remarks
Authors: Jemielniak Dariusz 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter includes the final remarks about conducting digital social studies. It summarizes the book briefly and encourages to start own independent projects. This monograph has presented the variety of approaches and tools to conduct social research of and through the online world. It explained why the Internet ought to be the subject of sociological studies, and why even traditional social sciences projects ought to include elements of online research. It identified three trends that are strictly connected with the development of communication technology and networks (online transformation of interpersonal relations, crisis of expert knowledge, and the sharing economy). It indicated their importance in many areas, and the need for deep and recurring social science analyses due to the high changeability of the phenomena. It then described the main quantitative approaches, focusing on those that do not require long-term specialist training. It highlighted those qualitative methods that may be used to interpret quantitative research and be a starting point for qualitative analysis. It outlined the possibilities of doing online cultural studies—studying products of Internet culture as a valid method of doing social sciences. Finally, it outlined the ethical considerations that every author of a digital study ought to consider.
The Italian Approach to Colonialism
Authors: Scovazzi Tullio 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Italian colonial experience, which started late 1869 (and, officially, 1882) is a betrayal of the principle of nationality that constituted the very foundation of the new Italian State (1861). Mancini developed the theory of nationality as the foundation of international law in a public lecture made in 1851. What could hardly be expected is that the same Mancini, who became minister of foreign affairs after the Italian unification, was among the promoters of the Italian colonialist policy along the coast of the Red Sea. He stated that international law did not apply to the territories inhabited by wild tribes and colonialized by civilized nations, that colonies were intended as the preferable destination for the growing flow of Italian emigrants and that colonial campaigns were a training opportunity for the Italian army that would otherwise remain idle in barracks. The historic defeat of Adwa (1896) showed how opportunistic was the Italian concept of nationality.
The Influence of Italian International Law Scholars on the Crafting of the 1948 Constitution
Authors: Virzo Roberto 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Italian Constitution is infused with a strong internationalist spirit. This is due to the influence of a number of Italian international law scholars of the time, who provided an important contribution to the conception and drafting of the most internationally oriented provisions in the Constitution. In order to illustrate the debate that brought international law aspects into the constitution-making process, and both the influence exercised by contemporary scholars and the role played by the elected members of the Constituent Assembly in finally settling such issues, it is crucial to examine the debates raised within the Forti Commission as well as during the activities of the Constituent Assembly. This analysis will permit us to appreciate not only the international law scholars’ contribution to framing the constitutional provisions that incorporate ‘international precepts’, but also the specialist expertise of many members of the Constituent Assembly, and their common internationalist approach.
Judicial Review of Economic (and Monetary) Policy: The National Courts
Authors: Markakis Menelaos 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the jurisprudence of national courts on crisis-related measures. The material presented in this chapter will be divided into two parts. First, this chapter will examine some of the most important judgments delivered by courts in lender states during the Euro crisis, the emphasis being on the jurisprudence of the German Federal Constitutional Court. These cases primarily focus on the effects of financial assistance mechanisms and revised EU fiscal governance rules on the principle of democracy, parliamentary prerogatives, and national budgetary powers. A further strand of case law focuses on the measures adopted by the European Central Bank. Second, this chapter will look at review by national courts in borrower states, the principal focus being on social challenges brought by austerity-hit litigants in Greece. The comparative analysis sheds light on the different types of challenge facing courts in borrower and lender states, as well as the different starting points and the subtle differences in the reasoning provided by courts in their judgments. As regards borrower states in particular, the twin challenge is to examine to what extent litigants had any success in challenging in national courts the bailout conditions; and the extent to which arguments about civil or socio-economic rights had purchase at national level. The chapter further looks at review by national courts in other jurisdictions, as well as review by supranational and international courts or bodies. Last, it puts forward a number of ideas on fundamental rights adjudication in times of economic crisis.
Recommendations
Authors: Markakis Menelaos 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter draws together the implications of the Euro crisis for the EU and its Member States and critically evaluates the shortcomings of the Treaty schema in terms of transparency and accountability. The discussion begins with the measures intended to ‘complete’ and ‘deepen’ the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). It sets out the author’s own view regarding the key reforms that would be necessary, albeit one that is informed by the proposals made by the EU institutions. These include a reform of the EU fiscal rules; the provision of technical assistance to Member States implementing structural reforms; establishing a Euro area stabilization function; completing the Banking Union and making progress towards a Capital Markets Union; and strengthening the role of EU financial watchdogs. This chapter further puts forward a number of concrete proposals on how to bolster transparency and accountability in the area of EMU, the dividing line being between those proposals that could be implemented without a Treaty amendment and those reforms that would require a Treaty revision. It further addresses separately accountability (and transparency) in the Banking Union, as well as the role of EU courts in the EMU.
Introduction
Authors: Michalopoulos Constantine 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The first part of the Introduction summarizes the main development challenges facing the global community in the 1990s and the key policy and programme changes that became the focus of the collaboration among the four women Ministers for International Development: Eveline Herfkens of the Netherlands, Hilde F. Johnson of Norway, Clare Short of the United Kingdom, and Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul of Germany, the so-called Utstein Four. The second part describes briefly the content of each of the chapters of the volume.
The Legacy in Troubled Times
Authors: Michalopoulos Constantine 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The deep crisis which afflicted the developed countries in 2008 ushered in a new era with complex impacts on development cooperation. In 2015 the UN was able to celebrate the achievement of substantial progress in meeting the MDGs and to set up a new set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to be achieved by 2030. But the crisis resulted in tight budgets in several European countries and led to reductions in their aid flows as well as changing attitudes towards economic assistance. Developing country needs also changed with emerging powers needing less aid and fragile states receiving greater international attention. The combination led to a variety of new aid practices and forms of collaboration which affected aid effectiveness, some adversely. This chapter reviews international cooperation for development as well as the U4 aid programmes during the past decade in order to gauge the relevance of the U4 legacy to the continuing challenges of eradicating poverty and achieving sustainable development.
Speaking (of) Faces
Authors: Harvey Elizabeth D. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Measure for Measure is a play that reveals how bodily and affective language is entangled with anatomical understandings of muscles, gesture, and early modern psychology. The face was the primary map for the passions and the mobility of shifting affects, as well as the body’s primary social façade; its complex ability to register or to contain emotion is embedded in the languages of intersubjective interaction, a social geography of communication. This chapter explores how passionate expression is registered as somatic speech acts through readings of facial expression and in moments of disguise (veiling, muffling, substitution). The play stages how human desire flows between and among people, how it solicits and resists legal and political regulation, and how it operates invisibly both as a felt force for the individual subject and as an uncontainable force moving between human subjects.
The Beauty of Jesus Christ
Authors: O'Collins, S.J. Gerald 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Commenting on a royal wedding song in his Expositions of the Psalms, St Augustine of Hippo recognized beauty at every stage in the story of Jesus Christ—from his pre-existence ‘in heaven’, through the incarnation, childhood, public ministry of preaching the kingdom and working miracles, passion, crucifixion, entombment, resurrection, ascension, and glorious life ‘in heaven’. By dwelling on the passion, Augustine showed that he knew the difficulty involved in acknowledging that Jesus was beautiful ‘under the scourges’ and beautiful ‘on the cross’. Augustine never filled out his laconic summary. This book breaks new ground by using Augustine’s summary and illustrating the beauty of Christ in every ‘mystery’ of his story. It adds to Augustine’s list by exploring the beauty of Christ revealed in his so-called ‘hidden life’, the transfiguration, and post-resurrection sending of the Holy Spirit.
‘Beautiful on Earth’
Authors: O’Collins, S.J. Gerald 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The prologue of John’s Gospel presents the glory of Jesus, something closely associated with his beauty, as being already being there from the very beginning of his historical existence and not postponed to his risen state. Jesus is also the Light of the world, which led to the creedal confession of his being Light from Light—or, as we might say, Beauty from Beauty. The beauty of light is the most perfect manifestation of the divine reality. The language of Christ as Light from Light entered Christian theology and liturgy. Glory and beauty attached to the images of the coming Messiah and Son of Man and, even more, to the image of Christ as divine Bridegroom. Augustine rightly acclaimed the beauty of the incarnation.
‘Beautiful in His Miracles, Beautiful in Calling to Life’
Authors: O’Collins, S.J. Gerald 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The beauty that Augustine found in the miracles of Christ is exemplified in the healing of a leper, the feeding of the five thousand, and the raising of the dead son of a widow in Nain. The same manifestation of beauty occurs in other miracles, like two healings of disabled persons that took place in a synagogue on a Sabbath day. Such parables as those of the Good Samaritan and the Prodigal Son show Jesus to be beautiful in his preaching. Beauty also comes through the beatitudes which, according to Matthew and Luke, characterized and summarized the teaching of Jesus. All four Gospels witness to the impact that the beauty of Jesus enjoyed on his audiences, and not least on children who were drawn to him.