bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'animal, prétexte d'une analyse renouvelée des relations juridiques entre l'homme et l'environnement
Authors: Billet Philippe 
Published: February 2020

Le droit a partagé le monde en deux : d'un côté, les personnes ; de l'autre, les choses, tout ce qui n'est pas une personne étant nécessairement une chose, objet de droit. Ce statut de chose n'est cependant pas adapté à l'animal « être sensible » que certains voudraient voir sujet de droit et imposent de rechercher un statut alternatif. Le statut de « personne non humaine » qui est le plus souvent revendiqué est cependant sujet à caution et ne peut être envisagé qu'avec d'infinies précautions. Sans doute conviendrait-il de lui conférer un statut intermédiaire entre la personne et la chose sans en faire la personne qu'il n'est pas, même non humaine, faire du respect de l'animal une obligation effective et fonder ces obligations sur la dignité de l'homme autant que sur la dignité animale.
Performance and Satisfaction of Second-Degree BSN Students in Web-Based and Traditional Course Delivery Environments
Authors: Kearns Lauren E. , Shoaf Jennifer R. , Summey Marguerite B. 
Published: February 2020

The rapid growth of Web-based education presents many challenges for educational institutions. Educators are obligated to ascertain that Web-based courses and curricula meet students’ needs, while achieving curricular objectives. Performance of second-degree bachelor of science in nursing students enrolled in two course delivery methods (i.e., Web-based and traditional classroom with Web enhancements) was evaluated by comparing mean aggregate final course grades and composite examination scores. In addition, factors that contributed to student satisfaction with the method of course delivery were identified.
Students in the Web-based course scored significantly higher on both performance measures, whereas students in the traditional course were more satisfied. These data suggest that Web-based courses and curricula are valid alternatives to the traditional classroom method, and may help reverse today’s nursing environment of cyclical shortages and declining nursing school enrollments.
A multi-model analysis of teleconnected crop yield variability in a range of cropping systems
Authors: Heino Matias , Guillaume Joseph H. A. , Müller Christoph , Iizumi Toshichika , Kummu Matti 
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Climate oscillations are periodically fluctuating oceanic and atmospheric phenomena, which are related to variations in weather patterns and crop yields worldwide. In terms of crop production, the most widespread impacts have been observed for the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which has been found to impact crop yields on all continents that produce crops, while two other climate oscillations – the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) – have been shown to especially impact crop production in Australia and Europe, respectively. In this study, we analyse the impacts of ENSO, IOD, and NAO on the growing conditions of maize, rice, soybean, and wheat at the global scale by utilising crop yield data from an ensemble of global gridded crop models simulated for a range of crop management scenarios. Our results show that, while accounting for their potential co-variation, climate oscillations are correlated with simulated crop yield variability to a wide extent (half of all maize and wheat harvested areas for ENSO) and in several important crop-producing areas, e.g. in North America (ENSO, wheat), Australia (IOD and ENSO, wheat), and northern South America (ENSO, soybean). Further, our analyses show that higher sensitivity to these oscillations can be observed for rainfed and fully fertilised scenarios, while the sensitivity tends to be lower if crops were to be fully irrigated. Since the development of ENSO, IOD, and NAO can potentially be forecasted well in advance, a better understanding about the relationship between crop production and these climate oscillations can improve the resilience of the global food system to climate-related shocks.
Variations in soil chemical and physical properties explain basin-wide Amazon forest soil carbon concentrations
Authors: Quesada Carlos Alberto , Paz Claudia , Oblitas Mendoza Erick , Phillips Oliver Lawrence , Saiz Gustavo , Lloyd Jon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract. We investigate the edaphic, mineralogical and climatic controls of soil
organic carbon (SOC) concentration utilising data from 147 primary forest
soils (0–30 cm depth) sampled in eight different countries across the Amazon
Basin. Sampled across 14 different World Reference Base soil groups, our
data suggest that stabilisation mechanism varies with pedogenetic level.
Specifically, although SOC concentrations in Ferralsols and Acrisols were
best explained by simple variations in clay content – this presumably being
due to their relatively uniform kaolinitic mineralogy – this was not the
case for less weathered soils such as Alisols, Cambisols and Plinthosols for
which interactions between Al species, soil pH and litter quality are argued
to be much more important. Although for more strongly weathered soils the
majority of SOC is located within the aggregate fraction, for the less
weathered soils most of the SOC is located within the silt and clay
fractions. It thus seems that for highly weathered soils SOC storage is
mostly influenced by surface area variations arising from clay content, with
physical protection inside aggregates rendering an additional level of
protection against decomposition. On the other hand, most of the SOC in less
weathered soils is associated with the precipitation of aluminium–carbon
complexes within the fine soil fraction, with this mechanism enhanced by the
presence of high levels of aromatic, carboxyl-rich organic matter compounds.
Also examined as part of this study were a relatively small number of arenic
soils (viz. Arenosols and Podzols) for which there was a small but significant
influence of clay and silt content variations on SOM storage, with
fractionation studies showing that particulate organic matter may account
for up to 0.60 of arenic soil SOC. In contrast to what were in all cases
strong influences of soil and/or litter quality properties, after accounting
for these effects neither wood productivity, above-ground biomass nor
precipitation/temperature variations were found to exert any significant
influence on SOC stocks. These results have important implications for our
understanding of how Amazon forest soils are likely to respond to ongoing
and future climate changes.
Algal growth and weathering crust state drive variability in western Greenland Ice Sheet ice albedo
Authors: Tedstone Andrew J. , Cook Joseph M. , Williamson Christopher J. , Hofer Stefan , McCutcheon Jenine , Irvine-Fynn Tristram , Gribbin Thomas , Tranter Martyn 
Published: February 2020

Abstract. One of the primary controls upon the melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is albedo, a measure of how much solar radiation that hits a surface is reflected without being absorbed. Lower-albedo snow and ice surfaces therefore warm more quickly. There is a major difference in the albedo of snow-covered versus bare-ice surfaces, but observations also show that there is substantial spatio-temporal variability of up to ∼0.4 in bare-ice albedo.
Variability in bare-ice albedo has been attributed to a number of processes including the accumulation of light-absorbing impurities (LAIs) and the changing physical properties of the near-surface ice. However, the combined impact of these processes upon albedo remains poorly constrained.
Here we use field observations to show that pigmented glacier algae are ubiquitous and cause surface darkening both within and outside the south-west GrIS “dark zone” but that other factors including modification of the ice surface by algal bloom presence, surface topography and weathering crust state are also important in determining patterns of daily albedo variability.
We further use observations from an unmanned aerial system (UAS) to examine the scale gap in albedo between ground versus remotely sensed measurements made by Sentinel-2 (S-2) and MODIS.
S-2 observations provide a highly conservative estimate of algal bloom presence because algal blooms occur in patches much smaller than the ground resolution of S-2 data. Nevertheless, the bare-ice albedo distribution at the scale of 20 m×20 m S-2 pixels is generally unimodal and unskewed.
Conversely, bare-ice surfaces have a left-skewed albedo distribution at MODIS MOD10A1 scales. Thus, when MOD10A1 observations are used as input to energy balance modelling, meltwater production can be underestimated by ∼2 %.
Our study highlights that (1) the impact of the weathering crust state is of similar importance to the direct darkening role of light-absorbing impurities upon ice albedo and (2) there is a spatial-scale dependency in albedo measurement which reduces detection of real changes at coarser resolutions.
Fully Convolutional Networks for Text Understanding in Scene Images
Authors: Bazazian Dena 
Published: February 2020

Text understanding in scene images has gained plenty of attention in the computer vision community and it is an important task in many applications as text carries semantically rich information about scene content and context. For instance, reading text in a scene can be applied to autonomous driving, scene understanding or assisting visually impaired people. The general aim of scene text understanding is to localize and recognize text in scene images. Text regions are first localized in the original image by a trained detector model and afterwards fed into a recognition module. The tasks of localization and recognition are highly correlated since an inaccurate localization can affect the recognition task. The main purpose of this thesis is to devise efficient methods for scene text understanding. We investigate how the latest results on deep learning can advance text understanding pipelines. Recently, Fully Convolutional Networks (FCNs) and derived methods have achieved a significant performance on semantic segmentation and pixel level classification tasks. Therefore, we took benefit of the strengths of FCN approaches in order to detect and recognize text in natural scenes images.
Redes virtuales, nuevo espacio para el arte. Una lectura desde la transgresión
Authors: Fernández Cabaleiro María Begoña 
Published: February 2020

Los nuevos medios y espacios expositivos en red están provocando profundas transformaciones en el entramado artístico constituido a lo largo de la Historia. Surge una nueva forma de afrontar la creación de obras de arte y los espacios donde mostrarlas al público: el espacio virtual se convierte en una realidad viva y activa que ensombrece a los espacios tradicionales como museos o galerías. La reproductibilidad técnica que apuntaba Walter Benjamin ha dado paso a la difusión ilimitada de la obra de arte través de redes sociales donde la obra de arte es objeto de manipulación, transformación y transgresión de importantes consecuencias. La gran obra de arte ha salido del «santuario» expositivo de museos y galerías de colecciones. La red casi infinita es el nuevo espacio de la obra transgredida. El público anónimo es el gran transgresor transformador.
Carriage of Distinct mcr‐1‐Harboring Plasmids by Unusual Serotypes of Salmonella
Authors: Tang Biao , Chang Jiang , Zhang Ling , Liu Lizhang , Xia Xiaodong , Hassan Bachar H. , Jia Xu , Yang Hua , Feng Youjun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractColistin acts as a last‐resort antibiotic against lethal infections by carbapenem‐resistant Enterobacterial pathogens. Enterobacteriaceae carrying mobile colistin resistance (MCR) genes are rapidly emerging and threatening human health and food safety. Despite mcr‐1 being prevalent in Escherichia coli, its dissemination in Salmonella is not well characterized. Herein, two unusual serotypes of colistin‐resistant Salmonella isolates are reported first, namely serotype Ngor (ST5399) and Goldcoast (ST2529). Using whole genome sequencing, it is shown that mcr‐1 is located on the IncHI2‐like plasmid pTB501 (188,527 bp) of strain SSDFZ54 and the IncX4‐type plasmid pTB602 (33,303 bp) in strain SSDFZ69, respectively. Furthermore, the backbone, tra‐ and antimicrobial resistance genes relative variable regions in the mcr‐1‐bearing IncHI2 plasmids are systematically characterized. Phylogenetic analysis shows that all IncHI2‐type plasmids from non‐Chinese regions are clustered together, suggesting a possible Chinese origin. Taken together, these findings extend the understanding of Salmonella as a vehicle of mcr‐1 carriage and distribution.
Stereoselective Synthesis of CF3‐Containing Spirooxindoles via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition by Dipeptide‐Based Phosphonium Salt Catalysis
Authors: Liu Xin , Lu Dongming , Wu Jia‐Hong , Tan Jian‐Ping , Jiang Chunhui , Gao Guowei , Wang Tianli 
Published: February 2020

AbstractReported here is an alternative method for asymmetric synthesis of the CF3‐substituted 3,2′‐pyrrolidinyl spirooxindoles via 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition by employing dipeptide‐based chiral phosphonium salt as a phase‐transfer catalyst. Under the optimal reaction conditions, a variety of CF3‐substituted 3,2′‐pyrrolidinyl spirooxindole derivatives were readily prepared in high yields as a single diastereomer with high enantiomeric access (>20:1 dr and up to 94% ee).magnified image
Human Platelet Lysates‐Based Hydrogels: A Novel Personalized 3D Platform for Spheroid Invasion Assessment
Authors: Monteiro Cátia F. , Santos Sara C. , Custódio Catarina A. , Mano João F. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFundamental physiologic and pathologic phenomena such as wound healing and cancer metastasis are typically associated with the migration of cells through adjacent extracellular matrix. In recent years, advances in biomimetic materials have supported the progress in 3D cell culture and provided biomedical tools for the development of models to study spheroid invasiveness. Despite this, the exceptional biochemical and biomechanical properties of human‐derived materials are poorly explored. Human methacryloyl platelet lysates (PLMA)‐based hydrogels are herein proposed as reliable 3D platforms to sustain in vivo‐like cell invasion mechanisms. A systematic analysis of spheroid viability, size, and invasiveness is performed in three biomimetic materials: PLMA hydrogels at three different concentrations, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, and Matrigel. Results demonstrate that PLMA hydrogels perfectly support the recapitulation of the tumor invasion behavior of cancer cell lines (MG‐63, SaOS‐2, and A549) and human bone‐marrow mesenchymal stem cell spheroids. The distinct invasiveness ability of each cell type is reflected in the PLMA hydrogels and, furthermore, different mechanical properties produce an altered invasive behavior. The herein presented human PLMA‐based hydrogels could represent an opportunity to develop accurate cell invasiveness models and open up new possibilities for humanized and personalized high‐throughput screening and validation of anticancer drugs.
Zweizähnige chirale Bis(imidazolium)‐basierte Halogenbrückendonoren: Synthese und Anwendungen in enantioselektiver Erkennung und Katalyse
Authors: Sutar Revannath L. , Engelage Elric , Stoll Raphael , Huber Stefan M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObwohl Halogenbrücken – die nichtkovalenten Wechselwirkungen zwischen elektrophilen Halogensubstituenten und Lewis‐Basen – inzwischen in der molekularen Erkennung und der Katalyse etabliert sind, ist ihr Einsatz in enantioselektiven Prozessen noch sehr wenig untersucht. Wir präsentieren hier die Synthese chiraler zweizähniger Halogenbrückendonoren, die auf zwei Iodimidazoliumeinheiten mit starren chiralen Seitenarmen basieren. Mit diesen Lewis‐Säuren wird die chirale Erkennung eines racemischen Diamins in NMR‐Studien ermöglicht. Dichtefunktionalrechnungen unterstützen eine 1:1‐Wechselwirkung des Halogenbrückendonors mit beiden Enantiomeren und deuten darauf hin, dass die chirale Erkennung auf einer verschiedenen räumlichen Orientierung der Lewis‐Basen im Halogenbrückenkomplex beruht. Außerdem wird in einer Mukaiyama‐Aldolreaktion mit einer präorganisierten Variante des chiralen Halogenbrückendonors moderate Enantioselektivität erreicht. Hierbei wird erstmalig asymmetrische Induktion mit einem reinen Halogenbrückendonor erzielt, der keine weiteren aktiven funktionellen Gruppe aufweist.
Time‐Dependent Afterglow Color in a Single‐Component Organic Molecular Crystal
Authors: Wang Jian‐Xin , Fang Ye‐Guang , Li Chun‐Xiang , Niu Li‐Ya , Fang Wei‐Hai , Cui Ganglong , Yang Qing‐Zheng 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAn organic crystal of 4,4′‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl (pCBP) exhibits time‐dependent afterglow color from blue to orange over 1 s. Both experimental and computational data confirm that the color evolution results from well‐separated, long‐persistent thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) with different but comparable decay rates. TADF is enabled by a small S1–T1 energy gap of 0.7 kcal mol−1. The good separation of TADF and RTP is due to a 11.8 kcal mol−1 difference in the S0 energies of the S1 and T1 structures, indicating that apart from the excited‐state properties, tuning the ground state is also important for luminescence properties. This afterglow color evolution of pCBP allows its applications in anticounterfeiting and data encryption with high security levels.
Concise, Single‐Step Synthesis of Sulfur‐Enriched Graphene: Immobilization of Molecular Clusters and Battery Applications
Authors: Omachi Haruka , Inoue Tsukasa , Hatao Shuya , Shinohara Hisanori , Criado Alejandro , Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Syrgiannis Zois , Prato Maurizio 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe concise synthesis of sulfur‐enriched graphene for battery applications is reported. The direct treatment of graphene oxide (GO) with the commercially available Lawesson's reagent produced sulfur‐enriched‐reduced GO (S‐rGO). Various techniques, such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confirmed the occurrence of both sulfur functionalization and GO reduction. Also fabricated was a nanohybrid material by using S‐rGO with polyoxometalate (POM) as a cathode‐active material for a rechargeable battery. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that POM clusters were individually immobilized on the S‐rGO surface. This battery, based on a POM/S‐rGO complex, exhibited greater cycling stability for the charge‐discharge process than a battery with nanohybrid materials positioned between the POM and nonenriched rGO. These results demonstrate that the use of sulfur‐containing groups on a graphene surface can be extended to applications such as the catalysis of electrochemical reactions and electrodes in other battery systems.
Direct Regio‐ and Diastereoselective Synthesis of δ‐Lactams from Acrylamides and Unactivated Alkenes Initiated by RhIII‐Catalyzed C−H Activation
Authors: Lee Sumin , Semakul Natthawat , Rovis Tomislav 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe report a RhIII‐catalyzed regio‐ and diastereoselective synthesis of δ‐lactams from readily available acrylamide derivatives and unactivated alkenes. The reaction provides a rapid route to a diverse set of δ‐lactams in good yield and stereoselectivity, which serve as useful building blocks for substituted piperidines. The regioselectivity of the reaction with unactivated terminal alkene is significantly improved by using Cpt ligand on the RhIII catalyst. The synthetic utility of the reaction is demonstrated by the preparation of a potential drug candidate containing a trisubstituted piperidine moiety. Mechanistic studies show that the reversibility of the C−H activation depends on the choice of Cp ligand on the RhIII catalyst. The irreversible C−H activation is observed and becomes turnover‐limiting with [CptRhCl2]2 as catalyst.
Design, synthesis, and molecular docking of novel 2‐arylbenzothiazole multiangiokinase inhibitors targeting breast cancer
Authors: Abdel‐Mohsen Heba T. , Abd El‐Meguid Eman A. , El Kerdawy Ahmed M. , Mahmoud Abeer E. E. , Ali Mamdouh M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA novel series of 2‐arylbenzothiazoles 9, 10, and 12 were designed and synthesized as VEGFR‐2/FGFR‐1/PDGFR‐β multiangiokinase inhibitors targeting breast cancer. Structural elongation of the known 2‐phenylbenzothiazole scaffold (type I protein kinase inhibitor [PKI]), was carried out to afford series of type II PKIs 9, 10, and 12. Compounds 9d, 9f, 9i, and 9k exhibited potent multikinase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.19, 0.18, 0.17, and 0.13 μM, respectively, against VEGFR‐2; IC50 values of 0.28, 0.37, 0.19, and 0.27 μM, respectively, against FGFR‐1; and IC50 values of 0.07, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.14 μM, respectively, against PDGFR‐β. Moreover, the synthesized benzothiazoles demonstrated promising cytotoxic activity against the MCF‐7 cell line. The most potent benzothiazoles 9d and 9i exhibited IC50 values of 7.83 and 6.58 μM, respectively, on the MCF‐7 cell line in comparison to sorafenib (III), which showed IC50 = 4.33 μM. Additionally, 9d and 9i showed VEGFR‐2 inhibitory activity in MCF‐7 cells of 81% and 83% when compared with sorafenib (III), which showed 88% inhibition. Molecular docking of the designed compounds in the VEGFR‐2 and FGFR‐1 active sites showed the accommodation of the 2‐phenylbenzothiazole moiety, as reported, in the hinge region of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)‐binding site, while the amide moiety is involved in hydrogen bond interactions with the key amino acids in the gate area; this in turn directs the aryl group to the hydrophobic allosteric back pocket of the RTKs in a type II‐like binding mode. The synthesized benzothiazoles showed satisfactory ADME properties for further optimization in drug discovery.
Differential abundance analysis of Procyon and θ Sculptoris: Comparison with abundance patterns of solar‐like pairs
Authors: Cowley Charles R. , Yüce Kutluay , Bord Donald J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe precision differential abundance (PDA) technique is applied to the mid‐F stars Procyon and θ Scl using spectra from the ESO UVESPOP library. We relate PDA patterns to endogenous processes related to condensation or to exogenous processes connected to Galactic chemical evolution. We employ one‐dimensional LTE models, but emphasize the use of weaker lines (≤20 mÅ) that are typically used in such studies. We compare our results with PDAs of solar‐type stars. Abundances and PDAs are determined for 28 elements: C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd. A plot of PDAs (θ Scl minus Procyon) versus Z shows a highly significant correlation. Moreover, local substructure of the plot for the elements Ca‐Zn and neutron‐addition elements is similar to that which can be found for solar twins. Our PDA versus Z plot structural shows similarity to plots that can be made from the extensive work of Bedell et al. (2018). That PDA structure and substructure is clearly a function of age.
On the estimation of average treatment effects with right‐censored time to event outcome and competing risks
Authors: Ozenne Brice Maxime Hugues , Scheike Thomas Harder , Stærk Laila , Gerds Thomas Alexander 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe are interested in the estimation of average treatment effects based on right‐censored data of an observational study. We focus on causal inference of differences between t‐year absolute event risks in a situation with competing risks. We derive doubly robust estimation equations and implement estimators for the nuisance parameters based on working regression models for the outcome, censoring, and treatment distribution conditional on auxiliary baseline covariates. We use the functional delta method to show that these estimators are regular asymptotically linear estimators and estimate their variances based on estimates of their influence functions. In empirical studies, we assess the robustness of the estimators and the coverage of confidence intervals. The methods are further illustrated using data from a Danish registry study.