bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review on Use of Crushed Brick Powder as a Supplementary Cementitious Material
Authors: Mohan Mani , Apurva Aditya , Kumar Nishant , Ojha Abhishek 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In India, it is estimated that 250 billion bricks are produced annually in about 100,000 kilns present all over the country. Mainly due to inefficient production processes, most of the blocks manufactured are of inferior quality, which ultimately becomes a significant source of waste production. The characteristics of Construction and Demolition wastes (C&D) are difficult to predict, but a considerable component of this type of solid waste comprises of bricks in masonry work. As more and more civil structures are nearing the end of their expected lifespan, proper management and disposal of C&D wastes are necessary to obtain a sustainable environment. Ground waste clay brick is a prospective pozzolanic material due to dehydroxylation of clay minerals during its manufacturing process at temperatures between 450°C and 700°C, leading to the disintegration of crystalline phases and formation of reactive anhydrous amorphous phases. A review of the existing literature regarding the use of crushed brick powder (CBP) from waste bricks as well as demolition debris as a supplementary cementitious material has been conducted. It has been observed that the pozzolanic character of clay used for making brick comes from calcining it at an optimum temperature, which is different for different clays. Cement replacement by CBP in concrete mostly causes increased compressive, flexural, and split – tensile strength at 28 and 90 days, indicating good pozzolanic behaviour. 10 – 25% replacement by CBP gives acceptable values of Strength Activity Index (SAI) at 7 and 28 days. Pore refinement causing the formation of additional hydration products due to pozzolanic reaction as well as filler effect of CBP are the primary factors causing improved durability of concrete. Limited research has been done on the effect of the chemical composition of raw clay on the pozzolanic potential of CBP. Future scope in this area can be on enhancement of pozzolanicity in CBP, the study of high volume replacement of CBP in concrete, and the effect of CBP replacement on corrosion of rebar.
A Study on Tensile Properties of Bamboo Textile Reinforced Composites
Authors: Jazeel I S , Remanan Mini 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA composite material is a material, which combines complementary nature and features of two or more constituents to result in a new material with unique and outstanding characteristics when compared with its original constituents. Conventional fibres such as glass and carbon can be replaced by environment-friendly bamboo fibres having good mechanical properties. Also being fastest-growing plants in the world (growing at a rate of 3 cm per hour), bamboo is abundantly available. Better fibre-matrix interaction will result in good interfacial adhesion between fibre and matrix and thereby reduces voids in the composite. This paper describes the tensile properties of bamboo textile reinforced composites. In this study, two different types of bamboo textiles i.e. knitted and weaved are used. Hand layup technique was incorporated in the production of composites and after that, air-cooling is adopted. All the tensile testing specimens are prepared according to ASTM D3039. Variation of the tensile properties of composite with different layers of bamboo textile and age are studied. The number of layers varies from 1 to 10. Tensile properties of these two bidirectional bamboo textile reinforced composites are tested for 7 days and 28 days. Keeping, the fibre volume fraction constant, increasing the number of layers enhances the ultimate tensile strength. Further increase in the number of layers shows no considerable variation in its ultimate tensile strength. Modulus of elasticity and percentage elongation of bamboo textile reinforced composites are also investigated.
Sustainability of Construction with Textile Reinforced Concrete- A State of the Art
Authors: Alexander Anjana Elsa , Shashikala A P 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Steel reinforcement in reinforced concrete structure is prone to corrosion. It has been found that a sustainable building material that can be used to replace steel from the construction industry is textile reinforcement. Textiles of high strength and fine-grained mortar are used to make a composite material termed as Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC). This review paper presents an evaluation of different textiles that can be used as reinforcement in TRC, their bonding behaviour, durability characteristics and applications. A comprehensive overview on TRC reveals that TRC has excellent mechanical properties and durability characteristics. TRC is applicable for constructing lightweight, thin structural elements and for strengthening or repair of damaged structural elements.
Biochar Amended Concrete for Carbon Sequestration
Authors: Nair Jyothi J , Shika S , Sreedharan Vandana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
With the rapid increase in built-up areas around the world, and the emergence of new cities, there is a potential of sequestering carbon in civil infrastructures. Biochar is the by-product of the pyrolysis of biomass, which can be introduced to the cement mortar and the cement concrete, as a replacement of cement as well as an additive. Biochar is effective in the carbon sequestration activity and results in the high internal curing action due to the high-water absorptive capacity. As the percentage of biochar increases the amount of carbon dioxide adsorbed is also observed to increase. However, it is imperative that biochar addition should not compromise the strength characteristics of concrete. As a well-accepted fact, the pozzolanic activity plays large importance on the durability and the strength gain of concrete. The present study is aimed at investigating the pozzolanic activity of the biochar. Biochar specimens were subjected to different pre-treatments, and the corresponding changes in the pozzolanic activity were studied. The biomass used for the study was locally available coconut shells and the pre-treatment was done with the 0.1N HCl. The pozzolanic activity was checked by calculating the amount of Ca(OH)2 fixation during the titration. It was observed that treatments at higher temperatures have no significant effect on the pozzolanic activity. And this suggests that pre-treatment of biochar at room temperature is enough for enhanced pozzolanic activity. The study has reaffirmed the potential use of biochar in making sustainable concrete fit for carbon sequestration.
Feasible use of Recycled Foam Concrete in Cement Mortar
Authors: Lalrinmawii Evangeline , Sahu Santosini , Sarkar Pradip , Davis Robin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Lightweight foam concrete blocks have gained popularity over the last decade, particularly in the construction of interior infill walls. Consequently, the construction and demolition waste generated by such foam concrete blocks are increasing regularly. Recycling of these wastes and using them in cement mortar or concrete as partial replacement of conventional material can be an essential step towards the management of construction and demolition waste as well as conservation of natural resources leading to sustainability. The present study aims to assess the feasibility of recycled Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) and Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) blocks as a possible replacement of sand and cement in the manufacturing of mortar. This study investigates various physical and mechanical properties of mortar in which sand and cement are partially replaced with material from recycled AAC and CLC block. Chemical analysis of demolished AAC and CLC block samples determined using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis to find out the differences in composition between the conventional materials and replaced material. This study concludes that materials from recycled AAC and CLC block can be used in cement mortar as partial replacement of either cement or sand up to 15-20% without significant reduction of strength.
Analysis of Slab Culvert Bridges using Conventional Method and Grillage Method
Authors: Pandey Amit Kumar , Nagarajan Praveen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
IRC 112:2011, the Indian standard pertaining to concrete bridge design is based on the limit state design principle. It suggests the use of effective width method for the analysis of the structure. For many years, the analysis part of concrete bridge structures design has been based on two-dimensional (2D) analysis and the results obtained from longitudinal analysis were supposed to be valid over the whole bridge width. In this paper, the grillage method has been used to model and analyse the super-structure to get the three-dimensional effect, and a comparison of results between effective width method and grillage method is presented.
Bayesian Approach of Model Updating of Structural Parameters with Simulated Modal Data
Authors: Sengupta Partha , Chakraborty Subrata 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The present study investigates the effectiveness of Bayesian approach of model updating of structure, using simulated modal data sets as evidence. The importance of the prediction of error implemented in the proposed Bayesian framework to assess its capability in sampling posterior values with improved accuracy has been highlighted. The natural frequencies and mode shapes of the structure are taken only as the evidence. The study highlighted the importance of the likelihood functions corresponding to the prediction of error between the experimental and predicted data. The study also implemented the likelihood functions corresponding to the prediction of error variances of natural frequencies only in sampling posterior values with higher accuracy. The efficacy of the proposed approach in dealing with the issue of incomplete data sets, that makes the problem typically ill-conditioned, is duly addressed. The present work also implemented model reduction technique to synthesise the mode shape ordinates at unmeasured degrees of freedom (DOF) from the reduced-order model. In addition, the efficiency of the proposed model reduction algorithm is explored by adding noises of varying percentages to the measured mode shape values. The proposed methodology is illustrated numerically to update the stiffness parameters of an eight-storey shear building model, considering simulated datasets contaminated by Gaussian error as evidence. Results with both incomplete and complete data sets using the proposed Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach are studied. The accuracy on the synthesis of mode shapes from unmeasured DOF using model reduction algorithm is also studied.
Computational and Experimental Modal Analysis of a Three Storied Building Model
Authors: Thasneem M Murshida , Thankachan Prince , Madhavan Pillai T M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Vibration-based health monitoring assists in determining the modal parameters and damage identification of a structure. This paper presents the computational and experimental modal analysis of a single bay three-storied building with steel slabs and aluminium columns. Three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of the structure is analysed using ABAQUS, and natural frequencies in the first three translational modes are determined. These results are compared with those obtained from field impact testing. A small variation in analytical and experimental results may be due to the simplified assumptions in FEA, physical and numerical uncertainties.
Finite Element Modelling of Confined Masonry Wall under In-plane Cyclic Load
Authors: Borah Bonisha , Kaushik Hemant B , Singhal Vaibhav 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Confined masonry (CM) is an effective building construction technology for low-tech construction in seismic-prone regions. This paper focuses on developing a numerical model to study the in-plane seismic behaviour of CM wall. A half-scaled CM wall specimen is designed based on Mexican practice and tested under a combination of vertical load and in-plane cyclic load up to failure. Based on that a three dimensional (3D) finite element macro-modelling technique is developed using the commercial software package ABAQUS, where the masonry panel, RC tie-frame, and reinforcements are discretely modelled. The strength and stiffness degradation of masonry and concrete is defined using Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP), which is a damaged plasticity-based continuum constitutive model. All the input data in the numerical model are based on experimental test results and data obtained from past literature or inverse fitting, with justification. From the analysis, it is observed that the numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental. Therefore, the proposed model can be successfully practiced to model confined masonry walls.
Influence of Fibre Geometry on the Fracture of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Murugan Komathi , Stephen Stefie J , Gettu Ravindra 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) is used in various structural applications such as slabs, pavements, hydraulic structures, tunnel linings etc., due to their ability to limit the initiation and propagation of cracks, thereby improving the tensile load-carrying capacity and toughness. Two important parameters affecting the mechanical performance of a given SFRC are the type and dosage of fibres. The study presented in this paper examines the influence of fibre geometry on the fracture properties, considering two different types of cold-drawn hooked-ended steel fibres. Details of the pertaining experimental investigations conducted on SFRC with two different hooked-end geometries (denoted as 3D and 5D) at equivalent dosages are included; the tests conformed to EN 14651:2005+A1:2007. With the change in geometry, from the more conventional (3D) hooked-end with one kink, to that with three kinks at the ends (5D), even with a reduction of dosage from 45 to 35 kg/m3, 5D fibres were found to exhibit a slight superior performance than 3D fibres.
A Review on Fatigue Life Prediction of Plain Concrete
Authors: Renju D R , Keerthy M S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Fatigue analysis of concrete structures is important since it is the limiting factor to service life of many infrastructures. The heterogeneity in concrete and its complex behaviour upon repetitive loading makes the fatigue life prediction of concrete erratic. This paper presents a review on the fatigue life prediction models of plain concrete. Review includes the deterministic and probabilistic approach for the prediction of fatigue life of concrete. It has been observed that deterministic approach depends on certain parameters and initial conditions and is not reliable for the prediction of fatigue life of concrete. So there is a demand for a more generalised model based on probabilistic approach which includes randomness in the fatigue failure of concrete. Recent studies show utilisation of artificial neural network, a computational tool based on this approach can be utilised to predict the fatigue behaviour of concrete.
A Study on Effect of Fluid on the Modal Characteristics of Ground Supported Water Tanks
Authors: Anagha B V , Nimisha P , Jayalekshmi B R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Liquid storage tanks are one of the essential lifeline structures which should function even after natural disasters. Water tanks in particular are essential for proper supply of water in the affected areas and for fire-fighting purposes. Sloshing is an important phenomenon occurring in partially filled tank with free surface. It can cause violent liquid motions that can cause instability in carrier-vessel and structural damage in the tank walls. To maintain the structural integrity of the carrier vessels, modal characteristics should be known as the impact of sloshing will increase when the excitation frequency matches with the natural frequency of container and result in resonant condition. This study investigates the modal characteristics such as natural frequency, mode shapes of square tank by 3-D finite element method using ANSYS 2019 R1software. The effect of impulsive and convective frequency of tanks with different fill levels and different boundary conditions are considered.
Performance of Alkali-Activated Aerated Concrete using Class C Fly Ash
Authors: Muthu Kumar E 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper focuses on the factors influencing the properties of alkali-activated aerated paste and mortar with high calcium fly ash as the source material, by comparing oven and ambient curing conditions. Design of experiments with response surface methodology is used to study the influence of each of the parameters on the properties of alkali-activated paste and mortar. To achieve a stable pore formation with aeration cooled liquid alkaline solution with a temperature below 15°C is used. The influence of each of the factor and their interaction effects on properties such as density, compressive strength and absorption of water were studied. For a constant dry density, the compressive strength achieved by ambient curing is higher compared to oven curing i.e. for a density of 900 kg/m3 the compressive strength with ambient curing is 4.5MPa while for oven curing it is 2.75MPa. But less water absorption is observed for oven curing compared to ambient curing. While the water absorption achieved was lower for oven curing it was higher for ambient curing resulting in not less than 10%.
Application of Conditional Mean Spectrum in the Seismic Assessment of a Braced Frame Steel Structure
Authors: Jayarajan P 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Detailed engineering of critical infrastructure and tall buildings require that their response be estimated from nonlinear response history analysis (NLRHA) by subjecting the structure to suites of earthquake accelerograms. Selection of ground motion records due to future earthquake events represents an important step in the robust assessment of structural response. As per the current practice, both site-specific uniform hazard spectrum (UHS) and conditional mean spectrum (CMS) are employed as the target spectra for ground motion record selection. The CMS approach is superior considering that it represents realistic seismic events and also consider the multiple natural periods of the structure. The paper presents the application of conditional mean spectrum in the seismic assessment of an eight-story ordinary braced steel structure built on an example site. The NLRHA was conducted using the ground motions spectrally matched to the CMS at different conditioning periods. It was found that the CMS spectrally matched to larger modal period always result in larger seismic demands. A comparison was also made between seismic demands obtained from UHS & CMS indicating that the structural response parameters are almost the same in both cases except the story shears & drifts which is dominated by UHS in lower floors and by CMS in upper floors.
A Review on Ambient Cured Geopolymer Concrete-Sustainable Concrete for the Future
Authors: Nithin A V , Soman Mini , Raj S Deepa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The cement industry is one of the major contributors to global warming due to the release of greenhouse gases. An alternative low emission binding agent is needed to reduce the environmental impact caused by cement production. Geopolymer binder is an ideal material to substitute cement binder. Geopolymer Concrete (GPC) is formed by the polymerisation of aluminates and silicates formed by the reaction of solid aluminosilicates with alkali activators. The source materials studied were waste by-products from industries. This paper reviews the strength and durability characteristics of Geopolymer Concrete under ambient curing conditions. The comparison and study of the morphology of different aluminosilicate source materials through X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis under different curing temperatures and the study on the chemical composition and its effect on alkali activators and aggregates helped to understand the nature and type of source materials and activators most desirable to develop GPC in ambient conditions. GPC formed in ambient curing conditions have considerable strength and durability characteristics and can be adopted as a sustainable replacement for conventional concrete.
Drift Response Evaluation of Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames (BRBFs) under Sequential Seismic Disturbances
Authors: Pandikkadavath Muhamed Safeer , Mangalathu Sujith , Oinam Romanbabu M , Ashwin Kumar P C , Sahoo Dipti Ranjan , Anoop Krishnan N M 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBuckling Restrained Braced Frames (BRBFs) are reliable lateral load resisting systems featured with Buckling Restrained Braces (BRBs) to safeguard building frames against earthquake-induced damages. BRBs are axial yielding type metallic dampers characterised with stable and balanced hysteretic behavior along with excellent low-cycle fatigue capacity. However, BRBFs are susceptible to relatively large drift responses mainly due to low axial stiffness of BRBs resulted from the higher seismic response modification factor,R. In the event of sequential seismic actions immediately after mainshock may induce additional drift demands which may adversely affect the reusability and retrofitting or in the worst case, it may lead to premature collapse of the BRBFs. The present study encompasses on drift response demand evaluation of BRBFs under the combined action of the main shock and sequential secondary ground shocks. For the study, a medium-rise BRBF used in the past investigation is selected and re-designed as per the recommended prevailing seismic provisions. Nonlinear time history analysis of BRBFs under the action of a suit of sequential ground disturbances is carried out and the results are analysed in terms of drift responses.
Probabilistic Assessment of Torsional Buildings
Authors: Karuthedath Philip Luke , Davis Robin , Sarkar Pradip 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Asymmetry/irregularity is an undesired building characteristic that nevertheless exists commonly due to modern-day structural definitions. Asymmetry in plan, due to the uneven distribution of mass or stiffness can cause torsional coupling under seismic loads. A well-defined parameter that can sufficiently represent the damage of torsional buildings is non-existent, which may be why probabilistic seismic assessment methods such as fragility analyses have not been done for such buildings. The present study proposes ‘Resultant Drift’ as a parameter that can define the failure behaviour of asymmetric buildings and utilises the 2000 SAC FEMA method to analyse the seismic risk and develop fragility curves. The study observes the dependency of the extent of asymmetry and storey height on the failure probability. Investigations on the maximum storey rotation for the selected parameters show the necessity of international standard definitions in the performance levels of rotation behaviour.