bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrophoretic Method for Assessing the Normal and Pathological Distribution of Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes in Serum
Authors: Lee Lilian M V , Kenny Margaret A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe a simple, reproducible, discontinuous system for polyacrylamide disc gel-electrophoresis, with which the alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in human serum can be fractionated. No sample preparation is needed. The isoenzymes are classified according to their electrophoretic mobilities (RF values) and quantitated by peak area measurements from spectrophotometric scans. The four alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes usually present in normal sera, in order of descending mobilities (and designated according to principal tissue of origin) are: "fast" liver, "slow" liver, bone, and intestine. Sera of diseased patients show a greater variety of isoenzyme distribution patterns, but the most frequently observed patterns are the same as normal patterns. We conclude that the finding of "fast" liver only is not pathognomonic, as previously reported by others, and that information on relative distributions per se is not diagnostically useful, although information on specific increases in activity is useful. With this system, hepatobiliary disorders can be differentiated from other forms of liver and bone diseases.
Applications of a Vidicon Spectrometer to Analytical Problems in Clinical Chemistry
Authors: Pardue Harry L , McDowell Alan E , Fast Douglas M , Milano Michael J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This report discusses characteristics of a custom-designed vidicon spectrometer and evaluates its applicability to several clinical analysis problems. Data show that the vidicon detector response is linear with intensity over about four orders of magnitude and that the uncertainty in absorbance measurements can approach 0.001 absorbance units in the range from 0 to 2 absorbance units. Applications include the enzymatic determination of glucose, the determination of lactate dehydrogenase, and determinations of barbital, chlordiazepoxide, and glutethimide. Capabilities of the instrument system for first-derivative spectroscopy are also discussed. The discussion includes a critical evaluation of the potential advantages and limitations of the concept.
An Analytical System for Rapid Separation of Tissue Nucleotides at Low Pressures on Conventional Anion Exchangers
Authors: Khym Joseph X 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An analytical anion-exchange procedure has been developed for the rapid separation of acid-soluble nucleotides (the so-called "free" or tissue nucleotides). It permits assay at low pressures (275-415 kPa; 40-60 psi) in less than 1 h on 10-cm columns of Aminex resins (conventional styrene-type anion exchangers) with alkaline citrate solutions as the eluent. Separation variables have been investigated, to determine optimum conditions for the routine analysis of samples containing tissue nucleotides. Also described here is a simple solvent-extraction procedure for removing HClO4 or CCl3CO2H quantitatively from cell extracts that contain acid-soluble nucleotides: they are removed from aqueous acid solutions with a water-insoluble amine dissolved in a water-immiscible solvent.
Stable Isotope Ratiometer-Multiple Ion Detector Unit for Quantitative and Qualitative Stable Isotope Studies by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Klein Peter D , Haumann Joseph R , Hachey David L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We have designed and constructed a stable isotope ratiometer-multipie ion detector unit, which can drive existing gas chromatograph-quadrupole or magnetic sector mass spectrometers to monitor up to six ions in turn. Each of the three pairs of ions can be selected for quantitation; thus three different or successive components can be analyzed in a single gas-chromatographic run. A background subtraction option permits the ion intensity in the absence of sample to be subtracted automatically during sample measurement. Displays of accumulated counts and isotope ratio are updated twice per second during the measurement and can be printed out at its conclusion. All six ions can be monitored in the analog mode by parallel outputs to a multipen recorder. Experience gained in the construction of this prototype indicates that such units could be commercially available for $10 000, or about a third to a sixth of the cost of even an inexpensive computer system.
A Flow-System Multiangle Light-Scattering Instrument for Cell Characterization
Authors: Salzman G C , Crowell J M , Goad C A , Hansen K M , Hiebert R D , LaBauve P M , Martin J C , Ingram M L , Mullaney P F 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A flow-system cell-analysis instrument is described in which cells from a heterogeneous population are characterized by their light-scatter patterns alone. As the cells pass at high speed through a focused helium/neon laser beam, the scatter pattern from each cell is sampled simultaneously at up to 32 angles between 0° and 30° with respect to the laser beam axis, and the scatter pattern for each cell is transferred to a computer. A mathematical clustering algorithm is used to determine the number of classes into which the cells can be divided, and a linear separation algorithm is used to find the boundaries between the classes. Preliminary results on exfoliated cells from gynecological specimens are presented. This technique may be useful for automated prescreening of gynecological specimens.
Adaptation of a T3-Uptake Test and of Radioimmunoassays for Serum Digoxin, Thyroxine, and Triiodothyronine to an Automated Radioimmunoassay System—"Centria"
Authors: Ertingshausen Gerhard , Shapiro Stephen I , Green Gerald , Zborowski George 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We report the adaptation of four radioassays to the prototype of an automated radioimmunoassay system ("Centria," Union Carbide). The system consists of three integrated modules: (a) an automated pipettor, which dispenses samples and reagents; (b) the key module, an incubator/separator, in which centrifugal force is used to initiate and terminate multiple radioassay incubations and separations simultaneously; and (c) a gamma-counter/computer, which counts three tubes simultaneously and converts counts into concentration units. Radioimmunoassays for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and digoxin were developed with use of well-characterized antibodies and of prepackaged Sephadexcontaining columns to separate bound and free radioactive ligand. A triiodothyronine-uptake test in which the same kind of columns were used was also adapted to the instrument. Results for clinical samples compared favorably with those obtained by manual procedures. We report data on correlation between different methods and preliminary data on precision of the prototype system.
Liquid-Chromatographic Analysis for Neutral Carbohydrates in Serum Glycoproteins
Authors: Mrochek John E , Dinsmore Stanley R , Waalkes T Phillip 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe a sensitive, reproducible procedure of analysis for the six neutral carbohydrates in glycoproteins, by high-resolution anion-exchange chromatography. As many as 16 neutral carbohydrates can be separated by elution with a concentration gradient of boric acid (pH 7, 67 to 672 mmol/liter). The carbohydrates are detected with a cerate oxidimetric detector system, which monitors the fluorescence of Ce3+ produced by the reaction of the eluted constituents with Ce4+. Sensitivity to 1 nmol of fucose is demonstrated. Analytical methods and results are presented for mannose, fucose, and galactose in serum glycoproteins of both normal women and those with metastatic breast cancer. We briefly discuss the possibility of separating and analyzing for the three neutral carbohydrates in serum glycoproteins in 4 h by isocratic (constant eluent concentration) elution from a chromatographic column.
Simultaneous determination of five sex hormones in human serum by radioimmunoassay after chromatography on Lipidex-5000.
Authors: Apter D , Jánne O , Karvonen P , Vihko R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe a method for determination of pregnenolone, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone in 1-2 ml of serum from male or female. Using microcolumns of Lipidex-5000 (hydroxyalkoxypropyl Sephadex, 0.5 g) and light petroleum/chloroform (97/3) as the solvent during chromatography, we resolved these five steroids into four fractions, with pregnenolone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone eluting together. By use of selected antibodies, the latter two steroids were also determined specifically. Use of microcolumns allowed minimization of solvent volumes and sample transfers. Consequently, blank values for all the five steroids were negligible. Lowest measureable concentrations (in ng/liter) were: pregnenolone 100, progesterone 25, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 50, testosterone 25, and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone 25. Intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation ranged from 5 to 9% and 10 to 15%, respectively, for the five steroids. Serum concentrations of these steroids are given for women in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle and for women on oral contraceptives of the combination type, as well as for normal men.
Organic acids in urine from human newborns.
Authors: Björkman L , McLean C , Steen G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The pattern of organic acids in urine from 15 normal newborn infants was investigated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of trimethylsilylated derivatives. The urine contains large amounts of succinic, fumaric, 2-ketoglutaric, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acids, which are all fairly small components of urine from adults. On the other hand, hippuric acid is a small component in the urine from newborn infants, but a large component later in life. An additional number of differences can be seen. Some previously unrecognized aliphatic dicarboxylic acids were also observed, which are present to some extent in urine from adults.
Measuring picogram amounts of aluminum in biological tissue by flameless atomic absorption analysis of a chelate.
Authors: LeGendre G R , Alfrey A C 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe a flameless atomic absorption method for aluminum determination in ethylenediaminetetraacetate extracts of biological tissues. Picogram quantities can be detected, and the technique appears to be more sensitive than other methods of aluminum determination used for biological samples. The extraction simplifies the method and virtually eliminates contamination with extraneous aluminum during the analysis. The extraction method might be useful for separating various other trace elements from biological tissues before analysis.
Creatine kinase isoenzymes in baboon tissues and organs.
Authors: Yasmineh W G , Pyle R B , Hanson N Q , Hultman B K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We determined the activity of the isoenzymes of creatine kinase in homogenates of fresh tissues from six baboons. Twenty-six tissues were removed from each baboon and the isoenzymes in them were separated by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-50. Total activity was greatest in skeletal muscle (2600 U/g wet weight) followed by myocardium (800 U/g), brain (180 U/g), and the bladder and tissues of the gastrointestinal tract (about 100 U/g). Ten tissues had total activities of less than 20 U/g: trachea, lung, kidney, thyroid, gall bladder, liver, spleen, pancreas, common bile duct, and adrenal. Skeletal muscle contained only the MM isoenzyme; myocardium contained 81% MM isoenzyme, 18% MB isoenzyme, and 1% BB isoenzyme. Except for thyroid and pancreas, all other tissues contained mainly the BB isoenzyme. Tissues of the gastrointestinal tract contained significant (7 to 17%) MB isoenzyme activity.
Improved separation of creatine kinase cardiac isoenzyme in serum by batch fractionation.
Authors: Morin L G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
I describe a simple, single-tube batch fractionation procedure for separating MM and MB isoenzymes of creatine kinase on a macroporous strong anion exchanger (AG MP-1, Bio-Rad Laboratories). The isoenzymes can be separated in less than 3 min, with a resulting dilution of the serum with no more than an equal volume of buffer. Without sample concentration or spectrofluorometric measurement, the procedure detects 4 U of MB isoenzyme per liter. Sensitivity is limited by the sensitivity and precision of the method of measurement. The CV for the fractionation can be held to less than 4.0% at 65 U of MB per liter. Current fractionation methods are compared to the proposed procedure. With use of a discrete analyzer (Du Pont aca) the mean MB activity in a population free of heart disease was 3.2 +/- 3.0 U/liter (range, 0 to 8 U/liter). The kinetics and stability of isolated isoenzymes are reported, indicating that advisability of storing or pre-incubating samples with mercaptoethanol.
Enzymatic determinations of cholesterol in high-density-lipoprotein fractions prepared by a precipitation technique.
Authors: Steele B W , Koehler D F , Azar M M , Blaszkowski T P , Kuba K , Dempsey M E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An enzymatic method for cholesterol in serum [Clin. Chem. 20, 470 (1974)] was initially found to be unsatisfactory for measuring cholesterol in high-density-lipoprotein fractions prepared by precipitation with Mn2+. A fine precipitate formed in the cuvette and cholesterol values were falsely increased. We describe a simple, convenient method for circumventing these problems. An ethylenediaminetetraacetate solution is used to reconstitute the enzymatic reagent. Cholesterol values by this procedure correlated with those obtained by the Lipid Research Clinic's procedure for the same lipoprotein fraction preparations (regression slope, .998; Y-intercept, 8.9 mg/liter; correlation coefficient, .984; standard error of the estimate, 16.8 mg/liter). Precision of the assay, including the precipitation step, was calculated. The SDwithin day was 9.7 mg/liter and SDoverall was 23.7 mg/liter. Results for total cholesterol with the modified reagent were linearly related to concentrations exceeding 4 g/liter, thereby permitting determination of high-density-lipoproteins and total cholesterol in a single run.
Iterpretation of clinical chemical data with the aid of automatic data processing.
Authors: Young D S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
I summarize conventional applications of computers in clinical laboratories and discuss the possible role of the computer in providing assistance in interpretation of laboratory data through the use of data bases. The data bases include effects of drugs on the results of laboratory tests, factors influencing references values, and conversion factors for converting data from conventional units to SIunits. Reported diagnostic applications of the computer are discussed with reference to both clinically oriented and laboratory oriented programs.
Determination of serum retinol (vitamin A) by high-speed liquid chromatography.
Authors: De Ruyter M G , De Leenheer A P 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We report a fast and simple high-speed liquid-chromatographic assay for serum retinol. Only 100 mul of serum is required. The lower detection limit is 50 mug/liter; linearity was demonstrated up to 1.50 mg/liter. On analyzing a serum pool eight times, a CV of 2.5% was obtained. Values by this method are compared with results obtained by a flurometric method [Clin. Chem. 16, 766(1970)].
Gas-chromatographic analysis for 1,2:5,6-dianhydrogalactitol, an anti-neoplastic agent, in plasma.
Authors: Kimura T , Sternson L A , Higuchi T 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe a gas chromatographic method for measuring submicrogram quantities of dianhydrogalactitol, a promising antineoplastic agent (currently undergoing clinical trials in humans), in plasma. The drug is first extracted from blood plasma by saturating the aqueous phase with solid potassium carbonate and extracting with isopropanol/chloroform (9/1 by vol). It is then converted to the corresponding n-butaneboronic ester by reaction at room temperature with butaneboronic acid and chromatographed on an SE-30 (3%) column, with flame ionization detection. Practicality of the method for monitoring drug distribution was demonstrated by administering dianhydrogalactitol in therapeutic doses to a dog and monitoring its concentrations in blood for the next 2 h.
A faster radioimmunoassay of progesterone in plasma, with use of polyethylene glycol as precipitant.
Authors: Schiller H S , Hasselbrack R , Riggs R S , Brammall M A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We report a reliable radioimmunoassay for plasma progesterone in which polyethylene glycol ("Carbowax 6000") is used to separate antibody-bound and free hormone. Initially, progesterone is concentrated by putting the sample through a column of LH-20 Sephadex. Procedural losses in each sample are not monitored. We compared the reliability and practicality of this method with that of another method in which procedural losses are monitored for each sample; accuracy and precision were similar. Our method saves technical assay time and scintillation counter space and time without sacrificing reliability.
Reaction of alkaline sodium picrate with creatinine: I. Kinetics and mechanism of formation of the mono-creatinine picric acid complex.
Authors: Vasiliades J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Spectrophotometric, kinetic, and nuclear magnetic resonance studies indicate that alkaline sodium picrate and creatinine react to form a 1/1 aduct between picric and creatinine, with a stability constant of log K= 4.26. Kinetic studies indicate that the forward reaction is first order with respect to picric acid, hydroxide, and creatinine concentration. The reverse reaction, the dissociation of the 1/1 complex, shows a complex dependence on hydroxide concentration. The expression for the observed pseudo-first-order rate constant in the presence of excess picric acid is: Kobsd = K1K0[P][OH] +[K2[OH]x. A value of K1K0 = 5.0 (mol/liter)-2s-1 is obtained. For accurate analytical results with this reaction, hydroxide concentration must be maintained at a constant value for both samples and standards.
Microcalorimetric Determination of Glucose in Reference Samples of Serum
Authors: Goldberg Robert N 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
I report a detailed series of microcalorimetric measurement of glucose concentrations in five reference samples of serum. the method utilized (a) calibration in the actual medium of analysis and (b) a correction for interferences owing to the nonspecificity of the enzyme hexokinase. The microcalorimetric results are compared with the tentative results of analyses obtained by spectrophotometric hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase method and by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. In most cases, the microcalorimetric results appear to be in agreement with the results obtained by these latter two method. A discussion of the basis of the mocrocalorimetric measurments is presented.
Gas-chromatographic analysis for therapeutic concentration of imipramine and disipramine in plasma, with use of a nitrogen detector.
Authors: Bailey D N , Jatlow P I 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe a method for the simultaneous gas-chromatographic analysis of imipramine and desipramine (the active N-desmethyl metabolite) at therapeutic concentrations in human plasma, with use of a nitrogen detector. Imipramine is measured as the unchanged base and desipramine as its N-tribluoroacetyl derivative. Promazine is the internal standard. The lower limit of sensitivity is 5 mug/liter for each drug, and the within-day coefficients of variation for the determination of imipramine and desipramine, respectively, are 6.0% and 3.3%. We measured concentrations of these drugs both in patients receiving therapeutic doses of imipramine and in those who had ingested an overdose.
Reduced variation of tracer binding in digoxin radioimmunoassay by use of (125I)-labeled tyrosine-methyl-ester derivative: relation of thyroxine concentration to binding.
Authors: Kroening B H , Weintraub M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Between-sample variation in tracer binding in the 125I-labeled digoxin radioimmunoassay was investigated with two tracers, 3-O-succinyl-digoxigenin-[125I]-labeled tyrosine and [125I]-labeled tyrosine-methyl-ester-digoxin. Digoxin-free serum samples having various concentrations of thyroxine were assayed with both tracers. The percentage of tracer bound when the samples were assayed with the first-mentioned tracer was increased significantly for the low thyroxine groups when compared to the normal (P less than 0.001) or the high thyroxine groups (P less than 0.05). Little difference existed when the latter tracer was used. There was variation in tracer binding when serum from dogs dosed with thyrotropin was assayed with the first tracer, but there was little variation with the second. Tracer binding may be influenced by thyroxine-binding proteins. Variation in tracer binding appears to be reduced when [125I]-labeled tyrosine-methyl-ester-digoxin is used.
Long-term reproducibility of a new pH/blood-gas quality-control system compared to two other procedures.
Authors: Noonan D C , Komjathy Z L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The long-term precision and stability of a new quality-control system for blood pH and gas measurements are compared to that of tonometered bicarbonate solutions and serum-based preparations. The new system, consisting of gas-equilibrated bicarbonate solutions in glass ampuls, is shown to be as stable as the serum-based preparation, and as reproducible as either of the other methods. The new system, offering three discrete sets of control values, has certain advantages in the simultaneous quality of pH, carbon dioxide tension, and oxygen tension measurements.
Correlation of selected serum constitutents: 2. Consistency of intra-individual correlation values, means, and variances during four months.
Authors: Winkel P , Statland B E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We examined whether inter-individual differences in correlation coefficients previously found among subjects truly reflect consistent inter-individual differences or are time-related within an individual. The consitutents studied in this investigation were (a) the enzmes aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase; and (b) the non=protein nitrogen-containing constituents urea, uric acid, and creatinine. Ten healthy women were each subjected to 15 venipunctures over a five-week period (Series I), and, after a two-month interval, were again subjected to 15 venipunctures over a second five-week period (Series II). Before statistical analysis, the data were corrected for the batch-to-batch (day-to-day) arnalytical variation. There was a signiificant (P less than .05) change in the covariance structure (variances or correlation coefficients, or both) between the two series in four of the 10 subjects for the combination of enzymes, and in three other subjects for the combination of nonprotein nitrogen constitutents. Although we found a significant (P lees than .05) average intra-individual variation in the mean values from series to series in the cases of the three enzymes and urea, the magnitude of the inter-series variation in means was relatively small. CV's were: alkaline phosphatase, 3.4%; lactate dehydrogenase, 2.3+; aspartate aminotransferase, 3.3%; urea, 5.0%; uric acid, 1.0%; and creatinine, 1.2%.