bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative Incidence of Nasal Masses: A Tertiary Care Hospital Experience
Authors: Singh Tanya , Singh Jaskaran , Bhardwaj Bhanu 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionNasal masses are an intriguing arena for a rhinologist. With diagnostic advancement from anterior rhinoscopy to three-dimensional endoscopic view at a blazing speed in rhinology, it has become easier to diagnose a nasal mass. Early detection is a key for better management. Incidence of an entity varies over time because of the ever-changing environmental scenario and availability of advanced diagnostics. Incidence of nasal masses is still of importance because the pathophysiology of the nasal masses is still under research. This study will bring into notice of a rhinologist the relative incidence of various nasal masses highlighting the areas of concern and hence bringing our focus to a better management.Materials and methodsIt is a prospective study with a sample size of 200. All the modern diagnostic facilities were used, including a computed tomography scan can and nasal endoscopy, to reach a presumptive diagnosis of various nasal masses, and histopathology was done to establish the final diagnosis.ResultsIn the present study, 62% were males (124) while 38% were females (76). Majority of the patients were in age-group of 21–40 years (42.5%,n= 85), followed by 40% (n= 80) in the age-group 41–60 years, and 14.5% (n= 29) in 10–20-year age-group. Around 6 (3%) cases were in less than 10 years of age-group. Out of 200 cases, 160 cases were non-neoplastic masses. Out of 40 neoplastic masses, 24 were benign and 16 were malignant. The most common mass was nasal polyps (144 of 200).ConclusionNasal polyps are still the most common nasal masses. Improvement in diagnostic modality mandates a more active research to understand their molecular biology for better management.How to cite this articleSingh J, Bhardwaj B, Singh T. Relative Incidence of Nasal Masses: A Tertiary Care Hospital Experience. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2019;12(1):16–20.
What Courses Do I Need to Teach in Order to Address Food Insecurity in Sub Saharan Africa? A Delphi Study
Authors: Millares Forno Carla Andrea , Boren-Alpizar Amy , Brashears Todd 
Published: November 2020

Sub Saharan Africa is a region that has been struggling with food insecurity for decades. Though the percentage of undernourished people in the region has decreased over the last 25 years, the actual number of undernourished people increased by more than forty million. Combatting food insecurity in the region requires an arsenal of skills, knowledge, and abilities across a broad range of disciplines. One way to target food insecurity is through education and capacity building. The purpose of this study was to identify the courses and topics that should be included in a food security (FS) graduate certificate focused on Sub Saharan Africa. Identification of the topics and courses came from faculty and professionals working in the FS field in Sub Saharan Africa. A three-round Delphi technique was conducted to accomplish the purpose of the study with a total of 63 experts. Of the original 101 topics that the expert panel proposed in Round One, 80 reached the level of agreement. Researchers grouped the topics into 28 courses. The final result of the study was 24 courses that reached the level of agreement for determining the main topics and courses that should be included in a graduate certificate focused on FS for Sub Saharan Africa
Assessment of regional aerosol radiative effects under the SWAAMI campaign – Part 2: Clear-sky direct shortwave radiative forcing using multi-year assimilated data over the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Pathak Harshavardhana Sunil , Satheesh Sreedharan Krishnakumari , Moorthy Krishnaswamy Krishna , Nanjundiah Ravi Shankar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Clear-sky, direct shortwave
aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) has been estimated over the Indian region,
for the first time employing multi-year (2009–2013) gridded, assimilated aerosol products, as an important
part of the South West Asian Aerosol Monsoon Interactions (SWAAMI) which is a joint Indo-UK research field campaign
focused at understanding the variabilities in atmospheric aerosols and their interactions with the Indian summer monsoon.
The aerosol datasets have been constructed following statistical assimilation of concurrent data from a dense network of
ground-based observatories and multi-satellite products, as described in Part 1 of this two-part paper. The ARF,
thus estimated, is assessed for its superiority or otherwise over other ARF estimates based on satellite-retrieved
aerosol products, over the Indian region, by comparing the radiative fluxes (upward) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) estimated
using assimilated and satellite products with spatiotemporally matched radiative flux values provided by CERES
(Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System) single-scan footprint (SSF) product. This clearly demonstrated improved
accuracy of the forcing estimates using the assimilated vis-à-vis satellite-based aerosol datasets at regional,
subregional and seasonal scales. The regional distribution of diurnally averaged ARF estimates has revealed
(a) significant differences from similar estimates made using currently available satellite data, not only in terms
of magnitude but also the sign of TOA forcing; (b) the largest magnitudes of surface cooling and atmospheric warming over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP)
and arid regions from north-western India; and (c) negative TOA forcing over most parts of the Indian region, except
for three subregions – the IGP, north-western India and eastern parts of peninsular
India where the TOA forcing changes to positive during pre-monsoon season. Aerosol-induced atmospheric warming rates,
estimated using the assimilated data, demonstrate substantial spatial heterogeneities (∼0.2 to 2.0 K d−1)
over the study domain with the IGP demonstrating relatively stronger atmospheric heating rates (∼0.6 to 2.0 K d−1).
There exists a strong seasonality as well, with atmospheric warming being highest during pre-monsoon and lowest during winter
seasons. It is to be noted that the present ARF estimates demonstrate substantially smaller uncertainties than their
satellite counterparts, which is a natural consequence of reduced uncertainties in assimilated vis-à-vis satellite
aerosol properties. The results demonstrate the potential application of the assimilated datasets and ARF estimates
for improving accuracies of climate impact assessments at regional and subregional scales.
Exploring constraints on a wetland methane emission ensemble (WetCHARTs) using GOSAT observations
Authors: Parker Robert J. , Wilson Chris , Bloom A. Anthony , Comyn-Platt Edward , Hayman Garry , McNorton Joe , Boesch Hartmut , Chipperfield Martyn P. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Wetland emissions contribute the largest uncertainties to the current global atmospheric CH4 budget, and how these emissions will change under future climate scenarios is also still poorly understood. Bloom et al. (2017b) developed WetCHARTs, a simple, data-driven, ensemble-based model that produces estimates of CH4 wetland emissions constrained by observations of precipitation and temperature. This study performs the first detailed global and regional evaluation of the WetCHARTs CH4 emission model ensemble against 9 years of high-quality, validated atmospheric CH4 observations from GOSAT (the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite). A 3-D chemical transport model is used to estimate atmospheric CH4 mixing ratios based on the WetCHARTs emissions and other sources. Across all years and all ensemble members, the observed global seasonal-cycle amplitude is typically underestimated by WetCHARTs by −7.4 ppb, but the correlation coefficient of 0.83 shows that the seasonality is well-produced at a global scale. The Southern Hemisphere has less of a bias (−1.9 ppb) than the Northern Hemisphere (−9.3 ppb), and our findings show that it is typically the North Tropics where this bias is the worst (−11.9 ppb). We find that WetCHARTs generally performs well in reproducing the observed wetland CH4 seasonal cycle for the majority of wetland regions although, for some regions, regardless of the ensemble configuration, WetCHARTs does not reproduce the observed seasonal cycle well. In order to investigate this, we performed detailed analysis of some of the more challenging exemplar regions (Paraná River, Congo, Sudd and Yucatán). Our results show that certain ensemble members are more suited to specific regions, due to either deficiencies in the underlying data driving the model or complexities in representing the processes involved. In particular, incorrect definition of the wetland extent is found to be the most common reason for the discrepancy between the modelled and observed CH4 concentrations. The remaining driving data (i.e. heterotrophic respiration and temperature) are shown to also contribute to the mismatch with observations, with the details differing on a region-by-region basis but generally showing that some degree of temperature dependency is better than none. We conclude that the data-driven approach used by WetCHARTs is well-suited to producing a benchmark ensemble dataset against which to evaluate more complex process-based land surface models that explicitly model the hydrological behaviour of these complex wetland regions.
Modelling the habitat preference of two key Sphagnum species in a poor fen as controlled by capitulum water content
Authors: Gong Jinnan , Roulet Nigel , Frolking Steve , Peltola Heli , Laine Anna M. , Kokkonen Nicola , Tuittila Eeva-Stiina 
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Current peatland models generally treat vegetation as static, although plant
community structure is known to alter as a response to environmental change.
Because the vegetation structure and ecosystem functioning are tightly
linked, realistic projections of peatland response to climate change require
the inclusion of vegetation dynamics in ecosystem models. In peatlands, Sphagnum mosses are
key engineers. Moss community composition primarily follows habitat moisture
conditions. The known species habitat preference along the prevailing moisture
gradient might not directly serve as a reliable predictor for future species
compositions, as water table fluctuation is likely to increase. Hence,
modelling the mechanisms that control the habitat preference of Sphagna is a good
first step for modelling community dynamics in peatlands. In this study, we
developed the Peatland Moss Simulator (PMS), which simulates the community dynamics
of the peatland moss layer. PMS is a process-based model that employs a
stochastic, individual-based approach for simulating competition within the peatland
moss layer based on species differences in functional traits. At the
shoot-level, growth and competition were driven by net photosynthesis, which
was regulated by hydrological processes via the capitulum water content. The
model was tested by predicting the habitat preferences of Sphagnum magellanicum and Sphagnum fallax – two key
species representing dry (hummock) and wet (lawn) habitats in a poor fen
peatland (Lakkasuo, Finland). PMS successfully captured the habitat
preferences of the two Sphagnum species based on observed variations in trait
properties. Our model simulation further showed that the validity of PMS
depended on the interspecific differences in the capitulum water content being
correctly specified. Neglecting the water content differences led to the
failure of PMS to predict the habitat preferences of the species in
stochastic simulations. Our work highlights the importance of the capitulum
water content with respect to the dynamics and carbon functioning of Sphagnum communities in
peatland ecosystems. Thus, studies of peatland responses to changing environmental
conditions need to include capitulum water processes as a control on
moss community dynamics. Our PMS model could be used as an elemental design
for the future development of dynamic vegetation models for peatland
ecosystems.
Key landscapes for conservation land cover and change monitoring, thematic and validation datasets for sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Szantoi Zoltan , Brink Andreas , Lupi Andrea , Mammone Claudio , Jaffrain Gabriel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Mounting social and economic demands on natural resources increasingly threaten key areas for conservation in Africa. Threats to biodiversity pose
an enormous challenge to these vulnerable areas. Effective protection of sites with strategic conservation importance requires timely and highly
detailed geospatial monitoring. Larger ecological zones and wildlife corridors warrant monitoring as well, as these areas have an even higher degree
of pressure and habitat loss. To address this, a satellite-imagery-based monitoring workflow to cover at-risk areas at various details was
developed. During the program's first phase, a total of 560 442 km2 area in sub-Saharan Africa was covered, from which
153 665 km2 was mapped with eight land cover classes while 406 776 km2 was mapped with up to 32 classes. Satellite imagery was
used to generate dense time series data from which thematic land cover maps were derived. Each map and change map were fully verified and validated
by an independent team to achieve our strict data quality requirements. The independent validation datasets for each key landscape for conservation (KLC) are also described and
presented here (full and teaser datasets are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.914261, Szantoi et al., 2020a).
Element and radionuclide concentrations in soils and wildlife from forests in north-eastern England with a focus on species representative of the ICRP's Reference Animals and Plants
Authors: Barnett Catherine L. , Beresford Nicholas A. , Wood Michael D. , Izquierdo Maria , Walker Lee A. , Fawkes Ross 
Published: November 2020

Abstract. There are international recommendations that the
environment (i.e. wildlife) is assessed for the potential impact of releases
of ionizing radiation. The transfer of radionuclides to wildlife
from media (e.g. soil, water) is usually described using the whole-organism
concentration ratio (CRwo-media), and a number of assessment models use
these values to estimate radiation exposure and risk to wildlife; however,
there are many gaps in knowledge. This paper describes a study conducted in
2015–2016 to sample terrestrial wildlife, soil and water from two forests in
north-eastern England. Sampling was targeted towards species representative of
the International Commission on Radiological Protection's (ICRP) terrestrial
Reference Animals and Plants (RAPs): Wild Grass (Poaceae family), Pine Tree
(Pinaceae family), Earthworm (Lumbricidae family), Bee (Apidae family), Rat
(Muridae family), Deer (Cervidae family) and Frog (Ranidae family);
opportunistic sampling of plant and fungi species was also conducted. The
dataset comprises stable-element concentrations for 30 elements,
radionuclide activity concentrations for K-40 and Cs-137, and radionuclide
and stable-element concentration ratios. These data have significantly
increased the number of CRwo-media values available for the ICRP RAPs
and will contribute to the development of the databases underpinning the
ICRP's environmental protection framework. Data will be included in the
international database of wildlife transfer parameters for radioecological
models and hence are likely to contribute to model developments in the
future. All data and supporting documentation are freely available from the
Environmental Information Data Centre (EIDC; https://eidc.ac.uk/, last access: 13 November 2020) under the terms and conditions of the Open Government
Licence (Barnett et al., 2020 https://doi.org/10.5285/8f85c188-a915-46ac-966a-95fcb1491be6).
Expanding the limits of laser-ablation U–Pb calcite geochronology
Authors: Kylander-Clark Andrew R. C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract. U–Pb geochronology of calcite by laser-ablation
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) is an emerging field with
potential to solve a vast array of geologic problems. Because of low levels
of U and Pb, measurement by more sensitive instruments, such as those with
multiple collectors (MCs), is advantageous. However, whereas measurement of
traditional geochronometers (e.g., zircon) by MC-ICPMS has been limited by
detection of the daughter isotope, U–Pb dating of calcite can be limited by
detection of the parent isotope if measured on a Faraday detector. The Nu P3D MC-ICPMS employs a new detector array to measure all isotopes of interest on
Daly detectors. A new method, described herein, utilizes the low detection
limit and high dynamic range of the Nu P3D for calcite U–Pb geochronology and
compares it with traditional methods. Data from natural samples indicate
that measurement of 238U by Daly is advantageous at count rates < 30 000; this includes samples low in U or those necessitating
smaller spots. Age precision for samples run in this mode are limited by
207Pb counts and the maximum U ∕ Pbc. To explore these
limits – i.e., the minimum U, Pb, and U ∕ Pb ratios that can be measured by
LA-ICPMS – a model is created and discussed; these models are meant to serve
as a guide to evaluate potential candidate materials for geochronology. As
an example, for samples necessitating a < 1 Ma uncertainty, a
minimum of ∼ 10 ppb U is needed at a spot size of 100 µm and rep rate of 10 Hz; absolute uncertainty scales roughly with U
concentration.
Trauma-Informed Self-Care for Child and Youth Care Workers
Authors: Bowie Vaughan 
Published: November 2020

This article presents a framework for understanding, developing, and applying a trauma-informed approach to staff, team, and organizational self-care in youth serving organizations. The article draws on current research in the areas of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE), Trauma-Informed Care (TIC), Trauma Stewardship, resilience, and The Sanctuary Model. This approach will help child and youth care workers to develop a long lasting, effective trauma-informed self, team, and organizational care plan. The first article focuses on worker trauma-informed self-care, and the second on team and organizational approaches.
Since there are limits as to what can be comprehensively covered in a short article, I will supply an extensive list of key references and resources relevant to self, team, and organizational care. Many of these are directly downloadable from the Internet. Thus, I do not attempt to answer all the issues but encourage readers to explore the various resources and ideas and apply them where relevant to the readers, their team, and organizations.
Cubist Fashion in the Newspapers
Authors: Diepeveen Leonard 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
This feature reprints several early twentieth-century newspaper articles purporting to be accounts of cubist fashion shows. As well, it presents a short analysis of what those articles might mean. These articles reveal that the predominant reaction in the daily press to cubism was not so much vitriol as an arch skepticism, a skepticism which in these pieces was also a polemical analysis of cubism and fashion's dominant attributes. These writers turned to parody rather than just straightforward analysis, a move which allowed for a reduction of cubism and fashion into several impoverished ideas and an exaggerated display of how those ideas were embodied. For these writers, cubism's and fashion's arbitrary claims for significance were articulated through pretentious theoretical principles and assertions of group identities. Mistakenly dependent upon a motivating theory, cubism (and, by implication, fashion) was more mechanical than human; motivated by bogus utopian impulses, such as suffragism; and premised on a mistaken sense of its newness as development—rather than its newness as simple and arbitrary change.
Mina Loy, Bessie Breuer, Charm Magazine and Fashion as Modernist Historiography
Authors: Oliver Sophie 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Mina Loy's essay “Modern Poetry” (1925) is a minor modernist classic, often cited and regularly studied. The New Jersey fashion and home-interest magazine in which it first appeared, Charm, and the editor who likely commissioned it, Bessie Breuer, are all but forgotten. In this article, which introduces Charm and Breuer in the context of modernist studies for the first time, the standard interpretation of Loy's essay as a manifesto for a poetry of the new is reconceptualized. Through the lens of Charm's fashion coverage, with its emphasis on both the seductively new and the practically durable, I read Loy's version of novelty as always relative and fleeting. Reading modernism through fashion, and particularly in a magazine, the article argues, simultaneously emphasizes and undermines modernism's definitions. In the final part of the article, I use Charm's fashion coverage as a way to approach modernist historiography. This historiography heralds not the canonical but— briefly, at least—the one-time and obscure artifacts of modernism. Fashion lets me recover Breuer and Charm for modernist history without attempting to assert anything as fixed as their absolute value. Fashion helps me propose a quintessentially modernist historiography that is attuned to restless change and contingency.
Racial Masquerades in the Magazines: Defining White Femininity Between the Wars
Authors: Pass Victoria Rose 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
In American fashion magazines in the 1930s, images and descriptions of white women taking on the clothes of non-white women abound: burnouse cloaks, coolie caps, sombreros, turbans, and saris all make frequent appearances. This paper will explore the ways these fashions are given meaning for readers in Vogue and Harper's Bazaar so that we can understand how these Orientalist and Primitivist fashions were used to construct their wearers' modern white femininity. The fashionable white woman was rendered modern through her infinite malleability—she can reshape her appearance with clothing, jewelry, makeup, diet and exercise—while the “other” is primitive, eternally wearing that same traditional clothing. This paper will consider the specific cases of the branding of the Bali bra, the sari, as well as “coolie” coats and hats.
Risks of Glaciers Lakes Outburst Flood along China Pakistan Economic Corridor
Authors: Saifullah Muhammad , Liu Shiyin , Adnan Muhammad , Ashraf Muhammad , Zaman Muhammad , Hashim Sarfraz , Muhammad Sher 
Published: November 2020

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) passes through the Hunza River basin of Pakistan. The current study investigates the creation and effects of end moraine, supra-glacial, and barrier lakes by field visits and remote sensing techniques along the CPEC in the Hunza River basin. The surging and moraine type glaciers are considered the most dangerous type of glaciers that cause Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in the study basin. It can be concluded from the 40 years observations of Karakoram glaciers that surge-type and non-surge-type glaciers are not significantly different with respect to mass change. The recurrent surging of Khurdopin Glacier resulted in the creation of Khurdopin Glacial Lake in the Shimshal valley of the Hunza River basin. Such glacial lakes offer main sources of freshwater; however, when their dams are suddenly breached and water drained, catastrophic GLOFs appear and pose a great threat to people and infrastructure in downstream areas. This situation calls for an in-depth study on GLOF risks along the CPEC route and incorporation of GLOF for future policy formulation in the country for the CPEC project so that the government may take serious action for prevention, response to GLOFs, and rehabilitation and reconstruction of the areas.