bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic rate, context-dependent selection, and the competition-colonization trade-off
Authors: Pettersen Amanda K. , Hall Matthew D. , White Craig R. , Marshall Dustin J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMetabolism is linked with the pace-of-life, co-varying with survival, growth, and reproduction. Metabolic rates should therefore be under strong selection and, if heritable, become less variable over time. Yet intraspecific variation in metabolic rates is ubiquitous, even after accounting for body mass and temperature. Theory predicts variable selection maintains trait variation, but field estimates of how selection on metabolism varies are rare. We use a model marine invertebrate to estimate selection on metabolic rates in the wild under different competitive environments. Fitness landscapes varied among environments separated by a few centimeters: interspecific competition selected for higher metabolism, and a faster pace-of-life, relative to competition-free environments. Populations experience a mosaic of competitive regimes; we find metabolism mediates a competition-colonization trade-off across these regimes. Although high metabolic phenotypes possess greater competitive ability, in the absence of competitors, low metabolic phenotypes are better colonizers. Spatial heterogeneity and the variable selection on metabolic rates that it generates is likely to maintain variation in metabolic rate, despite strong selection in any single environment.
Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of guava and papaya leaves for the development of functional shrimp patties
Authors: Yaqoob Zubda , Arshad Muhammad Sajid , Khan Muhammad Kamran , Imran Muhammad , Ahmad Muhammad Haseeb , Ahmad Sheraz , Nisa Mehr un , Anjum Faqir Muhammad , Khan Urooj , Khalid Waseem , Suleria Hafiz Ansar Rasul 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe current study was aimed to evaluate the effects of guava and papaya leaves extract on the antioxidant profile and their outcomes in the storage stability of shrimp patties. Total of seven treatments were prepared by employing guava leaf extract (GLE) and papaya leaf extract (PLE) including control. Both the extracts were employed in the concentration of 1% and 2% each and in combination as 1:1% and 2:2%, respectively. The shrimp patties were kept in ziplock bags at refrigeration temperature, and further analysis was done after 21 days of storage period with intermittent evaluation interval of 7 days. The antioxidant capability of functional shrimp patties was determined by total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Higher significant values of TPC, DPPH, and FRAP were observed in the functional shrimp patties enriched with GLE2%:PLE2% at start of the experiment. The physicochemical parameters were observed by hunter color, TVBN, TBARS, and peroxide value (POV). Higher significant values of TVBN, TBARS, and peroxide were observed in the control samples as compared to treatment group GLE2%:PLE2%. The bacterial counts were also higher in control samples as compared to the treatment group GLE2%:PLE2%. The sensorial attributes were observed regarding appearance, taste, texture, odor, and overall acceptability. The maximum scores related all parameters were gathered by control group but significantly lower scores were for the group GLE2%:PLE2%. In conclusion, functional shrimp patties enriched with GLE2%:PLE2% showed better antioxidant capacity, stability, and sensory characteristics during storage.
Ermin is a p116RIP‐interacting protein promoting oligodendroglial differentiation and myelin maintenance
Authors: Wang Shan , Wang Tao , Liu Tao , Xie Rou‐Gang , Zhao Xiang‐Hui , Wang Lei , Yang Qian , Jia Lin‐Tao , Han Jing 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMyelin sheaths, which insulate the axons and ensure saltatory conduction of the nerve impulse, are generated and maintained via largely uncharacterized mechanisms. Ermin is an oligodendrocyte‐specific protein associated with the cytoskeleton, but how it regulates cytoskeletal remodeling during oligodendrocyte differentiation and its role in myelin maintenance are not clear. To address this, we generated mice constitutively deficient for Ermn, the Ermin‐coding gene. We found that aged Ermn‐knockout mice exhibit an aberrant myelin architecture, with splitting of myelin layers, peeling of the myelin sheath from axons, and breakdown of myelinated fibers. As a result, these mice had remarkably impaired motor coordination. Ermn knockout also accelerated cuprizone‐induced demyelination and exacerbated the associated movement disorders. Ermin was found to contribute to oligodendrocyte morphogenesis by associating with the myosin phosphatase Rho interacting protein (Mprip/p116RIP) and inactivating RhoA, a GTPase that controls cytoskeletal rearrangement in differentiating cells. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms regulating oligodendroglial differentiation, the maintenance of the myelin sheaths, and remyelination.
Feeling shame and guilt when observing workplace incivility: Elicitors and behavioral responses
Authors: Miranda Gerardo A. , Welbourne Jennifer L. , Sariol Ana M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis research investigates the elicitors and behavioral responses associated with feeling guilt and shame in response to observed workplace incivility. We draw from the appraisal model of self‐conscious emotions to hypothesize that perceiving personal responsibility for acts of incivility conducted by others in the organization is associated with feelings of guilt and shame, and that these relationships are differentially moderated by perceived controllability over the incident. We further propose that shame is associated with avoidance and withdrawal behaviors, whereas guilt is associated with retaliatory and supportive behaviors in response to the observed incivility. We tested these hypotheses with a sample of 309 full‐time working adults who completed an online survey through Amazon's Mechanical Turk platform. Our results support the claim that perceived responsibility is associated with feeling shame and guilt for observed incivility. The relationship between perceived responsibility and guilt was stronger when respondents perceived greater control over the incident; however, controllability did not moderate between responsibility and shame. As expected, shame was associated with avoiding the target and instigator and withdrawing from work, while guilt was associated with both retaliation toward the instigator and supporting the target. Implications of our results for theory and human resource development practice are discussed.
Subsequent Dental Research Output of South African Division of the IADR Colgate Prize Entrants
Authors: Porter Michelle I. , McAlpine Alistair J. , Mkhaliphi Diana S. , Grossman Elly S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study recorded the research output of all participants for the IADR (South African Division; SA) Colgate Prize for 1967–2004 to establish whether, in their later careers, prize winners had a greater research output than runners‐up. Using a list of all entrants, each individual was classified as winner or runner‐up and by gender, race, and research field of presentation. The publication output for each individual was obtained from PubMed. A Poisson regression set at P<0.05 compared publication numbers between winners and runners‐up. There were two groups of entrants: 101 participated once, and twenty‐two participated twice or thrice. Winners had significantly more publications than runners‐up, more so for the multiple entrants (winners 27.5±22.4; runners‐up 16.5±25.5) than single entrants (winners 16.0±40.8; runners‐up 12.0±27.7). The number of individuals participating in the Colgate Prize has declined, but representivity for race and gender is improving. This is the first study to establish that SA IADR Colgate Prize participants fulfil the long‐term IADR ideal of research promotion among young investigators.
Survey of Dental Student Financial Assistance, 2003–04
Authors: Chmar Jacqueline E. , Weaver Richard G. , Valachovic Richard W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Survey of Dental Student Financial Assistance reports data collected by the American Dental Education Association on financial assistance to dental students in the academic year 2003–04. Over 90 percent of students at the fifty‐one responding dental schools received financial assistance in the form of loans, grants, scholarships and/or work‐study programs, with students receiving an average of $43,191 per year. As tuition and fees rose 21.4 percent over the past two years, financial assistance rose 23.1 percent. Both continue to increase at a rate greater than inflation. The primary source of financial assistance was in the form of loans, accounting for nearly 90 percent of the reported financial assistance. Most of the remaining assistance was in the form of obligated or unobligated grants and scholarships, with an increasing share attributable to grants/scholarships with obligations following graduation. As the price of higher education increases, reliance on financial assistance continues to increase, and students graduate with an increasing amount of debt in real and constant dollars.
Future Trends in Dental Benefits
Authors: Anderson Maxwell H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDentistry and dental payment systems as we know them today will continue to evolve. Dentistry as practiced today and the prepayment systems of dentistry are substantially different than they were fifty years ago when dental insurance as we know it was first developed. Dentistry has always changed with the development of our science and the expression of dentistry's diseases in the populations we serve. The changes that are likely to occur in the future will be focused on improving health outcomes across risk‐analyzed populations with the goals of providing optimal health outcomes at reasonable costs. Dentists will increasingly become engaged in the whole health of their patients. Where sufficient correlations can be leveraged between dentistry and overall health, medical plans will play an increasing role in dentistry's future for two reasons. Given favorably altered therapeutic outcomes for medical systems that preserve scarce resources, it will be an economic imperative to engage the dental system. It will also be the right thing to do from a total health perspective. In the final analysis, this elevates the role of dentistry and empowers the dentist to participate in the total health of their patients.
Relationship Between Performance in Dental School and Performance on a Dental Licensure Examination: An Eight‐Year Study
Authors: Stewart Carol M. , Bates Robert E. , Smith Gregory E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study assessed relationships between academic performance in dental school and “first attempt” performance on a state dental licensure examination for 1996–2003 graduates from the University of Florida College of Dentistry (UFCD). The 524 graduates were ranked into quartiles based on graduating GPA. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA), the students’ mean exam score (or exam section score) for each respective quartile (n=131) was compared with mean score for graduates in the combined four quartiles (n=524). ANOVA assessments, by quartile, were performed for the following six measures: 1) overall composite score on the dental licensure exam, 2) clinical periodontics section, 3) clinical amalgam section, 4) combination of clinical periodontics and clinical amalgam, 5) laboratory (manikin exam) with a written prosthodontic exam, and 6) manikin exam without the prosthodontic exam. For the overall exam and all exam sections, a significant (p<0.001) relationship was found between higher mean exam scores and academic ranking in quartile 1. A significant relationship was found between performance (lower mean scores) and ranking in quartile 4 for all exam sections, with the exception of the clinical periodontal section. The results of this study indicate a correlation between performance in dental school and performance on the Florida dental licensure exam for 1996–2003 UFCD graduates.
Comparison of Written Examinations Required for Dental Licensure in Japan and the United States: Contents, Cognitive Levels, and Cultural Implications
Authors: Komabayashi Takashi , Bird William F. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe goal of this article is to describe differences between the written examinations required for dental licensure in Japan and in the United States. Candidate guides, old exams, and other published data pertaining to the Japan National Examination for Dentists (NED) and the U.S. National Board Dental Examination (NBDE) were used. Dental education in Japan consists of a six‐year program following high school graduation. The U.S. counterpart is usually a four‐year program following a bachelor's degree. The NED, which is made up of 330 questions, is a single, all‐important gatekeeper test that immediately grants licensure to practice dentistry throughout Japan. The NED contains no evaluation of technical skills; it is purely a written exam. By contrast, in the United States, the NBDE Parts I and II, which consist of 900 questions, are only components of a three‐step licensure process. An additional state or regional board examination on technical skills is required to obtain licensure to practice. There are 400 basic science questions on the NBDE Part I, while the NED has thirty. In terms of cognitive level, questions on the NED place more emphasis on recall, while those on the NBDE Part II are more focused on problem solving. The outcomes of this comparison provide dental educators with comparisons of the licensure examination process for Japanese and U.S. dentists.
Student Occupational Exposure Incidence: Perception Versus Reality
Authors: Wood A. Jeffrey , Nadershahi Nader A. , Fredekind Richard E. , Cuny Eve J. , Chambers David W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractReports of clinical injuries made to a dental school Office of Occupational Health and Safety at the time of their occurrence were compared to self‐reports on a survey for dental students in five classes at various times over their educational careers. The majority of injuries were from needlesticks and mishaps with hand instruments. Underreporting at the time of injury was approximately one‐third in the first clinical year and one‐half in the final clinical year of the three‐year program. Students reported a greater perceived likelihood of injury later in their education than at the beginning but a decreased fear of such injuries. Female students reported more needlesticks and a greater fear of injury than did male students. It is hypothesized that a personal interpretation of the meaning of clinical injuries influences reporting behavior.
The Impact of Quality Assurance Programming: A Comparison of Two Canadian Dental Hygienist Programs
Authors: Asadoorian Joanna , Locker David 
Published: June 2020

AbstractQuality assurance (QA) and continuing competence (CC) programs aim to ensure acceptable levels of health care provider competence, but it is unknown which program methods most successfully achieve this goal. The objectives of the study reported in this article were to compare two distinct QA/CC programs of Canadian dental hygienists and assess the impact of these two programs on practice behavior change, a proxy measure for quality. British Columbia (BC) and Ontario (ON) were compared because the former mandates continuing education (CE) time requirements. A two‐group comparison survey design using a self‐administered questionnaire was implemented in randomly selected samples from two jurisdictions. No statistical differences were found in total activity, change opportunities, or change implementation, but ON study subjects participated in significantly more activities that yielded change opportunities and more activities that generated appropriate change implementation, meaning positive and correct approaches to providing care, than BC dental hygienists. Both groups reported implementing change to a similarly high degree. The findings suggest that ON dental hygienists participated in more learning activities that had relevancy to their practice and learning needs than did BC subjects. The findings indicate that the QA program in ON may allow for greater efficiency in professional learning.
Mechanical Versus Chemical Retention for Restoring Complex Restorations: What Is the Evidence?
Authors: Vaught Randall L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article reports the findings from a study conducted to answer this research question: can adhesive resin liners provide retention that is the same as dentinal pins or pots and slots when restoring complex amalgam restorations? The study methodology consisted of two components: a review of the literature and a survey to assess methods and materials that general practitioners use in their clinical practice for restoring complex amalgam restorations. Even though a vast majority of the general practitioners surveyed reported using dentinal pins or pots and slots, the occurrence or frequency of use was under 50 percent. It was also reported from the survey that over half the respondents are using adhesive resin liners exclusively when restoring complex restorations. New and improved materials allow general practitioners to restore complex restorations without the risks associated with the placement of pins or pots and slots. A review of the available literature indicates that adhesive resin liners may be used as an alternative or adjunct to mechanical retention. Because of the improvements of bonding strength of adhesive resin liners, dentinal pins and pots and slots should not be the only methods considered when faculty assist students in the development of treatment plans for patients who need complex amalgam restorations.
Making Academic Dentistry More Attractive to New Teacher‐Scholars
Authors: Trower Cathy A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis perspectives article written under the sponsorship of the Commission on Change and Innovation in Dental Education (CCI) of the American Dental Education Association (ADEA) summarizes data on the numbers of women and persons of color earning the D.D.S./D.M.D. degrees and entering the U.S. dentistry profession in the first decade of the twenty‐first century and examines job factors of importance to recent graduates of doctoral programs in other academic disciplines that may have relevance for planning recruitment and retention strategies within academic dentistry. The characteristics and expectations of Generation X faculty are explored: who are they and what do they want from the academic workplace? The article describes the culture clash that often occurs when Gen Xers encounter policies and practices that were designed by and for prior generations (e.g., Traditionalists and Boomers) who filled the ranks of dental school faculty in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. Recommendations for rethinking academic employment systems in ways that might make the university workplace more attractive to Generation X are described.
Students’ Opinions About Treating Vulnerable Populations Immediately After Completing Community‐Based Clinical Experiences
Authors: Kuthy Raymond A. , Heller Keith E. , Riniker Katharine J. , McQuistan Michelle R. , Qian Fang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyze students’ perceptions of comfort and anticipated willingness to treat selected special needs and traditionally underserved populations immediately upon completion of community‐based clinical assignments. The sample consisted of University of Iowa senior dental students who completed a questionnaire that asked, in part, about student comfort with and future willingness to treat twelve vulnerable population groups. With student comfort and future willingness to treat each group as dependent variables, logistic models were developed to determine whether there were significant associations between dependent variables and gender, graduation year, and students’ prior experience with these groups. Regression models indicate students’ prior experience is most often associated with comfort in treating the associated population group. Likewise, experience and comfort add different dimensions to perceived future willingness to treat almost all of the twelve groups. Student gender, graduation year from dental school, and community assignments influence only a few of these targeted population groups. This study provides empirical evidence concerning students’ perceptions about comfort with various vulnerable populations after completing their extramural rotations. Students were more comfortable treating certain population groups as well as more willing to consider including these groups in their future practices.
How Much Does the DMFT Index Underestimate the Need for Restorative Care?
Authors: Becker Tal , Levin Liran , Shochat Tzippy , Einy Shmuel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe DMFT index, which represents caries experience as recommended by the World Health Organization (clinical examination without radiographs), was compared with a modified DMFT index with radiographs. The purpose was to evaluate how much the DMFT index underestimates the need for restorative care. A cohort of 376 young adults (eighteen to twenty years old) was examined from March 2003 to December 2004. Dental screening was based on clinical examination and bilateral bitewing radiographs. DMFT index was calculated with and without radiographs to compare DMFT scores. The average DMFT was 1.42 higher with radiographs than without (6.35 vs. 4.93, respectively), and the D component was 1.75 higher. The Pearson correlation between DMFT indices was 0.899 (p<0.0001) and 0.759 between the D components (p<0.0001). A correlation was found between D with radiographs and smoking more than ten cigarettes per day (p=0.0069). Without radiographs, there is a 44 percent probability that the caries decay value will be lower than the actual value, thus causing a greater possibility of diagnostic errors. The findings indicate that assessing treatment needs for a population based only on DMFT screening is inadequate and incomplete without radiographs.
Patient Preference for a Racially or Gender‐Concordant Student Dentist
Authors: Bender Daniel J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDisparities in health and health care due to race and ethnicity are a national problem. One commonly proposed method to address disparities is to increase the number of underrepresented minorities in the health professions to serve the needs of growing minority populations. This position is based in part on the racial concordance hypothesis, an untested assumption that minority patients prefer to be treated by providers of the same race as themselves. The purpose of this study was to test the racial concordance hypothesis. Gender preference of dental patients was also investigated. One hundred twenty male and female Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, and Asian dental patients over eighteen were recruited from the reception area of a private dental school clinic in Northern California. Participants were randomly assigned to a treatment condition that gave them a choice between two equally qualified fictitious dental students that varied on race and gender. Participants were initially blinded to the study's purpose to preserve the authenticity of the choice decision. Results showed that 58 percent of the participants had no preference for the race or gender of their student dentist, but that some black and Hispanic patients preferred a racially concordant student dentist and some female patients preferred a gender‐concordant student dentist. Hispanic females were especially likely to prefer racial and gender concordance. The findings suggest that the racial concordance hypothesis may not apply to choosing a dentist and thus may not be as strong an argument to justify efforts to increase diversity in dental schools as previously thought.