bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Simulating) Coronal Mass Ejections in Active Stars
Authors: Alvarado-Gómez Julián D. , Drake Jeremy J. , Garraffo Cecilia , Moschou Sofia P. , Cohen Ofer , Yadav Rakesh K. , Fraschetti Federico 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe stellar magnetic field completely dominates the environment around late-type stars. It is responsible for driving the coronal high-energy radiation (e.g. EUV/X-rays), the development of stellar winds, and the generation transient events such as flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). While progress has been made for the first two processes, our understanding of the eruptive behavior in late-type stars is still very limited. One example of this is the fact that despite the frequent and highly energetic flaring observed in active stars, direct evidence for stellar CMEs is almost non-existent. Here we discuss realistic 3D simulations of stellar CMEs, analyzing their resulting properties in contrast with solar eruptions, and use them to provide a common framework to interpret the available stellar observations. Additionally, we present results from the first 3D CME simulations in M-dwarf stars, with emphasis on possible observable signatures imprinted in the stellar corona.
Solar astrometry with planetary transits
Authors: Emilio Marcelo , Bush Rock , Kuhn Jeff , Scholl Isabelle 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPlanetary transits are used to measure the solar radius since the beginning of the 18th century and are the most accurate direct method to measure potentially long-term variation in the solar size. Historical measures present a range of values dominated by systematic errors from different instruments and observers. Atmospheric seeing and black drop effect contribute as error sources for the precise timing of the planetary transit ground observations. Both Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) made observations of planetary transits from space to derive the solar radius. The International Astronomical Union approved the resolution B3 in 2015, defining a nominal solar radius of precisely 695,700 km. In this work, we show that this value is off by more than 300 km, which is one order of magnitude higher than the error of the most recent solar radius observations.
A Satellite‐Derived Upper‐Ocean Stratification Data Set for the Tropical North Atlantic With Potential Applications for Hurricane Intensity Prediction
Authors: Da Nguyen Dac , Foltz Gregory R. , Balaguru Karthik 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUpper‐ocean stratification strongly impacts vertical mixing and the heat flux between the ocean and atmosphere, especially under extreme conditions of tropical cyclones (TCs). Knowledge of prestorm stratification is important for accurate TC intensity prediction. In situ observations of the tropical ocean have significantly increased in the past decade. However, they are still too sparse to resolve ocean stratification variability in near‐real time and on small spatial scales. In this study, based on long‐term observations and an ocean reanalysis data set from 2004–2017, we investigate the possibility of retrieving upper‐ocean stratification from sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS), and sea surface height (SSH) using a simple regression method. It is found that more than 90% of the mean seasonal cycle and about 30% to 80% of temperature and salinity stratification anomalies can be reconstructed using surface data from either observations or an ocean reanalysis. Simple regression can be used with satellite observations to create a high‐resolution, near‐real‐time‐gridded ocean stratification data set that successfully reproduces both the large and mesoscale variability of ocean stratification. When used in a simple expression for TC‐induced SST cooling, the satellite‐derived stratification shows improvements over an ocean analysis in terms of variance explained of SST cooling, offering promise as a near‐real‐time indicator of the ocean's impact on TC intensification.
Improving Time Step Convergence in an Atmosphere Model With Simplified Physics: Using Mathematical Rigor to Avoid Nonphysical Behavior in a Parameterization
Authors: Vogl Christopher J. , Wan Hui , Zhang Shixuan , Woodward Carol S. , Stinis Panos 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGlobal atmospheric models seek to capture physical phenomena across a wide range of time and length scales. For this to be a feasible task, the physical processes with time or length scales below that of a computational time step or grid cell size are simplified as one or more parameterizations. Inadvertent oversimplification can violate constraints or destroy relationships in the original physical system and consequently lead to unexpected and physically invalid behavior. An example of such a problem has been investigated in the work of Wan et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001982). This work addresses the issues at a more fundamental level by revisiting the parameterization derivation. A derivation of an unaveraged condensation rate in the unaveraged equations, sometimes referred to as subgrid equations, provides a clear description and more accurate quantification of the condensation/evaporation processes associated with cloud growth/decay, while avoiding simplifications used in earlier studies. A subgrid reconstruction (SGR) methodology is used to connect the unaveraged condensation rate with the grid cell averaged equations solved by the global model. Analyses of the SGR method and the numerical results provide insights into root causes of inconsistent discrete formulations and nonphysical behavior. It is also shown that the SGR methodology provides a flexible framework for addressing such inconsistencies. This work serves as a demonstration that when nonphysical behavior in a parameterization of subgrid variability is avoided through rigorous mathematical derivation, the resulting formulation can exhibit both better numerical convergence properties and significant impact on long‐term climate.
Continuous Monitoring of Fluvial Dike Breaching by a Laser Profilometry Technique
Authors: Rifai I. , Schmitz V. , Erpicum S. , Archambeau P. , Violeau D. , Pirotton M. , Dewals B. , El Kadi Abderrezzak K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA nonintrusive, high‐resolution laser profilometry technique (LPT) has been developed for continuous monitoring of the three‐dimensional (3‐D) evolving breach in laboratory models of noncohesive fluvial dikes. This simple and low‐cost setup consists of a commercial digital video camera and a sweeping red diode 30 mW laser projecting a sheet over the dike. The 2‐D image coordinates of each deformed laser profile incident on the dike are transformed into 3‐D object coordinates using the direct linear transformation (DLT) algorithm. All 3‐D object coordinates computed over a laser sweeping cycle are merged to generate a cloud of points describing the instantaneous surface. The DLT‐based image processing algorithm uses control points and reference axes, so that no prior knowledge is needed on the position, orientation, and intrinsic characteristics of the camera, nor on the laser position. Because the dike is partially submerged, ad hoc refraction correction has been developed. Algorithms and instructions for the implementation of the LPT are provided. Reconstructions of a dike geometry with the LPT and with a commercial laser scanner are compared in dry conditions. Using rigid dike geometries, the repeatability of the measurements, the refraction correction, and the dike reconstruction have been evaluated for submerged conditions. Two laboratory studies of evolving fluvial dike breaching due to flow overtopping have been conducted to demonstrate the LPT capabilities and accuracy. The LPT has advantages in terms of flexibility and spatiotemporal resolution, but high turbidity and water surface waves may lead to inaccurate geometry reconstructions.
How Long Is Too Long? Variogram Analysis of AERONET Data to Aid Aerosol Validation and Intercomparison Studies
Authors: Sayer Andrew M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGeophysical data sets derived from satellite sensors, ground/airborne instrumentation, and computational models are often compared against each other. A common example is the validation of satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals against measurements from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun photometers. Spatiotemporal mismatch between data set sampling means that uncaptured variation in the underlying geophysical field introduces apparent disagreement into such comparisons, known as representation or collocation matchup uncertainty. This study uses variogram analysis of AERONET data to estimate temporal mismatch uncertainties and decorrelation time scales for the global AERONET record. As well as total AOD, the fine‐ and coarse‐mode AODs, Ångström Exponent (AE), and fine‐mode fraction (FMF) of AOD are analyzed. Globally, a time difference of 30 min typically induces from 0.011–0.035 variation in AOD. For total, fine, and coarse AODs the typical time to decorrelation is around 2–10 days. For AE and FMF it is 3–33 days; that is, aerosol systems often persist significantly longer than individual events in them. Biomass burning regions tend to show the largest and fastest subdaily AOD variability and also longest times to decorrelation. Some sites show significant season‐to‐season variations in behavior. These results can be used to inform site‐specific time collocation thresholds for aerosol validation analyses and account for temporal variation when estimating data set uncertainty. They also have implications for comparisons between different satellite products or models, data aggregation, and time series analyses. Results are provided on a site‐by‐site basis to facilitate use by other researchers.
Evidence of Rapid Phenocryst Growth of Olivine During Ascent in Basalts From the Big Pine Volcanic Field: Application of Olivine‐Melt Thermometry and Hygrometry at the Liquidus
Authors: Brehm Sarah K. , Lange Rebecca A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Quaternary Big Pine (BP) volcanic field in eastern California is notable for the occurrence of mantle xenoliths in several flows. This points to rapid ascent of basalt through the crust and precludes prolonged storage in a crustal reservoir. In this study, the hypothesis of phenocryst growth during ascent is tested for several basalts (13–7 wt% MgO) and shown to be viable. Phenocrysts of olivine and clinopyroxene frequently display diffusion‐limited growth textures, and clinopyroxene compositions are consistent with polybaric crystallization. When the most Mg‐rich olivine in each sample is paired with the whole‐rock composition, resulting
(olivine‐melt) values (0.31–0.36) match those calculated from literature models (0.32–0.36). Application of a Mg‐ and a Ni‐based olivine‐melt thermometer from the literature, both calibrated on the same experimental data set, leads to two sets of temperatures that vary linearly with whole‐rock MgO wt%. Because the Ni thermometer is independent of water content, it provides the actual temperature at the onset of olivine crystallization (1247–1097°C), whereas the Mg thermometer gives the temperature under anhydrous conditions and thus allows ΔT (=TMg − TNi = depression of liquidus due to water) to be obtained. The average ΔT for all samples is ~59°C, which is consistent with analyzed water contents of 1.5–3.0 wt% in olivine‐hosted melt inclusions from the literature. Because the application of olivine‐melt thermometry/hygrometry at the liquidus only requires microprobe analyses of olivine combined with whole‐rock compositions, it can be used to obtain large global data sets of the temperature and water contents of basalts from different tectonic settings.
Persistent Long‐Period Signals Recorded by an OBS Array in the Western‐Central Pacific: Activity of Ambrym Volcano in Vanuatu
Authors: Kawano Yuki , Isse Takehi , Takeo Akiko , Kawakatsu Hitoshi , Suetsugu Daisuke , Shiobara Hajime , Sugioka Hiroko , Ito Aki , Ishihara Yasushi , Tanaka Satoru , Obayashi Masayuki , Tonegawa Takashi , Yoshimitsu Junko 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStrong long‐period seismic signals at periods around 25 and 18 s appear in the ambient noise cross‐correlation functions recorded by an array of ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) in the western‐central Pacific. The signal amplitude varies from time to time, and the apparent travel times of the signals are typically smaller than those expected for the Rayleigh waves propagating along the great circle connecting the station pairs. From the cross‐correlation functions, the signal sources are located in the Vanuatu Arc. Local data analysis suggests the signals originate from two different sources possibly located at depths of ~0–1 km below the sea level beneath the active cones of Ambrym volcano.
Analysis of Fault Zone Resonance Modes Recorded by a Dense Seismic Array Across the San Jacinto Fault Zone at Blackburn Saddle
Authors: Qiu Hongrui , Allam Amir A. , Lin Fan‐Chi , Ben‐Zion Yehuda 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe present observations and modeling of spatial eigen‐functions of resonating waves within fault zone waveguide, using data recorded on a dense seismic array across the San Jacinto Fault Zone (SJFZ) in southern California. The array consists of 5‐Hz geophones that cross the SJFZ with ~10–30 m spacing at the Blackburn Saddle near the Hemet Stepover. Wavefield snapshots after the S wave arrival are consistent for more than 50 near‐fault events, suggesting that this pattern is controlled by the fault zone structure rather than source properties. Data from example event with high signal to noise ratio show three main frequency peaks at ~1.3, ~2.0, and ~2.8 Hz in the amplitude spectra of resonance waves averaged over stations near the fault. The data are modeled with analytical expressions for eigen‐functions of resonance waves in a low‐velocity layer (fault zone) between two quarter‐spaces. Using a grid search‐based method, we investigate the possible width of the waveguide, location within the array, and shear wave velocities of the media that fit well the resonance signal at ~1.3 Hz. The results indicate a ~300 m wide damaged fault zone layer with ~65% S wave velocity reduction compared to the host rock. The SW edge of the low‐velocity zone is near the mapped fault surface trace, indicating that the damage zone is asymmetrically located at the regionally faster NE crustal block. The imaging resolution of the fault zone structure can be improved by modeling fault zone resonance modes and trapped waves together.
The Line‐of‐Sight Extinction Record at Gale Crater as Observed by MSL's Mastcam and Navcam through ∼2,500 Sols
Authors: Smith Christina L. , Lemmon Mark , Moores John E. , Guzewich Scott D. , McConnochie Timothy H. , Newman Claire E. , Khayat Alain S. J. , Battalio Michael , Moore Casey A. , Ellison Douglas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Mars Science Laboratory rover (Curiosity) has monitored the line‐of‐sight extinction within Gale Crater since mission sol 100 (16 November 2012, MY 31 Ls 208°) with Navcam and since mission sol 1,187 (8 December 2015, MY 33 Ls 79°) with the color imager, Mastcam. This work reports 1,375 sols (>2 MYs) of line‐of‐sight extinction monitoring within Gale Crater with Mastcam and updates the Navcam line‐of‐sight extinction record to sol 2,556 (15 October 2019, MY 35 Ls 93°). A cyclical pattern with one or more peaks in the dusty season (Ls ∼180–360°) and a trough in the less‐dusty season (Ls ∼0–180°) was observed with both imagers and the results from Mastcam red and Navcam agree well. Green and blue filter Mastcam data show generally lower extinction than in the red filter data. Extinction as a function of azimuth and elevation angle were investigated and the extinction as a function of azimuth was generally found to be smooth and thus the dust well‐mixed horizontally. The extinction as a function of elevation shows increased dust loading at lower elevations during dusty seasons, indicative of dust lifting from the base of the crater.
Hub-Extension Model and Access to Pediatric Behavioral Integrated Primary Care
Authors: Lilly Rachel G. , Meadows Tawnya J. , Sevecke-Hanrahan Jessica R. , Massura Carrie E. , Golden Maria E. , O’Dell Sean M. 
Published: September 2020

Objective: Investigation into models of integrated behavioral health primary care and innovative adaptations of these models can help address challenges associated with behavioral health service delivery. To date, few studies have examined access to pediatric behavioral health treatment in primary care, and no known studies have investigated access for pediatric patients in a hub-extension model. In this model, behavioral health providers receive referrals from both hub clinics (integrated sites in which behavioral health providers treat patients) and extension clinics (coordinated off-sites without behavioral health providers). Method: This study investigated differences in latency between referrals and intakes, scheduling rates, and intake show rates between patients from extension versus hub clinics using retrospective electronic medical record data from pediatric patients referred for behavioral health in primary care over an 8-month period. Results: During the time frame, 766 patient referrals were placed from 3 hub clinics and 6 extension clinics (483 hub; 283 extension). Of those referred, 98 patients never scheduled (36 hub; 62 extension). Patients were more likely to schedule intakes following referrals from hub clinics (92.3%) than extension clinics (78.1%). In addition, hub patients ( M = 14.2, SD = 12.4) scheduled for sooner initial appointments than extension patients ( M = 25.0, SD = 19.8). Hub clinic patients were 2.4 times more likely to cancel and 2.2 times more likely to not show than extension clinic patients. Conclusions: Although additional research on the hub-extension model of behavioral health implementation is needed, this study provides a preliminary examination into the innovative alteration of integrated care models. Implications for Impact Statement This study is the first known examination of the hub-extension model of pediatric integrated primary care. Results indicated patients referred from hub clinics were more likely to be scheduled for an intake with shorter wait times. Hub clinic patients were also more likely to cancel or not show for intake appointments.
Nebraska Pediatric Integrated Care Training (NE-PICT) Model
Authors: Valleley Rachel J. , Clarke Brandy , Roberts Holly , Burt Jennifer , Grennan Allison , Evans Joseph H. 
Published: September 2020

Objective: The Nebraska Pediatric Integrated Care Training (NE-PICT) model of training was initiated in 1997 to meet the behavioral health needs of youth throughout the state of Nebraska, as well as to prepare the future behavioral health workforce to practice in primary care settings. In 2011, the NE-PICT program was identified by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) as 1 of 9 promising practices in rural mental health delivery. The purpose of this article is to describe the NE-PICT model of training. Method: NE-PICT was developed to increase the capacity of behavioral health providers equipped to address the majority of behavioral health needs of youth presenting in primary care. Training includes a combination of didactic and in-clinic modeling with supervising NE-PICT university trainers. Results: Over 200 doctoral-level interns, 400 master’s level interns, and 80 postdoctoral fellows have completed training through the NE-PICT model in over 40 primary care clinics since the program’s inception. Conclusions: The NE-PICT has helped to grow the behavioral health workforce in primary care settings in Nebraska and beyond. Implications for Impact Statement There is a substantial need in this country to address the behavioral health needs of youth, particularly in rural and underserved areas, because of the shortage of clinicians. The Nebraska Pediatric Integrated Care Training (NE-PICT) model has been pivotal in training a behavioral health workforce prepared to integrate into primary care settings to address the behavioral health needs of youth in rural and underserved areas of the United States.
Development and Implementation of a Culturally Tailored Early Childhood Program in an Integrated Pediatric Primary Care Practice
Authors: Snider Tyanna C. , Raglin Bignall Whitney J. , Hostutler Cody A. , Hoet Ariana C. , Walker Bethany L. , Bailey Jessica 
Published: September 2020

Objective: Evidence demonstrates the importance of providing anticipatory guidance in interdisciplinary pediatric primary care to promote optimal social–emotional development of young children. However, there is a paucity of research available regarding the development and implementation of such programs within large refugee or immigrant populations. Our goal was to develop a culturally sensitive universal anticipatory guidance program delivered by an integrated behavioral health consultant that would be feasible and acceptable in a busy pediatric primary care clinic (PPCC). Method: Participants were caregivers of children (0 to 36 months), primary care providers, and nursing staff in an urban PPCC. Program development and evaluation followed the Plan-Do-Study-Act quality improvement methodology. A needs assessment was developed and administered to primary care staff and families to identify barriers and value-based program targets to aid in culturally sensitive program development. Feasibility and acceptability were measured by satisfaction surveys. Results: All stakeholders identified the need for this type of programming in the clinic. Space, time, and workflow impact were the most reported perceived barriers. Stakeholders varied in their recommendation of preferred ages for behavioral health consultant (BHC) involvement. Results of the satisfaction surveys revealed that the program was feasible and acceptable. Approximately 20% of patients who presented for the identified well child check visits met with the BHC. Conclusions: Results highlight how stakeholder engagement can be used to support the development and implementation of a culturally sensitive universal early childhood education program in a busy pediatric primary care setting. Implications for Impact Statement This article highlights how stakeholder engagement can support the development and implementation of a universal early childhood anticipatory guidance program in an integrated pediatric primary care setting that serves a large refugee and immigrant population.
Opening a new route to multiport coherent XUV sources via intracavity high-order harmonic generation
Authors: Kanda Natsuki , Imahoko Tomohiro , Yoshida Koji , Tanabashi Akihiro , Amani Eilanlou A. , Nabekawa Yasuo , Sumiyoshi Tetsumi , Kuwata-Gonokami Makoto , Midorikawa Katsumi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHigh-order harmonic generation (HHG) is currently utilized for developing compact table-top radiation sources to provide highly coherent extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft X-ray pulses; however, the low repetition rate of fundamental lasers, which is typically in the multi-kHz range, restricts the area of application for such HHG-based radiation sources. Here, we demonstrate a novel method for realizing a MHz-repetition-rate coherent XUV light source by utilizing intracavity HHG in a mode-locked oscillator with an Yb:YAG thin disk laser medium and a 100-m-long ring cavity. We have successfully implemented HHG by introducing two different rare gases into two separate foci and picking up each HH beam. Owing to the two different HH beams generated from one cavity, this XUV light source will open a new route to performing a time-resolved measurement with an XUV-pump and XUV-probe scheme at a MHz-repetition rate with a femtosecond resolution.