bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon on the Indian Ocean Dipole in CMIP5 Models
Authors: Zhang Yazhou , Li Jianping , Zheng Fei , Yu Miao , Feng Juan , Sun Cheng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe impact of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) on the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) has been systematically investigated in observations. This study focuses on the ability of climate models participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) to reproduce the observed relationship between the SCSSM and IOD and the relevant physical mechanisms. All 23 models reproduce significant correlations between the SCSSM and IOD during boreal summer [June–August (JJA)], whereas the influence of the SCSSM on the IOD varies considerably across the CMIP5 models. To explore the causes, all models are divided into two groups. Models that successfully simulated both the correlations between the SCSSM and JJA IOD and of the SCSSM and JJA IOD with precipitation over the western North Pacific and Maritime Continent are classified as Type I, and these produce stronger low-level wind anomalies over the tropical southeastern Indian Ocean. The stronger low-level wind anomalies enhance local sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies via positive wind–evaporation–SST (WES) and wind–thermocline–SST (Bjerknes) feedbacks. This corresponds to a strengthening of IOD events due to the increased zonal gradient of SST anomalies over the tropical Indian Ocean. In contrast, Type II models perform poorly in representing the relationship between the SCSSM and JJA IOD or relevant physical processes, corresponding to weaker WES and Bjerknes feedbacks, and produce weaker IOD events. These results demonstrate that the better the model simulation of the critical physical processes, the larger contribution of the SCSSM to the IOD.
Treatment of Perianal Abscess and Fistula in Infants and Young Children: From Basic Etiology to Clinical Features
Authors: Ding Wei , Sun Yao-Ran , Wu Zhi-Jiu 
Published: December 2020

Perianal abscess and anal fistula are 2 common anorectal diseases in infants and young children. However, their causes, clinical diagnosis, and treatment remain controversial. Compared to adults, infants with these 2 diseases exhibit unique clinical characteristics. Blind pursuit of conservative treatment or surgery may worsen the condition, resulting in increased pain in young patients and greater economic burden and psychological harm to parents. Therefore, it is crucial to select correct and effective treatments. This review summarizes the relevant literature from the past 10 years and systematically explains the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and treatment measures of perianal abscess and anal fistula in infants with the goal of providing clinicians a deeper understanding of perianal abscess and anal fistula in infants and summarizing safe and effective treatment methods.
Ionizing Radiation Exposure in Pediatric Patients With Intestinal Failure
Authors: Rauh Jessica L. , Almond Angie , Glock Michael , Anthony Evelyn , Zeller Kristen A. 
Published: December 2020

Background Children with intestinal failure (IF) are frequently exposed to imaging studies using ionizing radiation. Due to many advancements in care of pediatric patients with IF, the number of patients living with this condition is growing. This burden of disease as pertains to pediatric IF patients has not been previously described. Methods and Results 10 patients in a multidisciplinary clinic for IF were included in a retrospective review of ionizing imaging studies. Ages ranged from 2-6 years old. The average number of studies performed exposing patients to ionizing radiation was 69.1 (±41.0). A majority of the studies were plain radiographs. Fluoroscopy studies were common. The Computed tomography scans were less common. An average of 31% (±25.7%) of these studies were obtained before the first discharge from the hospital. Conclusions While survival and outcomes of IF patients continue to improve, it is important to consider the impact of radiation-related exposure to which this population is frequently subjected. Long-term follow-up will be necessary to determine whether or not this translates to increased risks or complications in this already vulnerable patient population.
Operative Traumatic Aortic Injuries at an Urban Pediatric Hospital
Authors: Wang Shihuan K. , Severance Sarah , Troja Weston , Drucker Natalie A. , Gray Brian W. , Rouse Thomas M. , Dalsing Michael C. , Maijub John G. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose Limited data are available describing the long-term results of pediatric patients undergoing aortic repair secondary to trauma. Therefore, this descriptive investigation was completed to abrogate this deficit. Methods A retrospective review of an urban level 1 pediatric trauma database maintained at a high-volume dedicated children’s hospital between 2008-2018 was completed to capture all cases of severe traumatic aortic injury and associated demographics, mechanisms, injury severity, treatment, and clinical outcomes. Results In the prespecified interval, 2189 children (age <18 years) presented to our facility as a level 1 trauma activation. Of these cases, a total of 10 patients (.5%) had a demonstrable thoracic or abdominal aortic injury. The mean age of our study cohort was 10.4 ± 5.7 years. The mechanism of injury consisted of 8 participants involved in motor vehicle accidents, 1 pedestrian struck by a vehicle, and 1 struck by a falling boulder. Injuries were identified via CT angiogram (n = 9) or autopsy (n = 1) and consisted of 6 thoracic aortas and 4 abdominal aortas. The mean trauma injury severity score was 37.6 ± 19.9. Seven of the patients underwent open surgical intervention, 1 underwent endovascular intervention, 1 was treated with medical management, and 1 patient expired in the trauma bay before surgery could be performed. Aortic pathologies observed were 6 transections, 2 dissections, and 2 occlusions. Five of the ten patients underwent nonaortic surgical procedures. To determine operative outcomes, we excluded the 2 patients who did not receive aortic intervention. In the 8 remaining patients, the mean hospital length of stay was 12.8 ± 4.8 days with 6.8 ± 4.1 days in the intensive care unit. All 9 participants who survived the initial trauma evaluation were discharged from the hospital. Mean follow-up was 38.3 ± 43.0 months; during which, we observed no additional aortic-related morbidity, mortality, and reinterventions. The only stent-graft deployed remained in stable position without evidence of endoleak or migration by duplex. Conclusion Traumatic aortic injury is exceedingly rare in children and primarily of blunt etiology. Of the patients who survive the scene, operative repair seems to be associated with excellent perioperative and long-term survival.
Predictors of Occurrence and Timing of Post-Tonsillectomy Hemorrhage: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Gross Jennifer H. , Lindburg Miranda , Kallogjeri Dorina , Molter Michelle , Molter David , Lieu Judith E. C. 
Published: December 2020

Objective: To describe cases and timing of pediatric post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage (PTH), to evaluate predictors of PTH, and to determine the optimal amount of postoperative care unit (PACU) monitoring time. Study Design: Using the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database and electronic medical records, a matched case-control study from 2005 to 2015 was performed. Setting: A single, tertiary-care institution. Subjects and Methods: Each case of PTH was matched with 1 to 4 controls for the following factors: age, sex, surgeon, and time of year. A total of 124 cases of PTH and 479 tonsillectomy controls were included. The rate and timing of postoperative bleeding were assessed, and matched pair analysis was performed using conditional logistic regression. Results: Our institutional PTH rate of 1.9% (130 of 6949) included 124 patients; 15% (19) were primary (≤24 hours), with 50% (9) occurring within 5 hours. Twenty-one percent (4 of 19) of primary PTH patients received operative intervention. Eighty-five percent (105 of 124) of all cases were secondary PTH, and 47% (49) of those patients received operative intervention. Cold steel (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.3) and Coblation (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-3.1) techniques and tonsillectomy alone (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.9-7.2) increased odds of PTH. Patients who developed PTH had 4 times the odds of having a preceding postoperative respiratory event than controls (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.6-10.0). Conclusion: We conducted a rigorous case-control study for PTH, finding that PTH was associated with use of cold steel and Coblation techniques and with tonsillectomy alone. Patients with a postoperative respiratory event may be more likely to develop a PTH and should be counseled accordingly. A PACU monitoring time of 4 hours is sufficient for outpatient tonsillectomy.
The Effects of Vehicle Automation on Driver Engagement: The Case of Adaptive Cruise Control and Mind Wandering
Authors: Weaver Starla M. , Roldan Stephanie M. , Gonzalez Tracy B. , Balk Stacy A. , Philips Brian H. 
Published: December 2020

Objective This field study examined the effects of adaptive cruise control (ACC) on mind wandering prevalence. Background ACC relieves the driver of the need to regulate vehicle speed and following distance, which may result in safety benefits. However, if ACC reduces the amount of attentional resources drivers must devote to driving, then drivers who use ACC may experience increased periods of mind wandering, which could reduce safety. Methods Participants drove a prescribed route on a public road twice, once using ACC and once driving manually. Mind wandering rates were assessed throughout the drive using auditory probes, which occurred at random intervals and required the participant to indicate whether or not they were mind wandering. Measures of physiological arousal and driving performance were also recorded. Results No evidence of increased mind wandering was found when drivers used ACC. In fact, female drivers reported reduced rates of mind wandering when driving with ACC relative to manual driving. Driving with ACC also tended to be associated with increased physiological arousal and improved driving behavior. Conclusion Use of ACC did not encourage increased mind wandering or negatively affect driving performance. In fact, the results indicate that ACC may have positive effects on driver safety among drivers who have limited experience with the technology. Application Driver characteristics, such as level of experience with in-vehicle technology and gender, should be considered when investigating driver engagement during ACC use. Field research on vehicle automation may provide valuable insights over and above studies conducted in driving simulators.
Socio-economic inequalities in social network, loneliness and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Jaspal Rusi , Breakwell Glynis M 
Published: December 2020

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a focus on isolation and loneliness is important, especially as social distancing policies (which for some groups involve self-isolation or quarantine) are likely to accentuate these experiences and affect mental health. Aims: This study focuses on socio-economic inequalities in social network, loneliness and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Two-hundred and fourteen residents of Wandsworth, a South West London Borough in the United Kingdom completed an online cross-sectional survey on the impact of COVID-19 on mental health. Data were analysed using independent samples t-tests and multiple regression. Results: Middle-aged people reported a less strong social network and more loneliness, anxiety and depression than younger people. People with a long-term health condition reported a less strong social network, more loneliness, more general practitioner (GP) and hospital visits, and poorer mental health than those with no long-term health conditions. People receiving State financial benefits reported less use of public spaces, a less strong social network, more loneliness, more GP and hospital visits and poorer mental health than those not receiving benefits. Greater neighbourhood identification was associated with a stronger social network and better mental health outcomes. Multiple regression analyses showed that, over and above loneliness, perceived personal risk of COVID-19 constitutes an additional precipitant for both depression and anxiety when controlling for other variables. Conclusion: As a novel stressor associated with the pandemic, the situational and involuntary perception of being at risk of COVID-19 may be stimulating anxiety and depressive symptomatology, which will need to be managed effectively as resurgences of the disease are predicted and communicated to the general public under growing mistrust and uncertainty.
A meta-analysis of the problematic social media use and mental health
Authors: Huang Chiungjung 
Published: December 2020

Background: Although previous meta-analyses were conducted to quantitatively synthesize the relation between problematic social media (SM) use and mental health, they focused on Facebook addiction. Aims: The purpose of this meta-analysis is to examine this relation by extending the research scope via the inclusion of studies examining problematic use of all platforms. Method: One hundred and thirty-three independent samples ( N =244,676) were identified. Results: As expected, the mean correlations between problematic SM use and well-being are negative, while those between problematic SM use and distress are positive. Life satisfaction and self-esteem are commonly used to represent well-being, while depression and loneliness are usually used to indicate distress. The mean correlations of problematic SM use with life satisfaction and self-esteem are small, whereas those of problematic SM use with depression and loneliness are moderate. The moderating effects of publication status, instruments, platforms and mean age are not significant. Conclusions: The magnitude of the correlations between problematic SM use and mental health indicators can generalize across most moderator conditions.
World of Change: Reflections within an educational and health care perspective in a time with COVID-19
Authors: Damsgaard Janne Brammer , Phoenix Ann 
Published: December 2020

Background: Besides handling the physical impacts of COVID-19 there is more than ever a need to understand what can help when mental health is challenged. Within this context our practical wisdom – our ability to understand and recognise when ‘the other’, for example the patient, is feeling lonely or anxious is particularly important. Aim: This article aims to contribute to the understanding of how the competence of health professionals may be advanced by helping them develop the self-understanding essential to being wise practitioners. Method: The article is based on a discussion informed by reflections (written in Danish and translated into English) by Masters students (and registered nurses) participating in a university programme “Patient and user focused nursing”. Findings: The first part of the article considers a student nurse’s reflection on understanding herself and one of her patients. The second part considers reflections on the contemporary world of change from a student nurse trying to engage with a world she experiences as falling apart. The third part addresses the impact of resonant places and encounters on developing self/other understandings; encounters that may also be produced through songs and lyrics. The final part draws conclusions on how it is possible to reach understandings of oneself and others as student health practitioners in time of a pandemic. Conclusion: In the process of developing understanding and recognition, competence built on self-understanding is central for helping form health professionals into ‘wise practitioners’. It is concluded that the existential implications of the COVID-19 pandemic, paradoxically, may direct many people’s awareness to a more sensitive, resonant, attitude towards the other. For some, this may produce a more humanized world and perception of others. Within this perspective the arts may help us develop self-understanding and recognition of ‘the other’.
Fuerza Civil: Capital Accumulation and Social Control in Nuevo León, Mexico
Authors: Buderath Markus , Heath Matthew 
Published: December 2020

Policing is central to the promotion and enforcement of neoliberalization efforts across the globe. The militarization and police reform associated with the Mexican drug war must be viewed in this context. Examining Nuevo León’s highly militarized semiprivate police force, the Fuerza Civil, reveals that political-economic objectives are inextricably linked to policing reform in the Mexican border state and highlights the role of the city’s industrial elite in these processes. La vigilancia policial es fundamental para la promoción y aplicación de los esfuerzos de neoliberalización en todo el mundo. La militarización y la reforma policial asociadas a la guerra del gobierno mexicano contra las drogas deben ser consideradas en este contexto. Un análisis de la fuerza policial semiprivada y altamente militarizada de Nuevo León, conocida como la Fuerza Civil, revela que los objetivos político-económicos están inextricablemente vinculados a la reforma policial en este estado fronterizo mexicano y destaca el papel de la élite industrial de la ciudad en estos procesos.
Hybrid Governance in Northeastern Mexico: Crime, Violence, and Legal-Illegal Energy Markets
Authors: López-Vallejo Marcela , del Pilar Fuerte-Celis María 
Published: December 2020

Despite the presence of organized crime in northeastern Mexico, the region has a functioning economy that attracts new investment to energy projects, especially those involving fossil fuels. This may be because legal and illegal markets there tend to overlap and function under hybrid governance schemes. The hybridization of governance is an expression of the fact that legality and illegality are embedded in contemporary capitalist markets. This embeddedness is not an abnormal condition but the way in which societies deal locally with organized crime, and violence serves as the primary regulatory mechanism in disputed territories and markets. A pesar de la presencia del crimen organizado en el noreste de México, la región tiene una economía funcional que atrae nuevas inversiones a proyectos energéticos, especialmente aquellos relacionados con combustibles fósiles. Esto puede deberse a que, ahí, los mercados legales e ilegales tienden a solaparse y funcionar en el marco de los sistemas de gobernanza híbrida. La hibridación de la gobernanza es una expresión del hecho de que la legalidad y la ilegalidad están incrustadas en los mercados capitalistas contemporáneos. Dicha incrustación no es una condición anormal, sino la forma en que las sociedades se ocupan localmente del crimen organizado, y la violencia sirve como el principal mecanismo regulador en los territorios y mercados en disputa.
Is the “Preferred” Color Temperature Transferable from Near-Vision to Ambient Home Lighting? An Exploratory Study with People Who Have Central Visual Field Loss
Authors: Vincent Claude , Bourassa Julie , Cimon Nathalie , Verville Paule , Dumont Frédéric 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: The literature supports the importance of adequate lighting for people with visual impairments, but little is known regarding ambient color temperature at home, and the evaluation process is not standardized. Thus, this study aimed to test a method for evaluating the preferred ambient color temperature, established with a near-vision assessment in clinic, and by using standardized tools to evaluate the effects at home for people with central visual field loss. Methods: An exploratory quasi-experimental study was conducted with three interventions and six observation times. A convenience sample of eight women and two men with central visual field loss, aged 64–91 years with visual acuity between 6/21 (20/69) and 6/48 (20/158), was recruited. Two certified low vision therapists realized evaluations with Minnesota Low-Vision Reading Test, International Reading Speed Texts, a Visual Comfort Scale, a Digital Light Meter LX1330B, and Home Environment Lighting Assessment. The LuxIQ and various illuminated magnifiers were used for clinical interventions. Home lighting interventions were individualized and aimed to apply participants’ preferred color temperature in a selected room. Results: The use of the LuxIQ and illuminated magnifiers showed positive effects in near-vision for all participants by increasing reading speed and visual comfort. Home lighting interventions in participants’ kitchen ( n = 4), living room ( n = 4), or office ( n = 2) also had beneficial effects on their visual comfort and ability to perform activities of daily living. The choice of preferred color temperature was transferable from near-vision to ambient lighting for all participants but one and varied widely. Discussion: Innovative preliminary data support the importance of ambient color temperature for people with visual impairments and suggest an efficient standardized evaluation method. Further research is needed to obtain statistically significant empirical evidence in this field. Implications for practitioners: It could be beneficial for low vision therapists to evaluate the individual ambient color temperature preferences of people with visual impairments by using standardized tools.
The Accessible Museum: Towards an Understanding of International Audio Description Practices in Museums
Authors: Hutchinson Rachel S. , Eardley Alison F. 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Audio description (AD) in museums is crucial for making them accessible for people with visual impairments. Nevertheless, there are limited museum-specific AD guidelines currently available. This research examines current varied international practitioner perspectives on museum AD, focusing on imagery, meaning, emotion and degrees of objectivity, and the regional differences (Europe and United States) in AD traditions, in order to better understand how AD can be used to enhance access to museums. Methods: Forty-two museum describers from 12 countries responded to a questionnaire requiring fixed-choice and free-text responses about the purpose and construction of museum AD. Results: Inference tests showed that European describers agreed more strongly than American describers that AD should “explore meaning” ( U = 91.00 , N1 = 24, N2 = 14, p = .03), and “create an emotional experience” ( U = 89.50, N1 = 24, N2 = 14, p = .03), rating the use of cognitive prompts as more important ( U = 85.50, N1 = 21, N2 = 14, p = .04). Qualitative data enriched this understanding by exploring participant responses on the themes of mental imagery, objectivity and interpretation and cognitive prompts. This highlighted broader agreement between regions on mental imagery, but more acceptance of interpretation in AD from the European respondents. Discussion: American and European describers’ opinions differ regarding the purpose of AD: whether it is about conveying visual information or whether broader interpretations should be incorporated into descriptions for audiences with visual impairments. Implications for practitioners: These findings indicate that further discussion is needed regarding the purpose of museum AD and, in particular, the way in which objectivity is contextualized. They raise questions about AD providing visual information and/or seeking to address a wider museum experience, including the stimulation of curiosity or emotion.