bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depression in post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Radell Milen L. , Hamza Eid Abo , Moustafa Ahmed A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) symptoms commonly occur after trauma-exposure, both alone and in combination with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article reviews recent research on comorbidity between these disorders, including its implications for symptom severity and response to treatment. Despite considerable symptom overlap, the two disorders represent distinct constructs and depend, at least in part, on separate biological mechanisms. Both, however, are also clearly related to stress psychopathology. We recommend that more research focus specifically on the study of individual differences in symptom expression in order to identify distinct subgroups of individuals and develop targeted treatments. However, a barrier to this line of inquiry is the trend of excluding particular patients from clinical trials of new interventions based on symptom severity or comorbidity. Another obstacle is the overreliance on self-report measures in human research. We argue that developing computer-based behavioral measures in order to supplement self-report can help address this challenge. Furthermore, we propose that these measures can help tie findings from human and non-human animal research. A number of paradigms have been used to model MDD-and PTSD-like behavior in animals. These models remain valuable for understanding the biological basis of these disorders in humans and for identifying potential interventions, but they have been underused for the study of comorbidity. Although the interpretation of animal behavior remains a concern, we propose that this can also be overcome through the development of close human analogs to animal paradigms.
Machine learning (ML) for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using brain imaging
Authors: Nogay Hidir Selcuk , Adeli Hojjat 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental incurable disorder with a long diagnostic period encountered in the early years of life. If diagnosed early, the negative effects of this disease can be reduced by starting special education early. Machine learning (ML), an increasingly ubiquitous technology, can be applied for the early diagnosis of ASD. The aim of this study is to examine and provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of ML research for the diagnosis of ASD based on (a) structural magnetic resonance image (MRI), (b) functional MRI and (c) hybrid imaging techniques over the past decade. The accuracy of the studies with a large number of participants is in general lower than those with fewer participants leading to the conclusion that further large-scale studies are needed. An examination of the age of the participants shows that the accuracy of the automated diagnosis of ASD is higher at a younger age range. ML technology is expected to contribute significantly to the early and rapid diagnosis of ASD in the coming years and become available to clinicians in the near future. This review is aimed to facilitate that.
La conception néosaussurienne du signe et de la sémiosis et l’analyse des images
Authors: Trudel Éric 
Published: September 2020

Résumé
Cet article se propose d’envisager le signe iconique à l’aune du modèle néosaussurien du signe et de la sémiosis qui se dégage des Écrits de linguistique générale. Après avoir exposé ce modèle à partir des propositions que François Rastier tire des textes autographes de Saussure, cette contribution transpose le cadre à la description du signe iconique, en réinterrogeant certains éléments de la conceptualisation que donne le Groupe µ de ce type d’énoncé visuel. Une brève analyse de la toile Le retour à la nature de Magritte permet d’illustrer et de valider la transposition théorique du modèle néosaussurien du signe et de la sémiosis. Cette démarche ouvre la possibilité de procéder à l’interprétation des images selon la théorie morphosémiotique développée par la sémantique de Rastier.
Ein schwieriger Partner: Deutschlands eigennützige Außenpolitik
Authors: Dieter Heribert 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Innerhalb der Europäischen Union ist Deutschland der wichtigste Akteur, dessen Gewicht in der gegenwärtigen Krise noch einmal gewachsen ist. Auch für die Artikulation europäischer Positionen in der internationalen Politik hat Deutschland eine hohe Bedeutung. Allerdings bedeutet dies noch lange nicht, dass Deutschland eine akzeptierte Führungsmacht ist. Deutsche Außenpolitiker geben zwar stets vor, im Interesse aller Europäer zu handeln und betonen auch regelmäßig die Bedeutung multilateralen Foren. Indessen fällt auf, dass die deutsche Außenpolitik sich vor allem an den wirtschaftlichen Interessen Deutschlands orientiert und etwa in der Frage des künftigen Umgangs mit einer zunehmend aggressiv auftretenden Volksrepublik China eine gemeinsame europäische Reaktion erschwert.
Stretch-induced hypoalgesia: a pilot study
Authors: Larouche Marie-Claude , Camiré Bernier Samuel , Racine Rosalie , Collin Olivier , Desmons Mikaël , Mailloux Catherine , Massé-Alarie Hugo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Stretching is an intervention often used in various kinds of rehabilitation protocols and the effects on pain sensitivity has sparsely been investigated, especially when addressing potential effects on pain. The objective is to investigate the immediate effects of an axial and peripheral prolonged stretch on pressure pain sensitivity (PPT) and temporal summation (TS) on local and distal sites in healthy subjects.

Methods
Twenty-two healthy volunteers were recruited to participate in this pilot study. Two prolonged stretching protocols were performed: low back and wrist extensors stretches. PPT and pinprick TS were measured pre- and post-intervention at local and remote sites. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the effects and significance of the interventions.

Results
The low back stretch induced an increase in PPT for both local and remote sites, and the wrist stretch produced a PPT increase only at the local site. TS did not change.

Conclusions
Low back stretching induced an increase in PPT at both local and remote sites whereas the wrist stretch only increased PPT locally, suggesting hypoalgesia at these sites. Further studies are needed to confirm the effect and mechanisms using randomised, controlled and parallel study design. Considering that pain sensitivity is different than clinical pain, results are difficult to extrapolate to clinical practice. Future studies testing clinical pain are needed to better understand the clinical implication of these results.
Exploring the underlying mechanism of pain-related disability in hypermobile adolescents with chronic musculoskeletal pain
Authors: van Meulenbroek Thijs , Huijnen Ivan P.J. , Simons Laura E. , Conijn Arnoud E.A. , Engelbert Raoul H.H. , Verbunt Jeanine A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
A significant proportion of adolescents with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) experience difficulties in physical functioning, mood and social functioning, contributing to diminished quality of life. Generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) is a risk factor for developing CMP with a striking 35-48% of patients with CMP reporting GJH. In case GJH occurs with one or more musculoskeletal manifestations such as chronic pain, trauma, disturbed proprioception and joint instability, it is referred to as generalized hypermobility spectrum disorder (G-HSD). Similar characteristics have been reported in children and adolescents with the hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hEDS). In the management of CMP, a biopsychosocial approach is recommended as several studies have confirmed the impact of psychosocial factors in the development and maintenance of CMP. The fear-avoidance model (FAM) is a cognitive-behavioural framework that describes the role of pain-related fear as a determinant of CMP-related disability.

Content
Pubmed was used to identify existing relevant literature focussing on chronic musculoskeletal pain, generalized joint hypermobility, pain-related fear and disability. Relevant articles were cross-referenced to identify articles possibly missed during the primary screening. In this paper the current state of scientific evidence is presented for each individual component of the FAM in hypermobile adolescents with and without CMP. Based on this overview, the FAM is proposed explaining a possible underlying mechanism in the relations between GJH, pain-related fear and disability.

Summary and outlook
It is assumed that GJH seems to make you more vulnerable for injury and experiencing more frequent musculoskeletal pain. But in addition, a vulnerability for heightened pain-related fear is proposed as an underlying mechanism explaining the relationship between GJH and disability. Further scientific confirmation of this applied FAM is warranted to further unravel the underlying mechanism.
In explaining disability in individuals with G-HSD/hEDS, it is important to focus on both the physical components related to joint hypermobility, in tandem with the psychological components such as pain-related fear, catastrophizing thoughts and generalized anxiety.
The CA1 hippocampal serotonin alterations involved in anxiety-like behavior induced by sciatic nerve injury in rats
Authors: Saffarpour Sepideh , Nasirinezhad Farinaz 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Several clinical and experimental studies reported the anxiety as one of the neuropathic pain comorbidities; however, the mechanisms involved in this comorbidity are incompletely cleared. The current study investigated the consequence of pain induced by peripheral neuropathy on the serotonin (5-HT) level of the CA1 region of the hippocampus, which is known as a potential reason, for anxiety associated with neuropathic pain.

Methods
In this manner, 72 male rats were inconstantly subdivided into three experimental groups as follows: control, sham, and chronic constriction injury (CCI). Neuropathic pain was initiated by the CCI of the sciatic nerve, and then, mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and anxiety-like behavior were evaluated using the von Frey filaments, radiant heat, open field test (OFT), and elevated plus maze (EPM) respectively. To investigate the probable mechanisms, the in vivo extracellular levels of 5-HT were assessed by microdialysis and using reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the CA1 region of hippocampus on days 16 and 30 post-CCI.

Results
Our data suggested that CCI caused anxiety-like behavior in OFT and EPM test. 5-HT concentration in the CA1 region of the hippocampus significantly (F=43.8, p=0.000) reduced in CCI rats, when the pain threshold was minimum. Nevertheless, these alterations reversed while the pain threshold innate increased.

Conclusions
Neuropathic pain, initiated by constriction of the sciatic nerve can induce anxiety-like behavior in rats. This effect accompanies the reduction in 5-HT concentration in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. When the pain spontaneously alleviated, 5-HT level increased and anxiety-like behavior relieved.
Recurrent abdominal pain among adolescents: trends and social inequality 1991–2018
Authors: Holstein Bjørn E , Damsgaard Mogens Trab , Ammitzbøll Janni , Madsen Katrine Rich , Pedersen Trine Pagh , Rasmussen Mette 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The association between socioeconomic status and recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) among adolescents is an understudied issue. No study has examined whether such an association changes over time. The aim was to examine trends in RAP among adolescents in Denmark from 1991 to 2018, to examine whether there was social inequality in RAP and whether this inequality varied over time.

Methods
The study used data from the Danish part of the international Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study of nationally representative samples of 11-, 13- and 15-year-olds. This study pooled data from eight comparable surveys from 1991 to 2018, overall participation rate 88.0%, n=30,048. The definition of RAP was self-reported stomach-ache daily or several days per week during the past six months. We reported absolute inequality as prevalence difference in RAP between low and high socioeconomic status and relative inequality as odds ratio for RAP by socioeconomic status.

Results
In the entire study population, 5.6% reported RAP, 3.1% among boys and 7.8% among girls. There was a significant increase in RAP from 1991 to 2018 among boys and girls, test for trend, p<0.0001. The prevalence of RAP was significantly higher in low than high socioeconomic status, OR=1.63 (95% CI: 1.42–1.87). The absolute social inequality in RAP fluctuated with no consistent increasing or decreasing pattern.

Conclusions
The prevalence of RAP increased from 1991 to 2018. The prevalence was significantly higher among girls than among boys, and significantly higher in low socioeconomic status families. Professionals should be aware of RAP as common and potentially serious health problems among children and adolescents. In addition to clinical examination it is important to focus on improving the child’s quality of life, reduce parents’ and children’s concerns about the seriousness of the condition, and consider supplements to medicine use.
Resolution enhancement through nearfield-assistance in interference microscopy
Authors: Hüser Lucie , Lehmann Peter 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Um die Grenzen der optischen Messtechnik zu erweitern und feinere Strukturen messbar zu machen, wurden verschiedene Systeme in der aktuellen Forschung publiziert. Es wurde gezeigt, dass im Nahfeld aufgebrachte Mikrokugeln die Auflösung eines interferometrischen Messsystems verbessern und Strukturen unterhalb Abbe’s Beugungsgrenze sichtbar machen können. In dieser Studie werden Messergebnisse mit einem hochauflösenden Linnik-Interferometer unterhalb der Auflösungsgrenze gezeigt. Des Weiteren werden simulative Analysen zum Phasenverhalten im Nahfeld der Mikrokugeln vorgestellt, um die theoretische Erklärung des superauflösenden Verhaltens von Mikrokugeln und die bildgebenden Prozesse des Systems zu ermöglichen.
Methoden zur Minimierung des Rauscheinflusses durch Hitzeflimmern bei einem heterodynen Laser-Doppler-Vibrometer
Authors: Schewe M. , Kohlmann D. , Wulfmeier H. , Fritze H. , Rembe C. 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Bei der kontaktlosen Schwingungsmessung im Hochtemperaturbereich mit einem heterodynen Laser-Doppler-Vibrometer begrenzen insbesondere im Frequenzbreich unter 50 Hz mehrere Faktoren die minimal auflösbaren Schwingungsamplituden. In diesem Beitrag werden der Einfluss des Hitzeflimmerns auf den Rauschpegel analysiert und Methoden vorgestellt, wie dieser Einfluss minimiert werden kann. Darüber hinaus werden weitere begrenzende Faktoren wie der Einfluss der Laufzeitunterschiede der Laserstrahlen sowie Lösungen zu deren Minimierung vorgestellt.
A Compact Four Transistor CMOS-Design of a Floating Memristor for Adaptive Spiking Neural Networks and Corresponding Self-X Sensor Electronics to Industry 4.0
Authors: Abd Hamam , König Andreas 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this work we present, in the context of the transition from amplitude to robust spike domain sensing and electronics, a floating memristor. It can be used to construct memristor SNNs used for noise-robust conditioning and analog-to-digital conversion and manufactured using leading-edge technologies with more ’cranky’ devices, low-voltage, low power, and minimal area on-chip. Also, this supports both machine learning as well as the self-x properties in advanced sensor electronics system for industry 4.0. The proposed memristor has less design complexity and a higher number of resistance levels as compared to other existing memristors. The proposed CMOS memristor is designed using AMS 0.35 μm CMOS technology and Cadence design tools. Its layout occupies an area of 70 μm × 85 μm. The simulation shows the performance of the proposed floating memristor emulator in the temperature range (-40 °C to 85 °C) and Monte-Carlo simulation.
Analyse von 3D-CT-Aufnahmen von Spänen zur Extrahierung der Segmentspanbildungsfrequenz
Authors: Schwär Daniel , Kunz Andreas , Dehen Stephan , Zanger Frederik , León Fernando Puente 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Die Vermessung von Spänen, welche bei einem Drehprozess entstehen, ist insbesondere bei einer helixartigen Form eine große Herausforderung. Die Analyse lässt sich nur in den Randbereichen durchführen, da die inneren Bereiche durch den Span selbst verdeckt werden. Außerdem lassen sich Späne, die aus sprödem Material bestehen, nicht zerstörungsfrei analysieren. Da sich metallisches Material sehr genau durch einen Computertomographen vermessen lässt, wurde eine Methode entwickelt, mit welcher sich das 3D-Bild eines Spanes virtuell zu einem geradlinigen Span transformieren lässt. Im Anschluss liegt der Fokus auf der Extrahierung des Segmentspanabstandes, welcher über einen Stauchungsfaktor mit der Segmentspanbildungsfrequenz zusammenhängt. Zuletzt wird die Methode mit einer manuellen Untersuchung der Späne unter einem konfokalen Mikroskop verglichen, wobei gezeigt werden kann, dass der Vorteil der CT-Analyse darin liegt, dass sie auch in der Analyse helixförmiger Späne zu einem Ergebnis kommt.
Erkennung und Kompensation von Vergiftung durch Siloxane auf Halbleitergassensoren im temperaturzyklischen Betrieb
Authors: Schultealbert Caroline , Baur Tobias , Sauerwald Tilman , Schütze Andreas 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Wir präsentieren eine Untersuchung zur Auswirkung, Erkennung und Kompensation von Vergiftung durch Siloxane auf Halbleitergassensoren im temperaturzyklischen Betrieb. Mit dem in Innenräumen häufig anzutreffenden OMCTS (Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxan) wird ein auf Zinndioxid basierender Halbleitergassensor (AS-MLV-P2) gezielt in mehreren Schritten vergiftet (bis max. 9,77 ppm h) und regelmäßig mit Hilfe von randomisierten Gasangeboten am Beispiel von Innenraumluftqualität charakterisiert. Durch die differenzielle Oberflächenreaktion - eine spezielle Form des Temperaturzyklus basierend auf dem Sauerwald-Baur-Modell - können wir zeigen, dass die Reaktionsrate auf dem Sensor durch die Vergiftung stark abnimmt. Gleichzeitig kann durch die umgekehrte Betrachtung dieses Betriebes - der differenziellen Oberflächenoxidation - der Vergiftungs-Zustand des Sensors quantitativ bestimmt werden und die erhaltenen Sensorsignale für kleine Vergiftungen korrigiert werden.
Building Better Methods in Economic Geography
Authors: Bathelt Harald , Li Pengfei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper suggests that it is a timely task to aim at building better methods in economic geography. While economic geography is a vibrant field, it is characterized by methodological divides and fragmentations. In presenting a collection of five papers, we address these problems by suggesting to move forward in at least five directions: bridging the qualitative/quantitative divide, clarifying causality, selecting appropriate data, improving rigor, and ensuring high ethical standards.
The fate of chlorophyll in phytophagous insects goes beyond nutrition
Authors: Oetama Vincensius S. P. , Pentzold Stefan , Boland Wilhelm 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl) is a natural compound that is found in all autotrophic plants. Since phytophagous insects ingest the photosynthetically active material with the plant leaves, the question arises if and how herbivores deal with Chl and its degradation products. Here we review findings on Chl degradation in phytophagous insects and highlight the role of these ubiquitous plant metabolites for plant-feeding insects. Due to the anaerobic gut of many insects, the degradation is limited to the removal of the peripheral substituents, while the tetrapyrrole core remains intact. Proteins, such as red fluorescent protein, P252 (a novel 252-kDa protein), and chlorophyllide binding protein have been reported to occur in the insect gut and might be indirectly connected to Chl degradation. Besides of an nutritional value, e.g., by taking up Mg2+ ions or by sequestration of carbon from the phytol side chain, the Chl degradation products may serve the insect, after binding to certain proteins, as antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral factors. The protein complexes may also confer protection against reactive oxygen species. The antibiotic potential of proteins and degradation products does not only benefit phytophagous insects but also human being in medical application of cancer treatment for instance. This review highlights these aspects from a molecular, biochemical, and ecological point of view.
Legal Authorities and their Legislative Priorities: The Treatment of Leprosy in the Sources of Canon Law
Authors: Eichbauer Melodie H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This essay considers medieval leprosy in ecclesiastical legislation through the lens of legal pluralism, that is the range of normative orders that are independent from the “state” as a monolithic entity. It focuses on the period between the mid-eleventh and the turn of the fourteenth century marked by efforts at church reform, by the proliferation of leprosaria, and by canonical interest in matrimonial law. It argues that the environment in which various legal authorities worked influenced how they engaged with leprosy. The policies they enacted resulted from a negotiation of their circumstances and needs, which were not necessarily the same. The result was a rich and overlapping legal tradition that, over time, coalesced into a comprehensive legislative policy that both protected the rights of the afflicted as well as the safety of the healthy. The first section of this essay sets forth research on leprosy and the arguments to be pursued. The second section argues that the “old law” in canonical collections used leprosy as an allegory for sin and as a metaphor for simony in pursuit of personal reform and renewal. The third section focuses on the proliferation of leprosaria and argues that the challenge of arranging for pastoral care fell on the shoulders of councils and prelates making policy at the regional or local level. The fourth section argues that the papacy and jurists worked parallel to other legislative bodies. Yet it would be the requests to which the papacy responded and the importance of juridical commentary as a source clarifying the legal ambiguities in these responses that would provide the inroad for the papacy, acting similar to the proverbial “state”, to normalize ecclesiastical life and Christian society.