bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Veganismo para além do prato
Authors: Magior Natasha Ribeiro Fabiano 
Published: December 2019

O presente resumo é parte integrante de uma pesquisa em História Social, com ênfase em História da Alimentação. Em sua primeira parte, citando as justificativas ideológicas, teológicas, culturais e sociais que naturalizam a matança e o consumo de seres sencientes, o trabalho demonstra que a atual configuração do mundo ocidental é, além de racista ou sexista, antropocêntrica e especista – sobretudo nos hábitos alimentares.
Já o capítulo subsequente do trabalho resgata a histórica, porém desconhecida, relação entre feminismo, veganismo e direitos animais, salientando como a sociedade patriarcal associa dominância, masculinidade e força ao ato de comer carne, ao passo que vê nos alimentos vegetais elementos feminilizantes. As mulheres, por serem consideradas cidadãs de segunda classe, comem alimentos também considerados de segunda classe: grãos, folhas, frutas, verduras.
Neste sentido, tem-se que consumo de carne revela distinções não apenas de classe, mas também de gênero e de raça. A aproximação entre especismo, sexismo e racismo está cada vez mais evidente dentro da teoria feminista-vegana; afinal, em um mundo dominado pelo masculino, fêmeas humanas e não humanas são tidas como objetos e não como sujeitos. Corpos de mulheres são consumidos visualmente; de animais, literalmente.
A partir de uma perspectiva ecossocialista, antiespecista e anticapitalista, a terceira parte do trabalho visa a outro resgate: o caráter político do movimento vegano que, nos últimos anos, vem sendo cooptado pelo sistema econômico vigente.
Historicamente, o veganismo, em sua forma politizada, mostra-se um movimento social pulsante; hoje – considerando a conjuntura de estafa ambiental, insegurança alimentar, liberação desenfreada de agrotóxicos e mercantilização da vida, seja ela humana ou não humana –, o veganismo emerge como uma ferramenta ativa na construção de um mundo igualitário para as multiespécies nele existentes.
Portanto, o veganismo extrapola a definição de dieta ou de estilo de vida; é um movimento potente de combate ao sistema opressor dentro do qual vivemos. A luta anti-especista e o veganismo, segundo Angela Davis, fazem parte de uma perspectiva revolucionária pois desafiam tanto a política alimentar que nos é imposta pelas grandes corporações quanto o sistema industrial que submete, sistêmica e silenciosamente, incontáveis seres sencientes a um regime desnecessário de dor, sofrimento e morte, cuja intenção é simplesmente satisfazer o paladar e os interesses de uma única espécie.
Por se tratar de um trabalho teórico e de síntese, a metodologia consiste na busca por dados secundários, feita mediante revisão bibliográfica de autoras como Carol J. Adams, Donna Haraway, Sônia T. Felipe e Melanie Joy.
Urban Time and Rome’s Resilience: Steeling Oneself against Disaster in Religious Practices
Authors: Rüpke Jörg 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article focuses on the relation of resilience and religion, using resilience as a lens for the analysis of religion and vice versa. By focusing on religious practices that might reasonably be seen as fostering resilience, I suggest that religious change in ancient Roman religion can be related to a constellation of material and social action that could be termed urban resilience. Among the very few historical data that allow the relating of specific religious practices to the ups and downs of urban history, an important source is preserved in the material — and frequently even monumental — form of calendars (fasti). I suggest that the development of some features of this cross-culturally exceptional material presence and graphic representation of a solar year and its rituals offer a glimpse into different forms of practices that might have reflected and helped foster urban resilience.
International Delegation and Agency in the Externalization Process of EU Migration and Asylum Policy: the Role of the IOM and the UNHCR in Niger
Authors: van Dessel Julia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article examines the role of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in the implementation of the European Union (EU) migration and asylum policy in Niger. Building on policy analysis and qualitative interviews with stakeholders, it contributes to the literature on the externalization process of EU borders. The first part of the article focuses on the international and local context in which this process has taken place in Niger since 2015. The second part refers to the principal-agent (PA) theory inspired from economics to model the dynamics of the delegation relationships linking the European Commission (EC) to the IOM and the UNHCR in Niger. It is argued that the two main objectives pursued by the EU through the externalization of its migration and asylum policy—namely the offshoring of border control and the outsourcing of asylum claims processing—are respectively fulfilled by the IOM and the UNHCR in Niger. As such, this article highlights how the cooperation of International Organizations (IOs) is critical to enable the EU to filter and restrict human mobility from the Sahel region.
From Humanitarian Rescue to Border Security: Managing Migration in the Central Mediterranean
Authors: Gloninger Gemma Marolda 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
While images of boats in distress, overflowing with migrants in the Central Mediterranean, flash on television screens and front pages of Italian and European newspapers, search and rescue (SAR) missions continue to draw attention. This article takes a look at migratory flows across the Central Mediterranean from 2012 to 2018 and focuses on the response of governmental, inter-governmental, and non-governmental actors rescuing lives at sea. Using aggregate data on migrants’ sea arrivals and deaths as well as official documents from the UNHRC, the European Union, Italy’s Ministry of Interior, and NGOs, this study investigates 1) how different actors have responded to migratory flows across the Central Mediterranean, and 2) how actors’ narratives and response have impacted the situation at sea. The study finds that, although all three actors act on the humanitarian principle ‘to save lives,’ their narratives and response diverge as the intensity of sea arrivals persists.
Analysis of the EU-Turkey Readmission Agreement: a Unique Case
Authors: Akın Yavuz Çiğdem 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The European Union (EU) has thus far developed a standard approach towards the negotiation processes and the content of readmission agreements with third countries. This approach encompasses offering a visa facilitation agreement and visa liberalization to third countries as an incentive for the conclusion of a readmission agreement. The approach has, however, changed in the case of the EU-Turkey Readmission Agreement. This Agreement was signed simultaneously with the initiation of a Visa Liberalization Dialogue, by-passing the conclusion of a visa facilitation agreement. The content of the Agreement has also distinguishing features compared to EU readmission agreements. This article seeks to explain why the EU has changed its standard approach in the case of Turkey through analysing both the negotiation process and the content of the EU-Turkey Readmission Agreement. In this way, this article strives to demonstrate that this shift is mainly due to EU’s concerns about effective return of irregular migrants who have been ordered to leave the EU, as well as the unique characteristics of the multidimensional relationship between the EU and Turkey.
A Curious Decision by Zambia’s Highest Court: Six Years Imprisonment for Civil Contempt?
Authors: Phiri Christopher 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
On 23 November 2018, the Supreme Court of Zambia delivered a judgement which suggests that Zambian judges have virtually unbridled power to move on their own motion to punish for contempt of court anyone who criticises their judicial decisions. This article considers that judgement. It argues that whilst justice might well have been done in the case in question, it was certainly not seen to be done. Two main reasons are given for this argument. First, the judges appeared to have acted both as prosecutors and adjudicators in their own cause when it was neither urgent nor imperative to act immediately on their own motion. Second, the classification by the Court of the contempt in question as civil contempt rather than criminal contempt is alien to the common law world. The article culminates in a clarion call for the Zambian legislature to intervene and clarify the law of contempt of court to avert capricious and unbridled invocation of the judicial power to punish for contempt.
Revisiting the Legality of the Union between the Republic of Tanganyika and the People’s Republic of Zanzibar
Authors: Said Said N. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
While every year the people of the United Republic of Tanzania witness the new anniversary of the Union between the former Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, this paper intends to examine how strong its legal foundation stands.
The union was established by the two leaders; Nyerere for Tanganyika and Karume for Zanzibar. After their signatures, the agreement was required for ratification at Zanzibar and Tanganyika legislative bodies. Only Tanganyika ratified. Surprisingly, even though Zanzibar did not ratify, the union was made. On this background foundation, the union legality has been repeatedly criticized.
While those who question the legality of the union stick on the point of ratification, those who consider its legitimacy, assert that the question of validity has waned due to the period the union has survived. The findings in this article argue otherwise, in fact, the issue has grown to such extent that it haunts everyone in Tanzania.
A Critical Analysis of Fiscal Measures on Unhealthy Foods in Mauritius
Authors: Beebeejaun Ambareen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The level of obesity across the globe is on the rise and this is evidenced by the recent World Health Organisation’s (WHO) estimate of an increase in the worldwide prevalence of obesity which has nearly tripled between 1975 and 2018. Mauritius has a high rate of obesity which is evidenced by the Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) report of 2016 indicating that around 54.2% of the participants are obese. One amongst the main causes of obesity is a high level of sugar consumption. In this regard, a number of policies are being undertaken by the Mauritius government one amongst which is the imposition of an excise duty on sugar.
Furthermore, the study will also focus on consumption of some products that are considered to be unhealthy. For instance, while the WHO recommends a level of sodium chloride intake of less than 5 grams (1 tablespoon) per day to reduce blood pressure and cardio-vascular diseases, a study conducted by the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life (MOHQL) in 2012 revealed that the standardized mean salt intake was around 7.9 grams daily, which is far beyond the WHO’s recommendations. The level of fat consumption is another factor that affects obesity. While the recommended level of fat is between 44 grams to 77 grams for an intake of 2,000 calories per day, a study conducted by Bundhun et al. in 2018 on the target population of 344 children showed that the majority of children consumes more than the recommended fat intake.
In light of the above, the aim of this study is four-fold, mainly to:

(a)	analyse the effectiveness of the three cents of excise duty per gram of sugar on the Mauritius population consumption patterns;
(b)	assess the likely impact of a food tax in Mauritius imposed on fatty or salty foods that are considered unhealthy;
(c)	analyse the laws relating to unhealthy food taxes in Hungary; and
(d)	suggest possible recommendations which may be of use to stakeholders in Mauritius to combat obesity problem.

The methodologies for the research are in essence comprised of the black letter approach which will analyse the legal provisions relating to the laws in Mauritius and Hungary. Books and reports will be also examined. A qualitative analysis is carried out in terms of questionnaire to find out the perceptions of the Mauritius population on food taxes.
The paper aims at responding to the research objectives set out above. In particular, it is suggested that the rate of excise duty on sugar needs to be increased and that the Mauritius government should also consider the imposition of excise duty on the level of salt and fat contained in foods.
Living Without the Appellate Body: Multilateral, Bilateral and Plurilateral Solutions to the WTO Dispute Settlement Crisis
Authors: Vidigal Geraldo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is in crisis. Once the Appellate Body has fewer than three members in office, it will become non-operational, compromising the WTO’s compulsory and binding dispute settlement system. Attempts to overcome the opposition of the United States to Appellate Body appointments through majority rule appear legally fragile and politically unwarranted, while purely ad hoc bilateral solutions fall short of reproducing the security provided by compulsory and binding dispute settlement. This article explores and discusses bilateral and ‘plurilateral’ agreements that willing Members may sign to re-establish compulsory dispute resolution, arguing that the one that best fits the letter and spirit of the Dispute Settlement Understanding is an ex ante agreement to establish an ‘appeal Arbitrator’ in case of a non-operational Appellate Body. If appropriately designed, such an agreement not only allows willing Members to restore a high degree of security and predictability in their mutual trade relations but also increases the incentives for multilateral negotiations leading to a permanent resolution of the crisis.
Currency Manipulation and WTO Laws: Should the Anti-Dumping Mechanism Be Entirely Dumped?
Authors: Yu Chen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Currency devaluation resembles subsidy and dumping in terms of its impact on global trade – it grants price advantages to exporting companies. Unlike subsidy and dumping, however, multilateral regulation of currency manipulation is far from sufficient. The World Trade Organization (WTO), whose core principles are undermined by currency manipulation, plays no role in the regulatory framework. This article discusses possible avenues for the WTO to combat currency manipulation in future negotiations. Particularly, it proposes a new approach, which is to allow the application of the surrogate price method in anti-dumping investigations against currency manipulators. The anti-dumping mechanism has long been overlooked in the relevant literature as it is believed to combat company-level activities rather than State-level activities. This new approach proposes to treat fundamental exchange rate misalignment as a special market condition which allows anti-dumping investigation authorities to use the surrogate price method to eliminate the trade distortion caused by it.
Making FDI More Sustainable: Towards an Indicative List of FDI Sustainability Characteristics
Authors: Sauvant Karl P. , Mann Howard 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Reaching the Sustainable Development Goals has become the lodestar of development policymaking. Increased sustainable Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows to developing countries can contribute to reaching the Goals. This article analyzes 150 instruments (treaties, standards, codes) prepared by key stakeholder groups in the FDI space bearing on the relationship between host countries and foreign investors, to identify FDI sustainability characteristics along the following four dimensions: economic, social and environmental development and governance. These instruments indicate especially the contributions government expect multinational enterprises (MNEs) to make to host countries and those MNEs expect to make to host countries. The analysis yields a set of indicative ‘common FDI sustainability characteristics’, and ‘emerging common FDI sustainability characteristics’. These characteristics can guide various stakeholder groups that seek to increase the contribution of FDI to development; the World Trade Organization’s Structured Discussions concerning an investment facilitation framework for development; and to arbitrators seeking to take the development dimension into account when deliberating investor-state disputes.
Supraglottoplasty in Neonates under One Month of Age
Authors: Nagy Peter , Dudley Samuel , Sheyn Anthony 
Published: December 2019

Objectives: Examine outcomes of patients 1 month of age or less who received supraglottoplasty. Demonstrate the feasibility and safety of supraglottoplasty in neonates <1 month of age. Methods: Charts were reviewed from 2015-2017. Patients with previously identified laryngomalacia requiring surgical intervention and age 1 month or less were identified. We collected data on age, gender, surgical technique, other airway lesions, time to extubation and discharge, and comorbidities. Results: Six patients met the inclusion criteria of which four were male and two were female. Average age at time of surgery was 19.5 days. All patients had diagnosis of laryngomalacia made on flexible or direct laryngoscopy with increased work of breathing, reports of cyanotic episodes, or oxygen desaturations. All had feeding difficulties, and three had signs and history consistent with gastroesophageal reflux. Two patients underwent supraglottoplasty by CO2 laser treatment alone, one patient received cold steel treatment alone, and the remaining three patients received cold steel with supplemental microdebrider treatment. Out of six patients, five were extubated within 5 days of their procedure. The average time to extubation was 1.8 days. The average time to discharge was 24.25 days following surgery. Two patients required revisions. Conclusions: Supraglottoplasty in children younger than 1 month of age is rare. Despite the rare occurrence, it appears to be feasible early in life in treating laryngomalacia. Neonates with respiratory failure, apneas, and cyanosis, or difficulty feeding due to laryngomalacia should be evaluated and treated with supraglottoplasty.
Abscopal Effect Following Immunotherapy and Combined Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Recurrent Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Report of Two Cases and Literature Review
Authors: Choi Jonathan S. , Sansoni Eugene R. , Lovin Benjamin D. , Lindquist Nathan R. , Phan Jack , Mayo Lauren L. , Ferrarotto Renata , Su Shirley Y. 
Published: December 2019

Objective:We present two patients with recurrent, metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) after platinum-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) with complete response via abscopal effect following combined immunotherapy (IT) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). We review the literature for patients undergoing combined treatment with IT and RT to identify potential cases of abscopal response.Study Design:This is a case series with a contemporary review of the literature.Methods:Retrospective chart review identified two patients with potential abscopal responses after IT and RT for R/M HNSCC. The MEDLINE database was queried using the search terms “abscopal AND head and neck squamous cell carcinoma” and “immunotherapy AND stereotactic body radiation therapy.”Results:Two patients with metastatic HNSCC developed complete responses via a possible abscopal effect following combined SBRT and IT. Interim follow-up of both patients revealed a sustained, complete response. We examine the immunogenic effects of RT and report the first cases of potential abscopal effect for R/M HNSCC. We also review several preclinical studies demonstrating the synergistic efficacy of combined RT and IT with a discussion of possible mechanism.Conclusion:Observation of abscopal effect with combined IT and RT is currently under investigation through several preclinical studies and trials. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first two reported cases of abscopal effect for patients with HNSCC. We report two patients with R/M HNSCC with sustained, complete response after systemic IT and local RT.
Effect of Study Design and Survey Instrument to Identify the Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Physical Activity in Type 2 Diabetes, 2000-2018: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lee Jusung , Callaghan Timothy , Ory Marcia , Zhao Hongwei , Foster Margaret , Bolin Jane N. 
Published: December 2019

Introduction Previous studies have used a variety of survey measurement options for evaluating the association between physical activity (PA) and depressive symptoms, raising questions about the types of instruments and their effect on the association. This study aimed to identify measures of PA and depressive symptoms and findings of their association given diverse instruments and study characteristics in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods Online databases, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched on July 20, 2018, and January 8, 2019. Our systematic review included observational studies from 2000 to 2018 that investigated the association between PA and depressive symptoms in T2DM. Results Of 2294 retrieved articles, 28 studies were retained in a focused examination and comparison of the instruments used. There were a range of standard measures, 10 for depressive symptoms and 7 for PA, respectively. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) for depressive symptoms and study-specific methods for PA were the most popular. Overall, 71.9% found a significant association between PA and depressive symptoms. Among studies classified as high quality or reliability, the figure was 81.8%. Conclusion A majority of the sample found an association between depressive symptoms and PA, which is fairly consistent across study characteristics. The findings provide the evidence for the health benefits of PA on reducing depressive symptoms in persons with T2DM, suggesting active engagement in PA for effective diabetes management. However, guidelines for objective measurements and well-designed prospective studies are needed to strengthen the evidence base and rigor for the association and its directionality.