bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of hybrid Brillouin-Raman spectroscopy for non-contact assessment of mechano-chemical properties of urine proteins as biomarkers of kidney diseases
Authors: Gaipov Abduzhappar , Utegulov Zhandos , Bukasov Rostislav , Turebekov Duman , Tarlykov Pavel , Markhametova Zhannur , Nurekeyev Zhangatay , Kunushpayeva Zhanar , Sultangaziyev Alisher 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Proteinuria is a major marker of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and the predictor of cardiovascular mortality. The rapid development of renal failure is expected in those patients who have higher level of proteinuria however, some patients may have slow decline of renal function despite lower level of urinary protein excretion. The different mechanical (visco-elastic) and chemical properties, as well as the proteome profiles of urinary proteins might explain their tubular toxicity mechanism. Brillouin light scattering (BLS) and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopies are non-contact, laser optical-based techniques providing visco-elastic and chemical property information of probed human biofluids. We proposed to study and compare these properties of urinary proteins using BLS and SERS spectroscopies in nephrotic patient and validate hybrid BLS-SERS spectroscopy in diagnostic of urinary proteins as well as their profiling. The project ultimately aims for the development of an optical spectroscopic sensor for rapid, non-contact monitoring of urine samples from patients in clinical settings.

Methods
BLS and SERS spectroscopies will be used for non-contact assessment of urinary proteins in proteinuric patients and healthy subjects and will be cross-validated by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Participants will be followed-up during the 1 year and all adverse events such as exacerbation of proteinuria, progression of CKD, complications of nephrotic syndrome, disease relapse rate and inefficacy of treatment regimen will be registered referencing incident dates. Associations between urinary protein profiles (obtained from BLS and SERS as well as LC-MS) and adverse outcomes will be evaluated to identify most unfavored protein profiles.

Discussion
This prospective study is focused on the development of non-contact hybrid BLS - SERS sensing tool and its clinical deployment for diagnosis and prognosis of proteinuria. We will identify the most important types of urine proteins based on their visco-elasticity, amino-acid profile and molecular weight responsible for the most severe cases of proteinuria and progressive renal function decline. We will aim for the developed hybrid BLS - SERS sensor, as a new diagnostic & prognostic tool, to be transferred to other biomedical applications.

Trial registration
The trial has been approved by ClinicalTrials.gov (Trial registration ID NCT04311684). The date of registration was March 17, 2020.
An evaluation of the quality of self-harm incident reporting across the Australian asylum seeker population according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines
Authors: Hedrick Kyli , Armstrong Gregory , Coffey Guy , Borschmann Rohan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Asylum seekers are at elevated risk of self-harm, and the personal and public health costs of self-harm are high; yet the monitoring and reporting of self-harm has been limited and lacking in transparency. This study aims to evaluate the quality of self-harm incident reporting across the Australian asylum seeker population, including by processing arrangements (i.e. community-based, community detention, onshore detention, Nauru, and Manus Island).

Methods
All self-harm incidents reported across the entire Australian asylum seeker population between 1 August 2014 and 31 July 2015 were obtained via the Freedom of Information Act. We assessed the quality of self-harm incident reporting according to the World Health Organization (WHO)'s self-harm reporting guidelines.

Results
A total of 949 self-harm incident reports were assessed. Date, location (processing arrangement), and time of self-harm were routinely reported. Gender was recorded in less than two thirds (62.1%) of all incidents. Method(s) used to self-harm was reported in 81.5% of all incidents, though IDC-10 codes were not reported in any episodes. Psychological or psychiatric assessments were recorded after 4.0% of all incidents, most frequently on Manus Island (10.9%), and in Nauru (10.0%), and least frequently in community-based arrangements (1.7%) and in onshore detention (1.4%), and not at all in community detention. Ambulances were reported as attending 2.8% of all episodes. Hospital attendances were reported following 6.0% of all self-harm incidents, with attendances most commonly reported in incidents occurring in community detention (30.3%), and in community-based arrangements (19.4%). Medevac (air ambulances) were recorded as being utilised in 0.4% of all incidents (2.1% of episodes on Nauru, 1.8% on Manus Island).

Conclusions
The findings of our study indicate that the accessibility and quality of self-harm data is substandard and inconsistent with WHO self-harm reporting guidelines. Such variable reporting makes the identification of self-harm trends, the implementation of prevention strategies – including those at a policy level - and the clinical management of self-harm, extremely challenging. Improved self-harm reporting and monitoring is urgently needed for mitigating and responding to self-harm risk among asylum seekers.
Prevalence, clustering and combined effects of lifestyle behaviours and their association with health after retirement age in a prospective cohort study, the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, Norway
Authors: Storeng Siri H. , Sund Erik R. , Krokstad Steinar 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Lifestyle behaviours are potential risk factors for disease and mortality, but less is known about the association with health in retirement age. The aim of this paper was to study the prevalence, clustering and combined effects of lifestyle behaviours and their association with health outcomes in the first decade after retirement in a Norwegian cohort.

Methods
Participants were 55–64-year-olds at baseline in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Survey 2 (HUNT2, 1995–97) who also participated in HUNT3 (2006–08). Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association of daily smoking, physical inactivity, risky alcohol consumption, disturbed sleep duration, excessive sitting time and low social participation before retirement with self-rated health (n = 4022), life satisfaction (n = 5134), anxiety (n = 4461) and depression (n = 5083) after retirement, 11 years later.

Results
Low social participation and physical inactivity were the most prevalent lifestyle behaviours (41.1 and 40.6%). Risky alcohol consumption and disturbed sleep were the lifestyle behaviours most strongly associated with poor self-rated health, poor life satisfaction and anxiety after retirement (OR’s = 1.39–1.92). Physical inactivity was additionally associated with depression (OR = 1.44 (1.12–1.85)). Physical inactivity had the largest population attributable fractions for reducing poor self-rated health and depression (14.9 and 8.8%). An increasing number of lifestyle risk behaviours incrementally increased the risk for the adverse health outcomes.

Conclusions
Risky alcohol consumption and disturbed sleep duration were most strongly associated with poor health outcomes after retirement age. On a population level, increased physical activity before retirement had the largest potential for reducing adverse health outcomes after retirement age.
Analysis of the reduction in injury mortality disparity between urban and rural areas in developing China from 2010 to 2016
Authors: Li Yao , Pu Miao , Wang Yaping , Feng Tienan , Jiang Chenghua 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Injuries are of growing public health concern in China, and the trends of urban-rural injury mortality disparity for the last decade are still being explored. This study aims to analyze trends in injury mortality disparity between urban and rural areas of China by region, sex, and age from 2010 to 2016.

Methods
Using data from the Disease Surveillance Points system (DSPs) collected by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 2010 to 2016, injury age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) and rate ratios (RRs) were calculated for different groups. Chi-square tests were used to compare differences in rates between urban and rural residents. The time trends of injury ASMRs were assessed via the annual percentage change (APC), and RRs were used to analyze urban-rural mortality disparity.

Results
The crude injury mortality rate of rural areas was 1.5 times higher than that of urban areas. The urban-rural RR of injury ASMR decreased from 1.8 to 1.5 (APC = 5.0%) over time, from 2.0 to 1.7 (APC = 4.7%) for eastern regions, from 1.9 to 1.5 (APC = 5.4%) and from 1.6 to 1.3 (APC = 4.5%) among males and females, respectively. Further decreases were from 2.0 to 1.4 (APC = 7.8%), from 1.9 to 1.6 (APC = 6.4%), and from 1.8 to 1.2 (APC = 5.7%) in the 5–14, 45–64, and 65+ year age groups, respectively. The urban-rural RRs of ASMRs for fall, drowning and suicide decreased from 1.3 to 1.2 (APC = − 3.0%), from 2.3 to 1.6 (APC = − 13.8%) and from 2.1 to 1.6 (APC = − 9.9%,), respectively.

Conclusions
The urban-rural injury mortality disparity was large, but showed a significant decreasing trend in China. Residents of eastern regions, males/females, 5–14/45+ year age groups in the urban-rural injury mortality disparity all decreased gradually during the investigated period.
Determinants of healthcare facility utilization for childbirth in Kuantan Singingi regency, Riau province, Indonesia 2017
Authors: Sukirman Rajunitrigo , Wahyono Tri Yunis Miko , Shivalli Siddharudha 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Reducing maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is a high priority public health issue in developing countries such as Indonesia. The current MMR in Indonesia is 126/100,000 live births. Optimum use of available healthcare facilities for delivery can avert maternal deaths. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with healthcare facility utilization for childbirth in Kuantan Singingi regency, Riau province, Indonesia 2017.

Methods
We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study in 15 sub-districts of Kuantan Singingi regency from May–June 2017. We selected 320 mothers from 15 sub-districts who delivered in the last 3 months (February–April 2017). Trained data enumerators collected the relevant data by using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. We used Cox regression analysis to determine the factors associated with delivery at healthcare facilities. Prevalence Ratio (PR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for childbirth at healthcare facilities was the key outcome measure.

Results
Only 54.4% (174) of the 320 mothers delivered at healthcare facilities. Knowledge about pregnancy danger signs (PR = 1.59, 95%CI:1.15–2.2), attitude towards healthcare services (PR = 0.79, 95%CI:0.33–1.89), and access to health care services (PR = 0.39, 95%CI:0.18–0.84) were the dominant factors of childbirth at healthcare facilities. There was an interaction between attitude and access to healthcare influencing delivery at healthcare facilities.

Conclusions
Utilization of healthcare facilities for childbirth was low in Kuantan Singingi regency. Knowledge of pregnancy danger signs was an independent correlate of childbirth at healthcare facilities. Also, the interaction between attitude and access to healthcare showed a significant influence on childbirth at healthcare facilities. We recommend strengthening of existing maternal and child health program with a particular emphasis on complete and quality antenatal care, health education on danger signs of pregnancy and childbirth, and promoting positive attitudes towards healthcare facilities.
Trends in measles cases in Bayelsa state, Nigeria: a five-year review of case-based surveillance data (2014–2018)
Authors: Aworabhi-Oki Neni , Numbere T. , Balogun M. S. , Usman A. , Utulu R. , Ebere N. , Omubo W. , Stow J. , Abba S. , Olorukooba A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Measles is a vaccine preventable, highly transmissible viral infection that affects mostly children under five years. It has been ear marked for elimination and Nigeria adopted the measles elimination strategies of the World Health Organization (WHO) African region to reduce cases and deaths. This study was done to determine trends in measles cases in Bayelsa state, to describe cases in terms of person and place, identify gaps in the case-based surveillance data collection system and identify risk factors for measles infection.

Methods
We carried out a secondary data analysis of measles case-based surveillance data for the period of January 2014 to December 2018 obtained in Microsoft Excel from the State Ministry of Health. Cases were defined according to WHO standard case definitions. We calculated frequencies, proportions, estimated odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and multivariate analysis.

Results
A total of 449 cases of measles were reported. There were 245(54.6%) males and the most affected age group was 1–4 years with 288(64.1%) cases. Of all cases, 289(9.35%) were confirmed and 70 (48.27%) had received at least one dose of measles vaccine. There was an all-year transmission with increased cases in the 4th quarter of the year. Yenegoa local government area had the highest number of cases. Timeliness of specimen reaching the laboratory and the proportion of specimens received at the laboratory with results sent to the national level timely were below WHO recommended 80% respectively. Predictors of measles infection were, age less than 5 years (AOR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.36–0.91) and residing in an urban area (AOR: 1.55, 95% CI:1.02–2.34).

Conclusions
Measles infection occurred all-year round, with children less than 5 years being more affected. Measles case-based surveillance system showed high levels of case investigation with poor data quality and poor but improving indicators. Being less than 5 years was protective of measles while living in urban areas increased risk for infection. We recommended to the state government to prioritize immunization activities in the urban centers, start campaigns by the 4th quarter and continue to support measles surveillance activities and the federal government to strengthen regional laboratory capacities.
Inequalities, harm reduction and non-combustible nicotine products: a meta-ethnography of qualitative evidence
Authors: Lucherini Mark , Hill Sarah , Smith Katherine 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
We sought to review qualitative evidence on how smokers in different socioeconomic groups engage with non-combustible nicotine products (NCNP), including electronic cigarettes and nicotine replacement therapies, in order to provide insight into how these products might impact on smoking inequalities.

Methods
We searched ten electronic databases in February 2017 using terms relating to NCNP and socioeconomic status. We included qualitative studies that were published since 1980 and were available in English. We used guidelines adapted from the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme for appraising qualitative research.

Results
The review only identified studies exploring the attitudes of socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers towards NCNP for harm reduction or cessation purposes (i.e. we did not identify any relevant studies of more advantaged socioeconomic groups). Using a lines-of-argument meta-ethnographic approach, we identified a predominantly pessimistic attitude to NCNP for harm reduction or cessation of smoking due to: wider circumstances of socioeconomic disadvantage; lack of a perceived advantage of alternative products over smoking; and a perceived lack of information about relative harms of NCNP compared to smoking. Optimistic findings, although fewer, suggested the potential of NCNP being taken up among smokers experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage.

Conclusions
Overall, our review highlights the importance of considering the social, cultural and economic circumstances that influence experiences of smoking and of alternative product use.
Empirical prescribing of penicillin G/V reduces risk of readmission of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia in Norway: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Høgli June Utnes , Garcia Beate Hennie , Svendsen Kristian , Skogen Vegard , Småbrekke Lars 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Norwegian guideline recommendations on first-line empirical antibiotic prescribing in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are penicillin G/V in monotherapy, or penicillin G in combination with gentamicin (or cefotaxime) in severely ill patients. The aim of this study was to explore how different empirical antibiotic treatments impact on length of hospital stay (LOS) and 30-day hospital readmission. A secondary aim was to describe median intravenous- and total treatment duration.

Methods
We included CAP patients (≥18 years age) hospitalised in North Norway during 2010 and 2012 in a retrospective study. Patients with negative chest x-ray, malignancies or immunosuppression or frequent readmissions were excluded. We collected data on patient characteristics, empirical antibiotic prescribing, treatment duration and clinical outcomes from electronic patient records and the hospital administrative system. We used directed acyclic graphs for statistical model selection, and analysed data with mulitvariable logistic and linear regression.

Results
We included 651 patients. Median age was 77 years [IQR; 64–84] and 46.5% were female. Median LOS was 4 days [IQR; 3–6], 30-day readmission rate was 14.4% and 30-day mortality rate was 6.9%. Penicillin G/V were empirically prescribed in monotherapy in 51.5% of patients, penicillin G and gentamicin in combination in 22.9% and other antibiotics in 25.6% of patients. Prescribing other antibiotics than penicillin G/V monotherapy was associated with increased risk of readmission [OR 1.9, 95% CI; 1.08–3.42]. Empirical antibiotic prescribing was not associated with LOS. Median intravenous- and total treatment duration was 3.0 [IQR; 2–5] and 11.0 [IQR; 9.8–13] days.

Conclusions
Our findings show that empirical prescribing with penicillin G/V in monotherapy in hospitalised non-severe CAP-patients, without complicating factors such as malignancy, immunosuppression and frequent readmission, is associated with lower risk of 30-day readmission compared to other antibiotic treatments. Median total treatment duration exceeds treatment recommendations.
A novel method for measurement of the occipital-cervical distance via the occiput-C4 distance
Authors: Tang Chao , Yang Sheng , Liao Ye Hui , Tang Qiang , Ma Fei , Wang Qing , Zhong De Jun 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
The aim of the present study was to describe and measure the occipital-cervical distance by a novel method utilizing the occiput-C4 distance (OC4D) in normal subjects, as a proposed tool to guide restoration of vertical dislocations of the occipitocervical region in patients with basilar invaginations and for performing standardized testing of occipitocervical constructs.

Methods
We analyzed neutral, flexion, and extension lateral cervical spine radiographs of 150 asymptomatic subjects (73 males and 77 females) that were judged to be normal. The mean age of the included asymptomatic subjects was 48.0 ± 8.4 years old (range 20–69 years old; 48.4 ± 10.2 years old for males and 47.6 ± 6.4 years old for females). The OC4D was defined as the shortest distance from the center of the C4 vertebral body to the McGregor’s line. Occipitocervical distances (OCDs) were measured and analyzed its correlation with OC4Ds. Two spine surgeons each performed three measurements of the OC4D and OCD from each asymptomatic subject, from which our reported average values were derived. The height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) of each subject were recorded and analyzed for their correlations with the OC4D and OCD.

Results
The OC4Ds from neutral, flexion, and extension lateral cervical spine radiographs were 69.0 ± 6.9, 68.9 ± 6.8, and 68.1 ± 6.9 mm, respectively. There was no significant difference in the OC4D values among neutral, flexion, and extension lateral cervical spine radiographs (P >  0.05). The neutral, flexion, and extension OCDs were 23.0 ± 4.8, 27.6 ± 6.0, and 13.8 ± 4.7 mm, respectively. In particular, the neutral OCD was significantly different from those in flexion and extension lateral cervical spine radiographs (P <  0.001). There was no significant correlation between OC4D and OCD in neutral, flexion, and extension (P >  0.05 for all). There were positive correlations between OC4D and height, as well as OC4D and weight, in neutral, flexion, and extension lateral cervical spine radiographs (P <  0.001 for all). Furthermore, the intra-class correlation coefficients for inter- and intra-observer reliabilities of OC4Ds in neutral, flexion, and extension lateral cervical spine radiographs were significantly higher than those for OCDs (P <  0.001).

Conclusions
The OC4D represents a novel measurement for estimating the occipital-cervical distance that is not affected by changes in neutral, flexion, and extension positions. Hence, the OC4D may serve as a valuable parameter and intra-operative tool to guide vertical restoration during occipitocervical fusion (OCF) for patients with altered occiput-cervical anatomy.
Thermal effect of holmium laser during ureteroscopic lithotripsy
Authors: Liang Hui , Liang Lijian , Yu Yin , Huang Bin , Chen Jia’nan , Wang Chaoguo , Zhu Zhangguo , Liang Xiaozhong 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Holmium laser lithotripsy is the most common technique for the management of ureteral stone. Studies founded that holmium laser firing can produce heat which will cause thermal injury towards ureter. The aim of our current study is to explore factors affecting thermal effect of holmium laser during ureteroscopic lithotripsy.

Methods
An in vitro experimental model is design to simulate the ureteroscopic lithotripsy procedure. Different laser power settings (10w (0.5JX20Hz, 1.0 JX10Hz), 20w (1.0 JX20Hz, 2.0 JX10Hz), 30w (1.5JX20Hz, 3.0 JX10Hz)) with various firing time (3 s, 5 s, 10s) and irrigation flow rates(10 ml/min, 15 ml/min, 20 ml/min and 30 ml/min) were employed in the experiment. The temperature around the laser tip was recorded by thermometer.

Results
The temperature in the “ureter” rises significantly with the increasing laser power, prolonging firing time and reducing irrigation flow. The highest regional temperature is 78.0 °C at the experimental set-up, and the lowest temperature is 23.5 °C. Higher frequency setting produces more heat at the same power. Laser power < =10w, irrigation flow> = 30 ml/min and “high-energy with low-frequency” can permit a safe working temperature.

Conclusion
We clarify that the thermal effect of holmium laser is related with both laser working parameters and irrigation flow. The proper setting is the key factor to ensure the safety during ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy.