bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substance use prevalence rates among migrant and native adolescents in Europe: A systematic review
Authors: van Dorp Melissa , Boon Albert , Spijkerman Renske , Los Leontien 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIssuesMigrant adolescents show specific risk and protective factors associated with substance use, but the extent to which prevalence rates differ between migrant and native‐born youth in Europe remains unclear. The present study aims to provide a comprehensive review of all available substance use prevalence studies on differences in substance use between migrant and native‐born adolescents in Europe.ApproachIn this systematic review, PubMed, Medline and Pre‐Medline, EMBASE and PsycINFO were searched for articles comparing substance use prevalence rates (tobacco, alcohol, illicit drugs) between migrant and native‐born adolescents or young adults aged 11 to 29 years in European countries. The Joanna Briggs Institute prevalence critical appraisal tool was used for quality assessment.Key FindingsFifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings unanimously showed lower alcohol use in migrant compared to native‐born adolescents, in particular among migrant adolescents from non‐European countries and/or with a Muslim background. For tobacco and illicit drug use, findings were mixed.ImplicationsThe results suggest a healthier behaviour profile among migrants than among native‐born adolescents regarding alcohol use. Therefore, it would be beneficial to develop interventions to support migrant communities in maintaining their healthier alcohol use practices upon arrival in the host country.ConclusionCompared to native‐born adolescents, migrant adolescents are less likely to use alcohol. The findings on tobacco and illicit drug use were mixed. A European standard for surveys regarding substance use among adolescents is needed to investigate fluctuations, causes, and consequences of substance use differences between migrants and natives at the European level.
Optical coherence tomography for fast bedside imaging, assessment and monitoring of autoimmune inflammatory skin diseases?
Authors: Ha Linh , Hundt Jennifer E. 
Published: September 2020

SummaryOptical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non‐invasive, high‐resolution imaging technique with a growing impact in dermatology. The principle of OCT is comparable to that of sonography, except that it uses infrared laser light instead of ultrasound waves. It has been clinically demonstrated that OCT is suitable for discriminating between different types of non‐melanoma skin cancer at an early stage of disease. Optical coherence tomography generates two‐ or three‐dimensional images of up to 2 mm penetration depth, a field of view of 6 mm × 6 mm, and an acquisition time of seconds. The resolution capability of OCT is more than 3 to 100 times higher than that of ultrasound imaging. It is of particular interest that the additional information on vasculature provided by OCT angiography enables the assessment and monitoring of inflammatory skin diseases. The use of OCT to locate exact blister levels was demonstrated for diagnosing autoimmune bullous diseases. It is anticipated that detection of subclinical lesions could indicate a relapse of the disease. In the future, this could enable intervention and early treatment. Furthermore, the development of high‐speed OCT could allow fast scanning and bedside imaging of large body sites.
Adherence and persistence among patients with type 2 diabetes initiating dulaglutide compared with semaglutide and exenatide BCise: 6‐month follow‐up from US real‐world data
Authors: Mody Reema , Yu Maria , Nepal Bal , Konig Manige , Grabner Michael 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimTo compare 6‐month adherence, persistence and treatment patterns among patients initiating once‐weekly glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs), dulaglutide versus semaglutide, and dulaglutide versus exenatide BCise, using claims from the HealthCore Integrated Research Database.Materials and methodsPatients aged ≥18 years, with type 2 diabetes, ≥1 claim for dulaglutide, semaglutide or exenatide BCise during the index period February 2018 to December 2018 (index date = earliest GLP‐1RA fill date), no claim for GLP‐1RAs in the 6‐month pre‐index period, and continuous enrolment 6 months pre‐ and post‐index were included. Dulaglutide users were propensity‐matched 1:1 to semaglutide users (3852 pairs) or exenatide BCise users (1879 pairs). The proportions of adherent (proportion of days covered ≥80%) patients were compared using chi‐squared tests. Persistence, measured as days to discontinuation, was analysed using a Cox regression model.ResultsMatched cohorts (dulaglutide:semaglutide and dulagutide:exenatide BCise) were balanced in baseline characteristics and the mean age was 54 and 55 years, respectively, with approximately 51% and 49% women, respectively. At 6 months, significantly more dulaglutide users were adherent than semaglutide (59.7% vs. 42.7%; P <0.0001) or exenatide BCise users (58.1% vs. 40.3%; P <0.0001). Cox regression showed that dulaglutide users were less likely to discontinue therapy than semaglutide (hazard ratio [HR] 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66, 0.76) or exenatide BCise users (HR 0.59, 95% CI 0.53, 0.65; P <0.0001, both).ConclusionAt 6‐month follow‐up, a higher proportion of patients initiating dulaglutide were adherent to and persistent with their treatment, compared to matched patients initiating either semaglutide or exenatide BCise.
Relationship of negative symptom severity with cognitive symptoms and functioning in subjects at ultra‐high risk for psychosis
Authors: Üçok Alp , Direk Nese , Kaya Hatice , Çağlar Nuran , Çıkrıkçılı Uğur , Noyan Handan , Yokuşoğlu Çağdaş , Devrim‐Üçok Müge 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimNegative symptoms and cognition are related with functioning in schizophrenia. However, it is not clear whether they have a similar effect in individuals at ultra‐high risk (UHR) for psychosis. In this study, we aimed to explore relationship of negative symptoms with cognition and functioning cross‐sectionally in people with UHR for psychosis.MethodsIn total, 107 people participated in this study. We assessed negative symptoms with Scale for Negative Symptoms (SANS). We applied a cognitive battery including seven tests. We evaluated functioning by using Global Assessment of Functioning Scale and work/study status as an indicator of role functioning.ResultsSANS scores were correlated to global functioning cross‐sectionally. SANS total score was correlated to cognitive test scores related to cognitive flexibility and attention. Only Trail Making Test B (TMT B) was negatively correlated to global functioning. SANS‐affective blunting and SANS‐avolition scores were independently related to global functioning. There was a significant indirect effect of the TMT B and composite attention scores on global functioning through negative symptoms indicating a complete mediation.ConclusionOur findings suggest that negative symptoms, particularly avolition have an impact on functioning and the association of cognition with functioning was mediated by negative symptoms in UHR.
Grassland ecosystem recovery after soil disturbance depends on nutrient supply rate
Authors: Seabloom Eric W. , Borer Elizabeth T. , Tilman David 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHuman disturbances alter the functioning and biodiversity of many ecosystems. These ecosystems may return to their pre‐disturbance state after disturbance ceases; however, humans have altered the environment in ways that may change the rate or direction of this recovery. For example, human activities have increased supplies of biologically limiting nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), which can reduce grassland diversity and increase productivity. We tracked the recovery of a grassland for two decades following an intensive agricultural disturbance under ambient and elevated nutrient conditions. Productivity returned to pre‐disturbance levels quickly under ambient nutrient conditions, but nutrient addition slowed this recovery. In contrast, the effects of disturbance on diversity remained hidden for 15 years, at which point diversity began to increase in unfertilised plots. This work demonstrates that enrichment of terrestrial ecosystems by humans may alter the recovery of ecosystems and that disturbance effects may remain hidden for many years.
Monitoring with microchips: Microchip‐automated doors as a potential novel method for tracking the survival of released Northern Brown Bandicoots
Authors: Edwards Megan C. , Hoy Julia M. , FitzGibbon Sean I. , Murray Peter J. 
Published: September 2020

SummaryMonitoring animals after release to the wild is often limited due to financial and logistical constraints. Microchip‐automated technology has the potential to provide data on microchipped animals’ survival after release and allows access to only the intended, microchipped animals. We aimed to determine whether Northern Brown Bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus) trained to use microchip‐automated nest boxes in captivity would continue to use them after release back to the wild. Ten animals were brought into captivity and trained to use the nest boxes in as little as three days and then released back to the wild after approximately three months in captivity. Use of the nest boxes after release was recorded for up to a week. Eight of the ten animals used the nest boxes on the first night, but only two used them more than five days after release. Three of the animals did not use them at all after release. Whilst ongoing utilisation of the nest boxes was generally low, this technology shows great potential for other species that are hollow‐dependent.
Reduced synaptic vesicle protein 2A binding in temporal lobe epilepsy: A [11C]UCB‐J positron emission tomography study
Authors: Finnema Sjoerd J. , Toyonaga Takuya , Detyniecki Kamil , Chen Ming‐Kai , Dias Mark , Wang Qianyu , Lin Shu‐Fei , Naganawa Mika , Gallezot Jean‐Dominique , Lu Yihuan , Nabulsi Nabeel B. , Huang Yiyun , Spencer Dennis D. , Carson Richard E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveIn this positron emission tomography (PET) study with [11C]UCB‐J, we evaluated synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) binding, which is decreased in resected brain tissues from epilepsy patients, in subjects with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and compared the regional binding pattern to [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake.MethodsTwelve TLE subjects and 12 control subjects were examined. Regional [11C]UCB‐J binding potential (BPND) values were estimated using the centrum semiovale as a reference region. [18F]FDG uptake in TLE subjects was quantified using mean radioactivity values. Asymmetry in outcome measures was assessed by comparison of ipsilateral and contralateral regions. Partial volume correction (PVC) with the iterative Yang algorithm was applied based on the FreeSurfer segmentation.ResultsIn 11 TLE subjects with medial temporal lobe sclerosis (MTS), the hippocampal volumetric asymmetry was 25 ± 11%. After PVC, [11C]UCB‐J BPND asymmetry indices were 37 ± 19% in the hippocampus, with very limited asymmetry in other brain regions. Reductions in [11C]UCB‐J BPND values were restricted to the sclerotic hippocampus when compared to control subjects. The corresponding asymmetry in hippocampal [18F]FDG uptake was 22 ± 7% and correlated with that of [11C]UCB‐J BPND across subjects (R2 = .38). Hippocampal asymmetries in [11C]UCB‐J binding were 1.7‐fold larger than those of [18F]FDG uptake.Significance[11C]UCB‐J binding is reduced in the seizure onset zone of TLE subjects with MTS. PET imaging of SV2A may be a promising biomarker approach in the presurgical selection and evaluation of TLE patients and may improve the sensitivity of molecular imaging for seizure focus detection.
COVID‐19 and seizures: Is there a link?
Authors: Vohora Divya , Jain Shreshta , Tripathi Manjari , Potschka Heidrun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe rapid spread of the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic poses particular challenges to the management of persons with chronic disease. Reports of a possible neuroinvasiveness of SARS‐CoV‐2 as well as pathophysiological mechanisms and indirect consequences in severe COVID‐19 cases raise the question of whether the infection can be associated with an increased risk of seizure recurrence or the development of new onset and acute symptomatic seizures. Although the literature does not provide relevant evidence for seizure worsening in persons with epilepsy during the course of a SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, there are theoretical risks, for example, seizures triggered by fever. Moreover, a severe disease course and advanced disease stages can, for instance, result in hypoxic encephalopathy, cerebrovascular events, and cytokine storm, which may trigger the development of acute seizures. This is further confirmed by reports of occasional seizures in COVID‐19 patients. Although the low number of reports so far suggests that the risk may be relatively low, the reports indicate that an early neurological manifestation with seizures should not be ruled out. In the context of these cases, we discuss possible pathophysiological mechanisms that may trigger ictogenesis in patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
Cortex leads the thalamic centromedian nucleus in generalized epileptic discharges in Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome
Authors: Dalic Linda J. , Warren Aaron E. L. , Young James C. , Thevathasan Wesley , Roten Annie , Bulluss Kristian J. , Archer John S. 
Published: September 2020

SummaryObjectiveWe aimed to assess the roles of the cortex and thalamus (centromedian nucleus [CM]) during epileptic activity in Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome (LGS) patients undergoing deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery as part of the ESTEL (Electrical Stimulation of the Thalamus for Epilepsy of Lennox‐Gastaut Phenotype) trial.MethodsTwelve LGS patients (mean age = 26.8 years) underwent bilateral CM‐DBS implantation. Intraoperatively, simultaneous electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded (range = 10‐34 minutes) from scalp electrodes and bilateral thalamic DBS electrodes. Temporal onsets of epileptic discharges (generalized paroxysmal fast activity [GPFA] and slow spike‐and‐wave [SSW]) were manually marked on recordings from scalp (ie, "cortex") and thalamus (ie, CM‐DBS electrodes). Phase transfer entropy (PTE) analysis quantified the degree of information transfer from cortex to thalamus within different frequency bands around GPFA events.ResultsGPFA was captured in eight of 12 patients (total event number across patients = 168, cumulative duration = 358 seconds). Eighty‐six percent of GPFA events were seen in both scalp and thalamic recordings. In most events (83%), onset occurred first at scalp, with thalamic onset lagging by a median of 98 milliseconds (interquartile range = 78.5 milliseconds). Results for SSW were more variable and seen in 11 of 12 patients; 25.4% of discharges were noted in both scalp and thalamus. Of these, 74.5% occurred first at scalp, with a median lag of 75 milliseconds (interquartile range = 228 milliseconds). One to 0.5 seconds and 0.5‐0 seconds before GPFA onset, PTE analysis showed significant energy transfer from scalp to thalamus in the delta (1‐3 Hz) frequency band. For alpha (8‐12 Hz) and beta (13‐30 Hz) frequencies, PTE was greatest 1‐0.5 seconds before GPFA onset.SignificanceEpileptic activity is detectable in CM of thalamus, confirming that this nucleus participates in the epileptic network of LGS. Temporal onset of GPFA mostly occurs earlier at the scalp than in the thalamus. This supports our prior EEG–functional magnetic resonance imaging results and provides further evidence for a cortically driven process underlying GPFA in LGS.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress increases inflammatory cytokines in an epilepsy mouse model Gabrg2+/Q390X knockin: A link between genetic and acquired epilepsy?
Authors: Shen Wangzhen , Poliquin Sarah , Macdonald Robert L. , Dong Marco , Kang Jing‐Qiong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveNeuroinflammation is a major theme in epilepsy, which has been characterized in acquired epilepsy but is poorly understood in genetic epilepsy. γ‐Aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit gene mutations are significant causes of epilepsy, and we have studied the pathophysiology directly resulting from defective receptor channels. Here, we determined the proinflammatory factors in a genetic mouse model, the Gabrg2+/Q390X knockin (KI). We have identified increased cytokines in multiple brain regions of the KI mouse throughout different developmental stages and propose that accumulation of the trafficking‐deficient mutant protein may increase neuroinflammation, which would be a novel mechanism for genetic epilepsy.MethodsWe used enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, immunoprecipitation, nuclei purification, immunoblot, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy to characterize increased neuroinflammation and its potential causes in a Gabrg2+/Q390X KI mouse and a Gabrg2+/‐ knockout (KO) mouse, each associated with a different epilepsy syndrome with different severities.ResultsWe found that proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1‐beta (IL‐1β), and IL‐6 were increased in the KI mice but not in the KO mice. A major underlying basis for the discrepancy in cytokine expression between the two mouse models is likely chronic mutant protein accumulation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The presence of mutant protein dampened cytokine induction upon further cellular stimulation or external stress such as elevated temperature. Pharmacological induction of ER stress upregulated cytokine expression in the wild‐type and KO but not in the KI mice. The increased cytokine expression was independent of seizure occurrence, because it was upregulated in both mice and cultured neurons.SignificanceTogether, these data demonstrate a novel pathophysiology for genetic epilepsy, increased neuroinflammation, which is a common mechanism for acquired epilepsy. The findings thus provide the first link of neuroinflammation between genetic epilepsy associated with an ion channel gene mutation and acquired epilepsy.
Verbal memory dysfunction is associated with alterations in brain transcriptome in dominant temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Busch Robyn M. , Yehia Lamis , Bazeley Peter , Seyfi Marilyn , Blümcke Ingmar , Hermann Bruce P. , Najm Imad M. , Eng Charis 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveMemory dysfunction is prevalent in many neurological disorders and can have a significant negative impact on quality of life. The genetic contributions to memory impairment in epilepsy, particularly temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), remain poorly understood. Here, we compare the brain transcriptome between TLE patients with and without verbal memory impairments to identify genes and signaling networks important for episodic memory.MethodsBrain tissues were resected from 23 adults who underwent dominant temporal lobectomy for treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. To control for potential effects of APOE on memory, only those homozygous for the APOE ε3 allele were included. A battery of memory tests was performed, and patients were stratified into two groups based on preoperative memory performance. The groups were well matched on demographic and disease‐related variables. Total RNA‐Seq and small RNA‐Seq were performed on RNA extracted from the brain tissues. Pathway and integrative analyses were subsequently performed.ResultsWe identified 1092 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs), with the majority (71%) being underexpressed in brain tissues from patients with impaired memory compared to those from patients with intact memory. Enrichment analysis revealed overrepresentation of genes in pathways pertaining to brain‐related neurological dysfunction, including a subset associated with neurodegenerative diseases, memory, and cognition (APP, MAPT, PINK1). Despite including patients with identical APOE genotypes, we identify APOE as a differentially expressed gene associated with memory status. Small RNA‐Seq identified four differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) that were predicted to target a subset (22%) of all DETs. Integrative analysis showed that these miRNA‐predicted DET targets impact brain‐related pathways and biological processes also pertinent to memory and cognition.SignificanceTLE‐associated memory status may be influenced by differences in gene expression profiles within the temporal lobe. Upstream processes influencing differential expression signatures, such as miRNAs, could serve as biomarkers and potential treatment targets for memory impairment in TLE.
Post–COVID‐19 inflammatory syndrome manifesting as refractory status epilepticus
Authors: Carroll Elizabeth , Neumann Henry , Aguero‐Rosenfeld Maria E. , Lighter Jennifer , Czeisler Barry M. , Melmed Kara , Lewis Ariane 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThere have been multiple descriptions of seizures during the acute infectious period in patients with COVID‐19. However, there have been no reports of status epilepticus after recovery from COVID‐19 infection. Herein, we discuss a patient with refractory status epilepticus 6 weeks after initial infection with COVID‐19. Extensive workup demonstrated elevated inflammatory markers, recurrence of a positive nasopharyngeal SARS‐CoV‐2 polymerase chain reaction, and hippocampal atrophy. Postinfectious inflammation may have triggered refractory status epilepticus in a manner similar to the multisystemic inflammatory syndrome observed in children after COVID‐19.
Safety and tolerability associated with chronic intermittent use of diazepam buccal film in adult, adolescent, and pediatric patients with epilepsy
Authors: Seinfeld Syndi , Gelfand Michael A. , Heller Allen H. , Buan Carla , Slatko Gary 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveDiazepam buccal film (DBF) is in development for treatment of patients experiencing bouts of increased seizure activity. We assessed safety, tolerability, and usability of self‐ or caregiver‐administered DBF in the outpatient setting.MethodsPatients aged 2‐65 years needing treatment with a rescue benzodiazepine at least once monthly were eligible for the study. DBF (5‐17.5 mg) was dispensed based on age and body weight. Patients/caregivers administered DBF for up to five seizure episodes per month. Adverse events (AEs) and usability assessments were recorded after the first dose, then every 3 months.ResultsOnehundred eighteen patients who used ≥1 DBF dose (adults, n = 82; adolescents, n = 19; children, n = 17) were enrolled. Eleven treatment‐related AEs (10 being mild or moderate in severity) occurred in nine (7.6%) patients over a mean of 243 days of follow‐up. No patient discontinued participation because of AEs. Mild local buccal discomfort, buccal swelling, and cheek skin sensitivity were reported by one patient each. Twenty‐two serious AEs were reported; one was treatment‐related. The three deaths reported, all unrelated to DBF, resulted from seizures or seizure with brain malignancy. Self‐administration by adults was attempted on 23.6% (188/795) of use occasions. Administration of DBF occurred under ictal or peri‐ictal conditions on 49.5% (538/1087) of use occasions, and DBF was successfully administered on a first or second attempt on 96.6% (1050/1087) of use occasions. Overall, patients received their dose of DBF on 99.2% (1078/1087) of use occasions. A second DBF dose was required within 24 hours after the first dose on 8.5% (92/1087) of use occasions.SignificanceIn this observational study of chronic intermittent use, DBF was easy to administer, safe, and well tolerated in adult, adolescent, and pediatric patients with epilepsy experiencing seizure emergencies. DBF can be readily self‐administered by adults with epilepsy, as well as successfully administered by a caregiver in seizure emergencies.