bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MXene‐Based Dendrite‐Free Potassium Metal Batteries
Authors: Tang Xiao , Zhou Dong , Li Peng , Guo Xin , Sun Bing , Liu Hao , Yan Kang , Gogotsi Yury , Wang Guoxiu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPotassium metal batteries are considered as attractive alternatives beyond lithium‐ion batteries. However, uncontrollable dendrite growth on the potassium metal anode has restrained their practical applications. A high‐performance potassium anode achieved by confining potassium metal into a titanium‐deficient nitrogen‐containing MXene/carbon nanotube freestanding scaffold is reported. The high electronic transport and fast potassium diffusion in this scaffold enable reduced local current density and homogeneous ionic flux during plating/stripping processes. Furthermore, as verified by theoretical calculations and experimental investigations, such “potassium‐philic” MXene sheets can induce the nucleation of potassium, and guide potassium to uniformly distribute in the scaffold upon cycling. Consequently, the as‐developed potassium metal anodes exhibit a dendrite‐free morphology with high Coulombic efficiency and long cycle life during plating/stripping processes. Such anodes also deliver significantly improved electrochemical performances in potassium–sulfur batteries compared with bare potassium metal anodes. This work can provide a new avenue for developing potassium metal‐based batteries.
Color‐Based Optical Detection of Glass Transitions on Microsecond Timescales Enabled by Exciplex Dynamics
Authors: Canossa Stefano , Filonenko Georgy A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEvery measurement technique operates on a given timescale and measurements using emissive small molecule sensors are no exception. A family of luminescent sensors providing first optical characterization of dynamic phenomena in polymers at a timescale of several microseconds is described. This performance originates from the dynamics manifested in the excited state of the sensor molecules where diffusioncontrolled events select the emission color while radiative phenomena define the global operation timescale. Since the mechanism responsible for signal generation is confined to the short lived excited state of emissive probe, it is possible observe an unprecedented link between the timescale of sensory action and that of photoluminescence. An application of this new methodology is demonstrated by performing general, short timescale detection of glass transitions in a temperature ranges precluding the informative range of conventional techniques by tens of degrees.
Dimetallic Palladium‐NHC Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Application for Direct C−H Arylation Reaction of Heteroaromatics with Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Lee Jhen‐Yi , Ghosh Debalina , Kuo Ya‐Ting , Lee Hon Man 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA series of dimetallic palladium(II)‐NHC complexes comprised of 1,4‐naphthalenyl or 9,10‐anthracenyl spacer sandwiched between two imidazole rings was successfully synthesized. These complexes were characterized by 1H and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The structures of two dimetallic palladium complexes and a related mononuclear palladium complex to be used for comparative studies were further characterized by X‐ray diffraction. The dimetallic palladium complex with the 9,10‐anthracenyl linker was very efficient in catalyzing direct C−H arylation reactions of heteroaromatic compounds (imidazoles, imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine, and thioazole) with a broad range of aryl chlorides, employing a mild monopalladium loading of 1.5 mol%.	It allows for the effective use of aryl chlorides to prepare arylated heterocycles, previously only accessible with the more reactive bromide counterparts. Importantly, the catalytic activity of the dimetallic precatalyst was found to be higher than that of an analogous mononuclear complex.magnified image
Molecular subtype and growth hormone effects on dysmorphology in Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Oldzej Jeannine , Manazir Javeria , Gold June‐Anne , Mahmoud Ranim , Osann Kathryn , Flodman Pamela , Cassidy Suzanne B. , Kimonis Virginia E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPrader–Willi syndrome (PWS) affects 1/15,000–1/30,000 live births and is characterized by lack of expression of paternally inherited genes on 15q11.2‐15q13 caused by paternal deletions, maternal uniparental disomy (UPD), or imprinting defects. Affected individuals have distinct physical features, and growth hormone (GH) deficiency occurs in some individuals with PWS. The aim of this study is to test the hypotheses that (a) individuals with deletions and UPD have different physical and dysmorphic features, (b) individuals treated with GH have different physical and dysmorphic features than those not treated, and (c) GH treatment effects are different for individuals with UPD in comparison to those with deletions. Study participants included 30 individuals with deletions or UPD, who did or did not have GH treatment. Participants’ molecular abnormalities were determined by molecular and cytogenetic analysis. Clinical data were obtained by a single dysmorphologist. Individuals with deletions were found to be heavier (p = .001), taller (p = .031), with smaller head circumferences (p = .042) and were more likely to have fair skin and hair than their family members (p = .031, .049, respectively) compared to UPD patients. Females with deletions more commonly had hypoplastic labia minora (p = .009) and clitoris (.030) in comparison to those with UPD. Individuals who received GH in both deletion and UPD groups were taller (p = .004), had larger hands (p = .011) and feet (p = .006) and a trend for a larger head circumference (p = .103). Interestingly, the GH‐treated group also had a lower rate of strabismus (esotropia [p = .017] and exotropia [p = .039]). This study showed statistically significant correlations between phenotype and molecular subtypes and also between phenotype and GH treatment.
Chiral Brønsted Acid from Chiral Phosphoric Acid Boron Complex and Water: Asymmetric Reduction of Indoles
Authors: Yang Kai , Lou Yixian , Wang Chenglan , Qi Liang‐Wen , Fang Tongchang , Zhang Feng , Xu Hetao , Zhou Lu , Li Wangyang , Zhang Guan , Yu Peiyuan , Song Qiuling 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA new chiral Brønsted acid, generated in situ from a chiral phosphoric acid boron (CPAB) complex and water, was successfully applied to asymmetric indole reduction. This “designer acid catalyst”, which is more acidic than TsOH as suggested by DFT calculations, allows the unprecedented direct asymmetric reduction of C2‐aryl‐substituted N‐unprotected indoles and features good to excellent enantioselectivities with broad functional group tolerance. DFT calculations and mechanistic experiments indicates that this reaction undergoes C3‐protonation and hydride‐transfer processes. Besides, bulky C2‐alkyl‐substituted N‐unprotected indoles are also suitable for this system.
Effects of interactions between soy protein isolate and pectin on properties of soy protein‐based films
Authors: Amado Laís Ravazzi , Silva Keila de Souza , Mauro Maria Aparecida 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTComposite films in coacervation condition offer an alternative to change properties of protein‐based films, and they present potential applications such as inclusion, stabilization, and release of bioactive compounds in foods. Maximum interactions between soy protein isolate (SPI) (5%) and high methoxyl pectin (PEC) (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2%), by zeta potential analysis, are found at a pH of 3. The transparency of the SPI films is lost at this pH. When PEC is added to SPI films, the elasticity, solubility, and permeability to water vapor are not significantly altered, but the tensile strength increases. Permeabilities to oxygen are higher for low PEC contents, but as PEC is added, their values are typical of SPI films produced at a pH of 11. A homogeneous structure is found at the higher PEC concentrations. The interactions of PEC–SPI can be useful to tailor films and coatings for applications such as to carry and protect substances of interest. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48732.
Hybrid shell microcapsules containing isophorone diisocyanate with high thermal and chemical stability for autonomous self‐healing of epoxy coatings
Authors: Attaei Mahboobeh , Vale Mário , Shakoor Abdul , Kahraman Ramazan , Montemor M. Fátima , Marques Ana C. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTSilica‐polyurea/polyuretane hybrid shell microcapsules (MCs) loaded with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) with long shelf‐life and high thermal and chemical stability are prepared via emulsification followed by interfacial polymerization at the surface of oil droplets of the oil‐in‐water emulsion. The resultant MCs are aimed at self‐healing performance in epoxy coatings. A commercially available, highly reactive polyisocyanate named tris(p‐isocyanatophenyl) thiophosphate is successfully employed as shell forming agent, while triethoxyoctylsilane and hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDMS) are tested as “latent” active hydrogen sources. The resulting MCs display core–shell morphology, spherical shape with diameter of 5–20 μm, shell thickness ca. 1–2 μm, and an IPDI core fraction of 69 and 65 wt %, when HDMS and triethoxyoctylsilane are employed, respectively. MCs exhibit an increased thermal stability, comparing with pure IPDI, which makes them robust enough to resist the thermal cycles involved in the coating's preparation. Stability of MCs inside specific solvents and chemicals, their chemical composition and shelf‐life as well as effect of MCs on the epoxy curing are evaluated by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. MCs, remarkably, show excellent environment stability and a long shelf‐life of more than 3.5 months. Their addition to an epoxy formulation is found to heal damaged zones in the epoxy coating, as shown by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48751.
Maturity assignment based on histology‐validated macroscopic criteria: Tackling the stock decline of the Mediterranean swordfish (Xiphias gladius)
Authors: Marisaldi Luca , Basili Danilo , Candelma Michela , Sesani Vittoria , Pignalosa Paolo , Gioacchini Giorgia , Carnevali Oliana 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Effective stock assessment relies on the evaluation of the reproductive potential of a population, but this is often achieved using fast, inexpensive, and inaccurate macroscopic indicators of gonadal maturity. Indeed, this approach suffers from high error rates as a result of misclassification and operator errors. Although histology is considered the gold standard to assign reproductive stages, it represents a time‐consuming and expensive method. Therefore, cost‐effective approaches are currently needed to assess the species‐specific reproductive potential and define the correct size at first maturity (L50).
In the present study a histology‐calibrated method based on the gonadal index (GI) was developed to assign maturity stages to the overfished Mediterranean swordfish (Xiphias gladius), supported by histological classification of gonadal development, an estimation of L50, and an analysis of the reproductive output of this species.
The performance of this new method had an overall agreement of 90% with histological data, and the L50 calculated by the GI‐based method compared with histology analysis was not statistically different (p > 0.05). Moreover, in order to apply this method without bias, a thorough validation of the relationship between length and gonad weight was carried out and the suitability of the GI to compare individuals of different size and maturity stages was confirmed.
The present findings provide a comprehensive picture of the patterns characterizing Mediterranean swordfish reproduction and a promising method to assign maturity stages based on a macroscopic indicator. This method has the potential to be extensively applied during routine fish sampling activities in the field because of its simple requirements.
A diagnostic study of extreme precipitation over Kerala during August 2018
Authors: Viswanadhapalli Yesubabu , Srinivas Challa Venkata , Basha Ghouse , Dasari Hari Prasad , Langodan Sabique , Venkat Ratnam Madineni , Hoteit Ibrahim 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe state of Kerala, located on the west coast of India, experienced a record 100‐year flood that resulted in major landslides from unprecedented prolonged and extremely heavy rainfall (50–480 mm·day−1) during August 1–19, 2018, causing extensive damage and about 500 causalities. Rainfall observations indicate that the heavy rainfall occurred over two spells (August 7–10 and 14–18) in association with an offshore trough, and a depression over the Bay of Bengal (BOB). High‐resolution 38‐year climatology data (5 km) and the ERA‐Interim reanalysis dataset show a strong low‐level jet over the Arabian Sea and a depression over the BOB with a southwestward tilt during the heavy rainfall. Very high‐resolution (2‐km) mesoscale model simulations suggest that this high convective instability due to the strong westerly jet along with the formation of offshore vortex, the transport of mid‐tropospheric moisture under the presence of conducive vertical shear of horizontal wind, and transport of mid‐tropospheric moisture from the BOB are the major factors (as shown in the schematic diagram) behind the extreme heavy rainfall over Kerala.
Die zweiaxiale dynamische Druckfestigkeit von Beton
Authors: Mosig Oliver , Quast Matthias , Curbach Manfred 
Published: November 2019

AbstractUntersucht wurde die Druckfestigkeit von zwei Betonen unter zweiaxialer dynamischer Druckbeanspruchung. Dabei wurde ein zweiaxialer Split‐Hopkinson‐Bar verwendet, welcher die dynamische Beanspruchung in Form zweier senkrecht zueinander verlaufender Belastungswellen auf den Probekörper aufbringt. Zur Referenz wurden die statischen Druckfestigkeiten unter biaxialer Belastung mit verschiedenen Spannungsverhältnissen der beiden Belastungsachsen in einer Triaxialprüfmaschine ermittelt. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine teilweise Überlagerung, jedoch keine vollständige Superposition der beiden festigkeitssteigernden Effekte aus mehraxialer Druckbeanspruchung und erhöhter Dehnrate hin. Insbesondere sind deutliche Unterschiede im Bruch‐ und Rissbild bei den unterschiedlichen Belastungsarten zu erkennen.
Optimierung des Konstruktionsbetons beim Brenner Basistunnel
Authors: Bergmeister Konrad , Murr Roland 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDer 64 km lange Brenner Basistunnel (BBT) ist ein prioritäres europäisches Infrastrukturprojekt des Nord‐Süd‐TEN‐Korridors und verbindet die Wirtschaftszentren in Italien mit denen in Deutschland und Skandinavien. Die erforderliche Betonkubatur zum Bau des BBT beträgt rund 5 Mio. m3. Optimierungen und innovative Entwicklungen in der Betontechnologie stellen bei solch großen Betonmengen einen zentralen Punkt dar. Die festgelegte Nutzungsdauer von 200 Jahren bedingt unter anderem auch besondere Anforderungen bezüglich der Dauerhaftigkeit. In diesem Beitrag werden Optimierungen der Betonformulierung und Qualitätssicherung für die Innenschalen und Spritzbetonschalen erläutert.
Polyunsaturated and Very‐Long‐Chain Fatty Acids Are Involved in the Adaptation of Maloideae (Rosaceae) to Combined Stress in the Mountains
Authors: Voronkov Alexander S. , Ivanova Tatiana V. , Kumachova Tamara K. , Kozhevnikova Anna D. , Tsydendambaev Vladimir D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOne of the mechanisms of plant adaptation to combined stress under conditions of altitudinal zonation is changing the lipid fatty acid (FA) composition. The main changes in the FA composition occurred in the outer cell layers of the pericarp, but not in the parenchyma. Adaptation was found to be species‐specific. InCydonia oblongaMill. andMalus domesticaBorkh., the ratio of polyunsaturated 18:2 and 18:3 lipid FAs changed with increasing height, while a constitutive level of the unsaturation index (UI) and low contents of very‐long‐chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) were maintained.Mespilus germanicaL. was characterized by a higher level of VLCFAs due to the high content of 20:0. The sum of VLCFAs in medlar increased by up to 16 % with changing altitude, which was accompanied by the changes in the ultrastructure of chloroplasts and a noticeable decrease in the UI. We attribute the differences in the adaptive strategies inC. oblonga,M. domesticaandM. germanicato specific structural features of the pericarp peel. Despite different adaptation mechanisms, the studied species can grow equally successfully at the altitudes from 300 to 1200 m.
Variability of Hypericins and Hyperforin inHypericumSpecies from the Sicilian Flora
Authors: Lazzara Silvia , Carrubba Alessandra , Napoli Edoardo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWithin Sicilian flora, the genusHypericum(Guttiferae) includes 10 native species, the most popular of which isH. perforatum. Hypericum’s most investigated active compounds belong to naphtodianthrones (hypericin, pseudohypericin) and phloroglucinols (hyperforin, adhyperforin), and the commercial value of the drug is graded according to its total hypericin content. Ethnobotanical sources attribute the therapeutic properties recognized forH. perforatum, also to otherHypericumspecies. However, their smaller distribution inside the territory suggests that an industrial use of such species, when collected from the wild, would result in an unacceptable depletion of their natural stands. This study investigated about the potential pharmacological properties of 48 accessions from six native species ofHypericum, includingH. perforatumand five ‘minor’ species, also comparing, when possible, wild and cultivated sources. The variability in the content of active metabolites was remarkably high, and the differences within the species were often comparable to the differences among species. No difference was enlightened between wild and cultivated plants. A carefully planned cultivation ofHypericumseems the best option to achieve high and steady biomass yields, but there is a need for phytochemical studies, aimed to identify for multiplication the genotypes with the highest content of the active metabolites.
A rice mutant with a giant embryo has increased levels of lipophilic antioxidants, E vitamers, and γ‐oryzanol fraction
Authors: Chen Ming‐Hsuan , Bergman Christine J. , Grimm Casey C. , McClung Anna M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackground and objectiveLipophilic compounds in rice bran have health beneficial and functional properties. These lipophilic antioxidants in a giant embryo mutant (GEDrew) derived from a tropical japonica variety Drew were determined to evaluate its potential as a specialty variety.FindingsGEDrew had double the size of embryo and lower kernel weight than Drew. The majority of the tocols in the embryo were in the form of tocopherols with α‐tocopherol accounting for approximately 70%, while the tocopherols in bran ranged from 22% to 43% of total tocols. On a per embryo basis, GEDrew had a higher quantity of tocols compared with Drew; however, on a weight basis, the concentration of tocols in GEDrew was less than Drew. The γ‐oryzanol concentration in embryos was the same for both the mutant and wild type. The smaller brown rice kernel size and bigger embryo size of GEDrew resulted in higher proportion of bran + embryo (w/w), which led to higher total tocopherols, tocotrienols, and γ‐oryzanol in the whole grain of GEDrew relative to Drew.ConclusionA rice mutant with a large embryo had an elevated level of γ‐oryzanol and tocols, both as a group and as individual homologs, in whole grains as compared to the wild type.Significance and noveltyGEDrew has the potential to be grown as a specialty rice variety for the purposes of isolating its bran, oil, and lipophilic antioxidants for use by the food and cosmetic industries.
Electrocatalysis of Oxygen on Bifunctional Nickel‐Cobaltite Spinel
Authors: Alegre Cinthia , Busacca Concetta , Di Blasi Alessandra , Di Blasi Orazio , Aricò Antonino S. , Antonucci Vincenzo , Baglio Vincenzo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTransition‐metal‐based materials are among the most active and durable catalysts for the effective electrocatalysis of oxygen‐related reactions. Herein, we present a study on bifunctional catalysts as air electrodes aimed at metal‐air batteries based on nickel and cobalt spinel (NiCo2O4) supported on electrospun carbon nanofibers. The physicochemical features of these transition‐metal‐based catalysts are essential for the understanding of their electrochemical activity. Results show that the major presence of oxidized Ni and Co species (Ni3+ and Co3+) produces higher activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), whereas lower oxidation states of the metals (Ni2+, Co2+, Ni0 and Co0) together with the presence of N‐doped carbon lead to enhanced oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance. This study highlights the importance of designing catalysts in terms of crystallographic structure and proper oxidation states of the elements for maximizing their performance.
Unraveling the Mechanism of the Solution‐Mediated Oxygen Reduction in Metal‐O2 Batteries: The Importance of Ion Association
Authors: Bawol Pawel Peter , Thimm Jan Hendrik , Baltruschat Helmut 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOne of the bottlenecks in Li−O2 batteries is the film like growth of Li2O2 on the electrode surface during discharge leading to early cell death. To tackle this problem 2,5‐Di‐tert‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DBBQ) was introduced as a soluble redox mediator. This redox mediator is avoiding the Li2O2 layer‐by‐layer growth on the electrode surface and thus leading to higher discharge capacities of the Li−O2 cell. In this study, we investigate the ion pairing between the cation of the conducting salt and the DBBQ monoanion and the resulting impact on the ORR activity of the DBBQ monoanion. We investigate TBA+, K+ and Li+ as cations and TEGDME and DMSO as solvents. We found out that there is a direct correlation between the ORR activity of DBBQ− and the ion pairing of DBBQ− with the cation of the supporting electrolyte: Only if DBBQ is strongly associated with the cations of the electrolyte it will reduce oxygen in the electrolyte. Increasing the Li+ concentration in the electrolyte shifts the ORR potential to more positive electrode potentials. In addition, we are describing a new experimental approach to investigate the kinetics of the homogenous ORR via time resolved mass spectrometry. With this approach we found out, that the reaction Li
DBBQ(sol)+O2(sol)
Li
DBBQ
O2(sol) is 80 times faster in a TEGDME based electrolyte than in a DMSO‐based electrolyte. We determined
with 5
102 s−1 M−1and
with 3.7 102 s−1 M−1 in TEGDME whereas the constants in DMSO are
=4.5 s−1 M−1 and
=5.5 s−1 M−1s.