bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Ginseng and Other Botanical Roots by Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup and Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Trucksess Mary , Weaver Carol , Oles Carolyn , D'Ovidio Kathleen , Rader Jeanne 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain molds and are common contaminants of many important food crops, such as grains, nuts, and spices. Some mycotoxins are found in fruits, vegetables, and botanical roots. These contaminants have a broad range of toxic effects, including carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. The public health concerns related to both acute and chronic effects of mycotoxins in animals have prompted more than 100 countries to establish regulatory limits for some of the well-known mycotoxins, such as the aflatoxins (AFL). Our research focused on method development for 2 of these toxins, AFL and ochratoxin A (OTA), in ginseng and other selected botanical roots. Methods using an immunoaffinity column (IAC) cleanup, liquid chromatographic separation, and fluorescence detection were modified and evaluated. Two types of IAC cleanup were evaluated: IAC for AFL, and IAC for both AFL and OTA. Three derivatization techniques to enhance the fluorescence of the AFL were compared: precolumn trifluoroacetic acid, postcolumn bromination, and postcolumn ultraviolet irradiation. No derivatization was needed for OTA. Results for AFL using the single analyte IAC cleanup and the 3 derivatization techniques were all comparable for ginseng and for other roots such as ginger, licorice, and kava-kava. Recoveries of added AFL for ginseng at levels from 2 to 16 ng/g were about 80%. Using IAC cleanup for both AFL and OTA recoveries of added AFL for ginseng at 416 ng/g were about 70%, and for ginger, licorice, and kava-kava were about 60%. Recoveries of added OTA for ginseng, ginger, and echinacea at 4 ng/g were about 55%.
Determination of Residues of 446 Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables by Three-Cartridge Solid-Phase ExtractionGas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Pang Gao-Fang , Fan Chun-Lin , Liu Yong-Ming , Cao Yan-Zhong , Zhang Jin-Jie , Li Xue-Min , Li Zeng-Yin , Wu Yan-Ping , Guo Tong-Tong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method was developed for determination of residues of 446 pesticides in fruits and vegetables through the use of cleanup by a 3-cartridge solid-phase extractiongas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Fruit and vegetable samples (20 g) were extracted with 40 mL acetonitrile, salted out, and centrifuged. Half of the supernatant was passed into an Envi-18 cartridge, eluted with acetonitrile, and cleaned up with Envi-Carb and aminopropyl Sep-Pak cartridges in series after concentration of the eluates. Pesticides were eluted with acetonitriletoluene (3 + 1, v/v), and eluates were concentrated to 0.5 mL and then added into internal standards after solvent exchange with 2 mL hexane and used for determination of 383 pesticides by GC/MS. The other half of the supernatant was concentrated to 1 mL and cleaned up with Envi-Carb and aminopropyl Sep-Pak cartridges in series. Pesticides were eluted with acetonitriletoluene (3 + 1, v/v), and the eluates were concentrated to 0.5 mL, dried with nitrogen gas, diluted to 1.0 mL with acetonitrilewater (3 + 2, v/v), and used for determination of 63 pesticides by LC/MS/MS. The limit of detection for the method was 0.2600 ng/g depending on the individual pesticide. In the method, fortification recovery tests at high, medium, and low levels were conducted on 6 varieties of fruits and vegetables, i.e., apples, oranges, grapes, cabbage, tomatoes, and celery, with average recoveries falling within the range of 55.0-133.8% for 446 pesticides, among which average recoveries between 60.0-120.0% accounted for 99% of the results. The relative standard deviation was between 2.1-39.1%, of which a relative standard deviation of 2.1-25.0% made up 96% of the results. Experiments proved that the method was applicable for determination of residues of 446 pesticides in fruit and vegetables.
Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors for Detection of PathogenicMicroorganisms: Strategies to Secure Food and Environmental Safety
Authors: Bergwerff Aldert A , Van Knapen Frans 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This review describes the exploitation of exclusively optical surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors for the direct and indirect detection of pathogenic microorganisms in food chains and the environment. Direct detection is, in most cases, facilitated by the use of defined monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies raised against (a part of) the target pathogenic microorganisms. The antibodies were immobilized to a solid phase of the sensor to capture the microbe from the sample. Alternatively, antibodies were used in an inhibition-like assay involving incubation with the target organism prior to analysis of nonbound antibodies. The free immunoglobins were screened on a sensor surface coated with either purified antigens or with Fc or Fab binding antibodies. Discussed examples of these approaches are the determination of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes. Another direct detection strategy involved SPR analysis of polymerase chain reaction products of Shiga toxin-2 genes reporting the presence of E. coli O157:H7 in human stool. Metabolic products have been exploited as biomarkers for the presence of amicrobial agent, such as enterotoxin B and a virulence factor for the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus suis, respectively. Indirect detection, on the other hand, is performed by analysis of a humoral immune response of the infected animal or human. By immobilization of specific antigenic structures, infections with Herpes simplex and human immunodeficiency viruses, Salmonella and Treponema pallidum bacteria, and Schistosoma spp. parasites were revealed using human, avian, and porcine sera and avian eggs. Bound antibodies were easily isotyped using an SPR biosensor to reveal the infection history of the individual. Discussed studies show the recent recognition of the suitability of this type of instrument for (rapid) detection of health-threatening microbes to food and environmental microbial safety.
Spreeta-Based Biosensor Immunoassays to Detect Fraudulent Adulteration in Milk and Milk Powder
Authors: Haasnoot Willem , Marchesini Gerardo R , Koopal Kees 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Biacore biosensors (Biacore AB, Uppsala, Sweden) have proven to be robust analytical tools for the automated immunochemical detection of different adulterants and contaminants in milk and milk powder. However, the significant cost of the instruments is a disincentive for their wide application in food control laboratories. Therefore, a low-cost alternative optical biosensor (Spreeta, Texas Instruments, Attleboro, MA) was built into an affordable liquid handling system. Using this prototype biosensor, an inhibition immunoassay for bovine κ-casein was evaluated for the detection of cow's milk in ewe's and goat's milk and for the detection of bovine rennet whey powder in milk powder. Comparable sensitivities were obtained for both adulterants in the Spreeta-based prototype biosensor and a Biacore 3000 instrument. The limit of detection for cow's milk was 0.17% (v/v) and bovine rennet whey powder could be detected in milk powder above 1% (w/w). The Spreeta sensor was also useful in the control of fraudulent water additions to milk, simply by measuring differences in the bulk response.
Flax LignansAnalytical Methods and How They Influence Our Understanding of Biological Activity
Authors: Muir Alister D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a major source of dietary intake of lignans by virtue of the high concentrations (0.71.5) that are present in the seed. The principal lignan present in flaxseed is secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), which occurs as a component of a linear ester-linked complex in which the C6-OH of the glucose of SDG is esterified to the carboxylic acid of hydroxymethylglutaric acid. Also present in flaxseed and in resulting lignan extracts are significant quantities of 2 cinnamic acid glycosides. Our emerging understanding of the biological activity of flax lignans is based on studies using a variety of materials ranging from whole ground seed to pure SDG. The underlying assumption of most of these studies is that the biological activity of flax lignans results from their conversion to the mammalian lignans enterolactone (EL) and enterodiol (ED). There are, however, several intermediate compounds generated during the digestion and metabolism of flax lignans, including SDG and its aglycones and secoisolariciresinol (Seco), that are good candidates to be the principal bioactive molecule. This review will document the history of the development of lignan analytical methods and illustrate how analytical methods have influenced the interpretation of animal and human trials and our understanding of the biological activity of flax lignans.
Comparison of Microbiological and UV-Spectrophotometric Assays for Determination of Voriconazole in Tablets
Authors: Adams Andra I H , Steppe Martin , Frehlich Pedro E , Bergold Ana M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Two methods have been developed for the determination of voriconazole, a new antifungal drug, in tablets. A UV method, with detection at 255 nm, was compared with a diffusion agar bioassay, which used Sacharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 2601 as the assay organism. The developed methods were linear in the range of 3.0-12.0 and 12.0-24.0 μg/mL, for the microbiological and UV methods, respectively, both exhibiting a coefficient correlation of 0.9999. The UV method demonstrated an improved precision compared to the bioassay method (1.0 versus 2.4%). The average recovery, 99.8 and 100.9%, was suitable in both methods. The results obtained by these 2 methods were compared with those of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method published previously, and no evidence of significant difference was observed. The proposed methods are appropriate for the determination of voriconazole in tablets and can be used in routine quality control.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Certain Antidepressants in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Önal ArmaĞan , Kepeki Ş. Evrim , Çetin S MÜge , ErtÜrk Sidika 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Simple and reproducible spectrophotometric methods have been developed for determination of sertraline, fluoxetine, and venlafaxine in pharmaceutical preparations. The methods are based on the reactions between the studied drug substances and ion-pair agents (bromothymol blue, bromocresol green, or bromophenol blue) to produce yellow-colored ion-pair complexes in acidic buffers. After extracting in chloroform, the ion-pair complexes are spectrophotometrically determined at the optimum wavelength. Optimizations of the reaction conditions were carried out. Beer's law was obeyed within the concentration range from 1 to 15 μg/mL. The molar absorptivity, Sandell sensitivity, and detection and quantification limits were also determined. The developed methods were applied successfully for the determination of these drugs in some available commercial preparations. The results were compared statistically with those obtained from reported high-performance liquid chromatography methods.
Direct Determination of Lycopene Content in Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) by Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Halim Yuwana , Schwartz Steven J , Francis David , Baldauf Nathan A , Rodriguez-Saona Luis E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Lycopene is a potent antioxidant that has been shown to play critical roles in disease prevention. Efficient assays for detection and quantification of lycopene are desirable as alternatives to time- and labor-intensive methods. Attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy was used for quantification of lycopene in tomato varieties. Calibration models were developed by partial least-squares regression (PLSR) using quantitative measures of lycopene concentration from liquid chromatography as reference method. IR spectra showed a distinct marker band at 957 cm1 for trans Carbon-Hydrogen (CH) deformation vibration of lycopene. PLSR models predicted the lycopene content accurately and reproducibly with a correlation coefficient (σ) of 0.96 and standard error of cross-validation &lt;0.80 mg/100 g. ATR-IR spectroscopy allowed for rapid, simple, and accurate determination of lycopene in tomatoes with minimal sample preparation. Results suggest that the ATR-IR method is applicable for high-throughput quantitative analysis and screening for lycopene in tomatoes.
Proficiency Testing as a Tool to Assess the Performance of Visual TLC Quantitation Estimates
Authors: Risha Peter , Msuya Zera , Ndomondo-Sigonda Margareth , Layloff Thomas 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The use of rapid and inexpensive nonlaboratory-based screening tests for drug quality assessments is recommended as a component of a drug quality assurance program in poor resource settings. We have established routine Minilab® test procedures to screen product quality and a proficiency testing program to determine the competency of the inspectors and reliability of results. Samples for the proficiency testing were prepared by pulverizing a standard reference tablet of the appropriate drug and making serial dilutions with starch to obtain concentrations of 0, 40, and 100%. The samples, which were labeled only with the drug name and an identifying letter, were given to inspectors for quality screening using Minilab procedures. In round 1 of the proficiency test, only 3 of 28 substandard samples were correctly identified. Round 2 of the proficiency test, which was administered after a performance qualification test for the analytical method, showed much improvement: 19 of 27 substandard drugs were correctly identified, while 5 out of 9 inspectors made the correct inference on the quality of 45 samples. However, in both rounds, 2 inspectors failed to identify substandard samples, indicating that their technical competencies need to be improved for the reliability of the results. Although the thin-layer chromatography screening methods provide a rapid means for drug quality assessment, they need to be put in the hands of competent users. The inclusion of a proficiency test in the screening program provides a measure of determining competency of the personnel and reliability of the results.
Quantification of Eugenol, Luteolin, Ursolic Acid, and Oleanolic Acid in Black (Krishna Tulasi) and Green (Sri Tulasi) Varieties of Ocimum sanctum Linn. Using High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Anandjiwala Sheetal , Kalola Jyoti , Rajani Mandapati 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Ocimum sanctum (family Lamiaceae) is a reputed drug of Ayurveda, commonly known as Tulasi. Inthe present work, we quantified 4 marker compounds, viz., eugenol, luteolin, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid, from the leaf of green and black varieties of O. sanctum using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) with densitometry. The methods were found to be precise, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values for intraday analyses in the range of 0.52 to 0.91%, 0.77 to 1.29%, 0.11 to 0.16%, and 0.34 to 0.42% and for interday analyses in the range of 0.73 to 0.96%, 1.02 to 2.08%, 0.11 to 0.12%, and 0.39 to 0.64% for different concentrations of eugenol, luteolin, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid, respectively. Instrumental RSD values were 0.24, 0.39, 0.21, and 0.18% for eugenol, luteolin, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid, respectively. Accuracy of the methods was checked by conducting a recovery study at 3 different levels for the 4 compounds, and the average recoveries were found to be 99.73, 99.3, 100.58, and 100.57%, respectively. Eugenol content ranged from 0.175 to 0.362% (w/w) and luteolin from 0.019 to 0.046% (w/w) in the samples analyzed. Green variety was found to contain higher amounts of ursolic acid [0.478 and 0.348% (w/w), from Sources 1 and 2, respectively] than the black variety [0.252 and 0.264% (w/w) from Sources 1 and 2, respectively]. Black variety had 0.174 and 0.218% (w/w) of oleanolic acid from Sources 1 and 2, respectively, while it was not detected in the green variety. Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid ran at the same Rf value and could not be resolved in several solvent systems tried. However, we observed that only ursolic acid gave yellow fluorescence under 366 nm ultraviolet light after derivatization with anisaldehydesulfuric acid reagent. The HPTLC-densitometry methods for the quantification of the 4 markers in O. sanctum leaf will have the applicability in quality control.
Preparation and Characterization of a Suite of Ephedra-Containing Standard Reference Materials
Authors: Sharpless Katherine E , Anderson David L , Betz Joseph M , Butler Therese A , Capar Stephen G , Cheng John , Fraser Catharine A , Gardner Graeme , Gay Martha L , Howell Daniel W , Ihara Toshihide , Khan Mansoor A , Lam Joseph W , Long Stephen E , McCooeye Margaret , Mackey Elizabeth A , Mindak William R , Mitvalsky Staci , Murphy Karen E , Nguyenpho Agnes , Phinney Karen W , Porter Barbara J , Roman Mark , Sander Lane C , Satterfield Mary B , Scriver Christine , Sturgeon Ralph , Thomas Jeanice Brown , Vocke Robert D , Wise Stephen A , Wood Laura J , Yang Lu , Yen James H , Ziobro George C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The National Institute of Standards and Technology, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research and Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, and the National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, are collaborating to produce a series of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for dietary supplements. A suite of ephedra materials is the first in the series, and this paper describes the acquisition, preparation, and value assignment of these materials: SRMs 3240 Ephedra sinica Stapf Aerial Parts, 3241 E. sinica Stapf Native Extract, 3242 E. sinica Stapf Commercial Extract, 3243 Ephedra-Containing Solid Oral Dosage Form, and 3244 Ephedra-Containing Protein Powder. Values are assigned for ephedrine alkaloids and toxic elements in all 5 materials. Values are assigned for other analytes (e.g., caffeine, nutrient elements, proximates, etc.) in some of the materials, as appropriate. Materials in this suite of SRMs are intended for use as primary control materials when values are assigned to in-house (secondary) control materials and for validation of analytical methods for the measurement of alkaloids, toxic elements, and, in the case of SRM 3244, nutrients in similar materials.
Determination of Biotin by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Infant Formula, Medical Nutritional Products, and Vitamin Premixes
Authors: Thompson Linda B , Schmitz Daniel J , Pan Shang-Jing 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A solid-phase extraction sample preparation procedure was developed for use with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for biotin analysis. The HPLC method used a reversed-phase C18 column; chromatography run time was 8.5 min. After eluting from the column, biotin went through postcolumn reaction to form a conjugate with streptavidinfluorescein isothiocyanate, which was then detected by a fluorescence detector. This method was tested with infant formula, medical nutritional products, and vitamin premix samples.
UV Spectrophotometric Determination of Bioflavonoids from a Semisolid Pharmaceutical Dosage Form Containing Trichilia catigua Adr. Juss and Ptychopetalum olacoides Bentham Standardized Extract: Analytical Method Validation and Statistical Procedures
Authors: Baby AndrÉ Rolim , Maciel Carolina P M , Kaneko Telma M , Velasco Maria Valria R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A precise, accurate, and sensitive UV spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for routine quantification of total bioflavonoids, expressed as rutin, from a topical oil-in-water pharmaceutical emulsion containing the extract of Trichilia catigua Adr. Juss and Ptychopetalum olacoides Bentham. The method was validated experimentally, and the data were treated rigorously by statistical analysis. The following analytical parameters were assessed: linearity, specificity, intra- and interrun precision measured as relative standard deviation (RSD, %), intra- and interrun accuracy (E, %), recovery (Rec., %), limit of detection (LOD, μg/mL), and limit of quantification (LOQ, μg/mL). The UV spectrophotometric method was linear (r2 0.9995) for standard rutin over the concentration range of 5.015.0 g/mL with specificity for total bioflavonoids (expressed as rutin) at 361.0 nm with an absence of interferents from the complex matrix; RSD of ≤1.79%, intrarun (E 97.88 ±1.75 to 99.0 ± 0.33%) and interrun (E 98.38 ± 1.12 to 100.79 ± 1.30%) accuracy; Rec. 98.64 ± 0.42 to 100.74 ± 0.41%; LOD 0.20 μg/mL; and LOQ 0.30 μg/mL.
Optimized Determination Method for trans-10-Hydroxy-2-Decenoic Acid Content in Royal Jelly by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with an Internal Standard
Authors: Zhou Jinhui , Xue Xiaofeng , Li Yi , Zhang Jinzhen , Zhao Jing 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An optimized reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed to detect the trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) content in royal jelly cream and lyophilized powder. The sample was extracted using absolute ethanol. Chromatographic separation of 10-HDA and methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate as the internal standard was performed on a Nova-pak C18 column. The average recoveries were 95.0-99.2% (n = 5) with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 1.3-2.1% for royal jelly cream and 98.0-100.0% (n = 5) with RSD values of 1.6-3.0% for lyophilized powder, respectively. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively, for both royal jelly cream and lyophilized powder. The method was validated for the determination of practical royal jelly products. The concentration of 10-HDA ranged from 1.26 to 2.21% for pure royal jelly cream samples and 3.01 to 6.19% for royal jelly lyophilized powder samples. For 30 royal jelly products, the 10-HDA content varied from not detectable to 0.98%.