bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unmet rehabilitation needs in 86% of Norwegian paediatric embryonal brain tumour survivors
Authors: Stensvold Einar , Stadskleiv Kristine , Myklebust Tor Åge , Wesenberg Finn , Helseth Eirik , Bechensteen Anne Grete , Brandal Petter 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimTo study incidence, types and degrees of late effects in a geographical cohort of paediatric medulloblastoma and central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumour (CNS‐PNET) survivors, and identify the need for rehabilitation.MethodsBetween 1974 and 2013, 63 patients survived treatment for paediatric medulloblastoma and CNS‐PNET at Oslo University Hospital, Norway. Of these, 50 accepted invitation and were included in this study.ResultsMedian follow‐up was 20 years (range 3.2‐41), and 96% of participants had developed late effects. Cognitive impairment was found in 72%, reduced hearing in 68%, endocrine deficits in 66%, epilepsy in 32% and another 30% had been diagnosed with one or more second primary neoplasms. Radiotherapy significantly increased risk of secondary primary neoplasms and endocrinological deficits, chemotherapy risk of ototoxicity and endocrinological deficits, and epilepsy was found significantly more often in CNS‐PNET than medulloblastoma patients. Epilepsy was the main cause of cognitive impairments (full‐scale IQ) in our study. 86% of participants had an unmet rehabilitation need.ConclusionSignificant late effects and unmet rehabilitation needs were documented in the large majority of survivors after treatment for paediatric medulloblastoma and CNS‐PNET.
Sedentary Behaviour and Diabetes Information as a Source of Motivation to Reduce Daily Sitting Time in Office Workers: A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Rollo Scott , Prapavessis Harry 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundUsing the motivational phase of the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA), this study examined whether sedentary behaviour and diabetes information is a meaningful source of motivation to reduce daily sitting time among preintending office workers.MethodsParticipants (N = 218) were randomised into HAPA‐intervention (sedentary behaviour), HAPA‐attention control (physical activity), or control (no treatment) conditions. Following treatment, purpose‐built sedentary‐related HAPA motivational constructs (risk perception, outcome expectancies, self‐efficacy) and goal intentions were assessed. Only participants who had given little thought to how much time they spent sitting (preintenders) were used in subsequent analyses (n = 96).ResultsSignificant main effects favouring the intervention group were reported for goal intentions: to increase number and length of daily breaks from sitting at work; to reduce daily sitting time outside of work; to increase daily time spent standing outside of work, as well as for outcome expectancies (p values ≤ .05; ɳp2 values ≥.08). Only self‐efficacy (β range = 0.39–0.50) made significant and unique contributions to work and leisure‐time‐related goal intentions, explaining 11–21 per cent of the response variance.ConclusionsA brief, HAPA‐based online intervention providing information regarding sedentary behaviour and diabetes risk may be an effective source of motivation.
Protein kinase A facilitates relaxation of mouse ileum via phosphorylation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Guerra Damian D. , Bok Rachael , Lorca Ramón A. , Hurt K. Joseph 
Published: January 2020

Background and PurposeThe enteric neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO) regulates gastrointestinal motility by relaxing smooth muscle. Pharmacological cAMP induction also relaxes gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but it is uncertain whether cAMP augments or suppresses enteric NO signalling. In other organ systems, cAMP can increase neuronal NO production by stimulating protein kinase A (PKA) to phosphorylate neuronal NOS (nNOS) Serine‐1412 (S1412). We hypothesized that cAMP also increases nNOS S1412 phosphorylation by PKA in enteric neurons to augment nitrergic relaxation of mouse ileum.Experimental ApproachWe measured contractile force and nNOS S1412 phosphorylation in ileal rings suspended in an organ bath. We used forskolin to induce cAMP‐dependent relaxation of wild type, nNOSS1412A knock‐in and nNOSα‐null ileal rings in the presence or absence of PKA, protein kinase B (Akt) and NOS inhibitors.Key ResultsForskolin stimulated phosphorylation of nNOS S1412 in mouse ileum. Forskolin relaxed nNOSα‐null and nNOSS1412A ileal rings less than wild‐type ileal rings. PKA inhibition blocked forskolin‐induced nNOS phosphorylation and attenuated relaxation of wild type but not nNOSS1412A ileum. Akt inhibition did not alter nNOS phosphorylation with forskolin but did attenuate relaxation of wild type and nNOSS1412A. NOS inhibition with L‐NAME eliminated the effects of PKA and Akt inhibitors on relaxation.Conclusion and ImplicationsPKA phosphorylation of nNOS S1412 augments forskolin‐induced nitrergic ileal relaxation. The relationship between cAMP/PKA and NO is therefore synergistic in enteric nitrergic neurons. Because NO regulates gut motility, selective modulation of enteric neuronal cAMP synthesis may be useful for the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders.
The Drug and Alcohol Clinical Advisory Service: A model of telephone‐delivered addiction specialist support
Authors: Grigg Jasmin , Arunogiri Shalini , Manning Victoria , Phan Vicky , Campbell Samuel , Frei Matthew , Lubman Dan I. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntroduction and AimsPeople with substance use problems frequently present to mainstream health services with a variety of health issues. However, many medical and allied health‐care providers feel under‐equipped to respond to this population. We describe the Drug and Alcohol Clinical Advisory Service (DACAS), an established 24/7 telephone‐delivered model of addiction specialist consultation, and examine recent call data to identify drug use issues for which health practitioners seek support.Design and MethodsMethods of DACAS service provision and call data collection are provided. A retrospective review of routinely collected call data between July 2013 and June 2018 was performed, extracting information on call and caller characteristics, and consultation details.ResultsDuring 2013–2018, DACAS responded to 6565 calls, providing access to specialist alcohol and other drug support for more than 1200 practitioners across Victoria, Tasmania and the Northern Territory annually. Higher rates of service use were found among practitioners located in regional and remote areas, relative to those in metropolitan areas. Opioid agonist treatment was the most common drug class for which practitioners sought consultation (39.5%), followed by other opioids (19.4%). Advice‐seeking patterns differed according to caller profession, service setting and location.Discussion and ConclusionsDACAS is providing a multistate‐level response to the challenges of accessing specialist addiction treatment, particularly for opioid agonist treatment and other opioid issues, with demonstrated uptake in regional and remote areas. This telephone‐delivered service provides an opportunity to expand access to treatment for opioid use disorder and other substance use problems, particularly in areas with less equitable access to specialist addiction care.
Numerosity discrimination in deep neural networks: Initial competence, developmental refinement and experience statistics
Authors: Testolin Alberto , Zou Will Y. , McClelland James L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBoth humans and non‐human animals exhibit sensitivity to the approximate number of items in a visual array, as indexed by their performance in numerosity discrimination tasks, and even neonates can detect changes in numerosity. These findings are often interpreted as evidence for an innate ‘number sense’. However, recent simulation work has challenged this view by showing that human‐like sensitivity to numerosity can emerge in deep neural networks that build an internal model of the sensory data. This emergentist perspective posits a central role for experience in shaping our number sense and might explain why numerical acuity progressively increases over the course of development. Here we substantiate this hypothesis by introducing a progressive unsupervised deep learning algorithm, which allows us to model the development of numerical acuity through experience. We also investigate how the statistical distribution of numerical and non‐numerical features in natural environments affects the emergence of numerosity representations in the computational model. Our simulations show that deep networks can exhibit numerosity sensitivity prior to any training, as well as a progressive developmental refinement that is modulated by the statistical structure of the learning environment. To validate our simulations, we offer a refinement to the quantitative characterization of the developmental patterns observed in human children. Overall, our findings suggest that it may not be necessary to assume that animals are endowed with a dedicated system for processing numerosity, since domain‐general learning mechanisms can capture key characteristics others have attributed to an evolutionarily specialized number system.
Dental implant maintenance teaching in Australia—A survey of education providers
Authors: Cheung Monique C. , Hopcraft Matthew S. , Darby Ivan B. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntroductionImplant treatments and peri‐implant maintenance continue apace, while the evidence for implant maintenance and home hygiene continues to be developed. Information sources for dental practitioners and patients in peri‐implant health maintenance and disease management are generally not known. This study investigated the implant maintenance topics taught, the discipline backgrounds of convenors and presenters and information delivery methods within implant dentistry teaching in Australia.Materials and methodsAn online survey was distributed to 56 convenors of implant dentistry and maintenance education programmes in Australia, garnering responses from 24 individuals which outlined 43 different education programmes.ResultsLectures were the main delivery method for implant maintenance information across the different course types. Peri‐implant diagnostics were generally taught according to current literature recommendations, but coverage varied in topics where the evidence is yet to be established (eg home hygiene, professional maintenance and implant review). Some educators reported awareness of limitations in their programmes.ConclusionImplant dentistry education programmes in Australia vary widely in teaching implant maintenance, coverage of which should be current and evidence‐based at all education levels. The structure of implant dentistry teaching at the continuing professional development level requires further development.
StarTroper, a film trope rating optimizer using machine learning and evolutionary algorithms
Authors: García‐Ortega Rubén Héctor , García‐Sánchez Pablo , Merelo‐Guervós Juan Julián 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDesigning a story is widely considered a crafty yet critical task that requires deep specific human knowledge in order to reach a minimum quality and originality. This includes designing at a high level different elements of the film; these high‐level elements are called tropes when they become patterns. The present paper proposes and evaluates a methodology to automatically synthesize sets of tropes in a way that they maximize the potential rating of a film that conforms to them. We use machine learning to create a surrogate model that maps film ratings from tropes, trained with the data extracted and processed from huge film databases in Internet, and then we use a genetic algorithm that uses that surrogate model as evaluator to optimize the combination of tropes in a film. In order to evaluate the methodology, we analyse the nature of the tropes and their distributions in existing films, the performance of the models and the quality of the sets of tropes synthesized. The results of this proof of concept show that the methodology works and is able to build sets of tropes that maximize the rating and that these sets are genuine. The work has revealed that the methodology and tools developed are directly suitable for assisting in the plots generation as an authoring tool and, ultimately, for supporting the automatic generation of stories, for example, in massively populated videogames.
Roles of microstructure, inclusion, and surface roughness on rolling contact fatigue of a wind turbine gear
Authors: Zhou Hao , Wei Peitang , Liu Huaiju , Zhu Caichao , Lu Cheng , Deng Guanyu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractContact fatigue is a key feature limiting the service lives and reliabilities of gears. The gear contact fatigue failure mechanism has not been understood fundamentally due to the complexities of structural factors, material properties, and operating conditions. In this work, an integrated finite element model of a megawatt level wind turbine gear is established considering the real gear geometry, material microstructure heterogeneity, existence of nonmetallic inclusion, and the tooth surface roughness. The gear steel material properties are defined based on the crystal elasticity anisotropy framework. The modified Dang Van multiaxial criterion is utilized to estimate the material fatigue failure probability during gear engagement. With the developed model, the roles of microstructure, inclusion, and surface roughness on the gear contact fatigue behaviour are comparatively investigated. Additionally, the influences of different inclusion size and surface roughness profile on gear failure risk are investigated and discussed in detail.
Broad‐scale patterns of the Afro‐Palaearctic landbird migration
Authors: Briedis Martins , Bauer Silke , Adamík Peter , Alves José A. , Costa Joana S. , Emmenegger Tamara , Gustafsson Lars , Koleček Jaroslav , Krist Miloš , Liechti Felix , Lisovski Simeon , Meier Christoph M. , Procházka Petr , Hahn Steffen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimKnowledge of broad‐scale biogeographical patterns of animal migration is important for understanding ecological drivers of migratory behaviours. Here, we present a flyway‐scale assessment of the spatial structure and seasonal dynamics of the Afro‐Palaearctic bird migration system and explore how phenology of the environment guides long‐distance migration.LocationEurope and Africa.Time period2009–2017.Major taxa studiedBirds.MethodsWe compiled an individual‐based dataset comprising 23 passerine and near‐passerine species of 55 European breeding populations, in which a total of 564 individuals were tracked during migration between Europe and sub‐Saharan Africa. In addition, we used remotely sensed primary productivity data (the normalized difference vegetation index) to estimate the timing of vegetation green‐up in spring and senescence in autumn across Europe. First, we described how individual breeding and non‐breeding sites and the migratory flyways link geographically. Second, we examined how the timing of migration along the two major Afro‐Palaearctic flyways is tuned with vegetation phenology at the breeding sites.ResultsWe found the longitudes of individual breeding and non‐breeding sites to be related in a strongly positive manner, whereas the latitudes of breeding and non‐breeding sites were related negatively. In autumn, migration commenced ahead of vegetation senescence, and the timing of migration was 5–7 days earlier along the Western flyway compared with the Eastern flyway. In spring, the time of arrival at breeding sites was c. 1.5 days later for each degree northwards and 6–7 days later along the Eastern compared with the Western flyway, reflecting the later spring green‐up at higher latitudes and more eastern longitudes.Main conclusionsMigration of the Afro‐Palaearctic landbirds follows a longitudinally parallel leapfrog migration pattern, whereby migrants track vegetation green‐up in spring but depart before vegetation senescence in autumn. The degree of continentality along migration routes and at the breeding sites of the birds influences the timing of migration on a broad scale.
Effect of nurse crops and seeding rate on the persistence, productivity and nutritive value of sainfoin in a cereal‐based production system
Authors: Cicek Harun , Ates Serkan , Ozcan Gazi , Tezel Mehmet , Kling Jennifer G. , Louhaichi Mounir , Keles Gurhan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) is one of the most drought‐tolerant perennial legumes that can thrive in dry, alkaline soils. A 3‐year study in the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey compared the persistence, productivity and nutritive value of sainfoin planted with nurse crops, namely Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) or triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm, ex A. Camus), at three seeding rates. Sainfoin and nurse crop emergence were significantly affected by the companion nurse crop, sowing rate and establishment year. The number of sainfoin plants at emergence was lower during a drier “bad” year (110 plant/m2) than in a “good” precipitation year (236 plant/m2). Triticale had a more negative impact on sainfoin growth than vetch. Planting nurse crops at high seeding rates (90 kg/ha) reduced the number of sainfoin seedlings as compared to the control, while the low seeding rate had little impact on sainfoin emergence. Planting sainfoin with triticale resulted in much greater yield exceeding 10 t/ha, but reduced the forage nutritive value compared to sainfoin monocultures and sainfoin–vetch mixtures. The seeding rate of the nurse crops during a dry year did not affect DM yield in the year of establishment nor in the following year. The findings of this study indicate that planting sainfoin with a nurse crop can substantially increase the DM yield in the year of establishment without yield penalties in the subsequent years, despite fewer established plants, as compared to sainfoin monocultures.
Characterization of Al18B4O33 ceramic synthesized by the sol‐gel, precipitation, and combustion methods
Authors: Maghsoodi Farzaneh , Naghizadeh Rahim 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this study, Al18B4O33 aluminum borate is synthesized by the sol‐gel, precipitation, and combustion methods, which use similar starting materials. Simultaneous thermal analyzer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are employed to determine the thermal behavior and the chemical bonding structures. In addition, the crystal structure and microstructure are identified by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The results reveal that Al18B4O33 nanorods are produced by sol‐gel method and citric acid controls the morphology of powders. Additionally, Al18B4O33 phase is obtained by decomposing Al4B2O9 unstable phase at 1000°C by sol‐gel method. However, Al18B4O33 phase is immediately obtained from calcination of an amorphous phase at 1000°C by precipitation and combustion methods.
End‐of‐life care needs for noncancer patients who want to die at home in South Korea
Authors: Lee Jong‐Eun , Lee Jiwon , Lee Hanul , Park Jin‐Kyoung , Park Younghye , Choi Whan Seok 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimThe awareness for the need for end‐of‐life care has increased among noncancer patients. However, studies on the topic have rarely targeted the needs of noncancer patients who want to die at home. This study assessed the end‐of‐life care needs of noncancer patients who were receiving care and wanted to die at home.MethodsA cross‐sectional study design was used and involved 200 participants who were diagnosed as noncancer patients and receiving home care nursing. Data were collected on demographics, disease, Palliative Performance Scale (PPS) scores, and end‐of‐life care needs, in April and May, 2016.ResultsAmong the six areas of care, “supporting fundamental needs” of patients required the most care, followed by “coordination among family or relatives.” Multivariate analysis revealed that the duration of home care nursing held a significant association with end‐of‐life care needs.ConclusionBy reflecting on the comprehensive care needs of patients with chronic illnesses and including them in the care process, it will be possible to provide better quality palliative care to patients at home in the end‐of‐life stages.
Validation of hepatocellular carcinoma risk scores in Japanese chronic hepatitis B cohort receiving nucleot(s)ide analog
Authors: Kirino Sakura , Tamaki Nobuharu , Kaneko Shun , Kurosaki Masayuki , Inada Kento , Yamashita Koji , Osawa Leona , Hayakawa Yuka , Sekiguchi Shuhei , Watakabe Keiya , Okada Mao , Wang Wan , Shimizu Takao , Higuchi Mayu , Takaura Kenta , Maeyashiki Chiaki , Yasui Yutaka , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Tsuchiya Kaoru , Itakura Jun , Takahashi Yuka , Izumi Namiki 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackground and AimThe prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development during nucleotide/nucleoside analog (NA) therapy is clinically important in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Although several useful models for HCC prediction have been previously reported, their usefulness in the Japanese population is unclear. Therefore, this study examines the applicability of these models in Japanese patients.MethodsFour hundred forty‐three patients with no history of HCC who were treated with entecavir, tenofovir alafenamide, or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate were enrolled. PAGE‐B, modified‐PAGE‐B, and REACH‐B scores were calculated, and subsequent HCC development was investigated.ResultsThe mean follow‐up duration was 5.1 years, and a total of 33 patients (7.4%) developed HCC during the follow‐up period. Multivariate analysis revealed that old age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.09, P = 0.011), male gender (HR 2.62, 95% CI 1.06–6.49, P = 0.037), and low platelet count (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.77–0.91, P < 0.001) were independent predictors of HCC development. These factors are the same as the factors identified in the PAGE‐B model. Time‐dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve revealed that the AUROCs for 3 and 7 years of PAGE‐B (AUROC: 0.786 and 0.744 at 3 and 7 years, respectively) were continuously higher than those of REACH‐B (0.658 and 0.543) and modified PAGE‐B AUROC (0.772 and 0.731).ConclusionsPAGE‐B, which can easily identify high‐risk cases, can be useful for predicting HCC development in Japanese patients treated with NA therapy.
Psychologists' perspectives on supported decision making in Ireland
Authors: Rogers E. , Pilch M. , McGuire B. E. , Flynn E. , Egan J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundA new legal capacity act was introduced in Ireland in 2015. This study aimed to identify and critically examine key issues in the area of decision‐making capacity from the perspective of psychologists working with adults with an intellectual disability.MethodsA qualitative exploratory approach was employed, and the study was positioned in a social constructionist framework. Purposive and snowballing sampling methods were used to recruit 15 clinical psychologists working with adults with an intellectual disability. Data were collected with the use of individual semistructured interviews. Interview transcripts were analysed using a model of thematic analysis.ResultsSix themes were identified: (1) a presumption of capacity but a culture of incapacity, (2) supporting decision making as a process, (3) authenticity of decision making, (4) need for support and training, (5) contributions of psychology and (6) the way forward.ConclusionsParticipants described that people with intellectual disabilities were often excluded from decision‐making processes. They welcomed the functional approach to decision making, considered substituted decision making to be necessary within a support framework and described supporting decision making as a process. Systemic, resource and attitudinal challenges were identified.