bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cone‐beam CT‐derived relative stopping power map generation via deep learning for proton radiotherapy
Authors: Harms Joseph , Lei Yang , Wang Tonghe , McDonald Mark , Ghavidel Beth , Stokes William , Curran Walter J. , Zhou Jun , Liu Tian , Yang Xiaofeng 
Published: June 2020

PurposeIn intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT), protons are used to deliver highly conformal dose distributions, targeting tumors, and sparing organs‐at‐risk. However, due to uncertainties in both patient setup and relative stopping power (RSP) calculation, margins are added to the treatment volume during treatment planning, leading to higher doses to normal tissues. Cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) images are taken daily before treatment; however, the poor image quality of CBCT limits the use of these images for online dose calculation. In this work, we use a deep‐learning‐based method to predict RSP maps from daily CBCT images, allowing for online dose calculation in a step toward adaptive radiation therapy.MethodsTwenty‐three head‐and‐neck cancer patients were simulated using a Siemens TwinBeam dual‐energy CT (DECT) scanner. Mixed‐energy scans (equivalent to a 120 kVp single‐energy CT scan) were converted to RSP maps for treatment planning. Cone‐beam computed tomography images were taken on the first day of treatment, and the planning RSP maps were registered to these images. A deep learning network based on a cycle‐GAN architecture, relying on a compound loss function designed for structural and contrast preservation, was then trained to create an RSP map from a CBCT image. Leave‐one‐out and holdout cross validations were used for evaluation, and mean absolute error (MAE), mean error (ME), peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity (SSIM) were used to quantify the differences between the CT‐based and CBCT‐based RSP maps. The proposed method was compared to a deformable image registration‐based method which was taken as the ground truth and two other deep learning methods. For one patient who underwent resimulation, the new planning RSP maps and CBCT images were used for further evaluation and validation.ResultsThe CBCT‐based RSP generation method was evaluated on 23 head‐and‐neck cancer patients. From leave‐one‐out testing, the MAE between CT‐based and CBCT‐based RSP was 0.06 ± 0.01 and the ME was −0.01 ± 0.01. The proposed method statistically outperformed the comparison DL methods in terms of MAE and ME when compared to the planning CT. In terms of dose comparison, the mean gamma passing rate at 3%/3 mm was 94% when three‐dimensional (3D) gamma index was calculated per plan and 96% when gamma index was calculated per field.ConclusionsThe proposed method provides sufficiently accurate RSP map generation from CBCT images, allowing for evaluation of daily dose based on CBCT and possibly allowing for CBCT‐guided adaptive treatment planning for IMPT.
Exploring the role of online health information and social media in the illness experience of arthritis‐related fatigue: A focus group study
Authors: Muir Julia , Hegarty Roisin S.M. , Stebbings Simon , Treharne Gareth J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposeOnline health information (OHI) and social media have become prominent health resources for people with arthritis‐related fatigue. More research is needed to understand how OHI and online social support may influence illness experiences and patient–practitioner relationships in people with arthritis‐related fatigue. The present study aimed to explore how OHI and social media shape these experiences by using an inductive qualitative analysis.MethodSeven focus groups were conducted with 21 participants aged 28–77 diagnosed with a range of rheumatic diseases. Within the focus groups, participants were asked questions about OHI, online social support and the role of OHI in their health care. The focus groups were recorded, transcribed and analysed using a combination of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) and thematic analysis.ResultsThe analysis resulted in three themes: (a) how online social support changes illness experiences, (b) communicating fatigue to health professionals using OHI and (c) health care experiences online. These themes provide insight into the ways people with arthritis‐related fatigue benefit from online social support, use OHI to support communication with health professionals and how they share health care for arthritis in online spaces.ConclusionThis research expanded on previous literature addressing the role of OHI and social media in the illness experience of arthritis‐related fatigue. As technology use is increasing, particularly in the current extraordinary environment of social distancing, it is critical to address the role of OHI and social media in health care. In this study, OHI and social media played a prevalent role in the health care of many participants.
Outcomes Associated With Early vs Late Initiation of Exclusive Enteral Feeding Regimens Following Laparoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Placement in the Pediatric Patient
Authors: Jones Cory Wyatt , Smith Justin Robert , Paton Elizabeth A. , Harrell Camden R. , Huang Eunice Yuee‐Dean , Corkins Mark R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesDespite frequent placement of pediatric laparoscopic gastrostomy tubes (GTs), no rigorous evaluation of initial feeding and advancement regimens exists. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether early enteral feeding after GT placement is associated with increased symptoms, procedural complications, or length of stay (LOS).MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, the records of all patients at a tertiary care pediatric hospital who had gastrostomy placement were reviewed. Only patients fed exclusively via gastrostomy were included. Feeding was monitored starting with the first postoperative feed and subsequently in 24‐hour increments. Adverse events were recorded based on clinical documentation.ResultsA total of 480 patients met inclusion criteria. Patients who started feeds between 24 and 36 hours had a shorter LOS compared with those who started at 36–48 hours (P = .0072) or >48 hours (P < .0001). Patients requiring ≥60 hours to reach goal feeds had significantly longer LOS than the other groups. There was no difference in the distribution of the LOS based on percentage of goal feeds initiated. Patients who required ≥60 hours to attain goal feeds had the most feeding complications.ConclusionsMore aggressive feeding advancement and earlier initiation of feeds were associated with decreased LOS without an associated increase in adverse clinical events.
Muscle Mass Loss in the Older Critically Ill Population: Potential Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: McKendry James , Thomas Aaron C. Q. , Phillips Stuart M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSkeletal muscle plays a critical role in everyday life, and its age‐associated reduction has severe health consequences. The pre‐existing presence of sarcopenia, combined with anabolic resistance, protein undernutrition, and the pro‐catabolic/anti‐anabolic milieu induced by aging and exacerbated in critical care, may accelerate the rate at which skeletal muscle is lost in patients with critical illness. Advancements in intensive care unit (ICU)–care provision have drastically improved survival rates; therefore, attention can be redirected toward other significant issues affecting ICU patients (e.g., length of stay, days on ventilation, nosocomial disease development, etc.). Thus, strategies targeting muscle mass and function losses within an ICU setting are essential to improve patient‐related outcomes. Notably, loading exercise and protein provision are the most compelling. Many older ICU patients seldom meet the recommended protein intake, and loading exercise is difficult to conduct in the ICU. Nevertheless, the incorporation of physical therapy (PT), neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and early mobilization strategies may be beneficial. Furthermore, a number of nutrition practices within the ICU have been shown to improve patient‐related outcomes ((e.g., feeding strategy [i.e., oral, early enteral, or parenteral]), be hypocaloric (∼70%–80% energy requirements), and increase protein provision (∼1.2–2.5 g/kg/d)). The aim of this brief review is to discuss the dysregulation of muscle mass maintenance in an older ICU population and highlight the potential benefits of strategic nutrition practice, specifically protein, and PT within the ICU. Finally, we provide some general guidelines that may serve to counteract muscle mass loss in patients with critical illness.
Multicolor low‐rank preconditioner for general sparse linear systems
Authors: Zheng Qingqing , Xi Yuanzhe , Saad Yousef 
Published: June 2020

SummaryThis article presents a multilevel parallel preconditioning technique for solving general large sparse linear systems of equations. Subdomain coloring is invoked to reorder the coefficient matrix by multicoloring the adjacency graph of the subdomains, resulting in a two‐level block diagonal structure. A full binary tree structure is then built to facilitate the construction of the preconditioner. A key property that is exploited is the observation that the difference between the inverse of the original matrix and that of its block diagonal approximation is often well approximated by a low‐rank matrix. This property and the block diagonal structure of the reordered matrix lead to a multicolor low‐rank (MCLR) preconditioner. The construction procedure of the MCLR preconditioner follows a bottom‐up traversal of the tree . All irregular matrix computations, such as ILU factorizations and related triangular solves, are restricted to leaf nodes where these operations can be performed independently. Computations in nonleaf nodes only involve easy‐to‐optimize dense matrix operations. In order to further reduce the number of iteration of the Preconditioned Krylov subspace procedure, we combine MCLR with a few classical block‐relaxation techniques. Numerical experiments on various test problems are proposed to illustrate the robustness and efficiency of the proposed approach for solving large sparse symmetric and nonsymmetric linear systems.
Childhood Hyperlipidemia and its Association with Early Growth Among Full‐Term–Born Children at 5 to 6 Years of Age in China
Authors: Li Weiqin , Leng Junhong , Wang Shuting , Wang Leishen , Wang Shuo , Zhang Tao , Qiao Yijuan , Mi Jie 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveThis study’s aim was to assess the prevalence of hyperlipidemia and its association with birth weight and BMI at 2 years of age and 5 to 6 years of age in full‐term–born children.MethodsA population‐based, large‐scale survey of hyperlipidemia was conducted. Information on 12,701 children aged 5 to 6 years was retrospectively collected from electronic health care records.ResultsThe rate of high total cholesterol (≥5.18 mmol/L) and/or high triglycerides (≥1.70 mmol/L) was 10.2%. The multivariate‐adjusted odds ratios of high total cholesterol and/or triglycerides were 1.33 (1.04‐1.69), 1.00, and 0.95 (0.81‐1.11) based on birth weight groups (small for gestational age [SGA], appropriate for gestational age, and large for gestational age); 1.06 (0.77‐1.45), 1.00, and 0.99 (0.88‐1.11) based on BMI groups at around 2 years of age (<10th, 10th to <75th, and ≥75th percentiles); and 1.56 (1.08‐2.25), 1.00, and 1.71 (1.44‐2.03) based on BMI groups at 5 to 6 years of age (<−2 SD, −2 SD to <2 SD and ≥2 SD), respectively. In the SGA group, hyperlipidemia was not associated with BMI at 2 years of age but was significantly associated with having underweight or obesity at 5 to <6 years of age.ConclusionsSGA infants are at an increased risk for childhood hyperlipidemia, and catch‐up growth before the age of 2 years would not affect this risk. For SGA infants, having underweight or obesity after 2 years of age can increase the risk of childhood hyperlipidemia.
Effects of bilayer nanofibrillar scaffolds containing epidermal growth factor on full‐thickness wound healing
Authors: Golchin Ali , Nourani Mohammad Reza 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWound healing refers to a complex, dynamic process in the body, especially the skin, which influences the quality of life of millions of people each year. Electrospinning is an efficient and economic technique for the production of micro‐ to nano‐fibrillar constructs as drug delivery systems with biomedical applications. In this study, we designed an electrospun bilayer fibrillar scaffold immobilized with epidermal growth factor (EGF), using polycaprolactone (PCL) as the upper layer and chitosan (CS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the lower layer of wound dressing. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to characterize the scaffolds. The water uptake, release potency, and toxicity of scaffolds were evaluated, and also then DAPI staining and MTT assay after seeding adipose tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells. Finally, the effects of the scaffolds on the wound healing process were investigated in a mouse model of full‐thickness skin injury. The results of SEM demonstrated continuous, smooth, bead‐free, and randomly aligned fibers. The average diameter of CS/PVA nanofibers was 238.36 ± 36.99, and the mean diameter of PCL nanofibers was 1271.79 ± 428.49 nm. The scaffolds were capable of cell seeding and supported their growth and proliferation. Furthermore, in the comparison between designed composite as dressing patch and control group (Vaseline), our composite demonstrated significant differences, so that EGF‐immobilized patch efficiently accelerated wound closure and improved histological healing in an in vivo full‐thickness wound healing mouse model. The present results suggest the potential of the designed electrospun bilayer fibrillar scaffold containing EGF for the treatment of full‐thickness wounds and skin regeneration.
Synthesizing Systems Biology Knowledge from Omics Using Genome‐Scale Models
Authors: Dahal Sanjeev , Yurkovich James T. , Xu Hao , Palsson Bernhard O. , Yang Laurence 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOmic technologies have enabled the complete readout of the molecular state of a cell at different biological scales. In principle, the combination of multiple omic data types can provide an integrated view of the entire biological system. This integration requires appropriate models in a systems biology approach. Here, genome‐scale models (GEMs) are focused upon as one computational systems biology approach for interpreting and integrating multi‐omic data. GEMs convert the reactions (related to metabolism, transcription, and translation) that occur in an organism to a mathematical formulation that can be modeled using optimization principles. A variety of genome‐scale modeling methods used to interpret multiple omic data types, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and meta‐omics are reviewed. The ability to interpret omics in the context of biological systems has yielded important findings for human health, environmental biotechnology, bioenergy, and metabolic engineering. The authors find that concurrent with advancements in omic technologies, genome‐scale modeling methods are also expanding to enable better interpretation of omic data. Therefore, continued synthesis of valuable knowledge, through the integration of omic data with GEMs, are expected.
Participation in Physical Activity at Time of Presentation to a Specialty Concussion Clinic Is Associated With Shorter Time to Recovery
Authors: Coslick Alexis M. , Chin Kaitlyn E. , Kalb Luther G. , Slomine Beth S. , Suskauer Stacy J. 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionNovel research suggests that children engaging in physical activity during recovery from concussion may recover more rapidly.ObjectiveTo determine if level of physical activity at presentation to a rehabilitation‐based concussion specialty clinic predicted days from injury to recovery.DesignRetrospective cohort.SettingA concussion sub‐specialty clinic at an academic institution.PatientsRetrospective review of medical records between September 2015 and February 2017 identified 178 children ages 6‐17 years (mean age = 13.7 years; standard deviation [SD] = 2.7 years) who presented within 60 days of concussion and were ultimately deemed recovered and cleared to progress to full return to high‐risk activities.InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasuresPhysical activity at initial visit was classified as none‐to‐light (79%) versus moderate‐to‐heavy (21%). A doubly robust, inverse probability of exposure weighted linear regression model was used to examine the relationship between physical activity level and days to recovery, while adjusting for 10 demographic and clinical variables.ResultsChildren participating in moderate‐to‐heavy activity at initial evaluation in concussion clinic averaged recovery 21 days quicker (95% confidence interval [CI] −27.1, −15.5, P < .001) than children who were engaging in none‐to‐light activity. This finding did not change when removing children who were deemed recovered at the first visit (who may have initiated physical activity after becoming asymptomatic).ConclusionsThese data add to growing evidence that progressive physical activity during recovery from concussion does not appear to be harmful. Physical activity represents a modifiable variable in recovery, and physicians can potentially expedite symptomatic recovery by recommending noncontact physical activity as tolerated during concussion recovery.
Buying time: Drug repurposing to treat the host in COVID‐19H
Authors: Martin Jennifer H. , Clark Julian , Head Richard 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn 2016 Fedson stated …. “For almost two decades, leading scientists and health officials have warned that we must prepare for a potentially devastating global pandemic of an infectious disease. Initial concern was focused on …H5N1…. More recently…a devastating outbreak of Ebola virus..(and) several other emerging viruses are believed to seriously threaten global health and global security. To prepare, scientists have been urged to discover new vaccines and treatments for these emerging viruses. At the same time, political leaders have been urged by global health experts to invest millions in a “top down” restructuring of the global health system. This article takes a different view. It focuses on an alternative approach to the scientific discovery of treatments for individual patients, reviews the mechanisms of action and clinical experience with specific drugs that might be useful, and considers whether or not recent lessons regarding this “bottom up” approach to treatment have been learned”.Now with a new virus and pandemic upon us, Fedson's 2016 comments appear chilling, are cause for reflection on what we have learnt and importantly offer focus on an immediate opportunity in the area of treating the host (Fedson DS, Ann Transl Med, 2016;4:421).
Flag on the play, delay of game
Authors: Herber John W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMany process safety systems are aimed at attaining and maintaining normal operation. How to maintain a safe process during abnormal operation is more difficult to assess. Initiating events that could cause abnormal operation are varied and they are easily overlooked or discarded as highly improbable. There is a netherworld when operations are suspended or the process is on hold. Hold can be a distillation unit that is placed on total reflux or a reactive process where the process is not at reaction conditions; perhaps reactant additions have been suspended. The assumption is that the process remains at a static condition until we want it to resume. The proverb, “Time and tide waits for no man” should have also included chemical reactions. While some upset causes are not preventable, they can be anticipated and plans developed to safely manage the process until normal operation can resume. Maintenance activities are also prone to increased risk due to delayed or suspended operations. All of these situations have warning signs that can be recognized, but only if an effort is made to assess the situation and develop plans to safely manage the process through the delay.
Azotobacter chroococcum inoculation can improve plant growth and resistance of maize to armyworm, Mythimna separata even under reduced nitrogen fertilizer application
Authors: Song Yingying , Liu Jiawen , Chen Fajun 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDNitrogen (N) is essential to crop yield improvement and it can change crops' ability to defend against herbivores. To maximize economic yield, a higher amount of N‐fertilizer is often applied than the minimum required. Azotobacter is a good alternative to reduce N fertilizer application. In this study, we studied the yield and secondary defensive chemicals of maize, as well as the response of the key maize insect pest, Mythimna separata, as fed on maize plants inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum and cultivated at different N fertilizer rates (i.e. the control rate of nitrogen fertilizer (CR), 80%CR and 60%CR) from 2018 to 2019.RESULTSA. chroococcum inoculation just positively increased yield production of maize at 80%CR. Moreover, reduced N‐fertilizer application and A. chroococcum inoculation had opposite impacts on the foliar contents of jasmonic acid (JA), isoleucine conjugate of JA (JA‐Ile) and DIMBOA in maize, and they both negatively decreased the pupation rate and fecundity, and positively increased the eclosion rate and approximate digestibility (AD) of M. separata (P < 0.05). Furthermore, reduced N‐fertilizer application negatively prolonged larval life‐span, and decreased pupal weight, relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) of M. separata even A. chroococcum inoculation had positive effects on these indexes of M. separata (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONThese results help in understanding of the effects of low‐level N‐fertilizer and A. chroococcum inoculation on maize production and maize resistance to insects. This will be conducive to the integrated control of agricultural pests. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Distributed finite‐time fault‐tolerant error constraint containment algorithm for multiple ocean bottom flying nodes with tan‐type barrier Lyapunov function
Authors: Qin Hongde , Chen Hui , Sun Yanchao 
Published: June 2020

SummaryThe ocean bottom flying node (OBFN) is a special autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) for seabed resource exploration. In this article, unmodeled uncertainties, thruster faults, and ocean disturbances are considered. The trajectory errors are constrained. Based on the directed topology, the distributed finite‐time fault‐tolerant error constraint containment control problem for multiple OBFN systems is solved, while only a part of follower OBFNs can measure the state of leaders. By using the backstepping method and a tan‐type barrier lyapunov function (BLF), a novel form of virtual controller is constructed. Neural network is employed to approximate and compensate the general disturbances. And the upper bound of the estimation error is dealt with by proposing an adaptive law. Besides, the trajectory errors can be constrained to a small neighborhood of zero in finite time. In other words, follower OBFNs can reach the convex hull consisted of leaders in finite time. The effectiveness of the designed algorithm is shown by presenting numerical experiment.