bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
228 President Oral Presentation Pick: Milk biomarkers for determining the incidence of sub-acute ruminal acidosis
Authors: Mowete Sharon Y , Santchi Débora , Kwiatkowski Ken , Plaizier Jan C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In order to test the validity of milk amyloid A (MAA) as a biomarker for inflammation and subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), 320 milk samples from 24 commercial dairy farms in Quebec were tested for milk amyloid A using a commercial kit. These farms were divided into low risk of SARA farms and high risk of SARA farms according to the proportions of short chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids content in the bulk tank of the farms. It was assumed that farms at risk of SARA had a lower proportion of short chain and a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to farms that were not at risk of SARA. Farms were also blocked in groups of two farms by geographical location and management. Each block included an at-risk and a not-at-risk farm. On each farm, 7 early- to mid-lactation and 7 mid- to late-lactation cows were randomly selected for MAA analysis. Cows with a somatic cell count (SCC) of over 200,000 in pooled milk samples were not included. Data were analyzed using SAS Proc. Mixed with Stage of lactation and Risk of SARA as fixed factors, and Block as a random factor. The model also included somatic cell counts (SCC) and parity as a covariates. The concentrations of MAA ranged from non-detectable, i.e. below 0.1 ug/ml, to 3267.9 ug/ml with an average of 336.28 ug/ml.The effects of Block, Stage of lactation, and Risk of SARA on MAA were not significant. However, SCC and parity were significantly (P &lt; 0.01) correlated (P &lt; .001) with MAA with correlation coefficients of 0.34 and 0.26, respectively. The results show that measurement of MAA may be a suitable biomarker for subclinical inflammations such as subclinical mastitis, but not for the Risk of SARA.
226 Evaluation of an active live yeast (Levucell SC, CNCM l-1077) on receiving and backgrounding phase growth performance in beef steers
Authors: Buckhaus Elizabeth M , Smith Zachary K , Karges Kip , Aguilar Angel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Low health risk, Continental × British steers (n = 199; off truck BW = 252 ± 32.1 kg) were received from two sources at the Ruminant Nutrition Center (RNC) in Brookings, SD in November 2019 and used in a 77 d feedlot receiving and backgrounding experiment. Steers were provided ad libitum access to long-stem hay and water at arrival. Steers were weighed, vaccinated for respiratory pathogens (source 2 only), clostridials, and administered moxidectin. Steers were allotted to pens (n = 20 pens; 10 pens/treatment; 8 to 9 steers/pen). Diets were based upon corn silage and dried distillers grains, treatments were 1) no direct fed microbial (DFM) fed (CON) and 2) DFM (Levucell SC, CNCM l-1077, at 10 g/hd/d providing 8 × 109 cfu, Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Milwaukee, WI; LC). Initial BW was the average of d -1 and d 1 BW (n = 176 steers; initial BW = 253 ± 27.6 kg). On d 21 steers received a 200 mg progesterone and 20 mg estradiol benzoate implant. Data were analyzed from d 1 to 47 (receiving period) and from d 1 to 77 (receiving and backgrounding period) as a RCBD; pen served as the experimental unit. On d 47 LC had greater BW (P = 0.01), ADG (P = 0.01) by 4.2%, and G:F tended (P = 0.10) to be 2.8% greater. Day 77 BW did not differ (P = 0.60), cumulative (d 1 to 77): ADG (P = 0.47), DMI (P = 0.66), and G:F (P = 0.56) were similar. In low–health-risk steers, LC improved performance during receiving; however, no influence to the addition of the DFM was detected from d 1 to 77. The confirmation of yeast counts showed the colonizing forming units to be above the expected level at start of trial but was found below expected level at end of trial. This may explain differences during the initial 47 d vs. 77 d results.
200 Effects of grain processing and undegradable fiber on rumen pH and fermentation of cattle fed high grain diets
Authors: Ran Tao , Saleem A M , Beauchemin Karen , Penner G , Yang Wenzhu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of processing index (PI, weight after processing/weight before processing × 100) of barley grain and dietary undegradable fiber (uNDF, 240 h of incubation in rumen) concentration on DM intake (DMI), ruminal pH and fermentation characteristics of finishing beef cattle. Six ruminally cannulated beef heifers (BW, 715 ± 29 kg) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 3 PI (65, 75 and 85%; fine, medium, coarse, respectively) × 2 uNDF concentrations (low and high; 4.6 vs. 5.6% of DM) factorial arrangement. Heifers were fed ad libitum a diet consisting of 10% barley silage (low uNDF), or 5% silage and 5% straw (high uNDF), 87% dry-rolled barley, and 3% vitamin and mineral supplements. An interaction of PI × uNDF was observed (P &lt; 0.01) for DMI, but not for mean or duration of rumen pH &lt; 5.8 or &lt; 5.6 over a 24-h period. The DMI (kg/d) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for high (12.7) versus low (12.1) uNDF diets with 85% PI, with no difference in DMI (average, 12.1) between low and high uNDF diets with 65 or 75% PI. The duration of pH &lt; 5.8 (14.6 versus 13.3 h) and pH &lt; 5.6 (10.8 versus 8.6 h) reduced (P &lt; 0.05) for high versus low uNDF diets. The PI did not affect total volatile fatty acid (tVFA) concentration or molar proportions of individual VFA, but the tVFA was less (172 and 162 mM; P &lt; 0.01) and acetate proportion was greater (46.0 and 48.2%; P &lt; 0.01) with high versus low uNDF. These results indicate that increasing dietary uNDF concentration is an effective strategy to improve ruminal pH status in finishing cattle, regardless of extent of grain processing, whereas minimizing the extent of grain processing did not reduce the risk of rumen acidosis.
394 Opportunities to enhance wean-to-finish pig survival
Authors: Tokach Mike D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Dritz Steve S , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Swine productivity as measured by total pigs born, growth rate, and efficiency has improved steadily over the last few decades. However, post-weaning mortality has not improved for several years. Estimates for post-weaning mortality are 3.6% for nursery, 4.1% for grow-finish, and 5.6% of pigs entering the wean-finish phase (USDA, 2015). The first step in improving wean-to-finish survival is to understand major causes. Post-weaning mortality can be categorized into non-infectious and infectious causes. Non-infectious factors can be classified into anatomic abnormalities, toxicity, animal factors, facility factors, nutritional inadequacies, season, and management factors. Important non-infectious mortality factors identified through literature review include birth weight, preweaning management, weaning age and weight, and season. Additionally, a low incidence but high consequence cause for individual pigs is abdominal organ torsion. Sodium ion or ionophore toxicosis or dietary imbalance due to feed formulation or manufacture error are infrequent, but can be high magnitude. Infectious factors can be categorized as respiratory disease caused by swine influenza virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Mycoplasma spp., Glasserella parasuis, and others; enteric disease caused by Lawsonia intracellularis, Brachyspira spp; or systemic disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Streptococcus suis, porcine circovirus, and others. Non-infectious and infectious mortality causes both need focus to improve wean-to-finish survival. Because of their importance in affecting survival rate, producers should focus on increasing birth and weaning weight, colostrum intake, and weaning age. Strategies to reduce abdominal organ torsions and gastric ulcers also are important for producers experiencing problems with these low frequency, high magnitude problems. Elevating biosecurity to prevent introduction of pathogens can reduce mortality due to infectious agents. For pathogens already present in the herd, producers must determine if the best management strategy is control (ex. vaccination), elimination (ex. mass exposure), or depopulation. Reducing post-weaning mortality remains an opportunity area in the swine industry.
254 Effect of presentation method on understanding of organic chemistry in an undergraduate animal nutrition course
Authors: Smith William B , Thompson Ashlie N , Hines Abbigail R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An educator’s goal is to always explain classroom material to his or her students in the most efficient way possible. Chemistry is a fundamental foundation to the study of animal nutrition, but the concepts of organic chemistry are very difficult to relay to students of animal science, possibly due to the different types of student learners. It could be that mode of presentation may aid in relaying this information to the students. The sample for this experiment included students enrolled in an animal nutrition course at Tarleton State University. Students were presented with five methods of presentation of carbohydrate molecular structure in a laboratory session, each with an increasingly tactile approach: written description, printed 2-dimensional model, printed 3-dimensional model, ball-and-stick model, and self-constructing molecular model kit. Students were then asked to complete a survey to address effectiveness of presentation method. Data were analyzed using SAS v. 9.4. When addressing effectiveness of presentation method, the written description and the printed 2-dimensional model were rated as slightly-to-moderately effective (48.4 and 67.8%, respectively), the printed 3-dimensional model was rated as moderately effective (58.1%), the ball-and-stick model was rated as very effective (48.4%), and the self-constructing model was rated as very-to-extremely effective (80.6%). Cluster analysis revealed that students chose any of the presentation methods over the written description with preference for the self-constructing model. Results are interpreted to mean that presentation of organic chemistry concepts in animal nutrition are more effective when kinesthetic presentation methods are employed.
411 Sperm movement, storage, and release from the oviduct
Authors: Miller David J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
After semen deposition, a fraction of sperm is transported through the female reproductive tract to the lower oviduct, the isthmus, where sperm are retained to form a reservoir. Some of these sperm are released to move to the upper oviduct, the site of fertilization. For sperm to make this journey, they must overcome challenges including possible phagocytosis, high fluid viscosity, and peristaltic contractions of the tract. The study of sperm transport is complex because so few sperm reach the site of fertilization. We have focused our studies on how sperm are retained in the reservoir, how storage prolongs sperm lifespan, and how sperm are released to fertilize oocytes. Sperm storage is particularly important in situations in which ovulation is not tightly synchronized with semen deposition. This occurs in domestic animals, but is especially notable in some species of bats, birds, and insects. Using porcine sperm and an array of 400 common glycans, we identified two specific glycan motifs found in all structures that bound sperm, a Lewis X trisaccharide and a branched 6-sialylated oligosaccharide. Tandem MS profiling indicated that both motifs were abundant in the asparagine-linked glycans of the oviduct epithelium and several larger oligosaccharides were identified that contained both motifs. When these motifs were immobilized, each could retain sperm, suppress Ca2+ influx and lengthen sperm lifespan. Secretions from the cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) and progesterone released sperm from immobilized oviduct glycans, suggesting that COCs can themselves signal sperm release. Progesterone-induced release required CatSper channels, sperm hyperactivation and was dependent on sperm protein degradation. These studies support a model in which sperm are retained in the isthmus by specific glycans on the epithelium, which extends sperm lifespan until COCs produce releasing factors that promote sperm liberation from the isthmus and movement to the ampulla to fertilize the COCs.
259 Effect of stair-step nutritional programming on ovarian development in replacement beef heifers
Authors: Rosasco Shelby L , Melchior Emily A , Cox Shad H , Dunlap Richard L , Gifford Jennifer A Hernandez , Scholljegerdes Eric J , Cushman Robert A , Summers Adam F 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Based on recent research, it may be possible to influence the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries during the first year of life. Spring-born Angus crossbred heifers (n = 40) were utilized to determine the effect of a stair-step development system on growth and reproduction. Heifers (11 mo) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) constant gain drylot (CG-d), 2) stair-step drylot (SS-d), 3) constant gain native range (CG-r), and 4) stair-step native range (SS-r). Heifers were fed individually with a constant gain target of 0.5 kg/d, while stair-step heifers were targeted to gain 0.25 kg/d the first 45 d (period 1) and 0.75 kg/d over the last 45 d (period 2). All heifers were ovariectomized on d 90. Heifer BW was similar on d 0 and d 45; however, native range heifers had an increased BW at d 90 (P &lt; 0.01) compared to drylot heifers. Period 1 and overall ADG was greater in native range heifers (P &lt; 0.01) compared to drylot heifers. During period 2 CG-r and SS-r heifers had an increased ADG compared to CG-d and SS-d heifers, with SS-d having an increased ADG (P = 0.03) compared to CG-d heifers. Reproductive tract score was similar (P = 0.19) between treatments. Ovarian weight and preovulatory follicle diameter were decreased (P &lt; 0.02) in drylot compared to native range heifers. Primary follicles/section was increased (P = 0.05) in stair-s (P = 0.04) in SS-r and SS-d heifers compared to CG-d heifers, with CG-r similar to all other treatments. Differences in diets between drylot and native range positively influences mechanisms controlling primordial follicle activation. Developing heifers on a stair-step nutritional program resulted in a larger ovarian reserve, potentially resulting in an increase in reproductive longevity.
257 Beef cows with atypical estrous cyclicity at puberty produced calves with deficits in pre-weaning muscling, metabolic indicators, and myoblast function but not in feedlot performance
Authors: Swanson Rebecca M , Gibbs Rachel L , Cadaret Caitlin N , Erickson Galen E , Schmidt Ty B , Cupp Andrea S , Yates Dustin T 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Economic beef production requires efficient growth. In our herd, cows were identified that exhibited irregular (start-stop) or absent (non-cyclic) pubertal estrous cyclicity prior to their 1st breeding season. These cows were sub-fertile but weaned heavier calves. Here, we determined if these calves possessed enhanced muscling and metabolic efficiency. Early muscle growth and metabolic indicators, feedlot performance, and carcass traits were evaluated in steer calves from cows that had exhibited normal (typical), start-stop, or non-cyclic pubertal estrous patterns. Start-stop and non-cyclic cows calved later (P &lt; 0.05) than typical cows, but calf birthweights did not differ among groups. Weaning weights tended to be decreased (P = 0.09) in calves from start-stop and non-cyclic cows, but 205-d adjusted weaning weights did not differ. At 3 mo, body composition estimated by bioelectrical impedance revealed a tendency for reduced (P = 0.10) muscle mass in calves from non-cyclic and start-stop compared to typical cows. Plasma cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride concentrations were reduced (P &lt; 0.05) and glucose/insulin tended to be increased (P = 0.09) in calves from non-cyclic cows. Plasma urea nitrogen did not differ among groups. Ex vivo proliferation was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for myoblasts isolated from calves of start-stop and non-cyclic compared to typical cows. Total oxidative metabolism did not differ but glycolysis was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in myoblasts from calves of non-cyclic cows. Feedlot average daily gain and dry matter intake did not differ during growing or finishing. Feed efficiency tended to be increased (P = 0.09) in calves from non-cyclic cows but not when normalized to dressing percentage. Hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, ribeye area, fat thickness, and marbling did not differ among groups. These findings indicate that atypical maternal estrous cyclicity at puberty reduced early muscle growth and metabolism in offspring but not feedlot growth or carcass merit. We speculate that early growth deficits are influenced by inflammatory changes.
407 Nutrition and sexual development in bulls
Authors: Dalton Joseph 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Bull management for reproduction begins at birth. The objectives of this invited review are to provide a brief summary of the impact of nutrition on sexual development and reproductive function in beef bulls, followed by a discussion of management before, during and after the breeding season. Increased calfhood nutrition results in greater testicular development at maturity. Conversely, poor calfhood nutrition results in delayed puberty and reduced testicular development at maturity. Unfortunately, it is not possible to compensate for the effects of poor calfhood nutrition by subsequently providing supplemental feed. Previous research investigating sexual development and reproductive function in bulls 6 to 16 months of age focused on associations of average daily gain (ADG) and body weight with age at puberty, scrotal circumference, sperm production and morphology. Researchers reported no significant correlations between cumulative ADG and any of the factors investigated, and concluded ADG of 1.0 to 1.6 kg per day did not result in excessive scrotal fat accumulation, increased scrotal temperature, or reduction in semen quality. A common recommendation is for yearling bulls to have a body condition score of 5.5 to 6.5 (on a 9-point scale) at the start of the breeding season. Spermatogenesis occurs over a 60-day period; therefore, nutritional effects of inappropriate nutrition (over- or under-feeding) on sperm will have a carryover effect. During the breeding season bulls are usually limited to the same nutritional plane as the cow herd; however, bulls losing an excessive amount of weight should be replaced. Nutritional management of bulls after the breeding season is influenced by age (potential for further growth) and weight loss during the breeding season. Managing nutrition of bulls through early life phases and the first breeding season provides the opportunity for desired sexual development and reproductive function.
278 Fleece and fiber characteristics of Rambouillet, Targhee, and their reciprocal-crosses at first shearing
Authors: Murphy Tom , Stewart Whit C , Notter Dave , Knuth Ryan , Feagler Trestin , Taylor Bret 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate breed, heterosis (HI), and maternal effects on wool production in Rambouillet (R x R), Targhee (T x T), and reciprocal-cross (R x T and T x R) 1-yr-old ewes. Greasy fleece weights (GFW) were obtained at shearing and mid-side, britch, and whole-fleece core wool samples were collected to quantify average (A-FD) and CV of fiber diameter (CV-FD). Laboratory scoured yield (LSY) was quantified on core samples and used to estimate clean fleece weight (CFW). Single-born ewes had greater GFW (3.48 kg), greater CFW (2.11 kg), and lower mid-side CV-FD (17.5%) than multiple-born ewes (3.18 kg, 1.95 kg, and 18.1%, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). Rambouillet-sired ewes had greater LSY than T-sired ewes (60.6 vs. 60.0%; P &lt; 0.01), but no breed effects were detected for GFW or CFW. A sire breed x dam breed interaction effect was detected for A-FD at all locations (P ≤ 0.05). Reciprocal-cross performance indicated unfavorable HI for A-FD within mid-side (+0.34 μm), britch (+0.97 μm), and core samples (+0.42 μm; P ≤ 0.05) compared to purebred average. Greater mid-side and britch A-FD in R x T (22.8 and 25.2 μm) than T x R ewes (21.2 and 23.5 μm; P &lt; 0.01) implied a more favorable additive maternal effect for crossbred ewes gestated and reared by R compared to T dams. Future analyses will consider lifetime lamb and wool production of these breed types to evaluate the utility of finewool crossbred ewes in extensive production systems.
281 Techniques to estimate colostrum quality and the effects of cow age and pre-partum supplement intake levels on colostrum quality and serum IgG levels
Authors: Dafoe Julia M , Wyffels Samuel , Parsons Cory T , Carter Boone , DelCurto Timothy , Boss Darrin L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Our study was conducted to evaluate the influence of cow age and supplement intake level during gestation on the quality of colostrum at calving, serum IgG levels of the cow at parturition, and serum IgG levels of the calf 3 days post-partum using two on-farm refractometer methods. Forty-five non-lactating multiparous Angus cows were selected from a contemporary group of 300 cows winter grazing northern mixed grass prairie rangelands with free choice protein supplement. Specifically, 15 first service bred cows were selected for each of the following treatment groups: 1) low supplement intake (&gt; -0.75 SD); 2) average supplement intake (± 0.50 SD); 3) high supplement intake (&gt; +0.75 SD). Supplement intakes were measured using 8 feeding stations in a SmartFeed Pro self-feeder system (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) and measurements were obtained from d 164 to 215 of gestation. Cows were further divided by age comparing young (4, 5, and 6 yr) to old (7 and 8 yr). Cow age did not interact with supplement intake for any of the colostrum or blood serum measurements (P ≥ 0.29). In addition, cow age and supplement intake did not influence colostrum Brix %, calf serum total protein taken 3 d post-partum or cow serum total protein taken at birth (P ≥ 0.14). The optical refractometer was found to be a good alternative to the more expensive digital refractometer. When regressing values of the two techniques, they were observed to be correlated (P &lt; 0.01; R = .96). In summary, cow age and supplement intake levels of mature cows during the mid to late stages of gestation did not influence colostrum quality at birth. The lack of colostrum quality differences was likely due to the moderate to good condition of the cows and adequate nutrition 90 d prior to parturition.