bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN DISIPLIN GURU MELALUI PEMBERIAN REWARD DAN PUNISHMENT DI SDN 3 WONOHARJO TAHUN AJARAN 2018/2019
Authors: Anshori Suryamah 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTThis study aims to improve teachers' discipline in SDN 3 Wonoharjo, Indonesia. The study was conducted through two cycles, each cycle through the stages of planning, implementing actions, observation and reflection. The method used for the data collection was observation and documentation. Based on the data analysis, approximately 1 month, with the concept of 2 times, the implementation of reward and punishment programs has a positive impact on the process of increasing teachers’ discipline. Reward and punishment programs are very suitable for teachers. The efforts to improve teachers’ discipline through the provision of rewards and punishments by the Principal was on target. The results of the first 10 days were in a score of 115. This has fulfilled the expectation score of 101. The results of the reflection of the implementation of the other 10 days were in a score of 133. It proved that the teachers’ discipline was very good because it approached the maximum score. The results of the questionnaire showed that the score obtained in the first 10 days was 154 which is still far from the maximum score but the teacher had shown changes to be better in terms of their discipline. The results of the questionnaire in the second 10 days showed a very good score of 214 with a maximum score of 240. This showed that the teacher's discipline was very good. Keywords: Teacher Discipline, Reward, Punishment. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan disiplin guru di SDN 3 Wonoharjo. Penelitian dilaksanakan melalui dua siklus yang masing-masing siklus melalui tahapan perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Metode yang digunakan untuk pengumpulan data adalah metode observasi dan metode dokumen. Berdasarkan analisis data, dalam jangka waktu kurang lebih 1 bulan, dengan konsep 2 kali pelaksaan program pemberian reward dan punishment memiliki dampak positif bagi proses peningkatan kedisiplinan Guru pada proses mengajar. Program pemberian reward dan punishment sangat cocok di terapkan pada guru. Upaya meningkatkan kedisiplinan Guru pada proses mengajar melalui pemberian reward dan punishment oleh Kepala Sekolah tepat sasaran. Hasil dari refleksi pelaksanaan 10 hari pertama ini mengahasilkan skor 115. Hal tersebut sudah memenuhi skor harapan yaitu 101. Hasil refleksi pelaksanaan 10 hari ke 2 ini mengahasilkan skor 133 artinya kedisiplinan guru sudah sangat baik karena mendekati skor maksimal. Adapun hasil angket menunjukkan skor yang di dapat pada 10 hari pertama adalah 154 masih jauh dari skor maksimal namun guru sudah menunjukkan perubahan ke lebih baik dalam hal kedisiplinan. Hasil angket menunjukkan skor yang sangat bagus yakni 214 dengan skor maksimal 240. Hal ini berarti bahwa kedisiplinan guru sudah sangat baik. Kata Kunci: Disiplin Guru, Reward, Punishment.
PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS STEM UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP ENERGI DAN KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR KREATIF MELALUI PROJEK PLTMH
Authors: Heryanti Ai Deti 
Published: October 2020

The students’ reasoning ability is still very low. One of the reasons is due to the lack of opportunities for students to develop optimally their ability to think creatively in the learning process. Research in the form of Classroom Action Research (CAR) conducted in 2 cycles. The results showed that in the first cycle with an N-gain value of 0.54 was in the medium category. It increased in cycle II with an N-gain value of 0.72 which was in the high category. The average value of creative thinking skills in cycle I and cycle 2 expressed by the average creative assessment process which has increased with the acquisition in cycle 1 of 62.4 which is categorized sufficiently and in cycle 2 of 78 which is categorized well. The average creative assessment of products in cycle 1 of 63.2 was categorized sufficiently and had an increase in cycle 2 with an average rating of 80.3 in the good category. The results of the analysis proved that STEM-based learning through PLTMH projects was able to help students in class VII D students of SMPN 4 Sumedang, Indonesia to improve the concept of energy and their creative thinking skills. Keywords: STEM, Energy concepts, creative skills.ABSTRAKKemampuan bernalar peserta didik masih sangat kurang. Salah satu penyebabnya dikarenakan kurangnya kesempatan peserta didik untuk mengembangkan secara optimal kemampuan berpikir dan kreativitasnya dalam proses pembelajaran. Penelitian berbentuk Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) sebanyak 2 siklus. Hasil pemahaman konsep siswa pada konsep Energi pada siklus I dengan nilai N-gain sebesar 0,54 kategori sedang. Sedangkan pada siklus II meningkat dengan nilai N-gain sebesar 0,72 kategori tinggi. Terjadi peningkatan pemahaman konsep Energi pada media PLTMH melalui pendekatan STEM dengan nilai Gain pada siklus 1 sebesar 0,54 kategori sedang menjadi 0,72 pada siklus 2 dengan kategori tinggi. Nilai rata-rata ketrampilan berfikir kreatif siklus I dan siklus 2 yang dinyatakan dengan rata-rata penilaian kreatif proses mengalami peningkatan dengan perolehan pada siklus 1 sebesar 62,4 yang dikategorikan cukup dan pada siklus 2 sebesar 78 yang dikategorikan baik. Rata-rata penilaian kreatif produk pada siklus 1 sebesar 63,2 dikategorikan cukup dan mengalami peningkatan di siklus 2 dengan rata rata penilaian sebesar 80,3 dengan kategori baik. Hasil analisis membuktikan bahwa pembelajaran berbasis STEM melalui projek PLTMH, mampu membantu siswa dalam meningkatkan penguasaan konsep Energi dan ketrampilan berfikir kreatif pada siswa kelas VII D SMPN 4 Sumedang. Kata Kunci: STEM, konsep Energi, keterampilan kreatif.
A Computed Tomographic Study of Vietnamese C1-C2 Morphology for Atlantoaxial Crew Fixation Techniques
Authors: Hung Nguyen Duy , Duc Nguyen Minh , Dung Le Viet , Sy Than Van , Dung Le Thanh , Hue Nguyen Duy 
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
This study aimed to define variations in radiological C1 and C2 measurements among Vietnamese subjects and to determine the feasibility of implementing C1-2 fixation techniques.

Material and Methods:
From October 2017 to April 2018, 120 patients underwent thin slide computed tomography (CT) scans of the cervical spine, in our hospital. Various dimensions of the C1 and C2 were analyzed, using axial and sagittal reconstructions of CT images. Differences in characteristics between the two sides and between sexes were investigated, using Student’s t-test, with significance at P < 0.05.

Results:
The mean anteroposterior dimension and the transverse width of the C1 lateral mass were 19.7 ± 2.1 mm and 12.2 ± 1.7 mm, respectively. The mean angles of the screw, directed to the maximal medial, lateral, cranial, and caudal directions, were 36.6 ± 2.8°, 28.2 ± 3.0°, 49.6 ± 4.1°, and 26.4 ± 5.5°, respectively. The average isthmus height, internal height, and pedicle width of the C2 were 5.8 ± 1.0 mm, 4.8 ± 1.3 mm, and 5.0 ± 1.3 mm, respectively. No significant differences were observed for any parameters, between the left and right side of the C1 or C2 or between the two sexes.

Conclusion:
This study revealed that the morphology of the C1 and C2 did not differ between genders in the studied subjects, but morphologic variations exist between Vietnamese subjects and other populations. Pre-operative anatomy evaluations based on CT data are essential be performed for screw placement and trajectory planning to avoid neurovascular complications and to enhance the treatment outcome.
Lapisan Pemahaman Mahasiswa Calon Guru Matematika Dengan Tipe Middle Ability Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Pembuktian Grup Berdasarkan Teori Pirie-Kieren
Authors: Muliawati Novita Eka 
Published: October 2020

<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan lapisan pemahaman mahasiswa calon guru matematika dengan tipe middle ability dalam menyelesaikan soal pembuktian grup berdasarkan teori Pirie Kieren. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif, dengan subjek penelitian yaitu mahasiswa program studi pendidikan matematika STKIP PGRI Tulungagung Semester VI Tahun akademik 2019/2020 yang baru saja mengampu mata kuliah struktur aljabar 1 yang mengkaji tentang grup. Instrumen penelitian ini berupa tes lapisan pemahaman pembuktian grup (TLP2G) dan pedoman wawancara. Data penelitian yang dikumpulkan berupa hasil TLP2G dan hasil wawancara. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga tahapan yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mahasiswa calon guru matematika dengan tipe <em>middle ability </em>memiliki lapisan pemahaman sampai pada lapisan ke-7 yaitu <em>primitive knowing, image making, image having, property noticing, formalizing, observing, structuring</em>. Pada lapisan ke-8 yaitu <em>inventising</em>, subjek penelitian belum mencapai lapisan tersebut, karena masih belum mampu mengungkapkan pertanyaan-pertanyaan baru di luar TLP2G yang dapat membentuk konsep baru.</p>
Küçük Devlet Neden Süper Güç İttifakından Ayrılır? Soğuk Savaş Dönemi Irak, Mısır ve İran Örnekleri
Authors: ATABAY Feyza Nur 
Published: October 2020

Özet
Bu makalenin amacı, süper güç ve küçük devlet arasındaki ittifakın sona ermesinin iç siyasal nedenlerini incelemektir. İttifak literatürü, ağırlıklı olarak klasik realizmin ve neo-realizmin etkisi altında olduğu için, devlet davranışlarını etkileyen temel faktörün uluslararası sitemin yapısı ve bu yapıdaki güç değişimi olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Devlet düzeyindeki dinamikler değerlendirmeye dahil edilmemiştir. Soğuk Savaş boyunca sistemin yapısında bir değişim söz konusu değilken bile bazı devletlerin, mevcut ittifaklarını sonlandırarak yeni ittifak tercihlerine yönelmiş olmaları, bu yönelimin nedenlerini anlamak için devletin iç koşullarındaki değişimlere bakmanın gerekli olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu argümanı test etmek için, Irak, Mısır ve İran'ın Soğuk Savaş dönemindeki ittifak ayrılışları ele alınmıştır. Bu ülkeler, siyasi tarihlerindeki pek çok darbe deneyimi, sahip oldukları istikrarsız siyasal atmosferleri ve ekonomik değişkenlikleri ile ilgili hipotezlerin test edilebilmesi için zengin bir örneklem sunmaktadırlar. Araştırma, rejim değişikliği, lider değişikliği, travmatik olay ve iktidarın meşruluk krizi gibi dinamiklerin devletin mevcut ittifak ilişkisini sonlandırmasının başlıca nedenleri olduğunu göstermektedir.
PEMDAMPINGAN WANATANI DALAM KONSERVASI EX-SITU DUA VARIETAS GYRINOPS VERSTEEGII DI DESA PUSUK LESTARI, LOMBOK BARAT
Authors: Mulyaningsih Tri , Aryanti Evy , Muspiah Aida , Zamroni Yuliadi 
Published: October 2020

Pohon penghasil gaharu di pulau Lombok adalah jenis Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg.) Domke, (Thymelaeaceae), keberadaan di alam semakin terancam. Hal ini disebabkan tidak hanya perburuan liar tetapi juga terjadinya alih fungsi hutan alam menjadi kebun, perumahan dan lain-lainnya. Termasuk Kebun Induk Gaharu Pusuk, jumlah pohon gaharu semakin menyusut karena adanya perusakan batang, dicacah-cacah untuk mendapatkan gubal gaharu, perlakuan ini menyebabkan kematian. Untuk itu perlu adanya penataan kembali keberadaan pohon gaharu tersebut. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah pemberdayaan wanatani dalam konservasi ex situ pohon penghasil gaharu di kawasan sekitar Kebun Induk Gaharu Pusuk, Lombok Barat. Hasil kegiatan pengabdian yang telah terlaksana adalah pembenihan sebanyak 1 kg buah ketimunan varietas soyun (G. versteegii var. tubuliformis) yang berisi 1000 butir biji. Buah ketimunan varietas pantai (G. versteegii var. longistipis) yang berisi 750 butir biji. Benih mulai berkecambah berumur 14 hari setalah tanam, dan prosentasi jumlah biji yang berkecambah sekitar 75%. Pembuatan pembibitan dimulai pada akhir bulan Januari 2019 dan penanaman di lapangan setelah memasuki musim penghujan datang yaitu pada minggu ke tiga bulan Nopember 2019, di Kawasan sekitar Kebun Induk Gaharu, dengan jarak tanam 4mx4m.
A BIBLIYOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE 100 TOP-CITED PUBLICATIONS IN HEALTH TOURISM
Authors: ÇOBAN Mustafa , ÖZTÜRK Nazife , EKİNCİ Ekin 
Published: October 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study are: a) to review evidence-based and cumulative information health tourism literature by bibliometric analyses; b) to identifies the current 100 top-cited articles in health tourism ranging from 1970 to 2020 and indexed in Web of Science (WoS).
Method: Retrospective analysis was used bibliometric information from the database of WoS. The obtained data analyzed by using VOSviewer through a software package. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).
Results: The citation count of the most-cited articles varied from 27 to 361 WoS (1970 – 2020). The most productive year was 2010 and the most productive country is the USA. 65 different journals were detected and the most frequent article was Tourism Management. Total citation time was positively associated with the age of the article (p
Discrepancy between subjective and objective measures of obesity amongst the undergraduate medical and dental students: an institution-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Manandhar Nilu , Bhattarai Kushal 
Published: October 2020

Background: Obesity has been reported to be assessed both subjectively and objectively, with varying degrees of agreement. This study was conducted to assess the discrepancy between the subjective and objective measures of obesity amongst undergraduate medical and dental students.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed and conducted at College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Nepal, from December 2019 to January 2020. First and second year under­graduate medical and dental students were first asked to report their height and weight, which were subsequently measured using standard stadiometer and weighing balance. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from both subjective and objective height and weight, and was graded into different categories as underweight, normal, overweight and obese.
Results: Of the 181 participants, 51.4% were males. The prevalences of subjective and objective overweight/obesity were 24.8% and 25.4%, respectively, with the difference being –0.6% (95% CI: –9.5% to 8.4%; p>0.05). Likewise, the differences in prevalence rates were +4.3% (95% CI: –8.6% to 17.2%; p>0.05) in males and –5.7% (95% CI: –17.9% to 6.6%; p>0.05) in females. Further, the differences between the mean values of subjective and objective BMI were +0.4kg/m2 (p=0.086, overall); +0.9kg/m2 (p=0.002, males) and –0.3kg/m2 (p=0.122, females).
Conclusions: In the face of varying degrees of discrepancy between subjective and objective mea­sures of obesity in overall participants as well as in both gender groups, the findings suggest a reasonable degree of acceptability of the subjective assessment.
Estimation of salivary pH, buffering capacity, flow rate, caries prevalence and oral manifestation in chronic renal failure patients undergoing dialysis
Authors: Ojha Bidhata , Baral Radha , Bajracharya Dipshikha 
Published: October 2020

Background: Renal failure is a process that expresses a loss of functional capacity of the nephrons, independently of its etiology. Although acute renal failure is reversible in the majority of cases, chronic renal failure presents a progressive course towards terminal renal failure. Hemodialysis is the most widely used technique leading to systemic alterations, oral complications and variations in the flow and composition of the saliva. The purpose of this study was to estimate salivary pH, buffering capacity, flow rate in chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis with its oral manifestation and caries prevalence.
Methods: Saliva samples were collected from 40 patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis and 40 healthy subjects after taking the informed consent. Saliva samples were then taken to the lab for processing. Salivary pH, buffering capacity and flow rate was estimated. DMFT was calculated. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 23.
Results: A statistically significant rise in salivary pH, buffering capacity with decrease in flow rate was noted in chronic renal failure patients undergoing dialysis compared to controls. Furthermore, decrease in DMFT value was noted in CRF group despite of poor oral hygiene of the patient. We could also observe different oral manifestations in CRF group among which uremic fetor being the commonest.
Conclusions: Our report suggest that saliva is noninvasive tool which act as an adjunct in diagnos­ing oral lesions and manifestations in CRF patients whose oral hygiene is often neglected with their reluctance in long term dental appointment in the middle of regular hemodialysis schedule.
Knowledge regarding preventive measures of pressure ulcer among nurses
Authors: Neupane Gita , Sah Chanda 
Published: October 2020

Background: Pressure ulcer is a preventable medical complication. Nurses are primarily respon­sible in pressure ulcer prevention. This study was designed to find out knowledge regarding pre­ventive measures of pressure ulcer among nurses.
Methods: Descriptive study was conducted among 100 nurses, selected by using non-probability convenience sampling technique. Pretested Self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used and collected data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics with Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 20.0.
Results: The findings of the study revealed that nearly half (48%) of the respondents had low knowledge regarding pressure ulcer. Regarding age, majority (52%) of the respondents were of age group 18-27 years. Regarding qualification, 48% of the respondents were PCL nursing and 47% had working experience of 1-5 years. Similarly, 17% of respondents were working in Gynecology ward and 85% had exposed to managed patients with pressure ulcer. Among them, 76% of the respondents had knowledge regarding meaning and 96% had knowledge regarding signs of pres­sure ulcer. Ninety two percent of the respondents had knowledge that position of patients should be changed every 2 hourly, 38% had knowledge that patient’s head should be elevated at or below 300 and 73% had knowledge that normal saline is the best solution to cleanse pressure ulcer. There was statistically significant association of respondents’ level of knowledge regarding ulcer with working department (p=0.001).
Conclusions: The study concluded that nearly half of the nurses have low knowledge regarding pressure ulcer. It is recommended to hospital management to conduct in-service education for nurses.
Pain experience and nursing approaches to pain control among patients undergone abdominal surgery at tertiary hospital
Authors: Rana Mana Maya , Shakya Nona 
Published: October 2020

Background: Pain is the most common problem found in postoperative patients. Even with im­proved and advanced surgical techniques, people still feel some pain and discomfort after surgery.
Methods: The descriptive study was carried out to assess pain experience and nursing approaches to pain control among 111 post- operative patients at surgical ward of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara. The data was collected in the month of May to July, 2019. Wong Baker Pain rating scale and structured questionnaire were used to collect data. The collected data was analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistic.
Results: Almost all the patients experienced pain after surgery, the most common site of pain was at surgical incision. Majority (90.1%) of them felt more pain while changing position. Conversely, 88.3% of patients reported least pain during rest. While 55% of them had reported moderate level of pain. Mean severity of pain experienced by patients was 4.8±2.4. Regarding nursing approaches, 82% of patients told that nurse had frequently asked whether they had pain, 80.2% of them re­ported that the nurse administered pain killer drugs when they required. However, none of them told non-pharmacological methods such as massage, listening music, imagination to distraction of pain were performed. The significant association was seen in level of pain with post-operative day.
Conclusions: The findings of study indicate that the majority of patients experienced pain in the first day of surgery, and it is clear that effective pain management is essential in early day of opera­tion.
Mirror of upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings in Lumbini Provincial Hospital
Authors: Joshi Pushpa Raj , Pokhrel Sharad , Thapaliya Narad Prashad 
Published: October 2020

Background: Upper Gastro Intestinal (UGI) endoscopy is a common and important procedure for UGI problems. In Nepal, especially to this region, there have not been many scientific studies about the pattern of diseases seen on UGI endoscopy. This study aimed to enlist patterns of upper GI endoscopic findings done in Lumbini Provincial Hospital.
Methods: This was a retrospective study of 200 consecutive patients who underwent UGI endos­copy from August 2017 to February 2018. Data were retrieved retrospectively from prospectively maintained data in computer-based systems and analyzed with SPSS-20.
Results: A total of 200 patients underwent UGI Endoscopy during the study period. Among them, females were 110 (55.0%) and males were 90(45.0%). The mean age of the study population was 46.3% (SD, 17.75). The pain abdomen was the most common indication for UGI endoscopy with 166 cases (83.0%) followed by gastrointestinal bleeding with 22 cases (11.0%). Benign lesions were seen in most of the cases which include non-ulcerative lesions 117(58.5%) and ulcerative benign lesions 72(36%). Malignancies found in 7(3.5%) cases and normal findings in 4 cases.
Conclusions: This study outlines the most common indications for upper GI endoscopy in our set up and disease patterns in those patients. This study will be helpful for an epidemiological study.
Spectrum of ABO and Rh blood group in Nepali medical students
Authors: Joshi Bishal , Kar Sanjit Kumar , Shrestha Laxmi , Yadav Shankar 
Published: October 2020

Background: ABO and Rh systems are most important types of blood group systems that should be taken into consideration during blood transfusion. Many studies have been done across the globe to determine the distribution of these blood groups among different strata of population. But there are very few studies done in Nepali population. Therefore, in this study we aimed to find out the distribution of blood groups among Nepali medical students and to compare it with the other studies done in Nepal and other countries of the World.
Methods: This was a retrospective study, containing the data of ABO and Rh blood groups of medi­cal students recorded over a period of 21 years in Department of Physiology of Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal. The blood group was determined by open slide test method by using commercially available standard monoclonal antibody.
Results: A total of 2031 Nepali medical students were included in the study. Among them 1147 were male and 884 were female. In the present study we found that the most common blood group was O (739, 36.4%) followed by B (624, 30.7%) and A (522, 25.7%) and least common blood group was AB (146, 7.2%). Among all participants 96.8% of the people were Rh positive and 3.2% were Rh negative.
Conclusions: This study done in Nepali medical students can provide a new insight for the further study of distribution of blood groups in Nepali population. A study with high sample size, repre­senting every zones of Nepal is the demand of future.