bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Spain
Authors: Moreno-Fuentes Francisco Javier 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFrom traditional country of emigration, Spain became a country of immigration in a relatively short period, practically catching up with the rest of Western European countries in terms of percentage of population of foreign origin by 2010. The hybrid nature of its welfare regime, a combination of social insurance schemes and universalistic programs, determined the eligibility of foreign populations to each specific social protection scheme. In basic terms, foreigners can access Spanish social protection schemes through their participation in the labour market (for social insurance programs), and their residence in Spanish territory (for schemes based on a universalistic logic). The international agreements signed by Spain are a key aspect as well in determining welfare entitlements for foreigners, particularly in the case of nationals from other EU member states and Latin America. The strong reliance on contributory schemes, and the significant role played by the underground economy, leave economic migrants (particularly undocumented ones) without much social protection. The economic crisis initiated in 2008 implied an increase in immigrants’ vulnerability, but their actual welfare take-up decreased due to their more limited access to the formal labour market, and the restrictive conditions of targeted social assistance schemes.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for German Citizens Abroad
Authors: Klekowski von Koppenfels Amanda 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of German policies vis-à-vis German nationals living abroad. For the most part, the German Government does not reach out to or encourage engagement from or with German nationals living abroad. This is in contrast to a concerted cultural outreach to ethno-national German minorities in Central and Eastern Europe. Rights in Germany are largely residence-based, and access to rights is thus associated with (legal) residence in Germany, rather than with holding German citizenship. There are two clear exceptions: one is a robust system that enables voting from abroad for German citizens, and the other is facilitated access from abroad to pensions for years worked in Germany. With respect to other measures of social protections, no clear policy can be said to exist. Access to other forms of social protection is on the basis of exception, with consular officials exercising discretion in such cases.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Greek Citizens Abroad
Authors: Moutselos Michalis , Mavrodi Georgia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe policies of the Greek state vis-à-vis Greek citizens residing abroad are better developed in some areas (pension, cultural/education policy), but very embryonic in others (social protection, family-related benefits). The institutions representing and aggregating the interests of the Greek diaspora, such as the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad and the World Council of Hellenes abroad of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, reflect earlier periods of Greek migration during the post-war period, but meet less adequately the needs of recent migrants, especially following the post-2010 Greek economic crisis. At the same time, political parties continue to play an active role in the relationship between diaspora and the homeland. The policies of the Greek state, especially when exercised informally or with regard to cultural and educational programs, are also characterized by an emphasis on blood, language and religious ties, and are offshoots of a long-standing history of migration to Western Europe, North America and Australia. Possible developments, such as the long-overdue implementation of the right to vote from abroad, an official registrar for Greek citizens residing abroad, new programs of social protection in Greece and new economic incentives for return might change the diaspora policies of the Greek state in the next decades.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Portuguese Citizens Abroad
Authors: Marques José Carlos , Góis Pedro 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPortugal is a traditional country of emigration with a multigenerational diaspora spread across a large number of countries. In the last 50 years, especially after the 1974 revolution, it developed a welfare state that responds to the needs of residents (including immigrants). Traditionally, this welfare state has been described as fragile in comparison with other welfare regimes in Europe. Nevertheless, it was built as a universal welfare system based on jus solis and deterritorialized jus sanguinis regime. The study of the extension of social protection to Portuguese citizens living abroad had not yet received sufficient attention, albeit recurrent news on measures and strategies that the state put in practice to assist Portuguese emigrants in need. This chapter will survey some of the recent policies to reach citizens abroad by showing the limits of the Portuguese welfare state in action. Through these policies and actions, Portugal projects an image of an always-present state that extents its national powers beyond the limits of its territorially confined borders.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Romanian Citizens Abroad
Authors: Nica Felicia , Moraru Madalina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRomania is the EU Member State with the highest numbers of emigrants, according to Eurostat. The annual growth of the Romanian diaspora is one of the fastest in the world, and quite recent (over the past 20 years). In light of these developments, the institutional network for engagement with Romanians abroad, first established in the mid-1990s, has recently increased in an attempt to respond to the fast-growing Romanian diaspora. A Ministry entirely dedicated to maintaining the relations with the Romanian diaspora was formally institutionalized 10 years after Romania officially joined the EU in 2017, replacing scattered departments and institutional bodies. However, the role of the recently set up diaspora institutions still needs to be clarified and firmly determined. Policies were developed with the goal of ensuring the integration of Romanian citizens in their countries of residence, but also to encourage return to Romania. In particular, as few other European diaspora populations, the Romanian diaspora is represented in the Romanian Parliament by two Senators and four Deputies who represent the interests of three to five million Romanians abroad.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Swedish Citizens Abroad
Authors: Nyhammar André Olsson , Olsson Erik 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this chapter we seek to highlight that much of the social protection granted to Swedish nationals within Sweden is not in any direct sense extended beyond its borders. The state policy towards the diaspora can be generally understood as a policy that tries to “integrate” its nationals abroad, rather than encouraging and “building” them as a diaspora. Neither is servicing the Swedish nationals abroad a major priority for any Swedish governmental body. The protection that exists for Swedish nationals abroad is mostly concerned with visitors and short-term issues. To some extent, such protection is downgrading the special requests from the diaspora. The chapter also discusses those few areas of social protection that receive greater support and integration as well as the changes that are potentially taking place. It is concluded that although Sweden could be conceived as a weak “emigration-state” (Gamlen, Polit Geogr 27: 840–856, 2008) that, to some extent, neglects its diaspora, the state is not entirely disengaging with its nationals abroad.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Belgian Citizens Abroad
Authors: Mandin Jérémy 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBelgium has a rich, but largely forgotten, emigration history. In July 2018, 471,401 Belgians were registered as living abroad. Yet, little academic attention has been given to this population and to the types of relations that the Belgium state maintains with it. This chapter aims to fill this gap by focusing on the policies developed in Belgium to provide forms of social protection to its citizens abroad. Based on the analyses of online and offline institutional documentation, applicable legislation, parliamentary documentation and specialized publications, the chapter describes the specificity of the Belgian involvement in the protection of its population living abroad. It is argued that the diaspora infrastructure of Belgium is largely characterized by a lack of specialized institutions at the federal level and by the relatively important role of Belgian subnational communities in organizing the relations with the Belgian population abroad. Regarding diaspora’s social protection, the chapter discusses the specificities of the Belgian policies and, in particular, the system of “Overseas Social Security” which takes its roots in the country’s colonial past.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Bulgarian Citizens Abroad
Authors: Vankova Zvezda 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates that the Bulgarian diaspora policy is characterized by inconsistent implementation and dissonant institutional context. It is intertwined with the country’s migration policy which is focused, among other priorities, on attracting historic kin communities and Bulgarian emigrants, in order to overcome its demographic decline. Against this backdrop, the country lacks overall social protection policies towards Bulgarians abroad and prioritizes providing information rather than financial support. Firstly, the chapter presents the general institutional framework by which home country authorities interact with nationals abroad, as well as the main engagement policies with this population outside of the area of social protection. Secondly, the chapter focuses on the policies, programmes and services offered by home country authorities in response to social protection needs of Bulgarian nationals abroad across five specific policy areas: unemployment, health care, pensions, family-related benefits and economic hardship.
Iterative Solvers for EMI Models
Authors: Kuchta Miroslav , Mardal Kent-André 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter deals with iterative solution algorithms for the four EMI formulations derived in (17, Chapter10.1007/978-3-030-61157-6_5). Order optimal monolithic solvers robust with respect to material parameters, the number of degrees of freedom of discretization as well as the time-stepping parameter are presented and compared in terms of computational cost. Domain decomposition solver for the single-dimensional primal formulation is discussed.
Regularity of area minimizing currents mod p
Authors: De Lellis Camillo , Hirsch Jonas , Marchese Andrea , Stuvard Salvatore 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe establish a first general partial regularity theorem for area minimizing currents$${\mathrm{mod}}(p)$$mod(p), for everyp, in any dimension and codimension. More precisely, we prove that the Hausdorff dimension of the interior singular set of anm-dimensional area minimizing current$${\mathrm{mod}}(p)$$mod(p)cannot be larger than$$m-1$$m-1. Additionally, we show that, whenpis odd, the interior singular set is$$(m-1)$$(m-1)-rectifiable with locally finite$$(m-1)$$(m-1)-dimensional measure.
Implementation of a dedicated 1.5 T MR scanner for radiotherapy treatment planning featuring a novel high-channel coil setup for brain imaging in treatment position
Authors: Mengling Veit , Bert Christoph , Perrin Rosalind , Masitho Siti , Weissmann Thomas , Mansoorian Sina , Siavooshhaghighi Hadi , Janka Rolf , Doussin Sylvain , Habatsch Melanie , Fietkau Rainer , Putz Florian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To share our experiences in implementing a dedicated magnetic resonance (MR) scanner for radiotherapy (RT) treatment planning using a novel coil setup for brain imaging in treatment position as well as to present developed core protocols with sequences specifically tuned for brain and prostate RT treatment planning.

Materials and methods
Our novel setup consists of two large 18-channel flexible coils and a specifically designed wooden mask holder mounted on a flat tabletop overlay, which allows patients to be measured in treatment position with mask immobilization. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of this setup was compared to the vendor-provided flexible coil RT setup and the standard setup for diagnostic radiology. The occurrence of motion artifacts was quantified. To develop magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols, we formulated site- and disease-specific clinical objectives.

Results
Our novel setup showed mean SNR of 163 ± 28 anteriorly, 104 ± 23 centrally, and 78 ± 14 posteriorly compared to 84 ± 8 and 102 ± 22 anteriorly, 68 ± 6 and 95 ± 20 centrally, and 56 ± 7 and 119 ± 23 posteriorly for the vendor-provided and diagnostic setup, respectively. All differences were significant (p > 0.05). Image quality of our novel setup was judged suitable for contouring by expert-based assessment. Motion artifacts were found in 8/60 patients in the diagnostic setup, whereas none were found for patients in the RT setup. Site-specific core protocols were designed to minimize distortions while optimizing tissue contrast and 3D resolution according to indication-specific objectives.

Conclusion
We present a novel setup for high-quality imaging in treatment position that allows use of several immobilization systems enabling MR-only workflows, which could reduce unnecessary dose and registration inaccuracies.
Spread Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance in Faecal Indicator Bacteria Contaminating an Urbanized Section of the Brda River
Authors: Kubera Łukasz 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper presents the spatio-temporal distribution of faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in the river section subject to anthropogenic stress and describes spread patterns of antibiotic resistance in the studied bacterial groups. The analysis involved 58 strains of Escherichia coli and 61 strains of enterococci. Antibiotic resistance profiles were prepared in accordance with the recommendations of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). The results indicated a correlation between the location of a sampling site and the concentration of faecal bacteria. The highest average concentrations were recorded at the site located in the city centre, where the river is used mainly for recreation. Antibiotic resistance profiles showed that Escherichia coli had 100% sensitivity to tigecycline, levofloxacin and imipenem. The highest percentaage of strains (17%) were resistant to piperacillin. Enterococci were 100% sensitive to levofloxacin. No strains were vancomycin-resistant (VRE). The highest percentage of strains was resistant to imipenem (23%), and the lowest, to ampicillin (2%). The spatio-temporal distribution of antibiotic-resistant strains (ARS) indicated a high concentration of drug-resistant Escherichia coli (47%) in the summer season at the sampling site located in the last part of the river. At the same time, drug resistance in enterococci increased along the river course and was considerably higher in spring. There were no significant relationships between physico-chemical parameters of water and the levels of faecal bacteria. On the other hand, strong relationships were observed between the percentage of strains showing resistance to the applied antibiotics and physico-chemical and biological parameters of water. The percentage of antibiotic resistant strains of Escherichia coli was negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen concentration (r = − 0.9; p < 0.001) and BOD5 (r = − 0.85; p < 0.05). The percentage of antibiotic resistant strains of enterococci was most strongly correlated with water pH (r = − 0.92; p < 0.001).
Single Ion Anisotropy of CrIII and FeIII in a Series of {Ti7M} Rings
Authors: Kostopoulos Andreas K. , Timco Grigore A. , Tuna Floriana , Vitórica-Yrezábal Iñigo J. , Whitehead George F. S. , Bamberger Heiko , van Slageren Joris , Collison David , McInnes Eric J. L. , Winpenny Richard E. P. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA series of heterometallic [TiIV7MIII] rings are reported which contain a single paramagnetic metal centre, either FeIII or CrIII. The structures contain an octagon of metals bridged by oxides within the ring and pivalate ligands outside the ring. The structures encapsulate a single cation, either a secondary ammonium cation or a cesium. Multi-frequency EPR spectroscopy was used to measure the zero-field splitting parameters for the paramagnetic metal sites. The FeIII sites have rhombic anisotropy, with D around − 0.18 cm−1 and λ (= D/E) approximately 0.25. The CrIII have a more axial anisotropy, with D around − 0.5 cm−1 and λ around 0.05. Attempts to find a magneto-structural correlation are vitiated by the difficulty of refining the challenging crystal structures.
Body size and weight change over adulthood and risk of breast cancer by menopausal and hormone receptor status: a pooled analysis of 20 prospective cohort studies
Authors: van den Brandt Piet A. , Ziegler Regina G. , Wang Molin , Hou Tao , Li Ruifeng , Adami Hans-Olov , Agnoli Claudia , Bernstein Leslie , Buring Julie E. , Chen Yu , Connor Avonne E. , Eliassen A. Heather , Genkinger Jeanine M. , Gierach Gretchen , Giles Graham G. , Goodman Gary G. , Håkansson Niclas , Krogh Vittorio , Le Marchand Loic , Lee I-Min , Liao Linda M. , Martinez M. Elena , Miller Anthony B. , Milne Roger L. , Neuhouser Marian L. , Patel Alpa V. , Prizment Anna , Robien Kim , Rohan Thomas E. , Sawada Norie , Schouten Leo J. , Sinha Rashmi , Stolzenberg-Solomon Rachael Z. , Teras Lauren R. , Tsugane Shoichiro , Visvanathan Kala , Weiderpass Elisabete , White Kami K. , Willett Walter C. , Wolk Alicja , Zeleniuch-Jacquotte Anne , Smith-Warner Stephanie A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAssociations between anthropometric factors and breast cancer (BC) risk have varied inconsistently by estrogen and/or progesterone receptor (ER/PR) status. Associations between prediagnostic anthropometric factors and risk of premenopausal and postmenopausal BC overall and ER/PR status subtypes were investigated in a pooled analysis of 20 prospective cohorts, including 36,297 BC cases among 1,061,915 women, using multivariable Cox regression analyses, controlling for reproductive factors, diet and other risk factors. We estimated dose–response relationships and tested for nonlinear associations using restricted cubic splines. Height showed positive, linear associations for premenopausal and postmenopausal BC risk (6–7% RR increase per 5 cm increment), with stronger associations for receptor-positive subtypes. Body mass index (BMI) at cohort baseline was strongly inversely associated with premenopausal BC risk, and strongly positively—and nonlinearly—associated with postmenopausal BC (especially among women who never used hormone replacement therapy). This was primarily observed for receptor-positive subtypes. Early adult BMI (at 18–20 years) showed inverse, linear associations for premenopausal and postmenopausal BC risk (21% and 11% RR decrease per 5 kg/m2, respectively) with stronger associations for receptor-negative subtypes. Adult weight gain since 18–20 years was positively associated with postmenopausal BC risk, stronger for receptor-positive subtypes, and among women who were leaner in early adulthood. Women heavier in early adulthood generally had reduced premenopausal BC risk, independent of later weight gain. Positive associations between height, baseline (adult) BMI, adult weight gain and postmenopausal BC risk were substantially stronger for hormone receptor-positive versus negative subtypes. Premenopausal BC risk was positively associated with height, but inversely with baseline BMI and weight gain (mostly in receptor-positive subtypes). Inverse associations with early adult BMI seemed stronger in receptor-negative subtypes of premenopausal and postmenopausal BC.
The Experiment Paradox in Physics
Authors: Eckstein Michał , Horodecki Paweł 
Published: October 2020

AbstractModern physics is founded on two mainstays: mathematical modelling and empirical verification. These two assumptions are prerequisite for the objectivity of scientific discourse. Here we show, however, that they are contradictory, leading to the ‘experiment paradox’. We reveal that any experiment performed on a physical system is—by necessity—invasive and thus establishes inevitable limits to the accuracy of any mathematical model. We track its manifestations in both classical and quantum physics and show how it is overcome ‘in practice’ via the concept of environment. We argue that the unravelled paradox induces a new type of ‘ontic’ underdetermination, which has deep consequences for the methodological foundations of physics.
Environmental Profile and Technological Validation of New High-Tg Unsaturated Polyesters from Fully Bio-Based Monomers and Reactive Diluents
Authors: Suriano Raffaella , Gonzalez Maria Nelly Garcia , Turri Stefano 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study was focused on the synthesis and characterization of a fully bio-based unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) with good thermal properties suitable for the commercial production of composite polymers. UPRs based on different ratios of bio-based furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), itaconic acid, and diols were synthesized. The unsaturated polymers prepared were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The results showed positive effects of FDCA on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of these fully bio-based polyesters, especially when FDCA was combined with 1,2-propanediol. Optimal values of Tg were obtained in the range of 30–32 °C for UPRs synthesized starting with a higher concentration of FDCA in the monomer feed. The possibility of substituting styrene, which usually acts as a reactive diluent, with a greener and safer alternative during the crosslinking of UPRs, was also explored. Two bio-based reactive diluents were considered: dimethyl itaconate (DMI) and butanediol dimethacrylate. After crosslinking, an average Tg of 75 °C and a good crosslinking efficiency indicated by a gel content of 90% were achieved for the fully bio-based polyester obtained under milder reaction conditions and dilution with DMI. Life cycle assessment was performed on selected UPRs, and comparison with a reference fossil-based resin in terms of the calculated category indicator results confirmed the lower environmental impact of the newly prepared bio-based polyesters.