bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outside the Lyman-break box: detecting Lyman continuum emitters at 3.5 &lt; z &lt; 5.1 with CLAUDS
Authors: Meštrić U , Ryan-Weber E V , Cooke J , Bassett R , Sawicki M , Faisst A L , Kakiichi K , Inoue A K , Rafelski M , Prichard L J , Arnouts S , Moutard T , Coupon J , Golob A , Gwyn S 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Identifying non-contaminated sample of high-redshift galaxies with escaping Lyman continuum (LyC) flux is important for understanding the sources and evolution of cosmic reionization. We present CLAUDS (CFHT Large Area u-band deep survey) u-band photometry of the COSMOS field to probe LyC radiation from spectroscopically confirmed galaxies at $z$ ≥ 3.5 and outside the standard Lyman-break galaxy colour-selection expectations. Complementary to the CLAUDS data, we use Subaru multifilter photometry, Hubble Space Telescope (HST) multifilter imaging, and the spectroscopic surveys D10K, VUDS, and 3D-HST. We present a sample of Lyman continuum galaxy (LCG) candidates in the redshift range 3.5 ≲ $z$ ≲ 5.1. Here, we introduce 5 LCG candidates, where two are flagged quality 1 and three quality 2. The estimated $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm abs}$ for quality 1 candidates are in the range $\sim 5 - 73{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ and $\sim 30 - 93{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. These estimates are based on our derived parameters from individual galaxies as inputs to a range of BPASS models as well as mean intergalactic medium (IGM) and maximal intergalactic and circumgalactic media (IGM+CGM) transmission. We conclude that our search for LCGs is most likely biased to lines of sight with low H i densities or free from Lyman limit systems. Our two best LCG candidates have EW (Lyα) ≤ 50 Å and we find no correlation or anticorrelation between EW (Lyα), $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm abs}$, and Robs, the ratio of ionizing to non-ionizing observed flux in the measured passbands. Stacking candidates without solid LyC detections (S/N &lt; 3) results in an estimated $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm abs}$ from galaxies not greater than $1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$.
Simultaneous measurement of biochemical phenotypes and gene expression in single cells
Authors: Richer Amanda L , Riemondy Kent A , Hardie Lakotah , Hesselberth Jay R 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Methods to measure heterogeneity among cells are rapidly transforming our understanding of biology but are currently limited to molecular abundance measurements. We developed an approach to simultaneously measure biochemical activities and mRNA abundance in single cells to understand the heterogeneity of DNA repair activities across thousands of human lymphocytes, identifying known and novel cell-type-specific DNA repair phenotypes.
A non-canonical promoter element drives spurious transcription of horizontally acquired bacterial genes
Authors: Warman Emily A , Singh Shivani S , Gubieda Alicia G , Grainger David C 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
RNA polymerases initiate transcription at DNA sequences called promoters. In bacteria, the best conserved promoter feature is the AT-rich -10 element; a sequence essential for DNA unwinding. Further elements, and gene regulatory proteins, are needed to recruit RNA polymerase to the -10 sequence. Hence, -10 elements cannot function in isolation. Many horizontally acquired genes also have a high AT-content. Consequently, sequences that resemble the -10 element occur frequently. As a result, foreign genes are predisposed to spurious transcription. However, it is not clear how RNA polymerase initially recognizes such sequences. Here, we identify a non-canonical promoter element that plays a key role. The sequence, itself a short AT-tract, resides 5 base pairs upstream of otherwise cryptic -10 elements. The AT-tract alters DNA conformation and enhances contacts between the DNA backbone and RNA polymerase.
Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Phenotypes Predict Overall Survival Benefit From Bevacizumab or Surgery in Recurrent Glioblastoma With Large Tumor Burden
Authors: Patel Kunal S , Everson Richard G , Yao Jingwen , Raymond Catalina , Goldman Jodi , Schlossman Jacob , Tsung Joseph , Tan Caleb , Pope Whitney B , Ji Matthew S , Nguyen Nhung T , Lai Albert , Nghiemphu Phioanh L , Liau Linda M , Cloughesy Timothy F , Ellingson Benjamin M 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Diffusion magnetic resonance (MR) characteristics are a predictive imaging biomarker for survival benefit in recurrent glioblastoma treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy; however, its use in large volume recurrence has not been evaluated.

Objective
To determine if diffusion MR characteristics can predict survival outcomes in patients with large volume recurrent glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab or repeat resection.

Methods
A total of 32 patients with large volume (>20 cc or > 3.4 cm diameter) recurrent glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab and 35 patients treated with repeat surgery were included. Pretreatment tumor volume and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis were used to phenotype patients as having high (>1.24 μm2/ms) or low (<1.24 μm2/ms) ADCL, the mean value of the lower peak in a double Gaussian model of the ADC histogram within the contrast enhancing tumor.

Results
In bevacizumab and surgical cohorts, volume was correlated with overall survival (Bevacizumab: P = .009, HR = 1.02; Surgical: P = .006, HR = 0.96). ADCL was an independent predictor of survival in the bevacizumab cohort (P = .049, HR = 0.44), but not the surgical cohort (P = .273, HR = 0.67). There was a survival advantage of surgery over bevacizumab in patients with low ADCL (P = .036, HR = 0.43) but not in patients with high ADCL (P = .284, HR = 0.69).

Conclusion
Pretreatment diffusion MR imaging is an independent predictive biomarker for overall survival in recurrent glioblastoma with a large tumor burden. Large tumors with low ADCL have a survival benefit when treated with surgical resection, whereas large tumors with high ADCL may be best managed with bevacizumab.
Postscript: COVID-19 and the Legal Determinants of Health
Authors: Coggon John , Gostin Lawrence O 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This is a short postscript to the Public Health Ethics special issue on the legal determinants of health. We reflect briefly on emerging responses to COVID-19, and raise important questions of ethics and law that must be addressed; including through the lens of legal determinants, and with critical attention to what it means to protect health with justice.
Exposure to negative stereotypes influences representations of monetary incentives in the nucleus accumbens
Authors: Welborn B Locke , Hong Youngki , Ratner Kyle G 
Published: April 2020

AbstractContemporary society is saturated with negative representations of racial and ethnic minorities. Social science research finds that exposure to such negative stereotypes creates stress above and beyond pre-existing effects of income inequality and structural racism. Neuroscience studies in animals and humans show that life stress modulates brain responses to rewards. However, it is not known whether contending with negative representations of one’s social group spills overs to influence reward processing. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the effects of stigmatizing negative stereotypes on neural responding to the anticipation and consumption of monetary gains and losses in a Mexican American sample. Machine learning analyses indicated that incentive-related patterns of brain activity within the nucleus accumbens differed between Mexican Americans subjected to negative stereotypes and those who were not. This effect occurred for anticipating both gains and losses. Our work suggests that rhetoric stigmatizing Latinos and other minorities could alter how members of such groups process incentives in their environment. These findings contribute to our understanding of the linkage between stigmatizing experiences and motivated behavior, with implications for well-being and health.
Global Fields, Institutional Emergence, and the Regulation of Transnational Corporations
Authors: Lim Alwyn 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWorld society theory has developed to become a major sociological perspective on globalization, focusing on the diffusion of global institutions and increasingly on the domestic impact of those institutions. Nevertheless, the emergence of global institutions has received less attention, raising questions about whether core elements of world society—institutional structures, actorhood, legitimacy—are sufficient to also explain how global institutions arise. This article proposes a “global fields” approach in which institutional emergence is conditional on the interaction between state and non-state actors around the exercise of international authority. Using archival United Nations (UN) data, I demonstrate this field approach through an historical review of global efforts in the UN to build a framework for the regulation of transnational corporations. In the 1970s, developing countries mobilized around a New International Economic Order, arguing that regulating foreign investment would contribute to economic justice. These efforts failed to establish a new globalization because state actors mobilized around national interests, state power, and centralized hierarchical regulation. Subsequently, in the 1990s, non-state actors were more successful in establishing the Global Compact, a global framework for corporate social responsibility, as they emphasized transcendent purposes, voluntarism, and collaboration. This case demonstrates the utility of a global fields approach to institutional emergence by highlighting the importance of how global fields structure interests, participation, strategies, and outcomes in global processes. The article concludes by discussing the theoretical implications of a global fields approach for the world society perspective and studies of the origins of global processes.
High Parental Anxiety Increases Narcotic Use in Adolescent Patients Following Spinal Fusion
Authors: Sarkisova Natalya , Andras Lindsay M. , Yang Joshua , Tolo Vernon T. , Skaggs David L. 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Parental mental status and behavior may influence postoperative recovery and the use of pain medication. The purpose of this study is to identify if parents with high anxiety are associated with prolonged narcotic use in adolescent patients following posterior spinal fusion surgery. Prolonged narcotic use in this study was defined as opioid use at their first postoperative visit.

Methods:
AIS patients age 11 to 20 years undergoing posterior spinal fusion and a parent were prospectively enrolled. At the preoperative appointment, patients completed the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale and parents completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. High parental anxiety was defined as 1 SD above the normative mean. At the first postoperative visit, patients were asked about medication use.

Results:
A total of 58 patients (49 females and 9 males) were enrolled. Overall, 29% (17/58) of parents had a high general anxiety trait on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and 71% (41/58) had normal general anxiety. Of the patients whose parents had high general anxiety, 47% (8/17) were still taking narcotics at their first postoperative visit compared with 20% (8/41) of patients with normal anxiety parents (P=0.03).

Conclusions:
Patients with high general anxiety parents were more than twice as likely to still be on narcotics at their first postoperative visit. This information can be used to counsel families on the impact of anxiety on narcotic usage.

Level of Evidence:
Level II—prognostic studies—investigating the effect of a patient characteristic on the outcome of the disease.
Corona Virus Disease 2019 and Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Authors: Turner Dan , Huang Ying , Martín‐de‐Carpi Javier , Aloi Marina , Focht Gili , Kang Ben , Zhou Ying , Sanchez Cesar , Kappelman Michael D. , Uhlig Holm H. , Pujol‐Muncunill Gemma , Ledder Oren , Lionetti Paolo , Dias Jorge Amil , Ruemmele Frank M. , Russell Richard K. ,   Paediatric IBD Porto group of ESPGHAN
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTIntroduction:With the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, concerns have been raised about the risk to children with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We aimed to collate global experience and provide provisional guidance for managing paediatric IBD (PIBD) in the era of COVID‐19.Methods:An electronic reporting system of children with IBD infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 has been circulated among 102 PIBD centres affiliated with the Porto and Interest‐group of ESPGHAN. A survey has been completed by major PIBD centres in China and South‐Korea to explore management during the pandemic. A third survey collected current practice of PIBD treatment. Finally, guidance points for practice have been formulated and voted upon by 37 PIBD authors and Porto group members.Results:Eight PIBD children had COVID‐19 globally, all with mild infection without needing hospitalization despite treatment with immunomodulators and/or biologics. No cases have been reported in China and South Korea but biologic treatment has been delayed in 79 children, of whom 17 (22%) had exacerbation of their IBD. Among the Porto group members, face‐to‐face appointments were often replaced by remote consultations but almost all did not change current IBD treatment. Ten guidance points for clinicians caring for PIBD patients in epidemic areas have been endorsed with consensus rate of 92% to 100%.Conclusions:Preliminary data for PIBD patients during COVID‐19 outbreak are reassuring. Standard IBD treatments including biologics should continue at present through the pandemic, especially in children who generally have more severe IBD course on one hand, and milder SARS‐CoV‐2 infection on the other.Supplemental digital content:An infographic accompanying this article can be found at http://links.lww.com/MPG/B842.
End of Life Care's Ongoing Evolution
Authors: Fink-Samnick Ellen 
Published: April 2020

Purpose/Objectives:

This article will focus on the following objectives specific to end-of-life care for professional case management:

Primary Practice Settings:
Applicable to all settings across the transitions of care where case management practice occurs.

Findings/Conclusions:
Continuing shifts in society's cultural landscape, ongoing emphasis on value versus volume, and other industry fiscal imperatives continue to evoke an evolution in end-of-life care. The attainment of successful outcomes by professional case managers with those populations will be dependent on awareness and comprehension of regulations, legislation, and reimbursement; the influences of ongoing industry trends; availability of emerging resources; and ongoing technological advances. Ethical excellence remains at the core of case management across the interprofessional workforce and the transitions of care.

Implications for Case Management Practice:
The professional case management workforce is tasked to effectively intervene across diverse client populations, with their caregivers and support systems. This action spans every life stage and illness course. With end-of-life care treatment and processes continuing to receive prime industry attention, case managers must be knowledgeable of the moving parts of this arena. Awareness of the ethical edges of each professional's sandbox is essential to quality-driven case management practice.
Long-term Outcomes and Survival in Moderate-severe Portopulmonary Hypertension After Liver Transplant
Authors: Sadd Corey J. , Osman Fauzia , Li Zhanhai , Chybowski Amy , Decker Catherine , Henderson Bruce , Goss Kara N. , Hammel Laura L. , Runo James R. 
Published: April 2020

Background.
Portopulmonary hypertension is present in an estimated 5.3% to 8.5% of liver transplant candidates. Untreated, 5-year survival is estimated between 14% and 28%. Moderate-severe disease is a contraindication to liver transplant due to the high perioperative mortality, but patients optimized with pulmonary vasodilator therapy can become eligible for transplant. There is minimal data regarding posttransplant outcomes and ability to discontinue pulmonary vasodilator therapy posttransplant.

Methods.
We performed a single-center retrospective analysis to evaluate long-term outcomes of patients with moderate-severe portopulmonary hypertension who were optimized with pulmonary vasodilator therapy, became eligible for liver transplant, and subsequently underwent transplant. We identified 24 patients optimized with pulmonary vasodilator therapy who underwent subsequent liver transplantation and 25 patients who were treated with pulmonary vasodilator therapy alone.

Results.
In the transplanted cohort, 1-year survival from portopulmonary hypertension diagnosis date: 95.8%, 3-year survival: 90.9%, and 5-year survival: 90.9%. Posttransplant; 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival was 86.9%. Among transplanted patients, 41.6% (10/24) were optimized with nonparenteral therapy. Following transplantation, 100% (14/14) of the surviving patients were able to discontinue parenteral therapy; median time: 7.2 months (interquartile range: 5.1–8.9 mo), while 61.9% (13/21) were able to discontinue pulmonary vasodilator therapy altogether; median time: 13.9 months (interquartile range: 5.1–17.6 mo).

Conclusions.
Patients who are optimized with pulmonary vasodilator therapy before liver transplant can have excellent long-term outcomes posttransplant. Oral pulmonary vasodilator therapy can be effective treatment to qualify a patient for transplant, and the majority are able to wean from pulmonary vasodilator therapy entirely posttransplant.
Not All That Flickers Is Snow
Authors: Patel Rachel C. , Vitale Albert T. , Creel Donnell J. , Digre Kathleen B. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract:
A woman presented with bilateral visual disturbances that had been diagnosed as visual snow. Dilated ophthalmic examination and multimodal imaging were strongly suggestive of birdshot chorioretinopathy, meriting initiation of systemic immunomodulatory therapy. Visual snow requires a thorough ophthalmologic exam to exclude other ocular diseases.
How lethal is the novel coronavirus, and how many undetected cases there are? The importance of being tested
Authors: Bastolla Ugo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThere is big concern for estimating the lethality and the extent of undetected infections associated with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 outbreak. While detailed epidemiological models are certainly needed, I suggest here an orthogonal approach based on a minimum number of parameters robustly fitted from the cumulative data easily accessible for all countries at the John Hopkins University database that became the worldwide reference for the pandemics. I show that, after few days from the beginning of the outbreak, the apparent death rate can be extrapolated to infinite time through regularized regression such as rescaled ridge regression. The variation from country to country of these extrapolated death rates appears to depend almost only (r2 = 0.91) on the ratio between performed tests and detected cases even when the apparent instantaneous lethality rates are as different as 9% in Italy and 0.4% in Germany. Extrapolating to the limit of infinite number of tests, I obtain a death rate of 0.012 ± 0.012, in agreement with other estimates. The inverse relationship between the extrapolated death rate and the intensity tests allows estimating that more than 50% of cases were undetected in most countries, with more than 90% undetected cases in countries severely hit by the epidemics such as Italy. Finally, I propose to adopt the ratio between the cumulative number of recovered and deceased persons as an indicator that can anticipate the halting of the epidemics.
Azithromycin and ciprofloxacin have a chloroquine-like effect on respiratory epithelial cells
Authors: Poschet Jens F. , Perkett Elizabeth A. , Timmins Graham S. , Deretic Vojo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThere is interest in the use of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine (CQ/HCQ) and azithromycin (AZT) in COVID-19 therapy. Employing cystic fibrosis respiratory epithelial cells, here we show that drugs AZT and ciprofloxacin (CPX) act as acidotropic lipophilic weak bases and confer in vitro effects on intracellular organelles similar to the effects of CQ. These seemingly disparate FDA-approved antimicrobials display a common property of modulating pH of endosomes and trans-Golgi network. We believe this may in part help understand the potentially beneficial effects of CQ/HCQ and AZT in COVID-19, and that the present considerations of HCQ and AZT for clinical trials should be extended to CPX.
Detection of Air and Surface Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Hospital Rooms of Infected Patients
Authors: Chia Po Ying , Coleman Kristen Kelli , Tan Yian Kim , Xiang Ong Sean Wei , Gum Marcus , Lau Sok Kiang , Sutjipto Stephanie , Lee Pei Hua , Son Than The , Young Barnaby Edward , Milton Donald K. , Gray Gregory C. , Schuster Stephan , Barkham Timothy , De Partha Prathim , Vasoo Shawn , Chan Monica , Peng Ang Brenda Sze , Tan Boon Huan , Leo Yee-Sin , Ng Oon-Tek , Yen Wong Michelle Su , Marimuthu Kalisvar 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the particle size distribution in the air and patterns of environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2 is essential for infection prevention policies. We aimed to detect SARS-CoV-2 surface and air contamination and study associated patient-level factors. 245 surface samples were collected from 30 airborne infection isolation rooms of COVID-19 patients, and air sampling was conducted in 3 rooms.Air sampling detected SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive particles of sizes >4 µm and 1-4 µm in two rooms, which warrants further study of the airborne transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2. 56.7% of rooms had at least one environmental surface contaminated. High touch surface contamination was shown in ten (66.7%) out of 15 patients in the first week of illness, and three (20%) beyond the first week of illness (p = 0.010).