bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High linearity and high power performance with barrier layer of sandwich structure and Al0.05GaN back barrier for X-band application
Authors: Hou Bin , Yang Ling , Mi Minhan , Zhang Meng , Yi Chupeng , Wu Mei , Zhu Qing , Lu Yang , Zhu Jiejie , Zhou Xiaowei , Lv Ling , Ma Xiaohua , Hao Yue 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The high power and linearity performance of GaN-based HEMT for X-band application was achieved using the barrier layer of sandwich structure and Al0.05GaN back barrier. The AlGaN-sandwich-barrier can modulate polarization-graded field for more flat transconductance profile under the high drain bias. Only about 7.5% current collapse (CC) occurs for drain quiescent bias of 40 V. Due to the Al0.05GaN back barrier, the three-terminal off-state breakdown voltage (BVDS) of 260 V and a very small drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) of 2.7 mV V−1 is achieved. The AlGaN sandwich barrier combined with Al0.05GaN back barrier device exhibits a high current-gain cutoff frequency f
T of 42 GHz@V
DS  =  10 V, and a high power-gain cutoff frequency f
MAX of 130 GHz@V
DS  =  60 V. Load-pull measurement at 10 GHz revealed a saturated power density of 7.3 W mm−1 was achieved with an associated PAE of 29.2% and Gain of 10.6 dB. Two-tone measurement at 10 GHz showed an OIP3 of 38 dBm and a corresponding linearity figure-of-merit OIP3/P
DC of 4.5 dB. These results demonstrate the great potential of AlGaN-sandwich -barrier/GaN/Al0.05GaN HEMTs as a very promising alternative to high power and high linearity X-band power amplifier.
Magnetic field design for miniature pulse Penning ion source
Authors: Mamedov N V , Gubarev A V , Zverev V I , Maslennikov S P , Solodovnikov A A , Uzvolok A A , Yurkov D I 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Magnetic field configuration for a miniature pulse Penning ion source was designed in this work. The amplitude-time characteristics of discharge and extracted currents were investigated as a function of gas pressure for various magnetic field magnitude and configuration An effect of magnetic field configuration on the Penning’s discharge modes and characteristics of the extraction current impulse were experimentally shown. Stable operation modes of the ion source were found in this work. Also the appropriate ranges of working gas pressure and magnetic field configuration were demonstrated, at which the current pulse of the extracted ions had a quasi-rectangular form. For better understanding real magnetic fields distributions of within the discharge cell magnetic field have been calculated in COMSOL software.
The suitability of ultrasonic and megasonic cleaning of nanoscale patterns in ammonia hydroxide solutions for particle removal and feature damage
Authors: Chu Chun-Lin , Lu Te-Yun , Fuh Yiin-Kuen 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this study, usually, arrays of square or rectangular piezo devices bonded to a substrate and spaced as close together as possible for transduction for efficient megasonic cleaning, megasonic cleaning is applied to removing sidewall particles during post-silicon etch cleaning. A system was developed containing different measures of ultrasonic and megasonic processes, generated by adjusting the power in NH4OH. Megasonic waves in the gap between the wafer and the megasonic transducer ensure uniform sonic energy across the whole wafer. The generation of radicals is promoted by megasonic energy, such that residue removal occurs in dilute solution. The feature damage for the megasonic cleaning decreased in the NH4OH solution compared to ultrasonic. Moreover, the mechanical force of the bubble cavitation generated by megasonic cleaning also improves residue removal and enhances the mass transfer rate. Extreme cavitation is beneficial for removing particles but can damage wafer features. The damage caused by ultrasonic cleaning is significantly larger than megasonic cleaning. Compared with typical methods of silicon oxide residues removal, this megasonic process has a low material loss and a high residue removal efficiency for via, with a high aspect ratio. In addition, it minimizes defects to structures. These results suggest that megasonic cleaning can be applied to the nanoparticle cleaning process. Megasonic cleaning is quickly becoming an efficient method for post process cleaning in IC fabrication processes.
Effect of ion-trap parameters on energy distributions of ultra-cold atom–ion mixtures
Authors: Pinkas Meirav , Meir Ziv , Sikorsky Tomas , Ben-Shlomi Ruti , Akerman Nitzan , Ozeri Roee 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Experiments in which ultra-cold neutral atoms and charged ions are overlapped, constitute a new field in atomic and molecular physics, with applications ranging from studying out-of-equilibrium dynamics to simulating quantum many-body systems. The holy grail of ion-neutral systems is reaching the quantum low-energy scattering regime, known as the s-wave scattering. However, in most atom–ion systems, there is a fundamental limit that prohibits reaching this regime. This limit arises from the time-dependent trapping potential of the ion, the Paul trap, which sets a lower collision energy limit which is higher than the s-wave energy. In this work, we studied both theoretically and experimentally, the way the Paul trap parameters affect the energy distribution of an ion that is immersed in a bath of ultra-cold atoms. Heating rates and energy distributions of the ion are calculated for various trap parameters by a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation that takes into account the attractive atom–ion potential. The deviation of the energy distribution from a thermal one is discussed. Using the MD simulation, the heating dynamics for different atom–ion combinations is also investigated. In addition, we performed measurements of the heating rates of a ground-state cooled 88Sr+ ion that is immersed in an ultra-cold cloud of 87Rb atoms, over a wide range of trap parameters, and compare our results to the MD simulation. Both the simulation and the experiment reveal no significant change in the heating for different parameters of the trap. However, in the experiment a slightly higher global heating is observed, relative to the simulation.
Confabulations on Time: Relationship between Confabulations and Timing Deviations in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: El Haj Mohamad , Larøi Frank 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objectives
We investigated the relationship between confabulations and the ability to process chronological characteristics of memories in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD).

Methods
We evaluated provoked confabulations, spontaneous confabulations, and time perception in 31 AD patients. We evaluated provoked confabulations with questions probing general and personal knowledge. We evaluated spontaneous confabulations with a scale rated by nursing and medical staff. Regarding time perception, we invited the participants to perform a simple ongoing activity (i.e., deciding whether words were abstract or concrete), in order to provide a verbal estimation of the elapsed time intervals.

Results
We observed significant positive correlations between provoked/spontaneous confabulations and deviations in time estimation on the time perception task.

Conclusions
These findings demonstrate a relationship between confabulations in AD and difficulties in processing the chronological characteristics of elapsed events.
Macroevolutionary analyses indicate that repeated adaptive shifts towards predatory diets affect functional diversity in Neotropical cichlids
Authors: Arbour Jessica H , Montaña Carmen G , Winemiller Kirk O , Pease Allison A , Soria-Barreto Miriam , Cochran-Biederman Jennifer L , López-Fernández Hernán 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDuring adaptive radiation, diversification within clades is limited by adaptation to the available ecological niches, and this may drive patterns of both trait and species diversity. However, adaptation to disparate niches may result in varied impacts on the timing, pattern and rate of morphological evolution. In this study, we examined the relationship between feeding ecology and functional diversification across a diverse clade of freshwater fishes, the Neotropical cichlids. Species dietary niches were ordinated via multivariate analysis of stomach content data. We investigated changes in the rate and pattern of morphological diversification associated with feeding, including dietary niche and degree of dietary specialization. A major division in dietary niche space was observed between predators that consume fish and macroinvertebrates vs. other groups with diets dominated by small invertebrates, detritus or vegetation. These trophic niches were strongly associated with groupings defined by functional morphospace. Clades within the piscivore/macroinvertivore group rarely transitioned to other dietary niches. Comparatively, high dietary specialization enhanced functional diversification, driving the evolution of more extreme morphologies. Divergent patterns of trophic diversification among Neotropical cichlids appear to derive from different performance demands in regional abiotic and biotic environments associated with biogeographical history.
Projected Impact and Cost-effectiveness of Community-based Versus Targeted Azithromycin Administration Strategies for Reducing Child Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Brander Rebecca L , Weaver Marcia R , Pavlinac Patricia B , John-Stewart Grace C , Hawes Stephen E , Walson Judd L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Trials of mass drug administration (MDA) of azithromycin (AZM) report reductions in child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. AZM targeted to high-risk children may preserve benefit while minimizing antibiotic exposure. We modeled the cost-effectiveness of MDA to children 1–59 months of age, MDA to children 1–5 months of age, AZM administered at hospital discharge, and the combination of MDA and postdischarge AZM.

Methods
Cost-effectiveness was modeled from a payer perspective with a 1-year time horizon, and was presented as cost per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted and death averted, with probabilistic sensitivity analyses. The model included parameters for macrolide resistance, adverse events, hospitalization, and mortality sourced from published data.

Results
Assuming a base-case 1.64% mortality risk among children 1–59 months old, 3.1% among children 1–5 months old, 4.4% mortality risk postdischarge, and 13.5% mortality reduction per trial data, MDA would avert ~267 000 deaths at a cost of $14.26/DALY averted (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 8.72–27.08). MDA to only children 1–5 months old would avert ~186 000 deaths at a cost of $4.89/DALY averted (95% UI, 2.88–11.42), and postdischarge AZM would avert ~45 000 deaths, at a cost of $2.84/DALY (95% UI, 1.71–5.57) averted. Cost-effectiveness decreased with presumed diminished efficacy due to macrolide resistance.

Conclusions
Targeting AZM to children at highest risk of death may be an antibiotic-sparing and highly cost-effective, or even cost-saving, strategy to reduce child mortality. However, targeted AZM averts fewer absolute deaths and may not reach all children who would benefit. Any AZM administration decision must consider implications for antibiotic resistance.
Effect of Delaying Treatment on Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin in the African Green Monkey Model of Pneumonic Plague
Authors: Campbell Joseph L , Fay Michael P , Lanning Lynda L , Hewitt Judith A 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundCiprofloxacin and levofloxacin, 2 fluoroquinolone antimicrobials, are ≥90% effective for the treatment of inhalational plague when administered within 2–6 hours of fever onset in African green monkeys (AGM). Based on data in the AGM model, these antimicrobials were approved under the Food and Drug Administration’s Animal Efficacy Rule. However, that data did not address the issue of how long treatment with these antimicrobials would remain effective after fever onset.MethodsThe AGM model of pneumonic plague was used to explore the effect of delaying treatment with ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin on efficacy. In 2 studies, AGMs were challenged with inhaled lethal doses of Yersinia pestis. Treatment with ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin was initiated from 0 to up to 30 hours after fever onset.ResultsChallenged animals all developed fever within 78 hours and were treated with ciprofloxacin (n = 27) or levofloxacin (n = 29) at various predetermined time points postfever. When administered 10 hours after fever onset, 10 days of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin treatment remained very effective (90 or 100%, respectively). The efficacy of both antimicrobials declined as treatment initiation was further delayed. Statistical analyses estimated the treatment delay times at which half of the AGMs were no longer expected to survive as 19.7 hours for ciprofloxacin and 26.5 hours for levofloxacin.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that there is a narrow window following fever onset during which ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are fully effective treatment options for pneumonic plague in AGMs. Since the timing of disease is similar in humans and AGMs, these AGM data are reasonably likely to predict response times for treatment in humans.
Outcome of Ileal Pouch-anal Anastomosis in Patients With Indeterminate Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Emile Sameh Hany , Gilshtein Hayim , Wexner Steven D 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundIndeterminate colitis [IC] is type of inflammatory bowel disease that exhibits features of both ulcerative colitis [UC] and Crohn’s disease [CD]. The present meta-analysis aimed to assess the outcomes of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis [IPAA] in patients with IC in comparison with patients with UC.MethodsA PRISMA-compliant systematic review of the outcome of IPAA in patients with IC was conducted. Electronic databases were searched, and full-text articles were reviewed to extract essential data. Main outcome measures were pouch failure and pouch-related complications.ResultsA total of 17 studies were included in this meta-analysis. There were 1057 patients with IC and 6511 patients with UC. The weighted mean pouch failure rate in patients with IC was 7.5 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.8–10.2) and the weighted mean complication rate was 67 [95% CI: 53.5–80.5]. As compared with patients with UC, patients with IC had significantly higher odds of developing complications after IPAA (odds ratio [OR]: 2.6, p &lt;0.001): pouch fistula [OR:4.98, p &lt;0.001], pelvic sepsis [OR:3.98, p =0.002], pelvic or cuff abscess [OR: 4.5, p &lt;0.001], perineal complications [OR: 5.13, p &lt;0.001], and ultimate diagnosis of CD [OR: 2.57, p &lt;0.001]. Patients with IC and UC had similar odds of pouch failure, pouchitis, anastomotic leak, stricture, and small bowel obstruction.ConclusionsPatients with IC had similar pouch failure rates, yet higher overall complication rates than patients with UC. Complications that tend to be higher after IPAA for patients with IC include pouch fistula, pelvic sepsis, abscess, perineal complications, and ultimate diagnosis of Crohn’s disease.
Diversification economies in dairy farming – empirical evidence from Germany
Authors: Wimmer Stefan , Sauer Johannes 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This article explores how farm size is related to economic benefits from diversification. Using a data set pertaining to Bavarian dairy farms (2000–2014), we estimate an input distance function (IDF) to derive cost complementarities between distinct outputs. A Bayesian estimation technique is used to improve the theoretical consistency of the IDF. The results show that small dairy farms are more likely to benefit from diversification between milk and livestock production, while larger farms tend to benefit from diversification between milk and crop production. Both managerial and policy implications are discussed.
Informal Caregiver Burden, Benefits, and Older Adult Mortality: A Survival Analysis
Authors: Pristavec Teja , Luth Elizabeth A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objective
Informal caregivers are crucial to maintaining older adults’ health, but few studies examine how caregiving receipt is associated with older person longevity. In a nationally representative sample, we prospectively explore whether and how having an informal caregiver is associated with older adult overall mortality, and how caregivers’ burden and benefits perceptions relate to care recipient mortality.

Methods
We match six National Health and Aging Trends Study waves (2011–2016) with 2011 National Study of Caregiving data, conducting survival analysis on 7,369 older adults and 1,327 older adult-informal caregiver dyads.

Results
Having an informal caregiver is associated with 36% (p &lt; .001) higher mortality risk over 6-year follow-up, adjusting for demographic, economic, and health factors. Older adults whose caregivers perceive only burden have 38% higher (p &lt; .05) mortality risk than those with caregivers reporting neither burden nor benefits. This risk is reduced from 38% higher to 5% higher (p &lt; .001) for older adults with caregivers reporting benefits alongside burden, compared to those with caregivers reporting neither perception.

Discussion
Having a caregiver may signal impending decline beyond known mortality factors. However, interventions to increase caregivers’ benefit perceptions and reduce their burden may decrease mortality risk for older adults with declining health and functional ability.
Application of temporal reweighting to ambient noise cross-correlation for improved seismic Green's function
Authors: Li Jiangtao , Weaver Richard L , Yoritomo John Y , Song Xiaodong 
Published: January 2020

SUMMARY
Due to the partly diffuse character of ambient noise, the retrieval of amplitude information and attenuation from noise cross-correlations has been difficult. Here, we apply the temporal reweighting method proposed by Weaver & Yoritomo to seismic data from the USArray in the central-midwest US. The results show considerable improvements in retrieved Green's functions in both symmetry and causality. The reweighting is able to make the effective incident noise field more isotropic (though not yet truly isotropic). It produces more robust amplitude measurements and also makes both the causal and anticausal parts usable. This suggests that it could be widely applicable for retrieval of Green's functions from ambient noise for attenuation study. The results also suggest an alternative measure of signal-to-noise ratio that complements the conventional one.
The sialyltransferase ST6GAL1 protects against radiation-induced gastrointestinal damage
Authors: Punch Patrick R , Irons Eric E , Manhardt Charles T , Marathe Himangi , Lau Joseph T Y 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHigh-dose irradiation poses extreme risk of mortality from acute damage to the hematopoietic compartment and gastrointestinal tract. While bone marrow transplantation can reestablish the hematopoietic compartment, a more imminent risk of death is posed by gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome (GI-ARS), for which there are no FDA-approved medical countermeasures. Although the mechanisms dictating the severity of GI-ARS remain incompletely understood, sialylation by ST6GAL1 has been shown to protect against radiation-induced apoptosis in vitro. Here, we used a C57BL/6 St6gal1-KO mouse model to investigate the contribution of ST6GAL1 to susceptibility to total body irradiation in vivo. Twelve gray total body ionizing γ-irradiation (TBI) followed by bone marrow transplant is not lethal to wild-type mice, but St6gal1-KO counterparts succumbed within 7 d. Both St6gal1-KO and wild-type animals exhibited damage to the GI epithelium, diarrhea and weight loss, but these symptoms became progressively more severe in the St6gal1-KO animals while wild-type counterparts showed signs of recovery by 120 h after TBI. Increased apoptosis in the GI tracts of St6gal1-KO mice and the absence of regenerative crypts were also observed. Together, these observations highlight an important role for ST6GAL1 in protection and recovery from GI-ARS in vivo.
Novel fisheries investigations by Harald Dannevig: some parallels with Johan Hjort on the other side of the world
Authors: Suthers Iain M , Reid Dennis D , Moksness Erlend , Schilling Hayden T 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Harald Dannevig was Australia’s first Director of fisheries research and Director of Australia’s first ocean-going research vessel. Dannevig’s initial contributions concerned hatchery technology, freshwater fisheries, and impacts of estuarine prawn trawling. Later, he revealed the growth and migration of sea mullet, the spawning of pelagic eggs in the coastal ocean, and he was the first to demonstrate the effect of onshore winds on recruitment to estuarine fisheries. Using plans of the first Norwegian research trawler Michael Sars, he advised on the construction and commissioning of Endeavour. He organized 99 research voyages over 6 years to determine suitable trawling grounds over ∼7000 km, discovering 263 new species, including 96 new fish species and ∼5000 catalogued specimens. Harald Dannevig’s significant achievements in Australia were soon forgotten after his death with the loss of Endeavour in the Southern Ocean at the beginning of World War I. Both Johan Hjort and Dannevig were numerate, loved natural history, and were keenly observant on the deck. As these two scientists did not correspond, their innovative and parallel thinking stems from the shared university environment with G.O. Sars, and the rapport between Sars and Harald’s father Gunder Dannevig, concerning the fish hatchery and stocking of larval cod.
Guidelines for Thrombolytic Therapy for Frostbite
Authors: Hickey Sean , Whitson Amy , Jones Larry , Wibbenmeyer Lucy , Ryan Colleen , Fey Ryan , Litt Jeffrey , Fabia Renata , Cancio Lee , Mohr William , Twomey John , Wagner Anne , Cochran Amalia , Bailey J Kevin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The data are insufficient to support standardized treatment of all patients with frostbite with thrombolytic therapy. The following guidelines, however, should be applied to all patients with cyanosis persisting proximal to the distal phalanx (Grade 3 or 4 frostbite injury) and demonstrated loss of perfusion at or proximal to the middle phalanx immediately after rewarming.
The renal replacement therapy landscape in 2030: reducing the global cardiovascular burden in dialysis patients
Authors: Canaud Bernard , Collins Allan , Maddux Frank 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDespite the significant progress made in understanding chronic kidney disease and uraemic pathophysiology, use of advanced technology and implementation of new strategies in renal replacement therapy, the clinical outcomes of chronic kidney disease 5 dialysis patients remain suboptimal. Considering residual suboptimal medical needs of short intermittent dialysis, it is our medical duty to revisit standards of dialysis practice and propose new therapeutic options for improving the overall effectiveness of dialysis sessions and reduce the burden of stress induced by the therapy. Several themes arise to address the modifiable components of the therapy that are aimed at mitigating some of the cardiovascular risks in patients with end-stage kidney disease. Among them, five are of utmost importance and include: (i) enhancement of treatment efficiency and continuous monitoring of dialysis performances; (ii) prevention of dialysis-induced stress; (iii) precise handling of sodium and fluid balance; (iv) moving towards heparin-free dialysis; and (v) customizing electrolyte prescriptions. In summary, haemodialysis treatment in 2030 will be substantially more personalized to the patient, with a clear focus on cardioprotection, volume management, arrhythmia surveillance, avoidance of anticoagulation and the development of more dynamic systems to align the fluid and electrolyte needs of the patient on the day of the treatment to their particular circumstances.