bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outflows, cores, and magnetic field orientations in W43-MM1 as seen by ALMA
Authors: Arce-Tord C. , Louvet F. , Cortes P. C. , Motte F. , Hull C. L. H. , Le Gouellec V. J. M. , Garay G. , Nony T. , Didelon P. , Bronfman L. 
Published: June 2020

Aims. It has been proposed that the magnetic field, which is pervasive in the interstellar medium, plays an important role in the process of massive star formation. To better understand the impact of the magnetic field at the pre- and protostellar stages, high-angular resolution observations of polarized dust emission toward a large sample of massive dense cores are needed. We aim to reveal any correlation between the magnetic field orientation and the orientation of the cores and outflows in a sample of protostellar dense cores in the W43-MM1 high-mass star-forming region.
Methods. We used the Atacama Large Millimeter Array in Band 6 (1.3 mm) in full polarization mode to map the polarized emission from dust grains at a physical scale of ~2700 au. We used these data to measure the orientation of the magnetic field at the core scale. Then, we examined the relative orientations of the core-scale magnetic field, of the protostellar outflows, and of the major axis of the dense cores determined from a 2D Gaussian fit in the continuum emission.
Results. We find that the orientation of the dense cores is not random with respect to the magnetic field. Instead, the dense cores are compatible with being oriented 20–50° with respect to the magnetic field. As for the outflows, they could be oriented 50–70° with respect to the magnetic field, or randomly oriented with respect to the magnetic field, which is similar to current results in low-mass star-forming regions.
Conclusions. The observed alignment of the position angle of the cores with respect to the magnetic field lines shows that the magnetic field is well coupled with the dense material; however, the 20–50° preferential orientation contradicts the predictions of the magnetically-controlled core-collapse models. The potential correlation of the outflow directions with respect to the magnetic field suggests that, in some cases, the magnetic field is strong enough to control the angular momentum distribution from the core scale down to the inner part of the circumstellar disks where outflows are triggered.
Ultra-long and quite thin coronal loop without significant expansion
Authors: Li Dong , Yuan Ding , Goossens Marcel , Van Doorsselaere Tom , Su Wei , Wang Ya , Su Yang , Ning Zongjun 
Published: June 2020

Context. Coronal loops are the basic building blocks of the solar corona. They are related to the mass supply and heating of solar plasmas in the corona. However, their fundamental magnetic structures are still not well understood. Most coronal loops do not expand significantly, but the diverging magnetic field would have an expansion factor of about 5−10 over one pressure scale height.
Aims. We investigate a unique coronal loop with a roughly constant cross section. The loop is ultra long and quite thin. A coronal loop model with magnetic helicity is presented to explain the small expansion of the loop width.
Methods. This coronal loop was predominantly detectable in the 171 Å channel of the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA). Then, the local magnetic field line was extrapolated within a model of the potential field source-surface. Finally, the differential emission measure analysis made from six AIA bandpasses was applied to obtain the thermal properties of this loop.
Results. This coronal loop has a projected length of roughly 130 Mm, a width of about 1.5 ± 0.5 Mm, and a lifetime of about 90 min. It follows an open magnetic field line. The cross section expanded very little (i.e., 1.5−2.0) along the loop length during its whole lifetime. This loop has a nearly constant temperature at about 0.7 ± 0.2 MK, but its density exhibits the typical structure of a stratified atmosphere.
Conclusions. We use the theory of a thin twisted flux tube to construct a model for this nonexpanding loop and find that with sufficient twist, a coronal loop can indeed attain equilibrium. However, we cannot rule out other possibilities such as footpoint heating by small-scale reconnection or an elevated scale height by a steady flow along the loop.
Die Bedeutung von motorischen Verhaltensänderungen durch Insuffizienzhinken für die Belastung und Beanspruchung von Gelenken
Authors: Hamacher Dennis , Hamacher Dieter 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungInsuffizienzhinken nach degenerativen Veränderungen oder Verletzung der großen Beingelenke ist eine typische Änderung des Bewegungsverhaltens. Es ist eine motorische Verhaltensänderung, die die Schonung des betroffenen Gelenks und der geschwächten Muskulatur zum Ziel hat. So werden beim Gehen Körperpositionen eingenommen, durch die betroffenen Gelenke geringer, jedoch andere stärker belastet werden. Eine reduzierte Belastung bedeutet jedoch nicht zwingend auch eine verminderte Beanspruchung der Gelenke! Während die Belastung, die beim Gehen im Sinne von kompressiven Kräften auf das Hüftgelenk wirkt, durch die Hinkmuster reduziert wird, kann die Beanspruchung der gelenkigen Strukturen sehr ungünstige Formen annehmen. Es wird im vorliegenden Artikel klargestellt, dass nicht die Belastung das Gewebe der Gelenke unmittelbar beeinflusst, denn es sind vielmehr die Verteilung des Drucks auf der Gelenkoberfläche und die mechanische Spannung im Knorpel sowie im unterliegenden Knochen. Deswegen ist in der Therapie eine zielgerichtete Interventionsstrategie zu wählen, bei der die aus der Belastung resultierende Beanspruchung berücksichtigt wird. Aus Sicht der Autoren müssen sich Patienten mit manifestierten Insuffizienzhinkmunstern im Rahmen der Sekundärprävention zuerst einer Bewegungsschulung unterziehen, sonst können sich Spätschäden einstellen und eine nachhaltige Bindung an einen „bewegten Alltag“ nachhaltig stören. Die Betreuung durch entsprechend geschulte Sport- und Bewegungstherapeuten eignet sich hierfür im hohen Maße.
Renal Insufficiency and Short-Term Outcomes of Acute Pulmonary Embolism: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wang Dingyi , Fan Guohui , Liu Xin , Wu Sinan , Zhai Zhenguo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background This article evaluates the association between renal insufficiency and short-term outcomes among patients with acute pulmonary embolism.
Methods The literature search was completed on December 31, 2019 and data were contracted from 13 cohort studies. Diagnosis of renal insufficiency was based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum creatinine level, or self-report. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality of 30 days or during hospitalization. The pooled risk ratios (RRs), pooled mortality rates, and between-study heterogeneity were estimated by random-effect models. All the statistical analyses were performed using STATA/SE software.
Results We included 13 studies (N = 35,662) in the meta-analysis, including two focused on acute kidney injury (AKI). Early all-cause mortality in patients with versus without renal insufficiency were 15% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9–22%) and 5% (95% CI 3–8%), respectively (RR 1.76, 95% CI 1.61–1.92). For patients with eGFR < 30 mL/min·1.73m−2, rates were 30% (95% CI 11–75%) versus 10% (95% CI 5–14%) (RR 3.32, 95% CI 1.53–6.70). For patients with AKI during hospitalization, rates were 32% (95% CI 11–75%) versus 13% (95% CI 4–29%) (RR 2.69, 95% CI 1.24–5.84). Pulmonary embolism (PE)-related death and fatal bleeding were significantly higher in patients with renal insufficiency.
Conclusion Renal insufficiency, especially AKI and severe renal insufficiency, was associated with early mortality in acute PE patients. Our results may escalate vigilance in risk stratification and management of PE patients with renal insufficiency in clinical practice.
Teens on Wheels and Consequences: A Six-Year Population-Based Study of Bicycle and Moped Injuries
Authors: Unkuri Jani , Salminen Päivi , Kallio Pentti , Kosola Silja 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Introduction Road traffic accidents are a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in the pediatric and adolescent population. Among adolescents, bicycles and light motorized two wheelers are popular means of transportation and increase adolescents' autonomy. Most previous studies on injury risk and incidence have pooled different vehicles and age groups together but more distinct data are required to guide policy.
Materials and Methods We gathered data on all 1,432 children and adolescents (age 7–15) who had been treated for injuries from bicycle(n = 841) or moped/motorized scooter (n = 591) accidents at our study centers during a 6-year period (2008–2013). In addition to clinical data, we reviewed Injury Severity Scores (ISS) and calculated incidence estimates for the population of 15-year-olds in the study area.
Results Most bicyclists were injured after a fall (72%), whereas most moped/scooter riders were injured in a collision (51%), most often with a heavier motorized vehicle. Internal injuries, multiple injuries, and severe injuries (ISS >15) were more common among moped/scooter riders than bicyclists (p < 0·001 for all). Moped/scooter riders were more often hospitalized and underwent more operations than bicyclists (p < 0·001 for both). The annual estimated incidence rates of injury were roughly eightfold for 15-year-old moped/scooter riders compared to bicyclists of the same age.
Conclusion Cycling is in general a safe mode of transportation and rider safety could be further increased with the proper use of helmets. Although no patient deaths occurred in this study population, mopeds and motorized scooters led to significant morbidity.
Spectrum of Neurologic Complications in COVID-19: An Evidence-Based Review
Authors: Sarkar Soumya , Khanna Puneet , Dube Surya K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe world is facing an unprecedented crisis due to the pandemic of current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Coronavirus (CoVs) infections not only are always involving the respiratory tract but also possess significant neuroinvasive potential. The literature regarding neuropathogenic potential of human CoVs is sparse. Thus, the number of COVID-19–related neurologic complications is likely to be underestimated. Awareness regarding the possible spectrum of neurologic complications is essential for therapeutic decision-making and individualized treatment and thereby limiting the COVID-19–related morbidity and mortality. The aim of this review is to address the neurologic manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).
Current Trends of Dermatophytosis in Eastern Odisha
Authors: Jain Swati , Kabi Sunita , Swain Bichitrananda 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground Dermatophytes are fungi parasitizing structures rich in keratin such as skin, hair, and nail, which leads to a dermal inflammatory response with intense itching and cosmetic disfigurement. The climatic condition of eastern India is predominantly hot and humid with severe rainfalls promoting fungal infection. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of dermatophytosis and to isolate and identify the dermatophyte from clinically suspected cases attending tertiary care center.Methodology This study was conducted from April 2018 to March 2019 and a total of 1,200 samples were included. Skin scrapings were collected and examined microscopically using 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount. Culture was performed using Sabouraud dextrose agar and dermatophyte test medium. Speciation was done based on macroscopic and microscopic findings using lactophenol cotton blue staining and some special tests like urease test and slide culture.Results Of 1,200 cases, tinea corporis was the most common clinical presentation. Direct KOH positivity was 89.4% and culture positivity was 61.75%. Trichophyton mentagrophyte (77.5%) was the most common dermatophyte isolated followed by Trichophyton rubrum (13.3%).Conclusion Dermatophytic infections are not serious but their propensity to persist leading to chronicity and disfigurement may have personal and social implications.
The effects of task repetition across modalities and proficiency levels
Authors: Sánchez Alberto J. , Manchón Rosa M. , Gilabert Roger 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Research on task repetition (TR) has consistently showed beneficial effects for L2 oral production
in terms of CAF measures (complexity, accuracy, and fluency). However, open questions exist regarding the
modality-dependency and proficiency-dependency of TR learning affordances. To advance research in these two areas, the
study reported in this chapter investigated TR across modalities and L2 proficiency levels. The participants were 29
(16 high-school and 13 university) Spanish EFL learners who completed a decision-making task twice, either orally or
in writing. Their task performance was assessed in terms of CAF measures using a wide range of indices. Results
confirm some of the previous predictions regarding the modality-dependency of TR effects, and additional
modality-related effects were also found. These findings shed light on the greater language learning affordances of
writing as compared to those created by speaking tasks.
Interpreting is interpreting
Authors: Downie Jonathan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article argues that the use of interpreting settings as theoretical categories is no longer empirically sound. Instead, research should focus on the commonalities of all interpreting practice. This move is viewed as an enabling shift for the creation of Comparative Interpreting Studies, a strand dedicated to considering interpreting as a global practice. After discussing the rationale for the current use of interpreting settings as analytical categories, evidence from a variety of existing settings is used to illustrate the commonalities between all instances of interpreting and the fuzziness of the boundaries between these settings. It is argued that using interpreting settings leads to silo thinking, where researchers focus on research in the setting in which they are working, even when findings from other settings can be applied. The article ends with a discussion of the theoretical and practical potential of this move including the power of a comparative approach.
The inverse problem of reconstructing reaction–diffusion systems
Authors: Kaltenbacher Barbara , Rundell William 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper considers the inverse problem of recovering state-dependent source terms in a reaction–diffusion system from overposed data consisting of the values of the state variables either at a fixed finite time (census-type data) or a time trace of their values at a fixed point on the boundary of the spatial domain. We show both uniqueness results and the convergence of an iteration scheme designed to recover these sources. This leads to a reconstructive method and we shall demonstrate its effectiveness by several illustrative examples.
Ion acoustic solitary and shock waves in strongly coupled degenerate plasma with relativistic effects
Authors: Patidar Archana , Sharma Prerana 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The ion acoustic solitary and shock waves are studied in strongly coupled nonrelativistic and relativistic plasma. The wave profile has been discussed for the kinetic and hydrodynamic regimes. The ions are considered to be strongly coupled, and electrons as degenerated and relativistic to deal with nonlinear waves using continuity and Poisson’s equations together with generalized hydrodynamical (GH) and quantum hydrodynamical (QH) models. The reductive perturbation method is used to formulate Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) and Korteweg–de Vries Burgers (KdVB) equations in both nondegenerate and degenerated cases. The effects of relativistic, degeneracy parameter and longitudinal viscosity coefficient on the profile of nonlinear waves are discussed. The amplitude and width of a shock in both nonrelativistic and ultrarelativistic cases increase with an increase in the viscosity coefficient, while with an increase in the electron diffraction parameter, the amplitude and width of the shock wave increase, and for a solitary wave decreases in both the nonrelativistic and ultra-relativistic cases. It is also shown that solitary ion acoustic wave propagates with more energy in nonrelativistic plasma than ultrarelativistic. The results of the work will be useful, for example, for astrophysics to understand the process of wave propagation in dense astrophysical bodies.
Energy transfers in magnetohydrodynamic shear turbulence
Authors: Nauman Farrukh , Guseva Anna 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Astrophysical flows span a broad range of scales and thus require sub-grid modeling. We compute the energy fluxes in the Fourier and physical space for the turbulent magnetized shearing box simulations with a weak net vertical magnetic flux. The energy fluxes are dominated by the injection term from the mid-to-large scale range due to the Reynolds and Maxwell stresses in both cases while the small scales are dominated by dissipation. Since the nature of turbulent cascades requires a clear separation of scales, our work is unable to address these questions conclusively. But because our work is the first of its nature in trying to connect the Fourier and physical space energy flux behavior, we are able to make connections between the two profiles.
On the Lyapunov spectrum of an ensemble of vortices
Authors: van Veen L , Vela Martín A , Kawahara G 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In space- and time-dependent dynamical systems, Lyapunov vectors correspond to spatio-temporal patterns of instability. These patterns can be used to parse and predict the interaction and break-down of coherent structures. The computation of Lyapunov vectors, however, is computationally demanding and has hitherto been restricted to systems with a comparatively low attractor dimension. We aim to study the dynamics of vortices in developed turbulence with an attractor dimension of order O(100). To this end, we compute the linear stability spectrum of an unstable periodic orbit embedded in the turbulent attractor and consider it a proxy for the Lyapunov spectrum. Along the periodic orbit at least 25 Lyapunov vectors can give the largest growth rate locally in time and space. We highlight one instance of a mutually induced instability of a vortex pair localized in the high-strain interstitial region.
On the structure of streamwise wall-shear stress fluctuations in turbulent channel flows
Authors: Cheng Cheng , Li Weipeng , Lozano-Durán Adrián , Fan Yitong , Liu Hong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this study, we use a two-dimensional clustering methodology to identify the high-and low-speed structures of the streamwise wall-shear fluctuations in turbulent channel flows at different Reynolds numbers. The statistical properties of the high- and low-speed structures, such as geometrical characteristics, fluctuating intensities and conditional velocity fluctuations, are shown to be remarkably asymmetrical. The low-speed structures are closely related with the celebrated attached eddies. Our work may aid to the future development of the attached-eddy model.
Sub-Grid modelling based on vorticity-stretching
Authors: Bing Deng Xiao , Dong Siwei 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A non-isotropic vorticity dyadic tensor (VDT) sub-grid scale model is developed. Based on the direct numerical simulation database of channel turbulence, the sub-grid scale energy dissipation of the model in wall-bounded turbulence is studied, and a wall damping function for VDT model is developed. The sub-grid scale energy dissipation produced by the wall-corrected VDT model is more accurate than that of the Smagorinsky model with Van Driest damping and the dynamic Smagorinsky model.
Dependence of tropical cyclone damage on maximum wind speed and socioeconomic factors
Authors: Ye Mengqi , Wu Jidong , Liu Wenhui , He Xin , Wang Cailin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Tropical cyclones (TCs) have devastating impacts and are responsible for significant damage. Consequently, for TC-induced direct economic loss (DEL) attribution all factors associated with risk (i.e. hazard, exposure and vulnerability) must be examined. This research quantifies the relationship between TC-induced DELs and maximum wind speed, asset value and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita using a regression model with TC records from 2000 to 2015 for China’s mainland area. The coefficient of the maximum wind speed term indicates that a doubling of the maximum wind speed increases DELs by 225% [97%, 435%] when the other two variables are held constant. The coefficient of the asset value term indicates that a doubling of asset value exposed to TCs increases DELs by 79% [58%, 103%]; thus, if hazard and vulnerability are assumed to be constant in the future, then a dramatic escalation in TC-induced DELs will occur given the increase in asset value, suggesting that TC-prone areas with rapid urbanization and wealth accumulation will inevitably be subject to higher risk. Reducing the asset value exposure via land-use planning, for example, is important for decreasing TC risk. The coefficient of GDP per capita term indicates that a doubling in GDP per capita could decrease DELs by 54% [39%, 66%]. Because accumulated assets constantly increase people’s demand for improved security, stakeholders must invest in risk identification, early warning systems, emergency management and other effective prevention measures with increasing income to reduce vulnerability. This research aims to quantitatively connect TC risk (expected DELs, specifically) to physical and socioeconomic drivers and emphasizes how human dimensions could contribute to TC risk. Moreover, the model can be used to estimate TC risk under climate change and future socioeconomic development in the context of China.
Evidence-based mapping of the wildland-urban interface to better identify human communities threatened by wildfires
Authors: Miranda Alejandro , Carrasco Jaime , González Mauro , Pais Cristobal , Lara Antonio , Altamirano Adison , Weintraub Andrés , Syphard Alexandra D 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The wildland-urban interface (WUI) is the spatial manifestation of human communities coupled with vegetated ecosystems. Spatial delineation of the WUI is important for wildfire policy and management, but is typically defined according to spatial relationships between housing development and wildland vegetation without explicit consideration of fire risk. A fire risk-based definition of WUI can enable a better distribution of management investment so as to maximize social return. We present a novel methodological approach to delineate the WUI based on a fire risk assessment. The approach establishes a geographical framework to model fire risk via machine learning and generate multi-scale, variable-specific spatial thresholds for translating fire probabilities into mapped output. To determine whether fire-based WUI mapping better captures the spatial congruence of houses and wildfires than conventional methods, we compared national and subnational fire-based WUI maps for Chile to WUI maps generated only with housing and vegetation thresholds. The two mapping approaches exhibited broadly similar spatial patterns, the WUI definitions covering almost the same area and containing similar proportions of the housing units in the area under study (17.1% vs. 17.9%), but the fire-based WUI accounted for 13.8% more spatial congruence of fires and people (47.1% vs. 33.2% of ignitions). Substantial regional variability was found in fire risk drivers and the corresponding spatial mapping thresholds, suggesting there are benefits to developing different WUI maps for different scales of application. We conclude that a dynamic, multi-scale, fire-based WUI mapping approach should provide more targeted and effective support for decision making than conventional approaches.