bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral ischemia detection using artificial intelligence (CIDAI)—A study protocol
Authors: Block Linda , El‐Merhi Ali , Liljencrantz Jaquette , Naredi Silvana , Staron Miroslaw , Odenstedt Hergès Helena 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundThe onset of cerebral ischemia is difficult to predict in patients with altered consciousness using the methods available. We hypothesize that changes in Heart Rate Variability (HRV), Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), and Electroencephalography (EEG) correlated with clinical data and processed by artificial intelligence (AI) can indicate the development of imminent cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, respectively. This study aimed to develop a method that enables detection of imminent cerebral ischemia in unconscious patients, noninvasively and with the support of AI.MethodsThis prospective observational study will include patients undergoing elective surgery for carotid endarterectomy and patients undergoing acute endovascular embolectomy for cerebral arterial embolism. HRV, NIRS, and EEG measurements and clinical information on patient status will be collected and processed using machine learning. The study will take place at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. Inclusion will start in September 2020, and patients will be included until a robust model can be constructed. By analyzing changes in HRV, EEG, and NIRS measurements in conjunction with cerebral ischemia or cerebral reperfusion, it should be possible to train artificial neural networks to detect patterns of impending cerebral ischemia. The analysis will be performed using machine learning with long short‐term memory artificial neural networks combined with convolutional layers to identify patterns consistent with cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.DiscussionEarly signs of cerebral ischemia could be detected more rapidly by identifying patterns in integrated, continuously collected physiological data processed by AI. Clinicians could then be alerted, and appropriate actions could be taken to improve patient outcomes.
Prevalence and correlates of receptive syringe‐sharing among people who inject drugs in rural Appalachia
Authors: White Rebecca Hamilton , O'Rourke Allison , Kilkenny Michael E. , Schneider Kristin E. , Weir Brian W. , Grieb Suzanne M. , Sherman Susan G. , Allen Sean T. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsSyringe‐sharing significantly increases the risk of HIV and viral hepatitis acquisition among people who inject drugs (PWID). Clearer understanding of the correlates of receptive syringe‐sharing (RSS) is a critical step in preventing bloodborne infectious disease transmission among PWID in rural communities throughout the United States. This study aimed to measure the prevalence and correlates of RSS among PWID in a rural county in Appalachia.DesignObservational, cross‐sectional sample from a capture–recapture parent study.SettingCabell County, West Virginia (WV), USA, June–July 2018.ParticipantsThe sample was restricted to people who reported injecting drugs in the past 6 months (n = 420). A total of 180 participants (43%) reported recent (past 6 months) RSS. Participants reported high levels of homelessness (56.0%), food insecurity (64.8%) and unemployment (66.0%).MeasurementsThe main outcome was recent re‐use of syringes that participants knew someone else had used before them. Key explanatory variables of interest, selected from the risk environment framework, included: unemployment, arrest and receipt of sterile syringes from a syringe services program (SSP). Logistic regression was used to determine correlates of recent RSS.FindingsPWID reporting recent RSS also reported higher prevalence of homelessness, food insecurity and unemployment than their non‐RSS‐engaging counterparts. In adjusted analyses, correlates of RSS included: engagement in transactional sex work [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.26–4.09], unemployment (aOR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.03–1.72), number of drug types injected (aOR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.15–1.53) and injection in a public location (aOR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.64–4.08). Having accessed sterile syringes at an SSP was protective against RSS (aOR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.35–0.92).ConclusionThe prevalence of receptive syringe‐sharing among people who inject drugs in a rural US county appears to be high and comparable to urban‐based populations. Receptive syringe‐sharing among people who inject drugs in a rural setting appears to be associated with several structural and substance use factors, including unemployment and engaging in public injection drug use. Having recently acquired sterile syringes at a syringe services program appears to be protective against receptive syringe sharing.
Characteristics and circumstances of death related to the self‐administration of ketamine
Authors: Darke Shane , Duflou Johan , Farrell Michael , Peacock Amy , Lappin Julia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground and aimsKetamine is used for anaesthesia, sedation and the treatment of mood disorders, but is also widely used for non‐medical purposes. This study aimed to: (1) determine the characteristics and circumstances of all recorded cases of self‐administered ketamine‐related death in Australia, 2000–19 and (2) determine the toxicology and major organ pathology of cases.DesignRetrospective study of all Australian cases in which self‐administered ketamine was a mechanism contributory to death, retrieved from the National Coronial Information System.SettingAustralia‐wide.CasesSixty‐eight cases, with a mean age of 35.2 years (standard deviation = 11.5, range = 16–63), 76.5% male.MeasurementsInformation was collected on cause of death, demographics, circumstances of death, toxicology and major organ pathology.FindingsDeath was attributed to toxicity in 82.3% of cases (accidental, 58.8%; deliberate, 23.5%), suicide by violent means (8.8%) and traumatic accident (8.8%). In six cases the decedent had been prescribed ketamine. In 32.4% the final route of ketamine administration was by injection. The fatal incident predominantly occurred in a private environment (72.1%). Ketamine was present in the blood of 90.1% and other biomarkers in the remainder. The median blood ketamine concentration was 0.2 mg/l (0.02–6.9 mg/l). Other drugs were detected in 95.5% of cases: opioids (59.1%), hypnosedatives (57.6%), psychostimulants (50.0%), alcohol (27.3%), Δ‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (18.2%), antidepressants (28.8%) and antipsychotics (9.1%). Pulmonary oedema was present in 82.2% of cases that underwent autopsy and pneumonia in 26.7%.ConclusionsThe typical case of self‐administered ketamine‐related death in Australia, 2000–19, was a male in his mid‐30s who had used multiple drugs, with the fatal incident most commonly occurring in a private setting. Death due to accidental drug toxicity was the most common manner of death, but suicide was highly prevalent.
Prevalence of alcohol use disorder among individuals who binge eat: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Bogusz Krzysztof , Kopera Maciej , Jakubczyk Andrzej , Trucco Elisa M. , Kucharska Katarzyna , Walenda Anna , Wojnar Marcin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsBinge eating disorder (BED) is correlated with substance use. This study aimed to estimate the life‐time prevalence of alcohol use disorder (AUD) among individuals with non‐compensatory binge eating and determine whether their life‐time prevalence of AUD is higher than in non‐bingeing controls.DesignA systematic search of databases (PubMed, Embase and Web of Science) for studies of adults diagnosed with BED or a related behavior that also reported the life‐time prevalence of AUD was conducted. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) protocol was followed. The protocol was registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO).SettingStudies originating in Canada, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.ParticipantsEighteen studies meeting the inclusion criteria were found, representing 69 233 individuals.MeasurementsLife‐time prevalence of AUD among individuals with binge eating disorder and their life‐time relative risk of AUD compared with individuals without this disorder.ResultsThe pooled life‐time prevalence of AUD in individuals with binge eating disorder was 19.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 13.7–27.9]. The risk of life‐time AUD incidence among individuals with binge eating disorder was more than 1.5 times higher than controls (relative risk = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.41–1.79). Life‐time AUD prevalence was higher in community samples than in clinical samples (27.45 versus 14.45%, P = 0.041) and in studies with a lower proportion of women (β = −2.2773, P = 0.044).ConclusionsLife‐time alcohol use disorder appears to be more prevalent with binge eating disorder than among those without.
Aberrations in peripheral inflammatory cytokine levels in substance use disorders: a meta‐analysis of 74 studies
Authors: Wei Ze‐Xu , Chen Lei , Zhang Jian‐Jun , Cheng Yong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimsTo characterize the peripheral inflammatory cytokine profile in people with substance use disorders (SUDs).DesignSystematic review and meta‐analysis.SettingClinical studies that evaluated peripheral blood inflammatory cytokine levels in patients with SUDs and healthy controlsParticipantsSUD patients and healthy controls.MeasurementsPubMed and Web of Science were systematically searched for relevant studies. Two investigators independently selected studies and extracted data. A total of 77 articles were included in the meta‐analysis, containing 5649 patients with SUDs and 4643 healthy controls. Data were pooled using a random‐effects model by the Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis version 2 software.FindingsConcentrations of interleukin (IL)‐6) in 32 studies, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α in 28 studies, IL‐10 in 20 studies, IL‐8 in 17 studies, C‐reactive protein in 14 studies, IL‐4 in 10 studies, IL‐12 in seven studies, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 in 6 studies, TNF‐receptor 2 (TNF‐R2) in four studies and granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) in three studies were significantly higher in patients with SUDs compared with healthy controls, while concentrations of leptin in 14 studies were significantly lower in patients with SUDs compared with healthy controls. The findings were inconclusive for the associations between interferon‐γ, IL‐1β, IL‐2, IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1RA), transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, G‐CSF, C‐C motif chemokine 11, TGF‐α and SUDs.ConclusionsPeople with substance use disorders (SUDs) appear to have higher peripheral concentrations of IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐12, TNF‐α, C‐reactive protein, MCP‐1, TNF‐R2 and GM‐CSF and lower peripheral concentrations of leptin than people without SUDs. This strengthens the view that SUD is accompanied by an inflammatory response.
Seed abundance affects seed removal of an alien and a native tree in the Brazilian savanna: Implications for biotic resistance
Authors: Batisteli Augusto Florisvaldo , Costa Rosane Oliveira , Christianini Alexander Vicente 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInvasive species are among the major threats to global biodiversity. Plant invasions are often driven by great propagule pressure that overcomes barriers to early colonisation and establishment, such as the biotic resistance from pathogens and seed predators. However, the way in which biotic resistance interacts with propagule pressure and affects seed survival remains poorly understood. Here, we experimentally assessed the effect of seed abundance on seed removal in the Brazilian Cerrado (savanna). We tested whether the invasive Leucaena leucocephala and the native Anadenanthera macrocarpa (both Fabaceae) differ in post‐dispersal seed removal – an indicator of granivore pressure – by different guilds of seed predators, varying seed abundance (2, 5 or 10 seeds of each species per treatment) and distance from a disturbance (5, 20 and 50 m from a firebreak) in two fragments of Cerrado. Treatment encounter, that is the chance of at least one seed being removed, increased 72% from 2 to 10 seeds per treatment, but seed removal increased only by 32%, suggesting a threshold in granivore response to seed availability. Native seeds suffered higher removal than exotic seeds, but removal rates did not vary with distance to disturbance or interact with vertebrate and invertebrate exclusions. Our results suggest a patchy pattern of seed predation influenced by resource abundance and emphasise the efficiency of high propagule pressure in overcoming the density‐dependent biotic resistance during early stages of exotic plant invasions in Cerrado. Seeds of fast‐germinating species, such as L. leucocephala, that reach appropriate spots for regeneration may still overcome the biotic resistance due to the patchy nature of seed predation.Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
Testicular inflammation and infertility: Could chlamydial infections be contributing?
Authors: Bryan Emily R. , Kim Jay , Beagley Kenneth W. , Carey Alison J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDespite the global incidence of both male infertility and sexually transmitted infections rising each year, the relationship between the two is relatively unstudied. Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted pathogen; however, the majority of research remains focussed on women, while the role of infection and resulting immunopathology in male factor infertility is largely unknown. Chlamydia was found in testicular biopsies from asymptomatic men with idiopathic infertility, which highlights this potential role. In animal models, testicular Chlamydia, and potentially other bacterial and viral infections, cause histopathology that is likely to adversely affect spermatogenesis and fertility. This likely occurs through infiltration of inflammatory cells, functional dysregulation of immunosuppressive testicular macrophages and Sertoli cells and destruction of key testicular cell types including sperm progenitors. Here, testicular damage due to infection and/or inflammation is reviewed, as it represents a probable underestimated and unrecognized factor leading to male infertility.
Zim CHIC: A cohort study of immune changes in the female genital tract associated with initiation and use of contraceptives
Authors: Achilles Sharon L. , Meyn Leslie A. , Mhlanga Felix G. , Matubu Allen T. , Stoner Kevin A. , Beamer May A. , Chirenje Zvavahera M. , Hillier Sharon L. 
Published: June 2020

ProblemContraceptive hormones are systemically active, potent, and likely to invoke biological responses other than known fertility regulation impacts. We hypothesized that initiation of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) would increase genital HIV‐target‐cells and soluble immune mediators compared with baseline and initiation of other contraceptive methods.Method of StudyWe collected cervical cytobrushes and cervicovaginal fluid from healthy Zimbabwean women aged 18‐34 to assess immune cell populations, cytokines, and innate anti‐HIV activity at baseline and after 30, 90, and 180 days use of DMPA (n = 38), norethisterone enanthate (n = 41), medroxyprogesterone acetate/estradiol cypionate (n = 36), levonorgestrel implant (n = 43), etonogestrel implant (n = 47), or copper intrauterine device (Cu‐IUD) (n = 45). Cells were quantified by flow cytometry, cytokines were detected by multiplex assays, and innate anti‐HIV activity was assessed by in vitro HIV challenge.ResultsCompared to baseline, the number of cervical HIV target cells (#CD4 cells P < .04 and #CD11c cells P < .04), the concentration of the inflammatory cytokine IL‐1β (P < .01), and the innate in vitro anti‐HIV activity (P < .001) significantly decreased following DMPA initiation. In Cu‐IUD users, genital HIV target cells increased (#CD4 cells P < .001, #CD4CCR5 cells P = .02, #CD4CD69 cells P < .001, #CD8CD69 P = .01, and #CD11c cells P = .003) at day 30 and resolved by day 180. IFN‐γ (P < .001), IL‐1β (P < .001), IL‐6 (P < .001), IL‐8 (P < .001), IL‐10 (P < .01), and RANTES (P < .001) were also significantly increased at day 30. Minimal alterations were observed following initiation of subdermal implantable contraceptives.ConclusionsThis head‐to‐head study compared six contraceptives and found increased HIV target cells and cervical inflammation temporally associated with Cu‐IUD initiation. Use of hormonal contraception, including DMPA, did not increase cervical HIV target cells or inflammation.Clinical Trial Number: NCT02038335
Increased antiviral response in circulating lymphocytes from hypogammaglobulinemia patients
Authors: Wirz Oliver F. , Üzülmez Öykü , Jansen Kirstin , van de Veen Willem , Lammela Auli , Kainulainen Leena , Vuorinen Tytti , Breiteneder Heimo , Akdis Cezmi A. , Jartti Tuomas , Akdis Mübeccel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundB cells play a crucial role during rhinovirus (RV) infections by production of virus‐neutralizing antibodies. A main feature of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is hypogammaglobulinemia (HG). HG patients have severely reduced levels of antibody‐producing B cells and suffer from prolonged virus infections. Here, we addressed whether antiviral response of peripheral blood lymphocytes differs between HG patients and healthy individuals during natural RV infection.MethodsUsing fluorescence‐activated cell sorting, B‐cell subsets were analyzed. Simultaneously, CD19 + B cells, CD14 + monocytes, and CD3 + T cells were sorted from frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 RV‐infected hypogammaglobulinemia patients, 7 RV‐infected control subjects, and 14 noninfected control subjects. Real‐time PCR was used to study expression of antiviral genes. A pan‐RV PCR was used to detect RV genome in all samples.ResultsIn HG patients, total B‐cell numbers, as well as IgA + and IgG + switched memory B cells, were reduced while naïve B cells and T cells were increased. STAT1 expression was increased in HG patients compared to controls in all lymphocyte subsets analyzed. The expression of antiviral genes IFITM1 and MX1 correlated with STAT1 expression in B cells and monocytes. RV RNA was found in 88.9% of monocytes from infected HG patients, 85.7% of monocytes from infected controls, and 7.1% of monocytes from uninfected controls.ConclusionsWe demonstrate an increased antiviral response in B cells and monocytes in HG patients and their correlation with STAT1 expression. Monocytes of infected HG patients and infected non‐HG controls carry RV RNA.
Human Energy Expenditure in Anthropology and Beyond
Authors: Ocobock Cara 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTHumans have successfully inhabited every continent on this planet. Our ability to survive and thrive in such a wide range of environments is fascinating, particularly from an energetic perspective. As knowledge of human total energy expenditure (TEE, kcal day−1) has deepened, so too has the ability to interpret observable patterns in human metabolic physiology and apply these interpretations to our evolutionary history. This review examines the basic components of human TEE as well as the interactions among these components. This is followed by a discussion of two recent theories regarding limits on the amount of calories used and how those limits may mediate life‐history variables. Finally, this review provides a look ahead into the lesser explored areas of human TEE, suggesting future areas of research. The ability to measure how much energy humans expend and how they allocate that energy is a powerful tool that enables anthropologists to understand not only our past but also our present. [energy expenditure, thermoregulation, life history]
Advances in agricultural cooperative research since 2007: A review of Chinese Agricultural Economics literature
Authors: Su Ye , Cook Michael L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFollowing implementation of the Agricultural Cooperative Law in July 2007, the number of cooperatives increased dramatically, as did the related research in China. The objective of this paper is to describe articles written in Chinese and published in the top six Chinese Agricultural Economics journals between 2007 and 2017, identify research trends and issues, generate observations, and provide insights for future research. A secondary objective is to introduce to the non‐Chinese speaking world a literature written by Chinese scholars as they view the emergence of this new organizational form in the agricultural sector. Our interest is to illustrate Chinese cooperative literature within two general approaches: articles which address agricultural cooperatives’ inter‐firm coordination issues and articles which study the mechanism design which we call intra‐firm coordination. A total of 443 articles were reviewed, 163 dealing with inter‐firm coordination and 280 with intra‐firm coordination. The inter‐firm coordination articles focused on firm coordination mechanisms and formal institutions such as cooperative law, accounting rules, financial markets, and government support. Intra‐firm coordination articles focused on organization design, cooperative governance, relationships between members and cooperative, property rights, and hierarchical structures with embedded principal–agent issues. We conclude with observations about trends, quality, and the cooperative future and also propose useful research fields for Chinese scholars.
Exploring the relationship between employees’ CSR perceptions and intention to emigrate: Evidence from a developing country
Authors: Grabner‐Kräuter Sonja , Breitenecker Robert J. , Tafolli Festim 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study contributes to the burgeoning research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) at the individual level of analysis, in a hitherto largely neglected developing country context. Using survey information collected from 297 employees in public and private enterprises in Kosovo, this study examines how and to what extent employees’ perceptions of their employer's CSR activities are associated with their intention to emigrate. Applying a needs‐based framework, this research provides evidence that employees’ perceptions of CSR are positively related to the meaningfulness of their work and job satisfaction and negatively related to intention to emigrate. Additionally, results confirm that the association between CSR perceptions and emigration intention is mediated by the meaningfulness of work and job satisfaction. From a practical point of view, this research should encourage private and public enterprises in developing countries to enhance and extend their CSR engagement.
Cooperative managerial delegation revisited: Including the firm's cost as a managerial objective
Authors: Hamada Kojun 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTIn this study, we revisit cooperative managerial delegation when firms choose both the level of output and R&D investment in an oligopolistic competition. A previous study concludes that if managers choose the output and R&D levels, the fully collusive outcome cannot be achieved through cooperative managerial delegation. By contrast, we show that when owners cooperatively offer managers an incentive scheme consisting of a linear combination of profit, revenue, and cost, they can achieve the fully collusive outcome. The result suggests that firms require a more elaborate incentive scheme to achieve the collusion outcome by controlling both strategic variables.