bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herbivore-mediated negative frequency-dependent selection underlies a trichome dimorphism in nature
Authors: Goldberg Jay K. , Lively Curtis M. , Sternlieb Sonya R. , Pintel Genevieve , Hare J. Daniel , Morrissey Michael B. , Delph Lynda F. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNegative frequency-dependent selection (NFDS) has been shown to maintain polymorphism in a diverse array of traits. The action of NFDS has been confirmed through modeling, experimental approaches, and genetic analyses. In this study, we investigated NFDS in the wild using morph-frequency changes spanning a 20-year period from over 30 dimorphic populations of Datura wrightii. In these populations, plants either possess glandular (sticky) or non-glandular (velvety) trichomes, and the ratio of these morphs varies substantially among populations. Our method provided evidence that NFDS, rather than drift or migration, is the primary force maintaining this dimorphism. Most populations that were initially dimorphic remained dimorphic, and the overall mean and variance in morph frequency did not change over time. Furthermore, morph-frequency differences were not related to geographic distances. Together, these results indicate that neither directional selection, drift, or migration played a substantial role in determining morph frequencies. However, as predicted by negative frequency-dependent selection, we found that the rare morph tended to increase in frequency, leading to a negative relationship between the change in the frequency of the sticky morph and its initial frequency. In addition, we found that morph-frequency change over time was significantly correlated with the damage inflicted by two herbivores: Lema daturaphila and Tupiochoris notatus. The latter is a specialist on the sticky morph and damage by this herbivore was greatest when the sticky morph was common. The reverse was true for L. daturaphila, such that damage increased with the frequency of the velvety morph. These findings suggest that these herbivores contribute to balancing selection on the observed trichome dimorphism.
Rectification of “restrained vs unrestrained”
Authors: LaMalva Kevin , Bisby Luke , Gales John , Gernay Thomas , Hantouche Elie , Jones Cliff , Morovat Ali , Solomon Robert , Torero Jose 
Published: January 2020

SummaryFor furnace testing of fire‐resistant floor and roof assemblies in the United States, the ASTM E 119 standard (and similarly the UL 263 standard) permits two classifications for boundary conditions: “restrained” and “unrestrained.” When incorporating tested assemblies into an actual structural system, the designer, oftentimes a fire protection or structural engineer, must judge whether a “restrained” or “unrestrained” classification is appropriate for the application. It is critical that this assumption be carefully considered and understood, as many qualified listings permit a lesser thickness of applied fire protection for steel structures (or less concrete cover for concrete structures) to achieve a certain fire resistance rating if a “restrained” classification is confirmed, as compared with an “unrestrained” classification. The emerging standardization of structural fire engineering practice in the United States will disrupt century‐long norms in the manner to which structural behavior in fire is addressed. For instance, the current edition of the ASCE/SEI 7 standard will greatly impact how designers consider restraint. Accordingly, this paper serves as an exposé of the “restrained vs unrestrained” paradigm in terms of its paradoxical nature and its controversial impact on the industry. More importantly, potential solutions toward industry rectification are provided for the first time in a contemporary study of this paradigm.
Electrochemical immunosensor based on carboxylated single‐walled carbon nanotube‐chitosan functional layer for the detection of cephalexin
Authors: Yu Wenlong , Sang Yaxin , Wang Tianying , Liu Weihua , Wang Xianghong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this study, a sensitive and selective electrochemical immunosensor for cephalexin (CEX) determination on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface was modified by a carboxylated single‐walled carbon nanotubes/chitosan (SWNTs‐COOH/CS) composite. The SWNTs‐COOH/CS composite was used to enhance sensor performance and to enlarge the electrochemical response of CEX. The cephalosporin‐ovalbumin coupling (CEX‐OVA) was synthesized using the reactive ester method. The free CEX in solution could be effectively measured based on the competitive immunoreaction between CEX‐antibody and CEX. Under optimal conditions, the electrochemical immunosensor offered an excellent response for CEX. The linear range was 1–800 ng/ml, with a detection limit of 45.7 ng/ml (S/N = 3). This method was applied to determine CEX in six different samples and obtained the recovery range from 80.15% to 94.04%. These results indicated that the fabricated electrochemical immunosensor and sensing method are suitable for quantification of CEX in real samples. These have great potential for wider applications in environmental and agri‐food products industries.
A systematic review of the effects of psychosocial interventions on social functioning for middle‐aged and older‐aged adults with severe mental illness
Authors: Smart Emily L. , Brown Laura , Palmier‐Claus Jasper , Raphael Jessica , Berry Katherine 
Published: January 2020

ObjectivesThe number of older adults with severe mental health problems such as schizophrenia is likely to double in the next 20 years. The needs of this patient group change across the life course, but difficulties with social functioning persist into older age. Poorer social functioning is associated with poorer outcomes and has been identified as a priority for intervention by patients themselves. This paper systematically reviews studies examining the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions on social functioning for people with severe mental health problems in later life.MethodsA systematic review of peer‐reviewed journal articles was conducted and databases were searched from inception to December 2017. The review was limited to psychosocial interventions, for mid to older aged adults (≥40 years of age) with severe mental illness that included a validated measure of social functioning.ResultsFifteen studies (17 papers) met inclusion criteria. There was evidence to support skills training interventions that primarily focused on social skills training or integrated mental and physical health interventions. There was not sufficient evidence to recommend any other interventions.ConclusionsThe results highlight the limited nature of interventions designed specifically for older people with severe mental health problems that target social functioning and the need for more robust, large‐scale studies in the area. Current evidence suggests that cognitive behaviour therapy can be effective in targeting social functioning in younger age groups, but, as yet, there is insufficient evidence to recommend this intervention for an older population.
Magnetohydrodynamics convection in nanofluids‐filled cavities: A review
Authors: Molana Maysam , Zarrinderafsh Vahid , Chamkha Ali J. , Izadi Sina , Rafizadeh Siamak 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis manuscript reviews most of the available papers on the nanofluids convection in different shapes of cavities and enclosures, applying a magnetic field. The papers have been categorized into two major classes: natural convection and mixed convection. Important research have been described more and then two tables demonstrate a summary of the papers. Statistical considerations are mentioned to realize some helpful information on the scope. Most of the results demonstrated that the heat transfer usually enhances with an increase in nanoparticles volume concentration and Rayleigh number and shows inverse behavior with growth in the Hartmann number. The average Nusselt number will decrease with any increase in the Richardson number. Moreover, magnetohydrodynamic constraints the heat transfer and therefore, can play as an applicable controller of heat transfer applications.
Waist‐to‐Hip Ratio Sensitivity in Early Infancy
Authors: White Hannah , Chroust Alyson , Jubran Rachel , Heck Alison , Bhatt Ramesh S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) is correlated with health and associated with sex, attractiveness, and age judgments by adults. We examined the development of sensitivity to the WHR by testing 3.5‐month‐old infants' (N = 71) preference between images depicting different WHRs. Female 3.5‐month‐olds exhibited a preference for the WHR associated with attractiveness and mate value by adults (0.7) over a larger WHR (0.9). This preference was exhibited when infants were tested on upright stimuli but not when they were tested on inverted stimuli, indicating that low‐level differences (e.g., curviness) were not driving performance. This sensitivity to WHR may lay the foundation for more explicit preferences and categorical associations later in life. In contrast to females, male infants failed to exhibit a significant preference for the 0.7 WHR in either orientation, replicating previous findings of female infants' superior processing of social stimuli. Implications for theories of the development of body knowledge and sex differences in social information processing are discussed.Highlights
Waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) is a significant social cue for adults, with 0.7 WHR considered ideal for females.
3.5‐month‐old female infants preferred 0.7 WHR over 0.9 WHR, but male infants did not exhibit a preference.
Findings indicate sensitivity to WHR early in life and replicate prior findings of female infants' superior processing of social stimuli.
Remarkable antitumor effect of nivolumab in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma previously treated with a peptide‐based vaccine
Authors: Kurahashi Ryoma , Motoshima Takanobu , Fukushima Yumi , Murakami Yoji , Yatsuda Junji , Yamaguchi Takahiro , Sugiyama Yutaka , Fukushima Satoshi , Komohara Yoshihiro , Suekane Shigetaka , Kamba Tomomi 
Published: January 2020

IntroductionThe safety and efficacy of combination therapy comprising immune checkpoint inhibitors and cancer‐specific peptide vaccines have not yet been established.Case presentationA 71‐year‐old female metastatic renal cell carcinoma patient with multiple lung and pleural metastases. She had been treated with interferon alpha, sunitinib, axitinib, and pazopanib sequentially, but no clinical efficacy was observed. She participated in a clinical trial using cancer‐specific peptide vaccine therapy. Initially no antitumor effect was observed, and vaccine therapy was ceased after two courses. But 3 months after the start of nivolumab, remarkable tumor shrinkage was observed at all metastatic sites, which resulted in almost complete response at 6 months. At 10 months, nivolumab was stopped due to cellulitis at the peptide vaccine inoculation site. Intriguingly, even after nivolumab discontinuation, complete response was maintained for more than 1 year.ConclusionWe experienced a remarkable antitumor effect by nivolumab in a patient who was previously treated with vaccine therapy.
Miniature probe for dual‐modality photoacoustic microscopy and white‐light microscopy for image guidance: A prototype toward an endoscope
Authors: Li Guangyao , Ye Zhanhong , Liang Siqi , Chen Sung‐Liang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this study, a novel photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) probe integrating white‐light microscopy (WLM) modality that provides guidance for PAM imaging and complementary information is implemented. One single core of an imaging fiber bundle is employed to deliver a pulsed laser for photoacoustic excitation for PAM mode, which provides high resolution with deep penetration. Meanwhile, for WLM mode, the imaging fiber bundle is used to transmit two‐dimensional superficial images. Lateral resolution of 7.2 μm for PAM is achieved. Since miniature components are used, the probe diameter is only 1.7 mm. Imaging of phantom and animals in vivo is conducted to show the imaging capability of the probe. The probe has several advantages by introducing the WLM mode, such as being able to conveniently identify regions of interest and align the focus for PAM mode. The prototype of an endoscope shows potential to facilitate clinical photoacoustic endoscopic applications.
Hyperthermia‐induced seizures produce long‐term effects on the functionality of adenosine A1 receptor in rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Crespo María , León‐Navarro David Agustín , Ruíz María Ángeles , Martín Mairena 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFebrile seizures are one of the most frequent childhood neurological disorders; they are classified into simple and prolonged, depending on their duration. Prolonged FS lasts more than 15 min and may evoke neurological sequelae in a process in which molecular alterations seem to play an important role. Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that exerts anticonvulsant effects through binding to adenosine A1 receptor (A1R). This receptor belongs to the GPCR superfamily and is negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity through Gi proteins. In the present study, we analyzed the functionality of A1R, measured as the inhibition of forskolin‐stimulated AC activity, 48 hr after hyperthermia‐induced seizures (HIS). Surprisingly, the results obtained show that the activation of A1R increased forskolin‐stimulated cAMP production instead of decreasing it. This alteration was not accompanied by changes in αG protein levels. The functionality of A1R remained altered two months after HIS. However, this alteration was abolished when AC assays were carried out in the presence of anti αGs subunit‐specific antibody, suggesting that HIS can switch A1R coupling from Gi to Gs proteins. Finally, radioligand binding assays revealed that density and affinity of A1R were not significantly altered by HIS. In summary, the results obtained show that HIS induces long‐term changes in the A1R/AC signaling pathway in rat brain cortex.
Synthesis and antifungal activities of 3,5‐diphenyl‐7‐amino‐[1,3]‐thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidine‐6‐nitrile derivatives
Authors: Borthakur Susanta Kumar , Kalita Pabitra Kumar , Borthakur Sukanya 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA series of novel 3,7‐diphenyl‐7‐amino[1,3]‐thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidine‐6‐nitrile derivatives 3 were synthesized by refluxing 2‐amino‐4‐phenyl‐1,3‐thiazole 1 and arylidinemalononitrile 2 in propanol using NaOH as catalyst. Various synthesized products were characterized by 1H NMR, mass spectrometry (MS), infrared (IR), and elemental analysis. Antifungal activities of the synthesized compounds were done by testing against Rhizoctonia solani and Drechslera orazae, two fungal pathogens causing diseases on rice crops.
Uses of ethyl benzoylacetate for the synthesis of thiophene, thiazole, pyridine, and pyran derivatives with antitumor activities
Authors: Mohareb Rafat M. , Mostafa Bahaa M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe reaction of ethyl benzoylacetate with malononitrile in an oil bath at 120°C gave the condensation product 3. The latter compound underwent a series of heterocyclization to give thiophene, thiazole, pyridine, and pyran derivatives. The structures of the synthesized products were established on the basis of analytical and spectral data. The antitumor evaluation of the newly synthesized products against the six cancer cell lines namely human gastric cancer (NUGC and HR), human colon cancer (DLD1), human liver cancer (HA22T and HEPG2), human breast cancer (MCF), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (HONE1), and normal fibroblast cells (WI38) indicated that many compounds expressed high inhibition against the six cancer cell lines. Compounds 3, 8a, 8c, 14b, 16b, 16c, 16d, 19a, 19b, 20a, 22a, 27b, and 28a were the most cytotoxic compounds among the tested compounds.
Assessment of immune status against measles, mumps, and rubella in young Kuwaitis: MMR vaccine efficacy
Authors: Madi Nada , Altawalah Haya , Alfouzan Wadha , Al‐Nakib Widad , Al‐Roumi Ebtehal , Jeragh Ahlam 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSeroprevalence studies on measles, mumps, and rubella immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies after the implementation of the measles‐mumps‐rubella (MMR) vaccine are lacking in Kuwait. This study is an age‐stratified serological study to assess the herd immunity to measles, mumps, and rubella among the young Kuwaiti population to evaluate the effectiveness of the MMR vaccine. IgG antibody titers to mumps, measles, and rubella were determined with commercial immune‐assay in serum samples of 1000 Kuwaitis aged 5 to 20 years. The highest level of seropositivity was to measles (94.6%), which was significantly higher in females than in males. The highest seronegativity was for mumps (29%). The percentage of the young Kuwaiti population who were serologically positive for all the components of the MMR vaccine was 47%, and 2% of the individuals were without any protective antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella. Females aged 5 to 10 years were best protected to rubella; however, seronegativity in 8.2% of 11‐ to 20‐year‐old females makes them vulnerable to rubella virus infection and congenital complications during pregnancy. The study provided insight into the effect of the MMR vaccine on seroprevalence of antibodies against measles, mumps, and rubella in Kuwait, which will contribute to the global knowledge base of vaccine coverage and help to inform elimination strategies. The findings strengthen the need for a third dose of MMR vaccine and catch‐up campaigns for the young Kuwaiti population to increase vaccination coverage and prevent waning immunity, especially among those who received only one dose of the vaccine during childhood.
Impact of short‐rotation coppice with poplar and willow on soil physical properties
Authors: Kahle Petra , Janssen Manon 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAs the land area of short‐rotation coppice (SRC) increases, their soil physical impacts have to be evaluated. The objective of this study was to detect the effects of long‐term SRC with poplar and willow on the vertical distribution of soil physical properties (bulk density, water retention, penetration resistance) and on solute transport patterns. An 18‐year‐old SRC located in northeastern Germany was compared to an adjacent continuous arable cropping system by means of soil sampling, penetrologger measurements and dye tracer experiments. The topsoil's bulk density was significantly lower under SRC than under cropland. This effect was especially pronounced in the uppermost 10 cm, where also the air capacity and the plant‐available water content were higher under SRC. The penetration resistance in 25–50 cm depth was reduced under SRC compared to the cropland, indicating a loosening of the plough pan. Dye tracer experiments showed that the importance of preferential flow was higher under SRC due to tree root channels and an increasing colonisation with invertebrates. SRC has ecologically advantageous effects on soil physical properties of the topsoil, however, combined with an enhanced risk of preferential solute transport upon application of agrochemicals.
Synthesis and characterization of bis‐(8‐hydroxyquinoline) strontium (SrQ2) in water medium
Authors: Xu Yuna , Zhong Xueming , Li Yanrong , Liu Junchen , Wu Shiting , Zeng Hongze 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOne‐dimensional nanowires of 8‐hydroxyquinoline strontium (SrQ2‐1) was synthesized by liquid phase method. The structure and composition of the products were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), indicating that 8‐hydroxyquinoline strontium was successfully synthesized. The fluorescence properties of SrQ2‐1 were analyzed by fluorescence spectra; the results showed that the maximum emission wavelength was detected at 473 nm (blue light area), the fluorescence lifetime of SrQ2‐1 is 7.38 nanoseconds, and the fluorescence quantum yield is 28.3%. The analysis of TG‐DSC diagram suggests that SrQ2‐1 begins to decompose at 475°C, which indicates SrQ2‐1 has good thermal stability. Consequently, 8‐hydroxyquinoline strontium can be used as a blue luminescent material.
Rapid measurements of curcumin from complex samples coupled with magnetic biocompatibility molecularly imprinted polymer using electrochemical detection
Authors: Li Wei , Jiang Zhuang‐Fei , Tan Ling , Wang Shu‐Xian , Wang Chong‐Zhi , Zhang Jia‐Wei , Zhou Lian‐Di , Zhang Qi‐Hui , Yuan Chun‐Su 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCurcumin widely exists in food, and rapid selective and accurate detection of curcumin have great significance in chemical industry. In this experiment, a new magnetic biocompatibility molecularly imprinted polymer was prepared with nontoxic and biocompatible Zein to adsorb curcumin selectively. The polymer has high biocompatibility, good adsorption capacity, and specific adsorption for curcumin. Combined with portable electrochemical workstations, the polymer can be used to detect curcumin rapidly and cost‐effectively. Using curcumin as a template and Zein as the crosslinking agent, the polymers were synthesized on the surface of Fe3O4 particles for solid phase extraction. The experimental results showed that the polymer reached large adsorption capacity (32.12 mg/g) with fast kinetics (20 min). The adsorption characteristic of the polymer followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic models. Hexacyanoferrate was used as electrochemical probe to generate signals, and the linear range was 5–200 µg/mL for measuring curcumin. The experimental analysis showed that the polymer was an ideal material for selective accumulation of curcumin from complex samples. This approach has been successfully applied to the determination of curcumin in food samples with electrochemical detection, indicating that this is a feasible and practical technique.
Calcite precipitation in Lake Powell reduces alkalinity and total salt loading to the Lower Colorado River Basin
Authors: Deemer Bridget R. , Stets Edward G. , Yackulic Charles B. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractReservoirs can retain and transform carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica, but less is known about their effects on other biogeochemically relevant solutes. The salinization of freshwater ecosystems is a growing concern in many regions, and the role of reservoirs in salinity transport is an important research frontier. Here, we examine how a large desert southwest reservoir, Lake Powell, has altered the downstream transport of total dissolved solids (TDSs) as well as the dominant cations and anions comprising the TDS pool (, , and Ca2+). Average downstream TDS concentrations have declined significantly since river impoundment and seasonal fluctuations in TDS concentrations have become more modulated, but year to year variation in TDS concentrations has remained similar. While some of the reductions in TDS concentration can be attributed to watershed management, we find that Lake Powell retains about 10% of the TDS loaded to the system (1991 Mg TDS d−1). Much of this retention is occurring in the forms of calcium and bicarbonate, likely via calcite precipitation, and is equivalent to an average burial of 522 mg C m−2 d−1, thus reducing the alkalinity of downstream water. Flow‐weighted modeling suggests that, in the absence of Lake Powell, downstream salinity limits would be surpassed at the outflow to Lake Powell 41% of the time (vs. 0% of the time currently). Understanding the dominant mechanisms regulating solute transport through the reservoir is important given the relevance for downstream drinking water and irrigation concerns, biogeochemical cycling, and the high potential for reduced flows in the future.