bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Extraction of Lithium Ions from High Mg/Li Ratio Brine through the Synergy of TBP and Hydroxyl Functional Ionic Liquids
Authors: Bai Ruibing , Wang Junfeng , Cui Li , Yang Shicheng , Qian Wei , Cui Penglei , Zhang Yanqiang 
Published: June 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusionThe extraction of Li+ from the high Mg/Li ratio brine was performed using hydroxyl functional ionic liquids (ILs) as the coextractant and tributyl phosphate (TBP) as the extractant. Firstly, the extractive system, 1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([HOEmim][NTf2]) + TBP was proved to exhibit the highest extraction efficiency of Li+ (88.15%) from LiCl aqueous solutions among the extractants composed of different ILs, TBP, and ILs + TBP. Effects of various extraction parameters on the extraction efficiencies of Li+ and Mg2+ were then investigated. 95.01% of Li+ was extracted and the Li/Mg separation factor reached 405.76 in a single‐stage at 278.15 K and O/A of 2 : 1. The extraction complexes were determined by the slope analysis method and ESI‐MS analysis, and the metal complexes in the organic phase were indicated to be mainly [Li·2TBP][NTf2]. The striping study showed that 92.86% of Li+ was stripped with 1.0 mol·L–1 HCl. 98% extraction capacity of the synergy extractants was remained after 5 regeneration cycles. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°), together with the mechanism of the Li+ extraction were further demonstrated finally. According to the results, [HOEmim][NTf2] + TBP extraction system showed promising performance in extracting lithium from salt lake brine with high Mg/Li ratio.
Unexpected Electronic Behavior of Organic Azide and Metal‐Carbyne in Their 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Zhang Jing‐Xuan , Sheong Fu Kit , Lu Zhengyu , Zhang Hong , Lin Zhenyang 
Published: June 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusion1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition reaction between organic azide and metal carbyne is a useful strategy to construct metallacycles. However, the electronic behavior of organic azide in 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions is less explored. This work revealed the unexpected role of organic azide as electrophiles in its cycloadditions with various metal carbynes. The feasibility and regioselectivity of a Fischer‐type osmium carbyne in its reaction with an organic azide are explained by the increased nucleophilicity of carbyne carbon upon bending.
Rapid and Efficient Synthetic Assembly of Multiplex Luciferase Reporter Plasmids for the Simultaneous Monitoring of Up to Six Cellular Signaling Pathways
Authors: Sarrion‐Perdigones Alejandro , Gonzalez Yezabel , Venken Koen J.T. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHigh‐throughput cell‐based screening assays are valuable tools in the discovery of chemical probes and therapeutic agents. Such assays are designed to examine the effects of small compounds on targets, pathways, or phenotypes participating in normal and disease processes. While most cell‐based assays measure single quantities, multiplexed assays seek to address these limitations by obtaining multiple simultaneous measurements. The signals from such measurements should be independently detectable and cover large dynamic ranges. Luciferases are good candidates for generation of such signals. They are genetically encoded, versatile, and cost‐effective, and their output signals can be sensitively detected. We recently developed a multiplex luciferase assay that allows monitoring the activity of five experimental pathways against one control simultaneously. We used synthetic assembly cloning to assemble all six luciferase reporter units into a single vector over eight stitching rounds. Because all six reporters are on a single piece of DNA, a single vector ensures stoichiometric ratios of each transcriptional unit in each transfected cell, resulting in lower experimental variation. Our proof‐of‐concept multiplex hextuple luciferase assay was designed to simultaneously monitor the p53, TGF‐β, NF‐κβ, c‐Myc, and MAPK/JNK signaling pathways. The same synthetic assembly cloning pipeline allows the stitching of numerous other cellular pathway luciferase reporters. Here we present an improved three‐step synthetic assembly protocol to quickly and efficiently generate multiplex hextuple luciferase reporter plasmids for other signaling pathways of interest. This improved assembly protocol provides the opportunity to analyze any five desired pathways at once much more quickly. Protocols are provided on how to prepare DNA components and destination vector plasmids, design synthetic DNA, perform assembly cloning of new transcriptional reporter elements, implement multipartite synthetic assembly cloning of single‐pathway luciferase reporters, and carry out one‐step assembly of final multiplex hextuple luciferase vectors. We present protocols on how to perform multiplex hextuple luciferase in an accompanying Current Protocols in Molecular Biology article. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of DNA parts and destination vectors for synthetic assembly cloningBasic Protocol 2: DNA synthesis and assembly cloning of a typical transcriptional reporter elementAlternate Protocol: DNA synthesis and assembly cloning of a challenging transcriptional reporter elementBasic Protocol 3: Multipartite synthetic assembly cloning of individual pathway luciferase reportersBasic Protocol 4: One step assembly into final multiplex hextuple luciferase vectorsSupport Protocol: Generation of home‐made chemocompetent E. coli DH10B‐T1R cells
Nitrogen forms affect the root characteristic, photosynthesis, grain yield, and nitrogen use efficiency of rice under different irrigation regimes
Authors: Xu Guo‐wei , Jiang Meng‐meng , Lu Da‐ke , Wang He‐zheng , Chen Ming‐can 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAppropriate irrigation methods and N management can effectively increase the yield and N efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L.). A soil‐grown experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 using Liangeng 7 with different N forms (NH3–N, NH4+ and NO3− mixed 50:50 [50:50], and NO3–N), as well as three irrigation regimes (submerged irrigation [0 kPa], alternate wetting and moderate drying [−20 kPa], and alternate wetting and severe drying [−40 kPa]). Results showed that yield and N agronomic efficiency were maximized at the alternative wetting and moderate dying treatment with NH4NO3 mixed among all treatments. Nitrogen forms in different irrigation regimes had different effects on root characteristic and leaf photosynthesis rate. In submerged irrigation, NH3–N treatment improved root morphology, increased the activities of NH3 assimilation enzymes in roots, and promoted root oxidation and leaf photosynthesis rate at different growth stages compared with other N forms. By contrast, moderate drying interacted with 50:50 and significantly enhanced root length, average root diameter, root volume, root tips, and root oxidation activity and promoted C and N metabolism in root and photosynthesis rate of leaves compared with other N forms under alternate wetting and drying irrigation. Multiple regression analysis showed that root length, the glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity of roots, and the photosynthetic rate of leaves closely related with high rice yield and efficient N utilization. All these results suggested that improved root morphology and physiology activity, enhanced C and N metabolism, and increased leaf photosynthesis rate through the appropriate regulation of irrigation‐regime interaction with N forms can help to increase the grain yield and N agronomic efficiency of rice.
Selective Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Biomass‐Derived 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5‐Diformylfuran: from Mechanistic Investigations to Catalyst Recovery
Authors: Kisszekelyi Peter , Hardian Rifan , Vovusha Hakkim , Chen Binglin , Zeng Xianhai , Schwingenschlögl Udo , Kupai Jozsef , Szekely Gyorgy 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInvited for this month′s cover is the group of Gyorgy Szekely at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). The image shows the efficient TEMPO‐based electrocatalytic transformation of biomass‐based C6‐platform chemical HMF to DFF using non‐precious‐metal‐based electrodes in green solvents with nanofiltration‐enabled catalyst recovery. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.202000453.
How do forest landscapes respond to elevated CO2 and ozone? Scaling Aspen‐FACE plot‐scale experimental results
Authors: Gustafson Eric J. , Miranda Brian R. , Sturtevant Brian R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Aspen‐FACE (Free‐Air Carbon Enrichment) experiment was an 11‐yr study of the effect of elevated CO2 and ozone (alone and in combination) on the growth productivity of model aspen communities (pure aspen, aspen‐birch, and aspen‐maple) in the field in northern Wisconsin, USA. Uncertainty remains about how these short‐term plot‐level responses might play out at landscape scales where climate change, competition, succession, and disturbances interact with tree‐level responses. In this study, we used a recent physiology‐based approach (PnET‐Succession v3.1) within the forest landscape model LANDIS‐II to scale the site‐scale FACE results to landscape extents by mechanistically accounting for the globally changing drivers of CO2, ozone, temperature, and precipitation. We conducted a factorial simulation experiment to test five hypotheses about the effects of three treatments (CO2 concentration, cumulative ozone exposure, and disturbance). CO2 was clearly the dominant driver of landscape response, with disturbance also having a large effect. Ozone was not a dominant driver of landscape dynamics or total landscape biomass, but its negative effect on mean landscape biomass was nevertheless significant. We found that CO2 mitigation of water stress may not have a major effect on species composition or biomass accumulation. We found that species diversity was somewhat decreased by elevated CO2 as expected, but somewhat increased by O3, contrary to expectations. The spatial pattern of the landscape was minimally affected by the treatments. While rising CO2 concentrations have some mitigating effect on the negative O3 effect on the species studied, additional research is needed to confirm whether researchers and managers can be justified in disregarding O3 as a primary driver of forest dynamics in other ecosystems. Our results also add more support to the growing consensus that projections of climate change effects must include robust, direct links between CO2 and tree growth and competition; temperature effects (as demonstrated elsewhere) appear to be less by comparison.
A novel approach for voltage sag representation in a chemical industry: A case study
Authors: Behera Chinmaya , Banik Abhishek , Goswami Arup Kumar 
Published: June 2020

AbstractVoltage sag is a major Power Quality issue which may occur at every possible load point. In the industrial sector, its impact is particularly prominent at it is directly related to financial losses. To eliminate or, at least, mitigate voltage sag, the first, and the most crucial, step is to identify the portions of the network which are vulnerable to voltage sag. Therefore, a novel approach is presented in this article to identify the areas within the network, which are more prone to voltage sag. An impedance matrix‐based model followed by Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) technique is used for the assessment of the voltage sag. This MCS technique is implemented to simulate the number, type, and locations of faults randomly within the system. Then, voltage sag data are collected, and using Bivariate Frequency Distribution, a graphical representation of voltage sag prone buses is developed, which named Voltage Sag Map. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated by adopting an industrial distribution system as a case study in this article.
A Novel In Situ Toxicity Identification Evaluation (iTIE) System for Determining which Chemicals Drive Impairments at Contaminated Sites
Authors: Burton G. Allen , Cervi Eduardo Cimino , Meyer Kathryn , Steigmeyer August , Verhamme Edward , Daley Jennifer , Hudson Michelle , Colvin Marienne , Rosen Gunther 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Human-dominated waterways contain thousands of chemicals. Determining which chemical is the most important stressor is important, yet very challenging. The Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) procedure from the US Environmental Protection Agency uses a series of chemical and physical manipulations to fractionate compounds within a matrix and systematically identify potential toxicants through laboratory bioassay testing. Although this may provide useful information, it lacks ecological realism because it is subject to laboratory-related artifacts and is resource intensive. The in situ Toxicity Identification Evaluation (iTIE) technology was developed to improve this approach and has undergone a number of modifications over the past several years. The novel prototype 3 consists of an array of iTIE ambient water fractionation units. Each unit is connected to a peristaltic pumping system with an organism exposure chamber that receives water from a resin chamber to chemically fractionate test site water. Test organisms included freshwater and marine standard toxicity test species. Postfractionation waters are collected for subsequent chemical analyses. Currently, the resins allow for separation of ammonia, metals, and nonpolar organics; the subsequent toxicity responses are compared between treatments and unfractionated, ambient exposures. The iTIE system was deployed to a depth of 3 m and evaluated in streams and marine harbors. Chemical analyses of water and iTIE chemical sorptive resins confirmed chemical groups causing lethal to sublethal responses. The system proved to be as sensitive or more so than the traditional phase 1 TIE test and required almost half of the resources to complete. This iTIE prototype provides a robust technology that improves stressor–causality linkages and thereby supports strong evidence for ecological risk weight-of-evidence assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1746–1754. © 2020 SETAC
Moving Beyond p &lt; 0.05 in Ecotoxicology: A Guide for Practitioners
Authors: Erickson Richard A. , Rattner Barnett A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Statistical inferences play a critical role in ecotoxicology. Historically, null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) has been the dominant method for inference in ecotoxicology. As a brief and informal definition of NHST, researchers compare (or “test”) an experimental treatment or observation against a hypothesis of no relationship (the “null hypothesis”) using the collected data to see if the observed values are statistically “significant” given predefined error rates. The resulting probability of observing a value equal to or greater than the observed value assuming the null hypothesis is true is the p value. Criticisms of NHST have existed for almost a century and have recently grown to the point where statisticians, including the American Statistical Association (ASA), have felt the need to clarify the role of NHST and p values beyond their current common use. These limitations also exist in ecotoxicology. For example, a review of the 2010 Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (ET&C) volume that found many authors did not correctly report p values. We repeated this review looking at the 2019 volume of ET&C. Incorrect reporting of p values still occurred almost a decade later. Problems with NHST and p values highlight the need for statistical inferences besides NHST, something long known in ecotoxicology and the broader scientific and statistical communities. Furthermore, concerns such as these led the executive director of the ASA to recommend against use of “statistical significance” in 2019. In light of these criticisms, ecotoxicologists require alternative methods. We describe some alternative methods including confidence intervals, regression analysis, dose–response curves, Bayes factors, survival analysis, and model selection. Lastly, we provide insights for what ecotoxicology might look like in a post–p value world. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1657–1669. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Abstract
Many alternative methods to null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) and p values exist, and no single method will replace the outsized role of NHST in science and statistical inference. LL2, LL3, LL4 = log logistic 2-, 3-, and 4-parameter models. Image created by Robert Kratt.
Screening-Level Estimates of Environmental Release Rates, Predicted Exposures, and Toxic Pressures of Currently Used Chemicals
Authors: van de Meent Dik , de Zwart Dick , Posthuma Leo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We describe a procedure to quantify emissions of chemicals for environmental protection, assessment, and management purposes. The procedure uses production and use volumes from registration dossiers and combines these with Specific Environmental Release Category data. The procedure was applied in a case study. Emission estimations were made for chemicals registered under the European Union chemicals regulations for industrial chemicals (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals [REACH]) and for the active ingredients of medicines and crop protection products. Emissions themselves cannot be validated. Instead, emission estimates were followed by multimedia fate modeling and mixture toxic pressure modeling to arrive at predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) and toxic pressures for a typical European water body at steady state, which were compared with other such data. The results show that screening-level assessments could be performed, and yielded estimates of emissions, PECs, and mixture toxic pressures of chemicals used in Europe. Steady-state PECs agreed fairly well with measured concentrations. The mixture toxic pressure at steady state suggests the presence of effects in aquatic species assemblages, whereby few compounds dominate the predicted impact. The study shows that our screening-level emission estimation procedure is sufficiently accurate and precise to serve as a basis for assessment of chemical pollution in aquatic ecosystems at the scale of river catchments. Given a recognized societal need to develop methods for realistic, cumulative exposures, the emission assessment procedure can assist in the prioritization of chemicals in safety policies (such as the European Union REACH regulation), where “possibility to be used safely” needs to be demonstrated, and environmental quality policies (such as the European Union Water Framework Directive), where “good environmental quality” needs to be reached. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1839–1851. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Abstract
Environmental decision support requires attention for more than 350 000 chemicals and their mixtures. Any assessment would ask for assessment of Drivers and Pressures (emissions) and then Status and Impacts, to steer the societal Responses (according to the Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact, and Response [DPSIR] model, causal analysis).
Infochemicals Influence Neonicotinoid Toxicity—Impact in Leaf Consumption, Growth, and Predation of the Amphipod Gammarus fossarum
Authors: Bundschuh Mirco , Zubrod Jochen P. , Klöttschen Simon , Englert Dominic , Schulz Ralf 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Infochemicals act as inter- or intraspecific messengers. The literature suggests complex interactions between infochemicals (mainly predator cues) and chemical (e.g., pesticide) effects, with their direction and magnitude depending on the cue origin, pesticide identity, and test species. With the present study we assessed the impact of alarm cues alone and in combination with the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid on leaf consumption, predation on Baetis nymphs, and dry weight of the amphipod Gammarus fossarum. Alarm cues (ground gammarids) and thiacloprid alone decreased gammarid leaf consumption with increasing intensities. At a defined alarm cue intensity, which alone did not cause a significant reduction in gammarid feeding, thiacloprid-induced feeding effects were additive. During an experiment targeting gammarid predation on Baetis nymphs (120 h), thiacloprid and alarm cues alone did increase and reduce predation significantly, respectively. Moreover, alarm cues led to a lower final gammarid dry weight. However, alarm cues did not affect response variables during a second predation experiment performed at a higher thiacloprid concentration (2 vs 0.75 µg/L). This discrepancy in alarm cue effects highlights either a varying susceptibility of the test species to these cues among experiments or that cue quality is fluctuating. Thus, the present study highlights a considerable variability in the individual and interactive effects of infochemicals and chemical stressors on aquatic biota, an insight relevant in the assessment of multiple stressors. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1755–1764. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Mathematical modeling for the prediction of some quality parameters of white rice based on the strength properties of samples using response surface methodology (RSM)
Authors: Fazeli Burestan Nasrollah , Afkari Sayyah Amir Hossein , Taghinezhad Ebrahim 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOne of the major problems in predicting the quality properties of rice is that conducting experiments in the food industry can be highly expensive. The objective of this study was to predict some quality properties in varieties (Domsiah, Hashemi, Dorfak, and Kadus) via compression test at moisture levels 9 and 14% w.b. Based on historical data design, RSM was used to model and estimate of dependent variables (amylose (AC) and protein content (PC), gelatinization temperature, gel consistency GC), minimum (Min.V), final (FV), breakdown (BDV) and setback viscosity (SBV), peak time (PT) and pasting temperature (Pa.T)) through independent variables (the rate of force, deformation, rupture energy, tangent, and secant modulus). An ANOVA test showed that models were significant (p < 0.05). The most appropriate model for response variables prediction of AC and GC (Kadus 14%), PC (Domsiah 9%), Min.V, FV, and SBV (Dorfak 9%), BDV (Dorfak 14%), PT (Hashemi 14%), and Pa.T (Kadus 9%) was

as 0.86, 0.85, 0.93, 0.955, 0.953, 0.94, 0.94, 0.86, and 0.91, respectively, with the most appropriate optimal values as 23.52%, 48, 10%, 164.95 RVU, 304.12 RVU, 162.66 RVU, 64.52 RVU, 6.09 min, and 92.45°C and desirability as 0.91, 0.95, 0.95, 0.80, 0.89, 0.83, 0.84, 0.89, and 0.96, respectively. The optimal values of the independent variables have a decreasing trend, and the optimal values of the response variables are proportional to the optimal conditions. The results indicated that the RSM could be quite useful in the optimization of the models developed for predicting the rice quality properties.