bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hidden diversity within theDiopatra cupreacomplex (Annelida: Onuphidae): morphological and genetics analyses reveal four new species in the south-west Atlantic
Authors: Seixas Victor Corrêa , Steiner Tatiana Menchini , Solé-Cava Antônio Mateo , Amaral Antonia Cecília Zacagnini , Paiva Paulo Cesar 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDiopatra is the most species-rich genus of Onuphidae with about 60 species. Although 14 species have been reported for Brazil, the cosmopolitan D. cuprea is the most commonly reported from the area, including populations with a large morphological diversity. To better elucidate this species complex, we use morphological and molecular data, and reveal a hidden diversity. Thus, we describe four new species (D. hannelorae sp. nov., D. marinae sp. nov., D. pectiniconicum sp. nov. and D. victoriae sp. nov.) and discuss their geographical and bathymetrical distributions. None of the analysed specimens could be identified as D. cuprea based on available sequences. New taxonomic characters were highlighted, including jaw morphology, which was the determinant factor to differentiate D. marinae from D. victoriae. Phylogenetic analysis indicates three (COI and ND4) or four (concatenated) lineages, because D. marinae was not always reciprocally monophyletic. Sequence-based species delimitation also indicates three to five species, depending on the method used. Inter- and intragroup genetic divergence and haplotype network analysis supported four species. The divergence time among species indicates that Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations and the Vitória–Trindade chain limited the gene flow between northern and southern populations and contributed to the emergence of species, mainly in the case of D. marinae and D. victoriae.
Addressing Bullying and Lateral Violence in the Workplace
Authors: Vessey Judith A. , Williams Lucinda 
Published: March 2020

Background:
Bullying and lateral violence are pervasive in the nursing workforce and have profound psychosocial, physical, safety, and financial consequences for nurses, their patients, and the overall health care organization.

Problem:
Unit-based nursing leaders may be aware of bullying and lateral violence but be unsure of the best approaches to address it.

Approach:
An iterative, multimodal quality improvement initiative was crafted on the basis of the available evidence and principles of transformational, adult learning. Six units were designed to foster didactic, affective, and psychomotor learning specific to bullying and lateral violence and their prevention. Each unit consisted of formal lecture content, practice exercises, and reflection.

Outcomes:
This quality improvement project was well received by participants; a unit-based action plan resulted. Project materials are being reworked and new evidence integrated for deployment across the department.

Conclusions:
This initiative has demonstrated the necessary properties and is appropriate for adoption by other nursing units.
Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Sternal Notch Confirms Depth of Endotracheal Tube in Children*
Authors: Uya Atim , Gautam Nischal K. , Rafique Muhammad B. , Pawelek Olga , Patnana Syamasundar R. , Gupta-Malhotra Monesha , Balaguru Duraisamy , Numan Mohammed T. , Hill Mandy J. , Miller Sara K. 
Published: March 2020

Objectives:
To determine if a saline-filled cuff seen at the suprasternal notch on ultrasound corresponds to correct endotracheal tube depth on a chest radiograph (tip at/below clavicle AND ≥ 1 cm above carina).

Design:
Prospective observational study.

Setting:
Tertiary Care Pediatric hospital.

Patients:
Patients between the ages of 0–18 years requiring nonemergent cardiac catheterizations and endotracheal intubation with a cuffed endotracheal tube were included in the study. Children with anticipated or known difficult airways were excluded.

Interventions:
Ultrasound evaluation of the neck following saline inflation of the endotracheal tube cuff.

Measurements and Main Results:
Ultrasonography of the patient’s neck was performed following intubation by a pediatric anesthesiologist. A linear probe was used in transverse axis to identify the saline-filled cuff starting at the suprasternal notch and moving cephalad. A cine-fluoroscopic image, similar to a chest radiograph, was obtained to ascertain the endotracheal tube depth after the cuff was identified sonographically. Endotracheal tube cuffs seen on ultrasound at the suprasternal notch were compared with the endotracheal tube depth on the cine-fluoroscopic image. A total of 75 children were enrolled in the study. The endotracheal tube was seen sonographically at the suprasternal notch in 70 patients of which 60 had complete data (an adequate chest radiograph available for review). Patient ages ranged from 2 months to 18 years with a median age of 4 years. The median endotracheal tube tip to carina distance was 2.4 cm (interquartile range, 1.75–3.3 cm.) The endotracheal tube tip to carina distance was greater than or equal to 1 cm in 57 out of the 60 patients. Endotracheal tube cuff at the suprasternal notch on ultrasound corresponded with correct endotracheal tube depth on chest radiograph with an accuracy of 95% (CI, 86–98%).

Conclusions:
Visualization of the cuff at the suprasternal notch by ultrasound demonstrates potential as a means of confirming correct depth of the endotracheal tube following endotracheal intubation.
Repurposing bioactive compounds for treating multidrug-resistant pathogens
Authors: Hummell Nicholas A. , Kirienko Natalia V. 
Published: March 2020

Introduction.Antimicrobial development is being outpaced by the rising rate of antimicrobial resistance in the developing and industrialized world. Drug repurposing, where novel antibacterial functions can be found for known molecular entities, reduces drug development costs, reduces regulatory hurdles, and increases rate of success.Aim.We sought to characterize the antimicrobial properties of five known bioactives (DMAQ-B1, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, CD437 and PSB-069) that were discovered in a high-throughput phenotypic screen for hits that extendCaenorhabditis eleganssurvival during exposure toPseudomonas aeruginosaPA14.Methodology.c.f.u. assays, biofilm staining and fluorescence microscopy were used to assay the compounds' effect on various virulence determinants. Checkerboard assays were used to assess synergy between compounds and conventional antimicrobials.C. elegans-based assays were used to test whether the compounds could also rescue againstEnterococcus faecalisandStaphyloccus aureus. Finally, toxicity was assessed inC. elegansand mammalian cells.Results.Four of the compounds rescuedC. elegansfrom a second bacterial pathogen and two of them (DMAQ-B1, a naturally occurring insulin mimetic, and CD437, an agonist of the retinoic acid receptor) rescued against all three. The platinum complexes displayed increased antimicrobial activity againstP. aeruginosa. Of the molecules tested, only CD437 showed slight synergy with ampicillin. The two most effective compounds, DMAQ-B1 and CD437, showed toxicity to mammalian cells.Conclusion.Although these compounds' potential for repurposing is limited by their toxicity, our results contribute to this growing field and provide a simple road map for usingC. elegansfor preliminary testing of known bioactive compounds with predicted antimicrobial activity.
The effectiveness of full and partial travel bans against COVID-19 spread in Australia for travellers from China
Authors: Costantino Valentina , Heslop David J , MacIntyre C Raina 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAustralia implemented a travel ban on China on February 1st 2020. Partial lifting of the ban is being considered, given the decline in incidence of COVID-19 in China. We modelled three scenarios to test the impact of travel bans on epidemic control in Australia. Scenario one was no ban, scenario two was the current ban followed by a full lifting from the 8th of March 2020, scenario three was a partial lifting of the current ban to allow over 100,000 university students to enter Australia, but not tourists. We used disease incidence data from China and air travel passenger movements between China and Australia, derived from incoming passenger arrival cards. We estimated the true incidence of disease in China using data on expected proportion of under-ascertainment of cases. We used an age specific deterministic model divided in 18 age stratified groups to model the epidemic in each scenario. The modelled epidemic with the full ban fitted the observed incidence of cases well. The modelled epidemic of the current ban predicts 57 cases on March 6th in Australia, compared to 66 observed on this date, however we did not account for imported cases from other countries. The modelled impact without a travel ban implemented on February the 1st shows the epidemic would continue for more than a year resulting in more than 2000 cases and about 400 deaths. The impact of a partial lifting of a ban is minimal, and may be a policy option. Travel restrictions were highly effective for containing the COVID-19 epidemic in Australia and averted a much larger epidemic. The epidemic is still containable if other measures are used in tandem as cases surge in other countries. This research can inform decisions on placing or lifting travel bans as a control measure for the COVID-19 epidemic.
Effects of Chinese strategies for controlling the diffusion and deterioration of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in China
Authors: Wang Xiaoqiang , Tian Weitian , Lv Xin , Shi Yumiao , Zhou Xiaoxin , Yu Weifeng , Su Diansan , Tian Jie 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn December 2019, an outbreak of new type of coronavirus named COVID-19 occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. In a very short time, this virus spread rapidly over China, greatly threatening public health and economic development. The Chinese government acted quickly and implemented a series of strategies to prevent diffusion of this disease. We therefore sought to evaluate the effects of these Chinese strategies for controlling the spread of COVID-19.MethodsFrom the data of cumulative confirmed cases from provincial Health Commission websites of China, we performed model fitting and calculated the growth speed of cumulative confirmed patients. We further analyzed the time when this growth speed, the rate of the number of new cases, reached its maximum (Speedmax). Comparing different times to Speedmax of different areas in China, we calculated the dates at which the growth speed began to decline in different areas. Also, The number of plateaus were analyzed.ResultsThe quartic model showed the best fit. For almost all areas in mainland China, the speed of infections reached Speedmax and began to decline within 14 days; exceptions were Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hainan, Guizhou, and Hubei. The number of plateaus was significantly correlated with the emigration index. However, the distance from other areas to Hubei and the number of plateaus had little influence on when a province or area arrived at Speedmax. Once strict intervention strategies were implemented, diffusion and deterioration of COVID-19 were inhibited quickly and effectively over China.ConclusionOur study suggests that Chinese strategies are highly effective on controlling the diffusion and deterioration of the novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. These strategies supply experience and guidelines for other countries to control the COVID-19 epidemic.
Noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus to the amygdala constrain auditory fear memory reconsolidation
Authors: Haubrich Josue , Bernabo Matteo , Nader Karim 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTMemory reconsolidation is a fundamental plasticity process in the brain that allows established memories to be changed or erased. However, certain boundary conditions limit the parameters under which memories can be made plastic. Strong memories do not destabilize, for instance, although why they are resilient is mostly unknown. Here, we extend the understanding of the mechanisms implicated inreconsolidation-resistant memories byinvestigating the hypothesis that specific modulatory signals shape memory formation into a state that lacks lability. We find that the activation of the noradrenaline-locus coeruleus system (NOR-LC) during strong fear memory encoding increases molecular mechanisms of stability at the expense of lability in the amygdala. Preventing the NOR-LC from modulating strong fear encoding results in the formation of memories that can undergo reconsolidation within the amygdala and thus are vulnerable to post-reactivation interference. Thus, the memory strength boundary condition on reconsolidation is set at the time of encoding by the action of the NOR-LC.
Ancient Y chromosomes confirm origin of modern human paternal lineages in Asia rather than Africa
Authors: Chen Hongyao , Zhang Ye , Huang Shi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAnalyses of Y chromosome variations of extant people have resulted in two models for the paternal phylogenetic tree of modern humans with roots either in Africa or East Asia. These two trees are differentiated mainly by when and where their mega-haplogroups branched apart. This paper examines previously published Y chromosome sequencing data of 17 ancient samples to compare these two competing models. As ancient samples have had less time to evolve, they are expected to have mutated in some, but not all, of the sites that define present day haplogroups to which they belong. Indeed, most of the ancient DNAs here showed that expected pattern for both the terminal and the basal haplogroups to which they belong, all of the ones which are non-controversial or considered real by both of the two competing models followed that pattern. However, for basal haplogroups not shared by the two models, such expected pattern could be observed only if the haplogroups specific to the Asia rather than the Africa model are real, including ABCDE, ABDE, AB, A00-A1b. Another important point is that, if the mega-haplogroups of the Africa model were real, including BT, CT, CF and F, it would mean that numerous alleles would be shared between these haplogroups and several ancient A1b1b2 samples, which is unexpected and unseen in present day samples. Sharing alleles like this would also violate the infinite site assumption that makes the Africa rooting possible in the first place. Therefore, the data from ancient Y chromosomes confirm the actual existence of the haplogroups specific to the Asia model.
Dynamic Behaviors of Expression Compensation between Duplicate Genes
Authors: Gu Xun 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWhile gene or genome duplications have provided raw genetic materials for evolutionary innovations, these events have also generated massive duplicate genes, resulting in a tremendous increase to the genetic robustness of organism. Duplicate compensation indicate functional redundancies generated by gene duplications, which are widespread in all known genomes. However, the fitness trade-offs of their mutational compensation (genetic robustness) and their role in evolutionary innovation remains largely obscure. In this paper, we discuss how we can utilize the mathematical modeling approach to predicting under which condition duplicate compensation may occur. After a critical review for the models about expression dosage, compensation, and long-term survival of duplicate genes, we highlight the importance to distinguish between Function (F)-triggered and Expression (E)-triggered mechanism of duplicate compensation. Moreover, we address three fundamental questions: (i) Why a backup duplicate can be effectively activated by any silence mutation of the dominant duplicate, but hardly by any coding mutation resulting in impaired protein function? (ii) Why a dispensable duplicate gene, i.e., knockout leads to virtually no phenotype, still remains a great deal of selective constraints in the coding region? And (iii) under which condition expression subfunctionalization between duplicates is reversible (dosage-sharing) or irreversible (long-term survival)?
Elastohydrodynamical instabilities of active filaments, arrays and carpets analyzed using slender body theory
Authors: Sangani Ashok S. , Gopinath Arvind 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTThe rhythmic motions and wave-like planar oscillations in filamentous soft structures are ubiquitous in biology. Inspired by these, recent work has focused on the creation of synthetic colloid-based active mimics that can be used to move, transport cargo, and generate fluid flows. Underlying the functionality of these mimics is the coupling between elasticity, geometry, dissipation due to the fluid, and active force or moment generated by the system. Here, we use slender body theory to analyze the linear stability of a subset of these - active elastic filaments, filament arrays and filament carpets - animated by follower forces. Follower forces can be external or internal forces that always act along the filament contour. The application of slender body theory enables the accurate inclusion of hydrodynamic effects, screening due to boundaries, and interactions between filaments. We first study the stability of fixed and freely suspended sphere-filament assemblies, calculate neutral stability curves separating stable oscillatory states from stable straight states, and quantify the frequency of emergent oscillations. When shadowing effects due to the physical presence of the spherical boundary are taken into account, the results from the slender body theory differ from that obtained using local resistivity theory. Next, we examine the onset of instabilities in a small cluster of filaments attached to a wall and examine how the critical force for onset of instability and the frequency of sustained oscillations depend on the number of filaments and the spacing between the filaments. Our results emphasize the role of hydrodynamic interactions in driving the system towards perfectly in-phase or perfectly out of phase responses depending on the nature of the instability. Specifically, the first bifurcation corresponds to filaments oscillating in-phase with each other. We then extend our analysis to filamentous (line) array and (square) carpets of filaments and investigate the variation of the critical parameters for the onset of oscillations and the frequency of oscillations on the inter-filament spacing. The square carpet also produces a uniform flow at infinity and we determine the ratio of the mean-squared flow at infinity to the energy input by active forces. We conclude by analyzing the bending and buckling instabilities of a straight passive filament attached to a wall and placed in a viscous stagnant flow - a problem related to the growth of biofilms, and also to mechanosensing in passive cilia and microvilli. Taken together, our results provide the foundation for more detailed non-linear analyses of spatiotemporal patterns in active filament systems.
Genomic and dietary transitions during the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic in Sicily
Authors: van de Loosdrecht Marieke S. , Mannino Marcello A. , Talamo Sahra , Villalba-Mouco Vanessa , Posth Cosimo , Aron Franziska , Brandt Guido , Burri Marta , Freund Cäcilia , Radzeviciute Rita , Stahl Raphaela , Wissgott Antje , Klausnitzer Lysann , Nagel Sarah , Meyer Matthias , Tagliacozzo Antonio , Piperno Marcello , Tusa Sebastiano , Collina Carmine , Schimmenti Vittoria , Di Salvo Rosaria , Prüfer Kay , Hublin Jean-Jacques , Schiffels Stephan , Jeong Choongwon , Haak Wolfgang , Krause Johannes 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSouthern Italy is a key region for understanding the agricultural transition in the Mediterranean due to its central position. We present a genomic transect for 19 prehistoric Sicilians that covers the Early Mesolithic to Early Neolithic period. We find that the Early Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (HGs) are a highly drifted sister lineage to Early Holocene western European HGs, whereas a quarter of the Late Mesolithic HGs ancestry is related to HGs from eastern Europe and the Near East. This indicates substantial gene flow from (south-)eastern Europe between the Early and Late Mesolithic. The Early Neolithic farmers are genetically most similar to those from the Balkan and Greece, and carry only a maximum of ∼7% ancestry from Sicilian Mesolithic HGs. Ancestry changes match changes in dietary profile and material culture, except for two individuals who may provide tentative initial evidence that HGs adopted elements of farming in Sicily.One-sentence summaryGenome-wide and isotopic data from prehistoric Sicilians reveal a pre-farming connection to (south-) eastern Europe, and tentative initial evidence that hunter-gatherers adopted some Neolithic aspects prior to near-total replacement by early farmers.
Influence of fluorine substitution on the molecular conformation of 3′-deoxy-3′-fluoro-5-methyluridine
Authors: Aher Manisha N. , Erande Namrata D. , Kumar Vaijayanti A. , Fernandes Moneesha , Gonnade Rajesh G. 
Published: March 2020

Fluorine substitutions on the furanose ring of nucleosides are known to strongly influence the conformational properties of oligonucleotides. In order to assess the effect of fluorine on the conformation of 3′-deoxy-3′-fluoro-5-methyluridine (RTF), C10H13FN2O5, we studied its stereochemistry in the crystalline state using X-ray crystallography. The compound crystallizes in the chiral orthorhombic space groupP212121and contains two symmetry-independent molecules (AandB) in the asymmetric unit. The furanose ring in moleculesAandBadopts conformations between envelope (2E, 2′-endo,P = 162°) and twisted (2T3, 2′-endoand 3′exo,P = 180°), with pseudorotation phase angles (P) of 164.3 and 170.2°, respectively. The maximum puckering amplitudes, νmax, for moleculesAandBare 38.8 and 36.1°, respectively. In contrast, for 5-methyluridine (RTOH), the value ofPis 21.2°, which is between the3E (3′-endo,P = 18.0°) and3T4(3′-endoand 4′-exo,P = 36°) conformations. The value of νmaxforRTOHis 41.29°. MoleculesAandBofRTFgenerate respective helical assemblies across the crystallographic 21-screw axis through classical N—H...O aand O—H...O hydrogen bonds supplemented by C—H...O contacts. Adjacent parallel helices of both molecules are linked to each otherviaO—H...O and O...π interactions.