bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical review of asphaltene properties and factors impacting its stability in crude oil
Authors: Fakher Sherif , Ahdaya Mohamed , Elturki Mukhtar , Imqam Abdulmohsin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAsphaltene is a component of crude oil that has been reported to cause severe problems during production and transportation of the oil from the reservoir. It is a solid component of the oil that has different structures and molecular makeup which makes it one of the most complex components of the oil. This research provides a detailed review of asphaltene properties, characteristics, and previous studies to construct a guideline to asphaltene and its impact on oil recovery. The research begins with an explanation of the main components of crude oil and their relation to asphaltene. The method by which asphaltene is quantified in the crude oil is then explained. Due to its different structures, asphaltene has been modeled using different models all of which are then discussed. All chemical analysis methods that have been used to characterize and study asphaltene are then mentioned and the most commonly used method is shown. Asphaltene will pass through several phases in the reservoir beginning from its stability phase up to its deposition in the pores, wellbore, and facilities. All these phases are explained, and the reason they may occur is mentioned. Following this, the methods by which asphaltene can damage oil recovery are presented. Asphaltene rheology and flow mechanism in the reservoir are then explained in detail including asphaltene onset pressure determination and significance and the use of micro- and nanofluidics to model asphaltene. Finally, the mathematical models, previous laboratory, and oilfield studies conducted to evaluate asphaltene are discussed. This research will help increase the understanding of asphaltene and provide a guideline to properly study and model asphaltene in future studies.
The effect of drill–pipe rotation on improving hole cleaning using polypropylene beads in water-based mud at different hole angles
Authors: Katende A. , Segar B. , Ismail I. , Sagala F. , Saadiah H. H. A. R. , Samsuri A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHole cleaning is always a problem, particularly during drilling operations, and drilling fluid plays an important role in transporting drill cuttings through an annular section of wellbore to the surface. To transport the cuttings, a water-based mud with added polypropylene beads was selected since it is environmentally friendly and cost efficient. The polypropylene beads help to transport cuttings by providing an additional buoyancy force that lifts the cuttings to the surface via the influence of collision and drag forces. This experiment was performed using a 20 ft test section, 10 ppg drilling mud and 0.86 m/s annular velocity in a laboratory scale rig simulator, and the concentration of polypropylene beads was varied from 0 to 8 ppb. As the concentration of polypropylene increases, the cutting transport ratio also increases. It was observed that the fewest cuttings are lifted at a critical angle of 60°, followed by 45°, 30°, 90° and 0°. Additionally, cutting sizes had moderate effects on the cutting lifting efficiency, where smaller cutting sizes (0.5–1.0 mm) are easier to lift than larger cutting sizes (2.0–2.8 mm). Furthermore, a study of buoyancy force and impulsive force was conducted to investigate the cutting lifting efficiencies of various concentrations of polypropylene beads. This lifting capacity was also assisted by the presence of polyanionic cellulose (PAC), which increases the mud carrying capacity and is effective for smaller cuttings. The results show that in the presence of pipe rotation, the cutting lifting efficiency is slightly enhanced due to the orbital motion provided by the drill pipe for better hole cleaning. In conclusion, polypropylene beads combined with pipe rotation increase the cutting transport ratio in the wellbore.
Erotic Target Identity Inversions Among Men and Women in an Internet Sample
Authors: Brown Ashley , Barker Edward D. , Rahman Qazi 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Erotic target identity inversions (ETIIs) are poorly studied paraphilias that involve sexual arousal by the idea or fantasy of being the object of one’s sexual desires.

Aim
To conduct a large non-clinical online survey to investigate self-reported sexual arousal, behavioral expression, and psychological correlates of 4 proposed ETIIs.

Methods
A total of 736 natal males and 549 natal females responded to items about self-reported sexual arousal to the idea of acting as an animal (autoanthropomorphozoophilia) or the idea of acting as a child or infant (autonepiophilia), natal males reporting arousal to the idea of acting as a woman (autogynephilia), and natal females reporting arousal to the idea of acting as a man (autoandrophilia). Data pertaining to sexual orientation, childhood gender nonconformity, gender identity discomfort, autism, masochism, and humiliation were also collected.

Main Outcome Measures
The main outcome was a measure of self-reported arousal and expression of the ETIIs being explored using 4 items: arousal level (–3 to 3) when imagining being the erotic target exemplar; frequency of engagement in dressing or behaving like their preferred target (0–4); strength of feeling that they would be better off as the target (0–4); and the frequency of consideration of making physical changes to look or function more like the target (0–4).

Results
Mild levels of reported sexual arousal to the idea of being the preferred erotic target were common among the 4 groups, characterizing about half of them. Gender identity discomfort was associated with autogynephilia, autoandrophilia, and autoanthropomorphozoophilia. Greater gender nonconformity was associated with autogynephilia, autoandrophilia, and autonepiophilia. Autism scores were associated with autoandrophilia and autonepiophilia. Masochism was not associated with ETII scores, but humiliation was.

Clinical Implications
Findings suggest that it may be important to distinguish between subgroups of those with different levels and types of ETII arousal/expression.

Strengths & Limitations
Strengths of this study include the large, non-clinical sample of men and women for the investigation of ETIIs and the inclusion of measures of psychological correlates. The use of an Internet sample with self-report measures may be unrepresentative, although the Internet has the advantage of allowing recruitment from stigmatized or unusual groups. The cross-sectional nature limits our conclusions, as no causal inferences can be made.

Conclusion
The results support the concept of ETIIs as a paraphilic dimension in non-clinical samples and the possible role of gender-related psychological factors.
Actions, Products, and Truth-Bearers: A Critique of Twardowskian Accounts
Authors: Bronzo Silver 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFriederike Moltmann has recently proposed an account of truth-bearers that draws on Kazimierz Twardowski’s action/product distinction. Her account is meant to provide a third way between the dominant view of primary truth-bearers as mind-independent entities and the recently revived construal of them as mental or linguistic acts. This paper argues that there isno roomfor Twardowskian accounts because they are based on a notion of “nonenduring product” that defies comprehension, andno needfor them because the linguistic data that Twardowskians take to refute the act-theoretic approach can, in fact, be handled by that approach.
Public Committee Against Torture in Israel v. Government of Israel. Case No. HCJ 769/02
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , Ben-Naftali Orna , Michaeli Keren 
Published: December 2019

Public Committee Against Torture in Israel v. Government of Israel. Case No. HCJ 769/02. At
<http://elyonl.court.gov.il/files_eng/02/690/007/a34/02007690.a34.pdf>.Supreme Court of Israel, sitting as the High Court of Justice, December 13, 2006.In Public Committee Against Torture in Israel v. Government of Israel1 Targeted Killings) the Supreme Court of Israel, sitting as the High Court of Justice, examined the legality of Israel's “preventative targeted killings” of members of militant Palestinian organizations. The Court's unanimous conclusion reads:The result of the examination is not that such strikes are always permissible or that they are always forbidden. The approach of customary international law applying to armed conflicts of an international nature is that civilians are protected from attacks by the army. However, that protection does not exist regarding those civilians “for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities” (§51(3) of [Additional Protocol I]). Harming such civilians, even if the result is death, is permitted, on the condition that there is no less harmful means, and on the condition that innocent civilians are not harmed. Harm to the latter must be proportional. (Para. 60)
Four decades of socio-economic inequality and secular change in the physical growth of Guatemalans
Authors: Mansukoski Liina , Johnson William , Brooke-Wavell Katherine , Galvez-Sobral J Andres , Furlán Luis , Cole Tim J , Bogin Barry 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjective:To investigate changes in socio-economic inequalities in growth in height, weight, BMI and grip strength in children born during 1955–1993 in Guatemala, a period of marked socio-economic-political change.Design:We modelled longitudinal data on height, weight, BMI and hand grip strength using Super-Imposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR). Internal Z-scores summarising growth size, timing and intensity (peak growth velocity, e.g. cm/year) were created to investigate inequalities by socio-economic position (SEP; measured by school attended). Interactions of SEP with date of birth were investigated to capture secular changes in inequalities.Setting:Urban and peri-urban schools in the region of Guatemala City, Guatemala.Participants:Participants were 40 484 children and adolescents aged 3–19 years of Ladino and Maya ancestry (nobservations 157 067).Results:The difference in height (SITAR size) between lowest and highest SEP decreased from −2·0 (95 % CI −2·2, −1·9) sd to −1·4 (95 % CI −1·5, −1·3) sd in males, and from −2·0 (95 % CI −2·1, −1·9) sd to −1·2 (95 % CI −1·3, −1·2) sd in females over the study period. Inequalities also reduced for weight, BMI and grip strength, due to greater secular increases in lowest-SEP groups. The puberty period was earlier and shorter in higher-SEP individuals (earlier SITAR timing and higher SITAR intensity). All SEP groups showed increases in BMI intensity over time.Conclusions:Inequality narrowed between the 1960s and 1990s. The lowest-SEP groups were still >1 sd shorter than the highest. Risks remain for reduced human capital and poorer population health for urban Guatemalans.
Domestic Courts and the Paris Agreement's Climate Goals: The Need for a Comparative Approach
Authors: Saiger Anna-Julia 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDomestic courts enjoy generous attention in international political and legal climate change literature. As a result of the reluctance of national governments to pursue climate protection measures, courts are called on to enforce international climate goals. This article assesses two domestic climate change cases (theThabametsi Caseand theVienna Airport Case) in the light of Anthea Roberts’ functional understanding of the role of domestic courts in international law. It argues that domestic courts play a pivotal role in linking international obligations of conduct with national obligations of result. This role depends on domestic contexts and, therefore, requires a comparative approach.
Legal regime sustainability in outer space: theory and practice
Authors: Martinez Larry F. 
Published: December 2019

Non-technical abstractSustainable access to outer space is increasingly threatened by growing orbital clouds of satellites and debris. A boom in competitively priced commercial rocket launches has lowered prices, prompting satellite operators to begin deploying thousands of satellites. Six decades ago, ‘hard law’ international treaties established governance for outer space designed for the few governmental space programmes. Today, non-governmental commercial entities are operating under voluntary ‘soft law’ rules of the road that expose the deficiencies of the original treaties to empower regulatory supervision of the expanding commercial orbital presence. This paper suggests how a ‘sustainable’ system of governance, required for sustainable space access and exploration, may be promoted by increasing the costs of non-compliance.
Representing Grasslands Using Dynamic Prognostic Phenology Based on Biological Growth Stages: Part 2. Carbon Cycling
Authors: Haynes Katherine D. , Baker Ian T. , Denning A. Scott , Wolf Sebastian , Wohlfahrt Georg , Kiely Gerard , Minaya Renee C. , Haynes John M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGrasslands are one of the most widely distributed and abundant vegetation types globally, and land surface models struggle to accurately simulate grassland carbon dioxide, energy, and water fluxes. Here we hypothesize that this is due to land surface models having difficulties in reproducing grassland phenology, in particular in response to the seasonal and interannual variability of precipitation. Using leaf area index (LAI), net primary productivity, and flux data at 55 sites spanning climate zones, the aim of this study is to evaluate a novel prognostic phenology model (Simple Biosphere Model, SiB4) while simultaneously illustrating grassland relationships across precipitation gradients. Evaluating from 2000 to 2014, SiB4 predicts daily LAI, carbon, and energy fluxes with root‐mean‐square errors < 15% and individual biases <10%; however, not including management likely reduces its performance. Grassland mean annual LAI increases linearly with mean annual precipitation, with both SiB4 and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) showing a 0.13 increase in LAI per 100‐mm increase in precipitation. Both gross primary production and ecosystem respiration increase with growing season length by ∼8.5 g C m−2per day, with SiB4 and Fluxnet estimates within 18%. Despite differences in mean annual precipitation and growing season length, all grassland sites shift to seasonal carbon sinks one month prior to peak uptake. During a U.S. drought, MODIS and SiB4 had nearly identical LAI responses, and the LAI change due to drought was less than the LAI change across the precipitation gradient, indicating that grassland drought response is not as strong as the overlying climate response.
Sea Ice Targeted Geoengineering Can Delay Arctic Sea Ice Decline but not Global Warming
Authors: Zampieri Lorenzo , Goessling Helge F. 
Published: December 2019

To counteract global warming, a geoengineering approach that aims at intervening in the Arctic ice‐albedo feedback has been proposed. A large number of wind‐driven pumps shall spread seawater on the surface in winter to enhance ice growth, allowing more ice to survive the summer melt. We test this idea with a coupled climate model by modifying the surface exchange processes such that the physical effect of the pumps is simulated. Based on experiments with RCP 8.5 scenario forcing, we find that it is possible to keep the late‐summer sea ice cover at the current extent for the next ∼60 years. The increased ice extent is accompanied by significant Arctic late‐summer cooling by ∼1.3 K on average north of the polar circle (2021–2060). However, this cooling is not conveyed to lower latitudes. Moreover, the Arctic experiences substantial winter warming in regions with active pumps. The global annual‐mean near‐surface air temperature is reduced by only 0.02 K (2021–2060). Our results cast doubt on the potential of sea ice targeted geoengineering to mitigate climate change.
Reduced CaCO3Flux to the Seafloor and Weaker Bottom Current Speeds Curtail Benthic CaCO3Dissolution Over the 21st Century
Authors: Sulpis Olivier , Dufour Carolina O. , Trossman David S. , Fassbender Andrea J. , Arbic Brian K. , Boudreau Bernard P. , Dunne John P. , Mucci Alfonso 
Published: December 2019

AbstractResults from a range of Earth System and climate models of various resolution run under high‐CO2emission scenarios challenge the paradigm that seafloor CaCO3dissolution will grow in extent and intensify as ocean acidification develops over the next century. Under the “business as usual,” RCP8.5 scenario, CaCO3dissolution increases in some areas of the deep ocean, such as the eastern central Pacific Ocean, but is projected to decrease in the Northern Pacific and abyssal Atlantic Ocean by the year 2100. The flux of CaCO3to the seafloor and bottom‐current speeds, both of which are expected to decrease globally through the 21st century, govern changes in benthic CaCO3dissolution rates over 53% and 31% of the dissolving seafloor, respectively. Below the calcite compensation depth, a reduced CaCO3flux to the CaCO3‐free seabed modulates the amount of CaCO3material dissolved at the sediment‐water interface. Slower bottom‐water circulation leads to thicker diffusive boundary layers above the sediment bed and a consequent stronger transport barrier to CaCO3dissolution. While all investigated models predict a weakening of bottom current speeds over most of the seafloor by the end of the 21st century, strong discrepancies exist in the magnitude of the predicted speeds. Overall, the poor performance of most models in reproducing modern bottom‐water velocities and CaCO3rain rates coupled with the existence of large disparities in predicted bottom‐water chemistry across models hampers our ability to robustly estimate the magnitude and temporal evolution of anthropogenic CaCO3dissolution rates and the associated anthropogenic CO2neutralization.
Seismic Structure of the Upper Crust From 0–75 Ma in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean on the African Plate Using Ultralong Offset Seismic Data
Authors: Audhkhasi P. , Singh S. C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe uppermost oceanic crust composes of Layers 2A and 2B, and the boundary between them is debated to be a lava/dike transition or a hydrothermal alteration boundary within the lava unit. Here, we present the analyses of ultralong multichannel seismic data along a 1,500 km long profile covering 0–75 Ma of the oceanic lithosphere on the African plate in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. We find that the Layer 2A is observed along the whole profile, with its
velocity increasing from 2.5 km/s near the ridge axis to
4 km/s at
4 Ma with slight variations thereafter. We also find that the sediment thickness increases rapidly from 0 m at the ridge axis to 170 m at 4 Ma, suggesting that there is a link between the high sedimentation rate and the increase in Layer 2A velocity. These observations indicate that crust younger than 4 Myr may be influenced by active hydrothermal circulation. The observed thickness of Layer 2A decreases from
850 m near the ridge axis to
600 m at 15 Ma with no significant changes beyond. We also find an increase in Layer 2B velocity from 5.1 km/s at 4 Myr to 5.5 km/s at 46 Myr, suggesting that passive hydrothermal circulation may extend deeper than Layer 2A/2B boundary. We propose Layer 2A/2B boundary to be a lava/dike transition at the ridge axis and a hydrothermal alteration boundary within the extrusive section away from the ridge axis.
Ordinary and Slow Earthquakes Reproduced in a Simple Continuum System With Stochastic Temporal Stress Fluctuations
Authors: Aso Naofumi , Ando Ryosuke , Ide Satoshi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEarthquakes are complex and diverse, ranging from energetic and destructive megathrust earthquakes to slow earthquakes. Complex earthquake rupture processes are generally modeled by prescribing a deterministic system and solving deterministic differential equations. However, such approaches cannot adequately capture the temporal evolution of a complex fault system because of the inherent unpredictability that results from various unprescribed processes. Such unpredictability may be better represented by time‐dependent stochastic fluctuations in addition to the deterministic estimates. Here, we demonstrate that the consideration of time‐dependent stochastic stress fluctuations in ordinary crack simulations can reproduce a variety of ruptures, including both crack‐like and pulse‐like ordinary (fast) earthquakes and slow earthquakes, by simply changing the strength drop and the initial stress level. The results indicate that stochasticity is effective for reproducing and better understanding the diversity of earthquakes, including slow earthquakes.
The Western Tibetan Vortex as an Emergent Feature of Near‐Surface Temperature Variations
Authors: de Kok Remco J. , Immerzeel Walter W. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGlaciers around the world are shrinking, yet in a region in northwestern High Mountain Asia (HMA), glaciers show growth. A proposed explanation for this anomalous behavior is related to the variability of the “Western Tibetan Vortex” (WTV), which correlates well with near‐surface temperatures in northwestern HMA. Using analytical formulations and ERA5 reanalysis data, we show that the WTV is the change of wind field resulting from changes in near‐surface temperature gradients in geostrophic flow and that it is not unique to northwestern HMA. Instead, we argue that net radiation is likely the main driver of near‐surface temperatures in Western HMA in summer and autumn. The decreasing strength of the WTV during summer in the twentieth century is thus likely the result of decreasing net radiation. We do argue that the WTV is a useful concept that could yield insights in other regions as well.
Pten haploinsufficiency disrupts scaling across brain areas during development in mice
Authors: Clipperton-Allen Amy E. , Cohen Ori S. , Aceti Massimiliano , Zucca Aya , Levy Jenna , Ellegood Jacob , Lerch Jason P. , Page Damon T. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHaploinsufficiency for PTEN is a cause of autism spectrum disorder and brain overgrowth; however, it is not known if PTEN mutations disrupt scaling across brain areas during development. To address this question, we used magnetic resonance imaging to analyze brains of male Pten haploinsufficient (Pten+/−) mice and wild-type littermates during early postnatal development and adulthood. Adult Pten+/− mice display a consistent pattern of abnormal scaling across brain areas, with white matter (WM) areas being particularly affected. This regional and WM enlargement recapitulates structural abnormalities found in individuals with PTEN haploinsufficiency and autism. Early postnatal Pten+/− mice do not display the same pattern, instead exhibiting greater variability across mice and brain regions than controls. This suggests that Pten haploinsufficiency may desynchronize growth across brain regions during early development before stabilizing by maturity. Pten+/− cortical cultures display increased proliferation of glial cell populations, indicating a potential substrate of WM enlargement, and provide a platform for testing candidate therapeutics. Pten haploinsufficiency dysregulates coordinated growth across brain regions during development. This results in abnormally scaled brain areas and associated behavioral deficits, potentially explaining the relationship between PTEN mutations and neurodevelopmental disorders.