bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real-time Informatized caption enhancement based on speaker pronunciation time database
Authors: Choi Yong-Sik , Kang Jin-Gu , Joo Jong Wha J. , Jung Jin-Woo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIBM Watson is one of the representative tools for speech recognition system which can automatically generate not only speech-to-text information but also speaker ID and timing information, which is called as Informatized Caption. However, if there is some noise in the voice signal to the IBM Watson API, the recognition performance is significantly decreased. It can be easily found in movies with background music and special sound effects. This paper aims to improve the inaccuracy problem of current Informatized Captions in noisy environments. In this paper, a method of modifying incorrectly recognized words and a method of enhancing timing accuracy while updating database in real time are suggested based on the original caption and Informatized Caption information. Experimental results shows that the proposed method can give 81.09% timing accuracy for the case of 10 representative animation, horror and action movies.
Attacks on state-of-the-art face recognition using attentional adversarial attack generative network
Authors: Yang Lu , Song Qing , Wu Yingqi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWith the broad use of face recognition, its weakness gradually emerges that it is able to be attacked. Therefore, it is very important to study how face recognition networks are subject to attacks. Generating adversarial examples is an effective attack method, which misleads the face recognition system through obfuscation attack (rejecting a genuine subject) or impersonation attack (matching to an impostor). In this paper, we introduce a novel GAN, Attentional Adversarial Attack Generative Network (A3GN), to generate adversarial examples that mislead the network to identify someone as the target person not misclassify inconspicuously. For capturing the geometric and context information of the target person, this work adds a conditional variational autoencoder and attention modules to learn the instance-level correspondences between faces. Unlike traditional two-player GAN, this work introduces a face recognition network as the third player to participate in the competition between generator and discriminator which allows the attacker to impersonate the target person better. The generated faces which are hard to arouse the notice of onlookers can evade recognition by state-of-the-art networks and most of them are recognized as the target person.
Image classification-based brain tumour tissue segmentation
Authors: Al-qazzaz Salma , Sun Xianfang , Yang Hong , Yang Yingxia , Xu Ronghua , Nokes Len , Yang Xin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBrain tumour tissue segmentation is essential for clinical decision making. While manual segmentation is time consuming, tedious, and subjective, it is very challenging to develop automatic segmentation methods. Deep learning with convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture has consistently outperformed previous methods on such challenging tasks. However, the local dependencies of pixel classes cannot be fully reflected in the CNN models. In contrast, hand-crafted features such as histogram-based texture features provide robust feature descriptors of local pixel dependencies. In this paper, a classification-based method for automatic brain tumour tissue segmentation is proposed using combined CNN-based and hand-crafted features. The CIFAR network is modified to extract CNN-based features, and histogram-based texture features are fused to compensate the limitation in the CIFAR network. These features together with the pixel intensities of the original MRI images are sent to a decision tree for classifying the MRI image voxels into different types of tumour tissues. The method is evaluated on the BraTS 2017 dataset. Experiments show that the proposed method produces promising segmentation results.
Cryosphere hazards in Ladakh: the 2014 Gya glacial lake outburst flood and its implications for risk assessment
Authors: Schmidt Susanne , Nüsser Marcus , Baghel Ravi , Dame Juliane 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article attempts to reconstruct the causes and consequences of the 2014 glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) event in Gya, Ladakh. We analyse the evolution of the Gya glacial lake using a high temporal and high spatial resolution remote sensing approach. In order to frame the case study in a larger picture, we produce a comprehensive inventory of glacial lakes for the entire Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh. Changes in the extent and number of glacial lakes have been detected for the years 1969, 1993, 2000/02 and 2018 in order to assess the potential risk of future GLOFs in the region. The remote sensing approach was supported by field surveys between 2014 and 2019. The case study of the Gya GLOF illustrates the problem of potentially hazardous lakes being overlooked in inventories. The broader analysis of the Ladakh region and in-depth analysis of one GLOF lead us to propose an integrated approach for detecting undocumented GLOFs. This article demonstrates the necessity for using multiple methods to ensure robustness of risk assessment. The improved understanding can lead to a more accurate evaluation of exposure to cryosphere hazards and identification of alternative mechanisms and spatial patterns of GLOFs in the Himalaya.
Regional landslide hazard assessment through integrating susceptibility index and rainfall process
Authors: Wang Zhiheng , Wang Dongchuan , Guo Qiaozhen , Wang Daikun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDue to the difference of the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall and the complex diversity of the disaster-prone environment (topography, geological, fault, and lithology), it is difficult to assess the hazard of landslides at the regional scale quantitatively only considering rainfall condition. Based on detailed landslide inventory and rainfall data in the hilly area in Sichuan province, this study analyzed the effects of both rainfall process and environmental factors on the occurrence of landslides. Through analyzing environmental factors, a landslide susceptibility index (LSI) was calculated using multiple layer perceptron (MLP) model to reflect the regional landslide susceptibility. Further, the characteristics of rainfall process and landslides were examined quantitatively with statistical analysis. Finally, a probability model integrating LSI and rainfall process was constructed using logistical regression analysis to assess the landslide hazard. Validation showed satisfactory results, and the inclusion of LSI effectively improved the accuracy of the landslide hazard assessment: Compared with only considering the rainfall process factors, the accuracy of the landslide prediction model both considering the rainfall process and landslide susceptibility is improved by 3%. These results indicate that an integration of susceptibility index and rainfall process is essential in improving the timeliness and accuracy of regional landslide early warning.
An argument for egalitarian confirmation bias and against political diversity in academia
Authors: Peters Uwe 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIt has recently been suggested that politically motivated cognition leads progressive individuals (e.g., liberals) to form beliefs that underestimate real differences between social groups (e.g., in academic performance) and to process information selectively to support these beliefs and an egalitarian outlook. I contend that this tendency, which I shall call ‘egalitarian confirmation bias’, is often ‘Mandevillian’ in nature. That is, while it is epistemically problematic in one’s own cognition, it often has effects that significantly improve other people’s truth tracking, especially that of stigmatized individuals in academia. Due to its Mandevillian character, egalitarian confirmation bias isn’t only epistemically but also ethically beneficial, as it helps decrease social injustice. Moreover, since egalitarian confirmation bias has Mandevillian effects especially in academia, and since progressives are particularly likely to display the bias, there is an epistemic reason for maintaining (rather than counteracting) the often-noted political majority of progressives in academia. That is, while many researchers hold that diversity in academia is epistemically beneficial because it helps reduce bias, I argue that precisely because political diversity would help reduce egalitarian confirmation bias, it would in fact in one important sense be epistemically costly.
Influence of Interstitial Oxygen on the Tribology of Ti6Al4V
Authors: Kümmel Daniel , Schneider Johannes , Gumbsch Peter 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTitanium alloys are used for their good mechanical and corrosion properties, but generally experience poor wear behavior. This can effectively be counteracted by a thermal oxidation treatment, reducing wear significantly. Employing a special sample preparation, we study the transition of tribological properties between thermally oxidized and bulk Ti6Al4V on a single sample. While oxygen signal intensity and hardness followed an exponential decay from the surface to bulk material, tribological results showed a step-like transition from low to high friction and wear with increasing distance from the surface. Low wear was associated with minor abrasive marks, whereas high wear showed as severe adhesive material transfer onto the steel counter body. Besides the mechanical property of hardness, also a change in fracture behavior by interstitial oxygen could influence the observed tribological behavior.
Guanosine modulates SUMO2/3-ylation in neurons and astrocytes via adenosine receptors
Authors: Zanella Camila A. , Tasca Carla I. , Henley Jeremy M. , Wilkinson Kevin A. , Cimarosti Helena I. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSUMOylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) whereby members of the Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) family of proteins are conjugated to lysine residues in target proteins. SUMOylation has been implicated in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, and much attention has been given to its role in neurodegenerative conditions. Due to its reported role in neuroprotection, pharmacological modulation of SUMOylation represents an attractive potential therapeutic strategy in a number of different brain disorders. However, very few compounds that target the SUMOylation pathway have been identified. Guanosine is an endogenous nucleoside with important neuromodulatory and neuroprotective effects. Experimental evidence has shown that guanosine can modulate different intracellular pathways, including PTMs. In the present study we examined whether guanosine alters global protein SUMOylation. Primary cortical neurons and astrocytes were treated with guanosine at 1, 10, 100, 300, or 500 μM at four time points, 1, 6, 24, or 48 h. We show that guanosine increases global SUMO2/3-ylation in neurons and astrocytes at 1 h at concentrations above 10 μM. The molecular mechanisms involved in this effect were evaluated in neurons. The guanosine-induced increase in global SUMO2/3-ylation was still observed in the presence of dipyridamole, which prevents guanosine internalization, demonstrating an extracellular guanosine-induced effect. Furthermore, the A1 adenosine receptor antagonist DPCPX abolished the guanosine-induced increase in SUMO2/3-ylation. The A2A adenosine receptor antagonist ZM241385 increased SUMOylation per se, but did not alter guanosine-induced SUMOylation, suggesting that guanosine may modulate SUMO2/3-ylation through an A1-A2A receptor interaction. Taken together, this is the first report to show guanosine as a SUMO2/3-ylation enhancer in astrocytes and neurons.
Improved lower bound on the dimension of the EU council’s voting rules
Authors: Kober Stefan , Weltge Stefan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractKurz and Napel (Optim Lett 10(6):1245–1256, 2015, 10.1007/s11590-015-0917-0) proved that the voting system of the EU council (based on the 2014 population data) cannot be represented as the intersection of six weighted games, i.e., its dimension is at least 7. This set a new record for real-world voting rules and the authors posed the exact determination as a challenge. Recently, Chen et al. (An upper bound on the dimension of the voting system of the European Union Council under the Lisbon rules, 2019, arXiv:1907.09711) showed that the dimension is at most 24. We provide the first improved lower bound and show that the dimension is at least 8.
Current Challenges and Opportunities in Microstructure-Related Properties of Advanced High-Strength Steels
Authors: Raabe Dierk , Sun Binhan , Kwiatkowski Da Silva Alisson , Gault Baptiste , Yen Hung-Wei , Sedighiani Karo , Thoudden Sukumar Prithiv , Souza Filho Isnaldi R. , Katnagallu Shyam , Jägle Eric , Kürnsteiner Philipp , Kusampudi Navyanth , Stephenson Leigh , Herbig Michael , Liebscher Christian H. , Springer Hauke , Zaefferer Stefan , Shah Vitesh , Wong Su-Leen , Baron Christian , Diehl Martin , Roters Franz , Ponge Dirk 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This is a viewpoint paper on recent progress in the understanding of the microstructure–property relations of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). These alloys constitute a class of high-strength, formable steels that are designed mainly as sheet products for the transportation sector. AHSS have often very complex and hierarchical microstructures consisting of ferrite, austenite, bainite, or martensite matrix or of duplex or even multiphase mixtures of these constituents, sometimes enriched with precipitates. This complexity makes it challenging to establish reliable and mechanism-based microstructure–property relationships. A number of excellent studies already exist about the different types of AHSS (such as dual-phase steels, complex phase steels, transformation-induced plasticity steels, twinning-induced plasticity steels, bainitic steels, quenching and partitioning steels, press hardening steels, etc.) and several overviews appeared in which their engineering features related to mechanical properties and forming were discussed. This article reviews recent progress in the understanding of microstructures and alloy design in this field, placing particular attention on the deformation and strain hardening mechanisms of Mn-containing steels that utilize complex dislocation substructures, nanoscale precipitation patterns, deformation-driven transformation, and twinning effects. Recent developments on microalloyed nanoprecipitation hardened and press hardening steels are also reviewed. Besides providing a critical discussion of their microstructures and properties, vital features such as their resistance to hydrogen embrittlement and damage formation are also evaluated. We also present latest progress in advanced characterization and modeling techniques applied to AHSS. Finally, emerging topics such as machine learning, through-process simulation, and additive manufacturing of AHSS are discussed. The aim of this viewpoint is to identify similarities in the deformation and damage mechanisms among these various types of advanced steels and to use these observations for their further development and maturation.
Characterization of Anchorless Human PrP With Q227X Stop Mutation Linked to Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Syndrome In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Shen Pingping , Dang Johnny , Wang Zerui , Zhang Weiguanliu , Yuan Jue , Lang Yue , Ding Mingxuan , Mitchell Marcus , Kong Qingzhong , Feng Jiachun , Rozemuller Annemiek J. M. , Cui Li , Petersen Robert B. , Zou Wen-Quan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlteration in cellular prion protein (PrPC) localization on the cell surface through mediation of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor has been reported to dramatically affect the formation and infectivity of its pathological isoform (PrPSc). A patient with Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome was previously found to have a nonsense heterozygous PrP-Q227X mutation resulting in an anchorless PrP. However, the allelic origin of this anchorless PrPSc and cellular trafficking of PrPQ227X remain to be determined. Here, we show that PrPSc in the brain of this GSS patient is mainly composed of the mutant but not wild-type PrP (PrPWt), suggesting pathological PrPQ227X is incapable of recruiting PrPWt in vivo. This mutant anchorless protein, however, is able to recruit PrPWt from humanized transgenic mouse brain but not from autopsied human brain homogenates to produce a protease-resistant PrPSc-like form in vitro by protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). To further investigate the characteristics of this mutation, constructs expressing human PrPQ227X or PrPWt were transfected into neuroblastoma cells (M17). Fractionation of the M17 cells demonstrated that most PrPWt is recovered in the cell lysate fraction, while most of the mutant PrPQ227X is recovered in the medium fraction, consistent with the results obtained by immunofluorescence microscopy. Two-dimensional gel-electrophoresis and Western blotting showed that cellular PrPQ227X spots clustered at molecular weights of 22–25 kDa with an isoelectric point (pI) of 3.5–5.5, whereas protein spots from the medium are at 18–26 kDa with a pI of 7–10. Our findings suggest that the role of GPI anchor in prion propagation between the anchorless mutant PrP and wild-type PrP relies on the cellular distribution of the protein.
“What’s Happened to the People?” Gentrification and Racial Segregation in Brooklyn
Authors: Chronopoulos Themis 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article explores the relationship between gentrification and racial segregation in Brooklyn, New York with an emphasis on Black Brooklyn. With more than 2.6 million residents, if Brooklyn was a city, it would be the fourth largest in the USA. Brooklyn is the home of approximately 788,000 Blacks with almost 692,000 of them living in an area that historian Harold X. Connolly has called Black Brooklyn. In recent decades, large portions of Brooklyn, including parts of Black Brooklyn have been gentrifying with sizable numbers of whites moving to traditionally Black neighborhoods. One would anticipate racial segregation to be declining in Brooklyn and especially in the areas that are gentrifying. However, this expectation of racial desegregation appears to be false. While there are declines in indices of racial segregation, these declines are frequently marginal, especially when the increase in the number of whites in Black neighborhoods is taken into consideration. At the same time, gentrification has contributed to the displacement or replacement of thousands of long-term African American residents from their homes. This persistence of racial segregation in a time of gentrification raises many questions about the two processes and the effects that they have on African Americans.
Data-based support for petroleum prospect evaluation
Authors: Mumtaz Summaya , Pene Irina , Latif Adnan , Giese Martin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe consider the challenging task of evaluating the commercial viability of hydrocarbon prospects based on limited information, and in limited time. We investigate purely data-driven approaches to predicting key reservoir parameters and obtain a negative result: the information that is typically available for prospect evaluation and is suitable for data-based methods, cannot be used for the required predictions. We can show however that the same information is sufficient to produce a limited list of potentially similar well-explored reservoirs (known as analogues) that can support the prospect evaluation work of human geoscientists. We base the proposal of analogues on similarity measures on the data available about prospects. Technically, the challenge is to define suitable similarity measures on categorical data like depositional environment or rock types. Existing data-based similarity measures for categorical data do not perform well, since they do not take geological domain knowledge into account. We propose two novel similarity measures that use domain knowledge in the form of hierarchies on categorical values. Comparative evaluation shows that the semantic-based similarity measures outperform the existing data-driven approaches and are effective in comparison to the human analogue selection.
Die Botschaft von LUCA — der letzte universelle gemeinsame Vorfahre
Authors: Nesterov-Müller Alexander , Popov Roman 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Standard genetic code is the only reliable information about the first living cell on Earth called the last universal common ancestor —LUCA. The central mystery of the genetic code is the assignment of the canonical amino acids to the codons — base triplets. Simple and uniform combinatorial rules indicate that the standard genetic code arose during the fusion of four primordial single base-pair codes.
Atlastine — wie defekte Netzwerke Neuropathien verursachen
Authors: Behrendt Laura , Kaether Christoph 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Atlastins (ATLs) mesh the tubular net that constitutes the peripheral parts of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the largest membranous organelle of the cell. ATLs form three way junctions, the knots of the ER network. Humans possess three ATLs, ATL1-3. Mutations in ATL1 and ATL3 can cause axonopathies in sensory or motor neurons, leading to hereditary spastic paraplegia or hereditary sensory and autonomous neuropathy. Here we discuss the knowns and unknows of ATL function in health and disease.
Wie Zellen kommunizieren: extra-zelluläre Vesikel als Signalübermittler
Authors: Witte Leonie , Christina Gross Julia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDevelopment and homeostasis of multicellular organisms requires a constant exchange of information. Intercellular communication can be mediated by extracellular vesicles — tightly packed informational units that are secreted by virtually all cell types. Depending on their origin they carry distinct sets of proteins and RNAs and elicit diverse signalling responses in close and distant target cells. Despite their crucial role for health and disease, their biogenesis remains poorly understood.
Zyklische Dinukleotide als molekulare Entwicklungsbremse
Authors: Wörmann Mirka E. , Tschowri Natalia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStreptomyces are renowned producers of antibiotics and other medically useful molecules. They undergo a developmental life cycle involving progression from vegetative growth to the erection of reproductive aerial hyphae, which differentiate into chains of spores. The second messengers c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP control this complex morphological transition. Studies on signalling mechanisms in this bacterial model led to the discovery of a tetrameric c-di-GMP, a sigma factor as an unexpected type of c-di-GMP effectors and a new class of c-di-AMP phosphodiesterases.
Etablierung der PCR-basierten SARS-CoV-2-Testung im Hochdurchsatz
Authors: Klussmeier Anja , Behrens Geoffrey A. , Lange Vinzenz 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTimely identification and isolation of affected individuals is one of the most important factors to control spreading of the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2. Consequently, it is crucial to maintain sufficient sample capacities in diagnostic laboratories. Here, we present a high-through-put approach for PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 testing. The implementation of sample pooling reduces costs and workload, especially in times with low population prevalence.
Hochdurchsatzanalyse zur Identifizierung von Virusinfektionen in ps-iPSCs
Authors: Hübscher Daniela , Streckfuss-Bömeke Katrin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (ps-iPSCs) offers a broad range of applications including human disease modelling, drug screening, bioengineering, or cell therapy. Virus contamination-free cell lines generated under Good Manufacturing Practise (GMP) conditions are of outstanding importance. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility to use an automated high-throughput PCR-based method for detection of human pathogenic viruses, for instance HIV, in ps-iPSCs.