bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Routing using reinforcement learning in vehicular ad hoc networks
Authors: Saravanan M. , Ganeshkumar P. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), the frequent change in vehicle mobility creates dynamic changes in communication link and topology of the network. Hence, the key challenge is to address and resolve longer transmission delays and reduced transmission stability. During the establishment of routing path, the focus of entire research is on traffic detection and road selection with high traffic density for increased packet transmission. This reduces the transmission delays and avoids carry‐and‐forward scenarios; however, these techniques fail in obtaining accurate traffic density in real‐time scenario due to rapid change in traffic density. Thus, it is necessary to create a model that efficiently monitors the traffic density and assist VANETs in route selection in an automated way with increased accuracy. In this article, a novel machine learning architecture using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) model is proposed to monitor and estimate the data essential for the routing protocol. In this model, the roadside unit maintains the traffic information on roads using DRL. The DRL predicts the movement of the vehicle and makes a suitable routing path for transmitting the packets with improved transmission capacity. It further uses predicted transmission delays and the destination location to choose the forwarding directions between two road safety units (RSUs). The application of DRL over VANETs yields increased network performance, which provides on‐demand routing information. The simulation results show that the DRL‐based routing is effective in routing the data packets between the source and destination vehicles than other existing method.
Consumer exposure to food and beverage advertising out of home: An exploratory case study in Jamaica
Authors: Nelson Michelle R. , Ahn Regina Jihea , Ferguson Gail M. , Anderson Arianne 
Published: January 2020

AbstractConsumers are inundated with messages about food and beverages in their daily lives. Research has shown that television advertising contains frequent low‐nutrient food and beverage messages which are thought to influence consumers’ food consumption. Yet, consumption decisions are often made out of the home. We systematically capture and describe food and beverage consumer communications at or near the point of purchase through observation of messages in food environments (Study 1: retail, restaurant) and content analysis of out‐of‐home advertising (Study 2: billboards). To do so, we focus on Jamaica, a ‐middle‐income country that is experiencing a nutrition transition from a traditional to a Westernized diet featuring refined carbohydrates, sugars, fats, sodium and processed foods. Globalization of food and beverage brands is one of the contributory factors to dietary changes and the prevalence of obese and overweight Jamaican consumers is a serious health issue. However, there is no research on advertising in Jamaica to help inform the understanding of its influence on consumers' health. Therefore, we gauge the prevalence and persuasion techniques across two forms of local and global food and beverage advertising that are rarely investigated (retail/restaurant, outdoor). Findings reveal that fast food and sugary beverages, mostly of U.S. origin, were predominantly promoted. Observations in grocery stores and fast‐food restaurants included point‐of‐purchase displays, posters and sales promotion tactics, most typically for low‐nutrient foods. Content analysis results revealed that one in four outdoor advertisements was for a food or beverage. The most frequently advertised foods were energy‐dense processed foods, sodas and fast‐food restaurants. These advertisements typically featured the brand name and a visual. As a whole, this study presents a unique descriptive snapshot which suggests that consumers in Kingston, Jamaica are exposed to multiple messages for low‐nutrient foods in their everyday lives and near the point of purchase.
Fragmented QRS as a predictor of subclinical cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Toraman Aysun , Eren Berna , Yılmaz Ilknur , Duzgun Fatih , Taneli Fatma , Kursat Seyhun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundFragmented QRS (fQRS) on surface electrocardiogram is correlated with increased cardiovascular risk and mortality in normal population.AimsTo investigate the presence of fQRS and its association with subclinical atherosclerosis and vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients without cardiovascular disease.MethodsA total of 129 CKD (63 males and 66 females) patients was enrolled for the study. Carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT) measurement and coronary artery calcification score (CACS) were performed by the same radiologist. A 12‐lead electrocardiogram recording was used to detect fQRS.ResultsThe mean age was 55.1 ± 15.1 years. fQRS was detected in 45% of patients. There was not any significant difference between patients with or without fQRS in terms of demographic parameters and comorbid diseases except for diabetes and hyperlipidaemia. The mean CIMT of CKD patients was 0.66 ± 0.18 mm and it was significantly higher in fQRS(+) group compared to the fQRS(−) group. Similarly CACS values were higher in fQRS(+) group. In the logistic regression analysis, fQRS remained significantly associated with CIMT (β = 0.220, t = 2.567, P = 0.011) (independent variables: CIMT, CACS, sodium and glomerular filtration rate (modification of diet in renal disease–glomerular filtration rate)).ConclusionsThis is the first study in the literature showing the relation of fQRS with CIMT and CACS in patients with CKD without known cardiovascular disease.
Tolerability and efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan in clinical practice
Authors: Nandal Savvy , Chow Chee Loong , Hannah Vikki , Vaddadi Gautam , Van Gaal William 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundHeart failure (HF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Sacubitril/valsartan has demonstrated reductions in HF hospitalisation, and all‐cause mortality in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.AimsTo assess the tolerability and efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan in an intention to treat patient cohort.MethodsSixty‐five patients who were commenced on sacubitril/valsartan in 2017 at a major metropolitan centre in Victoria were retrospectively audited. Clinical outcomes and quality of life scores were obtained pre and post sacubitril/valsartan commencement through phone and regular clinic follow up, 6–12 months after commencement of sacubitril/valsartan.ResultsFourteen percent of patients were able to achieve maximal dose (97/103 mg twice daily) whilst 37% remained on 49/51 mg and 23% on 24/26 mg. The mean systolic blood pressure reduced from 118 ± 18 mmHg to 109 ± 15 mmHg with symptomatic hypotension (30%) being the most common side‐effect leading to dose reduction or drug cessation. Left ventricular ejection fraction improved from 29.1 ± 9.7% to 33.8 ± 9.9% (P < 0.05) on drug. There was also a significant improvement in quality of life scores; EQ5D‐VAS 40 pre versus 67 post sacubitril/valsartan (P < 0.05), and New York Heart Association class (P < 0.05). Importantly, 10 patients lost an existing indication for device based therapy after treatment with sacubitril/valsartan.ConclusionsSacubitril/valsartan is a much needed therapeutic advancement in the treatment of HF. Our study indicates it is well tolerated with improvements in cardiac function and symptoms. Sacubitril/valsartan could redefine the definition of ‘optimal medical therapy’ when assessing patients for device based therapies.
Do historic log buildings provide evidence of reforestation following depopulation of Indigenous Peoples?
Authors: de Graauw Kristen K. , Hessl Amy E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimTo test the previously published hypothesis that there was widespread reforestation following the depopulation of Indigenous Peoples in the 16th and 17th centuries.LocationThe central Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America.TaxonQuercus alba, Liriondendron tulipiferaMethodsTo test for reforestation following depopulation, we used tree‐ring evidence of tree recruitment, early radial growth and growth releases from 18 historic log buildings (n = 361 logs) and eight old‐growth forest sites (n = 197 trees). We used inner‐ring dates to determine if a synchronous recruitment event(s) was present at historic sites but absent from old‐growth sites following depopulation. We used cluster analysis to determine if historic logs established in a clearing (fast early growth) or under a canopy (slow early growth). Similarly, we calculated disturbance rates (growth releases per 100 years) to determine if historic logs grew in a clearing (low disturbance) or under a canopy (high disturbance).ResultsHistoric log and old‐growth forest sites both document a period of elevated recruitment beginning in the 1670s. This event was observed in previous studies and across site types, suggesting that either climate variability or the absence of low‐intensity land use (e.g. fire) may have also contributed to forest establishment. Most historic sites (61%–83%) had fast early growth, indicating growth of trees in high‐light conditions. The rate of disturbance was lower at historic sites with fast early growth (5.3 events/century, 95% Cl [3.6, 7.0]) than at old‐growth sites with slow early growth (23.5 events/century, 95% Cl [17.5, 29.5]), consistent with the idea that most historic logs were harvested from fast‐growing, second‐growth forests that established after depopulation.Main ConclusionsOur results support the hypothesis of reforestation in upland forests of the central Appalachian Mountains following depopulation and suggest that upland forests, at the time of European immigration, were at least in part, a legacy of indigenous land use practices. However, the timing of a regional drought event, depopulation and subsequent recruitment of trees, all within the period of ~1650–1690 CE, warrants further research into interactions between indigenous land use and climate during a pivotal period in North American history.
Relationship between sugar content in sweet potato and vibration acoustic signal eigenvalues
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhang Tong , Zheng Ming‐Zhu , Liu Hui‐Min , Zhang Yang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this research, a nondestructive testing method based on knock‐generated vibration acoustic signals was explored for measuring the content of total sugar in sweet potato for the first time. Vibration acoustic signals were acquired using a self‐made signal collection platform and processed on the basis of time‐frequency theory and Hilbert transform. Results indicated that total sugar content showed significantly positive correlations with waveform index, sound intensity and frequency energy of 600–800 KHz (p < .01), but negative correlations with frequency energy of 0–1 KHz, 3–4 KHz, 5–6 KHz, 9–10 KHz, and 0–200 Hz (p < .01). The eigenvalues could be reduced to three principle components by principle component analysis. Hence, vibration acoustical signals could be recognized as an ideal nondestructive method for predicting total sugar concentration in sweet potato.Practical applicationsAlthough the chemical methods are commonly used for quantitative analysis of food components, they suffer from some disadvantages, such as time‐consuming procedures and destructiveness of tested samples. In recent 30 years, acoustic technology has been widely applied in food quality classification and detection, especially vibration acoustical signals are considered as alternative technology for measuring the texture and quality of food. The acoustical signals of knocking vibration belong to mutation signals, which are frequently excavated and analyzed by Hilbert‐Huang transform. Thus, in this work, a relationship between total sugar of sweet potato and acoustic eigenvalues mainly analyzed by Hilbert‐Huang transform was established for the first time. It is hoped that present study will provide evidence for the applications of acoustic signals on foods detection without sample destructiveness.
Edible films containing carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 on organic leafy greens in sealed plastic bags
Authors: Zhu Libin , Olsen Carl , McHugh Tara , Friedman Mendel , Levin Carol E. , Jaroni Divya , Ravishankar Sadhana 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe antimicrobial effects of apple‐, carrot‐, and hibiscus‐based edible films containing carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde against Escherichia coli O157:H7 on organic leafy greens in sealed plastic bags were investigated. Fresh‐cut Romaine and Iceberg lettuce, and mature and baby spinach leaves were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and placed into Ziploc® bags. Edible films were then added to the bags, which were stored at 4°C. The evaluation of samples taken at days 0, 3, and 7 showed that on all leafy greens, 3% carvacrol‐containing films had the greatest effect against E. coli O157:H7, reducing the bacterial population by about 5 log CFU/g on day 0. All three types of 3% carvacrol‐containing films reduced E. coli O157:H7 by about 5 log CFU/g at day 0. The 1.5% carvacrol‐containing films reduced E. coli O157:H7 by 1–4 logs CFU/g at day 7. Films with 3% cinnamaldehyde showed reduction of 0.6–3 logs CFU/g on different leafy greens.
Simian immunodeficiency virus infection and flow cytometric characterization of Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) hematopoietic cells
Authors: Tsukamoto Tetsuo , Nakamura Katsuki , Okada Seiji 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe characterized Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) hematopoietic cells using flow cytometry and identified 28 cross‐reactive anti‐human antibody clones. Furthermore, productive infection of peripheral T lymphocytes with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in vitro was confirmed by intracellular SIV p27 staining. This study could facilitate using Japanese macaques as models for human hematological and immunological disorders and infectious diseases.
Double bereavement, mental health consequences and support needs of children and young adults—When a divorced parent dies
Authors: Marcussen Jette , Thuen Frode , O'Connor Maja , Wilson Rhonda L. , Hounsgaard Lise 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAims and objectivesTo explore how children and young adults from divorced families experience double bereavement when they lose a divorced parent with cancer and how the double bereavement influences their mental health consequences and need of support.BackgroundChildren and young people who are confronted with the cancer and death of a parent is a highly stressful life event, which is associated with an increased risk of mental health problems, especially when children experience divorced parental cancer and death.DesignParticipant observations and interviews with a phenomenological‐hermeneutic approach and COREQ standards for reporting qualitative research.MethodsWe conducted 340 hr of participant observations within nine different support groups totalling 27 children and young adults from divorced families and included 28 interviews with participants and relatives. Analyses are based on Ricoeur's theory of interpretation: naïve reading, structural analysis, interpretation and discussion.ResultsThe experiences with double bereavement identified three main themes: 1. navigating through multiple transitions and disruptions within two family worlds; 2. consequences for mental health including stress overload and disruptions to well‐being; and 3. need for accessible support derived from close relationships and professionals within and in‐between family worlds.ConclusionChildren and young adult's double bereavement includes multiple transitions and disruptions often related to stress overload and mental health problems. Support from close relationships and professionals is experienced as helpful in the prevention and mitigation of mental health problems.Relevance to clinical practiceThere is a need for targeted accessible support availability to children, young adults and their families when a divorced parent is dying of cancer in clinical practice. Our findings suggest that specific health policies for health professionals should be developed to target improved support for these families.
Effects of Temperature on The UV‐B Sensitivity of Toxic Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa CS558 and Anabaena circinalis CS537
Authors: Islam Md Ashraful , Beardall John 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRising global temperatures have been suggested to favor cyanobacteria over eukaryotic algae, but UV‐B fluxes are also predicted to remain high and may interact with temperature to affect algal growth. To understand the interactive effects of temperature and UV‐B radiation, cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa and Anabaena circinalis were grown at either 25 or 30°C and then exposed to an acute irradiance of UV‐B (1.4 W m−2). Both species showed differences in growth rates at both temperature regimes. The growth rates of M. aeruginosa (0.41 ± 0.02 day−1) and A. circinalis (0.38 ± 0.01 day−1) were higher at 25 and 30°C, respectively. Rates of damage (k) and repair (r) were calculated from the kinetics of change in effective quantum yield, Fv'/Fm'. Analysis of the estimates of r and k shows that M. aeruginosa exhibited relatively high values for both parameters, compared to A. circinalis, at both growth temperatures. In both species, repair rates were higher at 30°C than at 25°C but in A. circinalis damage was also greater at the higher temperature. In contrast, M. aeruginosa showed a lower damage rate at the higher temperature. For both species, the ratio of r:k was higher at the higher temperature. However, the percent inhibition of effective quantum yield by UV‐B was greater in A. circinalis than in M. aeruginosa as the r:k was lower A. circinalis. Therefore, it could be concluded that temperature may influence growth and bloom formation of cyanobacteria and that different species may respond differently to UV‐B and temperature interactions.
SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1‐LIKE 5 promotes secondary phloem formation during radial stem growth
Authors: Wallner Eva‐Sophie , Tonn Nina , Shi Dongbo , Jouannet Virginie , Greb Thomas 
Published: January 2020

SummaryAs a pre‐requisite for constant growth, plants produce vascular tissues at different sites within their post‐embryonic body. Interestingly, the formation of vascular tissues during longitudinal and radial expansion of shoot and root axes differs fundamentally with respect to its anatomical configuration. This raises the question to which level regulatory mechanisms of vascular tissue formation are shared throughout plant development. Here, we show that, similar to primary phloem formation during longitudinal growth, the cambium‐based formation of secondary phloem depends on the function of SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1‐LIKE (SMXL) genes. In particular, local SMXL5 deficiency results in the absence of secondary phloem. Moreover, the additional disruption of SMXL4 activity increases tissue production in the cambium region without secondary phloem being formed. Using promoter‐reporter lines, we observed that SMXL4 and SMXL5 activities are associated with different stages of secondary phloem formation in the Arabidopsis stem. Based on genome‐wide transcriptional profiling and expression analyses of phloem‐related markers, we concluded that early steps of phloem formation are impaired in smxl4;smxl5 double mutants and that the additional cambium‐derived cells fail to establish phloem‐related features. Our results showed that molecular mechanisms determining primary and secondary phloem formation share important properties, but differ slightly with SMXL5 playing a more dominant role in the formation of secondary phloem.
Effects of 0.02% netarsudil ophthalmic solution on intraocular pressure of normotensive dogs
Authors: Yang Vanessa Y. , Miller Paul E. , Keys Deborah A. , La Croix Noelle C. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of QD or BID 0.02% netarsudil ophthalmic solution (Aerie Pharmaceuticals) on intraocular pressure (IOP) in normotensive dogs and to describe any adverse effects.Animals studiedNormotensive Labrador retriever dogs were included in this study: 10 received netarsudil in one eye and artificial tears in the contralateral eye QD, and 10 received netarsudil in one eye and artificial tears in the contralateral eye BID.ProceduresIntraocular pressure curves were acquired over a 3‐day acclimation period, 5‐day dosing period (QD or BID—10 dogs/group), and 3‐day recovery period. Toxicity was assessed daily using slit‐lamp biomicroscopy and the semiquantitative preclinical ocular toxicology scoring system.ResultsOnce‐daily dosing did not lower IOP over the entire 5‐day dosing period (95% CI 0.1 to −0.9 mm Hg,P = .20) or on the last day of dosing (95% CI 0.4 to −0.9 mm Hg,P = .65). Twice‐daily dosing resulted in a statistically significant, but clinically unimportant, IOP reduction over the entire 5‐day dosing period (−0.6 mm Hg; 95% CI 0.05 to −1.1 mm Hg,P = .02) and on the last day of dosing (−0.9 mm Hg; 95% CI 0.2 to −1.5 mm Hg,P = .003). Adverse events were limited to transient mild‐to‐moderate conjunctival hyperemia during the dosing phase in eyes receiving netarsudil vs control (P < .0001).ConclusionsNetarsudil 0.02% ophthalmic solution twice daily resulted in a small, statistically significant, but clinically unimportant, IOP reduction in normotensive dogs. Future studies should investigate efficacy in glaucomatous dogs.
Derivation of a Design Solution for the Conservation of a Historical Payab in the Redevelopment of Doloeei, Gonabad
Authors: Tafahomi Rahman , Nadi Reihaneh 
Published: January 2020

This paper aims to demonstrate the conservation process of historic underground water access or Payab by proposing a multistage decision-making design in Gonabad city, northeast part of Iran. The Payab was in the center axis of a street in the proposed development of a new road which appeared to be against the new construction. The challenge was to develop the new road in the central axis without disturbing much the historic structure in the location. Hence, a request was made to keep both the new road and the historic Payab structure with a design solution. In order to tackle the design solution requested, a qualitative methodology was designed by way of site surveys, site documentation, graphical analysis and interviews. The findings of the research demonstrated contradicting opinions among the governors-laypeople, youngers-elders and males and females about the historic structure. Based on the findings, it was proposed that a protective shield, which aimed to conserve the historic structure under the weight of the new road is required, with a new entrance to be provided through an adjacent sidewalk to achieve consensus among those of diverse ideas. As a conclusion, conservation projects as demonstrated in this paper, like any other conservation projects elsewhere are faced with budget limitation, poor planning and the support it needed. As the historic structure has been part of the local built environment, the integration with other architectural elements in the context is of paramount importance to support the sustainability of the local built environment.