bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religious Dissent in Late Antiquity, 350-450
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractReligious Dissent in Late Antiquity reconsiders the religious history of the late Roman Empire, focusing on the shifting position of dissenting religious groups. The groups under consideration are non-Christians (‘pagans’) and deviant Christians (‘heretics’). The period from the mid-fourth century until the mid-fifth century ce witnessed a significant transformation of late Roman society and a gradual shift from the world of polytheistic religions into the Christian Empire. This book demonstrates that the narrative is much more nuanced than the simple Christian triumph over the classical world. It looks at everyday life, economic aspects, day-to-day practices, and conflicts of interest in the relations of religious groups. The book addresses two aspects: rhetoric and realities, and consequently delves into the interplay between the manifest ideologies and daily life found in late antique sources. We perceive constant flux between moderation and coercion that marked the relations of religious groups, both majorities and minorities, as well as the imperial government and religious communities. Religious Dissent in Late Antiquity is a detailed analysis of selected themes and a close reading of selected texts, tracing key elements and developments in the treatment of dissident religious groups. The book focuses on specific themes, such as the limits of imperial legislation and ecclesiastical control, the end of sacrifices, and the label of magic. It also examines the ways in which dissident religious groups were construed as religious outsiders in late Roman society.
Introduction: Rhetoric and realities
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe introduction defines several concepts that are used throughout the book. The religious dissidents in late Roman society were pagans and heretics. These terms are only shorthand: ‘pagans’ for non-Christians, and ‘heretics’ for deviant Christians. They are relational, meaning that there would have been no pagans without the viewpoint of Christians. Similarly, the question of who was a heretic depended on the perceiver. The period under scrutiny saw the Christianization of imperial and ecclesiastical discourses of control. Imperial power is understood as the emperors in both the East and the West, the imperial courts, and the administration. Ecclesiastical power refers to church leaders—mainly bishops, whose authority was increasing during the fourth and fifth centuries. There was no uniform church, and Christian congregations were miscellaneous assemblages of adherents.
The realities of legislation
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter explores the development of the legal status of religious dissidents. The imperial rhetoric of alienation and aggression is counterbalanced by a discussion of the limits of power, such as the realities of making laws. Late antique legislation was articulated in uncompromising and moralizing language. Religious groups were condemned with harsh, insulting terms. The morally charged language of the legislation implies severe imperial authority. However, the authoritative language of legislation was used not only to manifest imperial power, but also to reinforce it. Furthermore, there was no imperial programme of efficient and organized coercive legislation from Constantine until Theodosius II and beyond. Instead, there was a great deal of incoherence and ambivalence. Moreover, the existence of harsh legislation does not necessarily imply that laws were widely obeyed. The prohibitions were renewed again and again, and punishments became more severe. Enforcement of laws often depended on regional circumstances and the initiatives of local leaders such as bishops.
Sacred times and spaces
Authors: Kahlos Maijastina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDuring the fourth and fifth centuries, Christian festivals gradually developed and were merged into the life of cities and villages. At the same time, many traditional local celebrations important to the communal life of these localities continued. This chapter examines the late antique bishops’ condemnations from the viewpoint of discursive boundary-marking in which the borders of ‘pagan’, ‘Christian’, ‘cultic’, and ‘civic’ were constantly shifting. The same persons took part in both pagan and Christian festivities. Practices that in the eyes of bishops appeared incompatible with Christian conduct were not irreconcilable for the participants themselves. One of the most popular feasts was the celebration of the New Year, which remained popular in the Christian Empire. Christian emperors did not prohibit festivals of this kind, which they defined as a common pleasure for all. The imperial government defined the content of urban celebrations in a manner that diverged from the delineations of ecclesiastical leaders.
Body, Sex/Gender, and Integration of Women into Combat Roles
Authors: Harel-Shalev Ayelet , Daphna-Tekoah Shir 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 addresses narratives of women in combat and in combat-support roles regarding their bodily experiences and struggles to integrate in traditionally masculine roles in the military, particularly in the light of objections to women’s integration into combat forces. Accounts of bodily experiences disturb conventional IR and hegemonic masculine war metanarratives, whose tendency is either to abstract or to glorify combat (or both). These otherwise silenced narratives reveal juxtapositions of feelings of competence and vulnerability. The chapter shows how women combatants situate themselves in a masculine environment and demonstrates the ways in which, having crossed the pre-established imaginary boundary between male and female, they form unique meanings for their war experiences. Through the women’s narratives, issues of body and sex/gender are addressed, alongside nuanced interpretations of what it means to be feminine or masculine in the military environment, to carry a weapon, and to be a combatant.
Umar
Authors: Chiovenda Andrea 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Umar is a man from Jalalabad, now in his mid-thirties, who early in adolescence became a religious preacher for the Taliban movement. The defeat of the Taliban at the hands of the US-led coalition shook his beliefs and political convictions. After a period of personal confusion, he found a new path for himself, and now is a financial officer for an international organization that funds agricultural works in Afghanistan. The chapter elaborates further on phenomena of multiple subjectivities and healthy, adaptive dissociation between them, which it claims are key to understanding the developments in Umar’s life. By looking closely at Umar’s personal struggle, the chapter also investigates the depth with which enculturation and social arrangements shape the individual’s subjectivity. It argues, and shows, that culturally mandated life choices and behaviors may become authentically “one’s own,” and still conflict with more purely private and personally derived ones.
Meaning
Authors: Kozak Mariusz 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter develops two claims that are central to the book’s overall argument. The first is that certain temporal musical objects exist only as ephemera—always remaining outside of symbolic representation. These objects are constituted by lived time, or time as it shows up in human lives. The second claim is that the ephemeral meaning of music consists of its significance, which the author defines as a practical meaning that arises in the moment of one’s perception of, and action upon, one’s immediate environment. Significance is a process that is enacted in the dyadic relationships between environmental affordances—opportunities for and constraints of action—and a situated agent.
Housing
Authors: Hershkoff Helen , Loffredo Stephen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the major federal programs providing rental and homeownership assistance to poor and low-income people. On the supply side, for decades the United States has not funded new Public Housing that it owns and manages; instead, tax credits are the major driver of new construction, with buildings owned and operated by private developers who commit to time-limited affordability requirements. On the demand side, the leading rental support program gives tenants “vouchers,” allowing them choice where they can live but no guarantee that a landlord will rent to them at the subsidized payment levels. Moreover, many households, and disproportionately people of color, have been or continue to be arbitrarily denied rental assistance because of a family member’s prior contact with the criminal justice system, even just an arrest—a policy that has caused great hardship and contributed to homelessness. For those tenants who receive it, federal housing assistance is a critical lifeline. This chapter focuses on how prospective tenants can apply for and maintain eligibility for Public Housing or subsidized units in Multifamily Programs, and how to obtain and keep a voucher. The chapter also discusses issues critical to housing justice—tenant participation in assisted housing; rights of tenants when a private owner leaves an assisted program; housing support for the homeless; the government’s duty to affirmatively further fair housing; and problems of environmental displacement.
Access to Justice: Enforcing Rights and Securing Protection
Authors: Hershkoff Helen , Loffredo Stephen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of civil litigation as it affects poor and low-income people. The U.S. Constitution is intended to “establish Justice,” but many poor and low-income people experience the court system as a source of injustice—subjecting them to meritless default judgments, fees and fines, imprisonment and forfeiture of property when no crime has been committed, and enforcing harsh collateral consequences of contacts with the criminal justice system. Moreover, many low-income people are blocked from going to court at all, because employment and consumer contracts include boilerplate terms that mandate arbitration, consigning the claimant to a private system of dispute resolution that has been questioned as unfair and in conflict with statutory and constitutional rights. Part of the problem is that the legal system assumes that litigants have the resources they need to bring or defend a civil action. The U.S. Constitution does not guarantee a right to counsel in civil litigation, and fee waivers, even when they are available, do not cover all of the costs of litigation. A rising number of civil litigants face stiff obstacles when seeking justice under law, for they cannot afford legal representation and lack resources to litigate in a meaningful way. This chapter is designed to help low-income people navigate the civil court system so that it moves closer to the ideal of equal justice under law, rather than exacerbate poverty or further entrench racial inequality.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Wears Robert L. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Institute of Medicine report, To Err Is Human, which led the news in late 1999 with a charge that “medical errors” were killing 44,000 to 120,000 Americans each year, gave patient safety “celebrity status.” But the emergence of patient safety as a major concern on the public agenda was not a given. In this chapter, the authors raise questions about why it developed at this time even though the problem of medical harm had long been known, why it was understood as “error” as opposed to “risk” or “hazard,” and, finally, who gained control of the reform effort and to what end.
Reflection
Authors: Wears Robert L. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Reviewing the evolution of patient safety over time, we see a discursive shift from harm to “error.” The “error” framing is used to advance the authority of scientific-bureaucratic managerial medicine and to diminish the traditional authority of clinical expertise. Psychologist Sidney Dekker noted that four different voices appear in patient safety discourses: epistemological (what happened?), preventative (how can it be prevented?), boundary-maintaining (were there violations or impermissible activities?), and existential (what is the reason for this suffering?). Discussions in one voice tend to be dissatisfying for the others, but the “error” framing addresses all four: an error occurred, errors can be prevented, violators should be punished, moral wrong leads to suffering. In summary, patient safety’s rise resulted from five factors: a general decrease in risk tolerance, the industrialization of healthcare, reframing harm as “error,” brief input from safety sciences holding out potential for improvement, and medicine’s effort to retain control of healthcare internally. Ironically, these factors also tended to make patient safety activity ineffective since they bounded out insights, skills, and theories from the safety sciences.
Debating Sex Work
Authors: Flanigan Jessica , Watson Lori 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this “for and against” book Lori Watson argues for a sex equality approach to prostitution in which buyers are criminalized and sellers are decriminalized (the Nordic Model). Jessica Flanigan argues that sex work should be fully decriminalized. Watson defends the Nordic Model on the grounds that prostitution is an exploitative and unequal practice that entrenches existing patterns of gendered injustice. Watson also argues that full decriminalization of prostitution is incompatible with existing occupational health and safety standards and securing worker autonomy and equality. Watson further argues that sex trafficking and prostitution are functionally similar such that the distinction is irrelevant for public policy; attacking demand is necessary to address the inequalities that fuel both. Flanigan argues that sex work should be decriminalized because restrictions on the sale and purchase of sex violate the rights of sex workers and their clients. Flanigan also suggests that decriminalization would have better consequences than policies that expose sex workers and their clients to criminal penalties, and that once we consider that public officials can also stand in relations of subordination to citizens, decriminalization is a more egalitarian approach than alternative policies.
Defending Decriminalization
Authors: Jessica Flanigan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Many scholars, activists, and officials oppose decriminalization. First, some people argue that criminal penalties do not violate rights because people do not have rights to buy or sell sex. Others object that decriminalization would increase the prevalence of sex work, which is worse than other jobs, and so paternalistic limits on the industry are justified. Another set of objections presses the claim that the sex industry has negative externalities, such as increased rates of sexual transmission of disease, human trafficking, rape, or crime. Finally, some claim that a decriminalized sex industry would exacerbate existing economic or social inequalities. This chapter shows that these objections do not succeed in justifying alternatives to decriminalization.
The Most Famous Graph in Microbiology
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Like a dance, the ebbs and flows in the incidence of Bacillus influenzae meningitis after birth changed with the changing bactericidal activity of the children’s blood as they age. It is likely the most famous graph in all of bacteriology, taught in nearly every microbiology/immunology class in the world, and is a memorable way to understand the unique epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in children. More important, the graph represents a paradigm shift in the understanding of meningitis: Susceptibility to the infection is inversely related to the power of the blood to kill the bacteria (e.g., immunity), and both susceptibility and immunity are related to age.
The False Promises of Sovereignty
Authors: Dalsheim Joyce 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The last chapter showed how struggles to be Jewish in Israel seem like a narrowing maze with no exit. This chapter considers the nature of that maze. It focuses on two cases of observant Jewish Israelis who come into conflict with the state over what it means to live according to their understandings of Jewishness. It shows that what appears as a religious-secular divide is far more complex. It is sometimes a religious-religious divide and is always part of a process of producing a national majority of sovereign citizens through disaggregation and conflation of modern categories of identity—religion and nation. Framed with Kafka’s “City Coat of Arms,” it shows how alliances of convenience can undermine political positions, in this case strengthening nationalism and territorial expansion at the expense of traditional Judaism.
The Jewish Question Again
Authors: Dalsheim Joyce 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the persistence of the Jewish Question or Problem in the state that aimed to liberate Jews. For example, many people expected the ultra-Orthodox, or Haredim, to “assimilate” to Israeli culture and become the “new Jews” of the Zionist project. In other places such “progress” that undermines local cultural groups often results in liberal expressions of outrage. But the case of ultra-Orthodox Jews has not produced the same reaction. The ultra-Orthodox are seen as part of the Israeli hegemon in opposition to Palestinian Arabs who are the indigenous under threat of elimination. This chapter again suggests that the definition of indigeneity be expanded beyond geographical ties to include forms of social organization and ways of life that might be threatened. Thus, both Palestinian Arabs and Haredi (and other) Jews are at risk—one facing elimination through Zionist territorial expansion, the other through the forces of Zionist assimilation.
Obedient Authoritarians or Lay Darwinists?
Authors: Bilewicz Michał 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of ideology in genocides, beyond the traditional conservatism–liberalism distinction. This chapter analyzes ideological views in greater detail by reviewing established psychological concepts, such as authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, as well as conspiracy theories, racial health ideology, and the concept of Lebensraum that formed the ideological foundation of the Holocaust and other large-scale crimes. Authoritarian ideology accurately explains the behavior of desk killers, bureaucrats responsible for organizing the mass murder. Social dominance ideology seems to give a more general explanation of genocide—it can be found in German social Darwinism, the idea of Lebensraum, the Nazi eugenic program, and the illusions spread by occupiers among the victims and the bystanders. The chapter suggests that deep study of ideologies might provide important insight into perpetrators’ worldviews and into their justifications of criminal acts, as well as an explanation of bystanders’ and victims’ behavior.
The Many Roles of Dehumanization in Genocide
Authors: Haslam Nick 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In genocide studies, dehumanization is commonly understood as a preparatory step on the path to mass killing. On this understanding, the perpetrator’s propaganda explicitly likens victims to animals, and these dehumanizing metaphors enable violence. The author argues that the role of dehumanization in genocide is considerably broader and more multifaceted than this account suggests. Subtle forms of dehumanization precede the tactical use of explicit animal metaphors, and dehumanizing metaphors are not always expressed in language or invariably animalistic in content. Dehumanization not only is a prelude to violence but also facilitates violent acts in the present and justifies and minimizes violence after it has been committed. Finally, an account that posits dehumanization as a stage of the genocidal process fails to recognize that some aspects of genocidal violence do not require the dehumanization of victims.
Communist Revolutions at the Borderland
Authors: Han Enze 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines China’s support for communist insurgencies in Burma and Thailand. It analyzes the legacies of the insurgency by the Communist Party of Burma and what that insurgency means for Myanmar’s failure in state building and consolidation over the borderland territories. In Thailand, the Communist Party of Thailand insurgency instilled a strong sense of urgency in the Thai government, which led to a counteractive campaign of state and nation building by the Thai government. The Thai nationalist emphasis on nation, king, and religion and the image of royal benevolence was imposed and spread throughout the area as a result. In China’s own case, the initiation of the Cultural Revolution resulted in large numbers of urban Red Guards being sent to the borderland areas in Yunnan. Through the settlement of Han Chinese youth in the borderland area, the Chinese state created a human dimension in its consolidation of the border region.
Conclusion
Authors: Han Enze 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 concludes with some theoretical reflection on the neighborhood effect of state and nation building. More pertinent to the borderland area examined in this book, it also looks at recent developments in China’s push for more regional economic integration and the implications for both Myanmar and Thailand. By documenting the historical development of variations in these state and nation buildings, and their contemporary manifestations, the book emphasizes how asymmetrical power relations across national borders have deep consequences for how politics along the border are structured and the diverse outcome in state consolidation and national identity construction. Specifically, the book has pointed out the substantial influence the PRC has in the political dynamic of the borderland. With its growing power asymmetry over its southern neighbors, its influence is bound to increase, along with possible resistance against its influence.
The Musicalization of Speech and the Breakdown of the Film Soundtrack Hierarchy
Authors: Kulezic-Wilson Danijela 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores how the musicalization of speech undermines the traditional classical soundtrack hierarchy based on the dominance of the spoken word. Using examples from Drake Doremus’s Breathe In, Harmony Korine’s Spring Breakers, and Shane Carruth’s Upstream Color, this chapter asserts that the musical approach to the soundtrack as a whole challenges unwritten laws regarding speech intelligibility and redundancy, replacing the familiar hierarchy with a more fluid relationship in which music and speech alternately come in and out of focus. The case studies demonstrate how narrative information can be conveyed through nonverbal means—mise-en-scène, editing, characters’ body language, expressive close-ups—emphasizing musicality as the primary guiding principle of this practice.