bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Formation of the Lunar Upper Megaregolith Layer
Authors: Richardson James E. , Abramov Oleg 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this work, we divide the classic “lunar megaregolith” layer into three distinct regions: (1) a Surficial Regolith layer, about 5–20 m in depth, consisting of loose, unconsolidated fines and breccia, and characterized by frequent overturn and comminution caused by small impacts; (2) an Upper Megaregolith layer, about 1–3 km in depth, consisting of depositional layers of brecciated and/or melted material, and characterized by the transport and deposition of material via either transient crater gravitational collapse or impact ejecta ballistic sedimentation; and (3) a Lower Megaregolith layer, about 20–25 km in depth, consisting of bedrock that has been fractured in place, and characterized by a fracture-density and fragment-size distribution that decreases rapidly with increasing depth. The objective of this study is to model the formation of the lunar Upper Megaregolith layer, the least well characterized of these three layers, using modern scaling relationships and a three-dimensional terrain, Monte Carlo cratering model. We first developed a model impactor population that accurately reproduces the Lunar Highlands crater population, which is assumed to originate in the Main Asteroid Belt. We then applied this impactor population in multiple full-scale lunar surface simulations, producing an Upper Megaregolith depth of 1.4 ± 1.0 km at the point of best χ
2 fit between model and actual crater counts. This Upper Megaregolith layer consists of ∼60% crater collapse deposits and ∼40% impact ejecta deposits. We find that a total delivered impactor mass of 3.72 ± 1.14 × 1019 kg, or 0.0506 ± 0.0156 lunar weight percent (wt%), is required to reproduce the observed Lunar Highlands cratering record.
On the Delivery of DART-ejected Material from Asteroid (65803) Didymos to Earth
Authors: Wiegert Paul 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft is planned to impact the secondary of the binary asteroid (65803) Didymos in 2022 to assess deflection strategies for planetary defense. The impact will create a crater and release asteroidal material, some of which will escape the Didymos system. Because the closest point of approach of Didymos to Earth’s orbit is only 6 million km (about 16 times the Earth–Moon distance), some ejected material will make its way sooner or later to our planet, and the observation of these particles as meteors would increase the scientific payout of the DART mission. The DART project may also represent the first human-generated meteoroids to reach Earth and is a test case for human activity on asteroids and its eventual contribution to the meteoroid environment and spacecraft impact risk. This study examines the amount and timing of the delivery of meteoroids from Didymos to near-Earth space. This study finds that very little DART-ejected material will reach our planet, and most of that only after thousands of years. But some material ejected at the highest velocities could be delivered to Earth-crossing trajectories almost immediately, though at very low fluxes. Timing and radiant directions for material reaching Earth are calculated, though the detection of substantial numbers would indicate more abundant and/or faster ejecta than is expected. The DART impact will create a new meteoroid stream, though probably not a very dense one. However, larger, more capable asteroid impactors could create meteoroid streams in which the particle flux exceeds that naturally occurring in the solar system, with implications for spacecraft safety.
Esotropia Outcomes and the Influence of Delay to Wearing Full Hypermetropic Correction
Authors: Brennan Rosie , McCance Patrick , Yeong Jian Lee , Adamson Gary , Mallett John 
Published: March 2020

Purpose:
To assess whether delay to full hypermetropic correction wear in children might influence the outcome of a diagnosis of full versus partially accommodative esotropia.

Methods:
All children younger than 7 years who were referred with possible strabismus over a 1-year period were assessed. A standard set of details were documented: age at which esotropia was first noticed, age at which esotropia was confirmed by an orthoptist, age at which glasses were prescribed, and age at which full refractive error was constantly worn. When full-time hypermetropic correction was worn, the type of esotropia was determined.

Results:
There were 430 children referred. Of these, 117 had a concomitant esotropia (62 males and 55 females). Esotropia was confirmed at 35.47 ± 16.67 months of age (range: 4 to 78 months). There were 51 children (43.6%) with full accommodative esotropia, 57 (48.7%) with partially accommodative esotropia, and 9 (7.7%) with nonaccommodative esotropia. Longer delays between the time at which esotropia was identified and the time at which glasses were prescribed were associated with a reduced likelihood of an outcome of full versus partially accommodative esotropia (odds ratio [OR] = 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.58 to 0.93). Delay to glasses wear for full and partially accommodative esotropia was 1.94 ± 6.4 and 6.24 ± 8.36 months, respectively. Higher average spherical correction scores were associated with a higher likelihood of being in the full accommodative esotropia group (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.69).

Conclusions:
A child with recent onset concomitant esotropia is more likely to achieve full versus partially accommodative esotropia if the delay to full hypermetropic corrective glasses wear is minimized.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2020;57(2):85–89.]
Evaluation of All Causes of Visual Function Loss in Children With Congenital Blepharoptosis
Authors: Ural Ozlem , Mocan Mehmet C. , Erdener Ugur 
Published: March 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate the overall frequency of visual function loss in pediatric patients with congenital blepharoptosis.

Methods:

This retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary center. The clinical records of patients younger than 18 years who were diagnosed as having congenital blephroptosis, underwent surgery, and had at least 1 year of postoperative follow-up were evaluated. Visual acuity results, presence of structural eye abnormalities, presence and type of amblyopia and strabismus, and refractive errors were recorded. The Mann–Whitney
U
test, chi-square test, and stepwise regression analysis were used for statistical analyses.

Results:

The mean final visual acuity was 0.11 ± 0.23 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) (range: 0.0 to 1.0 logMAR) at the final follow-up visit for 143 eyes of 123 patients (65 male and 58 female). In this cohort, 30 patients (24.4%) had amblyopia and 5 patients (4.1%) had visual loss related to structural eye pathology, amounting to a total of 35 patients (28.5%) with visual function loss. The mean final visual acuities of patients without amblyopia, patients with amblyopia, and patients with organic eye disorders were 0.01 ± 0.03, 0.29 ± 0.28, and 0.55 ± 0.42 logMAR, respectively. Severe blepharoptosis (≥ 4 mm) was present in 25 patients (83.3%) with amblyopia. Deprivational amblyopia was detected in 25 of 36 eyes (69.4%) with amblyopia. Independent risk factors associated with final visual acuity were presence of amblyopia at presentation (correlation coefficient [ß] ± standard error [SE] = −0.29 ± 0.04;
P
< .001), anisometropia (ß ± SE = −0.27 ± 0.06;
P
< .001), and ptosis severity (ß ± SE = −0.09 ± 0.04;
P
= .012). Visual impairment (visual acuity < 20/40) persisted in 11.9% of eyes at the final follow-up.

Conclusions:
Visual function loss was present in one-third of pediatric patients with congenital blepharoptosis. Both amblyopia and structural eye disorders contribute to visual impairment in this patient population. Structural eye pathology contributes independently to 4.1% of visual loss in this clinical setting.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2020;57(2):97–102.]
Pediatric Publication Trends in Leading General Ophthalmology Journals for 20 Years
Authors: Leshno Ari , Stolovitch Chaim , Barak Adiel , Loewenstein Anat , Mezad-Koursh Daphna 
Published: March 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate trends in the representation of pediatric-related articles in leading general ophthalmology journals for 20 years.

Methods:

A list of all relevant publications from five top-ranking general ophthalmology journals (
Ophthalmology
,
JAMA Ophthalmology
,
American Journal of Ophthalmology
,
British Journal of Ophthalmology
, and
Acta Ophthalmologica
) between January 1997 and December 2016 was retrieved using the PubMed search engine. Articles captured by the age filter “child: birth-18 years” were considered pediatric. The annual pediatric publication rate was calculated as the fraction of pediatric articles out of the total number of articles within each year for every journal. A linear mixed effects model was applied to determine the trend in the pediatric publication rate during the study period.

Results:

A total of 37,181 publications were included in the analysis, of which 7,828 (21.1%) were classified as “pediatric.” During the study period, there was a statistically significant decrease in pediatric publication rates, with an annual absolute decrease of 0.23% (
P
= .01), yielding relative reduction by approximately 18% over the past two decades.

Conclusions:
Representation of pediatric articles progressively decreased in general ophthalmology journals. This trend has major implications regarding exposure of non-pediatric ophthalmologists to the new developments in pediatric management. In addition, this may imply a difficulty to publish pediatric-related articles in high-ranking general ophthalmology journals.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2020;57(2):78–84.]
Functional Vision Analysis in Patients With CHARGE Syndrome
Authors: Martin Gilles C. , Robert Matthieu P. , Challe Georges , Trinh Nhung T. H. , Attié-Bitach Tania , Brémond-Gignac Dominique , Bodaghi Bahram , Abadie Véronique 
Published: March 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate functional vision in patients with CHARGE syndrome (coloboma, heart defects, atresia of the choanae, retardation of growth and development, genital and urinary anomalies, and ear anomalies) by using a new questionnaire entitled VISIOCHARGE.

Methods:
Ophthalmological data including fundus description and visual acuity, when available, were extracted from the charts of 83 patients with CHARGE syndrome, and the VISIOCHARGE questionnaire was prospectively mailed to 55 of those patients. The answers from the 36 responders (18 males) allowed for the calculation of three scores that assessed distance vision, near vision, and overall ability scores.

Results:

Visual acuity measurements were extracted from the charts of 20 of the 36 patients. The mean visual acuity was 20/50. The mean distance vision score of 0.62 ± 0.30 and near vision score of 0.78 ± 0.23 were correlated with visual acuity in the 20 patients (ρ = 0.64,
P
= .002 and ρ = 0.61,
P
= .005, respectively) and were associated with the severity of colobomatous malformation (
P
= .049 and
P
= .008, respectively). Severity of the ocular malformation was not associated with the overall ability score (
P
= .64).

Conclusions:
The VISIOCHARGE questionnaire is feasible for patients with CHARGE syndrome and may help in the assessment of visual function. The mean visual acuity and answers to the VISIOCHARGE questionnaire showed relatively good visual skills in patients with CHARGE syndrome in everyday life, even in those with bilateral colobomas, which contrasts with the pessimistic conclusions usually resulting from the initial fundus examination.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2020;57(2):120–128.]
Dos geografismos às geografizações: pensando a região e o regional a partir das « geografias do Sul »
Authors: Júnior Saint-Clair Cordeiro da Trindade 
Published: March 2020

O artigo busca situar a questão regional contemporânea em uma forma de abordagem denominada de “geografias do Sul”. Preocupada em dar conta do entendimento de processos socioespaciais do mundo contemporâneo em seu conjunto, mas situando o lugar de fala e de apreensão da mesma em uma perspectiva descentrada da realidade, a abordagem em consideração busca estabelecer um exercício intelectual que promove o deslocar de olhares em relação aos fenômenos socioespaciais do período atual. Após problematizar a questão regional sob essa perspectiva e apresentar antecedentes das “geografias do Sul”, o trabalho mostra, a partir do geógrafo brasileiro Milton Santos, algumas de suas contribuições sobre a questão regional que referendam uma forma de pensar o mundo em sua totalidade, mas que toma como referência de estudo realidade como a latino-americana e a brasileira.
La géographie et la question régionale : le complexe géographique entre régionalisation et internationalisation de l'espace
Authors: Junior Raimundo Nonato 
Published: March 2020

Cet article présente quelques résultats et discussions de la thèse « Géographie régionale de la frontière Brésil-France : la tension entre régionalisation et internationalisation de l'espace oyapockois », soulignant l'importance de l'analyse régionale pour la recherche contemporaine en géographie. La frontière franco-brésilienne de l’Oyapock est un symbole des contacts politiques entre l’Europe et l’Amérique Latine, représentant aussi une forte dynamique sociale et environnementale. Soumise à des contraintes et opportunités variées, cette frontière révèle la tension entre forces régionales et globales, à plusieurs échelles. Cela implique une crise conduisant à la reconfiguration du concept de « région » et au réajustement de l’organisation de l’espace bilatéral. Dans cet article, on s’intéresse particulièrement à l’existence et à la transformation des relations régionales à partir de l’exemple du terrain de l’Oyapock. Les résultats montrent que la dynamique régionale dans la frontière franco-brésilienne se présente en tant qu’un complexe géographique qui articule la tension entre les intérêts de différents acteurs, groupes sociaux et échelles. Ils sont aussi révélateurs de la puissance de la géographie régionale pour établir des dialogues contemporains entre l’épistémologie de la science géographique et l’expérience de terrain, mettant en rapport les dimensions physiques, humaines, historiques, politiques et quotidiennes qui sont présentes dans les multiples relations hommes-milieux.
Prudent public health intervention strategies to control the coronavirus disease 2019 transmission in India
Authors: Mandal Sandip , Bhatnagar Tarun , Arinaminpathy Nimalan , Agarwal Anup , Chowdhury Amartya , Murhekar Manoj , Gangakhedkar Raman R. , Sarkar Swarup 
Published: March 2020

Background & objectives:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised urgent questions about containment and mitigation, particularly in countries where the virus has not yet established human-to-human transmission. The objectives of this study were to find out if it was possible to prevent, or delay, the local outbreaks of COVID-19 through restrictions on travel from abroad and if the virus has already established in-country transmission, to what extent would its impact be mitigated through quarantine of symptomatic patients?

Methods:
These questions were addressed in the context of India, using simple mathematical models of infectious disease transmission. While there remained important uncertainties in the natural history of COVID-19, using hypothetical epidemic curves, some key findings were illustrated that appeared insensitive to model assumptions, as well as highlighting critical data gaps.

Results:
It was assumed that symptomatic quarantine would identify and quarantine 50 per cent of symptomatic individuals within three days of developing symptoms. In an optimistic scenario of the basic reproduction number (R
0) being 1.5, and asymptomatic infections lacking any infectiousness, such measures would reduce the cumulative incidence by 62 per cent. In the pessimistic scenario of R
0=4, and asymptomatic infections being half as infectious as symptomatic, this projected impact falls to two per cent.

Interpretation & conclusions:
Port-of-entry-based entry screening of travellers with suggestive clinical features and from COVID-19-affected countries, would achieve modest delays in the introduction of the virus into the community. Acting alone, however, such measures would be insufficient to delay the outbreak by weeks or longer. Once the virus establishes transmission within the community, quarantine of symptomatics may have a meaningful impact on disease burden. Model projections are subject to substantial uncertainty and can be further refined as more is understood about the natural history of infection of this novel virus. As a public health measure, health system and community preparedness would be critical to control any impending spread of COVID-19 in the country.
La ilustración animada como espectáculo. Películas de dibujos relámpago
Authors: Cabrera Balbuena Iria , Ocaña Salinas Alejandro 
Published: March 2020

<p>A finales del s. XIX se desarrollan las artes del espectáculo, cobrando fuerza las agrupadas dentro del teatro de variedades. La caricatura, de creciente popularidad y alcance gracias a la expansión de la prensa y los magazines, encuentra un lugar también como espectáculo en vivo, de la mano de los dibujos relámpago. Por otro lado, dentro del cine, el descubrimiento de la técnica de animación del paso de manivela permite a los cineastas crear trucos en la gran pantalla. La conjunción del uso de este recurso y los espectáculos de dibujos relámpago dan lugar a una serie de películas denominadas de dibujos relámpago, que sentarán las bases para la creación de los futuros dibujos animados. En el presente artículo se analizan este tipo de películas en relación con la ilustración y su conexión con los espectáculos de entretenimiento en el cambio de siglo.</p>
Disabling the Madman: Dickens and the Moral Management ofBarnaby RudgeandDavid Copperfield
Authors: Baldys Emily M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis article analyzes the novels Barnaby Rudge and David Copperfield as they engage with the contemporary psychiatric discourse of moral management, which significantly reconceptualized madness and its treatment in the early nineteenth century. It examines the novels—alongside Dickens's journalism and some medical texts—as works that trace the fluctuating boundaries separating sanity from insanity and ability from disability. Barnaby Rudge, written at the onset of popular enthusiasm for moral management, charts a conception of insanity in flux as traditional and Romantic models of the mind clashed with more clinical definitions and new modes of treatment. In its handling of Mr. Dick, David Copperfield works more actively to domesticate madness within a regime of moral management, reframing the insane as patients subject to rehabilitation. In light of recent scholarship in the field of disability studies, this article argues that Dickens's mid-century narratives thus contribute to a radically revised cultural construction of insanity as disability.
Undiagnosing Esther: The Productive Ambiguity of Disease inBleak House
Authors: MacLure Jennifer 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThroughout the 165 years since the publication of Charles Dickens's Bleak House, readers and critics have attempted to diagnose the unnamed disease at the center of the novel. While smallpox is the most popular diagnosis, others have argued for typhus and erysipelas. Drawing on close analysis of the novel as well as medical history, this article contends that Dickens invites readers to think of two specific diseases—typhus and smallpox—while refusing to settle on either as the “answer” in order to hold open a narrative space for a theory of social pathology that encompasses the structural and individuated, the localized and the mobile, the macroscopic and microscopic at once. Recognizing that etiology is political, Dickens uses this diagnostic doubleness to produce a holistic indictment of a biopolitical liberal state that itself enacts power dualistically—that is, via strategic oscillation between disciplinary intervention, “making live,” and selective inaction, “letting die.” In doing so, Dickens also affirms the unique value of fiction to provide insight into our social world.
“What do you mean by that? You must have been drinking!”: Victorian Femininity, Dickensian Cooking Disasters, and Nineteenth-Century Domestic Manuals
Authors: Harner Christina Henderson 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Most Dickensian scholars have interpreted David Copperfield's Dora Spenlow and Our Mutual Friend's Bella Wilfer as domestic failures (in terms of the novels' logic) who must either be disciplined into learning the art of cooking and housekeeping (Bella) or killed off because they refuse to do so (Dora). In both cases, the women's reaction to a cookbook or domestic advice manual plays an important role in the way the stories construct their femininity. However, Bella's and Dora's interactions with these manuals have not been examined in depth. Focusing on two of the most popular domestic guides, this article argues that Modern Cookery by Eliza Acton and Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management by Isabella Beeton present femininity as a series of roles that did not fit traditional gender and class boundaries but rather could be adopted, adapted, or set aside. This concept of flexible femininity troubles two dominant middle-class Victorian assumptions: first, that women were natural-born housekeepers and second, that the domestic labor they performed should be effortless. When more attention is paid to the way nineteenth-century cookery books and domestic advice manuals addressed female readers, Dickens's domestic scenes emerge as moments of resistance that challenge Victorian standards of femininity.
Recent Dickens Studies: 2018
Authors: Hanna Robert C. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe Review of Dickens Studies for 2018 examines introductions, articles, partial book chapters, entire book chapters, books of literary criticism, biographical books, entries in reference books, and entire reference books on Charles Dickens. Acknowledging that so-called dominant fields of study in a given year are due, in part, to the vagaries of publishers' and editors' decisions, this article notes that publications in 2018 were dominated by adaptations, biographies, and studies of Bleak House and Great Expectations. Grouping the wealth of interest in two of the fifteen novels necessitated comparable groupings of publications focused on the other novels, and then on other individual works. After accounting for reference books, the remaining categories for consideration revealed themselves to belong to specialized interests and studies. The finalized sequence of headings are Reference Books, Adaptations, Biographies, Thematic Studies across the Novels, Studies of Individual Novels, Other Writings, and Specialized Interests and Studies, with the subtopics Allusions, Dark Tourism, Darwinian Studies, Dickens's Influence, Emigration, Gender and Sexuality, Global Dickens, Imagery, Language, Light, Literary Criticism—Nineteenth Century, Ruins, Sleep, and Urban History.