bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Felsenstein Susanna , Hedrich Christian M. 
Published: November 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas neuartige Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ist der Auslöser von COVID-19, einer Erkrankung, die Millionen von Menschenleben weltweit bedroht. Ca. 10–20 % aller Erwachsenen mit COVID-19 entwickeln schwere oder lebensbedrohliche Verläufe, die von Akutem Atemnotsyndrom (ARDS), Koagulopathie und/oder Zytokinsturm gekennzeichnet sind. Kinder und Jugendliche haben ein geringeres Risiko, symptomatisch zu erkranken und/oder schwere Verläufe zu entwickeln, was vermuten lässt, dass es altersabhängige Wirtsmechanismen gibt, die schweren Verläufen entgegenwirken könnten. Obwohl kürzlich hochinflammatorische, teils lebensbedrohliche Erkrankungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen beschrieben wurden und viel Beachtung fanden, bleiben sie insgesamt bisher relativ selten. Ob Kinder signifikant zur Transmission auf Populationsebene beitragen, ist unklar, muss aber zumindest weiter angenommen werden. Mehrere Hypothesen versuchen Unterschiede im Hinblick auf klinischen Verlauf und Erkrankungsrisiko zwischen den Altersgruppen und einzelnen Individuen zu erklären. Dieser Artikel fasst den aktuellen Wissensstand zur Immunpathogenese von COVID-19 mit Fokus auf das Kindes- und Jugendalter zusammen.
Double-Tract-Rekonstruktion nach Resektion des gastroösophagealen Übergangs wegen AEG-II- und -III-Tumoren
Authors: Hölscher Arnulf , Berlth Felix , Hemmerich Martin , Minot Stephen , Schmidt Henner 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungBei selektionierten AEG-Typ-II- und -III-Tumoren (AEG = Adenokarzinome des ösophagogastralen Übergangs) der T-Kategorien 1 und 2 kann der distawle Magen nach proximaler Resektion ohne Beeinträchtigung der Radikalität und der Prognose erhalten werden. Als Rekonstruktion wird die Doppeltraktanlage mit Seit-zu-Seit-Anastomosierung des distalen Magens in die Roux-Y-Jejunumschlinge nach Ösophagojejunostomie dargestellt. Nach der Literatur hat dieses Verfahren eine niedrige Rate von postoperativer Refluxösophagitis, erfordert gegenüber der totalen Gastrektomie signifikant geringere Dosen an Vitamin-B12-Substitution und die Hämoglobinwerte sind signifikant höher.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Acyl Fluorides
Authors: Gonay Marie , Batisse Chloé , Paquin Jean-François 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAcyl fluorides are valuable intermediates in organic synthesis. They are increasingly employed in peptide synthesis, in challenging esterification and amidation reactions or in transition-metal-catalyzed transformations. This review summarizes recent advances in their preparation.1	Introduction2	Nucleophilic Fluorination2.1	α-Fluoroamine Reagents2.2	Sulfur-Based Reagents2.3	Metal Catalysts2.4	Phosphorus-Based Reagents2.5	N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/HF·Pyridine2.6	Uranium Hexafluoride2.7	Bromine Trifluoride3	Radical Fluorination4	Conclusion
Analytical study and parameter-sensitivity analysis of catalytic current at a rotating disk electrode
Authors: Selvi M SalaiMathi , Rajendran L , Abukhaled Marwan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA convective-diffusion equation with semi-infinite boundary conditions for rotating disk electrodes under the hydrodynamic conditions is discussed and analytically solved for electrochemical catalytic reactions. The steady-state catalytic current of the rotating disk electrode is derived for various possible values of parameters by using a new approach of the homotopy perturbation method. The theoretical approach in this paper is described, for the first time, on the basis of convection–diffusion equations for the kinetics of Fenton's reagent using a platinum rotating disk electrode. The obtained approximate analytical expression for the concentrations of ferric and ferrous ions for steady-state conditions are shown to be highly accurate when compared to numerical results and other approximations found in the literature. A sensitive analysis of parameters of the current and concentration is presented.
Microconical surface structuring of aluminium tubes by femtosecond laser processing
Authors: Wöbbeking Karl , Li Mingji , Schade Wolfgang , Hübner Eike G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Femtosecond laser microstructuring is a convenient technology for the targeted surface functionalization of various materials. Commonly, the structuring process is performed on planar surfaces. Here, we investigated femtosecond laser structuring of aluminium tubes. Process parameters, i.e. the number of pulses per spot on the surface and the line distance, have been transformed from a line-by-line process on planar samples towards a helical process. The process is based on laser treating the rotating tube while the laser beam is moved along the axis of the tube. A significant difference of the surface structure obtained on a cylinder in comparison to the planar geometry is revealed. With exactly matching process parameters, a strong increase of the dimensions of the surface structures on aluminium tubes has been observed. With a typical parameter set to achieve microconically structured aluminium, the cone height increases from 5 to 24 μm and the cone-to-cone distance from 13 to 59 μm. The structure sizes were found to be unaffected from the diameter of the tube within a range from 12 to 40 mm. A possible explanation for the increased structure size is given by altered particle redeposition. Two different parameter sets have been transformed from a planar geometry to the cylindrical geometry. Deep black aluminium tubes providing hydrophobicity with a water contact angle up to 148° and a thermal emissivity up to 87% are demonstrated.
Application of a Validated RP-HPLC Method in Solubility and Dissolution Testing for Simultaneous Estimation of Diacerein and Its Active Metabolite Rhein in Presence of Coformers in the Eutectic Tablet Formulation
Authors: Patel Rajeshri D , Raval Mihir K , Pethani Trupesh M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The present study aimed to develop and validate a novel reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous estimation of Diacerein (DIA) and Rhein (Rh, alkaline degradation product and active metabolite) in the presence of various coformers used to prepare eutectic oral formulation. Chromatographic separations were achieved on a Phenomenex Gemini C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) placed in the thermostated column oven at 40°C. The mobile phase, comprising of acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium acetate (pH 3.0), was eluted through the gradient system with 0.8 mL/min flow rate at 254 nm detection and analytical run time of 14 min. Additionally, the method was validated for specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, selectivity, limit of quantitation, limit of detection and robustness as per International Conference on Harmonization guideline. The developed method was applied for the comparison of drug release profiles of pure DIA and from prepared eutectic formulations for the quantitation of DIA and Rh in the multicomponent adducts. The achieved method advocated their applicability in routine quality control analysis of DIA formulations without interference of degraded product and excipients.
Liquid Chromatographic Methods for COVID-19 Drugs, Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine
Authors: Bilgin Zeynep Derya , Evcil Isil , Yazgi Didem , Binay Gokce , Okuyucu Genc Ceren , Gulsen Busra , Huseynova Aytaj , Ozdemir Ayse Zehra , Ozmen Emel , Usta Yakup , Ustun Suade , Caglar Andac Sena 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
COVID-19 has been a threat throughout the world since December 2019. In attempts to discover an urgent treatment regime for COVID-19, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) have been on solidarity clinical trial. However, many countries have pulled HCQ and CQ from their COVID-19 treatment regimens recently, some countries still continue using them for patients who have previously started HCQ and CQ and they may complete their course under the supervision of a doctor. HCQ and CQ are 4-aminoquinoline drugs and it is safe to use them for autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and malaria as well. Determination of CQ, HCQ and their metabolites in biologic fluids and in pharmaceuticals has great importance, especially for pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and epidemiological studies. In this review, liquid chromatographic methods developed in the last 10 years were summarized focusing on sample preparation and detection methods for HCQ and CQ determination in biological fluids and pharmaceutical preparations. It is hoped that this article could be helpful to facilitate the use of these drugs in clinical trials or drug research studies as it provides comprehensive information on the reported analytical methods.
Seismotectonic evidence for subduction beneath the Eastern Greater Caucasus
Authors: Gunnels Michael , Yetrimishli Gurban , Kazimova Sabina , Sandvol Eric 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARY
We generated high-resolution 3-D seismic velocity models as well as a relocated earthquake catalogue across the eastern Greater Caucasus and Kura basins. This work was done using data from the recently upgraded Republic Seismological Survey Center's (RSSC) seismic network. We generated our tomographic images of crustal velocity structure in Azerbaijan using double-difference inversions (i.e. tomoDD and hypoDD). Earthquake catalogues from the RSSC between 2011 and 2016 were used; these catalogues include absolute arrival times of 103 288 P- and 120 952 S-wave traveltime picks for 7574 events recorded at 35 stations in Azerbaijan. Beginning with a layered, 1-D velocity model that was estimated using VELEST, we inverted simultaneously for relative location, Vp and Vs on a 3-D grid with dimensions 670 × 445 × 45 km, with a uniform grid spacing of 55 × 55 × 5 km for all of Azerbaijan. We observe that the relocated hypocentres cluster into two depth ranges, at the surface and at depth, that appear to correspond to major fault zones and the top of a subducting plate. Additionally, we note intermediate depth seismicity (∼50–60 km) beneath the Kura Basin, and a northward deepening of earthquake depths. Seismic velocities vary significantly throughout the study region; we observe very slow velocities throughout the Kura Basin between 5 and 15 km, and elevated velocities at 20–35 km. The wholesale velocity structure and seismic structure of Kura Basin strongly mirrors that of the Caspian Sea, which suggests that the geodynamics of the Caspian continue westwards into Azerbaijan. The key results of this study suggest that the northward subduction observed in the Caspian Sea continues beneath the Eastern Greater Caucasus, as well as provides evidence for active faulting along the southern margin of the mountain range.
Accounting for uncertain 3-D elastic structure in fault slip estimates
Authors: Ragon Théa , Simons Mark 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARYEarthquake source estimates are affected by many types of uncertainties, deriving from observational errors, modelling choices and our simplified description of the Earth’s interior. While observational errors are often accounted for, epistemic uncertainties, which stem from our imperfect description of the forward model, are usually neglected. In particular, 3-D variations in crustal properties are rarely considered. 3-D crustal heterogeneity is known to largely affect estimates of the seismic source, using either geodetic or seismic data. Here, we use a perturbation approach to investigate, and account for, the impact of epistemic uncertainties related to 3-D variations of the mechanical properties of the crust. We validate our approach using a Bayesian sampling procedure applied to synthetic geodetic data generated from 2-D and 3-D finite-fault models. We show that accounting for uncertainties in crustal structure systematically increases the reliability of source estimates.
Association of Reduced Long-Lasting Insecticidal Net Efficacy and Pyrethroid Insecticide Resistance With Overexpression of CYP6P4, CYP6P3, and CYP6Z1 in Populations of Anopheles coluzzii From Southeast Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Meiwald Anne , Clark Emma , Kristan Mojca , Edi Constant , Jeffries Claire L , Pelloquin Bethanie , Irish Seth R , Walker Thomas , Messenger Louisa A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Resistance to major public health insecticides in Côte d’Ivoire has intensified and now threatens the long-term effectiveness of malaria vector control interventions.

Methods
This study evaluated the bioefficacy of conventional and next-generation long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), determined resistance profiles, and characterized molecular and metabolic mechanisms in wild Anopheles coluzzii from Southeast Côte d’Ivoire in 2019.

Results
Phenotypic resistance was intense: &gt;25% of mosquitoes survived exposure to 10 times the doses of pyrethroids required to kill susceptible populations. Similarly, the 24-hour mortality rate with deltamethrin-only LLINs was very low and not significantly different from that with an untreated net. Sublethal pyrethroid exposure did not induce significant delayed vector mortality effects 72 hours later. In contrast, LLINs containing the synergist piperonyl butoxide, or new insecticides clothianidin and chlorfenapyr, were highly toxic to A. coluzzii. Pyrethroid-susceptible A. coluzzii were significantly more likely to be infected with malaria, compared with those that survived insecticidal exposure. Pyrethroid resistance was associated with significant overexpression of CYP6P4, CYP6P3, and CYP6Z1.

Conclusions
Study findings raise concerns regarding the operational failure of standard LLINs and support the urgent deployment of vector control interventions incorporating piperonyl butoxide, chlorfenapyr, or clothianidin in areas of high resistance intensity in Côte d’Ivoire.
The Best of Both Worlds: Compensation via Price-Caps for Passed-On Overcharges
Authors: Yarkoni Barak , Shalem Roy , Hannes Sharon 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe present a market-based compensation approach to antitrust litigation and other cases of price overcharges. Instead of lump-sum compensation, paid either directly or through coupons, defendants are required to lower their prices for a certain designated period, i.e. price-cap compensation (PCC). We show why previous criticism of PCC was misguided. And, in sharp contrast to the common view in the literature, implementing PCC may have many substantive and procedural advantages. Importantly, although PCC is implemented vis-à-vis direct purchasers only, it reconciles the U.S. and European Union legal approaches and solves the challenge of passed-on damages to indirect purchasers.
Management of cerebrospinal fluid leak from cervical gunshot wounds with external ventricular drainage: a small case series
Authors: Crutcher Clifford L , Wilson John M , Morrow Kevin D , Shields Jessica A , Lasseigne Lindsay M , Culicchia Frank , Tender Gabriel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Historically, the surgical management of gunshot wounds to the spine has been controversial. Repair of a persistent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak is a generally agreed upon indication. The management of such CSF leaks typically involves lumbar drainage or direct surgical repair. Here, the authors report two cases of CSF diversion with an external ventricular drain (EVD) in patients with cervical gunshot wounds. Both patients had spinal canal obliteration or physiologic myelographic block at or below the level of injury. To the best of the author’s knowledge, these are the first two reports of successful EVD treatment of persistent CSF leaks related cervical gunshot wounds. The authors also propose a CSF treatment algorithm for cervical gunshot wounds that includes EVD.
Identifying and mitigating noise sources in precision pulsar timing data sets
Authors: Goncharov Boris , Reardon D J , Shannon R M , Zhu Xing-Jiang , Thrane Eric , Bailes M , Bhat N D R , Dai S , Hobbs G , Kerr M , Manchester R N , Osłowski S , Parthasarathy A , Russell C J , Spiewak R , Thyagarajan N , Wang J B 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Pulsar timing array projects measure the pulse arrival times of millisecond pulsars for the primary purpose of detecting nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves. The measurements include contributions from a number of astrophysical and instrumental processes, which can either be deterministic or stochastic. It is necessary to develop robust statistical and physical models for these noise processes because incorrect models diminish sensitivity and may cause a spurious gravitational wave detection. Here we characterize noise processes for the 26 pulsars in the second data release of the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array using Bayesian inference. In addition to well-studied noise sources found previously in pulsar timing array data sets such as achromatic timing noise and dispersion measure variations, we identify new noise sources including time-correlated chromatic noise that we attribute to variations in pulse scattering. We also identify ‘exponential dip’ events in four pulsars, which we attribute to magnetospheric effects as evidenced by pulse profile shape changes observed for three of the pulsars. This includes an event in PSR J1713+0747, which had previously been attributed to interstellar propagation. We present noise models to be used in searches for gravitational waves. We outline a robust methodology to evaluate the performance of noise models and identify unknown signals in the data. The detection of variations in pulse profiles highlights the need to develop efficient profile domain timing methods.
Exploring the Galaxy’s halo and very metal-weak thick disc with SkyMapper and Gaia DR2
Authors: Cordoni G , Da Costa G S , Yong D , Mackey A D , Marino A F , Monty S , Nordlander T , Norris J E , Asplund M , Bessell M S , Casey A R , Frebel A , Lind K , Murphy S J , Schmidt B P , Gao X D , Xylakis-Dornbusch T , Amarsi A M , Milone A P 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
In this work, we combine spectroscopic information from the SkyMapper survey for Extremely Metal-Poor stars and astrometry from Gaia DR2 to investigate the kinematics of a sample of 475 stars with a metallicity range of $-6.5 \le \rm [Fe/H] \le -2.05$ dex. Exploiting the action map, we identify 16 and 40 stars dynamically consistent with the Gaia Sausage and Gaia Sequoia accretion events, respectively. The most metal poor of these candidates have metallicities of $\rm [Fe/H]=-3.31\, \mathrm{ and }\, -3.74$, respectively, helping to define the low-metallicity tail of the progenitors involved in the accretion events. We also find, consistent with other studies, that ∼21 per cent of the sample have orbits that remain confined to within 3 kpc of the Galactic plane, that is, |Zmax| ≤ 3 kpc. Of particular interest is a subsample (∼11 per cent of the total) of low |Zmax| stars with low eccentricities and prograde motions. The lowest metallicity of these stars has [Fe/H] = –4.30 and the subsample is best interpreted as the very low-metallicity tail of the metal-weak thick disc population. The low |Zmax|, low eccentricity stars with retrograde orbits are likely accreted, while the low |Zmax|, high eccentricity pro- and retrograde stars are plausibly associated with the Gaia Sausage system. We find that a small fraction of our sample (∼4 per cent of the total) is likely escaping from the Galaxy, and postulate that these stars have gained energy from gravitational interactions that occur when infalling dwarf galaxies are tidally disrupted.
‘Novae, supernovae, or something else?’ – (super-)nova highlights from Hoffmann & Vogt are quite certainly comets (ad 668 and 891)
Authors: Neuhäuser Ralph , Neuhäuser Dagmar L , Chapman Jesse 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Galactic novae and supernovae can be studied by utilizing historical observations, yielding explosion time, location on sky, etc. Recent publications by Hoffmann & Vogt present CVs (Cataclysmic Variables), supernova remnants, planetary nebulae, etc. as potential counterparts based on their list of historically reported transients from the Classical Chinese text corpus. Since their candidate selection neglects the state-of-the-art (e.g. Stephenson & Green), and since it includes ‘broom stars’ and ‘fuzzy stars’, i.e. probable comets, we investigate their catalogue in more detail. We discuss here their two highlights, the suggestion of two ‘broom star’ records dated ad 667 and 668 as one historical supernova and of the ‘guest star’ of ad 891 as recurrent nova U Sco. The proposed positional search areas are not justified due to translation and dating problems, source omission, as well as misunderstandings of historical Chinese astronomy and unfounded textual interpretations. All sources together provide strong evidence for comet sightings in both ad 668 and 891 – e.g. there are no arguments for stationarity. The ad 667 record is a misdated doublet of 668. Our critique pertains more generally to their whole catalogue of ‘24 most promising events’: their speculations on counterparts lack a solid foundation and should not be used in follow-ups.
Design and application of circular RNAs with protein-sponge function
Authors: Schreiner Silke , Didio Anna , Hung Lee-Hsueh , Bindereif Albrecht 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCircular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs, generated from pre-mRNAs by circular splicing of exons and functionally largely uncharacterized. Here we report on the design, expression, and characterization of artificial circRNAs that act as protein sponges, specifically binding and functionally inactivating hnRNP (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein) L. HnRNP L regulates alternative splicing, depending on short CA-rich RNA elements. We demonstrate that designer hnRNP L-sponge circRNAs with CA-repeat or CA-rich sequence clusters can efficiently and specifically modulate splicing-regulatory networks in mammalian cells, including alternative splicing patterns and the cellular distribution of a splicing factor. This new strategy can in principle be applied to any RNA-binding protein, opening up new therapeutic strategies in molecular medicine.