bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical Treatment of Complete Foot Drop: Partial Tibial Nerve Transfer to the Motor Branch of the Tibialis Anterior: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Protopsaltis Themistocles S , Parekh Yesha H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This video will be demonstrating the surgical treatment of complete foot drop with partial tibial nerve transfer to the motor branch of the tibialis anterior. Foot drop occurs when there is injury to the deep peroneal nerve that results in the paralysis of the tibialis anterior muscle and subsequent loss of ankle dorsiflexion.
1-5
The patient who is the subject of this video is a 27-yr-old female with a 6-mo history of foot drop. She presented with complete loss of ankle dorsiflexion and great toe extension due to traumatic fall on her left knee while running. Upon physical examination, she had all the features of complete foot drop with loss of ankle dorsiflexion and ankle eversion. She also had decreased sensation to light touch over left dorsal foot, left great toe, and left lateral lower leg. The patient has consented to this procedure. The partial tibial nerve transfer to the motor branch of tibialis anterior muscle is the preferred treatment option for foot drop as it restores ankle dorsiflexion with minimal donor site complications. At 12 mo postsurgery, she has regained 4/5 for ankle dorsiflexion on motor testing compared to the 0/5 she had preoperatively.
Optimal Automatic Stabilizers
Authors: McKay Alisdair , Reis Ricardo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Should the generosity of unemployment benefits and the progressivity of income taxes depend on the presence of business cycles? This paper proposes a tractable model where there is a role for social insurance against uninsurable shocks to income and unemployment, as well as business cycles that are inefficient due to the presence of matching frictions and nominal rigidities. We derive an augmented Baily–Chetty formula showing that the optimal generosity of the social insurance system depends on a macroeconomic stabilization term. This term pushes for an increase in generosity when the level of economic activity is more responsive to social programmes in recessions than in booms. A calibration to the US economy shows that taking concerns for macroeconomic stabilization into account substantially raises the optimal unemployment insurance replacement rate but has a negligible impact on the optimal progressivity of the income tax. More generally, the role of social insurance programmes as automatic stabilizers affects their optimal design.
Only Time Will Tell: A Theory of Deferred Compensation
Authors: Hoffmann Florian , Inderst Roman , Opp Marcus 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This article characterizes optimal compensation contracts in principal-agent settings in which the consequences of the agent’s action are only observed over time. The optimal timing of pay trades off the costs of deferred compensation arising from the agent’s relative impatience and potential consumption smoothing needs against the benefit of exploiting additional informative signals. By capturing this information benefit of deferral in terms of the likelihood ratio dynamics, our characterization covers general signal processes in a unified setting. With bilateral risk neutrality and agent limited liability, optimal contracts are high-powered and stipulate at most two payout dates. If the agent is additionally risk-averse, payouts are contingent on performance exceeding a hurdle that is increasing over time. We obtain clear-cut predictions on how the duration of optimal compensation depends on the nature of information arrival as well as agent characteristics and derive implications for the maturity structure of securities in financial contracting settings.
“Sometimes you have to pop them”: Conflict and Meaning-Making in a Parenting Class
Authors: Cucchiara Maia 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Parenting education is designed to address problems associated with childhood poverty, but such programs have had limited success. This ethnographic study of a parenting class serving low-income African American mothers examines tensions between parents and instructors over the use of physical force in disciplining children or in resolving conflicts more broadly. The article uses the concept of cultural frames to analyze how parents and instructors understood the issues at stake, showing significant differences between the frame the instructors used (discouraging all forms of force) and that of the parents (who saw force as sometimes necessary and effective). The instructors' therapeutic frame positioned children as vulnerable and prioritized self-esteem and positive relationships, and it did not resonate with parents, whose protective frame emphasized their responsibility to keep children safe in a dangerous world. This study examines interactions between parents and instructors to show that when frames come into conflict in social settings, collective affirmation of a particular frame can be a source of resistance and solidarity, thus raising questions about the potential of anti-poverty interventions that do not pay attention to context or meaning making.
National Institutes of Health social and behavioral research in response to the SARS-CoV2 Pandemic
Authors: Riley William T , Borja Susan E , Hooper Monica Webb , Lei Ming , Spotts Erica L , Phillips John W R , Gordon Joshua A , Hodes Richard J , Lauer Michael S , Schwetz Tara A , Perez-Stable Eliseo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been mitigated primarily using social and behavioral intervention strategies, and these strategies have social and economic impacts, as well as potential downstream health impacts that require further study. Digital and community-based interventions are being increasingly relied upon to address these health impacts and bridge the gap in health care access despite insufficient research of these interventions as a replacement for, not an adjunct to, in-person clinical care. As SARS-CoV-2 testing expands, research on encouraging uptake and appropriate interpretation of these test results is needed. All of these issues are disproportionately impacting underserved, vulnerable, and health disparities populations. This commentary describes the various initiatives of the National Institutes of Health to address these social, behavioral, economic, and health disparities impacts of the pandemic, the findings from which can improve our response to the current pandemic and prepare us better for future infectious disease outbreaks.
Tapping Away at a Misleading Meta-analysis
Authors: Spielmans Glen I. , Rosen Gerald M. , Spence-Sing Tess 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChurch et al.'s meta-analysis of three studies claimed to support the specificity of acupoint tapping as a therapeutic technique in the treatment of mental health problems. However, our critical analysis found substantial methodological problems and inaccurate statistical analyses, which render their results invalid. Specifically, 1) two included studies did not include participants with documented mental health problems; 2) two included studies did not specifically isolate the effect of acupoint tapping; 3) clear rationales for selected measures were not provided; 4) comparison groups were not bona fide therapies; 5) researcher and therapist allegiances were not controlled; and 6) selection of included studies may have been biased. Further, our attempt to replicate their results failed; we found that acupoint tapping fared no better than comparison groups:k= 3 studies,d= −0.38 (95% confidence interval, 0.10 to −0.87),p= 0.12. We conclude that the Church et al.'s meta-analysis actually found no specific mental health benefits for acupoint tapping.
Corrigendum to: Is Tapping on Acupuncture Points an Active Ingredient in Emotional Freedom Techniques: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative Studies
Authors: Church Dawson , Stapleton Peta , Kip Kevin , Gallo Fred 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We published a meta-analysis of component trials of emotional freedom techniques (EFT) in this journal. EFT is an evidence-based method, validated in over 100 clinical trials, that uses fingertip tapping on acupressure points in conjunction with techniques from exposure and cognitive therapy. The meta-analysis examined six studies in which an active control, such as diaphragmatic breathing or sham acupoints, was used in place of tapping on actual acupoints. The purpose of the meta-analysis was to determine whether tapping was an inert or an active ingredient in EFTs observed treatment effects. Subsequent to publication, errors in the statistical analysis were identified, primarily incorrect standard deviation values, and our methodological approach was questioned by others. We therefore had the meta-analysis rerun by an independent senior statistician who compared pre- to follow-up results to determine the sustained effects of treatment. The cumulative fixed effects Hedge’s g-value was found to be 0.73 (95% confidence interval = 0.42–1.04, p < 0.0001). The corresponding random effects Hedge’s g-value is 0.74 (95% confidence interval = 0.34–1.13, p < 0.0001). We also reviewed and clarified our methodology. In conclusion, despite computational errors in our original publication, the present revised analysis supports the original conclusion that the acupressure component of the EFT protocol is an active ingredient that contributes to the method’s favorable health effects.
New insights on tidal dynamics and tidal energy harvesting in the Alderney Race
Authors: Sentchev Alexei , Thiébot Jérôme , Bennis Anne-Claire , Piggott Matthew 
Published: July 2020

The Introduction presents motivations, significance and some key points of the research activities performed in the Alderney Race.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘New insights on tidal dynamics and tidal energy harvesting in the Alderney Race’.
Tidal current power effects on nearby sandbanks: a case study in the Race of Alderney
Authors: Blunden Luke S. , Haynes Stephen G. , Bahaj AbuBakr S. 
Published: July 2020

A validated numerical model of tidal flows and sediment transport around the Alderney South Banks was used to investigate the potential effects of large (300 MW) tidal turbine arrays at different locations in Alderney territorial waters. Two methods were used, firstly looking at hydrodynamic changes only and secondly modelling sediment transport over a non-erodible bed. The baseline hydrodynamic model was validated relative to ADCP velocity data collected in the immediate vicinity of the sandbank. Real-world sand transport rates were inferred from sand-wave migrations and agree favourably with sediment transport residuals calculated from model outputs. Outputs from the sediment model reproduced realistic morphological behaviours over the bank. Seventeen different locations were considered; most did not result in significant hydrodynamic changes over the South Banks; however, three array locations were singled out as requiring extra caution if development were to occur. The results provide a case for optimizing the array locations for twin objectives of maximizing array power and minimizing impacts on the sandbanks.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘New insights on tidal dynamics and tidal energy harvesting in the Alderney Race’.
Epidemiological, clinical and genomic insights into the ongoing diphtheria outbreak in Yemen
Authors: Badell Edgar , Alharazi Abdulilah , Criscuolo Alexis ,   The NCPHL diphtheria outbreak working group, Lefrancq Noemie , Bouchez Valerie , Guglielmini Julien , Hennart Melanie , Carmi-Leroy Annick , Zidane Nora , Pascal-Perrigault Marine , Lebreton Manon , Martini Helena , Salje Henrik , Toubiana Julie , Dureab Fekri , Dhabaan Ghulam , Brisse Sylvain 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAn outbreak of diphtheria, declared in Yemen in October 2017, is still ongoing. Methods. Probable cases were recorded through an electronic diseases early warning system. Microbiological culture, genomic sequencing, antimicrobial susceptibility and toxin production testing were performed.MethodsProbable cases were recorded through an electronic diseases early warning system. Microbiological culture, genomic sequencing, antimicrobial susceptibility and toxin production testing were performed.FindingsThe Yemen diphtheria outbreak developed in three epidemic waves, which affected nearly all governorates (provinces) of Yemen, with 5701 probable cases and 330 deaths (October 2017 - April 2020). The median age of patients was 12 years (range, 0.17-80). Virtually all outbreak isolates (40 of 43 tested ones) produced the diphtheria toxin. We observed low level of antimicrobial resistance to penicillin. We identified six separateCorynebacterium diphtheriaephylogenetic sublineages, three of which are genetically related to isolates from Saudi Arabia and Somalia. The predominant sublineage was resistant to trimethoprim and was associated with unique genomic features, more frequent neck swelling (p=0.002) and a younger age of patients (p=0.06). Its evolutionary rate was estimated at 1.67 × 10−6substitutions per site year-1, placing its most recent common ancestor in 2015, and indicating silent circulation ofC. diphtheriaein Yemen earlier than outbreak declaration.InterpretationWe disclose clinical, epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of one of the largest contemporary diphtheria outbreaks and demonstrate clinically relevant heterogeneity ofC. diphtheriaeisolates, underlining the need for laboratory capacity and real-time microbiological analyses to inform prevention, treatment and control of diphtheria.FundingThis work was supported by institutional funding from the National Centre of the Public Health Laboratories (Sanaa, Yemen) and Institut Pasteur (Paris, France) and by the French Government Investissement d ‘Avenir Program.
Effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19: A Tale of Three Models
Authors: Chin Vincent , Ioannidis John P.A. , Tanner Martin A. , Cripps Sally 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we compare the inference regarding the effectiveness of the various non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) for COVID-19 obtained from three SIR models, all developed by the Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team. One model was applied to European countries and published in Nature1 (model 1), concluding that complete lockdown was by far the most effective measure, responsible for 80% of the reduction in Rt, and 3 million deaths were avoided in the examined countries. The Imperial College team applied a different model to the USA states2 (model 2), and in response to our original submission, the Imperial team has proposed in a referee report a third model which is a hybrid of the first two models (model 3). We demonstrate that inference is highly nonrobust to model specification. In particular, inference regarding the relative effectiveness of NPIs changes substantially with the model and decision makers who are unaware of, or ignore, model uncertainty are underestimating the risk attached to any decisions based on that model. Our primary observation is that by applying to European countries the model that the Imperial College team used for the USA states (model 2), complete lockdown has no or little effect, since it was introduced typically at a point when Rt was already very low. Moreover, using several state-of-the-art metrics for Bayesian model comparison, we demonstrate that model 2 (when applied to the European data) is better supported by the data than the model published in Nature1. In particular, serious doubt is cast on the conclusions in Flaxman et al.1, whether we examine the data up to May 5th (as in Flaxman et al.1) or beyond the point when NPIs began to be lifted. Only by objectively considering a wide variety of models in a statistically principled manner, can one begin to address the effectiveness of NPIs such as lockdown. The approach outlined in this paper provides one such path.
Indigenous knowledge of plant uses by the community of Batiaghata, Khulna, Bangladesh
Authors: Ray Tama , Limon Md. Sharif Hasan , Tuhin Md. Sajjad Hossain , Sharmin Arifa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSouthwestern region of Bangladesh is very rich in floral diversity, and their diversified uses. An extensive survey was conducted to investigate ethnobotanical applications of botanical species by the community of Khulna, Bangladesh. We focused on plants and community relationships, identify the most important species used, determine the relative importance of the species surveyed and calculated the Fidelity level (FI) and Cultural Significance Index (CSI) concerning individual species. In total, we have listed 136 species of 114 genera under 52 families, of which 32% (45 species) were used for folk medicine. Inheritance of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants was the primary source of knowledge acquisition through oral transmission over the generations. However, only 34% of the informants were traditional herbal practitioners. Most of the medicinal uses are primly associated with anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antiseptic, expectorant, antidote, fever reduction, and pain relief.
Safety and Efficacy Concerns of Lopinavir/Ritonavir in COVID-19 Affected Patients: A Retrospective Series
Authors: Lepage Marc-Antoine , Rozza Nicholas , Kremer Richard , Grunbaum Ami 
Published: July 2020

AbstractContextOriginally developed for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the antiviral combination lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) is being investigated for use against coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We present a case series raising safety and efficacy concerns in COVID-19 affected patients.MethodsWe measured LPV trough concentrations in 12 patients treated at our center and reviewed their clinical charts for side effects known to occur in HIV patients.ResultsCompared to established LPV trough concentrations in HIV treated patients, concentrations in COVID-19 affected patients were 3-fold greater (20.64 +/- 10.14 mcg/mL versus 6.25 mcg/mL). In addition, cholestasis and dyslipidemia toxicity thresholds were exceeded in 12/12 and 11/12 patients respectively. No patients achieved the presumed therapeutic concentration. The side effects noted were mainly gastrointestinal symptoms (5/12, 42%), electrolytes imbalances (4/12, 33%), liver enzyme disturbances (5/12, 42%), and triglyceride elevations (2/12, 17%).ConclusionNone of our patients reached presumed therapeutic LPV concentrations despite experiencing side effects and exceeding cholestasis and dyslipidemia toxicity thresholds. This raises concerns for the safety and efficacy of LPV/r. Clinicians should consider closely monitoring for side effects and not necessarily attribute them to COVID-19 itself.
New Insights on Excess Deaths and COVID-19
Authors: Wetzler Harry P. , Cobb Herbert W. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundWeinberger and colleagues estimated that 27,065 of the 122,300 excess deaths in the United States between March 1 and May 30, 2020 did not have a COVID-19 cause of death.MethodsThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) post weekly data on mortality for 13 causes of death from the most prevalent comorbid conditions reported on death certificates where COVID-19 was listed as a cause of death. The 2015-2019 data for weeks 10 through 22 were used to forecast the number of deaths from the 13 causes in the absence of COVID-19 during 2020. The forecast was subtracted from the observed number of deaths for each cause during the period March 1 to May 30, 2020.ResultsThe total of the differences for each of the 13 causes of death, 18,489 deaths, accounts for over two-thirds of the 27,065 excess deaths not due to COVID-19.ConclusionCombining the 95,235 reported COVID-19 deaths with the 18,489 from the 13 most frequent comorbid conditions reported on death certificates where COVID-19 was a cause suggests that as many as 93% of the excess deaths were due to COVID-19 and implies that COVID-19 deaths were undercounted. Ongoing assessment of excess deaths and causes of death is needed to provide a better understanding of the pandemic’s dynamics.
Accuracy and Acceptability of Wearable Motion Tracking Smartwatches for Inpatient Monitoring
Authors: Auepanwiriyakul Chaiyawan , Waibel Sigourney , Songa Joanna , Bentley Paul , A. Faisal A. Aldo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractInertial Measurement Units (IMUs) within an everyday consumer smartwatch offer a convenient and low-cost method to monitor the natural behaviour of hospital patients. However, their accuracy at quantifying limb motion, and clinical acceptability, have not yet been demonstrated. To this end we conducted a two-stage study: First, we compared the inertial accuracy of wrist-worn IMUs, both research-grade (Xsens MTw Awinda, and Axivity AX3) and consumer-grade (Apple Watch Series 3 and 5), relative to gold-standard optical motion tracking (OptiTrack). Given the moderate to strong performance of the consumer-grade sensors we then evaluated this sensor and surveyed the experiences and attitudes of hospital patients (N=44) and staff (N=15) following a clinical test in which patients wore smartwatches for 1.5– 24 hours in the second study. Results indicate that for acceleration, Xsens is more accurate than the Apple smartwatches and Axivity AX3 (RMSE 0.17±0.01 g; R2 0.88±0.01; RMSE 0.22±0.01 g; R2 0.64±0.01; RMSE 0.42±0.01 g; R2 0.43±0.01, respectively). However, for angular velocity, the smartwatches are marginally more accurate than Xsens (RMSE 1.28±0.01 rad/s; R2 0.85±0.00; RMSE 1.37±0.01 rad/s; R2 0.82± SE 0.01, respectively). Surveys indicated that in-patients and healthcare professionals strongly agreed that wearable motion sensors are easy to use, comfortable, unobtrusive, suitable for long term use, and do not cause anxiety or limit daily activities. Our results suggest that smartwatches achieved moderate to strong levels of accuracy compared to a gold-standard reference and are likely to be accepted as a pervasive measure of motion/behaviour within hospitals.
Hospital initiation of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs in older adults and discontinuation in primary care
Authors: Coll Seán , Walsh Mary E , Fahey Tom , Moriarty Frank 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo examine factors associated with continuation of hospital-initiated benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BZRAs) among adults aged ≥65 years, specifically instructions on hospital discharge summaries.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study involved anonymised electronic record data on prescribing and hospitalisations for 38,229 patients aged ≥65 from forty-four GP practices in Ireland 2011-2016. BZRA initiations were identified among patients with no BZRA prescription in the previous 12 months. Multivariate regression examined whether instructions on discharge messages for hospital-initiated BZRA prescriptions was associated with continuation after discharge in primary care and time to discontinuation.ResultsMost BZRA initiations occurred in primary care, however the rate of hospital-initiated BZRAs was higher. Almost 60% of 418 hospital initiations had some BZRA instructions (e.g. duration) on the discharge summary. Approximately 40% (n=166) were continued in primary care. Lower age, being prescribed a Z-drug or great number of medicines were associated with higher risk of continuation. Of those continued in primary care, in 98 cases (59.6%) the BZRA was discontinued during follow-up (after a mean 184 days). Presence of instructions was associated with higher likelihood of discontinuation (hazard ratio 1.67, 95%CI 1.09-2.55).ConclusionsImproved communication to GPs after hospital discharge may be important in avoiding long-term BZRA use.