bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leveraging Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs to Evaluate Opioid Policy Interventions
Authors: Weiner S. 
Published: August 2020

Research ObjectiveA variety of state and federal policies have been enacted to curtail prescription opioid overdoses, including implementation of statewide opioid prescribing guidelines and rescheduling of hydrocodone from DEA Schedule III to Schedule II. We aimed to use data from the Ohio Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) to evaluate the effects of these policies.Study DesignRetrospective study of all opioid prescriptions dispensed in the state of Ohio from 2010 to 2017. We first determined the number and characteristics of opioid prescriptions stratified by specialty. We then used an interrupted time series analysis to determine the effect on opioid prescribing after (a) the release of statewide opioid prescribing guidelines in 2012 and (b) the federal rescheduling of hydrocodone in 2014.Population StudiedThe state of Ohio. Prescriptions for the nine most common pill form opioid pain relievers dispensed in Ohio were included. The PDMP includes all prescriptions dispensed to individuals in the state, regardless of payer.Principal FindingsThe number and characteristics of opioid prescriptions and trends over time varied greatly between different prescriber specialties. The mean number of pills/prescription and morphine content of the prescriptions were highest for physical medicine/rehabilitation (91.2 pills, 1532 mg, n = 1 680 579), anesthesiology/pain (89.3 pills, 1484 mg, n = 3 261 449), hematology/oncology (88.2 pills, 1534 mg, n = 516,596), and neurology (84.4 pills, 1230 mg, n = 573 389). Overall, family medicine (21.8%) and internal medicine (17.6%) prescribed the most opioids. The implementation of emergency department opioid prescribing guidelines was associated with a 12% decrease (95% CI −17.7% to −6.3%) in the level of statewide total prescriptions/month and an additional decrease of 0.9% (95% CI −1.1% to −0.7%) relative to the trend before the guidelines. Rescheduling of hydrocodone was associated with a level change of −26 358 (95% CI −36 700 to −16 016) prescriptions (−5.8%) and an additional decrease of −1568 (95% CI −2296 to −839) prescriptions/month. Rescheduling was associated with a temporary substitution effect (increase) of codeine and with a decrease in the prescribing of tramadol.ConclusionsThe characteristics of opioid prescriptions vary widely by specialty and suggest the need for specialty‐specific guidance. Opioid guidelines targeting the emergency department were associated with a decrease in prescribing beyond the secular trend. The rescheduling of hydrocodone was associated with a decrease in hydrocodone prescriptions beyond the secular trend, but also appeared to affect the prescribing of other opioids as well.Implications for Policy or PracticePDMPs are state‐based prescribing databases that can be used to influence prescriber decision‐making at the point of care. However, their powerful data can also be used to describe prescribing behaviors overall and evaluate the effectiveness of implemented opioid‐related policies.
Estimation in English auctions with unobserved heterogeneity
Authors: Hernández Cristián , Quint Daniel , Turansick Christopher 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe propose a framework for identification and estimation of a private values model with unobserved heterogeneity from bid data in English auctions, using variation in the number of bidders across auctions, and extend the framework to settings where the number of bidders is not cleanly observed in each auction. We illustrate our method on data from eBay Motors auctions. We find that unobserved heterogeneity is important, accounting for two thirds of price variation after controlling for observables, and that welfare measures would be dramatically misestimated if unobserved heterogeneity were ignored.
Tau‐induced upregulation of C/EBPβ‐TRPC1‐SOCE signaling aggravates tauopathies: A vicious cycle in Alzheimer neurodegeneration
Authors: Ye Jinwang , Yin Ying , Yin Yaling , Zhang Huaqiu , Wan Huali , Wang Lu , Zuo Yue , Gao Di , Li Mengzhu , Li Jun , Liu Yanchao , Ke Dan , Wang Jian‐Zhi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntracellular accumulating of the hyperphosphorylated tau plays a pivotal role in neurodegeneration of Alzheimer disease (AD), but the mechanisms underlying the gradually aggravated tau hyperphosphorylation remain elusive. Here, we show that increasing intracellular tau could upregulate mRNA and protein levels of TRPC1 (transient receptor potential channel 1) with an activated store‐operated calcium entry (SOCE), an increased intraneuronal steady‐state [Ca2+]i, an enhanced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, an imbalanced protein kinases and phosphatase, and an aggravated tauopathy. Furthermore, overexpressing TRPC1 induced ER stress, kinases‐phosphatase imbalance, tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive deficits in cultured neurons and mice, while pharmacological inhibiting or knockout TRPC1 attenuated the hTau‐induced deregulations in SOCE, ER homeostasis, kinases‐phosphatase balance, and tau phosphorylation level with improved synaptic and cognitive functions. Finally, an increased CCAAT‐enhancer‐binding protein (C/EBPβ) activity was observed in hTau‐overexpressing cells and the hippocampus of the AD patients, while downregulating C/EBPβ by siRNA abolished the hTau‐induced TRPC1 upregulation. These data reveal that increasing intracellular tau can upregulate C/EBPβ‐TRPC1‐SOCE signaling and thus disrupt phosphorylating system, which together aggravates tau pathologies leading to a chronic neurodegeneration.
O‐HEALTH‐EDU: A scoping review on the reporting of oral health professional education in Europe
Authors: Dixon Jonathan , Manzanares‐Cespedes Cristina , Davies Julia , Vital Sibylle , Gerber Gabor , Paganelli Corrado , Akota Ilze , Greiveldinger Alyette , Murphy Denis , Quinn Barry , Roger‐Leroi Valerie , Tubert‐Jeannin Stephanie , Field James 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe variability in oral health professional education is likely to impact on the management of oral health needs across Europe. This scoping review forms the initial part of a larger EU‐funded collaborative Erasmus + project, ‘O‐Health‐Edu’. The aim of this scoping review is to investigate how oral health professional education in Europe is reported.MethodsThe PRISMA and Arksey & O’Malley methodological frameworks for scoping reviews were used to guide reviewers in answering the research question “How is oral health professional education reported in Europe?”. The search strategy encompassed published literature searches, internet searches and further searching of relevant documents from educational organisations, regulators and professional bodies. Once the search strategy was developed, it was sent to key stakeholders for consultation. Sources were reviewed by two authors (JD, JF) and included in the review if they reported on oral health professional education in Europe.ResultsA total of 508 sources were retrieved from all of the searches. A total of 405 sources were excluded as they did not report on the topic of interest, leaving 103 sources that reported on oral health professional education in Europe. Handsearching the references of published sources lead to a further 41 sources being screened, of which, 15 were included. In total, 33 duplications were removed and the final number of included sources was 85. The average year of publication for the included sources was 2007, with sources most commonly published in journals dedicated to dental education. Surveys represented the most common form of reporting. From the data obtained, four broad themes of reporting were evident: dental education at a programme level, dental education at a discipline level, other oral health professional education, and postgraduate education and continuous professional development.ConclusionThe reporting of dental and oral health professional education in Europe is limited. Whilst there are many useful documents that provide guidelines on dental education, there is limited knowledge on how education is implemented and delivered. There is a greater need for comprehensive educationally driven programme‐level data on oral health professional education across Europe.
Private Equity and Portfolio Companies: Lessons from the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Bernstein Shai , Lerner Josh , Mezzanotti Filippo 
Published: August 2020

Critics of private equity have warned that the high leverage often used in PE‐backed companies could contribute to the fragility of the financial system during economic crises. The proliferation of poorly structured transactions during booms could increase the vulnerability of the economy to downturns. The alternative hypothesis is that PE, with its operating capabilities, expertise in financial restructuring, and massive capital raised but not invested (“dry powder”), could increase the resilience of PE‐backed companies.In their study of PE‐backed buyouts in the U.K.—which requires and thereby makes accessible more information about private companies than, say, in the U.S.—the authors report finding that, during the 2008 global financial crisis, PE‐backed companies decreased their overall investments significantly less than comparable, non‐PE firms. Moreover, such PE‐backed firms also experienced greater equity and debt inflows, higher asset growth, and increased market share. These effects were especially notable among smaller, riskier PE‐backed firms with less access to capital, and also for those firms backed by PE firms with more dry powder at the crisis onset. In a survey of the partners and staff of some 750 PE firms, the authors also present compelling evidence that PEs firms play active financial and operating roles in preserving or restoring the profitability and value of their portfolio companies.
Board 3.0: What the Private‐Equity Governance Model Can Offer Public Companies∗
Authors: Gilson Ronald J. , Gordon Jeffrey N. 
Published: August 2020

The authors view board structures as an adaptive institution that responds to the key challenges faced by public companies: helping management solve the problems of production and organization of large‐scale enterprise; limiting managerial agency costs; serving as a delegated monitor of the firm's compliance obligations; and responding to the governance environment of changing shareholder ownership patterns. U.S. company board structures are shown to have evolved over time, often through discontinuous lurches, as particular functions have waxed and waned in importance.This article is part of a larger project that traces two iterations of the public company board, what the authors call Board 1.0 (the “advisory board”) and Board 2.0 (the “monitoring board”). The authors argue in particular that Board 2.0, as embedded in both current practice and regulation, now fails the functional fit test for many companies. First, it does not scale to match the dramatic increase in the size and complexity of many modern public corporations. Second, at a time of reconcentrated ownership achieved through institutional investors and increased activism, it does not have the expertise and commitment needed to resolve the tension between managerial or market myopia, or “short‐termism,” and managerial “hyperopia.”This article holds out an optional alternative, Board 3.0, which would bring to the public company board some strategies used by private equity firms for their portfolio company boards. Such “Portco” boards consist of directors who are “thickly informed,” “heavily resourced,” and “intensely interested.” Bringing such “empowered directors” to public company boards could facilitate evolution of the public company board model in response to dramatic changes in the corporate business environment. The authors also suggest possible routes for implementing Board 3.0, including the enlisting of PE firms as “relational investors” that would have both capacity and incentives to engineer changes in board structure.
University of Texas Roundtable on LP Perspectives on the State of Private Equity
Authors: Wiles Ken , Tull Tom , Halaska Chris , Wanstrath Shelby , Valdez Russell 
Published: August 2020

In this wide‐ranging discussion among four limited partner investors in private equity, the LPs commented on the rates of return they expect from PE, the fees they pay their general partners, and the length of their time commitments to PE investments. After noting the enormous growth in the value of assets under private management, and the reduction in public equity investment by many large institutional investors, each of the four LPs said that their institutions expected to maintain or continue to increase their proportion of portfolio investment in PE. The LP panelists were virtually unanimous in expecting PE rates of return in the 9%‐11% range, as compared to 7%‐8% for public equities. The panelists also seemed to agree that although committing to PE investments for terms longer than the traditional seven to ten years could result in higher returns and lower costs, they were reluctant to make such commitments because they valued the financial flexibility afforded by shorter holding periods.Several LPs claimed that their institutions were scrutinizing the explicit and implicit fees charged by the GPs, and the level of fees was encouraging LPs to co‐invest in deals alongside the GPs. And in response to a closing suggestion that the recent flurry of IPOs could signify the beginning of a major reversal away from private capital, another LP expressed strong doubt, noting that “the private ownership model has clearly shown superior governance, and greater ability to manage leveraged capital structures and create value than public companies over the long term.”
Development of a Frailty Index from Routine Hospital Data in Perioperative and Critical Care
Authors: Darvall Jai N. , Greentree Kate , Loth Joel , Bose Tony , De Silva Anurika , Braat Sabine , Lim Wen K. , Story David A. 
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESFrailty is common in surgical and intensive care unit (ICU) populations, yet it is not routinely measured. Frailty indices are able to quantify this condition across a range of health deficits. We aimed to develop a frailty index (FI) from routinely collected hospital data in a surgical and ICU population.DESIGNProspective observational single‐center cohort study.SETTINGTertiary referral metropolitan Australian hospital.PARTICIPANTSA total of 336 individuals aged 65 and older undergoing surgery or aged 50 and older admitted to the ICU.MEASUREMENTSRoutine admission health data were used to derive an FI comprising 36 health deficits. We examined the FI correlation with existing frailty tools (Clinical Frailty Scale [CFS] and Edmonton Frail Scale [EFS]) and assessed its predictive ability for negative outcomes including 30‐day mortality.RESULTSMedian FI was .17 (interquartile range [IQR]) = .10–.24) for ICU patients and .17 (IQR = .11–.25) for surgical patients; maximum FI was .58, and 25% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 10.4–29.6) of patients overall were diagnosed with frailty (FI score ≥.25). Correlation was strong between the FI and the EFS: ρ = .76 (95% CI = .70–.83) for ICU patients and .71 (95% CI = .64–.78) for surgical patients, and the CFS was .77 (95% CI = .70–.84) for ICU patients and .72 (95% CI = .65–.79) for surgical patients. The FI had good discriminative ability for prediction of 30‐day mortality in ICU patients (multivariate odds ratio for each increase in FI of .1 = 2.04 [95% CI = 1.19–3.48]), comparable with the performance of the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score (ICU patients) and the Portsmouth Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the Enumeration of Mortality and Morbidity score (surgical patients).CONCLUSIONIt is feasible to construct an FI from hospital admission data in a cohort of critically ill and surgical patients.
The relationship of psychosocial well‐being and social support with pregnant women's perceptions of traumatic childbirth
Authors: Yalnız Dilcen Hacer , Aslantekin Filiz , Aktaş Naciye 
Published: August 2020

AimThis study was conducted to investigate the correlation of psychosocial health and social support with traumatic birth perception in pregnant women.MethodThe data of this descriptive epidemiological study were obtained from 461 pregnant women who visited a Family Health Center (FHC) between August 2018 and 2019. The data were collected by the face‐to‐face interview method, using a Participant Information Form, the Psychosocial Health Assessment in Pregnancy and Perceived Social Support and Traumatic Birth Perception Scales.ResultsTraumatic birth perception was negatively correlated with the Psychosocial Health in Pregnancy Scale and its subscales, as well as being negatively correlated with the Perceived Social Support Scale and its subscales. According to this result, it was determined that traumatic birth perception increases as psychosocial problems increase. As the perceived social support of pregnancy and spouse relationship, especially related to familial relationships, decreases, the perception of traumatic birth increases.ConclusionAccording to the results of the study, psychosocial assessment and screening of social support status in pregnant women are recommended as part of the routine clinical practices of midwives and nurses. In this regard, support may be obtained from international practices and experience.
The Annual Periodization of Training Volumes of International-Level Cross-Country Skiers and Biathletes
Authors: Myakinchenko Evgeny B. , Kriuchkov Andrey S. , Adodin Nikita V. , Feofilaktov Victor 
Published: August 2020

Purpose: To compare the training-volume (TrV) distribution of Russian international-level male biathletes, female biathletes, and cross-country skiers (XC) during an annual cycle. Methods: Day-to-day TrVs were recorded and averaged for a 5-year period for male biathletes (n = 6), female biathletes (n = 8), and XC (n = 14) with VO2max values of 77.7 (3.8), 64.6 (1.9), and 79.4 (3.5) mL·min−1·kg−1, respectively. Results: The volumes of low- and moderate-intensity endurance training and all types of nonspecific endurance and strength training gradually decreased toward the competition period. However, the volumes and proportions of high-intensity endurance training and specific exercises (roller skiing, skiing, and shooting during high-intensity endurance training) increased by the time of the competition period. The total volume of training, volumes of low- and moderate-intensity endurance training, moderate- and high-load strength training (70%–95% 1RM), and power/speed loads did not increase gradually but reached their maximum immediately after a short stage of initial training. All teams employed the “pyramid” model of intensity distribution. Compared with the biathletes, XC demonstrated a larger (P < .01) annual volume of endurance training (~190 h), low-intensity endurance training (~183 h), and strength training (~818 sets). They also engaged in more upper-body and core-strength exercises (~769 sets), and they reached their maximum aerobic TrVs in June, while the biathletes reached theirs in July. Conclusions: In recent decades, the traditional model of periodization has been altered. The Russian XC and biathletes had significant differences in TrVs.
Clinical features to distinguish meningitis among young infants at a rural Kenyan hospital
Authors: Obiero Christina W , Mturi Neema , Mwarumba Salim , Ngari Moses , Newton Charles , Boele van Hensbroek Michael , Berkley James Alexander 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundDetection of meningitis is essential to optimise the duration and choice of antimicrobial agents to limit mortality and sequelae. In low and middle-income countries most health facilities lack laboratory capacity and rely on clinical features to empirically treat meningitis.ObjectiveWe conducted a diagnostic validation study to investigate the performance of clinical features (fever, convulsions, irritability, bulging fontanel and temperature ≥39°C) and WHO-recommended signs (drowsiness, lethargy, unconsciousness, convulsions, bulging fontanel, irritability or a high-pitched cry) in discriminating meningitis in young infants.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingKilifi County Hospital.PatientsInfants aged <60 days hospitalised between 2012 and 2016.Main outcome measureDefinite meningitis defined as positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture, microscopy or antigen test, or leucocytes ≥0.05 x 10∧9/L.ResultsOf 4809 infants aged <60 days included, 81 (1.7%) had definite meningitis. WHO-recommended signs had sensitivity of 58% (95% CI 47% to 69%) and specificity of 57% (95% CI 56% to 59%) for definite meningitis. Addition of history of fever improved sensitivity to 89% (95% CI 80% to 95%) but reduced specificity to 26% (95% CI 25% to 27%). Presence of ≥1 of 5 previously identified signs had sensitivity of 79% (95% CI 69% to 87%) and specificity of 51% (95% CI 50% to 53%).ConclusionsDespite a lower prevalence of definite meningitis, the performance of previously identified signs at admission in predicting meningitis was unchanged. Presence of history of fever improves the sensitivity of WHO-recommended signs but loses specificity. Careful evaluation, repeated assessment and capacity for lumbar puncture and CSF microscopy to exclude meningitis in most young infants with potential signs are essential to management in this age group.
Preterm delivery and long term mortality in women: national cohort and co-sibling study
Authors: Crump Casey , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To examine the long term mortality associated with preterm delivery in a large population based cohort of women, and to assess for potential confounding by shared familial factors.

Design
National cohort study.

Setting
Sweden.

Participants
All 2 189 477 women with a singleton delivery in 1973-2015.

Main outcome measures
All cause and cause specific mortality up to 2016, identified from nationwide death records. Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios while adjusting for confounders, and co-sibling analyses assessed the potential influence of unmeasured shared familial (genetic and environmental) factors.

Results

In 50.7 million person years of follow-up, 76 535 (3.5%) women died (median age at death was 57.6). In the 10 years after delivery, the adjusted hazard ratio for all cause mortality associated with preterm delivery (<37 weeks) was 1.73 (95% confidence interval 1.61 to 1.87), and when further stratified was 2.20 (1.63 to 2.96) for extremely preterm delivery (22-27 weeks), 2.28 (2.01 to 2.58) for very preterm delivery (28-33 weeks), 1.52 (1.39 to 1.67) for late preterm delivery (34-36 weeks), and 1.19 (1.12 to 1.27) for early term delivery (37-38 weeks) compared with full term delivery (39-41 weeks). These risks declined but remained significantly raised after longer follow-up times: for preterm versus

full term births, 10-19 years after delivery, the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.45 (95% confidence interval 1.37 to 1.53); 20-44 years after delivery, the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.37 (1.33 to 1.41). These findings did not seem to be attributable to shared genetic or environmental factors within families. Several causes were identified, including cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, diabetes, and cancer.

Conclusions
In this large national cohort of women, the findings suggested that preterm and early term delivery were independent risk factors for premature mortality from several major causes. These associations declined over time but remained raised up to 40 years later.