bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species richness, range size, and wing development in South American melanopline grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acrididae)
Authors: Scattolini María Celeste , Lira‐Noriega Andrés , Cigliano María Marta 
Published: March 2020

1. Wing development can influence biogeographic patterns, and much debate has been focused on the ecological conditions that favour secondary wing reductions in insects. Although grasshoppers are mostly flight‐capable, brachypterism appears to be common in many species and has been typically associated with limited dispersal abilities.2. This study presents the first comprehensive analysis of biodiversity patterns in South American melanopline grassshoppers. Two different macroecological methodologies were applied: a range–diversity plots approach and generalised lineal models (GLMs). The study simultaneously considered three features (species richness, range size, and wing development) and four potentially explanatory hypotheses that can influence geographic biodiversity patterns: energy, environmental heterogeneity, seasonality, and habitat suitability hypotheses.3. These analyses of dispersal abilities and distributional data indicate a clear and consistent association between wing development and biogeographical patterns in South American melanopline grasshoppers. Brachyptery was related to small distribution sizes, whereas the opposite was true for macroptery. Melanopline species richness is best explained by all the environmental hypotheses considered in the analysis (energy, environmental heterogeneity, seasonality, and habitat suitability hypotheses), whereas geographic range size is explained by the environmental heterogeneity and seasonality hypotheses.4. Models indicate a stronger association with range size than with species richness, and it is therefore considered that range size is a key feature to elucidate the spatial patterns of biodiversity. Despite the relevance of species richness and range sizes as descriptors of macroecological and biodiversity patterns, these features are seldom investigated simultaneously.
Synchrony, leadership, and association in male Indo‐pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus)
Authors: McCue Laura M. , Cioffi William R. , Heithaus Michael R. , Barrè Lynne , Connor Richard C. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMale Indo‐pacific bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Western Australia, have converged with humans in the formation of nested male alliances and the use of synchrony in alliance behavior. Further, the strength of association among allied male dolphins varies and the stability of alliances correlates with the rate that males consort with estrus females (and is thus a possible indicator of dominance). To examine the possibility that synchrony reflects alliance association strength and dominance relationships, we analyzed videotapes from focal follows of two groups of males that reflect the range of alliance size and the strength of association between individuals in the population. We examined two variables:leadershipduring synchronous behaviors, based on which animal in a synchronously surfacing pair surfaced first, and thedegree of synchrony, based on temporal differences in synchronous surfacing. We predicted that closer associates would exhibit a greater degree of synchrony and that one dolphin in a dyad would consistently lead. Contrary to our predictions, the degree of synchrony was inversely related to strength of association within alliances. This surprising result suggests that individuals with less secure bonds may strive more to achieve synchrony. We found no evidence of leadership during synchronous surfacing or between synchrony and other behavioral variables. Proximate mechanisms for synchronous behavior, such as entrainment and mutual motor imitation (“the mirror game” paradigm), may inhibit leadership in this context. Our results show that synchrony during surfacing is not a useful behavior to examine for dominance relationships in wild dolphins but it may be a useful tool to examine variation in alliance relationships.
Jealousy Links Comparisons with Siblings to Adjustment among Emerging Adults
Authors: Hamwey Meghan K. , Whiteman Shawn D. 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveTo explore the correlates and implications of sibling jealousy during emerging adulthood.BackgroundRooted in research and theory on parental differential treatment (PDT) and social comparisons, we expected that more frequent social comparisons between siblings—specifically, PDT as well as upward comparisons (“my sibling is better off than I am”) and downward comparisons (“I am better off than my sibling”)—are positively linked to sibling jealousy, which, in turn, is positively related individual and relational maladjustment.MethodParticipants included 454 young adults (M = 22.44, SD = 1.50 years of age) who participated in Internet‐based surveys recruited via Amazon Mechanical
Turk.ResultsSocial comparisons between siblings generally predicted feelings of sibling jealousy, which, in turn, were positively related to young adults' depressive symptoms and sibling conflict. Although PDT was salient in the lives of these emerging adults, siblings' other social comparisons were more strongly linked to their internalizing symptoms and sibling relationship qualities.ConclusionThese findings fill a gap in knowledge about the nature and implications of sibling relationships during emerging adulthood and clarify the links between young adults' cognitions (PDT, social comparisons), affective states (jealousy), and behaviors (depressive symptoms, sibling relationship qualities).ImplicationsSibling relationships should be reflected on more broadly across the life course because family and sibling processes permeate the lives of individuals well after moving away from their family of origin. In particular, it is important for those who work with young adults, including practitioners, to consider the implications sibling relationships have for individual and relational adjustment during emerging adulthood. This includes focusing on mitigating the negative implications of sibling comparisons and sibling jealousy, which continue into emerging adulthood, and ultimately may enhance young adults' emotional and behavioral well‐being.
Influence of temperature on the δ13C values and distribution of methanotroph‐related hopanoids in Sphagnum‐dominated peat bogs
Authors: van Winden Julia F. , Talbot Helen M. , Reichart Gert‐Jan , McNamara Niall P. , Benthien Albert , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMethane emissions from peat bogs are mitigated by methanotrophs, which live in symbiosis with peat moss (e.g. Sphagnum). Here, we investigate the influence of temperature and resultant changes in methane fluxes on Sphagnum and methanotroph‐related biomarkers, evaluating their potential as proxies in ancient bogs. A pulse‐chase experiment using 13C‐labelled methane in the field clearly showed label uptake in diploptene, a biomarker for methanotrophs, demonstrating in situ methanotrophic activity in Sphagnum under natural conditions. Peat cores containing live Sphagnum were incubated at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C for two months, causing differences in net methane fluxes. The natural δ13C values of diploptene extracted from Sphagnum showed a strong correlation with temperature and methane production. The δ13C values ranged from −34‰ at 5°C to −41‰ at 25°C. These results are best explained by enhanced expression of the methanotrophic enzymatic isotope effect at higher methane concentrations. Hence, δ13C values of diploptene, or its diagenetic products, potentially provide a useful tool to assess methanotrophic activity in past environments. Increased methane fluxes towards Sphagnum did not affect δ13C values of bulk Sphagnum and its specific marker, the C23 n‐alkane. The concentration of methanotroph‐specific bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs), aminobacteriohopanetetrol (aminotetrol, characteristic for type II and to a lesser extent type I methanotrophs) and aminobacteriohopanepentol (aminopentol, a marker for type I methanotrophs) showed a non‐linear response to increased methane fluxes, with relatively high abundances at 25°C compared to those at 20°C or below. Aminotetrol was more abundant than aminopentol, in contrast to similar abundances of aminotetrol and aminopentol in fresh Sphagnum. This probably indicates that type II methanotrophs became prevalent under the experimental conditions relative to type I methanotrophs. Even though BHP concentrations may not directly reflect bacterial activity, they may provide insight into the presence of different types of methanotrophs.
Reproducibility of subtraction radiography in monitoring changes in approximal carious lesions in children: An in vivo study
Authors: Al‐Sane Mona , Ricketts David N. , Mendes Fausto M. , Altarakemah Yacoub , Deery Christopher , Innes Nicola , Rollings Sam 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundLaboratory studies have shown that digital subtraction radiography (DSR) can be a more effective tool, than conventional radiography, in monitoring changes in carious lesions. The clinical performance of the technique, however, has not been sufficiently researched.AimTo compare the reproducibility of DSR to that of bitewing radiographs, in monitoring changes in approximal caries in the mixed dentition. A secondary aim was to determine whether assessment outcomes differed as a function of the method used.DesignSix assessors evaluated 310 lesions first on bitewings, then with DSR. The overall reproducibility was evaluated via intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC). Intra‐ and inter‐rater reproducibility were assessed using weighted Kappa. Paired t test was used to assess differences in the reproducibility across methods.ResultsThe overall reproducibility for DSR was (ICC = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.31‐0.56). Intra‐ and inter‐rater reproducibility were 0.65 and 0.44, respectively. The overall reproducibility for bitewings was ICC = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.42‐0.57. Intra‐ and Inter‐rater reproducibility were 0.71 and 0.46, respectively. Differences in the reproducibility across methods were not statistically significant. Significantly more lesions were scored as progressed using DSR.ConclusionsThe reproducibility of DSR in monitoring changes in approximal caries is comparable to that of bitewings. Additionally, DSR detected higher proportion of progression than bitewing assessments.
Thermochemical stability of Y2Si2O7 in high‐temperature water vapor
Authors: Golden Robert A. , Mueller Kendall , Opila Elizabeth J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe thermochemical stability of Y2Si2O7 was assessed in a high‐temperature high‐velocity water vapor environment to improve the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to SiO2 depletion. Spark plasma sintered Y2Si2O7 specimens were exposed in a steam‐jet furnace at 1000°C and 1200°C for 3‐250 hours, steam velocities of 131‐174 m/s and at 1 atm H2O pressure. These exposures resulted in the selective volatilization of SiO2 to form volatile Si(OH)4 and porous Y2SiO5. Microstructural evolution from fine rectangular pores at short times to larger rounded pores at longer times was observed. Mechanisms contributing to the overall depletion reaction kinetics were evaluated and include the interface reaction to form Y2SiO5 and Si(OH)4 (g), Y2SiO5 coarsening, development of tortuosity in the pore network and diffusion of H2O (g) and Si(OH)4 (g) through pores by molecular diffusion and/or Knudsen diffusion. SiO2 depletion was found to follow parabolic volatilization kinetics (kp = 0.38 µm2/h) at 1200°C indicating the reaction is limited by a diffusion process, most likely the outward diffusion of Si(OH)4 (g) through pores. Results are utilized to assess the viability of Y2Si2O7 and other rare‐earth silicates as environmental barrier coating (EBC) materials for SiC ceramic matrix composites (CMCs).
Cyclic martensitic transformations and damage evolution in shape memory zirconia: Single crystals vs polycrystals
Authors: Crystal Isabel R. , Lai Alan , Schuh Christopher A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn zirconia‐based shape memory ceramics (SMCs), cracking during the martensitic transformation can be avoided in structures that reduce the relative presence of grain boundaries where high levels of transformation mismatch stress develop. This approach has been well established in single crystals, but only for sample sizes below about 5 microns. In this paper, we extend the strategy of eliminating grain boundaries to bulk specimen scales by fabricating mm‐scale single crystal SMCs via cold crucible induction melting. For 1.5 and 2.0 mol% Y2O3‐ZrO2, we study the cyclic martensitic transformation of both single crystal and polycrystal structures. Whereas single crystals have very repeatable transformation behavior in terms of hysteresis and strain amplitude, polycrystals degrade dramatically as they accumulate cracking damage with repeated cycling. As the polycrystal evolves from a pellet to granular packing of loose single crystals/grains, the energy dissipation converges with that of the single‐crystal structure, and the energy spent on cracking throughout that process is captured by calorimetry analysis. These results verify that grain boundaries play a key role in damage evolution during martensitic transformation and that microstructural control can extend the size‐scale of viable single crystal or oligocrystal SMCs from the micro‐ to the millimeter scale.
MiR‐210‐3p‐EphrinA3‐PI3K/AKT axis regulates the progression of oral cancer
Authors: Wang Lin , Song Yong , Wang Hui , Liu Ke , Shao Zhe , Shang Zhengjun 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to explore new therapeutic targets to improve the survival rate of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).MiR‐210‐3p, EphrinA3 and EMT related indices were evaluated in OSCC tissues and cell lines. In addition, the relationship between differential EphrinA3 expression and tumour progression was explored through molecular biology techniques, in vitro functional experiments and tumour xenotransplantation models. The expression of EphrinA3 (rs = −0.719, P < .05) and E‐cadherin (rs = −0.856, P < .05) was negatively correlated with the pathological grading in OSCC tissues. Protein clustering shows EphrinA3 may be associated with tumour progression. EphrinA3 also can regulate the biological behaviour of oral cancer cells. And it regulates the EMT by the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. MiR‐210‐3p targeted the gen EFNA3. Up‐regulation of miR‐210‐3p expression can decrease the expression of EphrinA3 and further to influence the biological behaviour of OSCC. The miR‐210‐3p‐EphrinA3‐PI3K/AKT signalling axis plays an important role in the progress of OSCC. EphrinA3 may serve as a novel target for oral cancer treatment.
Gastric cancer prevention strategies: A global perspective
Authors: Eusebi Leonardo Henry , Telese Andrea , Marasco Giovanni , Bazzoli Franco , Zagari Rocco Maurizio 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, and mortality rates are still high. Primary preventive strategies, aimed to reduce risk factors and promote protective ones, will lead to a decrease in GC incidence. Helicobacter pylori infection is a well‐established carcinogen for GC, and its eradication is recommended as the best strategy for the primary prevention. However, the role of other factors such as lifestyle, diet, and drug use is still under debate in GC carcinogenesis. Unfortunately, most patients with GC are diagnosed at late stages when treatment is often ineffective. Neoplastic transformation of the gastric mucosa is a multistep process, and appropriate diagnosis and management of preneoplastic conditions can reduce GC‐related mortality. Several screening strategies in relation to GC incidence have been proposed in order to detect neoplastic lesions at early stages. The efficacy of screening strategies in reducing GC mortality needs to be confirmed. This review provides an overview of current international guidelines and recent literature on primary and secondary prevention strategies for GC.
Multinational Investigation of Fracture Risk with Antidepressant Use by Class, Drug, and Indication
Authors: Tamblyn Robyn , Bates David W. , Buckeridge David L. , Dixon William G. , Girard Nadyne , Haas Jennifer S. , Habib Bettina , Iqbal Usman , Li Jack , Sheppard Therese 
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVESAntidepressants increase the risk of falls and fracture in older adults. However, risk estimates vary considerably even in comparable populations, limiting the usefulness of current evidence for clinical decision making. Our aim was to apply a common protocol to cohorts of older antidepressant users in multiple jurisdictions to estimate fracture risk associated with different antidepressant classes, drugs, doses, and potential treatment indications.DESIGNRetrospective (2009–2014) cohort study.SETTINGFive jurisdictions in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and Taiwan.PARTICIPANTSOlder antidepressant users—subjects were followed from first antidepressant prescription or dispensation to first fracture or until the end of follow‐up.MEASUREMENTSThe risk of fractures with antidepressants was estimated by multivariable Cox proportional hazards models using time‐varying measures of antidepressant dose and use vs nonuse, adjusting for patient characteristics.RESULTSBetween 42.9% and 55.6% of study cohorts were 75 years and older, and 29.3% to 45.4% were men. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (48.4%‐60.0%) were the predominant class used in North America compared with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in the United Kingdom and Taiwan (49.6%‐53.6%). Fracture rates varied from 37.67 to 107.18 per 1,000. The SSRIs citalopram (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11‐1.36 to HR = 1.43; 95% CI = 1.11‐1.84) and sertraline (HR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.10‐1.68), the SNRI duloxetine (HR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.06‐1.88), TCAs doxepin (HR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.00‐1.86) and imipramine (HR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.05‐1.28), and atypicals (HR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.14‐1.58) increased fracture risk in some but not all jurisdictions. In the United States and the United Kingdom, fracture risk with all classes was higher when prescribed for depression than chronic pain, a trend that is likely explained by drug choice.CONCLUSIONThe fracture risk for patients may be reduced by selecting paroxetine, an SSRI with lower risk than citalopram, the SNRI venlafaxine over duloxetine, and the TCA amitriptyline over imipramine or doxepin. There is uncertainty about the risk associated with the atypical antidepressants. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1494‐1503, 2020.
A mechanistic hypothesis for the impairment of synaptic plasticity by soluble Aβ oligomers from Alzheimer’s brain
Authors: Li Shaomin , Selkoe Dennis J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIt is increasingly accepted that early cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease results in considerable part from synaptic dysfunction caused by the accumulation of a range of oligomeric assemblies of amyloid β‐protein (Aβ). Most studies have used synthetic Aβ peptides to explore the mechanisms of memory deficits in rodent models, but recent work suggests that Aβ assemblies isolated from human (AD) brain tissue are far more potent and disease‐relevant. Although reductionist experiments show Aβ oligomers to impair synaptic plasticity and neuronal viability, the responsible mechanisms are only partly understood. Glutamatergic receptors, GABAergic receptors, nicotinic receptors, insulin receptors, the cellular prion protein, inflammatory mediators, and diverse signaling pathways have all been suggested. Studies using AD brain‐derived soluble Aβ oligomers suggest that only certain bioactive forms (principally small, diffusible oligomers) can disrupt synaptic plasticity, including by binding to plasma membranes and changing excitatory–inhibitory balance, perturbing mGluR, PrP, and other neuronal surface proteins, down‐regulating glutamate transporters, causing glutamate spillover, and activating extrasynaptic GluN2B‐containing NMDA receptors. We synthesize these emerging data into a mechanistic hypothesis for synaptic failure in Alzheimer's disease that can be modified as new knowledge is added and specific therapeutics are developed.
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Psychiatric and neurocognitive consequences of endogenous hypercortisolism
Authors: Piasecka M. , Papakokkinou E. , Valassi E. , Santos A. , Webb S. M. , de Vries F. , Pereira A. M. , Ragnarsson O. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPsychiatric and neurocognitive symptoms due to hypercortisolism were already described by Harvey Cushing in his original paper on patients with Cushing’s syndrome (CS). Nowadays, it is well known that psychiatric and cognitive complaints are two of the most common, and most distressing, symptoms in patients with CS. Psychiatric symptoms are indeed a major clinical manifestation of CS. The most commonly observed psychiatric conditions are depression and anxiety, whilst mania and psychosis are less common. Several domains of cognitive function are impaired at diagnosis, including episodic and working memory, executive function and attention. Following treatment, one‐fourth of the patients still experience depressed mood, and the cognitive impairments are only partially restored. Consequently, quality of life in patients with CS is severely and persistently affected. Neuroimaging studies have also illustrated the deleterious effects of hypercortisolism on the brain by demonstrating reduced grey matter volumes and cortical thickness, altered resting‐state functional responses and during cognitive tasks, as well as widespread reduced white matter integrity, especially in structures important for cognitive function and emotional processing, both before and after successful abrogation of hypercortisolism. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge on the psychiatric and neurocognitive consequences of hypercortisolism in patients with CS, both before, and after successful treatment. In addition, we review the structural and functional brain abnormalities associated with hypercortisolism and discuss the influence of these factors on quality of life.
Effects of excessive or restricted phosphorus and calcium intake during early life on markers of bone architecture and composition in pigs
Authors: Gerlinger Christian , Oster Michael , Reyer Henry , Polley Christian , Vollmar Brigitte , Muráni Eduard , Wimmers Klaus , Wolf Petra 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSufficient supply of pigs with calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) is essential for animal health and welfare during the growth period. However, the P content in animal manure is considered as a cause of massive environmental problems in soil and aquatic ecosystems. To complement previous findings, the objective of this study is the investigation of effects of a reduced and increased Ca and P supplementation on bone mineralization and bone structure compared with the current dietary recommendation. Another aim is to find possible serum markers that would allow the assessment of adequacy of P supply for bone health during growth. The result validated that the recommended Ca and P supply is sufficient, without the addition of microbial phytases. However, addition of P has no further beneficial effects on bone stability, while P supplementation below the recommended level affects bone development and growth performance. Reduced P levels have consequences for cancellous bone density and trabecular architecture. Further fine‐tuning of the P supply in conjunction with an appropriate Ca supply will contribute to a reduction in P waste and associated environmental impact while maintaining animal health and welfare.