bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 3D Universe? Students’ and professors’ perception of multidimensionality
Authors: Eriksson Urban , Steffen Wolfgang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper discusses the importance of learning to understand the three-dimensionality of astronomical objects, in particular nebulae. After collecting data from students’ and professors’ discernment of 3D we finds that this is difficult for both students and professors, which highlights the importance of addressing extrapolating three-dimensionality in astronomy education.
Evaluating Quality in Education: NASE new metrics
Authors: Ros Rosa M. , Garca Beatriz 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe Learning Services Management System of the Network for the Education of Astronomy in the School (IAU-NASE) has been developed following the guidelines of the ISO 29990: 2013 Standard, which understands on the “Learning services for non-formal education and training’’, and which aims to improve quality of learning services and facilitate comparison on worldwide basis.
A Pilot Project to Evaluate the Effect of the Pale Blue Dot Hypothesis
Authors: Venugopal Ramasamy , Fukushima Kodai 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAstronomy and Space topics are perceived as holding universal fascination. It is widely considered that exposure to such topics inspires people, changes their perspective and leads to an uptake in science and STEM subjects. But very rarely is the impact of such communication evaluated rigorously and scientifically. There is a need for more rigorous evaluation methods which would reveal the successes and failures of current methods and tools of astronomy communication and whether they might lead to any inadvertent harm. The IAU Office of Astronomy for Development (OAD) and Hosei University together with the South African Astronomical Observatory conducted a randomised controlled trial (RCT) in Cape Town, South Africa to test whether exposure to an astronomy intervention affects empathy and altruism in children. The pilot demonstrated that it is possible to use such methods to evaluate impact of science communication in an inexpensive manner.
The Columba-Hypatia Project: Astronomy for Peace
Authors: Fragkoudi Francesca 
Published: March 2020

Abstract“Columba-Hypatia: Astronomy for Peace” is a joint astronomy outreach project by GalileoMobile and the Association for Historical Dialogue and Research (AHDR) which takes place on the divided island of Cyprus. The project aims to inspire young people, through astronomy, to be curious about science and the cosmos, while also using astronomy as a tool for promoting meaningful communication and a Culture of Peace and Non-violence. We conduct educational astronomy activities and explore the cosmos with children and the public, bringing together individuals from the various communities of Cyprus ‘under the same sky’ to look beyond borders and inspire a sense of global citizenship.
Applying astronomy tools in the field of development economics
Authors: Chingozha T. , von Fintel D. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAstronomy has largely relied on imagery and innovative data mining techniques. This article briefly illustrates the use of machine learning to create agricultural production data sets from satellite imagery to answer different development questions. Of late, astronomy has also relied on citizen science in the identification of new galaxies (a case in point is the Galaxy Zoo project). The use of citizen science in the examination of changes in urban informality patterns in developing countries (another development question) is also discussed.
The ‘Netflix plus model’: can subscription financing improve access to medicines in low- and middle-income countries?
Authors: Cherla Avi , Howard Natasha , Mossialos Elias 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAt present, pay for prescription models are insufficient at containing costs and improving access to medicines. Subscription financing through tenders, licensing fees and unrestricted or fixed volumes can benefit stakeholders across the supply chain. Pharmaceutical manufacturers can reduce the need for marketing expenses and gain certainty in revenue. This will decrease costs, improve predictability in budget expenditure for payers and remove price as a barrier of access from patients. Inherently, low- and middle-income countries lack the purchasing power to leverage price discounts through typical price arrangements. These markets can realise substantial savings for branded and generic medicines through subscription financing. Procuring of on-patent and off-patent drugs requires separate analysis for competition effects, the length of contract and encouraging innovation in the medicine pipeline. Prices of competitive on-patent medicines and orphan drugs can be reduced through increased competition and volume. Furthermore, pooling expertise and resources through joint procurement has the potential for greater savings. Incentivising research and development within the pharmaceutical industry is essential for sustaining a competitive market, preventing monopolies and improving access to expensive treatments. However, technical capacity, forecasting demand and the quality of generic medicines present limitations which necessitate government support and international partnerships. Ultimately, improving access requires progressive financing mechanisms with patients and cost containment in mind.
Englacial Architecture and Age‐Depth Constraints Across the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
Authors: Ashmore David W. , Bingham Robert G. , Ross Neil , Siegert Martin J. , Jordan Tom A. , Mair Douglas W. F. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe englacial stratigraphic architecture of internal reflection horizons (IRHs) as imaged by ice‐penetrating radar (IPR) across ice sheets reflects the cumulative effects of surface mass balance, basal melt, and ice flow. IRHs, considered isochrones, have typically been traced in interior, slow‐flowing regions. Here, we identify three distinctive IRHs spanning the Institute and Möller catchments that cover 50% of West Antarctica's Weddell Sea Sector and are characterized by a complex system of ice stream tributaries. We place age constraints on IRHs through their intersections with previous geophysical surveys tied to Byrd Ice Core and by age‐depth modeling. We further show where the oldest ice likely exists within the region and that Holocene ice‐dynamic changes were limited to the catchment's lower reaches. The traced IRHs from this study have clear potential to nucleate a wider continental‐scale IRH database for validating ice sheet models.
Martian Water Ice Clouds During the 2018 Global Dust Storm as Observed by the ACS‐MIR Channel Onboard the Trace Gas Orbiter
Authors: Stcherbinine A. , Vincendon M. , Montmessin F. , Wolff M. J. , Korablev O. , Fedorova A. , Trokhimovskiy A. , Patrakeev A. , Lacombe G. , Baggio L. , Shakun A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) instrument onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) European Space Agency‐Roscosmos mission began science operations in March 2018. ACS Mid‐InfraRed (MIR) channel notably provides solar occultation observations of the Martian atmosphere in the 2.3‐ to 4.2‐
m spectral range. Here, we use these observations to characterize water ice clouds before and during the MY 34 Global Dust Storm (GDS). We developed a method to detect water ice clouds with mean particle size
2
m and applied it to observations gathered between
and
. We observe a shift in water ice cloud maximum altitudes from about 60 km before the GDS to above 90 km during the storm. These very high altitude, small‐sized (
m) water ice clouds are more frequent during MY 34 compared to non‐GDS years at the same season. Particle size frequently decreases with altitude, both locally within a given profile and globally in the whole data set. We observe that the maximum altitude at which a given size is observed can increase during the GDS by several tens of kilometers for certain sizes. We notably notice some large water ice particles (
m) at surprisingly high altitudes during the GDS (50–70 km). These results suggest that GDS can significantly impact the formation and properties of high‐altitude water ice clouds as compared to the usual perihelion dust activity.
B cells control lupus autoimmunity by inhibiting Th17 and promoting Th22 cells
Authors: Yang Ji , Yang Xue , Wang Luman , Li Ming 
Published: March 2020

AbstractB cells exert immunosuppressive effects and offer therapeutic potential for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the mechanism remains unclear. Here we analyzed the B cell regulation of Th17/Th22 cell differentiation in lupus and found that α-IgM- and α-CD40-activated B cells could inhibit Th17 and promote Th22 cell differentiation from naive T cells under Th17 cell culture conditions. B cell-induced Th22 cells demonstrated immunosuppressive effects and could decrease renal endothelial cell apoptosis in vitro. Moreover, activated B cell infusion relieved lupus injuries via IL-22 production in vivo. Mechanically, activated B cells affected Th17/Th22 cell differentiation by non-contact TNF-α secretion and mTOR activation. Finally, activated B cells could affect Th17/Th22 cell differentiation in human peripheral blood T cells. These data suggest that activated B cells might attenuate lupus autoimmunity by inhibiting Th17 but promoting Th22 cell differentiation, supporting B cell activation as a promising therapeutic for the treatment of lupus.
YY1lo NKT cells are dedicated IL-10 producers
Authors: Darcy Patrick W. , Denzin Lisa K. , Sant’Angelo Derek B. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCo-expression of Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is required for the full function of the transcription factor, PLZF, which is essential for the development of natural killer T cell (NKT cell) effector functions. Discordant expression of YY1 and PLZF, therefore, might define NKT cell subsets with distinct effector functions. A subset of NKT cells was identified that expressed low levels of YY1. YY1loNKT cells were found in all tissues, had a mature phenotype and, distinct from other NKT cells, expressed almost no ThPOK or Tbet. When activated, YY1loNKT cells produced little IL-4 or IFN-γ. YY1loNKT cells were found to constitutively transcribe IL-10 mRNA and, accordingly, produced IL-10 upon primary activation. Finally, we find that tumor infiltrating NKT cells are highly enriched for the YY1losubset. Low YY1 expression, therefore, defines a previously unrecognized NKT cell subset that is committed to producing IL-10.
Interspecies comparison of simultaneous thrombin and plasmin generation
Authors: Tarandovskiy Ivan D. , Shin Hye Kyung H. , Baek Jin Hyen , Karnaukhova Elena , Buehler Paul W. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAnimal models of hemostasis are often extrapolated to humans; however, only a few studies have compared coagulation and fibrinolysis across species. Simultaneous thrombin (TG) and plasmin (PG) generation is useful to assessing coagulation and fibrinolysis within the same sample. In this study, we performed simultaneous TG and PG analysis in blood plasma samples from humans and 6 species commonly evaluated in pre-clinical research. TG and PG were investigated in male and female donor platelet-poor plasmas (PPP) obtained from 28 healthy humans, 10 baboons, 12 rhesus monkeys, 20 Yorkshire pigs, 20 Sprague-Dawley rats, 10 New Zealand White rabbits and 14 Hartley guinea pigs. The continuous generation of the 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) from substrates specific to thrombin or plasmin was monitored. The thrombin and plasmin concentration peak heights (PH) and production rates (PR) were calculated. TG and PG parameters from baboon and rhesus macaque plasma approximated that of humans. The other species differed significantly from both human and non-human primates. For example, swine and rat plasmas demonstrated similar TG, but swine plasmas did not generate plasmin. TG and PG parameters from Guinea pig samples were extremely low, while rabbit plasmas showed variable PG curves demonstrating one or two peaks with low and high PR values, respectively. Correlations between PH and PR values were significant with the exceptions of human PG, baboon TG, rat TG and Guinea pig PG. These findings are informative to pre-clinical animal species selection and optimization of coagulation and fibrinolysis translational research.
Uptake routes of microplastics in fishes: practical and theoretical approaches to test existing theories
Authors: Roch S. , Friedrich C. , Brinker A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMicroplastics are frequently detected in the gastrointestinal tracts of aquatic organisms worldwide. A number of active and passive pathways have been suggested for fish, including the confusion of microplastic particles with prey, accidental uptake while foraging and transfer through the food chain, but a holistic understanding of influencing factors is still lacking. The aim of the study was to investigate frequently suggested theories and identify relevant biotic factors, as well as certain plastic properties, affecting microplastic intake in fish. Four species of freshwater fish, each representing a different combination of foraging style (visual/chemosensory) and domestic status (wild/farmed) were exposed to different realistic plastic concentrations and polymer types with and without the provision of genuine food. As most previous investigations of microplastic uptake routes consider only particles large enough to be perceptible to fish, the potential for accidental intake via drinking water has been somewhat neglected. This route is evaluated in the current study using a model approach. The results show that visually oriented fish forage actively on microplastic particles that optically resemble their usual food, while fish with a predominantly chemosensory foraging style are more able to discriminate inedible food items. Even so, the accidental uptake of microplastics while foraging is shown to be relevant pathway, occurring frequently in both visual and chemosensory foragers alike. Several factors were shown to increase plastic uptake, including microplastic concentration in the water, foraging behaviour promoted by availability of genuine food, and fish size. Although both wild and farmed fish ingested microplastic particles, cultured fish showed less discernment in terms of colour and were more likely to forage actively on microplastics when no food was available. Drinking has been identified as a possible source of microplastic intake specifically for large marine fish species. Particles smaller than <5 µm can pass the gastrointestinal tract wall and bioaccumulation could arise when uptake exceeds release or when particles are assimilated in tissues or organs. The effects of accumulation may be significant, especially in long-living species, with implications for food web transfer and fish as food items.
Agreement between PDL1 immunohistochemistry assays and polymerase chain reaction in non-small cell lung cancer: CLOVER comparison study
Authors: Tsimafeyeu Ilya , Imyanitov Evgeny , Zavalishina Larisa , Raskin Grigory , Povilaitite Patrisia , Savelov Nikita , Kharitonova Ekaterina , Rumyantsev Alexey , Pugach Inna , Andreeva Yulia , Petrov Alexey , Frank Georgy , Tjulandin Sergei 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe goal of the CLOVER study was to perform a pairwise comparison of four tests based on the same patient population with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): three validated PDL1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays (Ventana SP142, Ventana SP263, Dako 22C3) and one PCR test. Four hundred seventy-three NSCLC samples were obtained from a biobank and were stained using PDL1 IHC assays. Four trained pathologists independently evaluated the percentage of tumor cells (TC) and immune cells (IC) that stained positive at any intensity. PDL1 transcripts were quantified in 437 patients by a standard Taqman RT-PCR assay using SDHA as a reference gene. A concordance analysis was performed to assess (1) the correlation of TC and IC between different assays and (2) the predictive properties of one test for another. “High” RNA expression was detected in 187 of 437 (43%) patients. The percentage of PDL1-positive cells (≥1%) was higher among the IC than the TC in all IHC three assays. The Pearson correlation coefficients (PCC) for TC were 0.71, 0.87, and 0.75 between 22C3/SP142, 22C3/SP263, and SP263/SP142, respectively. The PCC for IC were 0.45, 0.61, and 0.68 for the same pairs. A low correlation was observed between the PCR test and each of the three IHC assays; however, if a patient tested low/negative by PCR, then they were likely to test negative by any single IHC test with a high probability (92–99%). Among patients who tested positive by PCR, only 9–45% tested positive by IHC assays. There was excellent positive and negative agreement (>91%) between 22C3 and SP263 staining using the recommended individual cutoffs for first-line treatment. PCR RNA expression analysis is not equivalent to IHC. However, this method may have some potential for the identification of PDL1-negative tumors. 22C3 could be considered as a substitute for SP263 in first-line treatment.
Low and high stimulation frequencies differentially affect automated response selection in the superior parietal cortex – implications for somatosensory area processes
Authors: Friedrich Julia , Beste Christian 
Published: March 2020

AbstractResponse inhibition as a central facet of executive functioning is no homogeneous construct. Interference inhibition constitutes a subcomponent of response inhibition and refers to inhibitory control over responses that are automatically triggered by irrelevant stimulus dimensions as measured by the Simon task. While there is evidence that the area-specific modulation of tactile information affects the act of action withholding, effects in the context of interference inhibition remain elusive. We conducted a tactile version of the Simon task with stimuli designed to be predominantly processed in the primary (40 Hz) or secondary (150 Hz) somatosensory cortex. On the basis of EEG recordings, we performed signal decomposition and source localization. Behavioral results reveal that response execution is more efficient when sensory information is mainly processed via SII, compared to SI sensory areas during non-conflicting trials. When accounting for intermingled coding levels by temporally decomposing EEG data, the results show that experimental variations depending on sensory area-specific processing differences specifically affect motor and not sensory processes. Modulations of motor-related processes are linked to activation differences in the superior parietal cortex (BA7). It is concluded that the SII cortical area supporting cognitive preprocessing of tactile input fosters automatic tactile information processing by facilitating stimulus-response mapping in posterior parietal regions.
SNPs in folate pathway are associated with the risk of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate, a meta-analysis
Authors: Li Qiuyan , Xu Lidan , Jia Xueyuan , Saleem Komal , Zaib Tahir , Sun Wenjing , Fu Songbin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Prenatal intake of folic acid is important for prevention of NSCL/P (nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate). Associated genes in folate pathway are major enzymes of folic acid metabolism that is crucial for preventing birth defects. The present meta-analysis aims to investigate the association between four SNPs in folate pathway genes and the risk of NSCL/P.
Methods: Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was used to predict the functional pathogenicity of genetic variation. The PubMed, Embase database and Google Scholar were searched by two researchers. Stata 11.0 software was used to analyze the results. Subgroup analysis was carried out to assess the influence of genetic background. Sensitivity analysis, regression analysis and publication analysis were also conducted to enhance the strength of our results.
Results: It is estimated that the probability of two missense mutation rs1801133 in MTHFR and rs1801394 in MTRR are more likely to be damaging by bioinformatics analysis. A significant association between rs1801133 and risk of NSCL/P in two genetic models: TT genotype vs CC genotype (OR = 1.333 95%CI = 1.062–1.674, P = 0.013), and recessive model (OR = 1.325 95%CI = 1.075–1.634, P = 0.008). A significant protective association between rs1801394 GG genotype and NSCL/P in Asian (GG vs AA, OR = 0.520 95%CI = 0.321–0.841, P = 0.008) was observed. Meta-regression, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias analysis confirmed that the results of the present study were statistically significant.
Conclusions: The present study identified that rs1801133 in MTHFR is associated with the risk of NSCL/P, and rs1801394 GG genotype in MTRR play a protective role in Asian. Further, larger studies should be performed to confirm these findings.
Thorakale zentralvenöse Obstruktionen und arteriovenöser Zugang
Authors: Burbelko Michael 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungBenigne zentralvenöse thorakale Obstruktionen haben bei Hämodialysepatienten eine hohe Prävalenz. Die symptomatischen Stenosen führen zur Verschlechterung der Lebensqualität sowie zu Dysfunktionen der arteriovenösen Dialysezugänge bis hin zum Verschluss. Auch eine Implantation eines zentralvenösen Katheters kann dadurch erschwert oder unmöglich gemacht werden. Zu den Risikofaktoren zählen in erster Linie ein Vorhandensein oder eine Vorgeschichte eines zentralvenösen Katheters oder einer Schrittmachersonde. Die Diagnose kann meistens aufgrund der typischen Symptomatik vermutet werden, die digitale Subtraktionsangiografie bleibt als bildgebende Methode der Goldstandard der Diagnostik. Asymptomatische Patienten profitieren nicht von einer prophylaktischen Behandlung, diese kann oft zur raschen morphologischen und klinischen Progredienz der Stenose führen. Endovaskuläre Techniken stellen die primäre Therapieoption dar, die chirurgischen Maßnahmen sind Patienten ohne endovaskuläre Therapieoptionen vorbehalten. Die Standardtherapie ist die repetitive perkutane Ballonangioplastie. Eine Insertion eines nicht ummantelten Metallstents kann bei einem elastischen Recoiling bzw. bei einem Frührezidiv sinnvoll sein. Ein Einsatz eines Stentgrafts sollte in selektierten Fällen abgewogen werden. Der Stellenwert der neuen Techniken, wie die Anwendung dedizierter venöser Stents bzw. medikamentenbeschichteter Ballons, sollte im Rahmen von randomisierten Studien geprüft werden.
Less Blood Loss by Earlier Oxytocin Infusion in Cesarean Sections? A
Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Takmaz Taha , Ozcan Pinar , Sevket Osman , Karasu Ayse Filiz Gokmen , Islek Sevde Havva , Halici Belfin Nur Arici 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Purpose The aim of our study was to evaluate the positive effect of
starting an IV oxytocin infusion early before uterine incision on intraoperative
blood loss.
Methods A total of 101 women between 18–40 years who underwent a
primary elective cesarean section (CS) were included in this randomized
controlled trial. The patients were divided into two groups. In Group I
(n=51), oxytocin infusion was administered immediately after incision of
the visceral peritoneum during CS. In Group II (n=50), infusion was
administered immediately after clamping the umbilical cord. The primary outcome
was the mean volume of blood loss during CS. The secondary outcomes included the
mean reduction in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, need for additional
uterotonics and hemostatic uterine sutures, blood transfusion, post-operative
pain score, and additional surgical procedures.
Results There were statistical significant differences either in the
change of the hemoglobin concentration (1.27±0.75 vs.1.74±0.81;
p<0.01) or in the change of hematocrit concentration (3.89±2.24
vs. 5.41±2.93; p<0.01). Intraoperative blood loss was
significantly lower in Group I when compared to Group II (475.86±150.11
vs. 605.1±203.2; p<0.01).
Conclusions Our findings suggest that the starting IV oxytocin infusion
early before uterine incision reduces intraoperative blood loss. This could be
effective to replace starting IV oxytocin infusion late after umbilical cord
clamping or delivery of the placenta.