bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cat’s Cradle
Authors: Predelli Stefano 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter extends the Radical Fictionalist take on peripheries and storyworlds with an introduction to the idea of peripheral importation, paying particular attention to the peripheral importation of actual semantic regularities. The chapter continues with a discussion of the repercussion of Radical Fictionalism for fictional co-reference and translation, with a focus on reported speech and on the translation of fictional proper names. At the end of the chapter, one starred section is devoted to so-called real names in fiction, with a negotiable commitment to the importation of the (presumed) actual metaphysical properties of words. A second starred section is concerned with the idea of fictional languages, as in Burgess’ Nadsat or Vonnegut’s Bokoninish.
Tess of the D’Urbervilles
Authors: Predelli Stefano 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 continues with a different aspect of critical discourse, namely its apparent commitment to so-called literary characters. The main aim of this chapter is to highlight the compatibility of Radical Fictionalism with a tolerant attitude towards character-talk, and with an analysis of character-names as fully-fledged proper names. Accordingly, this chapter discusses the sense of ‘character’ relevant from the Radical Fictionalist viewpoint, and it distinguishes it from the understanding of that term dominant in the current debate on fictional realism. The chapter continues with a negotiable hypothesis about character-names as actually referring expressions, and it puts forth a pre-semantic hypothesis about the launch of character-names and about their relationships with fictional names.
Conclusion
Authors: Predelli Stefano 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This conclusion wraps up the discussion of Radical Fictionalism with a brief summary of the ideas discussed throughout the book. It rehearses the main tenets of Radical Fictionalism and their consequences for fictional discourse, such as the distinction between homodiegetic and heterodiegetic narratives, the fictional divide between storyworlds and peripheries, and the Radical Fictionalist takes on prefixed discourse. It continues with a summary of the consequences of Radical Fictionalism for a variety of themes from narrative fiction, such as inconsistency, unreliability, importation, nesting, and the different modes of critical discourse. This conclusion ends with a brief allusion to certain independently open semantic and philosophical issues.
Estimating Illicit Financial Flows
Authors: Cobham Alex , Janský Petr 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Illicit financial flows constitute a global phenomenon of massive but uncertain scale, which erodes government revenues and drives corruption in countries rich and poor. In 2015, the countries of the world committed to a target to reduce illicit flows, as part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. But five years later, there is still no agreement on how that target should be monitored—to say nothing of how it will be achieved. The term ‘illicit financial flows’ covers a range of corrupt practices, aimed at obtaining immunity or impunity from criminal law, from market regulation and from taxation. Illicit flows occur through many different channels, whether they involve laundering the proceeds of crime, for example, or shifting the profits of multinational companies. There are two consistent features. First, illicit flows are deliberately hidden. These cross-border movements of assets and income streams depend on a set of common tools including opaque company accounts, legal vehicles for anonymous ownership, and the secrecy jurisdictions that provide these services. Second, the overall effect of illicit flows is to reduce the revenue available to states, and to weaken the quality of governance—so there is less money to support human development, and it is less likely to be spent well. In this book, two of the economists most closely involved in the process to develop UN indicators of illicit financial flows offer a critical survey of the existing data and methodologies, identifying the most promising avenues for future improvement and setting out their own proposals.
Conclusion
Authors: Cobham Alex , Janský Petr 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This book asks: Which flows fall under the umbrella term, ‘illicit financial flows’ (IFF)? How will progress in reducing them be measured? How will that progress be achieved? And who is ultimately accountable? In this closing chapter, we summarise the findings of the volume on these questions, including in respect of the quality of existing estimates, their methodology and data and the likely scope for progress; and on the potential for scale and non-scale indicators of illicit financial flows for global targets, including the Sustainable Development Goals, and for national policy prioritisation. With political progress on the SDG target likely to be difficult, we also identify other opportunities to move the IFF agenda forward in the UN context.
Investigation of the Unit-1 nuclear reactor of Fukushima Daiichi by cosmic muon radiography
Authors: Fujii Hirofumi , Hara Kazuhiko , Hayashi Kohei , Kakuno Hidekazu , Kodama Hideyo , Nagamine Kanetada , Sato Kotaro , Kim Shin-Hong , Suzuki Atsuto , Sumiyoshi Takayuki , Takahashi Kazuki , Takasaki Fumihiko , Tanaka Shuji , Yamashita Satoru 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We have investigated the status of the nuclear fuel assemblies in the Unit-1 reactor of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant by cosmic muon radiography. In this study, muon tracking detectors were placed outside the reactor building. We succeeded in identifying the inner structure of the reactor complex, such as the reactor containment vessel, pressure vessel, and other structures of the reactor building, through the concrete wall of the reactor building. We found that a large number of fuel assemblies were missing in the original fuel loading zone inside the pressure vessel. The natural interpretation is that most of the nuclear fuel was melted and dropped down to the bottom of the pressure vessel or even below.
Communication within Banking Organizations and Small Business Lending
Authors: Levine Ross , Lin Chen , Peng Qilin , Xie Wensi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe investigate how communication within banks affects small business lending. Using travel times between a bank’s headquarters and its branches to proxy for the costs of communicating soft information, we exploit shocks to these travel times—the introduction of new airline routes—to evaluate the impact of within-bank communication costs on small business loans. We find that reducing headquarters-branch travel time boosts small business lending in the branch’s county. Several extensions suggest that new airline routes facilitate in-person communications that boost small-firm lending.
Identification of highly active systemic lupus erythematosus by combined type I interferon and neutrophil gene scores vs classical serologic markers
Authors: Chasset François , Ribi Camillo , Trendelenburg Marten , Huynh-Do Uyen , Roux-Lombard Pascale , Courvoisier Delphine S , Chizzolini Carlo ,   for the Swiss SLE Cohort Study (SSCS
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objectives
In SLE, heterogeneous clinical expression and activity may reflect diverse pathogenic and/or effector mechanisms. We investigated SLE heterogeneity by assessing the expression of three gene sets representative of type I IFN (IFN-I), polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) and plasmablast (PB) signatures in a well-characterized, multidisciplinary cohort of SLE patients. We further assessed whether individual gene products could be representative of these three signatures.

Methods
Whole blood, serum and clinical data were obtained from 140 SLE individuals. Gene expression was assessed by NanoString technology, using a panel of 37 probes to compute six IFN-I, one PMN and one PB scores. Protein levels were measured by ELISA.

Results
Depending on the score, 45–50% of SLE individuals showed high IFN-I gene expression. All six IFN-I scores were significantly associated with active skin involvement, and two of six were associated with arthritis. IFN-induced Mx1 protein (MX1) level was correlated with IFN-I score (P &lt; 0.0001) and associated with a similar clinical phenotype. In all, 25% of SLE individuals showed high PMN gene expression, associated with SLE fever, serositis, leukopoenia and glucocorticoid use. PB gene expression was highly affected by immunosuppressant agents, with no association with SLE features. Combined IFN-I and PMN gene scores were significantly associated with high disease activity and outperformed anti-dsDNA and anti-C1q autoantibody and complement levels for predicting SLE activity.

Conclusion
IFN-I and PMN gene scores segregate with distinct SLE clinical features, and their combination may identify high disease activity. MX1 protein level performed similar to IFN-I gene expression.
‘Millions of Eyes Were Turned Skywards’: The Air League of the British Empire, Empire Air Day, and the Promotion of Air-mindedness, 1934–9
Authors: Thompson Rowan G E 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article investigates the Air League of the British Empire and its attempts to promote air-mindedness within British society in the late 1930s. It draws attention to the Air League’s construction of a distinctly militarized aerial theatre—in the form of Empire Air Day (EAD)—and highlights the extent to which the event was embedded in popular civic ritual. Linking the themes of nation, empire, youth, and air-mindedness, the case of EAD provides important insights into the ways in which British society interacted with—and ascribed meaning to—technology, technological change, and modernity, in a period of high international tensions. The article shows that the Air Ministry valued the display as a vehicle for recruitment, propaganda, and as a way to project an image of military strength to domestic and foreign audiences. The display enabled the League to place before the British public a form of ‘popular’ militarism that was supported by large sections of British society, key military figures, members of the royal family, newspapers across the political spectrum, and by politicians of all stripes. EAD was a politically and culturally acceptable way of promoting rearmament and the military capabilities of the British state.
Is a 14-day quarantine period optimal for effectively controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)?
Authors: Jiang Xue , Niu Yawei , Li Xiong , Li Lin , Cai Wenxiang , Chen Yucan , Liao Bo , Wang Edwin 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe outbreak of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (Covid-19) has become pandemic. To be more effectively controlling the disease, it is critical to set up an optimal quarantine period so that about 95% of the cases developing symptoms will be retained for isolation. At the moment, the WHO-established quarantine period is 14 days based on previous reports which had studied small sizes of hospitalized cases (10 and ∼100, respectively), however, over 80% of adult- and 95% of child-cases were not necessary to stay in hospitals, and therefore, had not been hospitalized. Therefore, we are questioning if the current-inferred median incubation time is representative for the whole Covid-19 population, and if the current quarantine period is optimal.MethodsWe compiled and analyzed the patient-level information of 2015 laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 cases including 99 children in 28 Chinese provinces. This cohort represents a wide-range spectrum of Covid-19 disease with both hospitalized and non-hospitalized cases.ResultsThe full range of incubation periods of the Covid-19 cases ranged from 0 to 33 days among 2015 cases. There were 6 (0.13%) symptom-free cases including 4 females with a median age of 25.5 years and 2 males with a median age of 36 years. The median incubation period of both male and female adults was similar (7-day) but significantly shorter than that (9-day) of child cases (P=0.02). This cohort contained 4 transmission generations, and incubation periods of the cases between generations were not significantly different, suggesting that the virus has not been rapidly adapted to human beings. Interestingly, incubation periods of 233 cases (11.6%) were longer than the WHO-established quarantine period (14 days). Data modeling suggested that if adults take an extra 4-day or 7-day of isolation (i.e., a quarantine period of 18 or 21 days), 96.2% or 98.3%, respectively, of the people who are developing symptoms will be more effectively quarantined. Patients transmitted via lunch/dinner parties (i.e., gastrointestinal tract infection through oral transmission) had a significantly longer incubation period (9-day) than other adults transmitted via respiratory droplets or contaminated surfaces and objects (P<0.004).ConclusionsThe whole Covid-19 population including both hospitalized and non-hospitalized cases had a median incubation period of 7-day for adults, which is 1.8-day longer than the hospitalized cases reported previously. An extension of the adult quarantine period to 18 days or 21 days could be more effective in preventing virus-spreading and controlling the disease. The cases transmitted by lunch/dinner parties could be infected first in the gastrointestinal tract through oral transmission and then infected in the respiratory system so that they had a longer incubation period.
Deletion of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 1 in cardiomyocytes during development leads to abnormal ventricular conduction and fibrosis
Authors: Jorgensen Ryan , Katta Meghna , Wolfe Jayne , Leach Desiree F. , Chun Jerold , Wilsbacher Lisa D. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTSphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1, encoded byS1pr1) is a G protein-coupled receptor that signals in multiple cell types including endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion ofS1pr1during development leads to ventricular noncompaction, with one-third of mutant mice surviving to adulthood. Adult survivors of embryonic cardiomyocyteS1pr1deletion showed cardiac hypertrabeculation consistent with ventricular noncompaction. Surprisingly, systolic function in mutant mice was preserved through at least one year of age. Cardiac conduction was abnormal in cardiomyocyteS1pr1mutant mice, with prolonged QRS intervals in mutants as compared with littermate control mice. Immunostaining of hearts fromS1pr1mutant embryos displayed a zone of intermediate Connexin 40 expression in the trabecular myocardium. However, we observed no significant differences in Connexin 40 and Connexin 43 immunostaining in hearts from adult survivors of embryonic cardiomyocyteS1pr1deletion, which suggests normalized development of the ventricular conduction system in mutant mice. By contrast, the adult survivors of embryonic cardiomyocyteS1pr1deletion showed increased cardiac fibrosis as compared with littermate controls. These results demonstrate that ventricular hypertrabeculation caused by embryonic deletion of cardiomyocyteS1pr1leads to cardiac fibrosis, which contributes to abnormal ventricular conduction. These results also reveal conduction abnormalities in the setting of hypertrabeculation with normal systolic function, which may be of clinical relevance in humans with ventricular hypertrabeculation.
A simple and reliable method for longitudinal assessment of untethered mosquito induced flight activity
Authors: Gaviraghi Alessandro , Oliveira Marcus F. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAedes aegyptiadult females are key vectors of several arboviruses and flight activity plays a central role in mosquito biology and disease transmission. Available methods to quantify mosquito flight usually require special devices and mostly assess spontaneous locomotor activity at individual level. Here, we developed a new method to determine longitudinal untethered adultA. aegyptiinduced flight activity: the INduced FLight Activity TEst (INFLATE). This method was an adaptation of the “rapid iterative negative geotaxis” assay to assess locomotor activity inDrosophilaand explore the spontaneous behavior of mosquito to fly upon a physical stress. Insects were placed on a plastic cage previously divided in four vertical quadrants and flight performance was carried out by tapping cages towards the laboratory bench. After one minute, the number of insects per quadrant was registered by visual inspection and categorized in five different scores. By using INFLATE, we observed that flight performance was not influenced by repeated testing, sex or 5 % ethanol intake. However, induced flight activity was strongly affected by aging, blood meal and inhibition of mitochondrial complex I. This simple and rapid method allows the longitudinal assessment of induced flight activity of multiple untethered mosquitoes and may contribute to a better understanding ofA. aegyptidispersal biology.
Comparison of long read methods for sequencing and assembly of a plant genome
Authors: Murigneux Valentine , Rai Subash Kumar , Furtado Agnelo , Bruxner Timothy J.C. , Tian Wei , Ye Qianyu , Wei Hanmin , Yang Bicheng , Harliwong Ivon , Anderson Ellis , Mao Qing , Drmanac Radoje , Wang Ou , Peters Brock A. , Xu Mengyang , Wu Pei , Topp Bruce , Coin Lachlan J.M. , Henry Robert J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSequencing technologies have advanced to the point where it is possible to generate high accuracy, haplotype resolved, chromosome scale assemblies. Several long read sequencing technologies are available on the market and a growing number of algorithms have been developed over the last years to assemble the reads generated by those technologies. When starting a new genome project, it is therefore challenging to select the most cost-effective sequencing technology as well as the most appropriate software for assembly and polishing. For this reason, it is important to benchmark different approaches applied to the same sample. Here, we report a comparison of three long read sequencing technologies applied to the de novo assembly of a plant genome,Macadamia jansenii. We have generated sequencing data using Pacific Biosciences (Sequel I), Oxford Nanopore Technologies (PromethION) and BGI (single-tube Long Fragment Read) technologies for the same sample. Several assemblers were benchmarked in the assembly of PacBio and Nanopore reads. Results obtained from combining long read technologies or short read and long read technologies are also presented. The assemblies were compared for contiguity, accuracy and completeness as well as sequencing costs and DNA material requirements. Overall, the three long read technologies produced highly contiguous and complete genome assemblies ofMacadamia jansenii. At the time of sequencing, the cost associated with each method was significantly different but continuous improvements in technologies have resulted in greater accuracy, increased throughput and reduced costs. We propose updating this comparison regularly with reports on significant iterations of the sequencing technologies.
Variation in developmental rates is not linked to environmental unpredictability in annual killifishes
Authors: Rowiński P. K. , Sowersby W. , Näslund J. , Eckerström-Liedholm S. , Gotthard K. , Rogell B. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTComparative evidence suggests that adaptive plasticity may evolve as a response to predictable environmental variation. However, less attention has been placed on unpredictable environmental variation, which is considered to affect evolutionary trajectories by increasing phenotypic variation (or bet-hedging). Here, we examine the occurrence of bet-hedging in egg developmental rates in seven species of annual killifish, which originate from a gradient of variation in precipitation rates, under three treatment incubation temperatures (21°C, 23°C, and 25°C). In the wild, these species survive regular and seasonal habitat desiccation, as dormant eggs buried in the soil. At the onset of the rainy season, embryos must be sufficiently developed in order to hatch and complete their life-cycle. We found substantial differences among species in both the mean and variation of egg development rates, as well as species-specific plastic responses to incubation temperature. Yet, there was no clear relationship between variation in egg development time and variation in precipitation rate (environmental predictability). The exact cause of these differences therefore remains enigmatic, possibly depending on differences in other natural environmental conditions in addition to precipitation predictability. Hence, if species-specific variances are adaptive, the relationship between development and variation in precipitation is complex, and does not diverge in accordance with simple linear relationships.
The utility of a metagenomics approach for marine biomonitoring
Authors: Singer Gregory A. C. , Shekarriz Shahrokh , McCarthy Avery , Fahner Nicole , Hajibabaei Mehrdad 
Published: March 2020

1AbstractThe isolation and analysis of environmental DNA (eDNA) for ecosystem assessment and monitoring has become increasingly popular. A majority of studies have taken a metabarcoding approach—that is, amplifying and sequencing one or more gene targets of interest. Shotgun sequencing of eDNA—also called metagenomics—while popular in microbial community analysis has not seen much adoption for the analysis of other groups of organisms. Especially in light of the existence of extremely high-capacity DNA sequencers, we decided to test the performance of a shotgun approach side-by-side with a metabarcoding approach on marine water samples obtained from offshore Newfoundland. We found that metabarcoding remains the most efficient technique, but that metagenomics also has significant power to reveal biodiversity patterns, and in fact can be treated as an independent confirmation of ecological gradients. Moreover, we show that metagenomics can also be used to infer factors related to ecosystem health and function.
Astrocytes are necessary for blood-brain barrier maintenance in the adult mouse brain
Authors: Heithoff Benjamin P. , George Kijana K. , Phares Aubrey N. , Zuidhoek Ivan A. , Munoz-Ballester Carmen , Robel Stefanie 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn the adult brain, multiple cell types are known to produce factors that regulate blood-brain barrier properties, including astrocytes. Yet several recent studies disputed a role for mature astrocytes at the blood-brain barrier. To determine if astrocytes contribute a non-redundant and necessary function in maintaining the adult blood-brain barrier, we used a mouse model of tamoxifen-inducible astrocyte ablation. In adult mice, tamoxifen induction caused sparse apoptotic astrocyte cell death within 2 hours. Indicative of BBB damage, leakage of the small molecule Cadaverine and the large plasma protein fibrinogen into the brain parenchyma indicative of BBB damage was detected as early as astrocyte ablation was present. Vessels within and close to regions of astrocyte loss had lower expression of the tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 while endothelial glucose transporter 1 expression was undisturbed. Cadaverine leakage persisted for several weeks suggesting a lack of barrier repair. This is consistent with the finding that ablated astrocytes were not replaced. Adjacent astrocytes responded with partial non-proliferative astrogliosis, characterized by morphological changes and delayed phosphorylation of STAT3, which restricted dye leakage to the brain and vessel surface areas lacking coverage by astrocytes one month after ablation. In conclusion, astrocytes are necessary to maintain blood-brain barrier integrity in the adult brain. Blood-brain barrier-regulating factors secreted by other cell types, such as pericytes, are not sufficient to compensate for astrocyte loss.Main PointsMature astrocytes are necessary for maintenance of endothelial tight junctions in the adult brain. Ablated astrocytes are not replaced by proliferation or process extension of neighboring astrocytes resulting in long-term blood-brain barrier damage.