bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Failure prediction of the solder joints in the ball-grid-array package under thermal loading
Authors: Yamin A F M , Abdullah A S , Manap M F A , Yusoff H 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper studies the numerical failure mechanism of the solder joints in the ball grid array (BGA) package under thermal reliability process. The package consists of the silicon die, the Flame Retardant 4 (FR-4) substrate and the FR-4 printed circuit board (PCB). A total of 64 95.5Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC405) solder joints with a diameter of 0.46 mm are arranged together in area array fashion with a pitch distance of 0.8 mm. Only a quarter-model of the package is simulated since all the geometry, loading and boundary conditions (BC) is symmetry at the centre of the package. The package is exposed with thermal loading, initially at the liquidus temperature of 220°C to room temperature (25°C). Then, it follows with 3 additional thermal cycles between 125°C and -40°C with a ramp rate of 11°C/min and 15 minutes dwell time, respectively. Unified inelastic strain model (Anand model) was used to compute the inelastic behaviour of the solder joints. Results show that the stress level at the critical solder joints and the corresponding inelastic strain are 39.91 MPa of 0.2083%, respectively after the end of the solder reflow cooling process. As predicted, the inelastic strains accumulate continuously in the solder joint throughout the temperature cycles. Additionally, in the critical solder joint, both high stress and inelastic strain gradients are localized near to the solder-IMC interfaces. Prolong the thermal cycles can extensively accumulate the inelastic strains which lead to fatigue crack and subsequently crack propagation in the solder joints. After the end of the FE simulation, the highest stress and inelastic strain predicted are 57.96 MPa and 0.5781%, respectively.
Synthesis of multiwall carbon nanotube with fly ash in the production of desired green concrete
Authors: Jumaat A A , Afandi N F , Manap A , Zainuddin R A , Mahalingam S , Abd Kadir N F 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Green concrete was introduced in concrete production in order to reduce the usage of natural resources. In this research, fly ash and MWCNTs were used in the production of green concrete since industrial waste material such as fly ash becomes a major concern during waste disposal. MWCNTs was used in this experiment to strengthen this green concrete. In this paper, effect of heat during curing process was studied and it was found that the compressive strength was increase when introducing the heat during curing process of this green concrete. The 3 days of water curing at room temperature and 3 days of heat curing at 100°C produces compressive strength at 27.2 MPa which is higher than normal curing process at 28 days, which is 14.63 MPa. Therefore, this research shows that green concrete can be produced using fly ash and MWCNTs and produce high compressive strength when heat was presence during curing process.
Distribution of bulk unit weight of residual soils from the Northern Malaysia
Authors: Jamalludin D , Ahmad A , Zakaria Z , Hashim M , Ibrahim A , Ahmad F 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A total of 284 bulk unit weight data were obtained from soil samples collected from 29 failed slopes and 10 stable slopes in Penang Island and Baling, Kedah. Both study areas are located in the Northern Malaysia. Field bulk density tests were performed at all the locations where disturbed soil samples were also collected to determine the other basic important properties of the residual soils. The highly variable values of bulk unit weight are due to the high complexity and variable formation of the residual soils. The objective of this research is to determine the best-fit distribution of the highly variable values of bulk unit weight of the soil taken from the stable slopes and failed slope especially in Northern Malaysia. This research also aims to determine the mean value of bulk unit weight of residual soils. The bulk unit weight data was tested based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov method using SPSS software, to check the normality of the data distribution. The best-fit distribution for the variation of bulk unit weight of the residual soils taken in the Northern Malaysia was normal distribution. The mean value was found to be 17.30 kN/m3. The range of bulk unit weight found here is within the range that was found by the earlier researchers.
Behaviour of dry mix EPs mortar panel under axial eccentric loading
Authors: Ain A S N , Kartini K , Hisbany M H M , Hamidah M S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Lightweight mortar panel has been an alternative wall in the construction. However, the unsteady distributions of loads to the panel due to disorder alignment during construction affect the capability of the wall to reach the optimum load capacity. The inclusion of expanded polystyrene (EPs) that less in density and strength also was contributed the factor to achieve cohesiveness the properties of mortar panel. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the load capacity of the panel under axially eccentric loading that comply with the design of plain wall in BS8110-1. Due to this type of loading, the deformation was investigated through the load-strain, buckling profile and failure mode. This research involves laboratory experimental work for the different panel’s height. Four variables of EPs proportion were designed in a dry-mix mortar and constructed into the panel. From the result, the panel failed in compression stress where the wall deflected in single and double curvature at the vertical position. The high slender panels were failure at the joint of panels with the maximum deflection of 3.96 mm. Meanwhile, the low slender panel tended to crack and bend at the top. The ultimate eccentric load obtained for the panel at 45% EPs replacement was 587.76 kN.
Optimising concrete enhancement of local ready-mix concrete partially replaced with local fly-Ash
Authors: Matarul J , Mannan M A , Yussop N , Endut M Z , Ibrahim A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Concrete performance and workability can be improved by using an optimum amount of fly-ash. This leads to the purpose of analysing the percentage of fly-ash that can replace a certain amount of Portland cement in the concrete until it reaches the maximum strength. The experiment was conducted using G25 and G45 concrete supplied by a local ready-mix concrete plant in Kuching, Sarawak. The cement content of each concrete grade was replaced with various fly-ash percentages of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 collected from waste materials in Pending Sarawak. The specimens used in the studies were made of 150mm concrete cubes. Specimens were tested for compressive strength at the ages of 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days. The curing age extended to 56th and 90th-day to participated slow pozzolonic reaction process contributed by fly-ash. Based on the test results for both concrete grades with enhancements, the compressive strength significantly increases from 7 days to 56 days, and then slightly increases on the 90th-day. The G25 concrete has an optimum strength with a fly-ash replacement of 30% cement content, followed by 40%, 20% and 50%. Similarly, the G45 concrete achieved an optimum strength with a fly-ash replacement about 30% cement content, followed by 20%, 40% and 50%. In addition, both grades of concrete tested have a cut-off cement replacement level of 60%, beyond which the compressive strength falls below that of the control mixtures.
The nanotechnology application and workforce health and safety - a study of the Malaysia laws, statutory regulations and guidelines on nanotechnology
Authors: Ismail Shaira , Budin Salina , Md. Ali Siti Aminah 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In Malaysia perspective, the application of nanotechnology is crucial towards achieving the country’s objective as a developed nation by 2020. This paper aims to examine the current Malaysia laws and statutory regulations of nanotechnology applications, to investigate the occupational diseases and work-related accidents associate to nanotechnology and to examine the risk assessment and management practices executed by the nanotechnology-based manufacturers to facilitate the potential effects of nanomaterials. Nanotechnology is a technology that incorporates nanomaterials, which is extremely small materials in size, equivalent to 1/80,000th of the width of a human hair. Due to their distinctive size, these nanomaterials may contribute to the significant health risks and hazards. The findings conclude that there is no specific law and statutory regulation on nanotechnology application exists in Malaysia. Thus, the none existence of nanotechnology laws means there is no protection of persons at work. Malaysia is currently formulating safety standards relevant to nanotechnology. Recently, the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) has published the Guideline on Control and Safe Handling Nano Materials by the end of 2018. It provides information and recommendations on handling nanomaterials in the workplace. According to the DOSH personnel that there is no record of occupational disease and work-related accidents related to nanotechnology per se. In relation to the risk assessment and management activities, most of the respondents from the nanotechnology-based manufacturer indicated that there is no nanotechnology risk assessment and management practices being executed in their workplace. Most of them also concluded that they have no knowledge about the latest guideline published by the DOSH on control and safe handling of nanomaterials in the workplace.
Classification of reinforced concrete single story and double story house using eco-efficiency index approach
Authors: Hamid M S A , Shafiq N , Musir A A , Rosseli S R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In the current construction industry, the selection of structural design was important in order to ensure the design were satisfied in term of economic, environment and social as for the purpose to fulfill need of sustainable development. Eco-efficiency has been introduced to be used for the decision-making method in selection of the best design that fulfill requirement of sustainability. This study was develop to integrate analysis of eco-efficiency index for reinforced concrete structural elements by considering economical score and environmental score as a main approach. The classification of the design case for single story and double story house took place from low level to high level of eco-efficiency based on its eco-efficiency index. Result shows single story house was classified from medium low to medium high eco-efficiency design level for all 10 cases while for double story house was classified from low to high eco-efficiency design level.
Investigation on the behaviour of prestressed concrete sleepers (PCS) under negative static loading
Authors: Hilmi Safiuddin C M C J M , Rozli M I F , Kay Dora A G , Amin N M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Railways in Malaysia are undoubtedly a various incorporated element that can possibly assume as an imperative part in the advancement of a manageable transportation framework in the nation. Therefore, failure of prestressed concrete sleepers under the negative static loading need to be investigate due to its role as one of the important part in railway. In this study, negative moment test was established to investigate the design load of the prestressed concrete sleeper (PCS) under negative static loading. Three (3) samples of PCS were used and one (1) PCS contains two rail seat, called KTMB and EPMI sides. It is found that new crack appeared on EPMI sides with the length of 100 millimeters. Meanwhile, the highest displacement for EPMI and KTMB sides were found to be 7.332 and 6.606 millimeters. From three (3) samples tested, only one PCS shows the failure to cater the design load of 176.94 kN subjected to rail seat.
Optical and Structural Properties of Er3+-doped SiO2-ZrO2 Glass-Ceramic Thin Film
Authors: Kamil S A , Zulkepli N , Nawi I N M , Razaki N I , Rahman M K A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The Er3+-activate dielectric thin film can be applied to produce planar waveguide amplifiers that can be integrated with other active or passive devices on the same chip. However, Er3+ tend to cluster in host material especially in silica when doped at high concentration. This issue can be overcome by introducing Z1O2 as a co-host material in a silica glass matrix by helping to disperse Er3+ homogeneously and consequently enhance the output intensity. In this work, we present a study on 70SiO2-30ZrO2 glass ceramic doped with a various concentration of Er3+ prepared by the sol-gel dip coating technique and each film obtained were annealed at 900°C. Full film densification was achieved for the deposited film, which indicates the hydroxyl group was successfully removed as shown in Raman spectra. Refractive index of the film increase with the increment of rare earth ion and this permit the guiding of light in the film. Red and green emissions of Er3+ were detected upon 514.5 nm excitation. Nevertheless, the presence of higher Er3+ (0.58 mol%) induces concentration quenching phenomena as shown in the PL spectra where there is a decline in green emission peak.
Kenaf/polypropylene key chain product fabricated by injection moulding
Authors: Koay M H , Salleh Z , Masdek N R N M , Budin S , Ngu A 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe natural fiber composites product becomes popular among the world to promote sustainable development. Unlike the synthetic fibers, natural fibers can absorb as much as the carbon dioxide to prevent the global warming happened. Natural fiber composites such as kenaf mixed with polypropylene, have been commercialized in automotive parts due to its lightweight ability which can improve the fuel efficiency. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of injection moulding temperature to the shrinkage and tensile properties of kenaf/polypropylene key chain product. The optimum weight fraction of 30 wt% kenaf and 70 wt% polypropylene was fabricated using different temperatures of the injection moulding process. The best physical appearance of the key chain was prepared at 180°C. The sample that was fabricated at 210°C has higher tensile stress and tensile modulus which are 12.48 MPa and 1.03 GPa, respectively. As a conclusion, the kenaf/polypropylene specimen prepared at 210 °C has better tensile strength and less shrinkage if compared to others. Brittleness due to voids formation was evident in the SEM image of the kenaf/polypropylene. By using the injection moulding process, a high volume of products could be produced in a very short time.
Morphology and mechanical properties of polylactide/montmorillonite composites
Authors: Ibrahim N , Jollands M , Parthasarathy R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this study, polylactide (PLA)/montmorillonite (MMT) composites were prepared by melt intercalation technique. Three types of MMT, Cloisite® 30B, Cloisite® Na+ and Cloisite® Ca++DEV were used as fillers. The morphology and mechanical properties of the composite materials were investigated and compared with unfilled PLA, keeping the same thermomechanical history. The morphology of the composite materials was evaluated by small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the tensile properties of these composites were measured by an Instron universal testing machine. The morphology observations showed that the good affinity between the organo-modified clay (Cloisite® 30B) and the PLA was sufficient to form intercalated structure in the nanocomposite. Cloisite® Na+ and Cloisite® Ca++ DEV clays exhibited a modest improvement of the young’s modulus of about 18 % and 17 % respectively, due to poor dispersion in the PLA matrix as well as poor polymer-filler interactions compared to Cloisite® 30B. Compared to those of pure PLA, the PLA/Cloisite® 30B composites showed notable improvement of the Young’s modulus of about 54 %.
Synthesis and characterization of pineapple leaf modified with diethylenetriamine solution
Authors: Mohamed N B , Ngadi N , Kamaruddin M J , Aziz M A A , Hassim M H 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Pineapple is the third most consumed fruit in the world with an annual production of about 25 million tons. Usually, pineapple leaf (PL) becomes the waste after harvesting and most of the PL was burned to eliminate fungi, composted or just piled to rot. The aim of this study is to synthesize PL modified with diethylenetriamine (DETA) that contain amino groups (NH2) which enhance the adsorption capacity via the impregnated method. In order to prove the presence of NH2 groups on the surface of adsorbent after modification, the characterization analysis has been done. After the modification of PL with DETA (DETA-PL), the FTIR analysis shows the 2 peaks that attributed to the amino group. There also increased surface area, pore volume, pore size and the amount of N of DETA-PL as evidence of BET analysis and elemental analysis. The amount of N also increased after modification. The morphology of DETA-PL was smooth and crinkle after modification with DETA. The point of zero charges of DETA-PL was increased after the modification of PL. The finding obtained from all of the characterization analyses showed that there are presences of the amino group on the surface of DETA-PL adsorbent after modification. This suggested that DETA-PL is a promising adsorbent for an adsorption method of wastewater treatment.
Impact vibration response attenuation using four-bar linkage landing gear system
Authors: Son L , Huda S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This research proposes a novel landing gear system using a four-bar linkage mechanism. The mathematical model of the landing gear system is calculated analytically. A simulation study is performed to investigate the landing gear performance in reducing the impact vibration response of the main system. It is found from the simulation study that nonlinear characteristic of the landing gear stiffness improves its impact vibration response. The simulation results show that rebound displacement and acceleration response of the main system using the proposed technique is smaller than that of using a conventional landing gear system.
Adsorption of manganese and zinc in synthetic wastewater by tea waste (TW) as a low cost adsorbent
Authors: Badrealam S , Darrell V C , Dollah Z , Mohamed Latiff M F P , Handan R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this study, tea waste (TW) is investigated as a low cost adsorbent for the treatment of Mn(II) and Zn(II) in synthetic wastewater. Experimental design, the variables are the adsorbent dosage (0.5g, 1.0g, 1.5g, 2.0g, 2.5g and 3.0g) and contact time (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 minutes). The percentage of heavy metal ions removal in the solution are measured using DR2800 Spectrophotometer. Adsorption Isotherm and Adsorption Kinetic modelling are applied to further prove the correlation of the experimental data obtained for the removal of Mn(II) and Zn(II). The equilibrium data satisfactorily fitted into Langmuir Isotherm model for both Mn(II) and Zn(II) with R2 value of 0.9906 and 0.9854, respectively. Based on the result, TW is capable to adsorb more than 90% of both Mn(II) and Zn(II) at optimum dosage of 2g/100ml. The kinetic studies show that the absorption mechanisms satisfied the Pseudo-Second-Order model and have the best equilibrium data with R2 value of 0.9998 and 1.0000 for Mn(II) and Zn(II), respectively. The maximum adsorption achieved at 60 minutes for Mn(II) and 80 minutes for Zn(II). Thus, the Langmuir Isotherm and Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetic models proved that TW is capable of being an efficient and effective adsorbent for Mn(II) and Zn(II) removal in synthetic wastewater.
Biodiesel synthesis in DBD plasma reactor using triglyceride-methanol mixture contacted with CO2-steam gas mixture
Authors: Nabilla S , Anisa S F , Zara K , Bismo S 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe conventional method of biodiesel synthesis is known to have a few drawbacks. With the intent of reversing the drawbacks, a research on biodiesel synthesis from triglycerides and methanol using cold plasma Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) reactors was conducted by using two types of plasma carrier gas, namely argon (Ar) and a mixture of Ar + CO2+ H2O (vapor) by varying the temperature and reaction time systematically. The major products obtained from the cold plasma dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor consists of four primary components: FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) or biodiesel, alkane (paraffin) and fatty alcohol and/or other side products which were analysed using GC-MS and FT-IR. The analysis was carried out mainly to determine the chemical conversion associated with reactant or biodiesel products. The types of triglycerides used in this research are (a). used cooking oil, (b). used mixtures of used palm oil and fresh palm oil, and (c). used mixtures of used palm oil and fresh castor oil. With the synthesis time for 2 hours, it was found that the cold plasma DBD reactor was able to change about 47- 89 % mixture of triglycerides (without catalyst and excess methanol) to various product such as FAME, greendiesel paraffin and fatty alcohols. It seems the uses of Argon Gas produce a 23.7% higher yield of FAME and paraffin than the mixture of argon and CO2.
Effect on consistency and performance of POFA concrete
Authors: Rosseli S R , Sidek M N M , Halim N I , Hashim N H , Hamid M S A , Tutur N 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the experimental investigation conducted on Grade 30 concrete incorporating agro-industrial waste, Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA). The emergence of palm oil industry also creates other problem in waste management to our country. POFA was detected with high silica-alumina, being utilized as pozzolan which makes it as a good binding media similar to cement. In this paper, the specimens consist of 45 concrete cube size 100 x 100 x 100 mm at 3 different replacement level which were 0% as control specimen, 5% and 10% with two different techniques form which were powder and liquidation technique. The workability of fresh concrete properties was evaluated using slump test and flow table test and the performance of the hardened concrete was confirmed by cube compressive strength test at 3, 7 and 28 days. Based on the result, 5% POFA replacement using liquidation technique showed more workability compared to 10% POFA replacement. This phenomenon is due to the liquidation at POFA that acts as a liquid lubricant which can easily blend with cement component. However, concrete with 5% POFA using powder technique gives better result on the concrete performance. Powder technique shows better enhancement in strength as compared to liquid is due to the interaction between the raw POFA that’s creates better bonding as compared to the POFA which was filled with water in liquid forms.