bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tinnitus Among Medical Students Using Personal Sound System
Authors: Sasidharan Syam , Rai Sheetal , Somayaji Gangadhara 
Published: August 2020

Introduction
Statistical data on prevalence of tinnitus in India and on the relationship between exposure to recreational sound/music and the presence of tinnitus are scarce. This study was conducted to assess relationship between tinnitus and the use of personal sound system(PSS) in medical students.
Materials and Methods
A questionnaire based study was conducted on 100 randomly selected medical students to assess their sound habits with the use of PSS. Information on commonly used intensity, frequency, duration of use, type of earphones and severity of tinnitus was sought. Conventional frequency audiometry (0.25-8kHz) was also performed.
Result
The prevalence of tinnitus was found to be 33%, which was on the higher side of the global prevalence data. All the medical students surveyed in this study used personal sound system. Majority of the students (45%) used PSS less than 1 hour daily. More than 60% of the students complaining of tinnitus preferred louder settings in their PSS.
Discussion
The most common personal sound system used was mobile phones. No statistically significant association was seen with relation to the type of personal sound system, the type of ear phone used, average duration of use and hearing loss. Tinnitus was found to have statistically significant association with volume in our study with majority having tinnitus listening to higher levels of sound.
Conclusion
Use of personal sound system is common in medical students. Though duration of use of the personal sound system was not associated with the complaint of tinnitus, exposure to louder sounds had statistically significant association with tinnitus.
Kimura's Disease: A Rare Cause of Postauricular Swelling
Authors: Das Suman Kumar , Singh Mukesh Kumar , Kundu Indranath , Ghosh Swapan Kumar 
Published: August 2020

Introduction
Kimura’s Disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of lymph node which is very rare in Indian population.
Case Report
A 15 year old boy with multiple postauricular swelling for 18 months presenting in OPD and diagnosed having eosinophilia. Then excision biopsy was taken, which indicates Kimura’s Disease. Patient was treated with high dose of corticosteroid.
Conclusion
Kimura’s disease, though rare should be kept in mind for treating a patient with lymphadenopathy with eosinophilia or high IgE level, because it can spare the patient unnecessary invasive procedure.
Maxillofacial Prosthesis: A Review of Treatment Concepts for Better Prosthesis Prognosis
Authors: Prasad Sanjay 
Published: August 2020

Maxillofacial prosthesis currently finds itself experiencing more change than at any other time over past 50 years of its recognized existence. Rehabilitation of facial defect, either congenital or acquired, is a difficult challenge for the surgeon as well as prosthodontist. The prosthodontist is limited by the properties of the materials available for facial restorations, the mobility of soft tissue surrounding the defects, the difficulty of establishing retention for large prosthesis, and the patient ability to accept the outcome. However, the acceptance of prosthesis recently has improved remarkably due to better coordination between surgeon and prosthodontist and introduction of dental implant which has dramatically improved the retention and esthetic that result from accurate and repeatable positioning of the implant, and the ease of maintenance. Dramatic improvement in the acceptance of prosthesis is seen if the prosthodontist participation can begin early in the course of patient care which ultimately will increase the quality of life (QoL) of the patient.
A Study of Efficacy of Intraoperative Application of Mitomycin-C in Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: Sharma Harikesh , Mallick Ajay 
Published: August 2020

Introduction
Common cause for failure of endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy is closure of the intranasal ostium usually due to granulation tissue formation. Attempts have been made to improve the success rate of lacrimal surgery by using different methods like using balloon catheters, lasers and antimetabolites. This study aims to see change in success rate with and without the use of using Mitomycin-C in endonasal Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) surgery.
Materials and Methods
Sixty patients of acquired chronic dacryocystitis with nasolacrimal duct blockage, in the age group of 11-50 yrs were taken for study. Patients were alternatively divided into two groups A & B (30 patients in each group). Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy with Mitomycin-C application was performed in Group A and without Mitomycin-C application in Group B patients. Subjective assessment for symptomatic improvement and objective analysis obtained from results of syringing. The result data was subjected to Student’s t test and x2analysis.
Result
Age of patients varied from 11 to 50 yrs. The male to female ratio was 7:8 in group A while 2:3 in group B. The commonest age group was between 21 -30 years in both the groups. After 12 month follow up the success rate was 93% in both the groups. The results between the groups were found to be statistically not significant (p>0.05).
Conclusion
Mitomycin C was used in this study to assess its efficacy in improving the results of endoscopic DCR. Mitomycin C did not have significant effect on the outcomes of endoscopic DCR surgery for chronic dacryocystitis.
Autopolypectomy of a Vocal Cord Polyp
Authors: Ahmed Saud , Hussain Altaf , Nadeem Basharat , Ali Faroq 
Published: August 2020

Introduction
Vocal cord polyps commonly occur in those with a history of vocal abuse. Patients with large lesions generally undergo microlaryngeal surgery under general anaesthesia. This unique case report highlights a strange scenario where the patient coughed out a fleshy mass during his morning walk and which was later confirmed as a vocal cord polyp.
Case Report
A 62 year old male with a history of hoarseness of voice for 3 months presented to the ENT OPD holding a chunk of tissue which was apparently coughed out by him during his morning walk. After the incident, his symptoms had immediately improved. A videolaryngoscopy showed a congested spot on the right vocal cord being the probable site of origin of the lesion. On Histopathological examination, the tissue was reported as a vocal cord polyp. The patient was managed conservatively but the lesion recurred at the same site after a month for which a microlaryngeal excision was performed.
Discussion
Vocal cord polyps are fairly common in ENT practice and usually present to the clinic with hoarseness of voice. Polyps that are small are usually managed conservatively by voice therapy alone whereas large polyps require surgical excision. This unique case report highlights a strange clinical scenario where the patient coughed out a large vocal cord polyp (Auto-polypectomy) during a bout of acute cough. This event saved him a surgery at the first instance, but eventually had a recurrence and had to undergo an excision under GA.
Late Oesteoradionecrosis of Mandible Five Years after Radiotherapy for Carcinoma Base of Tongue
Authors: Mozumder Somesh , Dubey Shirish , Dam Aniruddha , Bhowmick Anup Kumar 
Published: August 2020

Introduction
Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a process where irradiated bone undergoes necrosis and becomes exposed through soft-tissue. It is a late effect of radiotherapy. Early presentation within 2 years, is thought to be related to high dose of Radiation therapy, whereas late presentation is usually secondary to trauma and delayed wound healing with in compromised tissue.
We present a case of late presentation where there was no history of trauma to the associated region; therefore making the case unique.
Case report
50 years old male patient from rural Bengal presented with history of invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of right base tongue with bilateral cervical nodal metastasis treated with external beam radiotherapy of 70 Gy in 35 fractions in 2009. In April 2014 he developed pain in the right side of lower jaw with foul breath and progressive difficulty and pain while opening mouth. Biopsy established the diagnosis of oesteoradionecrosis.
Discussion
ORN can be spontaneous, but most commonly results from tissue injury. The absence of reserve reparative capacity is a result of the prior radiation injury. The irradiated mandible, periosteum, and overlying soft tissue undergo hyperemia, inflammation, and endarteritis.
Conclusion
During follow up any lesion suspicious of recurrence or second malignancy with clinical features of pain, swelling, trismus, halitosis, mucosal ulceration, bare bone etc a differential diagnosis of oesteoradionecrosis should be kept in mind, even long time after radiotherapy & absence of trauma.
Reconstruction of Head and Neck Defects with Lower Trapezius Myocutaneus Flap
Authors: Mozumder Somesh , Dubey Shirish , Chatterjee Kinshuk , Kumar Priyadarshan , Khandelwal Ankit , Dam Aniruddha , Bhowmick Anup Kumar 
Published: August 2020

Introduction
High lateral and posteriorly based defects are challenging to reconstruct as mobilization of conventional pedicled flaps is difficult. This study was done to evaluate the usefulness of lower trapezius myocutaneous flap (LTMC) in selected cases as a reconstructive alternative to other pedicled flaps which have positional and technical disadvantages and/or in cases where free flap is not possible.
Materials and Methods
Ten cases of locally advanced (T3 and T4) high and laterally placed head and neck carcinoma (8 cases of SCC involving posterior scalp, ear lobule, skin anterior to tragus and 2 cases of locally advanced salivary gland malignancies involving parotid glands) irrespective of sex had been selected. Due to non-availability of plastic surgeon in the institute none of the patient could be subjected to free flap reconstruction. All the patients received post operative adjuvant radiotherapy and were followed up on a monthly basis for six months at least.
Results
Out of total 10 cases 5 underwent wound infection and dehiscence at recipient site. In 3 cases there were donor site seroma. In 2 cases healing was uneventful. However in all cases the flap was healthy and flap survival was 100%. There was no flap contracture in long term follow up.
Conclusion
The LTMC flap is ideal for mentioned defects because of its anatomical location, abundant blood flow, minor donor-site morbidity, and long pedicle. The LTMC flap, though less commonly used, is a precious option in situations where free flaps and other pedicled flaps are not feasible.
Tracheal Stenosis After Endotracheal Intubation and Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy
Authors: Herdini Camelia , Surono Agus , Supomo Supomo , Fedriana Jessica 
Published: August 2020

Introduction
Tracheal stenosis is an abnormal narrowing of the tracheal lumen which affects adequate airflow and caused by an inflammatory complication such as endotracheal intubation and percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT). Incidence of tracheal stenosis following endotracheal intubation and PDT was 8-44%.
Case Report
A 24 year old female presented with dyspnea and hoarseness after traffic accident. She was intubated for 2 weeks then followed by PDT for 3 weeks. The laryngoscopy examination after PDT extubation showed tracheal stenosis at the second-third tracheal ring with left vocal fold granuloma. Cervical computed tomography demonstrated a mass at vocal cord and narrowing of tracheal caliber at the first thoracic vertebra disk, above the stoma of PDT.The granuloma was excised and tracheal stenosis was removed by tracheal resectionand end-to-end anastomosis.
Discussion
Tracheal stenosis is one of important sequelae after endotracheal intubationand PDT. Tracheal resection and primary anastomosis may be considered as an option for surgical management of tracheal stenosis.
Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy: Advantage over External Approach
Authors: Basak Bijan , Biswas Kaustuv Das , Biswas Subhradev , Choudhary Ankit 
Published: August 2020

Introduction
Although external DCR was considered to be the Gold Standard treatment for NLD obstruction, endoscopic DCR appears to give comparable results, with the advantage of the absence of external facial scar and no disruption of the medial palpebral ligament or the angular facial vessels. This study aims to evaluate the outcome of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) and compare with the outcome of external DCR, based on data available on literature search.
Materials and Methods
In this prospective, longitudinal, interventional study, 67 cases of chronic dacryocystitis were operated endoscopically from January 2017 to December 2018. All patients were documented about detailed medical and operative history, thorough medical check up including ocular and ENT examination. Level of obstruction of nasolacrimal duct (NLD) was diagnosed by lacrimal syringing and probing.
Surgery was performed under local anaesthesia except in uncooperative patients where general anaesthesia was used. 0˚ & 30˚ endoscopes were used in surgery. The surgical outcomes and complications were recorded, analyzed and compared to those of external DCR from available literature.
Results
The overall success rate of endoscopic DCR was 94.7%, which is closely comparable to external DCR.
Conclusion
Endoscopic DCR is an effective and safe alternative to external DCR, with comparable results and better patient satisfaction.
Endoscopic 3-S Technique Tympanoplasty: Taking the Convention a Step Ahead
Authors: Janweja Mridul , Hazra Sayan , Das Arindam , Dubey Arya Brata 
Published: August 2020

Introduction
Endoscopic Surgery has immense potential for middle ear surgery and is currently favoured by many surgeons. The 3 (vascular) Strips/ 3 Flap Tympanoplasty with operating microscope is popular but Endoscopic 3-Flap Tympanoplasty remains less explored. Hence this study was conducted to compare advantages and disadvantages of Endoscopic and Microscopic 3-Flap Tympanoplasty.
Materials and Methods
Forty two patients with large/subtotal perforation of tympanic membrane were divided into two equal groups (Group A & B). Endoscope was used in Group A, whereas, operating microscope in Group B. Temporalis fascia was the graft material in all patients. Patients were followed up for six months. Pre and post-operative audiograms, post-operative pain, graft uptake, time taken for surgery and intra-operative visualization convenience were compared.
Results
Mean Air-Bone Gap closure at the end of six months was 9.23 dB (SD-0.88 dB) in the endoscope group and 8.95 dB (SD-0.66 dB) in microscope group whereas the graft uptake rate was 95.2% and 90.2% respectively. Post-operative pain, cosmesis, ease of doing surgery and time taken for surgery were better in ‘Endoscope’ as compared to ‘Microscope’ group.
Conclusion
The three flaps produce adequate exposure in very large or subtotal perforations, very thin anterior rim or with anterior bony overhang. Results in terms of mean hearing gain and graft uptake were comparable. In terms of morbidity (post-op pain), recovery (return to routine activity), mean duration of surgery and cosmesis, endoscopic surgery produced better outcome.
Implikasi Hukum Terkait Dengan Pelaksanaan Pasal 24 Undang-Undang Nomor 41 Tahun 2004 Tentang Wakaf
Authors: Fataruba Sabri 
Published: August 2020

Article 24 of Law Number 41 Year 2004 on Wakaf states that wakaf with testament both orally and in writing can only be done if witnessed by at least 2 (two) witnesses who meet the requirements. The statement that wakaf with a will, either orally or in writing can only be done if witnessed by at least 2 (two) witnesses fulfilling the requirements as meant in Article 24 of Law Number 41 Year 2004 above means that if the endowers with oral or written testimony is not witnessed by at least 2 (two) witnesses who fulfill the requirements, it will have a legal effect on the validity of the waqf status. However, after the following articles and / or paragraphs of Law Number 41 Year 2004 along with their explanation, as well as Government Regulation Number 42 of 2006 on Implementation of Law Number 41 Year 2004 About Wakaf, Â there was notÂ found any article explains what legal implications would be if the wakaf testament is not witnessed by at least 2 (two) witnesses who meet the requirements. Therefore, in order to overcome the incompleteness resulting in the ineffectiveness of Article 24, if there are any concrete events related to the will of judgment submitted to the court to be resolved, the judge shall be able to use the method of legal discovery, either according to the science of law or according to Islamic law appropriately, so it can provide legal certainty for justice seekers.
A Survey of the Implementation and Usage of Electronic Dental Records in Private Dental Practices in Mississippi
Authors: Brent Barbara , Sullivan Amy , Garner Angelia 
Published: August 2020

Implementation of electronic health records by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health has led to the implementation of electronic dental records in dental offices. The study was conducted to determine the state of implementation and usage of electronic dental records by the private general and pediatric dental practices in Mississippi as well as reasons why the dental practices are not moving forward with the advanced technology. A survey consisting of six research questions was emailed via SurveyMonkey to 712 private general and pediatric dental practices in Mississippi with an invitation to participate in the study: 116 responded (16% response rate) and 104 consented to participate (89.66%). The data collection process transpired over a six-week period (September 18 – October 29, 2017). Results of the survey indicated dental practices in Mississippi using electronic dental records were 46.07%, electronic dental records with paper records were 42.70%, and only paper records were 11.24%. Dissemination of the study results among medical and dental practitioners may raise awareness and thus encourage more dentists to embrace EDRs. The response rate was affected by the number of dental practices that chose not to participate or did not open the survey email as well as the number of emails that were undeliverable. A second limitation was the lack of certainty of collecting all email addresses through the collection method. Third, there was no certainty that the person who responded knew the correct answers.
An empirical evaluation of bias correction methods for palaeoclimate simulations
Authors: Beyer Robert , Krapp Mario , Manica Andrea 
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Even the most sophisticated global climate models are known to have significant biases in the way they simulate the climate system. Correcting model biases is therefore an essential step towards realistic palaeoclimatologies, which are important for many applications such as modelling long-term ecological dynamics. Here, we evaluate three widely used bias correction methods – the delta method, generalised additive models (GAMs), and quantile mapping – against a large global dataset of empirical temperature and precipitation records from the present, the mid-Holocene (∼ 6000 years BP), the Last Glacial Maximum (∼21 000 years BP), and the last interglacial period (∼125 000 years BP). In most cases, the differences between the bias reductions achieved by the three methods are small. Overall, the delta method performs slightly better, albeit not always to a statistically significant degree, at minimising the median absolute bias between empirical data and debiased simulations for both temperature and precipitation than GAMs and quantile mapping; however, there is considerable spatial and temporal variation in the performance of each of the three methods. Our data also indicate that it could soon be possible to use empirical reconstructions of past climatic conditions not only for the evaluation of bias correction methods but for fitting statistical relationships between empirical and simulated data through time that can inform more effective bias correction methods.
Evaluation of GaN Power Transistor Switching Performance on Characteristics of Bidirectional DC-DC Converter
Authors: Frivaldsky Michal , Morgos Jan , Zelnik Richard 
Published: August 2020

The paper deals with the experimental analysis of the switching performance of selected GaN (Galium Nitride) power transistor, whose use is then expected in bidirectional buck/boost DC-DC converter. The switching performance was evaluated through highly accurate and verified simulation models of GS61008P transistor from GaN systems. Experiments have been provided for a wide spectrum of switching frequency and load current in order to verify transistor performance. Then, based on the results, it was expected that high-frequency operation (above 500 kHz) should not distort the efficiency performance of the designed bidirectional converter. This was confirmed after laboratory measurements of the efficiency of the proposed DC-DC converter, while operation under very high switching frequency was more effective compared to low-frequency operation. Over 95 % of efficiency was achieved for both buck and boost mode (125 W), even switching frequency was above 500 kHz.
Enemigo a las puertas. La libertad política en el socialismo británico
Authors: Martínez-Cava Aguilar Julio 
Published: August 2020

El objetivo de este artículo es proporcionar algunas claves históricas y conceptuales para comprender la historia del socialismo británico libertarian y su relación con la concepción fiduciaria del poder político y del poder económico. Las expresiones de este socialismo no son homogéneas, convivieron con otras ideas rivales llegando en ocasiones a mezclarse con ellas; y fueron formuladas siempre como respuestas concretas ante los problemas que planteaba cada momento histórico. Desde el socialismo republicano de algunos seguidores de Robert Owen hasta los desafíos que planteó la New Left, las teorías fiduciarias encontraron hueco para abrirse paso en los escritos de estos socialistas libertarian.

The objective of this paper is to provide some historical and conceptual keys to understand the history of libertarian British socialism, and its relationship with the fiduciary conception of political power and economic power. The expressions of this libertarian socialism are not homogeneous, they coexisted with other rival conceptions, sometimes mixing with them. Those articulations were always formulated as concrete responses to the problems laid out by different historical moments. From the republican socialism of some Robert Owen’s followers to the challenges exposed by the New Left, fiduciary theory found room to break through in the writings of these libertarian socialists.
Democracia republicana y autoridad política fiduciaria
Authors: Herranz Adrián 
Published: August 2020

En este artículo propongo una justificación de la democracia, y de la autoridad política derivada de ella, a partir del ideal republicano de libertad como no-dominación. Argumento que los procedimientos democráticos tienen valor por sí mismos porque son mecanismos de decisión donde hay libertad de forma recíproca. Después muestro que la autoridad debe ser adecuadamente controlada para evitar que exista dominación, razón por la cual tiene que concebirse como una relación fiduciaria, en la que los gobernantes actúan como agentes de la ciudadanía. Finalmente, establezco la necesidad de que los gobernantes cumplan con deberes fiduciarios y que los ciudadanos desarrollen virtudes cívicas.
In this article I propose a justification of democracy, and of the political authority derived from it, based on the republican ideal of freedom as non-domination. I argue that democratic procedures have value in themselves because they are decision-making mechanisms where there is freedom on a reciprocal basis. I then show that political authority must be adequately controlled in order to avoid the existence of domination. This is why it must be conceived as a fiduciary relationship, in which the rulers act as agents of the citizenry. Finally, I establish the need for rulers to comply with fiduciary duties and for citizens to develop civic virtues.