bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY OUTER RETINAL BANDS BASED ON CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY ANALYSIS
Authors: Bloom Steven M. , Singal Inder P. 
Published: April 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate the optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging findings in recent onset neurosensory retinal detachments induced by central serous chorioretinopathy and to attempt to corroborate these findings with proposed anatomical correlates.

Methods:
Retinal detachments due to central serous chorioretinopathy of less than 3 months' duration and the surrounding area were scanned with OCT. The imaging of the outer retinal bands was evaluated according to proposals by Cuenca et al and the IN•OCT Consensus classification.

Results:
Optical coherence tomography findings in 11 eyes (11 patients) with CSC showed that all hyperreflective bands above Band 4 were variably continuous within the outer portion of the serous detachment. We then attempted to reconcile inconsistencies in current explanations for the outer retinal bands to propose changes to the outer retinal OCT nomenclature.

Conclusion:
Our patients' OCT findings support the current standard that Band 3 is an outer retinal structure and that Band 4 represents the retinal pigment epithelium/Bruch complex. Confusion exists regarding whether the interdigitation zone extends halfway up or for the full length of the outer segments, and the hyporeflective band between Bands 3 and 4 has yet to receive an appropriate term. We therefore propose a modification to the IN•OCT Consensus classification by renaming the trilaminar hyporeflective, hyperreflective, and hyporeflective bands between Bands 2 and 4 as the outer segment–interdigitation zone complex consisting of the inner, middle, and outer segment–interdigitation zone, respectively.
ANATOMICAL CHANGES ON SEQUENTIAL MULTIMODAL IMAGING IN PERIFOVEAL EXUDATIVE VASCULAR ANOMALOUS COMPLEX
Authors: Verhoekx Jennifer S. N. , Smid Lisette M. , Vermeer Koenraad A. , Martinez Ciriano José P. , Yzer Suzanne 
Published: April 2020

Purpose:
To report a series of 21 patients with perifoveal exudative vascular anomalous complex (PEVAC) and to investigate the anatomical changes over time.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective study. Clinical data of consecutive patients, presenting at the Rotterdam Eye Hospital between 2014 and 2019, were analyzed. The data collected included best-corrected visual acuity, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT-angiography, fluorescence angiography, and indocyanine green angiography.

Results:
We included 21 patients with a PEVAC lesion with a mean follow-up of 24.3 ± 13.8 months (range, 9–46 months). Patients with PEVAC were on average 75.3 ± 11.1 years (range, 53–90 years). The large perifoveal vascular aneurysmal abnormality was associated with small retinal hemorrhages in six patients and hard exudates in three patients. The PEVAC lesion was associated with intraretinal cystic spaces on OCT in 15 patients. Twelve of 21 patients showed no changes in cystic spaces on OCT during follow-up: 9 patients had stable cystic spaces and 3 patients had no cystic spaces. In contrast, in 9 of 21 patients, we observed changes in cystic spaces on OCT during follow-up. In two patients, cystic spaces appeared during follow-up, and in seven patients, there was a spontaneous resolution of cystic spaces. In three of these seven patients, the PEVAC lesion completely disappeared. Two patients, with stable intraretinal cystic spaces on OCT, were treated with intravitreal injections of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor without improvement.

Conclusion:
Perifoveal exudative vascular anomalous complex is an idiopathic perifoveal retinal vascular abnormality that is associated with intraretinal cystic spaces. These intraretinal cystic spaces associated with a PEVAC lesion, and even the PEVAC lesion itself, can have a spontaneous resolution over time.
A new noninvasive method for assessing mild coronary atherosclerosis: transthoracic convergent color Doppler after heart rate reduction. Validation vs. intracoronary ultrasound
Authors: Caiati Carlo , Lepera Mario Erminio , Pollice Paolo , Iacovelli Fortunato , Favale Stefano 
Published: April 2020

Background
A more sensitive transthoracic color Doppler technology (convergent color Doppler), along with a heart rate (HR) reduction and new tomographic planes, can greatly improve coronary blood flow velocity (BFV) recordings in the left main (LMCA) and left anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries, allowing the detection of even a slight acceleration of BFV due to mild coronary stenosis.

Methods
A group of 26 patients underwent convergent color Doppler transthoracic echocardiography (CC-Doppler TTE) in the LMCA and in the LAD coronary arteries before and after HR lowering. A second group of 71 patients scheduled for intravascular ultrasound, expanded to 96 with 25 more patients with normal LAD (by angiography/low likelihood of disease), underwent BFV Doppler recordings by CC-Doppler TTE of the whole LAD (specifically the proximal, mid and distal segments) to detect a localized increase in BFV, after attaining maximal and reference BFV in each segment.

Results
In the first group, HR reduction dramatically improved the detection of optimal flow in the LMCA and LAD, from 4 to 54% and from 6 to 94% of the segments, respectively (P < 0.001). In the second group intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) showed mild stenoses in 60 patients. The maximum velocity was higher in the diseased segment than normal segments (49 ± 24 vs. 33 ± 11 cm/s; P < 0.001) and as the reference velocity was similar (32 ± 9 vs. 33 ± 11 cm/s; P = ns), the % increase was also higher (52 ± 52 vs. 0.7 ± 3%; P < 0.001). Using a >21% increase in velocity as a cutoff value, the sensitivity and specificity of CC-Doppler TTE in detecting at least one LAD plaque were 87% (52/60 patients [pts]) and 100% (36/36 pts), respectively.

Conclusion
CC-Doppler TTE evaluation of LAD BFV is greatly improved after reducing HR, allowing accurate noninvasive assessment of mild LAD stenosis with no radiation exposure.
The relationship between fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio and in-stent restenosis in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing drug-eluting stenting
Authors: Chen Tao , Sun Jing-Lin , Zhang Jian 
Published: April 2020

Background
In-stent restenosis (ISR) remains a significant clinical problem in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Recent studies identified the fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio (FAR) as a novel inflammatory marker to predict inflammation in chronic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between FAR and ISR in patients with DES implantation.

Methods
A total of 506 consecutive CAD patients were enrolled. Subjects history of successful native vessel PCI with DES at least 12 months prior to undergoing repeat angiography for chest pain. Patients were divided between ISR group (n = 125) and no-ISR group (n = 381). ISR was defined as luminal stenosis ≥50% located within the stent or up to 5 mm beyond the stent edges by the quantitative coronary analysis. Laboratory parameters were measured before angiography. Significant factors associated with ISR were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results
Baseline characteristics were similar between the ISR and no-ISR groups. The ISR group had significantly higher FAR level compared with the no-ISR group (73.26 ± 17.68 vs. 64.90 ± 15.88, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the ISR group had significantly lower albumin level and higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus compared to no-ISR (P < 0.05). In a multivariate analysis, FAR (odds ratio [OR] = 1.039, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.024–1.054), albumin (OR = 0.923, 95% CI = 0.389–0.977) and diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.663, 95% CI = 1.587–4.468) were significantly associated with ISR.

Conclusion
FAR is significantly associated with the development of ISR in CAD patients undergoing PCI with DES implantation.
Immunotherapy and Response Assessment in Malignant Glioma
Authors: Bagley Stephen J. , Desai Arati S. , Nasrallah MacLean P. , O’Rourke Donald M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the deadliest form of brain cancer and recurs uniformly. Despite aggressive treatment with maximal safe surgical resection, adjuvant radiation with temozolomide chemotherapy, and alternating electrical field therapy, median survival for newly diagnosed GBM remains <2 years. Novel therapies are desperately needed. Immunotherapy, which has led to significant improvement in patient outcomes across many tumor types, is currently being studied in a large number of GBM clinical trials. One of the biggest challenges in immunotherapy trials in GBM has been accurate response assessment using currently available imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging. In this review, we will discuss the rationale for immunotherapy for GBM, immunotherapeutic modalities currently under clinical evaluation in GBM, and the challenges and recent advances in imaging response assessment in GBM immunotherapy.
The neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid disrupts bumblebee foraging rhythms and sleep
Authors: Tasman Kiah , Rands Sean A. , Hodge James J.L. 
Published: April 2020

SUMMARYNeonicotinoids have been implicated in the large declines observed in flying insects such as bumblebees, an important group of pollinators[1]. Neonicotinoids are agonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that are found throughout the insect central nervous system, and are the main mediators of synaptic neurotransmission[2]. These receptors are important for the function of the insect central clock and circadian rhythms[3, 4]. The clock allows pollinators to coincide their activity with the availability of floral resources, favourable flight temperatures, as well as impacting learning, navigation and communication[5]. Here we show that exposure to the field relevant concentration of 10 µg/L of imidacloprid can cause a reduction in foraging activity and reduce both locomotor and foraging rhythmicity inBombus terrestris. Foragers showed an increase in daytime sleep and an increase in the proportion of activity occurring at night. This would likely negatively impact foraging and pollination opportunities, reducing the ability of the colony to grow and reproduce, endangering crop yields.
An emerging target paradigm evokes fast visuomotor responses on human upper limb muscles
Authors: Kozak Rebecca A. , Cecala Aaron L. , Corneil Brian D. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTTo reach towards a seen object, visual information has to be transformed into motor commands. Visual information such as the object’s colour, shape, and size is processed and integrated within numerous brain areas, then ultimately relayed to the motor periphery. In some instances we must react as fast as possible. These fast visuomotor transformations, and their underlying neurological substrates, are poorly understood in humans as they have lacked a reliable biomarker. Stimulus-locked responses (SLRs) are short latency (<100 ms) bursts of electromyographic (EMG) activity representing the first wave of muscle recruitment influenced by visual stimulus presentation. SLRs provide a quantifiable output of rapid visuomotor transformations, but SLRs have not been consistently observed in all subjects in past studies. Here we describe a new, behavioural paradigm featuring the sudden emergence of a moving target below an obstacle that consistently evokes robust SLRs. Human participants generated visually-guided reaches toward or away from the emerging target using a robotic manipulandum while surface electrodes recorded EMG activity from the pectoralis major muscle. In comparison to previous studies that investigated SLRs using static stimuli, the SLRs evoked with this emerging target paradigm were larger, evolved earlier, and were present in all participants. Reach reaction times (RTs) were also expedited in the emerging target paradigm. This paradigm affords numerous opportunities for modification that could permit systematic study of the impact of various sensory, cognitive, and motor manipulations on fast visuomotor responses. Overall, our results demonstrate that an emerging target paradigm is capable of consistently and robustly evoking activity within a fast visuomotor system.SUMMARYWe present a new behavioual paradigm that elicits robust fast visuomotor responses on human upper limb muscles during visually guided reaches.
Recurrent processing drives experience-dependent plasticity for perceptual decisions
Authors: Jia Ke , Zamboni Elisa , Kemper Valentin , Rua Catarina , Reis Goncalves Nuno , Ng Adrian Ka Tsun , Rodgers Christopher T. , Williams Guy , Goebel Rainer , Kourtzi Zoe 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLearning and experience are critical for translating ambiguous sensory information from our environments to perceptual decisions. Yet, evidence on how training molds the adult human brain remains controversial, as fMRI at standard resolution does not allow us to discern the finer-scale mechanisms that underlie sensory plasticity. Here, we combine ultra-high field (7T) functional imaging at sub-millimetre resolution with orientation discrimination training to interrogate experience-dependent plasticity across cortical depths. Our results provide evidence for recurrent plasticity, by contrast to sensory encoding vs. feedback mechanisms. We demonstrate that learning alters orientation-specific representations in superficial rather than middle V1 layers, suggesting changes in read-out rather than input signals. Further, learning increases feedforward rather than feedback layer-to-layer connectivity in occipito-parietal regions, suggesting that sensory plasticity gates perceptual decisions. Our findings propose finer-scale plasticity mechanisms that re-weight sensory signals to inform improved decisions, bridging the gap between micro- and macro-circuits of experience-dependent plasticity.
Lipid Landscape of the Human Retina and Supporting Tissues Revealed by High Resolution Imaging Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Anderson David M.G. , Messinger Jeffrey D. , Patterson Nathan H. , Rivera Emilio S. , Kotnala Ankita , Spraggins Jeffrey M. , Caprioli Richard M. , Curcio Christine A. , Schey Kevin L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe human retina evolved to facilitate complex visual tasks. It supports vision at light levels ranging from starlight to sunlight, and its supporting tissues and vasculature regulate plasma-delivered lipophilic essentials for vision, including retinoids (vitamin A derivatives). The human retina is of particular interest because of its unique anatomic specializations for high-acuity and color vision that are also vulnerable to prevalent blinding diseases. The retina’s exquisite cellular architecture is composed of numerous cell types that are aligned horizontally, giving rise to structurally distinct cell, synaptic, and vascular layers that are visible in histology and in diagnostic clinical imaging. Suitable for retinal investigations, MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) technologies are now capable of providing images at low micrometer spatial resolution with high levels of chemical specificity. In this study, a multimodal imaging approach combined with a recently developed method of high accuracy multi-image registration was used to define the localization of lipids in human retina tissue at laminar, cellular, and sub-cellular levels. Data acquired by IMS combined with autofluorescence and bright-field microscopy of human retina sections in macular and peripheral regions indicate differences in distributions and abundances of lipid species across and within single cell types. Of note is localization of signals within specific layers of macula, localization within different compartments of photoreceptors and RPE, complementarity of signals between macular retina and non-macular RPE, and evidence that lipids differing by a single double bond can have markedly different distributions.
Spatial cueing effects are not what we thought: on the timing of attentional deployment
Authors: Yaron Itay , Lamy Dominique 
Published: April 2020

AbstractExtensive research has shown that objects that are salient or match our task goals are most likely to capture attention. But are we at the mercy of the constant changes occurring in our environment, and automatically move our attention to the ever-changing location with the highest priority? Or do we wait for clues that the appropriate moment has arrived to deploy our attention? We addressed this hitherto neglected issue in three experiments. Using a spatial-cueing paradigm, we examined whether attention is deployed as soon as a salient change occurs (the cue), or only when the context signaling that attention should be deployed appears (the search display). The cue matched the target color and was therefore expected to enjoy high attentional priority. We used two separate response compatibility manipulations, one pertaining to the cue, in the cueing display, and the other to the cued distractor, in the search display. Neutral conditions allowed us to disentangle the respective effects of these manipulations. Our results support the hypothesis that attention does not occur until the search-relevant context appears. These findings challenge the traditional interpretation of spatial-cueing effects. They are discussed within the Priority Accumulation Framework (PAF) that we confront to other attention models.
Defining the resilience of the human salivary microbiota by a 520 days longitudinal study in confined environment: the Mars500 mission
Authors: Bacci Giovanni , Mengoni Alessio , Emiliani Giovanni , Chiellini Carolina , Cipriani Edoardo Giovanni , Bianconi Giovanna , Canganella Francesco , Fani Renato 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe human microbiota plays several roles in health and disease but is often difficult to determine which part is in intimate relationships with the host vs. the occasional presence. During the Mars500 mission, six crewmembers lived completely isolated from the outer world for 520 days following standardized diet regimes. The mission constitutes the first spaceflight simulation to Mars and was a unique experiment to determine, in a longitudinal study design, the composition and importance of the resident vs. a more variable microbiota—the fraction of the human microbiota that changes in time and according to environmental conditions—in humans. Here we report the characterization of the salivary microbiota from 88 samples taken during and after the mission for a total of 720 days. Amplicon sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was performed and results were analyzed monitoring the diversity of the microbiota while evaluating the effect of the three main variables present in the experimental system: time, diet, and individuality of each subject. Results, though showing statistically significant effects of all three variables, highlighted a main contribution of salivary microbiota personalized features, that is an individual-based resilience of the microbiota. Such findings open the way to consider salivary microbiota under the light of a pronounced personalization even after sharing the same physical space for more than a year.
The Alzheimer’s disease-associated protectivePlcγ2-P522R variant promotes beneficial microglial functions
Authors: Takalo Mari , Wittrahm Rebekka , Wefers Benedikt , Parhizkar Samira , Jokivarsi Kimmo , Kuulasmaa Teemu , Mäkinen Petra , Martiskainen Henna , Wurst Wolfgang , Xiang Xianyuan , Marttinen Mikael , Poutiainen Pekka , Haapasalo Annakaisa , Hiltunen Mikko , Haass Christian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundMicroglia-specific genetic variants are enriched in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), implicating a central role for alterations of the innate immune system in the disease etiology. A rare coding variant in thePLCG2gene (rs72824905, p.P522R) selectively expressed in microglia and macrophages was recently identified and shown to reduce the risk for AD.MethodsTo assess the role of this variant in the context of immune cell functions, we generated a Plcγ2-P522R knock-in (KI) mouse model using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.ResultsFunctional analyses of macrophages derived from homozygous KI mice and wild type (WT) littermates revealed that the P522R variant potentiates the primary function of Plcγ2 as a Pip2-metabolizing enzyme. This was associated with improved survival, enhanced phagocytic activity, and increased acute inflammatory response of the KI cells. Enhanced phagocytosis was also observed in mouse BV2 microglia-like cells overexpressing human PLCγ2-P522R, but not in PLCγ2-WT expressing cells. Furthermore, the brain mRNA signature together with microglia-specific PET imaging indicated microglia activation in Plcγ2-P522R KI mice.ConclusionThus, we have delineated cellular mechanisms of the protective Plcγ2-P522R variant, which provide further support for the emerging idea that activated microglia exert protective functions in AD.
Prenatal treatment with rapamycin restores enhanced hippocampal mGluR-LTD and mushroom spine size in a Down’s syndrome mouse model
Authors: Urbano-Gámez Jesús David , Benito Itziar , Casañas Juan José , Montesinos María Luz 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTDown syndrome (DS) is the most frequent genetic cause of intellectual disability including hippocampal-dependent memory deficits. We have previously reported hippocampal mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) hyperactivation, and related plasticity as well as memory deficits in Ts1Cje mice, a DS experimental model. Here we report that performance of Ts1Cje mice in novel object recognition (NOR) is impaired, but it is ameliorated by rapamycin treatment. Proteome characterization of hippocampal synaptoneurosomes (SNs) from these mice predicted an alteration of synaptic plasticity pathways, including long term depression (LTD), which was reversed by rapamycin. Accordingly, mGluR-LTD (metabotropic Glutamate Receptor-Long Term Depression) is enhanced in the hippocampus of Ts1Cje mice and this is correlated with an increased proportion of a particular category of mushroom spines in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Remarkably, prenatal treatment of these mice with rapamycin normalized both phenotypes, supporting the therapeutic potential of rapamycin/rapalogs for DS intellectual disability.
Interaction capacity underpins community diversity
Authors: Ushio Masayuki 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHow patterns in community diversity emerge is a long-standing question in ecology. Theories and experimental studies suggested that community diversity and interspecific interactions are interdependent. However, evidence from multitaxonomic, high-diversity ecological communities is lacking because of practical challenges in characterizing speciose communities and their interactions. Here, I analyzed time-varying causal interaction networks that were reconstructed using 1197 species, DNA-based ecological time series taken from experimental rice plots and empirical dynamic modeling, and show that species interaction capacity, namely, the sum of interaction strength that a single species gives and receives, underpins community diversity. As community diversity increases, the number of interactions increases exponentially but the mean species interaction capacity of a community becomes saturated, weakening interaction among species. These patterns are explicitly modeled with simple mathematical equations, based on which I propose the “interaction capacity hypothesis,” namely, that species interaction capacity and network connectance are proximate drivers of community diversity. Furthermore, I show that total DNA copy number and temperature influence species interaction capacity and connectance nonlinearly, explaining a large proportion of diversity patterns observed in various systems. The interaction capacity hypothesis enables mechanistic explanations of community diversity, and how species interaction capacity is determined is a key question in ecology.