bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La démographie de l'Afrique subsaharienne au XXI e siècle
Authors: Tabutin Dominique , Schoumaker Bruno 
Published: December 2020

Consacrée à l’Afrique au Sud du Sahara (47 pays, 1,1 milliard d’habitants en 2020), cette chronique propose à la fois une synthèse approfondie des grands changements sociodémographiques et sanitaires survenus dans la région entre 2000 et 2020 et un bilan statistique rassemblant les données récentes les plus fiables sur chaque pays. Y sont examinées les évolutions de la nuptialité et de la famille, de la fécondité et de ses variables intermédiaires, de la mortalité (enfants et adultes), des migrations et de l’urbanisation, des effectifs de population et des structures d’âges, et sont enfin considérées les perspectives de population et les défis à relever d’ici 2050 en matière de formation, santé et emploi. Si l’Afrique conservera tout au long du xxi e siècle la croissance démographique la plus élevée et la population la plus jeune du monde, divers changements sont en cours, mais à des rythmes variables selon les régions, les pays, les milieux d’habitat et les groupes sociaux, conduisant à une diversification croissante des régimes démographiques subsahariens et à de fortes inégalités spatiales et sociales. La fécondité vient, dans une majorité de pays, de connaître ses premiers reculs, la pratique contraceptive a augmenté, mais la demande d’enfants demeure élevée. Un peu partout, l’âge à la 1 re union progresse, la polygamie recule, mais les écarts d’âges entre époux et les proportions de mariages d’adolescentes demeurent élevés. En revanche, la région dans son ensemble vient de connaître des reculs remarquables de la mortalité, notamment celle des enfants, et des gains notables d’espérances de vie ; le sida recule mais est loin d’avoir disparu, la mortalité maternelle reste très élevée, les maladies non transmissibles progressent et conduisent à un double fardeau épidémiologique. L’Afrique s’urbanise, mais à des rythmes divers, et plus lentement qu’on ne l’imaginait il y a encore 20 ans ; s’y multiplie aussi le nombre de grandes villes et de mégalopoles. Quant aux migrations internationales, en forte progression depuis 2000, si une grande majorité d’entre elles se déroulent toujours à l’intérieur du continent, on assiste à une diversification des destinations et à un recul des modèles traditionnels hors du continent. Enfin, selon l’hypothèse la plus raisonnable des Nations unies, soit un doublement probable de la population d’ici 2050 et plus qu’un triplement possible d’ici 2100, l’Afrique subsaharienne est face à des défis considérables en matière d’éducation, de santé, d’emploi, de sécurité et de développement durable.
Apprendre à regarder le cerveau en 3D. Compte rendu ethnographique d’un séminaire interdisciplinaire au service de neurochirurgie de la Charité à Berlin
Authors: Le Calvé Maxime 
Published: December 2020

Dans ce compte rendu de terrain, je propose de suivre pas à pas un séminaire interdisciplinaire de la faculté de médecine de la Charité à Berlin intitulé « Iconic Turn. How Images Govern Our Actions  ». Par une série de dessins ethnographiques, je relate les situations d’enseignement, restituant les atmosphères dont elles sont empreintes. Durant ces séances, les étudiant.e.s sont invité.e.s à apprendre à «  voir  » les images du cerveau en tenant compte de leurs médiations techniques. La formation à une « vision professionnelle » (Goodwin, 1994) se double ici d’une éducation à un regard critique. Les aspirants médecins apprennent à mettre en perspective, au sens littéral et au sens figuré, les images auxquelles ils.elles seront exposé.e.s dans leur pratique quotidienne – ainsi que leur rôle d’outil prescriptif dans la pratique clinique. Cette démarche pédagogique inhabituelle semble pouvoir ouvrir à la constitution, au sein des sciences médicales, d’un « sens commun » en épistémologie (Stengers, 2017).
Dessiner pour repenser : valorisation d’un projet de recherche-action sur le thème de l’interprétariat en santé mentale
Authors: Larchanché Stéphanie , Rostirolla Daria 
Published: December 2020

Comment articuler la recherche en anthropologie de la santé avec les pratiques de terrain ? Comment proposer une critique constructive de ces pratiques ? Comment disséminer les résultats de la recherche au-delà des frontières académiques ? Chercheuses anthropologues et professionnelles de santé mentale, nous présentons ici les résultats d’une recherche-action menée dans cinq centres médico-psychologiques (CMP) d’Île-de-France, dont l’objectif était de former les professionnels au travail avec un interprète. À l’aide de dessins humoristiques, nous souhaitons repenser le processus de recherche d’abord pour les auteures elles-mêmes, mais également pour les professionnels qui travaillent en contexte transculturel et auxquels s’adressent ces vignettes, en mettant en lumière de manière bienveillante les points critiques de l’enquête. Le dessin humoristique, réalisé par l’une des auteures, sert ainsi de mécanisme de transmission et de conscientisation. Il permet de traduire de manière créative des observations de terrain, et d’en valoriser les messages-clés.
Les effets collatéraux de la recherche sur l’épidémie de Zika au Brésil
Authors: Lira  Luciana , Prado Helena 
Published: December 2020

Nous avons souhaité écrire ce texte en duo pour une raison simple : présenter deux faces d’une même histoire, celle du déroulement de la recherche pendant l’épidémie de maladie à virus Zika. Nous souhaitons en particulier donner à voir les effets collatéraux de la recherche, c’est-à-dire la façon dont s’entremêlent l’objectification des sujets de recherche touchés par l’épidémie de Zika, les points méthodologiques et éthiques concernant l’entrée sur le terrain ethnographique, ses angles morts et impasses, et la légitimité de la collecte des données. Nous espérons ainsi engager une réflexion sur nos pratiques d’anthropologues en temps de crise et d’urgence, et sur les diverses significations des relations chercheurs-sujets de terrain, et centre-périphérie, dans les sciences de la santé.
Enhancing Communication With Family Members in the Intensive Care Unit: A Mixed-Methods Study
Authors: Edward Karen-leigh , Galletti Alessandra , Huynh Minh 
Published: December 2020

Background
Nurses in the intensive care unit are central to clinical care delivery and are often the staff members most accessible to family members for communication. Family members’ ratings of satisfaction with the intensive care unit admission are affected more by communication quality than by the level of care for the patient. Family members may feel that communication in the intensive care unit is inconsistent.

Objectives
To use a shared decision-making model to deliver a communication education program for intensive care unit nurses, evaluate the confidence levels of nurses who undertook the education, and examine changes in family members’ satisfaction with communication from intensive care unit nurses after the nurses received the education.

Methods
A mixed-methods design was used. Seventeen nurses and 81 family members participated.

Results
Staff members were overall very confident with communicating with family members of critically ill patients. This finding was likely linked to staff members’ experience in the position, with 88% of nurses having more than 11 years’ experience. Family members were happy with care but dissatisfied with the environment.

Conclusions
Environmental factors can negatively affect communication with family members in the intensive care unit.
Affecting Factors Teacher Work Satisfaction
Authors: Safrijal  , Rosmala Dewi  , Darwin  
Published: December 2020

Abstract.

This study aims to determine the factors that effect teacher job satisfaction. In obtaining the data, a quantitsative approach is used with an explanatory coreeelational design because it aims to describe and measure the degree of relationship between variables in causal modeling using part analysis. The results showed that:First, leadership has a direct effect on teacher job satisfaction with a path coefficient of 0.173. Second, self esteem has a direct effect on teacher job satisfaction with a path coefficient of 0.173.
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF MULTI DRUG RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS AMONG REFUGEES IN THE RESETTLEMENT CAMPS OF ADJUMANI, MOYO AND YUMBE DISTRICTS WEST NILE REGION
Authors:   , Nshizirungu Laurent , Olet Denish , Amulen Doreen , Oming Michael , Luwuna Paul , Wewedru Izale 
Published: December 2020

Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a name given to tuberculosis agents when the bacteria are resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, two of the most effective TB drugs. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of MDR-TB among the refugees in the resettlement camps of Adjumani, Yumbe, and Moyo districts, West Nile region. Method: This was a cross-sectional study where questionnaires were used to capture risk factors associated with MDR-TB and sputum samples (n=223) collected were examined using the gene expert machine. P values and corresponding 95% CI were calculated. All statistical tests were two-tailed and P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: From the study,143(64.1%) were males while 80 (35.9%) were females, with the age range of 3- 64 years and mean age of 32 years, out of 223 sputum samples analyzed on GeneXpert machine; 178 (79.8%) tested negative for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) while 45 (20.2%) tested positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Of the 45 samples that tested positive for MTB; 39 (17.5%) were rifampicin sensitive and 6 (2.7%) were rifampicin-resistant. Of the 39 case MTB cases detected in the refugee resettlement camps of Bidibidi, Itula, and Mungula, 17 (43.6%), 14 (35.9%), and 8 (20.5%) were from each mentioned camp respectively; whereas of the 6 MDR-TB cases detected; Mungula camp had the majority cases 3 (50%), Bidibidi camp had 2 (33.3%) cases and Itula had 1 (16.7%) cases. The Risk factors associated with MDR-TB among refugees was overcrowding 5 (83.3%) and not enrolled on DOTs, 5 (66.7%). There was no significant association between MDR-TB and age (P=0.43; 95%CI=0.163-0.233) Conclusions and recommendations: The general prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is 20.2% and MDR-TB is 2.7%.
HUBUNGAN KOMUNIKASI INTERPERSONAL PENDIDIK DENGAN AKHLAK PESERTA DIDIK DI SMP IT AL-ISHLAH CIBINONG
Authors: Syattar Marwani , Fatimah Siti 
Published: December 2020

Komunikasi adalah salah satu aktifitas yang sangat fundamental dalam kehidupan umat manusia. Dalam berkomunikasi memiliki beberapa bentuk antara lain komunikasi intrapersonal, komunikasi interpersonal, komunikasi kelompok dan komunikasi massa. Perlu disadari bahwa peran komunikasi sangat diperlukan dalam kehidupan bersosialisasi, bahkan dalam proses belajar mengajar. Dalam penelitian ini, komunikasi pendidik yang digunakan dalam membina Akhlak peserta didik SMP IT Al-Ishlah cibinong. Membina Akhlak peserta didik merupakan hal yang wajib yang harus dikedepankan oleh SMP IT Al-Ishlah yang diperankan oleh pendidik sebagai seorang guru yang mengarahkan peserta didik agar berakhlak baik, Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kualitas komunikasi interpersonal pendidik di SMP IT Al-Ishlah Cibinong, untuk mengetahui akhlak peserta didik di SMP IT Al-Ishlah Cibinong, dan untuk mengetahui hubungan komunikasi interpersonal pendidik dengan akhlak peserta didik di SMP IT Al-Ishlah Cibinong. Dari hasil penelitian yang telah penulis lakukan, kualitas komunikasi interpersonal pendidik di SMP IT Al-Ishlah adalah baik. Hal tersebut membuat peserta didik menjadi nyaman dan tertib ketika proses kegiatan belajar mengajar berlangsung. Dan kualitas akhlak dari peserta didiknya adalah cukup baik. Dari hasil penelitian dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara komunikasi interpersonal pendidik dengan akhlak peserta didik di SMP IT Al-Ishlah Cibinong
LATE EOCENE BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC AGE FOR ANDESITIC VOLCANIC HOST ROCKS FORMED IN AN ISLAND ENVIRONMENT AT THE COBRE PANAMA PORPHYRY Cu-Mo-Au-Ag DEPOSIT, PANAMA
Authors: Redwood Stewart D. , Bryan Jonathan R. , Buchs David M. , Burge Colin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The giant Cobre Panama porphyry Cu-Mo-Au-Ag deposit in western Panama is hosted by an undated andesitic volcanic sequence, the Petaquilla batholith (32.20 ± 0.76–28.28 ± 0.61 Ma), and porphyry stocks (28.96 ± 0.62–27.48 ± 0.68 Ma). Here we present a biostratigraphic age for the volcanic sequence based on stratigraphically diagnostic large foraminifera from thin limestone beds within kilometer-thick andesitic rocks. These yield a late middle to late Eocene biostratigraphic age (41.2–33.9 Ma), with a probable late Eocene age (Priabonian stage, 37.8–33.9 Ma), which is slightly older than the age of the batholith and porphyry intrusions. The volcanic sequence is dominated by fine-grained, massive basalt to andesite lavas with subordinate volcaniclastic deposits. A preliminary description of volcanic textures based on macroscopic observation of drill core and quarry/road exposures supports the occurrence of lavas, fallout tuffs, volcanic breccias, and possible pyroclastic density current deposits. Rare polymictic conglomerates with well-rounded clasts of igneous rocks attest to minor sedimentary reworking from a nearby subaerial volcanic environment. The dated limestone that is interbedded with the submarine volcanic sequence was deposited in an estimated water depth of 50 to 80 m, probably in a middle- to outer-shelf large foraminiferal shoal. These results support deposition on the flank of an active volcanic island during early shallowing of the Isthmus of Panama. The Cobre Panama volcanic center is interpreted to have formed in the final stages of the latest Cretaceous-Eocene volcanic arc before, or possibly during, the 175-km sinistral offset of the Panama volcanic front in the late Eocene-Oligocene. However, it remains unclear whether the volcanic center formed on the western continuation of the San Blas-Chagres arc segment or the eastern termination of the Azuero-Soná arc segment and whether it was emplaced during broadening of the pre-Oligocene volcanic front or in a back-arc setting.
Ruthenium: Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Kondo Teruyuki 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUnlike iron, whose organometallic chemistry dates from the end of the nineteenth century, that of its second‐row transition‐metal congener ruthenium had to wait for the discovery of the sandwich compound ferrocene in 1951. The impetus from that breakthrough stimulated all areas of organometallic research, and ruthenocene was reported the very next year. More so than in its coordination chemistry, it has become apparent that the organometallic chemistry of ruthenium has many features in common both with iron and with its heavier analog osmium. Thus, many complex types and reactions that are discussed below have counterparts with either iron or osmium or both. As is the case in all transition‐metal elements, there is a tendency for substitution or addition and elimination reactions to be slower when proceeding down a group in the periodic table. The middle elements, in particular ruthenium and rhodium, profit from this trend; for example, hydrido‐metal and alkyl‐metal bonds are generally more stable and consequently more abundant in ruthenium species than in analogous structures of iron. Conversely, rigid structures have been found in osmium complexes in cases where the ruthenium analogs are either unstable or highly fluxional. Accordingly, iron complexes are generally recognized as stoichiometric agents for organic synthesis, while ruthenium complexes were used as catalysts, and of course, many organic reactions characteristic to ruthenium catalysts were developed and reported so far. On the other hand, osmium complexes are generally stable to be used for the elucidation and confirmation of the intermediates of ruthenium‐catalyzed reactions. However, the chemistry of ruthenium was found to be far behind, compared with those of the same second‐row transition metals, rhodium and palladium, in the Groups 8–10. The most important reason is that the appropriate zerovalent mononuclear ruthenium complex, Ru0, which could generate 16‐electron species in solution was not readily available; the attempts to synthesize zerovalent ruthenium triphenylphosphine complexes were often unsuccessful because of the orthometalation reaction to form RuII complexes, which were usually inactive for catalytic reactions except for hydrogenation and isomerization of CC unsaturated bonds. With recent progress in inorganic and organometallic chemistry, organic synthesis catalyzed by ruthenium complexes has attracted much attention, and a large number of useful and catalytically active ruthenium complexes have been prepared. Consequently, in this updated “Ruthenium: Organometallic Chemistry”, the slightly old topics were omitted, while new topics about application of ruthenium complexes as homogeneous catalysts for both organic synthesis and metathesis reactions, as well as recent application of ruthenium complexes as anticancer agents, were added together with the corresponding new references.
Does Screening for Depressive Symptoms Help Optimize Duloxetine Use in Knee Osteoarthritis Patients With Moderate Pain? A Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Lenhard Nora K. , Sullivan James K. , Ross Eric L. , Song Shuang , Edwards Robert R. , Hunter David J. , Neogi Tuhina , Katz Jeffrey N. , Losina Elena 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveDuloxetine is a treatment approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for both osteoarthritis (OA) pain and depression, though uptake of duloxetine in knee OA management varies. We examined the cost‐effectiveness of adding duloxetine to knee OA care in the absence or presence of depression screening.MethodsWe used the Osteoarthritis Policy Model, a validated computer microsimulation of knee OA, to examine the value of duloxetine for patients with knee OA who have moderate pain by comparing 3 strategies: 1) usual care, 2) usual care plus duloxetine for patients who screen positive for depression on the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ‐9), and 3) usual care plus universal duloxetine. Outcome measures included quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs), lifetime direct medical costs, and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs), discounted at 3% annually. Model inputs, drawn from the published literature and national databases, included annual cost of duloxetine ($721–937); average pain reduction for duloxetine (17.5 points on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain scale [0–100]), and likelihood of depression remission with duloxetine (27.4%). We considered 2 willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) thresholds of $50,000/QALY and $100,000/QALY. We varied parameters related to the PHQ‐9 and the cost of duloxetine, efficacy, and toxicities to address uncertainty in model inputs.ResultsThe screening strategy led to an additional 17 QALYs per 1,000 subjects and increased costs by $289/subject (ICER = $17,000/QALY). Universal duloxetine led to an additional 31 QALYs per 1,000 subjects and $1,205 per subject (ICER = $39,300/QALY). Under the majority of sensitivity analyses, universal duloxetine was cost‐effective at the $100,000/QALY threshold.ConclusionThe addition of duloxetine to usual care for knee OA patients with moderate pain, regardless of depressive symptoms, is cost‐effective at frequently used WTP thresholds.
Highly Durable and Easily Integrable Triboelectric Foam for Active Sensing and Energy Harvesting Applications
Authors: Wu Zhiyi , Wang Peng , Zhang Binbin , Guo Hengyu , Chen Chaoyu , Lin Zhiming , Cao Xia , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have potential applications as active sensors or energy harvesters in self‐powered sensors and systems as they enable harvesting and conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy. TENG development allows high‐efficiency energy harvesting capability and outstanding sensing characteristics, such as excellent output performance, high durability, reliable stability, easy integration, and convenient fabrication, among others. A triboelectric foam (T‐Foam) composed of a foam material with an embedded soft electrode is proposed in this study. The T‐Foam inherits the dominant mechanical properties of the foam material, which allows it to be freely folded, compressed, and kneaded, as well as immediate recovery upon stimulus withdrawal. The durability and stability of the T‐Foam are tested for a 0.1842 g sample; after stamping 14 times with a 158.6 lb tester, its output performance remained nearly identical. These properties indicate that the T‐Foam can be easily integrated into products, such as insoles, schoolbags, and seat mats, to build smart applications for motion, health, and safety monitoring. When driven by a polytetrafluoroethylene plate, a T‐Foam sample of 135 × 135 × 25 mm3 exhibits considerable energy harvesting capability, with the output power as high as 5.46 mW.
Edible Electronics: The Vision and the Challenge
Authors: Sharova Alina S. , Melloni Filippo , Lanzani Guglielmo , Bettinger Christopher J. , Caironi Mario 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMany forward‐looking biomedical, pharmaceutical, and food industry technologies have limited applications owing to the lack of crucial factors: balance of safety and reliability, cost‐efficiency, and suitability for self‐healthcare monitoring. The newly minted field of edible electronics, while at an embryonic stage, is creating great scientific resonance by envisioning a technology which is safe for ingestion, environmentally friendly, cost‐effective, and degraded within the body after performing its function, either digested or even metabolized. Yet there is no shared approach, and the field is currently unified only by the use of food‐derived or edible synthetic functional materials. In order to help shape the field more consistently, the main ideas and perspectives that have been proposed in the recent past are critically curated, underlining what edible electronics is and will be in the future according to the vision. Long‐term opportunities in terms of environmentally friendly smart technologies, remote healthcare monitoring, and the formidable challenges ahead are discussed, covering major issues with respect to safety, materials approval, processing, power supply, communication, and human body interaction. A key point in moving toward such a vision is a strong interdisciplinary cooperation, which is highly encouraged.
Polymeric Nanoparticles for Nasal Drug Delivery to the Brain: Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Rabiee Navid , Ahmadi Sepideh , Afshari Ronak , Khalaji Samira , Rabiee Mohammad , Bagherzadeh Mojtaba , Fatahi Yousef , Dinarvand Rassoul , Tahriri Mohammadreza , Tayebi Lobat , Hamblin Michael R. , Webster Thomas J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCurrently, Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounts for more than half of all dementia cases. Although genetics, age, and environmental factors affect the disease, the cause of AD is not yet fully known. Various drugs have been proposed for the prevention and treatment of AD, but the delivery of these therapeutic agents to the brain is difficult. The blood–brain barrier prevents systemic drugs from accessing the central nervous system and designing a suitable system to overcome this barrier has attracted much attention. The intranasal pathway, given its proximity to the brain, provides a great opportunity for drug delivery. Understanding the physiological characteristics of the nose can be useful in selecting the appropriate carrier and material. Some of the emerging vehicles used for nose‐to‐brain delivery of anti‐AD drugs are natural (such as chitosan) and polymeric (such as poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) and polyethylene glycol) nanoparticles (NPs). This review discusses the hypotheses for AD pathogenesis and highlights recent advances in the applications of natural and polymeric NPs for treatment. The fundamental and applied aspects of this approach for nasal drug delivery to the brain are reviewed here with thoughts on what is needed for the field to mature also provided.