bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moringa oleifera L. leaf powder as ingredient in gluten-free biscuits: nutritional and physicochemical characteristics
Authors: Giuberti Gianluca , Bresciani Andrea , Cervini Mariasole , Frustace Antonello , Marti Alessandra 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDried powder from Moringa oleifera L. leaves (MOLP) could be considered a promising naturally gluten-free (GF) ingredient to be added in the formulation of GF food products aiming to improve the overall nutritional characteristics. In this work, GF biscuits were formulated by replacing a commercial GF flour mix with 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/100 g of MOLP. Chemical composition, physical and textural characteristics, starch pasting properties, and the in vitro starch digestibility were considered. Adding MOLP increased the amount of protein and total dietary fibre. Even at the lowest MOLP-substitution level, the biscuits had a total dietary fibre content > 6 g/100 g dry matter. Differences in the chemical composition might account for differences in starch properties in terms of pasting behaviour and in vitro digestibility. Using MOLP decreased the in vitro starch hydrolysis index of biscuits, the lowest value (69.3) obtained at the greatest MOLP inclusion level. In addition, an increase in the resistant starch content was reported, passing from 1.1 to 2.7 g/100 g dry matter for GF biscuits containing 0 to 15 g/100 g of MOLP. Colour, spread ratio, and hardness were affected by MOLP inclusion. Biscuits containing 15 g/100 g of MOLP were characterized by the highest hardness value (41.9 N). Substitution level of 10 g/100 g should be considered the threshold level for obtaining a product with similar spread ratio than the control.
Trophic niches of benthic crustaceans in the Pechora Sea suggest that the invasive snow crab Chionoecetes opilio could be an important competitor
Authors: Gebruk Anna , Zalota Anna K. , Dgebuadze Polina , Ermilova Yulia , Spiridonov Vassily A. , Shabalin Nikolay , Henry Lea-Anne , Henley Sian F. , Mokievsky Vadim O. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractExpanding human activities alongside climate change, the introduction of invasive species and water contamination pose multiple threats to the unique marine ecosystems of the Pechora Sea in the Russian Arctic. Baseline data on biodiversity and responses to environmental change are urgently needed. Benthic decapod crustaceans are globally distributed and play an important role in fisheries, yet their roles in food webs are less understood. In this study, we used an integrated approach combining stomach content analysis and stable isotope analyses (δ13C and δ15N) to examine the trophic niches of three decapod species in the Pechora Sea including the invasive snow crabChionoecetes opilioand two species of native decapods, the spider crabHyas araneusand the hermit crabPagurus pubescens. Stomach contents of 75 decapods were analysed (C. opilion = 23;H. araneusn = 9;P. pubescensn = 43), and 20 categories of prey items were identified with the most frequently occurring prey items being bivalve molluscs (Ciliatocardium ciliatum,Ennucula tenuis,Macoma calcarea),polychaetes, crustaceans and plant debris. Bayesian ellipse analyses of stable isotope signatures (n = 40) revealed thatC. opiliodisplays an overlapping trophic niche with the two native decapods, providing direct evidence that the invader likely competes for food resources with bothH. araneusandP. pubescens. As such, the presence of this invasive species could hold important consequences for trophic interactions, benthic ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. Microplastics were also found to be a likely stressor on this ecosystem, as 28% of all stomachs contained digested microplastics among other items. Long-term studies of benthic ecosystem structure and functioning are now needed to more fully understand the extent to which this new competitor may alter the future biodiversity of the Pechora Sea alongside the additional stressor of digested plastics.
Brain Tissue Conductivity Measurements with MR-Electrical Properties Tomography: An In Vivo Study
Authors: Mandija Stefano , Petrov Petar I. , Vink Jord J. T. , Neggers Sebastian F. W. , van den Berg Cornelis A. T. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFirst in vivo brain conductivity reconstructions using Helmholtz MR-Electrical Properties Tomography (MR-EPT) have been published. However, a large variation in the reconstructed conductivity values is reported and these values differ from ex vivo conductivity measurements. Given this lack of agreement, we performed an in vivo study on eight healthy subjects to provide reference in vivo brain conductivity values. MR-EPT reconstructions were performed at 3 T for eight healthy subjects. Mean conductivity and standard deviation values in the white matter, gray matter and cerebrospinal fluid (σWM, σGM, and σCSF) were computed for each subject before and after erosion of regions at tissue boundaries, which are affected by typical MR-EPT reconstruction errors. The obtained values were compared to the reported ex vivo literature values. To benchmark the accuracy of in vivo conductivity reconstructions, the same pipeline was applied to simulated data, which allow knowledge of ground truth conductivity. Provided sufficient boundary erosion, the in vivo σWM and σGM values obtained in this study agree for the first time with literature values measured ex vivo. This could not be verified for the CSF due to its limited spatial extension. Conductivity reconstructions from simulated data verified conductivity reconstructions from in vivo data and demonstrated the importance of discarding voxels at tissue boundaries. The presented σWM and σGM values can therefore be used for comparison in future studies employing different MR-EPT techniques.
QSAR and molecular docking for the search of AOX inhibitors: a rational drug discovery approach
Authors: Rosell-Hidalgo Alicia , Young Luke , Moore Anthony L. , Ghafourian Taravat 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe alternative oxidase (AOX) is a monotopic diiron carboxylate protein that catalyses the oxidation of ubiquinol and the reduction of oxygen to water. Although a number of AOX inhibitors have been discovered, little is still known about the ligand–protein interaction and essential chemical characteristics of compounds required for a potent inhibition. Furthermore, owing to the rapidly growing resistance to existing inhibitors, new compounds with improved potency and pharmacokinetic properties are urgently required. In this study we used two computational approaches, ligand–protein docking and Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships (QSAR) to investigate binding of AOX inhibitors to the enzyme and the molecular characteristics required for inhibition. Docking studies followed by protein–ligand interaction fingerprint (PLIF) analysis using the AOX enzyme and the mutated analogues revealed the importance of the residues Leu 122, Arg 118 and Thr 219 within the hydrophobic cavity. QSAR analysis, using stepwise regression analysis with experimentally obtained IC50 values as the response variable, resulted in a multiple regression model with a good prediction accuracy. The model highlighted the importance of the presence of hydrogen bonding acceptor groups on specific positions of the aromatic ring of ascofuranone derivatives, acidity of the compounds, and a large linker group on the compounds on the inhibitory effect of AOX.
Linking food systems and landscape sustainability in the Mediterranean region
Authors: García-Martín María , Torralba Mario , Quintas-Soriano Cristina , Kahl Johannes , Plieninger Tobias 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Context
Global dynamics affect the sustainability of agricultural landscapes, but these cross-scale connections are understudied. Therefore, we combine food systems and landscape ecology, focusing on food products that provide a linkage between global consumers and landscapes of production (e.g., Douro Valley wine) which we call landscape products.

Objective
The aim of this study is to characterise Mediterranean landscape products based on experts’ perceptions by analysing their qualities, farming practices, and value chains, and to identify their ecological, cultural, and socio-economic outcomes in the landscapes of production.

Methods
Experts with specific knowledge on a landscape product were surveyed by email and their answers analysed using descriptive and ordination statistics. Fifty-four landscape products were characterised.

Results
Based on the experts’ perceptions, landscape products are high quality products, mainly using traditional knowledge and low intensity farming. They support biocultural diversity in the landscapes of production, but their positive socio-economic outcomes remain limited, with problems of inequity and lack of empowerment among producers and a tendency towards intensification or abandonment of the farming practices. We distinguished three types of products based on their localness and how their qualities were shared with consumers. Local products performed better in the ecological and cultural outcomes and products under certification in the economic. Labelling mechanisms and better organisation of producers could enhance these products and their positive outcomes.

Conclusions
Combining landscape ecology and food systems research allowed us better understand the outcomes of landscape products in the landscapes of production and suggest pathways for fostering landscape sustainability.
The Sun Through Time
Authors: Güdel Manuel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMagnetic activity of stars like the Sun evolves in time because of spin-down owing to angular momentum removal by a magnetized stellar wind. These magnetic fields are generated by an internal dynamo driven by convection and differential rotation. Spin-down therefore converges at an age of about 700 Myr for solar-mass stars to values uniquely determined by the stellar mass and age. Before that time, however, rotation periods and their evolution depend on the initial rotation period of a star after it has lost its protostellar/protoplanetary disk. This non-unique rotational evolution implies similar non-unique evolutions for stellar winds and for the stellar high-energy output. I present a summary of evolutionary trends for stellar rotation, stellar wind mass loss and stellar high-energy output based on observations and models.
Percolation and Reynolds Flow in Elastic Contacts of Isotropic and Anisotropic, Randomly Rough Surfaces
Authors: Wang Anle , Müser Martin H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this work, we numerically study the elastic contact between isotropic and anisotropic, rigid, randomly rough surfaces and linearly elastic counterfaces as well as the subsequent Reynolds flow through the gap between the two contacting solids. We find the percolation threshold to depend on the fluid flow direction when the Peklenik number indicates anisotropy unless the system size clearly exceeds the roll-off wave length parallel to the easy flow direction. A critical contact area near 0.415 is confirmed. Heuristically corrected effective-medium treatments satisfactorily provide Reynolds fluid flow conductances, e.g., for isotropic roughness, we identify accurate closed-form expressions, which only depend on the mean gap and the relative contact area.

Graphic Abstract
Cylinder-Flat Contact Mechanics with Surface Roughness
Authors: Tiwari A. , Persson B. N. J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe study the nominal (ensemble averaged) contact pressure p(x) acting on a cylinder squeezed in contact with an elastic half space with random surface roughness. The contact pressure is Hertzian-like for $$\alpha < 0.01$$

α
<
0.01

and Gaussian-like for $$\alpha > 10$$

α
>
10

, where the dimensionless parameter $$\alpha = h_{\rm rms}/\delta $$

α
=

h
rms

/
δ

is the ratio between the root-mean-square roughness amplitude and the penetration for the smooth surfaces case (Hertz contact).
Experimental Investigation of Engineering Materials under Repetitive Impact with Slurry Conditions
Authors: Brownlie F. , Hodgkiess T. , Galloway A. M. , Pearson A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn some industrial situations, components are subject to repetitive impact in the presence of a slurry. A novel repetitive impact-with-slurry test rig was developed to evaluate the behaviour of a wide range of engineering materials in such conditions. The test materials could be categorised into five main groups – heat treated steels, stainless steels, chromium cast irons, hardfacing coatings and superalloys. Three-dimensional surface topography was used to quantify the depths and volumes of the produced wear scars. Post-test metallurgical examination was also conducted to further evaluate the wear processes. The wear mechanisms could be split into two main groups of materials; ductile materials were observed to plastically deform and hard/brittle materials demonstrated cracking/spalling mechanisms. Hardened martensitic-type materials exhibited the greatest resistance to repetitive impact wear.
Schwachsinnig und abartig? Wahrgenommene Stigmatisierung und tatsächliche Etikettierungseffekte der alten und modernisierten Eingangsmerkmale in § 20 Strafgesetzbuch (StGB)
Authors: Rösch D. , Ruckelshaußen S. , Kirsch J. , Gerhards S. , Sroka L. A. , Imhoff R. 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungBei der Beurteilung der Schuldfähigkeit eines Beschuldigten nach §§ 20, 21 StGB muss zunächst beurteilt werden, ob ein Eingangsmerkmal vorliegt, das verminderte oder reduzierte Schuldfähigkeit bedingen könnte, sowie ob dieses Eingangsmerkmal den Beschuldigten hinreichend in Einsichts- und/oder Steuerungsfähigkeit beeinflusst. Die bislang geltenden Eingangsmerkmale sind z. T. als veraltet und stigmatisierend kritisiert worden – insbesondere die der schweren anderen seelischen Abartigkeit und des Schwachsinns –, sodass im Jahr 2019 ein Gesetz zur Änderung des Strafgesetzbuches vorgelegt wurde, das eine Modernisierung der Begriffe beinhaltet. Die vorliegende Studie überprüft erstmals, ob die verschiedenen Begriffe (Intelligenzminderung vs. Schwachsinn; seelische Störung vs. seelische Abartigkeit) als unterschiedlich stigmatisierend wahrgenommen werden und zu unterschiedlicher Personenwahrnehmung führen. Zu diesem Zweck füllten 208 Personen, darunter rechtspsychologische Laien (n = 131) und Personen mit Vorwissen (n = 77), Onlinefragebogen aus, in denen sie sowohl anhand von Fallvignetten u. a. Schuldfähigkeit, Gefährlichkeit und Einsichtsfähigkeit von Personen einschätzen mussten als auch die unterschiedlichen Eingangsmerkmale direkt beurteilten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die überarbeiteten Begriffe als signifikant juristisch angemessener, positiver konnotiert, weniger stigmatisierend und weniger abwertend eingestuft werden. Auch bei einer qualitativen Untersuchung von Assoziationen der Probanden zu den jeweiligen Begriffen zeigten sich deutlich negativere Konnotationen der alten Begriffe. Gleichzeitig zeigte sich jedoch, dass sich die Bewertung von Individuen, die jeweils mit diesen Begriffen betitelt wurden, nicht unterschied, auch nicht bei rechtspsychologischen Laien. Sowohl rechtspsychologische Laien als auch Personen mit Vorwissen haben demnach zwar eindeutige Ansichten zu den vorliegenden Begriffen, diese wirken sich jedoch nicht signifikant auf ihre Personenwahrnehmung aus.
Ultimate Compressive Strength Computational Modeling for Stiffened Plate Panels with Nonuniform Thickness
Authors: Lee Hyun Ho , Paik Jeom Kee 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to develop computational models for the ultimate compressive strength analysis of stiffened plate panels with nonuniform thickness. Modeling welding-induced initial deformations and residual stresses was presented with the measured data. Three methods, i.e., ANSYS finite element method, ALPS/SPINE incremental Galerkin method, and ALPS/ULSAP analytical method, were employed together with existing test database obtained from a full-scale collapse testing of steel-stiffened plate structures. Sensitivity study was conducted with varying the difference in plate thickness to define a representative (equivalent) thickness for plate panels with nonuniform thickness. Guidelines are provided for structural modeling to compute the ultimate compressive strength of plate panels with variable thickness.
Cardiometabolic Morbidity and Mortality with Smoking Cessation, Review of Recommendations for People with Diabetes and Obesity
Authors: Kos Katarina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Obesity is closely linked with the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), and whilst smoking cessation is associated with weight gain, there are concerns that this weight gain may offset the benefit of CVD risk reduction especially in those with considerable post-cessation weight gain. The aim of this narrative review is to evaluate recent evidence on smoking cessation and cardiometabolic outcomes and discuss limitations of current knowledge and studies.

Recent Findings
Nicotine is a key player in modulating energy balance by influencing lipid storage in adipose tissue by affecting lipolysis, energy input by modulating appetite and energy output by increasing sympathetic drive and thermogenesis. It also increases insulin resistance and promotes abdominal obesity. The CVD risk and mortality associated with cigarette smoking potentiate the CVD risks in patients with diabetes. Evidence supports the benefit of quitting cigarette smoking regardless of any subsequent weight gain. Data suggests that the cardiometabolic risk is limited to the first few years and that cardiovascular health and mortality benefit of smoking cessation outweighs the harm related to weight gain. This weight gain can be limited by nicotine replacement of which e-cigarettes (vaping) are increasingly popular if it is not an alternative to cigarette smoking. However, long-term health data on e-cigarettes is needed prior to formal recommendation for its use in smoking cessation.

Summary
The recommendation for cessation of cigarette smoking is justified for those at high risk of weight gain and diabetes. However, for most benefit, consideration should be given for personalized weight management to limit weight gain. Awareness of a ‘lean paradox’ by which lower weight is associated with increased CVD risk may help to improve motivation and insight into the bias of smoking, health and body composition otherwise known to epidemiologists as the ‘obesity paradox’.
Addressing Parsons in Sociological Textbooks: Past Conflicts, Contemporary Readers, and their Future Gains
Authors: Mahlert Bettina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe paper provides insights on the contemporary relevance of Talcott Parsons’s writings by analyzing 20 textbooks from Austria, Germany, Great Britain and the United States, published in 1999–2019. Whether having knowledge of Parsons is helpful to today’s students and other interested readers, and what knowledge, deserves consideration. Therefore , the paper asks: Whichfuturegains of readers did textbook authors envision when they chose, in their ownpresent, to discuss (or not) sociological writings fromlong ago? In order to understand what future opportunities authors wanted to create for readers, as well as how they chose to discuss Parsons to this end, the paper draws on Niklas Luhmann’s notion of memory. The analysis reveals several key competencies that student and other interested readers might acquire through having knowledge of Parsons’ writings and its critiques. These potentials would have gone unnoticed if authors had assessed Parsons’s relevance only according to whether he adequately considered conflict or not, as has been done in many debates about his work until today. Moreover, through analyzing how authors remembered Parsons, I distilled two key selective criteria: First, whatmust be rememberedin order to enable readers to acquire those competencies? Second, which memories would be impeding for readers and thusbe better left out? These criteria are relevant for research, as well. Looking at the future, it would be desirable that sociologists let Parsons assist them in their research in many different ways, if possible. As a result, we might see a revival of Parsons that enables genuine advancement.
Clifford systems, Clifford structures, and their canonical differential forms
Authors: Boydon Kai Brynne M. , Piccinni Paolo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA comparison among different constructions in$$\mathbb {H}^2 \cong {\mathbb {R}}^8$$H2≅R8of the quaternionic 4-form$$\Phi _{\text {Sp}(2)\text {Sp}(1)}$$ΦSp(2)Sp(1)and of the Cayley calibration$$\Phi _{\text {Spin}(7)}$$ΦSpin(7)shows that one can start for them from the same collections of “Kähler 2-forms”, entering both in quaternion Kähler and in$$\text {Spin}(7)$$Spin(7)geometry. This comparison relates with the notions of even Clifford structure and of Clifford system. Going to dimension 16, similar constructions allow to write explicit formulas in$$\mathbb {R}^{16}$$R16for the canonical 4-forms$$\Phi _{\text {Spin}(8)}$$ΦSpin(8)and$$\Phi _{\text {Spin}(7)\text {U}(1)}$$ΦSpin(7)U(1), associated with Clifford systems related with the subgroups$$\text {Spin}(8)$$Spin(8)and$$\text {Spin}(7)\text {U}(1)$$Spin(7)U(1)of$$\text {SO}(16)$$SO(16). We characterize the calibrated 4-planes of the 4-forms$$\Phi _{\text {Spin}(8)}$$ΦSpin(8)and$$\Phi _{\text {Spin}(7)\text {U}(1)}$$ΦSpin(7)U(1), extending in two different ways the notion of Cayley 4-plane to dimension 16.
Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage
Authors: Hilton Emma N. , Lundberg Tommy R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMales enjoy physical performance advantages over females within competitive sport. The sex-based segregation into male and female sporting categories does not account for transgender persons who experience incongruence between their biological sex and their experienced gender identity. Accordingly, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) determined criteria by which a transgender woman may be eligible to compete in the female category, requiring total serum testosterone levels to be suppressed below 10 nmol/L for at least 12 months prior to and during competition. Whether this regulation removes the male performance advantage has not been scrutinized. Here, we review how differences in biological characteristics between biological males and females affect sporting performance and assess whether evidence exists to support the assumption that testosterone suppression in transgender women removes the male performance advantage and thus delivers fair and safe competition. We report that the performance gap between males and females becomes significant at puberty and often amounts to 10–50% depending on sport. The performance gap is more pronounced in sporting activities relying on muscle mass and explosive strength, particularly in the upper body. Longitudinal studies examining the effects of testosterone suppression on muscle mass and strength in transgender women consistently show very modest changes, where the loss of lean body mass, muscle area and strength typically amounts to approximately 5% after 12 months of treatment. Thus, the muscular advantage enjoyed by transgender women is only minimally reduced when testosterone is suppressed. Sports organizations should consider this evidence when reassessing current policies regarding participation of transgender women in the female category of sport.