bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring virtual and augmented reality simulation in obstetrics and gynaecology training; a qualitative study
Authors: Ryan R , Ryan G , Higgins MF 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe scope and use of simulation in medical education and healthcare training has increased considerably over the past 20 years, as technology has advanced rapidly and increasing fidelity has become standard.This study aims to explore O&G trainees’ attitudes and beliefs regarding augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR), and their attitudes towards their incorporation into relevant curricula.MethodsThis was a qualitative descriptive study using thematic analysis. An initial pilot focus group was followed by semi-structured interviews. Data was analysed using iterative content analysis. Relevant themes were identified during the focus ground and explored in greater detail during semi-structured interviews.ResultsNine trainees participated in total; one focus group and two individual interviews were conducted. Five key themes were identified: the value and importance of education, ‘what works’, the importance of a supportive educator and peer, the difference between simulation and real-life, and VR-associated hope.ConclusionsTrainees had little experience or knowledge of AR and VR simulation. They believe that simulation will be more important in future, and that it has potential for training. Further exposure and education involving AR and VR will be required for it to become an integral part of education and training.
Risk compensation after HIV-1 vaccination may accelerate viral adaptation and reduce cost-effectiveness: a modeling study
Authors: Peebles Kathryn , Mittler John E. , Goodreau Steven M. , Murphy James T. , Reid Molly C. , Abernethy Neil , Gottlieb Geoffrey S. , Barnabas Ruanne V. , Herbeck Joshua T. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPathogen populations can evolve in response to selective pressure from vaccine-induced immune responses. For HIV, models predict that viral adaptation, either via strain replacement or selection on de novo mutation, may rapidly reduce the effectiveness of an HIV vaccine. We hypothesized that behavioral risk compensation after vaccination may accelerate the transmission of vaccine resistant strains, increasing the rate of viral adaptation and leading to a more rapid decline in vaccine effectiveness. To test our hypothesis, we modeled: a) the impact of risk compensation on rates of HIV adaptation via strain replacement in response to a partially effective vaccine; and b) the combined impact of risk compensation and viral adaptation on vaccine-mediated epidemic control. We used an agent-based epidemic model that was calibrated to HIV-1 trends in South Africa, and includes demographics, sexual network structure and behavior, and within-host disease dynamics. Our model predicts that risk compensation can increase the rate of HIV viral adaptation in response to a vaccine. In combination, risk compensation and viral adaptation can, under certain scenarios, reverse initial declines in prevalence due to vaccination, and result in HIV prevalence at 15 years equal to or greater than prevalence without a vaccine.
Public good exploitation in natural bacterioplankton communities
Authors: Pollak Shaul , Gralka Matti , Sato Yuya , Schwartzman Julia , Lu Lu , Cordero Otto X. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMicroorganisms such as bacteria often interact with their environment through extracellular molecules that increase access to limiting resources. These secretions can act as public goods, creating incentives for exploiters, a.k.a cheaters, to invade and ‘steal’ public goods away from producers. This phenomenon has been studied extensively in microbiology due to its implications for the evolution of cooperation, but little is known about the occurrence and impact of public good exploiters in the environment. Here, we develop a new genomic approach to systematically identify bacteria that can exploit public goods produced during the degradation of polysaccharides. Focusing on chitin – the second most abundant biopolymer on the planet, we show that public good exploiters are active in natural marine microbial communities that assemble on chitin particles, invading during early stages of colonization and potentially hindering degradation. Unlike in classical studies of social evolution, exploiters and polysaccharide degraders are not isogenic and instead belong to distant lineages, facilitating their coexistence. Our approach opens novel avenues to use the wealth of genomic data available to infer ecological roles and interactions among microbes.
Acceptability and feasibility of strategies to shield the vulnerable during the COVID-19 outbreak: a qualitative study in six Sudanese communities
Authors: Abdelmagid Nada , Ahmed Salma A.E. , Nurelhuda Nazik , Zainalabdeen Israa , Ahmed Aljaile , Fadlallah Mahmoud Ali , Dahab Maysoon 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundShielding of high-risk groups from coronavirus disease (COVID-19), either within their households or safe communal structures, has been suggested as a realistic alternative to severe movement restrictions in response to the COVID-19 epidemic in low-income countries. To our knowledge, this concept has not been tested or evaluated in resource-poor settings. This study aimed to explore the acceptability and feasibility of strategies to shield persons at higher risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes, during the COVID-19 epidemic in six communities in Sudan.MethodsWe purposively sampled participants from six communities, illustrative of urban, rural and forcibly-displaced settings. In-depth telephone interviews were held with 59 members of households with one or more members at higher risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. Follow-up interviews were held with 30 community members after movement restrictions were eased across the country. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using a two-stage deductive and inductive thematic analysis.ResultsMost participants were aware that some people are at higher risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes but were unaware of the concept of shielding. Most participants found shielding acceptable and consistent with cultural inclinations to respect elders and protect the vulnerable. However, extra-household shielding arrangements were mostly seen as socially unacceptable. Participants reported feasibility concerns related to the social isolation of shielded persons and loss of income for shielding families. The acceptability and feasibility of shielding strategies were reduced after movement restrictions were eased, as participants reported lower perception of risk in their communities and increased pressure to comply with social commitments outside the house.ConclusionShielding is generally acceptable in the study communities. Acceptability is influenced by feasibility, and by contextual changes in the epidemic and associated policy response. The promotion of shielding should capitalise on the cultural and moral sense of duty towards elders and vulnerable groups. Communities and households should be provided with practical guidance to implement feasible shielding options. Households must be socially, psychologically and financially supported to adopt and sustain shielding effectively.
Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma in a 16‐year‐old girl
Authors: Edmonds Nicole , Hernández‐Pérez Marier , Holsinger Michael , Gru Alejandro A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the pediatric and adolescent age group, primary cutaneous lymphomas are rare, especially cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas. According to the World Health Organization, the three main subtypes of primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas are primary cutaneous marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma (PCMZL), primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (PCFCL), and primary cutaneous diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, leg type. We present an extraordinary case of PCFCL arising in a 16‐year‐old female, only the sixth case of PCFCL to be reported in the literature in a patient less than 20 years old. Although PCMZL was considered in this case, the finding of lambda light chain restriction in the BCL‐6 and CD10 positive population of lymphocytes established the diagnosis of primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma. Not many data currently exist on the prognosis of PCFCL in young individuals, but adult PCFCL has a good prognosis with an indolent course and 5‐year survival rates over 95%. Because of its uncommon manifestation in young patients, the diagnosis of PCFCL is often delayed or missed. This case is presented to raise awareness of PCFCL in the pediatric/ adolescent population and to contribute to the ongoing research of this condition.
Burden of increasing opioid use in the treatment of migraine: Results from the Migraine in America Symptoms and Treatment Study
Authors: Lipton Richard B. , Buse Dawn C. , Dodick David W. , Schwedt Todd J. , Singh Preeti , Munjal Sagar , Fanning Kristina , Bostic BS Ryan , Reed Michael L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveWe sought to assess factors associated with the frequency of self‐reported prescription opioid use in persons with migraine, including demographic variables, comorbidities, headache characteristics, and patterns of consultation.BackgroundDespite the dose‐dependent effect of opioids on migraine progression and the association with negative outcomes, migraine treatment often includes opioids. The Migraine in America Symptoms and Treatment Study focuses on individuals with migraine who receive prescription acute medications, including those receiving and those not receiving opioids.MethodsThis web‐based panel survey identified people in the United States with migraine using a validated screener. This analysis stratified people with migraine into 4 groups based on days of monthly opioid use: non‐opioid users, ≤3 days, 4‒9 days, and ≥10 days per month.ResultsOf 15,133 respondents with migraine, 4701 (31%) reported acute prescription medication use for headache/migraine in the previous 3 months (mean age 45 years, 71.6% [3367/4701] female), of whom 32.5% (1528/4701) reported opioid use. About one‐third of respondents with primary care or neurology consults in the prior 6 months reported receiving an opioid, and more than half of respondents (209/391, 53.5%) with a pain clinic consultation did so. Models compared those using opioids ≤3 days/month (879/4701, 18.7%), 4‒9 days/month (304/4701, 6.5%), ≥10 days/month (345/4701, 7.3%) to non‐opioid users (3173/4701, 67.5%). Compared to non‐opioid users, infrequent users (≤3 days/month) were more likely to be male and less likely to have chronic migraine or to screen positive for anxiety and depression; and frequent opioid users (the 4‒9 days/month and the ≥10 days/month groups) were more likely to be male, to smoke, to be obese, to report greater pain interference, to have moderate to severe disability, to have symptoms of anxiety and depression, to use fewer triptans and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, and to have poor acute treatment optimization.ConclusionAmong prescription medication users, this cross‐sectional analysis shows that increasing use of prescription opioids is associated with male gender, chronic migraine, more severe disability, anxiety and depression, poor acute treatment optimization, and treatment in a pain clinic.
Timing of native nephrectomy and kidney transplant outcomes in children
Authors: Kizilbash Sarah J. , Huynh Dao , Kirchner Varvara , Lewis Jane , Verghese Priya S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundNo consensus exists on the optimal timing for native nephrectomy in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Data comparing outcomes between recipients undergoing pretransplant nephrectomy (staged nephrectomy with subsequent transplant) and those undergoing nephrectomy simultaneously with the transplant are lacking.MethodWe studied 32 pediatric kidney transplant recipients who underwent native nephrectomy at a single center from 01/01/2011 to 12/31/2016. We divided recipients into two groups based on the nephrectomy timing (simultaneous nephrectomy/transplant and staged nephrectomy). We used Wilcoxon rank‐sum test, Fisher's exact test, and Kaplan‐Meier methods to compare outcomes.ResultsOf 32 recipients, 20 underwent simultaneous and 12 underwent staged nephrectomy. Simultaneous recipients were younger (median (years): 2.0 vs 7.0; P = .049). Staged recipients were more likely to have proteinuria/hypoalbuminemia, whereas simultaneous recipients were more likely to have hydronephrosis/vesicoureteral reflux/urinary infections as nephrectomy indications (P = .06). Median prenephrectomy albumin for patients with nephrotic syndrome was significantly lower in staged recipients (median g/dL: 1.9 vs 3.8; P = .02). Total number of hospital days (including both procedures) was higher for staged recipients compared with simultaneous (one procedure) recipients (median (days): 17.0 vs 11.5; P = .05). We observed no difference in 5‐year graft survival between the groups (95.0% vs 91.7%, P = .73). Patient survival was 100% in both groups over a median follow‐up of 44.2 months. Surgical complications were similar between the groups.ConclusionStaged and simultaneous native nephrectomy in pediatric kidney transplant recipients are associated with comparable outcomes.
Prospects for new physics from gauge left-right-colour-family grand unification hypothesis
Authors: Morais António P. , Pasechnik Roman , Porod Werner 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGiven the tremendous phenomenological success of the Standard Model (SM) framework, it becomes increasingly important to understand to what extent its specific structure dynamically emerges from unification principles. In this study, we present a novel anomaly-free supersymmetric (SUSY) Grand Unification model based upon gauge trinification$$[\mathrm{SU}(3)_{\mathrm{}}]^3$$[SU(3)]3symmetry and a local$$\mathrm{SU}(2)_{\mathrm{F}}\times \mathrm{U}(1)_{\mathrm{F}}$$SU(2)F×U(1)Ffamily symmetry, with particle spectra and gauge symmetries inspired by a possible reduction pattern$${\mathrm {E}}_8 \rightarrow {\mathrm {E}}_6\times \mathrm{SU}(2)_{\mathrm{F}}\times \mathrm{U}(1)_{\mathrm{F}}$$E8→E6×SU(2)F×U(1)F, with subsequent$${\mathrm {E}}_6\rightarrow [\mathrm{SU}(3)_{\mathrm{}}]^3$$E6→[SU(3)]3symmetry breaking step. In this framework, higher-dimensional operators of$${\mathrm {E}}_6$$E6induce the threshold corrections in the gauge and Yukawa interactions leading, in particular, to only two distinct Yukawa couplings in the fundamental sector of the resulting$$[\mathrm{SU}(3)_{\mathrm{}}]^3\times \mathrm{SU}(2)_{\mathrm{F}}\times \mathrm{U}(1)_{\mathrm{F}}$$[SU(3)]3×SU(2)F×U(1)FLagrangian. Among the appealing features emergent in this framework are the Higgs-matter unification and a unique minimal three Higgs doublet scalar sector at the electroweak scale as well as tree-level hierarchies in the light fermion spectra consistent with those observed in nature. In addition, our framework reveals a variety of prospects for New Physics searches at the LHC and future colliders such as vector-like fermions, as well as rich scalar, gauge and neutrino sectors.
Letters from ‘Glaucos’: The Correspondence of Guy Debord during the Portuguese Revolution
Authors: Noronha Ricardo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Guy Debord, founder of the Situationist International and filmmaker, kept a meticulous record of his correspondence between 1951 and 1994. Published by Fayard, the fifth volume of the correspondence includes several letters signed ‘Glaucos’ (a character from the Iliad), which were sent to Afonso Monteiro, Gianfranco Sanguinetti, Eduardo Rothe, and Jaime Semprún. In those letters, Debord developed several analyses of the ‘Carnation Revolution’, arguing that ‘the Portuguese proletariat’ had gone ‘further than the May 1968 movement’. Debord initially supported a local group called Conselho para o Desenvolvimento da Revolução Social, but he would later criticise it for not taking sufficient action. He also encouraged Jaime Semprún to write La Guerre Social au Portugal, a book published by Éditions Champ Libre in May 1975. This article analyses Debord’s correspondence in 1974 and 1975, offering a critical assessment of how he related to the revolutionary situation in Portugal.
A Blurred Piece of Jigsaw: On the Status of Jobseekers within the Framework of Directive 2004/38
Authors: Babayev Rufat 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article explores the status of jobseeker in Directive 2004/38 that is aimed to simplify and strengthen the right of free movement and residence of all Union citizens. Unlike the categories of economically active and inactive persons, Directive 2004/38 employs a somewhat piecemeal approach towards setting out the status of jobseekers. It is submitted that this leads to much uncertainty over their residence rights and raises the prospect of divergent national implementation measures, leaving much leeway for the adoption of stringent approaches. While this is manifested itself, for instance, in the UK’s policy towards Union jobseekers, it is also particularly salient within the framework of the EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement that authorises a constitutive approach to post-Brexit residence status, which is shown to carry a greater risk for UK nationals residing in EU Member States. Both instances are argued to further substantiate the need for a more systematic approach towards the outline of the status of jobseeker in Directive 2004/38, though the introduction of any legislative change may not currently be politically viable.
Entangling Medieval Emotions and Gender in Mediterranean History
Authors: Cassidy-Welch Megan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This essay introduces a group of essays that together explore the entanglement of gender and emotions in the medieval period, with a special interest in the Mediterranean. Focusing on the practices of crusading, pilgrimage, friendship and diplomacy from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, the essays reveal some of the many modes of human connection across the Mediterranean and beyond. These connections were informed by multiple factors – political, economic, social, religious and cultural. Considering the interplay of gender and emotions deepens our understanding of the complexity of the Mediterranean world and gives us fresh insights into the relationships that stretched across the sea itself, its many and diverse communities, and its cultures of belief and thought.
Capitalism, Christianity, and Slavery: Jesuits in New Spain, 1572–1767
Authors: Tutino John 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Jesuits arrived in New Spain in the 1570s and soon became participants in a dynamic world of silver capitalism at the center of the early modern global economy. They launched money-making enterprises to sustain their missions, churches, and schools (colegios) that relied upon enslaved African producers alongside indigenous workers in complex labor arrangements. The diversity of labor at the Jesuit-run Santa Lucía and Xochimancas estates contrast with the heavier reliance on enslaved African labor at Jesuit sugar plantations in Brazil. The article analyzes a key eighteenth-century Jesuit text, the Instrucciones a los hermanos jesuitas administradores de haciendas, to show how the Jesuits in New Spain conceived of their management of enslaved people and negotiated the contradictions between the spiritual and secular challenges of the boom era of silver capitalism.
ʿAyn al-Quḍāt on Chivalry
Authors: Rustom Mohammed 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article investigates the multi-dimensional presence of the important Persian Sufi concept of jawānmardī or chivalry in the writings of the famous 6th/12th century metaphysician, martyr, and mystic ʿAyn al-Quḍāt Hamadānī (d. 525/1131). The article begins by situating jawānmardī vis-à-vis its Arabic Sufi equivalent of futuwwa. Both of them convey a wide range of spiritual perfections ranging from wisdom and detachment to justice and pure generosity. Moreover, the article explores the specifically Persian emphasis on jawānmardī as an embodiment of the ideal type of lover of God. It will consequently be shown how, in the writings of such an influential figure as ʿAyn al-Quḍāt, jawānmardī is most prominently featured in three distinctive modes: an aspirational ideal, a realised concept, and the key to unlock the mystery of one of the greatest chevaliers, namely Iblīs.
Performing Sufi Masculinity by Transcending Embodiment in Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh’s Kitāb al-Ḥikam
Authors: Deighton Rose 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Through a gendered analysis of Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh’s (d. 709/1309) Kitāb al-Ḥikam (“Book of Wisdom”) this paper demonstrates how the Sufi program offered in the Ḥikam prescribes the performance of masculinity through the transcendence of embodiment. Reading the text’s only reference to women as an occurrence of what Jacques Derrida calls textual self-reference, this essay explores how this statement functions as a key to the text’s gender discourse. The explicit reference, supported by evidence from Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh’s other writings, mirrors the theory of embodiment and gender reflected through the text. This essay illuminates how conceptual descriptions of Sufi spirituality meant to reinforce the importance of transcending embodiment take on gendered meaning when read against explicit comparisons between women, the nafs and the dunyā. This paper highlights ways in which Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh’s spiritual instructions encourage the performance of masculinity through the transcendence of embodiment, thus prompting conversations about spiritual cultivation’s groundedness in and reinforcement of normative gender discourses.
On Dolgan haŋa ‘One’s Elder Brother’s Wife’
Authors: Li Yong-Sŏng 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Dolgan is essentially a dialect of Yakut, but for ethno-historical and administrative reasons counted as a separate language. One of the basic phonetic differences between Dolgan and Yakut is the h- (< s- < y- and č-) in Dolgan vs. s- (< y- and č-) in Yakut. In other words, the initial secondary s of Yakut developed further into h in Dolgan.
Up to the present, only haŋas (< saŋas < *yeŋ(g)eč) with the diminutive suffix -s (< *-č) was known to us as the Dolgan word for ‘elder brother’s wife’. Now, we know the form haŋa without the diminutive suffix -s thanks to the fieldwork studies on Dolgan of the ASK REAL (The Altaic Society of Korea, Researches on the Endangered Altaic Languages).
Articular cartilage and soft tissue damage from radiofrequency thermal ablation wands at wrist arthroscopy
Authors: Giddins Grey , Shewring David , Downing Nicholas 
Published: December 2020

We report six cases of complications from use of a thermal wand at wrist arthroscopy. Complications included skin necrosis, extensor tendon lesions and thermal articular cartilage damage, one with a catastrophic outcome. Thermal wands have the potential for substantial soft tissue damage causing severe harm to patients. The damage could be related to the design of the wands. User error poses an additional risk. These risks need to be appreciated and should be minimized. The complications indicate the need for careful use of the thermal wands to minimise risk including using only short bursts of thermal energy, the use of high flow irrigation with an outflow and trying to ensure that the collar of the device and not just the tip is within the joint. In addition, the design of thermal wands for use in the wrist may need to be reviewed. Level of evidence: IV