bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving clinical disease subtyping and future events prediction through a chest CT‐based deep learning approach
Authors: Singla Sumedha , Gong Mingming , Riley Craig , Sciurba Frank , Batmanghelich Kayhan 
Published: December 2020

PurposeTo develop and evaluate a deep learning (DL) approach to extract rich information from high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).MethodsWe develop a DL‐based model to learn a compact representation of a subject, which is predictive of COPD physiologic severity and other outcomes. Our DL model learned: (a) to extract informative regional image features from HRCT; (b) to adaptively weight these features and form an aggregate patient representation; and finally, (c) to predict several COPD outcomes. The adaptive weights correspond to the regional lung contribution to the disease. We evaluate the model on 10 300 participants from the COPDGene cohort.ResultsOur model was strongly predictive of spirometric obstruction ( = 0.67) and grouped 65.4% of subjects correctly and 89.1% within one stage of their GOLD severity stage. Our model achieved an accuracy of 41.7% and 52.8% in stratifying the population‐based on centrilobular (5‐grade) and paraseptal (3‐grade) emphysema severity score, respectively. For predicting future exacerbation, combining subjects’ representations from our model with their past exacerbation histories achieved an accuracy of 80.8% (area under the ROC curve of 0.73). For all‐cause mortality, in Cox regression analysis, we outperformed the BODE index improving the concordance metric (ours: 0.61 vs BODE: 0.56).ConclusionsOur model independently predicted spirometric obstruction, emphysema severity, exacerbation risk, and mortality from CT imaging alone. This method has potential applicability in both research and clinical practice.
Unravelling the role of band‐offset landscape on the recombination zone dynamics in perovskite light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Zhang Jianfeng , Jiang Le , Huang Jincheng , Luo Xi , Luo Zhongming , Zhou Dingjian , Kwok Hoi‐Sing , Xu Ping , Li Guijun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn recent years, impressive progress has been made in developing high‐performance perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) with efficiencies comparable to those of traditional organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). It is convinced that the position of exciton recombination zone is crucial for the performance of the LEDs, however, the dynamics of the exciton recombination zone in PeLEDs and its influence on the performance of PeLEDs remain unclear. Herein, luminescent quantum‐dots (QDs) sensing layers with different energy band landscape and electric properties are introduced into PeLEDs as probers to investigate the position of recombination zone. Consequently, it is found that the band offset between the perovskite layer and the adjacent layer is vital to the position of recombination zone. Modulating the recombination zone towards the bulk of the emission layer helps to improve the device performance as well as the operational stability.
Structural basis of mutants of PET‐degrading enzyme from Saccharomonospora viridisAHK190 with high activity and thermal stability
Authors: Emori Miho , Numoto Nobutaka , Senga Akane , Bekker Gert‐Jan , Kamiya Narutoshi , Kobayashi Yuma , Ito Nobutoshi , Kawai Fusako , Oda Masayuki 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe cutinase‐like enzyme from the thermophile Saccharomonospora viridis AHK190, Cut190, is a good candidate to depolymerize polyethylene terephthalate (PET) efficiently. We previously developed a mutant of Cut190 (S226P/R228S), which we designated as Cut190* that has both increased activity and stability and solved its crystal structure. Recently, we showed that mutation of D250C/E296C on one of the Ca2+‐binding sites resulted in a higher thermal stability while retaining its polyesterase activity. In this study, we solved the crystal structures of Cut190* mutants, Q138A/D250C‐E296C/Q123H/N202H, designated as Cut190*SS, and its inactive S176A mutant, Cut190*SS_S176A, at high resolution. The overall structures were similar to those of Cut190* and Cut190*S176A reported previously. As expected, Cys250 and Cys296 were closely located to form a disulfide bond, which would assuredly contribute to increase the stability. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments and 3D Reference Interaction Site Model calculations showed that the metal‐binding properties of the Cut190*SS series were different from those of the Cut190* series. However, our results show that binding of Ca2+ to the weak binding site, site 1, would be retained, enabling Cut190*SS to keep its ability to use Ca2+ to accelerate the conformational change from the closed (inactive) to the open (active) form. While increasing the thermal stability, Cut190*SS could still express its enzymatic function. Even after incubation at 70°C, which corresponds to the glass transition temperature of PET, the enzyme retained its activity well, implying a high applicability for industrial PET depolymerization using Cut190*SS.
Gabapentin reduces painful bladder hypersensitivity in rats with lipopolysaccharide‐induced chronic cystitis
Authors: Yoshizumi Masaru , Watanabe Chizuko , Mizoguchi Hirokazu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlthough interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic condition causing bladder pain and urinary symptoms, effective treatments have not been established. The aim of this study was to adapt a chronic cystitis model in rats using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which reflects IC/BPS pathology, and characterize the model's histological and behavioral effects. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of an α2δ subunit ligand, gabapentin (GBP), on bladder hypersensitivity of rats with chronic cystitis. Cystitis models were created by repeated intravesical injections of LPS. In the histological examination, the LPS‐injected group had greater inflammatory response, fibrosis, and abnormally thick re‐epithelialization. In the LPS‐injected group, LPS prompted hyperalgesia in both the lower abdomen and hind paw regions after day 1 of the first injection compared with the saline‐injected controls, without any recovery for 21 days at least. During cystometry, the LPS‐injected group showed bladder hyperactivity at all times. Systemic administration of GBP reduced cystitis‐related pain due to chronic inflammation and reduced the increased frequency of voiding in the LPS‐injected group. These results suggest that repeated intravesical injections of LPS induce long‐lasting bladder inflammation, pain, and overactivity in rats, while GBP is effective in the management of those symptoms in this chronic cystitis model. The current study identifies a relatively simple method to develop an animal model for chronic cystitis and provides evidence that GBP may be an effective treatment option for patients with IC/BPS.
How artificial intelligence may help the Covid‐19 pandemic: Pitfalls and lessons for the future
Authors: Malik Yashpal Singh , Sircar Shubhankar , Bhat Sudipta , Ansari Mohd Ikram , Pande Tripti , Kumar Prashant , Mathapati Basavaraj , Balasubramanian Ganesh , Kaushik Rahul , Natesan Senthilkumar , Ezzikouri Sayeh , El Zowalaty Mohamed E. , Dhama Kuldeep 
Published: December 2020

SummaryThe clinical severity, rapid transmission and human losses due to coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19) have led the World Health Organization to declare it a pandemic. Traditional epidemiological tools are being significantly complemented by recent innovations especially using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. AI‐based model systems could improve pattern recognition of disease spread in populations and predictions of outbreaks in different geographical locations. A variable and a minimal amount of data are available for the signs and symptoms of Covid‐19, allowing a composite of maximum likelihood algorithms to be employed to enhance the accuracy of disease diagnosis and to identify potential drugs. AI‐based forecasting and predictions are expected to complement traditional approaches by helping public health officials to select better response and preparedness measures against Covid‐19 cases. AI‐based approaches have helped address the key issues but a significant impact on the global healthcare industry is yet to be achieved. The capability of AI to address the challenges may make it a key player in the operation of healthcare systems in future. Here, we present an overview of the prospective applications of the AI model systems in healthcare settings during the ongoing Covid‐19 pandemic.
Monitoring ash dieback (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) in British forests using hyperspectral remote sensing
Authors: Chan Aland H. Y. , Barnes Chloe , Swinfield Tom , Coomes David A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLarge‐scale dieback of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) caused by the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is posing an immense threat to forest health in Europe, requiring effective monitoring at large scales. In this study, a pipeline was created to find ash trees and classify dieback severity using high‐resolution hyperspectral imagery of individual tree crowns (ITCs). Hyperspectral data were collected in four forest sites near Cambridge, UK, where 422 ITCs were manually delineated and labelled using field‐measurements of species and dieback severity (for ash trees). Four algorithms, namely linear discriminant analysis (LDA), principal components analysis coupled with LDA (PCA‐LDA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) and random forest (RF), were used to build classification models for species and dieback severity classification. The effect of dark‐pixel filtering on classification accuracy was evaluated. The best performing models were then coupled with automatic ITC segmentation to map species and ash dieback distribution over 16.8 hectares of woodland. We calculated and partitioned the coefficient of variation (CV) of the reflected ash spectra to find variable wavebands associated with dieback. PLS‐DA and LDA were most accurate for classifying ITC species identifies (overall accuracy >90%), whereas RF was most accurate for classifying ash dieback severity (overall accuracy 77%). Dark pixel filtering further increased the accuracy of species classification (+6%), but not disease classification. The reflectances of narrow blue (415 nm), red‐edge (680 nm) and NIR (760 nm) bands had high CV across disease classes and should be included if multispectral imagery were to be used to monitor ash dieback. The study demonstrates the possibility of using remote sensing to forward epidemiological research by monitoring forest pathogens in landscape scales, which would allow temperate forest managers to control pathogen outbreaks, assess associated impacts and restore affected forests much more effectively.
Multivesicular Vesicles: Preparation and Applications
Authors: Giuliano Camila Betterelli , Cvjetan Nemanja , Ayache Jessica , Walde Peter 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMultivesicular vesicles, i. e. vesicles containing internal, non‐concentrically arranged smaller vesicles, are artificial, polymolecular compartment systems, which can be prepared from naturally occurring or fully synthetic bilayer‐forming amphiphiles in aqueous solution through various guided assembly procedures. The general concepts for the preparation of such “vesicles‐inside‐vesicles” systems (also called “vesosomes”) are summarized, and the different methods used are compared. Selected applications of multivesicular vesicles in the field of drug delivery, cell‐mimicking model systems, and as versatile compartments for the investigation of confined reactions are discussed.
Everyone has the right to understand: Teaching legal rights to ESL students
Authors: Pavlenko Aneta , Hepford Elizabeth , Tavella Christina , Michalovic Sherri 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn recent years, English as a second language (ESL) educators have developed a variety of online resources for addressing legal issues. The problem is that the authors’ understanding of laws and police procedures varies greatly, and so does their familiarity with relevant research, the breadth of topical coverage, and the quality of police‐themed units, discussion questions, and lesson plans. The aim of this article is to offer a research‐based approach to the integration of legal topics in ESL curricula. This discussion draws on the authors’ collective experience with public advocacy (Communication of Rights Group, 2015), research on the Miranda rights (Pavlenko, 2008; Pavlenko, Hepford, & Jarvis, 2019), and teaching the Miranda rights and other legal topics to diverse ESL populations, ranging from international college students to middle school pupils.
Zebrafish models of acute leukemias: Current models and future directions
Authors: Molina Brandon , Chavez Jasmine , Grainger Stephanie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAcute myeloid leukemias (AML) and acute lymphoid leukemias (ALL) are heterogenous diseases encompassing a wide array of genetic mutations with both loss and gain of function phenotypes. Ultimately, these both result in the clonal overgrowth of blast cells in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and other tissues. As a consequence of this, normal hematopoietic stem cell function is severely hampered. Technologies allowing for the early detection of genetic alterations and understanding of these varied molecular pathologies have helped to advance our treatment regimens toward personalized targeted therapies. In spite of this, both AML and ALL continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, in part because molecular therapies for the plethora of genetic abnormalities have not been developed. This underscores the current need for better model systems for therapy development. This article reviews the current zebrafish models of AML and ALL and discusses how novel gene editing tools can be implemented to generate better models of acute leukemias.This article is categorized under:
Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cells and Disease
Technologies > Perturbing Genes and Generating Modified Animals
Variational formulation and differential quadrature finite element for freely vibrating strain gradient Kirchhoff plates
Authors: Zhang Bo , Li Heng , Kong Liulin , Zhang Xu , Feng Zhipeng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we apply the energy variational principle to arrive at the differential equation of motion and all appropriate boundary conditions for strain gradient Kirchhoff micro‐plates. The resulting sixth‐order boundary value problem of free vibration is solved by a thirty‐six‐DOF four‐node differential quadrature plate finite element. The C2‐continuity condition of the deflection is guaranteed by devising a sixth‐order differential quadrature‐ based geometric mapping scheme that can transform the displacement parameters at Gauss‐Lobatto quadrature points into those at element nodes. The total potential energy of a generic micro‐plate element is firstly discretized in terms of nodal parameters. It is then minimized to obtain the formulation of element stiffness and mass matrices. For comparison reasons, a Hermite interpolation‐based strain gradient finite element is provided. With the help of the symbolic computation system Maple, the explicit algebraic relationship between the stiffness (or mass) matrices of two types of elements is derived. Convergence and comparison studies are conducted to show the efficacy of our element in the free vibration analysis of macro/micro‐ plates. Finally, we apply the developed method to study the size‐dependent vibration behavior of micro‐plates with uniform or stepped thickness. Numerical examples reveal that strain gradient effects can change the vibration mode shapes, not the vibration frequencies alone.
Strings in Ramond-Ramond backgrounds from the Neveu-Schwarz-Ramond formalism
Authors: Cho Minjae , Collier Scott , Yin Xi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We treat RR flux backgrounds of type II string theory in the framework of closed superstring field theory based on the NSR formalism, focusing on two examples: (1) the pp-wave background supported by 5-form flux, and (2) AdS3 × S3 × M4 supported by mixed 3-form fluxes. In both cases, we analyze the classical string field solution perturbatively, and compute the correction to the dispersion relation of string states to quadratic order in the RR flux. In the first example, our result is in a delicate way consistent with that obtained from lightcone quantization of the Green-Schwarz string. In the second example, we will obtain numerically the mass corrections to pulsating type IIB strings in AdS3 × S3 × M4. Our results, valid at finite AdS radius, agree with previously known answers in the semiclassical limit and in the BMN limit respectively.
Possible tics diagnosed as stereotypies in patients with severe autism spectrum disorder: a video-based evaluation
Authors: Termine Cristiano , Grossi Enzo , Anelli Valentina , Derhemi Ledina , Cavanna Andrea E. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
The association of stereotypies and tics is not rare in children with severe autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The differential diagnosis between stereotypies and tics in this patient population can be difficult; however, it could be clinically relevant because of treatment implications.

Methods
A total of 108 video recordings of repetitive behaviors in young patients with stereotypies in the context of ASD were reviewed by a movement disorders expert and a trainee, in order to assess the prevalence of possible co-morbid tics. The Modified Rush Videotape Rating Scale (MRVS) was used to rate tic frequency and severity.

Results
Out of 27 patients with stereotypies (24 males; mean age 14 years), 18 (67%) reported possible tics. The most frequently observed tics were eye blinking, shoulder shrugging, neck bending, staring, and throat clearing. The mean MRVS score was 5, indicating mild tic severity. The only significant difference between patients with tics and patients without tics was the total number of stereotypies, which was higher in the subgroup of patients without tics (p = 0.01).

Conclusions
Expert review of video-recordings of repetitive behaviors in young patients with ASD and stereotypies suggests the possibility of a relatively high rate of co-morbid tics. These findings need to be integrated with a comprehensive clinical assessment focusing on the diagnostic re-evaluation of heterogeneous motor manifestations.
Panayiotopoulos-Syndrom – oder doch nicht?
Authors: Rüegger A. , Ramantani G. 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungSeltene fokal autonome Krampfanfälle sind ein typisches Merkmal des Panayiotopoulos-Syndroms, einer selbstlimitierenden fokalen Epilepsie des Kindesalters. Doch auch bei vermeintlich typischer Semiologie und EEG-Befund kann eine zerebrale Bildgebung die Verdachtsdiagnose auf den Kopf stellen.
The fractal geometry of fitness landscapes at the local optima level
Authors: Thomson Sarah L. , Ochoa Gabriela , Verel Sébastien 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA local optima network (LON) encodes local optima connectivity in the fitness landscape of a combinatorial optimisation problem. Recently, LONs have been studied for their fractal dimension. Fractal dimension is a complexity index where a non-integer dimension can be assigned to a pattern. This paper investigates the fractal nature of LONs and how that nature relates to metaheuristic performance on the underlying problem. We use visual analysis, correlation analysis, and machine learning techniques to demonstrate that relationships exist and that fractal features of LONs can contribute to explaining and predicting algorithm performance. The results show that the extent of multifractality and high fractal dimensions in the LON can contribute in this way when placed in regression models with other predictors. Features are also individually correlated with search performance, and visual analysis of LONs shows insight into this relationship.
Slowly seeing the light: an integrative review on ecological light pollution as a potential threat for mollusks
Authors: Hussein Ahmed A. A. , Bloem Erik , Fodor István , Baz El-Sayed , Tadros Menerva M. , Soliman Maha F. M. , El-Shenawy Nahla S. , Koene Joris M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSeasonal changes in the natural light condition play a pivotal role in the regulation of many biological processes in organisms. Disruption of this natural condition via the growing loss of darkness as a result of anthropogenic light pollution has been linked to species-wide shifts in behavioral and physiological traits. This review starts with a brief overview of the definition of light pollution and the most recent insights into the perception of light. We then go on to review the evidence for some adverse effects of ecological light pollution on different groups of animals and will focus on mollusks. Taken together, the available evidence suggests a critical role for light pollution as a recent, growing threat to the regulation of various biological processes in these animals, with the potential to disrupt ecosystem stability. The latter indicates that ecological light pollution is an environmental threat that needs to be taken seriously and requires further research attention.
The Ability to Look: Management of Breast Disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Using Smart Ultrasound Technology
Authors: Henry-Tillman Ronda , Kabongo Mathew , Laryea Jonathan , Pinder Leeya , Bittenbinder Rebecca , Osgood Geoffrey , Hicks Maya , Hicks Michael , Parham Groesbeck 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND:
The vast majority of women with breast cancer in sub-Saharan Africa present with advanced stage disease, due primarily to the lack of opportunities for early detection and treatment. As part of a larger effort to increase access to diagnostic and therapeutic services for women's cancers in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), we implemented a curriculum to train the local workforce and a program to build the supportive infrastructure for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer at a private sector health facility (Biamba Marie Mutombo Hospital) in Kinshasa.

STUDY DESIGN:
After onsite trainings in the DRC by a US breast surgeon (RT), Congolese surgeons, general physicians, physician assistants, and nurses used the Phillips Lumify smart-phone ultrasound device to perform and interpret the results of whole breast ultrasound on symptomatic women. Surgeons were trained to perform ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy on those who met the criteria for tissue diagnosis, after which they trained nurses to do the same.

RESULTS:
Over 3 years, 5,211 patients were identified as having a breast abnormality on clinical breast examination. Ultrasound abnormalities were noted in 1,493 (27%) patients, of which 632 (42%) met the criteria for ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy or fine needle aspiration. Pathology reports were available on 368 (58%) patients who underwent biopsy, of which 164 were malignant and 204 benign.

CONCLUSIONS:
We demonstrated how the “ability to look” using smart technology can be successfully used to augment clinical breast exam and triage patients for biopsy in a resource-constrained African setting.