bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chiral soliton lattice in QCD-like theories
Authors: Brauner Tomáš , Filios Georgios , Kolešová Helena 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRecently, it has been shown that the ground state of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) in sufficiently strong magnetic fields and at moderate baryon number chemical po- tential carries a crystalline condensate of neutral pions: the chiral soliton lattice (CSL) [1]. While the result was obtained in a model-independent manner using effective field the- ory techniques, its realization from first principles using lattice Monte Carlo simulation is hampered by the infamous sign problem. Here we show that CSL, or a similar inhomoge- neous phase, also appears in the phase diagram of a class of vector-like gauge theories that do not suffer from the sign problem even in the presence of a baryon chemical potential and external magnetic field. We also show that the onset of nonuniform order manifests itself already in the adjacent homogeneous Bose-Einstein-condensation phase through a characteristic roton-like minimum in the dispersion relation of the lowest-lying quasipar- ticle mode. Last but not least, our work gives a class of explicit counterexamples to the long-standing conjecture that positivity of the determinant of the Dirac operator (that is, absence of the sign problem) in a vector-like gauge theory precludes spontaneous breaking of translational invariance, and thus implies the absence of inhomogeneous phases in the phase diagram of the theory.
Synthesis from hyperproperties
Authors: Finkbeiner Bernd , Hahn Christopher , Lukert Philip , Stenger Marvin , Tentrup Leander 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe study the reactive synthesis problem for hyperproperties given as formulas of the temporal logic HyperLTL. Hyperproperties generalize trace properties, i.e., sets of traces, to sets of sets of traces. Typical examples are information-flow policies like noninterference, which stipulate that no sensitive data must leak into the public domain. Such properties cannot be expressed in standard linear or branching-time temporal logics like LTL, CTL, or $$\hbox {CTL}^*$$CTL∗. Furthermore, HyperLTL subsumes many classical extensions of the LTL realizability problem, including realizability under incomplete information, distributed synthesis, and fault-tolerant synthesis. We show that, while the synthesis problem is undecidable for full HyperLTL, it remains decidable for the $$\exists ^*$$∃∗, $$\exists ^*\forall ^1$$∃∗∀1, and the $${{ linear }}\;\forall ^*$$linear∀∗ fragments. Beyond these fragments, the synthesis problem immediately becomes undecidable. For universal HyperLTL, we present a semi-decision procedure that constructs implementations and counterexamples up to a given bound. We report encouraging experimental results obtained with a prototype implementation on example specifications with hyperproperties like symmetric responses, secrecy, and information flow.
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of the pH responsive surfactant octyl β-D-glucopyranoside uronic acid
Authors: Ngo Ngoc T. N. , Grey Carl , Adlercreutz Patrick 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMethodology was developed to expand the range of benign alkyl glycoside surfactants to include also anionic types. This was demonstrated possible through conversion of the glycoside to its carboxyl derivative. Specifically, octyl β-D-glucopyranoside (OG) was oxidised to the corresponding uronic acid (octyl β-D-glucopyranoside uronic acid, OG-COOH) using the catalyst system T. versicolor laccase/2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO) and oxygen from air as oxidant. The effects of oxygen supply methodology, concentrations of laccase, TEMPO and OG as well as reaction temperature were evaluated. At 10 mM substrate concentration, the substrate was almost quantitatively converted into product, and even at a substrate concentration of 60 mM, 85% conversion was reached within 24 h. The surfactant properties of OG-COOH were markedly dependent on pH. Foaming was only observed at low pH, while no foam was formed at pH values above 5.0. Thus, OG-COOH can be an attractive low-foaming surfactant, for example for cleaning applications and emulsification, in a wide pH range (pH 1.5–10.0).
Clinical quantification of the integrin αvβ6 by [18F]FB-A20FMDV2 positron emission tomography in healthy and fibrotic human lung (PETAL Study)
Authors: Lukey Pauline T. , Coello Christopher , Gunn Roger , Parker Christine , Wilson Frederick J. , Saleem Azeem , Garman Nadia , Costa Maria , Kendrick Stuart , Onega Mayca , Kang’ombe Arthur R. , Listanco Allan , Davies James , Ramada-Magalhaes Joaquim , Moz Sara , Fahy William A. , Maher Toby M. , Jenkins Gisli , Passchier Jan , Marshall Richard P. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeThe RGD-integrin, αvβ6, plays a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis through activation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). This study sought to quantify expression of αvβ6 in the lungs of healthy humans and subjects with pulmonary fibrosis using the αvβ6-selective [18F]FB-A20FMDV2 PET ligand.Methods[18F]FB-A20FMDV2 PET/CT scans were performed in healthy subjects and those with fibrotic lung disease. Standard uptake values (SUV) and volume of distribution (VT) were used to quantify αvβ6 expression. In subjects with fibrotic lung disease, qualitative assessment of the relationship between αvβ6 expression and the distribution of fibrosis on high resolution computed tomography was conducted.ResultsA total of 15 participants (6 healthy, 7 with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and 2 with connective tissue disease (CTD) associated PF) were enrolled.VTand SUV of [18F]FB-A20FMDV2 were increased in the lungs of subjects with pulmonary fibrosis (PF) compared with healthy subjects. Geometric meanVT(95% CI) was 0.88 (0.60, 1.29) mL/cm3for healthy subjects, and 1.40 (1.22, 1.61) mL/cm3for subjects with IPF; and SUV was 0.54 (0.36, 0.81) g/mL for healthy subjects and 1.03 (0.86, 1.22) g/mL for subjects with IPF. The IPF/healthyVTratio (geometric mean, (95% CI of ratio)) was 1.59 (1.09, 2.32) (probability ratio > 1 = 0.988)) and the SUV ratio was 1.91 (1.27, 2.87) (probability ratio > 1 = 0.996). Increased uptake of [18F]FB-A20FMDV2 in PF was predominantly confined to fibrotic areas. [18F]FB-A20FMDV2 measurements were reproducible at an interval of 2 weeks. [18F]FB-A20FMDV2 was safe and well tolerated.ConclusionsLung uptake of [18F]FB-A20FMDV2, a measure of expression of the integrin αvβ6, was markedly increased in subjects with PF compared with healthy subjects.
Endometriosis Involving the Diaphragm: A Patient‐Tailored Minimally Invasive Surgical Treatment
Authors: Viti Andrea , Bertoglio Pietro , Roviglione Giovanni , Clarizia Roberto , Ruffo Giacomo , Ceccaroni Marcello , Terzi Alberto C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundDiaphragmatic endometriosis is a rare presentation of endometriosis and no standardized technique for surgical treatment is available so far. We aim to verify and describe feasibility, safety and post‐operative outcomes of patients affected by diaphragmatic endometriosis treated with a minimally invasive video‐assisted thoracic approach.MethodsWe prospectively collected data of all patients we operated on at our Institution for diaphragmatic endometriosis between 2015 and 2019. We included all patients with a previous histological diagnosis of pelvic or abdominal endometriosis who have complained chronic thoracic pain or who had two or more episodes of pneumothorax with or without radiological evidence of pleural and diaphragmatic endometriosis.ResultsDuring the study period, we operated on 22 patients, 20 on the right side, one on the left side and one bilaterally. Indication for surgery was based on symptoms and/or radiological evidence of diaphragmatic disease. Diaphragm was resected and reconstructed according to intraoperative findings; in 11 cases, an additional mesh was used to reinforce the suture. According to our experience with VATS, we shift from an open approach to a uniportal VATS technique.ConclusionsSurgery for diaphragmatic endometriosis can be safely performed using a minimally invasive VATS approach, which is feasible and safe even when more extensive diaphragmatic resections are required, and it allows a lower post‐operative pain compared to the open approach. Moreover, uniportal VATS approach guarantees similar outcomes with better cosmetic results.
Systematic review on the value of end-of-treatment FDG-PET in improving overall survival of lymphoma patients
Authors: Adams Hugo J.A. , Kwee Thomas C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis study aimed to systematically review the value of end-of-treatment 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in improving overall survival (OS) of lymphoma patients. Medline was systematically searched for (1) randomized trials comparing the OS of patients who underwent end-of-treatment FDG-PET to those without and FDG-PET-based end-of-treatment evaluation and for (2) non-randomized studies comparing the OS of patients who underwent end-of-treatment FDG-PET to a (historical) cohort of patients without an FDG-PET-based end-of-treatment evaluation. The Medline search revealed 6284 articles. However, none of these reported data on the value of end-of-treatment FDG-PET in improving OS of lymphoma patients. In conclusion, the present systematic review reveals that there is currently no study at all that evaluates the value of end-of-treatment FDG-PET in improving OS of lymphoma patients. As a result, it remains unknown whether end-of-treatment FDG-PET increases OS and in which lymphoma subtype these examinations are of particular value. Future studies are required to demonstrate its value in this setting before it can be recommended as an evidence-based diagnostic tool by guidelines on the use of imaging in lymphoma.
Ejaculatory disorders after prostatic artery embolization: a reassessment of two prospective clinical trials
Authors: Müllhaupt Gautier , Hechelhammer Lukas , Diener Pierre-André , Engeler Daniel S. , Güsewell Sabine , Schmid Hans-Peter , Mordasini Livio , Abt Dominik 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to specify and explain the previous findings of unexpectedly high rates of ejaculatory disorders, i.e. 56%, found after prostatic artery embolization (PAE) in a randomized controlled trial comparing safety and efficacy of PAE and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

Patients and methods
Case report forms of the randomized controlled trial were analyzed to specify the grade of postoperative ejaculatory dysfunction 3 months postoperatively.
In addition, study participants with assessable ejaculation were asked to complete the four-item Male Sexual Health Questionnaire-Ejaculation Dysfunction Short Form (MSHQ-EjD) referring to their ejaculatory function at present, as well as before treatment and 3 months after. Potential explanations for ejaculatory disorders after PAE were derived from histological examination of five radical prostatectomy specimens of patients that underwent PAE 6 weeks before radical prostatectomy within a proof-of-concept trial at the study site, St. Gallen Cantonal Hospital. An experienced uropathologist systematically examined the whole-gland embedded tissue with focus on structures that are involved into ejaculation.

Results
While patients after TURP predominantly suffered from anejaculation (52%), diminished ejaculation was found more often after PAE (40%). Significantly higher MSHQ-EjD scores were found 3 months after PAE and at a median follow-up of 31 months.
Histological examination showed marked changes of structures involved into ejaculation (e.g., prostatic glands, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts) after PAE.

Conclusion
Although anejaculation occurs less frequently after PAE (16%) compared to TURP (52%), patients have to be informed about the relevant risk of ejaculatory disorders, especially diminished ejaculation.
The effect of different imaging techniques for the visualisation of evidence in court on jury comprehension
Authors: Errickson D. , Fawcett H. , Thompson T. J. U. , Campbell A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEvidence presented within a courtroom should be clear so that the members of the jury can understand it. The presentation of distressing images, such as human remains, can have a negative effect on the jury since photographic images may evoke emotional responses. Therefore, it is important to understand how other visual mediums may improve comprehension, bias, or distress individuals. For this study, 91 individuals were randomly assigned one of three visual evidence formats in a mock courtroom exercise. These included photographs, 3D visualisations, or a 3D-printed model. The results show that the use of 3D imaging improves the juror’s understanding of technical language used within a courtroom, which in turn better informs the juror’s in their decision-making.
High-intensity exercise in the evening does not disrupt sleep in endurance runners
Authors: Thomas Craig , Jones Helen , Whitworth-Turner Craig , Louis Julien 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the effect of early evening exercise training at different intensities on nocturnal sleep and cardiac autonomic activity in endurance-trained runners.MethodsEight runners completed three experimental trials in a randomised, counterbalanced order. In the early evening (end of exercise 3.5 h before bedtime), participants performed either: (i) a 1 h high-intensity interval running session (HIGH, 6 × 5 min at 90% VO2peakinterspersed with 5 min recovery); (ii) a 1 h low-intensity running session (LOW, 60 min at 45% VO2peak) or (iii) no exercise (CON). Subsequent nocturnal sleep was assessed using polysomnography, wristwatch actigraphy, and subjective sleep quality. A two-lead electrocardiogram recorded nocturnal cardiac autonomic activity.ResultsTotal sleep time increased after HIGH (477.4 ± 17.7 min,p = 0.022) and LOW (479.6 ± 15.6 min,p = 0.006) compared with CON (462.9 ± 19.0 min). Time awake was lower after HIGH (31.8 ± 18.5 min,p = 0.047) and LOW (30.4 ± 15.7 min,p = 0.008) compared with CON (46.6 ± 20.0 min). There were no differences between conditions for actigraphy and subjective sleep quality (p > 0.05). Nocturnal heart rate variability was not different between conditions, but average nocturnal heart rate increased after HIGH (50 ± 5 beats min−1) compared with LOW (47 ± 5 beats min−1,p = 0.02) and CON (47 ± 5 beats min−1,p = 0.028).ConclusionWhen performed in the early evening, high-intensity exercise does not disrupt and may even improve subsequent nocturnal sleep in endurance-trained runners, despite increased cardiac autonomic activity. Additionally, low-intensity exercise induced positive changes in sleep behaviour that are comparable to those obtained following high-intensity exercise.
Semi-automation of process analytics reduces operator effect
Authors: Christler A. , Felföldi E. , Mosor M. , Sauer D. , Walch N. , Dürauer A. , Jungbauer A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to semi-automate process analytics for the quantification of common impurities in downstream processing such as host cell DNA, host cell proteins and endotoxins using a commercial liquid handling station. By semi-automation, the work load to fully analyze the elution peak of a purification run was reduced by at least 2.41 h. The relative standard deviation of results among different operators over a time span of up to 6 months was at the best reduced by half, e.g. from 13.7 to 7.1% in dsDNA analysis. Automation did not improve the reproducibility of results produced by one operator but released time for data evaluation and interpretation or planning of experiments. Overall, semi-automation of process analytics reduced operator-specific influence on test results. Such robust and reproducible analytics is fundamental to establish process analytical technology and get downstream processing ready for Quality by Design approaches.
A combined-method approach to trace submarine groundwater discharge from a coastal karst aquifer in Ireland
Authors: Schuler Philip , Stoeckl L. , Schnegg P.-A. , Bunce C. , Gill L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractKnowledge about the hydraulic connections between submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and its terrestrial coastal catchment is relevant with regard to the management of marine and coastal waters in karst areas. This study applies different methods and monitoring approaches to trace SGD between the Burren Limestone Plateau and Galway Bay in western Ireland, via an excavated sinkhole shaft and deep conduit. Areas of potential SGD were first delineated based on sea surface temperature anomalies using Landsat satellite images. Two fluorescent dyes and solid wood chips were then used as tracers. Solid wood chips were tested as potential means to circumvent the problem of high dispersion in the sea, impacting on the fluorescent dyes to yield readings below the detection limits. Sampling was conducted at 10 different terrestrial locations and in the sea at Galway Bay. Offshore sampling was conducted in transects over a period of four successive days onboard of a vessel using an automated field fluorometer and a conductivity-temperature-depth sensor. No wood chips were recovered in the sea but both fluorescent dyes were successfully sampled. The estimated travel times are in the order of 100 to 354 m/h, and localised tracer readings correlate well in space and time with low conductivity readings. By confirming hydraulic connections between the two karst features and Galway Bay, the study substantiates the hypothesised importance of Variscan veins with regard to regional groundwater flow in the region.
Five-year Pan-European, longitudinal surveillance of Clostridium difficile ribotype prevalence and antimicrobial resistance: the extended ClosER study
Authors:   the Pan-European Longitudinal Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance among Prevalent Clostridium difficile Ribotypes’ Study Group, Freeman Jane , Vernon Jonathan , Pilling Sally , Morris Kirsti , Nicolson Scott , Shearman Sharie , Clark Emma , Palacios-Fabrega Jose Alejandro , Wilcox Mark 
Published: December 2019

AbstractClostridium difficile infection (CDI) has been primarily treated with metronidazole or vancomycin. High recurrence rates, the emergence of epidemic PCR ribotypes (RTs) and the introduction of fidaxomicin in Europe in 2011 necessitate surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and CDI epidemiology. The ClosER study monitored antimicrobial susceptibility and geographical distribution of C. difficile RTs pre- and post-fidaxomicin introduction. From 2011 to 2016, 28 European countries submitted isolates or faecal samples for determination of PCR ribotype, toxin status and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of metronidazole, vancomycin, rifampicin, fidaxomicin, moxifloxacin, clindamycin, imipenem, chloramphenicol and tigecycline. RT diversity scores for each country were calculated and mean MIC results used to generate cumulative resistant scores (CRSs) for each isolate and country. From 40 sites, 3499 isolates were analysed, of which 95% (3338/3499) were toxin positive. The most common of the 264 RTs isolated was RT027 (mean prevalence 11.4%); however, RT prevalence varied greatly between countries and between years. The fidaxomicin geometric mean MIC for years 1–5 was 0.04 mg/L; only one fidaxomicin-resistant isolate (RT344) was submitted (MIC ≥ 4 mg/L). Metronidazole and vancomycin geometric mean MICs were 0.46 mg/L and 0.70 mg/L, respectively. Of prevalent RTs, RT027, RT017 and RT012 demonstrated resistance or reduced susceptibility to multiple antimicrobials. RT diversity was inversely correlated with mean CRS for individual countries (Pearson coefficient r = − 0.57). Overall, C. difficile RT prevalence remained stable in 2011–2016. Fidaxomicin susceptibility, including in RT027, was maintained post-introduction. Reduced ribotype diversity in individual countries was associated with increased antimicrobial resistance.
Unexpected microphase transitions in flow towards nematic order of cellulose nanocrystals
Authors: Kádár Roland , Fazilati Mina , Nypelö Tiina 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOrganization of nanoparticles is essential in order to control their light-matter interactions. We present cellulose nanocrystal suspension organization in flow towards a unidirectional state. Visualization of evolving polarization patterns of the cellulose nanocrystal suspensions is combined with steady and oscillatory shear rheology. Elucidation of the chiral nematic mesophase in a continuous process towards unidirectional order enables control of alignment in a suspension precursor for structural films and reveals thus far in situ unrevealed transition states that were not detectable by rheology alone. The coupled analytics enabled the suspensions of interest to be divided into rheological gels and rheological liquid crystal fluids with detailed information on the microtransition phases. Both populations experienced submicron organization and reached macro-scale homogeneity with unidirectional ordering in continued shear. We quantify the time, shear rate, and recovery time after shear to design an optimizing formation process for controlled wet structures as precursors for dry products.Graphic abstract
Room-temperature dissolution and chemical modification of cellulose in aqueous tetraethylammonium hydroxide–carbamide solutions
Authors: Sirviö Juho Antti , Heiskanen Juha P. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe room-temperature dissolution of cellulose in aqueous tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) in the presence of carbamides (ureas) was investigated. Without carbamide, 35 wt% TEAOH was able to dissolve cellulose (microcrystalline cellulose) up to 3 wt%, whereas carbamides—such as urea, N-methylurea, N-ethylurea, 1,3-dimethylurea, and imidazolidone—were able to improve the dissolution of cellulose. At 5 wt% cellulose concentration, the highest carbamide contents in the solvent still able to dissolve cellulose within 1 h were 56 and 55 wt% of 1,3-dimethylurea and N-methylurea, respectively. When using urea, up to 15% of cellulose could be dissolved in a solution containing 22 wt% of urea. To demonstrate the possibility of the use of a carbamide-based solvent in cellulose modification, cationic cellulose was produced using glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTAC). At a molar ratio of 1:3 of cellulose and GTAC, all the studied TEAOH–carbamide solvents produce cationic cellulose with higher charge density compared to the reference NaOH–urea solvent.
Facile synthesis of ZnS–Ag2S core–shell nanospheres with enhanced nonlinear refraction
Authors: Haghighatzadeh Azadeh , Kiani Mitra , Mazinani Babak , Dutta Joydeep 
Published: December 2019

AbstractZnS–Ag2S core–shell nano/hetero-junctions have been synthesized by a two-step co-precipitation technique, in which thin layers of Ag2S have been successfully coated on the surface of ZnS nanospheres. Structural studies and elemental analysis have been performed using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy have been employed to investigate linear optical characteristics. Nanosecond laser pulsed-based single-beam Z-scan analysis has been used to examine the magnitude and the sign of the third-order nonlinear refractive indices. Samples show negative values of nonlinear refractive indices indicating self-defocusing optical nonlinearity under 1064 nm excitation. The results have shown that the third-order nonlinear refractive index in ZnS nanospheres can reach the magnitude of $$61.0 \times 10^{ - 12} {\text{m}}^{2} /{\text{W}}$$61.0×10-12m2/W by encapsulating such a nanostructure within nanometer shells of Ag2S. The enhanced nonlinearity for ZnS–Ag2S core–shells has been found to be 9 times higher than sole ZnS nanoparticles, which was estimated to be about $$6.4 \times 10^{ - 12} {\text{m}}^{2} /{\text{W}}$$6.4×10-12m2/W.