bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aridity exacerbates grazing‐induced rangeland degradation: A population approach for dominant grasses
Authors: Oñatibia Gastón R. , Amengual Gerónimo , Boyero Luciano , Aguiar Martín R. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

The current human‐induced intensification of grazing pressure and the aridity increase as a result of climate change are unprecedented and have been identified as the main drivers that cause desertification in rangelands world‐wide. In these ecosystems, human well‐being mostly depends on plant species that provide forage for domestic herbivores. However, scarce evidence exists about the interaction between regional aridity level and human‐induced disturbances as determinants of forage plant populations' structure and dynamics.

We studied the effects of domestic grazing intensification on the population structure of dominant native grasses, in three rangeland sites located across a regional aridity gradient: a semi‐desert (high‐aridity site), a shrub–grass steppe (intermediate‐aridity site) and a grass steppe (low‐aridity site). We also studied the effect of 2‐year grazing exclusion on the growth of defoliated plants of a key native forage grass species common to the three sites.

Grazing decreased total grass density and increased the frequency of small plants in all sites, particularly for forage species. However, the size of the grazing intensification effect was the greatest in the high‐aridity site, where intensive grazing produced a ten‐fold reduction of grass density. Moreover, defoliated plants recovery (growth) was lower as aridity increased.

Synthesis and applications. Our study provides evidence of a negative synergistic effect of grazing pressure and aridity that may lead to the collapse of grass populations. Long‐term grazing intensification degrades the population structure of grasses, particularly in high‐aridity sites, where the forage provision is substantially reduced. These results refute the hypothesis that plant traits of dominant species adapted to high aridity allow them to resist herbivory. Besides, high aridity delays plant recovery after defoliation (low resilience). The management of both grazing pressure and the length of grazing rest according to ecological‐site aridity are key aspects for maintaining the forage provision of rangelands. Monitoring plant populations' structure through time and space strengthens inferences about responses of forage species to ongoing changes in disturbance and stress regimes. This knowledge is complementary to regional and world‐wide monitoring endeavours based on land cover, and it contributes to the robust design of sustainable management of global rangelands.
The importance of personal vote intentions for the responsiveness of legislators: A field experiment
Authors: BOL DAMIEN , GSCHWEND THOMAS , ZITTEL THOMAS , ZITTLAU STEFFEN 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIndividual legislators can be important agents of political representation. However, this is contingent upon their responsiveness to constituency requests. To study this topic, an increasing number of studies use field experiments in which the researcher sends a standardized email to legislators on behalf of a constituent. In this paper, we report the results of an original field experiment of this genre with the members of the German Bundestag. Supplementing previous research, we explore whether constituency requests in which voters mention a personal vote intention (rather than a partisan vote intention) increase legislators’ responsiveness, and how this treatment relates to electoral system's incentives. We find that legislators treated with a personal vote intention were more likely to respond (67 per cent) and respond faster than those treated with a partisan vote intention (59 per cent). However, we also show that the treatment effect is moderated by electoral system incentives: it is larger for nominally‐elected legislators than for those elected via a party list. Our results suggest that electoral system's incentives matter for legislators’ responsiveness only when constituents explicitly signals an intention to cast a personal vote.
Recent advances in processing food powders by using superfine grinding techniques: A review
Authors: Gao Wenjie , Chen Feng , Wang Xi , Meng Qingran 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFood powders are ubiquitous in people's daily life and food industry production with numerous advantages. With the increasing use of food powder in the world, it is increasingly important to understand the processing methods of food powder and the changes in physicochemical properties after processing in order to control the processing conditions and the quality of final products. Among the many processing methods for food powders, superfine grinding technique is an emerging and useful tool for superfine powder manufacturing with some unique and promising properties, which has made the technique successfully applied in food processing over the recent decades. This review highlights the information of the main superfine grinding methods in the field of food processing and the changes in performance after superfine grinding treatment. Also, potential challenges, promising opportunities, and perspectives of this technology are covered in the review. This review will provide theoretical foundation and guideline for superfine food powder processing, which can provide new approaches and ideas for the high‐value utilization of food raw materials as well as the food design.
Who holds the key? Negotiating gatekeepers, community politics, and the “right” to research in Indigenous spaces
Authors: Sullivan Corrinne Tayce 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article considers key methodological and ethical issues for qualitative research with Aboriginal sex workers based on the author's experiences conducting research with this diverse group of people. Issues gaining access to this group through Indigenous community organisations and sex worker community organisations are considered. The aim is to share critical reflections about some of the assumptions underpinning the research process, ethical engagement with Indigenous communities, and research participants and to outline researcher responsibilities. In navigating these factors, it was found that working with and for community‐based organisations requires considerable attention to power and the dynamics of representation.
Comparing steady‐state to unsteady‐state respiration rate measurement methods for design of modified atmosphere packaging of grape tomatoes and blueberries with microperforations
Authors: Boz Ziynet , Welt Bruce A. , Canter James , Brecht Jeffrey K. , Pelletier William 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDesigning modified atmosphere packages (MAPs) for fresh produce requires respiration rate (RR) data. A steady‐state (SS) approach is widely used but is expensive, tedious, and time‐consuming. Unsteady‐state (USS) methods mitigate shortcomings of the SS approach, but comparisons between the two approaches have not been done to verify the design outcomes of MAPs, especially those with microperforations. RR measurement methods for grape tomatoes and blueberries were compared. Data were then used to design microperforated MAP packages to compare predicted design specifications created from RR data with observed shelf life. Results show that the USS method provides similar magnitudes of RR and predicts similar numbers of perforations as the SS method. Observations of packages produced using 100 µm perforations, using measured respiration data, suggest that both methods underestimated what might have been deemed correct by about one microperforation.Practical ApplicationDesigning packaging for fresh produce requires the knowledge of produce respiration. Steady‐state methods are conceptually simple, but time‐consuming. Unsteady‐state methods are rapid. This work compares methods on design of packages.
A novel eicosapentaenoic acid‐derived anti‐inflammatory lipid mediator 5,6‐DiHETE is abundant in blue back fish intestines
Authors: Kida Misato , Nakamura Tatsuro , Murata Takahisa 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBecause omega‐3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and their metabolites are known to possess anti‐inflammatory and health‐promoting functions in human and experimental animals, their intake is assumed to be beneficial for maintaining our health. We previously identified a cytochrome P450‐metabolite of EPA, 5,6‐dihydroxy‐8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z‐eicosatetraenoic acid (5,6‐DiHETE), as a novel bioactive lipid, which inhibits vascular hyperpermeability in inflammation. Because blue back fishes including sardine, mackerel, and horse mackerel are reported to contain high concentrations of omega‐3 fatty acids, we investigated which tissue of blue back fish is suitable as a source of 5,6‐DiHETE. We measured the concentration of 5,6‐DiHETE as well as major fatty acids in muscle, bone, heart, liver, and intestine of blue back fishes. Arachidonic acid was detected richer in intestines than other tissues of blue back fishes. The concentrations were between 4.45 and 5.62 µg/g tissue weight. EPA and DHA are also detected richer in intestines of blue back fishes. The concentrations were between 75.95 and 358.04 µg/g, and 203.09 and 464.88 µg/g, respectively. Especially, mackerel intestine contained the highest levels of both EPA and DHA. 5,6‐DiHETE was present in greater amount in livers and intestines of blue back fishes. The livers contained 118.98 to 476.11 ng/g, whereas intestines contained 156.14 to 970.22 ng/g of 5,6‐DiHETE. Of interest, sardine intestine contained much higher level of 5,6‐DiHETE than the other fish tissues. These results suggest that visceral organs of blue back fishes, remarkably sardine intestine, can be a good source of 5,6‐DiHETE.Practical ApplicationA novel anti‐inflammatory lipid, 5,6‐DiHETE, was detected in each tissues of blue back fishes. Especially their intestines contain the highest concentration of this lipid.
Effect of the wheat starch/wheat protein ratio in a batter on fat absorption and quality attributes of fried battered and breaded fish nuggets
Authors: Chen Chaofan , Chen Jiwang , Yuan Zijun , Liao E , Xia Wenshui , Wang Haibin , Xiong Youling L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBattered and breaded fish nuggets (BBFNs) were prepared by treating fish with a batter composed of wheat starch (WS) and wheat protein (WP) blends (at the ratios of 15:1, 13:1, 11:1, 9:1, and 7:1, w/w), frying at 170 °C (40 s) followed by 190 °C (30 s). Fried BBFNs were evaluated for moisture and fat contents, color, shrinkage, acrylamide content, and fat distribution. Results showed that moisture content and brightness (L* value from colorimetry) increased with a decrease of WS/WP ratio to 11:1 w/w, then decreased as WS/WP ratio further decreased, while fat content, fat distribution level, and shrinkage of fried BBFNs presented opposite results. However, there was a slight influence of WS/WP ratio on yellowness (b* value), redness (a* value), and acrylamide content of fried BBFNs. Among WS/WP ratios, fried BBFNs with 11:1 w/w have the highest moisture content (16.43%) and the lowest fat content (23.39%), fat distribution level, shrinkage (10.72%), and acrylamide content (57 mg/kg), while a crust with golden‐yellow color was observed. This study demonstrates that moisture evaporation and fat absorption were significantly influenced by WS/WP ratio in the batter (P < 0.05), with the most effective results in quality attributes improvement of fried BBFNs.Practical ApplicationThis study clearly showed that the fat content and quality attributes of fried BBFNs were significantly affected by WS/WP ratio in the batter (P < 0.05). The inhibition of fat absorption and improvement of shrinkage and color in fried BBFNs was the most effective for a 11:1 w/w WS/WP ratio.
CT imaging features of skeletal muscle metastasis: A rare tumour group with different patterns
Authors: Meyer Hans‐Jonas , Ullrich Sebastian , Surov Alexey 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionSkeletal muscle metastasis (SMM) are rare and can have different patterns on computed tomography (CT). Our aim was to estimate the frequency of the different patterns, primary tumours and localizations of SMM in a large single‐centre sample.MethodsA retrospective search in the database of our radiological institution was performed for patients with SMM. The primary tumour, affected muscles and CT patterns were estimated.ResultsOverall, 104 SMM were diagnosed in 82 patients. In 11 patients (13.4%), SMM were the isolated manifestation of metastatic disease in clinical work up. Regarding primary tumours, gastrointestinal tumours (24.4%), lung cancer (20.4%) and malignant melanoma (13.4%) were identified most frequently. Other malignancies were rare. Most commonly, the trunk musculature was affected (41.3% of the cases). SMM type 1 were identified in 37 cases (35.6%), type 2 in 64 cases (61.5%), type 3 in 2 cases (1.9%) and type 4 in one case (1%).ConclusionsThe present study shows typical imaging appearances of SMM based on a large patient sample in a single centre. SMM has a rare occurrence with several different patterns, which can impose diagnostic difficulties and varies possible differential diagnoses.
Age‐at‐onset‐dependent effects of sulfur amino acid restriction on markers of growth and stress in male F344 rats
Authors: Nichenametla Sailendra N. , Mattocks Dwight A. L. , Malloy Virginia L 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTrade‐offs in life‐history traits are clinically and mechanistically important. Sulfur amino acid restriction (SAAR) extends lifespan. But whether this benefit comes at the cost of other traits including stress resistance and growth is unclear. We investigated the effects of SAAR on growth markers (body weight, IGF1, and IGFBP3) and physiological stresses. Male‐F344 rats were fed control (0.86% Met) and SAAR (0.17% Met) diets starting at 2, 10, and 20 months. Rats were injected with keyhole‐limpet‐hemocyanin (KLH) to measure immune responses (anti‐KLH‐IgM, anti‐KLH‐IgG, and delayed‐type‐hypersensitivity [DTH]). Markers of ER stress (FGF21 and adiponectin), detoxification capacity (glutathione [GSH] concentrations, GSH‐S‐transferase [GST], and cytochrome‐P450‐reductase [CPR] activities), and low‐grade inflammation (C‐reactive protein [CRP]) were also determined. SAAR decreased body weight, liver weight, food intake, plasma IGF1, and IGFBP3; the effect size diminished with increasing age‐at‐onset. SAAR increased FGF21 and adiponectin, but stress damage markers GRP78 and Xbp1s/us were unchanged, suggesting that ER stress is hormetic. SAAR increased hepatic GST activity despite lower GSH, but CPR activity was unchanged, indicative of enhanced detoxification capacity. Other stress markers were either uncompromised (CRP, anti‐KLH‐IgM, and DTH) or slightly lower (anti‐KLH‐IgG). Increases in stress markers were similar across all ages‐at‐onset, except for adiponectin, which peaked at 2 months. Overall, SAAR did not compromise stress responses and resulted in maximal benefits with young‐onset. In survival studies, median lifespan extension with initiation at 52 weeks was 7 weeks (p = .05); less than the 33.5‐week extension observed in our previous study with 7‐week initiation. Findings support SAAR translational studies and the need to optimize Met dose based on age‐at‐onset.
Microecological Relationships Between Area Income, Off‐Premise Alcohol Outlet Density, Drinking Patterns, and Alcohol Use Disorders: The East Bay Neighborhoods Study
Authors: Mair Christina , Sumetsky Natalie , Gruenewald Paul J. , Lee Juliet P. 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundDistinguishing the impacts of neighborhood income and off‐premise alcohol outlet density on alcohol use has proven difficult, particularly given the conflation of these measures across neighborhood areas. We explicitly test for differential effects related to individual and area income and outlet densities on alcohol use and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) by implementing a stratified microecological sample.MethodsThe East Bay Neighborhoods Study included a survey of 984 residents of 72 microenvironments within a geographically contiguous 6‐city area in California and Systematic social observations of each site. The sites included 18 areas in each of 4 strata (high/low median household income and off‐premise outlet density). We assessed 4 outcomes: 28‐day drinking frequency, average quantity of alcohol consumed per drinking occasion, 28‐day drinking volume, and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score. We used zero‐inflated negative binomial regression with standard errors adjusted for site clusters to relate drinking measures to individual‐level age, race/ethnicity, gender, marital status, education, and income, and neighborhood indicators of site strata, physical disorder, and physical decay. An interaction term was tested representing site‐level by individual‐level income.ResultsLiving in a high‐income site, regardless of off‐premise alcohol outlet density, was associated with more frequent drinking and higher alcohol dependence/problems. Both individual‐level income and site‐level income were related to greater frequencies of use, but lower income drinkers in high‐income areas drank more than comparable drinkers in low‐income areas. Study participants living in high‐density off‐premise alcohol outlet sites drank less frequently but did not differ in terms of either AUDIT scores or heavy drinking from participants living in low‐density sites.ConclusionsUsing a stratified microecological sampling design, we were able to directly assess statistical associations of off‐premise outlet density and neighborhood median household income with patterns of drinking and AUDs. Caution should be used interpreting prior study findings linking off‐premise outlet densities to drinking.
Molecular Correlates of Topiramate and GRIK1 rs2832407 Genotype in Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Neural Cultures
Authors: Lieberman Richard , Jensen Kevin P. , Clinton Kaitlin , Levine Eric S. , Kranzler Henry R. , Covault Jonathan 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundThere is growing evidence that the anticonvulsant topiramate is efficacious in reducing alcohol consumption. Further, an intronic single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2832407, C A) in the GRIK1 gene, which encodes the GluK1 subunit of the excitatory kainate receptor, predicted topiramate’s effectiveness in reducing heavy drinking in a clinical trial. The molecular correlates of GRIK1 genotype that may relate to topiramate’s ability to reduce drinking remain unknown.MethodsWe differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) characterized by GRIK1 rs2832407 genotype from 8 A/A and 8 C/C donors into forebrain‐lineage neural cultures. Our differentiation protocol yielded mixed neural cultures enriched for glutamatergic neurons. Basal mRNA expression of the GRIK1 locus was examined via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The effects of acute topiramate exposure on excitatory spontaneous synaptic activity were examined via whole‐cell patch‐clamp electrophysiology. Results were compared and contrasted between iPSC donor genotypes.ResultsAlthough characterization of the GRIK1 locus revealed no effect of rs2832407 genotype on GRIK1 isoform mRNA expression, a significant difference was observed on GRIK1 antisense‐2 expression, which was greater in C/C neural cultures. Differential effects of acute exposure to 5 μM topiramate were observed on spontaneous synaptic activity in A/A versus C/C neurons, with a smaller reduction in excitatory event frequency observed in C/C donor neurons.ConclusionsThis work highlights the use of iPSC technologies to study pharmacogenetic treatment effects in psychiatric disorders and furthers our understanding of the molecular effects of topiramate exposure in human neural cells.
Age‐based efficacy and safety of nivolumab for recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Kondo Takahito , Okamoto Isaku , Sato Hiroki , Koyama Nobuyuki , Fushimi Chihiro , Okada Takuro , Masubuchi Tatsuo , Miura Kouki , Matsuki Takashi , Yamashita Taku , Omura Go , Takahashi Hideaki , Tsukahara Kiyoaki 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimThis study retrospectively investigated the efficacy and safety of nivolumab for patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC) classified using age <65 years as the cutoff.MethodsOverall, 88 patients with R/M HNSCC treated with nivolumab were classified into the young group (<65 years; n = 39) and elderly group (≥65 years; n = 49). Efficacy was evaluated using overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR). Safety was evaluated considering immune‐related adverse events (irAEs).ResultsThe median OS was 9.7 and 8.6 months in the young and elderly groups, respectively. The 1‐year OS rate was 42.0% and 29.4% in the young and elderly groups, respectively. The median PFS was 3.0 and 4.2 months in the young and elderly groups, respectively. The 1‐year PFS rate was 30.0% and 27.9% in the young and elderly groups, respectively. In the young group, the ORR was 10.3% and DCR was 33.3%. In the elderly group, the ORR was 18.4% and DCR was 53.1%. There were no significant differences in OS, PFS, ORR, and DCR (P = 0.36, 0.53, 0.29 and 0.06, respectively). Interstitial lung disease (ILD) as an irAE occurred in the young group at a significantly higher rate (20.5% vs 4.1%; P = 0.02).ConclusionsThere were no significant differences in OS, PFS, ORR, and DCR between the young and elderly groups. DCR tended to be better in the elderly group (P = 0.06). ILD occurred at a significantly higher rate in the young group.
Advances in immune neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapy‐related adverse events of non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhao Qingchun , Liu Chao , Liu Hongyu , Chen Jun 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLung cancer has been the leading cause of cancer‐related death for decades and years. For the patients with early stage non‐small cell lung cancer, surgical resection is the mainstay of therapy. Treatment before and after surgery, such as chemotherapy, can bring benefit to these patients, improving the 5 years survival rate by 5% approximately. Recently, the advent of immunotherapy significantly improved prognosis for the patient with lung cancer. Programmed death 1 and its ligand have become a powerful treatment option for lung cancer. In this review, we will discuss the role immunotherapy played in preoperative neoadjuvant and postoperative adjuvant treatment in lung cancer.