bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Land Concentration and Agrarian Reform in Recent World History
Authors: Berry Albert 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The twentieth century saw most countries of the world at early and/or middle stages of economic development with agriculture playing a dominant economic role. Most would have benefited from significant transfers of land from large to small family units. Only a few, most notably the East Asian Tigers, achieved maximum success from such transfers, in the form of fast, equitable growth that quickly did away with poverty. All socialist countries made the initial mistake of switching to state or collective farms. In China, this choice plus Mao’s other mistakes, in particular the “great leap forward,” brought a huge death toll. Both China and Vietnam achieved greater agricultural success and very fast poverty reduction when they eventually delegated decision-making authority to the farm families themselves. These five Asian experiences, plus a few others, constituted the century’s big successes. Failures included blocked reform attempts (Brazil and others); attempts accompanied by much violence (Colombia); and promising attempts that could have brought great benefits but were sabotaged by foreign interests, leading to political and social disasters (Iran and Guatemala). For the many countries where egalitarian agrarian systems could, in principle, still bring many benefits—mostly now found in Sub-Saharan Africa—a major lesson is to avoid letting land concentration reach the levels at which redistributive reform becomes necessary for political and/or societal welfare reasons.
British-Irish Relations in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Tannam Etain 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The book examines the impact of the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement and Brexit on Northern Ireland, and British–Irish relations from 1998 to 2023, highlighting not only the Agreement’s successes but also its failures. It highlights the conflicting assumptions about the meaning of sovereignty that fuelled division and were exemplified by Brexiteers. It argues that these differences are likely to intensify over time, given that Brexit placed the constitutional future of Northern Ireland in focus and given the possibility of a referendum on a united Ireland. It is also argued that British and Irish governments consistently underestimated the salience of ethno-national identity politics in Northern Ireland in the decades after the Agreement. A joint intergovernmental strategy will be needed to manage the dual tasks of managing identity politics and supporting those who place pragmatic policy before the constitutional future of Northern Ireland.
From the Anglo-Irish Agreement to the 1998 Agreement
Authors: Tannam Etain 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, the road to the 1998 Belfast/Good Friday Agreement is examined and the role of the Anglo-Irish Agreement (AIA) in 1985 is highlighted as being part of a long-term process that led to the 1998 Agreement. In particular, the role of John Hume, the then leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party, his work on the three-strands model (Northern Ireland’s consociational devolved government island, institutionalised North–South cooperation on the island of Ireland, and institutionalised East–West cooperation between the islands, including between UK and Irish governments), and his strategy for conflict resolution are highlighted as being key to the development of strategy and statecraft in Northern Ireland and integral to both the AIA and the 1998 Agreement.
Strand One and Political Cooperation in Northern Ireland
Authors: Mitchell David , Tannam Etain 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by providing an overview of the political parties in Northern Ireland before the 1998 Belfast/Good Friday Agreement, examining the parties themselves and their backgrounds: the Alliance Party, the Democratic Unionist Party, the Ulster Unionist Party, the Social Democratic and Labour Party, and Sinn Féin. It then assesses the rocky path of party cooperation under Strand One, from 1999 to 2023 despite some significant examples of cooperation between the parties. The collapses of Strand One institutions and the various agreements made to help restore them will be examined. The chapter also examines the impact of Brexit and the Protocol on political cooperation in Northern Ireland.
Child Labour Effects of Access to Basic Utilities
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
According to UNICEF in 2022 about 700 million people had no or very limited access to water and roughly the same number did not have access to electricity. This chapter discusses the effects of access to basic services on the use of the children’s time. If households devote substantial time to gathering water and fuel, then the opportunity-cost of children’s time rises. The empirical analysis is difficult because of the complexities of identifying a counterfactual. However, the results presented indicate that access to basic services has a relevant effect on child labour, with the obvious policy implication that, as well as providing schools and health, governments concerned about child labour and school attendance should give a high priority to these basic facilities.
The Demand for Child Labour
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Although the majority of children work in family farms or businesses, both the status of the labour market and the structure of production have a role to play. Cyclical movements in the local adult labour market have an impact on the number of children working. The effects are differentiated by level of household income, area of residence, and age. Also, the presence of relatively child-labour-intensive industries affects the evolution of child labour. As the productive structure of the economy changes, and child intensive industries become less relevant, child labour decreases. An important role in this context can be played by international trade. As the country moves up along the so-called ‘value-added ladder’, relatively child-labour-intensive industries are likely to lose importance, and this will contribute to the reduction of child labour.
Health Effects of Child Labour
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
While many working children see their health affected by work, it is difficult to ascertain whether, ceteris paribus, they fare better or worse, in terms of health, than their non-working counterparts. Evidence from rural Vietnam suggests that work has no negative short-term effect on childhood health. In the longer term, however, child work appears to have a negative health impact. Individuals working during childhood are significantly more likely to report illness up to five years later. The nature of the effect differs by gender. The analysis of the Guatemalan data reveals that adult health is influenced by the age of entry into the labour market. There are two pathways through which this effect may operate. First, a child might suffer a workplace accident with long-term consequences for health. Second, there could be a latency period in the development of work-related health problems.
Axial involvement in psoriatic arthritis: is it unique?
Authors: Helliwell Philip S 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Axial involvement in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) has been a major feature of the disease since the original description by Wright and Moll. However, despite over 50 years of study, there is still no accepted definition of axial PsA, nor validated classification criteria. Numerous observational studies have described a phenotype of axial involvement that differs from classical ankylosing spondylitis (AS or axial spondyloarthritis) both clinically and radiographically, and in the frequency of the HLA-B27 antigen. These differences are important clinically, as axial PsA may be less prominent than AS, and in terms of treatment. This short review discusses these issues and offers some clarification for clinicians.
Investigating trajectories linking social cognitive capacity, bias, and social isolation using computational modeling
Authors: Mąka Szymon , Wiśniewska Marcelina , Piejka Aleksandra , Chrustowicz Marta , Okruszek Łukasz 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Despite theoretical emphasis on loneliness affecting social information processing, empirical studies lack consensus. We previously adopted a clinical science framework to measure the association between social cognitive capacity and bias and both objective and perceived social isolation in nonclinical participants. Our prior study found that while objective social isolation is linked to both social cognitive capacity and social cognitive bias, loneliness is associated only with the latter. This study extended our previous model using a computational approach to capture implicit cognitive processes. We replicated and extended our earlier findings with a new sample of 271 participants, using neuropsychological tasks and a dot-probe paradigm that was analyzed via Drift Diffusion Model. We presented two complementary trajectories of how social cognitive bias may arise: the increased propensity to engage with salient social stimuli or a decreased information processing capacity dependent on the presence or absence of potential social threats. Furthermore, we found evidence that loneliness is associated with the time needed for perceptual processing of stimuli, both directly and indirectly, via social cognitive bias. Taken together, the complex and context-dependent nature of information processing biases observed in the current study suggests that complex and multifaceted interventions should be implemented to counter social information processing biases in lonely individuals.
Kuafuorterviruses, a novel major lineage of reverse-transcribing viruses
Authors: Gong Zhen , Han Guan-Zhu 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Reverse-transcribing viruses (RTVs) characterized by reverse transcription required for their replication infect nearly all the eukaryotes. After decades of extensive analyses and discoveries, the understanding of the diversity of RTVs has largely stagnated. Herein, we discover a previously neglected lineage of RTVs, designated Kuafuorterviruses, in animals. Through screening over 8000 eukaryote genomes, we identify the presence of endogenous Kuafuorterviruses in the genomes of 169 eumetazoans dispersed across 11 animal phyla. Phylogenetic analyses and sequence similarity networks indicate that Kuafuorterviruses constitute a novel major lineage of RTVs. The discovery of Kuafuorterviruses refines our understanding of the diversity, evolution, and classification of RTVs and has implications in annotating animal genomes.
Seizures in a healthy 20-year-old woman
Authors: Felker Lori , Dholakia Kripa , Wachter-Schutz Wendy , Rourke Mary T. , Youse Kathleen M. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT
Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is the most common type of autoimmune encephalitis. The initial presentation can vary from subtle mental status changes to more severe symptoms such as seizures, coma, or death. This case report outlines the interdisciplinary and collaborative approach to diagnosing and treating a patient with anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis.
Learner Assessment and Program Evaluation: Supporting Precision Education
Authors: Richardson Judee , Santen Sally A. , Mejicano George C. , Fancher Tonya , Holmboe Eric , Hogan Sean O. , Marin Marina , Burk-Rafel Jesse 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Precision education (PE) systematically leverages data and advanced analytics to inform educational interventions that, in turn, promote meaningful learner outcomes. PE does this by incorporating analytic results back into the education continuum through continuous feedback cycles. These data-informed sequences of planning, learning, assessing, and adjusting foster competence and adaptive expertise. PE cycles occur at individual (micro), program (meso), or system (macro) levels. This article focuses on program- and system-level PE.
Data for PE come from a multitude of sources, including learner assessment and program evaluation. The authors describe the link between these data and the vital role evaluation plays in providing evidence of educational effectiveness. By including prior program evaluation research supporting this claim, the authors illustrate the link between training programs and patient outcomes. They also describe existing national reports providing feedback to programs and institutions, as well as 2 emerging, multiorganization program- and system-level PE efforts. The challenges encountered by those implementing PE and the continuing need to advance this work illuminate the necessity for increased cross-disciplinary collaborations and a national cross-organizational data-sharing effort.
Finally, the authors propose practical approaches for funding a national initiative in PE as well as potential models for advancing the field of PE. Lessons learned from successes by others illustrate the promise of these recommendations.
Navigating the Landscape of Precision Education: Insights From On-the-Ground Initiatives
Authors: Garibaldi Brian T. , Hollon McKenzie M. , Woodworth Glenn E. , Winkel Abigail Ford , Desai Sanjay V. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A central goal of precision education (PE) is efficiently delivering the right educational intervention to the right learner at the right time. This can be achieved through a PE cycle that involves gathering inputs, using analytics to generate insights, planning and implementing interventions, learning and assessing outcomes, and then using lessons learned to inform modifications to the cycle. In this paper, the authors describe 3 PE initiatives utilizing this cycle. The Graduate Medical Education Laboratory (GEL) uses longitudinal data on graduate trainee behavior, clinical skills, and wellness to improve clinical performance and professional fulfillment. The Transition to Residency Advantage (TRA) program uses learner data from medical school coupled with individualized coaching to improve the transition to residency. The Anesthesia Research Group for Educational Technology (TARGET) is developing an automated tool to deliver individualized education to anesthesia residents based on a longitudinal digital representation of the learner. The authors discuss strengths of the PE cycle and transferrable learnings for future PE innovations. Common challenges are identified, including related to data (e.g., volume, variety, sharing across institutions, using the electronic health record), analytics (e.g., validating augmented intelligence models), and interventions (e.g., scaling up learner assessments with limited resources). PE developers need to share their experiences in order to overcome these challenges, develop best practices, and ensure ethical development of future systems. Adapting a common framework to develop and assess PE initiatives will lead to a clearer understanding of their impact, help to mitigate potential risks, and allow deployment of successful practices on a larger scale.
Precision Education and Equity: A Participatory Framework to Advance Equitable Assessment
Authors: Sukhera Javeed 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Precision education (PE) may hold promise for the future of the field. Leveraging data and learning analytics to foster continuous improvement of individuals, programs, and organizations seems like a potential mechanism to advance both medical education and health care delivery systems toward a more equitable future. However, PE initiatives may also have unintended consequences and perpetuate inequities instead of ameliorating them. Although there have been some principles, ideas, and suggestions on how PE implementation may promote equity—particularly for the field of assessment—there is a lack of practical and evidence-informed guidance to support a more equitable and participatory approach to PE implementation. This paper provides actionable recommendations on how PE may advance equitable assessment. First, PE implementation must include democratizing access and ownership while enhancing literacy and transparency. Open and transparent access to both data and PE technology has the potential to enhance PE by fostering greater participation, rigor, and potential innovation. Transparency may also safeguard the use of assessment data for equitable purposes. Second, PE implementation must be cocreated with diverse learners. PE has the potential to empower learners if they are given an opportunity to participate in the development, application, and implementation of PE. Overall, a participatory approach to PE implementation has the potential to improve equitable assessment.
Leveraging Electronic Health Record Data and Measuring Interdependence in the Era of Precision Education and Assessment
Authors: Sebok-Syer Stefanie S. , Small William R. , Lingard Lorelei , Glober Nancy K. , George Brian C. , Burk-Rafel Jesse 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Purpose
The era of precision education is increasingly leveraging electronic health record (EHR) data to assess residents’ clinical performance. But precision in what the EHR-based resident performance metrics are truly assessing is not fully understood. For instance, there is limited understanding of how EHR-based measures account for the influence of the team on an individual’s performance—or conversely how an individual contributes to team performances. This study aims to elaborate on how the theoretical understandings of supportive and collaborative interdependence are captured in residents’ EHR-based metrics.

Method
Using a mixed methods study design, the authors conducted a secondary analysis of 5 existing quantitative and qualitative datasets used in previous EHR studies to investigate how aspects of interdependence shape the ways that team-based care is provided to patients.

Results
Quantitative analyses of 16 EHR-based metrics found variability in faculty and resident performance (both between and within resident). Qualitative analyses revealed that faculty lack awareness of their own EHR-based performance metrics, which limits their ability to act interdependently with residents in an evidence-informed fashion. The lens of interdependence elucidates how resident practice patterns develop across residency training, shifting from supportive to collaborative interdependence over time. Joint displays merging the quantitative and qualitative analyses showed that residents are aware of variability in faculty’s practice patterns and that viewing resident EHR-based measures without accounting for the interdependence of residents with faculty is problematic, particularly within the framework of precision education.

Conclusions
To prepare for this new paradigm of precision education, educators need to develop and evaluate theoretically robust models that measure interdependence in EHR-based metrics, affording more nuanced interpretation of such metrics when assessing residents throughout training.
Preliminary Evaluation of Improvements in Melasma and Photoaging With Laser-Driven Microjet Injection of Poly-d,l-Lactic Acid
Authors: Seo Suk Bae , Wan Jovian , Hidajat Inneke Jane , Tanojo Henry , Pranata Achmad Yudha , Yi Kyu-Ho 
Published: December 2024

Background:
Melasma, a common skin hyperpigmentation disorder, has traditionally been linked to hormonal changes in genetically predisposed individuals. Recent studies, however, highlight the role of photoageing, particularly from visible light exposure, as a significant contributing factor. Effective treatments for melasma and associated signs of photoageing remain a clinical challenge.

Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Poly-d,l-lactic acid (PDLLA) delivered via laser-induced microjet injectors in treating melasma and signs of photoageing.

Patients and Methods:
Eighteen Korean participants aged 42 to 74, with Fitzpatrick skin types III to IV, were enrolled. All participants exhibited melasma, signs of photoageing, or both. PDLLA was administered using the Mirajet device over 5 to 9 sessions. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the modified Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) and the Glogau Classification for photoageing. Adverse events were monitored throughout the study.

Results:
Significant improvements were observed in both melasma severity and signs of photoageing. The mean MASI score decreased from 22.72 to 7.31 (p =.004). Photoageing severity, as assessed by the Glogau Classification, also improved notably. Minimal side effects were reported, primarily transient bleeding.

Conclusion:
PDLLA administered via laser-induced microjet injectors appears to be a safe and effective treatment for melasma and photoageing, particularly in patients with more severe melasma. These findings suggest the potential for PDLLA in skin rejuvenation; however, further randomised controlled trials are warranted to confirm these results and optimise treatment protocols.
Deep Tissue Sculpture in Neck Rejuvenation: Review of 641 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Ghoraba Samir M. 
Published: December 2024

Background:
Enhancing neck contour is a primary goal for individuals seeking facial and neck rejuvenation. However, the literature on deep neck sculpture and its potential complications is scarce.

Methods:
The records of 641 patients with deep plane neck lift and deep tissue sculpture were reviewed retrospectively between 2014 and 2023. The surgical techniques used by the author were addressed comprehensively and supplemented with videos. The outcomes and complications were reported.

Results:
A total of 1861 consecutive patients underwent deep plane facelift. Of these, 641 patients (34.4%) underwent deep neck surgery, with an average age of 52 years; 14.6% were men, and 29% were smokers. A total of 12.3% experienced complications after deep neck sculpture. The most common complications were subcutaneous serous collection (4.3%), followed by marginal mandibular neuropraxia (3.3%) and hematomas (2.96%). Parotid sialocele was the least frequent complication among enrolled patients (0.3%).

Conclusions:
Deep neck sculpture presents an effective and safe technique for patients seeking neck rejuvenation.
Assessing Interpectoral Nerve Block for Postoperative Pain Management in Reduction Mammaplasty Surgery: A Case-control Study
Authors: Grella Elisa , Molle Marcello , Nardone Luigi , Crisci Erminia , Coppola Vincenzo , Pieretti Gorizio , Faenza Mario , Nicoletti Giovanni Francesco 
Published: December 2024

Background:
Reduction mammaplasty surgery is a commonly performed procedure in plastic surgery, offering significant improvements in quality of life. However, the postoperative period may be accompanied by considerable pain. In this study, we assess the impact of interpectoral block on reducing postoperative pain.

Methods:
The study assessed postoperative pain using the Numeric Rating Scale at 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours following reduction mammaplasty surgery in a cohort of 46 patients operated on between January and September 2023. Among them, 28 patients received an interpectoral block, whereas 18 did not. Additionally, the study monitored analgesic intake, the incidence of shivering and nausea, and blood pressure and heart rate values in the postoperative period.

Results:
In patients undergoing interpectoral blockade, there was a statistically significant reduction in postoperative NRS values and the need for additional analgesic therapy. However, no significant differences were observed in the incidence of nausea and shivering between the 2 groups.

Conclusions:
The implementation of pectoral nerve blocks appears to be a promising technique for mitigating postoperative pain in reduction mastopexy surgery.