bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acoel Single-Cell Transcriptomics: Cell Type Analysis of a Deep Branching Bilaterian
Authors: Duruz Jules , Kaltenrieder Cyrielle , Ladurner Peter , Bruggmann Rémy , Martìnez Pedro , Sprecher Simon G 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Bilaterian animals display a wide variety of cell types, organized into defined anatomical structures and organ systems, which are mostly absent in prebilaterian animals. Xenacoelomorpha are an early-branching bilaterian phylum displaying an apparently relatively simple anatomical organization that have greatly diverged from other bilaterian clades. In this study, we use whole-body single-cell transcriptomics on the acoel Isodiametra pulchra to identify and characterize different cell types. Our analysis identifies the existence of ten major cell type categories in acoels all contributing to main biological functions of the organism: metabolism, locomotion and movements, behavior, defense, and development. Interestingly, although most cell clusters express core fate markers shared with other animal clades, we also describe a surprisingly large number of clade-specific marker genes, suggesting the emergence of clade-specific common molecular machineries functioning in distinct cell types. Together, these results provide novel insight into the evolution of bilaterian cell types and open the door to a better understanding of the origins of the bilaterian body plan and their constitutive cell types.
A Novel Method to Treat Progressive Desmoid Tumors Involving Neurovascular Bundles: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Yin Jun-Qiang , Fu Yi-Wei , Gao Zhen-Hua , Zou Chang-Ye , Xie Xian-Biao , Wang Bo , Zhong Zhi-Hai , Huang Gang , Shen Jing-Nan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
More effective therapies are needed to treat progressive desmoid tumors when active surveillance and systemic therapy fail.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the efficacy and safety of sandwich isolation surgery on the local control of progressive desmoid tumors involving neurovascular bundles.

METHODS
A total of 27 patients with progressive desmoid tumors at extremities involving neurovascular bundles who received surgery at our hospital between August 2014 and August 2018 were identified. A total of 13 patients received sandwich isolation surgery, in which R2 resection was performed in neurovasculature-involving regions, and a biomaterial patch was used to envelop involved neurovascular structures and isolate residual tumors. In non-neurovasculature-involving regions, wide resection was performed without isolation. A total of 14 patients received traditional surgery, which included tumor resection without isolation procedure.

RESULTS
In sandwich isolation group, tumor progressions and local recurrences occurred in 3 patients outside the isolated neurovasculature-involving regions. However, no progressions or recurrences occurred in any patients in the isolated neurovasculature-involving regions where R2 resection was performed. Sandwich isolation surgery group and traditional surgery group shared similar baseline clinical characteristics. The estimated 3-yr event-free survival rate was 76.9% after sandwich isolation surgery, and 32.7% after traditional surgery (P = .025). Patients who received sandwich isolation surgery were less likely to have local recurrence (hazard ratio: 0.257, P = .040). No complications were noted except intermittent mild pain in operative regions (2 cases).

CONCLUSION
Sandwich isolation surgery is effective and safe for local control of desmoid tumors involving neurovascular bundles.
The impact of climate change on neglected tropical diseases: a systematic review
Authors: Tidman Rachel , Abela-Ridder Bernadette , de Castañeda Rafael Ruiz 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of diseases that continue to affect &gt;1 billion people, with these diseases disproportionately impacting vulnerable populations and territories. Climate change is having an increasing impact on public health in tropical and subtropical areas and across the world and can affect disease distribution and transmission in potentially diverse ways. Improving our understanding of how climate change influences NTDs can help identify populations at risk to include in future public health interventions. Articles were identified by searching electronic databases for reports of climate change and NTDs between 1 January 2010 and 1 March 2020. Climate change may influence the emergence and re-emergence of multiple NTDs, particularly those that involve a vector or intermediate host for transmission. Although specific predictions are conflicting depending on the geographic area, the type of NTD and associated vectors and hosts, it is anticipated that multiple NTDs will have changes in their transmission period and geographic range and will likely encroach on regions and populations that have been previously unaffected. There is a need for improved surveillance and monitoring to identify areas of NTD incursion and emergence and include these in future public health interventions.
CE: Back to Basics: The Complete Blood Count
Authors: Bertschi Lydia A. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT:
In this latest article in the AJN series Back to Basics—developed to improve nurses' understanding and application of common laboratory diagnostic tests—the author delineates the meaning and function of complete blood count components, highlighting the important pathophysiological evidence they provide and using composite patient scenarios to assist nurses in recognizing findings that can inform their plan of care and produce the best patient outcomes.
Hydroxychloroquine is associated with slower viral clearance in clinical COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate disease
Authors: Mallat Jihad , Hamed Fadi , Balkis Maher , Mohamed Mohamed A. , Mooty Mohamad , Malik Asim , Nusair Ahmad , Bonilla Maria-Fernanda 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
There are conflicting data regarding the use of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of HCQ in increasing SARS-CoV-2 viral clearance.
Hospitalized adult patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were retrospectively included in the study. The primary outcome was the time from a confirmed positive nasopharyngeal swab to turn negative. A negative nasopharyngeal swab conversion was defined as a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 case followed by 2 negative results using RT-PCR assay with samples obtained 24 hours apart. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to adjust for potential confounders.
Thirty-four confirmed COVID-19 patients completed the study. Nineteen (55.9%) patients presented with symptoms, and 14 (41.2%) had pneumonia. Only 21 (61.8%) patients received HCQ. The time to SARS-CoV-2 negativity nasopharyngeal test was significantly longer in patients who received HCQ than those who did not receive HCQ [17 (13–21) vs 10 (4–13) days, P = .023]. HCQ was independently associated with time to negativity test after adjustment for potential confounders (symptoms, comorbidities, antiviral drugs, pneumonia, or oxygen therapy) in multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis (hazard ratio = 0.33, 95% confidence interval: 0.13–0.9, P = .024). On day 14, 47.8% (14/23) patients tested negative in the HCQ group compared with 90.9% (10/11) patients who did not receive HCQ (P = .016).
HCQ was associated with a slower viral clearance in COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate disease. Data from ongoing randomized clinical trials with HCQ should provide a definitive answer regarding the efficacy and safety of this treatment.
Crowdsourced feature tagging for scalable and privacy-preserved autism diagnosis
Authors: Washington Peter , Tariq Qandeel , Leblanc Emilie , Chrisman Brianna , Dunlap Kaitlyn , Kline Aaron , Kalantarian Haik , Penev Yordan , Paskov Kelley , Voss Catalin , Stockham Nathaniel , Varma Maya , Husic Arman , Kent Jack , Haber Nick , Winograd Terry , Wall Dennis P. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Standard medical diagnosis of mental health conditions often requires licensed experts who are increasingly outnumbered by those at risk, limiting reach. We test the hypothesis that a trustworthy crowd of non-experts can efficiently label features needed for accurate machine learning detection of the common childhood developmental disorder autism. We implement a novel process for creating a trustworthy distributed workforce for video feature extraction, selecting a workforce of 102 workers from a pool of 1,107. Two previously validated binary autism logistic regression classifiers were used to evaluate the quality of the curated crowd’s ratings on unstructured home videos. A clinically representative balanced sample (N=50 videos) of videos were evaluated with and without face box and pitch shift privacy alterations, with AUROC and AUPRC scores >0.98. With both privacy-preserving modifications, sensitivity is preserved (96.0%) while maintaining specificity (80.0%) and accuracy (88.0%) at levels that exceed classification methods without alterations. We find that machine learning classification from features extracted by a curated nonexpert crowd achieves clinical performance for pediatric autism videos and maintains acceptable performance when privacy-preserving mechanisms are applied. These results suggest that privacy-based crowdsourcing of short videos can be leveraged for rapid and mobile assessment of behavioral health.
Adaptive combination of interventions required to reach population immunity due to stochastic community dynamics and limited vaccination
Authors: Goldenbogen Björn , Adler Stephan O , Bodeit Oliver , Wodke Judith AH , Escalera-Fanjul Ximena , Korman Aviv , Krantz Maria , Bonn Lasse , Morán-Torres Rafael , Haffner Johanna EL , Karnetzki Maxim , Maintz Ivo , Mallis Lisa , Prawitz Hannah , Segelitz Patrick S , Seeger Martin , Linding Rune , Klipp Edda 
Published: December 2020

AbstractReaching population immunity against COVID-19 is proving difficult even in countries with high vaccination levels. We demonstrate that this in part is due to heterogeneity and stochasticity resulting from community-specific human-human interaction and infection networks. We address this challenge by community-specific simulation of adaptive strategies. Analyzing the predicted effect of vaccination into an ongoing COVID-19 outbreak, we find that adaptive combinations of targeted vaccination and non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are required to reach population immunity. Importantly, the threshold for population immunity is not a unique number but strategy and community dependent. Furthermore, the dynamics of COVID-19 outbreaks is highly community-specific: in some communities vaccinating highly interactive people diminishes the risk for an infection wave, while vaccinating the elderly reduces fatalities when vaccinations are low due to supply or hesitancy. Similarly, while risk groups should be vaccinated first to minimize fatalities, optimality branching is observed with increasing population immunity. Bimodality emerges as the infection network gains complexity over time, which entails that NPIs generally need to be longer and stricter. Thus, we analyze and quantify the requirement for NPIs dependent on the chosen vaccination strategy. We validate our simulation platform on real-world epidemiological data and demonstrate that it can predict pathways to population immunity for diverse communities world-wide challenged by limited vaccination.
Hematological and biochemical predictors of bone marrow metastases in non-hematological malignancies: a clinico-pathological analysis
Authors: Agrawal Shruti , Bhandari Rekha , Gowda Vinay N , Gupta Amit , Singh Neha , Chowdhury Nilotpal , Rao Shalinee , Kishore Sanjeev , Gupta Arvind Kumar , Chandra Harish 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundBone marrow metastasis is a significant presentation of many non-hematological malignancies. The present study was conducted with the aim of analysing the clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters of the patients with bone marrow metastases and to determine the parameters which could be possible indicators of bone marrow metastases.Material and methodsBone marrow aspirate, imprint and biopsy slides of 22 cases with bone marrow metastases were reviewed and the hematological and biochemical data of all these cases was compared with that of 20 controls who had no evidence of metastases.ResultsThe mean values of mean platelet volume (MPV), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were found to be significantly different (p<0.001) between the cases and controls. A MPV<8.1 fL, NLR>3.5 and LDH>452 U/L showed high likelihood ratio in predicting bone marrow metastases.ConclusionParameters such as MPV, NLR and LDH can be used as efficient and easily available means to predict bone marrow metastasis for an early diagnosis.
Increased visual and cognitive demands emphasize the importance of meeting visual needs at all distances while driving
Authors: Patoine Amigale , Mikula Laura , Romero Sergio Mejía , Michaels Jesse , Keruzore Océane , Chaumillon Romain , Bernardin Delphine , Faubert Jocelyn 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHaving an optimal quality of vision as well as adequate cognitive capacities is known to be essential for driving safety. However, the interaction between vision and cognitive mechanisms while driving remains unclear. We hypothesized that, in a context of high cognitive load, reduced visual acuity would have a negative impact on driving behavior, even when the acuity corresponds to the legal threshold for obtaining a driving license in Canada, and that the impact observed on driving performance would be greater with the increase in the threshold of degradation of visual acuity. In order to investigate this relationship, we examined driving behavior in a driving simulator under optimal and reduced vision conditions through two scenarios involving different levels of cognitive demand. These were: 1. a simple rural driving scenario with some pre-programmed events and 2. a highway driving scenario accompanied by a concurrent task involving the use of a navigation device. Two groups of visual quality degradation (lower/ higher) were evaluated according to their driving behavior. The results support the hypothesis: A dual task effect was indeed observed provoking less stable driving behavior, but in addition to this, by statistically controlling the impact of cognitive load, the effect of visual load emerged in this dual task context. These results support the idea that visual quality degradation impacts driving behavior when combined with a high mental workload driving environment while specifying that this impact is not present in the context of low cognitive load driving condition.
Hypoxia Regulation ofndrgs
Authors: Le Nguyet , Hufford Timothy , Brewster Rachel 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTMany organisms rely on oxygen to generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). During severe hypoxia, the production of ATP decreases due to diminished activity of the electron transport chain, leading to cell damage or death. Conversely, excessive oxygen causes oxidative stress that is equally damaging to cells. To mitigate pathological outcomes, organisms have evolved mechanisms to adapt to fluctuations in oxygen levels. Zebrafish embryos are remarkably hypoxia-tolerant, surviving anoxia (zero oxygen) for hours in a hypometabolic, energy-conserving state. To begin to unravel underlying mechanisms, we analyze here the distribution and hypoxia-dependent regulation of members of the N-myc Downstream Regulated Gene (Ndrg) family, Ndrg 1-4. These genes have primarily been studied in cancer cells, and hence little is understood about their normal function. We show here usingin situhybridization that, under normoxic conditions,ndrgsare expressed in metabolically-demanding organs of the zebrafish embryo, such as the brain, kidney, and heart. Following exposure of embryos to different severity and durations of hypoxia, we observed thatndrgsare differentially regulated and thatndrg1ais the most responsive member of this family, with nine-fold upregulation following prolonged anoxia. We further show that this treatment resulted inde novoexpression ofndrg1ain tissues where it is not observed under normoxia, such as head vasculature, the inner ear, and somites. These findings provide an entry point into understanding the role of this conserved gene family in hypoxia adaptation of normal cells.
Causal effect of atrial fibrillation on brain white or grey matter volume: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Park Sehoon , Lee Soojin , Kim Yaerim , Cho Semin , Kim Kwangsoo , Kim Yong Chul , Han Seung Seok , Lee Hajeong , Lee Jung Pyo , Lee Soryoung , Choi Eue-Keun , Joo Kwon Wook , Lim Chun Soo , Kim Yon Su , Kim Dong Ki 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) and brain volume loss are prevalent in older individuals. Further study investigating the causal effect of AF on brain volume is warranted.MethodsThis study was a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. The genetic instrument for AF was constructed from a previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis and included 537,409 individuals of European ancestry. The outcome summary statistics for quantile-normalized white or grey matter volume measured by magnetic resonance imaging were provided by the previous GWAS of 8426 white British UK Biobank participants. The main MR method was the inverse variance weighted method, supported by sensitivity MR analysis including MR-Egger regression and the weighted median method. The causal estimates from AF to white or grey matter volume were further adjusted for effects of any stroke or ischemic stroke by multivariable MR analysis.ResultsA higher genetic predisposition for AF (one standard deviation increase) was significantly associated with lower white matter volume [beta −0.128 (−0.208, −0.048)] but not grey matter volume [beta −0.041 (−0.101, 0.018)], supported by all utilized sensitivity MR analyses. The multivariable MR analysis indicated that AF is causally linked to lower white matter volume independent of the stroke effect.ConclusionsAF is a causative factor for white matter volume loss. The effect of AF on grey matter volume was inapparent in this study. A future trial is necessary to confirm whether appropriate AF management can be helpful in preventing cerebral white matter volume loss or related brain disorders in AF patients.
Negative vaccine attitudes and intentions to vaccinate against Covid-19 in relation to smoking status: a population survey of UK adults
Authors: Jackson Sarah E. , Paul Elise , Brown Jamie , Steptoe Andrew , Fancourt Daisy 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionWe examined differences in negative attitudes towards vaccines in general, and intentions to vaccinate against Covid-19 specifically, by smoking status in a large sample of adults in the UK.MethodData were from 29,148 adults participating in the Covid-19 Social Study in September-October 2020. Linear regression analyses examined associations between smoking status (current/former/never) and four types of general negative vaccine attitudes: mistrust of vaccine benefit, worries about unforeseen effects, concerns about commercial profiteering, and preference for natural immunity. Multinomial logistic regression examined associations between smoking status and uncertainty and unwillingness to be vaccinated for Covid-19. Covariates included sociodemographic characteristics and diagnosed health conditions.ResultsRelative to never and former smokers, current smokers reported significantly greater mistrust of vaccine benefit, were more worried about unforeseen future effects, had greater concerns about commercial profiteering, and had a stronger preference for natural immunity (Badjs 0.16-0.36, p<0.001). Current smokers were more likely to be uncertain (27.6% vs. 22.7% of never smokers: RRadj 1.43 [95%CI 1.31-1.56]; vs. 19.3% of former smokers: RRadj 1.55 [1.41-1.73]) or unwilling (21.5% vs. 11.6% of never smokers: RRadj 2.12 [1.91-2.34]; vs. 14.7% of former smokers: RRadj 1.53 [1.37-1.71]) to receive a Covid-19 vaccine.ConclusionsCurrent smokers hold more negative attitudes towards vaccines in general, and are more likely to be undecided or unwilling to vaccinate against Covid-19, compared with never and former smokers. With a disproportionately high number of smokers belonging to socially clustered and disadvantaged socioeconomic groups, lower vaccine uptake in this group could also exacerbate health inequalities.ImplicationsThese results suggest that without intervention, smokers will be less likely than non-smokers to take up the offer of a Covid-19 vaccine when offered. Targeted policy action may be required to ensure low uptake of Covid-19 vaccination programmes does not compound health inequalities between smokers and non-smokers.
Immune Cell Profiles and Cytokine Levels of Patients with Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome
Authors: Moldwin Robert M. , Nursey Vishaan , Yaskiv Oksana , Dalvi Siddhartha , Funaro Michael , DeGouveia William , Ruzimovsky Marina , Rilo Horacio R. , Miller Edmund J. , Najjar Souhel , Tabansky Inna , Stern Joel N.H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsTo quantify the number of immune cells in the bladder urothelium and concentrations of urinary cytokines in patients with Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome (IC/BPS). To identify differences in these measures in IC/BPS patients with Hunner’s lesions (IC/BPS-HL) and without Hunner’s lesions (IC/BPS-NHL).MethodsBladder tissue biopsies were obtained from 48 patients with IC/BPS-HL and unaffected controls (UC) and stained with antibodies for various immune cell markers such as CD138, CD20 and CD56. Levels of cytokines (Interferon (IFN)-γ, Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL- 4, IL-6, IL-8, IL12P70, IL-13, and TNF-α) were measured from normalized urine obtained from 18 IC/BPS-HL, 18 IC/BPS-NHL, and 4 UC.ResultsNumbers of CD138+ plasma cells, CD20+ B cells, and CD3+ T cells were significantly increased (50 fold, 30 fold, and an almost 3 fold increase, respectively; p-values: 1.34E-06, 3.26E-04, and 2.52E-6) in the bladders of IC/BPS-HL patients compared to UC. Patients with IC/BPS-HL had significantly elevated urinary levels of IL-6 (p=0.0028) and TNF-α (p=0.009) compared to patients with IC/BPS-NHL and UC. In contrast, IL-12p70 levels were significantly higher in the patients with IC/BPS-NHL than in HL patients (p=0.033). No significant difference in IL-12p70 levels were observed between IC/BPS-HL and UC.ConclusionDifferent cytokines were elevated in the urine of IC/BPS patients with and without HL, suggesting differences in underlying disease processes. Elevated levels of CD138+, CD20+, and CD3+ cells in HL indicate B and T-cell involvement in lesion formation. Determining which cytokines and immunological pathways are present in IC/BPS-HL could elucidate the disease mechanism.