bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Framework of Rhetoric
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Composers’ lives inevitably shape what and how they write. And just as inevitably, our knowledge of those lives shapes how we hear what they have written. Prior to 1830, however, musical expression was understood not as the projection of an inner self, but rather as an objective construct. For composers, this meant creating works that would move listeners in desired ways. For listeners, this meant evaluating works on the basis of their effect, not on what a given composer might be trying to “say.” With the important exception of the fantasia—recognized already in the mid-eighteenth century as a unique and highly circumscribed genre—listeners did not begin to hear expression as a revelation of the compositional self in any significant way until the second quarter of the nineteenth century.
Toward the Perception of Subjective Expression
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The idea of artistic expression as an outward manifestation of the self arose in literature and philosophy at least two generations before it came to be applied to music. Lyric poetry in particular provided a conceptual model for perceiving art as a form of autobiography; Goethe and Wordsworth encouraged such a reading of their works. In the meantime, philosophers were questioning the very nature of the self, and particularly the unconscious, which is to say, the primordial self. They began to recognize that while the unconscious might defy observation, its products could provide indirect evidence of its workings, and they regarded artworks as a synthesis of conscious and unconscious thought and as such capable of offering at least an occluded window onto the nature of the true inner self.
Hearing Composers in Their Works
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Because of its inherently abstract nature, untethered to the demands of language or representation, instrumental music was the art form that more than any other was deemed capable of revealing glimpses of a creator’s “true” self. Fantasy, humor, and irony were the three qualities perceived as most readily capable of revealing that self. These happen to have been the three qualities heard more often in the music of Beethoven than of any other composer of his time: contemporaries frequently found his music obscure. In retrospect, we can see that Beethoven was moving further and further from the long-standing framework of rhetoric toward a framework of hermeneutics, which challenged audiences to understand what they were hearing by listening from the perspective of the composer.
After Beethoven
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Beethoven’s style, composers and critics agreed, could not be imitated. But his subjectivity—or, more precisely, his perceived attitude of subjectivity—could be emulated quite readily, and it became the new norm soon after his death. Critics, moreover, heard compositional subjectivity not only in new music but also in selected works of the pre-Beethovenian past. In the meantime, the increasingly public nature of musical life created a growing demand for journals, miniature scores, and composer biographies that could help listeners comprehend an instrumental repertoire that was becoming stylistically ever more diverse and technically difficult. Composer biographies, a rarity before 1800, had become commonplace by mid-century. Concert-hall audiences now assumed that the instrumental music they were hearing came from deep within the soul of the composer.
The Return of Objectivity
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The New Objectivity of the 1920s heralded a return to the concept of expression as a construct, and objectivity would became a cornerstone of the high-modernist aesthetic that dominated throughout the middle decades of the century. The idea of music as a revelation of the compositional self was nevertheless too deeply ingrained in musical culture to disappear altogether, and a belief in the aesthetics of subjectivity has continued to manifest itself in a variety of ways down to the present. Concert-hall audiences have nevertheless continued to listen within a hermeneutic framework, that is, from the perspective of the composer, and they accept responsibility for understanding the work at hand. In the realm of popular music, by contrast, the framework of rhetoric persists. We thus find ourselves today in an era of dual expressive paradigms and dual frameworks of production and reception.
Dhammaloka before Dhammaloka
Authors: Turner Alicia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the evidence for the early life of the Irishman who was ordained as the Buddhist monk Dhammaloka in Rangoon in 1900, exploring the contradictory accounts he later gave and his multiple aliases. Probably born Laurence Carroll in Dublin in 1856, he worked his way across the Irish Sea and the Atlantic, then crossed the United States as a hobo (migrant worker) before working his way across the Pacific. However, this account leaves over two decades unaccounted for, raising more questions than it answers. The chapter discusses possible explanations and explores the various radical contexts where he might have acquired his undoubted political skills. It notes finally the number of ethnic boundaries he crossed, and concludes that he had probably abandoned exclusive ethnic affiliations long before his ordination as a Buddhist monk.
A Controversial Tour of Ceylon
Authors: Turner Alicia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In late 1909, the Sinhalese Buddhist activist Anagarika Dharmapala hosted the Irish Buddhist monk U Dhammaloka on a controversial tour of Ceylon (Sri Lanka). This tour is well-documented from many different perspectives: Dharmapala’s private diaries, his newspaper Sinhala Bauddhaya, the hostile colonial and missionary press, and transcriptions of Dhammaloka’s preaching. This chapter shows backstage tension between Dhammaloka and his hosts as they followed a punishing schedule of events drawing large audiences across Ceylon; conflict with Christians who wrote against the tour, attempted to disrupt it, and sought government intervention; and the actions of police and government. Dhammaloka’s abrupt departure from Ceylon appears as the culmination of these conflicts. The chapter offers a detailed insight into the day-to-day workings of contentious religious politics during the Buddhist revival.
Perils of Plenty
Authors: Markowitz Jonathan N. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Why do some states project military force to seek control of resources, while others do not? Conventional wisdom asserts that resource-scarce states have the strongest interest in securing control over resources. Counterintuitively, this book finds that, under certain conditions, the opposite is true. Perils of Plenty argues that what states make influences what they want to take. Specifically, the more economically dependent states are on extracting income from resource rents, the stronger their preferences to secure control over resources will be. This theory is tested with a set of case studies analyzing states’ reactions to the 2007 exogenous climate shock that exposed energy resources in the Arctic. This book finds that some states, such as Russia and Norway, responded to the shock by dramatically increasing their Arctic military presence, while others, such as the United States, Canada, and Denmark, did not. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, countries with plentiful natural resources, such as Norway and Russia, were more—not less—willing to back their claims by projecting military force. This book finds that plenty can actually lead to peril when states with plentiful resources become economically dependent on those resources and thus have stronger incentives to secure their control. These findings have implications for understanding both the political effects of climate change in the Arctic and the prospects for resource competition in other regions, such as the Middle East and the South China Sea
Research Design—The Arctic as a Natural Laboratory
Authors: Markowitz Jonathan N. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 lays out the research design and explains why an unprecedented drop-off in polar ice in 2007 makes the Arctic an ideal natural laboratory to test Rent-Addiction Theory against competing explanations. All five of the Arctic littoral states experienced this exogenous shock at the same time and have potential offshore resources at stake. Observing how strongly each state responded to the shock by investing in projecting power to back its resource claims allows one to infer the underlying preferences and interests of these states. Comparing states’ behavior directly before and after the shock controls for slower-moving and potentially confounding factors, such as nationalism, status-seeking, and relative power. This chapter also describes how key variables of interest such as economic structure, domestic political institutions, and exclusionary foreign policy are operationalized.
A Tale of Two Nordic Powers
Authors: Markowitz Jonathan N. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 explores Denmark and Norway’s divergent responses to the revelation of Arctic resources in 2007. This chapter employs a natural experiment that exploits the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1960s. The two Nordic nations are extremely similar, but Norway discovered oil, while Denmark did not. Norway embarked on a resource-driven development path, while Denmark, with no oil reserves to exploit, invested heavily in its citizens’ productivity and human capital. As a result, Norway’s economic structure became land-oriented and Denmark’s production-oriented. This provides an opportunity to observe the effect that variation in each state’s economic structure had on its preference for territory and willingness to compete over its control. The findings reveal that Norway’s economic dependence on income from natural resources drove Oslo to invest much more than Copenhagen in projecting power to secure Arctic claims. This finding strongly confirms Rent-Addiction Theory’s predictions.
Contesting Conformity
Authors: Ikuta Jennie C. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
“Be yourself!” “Don’t just follow the crowd!” Such injunctions valorizing nonconformity pervade contemporary American culture. We praise individuals such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Steve Jobs who chart their own course in life and do something new. Yet surprisingly, recent research in social psychology has shown that in practice, Americans are averse to nonconformity. This disjunction between our public rhetoric and practice raises questions: Why is nonconformity valuable? Is it always valuable, or does it pose dangers as well as promise benefits for democratic societies? What is the relationship between nonconformity as an individual ideal and democracy as a form of collective self-rule? Contesting Conformity brings a fresh interpretive lens to the writings of Alexis de Tocqueville, John Stuart Mill, and Friedrich Nietzsche to investigate nonconformity and its relationship to modern democracy. Drawing new insight from their work, the book argues that nonconformity is an intractable issue for democracy. While nonconformity is often important for cultivating a most just polity, it can also undermine democracy. Insofar as democracy depends on the ability of each citizen to critically reflect and dissent from an unjust public opinion when necessary, Tocqueville and Mill enable us to appreciate nonconformity as an ethical and political ideal for democratic citizens. However, nonconformity can also undermine democracy, as Nietzsche helps us see, insofar as unconstrained expressions of nonconformity may stand in tension with the equality constitutive of democracy. Contesting Conformity demonstrates that while nonconformity can enhance democracy, it is not necessarily democratic.
Nonconformity in American Public Life
Authors: Ikuta Jennie C. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 lays out the concern of the book. It observes that American public culture valorizes nonconformity and identifies its valorization in domains such as education, business, and politics. In addition to an ethical ideal that constitutes the life well-lived, nonconformity is framed as a political ideal crucial to democracy. However, the rhetoric of nonconformity has also been put to use in troubling ways. Figures on the right have employed the rhetoric of nonconformity to express hostility to democratic ideals such as racial and gender equality. The substantive openness of nonconformity as a concept explains how it has been mobilized for different ends, including some at cross-purposes with one another and with democracy. What does it mean to be a nonconformist? Is nonconformity an absolute ideal, or should it be limited by substantive commitments? Answering these questions requires turning to the writings of Tocqueville, Mill, and Nietzsche.
Countering Conformity through Intellectual Freedom in Tocqueville’s Democracy in America
Authors: Ikuta Jennie C. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines nonconformity of opinion in Democracy in America, investigating what Tocqueville can teach us about the nature of intellectual freedom in a world increasingly dominated by public opinion and what can be done to foster such freedom. It argues that while Tocqueville sees why conformity—in terms of intellectual servitude—is easy under democratic conditions, it can and should be resisted for the sake of a healthier democracy. It shows that Tocquevillian intellectual freedom consists in the freedom to dissent, which is fostered through private and public expressions of social support for individuals who dissent from public opinion. It also examines Tocquevillian public opinion in two domains: race and religion.
From Rags to Drag
Authors: Jendza Craig 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter proposes that for some twenty years, Aristophanes and Euripides were engaging in a cross-generic dialogue about the appropriate use and effectiveness of dramatic costuming, which concerned the costume choices of dressing a royal in rags and dressing a male character in women’s clothes. It argues that Aristophanes’s Acharnians caricatured Euripides’s tendency to stage heroes in rags and that some years later, Euripides’s Helen reacted by depicting Menelaus as Aristophanes’s caricature of a Euripidean hero in rags. The chapter then suggests that the following year, Aristophanes’s Women at the Thesmophoria mocked Euripides by dressing him, his Kinsman, and his fellow tragedian Agathon in women’s clothes and that Euripides’s Bacchae responded by making Pentheus participate in the same kind of cross-dressing scene that Aristophanes used in Women at the Thesmophoria. The chapter analyzes these reappropriations as a type of literary rivalry aimed at achieving poetic supremacy.
The Aftermath of Paracomedy
Authors: Jendza Craig 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores three cases where authors engage with paracomedy after the fifth century bce. It proposes that the anonymous fourth-century bce tragedy Rhesus employs paracomedy and that it does so either because the author was indiscriminately copying from fifth-century drama or because he wanted to imitate Euripides’s penchant for paracomedy. It investigates the highly fragmentary evidence for Rhinthon’s third-century bce hilarotragedies, normally thought to be theatrical farces, and posits that Rhinthon was utilizing a more explicit type of paracomedy than in the fifth century. It also provides an explanation for the surprising assertion from the second-century CE scholar Pollux that Euripides and Sophocles frequently employed a comic parabasis. The chapter argues that these cases of reception highlight paracomedy’s importance in antiquity and indicate that paracomedy was a noted hallmark of Euripidean stagecraft that had an indelible effect on the genre of tragedy.
Hearing Voices and Other Matters of the Mind
Authors: McCauley Robert N. , Graham George 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book endorses an ecumenical naturalism toward all cognition, which will illuminate the long-recognized and striking similarities between features of mental disorders and features of religions. The authors emphasize underlying cognitive continuities between familiar features of religiosity, of mental disorders, and of everyday thinking and action. They contend that much religious thought and behavior can be explained in terms of the cultural activation of maturationally natural cognitive systems, which address fundamental problems of human survival, encompassing such capacities as hazard precautions, agency detection, language processing, and theory of mind. The associated skills are not taught and appear independent of general intelligence. Religions’ representations cue such systems’ operations. The authors hypothesize that in doing so they sometimes elicit responses that mimic features of cognition and conduct associated with mental disorders. Both in schizophrenia and in religions some people hear alien voices. The inability of depressed participants to communicate with or sense their religions’ powerful, caring gods can exacerbate their depression. Often religions can domesticate the concerns and compulsions of people with OCD. Religions’ rituals and pronouncements about moral thought-action fusion can temporarily evoke similar obsessions and compulsions in the general population. A chapter is devoted to each of these and to the exception that proves the rule. The authors argue that if autistic spectrum disorder involves theory-of mind-deficits, then people with ASD will lack intuitive insight and find inferences with many religious representations challenging. Ecumenical naturalism’s approach to mental abnormalities and religiosity promises both explanatory and therapeutic understanding.
Of Debatable Benefit
Authors: French Nathan S. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Though an individual may possess the correct intention for martyrdom-seeking, Jihadi-Salafi jurists argue that such intentionality does not secure the permissibility of a martyrdom-seeking operation. The operation as a legitimate tactic of war and struggle in God’s cause must also be debated. Beginning with a discussion of the permissibility of immersing oneself into a superior enemy force, and a question of the permissibility of striking human shields, this chapter argues that Jihadi-Salafi jurisprudence on the subject of martyrdom operations reveals a rearrangement of the objectives of the law. Such a rearrangement, the chapter concludes, suggests that for Jihadi-Salafis, it is to the public benefit of the umma to put the preservation of religion ahead of life, reason, lineage, or property. Such a move demands a comparison with Western utilitarian approaches, such as that of Jeremy Bentham.
Conclusion
Authors: French Nathan S. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Many researchers argue that contemporary Jihadi-Salafi movements will fall apart under the weight of their own extremism. This concluding chapter argues that such pronouncements may be premature. The Jihadi-Salafi narratives of suffering and oppression—their theodicy—suggest that nation-states will never fully address the needs of Muslims and may even sustain the circumstances of their disenfranchisement. To demonstrate this, the chapter explores the structure of the state developed by ISIS’s caliphal project, paying particular attention to the structure of its program of youth education. If states fail to account for these “cubs of the caliphate,” there is a possibility of another generation of youth finding appeal in the theodicy and self-renunciative asceticism of Jihadi-Salafism.
“The Citizens Did It”
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7, “ ‘The Citizen’s Did It’:15MpaRato, Autonomous Hacker Ethics in Action” moves from the “analog” mobilizations of the preferentes pensioners discussed in the previous chapter to the technopolitics of 15MpaRato, which bases its political praxis on a hacker ethic that seeks to harness the power of the digital commons to bring down the bankers responsible for the fraud behind the preferentes scandal and the massive public bailout of these same banks. It shows how their technopolitical praxis is used to contest and transform hegemonic narratives about the crisis, austerity, and Spanish democracy, and above all to show people that ordinary citizens can reclaim public institutions for the common good.
The Urdu Ghazal
Authors: Narang Gopi Chand 
Published: May 2020

The Urdu ghazal is a marvel of the magnetic dynamism of husn o i’shq filled with innovative imagery. It is a celebration of life and love in an ambiance of pure ecstasy. It has a profound capacity for joy as well as pain. It is the soul of Urdu verse and the play of creativity at its peak. No other poetic genre is as innately musical as the ghazal. The book presents unique flowering of the Urdu ghazal as a by-product of India’s composite culture that evolved from intermixing of Indian and foreign value systems. This never-before narrated story of the evolution of the Urdu ghazal is documented in eight chapters divided into three parts. It explores a variety of influences, including Sufism, Bhakti movement, and infusion of Rekhta and Persian languages and culture. The book explains classical ghazal forms that blossomed from the seeds sown by Amir Khusrau in the fourteenth century to great heights of literary excellence achieved during the next 300, notably in the works of great poets like Mir and Ghalib. Different socio-political and cultural demands of changing times are expounded towards the end, primarily how the ghazal provided new creative models to deal with literary movements like progressivism, modernism, and postmodernism. This book includes samples of works of thematically related poets. It also covers works of twentieth-century pioneering innovators like Firaq Gorakhpuri and Faiz Ahmed Faiz, and postmoderns like Gulzar and Javed Akhtar.
Inca Apocalypse
Authors: Covey R. Alan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book describes a period of several decades during the sixteenth century when conquistadores, Catholic friars, and imperial officials attempted to conquer the Inca Empire and impose Spanish colonial rule. When Francisco Pizarro captured the Inca warlord Atahuallpa at Cajamarca in 1532, European Catholics and Andean peoples interpreted the event using long-held beliefs about how their worlds would end, and what the next era might look like. The Inca world did not end at Cajamarca, despite some popular misunderstandings of the Spanish conquest of Peru. In the years that followed, some Inca lords resisted Spanish rule, but many Andean nobles converted to Christianity and renegotiated their sovereign claims into privileges as Spanish subjects. Catholic empire took a lifetime to establish in the Inca world, and it required the repeated conquest of rebellious conquistadores, the reorganization of native populations, and the economic overhaul of diverse Andean landscapes. These disruptive processes of modern world-building carried forward old ideas about sovereignty, social change, and human progress. Although they are overshadowed by the Western philosophies and technologies that drive our world today, those apocalyptic relics remain with us to the present.