bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution and abundance of large herbivores in a northern Australian tropical savanna: A multi‐scale approach
Authors: Reid Angela M. , Murphy Brett P. , Vigilante Tom ,   Wunambal Gaambera Aboriginal Corporation, Bowman David M. J. S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAustralian mammals have exhibited exceptionally high rates of decline since European settlement 230 years ago with much focus on small mammals in northern tropical savannas. In these systems, little scientific attention has been given to the suite of grazing macropods, family Macropodidae, (common wallaroo (Osphranter robustus), antilopine wallaroo (O. antilopinus) and agile wallaby (Notamacropus agilis)). These species may be impacted by feral herbivores and contemporary fire regimes, two threats linked to small mammal declines. A multi‐scale approach using aerial surveys, road surveys and camera trapping was utilised to determine the effects of feral cattle and fire on the distribution and abundance of large macropods in the North Kimberley bioregion. Feral cattle density and biomass exceeded that of macropods regardless of survey technique. Density estimates for cattle were up to 125 times higher (0.3–10.0 km−2) than estimates for macropods (0.08–0.49 km−2). Cattle biomass, based on the aerial survey estimates (corrected for perception bias), were 15 and 95 times higher than macropods for infertile (279 vs. 19 kg km−2) and fertile savannas (518 vs. 5 kg km−2), respectively. Proximity to the nearest pastoral station was a significant predictor of the aerial sightings of feral cattle (P ≤ 0.05). Abundance and foraging activity of cattle were positively associated (P ≤ 0.05) with recently burnt areas. In contrast, camera trapping showed agile wallaby and wallaroo occurrence and foraging were associated with longer unburnt areas (P ≤ 0.05). Agile wallaby and wallaroo were negatively associated with cattle (P ≤ 0.05) and showed substantial diurnal and seasonal separation consistent with an antagonistic interspecific interaction. Results also suggest that the agile wallaby is the primary prey of the dingo, not wallaroo. Collectively, this study suggests that recent landscape changes such as altered fire regimes and introduced herbivores have negatively impacted large grazing macropod species.
Structural and ultrastructural characteristics of the tongue of the Collared Peccary (Pecari tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Barbosa Gabriela Klein , dos Santos Jacob Carolina , Pimentel Neto Jurandyr , de Oliveira Moacir Franco , Rici Rose Eli Grassi , Watanabe Ii‐Sei , Ciena Adriano Polican 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe tongue is an important organ in species due to its feeding functions, and its structure is influenced by the habitat and diet. The Collared Peccary (Pecari tajacu, Linnaeus, 1758) is a terrestrial mammal that is distributed on the American continents and has an omnivorous diet. This study aimed to describe the morphological characteristics of the tongue, lingual papillae and the connective tissue cores (CTCs) of the Collared Peccary. Eight tongues were collected from the Wild Animals Multiplication Center. The samples (n = 6) were processed for three‐dimensional analysis of their dorsal epithelium, and their CTCs by scanning electron microscopy and the other samples (n = 2) were used to observe ultrastructural characteristics by transmission electron microscopy. Filiform papillae were observed in the lingual apex and body with their conical CTC demonstrating ripples in their extent. Two types of fungiform papillae were observed, the first in the apex and body with a dome‐shaped CTC and the second forming a dorsolateral line with a radial pattern CTC. The vallate papillae were bilateral in the caudal region with the CTCs, characterised by numerous projections, and foliate papilla were not observed. We found a new type of papilla anteriorly to the vallate papilla with an irregular groove and a CTC formed by triangular‐shaped projections with a duct opening at the top. We concluded that the lingual papillae of the Collared Peccary resemble those papillae of other mammals, however, were revealed another form of their CTCs and a new lingual papillae morphological description.
Distribution of dendritic cells in the septate uterus: An immunological perspective
Authors: Negishi Yasuyuki , Kato Masahiko , Ono Shuichi , Kuwabara Yoshimitsu , Morita Rimpei , Takahashi Hidemi , Takeshita Toshiyuki 
Published: April 2020

AbstractProblemSeptate uterus is associated with spontaneous abortion. Surgical intervention of the uterine septa (US) is frequently performed following spontaneous abortion; however, immunological mechanisms for spontaneous abortion in patients with septate uterus remain completely unknown.Method of studyA total of 12 women with septate uterus who underwent hysteroscopic metroplasty and 10 women with uterine leiomyoma who underwent total hysterectomy were enrolled as the experimental and control groups, respectively. Immune cells, dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, T cells, natural killer cells, invariant natural killer cells, and chemokine receptors in US and uterine myometrium tissue (UMT) were analyzed using flow cytometry and immunohistochemical staining. Additionally, the chemokine production of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP‐1α), regulated upon activation normal T‐cell express sequence (RANTES), and macrophage inflammatory protein 3 beta (MIP‐3β) from the viable cells obtained from the US and UMT samples was evaluated in an ex vivo study.ResultsThe percentage of CD141+ DCs in US was significantly lower than that in UMT. Both US and UMT showed CCR1 and CCR5 expression on CD141+ DCs; however, the production of chemokines, MIP‐1α, RANTES, and MIP‐3β was abundant in UMT‐obtained viable cells.ConclusionThe accumulation of CD141+ DCs was lower in US than that in UMT. This phenomenon may be caused by low chemokine productions in US. Our findings support the benefit of surgical intervention for septate uterus—that is, the elimination of inappropriate implantation sites.
Tofacitinib for ulcerative colitis: results of the prospective Dutch Initiative on Crohn and Colitis (ICC) registry
Authors: Biemans Vince B. C. , Sleutjes Jasmijn A. M. , de Vries Annemarie C. , Bodelier Alexander G. L. , Dijkstra Gerard , Oldenburg Bas , Löwenberg Mark , van Bodegraven Adriaan A. , van der Meulen‐de Jong Andrea E. , de Boer Nanne K. H. , Srivastava Nidhi , West Rachel L. , Römkens Tessa E. H. , Horjus Talabur Horje Carmen S. , Jansen Jeroen M. , van der Woude C. Janneke , Hoekstra Jildou , Weersma Rinse K. , van Schaik Fiona D. M. , Hoentjen Frank , Pierik Marieke J. ,   the Dutch Initiative on Crohn and Colitis (ICC)
Published: April 2020

SummaryBackgroundTofacitinib is a Janus kinase inhibitor approved for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC).AimTo evaluate effectiveness, safety and use of tofacitinib in daily practice.MethodsUC patients initiating tofacitinib were prospectively enrolled in 15 hospitals in the Netherlands. Corticosteroid‐free clinical remission (short clinical colitis activity index [SCCAI] ≤2), biochemical remission (faecal calprotectin level ≤250 µg/g), combined corticosteroid‐free clinical and biochemical remission, predictors of remission, safety outcomes, treatment dose and effect on lipids were determined at weeks 12 and 24. Endoscopic outcomes were evaluated in centres with routine endoscopic evaluation.ResultsIn total, 123 UC patients (95% anti‐TNF, 62% vedolizumab and 3% ustekinumab experienced) were followed for a median duration of 24 weeks (interquartile range 12‐26). The proportion of patients in corticosteroid‐free clinical, biochemical, and combined corticosteroid‐free clinical and biochemical remission rate at week 24 was 29% (n: 22/77), 25% (n: 14/57), and 19% (n: 11/57) respectively. Endoscopic remission (Mayo = 0) was achieved in 21% of patients at week 12 (n: 7/33). Prior vedolizumab exposure was associated with reduced clinical remission (odds ratio 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11‐0.94). At week 24, 33% (n: 14/42) of patients still on tofacitinib treatment used 10 mg twice daily. In total, 33 tofacitinib‐related adverse events (89 per 100 patient years) occurred, 7 (6% of total cohort) resulted in discontinuation. Cholesterol, HDL and LDL levels increased during induction treatment by 18% (95% CI 9‐26), 18% (95% CI 8‐28) and 21% (95% CI 14‐39) respectively.ConclusionTofacitinib is an effective treatment for UC after anti‐TNF and vedolizumab failure. However, a relatively high rate of adverse events was observed resulting in discontinuation in 6% of patients.
Some days are more satisfying than others: A daily‐diary study on optimism, pessimism, coping, and academic satisfaction
Authors: Boileau Laurence , Gaudreau Patrick , Gareau Alexandre , Chamandy Melodie 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundFeelings of satisfaction fluctuate across time and situations, and focusing on within‐person experiences opens up the door to a better understanding of the daily lives of university students.AimsOur overarching goal was to situate academic satisfaction not only as a relatively enduring characteristic but also as a transient state that fluctuates across days in the lives of student. In the present study, we explored how optimism and pessimism related to inter‐individual differences in academic satisfaction. We also investigated the association between coping and academic satisfaction at both the between‐ and within‐person levels.SampleA sample of 235 undergraduate students (Mage = 19.14) participated in this study.MethodStudents completed baseline measures of optimism and pessimism. They were then asked to complete daily‐diary measures of academic coping strategies and academic satisfaction during six consecutive days.ResultsAt the between‐person level, results from multilevel mediation analyses demonstrated that optimism was associated with greater academic satisfaction and that task‐oriented coping was a significant mediator of this association. At the within‐person level, our analyses revealed that the daily satisfaction of students varies according to the coping strategies used on those specific days. Almost half of the variance in academic satisfaction can be attributable to daily fluctuations.ConclusionsThis source of within‐person variance is non‐negligible and supports the need to also conceive academic satisfaction as a question of when. These findings illustrate the importance of considering the role of personality and daily coping to better conceptualize and understand academic satisfaction of university students.
Relative genomic impacts of translocation history, hatchery practices, and farm selection in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas throughout the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Sutherland Ben J. G. , Rycroft Claire , Ferchaud Anne‐Laure , Saunders Rob , Li Li , Liu Sheng , Chan Amy M. , Otto Sarah P. , Suttle Curtis A. , Miller Kristina M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, endemic to coastal Asia, has been translocated globally throughout the past century, resulting in self‐sustaining introduced populations (naturalized). Oyster aquaculture industries in many parts of the world depend on commercially available seed (hatchery‐farmed) or naturalized/wild oysters to move onto a farm (naturalized‐farmed). It is therefore important to understand genetic variation among populations and farm types. Here, we genotype naturalized/wild populations from France, Japan, China, and most extensively in coastal British Columbia, Canada. We also genotype cultured populations from throughout the Northern Hemisphere to compare with naturalized populations. In total, 16,942 markers were identified using double‐digest RAD‐sequencing in 182 naturalized, 112 hatchery‐farmed, and 72 naturalized‐farmed oysters (n = 366). Consistent with previous studies, very low genetic differentiation was observed around Vancouver Island (mean FST = 0.0019) and low differentiation between countries in the Japan–Canada–France historical translocation lineage (France–Canada FST = 0.0024; Japan–Canada FST = 0.0060). Chinese populations were more differentiated (China–Japan FST = 0.0241). Hatchery‐propagated populations had higher interindividual relatedness suggesting family structure. Within‐population inbreeding was not detected on farms, but nucleotide diversity and polymorphism rate were lower in one farm population. Moving oysters from nature onto farms did not result in strong within‐generation selection. Private alleles at substantial frequency were identified in several hatchery populations grown in BC, suggesting nonlocal origins. Tests of selection identified outlier loci consistent with selective differences associated with domestication, in some cases consistently identified in multiple farms. Top outlier candidates were nearby genes involved in calcium signaling and calmodulin activity. Implications of potential introgression from hatchery‐farmed oysters depend on whether naturalized populations are valued as a locally adapted resource or as an introduced, invasive species. Given the value of the industry in BC and the challenges the industry faces (e.g., climate change, crop losses, biotic stressors), this remains an important question.
Geomorphological features drive spatiotemporal dynamics of young‐of‐the‐year brown trout populations in a large New Zealand river catchment
Authors: Mikheev Pavel B. , Jarvis Matt G. , Matthaei Christoph D. , Ingram Travis , Nikiforov Andrey I. , Closs Gerard P. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Determining the factors driving population dynamics of stream salmonids across broad landscapes is important for understanding stream ecosystem functioning and for the management and conservation of the populations of such fish. A few studies have described the determinants of the early life history of salmonids across catchments, but none of them have examined how this spatial variation develops temporally.

We hypothesised that: (1) spatiotemporal dynamics of young‐of‐the‐year (YoY) trout populations vary within the catchment, with loss rates (emigration plus mortality) being higher in lower elevation, downstream reaches than in higher elevation, upstream ones; and (2) loss rate would be density dependent, leading to reduced intra‐ and inter‐cohort competition and supporting establishment of resident populations.

We tested the first hypothesis by examining relationships between geomorphic characteristics of spawning streams and temporal dynamics of YoY brown trout density, loss rate and biological traits through an austral summer across the catchment of New Zealand's fourth‐longest river, the Taieri River. To test the second hypothesis, we examined whether initial YoY density in spring and other biotic determinants affected loss rate and cohort structure dynamics, resulting in density‐dependent self‐thinning of YoY fish to avoid resource limitation.

Spring YoY density and subsequent loss rate was higher in low elevation sites, corresponding to stream accessibility to migratory spawners. These significant correlations of YoY density and related biotic variables with elevation disappeared later in the season, indicating that regardless of their origin, brown trout YoY tend to form stream resident populations with multicohort structure and densities low enough to limit intraspecific competition.

Our findings provide evidence that geomorphological features of the landscape affect temporal dynamics of YoY trout populations driven by density‐dependent self‐regulatory mechanisms that can control the abundance of growing fish.
Climate and local environment structure asynchrony and the stability of primary production in grasslands
Authors: Gilbert Benjamin , MacDougall Andrew S. , Kadoya Taku , Akasaka Munemitsu , Bennett Joseph R. , Lind Eric M. , Flores‐Moreno Habacuc , Firn Jennifer , Hautier Yann , Borer Elizabeth T. , Seabloom Eric W. , Adler Peter B. , Cleland Elsa E. , Grace James B. , Harpole William Stanley , Esch Ellen H. , Moore Joslin L. , Knops Johannes , McCulley Rebecca , Mortensen Brent , Bakker Jonathan , Fay Philip A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimClimate variability threatens to destabilize production in many ecosystems. Asynchronous species dynamics may buffer against such variability when a decrease in performance by some species is offset by an increase in performance of others. However, high climatic variability can eliminate species through stochastic extinctions or cause similar stress responses among species that reduce buffering. Local conditions, such as soil nutrients, can also alter production stability directly or by influencing asynchrony. We test these hypotheses using a globally distributed sampling experiment.LocationGrasslands in North America, Europe and Australia.Time periodAnnual surveys over 5 year intervals occurring between 2007 and 2014.Major taxa studiedHerbaceous plants.MethodsWe sampled annually the per species cover and aboveground community biomass [net primary productivity (NPP)], plus soil chemical properties, in 29 grasslands. We tested how soil conditions, combined with variability in precipitation and temperature, affect species richness, asynchrony and temporal stability of primary productivity. We used bivariate relationships and structural equation modelling to examine proximate and ultimate relationships.ResultsClimate variability strongly predicted asynchrony, whereas NPP stability was more related to soil conditions. Species richness was structured by both climate variability and soils and, in turn, increased asynchrony. Variability in temperature and precipitation caused a unimodal asynchrony response, with asynchrony being lowest at low and high climate variability. Climate impacted stability indirectly, through its effect on asynchrony, with stability increasing at higher asynchrony owing to lower inter‐annual variability in NPP. Soil conditions had no detectable effect on asynchrony but increased stability by increasing the mean NPP, especially when soil organic matter was high.Main conclusionsWe found globally consistent evidence that climate modulates species asynchrony but that the direct effect on stability is low relative to local soil conditions. Nonetheless, our observed unimodal responses to variability in temperature and precipitation suggest asynchrony thresholds, beyond which there are detectable destabilizing impacts of climate on primary productivity.
Millet forage yield and silage quality as affected by water and nitrogen application at different sowing dates
Authors: Nematpour Afsaneh , Eshghizadeh Hamid Reza , Zahedi Morteza , Ghorbani Gholam Reza 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two irrigation regimes (control and water stress) and two nitrogen (N) levels (0 and 112.5 kg/ha) on forage yield and silage quality in millet. Bastan (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv) and Pishahang (Panicum miliaceum) were sown at two different dates during 2015 and 2016. Both cultivars exhibited reduced dry‐matter (DM) yields (45% and 51% in Bastan and Pishahang respectively) due to drought stress. Proline and phenolic contents increased as a result of drought and were significantly and negatively correlated with DM yield and digestibility. Moreover, Pishahang had a reduced acid detergent fibre (ADF) content but improved leaf/stem ratio, digestible dry matter (DDM), relative feed value (RFV), net energy for lactation (NEL), digestibility and silage quality as a result of drought stress, while no significant effects on these traits were observed in Bastan. Silage quality was greatly cultivar‐dependent. Both cultivars had higher levels of DDM, RFV and NEL at early sowing dates. Nitrogen supply had greater positive effects on increasing ash, crude protein (CP) content and DM yield under normal irrigation than under water‐stress conditions. In summary, given the importance of the energy received per unit of forage from an animal husbandry viewpoint and the significance of DM yield per unit area from an agricultural viewpoint, the obtained results might help farmers in choosing not only the best sowing dates but also proper irrigation and N management practices to achieve their quantitative and qualitative objectives in forage production.
Chemical individuality in T cells: A Garrodian view of immunometabolism
Authors: McGuire Peter J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMetabolically quiescent T cells circulate throughout the body in search of antigen. Following engagement of their cognate receptors, T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to support their activation, differentiation, and ultimately function. In the spirit of Sir Archibald Garrod, this metabolic reprogramming actually imparts a chemical individuality which confers advantage, while in others confers vulnerability, depending upon the milieu. Studying T cell immunometabolism in the context of inborn errors of metabolism allows one to define essential pathways of intermediary metabolism as well metabolic vulnerabilities and plasticity. Inborn errors of metabolism, a class of diseases first named by Garrod, have a long history of being informative for common physiologic and pathologic processes. This endeavor may be accomplished through the study of patients, animal models, and in vitro models of inborn errors of metabolism. In this review, the basics of intermediary metabolism and core metabolic pathways will be discussed, along with their relationship to T cell immunometabolism. Due to their pleiotropic nature, the reader will be specifically directed toward various inborn errors of metabolism which may be helpful for answering important questions about the role of metabolism in T cells.
Does pollarding trees improve the crop yield in a mature alley‐cropping agroforestry system?
Authors: Dufour Lydie , Gosme Marie , Le Bec Jimmy , Dupraz Christian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn agroforestry systems, the canopy of maturing trees progressively reduces the radiation available for the crop. Tree management practices such as pollarding can be used to restore the crop light availability. We monitored durum wheat, barley and pea yields during three consecutive years in an alley‐cropping agroforestry system with hybrid walnut trees in Southern France. Trees have been pruned regularly to 4 m since planting (in 1995), and a section of 50 trees was pollarded at 4 m height for the first time in 2013. We measured the yields and yields components in the two different tree management systems and in a sole crop control. The non‐pollarded trees reduced significantly the incident light (around 80% of the global radiation left in average) and both wheat (68% of the control) and pea (69% of the control), but not barley mean yields. In pollards inter‐row, the average incident light was 98% of the total radiation the first year and the wheat yield 89% of the control. But 3 years after pollarding, the incident light was 79% of the total radiation and the pea yield was only 67% of the control. Pollarding had a transient positive impact on crop yield; after 3 years, pollards were more competitive for light than control trees. Pollarding may also reduce the belowground trees competition, but slightly, as the crop vegetative growth occurs when the trees are leafless.