bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subsection NG—Core Support Structures
Authors: Keck David 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides commentary and some practical examples on the materials, design, fabrication, installation, and examination requirements for core support structures (CSS) in pressurized water reactors and boiling water reactors in Section III, Division 1, Subsection NG of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. It begins with background information on the development of Subsection NG and the definition of CSS, internal structures (IS), and threaded structural fasteners (TSF). The chapter then outlines the jurisdictional boundaries between CSS and reactor pressure vessels and the unique service loadings for reactor internals. The chapter details the material requirements in NG-2000; describes the examples of typical materials used in CSS, IS, and TSF; and discusses the salient subarticles of NG-3000 with regards to the design intent. Guidance is provided on specifying load combinations for the various service loadings and on development of the Owner’s Design Specification and Code Design Report. The chapter lists the requirements for fabrication and installation, including forming, fitting, and aligning; examining and repairing welds; and heat treatment and mechanical joining. The differences between NG-5000 and NB-5000 in the context of examination and repair during manufacture are also summarized. In addition, the chapter outlines requirements for hot functional testing for reactor terminals and the environmental effects that can lead to premature failures in CSS and IS. It also summarizes some notable Code Cases applicable to Subsection NG as well as some notable interpretations that apply to Subsection NG, most of which are related to materials, inspection procedures, and documentation. Finally, the chapter discusses the current and future issues and recommendations associated with Subsection NG in the design and manufacture of CSS and IS.

History
John T. Land was the author of this chapter for the original, second, and third ediYons. This chapter was revised and updated in the 4th and 5th editions by Richard O. Vollmer, and then revised by David Keck in the current online edition.
Containments for Transportation and Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Material and Waste
Authors: Morton D. Keith , Lewis D. Wayne , Solovey Garrick J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter reflects the 2015 Edition of Section III, Division 3 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (BPV) Code. Division 3 covers all “construction” aspects of the containment of nuclear transportation packagings, including administrative requirements, material selection, material qualification, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, quality assurance, and documentation. The current scope for Division 3 includes the containments for both transportation and storage and the internal support structures for both containments. The chapter first traces the history of the ASME Subgroup NUPACK, and outlines the scope and requirements of Division 3. It then discusses the system of loading classification and the design rules based on these loadings. Division 3 loadings include Design Loadings (Design Pressure, Design Temperature, and Design Mechanical Loadings), Operating Loadings (normal, off-normal, and accident), and Test Loadings (from pressure and leak tests). The chapter also provides a brief review of the ASME stress evaluations and the associated stress acceptance criteria. Code text organization of Division 3 is then considered. The ASME BPV Code Section III, Division 3 is currently divided into three subsections: WA, General Requirements; WB, Class TC Containments; and WC, Class SC Storage Containments. Discussions also include the incorporation of strain-based acceptance criteria, and the current activities in Division 3 such as the development of new subsection WD addressing internal support structures. The chapter concludes with a summary of suggested enhancements for the future in the scope for Division 3.

History
John D. Stevenson authored the original chapter and updated the second edition. The third edition was entirely rewritten with a new title and updated by D. Keith Morton and D. Wayne Lewis who also updated the the fourth and fifth editions. The current online edition has been updated by Garrick J. Solovey and D. Wayne Lewis.
ASME Section IV: Rules for the Construction of Heating Boilers
Authors: Smith Clayton T. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents the rules of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessels Code, Section IV, constituting the minimum requirements for the safe design, construction, installation, and inspection of low-pressure steam boilers and hot-water Boilers (which are directly fired with oil, gas, electricity, or other solid or liquid fuels). It is divided into five parts and two sub-parts including several appendices. Part HG addresses the material requirements, design, pressure-relieving devices, tests, inspection, stamping, instruments, fittings and controls, and the installation of low-pressure steam-heating boilers, hot-water-heating boilers, hot-water-supply boilers, and the boilers’ appurtenances. Part HF, dealing with requirements for heating boilers constructed of wrought materials, has two sub-parts: HW and HB. The requirements of HW are applicable to heating boilers and their parts fabricated by welding. HB addresses the requirements for steam-heating boilers, hot-water-heating boilers, hot-water-supply boilers, and the boilers’ fabrication by brazing. The requirements of Part HC apply to steam-heating boilers, hot water-heating boilers, and hot-water-supply boilers and their parts, which are fabricated primarily of cast iron. The requirements of Part HA apply to hot water boilers constructed primarily of cast aluminum. Part HLW addresses the requirements for water heaters in commercial or industrial settings for supplying potable water at pressures not exceeding 160 psig (1100 kPa) and temperatures not exceeding 210°F (99°C). For each part, general requirements, material specifications, design parameters and calculations, fabrication requirements, and information on testing, inspection, and stamping are given. Appendices contained in this chapter include methods of checking safety valve and safety relief valve capacity; examples of methods of calculating a welded ring reinforced furnace; examples of methods of computation of openings in boiler shells; glossary; and two examples of manufacturer’s data report forms.
Nondestructive Examination (NDE)
Authors: Batey Jon E. , Hembree G. Wayne 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides users of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section V, Nondestructive Examination (NDE), an insight into the significant Section V requirements, the NDE methods addressed therein, and the applicability of the ASME Code NDE methodology to Section V and other sections of the ASME book. It explains when and how to use the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) Standards. The chapter traces the history of Section V and outlines its organization. It highlights the need for users to understand the relationship of Section V to other ASME Code sections to ensure that all contract requirements are satisfied. Section V is divided into two basic subsections. Subsection A contains Articles 1 through 19, including Mandatory and Nonmandatory appendices that address general requirements, test methods, and specific Code requirements. Subsection B contains the ASTM Standards (Articles 22 through 31 with Mandatory Appendix II – Standard Units Used in Equations and Nonmandatory Appendix A, Guidance for the Use of U.S. Customary and SI Units in the ASME). The chapter covers each of the 19 articles, including the various NDE techniques such as radiographic examination, ultrasonic examination for welds and materials, liquid penetrant examination, magnetic particle examination, eddy current examination, visual examination, and leak testing. Additional NDE techniques discussed in the chapter are acoustic emission examination for fiber-reinforced plastic vessels and metallic vessels, acoustic emission monitoring of pressure boundary components, alternating current field measurement, magnetic flux leakage examination, remote field testing examination, acoustic pulse reflectometry examination, and guide wave examination for pipe testing. Eddy current array examination methodology is being considered for incorporation into Section V.
Section XI: Rules for Inservice Inspection and Tests of Nuclear Power Plant Components
Authors: Swayne Richard W. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the general requirements of Section XI of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code that are applicable to all Code Classes of components, including steel vessels, piping, pumps, and valves, as well as concrete structures. It identifies applicability limits of Section XI, addresses interfaces with any applicable regulatory requirements, and explains the use of Code Editions and Addenda and Code Cases. The chapter describes periodic nondestructive examination (NDE) and pressure testing used to ensure the integrity of components (other than containment vessels) within the scope of the Code’s jurisdiction. The requirements of NDE are specified, ranging from personnel qualification to the overall conduct of the examinations, as are the types of NDE required, including sample expansion, and the frequency of examinations required, such as from the detection of defects. Periodic pressure testing and pressure tests following repair/replacement activities are addressed. The chapter also addresses the responsibilities and Quality Assurance Program requirements of the different entities involved in the examination and testing of a nuclear power plant. It analyzes controversial issues and topics of current concern, including the applicability of recent United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Generic Letters and Information Notices and describes the ways in which the reader can use recent Section XI revisions to his or her advantage. The chapter references some published ASME interpretations to explain how the Code requirements can be applied to commonly encountered problems. It contains information on risk-informed inservice inspection and reliability integrity management programs for non-light-water reactors. The chapter presents a note on a new Section XI, Division 2, concerning high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, which is anticipated to be published in 2019.
Description of Rules of Section XII Transport Tank Code
Authors: Rana Mahendra D. , Staniszewski Stanley , Xu Kang 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents a broad overview of Section XII Transport Tank Code, which provides rules for construction and continued service of pressure vessels used in the transportation of dangerous goods via highway, rail, or water. It begins with an overview of the scope and general requirements of the Code including rules on pressure relief devices, stamping, marking certification, reports, and records. The scope of the Code applies to pressure vessels 450 L and above, including additional components and criteria addressed in Modal Appendices that are to be used along with applicable regulations and laws. The Modal Appendix covers Categories 406, 407, 412, 331, and 338 cargo tanks permanently mounted on trucks or wheels used for transporting hazardous materials over public roads. The sections on materials and design rules cover design conditions and allowable stresses, design temperatures, design and allowable working pressures, the design of formed heads, and external pressure design. The coverage also includes information on flat heads and covers, openings and reinforcements, the design of welded joints, and articles covering portable cryogenic tanks including materials and design. The rules for fatigue design are also given in the article covering portable cryogenic tanks. The sections on fabrication, inspection, and testing provide information on general requirements for tanks fabricated by welding; the responsibilities and duties for inspection of transport tanks while being manufactured and for continued service; requirements for nondestructive examination; and rules for transport tanks after they leave the manufacturing facility and are in use by the carriers of hazardous materials.

History
Stephen V. Voorhees was the co-author of this chapter for the first edition.
The second-fourth editions were updated by Mahendra D. Rana and Stanley Staniszewski. Mahendra D. Rana, Stanley Staniszewski and Kang Xu updated the fifth edition and the current online edition.
Subsection NCA—General Requirements for Division 1 and Division 2
Authors: Lambin Jason , Swayne Richard W. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Subsection NCA provides the general requirements for both Divisions 1 and 2 of Section III. It is applicable to all Classes of construction, covering steel vessels, storage tanks, piping, pumps, valves, core support structures, and concrete containment vessels. This chapter identifies how to classify components and how the jurisdictional boundaries of Section III define what is within and outside the scope of the Code. It discusses the use of Code Editions, Addenda, and Code Cases, and the requirements for Design Basis, Design and Construction Specifications, and Design Reports. The chapter addresses the responsibilities and Quality Assurance Program requirements of the different entities involved in constructing a nuclear power plant, from the manufacturer of materials to the Owner. Requirements for ASME accreditation, application of the ASME Code Symbol Stamp, and use of Code Data Reports are also described. The chapter then outlines the basis for exemptions, load combinations, responsibilities of the different entities involved in nuclear power plant construction, Certificate of Authorization Holders, and Quality System Certificate Holders. Finally, it provides cross-referencing to other Code Sections and Subsections, such as Sections III and XI, as well as to pertinent Regulatory Guides, such as the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations.

History
The current online edition has been updated by Jason Lambin and reviewed by Kyle Blan.
Criteria for undernutrition screening in hospitalised infants under 6 months: a diagnostic accuracy study in a resource-poor setting
Authors: Ezeofor Ifeyinwa Obiageli , Garcia Ada Lizbeth , Wright Charlotte Margaret 
Published: December 2019

PurposeWe aimed to describe the prevalence of undernutrition in hospitalised infants aged under 6 months and test the utility of simple index measures to detect undernutrition.DesignDiagnostic accuracy study: weight, length, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), triceps and subscapular skinfolds were measured in infants aged 2 weeks to 6 months admitted to a Teaching Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. Index criteria: low (<−2SD) weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ), weight-for-length Z-scores (WLZ); MUAC <11 cm. Reference definition: weight faltering (conditional weight gain below fifth percentile for healthy Nigerian infants) or sum of skinfolds (SSF) <10 mm.ResultsOf 125 hospitalised infants, only 5% (6) were admitted specifically for undernutrition, but low SSF were found in 33% (41) and, 24% (25) with known birth weight had weight faltering, giving an undernutrition prevalence of 36%. Low WAZ was the most discriminating predictor of undernutrition (sensitivity 69%, positive predictive value 86%, likelihood ratio 5.5; area under receiver operator curves 0.90) followed by MUAC (73%, 73%, 4.9; 0.86), while WLZ performed least well (49%, 67%, 2.9; 0.84). Where both MUAC and WAZ were low, there was sensitivity 90%, positive predictive value 82% and likelihood ratio 8.7.ConclusionsInfants aged under 6 months admitted to hospital in Nigeria had a high prevalence of undernutrition. In young, high-risk population, a low WAZ alone was a valuable screening criterion, while combining weight with MUAC gave even higher discrimination. Measurement of length to calculate WLZ was a less useful predictor in this population.
Informed Health Choices media intervention for improving people’s ability to critically appraise the trustworthiness of claims about treatment effects: a mixed-methods process evaluation of a randomised trial in Uganda
Authors: Semakula Daniel , Nsangi Allen , Oxman Andrew , Glenton Claire , Lewin Simon , Rosenbaum Sarah , Oxman Matt , Kaseje Margaret , Austvoll-Dahlgren Astrid , Rose Christopher James , Fretheim Atle , Sewankambo Nelson 
Published: December 2019

We developed the Informed Health Choices podcast to improve people’s ability to assess claims about the effects of treatments. We evaluated the effects of the podcast in a randomised trial.ObjectivesWe conducted this process evaluation to assess the fidelity of the intervention, identify factors that affected the implementation and impact of the intervention and could affect scaling up, and identify potential adverse and beneficial effects.SettingThe study was conducted in central Uganda in rural, periurban and urban settings.ParticipantsWe collected data on parents who were in the intervention arm of the Informed Health Choices study that evaluated an intervention to improve parents’ ability to assess treatment effects.ProceduresWe conducted 84 semistructured interviews during the intervention, 19 in-depth interviews shortly after, two focus group discussions with parents, one focus group discussion with research assistants and two in-depth interviews with the principal investigators. We used framework analysis to manage qualitative data, assessed the certainty of the findings using the GRADE-CERQual (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations-Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research) approach, and organised findings in a logic model.OutcomesProportion of participants listening to all episodes; factors influencing the implementation of the podcast; ways to scale up and any adverse and beneficial effects.ResultsAll participants who completed the study listened to the podcast as intended, perhaps because of the explanatory design and recruitment of parents with a positive attitude. This was also likely facilitated by the podcast being delivered by research assistants, and providing the participants with MP3 players. The podcast was reportedly clear, understandable, credible and entertaining, which motivated them to listen and eased implementation. No additional adverse effects were reported.ConclusionsParticipants experienced the podcast positively and were motivated to engage with it. These findings help to explain the short-term effectiveness of the intervention, but not the decrease in effectiveness over the following year.
Community health workers involvement in preventative care in primary healthcare: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Sharma Nila , Harris Elizabeth , Lloyd Jane , Mistry Sabuj Kanti , Harris Mark 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesTo review effective models of community health worker (CHW) involvement in preventive care for disadvantaged culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) patients in primary healthcare (PHC) that may be applicable to the Australian context.DesignSystematic scoping review.Data sourcesThe studies were gathered through searching Medline, EMBASE, EMCARE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and online portals of relevant organisations.Eligibility criteriaAll selected studies were original research studies which essentially evaluated preventive intervention undertake by CHWs in PHC. The intervened population were adults with or without diagnosed chronic health disease, culturally and linguistically diverse, or vulnerable due to geographic, economic and/or cultural characteristics that impede or compromise their access to healthcare.Data extraction and synthesisData extraction was undertaken systematically in an excel spreadsheet while the findings were synthesised in a narrative manner. The quality appraisal of the selected studies was performed using effective public health practice project quality assessment tool.ResultsA total of 1066 articles were identified during the initial search of six bibliographic databases. After screening the title, abstract and full text, 37 articles met the selection and methodological criteria and underwent data extraction. A high-quality evidence-base supporting the positive impact of CHWs supporting patients’ access to healthcare and influencing positive behaviour change was found. Positive impacts of CHW interventions included improvements in clinical disease indicators, screening rates and behavioural change. Education-focused interventions were more effective in improving patient behaviour, whereas navigation interventions were most effective in improving access to services. Implementation was enhanced by cultural and linguistic congruence and specific training of CHWs in the intervention but reduced by short duration interventions, dropouts and poor adherence of patients.ConclusionThe evidence generated from this systematic scoping review demonstrates the contribution of CHWs to improving access to preventive care for patients from CALD and disadvantaged backgrounds by providing both education and navigational interventions. More research is needed on CHW training and the incorporation of CHWs into primary health care (PHC) teams.
How youth cognitive and sociodemographic factors relate to the development of overweight and obesity in the UK and the USA: a prospective cross-cohort study of the National Child Development Study and National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979
Authors: Altschul Drew M , Wraw Christina , Gale Catharine R , Deary Ian J 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesWe investigated how youth cognitive and sociodemographic factors are associated with the aetiology of overweight and obesity. We examined both onset (who is at early risk for overweight and obesity) and development (who gains weight and when).DesignProspective cohort study.SettingWe used data from the US National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY) and the UK National Child Development Study (NCDS); most of both studies completed a cognitive function test in youth.Participants12 686 and 18 558 members of the NLSY and NCDS, respectively, with data on validated measures of youth cognitive function, youth socioeconomic disadvantage (eg, parental occupational class and time spent in school) and educational attainment. Height, weight and income data were available from across adulthood, from individuals’ 20s into their 50s.Primary and secondary outcome measuresBody mass index (BMI) for four time points in adulthood. We modelled gain in BMI using latent growth curve models to capture linear and quadratic components of change in BMI over time.ResultsAcross cohorts, higher cognitive function was associated with lower overall BMI. In the UK, 1 SD higher score in cognitive function was associated with lower BMI (β=−0.20, 95% CI −0.33 to −0.06 kg/m²). In America, this was true only for women (β=−0.53, 95% CI −0.90 to −0.15 kg/m²), for whom higher cognitive function was associated with lower BMI. In British participants only, we found limited evidence for negative and positive associations, respectively, between education (β=−0.15, 95% CI −0.26 to −0.04 kg/m²) and socioeconomic disadvantage (β=0.33, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.43 kg/m²) and higher BMI. Overall, no cognitive or socioeconomic factors in youth were associated with longitudinal changes in BMI.ConclusionsWhile sociodemographic and particularly cognitive factors can explain some patterns in individuals’ overall weight levels, differences in who gains weight in adulthood could not be explained by any of these factors.