bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of aerobic exercise for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders receiving ART: An RCT
Authors: Nweke Martins , Mshunqane Nombeko 
Published: December 2024

Background: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) affects an individual’s capacity for independence and engagement in everyday activities, posing challenges in environments with limited resources and low social support.Objectives: To ascertain the efficacy of exercise (AE) for activity and participation (AP) level in people with HAND.Method: This is a randomised controlled trial that is parallel-group in nature, with intention-to-treat analysis and disguised allocation. Seventy-three people with HAND in total were randomised at random to the AE and control groups. Three 20 -60-min sessions of moderate-intensity AE training on a cycle ergometer were included of the 12-week intervention. Individual tolerability served as the basis for progression. Three months after the intervention, at the conclusion of the intervention, and at the baseline, outcomes were measured. The AP constitutes the main outcome variable. To investigate the impact of AE on AP level, rank analysis of covariance was performed after log-transformation.Results: When comparing the AE to the control group, there were significant increases in social wellbeing AP (Cohen d = 0.550; p = 0.021), emotion AP (Cohen d = 0.641; p = 0.007) and overall AP level (Cohen d = 0.896; p 0.001). There was no discernible variation in AP across the groups three months following AE (Cohen d = 0.437; p = 0.067).Conclusion: AE induces a small increase in AP among individuals with HAND.Clinical Implications: For people with HAND, regular AE is a good way to manage AP restriction. Increasing AE participation may improve AP restriction.
Thromboembolic Events in Saudi Arabian Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Alkathem Jafar Ali , Hamida Soltan M. , Alshammasi Salma Shamel , Al-Sahwan Zainab Aziz , Alshahrani Rahaf Aedh , Al Abbas Layan Abdulmunem , Almughamsi Jouri Sami , Alsinan Salam Mufeed , Alawad Fatema Hani , Al Mohaini Mohammad 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are increasingly recognised for their prevalence and health burden. These conditions share common risk factors such as older age, obesity, diabetes and hypertension, leading to complex interplays that exacerbate patient health outcomes. Recent studies have illuminated the relationship between CKD and AF, particularly noting an increased risk of thromboembolic events. This cross-sectional study aims to fill gaps in understanding the prevalence and risk factors of thromboembolism among CKD and AF patients in Saudi Arabia, enhancing the standard of care and patient outcomes.

Methods:
The study employed a cross-sectional design to explore the thromboembolic complications in Saudi Arabian patients with CKD and AF. Participants included individuals diagnosed with CKD and/or AF, with diverse demographics such as age and gender considered for eligibility. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, medical record reviews and patient interviews. The primary statistical methods included regression analysis and risk stratification, using standard statistical software to assess the correlation between risk factors and thromboembolic events.

Results:
The study involved 1836 participants, revealing significant associations between CKD, AF, hypertension, diabetes and the likelihood of receiving anticoagulation therapy. Notably, the duration of AF emerged as a key factor influencing treatment decisions. The findings highlighted the critical role of tailored approaches for managing thromboembolic risk in patients with CKD and AF, considering medical history and patient perspectives.

Conclusion:
This study provides crucial insights into the prevalence and risk factors of thromboembolic events in Saudi Arabian patients with CKD and AF. The findings emphasise the need for revised clinical practices, including targeted screening and management strategies. These results not only contribute to the existing literature but also underline specific risks in this demographic, advocating for improved public health awareness and intervention strategies. The study underscores the importance of comprehensive management approaches and signals new directions for future research in this field.
Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Saudi Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Authors: Alkathem Jafar Ali , Wasaya Hanan Muhammed Ismail , Alsubaie Seeta Shaye , Alseif Rihanna Yousef , Alloqmani Renad Hussein , Tayara Abdelwareth , Almulhem Shamayel , Alsuwaylih Mohammed Abdulmajeed , Alanazi Yousef Abdulhadi , Alhodibi Mostafa Habeeb 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is experiencing a notable demographic shift, with a rising average age attributed to various factors. This demographic transition has led to significant changes in age distribution, particularly concerning the elderly population. Projections indicate that the proportion of elderly individuals in Saudi Arabia is expected to increase from 6.5% in 2016 to a substantial 25% by the year 2050. This demographic shift carries with it the anticipation of increased prevalence in common comorbidities, including cognitive impairment, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes mellitus, among others. The present study is designed to investigate the association and prevalence of CKD and cognitive impairment, along with their associated comorbidities in the elderly population of Saudi Arabia.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2023 and August 2023. The study involved the distribution of a questionnaire among participants, focusing on elderly individuals diagnosed with either CKD or cognitive impairment. The sample was drawn from the general population of Saudi Arabia, comprising a total of 1137 participants. Among them, 22 (1.9%) individuals were diagnosed with CKD, and an equal number were diagnosed with cognitive impairment. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the relevant research ethics committee, and informed consent was secured from all participants. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 27.0.

Results:
The study sample consisted of 1137 participants, including 22 (1.9%) individuals diagnosed with cognitive impairments and 22 (1.9%) individuals diagnosed with CKD. A significance level of P < 0.05 was set. A linear regression model assessing the severity of CKD and cognitive impairment demonstrated a statistically significant relationship, with a beta coefficient of 0.816 (95% confidence interval: 0.689–0.943) and P < 0.001. In addition, patients with hypertension and diabetes or those with poor control of these comorbidities were more likely to report more severe cognitive impairment (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Our study reveals a significant association between CKD and cognitive impairment in elderly patients in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, it highlights the higher likelihood of the presence of comorbidities in these patients. Early detection, monitoring and management of CKD and other comorbidities may play a crucial role in enhancing cognitive capacity and overall quality of life for these patients in the future.
The Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on COVID-19 Outcomes in ICU Patients in Saudi Arabia, Cross Sectional
Authors: Aleid Ahmed Fadeil , Alfajih Hanin Ahmed , Albyali Shatha Yousif , Alghamdi Mada Abdullah , Mujahidalmarhoon Fatimah , Alluqmani Luran Ahmed , Almebki Rauof Ahmad , Alzahrani Lujain Ibrahim , Baowaydhan Rana Khalid , Al-Johani Amal Saleem , Alabdali Qasi Nasser , Alhodibi Mostafa Habeeb 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background:
SARS-CoV-2, alias COVID-19, has exerted overwhelming pressure on the healthcare facilities globally, particularly intensive care units (ICUs). Precautions and glycaemic details should be well complied with to avoid adverse outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). The purpose of this research was to assess the association between DM and the prognosis of adult COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU.

Methodology:
The present study was a retrospective cohort study, in which all adult patients diagnosed with DM were admitted to Almoosa Specialist Hospital during July 2020–June 2021 and confirmed for COVID-19 through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The sample of the study was calculated to be 1102 adult patients. To analyse the collected data, basic description statistics, Chi-square tests and Mann–Whitney U-tests were used, with IBM SPSS version 28 as the statistic software 0.

Results:
In the sample comprised 1102 patients, 51.2% had DM. Overall, the mean length of stay (LOS) in the hospital was 22 days, and in the ICU, it was 15 days. The prevalence of DM did not significantly affect hospital LOS or mechanical ventilation (MV) duration. However, patients with DM had a slightly longer ICU LOS compared to those without DM.

Conclusion:
While DM did not significantly impact hospital LOS or MV duration, the study also indicated that the use of remdesivir was linked to a somewhat longer duration in the ICU within patients inflicted with the virus. This points to the necessity of specialised approach and strict surveillance of patients with DM in the ICU. More investigation is required to enhance the outcomes for the population group.
Assessing Health Literacy and Decision-making Autonomy in Neurosurgical Patients: A Multi-centre Study in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Aleid Abdulsalam Mohammed , Alkhawajah Amnah Ali , Alshammary Alya A. , Aldawood Haya Fahad , Alshehri Munirah S. , Alqarni Reem A. , Alzaaqi Amal N. , Aljabr Abdulmajeed Abdulaziz , Almalki Sami F. , Aldanyowi Saud Nayef 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background:
Neurosurgery offers intricate treatments and patients’ informed decision-making is crucial for optimal health outcomes. This study investigates health literacy and decision-making autonomy amongst neurosurgical patients in Saudi Arabia, exploring the link between the two.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional survey involving 1542 neurosurgical patients across various age groups in Saudi Arabia was conducted. The study utilised a structured questionnaire to gauge health literacy and decision-making autonomy amongst participants recruited from multiple neurosurgical centres located throughout the country.

Results:
The total number of participants was 1542, and the analysis revealed varying levels of comprehension amongst participants concerning medical information about their neurosurgical conditions. A notable 31.4% assessed their understanding as ‘Good’, whereas 22.8% rated it as ‘Excellent’. Approximately 40.3% of neurosurgical patients in Saudi Arabia reported frequent engagement in reading health-related materials to acquire knowledge about their condition and available treatment options. Conversely, a concerning 25.6% disclosed that their healthcare providers never discussed the risks and benefits of different therapeutic options. Notably, 20.3% of patients expressed regular involvement in their treatment decisions. The study unveiled a robust positive correlation between health literacy and decision-making autonomy (r = 0.852, P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Enhancing health literacy is paramount in empowering neurosurgical patients to make informed decisions regarding their treatments. The positive correlation between health literacy and decision-making autonomy underscores the importance of this facet for patient-centred care. Healthcare practitioners, particularly in neurosurgery, must prioritize initiatives that improve patient education, communication and active engagement in the decision-making process to optimize patient outcomes.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Prophylactic Pharmacological Agents in Preventing Surgical Site Infections amongst Saudi Adults: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Alsharif Munira Hatem , Al-Shaikhly Khalil N. , Al-Ruwaili Reem H. , Abohamad Ashwaq Sari , Jokhadar Abdulwahab Fahad , Hakami Mazen Mohammed , Almatrafi Amlak Salman , Alsaad Hussain Jawad , Albinsaad Loai Saleh 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a significant concern in medical surgery, impacting patient outcomes and healthcare costs. Despite advances in surgical techniques and infection control practices, SSIs remain prevalent in post-operative care. Prophylactic pharmacological agents, particularly antibiotics, have become critical in preventing these infections. This study, set in Saudi Arabia, aims to assess the utilisation patterns of these agents, evaluate their effectiveness in preventing SSIs amongst adults and identify adherence gaps to prophylactic guidelines. This research addresses the literature gap on regional variations in prophylactic practices and their outcomes.

Methods:
Employing a cross-sectional design, this study targeted adult patients undergoing surgery in Saudi hospitals. The study included adults aged 18 and above who underwent surgical procedures involving prophylactic pharmacology, excluding patients with pre-existing infections or on long-term antibiotic therapy. The data were collected using structured questionnaires and hospital records, focusing on patient demographics, surgical details and prophylactic agent usage. Data analysis involved SPSS software, using descriptive statistics and Chi-squared tests, with significance set at P < 0.05.

Results:
The study’s key findings include a significant number of participants observing positive outcomes with the use of prophylactic agents. Most participants were satisfied with their surgical procedures and believed in the significant contribution of prophylactic agents to reducing SSI. The study also highlighted that patient characteristics and institutional policies influence the utilisation and efficacy of these agents.

Conclusion:
This study illuminates the use and effectiveness of prophylactic pharmacological agents in preventing SSIs amongst Saudi adults, revealing variations in their utilisation and impact. The findings underscore the need for tailored prophylactic strategies and adherence to guidelines. These insights open new avenues for research, particularly in personalised prophylactic protocols and educational interventions. The study enriches the understanding of SSI prevention and advocates for re-evaluation and expansion of current practices and guidelines in this area.
Inflammatory Eye Diseases and Central Nervous System Involvement in the Saudi Arabian Population: A Cross-sectional Analysis
Authors: Aleid Abdulsalam Mohammed , Alahmed Shog K. , Bawajeeh Nada M. , Algethami Lamyaa M. , Almutairi Jawza Ali , Almalki Sami Fadhel , Alsomali Abdulaziz 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
The interconnection between inflammatory eye diseases and central nervous system (CNS) pathologies has emerged as a critical focus in medical research due to their shared developmental origins and overlapping disease manifestations. With the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Saudi Arabia presenting ocular symptoms in numerous cases and conditions such as Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome and Behçet’s disease being leading causes of uveitis, this study seeks to investigate the prevalence, clinical features and risk factors of CNS involvement in patients with inflammatory eye diseases within the Saudi population. The study places its objectives within the context of existing literature, emphasising the urgency for research given the clinical significance and current knowledge gaps in the region.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study design was employed, targeting individuals between 18 and 65 years diagnosed with inflammatory eye diseases across multiple eye clinics and hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using structured questionnaires in Arabic and English, focusing on detailed clinical assessments. Convenience sampling was utilised to determine the sample size, ensuring adequate representation and statistical power. Ethical considerations were observed, with ethical approval obtained from King Faisal University’s committee, and informed consent was ensured for all participants.

Results:
The study found a significant burden of inflammatory eye diseases amongst participants, with a notable percentage reporting CNS-related symptoms. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between CNS involvement and inflammatory eye diseases. A positive correlation was observed between the severity of eye diseases and CNS involvement, indicating that increased severity in ocular conditions could be predictive of CNS complications.

Conclusion:
This study highlights a significant association between inflammatory eye diseases and CNS involvement in the Saudi Arabian population, suggesting a shared pathophysiological link. The correlation between disease severity and CNS impact underscores the need for vigilant clinical assessment and comprehensive care strategies. These findings advocate for increased awareness and further research to improve patient outcomes, emphasising the importance of a holistic approach to patient care in this domain.
Assessing the Role of Laparoscopic Techniques in the Management of Colorectal Cancer: A Comparative Study in Saudi Arabia, with a Focus on Cost-effectiveness
Authors: Hassan Nifin , Alhawsawi Hasan Ali , Alshaiban Saleh Hussain , Saeed Ziyad Saad , Alasmari Yazeed Yahya , Alslatin Hussien Said Al Rasi , Alkathem Jafar Ali , Alessa Mohammed Yousef 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background:
Colorectal cancer treatment involves complex surgical management were technique choice impacts outcomes. This study investigates laparoscopic approaches’ role compared to open surgery regarding cost-effectiveness within Saudi Arabia.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey involved 1508 Saudi participants with varied demographics. A validated questionnaire evaluated familiarity with laparoscopic techniques, preferences, cost perceptions, post-operative implications, satisfaction and barriers. Descriptive analyses characterised responses. Regression tested associations.

Results:
Most were young, male students from western provinces. Familiarity with laparoscopy varied considerably. While 12.6% underwent surgery, 31.3% received laparoscopic procedures. Cost-effectiveness emerged as an important consideration for 12.6%. However, 70.9% perceived no significant cost difference. Likert analyses estimated laparoscopy favourably regarding costs and resource usage. Regression uncovered strong negative correlations between laparoscopy and both expenditures/complications. Notably, 68.5% believed laparoscopy reduced complications greatly, while 93.7% associated higher satisfaction.

Conclusion:
Participants’ perceptions largely aligned with evidence-based advantages of laparoscopic approaches, including short hospital stays, minimal resource demands, reduced post-operative implications and optimised satisfaction levels. Cost perceptions require reinforcement. Barriers restricting wider implementation necessitate attention. Overall findings support expanding utilisation of laparoscopic techniques for positively influencing colorectal cancer management outcomes and value within Saudi healthcare systems.
Comparative evaluation of two techniques of shade matching – VITA shade guide under color-corrected light and digital application DentHue with VITA shade guide under natural light: A double blind, randomized control trial
Authors: Ingle Pushpal , Srinidhi S. R. 
Published: December 2024

Aim:
The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare two techniques of shade matching using VITA shade guide under color-corrected light and mobile application DentHue with VITA shade guide under natural light.

Materials and Methods:
100 subjects were selected for the study. The visual assessment was based on a comparison between a shade guide and the target tooth. The shade of the tooth was assessed using VITA classical shade guide in natural daylight, using VITA shade guide with a color-corrected light (true light) and a mobile application DentHue. The shade matching using color-corrected light and with the application was compared with that done by VITA shade guide.

Results:
It was found that there were 69 (69%) correct identifications of the shade when matched under color-corrected light while 31 (31%) were incorrectly identified. It was also found that there were 38 (38%) correct identifications performed by DentHue while there were 62 (62%) incorrect identifications of the shade. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The use of color-corrected light demonstrated superior accuracy in shade matching using the VITA shade guide as compared to DentHue.
Biomimetic remineralization of eroded dentin by synergistic effect of calcium phosphate and plant-based biomodifying agents: An in vitro study
Authors: Ingle Aditya S. , Devadiga Darshana , Jain Nainy , Bhardwaj Shreeya 
Published: December 2024

Context:
Dentin, due to its organic content, exhibits a high susceptibility to dental erosion owing to its high permeability to intrinsic acids. A crucial challenge for successful remineralization of demineralized dentin is reestablishing a complete spatial relationship between the mineral and collagen.

Aims:
This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effect of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (CPP-ACPF) with plant-based dentin biomodifying agents: Grape seed extract (GSE), green tea extract (GTE), and cranberry extract (CE) on biomimetic remineralization of eroded dentin.

Settings and Design:
Dentin samples were prepared and subjected to surface microhardness (SMH) analysis at baseline followed by erosive challenge with hydrochloric acid (0.01M) and pH cycling with citric acid (0.05M) and artificial saliva. The samples in all the groups except the control were subjected to surface treatments: CPP-ACPF, GSE + CPP-ACPF, GTE + CPP-ACPF, and CE + CPP-ACPF.

Subjects and Methods:
Samples from all the groups were subjected to Vickers Hardness Tester for Post Treatment SMH analysis. Samples were qualitatively evaluated for changes in ultramorphological characteristics of dentin surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and were quantitatively analyzed for changes in the calcium (Ca)/phosphorous (P) ratio using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX).

Statistical Analysis Used:
Data obtained were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, paired samples test, and Tukey HSD test. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
The samples pretreated with GSE showed the highest mean SMH followed by GTE and CE. The difference in % change was significant when GSE was compared to GTE and CE (P = 0.001 and P = 0.000, respectively). SEM pictomicrographs of demineralized dentin samples revealed enlarged and exposed dentinal tubules, and most of these tubules were unobstructed with no obvious sediments. Samples treated with test agents demonstrated amorphous crystal-like deposits occluding the dentinal tubules with higher incidence observed in the groups treated with the combination of the agents. EDAX analysis revealed the highest mean wt% of Ca and P in groups pretreated with GSE followed by GTE and CE. GSE showed the highest mean Ca/P ratio followed by CE and GTE.

Conclusions:
The findings of this study demonstrated a synergistic effect when CPP-ACPF was used after pretreatment with plant-based dentin biomodifying agents in causing biomimetic remineralization of eroded dentin.