bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maintenance of Cell Fate by the Polycomb Group Gene Sex Combs Extra Enables a Partial Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition inDrosophila
Authors: Jefferies Grace , Somers Jason , Lohrey Isabelle , Chaturvedi Vishal , Calabria Jacob , Marshall Owen J , Southall Tony D , Saint Robert , Murray Michael J 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEpigenetic silencing by Polycomb group (PcG) complexes can promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness and is associated with malignancy of solid cancers. Here we report a role for Drosophila PcG repression in a partial EMT event that occurs during wing disc eversion, an early event during metamorphosis. In a screen for genes required for eversion we identified the PcG genes Sex combs extra (Sce) and Sex combs midleg (Scm). Depletion of Sce or Scm resulted in internalized wings and thoracic clefts, and loss of Sce inhibited the EMT of the peripodial epithelium and basement membrane breakdown, ex vivo. Targeted DamID (TaDa) using Dam-Pol II showed that Sce knockdown caused a genomic transcriptional response consistent with a shift toward a more stable epithelial fate. Surprisingly only 17 genes were significantly upregulated in Sce-depleted cells, including Abd-B, abd-A, caudal, and nubbin. Each of these loci were enriched for Dam-Pc binding. Of the four genes, only Abd-B was robustly upregulated in cells lacking Sce expression. RNAi knockdown of all four genes could partly suppress the Sce RNAi eversion phenotype, though Abd-B had the strongest effect. Our results suggest that in the absence of continued PcG repression peripodial cells express genes such as Abd-B, which promote epithelial state and thereby disrupt eversion. Our results emphasize the important role that PcG suppression can play in maintaining cell states required for morphogenetic events throughout development and suggest that PcG repression of Hox genes may affect epithelial traits that could contribute to metastasis.
Pflichtangaben in Verbraucherdarlehensverträgen auf dem Prüfstand des EuGH
Authors: Knops Kai-Oliver , Fromm Calvin 
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung
Vielfach streiten Banken und Verbraucher vor Gericht über die Wirksamkeit von Widerrufen von Verbraucherdarlehensverträgen. In den letzten Jahren betreffen diese neben Immobilienfinanzierungen zunehmend auch Allgemein-Verbraucherdarlehen, die zur Anschaffung von Kraftfahrzeugen o. Ä. abgeschlossen wurden und bei denen die Widerrufsinformationen zum Teil höchst unterschiedlich formuliert sind. Nachdem die neuere Rechtsprechung in Deutschland Verbrauchern massenweise eine Rückabwicklung von Verbraucherdarlehen aller Art versagt, weil sie trotz Weglassungen, zweifelhafter Formulierungen oder erheblicher Abweichungen von den Musterbelehrungen ordnungsgemäß über das ihnen zustehende Widerrufsrecht informiert worden seien, hat das LG Ravensburg in mehreren Verfahren dem EuGH zahlreiche Fragen zur Auslegung der Verbraucherkreditrichtlinie vorgelegt, denen im Folgenden nachgegangen werden soll. Zunächst ist kurz auf die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen (II) einzugehen, um dann zu den einzelnen Vorlagefragen des Vorlagebeschlusses vom 31. 3. 2020 betreffend den Inhalt der zu erteilenden Pflichtangaben gem. Art. 10 Abs. 2 lit. a, d, l, r, s und t VerbrKrRiL konkret Stellung zu beziehen (III).
Asymbiotic Germination, Effect of Plant Growth Regulators, and Chitosan on the Mass Propagation of Stanhopea hernandezii (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Arellano-García Jesús , Enciso-Díaz Oswaldo , Flores-Palacios Alejandro , Valencia-Díaz Susana , Flores-Morales Alejandro , Perea-Arango Irene 
Published: October 2020

Background: Stanhopea hernandezii was collected from natural habitat in Mexico for its beautiful fragrant flowers. Biotechnological strategies of propagation may satisfy the market demand and are useful for conservation programs.
Hypothesis: Vigorous seedlings of S. hernandezii can be produced in vitro by asymbiotic seed germination techniques and the addition of chitosan to the culture medium in the temporary immersion system (RITA®) and in semi-solid medium systems.
Methods: The first step was the in vitro germination of seeds obtained from a mature capsule of wild plants, followed by multiplication via adventitious protocorm induction known as protocorm-like bodies, using plant growth regulators. For this purpose, we utilized Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium amended with 0.5 mg/L ?-Naphthaleneacetic acid, combined with different concentrations of 6-Benzylaminepurine (1, 3, and 5 mg/L). The following step comprised the growth and development of protocorms to obtain plantlets in RITA® flasks containing 250 mL of liquid MS medium combined or not with different chitosan concentrations (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg/L).
Results: The results showed that media supplemented with 5, 10, and 15 mg/L chitosan concentrations enabled the obtaining of a larger biomass with a range of 40-48 seedlings/RITA® and an average height of 13 mm. The last step was the development from seedlings into plantlets, the latter being, vigorous and achieving up to 100 % survival after 12 weeks of ex vitro cultivation.
Conclusion: This paper describes an efficient process of asymbiotic germination and mass propagation of S. hernandezii , a vulnerable orchid species endemic to Mexico.
Chondrophycus anabeliae and Laurencia digitata (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) are recorded for the first time for Venezuela expanding their geographic distributions beyond the type localities
Authors: Cassano Valéria , Soares Luanda P. , Vera-Vegas Beatriz Esther , Ardito Sonia , Gómez Santiago , Sentíes Abel , Fujii Mutue T. 
Published: October 2020

Background: Over the course of approximately 12 years, the species of the Laurencia complex have been systematically studied in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean, showing high diversity (48 species), which has been underestimated for the coast of Venezuela.
Questions: What is the species diversity of the Laurencia complex in Venezuela?
Studied species: Chondrophycus anabeliae , Laurencia digitata .
Study site and dates: Cayo Muerto, Parque Nacional Morrocoy, Estado Falcón, Venezuela, 2015.
Methods: For molecular studies, the plastid rbc L gene and the mitochondrial DNA barcode marker COI-5P were used, combined with the study of current morpho-anatomical characters used for the identification of the species of the complex.
Results: The occurrence of Chondrophycus , as currently circumscribed, was confirmed for the first time for Venezuela. Chondrophycus anabeliae and Laurencia digitata are reported for the first time beyond the type localities. Tetrasporophytes are described for the first time for L. digitata .
Conclusions: Our findings expand the geographic distribution of Ch. anabeliae and L. digitata for the Venezuelan Caribbean and the Atlantic Ocean, respectively.
Prevalence and associated risk factors of urinary tract infection in pregnancy at the Douala General Hospital, Cameroon: a case–control study
Authors: Dayas Francine W. W.Ch. , Nana-Njamen T. , Omarine N. , Egbe D. N. , Enow-Orock G. E. , Egbe T. O. 
Published: October 2020

Introduction.The burden of urinary tract infection (UTI) in pregnancy has been understudied in Cameroon.Aim:to determine the prevalence and risk factors of UTI in pregnancy in a tertiary hospital in Cameroon.Materials and methods.A hospital-based matched case-control study of pregnant women with evidence of UTI and those without who underwent antenatal care and gave birth at the Douala General Hospital from January 2014 to December 2018. Demographic, reproductive health/clinical data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS.Results.The prevalence of UTI in pregnancy was 4.41 %. Poor antenatal care uptake (AOR = 5.64; 95 % CI = 2.21–14.33), multiple weekly sexual intercourses (AOR = 4.64; 95 % CI = 0.22–96.94), a history of UTI (AOR = 3.01; 95 % CI = 1.12–8.04) and drying the genitals from back to front (AOR = 5.50; 95 % CI = 1.95–15.44) were associated factors.Conclusion.The prevalence of UTI in pregnancy is low amid multiple associated factors. Screening for UTI in pregnancy should be made the standard of obstetric care in Cameroon.
An Efficient Approach of Data Adaptive Polarization Filter to Extract Teleseismic Phases from the Ocean-Bottom Seismograms
Authors: Negi Sanjay S. , Kumar Amit , Ningthoujam Lachit S. , Pandey Dhananjai K. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The microseism is the strongest component of background seismic noise that masks seismic signals recorded by ocean-bottom seismographs (OBSs). Such undesired noise hampers the identification of critical seismic phases and sometimes even the entire waveform. Here, we introduce the data adaptive polarization filter (DAPF), an approach that suppresses random signals from the background seismic-noise significantly to overcome such difficulties. To automate this task, we have developed a self-contained software suite—DAPF-v1, supported by a MATLAB graphical user interface. The polarization filter is constructed from the data spectral density matrices of seismogram segments employing multitaper spectral analysis approach. We demonstrate a successful application of this technique to the OBSs deployed in the Indian Ocean. Our results confirm substantially enhanced signal-to-noise ratio after application of DAPF. The application of this technique has extensive implications for seismological studies particularly those aimed at understanding deep mantle dynamics, in which phase identification and qualitative waveform recovery are crucial yet challenging.
NORMS OF CHANGE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS OF STEPPE, ARID AND SEMI-DESERT ZONES OF EUROPEAN RUSSIAN TERRITORIES
Authors: Kuznetsova I. , Azovtseva N. , Bondarev A. 
Published: October 2020

Norms of change of physical properties of arable land have been developed chernozems of steppe, chestnut soils of dry-steppe and light-chestnut soils of desert steppe zones of the European territory of Russia depending on the nature of anthropogenic impact. The limits of optimum, admissible and critical values of physical properties of these soils for growth and development of plants are established. For each zone, expert estimates of the distribution of soil areas with optimal, acceptable and critical values of the basic physical properties of soils are given. The greatest differences are observed in the density and structural composition of soils of different soil-climatic zones. In the steppe zone, soils with optimal values of arable layer density prevail among ordinary chernozems (1.0 - 1.2 g/cm3); among pre-Caucasian and southern chernozems - with values of 1.25-1.35 g/cm3. Among the chestnut soils of the dry-steppe zone the most common are the differences in the permissible values equilibrium density (1.30-1.40 g/cm3); in the desert steppe zone light chestnut soils with permissible (1.35- 1.45 g/cm3) and critical values (>1.45 g/cm3) of the equilibrium density. In the arable layer of soils of each separate zone agrophysical properties are significantly reduced by agrotechnical measures and close requirements of crops cultivated in the zone. Norms of change of physical properties can serve as a guide for assessing the current physical condition of arable soils and a basic basis for the development of regional fertility conservation and reproduction systems of the soil.
Engineering Fracture Geometry by Acknowledging Geological Heterogeneity to Maximize Productivity
Authors: Senters Chad , Jayakumar Swathika , Warren Mark , Woodroof Robert , Leonard Richard 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Completion diagnostics have been extensively utilized in hydraulically fractured horizontal wells across all major basins to determine the effectiveness of stimulation strategies and to evaluate new technologies. They have also been key in understanding factors that drive well performance and reduce completion costs. Geological heterogeneity provides unique challenges and opportunities for completion optimization. Diagnostic data provide insights into fracture characterization under various geological conditions and how they can be utilized for well design and field development. This paper demonstrates the integration of geology with completion diagnostics results.
The dynamic relationship between evolving completion technologies and geology is brought to light with the help of case studies across multiple basins. The challenges studied include fracture driven interactions (frac-hits), perforation cluster design, landing zone optimization and production analysis. By incorporating geology into the diagnostic results, additional insights are obtained for enhanced reservoir characterization and future field development.
The case histories illustrate how the interpretation of diagnostic data can be strengthened by a combined understanding of geology and completion technologies, instead of employing an independent approach. In one instance, a high degree of fracture driven interactions (frac-hits) from new completions to existing producers was observed. Further detailed study of geological features in the section revealed that the frac-hits were primarily due to the presence of the faults rather than by well proximity and stimulation treatment volumes.
In another example, diagnostics data identify low hydrocarbon productivity across several stages within a well. The load fluid recoveries in these stages with low hydrocarbon flowback are comparable to better performing stages, indicating effective stimulation and flow capacity within the fracture. This underscores the importance of comprehensive lithology evaluation across the lateral to identify low productivity intervals, for improving future well placement and performance.
The outcomes of these case studies provide examples of the barriers between engineering and geology being broken through data corroboration. Asset level decisions surrounding the integration of multiple technical teams offer an opportunity to reduce the learning curve in basin development strategies. This study releases case studies across multiple basins that leverage this integration. The approach outlined in this paper can be applied in any horizontal field development program.
Machine Learning Workflow to Identify Brittle, Fracable and Producible Rock in Horizontal Wells Using Surface Drilling Data
Authors: Lam Tran Ngoc , Gupta Ishank , Devegowda Deepak , Karami Hamidreza , Rai Chandra , Jayaram Vikram , Sondergeld Carl 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This study demonstrates the application of an interpretable (or explainable) machine learning workflow using surface drilling data to identify fracable, brittle and productive rock intervals along horizontal laterals in the Marcellus shale. The results are supported by a thorough model-agnostic interpretation of the input-output relationships to make the model explainable to users. The methodology described here can easily be generalized to real-time processing of surface drilling data for optimal landing of laterals, placing of fracture stages, optimizing production and minimizing frac hits. In practice, this information is rarely available in real-time and requires tedious and time-consuming processing of logs (including image logs), core, microseismic data and fiber optic sensor data to provide post-job validation of frac- and well-placement. Post-completion analyses are generally too late for corrective action leading to wells with a low probability of success and increasing risk of frac hits. Our workflow involves identifying geomechanical facies from core- and well-log data. We verify that the geomechanical facies derived using core- and well-log data have characteristically different brittleness, fracability and production characteristics. We test and investigate several different supervised classifiers to relate surface drilling data to the geomechanical facies. The data was divided into training and test datasets, with supervised classification techniques being able to accurately predict the geomechanical facies with 75% accuracy on the test dataset. The clusters predicted on test well (unseen data) were qualitatively verified using the microseismic interpretation. The use of Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) helps explain the predictive models, rank the importance of various inputs in the prediction of the facies and provides both local and global sensitivities. Our study demonstrates that pre-existing natural fracture networks control both the hydraulic fracture geometry as wells as the production. Natural fractures promote the formation of complex fracture networks with shorter half-lengths which increase well productivity while minimizing frac hits and neighboring well interactions. The natural fracture network is itself controlled by the geomechanical properties of the rock. The ability of the surface drilling data to reliably predict the geomechanical rock facies provides a powerful tool for real-time optimization of wellbore trajectory and completions.
A Data-Driven Water-Soaking Model for Optimizing Shut-In Time of Shale Gas/Oil Wells Prior to Flowback of Fracturing Fluids
Authors: Shaibu Rashid , Guo Boyun 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a method for identifying the optimum soaking time between the cessation of pumping, and the flowback of hydraulic fracturing fluids after a hydraulic fracture stimulation job, to increase productivity of shale gas and oil wells. Multiple cracks were observed at the surfaces of cores from a shale oil reservoir under simulated water-soaking conditions. The observation proposes a hypothesis that the formation of cracks should increase well productivity. Well shut-in pressure data recorded in a watersoaking process in a shale gas reservoir were employed to derive a mathematical model to describe the process of crack propagation in shale gas/oil formations. This crack model was incorporated in a well productivity model to form an objective function for selection of the water soaking time. A field case was studied with the mathematical model to proof the hypothesis and explore factors affecting the optimum water-soaking time. Analysis of the model shows a quick increase of well productivity with water-soaking time in the beginning followed by a trend of leveling-off. The water-soaking process is mainly controlled by the number of cracks along the bedding plane. High viscosity of fracturing fluid corresponds to longer soaking time, while increasing water-shale interfacial tension reduces the optimum soaking time. The effect of different initial water saturations on optimum soaking time was found to be insignificant. If real time shut-in pressure data are used, this technique can translate the pressure data to dynamic crack propagation data and "monitor" the potential well productivity as a function of water-soaking time.
Comprehensive Quality Control for Constant Volume Depletion Laboratory Tests for Volatile Oils and Retrograde Gases
Authors: Spivey J. P. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Constant volume depletion (CVD) data are a primary tool in reservoir management of gas condensate and volatile oil reservoirs. Much time is spent tuning equations of state (EoS) to match lab data. If the lab data are invalid, that time has been wasted. Worse, predictions made with an EoS tuned to invalid lab data will lead to poor reservoir management and inaccurate forecasting. It is always important to avoid unnecessary expense, but especially so in the current economic environment.
In contrast to many laboratory tests, the CVD test includes a variety of different measurements, all of which must be internally consistent if the results are to be valid. In particular, the gas and liquid phases at each depletion step must be in equilibrium, and the data must preserve both overall mass balance and component-by-component molar balance.
Almost all published methods for quality-checking CVD data rely on some combination of the following: 1) comparing calculated and measured composition of the liquid remaining after the last depletion step to verify mass and/or mole balance; 2) calculating equilibrium ratios and preparing the Hoffman, Crump, Hocott plot to verify equilibrium; and 3) inspecting graphs of gas composition, liquid composition, and/or equilibrium ratios vs. pressure to ensure smooth behavior. Although not rigorous, as are the equilibrium and mass/mole balance criteria, there are a number of accurate correlations for various fluid properties that may be used in validating CVD test data.
As a result of this study: A workflow is proposed to provide an intensive quality check for CVD data. The workflow uses a variety of tools to verify that: a) mass and mole balances are satisfied, b) gas and liquid are in equilibrium at each depletion step, and c) physical properties of the relevant phases are consistent with accurate correlations for liquid density, Z-factor, and bubble point pressure.A new method is proposed for verifying the overall mass balance and component molar balance even when the composition of the liquid remaining after the final depletion step is not available.Each of the correlations used in the workflow have been evaluated using a small database of CVD test data that have been screened for validity, to determine which correlations work best for each physical property.New correlations are proposed for cumulative moles produced and for molecular weight of the C7+ fraction of the equilibrium gas.A new method for setting a more stringent constraint on the density of the liquid phase is proposed.Surprisingly, the presence of a straight line on the Hoffman, Crump, Hocott plot does not guarantee that the gas and liquid phases are in equilibrium as is commonly believed, nor does a straight line on a plot of log (ki) vs Tbi guarantee equilibrium.
From Formaiton Factors to Effective Connectivity of Rock Pores
Authors: Zhang Jie , Shen Weifeng , Zhang Tao , Zhang Jie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present the equations about intrinsic formation factor (F) developed from a series of experimental data that will provide a method to recognize both the additional conductivity and resistivity of the rocks. In the experiment, 14 pieces of core plugs in three categories of coarse-, medium- and fine-sandstones were selected and nearly 1,400 resistivity data were measured at various electrolyte salinities and frequencies in the range of 1,000 to 100,000ppm and 12Hz to 10,000Hz respectively. Overall more than a thousand values of Archie formation factors (Fr) were used for further analysis. As the experiments rely on the measurement of resistivity and conductivity, we used the concept of the change rate (differential) to introduce equations of formation conductivity change factor (Fc) and formation resistivity change factor (Fd) which respond to equivalent additional conductivities (Cx) and additional resistivities (Rx). Both Fc and Fd were verified by our laboratory results and published data. Furthermore, by plotting Fr, Fc and Fd together, some findings from their differences are interpreted. It is concluded that all the factors influencing formation factors can be categorized into two types: 1) Cx, which is connected in parallel to the pore network; 2) Rx, which is interconnected in series to the pore path. Fr is the formation factor sensitively influenced by both the additional conductivity and additional resistivity, and Fc is only influenced by the additional resistivities while Fd is only by the additional conductivities. The differences between Fr, Fc and Fd led to a solution to determine F, recognize the effects of Cx and Rx, and thereby extend the application of Archie's formation factor. We also argue that it is a more proper method to evaluate the effectiveness of reservoir pore system by considering the anisotropic pore connectivity shown in this study. It should be viewed as a standard protocol in the further studies.