bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dirac solitons in optical microresonators
Authors: Wang Heming , Lu Yu-Kun , Wu Lue , Oh Dong Yoon , Shen Boqiang , Lee Seung Hoon , Vahala Kerry 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMode-coupling-induced dispersion has been used to engineer microresonators for soliton generation at the edge of the visible band. Here, we show that the optical soliton formed in this way is analogous to optical Bragg solitons and, more generally, to the Dirac soliton in quantum field theory. This optical Dirac soliton is studied theoretically, and a closed-form solution is derived in the corresponding conservative system. Both analytical and numerical solutions show unusual properties, such as polarization twisting and asymmetrical optical spectra. The closed-form solution is also used to study the repetition rate shift in the soliton. An observation of the asymmetrical spectrum is analysed using theory. The properties of Dirac optical solitons in microresonators are important at a fundamental level and provide a road map for soliton microcomb generation in the visible band.
Extremely fast electrochromic supercapacitors based on mesoporous WO3 prepared by an evaporation-induced self-assembly
Authors: Kim Keon-Woo , Yun Tae Yong , You Sang-Hoon , Tang Xiaowu , Lee Jaeyong , Seo Yeseong , Kim Yong-Tae , Kim Se Hyun , Moon Hong Chul , Kim Jin Kon 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMesoporous metal oxides consisting of fully interconnected network structures with small pores (20–50 nm) have high surface areas and decreased ion intercalation distances, making them ideal for use in high-performance electrochromic supercapacitors (ECSs). Evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA), which combines sol–gel chemistry and molecular self-assembly, is a powerful method for the fabrication of mesoporous metal oxides through a solution phase synthesis. Herein, we introduce ultrafast sub-1 s ECSs based on an amorphous mesoporous tungsten trioxide (WO3) that is prepared by EISA. Compared to that of a compact-WO3 film-based device, the performances of an ECS with mesoporous WO3 exhibits a large optical modulation (76% at 700 nm), ultrafast switching speeds (0.8 s for coloration and 0.4 s for bleaching), and a high areal capacitance (2.57 mF/cm2), even at a high current density (1.0 mA/cm2). In addition, the excellent device stability during the coloration/bleaching and charging/discharging cycles is observed under fast response conditions. Moreover, we fabricated a patterned mesoporous WO3 for ECS displays (ECSDs) via printing-assisted EISA (PEISA). The resulting ECSDs can be used as portable energy-storage devices, and their electrochromic reflective displays change color according to their stored energy level. The ECSDs in this work have enormous potential for use in next-generation smart windows for buildings and as portable energy storage displays.
Structure and properties of densified silica glass: characterizing the order within disorder
Authors: Onodera Yohei , Kohara Shinji , Salmon Philip S. , Hirata Akihiko , Nishiyama Norimasa , Kitani Suguru , Zeidler Anita , Shiga Motoki , Masuno Atsunobu , Inoue Hiroyuki , Tahara Shuta , Polidori Annalisa , Fischer Henry E. , Mori Tatsuya , Kojima Seiji , Kawaji Hitoshi , Kolesnikov Alexander I. , Stone Matthew B. , Tucker Matthew G. , McDonnell Marshall T. , Hannon Alex C. , Hiraoka Yasuaki , Obayashi Ippei , Nakamura Takenobu , Akola Jaakko , Fujii Yasuhiro , Ohara Koji , Taniguchi Takashi , Sakata Osami 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe broken symmetry in the atomic-scale ordering of glassy versus crystalline solids leads to a daunting challenge to provide suitable metrics for describing the order within disorder, especially on length scales beyond the nearest neighbor that are characterized by rich structural complexity. Here, we address this challenge for silica, a canonical network-forming glass, by using hot versus cold compression to (i) systematically increase the structural ordering after densification and (ii) prepare two glasses with the same high-density but contrasting structures. The structure was measured by high-energy X-ray and neutron diffraction, and atomistic models were generated that reproduce the experimental results. The vibrational and thermodynamic properties of the glasses were probed by using inelastic neutron scattering and calorimetry, respectively. Traditional measures of amorphous structures show relatively subtle changes upon compacting the glass. The method of persistent homology identifies, however, distinct features in the network topology that change as the initially open structure of the glass is collapsed. The results for the same high-density glasses show that the nature of structural disorder does impact the heat capacity and boson peak in the low-frequency dynamical spectra. Densification is discussed in terms of the loss of locally favored tetrahedral structures comprising oxygen-decorated SiSi4 tetrahedra.
Remembrance of things practiced with fast and slow learning in cortical and subcortical pathways
Authors: Murray James M. , Escola G. Sean 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe learning of motor skills unfolds over multiple timescales, with rapid initial gains in performance followed by a longer period in which the behavior becomes more refined, habitual, and automatized. While recent lesion and inactivation experiments have provided hints about how various brain areas might contribute to such learning, their precise roles and the neural mechanisms underlying them are not well understood. In this work, we propose neural- and circuit-level mechanisms by which motor cortex, thalamus, and striatum support motor learning. In this model, the combination of fast cortical learning and slow subcortical learning gives rise to a covert learning process through which control of behavior is gradually transferred from cortical to subcortical circuits, while protecting learned behaviors that are practiced repeatedly against overwriting by future learning. Together, these results point to a new computational role for thalamus in motor learning and, more broadly, provide a framework for understanding the neural basis of habit formation and the automatization of behavior through practice.
Higher than present global mean sea level recorded by an Early Pliocene intertidal unit in Patagonia (Argentina)
Authors: Rovere Alessio , Pappalardo Marta , Richiano Sebastian , Aguirre Marina , Sandstrom Michael R. , Hearty Paul J. , Austermann Jacqueline , Castellanos Ignacio , Raymo Maureen E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractReconstructions of global mean sea level from earlier warm periods in Earth’s history can help constrain future projections of sea level rise. Here we report on the sedimentology and age of a geological unit in central Patagonia, Argentina, that we dated to the Early Pliocene (4.69–5.23 Ma, 2σ) with strontium isotope stratigraphy. The unit was interpreted as representative of an intertidal environment, and its elevation was measured with differential GPS at ca. 36 m above present-day sea level. Considering modern tidal ranges, it was possible to constrain paleo relative sea level within ±2.7 m (1σ). We use glacial isostatic adjustment models and estimates of vertical land movement to calculate that, when the Camarones intertidal sequence was deposited, global mean sea level was 28.4 ± 11.7 m (1σ) above present. This estimate matches those derived from analogous Early Pliocene sea level proxies in the Mediterranean Sea and South Africa. Evidence from these three locations indicates that Early Pliocene sea level may have exceeded 20m above its present level. Such high global mean sea level values imply an ice-free Greenland, a significant melting of West Antarctica, and a contribution of marine-based sectors of East Antarctica to global mean sea level.
A variable magnetic disc wind in the black hole X-ray binary GRS 1915+105?
Authors: Ratheesh A. , Tombesi F. , Fukumura K. , Soffitta P. , Costa E. , Kazanas D. 
Published: December 2020

Context. GRS 1915+105 being one of the brightest transient black hole binaries (BHBs) in the X-rays offers a unique testbed for the study of the connection between accretion and ejection mechanisms in BHBs. In particular, this source can be used to study the accretion disc wind and its dependence on the state changes in BHBs.
Aims. Our aim is to investigate the origin and geometry of the accretion disc wind in GRS 1915+105. This study will provide a basis for planning future observations with the X-ray Imaging Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM), and may also provide important parameters for estimating the polarimetric signal with the upcoming Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE).
Methods. We analysed the spectra of GRS 1915+105 in the soft ϕ and hard χ classes using the high-resolution spectroscopy offered by Chandra HETGS. In the soft state, we find a series of wind absorption lines that follow a non-linear dependence of velocity width, velocity shift, and equivalent width with respect to ionisation, indicating a multiple component or stratified outflow. In the hard state we find only a faint Fe XXVI absorption line. We model the absorption lines in both the states using a dedicated magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) wind model to investigate a magnetic origin of the wind and to probe the cause of variability in the observed line flux between the two states.
Conclusions. The MHD disc wind model provides a good fit for both states, indicating the possibility of a magnetic origin of the wind. The multiple ionisation components of the wind are well characterised as a stratification of the same magnetic outflow. We find that the observed variability in the line flux between soft and hard states cannot be explained by photo-ionisation alone but is most likely due to a large (three orders of magnitude) increase in the wind density. We find the mass outflow rate of the wind to be comparable to the accretion rate, suggesting an intimate link between accretion and ejection processes that lead to state changes in BHBs.
Conversations and Reactions Around Severe Hypoglycaemia (CRASH): Results from the German Cohort of a Global Survey of People with Type 1 Diabetes or Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes and Caregivers
Authors: Mönnig Elisabeth , Spaepen Erik , Osumili Beatrice , Mitchell Beth D. , Snoek Frank , Peyrot Mark , Kern Werner , Holstein Andreas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background A global cross-sectional survey (CRASH) was designed to provide information about the experiences of people with diabetes (PWD) and their caregivers in relation to severe hypoglycaemic events.
Methods Adults with type 1 diabetes or insulin-treated type 2 diabetes who had experienced one or more severe hypoglycaemic events within the past 3 years, and adult caregivers for such people, were recruited from medical research panels using purposive sampling. We present here results from Germany.
Results Approximately 100 individuals in each of the four participant groups completed a 30-minute online survey. Survey results indicated that the most recent severe hypoglycaemic event made many participants feel scared (80.4%), unprepared (70.4%), and/or helpless (66.5%). Severe hypoglycaemia was discussed by healthcare professionals at every visit with only 20.2% of participants who had ever had this conversation, and 53.5% of participants indicated that their insulin regimen had not changed following their most recent event. 37.1% of PWD/people with diabetes cared for by caregivers owned a glucagon kit at the time of survey completion.
Conclusions The survey identified areas for improvement in the prevention and management of severe hypoglycaemic events. For healthcare professionals, these include enquiring more frequently about severe hypoglycaemia and adjusting blood glucose-lowering medication after a severe hypoglycaemic event. For individuals with diabetes and their caregivers, potential improvements include ensuring availability of glucagon at all times. Changes in these areas could lead not only to improved patient wellbeing but also to reduced use of emergency services/hospitalisation and, consequently, lower healthcare costs.
Abnormal Aortic Wall Properties in Women with Turner Syndrome
Authors: Bons Lidia R. , Van Den Hoven Allard T. , Malik Maira , Van Den Bosch Annemien E. , McGhie Jacky S. , Duijnhouwer Anthonie L. , Siebelink Hans-Marc J. , Hirsch Alexander , Devos Daniel H. , Rietzschel Ernst , von der Thüsen Jan H. , van de Laar Ingrid M.B.H. , Verhagen Judith M.A. , van der Pluijm Ingrid , Budde Ricardo P.J. , Roos-Hesselink Jolien W. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background Turner syndrome (TS) is associated with aortic dilatation and dissection, but the underlying process is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the elastic properties and composition of the aortic wall in women with TS.
Methods In this cross-sectional study, 52 women with TS aged 35 ± 13 years (50% monosomy, 12 with bicuspid aortic valve [BAV] and 4 with coarctation) were investigated using carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (CF-PWV) by echocardiography and ascending aortic distensibility (AAD) and aortic arch pulse wave velocity (AA-PWV) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). As control group, 13 women with BAV without TS and 48 healthy patients were included.
Results Women with TS showed a higher AA-PWV (β = 1.08, confidence interval [CI]: 0.54–1.62) after correcting for age and comorbidities compared with controls. We found no significant difference in AAD and CF-PWV. In women with TS, the presence of BAV, coarctation of the aorta, or monosomy (45, X) was not associated with aortic stiffness. In addition, aortic tissue samples were investigated with routine and immunohistochemical stains in five additional women with TS who were operated. The tissue showed more compact smooth muscle cell layers with abnormal deposition and structure of elastin and diminished or absent expression of contractile proteins desmin, actin, and caldesmon, as well as the progesterone receptor.
Conclusion Both aortic arch stiffness measurements on MRI and histomorphological changes point toward an inherent abnormal thoracic aortic wall in women with TS.
Luxação congênita do joelho no nascimento - Um caso extraordinário de redução espontânea
Authors: Kumar Abilash , Arumugam Manohar , Azuatul Nor , Noor Kamariah 
Published: December 2020

ResumoA luxação congênita do joelho (LCJ) é uma malformação rara caracterizada por deformidade de hiperextensão do joelho com deslocamento anterior da tíbia, presente ao nascimento. Raramente relatada, a LCJ pode ocorrer como uma deformidade isolada ou comumente associada a anormalidades musculoesqueléticas, sendo as mais comuns a displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril (DDQ) e o pé torto congênito (PTC). A etiologia é desconhecida, mas a LCJ foi associada a certos fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos. O tratamento com métodos conservadores em um estágio inicial tem maior probabilidade de produzir resultados bem-sucedidos. Relatamos aqui um caso raro de redução espontânea bem-sucedida de LCJ em um bebê nas suas primeiras 24 horas de vida.
The Impact of Longer Consultation Time: A Simulation-Based Approach
Authors: Jabour Abdulrahman M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground Maintaining a sufficient consultation length in primary health care (PHC) is a fundamental part of providing quality care that results in patient safety and satisfaction. Many facilities have limited capacity and increasing consultation time could result in a longer waiting time for patients and longer working hours for physicians. The use of simulation can be practical for quantifying the impact of workflow scenarios and guide the decision-making.Objective To examine the impact of increasing consultation time on patient waiting time and physician working hours.Methods Using discrete events simulation, we modeled the existing workflow and tested five different scenarios with a longer consultation time. In each scenario, we examined the impact of consultation time on patient waiting time, physician hours, and rate of staff utilization.Results At baseline scenarios (5-minute consultation time), the average waiting time was 9.87 minutes and gradually increased to 89.93 minutes in scenario five (10 minutes consultation time). However, the impact of increasing consultation time on patients waiting time did not impact all patients evenly where patients who arrive later tend to wait longer. Scenarios with a longer consultation time were more sensitive to the patients' order of arrival than those with a shorter consultation time.Conclusion By using simulation, we assessed the impact of increasing the consultation time in a risk-free environment. The increase in patients waiting time was somewhat gradual, and patients who arrive later in the day are more likely to wait longer than those who arrive earlier in the day. Increasing consultation time was more sensitive to the patients' order of arrival than those with a shorter consultation time.
Comparison between Single- and Multi-Radius Prostheses Used in Modified Kinematically Aligned Cruciate-Retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Matsumoto Tomoyuki , Takashima Yoshinori , Takayama Koji , Ishida Kazunari , Nakano Naoki , Kuroda Yuichi , Tsubosaka Masanori , Kamenaga Tomoyuki , Matsushita Takehiko , Niikura Takahiro , Hayashi Shinya , Kuroda Ryosuke 
Published: December 2020

AbstractKinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has gained interest for achieving more favorable clinical outcomes than mechanically aligned TKA. The present study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of kinematically aligned TKAs using single-radius (SR) or multi-radius (MR) prostheses. Sixty modified kinematically aligned cruciate-retaining TKAs (30 SR and 30 MR type prostheses) were performed in patients with varus-type osteoarthritis using a navigation system. Intraoperative and postoperative patellar tracking were compared between the two groups. Trochlea shape was also compared between the prostheses and preoperative native anatomy using three-dimensional simulation software. Total 2 years postoperatively, the range of motion and 2011 Knee Society Scores (KSS) were compared between the two groups. There were no differences in patellar maltracking including patellar lateral shift and tilt between the two groups; however, the ratio of intraoperative lateral retinacular release for adjusting patellar tracking was significantly higher in the MR group than in the SR group. Lateral and medial facet heights in both prostheses were understuffed compared with native knee anatomy, while the deepest point of the trochlear groove was significantly more medial in the MR group. The postoperative clinical outcomes showed no significant differences between the two groups. In conclusion, modified kinematically aligned TKAs using a SR or MR prosthesis showed no significant differences in clinical outcomes or patellar tracking when appropriate lateral retinacular release was performed.
Utility of the Platelet Function Analyzer in Patients with Suspected Platelet Function Disorders: Diagnostic Accuracy Study
Authors: Kaufmann Jonas , Adler Marcel , Alberio Lorenzo , Nagler Michael 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroduction The platelet function analyzer (PFA) is widely used as a screening tool for bleeding disorders in various settings. The diagnostic performance regarding platelet function disorders (PFDs), which are among the most common inherited bleeding disorders, is however still elusive. We aimed to assess the diagnostic value of PFA for PFD in clinical practice.Methods Comprehensive clinical and laboratory data of all consecutive patients referred to a specialized outpatient between January 2012 and March 2017 with a suspected bleeding disorder were prospectively recorded. The diagnostic work-up was performed according to a prespecified protocol following current guidelines and platelet function was tested using light transmission aggregometry as well as flow cytometry.Results Five hundred and fifty-five patients were included (median age 43.7 years; interquartile range [IQR] 29.3, 61.7; 66.9% female). Possible PFD was diagnosed in 64 patients (11.5%) and confirmed PFD in 54 patients (9.7%). In patients with confirmed PFD, median closure times were 107 seconds (ADP or adenosine diphosphate; IQR 89, 130) and 169 seconds (EPI; IQR 121, 211). In patients without bleeding disorders, PFA closure times were 96 seconds (ADP; IQR 83, 109) and 137 seconds (EPI; IQR 116, 158). The sensitivity was 19.5% in case of PFA ADP (95%CI 12.6, 30.0; specificity 86.4%; 95% CI 82.4, 89.8), and 44.3% in case of PFA EPI (95% CI 34.9, 53.9; specificity 75.6%; 95% CI 70.8, 79.9).Conclusion The diagnostic performance of PFA for PFD was moderate to poor. Our results do not support the utilization of PFA for screening of PFD in clinical practice.
Incorporating ethics and welfare into randomized experiments
Authors: Narita Yusuke 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) determine the fate of numerous people, giving rise to a long-standing ethical dilemma. The goal of this paper is to alleviate this dilemma. To do so, this paper proposes and empirically implements an experimental design that improves subjects’ welfare while producing similar experimental information as typical RCTs do.
Forward-looking serial intervals correctly link epidemic growth to reproduction numbers
Authors: Park Sang Woo , Sun Kaiyuan , Champredon David , Li Michael , Bolker Benjamin M. , Earn David J. D. , Weitz Joshua S. , Grenfell Bryan T. , Dushoff Jonathan 
Published: December 2020

SignificanceThe generation and serial interval distributions are key, but different, quantities in outbreak analyses. Recent studies suggest that the two distributions give different estimates of the reproduction numberRas inferred from the observed growth rater. Here, we show that estimatingRbased onrand the serial interval distribution, when defined from the correct reference cohort, gives the same estimate as usingrand the generation interval distribution. We apply our framework to COVID-19 serial interval data from China, outside Hubei province (January 21 to February 8, 2020), revealing systematic biases in prior inference methods. Our study provides the theoretical basis for practical changes to the principled use of serial interval distributions in estimatingRduring epidemics.
Mechanisms and plasticity of chemogenically induced interneuronal suppression of principal cells
Authors: Rogers Stephanie , Rozman Peter A. , Valero Manuel , Doyle Werner K. , Buzsáki György 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Chemogenic activation of interneurons can bring about unexpected short-term and long-term changes in circuit dynamics. DREADD activation of all interneuron types suppressed firing of pyramidal cells but, unexpectedly, individual interneurons did not display sustained firing but instead undulated firing rates, interleaved with other interneurons. Despite the tonic suppression of spikes of individual pyramidal neurons, population bursts underlying sharp wave ripples persisted, often with stronger synchrony. Repeated drug application induced progressively weaker changes over days. Such plastic effects of DREADD activation should be taken into account in the interpretation of behavioral consequences.