bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethical Values in Radiation Protection
Authors: Fumoto Hiromichi 
Published: October 2020

The subject of bioethics probably first began appearing in radiation protection terminology when the reference was being made to the survivors of the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This chapter, therefore, referring to the history of radiation protection since X-ray and radium radiation sources, addresses the nightmare of atomic bombs based on a review of original data and endeavors to determine what the role of ethics is in the radiation protection system as applied to our daily lives constituent to these horrific events. Somatic effects, as differentiated from genetic effects, or late somatic effects are discussed, and an introduction to stochastic effects is also made. It should be noted that a linear no-threshold (LNT) model has been widely applied to radiation protection systems in its pragmatism to be applied to regulatory authorities. However, the radiation detriment below 50 mSv/y is not clearly explained so far. Even though it is only a model, some countries couple LNT with stochastic effects, believing that “lesser is better” as far as radiation exposure is concerned, with criteria reaching as low as tens of micro Sieverts/year, which is equivalent to one two-hundredth of the average exposure received from nature in our living environment.
Relationships Between Total Cholesterol Levels and Specific Alterations in Impulsivity and Attention
Authors: GENDLE MATHEW H. , GLAZER KIMBERLY S. , OLSZEWSKI ELIZABETH A. , NOVAK CINDY A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The relationship between total cholesterol (TC) levels in whole blood and error rates on the Conners Continuous Performance Test II (CPT; a standardized computer-based assessment of visual attention and reaction time) was investigated in a sample of generally healthy adults, and followed up previous research that tentatively suggested a positive relationship between TC and behavioral impulsivity. TC levels were gathered from capillary blood samples taken from each participant (n  =  30). Measures of life stress and various socio-demographic and health variables were also obtained. Each participant also completed the CPT, and a covariate-adjusted analysis was completed to examine the relationship between TC and CPT performance. Adjusting for several relevant covariates, increases in TC were significantly positively associated with a greater rate of CPT commission errors, which are widely assumed to serve as an indicator of behavioral impulsivity. Noteworthy behavioral consequences of elevated TC may exist, particularly in situations that require impulse control and sustained visual attention.
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Various Samples of Tomato Ketchup
Authors: N. Patil Pandurang , Moqbali Fatima H. Al , Rabaani Mizna A. Al , Ghaithi Nada A. Al 
Published: October 2020

Aim of our present study was to analyze physico-chemical properties of tomato ketchup samples available in the local market. Major part of tomato consumption comes under processed products like tomato juice, ketchup and sauce. Recent studies have indicated the potential health benefits of a diet that are rich in tomatoes. Study of various physico-chemical parameter testing of four different types of tomato ketchup samples. Study was performed in Department of Applied Sciences, Chemistry section, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Muscat, Oman during the September 2017 – April 2018.
We have selected four different tomato ketchup samples from the local brand and tested for their various physical and chemical parameters such as, pH, conductivity, viscosity, solubility, acidity total, moisture, ash, vitamin C, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. We have used routine and simple techniques for analysis. Such as some chemical methods, Flame photometer etc. We have found that, pH was in the range of 3.6 – 3.8, conductivity 5.38 – 8.71 MS/cm, viscosity 3.93 – 6.76 Pa s, solubility 53.35 – 61.12, titratable acidity 3.2 – 4.01 g/100 gm, (pH metric 3.6 – 4.3 g/100 gm), ash 1.62 – 2.98%, vitamin C 17.25 – 55.23 mg/100 gm, sodium 294.5 – 475.85 ppm, potassium 93.5 – 153.3 ppm, magnesium 106 – 163 ppm, calcium 67 – 117 ppm. The result found in our analysis was more or less close to each other. On the basis of result obtained during the analysis of four tomato ketchup samples Jumbo sample was good amount of vitamin C, less ash value lowest sodium content.
Effect of Fertigation on Yield, Fertilizer Use Efficiency and Economics in Hybrid Ridge Gourd
Authors: Murthy H. C. Ananda , Nair A. K. , Kalaivanan D. , Anjanappa M. , Hebbar S. Shankara , Laxman R. H. 
Published: October 2020

A field Investigation was carried out to study the effect of fertigation on yield, fertilizer use efficiency and economics of hybrid ridge gourd [Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb] Arka Vikram during 2018-2019 at Vegetable Research Block of ICAR- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design having eight treatments and three replications. The results of the experiment revealed that the treatment T3 i.e application of water soluble fertilizers @ 150:90:150 kg NPK ha-1 through fertigation recorded maximum number of female flower per vine (29.73), number of fruits per vine (19.68), fruit length (49.76 cm), fruit girth (18.40 cm), average fruit weight (454.03 g), fruit yield per vine (4.03 kg) and fruit yield per hectare (53.73 t). Application of water soluble fertilizers @ 150:90:150 kg NPK ha-1 through fertigation (T3) recorded significantly higher fruit yield per hectare (53.73 t ha-1), which was higher to the tune of 23.8 to 70.4 per cent than other treatments tested in hybrid ridge gourd. The second highest fruit yield was obtained with T2 (43.40 t ha-1) followed by T1 (42.10 t ha-1). However, T5 i.e application of water soluble fertilizers @ 50:30:50 kg NPK ha-1 resulted in highest fertilizer use efficiency (245.38 kg yield kg-NPK-1) compared to other treatments. Fertigation at 100% NPK dose along with mulching with silver-black plastic mulch gave the highest net income (Rs.555435.0 ha-1) and B: C ratio of 2.22.
Production and Characterization of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Dairy Wastewater, Fermented Cow Milk and ‘Ogi’
Authors: Monilola Wakil Sherifah , Makinde Oluwatobi Esther 
Published: October 2020

Aims: This study aimed at screening, producing and characterizing polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from dairy wastewater, fermented cow milk and “ogi”.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan between August 2018 and February 2019.
Methodology: The initial screening of isolated LAB was carried out by Sudan Black staining method followed by secondary screening on liquid medium. Isolates that tested positive for Sudan Black stain and had the highest PHA yield from liquid medium was used for further analysis. The cell walls of selected isolates were lysed with sodium hypochlorite and PHA extracted using chloroform. Optimization of PHA production was carried out using different carbon and nitrogen sources, incubation temperature, pH and agitation speed. Extracted PHA was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and the microstructure and surface morphology were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope.
Results: Seven isolates tested positive for Sudan Black stain of which two isolates identified as Lactobacillus plantarum CW10 and Lactobacillus casei WWD3 had the highest PHA yield from liquid medium. From the optimization experiment, highest PHA production was observed in Lactobacillus plantarum CW10 (20.5%) and Lactobacillus casei WWD3 (19.7%) when glucose and ammonium sulphate was used as carbon and nitrogen sources respectively, and at pH 6, agitation speed of 200 rpm and incubation temperature of 35oC and 40oC. The spectra of extracted PHA as characterized by FTIR showed absorption peaks for the carbonyl, C-H, -OH, aliphatic -CH3 and ester groups that are characteristics of PHA. The microstructure and surface morphology shows grains that are pseudo-spherical in shape with fairly regular distribution.
Conclusion: There is an appreciable production of PHA from the Lactobacillus strains and can be considered as part of the choice of organisms for PHA production in commercial quantity.
Neuropathogenic actions of cytokines assessed in transgenic mice
Authors: Campbell Iain L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCytokines are potent biological response modifiers that exhibit a spectrum of cellular actions. These factors have been implicated as important mediators of physiologic and possibly pathophysiologic processes within the CNS. Targeting the expression of cytokines to specific tissues in transgenic mice has provided a powerful approach to the investigation of complex cellular responses at a localized level and also recapitulated more closely the expression of these mediators as found in pathogenetic processes. This review will focus on the recent application of transgenic technology to achieve the specific cerebral expression of cytokines. The targeting of cytokine gene expression to astrocytes in transgenic mice has provided new and dramatic insights into the CNS pathobiology of these host‐response molecules. Specifically: (1) transgenic expression of the cytokines IL‐6, IL‐3 and IFN‐α in the CNS results in the development of acute (high expression) or chronic progressive (low expression) CNS disease associated with a spectrum of clinical, physiologic and pathologic manifestations; (2) although the clinical, cellular and molecular phenotype produced by the cerebral expression of the various cytokines showed some overlap, the differences were more prominent reflecting the unique actions of each cytokine; (3) these transgenic models which recapitulate many of the structural and functional impairments seen in human neurodegenerative diseases, highlight the point that cytokines, which normally function as primary regulators of the host response, also have the potential to mediate significant injury in the CNS. Therefore, these transgenic models have provided a valuable tool for adbancing our understanding of the CNS pathobiology of cytokines and will no doubt offer a unique resource for the development and testing of therapies aimed at abrogating the toxic actions of these important mediators.
Pentobarbital modulatory effect on GABA binding sites in developing chick optic lobe
Authors: de Plazas S. Fiszer , Viapiano M.S. , de Novara A. Mitridate 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBarbiturates are allosteric modulators of the CNS GABAA receptor, increasing [3H]‐GABA binding to its receptor sites. In the present work we have studied the modulatory effect of the barbiturate pentobarbital on low‐affinity GABA binding sites during ontogenetic development of the chick optic lobe. Our results indicate that [3H]‐GABA binding enhancement by pentobarbital shows a differential profile during development, following a two‐component enhancement model at early stages of development and a single‐component enhancement model in the adult stage. Kinetic analysis performed at different stages of development showed that barbiturate enhancement was invariably due to an increase in [3H]‐GABA binding affinity, while maximal binding capacity remained unchanged. Using GABA antagonists, picrotoxinin and bicuculline, convulsant sensitivity of high‐affinity barbiturate modulatory sites was found at early stages.These data suggest that barbiturate action displays receptor heterogeneity during development, with high‐ and low‐affinity modulatory sites only at early stages, while the high‐affinity sites disappear between hatching and adulthood. Kinetic data indicate that both barbiturate modulatory sites are coupled to the GABAA receptor at early stages. The presence of high‐affinity modulatory sites at early stages and at hatching suggests a major role during visual pathway maturation.
In vitro induction of apoptosis of developing brain cells by 5‐azacytidine
Authors: Hossain M.M. , Nakayama H. , Goto N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe had found that 5‐azacytidine (5Az), a cytidine analogue, could produce apoptosis of fetal developing neuronal cells on the day after injection of the agent into dams by the i.p. route at 11 days of gestation. To make a further understanding of the phenomenon by comparing the results between the in‐vivo and in‐vitro system, this study was carried out. Entire cephalic parts of the fetuses were collected aseptically at days 11 of gestation and a mixed culture, consisting of neuronal and mesenchymal cells, was established after one week of incubation. The silver‐staining revealed pyknotic nuclei and loss of dendrites of neuronal cells in the lower (5 μg/ml) dose of the 5 Az‐added group. SEM showed shrinkage of the cell body and blebbing formation on the cell surface. TEM evoked margination, segmentation and complete condensation of the nuclear chromatin. Scattered positive signals identical to the apoptotic cells and aggregated fragmented DNA were detected by the TUNEL method. Treatment of higher doses of 5Az (50 and 500 μg/ml), however, induced necrosis of both neuronal and mesenchymal cells, light‐ and electron‐microscopically. On the contrary, the control group (0 μg/ml) showed normal development of neuronal cells and very few positive signals of physiological apoptosis. It was concluded that 5Az could induce apoptosis of developing neuronal cells at lower doses, but necrosis of a wider cell population at higher doses. Involvement of hypomethylation, an important biochemical function of 5Az, in apoptosis was also speculated.
Color Doppler ultrasound, pregnancy‐induced hypertension and small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses
Authors: Hung J.H. , Ng H.T. , Pan Y.P. , Yang M.J. , Shu L.P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: The nomogram of blood velocity flow resistance of the spiral arteries was built at 13–25 gestational weeks. Thereafter, by using the nomogram we tried to assess the results of the color Doppler examination of the uteroplacental circulation at the second trimester to predict pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH) and small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA). Methods: Two groups of patients were studied. Group 1, for the establishment of the nomogram, included 175 uncomplicated pregnancies with gestational ages ranging from 13–25 weeks. The Doppler flow waveforms of the spiral arteries were measured once for each pregnancy in the studies. Group 2 consisted of 305 singletons selected consecutively for prospective study to confirm the occurrence of PIH or SGA. They were scanned twice for the measurements of the spiral artery waveforms at 13–19 and 20–25 weeks, respectively to test which gestational weeks interval in the nomogram is most sensitive in predicting PIH and SGA. Results: The 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles of the pulsatility index (PI) values of the nomogram at the second trimester were used as the cut‐off points to predict pregnancies complicated with SGA or PIH at delivery. Using the receiver operator curve, the 50th percentiles of the PI values of the nomograms were chosen as predictives for the development of PIH and SGA. At 13–19 gestational weeks, the specificities in predicting PIH and SGA were 50.71% and 49.82%, respectively, and the sensitivities were 52.00% and 50.00%, respectively. The calculated Cohen's Kappa statistics were 0.008 and 0.001, respectively in predicting PIH and SGA. At 20–25 gestational weeks, the specificities in predicting PIH and SGA were 49.64% and 49.46%, respectively, and the sensitivities were 56.00% and 57.14%, respectively. The calculated Cohen's Kappa statistics were 0.017 and 0.022, respectively in predicting PIH and SGA. Conclusion: The measurements of uteroplacental blood flow velocity waveforms at the second trimester are not sensitive enough to be an early screening tool for PIH and SGA in the low risk, non‐selected pregnancy population. The fact suggests that in most gravidas complicated with PIH and SGA, the physiological process of trophoblastic invasion in the spiral artery was not prevented before the 25th gestational week.
Total productive maintenance: a contextual view
Authors: McKone Kathleen E. , Schroeder Roger G. , Cua Kristy O. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWhile Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) has been promoted for its simplicity and its benefits to the maintenance delivery system, both the academic and practitioner literature has failed to identify the contextual issues that influence TPM adoption. This paper explores the contextual differences of plants to better understand what types of companies have adopted TPM programs. We propose a theoretical framework for understanding the use of TPM and how it depends on managerial factors such as Just‐in‐Time (JIT), Total Quality Management (TQM) and Employee Involvement (EI) as well as environmental and organizational factors such as country, industry and company characteristics. We test this framework using data from 97 plants in three different countries to determine what types of companies are most likely to aggressively pursue TPM practices. We find that specific contextual variables explain a significant portion of the variance in the level of TPM implementation. Our results indicate that while environmental contextual factors, such as country, help to explain differences in TPM implementation, managerial contextual factors, which are under the direction of plant management, are more important to the execution of TPM programs. We discuss environmental, organizational and managerial issues that should be considered when developing or improving maintenance systems.
International operations management research
Authors: Prasad Sameer , Babbar Sunil 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper profiles the literature on international operations management (IOM) from 28 leading operations management, international business, and management journals over the years 1986–1997. Trends in the frequency of IOM articles published and in topical coverage are identified based on research appearing in the journal set reviewed. A framework is developed and presented for classifying the IOM research literature by topical area and scope. Based on the articles reviewed, IOM research is found to focus most on industrialized countries and regions. There is need for empirical studies that span a wider range of countries in order to glean broader insights and to develop generalized theories of international operations management. A number of issues are identified for possible future research. The IOM literature from the journal set is reviewed and the comprehensive set of bibliographic references included provides both academicians and practitioners with a useful source of information to draw from. As identified, much of the work in international operations management seems motivated by a desire to provide firms with an economic benefit. While this is undoubtedly worthwhile, the objective of IOM research could be broadened to encompass social and economic goals of non‐profit organizations as well as international agencies such as the United Nations.
Phenylalanine and phenylpyruvate inhibit ATP diphosphohydrolase from rat brain cortex
Authors: Berti Simone Luisa , Bonan Carla Denise , da Silva Flávio Laporta , Battastini Ana Maria Oliveira , Sarkis João José Freitas , Wannmacher Clóvis Milton Duval 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe main objective of the present study was to characterize the inhibition by phenylalanine and phenylpyruvate of ATP diphosphohydrolase activity in synaptosomes from the brain cortex of rats. This enzyme participates together with a 5′‐nucleotidase in adenosine formation from the neurotransmitter, ATP, in the synaptic cleft. The inhibition of ATP diphosphohydrolase was competitive for nucleotide hydrolysis but 5′‐nucleotidase was not affected by these metabolites. Furthermore, the two substances inhibited enzyme activity by acting at the same binding site. If the enzyme inhibition observed in vitro also occurs in the brain of PKU patients, it may promote an increase in ATP levels in the synaptic cleft. In this case, the neurotoxicity of ATP could possibly be one of the mechanisms leading to the characteristic brain damage of phenylketonuria.
Olfactory epithelial organotypic slice cultures: A useful tool for investigating olfactory neural development
Authors: Gong Qizhi , Liu Wei‐Lin , Srodon Monica , Foster Tanya D. , Shipley Michael T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAnin vitro slice culture was established for investigating olfactory neural development. The olfactory epithelium was dissected from embryonic day 13 rats; 400μm slices were cultured for 5 days in serum‐free medium on Millicell‐CM membranes coated with different substrates. The slices were grown in the absence of their appropriate target, the olfactory bulb, or CNS derived glia. The cultures mimic many features ofin vivo development. Cells in the olfactory epithelium slices differentiate into neurons that express olfactory marker protein (OMP). OMP‐positive cells have the characteristic morphology of olfactory receptor neurons: a short dendrite and a single thin axon. The slices support robust axon outgrowth. In single‐label experiments, many axons expressed neural specific tubulin, growth‐associated protein 43 and OMP. Axons appeared to grow equally well on membranes coated with type I rat tail collagen, laminin or fibronectin. The cultures exhibit organotypic polarity with an apical side rich in olfactory neurons and a basal side supporting axon outgrowth. Numerous cells migrate out of the slices, of which a small minority was identified as neurons based on the expression of neural specific tubulin and HuD, a nuclear antigen, expressed exclusively in differentiated neurons. Most of the migrating cells, however, were positive for glial fibrilary acidic protein and S‐100, indicating that they are differentiated glia. A subpopulation of these glial cells also expressed low‐affinity nerve growth factor receptors, indicating that they are olfactory Schwann cells. Both migrating neurons and glia were frequently associated with axons growing out of the slice. In some cases, axons extended in advance of migrating cells. This suggests that olfactory receptor neurons in organotypic cultures require neither a pre‐established glial/neuronal cellular terrain nor any target tissue for successful axon outgrowth. Organotypic olfactory epithelial slice cultures may be useful for investigating cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate early olfactory development and function.
Morphological, biochemical and behaviouralchanges induced by neurotoxic and inflammatory insultsto the nucleus basalis
Authors: Casamenti Fiorella , Prosperi Costanza , Scali Carla , Giovannelli Lisa , Pepeu Giancarlo 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInterest in the basal forebrain cholinergic system has greatly increased sinceneuropathological studies in humans provided evidence that this system is severely affected in Alzheimer's disease and other dementing disorders. In laboratory animals, disruption of the nucleusbasalis cholinergic neurones has been produced by several neurotoxic insults in order to obtain amodel reproducing the behavioural impairment related to the cholinergic deficits.The experiments reported in this review demonstrate that excitotoxic amino acids, β‐amyloid and lipopolysaccharide, injected directly in the nucleus basalis are toxic to thecholinergic neurones in the rat. The excitotoxin lesions of the nucleus basalis, although notselective, are a useful tool for producing experimental animals with cholinergic hypofunction andfor investigating drugs able to ameliorate the cholinergic functions. Local injections of amyloidpeptides in the rat nucleus basalis produced cholinergic hypofunction and some behaviouralimpairment. Finally, an intense glia reaction with a limited cholinergic hypofunction and nobehavioural impairment was induced by a 4‐week infusion of lipopolysaccharide in the nucleusbasalis.In conclusion, all three models, in spite of their limitations, offer useful tools for the studyof the pathogenetic mechanisms of Alzheimers disease and for investigating potentially usefuldrugs.