bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tectonic plates in 3D mantle convection model with stress-history-dependent rheology
Authors: Miyagoshi Takehiro , Kameyama Masanori , Ogawa Masaki 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPlate tectonics is a key feature of the dynamics of the Earth’s mantle. By taking into account the stress-history-dependent rheology of mantle materials, we succeeded in realistically producing tectonic plates in our numerical model of mantle convection in a three-dimensional rectangular box. The calculated lithosphere is separated into several pieces (tectonic plates) that rigidly move. Deformation of the lithosphere caused by the relative motion of adjacent plates is concentrated in narrow bands (plate margins) where the viscosity is substantially reduced. The plate margins develop when the stress exceeds a threshold and the lithosphere is ruptured. Once formed, the plate margins persist, even after the stress is reduced below the threshold, allowing the plates to stably move over geologic time. The vertical component of vorticity takes a large value in the narrow plate margins. Secondary convection occurs beneath old tectonic plates as two-dimensional rolls with their axes aligned to the direction of plate motion. The surface heat flow decreases with increasing distance from divergent plate margins (ridges) in their vicinity in the way the cooling half-space model predicts, but it tends towards a constant value away from ridges as observed for the Earth because of the heat transport by the secondary convection.
A review of epileptic seizure detection using machine learning classifiers
Authors: Siddiqui Mohammad Khubeb , Morales-Menendez Ruben , Huang Xiaodi , Hussain Nasir 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEpilepsy is a serious chronic neurological disorder, can be detected by analyzing the brain signals produced by brain neurons. Neurons are connected to each other in a complex way to communicate with human organs and generate signals. The monitoring of these brain signals is commonly done using Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Electrocorticography (ECoG) media. These signals are complex, noisy, non-linear, non-stationary and produce a high volume of data. Hence, the detection of seizures and discovery of the brain-related knowledge is a challenging task. Machine learning classifiers are able to classify EEG data and detect seizures along with revealing relevant sensible patterns without compromising performance. As such, various researchers have developed number of approaches to seizure detection using machine learning classifiers and statistical features. The main challenges are selecting appropriate classifiers and features. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the wide varieties of these techniques over the last few years based on the taxonomy of statistical features and machine learning classifiers—‘black-box’ and ‘non-black-box’. The presented state-of-the-art methods and ideas will give a detailed understanding about seizure detection and classification, and research directions in the future.
Epileptic spikes detector in pediatric EEG based on matched filters and neural networks
Authors: Mera-Gaona Maritza , López Diego M. , Vargas-Canas Rubiel , Miño María 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a tool for diagnosing epilepsy; by analyzing it, neurologists can identify alterations in brain activity associated with epilepsy. However, this task is not always easy to perform because of the duration of the EEG or the subjectivity of the specialist in detecting alterations.

Aim
To propose the use of an epileptic spike detector based on a matched filter and a neural network for supporting the diagnosis of epilepsy through a tool capable of automatically detecting spikes in pediatric EEGs.

Results
Automatic detection of spikes from an EEG waveform involved the creation of an epileptic spike template. The template was used in order to detect spikes by using a matched filter, and each spike detected was confirmed by a Neural Network to improve sensitivity and specificity. Thus, the detector developed achieved a sensitivity of 99.96% which is better than the range of what has been reported in the literature (82.68% and 94.4%), and a specificity of 99.26%, improving the specificity found in the best-reviewed studies.

Conclusions
Considering the results obtained in the evaluation, the solution becomes a promising alternative to support the automatic identification of epileptic spikes by neurologists.
School of golden touch? A study of school effectiveness in improving student academic performance
Authors: Xie Guihua , Zhang Yangyang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper explores whether different schools exhibit varying levels of effectiveness in improving student academic performance and, if so, which factors might affect school effectiveness. Using data from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), this research examines the influence of various school features on dynamic changes in middle school student academic performance. It finds that schools of higher socioeconomic status, with more academically proficient students and with more complete school facilities, are more effective in improving students’ academic performance. Meanwhile, the work shows that local community school rankings, the average quality of school teachers, and academically related practices do not have a significant impact on a school’s effectiveness. In summary, this research extends previous studies on student education attainment from a focus on student performance to a focus on changes in performance. It illustrates the essential roles played by the capacities of enrolled students and of individual/aggregated family socioeconomic status in improving student academic performance.
Awareness of a mesenteric mass as a common manifestation of ileal neuroendocrine tumor
Authors: Kasai Yosuke , Nakakura Eric K. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOmori et al. reported a case of multiple liver metastases originating from synchronous double cancer of “primary mesenteric neuroendocrine tumor” and rectal cancer. However, the “primary mesenteric neuroendocrine tumor” might be a misrecognition of mesenteric metastasis from ileal neuroendocrine tumor. Ileal neuroendocrine tumor is extremely rare in Japan. Herein, we aim to describe the characteristics of ileal neuroendocrine tumor and mesenteric mass as its common manifestation in reference to their reported case.
A Pragmatic Approach to Resolving Technological Unfairness: the Case of Nike’s Vaporfly and Alphafly Running Footwear
Authors: Dyer Bryce 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Technology is often introduced into sport to facilitate it or to improve human performance within it. On occasion, some forms of novel technology require regulation or prevention entirely to ensure that a sport remains fair and accessible. Recently, the Nike Vaporfly and Alphafly shoes have received some concerns over their appropriateness for use in competitive distance running.

Methods
This paper evaluates the use of these shoes against an existing framework for sports technology discourse and adopts a pragmatic approach to attempt to resolve them.

Results
It is proposed that the three concerns regarding cost, access and coercion cannot be ruled out but likely remain short-term issues. As a result, it is proposed that these running shoes are acceptable forms of technology but that ongoing vigilance will be required as such technologies develop further in the future.

Conclusions
The Nike Vaporfly/Alphafly shoes do push the perceived acceptability of running shoes to the limits of the current sports regulations. However, the alleged gains have not manifested themselves to a level that could be considered excessive when reviewing historical performances or when evaluated against a set of well-cited criteria. The sport will need to adopt a stance of ongoing vigilance as such technologies continue to develop or be optimised in the future.
Evaluation of pre-hospital use of a valsalva assist device in the emergency treatment of supraventricular tachycardia [EVADE]: a randomised controlled feasibility trial
Authors:   EVADE study SWASFT collaborators, Appelboam Andrew , Green Jonathan , Ewings Paul , Black Sarah 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe valsalva manoeuvre is an internationally recommended initial treatment for supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). The pre-hospital use of a valsalva assist device, to help deliver this manoeuvre, could improve cardioversion rates and reduce the need for patients to attend hospital.MethodsWe conducted a randomised controlled feasibility trial comparing ambulance clinician use of a valsalva assist device versus standard care to treat adult patients presenting to an ambulance service in the south west of England. Eligible consenting participants were randomised 1:1 to device or standard care with trial procedures mirroring a proposed definitive trial.Feasibility was assessed upon ambulance clinician and participant recruitment rates and feedback, data completeness and potential future primary outcome rates.ResultsOver a 6 months period (1 July to 31 December 2018), 276 (23%) of 1183 eligible ambulance clinicians were trained and they recruited 34 participants; approximately 10% of patients presenting with suspected SVT during that time. Seventeen participants were randomised to each arm and all underwent their allocated valsalva strain method. All trial data and 63/68 (93%) of pre and post-valsalva ECGs were available. Seven (21%) participants had ineligible initial rhythms on retrospective expert ECG review. Valsalva assist device use was associated with cardioversion and non-conveyance in 4 (24%) and 2 (12%) participants respectively. No participants assigned to standard care were cardioverted and all were conveyed. Participant feedback highlighted the challenges of retaining trial information during an SVT attack.ConclusionsThe trial achieved efficient clinician training, randomisation and data collection, and there was an encouraging effect signal associated with device use. However, trial design changes should be considered to address the relatively small proportion of eligible patients recruited and challenges identified with consent and confirmation of cardioversion as a primary outcome.Trial registrationThe trial was registered withClinicalTrials.gov(NCT03514628) on 2 May 2018.
Changes in young women’s contraceptive use in the Netherlands: findings from three sex under the age of 25 surveys
Authors: Marra Elske , Meijer Suzanne , de Graaf Hanneke 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPrevention of unintended pregnancy among adolescents and young adults under 25 years is pivotal from an individual as well as societal perspective. In the USA, the use of long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) has been shown to increase, with no or little change in the use of short-acting reversible contraceptive (SARC). We assessed trends in no contraceptive, SARC, and LARC use by young women, aged between 12 and 25 years, and differences in trends within demographic groups (age, religion, ethnic background, and educational level) among these young women in the Netherlands. Data of sexually active young women aged 12–25 years from three cross-sectional representative surveys, 2005, 2012, and 2017, were used for this study. In total, 11,229 Dutch young women were included with a median age of 20 years (interquartile range 18–23 years). Overall, the proportion of young women using SARC decreased significantly between 2005 and 2017 from 88 to 76%. LARC use increased significantly between 2005 and 2017 from 3 to 16%. These trends varied by religious groups and educational level, emphasizing potential for tailored preventative measures for these groups. A shift towards LARC use might eventually lead to a further decrease in unwanted pregnancy and potentially abortion because of the lower risk of user errors.
Biotechnological and chemical analysis of Egyptian Diospyros kaki L. cv. Costata grown in Egypt
Authors: El-Hawary Seham Salah El-din , Tadros Soad Hanna , Taha Hussein , Abdelmohsen Mona , Nazif Naglaa Mohamed , El Sheikh Iman , El-Nasr Medhat Seif 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundDiospyros kakiL. is considered one of the most important economical medicinal plant in Chinese herbal medicine belonging to family Ebenaceae as it contains varied secondary metabolites and used in treatment of many diseases. For there is an efficient and promising protocol for in vitro propagation ofDiospyros kakiL. cv. Costata was establishedDiospyros kakiL. cv. Costata although it is difficult to initiate it in sterilized artificial media due to the browning of tissue caused by oxidation of phenolics. An efficient sterilizing method for leaf and internode explants was obtained by using 0.2% mercuric chloride (Hg2Cl2) for 5 min. Woody plant medium(WPM) supplemented with 2 mg/l zeatin (Zt) + 5 mg/l isopentenyl adenine (2 iP). Calli were induced on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) augmented with 10 mg/l Zt + 10 mg/l indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) + 500 mg/l polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP) + 0.1 mg/l thiamine HCL from internode explants. However, the regeneration efficiency was obtained with ½ MS-media fortified with 1 mg/l Zt + 2 mg/l IAA + 4 mg/l benzylaminopurine (BAp) + 0.5 g/l PVP from internode calli explants.ResultsThe highest amounts of scopoletin 57.08, 26.42, and 25.30 (μg/g DW) were detected using reversed phase of high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) in leaves extract of intact plant followed by regenerated and calli cultures of internod explants, respectively.ConclusionThis study is the first record for in vitro propagation and production of secondary metabolites fromDiospyros kakiL. using biotechnology techniques. Chemical anaysis were carried out using HPLC technique.
A reproducible reference point for the common peroneal nerve during surgery at the posterolateral corner of the knee: a cadaveric study
Authors: Teo Hong Lee Terry , Ang Ke Xin Magneline , Loh Sir Young James 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
This is an experimental study conducted to assess whether the fibular head is a reliable reference point to identify the position of the common peroneal nerve at the posterolateral corner of the knee.

Materials and methods
Twelve cadaveric knees were dissected through the lateral approach. The common peroneal nerve was identified and traced. The location where the common peroneal nerve crossed the posterior border of the biceps femoris and the posterior border of the fibular neck were designated as points B and N, respectively. The tip of the fibular head was designated F. Distances FB and FN were measured and the triangular area FBN was calculated at various degrees of knee flexion.

Results
During knee motion, distance FN showed minimal change and was not affected by variation in degrees of knee flexion (p = 0.131). Distance FB and distance BN were affected by variation in degrees of knee flexion (p < 0.001). Triangular area FBN increased in size up to 60° of knee flexion measuring 621.22 mm2 and subsequently decreased with further knee flexion.

Conclusion
The common peroneal nerve can consistently be found at approximately 20.7 ± 1 mm on the fibular neck with respect to the tip of the fibular head. The tip of the fibular head is a consistent landmark that can be used to predict the position of the exit point of the common peroneal nerve at the posterolateral corner of the knee.
Efforts towards a low-temperature-sensitive physics package for vapor cell atomic clocks
Authors: Hao Qiang , Xue Wenxiang , Xu Feng , Wang Kemu , Yun Peter , Zhang Shougang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStrong environmental dependence is an intractable problem for vapor cell clocks, for which the high-temperature sensitivity of the physics package is considered one of the dominant reasons. In this paper, we report the design and realization of a low-temperature-sensitive physics package for vapor cell clocks. The physics package comprises three layers of magnetic shields, three layers of heating ovens, and the cavity-cell assembly. The cavity-cell assembly employs a compact magnetron-type cavity and a Rb vapor cell sealed with N2-Ar mixed buffer gas. The dependence of the clock frequency on temperature fluctuation is evaluated to be 2 × 10−11/°C. In pursuit of the stable temperature, a three-stage temperature regulator is implemented on the physics package. It adopts a combination of open and
closed-loop control to address the problem of significant thermal coupling between the heating ovens. Under a laboratory environment, the measured Hadamard deviation of the temperature variation is 4 × 10−5 °C in 1 day of averaging.
Assessment of apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio in non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome patients
Authors: Galal Haitham , Samir Ayman , Shehata Mohamed 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
The apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio was shown to be strongly related to the risk of myocardial infarction in several large-scale studies. The current study aimed at exploring the diagnostic and short-term prognostic values of apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio in patients presenting with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. One hundred patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome were prospectively enrolled, in addition to a matched group of 100 patients with chronic stable angina. Serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and apolipoproteins B and A-I were quantified in both groups. Patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome underwent coronary angiography.

Results
The mean age of the study population was 57 ± 6 years, 65% being males. The non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome group showed significantly unfavorable lipid profile parameters, including apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio. Higher apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio was associated with more coronaries showing significant stenosis and more complex lesion morphology. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis reached an optimal cut-off value of 0.93 for diagnosis of non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (sensitivity 70% and specificity 88%) and 0.82 for predicting the presence of multi-vessel disease (sensitivity 90% and specificity 97%).

Conclusion
Apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio is a useful tool of risk assessment in patients presenting with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome including prediction of coronary multivessel affection.
Apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio was shown to be strongly related to risk of myocardial infarction. Higher ratios of apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I were recorded in NSTE-ACS patients (versus stable angina patients). Higher apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratios were associated with more diseased coronaries and complex lesions. Apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio is a useful tool for acute risk assessment in cardiac ischemic patients.
Enhancement of in vivo hypoglycemic effect of gliclazide by developing self-microemulsifying pellet dosage form
Authors: Patel Hetal , Pandey Niharika , Patel Bhoomi , Ranch Ketan , Bodiwala Kunjan , Vyas Bhavin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
The present research was aimed to develop a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) pellet to increase the dissolution rate and in vivo hypoglycemic effect of gliclazide. Gliclazide belongs to BCS class 2 and it exhibits dissolution rate-limited absorption. Thus, dissolution enhancement of gliclazide from its dosage form is a prime requirement to achieve a better therapeutic effect. The solubility of gliclazide was estimated in oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants. A most effective self-emulsification region was identified using pseudoternary phase diagrams. The optimized liquid SMEDDS gliclazide formulation was converted to SMEDDS pellets using the extrusion-spheronization technique. The in vitro release and hypoglycemic effect of SMEDDS was compared with the marketed product.

Results
The optimized liquid gliclazide SMEDDS formulations contained mixtures of Tween 80 and PEG 400 and Capmul MCM C8. The gliclazide SMEDDS in liquid preparation quickly formed a fine oil-in-water microemulsion having a globule size of 31.50 nm. In vitro release of gliclazide from SMEDDS pellets was 100.9% within 20 min. SMEDDS pellets exhibited a significant reduction in plasma glucose levels in albino mice compared to the marketed product.

Conclusion
The results indicated that SMEDDS pellets could be effectively used to improve the oral delivery of gliclazide.
A phase II study to evaluate the need for > two doses of nivolumab + ipilimumab combination (combo) immunotherapy.
Authors: Postow Michael A. , Goldman Debra A , Shoushtari Alexander Noor , Warner Allison Betof , Callahan Margaret K. , Momtaz Parisa , Naito Ellesa , Eton Omar , Nair Suresh , Wolchok Jedd D. , Panageas Katherine , Chapman Paul B. 
Published: May 2020

10003 Background: Standard of care nivolumab (nivo) + ipilimumab (ipi) combo immunotherapy is given for 4 doses in patients (pts) with unresectable stage III/IV melanoma. Whether 4 doses are needed is questionable as retrospective data suggest pts treated with <4 doses of combo due to toxicity can have durable benefit. No prospective trials have evaluated the efficacy of intentionally giving <4 doses of combo in unresectable stage III/IV melanoma. Methods: In this phase 2, multicenter clinical trial (n=60), pts with unresectable stage III/IV melanoma received 2 doses of nivo (1mg/kg) + ipi (3mg/kg) followed by a CT scan at week 6. Pts with complete (CR) or partial responses (PR) by RECIST 1.1 or stable disease without an increase in total measurable tumor burden had protocol defined early favorable anti-tumor effect (FATE) and ceased combo, transitioning to maintenance nivo. Pts without FATE at week 6 received the standard third and fourth doses of combo followed by maintenance nivo. The primary endpoint was response rate by RECIST 1.1 at week 12. Secondary endpoints included additional efficacy assessments and safety. Results: 41 pts (68%) had FATE at week 6. The best overall response rates (CR + PR) by RECIST at week 12 or any time afterwards were 48% (95% CI: 35.2-61.6%) and 53% (95% CI: 40.0-66.3%), respectively. 18%, 58%, 12%, 10% had 1, 2, 3, 4 doses of combo, respectively. With a median follow-up of 11 months, any grade treatment-related toxicity occurred in 100% (57% grade 3-4) of pts. Three pts died due to treatment-related toxicity (2 myocarditis, 1 possible adrenal insufficiency). Among the 19 pts without FATE at week 6 and not selected to de-escalate combo after dose 2, no pts ultimately responded with ongoing combo dosing. Conclusions: The first 2 doses of nivo + ipi appear to drive combo’s response efficacy and toxicity. Early radiographic imaging at week 6 may be able to identify pts who do not respond to combo dosing beyond dose 2. Randomized studies are planned to evaluate 1 dose of combo to see if efficacy is maintained with reduced toxicity. Clinical trial information: NCT03122522.