bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the history and changing roles of the renaissance flute from its golden age in the first decades of the sixteenth century to its twilight years in the mid-seventeenth century. It explains the prominence of vocal polyphony in the practice of consort playing as well as the “emancipation” of instruments as obbligato players in mixed ensembles and the emergence of new, distinct instrumental genres such as the monodic fantasia and ricercar.
Exercises
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 contains technical exercises designed to give readers experience with the idiosyncrasies of the instrument, presented in contexts typical of renaissance music. The exercises guide players to finding a secure tone, creating purely tuned intervals (both melodically and between the members of the consort), embellishing cadential formulas, recognizing modes, and understanding the building blocks of diminutions.
Music Suitable for Two Flutes
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 presents our own editions (in score format) of music for two flutes. (Individual parts can be downloaded from the accompanying website.) Many renaissance duets were intended as instructional pieces for learning the modes, but we have selected bicinia that also stand as strong performance pieces. Some pieces are for two tenor flutes, others for tenor and bass. An introduction to each piece presents the mode and useful tips for flutists approaching these works for the first time. Each piece also includes a hexachordal analysis and text (when applicable).
Cadences in Renaissance Music
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, we briefly compare and contrast the cadences of the renaissance with those of later periods. After discussing various types of cadences, including “cadenze fuggite” (evaded cadences) common in renaissance music, we use examples from the pieces presented in Chapters 7–10 to show how a musician can give more structure and meaning to the music by highlighting these musical punctuation marks.
Healing the Body and Mind
Authors: McAllister Lesley S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The most research-oriented part of the book, Chapter Three, describes how yoga has proven to be beneficial not only for physical health and wellness, but also for emotional well-being and optimal cognitive functioning. The emotional benefits of yoga directly lead to its physical benefits in reducing the symptoms of disorders that are caused or magnified by stress. This chapter outlines yoga’s potential in relieving performance anxiety, improving concentration, and increasing the likelihood of achieving a flow state in performance. Finally, research on attention, cognition, and the benefits of yoga for students with ADHD and other behavioral disorders demonstrates the usefulness of yoga techniques to increase retention and focus in the music lesson.
Injustice
Authors: Garvey Stephen P. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter starts off with Alexander v. United States, a case from the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia involving a defendant from a “rotten social background” charged with murder. The question it ultimately seeks to answer is this: When a democratic state has treated a citizen so badly, as a matter of distributive justice, that we are inclined to say of him that he has been excluded from the life of the polity, is the state nonetheless morally permitted to punish him if and when he commits a crime? It starts with several answers an anarchist might give to this question, distinguishing between a revolutionary response and a reformist response. It then moves onto discuss how a statist, as a believer in the authority of a democratic state, might respond. It concludes that a democratic state, even if it has lost its authority over the disadvantaged, is nonetheless morally permitted to punish those among the disadvantaged who commit serious (or core) crimes, but that it lacks any moral permission, derived from its own authority, to punish them for less serious (non-core) crimes.
Conclusion
Authors: Dwinal Catherine 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes how a simple activity can become an engaging experience with the use of a little technology. It explains the ease with which technology can be implemented it as long as the instructor is willing to put in a little bit of work. It mentions that thousands of resources exist to help the teacher to discover how to use visual projection systems in the classroom, and that many people are willing to help the instructor find what is right for him or her and his or her instructional needs. Projection systems are one of the first pieces of technology a teacher perfects in their instructional use. They are a necessary part of the educational environment for every educator in the digital generation.
From Simple Substance to Chemical Element
Authors: Bensaude-Vincent Bernadette 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The introduction of the modern concept of chemical element has often been credited to Lavoisier. I will argue that despite the significant impact of the definition of elements as non-decompound bodies in Lavoisier’s “Elements of Chemistry,” this claim is misleading for at least three reasons. First, elements were already defined as residues of analysis prior to Lavoisier. Second, Lavoisier did not totally give up the traditional view of elements as constituents of all bodies. Third, the modern definition of chemical element implies a clear distinction between simple bodies and elements that was later introduced by Dmitri Mendeleev. I will outline the role of this conceptual distinction in Mendeleev’s process of classification of elements and symmetrically emphasize how the periodic system contributed to stabilize his notion of element as an individual defined by its position in the system. Thus the concept of element appears as both a precondition and a product of the construction of the periodic system.
Dmitri Mendeleev’s Concept of the Chemical Elements Prior to the Periodic Law
Authors: Brooks Nathan M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This article examines the scientific work of Dmitri Mendeleev in the years prior to his discovery of the periodic law in 1869, paying special attention to how he addressed the issues of the concept of elements and their atomic weights. Mendeleev’s early work for his undergraduate and master’s theses on isomorphism and specific volumes was almost exclusively based on the existing literature on these topics with little original research. The knowledge that Mendeleev gained through this work, however, proved to be useful when he was elaborating his periodic law. Mendeleev attended the International Congress of Chemistry in Karlsruhe in 11860 and wrote that he was greatly impressed by Cannizzaro’s work and presentations at the congress. Mendeleev did not consistently adopt Cannizzaro’s atomic weights and continued to rely mainly on Gerhardt’s and Laurent’s values, with slight modifications. Mendeleev devoted much of his attention during his early scientific career to organic chemistry, including publishing a textbook in which he elaborated his “Theory of Limits” as an organizing principle. While this theory was quickly eclipsed by the Structural Theory of Organic Chemistry, it was influential to Mendeleev in his thinking about the organization of the elements. In the years immediately prior to the formulation of the periodic law, Mendeleev began to develop an abstract definition of an element, which proved important for his thinking about the periodic law.
Referring to Chemical Elements and Compounds
Authors: Blumenthal Geoffrey , Ladyman James , Seifert Vanessa 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
How do we refer to chemical substances, and in particular to chemical elements? This question relates to many philosophical questions, including whether or not theories are incommensurable, the extent to which past theories are later discarded, and issues about scientific realism. This chapter considers the first explicit reference to types of colorless air in late-eighteenth-century chemical practice. Reference to a gas by one chemist was generally intended to give others epistemological, methodological, and practical access to the gas. This chapter proposes a causal-descriptive theory of reference for chemical substances. Implications for debates about incommensurability and realism are also briefly noted.
The Changing Relation between Atomicity and Elementarity
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina P. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Early modern efforts to reconceptualize atomicity as a chymical notion fell by the wayside during the chemical revolution, as Antoine Lavoisier’s desire to transform chemistry into a strictly empirical and quantitative science led him to reject all metaphysical speculation about the fundamental nature of matter. Instead, Lavoisier focused on identifying elementary substances, which he defined operationally as the final products of chemical analysis. Our current understanding of the relation between atoms and elements, however, owes a great deal to the work of nineteenth-century chemist John Dalton. Dalton’s chemical atomic theory reconciled the concepts of “atomicity” and “elementarity” and rendered both as empirical and chemical notions, amenable to measurement and quantitative analysis. One of the central goals of Dalton’s theory was understanding how relative weights of chemical atoms determine the properties of elements and how the chemical atoms of different elements combine to form compound substances. Thus, Dalton’s theory provided a way of studying and measuring the properties of atoms and elements in a way that allowed chemists to finally understand the chemical relations between them.
Origins of the Ambiguity of the Current Definition of Chemical Element
Authors: Earley Joseph E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The current (IUPAC) definition of “chemical element” has two parts. The first part describes a concept on which chemists generally agreed when important aspects of the structure of chemical substances became clear by the middle of the twentieth century; the second part concerns a concept which had been important in “the chemical revolution” of the late eighteenth century—but which is not consistent with the definition first given. Although long familiarity has made the internal inconsistency of this “dual definition” of chemical element nearly undetectable by chemical professionals, that lack of clarity still causes major difficulty for logically minded beginning chemistry students. The concept of chemical element described in the second part of the current IUPAC definition has long been obsolete; it should now be abandoned. Retention of an obsolete definition for an important concept is characteristic of what John Dewey called “unmodern philosophy.”
Kant, Cassirer, and the Idea of Chemical Element
Authors: Mahootian Farzad 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The concept of element is fundamental to modern chemistry and yet it embodies an apparently persistent ambiguity that has remained unresolved for the nearly one hundred years since it was made official by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC) in 1923. This chapter presents a take on why this definition has the form it does, how it arose, and why it persists. Following the introductory overview, there are two historical sections, one on Immanuel Kant whose imprint on modern philosophy and science persists in various forms, including the genesis and interpretation of the IUPAC definition. Kant initially dismissed chemistry as a science, though he had a lifelong interest in this area. In his later years, his opinion about chemistry changed in response to the rapid growth of the field in the late 1700s. This change of mind had a profound impact on him; he began, but could not finish, a significant revision to his critical philosophy of science. The other historical section is on Ernst Cassirer, founder of the Marburg school of neo-Kantian thought, who wrote about chemistry both before and after the IUPAC definition above. Despite Cassirer’s deep engagement with the cultural and intellectual history and philosophy of science, very little is to be found about him in the literature of the philosophy of chemistry. The chapter concludes with a comparison of Cassirer’s relational understanding of chemistry with Guillermo Restrepo’s mathematical chemistry, and then with Joachim Schummer’s conceptual analysis of the “chemical core of chemistry.”
The Operational Definition of the Elements
Authors: Schummer Joachim 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The paper reappraises the operational definition of elements, adopted in the late eighteenth century, by investigating both epistemic discontinuities and continuities within the broader epistemological and cultural context. The first part points out the radical disruption that the operational definition implied for most of science, which consisted in giving up explanation, the primary goal of natural philosophy, because the new elements had to be discovered. The operational turn in chemistry is then compared to several well-discussed “revolutions,” including the Kantian, relativistic, and quantum revolutions in physics, which similarly modified our understanding of fundamental concepts of natural philosophy, such as time, space, and causation, by relating them to human capacities.
A Formal Approach to the Conceptual Development of Chemical Element
Authors: Restrepo Guillermo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A chemical element, treated as a concept, entails objects and attributes. From the eighteenth century to date, objects include substances up to quasi-molecular species and nuclides. Attributes range from non-decomposability up to lifetimes of 10-14 seconds. By analyzing the historical changes of the concept, we found the central role “chemical reaction” has played. However, historical changes of objects and attributes of the concept of chemical element lead to expand chemical reactions to the more general “chemical relations,” which contain traditional chemical reactions and any kind of relation between chemical species. In such a setting, a general structure for the concept of chemical element is presented that entails chemical species as objects and detected chemical relations and experimental measurement of atomic number as attributes.
The Dual Conception of the Chemical ElementEpistemic Aspects and Implications for Chemical Education
Authors: Ghibaudi Elena , Regis Alberto , Roletto Ezio 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the present work, the notion of chemical element is analyzed from the perspective of chemical education. Chemists refer to elements either as the final term of chemical analysis (i.e., simple substances) or as what persists in a chemical change. This duality has deep historical roots and it is sanctioned by IUPAC’s definition of chemical element. Nevertheless, it is inherently contradictory and it may result in deep misunderstandings in the educational context. After discussing the problems raised by the identification of the element with any material body—either macroscopic or microscopic—we analyze a number of definitions of elements, proposed by chemists, epistemologists, and educators. After pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of such definitions, we argue that the chemical element is a unifying chemical concept that designates an abstract category, identified by the atomic number.
Introduction
Authors: Layman Daniel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
According to John Locke, all people are morally equal self-owners. This commitment introduces a tension at the heart of Locke’s property theory. Since all people own themselves and, consequently, their labor, individuals have the moral power to acquire private property from the common world. But the use of this moral power threatens to generate concentrations of economic power capable of subjecting some people to others’ wills, in violation of equal moral standing. The thesis of this book is that four largely forgotten nineteenth-century Lockeans developed two distinct, internally consistent, and mutually incompatible resolutions to this tension within Lockean property theory. In one camp, Thomas Hodgskin and Lysander Spooner—the libertarian radicals—argued that although we each hold an equal negative liberty to claim pieces of the world, there is no positive common right to the world. Consequently, the demands of moral equality can be satisfied under conditions of enormous economic inequalities. In the other camp, John Bray and Henry George—the egalitarian radicals—argued that since all people are morally equal, each of us has a positive right to share the world with everyone else. Consequently, the demands of moral equality cannot be met except under substantially (though not totally) egalitarian economic conditions. It is important to work through the argumentative successes and failures of these relatively unknown thinkers in order to understand how contemporary arguments about equality and property developed and, consequently, how we might apply them to contemporary problems.
Hodgskin’s Libertarian Groundwork
Authors: Layman Daniel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Thomas Hodgskin, an Englishman who wrote widely in political economy during the first half of the nineteenth century, professed almost slavish devotion to Locke. In following in what he took to be Locke’s footsteps, he devoted his scholarly life to a polemic against “idle” capitalists and landowners. But he simultaneously defended an unflinchingly individualist interpretation of the Lockean project. According to Hodgskin, the world is common only in the sense of being originally unowned, and everyone has a right to anything he can create by laboring on it. He argues that the crushing inequality he observed around him in the fields and cities of the industrial revolution was attributable solely to the violence and cupidity of governments and their cronies. In working out this theory, Hodgskin sketched the principle features of a distinctly libertarian resolution of Locke’s property problem. According to this resolution, there is no problem about reconciling the common right to the world with the growth of private property because the common right is simply a liberty for each person to make use of the world as he might see fit. Thus, despite his left-leaning criticisms of capitalism and absentee landownership, Hodgskin planted seeds that would develop, in Spooner’s later work, into the core of the right-libertarianism we know today.
Spooner
Authors: Layman Daniel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
More than any other thinker, Lysander Spooner has a plausible claim to the title of founder of libertarianism. In his mature works, he developed the conception of Lockean rights that began to emerge in Hodgskin into a nearly anarcho-capitalist vision that would later reemerge in the philosophy of twentieth-century libertarians like Robert Nozick. But Spooner did not begin his scholarly life in quite this vein. In his early works, Spooner defends a version of liberal republicanism that has room for collective rights and is by no means anarchistic. As his career wore on, however, he began to argue that political morality is a kind of a priori natural science—or, perhaps, mathematics—of individual rights, complete and determinate in all its details and innately knowable by all who reflect on it. This conception of justice left little room for legitimate political legislation (since there is no facet of human life it does not govern on its own), let alone collective political rights. So, in the end, Spooner, more clearly than his philosophical forbear Hodgskin, developed a right-libertarian solution to Locke’s property problem. According to this solution, there is no positive common right to the world, so there is no tension between a natural common right to the world and natural private property rights.
George
Authors: Layman Daniel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Henry George’s Progress and Poverty, published in 1879, did for left-Lockeanism what Spooner’s contemporaneous mature work did for right-Lockeanism: It took up and developed a line of thought that an earlier author pioneered and, in the process, established a conceptual framework that would survive into the twentieth century. Like Bray, George attempts to solve Locke’s property problem by arguing that people are required to form and maintain political arrangements that protect our common positive right to share the world as equals. But unlike Bray, he does not lean heavily on a labor theory of value. He argues instead that traditional landownership subjects the landless to landowners’ arbitrary power, even when labor exchanges between the two parties leave everyone richer than they were before. In order to respect our common right to the world and the freedom from domination it mandates, governments need not, as Bray argues, seize the means of production and subject them to direct collective control. Rather, they need only require landholders to rent their land from the community at competitive market rates. Once governments pool these rents into a public fund, citizens can enjoy their natural common right within an otherwise competitive market economy. This blueprint would inspire the left-libertarian property theory that has recently emerged to challenge right-libertarianism around turn of the twenty-first century.
Toward a New Left-Lockeanism
Authors: Layman Daniel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Lockean radicals developed two internally consistent resolutions to Locke’s property problem. But what should we draw from the radicals as we seek to address that problem today? The chapter argues that we should reject the right-wing solution offered by Hodgskin and Spooner in favor of a version of the left-wing solution crafted by Bray and George. It begins by showing why Lockeans reject the Hobbesian interpretation of natural rights, according to which everyone has a liberty to everything but a claim to nothing: If Hobbes were right, we would not enjoy equal high status, but rather equal susceptibility to one another’s arbitrary impositions. The reasons that count against the Hobbesian conception of natural rights, however, also count against a right-wing interpretation of Lockean natural rights. For if we are not common world-owners, we are liable to be subject to the arbitrary impositions of those who do come to own the world. But does this mean we should follow contemporary left-libertarians in interpreting our common right to the world as a right to own privately an equal division of the world? Or should we follow Bray and George in interpreting our common right as a right to share equally in governing and using the world as a permanently public resource? The chapter argues that the left-libertarian picture cannot accommodate an adequate conception of equality, and that we must develop a left-Lockean political economy on the assumption that the world is a permanently public common resource.
Revealing New Reality
Authors: Borum Chattoo Caty 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The introduction chapter presents the lens of the book, providing the author’s unique vantage point as documentary producer, strategist, and scholar. It opens with a first-person narrative reflection from 2005, launching the book from her experience co-producing the advocacy documentary film, Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price, with Brave New Films, which premiered alongside a national grassroots mobilization campaign. This chapter provides foundational definitions of documentary and an original articulation of shared characteristics of social-issue documentary storytelling in the networked era: editorial independence, commitment to truth, civic motivation, and entertainment value. This introductory chapter locates documentary within the contemporary networked media era, the backdrop of community-based activism and public engagement that happens in concert with many nonfiction stories. It culminates with a roadmap overview of the book, chapter by chapter.