Cytokine and Chemokine Levels Correlate with Apoptosis Markers in Platelets of Pediatric Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Goelz Nadine , Winkler Jeannine , Eekels Julia J.M. , Rand Margaret L. , Speer Oliver , Schmugge Markus 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is defined as an autoimmune disease that leads to platelet clearance by macrophages. It is well known that auto-reactive B cells and CD4+ T-helper (Th) cells, and in particular their cytokines, have been associated with ITP. Cytokines and chemokines are key players in our immune response to recruit different cells, e.g. macrophages and monocytes, to respond to certain inflammatory signals. Specific cytokines (i.e. TNF-a, IFN-g) are known to induce apoptosis in nucleated blood cells.
To understand the role of cytokines and chemokines in acute ITP, we studied their plasma levels in 10 pediatric ITP patients at diagnosis with a median platelet count of 3 x 109/L (range < 1 to 22 x 109/L) and compared them with controls: healthy children (n=9; platelet count > 150 x 109/L); and chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia patients (cTP; n=9; median platelet count of 12 x 109/L; range: 3-53 x 109/L). ITP patients fulfilled the criteria for acute ITP and presented with mild to moderate bleeding symptoms. The median age at diagnosis was 3.4 yrs (range: 1.6 - 6.5 yrs); blood samples were taken prior to treatment. Luminex technology was used to measure plasma levels of 42 cytokines and chemokines. Markers of platelet apoptosis - activated caspase-3, -8 and -9 - and of platelet activation - CD62P and CD63 expression and PAC-1 binding - were measured by flow cytometry.
Distinct plasma cytokine/chemokine patterns were observed in ITP patients compared with controls. Significantly increased levels of the Th1 cell commitment cytokines TNF-α (p < 0.01) and IFN-g (p < 0.05), as well as of the Th2 cytokines IL-6 (p < 0.01), IL-10 (p < 0.01) and IL-13 (p < 0.05), were identified in ITP patients. We have previously shown that there is activation of platelet caspase-3, -8 and -9 at diagnosis in acute paediatric ITP patients compared with controls (Winkler et al, Br J Haematol 2012;156:508). In ITP patients, but not in controls, a negative correlation between eotaxin and caspase- 3 (r2 = 0.72), -8 (r2 = 0.76) and -9 (r2 = 0.53) activity were observed, as well as a negative correlations between GM-CSF and caspase-8 (r2 = 0.52) and -9 (r2 = 0.33). Furthermore, we found a correlation between IL-13 and platelet activation as measured by CD62P (r2 = 0.87) and CD63 (r2 = 0.67) expression in ITP patients but not in controls.
In summary, increased plasma levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IFN-g, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 were observed in ITP patients at initial presentation, suggesting that these cytokines contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Since IL-6 and IFN-g are known to activate macrophages, while higher levels TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-13 in the plasma are signs for activated T cells, our findings are consistent with the current model of ITP, in which activated macrophages induce B and T cells to produce anti-platelet autoantibodies. Our goal is to study the interplay between the immune system and the reduction of platelet count in ITP and to further define apoptosis/activation-related pathways in ITP platelets.
Furthermore, we showed a correlation in ITP patients between the chemokine eotaxin and GM-CSF with caspase-3, -8 and -9 activity, and a correlation between IL-13 and platelet activation. Our results imply, that apoptosis and platelet activation at diagnosis in ITP play a role in the development of ITP, but the underlying mechanisms are still unknown and needs to be further evaluated by increasing the patient cohort in our study.

Disclosures
No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.