bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of PD-L1 N-linked glycosylation on cancer therapy and clinical diagnosis
Authors: Wang Ying-Nai , Lee Heng-Huan , Hsu Jennifer L. , Yu Dihua , Hung Mien-Chie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractN-linked glycosylation is one of the most abundant posttranslational modifications of membrane-bound proteins in eukaryotes and affects a number of biological activities, including protein biosynthesis, protein stability, intracellular trafficking, subcellular localization, and ligand-receptor interaction. Accumulating evidence indicates that cell membrane immune checkpoint proteins, such as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), are glycosylated with heavy N-linked glycan moieties in human cancers. N-linked glycosylation of PD-L1 maintains its protein stability and interaction with its cognate receptor, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and this in turn promotes evasion of T-cell immunity. Studies have suggested targeting PD-L1 glycosylation as a therapeutic option by rational combination of cancer immunotherapies. Interestingly, structural hindrance by N-glycan on PD-L1 in fixed samples impedes its recognition by PD-L1 diagnostic antibodies. Notably, the removal of N-linked glycosylation enhances PD-L1 detection in a variety of bioassays and more accurately predicts the therapeutic efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, suggesting an important clinical implication of PD-L1 N-linked glycosylation. A detailed understanding of the regulatory mechanisms, cellular functions, and diagnostic limits underlying PD-L1 N-linked glycosylation could shed new light on the clinical development of immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer treatment and deepen our knowledge of biomarkers to identify patients who would benefit the most from immunotherapy. In this review, we highlight the effects of protein glycosylation on cancer immunotherapy using N-linked glycosylation of PD-L1 as an example. In addition, we consider the potential impacts of PD-L1 N-linked glycosylation on clinical diagnosis. The notion of utilizing the deglycosylated form of PD-L1 as a predictive biomarker to guide anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy is also discussed.
Ambient particulate matter and biomass burning: an ecological time series study of respiratory and cardiovascular hospital visits in northern Thailand
Authors: Mueller W. , Loh M. , Vardoulakis S. , Johnston H. J. , Steinle S. , Precha N. , Kliengchuay W. , Tantrakarnapa K. , Cherrie J. W. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) emitted from biomass burning is an increasing concern, particularly in Southeast Asia. It is not yet clear how the source of PM influences the risk of an adverse health outcome. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare health risks of PM from biomass burning and non-biomass burning sources in northern Thailand.

Methods
We collected ambient air pollutant data (PM with a diameter of < 10 μm [PM10], PM2.5, Carbon Monoxide [CO], Ozone [O3], and Nitrogen Dioxide [NO2]) from ground-based monitors and daily outpatient hospital visits in Thailand during 2014–2017. Outpatient data included chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD), ischaemic heart disease (IHD), and cerebrovascular disease (CBVD). We performed an ecological time series analysis to evaluate the association between daily air pollutants and outpatient visits. We used the 90th and 95th percentiles of PM10 concentrations to determine days of exposure to PM predominantly from biomass burning.

Results
There was significant intra annual variation in PM10 levels, with the highest concentrations occurring during March, coinciding with peak biomass burning. Incidence Rate Ratios (IRRs) between daily PM10 and outpatient visits were elevated most on the same day as exposure for CLRD = 1.020 (95% CI: 1.012 to 1.028) and CBVD = 1.020 (95% CI: 1.004 to 1.035), with no association with IHD = 0.994 (95% CI: 0.974 to 1.014). Adjusting for CO tended to increase effect estimates. We did not find evidence of an exposure response relationship with levels of PM10 on days of biomass burning.

Conclusions
We found same-day exposures of PM10 to be associated with certain respiratory and cardiovascular outpatient visits. We advise implementing measures to reduce population exposures to PM wherever possible, and to improve understanding of health effects associated with burning specific types of biomass in areas where such large-scale activities occur.
Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia: possible mechanisms
Authors: Hsu Mei-Chi , Huang Yung-Sheng , Ouyang Wen-Chen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundSchizophrenia is a serious long-term psychotic disorder marked by positive and negative symptoms, severe behavioral problems and cognitive function deficits. The cause of this disorder is not completely clear, but is suggested to be multifactorial, involving both inherited and environmental factors. Since human brain regulates all behaviour, studies have focused on identifying changes in neurobiology and biochemistry of brain in schizophrenia. Brain is the most lipid rich organ (approximately 50% of brain dry weight). Total brain lipids is constituted of more than 60% of phospholipids, in which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) is the most abundant (more than 40%) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in brain membrane phospholipids. Results from numerous studies have shown significant decreases of PUFAs, in particular, DHA in peripheral blood (plasma and erythrocyte membranes) as well as brain of schizophrenia patients at different developmental phases of the disorder. PUFA deficiency has been associated to psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. These findings have led to a number of clinical trials examining whether dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could improve the course of illness in patients with schizophrenia. Results are inconsistent. Some report beneficial whereas others show not effective. The discrepancy can be attributed to the heterogeneity of patient population.MethodsIn this review, results from recent experimental and clinical studies, which focus on illustrating the role of PUFAs in the development of schizophrenia were examined. The rationale why omega-3 supplementation was beneficial on symptoms (presented by subscales of the positive and negative symptom scale (PANSS), and cognitive functions in certain patients but not others was reviewed. The potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects were discussed.ResultsOmega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduced the conversion rate to psychosis and improved both positive and negative symptoms and global functions in adolescents at ultra-high risk for psychosis. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation could also improve negative symptoms and global functions in the first-episode patients with schizophrenia, but improve mainly total or general PANSS subscales in chronic patients. Patients with low PUFA (particularly DHA) baseline in blood were more responsive to the omega-3 fatty acid intervention.ConclusionOmega-3 supplementation is more effective in reducing psychotic symptom severity in young adults or adolescents in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia who have low omega-3 baseline. Omega-3 supplementation was more effective in patients with low PUFA baseline. It suggests that patients with predefined lipid levels might benefit from lipid treatments, but more controlled clinical trials are warranted.
Clustering effects of health risk behavior on mental health and physical activity in Chinese adolescents
Authors: Yi Xiangren , Liu Zongyu , Qiao Wenzhen , Xie Xiuye , Yi Nuo , Dong Xiaosheng , Wang Baozhen 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Risk behaviors are significantly impacting physical and psychological health among adolescents, resulting in a tremendous public health issue. The aim of this study is to examine the association of clustered risk behaviors with mental health and physical activity, and identify to what extent the clustering of various risk behaviors is associated with psychological health and physical activity in Chinese adolescents.

Methods
Students aged 16–18 years, male 16.2 ± 1.03, female 16.3 ± 1.56, were recruited from 30 high schools to complete an online questionnaire in fall semester 2017. A structured questionnaire, 2017 state and local youth risk behavior survey was revised, modified, and translated into Chinese. Five questions were designed to assess physical activity times of the last 7 days. Symptom checklist 90 (SCL-90) was used to investigate the mental health status of the participants. Statistical analyses were done employing chi-square tests, two step cluster analysis, logistic regression.

Result
Results illustrate that girls report a significantly higher mean of being bullied in school, electronically bullied, feeling sad or hopeless, and trying cigarette smoking. Two-step cluster analysis and regression analysis find that alcohol use, smoking and sedentary behavior have significant effect on adolescent health. Logic regression demonstrated that risk behaviors have significantly associated with mental health and physical activity in specific cluster.

Conclusion
This study finds that a specific behavior cluster has significant impact on mental health and physical activity among adolescents. Integrating risk behaviors cluster with factors can be employed to target high-risk adolescents who have poor physical and psychosocial health. The research suggest that more effective and feasible school intervention programs can be designed to promote adolescent health-related behavior in terms of those pathways.
Recommendations for core critical care ultrasound competencies as a part of specialist training in multidisciplinary intensive care: a framework proposed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM)
Authors: Wong Adrian , Galarza Laura , Forni Lui , De Backer Daniel , Slama Michael , Cholley Bernard , Mayo Paul , McLean Anthony , Vieillard-Baron Antoine , Lichtenstein Daniel , Volpicelli Giovanni , Arntfield Robert , Martin-Loeches Ignacio , Istrate Gizella Melania , Duška František ,   on behalf of ESICM Critical Care Ultrasound Group, Wong Adrian , Galarza Laura , Forni Lui , De Backer Daniel , Slama Michael , Cholley Bernard , Mayo Paul , McLean Anthony , Vieillard-Baron Antoine , Lichtenstein Daniel , Volpicelli Giovanni , Arntfield Robert , Martin-Loeches Ignacio , Istrate Gizella Melania , Duška František 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Critical care ultrasound (CCUS) is an essential component of intensive care practice. Although existing international guidelines have focused on training principles and determining competency in CCUS, few countries have managed to operationalize this guidance into an accessible, well-structured programme for clinicians training in multidisciplinary intensive care. We seek to update and reaffirm appropriate CCUS scope so that it may be integrated into the international Competency-based Training in Intensive Care Medicine. The resulting recommendations offer the most contemporary and evolved set of core CCUS competencies for an intensive care clinician yet described. Importantly, we discuss the rationale for inclusion but also exclusion of competencies listed.

Background/aim
Critical care ultrasound (CCUS) is an essential component of intensive care practice. The purpose of this consensus document is to determine those CCUS competencies that should be a mandatory part of training in multidisciplinary intensive care.

Methods
A three-round Delphi method followed by face-to-face meeting among 32 CCUS experts nominated by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Agreement of at least 90% of experts was needed in order to enlist a competency as mandatory.

Results
The final list of competencies includes 15 echocardiographic, 5 thoracic, 4 abdominal, deep vein thrombosis diagnosis and central venous access aid.

Conclusion
The resulting recommendations offer the most contemporary and evolved set of core CCUS competencies for an intensive care clinician yet described.
High-resolution temporal profiling of the human gut microbiome reveals consistent and cascading alterations in response to dietary glycans
Authors: Creswell Richard , Tan Jie , Leff Jonathan W. , Brooks Brandon , Mahowald Michael A. , Thieroff-Ekerdt Ruth , Gerber Georg K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundDietary glycans, widely used as food ingredients and not directly digested by humans, are of intense interest for their beneficial roles in human health through shaping the microbiome. Characterizing the consistency and temporal responses of the gut microbiome to glycans is critical for rationally developing and deploying these compounds as therapeutics.MethodsWe investigated the effect of two chemically distinct glycans (fructooligosaccharides and polydextrose) through three clinical studies conducted with 80 healthy volunteers. Stool samples, collected at dense temporal resolution (~ 4 times per week over 10 weeks) and analyzed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing, enabled detailed characterization of participants’ microbiomes. For analyzing the microbiome time-series data, we developed MC-TIMME2 (Microbial Counts Trajectories Infinite Mixture Model Engine 2.0), a purpose-built computational tool based on nonparametric Bayesian methods that infer temporal patterns induced by perturbations and groups of microbes sharing these patterns.ResultsOverall microbiome structure as well as individual taxa showed rapid, consistent, and durable alterations across participants, regardless of compound dose or the order in which glycans were consumed. Significant changes also occurred in the abundances of microbial carbohydrate utilization genes in response to polydextrose, but not in response to fructooligosaccharides. Using MC-TIMME2, we produced detailed, high-resolution temporal maps of the microbiota in response to glycans within and across microbiomes.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that dietary glycans cause reproducible, dynamic, and differential alterations to the community structure of the human microbiome.
Knockout of butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 (BTN1A1) alters lipid droplet formation and phospholipid composition in bovine mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Han Liqiang , Zhang Menglu , Xing Zhiyang , Coleman Danielle N. , Liang Yusheng , Loor Juan J. , Yang Guoyu 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Milk lipids originate from cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LD) that are synthesized and secreted from mammary epithelial cells by a unique membrane-envelopment process. Butyrophilin 1A1 (BTN1A1) is one of the membrane proteins that surrounds LD, but its role in bovine mammary lipid droplet synthesis and secretion is not well known.

Methods
The objective was to knockout BTN1A1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) via the CRISPR/Cas9 system and evaluate LD formation, abundance of lipogenic enzymes, and content of cell membrane phospholipid (PL) species. Average LD diameter was determined via Oil Red O staining, and profiling of cell membrane phospholipid species via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Results
Lentivirus-mediated infection of the Cas9/sgRNA expression vector into BMEC resulted in production of a homozygous clone BTN1A1(−/−). The LD size and content decreased following BTN1A1 gene knockout. The mRNA abundance of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARG) was downregulated in the BTN1A1(−/−) clone. Subcellular analyses indicated that BTN1A1 and LD were co-localized in the cytoplasm. BTN1A1 gene knockout increased the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC), which resulted in a lower PC/PE ratio.

Conclusions
Results suggest that BTN1A1 plays an important role in regulating LD synthesis via a mechanism involving membrane phospholipid composition.
Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid administration in traumatic brain injury patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yokobori Shoji , Yatabe Tomoaki , Kondo Yutaka , Kinoshita Kosaku ,   for the Japan Resuscitation Council (JRC) Neuroresuscitation Task Force and the Guidelines Editorial Committee, Ajimi Yasuhiko , Iwase Masaaki , Unemoto Kyoko , Kumasawa Junji , Goto Jun , Kobata Hitoshi , Sawamura Atsushi , Hifumi Toru , Hoshiyama Eisei , Honda Mitsuru , Norisue Yasuhiro , Matsumoto Shoji , Miyake Yasufumi , Moriya Takashi , Yasuda Hideto , Yamakawa Kazuma , Yang Sunghoon , Wakasugi Masahiro , Nagayama Masao , Nonogi Hiroshi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
The exacerbation of intracranial bleeding is critical in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been used to improve outcomes in TBI patient. However, the effectiveness of TXA treatment remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the effect of administration of TXA on clinical outcomes in patients with TBI by systematically reviewing the literature and synthesizing evidence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods
MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Igaku Chuo Zasshi (ICHUSHI) Web were searched. Selection criteria included randomized controlled trials with clinical outcomes of adult TBI patients administered TXA or placebo within 24 h after admission. Two investigators independently screened citations and conducted data extraction. The primary “critical” outcome was all-cause mortality. The secondary “important” outcomes were good neurological outcome rates, enlargement of bleeding, incidence of ischemia, and hemorrhagic intracranial complications. Random effect estimators with weights calculated by the inverse variance method were used to report risk ratios (RRs).

Results
A total of 640 records were screened. Seven studies were included for quantitative analysis. Of 10,044 patients from seven of the included studies, 5076 were randomly assigned to the TXA treatment group, and 4968 were assigned to placebo. In the TXA treatment group, 914 patients (18.0%) died, while 961 patients (19.3%) died in the placebo group. There was no significant difference between groups (RR, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.86–1.01). No significant differences between the groups in other important outcomes were also observed.

Conclusions
TXA treatment demonstrated a tendency to reduce head trauma-related deaths in the TBI population, with no significant incidence of thromboembolic events. TXA treatment may therefore be suggested in the initial TBI care.
Role of preemptive chlorpheniramine maleate in reducing postoperative agitation after functional endoscopic sinus surgeries (FESS)
Authors: Abdelrahman Tamer Nabil , Kasem Amr Ahmed 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Agitation with general anesthesia for ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgeries was so frequent reaching up to 55.4%. Chlorpheniramine maleate a first-generation antihistaminic that antagonizes histamine H1-receptor. It is specifically a potent inverse agonist of the histamine H1 receptor. It is mainly used as an anti-allergic but has some anti-depressant and anti-anxiety actions, with unknown mechanism as well.
The aim is to identify the role of preemptive chlorpheniramine maleate on alleviating or reducing the severity of postoperative agitation following FESS procedures.

Subjects and methods
A total of 90 adult patients undergoing FESS procedure for chronic sinusitis with bilateral postoperative nasal packing. Patients were randomly assigned into two equal groups. The first group (A) 45 patients received chlorpheniramine maleate 5 mg diluted in 9 ml isotonic saline IV 30 min preinduction of general anesthesia while the second group (B) received 10 ml isotonic saline IV as control.

Statistical analysis
It was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS/version 21) software using arithmetic mean, standard deviation, chi square test, Fisher exact test and t test. The level of significance was 0.05.

Results
The degree of agitation measured by (RASS) and the number of patients needed midazolam and its total dose given to reduce severity of agitation postoperatively was remarkably less in group (A) than group (B).

Conclusion
Preoperative single dose of chlorpheniramine maleate is an effective medication that may be used to prevent or reduce the severity of emergence agitation with minimal cardio-respiratory depression.
Evaluation of the fungal activity of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces lilacinus as biocontrol agents against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita on cowpea
Authors: Youssef Mahmoud M. A. , El-Nagdi Wafaa M. A. , Lotfy Dalia E. M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
In the current years, nematotoxic or antagonistic compounds for example, toxins, enzymes, or compounds derived from the metabolites of fungal culture filtrates have greatly increased.

Objective
This research was designed to evaluate two fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, commonly used only as bio-insecticides in Egypt for their nematicidal potential compared to Paecilomyces lilacinus, one of the most important fungi parasitizing on eggs of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita.

Results
The tested fungi either as filtrate or spore affected egg hatching and survival of second stage juveniles at different degrees according to fungal filtrate dilution and spore concentration and exposure period under in vitro study. Under screen house conditions, the tested fungi as filtrates or spores were used to control root-knot nematode on cowpea. The overtopped significant results were gained with P. lilacinus filtrate at standard dilution and recorded the highest mean overall percentages nematode reduction (84.5%). The second rank was obtained by B. bassiana culture filtrate, where it significantly reduced all nematode numbers with a mean of 81.1% at standard dilution. M. anisopliae caused 78.5% as a mean percentages nematode reduction followed by other dilutions and untreated check. When using spore concentrations, the overtopped significant results were gained with P. lilacinus at the highest spore concentration (1 × 108) and recorded the highest mean percentages nematode reduction (85.3%). The second rank was obtained by M. anisopliae, where it reduced all nematode numbers as an average of 83.6%. B. bassiana caused 77.1% as a mean percentages nematode reduction at the highest spore concentration. At all cases, all treatments significantly promoted plant growth and yield criteria and these increases were positively proportional to the filtrate dilution or spore concentration higher than the untreated plants.

Conclusions
It can be concluded that B. bassiana, M. Anisopliae, and P. lilacinus as antagonistic fungi proved to be efficient against root-knot nematode, incognita infecting cowpea as they reduced nematode criteria which subsequently improved plant growth and yield of cowpea.
Stress, Sex, and Sugar: Glucocorticoids and Sex-Steroid Crosstalk in the Sex-Specific Misprogramming of Metabolism
Authors: Ruiz Daniel , Padmanabhan Vasantha , Sargis Robert M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Early-life exposures to environmental insults can misprogram development and increase metabolic disease risk in a sex-dependent manner by mechanisms that remain poorly characterized. Modifiable factors of increasing public health relevance, such as diet, psychological stress, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals, can affect glucocorticoid receptor signaling during gestation and lead to sex-specific postnatal metabolic derangements. Evidence from humans and animal studies indicate that glucocorticoids crosstalk with sex steroids by several mechanisms in multiple tissues and can affect sex-steroid–dependent developmental processes. Nonetheless, glucocorticoid sex-steroid crosstalk has not been considered in the glucocorticoid-induced misprogramming of metabolism. Herein we review what is known about the mechanisms by which glucocorticoids crosstalk with estrogen, androgen, and progestogen action. We propose that glucocorticoid sex-steroid crosstalk is an understudied mechanism of action that requires consideration when examining the developmental misprogramming of metabolism, especially when assessing sex-specific outcomes.