bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Removal of amoxicillin from aqueous solution using sludge-based activated carbon modified by walnut shell and nano-titanium dioxide
Authors: Kang Xiaorong , Liu Yali , Yang Can , Cheng Han 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDewatered municipal sludge was used as raw material to prepare activated carbon (SAC), and the SAC was modified by walnut shell and nano-titanium dioxide (MSAC). The results showed that the MSAC had a higher specific surface area (SBET) (279.147 m2/g) and total pore volume (VT) (0.324 cm3/g) than the SAC. Simultaneously, the functional groups such as C-O, C = O, and Ti-O-Ti on the surface of MSAC were enhanced due to modification. These physicochemical properties provided prerequisites for the diffusion and degradation of pollutants in MSAC. Furthermore, the MSAC was applied to adsorb amoxicillin (AMX) from aqueous solution, in batch experiments, the maximum removal rate (88.19%) was observed at an initial AMX concentration of 30 mg/L, MSAC dosage of 5.0 g/L, pH of 8, contact time of 180 min, and temperature of 25 °C. In addition, the adsorption process was well described by the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that the adsorption of AMX onto MSAC was dominated by multilayer chemisorption. Also, the adsorption thermodynamics suggested that the adsorption process of AMX onto MSAC was endothermic, feasible and spontaneous.
Quelle anthropologie pour la protection de la vie?
Authors: Szałata Kazimierz 
Published: December 2020

This article is written in Frech.
Jeśli w samym centrum nauczania społecznego kościoła znajduje się człowiek, to rzeczą niesłychanie ważną staje się problem ochrony życia ludzkiego. Jak zauważa autor artykułu przygotowanego z okazji międzynarodowego Kolokwium Naukowego w Papieskiej Radzie Justitia et Pax przewartościowania, jakie obserwujemy w naszej kulturze sprawiły, że człowiek znalazł się w niebezpieczeństwie i to zwłaszcza wtedy, gdy jest słaby i zależny od innych. By podjąć problemy moralne związane z pokusą manipulacji, genetycznych, aborcji czy eutanazji potrzebna jest solidna baza filozoficzna. Autor idąc za sugestią Papieża Leona XIII, który wobec dominującego pozytywizmu wskazał na konieczność powrotu do klasycznej filozofii bytu w wersji arystotelesowsko-tomistycznej uzasadnia nieustanną aktualność papieskiej sugestii. Wobec dominacji przyrodniczych ujęć człowieka, w których nie da się wyraźnie zdefiniować początku i końca życia, potrzebna jest jasna, realistyczna filozofia personalistyczna zdolna do ukazania pełnej prawdy o człowieku, jako realnym bycie osobowym realizującym się poprzez duchowo cielesną strukturę.
Five Lessons Learned From Randomized Controlled Trials on Mobile Health Interventions: Consensus Procedure on Practical Recommendations for Sustainable Research
Authors: Pach Daniel , Rogge Alizé A , Wang Jiani , Witt Claudia M 
Published: December 2020

Background
Clinical research on mobile health (mHealth) interventions is too slow in comparison to the rapid speed of technological advances, thereby impeding sustainable research and evidence-based implementation of mHealth interventions.

Objective
We aimed to establish practical lessons from the experience of our working group, which might accelerate the development of future mHealth interventions and their evaluation by randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods
This paper is based on group and expert discussions, and focuses on the researchers’ perspectives after four RCTs on mHealth interventions for chronic pain.

Results
The following five lessons are presented, which are based on practical application, increase of speed, and sustainability: (1) explore stakeholder opinions, (2) develop the mHealth app and trial simultaneously, (3) minimize complexity, (4) manage necessary resources, and (5) apply behavior change techniques.

Conclusions
The five lessons developed may lead toward an agile research environment. Agility might be the key factor in the development and research process of a potentially sustainable and evidence-based mHealth intervention.
Trends in Web Searches About the Causes and Treatments of Autism Over the Past 15 Years: Exploratory Infodemiology Study
Authors: Saposnik Florencia E , Huber Joelene F 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundNinety percent of adults in the United States use the internet, and the majority of internet users report looking on the web for health information using search engines. The rising prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), uncertainty surrounding its etiology, and variety of intervention approaches contribute to questions about its causes and treatments. It is not known which terms people search most frequently about ASD and whether web search queries have changed over time. Infodemiology is an area of health informatics research using big data analytics to understand web search behavior.ObjectiveThe objectives were to (1) use infodemiological data to analyze trends in web-based searches about the causes and treatments of ASD over time and (2) inform clinicians and ASD organizations about web queries regarding ASD.MethodsGoogle Trends was used to analyze web searches about the causes and treatments of ASD in the United States from 2004 to 2019. The search terms analyzed for queries about causes of ASD included vaccines, genetics, environmental factors, and microbiome and those for therapies included applied behavior analysis (ABA), gluten-free diet, chelation therapy, marijuana, probiotics, and stem cell therapy.ResultsGoogle Trends results are normalized on a scale ranging from 0 to 100 to represent the frequency and relative interest of search topics. For searches about ASD causes, vaccines had the greatest frequency compared to other terms, with an initial search peak observed in 2008 (scaled score of 81), reaching the highest frequency in 2015 (scaled score of 100), and a current upward trend. In comparison, searches about genetics, environmental factors, and microbiome occurred less frequently. For web searches about ASD therapies, ABA consistently had a high frequency of search interest since 2004, reaching a maximum scaled score of 100 in 2019. The analyses of chelation therapy and gluten-free diet showed trending interest in 2005 (scaled score of 68) and 2007 (scaled score of 100), respectively, followed by a steady decline since (scaled scores of only 10 and 16, respectively, in 2019). Searches related to ASD and marijuana showed a rise in 2009 (scaled score of 35), and they continue to trend upward. Searches about probiotics and stem cell therapy have been relatively low (scaled scores of 22 and 18, respectively), but are gradually gaining interest. Web search volumes for stem cell therapy in 2019 surpassed both gluten-free diet and chelation therapy as web-searched interventions for ASD.ConclusionsGoogle Trends is an effective infodemiology tool to analyze large-scale web search trends about ASD. The results showed informative variation in search trends over 15 years. These data are useful to inform clinicians and organizations about web queries on topics related to ASD, identify knowledge gaps, and target web-based education and knowledge translation strategies.
Anxiety and Sleep Disturbances Among Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic in India: Cross-Sectional Online Survey
Authors: Gupta Bhawna , Sharma Vyom , Kumar Narinder , Mahajan Akanksha 
Published: December 2020

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a serious concern among the global medical community and has resulted in an unprecedented psychological impact on health care workers, who were already working under stressful conditions.

Objective
In this study, we aimed to evaluate and measure the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the anxiety levels and sleep quality among health care workers in India, as well as to determine how the unavailability of personal protective equipment affects their willingness to provide patient-related care.

Methods
We conducted an online cross-sectional study using piloted, structured questionnaires with self-reported responses from 368 volunteer male and female health care workers in India. Study participants were identified through social networking platforms such as Facebook and WhatsApp. The survey evaluated the participants’ degree of signs and symptoms of anxiety and sleep quality based on the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scale and single-item Sleep Quality Scale, respectively. Information on the availability of personal protective equipment was collected based on responses to relevant survey questions.

Results
The majority of health care workers (126/368, 34.2%) were in the age group 45-60 years, and 52.2% (192/368) were doctors. Severe anxiety (ie, GAD-7 score >10) was observed among 7.3% (27/368) health care workers, whereas moderate, mild, and minimal anxiety was observed among 12.5% (46/368), 29.3% (108/368), and 50.8% (187/368) health care workers, respectively. Moreover, 31.5% (116/368) of the health care workers had poor-to-fair sleep quality (ie, scores <6). Univariate analysis showed female gender and inadequate availability of personal protective equipment was significantly associated with higher anxiety levels (P=.01 for both). Sleep disturbance was significantly associated with age <30 years (P=.04) and inadequate personal protective equipment (P<.001). Multivariable analysis showed that poorer quality of sleep was associated with higher anxiety levels (P<.001).

Conclusions
The COVID-19 pandemic has potentially caused significant levels of anxiety and sleep disturbances among health care workers, particularly associated with the female gender, younger age group, and inadequate availability of personal protective equipment. These factors put health care workers at constant risk of contracting the infection themselves or transmitting it to their families. Early identification of at-risk health care workers and implementation of situation-tailored mitigation measures could help alleviate the risk of long-term, serious psychological sequelae as well as reduce current anxiety levels among health care workers.
The Development and Implementation of The Wales Multi-Morbidity Electronic Cohort: Prospective and Retrospective Study Designs to Investigate Multi-Morbidity
Authors: Lyons Jane , McCowan Colin , Dezateux Carol , Robson John , Watkins Alan , Rafferty James , Fry Richard , Bailey Rowena , Akbari Ashley , Harper Gill , Agrawal Utkarsh , Lyons Ronan 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionMulti-morbidity is a widely recognised but poorly understood global issue that appears to be increasing in prevalence, according to the UK’s Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS) report in 2018. Disease clustering, their determinants and consequences are poorly researched. Better understanding would help drive prevention and improved clinical care, services and patient outcomes.
Objectives and ApproachDevelopment of two comprehensive population-wide e-cohorts, derived utilising data linkage techniques and including multi-sourced anonymised routine health and demographic data held within the SAIL Databank. The objective is to characterise multi-morbidity and its clustering, determinants and outcomes and compare methods using a) prospective cohort design using multiple data sources in Wales and b) retrospective cohort design to examine household level and environment clustering using GP data in demographically diverse populations (Wales and North East London).
The prospective e-cohort focuses on adults living in Wales on 1 st January 2000 and followed up to 2020, including data from the NHS population register, deaths, inpatients, outpatients, Emergency Department, GP, disease registries, laboratory data, and population surveys with QoL measures. This e-cohort will be harmonised with other sites across the UK. The retrospective e-cohort is designed to harmonise with a North East London e-cohort, including all individuals living in Wales on 24 th April 2018 and registered with a GP.
Results2.8 and 2.2 million individuals have been included in the prospective and retrospective cohorts respectively, with 43.6 million person years of follow up. Established comorbidity indices and published phenotypes from libraries are being applied to the data to create initial prevalence and incidence estimates for further analysis. Important clusters will be determined by associations with mortality and excess healthcare utilisation.
Conclusion/ImplicationsBuilding the e-cohorts has involved multiple disciplines across organisations. Multi-morbidity prevalence estimates and study designs will be compared prior to statistical analyses and machine learning methods to evaluate clustering and determinants.
Leveraging Health Administrative Data to Investigate Maternal Vulnerabilities in Early Life Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Hospitalizations in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Fitzpatrick Tiffany , McNally J Dayre , Kwong Jeffrey , Lu Hong , Fisman David , Guttmann Astrid 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalization among infants globally. Several RSV vaccine candidates are currently in trial and the severity of RSV-related illness can be reduced with prophylaxis. To optimize delivery of these programs and reduce inequities, a comprehensive understanding of risk factors for severe RSV-related illness is required.
Objectives and ApproachThe objective of this study was to quantify the risks of severe, early life RSV-related illness in terms of medical conditions, birth characteristics and novel socio-economic factors. We used linked population-based health and socio-demographic administrative data for all children born in Ontario (Apr 1st, 2012-March 31st, 2018), including laboratory viral testing data for a subset of children, to identify all RSV-related hospitalizations occurring in Ontario before a child’s third birthday or end of follow-up (March 31st, 2019). We calculated the relative risk of RSV-related admission, adjusted for several medical complexity and transmission factors. Critically, we leveraged these routinely collected health administrative data to determine the admission risks associated with various novel measures indicative of maternal social vulnerability, such as homelessness and involvement with the criminal justice system.
Results11,279 RSV-related hospitalizations were identified among 789,484 children; 57% of admissions occurred before 6 months of age. We identified several socio-economic factors independently associated with increased risk of severe RSV-related illness, including several maternal factors: young age at first delivery (Relative risk (RR) <20 vs 40+ years: 2.27, 95%CI:(1.89,2.73)), involvement with the criminal justice system [RR:1.34 (1.16,1.55)], social assistance use (RR:1.53 (1.45,1.62)), homelessness [RR:1.69 (1.01,2.83)], mental health/addictions concerns [RR:1.51 (1.36,1.67)] and child apprehension [RR:1.59 (1.29,1.96)].
Conclusion / ImplicationsWe identified several socio-economic factors independently associated with increased risk of severe RSV-related illness, including several novel factors related to maternal vulnerability. This information could inform the selection of high-risk groups for RSV prophylaxis or immunization programs.
Using Linked Administrative Health Databases for An Obesity Case Definition
Authors: Hamm Naomi C , Yan Lin , Lix Lisa M 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionCapture of obesity using administrative health data is poor, with many cases being under coded within the data. Linking multiple health data sources may improve case ascertainment and facilitate the use of administrative health data for obesity research and surveillance.
Objectives and ApproachThis research aims to determine if using individual-level linked data from multiple sources can improve case ascertainment for obesity in administrative health data. Data from between April 1, 2001 and March 31, 2015 were obtained from the Manitoba Population Data Repository. Eighteen obesity case definitions were developed with different observation times and combinations of diagnosis, procedure, and prescription codes from physician billing claims, hospitalization abstracts, and prescription drug records. Body mass index (BMI) records from primary care data and the Bone Mineral Density (BMD) registry were used for validation. Sensitivity, specificity, and Cohen’s kappa were calculated.
ResultsIndividuals with a higher BMI class had more physician visits and were more likely to have comorbidities and obese codes in the administrative health data. A higher BMI class was associated with being in a lower income quintile and the age group 40-59. Overall, the case definitions for obesity had high specificity (0.98-0.99) and low sensitivity (0.005-0.19) when validated using primary care data. Case definitions with obesity codes from multiple databases 3 year prior to and including the index date had the highest sensitivity (0.06-0.19) and kappa (0.04-0.23). Results with the BMD data were similar (specificity: 0.97-0.99; sensitivity: 0.007-0.21). Stratified analyses found agreement measures improved slightly for females, those who had chronic conditions and a later index year, and the age group 40-59.
Conclusion / ImplicationsWhen using multiple databases to build a case definition for obesity, sensitivity improves but remains low. Individuals with other chronic conditions and a higher BMI class were more likely to be accurately classified as an obese case.
Sex Differences in Mortality Among People with End-Stage Kidney Disease: Bi-National Data-Linkage Cohort Study
Authors: De La Mata Nicole L , Macleod Grace , Kelly Patrick J , Rosales Brenda , Masson Philip , Morton Rachel L , Webster Angela C 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionFemale life expectancies consistently exceed males in the general population. Yet, this survival advantage may not persist in the presence of a chronic disease due to biological differences or healthcare inequities.
Objectives and ApproachWe aimed to explore sex differences in mortality among people with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). T he entire ESKD population in Australia, 1980-2013, and New Zealand,1988-2012, were included from the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry. Data linkage to national death registers was undertaken to ascertain deaths and their causes. We estimated relative measures of survival, including standardized mortality ratios (SMR), relative survival and expected life years lost, using general population data to account for background mortality, adjusting for country, age, sex and year.
ResultsOf 60,823 ESKD patients, there were 25,042 females (41%) and 35,781 males (59%). Mortality sex differences within the ESKD population were minor, but once compared to the general population, female ESKD patients had more excess deaths, worse relative survival and greater life years lost compared to male ESKD patients. Females had 11.5 SMR (95%CI:11.3-11.7) and males had 6.7 SMR (95%CI:6.7-6.8), with greater disparity among younger ages and from certain causes. Relative survival was consistently lower in females, with adjusted excess mortality 9% higher (95%CI:7-12%) in ESKD females. Average life years lost was 4-5 years greater in ESKD females compared to males across all ages. Kidney transplantation reduced the sex differences in excess mortality, with similar relative survival (p=0.42) and average life years lost reduced to 3-4 years for females.
Conclusion / ImplicationsThe impact of ESKD is more profound for women than men with greater excess mortality, however kidney transplantation attenuates these differences. Our findings show that chronic diseases and sex can compound to produce worse outcomes where women lose their survival advantage in the presence of ESKD.
Risks of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of The Lip and Cutaneous Melanoma in Older Australians Using Hydrochlorothiazide (HTCZ)
Authors: Daniels Benjamin , Pearson Sallie-Anne , Vajdic Claire M , Pottegård Anton , Buckley Nicholas A , Zoega Helga 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionHCTZ is first-line treatment for hypertension and among the most commonly used medicines in Australia. Recent evidence suggests increased risks of lip and skin cancers in association with HCTZ use.
Objectives and ApproachTo determine the risk of SCC of the lip and melanoma among people prescribed HCTZ in Australia we conducted a case-control study nested within a cohort of Department of Veterans’ Affairs clients 65 years and older in 2004-2015. We identified incident cases of SCC of the lip (lip cancer) and of cutaneous melanoma (malignant melanoma), each matched by sex and age with up to 20 controls through risk-set sampling. We ascertained HCTZ use from dispensing data and classified use according to ever/never use and cumulative use. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) associating HCTZ use with lip cancer and malignant melanoma using conditional logistic regression, adjusting for predefined confounders obtained from dispensing and hospitalisation data.
ResultsFor lip cancer (45 cases) ever-use of HCTZ yielded an OR of 2.6 (95%CI: 1.4–5.0) and high HCTZ use (>25,000mg) an OR of 4.7 (1.61–13.7). For malignant melanoma (659 cases) ever-use of HCTZ resulted in an OR of 1.2 (1.0–1.5) and high HCTZ use in an OR of 1.2 (0.8–1.8).
Conclusion / ImplicationsOur study provides further evidence that the photosensitising properties of HCTZ may promote SCC carcinogenesis, and possibly melanoma, in susceptible sun-exposed tissues. Our findings are the first from the Australian population—already at elevated risk of developing skin cancer—and add to the growing body of data supporting the need for skin cancer prevention advice and behaviours, and potentially heightened surveillance, for individuals prescribed this medication.
Long-Term Morbidity Following IGA Vasculitis in Childhood
Authors: Nossent Johannes , Raymond Warren , Ognjenovic Milica , Keen Helen , Preen David , Inderjeeth Charles 
Published: December 2020

Background/ObjectivePatients with IgA vasculitis (IgAV aka Henoch Schonlein) may require aggressive initial treatment, are prone to disease relapses and may have sustained abnormal IgA responsiveness. We investigated whether the relatively rare diagnosis of childhood IgAV is associated with subsequent comorbidity, hospitalisation and interventions.
MethodsUsing linked administrative health data from the Western Australian Rheumatic Disease Registry we performed an observational cohort study comparing hospitalisation and ED visit rates(per 1000 person years), comorbidity accrual (Charlson comorbidity index; CCI) and procedures between 494 IgAV patients < 20 years and 1385 matched controls over a twenty-year period.
ResultsHospitalisation was proportionally (73.5 vs 51.5%) and by rate (21.7 vs 18.9; rate ratio 1.15, p<0.01) increased in IgAV patients. IgAV patients more often underwent diagnostic and medical procedures than controls, who had higher rates of surgical interventions. ED visit frequency (25 vs 16%) and rate (10.8 vs 8.43, rate ratio 1.29, (p<0.01) was also increased in IgAV patients, who more often accrued peptic ulcer and renal disease than controls and had an increased accrual of CCI ≥3.
Conclusions/ImplicationsA diagnosis of IgAV in childhood significantly increases the risk and rate of subsequent hospital admission, ED visits and accrual of severe comorbidity. Although often considered a self-limiting disease, the occurrence of childhood IgAV signifies the presence of a sustained predisposition to illness, likely related to abnormal IgA functioning.