bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Aldehydes in Wines and Spirits by the Direct Bisulfite Method
Authors: Guymon J F , Crowell E A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Methods for the determination of aldehydes in wines and spirits, based on the reaction of aldehydes with bisulfite ion, must allow for the normal presence of sulfites in wines and in some spirits and for the fraction of acetaldehyde combined with ethyl alcohol as acetal. The direct procedure avoids errors due to sulfites already present. An acid hydrolysis step differentiates between the free form and acetal form of the aldehyde; addition of 120 ppm of EDTA eliminates the interference of copper. Detailed procedures are given for distinguishing between free and combined aldehydes in distilled spirits, with and without extract content. The percentages of free and combined aldehyde at equilibrium are graphically shown for varying strengths of alcohol. A method is proposed for wines in which only the free aldehydes are determined, since the percentage combined with alcohol at equilibrium is small.
Malt Beverages, Sirups, Extracts, and Brewing Materials
Authors: Owades Joseph L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The liaison representative between the American Society of Brewing Chemists and the AOAC presented two methods adopted by the ASBC: (1) the determination of total sulfur dioxide in beer, and (2) the determination of alpha and beta acids by spectrophotometry. Details of both methods, adopted by the AOAC as official, first action, are presented.
Determination of Methanol by Gas-Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Martin Glenn E , Caggiano Gian , Beck John E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid and accurate method for determining methanol by gas-liquid chromatography is described. Separation is effected by the use of two columns: one containing a 20% Carbowax 20M on Gas Chrom P, and the other containing 5% Carbowax 20M on Haloport F. Ethanol concentration does not affect quantitative determination.
Separation of Caramel Color from Salts and Sugar by Gel Filtration
Authors: Stinson E E , Willits C O 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Ion exchange was unsatisfactory in isolating the colorants of maple sirup because it failed to separate the colorant from mineral components. A gel nitration method, using cross-linked dextran, was developed and tested in this laboratory. Acid proof caramel colorant could be completely separated from ash salts and sucrose in one pass through a Sephadex column.
Formaldehyde in Maple Sirup: An Adaptation of the Nash Method
Authors: Willits C O , Costilow Ralph N , Underwood J C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Nash method for formaldehyde, based on formation of a yellow product when formaldehyde reacts with acetylacetone and an ammonium salt, was applied to maple sirup. A procedure was developed for separating the formaldehyde from the sirup. A constant blank value of 0.9 ppm of formaldehyde was established. Best results are obtained with sirups containing less than 6 ppm of formaldehyde. Collaborative study is planned.
Subsidiary Dyes in D&C Colors (4-Toluene-azo-2-naphthol-3-carboxylic acid in D&C Red Nos. 6 and 7)
Authors: Koch Louis 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
4-Toluene-azo-2-naphthol-3-carboxylic acid can be separated from the permitted D&C Red Nos. 6 or 7, 4-toluene-2-sulfo-azo-2-naphthol-3-carboxylic acid, by dissolving the mixture in acidified methyl Cellosolve and extracting the color solutions with isopropyl ether. The subsidiary dye can then be determined by its absorption at 507 mμ.
Radiochemical Determination of Strontium-90
Authors: Harley John H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Detailed procedures have been developed for strontium-90 in foods and agricultural materials. Sr-90 must be isolated from the bulk matrix of the sample, generally by wet or dry ashing followed by chemical or ion exchange. Non-radioactive Sr is added as a carrier because of the small mass of Sr-90. Final determination is made by letting Sr-90 and yttrium-90 attain radioactive equilibrium, separating the Y-90, and measuring its activity. Yield is determined radiometrically with Sr-85 tracer. Sr-89 is determined at the same time by the same radiochemical procedures, except that the yield is determined gravimetrically.
Collaborative Study of Vitamin B6 Methodology
Authors: Edwards Margaret , Benson Eva , Storvick Clara A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A modification of the S. carlsbergensis method of Atkin, et al. was studied by 23 collaborators. Results were received from 13 collaborators who used the S. carlsbergensis procedure and from 4 collaborators who used the rat assay method. Results indicated wide ranges in vitamin B6. values (as pyridoxine.HCl) among laboratories: 1.64—4.55 μg/g for whole wheat flour, 3.02-5.5 for non-fat dry milk, 5.38-20. 6 for Brewers yeast, 2.52-14.0 for cooked Brewers yeast, and 27.8—45.5 for liver powder. Smaller variation in values was found within individual laboratories.
Determination of Chlorides in Tobacco
Authors: Ogg C L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Two potentiometric titration procedures, one a manual and the other an automatic titration method, were tested for the determination of water-soluble chlorides in tobacco. Thirteen laboratories tested the manual procedure on six tobacco samples and obtained good intra- and interlaboratory precisions. Only five laboratories were equipped to perform the automatic titration procedure and, even though no two laboratories used the same apparatus, the precision was very good. The manual procedure is being recommended for adoption as official, first action.
Fluorometric Determination of Chlortetracycline in Premixes
Authors: Spock Joseph , Katz Stanley E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A chemical method was developed for the determination of chlortetracycline in premixes based upon the degradation of chlortetracycline in alkaline media to form isochlortetracycline. The fluorescence of the isochlortetracycline is directly proportional to the concentration of chlortetracycline originally present prior to alkaline degradation. The chemical method recovered 97.1-119 . 8% of the chlortetracycline added from laboratory-prepared premixes, while microbiological assays found 84.0—98.4%. Analysis of commercial premixes by the fluorometric method yielded results ranging from 98.0 to 104.8% of the microbiological values.
Extraction of Nystatin in Animal Feeds for Microbiological Analysis
Authors: Haney Thomas A , George Michael J , Gerke John , Vandeputte John 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In developing the microbiological assay for nystatin1 in feeds, reported by Pagano, studies were made of the following factors: effect of heat and of pH on nystatin stability; effect of solvents on nystatin recovery; effect of feed extractives on Candida tropicalis; recovery of nystatin at different concentrations in feed; and preparation of a nystatin-free feed. Heat and pH must be rigidly controlled to keep nystatin loss at a minimum. Best recoveries were obtained with a hexane wash and methanol extraction.
Organic Arsenicals in Feeds
Authors: Hoffman Harold H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The silver diethyldithiocarbamate color development for arsenic was studied as an optional procedure for molybdenum blue color development in section 33.005. On two feeds containing arsenicals, 16 collaborators had average recoveries of 96.6% by the molybdenum blue method and 93.0% by the AgDDC method. The AgDDC method is not recommended for official status until further investigations have been completed.
Ronnel (0,0-Dimethyl 0-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) phosphorothioate) in Feeds
Authors: Gehrt Albert J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for ronnel (at levels of 0.04 to 0.3%) in complete feed mixtures was developed during the year and studied by two collaborators. Ronnel is extracted with methanol and hydrolyzed to 2,4,5-trichlorophenate. After evaporation of the methanol, the residue is dissolved in water, acidified, and steam distilled. The 2,4,5-trichlorophenol is extracted from the steam distillate with iso-octane, and its ultraviolet absorbance values are determined. Results showed satisfactory recoveries of the added ronnel with good agreement between replicates and laboratories. Blank values on the unfortified feeds were extremely low. It is recommended that this method be subjected to collaborative study, and that the first action method (adopted October 1961) for ronnel in mineral-base mixtures be adopted as official, final action.
Determination of Cadmium Anthranilate in Feeds
Authors: Stone Loyal R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The well-known dithizone method for cadmium has been adapted to determination of the anthelmintic, cadmium anthranilate, in swine feed. Data from a collaborative study show that the method is precise and specific; recoveries averaged 100.7%. It is recommended that the method be adopted as official, first action.
Chemical Determination of Diethylstilbestrol Residues in the Tissues of Treated Chickens
Authors: Umberger Ernest J , Banes Daniel , Kunze Frieda M , Colson Sylvia H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Bioassays based on the oral mouse uterine weight method have demonstrated the presence of estrogenic residues due to diethylstilbestrol in the edible tissues of chickens implanted with the drug. Chemical methods have now been developed which demonstrate conclusively that the estrogenic residues are diethylstilbestrol. Alcoholic extracts of the tissues are hydrolyzed with acid and carried through several extraction procedures. The residues are irradiated with ultraviolet light in a buffered alcohol solution, giving a yellow product which is measured colorimetrically. The colored product can be further converted to a colorless phenanthrene derivative that can be measured fluorometrically. The fluorophor gives characteristic activation and fluorescence spectra which can be used for identification. The diethylstilbestrol can also be identified by paper chromatography. Hydrolysis of the extracts with betaglucuronidase frees only a portion of the diethylstilbestrol in liver tissue.
Quantitative Determination of Formic, Acetic, Propionic, and Butyric Acids by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Shelley Ruth N , Salwin Harold , Horwitz William 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Volatile acids were separated from food samples by a steam distillation according to AOAC methods, neutralized, and evaporated to dryness. The acids were then liberated with an equivalent amount of 0.5N dichloroacetic acid in acetone. Three microliters of the acetone solution containing from 0.1 to 1.0 mg of each acid per ml was injected directly into the column of the gas chromatograph. Experimental conditions were: Six-foot glass column; support, Anakrom 110/120 mesh; substrate, 10.5% ethyleneglycol adipate and 1.75% phosphoric acid; column temperature, 100°C; Sr90 detector temperature, 170°C; vaporizer temperature, 200°C; detector voltage, 1400 volts; argon flow rate, 50 ml per minute.
Peak heights and responses relative to methyl enanthate (heptanoate) as an internal standard were used to calculate concentrations of the individual acids. Recoveries from known mixtures were 95—105% for lower concentrations of the acids and 97—101% for higher concentrations. Results of analyses of frozen whole eggs and of frozen fish fillets agreed with results by AOAC methods.
Rate of Excretion of Uric Acid by the Rust-Red Flour Beetle
Authors: Farn Gin , Smith D Morison 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The excretion characteristics in terms of uric acid of both larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum at various population levels and periods of time are described. It was shown that uric acid was excreted by both larvae and adults. The rate of excretion was influenced largely by population pressure or to a limited extent by nutritional depletion. The method is capable of detecting infestation at the level of 100 insectdays per 100 g of flour.
Adequacy of Directions in Official Methods for Total and Free Water in Fertilizers
Authors: Caro Joseph H , Rexroad Paul R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Through systematic study of test conditions, it is established that official method 2.012, for total water in fertilizers by oven drying, is adequately specified as now written. On the other hand, method 2.015 for free water by vacuum desiccation requires restatement of specifications dealing with degree of vacuum, type of desiccant, and drying temperature. Corrective specifications are suggested.
Moisture Determination on Fertilizer and Superphosphate
Authors: Shannon Robert D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Studies have been conducted on the moisture content of fertilizers by the vacuum oven and 100° oven methods. The fertilizers studied include ExDen superphosphate, cured superphosphate, triple superphosphate, samples of 0- 20-0 fertilizer, and selected raw materials. The vacuum oven is shown by comparative studies with the 100° oven method to be the more satisfactory for quality control.
Organic Acids in Vanilla Extract
Authors: Fitelson J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
I. Paper Chromatographic Method Five samples of vanilla extract were submitted for collaborative study. Collaborators reported that the paper chromatographic method was simple and gave considerable information. Comparison with the results obtained by two-dimensional paper chromatography on the same five samples showed good agreement; the organic acid method disclosed adulteration more definitely in some samples. The method was recommended for adoption as official, first action.
II. Gradient Elution Method In the Gradient Elution Method, the organic acids are separated from the extract by an ion exchange resin and eluted with increasing concentrations of formic acid. Vanilla extract shows a typical elution pattern with 4 peaks. Results are reported on 87 authentics (54 previously published, 33 new samples). Collaborative study on 4 samples resulted in several modifications. The method was recommended as official, first action as a check method for adulterated samples.
Collaborative Study of an Infrared Spectrophotometric Assay for Some Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Authors: Healton Donald C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An infrared spectrophotometric method for chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene was studied collaboratively again this year. Last year's samples were prepared in screw-cap vials, and results varied widely apparently because samples were non-uniform. This year’s samples were prepared in heat-sealed glass ampules. Results by all collaborators on the 5 samples submitted are between 87.5 and 109.3% of the theoretical value. The largest variation reported on any one ampule was ± 3.5%. The collaborators successfully identified and quantitatively determined the components of a mixture of chloroform and trichloroethylene in a cough sirup. The assay method for chlorinated hydrocarbons in drugs is recommended as official, first action.
Determination of Trifluralin in Formulations
Authors: Holzer F J , Scroggs R E , Leary J B 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method is described for the determination of a new herbicide, trifluralin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-di-n-propyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-p-toluidine). The method involves column chromatography with Florisil as the adsorbent; measurement is made by ultraviolet spectroscopy.
Stabilizer Solutions for Mold and Rot Fragment Counts
Authors: Schulze Arnold E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A stabilizer solution of sodium carboxymethylcellulose has characteristics superior to algin or pectin solutions for mold and rot fragment count methods. It is therefore recommended that a 0.5% solution of CMC Cellulose Gum 70 S High be included as a preferred alternative stabilizer solution in methods 36.004, 36.015, 36.049, 36.055, 36.063 , and 36.086 in the 9th Edition of Official Methods of Analysis.
The Detection and Estimation of Sulfonamide Residues in Milk
Authors: Selzer George B , Banes Daniel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Sulfonamide drugs are recovered from milk by column chromatographic separations and determined colorimetrically by the Bratton-Marshall procedure. The sensitivity of the proposed method is about 0.1 ppm. Recoveries of individual sulfonamides from milk range between 60 and 91% at the 0.1—0.5 ppm level.
Organophosphate Pesticide Residues: A Spot Test for Detecting Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Authors: Getz Melvin E , Friedman Stanley J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An improved paper chromatographic method, based on Cook,s serum cholinesterase inhibition spot test, can be used to detect potentially toxic organophosphate pesticide residues. A quantitative estimation requires the use of appropriate reference standards.
Collaborative Studies of the Rapid Detergent Method for Butterfat in Raw Milk
Authors: Mitchell D J , Horwitz William 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The AOAC Roese-Gottlieb, Babcock, and Rapid Detergent (TeSa) Methods for the determination of butterfat in raw milk were compared in three separate collaborative studies, two involving identical samples sent to six laboratories (Studies I and 2) and one in which the laboratories collected their own samples (Study 3). Only in the case of the TeSa method in Study 3 was there a significant difference in the average butterfat content as found by the three methods. The TeSa test showed the highest standard deviation in Studies 1 and 2 and intermediate in Study 3. Significantly lower results were obtained by the TeSa and Roese- Gottlieb methods when analyses were repeated on successive days (—0.11 and —0.03%, respectively) in Study 2. The slope of the regression line of the TeSa test versus Roese-Gottlieb differed significantly from a 1:1 relationship in Studies 1 and 3. The TeSa test is recommended only as a rapid field test for use with raw milk less than 24 hours old.
Composition of Oil-Soluble Annatto Food Colors. II. Thermal Degradation of Bixin
Authors: Mckeown G G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An unknown yellow pigment formed from bixin during the thermal extraction of annatto food colors has been isolated and characterized. A mechanism has been proposed for its formation from methylbixin and bixin. The presence of m-xylene, another product of bixin and methylbixin degradation, in commercial annatto food colors is demonstrated.
Identification and Determination of an Adulterant in Citrus Oils
Authors: Hunter G L K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Two samples of "stabilized" citrus oils, lemon and orange, were examined and found to contain monoethoxydiethylene glycol in quantities of 74% and 83%, respectively. The glycol was isolated by gas chromatography and identified by comparative infrared spectroscopy. Quantitative data were obtained by determining the loss in weight following water extraction of the oils.
Esterase Inhibition Technique for Detection of Organophosphorus Pesticides. II. Simplified Version for Routine Checking
Authors: Mckinley W P , Johal Parshan S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An enzyme inhibition technique has been found useful for detecting most of the organophosphorus pesticides at the microgram level on paper chromatograms. A simplified procedure has been developed for preparing and storing beef liver ali-esterase homogenates.
Quantitative Paper Chromatography of D&C Red No. 21 (Tetrabromofluorescein)
Authors: Hanig I , Koch L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Analytical difficulties in the analysis of D&C Red No. 21 by column chromatography are overcome by using an ascending paper chromatographic technique, based on that of Graichen, followed by elution of the zones and spectrophotometric determination. Results compare well with those by column chromatography.
The Accuracy of Cryoscope Methods
Authors: England C W , Neff Marjorie 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An accurate method should consistently permit reproducible results on the same sample in the same laboratory and between different laboratories. Recent surveys on cryoscope operation indicate a need for greater uniformity of results on identical samples of salt solutions and of milk between different laboratories. Causes for inaccurate results are inaccurate calibration standards, improper care of and use of standards, non-linear cryoscope dials, and faulty cryoscope operation. A method is given for checking linearity of the dial and for calculation of the weight of salt required for any desired standard. The use of a single standard is suggested for greater accuracy. The thermistor cryoscope will give accurate results when properly operated.
Thin-Layer Chromatographic Isolation and Infrared or Colorimetric Identification of Thimet Residues
Authors: Blinn Roger C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
It has been demonstrated that, as a spray residue, Thimet metabolizes to its oxygen analog and oxidation products. Existing analytical methods are based on the complete conversion, either by metabolic or chemical processes, to the oxygen analog sulfone, and are not specific. A specific method has been devised which includes oxidative conversion to the oxygen analog sulfone, thin-layer chromatography to effectively isolate the oxidation product from those of other interfering pesticides, and identification by micro-infrared spectrophotometry or chromotropic acid colorimetry. Effective cleanup is achieved, and the final conversion product, Thimet oxygen analog sulfone, can be positively identified in 200 g of potatoes at 0.1 ppm.
Innovation institutions and the opioid crisis†
Authors: Hemel Daniel J , Ouellette Lisa Larrimore 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The US has recently—and belatedly—come to recognize opioid addiction as a public health crisis. What has gone mostly unrecognized is the degree to which this crisis is intertwined with US intellectual property law and related elements of US innovation policy. Innovation institutions—the legal arrangements that structure incentives for production and allocation of knowledge goods—encouraged the development and commercialization of addictive painkillers, restricted access to opioid antidotes, and (perhaps most importantly) failed to facilitate investments in alternative, nonaddictive treatments for chronic pain. Although innovation policy does not bear all the blame for the opioid wave that has washed over communities across the country, innovation institutions are bound up in the ongoing epidemic to a degree that so far has gone underappreciated.
This article examines the proliferation of opioid use and abuse through the lens of innovation policy, and it envisions ways in which innovation institutions could help to contain the crisis. Along the way, it seeks to derive broader lessons for innovation policy scholarship as well as recommendations for institutional reform. The opioid crisis challenges the conventional understanding of IP law as a trade-off between allocative efficiency and dynamic efficiency; it highlights the potentially pernicious role of IP protection for addictive and habit-forming products; and it exposes deep flaws in the structure of federal subsidies for and regulation of prescription drugs. It also draws attention to the political and cultural factors that contribute to innovation policy failures. Ultimately, the opioid crisis underscores both the urgency and the limits of institutional change in the innovation policy domain.