bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Carbon‐Supported Nonprecious Metals as Energy‐Related Electrocatalysts
Authors: Wang Jian , Kim Juwon , Choi Subin , Wang Hongsheng , Lim Jongwoo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe development of sustainable energy conversion and storage devices, such as fuel cells, metal–air batteries, and electrolyzers is highly dependent on the catalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). Carbon‐supported nonprecious metals (C@NPMs) with variable metal sizes (single atom, cluster, and nanoparticle) are attracting significant interest for catalyzing these reactions. Therefore, a systematic summary of the recent advances in this field is necessary; however, C@NPMs have seldom been comprehensively reviewed. Herein, the most recent progress (in the years 2015–2020) of C@NPMs for ORR/OER/HER/CO2RR catalysis are reviewed. The review begins with the introduction of various synthesis methods for C@NPMs. Next, promising design strategies to modulate the electrochemical properties of C@NPMs are elaborated, including defect engineering, porosity fabrication, metal size modulation, carbon shell tuning, and multimetal coupling. Subsequently, the recent advances in C@NPMs for ORR, OER, HER, and CO2RR catalysis are analyzed, covering the fundamentals (elemental steps, performance metrics, and catalytic mechanisms) of these reactions. This review not only analyzes the progress in the field but also conveys methods and provides insights, which can guide the future development and practical applications of C@NPMs.
Characterization of leachate produced by a landfill and its influence on a sewage treatment plant
Authors: Destro Guilherme E. , Junior Sergio S. Braga , Tadayozzi Yasmin S. , Almeida Alaor A. , Chaves Andrea R. , Forti Juliane C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlthough landfills are generally an environmentally safe option for the disposal of solid waste, the treatment and management of landfill leachate are still critical. The aim of this work was to study through physical‐chemical analyses the effects of leachate on the effluent of the sewage treatment plant to which it is disposed on both study sites. The results were compared with those of existing studies, current legislation, municipal waste management practices, and landfill operations. Ethinylestradiol analyses were also performed on the influent and effluent from the sewage treatment plant. The results showed that the landfill leachate has a polluting potential, being found parameters above the allowed value, such as chemical oxygen demand (3,510.33 mg L−1), chloride (3,631.78 mg L−1), and manganese (21.61 mg L−1). The properties of the leachate indicated that the landfill was still in the acid formation phase and did not influence the influent that reached the sewage treatment plant in any way. Ultimately, the quality of the discharged wastewater met all of the predischarge regulatory criteria for materials being sent to a receiving water body, except for the chloride parameter that is not being treated at all.
Interorgan communication in development and cancer
Authors: Alvarez‐Ochoa Edel , Froldi Francesca , Cheng Louise Y. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStudies in model organisms have demonstrated that extensive communication occurs between distant organs both during development and in diseases such as cancer. Organs communicate with each other to coordinate growth and reach the correct size, while the fate of tumor cells depend on the outcome of their interaction with the immune system and peripheral tissues. In this review, we outline recent studies in Drosophila, which have enabled an improved understanding of the complex crosstalk between organs in the context of both organismal and tumor growth. We argue that Drosophila is a powerful model organism for studying these interactions, and these studies have the potential for improving our understanding of signaling pathways and candidate factors that mediate this conserved interorgan crosstalk.This article is categorized under:
Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing
Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan
Invertebrate Organogenesis > Flies
Open giant magnons suspended between dual giant gravitons in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 SYM
Authors: Berenstein David , Holguin Adolfo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We study classical solutions to the Nambu-Goto string on AdS2× S1 and AdS3× S1 corresponding to strings stretched between wrapped branes extending in AdS. The solutions are obtained by analytic continuation of giant magnon solutions, cut at the position of the branes. These solutions carry one or two SO(2, 4) charges and a single SO(6) charge. We compute their energies and show their relation to $$ \frac{1}{2} $$

1
2

-BPS geometries. Their relevance to the SL(2) sector of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM is also discussed.
Chirurgische Therapie des Ösophaguskarzinoms – Qualitätsindikatoren für Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: Hoeppner Jens , Plum Patrick Sven , Buhr Heinz , Gockel Ines , Lorenz Dietmar , Ghadimi Michael , Bruns Christiane ,   Qualitätskommission der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Im Rahmen der Qualitätsinitiative der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie (DGAV) wurde eine Übersichtsarbeit auf der Grundlage einer systematischen Literatursuche verfasst und Empfehlungen für die aktuelle Diagnostik und Therapie des Ösophaguskarzinoms erarbeitet.

Methoden
Die systematische Literatursuche erfolgte gemäß den PRISMA-Kriterien unter Verwendung der MEDLINE-Datenbank und wurde im März 2019 durchgeführt. Die Empfehlungen wurden auf der Grundlage von Abstimmungen in der DGAV formuliert.

Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung
Operationen unterhalb der derzeit gültigen Mindestmenge sollten nicht mehr durchgeführt werden. Es spricht vieles dafür, die Mindestmenge in Deutschland auf ≥20 Resektionen/Jahr/Krankenhaus anzuheben, um die Qualität flächendeckend zu verbessern. Prähabilitationsprogramme mit Ausdauer‑, Kraft- und intensivem Atemtraining und Ernährungstherapie verbessern das Patientenoutcome. Die aktuelle Therapie des Ösophaguskarzinoms erfolgt stadienabhängig und umfasst die endoskopische Resektion bei (sub‑)mukosalen Low-risk-Tumoren (T1m1–3 bzw. T1sm1 „low risk“), die primäre Ösophagektomie bei submukosalen High-risk-Tumoren (T1a), Submukosakarzinomen (T1sm2–3) und T2N0-Tumoren, die multimodale Therapie mittels neoadjuvanter Radiochemotherapie bzw. perioperativer Chemotherapie und Operation bei fortgeschrittenen Befunden. Die Ösophagektomie wird gegenwärtig einzeitig als sog. Hybridverfahren (Laparoskopie und muskelschonende Thorakotomie) oder als total minimal-invasive Operation (Laparoskopie und Thorakoskopie) durchgeführt.
Apremilast in der Therapie der palmoplantaren Pustulose
Authors: Frischhut Nina , Ratzinger Gudrun 
Published: September 2020

ZusammenfassungEs handelt sich um eine Fallserie von insgesamt 8 Patienten mit palmoplantarer Pustulose. Diese Patienten waren an unserer Psoriasisambulanz der dermatologischen Abteilung der Uniklinik Innsbruck mit dem Phosphodiesterase-4-Inhibitor Apremilast für zumindest 2 Monate behandelt worden. Das klinische Ansprechen wurde mit einem IGA(Investigator’s Global Assessment)-Score über die Dauer der Therapie bzw. mehrere Monate hin verglichen und dokumentiert. Die palmoplantare Pustulose zeichnet sich durch ihren starken negativen Einfluss auf die Lebensqualität der Betroffenen sowie durch ihre Therapieresistenz und Rezidivfreudigkeit aus. Therapieoptionen sind relativ rar bzw. nicht zugelassen. Apremilast ist eine gute und sichere Therapieoption bei palmoplantarer Pustulose.
Lateral variations in the Unit 7–8 boundary zone of the Rum Eastern Layered Intrusion, NW Scotland: implications for the origin and timing of Cr-spinel seam formation
Authors: Kaufmann Felix E. D. , O’Driscoll Brian , Hecht Lutz 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Rum Layered Suite, NW Scotland, hosts Cr-spinel seams at the bases of peridotite–troctolite macro-rhythmic units in the eastern portion of the intrusion. Here, we present detailed field observations together with microstructural and mineral chemical analyses for the Unit 7–8 Cr-spinel seam and associated cumulates in the Eastern Layered Intrusion. Detailed mapping and sampling reveal significant lateral variations in the structural characteristics and mineral compositions of the Unit 7–8 boundary zone rocks. Although the Cr-spinel seam is laterally continuous over ~ 3 km, it is absent towards the centre and the margins of the intrusion. The compositional characteristics of Cr-spinel and plagioclase vary systematically along strike, exhibiting a chemical evolution towards more differentiated compositions with increasing distance from the main feeder conduit of the Rum intrusion; the Long Loch Fault. On the basis of our combined datasets, we propose that the upper part of the troctolite, the anorthosite layer underlying the Cr-spinel seam and the seam itself formed during a multi-stage magma replenishment event. The stages can be summarised as follows: (1) peridotite schlieren and anorthosite autoliths formed following melt infiltration and cumulate assimilation in the crystal mush of the Unit 7 troctolite. (2) The anorthosite layer then formed from the Unit 7 troctolite crystal mush by thermal erosion and dissolution due to infiltrating magma. (3) Subsequent dissolution of the anorthosite layer by new replenishing magma led to peritectic in situ crystallisation of the Unit 7–8 Cr-spinel seam, with (4) continued magma input eventually producing the overlying Unit 8 peridotite. In the central part of the Rum Layered Suite, the aforementioned assimilation of the troctolitic footwall formed the anorthosite layer. However, the absence of anorthosite in close proximity to the Long Loch Fault can be explained by enhanced thermochemical erosion close to the feeder zone, and its absence close to the margins of the intrusion, at maximum distance from the Long Loch Fault, may be due to cooling of the magma and loss of erosion potential. In line with other recent studies on PGE-bearing chromitites in layered intrusions, we highlight the importance of multi-stage intrusive magma replenishment to the formation of spatially coupled anorthosite and Cr-spinel seams, as well as the lateral mineral chemical variations observed in the Unit 7–8 boundary zone cumulates.
Kataraktoperationen bei Uveitis
Authors: Schweighofer Jakob , El-Shabrawi Yosuf 
Published: September 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Katarakt stellt bis heute eine maßgebliche Ursache für Visusverlust bei Patienten mit einer Entzündung der Uvea dar. Mehrere Studien der letzten Jahre zeigten hier zwar, dass eine Kataraktoperation eine Verbesserung des Visus erzielen kann, die Prognose jedoch im Vergleich zu einer normalen Patientengruppe stark reduziert ist.
Re-conceptualising and accounting for examiner (cut-score) stringency in a ‘high frequency, small cohort’ performance test
Authors: Homer Matt 
Published: September 2020

AbstractVariation in examiner stringency is an ongoing problem in many performance settings such as in OSCEs, and usually is conceptualised and measured based on scores/grades examiners award. Under borderline regression, the standard within a station is set using checklist/domain scores and global grades acting in combination. This complexity requires a more nuanced view of what stringency might mean when considering sources of variation of cut-scores in stations. This study uses data from 349 administrations of an 18-station, 36 candidate single circuit OSCE for international medical graduates wanting to practice in the UK (PLAB2). The station-level data was gathered over a 34-month period up to July 2019. Linear mixed models are used to estimate and then separate out examiner (n = 547), station (n = 330) and examination (n = 349) effects on borderline regression cut-scores. Examiners are the largest source of variation in cut-scores accounting for 56% of variance in cut-scores, compared to 6% for stations, < 1% for exam and 37% residual. Aggregating to the exam level tends to ameliorate this effect. For 96% of examinations, a ‘fair’ cut-score, equalising out variation in examiner stringency that candidates experience, is within one standard error of measurement (SEM) of the actual cut-score. The addition of the SEM to produce the final pass mark generally ensures the public is protected from almost all false positives in the examination caused by examiner cut-score stringency acting in candidates’ favour.
Measuring What Matters to Individuals with Angelman Syndrome and Their Families: Development of a Patient-Centered Disease Concept Model
Authors: Willgoss Tom , Cassater Daiana , Connor Siobhan , Krishnan Michelle L. , Miller Meghan T. , Dias-Barbosa Carla , Phillips Dawn , McCormack Julie , Bird Lynne M. , Burdine Rebecca D. , Claridge Sharon , Bichell Terry Jo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAngelman syndrome (AS) is a complex, heterogeneous, and life-long neurodevelopmental disorder. Despite the considerable impact on individuals and caregivers, no disease-modifying treatments are available. To support holistic clinical management and the development of AS-specific outcome measures for clinical studies, we conducted primary and secondary research identifying the impact of symptoms on individuals with AS and their unmet need. This qualitative research adopted a rigorous step-wise approach, aggregating information from published literature, then evaluating it via disease concept elicitation interviews with clinical experts and caregivers. We found that the AS-defining concepts most relevant for treatment included: impaired expressive communication, seizures, maladaptive behavior, cognitive impairment, motor function difficulties, sleep disturbance, and limited self-care abilities. We highlight the relevance of age in experiencing these key AS concepts, and the difference between the perceptions of clinicians and caregivers towards the syndrome. Finally, we outline the impact of AS on individuals, caregivers, and families.
The Effect of Perspective-Taking on Trust and Understanding in Online and Face-to-Face Mediations
Authors: Damen Debby , van der Wijst Per , van Amelsvoort Marije , Krahmer Emiel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis research investigates the perspective taking process in online and face-to-face mediations. In particular, it addresses the question whether a perspective taking technique—being asked circular questions—helps the establishment of mutual understanding and interpersonal trust between negotiators in online and face-to-face mediation settings. This question was studied in an experimental setting in which disputants had to solve a conflict face-to-face or online by the help of a professional mediator. During the interventions, the mediator either posed mainly circular (perspective-taking) or linear questions. It was expected that mediations in which circular questions were used would lead to a higher level of mutual understanding and interpersonal trust between the disputants, and—as a result—to a more satisfying, integrative agreement. Furthermore, this study examined whether the communication mode of the intervention (online, face-to-face) affected the re-establishment of disputants’ interpersonal trust and understanding. The results of the study show that disputants’ feelings of trust in and understanding of their interaction partner improved more in the face-to-face mediations than in the online mediations. These improved feelings of understanding and trust also predicted how satisfying and integrative disputants perceived the agreement to be. Moreover, disputants perceived their mediator to be more trustworthy and more professional in the face-to-face than in the online interventions. No effect was found for mediators’ questioning style on disputants’ improved interpersonal trust and mutual understanding. We discuss the effects of the questioning style of a mediator and conclude with reflections on reasons why these effects did not lead to differences in mutual understanding and interpersonal trust between the disputants.
Show me where the action is!
Authors: Callemein Timothy , Roussel Tom , Diba Ali , De Feyter Floris , Boes Wim , Van Eycken Luc , Van Gool Luc , Van hamme Hugo , Tuytelaars Tinne , Goedemé Toon 
Published: September 2020

AbstractReality TV shows have gained popularity, motivating many production houses to bring new variants for us to watch. Compared to traditional TV shows, reality TV shows have spontaneous unscripted footage. Computer vision techniques could partially replace the manual labour needed to record and process this spontaneity. However, automated real-world video recording and editing is a challenging topic. In this paper, we propose a system that utilises state-of-the-art video and audio processing algorithms to, on the one hand, automatically steer cameras, replacing camera operators and on the other hand, detect all audiovisual action cues in the recorded video, to ease the job of the film editor. This publication has hence two main contributions. The first, automating the steering of multiple Pan-Tilt-Zoom PTZ cameras to take aesthetically pleasing medium shots of all the people present. These shots need to comply with the cinematographic rules and are based on the poses acquired by a pose detector. Secondly, when a huge amount of audio-visual data has been collected, it becomes labour intensive for a human editor retrieve the relevant fragments. As a second contribution, we combine state-of-the-art audio and video processing techniques for sound activity detection, action recognition, face recognition, and pose detection to decrease the required manual labour during and after recording. These techniques used during post-processing produce meta-data allowing for footage filtering, decreasing the search space. We extended our system further by producing timelines uniting generated meta-data, allowing the editor to have a quick overview. We evaluated our system on three in-the-wild reality TV recording sessions of 24 hours (× 8 cameras) each taken in real households.
Exploring doctorate holders’ perceptions of the non-academic labour market and reputational problems they relate to their employment
Authors: Suomi Kati , Kuoppakangas Päivikki , Kivistö Jussi , Stenvall Jari , Pekkola Elias 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDoctoral employment outside universities has been increasing, as universities cannot employ all doctorate holders. Nevertheless, it has been argued that the shift from doctoral programs to the non-academic labour market has been limited. In this qualitative study, more than 800 verbal answers given by doctorate holders to a pair of open-ended questions were content-analysed to explore doctorate holders’ perceptions of the non-academic labour market and the reputational problems they relate to their employment. The study identifies four reputational problems which doctorate holders relate to their employment: the oversupply problem, the overeducation problem, the consistency problem and the communication problem. By identifying potential reputational problems on the doctorate holders level, this research contributes novel information in terms of both theory development and practitioner insights.
Competitive Adsorption of As(III), As(V), and PO4 by an Iron Oxide Impregnated Activated Carbon: Surface Complex Modeling
Authors: Ngantcha-Kwimi T. Angele , Reed Brian E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study was to predict the competitive adsorption of As(III), As(V), and PO4 by an iron oxide impregnated carbon (L-Act, 9% Fe(III) amorphous iron oxide) over a range of environmental conditions using the surface complexation modeling (SCM) approach. L-Act surface complexation constants determined from a single pH-adsorption edge were used to predict pH-dependent competitive removal in singular, binary, and tertiary adsorbate systems. As(III), As(V), and PO4 complexes were modeled as bidentate binuclear species at low pH and monodentate species at high pH using the two monoprotic surface site/diffuse electric double layer model (2MDLM). F values determined based on 2MDLM predictions were close to those calculated by FITEQL (a statistical optimization program) demonstrating the effectiveness of the 2MDLM in describing adsorption behavior. F values were generally in the recommended range of 0.1–20 indicating a good fit between the data and the model. The 2MDLM also successfully predicted As(III)/As(V)/PO4 adsorption data of hydrous ferric oxide and goethite adsorbents from the literature.
Work and Stay: Explaining Perceived Discrimination Among Romanian Labor Migrants
Authors: Gherghina Sergiu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractResearch dealing with perceptions of discrimination among migrants investigated its consequences on their daily lives. However, little systematic attention had been paid to the determinants of perceived discrimination among migrants. This article aims to explain the causes for which migrants see themselves discriminated against in their country of residence. The statistical analysis uses individual-level data from an original survey conducted in 2018 among Romanian migrants. The results indicate that poor relations with natives, a job below capabilities, and the temporary status of migration contribute to higher perceptions of discrimination.
Characteristics of Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. populations in selected Natura 2000 areas in eastern Poland
Authors: Urban Danuta , Sender Joanna , Tokarz Ewelina , Różycki Andrzej 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn view of the sensitivity of Liparis loeselii to changes in habitat conditions, we carried out a study with the aim to monitor population numbers, identify the individual features of the Liparis loeselii population, analyse habitat conditions, identify threats and propose conservation measures to preserve the species. The investigations were conducted in seven unmanaged objects located in three Natura 2000 areas in eastern Poland. The results of this study provide a new insight into Liparis loeselii ecology. The analysed populations inhabited some habitat types: extremely poor fen, transitional mire, rich fen, calcareous fen, spring-fed fen. The content of nutrients was similar in all the habitats. A CCA analysis revealed that the total carbon content, pH, and redox potential of the substrate determine differences between the habitats analysed. Juvenile individuals represented a maximum of 12% of the analysed populations and were the least abundant group of these plants. The flowering was primarily influenced by hydrological conditions. Based on the long-term observations reported in this article, it can be assumed that the species stands a chance of surviving at the localities analysed, provided that the habitat conditions do not change dramatically.