bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clemens Heller et les échanges transatlantiques dans le domaine des sciences sociales et des institutions de la recherche
Authors: Fridenson Patrick 
Published: April 2020

Clemens Heller, historien né à Vienne en 1917, réfugié aux États-Unis en raison de la montée du nazisme, a été l’un des acteurs essentiels des échanges scientifiques transatlantiques entre 1946 et 1992. Il a d’abord été le principal créateur de ce qui est aujourd’hui le Salzburg Global Seminar. Puis il a été, à Paris, un animateur d’échanges intellectuels d’une intensité sans précédent entre l’Europe et l’Amérique, mais aussi entre l’Est et l’Ouest, jouant un rôle clé dans trois institutions de recherche : la VI e section de l’École pratique des hautes études (puis l’EHESS), la Fondation Maison des Sciences de l’Homme et la Maison Suger. Sa trajectoire montre dans quelle mesure la construction de réseaux internationaux peut être porteuse d’innovation dans les sciences sociales et dans l’organisation des établissements d’enseignement supérieur.
Le rêve américain de Margaret Thatcher. Origines et évolution
Authors: W. Ellwood David 
Published: April 2020

Cet article analyse le développement intellectuel du « thatchérisme », la contribution, à ses débuts, d’un réseau transatlantique de think tanks et d’experts dans les années 1970 et la transformation des convictions réformatrices de Mme Thatcher en une idéologie en « isme » Un apport constant d’idées et de pratiques relatives à une politique de libre marché, une fois celle-ci parvenue au pouvoir, a joué un rôle central dans cette évolution. Mme Thatcher a toujours reconnu cette inspiration – personnifiée par Ronald Reagan – lors de ses nombreuses visites triomphales aux États-Unis. Alors que les universitaires et les politiques n’ont cessé de débattre de la réalité de l’impact de la « révolution » thatchérienne, pratiquement aucun n’a cherché à mesurer la dimension « américanisante » de ses efforts. En fait, cette dernière témoigne de la force persistante de l’exemple ou de celle du soft power exercé par des think tanks , des fondations et des pratiques politiques américaines sur les cercles conservateurs en Grande-Bretagne.
Configurations d’action de formation à l’épreuve de l’approche sociotechnique : étude de cas dans un FabLab
Authors: Archieri Catherine , Jaouen Pierre-Yves 
Published: April 2020

On assiste actuellement à la multiplication de nouveaux espaces de formation technologiques à l’université : les FabLabs . Leur vocation éducative est de rompre avec la transmission traditionnelle du savoir et d’offrir des espaces dédiés à l’apprentissage par le faire. L’étude présentée dans cet article est consacrée à l’analyse des configurations d’action de formation repérables dans un FabLab universitaire. Elle a été conduite à partir de l’approche sociotechnique développée par Albero (2010a/b/c) afin de repérer les conditions de travail potentiellement génératrices d’apprentissages et de transformations chez des étudiants usagers de l’UBO Open Factory. Une recherche empirique a été menée pour accéder aux différents modes d’engagement qui préfigurent l’activité des usagers du FabLab (étudiants de formation initiale et continue, enseignants-chercheurs, personnels dédiés). Trois configurations d’action de formation ont été étudiées : a) les temps de remobilisation de contenus de formation, b) les points d’étape sur l’avancée des projets des étudiants, c) les actions de communication informelles. Les résultats illustrent que des environnements de type FabLab , de par leur potentiel capacitant, encouragent, à certaines conditions, la réalisation d’une action conjointe sans doute fondatrice et prometteuse à l’université : le co-développement.
Comparison of the Distribution of Lenticule Decentration Following SMILE by Pupil Center or Tear Film Mark Centration
Authors: Liu Shengtao , Zhang Xiaoxue , You Zhipeng , Zhou Xingtao 
Published: April 2020

PURPOSE:
To investigate lenticule decentration following small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) via the pupil center or tear film mark centration method and compare induction of corneal higher order aberrations (HOAs) between the two methods.

METHODS:
This study analyzed decentration values obtained from tangential topography difference maps of 100 eyes (100 patients) undergoing SMILE with the pupil center (n = 50) or tear film mark (n = 50) centration method. Total HOAs and component aberrations were measured preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Relationships between the magnitudes of decentration and induced corneal HOAs were assessed.

RESULTS:

Both vertical and total decentered displacement were significantly different (
P
< .001) between the two centration groups. A significant relationship between the preoperative pupillary offset and decentration was noted in the pupil center group (
P
< .001), but not in the tear film mark group (
P
= .530). Significantly greater induction of total HOAs, coma, and vertical coma (all
P
< .001), as well as horizontal coma (
P
= .001) and spherical aberration (
P
= .023), were observed in the pupil center group. Association between the total decentered displacement and induced total HOAs (
P
< .001), as well as all other significantly increased phenomena, was also significant in the pupil center group. Differences in decentered displacement and induced corneal HOAs were significant for preoperative pupillary offset (angle kappa) greater than 200 µm, but not for angle kappa less than 200 µm.

CONCLUSIONS:
SMILE with tear film mark centration can yield improved treatment centration and less induction of total HOAs, coma, and spherical aberrations.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2020;36(4):239–246.]
Entornos políticos y dilemas sociales: los horizontes de la educación inclusiva
Authors: Villarruel Manuel 
Published: April 2020

Desde distintos organismos internacionales se exhorta a terminar con cualquier modalidad de discriminación, al considerar que con ello se logrará reconstruir el tejido social, asegurado a partir del impulso de una educación integral para todos. Se trata de consolidar una educación justa y equitativa, democrática y participativa, lo que, sin duda, convierte esta perspectiva en un proyecto político. Para ello es preciso mantener una vigilancia reflexiva y crítica, en busca de reconstruir el campo teórico que actualmente explica este fenómeno, mismo que oriente nuevas alternativas metodológicas en busca de un mejor acercamiento con la realidad cotidiana dentro de las escuelas, sobre todo de nivel superior. Para ello habrá que aceptar que, educar para la diversidad involucra una vertiente que cuestiona severamente al discurso oficial, al debatir las formas tradicionales de organización escolar. Circunstancias políticas y sociales que son analizadas en busca de esclarecer los dilemas que enfrenta la educación inclusiva.
Una dirección escolar para la inclusión escolar
Authors: Gómez-Hurtado Inmaculada 
Published: April 2020

Se presentan los resultados de una investigación cualitativa que ha tenido como objetivo analizar buenas prácticas directivas inclusivas que atiendan a la diversidad en diferentes escuelas1. Se realiza un análisis descriptivo e interpretativo profundizado en diferentes categorías, concluyendo que la colaboración es un factor esencial para atender a la diversidad siendo la dirección escolar el motor para llevar prácticas inclusivas.
Un análisis de las características de los libros de matemática para la Enseñanza Secundaria con relación a la argumentación y las imágenes
Authors: Llanos Viviana Carolina , Otero María Rita 
Published: April 2020

Este trabajo describe y analiza posibles modificaciones en las características de las imágenes externas y en la argumentación que presentan (N=137) libros de Matemática del Nivel Medio en el Sistema Educativo Argentino; editados entre 1940 y 2007. Se analiza como se vinculan las características de los libros de texto y de la argumentación, y también la relación entre las imágenes externas y la argumentación Matemática; con el objetivo de determinar algunas características distintivas entre el total de ejemplares estudiados y se realiza una clasificación.
INSTRUMENTOS DE EVALUACIÓN: ¿QUÉ PIENSAN LOS ESTUDIANTES AL TERMINAR LA ESCOLARIDAD OBLIGATORIA?
Authors: Cárdenas Aguilera Priscila Soledad 
Published: April 2020

Este artículo tiene como propósito presentar reflexiones y reacciones de estudiantes respecto de los instrumentos de evaluación que les han sido aplicados durante su vida escolar. Para ello, dos grupos focales fueron realizados a estudiantes de IV° año Medio en dos establecimientos educacionales de la región de Valparaíso, Chile. El estudio ha demostrado que los estudiantes reflexionan sobre el proceso evaluativo, identificando los instrumentos de evaluación que les han sido aplicados y su frecuencia de aplicación. En términos de frecuencia de aplicación, los estudiantes reconocen que laspruebas objetivas son las más usadas por sus profesores. En cuanto a gusto personal, los estudiantes prefieren instrumentos de evaluación que les permiten demostrar más de una habilidad cognitiva y que les permiten elegir tanto la temática a tratar como sus compañeros de trabajo. Finalmente, los estudiantes consideran que los instrumentos que les permiten demostrar mejor sus aprendizajes son los de desempeño.
Portafolio Europeo de las Lenguas Electrónico (E-PEL) para el aprendizaje de idiomas: análisis y propuestas de mejora
Authors: Mira-Giménez Mario-Jesús 
Published: April 2020

El objetivo de este artículo consiste en analizar el uso del e-PEL (Portfolio Europeo de las Lenguas Electrónico)para el aprendizaje lingüístico y estratégico. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en la EOI (Escuela Oficial de Idiomas) de Alicante (España)en dos grupos de alumnos de alemán de nivel B1.1. De igual manera, se estudia la validez del e-PEL como instrumento de evaluación formativa y sumativa. Se ha observado que el rendimiento del Grupo Experimental ha registrado una leve mejoría respecto al Grupo de Control. Se concluye, por consiguiente, que, desde el punto de vista didáctico, el e-PEL es beneficioso para el aprendizaje. Sin embargo, son necesarias mejoras en la gestión y publicación de las muestras de aprendizaje y en la interacción con otros usuarios, así como en el acceso desde dispositivos móviles a través de aplicaciones.
Políticas públicas chilenas e inclusión social de personas sordas
Authors: Damm Muñoz Ximena Patricia , Silva Avilés Bárbara 
Published: April 2020

A través de años de lucha y trabajo las comunidades de Sordos de muchas partes del mundo, se han organizado exigiendo que se reconozca su existencia, su derecho a ser considerados en las sociedades y respetar su lengua y su cultura que los hace vivir en comunidades (Oviedo, 2003). El artículo indaga acerca de la percepción que tienen diferentes actores frente a las Políticas Públicas y la inclusión social del colectivo de Sordos. La metodología es descriptiva de corte cualitativo, basado en entrevista semi-estructurada. Participaron 16 Personas Sordas, 3 intérpretes de Lengua de Señas Chilenas y 3 representantes de un organismo gubernamental vinculado a la discapacidad. Los resultados señalan que la legitimación de las Políticas Públicas en la realidad de la población Sorda, sigue enfocada predominantemente al discurso de voluntades y al cuestionamiento para hacer operativas las leyes.
Magmatic Fluids Implicated in the Formation of Propylitic Alteration: Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Strontium Isotope Constraints from the Northparkes Porphyry Cu-Au District, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Pacey Adam , Wilkinson Jamie J. , Boyce Adrian J. , Millar Ian L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn porphyry ore deposit models, the propylitic alteration facies is widely interpreted to be caused by convective circulation of meteoric waters. However, recent field-based and geochemical data suggest that magmatic-derived fluids are likely to contribute to development of the propylitic assemblage. In order to test this hypothesis, we determined the oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of propylitic mineral separates (epidote, chlorite, and quartz), selected potassic mineral separates (quartz and magnetite), and quartz-hosted fluid inclusions from around the E48 and E26 deposits in the Northparkes porphyry Cu-Au district, New South Wales, Australia. In addition, the strontium isotope composition of epidote was determined to test for the potential contribution of seawater in the Northparkes system given the postulated island-arc setting and submarine character of some country rocks.Oxygen isotope geothermometry calculations indicate potassic alteration occurred between ~600° and 700°C in magmatic/mineralized centers, persisting to ~450°C upon lateral transition into propylitic alteration. Across the propylitic facies, temperature progressively decreased outward to &lt;250°C. These temperature estimates and additional data from chlorite geothermometry were utilized to calculate the oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of the fluid in equilibrium with the sampled minerals. Results show that propylitic fluids spanned a range of compositions with δ18O between 0.5 and 3.7‰ and δD between –49 and –17‰. Comparison of these results with the modeled compositions of meteoric and/or magmatic fluids during their evolution and isotopic exchange with local country rocks shows that a magmatic fluid component must exist across the propylitic halo during its formation. Strontium isotope data from propylitic epidote provide initial (based on formation at ~450 Ma) 87Sr/86Sr values in the range of 0.704099 to 0.704354, ruling out the presence of seawater as a second fluid in the system. Although we cannot exclude magmatic-meteoric mixing, especially toward the fringes of the system, our results support a model in which magmatic-derived fluid is the primary driver of propylitic alteration as it undergoes cooling and chemical equilibration during outward infiltration into country rocks. This is consistent with chemical mass transfer calculations for Northparkes and published chemical-thermodynamic models that only require a magmatic fluid for the production of propylitic assemblages. In view of this and supporting data from other deposits, we suggest that magmatic fluids are essential drivers of propylitic alteration in porphyry systems.
Life-history features and oceanography drive phylogeographic patterns of the chitonAcanthochitonacf.rubrolineata(Lischke, 1873) in the northwestern Pacific
Authors: Ni Gang , Kim Taeho , Shin Youngheon , Park Jina , Lee Yucheol , Kil Hyun-Jong , Park Joong-Ki 
Published: April 2020

Chitons are a group of marine mollusks (class Polyplacophora) characterized by having eight articulating shell plates on their dorsal body surface. They represent suitable materials for studying the spatiotemporal processes that underlie population differentiation and speciation in ocean environments. Here we performed population genetic analyses on the northwestern Pacific chitonAcanthochitonacf.rubrolineata(Lischke, 1873) using two mitochondrial gene fragments (COI and 16S) from 180 individuals sampled from 11 populations among the coastal waters of Korea, Japan, and China. The phylogenetic network uncovered a reticulated relationship with several sub-haplogroups for allA.cf.rubrolineatahaplotypes. SAMOVA analyses suggested the best grouping occurred at three groups (ΦCT = 0.151,P < 0.0001), which geographically corresponds to hydrographic discontinuity among the coastal regions of Korea, Japan, and China. The assumed limited dispersal ability ofA.cf.rubrolineata, coupled with northeasterly flowing, trifurcate warm currents, might have contributed to the genetic differentiation among the three groups. Meanwhile, a high level of within-group genetic homogeneity was detected, indicating extensive coastal currents might facilitate gene flow among the populations within each group. Bayesian skyline plots demonstrated significant population expansion after the Last Glacial Period (110-25 thousand years ago) for all studied populations except the Japan group. Together these results suggest that the present-day phylogeographic patterns ofA.cf.rubrolineataare strongly affected by the interplay of historical and/or contemporary oceanography and species-specific life-history features.
Synthetic dietary inulin, Fuji FF, delays development of diet-induced obesity by improving gut microbiota profiles and increasing short-chain fatty acid production
Authors: Igarashi Miki , Morimoto Miku , Suto Asuka , Nakatani Akiho , Hayakawa Tetsuhiko , Hara Kenjirou , Kimura Ikuo 
Published: April 2020

Background
Dietary fiber, including inulin, promotes health via fermentation products, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced from the fiber by gut microbiota. SCFAs exert positive physiological effects on energy metabolism, gut immunity, and the nervous system. Most of the commercial inulin is extracted from plant sources such as chicory roots, but it can also be enzymatically synthesized from sucrose using inulin producing enzymes. Studies conducted on rodents fed with a cafeteria diet have suggested that while increasing plasma propionic acid, synthetic inulin modulates glucose and lipid metabolism in the same manner as natural inulin. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of a synthetic inulin, Fuji FF, on energy metabolism, fecal SCFA production, and microbiota profiles in mice fed with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet.

Methods
Three-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet containing cellulose or Fuji FF for 12 weeks, and the effects on energy metabolism, SCFA production, and microbiota profiles were evaluated.

Results
Body weight gain was inhibited by Fuji FF supplementation in high-fat/high-sucrose diet-fed C57BL/6J mice by reducing white adipose tissue weight while increasing energy expenditure, compared with the mice supplemented with cellulose. Fuji FF also elevated levels of acetic, propionic and butyric acids in mouse feces and increased plasma propionic acid levels in mice. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of fecal samples revealed an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes and a reduced abundance of Firmicutes at the phylum level in mice supplemented with Fuji FF compared to those supplemented with cellulose. Fuji FF also resulted in abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and reduction of Desulfovibrionaceae in the feces.

Conclusion
Long term consumption of Fuji FF improved the gut environment in mice by altering the composition of the microbiota and increasing SCFA production, which might be associated with its anti-obesity effects.
Chitinase Production from Locally Isolated Bacillus cereus GS02 from Chitinous Waste Enriched Soil
Authors: Dukariya Garima , Kumar Anil 
Published: April 2020

Background and Objective: Chitin is world’s second most abundant structural carbohydrate in nature and is found as a structural component in the cell wall of fungi and exoskeletons of invertebrates. During senescence, it is degraded by the enzyme, chitinase. In addition, chitinase has been exploited for various commercial applications such as control of insects and fungal pathogens in order to protect the crops, waste management, cosmetics and food industries. Chitinases have been found to be widely distributed in various organisms including viruses, animals, bacteria, fungi, higher plants and insects. In the present study, various soil samples enriched in chitinous waste were screened for the isolation of bacteria capable of producing chitinase.
Methodology: Chitinase producing bacteria were isolated using serial dilution plating technique onto different agar media. Primary and secondary screening were performed and the isolate producing maximum chitinase was selected for biochemical identification and 16s rRNA sequencing. The secretion of extracellular chitinase by this strain was optimized with respect to pH, temperature, incubation time, substrate concentration, carbon and nitrogen sources and inoculum size. All these components were optimized using OFAT (one factor at a time) approach.
Results: A total of 29 bacterial isolates were found exhibiting secretion of extracellular chitinase as determined using zones of clearance. Based on the area of zone of clearance, six isolates were selected for secondary screening and the most potent isolate was identified as Bacillus cereus. The maximum chitinase production by this strain was obtained at 37°C and pH 7.0 after 48 hours of incubation. The maximum chitinase secretion was observed on addition of 1% colloidal chitin and 0.05% yeast extract in the medium.
Pectin as a Rheology Modifier: Chemistry, Production, and Rheology
Authors: Chan Siew Yin , Owh Cally , Choo Wee Sim , Young David James , Loh Xian Jun , Li Peng , Huang Wei 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Pectin is a diverse family of polysaccharides with an anionic backbone of α‐1,4‐linked
d
‐galacturonic acid (GalA) units. It has been widely used as an emulsifier, gelling agent, glazing agent, stabilizer, and thickener in food, pharmaceutical, personal care, and polymer applications. Commercial pectin is obtained through acid extraction from food waste such as apple pomace, citrus peel, and to a lesser extent, sugar beet pulp. Commercial pectin is classified according to degree of methylation (DM): high methoxy pectin (HMP) with DM > 50% and low methoxy pectin (LMP) with DM < 50%. In general, pectin solution exhibits Newtonian behavior at low shear rate and pseudoplastic behavior when the shear rate is increased. The pseudoplastic behavior of pectin solution is more pronounced with higher pectin concentration. HMP gels in the presence of co‐solute in acidic medium through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Alternatively, LMP gels in the presence of cation over a wide range of pH through ionic linkages, famously known as the “egg‐box” model. This review provides an overview of the chemistry, production, and rheology of pectin. In addition, the effect of modification and processing on the physicochemical properties of pectin and the application of pectin as a rheology modifier are discussed.
Defoliation frequency affects litter responses and nitrogen excretion by heifers in palisadegrass–forage peanut pastures
Authors: Gomes Fernanda de Kássia , Homem Bruno Grossi Costa , de Oliveira Michael David Batista Luaemar , Dubeux José Carlos Batista , Boddey Robert Michael , Bernardes Thiago Fernandes , Casagrande Daniel Rume 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLegumes can contribute significantly to nitrogen (N) input in grazing systems. Grazing management is a critical factor affecting N cycling in mixed pastures, altering the legume N input as a result. This study assessed how defoliation frequency affects N cycling in rotationally stocked palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha) and forage peanut (Arachis pintoi) pastures. Treatments included four grazing management strategies, defined by the rest period interruption when the canopy reached 90 (90LI), 95 (95LI), and 100% (100LI) of photosynthetically active radiation interception (LI), and a fixed rest period of 42 d (42D). A 2‐yr experimental period was adopted. Existing litter was greater at 100LI (2208 vs. 1964 kg ha−1; average of 42D, 90LI, and 95LI, respectively). Greater defoliation frequency (42D and 90LI) resulted in increase of litter legume proportion, resulting in greater decomposition rate, lower litter half‐life (p < .001, and p = .015, respectively), and greater N cycling (91 vs. 64 kg ha−1 season−1). Less frequent defoliation (100LI) resulted in reduced total forage intake, proportion of legume intake, and lower N intake compared with other treatments (p = .007, p = .081, and p < .001, respectively). Greater defoliation frequency increased N cycling via litter, but did not affect excretion due to compensation with stocking rate. Defoliation frequency between 90 and 95% LI optimizes N cycling in palisadegrass‐forage peanut mixed pastures.