bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping the Process and the Resources that are Needed to Implement A Praziquantel Mass Drug Administration Program for Children Aged Five Years Old and Below in Resource Limited Settings.
Authors: Ncube Mhlengi Vella , Kabuyaya Muhubiri , Chimbari Moses John 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background

The early childhood development of millions of children in some low and medium income countries may be compromised by schistosomiasis infections contracted at the age of 5 years or below. Currently there are no standard guidelines for treating schistosomiasis in children that are five years and younger using praziquantel (PZQ), the only drug that the WHO recommends to treat schistosomiasis. This review is on processes and resources involved in the treatment of schistosomiasis in children aged five years and below.

Methods

An electronic search for peer-reviewed articles published in the period from 2008 to 2018 (August) was done in the Academic Search Complete, CINAHL with Full Text, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, and MEDLINE databases via EBSCOHost and Google Scholar databases. The search targeted journals that described the treatment of schistosomiasis in children five years and below using praziquantel.

Results

Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. The process of treating schistosomiasis in the children aged five years old and below included the following activities: enrolment of the children into the treatment program; clinical examination; diagnosis; taking anthropometric measurements; feeding the children, making the PZQ palatable to the children; administration of PZQ and monitoring of side effects. There was also a variation in the resources used to treat children aged five- and below for schistosomiasis.

Conclusions

A PZQ mass drug administration program for children aged five years old and below in endemic areas should exclude diagnosis of schistosomiasis before treatment. The resources required in the treatment process should be affordable, should not require skills and maintenance resources that are beyond those that are available at primary healthcare level.
Minimally Invasive Surgery for Intra-Articular Calcaneus Fractures: A 9-Year, Single-Center, Retrospective Study of A Standardized Technique Using A 2-Point Distractor
Authors: Rodemund Christian , Krenn Ronny , Kihm Carl , Leister Iris , Ortmaier Reinhold , Litzlbauer Werner , Schwarz Angelika , Mattiassich Georg 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background:
A fracture of the calcaneus can be a painful and disabling injury. Treatment modalities may be conservative or operative, as in open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) via different approaches, including a number of minimally invasive methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment options and post-treatment complication rates for intra-articular calcaneal fractures at the (xxx institution blinded xxx) over a 9-year period.
Methods:
All patients with calcaneal fractures treated at the (xxx institution blinded xxx) between 2007 and 2016 were included in this study. The patients’ protocols were retrospectively reviewed, and the data, including demographic parameters, cause of injury, and the time between the accident and the first operative treatment were analyzed. Secondary operative interventions due to soft-tissue complications, hardware removal, and the long-term arthrodesis rate were evaluated.
Results:
A minimally invasive 2-point-distractor method was used in 85.8% (n=182) of all operatively managed calcaneal fractures (n=236) in our department. The majority of the operations (88.7%) were performed within two days after the accident. The secondary operation rate resulting from wound complications was 2.7% in the 2-point distractor group and 16.7% in the ORIF group. A secondary arthrodesis was performed in 4.7% (n=9) of the subtalar joints in the entire study population.
Conclusions:
Our data supported the assumption that severe wound complications would be less likely to occur after minimally invasive treatment compared to ORIF treatment. Additionally, our arthrodesis rate was comparable to that in the literature.
Surgical Site Infection After Emergency Abdominal Surgery in China: A Multicenter Prospective Study
Authors: Li Ze , Li Hui , Lv Pin , Peng Xingang , Wu Changliang , Ren Jianan , Wang Peige 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background There is still a lack of relevant studies on surgical site infection (SSI) after emergency abdominal surgery (EAS) in China. This study aims to understand the status of SSI after EAS in China and discuss its risk factors. Materials and Methods All adult patients who underwent EAS in 47 hospitals in China from May 1 to 31, 2018, and from May 1 to June 7, 2019, were enrolled in this study. The basic information, perioperative data, and microbial culture results of infected incision were prospectively collected.The primary outcome measure was the incidence of SSI after EAS, and the secondary outcome variables were postoperative length of stay, ICU admission rate, ICU length of stay, 30-day postoperative mortality, and treatment costs. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the risk factors.Results A total of 953 patients (age 48.8 ± 17.9 years, male 51.9%) with EAS were included in this study: 71 patients (7.5%) developed SSI after surgery.The main pathogen of SSI was Escherichia coli (culture positive rate 29.6%). Patients with SSI had significantly longer overall hospital (p < 0.001) and ICU stays (p < 0.001), significantly higher ICU admissions (p < 0.001), and medical costs (p < 0.001) than patients without SSI.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male (P = 0.010), high blood glucose level (P < 0.001), colorectal surgery (P < 0.001), intestinal obstruction (P = 0.045) and surgical duration (P = 0.007) were risk factors for SSI, whereas laparoscopic surgery (P < 0.001 = 0.022) was a protective factor. Conclusion This study found a high incidence of SSI after EAS in China. The occurrence of SSI prolongs the patient's hospital stay and increases the medical burden. The study also revealed predictors of SSI after EAS and provides a basis for the development of norms for the prevention of surgical site infection after emergency abdominal surgery.
Diclofenac Administered After the Initiation of Luteinizing Hormone Surge Increases Live Births in Natural-Cycle IVF-ET: A Cohort Study
Authors: Teramoto Shokichi , Osada Hisao , Okubo Tsuyoshi , Ueno Tsuyoshi , Aono Fumihito , Shozu Makio 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: Diclofenac inhibits follicle rupture and its use in natural-cycle in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) has been reported to increase oocyte retrieval chances but has not been reported to improve the therapeutic outcome (live birth). The question is whether the therapeutic utility of diclofenac is demonstrable when administered to a subgroup of women with an imminent LH surge, a higher risk group for premature ovulation.Methods: Infertile women indicated for the natural-cycle IVF-ET between September 2014 and February 2015 (n=183) were recruited in a private infertility clinic and diclofenac use (50 mg suppositories, thrice every 8 h before oocyte retrieval) was offered when their serum LH level was ≥14.0 IU/L on an LH-triggering day (n=137). Of the 137 women, 108 electively used diclofenac and 29 did not. Oocytes were retrieved from both dominant and subordinate nondominant follicles and were fertilized. The resulting blastocysts were frozen, thawed, and transferred one by one in the following spontaneous ovulatory or hormone replacement cycles. Results: Cumulative live birth rate (after the single oocyte retrieval) was calculated from the dominant and nondominant follicles. The live birth rate from dominant follicles was higher in the diclofenac group (21/108, 19%) than in the no diclofenac group (1/29, 3%) (P < .05). Conversely, the live birth rate from nondominant follicles, which had no potential for ovulation, was not different between the diclofenac group (13/108, 12%) and the no diclofenac group (3/29, 10%). Conclusion: Diclofenac improved the live birth rate from dominant follicles when it was administered to women with an imminent LH surge. However, diclofenac did not affect the live birth rate from non-dominant follicles which were not at risk of follicle rupture.
Effects of Ninjurin 2 Polymorphisms on Susceptibility of Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Yan Yuping , Du Xiaoyan , liu Xiaoxi , Li Jingjie , Xiong Zichao , Wu Jiamin , Sun Yao , Tian Gang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the effects of NINJ2 polymorphisms on susceptibility of coronary heart disease (CHD).Methods: We conducted a case-control study with 499 CHD cases and 505 age- and sex- matched controls. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in NINJ2 (rs118050317, rs75750647, rs7307242, rs10849390 and rs11610368) were genotyped by Agena MassARRAY platform. Odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using logistic regression to assess the association of NINJ2 polymorphism and CHD risk adjusting for age and gender..Results: NINJ2 rs118050317 significantly increased CHD risk among people older than 60 years old (allele: P = 0.010; heterozygote: P = 0.016; dominant: P = 0.015; additive: P = 0.021) and women (allele: P = 0.026; heterozygote: P = 0.015; dominant: P = 0.018; additive: P = 0.030). Rs118050317 and rs7307242 had strong relationship with hypertension risk in CHD patients. Additionally, rs75750647 significantly increased diabetes risk in multiple models among cases (allele: P = 0.014; homozygote: P = 0.037; heterozygote: P = 0.044; dominant: P = 0.019; additive: P = 0.013), whereas rs10849390 could protect CHD patients from diabetes in allele (P = 0.035), homozygote (P = 0.047) and additive (P = 0.037) models. We also observed two block (block 1: rs118050317 and rs75750647; block 2: rs7307242, rs10849390 and rs11610368) in NINJ2.Conclusion: Our results suggest that NINJ2 polymorphisms are associated with CHD risk.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices on Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Infection Control in Nepal: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Shrestha Sailesh Kumar , Bhattarai Ratna Bahadur , Joshi Lok Raj , Adhikari Nilaramba , Shrestha Suvesh Kumar , Basnet Rajendra , KC Kedar Narsingh 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
BackgroundHealthcare centers are important sites for tuberculosis transmission, particularly in low-income settings where the burden of tuberculosis is high and infection control practices are often inadequate. This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR TB) infection control among the healthcare workers under the National Tuberculosis Program in Nepal.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we studied the healthcare workers from all the 11 functioning drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment centers across Nepal in March 2018. Trained data collectors conducted face-to-face interviews with a pre-tested questionnaire to collect data on the basic characteristics of healthcare workers, their self-reported knowledge, attitude, and practice on tuberculosis infection control. We entered the data in Microsoft Excel and analyzed in R statistical software. We assigned a score of one to the correct response and zero to the incorrect or no response and calculated a composite score in each of the knowledge, attitude, and practice domains. We ascertained the healthcare workers as having good knowledge, appropriate attitude, and optimal practices when the composite score was at least 50%. We summarized the numerical variables with median and interquartile range (IQR) and the categorical variables with proportions. We ran appropriate correlation tests to identify relationships between knowledge, attitude, and practice scores. We regarded a p-value of < 0.05 as significant.ResultsA total of 95 out of 102 healthcare workers from 11 drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment centers participated in the study. There were 46 male and 49 female respondents. The median age was 33 years (IQR 26-42). Most of them (53, 56%) were mid-level paramedics. The median work experience in drug-resistant tuberculosis was 2 years (IQR 1-5). We found 91 (96%) respondents had a good knowledge of tuberculosis infection control, 49 (52%) respondents had an appropriate attitude and 35 (37%) respondents had optimal practices. We found a statistically significant positive correlation between attitude and practice scores (ρ = 0.37, p = < 0.001).ConclusionThe healthcare workers at the DR TB treatment facilities in Nepal have high knowledge of TB infection control but it did not translate into the appropriate attitude or optimal practices.
Demographic and Geographic Patterns of Cetacean-based Food Product Consumption and Potential Mercury Exposure within a Caribbean Whaling Community
Authors: Fielding Russell , Kiszka Jeremy J , Macdonald Catherine , McCormack Meaghan A. , Dutton Jessica , Ollivierre Alison D. , Arnett Jay , Elkins Molly , Darby Niko A. , Garcia Hannah-Marie , Skinner Suzanne , Tucker Haley , Reid Vincent 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: Exposure to mercury (Hg) through the consumption of seafood is a major public health concern. The tissues of high trophic level marine organisms, such as cetaceans, often contain high concentrations of Hg compared to lower trophic level species. The archipelagic Caribbean nation of St. Vincent & the Grenadines supports two related whaling operations, which produce food from cetaceans for human consumption. A recent study reported that Hg concentrations in tissue samples from one of these whaling operations exceed recommended consumption limits. Our objective was to determine the role of cetacean-based food products in the diet of the Vincentian population as a proxy for exposure to MeHg. Methods: We conducted interviews with 921 members of the Vincentian public. We asked questions about the types of food consumed, frequency of consumption, and quantities consumed. Based upon provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) guidelines for methylmercury (MeHg) from the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO), we determined safe weekly consumption amounts for specific cetacean-based food products, based upon reported consumption patterns. Results: We found cetacean-based food products to be included in the diet of 77.4 percent of respondents. Respondents’ gender and geographical home region are the most predictive attributes for cetacean-based food product consumption, whereas socioeconomic status and age play a minor role and no role, respectively. Frequency and amount of consumption vary, but generally exceed calculated safe weekly consumption amounts. Conclusions: The consumption of cetacean-based food products by members of the Vincentian public may represent a public health risk, as data indicate that a large portion of the population may be exposed to concentrations of MeHg in excess of recommended limits. Any potential action to address this risk is likely to be most effective if targeted toward the specific high-consumption population segments identified by our study.
Regional estimation of net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs (NANI) and the relationship with socio-economic factors
Authors: Xu Haolin , Xing Weimin , Yang Peiling , Ao Chang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: The accurate evaluation of net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs (NANI) is very important for making countermeasures to control N pollution. The N inputs of Hubei has a crucial impact on the eco-environment of the downstream Yangtze Basin. Our objective was to estimate the NANI of Hubei province and access the relationships between the components of NANI and socio-economic indices for controlling N pollution in the Yangtze River basin. Methods: The spatiotemporal distribution and the main components of NANI at city scale in Hubei province from 2008-2018 were discussed by the NANI model with ArcGIS 10.6. The relationships between the components of NANI and 6 economic factors, including gross industrial output value per unit area (GIOV), gross agricultural output value per unit area (GAOV), grain yield per unit area (GY), fertilizer consumption density (FCD), population density(PD) and, cultivated land area per unit area(CLA), was estimated using a Pearson analysis. Results: NANI in Hubei tended to increase from 14782.62 kg/(km2∙a) in 2008 to 16700.32 kg/(km2∙a) in 2012, and then fell to 13630.40 kg/(km2∙a) in 2018. NANI was higher in center and east than in west and southeast of Hubei province. N fertilizer use (Nfer), which accounted for 61.27% of NANI, was the largest N input source, followed by net N import in food＆feed (Nim), atmospheric N deposition (Ndep), N fixation (Nfix), and seeding N (Nsee). Pearson correlation analysis showed that FCD was the primary factor responsible for NANI in Hubei province (r=0.956), followed by GAOV (r=0.606) and CLA (r=0.527). The most direct driving factors of Ndep, Nfer, Nsee and Nim were GIOV (r=0.466), FCD (r=0.979), CLA (r=0.813) and GAOV (r=0.745), respectively. All factors had a significant negative impact on Nfix. Conclusions: The NANI decline strategy is to control the fertilizer application amount, as well as improving agricultural construction. Also, it’s necessary to eliminate some backward technology as well as high pollution industries, and support the development of ecological industries, which is beneficial to reduce the risk of N pollution.Highlight:(1) The calculation method of N import in food was improved by distinguishing the diet structure of urban population and rural population.(2) NANI was higher in plain areas and smaller in the mountain areas. (3) NANI increased first and then decreased from 2008 to 2018 in Hubei.(4) N fertilizer use was the largest N input source and fertilizer consumption was the primary factor to NANI.
Implications of Oncoplastic Breast Surgery on Radiation Boost Delivery in Localized Breast Cancer
Authors: Gladwish Adam , Sauve Carly , Didiodato Giulio , Conway Jessica , Stevens Christiaan , Follwell Matthew , Tam Tiffany , Skliarenko Julia , Mclean Jesse , Hanrahan Renee 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background:Oncoplastic partial mastectomy (OPM) is a technique utilized to improve aesthetic and survivorship outcomesin patients with localized breast cancer. This technique leads to breast tissue rearrangement, which can have an impact on target definition for boost radiotherapy (BRT). The aim of this study was to determine if the choice of surgical technique independently affected the decision to deliver a radiation boost.Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients treated between January 2017 and December 2018. We selected consecutive patients based on surgical procedure; 50 undergoing standard breast conserving surgery and 50 having had an OPM. The primary outcome was average treatment effect (ATE) of surgery type on reception of BRT, accounting for patient age, tumor grade, lymphovascular space invasion, margin status and ER status as potential confounding variables. Secondary outcomes included ATE of surgery type on the time to reception of radiotherapy and incidence of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR). The ratio of boost seroma volume to pathologic tumor size was also compared between the two groups. Treatment effects regression adjustment and inverse-probability weighted analysis was used to estimate ATEs for both primary and secondary outcomes.Results: Median age was 64 years (range 37 – 88). The median tumor size was 1.5 cm (range 0.1 – 6.5). The majority of patients were ≤ stage IIA (78%), invasive ductal subtype (80%), LVSI negative (78%), margin negative (90%) and ER/PR +ve (69%). Overall, surgical technique was not associated with differences in the proportion of patients receiving BRT (ATE 6.0% (95% CI -4.5, 16.0)). There were no differences in delays to radiation treatment between the two groups (ATE 32.8 days (95% CI -22.1, 87.7)). With a median follow-up time of 419 days (range 30 – 793), there were only 5 recurrences, with 1 case of IBTR in each group. There was no difference in the ratio of seroma volume to tumor size between the two groups (p=0.38).Conclusions: OPM did not affect the decision to offer localized BRT following standard whole breast radiotherapy, or significantly affect treatment times or radiation volumes. The decision to offer OPM should include a multi-disciplinary approach.
Assessment of the relationship between gametocyte density, multiplicity of infection and mosquito infectivity in Plasmodium falciparum infections
Authors: Touray Abdoulie , Mobegi Victor Atunga , Wamunyokoli Fred , Butungi Hellen , Herren Jeremy K. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: Malaria is a major public health threat in sub-Saharan Africa. Asymptomatic P. falciparum gametocyte carriers are potential infectious reservoirs for sustaining transmission in many malaria endemic regions. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of gametocyte carriage and some of its associated risk factors among asymptomatic schoolchildren (age 5-15 years) in Mbita, western Kenya and further analyse the association between gametocyte density, multiplicity of infection (MOI) and mosquito infectivity. Methods: Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) was used to screen for P. falciparum parasite infection among asymptomatic schoolchildren (5-15 years old) residing in Mbita, Western Kenya and the results were further verified using microscopy. Participants positive for P. falciparum infection were further screened for gametocyte carriage and those positive were used to feed laboratory reared An. gambiae s.s. mosquitoes using membrane feeding method. Genomic DNA was extracted from dry blood spots (DBS) samples and P. falciparum populations were genotyped using 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers. Assessment of the association between MOI and gametocyte density and mosquito infection rates was conducted. Results: The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection among the study population was 29.1%. A significantly higher P. falciparum infection was found among the male gender (n=764, p -value < 0.05) compared to the females (n=657). Gametocyte prevalence among the study population was 2%. Children (5-9 years) have a higher risk of gametocyte carriage (Odd Ratios = 2.1 [95% CI = 1.3–3.4], P = 0.002). Our results indicate a significant and positive combined effect of gametocyte density and MOI on mosquito infection rate (R = 0.825, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The study reports a relatively stable year-round gametocyte carriage among the study population. This pattern of gametocyte carriage signals the role of schoolchildren in maintaining malaria transmission in the study area. A strong positive correlation was found between gametocyte density, multiplicity of infection and mosquito infectivity.