bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Range margin populations show high climate adaptation lags in European trees
Authors: Fréjaville Thibaut , Vizcaíno‐Palomar Natalia , Fady Bruno , Kremer Antoine , Benito Garzón Marta 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHow populations of long‐living species respond to climate change depends on phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation processes. Marginal populations are expected to have lags in adaptation (i.e. differences between the climatic optimum that maximizes population fitness and the local climate) because they receive pre‐adapted alleles from core populations preventing them from reaching a local optimum in their climatically marginal habitat. Yet, whether adaptation lags in marginal populations are a common feature across phylogenetically and ecologically different species and how lags can change with climate change remain unexplored. To test for range‐wide patterns of phenotypic variation and adaptation lags of populations to climate, we (a) built model ensembles of tree height accounting for the climate of population origin and the climate of the site for 706 populations monitored in 97 common garden experiments covering the range of six European forest tree species; (b) estimated populations' adaptation lags as the differences between the climatic optimum that maximizes tree height and the climate of the origin of each population; (c) identified adaptation lag patterns for populations coming from the warm/dry and cold/wet margins and from the distribution core of each species range. We found that (a) phenotypic variation is driven by either temperature or precipitation; (b) adaptation lags are consistently higher in climatic margin populations (cold/warm, dry/wet) than in core populations; (c) predictions for future warmer climates suggest adaptation lags would decrease in cold margin populations, slightly increasing tree height, while adaptation lags would increase in core and warm margin populations, sharply decreasing tree height. Our results suggest that warm margin populations are the most vulnerable to climate change, but understanding how these populations can cope with future climates depend on whether other fitness‐related traits could show similar adaptation lag patterns.
Reconstructing the climatic niche breadth of land use for animal production during the African Holocene
Authors: Phelps Leanne N. , Broennimann Olivier , Manning Katie , Timpson Adrian , Jousse Hélène , Mariethoz Gregoire , Fordham Damien A. , Shanahan Timothy M. , Davis Basil A. S. , Guisan Antoine 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimDomestic animals first appeared in the archaeological record in northern Africa c. 9000 years before present and subsequently spread southwards throughout the continent. This geographic expansion is well studied and can broadly be explained in terms of the movement of pastoralist populations due to climate change. However, no studies have explicitly evaluated changes in the climatic niche of these domesticates. A priori, one cannot assume a relationship between the geographic spread of animal production and changes in climatic niche breadth because their relationship is highly variable. Therefore, we investigated Holocene changes in the climatic niche of domestic animals (animal production) and compared these to changes in the climatic niche of hunted terrestrial ungulates.LocationThe African continent.Time period9000–500 BP.Major taxa studiedDomestic animals, hunted (wild) terrestrial ungulates.MethodsFor the first time, we applied methods from environmental niche dynamics to archaeological data to reconstruct and quantify changes in the climatic niche breadth of animal production during the African Holocene. We used faunal remains from archaeological assemblages and associated radiocarbon dates to estimate the proportion of the African climate space used for animal production and hunting at 500‐year intervals.ResultsWe found that the climatic niche of domestic species broadened significantly with the geographic spread, most notably during the termination of the African Humid Period, whilst no such broadening occurred for the climatic niche of hunted species.Main conclusionsOur results provide a quantitative measure of the extent to which humans have constructed and adapted the climatic niche of animal production to manage their domestic animals across increasingly diverse ecological conditions. By incorporating ecological analysis into estimations of past land use, our methods have the potential to improve reconstructions of land use change, and to provide a foundation on which further niche construction hypotheses may be tested.
Using functional and phylogenetic diversity to infer avian community assembly along elevational gradients
Authors: Montaño‐Centellas Flavia A. , McCain Christy , Loiselle Bette A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimWe present the first global analysis of elevational gradients in functional and phylogenetic diversity of birds and test for signals of deterministic processes (i.e., environmental filtering and limiting similarity) in community assembly. Further, we examine for latitudinal effects in the strength of these processes.LocationForty‐six elevational gradients across the globe.Time periodCurrent (between 1924 and 2016).Major taxaBirds.MethodsWe systematically selected, compiled and analysed published data on bird diversity along elevational gradients. For each gradient, we calculated functional and phylogenetic diversity across elevations and described the main patterns for each diversity metric. Then, we calculated standardized effect sizes (SES) of each metric and used these SES values to (a) test the signals of deterministic processes shaping assemblages across elevations and (b) to compare changes in within‐mountain diversity, among mountains located at different latitudes.ResultsBirds displayed eight different patterns of functional and phylogenetic diversity across elevations, but no global pattern of increase or decrease was found. There is, however, a consistent global pattern of phylogenetic clustering, with mountain species being more closely related to each other at any given elevation. Latitude had a significant effect on within‐mountain changes in functional and phylogenetic diversity across elevations, with more negative slopes (stronger decline in diversity metrics with increasing elevation) in tropical mountains.Main conclusionsOur findings challenge the idea that the decline of functional and phylogenetic diversity with elevation is a general pattern, emphasizing the uniqueness of each mountain system. In spite of this great variability, we found a latitudinal effect in the patterns of within‐mountain functional and phylogenetic dispersion of birds after controlling for effects of species richness. Environmental filtering, thus, may act differently in tropical and temperate mountains, and calls for more comparative studies on the mechanisms driving community assembly at different latitudes.
The impact of climate changes on agriculture export trade in Pakistan: Evidence from time‐series analysis
Authors: Khan Yasir , Bin Qiu , Hassan Taimoor 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAgriculture is one of the primary contributors to Pakistan's economy. However, over the last few decades, the atmospheric carbon dioxide emission has been amplified to a great extent in Pakistan. This amplification may cause climate change, global warming, and environmental mitigation in Pakistan. This paper empirically investigates the impact of CO2 emissions on the agricultural export trade of Pakistan over the period 1975–2017. Evidence suggests that climate change could be a primary cause for the decline in Pakistan's agriculture export trade; no studies have been carried out for this specific issue, particularly over time. In this paper, the empirical analysis suggests the negative coefficient of agriculture export trade with CO2 emissions subsequently decreases agriculture export trade, which leads to direct impact on Pakistan's economy. Both theoretical and empirical outcomes suggest that the adaptation of clean and green energies and technologies are the key to reduce pollution in Pakistan. Overall, the effects of carbon dioxide emissions on agriculture export trade are stronger in the long‐run dynamics, thus making the finding heterogeneous. Possible initiatives should be taken by the government of Pakistan to improve the agriculture sector and it should also introduce new policies to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide.
Magnification in undergraduate endodontic teaching in the UK and Ireland: a survey of teaching leads in Endodontology
Authors: Brown M. G. , Qualtrough A. J. E. , McLean W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimTo investigate the use of magnification in undergraduate endodontic teaching in dental schools within the UK and Ireland and identify factors that may impact on levels of adoption.MethodologyAn electronic questionnaire was distributed to teaching leads in undergraduate endodontics in all UK and Ireland dental schools.ResultsCompleted questionnaires were received from 15 of 18 course leads. The study revealed magnification is not universally embedded within the undergraduate curricula, and the majority of schools had no expectation for students to use magnification, although it was encouraged. The study provided insight into teaching staff factors, student factors and institutional factors that impact upon the adoption of magnification in undergraduate endodontic teaching. Although course leads utilized magnification in their own practice, this did not translate into institutional expectation for students to use magnification. Barriers to adoption of such an institutional expectation included cost and lack of staff training.ConclusionsMagnification has become viewed as an essential part of endodontic practice. The dental operating microscope has the most significant impact on endodontic visualization; however, the use of dental loupes in nonsurgical endodontics could be considered the minimum standard. The pedagogical dilemma faced by dental educators training undergraduates to behave in a manner that they themselves would not, cannot be rationalized on the basis of cost and lack of staff training. It is proposed that although significant, these barriers are not insurmountable and the use of dental loupe should become an expectation in undergraduate training in the UK and Ireland.
A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of metacognitive training for people with schizophrenia applied by mental health nurses: Study protocol
Authors: de Pinho Lara Manuela Guedes , Sequeira Carlos Alberto da Cruz , Sampaio Francisco Miguel Correia , Rocha Nuno Barbosa , Ferre‐Grau Carmen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimTo evaluate the efficacy of the Portuguese version of the metacognitive training (MCT) programme for schizophrenia and its effects on psychotic symptoms, insight into the disorder and functionality.DesignThis is a randomized controlled trial that will be undertaken in six psychiatric institutions in Portugal.MethodsThis study was approved in March 2019. The sample will consist of people with schizophrenia. The evaluation instruments will include sociodemographic and clinical questionnaires, the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales, the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale, the World Health Disability Assessment Schedule, and the Personal and Social Performance Scale, applied to both groups at three different times. In the experimental group, the eight MCT modules will be applied over 4 weeks.DiscussionIt is expected that at the end of the programme, the experimental group will have reduced severity of psychotic symptoms and improved insight into the disease and functionality.ImpactSchizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that, in most cases, leads to the deterioration of cognitive and social functioning as a result of psychotic symptoms. Metacognitive training for schizophrenia has been used in several countries, but its efficacy remains unclear. It is a type of programme that consists of changing the cognitive infrastructure of delusions.
Interprofessional collaboration during medical emergencies among doctors, nurses, and respiratory therapists in the intensive care unit: A phenomenological study protocol
Authors: Lin Yongxing Patrick , Chan Le Yi Cynthia , Chan Ee‐Yuee 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of interprofessional collaboration among nurses, doctors, and respiratory therapists during medical emergencies in the intensive care unit.DesignDescriptive phenomenological study.MethodParticipants will be recruited through purposive sampling with maximum variation across the ICUs in a tertiary hospital in Singapore. Guided by data saturation, data collection will include individual semi‐structured interviews with ICU nurses, physicians, and respiratory therapist who have attended to medical emergencies such as cardiopulmonary arrest or difficult airway management in the ICUs. Interviews will be audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed via Colaizzi's descriptive phenomenology method. Research Ethics Committee approval was sought from the National Healthcare Group, Domain Specific Review Board (April 2019). The study is funded by the National Healthcare Group ‐ Health Outcomes and Medical Education Research Grant (April 2019). The study is expected to be concluded by April 2020.DiscussionWhilst interprofessional collaboration remains a major interest among nursing research, there is a paucity of evidence surrounding interprofessional collaboration in the specific context of medical emergencies in the ICUs. This is especially crucial as the failure of interprofessional collaboration during medical emergencies can be catastrophic to patient safety. Hence, this study will adopt a qualitative approach to contribute to the evidence base surrounding this lesser known phenomenon. The findings generated from this study will inform future team training initiatives, advance nursing leadership initiatives, and identify barriers and facilitators towards fostering greater interprofessional collaboration during medical emergencies.ImpactThe evidence gained from this study contributes to the limited knowledge base of interprofessional collaboration during medical emergencies. Findings will have vast impact on nursing and interprofessional programs such as crisis leadership and management. The findings could also inform practice frameworks during medical emergencies to support interprofessional collaboration and optimize patient care.
Development and evaluation of a self‐management application for patients with gout
Authors: Kang Seung Gum , Lee Eun Nam 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimThe present study aimed to develop a self‐management application for patients with gout and determine the clinical feasibility of the application.MethodsA self‐management application (GoutCare) was developed from July 1, 2016, to October 30, 2016, by reflecting on the key elements of Fisher & Fisher's information‐motivation‐behavioral skills model. In order to determine the clinical feasibility of the application, a non‐equivalent, control group, pre‐test‐posttest study was conducted among patients with gout who visited a university hospital from January to April 2017. Twenty‐seven subjects in the experimental group used the smartphone allocation for 8 weeks, and 29 subjects in the control group were provided a leaflet with information on gout self‐management. Knowledge of gout, self‐management attitude, perceived social support, self‐efficacy, self‐management performance, and health‐related quality of life before and after the intervention were measured using a structured questionnaire.ResultsThe self‐management application (GoutCare) developed for patients with gout was found to be effective in improving the knowledge of gout, self‐management attitude, perceived social support, self‐efficacy, self‐management performance, and physical health‐related quality of life.ConclusionIn conclusion, the application contributed to improving the self‐management performance and health‐related quality of life in the patients with gout. Therefore, this application can be used as a nursing intervention program for promoting self‐management in patients with gout.
TAXATION OF ECONOMIC RENTS
Authors: Schwerhoff Gregor , Edenhofer Ottmar , Fleurbaey Marc 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEconomic rents have long been identified as an efficient tax base. In addition, the recent literature documents that rent income is highly concentrated and that rents are quickly increasing. Rent taxation thus seems attractive for reasons of both efficiency and equity. Nevertheless, rent taxation remains a marginal topic in research and policy making. In a systematic review of the neoclassical literature on different rent types, we find that some types of rents reflect inefficiencies and should thus be minimized, while others reward investments and should be supported in line with social welfare. What remains for taxation are land rents, one of the few true scarcity rents. Land rents have significant potential to improve the efficiency of the tax system. We then begin to develop a comprehensive theory of land rent taxation by identifying relevant efficiency and equity effects. The interaction of many of these effects remains unexplored, which might explain policymakers' hesitation in using land taxes to date.
Are electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDs) helping cigarette smokers quit?—Current evidence
Authors: Patil Shankargouda , Arakeri Gururaj , Patil Shekar , Ali Baeshen Hosam , Raj Thirumal , Sarode Sachin C. , Sarode Gargi S. , Awan Kamran H. , Gomez Ricardo , Brennan Peter A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundElectronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) and other electronic vaping devices are commonly used as a method to help tobacco smoking cessation. However, the data on their safety and efficacy are currently scarce. The aim of this review was to explore the role of e‐cigarettes in tobacco cessation among tobacco users.Types of Studies ReviewedPubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and grey literature from January 1990 were searched up to and including September 2018. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection according to eligibility criteria.ResultsA total of 13 studies that met the eligibility criteria were included. The majority of studies were done in the USA, and all studies were longitudinal cohort studies. The odds of increased smoking cessation in association with e‐cigarette use ranged from onefold to sixfolds. No significant increase in smoking cessation was found among e‐cigarette users compared with non–e‐cigarette users. Pattern of e‐cigarette had positive influence on smoking cessation among users.Conclusions and Practical ImplicationsE‐cigarette use was not significantly associated with increased smoking cessation among cigarette smokers. We also found that pattern of e‐cigarette may have significant effect on smoking cessation capability of e‐cigarettes. Well‐designed randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to assess the clinical efficacy of e‐cigarettes in comparison with approved smoking cessation therapies.
Awareness, Understanding and Treatment Practices when Managing Cachexia in End‐Stage Kidney Disease
Authors: Mckeaveney Clare , Noble Helen , de Barbieri Ilaria , Strini Veronica , Maxwell Alexander P. , Reid Joanne 
Published: October 2019

SUMMARYBackgroundCachexia is a wasting syndrome found within a range of chronic illnesses/life‐limiting conditions, however awareness and understanding of cachexia amongst renal Health Care Professionals has not been investigated.ObjectivesTo ascertain the awareness, understanding and treatment practices of Health Care Professionals who provide care for people with cachexia and end‐stage renal disease.MethodsHealth Care Professionals were recruited via the European Dialysis and Transplant Nurses Association/European Renal Care Association in September 2018. This was an exploratory study using a mixed‐methods approach with those who provide care for patients with end‐stage renal disease and cachexia. An online survey and two focus groups were conducted. Descriptive statistics and inductive thematic analysis were used to explore current knowledge and practices in renal cachexia.ResultsA total of 93 participants from 30 countries completed the online survey. Twelve Health Care Professionals agreed to participate in the focus groups. Reduced appetite, weight loss and muscle loss in relation to cachexia were accurately described, but the percentage of weight loss was unknown. The importance of multi‐professional collaboration was recognised, however, the current management of cachexia was wide‐ranging. Quality of life, patient‐clinician communication and specialist support for carers were regarded as vital.ConclusionTimely identification and management of cachexia are needed to improve the quality of life for patients and appropriately support families. In order for these goals to be achieved, there is a need to increase awareness and understanding of cachexia amongst renal nurses.
Effects of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamark, 1816) harvesting on benthic assemblages. An experimental approach
Authors: Torres Ana Catarina , Rubal Marcos , Sousa‐Pinto Isabel , Veiga Puri 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe effect of harvesting on the diversity and structure of benthic assemblages is nowadays a relevant component of fishery management. Invertebrate harvesting is increasing worldwide and sea urchins are one of the main invertebrate target species. However, current knowledge about the effects of sea urchin harvesting on benthic assemblages is still poor. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamark, 1816) harvesting on tide pool assemblages from intertidal rocky shores. To achieve this objective, a field removal experiment was done for 10 months. Results of univariate and multivariate analyses showed that P. lividus harvesting had a significant effect on the number of taxa and structure of the benthic assemblage. Assemblages from pools where P. lividus were removed showed significant differences against controls; namely, where P. lividus were eliminated, pools showed higher number of taxa than control pools. This result contrasts with previous studies assessing effects of invertebrate harvesting that generally have found a biodiversity reduction in the exploited habitat. Despite this apparently positive effect of P. lividus harvesting, we should be cautious because effects of P. lividus harvesting on higher trophic levels or during long periods of time remain unexplored.