bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic hepatitis B in children, report of a single‐centre longitudinal study on 152 children
Authors: Arnone Olivia C. , Serranti Daniele , Bartolini Elisa , Mastrangelo Greta , Stinco Mariangela , Trapani Sandra , Ricci Silvia , Resti Massimo , Indolfi Giuseppe 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe aims of this prospective study were as follows: (1) to describe the natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a large cohort of untreated children followed at a single centre and (2) to evaluate whether or not the new European Association for the Study of Liver (EASL) classification for the phases of HBV infection in adults can be used for children. All children who presented at the Liver Unit of our hospital from 1 January 1987 to 31 December 2019 and were diagnosed with chronic HBV infection were enrolled. The final sample consisted of 152 children. The median duration of the follow‐up was 83 months (range 7‐232). At baseline, 125 patients (82.2%) were HBeAg positive (85.3% abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels), and 24 (15.8%) were HBeAg‐negative (93.3% abnormal ALT). At the end of the observation period, 62 of the HBeAg‐positive patients (40.7%) achieved HBeAg seroconversion (median age 9.45 years, range 0.8‐19) and 2 (1.4%) achieved HBsAg seroconversion. Elevated ALT serum levels at baseline (P = .011), lower baseline HBV DNA levels (P < .001) and Asian ethnicity (P = .0001) were identified as predisposing factors towards HBeAg seroconversion. EASL criteria could not be applied to 43.3% and 43.5% of the children at baseline and at end of observation, respectively, that were grouped into an undetermined phenotype category. According to the results of the present study, the new EASL guidelines for adults with HBV infection cannot be applied in a satisfactory manner in children.
Work, life, and the gender effect: Perspectives of ACVIM Diplomates in 2017. Part 1—Specialty demographics and measures of professional achievement
Authors: Morello Samantha L. , Colopy Sara A. , Chun Ruthanne , Buhr Kevin A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundBarriers to achieving work‐life balance, as well as gender‐based differences, exist in the male‐dominated surgical specialty in veterinary medicine. Similar information does not exist for the more feminized American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM).Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo provide data on the professional and personal lives of Diplomates of the ACVIM so as to help define the state of the specialty, including gender‐related differences, and identify areas requiring intervention to improve work‐life balance.SampleA total of 896 surveys (781 completed) of Diplomates of the ACVIM, including cardiology, large animal internal medicine, neurology, oncology, and small animal internal medicine.MethodsAn 82‐item online survey was distributed in February 2017 to ACVIM Diplomates via their respective ACVIM listserv. Participation was voluntary.ResultsThirty percent of the total ACVIM registered membership responded and 26% completed surveys; 25% were men and 75% were women. Specialists in academia worked significantly more hours, with larger numbers of diplomates per specialty section, and made less money compared with those in private practice. Women were less likely to report full‐time employment, practice ownership, or higher academic rank, and reported 20% lower income overall (after adjustment for relevant factors) as compared with men. Men and women differed in their subjective assessment of the effect of gender in the workplace. Eighty‐three percent of respondents were somewhat satisfied or better with their career.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceSpecialization in the ACVIM is a satisfying and potentially profitable career. However, despite a highly feminized workforce, significant gender‐related imbalances are evident.
Liver steatosis is highly prevalent and is associated with metabolic risk factors and liver fibrosis in adult patients with type 1 Gaucher disease
Authors: Nascimbeni Fabio , Lugari Simonetta , Cassinerio Elena , Motta Irene , Cavicchioli Alessia , Dalla Salda Annalisa , Bursi Serena , Donatiello Salvatore , Spina Vincenzo , Cappellini Maria Domenica , Andreone Pietro , Carubbi Francesca 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsGaucher disease (GD) is associated with peculiar metabolic abnormalities (ie hypermetabolic state, peripheral insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia), partially reverted by enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) at the expense of weight gain. Such metabolic alterations together with an unhealthy lifestyle acquired by an ageing GD population may favour the development of liver steatosis. We aimed at evaluating the prevalence of significant liver steatosis and at identifying the factors associated with liver steatosis in a cohort of patients with type 1 GD.MethodsTwenty adult type 1 GD patients from an Italian academic referral centre were prospectively submitted to vibration‐controlled transient elastography (Fibroscan®) with controlled attenuation parameter (CAP); significant steatosis was defined as CAP values ≥250 dB/min.ResultsMedian CAP values were 234 [165‐358] dB/min and 8 patients (40%) had significant steatosis. Significant steatosis was associated with indices of adiposity (weight, BMI and waist circumference), high blood pressure, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. GD‐related variables and dose and duration of ERT were not associated with significant steatosis. In the subgroup of 16 patients on stable ERT for at least 24 months, CAP resulted significantly and positively associated with liver stiffness (rho 0.559, P = .024).ConclusionsSignificant steatosis is highly prevalent in adult type 1 GD patients and is strongly associated with a worse metabolic profile, featuring metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). MAFLD may determine liver fibrosis progression in GD patients on stable ERT and may be a risk factor for long‐term liver‐related complications.
How to escape male infanticide: mechanisms for avoiding or terminating pregnancy in mammals
Authors: Bartoš Luděk , Dušek Adam , Bartošová Jitka , Pluháček Jan , Putman Rory 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe phenomenon whereby pregnancy may be inhibited or terminated when a female is exposed to non‐sire males after mating is often, and rather generally, referred to as the ‘Bruce effect’. Widespread and indiscriminate use of the term for any case of pregnancy failure following exposure to an unfamiliar male, however, masks distinct physiological and social causes of the blocking or termination of pregnancy. Within the available literature, we identify four basic processes by which mammalian females can terminate pregnancy, and thus minimise risks of wasted reproductive costs which might result from male infanticide by a subsequent consort of any progeny carried to full‐term where he was not the father. Physical contact with a non‐sire male may induce pregnancy failure either before implantation (pregnancy block) or after implantation (pregnancy disruption). By direct contrast, in other species, physical presence of a familiar non‐sire male may act to prevent the blocking or disruption of pregnancy, while separation from this non‐sire male may act to trigger termination. We propose that use of the term ‘Bruce effect’ should be restricted to situations in which pregnancy failure is induced primarily by physical contact and/or odour stimuli from a non‐sire male as in its initial formulation. Blanket use of this single term for all situations of pregnancy block or disruption, implying by default that pregnancy failure is the consequence of pre‐implantation pregnancy block of an inseminated female as a result of physical contact with an unfamiliar male or his olfactory cues, masks the fact that, in many circumstances or species, very different mechanisms may operate in the prevention or disruption of pregnancy. The implicit presumption that pregnancy failure is a single and uniform phenomenon also discourages further research into the range of rather different circumstances and mechanisms by which pregnancy disruption may be triggered.
Mineralogy, chemistry, and composition of organic compounds in the fresh carbonaceous chondrite Mukundpura: CM1 or CM2?
Authors: Potin S. , Beck P. , Bonal L. , Schmitt B. , Garenne A. , Moynier F. , Agranier A. , Schmitt‐Kopplin P. , Malik A. K. , Quirico E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe present here several laboratory analyses performed on the freshly fallen Mukundpura CM chondrite. Results of infrared transmission spectroscopy, thermogravimetry analysis, and reflectance spectroscopy show that Mukundpura is mainly composed of phyllosilicates. The rare earth trace elements composition and ultrahigh‐resolution mass spectrometry of the soluble organic matter give results consistent with CM chondrites. Finally, Raman spectroscopy shows no signs of thermal alteration of the meteorite. All the results agree that Mukundpura has been strongly altered by water on its parent body. Comparison of the results obtained on the meteorite with those of other chondrites of known petrologic types leads to the conclusion that Mukundpura is similar to CM1 chondrites, which differ from its original classification as a CM2.
The Potential of “Watchful” Care: Preventing Suicide with Aloha in Hawaii
Authors: Krishnamurti Lauren Sealy 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAs a therapeutic practice of care, “watchfulness” (Garcia 2010) implies a vigilant responsibility and constant mindfulness of others; in Hawaii, this is captured in the concept of aloha. This article explains how watchful care with aloha is discussed and mobilized in community suicide prevention in Hawaii. Rates of suicidality and suicide attempts in the state are high, among young people in particular. My ethnographic research follows a network of workers and volunteers as they incorporate local understandings of aloha into suicide prevention outreach. Following a history of aloha's meanings and (mis)uses in and beyond Hawaii, I draw on ethnographic examples to reveal how care with aloha prioritizes personal connection and individuality, rather than being rhetorically detached or “anonymous” (Stevenson 2014). But as my central vignettes reveal, there are difficulties in the implementation of this kind of watchful care, which ultimately question its utility in suicide prevention.
Community assembly of bacteria and archaea in coastal waters governed by contrasting mechanisms: A seasonal perspective
Authors: Wang Kai , Yan Huizhen , Peng Xin , Hu Hanjing , Zhang Huajun , Hou Dandi , Chen Wei , Qian Peng , Liu Junfeng , Cai Jingbo , Chai Xueliang , Zhang Demin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMarine planktonic bacteria and archaea commonly exhibit pronounced seasonal succession in community composition. But the existence of seasonality in their assembly processes and between‐domain differences in underlying mechanism are largely unassessed. Using a high‐coverage sampling strategy (including single sample for each station during four cruises in different seasons), 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and null models, we investigated seasonal patterns in the processes governing spatial turnover of bacteria and archaea in surface coastal waters across a sampling grid over ~300 km in the East China Sea. We found that archaea only bloomed in prokaryotic communities during autumn and winter cruises. Seasonality mostly overwhelmed spatial variability in the compositions of both domains. Bacterial and archaeal communities were dominantly governed by deterministic and stochastic assembly processes, respectively, in autumn cruise, probably due to the differences in niche breadths (bacteria < archaea) and relative abundance (bacteria > archaea). Stochasticity dominated assembly mechanisms of both domains but was driven by distinct processes in winter cruise. Determinism‐dominated assembly mechanisms of bacteria rebounded in spring and summer cruises, reflecting seasonal variability in bacterial community assembly. This could be attributed to seasonal changes in bacterial niche breadths and habitat heterogeneity across the study area. There were seasonal changes in environmental factors mediating the determinism‐stochasticity balance of bacterial community assembly, holding a probability of the existence of unmeasured mediators. Our results suggest contrasting assembly mechanisms of bacteria and archaea in terms of determinism‐vs.‐stochasticity pattern and its seasonality, highlighting the importance of seasonal perspective on microbial community assembly in marine ecosystems.
Genomic islands of divergence infer a phenotypic landscape in Pacific lamprey
Authors: Hess Jon E. , Smith Jeramiah J. , Timoshevskaya Nataliya , Baker Cyndi , Caudill Christopher C. , Graves David , Keefer Matthew L. , Kinziger Andrew P. , Moser Mary L. , Porter Laurie L. , Silver Greg , Whitlock Steven L. , Narum Shawn R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHigh rates of dispersal can breakdown coadapted gene complexes. However, concentrated genomic architecture (i.e., genomic islands of divergence) can suppress recombination to allow evolution of local adaptations despite high gene flow. Pacific lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) is a highly dispersive anadromous fish. Observed trait diversity and evidence for genetic basis of traits suggests it may be locally adapted. We addressed whether concentrated genomic architecture could influence local adaptation for Pacific lamprey. Using two new whole genome assemblies and genotypes from 7,716 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci in 518 individuals from across the species range, we identified four genomic islands of divergence (on chromosomes 01, 02, 04, and 22). We determined robust phenotype‐by‐genotype relationships by testing multiple traits across geographic sites. These trait associations probably explain genomic divergence across the species’ range. We genotyped a subset of 302 broadly distributed SNPs in 2,145 individuals for association testing for adult body size, sexual maturity, migration distance and timing, adult swimming ability, and larval growth. Body size traits were strongly associated with SNPs on chromosomes 02 and 04. Moderate associations also implicated SNPs on chromosome 01 as being associated with variation in female maturity. Finally, we used candidate SNPs to extrapolate a heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution of these predicted phenotypes based on independent data sets of larval and adult collections. These maturity and body size results guide future elucidation of factors driving regional optimization of these traits for fitness. Pacific lamprey is culturally important and imperiled. This research addresses biological uncertainties that challenge restoration efforts.
Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: Early Outcomes, Pitfalls, and Challenges
Authors: He Yong , Xiao Lian‐bo , Zhai Wei‐tao , Xu Yue‐lin 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate the early outcomes and risk factors of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsA retrospective study was performed on RA patients who had undergone RSA between January 2016 and January 2018. Preoperative glenohumeral joint damage was evaluated according to two radiographic classification systems. The severity of joint damage was estimated using Larsen's method, while the Levigne‐Franceschi method was used to assess the type of destruction. Further, we recorded intra‐ and postoperative complications. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess the degree of shoulder pain while shoulder function was evaluated with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Shoulder Score. In addition, patients' subjective outcome and range of shoulder motion were recorded. Radiographs were taken and examined during the follow‐up period. Paired t‐test was used to determine the difference in measurement data between preoperative and the last follow‐up. VAS was analyzed using the Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed‐rank test.ResultsA total of 14 patients with 14 shoulders were included. All the patients were female with an average age of 60.29 years (range, 49–71 years) at the time of surgery and an average RA disease duration of 24.57 years (range, 5–40 years). Seven of the 14 patients had a history of joint surgery related to RA. Meanwhile, 11 of the 14 shoulders showed glenoid bone defect, and eccentric reaming was performed intraoperatively to avoid base plate malposition. The mean follow‐up period for the 14 patients was 2.76 years (range, 2–4 years). The mean VAS decreased from a value of 5.71 ± 1.10 preoperatively to 1.36 ± 0.61 postoperatively (P < 0.001). On the contrary, the ASES score showed an increase from 33.93 ± 6.89 to 76.67 ± 5.23 (P < 0.001). An increase in active forward elevation, abduction, and external rotation with the arm in 90° of abduction from 85.71° ± 17.61°, 77.14° ± 19.43°, and 17.14° ± 10.97° to 126.43° ± 5.23°, 106.42° ± 11.72°, and 38.57° ± 14.57°, respectively, was observed (P < 0.001). Subjective outcome assessment showed that 13 of the 14 patients were very satisfied or satisfied with the operation, while one patient was uncertain due to co‐existing ipsilateral elbow lesion. Notably, one patient acquired a humeral periprosthetic fracture during the operation. In this study, no major complications such as periprosthetic joint infection and dislocation or implant loosening were observed. Further, no patients underwent revision for any reason at the end of the follow‐up.ConclusionsRSA could achieve good early outcomes without high complication rates in patients with RA. Glenoid bone defects and adjacent joints involvement were common in this patient group, which might increase the risk of surgery and affect postoperative satisfaction.
Pediatric CNS imaging and long‐term effects of irradiation in pediatric oncology patients
Authors: Kluge Sara , Balermpas Panagiotis , Lehrnbecher Thomas , Porto Luciana 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate post‐irradiation changes in the central nervous system (CNS) detected using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.MethodsMagnetic resonance images of 15 children with CNS tumors treated through whole‐brain irradiation over 10 years were reviewed retrospectively. Variables such as age at the time of irradiation, total radiation dose, treatment length, and time interval between irradiation and MR changes, were evaluated.ResultsAll patients included in the study had imaging abnormalities of the CNS. Eight patients (53%) developed CNS abnormalities within a short period of time – only a few months after irradiation (mean 4.8 months). Seven patients (47%) developed CNS abnormalities within a long time interval after treatment (mean 4.6 years). In almost all patients, a T2 increase in supra‐ and infratentorial white matter was observed. Follow‐up examinations showed nine patients (60%) with cerebellar atrophy.ConclusionsIn this sample of pediatric patients who underwent whole‐brain irradiation, the time receiving irradiation was not related to the severity of the MR changes. A correlation between the age of the child or the length of the radiotherapy and the extent of the changes could not be confirmed. However, we observed a trend towards stronger brain parenchymal degeneration with cystic changes in the younger age group of children in our sample. Older children who received irradiation seem to be more susceptible to vascular dysplasia with cavernous hemangiomas and microbleeding.
Prevalence and subtype distribution of early‐onset dementia in Japan
Authors: Awata Shuichi , Edahiro Ayako , Arai Tetsuaki , Ikeda Manabu , Ikeuchi Takeshi , Kawakatsu Shinobu , Konagaya Yoko , Miyanaga Kazuo , Ota Hidetaka , Suzuki Kyoko , Tanimukai Satoshi , Utsumi Kumiko , Kakuma Tatsuyuki 
Published: August 2020

AimPeople living with early‐onset dementia (EOD) have specific social needs. Epidemiological studies are needed to obtain current information and provide appropriate service planning. This study aimed to clarify the current prevalence and subtype distribution of EOD, as well as the services frequently used by individuals with EOD.MethodsA multisite, population‐based, two‐step study was conducted. Questionnaires were sent to 26 416 candidate facilities in 12 areas with a target population of 11 630 322 to inquire whether any individuals with EOD had sought services or stayed during the last 12 months (step 1). When “yes” responses were received, additional questionnaires were sent to the facilities both to complete and to distribute to the target individuals with EOD to obtain more detailed information, including the dementia subtype (step 2).ResultsIn step 1, valid responses were obtained from 16 848 facilities (63.8%), and 4077 cases were identified. In step 2, detailed information was obtained for 1614 cases (39.6%) from the facilities and 530 cases (13.0%) from the individuals. The national EOD prevalence rate was estimated to be 50.9/100 000 population at risk (95% confidence interval: 43.9–57.9; age range, 18–64 years). The number of individuals with EOD was estimated to be 35 700 as of 2018. Alzheimer‐type dementia (52.6%) was the most frequent subtype, followed by vascular dementia (17.1%), frontotemporal dementia (9.4%), dementia due to traumatic brain injury (4.2%), dementia with Lewy bodies/Parkinson's disease dementia (4.1%), and dementia due to alcohol‐related disorders (2.8%). Individuals with EOD were most frequently identified at medical centers for dementia.ConclusionThe prevalence rate estimated in this study was comparable to those in previous studies in Japan. However, the subtype distribution differed, with Alzheimer‐type dementia being the most prominent. Based on the case identification frequencies, medical centers for dementia are expected to continue to function as the primary special health service by providing quality diagnosis and post‐diagnostic support for individuals with EOD.
Identification of reliable reference genes for expression studies in maternal reproductive tissues and foetal tissues of pregnant cows
Authors: Cheng Lei , Yu Jie , Hu Xiuzhong , Xiang Min , Xia Yu , Tao Bifei , Du Xiaoyong , Wang Dingfa , Zhao Shuhong , Chen Hongbo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe relationship between the conceptus and the maternal uterine environment is crucial for the successful establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in cattle. Gene expression analysis of the conceptus and maternal reproductive tissues is a favourable method to assess the embryonic maternal interaction. The reliability of the commonly used method reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) depends on proper normalization to stable reference genes (RGs). The objective of this study was to determine the expression stability of 10 potential RGs in maternal reproductive tissues and foetal tissues, and to analyse the effect of RG selection on the calculation of the relative expression of target genes. The expression stability of 10 potential RGs was analysed in eight different tissues from three pregnant dairy cows. Three programs—GeNorm, NormFinder and Bestkeeper—were used to identify the best RGs. According to all three programs, the most stable RG was CNOT11, whereas the least stable RGs were GAPDH and HPRT1. GeNorm analysis showed that a combination of five RGs (SDHA, PPIA, CNOT11, RPS9 and RPL19) was necessary for appropriate data normalization. However, NormFinder analysis indicated that the combination of CNOT11 and PPIA was the most suitable. When target genes were normalized to these RGs, the relative expression of the Radical S‐adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 gene was not affected by the choice of RGs, whereas a large difference was observed in the expression profile of the Nuclear erythroid2‐related factor 2 gene between the most stable and least stable RGs. The results indicate that careful selection of RGs is crucial under different conditions, especially for target genes with relatively small fold changes. Furthermore, the results provide useful information for the selection of RGs for evaluating genes affecting bovine reproduction.