Hyperuricemia and its association with adiposity and dyslipidemia in Northwest China: results from cardiovascular risk survey in Xinjiang (CRS 2008–2012)
Authors: Liu Fen , Du Guo-Li , Song Ning , Ma Yi-Tong , Li Xiao-Mei , Gao Xiao-Ming , Yang Yi-Ning 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Hyperuricemia predisposes to gout, which may result in tophi, kidney stones, or urate nephropathy even kidney failure. Many metabolic risk factors and disorders has been recognized as a key risk factor contributing to development of hyperuricemia.

Aim
To determine the prevalence of hyperuricemia and its association with adiposity and dyslipidemia.

Methods
We recruited non-hospitalized participants (aged ≥35 years) in Xinjiang, a northwest part of China based on the Cardiovascular Risk Survey (CRS 2008–2012). Information of general health status, seafood or internal organs intake and history of disease were obtained by using an interview-based questionnaire. The levels of serum uric acid (sUA) and creatinine and lipid profiles were measured. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to assess the association between prevalence of hyperuricemia and adiposity and dyslipidemia.

Results
This study recruited 16,611 participants, and 14,618 was included (mean age of 50.5 ± 12.6 years, 46.6% was males). The study population comprised three ethnic groups with 39.4% of Han, 32.6% of Uygur and 28% of Kazakh Chinese. The overall prevalence of hyperuricemia was 9.1% (95% CI: 8.6 to 9.6) and it was11.8% in men was 6.7% in women. The three ethnic groups also had different hyperuricemia prevalence with 15.4% in Han, 4.6% in Uygur and 5.5% in Kazakh Chinese, which corresponding to a respective mean sUA levels of 306.2 ± 86.9, 249.4 ± 76.1 and 259.8 ± 78.7 μmol/L. Participants with diabetes, hypertension or hypertriglyceridemia and higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) had higher levels of sUA (P < 0.001 respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age, gender, ethnicity, drinking, obesity, waist circumference, TG (≥2.26 mmol/L), TC (≥6.22 mmol/L) are major risk factors for hyperuricemia. Compared to the 35–44-year age group [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1], the risk of hyperuricemia increased 1.61-fold in the 65–74-year age group (AOR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.34–1.91; P < 0.001), and 1.71-fold in the 75- and older age group (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.27–2.29; P < 0.001). There was a 1.45-fold higher risk of hyperuricemia in men (AOR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.24–1.68; P < 0.001) compared to women. Further, the risk of hyperuricemia increased significantly with drinking (AOR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.16–1.61; P < 0.001), overweight (AOR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.06–1.48; P = 0.01), obesity (AOR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.10–1.49; P < 0.001), waist circumference (AOR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.24–1.78; P < 0.001), TC (≥6.22 mmol/L, AOR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.19–1.75; P < 0.001), TG (≥2.26 mmol/L, AOR = 2.74; 95% CI: 2.39–3.14; P < 0.001).

Conclusions
These findings documented that the hyperuricemia is prevalent in the economically developing regions of northwest China. Hyperuricemia is associated with advanced age, male ender and general metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors. Obesity and dyslipidemia increase the risk of hyperuricemia.