bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spiritualism, Spirituality, and Social Class
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Although Victorian spiritualism and contemporary spirituality share some common themes, they differ in important respects that reflect their very different social class bases: the former was strongest in the working-class towns of the industrial English Midlands and the North, while the latter is almost exclusively a middle-class (and female) movement. The popularity of both movements is assessed, and data on the geographical distribution of the charismatic movement is added to make an important point about the effects of individualism and consumerism on religion. The general point is made that the contrasting balance of fatalism and personal autonomy in these variations of the dominant religion resonates with the underlying realities of different social class position.
Vertical Arrangements
Authors: Ahdar Rex 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Then law governing vertical arrangements is a comparatively undeveloped area in NZ competition law. With only resale price maintenance (RPM) expressly prohibited by the Act, it has fallen to the general prohibitions on anticompetitive arrangements and monopolization to address traditional antitrust mischiefs such as exclusive dealing and tying. The leading case on exclusive dealing was heavily influenced by Chicagoan thinking to the degree that the courts gave the green light to durable distribution arrangements that countenanced foreclosure on a large scale and were plainly anti-competitive. However, the few cases on tying have been more fruitful insofar as remedies have been granted to rectify blatant leveraging by dominant firms into related markets. A period of active enforcement of RPM by the Commerce Commission marked the first decade, but the swathe of prosecutions dried up as the twenty-first century began.
Introduction
Authors: Cheetham David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This introduction outlines the agenda for the book. It is an agenda that seeks to bring the doctrine of creation and the theology of religions into dialogue and in so doing it comes at things from a different direction than other works. The doctrine of creation generates a new arena – one that lowers our gaze to more quotidian, finite and limited concerns. The book contains an extensive exploration of the doctrine of creation and asks how it might intervene distinctively into interfaith relations and produce a new conceptual and practical topography. In this introduction, we consider thetrajectories taken by scholars towards understanding religious pluralism and the nature of revelation. Has the ‘god of the philosophers’ dominated the debate? Is the doctrine of creation a theological home for more localized comparative theologies? It is argued that closer attention to themes of creation, phenomenology, and embodiment is required to shed a new light on the debate about interfaith relations. The second half of the introduction contains a synopsis of the book as a whole.
Logos and Sophia
Authors: Cheetham David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Here we seek to compare the approaches to other faiths through the lenses of Logos and Sophia. This chapter will propose that a creational theology calls for a contextual sense of order rather than the universal type. Attention is given to the work of Sergius Bulgakov and David Kelsey. A contrast is made between Sophia and the rational scientific logos (which is not identical to the Logos). It is argued that everyday wisdom emerges across different cultures and traditions. Kelsey seeks to separate creation from other theological themes such as redemption and consummation. That is, a theology of creation is established less on the Genesis texts and more on the Wisdom tradition. In so doing, a new territory opens up, one that provides a space for discourse between religions based on quotidian interests rather than soteriological ones.
Introduction
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The detection of elementary particles nuclei and high-energetic electromagnetic radiation – in this book collectively called ‘particles’ – occurs through the interaction of particles with matter. This introduction gives a short overview of the relevant interactions and the apparatuses with which the particles are detected. Finally the literature on similar subjects is pointed to and the goal and the layout of the book are explained.
Non-electronic detectors
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the non-electronic detector types cloud chamber, bubble chamber and photoemulsions with which the trajectories of ionizing particles can be made visible. Of these ‘classical’ detectors cloud and bubble chambers have today no or at most only minor relevance in research because of their relatively cumbersome data acquisition. However, photoemulsions–despite their laborious data analysis–are still employed in modern experiments when it comes to achieving position resolutions in the micrometer regime. Therefore deployment and analysis of photoemulsions are described in some more detail. Cloud chambers are today only used for demonstration purposes to make radioactivity and cosmic radiation visible. Bubble chamber pictures are frequently drawn on to display reaction chains and event topologies.
Cherenkov detectors
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Particles passing through a medium with a velocity larger than that of light in that medium emit electromagnetic radiation, called Cherenkov radiation. In this chapter the physical phenomenon and characteristic parameters of Cherenkov radiation, such as Cherenkov angle, spectrum and emission intensity, are introduced and the applications for particle detection and identification are discussed. It follows a presentation of the relevant detector types, such as threshold and differential Cherenkov detectors, ring imaging detectors (RICH and DIRC) as well as Cherenkov detectors in astroparticle experiments. The obtainable resolutions for particle identification via Cherenkov ring imaging and their limitations are discussed as well.
Transition radiation detectors
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The rearrangement of the electromagnetic field of a charged particle at a transition between media with different electric permittivity leads to the emission of electromagnetic radiation, so-called transition radiation. The chapter begins with the description of the characteristics of the radiation at a boundary, such as angular distribution, energy spectrum, dependence on the Lorentz factor γ and photon yield. Then it is shown that a sufficient photon yield can only be achieved with a large number of transitions which is usually accomplished with stacks of thin foils. The interference phenomena and their dependence on the coherence conditions, parametrised by the ‘formation length’ are explained in detail. The explanation includes also threshold and saturation effects on the measurement of the Lorentz factor γ. Finally, typical transition radiation detectors are presented.
In the Air
Authors: Oppitz-Trotman George 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Few plays insist more adamantly upon a connection between travel and moral loss than The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus. Here it is argued that the play written by Christopher Marlowe was performed by the English Comedians in Frankfurt-am-Main as early as Autumn 1592, and that it remained in their repertoire throughout the 1590s—before an English play-text was published (in 1604), indeed before its first recorded English performance (in 1594). The play’s unique ability to reconcile a wide array of comic materials to a powerful moral lesson recommended it to itinerant theatre groups. Yet the tonal unevenness of the extant English editions has been an evergreen concern for editors and critics. Having established that the play was performed abroad and thus adapted for many different audiences and scenarios, this chapter suggests that the confusing middle of the extant text(s) represents the modularity of its structure in the 1590s. Marlowe’s ultimate source had been published in Frankfurt in 1587, and merchants at the city’s fair had practical interest and expertise in contracts of all kinds. The performance of the English play there raises many exciting new questions not only of literary interpretation but also of knowledge transfer in early modern Europe.
Introduction
Authors: Rennie David A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the war’s multifaceted effect, not only on different areas of society but in terms of the competing interpretations that existed within various social groups. David Rennie suggests that authors, too, could demonstrate shifting, sophisticated, and even contradictory reactions to the war in their fictional and non-fictional outputs. The machinations of the publishing industry, advertising, Hollywood, and authors’ artistic and personal development meant that writers’ reactions to the war were complex, provisional, and subject to change in relation to intrapersonal and interpersonal variables. Rennie also proposes, contrary to the findings of Paul Fussell, that American writers did draw on native historical and literary examples to express contrast—but also some elements of continuity—between modern war and nineteenth-century notions of heroism.
The Fallacy of Macroeconomic Indicators
Authors: Lawreniuk Sabina , Parsons Laurie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 undertakes an holistic analysis of Cambodia’s recent growth and contemporary endowments, in order to highlight the shortcomings of traditional economic indicators of inequality in the context of translocal livelihoods. It argues that traditional measures such as the Gini coefficient and the Palma and Thiel indices share a static conception of wealth which fails to reflect the translocal livelihoods of contemporary Cambodians. To exemplify this point, the chapter subsequently explores how widely noted inequalities in physical capital are produced and sustained by mobile livelihoods. Finally, inequities in the educational and health dimensions of human capital are examined in order to demonstrate the inadequacy of economic measures at capturing the embodied and intergenerational nature of translocal inequality.
What’s Wrong with Rights in Ethics?
Authors: Biggar Nigel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractChapter 6 observed the tendency of contemporary rights-talk to push all other moral considerations off the table—an observation adumbrated in Chapter 5, where contemporary defences of natural rights were seen to lack awareness that the exercise of such rights might be subject to moral obligations and even contingent upon duties of virtue. Chapter 1 observed the complaint of sceptics that natural, moral rights are often not distinguished from legal ones, with the consequence that the stability and security of the latter are smuggled into natural morality or ethics. Such smuggling is part of a cultural inclination to assimilate morality to law and replace conscience with procedures, in order to abolish the possibility of a failure of conscience. It expresses an aversion to risk and denial of tragedy, whose cost is a practical, moral rigidity that ranges from the imprudent to the absurd. This chapter displays the problem as it appears in ethics, by analysing David Rodin’s War and Self-Defense. Rodin’s attempt to justify killing in terms of a fundamental (natural) moral ‘right to life’, which can only be forfeited through culpable wrongdoing, fails. As he himself inadvertently acknowledges, that right is contingent on a range of moral factors external to the right-holder. Whether it exists at all depends on the situation as a whole and can only be determined at the end of a process of moral deliberation, not posited at the beginning as fundamental. Talk about a (natural) moral right, connoting stability and security, misleads.
Balance laws for mass, forces, and moments
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the law of balance of mass, as well as the laws of balance of forces and moments. The important related concept of stress is this then presented as formalized by Cauchy in terms of a central theorem of Continuum Mechanics, which asserts that satisfaction of global balance of forces and moments is equivalent to the existence of a symmetric tensor field in the deformed body called the Cauchy stress, such that the traction vector acting across each oriented surface element at a point in the body is given by the Cauchy stress tensor operating linearly on the outward unit normal to the surface at that point. In addition, the stress tensor must satisfy a partial differential equation, known as the equation of motion, which asserts that the divergence of the stress tensor plus a body force per unit volume, is equal to the mass density times the acceleration.
Balance of energy and entropy imbalance
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The first law represents a balance between the rate of change of the internal energy plus the rate of change of kinetic energy of a part of the body, and the rate at which energy in the form of heat is transferred to the part plus the mechanical power expended upon it. A part also possesses entropy, and the second law is the statement that the rate at which the net entropy of a part changes is greater than or at a minimum equal to the entropy flow into the part, resulting in a free energy imbalance known as the Clausius-Duhem inequality.
Linear thermoelasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents a theory for the coupled thermal and mechanical response of solids under circumstances in which the deformations are small and elastic, and the temperature changes from a reference temperature are small --- a framework known as the theory of linear thermoelasticity. The basic equations of the fully-coupled linear theory of anisotropic thermoelasticity are derived. These equations are then specialized for the case of isotropic materials. Finally, as a further specialization a weakly-coupled theory in which the temperature affects the mechanical response, but the deformation does not affect the thermal response, are discussed; this is a specialization which is of importance for many engineering applications, a few of which are illustrated in the examples.
A small deformation chemoelasticity theory for energy storage materials
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the specialization of chemoelasticity to energy storage materials (batteries). The theory presented is quasi-linear in that the constitutive relations are modelled as kinematically linear but nonlinearly dependent on the concentration of the chemical species. This permits the proper modeling of large changes in the concentration of the chemical species, but restricted to the small deformation regime. The model is also specialized to the case of isotropic response.
Limits to elastic response. Yielding and failure
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents conditions for determining the limits of elastic behaviour for isotropic materials. The stress invariants of equivalent pressure, equivalent shear stress, and equivalent tensile stress are defined. These are then used to define common yield conditions, viz. the pressure-independent Mises and Tresca yield conditions, as well as the pressure-dependent Coulomb-Mohr and the Drucker-Prager yield conditions. Rankine’s failure criterion for brittle materials in tension, that is failure in a brittle material will initiate when the maximum principal stress at a point in the body reaches a critical value, is also discussed.
Linear elastic fracture mechanics
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the basics of linear elastic fracture mechanics. It starts by recalling the asymptotic elastic crack tip solutions and the concept of stress intensity factors for Mode-I, Mode-II, and Mode-III loading. The concept of critical stress intensity factor is next introduced as a model for fracture under small scale yielding conditions. In this context the limits of linear elastic facture mechanics are discussed. Further, methods and requirements for fracture toughness testing are discussed.
Sirolimus for patients with connective tissue disease-related refractory thrombocytopenia: a single-arm, open-label clinical trial
Authors: Wu Chanyuan , Wang Qian , Xu Dong , Li Mengtao , Zeng Xiaofeng 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Connective tissue disease-related thrombocytopenia (CTD-TP) is a problematic disorder in clinical practice. Because the first-line therapy of glucocorticoid and/or immunosuppressants is not effective for refractory cases, alternative treatment approaches are urgently needed. The present study investigated the efficacy and safety of sirolimus in refractory CTD-TP patients.

Methods
This single-centre, single-arm, phase II study enrolled 20 refractory CTD-TP patients between September 2017 and September 2018 (registered on ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03688191). Oral sirolimus administration was dose-adjusted to maintain a therapeutic range of 6–15 ng/ml for 6 months. The primary endpoints were partial and complete remission rates at 6 months.

Results
Twelve (60%) patients achieved the primary end point with a 50% complete remission rate after 6 months. Among the 14 SLE patients, the overall response rate was 71.4%, with a complete remission rate of 64.3%. None of the primary Sjögren's syndrome cases responded to sirolimus. There was no significant difference in baseline clinical characteristics or lymphocyte subpopulations between responders and non-responders. No severe side effect was detected during the study.

Conclusion
Sirolimus is an effective and safe treatment option for refractory CTD-TP patients.

Trial registration
https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03688191.
Personality Traits as Markers of Psychosis Risk in Kenya: Assessment of Temperament and Character
Authors: Mamah Daniel , Cloninger C Robert , Mutiso Victoria N , Gitonga Isaiah , Tele Albert , Ndetei David M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Specific personality traits have been proposed as a schizophrenia-related endophenotype and confirmed in siblings at risk for psychosis. The relationship of temperament and character with psychosis has not been previously investigated in Africa. The study was conducted in Kenya, and involved participants at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis (n = 268) and controls (n = 251), aged 15–25 years. CHR status was estimated using the Structured Interview of Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS) and the Washington Early Psychosis Center Affectivity and Psychosis (WERCAP) Screen. Student’s t-tests were used to assess group differences on the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Neurocognitive functioning, stress severity, and substance use were correlated with the TCI, correcting for psychosis severity. CHR participants were more impulsive (ie, higher novelty seeking [NS]) and asocial (ie, lower reward dependence) than controls. They were also more schizotypal (ie, high self-transcendence [ST] and lower self-directedness [SD] and cooperativeness [CO] than controls). CO was related to logical reasoning, abstraction, and verbal memory. Stress severity correlated with high HA and schizotypal character traits. Lifetime tobacco use was related to NS, and lifetime marijuana use to high NS, low SD and high ST. Temperament and character of Kenyan CHR youth is similar to that observed in schizophrenia. Psychosis risk in Kenya is associated with impulsive, asocial, and schizotypal traits. CHR adolescents and young adults with schizophrenia-specific personality traits may be most at risk for developing a psychotic disorder and to require early intervention to improve outcomes.
The Origins of Coca: Museum Genomics Reveals Multiple Independent Domestications from ProgenitorErythroxylum gracilipes
Authors: White Dawson M , Huang Jen-Pan , Jara-Muñoz Orlando Adolfo , MadriñáN Santiago , Ree Richard H , Mason-Gamer Roberta J 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCoca is the natural source of cocaine as well as a sacred and medicinal plant farmed by South American Amerindians and mestizos. The coca crop comprises four closely related varieties classified into two species (Amazonian and Huánuco varieties within Erythroxylum coca Lam., and Colombian and Trujillo varieties within Erythroxylum novogranatense (D. Morris) Hieron.) but our understanding of the domestication and evolutionary history of these taxa is nominal. In this study, we use genomic data from natural history collections to estimate the geographic origins and genetic diversity of this economically and culturally important crop in the context of its wild relatives. Our phylogeographic analyses clearly demonstrate the four varieties of coca comprise two or three exclusive groups nested within the diverse lineages of the widespread, wild species Erythroxylum gracilipes; establishing a new and robust hypothesis of domestication wherein coca originated two or three times from this wild progenitor. The Colombian and Trujillo coca varieties are descended from a single, ancient domestication event in northwestern South America. Huánuco coca was domesticated more recently, possibly in southeastern Peru. Amazonian coca either shares a common domesticated ancestor with Huánuco coca, or it was the product of a third and most recent independent domestication event in the western Amazon basin. This chronology of coca domestication reveals different Holocene peoples in South America were able to independently transform the same natural resource to serve their needs; in this case, a workaday stimulant. [Erythroxylum; Erythroxylaceae; Holocene; Museomics; Neotropics; phylogeography; plant domestication; target-sequence capture.]