bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who shapes plant biotechnology in Germany? Joint analysis of the evolution of co-authors’ and co-inventors’ networks
Authors: Shkolnykova Mariia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe interdependence of science and technology has been of high interest for researchers from different fields for several decades now. As they represent different means of knowledge output protection, patents and research articles generally have different reasons for creation and different audiences. However, some of the inventors may be interested in making an impact on the scientific community and vice versa. This interaction between technology space (patents) and science space (articles) is especially important for high-technology fields, where both research institutions and enterprises play important roles in the innovative environment. This paper investigates the interaction between science and technology in the case of German plant biotechnology. With the help of network analysis tools, the evolution and co-evolution of co-inventors’ and co-authors’ networks for the period 1995–2015 is explored. Finally, the topics of the patents and papers from the overlap were analyzed with the help of text mining tools in order to identify the differences of topics between science/technology and their overlap. As a result, sizable differences in nature and advancement are observed between the two network types. Although the overlap between these spheres of innovative activities increased over time, the role author-inventors played in the science or technology space varied.
Projecting Exposure to Extreme Climate Impact Events Across Six Event Categories and Three Spatial Scales
Authors: Lange Stefan , Volkholz Jan , Geiger Tobias , Zhao Fang , Vega Iliusi , Veldkamp Ted , Reyer Christopher P. O. , Warszawski Lila , Huber Veronika , Jägermeyr Jonas , Schewe Jacob , Bresch David N. , Büchner Matthias , Chang Jinfeng , Ciais Philippe , Dury Marie , Emanuel Kerry , Folberth Christian , Gerten Dieter , Gosling Simon N. , Grillakis Manolis , Hanasaki Naota , Henrot Alexandra‐Jane , Hickler Thomas , Honda Yasushi , Ito Akihiko , Khabarov Nikolay , Koutroulis Aristeidis , Liu Wenfeng , Müller Christoph , Nishina Kazuya , Ostberg Sebastian , Müller Schmied Hannes , Seneviratne Sonia I. , Stacke Tobias , Steinkamp Jörg , Thiery Wim , Wada Yoshihide , Willner Sven , Yang Hong , Yoshikawa Minoru , Yue Chao , Frieler Katja 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe extent and impact of climate‐related extreme events depend on the underlying meteorological, hydrological, or climatological drivers as well as on human factors such as land use or population density. Here we quantify the pure effect of historical and future climate change on the exposure of land and population to extreme climate impact events using an unprecedentedly large ensemble of harmonized climate impact simulations from the Inter‐Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project phase 2b. Our results indicate that global warming has already more than doubled both the global land area and the global population annually exposed to all six categories of extreme events considered: river floods, tropical cyclones, crop failure, wildfires, droughts, and heatwaves. Global warming of 2°C relative to preindustrial conditions is projected to lead to a more than fivefold increase in cross‐category aggregate exposure globally. Changes in exposure are unevenly distributed, with tropical and subtropical regions facing larger increases than higher latitudes. The largest increases in overall exposure are projected for the population of South Asia.
Dune Initiation in a Bimodal Wind Regime
Authors: Delorme Pauline , Wiggs Giles F. S. , Baddock Matthew C. , Claudin Philippe , Nield Joanna M. , Valdez Andrew 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEarly‐stage bedforms develop into mature dunes through complex interactions between wind, sand transport, and surface topography. Depending on varying environmental and wind conditions, the mechanisms driving dune formation and, ultimately, the shape of nascent dunes may differ markedly. In cases where sand availability is plentiful, the emergence and growth of dunes can be studied with a linear stability analysis of coupled transport and hydrodynamic equations. Until now, this analysis has only been applied using field evidence in unidirectional winds. However, in many areas of the world and on other planets, wind regimes are more often bimodal or multimodal. Here, we investigate field evidence of protodune formation under a bimodal wind regime by applying linear stability analysis to a developing protodune field. Employing recent development of the linear stability theory and experimental research, combined with in situ wind, sediment transport, and topographic measurements during a monthlong field campaign at Great Sand Dunes National Park, Colorado, USA, we predict the spatial characteristics (orientation and wavelength) and temporal evolution (growth rate and migration velocity) of a protodune field. We find that the theoretical predictions compare well with measured dunefield attributes as characterized by high‐resolution Digital Elevation Models measured using repeat terrestrial laser scanning. Our findings suggest that linear stability analysis is a quantitative predictor of protodune development on sandy surfaces with a bimodal wind regime. This result is significant as it offers critical validation of the linear stability analysis for explaining the initiation and development of dunes toward maturity in a complex natural environment.
Machine Learning for Model Error Inference and Correction
Authors: Bonavita Massimo , Laloyaux Patrick 
Published: November 2020

AbstractModel error is one of the main obstacles to improved accuracy and reliability in numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate prediction conducted with state‐of‐the‐art, comprehensive high‐resolution general circulation models. In a data assimilation framework, recent advances in the context of weak‐constraint 4D‐Var have shown that it is possible to estimate and correct for a large fraction of systematic model error which develops in the stratosphere over short forecast ranges. The recent explosion of interest in machine learning/deep learning technologies has been driven by their remarkable success in disparate application areas. This raises the question of whether model error estimation and correction in operational NWP and climate prediction can also benefit from these techniques. In this work, we aim to start to give an answer to this question. Specifically, we show that artificial neural networks (ANNs) can reproduce the main results obtained with weak‐constraint 4D‐Var in the operational configuration of the IFS model of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). We show that the use of ANN models inside the weak‐constraint 4D‐Var framework has the potential to extend the applicability of the weak‐constraint methodology for model error correction to the whole atmospheric column. Finally, we discuss the potential and limitations of the machine learning/deep learning technologies in the core NWP tasks. In particular, we reconsider the fundamental constraints of a purely data‐driven approach to forecasting and provide a view on how to best integrate machine learning technologies within current data assimilation and forecasting methods.
AMOC, Water Mass Transformations, and Their Responses to Changing Resolution in the Finite‐VolumE Sea Ice‐Ocean Model
Authors: Sidorenko Dmitry , Danilov Sergey , Fofonova Vera , Cabos William , Koldunov Nikolay , Scholz Patrick , Sein Dmitry V. , Wang Qiang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is one of the most important characteristics of an ocean model run. Using the depth (z) and density frameworks, we analyze how the sinking and diapycnal transformations defining the AMOC as well as AMOC strength and variability react to mesh refinement from low to higher resolution in two model runs driven by the CORE‐II forcing. Both runs can represent the key locations of sinking and diapycnal transformations behind AMOC, that is, northeastern North Atlantic. Although their spatial patterns do not change significantly with resolution in both frameworks as the consequence of the same atmospheric forcing, the quantitative differences, reaching several sverdrups, are seen in different locations between two model runs for both frameworks. In particular, the refinement leads to the strongest differences in the vertical transport and diapycnal transformations in the latitude range between 30°N and 55°N. The z framework emphasizes the role of localized upwelling around the Gulf Stream separation site, whereas the density framework emphasizes the contribution of (spurious) diapycnal mixing around the Grand Banks. Both effects are reduced in the higher‐resolution run, leading to higher AMOC south of 26°N as compared to the low‐resolution run, despite the AMOC maxima, located at high latitudes, are higher in the low‐resolution run. We suggest that both AMOC frameworks should be used routinely in standard analyses, including forthcoming intercomparison projects.
Developing the Coupled CWRF‐FVCOM Modeling System to Understand and Predict Atmosphere‐Watershed Interactions Over the Great Lakes Region
Authors: Sun Lei , Liang Xin‐Zhong , Xia Meng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCoupling 3‐D hydrodynamics with climate models is necessary but difficult for resolving multiscale interactions and has been rarely implemented in predicting Great Lakes' water level fluctuations because of issues in treating net basin supply (NBS) components and connecting channel flows. This study developed an interactive lake‐atmosphere‐hydrology modeling system by coupling the regional Climate‐Weather Research and Forecasting model (CWRF) with the 3‐D unstructured‐grid Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) in the Great Lakes region. The sensitivity of the coupled system, relative to the CWRF baseline using the 1‐D Lake, Ice, Snow and Sediment Simulator (LISSS), was evaluated in representing lake‐climate conditions during 1999–2015 against observations. As coupled with CWRF, FVCOM outperformed LISSS in simulating water surface temperature, ice cover, and vertical thermal structure at seasonal to interannual scales for all the five lakes and realistically reproduced the regional circulation patterns. In warm seasons, the improved lake conditions significantly corrected LISSS overestimates of surface air temperature together with larger‐scale circulation changes. Consequently, precipitation was generally reduced over each lake basin, mainly because of decreased surface moisture and heat fluxes along with enhanced atmospheric stability. Through the dynamic coupling, FVCOM predicts the water level fluctuations in direct response to the CWRF NBS components and connecting channel flows based on a stage‐fall‐discharge formulation. This coupled CWRF‐FVCOM reasonably captured the NBS variations and predicted the water level fluctuations for Lakes Superior and Michigan‐Huron. It represents a major advance in interacting regional climate and watershed processes to dynamically predict Great Lakes' water level seasonal‐interannual variations.
The Effect of Atmosphere‐Ocean Coupling on the Sensitivity of the ITCZ to Convective Mixing
Authors: Talib J. , Woolnough S. J. , Klingaman N. P. , Holloway C. E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a discontinuous, zonal precipitation band that plays a crucial role in the global hydrological cycle. Previous studies using prescribed sea surface temperature (SST) aquaplanets show the ITCZ is sensitive to convective mixing, but such a framework is energetically inconsistent. Studies also show that atmosphere‐ocean coupling reduces the sensitivity of the ITCZ to hemispherically asymmetric forcing. We investigate the effect of atmosphere‐ocean coupling on the sensitivity of the ITCZ to convective mixing using an idealized modeling framework with an Ekman‐driven ocean energy transport (OET). Coupling reduces the sensitivity of the ITCZ location to convective mixing due to SST changes. In prescribed‐SST simulations reducing convective mixing promotes a double ITCZ, while in coupled simulations, it increases the meridional SST gradient which promotes an equatorward ITCZ shift. Prescribing OET in additional experiments has a minimal effect on the sensitivity of the ITCZ location to mixing but does increase the sensitivity of the ITCZ intensity by constraining the net‐downward surface energy flux. Decreasing convective mixing increases net‐downward shortwave cloudy‐sky radiation associated with increased latent heat fluxes and an intensified ITCZ. For simulations analyzed the atmospheric energy input framework is inadequate to study ITCZ dynamics due to the contribution of transient eddies to the atmospheric energy transport. Prescribing SST or OET may strengthen the sensitivity of the ITCZ to a change in parameterization or atmospheric forcing. Future modeling studies investigating the precipitation response to such changes should be aware of the potential sensitivity of their results to atmosphere‐ocean interactions.
Evaluating the Performance of a Plasma Analyzer for a Space Weather Monitor Mission Concept
Authors: Nicolaou G. , Wicks R. T. , Rae I. J. , Kataria D. O. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe use historical analysis of solar wind plasma and coronal mass ejections to define the range of performance required for an ion analyzer for future space weather monitoring missions. We adopt the design of a top hat electrostatic analyzer, capable of measuring the plasma protons and constructing their three‐dimensional distribution functions. The design is based on previous heritage instruments and allows monitoring of extreme space weather events. In order to evaluate the future observations and their analysis methods, we model the expected response of the instrument in simulated plasma conditions. We evaluate a novel analysis method which can determine on board the plasma bulk properties, such as density, velocity, and temperature from the statistical moments of the observed velocity distribution functions of the plasma particles. We quantify the accuracy of the derived parameters critical for space weather purposes, by comparing them with the corresponding input solar wind parameters. In order to validate the instrument design, we examine the accuracy over the entire range of the input parameters we expect to observe in solar wind, from benign to extreme space weather conditions. We also use realistic parameters of fast solar wind streams and interplanetary coronal mass ejections as measured by the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft, to investigate the performance of the example instrument and the accuracy of the analysis. We discuss the achieved accuracy and its relevance to space weather monitoring concepts. We address sources of significant errors, and we demonstrate potential improvements by using a fitting analysis method to derive the results.
Anomalous Transport in Three‐Dimensional Discrete Fracture Networks: Interplay Between Aperture Heterogeneity and Injection Modes
Authors: Kang Peter K. , Hyman Jeffrey D. , Han Weon Shik , Dentz Marco 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe study how the interplay between fracture aperture heterogeneity and tracer injection mode controls fluid flow and tracer transport in three‐dimensional (3D) discrete fracture networks (DFNs). The direct 3‐D DFN simulations show that tracer injection mode has substantial effects on tracer spreading across all levels of aperture heterogeneity. The key controlling factor for effective transport is the initial Lagrangian velocity distribution, which is determined by the interplay between injection mode and aperture heterogeneity. The fundamental difference between initial Lagrangian velocity distribution and domain‐scale Eulerian velocity distribution plays a vital role in determining anomalous transport. We effectively capture the observed anomalous transport using an upscaled transport model that incorporates initial velocity distribution, stationary velocity distribution, velocity correlation length, and average advective tortuosity. With the upscaled transport model, we accurately capture the evolution of Lagrangian velocity distribution and predict longitudinal spreading in 3‐D DFN.
Examining differences between overweight women and men in 12-month weight loss study comparing healthy low-carbohydrate vs. low-fat diets
Authors: Aronica Lucia , Rigdon Joseph , Offringa Lisa C. , Stefanick Marcia L. , Gardner Christopher D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background/objectives
Biological sex factors and sociocultural gender norms affect the physiology and behavior of weight loss. However, most diet intervention studies do not report outcomes by sex, thereby impeding reproducibility. The objectives of this study were to compare 12-month changes in body weight and composition in groups defined by diet and sex, and adherence to a healthy low carbohydrate (HLC) vs. healthy low fat (HLF) diet.

Participants/methods
This was a secondary analysis of the DIETFITS trial, in which 609 overweight/obese nondiabetic participants (age, 18–50 years) were randomized to a 12-month HLC (n = 304) or HLF (n = 305) diet. Our first aim concerned comparisons in 12-month changes in weight, fat mass, and lean mass by group with appropriate adjustment for potential confounders. The second aim was to assess whether or not adherence differed by diet-sex group (HLC women n = 179, HLC men n = 125, HLF women n = 167, HLF men n = 138).

Results
12-month changes in weight (p < 0.001) were different by group. HLC produced significantly greater weight loss, as well as greater loss of both fat mass and lean mass, than HLF among men [−2.98 kg (−4.47, −1.50); P < 0.001], but not among women. Men were more adherent to HLC than women (p = 0.02). Weight loss estimates within group remained similar after adjusting for adherence, suggesting adherence was not a mediator.

Conclusions
By reporting outcomes by sex significant weight loss differences were identified between HLC and HLF, which were not recognized in the original primary analysis. These findings highlight the need to consider sex in the design, analysis, and reporting of diet trials.
A novel giant non-cholinergic striatal interneuron restricted to the ventrolateral striatum coexpresses Kv3.3 potassium channel, parvalbumin, and the vesicular GABA transporter
Authors: Lebenheim Lydia , Booker Sam A. , Derst Christian , Weiss Torsten , Wagner Franziska , Gruber Clemens , Vida Imre , Zahm Daniel S. , Veh Rüdiger W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe striatum is the main input structure of the basal ganglia. Distinct striatal subfields are involved in voluntary movement generation and cognitive and emotional tasks, but little is known about the morphological and molecular differences of striatal subregions. The ventrolateral subfield of the striatum (VLS) is the orofacial projection field of the sensorimotor cortex and is involved in the development of orofacial dyskinesias, involuntary chewing-like movements that often accompany long-term neuroleptic treatment. The biological basis for this particular vulnerability of the VLS is not known. Potassium channels are known to be strategically localized within the striatum. In search of possible molecular correlates of the specific vulnerability of the VLS, we analyzed the expression of voltage-gated potassium channels in rodent and primate brains using qPCR, in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemical single and double staining. Here we describe a novel, giant, non-cholinergic interneuron within the VLS. This neuron coexpresses the vesicular GABA transporter, the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV), and the Kv3.3 potassium channel subunit. This novel neuron is much larger than PV neurons in other striatal regions, displays characteristic electrophysiological properties, and, most importantly, is restricted to the VLS. Consequently, the giant striatal Kv3.3-expressing PV neuron may link compromised Kv3 channel function and VLS-based orofacial dyskinesias.
Influence of short- and long-term exposure on the biodegradation capacity of activated sludge microbial communities in ready biodegradability tests
Authors: Dalmijn Joost A. , Poursat Baptiste A. J. , van Spanning Rob J. M. , Brandt Bernd W. , de Voogt Pim , Parsons John R. 
Published: November 2020

The output of ready biodegradability tests (RBTs), that are extensively used to screen the potential of chemicals to be biodegraded, can be influenced by exposure of microbial communities to organic chemicals.
Understanding the relationship between viral infections and trace elements from a metallomics perspective: implications for COVID-19
Authors: de Jesus Jemmyson Romário , de Araújo Andrade Tatianny 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic situation due to a new viral infection (COVID-19) caused by a novel virus (Sars-CoV-2). COVID-19 is today the leading cause of death from viral infections in the world. It is known that many elements play important roles in viral infections, both in virus survival, and in the activation of the host's immune system, which depends on the presence of micronutrients to maintain the integrity of its functions. In this sense, the metallome can be an important object of study for understanding viral infections. Therefore, this work presents an overview of the role of trace elements in the immune system and the state of the art in metallomics, highlighting the challenges found in studies focusing on viral infections.
From particle attachment to space-filling coral skeletons
Authors: Sun Chang-Yu , Stifler Cayla A. , Chopdekar Rajesh V. , Schmidt Connor A. , Parida Ganesh , Schoeppler Vanessa , Fordyce Benjamin I. , Brau Jack H. , Mass Tali , Tambutté Sylvie , Gilbert Pupa U. P. A. 
Published: November 2020

Significance
Whether reef-building corals form their skeletons ion by ion from solution or by amorphous particle attachment has important implications for isotope incorporation and for understanding coral skeletons’ resilience to ocean warming and acidification. Here we show that all kinds of reef-building corals make their skeletons by attachment of amorphous nanoparticles and fill the spaces between nanoparticles ion by ion. Thus, the dual mechanism of ion- and particle- attachment is general and relevant to reef formation, which provides the infrastructure for one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth.