bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma-fabric interaction for surface activation and functionalization: A review
Authors: Saleem M , Kousar N , Shoukat B , Shoaib-ur-Rehman M , Batool F , Naz M Y , Ghaffar A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The applications and effects of plasma on textile fabrics are the main focus in this paper. We surveyed available literature on the plasma-fabric interaction and found that there are variation of parameters affected the plasma application. The parameters can be classified as weight loss, tensile strength, contact angle, aging effect and addition of contents of different chemical functional groups. The increase or decrease in weight of fabrics after oxygen, nitrogen, and atmospheric plasma treatment was obtained in this study. The weight loss increased with the exposure time of plasma but decreased with the pressure. The tensile strength decreases with plasma duration and increases with plasma power. The type of plasma also affects the wettability of fabric. Wettability of a fabric increases with plasma treatment time. The plasma treatment of fabric adds different elements such as oxygen, carbon and nitrogen on the surface. The amount of oxygen increases but carbon and sulphur decreases. The increase or decrease in contact angle depends on the conditions of plasma treatment. The aging time of plasma depends on different parameters of plasma treatment. The hydrophilicity character also affected by plasma treatment. The hydrophilicity decreased with treatment time.
Compressive behaviour of aluminium rectangular hollow tube using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method
Authors: Quanjin M , Merzuki M N M , Rejab M R M , Noh M Z C 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The lightweight structural application is commonly used aluminium material, which generally applied in automotive, military, aerospace and naval applications. The rectangular cross-section hollow tube of aluminium material performs the better compressive properties compared to other cross-section shapes. In order to investigate the compressive behaviour of aluminium tube, Digital Image Correlation (DIC) method is used to study the evolution of deformation and strain value. The quasi-static compressive test was performed, and the experimental result was compared with the DIC measurement results. It was obtained that the failure behaviour of the aluminium rectangular hollow tube was buckling mode with several inwards and outwards deformation. In addition, it was concluded that the DIC method results were lower than the experimental values on the maximum compressive stress and compressive modulus, which was considered as a good agreement between this two methods with 1.7 % percentage of error. It is suggested that DIC method is a sufficient method to measure the deformation and strain values with non-contact and non-destructive features.
A preliminary study on new cooling techniques for stingless bees hive
Authors: Halim L A , Basrawi M F , Yusof T M , Yusof M H , Mustafa Z , Ibrahim T K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Stingless bees are a type of insect which are very sensitive to the changes of their surroundings, especially to severe heat wave. A report stated that at temperature as high as 38 ºC can cause death of the bees especially to the pupae. Therefore, the objective of this research is to evaluate new methods in regulating the temperature in the hive. To achieve this goal, two cooling methods were studied. One method is using greenroof, a type of roof which contains green vegetation and soil. It is used to cool down the space under the roof. Another method is using a photovoltaic (PV) powered thermoelectric cooler (TEC). Three units of MUSTAFA-hives were exposed under sunlight, one is without any temperature regulation and the other two hives used cooling techniques stated above. The temperatures inside each hive was measured at two points, and was compared with the hive without temperature regulation. It was found that, for the hive integrated with greenroof, the average hive temperature was about 3 ºC and 6 ºC lower in the honey cassette and brood-cells compartment, respectively. On the other hand, the hive with PV powered TEC recorded average temperatures of about 0.5 °C and 3 °C lower in honey cassette and brood-cells compartment, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the implementation of greenroof or TEC could solve the problem of stingless bees’ hive overheating. However, the greenroof has a better thermal performance, besides being economic and simpler solution.
Experimental analysis on the effect of cooling surface area and flow rate for water cooled photovoltaic module
Authors: Basrawi M F , Anuar M N A F , Ibrahim T K , Razak A A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Application of water spray or water flow on the surface of photovoltaic (PV) modules is one of the techniques used to increase efficiency. Main parameter that affect the performance by this technique is water flow rate and cooling surface are. However, there is less study focus on those parameters. Thus, the objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of water-cooled surface area and water flow rate on the temperature and power output of the PV. Orifices were used to create half-cooled and fully-cooled surface area for water to flow as cooling techniques while the hand valve was used to control the flow rate of water at 120 L/h, 180 L/h and 240 L/h flowing onto the panel. A solar simulator was constructed and used to provide 600 W/m2, 1,000 W/m2, and 1,200 W/m2 irradiance for the panel. The testing methodology consists of three different experiments for each irradiance level. It was found that more cooling surface area covered could significantly reduce temperature in any irradiance level, and fully-cooled module could keep the temperature at below 40 °C eventhough the irradiance was at 1,200 W/m2. In addition, the optimum flow rate also depends on the cooling surface area. Thus, there is a unique relation between cooling surface area and optimum flow rate. Thus, further investigation is needed on this relation.
Stabilizing solar farm power output by micro gas turbine integration: Emission performance
Authors: Al-Anati A , Basrawi M F , Yusof M H , Ibrahim T K , Razak A A , Chand M R R 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Worldwide growth of Photovoltaics (PV) technology has been close to exponential rate in the past decades. However, the increase of power generation by PV imposes new challenges on the existing electrical grid due to the unpredictability of PV power output that depends mainly on solar irradiance. One of the solutions to stabilize solar farm power output fluctuation by hybridizing Micro Gas Turbines (MGTs) that is controlled to meet the total power production target. Thus, the objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of different operation strategies on the environmental performance on MGT integrated solar farm. Different operation strategies for MGT integrated solar farm have been implemented to constantly produce a total power output of 800 kW throughout the year. The three strategies then compared by analysing emission produced by MGTs. A simulation was conducted in Simulink environment using real ambient temperature and global sun irradiance data. It was found that Operation Strategy 3 reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) by 13.8%, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission by 3.2%, and carbon monoxide (CO) by 97.9%. This shows that the proposed strategy could stabilize the total power output of the solar farm at minimum emission level.
Investigation of the role of pH on structural and morphological properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles
Authors: Sadiq S A , Waseem Z , Hanif S , Riaz S , Hayat K , Batool A I F , Jamil Y , Naz M Y , Anwar H 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In the present research work, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method in which titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) used as a precursor and the effect of pH on their structural and morphological properties was investigated systematically. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the prepared samples. The acidity-alkalinity of the gel was adjusted to different pH values (1, 4, 7 and 10) by using respective media, i.e. HCl and NH4OH. The results showed that from strong acidic media to strong basic media, the average particle size was found to increase from 14 nm at pH 1 to 20 nm at pH 10, whereas the average particle size was 19 nm at pH 7. All peaks in XRD patterns perfectly indexed to the stable anatase tetragonal phase except sample at pH 1, where some traces of rutile phase was also present. XRD results showed the formation of single phase high purity nanoparticles. TiO2 nanoparticles showed homogeneous morphology with low agglomeration at pH 7 and pH 10.
R1234yf vs R134a in automotive air conditioning system: A comparison of the performance
Authors: Sharif M Z , Azmi W H , Zawawi N N M , Mamat R , Hamisa A H 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of a compact automotive air conditioning (AAC) system operating with R1234yf and R134a refrigerant. The different ranges of initial refrigerant charge and compressor speed have been tested on the AAC to evaluate the effect of different refrigerant on the thermodynamic performance. The results of this study have shown that the cooling capacity of R1234yf AAC system is significantly lower (between 5 to 25 %) than R134a system. In the experiment, the power of the compressor is slightly lower (up to 11 %) for refrigerant R1234yf compared to R134a inside the AAC system. Finally, the experimental results reveal that, under the same operating conditions, the COP of R1234yf AAC system is always lower than with R134a (14.5 % on average). In order to maximize the efficiency and performance of AAC system, further optimization needs to be done in order to reduce the gap in term of performance of the AAC system operating with R1234yf refrigerant.
Forced convection heat transfer and friction factor of water/bio-glycol mixture based TiO2-SiO2 nanofluids
Authors: Zainon S N M , Azmi W H 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The research on nanofluids as heat transfer fluid has been done for many years and the manipulation of nanoparticles kept evolving as time passes by. After an exceptional heat transfer performance enhancement was found in single nanofluids, combining two types of nanoparticles in a base fluid has garnered researcher’s attention all over the globe. The study on performance of heat transfer for a combination of two types of nanoparticle in a mixture of water and Bio-glycol has yet to be established; hence, the present study was conducted to investigate the heat transfer performance of TiO2-SiO2 nanofluids in 60:40 mixture of water and Bio-Glycol. The TiO2-SiO2 nanofluids was prepared by using the two-step method at three different particle concentration, namely 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%. Forced convection heat transfer experiment was carried out at bulk temperature 30°C and Reynolds number in the range of 1000 to 8000. A constant heat flux was supplied to the test section throughout the experiment. The Nusselt number of TiO2-SiO2 nanofluids was found at particle concentration 1.5%, 70.11% enhanced from the base fluid. The average enhancement of heat transfer coefficient for each particle concentration 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% are 40.3%, 63.4% and 70.3%, respectively. Heat transfer coefficient enhancement for 1.0% and 1.5% particle concentration almost similar at low concentration, however, as Reynolds number increase, the augmentation gap increases. The results of friction factor displayed a decrease trend with the increase of Reynolds number. While the friction factor of TiO2-SiO2 nanofluids insignificantly increased from the base fluid, the increment between particles concentration almost negligible.
The effect of Al2O3/PAG nanolubricant towards automotive air conditioning (AAC) power consumption
Authors: Redhwan A A M , Azmi W H , Sharif M Z , Zawawi N N M , Zulkarnain O W , Aminullah A R M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The usages of Automotive Air Conditioning (AAC) today is vital because of the hot and humid climate. The AAC is used to provide comfort in the automotive cabin temperature, consequently, increases fuel consumption, and release significant amount of CO2, and greenhouse gas into the air. Nanotechnologies could be employed into AAC system via lubricant compressor which can decrease power consumption, eventually increase power saving. The main objective of this paper is to experimentally investigate the effect of Al2O3/PAG nanolubricant onto the power consumption. The study on the stability and characteristic of the Al2O3/PAG nanolubricant has been done prior the experiment. The result shows that the Al2O3/PAG nanolubricant is stable event after 28 days with concentration ratio above 70%. The highest power saving percentage of 23.89% is achieved when the AAC system is operated with 0.010% Al2O3/PAG nanolubricant. Further, it has been shown that the condenser pressure and evaporator pressure are correlated with the increment of the power consumption with average deviation of 3.129% and 2.919%, respectively. Finally, the power consumption of AAC system reduce with the usage of the Al2O3/PAG nanolubricant at low concentration.
Influence of detergents types and clean method on PV cells performance: An experimental study
Authors: Hussein N F , Ismaeel A A , Ibrahim A K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Accumulation the dust and dirt soiling on photovoltaic (PV) panels’ surfaces represents a major problem which inevitably undermines their operational performance. Thereby, removing the soiling and cleaning the panel surfaces is necessary to upgrade the PV cells performance. In this study the influence of detergent types as a cleaning material on PV panels’ outcomes has been investigated experimentally. Three detergents types that widely materials using in the home cleaning include: Tap water, mixture of dishwashing liquid with water and glass cleaner were tested. Furthermore, manual cleaning by using a piece of cloth or wiper were utilized as a cleaning tools were also evaluated. The experimental results appeared that enhancement the PV panel performance after using home detergents materials, where the performance increased by 25.35% and 19% when used a glasses cleaner and mixture of water and dishwashing liquid respectively, compared with 7.34% when used tap water only. In addition, using the manual wiper as a cleaning technique was achieved a better PV panel performance than piece of cloth for all detergents materials.
Synthesis and properties evaluation of sodium grease formulated from used transformer oil as base oil
Authors: Japar N S A , Aziz M A A , Hamid N 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to prepare sodium grease using used transformer oil as a base oil and investigate the prepared grease properties. Oil, whether it is new or used, is a significant contributor to water pollution due to its toxicity towards the environment. In this study, used transformer oil (UTO) is utilized as grease’s base oil. The properties of the grease were evaluated in terms of their consistency, drop point, oil separation, and bled oil in accordance with ASTM D217, D2265, D1742, and IP 121, respectively. The grease also characterized by using the FTIR-ATR. The results show that the grease can be formulated using UTO with significant grease properties of >180 °C dropping point, −15% to +15% of oil bleeding at both 25 °C and 70 °C, no separated oil during storage, and slightly tarnish on copper strip. The best UTO-based sodium grease formulation was 67.5:32.5 of oil-to-thickener ratio and it was classified as NLGI 2 grease. Moreover, the FTIR spectrum shows no contaminants or unknown chemical changes or additive in UTO and the prepared grease. The addition of MoS2in grease shows no significant improvement in sodium grease properties. Thus, UTO was able to work as grease base oil and exhibited overall good properties but, UTO-based grease analysis on its tribology is necessary to study the prepared grease performances during operation.
Comparative CFD power extraction analysis of novel nature inspired vertical axis wind turbines
Authors: Ashwindran S N , Azizuddin A A , Oumer A N 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to investigate the power extraction performance of three biologically inspired vertical axis wind turbine. In this study, the proposed turbines are simulated in 2D in Ansys using URANS approach based on two equation turbulent transport model-SST. The turbines are simulated under the similar solver and numerical configuration. FVM is adapted to analyse the turbines assisted by sliding mesh method (SSM) under non-conformal mesh configuration. The proposed turbine is analysed in terms of moment and power coefficient. Design 1 and Design 2 indicated promising result for a feasible and practical wind turbine. However, Design 3 indicated poor performance in power coefficient at high RPM value.
Experimental studies of single cylinder engine run on diesel-biodiesel-butanol blends
Authors: Izzudin I , Yusop A F , Sapee S , Hamidi M A , Yusri I M , Mamat R , Erdiwansyah  
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Biodiesel and butanol are excellent additive fuels, especially for diesel fuel. Many studies in literature reported that the biodiesel-butanol with various ratios is applied to diesel engines. In this experiment, diesel engines operated using biodiesel-butanol blend in low proportions 5-5%, 5-10% 10-5%, 10-10%, 15-5% and 15-10% mixed with pure diesel, and the blend is characterized. This blend of fuels can be represented as B5Bu5, B5Bu10, B10B5, B10Bu10, B15Bu5 and B15B10 with a numeric number in the fuel blends. This fuel blend is used as test fuel which is operated on a single cylinder diesel engine, four steps, direct injection (DI) at a constant speed of 1200 rpm and engine load of 25% and 50%. The combustion characteristics, performance and engine emissions are analyzed and evaluated by comparing each load and the speed of the engine being operated. Furthermore, fuel additives with pure diesel are needed to check emissions from the engine when the engine is run with a blend of diesel-biodiesel-butanol fuel. Among the six fuel blends samples examined in this experiment, better performance was shown in the B5B10 blend and produced fewer emissions. The results of the whole experiment are presented in full in this paper.
Stability and density analysis of mango bark and mango leaf nanofluids
Authors: Chen J L T , Oumer A N , Azizuddin A A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Thermal conductivity is one of the primary properties for nanofluids application investigated by many researchers. However, there are other factors such as stability and density that need to be considered to reduce sedimentation, pressure drop as well as sustain the enhanced thermal physical properties of nanofluid. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyse the stability and density of mango bark (MB) and mango leaf (ML) nanofluids as well as hybrid nanofluids between mango bark and leaf with SiO2 and TiO2. The stability of nanofluids was measured using sedimentation method. The nanofluids arranged in order of pure ML nanofluid with increasing volume concentration of 0.25%, 0.50% and 1.00% followed by MB nanofluid, ML/SiO2 nanofluid, MB/SiO2 nanofluid, ML/TiO2 nanofluid and MB/TiO2 nanofluid. The density of nanofluids was measured using KEM DA-640 density meter and calculated using mixture rule equation. The results show that the stability of the nanofluids started to show sedimentation after 1 day of storing. Mango bark nanofluids were more stable than mango leaf nanofluids. At 1% concentration, MB nanofluid has the highest density (0.9981) followed by MB/TiO2 (0.9970), ML/TiO2 (0.9964), ML (0.9963), MB/SiO2 (0.9962) and ML/SiO2 (0.9962). Density of nanofluids have small increment with volume concentration. Meanwhile, the density of nanofluids have small decrement with volume concentration using analytical calculation. The results also shows small average error of 0.17% between experiment and analytical calculation.
Effect of bath temperature on sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate loading of halloysite nanotube
Authors: Kumar S S , Kakooei S , Ismail M C , Haris M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Smart coatings have become one of the most sought after solutions for corrosion control in industries. A need to encapsulate the corrosion inhibitor by means of a nano/micro container has come into the picture as the conventional methods are not favourable and has demerits. Halloysite nanotube based smart coatings are effective given that it is environment-friendly unlike most of its competitors. The current work focuses on the effect of bath temperature in a vaporizer on the loading ability of Halloysite nanotube is studied with Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate as a corrosion inhibitor. The loading was carried out at three different bath temperatures which are 40, 60 and 80 °C and the resultant samples were investigated by characterization using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV-Vis Spectroscopy. It was found that an increase in bath temperature to 80 °C, it will increase the loading capacity of halloysite nanotubes.
Rudimentary analysis for solar chimney enhancement
Authors: Jamil I E , Sing C Y , Al-Kayiem H H 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper presents fundamental results for solar chimney enhancement. Solar radiation proves to be an important factor in influencing the efficiency of the solar chimney power plant, but its effects on the ambient conditions outside the system has not been considered. Using the Discrete Ordinates radiation model on the semi-transparent collector component of the two-dimensional system, the work presented in this paper simulates the velocity and temperature inside the solar chimney as the ambient temperature of air outside is varied from 307 K to 314 K. At the highest ambient temperature, results show an increase in air velocity of 0.55 m/s at ground level and 1.85 m/s at a height of 1 m along the chimney. To further investigate of this study, a simulation model to include the ambient domain is proposed as a conclusion.
A study on the performance analysis of bioethanol produced from sugarcane molasses in SI engine
Authors: Maárof M I N , Chala G T , Gunness D , Saad I 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Recently with ethanol being a renewable, bio-based and ecofriendly, it is projected to be the best replacement for petrol as a fuel in SI engines. Ethanol is derived mainly from sugarcane, cassava, corn and other waste biomass materials. These materials are rich in calories and could be utilized either as complements or as alternatives for conventional fuel sources. This paper aims to experimentally determine the properties of ethanol/gasoline blends and tests its performances in an SI engine. The E10, E20 and E30 ethanol-gasoline blends were studied and compared to gasoline fuel. It was found that the performance of the engine using bioethanol blends was almost comparable to that of pure gasoline, especially at lower ethanol content blends. Yet, increasing the ethanol content only gives adverse effects to the overall engine performance, resulting in 8.86% power loss at 2000 rpm for E20 and 8.18% for E30 compared to E0. Suggestively, with more research and experiments, bioethanol-fuel blends can replace pure gasoline fuels easily and with many added benefits on the same or slightly modified engines.
A Diverse and Inclusive Academic Membership for All
Authors: Puac-Polanco Victor , Morabia Alfredo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
With the growing recognition that diversity and inclusion are essential for the improvement of science and innovation, we provide some perspectives on 3 findings of DeVilbiss et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2020;189(10):998–1010). We provide points of discussion on factors and strategies to consider when drafting diversity and inclusion programs for the Society for Epidemiologic Research.