bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photopatternable, Electrochemically Plated Conductive Fabrics
Authors: Taushanoff Stefanie , Dubin Val M 
Published: February 2020

Standard off-the-shelf fabrics can be turned into conductive fabrics using electrochemical metallization processes. Entire sheets of metalized fabrics can be easily generated using any one of a number of sensitization-activation-plating processes [1, 2] but selective metallization of fabrics, or generating metallized patterns, is far less common. Here we present photopatterning of metal features on commercially available fabric by combining Nano3D Systems eLOCOS™ electrochemical plating solutions with photopatternable sensitization processes (Fig, 1, 2).
Electroless plating of nickel and copper on fabric using eLOCOS solutions creates metallized fabric with resistances comparable to those of commercially available conductive fabric. Sheets of metalized fabrics are readily available and have applications in electromagnetic shielding and static dissipation. There is interest in being able to pattern metallic paths onto fabric for fabric-printed circuit boards, as well as smart textiles and wearable technology where ease of use and a seamless integration of electronics into fabric is essential for widespread acceptance of new technology. Methods for achieving circuit-like patterns or isolated conductive areas on fabric include ink jet printing, weaving and screen printing conductive polymers. The advantages of using photolithography to generate patterns include cost, scalability, and improved resolution, but using established photolithographic methods on fabric substrates presents new challenges. Overcoming these challenges allows for the application of established selective metallization techniques to be applied to textile-based technologies using methods similar to those used for the manufacture of circuit boards on rigid substrates.
References

Lu, Yinxiang. Electroless Copper Plating on 3-Mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane Modified PET Fabric Challenged by Ultrasonic Washing. Applied Surface Science 255 (2009) pp. 8430-8434

Simor, Marcel et.al. Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Treatment of Polyester Nonwoven Fabrics for Electroless Plating. Surface and Coatings Technology 172(1) pp1-6 (2003).

Figure 1
All-Solution-Processing of Nanoporous and Wrinkled Electrodes on Polymer Substrates for Use in Electrochemical Biosensing
Authors: Gabardo Christine , Adams-McGavin Chris , Fung Barnabas , Yang Jie , Soleymani Leyla 
Published: February 2020

Multi-lengthscale electrodes that combine features from the nanometer to millimeter scale are of tremendous interest for use in electrochemical biosensors due to their increased analytical sensitivity and their enhanced interaction with biomolecular analytes. In this paper, we present a benchtop rapid prototyping approach based on all-solution-processing for creating multi-lengthscale electrodes on polymer substrates.
Multi-lengthscale electrodes are created by combining xurography, nanoparticle self-assembly, electroless deposition, and polymer-induced thin film wrinkling. Xurography is used to develop a mask for implementing the electrode configuration on polymeric substrates with micrometer resolution. A nanoparticle seed layer is deposited with the aid of molecular linkers to direct the electroless deposition processes to desired locations on the substrate. Electroless deposition is used to create a uniform and conductive thin film on a shrinkable polymer substrate. Thin film wrinkling induced using a shape memory polymer is then used to develop tunable wrinkles with minimum feature sizes in the micro/nanoscale.
It is observed that the structural parameters of the wrinkled film such as pore density, wrinkle wavelength, and wrinkle peak-to-valley values are controllable by varying the electroless deposition duration. This structural variability is then used to tune the functional parameters of the electrodes such as sheet resistance and electroactive surface area. The combination of electroless deposition with polymer-induced thin film wrinkling results in thin films having a sheet resistance of 0.39±0.04 Ω/□, which is comparable to films of the same thickness deposited by sputtering. We used the electrodes developed here for enzyme-free glucose detection due to their high surface area induced by the combination of porosity and wrinkling. The results demonstrate that the sensitivity of these electrodes can be tuned by varying the electroless deposition duration. The optimal porous and wrinkled electrodes demonstrate a sensitivity of 23 µA/mM.cm2 for enzyme free glucose detection, which is 18 times larger than the sensitivity measured with planar electrodes.
In sum, an all-solution-processing method is developed, which allows electrodes of various configurations, with tunable features from the nanometer to millimeter scale to be created in a matter of hours. The structural tunability offered by this fabrication method, allows the functional parameters of the electrodes such as sheet resistance, electro-active surface area, and analytical sensitivity to be tuned. The application of the porous and wrinkled electrodes created in this work to enzyme-free glucose detection is demonstrated.
(Invited) Redox Switchable Organic Conjugated Materials for Flexible Electrochromic Devices
Authors: Salamone Matteo , Ruffo Riccardo , Mari Claudio Maria , Beverina Luca 
Published: February 2020

Organic π−conjugated compounds have experienced over the last decades a tremendous interest as versatile and highly performing active components in a large variety of devices and applications. Two peculiar characteristics of organic materials are key for their technological exploitation. Firstly, most organic conjugated materials can be manufactured by low cost, solution based deposition techniques. Moreover, the intrinsic flexibility of both their electrochemical and optical properties holds promises for custom designed active materials. On this respect, the formulation of general structure-property relationships is a key requirement.
This talk will address the main characteristics connected with reversible redox behaviour in conjugated materials: charge transport capabilities and tuning of optical properties. The discussion will focus on the structural design required for the preparation of preferentially n or p dopable semiconducting polythiophenes derivates highlighting the role of heteroaromatic compounds as intrinsically electron excessive or electron deficient building blocks. The role of solid state interactions in both single and multi component thin layers will then describe, focusing on recent examples of organic-based electrochromic devices developed in the frame of the EELICON FP7 project.
Fluid Transport Properties from 3D Tomographic Images of Electrospun Carbon Electrodes for Flow Batteries
Authors: Kok Matthew D. R. , Gostick Jeff T. , Shearing Paul R. , Jervis Rhodri 
Published: February 2020

The flow battery remains a cost challenged technology, significant effort has been made into improving performance by way of advanced redox couples, different chemistries, and different electrode materials.[1] One aspect of flow cell performance that has remained relatively overlooked is the effect of different transport properties in the electrode itself. The structure and morphology of the porous media plays an essential role in the electrolyte dispersion and the access the fibers have to the active species.
Custom made porous media was electrospun in house and carbonized for use in as a flow battery electrode. 3D tomography images were taken of both the carbonized and ‘as-spun’ polyacrylonitrile (PAN) mats at a variety of different spinning conditions. Lattice-Boltzmann simulations were performed on the tomographic images to determine the flow distribution through the material as well as the permeability of the electrospun mats. The findings were consistent with previous experimentally measured permeabilities of electrospun PAN materials.[2]
While the results indicated permeabilities that would be acceptable or even beneficial for a flow battery, the modelling and analysis showed that material inconsistencies in the fibrous mat led to a large variability in local material and transport properties that could have a very negative effect on flow battery performance. There was a small variation in local fiber sizes and a much more significant variation in material porosity. Because these variations only existed in one axis, specifically through the thickness of the material, we were able to determine that the cause must be changing electrospinning conditions as the material was deposited.
The findings of this study are being used to develop more optimized flow battery electrodes from electrospun materials. While there is tradeoff in terms of ease of production when utilizing electrospun electrodes versus traditional graphite fibrous electrodes, electrospun materials allow for a greater degree of control of fiber size and general morphology allowing the optimization of permeability, surface area as well as mass transfer properties.
The attached figure demonstrates the detail and the accuracy generated through the Lattice-Boltzmann simulations. The fibers and streamlines shown are actual electrospun carbonized PAN with fibers that have a diameter of approximately 750 nm.
[1]A. Z. Weber, M. M. Mench, J. P. Meyers, P. N. Ross, J. T. Gostick, and Q. Liu, “Redox flow batteries: a review,” J. Appl. Electrochem., vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 1137–1164, Sep. 2011.
[2]M. D. R. Kok and J. T. Gostick, “Transport properties of electrospun fibrous membranes with controlled anisotropy,” J. Membr. Sci., vol. 473, pp. 237–244, Jan. 2015.

Figure 1
Cross-Conjugated Oligomer Based Organic Batteries for Energy Storage
Authors: Jing Yan , Liang Yanliang , Gheytani Saman , Yao Yan 
Published: February 2020

As one class of the most promising organic electrode materials, quinone derivatives have received more and more attentions from energy storage community due to structural diversity and electrochemical reversibility.[1] However, the limited rate capability arising from their electronically insulating nature remains challenging for the use of quinones in rechargeable batteries.[2] Molecular structure and conformation can significantly affect the electronic conductivity of organic compounds. In this work, we report two heteroaromatic-fused quinone oligomers with extended cross-conjugation paths but different conformation. Using benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-dione (BDTD) as the building block, cross-conjugated PBDTD (poly(benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-dione-2,6-diyl)) with a rigid and planar conformation was constructed. To further investigate the influence of conformation on electrochemical property, we introduced C-S-C single bonds between BDTD units to obtain PBDTDS (poly(benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-4,8-dione-2,6-diyl sulfide)), which show a helical conformation. The electrochemcial properties of PBDTD(S) are evaluated in lithium cells. Both oligomers demonstrate over 200 mAh g–1 and 2.5 V vs. Li/Li+ at C/10. PBDTD(S) also show over 96% of capacity retention after 250 cycles as well as ~100% of Coulombic efficiencies. Finally we found PBDTD possesses superior rate capability over PBDTDS (as shown in Figure 1). In contrast to the helical structure of PBDTDS, the planar conformation of PBDTD provides more efficient electron transport paths in both inter- and intra-molecular directions, leading to the superior rate capability.

Reference

[1] B. Häupler, A. Wild, U. S. Schubert, Adv. Energy Mater.
2015, 5, 1402034.
[2] Y. Liang, Z. Tao, J. Chen, Adv. Energy Mater.
2012, 2, 742.

Figure 1
A High Energy-Density, Low-Cost Hybrid Organic Flow Battery
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Zhao Tianshou , Chen Qing 
Published: February 2020

In this work, a novel hybrid flow battery system is proposed. In the negative side, we explore a vitamin-based molecule that has never been tested in a flow battery before. As a quinone derivative, it undergoes a reversible two-electron redox reaction at 0.05 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode. The solubility of the molecule is higher than 4.5 M, leading to a volumetric energy density of 120 Wh/L, when paired with a lead dioxide/lead sulfate electrode [1]. Such a hybrid flow battery achieves a cell voltage of 1.68 V and can be cycled stably for over 50 cycles without significant capacity loss. The adoption of solid-state lead-based electrode eliminates the need of an expensive ion exchange membrane. More importantly, as the molecule has been mass-produced at low cost, the cost of this novel system is much lower than current existing flow battery systems [2-3]. It is a promising candidate for both large scale energy storage usages and mobile applications in both perspectives of cost and energy density.
[1] Leung, P. K., Qian Xu, and T. S. Zhao. "High-potential zinc–lead dioxide rechargeable cells." Electrochimica Acta 79 (2012): 117-125.
[2] Zhang, Mengqi, et al. "Capital cost sensitivity analysis of an all-vanadium redox-flow battery." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 159.8 (2012): A1183-A1188.
[3] Zeng, Y. K., et al. "A comparative study of all-vanadium and iron-chromium redox flow batteries for large-scale energy storage." Journal of Power Sources 300 (2015): 438-443.
High-Performance Flow-Field Structured Iron-Chromium Redox Flow Batteries for Large-Scale Energy Storage
Authors: Zeng Yikai , Zhou Xuelong , Jiang Haoran , Ren Yuxun , Zhao Tianshou 
Published: February 2020

The conventional flow-through structured ICRFBs have to employ thick carbon felts (typically 3.0-6.0 mm) as the electrodes to circumvent high pump loss, which inevitably results in high ohmic resistance, low operating current densities (around 80 mA cm-2) as well as cumbersome and costly cell stacks. Increasing the operating current density/power density is an effective strategy to reduce the cell stack size and cost. Recently, a flow-field structured ICRFB with thin carbon paper electrodes demonstrates a significantly increased operating current density of 200 mA cm-2 at the energy efficiency of 79.6% mainly due to the reduced ohmic resistance [1]. Further enhancement of ICRFB performance is achieved by adopting the interdigitated flow fields, which enhances the active species transport at the porous electrode and enables a more uniform catalyst distribution [2]. In addition, the effects of design parameters including electrode compression ratio, electrode pretreatment intensity, membrane thickness and catalyst loading on the ICRFB charge-discharge performance have been are investigated [3]. Results show that: i) with a thin NR-211 membrane and a high electrode compression ratio of 62.5%, the operating current density of the ICRFB can reach as high as 480 mA cm-2 at an energy efficiency of higher than 80%; ii) the bismuth catalyst loading has insignificant effect on the battery performance in the range of 0.52-10.45 mg cm-2; iii) the moderately oxidative thermal pretreatment of the electrode improves the energy efficiency compared to the as-received electrode while the electrode prepared with a harsh pretreatment deteriorates the battery performance; and iv) for the present ICRFBs operating at both 25oC and 65oC, the dominant loss is identified to be ohmic loss rather than kinetics loss.
References
[1] Y.K. Zeng, X.L. Zhou, L. An, L. Wei, T.S. Zhao, A high-performance flow-field structured iron-chromium redox flow battery, J. Power Sources, 324 (2016) 738-744.
[2] Y.K. Zeng, X.L. Zhou, L. Zeng, X.H. Yan, T.S. Zhao, Performance enhancement of iron-chromium redox flow batteries by employing interdigitated flow fields, J. Power Sources, 327 (2016) 258-264.
[3] Y. Zeng, T. Zhao, X. Zhou, L. Zeng, L. Wei, The effects of design parameters on the charge-discharge performance of iron-chromium redox flow batteries, Appl. Energy, 182 (2016) 204-209.
A Stable Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery with High Energy Density
Authors: Li Bin , Pan Huilin , Nie Zimin , Li Guosheng , Liu Jun , Sprenkle Vincent 
Published: February 2020

Electrical energy storage systems have attracted much more attentions as the ideal technology to overcome the drawbacks associated with the storage and use of intermittent renewable energies, such as solar and wind. These systems are not only able to provide energy where and when it is required but also reduce the high capital cost of managing peak demands on the grid as well as large investments in grid infrastructures. Cost, reliability and safety are the most important factors to be considered to develop these systems. Recently, several battery technologies, such as redox flow, sodium sulfur, or lithium ion, have been proposed as possible systems for large-scale stationary energy storage, but they suffer from low charging rates, high operating temperatures, the use of hazardous or flammable materials in their components, and/or high costs. In particular, for traditional Li ion battery, the high cost and poor safety owing to the use of Li and flammable non-aqueous electrolytes limits its application in the field of grid scale energy storage. Therefore, recently, in place of Li ion battery, aqueous rechargeable battery, like zinc ion battery, has become more attractive because of its low cost and high safety. However, the disadvantages, such as the low energy density and poor cycling stability, seem to be the biggest issues to be addressed.
Here, we introduced a kind of cathode material and demonstrated a new zinc-ion battery systems with zinc foil as anode materials. For this system, the open circuit voltage (OCV) was around 1.5 V and the energy density could achieve as high as around 170 mAh/g at 0.5C. Also, no zinc dendrites were found at the anode side, and the coulomb efficiency (CE) was almost close to 100%. No significant capacity fading was observed over 1000 cycles at 5C. The different water-soluble zinc salts were applied to this system, which greatly affected the battery performances. The mechanisms behind that were investigated in detail.
Multiscale Modeling of Non-Local Damage Evolution in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Behrou Reza , Maute Kurt 
Published: February 2020

We present a multi-scale finite element model to study the evolution of non-local damage in the electrode active materials. The electrochemical and mechanical phenomena in the separator, porous electrode with solid active materials and liquid electrolyte are described through a multi-scale modeling approach. Our multi-scale model accounts for the interactions between different physical phenomena at different computational scales. Three different length scales are distinguished in our multi-scale model: at the macro-scale, the electrochemical and mechanical interactions of the entire battery cell are characterized through the transport of Li+, the electric potential in the solid and liquid phases, and macroscopic mechanical deformation; at the micro-scale, the performance of a single representative active particle is modeled through the concentration of lithium in the electrode active particles, microscopic mechanical deformation, and hydrostatic stress; and at the meso-scale, the homogenization methods are used to relate the interactions between macro- and micro-scales. The evolution of damage in the electrode active materials, caused by the diffusion induced stresses, is described by a non-local damage model that solves the Helmholtz-type differential equation. To trigger the influence of damage evolution on transport properties and the electrochemical performance of the battery, the diffusivity of the electrode is coupled with the damage evolution parameters. The influences of damage evolution on the electrochemical and mechanical performance of the battery are evaluated through numerical examples. Our preliminary results reveal the influence of particle shape and discharge rate on the damage evolution and electrochemical and mechanical performance of the battery. The results also show that there is a significant influences of the damage evolution on capacity fade and reduction in the electrochemical-mechanical performance of the battery.
Figure 1: The influences of damage evolution and electrode shape on capacity fade and the electrochemical performance of the battery.

Figure 1
(Invited) Opportunities for Additive Manufacturing of Membraneless Electrolysis Devices
Authors: Davis Jonathan T , Esposito Daniel V 
Published: February 2020

3D printing technology has a tremendous potential to transform how electrochemical devices and products are manufactured. This opportunity is particularly rich for water electrolysis devices, or electrolyzers, which are used to produce hydrogen (H2) fuel from water and electricity. In this work, we explore how 3D printing can simplify the fabrication of low-cost electrolysis devices by significantly reducing the number of parts and associated device assembly. These efforts are focused on membraneless electrolyzers based on angled mesh flow-through electrodes, which are a substantial departure from conventional membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) and alkaline electrolyzer architectures. Membranes and dividers can be costly, prone to fouling and mechanical failure, and constrain the pH range of operation. Recently, our group has demonstrated 3D printed membraneless electrolyzers that separate the O2 and H2 product species using flowing electrolyte and contain as few as three parts. [1] In this presentation, we present new 3D printed electrolyzer and photovoltaic (PV)-electrolyzer designs that achieve high product purity using buoyancy-induced product separation that obviates the need for actively pumped electrolyte. As a part of this talk, we highlight challenges and opportunities for commercially viable 3D printed membraneless electrolyzers.
[1] O’Neil G. D., Christian C. D., Brown D. E. and Esposito D. V. 2016 Hydrogen Production with a Simple and Scalable Membraneless Electrolyzer J. Electrochem. Soc.
163 3012–9