bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tinea capitis et barbae caused by Trichophyton tonsurans: A retrospective cohort study of an infection chain after shavings in barber shops
Authors: Müller Valentina Laura , Kappa‐Markovi Korina , Hyun Julia , Georgas Dimitrios , Silberfarb Gabriel , Paasch Uwe , Uhrlaß Silke , Nenoff Pietro , Schaller Jörg 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundTinea capitis is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by dermatophytes. In Central Europe, it is mainly caused by zoophilic dermatophytes, as, for example Microsporum (M) canis or Trichophyton (T) mentagrophytes and increasingly by anthropophilic fungi. T tonsurans was commonly related to the Tinea gladiatorum, where transmission occurred between infected persons or via contaminated floors.ObjectiveReporting the transmission of this highly contagious dermatophyte for the first time via beard shaving and hairdressing in barber shops in Germany.Patients and methods18 young male patients developed tinea capitis and/or barbae shortly after shavings of the beard and/or hair in a barber shop. Native, cultural and molecular diagnostics as well as tissue biopsies and resistance tests were performed of skin and hair samples.ResultsIn all samples, T tonsurans could be identified. The medical history and the clinical picture suggest a transmission through contaminated hairdressing tools. The patients were treated with terbinafine or itraconazole in combination with or exclusively with topical antimycotics.ConclusionThe transmission and a resulting increase in the incidence of infections with T tonsurans may be due to shavings with direct skin contact of insufficiently disinfected hairdressing tools. This path of infection has already been observed in Africa and is now being described for the first time in Germany. Knowledge of the pathogen and its transmission ways are essential to interrupt the chain of infection.
Introduction: Participatory Research and Ethics in Mesoamerican Fieldwork
Authors: Little Walter E. , Rees Martha W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis introduction explores particular ways in which participatory research is practiced in Mesoamerica by ethnographers. It provides an introduction to the history of participatory research and its interlinkages to a host of ethical concerns that are explored in greater depth in eight, reflexive ethnographic essays by anthropologists who conduct research in Guatemala and Mexico. This introduction and the ten essays in this issue, including two commentaries, present several, sometimes conflicting, discussions about the complicated processes of conducting ethnographic research in Mesoamerica and, in particular, what participatory research means in this linguistically and culturally diverse region of the world. In this introduction, key aspects of the history of participatory research are reviewed, as well as ethical issues related to consent and confidentiality in specific field sites that may conflict with the requirements of funding and academic institutions. This collection of essays aims to capture a panorama of ethnographic experiences in Mesoamerican field sites to highlight the collaborations, as well as the ethical and pragmatic dilemmas encountered in participatory research.
(I) can't use names even in field notes.We can't anticipate how our representation will play out.(We have an) ethical and moral duty to promote human rights.People want money, not collaboration.We provoke dialogues with people. We can engage other publics. We are possible facilitators of dialogue between different groups of people.
Language Use and Participatory Research
Authors: Little Walter E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis essay explores various reasons and politics behind learning a field research language that go beyond the merely pragmatic function of being a tool to collect data. Moreover, the role of language competency in one's field language is interlinked with the ethics of conducting research and by reflecting on specific ethnographic contexts in Guatemala, it is possible to explore some of the contours of participatory research. One dimension, the appropriate language competency in cultural context, collaboration is considered foundational to participatory research. It is argued that ethnographers’ collaborators and friends in their research sites shape the roles and language use. In some cases, it is unethical and culturally disrespectful to not use the language preferred by collaborators. In short, the language used in participatory projects is not just about data collection, it is an ethical choice.
Protective effects of Crataegus azarolus L. berries aqueous extract against castor oil–induced diarrhea, oxidative stress, and inflammation in rat
Authors: Sammari Houcem , Jedidi Saber , Selmi Houcine , Rtibi Kais , Jabri Mohamed‐Amine , Jridi Mourad , Zouari Nacim , Toumi Lamjed , Sebai Hichem 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundDiarrhea is a multifactorial gastrointestinal disorder responsible for about 5 million deaths annually. The chemical composition, the antioxidant activity of Crataegus azarolus berries aqueous extract (CABAE) as well as its protective effects against castor oil–induced diarrhea, oxidative stress, and inflammation in rat were studied.MethodsSixty male rats were used and divided into six groups of ten animals in each: Control (C), castor oil (CO), CO+various doses of CABAE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b.w., p.o.), and CO+loperamide (LOP, 10 mg/kg b.w., p.o.).Key ResultsThe CABAE showed relatively high levels of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins. The LC‐HRESIMS technique allowed the identification of 5 phenolic compounds and the major component is quinic acid. In vivo studies showed that CABAE protected against castor oil–induced diarrhea and intestinal fluid accumulation. The CABAE counteracted castor oil–induced lipoperoxidation, preserved GSH and thiol groups levels, and prevented the depletion of antioxidant enzyme activities, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The CABAE administration also protected against castor oil–induced inflammatory markers (ALP and CRP) increase. More importantly, castor oil induced an increase of intracellular mediators, such as hydrogen peroxide, free iron, and calcium, while CABAE pretreatment significantly reversed them to near control levels.ConclusionThe Crataegus azarolus berries aqueous extract significantly protected against diarrhea due in part to its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties.
Fine roots and mycorrhizal fungi accelerate leaf litter decomposition in a northern hardwood forest regardless of dominant tree mycorrhizal associations
Authors: Lang Ashley K. , Jevon Fiona V. , Vietorisz Corinne R. , Ayres Matthew P. , Hatala Matthes Jaclyn 
Published: December 2020

Summary

Fine roots and mycorrhizal fungi may either stimulate leaf litter decomposition by providing free‐living decomposers with root‐derived carbon, or may slow decomposition through nutrient competition between mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi.

We reduced the presence of fine roots and their associated mycorrhizal fungi in a northern hardwood forest in New Hampshire, USA by soil trenching. Plots spanned a mycorrhizal gradient from 96% arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations to 100% ectomycorrhizal (ECM)‐associated tree basal area. We incubated four species of leaf litter within these plots in areas with reduced access to roots and mycorrhizal fungi and in adjacent areas with intact roots and mycorrhizal fungi.

Over a period of 608 d, we found that litter decayed more rapidly in the presence of fine roots and mycorrhizal hyphae regardless of the dominant tree mycorrhizal association. Root and mycorrhizal exclusion reduced the activity of acid phosphatase on decomposing litter.

Our results indicate that both AM‐ and ECM‐associated fine roots stimulate litter decomposition in this system. These findings suggest that the effect of fine roots and mycorrhizal fungi on litter decay in a particular ecosystem likely depends on whether interactions between mycorrhizal roots and saprotrophic fungi are antagonistic or facilitative.
Agricultural land use disrupts biodiversity mediation of virus infections in wild plant populations
Authors: Susi Hanna , Laine Anna‐Liisa 
Published: December 2020

Summary

Human alteration of natural habitats may change the processes governing species interactions in wild communities. Wild populations are increasingly impacted by agricultural intensification, yet it is unknown whether this alters biodiversity mediation of disease dynamics.

We investigated the association between plant diversity (species richness, diversity) and infection risk (virus richness, prevalence) in populations of Plantago lanceolata in natural landscapes as well as those occurring at the edges of cultivated fields. Altogether, 27 P. lanceolata populations were surveyed for population characteristics and sampled for PCR detection of five recently characterized viruses.

We find that plant species richness and diversity correlated negatively with virus infection prevalence. Virus species richness declined with increasing plant diversity and richness in natural populations while in agricultural edge populations species richness was moderately higher, and not associated with plant richness. This difference was not explained by changes in host richness between these two habitats, suggesting potential pathogen spill‐over and increased transmission of viruses across the agro‐ecological interface. Host population connectivity significantly decreased virus infection prevalence.

We conclude that human use of landscapes may change the ecological laws by which natural communities are formed with far reaching implications for ecosystem functioning and disease.
Transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation of heading date in rice
Authors: Zhou Shirong , Zhu Shanshan , Cui Song , Hou Haigang , Wu Haoqin , Hao Benyuan , Cai Liang , Xu Zhuang , Liu Linglong , Jiang Ling , Wang Haiyang , Wan Jianmin 
Published: December 2020

SummaryRice is a facultative short day (SD) plant. In addition to serving as a model plant for molecular genetic studies of monocots, rice is a staple crop for about half of the world’s population. Heading date is a critical agronomic trait, and many genes controlling heading date have been cloned over the last 2 decades. The mechanism of flowering in rice from recognition of day length by leaves to floral activation in the shoot apical meristem has been extensively studied. In this review, we summarise current progress on transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation of heading date in rice, with emphasis on post‐translational modifications of key regulators, including Heading date 1 (Hd1), Early heading date 1 (Ehd1), Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (Ghd7). The contribution of heading date genes to heterosis and the expansion of rice cultivation areas from low‐latitude to high‐latitude regions are also discussed. To overcome the limitations of diverse genetic backgrounds used in heading date studies and to gain a clearer understanding of flowering in rice, we propose a systematic collection of genetic resources in a common genetic background. Strategies in breeding adapted cultivars by rational design are also discussed.
Metastatic salivary gland carcinoma: A role for stereotactic body radiation therapy? A study of AIRO‐Head and Neck working group
Authors: Franzese Ciro , Ingargiola Rossana , Tomatis Stefano , Iacovelli Nicola Alessandro , Beltramo Giancarlo , Franco Pierfrancesco , Bonomo Pierluigi , Zanetti Isa Bossi , Argenone Angela , Cante Domenico , Romanello Domenico Attilio , Musio Daniela , De Felice Francesca , Furlan Carlo , Scorsetti Marta , Orlandi Ester 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe role of radiotherapy (RT) for oligometastases is currently established in different oncological settings but data on salivary gland cancer (SGC) are lacking. We evaluated the role of RT in oligometastatic SGC patients, focusing on stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT).Materials and methodsWe performed a retrospective, multicentric study of oligometastatic SGC treated with palliative RT or SBRT. Endpoints included response evaluation and local control (LC).ResultsBetween 2006 and 2016, 64 patients were collected from 9 Italian Cancer Centers, on behalf of the Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology (AIRO) Head and Neck Working Group. 37 patients (57.8%) were suffering from adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and 27 patients (42.2%) had non‐ACC. Thirty‐four patients underwent palliative RT (53,1%), and 30 received SBRT (46,9%). Most common metastatic sites were bone for palliative RT and lung for SBRT. Among patients treated with SBRT, an objective response or a stability was observed in all treated lesions. After a median follow‐up of 29.2 months (range 2.3–117.1), LC at 12 months was 57.5% for patients treated with SBRT and was higher in ACC subgroup.ConclusionWe confirmed the potential role of SBRT in the management of oligometastatic SGC patients to control limited burden of disease considering the absence of effective systemic therapies.
Hypotension and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes among children with multiple exposures to general anesthesia: Subanalysis of the Mayo Anesthesia Safety in Kids (MASK) Study
Authors: Gleich Stephen J. , Shi Yu , Flick Randall , Zaccariello Michael J. , Schroeder Darrell R. , Hanson Andrew C. , Warner David O. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe potential adverse effects of exposures to general anesthesia on the developing human brain remain controversial. It has been hypothesized that hypotension accompanying anesthesia could be contributory. We hypothesized that among children exposed to multiple anesthetics prior to age 3, children developing adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes would be more likely to have intraoperative hypotension.MethodsTwo previously published study cohorts were utilized for analysis: the retrospective and prospective Mayo Anesthesia Safety in Kids cohorts. The two lowest consecutive systolic blood pressure measurements were abstracted and standardized by calculating a z‐score for noninvasive blood pressure reference ranges for children. The lowest systolic blood pressure z‐score (continuous variable) and intraoperative hypotension (lowest systolic blood pressure z‐score <−1.0) were used to assess the association of intraoperative hypotension with the incidence of learning disabilities or attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder(retrospective cohort) and factor scores/cluster membership (prospective cohort).ResultsOne hunderd and sixteen and 206 children with multiple exposures to general anesthesia were analyzed in the retrospective and prospective cohorts with mean lowest systolic blood pressure z‐scores −0.26 (SD 1.02) and −0.62 (SD 1.10), respectively. There was no overall association of the lowest z‐score or hypotension with learning disabilities or attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the retrospective cohort. In the prospective cohort, there was no overall association of the lowest systolic blood pressure or hypotension with factor scores or cluster membership.ConclusionsWe did not find evidence to support the hypothesis that, among children exposed to multiple anesthetics prior to age 3, children developing adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes would be more likely to have intraoperative hypotension compared with those who did not.
The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the education and wellness of U.S. Pediatric Anesthesiology Fellows
Authors: Shih Grace , Deer Jeremy D. , Lau Jennifer , Loveland Baptist Lindsey , Lim Doyle J. , Lockman Justin L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic caused state‐wide shutdowns of elective surgical activities in March and April of 2020 forcing graduate medical education program directors and their trainees in the United States to quickly adapt to new rules and circumstances.AimThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of the current pandemic on pediatric anesthesiology fellow education and wellness nationally in order to guide creation of optimal support systems for fellows during the ongoing pandemic.MethodsIn July 2020, an electronically distributed survey was sent to all United States‐based pediatric anesthesiology fellowship program directors who were asked to distribute the survey to all current/graduating fellows.ResultsA total of 75 out of 184 pediatric anesthesiology fellows (41%) responded to the survey. Major domains identified include reduction of clinical time, financial impact, mental health/wellness effects, and concerns about the overall quality of the fellowship educational experience. Respondents indicated that the pandemic has led to personal quarantine (and/or illness) leave time (21.3%), changes in finances (42.7%) and career opportunities (37.3%), decreased clinical education/experience (28%), and a dissatisfaction with the modified didactic experience (22.7%). In addition, a majority of respondents (97.3%) experienced increased stressors during this pandemic, including worry for family members (80%), stress due to changes in certifying examinations (76%), and fear of contracting COVID‐19 from a patient (72%).ConclusionWhile the results of this survey are only one snapshot in time during an evolving pandemic, these results highlight important domains where program directors and other departmental leaders might focus limited resources to maximize the educational experiences and overall wellness for pediatric anesthesiology fellows.
Influence of germline genetic variants on dermoscopic features of melanoma
Authors: Pozzobon Flavia Carolina , Tell‐Marti Gemma , Calbet‐Llopart Neus , Barreiro Alicia , Espinosa Natalia , Potrony Míriam , Alejo Beatriz , Podlipnik Sebastian , Combalia Marc , Puig‐Butillé Joan Anton , Carrera Cristina , Malvehy Josep , Puig Susana 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNevus count is highly determined by inherited variants and has been associated with the origin of melanoma. De novomelanomas (DNMMs) are more prevalent in patients with a low nevus count and have distinctive dermoscopic features than nevus‐associated melanomas. We evaluated the impact of nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ofMTAP(rs10811629, rs2218220, rs7023329 and rs751173),PLA2G6(rs132985 and rs2284063),IRF4(rs12203592), andPAX3(rs10180903 and rs7600206) genes associated with nevus count and melanoma susceptibility, and theMC1Rvariants on dermoscopic features of 371 melanomas from 310 patients. AllMTAPvariants associated with a low nevus count were associated with regression structures (peppering and mixed regression), blue‐whitish veil, shiny white structures, and pigment network. SNPs ofPLA2G6(rs132985),PAX3(rs7600206), andIRF4(rs12203592) genes were also associated with either shiny white structures or mixed regression (all correctedp‐values ≤ .06). Melanomas from red hair colorMC1Rvariants carriers showed lower total dermoscopy score (p‐value = .015) and less blotches than melanomas from non‐carriers (p‐value = .048). Our results provide evidence that germline variants protective for melanoma risk and/or associated with a low nevus count are associated with certain dermoscopic features, more characteristic of de novo and worse prognosis melanomas.
Psychological factors related to self‐disclosure and relationship formation in the online environment
Authors: D'Agata Madeleine T. , Kwantes Peter J. , Holden Ronald R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe current research constructs a measure of one's willingness to form online relationships and disclose personal and private information and examines how this measure relates to personality and individual differences. In Study 1, we developed a measure to assess one's Openness to Form Online Relationships (OFOR). Two factors emerged: Engagement and Suspicion. Results indicated that individuals who reported higher OFOR Engagement also self‐reported higher self‐concealment and self‐monitoring and lower Honesty‐Humility and Conscientiousness. In Study 2, we examined the extent to which our measures and the OFOR related to people's actual willingness to share personal information. Higher OFOR Engagement was related to greater disclosure. In addition, self‐concealment and the Dark Triad were significantly related to the severity and privacy of self‐disclosure. The current research constructs a new measure of and provides insight into some of the individual differences and personality traits involved in a person's openness to form relationships online and his/her willingness to disclose private information. This work contributes to our understanding of the factors that may make some individuals vulnerable to being deceived by others in the online environment. This work can be used to inform training or messaging to increase community resilience against deception, such as online scams.
Regulation of Krüppel homolog 1 expression by photoperiod in the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris
Authors: Dong Li , Udaka Hiroko , Numata Hideharu , Ito Chihiro 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera, Alydidae), adult females develop their ovaries under long‐day conditions (LD), but enter reproductive diapause with suppression of ovarian development under short‐day conditions (SD). This photoperiodic response is regulated by juvenile hormone (JH). Krüppel homolog 1 (Kr‐h1) encodes a JH‐inducible transcriptional factor and plays a pivotal role for reproduction in some insects. In the present study, we molecularly characterized Kr‐h1 and investigated Kr‐h1 expression patterns under SD and LD in R. pedestris. The open reading frame of Kr‐h1 was 1320 bp encoding a protein of 440 amino acids. The deduced protein contained eight conserved C2H2‐type zinc finger domains. The expression levels of Kr‐h1 increased from 5 days and peaked at 7 days after transfer from SD to LD. By contrast, Kr‐h1 was constantly expressed at a low level under SD. Topical application of a JH analogue induced ovarian development and Kr‐h1 expression even under SD, suggesting that Kr‐h1 is a JH‐inducible gene in R. pedestris. Then, we examined the effect of knockdown of circadian clock genes Clock (Clk) and mammalian‐type cryptochrome (cry‐m) by RNA interference (RNAi) on the ovarian development and Kr‐h1 expression. Clk RNAi prevented ovarian development and decreased the Kr‐h1 expression under LD, whereas cry‐m RNAi induced ovarian development and Kr‐h1 expression under SD. These results imply that JH secretion is prevented by Clk RNAi under LD and induced by cry‐m RNAi under SD. From these results, we suggest that Kr‐h1 expression is JH dependent and closely correlates with photoperiodic regulation of ovarian development.
Indeterminacy: Deep but not Rock Bottom
Authors: Mariani Cristian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBarnes (2014, Analytic Philosophy, 55, 339) has argued on this journal for the following conditional: If there is any metaphysical indeterminacy, this must be at the most fundamental level of reality. To argue for this claim, Barnes relies on two principles that I shall call bivalent completeness and determinate link. According to the former, a complete description is a bivalent assignment of truth values to every sentence. The determinate link, instead, establishes that the determination relation between levels of reality preserves determinacy from one level to another. In response to Barnes’ conclusion, Eva (2018, Thought, 7, 31) has recently pointed out that bivalent completeness is question begging. In this paper, I will first show why Eva's line of reasoning can be resisted. My aim will then be to present a stronger case against Barnes’ argument by challenging the determinate link. In the presence of metaphysical indeterminacy, the link between fundamental and derivative facts might itself be the locus of indeterminacy. I will conclude by showing that Barnes and Eva make many unwarranted assumptions regarding both indeterminacy and fundamentality. The logical space around the connection between these two notions appears to be much wider than what they seem to be aware of, or so I will argue.