bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different roles with different goals: Designing to support shared situational awareness between patients and clinicians in the hospital
Authors: Pollack Ari H , Mishra Sonali R , Apodaca Calvin , Khelifi Maher , Haldar Shefali , Pratt Wanda 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveTeam situational awareness helps to ensure high-quality care and prevent errors in the complex hospital environment. Although extensive work has examined factors that contribute to breakdowns in situational awareness among clinicians, patients’ and caregivers’ roles have been neglected. To address this gap, we studied team-based situational awareness from the perspective of patients and their caregivers.Materials and MethodsWe utilized a mixed-methods approach, including card sorting and semi-structured interviews with hospitalized patients and their caregivers at a pediatric hospital and an adult hospital. We analyzed the results utilizing the situational awareness (SA) theoretical framework, which identifies 3 distinct stages: (1) perception of a signal, (2) comprehension of what the signal means, and (3) projection of what will happen as a result of the signal.ResultsA total of 28 patients and 19 caregivers across the 2 sites participated in the study. Our analysis uncovered how team SA helps patients and caregivers ensure that their values are heard, their autonomy is supported, and their clinical outcomes are the best possible. In addition, our participants described both barriers—such as challenges with communication—and enablers to facilitating shared SA in the hospital.DiscussionPatients and caregivers possess critical knowledge, expertise, and values required to ensure successful and accurate team SA. Therefore, hospitals need to incorporate tools that facilitate patients and caregivers as key team members for effective SA.ConclusionsElevating patients and caregivers from passive recipients to equal contributors and members of the healthcare team will improve SA and ensure the best possible outcomes.
Supplementing a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product modulates innate immune function and ameliorates bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in neonatal calves
Authors: Mahmoud Asmaa H A , Slate Jamison R , Hong Suyeon , Yoon Ilkyu , McGill Jodi L 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to determine the effects of oral supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP; SmartCare and NutriTek; Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA) on immune function and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection in preweaned dairy calves. Twenty-four Holstein × Angus, 1- to 2-d-old calves (38.46 ± 0.91 kg initial body weight [BW]) were assigned two treatment groups: control or SCFP treated, milk replacer with 1 g/d SCFP (SmartCare) and calf starter top-dressed with 5 g/d SCFP (NutriTek). The study consisted of one 31-d period. On days 19 to 21 of the supplementation period, calves were challenged via aerosol inoculation with BRSV strain 375. Calves were monitored twice daily for clinical signs, including rectal temperature, cough, nasal and ocular discharge, respiration effort, and lung auscultation. Calves were euthanized on day 10 postinfection (days 29 to 31 of the supplementation period) to evaluate gross lung pathology and pathogen load. Supplementation with SCFP did not affect BW (P = 0.762) or average daily gain (P = 0.750), percentages of circulating white blood cells (P &lt; 0.05), phagocytic (P = 0.427 for neutrophils and P = 0.460 for monocytes) or respiratory burst (P = 0.119 for neutrophils and P = 0.414 for monocytes) activity by circulating leukocytes either before or following BRSV infection, or serum cortisol concentrations (P = 0.321) after BRSV infection. Calves receiving SCFP had reduced clinical disease scores compared with control calves (P = 0.030), reduced airway neutrophil recruitment (P &lt; 0.002), reduced lung pathology (P = 0.031), and a reduced incidence of secondary bacterial infection. Calves receiving SCFP shed reduced virus compared with control calves (P = 0.049) and tended toward lower viral loads in the lungs (P = 0.051). Immune cells from the peripheral blood of SCFP-treated calves produced increased (P &lt; 0.05) quantities of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in response to toll-like receptor stimulation, while cells from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of SCFP-treated calves secreted less (P &lt; 0.05) proinflammatory cytokines in response to the same stimuli. Treatment with SCFP had no effect on virus-specific T cell responses in the blood but resulted in reduced (P = 0.045) virus-specific IL-17 secretion by T cells in the BAL. Supplementing with SCFP modulates both systemic and mucosal immune responses and may improve the outcome of an acute respiratory viral infection in preweaned dairy calves.
Kinetics and thermodynamics of thermal inactivation for recombinant Escherichia coli cellulases, cel12B, cel8C, and polygalacturonase, peh28; biocatalysts for biofuel precursor production
Authors: Ibrahim Eman , Mahmoud Ahmed , Jones Kim D , Taylor Keith E , Hosseney Ebtesam N , Mills Patrick L , Escudero Jean M 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass conversion using cellulases/polygalacturonases is a process that can be progressively influenced by several determinants involved in cellulose microfibril degradation. This article focuses on the kinetics and thermodynamics of thermal inactivation of recombinant Escherichia coli cellulases, cel12B, cel8C and a polygalacturonase, peh 28, derived from Pectobacterium carotovorum sub sp. carotovorum. Several consensus motifs conferring the enzymes’ thermal stability in both cel12B and peh28 model structures have been detailed earlier, which were confirmed for the three enzymes through the current study of their thermal inactivation profiles over the 20–80°C range using the respective activities on carboxymethylcellulose and polygalacturonic acid. Kinetic constants and half-lives of thermal inactivation, inactivation energy, plus inactivation entropies, enthalpies and Gibbs free energies, revealed high stability, less conformational change and protein unfolding for cel12B and peh28 due to thermal denaturation compared to cel8C. The apparent thermal stability of peh28 and cel12B, along with their hydrolytic efficiency on a lignocellulosic biomass conversion as reported previously, makes these enzymes candidates for various industrial applications. Analysis of the Gibbs free energy values suggests that the thermal stabilities of cel12B and peh28 are entropy-controlled over the tested temperature range.
The March of the Beetles: Epistatic Components Dominate Divergence in Dispersal Tendency in Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Ruckman Sarah N , Blackmon Heath 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The genetic underpinnings of traits are rarely simple. Most traits of interest are instead the product of multiple genes acting in concert to determine the phenotype. This is particularly true for behavioral traits, like dispersal. Our investigation focuses on the genetic architecture of dispersal tendency in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. We used artificial selection to generate lines with either high or low dispersal tendency. Our populations responded quickly in the first generations of selection and almost all replicates had higher dispersal tendency in males than in females. These selection lines were used to create a total of 6 additional lines: F1 and reciprocal F1, as well as 4 types of backcrosses. We estimated the composite genetic effects that contribute to divergence in dispersal tendency among lines using line cross-analysis. We found variation in the dispersal tendency of our lines was best explained by autosomal additive and 3 epistatic components. Our results indicate that dispersal tendency is heritable, but much of the divergence in our selection lines was due to epistatic effects. These results are consistent with other life-history traits that are predicted to maintain more epistatic variance than additive variance and highlight the potential for epistatic variation to act as an adaptive reserve that may become visible to selection when a population is subdivided.
Anti-Corruption Provisions in International Investment Agreements: Investor Obligations, Sustainability Considerations, and Symmetric Balance
Authors: Yan Yueming 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Incorporating anti-corruption provisions into international investment agreements is a vital step for governments to address transnational corruption in international investment. This empirical study analyses a category of anti-corruption provisions that fosters compliance by investors. These anti-corruption provisions address anti-corruption issues either within corporate social responsibility clauses or through ‘carve-out’ statements. The former encourages investors to voluntarily comply with corporate social responsibility, including anti-corruption commitments, while the latter imposes direct obligations on investors by denying substantive treaty protection or access to arbitration if their investments were obtained through corruption. However, these provisions are unsatisfactory in terms of achieving their intended objectives: promoting sustainable development and achieving a symmetrical balance between investors and states. This paper addresses two central weaknesses of anti-corruption provisions. First, corporate social responsibility-based anti-corruption provisions are soft law norms that result in limited obligations or effects. Second, ‘carve-out’ anti-corruption provisions actually favour states’ interests, because they solely evaluate investors’ conduct without considering a state’s corrupt act. This paper recommends that, in addition to promoting responsible and corruption-free investments on the investor side, states should commit to take necessary measures to promote the integrity of public officials, establish cooperation and improve anti-corruption standards, and preserve sufficient remedial measures for investors in cases of solicitation by state officials.
Cording in Disseminated Mycobacterium chelonae Infection in an Immunocompromised Patient
Authors: Olson Gregory , McNulty Moira C , Mullane Kathleen , Beavis Kathleen G , Tesic Vera 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cording is a phenomenon in which acid fast bacilli grow in parallel and was previously used as a means of presumptive microscopic identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). However, this process has been shown in multiple other nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) species. Here we present the case of an immunocompromised adult who presented with wrist pain, weight loss, and cough. A positron emission tomography scan showed uptake in the right ulna, multiple soft tissue sites, and the left lung. Biopsies and cultures were obtained from multiple sites, and the patient was ultimately diagnosed with disseminated Mycobacterium chelonae infection. The organism showed cording in culture. As seen in this patient, cording may occur in multiple NTM species and is not reliable as the sole indicator of the presence of TB.
H i imaging of dwarf star-forming galaxies: masses, morphologies, and gas deficiencies
Authors: Jaiswal S , Omar A 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The Giant Meter-wave Radio Telescope observations of the H i 21 cm-line emission from 13 nearby dwarf star-forming galaxies are presented. These galaxies are selected from the catalogues of Wolf−Rayet galaxies having very young (≤10 Myr) star formation. The ranges of star formation rates and stellar masses of the sample galaxies are 0.03–1.7 M⊙ yr−1 and 0.04–22.3 × 108 M⊙, respectively. The H i line emission is detected from 12 galaxies with peak column density &gt;1 × 1021 cm−2. The 3σ H i column density sensitivities per channel width of 7 km s−1 for low (60 arcsec × 60 arcsec) resolution images are in the range 0.8–1.9 × 1019 cm−2. The H i channel images, moment images, global profiles, and mass surface density profiles are presented here. The average value of the peak H i mass surface density is estimated to be ∼2.5 M⊙ pc−2, which is significantly less compared to that in massive spiral galaxies. The scaling relations of $(M_{stars} + M_{\rm H\, I} + M_{\rm He})$versus Mdyn, gas fraction versus MB, $M_{\rm H\, I}$versus Mstars, H i-to-stellar mass ratio versus Mstars, and $M_{\rm H\, I}$versus $D_{\rm H\, I}$for the sample galaxies are estimated. These scaling relations can be used to constraint the key parameters in the galaxy evolution models. These galaxies are residing in group environment with galaxy density up to eight galaxy Mpc−3. An H i mass deficiency (with DEFH i &gt; 0.3) is noticed in majority of galaxies for their optical diameters as compared to galaxies in field environments. Clear signatures of tidal interactions in these galaxies could be inferred using the H i images. Isolated H i clouds without known optical counterparts are seen in the vicinity of several galaxies. H i emission envelope is found to be having an offset from the optical envelope in several galaxies. Consistent with the previous studies on galaxy evolution in group environments, tidal interactions seem to play an important role in triggering recent star formation.
Tight constraints on the excess radio background at z = 9.1 from LOFAR
Authors: Mondal R , Fialkov A , Fling C , Iliev I T , Barkana R , Ciardi B , Mellema G , Zaroubi S , Koopmans L V E , Mertens F G , Gehlot B K , Ghara R , Ghosh A , Giri S K , Offringa A , Pandey V N 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The ARCADE2 and LWA1 experiments have claimed an excess over the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at low radio frequencies. If the cosmological high-redshift contribution to this radio background is between 0.1 per cent and 22 per cent of the CMB at 1.42 GHz, it could explain the tentative EDGES low-band detection of the anomalously deep absorption in the 21-cm signal of neutral hydrogen. We use the upper limit on the 21-cm signal from the Epoch of Reionization (z = 9.1) based on 141 h of observations with LOFAR to evaluate the contribution of the high-redshift Universe to the detected radio background. Marginalizing over astrophysical properties of star-forming haloes, we find (at 95 per cent CL) that the cosmological radio background can be at most 9.6 per cent of the CMB at 1.42 GHz. This limit rules out strong contribution of the high-redshift Universe to the ARCADE2 and LWA1 measurements. Even though LOFAR places limit on the extra radio background, excess of 0.1–9.6 per cent over the CMB (at 1.42 GHz) is still allowed and could explain the EDGES low-band detection. We also constrain the thermal and ionization state of the gas at z = 9.1, and put limits on the properties of the first star-forming objects. We find that, in agreement with the limits from EDGES high-band data, LOFAR data constrain scenarios with inefficient X-ray sources, and cases where the Universe was ionized by stars in massive haloes only.
The VISCACHA survey – II. Structure of star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds periphery
Authors: Santos João F C , Maia Francisco F S , Dias Bruno , Kerber Leandro de O , Piatti Andrés E , Bica Eduardo , Angelo Mateus S , Minniti Dante , Pérez-Villegas Angeles , Roman-Lopes Alexandre , Westera Pieter , Fraga Luciano , Quint Bruno , Sanmartim David 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
We provide a homogeneous set of structural parameters of 83 star clusters located at the periphery of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). The clusters’ stellar density and surface brightness profiles were built from deep, AO assisted optical images, and uniform analysis techniques. The structural parameters were obtained from King and Elson et al. model fittings. Integrated magnitudes and masses (for a subsample) are also provided. The sample contains mostly low surface brightness clusters with distances between 4.5 and 6.5 kpc and between 1 and 6.5 kpc from the LMC and SMC centres, respectively. We analysed their spatial distribution and structural properties, comparing them with those of inner clusters. Half-light and Jacobi radii were estimated, allowing an evaluation of the Roche volume tidal filling. We found that: (i) for our sample of LMC clusters, the tidal radii are, on average, larger than those of inner clusters from previous studies; (ii) the core radii dispersion tends to be greater for LMC clusters located towards the southwest, with position angles of ∼200° and about ∼5° from the LMC centre, i.e. those LMC clusters nearer to the SMC; (iii) the core radius evolution for clusters with known age is similar to that of inner clusters; (iv) SMC clusters with galactocentric distances closer than 4 kpc are overfilling; (v) the recent Clouds collision did not leave marks on the LMC clusters’ structure that our analysis could reveal.
An uncertainty principle for star formation – III. The characteristic emission time-scales of star formation rate tracers
Authors: Haydon Daniel T , Kruijssen J M Diederik , Chevance Mélanie , Hygate Alexander P S , Krumholz Mark R , Schruba Andreas , Longmore Steven N 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
We recently presented a new statistical method to constrain the physics of star formation and feedback on the cloud scale by reconstructing the underlying evolutionary timeline. However, by itself this new method only recovers the relative durations of different evolutionary phases. To enable observational applications, it therefore requires knowledge of an absolute ‘reference time-scale’ to convert relative time-scales into absolute values. The logical choice for this reference time-scale is the duration over which the star formation rate (SFR) tracer is visible because it can be characterized using stellar population synthesis (SPS) models. In this paper, we calibrate this reference time-scale using synthetic emission maps of several SFR tracers, generated by combining the output from a hydrodynamical disc galaxy simulation with the SPS model slug2. We apply our statistical method to obtain self-consistent measurements of each tracer’s reference time-scale. These include H α and 12 ultraviolet (UV) filters (from GALEX, Swift, and HST), which cover a wavelength range 150–350 nm. At solar metallicity, the measured reference time-scales of H α are ${4.32^{+0.09}_{-0.23}}$ Myr with continuum subtraction, and 6–16 Myr without, where the time-scale increases with filter width. For the UV filters we find 17–33 Myr, nearly monotonically increasing with wavelength. The characteristic time-scale decreases towards higher metallicities, as well as to lower star formation rate surface densities, owing to stellar initial mass function sampling effects. We provide fitting functions for the reference time-scale as a function of metallicity, filter width, or wavelength, to enable observational applications of our statistical method across a wide variety of galaxies.
Computational studies into urea formation in the interstellar medium
Authors: Slate Eren C S , Barker Rory , Euesden Ryan T , Revels Max R , Meijer Anthony J H M 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTFormation routes, involving closed shell, radical, and charged species for urea, have been studied using computational methods to probe their feasibility in the interstellar medium. All reactions involving closed shell species were found to have prohibitive barriers. The radical–radical reaction possesses a barrier of only 4 kJ mol−1, which could be surmountable. A charged species based route was also investigated. A barrier of only 8 kJ mol−1 was found in that case, when a partial water ice shell was included.
A clustering-based self-calibration of the richness-to-mass relation of CAMIRA galaxy clusters out to z ≈ 1.1 in the Hyper Suprime-Cam survey
Authors: Chiu I-Non , Okumura Teppei , Oguri Masamune , Agrawal Aniket , Umetsu Keiichi , Lin Yen-Ting 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
We perform a self-calibration of the richness-to-mass (N–M) relation of CAMIRA galaxy clusters with richness N ≥ 15 at redshift 0.2 ≤ z &lt; 1.1 by modelling redshift-space two-point correlation functions. These correlation functions are the autocorrelation function ξcc of CAMIRA clusters, the autocorrelation function ξgg of the CMASS galaxies spectroscopically observed in the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey, and the cross-correlation function ξcg between these two samples. We focus on constraining the normalization AN of the N–M relation with a forward-modelling approach, carefully accounting for the redshift-space distortion, the Finger-of-God effect, and the uncertainty in photometric redshifts of CAMIRA clusters. The modelling also takes into account the projection effect on the halo bias of CAMIRA clusters. The parameter constraints are shown to be unbiased according to validation tests using a large set of mock catalogues constructed from N-body simulations. At the pivotal mass $M_{500}=10^{14}\, h^{-1}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ and the pivotal redshift zpiv = 0.6, the resulting normalization AN is constrained as $13.8^{+5.8}_{-4.2}$, $13.2^{+3.4}_{-2.7}$, and $11.9^{+3.0}_{-1.9}$ by modelling ξcc, ξcc + ξcg, and ξcc + ξcg + ξgg, with average uncertainties at levels of 36, 23, and $21{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, respectively. We find that the resulting AN is statistically consistent with those independently obtained from weak-lensing magnification and from a joint analysis of shear and cluster abundance, with a preference for a lower value at a level of ≲ 1.9σ. This implies that the absolute mass scale of CAMIRA clusters inferred from clustering is mildly higher than those from the independent methods. We discuss the impact of the selection bias introduced by the cluster finding algorithm, which is suggested to be a subdominant factor in this work.
The conserved ribonuclease aCPSF1 triggers genome-wide transcription termination of Archaea via a 3′-end cleavage mode
Authors: Yue Lei , Li Jie , Zhang Bing , Qi Lei , Li Zhihua , Zhao Fangqing , Li Lingyan , Zheng Xiaowei , Dong Xiuzhu 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Transcription termination defines accurate transcript 3′-ends and ensures programmed transcriptomes, making it critical to life. However, transcription termination mechanisms remain largely unknown in Archaea. Here, we reported the physiological significance of the newly identified general transcription termination factor of Archaea, the ribonuclease aCPSF1, and elucidated its 3′-end cleavage triggered termination mechanism. The depletion of Mmp-aCPSF1 in Methanococcus maripaludis caused a genome-wide transcription termination defect and disordered transcriptome. Transcript-3′end-sequencing revealed that transcriptions primarily terminate downstream of a uridine-rich motif where Mmp-aCPSF1 performed an endoribonucleolytic cleavage, and the endoribonuclease activity was determined to be essential to the in vivo transcription termination. Co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin-immunoprecipitation detected interactions of Mmp-aCPSF1 with RNA polymerase and chromosome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the aCPSF1 orthologs are ubiquitously distributed among the archaeal phyla, and two aCPSF1 orthologs from Lokiarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota could replace Mmp-aCPSF1 to terminate transcription of M. maripaludis. Therefore, the aCPSF1 dependent termination mechanism could be widely employed in Archaea, including Lokiarchaeota belonging to Asgard Archaea, the postulated archaeal ancestor of Eukaryotes. Strikingly, aCPSF1-dependent archaeal transcription termination reported here exposes a similar 3′-cleavage mode as the eukaryotic RNA polymerase II termination, thus would shed lights on understanding the evolutionary linking between archaeal and eukaryotic termination machineries.