bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Millimeter‐Wave RF Designs
Authors: Yu Chao , Hong Wei 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this article, the topic of millimeter wave radio frequency (RF) designs is introduced for the fifth‐generation communication system. State‐of‐the‐art studies in both academia and industry are reviewed, from four perspectives of architecture, radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC) design, package, and measurement. The base station and user equipment architectures are illustrated in details, and the RFIC design, especially for the phased array, is emphasized with several important components, such as power amplifier and on‐chip antenna. Then, antenna‐in‐package technology is illustrated. Later, the over‐the‐air measurement is discussed to resolve the measurement issues. Finally, the current and future challenges in research and practice are pointed out.
Interference Management
Authors: Liu Junyu , Sheng Min , Li Jiandong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe fifth‐generation (5G) mobile system is expected to be compatible with numerous network architectures and communication technologies. Despite the promising potential, reuse of the available spectral resources would inevitably result in complicated and overwhelming interference, which is shown as one of the most limiting factors to the 5G system performance. Therefore, designing and implementing more efficient interference management is of great importance in 5G. On this account we first investigate the impact of interference, which grows with the densification of users and network infrastructures, on the performance of the 5G cellular network in terms of area spectral efficiency (ASE). Then, we provide an overview of the state‐of‐the‐art interference management techniques and discuss the potentials and demerits of application of these techniques. Especially, we have shown that the interference power would always overwhelm the desired signal power when available interference management approaches are applied. Therefore, it is critical to jointly control desired signal power and interference power for better interference management. On this account, we have designed an activation probability–based interference avoidance strategy and verified through simulation that the proposed strategy could notably improve ASE for the 5G cellular network. In particular, the ASE could even increase with the increasing density of base stations in the dense BS regime. Otherwise, the ASE will approach zero when other interference management techniques are applied.
Backhauling for Small‐Cell Networks
Authors: Song Meiyan , Shan Hangguan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDensely deploying small cells is an attractive solution to the explosion of network traffic. However, it is well known that backhaul is a major challenge limiting the improvement of network performance. In this article, we first introduce the characteristics of different wired or wireless backhaul technologies, including fiber, xDSL, sub‐6 GHz, microwave, and millimeter wave (mmWave). As the main performance factors, throughput, latency, energy efficiency, and cost models are analyzed to provide useful guidance for the selection and deployment of backhaul links. Next, we survey existing works on joint optimization of access and backhaul links. Base station (BS) association schemes and caching techniques are also studied for their importance to further improve backhaul performance. Finally, research challenges on backhauling for small‐cell networks are summarized to inspire future research directions.
Managing Computational Elasticity for 5G Networks
Authors: Tsolkas Dimitris , Charismiadis Stavros‐Anastasios 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe introduction of virtualization in the mobile networks has brought new capabilities for network management, including the cutting‐edge advancement of network slicing over shared infrastructures. Inevitably, the sectors of information technology and telecommunications have converged, as the flexibility of running software programs in clouds, using shared computational resources, is gradually adopted by mobile network providers. In this context, new aspects in network management have been coined, including the network slice elasticity. The network slice elasticity incorporates the need for mechanisms that can guarantee high service performance and demanding service level agreements, when the availability of the computational resources and the traffic loads is stochastic. In this direction, different ways that the elasticity can be integrated in mobile networks have emerged, while specific 5G architectural components have been identified as potential hosts for elasticity provisioning solutions.
5G‐Core Network Security
Authors: Ahmad Ijaz , Suomalainen Jani , Huusko Jyrki 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe emergence of new services in 5G has necessitated a paradigm shift in the core network, as compared to 4G. New disruptive technological concepts such as softwarized and virtualized network functions, and multi‐access edge computing have been used in the core network. Thus, network function virtualization (NFV), software‐defined networking (SDN) and mobile edge computing have brought dynamicity and elasticity into the core network. Albeit the benefits, these technologies also bring their own limitations into the core network. Security challenges, for instance, constitute one such challenge dimension that need proper investigation into the loopholes existing in these technologies, and thus seek solution to those challenges. In this article, we discuss the security of 5G core network. The potential security challenges and possible solutions for the core network as a whole, and its key functions and technologies are discussed in this article.
5G Charging Architecture
Authors: Gardella Maryse , Görmer Gerald 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The 5G System (5GS) offers operators opportunities to create new business models by extending, beyond broadband connectivity, capabilities for new vertical industries. To support commercial deployments of 5GS, it is essential to incorporate charging capabilities for operators to be able to monetize investments based on their business models. For this purpose, the charging framework evolved toward 5G from circuit switch network via evolved packet core and other 3GPP domains or services. With 5G, 3GPP networks moved toward a service‐based architecture (SBA) enabling flexible and efficient deployment of various features and services by taking advantage of state‐of‐the‐art software techniques. The charging framework adopted the SBA, via introduction of the new charging function (CHF) as the service producer, to fully integrate to the 5GS and move to APIs technique in 3GPP style. The fundamental charging trigger function component of the charging architecture reused in 5G to identify the appropriate network function for network resource/service usage data collection is the service consumer. Prior to 5G, online charging and offline charging were handled separately, and the first service defined for CHF is the “converged charging service,” which combines quota management and charging data record generation. In the first 5G release, charging for 5G data connectivity and short message service are addressed, encompassing various functionalities such as service continuity, user plane selection close to the access network, concurrent access to local and centralized services, and network slicing. More charging capabilities are expected to be added, in particular for network slicing.
Activist Learning and Temporary Agency Workers in Quebec
Authors: Cardona Manuel Salamanca , Choudry Aziz 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter addresses learning and nonformal education in the course of organizing migrant and immigrant (im/migrant) temporary agency workers through the Immigrant Workers Centre (IWC) and the Temporary Agency Workers Association (TAWA) in Montreal. The IWC/TAWA organizing approach with agency workers is based on community organizing, activist knowledge production, popular education, and leadership development. Activist education work has helped to foster sustained organizing and campaigns against exploitation by temp agencies in Quebec. This has led to important gains like a recently adopted law that includes several provisions to regulate agencies. We build on critical ethnographic activist research, radical adult education literature concerning social movements, and apply Freire's concepts of limit situations and untested feasibility to TAWA/IWC organizing approaches. We argue that precarious work entails both vulnerability and resistance, and suggest that researchers should attend to the role of activist education, learning, and knowledge production to better understand social and economic justice struggles.
Building Trust and Cultivating Connection, Leadership, and Empowerment in a Community‐Based Program
Authors: Bien‐Gund Susannah , Elrowmeim Somia 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this chapter, the former and current directors of adult education at the Arab American Association of New York (AAANY) discuss strategies from their shared process of fostering community, student leadership, and empowerment in AAANY's community‐based literacy program. Amid the challenges for learners and the program connected to the 2016 election and a limited funding landscape, the authors share ways in which students and staff worked together to celebrate, connect, and learn from each other.
Grounding Adult Education in Radical Guyanese and Caribbean Pedagogy
Authors: Cuffy Robert 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe evolution of education in postcolonial Guyana was closely tied to the state through the socialist government's policy of Free Education from Nursery to University. Walter Rodney, a product of the colonial education system and a revolutionary scholar was able to both critique the shortcomings of the existing system while creating a critical pedagogy which could serve as a radical alternative. This chapter examines possibilities for adult education grounded in Rodney's vision.
Sample content of kinesthetic educational training: Reducing scattered X‐ray exposures to interventional physician operators of fluoroscopy
Authors: Pavlicek William , Sensakovic William F. , Zhou Yuxiang , Paden Robert G. , Panda Anshuman , Hines Justin , Naidu Sailendra G. , Oklu Rahmi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractContent used by Medical Physicists for fluoroscopy safety training to staff is deliverable via several formats, that is, online content or a live audience slide presentations. Here, we share one example of a kinesthetic (live, hands‐on simulation) educational program in use at our facility for some time (~10 years). In this example, the format and content specifically target methods of reducing physician operator exposures from scattered x rays. A kinesthetic format identifies and promotes the adoption of exposure‐reducing behaviors. Key kinesthetic elements of this type of training include: physician hands‐on measurements of radiation levels at locations specific to their standing positions (e.g., primary arterial access points) in the room using handheld exposure rate meters, measurement of exposure rate reduction to physicians provided by using personal protective equipment, that is, wearable aprons, hanging lead drapes, and pull‐down shields. Physician choice of procedure‐specific tableside selectable controls affecting exposure rate from optional fluoroscopy, Cine or digital subtraction angiography (DSA), along with comparative measured contribution to physician exposure is demonstrated. The inverse square exposure rate reduction to physicians when stepping back from the table during DSA is a key observation. Kinesthetic simulations in the rooms used by physicians have been found to provide the highest level of understanding giving rise to adoption of practices that are impactful for physicians. Specific training scripts are in place for physician sub‐specialization in interventional radiology, cardiology, neurosurgery, vascular surgery, and gastroenterology. This training is used for new physician staff while classroom presentations (whose content mimics in room training) are used with staff who have had previously had in room training.
Analysis of treatment process time for real‐time‐image gated‐spot‐scanning proton‐beam therapy (RGPT) system
Authors: Yoshimura Takaaki , Shimizu Shinichi , Hashimoto Takayuki , Nishioka Kentaro , Katoh Norio , Inoue Tetsuya , Taguchi Hiroshi , Yasuda Koichi , Matsuura Taeko , Takao Seishin , Tamura Masaya , Ito Yoichi M. , Matsuo Yuto , Tamura Hiroshi , Horita Kenji , Umegaki Kikuo , Shirato Hiroki 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe developed a synchrotron‐based real‐time‐image gated‐spot‐scanning proton‐beam therapy (RGPT) system and utilized it to clinically operate on moving tumors in the liver, pancreas, lung, and prostate. When the spot‐scanning technique is linked to gating, the beam delivery time with gating can increase, compared to that without gating. We aim to clarify whether the total treatment process can be performed within approximately 30 min (the general time per session in several proton therapy facilities), even for gated‐spot‐scanning proton‐beam delivery with implanted fiducial markers. Data from 152 patients, corresponding to 201 treatment plans and 3577 sessions executed from October 2016 to June 2018, were included in this study. To estimate the treatment process time, we utilized data from proton beam delivery logs during the treatment for each patient. We retrieved data, such as the disease site, total target volume, field size at the isocenter, and the number of layers and spots for each field, from the treatment plans. We quantitatively analyzed the treatment process, which includes the patient load (or setup), bone matching, marker matching, beam delivery, patient unload, and equipment setup, using the data obtained from the log data. Among all the cases, 90 patients used the RGPT system (liver: n = 34; pancreas: n = 5; lung: n = 4; and prostate: n = 47). The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the total treatment process time for the RGPT system was 30.3 ± 7.4 min, while it was 25.9 ± 7.5 min for those without gating treatment, excluding craniospinal irradiation (CSI; head and neck: n = 16, pediatric: n = 31, others: n = 15); for CSI (n = 11) with two or three isocenters, the process time was 59.9 ± 13.9 min. Our results demonstrate that spot‐scanning proton therapy with a gating function can be achieved in approximately 30‐min time slots.
Rapid Inversion of Surface Charges in Heteroatom‐Doped Porous Carbon: A Route to Robust Electrochemical Desalination
Authors: Kang Jin Soo , Kim Seoni , Chung Dong Young , Son Yoon Jun , Jo Kyusik , Su Xiao , Lee Myeong Jae , Joo Hwajoo , Hatton T. Alan , Yoon Jeyong , Sung Yung‐Eun 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGiven that a considerably large population suffers from shortage of water, there are numerous on‐going efforts to turn seawater into freshwater, and electrochemical desalination processes—particularly capacitive deionization (CDI)—have gained significant attention due to their high energy efficiency and reliable performance. Meanwhile, carbonaceous electrode materials, which are most commonly used in CDI systems, have poor long‐term stability due to unfavorable interactions with oxygen in saline water. Herein, rapid and vigorous inversion of surface charges in heteroatom‐doped carbon electrodes, which leads to a robust operation of CDI with high desalination capacity, is reported for the first time. By carbonization of coffee wastes, nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐codoped activated carbon with hierarchical micro/mesopores are prepared in an environmentally‐friendly manner, and this carbon results in a significantly higher inverted capacity than that of various activated carbon counterparts in long‐term CDI operations, without any sign of drop in performance. Investigations on the changes in physicochemical properties of the electrodes during the inversion disclose the favorable roles of nitrogen and sulfur dopants, which can be summarized as enlarging the difference between the surface charges of the two electrodes by chemical interactions with oxygen in the anode and carbon in the cathode.
Constructing Multichannel Carbon Fibers as Freestanding Anodes for Potassium‐Ion Battery with High Capacity and Long Cycle Life
Authors: Xu Ying , Yuan Tao , Zhao Yahui , Yao Hongfei , Yang Junhe , Zheng Shiyou 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPotassium‐ion battery (PIB) is a potential low‐cost energy storage technology owing to the abundant source and wide distribution of potassium element. However, the PIB usually suffers from poor cycling and rate performance induced by volume expansion and sluggish potassiation kinetics. Herein, multichannel carbon fibers (MCCFs) are rationally constructed as freestanding PIB anodes by electrospinning suitable ratio of poly(methyl methacrylate)/polyacrylonitrile with subsequent calcination treatment. The MCCF electrode shows a high reversible capacity/charge capacity of 420.1/304.2 mAh g−1 at current density of 50 mA g−1 and delivers a capacity of 110.9 mAh g−1 over 2000 cycles at a higher current density of 2000 mA g−1. The excellent electrochemical performance is attributed to the unique multichannels in amorphous MCCFs for buffering volume change and facilitating electrolyte infiltration, as well as high conductivity of N‐, O‐doping in MCCFs. This strategy of fabricating multifunctional electrode materials provides an effective approach to develop high‐performance materials for cost‐effective alkali‐ion batteries.
Genome‐wide association study of shared liability to anxiety disorders in Army STARRS
Authors: Hettema John M. , Verhulst Brad , Chatzinakos Chris , Bacanu Silviu‐Alin , Chen Chia‐Yen , Ursano Robert J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Gelernter Joel , Smoller Jordan W. , He Feng , Jain Sonia , Stein Murray B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAnxiety disorders (ANX), namely generalized anxiety, panic disorder, and phobias, are common, etiologically complex syndromes that show increasing prevalence and comorbidity throughout adolescence and beyond. Few genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) examining ANX risk have been published and almost exclusively in individuals of European ancestry. In this study, we phenotyped participants from the Army Study To Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (STARRS) to approximate DSM‐based ANX diagnoses. We factor‐analyzed those to create a single dimensional anxiety score for each subject. GWAS were conducted using that score within each of three ancestral groups (EUR, AFR, LAT) and then meta‐analyzed across ancestries (NTotal = 16,510). We sought to (a) replicate prior ANX GWAS findings in ANGST; (b) determine whether results extended to other ancestry groups; and (c) meta‐analyze with ANGST for increased power to identify novel susceptibility loci. No reliable genome‐wide significant SNP associations were detected in STARRS. However, SNPs within the CAMKMT gene located in region 2p21 associated with shared ANX risk in ANGST were replicated in EUR soldiers but not other ancestry groups. Combining EUR STARRS and ANGST (N = 28,950) yielded a more robust 2p21 association signal (p = 9.08x10−11). Gene‐based analyses supported three genes within 2p21 and LBX1 on chromosome 10. More powerful ANX genetic studies will be required to identify further loci.
A Mass‐Spectrometry‐Based Approach to Distinguish Annular and Specific Lipid Binding to Membrane Proteins
Authors: Bolla Jani Reddy , Corey Robin A. , Sahin Cagla , Gault Joseph , Hummer Alissa , Hopper Jonathan T. S. , Lane David P. , Drew David , Allison Timothy M. , Stansfeld Phillip J. , Robinson Carol V. , Landreh Michael 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMembrane proteins engage in a variety of contacts with their surrounding lipids, but distinguishing between specifically bound lipids, and non‐specific, annular interactions is a challenging problem. Applying native mass spectrometry to three membrane protein complexes with different lipid‐binding properties, we explore the ability of detergents to compete with lipids bound in different environments. We show that lipids in annular positions on the presenilin homologue protease are subject to constant exchange with detergent. By contrast, detergent‐resistant lipids bound at the dimer interface in the leucine transporter show decreased koff rates in molecular dynamics simulations. Turning to the lipid flippase MurJ, we find that addition of the natural substrate lipid‐II results in the formation of a 1:1 protein–lipid complex, where the lipid cannot be displaced by detergent from the highly protected active site. In summary, we distinguish annular from non‐annular lipids based on their exchange rates in solution.
Copper‐based Schiff Base Complex Immobilized on Core‐shell Fe3O4@SiO2 as a magnetically recyclable and highly efficient nanocatalyst for green synthesis of 2‐amino‐4H‐chromene derivatives
Authors: Ebrahimiasl Hakimeh , Azarifar Davood 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFe3O4‐supported copper (II) Schiff‐Base complex has been synthesized through post‐modification with 1,3‐phenylenediamine followed by further post‐modification with salicylaldehyde and coordination with Cu(II) ion. The resulted Fe3O4@SiO2‐imine/phenoxy‐Cu(II) magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were characterized by various techniques including SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, EDX, VSM, FT‐IR, and ICP. The catalytic activity as a magnetically recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for one‐pot, three‐component synthesis of 2‐amino‐4H‐chromene derivatives was examined. The catalyst is efficient in the reaction and can be recovered by magnetic separation and recycled several times without significant loss in the catalytic activity.
Isolation and Evaluation of Stearin and Olein Fractions from Rice Bran Oil Fatty Acid Distillate by Detergent Fractionation and Conversion into Neutral Glycerides by Autocatalytic Esterification Reaction
Authors: Sahu Sudhasri , Ghosh Minakshi , Bhattacharyya Dipak K. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDetergent fractionation (Lanza process) offers a valuable separation process for edible oils that contain varying amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The rice bran oil fatty acid distillate (RBOFAD), obtained as a major byproduct of rice bran oil deacidification refining process, was fractionated by detergent solution into a fatty acid mixture as follows: low‐melting (19.00 °C) fraction of fatty acids as olein fraction (44.50 g/100 g) and high‐melting (49.00 °C) fatty acids as stearin fraction (37.15 g/100 g). A high amount of palmitic acid (42.75 wt%) is present in stearin fraction, while oleic acid is higher (48.21 wt%) in the olein fraction. The stearin and olein fractions of RBOFAD with very high content of free fatty acids are converted into neutral glycerides by autocatalytic esterification reaction with a theoretical amount of glycerol at high temperatures (130–230 °C) and at a reduced pressure (30 mmHg). Acid value, peroxide value, saponification value, and unsaponifiable matters are important analytical parameters to identity for quality assurance. These neutral glyceride‐rich stearin and olein fractions, along with unsaponifiable matters, can be used as nutritionally and functionally superior quality food ingredients in margarine and in baked goods as shortenings.