bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Trauma, Gender, and War
Authors: Harel-Shalev Ayelet , Daphna-Tekoah Shir 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 provides a critical feminist outlook on trauma and presents a deconstruction of binary perceptions about traumatic experiences in armed conflicts. Combat trauma and trauma studies emerged from masculine hierarchic theoretical foundations. Current knowledge about trauma concentrates on men as combatants and women as victims. By focusing on the narratives of women combatants, the chapter’s analysis breaks with the traditional ways in which war-associated trauma has been studied. Hegemonic masculinity has influenced the study of trauma—just as it influences and reinforces everyday practices of gendered identities, particularly gendered identities in a military environment. These overlooked aspects of trauma can be understood through the study of women exposed to combat trauma (as perpetrators or victims or both). By the analysis of the traumatic experiences of women combat soldiers, the chapter challenges disciplinary boundaries by emphasizing the need for a critical and feminist perspective in the study of trauma.
Between What “Was” and What “Is”
Authors: Chiovenda Andrea 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents a briefer profile of four more individuals from Nangarhar province. The common theme among them is their coming of age in a quickly morphing social and cultural environment, and the frictions (both internally and outwardly) that each of them has to go through in order to make sense of contradictory cultural cues in a volatile political space. The author followed these four adolescents into their early adulthood and participated in their struggle to shape a future for themselves, amid war, new opportunities, and the call of tradition.
Conclusion
Authors: Chiovenda Andrea 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The conclusion to the book pulls together the many conceptual threads that emerged from the ethnographic material presented in the previous chapters. It argues for a human “shared psychic reality” that can only be expressed and operationalized through the meanings given to it by the cultural world in which each individual is immersed and lives. Thus, while psychic mechanisms have to be “primed” by the individual’s cultural and social environment in order to function meaningfully, so also cultural material, in order to be understood, has to be approached by investigating the subjectivities and psychological dynamics of those who utilize it and produce it. This is particularly true in the realm of conflict, in all its connotations, which is a constant presence in the pages of the book. Indeed, power is here considered to be constitutive of all relations of interdependence between individuals, and not simply as something that someone has and others have not, whether when producing harmony or conflict.
Body
Authors: Kozak Mariusz 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter takes a closer look at listeners’ bodily capabilities. The author first draws on his own and others’ observational studies to show how, in response to music, listeners’ capacities for movement unfold in two distinct ways: (1) by synchronizing with a pulse, and (2) by coordinating their movements with events separated by longer, or uneven, spans of time. He then argues that these two categories of movement constitute a kinesthetic knowledge of music’s temporal processes—of “how music goes.” He develops a comprehensive account of this knowledge as a contextual enactment, through bodily engagement with the world, of the dynamics, affectivity, and intercorporeality of our involvement with the world—as a dynamic feel of living as an animate and environmentally embedded being engaged in some task.
Education
Authors: Hershkoff Helen , Loffredo Stephen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses state and federal laws that affect educational opportunity for poor and low-income children and adults. The federal Constitution does not guarantee a right to education. Instead, the provision of public schooling is a state responsibility, and the quality of public education varies considerably based on the wealth of the community in which a public school is located. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that the Equal Protection Clause does not require states to provide equal educational opportunities to students from low-wealth communities that on a par with those in schools with greater resources. The result is an educational system characterized by disparities and inequalities—rather than driving children forward, public schools in some disadvantaged neighborhoods serve as a conduit in a school-to-prison pipeline, with highly racialized impacts. The chapter discusses how the education of poor and low-income children is affected by residency requirements, truancy laws, punitive disciplinary policies, school fees, and the absence of state-funded programs for toddlers too young to attend kindergarten. Congress has enacted programs designed to supplement educational opportunities for students who are poor or from low-income households, and the chapter discusses some of them, starting with preschool through to vocational training opportunities and federal loans and grants to attend college. These programs, although important, are largely indifferent to the democratic benefits of racially integrated schools and do not go far enough in ensuring every child a free, quality education as a strong foundation for development and growth. The chapter also discusses how student debt has become a barrier to social mobility, and some of the protections available for students unable to pay their college loans.
Rights in Public Spaces
Authors: Hershkoff Helen , Loffredo Stephen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the rights of low-income persons, including those who “look poor” or homeless, to travel, to become members of a community, and to use public spaces, such as streets, parks, libraries, and post offices. Many localities have adopted “quality of life” regulations that restrict and even criminalize acts that are innocent when done in the privacy of one’s home, such as sleeping or eating, but become illegal when done in public. The chapter sets out the constitutional right to travel from state to state and within a state, and describes the practical and legal barriers that exist to the actualization of that right, such as the absence of public transportation or not having money to buy a car. Attention is given to the constitutional status of residency requirements and how they impact efforts to obtain better housing and schooling. It explores permissible limits on rights to use public spaces, and protections that may be invoked in many typical encounters with the police, such as demands for identification cards or the seizure of possessions temporarily left in a park. Practical advice is given about library services and mail delivery, as well as how to get licenses for commercial activities that make use of public spaces, including street vending.
Pressure Builds for Reform
Authors: Wears Robert L. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Horrific medical accidents widely circulated in the media: Betsy Lehman, Boston Globe health reporter died from a chemotherapy overdose; in Florida, Willie King had the wrong leg amputated. These scandalous stories killed organized medicine’s efforts at tort reform because no one could reasonably support it after such injuries. In the aftermath, the first Annenberg Conference on error in medicine was proposed to help medicine “get on the right side of the issue.” Lucian Leape and James Reason provided keynote addresses, symbolizing a partnership between medicine and cognitive psychology. The Ben Kolb case presented at Annenberg spurred organized medicine to begin serious safety efforts, and the National Patient Safety Foundation was started by the American Medical Association. A second, even larger Annenberg Conference was held with substantial input from nonclinical safety scientists.
Keeping DNA Out, Letting It In
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
All three meningitis bacteria (meningococci, Haemophilus influenzae, and pneumococci) are able to soak up DNA from their environments; thus, they all exhibit substantial genetic diversity. Those whose cell walls stain Gram negative (meningococci and H. influenzae) use DNA uptake signal sequences to take up the DNA, while pneumococci, which stain Gram positive and thus possess a different kind of cell wall, use a unique and less well understood mechanism. Although these interesting and important scientific discoveries have little to do with the clinical management of meningitis, they reveal a lot about the basic biology of H. influenzae and other meningitis-causing bacteria. By using the molecular tools that permit bacteria to acquire new DNA from their environments, H. influenzae bacteria are able to refashion themselves. In this way, at least a few of the bacteria in the enormous population of bacteria that live in humans are able to cope with whatever challenging environment they happen to fall into, including their transit from the throat, where they normally live, to the blood and meninges, where they cause meningitis.
Hitch a Sugar to a Protein
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The success of the conjugate Hib vaccines has been spectacular. Prior to their introduction, an estimated 10,000 cases of Hib meningitis occurred annually in the United States, which was approximately 1 in 300 children. It was even higher among native Alaskan and American Indian children. Since the widespread use of the vaccine, the disease has nearly disappeared in the United States, with only 40 cases in children under age 5 years reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2014. Thus, bacterial meningitis, once a scourge that killed and damaged too many American children is, for the most part, now a bad memory.
A Scientist and a Scientist Walk into a Bar
Authors: Gilsdorf Janet R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Since Richard Pfeiffer first spotted his influenza bacilli in the respiratory secretions of patients suffering from influenza during the Russian pandemic, scientists of all stripes have built, one discovery at a time, a monument to understanding how Haemophilus influenzae, as well as pneumococci and meningococci, cause bacterial meningitis. The culmination of these many, diverse efforts is the near disappearance of this dreadful infection, at least in countries that provide vaccines to their young citizens. Earlier, smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, measles, and polio became almost nonexistent in America because of a tower of scientific knowledge and the use of vaccines that emerged from that knowledge. Now, meningitis is almost there.
Israel Has a Jewish Problem
Authors: Dalsheim Joyce 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This book examines the struggles over Jewishness in Israel. Although the state was founded to liberate the Jews, some Israelis must leave the country to get married, while others are denigrated for trying to live the Torah life. The Kafkaesque nature of such struggles illustrates how modern democratic nation-states, meant to liberate citizens through rule by “the people” and for “the people,” instead create “a people” for the state and its projects. The book argues that self-determination becomes a form of self-elimination as it produces the ethnos for the nation, inevitably narrowing the possible forms of personal and cultural identity.
On Goat Surveillance
Authors: Dalsheim Joyce 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Building on Hannah Arendt’s theorizing about citizenship and rights, this chapter shows some of the outcomes of the transformation of the Jewish Question for “the people” who must be produced and maintained as sovereign citizens in their own state. The chapter includes a number of ethnographic vignettes describing situations that arise when Israelis struggle over Jewishness in order to make a living, sell their produce, or immigrate to the country. This chapter lays the foundation for the broader argument about how ethno-national models of political liberation produce their “people,” arguing that although such production causes the most harm to those it excludes, the processes of producing inclusion also threaten human liberation. This chapter is framed by Kafka’s “Little Fable,” which serves as a metaphor for the myriad ways Jews struggle to be Jewish in Israel, which seems like a narrowing maze with no exit.
Is Israel a Christian State?
Authors: Dalsheim Joyce 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter opens with an ethnographic vignette in which an ultra-Orthodox man explains the dangers of Zionism. He says the founding father of political Zionism, Theodor Herzl, “actually wanted to convert all the Jews to Christianity.” This opens a discussion about the character of the Jewish state, building on the previous chapter about assimilation. It focuses on government efforts to change the ultra-Orthodox and to integrate them into Israeli society. It deals with conflicts over “freedom,” which has often come to mean self-realization and individual autonomy, but should not be limited to this Western liberal definition. While anthropologists have long argued that such normative terms like freedom do not have a universal definition, in this case, we find that the secular state interprets freedom in a way that does not coincide with the understanding of at least some of those it intends to make free.
How Envy Can Incite Anti-Semitism and Genocide
Authors: Smith Richard H. , Hoogland Charles E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of envy in anti-Semitism and genocide. After making the case for why Jews might be envied in the first place, it suggests reasons why envy, together with other factors, should help explain the specific ways in which Jews have been the targets of prejudice and extreme aggression. Jews, because they are envied due to their perceived competence and because they are believed to have intentions to use their competence to undercut the majority culture, are often seen as powerful threats to the majority culture and blamed for societal troubles. The analysis emphasizes the propensity of envy to transmute itself into more palatable emotions that succeed in justifying hatred and making genocide more likely.
Introduction
Authors: Han Enze 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The first chapter introduces the issue topic and presents a set of research questions for the study. It then discusses briefly the argument of the book, its methodology, as well as the structure of the book. Specifically, it points out that this book is a comparative historical account of the state and nation-building process in an “organic” upland area that shares lots of similarities in terms of geography and ethnic diversity, yet has become increasingly incorporated into a set of neighboring modern states. Departing from existing approaches that look at such processes mainly from the angle of singular, bounded territorial states, the book argues that a more fruitful approach is to see how state and nation building in one country can influence, and be influenced by, the same processes across borders.
Spillover of the Chinese Civil War and Militarization of the Borderland
Authors: Han Enze 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 analyzes the legacy of the KMT in the borderland area, after its defeat in the Chinese Civil War, in terms of its impact on state building in the three countries. It analyzes how the KMT incursion in Burma played a sizable role in the fragmentation of Burma in the peripheries and also indirectly set in motion the militarized confrontation between the Burmese army and many of the estranged ethnic groups. In Thailand’s case, KMT remnant troops proved instrumental in Thai counter-insurgency campaigns within the context of its broader security relations with the United States during the Cold War. For China, the communist government carried out ruthless counterinsurgencies against the KMT remnants as well as other ethnic and local rebellions in mountainous areas that resisted the communist regime’s consolidation of power. Campaigns were also carried out to subdue the population in the name of suppressing counter-revolutionaries.
Comparative Nation Building across the Borderland Area
Authors: Han Enze 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 analyzes how the different nationalist ideologies in these three countries have affected the politics of national identity among various ethnic minority groups living along the borders. It examines nation-building ideologies and policies in China, Myanmar, and Thailand, then examines how close ethnic linkages between the Shan and Thai manifest in Thailand’s interest in supporting Shan nationalist movements as part of its pan-Tai sentiment. The chapter then compares the implications of different nationalist ideologies and practices on common cross-border ethnic minorities between China and Myanmar. For many ethnic minority groups across the border, China is often perceived as a place where ethnic minorities are treated better than in Myanmar. Relative depravation in Myanmar explains this perception very well.
Sound Design is the New Score
Authors: Kulezic-Wilson Danijela 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Sound Design Is the New Score explores film soundtrack practice that blurs the boundary between scoring and sound design, subverting long-established hierarchical relationships between dialogue, music, and sound effects. The new methods associated with this practice rely on the language and techniques of contemporary popular and art music rather than traditional Hollywood scoring and mixing practices, producing soundtracks in which it is difficult to tell the difference between score and ambient sound, where pieces of pre-existing musique concrète or electroacoustic music are merged with diegetic sound, sound effects are absorbed into the score or treated as music, and diegetic sound is treated as musique concrète. The book argues that the underlying principle that binds together all the different manifestations of this practice is a musical approach to soundtrack conceived as an integrated whole. The aesthetic concerns of this practice, demonstrated in a resistance to the familiar tropes of classical narrative and scoring, are illuminated through the concept of the aesthetics of reticence, which encourages an intellectual, affective, and sensuous engagement with film. The sensuous aspect of this practice is theorized using the concept of the erotics of art, arguing that the sensuousness of film form—its sonic and visual textures, composition, rhythm, movement, and flow—is much more complex and sophisticated than simply being an emphasis on excessive sensory stimulation facilitated by the use of digital technology or the aesthetics inspired by it.
Germanic
Authors: Murdoch Brian 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
There are only limited and indirect reflections of Jewish apocrypha and pseudepigrapha in Old and Middle High German, Anglo-Saxon, and Middle English. The story of Judith was well-known, as were extrabiblical tales associated with Joseph, but the best attested pseudepigraphic material is that linked with (Christian versions of) the legends of Adam and Eve after the Fall, of which there are very many examples in Middle English and Middle High German, as well as in other European languages. Elements of the Enoch-apocrypha are reflected in one Old High German text, and the figures of Jannes and Jambre appear in one text in Anglo-Saxon.
Qumran Texts
Authors: Hamidović David 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The intellectual inheritance of the Qumran texts has suggested numerous hypotheses since their discovery. Some scholars pretended to find a relationship with Christian groups, others shed light on the links with Jewish groups. This chapter deals with a new approach to the transmission of the Qumran texts. Three levels of transmission are considered: (1) the “narrow” transmission of the Qumran manuscripts; (2) a “broader” definition of the transmission concerns the Qumran texts; it means the Essene compositions with some interrogations for several documents excavated in Qumran caves; (3) and the “broadest” definition of Qumran manuscripts and of their transmission needs to consider not only the Essene compositions but also the Scriptural manuscripts and the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha—that is, the whole preserved Qumran texts.
Islamic
Authors: Reeves John C. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The present chapter explores the likelihood that Second Temple–era Jewish apocryphal and pseudepigraphical texts have an important role to play in the history of classical Islamic literature. It makes a preliminary start toward identifying and outlining some of the ways in which Jewish noncanonical lore might shed light on certain terms or expressions, some narrative features, and particular ideological trajectories resident within distinctively Muslim literary formulations such as Qur’ān, tafsīr, “tales of the prophets” (qiṣaṣ al-anbiyā’) collections, and the early universal histories of Ya‘qūbī (d. 897) and Ṭabarī (d. 923). It is hoped that the present chapter will stimulate further comparative work and contributions to this important field of study.
Theories and Methods
Authors: Miller Scott A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a necessary prelude to the chapters to come through its discussion of the theories that guide research and the methods used to examine the questions of interest. Eight theories are presented, each of which is returned to at various places throughout the book. Two emphases emerge in the discussion of theories: the complementary nature of the eight theoretical positions and the reciprocal relation between theories and research. Just as theories guide and illuminate research, so the study of parents’ beliefs enriches each of the general theories that have directed such study. The overview of methods considers not only ways to study beliefs but also methods appropriate for the three other issues that recur throughout the book: origins of parents’ beliefs, relations between beliefs and parenting behavior, and relations between beliefs and children’s development. A special emphasis is on ways to establish causality in the interplay of parental beliefs and behaviors and child outcomes.
Factors That Can Interact with Familiarity
Authors: Pozzulo Joanna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of estimator variables within eyewitness memory. Estimator variables are factors that occur during the time of the crime that may affect eyewitness identification accuracy. Various estimator variables are discussed, in conjunction with familiarity, to highlight how eyewitness recall and identification may be impacted. The chapter first discusses witness variables such as the role of the eyewitness (i.e., whether the witness is a bystander or a victim), the role of arousal during the time of the crime, the age of the witness, the cross-race effect, and personality variables that may impact identification accuracy. The chapter then discusses the challenges the criminal justice system faces when determining the impact of estimator variables on eyewitness identification accuracy and the need to consider these variables in conjunction with familiarity.