bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Five- and ten-year survival of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in northern Thailand: a multivariate analysis
Authors: Chakrabandhu Somvilai , Bunyatisai Walaithip , Sripan Patumrat , Traisathit Patrinee , Chitapanarux Imjai 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAim:To report 5- and 10-year overall survival (OS) outcomes of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and identify prognostic factors.Methods:Data on 2,095 patients at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Thailand between 2007 and 2014 were analysed using the Kaplan–Meyer method to estimate 5- and 10-year OS rates. Cox proportional hazard regression models were applied to assess the independent prognostic factors of survival.Results:8·7% had hypopharyngeal cancer, 19·7% laryngeal, 53·3% oral cavity and 18·3% oropharyngeal. Two-thirds of the patients had locally advanced stage (III–IVB). Five- and ten-year OS rates were 30·1 and 22·8%, respectively.Conclusions:Cancer site, stage and age at diagnosis were associated with mortality, highlighting the importance of prevention and early detection.
Australia – Anti-Dumping Measures on A4 Copy Paper, DS529
Authors: Kim Sang Man , Bohanes Jan 
Published: August 2020

The dispute concerned anti-dumping duties imposed by Australia on two exporters of A4 copy paper from Indonesia which Indonesia claimed were inconsistent with several provisions of the Anti-Dumping Agreement. Australia imposed these duties, ranging between 30% and 40%, on the basis of a comparison of constructed normal values with export prices. Those constructed values were based, for certain input items, on substitute values – prices of pulp exported by Brazilian and South American producers to China and Korea – rather than on the actual costs recorded in those exporters' financial records. These kinds of ‘cost adjustments’ currently rank among the most controversial topics in contemporary WTO anti-dumping case law.
Levels, centers, and peripheries: the spatio-political structure of political systems
Authors: Donnelly Jack 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article develops a ‘spatio-political’ structural typology of (national and international) political systems, based on the arrangement of homogeneous or heterogeneous political centers and peripheries in layered political spaces. I then apply this typology to Eurocentric political systems from the high middle ages to today. Rather than see no fundamental change across nearly a millennium (the system remained anarchic) or a singular modern transition (with several centuries of fundamental structural continuity on either side), I depict a series of partial structural transformations on time scales of a century or two. I also recurrently step back to consider the nature and significance of such structural models; why and how they explain. International systems, I try to show, do not have just one or even only a few simple structures; their parts are arranged (structured) in varied and often complex ways. Structural change therefore is common and typically arises through the interaction and accumulation of changes in intertwined elements of interconnected systems (not from radical innovations or dramatic changes in core principles). And structural models, I argue, explain both continuity and change not by identifying causes (or mechanisms) but through configurations; the organization of the parts of a system into a complex whole.
Control power as a special case of protean power: thoughts on Peter Katzenstein and Lucia Seybert'sProtean Power: Exploring the Uncertain and Unexpected in World Politics
Authors: Adler Emanuel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHuman experience of control is an illusion; all forms of power are a special, transient, and unstable case of protean power. Taking risks is governed by critical uncertainty less because of our lack of perfect knowledge than because the world is physically and socially indeterminate. Power, thus, lies not only in agents' potential to dominate each other, but also in acting in concert to turn propensities into reality. Radical uncertainty is, therefore, not necessarily bad news. Whether protean power endangers or protects humanity depends less on calculating risks than on agents practicing common humanity values. I revise Katzenstein's and Seybert's concepts accordingly and illustrate by discussing Artificial Intelligence's challenges to humanity.
Irreparable ignorance, protean power, and economics
Authors: DeMartino George F. , Grabel Ilene 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe ongoing crisis in mainstream economics has opened the door to recognition of true uncertainty. Economists are increasingly embracing uncertainty and tracing its implications for responsible economic practice and policy design that foregrounds rather than dismisses the limits to knowledge. Protean Power (PP) promotes a similar shift in international relations. PP advances a key distinction between operational and radical uncertainty. We argue that a complementary and perhaps more productive way to theorize the epistemic insufficiency facing agents as they map and implement strategies is to distinguish between ‘reparable’ and ‘irreparable’ ignorance, which leads to ‘Hirschmanian’ pragmatism.
Of Harm, Culprits and Rectification: Obtaining Corrective Justice for Climate Change Displacement
Authors: Thornton Fanny 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn light of the accelerating nature of climate change and its effect, it is unsurprising that various entities increasingly resort to courts and tribunals to seek to address the many harms and wrongs that clearly stem from climate change. This article discusses the opportunities in this context for those who face displacement by the effects of climate change, an issue that is not necessarily at the heart of either climate justice debates or climate displacement debates. Discussions about how to respond to displacement arising in the context of climate change often focus on the ‘protection space’ or ‘assistance space’, in which those affected are conceptualized as actual or potential seekers of protection or assistance, who may or may not be owed refuge elsewhere on account of unmet needs for shelter, support or safety. This article takes a different approach and conceptualizes those affected as potential or actual seekers of justice, who may be owed rectification for inflicted harm. The article thus contributes to emerging scholarship concerning climate change litigation and climate harm reversal, by focusing on the corrective justice potential for those who face the specific issue of displacement stemming from climate change. To this end, the article provides the relevant practical and analytical background, and discusses key recent law and policy developments in both the domestic and cross-border spheres. The article considers not merely the nexus between displacement stemming from climate change and considerations of justice, but also how and where justice in this context is or may be sought.
Projected Changes in the Annual Range of Precipitation Under Stabilized 1.5°C and 2.0°C Warming Futures
Authors: Chen Ziming , Zhou Tianjun , Zhang Wenxia , Li Puxi , Zhao Siyao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChanges in hydrological cycle under 1.5°C and 2.0°C warming are of great concern on the post‐Paris Agreement agenda. In particular, the annual range of precipitation, that is, the difference between the wet and dry seasons, is important to society and ecosystem. This study examines the changes in precipitation annual range using the Community Earth System Model low‐warming (CESM‐LW) experiment, designed to assess climate change at stabilized 1.5°C and 2.0°C warming levels. To reflect the exact annual range in different regions, wet and dry seasons are defined for each grid point and year. Based on this metric, the precipitation annual range would increase by 3.90% (5.27%) under 1.5°C (2.0°C) warming. The additional 0.5°C of warming would increase annual range of precipitation by 1.37%. The enhancement is seen globally, except in some regions around the subtropics. Under the additional 0.5°C of warming, a significant increase in the annual range occurs over 15% (22%) of the ocean (land) regions. The increase is associated with the enhanced precipitation during wet season. Moisture budget analysis shows that the enhancement in annual range is dominated by vertical moisture advection, which includes thermodynamic (TH, moisture) and climate dynamic (CD, circulation changes) terms. The TH term plays a dominant role, while the CD term partly offsets the effects of the TH term. The TH term dominates over most regions except for part of the tropical ocean and some of the land regions, where the CD term is also remarkable. Thus, the enhancement of the annual range of precipitation is mainly caused by the increase in moisture.
Microstructure and Mooring Observations of Enhanced Mixing in the Kerama Gap
Authors: Inoue Ryuichiro , Tanaka Takahiro , Nakamura Hirohiko , Yanagimoto Daigo , Fujio Shinzou , Yasuda Ichiro 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMicrostructure and mooring observations were conducted around the Kerama Gap, near the midpoint of the Ryukyu Island chain, in December 2016. We observed enhanced mixing near raised seafloor topography with vertical diffusivity from 10−2 to 10−1 m2 s−1 in the bottom water and found that tides were important drivers of enhanced mixing above sills. Two‐dimensional numerical simulations of a vertical cross section of the Kerama Gap indicated that breaking internal tides play an important role in the enhanced mixing behind the sill near the entrance to the gap. In addition, M2 internal tides radiating from the sills at the gap's entrance and exit may correspond to the observed enhanced vertical shear and mixing around the salinity minimum layer of the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) in the Kerama Gap. Simple quantitative arguments based on the observed turbulence data suggest that the enhanced mixing at the sill may influence the renewal of the bottom water and the NPIW in the Okinawa Trough, about 10% of required fluxes in the Kerama Gap estimated in past studies, indicating its importance on the distributions of water masses and water properties in the North Pacific.
A New 1D/2D Coupled Modeling Approach for a Riverine‐Estuarine System Under Storm Events: Application to Delaware River Basin
Authors: Bakhtyar R. , Maitaria K. , Velissariou P. , Trimble B. , Mashriqui H. , Moghimi S. , Abdolali A. , Van der Westhuysen A. J. , Ma Z. , Clark E. P. , Flowers T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNumerical simulations of three of the most severe historical tropical cyclones to affect the Delaware River Basin (DRB) are used to evaluate a new numerical approach that is a candidate model for the inland‐coastal compound flood forecast. This study includes simulating interactions of tides/surges, freshwater streamflows, winds, and atmospheric pressure for the DRB. One‐way coupling between the hydrologic (National Water Model [NWM]) and the ocean/wave (ADvanced CIRCulation model/WAVEWATCH III [ADCIRC/WW3]) models for the Delaware river‐estuarine system is developed. The links between the coastal processes and the NWM are provided by two different hydraulic and hydrodynamic models: (i) a well‐calibrated public‐domain 1D hydraulic solver model (Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System [HEC‐RAS]) and (ii) 1D/2D open‐sourced hydrodynamic model (D‐Flow Flexible Mesh [D‐Flow FM]). First, the modeling system is tested to confirm model verification and stability when the system is forced with only tidal forcing. Then, the relative performance of each modeling approach (NWM/D‐Flow FM/ADCIRC/WW3 and NWM/HEC‐RAS/ADCIRC/WW3) is evaluated using observational data from Hurricanes Isabel (2003), Irene (2011), and Sandy (2012). Furthermore, the sensitivity of water level prediction to the streamflows, different wind products, and bed roughness are examined. Results show that the D‐Flow FM is generally accurate for water levels: the water levels near the peak of the storms have a skill ranging from 0.79 to 0.91 with a negligible phase error. Simulations show that water level predictions depend on an accurate representation of the wind conditions and bottom roughness. The work shows that hydrodynamic predictions, especially upstream, are highly dependent on the streamflow discharges.
Tidal Evolution of the Evection Resonance/Quasi‐Resonance and the Angular Momentum of the Earth‐Moon System
Authors: Rufu R. , Canup R. M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractForming the Moon by a high‐angular momentum impact may explain the Earth‐Moon isotopic similarities; however, the post‐impact angular momentum needs to be reduced by a factor of 2 or more to the current value (1 LEM) after the Moon forms. Capture into the evection resonance, occurring when the lunar perigee precession period equals 1 year, could remove the angular momentum excess. However the appropriate angular momentum removal appears sensitive to the tidal model and chosen tidal parameters. In this work, we use a constant‐time delay tidal model to explore the Moon's orbital evolution through evection. We find that exit from formal evection occurs early and that, subsequently, the Moon enters a quasi‐resonance regime, in which evection still regulates the lunar eccentricity even though the resonance angle is no longer librating. Although not in resonance proper, during quasi‐resonance angular momentum is continuously removed from the Earth‐Moon system and transferred to Earth's heliocentric orbit. The final angular momentum, set by the timing of quasi‐resonance escape, is a function of the ratio of tidal strength in the Moon and Earth and the absolute rate of tidal dissipation in the Earth. We consider a physically motivated model for tidal dissipation in the Earth as the mantle cools from a molten to a partially molten state. We find that as the mantle solidifies, increased terrestrial dissipation drives the Moon out of quasi‐resonance. For post‐impact systems that contain >2 LEM, final angular momentum values after quasi‐resonance escape remain significantly higher than the current Earth‐Moon value.
Evergreen Needle Magnetization as a Proxy for Particulate Matter Pollution in Urban Environments
Authors: Rea‐Downing Grant , Quirk Brendon J. , Wagner Courtney L. , Lippert Peter C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe test the use of magnetic measurements of evergreen needles as a proxy for particulate matter pollution in Salt Lake City, Utah. Measurements of saturation isothermal remanent magnetization indicate needle magnetization increases with increased air pollution. Needle magnetization shows a high degree of spatial variability with the largest increases in magnetization near roadways. Results from our magnetic measurements are corroborated by scanning electron microscopy of needle surfaces and by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry of metal concentrations in residues collected from sampled needles. Low‐temperature magnetic analysis suggests the presence of small (<20 nm) partially oxidized magnetite particles on needles collected adjacent to a major roadway. Magnetization may be a low‐cost proxy for certain metal concentrations (including lead) during periods of increased particulate pollution. The spatial resolution of our method appears capable of resolving changes in ambient particulate matter pollution on the scale of tens to hundreds of meters. Questions remain regarding the timescales over which evergreen needles retain particulate matter accumulated during atmospheric inversion events in Salt Lake City. Results presented here corroborate previous studies that found needle magnetization is a fast, cost‐effective measure of particulate matter pollution. This method has the potential to provide high spatial resolution maps of biomagnetically monitored particulate matter in polluted urban environments year‐round.
New Critical Length for the Onset of Self‐Aggregation of Moist Convection
Authors: Yanase Tomoro , Nishizawa Seiya , Miura Hiroaki , Takemi Tetsuya , Tomita Hirofumi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractConvective self‐aggregation (CSA) in an idealized modeling framework is key to understanding the role of clouds. To investigate the existence of characteristic length of CSA onset, we conducted systematic cloud‐resolving simulations, with a scope covering the horizontal domain size and resolution. In the high‐resolution simulation, CSA can occur with a square domain larger than ~500 km. Based on the competition between two near‐surface horizontal divergent flows, we discuss the characteristic length existence. While the flow induced by radiative cooling in the subsidence region acts as positive feedback for moisture perturbation and scales with the domain size, the other flow induced by evaporative cooling of falling rain in the convective region acts as negative feedback and does not scale. The study suggests characteristic length existence for the organization of moist convection, even in real‐world conditions.
Seismic Signatures of Fractured Porous Rocks: The Partially Saturated Case
Authors: Solazzi Santiago G. , Hunziker Jürg , Caspari Eva , Rubino J. Germán , Favino Marco , Holliger Klaus 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSeismic attenuation and phase velocity dispersion due to mesoscopic fluid pressure diffusion (FPD) have received increasing attention due to their inherent sensitivity to the hydromechanical properties of monosaturated fractured porous media. While FPD processes are directly affected by key macroscopic properties of fractured rocks, such as fracture density and fracture connectivity, there is, as of yet, a lack of comprehension of the associated characteristics when multiple immiscible phases saturate the probed fractured medium. In this work, we analyze the variations experienced by P and S wave attenuation and phase velocity dispersion when CO2 percolates into an initially brine‐saturated fractured porous rock. We study such variations considering a simple model of a porous rock containing intersecting orthogonal fractures as well as a more complex model comprising a fracture network. In the latter, we simulate the flow of a CO2 plume into the medium using an invasion percolation procedure. Representative samples are subjected to numerical upscaling experiments, consisting of compression and shear tests, prior to and after the CO2 invasion process. Results show that fracture‐to‐background FPD is only sensitive to the presence of CO2, which decreases its effects. However, fracture‐to‐fracture FPD depends on both the overall CO2 saturation and the fluid distribution within the fracture network. While the former modulates the magnitude of the dissipation, the latter can give rise to a novel FPD process occurring between CO2‐saturated and brine‐saturated regions of the fracture network.
Quantifying Dynamical Proxy Potential Through Shared Adjustment Physics in the North Atlantic
Authors: Loose N. , Heimbach P. , Pillar H. R. , Nisancioglu K. H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOceanic quantities of interest (QoIs), for example, ocean heat content or transports, are often inaccessible to direct observation, due to the high cost of instrument deployment and logistical challenges. Therefore, oceanographers seek proxies for undersampled or unobserved QoIs. Conventionally, proxy potential is assessed via statistical correlations, which measure covariability without establishing causality. This paper introduces an alternative method: quantifying dynamical proxy potential. Using an adjoint model, this method unambiguously identifies the physical origins of covariability. A North Atlantic case study illustrates our method within the ECCO (Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean) state estimation framework. We find that wind forcing along the eastern and northern boundaries of the Atlantic drives a basin‐wide response in North Atlantic circulation and temperature. Due to these large‐scale teleconnections, a single subsurface temperature observation in the Irminger Sea informs heat transport across the remote Iceland‐Scotland ridge (ISR), with a dynamical proxy potential of 19%. Dynamical proxy potential allows two equivalent interpretations: Irminger Sea subsurface temperature (i) shares 19% of its adjustment physics with ISR heat transport and (ii) reduces the uncertainty in ISR heat transport by 19% (independent of the measured temperature value), if the Irminger Sea observation is added without noise to the ECCO state estimate. With its two interpretations, dynamical proxy potential is simultaneously rooted in (i) ocean dynamics and (ii) uncertainty quantification and optimal observing system design, the latter being an emerging branch in computational science. The new method may therefore foster dynamics‐based, quantitative ocean observing system design in the coming years.
The Librations, Tides, and Interior Structure of Io
Authors: Van Hoolst Tim , Baland Rose‐Marie , Trinh Antony , Yseboodt Marie , Nimmo Francis 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe melt zone in the volcanically active satellite Io plays a key role in diverse processes such as volcanism, heat transfer, tidal dissipation, and the orbital evolution of the Galilean satellites in the Laplace resonance. Information on the melt distribution, the degree of partial melt, and the possible existence of a global magma ocean has been derived from Galileo magnetic induction measurements, volcanic eruption temperatures, and Hubble Space Telescope auroral spot observations but is currently inconclusive. Here, we calculate the libration amplitude of Io for a diverse set of internal structure models and show that Io's libration can provide insight into the existence of a global magma ocean and into the thickness and rigidity of the crust above it. The diurnal libration amplitude of Io is several times larger if Io has a magma ocean instead of a partial melt asthenosphere and can reach values of above 1 km, making it easily observable for spacecraft flying close by Io on multiple occasions. It also strongly increases with decreasing crustal thickness and increases significantly with increasing rigidity. We demonstrate that the combination of observations of the libration amplitude and the tidal Love number k2 will allow estimating the rigidity and thickness of the crust separately, which is impossible with only one of the quantities observed.