bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intercalation of Solvated Magnesium-Ions into Layered Transition Metal Sulfide for Fast Mg Storage
Authors: Li Zhenyou , Zhao-Karger Zhirong , Fichtner Maximilian 
Published: February 2020

Rechargeable magnesium (Mg) batteries (RMBs) are potential candidates for new generation battery technologies due to the attractive properties of Mg as a metal anode, especially the intrinsic nature of homogeneous Mg deposition and abundant Mg reserves. Compared to the monovalent counterpart (e.g. Li+), the divalent Mg ions have a greater charge density and thus need to overcome much stronger electrostatic forces for insertion and diffusion inside the host structures. One of the strategies to enhance Mg2+ ion intercalation kinetics is to reduce its charge density.
Herein, we present the intercalation chemistry of the solvated ions [Mg(DME)3]2+, in which the improved ion mobility has been proven by various electrochemical and spectroscopic characterizations.1 The novel concept was realized with Mg[B(hfip)4]2/DME electrolyte2, 3 and a layered MoS2 cathode coupled with a Mg anode. The cell configuration exhibited a long-term cycling stability (>200 cycles) and high rate capability (47 mA h g-1 at 0.5 A g-1). In addition, the mechanism of Mg storage has been investigated in detail, revealing the reversible 2H to 1T MoS2 phase transition during Mg ions de-/intercalation. Compared to other reported intercalation with [Mg(H2O)x]2+ or MgCl-,4, 5 the DME molecules will neither passivate the anode nor corrode the cell components, which makes this approach more practical. Moreover, the concept of solvated Mg2+ ions can be potentially extended to other intercalation cathode materials and applied to other multivalent ions intercalation.
References

Z. Li, X. Mu, Z. Zhao-Karger, T. Diemant, R. J. Behm, C. Kübel and M. Fichtner, Nature Communications, 2018, 9, 5115.

Z. Zhao-Karger, M. E. Gil Bardaji, O. Fuhr and M. Fichtner, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5, 10815-10820.

Z. Zhao-Karger, R. Liu, W. Dai, Z. Li, T. Diemant, B. P. Vinayan, C. Bonatto Minella, X. Yu, A. Manthiram, R. J. Behm, M. Ruben and M. Fichtner, ACS Energy Letters, 2018, 3, 2005-2013.

K. W. Nam, S. Kim, S. Lee, M. Salama, I. Shterenberg, Y. Gofer, J.-S. Kim, E. Yang, C. S. Park, J.-S. Kim, S.-S. Lee, W.-S. Chang, S.-G. Doo, Y. N. Jo, Y. Jung, D. Aurbach and J. W. Choi, Nano Letters, 2015, 15, 4071-4079.

H. D. Yoo, Y. Liang, H. Dong, J. Lin, H. Wang, Y. Liu, L. Ma, T. Wu, Y. Li, Q. Ru, Y. Jing, Q. An, W. Zhou, J. Guo, J. Lu, S. T. Pantelides, X. Qian and Y. Yao, Nature Communications, 2017, 8, 339.
Multiscale Modeling of Multiphase Transport in PEM Water Electrolyzer
Authors: Zhou Jie , Johansen Hans , Danilovic Nemanja , Zenyuk Iryna V. , Weber Adam Z. 
Published: February 2020

Understanding multiphase transport in proton-exchange-membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) is critical to improving electrolyzer performance and optimizing the material.1-4 Mathematical modeling is ideally suited to tackle such issues, especially due to the inherent divergent time and lengthscales involved during operation. In a PEMWE, the multiphase transport mainly involves: a) Liquid water transport in the porous electrode; b) Interaction between liquid water and product gas; and c) Gas transport, i.e., removing product gas in the liquid water through the porous transport layer (PTL) and into the channel. For a), as liquid water is the reactant, its distribution in the PTL and catalyst layer is of great importance to the reaction distribution. For b), the gas bubble formation on the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) blocks the water access and leads to a dynamic redistribution of current, which affects the local and perhaps global cell performance and may lead to enhanced degradation. Lastly, understanding the mechanism of gas bubble detachment is necessary in order to minimize the loss of ECSA due to gas bubble coverage.
In this talk, a multiscale, multiphysics PEMWE model will be presented. The model includes a two-dimensional, nonisothermal, multiphase, macrohomogeneous model combined with a local microscale model that accounts for the fluid flow interaction between a gas bubble and liquid water. The bubble coverage is introduced as a function of current density,5 and its impact on current redistribution discussed in terms of allowable coverage and dynamic cycling gas evaluation at the local reaction site. The structural information such as pore-size distribution and tortuosity is obtained from X-ray computed tomography (CT) data, which is also used to validate some of the model predictions under operando conditions. Also, based on the X-ray data, the microstructure of the PTL has been reconstructed and two-phase fluid simulations have been carried out to predict effective transport properties that are incorporated into the marcoscale model. Lastly, the porous electrode parameter optimization such as wettability, porosity, and pore size, will be introduced to provide guidance in material and structural design for better electrolyzer performance.

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R. Balzer and H. Vogt, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2003, 150, E11-E16.
(Invited) Intermediates in PEC Water Oxidation — How They Come and How They Go
Authors: Braun Artur 
Published: February 2020

Atmospheric oxygen that we live on is the result of a fundamental evolutionary step in photosynthesis which occurred on Earth 2-3 billion years ago [Biello 2009]. The water oxidation in natural photosystem II accounts for 50% of this oxygen. The man-made analog to this natural process is water oxidation in photoelectrochemical cells - one of the most complex processes in physical chemistry. I will showcase how modern x-ray spectroscopy methods have assisted in the understanding of the molecular pro-cesses which occur in natural [Bora 2013, Ralston 2000, Visser 2001] and in man-made "photosystems". A most recent example is the element and orbital specific identification of transient electron holes in iron oxide [Braun 2012], chemical surface intermediates [Bora 2011] and changes in the water molecules in the electrochemical double layer during photoelectrochemical water oxidation [Braun 2016]. I will also demonstrate how the electronic structure evolution is quantitatively paralleled by the electric transport properties of the electrodes during operation.
[Biello 2009] Biello D: The Origin of Oxygen in Earth's Atmosphere. In Scientific American 2009.
[Bora 2011] Bora DK et al. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2011, 115:5619-5625.
[Bora 2013] Bora DK et al. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED PHENOMENA 2013, 190:93-105.
[Braun 2012] Braun A et al. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2012, 116:16870-16875.
[Braun 2016] Braun A et al. Catalysis Today 2016, 260:72-81.
[Ralston 2000] Ralston CY et al. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2000, 122:10553-10560.
[Visser 2001] Visser H et al. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2001, 123:7031-7039.
(Invited) Emerging Designs for Polymer-Based Energy Storage Devices and Sensors
Authors: Wang Kaiping , Wu Zhenghui , Azoulay Jason , Ng Tse Nga 
Published: February 2020

Conducting polymers are an important class of Faradaic materials for energy storage, as they present opportunities to create energy dense supercapacitors. The vast majority of conducting polymers are p-type cathodes and already operating at or close to the upper voltage limit of non-aqueous electrolytes. On the other hand, it is generally safe for electrolytes to operate down to -2 V vs Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Therefore, extending the operational voltage in the negative range is an attractive route to increase energy density. Here we present promising n-type polymers that retained 90% of initial capacitance after 1000 charge-discharge cycles. We measure in operando the electronic and ionic transport in conducting polymers by current-voltage and spectroscopic measurements, where spatial variations of film absorption would be mapped to discern electronic versus ionic degradation. We infer the mechanisms that lead to capacitance fade and suggests structural and electrochemical strategies to realize high-endurance energy storage devices for wearable systems.
In addition, organic polymers responsive to the short wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectra are used to realize photodetectors that is relevant to a variety of applications including environmental monitoring and medical diagnosis. Here we show novel donor-acceptor polymers with narrow bandgap responsive in the SWIR region, and the polymers are processed into bulk heterojunction photodiodes with photoresponse up to wavelength of 1.7 micron. The performances of devices with different polymer structures were compared through metrics including detectivity, quantum efficiency, response time and rectification ratio. Example applications including hemodynamics and tissue composition measurements will be demonstrated.
A Kinetic Study of Cationic Polymer Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Giambra Dominic James , Tenhaeff Wyatt 
Published: February 2020

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a critical processing technology in the semiconductor industry, and over the past several years, significant strides have been made in developing CVD technologies for the controlled synthesis of compositionally well-defined polymer thin films. CVD of polymers is attractive because it combines synthesis and thin film processing into a single step, while eliminating the use of solvent required in conventional solution-based processing. An important variant of polymer CVD is initiated chemical vapor deposition as it provides exquisite control over polymer chemistry and film morphology by essentially executing a heterogeneous free radical polymerization. Inspired by this iCVD approach, a novel polymer CVD approach has been developed based on classical cationic chain polymerization. This approach has been term catCVD.
In catCVD, coinitiation with a Lewis acid and a proton-donor is used to protonate vinyl bonds in surface-adsorbed monomer molecules, leading to the formation of carbenium ions. The thermodynamics and kinetics of catCVD are highly favorable, and the reaction proceeds spontaneously, eliminating the need for heated filaments as in iCVD or any other energy input. In initial proof-of-concept experiments, polystyrene films were synthesized by catCVD and iCVD. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the film compositions are nearly identical, while real-time interferometry showed that the deposition rate of catCVD enhanced almost 50X relative to iCVD.
The kinetics of catCVD were further analyzed to determine the functional dependence of the polymerization rate expression on deposition parameters, including precursor surface concentrations and substrate temperatures. It was shown that the rate of propagation is second order with respect to the monomer, which is in agreement with the accepted rate law for solution-based cationic polymerization. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of the deposited polymer films showed that polymer MW is invariant with respect to film thickness, indicating that the lifetime of the extending polymer chains is orders of magnitude shorter than the deposition time. We conclude that polymer initiation and termination are occurring continuously throughout the deposition process. Experiments are currently being executed to determine the activation energy for the polymerization rate constant. A comprehensive study of the polymer composition and film structure using various analytical techniques, including ellipsometry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy will also be presented.
Surmofs and Ccncs As Novel Tuneable Metal-Organic Materials for Photonic, Electronic, Optoelectronic and Thermoelectric Applications
Authors: Redel Engelbert 
Published: February 2020

Here we present a particularly interesting class of surface-anchored (metal-organic frameworks andcoordination network compounds) materials SURMOFs and (conductive coordination network compounds) CCNCs for the fabrication e.g. of 1D (Photonic Band Gap) PBG materials [1,2] as optical sensors, low-k dielectric thin films [3], optoelectronic/electrochromic switchable coatings/devices [4] microelectronic devices, e.g. RRAM devices (see Fig. 1) [5] or Hybrid-Materials NPs@SURMOFs for future artificial Light-Harnessing (LH) assemblies and photocatalysts.[6] Furthermore SURMOFs thin films demonstrates promising application potential of organic porous thin films in future thermoelectric devices.[7]
References:
[1] J. Liu, E. Redel, S. Walheim, Z. Wang, V. Oberst, J. Liu, S. Heissler, A. Welle, M. Moosmann, T. Scherer, M. Bruns, H. Gliemann, C. Woell Chemistry of Materials (ACS) 2015, 27, 1991-1996.
[2] J. P. Best, J. Michler, J. Liu, Z. Wang, M. Tsotsalas, X. Maeder, S. Roese, V. Oberst, J. Liu, S. Walheim, H. Gliemann, P. G. Weidler, E. Redel and C. Woell Appl. Phys. Lett. 2015, 107, 101902.
[3] E. Redel, Z. Wang, S. Walheim, J. Liu, H. Gliemann, C. Woell, App. Physics Lett. 2013, 103, 091903
[4] J. Liu, W. Zhou, S. Walheim, Z. Wang, P. Lindemann, S. Heissler, J. Liu, P. G. Weidler, T. Schimmel, C. Woell, E. Redel Optics Express (OSA) 2015, 23, 13725-13733.
[5] Z. Wang, D. Nminibapiel, P. Shrestha, J. Liu, K. P. Cheung, W. Guo, P. G. Weidler, H. Baumgart, C. Woell, E. Redel (Back Cover Issue 1/02 2016) ChemNanoMat (Wiley-VCH) 2016, 2, 67-73.
[6] W. Guo, C. Zhi, C. Yang, T. Neumann, C. Kuebel, W. Wenzel, A. Welle, W. Pfleging, O. Shekhah, C. Woell, E. Redel Nanoscale (RSC) 2016, 8, 6468-6472.
[7] J. Liu, W. Zhou, J. Liu, I. Howard, G. Kilibarda, S. Schlabach, D. Couprey, M. Addicoat, S. Yoneda, Y. Tsutsui, T. Sakurai, S. Seki, Z. Wang, P. Lindemann, E. Redel, T. Heine, C. Woell *VIP ≡ Very Important Paper (Angewandte Front Cover Issue 2015-54/25) Angewandte Chemie International Edition (Wiley-VCH) 2015, 54, 7441-7445.
[8] X. Chen, Z. Wang, Z. M. Hassan, P. Lin, K. Zhang, H. Baumgart, E. Redel, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 6, P150-P153 (2017).
Minority Carrier Lifetime Extraction Methodology of SiC Epitaxial Layer
Authors: Sasaki Kyomin , Song Jinhan , Hoshii Takuya , Wakabayashi Hitoshi , Tsutsui Kazuo , Mizushima Ichiro , Yoda Takashi , Kakushima Kuniyuki 
Published: February 2020

SiC has been focused as a strong candidate for high efficient power device semiconductors at high voltage regions1. Recent demonstrations of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) at a voltage over 15kV have proven the advantage of the use of SiC2. As the output characteristics are determined by the minority (hole) carrier lifetime (τp), measurement and control of the τp is utmost important. Optical methods are limited to measurements on separate wafers3, leading to differ from the real devices. In this presentation, we will propose an extraction methodology of minority carrier lifetime of an SiC epitaxial layer based on electrical measurement of pn diodes.
The methodology is based on current measurements on parallel pn diodes with a spacing of W
p under two different setups, shown in figure 1. The first one, named “single-setup”, is a setup measuring the center anode current while other anodes are kept open. The another one, named “multi-setup”, is a setup where all the anodes are grounded. The difference between the cathode voltage (V
C) under same current, defined as ΔV, reflects the difference in the resistance of the n-base region. Based on device simulations with a 20μm-thick SiC epitaxial layer (N
d=4.9×1015 /cm3) as an n-base region, one can find that ΔV is strongly dependent on the τp of the region (fig. 2(a) and (b)). Figure 3 shows the relationship between τp and ΔV at different W
p. With this relationship one can obtain a τp precisely once the ΔV is experimentally obtained.
In conclusions, we have proposed a methodology to extract the τp of an SiC epitaxial layer based on pn diodes with different setups. The proposed method allows us to estimate the τp with high precision.
[1] M. K. Das, Mat. Sci. Forum, 600-603, pp. 1183 (2009). [2] W. Sung, ISPSD, pp. 271 (2009). [3] P. B. Klien, J. Appl. Phys., 103, 033702 (2008).

Figure 1
Investigation of Electrical Stability and Sensitivity of High Field Modulated Extended Gate FET Biosensors for miRNA Detection
Authors: Kuo Wen-Che , Wang Yu-Lin 
Published: February 2020

miRNAs have been proven to be highly potential biomarkers for a variety of cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Typically miRNA detection method uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the miRNA concentration. This method has the disadvantage of being time-consuming and unable to directly detect the original concentration. Therefore, this study intends to design a FET biosensor to detect miRNA.
In order to design a stable and highly sensitive miRNA FET biosensor, this study used different metal deposition techniques to form sensing electrodes and observed sensor response in different temperatures and aqueous solutions to evaluate the fluctuation of the electrical signal, and found that the ions in the solution will follow the mechanism of Brownian motion. While the Brownian motion reduces, the stability of the electrical signal will be improved. Then we used different concentrations of ssDNA probe to functionalize the sensor chip to detect target miRNA concentration, to compare the dynamic range and sensitivity. The optimization can help us to make a miRNA FET biosensor with high sensitivity, high stability and large detection range.
Finally, the target detection experiments with the mismatch sequence demonstrate the high selectivity of the sensor. Comparison of ELISA based fluorescent signals with FET signals shows that FET biosensors have better detection limits. These data proved that the miRNA FET biosensor can directly measure the original concentration of miRNA without amplifying the concentration by PCR, which can effectively solve the problems faced by miRNA detection in the present time.

Figure 1
Study of Stability and Reproducibility of Cardiac Troponin I Based on FET Sensor
Authors: Huang Shu-Wen 
Published: February 2020

In recent years, our research team has successfully detected a variety of protein biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The most common type of ischemic heart disease is mainly caused by acute myocardial infarction (AMI, also known as heart attack) usually presented in an acute manner and requires immediate emergency treatment. One of the most important protein biomarkers for AMI in the blood is cardiac troponin I (cTnI). However, in order to develop a cTnI FET sensor that allows patients to track CVD for a long term and often, the instrument must have better sensitivity, stability and reproducibility.
In this study, the purpose is understanding the mechanisms contributing to reduce the disturbance in the system. Firstly, the better stability are obtained by adjusting the drain voltage and the gate voltage of the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). It can also be a bias condition for future cTnI FET sensor operation. Although our research team has developed a handheld biomedical sensor, it can not monitor the electrical signal by setting different gate voltages simultaneously. Therefore, Agilent B1530/B1500A is used for measurement. In addition, the Protein detection of different anti-cTnI concentrations also have an great influence on the sensitivity and stability of biomedical sensors. The results of this study can be used as an important basis for optimizing hand-held biomedical sensors in the future.
Keyword: Troponin I、Bias condition、Sensitivity、Stability、Reproducibility
A Multicellular Structured Ionic Hybrid Pump for Ultrasensitive Mechanotransducer Skin
Authors: Chung Yoon Sun , Amoli Vipin , Kim Joo Sung , Kim So Young , Kim Do Hwan 
Published: February 2020

Recently, many developments have focused on biomimetics for application in electronic skin, health monitoring devices, and smart prosthetics. However, close mimicry of human skin’s tactile sensing capability over wide pressure range is unexplored.
Here, we present ultralow-powered, ultrasensitive, visco-poroelastic mechanotransducer skin sensors based on a multicellular structured ionic hybrid pump composed of ionic liquids, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomer, and silica particles as a tactile sensing matrix. Local confinement of ion pairs onto the surface of silica dispersed in the TPU closely emulates the structural and functional features of living cell. Structure-derived confinement of ions in the silica without pressure and subsequent mechanical stimulus driven squeezing-out of ions generated an electric double layer (EDL), which allowed high sensitivity over 40 kPa-1 over a wide spectrum of pressure (0-100 kPa). Finally, we open a new avenue towards other parctical applications decribing a patch-type drone microcontroller capable of controlling drone’s height, speed, and revolution speed.
(Invited) 3D Conformal Additive Printing of Semiconducting Nanocrystals for Energy Harvesting and Biosensing
Authors: Zhang Yanliang 
Published: February 2020

Semiconducting nanocrystals have been widely studied in the past two decades with unique and superior energy conversion and sensing properties compared to their bulk form. However, there is still a prominent need to transform the nanocrystals into functional devices in a scalable and low-cost manufacturing process and translate their unique properties from nanoscale to meso- or macro- scale.
This work explores a novel 3D conformal aerosol jet printing approach to convert a wide range of nanocrystals into flexible and functional devices for energy harvesting and biosensing. Solution-processed chalcogenide nanoplate inks have been synthesized and printed into flexible thermoelectric energy harvesters, which yield competitive figure of merit ZT values comparable with their rigid bulk counterparts fabricated by conventional method. A flexible thermoelectric device is demonstrated with high power density of 19 mW/cm2 and 1 mW/cm2 with 80 K and 20 K temperature difference respectively.
In addition, we have utilized biocompatible 2D nanomaterial inks and printed complex device patterns on 3D curved substrates and soft materials (e.g. hydrogel) for biosensing. The printed sensors can be used as bioelectrodes, temperature sensing, strain sensing, etc. The printed energy harvester and bio-sensors can be integrated into a self-powered wireless sensor system, which can completely eliminate the need of external power supply and greatly facilitate the implementation of these sensors.
The 3D conformal aerosol jet printing of colloidal nanoparticle inks demonstrated here opens up exciting opportunities to transform semiconducting nanocrystals into functional and flexible devices for broad energy harvesting and sensing applications.