bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy for In Vivo Assessment of Histological Healing in Ulcerative Colitis: Development and Validation of the ENHANCE Index
Authors: Rahmi Gabriel , Coron Emmanuel , Perrod Guillaume , Levy Michael , Moreau Jacques , Moussata Driffa , Perez-Cuadrado-Robles Enrique , Chupin Antoine , Quénéhervé Lucille , Bourreille Arnaud , Marchal Aude , Cellier Christophe , Peyrin-Biroulet Laurent 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background and Aims
Histological healing may represent the ultimate therapeutic goal in ulcerative colitis [UC], but it requires biopsies. Our aim was to develop a non-invasive index able to assess histological disease activity in ulcerative colitis, using probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy [pCLE].

Methods
One hundred patients with quiescent UC were prospectively included in five French centres. After fluorescein intravenous injection, during colonoscopy, the colorectal mucosa was analysed by white light imaging and pCLE, and then biopsied in different locations. Five endoscopists performed central reading of pCLE images blinded to clinical, endoscopic, and histological data. One expert pathologist performed a central histological reading [Nancy index: gold standard]. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the endomicroscopic items associated with the presence of histologically active disease.

Results
Over 1000 pCLE videos sequences performed in 100 UC patients in endoscopic remission [Mayo 0 and 1] were evaluated. We observed that vessel diameter &gt;20 µm, dilated crypt lumen, fluorescein leakage, and irregular crypt architecture were statistically associated with histologically proven inflammation according to the Nancy index. Hence, we built a pCLE index of mucosal inflammation with overall accuracy of 79.6% and overall sensitivity and specificity of, respectively, 57.8% and 82.8%. Negative predictive value, especially when a pCLE index ≤1 was observed, was high [93.1%].

Conclusions
Using a robust methodology, large vessel diameter, dilated crypt lumen, fluorescein leakage,and irregular crypt architecture are reliable endomicroscopic items defining the ENHANCE index for real-time assessment of histological disease activity in UC.
Luminal Narrowing Alone Allows an Accurate Diagnosis of Crohn’s Disease Small Bowel Strictures at Cross-Sectional Imaging
Authors: Stocker Daniel , King Michael J , El Homsi Maria , Carbonell Guillermo , Bane Octavia , Cuevas Jordan , Liu Qingqing , Cho Judy , Doucette John T , Greenstein Alexander J , Colombel Jean-Frederic , Harpaz Noam , Taouli Bachir 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background and Aims
Current consensus recommendations define small bowel strictures [SBS] in Crohn’s disease [CD] on imaging as luminal narrowing with unequivocal upstream bowel dilation. The aim of this study was to [1] evaluate the performance of cross-sectional imaging for SBS diagnosis in CD using luminal narrowing with upstream SB dilation and luminal narrowing with or without upstream dilation, and [2] compare the diagnostic performance of computed tomography [CT] and magnetic resonance enterography [MRE] for SBS diagnosis.

Methods
In total, 111 CD patients [81 with pathologically confirmed SBS, 30 controls] who underwent CT and/or MRE were assessed. Two radiologists [R1, R2] blinded to pathology findings independently assessed the presence of luminal narrowing and upstream SB dilation. Statistical analysis was performed for [1] luminal narrowing with or without SB upstream dilation [‘possible SBS’], and [2] luminal narrowing with upstream SB dilation ≥3 cm [‘definite SBS’].

Results
Sensitivity for detecting SBS was significantly higher using ‘possible SBS’ [R1, 82.1%; R2, 77.9%] compared to ‘definite SBS’ [R1, 62.1%; R2, 65.3%; p &lt; 0.0001] with equivalent specificity [R1, 96.7%; R2, 93.3%; p &gt; 0.9]. Using the criterion ‘possible SBS’, sensitivity/specificity were equivalent between CT [R1, 87.3%/93.3%; R2, 83.6%/86.7%] and MRE [R1, 75.0%/100%; R2: 70.0%/100%]. Using the criterion ‘definite SBS’, CT showed significantly higher sensitivity [78.2%] compared to MRE [40.0%] for R1 but not R2 with similar specificities [CT, 86.7–93.3%; MRE, 100%].

Conclusion
SBS can be diagnosed using luminal narrowing alone without the need for upstream dilation. CT and MRE show similar diagnostic performance for SBS diagnosis using luminal narrowing with or without upstream dilation.
Mortality Dynamics and Life Tables ofMegachile rotundata(Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), a Pollinator Managed for Alfalfa Seed Production
Authors: Donahoo Claire K , O’Neill Kevin M , Delphia Casey M , Peterson Robert K D 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), contributes to the pollination of more than two-thirds of alfalfa used in seed production in North America. However, losses in managed populations of more than 50% are common in the United States. Thus, understanding the causes of mortality of M. rotundata is critical to find ways to maintain and increase bee populations. Over 2 yr, we identified and quantified six mortality classes of M. rotundata, as well as estimated mortality risk using the demographic life-table model, M-DEC. Research was conducted on an alfalfa field in Toston, Montana and offspring mortality was assessed in the fall of each year. Nest shelters were manipulated for a main temperature treatment (low vs high), and nest boxes inside the shelters were manipulated for a parasitism sub-treatment (parasitism-resistant vs parasitism-enabled). Total mortality was approximately 15% for both years, but the proportion for each mortality class differed substantially. Mortality increased with increasing internal nest-tunnel temperature, and nest boxes with parasitism-enabled entry had nearly double the mortality than those with parasitism-resistant entry. Based on demographic multiple decrement life table analyses, mortality from each class was highly irreplaceable. Identifying and quantifying irreplaceable mortality classes and strategies to mitigate those causes may help producers decrease total population loss of M. rotundata before the adult stage.
Isolated right ventricular myocardial infarction: a case report
Authors: Olusan Adeogo Akinwale , Brennan Paul Francis , Johnston Paul Weir 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Isolated right ventricular myocardial infarction (RVMI) due to a recessive right coronary artery (RCA) occlusion is a rare presentation. It is typically caused by right ventricle (RV) branch occlusion complicating percutaneous coronary intervention. We report a case of an isolated RVMI due to flush RCA occlusion presenting via our primary percutaneous coronary intervention ST-elevation myocardial infarction pathway.

Case summary
A 61-year-old female smoker with a history of hypercholesterolaemia presented via the primary percutaneous coronary intervention pathway with sudden onset of shortness of breath, dizziness, and chest pain while walking. Transradial coronary angiography revealed a normal left main coronary artery, large left anterior descending artery that wrapped around the apex and dominant left circumflex artery with the non-obstructive disease. The RCA was not selectively entered despite multiple attempts. The left ventriculogram showed normal left ventricle (LV) systolic function. She was in cardiogenic shock with a persistent ectopic atrial rhythm with retrograde p-waves and stabilized with intravenous dobutamine thus avoiding the need for a transcutaneous venous pacing system. A computed tomography pulmonary angiogram demonstrated no evidence of pulmonary embolism while an urgent cardiac gated computed tomography revealed a recessive RCA with ostial occlusive lesion. A cardiac magnetic resonance imaging confirmed RV free wall infarction. She was managed conservatively and discharged to her local district general hospital after 5th day of hospitalization at the tertiary centre.

Discussion
This case describes a relatively rare myocardial infarction presentation that can present with many disease mimics which can require as in this case, a multi-modality imaging approach to establish the diagnosis.
Addressing LGBTQ erasure through literature in the ELT classroom
Authors: Gray John 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article argues the case for the use of well-chosen literary texts as a means of addressing ongoing LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning) erasure in the ELT classroom. In this way LGBTQ students are offered much-needed recognition and those students who are not LGBTQ are given the opportunity to come to an understanding of those who are. Given the very different circumstances and constraints in which teachers work globally a distinction is made between explicitly queer texts and implicitly queer texts as suitable for different settings. Suggested titles and practical recommendations are included to enable teachers to plan lessons using literary texts in emotionally engaging ways.
Postpartum depression and mother–offspring conflict over maternal investment
Authors: Gunst Annika , Sundén My , Korja Riikka , Boddy Amy M , Kotler Jennifer , Paavonen E Juulia , Uusitupa Henna-Maria , Karlsson Linnea , Karlsson Hasse , Antfolk Jan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background and objectives
As the mother–offspring relationship is central to human reproduction, postpartum depression symptoms are difficult to explain in evolutionary terms. We proposed that postpartum depression might arise as a result of evolutionary mother–offspring conflict over maternal investment, and investigated the association between postpartum depression symptoms, infant night waking, maternal sleep disturbance and breastfeeding frequency.

Methodology
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using survey responses at 6 months postpartum from 1598 Finnish mothers. We hypothesized that infant night waking at 6 months postpartum would be associated with postpartum depression symptoms, and that this association would be mediated by maternal sleep disturbance and a higher breastfeeding frequency.

Results
Infant night waking was moderately associated with postpartum depression symptoms, and this association was mediated by maternal sleep disturbance (R2=0.09). Contrary to our prediction, we found that increased breastfeeding was associated with less postpartum depression symptoms.

Conclusions and implications
We conclude that postpartum depression symptoms might partly be the result of increased maternal fatigue stemming from high offspring demands on maternal investment, but that this is not due to the metabolic strain from increased breastfeeding. Studying postpartum depression from the mother–offspring conflict perspective can potentially improve our understanding of the involved behavioral processes of both mother and offspring, and allow interventions designed to benefit the well-being of both parties.
Lay Summary: We proposed that postpartum depression is due to an evolutionary conflict between mother and infant, where the infant tires the mother to delay the arrival of a sibling. We found a link between infant night waking and postpartum depression, mediated by the mother’s sleep, but not by breastfeeding frequency.
Brugada syndrome and reduced right ventricular outflow tract conduction reserve: a final common pathway?
Authors: Behr Elijah R , Ben-Haim Yael , Ackerman Michael J , Krahn Andrew D , Wilde Arthur A M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BrS) was first described as a primary electrical disorder predisposing to the risk of sudden cardiac death and characterized by right precordial lead ST elevation. Early description of right ventricular structural abnormalities and of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) conduction delay in BrS patients set the stage for the current controversy over the pathophysiology underlying the syndrome: channelopathy or cardiomyopathy; repolarization or depolarization. This review examines the current understanding of the BrS substrate, its genetic and non-genetic basis, theories of pathophysiology, and the clinical implications thereof. We propose that the final common pathway for BrS could be viewed as a disease of ‘reduced RVOT conduction reserve’.
The pico-sized Mamiellophyceae and a novelBathycoccusclade from the summer plankton of Russian Arctic Seas and adjacent waters
Authors: Belevich Tatiana A , Milyutina Irina A , Abyzova Galina A , Troitsky Aleksey V 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTGlobal climate changes and anthropogenic activity greatly impact Arctic marine biodiversity including phytoplankton which contribute greatly to atmospheric oxygen production. Thus the study of microalgae has rising topicality. Class Mamiellophyceae is an important component of phototrophic picoplankton. To gain more knowledge about Mamiellophyceae distribution and diversity special studies were performed in such remote areas as the Russian Arctic seas. A metabarcoding of pico-sized Mamiellophyceae was undertaken by high-throughput sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene sequence V4 region from samples collected in July–September 2017 in the Barents, Kara and Laptev seas, and in the adjacent waters of the Norwegian Sea. Our study is the first to show that Mamiellophyceae among the summer picoplankton of Russian Arctic seas are diverse and represented by 16 algae species/phylotypes. We discovered a new candidate species of Bathycoccus assigned to a new Bathycoccus clade A—uncultured Bathycoccus Kara 2017. It was found that several Micromonas species can co-exist, with Micromonas polaris dominating north of 72°N. The presence of Ostreococcus tauri, Ostreococcus lucimarinus and Ostreococcus mediterraneus at high latitudes beyond 65°N was documented for the first time, similar to findings for some other taxa. Our results will be important for obtaining a global view of Mamiellophyceae community dynamics.
Polygenic Selection within a Single Generation Leads to Subtle Divergence among Ecological Niches
Authors: Ehrlich Moritz A , Wagner Dominique N , Oleksiak Marjorie F , Crawford Douglas L 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSelection on standing genetic variation may be effective enough to allow for adaptation to distinct niche environments within a single generation. Minor allele frequency changes at multiple, redundant loci of small effect can produce remarkable phenotypic shifts. Yet, demonstrating rapid adaptation via polygenic selection in the wild remains challenging. Here we harness natural replicate populations that experience similar selection pressures and harbor high within-, yet negligible among-population genetic variation. Such populations can be found among the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus that inhabits marine estuaries characterized by high environmental heterogeneity. We identify 10,861 single nucleotide polymorphisms in F. heteroclitus that belong to a single, panmictic population yet reside in environmentally distinct niches (one coastal basin and three replicate tidal ponds). By sampling at two time points within a single generation, we quantify both allele frequency change within as well as spatial divergence among niche subpopulations. We observe few individually significant allele frequency changes yet find that the “number” of moderate changes exceeds the neutral expectation by 10–100%. We find allele frequency changes to be significantly concordant in both direction and magnitude among all niche subpopulations, suggestive of parallel selection. In addition, within-generation allele frequency changes generate subtle but significant divergence among niches, indicative of local adaptation. Although we cannot distinguish between selection and genotype-dependent migration as drivers of within-generation allele frequency changes, the trait/s determining fitness and/or migration likelihood appear to be polygenic. In heterogeneous environments, polygenic selection and polygenic, genotype-dependent migration offer conceivable mechanisms for within-generation, local adaptation to distinct niches.
Chromosome-level draft genome of a diploid plum (Prunus salicina)
Authors: Liu Chaoyang , Feng Chao , Peng Weizhuo , Hao Jingjing , Wang Juntao , Pan Jianjun , He Yehua 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Plums are one of the most economically important Rosaceae fruit crops and comprise dozens of species distributed across the world. Until now, only limited genomic information has been available for the genetic studies and breeding programs of plums. Prunus salicina, an important diploid plum species, plays a predominant role in modern commercial plum production. Here we selected P. salicina for whole-genome sequencing and present a chromosome-level genome assembly through the combination of Pacific Biosciences sequencing, Illumina sequencing, and Hi-C technology.

Findings
The assembly had a total size of 284.2 Mb, with contig N50 of 1.78 Mb and scaffold N50 of 32.32 Mb. A total of 96.56% of the assembled sequences were anchored onto 8 pseudochromosomes, and 24,448 protein-coding genes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that P. salicina had a close relationship with Prunus mume and Prunus armeniaca, with P. salicina diverging from their common ancestor ∼9.05 million years ago. During P. salicina evolution 146 gene families were expanded, and some cell wall–related GO terms were significantly enriched. It was noteworthy that members of the DUF579 family, a new class involved in xylan biosynthesis, were significantly expanded in P. salicina, which provided new insight into the xylan metabolism in plums.

Conclusions
We constructed the first high-quality chromosome-level plum genome using Pacific Biosciences, Illumina, and Hi-C technologies. This work provides a valuable resource for facilitating plum breeding programs and studying the genetic diversity mechanisms of plums and Prunus species.
Local coupling and conversion of surface waves due to Earth’s rotation. Part 1: theory
Authors: Snieder Roel , Sens-Schönfelder Christoph 
Published: December 2020

SUMMARYEarth’s rotation affects wave propagation to first order in the rotation through the Coriolis force. The imprint of rotation on wave motion has been accounted for in normal mode theory. By extending the theory to propagating surface waves we account for the imprint of rotation as a function of propagation distance. We describe the change in phase velocity and polarization, and the mode conversion of surface waves by Earth’s rotation by extending the formalism of Kennett for surface wave mode conversion due to lateral heterogeneity to include the Coriolis force. The wavenumber of Rayleigh waves is changed by Earth’s rotation and Rayleigh waves acquire a transverse component. The wavenumber of Love waves in not affected by Earth’s rotation, but Love waves acquire a small additional Rayleigh wave polarization. In contrast to different Rayleigh wave modes, different Love wave modes are not coupled by Earth’s rotation. We show that the backscattering of surface waves by Earth’s rotation is weak. The coupling between Rayleigh waves and Love waves is strong when the phase velocities of these modes are close. In that regime of resonant coupling, Earth’s rotation causes the difference between the Rayleigh wave and Love wave phase velocities that are coupled to increase through the process of level-repulsion.
An active source seismo-acoustic experiment using tethered balloons to validate instrument concepts and modelling tools for atmospheric seismology
Authors: Garcia R F , Martire L , Chaigneau Y , Cadu A , Mimoun D , Bassas Portus M , Sournac A , Sylvander M , Pauchet H , Benahmed S , Martin R 
Published: December 2020

SUMMARYThe measurements of acoustic waves created by a quake are of great interest for planets with hot and dense atmospheres, like Venus, because surface deployments of seismometers will last only a few hours, whereas freeflying balloons could fly many days. Infrasound sensors can also be used to constrain subsurface properties during active seismic experiments. This study presents a controlled source seismo-acoustic experiment using infrasonic sensors and accelerometers mounted on a tethered helium balloon. Both the acoustic waves generated below the balloon by seismic surface waves, and the ones generated by strong ground motions above the seismic source are clearly observed and separated on the records of the various instruments. This data set allows various validations and investigations. First, it validates the ground to air coupling theory and our numerical modelling tools. Then, it allows us to demonstrate that antenna processing of infrasound sensors deployed below the balloon can estimate the arrival incidence angle of the acoustic waves within 10°. Finally, a polarization analysis of the accelerometers taped on the balloon envelope is presented. It demonstrates that accelerometer records are strongly dependent on their location on the balloon due to its deformations and rotations. However, the different acoustic signals can be distinguished through their polarization, and a best sensor location is estimated at the bottom of the balloon envelope. These results are a first step towards detecting and locating seismic activity using airborne acoustic sensors on Venus and elsewhere. However, some observations of earthquake signals in a more realistic geometry are still missing.
Clinical and Mechanistic Characteristics of Current JAK Inhibitors in IBD
Authors: Pippis Elleni J , Yacyshyn Bruce R 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic, immune-mediated diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Their etiology is complex and involves immune (eg, cytokines) and nonimmune (eg, environment) mediated contributions, causing inflammatory damage to the GI tract. Though cytokines contribute a major role in the inflammatory process of both CD and UC, there are some key differences in which cytokines are involved in the pathobiology of CD and UC. Over the past several years, new biologic-directed therapies have focused on controlling specific aspects of inflammation associated with both conditions. Although these treatments have benefited patients overall, approximately 30% of patients still do not respond to induction (initial) therapy, and up to 50% of patients lose response to treatment over a year. Many of these therapies are administered parenterally and have been associated with adverse events such as serious infections or malignancy. Therefore, there is a significant unmet medical need for these patients to minimize symptoms and promote GI healing. There are several therapeutic agents in the pipeline, including oral, small molecules, which hold much promise. One group of small molecules known as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors offers an additional option for treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions, based on currently available data. The article will focus on the potential benefits of JAK inhibitors as oral, small molecules, such as the potential role of selectivity, and potential risks.