bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Farmers’ perception on status of livestock insurance in Surkhet district, Nepal
Authors: Nepali Brinda 
Published: January 2021

Livestock is an important sector for sustained livelihoods of Nepalese people, particularly for small holder farmers. However, occurrence of any disease or disaster may get livestock as the source of sufferings. Livestock insurance can come up as an effective tool for risk management in livestock sector. This study covers the current status and perception of the farmers on livestock insurance. A total of 45 livestock farmers were selected purposively from three municipalities (15 from each municipality) in Surkhet district as Birendranagar Municipality (Birendranagar, Saldada), Bheriganga Municipality (Maintada) and Lekbeshi Municipality (Lekfarsa, Dasarathpur and Satakhani). Data was collected by face-to-face interview with farmers (45), focus group discussions (2) and key informant survey (4). Mortality, high cost of animal, production loss and price risk were the major risks encountered in the farm. Utilization of their saving and loan reimbursement was preferred by the farmers for capital management. Adoption of insurance among livestock owners was found motivated mainly by cooperatives, friends and family. Among twenty insurance companies offering insurance policies in Surkhet district, Everest Insurance Company Limited was popular. Only few farmers were found having complete awareness on livestock insurance. Majority of farmers agreed on insurance as an effective tool for risk management whereas only 64.44% of total respondent farmers were insuring their livestock, out of which 37.93 % had renewed their insurance package. Goats were mostly insured. This study indicates that better coverage, further process simplification, and perspicuity of livestock insurance scheme including awareness raising are essential for livestock insurance to approach higher level of insurance adopters.
Evaluation of bread wheat genotypes under rain-fed conditions in Terai districts of Nepal
Authors: Pandey Deepak , Pant Khem Raj , Bastola Biswas Raj , Giri Rabin , Bohara Suman , Shrestha Shankar , Hamal Govinda Bahadur , Shrestha Jiban 
Published: January 2021

Thirty four percent of the total wheat cultivated area is under rain-fed condition in Nepal and that of the Terai is nineteen percent. The objective of this study was to develop drought tolerant and high yielding varieties of wheat for timely sown rain-fed environments. Coordinated Varietal trial (CVT) was carried out in normal wheat growing season during 2016/17 and 2017/18. The research was conducted at five locations (Rampur, Bhairahawa, Doti, Jitpur and Nepalgunj) of five research stations of Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) throughout the Terai region in alpha lattice design with two replications. Data on different yield attributing traits were recorded. In the CVT-TTL 2016/17 highly significant difference (p<0.01) among the genotypes was found for days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, number of grains per spike and thousand kernel weight and significant difference (p<0.05) for grain yield. The highest grain yield was observed in NL 1326 (2954 kg/ha) which was followed by NL 1327 (2819 kg/ha), NL 1211 (2719 kg/ha), NL1202 (2683 kg/ha), BL 4707 (2654 kg/ha) and BL 4708 (2652 kg/ha). Similarly, in CVT-TTL 2017/18, highly significant difference (p<0.01) among the genotypes was observed for the days to heading, days to maturity and plant height and non-significant different for number of grains per spike, grain yield and TGW. However, Genotype by Environment (G x E) was found highly significant (p<0.01) for the days to heading, plant height, grain yield and TGW and significant different (p<0.05) for number of grains per spike. The highest grain yield was obtained in NL1322 (2305 kg/ha) which was followed by NL1369 (2287 kg/ha), NL 1202 (2205 kg/ha), BL 4708 (2197 kg/ha) and BL 4820 (2118 kg/ha). Among these tested genotypes BL 4708, NL 1202, NL 1211, NL 1307, NL 1327 and NL 1369 are recommended for the coordinated farmer's field trial for further verification and release as variety.
Plant Parasitic Nematodes and their management in crop production: a review
Authors: Mandal Honey Raj , Katel Shambhu , Subedi Sudeep , Shrestha Jiban 
Published: January 2021

Plant Parasitic Nematodes are small worm like transparent, bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelomate, multicellular, free living or parasitic microorganism which are predatory, aquatic, terrestrial, entopathogenic, ectoparasite, endoparasite, semi-endoparasite or sedentary. They cause substantial problems to major crops throughout the world, including vegetables, fruits, and grain crops. The root knot and cyst nematodes are economically important pests in numerous crops. Crop damage from nematodes is not readily apparent in most cases, and it often remains hidden by the many other factors limiting plant growth. In the past, the control of the nematodes has been based on the synthetic nematicides, the number of which has been drastically restricted in the EU because of their environmental side effects and subsequent restriction in European Union (EU) rules and regulations. Many other methods like cultural control, biological control, use of biotechnological tools and methods, use of resistant cultivars are tested and proven successful in controlling different species of nematodes all over the world. Alternatively, combinations of the different methods are proven to be highly effective both economically and environmentally.
Advanced 3D Localization in Lock-in Thermography Based on the Analysis of the TRTR (Time-Resolved Thermal Response) Received Upon Arbitrary Waveform Stimulation
Authors: Brand Sebastian , Kögel Michael , Grosse Christian , Altmann Frank , Lai Brian , Wang Qingqing , Vickers James , Tien David , Zee Bernice , Wen Qiu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Lock-in thermography (LIT) has been successfully applied in different excitation and analysis modes including classical LIT, analysis of the time-resolved temperature response (TRTR) upon square wave excitation and TRTR analysis in combination with arbitrary waveform stimulation. The results obtained by both classical square wave- and arbitrary waveform stimulation showed excellent agreement. Phase and amplitudes values extracted by classical LIT analysis and by Fourier analysis of the time resolved temperature response also coincided, as expected from the underlying system theory. In addition to a conceptual test vehicle represented by a point-shaped thermal source, two semiconductor packages with actual defects were studied and the obtained results are presented herein. The benefit of multi-parametric imaging for identification of a defect’s lateral position in the presence of multiple hot spots was also demonstrated. For axial localization, the phase shift values have been extracted as a function of frequency [4]. For comparative validation, LIT analyses were conducted in both square wave and arbitrary waveform excitation using custom designed and sample-specific stimulation signals. In both cases result verification was performed employing X-ray, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) as complementary techniques.
Prevalence of Misuse of Topical Corticosteroid among Dermatology Outpatients
Authors: Shrestha Shristi , Joshi Smita , Bhandari Sajana 
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Topical corticosteroids misuse has become one of the burning issues in many countries across the globe. They are known to cause a myriad of adverse effects which include local effects commonly and systemic effects rarely. In dermatology practice, one of the common problems we see these days are steroid-induced and steroid aggravated dermatoses. So, this study was done to find the prevalence of misuse of topical corticosteroid among dermatology outpatients.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done in the outpatient department of dermatology at atertiary care hospital for 18 months. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee of NMCTH (Reference no. 029-076/077). Convenient sampling was done. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 was used to tabulate the data and analyze the results. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data.
Results: Out of 19464 patients, 614 (3.15%) (2.91%-3.39% at 95% Confidence Interval) gave a history of applying steroid containing creams. Among them, 220 (35.8%) belonged to the age group 21-30 years. Dermatophytoses were the skin disease where TCS was most commonly misused followed by melasma in 425 (69.2%) and 115 (18.7%) respectively. Beclomethasone was the steroid preparation that was misused in the maximum number of patients in 271 (44.1%). Some form of adverse effects was seen in 554 (88.6%) patients.
Conclusions: Non-prescription sale of topical corticosteroids is the major cause of topical corticosteroids abuse in Nepal. Creating awareness among the prescribers as well as the patients is the current need.
Professional Quality of Life among Medical Doctors Working in Kathmandu: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Vaidya Anju , Karki Shristi , Dhimal Meghnath , Gyanwali Pradip , Baral Dibash , Pandey Ashok , Jha Anjani Kumar 
Published: January 2021

Introduction: The practice of medicine is an honorable profession besides being accompanied by a demanding environment. This study aimed to find out the professional quality of life of medical doctors working in Kathmandu valley.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 174 Nepalese medical doctors working in different hospitals of Kathmandu valley. Ethical approval was taken from the Ethical Review Board of the Nepal Health Research Council (Reference Number: 830). The data collection tool used in the study was WHO Professional Quality of Life Scale-5 to collect data about Compassion satisfaction, Burnout and Secondary traumatic stress among medical doctors working in Kathmandu valley. Data analysis was done in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16.0.
Results: Out of 174 participants, 101 (58%), 126 (72.4%) and 135 (77.6%) were found to have moderate level of Compassion satisfaction, Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress respectively.
Conclusions: More than half, nearly two-third, and more than two-third participants had moderate levels of Compassion satisfaction, Burnout and Secondary Traumatic Stress respectively. The overall study findings reflected good balance between Compassion satisfaction and Compassion fatigue (burnout and secondary traumatic stress) among the Nepalese medical doctors. Further assessment of professional quality of life of doctors as well as other health care workers via Multifaceted and large-scale study is recommended.
Vitamin D Deficiency among Patients Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Poudel Nimesh , Dhakal Subodh Sagar , Sukhupayo Renu , Karki Dambar Bahadur 
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is a common condition prevalent among both developed and developing countries where it is seen mostly in females. It has been linked to various skeletal and non-skeletal diseases. This study was done to find out the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency and clinical features of deficient patients attending the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was done among the patients attending the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. The study was conducted from May 2019 to July 2019. The ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee (ref no. 310520113). Convenient sampling was done. The collected data was entered in Microsoft Excel and was analyzed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.
Results: Out of 481 participants, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 335 (69.6%). Severe vitamin D deficiency was seen in 78 (16.2%) and insufficient vitamin D in 77 (16%) of the patients. The mean serum vitamin D concentration by gender was 22.38±17.07 ng/ml in males and 18.89±15.25 ng/ml in females. A total of 263 (54.6%) females and 72 (14.97%) males had vitamin D deficiency. The most common symptoms found in vitamin D deficiency patients were fatigue 187(55.8%), muscle cramps 131(39.1%), generalized myalgia 125(37.31%), bone and joint pain 111(33.13%)
Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent especially in females and elderly people. Fatigability was present in more than half of the vitamin D deficient patients.
Prevalence of Type II Diabetes Mellitus Among Adult Population in Medical Department of A Tertiary Care Centre
Authors: Karki Lochan , Rana Krishna , Shahi Manisha , Pradhan Anjila , Thapa Roshina , Yogi Prajwala , Niroula Aliska 
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that is mainly associated with a number of lifestyle behaviors. There is a high discrepancy among urban and rural populations with the prevalence of diabetes in rural areas as 2.5% and a high prevalence of 14.6% in urban areas. Type 2 diabetes mellitus accounts for the majority of all diabetes cases with a number of chronic effects that include cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, blindness, and disability. This study is done to determine the prevalence of Type II Diabetes Mellitus among the adult population in the medical department of a tertiary care center.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done in a medical department of a tertiary care center of Himal Hospital Private Limited from March to April 2020. Ethical approval was taken from the Ethical Review Board of NHRC (Reference Number 752). All the data of the last two years from the medical record section were included in the study. The convenience sampling technique was followed. Descriptive statistical analysis was done.
Results: The study showed the prevalence of Type II Diabetes Mellitus among the adult population to be 23.93 % (0.23) (C.I= 0.20-0.26). Prevalence was found to be ...
Conclusions: The prevalence of Type II Diabetes Mellitus was found to be higher than the previous study done in similar settings.
Study on Clinico-Demographic Characteristics of Orthopaedic Cases in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Rijal Badri , Rana Krishna , KC Srijana , Lamsal Jamuna 
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Orthopedic conditions include a range of condition varying from traumatic injuries, congenital anomalies, chronic back-pain, arthritis, rheumatologic conditions, and other. In Nepal, approximately 2.35 million people are living with musculoskeletal conditions in which 175,000 people are suffering with MSD from non-traumatic causes. The aim of the study is to observe the clinical and demographic pattern of orthopedic problems presenting in the hospital.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done in All Nepal Hospital Private Limited in the month of November. The data from the medical record section was retrospectively collected. Sample size of 384 was included and convenience sampling technique was used. The descriptive statistical analysis was done.
Results: Eight hundred forty four cases were included in the study. Implant removal was the main condition for admission in the hospital 105 (12.44%) followed by Forearm Bone Fracture 84 (9.95%) and Cut Injury 64 (7.58%). Most cases presented during the time 6 PM to 12 AM 312 (36.96%).
Conclusions: Most of the orthopedic cases presented in the evening and night time. Implant removal, forearm bone fracture and cut injury form the major bulk of the cases.
A Study on Behavioural Analysis of Specific Ransomware and its Comparison with DBSCAN-MP
Authors: Vinodhini V. , Kumuthini C. , Santhi K. 
Published: January 2021

Ransomware attack is known to as WCRY or WannaCry. This ransomware is intriguing advantage of a recently disclosed Microsoft vulnerability (“MS17-010 – “Eternalblue” ) coupled with the Shadow Brokers tools release. After a computer is fouled, WannaCry ransomware targets and encrypts 176 file types. Some of the file types WannaCry targets are database related files, multimedia and archive related files, as well as Microsoft Office documents. In its ransom note, which supports 27 languages, it initially demands US$300 worth of Bitcoins from its fatalities—an amount that increases incrementally after a definite time limit. The victim is also given seven days before the pretentious files are deleted.

The WannaCry Ransomware consists of multiple components. It arrives on the ruined computer in the form of a dropper, a self-reliant program that extracts the other application mechanism embedded within it. Those components include:

An application that encrypts and decrypts data
Files containing encryption keys
A copy of Tor
The program secret code is not obfuscated and was relatively easy for security pros to analyze. Once it is launched, WannaCry tries to access a hard-coded URL (the so-called kill switch); if it can't, it proceeds to investigate for and encrypt files in a slew of important formats, ranging from Microsoft Office files to MP3s and MKVs, leaving them completely inaccessible to the user. It then displays a ransom notice, demanding numbers in Bitcoin to decrypt the files.
НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВІ ЗАСАДИ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ ВІДКРИТОСТІ ТА КОМУНІКАЦІЙНОЇ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ ОРГАНІВ ПУБЛІЧНОЇ ВЛАДИ З ГРОМАДСЬКІСТЮ
Authors: Приліпко Сергій 
Published: January 2021

Сучасна концепція публічного управління вимагає від посадових осіб органів публічної влади бути більш чутливими до запитів громадян, ширше залучати інститути громадянського суспільства до прийняття державно-управлінських рішень, здійснювати свою діяльність прозоро та відкрито. Інформування громадськості та комунікаційна взаємодія є основними інструментами забезпечення відкритості і прозорості діяльності суб’єктів владних відносин. Влада повинна бути зацікавленою у налагодженні комунікаційного зв’язку у різних формах , що сприятиме успішності реалізації задекларованих реформ та підвищення довіри громадян.Встановлено, що інформаційні відносини між суб’єктами публічного управління базуються на принципах відкритості, проступності, достовірності, повноти, правомірності одержання, використання та поширення інформації. В той же час для налагодження двостороннього зв’язку комунікаційна взаємодія у публічному управлінні між представниками влади та громадськості повинна відповідати принципам прозорості, відкритості, чесності, оперативності, адекватності, партнерства, достовірності та підзвітності. В умовах розвитку демократичного суспільства кожен громадянин має право на отримання повноцінної та достовірноїінформації про діяльність органів публічної влади, а останні зобов’язані вчасно й у повній мірі її висвітлювати, ширше залучати громадськість до формування та реалізації державної політики. На основі аналізу нормативно-правового забезпечення визначено, що інформаційно-комунікаційна діяльність регулюється окремими положеннями Конституції України, законів України, постанов Кабінету Міністрів України та інших нормативно-правових актів. Вони розкривають права та обов’язки органів публічної влади прозоро висвітлювати інформацію та звітуватися про свою діяльність, надавати відповіді на запити, публічно обговорювати проєкти нормативно-правових актів, проводити громадські слухання та враховувати думку громадськості. Встановлено, що кращими формами для комунікаційної взаємодії є: прийом громадян, зустрічі, консультації, круглі столи, семінари, конференції, засідання, зібрання, наради, збори, урочисті події, громадські слухання, публічні дебати, демонстрації, презентації, виставки, брифінги, прес-конференції, прес-тури, вхідна та вихідна кореспонденція, повідомлення у ЗМІ, соціальних мережах та на веб-сайтах. Зазначено, що залучення програм та проєктів міжнародної технічної допомоги сприяє налагодженню комунікаційної взаємодії між органами публічної влади та представниками інститутів громадянського суспільства, зокрема під час розроблення комунікаційної стратегії.
DIFFERENCE OF pH AND CALCIUM LEVEL OF SALIVARYIN CARIES AND CARIES FREE STUDENTS OF FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN GIGI UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
Authors: R Lisna Unita , Nisak Rahayu 
Published: January 2021

Dental caries is a disease of hard tooth tissue in enamel, dentin and cementum, caused by bacterial activity that ferments carbohydrates leading to the dissolution of enamel due to acid produced by bacteria. Saliva contains protein, antibacterial, fluoride, calcium and phosphate ions that can protect teeth from caries. Balanced diet and adequate salivary flow will preserve to protect and maintain the health of hard tooth tissue. The caries process begins with Streptococcus mutants fermenting carbohydrates to form acids that produced a low pH of oral cavity. Low concentrated calcium in saliva can increase caries risk. The purpose of this study was to determine the volume, pH and saliva’s calcium level in caries and caries-free (control group) students of Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Sumatera Utara. The research was an observational analytic study with cross-sectional design. The saliva studied was stimulated whole saliva taken from 46 subjects, 23 were caries and 23 were caries-free. Subjects were instructed to chew paraffin wax for 5 minutes and spitting the saliva into the pot. The examination to determine salivary volume was conducted in Laboratories of Oral Biology and Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sumatera Utara. The result of this study showed the mean value of salivary volume in caries group is 3.55 ± 0.633 ml/5minutes and caries-free is 6.94 ± 1.482 ml/5 minutes, caries saliva pH 5.26 ± 0.219 and caries-free 6.68 ± 0.362, and calcium saliva caries 0.98 ± 0.310 mmol/L and caries-free 1.55 ± 0.312 mmol/L. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the caries group and caries-free in volume, pH and salivary calcium levels. The conclusion of this research is the caries group has lower volume, pH and calcium level of saliva than non caries group.
Efficacy of melatonin in non-intensive care unit patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and sleep dysregulation
Authors: Brusco Luis I. , Cruz Pablo , Cangas Alicia V , Rojas Carmen González , Vigo Daniel E , Cardinali Daniel Pedro 
Published: January 2021

The association of sleep disruption with a higher vulnerability to
COVID-19 infection is a subject of major clinical importance. In patients with
pneumonia associated with COVID-19 admitted to non-intensive care unit (NICU) several
factors, like the disrupting influence of respiratory distress, medication, greater
stress due to social isolation, and lack of appropriate exposure to environmental
light can be instrumental to disrupt sleep/wake cycle. The
therapeutic potential of melatonin to counteract the consequences of COVID-19
infection has been advocated. Because of its wide-ranging effects as an
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory compound, melatonin could
be unique in impairing the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Melatonin is
also an effective chronobiotic agent to reverse the circadian disruption of social
isolation and to control delirium in severely affected patients. Properly
administered, melatonin may restore the optimal circadian pattern of the
sleep-wake cycle and improve clinical condition in pneumonia associated with COVID-19
patients. The present review article discusses the importance of maintaining
normal sleep and circadian rhythmicity in NICU patients and provides
preliminary data suggesting the efficacy of melatonin (9 mg/day) to reduce
length of stay of pneumonia patients associated with COVID-19 in NICU.