bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenomics of Perityleae (Compositae) provides new insights into morphological and chromosomal evolution of the rock daisies
Authors: Lichter‐Marck Isaac H. , Freyman William A. , Siniscalchi Carolina M. , Mandel Jennifer R. , Castro‐Castro Arturo , Johnson Gabriel , Baldwin Bruce G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRock daisies (Perityleae; Compositae) are a diverse clade of seven genera and ca. 84 minimum‐rank taxa that mostly occur as narrow endemics on sheer rock cliffs throughout the southwest United States and northern Mexico. Taxonomy of Perityleae has traditionally been based on morphology and cytogenetics. To test taxonomic hypotheses and utility of characters emphasized in past treatments, we present the first densely sampled molecular phylogenies of Perityleae and reconstruct trait and chromosome evolution. We inferred phylogenetic trees from whole chloroplast genomes, nuclear ribosomal cistrons, and hundreds of low‐copy nuclear genes using genome skimming and target capture. Discordance between sources of molecular data suggests an underappreciated history of hybridization in Perityleae. Phylogenies support the monophyly of subtribe Peritylinae, a distinctive group possessing a four‐lobed disc corolla; however, all of the phylogenetic trees generated in this study reject the monophyly of the most species‐rich genus, Perityle, as well as its sections: Perityle sect. Perityle, Perityle sect. Laphamia, and Perityle sect. Pappothrix. Using reversible jump MCMC, our results suggest that morphological characters traditionally used to classify members of Perityleae have evolved multiple times within the group. A base chromosome number x = 9 gave rise to higher base numbers in subtribe Peritylinae (x = 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, and 19) through polyploidization, followed by ascending or descending dysploidy. Most taxa constitute a monophyletic lineage with a base chromosome number of x = 17, with multiple neo‐polyploidization events. These results demonstrate the advantages and obstacles of next‐generation sequencing approaches in synantherology while laying the foundation for taxonomic revision and comparative study of the evolutionary ecology of Perityleae.
Dry mouth diagnosis and saliva substitutes—A review from a textural perspective
Authors: Hu Jing , Andablo‐Reyes Efren , Mighell Alan , Pavitt Sue , Sarkar Anwesha 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe aim of this review is to assess the objective and subjective diagnosis, as well as symptomatic topical treatment of dry mouth conditions with a clear focus on textural perspective. We critically examine both the current practices as well as outline emerging possibilities in dry mouth diagnosis and treatment, including a patent scan for saliva substitutes. For diagnosis, salivary flow rates and patient‐completed questionnaires have proven to be useful tools in clinical practice. To date, objective measurements of changes in mechanical properties of saliva via rheological, adsorption, and tribological measurements and biochemical properties of saliva such as assessing protein, mucins (MUC5B) are seldom incorporated into clinical diagnostics; these robust diagnostic tools have been largely restricted to application in non‐clinical settings. As for symptomatic treatments of dry mouth, four key agents including lubricating, thickening, adhesive, and moisturizing agents have been identified covering the overall landscape of commercial saliva substitutes. Although thickening agents such as modified celluloses, polysaccharide gum, polyethylene glycol, and so forth are most commonly employed saliva substitutes, they offer short‐lived relief from dry mouth and generally do not provide boundary lubrication properties of real human saliva. Innovative technologies such as self‐assembly, emulsion, liposomes, and microgels are emerging as novel saliva substitutes hold promise for alternative approaches for efficient moistening and lubrication of the oral mucosa. Their adoption into clinical practice will depend on their efficacies, duration of relief, and ease of application by the practitioners and patient compliance.
A novel approach for obtaining 12‐lead electrocardiograms in horses
Authors: Hesselkilde Eva M. , Isaksen Jonas L. , Petersen Bettina V. , Carstensen Helena , Jespersen Thomas , Pehrson Steen , Kanters Jørgen K. , Buhl Rikke 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn equine medicine, 12‐lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) rarely are used, which may in part be a result of shortcomings in the existing guidelines for obtaining 12‐lead ECGs in horses. The guidelines recommend placing the limb leads on the extremities, which is inappropriate because the ventricular mean electrical axis is then perpendicular to the limb leads, leading to large variations in ECG configuration even among healthy horses. From an electrophysiological point of view, the leads instead should be parallel to the electrical axis to minimize variability.ObjectiveDevelop an improved method for obtaining 12‐lead ECGs in horses based on electrophysiology and cardiac electrical vectors relevant to horses.AnimalsThirty‐five healthy Standardbred horses.MethodsTwo ECGs obtained at rest; 1 ECG with the electrodes placed according to the method developed in the present study, the Copenhagen method, and 1 ECG following existing guidelines.ResultsIn the Copenhagen method, we repositioned the limb electrodes to the thorax to better capture the electrical activity of the heart. Variation in the mean electrical axis decreased dramatically with the Copenhagen method (SD decreased from 24.6° to 1.6°, P < .001). Consequently, this new method provided stable ECGs with repeatable configurations.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceWith this novel method, the ECG is recorded with respect to the electric axis to fully realize the potential of 12‐lead ECG in horses. The Copenhagen method delivered more consistent and reliable ECG recordings compared to existing guidelines. The Copenhagen method potentially allows for expanded use of 12‐lead ECGs in equine medicine.
Depletion of MHC supertype during domestication can compromise immunocompetence
Authors: Smallbone Willow , Ellison Amy , Poulton Simon , van Oosterhout Cock , Cable Joanne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays an important role in infectious disease resistance. The presence of certain MHC alleles and functionally similar groups of MHC alleles (i.e., supertypes) has been associated with resistance to particular parasite species. Farmed and domesticated fish stocks are often depleted in their MHC alleles and supertype diversity, possibly as a consequence of artificial selection for desirable traits, inbreeding (loss of heterozygosity), genetic drift (loss of allelic diversity) and/or reduced parasite biodiversity. Here we quantify the effects of depletion of MHC class II genotype and supertype variation on resistance to the parasite Gyrodactylus turnbulli in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Compared to the descendants of wild‐caught guppies, ornamental fish had a significantly reduced MHC variation (i.e., the numbers of MHC alleles and supertypes per individual, and per population). In addition, ornamental fish were significantly more susceptible to G. turnbulli infections, accumulating peak intensity 10 times higher than that of their wildtype counterparts. Four out of 13 supertypes were associated with a significantly reduced parasite load, and the presence of some supertypes had a dramatic effect on the intensity of infection. Remarkably, the ornamental and wildtype fish differed in the supertypes that were associated with parasite resistance. Analysis with a genetic algorithm showed that resistance‐conferring supertypes of the wildtype and ornamental fish shared two unique amino acids in the peptide‐binding region of the MHC that were not found in any other alleles. These data show that the supertype demarcation captures some, but not all, of the variation in the immune function of the alleles. This study highlights the importance of managing functional MHC diversity in livestock, and suggests there might be some immunological redundancy among MHC supertypes.
Increased incidence of candidemia in a tertiary care hospital with the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Nucci Marcio , Barreiros Gloria , Guimarães Luiz Felipe , Deriquehem Vitor A.S. , Castiñeiras Anna Carla , Nouér Simone A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of candidemia in our hospital has been stable over an 18‐year period (1.3 episodes per 1000 admissions). Since March 2020, we have observed an increase in cases of candidemia.MethodsIn March 2020, the hospital was prepared to receive patients with COVID‐19, with cancellation of elective procedures, discharge of less sick patients and the activation of beds for COVID‐19. We compared the incidence of candidemia in 2 periods: from January 2019 to February 2020 (period 1) and from March to September 2020 (period 2).ResultsWe diagnosed 41 episodes of candidemia, 16 in period 1 and 25 in period 2 (9 COVID‐19 patients). Compared with non‐COVID‐19 patients, COVID‐19 patients with candidemia were more likely to be under mechanical ventilation (100% vs. 34.4%, P < .001). The median number of monthly admissions in period 1 and 2 was 723 (interquartile range 655‐836) and 523 (interquartile range 389‐574), respectively. The incidence of candidemia (per 1000 admissions) was 1.54 in period 1 and 7.44 in period 2 (P < .001). In period 2, the incidence of candidemia (per 1000 admissions) was 4.76 if we consider only cases of candidemia in non‐COVID‐19 patients, 2.68 if we consider only cases of candidemia in COVID‐19 patients and 14.80 considering only admissions of patients with COVID‐19.ConclusionsThe increase in the incidence of candidemia in our hospital may be attributed to 2 factors: a reduction in the number of admissions (denominator) and the occurrence of candidemia in COVID‐19 patients.
L‐DOPA regulates α‐synuclein accumulation in experimental parkinsonism
Authors: Deffains Marc , Canron Marie‐Hélène , Teil Margaux , Li Qin , Dehay Benjamin , Bezard Erwan , Fernagut Pierre‐Olivier 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsWidespread accumulation of misfolded α‐synuclein aggregates is a key feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the pattern and extent of α‐synuclein accumulation through PD brains is known, the impact of chronic dopamine‐replacement therapy (the gold‐standard pharmacological treatment of PD) on the fate of α‐synuclein is still unknown. Here, we investigated the distribution and accumulation of α‐synuclein in the 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) non‐human primate model of PD and determined the effect of chronic L‐DOPA treatment on MPTP‐induced α‐synuclein pathology.MethodsWe measured the density of α‐synuclein and tau immuno‐positive neurons in the substantia nigra, putamen, hippocampal CA1 region, temporal cortex and dentate nucleus of control, MPTP and MPTP+L‐DOPA‐treated monkeys. Moreover, we also extracted and quantified Triton‐X (TX) soluble and insoluble α‐synuclein in putamen and hippocampus samples from a separate cohort of control, MPTP and MPTP+L‐DOPA‐treated monkeys.ResultsMPTP‐induced α‐synuclein accumulation in NHP model of PD was not limited to the substantia nigra but also occurred in the putamen, hippocampal CA1 region and temporal cortex. Tau was increased only in the temporal cortex. Moreover, increased intraneuronal TX insoluble α‐synuclein was truncated, but not in the structural form of Lewy bodies. The MPTP‐induced increase in α‐synuclein levels was abolished in animals having received L‐DOPA in all the brain regions, except in the substantia nigra.ConclusionsDopamine replacement therapy can dramatically ameliorate α‐synuclein pathology in the MPTP NHP model of PD. Therefore, patient's dopaminergic medication should be systematically considered when assessing α‐synuclein as a biomarker for diagnosis, monitoring disease progression and response to disease‐modifying treatments.
Development of HM Government example menus for early years’ settings in England
Authors: Mucavele P. , Wall C. , Whiting L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEarly childhood is a critical time for growth and development, but diets of young children in England are not fully in line with dietary recommendations, and childhood obesity is a national and international concern. The importance of early years’ settings in promoting healthy food choices and helping to prevent obesity has been highlighted, and the extension in entitlement to funded early education and childcare in England over recent years provides an opportunity to encourage more children to develop good eating habits. Food provision in early years’ settings is required to be ‘healthy, balanced and nutritious’, and voluntary food and drink guidelines were published in 2012 to support settings in England to meet this requirement. However, since these guidelines were developed, revised Dietary Reference Values for energy, sugars and dietary fibre have been published. As part of the government's Childhood obesity: A plan for action, Public Health England commissioned the Children's Food Trust to produce example menus for early years’ settings, to support provision of meals and snacks meeting current dietary recommendations. A multi‐sectoral external reference group was convened and advised on the protocol for developing two seasonal example menus, including revising the underpinning nutrient framework for 1‐4 year‐olds, and developing an appropriate framework for infants aged 6–12 months, as previous menus did not cater for this age group. This article describes the process of developing the example menus and associated guidance, which have since been published by HM Government, and offers recommendations for effective implementation.
European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility (ESNM) recommendations for the use of high‐resolution manometry of the esophagus
Authors: Tack Jan , Pauwels Ans , Roman Sabine , Savarino Edoardo , Smout André ,   the ESNM HRM consensus group
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundSeveral patients in gastroenterology practice present with esophageal symptoms, and in case of normal endoscopy with biopsies, high‐resolution manometry (HRM) is often the next step. Our aim was to develop a European consensus on the clinical application of esophageal HRM, to offer the clinician guidance in selecting patients for HRM and using its results to optimize clinical outcome.MethodsA Delphi consensus was initiated with 38 multidisciplinary experts from 16 European countries who conducted a literature summary and voting process on 71 statements. Quality of evidence was evaluated using grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Consensus (defined as >80% agreement) was reached for 33 statements.ResultsThe process generated guidance on when to consider esophageal HRM, how to perform it, and how to generate the report. The Delphi process also identified several areas of uncertainty, such as the choice of catheters, the duration of fasting and the position in which HRM is performed, but recommended to perform at least 10 5‐ml swallows in supine position for each study. Postprandial combined HRM impedance is considered useful for diagnosing rumination. There is a large lack of consensus on treatment implications of HRM findings, which is probably the single area requiring future targeted research.Conclusions and inferencesA multinational and multidisciplinary group of European experts summarized the current state of consensus on technical aspects, indications, performance, analysis, diagnosis, and therapeutic implications of esophageal HRM.
Genome wide natural variation of H3K27me3 selectively marks genes predicted to be important for cell differentiation in Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Authors: Zhao Xue , Rastogi Achal , Deton Cabanillas Anne Flore , Ait Mohamed Ouardia , Cantrel Catherine , Lombard Berangère , Murik Omer , Genovesio Auguste , Bowler Chris , Bouyer Daniel , Loew Damarys , Lin Xin , Veluchamy Alaguraj , Vieira Fabio Rocha Jimenez , Tirichine Leila 
Published: December 2020

Summary

In multicellular organisms, Polycomb Repressive Complex2 (PRC2) is known to deposit tri‐methylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) to establish and maintain gene silencing, critical for developmentally regulated processes. The PRC2 complex is absent in both widely studied model yeasts, which initially suggested that PRC2 arose with the emergence of multicellularity. However, its discovery in several unicellular species including microalgae questions its role in unicellular eukaryotes.

Here, we use Phaeodactylum tricornutum enhancer of zeste E(z) knockouts and show that P. tricornutum E(z) is responsible for di‐ and tri‐methylation of lysine 27 of histone H3.

H3K27me3 depletion abolishes cell morphology in P. tricornutum providing evidence for its role in cell differentiation. Genome‐wide profiling of H3K27me3 in fusiform and triradiate cells further revealed genes that may specify cell identity.

These results suggest a role for PRC2 and its associated mark in cell differentiation in unicellular species, and highlight their ancestral function in a broader evolutionary context than currently is appreciated.
Histone H3 lysine4 trimethylation‐regulated GRF11 expression is essential for the iron‐deficiency response in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Singh Surjit , Kailasam Sakthivel , Lo Jing‐Chi , Yeh Kuo‐Chen 
Published: December 2020

Summary

Iron (Fe) homeostasis in plants is controlled by both transcription factors (TFs) and chromatin remodeling through histone modification. To date, few studies have reported the existence of histone modification in maintaining the Fe‐deficiency response. However, the reports that do exist shed light on various histone modifications, but knowledge of the activation mark in Fe‐deficiency response is lacking.

By using a forward genetics approach, we identified a crucial allele for Fe‐deficiency response, NON‐RESPONSE TO Fe‐DEFICIENCY2 (NRF2), previously described as EARLY FLOWERING8 (ELF8) associated with an activation mark on histone modification, histone H3 lysine4 trimethylation. In the nrf2‐1 mutant, a point mutation at ELF8T404I, exhibits impaired expression of GENERAL REGULATORY FACTOR11 (GRF11) and downstream genes in the Fe‐uptake pathway.

In vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that in roots, NRF2/ELF8 is essential for the expression of GRF11 for Fe‐deficiency response, whereas in shoots, NRF2/ELF8 regulates FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) expression for flowering time control.

In summary, a key factor, NRF2/ELF8, involved in epigenetic regulation essential for both flowering time control and Fe‐deficiency response is uncovered.
The role of transcription factor 7‐like 2 in metabolic disorders
Authors: Zhang Zhensheng , Xu Li , Xu Xiao 
Published: December 2020

SummaryTranscription factor 7‐like 2 (TCF7L2), a member of the T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor family, generally forms a complex with β‐catenin to regulate the downstream target genes as an effector of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway. TCF7L2 plays a vital role in various biological processes and functions in many organs and tissues, including the liver, islet and adipose tissues. Further, TCF7L2 down‐regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis and promotes lipid accumulation. In islets, TCF7L2 not only affects the insulin secretion of the β‐cells but also has an impact on other cells. In addition, TCF7L2 influences adipogenesis in adipose tissues. Thus, an out‐of‐control TCF7L2 expression can result in metabolic disorders. The TCF7L2 gene is composed of 17 exons, generating 13 different transcripts, and has many single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The discovery that these SNPs have an impact on the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has attracted thorough investigations in the study of TCF7L2. Apart from T2D, TCF7L2 SNPs are also associated with type 1, posttransplant and other types of diabetes. Furthermore, TCF7L2 variants affect the progression of other disorders, such as obesity, cancers, metabolic syndrome and heart diseases. Finally, the interaction between TCF7L2 variants and diet also needs to be investigated.
Clinical applications of miniscrews that broaden the scope of non‐surgical orthodontic treatment
Authors: Choi Sung‐Hwan , Jeon Ji Yoon , Lee Kee‐Joon , Hwang Chung‐Ju 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPreviously, in the case of malocclusion owing to skeletal discrepancy in adults, the amount of tooth movement was limited since there was no reliable skeletal anchorage device. The only way to treat this case was by repositioning the maxilla and mandible via orthognathic surgery, but most patients are reluctant to undergo surgery owing to the risk and expenses incurred. However, with the current introduction and use of miniscrews as temporary anchorage devices, the entire dental arch can be relocated to a target position without surgery, thus broadening the scope of non‐surgical orthodontic treatment compared to the past. For a non‐surgical approach to improve skeletal discrepancy, anteroposterior, vertical and transverse displacements of the dental arch are necessary. In this case, the localization of the centre of resistance of the whole arch must precede the appliance design with an appropriate biomechanical design. Especially, in the transverse dimension, the envelope of discrepancy is reportedly narrow, and the tooth movement must accompany the orthopaedic correction involving the midpalatal suture expansion. Recently, in adults with transverse maxillomandibular discrepancy, miniscrew‐assisted rapid palatal expansion (MARPE) can be performed. Moreover, compared to surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion, MARPE reduces the cost to the patient and achieves clinically acceptable stable maxillary expansion. In this article, we will discuss the role of total arch movement and MARPE in widening the scope of non‐surgical orthodontic treatment, despite the inherent limitations of miniscrews' mechanical aspects.