bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zinc Oxide Morphology‐Dependent Pd/ZnO Catalysis in Base‐Free CO2 Hydrogenation into Formic Acid
Authors: Zhang Jing , Fan Liping , Zhao Feiyue , Fu Yanghe , Lu Ji‐Qing , Zhang Zhenhua , Teng Botao , Huang Weixin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPd/ZnO catalysts with ca. 2 wt.% Pd loading employing ZnO nanocrystals with various morphologies as supports, including ZnO nanoplates (p−ZnO) predominantly exposing polar {002} facets, ZnO nanorods (r−ZnO) predominantly exposing nonpolar {100} and {101} facets, and commercial ZnO (c−ZnO) exposing random facets, have been prepared as catalysts for the catalytic reaction of CO2 hydrogenation into formic acid (FA) without the addition of base under mild conditions. A remarkable morphology‐dependence of zinc oxide in the Pd/ZnO catalysts was observed. Catalytic activities of various Pd/ZnO catalysts in CO2 hydrogenation into FA follow an order of Pd/r−ZnO>Pd/p−ZnO>Pd/c−ZnO, and all the catalysts are stable. Kinetic study, CO2‐TPD analysis, and in situ DRIFTS spectra provide evidence that all the Pd/ZnO catalysts follow a similar catalytic mechanism that CO2 activation is the rate‐determining step. Consequently, r−ZnO, possessing a higher density of weak basic sites than p−ZnO and c−ZnO, can act as a superb support to prepare Pd/r−ZnO catalyst, which is more active than Pd/p−ZnO and Pd/c−ZnO catalysts for the production of FA. These findings nicely demonstrate the crystal‐plane engineering of the metal oxide support in tuning the catalytic performance of Pd‐based catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation into FA.
Self‐assembly synthesis of monodisperse BiVO4 nanosphere via a hybrid strategy for photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Wang Lu , Su Jinzhan , Guo Liejin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMonodisperse semiconductor sphere holds great potential for a wide variety of application as a basic building block. Herein a binary oxide, BiVO4, with highly uniform monodisperse nanosphere of 125 nm diameter was primarily synthesized via a hybrid method with PVP assisted in organic solvent. After investigating the function of PVP and the emergence of esterification in solvent, we proposed a formation mechanism of amorphous BiVO4 nanosphere, including the precipitation of BiVO4 clusters in reverse micelles and the self‐assembly aggregation of BiVO4 clusters to be BiVO4 nanospheres. The generated water in esterification provides a nanoreactor to precipitate BiVO4 cluster, in return, the precipitation by using water catalyzes the process of esterification in ethanol with acetic acid. This hybrid reaction of inorganic BiVO4 precipitate and organic esterification opens a novel avenue to couple nano inorganic chemistry with organic dehydration synthesis, achieving green chemistry for sustainable development. Furthermore, highly efficient nanoporous BiVO4 photoanodes composed of BiVO4 nanospheres for water splitting were obtained using a simple drop‐casting method and optimized for their photocurrent density by calcination temperatures. This hybrid reaction strategy could be applied to synthesize other semiconductors with nanosphere toward novel low‐cost structures and devices.
Pyrene‐Thiol‐modified Pd Nanoparticles on Carbon Support: Kinetic Control by Steric Hinderance and Improved Stability by the Catalyst‐Support Interaction
Authors: Yoshii Takeharu , Umemoto Daiki , Yamamoto Masanori , Kuwahara Yasutaka , Nishihara Hirotomo , Mori Kohsuke , Kyotani Takashi , Yamashita Hiromi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAerobic oxidative dehydrogenation of amines to imines by thiol‐modified Pd nanoparticle (NP) catalysts on carbon supports is reported herein. Whereas conventional non‐modified Pd NP catalysts are nearly inactive, the carbon‐supported Pd catalysts modified with thiol ligands efficiently catalyze the reaction with high selectivity. Kinetic studies and DFT calculations reveal that the rate‐limiting imine product desorption step is significantly boosted on the thiol ligands‐modified Pd surface compared to the non‐modified Pd surface due to the steric hindrance of the ligands. Furthermore, the catalytic activity is dramatically enhanced in the presence of both pyrene‐functionalized thiol modifiers and graphene‐based carbon supports; 96 % conversion is attained after 4 h at 110 °C. The π–π interactions between pyrene groups and the highly crystallized carbon surface suppress the leaching of ligands, which offers improved catalyst stability even under O2 atmosphere at 110 °C, thereby resulting in high activity.
Design of modular concrete heliostats using symmetry reduction methods
Authors: Forman Patrick , Penkert Sebastian , Mark Peter , Schnell Jürgen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants the incident solar radiation is focused onto a receiver by means of collectors. A fluid is heated up and in a downstream power block electricity is generated. In point‐focusing solar towers, the solar concentration is achieved by so‐called heliostats that are arranged to a solar field. In this contribution, the development of concrete heliostats with circular shapes and an aperture area of 30 m2 is presented. A high‐performance concrete with high tensile and compressive strength values is used. The circular structure is dissolved into identical but symmetrically reduced modules derived from system reduction methods. For designing, the tensile strength of the concrete is restrictive to ensure linear‐elastic material behavior and to avoid softening by cracking. After dimensioning, the derived equivalent plate is converted into strut‐like structures possessing equal stiffnesses with respect to the partial module size. These modules are circularly post‐tensioned to form a heliostat. Numerical investigations of the modules prove their accuracy. A full solar concentration, that is, the reflected solar radiation is completely focused on the receiver, is achieved. Due to the multitude of modules within a solar field, serial production with integrated quality control is recommended.
The crack propagation velocity as a reason for the strain rate effect of concrete: An analytical model
Authors: Mosig Oliver , Curbach Manfred 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAn analytical model is presented in this paper which, based on the maximum crack velocity, provides a hypothesis for one of the reasons of the increase in tensile strength of concrete under high loading rates. Due to the fact that the formation of cracks needs a certain time to pass through the cross section and not happens suddenly, stresses can still be transmitted over the remaining uncracked cross section during this time. The hypothesis is that at high loading rates, the increase in externally induced stresses can be greater than the decrease in the load‐bearing cross‐sectional area due to limited crack propagation velocity, which results in an externally measurable increase in strength. This measured strength increase depends on the stress distribution in the crack plane. In this paper two variants of this stress distribution during the failure process are described, and their effect on the increase in strength is mathematically evaluated.
Stimuli‐Responsive Resorcin[4]arene Cavitands: Toward Visible‐Light‐Activated Molecular Grippers
Authors: García‐López Víctor , Zalibera Michal , Trapp Nils , Kuss‐Petermann Martin , Wenger Oliver S. , Diederich François 
Published: August 2020

AbstractResorcin[4]arene cavitands, equipped with diverse quinone (Q) and [Ru(bpy)2dppz]2+ (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine, dppz=dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine) photosensitizing walls in different configurations, were synthesized. Upon visible‐light irradiation at 420 nm, electron transfer from the [Ru(bpy)2dppz]2+ to the Q generates the semiquinone (SQ) radical anion, triggering a large conformational switching from a flat kite to a vase with a cavity for the encapsulation of small guests, such as cyclohexane and heteroalicyclic derivatives, in CD3CN. Depending on the molecular design, the SQ radical anion can live for several minutes (≈10 min) and the vase can be generated in a secondary process without need for addition of a sacrificial electron donor to accumulate the SQ state. Switching can also be triggered by other stimuli, such as changes in solvent, host–guest complexation, and chemical and electrochemical processes. This comprehensive investigation benefits the development of stimuli‐responsive nanodevices, such as light‐activated molecular grippers.
UV‐Induced 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Formation from 5‐Substituted Tetrazoles and Carboxylic Acids in Flow
Authors: Green Luke , Livingstone Keith , Bertrand Sophie , Peace Simon , Jamieson Craig 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA range of 1,3,4‐oxadiazoles have been synthesized using a UV‐B activated flow approach starting from carboxylic acids and 5‐substituted tetrazoles. The application of UV light represents an attractive alternative to the traditional thermolytic approach and has demonstrated comparable efficiency and versatility, with a diverse substrate scope, including the incorporation of highly substituted amino acids.
Phosphorescent κ3‐(N^C^C)‐Gold(III) Complexes: Synthesis, Photophysics, Computational Studies and Application to Solution‐Processable OLEDs
Authors: Beucher Hélène , Kumar Sudhir , Kumar Roopender , Merino Estíbaliz , Hu Wei‐Hsu , Stemmler Gerrit , Cuesta‐Galisteo Sergio , González Jorge A. , Bezinge Léonard , Jagielski Jakub , Shih Chih‐Jen , Nevado Cristina 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEfficient OLED devices have been fabricated using organometallic complexes of platinum group metals. Still, the high material cost and low stability represent central challenges for their application in commercial display technologies. Based on its innate stability, gold(III) complexes are emerging as promising candidates for high‐performance OLEDs. Here, a series of alkynyl‐, N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐ and aryl‐gold(III) complexes stabilized by a κ3‐(N^C^C) template have been prepared and their photophysical properties have been characterized in detail. These compounds exhibit good photoluminescence quantum efficiency (ηPL) of up to 33 %. The PL emission can be tuned from sky‐blue to yellowish green colors by variations on both the ancillary ligands as well as on the pincer template. Further, solution‐processable OLED devices based on some of these complexes display remarkable emissive properties (ηCE 46.6 cd.A−1 and ηext 14.0 %), thus showcasing the potential of these motifs for the low‐cost fabrication of display and illumination technologies.
Bilateral lung cancer showing various responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors: A case report
Authors: Kodama Hiroaki , Ibe Tatsuya , Inoue Rentaro , Shimada Tetsuya , Ishii Hisashi , Hamamoto Yoichiro 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundCombination immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has become the mainstay in cancer treatment, and the various antitumor effects of ICIs are being observed. Synchronous multiple primary lung cancers (SMPLCs), which simultaneously involve tumors of different histologies, are often encountered in clinical settings. In standard lung cancer treatment, an anticancer drug, usually a platinum‐based drug, is administered, and this first treatment provides some antitumor effect. Thus, the initial administration of platinum‐based anticancer agent may mask the detection of SMPLCs. The following case represents different antitumor effects on two different primary lung lesions during treatment with ICIs.Case presentationA 72‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital for an abnormal chest shadow, and computed tomography showed masses in the left lower and right upper lungs. Transbronchial lung biopsy from the left lung tumor revealed an adenocarcinoma. Following the administration of pembrolizumab (200 mg/body over 3 weeks) as monotherapy, the tumor in the left lung rapidly reduced in size. However, the tumor in the right upper lung continued to grow. Finally, his disease was diagnosed as SMPLCs of adenocarcinoma and small cell lung cancer.ConclusionBilateral lung lesions considered to be intrapulmonary metastases have completely different responses to ICI treatment. It is necessary to consider a diagnosis of SMPLCs if lesions with different responses to antitumor therapy are observed.
Adaptive message passing polling for energy efficiency: Application to software‐distributed shared memory over heterogeneous computing resources
Authors: Cudennec Loïc 
Published: August 2020

SummaryAutonomous vehicles, smart manufacturing, heterogeneous systems, and new high‐performance embedded computing (HPEC) applications can benefit from the reuse of code coming from the high‐performance computing world. However, unlike for HPC, energy efficiency is critical in embedded systems, especially when running on battery power. Code base from HPC mostly relies on the message passing interface (MPI) message passing runtime to deal with distributed systems. MPI has been designed primarily for performance and not for energy efficiency. One drawback is the way messages are received, in an energy‐consuming busy‐wait fashion. In this work, we study a simple approach in which receiving processes are put to sleep instead of constantly polling. We implement this strategy at the user level to be transparent to the MPI runtime and the application. Experiments are conducted with OpenMPI, MPICH, and MPC, using a video processing application and a software‐distributed shared memory system deployed over two heterogeneous platforms, including the Christmann RECS|Box Antares Microserver. Results show significant energy savings. In some particular cases involving process colocation, we also observe better performance using our strategy which can be explained by a better sharing of the computing resource.
Ionic Liquids as Extractants for Nanoplastics
Authors: Elfgen Roman , Gehrke Sascha , Hollóczki Oldamur 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPlastic waste in the ocean and on land in the form of nanoplastics is endangering food and drinking water supplies, raising the need for new strategies for the removal of plastic nanoparticles from complex media. In the present contribution we suggest considering ionic liquids as extractants, since they show several advantageous properties that may facilitate the design of efficient separation processes. Through varying the anion and the side chain at the cation, the interactions between the extractant and the polymer can be strengthened and tuned, and thereby the disintegration of the particle into separate polymer chains can be controlled. Oxidized moieties can also be efficiently solvated, given the amphiphilic nature of the considered ionic liquids, allowing also realistic particles to be extracted into these solvents. The phase transfer was found to be thermodynamically and kinetically possible, which is supported by the complicated structure of the ionic liquid‐water interface through the rearrangement of the interfacial ions, and the formation of a micelle around the plastic already at the edge of the aqueous phase.
Assessment of prenatal stress‐related cortisol exposure: focus on cortisol accumulation in hair and nails
Authors: Meyer Jerrold S. , Novak Melinda A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPrenatal stress adversely affects offspring development. Although cortisol is hypothesized to be a key mediator of stress‐induced developmental deficits, determining the amount of fetal cortisol exposure produced by maternal stress has proved challenging. Current approaches, such as measuring cortisol concentrations in maternal plasma, saliva, or urine, amniotic fluid, fetal plasma, or cord blood, all have significant limitations for assessing cumulative fetal cortisol exposure over time. A recently emerging approach is to measure cortisol concentrations in maternal hair and/or newborn hair or nail samples. Maternal hair cortisol potentially shows long‐term production across each trimester of pregnancy, whereas neonatal hair or nail cortisol is thought to reflect mainly third trimester hormone accumulation. This review first describes fetal adrenocortical development, placental cortisol metabolism, and the various sources of fetal cortisol exposure across pregnancy. We then summarize the results obtained from "classical" methods of assessing prenatal cortisol exposure prior to the advent of hair and nail cortisol measurement. Lastly, we discuss the initial development and validation of the hair cortisol methodology, its subsequent application to studies of chronic stress, and recent findings regarding maternal and neonatal hair or nail cortisol concentrations in relation to prenatal stress and other variables of interest.
Intron with transgenic marker (InTraM) facilitates high‐throughput screening of endogenous gene reporter lines
Authors: Collins Russell T. , Coxam Baptiste , Fechner Ines , Unterweger Iris , Szymborska Anna , Meier Katja , Gerhardt Holger 
Published: August 2020

SummaryThe generation and maintenance of genome edited zebrafish lines is typically labor intensive due to the lack of an easy visual read‐out for the modification. To facilitate this process, we have developed a novel method that relies on the inclusion of an artificial intron with a transgenic marker (InTraM) within the knock‐in sequence of interest, which upon splicing produces a transcript with a precise and seamless modification. We have demonstrated this technology by replacing the stop codon of the zebrafish fli1a gene with a transcriptional activator KALTA4, using an InTraM that enables red fluorescent protein expression in the heart.
Competition from sea to mountain: Interactions and aggregation in low‐diversity monogenean and endohelminth communities in twospot livebearerPseudoxiphophorus bimaculatus(Teleostei: Poeciliidae) populations in a neotropical river
Authors: Salgado‐Maldonado Guillermo , Caspeta‐Mandujano Juan Manuel , Mendoza‐Franco Edgar F. , Rubio‐Godoy Miguel , García‐Vásquez Adriana , Mercado‐Silva Norman , Guzmán‐Valdivieso Ismael , Matamoros Wilfredo A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe role of interspecific interactions in structuring low‐diversity helminth communities is a controversial topic in parasite ecology research. Most parasitic communities of fish are species‐poor; thus, interspecific interactions are believed to be unimportant in structuring these communities.We explored the factors that might contribute to the richness and coexistence of helminth parasites of a poeciliid fish in a neotropical river.Repeatability of community structure was examined in parasitic communities among 11 populations of twospot livebearerPseudoxiphophorus bimaculatusin the La Antigua River basin, Veracruz, Mexico. We examined the species saturation of parasitic communities and explored the patterns of species co‐occurrence. We also quantified the associations between parasitic species pairs and analyzed the correlations between helminth species abundance to look for repeated patterns among the study populations.Our results suggest that interspecific competition could occur in species‐poor communities, aggregation plays a role in determining local richness, and intraspecific aggregation allows the coexistence of species by reducing the overall intensity of interspecific competition.
Effect of gut microbiota on α‐amanitin tolerance in Drosophila tripunctata
Authors: Griffin Logan H. , Reed Laura K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe bacterial gut microbiota of many animals is known to be important for many physiological functions including detoxification. The selective pressures imposed on insects by exposure to toxins may also be selective pressures on their symbiotic bacteria, who thus may contribute to the mechanism of toxin tolerance for the insect. Amatoxins are a class of cyclopeptide mushroom toxins that primarily act by binding to RNA polymerase II and inhibiting transcription. Several species of mycophagous Drosophila are tolerant to amatoxins found in mushrooms of the genus Amanita, despite these toxins being lethal to most other known eukaryotes. These species can tolerate amatoxins in natural concentrations to utilize toxic mushrooms as larval hosts, but the mechanism by which these species are tolerant remains unknown. Previous data have shown that a local population of D. tripunctata exhibits significant genetic variation in toxin tolerance. This study assesses the potential role of the microbiome in α‐amanitin tolerance in six wild‐derived strains of Drosophila tripunctata. Normal and antibiotic‐treated samples of six strains were reared on diets with and without α‐amanitin, and then scored for survival from the larval stage to adulthood and for development time to pupation. Our results show that a substantial reduction in bacterial load does not influence toxin tolerance in this system, while confirming genotype and toxin‐specific effects on survival are independent of the microbiome composition. Thus, we conclude that this adaptation to exploit toxic mushrooms as a host is likely intrinsic to the fly's genome and not a property of their microbiome.
Hot spring frogs (Buergeria japonica) prefer cooler water to hot water
Authors: Komaki Shohei , Sutoh Yoichi , Kobayashi Kensuke , Saito Shigeru , Saito Claire T. , Igawa Takeshi , Lau Quintin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract“Hot spring frog” is an informal name used for the Japanese stream tree frog (Buergeria japonica), which is widely distributed in Taiwan and the Ryukyu Archipelago in Japan. Some populations of the species are known to inhabit hot springs. However, water temperature can be extremely high around the sources of hot springs. Thus, it is questionable whether B. japonica selectively inhabits such dangerous environments. To address this question, we conducted a series of observations of water temperature preferences of a hot spring population of B. japonica in Kuchinoshima Island in Japan: (a) a field observation of tadpole density in water pools of different temperatures, (b) a field observation of water temperatures where adult males appear for breeding, and (c) an indoor observation of water temperatures selected by adult females for oviposition. As a result, tadpoles showed a higher density in cooler water. Adult males avoided water pools hotter than 37°C, and adult females selected cooler pools for oviposition. Camera records also showed that adult individuals tend to appear around cooler pools. Thus, we did not find any support for the hypothesis that hot spring frogs prefer hot water. Conversely, they apparently tended to prefer cooler water if it was available. Water temperatures around the sources of the hot spring exceed thermal tolerances of the species and could be a strong selective pressure on the population. Thus, the ability to sense and avoid lethal temperatures may be a key ecological and physiological characteristic for the species that inhabit hot springs.