bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyaluronic acid as a marker for remodeling of bronchopulmonary system in patients with occupational pulmonary pathology
Authors: Fedotov V. D. , Blinova T. V. , Strakhova L. A. , Lavrenyuk N. A. , Umnyagina I. A. , Dobrotina I. S. 
Published: February 2020

Currently there is no convincing evidence concerning pathogenetic mechanisms of fibrous and sclerotic processes in pulmonary tissue as well as processes of bronchopulmonary system remodeling in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) of occupation etiology (OE).The purpose of the study was to identify relationship between the serum hyaluronic acid (HA) level and severity of obstructive pulmonary ventilation impairment according to spirometry data in subjects with COPD associated with the impact of silica-containing dust and chronic occupational non-obstructive (common) bronchitis (CONB) of occupational etiology.Materials and Methods. Patients (n = 153) with the diagnosis OE COPD (n = 92), OE CONB (n = 36) and healthy subjects participated in the study.Results. The study data demonstrated that serum HA level in patients with OE COPD and CONB was 3–5 times higher than that in healthy subjects (p = 0.0001). In patients with OE COPD HA concentration was significantly higher, than that in subjects with OE CONB (p = 0.039). Negative correlation between HA concentration and forced expiratory volume in 1 second value was observed (p = 0.006; R = –0.31). There was statistically significant positive correlation between HA level and disease duration (р = 0.021; R = 0.21).Conclusion. Serum HA level in patients with OE-related COPD and CONB may be used as a biomarker of fibrous and sclerotic process in pulmonary tissue, reflecting progression of obstruction and remodeling of small bronchi.
Control of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations frequency in association with ENT organs abnormalities
Authors: Pavlush D. G. , Nevzorova V. A. , Gilifanov E. A. , Shumatov V. B. , Martynenko I. M. 
Published: February 2020

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease holding a stable position in morbidity and mortality structure in patients aged over 40 years.The aim of the study was to evaluate the condition of otorhinolaryngological (ENT) organs in patients with the COPD at different disease periods with subsequent analysis of COPD exacerbation rate based on the results of therapy regimen change according to the established comorbidity.Materials and Methods. Examination of ENT organs was performed in patients with COPD (n = 99) Patients from group 1 (n = 50) were treated at Pulmonary Department of the Regional State Budgetary Health Institution "Vladivostok Clinical Hospital No.1" for disease exacerbation; outpatients from group 2 (n = 49) had stable COPD course. Control group (n = 50) included patients without history of smoking and without respiratory and hearing disorders. All patients were matched by age and sex. Repeated examination was conducted in patients (n = 72) with stable COPD after 6 months.Results. It was observed that patients from groups 1 and 2 had different severity of disease symptoms, but equally high (> 2) risk of COPD exacerbation within 1 year. 50.0 and 42.9% of patients actively complained about the ENT organ-related conditions during the periods of COPD exacerbation and stable course, respectively. Among ENT organ diseases the most frequent were laryngeal diseases reported in 84.0 and 73.5% of patients with COPD exacerbation and stable course, respectively. The chronic catarrhal rhinitis and pharyngitis were revealed in 26 and 30% of patients with COPD exacerbation (p < 0.01). According to the data of 6-month study, the number of COPD exacerbations in high-risk patients with COPD using personal treatment plan for ENT-organ diseases was reduced by half, which had a positive effect on the condition of ENT-organs.Conclusion. The study showed that patients with COPD often ENT-organ-related complaints – in the exacerbation period about 50% of patients, and at stable course – 43%. Patients most often complain on glottic incompetence with the most pronounced symptoms at COPD exacerbation. Decreased number of COPD exacerbations by 2 times in patients with high risk of their occurrence and improvement of ENT organ condition were noted if ENT diseases were timely treated. ENT specialist consultation should be provided at dispensary observation organization for patients with COPD in order to personalize the treatment plan depending on the clinical situation.
A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ESTIMATION METHODS FOR THE PARAMETERS OF THE WEIBULL LINDLEY DISTRIBUTION
Authors: ACITAŞ Şükrü , ARSLAN Talha 
Published: February 2020

In this study, we consider different estimation methods for the parameters of Weibull Lindley distribution introduced by Ashgarzadeh et al. [1]. We consider maximum likelihood (ML), least squares (LS), weighted least squares (WLS), Cramer Von Mises (CVM) and Anderson Darling (AD) estimation methods. The main focus of this study is to examine performances of these estimation methods. For this purpose, we carry out a Monte-Carlo simulation study based on different parameter settings and various values of the sample size. Results show that LS and CVM estimators are more preferable. Two real life data sets are also taken into account at end of the study.
57Co RADYOİZOTOPU ÜRETİMİ İÇİN BAZI ALFA GİRİŞLİ REAKSİYONLARIN UYARILMA FONKSİYONLARININ İNCELENMESİ
Authors: GÜROL Asiye , SARPÜN İsmail Hakkı , YALIM Hüseyin Ali 
Published: February 2020

Sağlık alanında tedavi veya teşhis amacıyla kullanılan radyoizotoplar genellikle siklotron veya reaktörler ile üretilmektedir. Radyoizotopların hangi reaksiyon ile üretileceğini, üretimde kullanılacak olan mermi parçacıklarının enerjisini, hedef çekirdek ve reaksiyonun tesir kesitleri belirlemektedir. 57Co radyoizotopu genellikle B12 vitamini eksikliği için Schilling testinde kullanılmaktadır. Gastrointestinal B12 vitamini emilim tayini, nükleer tıp laboratuvarları tarafından sunulan ilk testler arasında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışmada, alfa parçacıkları ile gerçekleştirilen 55Mn(⍺,2n), 54Fe(⍺,p), 56Fe(⍺,2n+p), 59Co(⍺,2n+⍺), 59Co(⍺,x) ve 58Ni(⍺,p+⍺) reaksiyonları ile 57Co radyoizotopunun üretim reaksiyonlarının uyarılma fonksiyonları incelenmiştir. TALYS 1.8 programı kullanılarak yapılan hesaplamalar, EXFOR kütüphanesinden alınan deneysel veriler ve teorik hesaplama sonuçları karşılaştırılarak reaksiyon tesir kesitleri grafikleri sunulmuştur.
Pemikiran Pendidikan Islam Perspektif al-Ghazali
Authors: Musfioh Imroh Atul 
Published: February 2020

One of Moslems who have great ideas and was known as a reformer (mujaddid), among others, is al-Gazali. Socio-cultural conditions at the time, namely the emergence of political disstability that have an impact on the fragmentation of Muslims, the destruction of religion and morality. This situation makes him becoem a hero and Islamic Defenders Argumentator (hujjah al-Islam) as his responsibility to fix the blind thoughts and actions that shake the Muslims’ life. The purpose of education is to get closer to Allah SWT and not oriented only in world interests. So that, the curriculum presented should include three terms, called jasmaniyah, 'aqliyyah and akhlaqiyyah. The opinion is based on two approaches, Fiqh and Sufism. This thought seems systematic and comprehensive, and also consistent with the attitude and personality as a Sufi and Faqih. The concept of education offered, if applied in the present seems still appropriate. Beside, the needs should be perfected in accordancing with local knowledge where the education implemented.
Neutron Log Correction Charts for Borehole Conditions and Bed Thickness
Authors: Dewan J.T. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, Volume 207, 1956, pages 50–58.

Abstract
An experimental setup is described whereby the responses on Neutron logging instruments have been determined opposite formations of different porosities and under various borehole conditions.
The results of these tests are presented in several charts which show how the Neutron log is affected by the following factors: hole diameter, casing, cement, salinity and weight of drilling mud, and position of logging tool with respect to the wall of the hole. The responses in the case of empty holes are also shown.
A chart is furthermore presented which shows the shapes of the Neutron log, as a function of logging speed and time constant, at the boundaries between two formations with different porosities. These were derived mathematically using as a basis laboratory determination of the shape of the curve under static conditions, i.e. at very low logging speed. Corrections for the readings made opposite thin beds are given by these computations. The correction is found negligible under usual logging conditions for beds thicker than about 4 ft.

Introduction
The Neutron log is used in borehole surveys both for the delineation of porous formations and for the quantitative estimation of their porosities.
It is common practice to calibrate the response of the Neutron log in terms of porosity values for each given geological unit by means of empirical comparisons between the deflections of the neutron curve and the porosity values given by the core analysis in a sufficient number of wells.
Usually, the plots of the porosity values vs Neutron log deflections show a definite trend. It is therefore possible to trace an average line across the plotted points. This average line constitutes a calibration curve which can be used to evaluate the porosities from the Neutron logs in the other wells drilled in the same region.
Theory of Dimensionally Scaled Models of Petroleum Reservoirs
Authors: Geertsma J. , Croes G.A. , Schwarz N. 
Published: February 2020

Published in PetroleumTransactions, AIME, Volume 207, 1956, pages 118–127.

Abstract
The dimensionless groups, to which the variables that govern the displacement of oil from reservoirs by liquids can be combined, are derived. Three types of displacement are considered, viz. cold-water drive, hot-water drive and solvent injection.
The derivation of the dimensionless groups is carried out by means of the relevant basic equations (inspectional analysis). The resulting sets of groups are afterwards completed by means of dimensional analysis. The form of the groups is given in such a way that they can be adapted to suit the various boundary conditions that are encountered in practice. The physical meaning of the groups is discussed. They have all been brought together on a chart, from which their mutual relation and their correspondence to related dimensionless groups in common use in other engineering sciences can be read off.
The limitations of dimensionally scaled model experiments as a useful tool for studying liquid flow in porous media, as occurring in oil reservoirs, are discussed.
" The use of models to study fluid mechanics has an appeal for everyone endowed with natural curiosity. What active boy has not played with ship and airplane models, or crude models of dam and drainage systems? Even in the most advanced technical engineering, such models play a fundamental and indispensable role.
" And yet in few departments of the physical sciences is there a wider gap between theory and practice, between scientific knowledge and the state of art, than in the use of models to study hydrodynamic phenomena."
Garrett Birkhoff

Introduction
Laboratory displacement experiments are extensively used to investigate, directly or indirectly, the production behavior of petroleum reservoirs. Such experiments are representative of the reservoirs as a whole, if they are carried out with models that are "properly scaled."
Comparison of Pressure Distributions During Depletion of Tilted and Horizontal Aquifers
Authors: Howard D.S. , Rachford H.H. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, Volume 207, 1956, pages 92–98.

Abstract
In the withdrawal of fluids from tilted aquifers it is of value to be able to predict pressure patterns during the course of the pressure decline. As an example of this, in the displacement of fluids from oil reservoirs being produced by water-drive, prediction of the reservoir pressure is an important factor in fixing production rate. The prediction of pressure patterns in the depletion of an inclined aquifer has conventionally been made by solving the well known flow equations for the pressure patterns in a horizontal aquifer, and correcting these patterns for the pressure difference due to the hydrostatic head associated with the vertical distance between a point in the horizontal aquifer and the corresponding point in the tilted aquifer.
Inasmuch as the equation describing flow in tilted strata is different from that for horizontal flow, there was question as to the validity of the simple corrective procedure currently in use. To examine the magnitude of error made using this procedure, an inclined aquifer was chosen for which the error was expected to be large, and the equation for flow in this tilted stratum was solved numerically. The results of the conventional procedure of correcting the solution of the equation for horizontal flow was compared with the solution of the correct equation by studying the difference between predicted pressures by the two methods. Three forms of the hydrostatic head correction were studied.
The results for all three forms of the head correction are similar. The error in the approximate solution is quite dependent on the position of the horizontal aquifer with respect to the inclined one. The error is greatest at the producing end and increases with amount of fluid withdrawn. The magnitude of the errors is not large if a good choice is made for the position of the horizontal datum. The most satisfactory position for the datum in all cases is near or slightly about the mid-point of the inclined stratum. Use of the best approximate method studied with the best datum tested yielded predicted pressures in error no greater than 7 psi.
Water-Coning Before Breakthrough - An Electronic Analog Treatment
Authors: Karplus Walter J. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 207, 1956, pages 240–245.

Abstract
By means of a finite difference expansion a fluid flow field in cylindrical coordinates with axial symmetry, is simulated by a network of electrical resistors. A series of DC analog computing units, connected to the network boundary corresponding to the free surface effectively adjust the network parameters to satisfy simultaneously Laplace's equation and the boundary conditions. The system automatically "relaxes" to the correct boundary shape in a fraction of a second. A detailed application of the method to the water coning problem in oil wells is presented.

Introduction
The water coning problem in petroleum production is a prime example of a class of problems known as free surface problems. A free surface arises in fluid flow regions when the shape of the boundary of a single phase flow region is affected in some manner by the pressure or potential gradients within the region. When there exists an interface of two fluids of different densities, the shape of this interface will be determined by the relative velocities of the two fluids and will therefore comprise a free surface. Other free surface problems of interest to petroleum engineers include the gas coning, water injection, and gravity drainage problems. In each case it is desired to predict the shape of the boundary of the oil zone as a function of the flow rate, the well penetration and the physical parameters and dimensions of the system.
Such problems do not lend themselves to the classical analytical treatments of boundary value problems because in this case the boundary of the potential field and the potential distribution within the field are interdependent and must be calculated simultaneously. A further difficulty arises from geometric considerations. Since the fluid flow is of the radial type in most cases, such effective methods as conformal transformation and the hodograph are not applicable. It is the purpose of this paper to present a method whereby free surface problems of this type may be solved rapidly to the desired order of accuracy by means of a combination of a network of electrical resistors and conventional analog computer units. The water coning problem is treated in some detail. Then the procedure for extending the technique to other free surface problems is indicated.
Scale Limitations in Potentiometric Model Construction
Authors: Odeh A.S. , Bradley H.B. , Heller J.P. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 207, 1956, pages 200–204.

Abstract
It is an accepted procedure to represent oil field displacement problems in which the pressure is relatively constant by a potentiometric model. Variations in reservoir permeability thickness product are represented in the model by proportional variations in electrolyte depth.
It is shown that significant errors are present wherever these variations are of such magnitude that the consequent differences in the electrolyte depth in the model or any regions therein are appreciable in comparison with their respective horizontal dimensions.
To demonstrate the order of magnitude of this error, a hypothetical linear oil field in which permeability varies linearly with distance was treated both analytically and by potentiometric model. The results obtained from the model are compared with the exact solution for various configurations of linear geometry. Deviations in flow times up to 11 per cent were observed. It is confirmed that these discrepancies can be reduced by increasing the areal scale and/or decreasing the vertical scale of the model.
It is the purpose of this work to assist in the design of potentiometric models by indicating the relationship between this error and the chosen scale factors.

Introduction
The fundamental geometrical criterion which determines whether the pressure distribution in an oil or gas reservoir may be simulated in a conventional potentiometric model is the requirement that all reservoir parameters be constant along any vertical line between its upper and lower boundaries. This situation never obtains exactly; nevertheless, it is usually assumed that there is no permeability stratification within the section of interest, that all wells completely penetrate the sand, that there are no gravitational effects, and that variations in thickness of the sand are small compared to the horizontal extent of the field. In these ways the reservoir problem is reduced to two dimensions in which there is no variation of pressure in the vertical direction within the limits of the sand.
The Use of Barium Hydroxide in Drilling Muds
Authors: Darley H.C.H. , Generes R.A. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 207, 1956, pages 252–255.

Abstract
Laboratory tests showed that at elevated temperatures a reaction takes place between all metal hydroxides and clay muds, which results in a thickening or solidifying of the mud, the extent of which depends on the nature of the ingredients. Calcium hydroxide gave the strongest solidification whereas barium hydroxide only caused a mild thickening, indicating that the use of barium hydroxide muds instead of lime muds would be a good way of preventing high-temperature solidification. It was found possible to prepare barium mud in the laboratory with caustic soda and a thinner in the same manner as lime muds, and these barium muds had the same or better toleration of high solids content, resistance to salt contamination, and low gel strengths as the corresponding lime muds.
Three field trials have been made with barium mud. The principal difficulty encountered was in determining the correct proportions of the tourly treatments required to maintain low gel strengths. A satisfactory system was finally developed, and low gels were maintained throughout the third test. The wells on which the trials were made were not carried deep enough to test the resistance to solidification adequately, but oven tests at 350° F were made periodically and no tendency to solidification was noted except immediately after severe cement contamination had introduced excessive amounts of calcium into the system.
Although barium hydroxide costs considerably more than lime, the total mud costs were as low, and on the last well significantly lower, than the average cost of lime mud wells drilled in the vicinity.

Introduction
The advantages of repressing dispersion and hydration of clay cuttings carried in the mud, particularly when drilling through thick clay formations, are well recognized. This repression is generally achieved by the use of lime, and lime muds have in consequence the desirable characteristics of high toleration of solids, low thixotropy, and good resistance to contamination. They have, however, the disadvantage of high-temperature solidification. This phenomenon has been described in detail by Gray et al., who have shown that it is the result of a chemical reaction between the hydroxides and the clay minerals. The work described in this paper was undertaken to find a substitute for lime which would not cause this solidification.
Effect of PBL implementation on student and teacher perceptions of improvement in 21st century skills
Authors: Carrió Mar , Rodríguez Gemma , Baños Josep-E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background Problem-based learning (PBL) provides an encouraging learning environment to develop generic, research, and creative thinking skills, which have been identified as essential for facing 21 st century challenges. However, how PBL is implemented into a curriculum can be critical for achieving these outcomes. This study explores the effects of shifting the implementation of PBL from a PBL-module integrated into traditional subjects to full interdisciplinary PBL-courses in undergraduate health sciences students. Methods This study involved 651 participants, with 364 taking the PBL-module and 287 taking the PBL-courses. Students’ and tutors’ perceptions about the acquisition of the skill set as well as their satisfaction with the learning experience were collected through surveys and compared in both models. Results Results showed that in interdisciplinary PBL-courses, both students and teachers had the perception that both skills improvement and PBL usefulness were better, and overall were more satisfied with the course. A strong correlation was observed between the acquisition of generic and research skills and the perception of PBL usefulness and overall satisfaction with the experience. The study also showed how creative skills are developed during the different PBL phases. Conclusions This study provides new evidence on PBL characteristics that favour the development of these skills.