bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ASSESSMENT OF TOMATO FARMERS’ IRRIGATION PRACTICE IN PAMPAIDA MILLENNIUM VILLAGE, IKARA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Ahmed A. , Oyebode M. A. , Igbadun H. E. , Oiganji E. 
Published: July 2020

This study was conducted in Pampaida Millennium Village (PMV), Ikara Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria; during the 2009/2010 dry season to assess Tomato farmer’s irrigation water management practice using furrow irrigation. A total of 7 tomato farmers were selected out of 45 farmers for the assessment exercise. Soil moisture content was monitored throughout the growing season using gypsum blocks. The hydraulic performance of the farmer’s plots were assessed. Similarly, the seasonal water requirement and irrigation schedule for the irrigated tomato were also determined. The results showed that the highest Application Efficiency, Distribution Uniformity and Adequacy of irrigation were obtained in plots T6 (92%), T3 (89%) and T7 (92 %) respectively. The least AE, DU and AI were obtained in plot T1 as 74%, 72% and 63% respectively. The yield obtained ranged from 11.6t/ha to 22.3t/ha. The least yield was obtained in plot T2; while the highest yield was obtained in plot T1. All the assessed farmers maintained a 4day irrigation interval throughout the growing season. The highest crop water use efficiency (CWUE) of 62.80 kg/ha-mm was obtained in plot T1, with a corresponding crop water use (CWU) of 355 mm/season. The least CWUE was obtained in plot T2 (41.6kg/ha-mm) with a corresponding CWU of 399 mm/season. Based on the results obtained it can be deduced that plot T1 gives best results among the assessed farmers’ plots in terms of crop water use efficiency and effectiveness of irrigation, which maximizes net farm profit.
Erasmus' Manual of Letter-writing: Tradition and Innovation
Authors: Rummel Erika 
Published: July 2020

Le Manuel d'art épistolaire d'Érasme
Le Manuel d'art épistolaire d'Érasme contient un certain nombre de références extrêmement critiques à l'égard de ses contemporains et de ses prédécesseurs dans le domaine. Cela semble suggérer qu'il va offrir des réflexions complètement nouvelles ou différentes, une suggestion que la lecture du traité ne confirme pas. On peut donc en conclure que les critiques d'Érasme ne représentent, dans une certaine mesure, qu'une sorte d'affectation. Les limites et le contenu de son manuel, en particulier ses commentaires sur les types de lettres et leurs caractéristiques ainsi que son procédé de fournir des exemples de lettres et de phrases, continuent une tradition établie par les premiers humanistes et certainement les écrivains progressistes du moyen âge qui eux-mêmes s'appuyaient sur la tradition rhétorique classique. Dans un domaine, cependant, Érasme va nettement plus loin que ses prédécesseurs. Une section du manuel s'adresse aux professeurs de l'art d'écrire plutôt qu'aux étudiants et traite de méthodes d'enseignement. Bien que les idées présentées dans ce contexte ne soient pas neuves et reprennent les théories de Quintilien et d'autres auteurs classiques, la présentation vivante et emphatique donne à cette section un caractère typiquement Erasmien et reflète l'intérêt pour la théorie de l'éducation qu'il a partagé sa vie durant.
PEMERINTAHAN DAN BIROKRASI
Authors: Desriadi Desriadi 
Published: July 2020

Karl Marx states that bureaucracy is a parasitic and exploitative organization. Bureaucracy is an instrument for the powerful class to exploit other social groups of people (in their authority). Bureaucracy functions to maintain the privilege and status quo of the capitalist class. On the other hand, Hegel states that bureaucracy is a system created by the have class to deceive the lower classes to maintain and increase their own welfare. In this case bureaucracy becomes the scapegoat for all mistakes of the ruler toward the people. The whole mistakes of the ruler will finally come back to the bureaucracy which is only an instrument.Hegel explains that bureaucracy is an institution which occupies a neutral organic position in a social structure and it functions as a link in a country in manifesting the general needs civil society which represents special needs. Hegel sees that bureaucracy is bridge created to link different kinds of needs of people and state. Therefore the role of bureaucracy is very significant in unifying the perceptions and perspectives among countries and people in order to avoid a chaos happen. Keywords: governance, bureaucracy KARL MARX mengatakan Birokrasi adalah Organisasi yang bersifat Parasitik dan Eksploitatif. Birokrasi merupakan Instrumen bagi kelas yang berkuasa untuk mengekploitasi kelas sosial yang lain (yang dikuasai). Birokrasi berfungsi untuk mempertahankan privilage dan status quo bagi kepentingan kelas kapitalis. Dalam pandangan Marx yang berbeda dengan Hegel, birokrasi merupakan sistem yang diciptakan oleh kalangan atas (the have) untuk memperdayai kalangan bawah (the have not) demi mempertahankan dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan mereka sendiri. Dalam hal ini birokrasi menjadi kambing hitam bagi kesalahan penguasa terhadap rakyatnya. Segenap kesalahan penguasa akhirnya tertumpu pada birokrasi yang sebenarnya hanya menjadi alat saja.HEGEL mengatakan Birokrasi adalah institusi yang menduduki posisi organik yang netral di dalam struktur sosial dan berfungsi sebagai penghubung antara negara yang memanifestasikan kepentingan umum, dan masyarakat sipil yang mewakili kepentingan khusus dalam masyarakat. Hegel melihat, bahwa birokrasi merupakan jembatan yang dibuat untuk menghubungkan antara kepentingan masyarakat dan kepentingan negara yang dalam saat-saat tertentu berbeda. Oleh sebab itu peran birokrasi menjadi sangat strategis dalam rangka menyatukan persepsi dan perspektif antara negara (pemerintah) dan masyarakat sehingga tidak terjadi kekacauan. Kata Kunci: pemerintahan dan birokrasi
KONSEP WELLFARE STATE DI INDONEISA
Authors: Effendi Winda Roselina 
Published: July 2020

Walfare State concept born in the era of the 20th century as a correction of the development of the concept of the country as night watchman, the phenomenon of economic capitalism that gradually leads to lameness in the distribution of sources of prosperity. In the Walfare State concept, the state is required to extend its responsibility to the socio-economic problems facing the people. The functions of the state also include activities that were previously beyond the scope of state functions, such as extending the provision of social services to individuals and families in specific matters, such as social security. The role of the state can not be separated with Welfare State because the state that plays a role in managing the economy which includes the responsibility of the state to ensure the availability of basic welfare services in certain levels. Welfare State does not reject the existence of a capitalist market economy system but believes that there are elements in the public order that are more important than market objectives and can only be achieved by controlling and limiting the operation of such market mechanisms.Keywords: walfare state, country, economic systemKonsep Walfare State yang lahir di era abad ke-20 sebagai koreksi berkembangnya konsep negara sebagai penjaga malam, gejala kapitalisme perekonomian yang secara perlahan-lahan menyebabkan terjadinya kepincangan dalam pembagian sumber-sumber kemakmuran bersarma. Dalam konsep Walfare State, negara dituntut untuk memperluas tanggung jawabnya kepada masalah-masalah sosial ekonomi yang dihadapi rakyat. Fungsi negara juga meliputi kegiatan-kegiatan yang sebelumnya berada diluar jangkauan fungsi negara, seperti memperluas ketentuan pelayanan sosial kepada individu dan keluarga dalam hal-hal khusus, seperti social security, kesehatan. Peran negara tidak bisa dipisahkan dengan Welfare State karena negara yang berperan dalam mengelola perekonomian yang yang di dalamnya mencakup tanggung jawab negara untuk menjamin ketersediaan pelayanan kesejahteraan dasar dalam tingkat tertentu. Welfare State tidak menolak keberadaan sistem ekonomi pasar kapitalis tetapi meyakini bahwa ada elemen-elemen dalam tatanan masyarakat yang lebih penting dari tujuan-tujuan pasar dan hanya dapat dicapai dengan mengendalikan dan membatasi bekerjanya mekanisme pasar tersebut. Kata Kunci: walfare state, negara,sistem ekonomi
Illocutionary speech acts on Donald Trump’s speech in addressing the covid-19 breakout
Authors: Nurkhamidah Neni 
Published: July 2020

This research aims at finding out the illocutionary speech act on one Donald Trump’s speech in addressing the COVID-19 outbreak. The speech is conducted at Oval Office in 11 March 2020. This is a qualitative research that implemented the theory of speech act by Searle (1979). Result shows that Trumps made all five categories of illocutionary speech act with different amount of each category. The most utterances he made is assertive (54%). The type of assertive in his speech is boasting, claiming, describing, informing, and stating. The next category is commissive (29%) that consist of promising, and planning. In directive categories (15%) the utterance he made is commanding and advising. And Expressive (1%) consist of thanking and the last is declarative (1%) can be seen from his utterance when he blessed the audiences.
Illocutionary act between barista and customers in starbucks coffee shop at Changi airport
Authors: Isbandi Isbandi , Handayani Nurma Dhona 
Published: July 2020

This research primarily aimed to analyse the types of the illocutionary act proposed by Searle (1979), secondly to find the dominant type produced by both sides, between barista and customers’ utterances at Starbucks coffeeshop Changi Airport. This research applied observational method and non-participatory technique as the way collecting the data. The design of this research were qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative research is applied to analyse the data in the form text. In contrast, quantitative research used to count the number of utterances, to conclude which types of illocutionary acts find dominantly during the conversation. It was found that directive, representative, and expressive types were in the utterances. Meanwhile, commissive and declaration type did not find in the utterances. The result from this study showed that directives illocutionary act as the most frequently found in utterances, because the communication which takes place in coffeeshop between the baristas and customers usually only needed to ordering and just give information (informing).
SPENT GRAIN IN FEEDING YOUNG CATTLE
Authors: Майорова Ж.С. , Федосова О.А. , Торжков Н.И. , Туников Г.М. , Правдина Е.Н. 
Published: July 2020

Статья отражает исследования по применению свежей пивной дробины в кормлении бычков на заключительном этапе откорма и сухой пивной дробины при выращивании ремонтных телок в возрасте 6-12 месяцев, которые показали ее положительное влияние на качество кормовых рационов и продуктивность животных. В основном рационе контрольных групп часть комбикорма заменяли пивной дробиной: при откорме бычков – 5 кг свежей дробины взамен 1 кг комбикорма, при выращивании телок – 0,5 кг сухой дробины взамен аналогичного количества комбикорма. За счет применения пивной дробины была повышена протеиновая ценность рационов и оптимизирован их микроминеральный состав, что способствовало активизации обмена веществ в организме животных и повышению их продуктивности. У бычков опытной группы живая масса в конце откорма и среднесуточный прирост были, соответственно, выше на 2,5 % и 7,4 %, нежели у контрольных животных. Данные показатели у телочек опытной группы были выше контрольных значений на 4,1 и 6,5 % соответственно. Затраты энергетических кормовых единиц на 1 кг прироста живой массы у животных опытных групп были ниже на 7,3-7,6 % в сравнении с контролем. Установлена экономическая целесообразность применения свежей и сухой пивной дробины в рационах молодняка крупного рогатого скота, так как за счет повышения интенсивности роста животных и значительной экономии зерновых кормов себестоимость 1 кг прироста живой массы, полученного на рационах с дробиной, была ниже на 6,2 % у телочек и на 10,4 % у бычков.
The article reflects studies on the use of fresh spent grain when feeding bulls at the final stage of fattening and dry spent grain when growing replacement heifers aged 6-12 months, which showed its positive effect on the quality of feed rations and animal productivity. Part of the mixed fodder in the main diet of the control groups was replaced with spent grain. Bull calves got 5 kg of fresh spent grain instead of 1 kg of the mixed fodder and heifers got 0.5 kg of dry spent grain instead of the same amount of the mixed fodder. Thanks to pent grain, the protein value of diets was increased and their micro mineral composition was optimized, which contributed to the activation of metabolism in animals and increased their productivity. The live weight of the bulls of the experimental group at the end of the fattening was 2.5% higher than that in the control animals and the average daily gain was 7.4% higher. These indicators in the heifers of the experimental group were higher than the control values by 4.1% and 6.5%, respectively. The cost of energy feed units per 1 kg of increase in live weight in animals of the experimental groups was lower by 7.3-7.6%, compared with the control. The economic feasibility of using fresh and dry spent grain in the diets of young cattle was established, since due to an increase in the growth rate of animals and significant savings in grain feed, the cost of 1 kg of live weight gain obtained from rations with spent grain was 6.2% lower in heifers and 10.4% in bulls.
PENGARUH SENAM HAMIL TERHADAP PENURUNAN TINGKAT NYERI PUNGGUNG BAWAH PADA IBU HAMIL TM III DIWILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS JEMBATAN KECIL
Authors: Sari Ruri Maiseptya , Ramadhaniati Yuni , Indaryani Desti 
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Senam Hamil Terhadap Penurunan Tingkat Nyeri Punggung Bawah Pada Ibu Hamil TM III di wilayah kerja puskesmas Jembatan kecil Tahun 2019.
Penelitian ini menggunakan desain Pre Eksperimental tipe one group control Pretest And Posttest Design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua ibu hamil TM III di Wilayah Puskesmas Jembatan Kecil sebanyak 20 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder. Analisis data menggunakan uji statistik independen t-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat pengaruh senam hamil terhadap penurunan tingkat nyeri punggung bawah pada ibu hamil trimester III. Sebelum diberikan senam hamil 15 ibu yang mengalami nyeri sedang dan 5 ibu mengalami sangat nyeri., sedangkan setelah diberikan senam hamil 12 ibu yang mengalami nyeri sedang dan 8 ibu mengalami sedikit nyeri. oleh sebab itu dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ada pengaruh senam hamil terhadap penurunan tingkat nyeri punggung bawah pada ibu hamil trimester III.
Perbandingan Efektivitas Daya Hambat Pembentukan Plak pada Berbagai Pasta Gigi yang tersedia di Kota Medan
Authors: M.Kes Drg. Herlinawati , Saragi Aminah br. , Lusiani Yetti 
Published: July 2020

Abstrak

Pengendalian pembentukan plak merupakan tindakan yang penting dilakukan untuk mencegah terjadinya karies gigi dan penyakit periodontal maupun dalam proses perawatan dan penyembuhan penyakit tersebut. Cara yang banyak dilakukan oleh masyarakat untuk menghilangkan plak adalah dengan menyikat gigi menggunakan pasta gigi. Banyak merek pasta gigi dengan perbedaan komposisi dari tiap pasta yang dijual di kota Medan. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan efektifitas daya hambat pembentukan plak pada berbagai pasta gigi yang tersedia di kota Medan.
Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian eksperimen kuasi dengan rancangan post-test only non equivalent control group design, populasi pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh mahasiswa Jurusan Keperawatan Gigi dengan jumlah 278 orang sedangkan sampelnya ditentukan secara purposive sampling yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi yaitu sebanyak 150 orang. Data primer yang diambil oleh peneliti adalah indeks plak pada masing-masing pasta gigi setelah melakukan sikat gigi dengan pemeriksaan setelah 10 menit, 30 menit, 60 menit, 4 jam, 8 jam. Analisis data dilakukan dengan univariat untuk melihat gambaran pada variabel dan untuk melihat efektivitas daya hambat pembentukan plak dari berbagai pasta gigi digunakan uji anova.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan indeks plak sesudah menyikat gigi 10 menit pada pasta A, B, C, dan D serta tanpa pasta tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan atau nilai (p= > 0.05). Pada menit ke 30 sesudah menyikat gigi indeks plak antara pasta A dan pasta B menunjukkan ada perbedaan yang singnifikan (p= < 0.05), demikian juga pasta A dengan pasta D dan pasta C dengan D menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan (p= < 0.05). Sedangkan pada 1 jam setelah menyikat gigi antara pasta A dan pasta C ada perbedaan yang signifikan (p= < 0.05), akan tetapi pada 4 jam setelah menyikat gigi dan 8 jam setelah menyikat gigi tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara pasta A, pasta B, pasta C dan pasta D serta tanpa memakai pasta.
Pasta gigi merupakan bahan untuk membersihkan gigi, yang paling utama adalah teknik menyikat gigi yang baik dan benar dengan menyikat gigi pada seluruh permukaan gigi dan cara yang benar untuk setiap segmen yang ada di rongga mulut.

Kata Kunci : Plak, Pasta gigi
Effect of some Drip Irrigation System Design Parameters and some Soil Properties Relation to System Performance Evaluation, Growth and Productivity of Corn (Zea mays L(. Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
Authors: B. I. Al-Yasiri Qasim , R. Ndewi Dakhel , H. Dheyab Ali 
Published: July 2020

A field experiment was conducted in Dhi-Qar Governorate, Al-Gharaf district, Al-Salem area adjacent to the Al-Gharaf river at longitude 31 ° 17?55 ? N and width 46 ° 14?30 ? E. This study was conducted in the autumn season of 2018 in clay-texture soil, to evaluate some of the drip irrigation system design parameters in the hydraulic properties of system, soil characteristics, growth, and yield of corn (Zea mays L.), and the economic feasibility of each system, emitters discharge treatments (2, 4, 6 and 8 L.hr-1), the distance between the emitter treatments were 20, 30 and 40 cm, and the lengths of field pipes were 10, 15 and 20 m. The main results showed emitters discharge exceeded 8 L.hr-1 by 0.747 m.day-1, whereas it was 0.612, 0.512 and 0.348 m.day-1 for the treatments 6, 4 and 2 L.hr-1 respectively at the beginning of the growing season, while at the end of the season, the values were 0.907, 0.701, 0.589 and 0.461 m.day-1 for 8, 6, 4 and 2 L.hr-1. The distance 20 cm between emitters was significantly increasing in the hydraulic conductivity values by 11.92%, 32.98% compared with the 30 and 40 cm treatments, respectively, which amounted to 0.629 m.day-1. at the end of the season the values were 0.769, 0.669 and 0.539 m.day-1 for 20, 30 and 40 cm treatments respectively, while the treatment of field length of 10 m recorded the highest values at the beginning of the season by 0.661 the lowest values were 0.571 and 0.433 m.day-1 respectively, with a decline of 13.61%, 34.49% compared to the treatment of 10 m. At the end of the growing season, the values were 0.769, 0.678 and 0.547 m.day-1 for transactions 10, 15 and 20 m, respectively.
LARVAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE WATER MITE ATRACTIDES SAMARICUS TUZOVSKIJ, 2004 (ACARI, HYDRACHNIDIA, HYGROBATIDAE)
Authors: Tuzovskij Petr 
Published: July 2020

This paper gives the first description of larva of the water mite Atractides samaricus Tuzovskij, 2004.
LA RIVOLUZIONE DELLA VIRTÙ. CONSIDERAZIONI SU LETTERATURA E POLITICA NEL TARDO ILLUMINISMO TEDESCO
Authors: Gabbiadini Guglielmo 
Published: July 2020

In this paper, I set out to analyse issues of civic virtue in the context of revolution, chiefly focusing on German Late Enlightenment. As my starting-point, I take Thomas Mann’s observations on political virtue, trying to reconstruct the intellectual genealogy of the values he claims to be upholding. In the ensuing sections I therefore discuss Johann Gottfried Herder’s and Friedrich Gentz’s take on political virtue in the aftermath of the French Revolution. The coalescence of ‘virtue and terror’ provides the fil rouge of my enquiry.
Indication and Outcomes of Paediatric Blood Transfusion at Three Hospitals in Gabon, Africa
Authors: Mimbila M.M. , Minto’o R.S. , Mintsa M.N.E. , Kuissi K.E. , Bisvigou U. , Koko J. , Ategbo S. 
Published: July 2020

Introduction: Blood transfusion is a life-saving treatment for severely anaemic children both in developed and developing countries. In this study we describe transfusions in paediatric settings of Gabon, Africa including clinical indications and subsequent outcomes.Methods: This prospective descriptive study was conducted in the cities of Libreville and Lambaréné from 1 January to 30 September 2016.Children between the ages of 1 month and 15 years, who were hospitalised and transfused were included in the study.Results: We included 287 children who represented 17.1% of all hospitalised children. The male:female ratio was 0.95 and the average age was 3.7 years. Packed red blood cells (PRBC) were administered to 99.3% of anaemic patients. World Health Organization (WHO) defined severe anaemia (haemoglobin (Haemoglobin) <7 g/dL) was the main indication (95.1%) with the mean haemoglobin (Hb) level pretransfusion being 5.1 g/dL ± 2.7 g/dL, and post-transfusion haemoglobin gain being 2.9 g/dL ± 1.2 g/dL. Malaria was present in 79% of transfused patients and 46.9% of children screened were homozygous for sickle cell disease. No post-transfusion incident was reported although reporting may have been incomplete.Conclusion: Blood transfusion is frequent in our context; the clinical outcome is mostly favourable.
French Title: Indication et Résultats de la Transfusion Sanguine Pédiatrique Dans Trois Hôpitaux au Gabon, en Afrique
Introduction: La transfusion sanguine est un traitement salvateur pour les enfants gravement anémiés dans les pays développés ou endéveloppement. Dans cette étude, nous décrivons les transfusions en milieu pédiatrique du Gabon, en Afrique, y compris les indicationscliniques et les résultats.Méthodes: Cette étude descriptive prospective a été réalisée dans les villes de Libreville et Lambaréné du 1er janvier au 30 septembre 2016.Les enfants âgés de 1 mois à 15 ans, hospitalisés et transfusés ont été inclus dans l'étude.Résultats: Nous avons inclus 287 enfants qui représentaient 17.1% de tous les enfants hospitalisés. Le rapport garçons/filles était de 0.95 etl'âge moyen était de 3.7 ans. Des concentrés de globules rouges (CGR) ont été administrés à 99.3% des patients anémiques. L’anémie définiepar l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) (hémoglobine <7 g/dL) était la principale indication (95.1%), le taux moyen d'hémoglobine(Hb) avant transfusion étant de 5.1 g/dL ± 2.7 g/dL, et le gain d'hémoglobine après transfusion était de 2.9 g/dL ± 1.2 g/dL. Le paludisme étaitprésent chez 79% des patients transfusés et 46.9% des enfants dépistés étaient homozygotes pour la drépanocytose. Aucun incident post transfusionnel n'a été signalé, bien que le signalement ait pu être incomplet.Conclusion: La transfusion sanguine est fréquente dans notre contexte; l'issue clinique est généralement favorable.