bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haben wir eine moralische Pflicht zur direkten biotechnischen Lebensverlängerung?
Authors: Lohmar Jakob 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungWenn eine Person unter einer tödlichen Krankheit leidet und nicht über die Ressourcen für eine medizinische Behandlung verfügt, sind wir normalerweise dazu verpflichtet, ihr die notwendigen Ressourcen bereitzustellen. Wären wir aber in einem biotechnischen Zukunftsszenario, in dem die menschliche Lebensspanne durch Eingriffe in den Alterungsprozess erhöht werden kann, auch dazu verpflichtet, anderen Personen die notwendigen Ressourcen für solche Maßnahmen bereitzustellen? John Harris hat argumentiert, dass wir zu solch einer direkten biotechnischen Lebensverlängerung verpflichtet wären, da ein Leben zu verlängern das Gleiche sei, wie ein Leben zu retten. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird gezeigt, dass Harris’ Argument nicht schlüssig ist, da entgegen seiner Prämisse ein begrifflicher Unterschied zwischen der Rettung und der Verlängerung eines Lebens besteht. Auf Grundlage von Harris’ zurückgewiesenem Argument werden dann aber zwei alternative Argumente für eine (prima facie) Pflicht zur direkten Lebensverlängerung konstruiert. Das erste Argument basiert auf der Überlegung, dass durch eine direkte biotechnische Lebensverlängerung trotz des begrifflichen Unterschieds mit einer substanziellen Wahrscheinlichkeit Leben gerettet werden würden. Das zweite Argument besagt, dass trotz deskriptiver Unterschiede eine moralische Äquivalenz zwischen der Rettung und der Verlängerung eines Lebens besteht, sofern durch die bloße Lebensverlängerung das Leben um die gleiche Dauer und Qualität verlängert wird wie durch die Lebensrettung.
Methods for identifying green infrastructure
Authors: Honeck Erica , Sanguet Arthur , Schlaepfer Martin A. , Wyler Nicolas , Lehmann Anthony 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNature forms interdependent networks in a landscape, which is key to the survival of species and the maintenance of genetic diversity. Nature provides crucial socio-economic benefits to people, but they are typically undervalued in political decisions. This has led to the concept of Green Infrastructure (GI), which defines an interlinked network of (semi-)natural areas with high ecological values for wildlife and people, to be conserved and managed in priority to preserve biodiversity and ecosystem services. This relatively new concept has been used in different contexts, but with widely diverging interpretations. There is no apparent consensus in the scientific literature on the methodology to map and implement GI. This paper serves as an informed primer for researchers that are new to GI mapping understand the key principles and terminology for the needs of their own case-study, and as a framework for more advance researchers willing to contribute to the formalization of the concept. Through a literature review of articles on creating GI networks, we summarized and evaluated commonly used methods to identify and map GI. We provided key insights for the assessment of diversity, ecosystem services and landscape connectivity, the three ‘pillars’ on which GI identification is based according to its definition. Based on this literature review, we propose 5 theoretical levels toward a more complex, reliable and integrative approach to identify GI networks. We then discuss the applications and limits of such method and point out future challenges for GI identification and implementation.
The productivity and unemployment effects of the digital transformation: an empirical and modelling assessment
Authors: Bertani Filippo , Raberto Marco , Teglio Andrea 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFor the last 30 years, the economy has been undergoing a massive digital transformation. Intangible digital assets, like software solutions, Web services, and more recently deep learning algorithms, artificial intelligence, and digital platforms, have been increasingly adopted thanks to the diffusion and advancements of information and communication technologies. Various observers argue that we could rapidly approach a technological singularity leading to explosive economic growth. The contribution of this paper is on the empirical and the modelling sides. On the empirical side, we present a cross-country empirical analysis assessing the correlation between the growth rate of both tangible and intangible investments and different measures of productivity growth. Results show a significant correlation between intangible investments and both labor and total factor productivity in the period after the 2008 financial crisis. Similarly, both measures of productivity growth are correlated with a combination of both tangible and intangible investments which include information and communication technologies and software and database. These results are used to inform the enrichment of the agent-based macro-model Eurace that we employ to assess the long-term impact on unemployment of digital investments. Computational experiments show the emergence of technological unemployment in the long run with a high pace of intangible digital investments.
Fracture Pattern Influences Radial Head Replacement Size Determination Among Experienced Elbow Surgeons
Authors: Cucchi Davide , Luceri Francesco , Celli Andrea , Menon Alessandra , Barco Raul , Wegmann Kilian , Randelli Pietro , Eygendaal Denise , Arrigoni Paolo ,   ESSKA Elbow and Wrist Committee 2016–2018, Eygendaal Denise , Arrigoni Paolo , Pederzini Luigi , Guerra Enrico , Turan Çift Hakan , Holzer Nicolas , Hollinger Boris , Rosso Claudio , van den Bekerom Michel , Wegmann Kilian , Barco Raul , Lenich Andreas , Zupanc Oskar 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Correct sizing is challenging in radial head replacement and no consensus exists on the implant’s optimal height and width to avoid elbow stiffness and instability. Studies exists, suggesting how to appropriately choose the implant size, but the manner by which the fracture pattern influences the surgeons’ operative choices was not investigated.

Methods
The radial heads of four fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were excised, measured, and fractured to simulate four patterns: three fragments (A); four fragments (B); comminuted (C); comminuted with bone loss (D). Nine examiners were asked to indicate first the maximum diameter of the radial heads with the help of dedicated sizing dishes and then the appropriate implant size with trial implants. Accuracy and precision were determined. A coefficient of variation was calculated and agreement was evaluated with the Bland–Altman method.

Results
Accuracy and precision of radial head diameter estimation with dedicated sizing dish were 96.73% and 93.64%, (best pattern, D; worst, C). Accuracy and precision of radial head diameter estimation with trial implants were 99.71% and 90.66% (best pattern, A; worst, D). Frequent modifications occurred between the initial radial head size proposal based on the sizing dish and the radial head size chosen after use of the trial implants (47.2%).

Conclusions
Diameter estimation of radial heads with dedicated sizing dishes may be underestimated in comminuted fractures; when bone loss is present, this may lead to an overestimation, especially when using trial implants. Care is essential to determine the optimal size of the implant and to avoid overlenghtening and oversizing, which can be responsible for implant failure.

Level of Evidence
Basic Science Study.

Clinical Relevance
Knowledge of the manner by which the fracture pattern influences radial head replacement size estimation can help preventing overlenghtening and oversizing during this procedure.
Reconstruction of a Central Full-Thickness Glenoid Defect Using Osteochondral Autograft Technique from the Ipsilateral Knee
Authors: Junker Marius , Kircher Jörn 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Osteochondral defects (OCDs) of the shoulder represent a typical clinical problem and are difficult to manage. OCDs of the upper extremity are less common than those of the lower extremity. The incidence is reported to be between 5–17% in which the humerus is affected more frequently than the glenoid. OCD is often accompanied with symptoms and may appear secondary to trauma, instability or prior operation. The problem of the lesions is the missing blood circulation which makes the healing impossible. The hazard of OCDs is the progression to osteoarthritis. In spite of the effectiveness of total shoulder arthroplasty it is not the first option for young and active patients. The therapy options of OCD depend on the size and localization of the defect.

Purpose
The aim of this multimedia article is to reveal a therapy option for OCDs of the glenoid.

Methods
In this case we present the reconstruction of a central full-thickness osteochondral glenoid defect with an osteochondral autograft from the ipsilateral knee which was withdrawn using the OATS-Technique (Arthrex, Naples, Florida) to address the chondral as well as the osseous pathology. To the best of our knowledge there has been no such procedure performed and described so far.

Results
The procedure lead to proper restoration of the defect.

Conclusion
The demonstrated technique can be used to perform the reconstruction of a full-thickness osteochondral glenoid defect.
Samuel Beckett's Geological Imagination
Authors: Byron Mark 
Published: October 2020

Samuel Beckett's Geological Imagination addresses the ubiquity of earthy objects in Beckett's prose, drama and poetry, exploring how mineral and archaeological objects bear upon the themes, narrative locus, and sensibilities of Beckett's texts in surprisingly varied ways. By deploying figures of ruination and excavation with etymological self-awareness, Beckett's late prose narratives – Company, Ill Seen Ill Said, and Worstward Ho – comprise a late-career meditation on the stratigraphic layerings of language and memory over an extended writing career. These layers comprise an embodied record of writing in their allusions to literary history and to Beckett's own oeuvre.
A multinational comparison of care-leaving policy and legislation
Authors: Strahl Benjamin , van Breda Adrian Du Plessis , Mann-Feder Varda , Schröer Wolfgang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCare-leavers – those transitioning from alternative care towards young adulthood – are widely recognized as a vulnerable population, yet child protection legislation seldom applies to them because they have reached adulthood. Despite this, little internationally comparative research on care-leaving policy and legislation has been conducted. This paper maps multinational policy and legislation and its impact on the services to care-leavers and the challenges they experience. An online survey was conducted with key informants in 36 countries and analysed by a multinational team of care-leaving scholars. Findings reveal that few countries have well-developed care-leaving legislation. Most countries provide little aftercare beyond the age of 18, even when legislation provides for it. Within the context of suboptimal social policy and limited aftercare services, findings also reveal high vulnerability among care-leavers. Recommendations for policy development, global dialogue, further research and advocacy are proposed.
Women’s Organizations and Antisemitism: The First Parliamentary Elections in Independent Poland
Authors: Stępień Aneta 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis article explores the context of the first parliamentary elections in independent Poland in January 1919, focusing on the National Democratic Party’s (ND) election campaign addressed to Polish women and how anti-Jewish slogans were used to mobilize the participation of the female electorate. Before the First World War, ND, led by Roman Dmowski, was the most fervent opponent of women’s enfranchisement (Gawin 2015); yet, after the introduction of suffrage, and one month before the elections, the party created the National Women’s Organization (NOK), affiliated with ND, tasked with running an election campaign aimed at ethnically Polish women. The article demonstrates that ND instrumentalized female voters and their newly obtained right to win the elections and gain advantage over its largest rival, the Polish Socialist Party (PPS, Polska Partia Socjalistyczna). It argues that members of NOK, who used antisemitic, ultra-nationalistic, and Catholic propaganda in the election campaign, became one of the major advocates of the party’s ethno-nationalist vision of Poland; consequently, they significantly contributed to the worsening of Polish-Jewish relations in the interwar period. The article also looks at the critique of the extreme nationalism and antisemitism within ND and NOK by individual female activists and groups not affiliated with Dmowski’s party.
Sudden cardiac death in children with congenital heart disease: a critical review of the literature
Authors: Mishra Vaibhav , Zaidi Sara , Axiaq Ariana , Harky Amer 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSudden cardiac death is an uncommon but yet catastrophic event, which can occur in neonates and young children. Although extensive research has been carried out assessing the underlying causes, there still remains a degree of uncertainty around this area. Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one known cause of sudden cardiac death in children, the aetiology of which embraces virally induced mechanisms, genetic susceptibility, drug-induced, and maternal factors. Screening tools and investigations including electrocardiograms and echocardiograms alongside a concise history taking and physical examination can be used to identify the potential cardiovascular risk factors of sudden death. This review has comprehensively studied the causes and risk factors for sudden cardiac death in children with CHD and provides a collation and summary of the evidence available so far underpinning the complex link between the two. Moreover, current screening and prevention methods are discussed in detail in order to increase awareness and understanding of how we can improve patient outcomes.
Terrorists Use of Ambulances for Terror Attacks: A Review
Authors: Jasani Gregory N. , Alfalasi Reem , Cavaliere Garrett A. , Ciottone Gregory R. , Lawner Benjamin J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroduction:Using an ambulance as an attack modality offers many advantages to a terrorist organization. Ambulances can carry more explosives than most vehicles and can often bypass security. Yet, studies examining how terrorist organizations have incorporated ambulances into their attacks are lacking.Study Objective:This article seeks to identify and analyze known instances in which an ambulance has been used in a terrorist attack.Methods:The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was searched for terrorist events that involved the use of an ambulance from the years 1970-2018. Variables of event time, location, and loss of life were analyzed.Results:Twenty instances where an ambulance had been used in a terrorist attack were identified from the GTD. Fifteen of the attacks occurred in the Middle East, while the remaining five occurred in Southeast Asia. All attacks except one had occurred after 2001, and 13 had occurred within the past decade. Most attacks (12/20) resulted in up to three people killed, while six attacks had 10-20 casualties. The deadliest attack occurred in Kabul, Afghanistan in 2018 and caused over 100 casualties. One event did not have casualty information in the GTD. In all cases, ambulances were used as vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIED) by terrorist organizations.Conclusion:This study shows that terrorists are increasingly acquiring and utilizing ambulances in their attacks, often with deadly consequences. Security and public health experts must be aware of this hazard and work to deny terrorists access to these vehicles.
How do we improve adolescent diet and physical activity in India and sub-Saharan Africa? Findings from the Transforming Adolescent Lives through Nutrition (TALENT) consortium
Authors: Barker ME , Hardy-Johnson P , Weller S , Haileamalak A , Jarju L , Jesson J , Krishnaveni GV , Kumaran K , Leroy V , Moore SE , Norris SA , Patil S , Sahariah SA , Ward K , Yajnik CS , Fall CHD 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:Adolescent diet, physical activity and nutritional status are generally known to be sub-optimal. This is an introduction to a special issue of papers devoted to exploring factors affecting diet and physical activity in adolescents, including food insecure and vulnerable groups.SettingEight settings including urban, peri-urban and rural across sites from five different low- and middle-income countries.Design:Focus groups with adolescents and caregivers carried out by trained researchers.Results:Our results show that adolescents, even in poor settings, know about healthy diet and lifestyles. They want to have energy, feel happy, look good and live longer, but their desire for autonomy, a need to ‘belong’ in their peer group, plus vulnerability to marketing exploiting their aspirations, leads them to make unhealthy choices. They describe significant gender, culture and context-specific barriers. For example, urban adolescents had easy access to energy dense, unhealthy foods bought outside the home, whereas junk foods were only beginning to permeate rural sites. Among adolescents in Indian sites, pressure to excel in exams meant that academic studies were squeezing out physical activity time.Conclusions:Interventions to improve adolescents’ diets and physical activity levels must therefore address structural and environmental issues and influences in their homes and schools, since it is clear that their food and activity choices are the product of an interacting complex of factors. In the next phase of work, the Transforming Adolescent Lives through Nutrition consortium will employ groups of adolescents, caregivers and local stakeholders in each site to develop interventions to improve adolescent nutritional status.
Are food and drink available in online and physical supermarkets the same? A comparison of product availability, price, price promotions and nutritional information
Authors: Bhatnagar Prachi , Scarborough Peter , Kaur Asha , Dikmen Derya , Adhikari Vyas , Harrington Richard 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:Online supermarkets are increasingly used both by consumers and as a source of data on the food environment. We compared product availability, nutritional information, front-of-pack (FOP) labelling, price and price promotions for food and drink products between physical and online supermarkets.Design:For physical stores, we collected data on price, price promotions, FOP nutrition labels and nutrition information from a random sample of food and drinks from six UK supermarkets. For online stores, we used foodDB, a research-ready dataset of over 14 million observations of food and drink products available in online supermarkets.Setting:Six large supermarket stores located near Oxford, UK.Participants:General sample with 295 food and drink products, plus boost samples for both fruit and vegetables, and alcohol.Results:In the general sample, 85 % (95 % CI 80, 90 %) of products found in physical stores could be matched with an online product. Nutritional information found in the two settings was almost identical, for example, concordance correlation coefficient for energy = 0·995 (95 % CI 0·993, 0·996). The presence of FOP labelling and price promotions differed between the two settings (Cohen’s kappa = 0·56 (95 % CI 0·45, 0·66) and 0·40 (95 % CI 0·26, 0·55), respectively). Prices were similar between online and physical supermarkets (concordance correlation coefficient > 0·9 for all samples).Conclusions:Product availability, nutritional information and prices sourced online for these six retailers are good proxies of those found in physical stores. Price promotions and FOP labelling vary between the two settings. Further research should investigate whether this could impact on health inequalities.
Prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure and risk of diabetes, gallbladder disease, and pancreatic disorders and malignancies
Authors: Troisi Rebecca , Hyer Marianne , Titus Linda , Palmer Julie R. , Hatch Elizabeth E. , Huo Dezheng , Aagaard Kjersti M. , Strohsnitter William C. , Hoover Robert N. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPrenatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure is associated with increased risk of hormonally mediated cancers and other medical conditions. We evaluated the association between DES and risk of pancreatic cancer and pancreatic disorders, type 2 diabetes, and gallbladder disease, which may be involved with this malignancy. Our analyses used follow-up data from the US National Cancer Institute DES Combined Cohort Study. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for age, sex, cohort, body mass index, smoking, and alcohol for the association between prenatal DES exposure and type 2 diabetes, gallbladder disease (mainly cholelithiasis), pancreatic disorders (mainly pancreatitis), and pancreatic cancer among 5667 exposed and 3315 unexposed individuals followed from 1990 to 2017. Standardized incidence rate (SIR) ratios for pancreatic cancer were based on age-, race-, and calendar year-specific general population cancer incidence rates. In women and men combined, the hazards for total pancreatic disorders and pancreatitis were greater in the prenatally DES exposed than the unexposed (HR = 11, 95% CI 2.6–51 and HR = 7.0, 95% CI 1.5–33, respectively). DES was not associated overall with gallbladder disease (HR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.88–1.5) or diabetes (HR = 1.1, 95% CI 0.9–1.2). In women, but not in men, DES exposure was associated with increased risk of pancreatic cancer compared with the unexposed (HR: 4.1, 95% CI 0.84–20) or general population (SIR: 1.9, 95% CI 1.0–3.2). Prenatal DES exposure may increase the risk of pancreatic disorders, including pancreatitis in women and men. The data suggested elevated pancreatic cancer risk in DES-exposed women, but not in exposed men.
Preserving equipoise and performing randomised trials for COVID-19 social distancing interventions
Authors: Cristea Ioana Alina , Naudet Florian , Ioannidis John P. A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a large number of non-pharmaceutical measures that pertain to the wider group of social distancing interventions (e.g. public gathering bans, closures of schools, workplaces and all but essential business, mandatory stay-at-home policies, travel restrictions, border closures and others) have been deployed. Their urgent deployment was defended with modelling and observational data of spurious credibility. There is major debate on whether these measures are effective and there is also uncertainty about the magnitude of the harms that these measures might induce. Given that there is equipoise for how, when and if specific social distancing interventions for COVID-19 should be applied and removed/modified during reopening, we argue that informative randomised-controlled trials are needed. Only a few such randomised trials have already been conducted, but the ones done to-date demonstrate that a randomised trials agenda is feasible. We discuss here issues of study design choice, selection of comparators (intervention and controls), choice of outcomes and additional considerations for the conduct of such trials. We also discuss and refute common counter-arguments against the conduct of such trials.