bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conversions related to adhesions in abdominal surgery. Robotic versus laparoscopic approach: A multicentre experience
Authors: Milone Marco , de'Angelis Nicola , Beghdadi Nassiba , Brunetti Francesco , Manigrasso Michele , De Simone Giuseppe , Servillo Giuseppe , Vertaldi Sara , De Palma Giovanni Domenico 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundAn advantage of robotic surgery over laparoscopy is the lower rate of unplanned conversion. One of the implicated reasons for conversion is adhesions from previous abdominal surgeries (PASs).MethodsA comparative analysis of 98 patients with history of open PAS treated by laparoscopic or robotic surgery was performed. Primary endpoint was the rate of conversion to open surgery related to adhesiolysis. Secondary endpoints were short‐term outcomes and complications.ResultsConversion rate specifically related to adhesiolysis was significantly lower in robotic group (13 for laparoscopic group vs. 2 for robotic group; p = 0.046). Conversions occurred during adhesiolysis were significantly related to severity of adhesions expressed by peritoneal adhesion index (PAI) score (p < 0.001), number of abdominal areas involved by adhesions (p < 0.001) and severity of PAI into the target area of surgical intervention (p = 0.021).ConclusionsBenefits of robotic surgery are more noticeable in performing procedures with increasing technical difficulties.
Palladium Catalyzed Electrophilic C2‐Arylation of Azoles by Aryltriazenes in Ionic Liquid Promoted by Acidic Ionic Liquid
Authors: Sutar Suraj M. , Savanur Hemantkumar M. , Patil Chidanand , Prabhala Pavankumar , Aridoss Gopalakrishnan , Kalkhambkar Rajesh G. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA green C−H bond activation of azole based bio‐pertinent substrates such as benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole are accomplished using readily prepared 1‐aryltriazenes as arylating agent. Under an optimized condition employing Pd(OAc)2 and CuI in either hydrophilic [Bmim][BF4] or hydrophobic [Bmim][PF6] IL medium with [BMIM(SO3H)][OTf] as a promoter, these arylation reactions proceeded smoothly to afford 2‐aryl substituted azoles in acceptable to better yields besides noticeable functional group tolerance. The prospective for recovery and re‐use of ionic liquid solvent is demonstrated.
Cytotoxic Potential of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles of Lampranthus coccineus Extracts, Metabolic Profiling and Molecular Docking Study
Authors: Youssif Khayrya A. , Elshamy Ali M. , Rabeh Mohamed A. , Gabr Nagwan , Afifi Wael M. , Salem Mohamed A. , Albohy Amgad , Abdelmohsen Usama Ramadan , Haggag Eman G. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using plant extracts has gained great attention due to its unique properties. So, in this study, the aqueous and n‐hexane extracts of Lampranthus coccineus F. Aizoaceae were used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The early signs of SNPs synthesis were detected by a color change from yellow to reddish‐brown color. The formation of SNPs was further confirmed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV‐Visible spectroscopy, and zeta potential. The TEM analysis of SNPs showed spherical nanoparticles with mean size ranges between 8.55 nm to 16.44 nm for Lampranthus coccineus aqueous and hexane extracts. The UV‐Visible spectrophotometric analysis showed an absorption peak at λmax of 417 nm, which confirms the formation of SNPs. Zeta potential results indicated that the particles are negatively charged and fairly stable due to the electrostatic repulsion. The cytotoxic activity of the green synthesized SNPs as well as the four isolated compounds (β‐Sitosterol‐3‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside, P‐methoxy benzoic acid, dibutyl phthalate, and dioctyl phthalate) was evaluated using MTT assay against MCF‐7, HepG‐2, and HCT‐116 cell lines. Metabolic profiling of the annotated twelve compounds from the crude extract of L. coccineus. These compounds, along with the four isolated compounds were subjected to molecular docking study.
α‐Iodonitroalkenes as Potential Antifungal and Antitubercular Agents
Authors: Pamarthi Rambabu , Kumar Ram , Sankara Chennikkayala Siva , Lowe Gabrielle J. , Zuegg Johannes , Singh Sudheer Kumar , Ganesh Madhu 
Published: October 2020

Abstractβ‐Nitrostyrenes undergo one pot sequential addition‐elimination reaction when reacted with finely powdered iodine in presence of sodium bicarbonate as base in water and tetrahydrofuran as solvents to afford seventeen α‐iodonitroalkenes in moderate to good yields (40–88 %). These compounds were tested for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and MIC was determined using Rifampicin as positive control. One of the iodo compound 14 b, exhibited promising antimycobacterial activity with MIC values of up to 3.125 μM. Further, twelve α‐Iodonitroalkenes exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and drug‐reistant Candida auris. with MIC values up to ≤0.25 μM. This opens up the new space in the development of novel pharmacophores for antifungal and antimycobacterial studies.
Concentrated Solar Radiation Aided Green Approach for Preparative Scale and Solvent‐Free Synthesis of 3‐Methyl‐4‐(hetero)arylmethylene Isoxazole‐5(4H)‐ones
Authors: Gadkari Yatin U. , Jadhav Nilesh L. , Hatvate Navnath T. , Telvekar Vikas N. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAn efficient, clean, and environmentally benign approach for the synthesis of 3‐methyl‐4‐arylmethylene isoxazole‐5(4H)‐ones has been developed using concentrated solar radiations (CSR). One pot, multicomponent synthesis from aromatic / heteroaromatic aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate and hydroxylamine hydrochloride leads to title compounds in high yields. Notably the reaction has been carried out in under solvent and catalyst‐free conditions within a very short time (3 min). Further, the reaction was scaled up to 50 mmol. The present method is also energy efficient and saves almost more than 87 % of energy as compared to the conventional method.
Smart Porous Core–Shell Cuprous Oxide Nanocatalyst with High Biocompatibility for Acid‐Triggered Chemo/Chemodynamic Synergistic Therapy
Authors: Wu Hongshuai , Chen Fanghui , You Chaoqun , Zhang Yu , Sun Baiwang , Zhu Qing 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe rational integration of chemotherapy and hydroxyl radical (·OH)‐mediated chemodynamic therapy (CDT) holds great potential for cancer treatment. Herein, a smart biocompatible nanocatalyst based on porous core–shell cuprous oxide nanocrystals (Cu2O‐PEG (polyethylene glycol) NCs) is reported for acid‐triggered chemo/chemodynamic synergistic therapy. The in situ formed high density of hydrophilic PEG outside greatly improves the stability and compatibility of NCs. The porosity of Cu2O‐PEG NCs shows the admirable capacity of doxorubicin (DOX) loading (DOX@Cu2O‐PEG NCs) and delivery. Excitingly, Cu (Cu+/2+) and DOX can be controllably released from DOX@Cu2O‐PEG NCs in a pH‐responsive approach. The released Cu+ exerts Fenton‐like catalytic activity to generate toxic ·OH from intracellular overexpressed hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for CDT via reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐involved oxidative damage. Exactly, DOX can not only induce cell death for chemotherapy but also enhance CDT by self‐supplying endogenous H2O2. After the intravenous injection, Cu2O‐PEG NCs can effectively accumulate in tumor region via passive targeting improved by external high‐density PEG shell. Additionally, the effect of boosted CDT combined with chemotherapy presents excellent in vivo antitumor ability without causing distinct systemic toxicity. It is believed that this smart nanocatalyst responding to the acidity provides a novel paradigm for site‐specific cancer synergetic therapy.
MnS@N,S Co‐Doped Carbon Core/Shell Nanocubes: Sulfur‐Bridged Bonds Enhanced Na‐Storage Properties Revealed by In Situ Raman Spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Zhu Jinliang , Wei Pengcheng , Zeng Qingkai , Wang Guifang , Wu Kaipeng , Ma Shaojian , Shen Pei Kang , Wu Xing‐Long 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRational structure and morphology design are of great significance to realize excellent Na storage for advanced electrode materials in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, a cube‐like core/shell composite of single MnS nanocubes (≈50 nm) encapsulated in N, S co‐doped carbon (MnS@NSC) with strong CSMn bond interactions is successfully prepared as outstanding anode material for SIBs. The carbon shell significantly restricts the expansion of the MnS volume in successive sodiation/desodiation processes, as demonstrated by in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of one single MnS@NSC nanocube. Moreover, the in situ generated CSMn bonds between the MnS core and carbon shell play a significant role in improving the Na‐storage stability and reversibility of MnS@NSC, as revealed by in situ Raman and TEM. As a result, MnS@NSC exhibits a high reversible specific capacity of 594.2 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 and an excellent rate performance. It also achieves a remarkable cycling stability of 329.1 mAh g−1 after 3000 charge/discharge cycles at 1 A g−1 corresponding to a low capacity attenuation rate of 0.0068% per cycle, which is superior to that of pristine MnS and most of the reported Mn‐based anode materials in SIBs.
QD/2D Hybrid Nanoscrolls: A New Class of Materials for High‐Performance Polarized Photodetection and Ultralow Threshold Laser Action
Authors: Ghosh Rapti , Lin Hung‐I , Chen Yu‐Siang , Singh Mukesh , Yen Zhi‐Long , Chiu Shengkuei , Lin Hsia‐Yu , Bera Krishna P. , Liao Yu‐Ming , Hofmann Mario , Hsieh Ya‐Ping , Chen Yang‐Fang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNanoscrolls are a class of nanostructures where atomic layers of 2D materials are stacked consecutively in a coaxial manner to form a 1D spiral topography. Self‐assembly of chemical vapor deposition grown 2D WS2 monolayer into quasi‐1D van der Waals scroll structure instigates a plethora of unique physiochemical properties significantly different from its 2D counterparts. The physical properties of such nanoscrolls can be greatly manipulated upon hybridizing them with high‐quantum‐yield colloidal quantum dots, forming 0D/2D structures. The efficient dissociation of excitons at the heterojunctions of QD/2D hybridized nanoscrolls exhibits a 3000‐fold increased photosensitivity compared to the pristine 2D‐material‐based nanoscroll. The synergistic effects of confined geometry and efficient QD scatterers produce a nanocavity with multiple feedback loops, resulting in coherent lasing action with an unprecedentedly low lasing threshold. Predominant localization of the excitons along the circumference of this helical scroll results in a 12‐fold brighter emission for the parallel‐polarized transition compared to the perpendicular one, as confirmed by finite‐difference time‐domain simulation. The versatility of hybridized nanoscrolls and their unique properties opens up a powerful route for not‐yet‐realized devices toward practical applications.
Controlled Electron‐Induced Fabrication of Metallic Nanostructures on 1 nm Thick Membranes
Authors: Preischl Christian , Le Linh Hoang , Bilgilisoy Elif , Vollnhals Florian , Gölzhäuser Armin , Marbach Hubertus 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFunctional hybrids comprising metallic nanostructures connected and protected by nonmetallic 2D materials are envisioned as miniaturized components for applications in optics, electronics, and magnetics. A promising strategy to build such elements is the direct writing of metallic nanostructures by focused electron beam induced processing (FEBIP) onto insulating 2D materials. Carbon nanomembranes (CNMs), produced via electron‐induced crosslinking of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs), are ultrathin and flexible films; their thickness as well as their mechanical and electrical properties are determined by the specific choice of self‐assembling molecules. In this work, functionalized CNMs are produced via electron beam induced deposition of Fe(CO)5 onto terphenylthiol SAMs. Clean iron nanostructures of arbitrary size and shape are deposited on the SAMs, and the SAMs are then crosslinked into CNMs. The functionalized CNMs are then transferred onto either solid substrates or onto grids to obtain freestanding metal/CNM hybrid structures. Iron nanostructures with predefined shapes on top of 1 nm thin freestanding CNMs are realized; they stay intact during the fabrication procedures and remain mechanically stable. Combining the ease and versatility of SAMs with the flexibility of FEBIP thus leads to a route for the fabrication of functional hybrid nanostructures.
Scale‐Enhanced Magnetism in Exfoliated Atomically Thin Magnetite Sheets
Authors: Puthirath Anand B. , Shirodkar Sharmila N. , Gao Guanhui , Hernandez Francisco C. Robles , Deng Liangzi , Dahal Rabin , Apte Amey , Costin Gelu , Chakingal Nithya , Balan Aravind Puthirath , Sassi Lucas M. , Tiwary Chandra Sekhar , Vajtai Robert , Chu Ching‐Wu , Yakobson Boris I. , Ajayan Pulickel M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe discovery of ferromagnetism in atomically thin layers at room temperature widens the prospects of 2D materials for device applications. Recently, two independent experiments demonstrated magnetic ordering in two dissimilar 2D systems, CrI3 and Cr2Ge2Te6, at low temperatures and in VSe2 at room temperature, but observation of intrinsic room‐temperature magnetism in 2D materials is still a challenge. Here a transition at room temperature that increases the magnetization in magnetite while thinning down the bulk material to a few atom‐thick sheets is reported. DC magnetization measurements prove ferrimagnetic ordering with increased magnetization and density functional theory calculations ascribe their origin to the low dimensionality of the magnetite layers. In addition, surface energy calculations for different cleavage planes in passivated magnetite crystal agree with the experimental observations of obtaining 2D sheets from non‐van der Waals crystals.
Investigating the Mechanism of Cyclodextrins in the Treatment of Niemann‐Pick Disease Type C Using Crosslinked 2‐Hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Carradori Dario , Chen Hsintsung , Werner Beat , Shah Aagam S. , Leonardi Chiara , Usuelli Mattia , Mezzenga Raffaele , Platt Frances , Leroux Jean‐Christophe 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNiemann‐Pick disease type C (NPC) is a severe disorder that is characterized by intracellular transport abnormalities leading to cytoplasmic accumulation of lipids such as cholesterol and sphingolipids. The compound 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPβCD) has high cholesterol complexation capacity and is currently under clinical investigation for the NPC treatment. However, due to its short blood half‐life, high doses are required to produce a therapeutic effect. In this work, stable polymerized HPβCD is generated to investigate their in vitro mechanisms of action and in vivo effects. Crosslinked CDs (8–312 kDa) display a ninefold greater cholesterol complexation capacity than monomeric HPβCD but are taken up to a lower extent, resulting in an overall comparable in vitro effect. In vivo, the 19.3 kDa HPβCD exhibits a longer half‐life than the monomeric HPβCD but it does not increase the life span of Npc1 mice, possibly due to reduced brain penetration. This is circumvented by the application of magnetic resonance imaging‐guided low intensity‐pulsed focused ultrasound (MRIg‐FUS), which increases the brain penetration of the CD. In conclusion, stable polymerized HPβCDs can elucidate CDs’ mechanism of action while the use of MRIg‐FUS warrants further investigation, as it may be key to harnessing CDs full therapeutic potential in the NPC treatment.
Osteoblastic Wntless deletion differentially regulates the fate and functions of bone marrow-derived stem cells in relation to age
Authors: Poudel Sher Bahadur , So Han-Sol , Sim Hyun-Jaung , Cho Joon-Seok , Cho Eui-Sic , Jeon Young-Mi , Kook Sung-Ho , Lee Jeong-Chae 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Although functional association between Wnt signaling and bone homeostasis has been well described through genetic ablation of Wntless (Wls), the mechanisms of how osteoblastic Wls regulates the fate of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in relation to age are not yet understood. Here, we generated Col2.3-Cre;Wlsfl/fl mice that were free from premature lethality and investigated age-related impacts of osteoblastic Wls deficiency on hematopoiesis, BM microenvironment, and maintenance of BMSCs (also known as BM-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells) and HSCs. Ablation of osteoblastic Wls deteriorated BM microenvironment and bone mass accrual along with age-independent effects on functions of BMSCs. Osteoblastic Wls deletion impaired HSC repopulation and progeny with skewing toward myeloid lineage cells only at old stage. As proven by hallmarks of stem cell senescence, osteoblastic Wls ablation differentially induced senescence of BMSCs and HSCs in relation to age without alteration in their BM frequency. Our findings support that deletion of Wls in Col2.3-expressing cells induces senescence of BMSCs and impairs BM microenvironment in age-independent manner. Overall, long-term deterioration in BM microenvironment contributes to age-related HSC senescence with impaired progeny and hematopoiesis, which also suggests possible roles of osteoblastic Wls on the maintenance of BM HSCs.
Stages, Phases, Repertoires, and Waves: Learning to Spell and Read Words
Authors: Templeton Shane 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCompeting theories are quite common in education. In spelling research, two general perspectives have emerged over the years: stage theory and repertoire/alternative theories. Exploring these perspectives is important because teachers need to understand how spelling knowledge is critical for learning to read words and to write them. Stage theory suggests that learners follow a developmental progression that reflects the increasing complexity of the spelling system itself. Alternative theorists suggest that learners do not follow a linear progression but are able to understand much more information about the spelling system throughout their development. The author explores the debate between these two conceptions, identifying not only important differences but also where there is common ground. Implications for spelling, word analysis, and vocabulary instruction are provided.
Simulation of oscillating trailing edge flaps on wind turbine blades using ranging fidelity tools
Authors: Prospathopoulos John M. , Riziotis Vasilis A. , Schwarz Eva , Barlas Thanasis , Aparicio‐Sanchez Maria , Papadakis George , Manolas Dimitris , Pirrung Georg , Lutz Thorsten 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRecent research developments have indicated that substantial reduction of both the fatigue and ultimate loads can be achieved by adopting trailing edge (TE) flap control strategies. Their aeroelastic tools employ blade element momentum (BEM) aerodynamic models enhanced with a sectional 2D treatment of the TE flap, neglecting the 3D effect of the trailed vorticity in the vicinity of the moving flap. In the present paper, a cross comparison of the BEM‐based models used in the aeroelastic analysis tools against higher fidelity, free‐wake lifting line, and fully resolved CFD models is performed, with the aim to highlight limitations of the first. A second level of comparison assesses the differences among tools of the same level of fidelity from different research groups. Moreover, a number of engineering‐based correction models that are used in conjunction with BEM and account for the complex 3D trailed vorticity effect are assessed. Simulations of a stiff rotor configuration of the DTU 10 MW Reference Wind Turbine are performed for a prescribed, harmonic TE flap motion, and aerodynamic loads are compared at the sectional and rotor‐integrated level. For the studied stiff rotor with the chosen flaps configuration, the results of the code‐to‐code comparisons indicate that low‐fidelity BEM tools consistently predict 1P variations of the rotor thrust due to the TE flap motion, but fail to reproduce the details of the load distributions especially in the vicinity of the flap section. BEM‐based corrected models, which account for 3D‐induced velocity effects, provide load distribution predictions closer to higher fidelity free‐wake and CFD models.
A historical perspective of explainable Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Confalonieri Roberto , Coba Ludovik , Wagner Benedikt , Besold Tarek R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractExplainability in Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been revived as a topic of active research by the need of conveying safety and trust to users in the “how” and “why” of automated decision‐making in different applications such as autonomous driving, medical diagnosis, or banking and finance. While explainability in AI has recently received significant attention, the origins of this line of work go back several decades to when AI systems were mainly developed as (knowledge‐based) expert systems. Since then, the definition, understanding, and implementation of explainability have been picked up in several lines of research work, namely, expert systems, machine learning, recommender systems, and in approaches to neural‐symbolic learning and reasoning, mostly happening during different periods of AI history. In this article, we present a historical perspective of Explainable Artificial Intelligence. We discuss how explainability was mainly conceived in the past, how it is understood in the present and, how it might be understood in the future. We conclude the article by proposing criteria for explanations that we believe will play a crucial role in the development of human‐understandable explainable systems.This article is categorized under:
Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Explainable AI
Technologies > Artificial Intelligence
Constraints on the charged currents in general neutrino interactions with sterile neutrinos
Authors: Li Tong , Ma Xiao-Dong , Schmidt Michael A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this work we investigate the implication of low-energy precision measurements on the quark-lepton charged currents in general neutrino interactions with sterile neutrinos in effective field theories. The physics in low-energy measurements is described by the low-energy effective field theory extended with sterile neutrinos (LNEFT) defined below the electroweak scale. We also take into account renormalization group running and match the LNEFT onto the Standard Model (SM) effective field theory with sterile neutrinos (SMNEFT) to constrain new physics (NP) above the electroweak scale. The most sensitive low-energy probes are from leptonic decays of pseudoscalar mesons and hadronic tau lepton decays in terms of precise decay branching fractions, the lepton flavor universality and the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) unitarity. We also consider other constraints including nuclear beta decay. The constraints on charged current operators are generally stronger than the ones for quark-neutrino neutral current operators. We find that the most stringent bounds on the NP scale of lepton-number-conserving and lepton- number-violating operators in SMNEFT are 74 (110) TeV and 9.8 (13) TeV, respectively, for the operators with down (strange) quark.