bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Mares Isabela , Young Lauren E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 restates the results of the book and discusses the implications of its findings for ongoing scholarly and policy debate concerning the persistence of electoral clientelism in current democracies. First, the chapter shows that the authors’ account of electoral clientelism presents new micro-foundations for the understanding of the development of political parties in countries with weakly institutionalized party organizations. Parties, it is argued, are loose aggregations of a variety of brokers that are loosely coordinated by party leaders. The book provides tools for understanding the variation across localities in the identities and strategies of these brokers, and can explain variation in the informal organizational structure of different parties. This chapter also discusses the implications of the authors’ findings for the adoption of electoral reforms that aim to reduce the incidence of electoral clientelism. Their study identifies two reasons why such reforms may lead only to modest reductions in the incidence of electoral clientelism. First, because not all voters seem to view candidates who use clientelism negatively, simply increasing transparency to provide voters with information about which candidates are using clientelism may not actually create incentives to reduce it. Second, electoral reforms may be less successful in closing the opportunities for substitution among different clientelistic strategies. The imposition of higher punishments for particular electoral strategies may create opportunities for candidates to strategically switch to forms of clientelism that are punished less severely. The analysis of electoral clientelism advanced in this book provides policymakers with a better analytic framework to consider possible opportunities for substitution among various clientelistic practices that offset the potential for reforms.
Making a Desert and Calling It Peace
Authors: O'Driscoll Cian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIt is a time-honoured belief among just war theorists that the desired end of a just war should be peace, not victory. This chapter interrogates this proposition. It asks what kind of relation, if any, should we envisage between peace and victory in respect of the ends of just war? The concern this question raises is not simply that peace and victory constitute distinct objectives for a just war. It is that they might also be mutually implicated yet incompatible aims. Drawing on the writings of Marcus Tullius Cicero, this chapter examines this concern and reflects on what it tells us about the idea of just war. It contends that the relation between victory and peace exposes what we might call the paradox of just war: the act of winning a just war is likely to undermine the peace that the just war is being fought to advance.
Conclusion
Authors: O'Driscoll Cian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA just war is, on the one hand, a war that must be won. If one is justified in going to war in the first place, one must also be justified in doing everything in one’s power, within reason, to win that war. On the other hand, a tension is thus evident between the requirement to pursue victory in a just war and the constraints built into the idea of just war itself. As they pursue the victory that their cause demands, belligerents fighting a just war will unfortunately, but inevitably, come under pressure to set aside restraints and embrace all means necessary to win. Victory, then, appears to be a concept that just war theorists cannot live with but also cannot live without. This chapter seeks to make sense of this situation and to reflect upon what it tells us about the limitations but also necessity of just war.
Path Components and the Fundamental Group
Authors: Ellis Graham 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter introduces some of the basic concepts of algebraic topology and describes datatypes and algorithms for implementing them on a computer. The basic concepts include: regular CW-complex, non-regular CW-complex, simplicial complex, cubical complex, permutahedral complex, simple homotopy, set of path-components, fundamental group, van Kampen’s theorem, knot quandle, Alexander polynomial of a knot, covering space. These are illustrated using computer examples involving digital images, protein backbones, high-dimensional point cloud data, knot complements, discrete groups, and random simplicial complexes.
Building Late Antique Rome
Authors: Machado Carlos 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the role played by member of the Roman aristocracy in the physical evolution of late antique Rome. Acting as representatives of the imperial government, aristocrats were directly responsible for the decision of when and what to build, advertising their social standing and political clout; as private builders, they sponsored projects that celebrated their families and prestige. The chapter examines the factors involved in the choice of building projects, as well as the social and economic opportunities offered by the intricate late antique system of funding building works, supplying building material for new projects, and the organization of the work force.
Towards a New Global Deal
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter illuminates how developing countries have fared in postwar efforts to create a trade regime. After World War II, the Bretton Woods institutions were designed to help with economic betterment and avoid the repetition of such calamities as the world wars and the Great Depression. The world gradually outgrew the imperialist era and saw the creation of dozens of new states, which, however, were poorly integrated into the global economic system. An influential idea in the early stages of this system was to design a global New Deal including an effective and just trade regime to serve the poor. Subsequently ideas about a New International Economic Order became prominent, supported by dependency theories about the world economy. Before this historical canvas this chapter makes a philosophical plea for a New Deal for the world—a New Global Deal. It also touches on earlier intellectual responses to these developments, ranging from various versions of postwar intellectual radicalism to the emergence of the global justice literature in Western liberal philosophy to which this work belongs.
Exploitation as Unfairness Through Power
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter captures trade justice in terms of exploitation, a proposal only as good as the underlying account of exploitation. Exploitation is one of the great buzzwords of political thinking on the left. The original Marxist notion was based on the labor theory of value, which most thinkers in that domain no longer endorse. But the kind of unfair advantage-taking the notion covers has continued to engage activists and philosophers alike. This chapter surveys the lay of the land, with a focus on recent work, and introduces a new proposal on exploitation. The proposal offers the most plausible response to disagreement between various conceptions of exploitation and identifies a structural unity across them. The chapter offers a proposal for how to think about exploitation that combines the advantages of competing conceptions while avoiding their shortcomings. Exploitation, on this general ecumenical account, is unfairness through power. The version that applies to trade characterizes exploitation as power-induced failure of reciprocity. Importantly, non-individual actors like groups or institutions may exploit or be exploited.
A Much-Needed Organization
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
One obligation of states is to found an international organization concerned with trade justice. This chapter continues with that theme, explores what obligations such an organization would have, and discusses institutional reform of the WTO in light of these arguments. Such reform is necessary because by the lights of the understanding of trade justice developed in this book the current WTO is exploitative. The chapter argues that the WTO’s multilateralism is a requirement of justice and reflects on how this point bears on how the global trade organization should be organized. That is, this chapter makes suggestions for how the WTO could approximate an organization devoted to trade justice, and thus how the world could approach a New Global Deal.
Dealing with Workers
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The question of a just wage has presumably been contentious ever since there have been wage relations, and philosophical thought on the subject reaches back hundreds of years. Yet the subject remains elusive. This chapter discusses wage payments through the lens of trade justice. It explains how questions about wages arise as a topic of trade justice to begin with, examines prominent ways of thinking about wages, and offers an exploitation-based perspective. While none of the prominent competing perspectives fully succeeds, they capture insights a convincing perspective should accommodate. Deploying the conception of exploitation as power-induced failure of reciprocity shows how certain wages might plausibly be criticized as exploitatively low.
Dispersed Responsibility
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Another aspect of the economic activities of transnationals concerns how they operate in contexts characterized by dispersed responsibility. One such context is the outsourcing of economic activity. Companies hire other companies or individuals not directly under their control to do certain tasks. This final chapter explores under which circumstances companies can deny moral responsibility for wrongdoings of suppliers or sub-contractors, and whether outsourcing might be morally problematic even in cases where suppliers or sub-contractors do not commit any wrongs. Another context characterized by dispersed responsibility is where corporations must make choices related to operating under authoritarian regimes. This chapter applies the “moral force of exploitation”—reasoning to explain when corporations may, or should not, cooperate.
Gospel Sermons, Christian Fellowship, and the Conventions of Freedom
Authors: Foster Travis M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 tracks how black Protestants developed and spread what arguably became the first genre of African American popular literature, the gospel sermon. This genre enabled worshipers to experience a form of collective belonging founded not upon a fraternal model of a priori sameness, but instead upon a provisional model that refused alignment into stable axes of affiliation. So doing, gospel sermons enacted forms of freedom and community unimaginable within the terms provided by white supremacist logic. By assembling a broad range of materials that touch upon homiletic experience, this chapter highlights a mode of generic black aesthetics that resists the very terms available for political dissent, a mode not dependent on an interracial liberal politics through which African Americans gain increasing access to previously white civic spaces.
“A Political Maze Based on the Shifting Sands”
Authors: Tromly Benjamin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines Russian exile politics of the late 1940s, when anti-communist organizations emerged in the displaced-person camps of West Germany. The early efforts of White exiles to forge a right-wing movement went awry. The younger Vlasovites, Soviet subjects until the recent war, resisted pressure to take up the cause of historic Russia. A postwar Vlasov movement emerged but became mired in the murky espionage world of divided Germany. The exiles found backers in the Gehlen Organization, an intelligence outfit assembled from Hitler’s defunct military intelligence unit Fremde Heere Ost (Foreign Armies East) which received funding from the US army after the war. However, the intermixing of anti-communist politics and espionage threw the Vlasov movement into chaos. The Gehlen Organization funded clashing exile clans, while Soviet intelligence stepped up efforts to paralyze the anti-communist circles through penetration agents and harassment—all of which virtually paralyzed the exiles’ nascent anti-communist agendas.
Builders and Dissectors
Authors: Tromly Benjamin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines a series of meetings of anti-communist organizations in West Germany from 1951 to 1953 devoted to creating a united-front organization of Soviet exiles. The project, supported by a CIA front organization called the American Committee for Liberation from Bolshevism, Inc. (Amcomlib), had the unanticipated consequence of launching a many-sided debate about national identities. Inadvertently, the Americans spearheaded a virtual dismemberment of Russian nationhood, as ethnic Russians promoted a conception of Russia as a multiethnic nation and non-Russian exile groups invited to take part defended national self-determination for their peoples.
Spies, Sex, and Balloons
Authors: Tromly Benjamin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines the Russian exiles’ anti-communist activities in divided Germany and particularly Berlin, the city whose penetrable internal border made it the essential base for Cold War human-intelligence activities. The CIA utilized the NTS and another Russian organization, the Central Representation of Postwar Emigrants (TsOPE), in operations devoted to inciting defection among Soviet soldiers and civilians positioned in East Germany. Utilizing documents from the East German Ministry for State Security, the chapter examines the Berlin operations and the Soviet and East German actions to thwart them. It focuses attention on how Russian exile agendas in Germany became reliant on the East German civilians who were recruited to spread propaganda and interact with Soviet soldiers and civilians. In this way, the espionage conflicts in Berlin were a transnational affair involving cross-national contacts and networks.
Introduction
Authors: Boonin David 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the thesis of the book: the claim that it is possible for an act to wrongfully harm a person even if the act takes place after the person is dead. It then explains the significance of this thesis and critically discusses two strategies that might be used to defend it. Finally, the chapter provides a brief overview of the main argument the book provides in defense of this thesis. The argument rests on three main premises and the chapter concludes by providing a brief explanation and defense of each of them.
Unfelt Harm
Authors: Boonin David 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an extensive defense of the first premise of the book’s central argument: the claim that it is possible for an act to wrongfully harm a person while they are alive even if the act has no effect on the person’s conscious experiences. The chapter begins by offering a series of thought experiments designed to motivate this claim, including a version of Nozick’s famous experience machine. It then identifies a series of objections that can be raised against the use of such thought experiments in support of this claim and argues that all of them can be successfully overcome.
From Posthumous Harm to Posthumous Wrongs
Authors: Boonin David 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers and responds to some additional objections that can be raised against the book’s thesis. These include objections that claim that the Posthumous Harm Thesis has unacceptable implications; objections that even if posthumous harm is possible it is not a kind of harm that makes an act even prima facie wrong, or at least not in a non-trivial way; and objections that claim that it is morally irrelevant or insignificant. The chapter then concludes by discussing some of the ethical implications of the book’s thesis for such issues as posthumous organ and gamete removal, posthumous publication of private documents, posthumous damage to graves and corpses, and posthumous punishment and restitution.
At Europe's Edge
Authors: Mainwaring Ċetta 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Mediterranean Sea is now the deadliest region in the world for migrants. Although the death toll has been rising for many years, the EU response remains fragmented and short sighted. Politicians frame these migration flows as an unprecedented crisis and emphasize migration control at the EU’s external boundaries. In this context, At Europe’s Edge investigates (1) why the EU prioritizes the fortification of its external borders; (2) why migrants nevertheless continue to cross the Mediterranean and to die at sea; and (3) how EU member states on the southern periphery respond to their new role as migration gatekeepers. The book addresses these questions by examining the relationship between the EU and Malta, a small state with an outsized role in migration politics as EU policies place it at the crosshairs of migration flows and controls. The chapters combine ethnographic methods with macro-level analyses to weave together policymaker, practitioner, and migrant experiences, and demonstrate how the Mediterranean is an important space for the contested construction of ‘Europe’. At Europe’s Edge provides rich insight into the unexpected level of influence Malta exerts on EU migration governance, as well as the critical role migrants and their clandestine journeys play in animating EU and Maltese migration policies, driving international relations, and producing Malta’s political power. By centring on the margins, the book pushes the boundaries of our knowledge of the global politics of migration, asylum, and border security.
Limits of Migration Management
Authors: Mainwaring Ċetta 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces migrant journeys to the edge of Europe and analyses the politics of rescue in the Mediterranean to reveal how the EU contributes to deaths at sea and simultaneously points to these deaths and broader migration flows as a crisis. Following migrant journeys into Europe demonstrates how migrants negotiate passage and challenge sovereignty—a reality often obscured in state narratives. Indeed, through alternating politics of neglect, security, and humanitarianism, southern EU member states have constructed a migration ‘crisis’, depicting long-standing migration flows across the Mediterranean as chaotic and unprecedented. Key to the crisis narrative is the portrayal of migrants either as victims with no agency or as villains endowed with a dangerous, Herculean form of agency. In contrast, migrant accounts reveal a longer journey that begins before the Mediterranean shores and the room for manoeuvre that migrants find and exploit that renders the EU more sieve than fortress. Their experiences illustrate how borders are contested spaces, but also how state inaction contributes to deaths at sea. This chapter contributes to the literature on spectacle by illustrating how both humanitarian and enforcement performances reify state power and construct ‘Europe’ as a discrete unit, a benevolent actor in control of its borders. In doing so, the spectacles cast the Mediterranean as an empty, marginal space and migrants as objects to be governed, as symbols of disorder and chaos. Significantly, the spectacles at sea brand migrants as ‘others’, which allows for their continued marginalization in Europe.
Augur Anxieties in the Ancient Near East
Authors: Noegel Scott B. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This contribution examines divination in ancient Mesopotamia from the practitioners’ own social, economic, and cosmological perspectives. It maintains that such an approach reveals divination to be an enterprise heavily informed by a number of insecurities, and that attention to these sources of anxiety sheds light on Mesopotamian religious worldviews. The chapter is divided into four parts. The first offers a brief synopsis of Near Eastern divination. The second examines two competing sources of anxiety that diviners negotiated: skepticism from others and their own theological principles. The third investigates the ways that diviners addressed these insecurities. The final portion of the chapter proposes several conclusions based on the combined evidence that concern the legitimation of divination as a means of seeking divine will, the rise of astrology and its impact on other forms of divination, the diviners’ ways of controlling cosmological anxieties, and the depiction of divination in Mesopotamian “literary” texts as a reflection of divinatory ideologies and the codependency of diviners and the royal house.
Euxenippos at Oropos
Authors: Bowden Hugh 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The chapter explores how divination through dream incubation was involved in the decision-making processes of the Athenian democracy. It focuses on the consultation of Amphiaraos in the mid-fourth century by a delegation including Euxenippos, which we know about from a speech of Isaios. It explores the wider evidence about the practical aspects of dream incubation, and draws on modern studies of dreaming, looking at the practice of recording dreams in writing at the moment of waking, and self-training to improve dreaming and dream recall. The chapter argues that, as in other forms of divination, Athens employed men like Euxenippos as ‘expert dreamers’, who were expected to have dreams when required, and who were supported by other Athenians, who acted as assistants and witnesses of the process. It further argues that divination by dreaming was taken seriously by the democracy, with expert dreamers having potentially great influence on decision-making, and becoming themselves inevitably part of the political process.
Prodigies in the Early Principate?
Authors: Santangelo Federico 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter stems from the question of whether we can still meaningfully speak of prodigies for the early Roman Principate. Modern accounts of prodigy expiation in Roman religion end their treatments with the fall of the Republic and do not provide any discussion of prodigies under the Principate. A fundamental shift is usually identified in the transition from prodigies that affect and pertain to the res publica as a whole to portents that affect the person of the emperor, and portend either the beginning of a reign or its imminent, traumatic end. On this account, the system of public prodigies can only function in a context where the Senate is central as the main body of religious authority and can play a leading role in the process of interpretation and expiation. When that system morphs into a monarchic regime, prodigies are replaced by private portents and omina, which focus on the emperor, and reflect either his own preoccupations or wider concerns about his power. This chapter offers some correctives to that account by offering a fresh reconsideration of the infrastructure of prodigy reporting and expiation in the early Principate, and argues for a scenario in which the involvement of the Senate and the direct input of the priestly colleges retain a significant role.
After Of Habit
Authors: Sinclair Mark 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the reception of Ravaisson’s account of habit in later nineteenth- and twentieth-century French philosophy. The first two sections examine its reception in the work of Albert Lemoine, Léon Dumont, and Henri Bergson. The third section examines its reception in the work of the French phenomenologists and theorists of the lived body, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Paul Ricoeur. The chapter shows how Ravaisson’s account of inclination relates to these notions of the lived body. In conclusion, it shows how contemporary Merleau-Ponty-inspired accounts of pre-reflective, embodied action as a form of ‘coping’ can be extended by Ravaisson’s concern for tendency and inclination in motor habit.