bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence that Swimming May Be Protective of Knee Osteoarthritis: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Authors: Lo Grace H. , Ikpeama Uzoh E. , Driban Jeffrey B. , Kriska Andrea M. , McAlindon Timothy E. , Petersen Nancy J. , Storti Kristi L. , Eaton Charles B. , Hochberg Marc C. , Jackson Rebecca D. , Kwoh C. Kent , Nevitt Michael C. , Suarez‐Almazor Maria E. 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundTo date, there have not been any epidemiologic studies that have evaluated the association between swimming over a lifetime and knee health.ObjectiveThe study aimed to evaluate the relationship of a history of swimming with knee pain, radiographic knee OA (ROA), and symptomatic knee OA (SOA).DesignCross‐sectional retrospective study.SettingFour academic centers in the United States.ParticipantsRespondents to the historical physical activity survey within the Osteoarthritis Initiative with knee radiographs and symptom assessments.MethodsIn this retrospective study nested within the Osteoarthritis Initiative, researchers performed logistic regression with the predictor being swimming over a lifetime and over particular age ranges.Main Outcome MeasurementsPerson‐based definitions of frequent knee pain, ROA, and SOA.ResultsA total of 2637 participants were included, with a mean age of 64.3 years (SD 8.9), body mass index of 28.4 kg/m2 (SD 4.9), and 44.2% male. Over a lifetime, the adjusted prevalence measures for frequent knee pain, ROA, and SOA for any versus no history of swimming were 36.4% (33.4% ‐ 39.5%) v. 39.9% (37.4% ‐ 42.5%), 54.3% (51.0% ‐ 57.6%) v. 61.1% (58.4% ‐ 63.7%), and 21.9% (19.4% ‐ 24.7%) v. 27.0% (24.7% ‐ 29.4%) respectively.ConclusionsThis is the first epidemiologic study to indicate that swimming is potentially beneficial toward knee health, particularly when performed earlier in life (before age 35). Future prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and to better scrutinize the associations in older age groups.
Growing Up in Violent Contexts: Differential Effects of Community, Family, and School Violence on Child Adjustment
Authors: Bacchini Dario , Esposito Concetta 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAlthough different than in war-torn areas, violence affects children even in the most economically developed countries. In this chapter we review the empirical evidence supporting the detrimental effects of early violence exposure on a wide range of developmental outcomes. We also provide an examination of mechanisms linking violence exposure to negative developmental outcomes, as well as the predisposing and precipitating factors that intervene in these complex relationships. We conclude that the problem of exposure to violence in children is often underestimated and discuss the implications for child welfare policy and preventive interventions.
Youth Identity, Peace and Conflict: Insights from Conflict and Diverse Settings
Authors: McKeown Shelley , Cavdar Duygu , Taylor Laura K. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMany of today’s youth are growing up and developing their sense of self in settings where identities are contested. Such identity dynamics play a key role in societal functioning, with group conflict often arising and being maintained due to competing social identities. Understanding how youth develop these social identities, and the consequences for peaceful and violent behaviours is of urgent importance in order to design appropriate policies and interventions. Much of the social psychological research on identity is based on social identity theory, which posits that we divide our world into social categories and define ourselves in terms of group belonging. The expressions of these social identities can be both positive and negative in how they are manifested in conflict and diverse settings. Whilst research often focuses on the negative side of identification (e.g., prejudice), identities can also be a source of peace; fostering individual belonging in society and under certain conditions, collective identities can also bring together groups in conflict. In this chapter, we briefly review the development of adolescent ethnic identity and then focus on the impact of identity for youth in conflict and diverse settings, highlighting positive and negative effects. This includes a consideration of the consequences of identity for peaceful and non-peaceful behaviours in Northern Ireland as well as how identity develops for ethnic minority youth in England. We conclude by providing suggestions for policy, practice and future research, arguing that a comprehensive account of the role of youth in society cannot be complete without understanding the development and consequences of identity processes.
Educating Toward a Culture of Peace Through an Innovative Teaching Method
Authors: Guetta Silvia 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA peace-oriented culture aims to teach its citizens conflict resolution through dialogue, mediation, and acknowledgment of others as having equal rights, responsibilities, laws, and freedoms, so that they and their community can assure the peaceful development and well-being of new generations. A peace-oriented culture is built on values, attitudes, and behaviors that respect life and other human beings across all social contexts. Finding personal peace provides the strength to defend and uphold human rights, the freedom of choice, the ability to listen and appreciate others, and the willingness to share. This chapter describes an innovative model of cooperation and peer education that involved more than 70 students in a high school in Florence, Italy, during the 2016–2017 school year. The program was established through a local partnership coordinated by the Department of Education and Psychology of the University of Florence, in collaboration with the Florence UNESCO Center, and followed the Peace Education Program of Prem Rawat Foundation. The teaching method was characterized by the students’ active participation and teaching of non-violent communication. The program’s sustainability is reflected in its continuity over time and uptake in new schools and universities.
Enabling Full Participation: A Community-Led Approach to Child Protection
Authors: Kostelny Kathleen , Wessells Michael , Ondoro Ken 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUsing a peace psychology lens, this chapter explores how dominant approaches in humanitarian and development work may unintentionally generate social injustice. It aims to contribute to a new, transformational approach in which the people who receive aid are included in making the decisions which affect their lives. If this approach is to move forward, the wider humanitarian community needs to reflect on the limits of its dominant approaches and develop new, full participatory approaches that fulfill this vision. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze how more participatory approaches to community-based child protection can help the child protection sector become more participatory and achieve the high levels of inclusivity and local ownership that contribute to relevant, effective, and sustainable support for vulnerable children. The chapter begins with an analysis of the limitations of the dominant, top-down approach to community-based child protection, which does not achieve high levels of participation or engage local people in the decision-making. Next, using a case study from Kenya, it examines a bottom-up, community-led approach to child protection that places the power to make the key decisions in the hands of local people and achieves high levels of inclusivity and local ownership. It concludes with a reflection on the value of enabling bottom-up, community-led approaches in developing wider child protection systems.
Engaging Men to Support the Resilience of Syrian Refugee Children and Youth in Lebanon
Authors: Veale Angela , Hijazi Alaa , Osman Zenia , Macken Shelbi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRefugee men’s experiences as parents have been one of the least explored areas of psychosocial interventions with refugee families, yet there is a great need for engagement with men, including in their role as fathers. “Engaging Men” interventions seek to challenge the social norms, attitudes, and practices that increase the risk of gender-based violence against girls and women while also harnessing positive male power to prevent violence and promote safety. This chapter examines the impact of an “Engaging Men” intervention in Lebanon that involved 1028 Syrian refugee and 440 Lebanese men in a 12-week training course structure with the aims of promoting peaceful family and community relations, reducing violence and gender-based violence, and enhancing child protection and caregiving. The chapter focuses on the impact of the intervention on Syrian refugee children and adolescents through men’s reflections on the stressors in their own lives and how this impacted their role as fathers. The challenges of addressing child-specific protection risks of early marriage and child labor are discussed.
Working for the Well-Being of Children: The Value and Efficacy of Adopting a Cooperative, Inter-agency Approach
Authors: Wessells Michael 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter presents a case study illustrating the positive value of cooperation between a research team and policy leaders in strengthening policies that support children’s well-being in Sierra Leone, one of the poorest countries in the world. Having reviewed briefly the science of cooperation and its implications for policy development and practice, it outlines action research with a robust design in which communities themselves took action to support children’s protection and well-being. Its focus, however, is on the cooperative processes surrounding the action research that enabled policy influencing. It highlights the importance of taking a cooperative, inter-agency approach that actively engages researchers and policy leaders in the development and use of the research. It shows the value of enabling government cooperation and ownership at multiple levels, working with a broker to help manage power dynamics, and drawing on the complementary strengths of academics, UN agencies, NGOs, and government collaborators. It illustrates how a cooperative strategy can be useful if there is careful attention to task interdependence, power asymmetries, and ethics. It also examines the usefulness and limits of this approach in other contexts.
Climate Change and Children: An Issue of Intergenerational Justice
Authors: Sanson Ann V. , Burke Susie E. L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter considers climate change as an issue of structural violence and intergenerational justice. The 2015 Paris Agreement acknowledged climate change as “an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies and the planet”. Without urgent global action, its impacts will be catastrophic. The climate crisis, caused by the current generation, will have massive impacts on coming generations. Reasons for particular concern about children and youth include their greater vulnerability to climate change impacts, the disproportionate risks faced by children in developing countries and the challenging adaptations to climate-induced changes that they face. Climate change is already causing increases in extreme weather events, dislocation and economic hardship. It results in direct and structural violence, from the direct violence of interpersonal aggression and regional conflicts to the structural violence manifest in the disproportionate impact of climate change on those who contributed the least to the problem. Moreover, those most impacted are primarily from low-income countries, thereby impeding achievement of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. However, climate change solutions can help to build more peaceful and equitable societies. We outline global, regional and local initiatives and illustrate strategies for both mitigation and adaptation to climate change with projects involving child participation and decision-making. Drawing on the literature on problem- and meaning-focused coping and positive development, we explore how parents, schools, organisations, researchers and policy-makers can support children in developing the coping strategies, knowledge, skills and attitudes they need to adapt to a climate-changed world. We conclude that, although climate change is an urgent threat to global peace, solving it is also one of our best hopes for promoting peace and equity in human relations. As today’s adults, we must accept that the future survival of our children, communities and the natural world depends on the actions we take now.
Indirect Contact Interventions to Promote Peace in Multicultural Societies
Authors: Haji Reeshma , Noguchi Hiromi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn today’s multicultural societies, promoting more favourable attitudes between groups of different cultural backgrounds is of pressing importance. Drawing on intergroup contact theory, this chapter describes some methods for fostering these favourable views of “the other” among children and youth. In situations where bringing two different groups into direct contact is not possible, or the groups are unwilling to interact directly with each other, indirect contact can be useful. In this chapter, we describe three types of indirect contact: (1) extended contact, the knowledge of cross-group friendship, that is, someone from one’s own group (ingroup) has a close relationship with someone from another group to which one does not belong (outgroup); (2) vicarious contact, the observation of cross-group friendship; and (3) imagined contact, the mental simulation of an interaction with an outgroup member. Then, we describe ways of optimizing these methods for intervention with children and youth. We also describe potential future directions for research in this area. Finally, we note that indirect contact interventions are particularly effective among children and youth who have no or little previous contact with the outgroup. Given the low cost and relative ease of implementation, our hope is that this chapter will provide a practical guide for those planning to use indirect contact interventions with children and youth in diverse societies.
Promoting Prosocial Behavior Toward Refugees: Exploring the Empathy-Attitude-Action Model in Middle Childhood
Authors: Glen Catherine , Taylor Laura K. , Dautel Jocelyn B. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGiven the current global “refugee crisis,” there is a need for research investigating methods to promote positive intergroup relationships in host communities. This chapter will explore how empathy can be used to encourage host-society children to develop positive attitudes and engage in helping and prosocial behaviors toward refugees. The focus will be on middle childhood, a period when youth acquire advanced forms of perspective taking and an increased understanding of intergroup dynamics. This chapter extends prior research in adult populations by applying the empathy-attitudes-action model as an intervention for preparing children to engage positively toward incoming refugee children. This model outlines that inducing empathy toward a member of a stigmatized group may improve out-group attitudes as a whole, and in turn, increase prosocial behavior toward that collective out-group. Furthermore, the chapter recognizes the agency of children in establishing harmonious intergroup relations and in creating peaceful and inclusive societies. This chapter concludes with a call to action, advocating for the implementation of preventative programs that prepare children to engage meaningfully with their new peers.
Empowerment of Intergroup Harmony and Equity
Authors: Bigazzi Sara , Serdült Sára , Bokrétás Ildikó 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe impact of empowerment interventions is often short-lived because they are not anchored in changes in the wider social and structural context. This chapter draws its inspiration from social representation theory and social identity theory. Several theoretical propositions are derived from these theories that bear on the effectiveness of empowerment interventions. Drawing on field experiences with Roma communities and young unemployed people in Hungary and Italy, we demonstrate how a focus on intergroup interactions, between minority and majority group members, is central to the empowerment process. In addition, we address the role of power and the means by which power can be dissembled and more equitably shared. Finally, we discuss the importance of placing contextual factors at the center of our analysis and enacting changes in context in order to arrive at empowerment interventions that produce sustainable changes in intergroup harmony and equity.
Higher spin de Sitter Hilbert space
Authors: Anninos Dionysios , Denef Frederik , Monten Ruben , Sun Zimo 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We propose a complete microscopic definition of the Hilbert space of minimal higher spin de Sitter quantum gravity and its Hartle-Hawking vacuum state. The funda- mental degrees of freedom are 2N bosonic fields living on the future conformal boundary, where N is proportional to the de Sitter horizon entropy. The vacuum state is normalizable. The model agrees in perturbation theory with expectations from a previously proposed dS- CFT description in terms of a fermionic Sp(N) model, but it goes beyond this, both in its conceptual scope and in its computational power. In particular it resolves the apparent pathologies affecting the Sp(N) model, and it provides an exact formula for late time vac- uum correlation functions. We illustrate this by computing probabilities for arbitrarily large field excursions, and by giving fully explicit examples of vacuum 3- and 4-point functions. We discuss bulk reconstruction and show the perturbative bulk QFT canonical commuta- tions relations can be reproduced from the fundamental operator algebra, but only up to a minimal error term ∼ e−O(N ), and only if the operators are coarse grained in such a way that the number of accessible “pixels” is less than O(N ). Independent of this, we show that upon gauging the higher spin symmetry group, one is left with 2N physical degrees of freedom, and that all gauge invariant quantities can be computed by a 2N × 2N matrix model. This suggests a concrete realization of the idea of cosmological complementarity.
On explicit formulae of LMOV invariants
Authors: Zhu Shengmao 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe started a program to study the open string integrality invariants (LMOV invariants) for toric Calabi-Yau 3-folds with Aganagic-Vafa brane (AV-brane) several years ago. This paper is devoted to the case of resolved conifold with one out AV-brane in any integer framingτ, which is the largeNduality of Chern-Simons theory for a framed unknot with integer framingτinS3. By using the methods from string dualities, we compute several explicit formulae of the corresponding LMOV invariants for this special model, whose integrality properties have been proved in a separated paper [56].
Systematic classification of two-loop d = 4 Dirac neutrino mass models and the Diracness-dark matter stability connection
Authors: Chuliá Salvador Centelles , Cepedello Ricardo , Peinado Eduardo , Srivastava Rahul 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe provide a complete systematic classification of all two-loop realizations of the dimension four operator for Dirac neutrino masses. Our classification is multi-layered, starting first with a classification in terms of all possible distinct two looptopologies. Then we discuss the possiblediagramsfor each topology.Model-diagramsoriginating from each diagram are then considered. The criterion forgenuinenessis also defined and discussed at length. Finally, as examples, we construct two explicit models which also serve to highlight the intimate connection between the Dirac nature of neutrinos and the stability of dark matter.
QCD axion on hilltop by a phase shift of π.
Authors: Takahashi Fuminobu , Yin Wen 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

We show that the initial misalignment angle of the QCD axion (or axion-like particles) can be set very close to π, if the QCD axion has a mixing with another heavy axion which induces the phase shift ≈ π after inflation. In the simplest case, the heavy axion plays the role of the inflaton, and we call such inflation as “πnflation”. The basic idea was first proposed by Daido and the present authors in ref. [1] in 2017 and more recently discussed in ref. [2]. We show that the QCD axion with a decay constant f

a
≳ 3 × 109 GeV can explain dark matter by the πnflation mechanism. A large fraction of the parameter region has an overlap with the projected sensitivity of ORGAN, MADMAX, TOORAD and IAXO. We also study implications for the effective neutrino species and isocurvature perturbations. The πnflation can provide an initial condition for the hilltop inflation in the axion landscape, and in a certain set-up, a chain of the hilltop inflation may take place.
Three-loop form factors for Higgs boson pair production in the large top mass limit
Authors: Davies Joshua , Steinhauser Matthias 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

We consider the virtual corrections to Higgs boson pair production at next-to- next-to-leading order, in the large top quark mass limit. We compute five expansion terms for the box-type form factors and eight expansion terms for the triangle form factor, which serve as useful input for the construction of approximations. We present analytic results for the form factors in the soft-virtual approximation.
From a technical point of view the calculation is quite challenging since huge intermediate expressions are produced. We describe our methods and optimizations to overcome these difficulties, which might be useful for other calculations.
Determinants of the spatial distribution of exporters in regions: the role of ownership
Authors: Nazarczuk Jarosław M. , Umiński Stanisław , Brodzicki Tomasz 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Spatial distribution of exporters only recently has attracted the attention of researchers, while the location of economic activity as such has been subject of profound analysis for a long time. Regions have become more open and thus vulnerable to external shocks. Nevertheless, the increase in the number of exporters in the population of firms is one of the top priorities of regions’ economic policy agenda, as it improves competitiveness and overall productivity. Literature overview shows an important gap, which is insufficient consideration of the role of ownership, as regards the determinants of the spatial distribution of exporters. The study identifies the differences between the determinants of spatial location of foreign-owned exporters (FOEs) and domestic-owned exporters (DOEs), in particular the role of metropolis, the proximity to infrastructure and the consequences of historical factors and thus the path dependency. The FOEs and DOEs differ in their location preferences. In particular, our results indicate that FOEs pay more attention to proximity to infrastructure and are more susceptible to the presence of agglomeration externalities in the vicinity of metropolitan areas. In addition, historical factors affect the spatial distribution of exporters, especially if the interaction of path dependency and infrastructure endowment is introduced.