bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are out‐of‐school adolescents at higher risk of adverse health outcomes? Evidence from 9 diverse settings in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: De Neve Jan‐Walter , Karlsson Omar , Canavan Chelsey R. , Chukwu Angela , Adu‐Afarwuah Seth , Bukenya Justine , Darling Anne Marie , Harling Guy , Moshabela Mosa , Killewo Japhet , Fink Günther , Fawzi Wafaie W. , Berhane Yemane 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesWe analysed mutually comparable surveys on adolescent attitudes and behaviours from nine sites in seven sub‐Saharan African countries, to determine the relationship between school enrolment and adolescent health outcomes.MethodsData from the Africa Research, Implementation Science, and Education Network cross‐sectional adolescent health surveys were used to examine the associations of current school enrolment, self‐reported general health and four major adolescent health domains: (i) sexual and reproductive health; (ii) nutrition and non‐communicable diseases; (iii) mental health, violence and injury; and (iv) healthcare utilisation. We used multivariable Poisson regression models to calculate relative risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI), controlling for demographic and socio‐economic characteristics. We assessed heterogeneity by gender and study site.ResultsAcross 7829 adolescents aged 10–19, 70.5% were in school at the time of interview. In‐school adolescents were 14.3% more likely (95% CI: 6–22) to report that their life is going well; 51.2% less likely (95% CI: 45–67) to report ever having had sexual intercourse; 32.6% more likely (95% CI: 9–61) to report unmet need for health care; and 30.1% less likely (95% CI: 15–43) to report having visited a traditional healer. School enrolment was not significantly associated with malnutrition, low mood, violence or injury. Substantial heterogeneity was identified between genders for sexual and reproductive health, and in‐school adolescents were particularly less likely to report adverse health outcomes in settings with high average school enrolment.ConclusionsSchool enrolment is strongly associated with sexual and reproductive health and healthcare utilisation outcomes across nine sites in sub‐Saharan Africa. Keeping adolescents in school may improve key health outcomes, something that can be explored through future longitudinal, mixed‐methods, and (quasi‐)experimental studies.
Sexual behaviours among adolescents in a rural setting in eastern Uganda: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Bukenya Justine Nnakate , Nakafeero Mary , Ssekamatte Tonny , Isabirye Nathan , Guwatudde David , Fawzi Wafaie W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveGlobally as adolescents transition into adulthood, some engage in risky sexual behaviours. Such risky behaviours expose adolescents to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV infection. Our objective was to examine sexual practices of adolescents (aged 10–19 years) in eastern Uganda and identify factors associated with having ever had sexual intercourse.MethodsFace‐to‐face interviews were conducted using a standardised questionnaire among randomly selected adolescents residing within the Iganga‐Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site in eastern Uganda. Crude and adjusted prevalence rate ratios (PRR) were estimated using the Modified Poisson regression model to identify factors associated with adolescents having ever had sex.ResultsOf the 598 adolescents studied, 108 (18.1%) reported ever having had sexual intercourse, of whom 20 (18.5%) had ever gotten pregnant. Adolescents who reported to be out of school, 76 (12.7%), were more likely to have ever had sexual intercourse (PRR = 1.82, CI = 1.09–3.01). Females were less likely to ever have had sexual intercourse (PRR 0.69 (0.51–0.93) than males. History of ever having had sexual intercourse was associated with adolescents sexting (PRR = 1.54, CI: 1.14–2.08), watching sexually explicit films (PRR = 2.29 Cl: 1.60 ‐ 3.29) and experiencing verbal jokes about sexual intentions (PRR = 1.76, Cl: 1.27 ‐ 2.44).ConclusionsA majority of participants reported not being sexually active; however, interventions should be required for both sexually active and not sexually active adolescents. Programmes targeted at adolescents in this and similar communities should include comprehensive sex education, and contraceptive distribution among adolescents. In particular, urgent interventions are needed to guide adolescents as they use social media.
Prevalence and risk factors associated with malnutrition among adolescents in rural Tanzania
Authors: Ismail Abbas , Darling Anne Marie , Mosha Dominic , Fawzi Wafaie , Sudfeld Christopher , Sando Mary Mwanyika , Abdallah Noor Ramadhani , Charles James , Vuai Said 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with malnutrition among adolescents in a rural Tanzanian community.MethodsCross‐sectional survey of 1226 randomly selected adolescents from the Dodoma Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) in the Chamwino district in the Dodoma region. Anthropometric measurements for weight and height were collected. Height‐for‐age‐z‐scores (HAZs) and body mass index (BMI)‐for‐age‐z‐scores (BAZs) were computed. Descriptive estimates were documented in graphs and tables, and weighted linear regression models were used to examine predictors of malnutrition.ResultsStunting prevalence was 18%, and thinness prevalence was 14%. Overweight and obesity affected 5.23% of participants. Girls had higher HAZs (β: 0.46, 95% CI 0.33, 0.59, P < 0.0001) and BAZs (β: 0.20, 95% CI 0.05, 0.35, P = 0.0098) than boys. Age was inversely associated with HAZs (β: −0.13, 95% CI −0.17, −0.08, P < 0.0001) and BAZs (β: −0.05, 95% CI −0.10, −0.004, P = 0.0327). Wealth score (β: 0.10, 95% CI 0.04, 0.16, P = 0.0009) and dietary diversity score (β: 0.04, 95% CI 0.01, 0.07, P = 0.0080) were positively associated with HAZs and BAZs. Out‐of‐school adolescents had higher HAZs (β: −0.49, 95% CI −0.75, −0.23, P = 0.0003) and BAZs (β: −0.68, 95% CI −0.99, −0.37, P < 0.0001) than adolescents who attended school.ConclusionThere are substantial variations of HAZs and BAZs across gender, age, education and wealth, with an emerging burden of overweight and obesity among adolescents in this rural population. Interventions are urgently required to curb both ends of the malnutrition spectrum.
Combining GAL4 GFP enhancer trap with split luciferase to measure spatiotemporal promoter activity in Arabidopsis
Authors: Román Ángela , Golz John F. , Webb Alex A. R. , Graham Ian A. , Haydon Michael J. 
Published: November 2019

SummaryIn multicellular organisms different types of tissues have distinct gene expression profiles associated with specific function or structure of the cell. Quantification of gene expression in whole organs or whole organisms can give misleading information about levels or dynamics of expression in specific cell types. Tissue‐ or cell‐specific analysis of gene expression has potential to enhance our understanding of gene regulation and interactions of cell signalling networks. The Arabidopsis circadian oscillator is a gene network which orchestrates rhythmic expression across the day/night cycle. There is heterogeneity between cell and tissue types of the composition and behaviour of the oscillator. In order to better understand the spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression, flexible tools are required. By combining a Gateway®‐compatible split luciferase construct with a GAL4 GFP enhancer trap system, we describe a tissue‐specific split luciferase assay for non‐invasive detection of spatiotemporal gene expression in Arabidopsis. We demonstrate the utility of this enhancer trap‐compatible split luciferase assay (ETSLA) system to investigate tissue‐specific dynamics of circadian gene expression. We confirm spatial heterogeneity of circadian gene expression in Arabidopsis leaves and describe the resources available to investigate any gene of interest.
Foreign direct investment and inequality: Evidence from China's policy change
Authors: Johansson Anders C. , Liu Dan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on local urban inequality in China. Specifically, we consider the FDI policy change as an exogenous shock on the local labour markets. We find that cities that have experienced a bigger policy change in promoting FDI between 1997 and 2002 are significantly more unequal in 2005. This pattern is mainly driven by the positive association between FDI liberalisation and skill premia. The result holds after we control for other policy changes, such as privatisation of state‐owned enterprises, infrastructure and trade liberalisation. We then turn to investigate the mechanisms using firm and individual‐level information. Our firm‐level evidence shows that FDI firms not only hire relatively more high‐skilled workers but also provide relatively higher wages to high‐skilled workers compared to domestic firms. Moreover, the individual‐level analysis shows that FDI has a significantly positive spillover effect on wages received by skilled workers employed by state‐owned enterprises, but not wages of unskilled workers.
Evaluation of cytology and histopathology for the diagnosis of canine orbital neoplasia: 112 cases (2004‐2019) and review of the literature
Authors: Flaherty Edward H. , Robinson Nicholas A. , Pizzirani Stefano , Pumphrey Stephanie A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo provide an updated overview of canine orbital neoplasia, to compare diagnostic utility of cytology and histopathology, and to evaluate alternative sampling modalities, particularly image‐guided core needle biopsy.ProceduresA medical records search was performed to identify dogs with orbital neoplasia. Data were collected regarding signalment, diagnosis, vision status, imaging modalities, and sample collection methods. A reference population with orbital neoplasia was also identified via literature search for comparison with regard to final diagnosis.ResultsOne hundred and twelve dogs met selection criteria. In the study and reference populations, respectively, diagnoses were grouped as follows: mesenchymal tumors 40% and 35%, epithelial tumors 35% and 18%, tumors of neural origin 8% and 37%, and round cell 17% and 10%. The most common diagnoses in the study group were nasal adenocarcinoma, osteosarcoma, lymphoma, and meningioma. Cytology results were available for 47 dogs and histopathology results were available for 95 dogs. Both cytology and histopathology results were available for 30 dogs, in 53% of which results were discordant. Cytology samples were nondiagnostic or provided a diagnosis that was later overturned in 32% of cases in which they were obtained. Results from core needle biopsy samples were nondiagnostic or overturned by surgical biopsy results in only 13% of cases. No significant complications were associated with any sampling method.ConclusionsOrbital neoplasia is common in dogs. Histopathology is superior to cytology in providing a definitive diagnosis. Image‐guided core needle biopsy appears to be a safe and effective means of obtaining samples.
Physiological basis of brief vigorous exercise to improve health
Authors: Gibala Martin J. , Little Jonathan P. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis review considers the physiological basis of brief vigorous exercise to improve health, with a focus on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and glycaemic control, and the potential underlying mechanisms involved. We defined ‘brief’ as a protocol lasting ≤15 min including warm‐up, cool‐down and recovery, and involving a total of ≤5 min of ‘vigorous’ exercise, which was classified as meeting or exceeding the lower end of the range for this relative intensity as per the criteria from the American College of Sports Medicine. The physiological mechanisms responsible for the increase in CRF, as measured by maximal oxygen update (), after brief vigorous exercise are unclear and likely depend on various factors including the specific nature of the intervention as well as the time course of the response. Limited available evidence suggests the potential for an increased oxygen extraction by active muscle (i.e. greater arterio‐venous oxygen difference), since an increase in has been reported after several weeks of brief vigorous exercise despite no measurable change in cardiac output. Emerging evidence indicates that brief vigorous exercise can improve glycaemic control, suggesting that this type of exercise could potentially play a role in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. The acute response is not well characterized but several studies have shown that several weeks of vigorous exercise improves estimates of insulin sensitivity as determined by various methods including by hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp. The physiological mechanisms underlying improved CRF and glycaemic control after brief vigorous exercise, and the broader impact on health, remain fruitful areas of investigation.
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Closed-Form Calculation of Lead Flank Modification Proposal for Spur and Helical Gear Stages
Authors: Weinberger Uwe , Otto Michael K. , Stahl Karsten 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Due to the growing need for gearboxes to be as lightweight and efficient as possible, it is most important that the gear mesh’s potential is utilized as well as possible. One way of doing that is to define a flank modification that optimally distributes the load over the flank. Best practice for defining a flank modification is to manually check out the load distribution and to define a value of the flank modification. In general, this is an iterative method to get an optimally distributed load. This method can also be automated. To do this, the deformations of the gearbox (shafts, bearings, gear mesh) are calculated. With those results, a modification proposal is calculated and applied to the calculation model. As soon as the values for the next additional modification proposal drop under a certain limit, the iteration is finished. This method consumes time and computing power. Additionally, since it is an iteration, it does not always converge. A new method for calculating the lead flank modification for all gear stages in the gearbox to be calculated is presented in this paper. The method shown in this paper uses additional degrees of freedom and equations, which are integrated into the linear equation system of the gearbox model. Those degrees of freedom and the equations apply the boundary condition to the model of a constant load distribution. By introducing additional factors in the equations, it is possible to calculate a lead flank modification for an arbitrary load distribution. By integrating these additional degrees of freedom and the equations, only one additional calculation is needed to get a modification proposal. Examples throughout this paper show the results of this method.
3D Design Using Generative Adversarial Networks and Physics-Based Validation
Authors: Shu Dule , Cunningham James , Stump Gary , Miller Simon W. , Yukish Michael A. , Simpson Timothy W. , Tucker Conrad S. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The authors present a generative adversarial network (GAN) model that demonstrates how to generate 3D models in their native format so that they can be either evaluated using complex simulation environments or realized using methods such as additive manufacturing. Once initially trained, the GAN can create additional training data itself by generating new designs, evaluating them in a physics-based virtual environment, and adding the high performing ones to the training set. A case study involving a GAN model that is initially trained on 4045 3D aircraft models is used for demonstration, where a training data set that has been updated with GAN-generated and evaluated designs results in enhanced model generation, in both the geometric feasibility and performance of the designs. Z-tests on the performance scores of the generated aircraft models indicate a statistically significant improvement in the functionality of the generated models after three iterations of the training-evaluation process. In the case study, a number of techniques are explored to structure the generate-evaluate process in order to balance the need to generate feasible designs with the need for innovative designs.
Efficiency-Driven Design Methodology of Gerotor Hydraulic Units
Authors: Tessari Federico , Galluzzi Renato , Amati Nicola 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Gerotor machines are internal gear hydraulic devices that present numerous performance benefits with respect to other topologies. For this reason, they find their application in high-efficiency mechatronic devices, such as electro-hydrostatic actuators. When designing gerotor machines either as a motor or pump, there are numerous parameters to choose, with different influences on the mechanical and volumetric efficiency behavior. Some of these aspects have been addressed in previous research works, while other important features like the tooth aspect ratio have been partially or completely neglected. Hence, it is the goal of this paper to present a methodology, as linear and generic as possible, to tackle the design of gerotor units. The proposed design method is numerically validated through a case study, where dedicated computational fluid dynamics models are used to assess the performance of the prototype.
Optimum Size of ORC Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery in Natural Gas Compressor Stations
Authors: Branchini L. , Ancona M. A. , Bianchi M. , De Pascale A. , Melino F. , Peretto A. , Ottaviano S. , Torricelli N. , Archetti D. , Rossetti N. , Ferrari T. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The paper investigates the optimum size and potential economic, energetic and environmental benefits of ORC applications, as bottomer section in natural gas compressor stations. Since typical installations consist of multiple gas turbine units in mechanical drive arrangement, operated most of the time under part-load conditions, the economic feasibility of the ORC can become questionable even though the energetic advantage is indisputable. Depending on mechanical drivers profile during the year the optium size of the bottomer section must be carefully selected in order not to overestimate its design power output. To achieve this goal a numerical optimization procedure has been implemented in the Matlab environment, based on the integration of a in house-developed calculation code with a commercial software for the thermodynamic design and off-design analysis of complex energy systems (Thermoflex). Thus the optimal ORC design power size is identified in the most generic scenario, in terms of compressors load profile, installation site conditions (i.e. ambient conditions and carbon tax value) and gas turbine models used as drivers. Two different objective functions are defined aiming at maximize the CO2 savings or the net present value. Different case studies are shown and discussed to prove the potential of the developed code. The comparison among the case studies highlights, chiefly, the influence of yearly mechanical drivers profile, part-load control strategy applied and carbon tax value on the ORC techno-economic feasibility.
Experimental and Analytical Analysis of Aero-Derivative Micro Gas Turbine Heat Transfer and Performance
Authors: Grönman Aki , Sallinen Petri , Honkatukia Juha , Backman Jari , Uusitalo Antti , Nerg Janne , Jaatinen-Värri Ahti 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Small-scale gas turbines offer a light weight alternative to engine generators. Despite the many benefits of a micro gas turbine, its efficiency cannot match that of its competitors. This discrepancy is mostly due to Reynolds number losses in turbomachinery but also partly due to internal heat transfer problems, which degrade the performance below what is adiabatically expected. In general, a good understanding about the heat transfer inside the machine is of paramount importance, and innovative engineering solutions are required to improve overall performance. Overall, one of the less exploited areas in the public literature is the effect of the generator cooling approach. Small jet engines can be used as a simple and affordable foundation to produce portable aero derivative micro gas turbines for demonstrating the specific challenges they face but also to study different flow configurations. This study presents combined analytical and experimental analysis of a portable aero derivative micro gas turbine with three main objectives. The first objective is to evaluate the contributions of different heat leakage losses on the overall performance. The second objective is to compare the influence of different generator cooling approaches. And the third objective is to evaluate the effect of different technical modifications. As a result, suggestions are given about the most suitable machine layouts and the importance of several design choices.
An Investigation of the End-Notched Flexure and End-Loaded Split Tests Applied to the Mode II Interlaminar Fracture of a SiC/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composite
Authors: Presby Michael J. , Manigandan K. , Morscher Gregory N. , Godines Cody , Eftekharian Amir , Ahmad Jalees , Abdi Frank , Choi Sung R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Delamination is a common failure mode observed in ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) and occurs as a result of applied interlaminar tensile and shear stresses exceeding the interlaminar strength. As CMCs are further implemented into aero engines the need to understand their interlaminar failure becomes increasingly important. While significant contributions have been made toward understanding the mode I fracture toughness of CMCs, limited work exists on mode II. Several test methods for measuring the mode II fracture toughness have been proposed in literature, namely the end-notched flexure (ENF) and the end-loaded split (ELS) tests. This work investigates the mode II fracture toughness of a melt-infiltrated SiC/SiC CMC at ambient temperature using the ENF and ELS test methods. Acoustic emission (AE), direct current potential drop (DCPD), and digital image correlation (DIC) are implemented as health monitoring techniques to monitor crack initiation and propagation. Results show reasonable correlation between the two test methods and that the ELS test method is better suited for characterizing R-curve behavior.
Anomaly Detection in Gas Turbine Time Series by Means of Bayesian Hierarchical Models
Authors: Losi Enzo , Venturini Mauro , Manservigi Lucrezia , Ceschini Giuseppe Fabio , Bechini Giovanni 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Nowadays, gas turbines are equipped with an increasing number of sensors, of which the acquired data are used for monitoring and diagnostic purposes. Therefore, anomaly detection in sensor time series is a crucial aspect for raw data cleaning, in order to identify accurate and reliable data.
To this purpose, a novel methodology based on Bayesian Hierarchical Models (BHMs) is proposed in this paper. The final aim is the exploitation of information held by a pool of observations from redundant sensors as knowledge base to generate statistically consistent measurements according to input data. In this manner, it is possible to simulate a “virtual” healthy sensor, also known as digital twin, to be used for sensor fault identification.
The capability of the novel methodology based on BHM is assessed by using field data with two types of implanted faults, i.e. spikes and bias faults. The analyses consider different numbers of faulty sensors within the pool and different fault magnitudes, so that different levels of fault severity can be investigated.
The results demonstrate that the new approach is successful in most fault scenarios for both spike and bias faults and provide guidelines to tune the detection criterion based on the morphology of the available data.