bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syntactic Complexity in Adapted Teaching Materials: Differences Among Grade Levels and Implications for Benchmarking
Authors: JIN TAN , LU XIAOFEI , NI JING 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAn extensive body of research has investigated the role of syntactic complexity in gauging the linguistic complexity of reading texts, particularly for the purpose of determining their grade appropriateness. However, little such research has focused on adapted teaching materials for English as a foreign language (EFL) contexts, and to date there has been no systematic effort in establishing syntactic complexity benchmarks to guide text adaptation practices in such contexts. This paper reports on a large‐scale study that assessed the quantitative differences in syntactic complexity among adapted teaching materials for different grade levels in the EFL curricula in China. Our data consisted of 3,368 adapted English texts solicited from a corpus of teaching materials approved for use in the 12 primary and secondary grade levels in China by the Chinese Ministry of Education. All texts were analyzed using 8 syntactic complexity measures representing different dimensions of syntactic complexity. All 8 measures showed significant between‐level differences with moderate to large effect sizes and nonuniform patterns of progression, and 5 measures were identified as significant predictors of grade levels in a logistic regression analysis. The implications of our results for establishing syntactic complexity benchmarks to inform future text adaptation practices are discussed.
Language Learning Motivation as a Complex Dynamic System: A Global Perspective of Truth, Control, and Value
Authors: PAPI MOSTAFA , HIVER PHIL 
Published: January 2020

AbstractResearch on language learning motivation has typically focused on the strength of different motives in isolation and often out of context. The present study aims to explore the applicability of one global framework of motivation to integrate different perspectives. We investigated how adaptive interactions between learners’ motivations for value, truth, and control effectiveness, and contextual factors led to varying motivational trajectories and patterns of emergent stability at different stages of the language‐learning experiences of 6 Iranian graduate students learning English in the United States. Using a retrospective‐longitudinal design, quasi‐narrative accounts of key phases of the learners’ language‐learning histories were documented through interviews. These data were analyzed following an analytic inductive approach to identify the main events within different contexts, themes associated with each setting, and other bottom‐up conceptual categories. Using a process‐tracing procedure our results showed that dynamic processes and adaptive or competitive interactions between value‐, control‐, and truth‐related motivations and the context in which they emerged resulted in specific motivational trajectories that shaped these learners’ language‐learning choices and experiences. We discuss the contribution of these novel frameworks for understanding the complex motivational development of language learners.
Climatic limits of temperate rainforest tree species are explained by xylem embolism resistance among angiosperms but not among conifers
Authors: Laughlin Daniel C. , Delzon Sylvain , Clearwater Michael J. , Bellingham Peter J. , McGlone Matthew S. , Richardson Sarah J. 
Published: January 2020

Summary

Hydraulic failure explains much of the increased rates of drought‐induced tree mortality around the world, underlining the importance of understanding how species distributions are shaped by their vulnerability to embolism. Here we determined which physiological traits explain species climatic limits among temperate rainforest trees in a region where chronic water limitation is uncommon.

We quantified the variation in stem embolism vulnerability and leaf turgor loss point among 55 temperate rainforest tree species in New Zealand and tested which traits were most strongly related to species climatic limits.

Leaf turgor loss point and stem P50 (tension at which hydraulic conductance is at 50% of maximum) were uncorrelated. Stem P50 and hydraulic safety margin were the most strongly related physiological traits to climatic limits among angiosperms, but not among conifers. Morphological traits such as wood density and leaf dry matter content did not explain species climatic limits.

Stem embolism resistance and leaf turgor loss point appear to have evolved independently. Embolism resistance is the most useful predictor of the climatic limits of angiosperm trees. High embolism resistance in the curiously overbuilt New Zealand conifers suggests that their xylem properties may be more closely related to growing slowly under nutrient limitation and to resistance to microbial decomposition.
Temporomandibular disorders: a review of current concepts in aetiology, diagnosis and management
Authors: Kapos F.P. , Exposto F.G. , Oyarzo J.F. , Durham J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTemporomandibular disorders (TMD) is a collective term for a group of musculoskeletal conditions involving pain and/or dysfunction in the masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and associated structures. It is the most common type of non‐odontogenic orofacial pain and patients can present with pain affecting the face/head, TMJ and/or teeth, limitations in jaw movement and sounds in the TMJ during jaw movements. Comorbid painful and non‐painful conditions are also common among individuals with TMD. The diagnosis of TMD have significantly improved over time with the recent Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (DC/TMD) being reliable and valid for most common diagnoses, and an efficient way to communicate in multidisciplinary settings. This classification covers 12 most common TMD, including painful (myalgia, arthralgia and headache attributed to TMD) as well as the non‐painful (disc displacements, degenerative joint disease and subluxation) TMD diagnoses. Recent studies have demonstrated that the pathophysiology of common painful TMD is biopsychosocial and multifactorial, where no one factor is responsible for its development. Importantly, research has suggested different predisposing, initiating and perpetuating factors, including both peripheral and central mechanisms. This is an active field of investigation and future studies will not only seek to clarify specific causal pathways but translate this knowledge into mechanism‐directed diagnosis and treatment. In accordance with this complex aetiology, current evidence supports primarily conservative multidisciplinary treatment including self‐management strategies, behavioural therapy, physical therapy and pharmacotherapy. The aim of this review is to present an overview of most recent developments in aetiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of TMD.
Pathological tissue in follicles of surgically exposed un‐erupted teeth: which is the fate?
Authors: Pippi R. , Fino F. , Bosco D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveA retrospective analysis of a case series of permanent teeth with impaired eruption, in which follicular histological changes were found, was performed.Materials and methodsAll cases in which any pathological changes, with the exception of cyst, were found at microscopic examination of follicles of teeth delayed in eruption, surgically treated in the range of time from January 2009 to December 2016, were collected.ResultsEleven pathologic follicles from six patients, whose average age was 14.5 ± 4.1, were found. Involved teeth were nine second and two third molars. The most frequently diagnosed pathologic alteration was an odontogenic fibroma. No clinical and radiographic alterations were found in all treated areas at follow‐up, both in cases where follicles were only partially removed and in those where the entire follicle was removed together with the tooth.ConclusionIn young people, pathological tissue possibly left in situ after surgical exposure of teeth with impaired eruption seems to undergo atrophy, involution or otherwise metaplasia/transformation into normal epithelium during tooth eruption.
A polysaccharide deacetylase from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is an important pathogenicity gene that suppresses plant immunity
Authors: Xu Qiang , Wang Jianfeng , Zhao Jinren , Xu Jinghua , Sun Shutian , Zhang Huifei , Wu JiaJie , Tang Chunlei , Kang Zhensheng , Wang Xiaojie 
Published: January 2020

SummaryThe cell wall of filamentous fungi, comprised of chitin, polysaccharide and glycoproteins, maintains the integrity of hyphae and protect them from defence responses by potential host plants. Here, we report that one polysaccharide deacetylase of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), Pst_13661, suppresses Bax‐induced cell death in plants and Pst_13661 is highly induced during early stages of the interaction between wheat and Pst. Importantly, the transgenic wheat expressing the RNA interference (RNAi) construct of Pst_13661 exhibits high resistance to major Pst epidemic races CYR31, CYR32 and CYR33 by inhibiting growth and development of Pst, indicating that Pst_13661 is an available pathogenicity factor and is a potential target for generating broad‐spectrum resistance breeding material of wheat. It forms a homo‐polymer and has high affinity for chitin and germ tubes of Pst compared with the control. Besides, Pst_13661 suppresses chitin‐induced plant defence in plants. Hence, we infer that Pst_13661 may modify the fungal cell wall to prevent recognition by apoplastic surveillance systems in plants. This study opens new approaches for developing durable disease‐resistant germplasm by disturbing the growth and development of fungi and develops novel strategies to control crop diseases.
Natural variation and CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated mutation in GmPRR37 affect photoperiodic flowering and contribute to regional adaptation of soybean
Authors: Wang Liwei , Sun Shi , Wu Tingting , Liu Luping , Sun Xuegang , Cai Yupeng , Li Jicun , Jia Hongchang , Yuan Shan , Chen Li , Jiang Bingjun , Wu Cunxiang , Hou Wensheng , Han Tianfu 
Published: January 2020

SummaryFlowering time is a critical determinant of the geographic distribution and regional adaptability of soybean (Glycine max) and is strongly regulated by photoperiod and temperature. In this study, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping and subsequent candidate gene analysis revealed that GmPRR37, encoding a pseudo‐response regulator protein, is responsible for the major QTL qFT12‐2, which was identified from a population of 308 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between a very late‐flowering soybean cultivar, ‘Zigongdongdou (ZGDD)’, and an extremely early‐flowering cultivar, ‘Heihe27 (HH27)’, in multiple environments. Comparative analysis of parental sequencing data confirmed that HH27 contains a non‐sense mutation that causes the loss of the CCT domain in the GmPRR37 protein. CRISPR/Cas9‐induced Gmprr37‐ZGDD mutants in soybean exhibited early flowering under natural long‐day (NLD) conditions. Overexpression of GmPRR37 significantly delayed the flowering of transgenic soybean plants compared with wild‐type under long photoperiod conditions. In addition, both the knockout and overexpression of GmPRR37 in soybean showed no significant phenotypic alterations in flowering time under short‐day (SD) conditions. Furthermore, GmPRR37 down‐regulated the expression of the flowering‐promoting FT homologues GmFT2a and GmFT5a, and up‐regulated flowering‐inhibiting FT homologue GmFT1a expression under long‐day (LD) conditions. We analysed haplotypes of GmPRR37 among 180 cultivars collected across China and found natural Gmprr37 mutants flower earlier and enable soybean to be cultivated at higher latitudes. This study demonstrates that GmPRR37 controls soybean photoperiodic flowering and provides opportunities to breed optimized cultivars with adaptation to specific regions and farming systems.
Soybean adaption to high‐latitude regions is associated with natural variations of GmFT2b, an ortholog of FLOWERING LOCUS T
Authors: Chen Li , Cai Yupeng , Qu Mengnan , Wang Liwei , Sun Hongbo , Jiang Bingjun , Wu Tingting , Liu Luping , Sun Shi , Wu Cunxiang , Yao Weiwei , Yuan Shan , Han Tianfu , Hou Wensheng 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTDay length has an important influence on flowering and growth habit in many plant species. In crops such as soybean, photoperiod sensitivity determines the geographical range over which a given cultivar can grow and flower. The soybean genome contains ~10 genes homologous to FT, a central regulator of flowering from Arabidopsis thaliana. However, the precise roles of these soybean FTs are not clearly. Here we show that one such gene, GmFT2b, promotes flowering under long‐days (LDs). Overexpression of GmFT2b upregulates expression of flowering‐related genes which are important in regulating flowering time. We propose a ‘weight’ model for soybean flowering under short‐day (SD) and LD conditions. Furthermore, we examine GmFT2b sequences in 195 soybean cultivars, as well as flowering phenotypes, geographical distributions and maturity groups. We found that Hap3, a major GmFT2b haplotype, is associated with significantly earlier flowering at higher latitudes. We anticipate our assay to provide important resources for the genetic improvement of soybean, including new germplasm for soybean breeding, and also increase our understanding of functional diversity in the soybean FT gene family.
Peter Winch in India 1986 Lecture on Simone Weil
Authors: Winch Peter 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis is a talk given by Peter Winch in 1986 when he would have been nearing completion of his Simone Weil:“The just Balance” (1989). The talk was given to a small group in Mahabaleshwar in the Indian state of Maharashtra, and the transcription by Michael Campbell is from a recording made by Prabodh Parikh who, with Probal Dasgupta and Michael McGhee, initiated the Convivium series of meetings between Indian and Western philosophers.
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in penaeid shrimp
Authors: Kumar Ramya , Ng Tze Hann , Wang Han‐Ching 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAsian countries are the major producers of cultured Penaeid shrimps such as Penaeus monodon and Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei. In recent years, shrimp production has declined due to the emergence of a bacterial disease called acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). This disease is mainly caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, but other Vibrio species are also known to cause AHPND in shrimps. Here, in addition to reviewing recent developments in the field of AHPND diagnosis, host responses to AHPND, the role of microbiota during AHPND infection and the current treatment options for AHPND, we also describe a model of AHPND pathogenesis.
Toward a social psychophysiology of vagally mediated heart rate variability: Concepts and methods in self‐regulation, emotion, and interpersonal processes
Authors: Smith Timothy W. , Deits‐Lebehn Carlene , Williams Paula G. , Baucom Brian R. W. , Uchino Bert N. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTheory and research on self‐regulation, emotional adjustment, and interpersonal processes focus increasingly on parasympathetic functioning, using measures of vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) or respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). This review describes models of vmHRV in these areas, and issues in measurement and analysis. We propose a framework organizing theory and research as examining (a) vmHRV as an individual difference or a situational response, and (b) resting, reactive, or recovery levels. Evidence supports interpretation of individual differences in resting vmHRV as a broad biomarker for adaptive functioning, but its specificity and underlying mechanisms require elaboration. Individual differences in vagal reactivity (i.e., trait‐like differences in vmHRV decreases during challenge or stress) are less commonly studied in adults and results are mixed. Many stressors and challenges evoke temporary decreases in vmHRV, and in some research self‐regulatory effort evokes increases. In a smaller literature, positive interpersonal experiences and some restorative processes increase resting vmHRV, whereas depletion of self‐regulatory capacity through related effort decreases it. Greater attention to conceptual distinctions regarding vmHRV constructs and several methodological issues will strengthen future research. Importantly, researchers should exercise caution in equating vmHRV with specific psychosocial constructs, especially in the absence of converging assessments and precise experimental manipulations.
Promoting mathematical proof from collective argumentation in primary school
Authors: Cervantes-Barraza Jonathan Alberto , Hernandez Moreno Antonia , Rumsey Chepina 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to promote the construction of mathematical proof from argumentation at the primary level. To show this is a viable instructional strategy at the primary level, we use a teaching experiment methodology and a task related to geometric proof in this research study. To model and analyze the collective argumentation that took place in the classroom, we reconstructed the discussion using the extended Toulmin model. Collective argumentation at the primary level is a valuable opportunity for primary students and their teachers to generate mathematical proof through collaboration.
Textbook representations of radian angle measure: The need to build on the quantitative view of angle
Authors: Alyami Hanan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEmpirical studies of angle, angle measure, and radian angle measure have primarily focused on documenting students' and teachers' conceptions. Representations of angle measure have the potential to inform and build on these conceptions. To gain insight into the concept of radian angle measure from a curricular perspective, I investigated the representations of radian angle measure in eight widely used U.S. high school mathematics textbooks. The data for this study are the 20 figures and the 8 definitions of radian angle measure in the textbooks. Inductive content analysis was used to identify the frequency of observable characteristics in the representations. Textbook figures of radian angle measure most frequently focus on a one‐radian angle. Textbook figures also demonstrated radian angle measures in terms of π, in standard position, even when the Cartesian‐coordinate plane was not in the figure. The frequently used characteristics of radian representations could inadvertently reinforce a qualitative concept of angle, instead of fostering the quantitative attributes of radian angle measure. Moving forward, analyzing conceptions that are evoked by the frequently used representations of radian angle measure could build a link between evidence from this study and studies of learning.
Teachers’ responses to student mathematical thinking in Chinese elementary mathematics classrooms
Authors: Sun Li 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRecent research on teachers’ use of student mathematical thinking (SMT) and recommendations for effective mathematics instruction claim that how teachers respond to SMT has great impact on student mathematical learning in the classroom. This study examined some Chinese mathematics teachers’ responses to student in‐the‐moment mathematical thinking that emerged during whole class discussion. The findings of this study revealed that the majority of Chinese elementary mathematics teachers in the data involved the whole group of students to make sense of in‐the‐moment SMT. They either invited students to digest SMT involved in the instance or provided an extension of the instance to further develop student mathematical understanding.
Exploring the state of science stereotypes: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the Draw‐A‐Scientist Checklist
Authors: Ferguson Sarah L. , Lezotte Stephanie M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis systematic review and meta‐analysis examined recent articles that have used the 1995 Draw‐A‐Scientist Checklist (DAST‐C). This study was focused on the current state of students' stereotypes of scientists and the appropriateness of the DAST‐C as a tool to assess these perceptions. Articles included in the review were published between 2003 and 2018, resulting in n = 30 studies. Mean results across studies are presented to describe current stereotypes of scientists, and the current format of the DAST‐C is evaluated. Findings suggest that students' perceptions of scientists have largely remained consistent across time: scientists are still perceived as Caucasian, middle‐aged or elderly males who wear lab coats and work indoors. However, while the DAST‐C is a generally appropriate measure to assess students' perceptions of scientists, recommended revisions to the DAST‐C could assist in capturing more modern scientist stereotypes and culturally bound perceptions of scientists.
On the Syntax and Semantics of the Transitivity of Prepositional Verbs in Arabic
Authors: Al‐Raba'a Basem Ibrahim Malawi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractArabic Prepositional verbs, verbs obligatorily forming a combination with a certain preposition they select, differ from single (one‐word) transitive verbs or intransitive verbs in that they display distinctive syntactic behaviors concerning theta and Case assignment. This article will offer a syntactic account of the transitivity feature of prepositional verbs by examining their structural configuration and thematic representation. I will show that prepositional verbs are two‐place predicates, that the prepositions in such constructions are semantically vacuous but serve a Case‐checking function, and that such prepositions are defective due to their being obligatorily selected by the verb, which results in the formation of a head‐licensing chain that renders them transparent to theta and Case assignment. While I will argue that theta licensing allows the verb to directly theta‐mark the object of the preposition, Case licensing of objects of prepositions differs in that the preposition obligatorily assigns genitive Case only to the specifier of its complement, optionally permitting the verb to assign accusative Case to the rest of the elements in the complement. Such theta and Case licensing is possible only in configurations wherein a prepositional phrase occurs as a complement of the verb.
Incidence and outcomes of invasive fungal infection among solid organ transplant recipients: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Hosseini‐Moghaddam Seyed M. , Ouédraogo Alexandra , Naylor Kyla L. , Bota Sarah E. , Husain Shahid , Nash Danielle M. , Paterson J. Michael 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundInvasive fungal infection (IFI) in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The long‐term probability of post‐transplant IFI is poorly understood.MethodsWe conducted a population‐based cohort study using linked administrative healthcare databases from Ontario, Canada, to determine the incidence rate; 1‐, 5‐, and 10‐year cumulative probabilities of IFI; and post‐IFI all‐cause mortality in SOT recipients from 2002 to 2016. We also determined post‐IFI, death‐censored renal allograft failure.ResultsWe included 9326 SOT recipients (median follow‐up: 5.35 years). Overall, the incidence of IFI was 8.3 per 1000 person‐years. The 1‐year cumulative probability of IFI was 7.4% for lung, 5.4% for heart, 1.8% for liver, 1.2% for kidney‐pancreas, and 1.1% for kidney‐only allograft recipients. Lung transplant recipients had the highest incidence rate and 10‐year probability of IFI: 43.0 per 1000 person‐years and 26.4%, respectively. The 1‐year all‐cause mortality rate after IFI was 34.3%. IFI significantly increased the risk of mortality in SOT recipients over the entire follow‐up period (hazard ratio: 6.50, 95% CI: 5.69‐7.42). The 1‐year probability of death‐censored renal allograft failure after IFI was 9.8%.ConclusionLong‐term cumulative probability of IFI varies widely among SOT recipients. Lung transplantation was associated with the highest incidence of IFI with considerable 1‐year all‐cause mortality.