Implementation and evaluation of nonclinical interventions for appropriate use of cesarean section in low- and middle-income countries: protocol for a multisite hybrid effectiveness-implementation type III trial
Authors: Dumont Alexandre , Betrán Ana Pilar , Kaboré Charles , de Loenzien Myriam , Lumbiganon Pisake , Bohren Meghan A. , Mac Quoc Nhu Hung , Opiyo Newton , Carroli Guillermo , Annerstedt Kristi Sidney , Ridde Valéry , Escuriet Ramón , Robson Michael , Hanson Claudia ,   The QUALI-DEC research group, Hansen Claudia , Molsted-Alvesson Helle , Annerstedt Kristi Sidney , Robson Michael , Betràn Ana Pilar , Opiyo Newton , Bohren Meghan , Carroli Guillermo , Campodonico Liana , Gialdini Celina , Carroli Berenise , Camacho Gabriela Garcia , Giordano Daniel , Gamerro Hugo , Romero Mariana , Lumbiganon Pisake , Boriboonhirunsarn Dittakarn , Jampathong Nampet , Kongwattanakul Kiattisak , Ratinthorn Ameporn , Musigavong Olarik , Escuriet Ramon , Canet Olga , Kabore Charles , Fadima Yaya Bocoum , Tiendrebeogo Simon , Roger Zerbo , Hung Mac Quoc Nhu , Truong Thao , Ngo Tran Minh Thien , Toan Bui Duc , Trang Huynh Nguyen Khanh , Tuyet Hoang Thi Diem , Dumont Alexandre , Lombard Laurence , de Loenzien Myriam , Ravit Marion , Visan Delia , Hermann Angela , Ridde Valéry 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundWhile cesarean sections (CSs) are a life-saving intervention, an increasing number are performed without medical reasons in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Unnecessary CS diverts scarce resources and thereby reduces access to healthcare for women in need. Argentina, Burkina Faso, Thailand, and Vietnam are committed to reducing unnecessary CS, but many individual and organizational factors in healthcare facilities obstruct this aim. Nonclinical interventions can overcome these barriers by helping providers improve their practices and supporting women’s decision-making regarding childbirth. Existing evidence has shown only a modest effect of single interventions on reducing CS rates, arguably because of the failure to design multifaceted interventions effectively tailored to the context. The aim of this study is to design, adapt, and test a multifaceted intervention for the appropriate use of CS in Argentina, Burkina Faso, Thailand, and Vietnam.MethodsWe designed an intervention (QUALIty DECision-making—QUALI-DEC) with four components: (1) opinion leaders at heathcare facilities to improve adherence to best practices among clinicians, (2) CS audits and feedback to help providers identify potentially avoidable CS, (3) a decision analysis tool to help women make an informed decision on the mode of birth, and (4) companionship to support women during labor. QUALI-DEC will be implemented and evaluated in 32 hospitals (8 sites per country) using a pragmatic hybrid effectiveness-implementation design to test our implementation strategy, and information regarding its impact on relevant maternal and perinatal outcomes will be gathered. The implementation strategy will involve the participation of women, healthcare professionals, and organizations and account for the local environment, needs, resources, and social factors in each country.DiscussionThere is urgent need for interventions and implementation strategies to optimize the use of CS while improving health outcomes and satisfaction in LMICs. This can only be achieved by engaging all stakeholders involved in the decision-making process surrounding birth and addressing their needs and concerns. The study will generate robust evidence about the effectiveness and the impact of this multifaceted intervention. It will also assess the acceptability and scalability of the intervention and the capacity for empowerment among women and providers alike.Trial registrationISRCTN67214403