bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canadian Pioneers of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Brief History
Authors: Eisen Andrew , Taylor David 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT:This is an historical account of Canadian pioneers working in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the 1970s and 1980s. Key contributions included the development of specialized clinics, the ALS Society of Canada, human motor unit estimates in vivo, use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the dementias of ALS, the importance of neurofilaments and axonal flow, neuroinflammation and immunity related to ALS, use of tissue culture to study pathogenesis, and the story of ALS in Guam. Their work set the stage for future generations of ALS physicians and scientists to bring about meaningful therapies and hopefully a cure for ALS.
Strong submeasures and applications to non-compact dynamical systems
Authors: TRUONG TUYEN TRUNG 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA strong submeasure on a compact metric space X is a sub-linear and bounded operator on the space of continuous functions on X. A strong submeasure is positive if it is non-decreasing. By the Hahn–Banach theorem, a positive strong submeasure is the supremum of a non-empty collection of measures whose masses are uniformly bounded from above. There are many natural examples of continuous maps of the form
$f:U\rightarrow X$
, where X is a compact metric space and
$U\subset X$
is an open-dense subset, where f cannot extend to a reasonable function on X. We can mention cases such as transcendental maps of
$\mathbb {C}$
, meromorphic maps on compact complex varieties, or continuous self-maps
$f:U\rightarrow U$
of a dense open subset
$U\subset X$
where X is a compact metric space. For the aforementioned mentioned the use of measures is not sufficient to establish the basic properties of ergodic theory, such as the existence of invariant measures or a reasonable definition of measure-theoretic entropy and topological entropy. In this paper we show that strong submeasures can be used to completely resolve the issue and establish these basic properties. In another paper we apply strong submeasures to the intersection of positive closed
$(1,1)$
currents on compact Kähler manifolds.
Re-envisioning organizational complexity using a multiple perspectives model
Authors: Yoo Choon Bae (Paul) 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Organizations are now more complex and require collaboration to function effectively across multiple stakeholders. Consequently, they need to be familiar with collaborative projects and participate consciously in shared processes for the accomplishment of particular goals. In order to support and strengthen business partnerships, organizations could use a model based on a multi-perspective approach, as a way of visualizing effective decision-making processes and gaining an understanding regarding how they can establish and maintain stable relationships with other organizations and strategic alliances. The benefits of the new multi-perspective model could be utilized for the collaboration of multiple stakeholders and to drive future organizational change. This study presents a case study which explores the use of a multiple perspective framework in Australian Government Organizations. The results from this study suggest that a multi-perspective model may be used to address organizational complexity through the holistic integration of stakeholder perspectives and sustained knowledge flow.
Changes and Challenges: Parenting Challenges in Iranian Mothers
Authors: Hajkhodadadi Davoud , Etemadi Ozra , Abedi Mohammad Reza , Jazayeri Rezvanossadat 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHaving adolescents affect many aspects of the parent's lives. The aim of this study was to investigate the parenting challenges within the cultural background of Iranian mothers. The participants consisted of 24 mothers who were selected using a purposive sampling method. Semistructured interviews were recorded and transcribed for further analysis. To analyse the data, a thematic analysis was carried out. The analysis of the data shows that for Iranian mothers, parenting challenges are categorised into seven themes: (a) Sense of diminished power and control, (b) Sense of inadequacy, (c) Lack of father's participation, (d) New situation, coping and resolve, (e) Altered relationships issues, (f) Unfulfilled expectations, and (g) Environmental threats. Based on the findings of our study, parenting challenges are culture-bound and controversial, and dealing with them requires parental training.
THE NEW RADIOCARBON DATASET FOR TRILITH MONUMENTS OF SOUTHEASTERN ARABIA
Authors: Garba R , Demján P , Svetlik I , Dreslerová D 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTTriliths are megalithic monuments scattered across the coastal plains of southern and southeastern Arabia. They consist of aligned standing stones with a parallel row of large hearths and form a space, the meaning of which is undoubtedly significant but nonetheless still unknown. This paper presents a new radiocarbon (14C) dataset acquired during the two field seasons 2018–2019 of the TSMO (Trilith Stone Monuments of Oman) project which investigated the spatial and temporal patterns of the triliths. The excavation and sampling of trilith hearths across Oman yielded a dataset of 30 new 14C dates, extending the use of trilith monuments to as early as the Iron Age III period (600–300 BC). The earlier dates are linked to two-phase trilith sites in south-central Oman. The three 14C pairs collected from the two-phase trilith sites indicated gaps between the trilith construction phases from 35 to 475 years (2 σ). The preliminary spatio-temporal analysis shows the geographical expansion of populations using trilith monuments during the 5th to 1st century BC and a later pull back in the 1st and 2nd century AD. The new 14C dataset for trilith sites will help towards a better understanding of Iron Age communities in southeastern Arabia.
Some pearl millet-based foods promote satiety or reduce glycaemic response in a crossover trial
Authors: Hayes Anna M. R. , Gozzi Fanny , Diatta Aminata , Gorissen Tom , Swackhamer Clay , Bellmann Susann , Hamaker Bruce R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn a previous trial in Mali, we showed that traditional pearl millet couscous and thick porridge delayed gastric emptying (about 5 h half-emptying times) in a normal-weight population compared with non-traditional carbohydrate-based foods (pasta, potatoes, white rice; about 3 h half-emptying times), and in a gastric simulator we showed millet couscous had slower digestion than wheat couscous. In light of these findings, we tested the hypothesis in a normal-weight US population (n14) that millet foods would reduce glycaemic response (continuous glucose monitor), improve appetitive sensations (visual analogue scale ratings), as well as reduce gastric emptying rate (13C-octanoic acid breath test). Five carbohydrate-based foods (millet couscous – commercial and self-made, millet thick porridge, wheat couscous, white rice) were fed in a crossover trial matched on available carbohydrate basis. Significantly lower overall glycaemic response was observed for all millet-based foods and wheat couscous compared with white rice (P ≤ 0·05). Millet couscous (self-made) had significantly higher glycaemic response than millet couscous (commercial) and wheat couscous (P < 0·0001), but as there were no differences in peak glucose values an extended glycaemic response was indicated for self-made couscous. Millet couscous (self-made) had significantly lower hunger ratings and higher fullness ratings (P < 0·05) than white rice, millet thick porridge and millet couscous (commercial). A normal gastric emptying rate (<3 h half-emptying times) was observed for all foods, with no significant differences among them. In conclusion, some traditionally prepared pearl millet foods show the potential to reduce glycaemic response and promote satiety.
A simple standardized protocol to evaluate the reliability of seed rain estimates
Authors: Arruda André J. , Silveira Fernando A.O. , Buisson Elise 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSeed dispersal has key implications for community dynamics and restoration ecology. However, estimating seed rain (the number and diversity of seeds arriving in a given area) is challenging, and the lack of standardization in measurement prevents cross-site comparisons. Seed trap effectiveness and accuracy of seed sorting methods are key components of seed rain estimates in need of standardization. We propose and describe a standardized protocol for evaluating the effectiveness of two seed trap types (sticky and funnel traps) and the accuracy of a seed sorting method. We used widely available seeds (arugula, quinoa, sesame and sunflower) to produce a gradient of seed size, weight and colour. Proof-of-concept was tested in a tropical grassland, where traps were set for 30 days. Our results suggest that we underestimate dispersal of seeds with less than 2 mm width that can be easily mistaken for debris and soil particles or that fail to adhere to sticky traps. Seeds on sticky traps may be more vulnerable to removal by wind and rain, whereas seeds in funnel traps are more susceptible to decay. We found no evidence of observer bias on seed sorting for funnel trap samples. However, accuracy on seed sorting for funnel trap samples tended to decline for seeds with less than 2 mm width, suggesting a size-dependence in seed retrieval success. Our standardized protocol addressing trap effectiveness and seed sorting methods will increase the reliability of data obtained in seed rain studies and allow more reliable comparisons between datasets.
Dietary diversity and mental health in preschoolers in rural China
Authors: Li Shaoping , Chen Kevin , Liu Chengfang , Bi Jieying , He Zhenya , Luo Renfu , Yu Yanying , Wang Zimeiyi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjective:To investigate the prevalence of mental health problems among preschoolers in rural China and examine the relationship between dietary diversity and mental health.Design:A cross-sectional survey analysis was performed. Child mental health was assessed with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Child dietary diversity was assessed with the dietary diversity score (DDS), which was calculated based on nine food groups using a 24-h recall method. Data were analysed using unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models.Setting:Two nationally designated poverty counties in Hunan Province of China.Participants:Preschoolers (n1334) aged 3–5 years, preschools (n26).Results:Of 950 preschoolers with data on both dietary diversity and mental health, 663 (70 %) were classified as having at least one kind of mental health problem. The prevalences of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, symptoms of hyperactive/inattention, peer relationship problems and poor prosocial behaviour were 39, 27, 23, 12 and 26 %, respectively. Male preschoolers showed higher risks of having mental health problems than their female counterparts on each SDQ subscale except for conduct problems. Moreover, a higher DDS was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of having symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems and prosocial behaviour problems after adjustment for confounders (preschoolers’ age, gender, cognitive ability, parental migration status, primary caregiver’s education and household socio-economic status).Conclusions:The prevalence of mental health problems was high among preschoolers in rural China. Improving child dietary diversity might be an important strategy to consider in the design of interventions to improve child mental health.
Associations between perceived stress and BMI and waist circumference in Chinese adults: data from the 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Tan Tian , Leung Cindy W 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectives:To assess the association between perceived stress and adiposity among Chinese adults.Design:Cross-sectional study. Perceived stress was assessed using the 14-item perceived stress scale. Associations between quintiles of perceived stress and BMI and waist circumference were assessed using linear regression models and multinomial regression models. Estimates were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics.Setting:2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey: 12 provinces covering a variety of geographic, economic development and health indicator situations.Participants:A total of 8385 adults of both sexes, aged 18–99 years, were included.Results:Overall, the mean perceived stress score was 22·7 (6·2), mean BMI was 24·3 (3·6) kg/m2 and prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) was 6·0 %. There were inverse associations between perceived stress quintiles with continuous BMI (P < 0·001), BMI categories (P = 0·015) and waist circumference (P = 0·047). Compared to adults in the lowest quintile of perceived stress, adults in the highest quintile of perceived stress had 0·44 kg/m2 lower mean BMI (95 % CI: −0·67, −0·21), 0·72 times the prevalence of obesity (95 % CI: 0·55, 0·94) and 0·73 times the prevalence of abdominal obesity (95 % CI: 0·61, 0·88). Results were similar when using Chinese-specific cut-points.Conclusion:Our results showed inverse associations between perceived stress quintiles and adiposity among Chinese adults. Future studies should aim to better understand the directionality of the observed associations and the potential biological and behavioural mechanisms underlying these associations in the Chinese population.
Placental adaptations in a nonhuman primate model of gestational protein restriction
Authors: Roberts Victoria H.J. , Gaffney Jessica E. , Morgan Terry K. , Frias Antonio E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe previously demonstrated decreased placental perfusion, reduced amniotic fluid protein content, and increased pregnancy loss in a nonhuman primate model of gestational protein restriction. Here, our objective was to link these detrimental findings with a functional placental assessment. As blood flow is critical to maternal-fetal exchange, we hypothesized that a protein-restricted diet would impair placental taurine uptake. Pregnant rhesus macaques were maintained on either control chow (CON, n = 5), a 33% protein-restricted diet (PR33, n = 5), or a 50% PR diet (PR50, n = 5) prior to and throughout pregnancy. Animals were delivered on gestational day 135 (G135; term is G168). Taurine activity was determined in fresh placental villous explants. Taurine transporter (TauT) protein expression, placental growth factor (PLGF), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF-2 protein concentrations were measured, and histological assessment was performed. Fetal body weights and placental weights were comparable between all three groups at G135. Placental taurine uptake was decreased in PR33- and PR50-fed animals compared to CON, yet TauT expression was unchanged across groups. PLGF was significantly increased in PR50 vs. CON, with no change in IGF-1 or IGF-2 expression in placental homogenate from PR-fed animals. Accelerated villous maturation was observed in all PR50 cases, three of five PR33, and was absent in CON. We demonstrate conserved fetal growth, despite a decrease in placental taurine uptake. Increased expression of PLGF and expansion of the syncytiotrophoblast surface area in the severely protein-restricted animals suggest a compensatory mechanism by the placenta to maintain fetal growth.
Suppression of weed occurrence in a five-year corn–earthworm coculture system
Authors: Li Tao , Fan Jiequn , Qian Zhenguan , Yuan Guohui , Meng Dandan , Guo Shuiliang , Lv Weiguang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe use of a corn–earthworm coculture (CE) system is an eco-agricultural technology that has been gradually extended due to its high economic output and diverse ecological benefits for urban agriculture in China. However, the effect of CE on weed occurrence has received little attention. A 5-yr successive experiment (2015 to 2019) was conducted to compare weed occurrence in CE and a corn (Zea maysL.) monoculture (CM). The results show that CE significantly decreased weed diversity, the dominance index, total weed density, and biomass, but increased the weed evenness index. The 5-yr mean number of weed species per plot was 8.4 in CE and 10.7 in CM. Compared with those in CM, the 5-yr mean density and biomass of total weeds in CE decreased by 59.2% and 66.6%, respectively. The effect of CE on weed occurrence was species specific. The mean density of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.], green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) P. Beauv.], goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn.], and common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.) in CE decreased by 94.5%, 78.1%, 75.0%, and 45.8%, whereas the mean biomass decreased by 96.2%, 80.8%, 76.9%, and 41.4%, respectively. Our study suggests that the use of CE could suppress weed occurrence and reduce herbicide inputs in agriculture.
Pressure‐to‐Depth Conversion Models for Metamorphic Rocks: Derivation and Applications
Authors: Bauville Arthur , Yamato Philippe 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPressure‐to‐depth conversion is a crucial step toward geodynamic reconstruction. The most commonly used pressure‐to‐depth conversion method assumes that pressure corresponds to the lithostatic pressure. However, deviatoric stresses can cause pressure to deviate from the lithostatic case strongly, thus adding considerable uncertainty to pressure to‐depth conversion. First, we rederive formulas of pressure‐to‐depth conversion that take into account deviatoric stresses. Then, we estimate the range of possible depth independently for each point in a data set containing peak and retrograde metamorphic pressure data (one‐point method). In a second time, we use both the peak and retrograde pressure of a rock sample together, assuming that both pressures were recorded at the same depth (two‐point method). We explore different cases to explain the transition from peak to retrograde pressure by varying the direction and magnitude of stresses. This alternative model is consistent with all data points but for a more restricted range of stress state and depth than the one‐point model. Our results show that (1) even small deviatoric stresses have a significant impact on depth estimates, (2) the second principal stress component σ2 plays an essential role, (3) several models can explain the pressure evolution of the data but lead to different depth estimates, and (4) strain data offer a mean to falsify our proposed two‐point pressure‐to‐depth conversion. The maximum predicted depth at peak pressure is 170 km using the assumption that pressure is lithostatic, compared to <75 km for our two‐point model, which could correspond to the crustal root Moho's depth.
Reconstructing Magma Storage Depths for the 2018 Kı̄lauean Eruption From Melt Inclusion CO2 Contents: The Importance of Vapor Bubbles
Authors: Wieser Penny E. , Lamadrid Hector , Maclennan John , Edmonds Marie , Matthews Simon , Iacovino Kayla , Jenner Frances E. , Gansecki Cheryl , Trusdell Frank , Lee R.L. , Ilyinskaya Evgenia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe 2018 lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption and the accompanying collapse of the summit caldera marked the most destructive episode of activity at Kı̄lauea Volcano in the last 200 years. The eruption was extremely well‐monitored, with extensive real‐time lava sampling as well as continuous geodetic data capturing the caldera collapse. This multiparameter data set provides an exceptional opportunity to determine the reservoir geometry and magma transport paths supplying Kı̄lauea’s LERZ. The forsterite contents of olivine crystals, together with the degree of major element disequilibrium with carrier melts, indicates that two distinct crystal populations were erupted from Fissure 8 (termed high‐ and low‐Fo). Melt inclusion entrapment pressures reveal that low‐Fo olivines (close to equilibrium with their carrier melts) crystallized within the Halema’uma’u reservoir (∼2‐km depth), while many high‐Fo olivines (>Fo81.5; far from equilibrium with their carrier melts) crystallized within the South Caldera reservoir (∼3–5‐km depth). Melt inclusions in high‐Fo olivines experienced extensive post‐entrapment crystallization following their incorporation into cooler, more evolved melts. This favored the growth of a CO2‐rich vapor bubble, containing up to 99% of the total melt inclusion CO2 budget (median = 93%). If this CO2‐rich bubble is not accounted for, entrapment depths are significantly underestimated. Conversely, reconstructions using equation of state methods rather than direct measurements of vapor bubbles overestimate entrapment depths. Overall, we show that direct measurements of melts and vapor bubbles by secondary‐ion mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy, combined with a suitable H2O‐CO2 solubility model, is a powerful tool to identify the magma storage reservoirs supplying volcanic eruptions.
Shifting Sediment Dynamics in the Coos Bay Estuary in Response to 150 Years of Modification
Authors: Eidam E. F. , Sutherland D. A. , Ralston D. K. , Conroy T. , Dye B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEstuaries worldwide have experienced modifications including channel deepening and intertidal reclamation over several centuries, resulting in altered fine sediment routing. Estuaries respond differently based on preexisting geometries, freshwater and sediment supplies, and extents and types of modification. The Coos Bay Estuary in Oregon is a relatively small estuary with complex geometry that has been extensively modified since 1865. A sediment transport model calibrated to modern conditions is used to assess the corresponding changes in sediment dynamics. Over ∼150 years, channel deepening (from ∼6.7 to 11 m), a 12% increase in area, and a 21% increase in volume have led to greater tidal amplitudes, salinity intrusion, and estuarine exchange flow. These changes have reduced current magnitudes, reduced bed stresses, and increased stratification, especially during rainy periods. Historically, fluvially derived sediment was dispersed across broad, deltaic‐style flats and through small tidal channels. Now, river water and sediments are diverted into a dredged navigation channel where an estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) forms, with modeled concentrations >50 mg/L and measured concentrations >100 mg/L during discharge events. This “new” ETM supplies sediment to proximal embayments in the middle estuary and the shallow flats. Overall, sediment trapping during winter (and high river discharges) has increased more than two‐fold, owing to increased accommodation space, altered pathways of supply, and altered bed stresses and tidal asymmetries. In contrast to funnel‐shaped estuaries with simpler geometries and river‐channel transitions, these results highlight the importance of channel routing together with dredging in enhancing sediment retention and shifting pathways of sediment delivery.