bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postoperative atrial fibrillation following emergency noncardiothoracic surgery
Authors: Bjerrum Ellen , Wahlstroem Kirsten L. , Gögenur Ismail , Burcharth Jakob , Ekeloef Sarah 
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND
Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) occurs frequently following cardiothoracic surgery and is associated with a higher mortality and a longer hospital stay. The condition is less studied following noncardiothoracic surgery as well as emergency surgery.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the occurrence of atrial fibrillation following emergency noncardiothoracic surgery and associated risk factors and mortality.

DESIGN
We conducted a systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Observational studies and randomised controlled trials were assessed for risk of bias using the Downs and Black checklist and Cochrane Handbook for Systematic reviews of intervention.

DATA SOURCES
A systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus was carried out in August 2019. No publication date- or source restrictions were imposed.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Observational and randomised controlled trials were included if data on POAF occurring after an emergency, noncardiothoracic, surgical intervention on adult patients could be extracted.

RESULTS
We identified 15 studies eligible for inclusion covering orthopaedic-, abdominal-, vascular-, neuro- and miscellaneous noncardiothoracic surgery. The occurrence of POAF after emergency noncardiothoracic surgery ranged from 1.5 to 12.2% depending on type of surgery and intensity of cardiac monitoring. Studies that investigated risk factors and associated mortality found emergency surgery and increasing age to be associated with risk of POAF. Moreover, POAF was generally associated with an increase in long-term and short-term mortality.

CONCLUSION
In this study, atrial fibrillation occurred frequently, especially following emergency orthopaedic, vascular and neurosurgery. Emergency surgery and age were independent risk factors for developing atrial fibrillation. POAF seems to be related to a higher risk of postoperative complications and mortality, though further studies with long-term follow-up are needed.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
CRD42019112090.
A high normal ankle--brachial index is associated with electrocardiography-determined left ventricular hypertrophy: the Okinawa Peripheral Arterial Disease Study (OPADS)
Authors: Ikemiyagi Hidekazu , Ishida Akio , Kinjo Kozen , Ohya Yusuke 
Published: July 2020

Objectives:
We aimed to determine if the ankle--brachial index (ABI) increased with age as a result of increased arterial stiffness and wave reflection, and whether this was associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).

Methods:
An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in 13 396 participants aged 19–89 years who attended a health check-up. Brachial and ankle blood pressures were measured by an automatic oscillometric method. Electrocardiography-determined LVH (ECG-LVH) was defined by computer-interpreted Minnesota codes using resting 12-leads ECG.

Results:
The mean age of the participants was 53 years (54% women). The prevalence of ECG-LVH was 13%; this was the lowest in participants with normal blood pressure and increased with an increase in the hypertension grade. The ABI was higher in participants with ECG-LVH than in those without (1.13± 0.07 vs. 1.15 ± 0.07, P < 0.001). The prevalence of ECG-LVH was the highest in participants with the highest quartile of ABI (16%), followed by those with the third quartile (14%), second quartile (12%), and the lowest quartile of ABI (9%). The odds ratio for ECG-LVH was significantly higher for participants with a higher quartile of ABI than those with the lowest, before and after adjustment for several covariates. Similar results were observed in sensitivity analysis of individuals with normal kidney function, younger than 65 years, and without diabetes mellitus, performed in order to reduce the influence of a medial arterial calcification-mediated increase in ABI.

Conclusion:
High ABI is a possible marker of arterial stiffness and/or wave reflection that, even in the normal range, is associated with ECG-LVH.
Effect of Contact Precautions on Staphylococcus aureus and Clinical Outcomes of Colonized Patients in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Shahbaz Sevini , de St. Maurice Annabelle , Sim Myung-Shin , Rubin Zachary , Garg Meena 
Published: July 2020

Background:

Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), yet little is known about the effect of contact precautions and clinical outcomes of colonized patients.

Methods:
Retrospective cohort study of all neonates from August 2014 to November 2018 colonized with either methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) or methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) and select noncolonized patients at two neonatal intensive care units at the University of California, Los Angeles. Outcomes during two time periods (during and after the use of contact precautions) were assessed.

Results:
A total of 234 patients were included in the study: 83 colonized and 151 noncolonized patients. There was a fourfold higher incidence of MSSA colonization versus MRSA (P < 0.001). There was a higher incidence of positive surveillance cultures after contact precautions were discontinued (P = 0.01), but this did not correlate with a higher incidence of invasive cultures (P = 0.475). There were twice as many MSSA invasive cultures than MRSA, but a higher rate of invasion with MRSA (P < 0.05). Colonized patients were more likely to develop an invasive infection than noncolonized (P = 0.003 MRSA; P = 0.004 MSSA). When controlling for gestational age and surgical interventions, colonization was more likely to be associated with skin and soft tissue infections (P < 0.001) and a longer length of stay by a mean of 27.8 days (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions:
Contact precautions resulted in a lower incidence of colonization without a difference in invasive cultures in our NICUs. Those colonized with S. aureus had a higher incidence of skin and soft tissue infections and a longer NICU length of stay.
Effect of flap homogeneity on higher-order aberrations induction after femtosecond LASIK for myopia
Authors: Parafita-Fernandez Alberto , Gros-Otero Juan , Villa-Collar Cesar , García-González Montserrat , Teus Miguel 
Published: July 2020

Purpose:
To assess the relevance of the homogeneity of femtosecond laser flap thickness regarding induction of higher-order aberrations (HOAs).

Setting:
Clínica Rementería & Clínica Novovisión, Madrid, Spain.

Design:
Prospective observational study.

Methods:
Two hundred thirty-one patients underwent in situ keratomileusis using 5 different femtosecond lasers. The flap thicknesses were measured using anterior segment optical coherence tomography 3 months postoperatively. The same masked observer measured 6 symmetrical points nasally and temporally 1.0 mm, 2.0 mm, and 3.0 mm from the center of the flap in each case. HOAs induced in the cornea were measured using tomography.

Results:
Positive and significant correlations were found between HOA induction and the flap thickness heterogeneity 3.0 mm from the center of the flap. Pearson correlation coefficients for the induction of HOAs were third-order 0.17112 (P = .0224), fourth-order 0.22474 (P = .0026), fifth-order 0.16449 (P = .0282), coma-like 0.17370 (P = .0204), and total HOAs 0.18182 (P = .0151).

Conclusions:
The amount of flap-thickness heterogeneity at 3.0 mm from the center of the flap created using femtosecond lasers was correlated with the magnitude of the HOAs induced.
Antipsychotics in Postpartum Psychosis
Authors: Teodorescu Andreea , Dima Lorena , Popa Mihaela Alexandra , Moga Marius Alexandru , Bîgiu Nicuşor Florin , Ifteni Petru 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Psychotic episodes in the postpartum period are life-threatening psychiatric emergencies, requiring urgent medical attention and admission to a psychiatric hospital.

Areas of Uncertainty:
Although the postpartum psychosis (PPP) is the most severe psychiatric disorder associated with parturition, there is little information about what interventions are most effective. Because there are no specific guidelines for the treatment of PPP, the aim of the present review was to examine the available evidence regarding the treatment of PPP.

Data Sources:
The PubMed database was searched based on the title and the abstract, using the key words “postpartum psychosis,” “postpartum psychosis antipsychotics,” “postpartum psychosis treatment,” and “postpartum psychosis pharmacotherapy,” for both interventional and observational, irrespective of language.

Results:
A number of 14 publications met the study criteria, including case reports and case series. The antipsychotics (APs) use included both first generation APs, such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine, and second generation APs, mainly, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone. The most frequently used AP was olanzapine. Olanzapine and quetiapine seem to be the most acceptable during breastfeeding. Proposed treatment algorithms for the successful management of PPP are discussed.

Conclusions:
The existing studies to date do not allow to draw a definitive conclusion regarding which treatment is the most effective or the most adequate. Existing evidence suggests that APs alone or in combination are responsible for sustained remission and that treated PPP has a higher pace of improvement of the mental status, with a rapid discharge from the hospital. Clinical studies to compare the efficacy and safety of different APs in the PPP are needed to provide guidance on treatment interventions.
Autoimmune pancreatitis type 2
Authors: de Pretis Nicolò , Frulloni Luca 
Published: July 2020

Purpose of review
Type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare inflammatory disease of the pancreas. Very few data have been published on this particular subtype, which differs from the ‘classical’ IgG4-related type 1 AIP in terms of pathological features, epidemiology and risk of relapse. The aim of the current review is to summarize the available literature, suggesting a diagnostic and therapeutic approach to this disease.

Recent findings
Based on the International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria, to achieve a ‘definitive’ diagnosis of type 2 AIP, histology is required. If a definitive histological diagnosis is lacking (not-performed or inconclusive), concomitant presence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and effective response to steroids are needed for a ‘probable’ diagnosis of type 2 AIP.

Summary
Type 2 AIP is a selective pancreatic disease, without association to other organ involvement. The lack of validated serological markers makes the diagnosis challenging in clinical practice, particularly in focal forms. A careful evaluation of the clinical profile (especially of a concomitant IBD), associated with an accurate imaging, might help in clinical practice to suspect type 2 AIP. Response to steroids is crucial to achieve diagnosis in patients without a diagnostic histology.
New horizons in pancreatic genetics
Authors: Weiss Frank U. , Laemmerhirt Felix , Aghdassi Ali , Lerch Markus M. 
Published: July 2020

Purpose of review
Pancreatitis remains an intractable disease because no causative treatment is yet available. Recent studies have uncovered some of its underlying pathophysiology, a requirement for identifying potential treatment targets. These advancements were achieved by human genetic studies and by introducing genetic mechanisms into experimental pancreatitis models.

Recent findings
Cationic trypsin mutations are the most prominent genetic risk factor for pancreatitis. Investigators have now introduced genetically modified trypsin variants into transgenic animals. In this manner they characterized the role of cellular defense mechanisms, for example degradation of active trypsin by chymotrypsin-C, but also found that increased autoactivation or decreased degradation, not only boost disease severity but also drive progression to chonic pancreatitis. Other studies found that harmful trypsin effects are not restricted to acinar cells, that other digestive enzymes, notably pancreatic elastase, can also induce cellular injury and that endoplasmic-reticulum-stress is an important mechanism when mutations induce protein misfolding.

Summary
Identifying genetic subsceptibility factors for a disease never completely uncovers its underlying pathogenesis or potential treatment targets. This requires studying the mechanisms suggested by genetic findings in experimentel disease models. Pancreatitis is a field, in which much progress has now been achieved by adopting this approach.
Intravenous fluid resuscitation in the management of acute pancreatitis
Authors: Machicado Jorge D. , Papachristou Georgios I. 
Published: July 2020

Purpose of reviewIn the absence of proven effective pharmacologic therapy in acute pancreatitis, and given its simplicity, wide availability, and perceived safety, intravenous fluid resuscitation remains the cornerstone in the early treatment of acute pancreatitis. Herein, we will review the rationale of fluid therapy, critically appraise the published literature, and summarize recent studies.Recent findingsSeveral observational studies and small clinical trials have raised concern about the efficacy and safety of aggressive fluid resuscitation. Early aggressive fluid therapy among acute pancreatitis patients with predicted mild severity appears to have the highest benefit, whereas aggressive resuscitation in patients with predicted severe disease might be futile and deleterious. Lactated Ringer's solution is the preferred fluid type based on animal studies, clinical trials, and meta-analyses. There is a wide variation of fluid resuscitation approaches in current guideline recommendations, quality indicators, and worldwide practice patterns.SummaryThere is lack of high-quality data that supports the use of early aggressive fluid resuscitation. Large, well designed, multicenter randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the optimal timing, fluid type, volume, rate, and duration of fluid resuscitation in acute pancreatitis.
Genetic, biochemical, and clinical features of LCAT deficiency: update for 2020
Authors: Pavanello Chiara , Calabresi Laura 
Published: July 2020

Purpose of review
Genetic LCAT deficiency is a rare metabolic disorder characterized by low-plasma HDL cholesterol levels. Clinical manifestations of the disease include corneal opacification, anemia, and renal disease, which represents the major cause of morbidity and mortality in carriers.

Recent findings
Biochemical and clinical manifestations of the disease are very heterogeneous among carriers. The collection of large series of affected individuals is needed to answer various open questions on this rare disorder of lipid metabolism, such as the cause of renal damage in patients with complete LCAT deficiency and the cardiovascular risk in carriers of different LCAT gene mutations.

Summary
Familial LCAT deficiency is a rare disease, with serious clinical manifestations, which can occur in the first decades of life, and presently with no cure. The timely diagnosis in carriers, together with the identification of disease biomarkers able to predict the evolution of clinical manifestations, would be of great help in the identification of carriers to address to future available therapies.
Current state of kidney utilization in multiorgan transplants
Authors: Aziz Hassan , Kim Jim , Kwon Yong Kyong 
Published: July 2020

Purpose of review
In the United States, the leading indication for kidney transplant is primary kidney dysfunction arising from chronic hypertension and diabetes. However, an increasing indication for kidney transplantation is secondary kidney dysfunction in the setting of another severe organ dysfunction, including pancreas, liver, heart, and lung disease. In these settings, multiorgan transplantation is now commonly performed. With the increasing number of multiorgan kidney transplants, an assessment of guidelines and trends for in multiorgan kidney is necessary.

Recent findings
Although the utilization of kidney transplants in combined liver–kidney transplant was sharply rising, following the introduction of the ‘safety net’ policy, combined liver–kidney transplant numbers now remain stable. There is an increasing trend in the utilization of kidney transplantation in heart and lung transplantation. However, as these surgeries were historically uncommon, guidelines for patients who require simultaneous heart or lung transplants are limited and are often institution specific.

Summary
Strict guidelines need to be established to assess candidacy for kidney transplantation in multiorgan failure patients, particularly for combined heart–kidney and lung–kidney patients.
Pancreas preservation: clinical practice and future developments
Authors: Branchereau Julien , Hunter James , Friend Peter , Ploeg Rutger 
Published: July 2020

Purpose of review
To summarize recently published studies of preservation strategies including machine perfusion in pancreas transplantation.

Recent findings
The shortage of conventional donors is leading units to use extended criteria donors (ECDs) and donors after cardiac death (DCD). Static cold storage (SCS) is still the standard method of preservation for pancreases and University of Wisconsin remains the gold standard preservation solution. In experimental studies, oxygen delivered during preservation reduced tissue injury and improved islet cell yield and function. Hypothermic machine perfusion of discarded human pancreases has been shown to improve adenosine triphosphate levels without adversely effect histology and oedema compared with SCS. Normothermic machine perfusion of discarded human organs has so far been challenging and led to increasing injury, rather than preservation. There are currently no clinical studies in pancreas transplant with the exception of a small number of pancreases being transplanted following normothermic regional perfusion.

Summary
The storm of new organ preservation methods is now being more widely studied in the pancreas, with some promising results. These new strategies have the potential to allow expansion of the donor pool and greater utilization of ECD and DCD organs.
Update on Nocardia infections in solid-organ transplantation
Authors: Saullo Jennifer L. , Miller Rachel A. 
Published: July 2020

Purpose of review

Nocardia is a ubiquitous pathogen associated with life-threatening opportunistic infections. Organ transplant recipients are uniquely predisposed to Nocardia infections due to their iatrogenic cell-mediated immune deficit necessary to maintain allograft function. This review aims to address recent updates in the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostics, treatment, and outcomes of Nocardia infections in solid-organ transplant recipients.

Recent findings
The incidence of Nocardia infection depends on multiple patient and environmental factors. Among transplant recipients, lung recipients are most commonly affected. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing are critical for optimizing therapy as substantial variation occurs among and within Nocardia spp. This has been increasingly accomplished through advances in molecular methods leading to improved accuracy and wider accessibility to testing. There are emerging data applying novel therapeutics and short course therapy that may offer alternative management approaches for transplant associated nocardiosis to minimize drug toxicity and intolerance.

Summary
Further prospective, multicenter studies are needed to better characterize the epidemiology of Nocardia in transplant recipients, as well as evaluate the impact of diagnostic advancements and new treatment strategies.
Electrodiagnostic Testing of Entrapment Neuropathies: A Review of Existing Guidelines
Authors: Pugdahl Kirsten , Tankisi Hatice , Fuglsang-Frederiksen Anders 
Published: July 2020

Summary:
Entrapment neuropathies cover a wide range of isolated nerve injuries along the course of the upper and lower extremity nerves. Electrodiagnostic (EDX) testing is usually an essential part of the evaluation of entrapment neuropathies, and examinations for the most common entrapment neuropathies, carpal tunnel syndrome and ulnar neuropathy at the elbow, constitute a significant part of the daily work in EDX laboratories. Despite this, guidelines for EDX testing are generally sparse or do not exist for entrapment neuropathies, whereas a wide variety of different techniques are available to the clinical neurophysiologist. This study reviews the existing, more or less, detailed EDX criteria or practice parameters that are suggested by consensus groups in peer-reviewed journals for the most common entrapment neuropathies: carpal tunnel syndrome, ulnar neuropathy at the elbow, common peroneal (fibular) neuropathy at the fibular head, and tibial neuropathy at the tarsal tunnel. It is concluded that future research is needed to develop and refine EDX guidelines in entrapment neuropathies.
Hidden introductions of freshwater red algae via the aquarium trade exposed by DNA barcodes
Authors: Zhan Shing Hei , Hsieh Tsai-Yin , Yeh Lan-Wei , Kuo Ting-Chun , Suda Shoichiro , Liu Shao-Lun 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTThe global aquarium trade can introduce alien freshwater invaders, potentially impacting local aquatic ecosystems and their biodiversity. The role of the aquarium trade in spreading freshwater red macroalgae that hitchhike on ornamental aquatic plants and animals is unassessed. We investigated this human-mediated phenomenon via a broad biodiversity survey and genetic analysis of freshwater red algae in the field and aquarium shops in East Asia. UsingrbcL-based DNA barcoding, we surveyed 125 samples from 46 field sites and 88 samples from 53 aquarium shops (213 samples in total) mostly across Taiwan – a key hub in the global aquarium trade – as well as in Hong Kong, Okinawa (Japan), the Philippines, and Thailand. We augmented ourrbcL sequences with GenBankrbcL sequences that represent 40 additional countries globally. We found 26 molecular operational taxonomic units (mOTUs) in Taiwan, some of which are cryptic. Phylogeographical analysis revealed three potential introduced mOTUs in Taiwan, which exhibit no local genetic variation in Taiwan and are distributed across continents. Also, we posit that some presumably endangered freshwater red algae may be preserved in aquaria, an unintentionalex situconservation site for these organisms that are vulnerable to water pollution from anthropogenic disturbances. Collectively, these data suggest that freshwater red algae have been hitchhiking and dispersed via the aquarium trade, an important and overlooked mechanism of introduction of these organisms across the globe.