bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Progress in Metal‐Free Covalent Organic Frameworks as Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Zhi Yongfeng , Wang Zongrui , Zhang Hao‐Li , Zhang Qichun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCovalent organic frameworks (COFs), connecting different organic units into one system through covalent bonds, are crystalline organic porous materials with 2D or 3D networks. Compared with conventional porous materials such as inorganic zeolite, active carbon, and metal‐organic frameworks, COFs are a new type of porous materials with well‐designed pore structure, high surface area, outstanding stability, and easy functionalization at the molecular level, which have attracted extensive attention in various fields, such as energy storage, gas separation, sensing, photoluminescence, proton conduction, magnetic properties, drug delivery, and heterogeneous catalysis. Herein, the recent advances in metal‐free COFs as a versatile platform for heterogeneous catalysis in a wide range of chemical reactions are presented and the synthetic strategy and promising catalytic applications of COF‐based catalysts (including photocatalysis) are summarized. According to the types of catalytic reactions, this review is divided into the following five parts for discussion: achiral organic catalysis, chiral organic conversion, photocatalytic organic reactions, photocatalytic energy conversion (including water splitting and the reduction of carbon dioxide), and photocatalytic pollutant degradation. Furthermore, the remaining challenges and prospects of COFs as heterogeneous catalysts are also presented.
Is there an association between perceived social support and cardiovascular health behaviours in people with severe mental illnesses?
Authors: Burton Alexandra , Walters Kate , Marston Louise , Osborn David 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPurposePeople with severe mental illnesses (SMI) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Research in the general population suggests that social support may protect against increased CVD morbidity and mortality; however, this may not apply to those with SMI. We aimed to explore the association between perceived social support and attendance at primary care nurse CVD risk reduction clinic appointments and CVD risk-reducing behaviours in an SMI population with elevated CVD risk factors.MethodsWe used longitudinal and cross-sectional data from a randomised controlled trial on 326 adults with SMI recruited via 76 general practices in England. Multilevel regression analysis estimated the effect of perceived social support on attendance at CVD risk reduction clinic appointments over 6 months, and adherence to CVD medication, physical activity, diet, smoking and alcohol use at baseline, adjusted by age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, psychiatric diagnosis and employment.ResultsPerceived social support predicted greater appointment attendance in unadjusted (IRR = 1.005; 1.000–1.010;p = 0.05) but not adjusted analysis (IRR = 1.003; 0.998–1.009;p = 0.25). Perceived social support was associated with greater adherence to medication; for each 1% increase in social support, there was a 4.2% increase in medication adherence (OR = 1.042; 1.015–1.070;p = 0.002). No association was found between greater perceived social support and greater physical activity, lower sedentary behaviour, healthier diet, lower alcohol use or being a non-smoker.ConclusionsSocial support may be an important facilitator for CVD medication adherence and is potentially important for primary care appointment attendance; however, alternative strategies might be needed to help people with SMI engage in physical activity, healthier diets and to reduce their smoking and alcohol use.
Accelerated acquisition of carotid MR angiography using 3D gradient-echo imaging with two-point Dixon
Authors: Irie Ryusuke , Amemiya Shiori , Ueyama Tsuyoshi , Suzuki Yuichi , Kamiya Kouhei , Takao Hidemasa , Mori Harushi , Abe Osamu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis pilot study tests the feasibility of rapid carotid MR angiography using the liver acquisition with volume acceleration-flex technique (LAVA MRA). Seven healthy volunteers and 21 consecutive patients suspected of carotid stenosis underwent LAVA and conventional time-of-flight (cTOF) MRAs. Artery-to-fat and artery-to-muscle signal intensity ratios were manually measured. LAVA MRA exhibited a significantly larger artery-to-fat signal intensity ratio compared with cTOF MRA in all slices (P < 0.001) and exhibited a larger (P < 0.001) or equivalent (P = 1.0) artery-to-muscle signal intensity ratio in the extracranial carotid arteries. The image quality of the cervical carotid bifurcation and the signal change on each MRA were visually assessed and compared among the MRAs. There was no significant difference between the two MRAs in visual assessment. LAVA MRA can provide visualization similar to cTOF MRA in the evaluation of the cervical carotid bifurcation while reducing scan time by one-fifth.
Laparoscopic Pelvic Organ Prolapse Suspension (Pops) Versus Laparoscopic Ventral Mesh Rectopexy for Treatment of Rectal Prolapse: Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Farag Ahmed , Mashhour Abdrabou N. , Raslan Mohamed , Tamer Mohamed , Elbarmelgi Mohamed Yehia 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to compare ventral mesh rectopexy (VMR) and pelvic organ prolapse suspension surgery (POPS) in management of patients presenting with rectal prolapse.MethodsOur study was a prospective cohort trial in which 120 female patients with complete rectal prolapse were included, 60 patients had had VMR and the other 60 had had POPS as a surgical management for complete rectal prolapse. Results had been compared 6 months postoperatively regarding operative time, postoperative pain, hospital stay, complications of surgery including recurrence of the rectal prolapse, the efficacy of each operation in treatment of rectal prolapse and associated symptoms.ResultsThe patients were assessed 6 months postoperatively. There was no significant statistical difference regarding hospital stay and postoperative pain. Operative time was significantly shorter in POPS in comparison with VMR (P value < 0.05). VMR showed slight improvement regarding constipation and continence scores; however, this was statistically significant. VMR showed less complications compared to POPS. Complications with rectopexy happened only with 4 patients compared to 24 patients in POPS groups, 2 cases of recurrence in rectopexy group compared to 6 cases of recurrence in POPS.ConclusionPOPS is comparable to VMR in management of rectal prolapse and in improving the ODS symptoms. Thus, POPS can be used as easier, faster option to treat rectal prolapse in selected patients.
Automated methods for the comparison of natural languages
Authors: Wittum Gabriel , Hoffer Michael , Lemke Babett , Jabs Robert , Nägel Arne 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStarting from the general question, if there is a connection between the mathematical capabilities of a student and his native language, we aim at comparing natural languages with mathematical language quantitatively. In [20] we set up an approach to compare language structures using Natural Language Processors (NLP). However, difficulties arose with the quality of the structural analysis of the NLP used just comparing simple sentences in different but closely related natural languages. We now present a comparison of different available NLPs and discuss the results. The comparison confirms the results from [20], showing that current NLPs are not capable of analysing even simple sentences such that resulting structures between different natural languages can be compared.
Verification and refutation of C programs based on k-induction and invariant inference
Authors: Alhawi Omar M. , Rocha Herbert , Gadelha Mikhail R. , Cordeiro Lucas C. , Batista Eddie 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDepthK is a source-to-source transformation tool that employs bounded model checking (BMC) to verify and falsify safety properties in single- and multi-threaded C programs, without manual annotation of loop invariants. Here, we describe and evaluate a proof-by-induction algorithm that combines k-induction with invariant inference to prove and refute safety properties. We apply two invariant generators to produce program invariants and feed these into a k-induction-based verification algorithm implemented in DepthK, which uses the efficient SMT-based context-bounded model checker (ESBMC) as sequential verification back-end. A set of C benchmarks from the International Competition on Software Verification (SV-COMP) and embedded-system applications extracted from the available literature are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Experimental results show that k-induction with invariants can handle a wide variety of safety properties, in typical programs with loops and embedded software applications from the telecommunications, control systems, and medical domains. The results of our comparative evaluation extend the knowledge about approaches that rely on both BMC and k-induction for software verification, in the following ways. (1) The proposed method outperforms the existing implementations that use k-induction with an interval-invariant generator (e.g., 2LS and ESBMC), in the category ConcurrencySafety, and overcame, in others categories, such as SoftwareSystems, other software verifiers that use plain BMC (e.g., CBMC). Also, (2) it is more precise than other verifiers based on the property-directed reachability (PDR) algorithm (i.e., SeaHorn, Vvt and CPAchecker-CTIGAR). This way, our methodology demonstrated improvement over existing BMC and k-induction-based approaches.
Greedy energy minimization can count in binary: point charges and the van der Corput sequence
Authors: Pausinger Florian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper establishes a connection between a problem in Potential Theory and Mathematical Physics, arranging points so as to minimize an energy functional, and a problem in Combinatorics and Number Theory, constructing ’well-distributed’ sequences of points on [0, 1). Let $$f:[0,1] \rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}$$

f
:
[
0
,
1
]
→
R

be (1) symmetric $$f(x) = f(1-x)$$

f
(
x
)
=
f
(
1
-
x
)

, (2) twice differentiable on (0, 1), and (3) such that $$f''(x)>0$$

f

′
′

(
x
)

>
0

for all $$x \in (0,1)$$

x
∈
(
0
,
1
)

. We study the greedy dynamical system, where, given an initial set $$\{x_0, \ldots , x_{N-1}\} \subset [0,1)$$

{

x
0

,
…
,

x

N
-
1

}

⊂

[
0
,
1
)

, the point $$x_N$$

x
N

is obtained as $$\begin{aligned} x_{N} = \arg \min _{x \in [0,1)} \sum _{k=0}^{N-1}{f(|x-x_k|)}. \end{aligned}$$

x
N

=
arg

min

x
∈
[
0
,
1
)

∑

k
=
0

N
-
1

f
(
|
x
-

x
k

|
)

.

We prove that if we start this construction with the single element $$x_0=0$$

x
0

=
0

, then all arising constructions are permutations of the van der Corput sequence (counting in binary and reflected about the comma): greedy energy minimization recovers the way we count in binary. This gives a new construction of the classical van der Corput sequence. The special case $$f(x) = 1-\log (2 \sin (\pi x))$$

f
(
x
)
=
1
-
log
(
2
sin
(
π
x
)
)

answers a question of Steinerberger. Interestingly, the point sets we derive are also known in a different context as Leja sequences on the unit disk.
Towards Integrated Youth Care: A Systematic Review of Facilitators and Barriers for Professionals
Authors: Nooteboom Laura A. , Mulder Eva A. , Kuiper Chris H. Z. , Colins Olivier F. , Vermeiren Robert R. J. M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTo overcome fragmentation in support for children and their families with multiple and enduring problems across life domains, professionals increasingly try to organize integrated care. However, it is unclear what facilitators and barriers professionals experience when providing this integrated care. Our systematic review, including 55 studies from a broad variety of settings in Youth Care, showed that integrated care on a professional level is a multi-component entity consisting of several facilitators and barriers. Findings were clustered in seven general themes: ‘Child’s environment’, ‘Preconditions’, ‘Care process’, ‘Expertise’, ‘Interprofessional collaboration’, ‘Information exchange’, and ‘Professional identity’. The identified facilitators and barriers were generally consistent across studies, indicating broad applicability across settings and professional disciplines. This review clearly shows that when Youth Care professionals address a broad spectrum of problems, a variety of facilitators and barriers should be considered.RegistrationPROSPERO, registration number CRD42018084527.
The effectiveness of e-Learning on biosecurity practice to slow the spread of invasive alien species
Authors: Shannon Caitriona , Stebbing Paul D. , Quinn Claire H. , Warren Daniel A. , Dunn Alison M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOnline e-Learning is increasingly being used to provide environmental training. Prevention measures including biosecurity are essential to reducing the introduction and spread of invasive alien species (IAS) and are central to international and national IAS policy. This paper is the first to evaluate the effectiveness of e-Learning as a tool to increase awareness, risk perception and biosecurity behaviour in relation to IAS among individuals conducting work activities or research (fieldwork) in the field. We surveyed participants (a mixture of students and professionals) before, and 6 months after undertaking an e-Learning course on IAS and biosecurity practices. Awareness of IAS and self-reported biosecurity behaviour increased after e-Learning among students and professionals. Students had a lower awareness of IAS than professionals before training (20% of students vs 60% of professionals), but after training students showed a greater increase in awareness which led to similar levels of awareness post-training (81%). Prior to training, risk perception was also lower amongst students than professionals (33% of students and 59% of professionals were aware of the risk that their activities posed to the accidental spread of IAS). There was no change in risk perception amongst professionals after training, however training led to a doubling of risk perception in students. E-Learning also led to an increase in reported biosecurity behaviour and cleaning practices and there were higher levels of biosecurity cleaning amongst professionals. The higher awareness and better biosecurity amongst professionals is likely to reflect their familiarity with the issues of IAS and day-to-day activities in the field. Our results suggest that e-Learning is an effective tool to raise awareness and encourage behaviour change among field workers and researchers in an attempt to reduce the risk of accidental introduction and spread of IAS.
From the Avalanche to the Game: White-Collar Offenders on Crime, Bonds and Morality
Authors: van Onna Joost H. R. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn order to understand the mechanisms that underlie involvement in white-collar crime on a personal level, 26 offenders convicted of a white-collar offence were interviewed. Building on theory and research from white-collar criminology, life-course criminology and moral psychology, findings show that a combination of criminogenic circumstances, weakened social bonds and adjusted moral ideas lead offenders down different pathways into white-collar offending. Although the process of crime involvement seems highly context-dependent in some instances, the interviews indicate that crime involvement is more commonly part of a long-running process, in which social bonds have weakened or moral ideas have been adjusted, which in turn influenced the decision to engage in the white-collar offence. Along with the limitations of the study and the directions for future research, the paper discusses the implications of the findings for white-collar crime research, in particular the complex role of morality in white-collar crime involvement.
Effect of curing conditions on the water vapor sorption behavior of melamine formaldehyde resin and resin-modified wood
Authors: Altgen Michael , Altgen Daniela , Klüppel André , Rautkari Lauri 
Published: May 2020

AbstractImpregnation modification of wood with melamine formaldehyde resin reduces the adverse effects caused by moisture uptake, but the underlying modes of action are not fully understood. The present study showed that it is crucial to understand the sorption behavior of the pure resin when interpreting the behavior of resin-modified wood. Furthermore, the applied heat-curing conditions had a significant effect on the moisture uptake of resin-modified wood. At the same resin loads, dry curing conditions were more effective in causing a cell wall bulking effect than wet curing conditions. This reduced the water-accessible cell wall pore volume in dry cured wood and counterbalanced the moisture uptake by the resin. Deuterium exchange measurements suggested that the occupancy of cell wall pores reduced the number of simultaneously active sorption sites. However, there was no evidence that a swelling restraint or reduced mechanical relaxation affected the water sorption of resin-modified wood significantly.
Ambient Illumination Influence on Photuris Firefly Larval Surface Movements is not Mediated by the Stemmata
Authors: Murphy Frederick , Moiseff Andrew 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMovements of fireflies visible on the surface of soil were measured under controlled laboratory conditions consisting of high and low ambient illumination. High illumination approximating the intensity of light prior to sunset constituted our light condition. Low illumination was consistent with ambient light levels after civil sunset, which we referred to as our dark condition. Surface movements were significantly more frequent during dark conditions compared to light conditions. Stemmata are the larval form of the insect eye and were the only identified visual organs present in Photuris larvae. We investigated whether stemmata provided larvae with the sensory information facilitating the light dependency of surface movements. We disrupted transmission of visual information from the larval eyes to the brain by severing the optic nerves. The amount of surface movement was compared between larvae with intact and severed optic nerves, under light and dark conditions. Light dependency of surface movements was preserved in larvae with cut optic nerves. The presence of the light dependency after cutting the optic nerves indicated that an alternative, extrastemmatal sensory pathway must be providing light intensity information to the animal. Light dependency was abolished upon removal of the head. Thus, these results suggested that the extraocular system providing light intensity information for regulating the frequency of surface movement was located in the head. The precise location of the suggested extraocular receptor and the nature of the associated sensory system remains unknown.
Quality of care evaluation in non-functioning pituitary adenoma with chiasm compression: visual outcomes and timing of intervention clinical recommendations based on a systematic literature review and cohort study
Authors: Pelsma Iris C. M. , Verstegen Marco J. T. , de Vries Friso , Notting Irene C. , Broekman Marike L. D. , van Furth Wouter R. , Biermasz Nienke R. , Pereira Alberto M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Surgery in patients with non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas (NFMA) is effective in ameliorating visual function. The urgency for decompression, and preferred timing of surgery related to the preoperative severity of dysfunction is unknown.

Methods
Systematic review for evidence to provide clinical guidance for timing of surgical decompression of the optic chiasm, and a cohort study of 30 NFMA patients, in whom mean deviation (MD), and severity of visual dysfunction was assessed.

Results
Systematic review 44 studies were included with a total of 4789 patients. Postoperatively, visual field defects improved in 87.0% of patients, stabilized in 12.8% and worsened in 1.0%. Specific protocols regarding timing of surgery were not reported. Only seven studies (16.7%) reported on either the duration of visual symptoms, or diagnostic, or treatment delay.
Cohort study 30 NFMA patients (50% female, 60 eyes, mean age 58.5 ± 14.8 years), had a median MD of − 5.3 decibel (IQR − 3.1 to − 10.1). MD was strongly correlated with clinical severity (r =  − 0.94, P < 0.0001), and were used for severity of defects cut-off values: (1) normal >  − 2 dB, (2) mild − 2 dB to − 4 dB, (3) moderate − 4 to − 8 dB, (4) severe − 8 to − 17 dB, (5) very severe <  − 17 dB.

Conclusion
Surgical decompression is highly effective in improving visual function. Uniform, quantitative grading of visual dysfunction was lacking. MD is a promising quantitative outcome measure. We provide recommendations for the evaluation of timing of surgery, considering severity of visual impairment, which will need further validation based on expert clinical practice.
Entanglement as the world-making relation: distance from entanglement
Authors: Jaksland Rasmus 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDistance, it is often argued, is the only coherent and empirically adequate world-making relation that can glue together the elements of the world. This paper offers entanglement as an alternative world-making relation. Entanglement is interesting since it is consistent even with quantum gravity theories that do not feature space at the fundamental level. The paper thereby defends the metaphysical salience of such non-spatial theories. An account of distance (space) is the predominant problem of empirical adequacy facing entanglement as a world-making relation. A resolution of this obstacle utilizes insights from the Ryu–Takayanagi formula (a holographic relation between entanglement and spacetime) and Susskind and Maldacena’s related ER = EPR conjecture (a relation between bell pairs and wormholes). Together these indicate how distance can be recovered from entanglement and thus carves the way for entanglement fundamentalism.
Bringing back the voice: on the auditory objects of speech perception
Authors: Drożdżowicz Anna 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhen you hear a person speaking in a familiar language you perceive thespeech soundsuttered and thevoicethat produces them. How are speech sounds and voice related in a typical auditory experience of hearing speech in a particular voice? And how to conceive of the objects of such experiences? I propose a conception of auditory objects of speech perception as temporally structured mereologically complex individuals. A common experience is that speech sounds and the voice that produces them appear united. I argue that the metaphysical underpinnings of the experienced unity of speech sounds and voices can be explained in terms of themereologicalview on sounds and their sources. I also propose a psychological explanation (theVoice Shaping Speechmodel) of how we form and individuate the auditory objects of experiences of listening to speech in a particular voice. Voice characteristics enable determining the identity of auditory objects of speech sound perception by making some features of the speech signal stable and predictable.