bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unmasking a wild man: scientific analysis of Bertoldo di Giovanni’s Shield Bearer in The Frick Collection
Authors: Basso Elena , Pozzi Federica , Day Julia , Borsch Linda 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Bertoldo di Giovanni (ca. 1440–1491) was the primary sculptor and medal worker for Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449–1492). Despite being one of the most prominent Italian Renaissance artists working in Florence, little is known about his workshop and practice. The Frick Collection, New York, owns a Shield Bearer, one of a small number of bronze statuettes attributed to Bertoldo predominantly based on stylistic grounds. This article presents the results obtained from the scientific analysis of The Frick statuette, including a detailed technical characterization of the casting alloy, gilding, solder, organic coatings, and other later alterations. An array of analytical techniques was employed, including X-radiography, micro- and portable X-ray fluorescence (μXRF and pXRF) spectroscopies, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Raman and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). This work supported a larger technical study of Bertoldo’s statuettes and reliefs related to an exhibition organized by The Frick, which brought together a select group of medals, as well as eleven bronzes ascribed to the artist, including the museum’s statuette. Close collaboration between conservators, curators, and scientists was critical throughout the study of the Shield Bearer, which also included extensive visual examination of the object in order to understand details of manufacture, identify sampling sites, and interpret the collected data. This study confirmed that The Frick figure was cast from the same brass alloy as a second very similar Shield Bearer in the Liechtenstein Collection, Vienna, suggesting that the two are a pendant pair that was likely cast simultaneously. In addition, analysis supported the assertion that the copper base on The Frick sculpture is original and assisted in identifying later alterations in both works. This focused research has expanded the current knowledge of the sculptor’s materials and methods, enabling scholars to better contextualize his artistic production within the framework of Italian Renaissance sculpture.
The anti-scarring effect of corneal stromal stem cell therapy is mediated by transforming growth factor β3
Authors: Weng Lin , Funderburgh James L. , Khandaker Irona , Geary Moira L. , Yang Tianbing , Basu Rohan , Funderburgh Martha L. , Du Yiqin , Yam Gary Hin-Fai 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Corneal stromal stem cells (CSSC) reduce corneal inflammation, prevent fibrotic scarring, and regenerate transparent stromal tissue in injured corneas. These effects rely on factors produced by CSSC to block the fibrotic gene expression. This study investigated the mechanism of the scar-free regeneration effect.

Methods
Primary human CSSC (hCSSC) from donor corneal rims were cultivated to passage 3 and co-cultured with mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells induced to M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype by treatment with interferon-γ and lipopolysaccharides, or to M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype by interleukin-4, in a Transwell system. The time-course expression of human transforming growth factor β3 (hTGFβ3) and hTGFβ1 were examined by immunofluorescence and qPCR. TGFβ3 knockdown for > 70% in hCSSC [hCSSC-TGFβ3(si)] was achieved by small interfering RNA transfection. Naïve CSSC and hCSSC-TGFβ3(si) were transplanted in a fibrin gel to mouse corneas, respectively, after wounding by stromal ablation. Corneal clarity and the expression of mouse inflammatory and fibrosis genes were examined.

Results
hTGFβ3 was upregulated by hCSSC when co-cultured with RAW cells under M1 condition. Transplantation of hCSSC to wounded mouse corneas showed significant upregulation of hTGFβ3 at days 1 and 3 post-injury, along with the reduced expression of mouse inflammatory genes (CD80, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5, lipocalin 2, plasminogen activator urokinase receptor, pro-platelet basic protein, and secreted phosphoprotein 1). By day 14, hCSSC treatment significantly reduced the expression of fibrotic and scar tissue genes (fibronectin, hyaluronan synthase 2, Secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich, tenascin C, collagen 3a1 and α-smooth muscle actin), and the injured corneas remained clear. However, hCSSC-TGFβ3(si) lost these anti-inflammatory and anti-scarring functions, and the wounded corneas showed intense scarring.

Conclusion
This study has demonstrated that the corneal regenerative effect of hCSSC is mediated by TGFβ3, inducing a scar-free tissue response.
Naming the untouchable – environmental sequences and niche partitioning as taxonomical evidence in fungi
Authors: Kalsoom Khan Faheema , Kluting Kerri , Tångrot Jeanette , Urbina Hector , Ammunet Tea , Eshghi Sahraei Shadi , Rydén Martin , Ryberg Martin , Rosling Anna 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTDue to their submerged and cryptic lifestyle, the vast majority of fungal species are difficult to observe and describe morphologically, and many remain known to science only from sequences detected in environmental samples. The lack of practices to delimit and name most fungal species is a staggering limitation to communication and interpretation of ecology and evolution in kingdom Fungi. Here, we use environmental sequence data as taxonomical evidence and combine phylogenetic and ecological data to generate and test species hypotheses in the class Archaeorhizomycetes (Taphrinomycotina, Ascomycota). Based on environmental amplicon sequencing from a well-studied Swedish pine forest podzol soil, we generate 68 distinct species hypotheses of Archaeorhizomycetes, of which two correspond to the only described species in the class. Nine of the species hypotheses represent 78% of the sequenced Archaeorhizomycetes community, and are supported by long read data that form the backbone for delimiting species hypothesis based on phylogenetic branch lengths.Soil fungal communities are shaped by environmental filtering and competitive exclusion so that closely related species are less likely to co-occur in a niche if adaptive traits are evolutionarily conserved. In soil profiles, distinct vertical horizons represent a testable niche dimension, and we found significantly differential distribution across samples for a well-supported pair of sister species hypotheses. Based on the combination of phylogenetic and ecological evidence, we identify two novel species for which we provide molecular diagnostics and propose names. While environmental sequences cannot be automatically translated to species, they can be used to generate phylogenetically distinct species hypotheses that can be further tested using sequences as ecological evidence. We conclude that in the case of abundantly and frequently observed species, environmental sequences can support species recognition in the absences of physical specimens, while rare taxa remain uncaptured at our sampling and sequencing intensity.
La Real Pragmática en la Real Audiencia de Quito: Raza, clase y género hacia fines de la Colonia
Authors: Torres Alicia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Este artículo analiza los litigios presentados en las cortes de la Audiencia de Quito entre fines del siglo XVIII e inicios del XIX que se acogieron a la Pragmática Sanción expedida en 1776, una legislación sobre el consentimiento de los padres para el matrimonio de los hijos e hijas menores de 25 años que buscaba impedir los matrimonios desiguales. Argumenta que las relaciones entre hombres y mujeres de la Real Audiencia de Quito durante el siglo XVIII fueron marcadamente desiguales, fruto de una estructura social jerárquica basada en diferencias relacionadas con el estatus, la clase, la raza y el género. Sin embargo, esta estructura social jerarquizada fue también porosa y cambiante. Los criterios de desigualdad no fueron definidos por la Corona y esta indefinición permitió que el disenso de los padres apelara a categorías que incluyeron la clase, la raza, la calidad y el estatus, las cuales se construían en la vida cotidiana, en la práctica diaria. De esta manera, se demuestra que la identidad de las personas se definió a lo largo de las querellas. Los hombres y mujeres desafiaron las formas aceptables de construir las relaciones de pareja. Desafiaron, por lo tanto, el intento de la Corona por limitar su capacidad de elección y, al hacerlo, dieron cuenta de cómo se construía la autoridad imperial en el Quito del siglo XVIII: en el aquí y en el ahora.
A systematic review of criminal recidivism rates worldwide: 3-year update
Authors: Yukhnenko Denis , Sridhar Shivpriya , Fazel Seena 
Published: November 2020

Background: Comparing recidivism rates between countries may provide useful information about the relative effectiveness of different criminal justice policies. A previous 2015 review identified criminal recidivism data for 18 countries and found little consistency in outcome definitions and time periods. We aimed to update recidivism rates in prisoners internationally. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of criminal recidivism rates in prisoners and followed PRISMA guidelines. Using five bibliographic indexes, we carried out non-country-specific and targeted searches for 50 countries with the largest total prison populations. We included reports and studies of released prisoners that reported re-arrest, reconviction and reincarceration rates. Meta-analysis was not possible due to multiple sources of heterogeneity. Results: We identified criminal recidivism information for 23 countries. Of the 50 countries with the largest prison populations, 10 reported recidivism rates for prisoners. The most commonly reported outcome was the 2-year reconviction rate. We were able to examine reconviction between different time periods for 11 countries and found that most reported small changes in official recidivism rates. Overall, for 2-year follow-up period, reported re-arrest rates were between 26% and 60%, reconviction rates ranged from 20% to 63%, and reimprisonment rates varied from 14 to 45%. Conclusions: Although some countries have made efforts to improve reporting, recidivism rates are not comparable between countries. Criminal justice agencies should consider using reporting guidelines described here to update their data.
All thresholds of maternal hyperglycaemia from the WHO 2013 criteria for gestational diabetes identify women with a higher genetic risk for type 2 diabetes
Authors: Hughes Alice E. , Hayes M. Geoffrey , Egan Aoife M. , Patel Kashyap A. , Scholtens Denise M. , Lowe Lynn P. , Lowe Jr William L. , Dunne Fidelma P. , Hattersley Andrew T. , Freathy Rachel M. 
Published: November 2020

Background: Using genetic scores for fasting plasma glucose (FPG GS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D GS), we investigated whether the fasting, 1-hour and 2-hour glucose thresholds from the WHO 2013 criteria for gestational diabetes (GDM) have different implications for genetic susceptibility to raised fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes in women from the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) and Atlantic Diabetes in Pregnancy (DIP) studies. Methods: Cases were divided into three subgroups: (i) FPG ≥5.1 mmol/L only, n=222; (ii) 1-hour glucose post 75 g oral glucose load ≥10 mmol/L only, n=154 (iii) 2-hour glucose ≥8.5 mmol/L only, n=73; and (iv) both FPG ≥5.1 mmol/L and either of a 1-hour glucose ≥10 mmol/L or 2-hour glucose ≥8.5 mmol/L, n=172. We compared the FPG and T2D GS of these groups with controls (n=3,091) in HAPO and DIP separately. Results: In HAPO and DIP, the mean FPG GS in women with a FPG ≥5.1 mmol/L, either on its own or with 1-hour glucose ≥10 mmol/L or 2-hour glucose ≥8.5 mmol/L, was higher than controls (all P <0.01). Mean T2D GS in women with a raised FPG alone or with either a raised 1-hour or 2-hour glucose was higher than controls (all P <0.05). GDM defined by 1-hour or 2-hour hyperglycaemia only was also associated with a higher T2D GS than controls (all P <0.05). Conclusions: The different diagnostic categories that are part of the WHO 2013 criteria for GDM identify women with a genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes as well as a risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes.
On-Time Last-Mile Delivery: Order Assignment with Travel-Time Predictors
Authors: Liu Sheng , He Long , Max Shen Zuo-Jun 
Published: November 2020

We study how delivery data can be applied to improve the on-time performance of last-mile delivery services. Motivated by the delivery operations and data of a food delivery service provider, we discuss a framework that integrates travel-time predictors with order-assignment optimization. Such integration enables us to capture the driver’s routing behavior in practice as the driver’s decision-making process is often unobservable or intricate to model. Focusing on the order-assignment problem as an example, we discuss the classes of tractable predictors and prediction models that are highly compatible with the existing stochastic and robust optimization tools. We further provide reformulations of the integrated models, which can be efficiently solved with the proposed branch-and-price algorithm. Moreover, we propose two simple heuristics for the multiperiod order-assignment problem, and they are built upon single-period solutions. Using the delivery data, our numerical experiments on a real-world application not only demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed order-assignment models with travel-time predictors, but also highlight the importance of learning behavioral aspects from operational data. We find that a large sample size does not necessarily compensate for the misspecification of the driver’s routing behavior. This paper was accepted by Hamid Nazerzadeh, big data analytics.
Practical, open source, GPU-accelerated, high-fidelity phase retrieval by simultaneous propagations
Authors: Jamal Muhammad Tahir , Hansen Anders Kragh 
Published: November 2020

Phase retrieval is a highly useful technique that allows the calculation of the complex electric field of a beam of spatially coherent radiation based only on recordings of intensity profiles with a camera. In this work, we demonstrate what we believe, to the best of our knowledge, is a new technique for single-beam multiple-intensity phase retrieval based on simultaneous propagations that provides improved fidelity results compared to standard methods (0.9931 compared to 0.9646) and a 34 dB reduction in background noise level. The implementation is fast, open source, user friendly, and can be run on either CPUs or GPUs. It is available for download at https://gitlab.gbar.dtu.dk/biophotonics/PhaseRetrieval.
Long-wave infrared multi-wavelength optical source for standoff detection of chemical warfare agents
Authors: Melkonian Jean-Michel , Armougom Julie , Raybaut Myriam , Dherbecourt Jean-Baptiste , Gorju Guillaume , Cézard Nicolas , Godard Antoine , Pašiškevičius Valdas , Coetzee Riaan , Kadlčák Jiří 
Published: November 2020

We have designed and built a wavelength-tunable optical source for standoff detection of gaseous chemicals by differential absorption spectrometry in the long-wave infrared. It is based on a nanosecond 2 µm single-frequency optical parametric oscillator, whose idler wave is amplified in large aperture Rb:PPKTP crystals. The signal and idler waves are mixed in

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crystals to produce single-frequency tunable radiation in the 7.5–10.5 µm range. The source was integrated into a direct detection lidar to measure sarin and sulfur mustard inside a closed chamber, in an integrated path configuration with a noncooperative target.
Design of zoom systems composed of lenses with variable focal length
Authors: Mikš Antonín , Pokorný Petr 
Published: November 2020

This paper develops a methodology for a design of zoom-systems, which are composed of thin optical components with a variable focal length (e.g., membrane lenses). The proposed procedure allows us to design not only the outer parameters of the system (focal lengths and separation of lenses), but the inner structure of individual components of the system can be calculated as well (radii of curvature, thicknesses, and refractive indices) i.e., the starting values of the mentioned parameters can be calculated and used for the next optimization.
Polarization independent and temperature tolerant AWG based on a silicon nitride platform
Authors: Guerber Sylvain , Alonso-Ramos Carlos Alberto , Le Roux Xavier , Vulliet Nathalie , Cassan Eric , Marris-Morini Delphine , Boeuf Frédéric , Vivien Laurent 
Published: November 2020

A polarization tolerant optical receiver is a key building block for the development of wavelength division multiplexing based high-speed optical data links. However, the design of a polarization independent demultiplexer is not trivial. In this Letter, we report on the realization of a polarization tolerant arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) on a 300-mm silicon nitride (SiN) photonic platform. By introducing a series of individual polarization rotators in the middle of the waveguide array, the polarization dependence of the AWG has been substantially reduced. Insertion losses below 2.2 dB and a crosstalk level better than

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has been obtained for transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarizations on a four-channel coarse AWG. The AWG temperature sensitivity has also been evaluated. Thanks to the low thermo-optical coefficient of SiN, a thermal shift below 12 pm/°C has been demonstrated.
Serious limitations of the current strategy to control Soil-Transmitted Helminths and added value of Ivermectin/Albendazole mass administration: A population-based observational study in Cameroon
Authors: Djune-Yemeli Linda , Nana-Djeunga Hugues C. , Lenou-Nanga Cédric G. , Donfo-Azafack Cyrille , Domche André , Fossuo-Thotchum Floribert , Niamsi-Emalio Yannick , Ntoumi Francine , Kamgno Joseph 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundSoil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections remain a public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. School-based mass drug administration (MDA) using the anthelminthic drug Mebendazole/Albendazole have succeeded in controlling morbidity associated to these diseases but failed to interrupt their transmission. In areas were filarial diseases are co-endemic, another anthelminthic drug (Ivermectin) is distributed to almost the entire population, following the community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) strategy. Since Ivermectin is a broad spectrum anthelmintic known to be effective against STH, we conducted cross-sectional surveys in two health districts with very contrasting histories of Ivermectin/Albendazole-based PC in order to investigate whether CDTI might have contributed in STH transmission interruption.MethodologyCross-sectional surveys were conducted in two health districts with similar socio-environmental patterns but with very contrasting CDTI histories (Akonolinga health district where CDTI was yet to be implemented vs. Yabassi health district where CDTI has been ongoing for two decades). Stool samples were collected from all volunteers aged >2 years old and analyzed using the Kato-Katz technique. Infections by different STH species were compared between Akonolinga and Yabassi health districts to decipher the impact of Ivermectin/Albendazole-based MDA on STH transmission.Principal findingsA total of 610 and 584 participants aged 2–90 years old were enrolled in Akonolinga and Yabassi health districts, respectively. Two STH species (Ascaris lumbricoidesandTrichuris trichiura) were found, with prevalence significantly higher in Akonolinga health district (43.3%; 95% CI: 38.1–46.6) compared to Yabassi health district (2.5%; 95% CI: 1.1–5.1) (chi-square: 90.8; df: 1; p < 0.001).Conclusion/significanceThese findings (i) suggest that Mebendazole- or Albendazole-based MDA alone distributed only to at-risk populations might not be enough to eliminate STH, (ii) support the collateral impact of Ivermectin/Albendazole MDA onA.lumbricoidesandT.trichiurainfections, and (iii) suggest that Ivermectin/Albendazole-based PC could accelerate STH transmission interruption.
Ensino multimodal do português: uma proposta pedagógica a partir da obra experimental-digital de Rui Torres
Authors: Guerreiro Dias Sandra 
Published: November 2020

A mudança de paradigma da cultura impressa para a cultura mediática digital pressupõe a adequação de um modelo pedagógico de formação linguística que contemple os desafios e a especificidade de uma materialidade comunicativa e linguística sustentada numa nova ecologia dos meios. Neste artigo, apresenta-se uma proposta pedagógica para as unidades curriculares de iniciação à linguística e aos estudos literários (Português I e II), lecionadas no âmbito do curso de Licenciatura em Ensino Básico, no Instituto Politécnico de Beja. Parte-se dos referenciais da Direção-Geral da Educação em articulação com princípios de análise dos Estudos Literários Digitais. A proposta tem como base a obra literária digital de Rui Torres, um dos autores recentemente integrados no Plano Nacional de Leitura (PNL).
La educación se incrustó en el proceso evolutivo y florecieron los humanos
Authors: García Carrasco Joaquín , Donoso González Macarena 
Published: November 2020

Introducción: el horizonte de nuestro tema relaciona la evolución humana y la acción educativa. Hipótesis: educación es un término prácticamente ausente en los escritos de paleoantropología. Sin embargo, hoy hay programas de investigación donde la cultura adquirió la categoría de motor de la evolución humana. El término cultura esconde que la mediación y cooperación intersubjetiva –que conforman la enseñanza- son los mecanismos principales de la cultura acumulativa. La cultura caracterizó el género Homo, dentro del cual evolucionó Homo sapiens; el escenario de esa cooperación cultural es precisamente el motor social del proceso educativo. Procedimiento: para el argumento utilizaremos argumentos de la paleoantropología y nos uniremos a los puntos de vista más recientes, proponiendo educación como concepto para identificar el mecanismo fundamental de los procesos culturales.
Educación, justicia social y multiculturalismo: teoría y práctica en el aula
Authors: Guichot-Reina Virginia 
Published: November 2020

Pasados casi cincuenta años desde que apareciera el término “educación multicultural” en Estados Unidos, este trabajo va destinado a mostrar, tras la revisión de la literatura más reciente aparecida en revistas internacionales y editoriales de prestigio, la actual tendencia a vincularla a la consecución de la justicia social, conllevando cuestionamientos acerca del poder y el privilegio y una rebelión contra la opresión que sufren diferentes grupos sociales dentro del sistema hegemónico establecido, e incluimos un ejemplo de implementación en el aula que consideramos muy clarificador. Estos planteamientos impulsan un nuevo tipo de docente que, otorgando un gran valor al diálogo y a la participación del alumnado, le da oportunidades en sus clases para comprometerse con luchas contra la discriminación, unir los valores éticos con acciones políticas, y aplicar ideas de justicia, autonomía y reciprocidad. Concluimos haciendo hincapié en la necesidad de desarrollar este enfoque de la educación dirigido a una transformación social en aras de valores como el respeto activo, la libertad, la equidad y la justicia social y que reconoce la diversidad humana como normalidad; más aun teniendo presente el aumento drástico de la desigualdad económica, social y cultural a nivel mundial que suele provocar sentimientos de humillación y de falta de respeto en los grupos desfavorecidos, caldo de cultivo para impedir una convivencia pacífica democrática.