bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Access and allocation: the role of large shareholders and investors in leaving fossil fuels underground
Authors: Gupta Joyeeta , Rempel Arthur , Verrest Hebe 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAn under-researched story is how large shareholders (e.g. Pension Funds) and investors (e.g. Export Credit Agencies) whose investments in fossil fuels may amount to trillions of dollars are implementing the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and in particular leaving fossil fuels underground (LFFU). Hence, this paper addresses the question: What arguments are used by shareholders and investors in making their financial flows consistent with LFFU, and what do these arguments imply for: access to fulfilling needs; allocation of related resources, responsibilities and risks; and, the right to (sustainable) development? This paper identifies the different arguments used and clusters them into five investor/shareholder scenarios. It assesses these scenarios using the inclusive (access and allocation) development framework. We find that there is prima facie evidence that fossil fuels and associated infrastructure are doomed to become obsolete and hence stranded, which poses a series of risks for (potential) investors and various stakeholders. Three of the five identified scenarios indicate that Pension Funds and Export Credit Agencies may transfer their risks associated with fossil fuel resources, assets and/or related knowledge to developing countries justified by the latter’s Right to Development. Such transfers have negative access and allocation impacts—creating, inter alia, a fossil fuel infrastructure and path dependency in the South and amounting to a de facto transfer of a carbon budget along with carbon dependency and related debt to the Global South.
Scaffolding Children’s Production of Representations Along the Three Years of ECE: a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Monteira Sabela F. , Jiménez-Aleixandre María Pilar , Siry Christina 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe report a longitudinal study carried out along 3 years in an early childhood education (ECE) classroom in which we examined children’s (aged 3–6) engagement with science representations. The research questions are as follows: (1) How do children’s science representations develop from ECE1 to ECE3? (2) What are the features and affordances of the teacher’s scaffolding of the production of science representations and how is it facilitated from the first to the third year of ECE? The participants were 21 children and their teacher. The group was involved in long-term science projects that lasted for 5 months each. Sessions (N = 30) were recorded and children’s drawings (N = 487) gathered. Data were analyzed using discourse and content analyses, coupled with an analysis of the intensity of scaffolding. The results indicate that children’s representations of science phenomena became more complex along several dimensions. We have identified teacher’s scaffolding strategies which supported children’s increasing autonomy in producing representations. Implications are drawn for teaching science at the ECE level as well as for further research.
Temporal issues in life cycle assessment—a systematic review
Authors: Lueddeckens Stefan , Saling Peter , Guenther Edeltraud 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Case studies on life cycle assessments frequently admit that the precision of their outcome could be undermined due to temporal issues, though they usually refrain from offering much more detail. In addition, available overview papers and reviews on problems and challenges in LCA do not address the whole range of temporal issues. As those are major sources of inaccuracies and influence each other, it is important to get a clear picture of them, to close gaps in definitions, to systemize temporal issues, and to show their interdependencies and proposed solutions. In order to identify the state of science on those questions, we conducted a systematic literature review.

Methods
We first systematized temporal issues based on ISO 14040ff and divided them into six types: time horizon, discounting, temporal resolution of the inventory, time-dependent characterization, dynamic weighting, and time-dependent normalization. Building on that, we identified suitable search terms and developed an analysis grid for the content analysis. We included only methodological papers and case studies with original findings on solutions for temporal issues. Bibliographic data, impact types, industrial fields, and methodological contributions were analyzed.

Results and discussion
Literature differentiates between different types of time horizons. There is one for the whole assessment, defined in goal and scope, one for the life cycle inventory, and one for the impact characterization. Setting a time horizon for the assessment is regarded as equivalent to the application of discounting. Both very long and very short time horizons of the assessment are not practical depending on the topic assessed in the LCA. Very short ones would offend the principle of intergenerational equality, while very long ones would marginalize short-term actions and thereby reduce incentives to act. There is consensus in the literature that temporally differentiated life cycle inventories and time-dependent, or at least time horizon dependent, characterization improve the accuracy of LCA. Generally, dynamic life cycle assessments are attractive for companies because the calculation results are not only more accurate but are often also lower than in static life cycle assessments.

Conclusion
The main questions where we did not find consensus are the issue of the length of the time horizon of the assessment and the issue of discounting. Those are regarded as subjective and are encountered with sensitivity or scenario analysis. Further investigations should be taken for a better understanding of this issue and for concrete solutions because their influence on the results of life cycle assessments is often fundamental.
Targeting Toll-like receptor 4 with CLI-095 (TAK-242) enhances the antimetastatic effect of the estrogen receptor antagonist fulvestrant on non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Fan S. , Liao Y. , Qiu W. , Li L. , Li D. , Cao X. , Ai B. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Estrogen plays a critical role in the invasiveness and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through estrogen receptor β (ERβ). However, the antimetastatic effect of the ERβ antagonist fulvestrant was still limited in NSCLC patients. Recently, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling was implicated in NSCLC metastasis. Our present study aimed to evaluate the synergistic antimetastatic effect of a combination of fulvestrant and the TLR4-specific inhibitor CLI-095 (TAK-242) on human NSCLC cells.

Methods
The expression levels of ERβ and TLR4 were detected by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of 180 primary NSCLC and 30 corresponding metastatic lymph node samples. The association between ERβ and TLR4 expression was analyzed. The aggressiveness of NSCLC cells treated with fulvestrant, CLI-095 or the drug combination and formation status of their invadopodia, invasion-associated structures, were investigated. The protein levels in NSCLC cells in different groups were determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses.

Results
Here, a positive correlation between ERβ and TLR4 expression was observed in both primary NSCLC tissue (Spearman’s Rho correlation coefficient = 0.411, p < 0.001) and metastatic lymph node tissue (Spearman’s Rho correlation coefficient = 0.374, p = 0.009). The protein levels of ERβ in NSCLC cell lines were decreased by fulvestrant, and this suppressive effect was significantly enhanced when fulvestrant was combined with CLI-095 (p < 0.05). Both the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells were suppressed by fulvestrant or CLI-095 alone, and the combination of fulvestrant + CLI-095 showed the strongest inhibitory effect (p < 0.05). In addition, the results demonstrated that CLI-095 also helped fulvestrant restrict the formation and function of invadopodia in NSCLC cells (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
Collectively, our study results suggested that CLI-095 enhances the antimetastatic effect of fulvestrant on NSCLC and provided support for further investigation of the antitumor activity of combined therapy with antiestrogen and anti-TLR4 agents in the clinic.
Viscous flow simulations through multi-lobe progressive cavity pumps
Authors: El-Abd F. M. , Wahba E. M. , Adam I. G. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of multi-lobe progressive cavity (PC) pumps are limited in the literature due to the geometric complexity of the pump, which places numerous restrictions on the grid generation process. The present study attempts to alleviate such restrictions by developing a detailed numerical procedure for the numerical simulations of multi-lobe progressive cavity pumps. The profile equations for the multi-lobe configuration at any section at each instant of rotation are presented. A structured grid generation method is developed to generate mesh files required for CFD simulations of multi-lobe PC pumps. Results from the present procedure are validated against single-lobe PC pump numerical results available in the literature. Finally, a numerical parametric study is carried out to investigate the effect of the number of lobes, the stator pitch, the circular fillet and clearance on the volumetric efficiency of PC pumps with viscous oils.
From specified product tolerance to acceptable material and process scatter: an inverse robust optimization approach
Authors: Nejadseyfi O. , Geijselaers H. J. M. , Atzema E. H. , Abspoel M. , van den Boogaard A. H. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractProduction efficiency in metal forming processes can be improved by implementing robust optimization. In a robust optimization method, the material and process scatter are taken into account to predict and to minimize the product variability around the target mean. For this purpose, the scatter of input parameters are propagated to predict the product variability. Consequently, a design setting is selected at which product variation due to input scatter is minimized. If the minimum product variation is still higher than the specific tolerance, then the input noise must be adjusted accordingly. For example this means that materials with a tighter specification must be ordered, which often results in additional costs. In this article, an inverse robust optimization approach is presented to tailor the variation of material and process noise parameters based on the specified product tolerance. Both robust optimization and tailoring of material and process scatter are performed on the metamodel of an automotive part. Although the robust optimization method facilitates finding a design setting at which the product to product variation is minimized, the tighter product tolerance is only achievable by requiring less scatter of noise parameters. It is shown that the presented inverse approach is able to predict the required adjustment for each noise parameter to obtain the specified product tolerance. Additionally, the developed method can equally be used to relax material specifications and thus obtain the same product tolerance, ultimately resulting in a cheaper process. A strategy for updating the metamodel on a wider (noise) base is presented and implemented to obtain a larger noise scatter while maintaining the same product tolerance.
Extraction of Vehicle Turning Trajectories at Signalized Intersections Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Abdeljaber Osama , Younis Adel , Alhajyaseen Wael 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper aims at developing a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based tool that can automatically detect the left-turning vehicles (right-hand traffic rule) at signalized intersections and extract their trajectories from a recorded video. The proposed tool uses a region-based CNN trained over a limited number of video frames to detect moving vehicles. Kalman filters are then used to track the detected vehicles and extract their trajectories. The proposed tool achieved an acceptable accuracy level when verified against the manually extracted trajectories, with an average error of 16.5 cm. Furthermore, the trajectories extracted using the proposed vehicle tracking method were used to demonstrate the applicability of the minimum-jerk principle to reproduce variations in the vehicles’ paths. The effort presented in this paper can be regarded as a way forward toward maximizing the potential use of deep learning in traffic safety applications.
Effect of the parameters of weld toe geometry on the FAT class as obtained by means of fracture mechanics-based simulations
Authors: Schork B. , Zerbst Uwe , Kiyak Y. , Kaffenberger M. , Madia M. , Oechsner M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe fracture mechanics-based IBESS approach is applied to the determination of FAT classes of butt welds with crack initiation along the weld toe. The aim is an investigation of the effect of the geometrical parameters toe radius, flank angle, reinforcement and secondary notches such as roughness or undercuts. The influence of these parameters is discussed both individually and in combination; however, excluding statistical distributions of them and the material data. The results, when compared with conventional FAT classes for butt welds, are encouraging with respect to a potential contribution of IBESS to the discussion of more advanced quality criteria for welds. To that purpose, demands for further research are proposed.
Recent Advances in Strain-Induced Piezoelectric and Piezoresistive Effect-Engineered 2D Semiconductors for Adaptive Electronics and Optoelectronics
Authors: Li Feng , Shen Tao , Wang Cong , Zhang Yupeng , Qi Junjie , Zhang Han 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe development of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors has attracted widespread attentions in the scientific community and industry due to their ultra-thin thickness, unique structure, excellent optoelectronic properties and novel physics. The excellent flexibility and outstanding mechanical strength of 2D semiconductors provide opportunities for fabricated strain-sensitive devices and utilized strain tuning their electronic and optic–electric performance. The strain-engineered one-dimensional materials have been well investigated, while there is a long way to go for 2D semiconductors. In this review, starting with the fundamental theories of piezoelectric and piezoresistive effect resulted by strain, following we reviewed the recent simulation works of strain engineering in novel 2D semiconductors, such as Janus 2D and 2D-Xene structures. Moreover, recent advances in experimental observation of strain tuning PL spectra and transport behavior of 2D semiconductors are summarized. Furthermore, the applications of strain-engineered 2D semiconductors in sensors, photodetectors and nanogenerators are also highlighted. At last, we in-depth discussed future research directions of strain-engineered 2D semiconductor and related electronics and optoelectronics device applications.
Energy and Latency of Beamforming Architectures for Initial Access in mmWave Wireless Networks
Authors: Barati C. Nicolas , Dutta Sourjya , Rangan Sundeep , Sabharwal Ashutosh 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFuture millimeter-wave systems, 5G cellular or WiFi, must rely on highly directional links to overcome severe pathloss in these frequency bands. Establishing such links requires the mutual discovery of the transmitter and the receiver, potentially leading to a large latency and high energy consumption. In this work, we show that both the discovery latency and energy consumption can be significantly reduced using fully digital front-ends. In fact, we establish that by reducing the resolution of the fully digital front-ends we can achieve lower energy consumption compared to both analog and high-resolution digital beamforming. Since beamforming through analog front-ends allows sampling in only one direction at a time, the mobile device is “on” for a longer time compared to a digital beamformer, which can get spatial samples from all directions in one shot. We show that the energy consumed by the analog front-end can be four to six times more than that of the digital front-ends, depending on the size of the employed antenna arrays. We recognize, however, that using fully digital beamforming post beam discovery, i.e., for data transmission, is not viable from a power consumption standpoint. To address this issue, we propose the use of digital beamformers with low-resolution analog to digital converters (4 bits). This reduction in resolution brings the power consumption to the same level as analog beamforming for data transmissions while benefiting from the spatial multiplexing capabilities of fully digital beamforming, thus reducing initial discovery latency and improving energy efficiency.
Particle concentrations, dispersion modelling and evaluation in southern Sweden
Authors: Rittner Ralf , Gustafsson Susanna , Spanne Mårten , Malmqvist Ebba 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHealth impact assessments of differential air pollution rely on epidemiologically established relationships between concentration levels where people are exposed and adverse health outcomes. To assess air pollution concentrations, land use regression is commonly used. However, an alternative tool is dispersion modelling, where a detailed inventory of pollution sources together with meteorological data drives calculations of compound dispersion. With this, both spatial and temporal variation can be assessed. In this study, we evaluated results of a Gaussian dispersion model applied to an emissions inventory for Scania, the southernmost county in Sweden. The dispersion considered was particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter < 10 µm (PM10), particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and black carbon (BC) during an 11-year period (2000–2011). Mean concentrations and 95th percentiles expressed in µg/m3 ranged from 10.1 to 12.6 and 16.6 to 20.7 for PM2.5 and from 14.0 to 18.8 and 22.6 to 27.0 for PM10, respectively. Seven monitoring stations were used for evaluation. Correlations (R2) ranged from 0.44 to 0.86 for PM2.5 (mean bias from − 9.0 to 0.1 µg/m3) and from 0.46 to 0.83 for PM10 (mean bias − 6.1 to 3.5 µg/m3). An evaluated database of PM and BC concentrations for Scania is now available for future exposure assessment projects. Calculations were based on a well-known dispersion model with detailed emission data as input. The evaluation showed correlation coefficients for PM in line with previous literature. The data on PM10, PM2.5 and BC concentrations will, therefore, be used in subsequent studies, epidemiological as well as health impact assessments.
Contamination of titanium dental implants: a narrative review
Authors: Dhaliwal Jagjit Singh , David Sheba Rani Nakka , Zulhilmi Nurul Ramizah , Sodhi Dhaliwal Sachinjeet Kaur , Knights Joe , de Albuquerque Junior Rubens Ferreira 
Published: May 2020

AbstractContamination of titanium dental implants may lead to implant failure. There are two major types of contaminants: the inorganic and organic contaminants. The inorganic contaminants mostly consist of elements such as calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, sulphur, sodium, silicon, fluorine and some organic carbons. Whereas organic contaminants consist of hydrocarbon, carboxylates, salts of organic acids, nitrogen from ammonium and bacterial cells/byproducts. Contaminants can alter the surface energy, chemical purity, thickness and composition of the oxide layer, however, we lack clinical evidence that contaminations have any effect at all. However, surface cleanliness seems to be essential for implant osseointegration.These contaminants may cause dental implants to fail in its function to restore missing teeth and also cause a financial burden to the patient and the health care services to invest in decontamination methods. Therefore, it is important to discuss the aetiology of dental implant failures. In this narrative review, we discuss two major types of contaminants: the inorganic and organic contaminants including bacterial contaminants. This review also aims to discuss the potential effect of contamination on Ti dental implants.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in malignant otitis externa: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Byun Young Jae , Patel Jaimin , Nguyen Shaun A. , Lambert Paul R. 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveTo review the role of adjuvant hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in the treatment of malignant otitis externa (MOE).Data sourcesPubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library were searched for the following concepts: “hyperbaric oxygen” and “malignant or necrotizing otitis externa.”MethodsStudies were included if they contained (1) patients with reported evidence of MOE, (2) employment of adjuvant HBOT, (3) details on patients’ medical condition, and (4) documented survival outcomes. Extracted information included patient demographics, underlying medical conditions, infectious etiology, signs and symptoms, medical and surgical treatments, duration of medical treatment, mean follow up time, HBOT setting, number of HBOT sessions, complications, survival rate, and all‐cause mortality.ResultsA total of 16 studies comprising 58 patients (mean age 68.0 years) were included. Diabetes was present in 94.7% of cases and Pseudomonas spp (64.3%) was the most common infectious agent. Cranial nerve VII was involved in 55.2% of cases. Overall, the disease cure rate with adjuvant HBOT was 91.4% and all‐cause mortality was 8.6%. Among those who had cranial nerve VII involvement, 72.0% had return of function and 93.8% of them survived.ConclusionHBOT may be an effective treatment option for refractory or advanced MOE but its efficacy remains unproven due to lack of strong scientific evidence. However, its therapeutic value should not be underestimated given good results and few adverse events reported in this study.
The post-politics of public-private security governance: An ideology critique of the complaints about Facebook
Authors: Jacobsen Jeppe T. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHow do public protests emerge and become impotent? Inspired by Žižek's ideology critique, the article examines the ideological underpinnings of contemporary public-private security governance and suggests that worried, complaining subjects are a product of a dominant discourse of expert knowledge and technification. It then introduces three Žižekian dynamics that prevent protests from challenging the prevailing discourse – particularisation, ultra-politics, and cynicism – and illustrates these dynamic through a case study of the history of public complaints about Facebook. The article suggests that Facebook communicates through a discourse of technification whereby it constantly invents technological fixes unable to satisfy the complaints. The article further suggests that Facebook turning into a national security partner in the fight against terrorism online prevents complaints from becoming universalised by rendering even particularised privacy contestations illegitimate. This is reinforced, the article argues, by the subject's cynical enjoyment; that is, the ‘letting off steam’ on Facebook while criticising it.