bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The City of God and the Civic Church, 1888–94
Authors: Brown Stewart J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The years from 1888 to 1894 were for W. T. Stead a highly creative period. Inspired by the potential for the media of mass communication to unite and elevate humankind, his ideas became increasingly global. During these years, he wrote his three most important books, the Truth about Russia (1888), The Pope and the New Era (1890), and If Christ Came to Chicago! (1894). He ghost-wrote for William Booth of the Salvation Army much of the highly influential book in urban social Christianity, In Darkest England and the Way Out (1890). He founded in late 1889 a new monthly journal, the Review of Reviews, which aimed at providing readers with digests of the best articles from the world press. He also developed the plan for a ‘Civic Church’, which would unite the religious bodies, labour organizations, voluntary charities, and secular agencies in every town and city for urban social improvement.
Franco's Internationalists
Authors: Brydan David 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This book tells the story of the experts who sold the idea of Franco’s ‘social state’. Despite the repression, violence, and social hardship which characterized Spanish life in the 1940s and 1950s, the Franco regime sought to win popular support by promoting its apparent commitment to social justice. This book reveals the vital role which the idea of the social state also played in the regime’s ongoing search for international legitimacy. It shows how social experts, particularly those working in the fields of public health, medicine, and social insurance, were at the forefront of efforts to promote the regime to the outside world. By working with international organizations and transnational networks across Europe, Africa, and Latin America, they sought to sell the idea of Franco’s Spain as a respectable, modern, and socially just state. In doing so the book also seeks to disrupt our understanding of the modern history of internationalism. Exploring what it meant for Francoist experts to think and act internationally, it challenges dominant accounts of internationalism as a liberal, progressive movement by foregrounding the history of fascist, nationalist, imperialist, and religious forms of international cooperation. The case of Spain reveals the contested and heterogenous nature of mid-twentieth-century internationalism, characterized by the tumultuous interplay of overlapping global, regional, and imperial projects. It also brings into focus the overlooked continuities between international structures and projects before and after 1945.
Deification in the Long Nineteenth Century
Authors: Coates Ruth 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 sets out the history of the reception of deification in Russia in the long nineteenth century, drawing attention to the breadth and diversity of the theme’s manifestation, and pointing to the connections with inter-revolutionary religious thought. It examines how deification is understood variously in the spheres of monasticism, Orthodox institutions of higher education, and political culture. It identifies the novelist Fedor Dostoevsky and the philosopher Vladimir Soloviev as the most influential elite cultural expressions of the idea of deification, and the primary conduits through which Western European philosophical expressions of deification reach early twentieth-century Russian religious thought. Inspired by the anthropotheism of Feuerbach, and Stirner’s response to this, Dostoevsky brings to the fore the problem of illegitimate self-apotheosis, whilst Soloviev, in his philosophy of divine humanity, bequeaths deification to his successors both as this is understood by the church and in its iteration in German metaphysical idealism.
Deification and Asceticism
Authors: Coates Ruth 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 analyses Pavel Florensky’s The Pillar and Ground of the Truth (1914) in the context of Florensky’s still recent conversion to Christianity and of the tradition of contemplative mysticism (hesychasm) as expressed in the Philokalia and embodied in the saintly elders (startsy) of the Orthodox Church. It is structured around the idea of Florensky’s movement from outside the church to inside it. After setting out the place deification occupies within Pillar and Ground’s overarching thesis, the chapter considers the confessional aspect of the work as a construction of Florensky’s personal ascesis, explores its missional aspect through Florensky’s presentation of Orthodox asceticism in its relationship to deification, and finally analyses the polemical aspect of Pillar and Ground, its defence of Orthodox asceticism against its many detractors among the Russian intelligentsia, including the religious intelligentsia, of which Florensky had until recently himself been a member.
Conclusion
Authors: Coates Ruth 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Conclusion offers a brief account of the fate of the thinkers whose work has been analysed after the 1917 revolution and the further development of deification as a motif in the post-revolutionary work of Berdiaev and Bulgakov. It considers the ‘modernism’ of Russian religious thought of the inter-revolutionary period in light of the inter-war debate between the ‘modernists’ in exile and the younger generation, the representatives of the ‘neo-patristic synthesis’ (V. Lossky and G. Florovsky). Whilst it was this younger generation that introduced deification to the ‘West’ and made possible its emergence as a major topic of theological scholarship (which it remains to this day), its achievement rests on foundations laid by the protagonists of this book. Finally, the Conclusion sums up the main ideas that the book has attempted to express.
Turn-taking in Shakespeare
Authors: Morgan Oliver 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Whenever people talk to one another, there are at least two things going on at once. First, and most obviously, there is an exchange of speech. Second, and slightly less obviously, there is a negotiation about how that exchange is organized—about whose turn it is to talk at any given moment. Linguists call this second, organizational, level of communicative activity ‘turn-taking’, and since the late 1970s it has been central to the way in which spoken interaction is understood. In spite of its relevance to the study of drama, however, turn-taking has received little attention from critics and editors of Shakespeare. This book aims to put that right. It offers a fresh perspective on the dramatic text by reversing the priorities of traditional literary analysis. Rather than focusing on what characters say, it focuses on when they speak. Rather than focusing on how they talk, it focuses on how they gain access to the floor. Its central argument is that the turn-taking patterns of Shakespeare’s plays are a part of what Emrys Jones has called their ‘basic structural shaping’—as fundamental to dialogue as rhythm is to verse. It investigates what it means for a character to speak in or out of turn, to interrupt or overlap with a previous speaker, to pause before speaking, or to fail to speak at all. It explores how these moments are—and are not—signalled by the Shakespearean text, how best to describe and understand them, and the implications of such questions for contemporary debates about editing, rhetoric, prosody, and early modern performance practices.
Learning Languages in Early Modern England
Authors: Gallagher John 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In 1578, the author, teacher, translator, and lexicographer John Florio wrote of English that it was ‘a language that wyl do you good in England, but passe Dover, it is woorth nothing’. Florio lived in an age when English was a marginal language on the international stage, and when language-learning was central to the English encounter with the wider world. This book is the first major study of how English-speakers learnt a variety of Continental vernaculars. Moving from language lessons in early modern London to the texts, practices, and ideas that underlay vernacular language education in the sixteenth and seventeenth century, and offering a new and multilingual understanding of early modern travel practices, it explores how early modern people learnt and used foreign languages, and asks what it meant to be competent in another language in this period. Multilingualism was a fact of life in early modern Europe: it animated and shaped travel, commerce, culture, diplomacy, education, warfare, and cultural encounter. This book offers a new and methodologically innovative study of a set of practices that were crucial to England’s encounter with the wider world, and to the fashioning of English linguistic and cultural identities at home. It argues for the importance of a historicized understanding of linguistic competence, and frames new ways of thinking about language, communication, and identity in a polyglot age.
The Moral Imperative Toward Cost-Effectiveness in Global Health
Authors: Ord Toby 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Getting good value for the money with scarce resources is a substantial moral issue for global health. In this chapter, Toby Ord explores the moral relevance of cost-effectiveness, a major tool for capturing the relationship between resources and outcomes, by illustrating what is lost in moral terms for global health when cost-effectiveness is ignored. For example, the least effective HIV/AIDS intervention produces less than 0.1 per cent of the value of the most effective. In practical terms, this can mean hundreds, thousands, or millions of additional deaths due to a failure to prioritize. Ultimately, the author suggests that creating an active process of reviewing and analyzing global health interventions to deliver the bulk of global health funds to the very best.
Benevolent Giving and the Problem of Paternalism
Authors: Saunders-Hastings Emma 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, Emma Saunders-Hastings argues that some attempts to promote welfare through charitable giving can be objectionably paternalistic, and explores what avoiding such paternalism would require. She defends a view according to which our moral reason to avoid paternalistic behaviour is grounded in the importance of social and political relations, which in turn require respect for autonomous agents. This respect is potentially compromised when donors act as if they are entitled to maximally pursue their own conception of the good. Saunders-Hastings argues that we should at least take account of the instrumental importance of these relations, e.g. their importance to welfare. If they have intrinsic importance, then they have to be balanced against the independent importance of promoting welfare.
The Callousness Objection
Authors: Mogensen Andreas 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, Andreas Mogensen discusses the suggestion that one might be morally obligated to let the child drown in Singer’s infamous “Shallow Pond” case, so that one can save a greater number of lives through donations. Intuitively, there would be something morally horrendous about doing this. Yet a moral requirement to let the child drown seems to be the conclusion of reasoning very similar to that used by Singer and his allies to argue for demanding duties to donate on the basis of cases like “Shallow Pond”; what should we make of this? Mogensen attempts to capture both the intuition that our obligations to donate to effective life-saving organizations are as strong as our obligations to save the child in “Shallow Pond” and the intuition that one should not allow the child to drown even if by doing so one could save a greater number of lives through donations.
Early Ideas
Authors: Spence John C. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Mankind’s early ideas about the speed of light, the Aether (supposed to fill the universe) and the instantaneous “action at a distance” theory, before the speed of light was first measured. Euclid’s work on optics, in which he used his theorems from geometry to explain what is seen, assuming that rays of vision were sent out by the eye. The discovery of refraction, explained by Snell’s law and its implications for the speed of light in the theories of Descartes and Fermat, and its importance in modern physics as a principle of least action. How the study of refraction, as when a light beam from a laser pointer bends on entering water, divided scientists for centuries into two groups, those who believed that light sped up on entering water and was a particle, and those who believed it slowed down and was a wave.
Albert Michelson and the Aether Wind
Authors: Spence John C. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The life of the gifted American scientist who devoted his life to detection of the Aether wind which the Earth should be moving through, and to the measurement of the speed of light. The struggle to understand how light could propagate through a complete vacuum. Michelson’s invention of his interferometer. Michelson’s great experiment at Case University showing that the speed of light is the same in all directions, independent of the Earth’s velocity. His communication with Maxwell, Kevin, and Rayleigh, and sense of failure over his inability to detect the Aether wind or to locate the Aether as an absolute frame of reference. The Aether drag theories and their tests. Rayleigh’s work on the difference between phase and group velocity. Heaviside’s life and work. Fitzgerald, Einstein, Lorentz, and Michelson.
Einstein
Authors: Spence John C. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The confused state of theoretical physics in 1900 and the great unresolved issues are summarized, one of which led to the birth of quantum mechanics, and the other to relativity. How it seemed impossible to reconcile Bradley’s measurements of the speed of light with Fresnel’s Aether drag hypothesis, which was well supported by Fizeau’s measurements in Paris of the speed of light in a moving medium (flowing water). Maxwell’s equations predicted a constant speed of light, suggesting an absolute frame of reference in the universe, but did not “transform” in the same way as Newton’s equations from one moving observer to another. How Einstein made sense of all these rival theories and experimental results with his unifying theory of relativity, based on two assumptions. His life and work is discussed, and a simple explanation given of his relativity theory. How the failure of this search for an absolute frame of reference in our universe led him inexorably to perhaps the most famous equation in physics E = mc2, giving the energy release from nuclear explosions and the stars.
Radio and Telecommunications
Authors: Spence John C. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Cassini space probe and its recent voyage to Saturn, and communications system are described. Communication with it at the speed of light takes over an hour to reach Earth. The power and range of its transmitter, how its antenna works, and NASA’s deep space communications global network. Heinrich Hertz and the discovery of radio communication in 1887, after Maxwell’s death. FitzGerald’s publication predicting radio transmission in 1883. His life and apprenticeship under Helmholtz and theoretical and experimental work. His use of a spark gap as a receiver with resonant circuits to set up standing electro-magnetic waves in his laboratory. His discovery that these waves, of much lower frequency than light, travelled at the speed of light. Dipole radiation. Hertz’s visit to London and his life. David Hughes, his life, adventures and inventions, including the carbon microphone and printing telegraph, and his accidental pre-discovery of radio using a carbon microphone as a “coherer” detector.
Patient Publics
Authors: Curato Nicole 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
As the attention of spectacular publics wanes, disaster-affected communities begin to feel a sense of abandonment. This causes injuries to their esteem and poses limits on the scope of political action. This chapter narrates how ‘patient publics’ are constructed through the micro-politics of waiting. It argues that patient publics create a vocabulary for both acquiescence and negotiation to a political order that reproduces their subordination. Despite these limitations, however, the chapter argues that deliberative democratic theory can learn from how political claims are made amidst despair. It draws attention to modest achievements of communities that struggle but nevertheless strive to make an appearance in the public sphere.
Like a Kite in a Hurricane
Authors: Curato Nicole 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This final chapter focuses on two lessons for deliberative democracy based on disaster ethnography. It begins by making a case for celebrating everyday achievements of democratic action. The micro-politics of deliberative democracy works through humble methods of everyday practice with everyday effects. While this must not be interpreted as a replacement for large scale political reform, it also suggests an appreciation for the quotidian features of political action that builds the edifice of democratic life. The chapter concludes with a re-evaluation of the role of emotions in public deliberation. It argues that emotions play an ambivalent role as far as they can draw attention to the suffering of distant others, but it also risks creating hierarchies of misery. This chapter is entitled Like a Kite in a Hurricane—a metaphor for democracy in a time of misery.
Virtues of Greatness in the Arabic Tradition
Authors: Vasalou Sophia 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
There are few ideals of character as distinctive as the ancient virtue of “greatness of soul.” A larger-than-life virtue embodying a vision of human greatness, it has often been seen as a relic of the Homeric world and its honour-loving heroes. In philosophy, it found its most celebrated expression in Aristotle’s ethics, and it has lived on in the minds of philosophers and theologians ever since. Yet among the many lives this virtue has led in intellectual history, one remains conspicuously unwritten. This is the life it led in the Arabic tradition. A virtue of Greek warriors and their democratic epigones—what happened when this splendid virtue made landfall in the Islamic world? One of the aims of this book is to answer this question. Yet in the process, it opens out to become a story about a larger family of virtues united by their preoccupation with greatness and things great. We may call them “virtues of greatness.” An important constituent of the character ideals expounded across a range of genres within the Islamic world, this type of virtue tells us as much about the content of these ideals as about their kaleidoscopic genealogies. The Islamic world, too, had its native heroes, who bequeathed their conception of extraordinary virtue to posterity. Heroic virtue is above all expressed in a boundless aspiration to what is greatest. Could we admire such virtue enough to want it as our own? What can we learn from the Arabic tradition of the virtues?
Greatness of Soul
Authors: Vasalou Sophia 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Part 1 explores how thinkers in the Islamic world received the ancient virtue of greatness of soul by focusing on one particular ‘virtue of greatness’ found in works of Arabic philosophical ethics. Greatness of soul appears in the works of prominent Muslim thinkers such as al-Fārābī, Miskawayh, and al-Ghazālī under the Arabic term kibar al-nafs. In Miskawayh’s and al-Ghazālī’s classifications of the virtues and vices, it is defined in terms approximating to Aristotle’s account. The overall treatment of the virtue is cursory yet apparently approving. This will seem surprising given the oft-remarked conflict of the virtue, particularly in its Aristotelian version, with an ideal of humility. Did thinkers in the Arabic tradition take a different view of this ideal? Part 1 investigates this question by offering a substantive reading of Miskawayh’s and, more concertedly, al-Ghazālī’s account of the ethics of esteem and self-esteem. There are delicate interpretive issues to be navigated in piecing together an account of al-Ghazālī’s ethical commitments. Yet the author’s conclusion is that al-Ghazālī privileges the virtue of humility and denigrates the status of honour as a good. The virtue of magnanimity he incorporates in his tables of the virtues thus appears to be in profound conflict with his considered ethical viewpoint, and with values central to Islamic religious morality more broadly. Why then does al-Ghazālī (like Miskawayh) pass this conflict over in silence? Part 1 concludes with some suggestions about this puzzle and about what it may have to tell us about these thinkers’ engagement with ancient philosophy.
Bodies and Incorporeals
Authors: Bronowski Ada 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Stoic notion of a body all the better to distinguish bodies from incorporeals. It looks first at the criterion for corporeality, according to which a body is either active or passive. The questions of touch and conjunction between active and passive bodies are examined, framing further questions about differentiation between individual bodies and their roles in a causal relation. A third element is shown to be necessary to regiment these roles: it is an incorporeal whose distinct relation to one and the other body in causation determines the role of each within the causal schema. Further distinctions between bodies, incorporeals and not-somethings, which are generic concepts borne in the mind, are established thanks to an analysis of the constructive, though critical, dialogue the Stoics have with Plato, in particular through their reading of the Gigantomachia or ‘Battle of the Giants’ in the Sophist. The Stoics reject the Platonic Forms but not the presence in reality of items which are not bodies. The Stoics rise to the challenge of making room within the sensible world for non-sensible items: these are the four incorporeals, time, void, space, and lekta. These are granted a parallel mode of being real, not inferior nor superior to that of bodies, and which all four satisfy equally.
Rationality in Stoic Thought
Authors: Bronowski Ada 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on lekta as the objects of ordinary teaching. What there is to teach, and what there is to learn are lekta, say the Stoics. This claim leads to affirming the mind-independence of lekta since it is what is distinct and external from us, and yet obtains as true, that we need to be taught, especially once teaching and learning are understood as necessary steps in the natural development of reason in us. There are two methods for this developement to follow its natural course: through sense-perception leading to the acquisition of conceptions on the basis of experience, and through teaching and paying attention. The methods are not only compatible but are equally necessary to enable us to fulfil our impulse to preserve what we come to understand is most characteristic of us, as rational beings in a rational cosmos, namely reason. The Stoic theory of oikeiōsis, appropriation, is discussed in relation to the teaching and learning of lekta, as also the further question of the stages of this process of instruction. The Stoics make a distinction between two ways impressions come about in our minds: hupo, by, and epi, in relation to. A suggestion is put forward that this difficult distinction expands the distinction between the two methods, sensory and through attention, which ground the natural developement of reason. In this light, the example the Stoics take of the gymnasitics teacher, often decried as incongruous, is defened as a paradigmatic case of teaching how to pay attention to lekta, expressed through a language of the body.