bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
It-Based Usury Free Financial Innovations
Authors: Bidabad Bijan , Allahyarifard Mahmoud 
Published: April 2020

Despite development and extension of different ways of financing in financial markets, encompassing Islamic and conventional financing, the mechanism of Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) of project financing both as borrowed and non-borrowed methods has not been considered at most. Moreover overall IT infrastructures development namely Real Gross Settlement System (RTGS), Automatic Clearing House (ACH), Scriptless Security Settlement System (SSSS) and International Bank Account Number (IBAN) for authentication process and the international meta bank network of Single Euro Payment Area (SEPA) and also international integrated banking networks including the Society For Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) and Interbank Information Transfer Network (Shetab), and other accomplished endeavors are not efficient in absorbing international contributions for project financing through foreign exchange funds in the different countries, satisfactory E-Payment mechanism in informative portal systems for investment projects are weak. In this way, the role of applying E-Payment systems for attracting foreign investment through retail resources mobilization and design of financial instruments with the capability of transacting in the secondary markets should be reconsidered. In this paper by having a glance at different types of investment project financing, we introduce a new project financing mechanism based on E-Payment with non-usury financial instruments to complete investment project financing chain in the form of Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS) banking.Sharia compliance of financing instruments in one side and accessibility in absorbing international retail foreign exchange sources on other side are two fundamental discussible items in this paper. In this way by designing a new system of "Non-Usury Scriptless Security Settlement System" (NSSSS) with non-usury mechanisms -avoiding legislative (Sharia) circumvention- can provide the two cited goals in designing non-usury financing instruments through IT-based non-usury financial innovations which includes of Rastin Certificates in Rastin PLS banking, and Non-Usury Bonds namely Rastin Swap Bonds.
Collision of NPLs on the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks: A Case Study of Ethiopia
Authors: Tola Hailu Megersa , Sankar D. Guna 
Published: April 2020

Credit risk in banking relates to the possibility that loans will not be paid or that investments will deteriorate in quality or go in to default with resultant loss to the bank. This is the most obvious and most important risk to the banking industry in terms of potential losses. Credit risk is not confined to the risk that borrowers are unable to pay; it also includes the risk of payments being delayed, which can also cause problems for the bank. In order to protect their own interest and the wealth of bank depositors, banks need to investigate and monitor the activities of the will be and existing borrowers. Adequately managing of those risks related with credit is critical for the survival and growth of any financial institution. The present case study projects the effects of Non-Performing Assets on the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Ethiopia.
Cost of Capital and Optimal Financing of Corporate Growth of Selected Manufacturing Firms Listed on the Floor of Nigerian Stock Exchange
Authors: Damiebi Sam Achebelema 
Published: April 2020

This dissertation empirically investigated the relationship between cost of capital and optimal financing of corporate growth of selected manufacturing firms listed on the floor of Nigerian stock exchange. Annual time series data were generated from the Annual Reports of the quoted firms and stock exchange fact book. Fifty manufacturing firms were selected from the population of quoted manufacturing firms. Four multiple regression models were specified and estimated with the aid of Software package for social services (SPSS). Equity financing measured as equity capital to total capital, debt financing measured as debt capital to total capital and return on investment were modeled as the function of cost of debt, cost of equity and weighted average cost of capital. The generated collinearity diagnostics result shows that the Eigen values that correspond to the highest condition index and variable constant are less than 0.5 rule of thumb. The Durbin Watson test shows absence of auto-correlation. The regression coefficient shows that cost of debt and cost of equity have negative relationship on equity financing while weighted average cost of capital have negative effect, cost of debt and weighted average cost of capital have positive relationship with debt financing while cost of equity have negative effect on the dependent variable. Cost of debt and reweighted average cost of capital have positive effect on return on Investment while cost of equity has negative effect. Model four found that cost of capital have positive relationship with financing mix of the quoted firms. From the model summary, the study conclude that cost of capital have no significant effect on equity financing and return on investment but significantly affect debt financing. It therefore recommends that Management should formulate internal policy that will enhance the realization of optimal capital structure of the firms, formulating capital structure of the firm should be well examined with the investment policy of the firms, the environmental factors should be acknowledged in formulating cost of capital to avoid risk associated with inadequate or wrong capital structure, external source of capital such as debt should be properly appraised and integrated with the investment policy and cost of equity should be integrated with the objective of maximizing shareholders’ wealth through investment policies.
Accounting Information and Value Relevance in an Economy Under Recession: The Nigeria Experience
Authors: Ogbonna G. N. , Captain Briggs Alasin 
Published: April 2020

This study examined accounting information system and value relevance in accounting in an emerging economy under recession. The objective was to examine the relationship between accounting information and value relevance of commercial banks. Time series data was sourced from the financial statements and annual reports of quoted commercial banks from 2000-2015. Earnings per share and dividend per share was modeled as the function of ordinary share capital, book value of equity, earnings before interest and tax, market value of equity, cash flow and leverage ratio. Multiple regressions were formulated to explore the relationship between the variables. Model I found that all the independent variables have positive relationship with earnings per share while model II found that cash flow and leverage ratio have negative effect on dividend per share. The regression summary prove that model I have an R2 of 72.7% and 62.3%, f-statistics of 7.007 and probability of 0.000162 while model II found an R2 of 75.9% and 66.7%, f-statistics of 8.293, probability of 0.000049. From the above, we conclude that accounting information have significant relationship with value relevance among the commercial banks. The study recommend well formulated policies for the validity of accounting information that can enhance value relevance.
The Executive Mechanism of Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS) Banking
Authors: Bidabad Bijan , Allahyarifard Mahmoud 
Published: April 2020

Despite the interest of bankers for using Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS)[1] banking for the last decades, it has not prevailed yet executively. The existence of different definitions of Riba, absence of appropriate operational, supervisory, and managing mechanism on PLS are some reasons that haven't allowed this kind of banking to be practiced yet. Here, we are going to introduce a practical method for Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS) banking to overcome these problems. In this bank, the basis for determination of interest rate of loans is real economy return rate. The bank operates as an intermediary, who gets commission fee, collects saving resources and as an attorney or legal representative of the depositor, allocates them to investment projects, and supervises the detailed operation of the contractor. The yields of the investment will transfer to resources owners who are depositors whatever profit or losses.The PLS banking is a banking system with newly defined instruments of Mosharaka and Pazireh that not only stabilizes the financial and economic markets by preventing the banks, loanees /entrepreneurs and design, construction and contractor sectors in the economy from bankruptcy during crisis periods and volatile markets, but also makes the banks as an international firm which perform similar jobs as stock exchange markets for transactions of PLS products certificates through a secondary certificate market on virtual internet space. Depositors will earn more stabilized benefits too.In this designed method, a trustee (Amin) is a unit who supervise the contractor/entrepreneur operations on behalf of the bank for being honesty in carrying out the project, controlling on executive operations along with announced programs, resources allocation manner, and auditing financial statements.PLS banking will use new financial instruments and innovations such as Mosharaka (partnership) Certificates for projects with specific ends and Pazireh (Subscripted) Certificates for endless (productive) projects. Establishing of secondary exchange market for the transaction of certificates, and various insurance services will play important roles for activating and increasing the efficiency of newly established virtual markets.All of the activities in this method will be done on the basis of compiled instructions. The framework and the organization of the PLS banking have been analyzed in forms of required committees, units, and departments tailored for this type of Non-Usury Bank (NubankCo.) definition.
JEL:L86 ,L87 ,G21 ,G24
[1] - This invention has been protected by US patent law under the application number: US 12/588,188
Insurance Products in Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing Banking
Authors: Bidabad Bijan 
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This paper aims to explain new insurance products and policies in Rastin Profit and Loss Sharing (PLS) Banking. Rastin Banking is a full Islamic Banking System with all necessary parts for banking operations that can be installed in conventional and Islamic banks both. In this paper, we are going to explain the milestones of new insurance products and policies.
Design: Rastin Banking complies with the nature of the intermediary financial activity and has a new type of banking operations. The systems and instruments of this type of banking have different risk treatments, and new insurance policy and measures should be defined to cover the risks of the operations In order to fulfill this goal, appropriate insurance policies are described.
Findings: Some new insurance products are defined such as Certificate Insurance, Insurance of Market Value of Certificate, Responsibility/Engineering Insurance, Insurance of Accidents Concerning the Article of Sharing, Collateral Insurance, Loss Margin Insurance, Profit Margin Insurance, Merchandise Transportation Insurance, Production Equipment and Installations Insurance, Product Quality Insurance, Insurance of Commodity under Production, Inventory Insurance, Production Limited Loss Insurance, Transaction Limited Loss Insurance to handle Rastin Banking.
Research limitations: Many of these insurance policies are new and require more elaborations for further practical development and adjustment.
Practical implications: These insurance products can be used both in Rastin Banking operations as well as conventional business and finance arrangements. These insurance policies have no conflict with indisputable legal principles, and insurance companies can supply these insurance products based on their own actuary calculations.
Social implications: The introduced insurance policies actually change profit and loss sharing activity to just profit sharing.
Originality/value: Approach of this system and the designed insurance policies is entirely different and new.
Relationship between Profitability and Non-Performing Loan and A Comparative Financial Performance Analysis of Shari’ah Based Banks of Bangladesh
Authors: Akber S. M. 
Published: April 2020

In Bangladesh's banking sector is considered as the nerve system of economic activities nowadays. Banks' performances are considered as the indicator of a country's economic forthcoming. Banks are considered as an influential factor in reducing poverty and unemployment problem because of their capacity to have a higher investment. But this promising sector is facing the challenge of raising the level of nonperforming loans in recent times. The basic objective of the study is to analyze and measure the impact of NPLs on the profitability of shari'a based banks of Bangladesh for the period of the last five (2014-2018) years. For this, it has worked with a sample of five selected Islami banks. Through excel, regression and ratio analysis was used to find the bank's comparative financial performance and identify the variable that affects the profitability of shari’ah based banks of Bangladesh. The findings of this paper recommend that if the authority of the banks becomes more careful about these issues then the performance of the banking sector will be better than previous and it could have an even more significant contribution to the country's economy.
Impact of Microcredit on Living Standard of Dairy Entrepreneurs: Special Focus on Oddusuddan DS Division in Mullaitivu District
Authors: Balagobei Saseela , Aravinthakumar Sankeetha 
Published: April 2020

Microcredit is part of micro finance, which provides a wider range of financial services for low income people. Micro credit serves as a vital role for Living standard of poor people in the developing countries as well as in Sri Lanka. In this Study Oddusuddan DS division in Mullaitivu district was selected as research area. After the 30 years conflict situation most people in the Oddusuddan area in Mullaitivu district are subordinate to the poverty line, because most of the displaced people who are female other than male staying here. Women lost their male relatives in struggle, and forced to take a responsibility of their family in order to look after their children, aged parents and their male relatives. Micro credit helps the poor people particularly women in effective ways in order to create income generating activities. The prime objective of this study is to investigate the impact of Microcredit on living standard of dairy entrepreneurs in Oddusuddan DS division in Mullaitivu District. In the rural areas of Mullaitivu, Oddusuddan Divisional Secretariat Divisions 100 dairy entrepreneurs were selected as the sample size of population. The selected entrepreneurs who have received loan from samurdhi bank for dairy farming activities in Oddusuddan DS Division. Primary data were used for gathering information and quantitative analysis was carried out to find out the results. In the quantitative analysis the correlation and regression methods were employed to examine the hypotheses by using SPSS. The result of this study concluded that there is a positive impact of samurdhi micro credit on living standard of dairy entrepreneurs in Oddusuddan DS Division. In addition to this, using micro credit facilities create more job opportunities and variety of economic activities and improve household education, income, saving and heath condition of the people. The study recommends that micro credit institution should consider improve the living standard of dairy entrepreneurs through increase the loan amount with lower interest rate.
Short-term Economic Indicators, Stock Market Indexes and Indian Oil and Gas Stocks Returns
Authors: Yelamanchili Rama Krishna 
Published: April 2020

In this paper we examine the causal relationship between short term economic indicators, stock market indexes and oil and gas stocks returns. We postulate that economic indicators positively and significantly cause and predict stock market indexes and oil and gas stock returns in short run. In addition, we posit that stock market indexes cause and predict oil and gas stock returns in short run. To test our hypotheses we chose four short-term economic indicators, two stock market indexes, and 10 oil and gas companies. Our results indicate that there is no causal relationship between both short-term economic indicators and stock market indexes, and between short-term economic indicators and oil and gas stock returns. However, we receive support to one of our hypotheses that stock market indexes cause oil and gas stock returns. This causation is contemporaneous only and we observe that stock market indexes lack short-term predictive power of oil and gas stock returns. We conclude that investors need to be vigilant in considering coincident indicators as explanatory variables to predict stock returns. We suggest that stock market indexes are helpful to predict contemporaneous returns but not future returns of oil and gas stocks.
JEL Classification: B1, C32, D4, G2.
Nitrate-dominated PM2.5 and elevation of particle pH observed in urban Beijing during the winter of 2017
Authors: Xie Yuning , Wang Gehui , Wang Xinpei , Chen Jianmin , Chen Yubao , Tang Guiqian , Wang Lili , Ge Shuangshuang , Xue Guoyan , Wang Yuesi , Gao Jian 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The Chinese government has exerted strict emission controls
to mitigate air pollution since 2013, which has resulted in significant
decreases in the concentrations of air pollutants such as SO2. Strict
pollution control actions also reduced the average PM2.5 concentration
to the low level of 39.7 µg m−3 in urban Beijing during the winter
of 2017. To investigate the impact of such changes on the physiochemical
properties of atmospheric aerosols in China, we conducted a comprehensive
observation focusing on PM2.5 in Beijing during the winter of 2017.
Compared with the historical record (2014–2017), SO2 decreased to the
low level of 3.2 ppbv in the winter of 2017, but the NO2 level was still
high (21.4 ppbv in the winter of 2017). Accordingly, the contribution of nitrate
(23.0 µg m−3) to PM2.5 far exceeded that of sulfate (13.1 µg m−3) during the pollution episodes, resulting in a significant
increase in the nitrate-to-sulfate molar ratio. The thermodynamic model
(ISORROPIA II) calculation results showed that during the PM2.5
pollution episodes particle pH increased from 4.4 (moderate acidic) to 5.4
(more neutralized) when the molar ratio of nitrate to sulfate increased from
1 to 5, indicating that aerosols were more neutralized as the nitrate
content elevated. Controlled variable tests showed that the pH elevation
should be attributed to nitrate fraction increase other than crustal ion and
ammonia concentration increases. Based on the results of sensitivity tests, future prediction for the particle acidity change was discussed. We
found that nitrate-rich particles in Beijing at low and moderate humid
conditions (RH: 20 %–50 %) can absorb twice the amount of water that
sulfate-rich particles can, and the nitrate and ammonia with higher levels have
synergetic effects, rapidly elevating particle pH to merely neutral (above
5.6). As moderate haze events might occur more frequently under abundant
ammonia and nitrate-dominated PM2.5 conditions, the major chemical
processes during haze events and the control target should be re-evaluated
to obtain the most effective control strategy.
New continuous total ozone, UV, VIS and PAR measurements at Marambio, 64° S, Antarctica
Authors: Lakkala Kaisa , Aun Margit , Sanchez Ricardo , Bernhard Germar , Asmi Eija , Meinander Outi , Nollas Fernando , Hülsen Gregor , Karppinen Tomi , Aaltonen Veijo , Arola Antti , de Leeuw Gerrit 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. A ground-based ultraviolet (GUV) multi-filter radiometer was set up at Marambio, 64∘ S, 56∘ W, Antarctica, in 2017. The instrument continuously measures ultraviolet (UV) radiation, visible (VIS) radiation and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The measurements are designed for providing high-quality long-term time series that can be used to assess the impact of global climate change in the Antarctic region. The quality assurance includes regular absolute calibrations and solar comparisons performed at Marambio and at Sodankylä, Finland. The measurements continue observations at Marambio that were performed with (Norwegian Institute for Air Re-search UV Radiometer (NILU-UV) radiometers between 2000 and 2010 as part of the Antarctic NILU-UV network. These measurements are ideally suited for assessing the effects of the ongoing stratospheric ozone recovery on the ecosystem, as the data products include information on radiation at various wavelengths ranging from UV to VIS so that changes on biologically effective radiation due to ozone can be separated from those due to other factors. Data products include total ozone, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), visible (VIS) radiation at 555 nm, UV index, UV irradiance at 5 channels, UVB and UVA dose rate and daily dose, and biologically weighted UV dose rate and daily dose, calculated with 10 different action spectra. The data from the last 5 d and the daily maximum UV index time series are plotted and updated daily on the following web page: http://fmiarc.fmi.fi/sub_sites/GUVant/ (last access: 17 April 2020). The first 2 years of UV measurements were very different in terms of the results: for October, November and December the monthly average of daily maximum UVB dose rates were clearly higher in 2018 than in 2017. The largest difference was observed in October, when the average of daily maximum UVB dose rates was 76 and 102 µW cm−2 in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Monthly averages of the 3 months were similar in 2018, while in 2017 the monthly average of October was lower than those of November and December. The VIS and PAR time series show that daily maxima in 2018–2019 exceed those in 2017–2018 during late spring and summer (mid-November–January). The studied dataset, including daily maximum irradiances at five UV channels and one VIS channel; daily maximum UVB, UVA, and PAR dose rates; noon UVB, UVA, and PAR dose rates; noon total column ozone; and UVB and UVA daily doses, is freely accessible at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3688700 (Lakkala et al., 2019).