bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motor dysfunction of the gut in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Malagelada Carolina , Bendezú R‐Alvaro , Seguí Santi , Vitrià Jordi , Merino Xavier , Nieto Adoracion , Sihuay Denisse , Accarino Anna , Molero Xavier , Azpiroz Fernando 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundCystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is extensively expressed in the intestine and has an important role in the regulation of the viscosity and pH of gut secretions. Several studies have reported a delay in small bowel and colonic transit times in patients with CF which have been attributed to the secretory dysfunction. Our aim was to determine whether intestinal contractility is affected in these patients.MethodsConsecutive patients with CF referred to our institution between 2014 and 2017 (n = 16) were prospectively investigated using automated non‐invasive techniques for morpho‐functional evaluation of the gut developed in our laboratory. On separate days, intraluminal images of the gut were obtained by capsule endoscopy and external images by abdominal MRI. Analysis of images (endoluminal and external) was performed with original, previously validated programs based on computer vision and machine learning techniques and compared with age‐ and sex‐matched controls.Key ResultsPatients with CF exhibited important reduction in contractile activity and increased retention of static turbid luminal content in the small bowel by endoluminal image analysis. Morpho‐volumetric analysis of MRI images found increased ileo‐colonic volumes in CF. Significant correlations between abnormalities detected by intraluminal and external imaging techniques were found. The presence and severity of digestive symptoms were not related to abnormal gut function.Conclusion and InferencesImpaired transit and pooling of gut contents in patients with CF is associated with impaired intestinal motility.
Influence of oestrogen deficiency and excessive mechanical stress on condylar head of mandible
Authors: Nogami Shinnosuke , Yamauchi Kensuke , Odashima Kenji , Ito Ko , Iikubo Masahiro , Kumasaka Akira , Martinez‐de la Cruz Gerardo , Gaggl Alexander , Kumamoto Hiroyuki , Takahashi Tetsu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveWe assessed the aetiology of idiopathic condylar resorption by examining the effects of oestrogen and compressive mechanical stress under a low systemic oestrogen condition in temporomandibular joints (TMJ) caused by an ovariectomy.Materials and MethodsFemale rabbits were divided into non‐ovariectomy (non‐OVX) and ovariectomy (OVX) groups. A cortical osteotomy was performed with a custom device that was increased in length by 0.25 mm every 12 hr for 1 week after the operation, during which the TMJs in the rabbits received compressive mechanical stress. Samples from both groups were examined with micro‐computed tomography and histological staining.ResultsArea and depth of bone resorption were both greater in the OVX group. Furthermore, a significantly earlier and greater prevalence of sub‐condylar bone resorption was noted in that group, while cells positive for tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase were increased in the OVX group.ConclusionsThe present findings suggest that oestrogen induced a much greater amount of bone resorption on the anterior surface of the condylar head at an earlier stage in the TMJs of the present model rabbits. Thereafter, restoration of TMJ function appeared to occur in a normal manner.
Vitamin deficiencies in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis: A systematic review
Authors: Fissinger Alexis , Mages Keith C. , Solomon Aliza B. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundNutritional deficiencies are seen in patients with food allergy. Low vitamin D levels have been found in patients with atopic conditions. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic immune antigen‐mediated disease found to be highly associated in patients with atopic disease and treated with dietary elimination with recommendations to utilize a dietician to prevent nutritional deficiencies. Nonetheless, the relationship between EoE and vitamin deficiency remains unclear. We aimed to systematically review the evidence to support a possible association between vitamin deficiency and eosinophilic esophagitis.MethodsElectronic searches were performed with keywords relating to EoE and vitamins among pediatric patients in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library. Summary estimates were calculated. Citations were reviewed against pre‐defined criteria. (Inclusion: human subjects, aged 0‐18, with eosinophilic esophagitis. Exclusion: adults over 18 years, non‐English papers).ResultsThe search yielded 1707 studies. Five of these studies with a total of 137 pediatric patients were included in the systematic review. Outcome measures were assessed at different points in EoE treatment across studies. The single common outcome measure across all included studies was vitamin D. Reported prevalence of low vitamin D varied in these studies (0%‐52%). Vitamin D levels of children with EoE both pre‐ and post‐intervention were low.ConclusionsThere is limited published literature on vitamin deficiencies associated with EoE both pre‐ and post‐intervention. The limited data on vitamin D suggest that insufficiency or deficiency may be present in these patients, but it remains unclear whether deficiency is caused by diet. More prospective, well‐defined studies, in addition to routine reporting on dietary intake and nutritional status, are needed to make any conclusions or recommendations for screening.
Functional neural substrates of football fanaticism: Different pattern of brain responses and connectivity in fanatics
Authors: Bilgiç Başar , Kurt Elif , Makar Çağrı Can , Ulasoglu‐Yildiz Cigdem , Samancı Bedia , Gürvit Hakan , Demiralp Tamer , Emre Murat 
Published: May 2020

AimSports activities provide social interaction for humans. Commitment to a given team is a salient feature of being a sports fan and becomes a prominent part of self‐identification for fanatics. Emotion, subjective hedonic experience, and non‐romantic love are related to fan behaviors. Few studies have evaluated the neural basis of sports fanaticism.MethodsThirty men, including 16 football fanatics and 14 non‐fanatics, with a mean age of 27.4 ± 6.4 years (range, 20–48 years) were enrolled. Subjects underwent functional MRI while watching a set of goals scored by favorite, rival, and neutral teams.ResultsThe analysis of variance in a general linear model revealed a significant Group × Condition interaction effect in the bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) that was more prominent in the left hemisphere. In the post‐hoc comparisons, fanatics showed increased activation in bilateral dACC, supplementary motor area, superior frontal cortex, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and right insula for Favorite > Neutral contrast and an increased activation in bilateral dACC and supplementary motor area for Rival > Neutral contrast. Seed‐based connectivity analyses using the areas with significant activation differences revealed increased connectivity between dACC and several regions, including the left posterior lateral temporal area, insula, bilateral medial temporal area, and medial superior frontal area as well as the basal ganglia in fanatics compared to non‐fanatics.ConclusionOur results suggest that football fanatics exhibit a different brain activation and connectivity pattern from non‐fanatics, both under favorable and unfavorable conditions. This brain activity and connectivity pattern under emotionally laden conditions may represent higher responses to rewards, higher emotional valence attribution, and stronger motivational state of football fanatics, which might underlie their unusual behavioral responses.
Involvement of Photoprotective Compounds of a Phenolic Nature in the Response of Arabidopsis Thaliana Leaf Tissues to Low‐Intensity Laser Radiation
Authors: Dudareva Lyubov , Tarasenko Vladislav , Rudikovskaya Elena 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe influence of low‐intensity laser radiation (LILR) on the changes in the content of anthocyanins, kaempferol, quercetin and their glycosides in the leaves of 5‐week‐old plants of Arabidopsis thaliana L. was studied by means of methods of high‐performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). It was found that in the leaves subjected to a stimulating He‐Ne laser radiation dose (3.6 J cm−2, continuous wave radiation, wavelength—632.8 nm, exposure time—5 min), the radiation induced an increase in the content of such compounds, the most significant one being in the case of anthocyanins (9 times). The present study also revealed an increase in the antioxidant potential of kaempferol, quercetin and their glycosides as a result of laser exposure. This increase was due to the preferential synthesis of compounds with a larger number of OH‐groups on the phenyl ring. Thus, the content of quercetin, which has five OH‐groups in its structure, increased almost by three times as compared to the control.
Oppressive Things*
Authors: Liao Shen‐yi , Huebner Bryce 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn analyzing oppressive systems like racism, social theorists have articulated accounts of the dynamic interaction and mutual dependence betweenpsychologicalcomponents, such as individuals’ patterns of thought and action, andsocialcomponents, such as formal institutions and informal interactions. We argue for the further inclusion ofphysicalcomponents, such as material artifacts and spatial environments. Drawing on socially situated and ecologically embedded approaches in the cognitive sciences, we argue that physical components of racism are not only shaped by, but also shape psychological and social components of racism. Indeed, while our initial focus is on racism and racist things, we contend that our framework is also applicable to other oppressive systems, including sexism, classism, and ableism. This is because racist things are part of a broader class ofoppressive things,which are material artifacts and spatial environments that are in congruence with an oppressive system.
Antimicrobials in Phytophthora isolation media and the growth of Phytophthora species
Authors: Sarker Suchana R. , McComb Jen , Burgess Treena I. , Hardy Giles E. St. J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMany recently described Phytophthora species detected using high‐throughput sequencing have never been isolated into culture. NARH is a commonly used isolation medium containing cornmeal agar with nystatin 22.72 ppm, ampicillin 100 ppm, rifampicin 10 ppm, and hymexazol 50 ppm. We investigated whether the antimicrobial compounds in this medium selectively inhibit growth of some Phytophthora species. Growth of 10 Phytophthora species from 10 Phytophthora clades was tested in NARH medium with antimicrobials in a range of concentrations, singly and in combination: nystatin 12.5–100 ppm, ampicillin 62.5–500 ppm, rifampicin 5–40 ppm, hymexazol 12.5–100 ppm and in addition, chloramphenicol 5–40 ppm. Two combinations of antimicrobials that supported good growth of the greatest number of species were selected: (a) nystatin 12.5 ppm, ampicillin 250 ppm, rifampicin 10 ppm, and hymexazol 12.5 ppm, and (b) these compounds with the addition of chloramphenicol 5 ppm. Subsequently the growth of 47 Phytophthora species from all clades was tested in media with these two combinations and standard NARH, both in aseptic culture and in plates with leaf baits infected from soils known to be infested with Phytophthora. Although growth of some Phytophthora species was better with the new combinations of antimicrobials in aseptic culture, suppression of competing microorganisms was best in standard NARH. Sensitivity to the NARH antimicrobials is not the reason for the difficulty or failure of isolating many species detected using high‐throughput sequencing. NARH is a robust and appropriate medium for isolation of Phytophthora species from all clades.
An approach to rescue the fertility of stallions with a high level of hemospermia
Authors: Andrade Junior Luiz Roberto P. , Segabinazzi Lorenzo G. T. M. , Oliveira Sidnei N. , Dell'Aqua José Antonio , Papa Frederico O. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA high amount of blood and not the mere presence of blood in equine semen impacts fertility. The aim of this study was to develop an approach to rescue the fertility of stallions with high hemospermia levels. Semen from 15 stallions was divided into four experimental groups: (a) Control—pure raw semen, (b) WB50—50% (v/v) whole blood added into semen, (c) E1—WB50 extended in a 1:1 (v/v) ratio with milk‐based extender and (d) E2—WB50 extended in a 2:1 ratio with milk‐based extender. Sperm kinetics, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), lipid peroxidation (PER) and intracellular superoxide (O2) production were immediately evaluated. Four cycles of 20 mares were randomly assigned to the experimental groups. Mares were bred with an insemination dose of 1 billion total sperm and pregnancy was diagnosed 14 days after ovulation. Sperm kinetics could not be evaluated in the WB50 samples. Total motility was lower (p < .05) in E1 than in CT and E2 samples. Progressive motility decreased (p < .05) with an increase in the percentage of blood in the samples. The PMI and PER did not differ between groups (p > .05); however, O2 production was higher (p < .05) in WB50 than in E2 samples, while the values were intermediate (p > .05) for CT and E1 samples. The control (90%) and E2 (90%) groups had superior (p < .05) fertility than the others (WB50—0% and E1—25%). It was concluded that sperm motility and fertility of semen with a large amount of blood can be rescued by dilution with a 2:1 extender:semen ratio using a milk‐based extender.
Roles of immune responses in the pathogenesis of immunorelated pancytopenia
Authors: Xiao Na , Hao Shanfeng , Zhang Yang , Shao Zonghong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSome patients with pancytopenia do not conform to any diagnostic criteria of known haematological or non‐haematological diseases; however, they respond well to corticosteroid, high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin and rituximab treatment. This abnormality is termed immunorelated pancytopenia (IRP). Later studies indicated that IRP might be a kind of autoimmune disease in which T helper (Th) type 2 cell function is enhanced, resulting in the hyperfunction of B lymphocytes, which then produce excess autoantibodies that attack the bone marrow (BM) and cause cytopenia. Hypofunction of regulatory T (Treg) cells and enhanced Th17 cell function, an elevated percentage of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and a decreased percentage of natural killer (NK) cells help to promote the process. Moreover, increased expression of a synergistic stimulator of B lymphocytes, CD70 and the reactive overexpression of the BCR inhibitory coreceptor CD22 also support this claim. Candidate autoantigens targeted by autoantibodies on haematopoietic cell membranes have also been reported in IRP. This review is focused on studies that demonstrate the role of immune responses in the pathogenesis of IRP. Current diagnostic criteria and treatments for IRP are also referenced to provide a thorough understanding. Distinguishing IRP from idiopathic cytopenias of undetermined significance (ICUS) and other haematological disorders, for example myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), aplastic anaemia (AA), paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and Evans syndrome, may help patients with pancytopenia benefit from proper treatment. Further studies are required to achieve new insight into the pathophysiology of IRP with regard to the immune system, which will be instrumental for the development of novel therapies for inhibiting disease initiation and/or progression.
Models and inference for on–off data via clipped Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes
Authors: Stoltenberg Emil Aas , Hjort Nils Lid 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe introduce a model for recurrent event data subject to left‐, right‐, and intermittent‐censoring. The observations consist of binary sequences (along with covariates) for each individual under study. These sequences are modeled as generated by latent Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes being above or below certain thresholds. Features of the latent process and the thresholds are taken as functions of covariates, allowing the researcher to distinguish factors that have an effect on the frailty, from those that have an effect on the variability, of the observational unit. Inference is achieved by a quasi‐likelihood approach, for which consistency and asymptotic normality is established. An advantage of our model is that particularities regarding the censoring need not be taken actively into account, and that it is well suited for situations where the individuals under study are irregularly and asynchronously observed. The motivation for our model came from a dataset pertaining to the incidence of diarrhoea among Brazilian children growing up under rather harsh conditions. We analyze these data with our model and contrast the results with an intensity‐based counting process analysis of the same data.
Schwartz‐type model selection for ergodic stochastic differential equation models
Authors: Eguchi Shoichi , Uehara Yuma 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe study theoretical foundation of model comparison for ergodic stochastic differential equation (SDE) models and an extension of the applicable scope of the conventional Bayesian information criterion. Different from previous studies, we suppose that the candidate models are possibly misspecified models, and we consider both Wiener and a pure‐jump Lévy noise‐driven SDE. Based on the asymptotic behavior of the marginal quasi‐log likelihood, the Schwarz‐type statistics and stepwise model selection procedure are proposed. We also prove the model selection consistency of the proposed statistics with respect to an optimal model. We conduct some numerical experiments and they support our theoretical findings.
Isometric exercises do not provide immediate pain relief in Achilles tendinopathy: A quasi‐randomized clinical trial
Authors: van der Vlist Arco C. , van Veldhoven Peter L. J. , van Oosterom Robert F. , Verhaar Jan A. N. , de Vos Robert‐Jan 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundIsometric exercises may provide an immediate analgesic effect in patients with lower‐limb tendinopathy and have been proposed as initial treatment and for immediate pain relief. Current evidence is conflicting, and previous studies were small.ObjectiveTo study whether isometric exercises result in an immediate analgesic effect in patients with chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy.MethodsPatients with clinically diagnosed chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy were quasi‐randomized to one of four arms: isometric calf‐muscle exercises (tiptoes), isometric calf‐muscle exercises (dorsiflexed ankle position), isotonic calf‐muscle exercises, or rest. The primary outcome was pain measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS) score (0‐100) during a functional task (10 unilateral hops) both before and after the intervention. Between‐group differences were analyzed using a generalized estimation equations model.ResultsWe included 91 patients. There was no significant reduction in pain on the 10 hop test after performing any of the four interventions: isometric (tiptoes) group 0.2, 95%CI −11.2 to 11.5; isometric (dorsiflexed) group −1.9, 95%CI −13.6 to 9.7; isotonic group 1.4, 95%CI −8.3 to 11.1; and rest group 7.2, 95%CI −2.4 to 16.7. There were also no between‐group differences after the interventions.ConclusionThe isometric exercises investigated in this study did not result in immediate analgesic benefit in patients with chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy. We do not recommend isometric exercises if the aim is providing immediate pain relief. Future research should focus on the use of isometric or isotonic exercise therapy as initial treatment as all exercise protocols used in this study were well‐tolerated.
Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and social cognition in healthy adults
Authors: Ludyga Sebastian , Schilling René , Colledge Flora , Brand Serge , Pühse Uwe , Gerber Markus 
Published: May 2020

PurposeWhereas there is compelling evidence for an association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and executive function and attention, its relation with social cognition has not been investigated yet. However, social cognition is linked with mental health and career success in jobs with high demands on social interaction. The present study aims to examine the association between CRF and the facial emotion recognition aspect of social cognition in police officers.MethodsThe study utilized a cross‐sectional design. 198 male and female participants (aged 38.3 ± 1.3 years) completed the Åstrand submaximal bicycle ergometer test and their CRF was estimated using the Åstrand‐Rhyming nomogram. Additionally, a 2‐choice reaction time task and two facial emotion recognition tasks (labeling and matching) with low (emotion recognition from faces) and high (emotion recognition from eyes) difficulty trials were administered for the assessment of attention and social cognition.ResultsAdjusting for age, gender, education, and attention, hierarchical regression supported higher CRF to be related to higher performance on overall performance on the facial emotion labeling and matching tasks, Beta = 0.141, P = .046. With regard to difficulty levels, a similar association between CRF and task performance was found for the faces condition, Beta = 0.147, P = .043, but not for the eyes condition, Beta = 0.105, P = .132.ConclusionsSocial cognition appears to differ as a function of adults’ CRF level. The present findings have a high relevance for police officers, because they need to rely on this cognitive domain for many decisions in their work‐life.
Motivational processes during physical endurance tasks
Authors: Taylor Ian M. , Smith Kieren , Hunte Raymon 
Published: June 2020

PurposeMotivational processes are insufficiently recognized in models of human endurance. Hence, two studies examined a motivational model proposing that the quality of pre‐task autonomous motivation influences performance at high intensity via the in‐task temptation to reduce effort and value of goal pursuit.MethodsThe studies involved 40 participants each (Study 1:33% female, Mage = 21.55, SD = 1.97; Study 2:45% female, Mage = 22.65, SD = 2.61) completing measures of autonomous motivation prior to a 10‐minute cycling task. Measures of the temptation to reduce effort and value of goal pursuit were taken every minute during the trial (Study 1) or near the midpoint of the trial (Study 2). Data were analyzed using multilevel growth and parallel mediation models.ResultsIn both studies, autonomous motivation was associated with lower temptation to reduce effort and higher value of goal pursuit, which were subsequently characteristic of better performance. Study 1 revealed nuances within these relationships depending on whether task initiation or change over time was considered. In Study 2, indirect effects of autonomous motivation on performance via temptation to reduce effort (b = 0.20, 95% CIs 0.03‐0.50) and goal value (b = 0.26, 95% CIs 0.01‐0.44) were evidenced.ConclusionTwo studies supported a theoretically viable model explaining the dynamics between pre‐task and in‐task motivation underpinning performance at high intensities.