bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 2018 Mw 6.8 Zakynthos (Ionian Sea, Greece) earthquake: seismic source and local tsunami characterization
Authors: Cirella A , Romano F , Avallone A , Piatanesi A , Briole P , Ganas A , Theodoulidis N , Chousianitis K , Volpe M , Bozionellos G , Selvaggi G , Lorito S 
Published: January 2020

SUMMARYWe investigated the kinematic rupture model of the 2018 Mw 6.8 Zakynthos, Ionian Sea (Greece), earthquake by using a non-linear joint inversion of strong motion data, high-rate GPS time-series and static coseismic GPS displacements. We also tested inversion results against tide-gauge recordings of the small tsunami generated in the Ionian Sea. In order to constrain the fault geometry, we performed several preliminary kinematic inversions by assuming the parameter values resulting from different published moment tensor solutions. The lowest cost function values were obtained by using the geometry derived from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) focal solution. Between the two conjugate USGS planes, the rupture model which better fits the data is the one with the N9°E-striking 39°ESE-dipping plane. The rupture history of this model is characterized by a bilateral propagation, featuring two asperities; a main slip patch extending between 14 and 28 km in depth, 9 km northeast from the nucleation and a slightly shallower small patch located 27 km southwest from the nucleation. The maximum energy release occurs between 8 and 12 s, when both patches are breaking simultaneously. The maximum slip is 1.8 m and the total seismic moment is 2.4 × 1019 Nm, corresponding to a Mw value of 6.8. The slip angle shows a dominant right-lateral strike-slip mechanism, with a minor reverse component that increases on the deeper region of the fault. This result, in addition to the observed possibility of similar mechanisms for previous earthquakes occurred in 1959 and 1997, suggests that the tectonic deformation between the Cephalonia Transform Fault Zone and the northern tip of the Hellenic Arc Subduction zone may be accommodated by prevailing right lateral low-dipping faults, occurring on re-activated structures previously experiencing (until Pliocene) compressional regime. Comparison of predicted and observed tsunami data suggests the need of a better characterization of local harbour response for this type of relatively short-wavelength events, which is important in the context of tsunami early warning. However, the suggested dominantly strike-slip character would in turn imply a reduced tsunami hazard as compared to a dominant thrust faulting regime from this source region.
Norms, New Words, and Empirical Reality
Authors: ten Hacken Pius 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The central question of this paper is how the inclusion of new words in dictionaries can be related to the empirical reality and norms of language. Because dictionaries are generally dictionaries of a language, the starting point is how this notion of named language is framed. The traditional view of a language as a system is contrasted with the corpus-based view of a language as realized in use and with the Chomskyan view based on language as a speaker’s competence. Then, the nature of words in each perspective is discussed, leading to different characterizations and different standards for the evaluation of new words. The function of new words is generally to name new concepts. In naming, word formation, sense extension, and borrowing can be used. Whereas lexicographers see their task as mainly descriptive, users often expect dictionaries to be gatekeepers. The competence-based perspective can serve as a ground where these views can be reconciled.
Integrability of Dispersionless Hirota-Type Equations and the Symplectic Monge–Ampère Property
Authors: Ferapontov E V , Kruglikov B , Novikov V 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We prove that integrability of a dispersionless Hirota-type equation implies the symplectic Monge–Ampère property in any dimension $\geq 4$. In 4D, this yields a complete classification of integrable dispersionless partial differential equations (PDEs) of Hirota type through a list of heavenly type equations arising in self-dual gravity. As a by-product of our approach, we derive an involutive system of relations characterizing symplectic Monge–Ampère equations in any dimension. Moreover, we demonstrate that in 4D the requirement of integrability is equivalent to self-duality of the conformal structure defined by the characteristic variety of the equation on every solution, which is in turn equivalent to the existence of a dispersionless Lax pair. We also give a criterion of linearizability of a Hirota-type equation via flatness of the corresponding conformal structure and study symmetry properties of integrable equations.
Live-Attenuated Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine With M2-2 Deletion and With Small Hydrophobic Noncoding Region Is Highly Immunogenic in Children
Authors: McFarland Elizabeth J , Karron Ruth A , Muresan Petronella , Cunningham Coleen K , Perlowski Charlotte , Libous Jennifer , Oliva Jennifer , Jean-Philippe Patrick , Moye Jack , Schappell Elizabeth , Barr Emily , Rexroad Vivian , Fearn Laura , Cielo Mikhaela , Wiznia Andrew , Deville Jaime G , Yang Lijuan , Luongo Cindy , Collins Peter L , Buchholz Ursula J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral cause of severe pediatric respiratory illness, and vaccines are needed. Live RSV vaccine D46/NS2/N/ΔM2-2-HindIII, attenuated by deletion of the RSV RNA regulatory protein M2-2, is based on previous candidate LID/ΔM2-2 but incorporates prominent differences from MEDI/ΔM2-2, which was more restricted in replication in phase 1.

Methods
RSV-seronegative children aged 6–24 months received 1 intranasal dose (105 plaque-forming units [PFUs] of D46/NS2/N/ΔM2-2-HindIII [n = 21] or placebo [n = 11]) and were monitored for vaccine shedding, reactogenicity, RSV-antibody responses and RSV-associated medically attended acute respiratory illness (RSV-MAARI) and antibody responses during the following RSV season.

Results
All 21 vaccinees were infected with vaccine; 20 (95%) shed vaccine (median peak titer, 3.5 log10 PFUs/mL with immunoplaque assay and 6.1 log10 copies/mL with polymerase chain reaction). Serum RSV-neutralizing antibodies and anti-RSV fusion immunoglobulin G increased ≥4-fold in 95% and 100% of vaccines, respectively. Mild upper respiratory tract symptoms and/or fever occurred in vaccinees (76%) and placebo recipients (18%). Over the RSV season, RSV-MAARI occurred in 2 vaccinees and 4 placebo recipients. Three vaccinees had ≥4-fold increases in serum RSV-neutralizing antibody titers after the RSV season without RSV-MAARI.

Conclusions
D46/NS2/N/ΔM2-2-HindIII had excellent infectivity and immunogenicity and primed vaccine recipients for anamnestic responses, encouraging further evaluation of this attenuation strategy.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT03102034 and NCT03099291.
Ubiquitination of IgG1 cytoplasmic tail modulates B-cell signalling and activation
Authors: Kodama Tadahiro , Hasegawa Mika , Sakamoto Yui , Haniuda Kei , Kitamura Daisuke 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUpon antigen stimulation, IgG+ B cells rapidly proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells, which has been attributed to the characteristics of membrane-bound IgG (mIgG), but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. We have found that a part of mouse mIgG1 is ubiquitinated through the two responsible lysine residues (K378 and K386) in its cytoplasmic tail and this ubiquitination is augmented upon antigen stimulation. The ubiquitination of mIgG1 involves its immunoglobulin tail tyrosine (ITT) motif, Syk/Src-family kinases and Cbl proteins. Analysis of a ubiquitination-defective mutant of mIgG1 revealed that ubiquitination of mIgG1 facilitates its ligand-induced endocytosis and intracellular trafficking from early endosome to late endosome, and also prohibits the recycling pathway, thus attenuating the surface expression level of mIgG1. Accordingly, ligation-induced activation of B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling molecules is attenuated by the mIgG1 ubiquitination, except MAP kinase p38 whose activation is up-regulated due to the ubiquitination-mediated prohibition of mIgG1 recycling. Adaptive transfer experiments demonstrated that ubiquitination of mIgG1 facilitates expansion of germinal centre B cells. These results indicate that mIgG1-mediated signalling and cell activation is regulated by ubiquitination of mIgG1, and such regulation may play a role in expansion of germinal centre B cells.
Rapid identification of MDMB-CHMINACA metabolites using Zebrafish and Human Liver microsomes as the Biotransformation system by LC-QE-HF-MS
Authors: Xu Duo-qi , Dai Yong , Zhang Wen-fang , Wang Ji-fen , Wang Yan-yan , Zhang Ying , Guobin-xin  , Zhao Qiao-lin , Li Xiao 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
MDMB-CHMINACA is a newly synthetic cannabinoid which scoped in NMS Lab, USA. Since there are currently no published data on MDMB-CHMINACA metabolism, we aimed to identify its biotransformation pathways and major metabolites. Liquid chromatography Q-Extractive HF Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-QE-HF-MS) using full scan positive ion mode and targeted MS/MS (ddms2) techniques with accurate mass measurement were employed to analyze the metabolic sites and pathways. An in vivo metabolic animal model of zebrafish was established to verify the metabolic pathways of MDMB-CHMINACA obtained from human liver microsomal experiment in vitro. The results showed that 29 metabolites were generated in the zebrafish animal model and human liver microsomes model. Biotransformations mainly occurred at the cyclohexylmethyl tail of the compound, minor reactions also occurred at the tert-butyl chain, and no reaction was analysised at the indazole ring. We recommend M1 group (MDMB-CHMINACA ester hydroxylation), and M2 group (MDMB-CHMINACA monohydroxylation) as the potential poisoning markers to document MDMB-CHMINACA intake in clinical and forensic cases. Additionally, this study provides preliminary information regarding the metabolism of MDMB-CHMINACA that will guide analytical standard manufacturers to better provide suitable references for further studies on newly encountered designer drugs.
A Validated Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Quetiapine, Clozapine and Mirtazapine in Postmortem Blood and Tissue Samples
Authors: Breivik Håvard , Løkken Trine N , Slørdal Lars , Frost Joachim 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPsychotropic drugs are regularly present in cases of sudden, unexpected death. Such drugs also tend to express significant postmortem redistribution. To facilitate further investigation of this phenomenon, reliable quantitative methods applicable to multiple biological matrices are needed. We present a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of quetiapine, clozapine and mirtazapine in postmortem whole blood, skeletal muscle, brain tissue and liver tissue using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Sample preparation was performed using liquid–liquid extraction. The validated ranges were 3.8–1534, 16–1960 and 13–1060 μg/L for quetiapine, clozapine and mirtazapine, respectively. Within-run and between-run accuracy (87.4–122%) and precision (CV 1.5–8.9%), matrix effects (95–101%) and recovery (35.7–92%) were validated at two concentration levels; 5.8 and 1227 μg/L for quetiapine, 25 and 1568 μg/L for clozapine and 20 and 849 μg/L for mirtazapine. Stability in a 10°C environment was assessed for treated samples of brain, liver and muscle tissue, showing deviations in analyte concentrations ranging from −8% to 9% after 3 days. The analyte concentrations in treated samples of whole blood stored at 4°C deviated by &lt;5% after 5 days. The method was applied in three forensic autopsy cases implicating quetiapine, clozapine and mirtazapine, respectively, in supratherapeutic concentrations.
The Wound Microbiology and the Outcomes of the Systemic Antibiotic Prophylaxis in a Mass Burn Casualty Incident
Authors: Yeong Eng-Kean , Sheng Wang-Huei , Hsueh Po-Ren , Hsieh Szu-Min , Huang Hui-Fu , Ko An-Ta , Tai Hao-Chih , Lai Hong-Shiee , Chang Shan-Chwen 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper describes the wound microbiology and outcome of using systemic antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) in mass burn casualties (MBC). The charts of 31 patients (mean age: 21 years, mean burn area: 42% of the total body surface area) injured in a dust explosion were reviewed for 1 month after the burn. Polymicrobial and rare pathogen wound infections (Acinetobacter junii, Aeromonas sobri, et al) were common in MBC due to sterility breech. Following the use of SAP for 2 to 14 days after admission, there was a reduction in wound infection rate from 45% at week 1 postburn to 10% at week 4. In addition, no blood stream infection occurred in the first week after the burns. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans were the top three wound pathogens cultured. Multidrug-resistant microorganism infections were found in 39% of the patients, and the odds ratios for the these infections in burn patients with more than ≥40% total body surface area and in patients receiving two or more classes of antibiotics were 41.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.1–810.7, P = .01) and 9.9 (95% CI= 1.0–92.7, P = .04), respectively. Although SAP did not prevent wound or blood stream infections, no mortality occurred in our patients. A randomized controlled study is needed to investigate the impact of SAP on burn mortality in MBC.
3D printed compact heat exchangers with mathematically defined core structures
Authors: Kim Jiho , Yoo Dong-Jin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper describes a new design method for generating a compact heat exchanger (CHX) computational model consisting of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) core structures. These TPMS-based core structures are not easy to design using existing CAD systems, especially in the case of CHXs with complex 3D geometries. In this paper, we introduce a novel CHXs design strategy based on the calculation of volumetric distance fields (VDFs). All geometric components, including TPMS-based core structure, heat exchanger exterior shape, and a set of parts for inlet and outlet, are expressed as VDFs in a given design domain. This VDF-based geometric components description allows for the computationally efficient design of a complex-shaped CHX computational model with high levels of geometric complexity. In conjunction with several TPMS-based CHX prototypes built with additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, we describe and discuss the design and manufacturing results for a wide range of CHXs with various geometries to validate the effectiveness of the newly proposed design method. Besides, by examining the heat transfer performance experimental data, we show that the innovative CHX production method using the combination of VDF-based Boolean operations, TPMS-based core structures, and AM technologies proposed in this paper can create an ultra-efficient CHX while maintaining an allowable pressure drop.
An introduction to feedback Turing computability
Authors: Ackerman Nathanael L , Freer Cameron E , Lubarsky Robert S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Feedback computability is computation with an oracle that contains the correct convergence/divergence information for all computations calling that same oracle. Here we study feedback Turing computability, as well as feedback for some smaller classes of computation. We also examine some versions of parallelization of these notions.
Statistical Evidence, Normalcy, and the Gatecrasher Paradox
Authors: Blome-Tillmann Michael 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMartin Smith has recently proposed, in this journal, a novel and intriguing approach to puzzles and paradoxes in evidence law arising from the evidential standard of the Preponderance of the Evidence. According to Smith, the relation of normic support provides us with an elegant solution to those puzzles. In this paper I develop a counterexample to Smith’s approach and argue that normic support can neither account for our reluctance to base affirmative verdicts on bare statistical evidence nor resolve the pertinent paradoxes. Normic support is, as a consequence, not a successful epistemic anti-luck condition.
seestar: Selection functions for spectroscopic surveys of the Milky Way
Authors: Everall Andrew , Das Payel 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Selection functions are vital for understanding the observational biases of spectroscopic surveys. With the wide variety of multiobject spectrographs currently in operation and becoming available soon, we require easily generalizable methods for determining the selection functions of these surveys. Previous work, however, has largely been focused on generating individual, tailored selection functions for every data release of each survey. Moreover, no methods for combining these selection functions to be used for joint catalogues have been developed.
We have developed a Poisson likelihood estimation method for calculating selection functions in a Bayesian framework, which can be generalized to any multiobject spectrograph. We include a robust treatment of overlapping fields within a survey as well as selection functions for combined samples with overlapping footprints. We also provide a method for transforming the selection function that depends on the sky positions, colour, and apparent magnitude of a star to one that depends on the galactic location, metallicity, mass, and age of a star. This ‘intrinsic’ selection function is invaluable for chemodynamical models of the Milky Way. We demonstrate that our method is successful at recreating synthetic spectroscopic samples selected from a mock galaxy catalogue.
The impact of isomers on a kilonova associated with neutron star mergers
Authors: Fujimoto Shin-ichiro , Hashimoto Masa-aki 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigate the significance of isomers on a kilonova associated with neutron star mergers (NSMs) for the first time. We calculate the evolution of abundances and energy generation rates ($\dot{\epsilon }_{\rm nuc}$) of ejecta from NSMs, taking into account β− decay through isomers. We find that for ejecta with electron fraction (Ye) of 0.2–0.3, $\dot{\epsilon }_{\rm nuc}$ is appreciably changed from those without isomers, due to the large change in timing of β− decay through the isomeric states (ISs) of ${}^{123,125,127} \rm Sn$ and ${}^{128} \rm Sb$. In particular, the effects of the isomers on $\dot{\epsilon }_{\rm nuc}$ are prominent for ejecta of Ye ∼ 0.25, which could emit a fraction of an early, blue component of a kilonova observed in GW170817. When the excitation from a ground state to its IS is important, the isomers of ${}^{129} \rm Sb$ and ${}^{129, 131} \rm Te$ also cause additional and appreciable change in $\dot{\epsilon }_{\rm nuc}$. Furthermore, we demonstrate that larger amounts of lanthanide-free ejecta result in a better fit of an observed light curve of the kilonova in GW170817 if the isomers are taken into account.
Out of Tibet: Genomic Perspectives on the Evolutionary History of Extant Pikas
Authors: Wang XiaoYun , Liang Dan , Jin Wei , Tang MingKun , Shalayiwu  , Liu ShaoYing , Zhang Peng 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPikas are widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere and are highly adapted to cold and alpine environments. They are one of the most complex and problematic groups in mammalian systematics, and the origin and evolutionary history of extant pikas remain controversial. In this study, we sequenced the whole coding sequences of 105 pika samples (29 named species and 1 putative new species) and obtained DNA data for more than 10,000 genes. Our phylogenomic analyses recognized four subgenera of extant pikas: Alienauroa, Conothoa, Ochotona, and Pika. The interrelationships between the four subgenera were strongly resolved as (Conothoa, (Alienauroa, (Ochotona, Pika))), with the mountain group Conothoa being the sister group of all other pikas. Our divergence time and phylogeographic analyses indicated that the last common ancestor of extant pikas first occurred on in the middle Miocene, ∼14 Ma. The emergence of opportunities related to the climate, food supply, and spreading paths in concert promoted the dispersal of pikas from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) to other parts of Eurasia and North America. We found that the genes that were positively selected in the early evolution of pikas were most concentrated in functional categories related to cold tolerance. These results suggest that the QTP may have served as a training ground for cold tolerance in early pikas, which gives pikas a great advantage when the climate continued to cool after the middle Miocene. Our study highlights the importance of the QTP as a center of origin for many cold-adapted animals.
Phenotypic Convergence Is Not Mirrored at the Protein Level in a Lizard Adaptive Radiation
Authors: Corbett-Detig Russell B , Russell Shelbi L , Nielsen Rasmus , Losos Jonathan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThere are many compelling examples of molecular convergence at individual genes. However, the prevalence and the relative importance of adaptive genome-wide convergence remain largely unknown. Many recent works have reported striking examples of excess genome-wide convergence, but some of these studies have been called into question because of the use of inappropriate null models. Here, we sequenced and compared the genomes of 12 species of anole lizards that have independently converged on suites of adaptive behavioral and morphological traits. Despite extensive searches for a genome-wide signature of molecular convergence, we found no evidence supporting molecular convergence at specific amino acids either at individual genes or at genome-wide comparisons; we also uncovered no evidence supporting an excess of adaptive convergence in the rates of amino acid substitutions within genes. Our findings indicate that comprehensive phenotypic convergence is not mirrored at genome-wide protein-coding levels in anoles, and therefore, that adaptive phenotypic convergence is likely not constrained by the evolution of many specific protein sequences or structures.