bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Keynote) All-Solid-State Lithium Battery Based on Sulfidic Electrolytes
Authors: Varzi Alberto , Passerini Stefano , Ates Tugce , Hosseini Seyed Milad 
Published: February 2020

Electric vehicles allow emission-free transportation but offer only limited driving range. A technological jump to all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) that safely implement a lithium metal anode, enabling high energy densities, would dramatically boost the battery performance.
Recent research efforts have yield to a variety of inorganic solid electrolytes with extremely high ionic conductivity at room temperature. In particular, low density sulfidic electrolytes are attractive candidates for high-energy ASSBs. However, many issues still need to be addressed[1]. Herein, we focus on the limited electrochemical stability of sulfidic electrolytes that results in decomposition reactions accompanied by increasing resistances at the electrode/electrolyte-interface.
In academic research, mostly pellet-type cells are used to investigate the electrochemical performance. However, this type of cell set-up is far from being practical for large scale battery production and application. A key advantage of sulfidic electrolytes is their ductility permitting this class of materials to be simply cold pressed. Thus, herein, slurry-based procedure is presented that easily allows to process a composite cathode. The cells demonstrate good electrochemical performance, although the type and amount of conductive carbon as well as the active material particles size, are crucial parameters.

Reference

[1] J. Janek, W. G. Zeier, Nat.
Energy 2016, 1, 16141.

Acknowledgment

The research leading to these results has received funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research under grant agreement no. 03XP0026F.
(Invited) Structure-Function Studies of the Effects of F and Cr Doping on the Performance of Lithium-Rich Li1+ XMO2 (M= Ni, Mn, Co) Positive Electrodes
Authors: Peterson Vanessa Kate , Pang Wei Kong , Lin Hsiu-Fen , Lu Cheng Zhang , Liu Chia-Erh , Liao Shih-Chieh , Chen Jin Ming 
Published: February 2020

This work will present the results of studies aimed at understanding the chemistry− and structure−function relation of the lithium-rich layered metal oxide material Li1.2Ni0.23Co0.12Mn0.5O2 doped with F and Cr [1].
The electrode material is found to consist of a mixture of R
m and C2/m space-group symmetry components in a weight ration of approximately 4:1. Doping with ~ 2% Cr and 5% F was successful in the main layered phase with R
m space-group, with Cr residing at the 3a transition-metal site and F residing at the 6c oxygen site, as supported by neutron and X-ray powder diffraction as well as electron microscopy.
The electrochemical performance of the doped and undoped materials were compared in coin cells against lithium metal, allowing the comparison of capacity and rate performance, as well as lithium ion diffusion constants within the material as derived from cyclic voltammetry. These differences in measured electrochemical performance were reconciled with the results of structural studies of the electrode powders, as well as differences in the change of these structures that occurred during operation in full 18650 cells against Li4Ti5O12, as measured using in operando neutron powder diffraction.
[1] W.K. Pang, H.F. Lin, V.K. Peterson, C.Z. Lu, C.E. Liu, S.C. Liao, J.M. Chen “Effects of fluorine and chromium doping on the performance of lithium-rich Li1+ xMO2 (M= Ni, Mn, Co) positive electrodes” Chem. Mater. 2017.
(Invited) In Quest of High Voltage Insertion Compounds for Li-Ion and Na-Ion Batteries
Authors: Reynaud Marine , Wizner Agnieszka , Katcho Nebil , Rodríguez-Carvajal Juan , Carrasco Javier , Rousse Gwenaelle , Galceran Montserrat , Rojo Teófilo , Armand Michel , Casas-Cabanas Montse 
Published: February 2020

A salient aspect of research in batteries is the discovery of new materials or novel properties of existing compounds. In this quest, the traditional approach is to focus on archetype compounds in which a desirable property was first observed, stimulating further investigations. This has been the innovation pathway of many battery materials (e.g., LiCoO2, LiFePO4) which are found in commercial Li-ion batteries. Indeed, most Li-ion cathode materials belong to a handful of structural families: layered oxides, spinel, and olivine. Similarly, many good Li-ion solid electrolytes crystalize in a few crystal structures: perovskites, NASICON-like, LISICON-like, garnets, and argyrodite. Yet this trial-and-error exploratory research based on extrapolating known solutions to new compositional spaces has high demands in terms of synthesis and characterization times that hinder the emergence of new, disruptive compounds.
In this contribution we will present the strategies, using high-throughput bond-valence calculations and machine learning, that have allowed us to develop new high-voltage materials for the Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. Following this approach our recent results related to the nitridophosphate family (Na3TM(PO3)3N), where N assists an inductively induced high redox potential, will be shown. Within this family, Na3V(PO3)3N has been found to be the Na-ion cathode material with the highest operation voltage for the VIV+/VIII+ redox couple together with Na7V3(P2O7)4. Strategies to further lower the cost and improve the safety of these systems will be shown.
(Invited) Lithium Plating – Understanding of a Very Complicated Phenomenon
Authors: Pawar Gorakh , Wang Xuefeng , Dufek Eric J. , Meng Shirley , Liaw Boryann 
Published: February 2020

Lithium metal electrode (LME) poises as the best candidate for truly high-energy designs for rechargeable lithium batteries (RLB) when coupled with high-voltage, high-capacity cathode materials. To enable LME function well in such designs, very dense lithium (Li) deposition without dendrite growth is essential. To achieve this goal, acquiring fundamental understanding of Li nucleation and growth during deposition and the subsequent pathways toward stability during cycling at very negative, reducing potentials; is vital. It is well known that Li reacts with electrolyte to form solid electrolyte interphases (SEI). Putting the complicated SEI issues aside, understanding Li nucleation fundamentals is still very critical to ultimate Li deposition. Currently Li electrodeposition is limited by non-uniform behavior that leads to volume expansion due to pore generation, poor Li utilization (e.g. forming inactive or “dead” Li), and accelerated SEI formation and electrolyte decomposition due to increased interfacial area, just to name a few. The key question is, “Are these undesirable consequences come from the same origin or not?”
Here, multi-scale observations by cryogenic-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and advanced reactive-molecular dynamics (r-MD) simulations were used to understand the kinetic progression of Li nucleation. The cryo-TEM imaging revealed that amorphous metal deposits can be obtained at room temperature with very slow deposition rates, traditionally only possible with very high quenching rates (e.g. >106 K s-1) on Li nucleation and reveals the transition from amorphous disordered states to crystalline ordered ones as a function of current density and deposition time. The r-MD simulations provide additional understanding of the driving forces and kinetic pathways for the nucleation and the associated amorphous-to-crystalline (disorder-order or second-order) phase transition. The incubation time for the phase transition varies with the Li canonical ensemble size, mass and energy transfer rate between an ensemble and the neighboring ones, and as a function of current density (i.e. Li deposition rate). It is important to note that this is the first time the r-MD was used to simulate kinetic pathway in a discrete manner with canonical ensembles to assess the impacts from the kinetic regime, which is very different from the conventional temporal or spatial averaging methods according to the statistical thermodynamics. Although the r-MD results were developed independently from cryo-TEM experiments, i.e. without any empirical correlation; there is a high degree of agreement with experimental observations.
Lifsi As Electrolyte Salt for Li-Ion Batteries in Full-Cell Configuration with Micron-Sized Silicon As Anode Material
Authors: Asheim Karina , Wagner Nils Peter , Andersen Hanne Flåten , Mæhlen Jan Petter , Svensson Ann Mari 
Published: February 2020

Silicon is a promising anode material for Li-ion batteries1. Silicon’s ability to alloy with lithium results in a theoretical capacity ten times higher than that for graphite. However, since this high capacity involves several lithium ions per silicon atom, silicon will expand during lithiation and contract during delithiation. The volume changes causes the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) to crack, leading to continuous SEI formation. This eventually results in electronic insulation of the Si particles and large amounts of consumed lithium2. Hence, there is a need for an electrolyte composition that forms an SEI with increased ability to withstand the volume changes.
By changing the electrolyte salt, the reactions at the interphase between electrode and electrolyte also changes. Inspired by the work of Philippe et al.3, we have evaluated lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) as an alternative electrolyte salt to the commercial lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6). Promising results were achieved with LiFSI as electrolyte salt in half-cells with micron-sized silicon as active material against circular Li foil as counter electrode.
The silicon based anodes used are made of 60 wt% Si (Silgrain®, e-Si 400, a commercially available battery grade silicon from Elkem), with an average particle size of 3 µm, 10 wt% graphite (Timcal, KS6L), 15 wt% carbon black (Timcal, C-Nergy C65, CB) and 15 wt% Na-CMC binder (Sigma Aldrich Mw ~90000). Slurries were cast onto dendritic copper foil and the electrodes were cycled in 2016 coin cells. The reference electrolyte composition is 1M LiFSI in EC:PC:DMC (1:1:3) + 5 wt% FEC and 1 wt% VC.
In this work, the performance of the silicon anodes are evaluated in full-cells with NMC as cathode. Performance in the reference electrolyte is compared to when LiPF6 is the electrolyte salt. In addition, the effect of increasing the LiFSI concentration is evaluated. The results include electrochemical performance and post mortem characterization of the silicon electrodes. The post mortem characterization includes XPS and cross sectional analysis to investigate how the electrolyte compositions affects the SEI. Cross sectional analysis is performed using focused ion beam in combination with scanning electron microscopy.
[1] J. Ling et al. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 154 (3), A156-A161, 2007.
[2] H. Wu et al. Nano Today, 7, (5), 414-429, 2012.
[3] B. Philippe et al. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135, 9829-9842, 2013.
Reaction Mechanism of Li2MnO3 Electrodes in All-Solid-State Thin Film Batteries
Authors: Hikima Kazuhiro , Shimizu Keisuke , Suzuki Kota , Hirayama Masaaki , Tamura Kazuhisa , Kanno Ryoji 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-rich layered rock-salt type Li2MnO3 is one of the most attractive cathode materials for lithium batteries because it achieved the high discharge capacities of 250−300 mAh g-1 after activation during the first cycling [1]. However, the structural deterioration in the following cycles at the cathode/liquid electrolyte interface leads to severe capacity fading. We reported that the Li2MnO3 films on solid system exhibit a high capacity of 250 mAh g–1 and better cycle stability, although liquid system showed severe capacity degradation [2]. To elucidate the activation process and high capacity phase contributing to high cycle stability, crystal structure changes at activation process were analyzed using the different initial structure of Li2MnO3. The initial structure was controlled by stacking solid electrolyte using two types of synthesis methods.
The Li2MnO3 electrode films were synthesized on SrRuO3/SrTiO3(111) substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Amorphous Li3PO4 as the solid electrolyte was synthesized by PLD and magnetron sputtering. Lithium metal was used as the negative electrode, respectively. The crystal structure changes at activation process were analyzed by in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements.
The Li2MnO3 structure had layered rock-salt type structure after stacking Li3PO4 by using PLD. On the other hand, in case of stacking by using magnetron sputtering, the Li2MnO3 changed disordered structure with the transition metal (TM) layer disordering of lithium and manganese ions in the honeycomb lattice. For the Li2MnO3 with layered rock-salt type structure, the discharge capacity increased continuously in the following cycles with persisting plateau region for several cycles. On the other hand, the Li2MnO3 with disordered structure showed about 300 mAh g–1 at the first cycle. The XRD intensity ratio of I
020/I
001 was zero after activation at both of initial structures [3]. Since the 020 peak arises from a superlattice structure by a honeycomb-type ordered arrangement of Li and Mn atoms in the TM layer, atomic arrangements in the TM layer transformed to a disordered state. This high capacity phase could contribute to its high capacity and cycle stability.

Acknowledgment: This work was supported by the Research and Development Initiative for Scientific Innovation of New Generation Batteries 2 (RISING2) of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

References: [1] M. Sathiya et al., Nat. Mater., 2013, 12, 827-835.[2] K. Hikima et al., The 57th battery symposium in Japan, 2016, 2G22. [3] K. Hikima et al., The 58th battery symposium in Japan, 2017, 2C22.
Enhanced Performances of Li, Mn Rich Cathode Using Polyacrylic Acid Binder in Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Luo Hongze , Wen Lei 
Published: February 2020

The lithium ion batteries have been a dominant power source for a wide range of portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops and power tools since SONY commercialized the first lithium ion battery in 1991.
The development for higher capacity electrode material has been becoming more crucial due to expansion of lithium ion battery applications for advanced energy storage. The lithium and manganese rich cathode materials are one of the most investigated cathode materials among a variety of novel electrode materials with decent capacity. The lithium and manganese rich cathode oxides are considered as the solid solutions or nanocomposites between layered monoclinic Li2MnO3 and layered rhombohedral LiMO2 (M = Ni, Co, Mn, etc.). The complex 'layered-layered' structure has inherent shortcomings which include; large initial irreversible charge capacity, poor rate performance, capacity fade and voltage decay capacity fade upon prolonged cycling.
Many efforts have been devoted to overcome these drawbacks, such as fabrication of nano-sized materials, optimized preparation methods, crystal-plane tuning, doping and surface modification. Nonetheless, the development of this type composite cathode material for lithium ion battery is still the challenge for meeting future energy storage requirements.
Herein, the investigation on the performance of the lithium and manganese rich cathode using polyacrylic acid as binder is reported. The electrode using polyacrylic acid binder shows an enhanced performance compared to that of poly(vinylidene difluoride) based electrode.
Discharging Batteries Using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Algorithm
Authors: Shrestha Sujan , Dion Matt , Sholin Mark 
Published: February 2020

In this work, we seek to answer the following question: “How long will a battery last if it is discharged at its maximum possible power?” Various primary battery chemistries (Zn-MnO2, Ag-AgO, Zn-air) and secondary battery chemistries (Ni-MH, Li-ion) are investigated. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, which has been used in photovoltaic devices so far, is applied to draw the maximum power possible from these batteries.
In the MPPT algorithm used here, a fixed magnitude of current is applied and the new value of power is calculated. If the new value of power is greater than the previous one, the current is varied in the same direction until the maximum power is reached. This algorithm is simple to implement and consumes low computing power. However, the magnitude of a current step should be optimized. If the current step is very small, the time taken to reach the maximum power will be too long. And if the current step is very large, there will be a large oscillation near the power maxima.
We present the effect of current steps in reaching the maximum power on batteries. The optimal current step is different from one battery to another. For fair comparison, the current steps are normalized to the discharge rate to achieve 1 C capacity. For rechargeable batteries, the effect of charging rates on the maximum power obtainable is also investigated.
The information obtained from this study can be a useful guide to designing a battery management system that gets the maximum performance out of any battery.

References

Selvan, P. Nair and Umayal, “A review of phot voltaic MPPT algorithms,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 6, 2016, 567-582.

A. B. Vieira and A. M. Mota, “Maximum power point tracker applied in batteries charging with PV panels,” 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, Cambridge, 2008, 202-207.

Kim, S. Mohan, J. B. Siegal and A. G. Stefanopoulou, “Maximum power estimation of lithium-ion batteries accounting for thermal and electrical constraints,” Proceedings of the ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference, California, 2013.
Lithium Sulfur Batteries with Modified Electrolytes Containing Ionic Liquids
Authors: Barghamadi Marzi , Djuandhi Lisa , Hollenkamp Anthony F. , Mahon Peter J. , Musameh Mustafa , Ruether Thomas , Sharma Neeraj , Best Adam Samuel 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are a promising technology to reach a target of 500-700 Wh kg-1 as a replacement for current commercial Li-ion batteries in a number of sectors. They also offer lower environmental impact with reduced costs for the cathode materials. However, the level of currently achievable performance is still below expectations. This is due to a lack of understanding of the fundamental electrochemical processes and mitigating the undesired reactions during Li-S battery cycling. In particular the so-called redox shuttle effect, which arises from the solubility of polysulfides (PSs, Li2Sx) species, and their potential to reduce capacity retention of the battery. Modifying electrolytes with additives and new solvents change the solubility of these intermediates and potentially improve the cycling performance of the battery.
Herein, the effects of using LiNO3 as an additive as well as C4mpyr-based ionic liquid electrolyte on the performance of Li-S cells are analysed using electrochemical, in situ X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and ex situ soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (sXAS) techniques. Whilst both LiNO3 and C4mpyr-based IL participate in forming a protective stable SEI layer on the lithium anode, our studies have provided further evidence for the suppression of Li2S deposition on the electrodes when using LiNO3 salt as an additive in the electrolyte, leading to higher capacity and better capacity retention compared to the additive-free electrolyte. In addition, based on XRD data, different species of Li2Sx were detected during cycling of cells with organic and IL-based electrolytes, which indicates that different (electro)chemical reactions occur in these environments. Overall, cells with electrolytes containing ionic liquids and LiNO3 showed more stable cycling.
Tuning Interfacial Processes in Mn-Based Li-Ion Systems Though Vapor Phase Modification
Authors: Jarry Angelique , Hitz Emily , Ballard Jake , Margez Carine L , Park Joong Sun , Greszler Thomas A , Lin Chuan-Fu , Rubloff Gary W 
Published: February 2020

Among the different rechargeable battery technologies available, Co/Ni/Mn-based Li-ion systems appear to be a leading contender for automotive applications as a result of their high specific energy. However, the high operating potential of this system is outside the thermodynamic stability window of standard organic carbonate-based electrolytes. This results in electrolyte oxidation with transition metal dissolution and gas formation at the electrode/electrolyte interface during cycling, which leads to severe loss of electrochemical performance. To address these challenges, many strategies are currently being investigated, ranging from the development of new electrodes and electrolytes to the improvement of commercial Li-ion systems by surface engineering of the interfaces.
In this work, we mitigate parasitic interfacial processes in start/stop batteries by atomic layer deposition (ALD). We develop an Al2O3 or LiPON conformal artificial SEI layer on LMO and LTO electrodes and study its effect on the Li-ion batteries failure modes with differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy (DEMS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and ICP measurements. The beneficial impact of the protection layer on the kinetics of the gassing, metal dissolution and associated chemical cross-talk was clearly identified. The presence of a protection layer at the LMO surface, in particular of a 10 nm LiPON conformal layer, mitigate the electrolyte oxidation at high voltage at 60°C with a significant reduction of the amount of H2 produced. The formation of metal complexes and subsequent poisoning of the SEI is also attenuated. Interestingly, counter intuitively, the ratio of the inorganic to organic components of the SEI is lowered by the presence of an inorganic protection layer. The correlation between the nature of the electrode protection layer, the electrode’s surface activity, and associated organic electrolyte oxidation pathways will be presented and discussed.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by SAFT and as part of the Nanostructures for Electrical Energy Storage (NEES), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science.