bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fibrosis progression rate in a systematic review of placebo‐treated nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Roskilly Anna , Hicks Amy , Taylor Eleanor J. , Jones Rebecca , Parker Richard , Rowe Ian A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground & AimsLiver fibrosis is the critical determinant of liver‐related outcomes in persons with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The rate that fibrosis develops determines the time taken to reach cirrhosis and consequent clinical outcomes. Estimates of the fibrosis progression rate (FPR) are uncertain having been defined in small observational series that rely largely on nonstandardised repeat biopsy in selected patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the FPR in placebo‐treated participants with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in randomised controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsSystematic review and meta‐analysis of RCTs in NASH with data on fibrosis change extracted. Calculated fibrosis progression rates were pooled in meta‐analysis. The pooled estimate was then used to model the proportion of hypothetical cohorts starting with no fibrosis at the age of 30 who develop cirrhosis.ResultsA total of 35 trials including 1419 placebo‐treated participants who underwent repeat liver biopsy were evaluated. Considering all trials, the overall FPR was 0.00 stages per year, increasing to 0.03 stages per year in both trials at low risk of bias and trials including >50 placebo‐treated participants. This estimate was markedly lower than the value derived from previously pooled analyses of observational data. Using a FPR of 0.03 resulted in a substantial reduction in the proportion of patients developing cirrhosis compared with the FPR derived from observational studies (13% vs 28%).ConclusionsThe FPR in placebo‐treated participants in RCTs is lower than that described from observational data. Slower fibrosis progression predicts fewer persons with NASH will progress to cirrhosis than previously estimated.
The combined effect of alcohol and body mass index on risk of chronic liver disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Glyn‐Owen Kate , Böhning Dankmar , Parkes Julie , Roderick Paul , Buchanan Ryan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground & AimsIncreasingly populations are both overweight/obese and consume alcohol. The risk of liver disease from the combination of these factors is unclear. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to address this important gap in evidence. Protocol registered with PROSPERO(CRD42016046508).MethodsWe performed electronic searches of Ovid Medline, Embase Classic + Embase, until 17th June 2020 for cohort studies of adults without pre‐existing liver disease. Primary outcome was morbidity/mortality from chronic liver disease. Exposures were alcohol consumption categorised as within or above UK recommended limits (14 units/112 g per week) and BMI categorised as normal, overweight or obese. Non‐drinkers were excluded. A Poisson regression log‐linear model was used to test for statistical interaction between alcohol and BMI and to conduct a one‐stage meta‐analysis.ResultsSearches identified 3129 studies—16 were eligible. Of these, nine cohorts (1,121,514 participants) had data available and were included in the analysis. The Poisson model showed no significant statistical interaction between alcohol consumption and BMI on the risk of chronic liver disease. Compared to normal weight participants drinking alcohol within UK recommended limits, relative risk of chronic liver disease in overweight participants drinking above limits was 3.32 (95% CI 2.88 to 3.83) and relative risk in obese participants drinking above limits was 5.39 (95% CI 4.62 to 6.29).ConclusionsThis meta‐analysis demonstrated a significantly increased risk of chronic liver disease in participants who were both overweight/obese and consumed alcohol above UK recommended limits. This evidence should inform advice given to patients and risk stratification by healthcare professionals.
Cognitive Neuroscience Perspectives on Motivation and Learning: Revisiting Self‐Determination Theory
Authors: Luria Ela , Shalom Maya , Levy Daniel A. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTThe Self‐Determination Theory of motivation (SDT) has significantly guided educational policy and research. It maintains that learning succeeds when brought about by autonomous rather than controlled motivation, and that extrinsic reward motivation cannot engender effective learning. We present an alternative approach, rooted in recent insights from the neurobiology of memory. In exploring environments to reap rewards, people pursue interrogative goals, accompanied by dopamine‐based hippocampus activation, leading to the formation of rich relational memories. In contrast, seeking to avoid punishment or loss involves imperative goals, with amygdala activation driving the perirhinal cortex to form disjoint item memories. We suggest that structuring learning and evaluation to diminish failure and increase repeated opportunities for successful performance, as in gamification, may engender effective learning incorporating broad perspectives and rich associations. This may occur even in the absence of intrinsic motivation to master a particular subject. Employing this insight in instructional design may benefit many educational frameworks.
Renal haemodynamic and protective effects of renoactive drugs in type 2 diabetes: Interaction with SGLT2 inhibitors
Authors: Scholtes Rosalie A. , van Baar Michaël J. B. , Kok Megan D. , Bjornstad Petter , Cherney David Z. I. , Joles Jaap A. , van Raalte Daniël H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDiabetic kidney disease remains the leading cause of end‐stage kidney disease and a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Large cardiovascular outcome trials and dedicated kidney trials have shown that sodium‐glucose cotransporter (SGLT)2 inhibitors reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and attenuate hard renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Underlying mechanisms explaining these renal benefits may be mediated by decreased glomerular hypertension, possibly by vasodilation of the post‐glomerular arteriole. People with T2D often receive several different drugs, some of which could also impact the renal vasculature, and could therefore modify both renal efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibition. The most commonly prescribed drugs that could interact with SGLT2 inhibitors on renal haemodynamic function include renin‐angiotensin system inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and diuretics. Herein, we review the effects of these drugs on renal haemodynamic function in people with T2D and focus on studies that measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) with gold‐standard techniques. In addition, we posit, based on these observations, potential interactions with SGLT2 inhibitors with an emphasis on efficacy and safety.
Differentiation Antagonizing Non‐protein Coding RNA Knockdown Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Inflammatory Injury and Apoptosis in Human Chondrocyte Primary Chondrocyte Cells Through Upregulating miRNA‐19a‐3p
Authors: Li Xue‐peng , Wei Xu , Wang Shang‐quan , Sun Gang , Zhao Ying‐chun , Yin He , Li Ling‐hui , Yin Xun‐lu , Li Kai‐ming , Zhu Li‐guo , Zhang Hong‐mei 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo confirm the role of long noncoding RNA differentiation antagonizing non‐protein coding RNA (DANCR) in chondrocyte inflammatory injury in osteoarthritis (OA) in vitro, as well as its molecular mechanism.MethodsHuman primary chondrocytes were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to construct a chondrocyte inflammatory injury in human OA cell model. Gene expression was detected using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell inflammatory injury was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit‐8 assay, flow cytometry, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The interplay between miRNA‐19a‐3p (miR‐19a) and DANCR was validated by dual‐luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation.ResultsExpression of DANCR was upregulated, and miR‐19a was downregulated in human OA cartilage and LPS‐treated primary chondrocytes in vitro. Moreover, DANCR expression was inversely correlated with miR‐19a in OA patients. LPS reduced cell viability and increased the apoptotic rate and secretion of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α in primary chondrocyte cells in vitro, suggesting an inflammatory injury model of OA. Functionally, knockdown of DANCR could attenuate LPS‐induced apoptosis and inflammatory response, as evidenced by improved cell viability, and reduced apoptotic rate and products of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNF‐α. Notably, DANCR negatively regulated miR‐19a expression, presumably via sponging. Furthermore, miR‐19a deletion eliminated the effect of DANCR knockdown on apoptosis and the inflammatory response of primary chondrocytes under LPS stress.ConclusionDifferentiation antagonizing non‐protein coding RNA silencing could protect human chondrocyte cells against LPS‐induced inflammatory injury and apoptosis through targeting miR‐19a, suggesting a vital role of the DANCR/miR‐19a axis in OA.
Analyzing Territorial and Sectorial Dimensions of Public–Private Partnerships in Science, Technology, and Innovation policies
Authors: Catalá‐Pérez Daniel , de‐Miguel‐Molina María 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe performance of innovation systems depends, to a great extent, on the degree of public–private collaboration they involve. Thus, innovation policies often aim to enhance this collaboration through public–private partnerships. These partnerships are a multidimensional phenomenon whose success depends on factors related to each of their dimensions. This paper proposes the use of an analytical model that reflects the multidimensional nature of public–private partnerships and analyses to what extent they are applied in a specific innovation system in order to identify the territorial and sectorial factors that act as barriers or drivers to use them. This model aims to help policy makers design appropriate public–private partnerships in each context. The case under review is the Spanish innovation system, given that this system has been suffering from a structural lack of collaboration for several decades, despite the implementation of policies aimed to foster this. Thus, if the model works, it should be able to identify key factors that influence greater or more restricted use of the different PPP formulas.
Low‐intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction and arterial stiffness in humans: A systematic review
Authors: Amorim Samuel , Rolnick Nicholas , Schoenfeld Brad J. , Aagaard Per 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLow‐intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction exercise is an emerging type of exercise recognition worldwide. This systematic review evaluated the effects of low‐intensity resistance exercise performed with concurrent blood flow restriction (LIRE‐BFR) on acute and chronic measures of arterial stiffness in humans. A systematic search in six healthcare science databases and reference lists was conducted. Data selected for primary analysis consisted of post‐intervention changes in arterial stiffness markers. This systematic review included randomized and non‐randomized controlled trials of LIRE‐BFR in humans. 156 articles were initially identified, 15 of which met inclusion criteria. Ten studies were excluded because they did not match predefined arterial stiffness markers. Thus, five articles were included in this review: two acute studies (N = 39 individuals, age = 20‐30 years old, 30.8% women and 69.2% men) and three longitudinal studies (N = 51 individuals, age = 24‐86‐years old, 41.2% women and 58.8% men). Acute LIRE‐BFR demonstrated both positive and negative effects on arterial stiffness in healthy young people. In contrast, longitudinal studies reported neutral effects in healthy young and older people. In conclusion, LIRE‐BFR applied to the upper and lower limbs may acutely induce increases in central blood pressure and pulse wave velocity in healthy young people, whereas LIRE‐BFR for the lower limbs may elicit positive effects related to indirect markers of arterial stiffness. Moreover, longitudinal LIRE‐BFR studies showed no changes in arterial stiffness in young and older people. Hence, LIRE‐BFR should be prescribed with a degree of caution to avoid non‐intended responses in arterial stiffness markers in humans.
Wheat 2‐Cys peroxiredoxin plays a dual role in chlorophyll biosynthesis and adaptation to high temperature
Authors: Mishra Divya , Shekhar Shubhendu , Chakraborty Subhra , Chakraborty Niranjan 
Published: December 2020

SummaryThe molecular mechanism of high‐temperature stress (HTS) response, in plants, has so far been investigated using transcriptomics, while the dynamics of HTS‐responsive proteome remain unexplored. We examined the adaptive responses of the resilient wheat cultivar ‘Unnat Halna’ and dissected the HTS‐responsive proteome landscape. This led to the identification of 55 HTS‐responsive proteins (HRPs), which are predominantly involved in metabolism and defense pathways. Interestingly, HRPs included a 2‐cysteine peroxiredoxin (2CP), designated Ta2CP, presumably involved in stress perception and adaptation. Complementation of Ta2CP in yeast and heterologous expression in Arabidopsis demonstrated its role in thermotolerance. Both Ta2CP silencing and overexpression inferred the involvement of Ta2CP in plant growth and chlorophyll biosynthesis. We demonstrated that Ta2CP interacts with protochlorophyllide reductase b, TaPORB. Reduced TaPORB expression was found in Ta2cp‐silenced plants, while upregulation was observed in Ta2CP‐overexpressed plants. Furthermore, the downregulation of Ta2CP in Taporb‐silenced plants and reduction of protochlorophyllide in Ta2cp‐silenced plants suggested the key role of Ta2CP in chlorophyll metabolism. Additionally, the transcript levels of AGPase1 and starch were increased in Ta2cp‐silenced plants. More significantly, HTS‐treated Ta2cp‐silenced plants showed adaptive responses despite increased reactive oxygen species and peroxide concentrations, which might help in rapid induction of high‐temperature acclimation.
Lagrangian Analysis of Unsteady Partial Cavitating Flow Around a Three-Dimensional Hydrofoil
Authors: Yin Tingyun , Pavesi Giorgio , Pei Ji , Yuan Shouqi , Cavazzini Giovanna , Ardizzon Guido 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This study employs an incompressible homogeneous flow framework with a transport-equation-based cavitation model and shear stress transport turbulence model to successfully reproduce the unsteady cavitating flow around a three-dimensional hydrofoil. Cavity growth, development, and break-off during the periodic shedding process are adequately reproduced and match experimental observations. The predicted shedding frequency is very close to the experimental value of 23 ms. By monitoring the motions of the seeding trackers, growth-up of attached cavity and dynamic evolution of U-type cavity are clearly displayed, which indicating the trackers could serve as an effective tool to visualize the cavitating field. Repelling Lagrangian coherent structure (RLCS) is so complex that abundant flow patterns are highlighted, reflecting the intricacy of cavity development. The formation of cloud cavities is clearly characterized by the attracting Lagrangian coherent structure (ALCS), where bumbling wave wrapping the whole shedding cavities indicates the rotating transform of cavities, and stretching of the wave eyes shows the distortion of vortices. Generation of the re-entrant jet is considered to be not only associated with the adverse pressure gradient due to the positive attack angle but also the contribution of cloud cavitating flow, based on the observation of a buffer zone between the attached and cloud cavities.
Tetanus Toxin Production in the Absence of Protein
Authors: Latham William C. , Bent Donald F. , Levine Leo 
Published: December 2020

A modification of the Mueller medium for tetanus toxin production is presented, on which an adapted strain produces high yields of toxin (70 to 90 flocculating units per ml) in the absence of animal protein extracts.
The range of iron concentration in the medium was established within which the toxigenic activity of the culture can be made to vary, and the mathematical nature of the variation is presented. Darkening of cultures during incubation indicates departure from optimal conditions. Heat input to the medium during autoclaving, originally undertaken solely for purposes of sterilization, is an important physicochemical factor in the toxigenicity of the culture.
A Note on the Flora and Fauna in the Rumen of Steers Fed a Feedlot Bloat-provoking Ration and the Effect of Penicillin
Authors: Bryant M. P. , Robinson I. M. , Lindahl Ivan L. 
Published: December 2020

A study was made of the predominant culturable bacteria and ciliate protozoa present in the rumen of two steers that were regularly bloating on a pelleted ratio containing 22% alfalfa meal, 16% soybean oil meal, 61% barley, and 1% common salt. The ruminal microorganisms in the two animals differed as indicated by a high total culture count of bacteria, an almost complete absence of ciliate protozoa, a low pH, and a difference in the proportions of presumptively identified predominant bacterial groups in one animal (steer 26) as compared with the other (steer 32). The first exposure of the animals to procaine penicillin (75 or 150 mg per day on 2 successive days) resulted in an abnormal ruminal flora 31 hr after the first treatment as indicated by drastic drops in total and cellulolytic bacterial counts and a change in the proportions of predominant bacterial groups. The animals refused feed for 32 to 48 hr after the first treatment. After feed consumption resumed, further treatment with 75 mg penicillin on 4 successive days did not appear to greatly alter the flora and did not result in feed refusal in animal 32. In animal 26, amounts of penicillin progressing from 50 to 200 mg per day did not result in feed refusals and observations on rumen ingesta samples during this period indicated a decrease in total bacterial count, a great increase in numbers of ciliate protozoa, a higher pH, and a change in the proportions of predominant bacterial groups so that the ruminal picture was much more similar to that of animal 32 than to its own during the pre-penicillin period. Bloat was not relieved except during the period of feed refusal.
The results indicate that the ruminal flora rapidly adapts to penicillin and that bloat of the feedlot type can occur in animals with widely differing numbers and kinds of bacteria and protozoa. Feedlot bloat does not appear to be correlated with the occurrence or numbers of any of the individual predominant groups of bacteria cultured.
Gravitational lensing by charged black hole in regularized 4D Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Islam Shafqat Ul , Ghosh Sushant G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAmong the higher curvature gravities, the most extensively studied theory is the so-called Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet (EGB) gravity, whose Lagrangian contains Einstein term with the GB combination of quadratic curvature terms, and the GB term yields nontrivial gravitational dynamics in $$ D\ge 5$$

D
≥
5

. Recently there has been a surge of interest in regularizing, a $$ D \rightarrow 4 $$

D
→
4

limit of, the EGB gravity, and the resulting regularized 4D EGB gravity valid in 4D. We consider gravitational lensing by Charged black holes in the 4D EGB gravity theory to calculate the light deflection coefficients in strong-field limits $$\bar{a}$$

a

¯

and $$\bar{b}$$

b

¯

, while former increases with increasing GB parameter $$\alpha $$
α
and charge q, later decrease. We also find a decrease in the deflection angle $$\alpha _D$$

α
D

, angular position $$\theta _{\infty }$$

θ
∞

decreases more slowly and impact parameter for photon orbits $$u_{m}$$

u
m

more quickly, but angular separation s increases more rapidly with $$\alpha $$
α
and charge q. We compare our results with those for analogous black holes in General Relativity (GR) and also the formalism is applied to discuss the astrophysical consequences in the case of the supermassive black holes Sgr A* and M87*.
Towards Higgs masses and decay widths satisfying the symmetries in the (N)MSSM
Authors: Domingo Florian , Paßehr Sebastian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn models with an extended Higgs sector, such as the (N)MSSM, scalar states mix with one another. Yet, the concept of Higgs mixing is problematic at the radiative level, since it introduces both a scheme and a gauge dependence. In particular, the definition of Higgs masses and decay amplitudes can be impaired by the presence of gauge-violating pieces of higher order. We discuss in depth the origin and magnitude of such effects and consider two strategies that minimize the dependence on the gauge-fixing parameter and field-renormalization of one-loop order in the definition of the mass and decay observables, both in degenerate and non-degenerate scenarios. In addition, the intuitive concept of mixing and the simplicity of its definition in terms of two-point diagrams can make it tempting to include higher-order corrections on this side of the calculation, irrespectively of the order achieved in vertex diagrams. Using the global $$SU(2)_{\mathrm{L}}$$

S
U

(
2
)

L

-symmetry in the decoupling limit, we show that no improvement can be expected from such an approach at the level of the Higgs decays, but that, on the contrary, the higher-order terms may lead to numerically large spurious effects.
Radially and azimuthally excited states of a soliton system of vortex and Q-ball
Authors: Loginov A. Yu. , Gauzshtein V. V. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the present paper, we continue to study the two-dimensional soliton system that is composed of vortex and Q-ball components interacting with each other through an Abelian gauge field. This vortex-Q-ball system is electrically neutral as a whole, nevertheless it possesses a nonzero electric field. Moreover, the vortex-Q-ball system has a quantized magnetic flux and a nonzero angular momentum, and combines properties of topological and nontopological solitons. We investigate radially and azimuthally excited states of the vortex-Q-ball system along with the unexcited vortex-Q-ball system at different values of gauge coupling constants. We also ascertain the behaviour of the vortex-Q-ball system in several extreme regimes, including thin-wall and thick-wall regimes.
Volcanic geology and petrochemistry of Ashikule volcanic field in western Kunlun Mountains of the Tibetan plateau
Authors: Xu Jiandong , Zhao Bo , Yu Hongmei , Wei Feixiang , Chen Zhengquan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Ashikule volcanic field, developed in the western Kunlun mountain of north Tibet, is composed of approximately 10 volcanoes, and covers a total area of about 200 km
2
at an average altitude of approximately 5000 m, one of the highest volcanic fields in the world. In this study, we conducted detailed field investigations of the geological and geomorphological features of volcanic rocks and volcanic edifices in Ashikule basin, and compiled a large-scale geological map of the study area for the first time. We also collected a series of samples for petrochemistry analysis, as well as a high-precision
40
Ar/
39
Ar geochronology study of selected lavas from Ashikule volcanic field. Finally, we refined the eruption history for the volcanic activity in the basin, which provides some new volcanological evidence for the study of the tectonic evolution of the Northern Tibetan Plateau.