bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilizing smart-meter data to project impacts of urban warming on residential electricity use for vulnerable populations in Southern California
Authors: Chen Mo , Ban-Weiss George A , Sanders Kelly T 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Extreme heat events are increasing in frequency and intensity, challenging electricity infrastructure due to growing cooling demand and posing public health risks to urbanites. In order to minimize risks from increasing extreme heat, it is critical to (a) project increases in electricity use with urban warming, and (b) identify neighborhoods that are most vulnerable due in part to a lack of air conditioning (AC) and inability to afford increased energy. Here, we utilize smart meter data from 180 476 households in Southern California to quantify increases in residential electricity use per degree warming for each census tract. We also compute AC penetration rates, finding that air conditioners are less prevalent in poorer census tracts. Utilizing climate change projections for end of century, we show that 55% and 30% of the census tracts identified as most vulnerable are expected to experience more than 16 and 32 extreme heat days per year, respectively.
Synthesis and luminescent properties of novel red-emitting Eu(III) complexes based on alanine aliphatic derivatives with different optical rotation
Authors: Zhang Xue , Xie Andy , Wu Yuewen , Gao Zihan , Xie Hongde 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A series of novel luminescent amino acid-rare earth complexes (denoted as Eu(L/D-SA)3-Phen) have been successfully synthesized. Using stearoyl alanine (denoted as SA) with different optical rotations as the first ligand and 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) as the second ligand, the products were prepared by solution chemical reaction. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), ultraviolet and visible spectrum (UV) and photoluminescence spectroscopy were used to characterize the properties of Eu(L/D-SA)3-Phen. FT-IR, 1H NMR and XRD indicate that ligand SA and Phen were prepared and successfully combined with Eu3+ ions. SEM analysis shows relatively uniform morphological structure. Eu(L/D-SA)3-Phen exhibit a typical luminescence emission peak at 614 nm. In addition, the lifetimes of Eu(L/D-SA)3-Phen are in scale of millisecond. The relationship between fluorescence intensity of Eu(L/D-SA)3-Phen and the optical rotation of ligand SA has been studied and discussed. Based on the results, Eu(L/D-SA)3-Phen have excellent luminescent performance and possess potential application as luminescent materials.
Sensitivity of the Nipple-Areola Complex in Reduction Mammaplasty Following Periareolar Dermis Section
Authors: de Sá Jairo Zacchê , Braga Antônio Carlos Côrte Real , Barreto Rafael Henrique Coutinho , Ramos Anderson da Silva , de Oliveira Rodrigues Amanda Estelita , Santa-Cruz Fernando , Aguiar José Lamartine de Andrade 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Preservation of the periareolar dermis, after de-epithelization in reduction mammaplasty, may result in reduced nipple-areola complex (NAC) mobility. Consequently, distortion in shape and difficulty correcting the areola position can occur.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate NAC viability and sensitivity resulting from periareolar dermis section after de-epithelization in patients who underwent reduction mammaplasty surgery.

Methods
This study was a randomized, controlled double-blind clinical trial. A total of 41 patients (82 breasts) were randomly allocated into 2 groups and underwent reduction mammaplasty—involving the superior pedicle—with a final inverted T-shaped scar. A sectioning of the periareolar dermis was performed on the breasts in the experimental group. Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments were used to evaluate NAC sensitivity at the preoperative evaluation, and 3, 6, and 52 weeks after surgery.

Results
No cases of partial or total NAC necrosis were noted in either group. The comparison between the groups did not show significant differences regarding NAC sensitivity. However, a statistically significant difference was noted when sensitivity levels at the preoperative evaluation and 3 weeks after surgery were compared in the experimental group. A significant difference was noted when the scores of the sensitivity 3 weeks after surgery were compared between the control and the experiment groups. Nevertheless, after 1 year, no statistical differences were observed in the experimental group or between both groups.

Conclusions
The sectioning of the periareolar dermis does not affect the viability or the pressure sensitivity of the NAC.

Level of Evidence: 4
Addressing the heterogeneity in liver diseases using biological networks
Authors: Lam Simon , Doran Stephen , Yuksel Hatice Hilal , Altay Ozlem , Turkez Hasan , Nielsen Jens , Boren Jan , Uhlen Mathias , Mardinoglu Adil 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The abnormalities in human metabolism have been implicated in the progression of several complex human diseases, including certain cancers. Hence, deciphering the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with metabolic reprogramming in a disease state can greatly assist in elucidating the disease aetiology. An invaluable tool for establishing connections between global metabolic reprogramming and disease development is the genome-scale metabolic model (GEM). Here, we review recent work on the reconstruction of cell/tissue-type and cancer-specific GEMs and their use in identifying metabolic changes occurring in response to liver disease development, stratification of the heterogeneous disease population and discovery of novel drug targets and biomarkers. We also discuss how GEMs can be integrated with other biological networks for generating more comprehensive cell/tissue models. In addition, we review the various biological network analyses that have been employed for the development of efficient treatment strategies. Finally, we present three case studies in which independent studies converged on conclusions underlying liver disease.
Empirical likelihood test for a large-dimensional mean vector
Authors: Cui Xia , Li Runze , Yang Guangren , Zhou Wang 
Published: January 2020

Summary
This paper is concerned with empirical likelihood inference on the population mean when the dimension $p$ and the sample size $n$ satisfy $p/n\rightarrow c\in [1,\infty)$. As shown in Tsao (2004), the empirical likelihood method fails with high probability when $p/n&gt;1/2$ because the convex hull of the $n$ observations in $\mathbb{R}^p$ becomes too small to cover the true mean value. Moreover, when $p&gt; n$, the sample covariance matrix becomes singular, and this results in the breakdown of the first sandwich approximation for the log empirical likelihood ratio. To deal with these two challenges, we propose a new strategy of adding two artificial data points to the observed data. We establish the asymptotic normality of the proposed empirical likelihood ratio test. The proposed test statistic does not involve the inverse of the sample covariance matrix. Furthermore, its form is explicit, so the test can easily be carried out with low computational cost. Our numerical comparison shows that the proposed test outperforms some existing tests for high-dimensional mean vectors in terms of power. We also illustrate the proposed procedure with an empirical analysis of stock data.
Reproducibility and Validity of Sodium Sulfate Fractionation of Proteins in Plasma and Knee Joint Fluid
Authors: Gaebler O H , Beher W T , Sigler J W , Galpin R R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Blood was drawn from 14 laboratory workers under conditions similar to those under which blood samples are taken from ambulatory clinic patients. The sera were analyzed for the various proteins by the method of Mine. Eighteen knee joint fluids were analyzed by the same method; and 8 fluids from one patient were also analyzed electrophoretically. Results for these 8 fluids, and for all of the sera, are presented in tabular form and discussed. A component moving faster than albumin was noted in all knee joint fluids. This could not be concentrated from a pooled lot from 4 patients by electrophoresis-convection, but disappeared instead.
Purification of Chromium (VI) for Use in the PBI Determination
Authors: Mason W Burkett , Coco Santo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chromium (VI) which is essentially free of iodine can be prepared by converting CrO,3 to CrO2Cl2. The crude chromyl chloride can be used with concentrated sulfuric acid for wet combustion of serum in the PBI determination.
Iodine and Thiocyanogen Numbers of the Fatty Acids of Blood Plasma
Authors: Kibrick Andre C , Skupp S J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A method has been described for the determination of both iodine and thiocyanogen numbers of the fat isolated from human blood plasma by the Allen volumetric method. The values found in 13 normal individuals varied from 111 to 157 for iodine number and from 64 to 122 for thiocyanogen number. The differences between the two numbers varied between 9 and 78.
A Simple Microelectrophoretic Method Using Starch-Agar Gel
Authors: Hase Tatsuo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A simple microelectrophoretic method of protein analysis using the gel of starch agar mixture is described. The method is easily standardized and the results show consistency and reproducibility. Protein patterns obtained show higher resolution than those of paper or agar-gel electrophoresis and simulate that of starch-gel electrophoresis. Developed protein patterns are suitable to quantitative analysis by appropriate electrophotometric or ultraviolet-light scanning devices and can be preserved as permanent records.
A Study of the Starch-Iodine Complex: A Modified Colorimetric Micro Determination of Amylase in Biologic Fluids
Authors: Pimstone N R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The limitations, inaccuracies, and practical difficulties of saccharogenic methods are discussed. A modified colorimetric microdetermination of amylase is described in which the digestion of starch is measured by the decrease in the starch-iodine color. Experimental data show that there are two other serum factors that can also cause a fall-off in color: (1) an immediate 10-15% depression of color, probably due to serum proteins and countered by using serum in the control; (2) an acid-serum factor causing a progressive fall-off in color subsequent to the initial depression. Iodine prevents this, and must be added as soon as the acid has been added to stop the enzyme activity. Results of 189 consecutive assays of human sera are presented. Amylase activity of duodenal aspirate has been determined simultaneously by the method described and the Lagerlöf method. Results are compared. Changes in serum amylase and lipase levels in artificially produced pancreatitis in dogs are presented. Optimal conditions for amylase activity are reviewed, and in the light of these, different amyloclastic methods and their results compared. Achroic-point technics are briefly evaluated.
Analysis on Heat Coagulated Blood and Serum
Authors: Marymont Jesse H , London Morris 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A direct ultraviolet absorption method that does not require uricase for the determination of serum urate is presented. Serum (0.3 ml.) is placed in the bottom of a 25 X 95-mm. shell vial and coagulated by immersion of the vial in boiling water for 2 min. The clot is overlaid with 3.0 ml. of water and the serum urate extracted for 60 min. at 37°. The absorbance of the extract is measured at 295 mµ, and the serum urate determined by comparison with the known absorption of pure urate at the same wavelength. The agreement between the direct ultraviolet method and a standard phosphotungstate reduction method is excellent in cases in which no medication is being administered. Some drugs absorb ultraviolet light, and in certain instances may be responsible for a discrepancy up to 1.5 mg./100 ml. between the two procedures. The method is extremely simple and requires no reagents.
A Turbulent Drier-Extractor and a Wide-Interface Extractor
Authors: Holmes Frederic E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A simpler modification of an original turbulent drier-extractor with provision for measuring moisture is presented, as well as methods for determination of lipids in serum and in urine in the wide-interface extractor, and a new use for the wide-interface extractor in washing extracts from the drier-extractor. The two extraction units described may also serve as a reference standard and may be preferred for routine lipid assays.
Clinical Studies on Glucose Metabolism via the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Olmstead Edwin G , Lunseth John H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Glucose metabolism via the pintos phosphate pathway was studied by measuring accelerated O2 uptake of human erythrocytes in the presence of methylene blue. Erythrocyte 02 uptake was independent of age in 67 normal patients. Erythrocyte 02 uptake was increased in pernicious anemia in relapse and in 5 of 6 jaundiced patients but was normal in pernicious anemia in remission and in 20 cases of malignancies of various types. In the latter cases there was no correlation between erythrocyte 02 uptake and hemoglobin content or reticulocyte count.
Uses for a Holmium Oxide Filter in Spectrophotometry
Authors: MacDonald Roderick P 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The use of a holmium oxide calibration filter is discussed for checking wavelength, trouble-shooting, and adjusting sensitivity of spectrophotometers. Correction tables may be prepared to permit setting the instrument to true wavelength. One spectrophotometer was found to have a wavelength error large enough to impair its usefulness in direct spectrophotometric methods.
Application and Modification of the Momose-Ohkura Fluorometric Determination of Blood Glucose
Authors: Bourne Bernadette B 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Results of the fluorometric determination of normal and abnormal blood glucose by the method of Momose and Ohkura (2) are lower in many instances than those obtained by reduction methods. The sensitivity of the method was greatly increased by readings at an activation of 470 mµ, a previously unreported maximum for the reaction product, in 20% sulfuric acid. A modified method is presented which uses a 1:1000 dilution of 2 µl. of blood. Protein-free supernate equivalent to 0.5 µl. of blood is reacted. Final volume of fluorophore is 10 ml.
Evaluation of a Cholesterol "Kit"
Authors: Hald P M , Weinberg M S , Barnett R N , Lavietes P H , Seligson D 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A rapid "kit" method (Chole-Tech) for cholesterol determination in serum was evaluated by comparison with the Abell method in one clinical laboratory and with the Bloor method in another. Discrepancies between individual results of these standard technics and the Chole-Tech method were so great and so random that the results cannot be considered comparable. The Chole-Tech method is too unreliable for clinical use. All laboratory kits should be critically appraised before use. Accuracy and specificity must not be sacrificed for convenience.
Photometric Determination of Urinary Proteins
Authors: Saifer Abraham , Gerstenfeld Shirley 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Previous reports have dealt with application of a tryptophan method for determination of serum total (19) and gamma (20) globulins and CSF total globulins (21). The method has now been extended to the determination of urinary globulins.
Total urinary protein (including mucoprotein) was determined with the Lowry procedure after perchloric acid-acetone precipitation. Normal values on morning samples (32 subjects) are: T.P., 24.0 ± 19.6 mg./100 ml.; protein (albumin plus globulin), 6.9 ± 4.3 mg./100 ml.; mucoprotein, 17.1 ± 16.3; globulin, 4.4 ± 2.4, albumin, 2.5 ± 2.4; and A/G ratio, 0.58 ± .4 S.D. Preliminary data on patients with a variety of kidney ailments indicate that an increase in the urinary globulin fraction is a sensitive indicator of early renal damage.
Adaptation of the Berthelot Color Reaction for the Determination of Urea Nitrogen in Serum and Urine to an Ultramicro System
Authors: Mathies James C 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Existing methods for the estimation of urea and ammonia nitrogen in biologic fluids by means of the Berthelot color reaction have been adapted to an ultramicro system for routine clinical analysis. The resulting procedure is convenient and accurate, and can be carried out using 5 µl. of sample or less.
Analyses on Heat-coagulated Blood and Serum
Authors: London Morris , Marymont Jesse H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A method is described that does not employ chemical precipitation for the quantitative separation of serum inorganic phosphate from the proteins present. The separation is accomplished by heat coagulation of serum and subsequent extraction of phosphate from the intact clot with dilute sulfuric acid. Serum (0.25 ml.) is placed at the bottom of a 25x95-mm. shell vial and coagulated in a boiling-water bath for 2 min. The resultant coagulum is firm, adherent to the container, and not easily disrupted; 6.0 ml. of O.3N H2SO4 is then added to cover the coagulum, and the phosphate extracted. The phosphate in the extract is determined by a phosphomolybdate reduction procedure.
A Microprocedure for the Determination of 4-Pyridoxic Acid in Urine
Authors: Woodring Muriel J , Fisher Dorothy H , Storvick Clara A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A microprocedure for the estimation of urinary 4-pyridoxic acid which is apparently specific, yet simple enough for routine clinical use, has been adapted from the Fujita et al. (16-17) and Reddy et al. (22) procedures. Average values for urinary 4-pyridoxic acid for 7 women ranged from 3.8 to 6.9 µM/24 hr. by this method. These values are compatible with average daily intakes of vitamin B6 and indicate that by this method interfering fluorescent substances have been removed by chromatography. Good agreement was obtained with replicate analyses.
Limitations in Clinical Use of a Screening Test for Protein
Authors: Watson Derek 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Quantitative estimation of protein in cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic, and similar protein-poor body fluids by means of a widely used strip test is not reliable. For this purpose, the turbidity test of Meulemans (1960) appears satisfactory. The strip test is a convenient and reliable means of detecting protein (albumin-globulin mixtures) in the urine of pregnant women.
A Method For Quantitative Extraction of Urinary 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid
Authors: Sochor Frances M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A method for the quantitative assay of urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5 HIAA) is presented. The limits of accuracy and precision obtained reflect good recovery and reproducibility. The relatively high recovery is largely due to maintaining a low distribution coefficient of 5-HIAA during purification of the aqueous extract with chloroform.
Solvent Coagulation of Serum Proteins
Authors: London Morris , Marymont Jesse H , Fuld Jeanne 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The usefulness of 14 common organic solvents in lowering the temperature necessary for the heat coagulation of serum proteins is evaluated. Six of the compounds, when added to serum in final concentrations varying from 14.3 to 28.6% (v/v), result in the formation of a firm clot at 60°. Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether is effective at 50° at 22.8% (v/v). Lower concentrations are effective at higher temperatures. The boiling points of the six range from 65° (methanol) to 153° (N,N-dimethyl formamide).
An Electrophoretic Study of Serum Protein-bound Carbohydrate in Dysproteinemia
Authors: Evenson David J , McGuckin Warren F , McKenzie Bernard F , Hagedom Albert B 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The glycoprotein hexose in the sera of patients having an electrophoretically homogeneous globulin fraction was studied by paper electrophoresis. The largest diagnostic category was multiple myeloma, but also included were cases of macroglobulinemia, primary systemic amyloidosis, lymphoma, collagen vascular disease, liver disease, and other conditions. The hexose contents of the pathologic globulin fractions were compared; only in the macroglobulins was this value of diagnostic significance, consistently averaging more than 3 times that in normal gamma globulin. In myeloma globulins there was a relationship between the hexose content and the electrophoretic mobility, with only an occasional value approaching the macroglobulin range in the faster electrophoretic mobilities.
It is shown that paper electrophoresis and the PAS staining technic, in conjunction with protein staining on a duplicate sample of serum, constitute a useful screening test for detection of increased concentration of macroglobulin in serum in a large percentage of cases of "hypergammaglobulinemia." Gel electrophoresis, immunologic typing, and ultracentrifugation studies then can be used for further elucidation of the type of abnormality present.
Protein Metabolism During Healing of Wounds
Authors: Williamson Martin B 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The foregoing is illustrative of the available information on the alterations in the biochemical processes which occur during the healing of wounds. Many of the studies mentioned appear to make some aspects of the phenomena involved in the healing of wounds more understandable. Yet, these results are too isolated to form a clear and unified picture of the healing processes and the mechanisms which control them. It will be necessary to discover the mechanisms which bring about the changes in metabolism before a real understanding of the processes of wound healing can be obtained. Obviously, much more data are required before these mechanisms can become apparent.
Quantitative Electrophoresis of Serum Proteins on Paper
Authors: Wurm Moses , Epstein Frederick H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
1. A procedure for paper electrophoresis has been described which gives highly reproducible protein patterns with good resolution and freedom from distortions.
2. Densitometry of protein bands on paper stained with bromphenol blue or Amidoschwarz 10B reveals that the logarithm of protein concentration is proportional to optical density and that Beer's law does not apply. Electrophoretic patterns of normal human serum evaluated in this manner give values in close agreement with those obtained by moving-boundary electrophoresis.
3. Confidence limits were determined for both methods.
Sources of Error in Spectrophotometric Measurement of Aspartate Aminotransferase and Alanine Aminotransferase Activities in Serum
Authors: Rodgerson Denis O , Osberg Iris M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We examined the measurement of serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities with a short-interval enzyme-activity analyzer. Double-beam spectrophotometry was used to elucidate the source of errors in such measurements. For both enzymes the principal error sources are: (a) the presence of endogenous substrate for lactate dehydrogenase, and (b) reaction of 2-oxoglutarate with serum glutamate dehydrogenase and ammonium ions added to the reaction mixture in admixture with the secondary enzymes of the coupled reactions. In the case of serum aspartate aminotransferase, a less important source of error is the reaction of serum alanine aminotransferase with endogenous substrate. Use of 2-oxoglutarate as a reaction initiator in conventional methods causes errors. Suitable blank reagent mixtures are described that permit accurate, rapid measurement of these activities by double-beam spectrophotometry in a short-interval enzyme-activity analyzer.