bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Forensic Approach to Experience
Authors: Tumulty Maura 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
If experiences are alienable, then it must be possible for them to be influenced by aspects of ourselves toward which we might take a critical attitude. This requires that beliefs, biases, emotions, and fatigue can influence our experiences. This chapter explores several pathways through which such influence could travel, and argues that it can and does occur. To establish such influence, it is not necessary to prove that cognitive activity penetrates early perceptual processing. It is also unnecessary, when considering the effects of bias on experience, to assume that every aspect of current research on tacit bias will be fully vindicated. The claim that some experiences are alienable is not hostage to either of these particular empirical questions.
The Humble Cosmopolitan
Authors: Cabrera Luis 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Cosmopolitanism is said by many critics to be arrogant. In emphasizing universal moral principles and granting no fundamental significance to national or other group belonging, it is held to wrongly treat those making non-universalist claims as not authorized to speak, while at the same time implicitly treating those in non-Western societies as not qualified. This book works to address such objections. It does so in part by engaging the work of B.R. Ambedkar, architect of India’s 1950 Constitution and revered champion of the country’s Dalits (formerly “untouchables”). Ambedkar cited universal principles of equality and rights in confronting domestic exclusions and the “arrogance” of caste. He sought to advance forms of political humility, or the affirmation of equal standing within political institutions and openness to input and challenge within them. This book examines how an “institutional global citizenship” approach to cosmopolitanism could similarly advance political humility, in supporting the development of democratic input, exchange, and challenge mechanisms beyond the state. It employs grounded normative theory methods, taking insights for the model from field research among Dalit activists pressing for domestic reforms through the UN human rights regime, and from their critics in the governing Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party. Insights also are taken from Turkish protesters challenging a rising domestic authoritarianism, and from UK Independence Party members supporting “Brexit” from the European Union—in part because of possibilities that predominantly Muslim Turkey will join. Overall, it is shown, an appropriately configured institutional cosmopolitanism should orient fundamentally to political humility rather than arrogance, while holding significant potential for advancing global rights protections.
Power without Knowledge
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Technocrats claim to know how to solve the social and economic problems of complex modern societies. But this would require predicting how people will act once technocrats impose their policy solutions. Power Without Knowledge argues that people’s ideas, w hich govern their deliberate actions, are too heterogeneous for their behavior to be reliably predicted. Thus, a technocracy of social-scientific experts cannot be expected to accomplish its objectives. The author also shows that a large part of contemporary mass politics, even populist mass politics, is technocratic, as members of the general public often assume that they are competent to decide which policies or politicians will be able to solve social and economic problems. How, then, do “citizen-technocrats” make these decisions? Drawing on political psychology and survey research, the author contends that people often assume that the solutions to social problems are self-evident, such that politics becomes a matter of vetting public officials for their good intentions and strong wills, not their knowledge. Turning to the more conventional meaning of technocracy, the author argues that social scientists, too, drastically oversimplify technocratic realities, but in an entirely different manner. Neoclassical economists, for example, theorize that people respond rationally to the incentives they face. This theory is simplistic, but it creates the appearance that people’s behavior is predictable. Without such oversimplifications, the author argues, technocracy would be seen by technocrats themselves to be chimerical.
Technocracy and Interpretation
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Lippmann-Dewey debate might have gone better had Dewey appealed to his evolutionary epistemology, according to which human intelligence evolved in such a way as to allow it to predict the outcomes of our interactions with the natural environment. This would have allowed Lippmann to suggest that the modern social environment is less predictable than the natural environment, shifting attention to his tacit social ontology. Insofar as the social environment is determined by human action, action by interpretation, and interpretation by ideas; and insofar as ideas are heterogeneous, non-random, and inaccessible to observation, as Lippmann held; it follows that technocrats may be unable to predict behavior reliably. Consider, in comparison, intellectual historians’ interpretations of the behavior of well-documented individuals: such interpretations are much easier to get right then are predictions of the behavior of anonymous others in the future, predictions of the sort that technocrats must produce. Yet intellectual historians inevitably disagree among one another, entailing that some or all of their interpretations are wrong.
Epistocracy and the Spiral of Conviction
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The pathological responses to the pressure to predict stem from social-scientific ideas that efface agents’ ideational determination. Thus, these responses are vulnerable to a cultural shift toward the recognition of ideational determination. In contrast, there would seem to be little hope of escape from the spiral of conviction. This is the tendency of increasing levels of knowledge to correspond with increasing dogmatism. The theory of motivated reasoning explains this correlation by suggesting that people irrationally—but in some sense deliberately—buttress their beliefs against disconfirmation, using greater knowledge as “ammunition” in the self-confirmatory endeavor. The theory of the spiral of conviction instead attributes dogmatism to the inadvertent buttressing that confirmatory information gives to the interpretations that screen in such information by rendering it legible and plausible. Economists’ reaction to discordant evidence about the cause of the financial crisis suggests that the spiral of conviction can afflict influential scholars and epistocrats in the real world, with potentially dangerous results.
Capitalism, Socialism, and Technocracy
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An alternative to the Hobson’s choice may be called “exitocracy.” In such a regime, exit would be preferred to voice when possible. This would enable people to experiment, as Dewey advocated, but without attempting to understand or predict the ideas and behavior of millions of anonymous others, as technocracy expects us to do. Exit is not a panacea for social problems, but it may be a superior remedy to those offered by technocracy, which make exacting epistemic demands. An exitocracy would facilitate exit by creating a robust private sphere, enabling capitalist competition to provide alternative solutions to people’s personally experienced problems, and an equally robust program of socialist wealth redistribution to enable people to pay for these solutions. Public goods, though, would still have to be provided in traditional technocratic fashion. This raises the question of whether the critique of technocracy is best seen as institutional or, instead, as cultural.
The Chamber Tombs of the Trapeza, Aigion
Authors: Borgna Elisabetta , De Angeli Gaspare 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents some preliminary data concerning two Mycenaean chamber tombs that have been object of stratigraphic investigations at the necropolis of Trapeza of Aigion (Achaea) since 2012. This funerary site is known in the literature on the basis of materials retrieved in 1930 and stored in the museum of Aigion, but it has never been precisely localized. The main aim of this analysis is to provide substantial information concerning the complex life-cycle of the tombs, starting with their construction in pure sand along the slope of the hill, followed by several phases of use and reuse implying at times a complete clearance, ending with their collapse. The chapter draws particular attention to both the stratigraphy of the funerary occupation and the topography, mode of disposal, and state of preservation of several findings, in order to understand as much as possible about primary and secondary funerary rites and other actions performed within the chambers and in the dromoi. Data related to the processes of decay and collapse of the tombs as well as to some evidence of later occupation of the area, after its funerary use, is also considered in order to obtain a deeper insight into the dynamics of formation and transformation of the long-lasting social landscape of the Trapeza area.
Claiming Social Identities in the Mortuary Landscape of the Late Bronze Age Communities of Macedonia
Authors: Triantaphyllou Sevi , Andreou Stelios 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Burial practices in Late Bronze Age Macedonia do not manifest particularly elaborate traits in terms of grave architecture and prestigious items accompanying the dead. In contrast to practices in the southern mainland, local communities adopted subtler and less homogeneous forms of treating the deceased in an attempt to signify their particular identities in the cultural, political, and symbolic landscape. Recent research has established a special focus on descent in extramural cemeteries, such as the cist grave cemetery with multiple burials at Spathes on Mount Olympus, the tumuli of Western Macedonia and Southern Pieria, the burial enclosures of Faia Petra, and the tumuli at Exochi and Potamoi in Eastern Macedonia. In Central Macedonia, on the other hand, where tell settlements dominate the natural and symbolic landscape, burial practices possess a less prominent place in the social space. The dominant trait here seems to be the absence of formal mortuary practices. Burials may occur within the settlement without special care regarding the treatment of the dead, but with a desire to mark out the links of the deceased with particular residential groups. The handling of death in Late Bronze Age Macedonia emerges therefore as a powerful practice, which was manipulated in different modes by the living communities in order to claim a diverse set of social identities and significant properties in the diverse cultural landscape and the varied political scenery of the area.
Singing Republican Ascendance
Authors: Lohman Laura 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
American songwriters sonically represented the Republican takeover of the presidency with Jefferson’s election in 1800. Songwriters articulated a new narrative of Republican ascendance and political legitimacy. Counteracting years of Federalist assaults and their caricature of the “dangerous Democrat,” Republicans foregrounded a new image of Jefferson, cast the Federalists as evildoers, and stressed the Republican party’s laudable priorities and values. They creatively reworked songs that had come to symbolize Federalist power and legitimacy in previous years, along with songs in transatlantic circulation, and they adapted specific rhetorical and narrative techniques from Federalist precedents. Federalists, despairing of their marginalized status, contested this narrative with cutting satire, personal attacks, and a sectional counternarrative.
Protestant Paramilitary Mothering
Authors: McEvoy Sandra M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores what often appear to be the irreconcilable differences between embracing and resisting normative tropes of maternity and motherhood that have long preoccupied some feminist scholars of International Relations. Drawing on interview data collected by McEvoy from 2006 to 2017, the chapter interrogates the use of political violence by politically violent mothers who served in Protestant paramilitary organizations (PPOs) in Northern Ireland during the 30-year conflict between 1968 and 1998. The chapter sheds new light on understanding mothers’ roles in political violence in their service to PPOs by exploring motivation for participation and familial opinions of this participation. To further complicate women’s revelations in this regard, the chapter investigates the strategic (gendered) benefits and implications of mothers who embrace political violence. The chapter also reaches beyond scholarly interpretations of motherhood and political violence by including of a coauthor and key informant, “Chloe White.” Chloe is a mother and former member of a PPO in Northern Ireland, and her insights on the relationship between political violence and motherhood complement similar insights from more than a dozen PPO mothers who participated in groups during the conflict.
Logics of Protection and the Discursive Construction of Refugee Fathers
Authors: Hall Lucy B. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Images of war-affected populations generally affirm the gendered war story that the majority of civilians and refugees are “womenandchildren.” The “womenandchildren” discourse remains prominent in constituting humanitarian protection norms that (re)produce the gendered distinction. Western European discourses concerning refugee masculinity posit two narratives—refugee men as potential terrorists and/or rapists and refugee men as caring, paternal saviors. This chapter explores the latter, questioning whether discourses that construct refugee men as caregivers and saviors are a departure from the “womenandchildren” narrative so dominant in gendered war stories. Accordingly, the chapter argues that the discursive construction of refugee masculinities reproduces the heteronormative family and is an intrinsic feature of the gendered war story of refugee men. In conclusion, the author suggests that this narrative of “refugee father” presents a partial disruption to the discursive construction of the “ideal victim(s)” (women, children, and the elderly). The disruption from the “ideal victim” image is, however, only partial, because images of refugee men as fathers remain intelligible through troubling logics of gender, race, and sexuality.
Bearing Peace and War
Authors: Sjoberg Laura 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways that marriage, marriage consummation, and motherhood made the state, both territorially and representationally, in the Peace of the Pyrenees and its aftermath. It argues that seventeenth-century Spain and France were in part made in the (imaginaries of and then the physical instantiation of) the uterus of Maria Teresa, Hapsburg princess of Spain and Archduchess of Austria until her marriage in 1660 to Louis XIV of France. It situates reproductive demands on Maria Teresa in the general pronatalist pressures of seventeenth-century France or in the context of royal wives’ explicitly reproductive roles. It begins with a brief discussion of the historical context of the conflict between France and Spain and the circumstances of the marriage (and the Peace of the Pyrenees). It then discusses marriage, sexuality, and territory evidenced in the politics around Maria Teresa’s marriage, her sexual relationship with Louis XIV, and (political concerns about) her (actual and potential) offspring. It links those anxieties and complications to the War of Spanish Succession, considering the relationship of dynastic motherhood to the making of the state, and the depersonalization of the figure of the mother in state-making.
Ideal Citizens and Family Values
Authors: Weissman Anna L. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Motherhood is political, fundamental to the social (re)production of values, norms, and culture. This chapter shows how the institution of Motherhood, “family values,” and traditional gender roles have been coopted by the rhetoric of the nation and institutionalized by the state as a site of difference, (re)producing Insiders and Outsiders, exclusionary logics of collectivity, and embodied national boundaries. The chapter first identifies and defines “biological” reproductive difference as the foundation of traditional sex/gender roles, particularly emphasizing the focus on procreation in normative femininity. Reproductive difference is foundational to Western patriarchal society and its definitions of kinship, family, and sociopolitical belonging. I differentiate the patriarchal institution of Motherhood and the active “mothering,” showing how the institution of Motherhood privileges heterosexual, reproductive sex and essentializes the (cisgender/heterosexual) female body as necessarily reproductive. This normative maternal identity is racialized and can be seen through the politics of reproductive fitness. I examine this through an analysis of differences in sterilization laws and practices across the globe. Sterilization is accessible and/or enforced differently based on one’s identity; gender/sexual orientation, race, class, and ability dictate both historically and in modern society voluntary and involuntary sterilization practices. Ultimately, I demonstrate that one of the products of the institution of Motherhood is a normative model of raced female sexuality: a necessarily reproductive, white female sexuality.
Mother Knows Best?
Authors: Wilson Rebecca 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter utilizes a critical maternal theory to examine rape politics and, particularly, children born from forced sex, focusing on the 2017 UK “rape clause.” The UK Conservative new tax credit policy limits parents to claim and receive benefits for only two children, as part of new austerity measures, except under extenuating circumstances, for example, if a child had been “conceived without consent.” This is colloquially known as the “rape clause.” By unpacking this policy, this chapter highlights the tension between the state, as the patriarchal caregiver, and the citizen, constructed as an inadequate carer. These patterns of power are visible through the lens of critical maternal ethics. This lens’s strength in moral epistemology, obtained by valuing the virtues of care, is crucial in communicating how these moral boundaries are constructed and permitted through power hierarchies. Therefore, this chapter argues that a critical maternal theory can act as resistance against masculine policies by uncovering these moral boundaries that legitimize rape politics, such as the “rape clause.”
Raising Children in Strangeness
Authors: Goetze Catherine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Raising children in strangeness throws up multiple dilemmas for mothers, especially if they are working. Living abroad, raising children in multinational and multilingual families, and at the same time jockeying work–life balances within families require constant negotiation of claims for equality and demands for difference. Such dilemmas are reinforced if mothering is dependent on the care of another woman, the nanny. Drawing on auto-ethnographic observations, this chapter discusses how cosmopolitan competence allows living (yet not solving) such dilemmas. Cosmopolitan attitudes in mothering allow the mother’s position to be accepted as strange in her own family and social environment; they minoritize the mother’s position toward the nanny and, hence, constitute bridges rather than obstacles to overcome the multiple dilemmas of mothering in strangeness.
Earthborn
Authors: Daggett Cara 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter takes up the ecological debate over maternity in the Anthropocene, a time in which prominent feminists like Donna Haraway are advocating against reproduction and natality. In focusing on population figures, Haraway and others have (re)ignited a debate about whether such concerns can ever be separated from the history of racist reproductive governance. The author focuses on feminist debates over maternity itself—as practice and ethics—and reasserts maternity and natality as important critical resources for living in the Anthropocene. What might we gain if we could approach the problem of reproduction without renouncing natality? Thinking with maternity and natality presents just as many risks as thinking with population, given the common tendency to essentialize women-as-mothers and to romanticize maternity to the detriment of women. The author turns to Italian feminist philosopher Adriana Cavarero, who proposes maternal inclination as a founding moment for a postural ethics. The chapter proceeds through a familiar maternal genre, offering a collection of birth stories that begin to weave Cavarero’s inclination into Haraway’s non-natalism. The author concludes by arguing that maternal inclination is an important conduit for achieving multispecies reproductive justice.
Crude Intentions
Authors: Gillies Alexandra 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Billions of dollars stolen from citizens are circling the globe, enriching powerful individuals, altering political outcomes, and disadvantaging everyday people. Where does one begin to fight corruption of this magnitude? To find answers, this book examines the corruption crisis that erupted during the recent oil boom. Telling stories drawn from cases of corruption around the world, the book reveals how company bosses have signed off on risky schemes, kleptocrats have used oil wealth to cement their hold on power, and armies of bankers, accountants, and lawyers have stashed the stolen loot offshore. However, these stories also reveal vulnerabilities in this web of fraud and show how prosecutors, journalists, and activists have succeeded in battling back. These are the starting points for building a smarter fight against corruption, in the oil sector and well beyond.
Perceptual Variation and Relativism
Authors: Morrison John 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThere is variation in how people perceive colors and other secondary qualities. The challenge of perceptual variation is to say whose perceptions are accurate. According to Sextus, Protagoras’ response is that all of our perceptions might be accurate. As this response is traditionally developed, it is difficult to explain color illusion and color constancy. This difficulty is due to a widespread assumption called perceptual atomism. This chapter argues that, if we want to develop Protagoras’ response, we need to give up perceptual atomism. It ends with a brief sketch of an alternative called perceptual structuralism.
Sextan Skepticism and the Rise and Fall of German Idealism
Authors: Berry Jessica N. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe importance of skepticism for the development of German Idealism is by now widely acknowledged. But the history of Idealism has been narrated chiefly by scholars sympathetic to its ambitions and arguments. To that extent, it has been an interested history, constructed in a predominantly apologetic spirit. Historical work pursued in this spirit, however, runs the risk of producing (and reproducing) vindicating narratives, whose dominance can obscure the visibility and downplay the viability of competing (in this case, skeptical) positions. This chapter challenges the soundness of the vindicating narrative by examining the impact and significance of the polemical work Aenesidemus, published anonymously in 1792 by G. E. Schulze, which reanimated a form of Greek skepticism uniquely outfitted to cut to the very heart of German Idealism. Schulze not only disputed the success of its arguments, but called into question fundamental, guiding presuppositions that the Idealists were not obviously equipped to defend.