bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructure of TiC/Amorphous Hydrocarbon Nanocomposite Coatings
Authors: Cao D M , Jiang J C , Feng B , Meng W J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Application of an appropriate ceramic surface coating to mechanical components such as bearings and gears can provide longer life and increased performance reliability. Metal-containing hydrocarbon (Me-C:H) coatings possess high hardness, together with low friction and low wear rate. They have also been suggested to adhere better to metallic substrates. This combination of attractive mechanical/tribological properties makes Me-C:H coatings potentially useful for surface modification of a wide range of mechanical components.
Using the technique of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) assisted vapor deposition[1], we have synthesized Ti-containing hydrocarbon (Ti-C:H) coatings with a wide range of Ti compositions[2]. Coating mechanical properties such as modulus and hardness have been measured by the technique of nanoindentation and correlated to Ti and hydrogen compositions[2,3].
We have performed detailed microstructural examination of Ti-C:H coatings by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, and X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Tin Oxide Thin Films Deposited on the Sapphire Substrate
Authors: Dominguez J E , Fu L , Pan X Q 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Thin films of tin oxide (SnO2) with the rutile structure are the subject of many investigations due to their potential applications, such as gas sensing devices, lithium batteries cathodes and solar cells. There is a growing interest in the development of gas sensors using SnO2 thin films due to their high surface to volume ratio. Previous studies have shown that the gas sensing properties of SnO2 are very dependent on the microstructure and that doping elements can greatly influence their electrical properties. In this paper we present transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of the microstructure and crystal defects of SnO2 thin films.
Tin oxide films 5 nm in thickness were deposited on the surface of sapphire (A12O3) by pulsed laser ablation of ceramic SnO2 targets. The film microstructure was studied using X ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Defects were studied using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).
Roughness Measurements on Thin Magnetic Layers using Energy-Filtering TEM
Authors: Grogger Werner , Cheng Ning , Krishnan Kannan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the deposition process of thin layers the surface roughness of the substrate as well as the roughness of layers and/or interfaces may have a strong influence on their physical properties. For example, the interfacial roughness has turned out to have a big influence on the magnetic behavior in exchange-coupled antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic thin films. Since roughness can be of different kinds, one has to differentiate between physical, chemical and in this case, magnetic roughness. The former two can be differentiated in terms of their spatial frequency or ‘wavelength': for chemical roughness the local chemistry (ie. the positions of individual atoms) is crucial, meaning, that it takes place at very short wavelengths. On the other hand, physical roughness is determined by wavelengths much longer than atomic distances.
The surface roughness of a material (physical roughness) is often measured using an atomic force microscope. If interfacial roughness is of interest, cross-sectional samples have to prepared in order to have access to the desired information.
Ni-Coated Optical Fibers by Electroless Plating
Authors: Lin Yuli , Hwang Li-Jang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Optical fibers have been extensively employed in a variety of fields. However, the need of high strength, excellent resistance to moisture permeation and tolerance to heat becomes apparent when such optical fibers are used in nuclear power plants and chemical plants in particular. Plastic coatings as conventional made of optical fibers cables would be replaced by the optical fiber coated with a layer of metal.
Several techniques have been applied to make a metal coating for the optical fibers. Dipping method, to pass optical fibers through a bath containing metal melt, was found the simplest. This dipping method, however, suffers from a disadvantage of a generation of a microbent due to the differences of the linear expansion between metal and the silica substrate [1]. Moreover, the control of the thickness was found difficult using the dipping method. Chemical vapor deposition was also used to form the metal coating on optical fibers.
Microscopy Study of Polycrystalline Chalcopyrite Thin Films
Authors: Witcomb MJ , Alberts V 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The I-III-VI (I= Cu, III= In and VI= Se) ternary chalcopyrite semiconductors are promising materials for the fabrication of thin film solar cells. The device properties of these polycrystalline CuInSe2-based solar cells are critically influenced by their structural features (i.e. grain sizes, uniformity and defect chemistry) and therefore require careful optimization. The structural features of the films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results from this fundamental study were used to compare and evaluate the respective thin film growth methods in terms of producing device quality material for solar cell application.
In order to investigate the influence of the structural properties on device performance, samples were prepared by various growth techniques. The composition (Cu/In atomic ratio) of the films as well as the growth conditions were varied in order to obtain optimum material properties. All films were deposited on Mo-coated glass substrates and the typical layer thickness were around 2μm.
In Situ TEM Study of Straining of Free Standing Nickel Thin Films
Authors: Chiou W-A , Mitra R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In situ dynamic experiments in the TEM provide a powerful and unique method of investigating materials, when they are subjected to different environments or treatments. Study of plastic deformation mechanisms of free standing thin metallic films have evoked strong research interest in recent years. In the past, free standing thin metallic films have been tested in tension, where the tensile properties were measured and compared with those of bulk samples. Certain other studies dealt with metallic films attached to the substrate, where the deformation was introduced by thermal cycling or mechanical straining. The deformaion of bulk nanocrystalline samples has also been extensively studied recently. However, few publications have documented in situ straining of free standing metallic films with ultrafine grain size. In this study, an in situ straining stage was employed in the TEM to deform a free standing thin nickel film with grain sizes in submicron and nanocrystalline range, and the goal was to observe the microstructural response to deformation.
Advances in Microwave Assisted Specimen Processing. Benefits and Limitations Analyzed in Plant Nuclei and Drosophila Embryos in Vivo
Authors: Gartner David M , Sanders Mark A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Abstract
Recently, specimen processing using microwave irradiation was described as a potential tool to enhance a variety of procedures used in microscopy including fixations, embedding, antigen retrieval (AGR) and immunolabeling (1,2,3). A comparison of conventional staining and staining after microwave irradiation was performed for several fluorescent vital nuclear stains, Performing the labeling reaction under controlled microwave irradiation results in significant improvements in the labeling of nuclei, such as shortening the times of incubation and allowing the detection of otherwise inaccessible sites. In addition to investigate the basis of the enhancement, we have labeled intact samples such as living onion root meristems and Drosophila embryos. In both systems, vital fluorescent nuclear stains were applied to the specimen on a glass slide and was microwave irradiated using a variable wattage microwave (model 3451 Ted Pella, Inc.). This resulted in clear fluorescent labeling of the nuclei. This result has not been previously reported in the absence of microwave treatment, other than by microinjection.
Magnesium Acetate: A Divalent Light-Atom Cationic Negative Stain
Authors: Massover William H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Negative staining is very useful, but typically produces a resolution level of 20-25A and thus reveals only the quaternary level of protein structure. The recent finding that heavy metals are not required to obtain sufficient contrast for direct TEM imaging has led to examinations of various light atom compounds in a search for new unconventional staining agents having improved properties that can lead to higher resolution. This report examines whether the acetate salt of a divalent cation, magnesium, can function successfully for experimental negative staining.
Magnesium acetate (Mg(C2H3O2)2˙4H2O) (F.W. = 214.5) was used as an aqueous solution at 200mM. Bovine liver catalase crystals were examined as test specimens under standardized conditions. Suspended crystals were deposited onto a hydrophilic thin carbon supporting film and then were negatively stained by the on-grid procedure described previously. Imaging at l00kV used a JEOL 100-CX transmission electron microscope with Kodak S0-163 film.
Ultrastructural and Histochemical Characterization of Secretory Granules in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Aktas R G , Demiralay E , Altaner S , Candan L , Kutlu A K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Histochemical methods offer an excellent research tool for the characterization of glycoproteins in the secretory cells, thus contributing to the elucidation of the pathophysiology of different diseases. The different staining characteristics of mucins can be useful in diagnostic histopathology. It has been proposed that the reduction in sulphated glycoproteins and an increase in sialomucins in intestinal mucosa was an indicator of premalignant changes in carcinoma of the bowel. It has subsequently argued that this change may be consequence rather than a precursor of neoplasia. It may still be of some value as a marker of a premalignant change although it is somewhat variable. Previous studies have demonstrated the characterization of glycoproteins in different type of epitheloid cells in normal and pathologic conditions by using histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. However; little information has been available concerning the exact features of secretory granules in both normal and tumoral cells in lung.
Identification of Scavenger Receptor Sr-Bi in The Endothelial Cells and the Smooth Muscle Cells of Rat Aorta in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Liu Y P , Yeh Y C , Yang V C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The class B, type I scavenger receptor (SR-BI) was the first molecularly well defined cell surface receptor which binds HDL and mediates the selective uptake of HDL cholesteryl ester. It is expressed primarily in liver and steroidogenic tissues. However, the recent studies also suggested a potentially important role of SR-BI in the initial steps of cholesterol efflux in the peripheral tissues. In this study, we have used immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy to study the expression and subcellular localization of SR-BI in the endothelial cells and the smooth muscle cells of rat aorta in vitro and in vivo.
FIB/TEM Sample Preparation using a Wafer Dicing Saw
Authors: Tsung Lancy , Anciso Adolfo , Davidson Bruce , Turner Robert , Alqaq Tareq , Skloss Alois 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
As device features shrink below sub-0.2 micron and the time from development to market reduces, the demand for using focused ion beam (FIB) to prepare TEM samples has increased tremendously over the last two years in semiconductor industry. There are many ways to prepare a TEM sample prior to the FIB one of them involves with a use of dicing saw. In our lab, about 80% of the samples were prepared using the dicing saw technique. Average time to cut out one sample is less than 20 minutes.
The dicing saw we used is a Disco model DAD321 equipped with a 250X optical and ccd camera viewing monitor system. To minimize chipping, a 200 um-thick diamond resin composite blade is used. A spindle rotation speed at 30,000 rpm and a stage moving speed at 100 mm/s is set for minimizing blade ware and sample chipping. The parameters for each cut are pre-programmed, so there is no setup required.
Revisiting the FIB TEM Lift-Out Specimen Preparation Technique
Authors: Giannuzzi L A , Stevie F A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In recent years, the focused ion beam (FIB) instrument has developed into a mainstay tool for the production of specimens for both scanning and transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM). The inception and subsequent development of the FIB TEM lift-out (LO) technique has enabled electron transparent membranes of generally uniform thickness to be produced for TEM analysis. In general, the primary advantage of the FIB is that site specific sections may be fabricated quickly (e.g., &lt; 1 hour) and reproducibly. Specifically, the FIB LO technique has been used extensively in our laboratories to produce on the order of a thousand Si-based specimens per year and hundreds of other specimens per year that have included metals, ceramics, composites, biological materials, geological materials, polymers, particles, and fibers, prepared in cross-section, plan view, and from fracture surfaces.
Site Specific TEM Specimen Preparation using an FIB/TEM System
Authors: Kamino T , Yaguchi T , Ohnishi T , Umemura K , Tomimatsu S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The focused ion beam(FIB) technique, developed for the microelectronics industry has become a major method for site specific transmission electron microscopy(TEM) specimen preparation in a wide range of materials[l]. The FIB lift-out technique has improved the specimen preparation procedures by removing complicated initial fabrication required prior to the FIB milling[2]. However, conventional FIB techniques are still having increased difficulty in meeting failure analysis needs from high technology industries such as microelectronics.
We have developed a site specific TEM specimen preparation method using a combination of an FIB instrument and an intermediate voltage TEM equipped with a scanning attachment [3]. In this method, the specimen is mounted on an FIB-TEM compatible specimen holder, so that localization of the specific site can be carried out in the FIB and TEM using the same holder. The scanning electron imaging mode may be used to observe surface structures of the milled area, and the scanning transmission electron microscopy(STEM) mode may be used to observe structures inside of the milled surface.
Precision TEM Specimen Preparation for Integrated Circuits using Dual-Beam FIB Lift-Out Technique
Authors: Xu Youren , Schwappach Chris , Cervantes Ron 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Focused ion beam lift-out technique has become increasingly attractive to the TEM community due to its unique advantage of no mechanical grinding/polishing involved in the process [1-3]. The technique essentially consists of two parts: preparation of membrane using focused ion beam (FIB) and transfer of the membrane (lift-out) to a grid. Up to date, this technique has only been demonstrated on single beam FIB systems. From a practical standpoint, overall sample quality (thickness) and lack of end-point precision are two major issues associated with the conventional single beam FIB technique. These issues are primarily related to ion beam damage and endpoint control encountered during the final stages of specimen thinning. As a result, the widespread use of FIB lift-out technique for high precision TEM specimen preparation has been limited. Recent technological advances have made it possible to combine both an electron beam column and an ion beam column into an integrated dual beam-focused ion beam (DB-FIB) system.
Chain Structure Defect Location by Focused Ion Beam Passive Voltage Contrast
Authors: Rossie BB , Shofner TL , Brown SR , Shuttleworth DM , Nguyen D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Defects present in microelectronic devices are often present in test structures as well. This makes test structures useful in identifying defect mechanisms. Chain patterns consists of thousands of contacts and plugs in series. The presence of an open contact in a chain can be detected by a loss of electrical continuity. The specific site of an open contact is difficult to locate for further analysis.
The application of the focused ion beam (FIB) for passive voltage contrast (PVC) provides an effective method for contact defect location. Once the defect is located the FIB facilitates efficient site-specific specimen preparation for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or Auger analysis.
The FIB is capable of PVC analysis by distinguishing electrically isolated conductors from grounded conductors. Isolated conductors charge as a result of ion beam interaction. Once charged, the quantity of secondary electrons available for detection is greatly reduced.
The ECM-Integrin-Cytoskeletal Link: A Possible Site for Mechanical Signaling in the Heart
Authors: Terracio L , Carver W , Price RL , Salters R , Simpson DG 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The cardiac interstitium is a diverse system of extracellular-matrix (ECM) components organized into a stress tolerant three-dimensional network that interconnects the cellular components of the heart. During each contraction of the heart, a complex set of mechanical forces is transmitted through the cardiac interstitium and is applied to the cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. In comparison to the relaxed heart, each contractile wave results in a rapid reorganization of the extracellular matrix and cell cytoskeleton. A number of studies have shown that by varying the normal pattern of applied mechanical force that occurs during heart contraction, both the phenotype and function of myocytes and fibroblasts in the heart may be altered.
At the molecular level components of the ECM are attached to the cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts via specific transmembrane integrin receptors. Each integrin is comprised of an extracellular domain that attaches to an ECM component, and an intracellular domain that attaches to a cytoplasmic component of the cell.
Intravascular Ultrasound in the Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Diabetic Arteries
Authors: Vince D Geoffrey , Tajaddini Azita , Veress Alex I 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic individuals. Diabetes mellitus is associated with a two- to four-fold increase in risk of coronary heart disease. This risk is independent of other classical risk factors including age, smoking, elevated serum cholesterol levels, and hypertension, and the overall risk of cardiovascular disease increases proportionally with the number of risk factors. Many groups are currently investigating the aetiology of diabetic vascular disease, with particular interesting being paid to the processes involved in the formation of highly cross-linked carbohydrate-protein complexes known as melanoids. These complexes appear to be formed by glycation arising from reactions between glucose and the amino groups on proteins, and their formation within the vessel wall resqlts in a decrease in vascular elasticity. This decrease in elasticity has been implicated in the increased incidence of atherosclerosis in diabetic individuals. Previous testing modalities could not test in the radial direction and required assumptions based on incompressibility in order to determine the radial behavior of the artery.
Endothelial Cells Influence the Organization of Fibrin Clots
Authors: Jerome W Gray (Jay) , Handt Stefan D , Hantgan Roy R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Heart attack and stroke remain a major cause of death and morbidity in the United States. In most cases, these are caused by the formation of an occlusive thrombus overlying an atherosclerotic lesion. Lysis of these occlusive clots by the infusion of lytic agents is now an approved treatment for heart attack patients. However, lytic therapy is not always successful. The reasons for the failures are not clear. Resistance to thrombolysis is multifaceted and involves the key elements of the clot; fibrin, platelets, and endothelial cells. In previous studies we have shown that, in vitro, secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) by platelets and endothelial cells is a factor influencing resistance. However, PAI-1 secretion could not account for all of the lysis delay.
High Throughput Quantitative Analysis of Atherosclerosis tn Mice
Authors: Sanan David A , Ladha Zuleika , Newland Dale L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
For the past 7 years we have been measuring atherosclerosis in murine models of the human disease, constantly honing our methods for quantitating the atherosclerotic response of mice that have been genetically, dietarily or pharmaceutically manipulated to help understand and control the disease process.
With the advent of genetically modified mouse models, investigators now have more robust atherosclerotic responses to quantitate. The surface area of lesions along the entire length of the aorta is a key parameter used to evaluate these responses. We routinely perform quantitative morphometry of intimal atherosclerotic lesions in pinned-out mouse aortas, also called en face lesion analysis.
The number and scale of mouse atherosclerosis studies has increased beyond the capacity of our core laboratory to provide service. While the “wet” processes involved in preparing vascular tissue for atherosclerosis analysis have already been streamlined, we found considerable scope for improving the computer-dependent “back-end” of the analysis.
The 3D-Architecture of the Blood Vascular System of the Ventral Tail Fin in Tadpoles of Xenopus Laevis Daudin: Intravital Microscope Observations and Scanning Electron Microscopy of Vascular Corrosion Casts
Authors: A. Lametschwandtner , B. Minnich , I. Margreiter , R. Sommer , Stollinger T 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Abstract
Hemodynamics and 3D- architecture of the vascular network of the ventral tail fin of tadpoles of the South African Clawed Toad, Xenopus laevis Daudin were studied by intravital video microscopy (IVM) (stage 56) and vascular corrosion casts (VCCs)(stage 58). IVM enabled a detailed study of the circulation in segmental arteries, segmental venules and interposed capillaries. SEM of VCCs and 3-D morphometry allowed exact measurements of vessel diameters.
Anuran tadpoles are good models to study blood vessel growth (=angiogenesis) (1-3) as well as blood vessel regression which occurs physiologically when tadpoles loose larval specific organs such as gills and tail during metamorphosis (4,5). The translucent ventral tail fin enables in-vivo observations of the living circulation by intravital light microscopy (1,2) and allows correlations between vessel fine structure and dynamics of blood flow under various conditions (2).
This study focuses on the 3D-architecture of the blood vascular system in the ventral tail fin of tadpoles of Xenopus laevis Daudin in stage 58, i.e. at the begin of metamorphic climax.