bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interventions in the management of infection in the foot in diabetes: a systematic review
Authors: Peters Edgar J. G. , Lipsky Benjamin A. , Senneville Éric , Abbas Zulfiqarali G. , Aragón‐Sánchez Javier , Diggle Mathew , Embil John M. , Kono Shigeo , Lavery Lawrence A. , Malone Matthew , Urbančič‐Rovan Vilma , Van Asten Suzanne A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe optimal approaches to managing diabetic foot infections remain a challenge for clinicians. Despite an exponential rise in publications investigating different treatment strategies, the various agents studied generally produce comparable results, and high‐quality data are scarce. In this systematic review, we searched the medical literature using the PubMed and Embase databases for published studies on the treatment of diabetic foot infections as of June 2018. This systematic review is an update of previous reviews, the first of which was undertaken in 2010 and the most recent in 2014, by the infection committee of the International Working Group of the Diabetic Foot. We defined the context of literature by formulating clinical questions of interest, then developing structured clinical questions (PICOs) to address these. We only included data from controlled studies of an intervention to prevent or cure a diabetic foot infection. Two independent reviewers selected articles for inclusion and then assessed their relevant outcomes and the methodological quality. Our literature search identified a total of 15 327 articles, of which we selected 48 for full‐text review; we added five more studies discovered by means other than the systematic literature search. Among these selected articles were 11 high‐quality studies published in the last 4 years and two Cochrane systematic reviews. Overall, the outcomes in patients treated with the different antibiotic regimens for both skin and soft tissue infection and osteomyelitis of the diabetic foot were broadly equivalent across studies, except that treatment with tigecycline was inferior to ertapenem (±vancomycin). Similar outcomes were also reported in studies comparing primarily surgical and predominantly antibiotic treatment strategies in selected patients with diabetic foot osteomyelitis. There is insufficient high‐quality evidence to assess the effect of various adjunctive therapies, such as negative pressure wound therapy, topical ointments or hyperbaric oxygen, on infection related outcomes of the diabetic foot. In general, the quality of more recent trial designs are better in past years, but there is still a great need for further well‐designed trials to produce higher quality evidence to underpin our recommendations.
Allocating resources for land protection using continuous optimization: biodiversity conservation in the United States
Authors: Armsworth Paul R. , Benefield Amy E. , Dilkina Bistra , Fovargue Rachel , Jackson Heather B. , Le Bouille Diane , Nolte Christoph 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSpatial optimization approaches that were originally developed to help conservation organizations determine protection decisions over small spatial scales are now used to inform global or continental scale priority setting. However, the different decision contexts involved in large‐scale resource allocation need to be considered. We present a continuous optimization approach in which a decision‐maker allocates funding to regional offices. Local decision‐makers then use these funds to implement habitat protection efforts with varying effectiveness when evaluated in terms of the funder's goals. We illustrate this continuous formulation by examining the relative priority that should be given to different counties in the coterminous United States when acquiring land to establish new protected areas. If weighting all species equally, counties in the southwest United States, where large areas can be bought cheaply, are priorities for protection. If focusing only on species of conservation concern, priorities shift to locations rich in such species, particularly near expanding exurban areas facing high rates of future habitat conversion (e.g., south‐central Texas). Priorities for protection are sensitive to what is assumed about local ecological and decision‐making processes. For example, decision‐makers who doubt the efficacy of local land protection efforts should focus on a few key areas, while optimistic decision‐makers should disperse funding more widely. Efforts to inform large‐scale conservation priorities should reflect better the types of choice that decision‐makers actually face when working over these scales. They also need to report the sensitivity of recommended priorities to what are often unstated assumptions about local processes affecting conservation outcomes.
Nanosized cation exchanger for the electrophoretic separation and preconcentration of catecholamines and amino acids
Authors: Polikarpova Daria , Makeeva Daria , Kolotilina Nadezhda , Dolgonosov Anatoly , Peshkova Maria , Kartsova Liudmila 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe first example of application of nanosized polystyrene‐based cation exchanger (NSCE) with sulfo groups as a dynamic coating of capillary walls was demonstrated. The conditions of dynamic coating formation were optimized and ensured the long‐term stability of the coating. Capillary‐to‐capillary and day‐to‐day repeatabilities were 4% and 3%, correspondingly. The NSCE coating stability at various pH and influence of pH on the EOF mobility were investigated. The developed NSCE‐modified coated capillaries provided improved resolution (Rs = 0.9–3.2 for catecholamines and Rs = 1.7–2.8 for amino acids) and efficiencies (330–520 ×103 t.p./m) of basic analytes, which are 1.5 times higher compared to untreated capillary. The optimized conditions were as follows: 50 mM phosphate buffer solution at pH 2.2 with 5 μM NSCE. The effect of the NSCE concentration in BGE on the electrophoretic mobilities of the analytes was investigated. The various online concentration techniques were tested in order to decrease the LODs. The simultaneous application of NSCE capillaries and field‐amplified sample stacking provided the lowest LODs of catecholamines and amino acids and allowed to determine these analytes in human urine.
The uniqueness of flow in probing the aggregation behavior of clinically relevant antibodies
Authors: Willis Leon F. , Kumar Amit , Jain Tushar , Caffry Isabelle , Xu Yingda , Radford Sheena E. , Kapur Nikil , Vásquez Maximiliano , Brockwell David J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be hindered by their tendency to aggregate throughout their lifetime, which can illicit immunogenic responses and render mAb manufacturing unfeasible. Consequently, there is a need to identify mAbs with desirable thermodynamic stability, solubility, and lack of self‐association. These behaviors are assessed using an array of in silico and in vitro assays, as no single assay can predict aggregation and developability. We have developed an extensional and shear flow device (EFD), which subjects proteins to defined hydrodynamic forces which mimic those experienced in bioprocessing. Here, we utilize the EFD to explore the aggregation propensity of 33 IgG1 mAbs, whose variable domains are derived from clinical antibodies. Using submilligram quantities of material per replicate, wide‐ranging EFD‐induced aggregation (9‐81% protein in pellet) was observed for these mAbs, highlighting the EFD as a sensitive method to assess aggregation propensity. By comparing the EFD‐induced aggregation data to those obtained previously from 12 other biophysical assays, we show that the EFD provides distinct information compared with current measures of adverse biophysical behavior. Assessing a candidate's liability to hydrodynamic force thus adds novel insight into the rational selection of developable mAbs that complements other assays.
Impact of model free parameters and sea‐level rise uncertainties on 20‐years shoreline hindcast: the case of Truc Vert beach (SW France)
Authors: D'Anna Maurizio , Idier Déborah , Castelle Bruno , Le Cozannet Gonéri , Rohmer Jeremy , Robinet Arthur 
Published: March 2020

AbstractShoreline change is driven by various complex processes interacting at a large range of temporal and spatial scales, making shoreline reconstructions and predictions challenging and uncertain. Despite recent progress in addressing uncertainties related to the physics of sea‐level rise, very little effort is made towards understanding and reducing the uncertainties related to wave‐driven shoreline response. To fill this gap, the uncertainties associated with the long‐term modelling of shoreline change are analysed at a high‐energy cross‐shore transport dominated site. Using the state‐of‐the‐art LX‐Shore shoreline change model, we produce a probabilistic shoreline reconstruction, based on 3000 simulations over the past 20 years at Truc Vert beach, southwest France, whereby sea‐level rise rate, depth of closure and three model free parameters are considered uncertain variables. We further address the relative impact of each source of uncertainty on the model results performing a Global Sensitivity Analysis. This analysis shows that the shoreline changes are mainly sensitive to the three parameters of the wave‐driven model, but also that the sensitivity to each of these parameters is strongly modulated seasonally and interannually, in relation with wave energy variability, and depends on the time scale of interest. These results have strong implications on the model skill sensitivity to the calibration period as well as for the predictive skill of the model in a context of future climate change affecting wave climate and extremes. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated GWAS and mRNA Microarray Analysis Identified IFNG and CD40L as the Central Upstream Regulators in Primary Biliary Cholangitis
Authors: Ueno Kazuko , Aiba Yoshihiro , Hitomi Yuki , Shimoda Shinji , Nakamura Hitomi , Gervais Olivier , Kawai Yosuke , Kawashima Minae , Nishida Nao , Kohn Seik‐Soon , Kojima Kaname , Katsushima Shinji , Naganuma Atsushi , Sugi Kazuhiro , Komatsu Tatsuji , Mannami Tomohiko , Matsushita Kouki , Yoshizawa Kaname , Makita Fujio , Nikami Toshiki , Nishimura Hideo , Kouno Hiroshi , Kouno Hirotaka , Ohta Hajime , Komura Takuya , Tsuruta Satoru , Yamauchi Kazuhiko , Kobata Tatsuro , Kitasato Amane , Kuroki Tamotsu , Abiru Seigo , Nagaoka Shinya , Komori Atsumasa , Yatsuhashi Hiroshi , Migita Kiyoshi , Ohira Hiromasa , Tanaka Atsushi , Takikawa Hajime , Nagasaki Masao , Tokunaga Katsushi , Nakamura Minoru ,   PBC‐GWAS Consortium in Japan
Published: March 2020

Genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) in European and East Asian populations have identified more than 40 disease‐susceptibility genes in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). The aim of this study is to computationally identify disease pathways, upstream regulators, and therapeutic targets in PBC through integrated GWAS and messenger RNA (mRNA) microarray analysis. Disease pathways and upstream regulators were analyzed with ingenuity pathway analysis in data set 1 for GWASs (1,920 patients with PBC and 1,770 controls), which included 261 annotated genes derived from 6,760 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (P < 0.00001), and data set 2 for mRNA microarray analysis of liver biopsy specimens (36 patients with PBC and 5 normal controls), which included 1,574 genes with fold change >2 versus controls (P < 0.05). Hierarchical cluster analysis and categorization of cell type–specific genes were performed for data set 2. There were 27 genes, 10 pathways, and 149 upstream regulators that overlapped between data sets 1 and 2. All 10 pathways were immune‐related. The most significant common upstream regulators associated with PBC disease susceptibility identified were interferon‐gamma (IFNG) and CD40 ligand (CD40L). Hierarchical cluster analysis of data set 2 revealed two distinct groups of patients with PBC by disease activity. The most significant upstream regulators associated with disease activity were IFNG and CD40L. Several molecules expressed in B cells, T cells, Kupffer cells, and natural killer–like cells were identified as potential therapeutic targets in PBC with reference to a recently reported list of cell type–specific gene expression in the liver. Conclusion: Our integrated analysis using GWAS and mRNA microarray data sets predicted that IFNG and CD40L are the central upstream regulators in both disease susceptibility and activity of PBC and identified potential downstream therapeutic targets.
Methods for Postdisaster Impact Assessment: A Case Study of the Impacts of the Fundão Dam Failure on Terrestrial Species Threatened with Extinction
Authors: Knopff Kyle , Bede Lucio Cadaval , Arruda Leandro , Alves Thiago , Simons Brock 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The Fundão tailings dam held back approximately 50 million cubic meters of tailings from an Fe ore mine in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The dam failed on 5 November 2015, releasing tailings into the Rio Doce watershed and causing an environmental disaster in a biodiversity hotspot. To guide conservation action following the event, Brazilian authorities demanded an impact assessment focused on terrestrial species threatened by extinction. Postdisaster impact assessment is substantially more challenging than predevelopment impact assessment. Predisaster baseline data were sparse, and much was unknown about how the Fundão dam failure impacted terrestrial species threatened with extinction. Baseline reconstruction and impact pathway validation and characterization was critical. Ecosystem reconstruction revealed that 1580 ha of terrestrial ecosystems were destroyed, including approximately 480 ha of Atlantic rainforest. Collaboration with local experts identified 346 species of vertebrates, invertebrates, and vascular plants threatened with extinction that were impacted or potentially impacted. Species composition and impacts varied within 4 distinct segments of the Rio Doce watershed. Nine potential impact pathways were identified using data and literature review combined with information provided by regulators, experts, and media. Not all were valid. Validating and characterizing each pathway within each watershed segment involved data evaluation, an ecological risk screening, and field assessments. Impact pathway evaluation proved critical to dispelling misconception, accurately understanding postdisaster impacts, and directing conservation action; the importance of this step cannot be overemphasized. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:676–680. © 2020 SETAC
Composite nanocellulose‐based hydrogels with spatially oriented degradation and retarded release of macromolecules
Authors: Maestri Cecilia Ada , Motta Antonella , Moschini Lorenzo , Bernkop‐Schnürch Andreas , Baus Randi Angela , Lecca Paola , Scarpa Marina 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe oral delivery of macromolecular therapeutics to the intestinal tract requires novel, robust, and controlled formulations. Here, we report on fabrication by molding of composite hydrogel cylinders made of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and chitosan (Cht) and their performance as delivery vehicles. CNCs provide excellent mechanical and chemical stress resistance, whereas Cht allows scaffold degradation by enzyme digestion. The release of a representative medium size protein (bovine serum albumin) dispersed in the hydrogel is slow and shows a sigmoidal profile; meanwhile, the hydrogel scaffold degrades according to a preferred route, that is the cylinder is eroded along the vertical axis. The cup‐like, scarcely interconnected porous network, with a gradient of hardness along the cylinder axis, and the compact skin‐like layer covering the lateral wall which stayed in contact with the mold during gelification, explain the preferred erosion direction and the long‐term protein release. The possible effect of the molding process on hydrogel structure suggests that molding could be a simple and cheap way to favor surface compaction and directional scaffold degradation.
Stability, electronic, and optical properties of two‐dimensional phosphoborane
Authors: Steglenko Dmitriy V. , Tkachenko Nikolay V. , Boldyrev Alexander I. , Minyaev Ruslan M. , Minkin Vladimir I. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe structure and properties of two‐dimensional phosphoborane sheets were computationally investigated using Density Functional Theory calculations. The calculated phonon spectrum and band structure point to dynamic stability and allowed characterization of the predicted two‐dimensional material as a direct‐gap semiconductor with a band gap of ~1.5 eV. The calculation of the optical properties showed that the two‐dimensional material has a relatively small absorptivity coefficient. The parameters of the mechanical properties characterize the two‐dimensional phosphoborane as a relatively soft material, similar to the monolayer of MoS2. Assessment of thermal stability by the method of molecular dynamics indicates sufficient stability of the predicted material, which makes it possible to observe it experimentally.
Estimation of surface energy fluxes in the permafrost region of the Tibetan Plateau based on in situ measurements and the surface energy balance system model
Authors: Yao Jimin , Gu Lianglei , Yang Cheng , Chen Hao , Wang Jiemin , Ding Yongjian , Li Ren , Zhao Lin , Xiao Yao , Qiao Yongping , Shi Jianzong , Chen Caiping 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe surface energy balance is a key issue in land surface process research and important for studies of climate and hydrology. In this paper, the surface energy fluxes (net radiation, ground heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux) at the Tanggula (TGL) and Xidatan (XDT) sites were measured and the distributions of the regional surface energy fluxes on the Tibetan Plateau were obtained using a revised surface energy balance system (SEBS) model. The results show that the surface energy fluxes have obvious seasonal variations. At both sites, the sensible heat flux is highest in spring and lowest in summer, and the latent heat flux is highest in summer and lowest in winter. The high elevation, snow cover, freeze–thaw process, precipitation, vegetation and soil texture are important influencing factors for land surface energy fluxes. The time‐phase difference between the net radiation and ground heat flux for bare soils is estimated to be 2–3 hr. The ratio of ground heat flux and net radiation ranged from approximately 0.18 to 0.33, and a parameterization scheme for the remote sensing of ground heat flux over the Tibetan Plateau bare soil in summer is developed. The simulation results of the regional surface energy fluxes show that the distributions of surface parameters, such as vegetation, soil texture and soil moisture content, are important for understanding regional changes in the surface energy fluxes.
A Novel Laryngoscope With an Adjustable Distal Tip
Authors: Honeybrook Adam , Lee Walter , Cohen Seth 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesVarious laryngoscopes are currently available for supraglottic, glottic, and cervical esophageal exposure, yet none allow for adjustable articulation of the laryngoscope distal tip. We sought to create a new laryngoscope to improve anatomic field of view exposure.Study DesignNovel laryngoscope device validation study.Materials and MethodsThree‐dimensional printed plastic and titanium prototype designs were created using Solidworks. Validation testing was performed in a cadaveric model. Optimal exposure of the cadaveric larynx and supraglottis was determined by ensuring the endoscope tip was exactly 2.5 cm from the level of the vocal cords. The prototype exposure (22‐cm adjustable tip laryngoscope) was compared to the Weerda (18‐cm distending laryngoscope) and Dedo (18‐cm operating laryngoscope) laryngoscope exposures. Anteroposterior (AP) and lateral (L) exposure measurements were obtained from analysis of endoscopic images. Objective millimeter quantification was performed by pixel calibration to the known width of the vocal cord.ResultsThe prototype provided 77.3‐mm AP and 40.6‐mm L exposure of the cadaveric larynx and supraglottis. These measurements were then compared to the exposure provided by the Weerda (49.9‐mm AP, 40.4‐mm L) and Dedo (15.7‐mm AP, 18.6‐mm L) laryngoscopes. The investigators found the prototype had similar handling characteristics to the Weerda laryngoscope and laryngeal instrumentation was enhanced due to a wider field of view.ConclusionThis novel laryngoscope with an adjustable distal tip provides improved exposure of the supraglottis and glottis in a cadaveric study and has the potential to be used for both supraglottic/glottic and proximal esophageal procedures.Level of Evidence5 Laryngoscope, 2020
Neuromonitored Thyroid Surgery: Optimal Stimulation Based on Intraoperative EMG Response Features
Authors: Abt Nicholas B. , Puram Sidharth V. , Kamani Dipti , Modi Rahul , Randolph Gregory W. 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesTo evaluate/compare normative electrophysiologic electromyography (EMG) response characteristics of recurrent laryngeal, vagus, and external branch of superior laryngeal nerve evoked with different stimulators used in neuromonitored thyroid surgery.Study DesignProspective crossover studyMethodsEMG responses obtained via endotracheal tube surface electrodes in 11 patients undergoing thyroid surgery were recorded when stimulated with four stimulators: two monopolar (Prass standard and ball tip), one bipolar, and one dissecting instrument. Normative mean EMG results including latency, amplitude, threshold, saturation currents, and distance‐sensitivity were compared.ResultsThe Prass standard stimulator had shorter latency time when nerve was not covered with fascia (P = .04). The bipolar, dissecting instrument, and ball tip demonstrated similar latency times with and without nerve fascia. Pooled mean latency increased significantly from 1.86 ms to 2.16 ms when comparing nerves without fascia and nerves with fascia (P < .05). The Prass standard monopolar stimulator had the lowest mean threshold at 0.40 mA, with the dissecting instrument having the highest threshold at 0.89 mA for dissected nerve. Pooled mean threshold and saturation increased from 0.6 mA to 1.7 mA (P < .0001) and 1.57 mA to 4.15 mA (P < .001) with fascia covering nerve, respectively. The mean depolarization rate was 100% for monopolar and bipolar electrodes and 81% for dissecting instrument at 1 mA. Only 9% of monopolar electrodes generated an EMG response when stimulated from 2 mm away.ConclusionMonopolar stimulators are more sensitive for neural mapping, whereas bipolar instruments are more specific, thus reducing false positive stimulation. Dissecting instruments share many features of monopolar stimulators while being more specific, and thus are a viable alternative.Level of Evidence2b Laryngoscope, 2020
Rethinking phosphorus–chlorophyll relationships in lakes
Authors: Yuan Lester L. , Jones John R. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe empirical relationship between total phosphorus and chlorophyll has guided lake management decisions for decades, but imprecision in this relationship in individual lakes limits the utility of these models. Many environmental factors that potentially affect the total phosphorus‐chlorophyll relationship have been studied, but here we hypothesize that imprecision can be reduced by considering differences in the proportions of phosphorus bound to three different “compartments” in the water column: phosphorus bound in phytoplankton, phosphorus bound to suspended sediment that is not associated with phytoplankton, and dissolved phosphorus. We specify a hierarchical Bayesian network model that estimates phosphorus associated with each compartment using field measurements of chlorophyll, total suspended solids, and total phosphorus collected from reservoirs in Missouri, United States. We then demonstrate that accounting for these different compartments yields accurate predictions of total phosphorus in individual lakes. Results from this model also yield insights into the mechanisms by which lake morphometric and watershed characteristics affect observed relationships between total phosphorus and chlorophyll.