bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exosomal hsa_circ_0035277 enhances the malignancy of gastric cancer by interacting with the m6A reader ELAVL1
Authors: Cai Ang , Zhou Xiaokang 
Published: December 2024

IntroductionExosome-derived circular RNA (circRNA) and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications have been found to play key regulatory functions in gastric carcinogenesis (GA). This study investigated the detailed mechanism of exosomal hsa_circ_0035277 in the development of GA.Material and methodsThe survival rate of GA patients was analyzed using log-rank (Mantel-Cox) tests. GA cell exosomes were extracted, exosomal marker proteins were detected using western blot, and hsa_circ_0035277 knockdown exosomes were co-cultured with gastric cancer cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect hsa_circ_0035277 and embryonic lethal-abnormal vision-like protein 1 (ELAVL1) levels in GA. Transwell, colony formation, Cell Counting Kit-8, and in vivo assays were used to evaluate GA cell malignancy. Subsequently, we performed methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays to analyze the m6A modification effect of ELAVL1 on hsa_circ_0035277.ResultsWe observed that hsa_circ_0035277 was abundantly expressed in GA, and its high expression levels could accurately predict the poor survival rate of GA patients. The proliferative and migratory capacity of GA cells could be inhibited by knocking down hsa_circ_0035277 or co-culturing with exosomes knocking down hsa_circ_0035277. In vivo, knocking down hsa_circ_0035277 also inhibited tumor growth. In addition, ELAVL1 was found to promote the stable expression of hsa_circ_0035277 by regulating its m6A level.ConclusionsExosomal hsa_circ_0035277 was m6A-modified by the m6A reader ELAVL1 to stabilize its expression, which in turn promoted malignancy in gastric cancer cells. These findings provide a potential target for clinical diagnosis and treatment of GA.
GIÁ TRỊ CỦA THANG ĐIỂM PIRADS V2.1 TRÊN CỘNG HƯỞNG TỪ KẾT HỢP PSA TỶ TRỌNG TRONG CHẨN ĐOÁN UNG THƯ TUYẾN TIỀN LIỆT
Authors: Trần Lê Sơn , Hoàng Đình Âu , Lê Văn Tuyền , Trương Thị Thanh , Phạm Văn Điệp , Lê Tuấn Linh 
Published: December 2024

Mục tiêu: Đánh giá giá trị chẩn đoán ung thư tuyến tiền liệt (TTL) sử dụng kết hợp thang điểm PIRADS v2.1 trên cộng hưởng từ với PSA tỷ trọng (PSAD). Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu mô tả hồi cứu và tiến cứu trên 139 BN được chụp cộng hưởng từ (CHT) và sinh thiết TTL từ 02/2022 đến 05/2024 tại Bệnh viện Đại học Y Hà Nội. Nghiên cứu giá trị chẩn đoán ung thư TTL của thang điểm PIRADS v2.1 kết hợp với PSAD có đối chiếu kết quả giải phẫu bệnh sau sinh thiết. Kết quả: PSAD trung bình của nhóm đối tượng nghiên cứu là 0.53 ng/ml2, của nhóm ung thư là 0.86±0.88ng/ml2, nhóm không ung thư là 0,40±0,39ng/ml2. Ở nhóm PIRADS 3 tỷ lệ bệnh nhân ung thư chỉ chiếm 12.2%, trong khi đó tỷ lệ này ở nhóm PIRADS 5 là 85%. Không có bệnh nhân ung thư nào có phân loại PIRADS dưới 3. Diện tích dưới đường cong của thang điểm PIRADS, PSAD lần lượt là 0,89 và 0,701. Với ngưỡng PIRADS ≥4, PIRADS v2.1 có khả năng phát hiện UTTTL với độ nhạy 87.8%; độ đặc hiệu 72.4%. Với ngưỡng giá trị PSAD≥ 0.5ng/ml2, PSAD có khả năng phát hiện UTTTL với độ nhạy 63,4%; độ đặc hiệu 78.6%. Kết hợp điểm PIRADS v2.1 và PSAD để chẩn đoán ung thư tuyến tiền liệt có độ nhạy 92.6% và độ đặc hiệu 93.9% giá trị chẩn đoán dương tính 86.4%, giá trị chẩn đoán âm tính 96.8%. Kết luận: Sự kết hợp giữa PSA tỷ trọng và thang điểm PIRADS v2.1 giúp cải thiện khả năng chẩn đoán ung thư tuyến tiền liệt. Bệnh nhân có điểm PI-RADS ≤ 3 và PSA tỷ trọng <0,15 ng/ml2 có thể tránh được sinh thiết tuyến tiển liệt không cần thiết
ĐẶC ĐIỂM LÂM SÀNG, CHẨN ĐOÁN HÌNH ẢNH VIÊM PHỔI NẶNG Ở TRẺ DƯỚI 5 TUỔI TẠI BỆNH VIỆN SẢN NHI HƯNG YÊN NĂM 2023 – 2024
Authors: Nguyễn Thị Nga , Trần Phan Ninh , Nguyễn Thị Diệu Thuý 
Published: December 2024

Tiến hành nghiên cứu các bệnh nhân viêm phổi nặng tại Bệnh viện Sản nhi tỉnh Hưng Yên. Mục tiêu: Mô tả đặc điểm lâm sàng, chẩn đoán hình ảnh ở trẻ dưới 5 tuổi mắc viêm phổi nặng. Đối tượng nghiên cứu: 46 bệnh nhân từ 2 tháng đến 5 tuổi được chẩn đoán viêm phổi nặng từ 1/4/2023-30/3/2024. Phương pháp: Mô tả loạt ca bệnh. Kết quả: Nhóm nhập viện nhiều nhất là nhóm dưới 1 tuổi (28,3%), nam chiếm 63%. Các dấu hiệu cơ năng thường gặp là sốt (91,3%), ho (91,3%), khò khè (78,3%), chảy mũi (78,3%). Dấu hiệu thực thể là rút lõm lồng ngực (80,4%), ran ẩm (93,5%), ran rít (76,1%). Hình ảnh X-quang phổi cho thấy tổn thương phổi chủ yếu là đám mờ (13,0%), nốt mờ rải rác (15,2%), kết hợp (50, 0%). Đậm độ tổn thương chiếm tới 76,1% là tổn thương đông đặc, kính mờ (17,4%) với bờ tổn thương rõ chiếm 93,5%. Khuyến nghị: Cần phải kết hợp các triệu chứng lâm sàng và cận lâm sàng để chẩn đoán sớm viêm phổi nặng ở trẻ em, từ đó có định hướng điều trị bệnh phù hợp.
TÌNH TRẠNG NẢY CHỒI BƯỚU TRONG UNG THƯ TẾ BÀO GAI HỐC MIỆNG
Authors: Nguyễn Thị Hồng , Trương Hải Ninh , Nguyễn Thị Nguyệt Ánh , Thái Anh Tú 
Published: December 2024

Đặt vấn đề: Nảy chồi bướu là một dấu ấn mô bệnh học mới trong nhiều loại ung thư ở người. Mục tiêu: Phân độ nảy chồi bướu và xác định mối liên quan với lâm sàng, giải phẫu bệnh và tiên lượng sống còn của ung thư tế bào gai hốc miệng. Đối tượng và phương pháp: Nghiên cứu đoàn hệ trên 147 trường hợp ung thư tế bào gai hốc miệng, khảo sát các đặc điểm lâm sàng, độ ác tính mô học, nảy chồi bướu và theo dõi sống còn 5 năm. Kết quả: Tỉ lệ nảy chồi bướu thấp, vừa, cao trong ung thư hốc miệng lần lượt là 46,9%, 34,7% và 18,4%. Phân tích hồi quy cho thấy nảy chồi bướu liên quan với độ ác tính mô học (p<0,001), tỉ lệ sống còn (p<0,001) và thời gian sống còn toàn bộ 5 năm (p=0,001). Tiên lượng sống còn giảm liên quan nảy chồi vừa với HR=1,88 (95% CI 1,16–3,05; p=0,01), nảy chồi cao với HR=2,56 (95% CI 1,48–3,45; p=0,001); tính chung cả hai có HR=2,09 (95% CI 1,35–3,24; p=0,001). Kết luận: Nảy chồi bướu là một yếu tố giải phẫu bệnh có giá trị tiên lượng ung thư tế bào gai hốc miệng. Nảy chồi bướu vừa hay cao là một yếu tố tiên lượng xấu.
Study of Water Content Reduction Using Condensation Method In The Framework of Increasing Production Pure Honey
Authors: Isnina Isnina , Sofii Imam , Sarono Sarono 
Published: December 2024

The high water content in honey will trigger yeast activity to grow and develop. At ambient temperature, air humidity increases, so honey will absorb water more easily. High water content will cause the fermentation process to occur. Efforts to reduce the water content in honey are one way to prevent the fermentation process from occurring. Several water content reduction methods commonly used in Indonesia are considered to still need to be updated as innovations. The aim of the research is to increase the efficiency of the honey water content reduction time in the production process, compare the results of the water content reduction process using the dehumification method with the condensation process method and examine the parameters of temperature, time, water content, humidity and honey quality. Research was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative test results show that the color, aroma and taste of samples using the dehumification and condensation methods have the characteristics of honey. Meanwhile, quantitative testing shows that using the condensation method has a better level of productivity and quality than using the dehumification method, this can be seen from the parameters of temperature, water content, humidity, diestase enzyme and hydroxymethylfurfural analysis. Condensation methods produce honey that meets Indonesian national standards 2018. Therefore, this honey water content reduction tool that uses the condensation method is effective in reducing the water content of honey and maintaining its quality.
Pengaruh Manajemen Kurikulum, Budaya Sekolah, dan Kompetensi Pedagogik Guru terhadap Kualitas Pembelajaran SMK Swasta
Authors: Nurhayati Lilik Tursila , Murniati Ngurah Ayu Nyoman , Ginting Rosalina BR 
Published: December 2024

Latar belakang masalah penelitian ini berkaitan dengan Kualitas Pembelajaran SMK Swasta di Kabupaten Blora yaitu, di antaranya : (1) Perkembangan kurikulum harus disertai dengan perkembangan kompetensi guru, sebagai sumber daya manusia utama pada proses pembelajaran di satuan Pendidikan, (2) adanya sebagian SMK Swasta dengan Kualitas Pembelajaran yang kurang maksimal berkaitan dengan manajemen kurikulum baru yang diterapkan, 2) adanya sebagian SMK Swasta dengan Kualitas Pembelajaran yang kurang maksimal berkaitan dengan Budaya Sekolah yang rendah, (3) adanya sebagian SMK Swasta dengan Kualitas Pembelajaran yang kurang maksimal berkaitan dengan Kompetensi Pedagogik guru yang rendah.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis: (1) Pengaruh Manajemen Kurikulum terhadap Kualitas Pembelajaran, 2) Pengaruh Budaya Sekolah terhadap terhadap Kualitas Pembelajaran, 3) Pengaruh Kompetensi Pedagogik terhadap terhadap Kualitas Pembelajaran, dan 4) Pengaruh Manajemen Kurikulum , Budaya Sekolah dan Kompetensi Pedagogik secara bersama- sama terhadap Kualitas Pembelajaran.
Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif korelasional dan pendekatan penelitian ex post facto. Populasi penelitian adalah 633 orang guru SMK Swasta di Kabupaten Blora dan sampel penelitian 86 guru. Analisis penelitian ini meliputi analisis uji validitas, reliabilitas, normalitas, uji linieritas, uji multikolinearitas, dan uji heteroskedastisitas. Uji hipotesis meliputi uji regresi sederhana dan uji regresi ganda menggunakan SPSS 25 for Windows.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : 1) Manajemen Kurikulum berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Kualitas Pembelajaran. Hal ini berdasar hasil Uji t partial, terbukti hasil thitung ≥ ttabel yaitu t1 hitung 3,712 > t tabel 1,66, dan nilai Sig (2-tailed) 0,000 < 0,05; (2) Budaya Sekolah berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Kualitas Pembelajaran. Hal ini berdasarkan hasil Uji t partial pada table di atas, hasil t2 hitung 4,075 > t tabel 1,66 dan tingkat signifikansi t2 hitung 0,000 < 0,05; (3) Kompetensi Pedagogik berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Kualitas Pembelajaran. Hal ini berdasarkan hasil uji t secara partial pada table di atas, hasil t3 hitung 3,206 > t tabel 1,66 dan tingkat signifikansi t3 hitung 0,002 < 0,05; (4) Manajemen Kurikulum, Budaya Sekolah dan Kompetensi Pedagogik secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap variabel Kualitas Pembelajaran diperoleh lFhitung sebesar 10,570 dengan taraf signifikan 0.000. lDengan lα = l0,05l sertal derajat kebebasanl (df) lv1 = 115l (n(lk-3)) makal di dapatl Ftabel 2,72. Hasil penghitungan diperoleh nilai lFhitung > lFtabel (10,570 > l2,72) dan nilai signifikansinya 0,000 < 0,005.
Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah, Budaya Sekolah dan Profesionalisme Guru terhadap Kinerja Guru SMA Negeri Kabupaten Rembang
Authors: Susanto Aris , Juliejantiningsih Yovitha , Maryanto Maryanto 
Published: December 2024

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh guru yang dituntut untuk memiliki kinerja yang mampu memberikan dan merealisasikan harapan dan keinginan semua pihak terutama masyarakat umum yang telah mempercayai sekolah dan guru dalam membina anak didik .
Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu 1. Apakah terdapat pengaruh kepemimpinan kepala sekolah terhadap kinerja guru di SMA Negeri Kabupaten Rembang. 2.Apakah terdapat pengaruh budaya sekolah terhadap kinerja guru di SMA Negeri Kabupaten Rembang 3.Apakah terdapat pengaruh profesionalisme guru terhadap kinerja guru di di SMA Negeri Kabupaten Rembang 4.Apakah terdapat pengaruh kepemimpinan kepala sekolah, budaya sekolah, dan profesionalisme guru secara bersama-sama terhadap kinerja guru di SMA Negeri Kabupaten Rembang.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dan menjelaskan: 1.Pengaruh kepemimpinan kepala sekolah terhadap kinerja guru SMA Negeri Kabupaten Rembang.2.Pengaruh budaya sekolah terhadap kinerja guru SMA Negeri Kabupaten Rembang.3.Pengaruh profesionalisme guru terhadap kinerja guru SMA Negeri Kabupaten Rembang.4.Pengaruh kepemimpinan kepala sekolah, budaya sekolah dan profesionalisme guru terhadap kinerja guru SMA Negeri Kabupaten Rembang. teknik pengambilan sampel didasarkan pada proportional random sampling berjumlah 56 guru.
Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif. dengan metode survey. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian asosiatif dengan tiga variabel bebas (independent variable) yaitu kepemimpinan kepala sekolah (X1), budaya sekolah (X2), profesionalisme guru (X3) dan satu variabel terikat (dependent variable) yaitu kinerja guru (Y). Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh guru SMA Negeri Kabupaten Rembang berjumlah 566. teknik pengambilan sampel didasarkan pada proportional random sampling yang berjumlah 85.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepemimpinan kepala sekolah berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja guru dengan presentase skor sebesar 88, 37. Budaya sekolah berpengaruh sigifikan dengan terhadap kinerja guru sebesar 89,92. Profesionalitas guru memperoleh presentase skor mencapai 89,36 kategori sangat tinggi. Dengan hal ini, kepemimpinan kepala sekolah, budaya sekolah dan profesionalisme guru berpengaruh positif serta memiliki peran penting dalam meningkatkan kinerja guru di SMAN Kabupaten Rembang.
Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Transformasional Kepala Sekolah dan Iklim Organisasi Sekolah Terhadap Disiplin Kerja Guru TK Se-Kecamatan Ungaran Barat Kabupaten Semarang
Authors: Novita Sari Puput 
Published: December 2024

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mengetahui besarnya pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan transfromasional kepala sekolah terhadap disiplin kerja guru TK, (2) untuk mengetahui besarnya pengaruh iklim organisasi sekolah terhadap disiplin kerja guru TK, (3) untuk mengetahui besarnya pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan transfromasional kepala sekolah dan iklim organisasi sekolah secara bersama-sama terhadap disiplin kerja guru TK se-Kecamatan Ungaran Barat Kabupten Semarang.
Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, dari populasi 153 kepala sekolah dan guru TK se-Kecamatan Ungaran Timur, Kabupaten Semarang diambil sampel sebanyak 110 responden dipilih dengan teknik proporsional random sampling. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah anaslisi deskriptif, uji asumsi klasik dan uji regresi menggunakan SPSS for Windows Release 26.
Hasil penelitian (1) terdapat pengaruh positif gaya kepemimpinan transfromasional kepala sekolah terhadap disiplin kerja guru dengan kontribusi sebesar 0,672 atau 67,2%, (2) terdapat pengaruh positif iklim organisasi terhadap dispilin kerja dengan kontribusi sebesar 0,585 atau 58,5%, (3) terdapat pengaruh positif gaya kepemimpinan transformasional kepala sekolah dan iklim organisasi sekolah secara bersama-sama terhadap disiplin kerja guru dengan kontribusi sebesar 0,703 atau 70,3%.
Manajemen Pelatihan Berbasis Kompetensi UPTD Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Perindustrian dan Tenaga Kerja
Authors: Ismiati Nanik , Egar Ngasbun , Soedjono Soedjono 
Published: December 2024

Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan negara untuk meningkatkan SDM yang ada adalah mengadakan pelatihan yang disertai sertifikasi. Pelatihan berbasis kompetensi dilaksanakan untuk tujuan peningkatan skill para pekerja agar benar-benar kompeten dalam bidangnya agar dapat mencetak tenaga kerja yang produktif, terampil serta dapat bersaing di pasar kerja. Dinas Perindustrian Pekalongan membentuk UPTD Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Perindustrian dan Tenaga Kerja Kota Pekalongan merupakan Unit Pelaksana Teknis di bidang pelatihan dan keterampilan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan SDM di Pekalongan. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk memperoleh gambaran mengenai kegiatan pelatihan berbasis kompetensi yang telah diselenggarakan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perencanaan pelatihan pelatihan berbasis kompetensi di UPTD Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Perindustrian dan Tenaga Kerja Kota Pekalongan sudah baik dan dapat digunakan sebagai panduan ketika pelaksanaan pelatihan. Sistem pengorganisasian pelatihan berbasis kompetensi di UPTD Balai Latihan Kerja Dinas Perindustrian sudah baik dengan sumber daya manusia pelatihan yang telah melaksanakan peran, tugas dan tanggung jawabnya sesuai dengan jabatan dan tugas masing-masing. Pelaksanaan pelatihan sudah terlaksana sesuai dengan peraturan serta panduan yang telah ditetapkan sehingga peserta pelatihan sudah terjamin akan standar kompetensi yang dimiliki sesuai dengan kebutuhan industri atau perusahaan. Sistem pengawasan pelatihan serta pelaporan penempatan alumni pelatihan dilakukan sebulan sekali untuk memastikan alumni sudah menggunakan ketrampilan pelatihan di tempat mereka bekerja dengan baik
Profil Literasi Lingkungan Siswa SMA N 1 Gemuh
Authors: Hikmah Nur , Nugroho Ary Susatyo , Patonah Siti 
Published: December 2024

Pendidikan lingkungan hidup (PLH) berperan penting dalam menanamkan karakter dan perilaku peduli lingkungan pada siswa sejak dini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil literasi lingkungan siswa di SMA N 1 Gemuh Kendal. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif kualitatif.. Penelitian dilakukan pada 202 siswa kelas X, meliputi pengetahuan ekologi, keterampilan kognitif, kesadaran terhadap lingkungan, dan perilaku bertanggungjawab terhadap lingkungan. Adapun pengambilan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan Middle School Environmental Litercy Survey (MSELS). Data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui Google Formulir dan dianalisis secara deskriptif berdasarkan kriteria nilai pencapaian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan skor literasi lingkungan adalah 48,76 dalam kategori cukup. Indikator pengetahuan ekologi 45.60 (cukup), Keterampilan kognitif 22.77 (kurang), Kesadaran lingkungan 62.23 (baik), dan perilaku bertanggungjawab terhadap lingkungan 64.45 (baik). Perlu dilakukan upaya agar literasi lingkungan di SMA N 1 Gemuh mencapai kategori yang sangat baik.
الأقوال التي ذمها الله في القرآن الكريم، دراسة في ضوء سورة الحجرات
Authors: Hafsa Ghazi  
Published: December 2024

The purpose of this study is to recognize speech behaviours that Allah has condemned, their damage and harmfulness to society, and the reasons behind their condemnation in the Qur'an, especially in Surah al-Hujurat. The method of this research is inductive and analytical. The impermissible sayings have been gathered from the entire Surah, divided into different types, and then a detailed discussion of each speech type has been conducted by analyzing the ayah that discusses it, explaining the Qur'an's style in censuring it, and detailing the harm it causes to society. This study refers to the great attention the Qur'an pays towards spreading love and brotherhood in Muslim society, as well as the prohibition of everything that leads to grudge, hatred, and severed ties. The study also discusses special circumstances in which Allah has allowed these sayings. This research promotes the practicality of the Qur’anic impositions and discusses the allowances within those orders. The research sheds light on the application of the rules of communication in the light of the Qur’an apropos the current era.
Ensino de literatura e formação leitora com mídias digitais
Authors: Martins Marina Macedo Santos , Amorim José Edilson de 
Published: December 2024

Este artigo resulta de nossa tese, na qual propomos uma sequência didática que conecta o trabalho de sala de aula a práticas com as mídias digitais, a fim de colaborar para a formação leitora nas aulas de literatura. Os planos de aula propostos são baseados na literatura fantástica através de contos do paraibano Geraldo Maciel, com base na metodologia participativa de Colomer (2007) e Cosson (2014), que consideram a leitura como um ato a ser construído coletivamente. Com base nisso, apresentamos neste artigo um recorte de três aulas que evidenciam algumas propostas de trabalho híbridas possíveis que, com as devidas adequações, podem ter aplicabilidade em diferentes disciplinas e contextos de sala de aula, tanto para auxiliar na formação de leitores quanto para servir de base para outros objetivos. Utilizaremos como embasamento teórico Moran (2007), Prensky (2001), Bacich, Tanzi Neto e Trevisani (2014) entre outros.
Methane and electrical energy generation potential in a dairy farm
Authors: Soldano Felipe Bernardo , Castro Marcus Cesar Avezum Alves de 
Published: December 2024

Brazil is one of the world's leading milk-producing countries, ranking 6th in global milk production. Consequently, the large number of dairy cattle leads to the generation of significant quantities of manure with a high energy potential, achievable through anaerobic digestion in biodigesters. The energy utilization of bovine waste presents itself as a viable environmental and economic alternative since improper management of such solid waste can cause adverse impacts on soil, air, and water. In this regard, this research explores the economic feasibility of energy generation from biogas produced in biodigesters operated with bovine waste and its use in the milking process on a medium-sized farm. The study was conducted on a dairy farm with 126 lactating animals raised under the Compost Barn system, which operates with mechanical milking. Methane generation estimation was carried out through daily waste weighing and analyses of total, fixed, and volatile solids. Using field-collected data, methane generation was estimated using mathematical models, which were subsequently converted into the potential for electrical energy generation. The energy generation potential was then compared to the property's energy consumption to evaluate the financial return in energy expense savings. The investment proved to be economically viable, with the internal rate of return exceeding the minimum attractiveness rate, and it showed a payback period of 5 to 6 years.
Substrate specificity analysis of semi-purified fibrinolytic protease of Metabacillus sp. CS-2 to support its potential as a wound debridement agent
Authors: Pardosi Sola Grace Afika , Zilda Dewi Seswita , Rahmani Nanik , Saptaningtyas Ragil , Salleh Mohd Nazil , Ethica Stalis Norma 
Published: December 2024

Fibrinolytic proteases play an important role in the fibrin degradation process, which is crucial in the treatment of chronic wounds as a debridement agent. Fibrinolytics work by breaking down fibrin tissue that forms as part of a blood clot leading to cell necrosis. Metabacillus sp. CS-2 is known to be one of the potential sources of fibrinolytic protease production with high activity. This study aims to examine the activity and specificity of fibrinolytic proteases produced by Metabacillus sp. CS-2 before and after the ultrafiltration process by zymography. In this study, crude protease extraction was carried out from Metabacillus sp. CS-2 followed by ultrafiltration to improve the purity and activity of the enzyme. The obtained ultra-filtrate protease was then characterized for its specificity to 4 protein substrates, i.e. casein, gelatine, fibrin, and collagen. The results showed that the activity of the fibrinolytic protease enzyme from Metabacillus sp. CS-2 was improved by ultrafiltration from 0.342  0.011 to 0.768 0.014 U/mL min-1. The obtained zymogram confirmed that the protease of Metabacillus sp. CS-2 can degrade all of the protein substrates tested. Interestingly, the most specific substrate for Metabacillus sp. CS-2 was fibrin evidenced by intense clear zone smeared from high to low enzyme sizes. In conclusion, ultrafiltration is proven to be effective in increasing the activity of fibrinolytic proteases. The ability to degrade fibrin and collagen substrates likely supports fibrinolytic protease of the strain to function as a debridement agent in wound healing treatment.