bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bringing Safety to the Field: Safety Engineers and Geologists Working Together in Outcrops
Authors: Franca Josue , Zerfass Henrique , Silveira Miguel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Exploration, drilling and production are the main activities of upstream segment and defines strategy, guidelines and budgets of many O&G companies. However, none of these can happens without an important first step, where there is a huge work from geocientists: the field geological studies, where for years geologists, geophysicists and petroleum engineers have studied surface outcrops together to determine subsurface geological models for oil reservoirs. Although this work on outcrops is also part of the O&G segment, and has also been developed for years and years, the safety culture of these sites is not the same as on oil rigs, offshore platforms and onshore oil fields.
In this sense, and seeking to add value for people and build a new safety culture, the present study puts in place a new element to this equation, having safety engineers and geoscientists - mainly geologists and geophysicists - developing together all the activities of geology field studies, promoting a new safer way to carry out an important and necessary study for the entire upstream chain. Thus, the aim of this study is to present the results that emerged from the teamwork between safety engineers and geologists, in the geoscience training activities of field courses in several outcrops in Brazil, South Africa and Argentina. These field courses are part of a main training program for geologists, geophysicists, petroleum engineers and other related professionals, coordinated by a corporate university of an integrated petroleum company, with national and international operation.
Applying a General Systems Theory framework in Mental Health Treatment Pathways: the case of the Hellenic Center of Mental Health and Research
Authors: Katrakazas Panagiotis , Grigoriadou Aliki , Koutrouris Dimitrios 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Language, socio-emotional and cognitive development in children and adolescents with mental health issues is getting increased attention over the last years. Establishing communication patterns and addressing behavioural diversities among this population should be of priority, along with a better understanding in a large variety of patient characteristics within the operational framework of mental healthcare centers. Therefore, the relationships between provided services and operational capability should become more evident. As integrated systems’ approaches are still missing to predict the efficiency of treatment services in a macroscopic scale, a General Systems Theory framework is hereby proposed. This framework is applied and tested against the operational framework of the Hellenic Center of Mental Health and Research, in order to identify the need of such an approach and the strong cooperation between medical and population interactions. Using such frameworks as a prerequisite to identify important factors affecting population states can lead to evaluating their impact on the treatment outcome and depict the complexity of pathways potentially related to the children’s development.
COVID-19 and a novel initiative to improve safety by 3D printing personal protective equipment parts from computed tomography
Authors: Coté John , Haggstrom John , Vivkanandan Ranuga , Coté Kristin Ann , Real Daniel , Weber David P , Cheng Anne V , Dubay Nicholas Gregory , Farias-Eisner Robin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background

Powered air-purifying respirators are in short supply and can break down with extended use. Replacement parts can become hard to acquire. The aim of this study was to create an innovative quality improvement proof of concept using rapid prototyping.

Methods

Here we report three cases of 3D printed powered air-purifying respirator parts. 3D printing was performed on all parts using fused deposition modeling with standard polylactic acid, in the same way that presurgical models would be created. Measurements using an electronic caliper as well as CT scans were used to compare an original part to its corresponding 3D printed parts for accuracy.

Results

Electronic caliper and computed tomography measurements both showed accuracy consistant with current published norms.

Conclusions

Ultimately, there will be questions surrounding intellectual property, effectiveness and potential long-term safety for these types of 3D printed parts. Future research should look into the addition of specific nanoparticles from the position of cost, efficacy, safety and improved accuracy.
Inter-Physician Variability in Strategies Linked to Treatment Limitations After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Proactivity or wait-and-see
Authors: Robertsen Annette , Helseth Eirik , Førde Reidun 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
BackgroundPrognostic uncertainty is a major challenge for physicians working in the neuro intensive care field. Questions about whether continued life-sustaining treatment is in a patient’s best interest arise in different phases after a severe traumatic brain injury. In-depth information about how physicians deal with ethical issues in different contexts is lacking. The purpose of this study was to seek insight into clinicians’ strategies concerning prognostic uncertainty and their ethical reasoning on the issue of limitation of life-sustaining treatment after severe traumatic brain injury in the later trauma hospital phase. Methods Interviews with 18 physicians working in a neurointensive care unit in a large Norwegian trauma hospital, followed by a qualitative thematic analysis focused on physicians’ strategies related to treatment-limiting decision-making in patients with severe traumatic brain injury in the later trauma hospital phase. ResultsA divide between proactive and wait-and-see strategies emerged. Notwithstanding the hospital’s strong team culture, inter-physician variability with regard to ethical reasoning and preferred strategies was exposed. All the physicians emphasized the importance of team – family interactions. Nevertheless, their strategies differed: (1) The proactive physicians were open to considering limitations of life-sustaining treatment when the prognosis was grim. They were often the ones who initiated ethical discussions and took leadership in clarification and deliberation processes. They saw themselves as guides for the families and believed both preparation for best-case and worst-case scenarios to be of value. (2) The “wait-and-see” physicians preferred open-ended treatment (no limitations). Neurologically injured patients need time to uncover their true recovery potential, they argued. They often avoided talking to the family about dying or other worst-case scenarios. ConclusionsDepending on the individual physician in charge, ethical issues may rest unresolved or not addressed in the later trauma hospital phase. Nevertheless, team collaboration serves to mitigate inter-physician variability. The timing of best-interest discussions and treatment-limiting decisions remain challenging after severe traumatic brain injury. Routines for timely and open discussions with families about the range of ethically reasonable options need to be strengthened.Trial registration: Not applicable
Should the Management Approach to the Anterior Abdominal Stab Wound be Different in Patients with Self-inflicted Abdominal Injury?
Authors: Hershkovitz Yehuda , Ashkenazy Itamar , Kalman Igor , Peleg Kobi , Bodas Moran , Givon Adi , Shapira Zahar , Jeroukhimov Igor 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
BackgroundSelf-inflicted injury is a leading cause of death worldwide. It is hypothesized that due to instincts for self-preservation, the severity of abdominal injury would be decreased following suicidal self-stabbing in comparison to stab wounds from assault, and therefore a more conservative management might be considered.MethodsAll patients with isolated abdominal stab wound (SW) admitted to 19 Trauma Centers in Israel between the years 1997 and 2018 were included in the study. Patients with self-inflicted abdominal SW (Group I) were compared to victims with abdominal SW following assault (Group II).ResultsGroup I included 9.4% (314/3324) of patients eligible for this study. Compared to Group II, Group I patients were older (median: 39 years, IQR 28,52 vs. 24 years, IQR 19,33; p<0.001), had more females (28.7% vs 4.9%, p <0.001), had longer length of hospitalization (median: 3 days vs. 2 days; p<0.001), underwent surgery more frequently (55.4% vs. 37.4%; p<0.001), and had higher mortality (2.9% vs. 0.7%; p=0.002). Possible covariates for mortality were examined and following logistic regression, self-inflicted injury remained associated with higher death rates compared to assault (OR 4.027, CI95% 1.380, 11.749; p=0.011). ConclusionIn this study, patients with isolated self-inflicted abdominal injuries had higher mortality and more frequently underwent abdominal surgery.
The COX-2-derived PGE2 Autocrine Contributes to Bradykinin-induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression and Astrocytic Migration via STAT3 Signaling
Authors: Lee Tsong-Hai , Liu Pei-Shan , Tsai Ming-Ming , Chen Jiun-Liang , Wang Su-Jane , Hsieh Hsi-Lung 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
The matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is up-regulated by several proinflammatory mediators in the central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Increasing reports show that MMP-9 expression is an inflammatory biomarker of several CNS disorders, including the CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration. Bradykinin (BK) is a common proinflammatory mediator and elevated in several brain injury and inflammatory disorders. The raised BK may be detrimental effects on the CNS that may aggravate brain inflammation through MMP-9 up-regulation or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in brain astrocytes. However, the relationship between BK-induced MMP-9 expression and COX-2-derived PGE2 release in brain astrocytes remains unclear.
Methods
Herein we used rat brain astrocytes (RBA) to investigate the role of the COX-2/PGE2 system in BK-induced MMP-9 expression. We used zymographic, RT-PCR, EIA, and Western blotting analyses to confirm that BK induces MMP-9 expression via a COX-2/PGE2-dependent pathway.
Results
Our results show activation of native COX-2 by BK led to PGE2 production and release. Subsequently, PGE2 induced MMP-9 expression via PGE2 receptor (EP)-mediated c-Src, Jak2, ERK1/2, and then activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. Finally, up-regulation of MMP-9 by BK via the pathway may promote astrocytic migration.
Conclusion
These results demonstrated that a novel autocrine pathway for BK-induced MMP-9 protein expression is mediated through activation of STAT3 by native COX-2/PGE2-mediated c-Src/Jak2/ERK cascades in brain astrocytes.
Improvement in BMI z-score following Adenotonsillectomy in Adolescents Aged 12-18 Years: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Nathan Keren , Livnat Galit , Feraru Liat , Pillar Giora 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with different patient characteristics according to age groups. OSA in babies and in prepubertal children is usually accompanied by a failure to thrive (FTT) and underweight. Adenotonsillectomy (T&A) is the first line of treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in childhood. In the adult population and partly in adolescents OSA is commonly associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. In adolescents with OSA managed with a T&A the change in BMI was only occasionally studied. Thus, we peruse to examine the BMI z-score change following T&A in adolescents. Methods: in Israel, Clalit Health Services is the largest health care organization with the largest patient registry (more than 50% of the population). From the Clalit registry, 242 adolescents aged 12-18 who underwent T&A between 2006-2015 were retrospectively studied. BMI z-score changes from up to 3 months prior to T&A were compared to BMI measures in the following 3 years post T&A.Results: there were changes to all directions with overall small increase, not statistically significant (P=0.26) in BMI Z-score with a median of 0.79 prior to and 0.835 following T&A. Overweight children (n=74) tended to reduce their BMI z-score from 1.508 to 1.48 following T&A (p=NS), and in obese children (n=33) BMI z-score decreased from 2.288 to 2.000 accordingly (P=0.06, 2 tailed). Interestingly thin individuals (n=6) increased their BMI z-score following T&A from -2.4 to -0.59 (p=0.046).Conclusions: adolescents managed with T&A show variable changes in their BMI z-score following the procedure. In this regard their BMI z-score change is closer to the change seen in adults treated for OSA and not young children. The changes observed show trend to normalize the BMI z-score such that overweight children tend to decrease their BMI z-score while thin individuals tend to increase it.
Inhibition of let-7b-5p contributes to anti-tumorigenic macrophage phenotype through SOCS1/STAT pathway in prostate cancer
Authors: Rong Jiping , Xu Lu , Hu Yinying , Liu Fan , Yu Yanrong , Guo Hongyan , Ni Xudong , Huang Yanqin , Zhao Lin , wang zhigang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
BackgroundDysfunction of microRNAs (miRNAs) is a major cause of aberrant expression of inflammatory cytokines and contributes to macrophage polarization. Previous studies have shown that miRNA let-7 is associated with cell differentiation, and the expression of let-7b-5p is significantly increased in M2 macrophages. However, the mechanism by which let-7b-5p regulates macrophage differentiation in prostate cancer (PCa) remains largely unknown.MethodsHuman macrophages were induced by the blood monocytes from healthy male donors. M1 macrophages were polarized by stimulating overnight with 100 ng/ml lipopolysaccharides and 100 ng/ml IFN-γ, while conditioned medium from PC-3 cells were used to induce prostatic macrophages (M-CMs) in vitro, and then let-7b-5p mimics or inhibitors were transfected into M1 and M-CMs for 72 hours respectively. The expression of cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206) in each group was detected by a High Throughput Connotation of Imaging System. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was executed to examine the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, TNF-alpha and let-7b in macrophages. SOCS1 protein level was evaluated by ELISA, and the phosphorylation difference of STAT family member proteins was analysized by CST signal pathway chip. Phagocytosis of macrophages and the effect of macrophages on the proliferation of prostate cancer cell PC-3 were evaluated by phagocytosis assay or Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). The relationship between SOCS1 and let-7b-5p was confirmed with the dual-luciferase reporter.ResultsThe expression of cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206), an M2-like macrophage surface molecule, was significantly increased in M1 macrophages treated with let-7b-5p mimics, while CD206 expression was decreased in M-CMs treated with let-7b-5p inhibitors. Overexpression or knockdown of let-7b-5p significantly affected the expression of inflammatory factors in macrophages including interleukin 10 (IL-10), IL-12, IL-13, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Let-7b-5p downregulated the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and increased the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), STAT3, and STAT5a proteins in M-CMs and M1 macrophages with let-7b-5p mimics compared with the other groups. In addition, with high expression of let-7b-5p, the phagocytosis of macrophages showed a significant decrease. As a result, M-CMs treated with let-7b-5p inhibitors reduced the proliferation of PC-3 PCa cells.ConclusionsCollectively, these data indicate that let-7b-5p may regulate M2 polarization through the SOCS1/STAT pathway, and reversal of M2 differentiation by let-7b-5p inhibitors can enhance macrophage phagocytosis, ultimately inhibiting the proliferation of PCa cells.Trial registrationNot applicable
Comparison of Acute Pneumonia Caused by SARS-COV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses in Children: A Retrospective Multi-Centered Cohort Study During COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: Ren Guangli , Wang Xianfeng , Xu Jun , Li Jun , Meng Qiong , Xie Guoqiang , Huang Bo , Zhu Weichun , Lin Jing , Tang Chenghe , Ye Sheng , Li Zhuo , Zhu Jie , Tang Zhen , Ma Mingxin , Xie Cong , Yang Fang , Zhou Yuzong , Zheng Ying , Lan Shuling , Chen Jianfeng , Ye Feng , He Yu , Wu Benqing , Fu Simao , Chen Long , Zheng Chengzhong , Shi Yuan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has got more than 12 million infections and causing a certain degree of panic. We conducted this study to describe the clinical manifestations, treatment and outcome of COVID-19 in children, as compared to other viral pneumonia diagnosed during COVID-19 outbreak. Methods Children with COVID-19 and viral pneumonia of 20 hospitals were enrolled in this retrospective multi-centered cohort study. 64 children with COVID-19 were defined as the COVID-19 cohort, of which 40 cases developed to pneumonia were defined as the COVID-19 pneumonia cohort, while 284 pneumonia cases caused by other viruses were defined as the viral pneumonia cohort. Results Compared to the viral pneumonia cohort, children in the COVID-19 cohort were mostly exposed to confirmed family members (53/64 vs 23/284), with older median age (6.3 vs 3.2 yr), and shown higher proportion of ground-glass opacity (GGO) on computed tomography (18/40 vs 0/38), all P＜0.001. Children in the COVID-19 pneumonia cohort had lower proportion of severe cases (1/40 vs 38/284, P=0.048), cases with high fever (3/40 vs 167/284, P＜0.001), cases required intensive care (1/40 vs32/284, P＜0.047) and the symptomatic duration was shorter (median 5 vs 8 days, P＜0.001). The proportion of cases with evaluated inflammatory indicators, biochemical indicators related to organ or tissue damage, D-dimer and secondary infection with bacteria were lower in the COVID-19 pneumonia cohort than that of viral pneumonia cohort (all P＜0.05). There was no statistic difference in the duration of positive PCR results from pharyngeal swabs when antiviral drugs (Lopinavir-ritonavir, ribavirin, and arbidol) were used in 25 children with COVID-19 as compared to 39 cases without antiviral therapy [median 10 vs 9 days, P=0.885].Conclusions The symptoms and severity of COVID-19 pneumonia in children were no more severe than those of other viral pneumonia. Lopinavir-ritonavir, ribavirin and arbidol cannot shorten the duration of positive PCR results from pharyngeal swabs in children with COVID-19 in this study. Children with other pathogens infection should be paid attention to even though the COVID-19 outbreak.
Pre-hospital care &amp; interfacility transport of 385 COVID-19 emergency patients: An air ambulance perspective.
Authors: Hilbert-Carius P. , Braun Jörg , Abu-Zidan Fikri , Adler Jörn , Knapp Jürgen , Dandrifosse Didier , Braun Désirée , Pietsch Urs , Adamczuk Patrick , Rognås Leif , Albrecht Roland 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: COVID-19, the pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, is challenging healthcare systems worldwide. Little is known about problems faced by emergency medical services—particularly helicopter services—caring for suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients. We aimed to describe the issues faced by air ambulance services in Europe as they transport potential COVID-19 patients.Methods: Nine different HEMS providers across Europe were invited to share their experiences and to report their data regarding the care, transport, and safety measures in suspected or confirmed COVID-19 missions. Six air ambulance providers agreed and reported their data. 385 COVID-19-related missions were analysed, including 119 primary transport missions and 266 interfacility transport missions.Results: All providers had developed special procedures and safety instructions in preparation for COVID-19. Ground transport was the preferred mode of transport in primary missions, whereas air transport was preferred for interfacility transport. In some countries the transport of COVID-19 patients by regular air ambulance services was avoided. Patients in interfacility transport missions had a significantly higher median (range) NACA Score 3 (1-7) compared with 4 (2-5), needed significantly more medical interventions, were significantly younger (59.6±16 vs 65±21 years), and were significantly more often male (73% vs 60.5%). Conclusions: All participating air ambulance providers were prepared for COVID-19. Safe care and transport of suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients is achievable. Most patients on primary missions were transported by ground. These patients were less sick than interfacility transport patients, for whom air transport was the preferred method.
Long-Period Ground Motion Simulation Based on Three-dimensional Centroid Moment Tensor Inversion Solutions in the Kanto Region, Japan
Authors: Takemura Shunsuke , Yoshimoto Kazuo , Shiomi Katsuhiko 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We conducted centroid moment tensor (CMT) inversions of moderate (Mw 4.5–6.5) earthquakes in the Kanto region, Japan, using a local three-dimensional (3D) model. We then investigated the effects of our 3D CMT solutions on long-period ground motion simulations. Grid search CMT inversions were conducted using displacement seismograms for periods of 25–100 s. By comparing our 3D CMT solutions with those from the local one-dimensional (1D) catalog, we found that our 3D CMT inversion systematically provides magnitudes smaller than those in the 1D catalog. The Mw differences between 3D and 1D catalogs tend to be significant for earthquakes within the oceanic slab. By comparing ground motion simulations between 1D and 3D velocity models, we confirmed that observed Mw differences could be explained by differences in the rigidity structures around the source regions between 3D and 1D velocity models. The 3D velocity structures (especially oceanic crust and mantle) are important for estimating seismic moments in intraslab earthquakes. The seismic moments directly affect the amplitudes of ground motions. Thus, 3D CMT solutions are essential for the precise forward and inverse modeling of long-period ground motion. We also conducted long-period ground motion simulations using our 3D CMT solutions to evaluate reproducibility of long-period ground motions at stations within the Kanto Basin. The simulations of our 3D CMT inversion well-reproduced observed ground motions for periods longer than 10 s, even at stations within the Kanto Basin.