bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Frictional Slip Along Rock Faults
Authors: Reches Ze’ev 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The dynamic behavior of rock faults reflects the response of the shape and composition of the fault to the applied loading and environmental conditions. The interaction between the fault properties and the loading system is controlled by multiple variables that act simultaneously to generate an inherently complex behavior. Integrating multiple variables can illuminate the controlling mechanisms of fault dynamic, and five examples of such integration are evaluated here, including power-density, which quantifies the energy dissipation rate on the slipping fault, PV-factor, which evaluates the damage potential, impulse-density, which combines effect of slip-velocity and slip-duration, the weakening distance of transition to thermal weakening, and the kinematic-load, which integrates slip-velocity and slip-distance. The examination of relevant experimental observations indicates that these variables provide effective quantification tools for fault dynamic strength, fault wear, fault damage, melting, and mineralogical transformation.
The Cost-Sorted Distance Method for Identifying Minima Within Firefly Optimization Results: Application to Engineering Design
Authors: Elliott Christopher M. , Ferguson Scott M. , Buckner Gregory D. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper provides a detailed description of the cost-sorted distance (CSD) method for visually and computationally identifying objective function minima within clustered population-based optimization results. CSD requires sorting the design vector population by cost and computing Euclidean distances between each pair of designs. It may be applied in conjunction with any population-based optimization method (e.g., particle swarm, genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, ant colony, firefly), but it is naturally compatible with the firefly algorithm (FA) because FA also requires the distances between each pair of design vectors and benefits from cost-sorting the population (the computational work required for CSD is a byproduct of FA). A modified FA is presented that uses CSD to more thoroughly search near potential minima and a systematic method for tuning the algorithm to reliably identify multiple minima is documented. The tuned algorithm's efficacy is demonstrated using a class of benchmark problems and a “real world” electromechanical design problem, where the identification of attractive design alternatives can be challenging.
Numerical Investigation on Heat Transfer Characteristics in Electronic Cavity of Downhole Measurement-While-Drilling System
Authors: Tang Song , Liang Zheng , Zhu Yulong 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In recent years, the number of deep wells and ultra-deep wells is increasing gradually, and the bottom hole temperature of many wells reaches more than 200 °C, which puts forward higher requirement for the downhole measurement-while-drilling system. In this paper, a new active cooling method is proposed to protect electronic components in the electronic cavity from high temperature. The circuit board is cooled by direct contact with the cold end of a custom split-Stirling refrigerator. According to the different heat loads, the electronic components can operate in the proper temperature range by adjusting the piston motion frequency and inflation pressure. At the same time, the electronic cavity is filled with thermal insulation material to induce heat leakage from the environment. The thermal resistance of solid insulation material, argon, and vacuum is studied, and the required effective cooling power is determined. When the thermal insulation material is vacuum, which is the best resistance medium when compared with solid insulation material and argon according to the research results, the effects of the structure size of circuit board and electronic cavity, material property and operational environment on the required effective cooling power and maximum temperature on the room temperature chamber wall of the split-Stirling refrigerator are discussed.
Changes in productivity associated with algal-microbial shifts during the Early Triassic recovery of marine ecosystems
Authors: Du Yong , Song Huyue , Tong Jinnan , Algeo Thomas J. , Li Zhe , Song Haijun , Huang Jiandong 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The recovery of marine ecosystems in the aftermath of the Permian-Triassic mass extinction was accompanied by significant carbon-cycle perturbations, as reflected in large-amplitude global excursions in Lower Triassic carbonate carbon isotope records. In the present study, we generated paired carbonate carbon (δ13Ccarb), organic carbon (δ13Corg), and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope records along with molar C/N ratios for a composite section in the Chaohu area of Anhui Province (northern Yangtze Platform, South China) that spans the entire Lower Triassic. These records document concurrent changes among multiple proxies related to marine plankton community composition, productivity rates, and nutricline structure, providing unparalleled insights into changes at the base of the marine trophic web during the Early Triassic recovery interval.
Changes in carbonate-organic carbon isotopic differences (Δ13Ccarb-org) and C/N ratios indicate a general shift from anoxygenic photoautotrophy to eukaryotic algal productivity during the Early Triassic. The prevalence of prokaryotic photoautotrophs in the Griesbachian to Smithian was due to frequent environmental disturbance, whereas the reestablishment of eukaryotic algae as dominant primary producers in the Spathian reflects a general amelioration of marine environments at that time. Positive δ13Ccarb excursions and brief spikes toward higher Δ13Ccarb-org and C/N ratios around the Induan-Olenekian boundary and Smithian-Spathian boundary record transient shifts toward improved conditions and temporary rebounds of algal productivity. A negative δ15N shift was associated with decreasing δ13Ccarb, indicating that marine productivity was closely linked to N-fixation intensity owing to a general nutrient-N deficiency. Synchronous fluctuations of δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg through the Olenekian reflect changes in the δ13C of oceanic dissolved inorganic carbon, but the more limited variation in δ13Corg may have been due to concurrent changes in algal-microbial assemblages and, thus, net photosynthetic fractionation of carbon isotopes.
Complete resolution of a hamstring intramuscular tendon injury on MRI is not necessary for a clinically successful return to play
Authors: Vermeulen Robin , Almusa Emad , Buckens Stan , Six Willem , Whiteley Rod , Reurink Guus , Weir Adam , Moen Maarten , Kerkhoffs Gino M M J , Tol Johannes L 
Published: June 2020

Background
Clinical decision-making around intramuscular tendon injuries of the hamstrings is a controversial topic in sports medicine. For this injury, MRI at return to play (RTP) might improve RTP decision-making; however, no studies have investigated this.

Objective
Our objectives were to describe MRI characteristics at RTP, to evaluate healing and to examine the association of MRI characteristics at RTP with reinjury for clinically recovered hamstring intramuscular tendon injuries.

Methods
We included 41 athletes with hamstring intramuscular tendon injuries and an MRI at baseline and RTP. For both MRIs, we used a standardised scoring form that included intramuscular tendon injury characteristics. We recorded reinjuries during 1-year follow-up.

Results
At RTP, 56% of the intramuscular tendons showed a partial or complete thickness tendon discontinuity. Regarding healing from injury to RTP, 18 of 34 (44% overall) partial-thickness tendon discontinuities became continuous and 6 out of 7 (15% overall) complete thickness tendon discontinuities became partial-thickness tendon discontinuities. Waviness decreased from 61% to 12%, and 88% of tendons became thickened. We recorded eight (20%) reinjuries within 1 year. Intramuscular tendon characteristics at RTP between participants with or without a reinjury were similar.

Conclusion
Complete resolution of an intramuscular tendon injury on MRI is not necessary for clinically successful RTP. From injury to RTP, the intramuscular tendon displayed signs of healing. Intramuscular tendon characteristics of those with or without a reinjury were similar.
“Most of what they do, we cannot do!” How lay health workers respond to barriers to uptake and retention in HIV care among pregnant and breastfeeding mothers in Malawi
Authors: Topp Stephanie M , Carbone Nicole B , Tseka Jennifer , Kamtsendero Linda , Banda Godfrey , Herce Michael E 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundIn the era of Option B+ and ‘treat all’ policies for HIV, challenges to retention in care are well documented. In Malawi, several large community-facility linkage (CFL) models have emerged to address these challenges, training lay health workers (LHW) to support the national prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programme. This qualitative study sought to examine how PMTCT LHW deployed by Malawi’s three most prevalent CFL models respond to known barriers to access and retention to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and PMTCT.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study, including 43 semi-structured interviews with PMTCT clients; 30 focus group discussions with Ministry of Health (MOH)-employed lay and professional providers and PMTCT LHWs; a facility CFL survey and 2–4 hours of onsite observation at each of 8 sites and in-depth interviews with 13 programme coordinators and MOH officials. Thematic analysis was used, combining inductive and deductive approaches.ResultsAcross all three models, PMTCT LHWs carried out a number of ‘targeted’ activities that respond directly to a range of known barriers to ART uptake and retention. These include: (i) fulfilling counselling and educational functions that responded to women’s fears and uncertainties; (ii) enhancing women’s social connectedness and participation in their own care and (iii) strengthening service function by helping clinic-based providers carry out duties more efficiently and effectively. Beyond absorbing workload or improving efficiency, however, PMTCT LHWs supported uptake and retention through foundational but often intangible work to strengthen CFL, including via efforts to strengthen facility-side responsiveness, and build community members’ recognition of and trust in services.ConclusionPMTCT LHWs in each of the CFL models examined, addressed social, cultural and health system factors influencing client access to, and engagement with, HIV care and treatment. Findings underscore the importance of person-centred design in the ‘treat-all’ era and the contribution LHWs can make to this, but foreground the challenges of achieving person-centredness in the context of an under-resourced health system. Further work to understand the governance and sustainability of these project-funded CFL models and LHW cadres is now urgently required.
Effect and safety of gemtuzumab ozogamicin for the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Muhamad Nor A , Mohd Dali Nor S , Mohd Yacob Aliza , Kassim Mohd S A , Lodz Noor A , Abdul Wahid S F , Aris Tahir 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionAcute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes abnormal myeloblasts (a type of white blood cell), red blood cells or platelets. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) holds promise as a new agent that also could be efficacious in newly diagnosed AML with acceptable toxicity. This paper describes the design of a protocol to conduct a systematic review of published studies assessing GO for the treatment of AML.Method and analysisWe will conduct a systematic review of randomised controlled trials that investigate the effect and safety of GO for the treatment of patients with AML. We will search for any eligible articles from selected electronic databases. We will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis for study selection and reporting. We will use The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and Meta-Analysis as guidance to select eligible studies. All data will be extracted using a standardised data extraction form.Ethics and disseminationThere was no patient involved in this study, therefore no ethical consideration is needed. The findings of this study will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal and any relevant conference presentation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019123286.
Prevalence of multimorbidity with frailty and associations with socioeconomic position in an adult population: findings from the cross-sectional HUNT Study in Norway
Authors: Vinjerui Kristin Hestmann , Boeckxstaens Pauline , Douglas Kirsty A , Sund Erik R 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesTo explore prevalences and occupational group inequalities of two measures of multimorbidity with frailty.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThe Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT), Norway, a total county population health survey, 2006–2008.ParticipantsParticipants older than 25 years, with complete questionnaires, measurements and occupation data were included.Outcomes≥2 of 51 multimorbid conditions with ≥1 of 4 frailty measures (poor health, mental illness, physical impairment or social impairment) and ≥3 of 51 multimorbid conditions with ≥2 of 4 frailty measures.AnalysisLogistic regression models with age and occupational group were specified for each sex separately.ResultsOf 41 193 adults, 38 027 (55% female; 25–100 years old) were included. Of them, 39% had ≥2 multimorbid conditions with ≥1 frailty measure, and 17% had ≥3 multimorbid conditions with ≥2 frailty measures. Prevalence differences in percentage points (pp) with 95% confidence intervals of those in high versus low occupational group with ≥2 multimorbid conditions and ≥1 frailty measure were largest in women age 30 years, 17 (14 to 20) pp and 55 years, 15 (13 to 17) pp and in men age 55 years, 15 (13 to 17) pp and 80 years, 14 (9 to 18) pp. In those with ≥3 multimorbid conditions and ≥2 frailty measures, prevalence differences were largest in women age 30 years, 8 (6 to 10) pp and 55 years, 10 (8 to 11) ppand in men age 55 years, 9 (8 to 11) pp and 80 years, 6 (95% CI 1 to 10) pp.ConclusionMultimorbidity with frailty is common, and social inequalities persist until age 80 years in women and throughout the lifespan in men. To manage complex multimorbidity, strategies for proportionate universalism in medical education, healthcare, public health prevention and promotion seem necessary.
Key factors influencing the prescribing of statins: a qualitative study among physicians working in primary healthcare facilities in Indonesia
Authors: Irawati Sylvi , Prayudeni Sari , Rachmawati Riris , Wita I Wayan , Willfert Bob , Hak Eelko , Taxis Katja 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesTo elicit key factors influencing physicians’ decision to prescribe statins.DesignA qualitative study using a phenomenological approach within a pragmatism interpretive framework. A combination of purposive and snowball sampling was used to recruit physicians. Data were collected through face-to-face, semistructured interviews with physicians working in primary healthcare facilities in a capital of a province in Indonesia. We recorded and verbatim transcribed the interviews. Coding was done independently by two researchers and data were analysed using phenomenological data analyses. Key factors influencing physicians’ decision to prescribe statins were classified into factors at the microlevels, mesolevels and macrolevels according to the structural model by Scoggins et al.Participants and settingPhysicians working in primary healthcare facilities in a capital of a province in Indonesia.ResultsTen physicians were included in the study. Key factors at the microlevel were that physicians knew guidelines in general, but there was uncertainty how to take into account the level of total cholesterol in combination with other cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension. At the macrolevel, the new National Health Insurance System (NHIS) that appeared to facilitate the prescription of statins though more clinical information should be integrated in the system’s platform to support appropriate prescribing.ConclusionsThe findings indicate lack of awareness of specific details in current guideline recommendations. Appropriate prescribing of statins should be enhanced using the new NHIS.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of prognostic factors of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Kamiya Hiroyuki , Panlaqui Ogee Mer 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveTo clarify prognostic factors of acute exacerbation (AE) of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).DesignA systematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesMedline, Embase and Science Citation Index Expanded were searched from 2002 through 1 March 2019.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesThe review included primary studies addressing the association between the outcomes such as all-cause mortality of AE of IPF and its potential prognostic factors, which were designated as any clinical information related to the outcomes.Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers extracted relevant data independently and assessed risk of bias. Univariate results were pooled using a random-effect model if at least three studies were available. Prognostic factors were determined based on significant and consistent results on both univariate and multivariate analyses in the majority of studies.ResultsOut of a total of 6763 articles retrieved, 37 were eligible and 31 potential prognostic factors for all-cause mortality were selected. Each study was subject to certain methodological shortcomings. The following five factors were statistically significant by a meta-analysis of univariate results, which was confirmed by multivariate analysis, that is, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score (HR 1.10, 1.01 to 1.19), partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) ratio (ORs 0.99 in two studies and HRs 0.31 and 0.99 in two studies, respectively), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (HRs 1.002, 1.003, 1.01 and 1.02), white blood cell (WBC) count (OR 1.38, 1.04 to 1.83) and oxygen therapy before AE (HRs 3.68, 1.05 to 12.9 and 2.34, 1.04 to 5.28) (multivariate analysis, 95% CI).ConclusionsAPACHE II score, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, LDH, WBC count and oxygen therapy before AE were deemed as prognostic factors of AE of IPF. Although there are some methodological limitations in this study, these findings are reliable due to consistent results by both univariate and multivariate analyses.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018106172.
Randomised controlled trial assessing the effect of a technology-assisted gait and balance training on mobility in older people after hip fracture: study protocol
Authors: Maranesi Elvira , Riccardi Giovanni Renato , Lattanzio Fabrizia , Di Rosa Mirko , Luzi Riccardo , Casoni Elisa , Rinaldi Nadia , Baldoni Renato , Di Donna Valentina , Bevilacqua Roberta 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionDeficits in balance and walking ability are relevant risk factors for falls during ageing. Moreover, falls are a risk factor for future falls, strongly associated with adverse health outcomes, such as fear of falling or fractures, particularly, hip fracture. For this reason, the development of prevention tools and innovative rehabilitation strategies is one of the main objectives in geriatrics. Effective interventions to promote hip recovery after hip fracture are characterised by intensive and repetitive movements. One treatment approach is to increase the number of steps during the rehabilitation sessions and to improve the balance and the endurance of the patients in the use of technological devices.Methods and analysisThis randomised controlled trial aimed to evaluate an innovative rehabilitation treatment of elderly patients with hip fractures. A total of 195 patients with hip fractures will be recruited and randomly divided into three groups: traditional rehabilitation programme, traditional rehabilitation programme plus TYMO system and traditional rehabilitation programme plus Walker View. Assessments will be performed at baseline, at the end of treatment, at 6 months, and at 1 and 2 years after the end of the treatment. Only subjects hospitalised 4 weeks prior to the beginning of the study will be taken into consideration. Twenty treatment sessions will be conducted, divided into three training sessions per week, for 7 weeks. The technological intervention group will carry out 30 min sessions of traditional therapy and 20 min of treatment with a technological device. The control group will perform traditional therapy sessions, each lasting 50 min. The primary outcomes are risk of falling, gait performance and fear of falling.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifica, Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura Anziani Ethics Committee, with identification code number 19 014. Trial results will be submitted for publication in journals and conferences.Trial registration numberNCT04095338.
Palliative care for young adults with life-limiting conditions: public health recommendations
Authors: Cook Karen A , Bergeron Kim 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveTo engage young adults (18–35 years of age) with life-limiting neuromuscular conditions, their parents, and health and community providers in the development of a public health approach to palliative care. A public health approach protects and improves health and wellness, maximises the quality of life when health cannot be restored and improves the quality, scope and accessibility of age-appropriate care and services.MethodsGroup concept mapping (GCM) was used to determine the most important priorities for these young adults. GCM involves three district phases: (1) brainstorming ideas, (2) sorting and rating ideas based on level of importance and (3) analysing and interpreting concepts maps. Online software was used to collect information for phases 1 and 2 and develop concept maps. In phase 3, a face-to-face workshop, participants analysed and interpreted the concept maps. The combination of online and face-to-face research activities offered the needed flexibility for participants to determine when and how to participate in this research.ResultsThrough this three-phase patient engagement strategy, participants generated 64 recommendations for change and determined that improvements to programming, improvements to funding and creating a continuum of care were their most important priorities. Five subthemes of these three priorities and development of the concept map are also discussed.ConclusionThis research demonstrates the unique perspectives and experiences of these young adults and offers recommendations to improve services to enhance their health and well-being. Further, these young adults were integral in the development of recommendations for system changes to match their unique developmental needs.