bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Laser Ablation Parameters to Pattern High Purity Magnesium Surfaces
Authors: Yayoglu Yahya E. , Gallant Nathan D. , Toomey Ryan , Crane Nathan B. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Magnesium and magnesium-based alloys have relatively low weight and desirable mechanical properties for many applications in multiple industries including aerospace and automotive. In the past decade, due to its biocompatible nature, the medical field has expressed significant interest in magnesium for biodegradable implant applications. However, utilization of magnesium-based alloys in surgical implant applications is strictly limited by magnesium’s high vulnerability to corrosion causing premature disintegration inside the human body. Hydrophobic (non-wetting) behavior of metal surfaces has been proven to be beneficial for corrosion protection in academic literature. One way of achieving hydrophobic and super-hydrophobic surfaces on metal surfaces without using non-biocompatible coatings is creating uniform microstructures that would alter the wetting characteristics of the surface. This work focuses on creating uniform pillar shaped micro-patterns on smooth pure magnesium surfaces by utilizing a picosecond laser (λ = 355 nm). The study reports the effects of average laser power, partial laser beam overlap and number of laser scans on the height, steepness, roughness of the resultant micro-pillars. Information gathered from this study could be useful in creating more complex or finer micro-structures on magnesium and its alloys to alter their wetting or corrosion characteristics using laser ablation which is a fast, repeatable and an un-convoluted process.
Development of a Skateboard for a Physically Disabled Child
Authors: Costa Ana Helena , L. R. Okimoto Maria Lucia , Cardozo Eloisa , A. Barbosa Maria Lilian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present the development of a skateboard for a physically disabled child. The design presented in this study was motivated by an existing request of a local school that wanted to provide one of its students, a lower-limb amputee, with a more efficient method of transportation. Therefore, the design of an adapted skateboard, that values a healthy posture and an alternative propulsion system was proposed. For the product design, a user-centered methodology was applied based on the Project Development Orientation Guide. This methodology is divided in 8 stages and starts at the market opportunities and ends in the product testing. Hence, strategies of research and idea generation, such as articles and patents research, questionnaires, morphological matrix and SCAMPER tool, were used to develop a solution with a 3D model. With the model, a static simulation was performed through a finite element analysis method to validate the design and define the product’s dimension. The development of a product focused on the real needs of the user was highly approved. However, the user centered method presents significant challenges, especially dealing with a child and considering ethical standards in scientific research. The adapted skateboard represents a life quality improvement for the user and needs to be prototyped and tested for validation of the presented solution.
Implications of Non-Bingham Rheology
Authors: Pease Leonard F. , Bamberger Judith A. , Minette Michael J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
One of the key challenges now facing the US Department of Energy (DOE) is the fate of radioactive waste remaining from World War II and the Cold War, which is stored underground in tanks some 75 feet in diameter and over 30 feet tall. Over time, the waste has segmented into multiple layers with sludges and slurries at the bottom with salt crust layers often at the top and liquid in between. DOE’s current official baseline plans call for remaining sludges and slurries to be removed from the tanks and converted into a stable glass waste form. Minimizing worker exposure to radiation drives DOE to use slurry processing techniques to suspend, mobilize, transport, mix, and process the waste. Therefore, a clear and quantitative understanding of Hanford waste rheology is essential for the success of the DOE mission.
Historically much of the waste has been characterized using Eugene Bingham’s century old model that provides a straight line fit to higher shear rate data with the intercept suggesting a yield stress and the slope providing the consistency. Yet, Bingham fits overestimate the shear stress at a given shear rate for low to intermediate shear rates, exactly the range of shear rates typically encountered in pipe flow, where shear rates peak along the pipe wall and vanish in the center. This model produces a fictitious yield stress for some of the wastes that do not exhibit yield phenomena. While overestimating the yield stress may be prudent, safe, and conservative for some applications (e.g., pump sizing to ensure that pumps can handle yield stresses), overestimating the rheology may be inaccurate and non-conservative for other applications (e.g., eroding settled particle beds). Therefore, this paper evaluates the slurry rheology of Hanford and Savannah River wastes using a more modern rheological model that fits the full range of experimental data.
Although a bias has been recognized and alternative models proposed, the magnitude of this bias and the implications for tank waste have only been qualitatively suggested. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate quantitatively implications of the poor quality of fit between a Bingham model for rheology and experimental data at modest shear rates. We first demonstrate the magnitude of the bias between the data and the Bingham extrapolation. We then evaluate quantitatively the velocity profile under laminar conditions. This analysis shows that the bias may be large (hundreds of percent or more) at modest shear rates and that modest shear rates dominate pipe velocity profiles.
Heavy Truck Fuel Storage System Design for Improved Impact Protection
Authors: Leiss Peter J. , Mazza Marcus A. , Shipp Erin M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Heavy (Class 8) truck fuel storage location and geometry has not significantly changed in several decades. Manufacturers have taken steps to improve their designs by eliminating cross over lines and making material property and thickness changes, among other changes, but there has been no mandate or significant effort to decrease the potential for post collision fuel fed fires in heavy trucks. Even with these design changes, FARS data indicates the number of fatal post-impact fires has not decreased over time. Several studies were conducted in the 1980’s and 1990’s that brought the unprotected design of the fuel storage on these vehicles to light. This paper combines these historical works with current FARS data on the subject and describes a different design approach that increases the impact protection of the fuel storage tank. This new approach uses the truck’s frame rails to guard the fuel storage tank and absorb and redirect impact energy. Currently, a heavy truck “saddle” mounted fuel tank’s integrity is tested through a 30 foot drop test prescribed by 49 CFR 393 and also listed in SAE Recommended Procedure J703. In this work, a crash test methodology used to test the integrity of a school bus side mounted fuel tank as prescribed in FMVSS 301S is discussed. Results of using this crash methodology on a current “saddle” tank design and a prototype of the new fuel storage system design are also presented.
Human Pelvis Bayesian Injury Probability Curves From Whole Body Lateral Impact
Authors: Yoganandan Narayan , DeVogel Nicholas , Pintar Frank , Banerjee Anjishnu 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Injury criteria are used in military, automotive, and aviation environments to advance human safety. While Injury Risk Curves (IRCs) for the human pelvis are published under vertical loading, there is a paucity of analysis that describe IRCs under lateral impact. The objective of the present study is to derive IRCs under this mode. Published data were used from 60 whole-body Post Mortem Human Surrogate (PMHS) tests that used repeated testing protocols. In the first analysis, from single impact tests, all injury data points were considered as left censored and noninjury points were considered as right censored, while repeated testing results were treated as interval censored data. In the second analysis, injury data were treated uncensored. Peak force was used as the response variable. Age, total body mass, gender, and Body Mass Index (BMI) were used as covariates in different combinations. Bayesian survival analysis model was used to derive the IRCs. Plus-minus 95% credible intervals (CI) and their Normalized CI Sizes (NCIS) were obtained. This is the first study to develop IRCs in whole body PMHS tests to describe the human pelvic tolerance under lateral impact using Bayesian models.
Net-Zero Water (NZW) Reuse Desiccant Assisted Evaporative Cooling System for Data Centers
Authors: Okposio David , Nnanna A. G. Agwu , Abramowitz Harvey 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The cooling effect of evaporative cooling systems is well documented in literature. Evaporative cooling however introduces humidity into the cooled space, which is unsuitable for data centers. Desiccants (liquid, solid or composites) adsorb moisture from the cooled air to control humidity and is regenerated using waste heat from the data center.
This work is an experimental and theoretical investigation of the use of desiccant assisted evaporative cooling for data center cooling according to ASHRAE thermal guideline TC 9.9 . The thickness of the cooling pads is varied with specific surface area, velocity of air through the pad measured, the product of the air velocity and surface area yields the volumetric flowrate of the air, the water flow rate varied as well. The configuration is such that the rotary desiccant wheel (impregnated with silica gel) comes after the evaporative cooler.
A novel water recovery system using the Peltier effect is proposed to recover moisture from the return air stream thereby optimizing the water consumption of evaporative cooling technology and providing suitable air quality for data center cooling.
Uncertainty Quantification of Wind Turbine Wakes Under Random Wind Conditions
Authors: Pereira Tássia Penha , Ekwaro-Osire Stephen , Dias João Paulo , Ward Nicholas J. , Cunha Americo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Understanding and minimizing the uncertainties in the wind energy field is of high importance to reduce the reliability risks and financial risks of wind farm projects. The present work aims to observe the levels of uncertainty in modeling the wake effect by attempting to perform statistical inference of a wake parameter, the wind speed deficit. For this purpose, an uncertainty propagation framework is presented. The framework starts by randomly sampling mean wind speed data from its probability density function (PDF), that is fed an inflow model (TurbSim), resulting in random full-flow fields that are integrated into an aeroelastic model (FAST), which results in the variability of the power and thrust coefficients of a wind turbine. Such coefficients and wind data, finally, fed the wake engineering model (FLORIS). The framework ends with the determination of the 95% coefficient intervals of the time-averaged wind speed deficit. The results obtained for the near and far wake regions introduce fundamentals in estimate the uncertainty in wind speed deficit of a single wind turbine wake and concludes that a systematic uncertainty quantification (UQ) framework for wind turbine wakes may be a useful tool to wind energy projects.
An Investigation of Temperature Measurement Granularity Towards Improving Li-Ion Battery Management System Design
Authors: Zandigohar Mehrdad , Lotfi Nima 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Li-ion batteries have gained increased popularity in the past few decades as the main source in various mobile and stationary energy storage applications. Battery management system design, especially fault diagnosis, however, is still a challenge regarding Li-ion batteries. Traditional Li-ion BMSs rely on measurements from current, voltage, and temperature sensors sparsely located throughout the battery pack. Such a BMS is not capable of predicting battery behavior under various operating conditions; moreover, it cannot account for internal discrepancies among battery cells, incipient faults, the distributed nature of battery parameters and states, and the propagation effects inside a battery pack. Although majority of these effects have already been observed and reported, they are either studied in electrochemistry laboratories using in-situ techniques and detailed theoretical analysis or in practical manufacturing settings by engineers and technicians, which are typically considered proprietary information. The aim of this paper is to bridge the gap between these two domains. In other words, a detailed electrochemical/thermal simulation of a Li-ion battery cell under healthy and faulty conditions is performed to provide a better understanding of the exact spatial requirements for an efficient and reliable thermal management system for Li-ion batteries. The results of this study are specifically of great importance for battery fault detection and identification, mainly due to the recent advancements in distributed sensing technologies such as fiber optics.
Methane Emissions Reduction in Liquefied Natural Gas Off-Loading Process in Refueling Stations
Authors: Sharafian Amir , Blomerus Paul , Mérida Walter 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Recent research into methane emissions from the liquefied natural gas (LNG) supply chain has revealed uncertainty in the overall greenhouse gas emissions reduction associated with the use of LNG in heavy-duty vehicles. Methane is the main component of natural gas and a potent greenhouse gas. This study investigates the impact of five methods used to offload LNG from a tanker truck to an LNG refueling station and estimate the amount of fugitive methane emissions. The LNG offloading process time, and the final pressures of the tanker truck and refueling station are considered to evaluate the performance of the LNG offloading methods. The modeling results show that the LNG transfer by using a pressure buildup unit has a limited operating range and can increase methane emissions by 10.4% of LNG offloaded from the tanker truck. The results indicate that the LNG transfer by using a pump and an auxiliary pressure buildup unit without vapor return provides the shortest fuel offloading time with the lowest risk of venting methane to the atmosphere.
Fugitive Methane Emissions: Development of a Mobile High-Volume Sampling System
Authors: Ramadhan Hadyan , Sharafian Amir , Mérida Walter 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has been considered as a substitute for diesel and heavy-fuel oil in heavy-duty trucks and marine vessels, respectively. However, the widespread adoption of LNG as a fuel is hampered by its uncertain potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in comparison with diesel and heavy-fuel oil from the lifecycle standpoint. Methane is the main component of LNG and a potent GHG. In this study, the design and validation of a high-volume sampling (HVS) system are proposed to accurately measure methane emissions from the LNG fuel infrastructure, including experiment designs for calibration and system validation, and uncertainty analysis. The accuracy of HVS measurements is tested under controlled environment. The results indicate that the HVS system can quantify leak rates between 108 and 3,254 g/h with a maximum uncertainty of 10% as long as the distance between the leak source and the HVS system sampling port is maintained at less than 50 mm. In future work, the HVS system will be used to characterize methane emissions from LNG offloading or bunkering process, and update the GHG inventories in North America to fill the knowledge gap in the complete lifecycle analysis of LNG fuel for heavy-duty vehicles and marine vessels.
Effects of Spraying Parameters on the Paint Transfer Efficiency in Air Spray
Authors: Zhang Simin , Wang Guolei , Liu Xingjie , Hua Xiaotong , Chen Zhiliang , Chen Ken 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Automation is widely used for automotive paint application because of the repeatability of the resulting surface finish, as well as the benefit of removing humans from a hazardous environment. So the improvement of automobile coatings is significant. One compelling aspect of improvement is the paint transfer efficiency (TE), which is defined as the amount of paint that remains on a surface relative to the amount supplied to the paint applicator during coating operations. The effects of spray parameters namely shaping air pressure, atomizing air pressure, paint flow rate, spraying distance and spray velocity on paint transfer efficiency. A orthogonal experiment is designed to analysis the effects of spraying parameters on paint transfer efficiency. After the acquisition and analysis of all experiments, the relationship between spraying parameters and paint transfer efficiency is performed. Through variance analysis and regression analysis of experiment data, a conclusion following had been drawn: shaping air pressure has the strongest influence on TE, shaping air pressure and spray distance are inversely proportional to TE, atomizing air pressure is proportional to TE, paint flow rate and spray velocity nearly have no influence on TE.
Concurrent-Flow Flame Spread Over a Thin Solid in a Narrow Confined Space in Microgravity
Authors: Li Yanjun , Liao Ya-Ting T. , Ferkul Paul 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A numerical study is pursued to investigate the aerodynamics and thermal interactions between a spreading flame and the surrounding walls as well as their effects on fire behaviors. This is done in support of upcoming microgravity experiments aboard the International Space Station. For the numerical study, a three-dimensional transient Computational Fluid Dynamics combustion model is used to simulate concurrent-flow flame spread over a thin solid sample in a narrow flow duct. The height of the flow duct is the main parameter. The numerical results predict a quenching height for the flow duct below which the flame fails to spread. For duct heights sufficiently larger than the quenching height, the flame reaches a steady spreading state before the sample is fully consumed. The flame spread rate and the pyrolysis length at steady state first increase and then decrease when the flow duct height decreases. The detailed gas and solid profiles show that flow confinement has competing effects on the flame spread process. On one hand, it accelerates flow during thermal expansion from combustion, intensifying the flame. On the other hand, increasing flow confinement reduces the oxygen supply to the flame and increases conductive heat loss to the walls, both of which weaken the flame. These competing effects result in the aforementioned non-monotonic trend of flame spread rate as duct height varies. This work relates to upcoming microgravity experiments, in which flat thin samples will be burned in a low-speed concurrent flow using a small flow duct aboard the International Space Station. Two baffles will be installed parallel to the fuel sample (one on each side of the sample) to create an effective reduction in the height of the flow duct. The concept and setup of the experiments are presented in this work.
Design and Fabrication of a Multi-Scale Fluidic Motherboard for a Universal Molecular Processing System (uMPS)
Authors: Park D. S. , Witek M. , Zhao X. , Kang Y. , Dathathreya K. , You B. H. , Soper S. A. , Murphy M. C. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A multi-scale fluidic motherboard, which can be used in a universal molecular processing system (uMPS) integrated with task-specific processing modules, was designed and fabricated in thermoplastics. The motherboard consists of a coverplate and a substrate. The coverplate included fluidic interconnects and thermal grooves on the top side, and the corresponding interconnects on the bottom side. The substrate was comprised of cell lysis microchannels, micromixers, and flow-connecting microchannels on the top side, and reservoirs for sample inputs and waste output, thermal grooves, and valve seats for flow control on the bottom side. The coverplates and substrates were fabricated with double-sided hot embossing of polycarbonate (PC) using four micromilled brass molds, two for the coverplate and another two for the substrate. Evaluation of the relative front-to-backside alignment for the double-sided hot embossing yielded an accuracy of 25 μm ± 14 μm (average ± standard deviation) for the coverplates and 30 μm ± 20 μm for the substrates. Thermal fusion bonding (TFB) of the coverplate and substrate was done using a spring plunger bonding setup with a range of temperatures and pressures. The motherboard bonded at 154 °C and 12.0 psi for 2 hours in a convection oven produced complete bonding with a little deformation of the valve seats. The complete motherboard will be integrated with the task-specific processing modules in the uMPS for investigating circulating markers from whole blood for precision molecular diagnosis of disease at low cost and with high fidelity.
Effect of Measuring Instrument Eccentricity and Tilt Error on Circularity Form Error
Authors: Ghosh Suhash , Sahay Chittaranjan , Malempati Poorna Pruthvi Chandra 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
From power stations to power tools, from the smallest watch to the largest car, all contain round components. In precision machining of cylindrical parts, the measurement and evaluation of roundness (also called circularity in ASME Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing Y14.5) and cylindricity are indispensable components to quantify form tolerance. Of all the methods of measuring these form errors, the most precise is the one with accurate spindle/turntable type measuring instrument. On the instrument, the component is rotated on a highly accurate spindle which provides an imaginary circular datum. The workpiece axis is aligned with the axis of the spindle by means of a centering and tilt adjustment leveling table. In this article, the authors have investigated the dependence of circularity form error on instrument’s centering error (also known as eccentricity) and tilt error. It would be intriguing to map this nonlinear relationship within its effective boundaries and to investigate the limits beyond which the measurement costs and time remain no more efficient. In this study, a test part with different circular and cylindrical features were studied with varying levels of predetermined instrument eccentricity and tilt errors. Additionally, this article explores the significance of incorporating these parameters into undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula, and be taught as an improved toolkit to the aspiring engineers, process engineers and quality control professionals.