bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crown‐fire severity is more important than ground‐fire severity in determining soil fungal community development in the boreal forest
Authors: Pérez‐Izquierdo Leticia , Clemmensen Karina E. , Strengbom Joachim , Granath Gustaf , Wardle David A. , Nilsson Marie‐Charlotte , Lindahl Björn D. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Wildfire shapes the structure, dynamic and functioning of boreal forests. With predicted warmer and drier summers, increased incidence and intensity of crown‐fires may affect plant–soil interactions with consequences for post‐fire fertility and forest productivity.

We assessed how severity of crown‐ and ground‐fire in boreal pine forests affected post‐fire responses of soil fungal communities and their associated enzyme activities, and how variation in fire severity interacts with salvage (post‐fire) logging in impacting soil fungi.

Crown fire‐induced tree mortality had a stronger impact on fungal biomass and community composition than did ground‐fire‐induced loss of soil organic matter. Severe crown‐fire led to replacement of ectomycorrhizal‐ and litter‐associated fungi by stress‐tolerant ascomycetes. Elevated activities of hydrolytic enzymes in burned areas were correlated with root‐associated ascomycetes and moulds, suggesting opportunistic exploitation of labile organic substrates. Fire did not, however, increase the abundance of more potent basidiomycete decomposers in the organic layer, nor did it enhance organic matter oxidation by fungal peroxidases, indicating that the potential for major post‐fire losses of carbon due to stimulated decomposition is limited. Rather, peroxidase activity was low in burned areas, likely reflecting the absence of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Post‐fire salvage logging induced larger shifts in fungal communities in areas with low crown‐fire severity.

Synthesis. Historically, boreal pine forests have been shaped by low‐severity ground‐fires. Our study highlights a risk that increasing occurrence of high‐severity crown‐fire as climate warms will have detrimental effects on mycorrhizal‐mediated functions that are pivotal for maintaining organic matter turnover, soil fertility and forest resilience.
Sensing of O2 and nitrate by bacteria: alternative strategies for transcriptional regulation of nitrate respiration by O2 and nitrate
Authors: Unden Gottfried , Klein Robin 
Published: October 2020

SummaryMany bacteria are able to use O2 and nitrate as alternative electron acceptors for respiration. Strategies for regulation in response to O2 and nitrate can vary considerably. In the paradigmatic system of E. coli (and γ‐proteobacteria), regulation by O2 and nitrate is established by the O2‐sensor FNR and the two‐component system NarX‐NarL (for nitrate regulation). Expression of narGHJI is regulated by the binding of FNR and NarL to the promoter. A similar strategy by individual regulation in response to O2 and nitrate is verified in many genera by the use of various types of regulators. Otherwise, in the soil bacteria Bacillus subtilis (Firmicutes) and Streptomyces (Actinobacteria), nitrate respiration is subject to anaerobic induction, without direct nitrate induction. In contrast, the NreA‐NreB‐NreC two‐component system of Staphylococcus (Firmicutes) performs joint sensing of O2 and nitrate by interacting O2 and nitrate sensors. The O2‐sensor NreB phosphorylates the response regulator NreC to activate narGHJI expression. NreC‐P transmits the signal for anaerobiosis to the promoter. The nitrate sensor NreA modulates NreB function by converting NreB in the absence of nitrate from the kinase to a phosphatase that dephosphorylates NreC‐P. Thus, widely different strategies for coordinating the response to O2 and nitrate have evolved in bacteria.
An Investigation of the Determinants of Profitability in a Short‐Stay Accommodation Market
Authors: Marsden Ann , Sibly Hugh 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the determinants of the profitability of short‐stay accommodation providers in Tasmania, utilising a survey conducted from July 2007 to June 2008. The survey provides insight into a time when some firms had adopted the 'new' information technologies to make sales while others continued with traditional methods. We find the use of online sales is associated with higher profit. Further profit is higher during summer (high season), for firms with a high star rating and for firms who make a larger proportion of their sales directly to customers, and lower when owner operators are motivated by lifestyle considerations.
An unperforated suprapatellar plica presenting as a mass: A case report
Authors: Lee Seul Ki , Kim Jun‐Ho 
Published: October 2020

SummaryUnperforated suprapatellar plica leading to compartmentalization of the knee joint has been seldom reported and occasionally overlooked. We report a rare case of unperforated suprapatellar plica presenting as a suprapatellar mass after trauma in a 20‐year‐old male. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed haemarthrosis without abnormalities. Despite one month of conservative treatment including joint aspiration, a palpable mass was discovered at knee flexion. MRI revealed haemorrhagic fluid in the localized suprapatellar recess with an unperforated suprapatellar plica. The patient underwent successful arthroscopic plica excision and had no recurrence or complaint at the 6‐month follow‐up visit.
Supply and Demand of Emergency Medicine Board‐certified Emergency Physicians by U.S. State, 2017
Authors: Clay Carson E. , Sullivan Ashley F. , Bennett Christopher L. , Boggs Krislyn M. , Espinola Janice A. , Camargo Carlos A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesOur objective was to estimate the emergency medicine board‐certified emergency physician (EMBC EP) workforce supply and demand by U.S. state.MethodsTo estimate state demand, we applied the methodology from our 2005 analysis to calculate full‐time equivalent (FTE) EMBC EP demand for each emergency department (ED). The 2017 National Emergency Department Inventory–USA provided visit volumes for all EDs, while the American Board of Medical Specialties supplied the 2017 number of EMBC EPs per state. Assuming that at least one EMBC EP should be present 24/7 in each ED (requiring 5.35 FTEs minimum), we calculated the total FTEs required by dividing each ED’s visit volume by the estimated average visits seen by an EMBC EP (3,548 visits per year) and then summed FTEs by state. The U.S. Census Bureau provided state demographic characteristics. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the association between state demographics and the density of EMBC EPs per state and compared 2017 results to our prior 2005 analysis.ResultsThere were 40,716 total EMBC EPs in 2017, fulfilling 77% of the estimated national demand. This was a substantial increase from 23,035 total EMBC EPs fulfilling 58% of demand in 2005. The 2017 supply ranged from 24% of demand in North Dakota to 142% in Hawaii. A lower density of EMBC EPs was associated with states in the Midwest and South (p < 0.001) and with a more rural population (p = 0.02). The absolute shortage of EMBC EPs worsened or remained the same in one‐fourth of states.ConclusionWhile the total number of EMBC EPs nearly doubled between 2005 and 2017, a shortage of full‐time coverage persists. The supply and demand vary greatly by state. Worsening absolute shortages in several states show that the distribution of EMBC EPs is not meeting demand across the United States, particularly in rural areas.
The duty to assist in Canadian Freedom of Information law
Authors: Roziere Brendan , Walby Kevin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe duty to assist is a core principle in Freedom of Information (FOI) law in Canada and elsewhere. FOI coordinators working in each Canadian government agency are responsible for implementing this duty, though they face challenges in doing so. Examining Information Commissioner rulings, we elaborate on the dimensions of duty to assist as articulated in Canadian law and policy. We argue that while attention to the duty to assist is a necessary but insufficient condition for refurbishing FOI law in Canada, improving adherence to it would enhance “internal mechanisms of administrative justice” (Adler 2003). We conclude by discussing remedies and implications for literatures on FOI, administrative justice, and due process.
The role of privately protected areas in achieving biodiversity representation within a national protected area network
Authors: Ivanova Ielyzaveta M. , Cook Carly N. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAs the world nears the target of protecting 17% of terrestrial environments, there remain significant gaps in achieving the ecologically representative system of protected areas (PAs) called for under the Convention on Biological Diversity. There is increasing recognition of the contribution that privately protected areas (PPAs) can make to protecting biodiversity, offering the potential to increase existing levels of protection for species and ecosystems, but also to protect biodiversity that currently lies outside existing PA networks. Despite the potential importance of PPAs for achieving an ecologically representative PA network, the complementarity between public and private PAs has received little attention. Our study provides a detailed assessment of the role PPAs play in protecting biodiversity in a megadiverse country. Using the Australian PA network as an example, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the contribution PPAs make to the representation and level of protection of species, ecosystems, and key biodiversity areas. We found that while making up only 1.3% of Australia's land area, PPAs protect a wide range of biodiversity, contributing to the protection of 85% of vertebrate species, 80% of threatened ecological communities, 95% of major vegetation types, and 40% of key biodiversity areas. However, our findings reveal that PPAs largely protect biodiversity already within the PA network, and because of their small size, they currently make only minor contributions to the adequacy of protection for biodiversity. Nevertheless, we show that conservation on private land will be critical to strengthening the PA network, with between 70 and 90% of currently unprotected or poorly protected biodiversity occurring largely on private land. Analyses such as ours, which examine the importance of both public and private PAs to achieve conservation targets, are essential to ensure effective planning of PA networks into the future.
Evaluation of photopolymerization efficacy and temperature rise of a composite resin using a blue diode laser (445 nm)
Authors: Kouros Pantelis , Dionysopoulos Dimitrios , Deligianni Areti , Strakas Dimitris , Sfeikos Thrasyvoulos , Tolidis Kosmas 
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the photopolymerization efficacy of a diode laser (445 nm) for use with a composite containing camphorquinone and to estimate the safety of the method related to the temperature rise. Five cylindrical composite specimens were prepared for each thickness: 1, 2, and 3 mm. Three light‐curing modes were investigated: a light emitting diode (LED) unit and a diode laser (445 nm) with output powers at 0.7 W or 3 W. Evaluation of the polymerization efficacy was based on Vickers hardness measurements, and the highest temperatures at the bottom of the specimens were recorded using a K‐type thermocouple. The highest microhardness was observed after the diode laser curing operating at 3 W. A comparison of the microhardness of the 0.7 W laser cured specimens with the LED cured specimens showed a statistically significant difference in favor of the laser curing. Laser curing operating at 3 W resulted in extremely high temperatures. Laser curing at 0.7 W resulted in statistically significantly higher maximum temperatures than did LED curing for both 1 mm thick (52.9°C against 45.4°C) and 3 mm thick (43.6°C against 40.9°C) specimens. Diode laser (445 nm) may be an alternative for photopolymerization of composite materials and may result in a higher degree of conversion and depth of cure of composites than what has been seen with LED curing units when they emit at the same energy density.
Thermodiffusion of alkali ions in alkali niobophosphate glasses
Authors: Markov Viktor A. , Kurushkin Mikhail V. , Sokolov Ivan A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA method is proposed for determination of the thermal diffusion coefficients of mobile ions through the study of ionic thermoelectric power. Ionic Seebeck coefficients and the heats of ion transport have been measured in [Li(Na,K)]2O‐Nb2O5‐P2O5 glasses. The mixed alkali effect influence on the thermoelectric power has been reported for the first time in glasses. Soret coefficients have been calculated for all monoalkali glass samples synthesized in this work. Type of the alkali ion and Nb2O5 content dependence of the heat of transfer and thermal diffusion coefficient have been analyzed and discussed.
Female Migrants and Brain Waste – A Conceptual Challenge with Societal Implications
Authors: Elo Maria , Aman Raushan , Täube Florian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGlobal careers and highly skilled expatriates employing their talent in diverse contexts of the world tend to be conceptualized as “male”, and recognized diplomas represent employability. Despite the increasing feminization of migration, highly skilled female migrants and their contributions to economies through careers or entrepreneurship remain overlooked. Many obstacles impede the full employment of their talents. We review extant literature and argue that female migrant talent merits more detailed conceptual attention. By analysing interview data from 2010 to 2019 in two advanced European countries, we found that female migrants suffer from brain waste in multiple ways, partly due to external institutional aspects and discrimination and partly due to inherent internalized practices and sociocultural norms. We call for greater intersectionality and interdisciplinarity in examining equality to advance female economic participation. Private and public sectors may improve female talent perception, integration and employment by developing specific responses to the problems identified.
Social Capital and the Career Adaptability of Refugees
Authors: Dunwoodie Karen , Webb Susan , Wilkinson Jane , Newman Alexander 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study examines how people from refugee and asylum‐seeking backgrounds draw on their social capital to develop their career adaptability. To examine this issue, we drew on interview data from twenty‐five people based in Melbourne, Australia, who have sought asylum between 2008 and 2016. The present study examines the influence of different dimensions of social capital on individuals’ career adaptability. Findings revealed that a more nuanced understanding of linking, bridging and bonding social capital is needed when exploring the career adaptability resources of refugees and people seeking asylum. In particular, important differences were identified between engaging with a social network and trusting a social network.
Approaches to visual arts‐based data collection with hospitalized children: A discussion of lessons learnt and suggestions for practice
Authors: Van Der Riet Pamela , Jitsacorn Chaweewan , Thursby Peter 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimsTo discuss the experience in using a visual arts‐based method of draw and talk with hospitalized children, lessons learnt and strategies for practice.DesignDiscussion paper.Data SourcesData were drawn from two sources: first, the databases Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, and SCOPUS were searched for approaches to visual arts‐ based data collection with children. Secondly, relevant literature and the experience of our research team using visual arts‐based data collection with children informed this paper.Implications for NursingThis paper draws on the literature and our experiences of using a visual arts‐based approach when conducting research with hospitalized children and foreshadows practical approaches that can be applied when undertaking such research.ConclusionWhen undertaking research with sick children a high level of reflexivity is essential when planning and implementing a visual arts‐based approach.ImpactThe paper discusses a visual arts‐based method and the issues that are important considerations to the conduct of research with hospitalized children. We provide suggestions for practice and argue that nurses and healthcare professionals researching with hospitalized children using an arts‐based method, practice a high level of reflexivity.
Commentary on ‘Metabolic reprogramming‐associated genes predict overall survival for rectal cancer’
Authors: Shen Ruihuan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe current paper is a commentary on the Metabolic reprogramming‐associated genes predict overall survival for rectal cancer (Jian‐Qing Lin et al 2020). The authors concluded that ‘Patients with high‐risk demonstrated significantly poorer survival outcomes than patients with low‐risk in the TCGA database. Also, patients with high‐risk still showed significantly poorer survival outcomes than patients with low‐risk in the GEO database’. But the figure 3 in their published paper, ‘Survival analyses for the prognostic metabolic genes in rectal cancer’, presented that there was type I error in their study during the hypothesis testing process, obviously.
Targeting interleukin 6 signaling by monoclonal antibody siltuximab on cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Nguyen Mai Ly Thi , Bui Khac Cuong , Scholta Tim , Xing Jun , Bhuria Vikas , Sipos Bence , Wilkens Ludwig , Nguyen Linh Toan , Velavan Thirumalaisamy P , Bozko Przemyslaw , Plentz Ruben R 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground and AimCholangiocarcinoma has an unimproved prognosis. Interleukin 6 (IL‐6) has an oncogenic potential in some cancer diseases. However, the role of IL‐6 in cholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis is not well understood. The current study investigated the role of IL‐6 signaling in cholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis and efficacy of siltuximab treatment on cholangiocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo.MethodsThe expression of IL‐6 was analyzed on human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and murine and human cholangiocarcinoma tissues, using reverse transcription real‐time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. In addition, the effect of anti‐IL‐6 chimeric monoclonal antibody, siltuximab, was investigated in vitro by proliferation, migration, and two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional invasion assays and in vivo by xenograft mouse model. Western blot was applied to study the molecular alteration.ResultsOur result shows high expression of IL‐6 in human cholangiocarcinoma cells, and IL‐6 stimulants enhance cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation. In addition, murine and human cholangiocarcinoma tissues express significantly higher levels of IL‐6, compared with adjacent non‐tumor tissues. On the cholangiocarcinoma engineered mouse model, IL‐6 level is associated with tumor volume. Taken together, our data indicate an oncogenic potential of IL‐6 in cholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis. Siltuximab sufficiently abrogates IL‐6 signaling and inhibits cholangiocarcinoma progression in vitro and in vivo. The results additionally indicate a relative alteration of IL‐6 signaling and its molecular targets, such as STAT3, Wnt/β‐catenin, and mesenchymal markers.ConclusionsInterleukin 6 plays an essential role in cholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis, and siltuximab has the potential to be considered as a new treatment option for cholangiocarcinoma patients.
Pathogen‐informed breeding for crop disease resistance
Authors: Li Qi , Wang Bi , Yu Jinping , Dou Daolong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe development of durable and broad‐spectrum resistance is an economical and eco‐friendly approach to control crop diseases for sustainable agricultural production. Emerging knowledge of the molecular basis of pathogenesis and plant–pathogen interactions has contributed to the development of novel pathogen‐informed breeding strategies beyond the limits imposed by conventional breeding. Here, we review the current status of pathogen‐assisted resistance‐related gene cloning. We also describe how pathogen effector proteins can be used to identify resistance resources and to inform cultivar deployment. Finally, we summarize the main approaches for pathogen‐directed plant improvement, including transgenesis and genome editing. Thus, we describe the emerging role of pathogen‐related studies in the breeding of disease‐resistant varieties, and propose innovative pathogen‐informed strategies for future applications.
Real Exchange Rate and External Balance: How Important Are Price Deflators?
Authors: AHN JAEBIN , MANO RUI C. , ZHOU JING 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper contrasts real effective exchange rate (REER) measures based on different deflators (consumer price index, GDP deflator, and unit labor cost) and discusses potential implications for the link—or lack thereof—between the REER and the external balance. We begin by comparing the evolution of different measures of REER to confirm that the choice of deflator plays a significant role in REER movements. A subsequent empirical investigation based on 35 developed and emerging market economies over 1995–2017 yields comprehensive and robust evidence that only the REER deflated by unit labor cost exhibits contemporaneous patterns consistent with the expenditure‐switching mechanism. Finally, we show that a standard open‐economy model with nominal rigidities and trade in intermediate goods is able to generate these aforementioned patterns.
The efficacy and safety of topical tranexamic acid (liposomal or lotion with microneedling) versus conventional hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma
Authors: Xing Xiaoxue , Chen Li , Xu Zhongyi , Jin Shanglin , Zhang Chengfeng , Xiang Leihong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundRobust evidence regarding the efficacy of topical tranexamic acid (TA) on melasma in Chinese population is lacking.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of 1.8% liposomal TA and microneedling with 5% TA solution on melasma.MethodsSixty melasma patients were enrolled and randomized to receive 1.8% liposomal TA twice daily, microneedling with 5% TA solution weekly or 2% hydroquinone every night. Objective and subjective assessments were obtained at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks.Results27.8% of patients of liposomal TA group, 33.3% of microneedling with TA solution group, and 30.0% of hydroquinone group were recognized as “more than 50% improvement.” At the endpoint, the melanin index (MI) in all treatment groups was significantly decreased, while the improvement of MI in microneedling with TA solution group and hydroquinone group is higher than liposomal TA group. The erythema index (EI) was significantly diminished in liposomal TA group and microneedling with TA solution group. Dermatoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy revealed decreased brown granules in all groups and reduced telangiectasia in liposomal TA group and microneedling with TA solution group.Conclusion1.8% liposomal TA and microneedling with 5% TA solution are both effective and safe on melasma.