bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interdependent Citizens: The Ethics of Care in Pandemic Recovery
Authors: Gary Mercer , Berlinger Nancy 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe crisis of Covid‐19 has forced us to notice two things: our human interdependence and American society's tolerance for what Nancy Krieger has called “inequalities embodied in health inequities,” reflected in data on Covid‐19 mortality and geographies. Care is integral to our recovery from this catastrophe and to the development of sustainable public health policies and practices that promote societal resilience and reduce the vulnerabilities of our citizens. Drawing on the insights of Joan Tronto and Eva Feder Kittay, we argue that the ethics of care offers a critical alternative to utilitarian and deontological approaches and provides a street‐ready framework for integration into public health deliberations to anchor public policy and investments concerning the recovery and future well‐being of America's citizens and society.
Black Lives in a Pandemic: Implications of Systemic Injustice for End‐of‐Life Care
Authors: Elbaum Alan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn recent months, Covid‐19 has devastated African American communities across the nation, and a Minneapolis police officer murdered George Floyd. The agents of death may be novel, but the phenomena of long‐standing epidemics of premature black death and of police violence are not. This essay argues that racial health and health care disparities, rooted as they are in systemic injustice, ought to carry far more weight in clinical ethics than they generally do. In particular, this essay examines palliative and end‐of‐life care for African Americans, highlighting the ways in which American medicine, like American society, has breached trust. In the experience of many African American patients struggling against terminal illness, health care providers have denied them a say in their own medical decision‐making. In the midst of the Covid‐19 pandemic, African Americans have once again been denied a say with regard to the rationing of scarce medical resources such as ventilators, in that dominant and ostensibly race‐neutral algorithms sacrifice black lives. Is there such thing as a “good” or “dignified” death when African Americans are dying not merely of Covid‐19 but of structural racism?
Avoiding Ineffective End‐of‐Life Care: A Lesson from Triage?
Authors: Latham Stephen R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEthicists and physicians all over the world have been working on triage protocols to plan for the possibility that the Covid‐19 pandemic will result in shortages of intensive care unit beds, ventilators, blood products, or medications. In reflecting on those protocols, many health care workers have noticed that, outside the pandemic shortage situation, we routinely supply patients in the ICU with invasive and painful care that will not help the patients survive even their hospitalization. This is the kind of pointless care that even the most basic protocol would triage against. Perhaps this widespread reflection on triage standards will draw our attention to our ongoing custom of supplying burdensome and inefficacious care to those near the end of life—care that most health care providers would not want for themselves. This essay argues that reflecting on triage could help us improve end‐of‐life care.
Reassessing the Three Rs?
Authors: Challenger Melanie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn recent years, the established paradigm of the three Rs of animal research—refinement, replacement, and reduction—has come under scrutiny. A crucial weakness in use of the three Rs is uncertainty about how they should be prioritized. Events like pandemics have the power to alter the research landscape, fast‐tracking innovation and setting new precedents. Existential threats can raise perceptions of social benefit and can lower animal‐welfare thresholds. The rush to develop new research models may also undermine progress in reducing or replacing animal models. By circumventing the barrier posed by animal models that are poorly matched to human conditions, new technologies like CRISPR can enhance the refinement component while undermining reduction and replacement. This pandemic has exposed the need for an urgent review of the efficacy of the three Rs, with the potential to establish a new set of protocols for animal research, both inside and beyond the context of an emergency.
Health for Whom? Bioethics and the Challenge of Justice for Genomic Medicine
Authors: Reynolds Joel Michael 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe guiding premise from which this special report begins is the conviction and hope that justice is at the normative heart of medicine and that it is the perpetual task of bioethics to bring concerns of justice to bear on medical practice. On such an account, justice is medicine's lifeblood, that by which it contributes to life as opposed to diminishing it. It is in this larger, historical, intersectional, critical, and ethically minded context that we must approach pressing questions facing medicine, including the question of the import and role of genomic knowledge for human life. The second premise is that, at least in principle, the knowledge generated by genomics can be a gift or a weight, or both at the same time. That is to say that, on the one hand, genomic knowledge is a gift, creating novel insights into the genetic drivers of disease and into the geographical paths of our ancestors. And on the other hand, it is a weight, creating new obligations, new forms of social classification, and new forms of surveillance. Because it is in many ways the “common sense” of the day that genomic knowledge is a gift, this special report, which contains nine essays, concentrates on the ways in which such knowledge can be a weight, a weight that has the potential to thwart—and historically has thwarted—medicine from genuinely advancing justice.
Coding the Self: The Infopolitics and Biopolitics of Genetic Sciences
Authors: Koopman Colin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis essay compares three models for conceptualizing the political and ethical challenges of contemporary genetics, genomics, and postgenomics. The three analytical approaches are referred to as the state‐politics model, the biopolitical model, and the infopolitical model. Each of these models is valuable for different purposes. In terms of their influence in contemporary discussions, the first is by far the dominant approach, the second is gaining in importance, and the third is almost entirely neglected. The widespread neglect of the infopolitical dimensions of genetic sciences that are the focus of the third model is puzzling in light of the fact that genetics, genomics, and postgenomics are all preeminent information sciences. The infopolitical model thus aims to bring into clearer view the specific political and ethical problems engendered by this informational nature of the genetic sciences. This model offers a way of understanding how ethically salient and politically fraught conceptual assumptions can be embedded in informational architectures such as algorithms and the formats (or data structures) upon which they rely.
Evaluating integrated use of information technologies in secondary schools of Ethiopia using design‐reality gap analysis: A school‐level study
Authors: Bati Tesfaye Bayu , Workneh Anteneh Wasyhun 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the level of readiness of Ethiopian secondary education systems in terms of access to technologies and preparedness in skills and motivation for the integrated use of information communication technologies (ICT) for quality education. To serve this end, a Design‐Reality Gap Analysis approach was employed. Relevant data were collected from teachers, students, and school leaders through a questionnaire survey, and the result was cross‐examined against the national goals and strategies. The Design‐Reality Gap Analysis of integrated use of ICT in classroom teaching in Ethiopian secondary schools thus far revealed fewer successes and widespread challenges in the country's discourse to achieve the 2016‐2020 national targets. The study showed that students have better access to mobile phones and other technologies at home and outside of schools. Major school‐level factors for the gap observed were delay in implementation of a nationwide e‐cloud based ICT infrastructure, lack of coordination for the pedagogical use of ICT, and insufficient capacity building training for teachers and school leaders. This suggests the importance of a strategy that integrates inside‐ and outside of schools ICT resources and services for improved use of ICT in student learning.
Copper homeostasis: Emerging target for cancer treatment
Authors: Li Yueqin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCopper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient involved in a variety of fundamental biological processes. Recently, disorder of Cu homeostasis can be observed in many malignancies. Elevated Cu levels in serum and tissue are correlated with cancer progression. Hence, targeting Cu has emerged as a novel strategy in cancer treatment. This review provides an overview of physiological Cu metabolism and its homeostasis, followed by a discussion of the dysregulation of Cu homeostasis in cancer and the effects of Cu on cancer progression. Finally, recent therapeutic advances using Cu coordination complexes as anticancer agents, as well as the mechanisms of their anti‐cancer action are discussed. This review contributes full comprehension to the role of Cu in cancer and demonstrates the broad application prospect of Cu coordination compounds as potential therapeutic agents.
Inhibition of Osteoclast Differentiation by 1.25-D and the Calcimimetic KP2326 Reveals 1.25-D Resistance in Advanced CKD
Authors: Bernardor Julie , Flammier Sacha , Ranchin Bruno , Gaillard Ségolène , Platel Diane , Peyruchaud Olivier , Machuca-Gayet Irma , Bacchetta Justine 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Active vitamin D analogs and calcimimetics are the main therapies used for treating secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 19 pediatric patients with CKD1-5D and 6 healthy donors (HD) were differentiated into mature osteoclasts with receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The effects of single or combined treatment with active vitamin D (1.25-D) and/or calcimimetic KP2326 were evaluated on osteoclastic differentiation and osteoclastic-mediated bone resorption. Although 1.25-D inhibited osteoclastic differentiation, a significant resistance to 1.25-D was observed when glomerular filtration rate decreased. A significant albeit less important inhibitory effect of KP2326 on osteoclastic differentiation was also found both in cells derived from HD and CKD patients, through a putative activation of the Erk pathway. This inhibitory effect was not modified by CKD stage. Combinatorial treatment with 1.25-D and KP2326 did not result in synergistic effects. Last, KP2326 significantly inhibited osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Both 1.25-D and KP2326 inhibit osteoclastic differentiation, however, to a different extent. There is a progressive resistance to 1.25-D in advanced CKD that is not found with KP2326. KP2326 also inhibits bone resorption. Given that 1.25-D has no effect on osteoclastic resorption activity and that calcimimetics also have direct anabolic effects on osteoblasts, there is an experimental rationale that could favor the use of decreased doses of 1.25-D with low doses of calcimimetics in SHPT in dialysis to improve the underlying osteodystrophy. However, this last point deserves confirmatory clinical studies. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Hydrocarbon production by addition of Cu‐ZnO on g‐C3N4 for CO2 conversion
Authors: Zhu Zhen , Chen Chin‐Yuan , Wu Ren‐Jang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this study, copper/zinc oxide/graphite nitrogen carbide (Cu/ZnO/g‐C3N4) is prepared using a hydrothermal method and applied as a photocatalyst for CO2 photoreduction. The morphology and structural properties of the obtained Cu/ZnO/g‐C3N4 are systematically characterized through X‐ray powder diffraction, ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, transmission electronic microscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. A 3 wt% Cu/ZnO/g‐C3N4 photocatalyst exhibits high CH4 (40.7 μmol g−1 hr−1), CO (65.1 μmol g−1 hr−1), and CH3OH (92.5 μmol g−1 hr−1) production rates, which are 38.3, 77.1, and 58.1 fold higher than the pure g‐C3N4. The production rate is higher than those for bulk g‐C3N4 and ZnO/g‐C3N4. Finally, the reaction mechanism of Cu/ZnO/C3N4 is proposed in this study.
Evaluation of autoantibodies and immunoglobulin G subclasses in women with suspected macroprolactinemia
Authors: Yu Chao , Fan Fei , Hu Siqi , Meng Lingxin , Xu Dong , Wang Juan , Chen Lu , Liu Jingrui , Dong Ying , Lu Yifan , Shen Min , Zhai Yanhong , Cao Zheng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundMacroprolactin mostly composed of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) and a monomeric prolactin (PRL) represents the major circulating PRL form in the patients with macroprolactinemia that are usually asymptomatic and may not require treatment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of antithyroid and antinuclear antibodies, as well as the IgG subclass distributions in the patients suspected for macroprolactinemia.MethodsFrom January to July in 2018, totally 317 patients with elevated PRL were subjected to the polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation assay. The patients with recovery rates of ≤60% were subjected for IgG subclass determination and autoantibody testing including thyroid peroxidase antibody (aTPO), antithyroglobulin antibody (aTG), and antinuclear antibodies (ANA).ResultsThe higher the post‐PEG PRL recovery rates, the less typical hyperprolactinemia symptoms and the higher prevalence of autoantibodies were observed. The IgG1 and IgG3 were the predominant subclasses in the PRL‐IgG complexes according to the immunoprecipitation experiments.ConclusionThe patients with post‐PEG PRL recovery rates of <40% and 40%‐60% were likely to represent two distinct populations of different clinical presentations. The prevalence of autoantibodies and IgG subclasses distribution suggested their pathogenic significance in the development of macroprolactinemia.
Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Quizartinib in Healthy Volunteers and Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Kang Dongwoo , Ludwig Elizabeth , Jaworowicz David , Huang Hannah , Fiedler‐Kelly Jill , Cortes Jorge , Ganguly Siddhartha , Khaled Samer , Krämer Alwin , Levis Mark , Martinelli Giovanni , Perl Alexander , Russell Nigel , Abutarif Malaz , Choi Youngsook , Mendell Jeanne , Yin Ophelia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractQuizartinib is an FMS‐like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitor that has shown robust clinical activity in patients with FLT3‐internal tandem duplication–mutated relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This analysis evaluated the population pharmacokinetics (PK) of quizartinib and its active metabolite, AC886, in a pooled analysis of data from 649 healthy volunteers or patients with AML from 8 clinical trials including the phase 3 QuANTUM‐R study. Quizartinib was given as a single dose or multiple once‐daily doses of 20, 30, 60, or 90 mg. Nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling was performed using observed concentrations of quizartinib and AC886. Strong CYP3A inhibitor use resulted in an 82% increase in the area under the curve (AUC) and a 72% increase in the maximum concentration (Cmax) of quizartinib. Albumin level, age, and body surface area were statistically significant covariates on quizartinib PK. However, their individual effects on quizartinib AUC and Cmax were <20%. For AC886, strong CYP3A inhibitor use, body surface area and black/African American race were significant covariates. Except for strong CYP3A inhibitor use, the effects on the overall exposure (AUC of quizartinib + AC886) were <20%. The population PK model provided an adequate description of the observed concentrations of quizartinib and AC886 in both healthy volunteers and patients with AML. Only concomitant use of strong CYP3A inhibitors had a clinically meaningful effect on quizartinib PK exposure.
DNMT1 and p38γ are inversely expressed in reactive non‐metastatic lymph nodes burdened with colorectal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhang Xu Hannah , Yin Zhirong , Zhang Aimin , Pillai Raju , Armstrong Brian , Rosen Steven T 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLymph nodes are important front‐line defense immune tissues, which also act against inflammatory diseases and cancer. Lymph nodes undergo extensive upheavals within newly formed germinal centers (GCs) when exposed to antigens, the molecular mechanisms of which remain elusive. Recently, p38γ was identified as an important target for multiple cancers, including cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL). We previously observed that p38γ is overexpressed in CTCL versus normal cells, but it is not clear if p38γ is expressed in B or T lymphocytes of GCs of patients in response to a stress such as cancer. Therefore, in this study, we obtained non‐metastatic reactive lymph nodes adjacent to cancer lesions (colorectal adenocarcinoma), then performed multicolor immunohistochemical staining for p38γ and other relevant markers. We observed for the first time that p38γ was expressed in the light zone of activated B cells and T helper cells in GCs, whereas DNA‐methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), a marker for GC B cells, was highly expressed in centrocytes and in the dark zone of GCs. This inverse relationship suggests a novel function for p38γ in T cells that cross‐talk to B cells in response to stress.
Bacteria associated with marine macroorganisms as potential source of quorum‐sensing antagonists
Authors: Singh Aparna A. , Singh Anil K. , Nerurkar Anuradha 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSamples were collected from different undisturbed areas along the coast of Gujarat like Okha, Diu, Veraval, and Somnath. A total of 68 marine isolates were obtained out of which 53 were associated with various marine macroorganisms like sponges, gastropods, and algae, whereas 15 were free living. Quorum‐quenching ability of all the isolates was tested against Chromobacterium violaceum MK by co‐culture technique as a way to simultaneously detect signal‐degrading as well as nondegrading quorum‐sensing inhibitors. Nineteen macroorganism‐associated bacteria and eight free‐living bacteria were found to possess quorum‐sensing inhibitory activity against C. violaceum MK without affecting its growth. Isolate OA22 from grape alga and OA10 from purple sponge (Haliclona sp.) were found to possess the highest C6‐HSL degradation activity and extracellular non‐N‐acyl‐homoserine lactone degrading QSI activity, respectively. OA22 was also found to degrade 3‐oxo‐C12 homoserine lactone. Acid recovery of both the C6‐ and C12‐HSL after degradation by OA22 indicated the presence of lactonase enzyme in the isolate. Cell‐free supernatant of OA10 was extracted with ethyl acetate to obtain the quorum‐quenching compound. Pigment inhibition in C. violaceum MK treated with OA10 extract was demonstrated in various ways and was indicative of QSI activity of the extract without degradation of the quorum‐sensing signaling molecule. The isolates OA22 and OA10 were identified as Desemzia incerta and Bacillus sp., respectively, by 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis.
The Effects of Prolonged Exposure on Substance Use in Patients With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Peirce Jessica M. , Schacht Rebecca L. , Brooner Robert K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDespite research demonstrating the benefit of exposure‐based therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with co‐occurring substance use disorders, there remains a strong clinical expectation that this treatment will exacerbate substance use or other psychiatric symptoms. The present study evaluated within‐session and session‐to‐session changes in (a) craving and use of substances for a range of drug classes and (b) symptoms of PTSD and other psychiatric distress in a sample of 44 SUD patients who received prolonged exposure (PE) therapy for PTSD. Visual analog scales showed no within‐session increases in craving, except for cocaine, within Session 8. Across sessions, craving scores dropped for heroin, methadone, benzodiazepines, and cocaine; no increases in craving were found. Past‐week substance use reported at each session did not differ. The severity of PTSD symptoms and self‐reported serious emotional problems decreased from Session 1 to subsequent sessions, with no increases or decreases in other psychiatric, social, or medical problems. Finally, PTSD severity was unrelated to substance use reported 1 or 2 weeks later. Substance use during the past week was associated with higher PTSD severity scores at the next session, B = 6.86 (SE = 2.87), p = .018, but was not associated 2 weeks later. These findings indicate that the concern that exposure therapy for PTSD will increase SUD patients’ substance use or other psychiatric symptoms may be unwarranted, and, thus, SUD patients, including those who are actively using, should have access to effective treatments for PTSD, like PE.
Life and death of Crocosphaera sp. in the Pacific Ocean: Fine scale predator–prey dynamics
Authors: Dugenne Mathilde , Henderikx Freitas Fernanda , Wilson Samuel T. , Karl David M. , White Angelicque E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, the daily pulse of photosynthetic carbon (C) fixation is closely balanced by losses. This concert of growth and loss is driven by a diverse assemblage of plankton, including the diazotroph Crocosphaera sp. While primary production is relatively well characterized in this ecosystem, the extent of C transfer to secondary producers is poorly constrained. Here, we use automated imaging flow cytometry and population modeling to study the coupling of C production by Crocosphaera and subsequent grazing by nanoplanktonic protists. Crocosphaera cells represent on average 30% of the nanoplankton detected by the Imaging FlowCytoBot in the surface layer of mesoscale eddies during summertime. The size spectra show a maximum in the frequency of Crocosphaera doublet cells just prior to mitotic division at midday, with an average estimated growth rate of 0.8 ± 0.5 d−1. We also identified potential predators by fitting a Lotka–Volterra model to plankton time series observations. Significant predators include the dinoflagellates Protoperidinium and Dinophysis as well as the ciliate Strombidium, which were all imaged with Crocosphaera in food vacuoles. The estimated C demand of the main grazers fluctuated between 25% and 250% of Crocosphaera new production in an anticyclonic eddy where we observed the onset of a Crocosphaera‐driven bloom. Heterotrophic Protoperidinium drove most of the estimated C demand, with grazing rates nearly equivalent to Crocosphaera growth rates (0.6 ± 0.4 d−1 on average), but saturating at high prey concentrations. Our novel results demonstrate tight coupling between specific protistan predators and a diazotrophic prey.