bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential effect of bio-surfactants on sea spray generation in tropical cyclone conditions
Authors: Vanderplow Breanna , Soloviev Alexander V. , Dean Cayla W. , Haus Brian K. , Lukas Roger , Sami Muhammad , Ginis Isaac 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDespite significant improvement in computational and observational capabilities, predicting intensity and intensification of major tropical cyclones remains a challenge. In 2017 Hurricane Maria intensified to a Category 5 storm within 24 h, devastating Puerto Rico. In 2019 Hurricane Dorian, predicted to remain tropical storm, unexpectedly intensified into a Category 5 storm and destroyed the Bahamas. The official forecast and computer models were unable to predict rapid intensification of these storms. One possible reason for this is that key physics, including microscale processes at the air-sea interface, are poorly understood and parameterized in existing forecast models. Here we show that surfactants significantly affect the generation of sea spray, which provides some of the fuel for tropical cyclones and their intensification, but also provides some of the drag that limits intensity and intensification. Using a numerical model verified with a laboratory experiment, which predicts spray radii distribution starting from a 100 μm radius, we show that surfactants increase spray generation by 20–34%. We anticipate that bio-surfactants affect heat, energy, and momentum exchange through altered size distribution and concentration of sea spray, with consequences for tropical cyclone intensification or decline, particularly in areas of algal blooms and near coral reefs, as well as in areas affected by oil spills and dispersants.
Rich polymorphism in nicotinamide revealed by melt crystallization and crystal structure prediction
Authors: Li Xizhen , Ou Xiao , Wang Bingquan , Rong Haowei , Wang Bing , Chang Chao , Shi Baimei , Yu Lian , Lu Ming 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOverprediction is a major limitation of current crystal structure prediction (CSP) methods. It is difficult to determine whether computer-predicted polymorphic structures are artefacts of the calculation model or are polymorphs that have not yet been found. Here, we reported the well-known vitamin nicotinamide (NIC) to be a highly polymorphic compound with nine solved single-crystal structures determined by performing melt crystallization. A CSP calculation successfully identifies all six Z′ = 1 and 2 experimental structures, five of which defy 66 years of attempts at being explored using solution crystallization. Our study demonstrates that when combined with our strategy for cultivating single crystals from melt microdroplets, melt crystallization has turned out to be an efficient tool for exploring polymorphic landscapes to better understand polymorphic crystallization and to more effectively test the accuracy of theoretical predictions, especially in regions inaccessible by solution crystallization.
Unravelling neurological disorders through metallomics-based approaches
Authors: de Jesus Jemmyson Romário , Arruda Marco Aurélio Zezzi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Understanding the biological process involving metals and biomolecules in the brain is essential for establishing the origin of neurological disorders, such as neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. From this perspective, this critical review presents recent advances in this topic, showing possible mechanisms involving the disruption of metal homeostasis and the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. We also discuss the main challenges observed in metallomics studies associated with neurological disorders, including those related to sample preparation and analyte quantification.
Circular RNA expression profiles in umbilical cord blood exosomes from normal and gestational diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: Cao Minkai , Zhang Le , Lin Yu , Li Zhengying , Xu Jianjuan , Shi Zhonghua , Chen Zhong , Ma Jinqi , Wen Juan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a novel member of endogenous noncoding RNAs with widespread distribution and diverse cellular functions. Recently, circRNAs have been identified for their enrichment and stability in exosomes. However, the roles of circRNAs from umbilical cord blood exosomes in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurrence and fetus growth remains poorly understood. In the present study, we used microarray technology to construct a comparative circRNA profiling of umbilical cord blood exosomes between GDM patients and controls. We found the exosome particle size was larger, and the exosome concentration was higher in the GDM patients. A total of 88,371 circRNAs in umbilical cord blood exosomes from two groups were evaluated. Of these, 229 circRNAs were significantly up-regulated and 278 circRNAs were significantly down-regulated in the GDM patients. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) biological pathway analyses demonstrated that circRNA parental genes involved in the regulation of metabolic process, growth and development were significantly enriched, which are important in GDM development and fetus growth. Further circRNA/miRNA interactions analysis showed that most of the exosomal circRNAs harbored miRNA binding sites, and some miRNAs were associated with GDM. Collectively, these results lay a foundation for extensive studies on the role of exosomal circRNAs in GDM development and fetus growth.
Low‐profile and low‐cost transmitarray antenna at 122 GHz based on unit‐cells with 1‐bit phase resolution
Authors: Frank M. , Lurz F. , Weigel R. , Koelpin A. 
Published: November 2020

This Letter presents the design of a low‐profile and low‐cost transmitarray antenna operating at 122 GHz. The transmitarray design is based on unit‐cells with 1‐bit phase resolution. A single RO4350B substrate layer is used to form the unit‐cells resulting in a total thickness of 0.326 mm. A wideband shift in the transmission phase of is generated by rotating one metal layer of the unit‐cell by . The simulation of the transmitarray with elements and a feed distance of 35 mm shows a maximum directivity of 28 dBi at 122 GHz. Steering angles of and are investigated. Measurements of the fabricated transmitarrays are performed with an open waveguide and a package antenna as feed showing similar results but slightly different maximum relative gain values of 11.8 and 9.5 dB for the version. The measured main beam directions are in good agreement with the simulations and the design values.
Planetesimal formation at the gas pressure bump following a migrating planet
Authors: Shibaike Y. , Alibert Y. 
Published: November 2020

Context. Many scenarios have been proposed to avoid known difficulties in planetesimal formation such as drift or fragmentation barriers. However, in these scenarios planetesimals in general only form at some specific locations in protoplanetary discs. On the other hand, it is generally assumed in planet formation models and population synthesis models that planetesimals are broadly distributed in the protoplanetary disc.
Aims. We propose a new scenario in which planetesimals can form in broad areas of these discs. Planetesimals form at the gas pressure bump formed by a first-generation planet (e.g. formed by pebble accretion) and the formation region spreads inward in the disc as the planet migrates.
Methods. We used a simple 1D Lagrangian particle model to calculate the radial distribution of pebbles in the gas disc perturbed by a migrating embedded planet. We consider that planetesimals form by streaming instability at the points where the pebble-to-gas density ratio on the mid-plane becomes larger than unity. In this work, we fixed the Stokes number of pebbles and the mass of the planet to study the basic characteristics of this new scenario. We also studied the effect of some key parameters, such as the gas disc model, the pebble mass flux, the migration speed of the planet, and the strength of turbulence.
Results. We find that planetesimals form in wide areas of protoplanetary discs provided the flux of pebbles is typical and the turbulence is not too strong. The planetesimal surface density depends on the pebble mass flux and the migration speed of the planet. The total mass of the planetesimals and the orbital position of the formation area strongly depend on the pebble mass flux. We also find that the profile of the planetesimal surface density and its slope can be estimated by very simple equations.
Conclusions. We show that our new scenario can explain the formation of planetesimals in broad areas. The simple estimates we provide for the planetesimal surface density profile can be used as initial conditions for population synthesis models.
Endovenöse Radiofrequenzablation
Authors: Fink Christine 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Radiofrequenzablation (RFA) ist seit 1998 in Deutschland zugelassen und hat sich als schonende, minimalinvasive Methode zur Behandlung der Stammvarikose etabliert. Im Rahmen der RFA wird ein Behandlungskatheter in die betroffene Vene eingebracht und thermisch verschlossen. In diesem Artikel wird der Behandlungsablauf mittels einer detaillierten Schritt-für-Schritt-Anleitung mit Bebilderung der endovenösen thermalen Ablation dargestellt.
Tag-/Nachtvariabilität von Hustenereignissen bei interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen
Authors: Berger M. , Wollsching-Strobel M. , Majorski D. , Magnet F. S. , Windisch W. , Schwarz S. B. 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Bei Patient*innen mit fibrosierenden Lungenerkrankungen ist neben der Dyspnoe eines der Hauptsymptome dieses Patient*innenkollektives ein trockener Husten. Unklar ist allerdings, wie die 24-Stunden-Variablität dieser Symptomatik ist und ob andere Auskultationsphänomene über den Tagesverlauf zu eruieren sind.
Methodik Bei Patient*innen mit fibrosierenden Lungenerkrankungen wurde eine Langzeitauskultation (LEOSound, Löwenstein Medical GmbH & Co. KG, Medizin-Elektronik, Bad Ems, Deutschland) über 24 Stunden durchgeführt. Dabei wurden sowohl Husten als auch Giemen erfasst. Wesentlich war die Betrachtung in 12-Stunden-Phasen (Tag und Nacht). Die Erfassung erfolgte in Epochen (mindestens ein Ereignis in 30 Sekunden).
Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden 20 Patient*innen eingeschlossen (6 mit nichtspezifischer interstitieller Pneumonie und 14 mit idiopathischer pulmonaler Fibrose). Es wurden pro 24 Stunden im Mittel 166 Hustenepochen erfasst (Tag/Nacht 116/50; P < 0,001). Zudem wurden 203 Epochen von Giemen erfasst (Tag/Nacht 84/119; P = 0,273). Die Auskultationsphänomene waren weder mit den Werten der Spirometrie, der Ganzkörperplethysmografie noch der Diffusionskapazität korreliert.
Diskussion Die Studie zeigt das klinische Potenzial der Langzeitauskultation bei fibrosierenden Lungenerkrankungen. Insbesondere zeigt die Studie die Bedeutsamkeit des Symptoms Husten. Dabei zeigt sich eine Abnahme des Hustens in der Nacht im Vergleich zum Tag. Im Gegensatz dazu dokumentiert sich allerdings ein nächtlich verstärktes Giemen, dessen Bedeutung für die klinische Praxis noch unklar bleiben muss. Schließlich ergab sich kein Zusammenhang zwischen der Krankheitsschwere, gemessen an der Funktionsdiagnostik, und der Hustensymptomatik.
Labordiagnostik bei gastrointestinalen Tumoren
Authors: Kleber Marcus 
Published: November 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas kolorektale Karzinom (KRK) ist einer der häufigsten malignen Tumoren in Deutschland. Einer frühzeitigen Diagnostik kommt große Bedeutung zu. Goldstandard ist hier die Koloskopie. Die aktuelle S3-Leitlinie Kolorektales Karzinom empfiehlt zum KRK-Screening den fäkalen okkulten Bluttest. Für das Monitoring von Patienten vor und nach Tumorresektion werden die Messung des Carcinoembryonalen Antigens (CEA) und der Mikrosatellitenstabilität empfohlen. Für die Auswahl der korrekten Chemotherapie scheint derzeit eine Überprüfung des Mutationsstatus, mindestens des KRAS-Gens und des BRAF-Gens, sinnvoll zu sein. Eine Reihe an neuartigen Tumormarkern befindet sich momentan in der Entwicklung, hat jedoch noch nicht die Reife für eine mögliche Anwendung in der Routinediagnostik erreicht. Den schnellsten Weg in die breite Anwendung können Next-Generation-Sequencing-basierte genetische Tests finden.
JAK-Inhibitoren für die Behandlung hämatoonkologischer Erkrankungen
Authors: Steinbrunn Torsten , Zovko Josip , Kraus Sabrina 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungDie konstitutive Aktivierung des JAK-STAT-Signalwegs ist charakteristisch für die Pathogenese der myeloproliferativen Neoplasien, speziell der primären Myelofibrose, der Polycythaemia vera und der essentiellen Thrombozythämie. Die Einführung von oral verfügbaren JAK-Inhibitoren in die Klinik brachte einen entscheidenden Fortschritt für die pharmakologische Behandlung der Myelofibrose und der Polycythaemia vera, wenngleich damit noch keine Heilung verbunden ist. Im Vordergrund steht die Verbesserung der Lebensqualität der meist älteren Patienten durch Kontrolle krankheitsbedingter konstitutioneller Symptome, Reduktion einer bestehenden Splenomegalie und Vermeidung insbesondere von thromboembolischen Folgekomplikationen. Darüber hinaus kann die Therapie von Myelofibrose-Patienten mit JAK-Inhibitoren jedoch auch deren Krankheitsverlauf verlangsamen und ihr Gesamtüberleben verlängern. Der bislang einzige in Europa zugelassene JAK-Inhibitor Ruxolitinib hemmt die Isoformen JAK1 und JAK2 und besitzt sowohl antiinflammatorisches als auch antiproliferatives Potenzial. Damit zeigt dieser Inhibitor überdies eine gute Wirkung in der Therapie der Graft-versus-Host-Erkrankung nach allogener hämatopoetischer Stammzelltransplantation. Mit Fedratinib, Pacritinib und Momelatinib befinden sich derzeit 3 weitere vielversprechende JAK-Inhibitoren mit etwas unterschiedlichen Wirkprofilen in der klinischen Phase III-Testung. Diese zeigen auch bei Patienten mit unwirksamer oder unverträglicher Vorbehandlung mit Ruxolitinib Wirksamkeit, sodass eine kontinuierliche Weiterentwicklung der entsprechenden Therapiestrategien abzusehen ist.
Review and Consensus on Pharmacogenomic Testing in Psychiatry
Authors: Bousman Chad A. , Bengesser Susanne A. , Aitchison Katherine J. , Amare Azmeraw T. , Aschauer Harald , Baune Bernhard T. , Asl Bahareh Behroozi , Bishop Jeffrey R. , Burmeister Margit , Chaumette Boris , Chen Li-Shiun , Cordner Zachary A. , Deckert Jürgen , Degenhardt Franziska , DeLisi Lynn E. , Folkersen Lasse , Kennedy James L. , Klein Teri E. , McClay Joseph L. , McMahon Francis J. , Musil Richard , Saccone Nancy L. , Sangkuhl Katrin , Stowe Robert M. , Tan Ene-Choo , Tiwari Arun K. , Zai Clement C. , Zai Gwyneth , Zhang Jianping , Gaedigk Andrea , Müller Daniel J 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe implementation of pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing in psychiatry remains modest, in part due to divergent perceptions of the quality and completeness of the evidence base and diverse perspectives on the clinical utility of PGx testing among psychiatrists and other healthcare providers. Recognizing the current lack of consensus within the field, the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics assembled a group of experts to conduct a narrative synthesis of the PGx literature, prescribing guidelines, and product labels related to psychotropic medications as well as the key considerations and limitations related to the use of PGx testing in psychiatry. The group concluded that to inform medication selection and dosing of several commonly-used antidepressant and antipsychotic medications, current published evidence, prescribing guidelines, and product labels support the use of PGx testing for 2 cytochrome P450 genes (CYP2D6, CYP2C19). In addition, the evidence supports testing for human leukocyte antigen genes when using the mood stabilizers carbamazepine (HLA-A and HLA-B), oxcarbazepine (HLA-B), and phenytoin (CYP2C9, HLA-B). For valproate, screening for variants in certain genes (POLG, OTC, CSP1) is recommended when a mitochondrial disorder or a urea cycle disorder is suspected. Although barriers to implementing PGx testing remain to be fully resolved, the current trajectory of discovery and innovation in the field suggests these barriers will be overcome and testing will become an important tool in psychiatry.
Recent Progress in Utilization of Functionalized Organometallic Reagents in Cross Coupling Reactions and Nucleophilic Additions
Authors: Dong Zhi-Bing , Chen Jin-Quan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOrganometallic compounds have become increasingly important in organic synthesis because of their high chemoselectivity and excellent reactivity. Recently, a variety of organometallic reagents were found to facilitate transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions and nucleophilic addition reactions. Here, we have summarized the latest progress in cross-coupling reactions and in nucleophilic addition reactions with functionalized organometallic reagents present to illustrate their application value. Due to the tremendous contribution made by the Knochel group towards the development of novel organometallic reagents, this review draws extensively from their work in this area in recent years.Introduction1	Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Cross Couplings Involving Organo­zinc Reagents2	Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Cross Couplings Involving Organomagnesium Reagents3	Transition-Metal-Free Cross Couplings Involving Zn and Mg ­Organometallic Reagents4	Nucleophilic Additions Involving Zn and Mg Organometallic Reagents5	Cross-Coupling Reactions or Nucleophilic Additions Involving Mn, Al-, La-, Li-, Sm- and In-Organometallics6	Conclusion
A Novel Microsurgical Suturing Pilot Course for Ophthalmology Residents Based on Kern's Model for Curriculum Development
Authors: Roginiel Aliya C. , Teng Christopher C. , Chow Jessica H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground Sutureless ophthalmic procedures are becoming more commonplace, reducing opportunities for ophthalmology residents to learn microsurgical suturing techniques. There is no standard curriculum in place to address this gap in clinical training among ophthalmology residency programs.Objective The aim of this study was to design, implement, and evaluate a preliminary microsurgical suturing curriculum for ophthalmology residents using Kern's six-step approach for curriculum development as a guideline, and the principles of distributed practice and guided, self-directed practice.Methods We designed a faculty-led teaching session on fundamental microsurgical suturing techniques for all 15 ophthalmology residents from Yale University over one academic year. Suturing skills were evaluated, followed by a guided teaching session, 30 days of self-directed practice time, and a re-evaluation of skills. The residents were evaluated through a written knowledge assessment and practical skills assessment. The residents also evaluated their skill level before and after the teaching session and practice period through written Likert-scale surveys. Data were evaluated in Excel using descriptive statistics and the paired t-test.Results After the session, postgraduate year 2 (PGY-2) residents felt more confident in recognition and use of surgical instruments (p < 0.01). PGY-3 residents felt less confident in their knowledge of microsurgical suturing after the session (p = 0.02). PGY-4 residents felt they were better able to identify different suture types after the session (p = 0.02). All residents improved on the written knowledge assessment (p < 0.001) and in all categories of the practical skills assessment (p < 0.001).Conclusions Implementation of a faculty-led microsurgical suturing training session, followed by 1-month of practice time, significantly improved residents' knowledge and practical application of various microsurgical suturing techniques that are necessary for performing common ophthalmic procedures.
Accuracy of an Electronic Health Record Patient Linkage Module Evaluated between Neighboring Academic Health Care Centers
Authors: Ross Mindy K. , Sanz Javier , Tep Brian , Follett Rob , Soohoo Spencer L. , Bell Douglas S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground Patients often seek medical treatment among different health care organizations, which can lead to redundant tests and treatments. One electronic health record (EHR) platform, Epic Systems, uses a patient linkage tool called Care Everywhere (CE), to match patients across institutions. To the extent that such linkages accurately identify shared patients across organizations, they would hold potential for improving care.Objective This study aimed to understand how accurate the CE tool with default settings is to identify identical patients between two neighboring academic health care systems in Southern California, The University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.Methods We studied CE patient linkage queries received at UCLA from Cedars-Sinai between November 1, 2016, and April 30, 2017. We constructed datasets comprised of linkages (“successful” queries), as well as nonlinkages (“unsuccessful” queries) during this time period. To identify false positive linkages, we screened the “successful” linkages for potential errors and then manually reviewed all that screened positive. To identify false-negative linkages, we applied our own patient matching algorithm to the “unsuccessful” queries and then manually reviewed a sample to identify missed patient linkages.Results During the 6-month study period, Cedars-Sinai attempted to link 181,567 unique patient identities to records at UCLA. CE made 22,923 “successful” linkages and returned 158,644 “unsuccessful” queries among these patients. Manual review of the screened “successful” linkages between the two institutions determined there were no false positives. Manual review of a sample of the “unsuccessful” queries (n = 623), demonstrated an extrapolated false-negative rate of 2.97% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6–4.4%).Conclusion We found that CE provided very reliable patient matching across institutions. The system missed a few linkages, but the false-negative rate was low and there were no false-positive matches over 6 months of use between two nearby institutions.
The Usefulness of HIV-1p24 in Detecting the Presence of HIV Infection in Histopathology Tissue Specimens
Authors: Menkiti Felix Emeka , Ukah Cornelius Ozobia , Adelusola Kayode A. , Ezejiofor Ifeoma Florence 
Published: November 2020

Introduction HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-associated immunodeficiency is the single most important acquired immunodeficiency in humans, underlying several diseases. The presence of HIV infection may be unsuspected or undetected in tissues due to latency or failure of the consulting physician to document it on the requisition form. HIV-1p24 protein is a component of the HIV particle capsid that can be exploited serologically and immunohistochemically to detect the presence of HIV infection. This study aimed to assess the usefulness of HIV-1 p24 immunohistochemistry in detecting the presence of HIV infection in histopathology tissues in a resource-challenged setting.
Materials and Methods HIV-1p24 immunohistochemical expression was evaluated in 59 cases from the archives of both Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH) and Pathocon Specialist Clinic and Research Institute over a 10-year period. Pathology consult forms of all clinically and morphologically suspected cases of Kaposi sarcoma and their blocks were retrieved, recut, and reviewed using hematoxylin and eosin, and then subjected to HIV-1p24 immunohistochemical staining.
Results Of the 59 cases, 38 expressed p24, whereas 21 were negative. Fifteen of the positive cases had no prior documented evidence of HIV infection. Five cases with clinically known statuses, four positive and one negative, were found to be negative and positive, respectively, following HIV-1p24 immunohistochemical staining, probably due to usage of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) detection kit only and long term antiretroviral therapy. HIV infection was commoner in the third and fourth decades of life.
Conclusion HIV-1p24 is a useful low-cost immunohistochemical marker in detecting the presence of HIV infection in histopathology specimens, even in previously unsuspected cases.