bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of present and future detectors across the black-hole binary gravitational wave spectrum
Authors: Kaiser A R , McWilliams S T 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Black-holes are known to span at least 9 orders of magnitude in mass: from the stellar-mass objects observed by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration, to supermassive black-holes like the one observed by the Event Horizon Telescope at the heart of M87. Regardless of the mass scale, all of these objects are expected to form binaries and eventually emit observable gravitational radiation, with more massive objects emitting at ever lower gravitational-wave frequencies. We present the tool, gwent, for modeling the sensitivities of current and future generations of gravitational wave detectors across the entire gravitational-wave spectrum of coalescing black-hole binaries (BHBs). We provide methods to generate sensitivity curves for pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) using a novel realistic PTA sensitivity curve generator (Hazboun, Romano and Smith 2019 Phys. Rev. D
100 104028), space-based interferometers using adaptive models that can represent a wide range of proposed detector designs (Amaro-Seoane et al 2017 arXiv:1702.00786), and ground-based interferometers using realistic noise models that can reproduce current (Abbott et al 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett.
116 061102), second, and third generation designs (Hild et al 2011 Class. Quantum Grav.
28 094013), as well as novel variations of the essential design parameters. To model the signal from BHBs at any mass scale, we use phenomenological waveforms capable of modeling the inspiral, merger, and ringdown for sources with varying mass ratios and spins (Khan et al 2016 Phys. Rev. D
93 044007; Husa et al 2016 Phys. Rev. D
93 044006). Using this adaptable framework, we produce signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) for the combination of any modeled parameter, associated with either the detector or the source. By allowing variation across each detector and source parameter, we can pinpoint the most important factors to determining the optimal performance for particular instrument designs. The adaptability of our detector and signal models can easily be extended to new detector designs and other models of gravitational wave signals.
Numerical study of polymer-ablation arc with polyacrylic acid + H2O mixture
Authors: Shibayama M , Tanaka Y , Nakano Y , Ishijima T 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
As described in this paper, we proposed the adoption of polyacrylic acid (PAA) with H2O, which becomes PAA + H2O mixture gel, as an ablation medium for arc quenching in a low-voltage DC circuit breaker. It is well known that H2O is a highly arc-quenching medium, but it has been difficult to use H2O in liquid phase directly as an arc-quenching medium. The arc performance of PAA + H2O mixture gel was studied using numerical and experimental approaches. Numerical thermofluid simulation was conducted to obtain the arc temperature and gas flow distribution at different H2O mixing ratios in PAA + H2O gel. To consider ablation of PAA + H2O gel, a method of alternately arranging PAA and H2O in the ablation wall was also proposed. Calculation results demonstrate that increasing the H2O mixing ratio in PAA + H2O mixture gel makes the arc narrower in the temperature and electrical conductivity distributions. The experimentally obtained results also indicate that arcs confined in PAA + H2O mixture gel with higher H2O mixture become narrower than those in PAA or other materials. Moreover, arcs confined by PAA + H2O mixture gel with higher H2O mixing ratio enhance the arc resistance rapidly. The results suggest that PAA + H2O mixture gel can have higher arc-quenching performance than pure polymers.
Design of a suspended high-stability fluxgate sensor
Authors: Wang Xiaomei , Teng Yuntian , Fan Xiaoyong , Wang Chen , Wu Qiong , Ma Jiemei 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
To achieve long-term geomagnetic vector field measurements, high resolution, low noise, reliability, and great stability are required, relative to the recording instrument. In this paper, we report the design and production of a high-performance magnetometer based on the fluxgate effect. To avoid drift due to the tilt of the observation pillar, which is often the main cause of baseline drift, and leveling error due to the installation process, the developed sensor was fixed to a suspended platform for automatic horizontal leveling. A special gimbaled construction was used, which allowed automatic leveling of the vertical position of the z-axis within tilts of ±6° of arc. The performance of the proposed sensor was tested in a zero-magnetic-field device, and the results showed that the accuracy of the scale factor was 0.01%, the standard deviation of the residuals was 0.1723, and the noise was ⩽0.08 nT (Peak-Peak). At the time of this research, the developed instrument had been in continuous operation for >6 months in the Jinghai geomagnetic observatory. The monthly residual standard deviation maximum values of the D, H, and Z components were 0.68 nT, 0.58 nT, and 0.44 nT respectively, which were smaller than the requirements of the China Geomagnetic Network. Therefore, the observational data and the baseline values indicated that the prototype was stable and reliable. Additionally, owing to its integrated design, the prototype was easy to carry and set up, so it was very suitable for short-term earthquake tracking and the intensive monitoring of magnetic anomaly areas.
Topological nanophotonics and artificial neural networks
Authors: Pilozzi Laura , Farrelly Francis A , Marcucci Giulia , Conti Claudio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We propose the use of artificial neural networks to design and characterize photonic topological insulators. As a hallmark, the band structures of these systems show the key feature of the emergence of edge states, with energies lying within the energy gap of the bulk materials and localized at the boundary between regions of distinct topological invariants. We consider different structures such as one-dimensional photonic crystals,




-symmetric chains and cylindrical systems and show how, through a machine learning application, one can identify the parameters of a complex topological insulator to obtain protected edge states at target frequencies. We show how artificial neural networks can be used to solve the long-standing quest for a solution to inverse problems solution and apply this to the cutting edge topic of topological nanophotonics.
SnO2 nanofibers prepared by wet spinning using an ordered porous alumina spinneret
Authors: Yanagishita Takashi , Takai Hideaki , Kondo Toshiaki , Masuda Hideki 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
SnO2 nanofibers with uniform diameters were obtained by wet spinning using ordered anodic porous alumina as a spinneret, followed by heat treatment. Ordered alumina through-hole membrane is a suitable spinneret material for nanofiber spinning owing to its nanohole array structure with uniform-sizes holes. A polymer solution containing a Sn salt was used as a precursor solution for the wet spinning. Polymer nanofibers containing the Sn salt were continuously formed as the precursor passed through the alumina holes into a coagulating solution. Monodisperse nanofiber structures were successfully maintained, even after heat treatment at 600 °C. This process enabled the preparation of monodisperse SnO2 nanofibers with diameters below 100 nm, as well as the precise control of fiber diameter by changing the hole size of the porous alumina spinneret. The obtained SnO2 nanofibers will be useful in various functional devices.
The friction parameter regulation of magnetorheological elastomers by the initial arrangement and evolution of microscopic ferromagnetic particles
Authors: Feng Shenyao , Yang Ping-an , Li Rui , Wang Xiaojie , Huang Xin , Shou Mengjie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The mechanism of magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) friction regulation under the magnetic field is of great significance to improve the adaptability of smart devices to changing contact conditions. Therefore, an integrated evolution model of the microstructure is proposed to investigate the adjustment of the magneto-mechanical coupling properties of MREs on the interface friction. The model clarifies that the ferromagnetic particles volume fraction, matrix modulus, and magnetic field intensity respectively change the initial arrangement and evolution process of particles to achieve the adjustment of stiffness and surface morphology, and finally achieve friction regulation. As the volume fraction increases, the reduction of friction force shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and the reduction reaches the maximum when the volume fraction is about 10%.
A fractional-order CNN hyperchaotic system for image encryption algorithm
Authors: Wang Yanzhang , Yang Feifei 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes a fractional-order cellular neural network (CNN) chaotic system for image encryption algorithm to explore the application of fractional-order CNN hyperchaotic system in chaotic secure communication. Firstly, a fractional-order CNN hyperchaotic system is defined based on CNN hyperchaotic system. The numerical solutions of the fractional-order CNN hyperchaotic system are calculated by Adomian decomposition algorithm. The dynamic characteristics of the of the fractional-order CNN hyperchaotic system are analyzed. Then to verify the image encryption application of the fractional-order CNN hyperchaotic system, we designed an image encryption scheme through fractional-order CNN hyperchaotic sequence, the principle of symmetry of main diagonal of matrix and XOR operation. Finally, the results illustrate that the fractional-order CNN hyperchaotic sequence has good randomness, which show that the fractional-order CNN hyperchaotic system more suitable for chaotic secure communication applications. The security performances of the algorithm show that the designed algorithm can effectively encrypt and decrypt image, and has better security performance.
Relativistic gravitational collapse by thermal mass
Authors: Roupas Zacharias 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Gravity and thermal energy are universal phenomena which compete over the stabilization of astrophysical systems. The former induces an inward pressure driving collapse and the latter a stabilizing outward pressure generated by random motion and energy dispersion. Since a contracting self-gravitating system is heated up one may wonder why is gravitational collapse not halted in all cases at a sufficient high temperature establishing either a gravo-thermal equilibrium or explosion. Here, based on the equivalence between mass and energy, we show that there always exists a temperature threshold beyond which the gravitation of thermal energy overcomes its stabilizing pressure and the system collapses under the weight of its own heat.
Polygon-facilitated generation of colloidal gold nanoparticles by multi-MHz ultrashort-pulse laser trains: key optical factors
Authors: Kudryashov Sergey , Danilov Pavel , Schneider Lutz , Schille Joerg , Loeschner Udo , Nastulyavichus Alena , Smirnov Nikita , Kuchmizhak Alexander , Vitrik Oleg 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Generation of colloidal gold nanoparticles was for the first time studied at ultra-high, multi-MHz repetition rates of 10 ps, 1030 nm laser pulses, ablating 70 nm gold film in water at the constant average power of 270 W and focusing conditions. Ultrafast (550 m s−1) laser scanning of gold films was facilitated by a polygon reflector, provided single-shot per spot through ablation of the films. According to our hypothetical model, the rate-dependent exposure of the films at the constant average power resulted in four-fold increase of the optical density of the colloidal solutions in the interband-transition spectral range (about 400 nm) due to the increasing number of incident pulses over the fixed area of 1 cm × 1 cm square, despite the decreasing ablation rate at lower, inversely-proportional fluences and dynamic overlap of plume-induced bubbles.
CMIP5/6 models project little change in the statistical characteristics of sudden stratospheric warmings in the 21st century
Authors: Rao Jian , Garfinkel Chaim I 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Using state-of-the-art models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases 5 and 6 (CMIP5/6), future changes of sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events under a moderate emission scenario (RCP45/SSP245) and a strong emissions scenario (RCP85/SSP585) are evaluated with respect to the historical simulations. Changes in four characteristics of SSWs are examined in 54 models: the SSW frequency, the seasonal distribution, stratosphere–troposphere coupling, and the persistency of the distorted or displaced polar vortex. The composite results show that none of these four aspects will change robustly. An insignificant (though positive) change in the SSW frequency from historical simulations to RCP45/SSP245 and then to RCP85/SSP585 is consistently projected by CMIP5 and CMIP6 multimodel ensembles in most wintertime months (December–March). This increase in the SSW frequency is most pronounced in mid- (late-) winter in CMIP6 (CMIP5). No shift in the seasonality of SSWs is simulated especially in the CMIP6 future scenarios. Both the reanalysis and CMIP5/6 historical simulations exhibit strong stratosphere–troposphere coupling during SSWs, and the coupling strength is nearly unchanged in the future scenario simulations. The near surface responds immediately after the onset of SSWs in both historical and future scenarios experiments, denoted by the deep downward propagation of zonal-mean easterly anomalies from the stratosphere to the troposphere. On average, the composite circumpolar easterly winds persist for 8 d in the reanalysis and CMIP5/6 historical experiments, which are projected to remain unchanged in both the moderate and strong emissions scenarios, implying the lifecycle of SSWs will not change.
Improving the understanding between climate variability and observed extremes of global NO2 over the past 15 years
Authors: Deng Weizhi , Cohen Jason Blake , Wang Shuo , Lin Chuyong 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This work addresses the relationship between major dynamical forcings and variability in NO2 column measurements. The dominating impact in Northern Southeast Asia is due to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO); in Indonesia, Northern Australia and South America is due to Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD); and in Southern China Land and Sea, Populated Northern China, Siberia, Northern and Arctic Eurasia, Central and Southern Africa, and Western US and Canada is due to North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). That NO2 pollution in Indonesia is modulated by IOD contradicts previous work claiming that the emissions in Indonesia are a function of El Niño impacting upon Aerosol Optical Depth and Fire Radiative Power. Simultaneous impacts of concurrent and lagged forcings are derived using multi-linear regression, demonstrating ENSO impacts future NO2 variability, enhancing NO2 emissions 7–88 weeks in the future, while IOD and NAO in some cases increase the emissions from or the duration of the future burning season as measured by NO2. This impact will also extend to co-emitted aerosols and heat, which may impact the climate. In all cases, lagged forcings exhibit more impact than concurrent forcings, hinting at non-linearity coupling with soil moisture, water table, and other dynamical effects. The regression model formed demonstrates that dynamical forcings are responsible for over 45% of the NO2 emissions variability in most non-urban areas and over 30% in urban China and sub-arctic regions. These results demonstrate the significance of climate forcing on short-lived air pollutants.
A system for contact free energy expenditure assessment under free-living conditions: monitoring metabolism for weight loss using carbon dioxide emission
Authors: Sprowls Mark , Victor Shaun , Serhan Michael , Destaillats Hugo , Wheatley-Guy Courtney , Johnson Bruce , Kulick Doina , Forzani Erica 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Weight disorders are strikingly prevalent globally and can contribute to a wide array of potentially fatal diseases spanning from type II diabetes to coronary heart disease. These disorders have a common cause: poor calorie balance. Since energy expenditure (EE) (kcal d−1) constitutes one half of the calorie balance equation (the other half being food intake), its measurement could be of great value to those suffering from weight disorders. A technique for contact free assessment of EE is presented, which only relies on CO2 concentration monitoring within a sealed office space, and assessment of carbon dioxide production rate (VCO2). Twenty healthy subjects were tested in a cross-sectional study to evaluate the performance of the aforementioned technique in measuring both resting EE (REE) and exercise EE using the proposed system (the ‘SmartPad’) and a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared gold standard reference instrument for EE measurement. For VCO2 and EE measurements, the method showed a correlation slope of 1.00 and 1.03 with regression coefficients of 0.99 and 0.99, respectively, and Bland–Altman plots with a mean bias = −0.232% with respect to the reference instrument. Furthermore, two subjects were also tested as part of a proof-of-concept longitudinal study where EE patterns were simultaneously tracked with body weight, sleep, stress, and step counts using a smartwatch over the course of a month, to determine correlation between the aforementioned parameters and EE. Analysis revealed moderately high correlation coefficients (Pearson’s r) for stress (r
average = 0.609) and body weight (r
average = 0.597) for the two subjects. The new SmartPad method was demonstrated to be a promising technique for EE measurement under free-living conditions.
Controlled growth of SnSe/MoS2 vertical p–n heterojunction for optoelectronic applications
Authors: Wang Xingwang , Zheng Biyuan , Yi Jiali , Liu Huawei , Sun Xingxia , Zhu Chenguang , Liu Ying , Fang Lizhen , Li Dong , Pan Anlian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures have been widely studied in recent years and are envisioned to play a key role in future integrated electronics and optoelectronics. The thus-involved van der Waals integration technique provides a feasible way to integrate different 2D materials even with diverse crystal structures into heterostructures, providing a promising platform to explore new artificial materials with new properties. Here, for the first time, we have successfully realized the combination of orthogonal selenide (SnSe) with hexagonal MoS2 into p–n heterojunctions though a two-step chemical vapor deposition method. High resolution transmission electron microscopy characterization shows that multilayer SnSe nanosheet is vertically stacked on MoS2 nanosheet with high crystallinity. The precise spatial modulation of SnSe/MoS2 heterostructures is verified by Raman diagrams. At the same time, the electrical and optoelectronic properties are probed though designing SnSe/MoS2 p–n junction devices. Typical current rectification behaviors are obviously observed in dark condition. While under light illumination, obvious photovoltaic behavior is observed. Maximum short-circuit current (I
sc) and photon-electron conversion efﬁciency (η) are measured to be 67 nA and 1.8%, respectively. The results also indicate that the heterostructure can be employed for reliable ultra-sensitive photodetection, where maximum photoresponsivity is measured to be 384 A W−1. The direct vapor growth of 2D p–n junctions with different lattice symmetries may expand the platform for the realization of new 2D electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Liquid metal architectures for soft and wearable energy harvesting devices
Authors: Zadan Mason , Chiew Cerwyn , Majidi Carmel , Malakooti Mohammad H 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Future advanced wearable energy harvesters need to have high power densities, functionality under large deformations, scalability, and robust resistance against mechanical damages (i.e. fatigue, delamination, and fracture). To achieve this, ultra-flexible, high dielectric, and thermally conductive materials along with deformable and robust electrodes are needed. Here, we review recent progress in synthesis and integration of liquid metal (LM) material architectures as the building blocks of emerging wearable energy harvesting devices. After a brief introduction to room temperature LM alloys, LM’s various applications in a variety of soft and stretchable power harvesting devices including thermoelectric, triboelectric, dielectric elastomer, and piezoelectric generators are summarized. The unique opportunities and challenges introduced by LM material architectures in this field are also discussed.
Injectable biomaterials as minimal invasive strategy towards soft tissue regeneration—an overview
Authors: Van Damme Lana , Blondeel Phillip , Van Vlierberghe Sandra 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Soft tissue engineering has been gaining increasing interest as an approach to overcome the limitations posed by current clinical procedures such as invasiveness of the surgery, post-operative complications and volume loss. Soft tissue damage occurs either due to congenital malformation, trauma/disease or surgical resection. Through the use of autologous cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, combined with a biomaterial acting as a support, biological substitutes can be developed. A promising pathway in terms of delivery of these engineered constructs is the use of an injectable system, able to provide a minimally invasive approach. Advances have been made in the development of biocompatible biomaterials able to induce soft tissue regeneration. The present review provides an overview of fillers used in the clinic as well as a non-exhaustive overview of all injectable systems reported for soft tissue engineering. A particular focus is placed on the benefits and drawbacks of the biomaterials and the underlying polymerisation strategy. Furthermore, focus is placed on the mechanical properties of the systems.
Nanophotonic biosensors for point-of-care COVID-19 diagnostics and coronavirus surveillance
Authors: Ruiz-Vega Gisela , Soler Maria , Lechuga Laura M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the need of novel diagnostic technologies for rapid and accurate virus detection. In the European CONVAT project, a point-of-care nanophotonic biosensor is being developed for the direct, fast and specific identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from both human patient samples and animal reservoirs. The technology will provide a quantitative detection of the viral load and it can be implemented in decentralized settings to improve the early diagnosis and clinical management of patients as well as coronavirus environmental monitoring to prevent future outbreaks.