bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing Craniomorphometric Characteristics of Unilateral Lambdoid Craniosynostosis
Authors: Allam Omar , Park Kitae E. , Pourtaheri Navid , Mozaffari Mohammad Ali , Smetona John , Lu Xiaona , Ahmad Maham , Persing John A. , Alperovich Michael 
Published: November 2020

Background:
Unilateral lambdoid synostosis (ULS) represents the rarest form of single suture nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Differentiating between posterior deformational plagiocephaly (DP) and ULS has been difficult due to overlapping clinical findings. Past analyses have been limited by sample size. This study was undertaken to clarify anatomical features of ULS.

Methods:
A multiinstitution study was undertaken, analyzing CT imaging from patients with documented ULS to determine clinical and pathological characteristics. Similar analyses were performed on DP patients to differentiate the 2 conditions.

Results:
Twenty-seven ULS patient scans and 10 DP scans were included. For ULS patients mean age was 6.6 months, majority male (75%), and majority left-sided ULS (71%). The synostosed side ear was anteriorly displaced in 100% of ULS patients, mean difference of 9.6° (P < 0.001), and inferiorly in 96.3% of patients, mean difference of 4.4 mm, relative to the nonsynostosed side. The posterior fossa deflection (PFD) was deviated 5.9° toward the synostosed side relative to the anterior midline. In DP, there was no significant difference between sides in EAC measurements. The PFD and EAC displacements were significantly smaller in DP relative to ULS (P < 0.001 for each). An ipsilateral mastoid bulge was found in 100% of ULS and 0% of DP on CT imaging.

Conclusion:
Contrary to some previously published findings, the ear is more anteriorly displaced ipsilateral to the fused lambdoid suture in 100% of ULS patients. Ear position alone is not a reliable indicator to differentiate between DP and ULS. A mastoid bulge is a more reliable indicator of ULS.
Visual Mapping With Magnetoencephalography: An Update on the Current State of Clinical Research and Practice With Considerations for Clinical Practice Guidelines
Authors: Zillgitt Andrew , Barkley Gregory L. , Bowyer Susan M. 
Published: November 2020

Summary:
Using visual evoked fields (VEFs) to differentiate healthy, normal brain function from dysfunctional cortex has been demonstrated to be both valid and reliable. Currently, VEFs are widely implemented to guide intracranial surgeries for epilepsy and brain tumors. There are several areas of possible future clinical use of VEFs, including early identification of disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and human immunodeficiency virus–associated neurocognitive disorders. These studies have suggested that VEFs could be used to study disease pathophysiology or as a biomarker for early identification of a disorder. The current clinical practice guidelines of the American Clinical Magnetoencephalography Society for VEFs are sufficient. At this time, VEFs should be used clinically to identify visual cortex and potentially tailor surgical resections.
Normal Variants in Magnetoencephalography
Authors: Rampp Stefan , Kakisaka Yosuke , Shibata Sumiya , Wu Xingtong , Rössler Karl , Buchfelder Michael , Burgess Richard C. 
Published: November 2020

Summary:Normal variants, although not occurring frequently, may appear similar to epileptic activity. Misinterpretation may lead to false diagnoses. In the context of presurgical evaluation, normal variants may lead to mislocalizations with severe impact on the viability and success of surgical therapy. While the different variants are well known in EEG, little has been published in regard to their appearance in magnetoencephalography. Furthermore, there are some magnetoencephalography normal variants that have no counterparts in EEG. This article reviews benign epileptiform variants and provides examples in EEG and magnetoencephalography. In addition, the potential of oscillatory configurations in different frequency bands to appear as epileptic activity is discussed.
Towards Best Practices in Clinical Magnetoencephalography: Patient Preparation and Data Acquisition
Authors: Mosher John C. , Funke Michael E. 
Published: November 2020

Summary:
A magnetoencephalography (MEG) recording for clinical purposes requires a different level of attention and detail than that for research. As contrasted with a research subject, the MEG technologist must work with a patient who may not fully cooperate with instructions. The patient is on a clinical schedule, with generally no opportunity to return due to an erroneous or poor acquisition. The data will generally be processed by separate MEG analysts, who require a consistent and high-quality recording to complete their analysis and clinical report. To assure a quality recording, (1) MEG technologists must immediately recheck their scalp measurement data during the patient preparation, to catch disturbances and ensure registration accuracy of the patient fiducials, electrodes, and head position indicator coils. During the recording, (2) the technologist must ensure that the patient remains quiet and as far as possible into the helmet. After the recording, (3) the technologist must consistently prepare the data for subsequent clinical analysis. This article aims to comprehensively address these matters for practitioners of clinical MEG in a helpful and practical way. Based on the authors' experiences in recording over three thousand patients between them, presented here are a collection of techniques for implementation into daily routines that ensure good operation and high data quality. The techniques address a gap in the clinical literature addressing the multitude of potential sources of error during patient preparation and data acquisition, and how to prevent, recognize, or correct those.
Recognizing and Correcting MEG Artifacts
Authors: Burgess Richard C. 
Published: November 2020

Summary:Noise sources in magnetoencephalography (MEG) include: (1) interference from outside the shielded room, (2) other people and devices inside the shielded room, (3) physiologic or nonphysiologic sources inside the patient, (4) activity from inside the head that is unrelated to the signal of interest, (5) intrinsic sensor and recording electronics noise, and (6) artifacts from other apparatus used during recording such as evoked response stimulators. There are other factors which corrupt MEG recording and interpretation and should also be considered “artifacts”: (7) inadequate positioning of the patient, (8) changes in the head position during the recording, (9) incorrect co-registration, (10) spurious signals introduced during postprocessing, and (11) errors in fitting. The major means whereby magnetic interference can be reduced or eliminated are by recording inside a magnetically shielded room, using gradiometers that measure differential magnetic fields, real-time active compensation using reference sensors, and postprocessing with advanced spatio-temporal filters. Many of the artifacts that plague MEG are also seen in EEG, so an experienced electroencephalographer will have the advantage of being able to transfer his knowledge about artifacts to MEG. However, many of the procedures and software used during acquisition and analysis maythemselvescontribute artifact or distortion that must be recognized or prevented. In summary, MEG artifacts are not worse than EEG artifacts, but many aredifferent, and—as with EEG—must be attended to.
MEG Reporting
Authors: Burgess Richard C. 
Published: November 2020

Summary:
The report generated by the magnetoencephalographer's interpretation of the patient's magnetoencephalography examination is the magnetoencephalography laboratory's most important product and is a representation of the quality of the laboratory and the clinical acumen of the personnel. A magnetoencephalography report is not meant to enumerate all the technical details that went into the test nor to fulfill some imagined requirements of the electronic health record. It is meant to clearly and concisely answer the clinical question posed by the referring doctor and to convey the key findings that may inform the next step in the patient's care. The graphical component of a magnetoencephalography report is ordinarily the most welcomed by the referring doctor. Much of the text of the report may be glossed over, so the illustrations must be sufficiently annotated to provide clear and unambiguous findings. The particular images chosen for the report will be a function of the analysis software but should be selected and edited for maximum clarity. There should be a composite pictorial summary slide at the beginning or at the end of the report, which accurately conveys the gist of the report. Along with representative source localizations, reports should contain examples of the simultaneously recorded EEG that enable the referring physician to determine whether epileptic discharges occurred and whether they are consistent with the patient's previously recorded spikes. Information and images (e.g., statistics, magnetic field patterns) that provide convincing evidence of the validity of the source location should also be included.
Neighboring colonies influence uptake of thermotolerant endosymbionts in threatened Caribbean coral recruits
Authors: Williamson Olivia M. , Allen Corinne E. , Williams Dana E. , Johnson Matthew W. , Miller Margaret W. , Baker Andrew C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntervention strategies to enhance coral resilience include manipulating the association between corals and their algal endosymbionts. While hosting thermotolerantDurusdinium trenchiican increase bleaching thresholds in adults, its effects remain largely unknown during the early life stages of Caribbean corals. Here, we tested ifOrbicella faveolatarecruits could establish symbiosis withD. trenchiisupplied by nearby “donor” colonies and examined the resulting ecological trade-offs to evaluate early Symbiodiniaceae manipulation as a scalable tool for reef restoration. We exposed aposymbiotic recruits to 29°C or 31°C and to fragments of eitherMontastraea cavernosa(containingCladocopium) orSiderastrea siderea(containingD. trenchii). After 60 days, recruits reared withD. trenchiidonors hosted nearly three times moreD. trenchiithan those withCladocopiumdonors, suggesting that recruits can acquire Symbiodiniaceae from nearby corals of different species. Temperature did not affectD. trenchiiuptake. Next, donor colonies were removed and surviving recruits were maintained for three months at ambient temperatures, after which a subset was exposed to a 60-day heat stress trial. Recruits previously reared at 31°C survived twice as long at 34°C as those reared at 29°C, suggesting that pre-exposure to heat can prime recruits to withstand future thermal stress. In addition, recruits hosting primarilyD. trenchiisurvived twice as long at 34°C as those hosting little or noD. trenchii. However, the proportion ofD. trenchiihosted was negatively correlated with polyp size and symbiont density, indicating a trade-off between growth (of both host and symbiont) and heat tolerance. These findings suggest that, while donor colonies may be effective sources for seeding coral recruits with thermotolerant symbionts, practitioners will need to balance the likely benefits and costs of these approaches when designing restoration strategies.
The epithelial splicing regulatorESRP2is epigenetically repressed by DNA hypermethylation in Wilms tumour and acts as a tumour suppressor
Authors: Legge Danny , Li Ling , Moriarty Whei , Lee David , Szemes Marianna , Zahed Asef , Panousopoulus Leonidas , Chung Wan Yun , Aghabi Yara , Barratt Jasmin , Williams Richard , Pritchard-Jones Kathy , Malik Karim T.A. , Oltean Sebastian , Brown Keith W. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTWilms tumour (WT), a childhood kidney cancer with embryonal origins, has been extensively characterised for genetic and epigenetic alterations, but a proportion of WTs still lack identifiable abnormalities. To uncover DNA methylation changes critical for WT pathogenesis, we compared the epigenome of fetal kidney with two WT cell lines, using methyl-CpG immunoprecipitation. We filtered our results to remove common cancer-associated epigenetic changes, and to enrich for genes involved in early kidney development. This identified four candidate genes that were hypermethylated in WT cell lines compared to fetal kidney, of whichESRP2(epithelial splicing regulatory protein 2), was the most promising gene for further study.ESRP2was commonly repressed by DNA methylation in WT, and this was shown to occur early in WT development (in nephrogenic rests).ESRP2expression could be reactivated by DNA methyltransferase inhibition in WT cell lines. WhenESRP2was overexpressed in WT cell lines, it acted as an inhibitor of cellular proliferationin vitro,andin vivoit suppressed tumour growth of orthotopic xenografts in nude mice. RNA-seq of the ESRP2-expressing WT cell lines identified several novel splicing targets, in addition to well-characterised targets of ESRP2. We propose a model in which the mesenchymal to epithelial transition that is essential for early kidney development, can be disrupted in to generate WT, either by genetic abnormalities such asWT1mutations, or by epigenetic defects, such asESRP2methylation.
Quantitative assessment of the relationship between behavioral and autonomic dynamics during propofol-induced unconsciousness
Authors: Subramanian Sandya , Purdon Patrick L. , Barbieri Riccardo , Brown Emery N. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTDuring general anesthesia, both behavioral and autonomic changes are caused by the administration of anesthetics such as propofol. Propofol produces unconsciousness by creating highly structured oscillations in brain circuits. The anesthetic also has autonomic effects due to its actions as a vasodilator and myocardial depressant. Understanding how autonomic dynamics change in relation to propofol-induced unconsciousness is an important scientific and clinical question since anesthesiologists often infer changes in level of unconsciousness from changes in autonomic dynamics. Therefore, we present a framework combining physiology-based statistical models that have been developed specifically for heart rate variability and electrodermal activity with a robust statistical tool to compare behavioral and multimodal autonomic changes before, during, and after propofol-induced unconsciousness. We tested this framework on physiological data recorded from nine healthy volunteers during computer-controlled administration of propofol. We studied how autonomic dynamics related to behavioral markers of unconsciousness: 1) overall, 2) during the transitions of loss and recovery of consciousness, and 3) before and after anesthesia as a whole. Our results show a strong relationship between behavioral state of consciousness and autonomic dynamics. All of our prediction models showed areas under the curve greater than 0.75 despite the presence of non-monotonic relationships among the variables during the transition periods. Our analysis highlighted the specific roles played by fast versus slow changes, parasympathetic vs sympathetic activity, heart rate variability vs electrodermal activity, and even pulse rate vs pulse amplitude information within electrodermal activity. Further advancement upon this work can quantify the complex and subject-specific relationship between behavioral changes and autonomic dynamics before, during, and after anesthesia. However, this work demonstrates the potential of a multimodal, physiologically-informed, statistical approach to characterize autonomic dynamics.
Automated AI labelling of optic nerve head enables new insights into cross-ancestry glaucoma risk and genetic discovery in over 280,000 images from the UK Biobank and Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Han Xikun , Steven Kaiah , Qassim Ayub , Marshall Henry N , Bean Cameron , Tremeer Michael , An Jiyuan , Siggs Owen , Gharahkhani Puya , Craig Jamie E , Hewitt Alex W , Trzaskowski Maciej , MacGregor Stuart 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCupping of the optic nerve head, a highly heritable trait, is a hallmark of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Two key parameters are vertical cup-to-disc ratio (VCDR) and vertical disc diameter (VDD). However, manual assessment often suffers from poor accuracy and is time-intensive. Here, we show convolutional neural network models can accurately estimate VCDR and VDD for 282,100 images from both UK Biobank and an independent study (Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging), enabling cross-ancestry epidemiological studies and new genetic discovery for these optic nerve head parameters. Using the AI approach we perform a systematic comparison of the distribution of VCDR and VDD, and compare these with intraocular pressure and glaucoma diagnoses across various genetically determined ancestries, which provides an explanation for the high rates of normal tension glaucoma in East Asia. We then used the large number of AI gradings to conduct a more powerful genome-wide association study (GWAS) of optic nerve head parameters. Using the AI based gradings increased estimates of heritability by ~50% for VCDR and VDD. Our GWAS identified more than 200 loci for both VCDR and VDD (double the number of loci from previous studies), uncovers dozens of novel biological pathways, with many of the novel loci also conferring risk for glaucoma.
Spatial Profiling of Lung SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Virus Infection Dissects Virus-Specific Host Responses and Gene Signatures
Authors: Kulasinghe Arutha , Tan Chin Wee , dos Santos Miggiolaro Anna Flavia Ribeiro , Monkman James , Bhuva Dharmesh , Motta Junior Jarbas da Silva , Vaz de Paula Caroline Busatta , Nagashima Seigo , Baena Cristina Pellegrino , Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes Paulo , de Noronha Lucia , McCulloch Timothy , Rossi Gustavo Rodrigues , Cooper Caroline , Tang Benjamin , Short Kirsty R. , Davis Melissa J , Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes Fernando , Belz Gabrielle T. , O’Byrne Ken 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged in late 2019 has spread globally, causing a pandemic of respiratory illness designated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Robust blood biomarkers that reflect tissue damage are urgently needed to better stratify and triage infected patients. Here, we use spatial transcriptomics to generate an in-depth picture of the pulmonary transcriptional landscape of COVID-19 (10 patients), pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza (5) and uninfected control patients (4). Host transcriptomics showed a significant upregulation of genes associated with inflammation, type I interferon production, coagulation and angiogenesis in the lungs of COVID-19 patients compared to non-infected controls. SARS-CoV-2 was non-uniformly distributed in lungs with few areas of high viral load and these were largely only associated with an increased type I interferon response. A very limited number of genes were differentially expressed between the lungs of influenza and COVID-19 patients. Specific interferon-associated genes (includingIFI27) were identified as candidate novel biomarkers for COVID-19 differentiating this COVID-19 from influenza. Collectively, these data demonstrate that spatial transcriptomics is a powerful tool to identify novel gene signatures within tissues, offering new insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-COV-2 to aid in patient triage and treatment.
Development and Validation of Early Warning Score Systems for COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Youssef Alexey , Kouchaki Samaneh , Shamout Farah , Armstrong Jacob , El-Bouri Rasheed , Taylor Thomas , Birrenkott Drew , Vasey Baptiste , Soltan Andrew , Zhu Tingting , Clifton David A , Eyre David W 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCOVID-19 is a major, urgent, and ongoing threat to global health. Globally more than 24 million have been infected and the disease has claimed more than a million lives as of October 2020. Predicting which patients will need respiratory support is important to guiding individual patient treatment and also to ensuring sufficient resources are available. We evaluated the ability of six common Early Warning Scores (EWS) to identify respiratory deterioration defined as the need for advanced respiratory support (high-flow nasal oxygen, continuous positive airways pressure, non-invasive ventilation, intubation) within a prediction window of 24 hours. We show these scores perform sub-optimally at this specific task. Therefore, we develop an alternative Early Warning Score based on a Gradient Boosting Trees (GBT) algorithm that is able to predict deterioration within the next 24 hours with high AUROC 94% and an accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of 70%, 96%, 70%, respectively. Our GBT model outperformed the best EWS (LDTEWS:NEWS), increasing the AUROC by 14%. Our GBT model makes the prediction based on the current and baseline measures of routinely available vital signs and blood tests.
Near-Infrared Imaging of Indocyanine Green Identifies Novel Routes of Lymphatic Drainage from Metacarpophalangeal Joints in Healthy Human Hands
Authors: Kenney H. Mark , Dieudonne Gregory , Yee Seonghwan , Maki Jeffrey H. , Wood Ronald W. , Schwarz Edward M. , Ritchlin Christopher T. , Rahimi Homaira 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundCollecting lymphatic vessel (CLV) dysfunction has been implicated in various diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Previous studies in the tumor necrosis factor-transgenic (TNF-Tg) mouse model of inflammatory-erosive arthritis have demonstrated reduced joint-draining CLV contractility that correlates with arthritic severity. Clinically, RA patients with active hand arthritis exhibit significantly reduced lymphatic clearance of the web spaces adjacent to the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints and a reduction in total and basilic-associated CLVs on the dorsal surface of the hand by dynamic near-infrared (NIR) imaging of indocyanine green (ICG). In this pilot study, we assessed direct lymphatic drainage from MCP joints, and aimed to visualize the total lymphatic anatomy using novel dual-agent relaxation contrast magnetic resonance lymphography (DARC-MRL) in the upper extremity of healthy human subjects.MethodsTwo healthy male subjects participated in the study. We performed NIR imaging following intra-dermal web space and intra-articular MCP joint injections of ICG to visualize the CLV anatomy on the dorsal surface of the hand and antecubital fossa. Subsequently, we performed conventional or DARC-MRL after intra-dermal web space and intra-articular MCP joint injections of gadolinium to evaluate the total lymphatic anatomy of the upper extremity and compare with NIR-ICG imaging.ResultsNIR-ICG imaging demonstrated that web space and MCP lymphatics drain via distinct CLV tributaries. Web space draining CLVs tended to be associated with the cephalic side of the antecubital fossa, while MCP draining CLVs were localized to the basilic side of the forearm. The DARC-MRL methods used in this study did not adequately nullify the contrast in the blood vessels, and limited gadolinium-filled CLVs could be identified.ConclusionThrough the use of NIR-ICG imaging, we found that MCP joints predominantly drain into basilic CLVs in the forearm, which may explain the reduction in basilic-associated CLVs in the hands of RA patients. In healthy subjects, current DARC-MRL techniques have limited ability in identifying lymphatic structures and further refinement in this technique is necessary.