bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modified Acid‐Base ZSM‐5 Derived from Core‐Shell ZSM‐5@ Aqueous Miscible Organic‐Layered Double Hydroxides for Catalytic Cracking of n‐Pentane to Light Olefins
Authors: Rodaum Chadatip , Thivasasith Anawat , Suttipat Duangkamon , Witoon Thongthai , Pengpanich Sitthiphong , Wattanakit Chularat 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOver the past decades, the catalytic cracking catalysts for hydrocarbon oil upgrading have been extensively developed to increase the yield of light olefins. In this context, we report the fabrication of the core‐shell ZSM‐5@aqueous miscible organic‐layered double hydroxides prepared by the growth of layered double hydroxides (LDH) precursors on zeolite surfaces. The deposited LDH results in a decrease of the number of strong Brønsted acid sites on zeolite surfaces and its transformation at high temperature leads to produce the highly dispersed metal oxides deposited on external surfaces of zeolites. Therefore, the acid‐base properties of designed surfaces are modified, eventually resulting in the suppression of competing hydride transfers and further side reactions. As a result, there is a significant enhancement in light olefins production compared with the pristine zeolite. In addition, the designed catalysts exhibit high recycling stability and reusability. This first example opens up the new perspectives for the development of modified acid‐base zeolites using zeolite@aqueous miscible organic‐layered double hydroxides for the catalytic upgrading of hydrocarbons.
Evaluation of cowpea germplasm for biomass production, seed yield, and southern root‐knot nematode resistance
Authors: Smith G.R. , Aiosa M.L. , Corriher‐Olson V. , Faske T.R. , Neely C.B. , Somenahally A. , Rouquette F.M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSixteen forage cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] plant introduction (PI) lines were evaluated for agronomic traits and pest resistance in field and greenhouse experiments to enhance double cropping and cover crop rotation systems in northeast Texas and the southeastern United States. Cowpea cultivars ‘Iron and Clay’ and ‘Combine’, and one cowpea breeding line, TX‐3, were included as controls. Cowpea lines were planted in a Darco loamy fine sand soil (a loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Grossarenic Paleudult) in a randomized complete block design. Data collected in 2015 and 2016 included biomass, seed yield, and maturity stage. Plant introduction lines differed in biomass and seed production (P < .05) in both years. Biomass production ranked highest at 2,695 lb dry matter (DM) acre−1 for PI 175963 in 2015 and 2,582 lb DM acre−1 for PI 367863 in 2016. Seed yield ranked highest at 305 lb acre−1 for PI 175963 in 2015 and 2,071 lb acre−1 for PI 208845 in 2016. In a greenhouse study, 14 PI lines and two cowpea breeding lines, TX‐505 and TX‐3, were evaluated for susceptibility to the southern root‐knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Based on nematode reproduction and root galling, most of the PI lines were susceptible, while PI 367863 and TX‐505 were resistant. Several PI lines were identified with improved biomass and seed production and one PI line and one breeding line with resistance to the southern root‐knot nematode. These lines could be used in cowpea breeding programs to develop improved forage cowpea cultivars for double‐cropping and crop‐rotation systems in Texas and the southeastern United States.
Tree‐based fault‐tolerant collective operations for MPI
Authors: Margolin Alexander , Barak Amnon 
Published: June 2020

SummaryWith the increase in size and complexity of high‐performance computing systems, the probability of failures, and the cost of recovery grow. Parallel applications running on these systems should be able to continue running in spite of node failures at arbitrary times. Collective operations are essential for many parallel MPI applications, and are often the first to detect such failures. This work presents tree‐based fault‐tolerant collective operations, which combine fault detection and recovery as an integral part each operation. We do this by extending existing tree‐based algorithms, to allow for a collective operation to succeed despite failing nodes before or during its run. This differs from other approaches, where recovery takes place after a failure of such operations have failed. The article includes a comparison between the performance of the proposed algorithm and other approaches, as well as a simulator‐based analysis of performance at scale.
Simultaneous Examination of Cellular Pathways using Multiplex Hextuple Luciferase Assaying
Authors: Sarrion‐Perdigones Alejandro , Chang Lyra , Gonzalez Yezabel , Gallego‐Flores Tatiana , Young Damian W. , Venken Koen J.T. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMultiplex experimentation that can assay multiple cellular signaling pathways in the same cells requires orthogonal genetically encoded reporters that report over large dynamic ranges. Luciferases are cost‐effective, versatile candidates whose output signals can be sensitively detected in a multiplex fashion. Commonly used dual luciferase reporter assays detect one luciferase that is coupled to a single cellular pathway and a second that is coupled to a control pathway for normalization purposes. We have expanded this approach to multiplex hextuple luciferase assays that can report on five cellular signaling pathways and one control, each of which is encoded by a unique luciferase. Light emission by the six luciferases can be distinguished by the use of two distinct substrates, each specific for three luciferases, followed by spectral decomposition of the light emitted by each of the three luciferase enzymes with bandpass filters. Here, we present detailed protocols on how to perform multiplex hextuple luciferase assaying to monitor pathway fluxes through transcriptional response elements for five specific signaling pathways (i.e., c‐Myc, NF‐κβ, TGF‐β, p53, and MAPK/JNK) using the constitutive CMV promoter as normalization control. Protocols are provided for preparing reporter vector plasmids for multiplex reporter assaying, performing cell culture and multiplex luciferase reporter vector plasmid transfection, executing multiplex luciferase assays, and analyzing and interpreting data obtained by a plate reader appropriately equipped to detect the different luminescences. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of vectors for multiplex hextuple luciferase assayingBasic Protocol 2: Cell culture work for multiplex hextuple luciferase assaysBasic Protocol 3: Transfection of luciferase reporter plasmids followed by drug and recombinant protein treatmentsBasic Protocol 4: Performing the multiplex hextuple luciferase assay
Similarities in Recalcitrant Structures of Industrial Non‐Kraft and Kraft Lignin
Authors: Tricker Andrew W. , Stellato Michael J. , Kwok Thomas T. , Kruyer Nicholas S. , Wang Zhongzhen , Nair Sankar , Thomas Valerie M. , Realff Matthew J. , Bommarius Andreas S. , Sievers Carsten 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis work compares the structure of industrially isolated lignin samples from kraft pulping and three alternative processes: butanol organosolv, supercritical water hydrolysis, and sulfur dioxide/ethanol/water fractionation. Kraft processes are known to produce highly condensed lignin, with reduced potential for catalytic depolymerization, whereas the alternative processes have been hypothesized to impact the lignin less. The structural properties most relevant to catalytic depolymerization are characterized by elemental analysis, quantitative 13C and 2 D HQSC NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis. Quantification of the β‐O‐4 ether bond content shows partial depolymerization, with all samples having less than 12 bonds per 100 aromatic units. This results in theoretical monomer yields of less than 5 %, strongly suggesting the alternative fractionation processes generate highly condensed lignin structures that are no more suitable for catalytic depolymerization than kraft lignin. However, the different thermal degradation profiles suggest there are physicochemical differences that could be leveraged in other valorization strategies.
Estimating prevalence and test accuracy in disease ecology: How Bayesian latent class analysis can boost or bias imperfect test results
Authors: Helman Sarah K. , Mummah Riley O. , Gostic Katelyn M. , Buhnerkempe Michael G. , Prager Katherine C. , Lloyd‐Smith James O. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Obtaining accurate estimates of disease prevalence is crucial for the monitoring and management of wildlife populations but can be difficult if different diagnostic tests yield conflicting results and if the accuracy of each diagnostic test is unknown. Bayesian latent class analysis (BLCA) modeling offers a potential solution, providing estimates of prevalence levels and diagnostic test accuracy under the realistic assumption that no diagnostic test is perfect.

In typical applications of this approach, the specificity of one test is fixed at or close to 100%, allowing the model to simultaneously estimate the sensitivity and specificity of all other tests, in addition to infection prevalence. In wildlife systems, a test with near‐perfect specificity is not always available, so we simulated data to investigate how decreasing this fixed specificity value affects the accuracy of model estimates.

We used simulations to explore how the trade‐off between diagnostic test specificity and sensitivity impacts prevalence estimates and found that directional biases depend on pathogen prevalence. Both the precision and accuracy of results depend on the sample size, the diagnostic tests used, and the true infection prevalence, so these factors should be considered when applying BLCA to estimate disease prevalence and diagnostic test accuracy in wildlife systems. A wildlife disease case study, focusing on leptospirosis in California sea lions, demonstrated the potential for Bayesian latent class methods to provide reliable estimates under real‐world conditions.

We delineate conditions under which BLCA improves upon the results from a single diagnostic across a range of prevalence levels and sample sizes, demonstrating when this method is preferable for disease ecologists working in a wide variety of pathogen systems.
Disentangling trait versus state characteristics of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and the PHQ‐8 Depression Scale
Authors: Dumenci Levent , Kroenke Kurt , Keefe Francis J. , Ang Dennis C. , Slover James , Perera Robert A. , Riddle Daniel L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundResearch on the role of trait versus state characteristics of a variety of measures among persons experiencing pain has been a focus for the past few decades. Studying the trait versus state nature of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐8) depression scale would be highly informative given both are commonly measured in pain populations and neither scale has been studied for trait/state contributions.MethodsThe PHQ‐8 and PCS were obtained on persons undergoing knee arthroplasty at baseline, 2‐, 6‐ and 12‐month post‐surgery (N = 402). The multi‐trait generalization of the latent trait–state model was used to partition trait and state variability in PCS and PHQ‐8 item responses simultaneously. A set of variables were used to predict trait catastrophizing and trait depression.ResultsFor total scores, the latent traits and latent states explain 63.2% (trait = 43.2%; state = 20.0%) and 50.2% (trait = 29.4%; state = 20.8%) of the variability in PCS and PHQ‐8, respectively. Patients with a high number of bodily pain sites, high levels of anxiety, young patients and African‐American patients had high levels of trait catastrophizing and trait depression. The PCS and the PHQ‐8 consist of both enduring trait and dynamic state characteristics, with trait characteristics dominating for both measures.ConclusionClinicians and researchers using these scales should not assume the obtained measurements solely reflect either trait‐ or state‐based characteristics.SignificanceClinicians and researchers using the PCS or PHQ‐8 scales are measuring both state and trait characteristics and not just trait‐ or state‐based characteristics.
An integrative framework on the impact of allies: How identity‐based needs influence intergroup solidarity and social movements
Authors: Selvanathan Hema Preya , Lickel Brian , Dasgupta Nilanjana 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhat impact do advantaged group allies have within social movements? Although solidarity between advantaged and disadvantaged group members is often encouraged to achieve long‐term social change, allies run the risk of being ineffective or counterproductive, therefore making it important to shift our focus towards understanding the impact of allies. We propose an integrative theoretical framework describing the positive and negative impact of allies based on their distinct identity‐based needs: advantaged group members’ need for moral acceptance and disadvantaged group members’ need for empowerment and respect. By consolidating extant literature and identifying gaps in prior research, we propose a set of hypotheses concerning (a) tensions that arise within intergroup solidarity efforts for social change between advantaged group allies and disadvantaged group members, and (b) the role of allies in influencing broader public opinion to advance the psychology of social change.
Combustion and vibration characteristics of variable compression ratio direct injection diesel engine fuelled with diesel‐biodiesel and alcohol blends
Authors: Jaikumar Sagari , Bhatti Sukhvinder Kaur , Srinivas Vadapalli , Rajasekhar Medidi , Santosh Kumar Lakkoju 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe objective of the present investigation is to explore the influence of ternary (diesel‐biodiesel‐alcohol) fuel blends on the combustion and vibration parameters of a variable compression ratio compression ignition engine. Kusum seed oil biodiesel and isobutyl alcohol were blended with conventional diesel to make a ternary fuel. The blend of biodiesel‐diesel (B20) was made in proportion of 20% and 80% by volume, respectively. Furthermore, isobutyl alcohol was added at diverse proportions (ie, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%). The investigation was carried at different compression ratios (CRs), namely, 16.5, 17.5, and 18.5. The study shows that, upon the addition of isobutyl alcohol, the combustion characteristics (ie, cylinder pressure [CP] and net heat release rate [NHRR]) are significantly enhanced, whereas the mechanical vibration level maintains stable. The CP and NHRR of B20+ 1% isobutyl alcohol are greatly improved for corresponding values of 4.55% and 8.39%, respectively, except for the conventional diesel at CR 18.5. Furthermore, the root mean square velocity (vibration) decreases when increasing the quantity of isobutyl alcohol and attained a minimum with B20+ 1% isobutyl alcohol. The experimental results show that the isobutyl alcohol up to 1% with diesel‐biodiesel blends can be used in the CI engine with no further adjustments.
Changes in the radial growth of trees in relation to biogeomorphic processes in an old‐growth forest on flysch, Czechia
Authors: Kašpar Jakub , Šamonil Pavel , Krůček Martin , Daněk Pavel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTree radial growth is influenced by individual tree abilities, climate, competition, disturbance regimes, as well as biogeomorphic processes – including biomechanical interactions between trees and soil. Trees are actively involved in hillslope dynamics, both responding to and affecting many (bio)geomorphic processes. Using dendrochronology, we studied feedbacks associated with tree–soil–landscape formation, specifically relationships between hillslope processes, biomechanical effects of trees in soils, tree microhabitat conditions and their morphological adaptations, in the flysch zone of the Carpathians. We visually evaluated stem shape, microhabitat conditions and the biomechanical effects of 1663 trees. Cores were taken in four growing directions from 224 individuals of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). In a set of 193 cross‐dated beeches, average tree‐ring widths and tree eccentricities in all directions were calculated and analysed in relation to the biogeomorphic impacts of trees. Some significant drivers of tree radial growth and sources of stem eccentricity were detected. The radial growth of trees on which deadwood was leaning was markedly limited. In contrast, trees with exposed roots expressed the highest growth rates. This clearly suggests that root exposure may not be an effect of ‘exogenous’ soil creep, but may rather result from individually intensifying tree growth due to fine‐scale disturbance dynamics. The response of biomechanical tree–soil interactions in tree radial growth weakened with increasing stem diameter, reflecting the stabilizing role of larger trees. The significance of calendar year on radial growth suggests seasonality in the dynamic component of soil creep. Tree eccentricity was observed mainly in the downslope direction, which suggests a relatively complex effect of biomechanics on stem tilting. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental Assessment of Various End-of-Life Pathways for Treating Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Spent Fire-Extinguishing Waters
Authors: Maga Daniel , Aryan Venkat , Bruzzano Stefano 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are now thought to be far more prevalent in water bodies across the globe than previously reported. In particular, military bases, airports, and industrial sites are prone to contamination caused by runoff discharges from fire-extinguishing waters that contain PFAS such as aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF). These substances and their metabolites show a high degree of mobility as well as a low biotic and abiotic degradability; as a result, they are bioaccumulative and often migrate among the environmental compartments in addition to being toxic. As of now, there is no suitable end-of-life treatment process that is both technologically efficient and cost-effective for the handling of PFAS. Currently, the incineration of the collected extinguishing water at temperatures above 1100 °C is the recommended method for the disposal of PFAS to degrade material compounds. However, this method consumes extensive energy because it requires incineration of large quantities of water to treat a diluted fraction of PFAS. Aside from incineration, adsorption of PFAS on granulated activated carbon is one of the most widely used technologies, albeit with poor adsorption and often requiring very large downstream filtration systems. Finally, the application of functional precipitation agents using commercially available cationic surfactants is a novel approach (PerfluorAd® [Cornelsen] process) that enables the effective precipitation of PFAS from the spent fire-extinguishing waters. Hence, the goal of the present study was to investigate the environmental impacts emanating from the proper treatment of spent fire-extinguishing water with the aforementioned 3 end-of-life treatment scenarios. A life cycle assessment was conducted for this purpose. The results show that the PerfluorAd process outperforms the other 2 treatment technologies across all environmental impact categories except for ozone depletion. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:947–957. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Effects of vacuum packaging in freezer on oxidative spoilage indexes of fish Lethrinus atkinsoni
Authors: Aberoumand Ali , Baesi Farideh 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe improved atmosphere within the packages with low o2 concentration, and high concentration of co2 has been shown to significantly long time the shelf life of suitable fish at freezer. Vacuum packing is known to be as one of the methods of extending the shelf life of seafood. The purpose of the present study is to scrutinize the effect of vacuum packaging on oxidative spoilage indexes in fish Lethrinus atkinsoni fillet under freezing at −18°C in 0, 20, and 40 days. To this end, it was initially purchased 20 kg fish from a conventional market in Behbahan, Khuzestan Province, Iran. The total remaining fish after washing and waste removal was divided into packages of 150 g as the required samples and kept in a freezer. The fillets were divided into two groups: The first group was packed in polyethylene bags under vacuum, and the other group was considered as a case of treatment control, kept in freezer at −18°C. The results showed progress spoilage indexes in samples packed in vacuum during 0, 20, and 40 days found lower than control treatment with significant different (p < .05). The peroxide and thiobarbituric acid and free fatty acids contents decreased in frozen samples in 20 and 40 days in vacuum, but pH value increased. The results showed packed samples in freezing and in vacuum conditions, were a suitable method for low lipid oxidation in the L. atkinsoni fillets which led to the samples’ extended shelf life. It is concluded that packaging in vacuum as combined with freezing treatment prevails over freezing in individual by an acceptable long‐term fish shelf preservation.
Quantification and health risk assessment of heavy metals in milled maize and millet in the Tolon District, Northern Ghana
Authors: Larsen Kate‐Vera , Cobbina Samuel J. , Ofori Samuel A. , Addo Divine 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study was conducted to quantify the levels and measure the health risk of selected heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cr, Ni) in milled millet and maize from 10 communities in the Tolon District, northern region of Ghana. Control samples of maize and millet were also prepared in order to identify whether the sources of the heavy metals were limited to the milling process or otherwise. The heavy metals present in the collected milled samples were quantified using an AAS Varian Spectra 220 FS. The average concentrations of the selected heavy metals in the milled maize samples were the following: Fe = 1.3392 ± 0.4341 mg/kg, Ni = 0.9502 ± 0.2696 mg/kg, Pb = 2.2177 ± 0.0534 mg/kg, Cr = 0.4359 ± 0.3574 mg/kg, Zn = 0.6809 ± 0.0534 mg/kg, and Mn = 0.3550 ± 0.1042 mg/kg. Milled millet samples recorded mean concentration of the heavy metals as Fe = 1.9467 ± 1.0597 mg/kg, Ni = 0.9520 ± 0.1218 mg/kg, Pb = 2.2780 ± 0.0221 mg/kg, Cr = 0.3421 ± 0.1498 mg/kg, Zn = 0.8540 ± 0.1139 mg/kg, and Mn = 0.4241 ± 0.0859 mg/kg. All selected heavy metals concentrations were below standards in food except Pb. Locally made mill plates were found to leach heavy metals in the milled flours due to the direct contact of the grains with the mill plates. However, the comparison of milled to pounded flour (control samples) indicated other potential sources of heavy metals aside from the disk attrition mill. The health risk assessment revealed no potential hazards nor cancer risk in both children and adults.