bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Update on caseous lymphadenitis in sheep
Authors: Gascoigne Emily , Ogden Nicky , Lovatt Fiona , Davies Peers 
Published: March 2020

Background: Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), caused by the gram‐positive bacteria Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, has been present in Great Britain since the 1980s and is now considered endemic. CLA is considered to be an iceberg disease; that is, it is a production‐limiting disease, characterised by slow insidious onset, that has production‐limiting effects in a larger proportion of the flock than is exhibiting clinical signs at any given point in time.Aim of the article: The disease has been previously reviewed in In Practice (Baird 2003). In this article we consider updates in our understanding of the pathology, risk factors for flocks and the challenges of initiating control where the cost of the disease is still relatively unquantified.
Resistance exercise training promotes fiber type-specific myonuclear adaptations in older adults
Authors: Moro Tatiana , Brightwell Camille R. , Volpi Elena , Rasmussen Blake B. , Fry Christopher S. 
Published: March 2020

Aging induces physiological decline in human skeletal muscle function and morphology, including type II fiber atrophy and an increase in type I fiber frequency. Resistance exercise training (RET) is an effective strategy to overcome muscle mass loss and improve strength, with a stronger effect on type II fibers. In the present study, we sought to determine the effect of a 12-wk progressive RET program on the fiber type-specific skeletal muscle hypertrophic response in older adults. Nineteen subjects [10 men and 9 women (71.1 ± 4.3 yr)] were studied before and after the 12-wk program. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to quantify myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression, cross-sectional area (CSA), satellite cell abundance, myonuclear content, and lipid droplet density. RET induced an increase in MyHC type II fiber frequency and a concomitant decrease in MyHC type I fiber frequency. Mean CSA increased significantly only in MyHC type II fibers (+23.3%, P < 0.05), but myonuclear content increased only in MyHC type I fibers ( P < 0.05), with no change in MyHC type II fibers. Satellite cell content increased ~40% in both fiber types ( P > 0.05). RET induced adaptations to the capillary supply to satellite cells, with the distance between satellite cells and the nearest capillary increasing in type I fibers and decreasing in type II fibers. Both fiber types showed similar decrements in intramuscular lipid density with training ( P < 0.05). Our data provide intriguing evidence for a fiber type-specific response to RET in older adults and suggest flexibility in the myonuclear domain of type II fibers during a hypertrophic stimulus.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In older adults, progressive resistance exercise training (RET) increased skeletal muscle fiber volume and cross-sectional area independently of myonuclear accretion, leading to an expansion of the myonuclear domain. Fiber type-specific analyses illuminated differential adaptation; type II fibers underwent hypertrophy and exhibited myonuclear domain plasticity, whereas myonuclear accretion occurred in type I fibers in the absence of a robust hypertrophic response. RET also augmented satellite cell-capillary interaction and reduced intramyocellular lipid density to improve muscle quality.
Sex Differences in 1‐Year Health Status Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients Without Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results From the China PEACE Prospective Study
Authors: Zheng Xin , Dreyer Rachel P. , Curtis Jeptha P. , Liu Shuling , Xu Xiao , Bai Xueke , Li Xi , Zhang Haibo , Wang Siming , Masoudi Frederick A. , Spertus John A. , Li Jing , Krumholz Harlan M. ,   for the China PEACE Collaborative Group
Published: March 2020

Background
Sex differences in health status outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention among patients without acute myocardial infarction are not well described.

Methods and Results

A total of 2237 patients (33.4% women) without acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were enrolled from 39 Chinese tertiary hospitals in the PEACE (China Patient‐centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events) prospective percutaneous coronary intervention study. Data were collected immediately before and 1 year following percutaneous coronary intervention. Health status was measured using the disease‐specific Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) Angina Frequency and Quality of Life domains, as well as the SAQ Summary Score. Among the study population, women were older, more often single, had lower levels of education, and had a higher prevalence of cardiac risk factors such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Women had lower mean 1‐year SAQ Angina Frequency scores (mean±SD, 91.0±17.3 versus 93.9±13.3;
P
<0.01), SAQ Quality of Life scores (mean±SD, 67.3±23.0 versus 70.6±21.6;
P
<0.01), and SAQ Summary Scores (mean±SD, 81.6±13.8 versus 84.8±11.9;
P
<0.01), a difference of marginal clinical significance that persisted after multivariable adjustment. A slightly larger improvement in the SAQ Summary Score was observed in women as compared with men (20.9±22.6 versus 18.5±21.3;
P
=0.007) in unadjusted analysis. However, women were less likely to achieve clinically significant improvement in SAQ Angina Frequency (adjusted odds ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.45–1.00) and SAQ Quality of Life (adjusted odds ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.56–0.96) after adjustment.

Conclusions
There were no clinically significant differences in 1‐year health status outcomes and improvement in health status by sex among patients without acute myocardial infarction following percutaneous coronary intervention. However, female sex was associated with poorer 1‐year health status and a lower likelihood of experiencing clinically improvement in health status.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/
. Unique identifier: NCT01624922.
Into the Forger’s Library: The Genesis of De natura rerum in Publication History
Authors: Hirai Hiro 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
One of the most popular writings ascribed to Paracelsus, De natura rerum appeared in 1572. That was when the movement of forgery production reached its climax, in parallel with the multiple editions of his genuine work Archidoxis. This article aims to place the genesis of De natura rerum in the context of publication history. It will first reconstruct a “library” by surveying the works ascribed to Paracelsus which could serve as instruments for the “author/reworker/editor” of De natura rerum. Then it will examine the evolution of this forgery production by focusing on the divergent editions of Archidoxis from 1569 to 1572.
Muffling the Fimbifimbi
Authors: Arich-Gerz Bruno 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
After a South African air raid attack against the liberation-struggling independence movement of their parents, more than four hundred young Namibian refugees—preschoolers, primary school pupils and teenagers—arrived in the German Democratic Republic in 1979. This chapter evaluates representations of the deportation of the children and their experiences in the GDR by looking at (auto)biographical depictions. With regard to the question of whether their spectacular life stories have (co-)shaped the prevailing post-independence national narrative of Namibia or not, their own perspective yields both an unambiguous and, given the conditions under which they had been sent on their odyssey in the first place, surprising result. While the former exile children have ultimately been denied the privilege of being part of the country’s elite, they do not seem to resent their near invisibility in these self-images of the nation, and seem to have come to terms with their situation (and identity) as Africans with a German past.
Literature Struggles
Authors: Chapman Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Literature struggles in South Africa—or, struggles of interpretation?—evince, and continue to evince, a thematic and stylistic impulse to belong to a common society, but, paradoxically, a society that is often more disjunctive than conjunctive. How, then, to belong? I trace the trajectory from the black-and-white voices of the 1970s to a more heterogeneous conception of the society, after apartheid, and particularly over the last decade, or so. What is peculiar about literature struggles is that the heroic mode has played a relatively marginal role in sense-making or imaginative projection; rather, the critical insight ensures that political language—too often crude in its singularities of either/or—has seldom enjoyed the unalloyed assent of literary language. Considerations of nation-building hardly feature alongside the concerns of living in a functioning society.
(Un)sung Heroines
Authors: van der Westhuizen Christi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In the South African War (1899–1902), Boer women emerged as more heroic than their men folk. When Boer leaders succumbed to a truce, much discursive work ensued to domesticate Boer women anew in the face of their recalcitrance in accepting a peace deal with the British. But attempts to re-feminise Boer women and elevate Boer men to their ‘rightful’ position as patriarchs faltered in the topsy-turvy after the war. The figure of the volksmoeder, or mother of the nation, provided a nodal category that combined feminine care for the family and the volk, or fledgling Afrikaner nation, but the heroic narrative was increasingly displaced by the symbol of self-sacrificial, silent and passive motherhood, thereby obscuring women’s political activism. Today, a re-remembering of volksmoeder heroism, combined with feminist politics based on the democratic-era Constitution, opens up possibilities of Afrikaners breaking out of their white exclusivism to join the nascent democratic South African nation.
Comparing the Namibian and South African Liberation Struggles
Authors: Saunders Chris 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This essay is a preliminary attempt to compare the ways in which the liberation struggles in Namibia and South Africa have been memorialised, both in non-fiction writing about the two struggles and in monuments, memorials and museums. Such a comparison needs to be undertaken through contextualising the two struggles. Though they have some similar features, the ways they have been memorialised are strikingly different, with the armed struggle having been given much greater emphasis in Namibia than in South Africa.
Contribution to the aphid fauna (Homoptera, Aphidinea) of the Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District and the krai city of Norilsk, with descriptions of two new species of the genus Metopolophium
Authors: STEKOLSHCHIKOV ANDREY V. , KHRULEVA OLGA A. 
Published: March 2020

The aphid fauna of the Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District and the krai city of Norilsk (Russia) was studied; 50 species are reported from this territory, the most northern of the Palaeartic Region. Eight aphid species were collected in tundra landscapes (3 of the 5 species found in the northern part are adventive), 25 species in the forest-tundra strip, and 32 species in the northern taiga subzone. Two new species, Metopolophium arcticum sp. nov. and Metopolophium taimyricum sp. nov., are described from the tundra of the Taymyr Peninsula. Their generic placement and systematic relationships to other closely related species are discussed, as is the distribution of Metopolophium species in the polar region.
How Rare Was the August 2016 South-Central Louisiana Heavy Rainfall Event?
Authors: Brown Vincent M. , Keim Barry D. , Kappel William D. , Hultstrand Douglas M. , Peyrefitte Ashton G. , Black Alan W. , Steinhilber Kristi M. , Muhlestein Geoffrey A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study examines the spatiotemporal characteristics of the historic 10–14 August 2016 south-central Louisiana precipitation event. The storm was the result of a moisture-rich, tropical low pressure system, also known as a tropical easterly wave, that slowly tracked westward along the Gulf Coast from Florida to Texas. Once over south-central Louisiana, the storm was able to take advantage of anomalously high precipitable water, broad low-level instability, and continuous moisture inflow from the Gulf of Mexico to produce historic rainfall. Totals exceeded 254 mm (10 in.) for much of southern Louisiana, while locations adjacent to Baton Rouge and Lafayette received upward of 635 mm (25 in.). One station measured a 48-h rainfall total of 797.3 mm (31.39 in.)—the greatest 48-h total on record for Louisiana. Using calibrated radar data, the Storm Precipitation Analysis System (SPAS) revealed that one location likely received >864 mm (34 in.) of precipitation during the duration of the storm, well over the estimated 1000-yr return interval. A synoptic discussion of the event and analysis of the storm’s recurrence interval helps place this storm in a historical context.
A Process-Based Validation of GPM IMERG and Its Sources Using a Mesoscale Rain Gauge Network in the West African Forest Zone
Authors: Maranan Marlon , Fink Andreas H. , Knippertz Peter , Amekudzi Leonard K. , Atiah Winifred A. , Stengel Martin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUsing a two-year dataset (2016–17) from 17 one-minute rain gauges located in the moist forest region of Ghana, the performance of Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for GPM, version 6b (IMERG), is evaluated based on a subdaily time scale, down to the level of the underlying passive microwave (PMW) and infrared (IR) sources. Additionally, the spaceborne cloud product Cloud Property Dataset Using SEVIRI, edition 2 (CLAAS-2), available every 15 min, is used to link IMERG rainfall to cloud-top properties. Several important issues are identified: 1) IMERG’s proneness to low-intensity false alarms, accounting for more than a fifth of total rainfall; 2) IMERG’s overestimation of the rainfall amount from frequently occurring weak convective events, while that of relatively rare but strong mesoscale convective systems is underestimated, resulting in an error compensation; and 3) a decrease of skill during the little dry season in July and August, known to feature enhanced low-level cloudiness and warm rain. These findings are related to 1) a general oversensitivity for clouds with low ice and liquid water path and a particular oversensitivity for low cloud optical thickness, a problem which is slightly reduced for direct PMW overpasses; 2) a pronounced negative bias for high rain intensities, strongest when IR data are included; and 3) a large fraction of missed events linked with rainfall out of warm clouds, which are inherently misinterpreted by IMERG and its sources. This paper emphasizes the potential of validating spaceborne rainfall products with high-resolution rain gauges on a subdaily time scale, particularly for the understudied West African region.
Increased dopamine availability magnifies nicotine effects on cognitive control: A pilot study
Authors: Ahrens Stefan , Laux Joana , Müller Christina , Thiel Christiane M 
Published: March 2020

Introduction and objectives: The ability to adapt to new task demands flexibly and to stabilise performance in the presence of distractors is termed cognitive control and is mediated by dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission. We aimed to test the hypothesis that the effect of the cholinergic agonist nicotine on cognitive control depends on baseline dopamine levels. Methods: Thirty-eight healthy non-smokers (16 males; Mage=24.05 years) performed a cognitive control task including distractor and switch trials twice. Subjects were split into two parallel groups. One group received 2 g of L-tyrosine two hours prior to testing to manipulate dopamine availability experimentally, while the other group received placebo on both days. One hour later, both groups received in a within-subject design: on one day, a 7 mg nicotine patch; on the other day, a matched placebo. Response time costs for distractor and switch trials served as measures of cognitive stability and flexibility. Results: Nicotinic modulation reduced response time costs in switch trials and increased costs in distractor trials (nicotine×condition, p=0.027) with a trend-wise interaction between nicotine, L-tyrosine and trial type (nicotine×L-tyrosine×condition, p=0.068), which was due to stronger nicotine effects under L-tyrosine. Conclusions: Our data provide preliminary evidence that nicotine has opponent effects on cognitive stability and flexibility. Subjects who received the dopamine precursor L-tyrosine were more prone to nicotine effects on behaviours, which are improvements in cognitive flexibility at the cost of decreased cognitive stability.
Bladder schistosomiasis in Italy: A case report
Authors: Fabiano Marco , Califano Alfonso , Chiancone Francesco , D’Antonio Antonio , Maiorino Francesco , Simeone Davide , Silvestre Gianmarco , Altieri Vincenzo 
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Human schistosomiasis is a snail-borne disease caused by parasitic blood-dwelling flukes. A long-term infection can lead to the risk of liver damage, kidney failure, infertility, or bladder cancer. The most common sign is hematuria with the blood first seen in the terminal urine, but in severe cases the whole urine sample can be dark colored. We analyze the case of a healthy African child living in Italy since birth, harboring a hidden debilitating disease that was picked up during ultrasonography. Case Report: A 11-year-old African child was admitted to our emergency department with macroscopic hematuria, dysuria, and frequency for 2 months. Ultrasonography revealed a solid mass involving bladder’s right wall. Non-contrast and contrast-enhanced scans of computerized tomography showed a mass of 45 mm x 15 mm on the right bladder wall. A bipolar transurethral resection of bladder was performed. The pathological examination showed findings consistent with Schistosoma haematobium. Discussion: The clinical manifestations of schistosomiasis depend on the inflammatory response to the parasitic infection. In particular, it can manifest in the bladder as painless dysuria, urinary incontinence and urinary frequency, hematuria, or even urinary retention if the trigone is involved. Utilization of ultrasonography for diagnostic evaluation of schistosomiasis is mandatory. For treatment, the World Health Organization recommends praziquantel which has an efficacy of up to 90%.
Foreign Direct Investment, Exports and Long-term Economic Growth in Alabama: A Co-integration Analysis
Authors: Castello Sergio , Biswas Anindya 
Published: March 2020

This article provides a state-specific co-integration study by linking exports and foreign direct investment (FDI) to economic growth in Alabama. The study aims to determine how much of Alabama’s economic growth is driven by exports. Mercedes-Benz and its announcement of a US$600 million investment in 1993 started a surge of FDI and exports never seen before in the state accelerating its long-run economic growth path. Twenty years later, Mercedes-Benz has invested over US$4.5 billion and can produce 300,000 vehicles per year. This study analyses the importance of exports and FDI in the Alabama economy and establishes significant evidence of the positive relationship between Total Gross Domestic Product for Alabama (ALNGSP) and its exports from 1999 to 2017, whereas it does not find a statistically significant impact of the FDI on Alabama’s growth. We conclude that Alabama needs to focus on three main policies to continue its economic success. First, it needs to continue to attract FDI in these sectors to build a vast supplier network. Second, Alabama must allocate new investments in infrastructure and finally, it needs to continue to be a friendly state to businesses, providing skilled labour, low corporate taxes and less bureaucracy. JEL: C82, L62, O51
Degenerative Cervical Disorder—Stand-alone Cage Versus Cage and Cervical Plate: A Systematic Review
Authors: Boer Luis Fernando Ricci , Zorzetto Eduardo , Yeh Felipe , Wajchenberg Marcelo , Martins Delio E. 
Published: March 2020

Study Design: Systematic review. Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare clinical and radiological outcomes following discectomy and anterior cervical fusion for the treatment of cervical degenerative disorder performed with stand-alone cages and anterior cervical plates. Methods: Electronic searches were performed in the MEDLINE, LILACS, and Cochrane Systematic Reviews databases, according to PRISMA guidelines, with no language or date restriction. The review was registered in PROSPERO under number CRD42018109180. Results: Six randomized clinical trials were selected, which evaluated at least one of the objectives of this work, such as pain control, bone consolidation, neurological symptoms, and cervical lordosis, thus satisfying the inclusion criteria. Articles that did not directly compare the 2 surgical techniques were excluded. A total of 309 patients were included and the results showed no significant difference in clinical (visual analogue scale and neck disability index) or radiological (cervical lordosis and fusion) outcome between the 2 groups. The operative time was shorter in the group with stand-alone cages (mean difference = −18.40; 95% CI = [−24.89, −11.92]; P < .66). Conclusion: The stand-alone cages and anterior cervical plate techniques have similar clinical and radiological outcomes. Despite the significantly shorter operative time for one group, other randomized clinical trials are needed to establish conclusive evidence in favor of one of the comparative treatments.
Structural determinants of long-term functional outcomes in young children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Turkovic Lidija , Caudri Daan , Rosenow Tim , Breuer Oded , Murray Conor , Tiddens Harm A.W.M. , Ramanauskas Fiona , Ranganathan Sarath C. , Hall Graham L. , Stick Stephen M. 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundAccelerated lung function decline in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) starts in adolescence with respiratory complications being the most common cause of death in later life. Factors contributing to lung function decline are not well understood, in particular its relationship with structural lung disease in early childhood. Detection and management of structural lung disease could be an important step in improving outcomes in CF patients.MethodsAnnual chest computed tomography (CT) scans were available from 2005 to 2016 as a part of the AREST CF cohort for children aged 3 months to 6 years. Annual spirometry measurements were available for 89.77% of the cohort (167 children aged 5–6 years) from age 5 to 15 years through outpatient clinics at Perth Children's Hospital (Perth, Australia) and The Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne (Melbourne, Australia) (697 measurements, mean±sdage 9.3±2.1 years).ResultsChildren with a total CT score above the median at age 5–6 years were more likely to have abnormal forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (adjusted hazard ratio 2.67 (1.06–6.72), p=0.037) during the next 10 years compared to those below the median chest CT score. The extent of all structural abnormalities except bronchial wall thickening were associated with lower FEV1Z-scores. Mucus plugging and trapped air were the most predictive sub-score (adjusted mean change −0.17 (−0.26 – −0.07) p<0.001 and −0.09 (−0.14 – −0.04) p<0.001, respectively).DiscussionChest CT identifies children at an early age who have adverse long-term outcomes. The prevention of structural lung damage should be a goal of early intervention and can be usefully assessed with chest CT. In an era of therapeutics that might alter disease trajectories, chest CT could provide an early readout of likely long-term success.