bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Miscible Slug Process
Authors: Koch H.A. , Slobod R.L. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 40–47.

Abstract
This paper discusses a new oil recovery process called the "miscible slug process." This process involves the injection of propane or LPG into the reservoir prior to gas injection. The operating conditions are maintained so that the slug is miscible with both the reservoir oil and the injected gas phase. Thus, a miscible phase displacement is achieved, and high recoveries are obtained from the area of the reservoir contacted.
The most striking discovery of the laboratory study which included displacements from cores up to 125 ft in length was that relatively small slugs of LPQ are effective over reservoir distances in the miscible displacement of oil. This snakes possible the commercial-application of the process.
The important factors controlling the size of the slug are:reservoir length,reservoir fluid composition, andreservoir pressure at the displacement front.
Of lesser importance are the effects of injection rate and porous medium type. Questions which have not been completely answered deal with the effects of gravity and reservoir inhomogeneities on the process.

Introduction
One of the major problems facing the oil industry today is recovery of the large fraction of the discovered oil which will remain unrecovered unless some new processes are found. Water-flooding has been one successful method used to increase recovery over natural depletion. But even successful water floods may leave 25–40 per cent of the pore space filled with residual oil.
Recently a process which involves the use of thermal energy has been reported which may prove useful in increasing recovery from shallow reservoirs containing highly viscous crudes. This paper deals with a new oil recovery process involving use of miscible phases to displace the oil from the reservoir. Miscible phase displacement of oil has been an intriguing idea because the elimination of capillary effects in the reservoir leads to 100 per cent recovery in the areas contacted by the miscible displacing phase. The big deterrent in the past to the practice of miscible phase displacement has been the high cost involved in using large volumes of solvent in the process. The use of high pressure gas to achieve a miscible phase displacement of reservoir oil has been reported as one economically feasible method. However, this process calls for the maintenance of pressures above 3,000 psi at the displacement front.
Rheological Measurements of Non-Newtonian Fluids
Authors: Melton Leonard L. , Saunders Calvin D. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 196–201.

Abstract
The design and performance of many operations common to the petroleum industry depend upon the unique properties of a class of materials known as non-Newtonian fluids. The art of measuring and describing these properties, called rheology, has fallen far behind the field application of these fluids in this industry. Empirical methods are still employed although theoretically sound methods of analysis are now available.
This paper illustrates a completely general method of analysis of the rheological properties of non-Newtonian fluids which is independent of the type of viscometer employed and also the rheological type of fluid encountered except those of a thixotropic or rheopectic nature.
Values of the rheological properties of a fluid obtained using this method of analysis are based upon an absolute scale of measurement, eliminating the necessity of employing arbitrary concepts of the flow properties of non-Newtonian fluids.
The fundamental nature of this method of analysis is further demonstrated by evaluating the precision with which measurements have been made of these rheological properties by employing a dimensionless criteria - the Fanning friction factor-Reynolds number correlation.

Introduction
Non-Newtonian fluids are not new in the petroleum industry. Particular properties of non-Newtonian materials have been recognized and used to advantage in drilling fluids and have found excellent application in the hydraulic fracturing process.
While usage of these fluids is not new in this industry, the art of measuring and describing their rheological properties is still in its infancy. This is reflected in the accepted method of evaluating drilling fluids, API RP 29, (1950), which recommends a one point "viscosity" measurement. These shortcomings are recognized by various groups in the industry and more adequate methods have been proposed.
Method for Predicting the Back-Pressure Behavior of Low Permeability Natural Gas Wells
Authors: Tek M.R. , Grove M.L. , Poettmann F.H. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 302–309.

Abstract
The general problem of single-phase natural gas flow through porous media has been considered both by mathematical analysis and field experiments. Theoretical studies on the fluid dynamics of natural gas wells resulted in derivations of expressions which permit a better understanding of the flow mechanism for conditions under which Darcy's law is no longer valid.
In applying these results to natural gas production and testing technology, special emphasis was placed on the study of low permeability, slowly stabilizing formations. These applications resulted in a method of predicting the performance coefficients of tight natural gas wells.
The calculation of the performance coefficient requires the determination of the "test-index", the drainage radius, and the effective wellbore radius.
Methods for estimating these parameters from field data were also developed.
Field data from 15 wells were collected and analyzed. The measured values of the performance coefficients were compared with the predicted values. This statistical evaluation gave a bias of 7.14 per cent and a standard deviation of 11.6 per cent.

Introduction
The performance of a natural gas well is determined by the physical properties of the reservoir rock, the extent and the geometry of the drainage area, the properties of the flowing fluid, and the conditions of pressure distribution within the drainage matrix.
The relation between the quantity of gas delivered and the pressure drop within the reservoir is characteristic of the behavior of each well and is often referred to as the back-pressure behavior of the well.
Important engineering and production problems such as calculation of gas deliverability into a pipeline at a predetermined line pressure, design and analysis of gas-gathering lines, determinations of spacing and number of wells to be drilled during field development to meet future market or contract obligations, etc., all depend, at least in part, on the availability and use of reliable back-pressure curves.
An Evaluation of the Procedures Used in the Determination of the Grain Densities of Petroleum Reservoir Minerals
Authors: Brooks C.S. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 235–244.

Abstract
Several of the commonly used methods for determination of effective grain densities of minerals have been evaluated for accuracy and precision, and their applicability to various types of petroleum reservoir minerals tested. Consideration was given to the effect of consolidation, swelling clay, and wettability on these grain-density determinations.
Procedures with helium displacement, a modified low-pressure Boyle's law porosimeter, and liquid displacement (water, n-decane, and n-octanol) were tested. The helium-displacement procedure was used primarily as an independent reference for which the effects of fluid-solid interaction, e.g., adsorption and wettability, were negligible. The procedures with the Boyle's law porosimeter and with liquid displacement are the methods in common use.
Minerals investigated included calcite, West Texas limestone core samples, California sandstone core samples, and Wyoming bentonite. The number of samples tested, while not large, was adequate to permit application of statistical methods.
Grain-density measurements on calcite (Iceland spar) provided a basis of comparison for the accuracy and precision of the procedures under investigation for a material with a high degree of chemical and physical homogeneity and for which fluid-solid interactions were at a minimum.
Liquid-displacement procedures (water or n-decane) provided the greatest reliability and precision for measurement of the grain densities of the limestone tested.
Gas-displacement procedures (helium or Boyle's law porosimeter) provided the greatest reliability and experimental convenience, if not the greatest precision, for the measurement of the grain densities of the swelling clay, Wyoming bentonite, and the shaly sandstones which contained appreciable amounts of swelling, interstitial clays.
These experiments were designed to evaluate the applicability of the grain-density procedures in common use to some of the less tractable minerals-tight limestones, shaly sandstones, and swelling clays. The results should provide a useful basis for a selection of the method most suitable for application to the various petroleum reservoir minerals encountered and especially for use in the estimation of formation porosity.
Log Interpretation in Heterogeneous Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Winn R.H. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 268–274.

Introduction
In this paper a heterogeneous carbonate reservoir is considered as a succession of layers of formations of radically different porosities, permeabilities, water saturations, and rock matrix types; i.e., the heterogeneity is vertical rather than radial to the wellbore. Presumably each layer is more or less homogeneous.
To determine the "et oil in place" in this reservoir it is desirable to know the porosity and water saturation of each layer. In addition, the section must be subdivided into that which will produce oil, that which will produce water, and that which will produce little or nothing.
In numerous wells drilled in these reservoirs radioactivity surveys, guard electrode surveys, and caliper surveys have been made. These logs have been compared with core analysis data, when available, and the analysis of the surveys compared with production data. This study, still in progress, is intended to provide improved analytical techniques if such are possible. This paper is a progress report on the work.

Determination of Porosity
The neutron-gamma log has long been recognized as a measure of hydrogen concentration. In reservoirs that are free of clay, shale, or other hydrogen containing matrices, it has been accepted as a measure of porosity. Empirical methods to relate relative neutron-gamma intensity to porosity are often employed.
To provide a more precise determination of porosity from the neutron-gamma log each instrument is calibrated immediately prior to each survey by a method which refers all tools to a hydrogenous cylinder. To insure stability a calibration check is made after each survey. These calibration records are printed as an integral part of the log that is recorded in standard counts per second. A detailed description of the calibration procedure is available in the literature. The procedure employed insures that each survey is numerically reproducible within the limits of statistical variation.
To relate the standard neutron counts per second to porosity and hole size, records were made in test wells constructed of blocks of limestone.
Density Logging with Gamma Rays
Authors: Baker P.E. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 289–294.

Abstract
An improved method of logging formation density has been developed in which the formation is bombarded with a collimated beam of gamma rays. By means of a scintillation detector and pulse height discriminator, the gamma-ray energy band is accepted and recorded which corresponds to deepest penetration into the formation. Laboratory tests on a field tool revealed no borehole diameter effect for smooth holes and no effect of formation chemistry, except insofar as chemistry affects density. In extensive field tests, the density log has exhibited satisfactory agreement with core measurements and has correlated accurately with other logs.

Introduction
This paper describes an improved method of logging formation density by means of back-scattered gamma rays to penetrate the formation together with energy discrimination to select only that energy (or frequency) range corresponding to deepest penetration into the formation. This method of density logging was developed at the La Habra laboratory of California Research Corp.
Field instruments have been built and tested by McCullough Tool Co. and commercial service has begun in some areas. All of the data discussed here were obtained for the original field tool.
The density log can be a valuable adjunct to existing logs because of its use in determining porosity quantitatively. It is useful also in connection with seismic and gravity surveys where formation density information is of interest.
Identification of NHXs in Gossypium species and the positive role of GhNHX1 in salt tolerance
Authors: Long Lu , Zhao Jing-Ruo , Guo Dan-dan , Ma Xiao-Nan , Xu Fu-Chun , Yang Wen-Wen , Gao Wei 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Plant Na+/H+ antiporters (NHXs) are membrane-localized proteins that maintain cellular Na+/K+ and pH homeostasis. Considerable evidence highlighted the critical roles of NHX family in plant development and salt response; however, NHXs in cotton are rarely studied.Results: The comprehensive and systematic comparative study of NHXs in three Gossypium species was performed. We identified 12, 12, and 23 putative NHX proteins from G. arboreum, G. raimondii, and G. hirsutum, respectively. Phylogenetic study revealed that repeated polyploidization of Gossypium spp. contributed to the expansion of NHX family. Gene structure analysis showed that cotton NHXs contain many introns, which will lead to alternative splicing and help plants to adapt to high salt concentrations in soil. The expression changes of NHXs indicate the possible differences in the roles of distinct NHXs in salt response. GhNHX1 was proved to be located in the vacuolar system and intensively induced by salt stress in cotton. Silencing of GhNHX1 resulted in enhanced sensitivity of cotton seedlings to high salt concentrations, which suggests that GhNHX1 positively regulates cotton tolerance to salt stress.Conclusion: We characterized the gene structure, phylogenetic relationship, chromosomal location, and expression pattern of NHX genes from G. arboreum, G. raimondii, and G. hirsutum. Our findings indicated that the cotton NHX genes are regulated meticulously and differently at the transcription level with possible alternative splicing. The tolerance of plants to salt stress may rely on the expression level of a particular NHX, rather than the number of NHXs in the genome. This study could provide significant insights into the function of plant NHXs, as well as propose promising candidate genes for breeding salt-resistant cotton cultivars.
Vector analysis of Contoura Vision for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism
Authors: Lin Ying , Su Huanjun , Wu Jianbin , Zhang Xia , Yuan Muzhi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the visual outcomes of Contoura Vision with automatic eye tracking system in eyes with myopia and myopic astigmatism. Methods: In this prospective study, 40 consecutive patients (80 eyes) with moderate myopia and irregular astigmatism were included from January to August 2018 at Liuzhou Worker’s Hospital. Subjects were randomly divided into an experimental group (40 eyes) that underwent Contoura Vision FS-LASIK and a control group (40 eyes) that underwent wavefront-optimized FS-LASIK. Target refractions of all subjects were plano. Visual outcomes and astigmatic vector analysis were evaluated and compared between preoperatively and 3 months post-operatively. Results: The preoperative spherical and cylindrical refractive errors were similar in both groups (P>0.05). At 3 months postoperatively, cumulative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) was 20/16, 20/20, or 20/25 in 30 %, 95%, 100 % of patients in the experimental group, respectively. The experimental group was better than the control group in predictability of astigmatism correction at 3 months after operation. In the experimental group, 80% of eyes had deviation of astigmatic axis within 15° and 35% of eyes had deviation of astigmatic axis within 5°, both were better than those in the control group. The number of eyes with residual astigmatism within 0.5D were higher in the experimental group (60%, 24 eyes) than the control group (50%, 20 eyes). Compared with the preoperative, C7 significantly reduced to 0.056±0.030 in the experimental group at 3 months after the procedure (P<0.05), and were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Contoura Vision with automatic eye tracking system was safe and effective for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatism.
Service user and family participation in mental health policy making in Timor-Leste: a qualitative study with multiple stakeholders
Authors: Hall Teresa , Kakuma Ritsuko , Palmer Lisa , Minas Harry , Martins João , Armstrong Greg 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Introduction Participation in mental health system strengthening by people with mental health problems and their families is a cornerstone of people-centred mental health care, yet there is a dearth of research about participation from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly from the Asia Pacific region. Hence, this study aimed to assess the current situation, challenges, enabling factors and future actions for service user and family participation in mental health policy making in Timor-Leste. Methods In-depth interviews were conducted with 85 adults (≥18 years) who were: (1) mental health service users (n = 20) and their families (n = 10); (2) government decision makers (n = 10); (3) mental health and social service providers (n = 23); (4) civil society (n = 9); and (5) other groups (n = 13). Interview data was analysed using framework analysis. Results There was limited service user, family and community participation in mental health policy making in Timor-Leste. Perceptions that policy making is a technical exercise and that people with mental health problems lack cognitive capacity, and a lack of supportive mechanisms challenged participation. Enabling factors were a strong focus on human rights within the social sector, and existing mechanisms for advocacy and representation of people with disabilities in social policy making. Participants suggested bolstering civil society representation of people with mental health problems, and increasing mental health awareness and literacy, including government competencies to facilitate service user participation. Conclusion The findings highlight the need for theoretical and practical focus on the role of family within mental health system development in LMICs. Global mental health research and practice should adopt a critical approach to mental health service user and family participation to ensure that the concept and strategies to achieve this are embedded in LMIC knowledge.
Transcriptomic analysis of bovine monocytes in response to non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus infection
Authors: HE Yanhua , HE Jinke , YANG Yajun , HUANG Xin , ZHANG Yunfen , XIAO Chencheng , ZHAO Xinxia , MA Xusheng , GUO Tao , ZHONG Fagang , CHEN Chuangfu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Monocytes are significant players in the detection of invading pathogens, particularly in pathogen defense. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) can cause a persistent infection and immune suppression if animals are infected with an non-cytopathic (ncp) biotype. However, its exact role in ncp BVDV1-infected bovine monocytes remains poorly understood. Results: RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to investigate the effect of ncp BVDV1 infection on the transcriptional profile of bovine monocytes. Compared with the non-infected cells, 9959 and 7977 differentially expressed gene (DEGs) were identified at 2 and 24 h hpi, respectively. These DEGs were associated with signal transduction, immune response, apoptotic process, cellular process , binding and cellular component. The differential expression profiles of select the type I interferon signaling pathway , interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs), and genes involved in the innate immune response, including IRF7, DDX3X, TLR13, DDX58(RIG-I), MVAS, TLR9, TRAF6, IRF1, IFIT1, STAT1, ISG20, TRIM25, MX1,NLRX1, CYLD, SIKE1 and ZAP70 were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR and consistent with the RNA-seq data. Conclusion: Our transciptome anslysis provides useful initial data towards better understanding of the infection mechanisms used by ncp BVDV1, while highlighting the potential molecular relationships occurring between the virus and the host’s immune response.
Nitric oxide is involved in the brassinolide-induced adventitious root development in cucumber
Authors: Yutong Li , Wu Yue , Liao Weibiao , Hu Linli , Dawuda Mohammed Mujitaba , Jin Xin , Tang Zhongqi , Yang Jianjun , Yu Jihua 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Brassinolide (BR), as a new type of plant hormones, is involved in the processes of plant growth and stress response. Previous studies have reported the roles of BR in regulating plant developmental processes and also response tolerance to abiotic stresses in plants. The main purpose of our study was to explore whether nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in the process of BR-induced adventitious root formation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Results: Exogenous application of 1 μM BR significantly promoted adventitious rooting, while high concentrations of BR (2-8 μM) effectively inhibited adventitious rooting. NO donor (S-nitroso-N-acerylpenicillamine, SNAP) promoted the occurrence of adventitious roots. Simultaneously, BR and SNAP applied together significantly promoted adventitious rooting and the combined effect was superior to the application of BR or SNAP alone. Moreover, NO scavenger (c-PTIO) and inhibitors (L-NAME and Tungstate) inhibited the positive effects of BR on adventitious rooting. BR at 1 μM also increased endogenous NO content, NO synthase (NOS-like) and Nitrate reductase (NR) activities, while BRz (a specific BR biosynthesis inhibitor) decreased these effects. In addition, the relative expression level of NR was up-regulated by BR and SNAP, whereas BRz down-regulated it. The application of NO inhibitor (Tungstate) in BR also inhibited the up-regulation of NR. Conclusion: BR promoted the formation of adventitious roots by inducing the production of endogenous NO in cucumber.