bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
39% Increase in Footage and 50% Decrease in Drilling Dysfunctions Achieved via Implementation of Shaped and Multidimensional Inserts in the Slimhole Lateral Section through Hard Carbonates
Authors: Alraheb Mahmoud , Lyons Nicholas , AlDarwaish Ayman 
Published: January 2020

Drilling operations in the Middle East contain many applications where extended reach laterals target hard and interbedded carbonate reservoirs. Such applications are associated with elevated levels of drilling dysfunctions resulting in tool reliability and bit durability issues. These challenges include lateral and torsional vibrations that impact the drilling system longevity and premature cutting structure damage resulting in multiple drilling trips and an increase of nonproductive time (NPT). To address the lateral stability and loss of drilling efficiency challenges of drilling hard carbonates, this paper explores three new concepts applied to drill polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit design.
The 5.875′ Slimhole section through hard carbonate of the Middle East was identified as the target application. A study of existing PDC drill bit performance in this section was conducted to determine current design limitations and set objectives. After optimizing the cutting structure and overall PDC bit frame, three new design concepts were also incorporated.
Targeting lateral stability, a "chisel" shaped diamond element (SDE) was placed trailing the cutting structure to provide a stable drilling response. Multiple iterations were studied to optimize the bit lateral stability without compromising bit efficiency. The iterations included changing the radial position, the count and orientation angle of these elements.
Non-planar faced PDC inserts were strategically placed on the bit cutting structure to reduce the cutting temperatures during rock cutting, and increase the drilling efficiency.
Depth of cut control (DOCC) rubbing elements are commonly used to mitigate stick-slip dysfunctions, but standard DOCC elements wore down too quickly to maintain their function. An impregnated blade based DOCC rubbing element was implemented to maintain the stick-slip protection throughout the length of the run.
The new PDC bit design completed six successful field trials in the target section and achieved an average increase of 39% in footage and 11% in rate of penetration. Validation of the design concepts via comparing surface data, downhole vibrations data and the bit dull condition showed marked improvements in the desired metrics. A step change improvement of 50% in the level of lateral vibrations and torsional stability was achieved due to the combination of the SDE and the impregnated DOCC elements. The bit drilled consistently smoother protecting the bit & BHA. Final dull conditions also improved with a reduction in broken or chipped cutters across the cutting structure due to MCE inserts.
Combination of innovative geometries and materials targeting stability and efficiency significantly increased performance, reduced NPT and lowered tool maintenance costs in one iteration.
Cooling Tower Resonance Mitigation Through Vibration Analysis.
Authors: Torrie Sean 
Published: January 2020

Condition monitoring, or CM is the process of monitoring machinery parameters such as vibration and temperature trends at routine intervals, in order to identify any significant change which may indicate developing faults. Vibration Analysis may be considered as one of the most predominant CM techniques used industry wide to carry out predictive maintenance and analysis on rotating equipment. Fault conditions such as unbalance, misalignment, resonance, hydraulic and aerodynamic forces can be detected using a variety of vibration tests and analysis methods.
Saudi Aramco Shaybah NGL Recovery Plant Department experienced a failure on a cooling tower right angled gearbox during commissioning. The root cause identified was insufficient lubrication. Although this gearbox was fitted with online fixed instrumentation, set points were too lenient. However, offline vibration troubleshooting techniques highlighted a resonance issue and provided the necessary data to rectify and resolve the high vibration on the fan.
Mitigation steps taken included a thorough evaluation of the existing gearbox protection design and Velometer selection. Further vibration data was collected with a portable device for two main reasons: firstly for comparison with the fixed Velometer readings and secondly to measure in the horizontal axis, which is perpendicular to the fixed position. Higher amplitudes were recorded in the horizontal axis as the vertical position where the Velometer is fixed, due to the orientation of the gearbox supporting beam. Resonance or bump tests were conducted on the gearbox to investigate the elevated amplitudes recorded in the horizontal plane. Bump tests proved that the natural frequency of the gearbox coincided with the cooling fans blade pass frequency (BPF). Resonance was proven, therefore had to be addressed in order to avoid component deterioration and imminent failure. Cost and repair or down time was paramount in finding the solution and implementation on all four cooling fans. Fundamentally, the most effective solution was to separate the fan blade pass and the natural frequencies of the right angled gearbox. Removing a resonance condition would reduce the overall vibration amplitude and extend the component life span of the cooling tower rotating parts.
This paper will detail the steps taken to investigate and rectify the mechanical failure. In addition it will discuss the relevance of an effective predictive maintenance strategy and the importance of verifying the design of fixed or permanent instrumentation.
Using Data Analytics and Manage by Exception Methodology to Analyze, Confirm and Predict Well Behavior Using Integrated Modeling Approach
Authors: Cornwall Rachelle Christine , Nuimi Saber Mubarak Al Nuimi , Tripathi Deepak Tripathi , Hidalgo Melvin Hidalgo , Soni Sandeep Soni , Isambertt Jose Isambertt 
Published: January 2020

A workflow-based approach was implemented to improve the efficiency of Integrated Asset Operations Model (IAOM) processes and to enhance the reliability of production profiles. This approach is based on automated validation, data analytics, and management-by-exception rules to improve the work process efficiency and to reduce manual interventions.
Various IAOM processes are dynamically integrated with the ADNOC corporate database to fetch the various well and facility measurement in real-time. The process starts with the well test parameter validation in the IAOM system to ensure that validated parameters are updated within a well model. This process makes sure that the validated models can be utilized for the further optimization scenario and forecasting scenario to support the business plans.
The IAOM processes were implemented throughout a large asset with multiple fields encompassing different lift types, including natural flow, gas lift, and ESP. Automatic validation and in-built management-by-exception methodology reduced the requirement for engineering analysis significantly in various workflows such as almost 70% reduction of analysis time in production test validation and almost 95% reduction in the well technical rate determination. Moreover, the estimation of the production capacity scenario was almost 98.8% accurate with respect to the real field measurement. Such a level of accuracy enhanced the confidence in the model estimation and hence the production forecasting scenario was carried out to make sure that the business plans can deliver the desired production target.
Such an all-inclusive integrated process allowed the identification of true field potential and hence the full utilization of various work processes discussed in this paper. The exception-based approach helps the engineers to focus on engineering problems rather than just data validation.
Confirmation of Pre-Inspection Cleanliness by Transient Dynamics Analysis
Authors: Stewart Neil , Jack Graham 
Published: January 2020

Pipelines require inspection for integrity to regulatory reasons. Pipeline operators put significant effort into planning and conducting inspections, with the pre-inspection cleaning campaign often being lengthy and costly because of the need to minimize the risk of a failed inspection due to cleanliness issues. Current methods for monitoring a pipeline's cleanliness rely on theoretical modelling and human interpretation of factors, such as debris removed from pipelines, rather than measurement of actual pipe cleanliness. This paper details a solution to this challenge using transient dynamics analysis.
The method is based on analyzing the signal response generated by a pressure wave transiting the pipeline as it is affected by geometrical changes in the system. By capturing high-resolution pressure measurement on an ultra-high-speed logger, the generated pressure wave can be recorded for analysis. Applying acoustic velocity gradient modeling to the measured data in conjunction with effect of the system and the fluid parameters, the profile of the internal bore of the system can be found, and the deposit on the pipe wall can, therefore, be accurately determined.
This paper details how the theory behind the method is confirmed by results observed when used during a controlled, full-scale field-trial environment in addition to subsequent activities to survey system profiles. A case study is presented demonstrating that the method enables operators to make decisive asset-performance decisions and review deposit buildup in a safe and cost-effective manner without having to stop production. The theoretical method for the calculation of acoustic velocity for a known system and fluid parameters is shown to be accurate within tolerances compared to the acoustic velocity gained in the field by recording the time of flight between two known points. It is demonstrated that restrictions can be detected to a level of accuracy of ±3 mm of thickness, as verified by comparison with other debris detection methods.
The described analysis is a unique method for determining the cleanliness of pipelines which can offer significant advantages from traditional methods. It can provide information in a repeatable and verified level of accuracy without the requirement for expensive and time-consuming intrusive intervention, which enables operators to execute and verify pre-inspection cleaning in the most efficient and cost-effective manner, thus maximizing the likelihood of a successful inline inspection run.
Who Needs Two Trips? Remotely Activated Downhole Tools Facilitate a Deep-Water Single-Trip Completion. A Case Study of the First Deployment.
Authors: Murdoch Euan , Walduck Steve , Munro Chris , Edwards Andrew , Choquet Caroline , Tee Choon Yau 
Published: January 2020

Successfully deploying a single-trip completion system in a deepwater environment requires an innovative technical solution to address the risks that come with this environment. Following a request from the operator for a deep-water single-trip solution, a number of different system options were proposed. Each system was evaluated against the operator's requirements, and a radio frequency identification (RFID) technology-based system was selected as it offered the greatest flexibility in both activation and contingency methods to meet the demands of the project.
It was proposed to hold a 2 stage system integration test (SIT) at a test rig in Aberdeen. The first SIT was performed with a small number of tools that could be setup in different modes to prove the system's logic against the operator's expectations. While this was conducted successfully, a number of learnings and operational optimisations were captured. These were fed into a full-scale SIT, which was deployed at the same test rig. This second SIT involved a complete representation of the single- trip system, and was designed to test the final system logic prior to deployment into an offshore environment.
The system was then installed successfully in November 2018, on a subsea well, offshore Nigeria with no intervention. It resulted in an operational time saving of at least 60% over the previous best recorded time for a conventional two-trip completion from the same rig. This represented a step change in operational efficiency and will now be the operator's base case completion methodology as they develop the field further.
This is the first time a single-trip completion has been deployed in this fashion in a deep-water, offshore environment. The demonstrable step change in operational time and resultant project OPEX savings, proves that the use of RFID and remote actuated tools within completions offer excellent alternatives to traditional methods.
Simultaneous Injection and Fracturing Interference Testing SIFIT – A Novel Technique
Authors: Larbi Zeghlache Mohamed , Berkane Mustapha , Soleiman Wael 
Published: January 2020

Wireline formation testers (WFTs) are a major component of providing quantitative geomechanical information obtained through induced hydraulic fractures, commonly called (Micro-Frac). This type of information is used to infer critical data such as borehole stability studies, field stress mapping, stimulation planning, seal integrity tests, and other applications. Likewise, vertical interference testing (VIT) conducted with WFTs provides valuable information about flow barriers, zone connectivity, and quantitatively determine localized horizontal and vertical permeabilities. Both techniques are used over separate stations and different depths as it may involve different hardware in different trips in the wellbore. In this paper, a novel technique to combine both tests simultaneously using an optimized hardware configuration and interpretation will be demonstrated.
Pressure tests data in low permeability reservoirs is commonly affected by "super-charging" fluid that leaks into the invaded zone from hydrostatic pressure and cannot quickly dissipate, thereby making it difficult to accurately obtain true formation pressure measurements. This, in turn, affects the VIT tests where the pressure response at the observation point is influenced by the supercharged pressure resulting in erroneous calculation of vertical permeability. By initiating a micro-fracture while monitoring its response, this provides a better estimate to reservoir pressure and improves VIT success in low permeability formation.
The combination of a Micro-Frac and VIT test at the same depth provides unique information about the reservoir and may enhance the data quality on these stations. Not only the safety and cost are positively impacted in improving the operational efficiency. New methods and techniques can emerge from the utilization of this methodology and improve reservoir understanding and characterization. In fact, a feasibility test using this unique approach was conducted and validated in a carbonate reservoir. The results indicate that the created micro-fractures provide a means of dissipating the "super-charging" effect masking the true formation pressure and reduce the uncertainty in the calculated reservoir properties using the VIT data.
This technique may be further developed to include, for future implementation, other sensors at different places and positions in the downhole modular tools in order to acquire more information that will bring novel insight on the tested reservoir zones.
Advanced Offshore Digital Inspection Methods
Authors: Anderson Stephen , Barvik Sigve 
Published: January 2020

The paper describes an innovative digital inspection methodology that combines 3D laser scanning, metrology and advanced NDT data that is merged in 3D space to provide a digital record of the condition and mechanical integrity of critical assets. This advanced inspection method compliments Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) programs where operators can use Real Time Monitoring (RTM) and digital data to support Digital Twin models in order to determine future equipment condition, work scope, and inspection schedules, while maintaining a complete digital record throughout the equipment lifecycle
Testing of the methodology has included 3D scanning of drill platforms, baseline scanning of BOPs, 3D metrology scanning of sheaves for quality assurance purposes as well as the use of augmented reality for viewing 3D scans. Phased Array testing has been conducted on a range of equipment sub-components such as BOP and slew ring bolting. This data is combined into a digital report that shows the 3D image of the equipment with precise dimensional data (+/-5 microns) and identified areas of phased array inspection data. Such reports can then be used for digital twin models, to confirm integrity of the equipment for Certificate of Conformance as well as providing baseline data for future integrity comparisons as the equipment ages.
This innovative and digital 3D inspection methodology will set a new standard for the industry as to how equipment data is captured, stored, and represented. The process provides a range of benefits for OEMs, drilling contractors, and operators alike, including:
Digital quality programs to baseline new equipment condition and compare with design parameters.
Deliver condition and integrity assessments of critical equipment items in-situ or on deck.
Providing a consistent methodology for inspection and dimensional control of operational equipment items.
Provide precise equipment digital data that can be used in digital twin and real time monitoring programs.
Enhancing and Accelerating Reservoir Modelling and History Matching of an Offshore Mature Oilfield with Geological and Production System Complexity Using Data-Driven Approach
Authors: Hendraningrat Luky , Salam Irzie Hani Bt. A , Mohsin Norshida , Wah Tan Seng , Rinadi Muhammad , Sedaralit Mohd 
Published: January 2020

This paper demonstrates that data-driven approach can address to resolve the big data complexity, enhance reservoir characterization and accelerate history matching process into an offshore mature field with many challenges such as complex reservoir geology with high properties variation, fair correlation between seismic amplitude and reservoir properties, multi-stacked completion of production/injection strings, commingled production system from multiple zones, mechanical leaking issue and sparse production allocation.
By these complexities, classical technique of integrated full-field modelling cannot be done easily. In addition, it is difficult to acquire reservoir engineering insights for reservoir characterization. Data-driven reservoir modelling approach is applied to tackle the technical challenges. A workflow is proposed for rapid quality check of big data and integrated with systematic reservoir engineering analyses. In data-driven approach, current understanding of geology and physics is relieved with field measurements data as the foundation of constructing the model. The model is kept at high level and introduce further detail where needed within the bound of uncertainty to achieve history match.
Data-driven approach has successfully improved reservoir characterization and provide cost-effective technique to accelerate history match process. The quality of big data (i.e. pressure, correct production allocation of each zone) plays key role in data-driven approach. Through early valuable insights from engineers, it significantly reduced the iterations number for history match purposes between engineers and geologist. In this study, it cuts from commonly in months to be weeks. Consequently, field-level and well-level history match can be satisfactorily achieved with deviation within 5%. The blind testing has been conducted to validate data-driven approach and improve confidence level with the model for further field development opportunities such as waterflood optimization, stimulation, new well placement, effective completion and enhanced oil recovery.
The results can be reconciled with geological understanding, which will be very useful and suitable in current oil price situation as a cost-effective technique, especially for mature fields with large data and have complexity in geological and production system. The data-driven approach can be deployed to other neighbour mature fields and can improve the level of confidence to support fast business decisions.
Near Surface Characterization in Southern Oman : Multi-Wave Inversion by Machine Learning
Authors: Sylvain Masclet , Thomas Bardainne , Vivien Massart , Herve Prigent 
Published: January 2020

Shallow stratigraphy in Southern Oman is characterized by the presence of an anhydrite layer (RUS formation) causing a strong velocity inversion which makes seismic imaging particularly difficult. This known shallow sharp velocity inversion cannot be easily captured with methods relying on reflection or diving wave energy.
We propose here to use multi-wave inversion using first breaks and dispersion curves of surface waves to provide near-surface high resolution velocity models in the shallow range depths (0-400m). The success of Multi-Wave Inversion strongly depends on the reliability of the surface wave velocity picking, which could be much more challenging compared to the conventional first break picking. Heavy preconditioning is often the solution to increase dispersion curves quality and to obtain a narrower velocity corridor. To improve reliability, we use K-means clustering, an unsupervised machine learning method in order to filter out the outliers as well as to define geologically dependent corridors. The unsupervised machine learning clustering helps to define more stable dispersion curves picking corridors for different areas, in order to extract better quality surface wave dispersion curves's, especially at low frequencies where their quality is low.
The multi-wave inversion, fed with the optimized phase velocity picks, captures the shallow velocity inversion, which is impossible to recover with either first break tomography only or diving wave full waveform inversion only. The combination of two recently developed technologies allows us to characterize accurately the near surface for the first time in the South of Oman. The velocity inversion caused by the RUS formation is well captured and the velocity trend of the updated model follows correctly the checkshot trend down to 500m, confirming the reliability of the dispersion curves picks at a very low frequency. By incorporating this shallow inversion layer into the velocity model, the resulting seismic image is significantly improved and more interpretable. Geological features such as faults appear clearly and seismic layering in the tilted blocks is significantly improved with the multi-wave Inversion machine learning-guided workflow.
The Role of FEED Front End Engineering Design In The EPC Execution Strategy
Authors: Bianco Armando 
Published: January 2020

The evolution of Project Management in Engineering, Procurement & Construction (EPC) Projects is the reflection of the global industry demand, continuous technological innovations and the changing needs of the customers and stakeholders.
These factors have deeply impacted Project Engineering.
Engineering is responsible for converting the business idea into tangible objects: documents, drawings, management plans, etc. which will eventually allow the realization of the Project itself. From the first conceptual proposal to the final as-built drawings, engineering flows through different phases which commonly refer to the following sequence: