bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preferences and health utilities related to disease and treatment features for patients with hemophilia A in Canada
Authors: Johnston Karissa , Stoffman Jayson , Mickle Alexis , Klaassen Robert , Diles Demitri , Olatunde Shade , Eliasson Lina , Bahar Roxana 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Hemophilia A is caused by a mutation of clotting factor genes resulting in a deficiency of factor VIII (FVIII). Current treatments for hemophilia A in Canada include on-demand treatment as bleeds occur and regular intravenous prophylactic FVIII infusions. The subcutaneous therapy emicizumab was recently approved for the treatment of hemophilia A. The objective of this study was to estimate utility values associated with hemophilia A health and treatment states from a Canadian societal perspective, including preferences related to treatment efficacy as well as frequency and route of administration.Methods: A vignette-based time trade-off (TTO) utilities elicitation was undertaken to compare population preferences for 6 hemophilia health states describing prophylactic and on-demand treatment, with varying bleed rates and frequency of treatment administration. Health state definitions were informed by clinical experience, HAVEN3 results regarding bleed frequency, and supplemented with qualitative interviews of hemophilia patients and caregivers (n=10). Results: TTO interviews were conducted with 82 general population respondents. Mean utilities [95% CI] were highest for subcutaneous prophylaxis (0.90 [0.87-0.93]), followed by intravenous prophylaxis (0.81 [0.78-0.85]), with on-demand having the lowest utility (0.70 [0.65-0.76]). In regression analysis, subcutaneous treatment health states were associated with a utility increment of +0.1112. Additional bleeds and more frequent infusions were associated with lower utility values (-0.0027 per bleed and -0.0003 per infusion, respectively). Conclusion: Subcutaneous prophylaxis is associated with higher utility values compared to intravenous prophylactic and on-demand treatment, while increased bleeds and infusions are associated with reduced utility.
Effects of high-flow oxygen therapy on patients with hypoxemia after extubation and predictors of reintubation: a retrospective study based on the MIMIC-IV database
Authors: Liu Taotao , Zhao Qinyu , Du Bin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose

To investigate the indications for high-flow nasal cannula oxygen (HFNC) therapy in patients with hypoxemia during ventilator weaning and to explore the predictors of reintubation when treatment fails.
Methods

Adult patients with hypoxemia weaning from mechanical ventilation were identified from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database. The patients were assigned to the treatment group or control group according to whether they were receiving HFNC or non-invasive ventilation (NIV) after extubation. The 28-day mortality and 28-day reintubation rates were compared between the two groups after Propensity score matching (PSM). The predictor for reintubation was formulated according to the risk factors with the XGBoost algorithm. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated for reintubation prediction according to values at 4 hours after extubation, which was compared with the ratio of SpO2/FiO2 to respiratory rate (ROX index).
Results

A total of 524520 medical records were screened, and 801 patients with moderate or severe hypoxemia when undergoing mechanical ventilation weaning were included (100 < PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mmHg), including 358 patients who received HFNC therapy after extubation in the treatment group. There were 315 patients with severe hypoxemia (100 < PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 200 mmHg) before extubation, and 190 patients remained in the treatment group with median oxygenation index 166[157,180] mmHg after PSM. There were no significant differences in the 28-day reintubation rate or 28-day mortality between the two groups with moderate or severe hypoxemia (all P > 0.05). Then HR/SpO2 was formulated as a predictor for 48-hour reintubation according to the important features predicting weaning failure. According to values at 4 hours after extubation, the AUC of HR/SpO2 was 0.657, which was larger than that of ROX index (0.583). When the HR/SpO2 reached 1.2 at 4 hours after extubation, the specificity for 48-hour reintubation prediction was 93%.
Conclusions

The treatment effect of HFNC therapy is not inferior to that of NIV, even on patients with oxygenation index from 160 to 180 mmHg when weaning from ventilator. HR/SpO2 is more early and accurate in predicting HFNC failure than ROX index.
Nutritional status of school children living in Northern part of Sri Lanka
Authors: Sathiadas Gitanjali , Annieston A , Arunath V , Kasthuri T , Wickramasinghe V P 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background Nutritional status is an important indicator for measuring quality of life in children. A region that is recovering from war will face many problems related to nutrition. Very few studies have addressed the nutritional problems in school-going children. This study was undertaken to identify the prevalence of wasting, stunting and obesity of school children from Northern Sri Lanka and associated socio-demographic factorsMethods A community based cross-sectional study was carried out using multistage stratified proportionate cluster among healthy children attending schools in the Northern part of the country. Height and weight were measured and the Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated [weight (kg)/Height (m) ²]. BMI-for-age z-score (BAZ) and Height for age Z (HAZ) scores were determined and WHO growth references were used to categorise the nutritional status of the children. Correlation between various nutritional problems with Maternal education, household income, number of family members and the residential area was assessed. Results A total of 1012 children were recruited, and the mean age and standard deviation were 11.12±1.77yrs. Girls in the age ranges of 9-14 were heavier and taller when compared to the boys compatible to the pubertal growth spurt. Stunting based on the height for age was seen in 10.9% of boys and 11.8% of girls. Wasting based on BMI for age WHO standard (WHO 2007) was seen in 30.6% of boys and 29.1% of the girls. The prevalence of overweight was 11% and Obesity was 6.3% of the population. Obesity was predominantly seen in boys (4.2%) and it was significantly higher when compared to the girls (2.1%) (p <0.001). Older boys (>10 years) were significantly affected more than the younger ones (p <0.01). The prevalence of wasting, stunting, overweight and obesity had significant variations in different educational zones comparable with the geographical areas. Maternal Education and Family income had a significant impact on the prevalence of stunting and obesity. (p<0.001) whereas the family size significantly contributed to the wasting and obesity. Conclusion Findings suggest that stunting, wasting, overweight and obesity are prevalent among 6-16-year-old leading to concerns in public health. The nutritional status significantly vary according to the geographical location maternal education and the household income.
Gene expression patterns of red sea urchins (Mesocentrotus franciscanus) exposed to different combinations of temperature and pCO2 during early development
Authors: Wong Juliet M. , Hofmann Gretchen E. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: The red sea urchin Mesocentrotus franciscanus is an ecologically important kelp forest herbivore and an economically valuable wild fishery species. To examine how M. franciscanus responds to its environment on a molecular level, differences in gene expression patterns were observed in embryos raised under combinations of two temperatures (13 °C or 17 °C) and two pCO2 levels (475 matm or 1050 matm). These combinations mimic various present-day conditions measured during and between upwelling events in the highly dynamic California Current System with the exception of the 17 °C and 1050 matm combination, which does not currently occur. However, as ocean warming and acidification continues, warmer temperatures and higher pCO2 conditions are expected to increase in frequency and to occur simultaneously. The transcriptomic responses of the embryos were assessed at two developmental stages (gastrula and prism) in light of previously described plasticity in body size and thermotolerance under these temperature and pCO2 treatments.Results: Although transcriptomic patterns primarily varied by developmental stage, there were pronounced differences in gene expression as a result of the treatment conditions. Temperature and pCO2 treatments led to the differential expression of genes related to the cellular stress response, transmembrane transport, metabolic processes, and the regulation of gene expression. At each developmental stage, temperature contributed significantly to the observed variance in gene expression, which was also correlated to the phenotypic attributes of the embryos. On the other hand, the transcriptomic response to pCO2 was relatively muted, particularly at the prism stage.Conclusions: M. franciscanus exhibited transcriptomic plasticity under different temperatures, indicating their capacity for a molecular-level response that may facilitate red sea urchins facing ocean warming as climate change continues. In contrast, the lack of a robust transcriptomic response, in combination with observations of decreased body size, under elevated pCO2 levels suggest that this species may be negatively affected by ocean acidification. High present-day pCO2 conditions that occur due to coastal upwelling may already be influencing populations of M. franciscanus.
Characteristics and clinical outcomes of culture-negative and culture-positive septic shock: a single-center retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kim June-sung , Kim Youn-Jung , Kim Won Young 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: We evaluated the characteristics and outcomes of culture-negative versus culture-positive septic shock.Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study of data from a prospective registry from 2014 to 2018. A total of 2,499 adult patients with septic shock were enrolled. The primary outcome was 90-day mortality, and the secondary outcomes were the length of hospital stay, a requirement for mechanical ventilation or renal replacement therapy, and in-hospital mortality.Results: Of 1,718 patients with septic shock, 1,012 (58.9%) patients were culture-positive (blood 803, urine 302, sputum 102, others 204) and the median pathogen detection time was 9.5 hours (aerobic 10.2 hours and anaerobic 9.0 hours). The most common site of culture-positive infection was the hepatobiliary tract (39.5%), while for the culture-negative it was the lower respiratory tract (38.2%). The culture-negative group had a lower mean body temperature (37.3 vs 37.7 ℃), lactate (2.5 vs. 3.2 mmol/L), C-reactive protein (11.1 vs 11.9 mg/dL), and sequential organ failure assessment score (7.0 vs. 8.0) than that of the culture-positive group. However, 90-day mortality between the groups was not significantly different (32.7 vs 32.2%, p=0.83), and the other clinical outcomes also did not differ significantly. Moreover, a shorter culture detection time was correlated with a higher sequential organ failure assessment score but not with mortality.Conclusion: Patients with septic shock are frequently culture-negative, especially in cases where the infection focus is in the lower respiratory tract. Although culture-negative was associated with a degree of organ dysfunction, it was not an independent predictor of death.
Telomere length de novo assembly of all 7 chromosomes and mitogenome sequencing of the model entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum, by means of a novel assembly pipeline
Authors: Saud Zack , Kortsinoglou Alexandra M. , Kouvelis Vassili N. , Butt Tariq M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background More accurate and complete reference genomes have improved understanding of gene function, biology, and evolutionary mechanisms. Hybrid genome assembly approaches leverage benefits of both long, relatively error-prone reads from third-generation sequencing technologies and short, accurate reads from second-generation sequencing technologies, to produce more accurate and contiguous de novo genome assemblies in comparison to using either technology independently. In this study, we present a novel hybrid assembly pipeline that allowed for both mitogenome de novo assembly and telomere length de novo assembly of all 7 chromosomes of the model entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium brunneum . Results The improved assembly allowed for better ab initio gene prediction and a more BUSCO complete proteome set has been generated in comparison to the eight current NCBI reference Metarhizium spp. genomes. Remarkably, we note that including the mitogenome in ab initio gene prediction training improved overall gene prediction. The assembly was further validated by comparing contig assembly agreement across various assemblers, assessing the assembly performance of each tool. Genomic synteny and orthologous protein clusters were compared between Metarhizium brunneum and three other Hypocreales species with complete genomes, identifying core proteins, and listing orthologous protein clusters shared uniquely between the two entomopathogenic fungal species, so as to further facilitate the understanding of molecular mechanisms underpinning fungal-insect pathogenesis. Conclusions The novel assembly pipeline may be used for other haploid fungal species, facilitating the need to produce high-quality reference fungal genomes, leading to better understanding of fungal genomic evolution, chromosome structuring and gene regulation.
Inklusive Bildung für Erwachsene?! Eine Betrachtung der Handlungspraxis von Leitungs- und Lehrkräften im Zweiten Bildungsweg
Authors: Stobrawe Helge 
Published: December 2020

Bildung stellt eine zentrale Ressource dar, die für die Teilhabe in vielen Bereichen der Gesell­schaft von großer Bedeutung ist. Die Behindertenrechtskonvention fordert deshalb die gleichberechtigte Teilhabe für behinderte Menschen am Bildungssystem. Diese Forderung bezieht sich ausdrücklich auch auf die Erwachsenenbildung und damit auch auf den Zweiten Bildungsweg.
Jedoch ist über den gemeinsamen Unterricht von behinderten und nichtbehinderten Kursteil­nehmenden im Zweiten Bildungsweg nur wenig bekannt. Dies ist umso erstaunlicher, da es gerade der Zweite Bildungsweg ist, der denjenigen behinderten Menschen eine zweite Chance zum Bildungserwerb eröffnen kann, die durch das Raster eines nicht, bzw. noch nicht vollständig inklusiven Schulsystems gefallen sind.
Im folgenden Beitrag werden erste Befunde einer Untersuchung zur Handlungspraxis von Leitungs- und Lehrkräften im Zweiten Bildungsweg präsentiert. Hierbei soll die Frage diskutiert werden, welche Potenziale der Zweite Bildungsweg für eine Inklusive Erwachsenenbildung bietet. Grundlage hierfür bildet ein qualitativer Datensatz aus Gruppendiskussionen und Einzelinterviews.Abstract
Education embodies an essential resource for the participation in many parts of the society. Therefore, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities calls for equal participation for disabled people in the education system. This demand explicitly refers to adult education and thus also to second chance education.
However, little is known about joint teaching of disabled and non-disabled students in second chance education. Even so second chance education can provide a great opportunity of educational acquisition for disabled people who have fallen through the cracks of a school system, which is still not fully inclusive.
The following article describes the first results of a research on the practice of action of headmasters and teachers in the second chance education. The main focus is thereby, which potentials the second chance education offers for an inclusive adult education. The basis for this research is a qualitative data set consisting of group discussions and individual interviews.
Impacts of climate and vegetation on actual evapotranspiration in typical arid mountainous regions using a Budyko-based framework
Authors: Yu Yuanhui , Zhou Yuyan , Xiao Weihua , Ruan Benqing , Lu Fan , Hou Baodeng , Wang Yicheng , Cui Hao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIt is important to understand how actual evapotranspiration (ETa) changes occur and what the dominant contributing factors are. This study investigated the impacts of climatic factor and vegetation coverage on the variations of ETa using a Budyko-based framework. Climatic seasonal index and vegetation coverage index were selected as indicating factors. Two reservoir watersheds, i.e. the Wangkuai Reservoir Watershed and the Xidayang Reservoir Watershed, of the Daqing River Basin were selected as case studies. Also, relationships between the ETa and climatic and vegetation factors were analyzed. Results showed that the improved vegetation conditions positively contributed to the ETa changes, leading to an increase of 42.15 and 58.56 mm of ETa in the two watersheds, while the increasing climate seasonality had a negative effect, resulting in a drop of 11.48 and 13.47 mm of ETa. Vegetation coverage was recognized as the dominant factor to the changes of ETa, compared to the climatic factor. Our research could offer supporting information for water resources management, agricultural production improvement and eco-environment construction in arid regions.
Users are willing to pay for sanitation, but not as much as they say: empirical results and methodological comparisons of willingness to pay for peri-urban sanitation in Lusaka, Zambia using contingent valuation, discrete choice experiments, and hedonic pricing
Authors: Tidwell James B. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Significant investment is needed to improve peri-urban sanitation. Consumer willingness to pay may bridge some of this gap. While contingent valuation has been frequently used to assess this demand, there are few comparative studies to validate this method for water and sanitation. We use contingent valuation to estimate demand for flushing toilets, solid doors, and inside and outside locks on doors and compare this with results from hedonic pricing and discrete choice experiments. We collected data for a randomized, controlled trial in peri-urban Lusaka, Zambia in 2017. Tenants were randomly allocated to discrete choice experiments (n = 432) or contingent valuation (n = 458). Estimates using contingent valuation were lower than discrete choice experiments for solid doors (US$2.6 vs. US$3.4), higher for flushing toilets ($3.4 vs. $2.2), and were of the opposite sign for inside and outside locks ($1.6 vs. $ − 1.1). Hedonic pricing aligned more closely to discrete choice experiments for flushing toilets ($1.7) and locks (−$0.9), suggesting significant and inconsistent bias in contingent valuation estimates. While these results provide strong evidence of consumer willingness to pay for sanitation, researchers and policymakers should carefully consider demand assessment methods due to the inconsistent, but often inflated bias of contingent valuation.
Determination of Trans-loxoprofen-alcohol Tromethamine in Pregnant SD Rats by a Validated LC-MS/MS Method：Application to a Toxicokinetics and Tissue Distribution Study
Authors: Qiao Hongqun , Xu Lingling , Zhou Wenjun , Yuan Yanjuan , Shao Qing 
Published: December 2020

Background:
As an anti-inflammatory prodrug, loxoprofen is metabolized into transloprofenol
to treat diseases related to pain and inflammation. Although loxoprofen has fewer adverse
effects than other NSAIDs, the safety of its usage during pregnancy remains unclear and
needs to be considered. Fortunately, the toxicokinetics and tissue distribution study of transloxoprofen-
alcohol in pregnant rats can resolve the problem.

Objective:
The purpose of this study is to establish a simple, sensitive, and effective LC-MS/MS
analysis method for determining the concentration of trans-loxoprofen alcohol in plasma and tissues.

Methods:
The analytic samples were precipitated by methanol in one step and separated using a
reverse-phase Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (4.6 mm×50 mm; 2.7 μm). And the mobile gradient
phase at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min was composed of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water.
The quantitative detection was achieved by multiple-reaction monitoring mode with a positive
electrospray ionization source, transitional ion pairs of m/z 265.9>184.8 for trans-loxoprofenalcohol,
and 268.8>187.9 for rac-trans-loxoprofen-D3 alcohol (Internal standard).

Results:
A good linearity of calibration curves for plasma and tissues was observed in the concentration
range from 5.0 to 5000 ng/mL, and the lower limit of quantification was detected at 5.0
ng/mL. The intra-day and inter-day precision in plasma and tissues were within 8.94% and 7.26%,
respectively. The mean extraction recovery and matrix effects in plasma and tissues were in the
range of 89.08~109.27% and 89.00~106.80%, respectively. Precision of stability in plasma and
tissues was within 8.91% and 7.08%, respectively.

Conclusion:
Complying with the requirements of bioanalytical guidelines by validation, this
method was successfully adopted to the toxicokinetics and tissue distribution study after intravenously
administrated trans-loxoprofen-alcohol into pregnant SD rats.
Boosting Innate Immunity During SARS-CoV-2 Clearance
Authors: Mehata Abhishesh Kumar , Dehari Deepa , Mehta Anuj Kumar , Miya Alim 
Published: December 2020

:
Currently, humanity is suffering from a highly contagious and infectious novel coronavirus
disease. Due to the unavailability of any specifically approved therapy to eradicate this
pathogenic virus, day by day, it is claiming more and more lives of humans. Observing the current
scenario, human civilization seems to be in dangerous situation, and the development of a potential
vaccine against this invisible enemy may take some more time. It was observed that the individual
immune system plays an important role in the fight against the novel coronavirus. Additionally, the
innate immune system of the host acts as the first line of defense against invading pathogenic viruses.
The host innate immune cells can detect and detoxify the evading viruses. Thus, boosting the innate
immune response via targeting activator or inhibitory immune check points pathways for enhancing
T-cell immune response may potentially help the patients to fight against this deadly virus.
The aim of this editorial is to discuss in brief about the pathogenesis of COVID-19, the role of innate
immunity and autophagy during viral clearance.