bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Single Sport Specialization in a High-Achieving US Athlete Population: Comparing National Collegiate Athletic Association Student-Athletes and Undergraduate Students
Authors: DiFiori John P. , Quitiquit Celeste , Gray Aaron , Kimlin Edward J. , Baker Ryan 
Published: October 2019

Context
Early single-sport specialization and the relative age effect are often cited as improving the chances of sport success. Both concepts suggest that genetics and the environment have little influence on sport success.

Objective
To compare National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes (SAs) with their undergraduate nonathlete peers (NAs) in terms of birth month, age of sport initiation, and age of single-sport specialization. A family history of sport participation was examined as a potential marker for genetic and social influences.

Design
Cross-sectional survey.

Setting
Large urban university.

Patients or Other Participants
A total of 273 Division I SAs (138 women, 135 men) and 155 NAs (78 women, 77 men) participated. The NAs had been involved in competitive youth sports before entering the university.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire that addressed the age of sport initiation, birth month, age of single-sport specialization, and parental and sibling sport achievement.

Main Results
Neither birth month nor the age of sport initiation differed between groups (age of sport initiation = 7.16 ± 2.6 years for the SAs versus 7.71 ± 3.5 for the NAs; P = .176). A larger proportion of SAs began participating before 10 years of age (80% versus 63%; P = .02). The parents of SAs were more likely to have participated in collegiate (32.4% versus 8.4%; P &lt; .0001) and professional (10.9% versus 1.3%; P = .0005) sports. The SAs specialized in a single sport at an older age (15.38 ± 2.7 years versus 14.30 ± 2.6 years; P = .002). Both groups participated in multiple sports in childhood (SAs = 3.9 ± 1.8 sports, NAs = 3.2 ± 1.8 sports; P = .366).

Conclusions
The Division I SAs did not specialize in a single sport at a younger age than the NAs. No evidence of a relative age effect was present. Importantly, higher levels of sport achievement among the parents and siblings of SAs suggest that genetic endowment and family or other environmental dynamics play a large role in athletic performance. Overall, the results are not consistent with deliberate practice theory and point toward an alternative model that includes not only sport-specific skill development but also genetic and social factors as key elements of long-term sport achievement.
Contributions of Nordic anthropogenic emissions on air pollution and premature mortality over the Nordic region and the Arctic
Authors: Im Ulas , Christensen Jesper H. , Nielsen Ole-Kenneth , Sand Maria , Makkonen Risto , Geels Camilla , Anderson Camilla , Kukkonen Jaakko , Lopez-Aparicio Susana , Brandt Jørgen 
Published: October 2019

Abstract. This modeling study presents the sectoral contributions of anthropogenic
emissions in the four Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden)
on air pollution levels and the associated health impacts and costs over the
Nordic and the Arctic regions for the year 2015. The Danish Eulerian
Hemispheric Model (DEHM) has been used on a 50 km resolution over Europe in
tagged mode in order to calculate the response of a 30 % reduction of each
emission sector in each Nordic country individually. The emission sectors
considered in the study were energy production, non-industrial/commercial
heating, industry, traffic, off-road mobile sources and waste
management/agriculture. In total, 28 simulations were carried out. Following
the air pollution modeling, the Economic Valuation of Air Pollution (EVA)
model has been used to calculate the associated premature mortality and
their costs. Results showed that more than 80 % of the PM2.5
concentration was attributed to transport from outside these four countries,
implying an effort outside the Nordic region in order to decrease the
pollutant levels over the area. The leading emission sector in each country
was found to be non-industrial combustion (contributing by more than 60 %
to the total PM2.5 mass coming from the country itself), except for
Sweden, where industry contributed to PM2.5 with a comparable amount to
non-industrial combustion. In addition to non-industrial combustion, the
next most important source categories were industry, agriculture and
traffic. The main chemical constituent of PM2.5 concentrations that
comes from the country itself is calculated to be organic carbon in all
countries, which suggested that non-industrial wood burning was the dominant
national source of pollution in the Nordic countries. We have estimated the
total number of premature mortality cases due to air pollution to be around
4000 in Denmark and Sweden and around 2000 in Finland and Norway. These
premature mortality cases led to a total cost of EUR 7 billion in the
selected Nordic countries. The assessment of the related premature mortality
and associated cost estimates suggested that non-industrial combustion,
together with industry and traffic, will be the main sectors to be targeted
in emission mitigation strategies in the future.
Evaluation of MOPITT Version 7 joint TIR–NIR XCO retrievals with TCCON
Authors: Hedelius Jacob K. , He Tai-Long , Jones Dylan B. A. , Baier Bianca C. , Buchholz Rebecca R. , De Mazière Martine , Deutscher Nicholas M. , Dubey Manvendra K. , Feist Dietrich G. , Griffith David W. T. , Hase Frank , Iraci Laura T. , Jeseck Pascal , Kiel Matthäus , Kivi Rigel , Liu Cheng , Morino Isamu , Notholt Justus , Oh Young-Suk , Ohyama Hirofumi , Pollard David F. , Rettinger Markus , Roche Sébastien , Roehl Coleen M. , Schneider Matthias , Shiomi Kei , Strong Kimberly , Sussmann Ralf , Sweeney Colm , Té Yao , Uchino Osamu , Velazco Voltaire A. , Wang Wei , Warneke Thorsten , Wennberg Paul O. , Worden Helen M. , Wunch Debra 
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Observations of carbon monoxide (CO) from the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument aboard the Terra spacecraft were expected to have an accuracy of 10 % prior to the launch in 1999. Here we evaluate MOPITT Version 7 joint (V7J) thermal-infrared and near-infrared (TIR–NIR) retrieval accuracy and precision and suggest ways to further improve the accuracy of the observations. We take five steps involving filtering or bias corrections to reduce scatter and bias in the data relative to other MOPITT soundings and ground-based measurements. (1) We apply a preliminary filtering scheme in which measurements over snow and ice are removed. (2) We find a systematic pairwise bias among the four MOPITT along-track detectors (pixels) on the order of 3–4 ppb with a small temporal trend, which we remove on a global scale using a temporally trended bias correction. (3) Using a small-region approximation (SRA), a new filtering scheme is developed and applied based on additional quality indicators such as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). After applying these new filters, the root-mean-squared error computed using the local median from the SRA over 16 years of global observations decreases from 3.84 to 2.55 ppb. (4) We also use the SRA to find variability in MOPITT retrieval anomalies that relates to retrieval parameters. We apply a bias correction to one parameter from this analysis. (5) After applying the previous bias corrections and filtering, we compare the MOPITT results with the GGG2014 ground-based Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) observations to obtain an overall global bias correction. These comparisons show that MOPITT V7J is biased high by about 6 %–8 %, which is similar to past studies using independent validation datasets on V6J. When using TCCON spectrometric column retrievals without the standard airmass correction or scaling to aircraft (WMO scale), the ground- and satellite-based observations overall agree to better than 0.5 %. GEOS-Chem data assimilations are used to estimate the influence of filtering and scaling to TCCON on global CO and tend to pull concentrations away from the prior fluxes and closer to the truth. We conclude with suggestions for further improving the MOPITT data products.
Mary Garth’s “Beautiful Soul”: “Inner Abilities” asBildunginMiddlemarch
Authors: Kinsey-Bull Elisabeth 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFemale bildungsroman critics Susan Rosowski and Marianne Hirsch have described female Bildung as “awakenings to limitations” in a society that cannot allow women a physical journey to growth (67). While both critics agree that female Bildung is an inner journey within societal limitations, neither considers the emotional ability an inward journey allows its heroine. Bildungsroman studies have become a gendered discussion and, in the endeavor to be nonrevisionist, are considering the parameters of growth for women characters. I posit that George Eliot recognized and successfully depicted the complex female journey through her powerful, moral mirror character, Mary Garth. Her “inner ability,” which I believe is an essential role in the female bildungsroman genre, gives Mary Garth a silent power to manipulate society around her. This correlation has not been recognized by feminist and female bildungsroman scholars, neither is Mary Garth recognized as a Hegelian example of a beautiful soul.
Wilsbekwaam maar te jong? Over euthanasie bij wilsbekwame kinderen jonger dan twaalf jaar
Authors: Meijer O.A. 
Published: October 2019

Wilsbekwaam maar te jong? Over euthanasie bij wilsbekwame kinderen jonger dan twaalf jaar
In deze bijdrage wordt naar aanleiding van de actuele discussie en de hierbij door de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Kindergeneeskunde (NVK) en de Minister van VWS ingenomen standpunten, de mogelijkheid tot het schrappen van leeftijdsgrenzen in de Wet toetsing levensbeëindiging op verzoek en hulp bij zelfdoding (Wtl) besproken en becommentarieerd. Dit artikel spitst zich hierbij toe op de juridische positie van kinderen die jonger dan twaalf én wilsbekwaam zijn. Ingegaan wordt op voor- en nadelen van het schrappen van de leeftijdsgrenzen en de juridische mogelijkheden en moeilijkheden die zich bij een eventuele wijziging van de Wtl zullen voordoen.
Wetenschappelijk onderzoek na overlijden: goed geregeld?
Authors: Ploem M.C. , Dute J.C.J. 
Published: October 2019

Wetenschappelijk onderzoek na overlijden: goed geregeld?
De regulering van het gebruik van gegevens en lichaamsmateriaal voor medisch-wetenschappelijk onderzoek nadat de patiënt is overleden, vertoont lacunes. Voor gegevens zijn de artikelen 7:457 eerste lid en 7:458 BW richtinggevend. Voor lichaamsmateriaal wordt een toegespitste regeling node gemist. Voor obductie en ontleding in het belang van de wetenschap zou de wet nadere voorwaarden moeten stellen.
Kroniek beschikkingenpraktijk ACM Mededingingsrecht 2015-2016
Authors: Dekker C.T. , Belhadj E. 
Published: October 2019

Kroniek beschikkingenpraktijk ACM Mededingingsrecht 2015-2016
In deze kroniek staat de praktijk van de Autoriteit Consument & Markt (ACM) voor wat betreft de toepassing van de Mededingingswet centraal. Daarbij worden ook uitspraken van Rechtbank Rotterdam over besluiten van de ACM behandeld. De periode die door deze kroniek bestreken wordt betreft 1 januari 2015 tot 1 juli 2016.
‘Met de Wmcz in de hand lopen is wat niemand wil’ – of toch wel?
Authors: van Malssen T. 
Published: October 2019

‘Met de Wmcz in de hand lopen is wat niemand wil’ – of toch wel?
In dit artikel wordt beargumenteerd dat het wetsontwerp tot wijziging van de Wet medezeggenschap cliënten zorginstellingen (Wmcz) weliswaar zegt vooral maatwerk mogelijk te willen maken bij de inrichting van cliëntparticipatie, maar feitelijk kiest voor (een versterking van) formele rechten van cliëntenraden. Het artikel bepleit een fundamentele (her)bezinning op de invulling van goede en effectieve cliëntmedezeggenschap.
De beoordeling van geneesmiddelenonderzoek onder de nieuwe Europese verordening – niet leuker, niet makkelijker
Authors: van der Windt Th. 
Published: October 2019

De beoordeling van geneesmiddelenonderzoek onder de nieuwe Europese verordening – niet leuker, niet makkelijker
Op dit moment staan we aan de vooravond van ingrijpende wijzigingen op het gebied van de toetsing van geneesmiddelenonderzoek. Deze wijzigingen zullen grote gevolgen hebben voor de werkwijze van METC’s en CCMO. In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op deze wijzigingen
Comparisons of Stereological and Other Approaches for Quantifying Macrophage Aggregates in Piscine Spleens
Authors: Matsche Mark A. , Blazer Vicki S. , Mazik Patricia M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Macrophage aggregates (MAs) are focal accumulations of pigmented macrophages in the spleen and other tissues of fish. A central role of MAs is the clearance and destruction of degenerating cells and recycling of some cellular components. Macrophage aggregates also respond to chemical contaminants and infectious agents and may play a role in the adaptive immune response. Tissue damage or physiological stress can result in increased MA accumulation. As a result, MAs may be sensitive biomarkers of environmental stress in fish. Abundance of MAs in tissues has been reported in a variety of ways—most commonly as density, mean size, and relative area—but the utility of these estimates has not been compared. In this study, four different types of splenic MA abundance estimates (abundance score, density, relative area, and total volume) were compared in two fish populations (Striped Bass Morone saxatilis and White Perch M. americana) with a wide range in ages. Stereological estimates of total volume indicated an increase in MA abundance with spleen volume, which generally corresponded to fish age, and with splenic infections (mycobacteria or trematode parasites). Abundance scores were generally limited in the ability to detect changes in MA abundance by these factors, whereas density estimates were greatly influenced by changes in spleen volume. In some instances, densities declined while the total volume of MAs and spleen volume increased. Experimentally induced acute stress resulted in a decrease in spleen volume and an increase in MA density, although the total volume of MAs remained unchanged. Relative area estimates accounted for the size and number of MAs but not for changes in organ volume. Total volume is an absolute measure of MA abundance irrespective of changes in organ volume or patterns of accumulation and may provide an improved means of quantifying MAs in the spleens of fish.
Adolescent boys’ physical fighting and adult life outcomes: Examining the interplay with intelligence
Authors: Frøyland Lars Roar , von Soest Tilmann 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAlthough it is well known that adolescent delinquent behavior is related to poor outcomes in adulthood, longitudinal research on specific acts of delinquency and their interplay with important individual characteristics in predicting future outcomes is scarce. We aimed to examine how physical fighting—one of the most common acts of violent delinquency among adolescent boys—is related to adult life success in several domains, and how intelligence influences these associations. The study used data from 1,083 boys that participated in the population‐based longitudinal Young in Norway Study, following adolescents from 1992 to 2015, by combining self‐reports at four time points with comprehensive information from registers. Results showed that adolescent boys’ physical fighting was associated with poor adult outcomes in the domains of employment, education, and criminal behavior. Associations remained significant even after controlling for conduct problems in general—which isolated the effects of fighting from other delinquent acts—as well as from a variety of other potential confounders. Detailed analyses on the interplay of physical fighting and intelligence showed that some parts of the associations between adolescent boys’ fighting and several adverse adult outcomes could be ascribed to lower intelligence among the fighters. Moreover, intelligence moderated the relationship between physical fighting and adult education. Adolescent fighting was not related to educational attainment among boys with high intelligence, whereas boys with lower intelligence experienced detrimental effects of adolescent fighting. The analyses show the importance of considering adolescent boys’ physical fighting as a potential risk factor for future social marginalization.
Real‐Time IR Tracking of Single Reflective Micromotors through Scattering Tissues
Authors: Aziz Azaam , Medina‐Sánchez Mariana , Koukourakis Nektarios , Wang Jiawei , Kuschmierz Robert , Radner Hannes , Czarske Jürgen W. , Schmidt Oliver G. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMedical micromotors have the potential to lead to a paradigm shift in future biomedicine, as they may perform active drug delivery, microsurgery, tissue engineering, or assisted fertilization in a minimally invasive manner. However, the translation to clinical treatment is challenging, as many applications of single or few micromotors require real‐time tracking and control at high spatiotemporal resolution in deep tissue. Although optical techniques are a popular choice for this task, absorption and strong light scattering lead to a pronounced decrease of the signal‐to‐noise ratio with increasing penetration depth. Here, a highly reflective micromotor is introduced which reflects more than tenfold the light intensity of simple gold particles and can be precisely navigated by external magnetic fields. A customized optical IR imaging setup and an image correlation technique are implemented to track single micromotors in real‐time and label‐free underneath phantom and ex vivo mouse skull tissues. As a potential application, the micromotors speed is recorded when moving through different viscous fluids to determine the viscosity of diverse physiological fluids toward remote cardiovascular disease diagnosis. Moreover, the micromotors are loaded with a model drug to demonstrate their cargo‐transport capability. The proposed reflective micromotor is suitable as theranostic tool for sub‐skin or organ‐on‐a‐chip applications.
Self‐Healing and Stretchable 3D‐Printed Organic Thermoelectrics
Authors: Kee Seyoung , Haque Md Azimul , Corzo Daniel , Alshareef Husam N. , Baran Derya 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWith the advent of flexible and wearable electronics and sensors, there is an urgent need to develop energy‐harvesting solutions that are compatible with such wearables. However, many of the proposed energy‐harvesting solutions lack the necessary mechanical properties, which make them susceptible to damage by repetitive and continuous mechanical stresses, leading to serious degradation in device performance. Developing new energy materials that possess high deformability and self‐healability is essential to realize self‐powered devices. Herein, a thermoelectric ternary composite is demonstrated that possesses both self‐healing and stretchable properties produced via 3D‐printing method. The ternary composite films provide stable thermoelectric performance during viscoelastic deformation, up to 35% tensile strain. Importantly, after being completely severed by cutting, the composite films autonomously recover their thermoelectric properties with a rapid response time of around one second. Using this self‐healable and solution‐processable composite, 3D‐printed thermoelectric generators are fabricated, which retain above 85% of their initial power output, even after repetitive cutting and self‐healing. This approach represents a significant step in achieving damage‐free and truly wearable 3D‐printed organic thermoelectrics.
Interlayer Transition in a vdW Heterostructure toward Ultrahigh Detectivity Shortwave Infrared Photodetectors
Authors: Qi Tailei , Gong Youpin , Li Alei , Ma Xiaoming , Wang Peipei , Huang Rui , Liu Chang , Sakidja Ridwan , Wu Judy Z. , Chen Rui , Zhang Liyuan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractVan der Waals (vdW) heterostructures of 2D atomically thin layered materials (2DLMs) provide a unique platform for constructing optoelectronic devices by staking 2D atomic sheets with unprecedented functionality and performance. A particular advantage of these vdW heterostructures is the energy band engineering of 2DLMs to achieve interlayer excitons through type‐II band alignment, enabling spectral range exceeding the cutoff wavelengths of the individual atomic sheets in the 2DLM. Herein, the high performance of GaTe/InSe vdW heterostructures device is reported. Unexpectedly, this GaTe/InSe vdWs p–n junction exhibits extraordinary detectivity in a new shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectrum, which is forbidden by the respective bandgap limits for the constituent GaTe (bandgap of ≈1.70 eV in both the bulk and monolayer) and InSe (bandgap of ≈1.20–1.80 eV depending on thickness reduction from bulk to monolayer). Specifically, the uncooled SWIR detectivity is up to ≈1014 Jones at 1064 nm and ≈1012 Jones at 1550 nm, respectively. This result indicates that the 2DLM vdW heterostructures with type‐II band alignment produce an interlayer exciton transition, and this advantage can offer a viable strategy for devising high‐performance optoelectronics in SWIR or even longer wavelengths beyond the individual limitations of the bandgaps and heteroepitaxy of the constituent atomic layers.
Making Fiber‐Shaped Ni//Bi Battery Simultaneously with High Energy Density, Power Density, and Safety
Authors: Wang Mengying , Xie Songlin , Tang Chengqiang , Zhao Yang , Liao Meng , Ye Lei , Wang Bingjie , Peng Huisheng 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFiber‐shaped batteries are widely explored for a variety of important fields such as wearable electronics, information technology, internet of things, and public health. However, it remains difficult to simultaneously achieve high energy density, power density, and safety, which has largely limited their promising applications. Here, a new type of fiber‐shaped Ni//Bi batteries with remarkable electrochemical performances is created from hierarchically 3D electrodes, where reduced graphene oxide sheets framed with Bi serve as the anode while reduced graphene oxide sheets wrapped with nickel oxide/nickel function as the cathode. The fiber‐shaped Ni//Bi batteries show high energy density of 43.35 Wh kg−1 or 26.01 mWh cm−3 and high power density of 6600 W kg−1 or 3.96 W cm−3 with 96% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles. They are also safe with the use of aqueous electrolyte and can be further woven into the next‐generation flexible textile‐type power system. This work provides a general and efficient strategy to develop high‐performance batteries by designing hierarchically structured electrodes.
Multifunctional Dielectric Metasurfaces Consisting of Color Holograms Encoded into Color Printed Images
Authors: Wen Dandan , Cadusch Jasper J. , Meng Jiajun , Crozier Kenneth B. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA hologram records the wavefront of light from an object, but it is usually not an image itself, and looks unintelligible under diffuse ambient light. Here a new paradigm to encode a color hologram onto a color printed image is experimentally demonstrated. The printed image can be directly viewed under white light illumination, while a low‐crosstalk color holographic image can be seen when the device is illuminated with red (R), green (G), and blue (B) laser beams. The device is a dielectric metasurface that consists of titanium dioxide (TiO2) cones on a glass substrate. The dimensions of the TiO2 cones are chosen to allow them to support visible‐wavelength resonances, thereby producing the desired reflection spectra and thus the color printed image. The detour phase method is furthermore used to encode the hologram into the metasurface. The approach is conceptually different from previously demonstrated color printed images or holograms and presents opportunities for optical document security and data storage applications.