bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democracy, Global Governance, and Peaceful Change
Authors: Davies Thomas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Democracy, global governance, and peaceful change are often assumed to be mutually supportive aspirations. This chapter considers the arguments put forward in favor of this assumption, encompassing not only the prospective relationship between peaceful change and national democracy but also the presumed role in facilitating peaceful change of conceptions of democracy in global governance and in transnational relations. Each of these arguments is critiqued, and the chapter concludes by elucidating the limited role in peaceful change of democracy, whether it is considered at the national level or in global governance and transnational relations. The analysis considers peaceful change in both minimalist conceptions centered on war prevention and maximalist conceptions concerning the advancement of global justice, and it evaluates the roles of both established and emerging powers.
Realism and Peaceful Change
Authors: Shifrinson Joshua 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
What do structural and neoclassical realist theories say about the prospect for peaceful change in international relations? Although liberal and constructivist scholars often lambast realist approaches for downplaying the prospect for peaceful change, a close read of realist theory suggests some greater room for optimism. Particularly if states are separated by large distances or bodies of water, have robust military (especially nuclear) arsenals, attain regional hegemony, or have particularly propitious domestic systems, states may be able to adjudicate disputes peacefully with rivals and—at least in theory—reduce the intensity of international competition. For sure, anarchy, relative gains concerns, and the tendency for states to balance threats reduce the likelihood that states can transcend competition writ large. Nevertheless, the conventional wisdom has it wrong: realism in its structural and neoclassical forms does not inherently militate against peaceful change.
Ritual Experts and Participants in the Ancient Near East and the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Hieke Thomas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe chapter summarizes the roles and tasks of ritual experts and participants within the Hebrew Bible and its cultural environment. The first part reflects on the responsibilities of the kings, the priests, and the priestesses within the ancient Near East (Mesopotamia, Mari, Hittite Anatolia) and ancient Egypt. Then the chapter turns to the concepts of the Hebrew Bible. The second part demonstrates how the priests and Levites take care for the rituals, the sacrifices, purity, teaching, and administration. Cult prophets and the king have their limited and special functions. Third, at certain points lay people may participate in the cult: the offering person, women, children, and the non-Israelite (the foreigner). The fourth section provides a brief overview over the historical development within the first millennium bce regarding the concepts and circumstances as they are represented in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament.
Rabbinic Judaism
Authors: Reif Stefan C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the second Temple period, Jewish ritual and worship, following the example of the Hebrew Bible, centered on the cult of the Jerusalem Temple and on the more democratic institution of individual prayer, but the two elements had drawn closer to each other by the axial age. In their campaign to establish formal communal prayer as a theological priority, leading rabbis of the first two centuries were inspired not only by those two precedents but also by biblical formulas, the example set at Qumran, the notion of the berakhah, and by the development of the synagogue, which added prayer to its earlier interest in study, social activity, and the hosting of visitors. The shema’, ‘amidah, and birkat ha-mazon, as well as qiddush, havdalah, hallel, and the Passover Haggadah, were early components of rabbinic liturgy, and these gradually moved from the domestic and individual contexts to the synagogue and community. Towards the end of the talmudic period, liturgical poetry and mysticism, especially from the Jewish homeland, were incorporated into standard rabbinic prayers, but not until the ninth and tenth centuries did rabbinic leaders in Babylonia succeed in transforming the oral prayers into the written prayer-book. Although use was limited of the Hebrew Bible and lists of sacrifices from the earliest rabbinic liturgy, such scriptural readings acquired a more important, structured role in the late talmudic, post-talmudic, and early medieval periods. Although the temple service and priesthood figured in the liturgical poems, they had lost much of their status as spiritual intermediaries.
Ritual Theology in/and Biblical Theology
Authors: Klingbeil Gerald 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRitual is an integral part of the human experience and represents also a significant element of biblical religion. This chapter explores the important link between ritual and biblical theology, highlighting its role as a vehicle for communicating complex concepts related to worship, community, and “knowing” God. Rituals are often triggered by emotions and also generate an emotive response. They can abbreviate, emphasize, expand, critique, and innovate. Ancient ritual activity is not only expressed in texts but also in images, challenging the reader and observer to “make sense” of the world and God’s role in this world. Finally, since ritual appears in texts and traditions of most religious communities (including also the three Abrahamic faiths), it can function as a link and an invitation to dialogue about “rival tellings.”
From Emancipation to Independence
Authors: Breña Roberto 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Viceroyalty of New Spain went from being the richest of the territories of the Spanish Crown in America to become Mexico, one of the new countries that emerged from the crumbling of the Spanish empire in the American continent. It was a very complex process. It did not start as an independence movement; it was extremely violent in its first phase and, paradoxically, the new nation obtained independence in 1821 in an eminently consensual way and with a document containing an article that offered the crown to none other than Fernando VII, the Spanish king. The process also evinced significant differences when compared with other processes of independence that occurred in Spanish America between 1810 and 1824. While the first two sections of the present chapter deal with its different phases and with the aforementioned differences, the third is devoted to several historiographic issues that are important to understand some of the protagonists, events, and complexities of the Mexican independence movement. These issues are still present in contemporary debates regarding the political, military, and social process that gave birth to Mexico.
Reimagining Race and Language
Authors: Rosa Jonathan , Flores Nelson 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents a raciolinguistic perspective, which theorizes the historical and contemporary co-naturalization of language and race. Rather than taking for granted existing categories for parsing and classifying race and language, the chapter explores how and why these categories have been co-naturalized and imagines their denaturalization as part of a broader structural project of contesting white supremacy. The chapter explores five key components of a raciolinguistic perspective: (1) historical and contemporary colonial co-naturalizations of race and language; (2) perceptions of racial and linguistic difference; (3) regimentations of racial and linguistic categories; (4) racial and linguistic intersections and assemblages; and (5) contestation of racial and linguistic power formations. These foci reflect an investment in developing a careful theorization of various forms of racial and linguistic inequality, on the one hand, and a commitment to the imagination and creation of more just societies on the other.
The Linguistic Intimacy of Five Continents
Authors: McElhinny Bonnie , Heller Monica 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter elaborates work by Edward Said on comparative linguistics in embedding a history of linguistic study in histories of colonialism and capitalism. We look at three late nineteenth and early twentieth century challenges to comparative linguistics: evolutionary linguistics, which elaborated and sharpened ideas of racialized difference on the grounds of biology; the study of pidgins and creoles which challenges notions of “hybridity” and thus certain ideas of racial distinction; and Boasian approaches focusing on culture, which only critiques certain aspects of racialization. We also consider the ways colonial ideologies of race played out in the pragmatics of imperial rule, in the arena of language and industrial and residential schooling. These schools, which targeted Indigenous and Black bodies, were implemented at the same time that Boas was elaborating the field of anthropology; that they were not subject to critique shows the limits of the Boasian focus on culture as a means of resisting racism.
Punk in Belfast, Northern Ireland: Critical Perspectives on the Troubles and Post-conflict “Peace”
Authors: Donaghey Jim 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Punk’s resonance has been felt strongly here. Against the backdrop of the Troubles and the “post-conflict” situation in Northern Ireland, punk has provided an anti-sectarian alternative culture. The overarching conflict of the Troubles left gaps for punk to thrive in, as well as providing the impetus for visions of an “Alternative Ulster,” but the stuttering shift from conflict to post-conflict has changed what oppositional identities and cultures look like. With the advent of “peace” (or a particular version of it at least) in the late 1990s, this space is being squeezed out by “development” agendas while counterculture is co-opted and neutered—and all the while sectarianism is further engrained and perpetuated. This chapter examines punk’s positioning within (and against) the conflict-warped terrain of Belfast, especially highlighting punk’s critical counter-narrative to the sectarian, neoliberal “peace.”
John’s Writings and Empire
Authors: Choi Jin Young 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In contrast to Johannine scholarship’s predominant focus on the religious and spiritual aspects of Johannine literature, empire studies examine the Roman presence in John’s writings or the ways the text negotiates imperial power. These studies generally argue that John employs counter-imperial rhetoric to resist the empire or disrupt accommodationist interactions with imperial power. Since identifying John’s Gospel as a resistant discourse (e.g., high christology) can reinscribe Christian superiority, postcolonial studies pay more attention to the colonial or imperializing rhetoric in John that creates the hierarchical order and marginalization of others. Such postcolonial studies examine power relations at work in the text and in their own geopolitical contexts from a resistant, ambivalent, or decolonial position. This essay suggests that empire-critical and postcolonial studies of John’s writings engage the material matrix of the text and its cultural production, a non-binary mode of interpretation focusing on postcolonial texts borne out of liberation struggles, and intersectional analyses of imperial-(post)colonial formations.
Population Ethics, the Mere Addition Paradox, and the Structure of Consequentialism
Authors: Roberts M. A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this paper, I describe three structural issues population ethics raises for any form of consequentialism that embraces what we can call the basic maximizing idea, the idea that it makes things better, in a morally relevant sense, to make things better for people. What we say about those structural issues will in turn determine what we say about some of the most challenging problems of population ethics. I explore a handful of our options here, discarding some and leaving others on the table. My primary focus is on how those options propose to resolve the mere addition paradox, a population problem that is important in its own right and whose resolution is defining for what we will want to say about many other population problems.
Conflicts and Cooperation in Act Consequentialism
Authors: Mendola Joseph 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThere are circumstances—involving conjunctive acts at a time or over time or the conjunction of acts of different agents—that threaten act consequentialism with self-defeat. There are also variants of act consequentialism—including consequentialist generalization, generalized act consequentialism, multiple-act consequentialism, cooperative consequentialism, and modally robust act consequentialism—that promise a more plausible treatment of circumstances in which cooperation is important than traditional act consequentialism. Links among these issues are explored. Attention to the nature of the normative conflicts occasioned by consequentialist assessment of actions can help reveal an important and useful variety of forms of, and resources for, act consequentialism. Its structure is not as simple as it may initially seem.
Fault Lines in Ethical Theory
Authors: Nair Shyam 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe verdicts that standard consequentialism gives about what we are obligated to do crucially depend on what theory of value the consequentialist accepts. This makes it hard to say what separates standard consequentialist theories from nonconsequentialist theories. This article discusses how we can draw sharp lines separating standard consequentialist theories from other theories and what assumptions about goodness we must make in order to draw these lines. The discussion touches on cases of deontic constraints, cases of deontic options, and cases involved in the so-called actualism/possibilism debate. What emerges is that there are various interesting patterns relating the different commitments of consequentialism, different principles about obligation and about goodness, and different rules concerning how facts about values determine facts about obligation.
Local People and Global Goings-On
Authors: Moore Sally Falk 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the local development of global legal pluralism by looking at the history of the rural Chagga population of Mount Kilimanjaro. The Chagga were once a relatively remote African people without modern amenities, running water, or electricity, possessing only a subsistence economy. Today, the Chagga society has been integrated with the world. Several confluent grand-scale matters emerge in the account of the growth of Chagga translocal connections. A global perspective on these many separate changes enables one to see them together as having a cumulative effect. Beginning with a low-intensity trading connection with the coast that had its own rules of engagement, continuing with colonial contacts, the involvement with coffee commerce, and the introduction of more and more education, the story ends with a huge, nationally legislated program of government which is part of a legally plural world. Indeed, cumulative long-term change in the direction of globalization came about on Kilimanjaro through many particular occurrences. Globalization is not a simple unitary phenomenon; as a process, it can start in many ways and have many different consequences.
Private Uniform Law and Global Legal Pluralism
Authors: Calliess Gralf-Peter , Jarass Insa Stephanie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Global legal pluralism comes in many forms and carries various implications. This chapter traces the phenomena of legal pluralism in the field of commercial law. It is commonly held that legal certainty is of paramount importance to merchants. Therefore, efforts to harmonize commercial law on the international level are pertinent, albeit with limited success. As states proved unwilling or unable to create uniform commercial law, various private initiatives were established to achieve this end, the most prominent examples being the International Commercial Terms (Incoterms) and the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP), both promulgated by the International Chamber of Commerce. From the perspective of global legal pluralism, such privately created uniform commercial law is an instance of legal pluralism. Interestingly, in this case it is not state law as the universal rule, which encounters conflicting normative claims of a substate social field, but it is a privately created normative regime that claims universal authority over the fragmented domestic commercial law regimes. According to conventional legal theory, such claim is simply ridiculous and it seems to be impossible for private uniform law to operate successfully. However, an analysis of English and German case law reveals that the Incoterms and the UCP in fact are effectively operating as uniform law and thus as a privately created functional equivalent to international instruments such as the Convention on the International Sale of Goods. This chapter, therefore, argues that beyond theoretical discussions in textbooks, judges do practice what global legal pluralism suggests.
Other Parts of the Forest
Authors: Weisbrod Carol 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses some sources of the current writing on global legal pluralism. It joins other writing in stressing that while the question “What is law?” is considered critically important in some contexts, and for some purposes, that is not necessarily the important question for writers whose focus is on the reality of coexisting and possibly incompatible regulatory orders. At the same time, the chapter suggests that lawyers—now as in the past—may make a distinct contribution to this conversation. The other parts of the forest referred to in the title are both the regulatory arrangements that do not emanate directly from states and the academic commentary from various disciplines discussing those arrangements, their existence, their justifications, their effectiveness, and their relationship to particular political ideas.
Compliance as an Exchange of Legitimacy for Influence
Authors: Parella Kishanthi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the reasons why nonstate actors, such as business entities, may voluntarily comply with nonbinding international institutions. Specifically, it explores an exchange between legitimacy and influence that can compel such compliance: actors in the business’s environment provide it with legitimacy that the former requires in order to compete and succeed. However, by providing that resource, the external actor obtains a degree of influence over that corporation’s practices or policies. This chapter examines the following three questions implicated by this dynamic: (1) why would a corporation permit such influence, (2) what types of actors wield such influence, and (3) how is this influence exercised? For example, corporate legitimacy is often compromised following a corporate crisis. It is at these moments that a corporation will seek out association with an external actor that enjoys greater legitimacy than itself, who may improve the legitimacy of a corporation through endorsements, certifications, partnerships, and awards, among other acts. But this association may allow the third-party actor to exert influence over the business’s practices in the areas that suffered a legitimacy crisis. This influence may take the form of institutional development that involves the business adopting an existing institution or the external actor and business developing a new institution that addresses the business’s practices.
The Application of Non-State-Based Standards in International Arbitration
Authors: Ali Shahla 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The inevitable interaction of legal and quasi-legal systems and norms across territorial borders not only impacts individuals as members of multiple communities (both territorial and nonterritorial), it also has implications for the conduct of cross-border arbitration. This chapter charts emerging non-state-based norms as applied in the context of international arbitration. It addresses how arbitral bodies can and do use nonstate standards in adjudication including industry standards, customs, and practices and how national courts uphold such applications. Over time, resort to these various quasi-legal standards is contributing to the creation of a transnational set of norms that is reshaping the global arbitral system.
Reformed Theology and Global Christianity
Authors: Hart D. G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
From its inception, Reformed Protestantism was an international phenomenon. Invariably, the places where European and American missionaries went were the very same locations where European powers operated a vast set of economic and political enterprises. Furthermore, because the missionaries themselves were the product of Christian developments in the West—whether the Protestant opposition to Roman Catholicism or intra-Protestant squabbles (Lutheran vs. Reformed, pietist vs. confessional)—missionaries faced a considerable challenge in trying to adapt a faith heavily bound up with Western civilization for people for whom Europe’s history, language, and culture were alien. In other words, the challenge of foreign missions was how to decouple the simple Christian message from a set of understandings and practices thoroughly situated for over a millennium in the West. The globalization of Reformed Protestantism, then, was a by-product of European expansion around the world chiefly for the purpose of commerce and conquest. This process happened in two stages. The first, as exemplified by the experience of Dutch Reformed Protestants in Africa, involved the creation and establishment of European-styled churches for Western settlers in a foreign land. The second, as the history of Presbyterianism in Korea shows, occurred through the modern missionary movement where Protestants of European descent sought to evangelize and disciple an indigenous population. In both cases, despite the best of intentions eventually to rid Christianity of its cultural assumptions, European-based patterns of theology and church life continue to set the standard for Christians around the world who constitute what some scholars refer to as ‘global Christianity’.
Jonathan Edwards’ A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections
Authors: Strobel Kyle C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the face of two extremes—the excesses of the revivals and the reactive rejection of them—Jonathan Edwards posits religious affection as the key feature of the truly religious life. Affection, understood in light of the divine blessedness and its communication to the creature in regeneration, serves to ground knowledge of God in a distinctively spiritual register, distinguishing between regenerate and non-regenerate knowledge of God. But non-regenerate knowledge, virtue, and religion often mimic and mirror regenerate forms, raising questions about the church’s ability to discern true from false religion. To remedy this problem, Edwards advances his theoretical material to develop positive and negative signs for discerning true religion, a move that has troubled later Reformed theologians.