bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY AND CONSENT IN THE CHAGOS ADVISORY OPINION
Authors: McCorquodale Robert , Robinson Jennifer , Peart Nicola 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA key element of the right to self-determination is territorial integrity. This has usually been considered solely in relation to the territorial integrity of an existing State seeking to resist claims by peoples for the right to self-determination. Yet the Chagos Opinion by the International Court of Justice examines a different type of territorial integrity—that of the colonial territory itself. This article explores the consequence of the Court's view that the territorial integrity of the colonial territory is a matter of customary international law, and that any division, integration or other disruption of that colonial territory after December 1960 is unlawful, without the free and genuine consent of the people of the colonial territory. In particular this article seeks to explore what the Chagos Opinion means in terms of the territorial integrity of a colonial territory. It also examines the required conditions for ascertaining a free and genuine consent of the people of that territory, and the legal effects of not complying with them. There is also consideration of the implications for other situations from the clarification of customary international law in the Chagos Opinion, with a special focus on West Papua.
AN IMPROVED TEST OF THE SQUARED SHARPE RATIO
Authors: Chiu Wan-Yi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe sample squared Sharpe ratio (SSR) is a critical statistic of the risk-return tradeoff. We show that sensitive upper-tail probabilities arise when the sample SSR is employed to test the mean-variance efficiency under different test statistics. Assuming the error's normality with a nonzero mean, we integrate the sample SSR and the arbitrage regression into a noncentral chi-square (χ2) test. We find that the distribution of the sample SSR based on the regression error is to the left of the F-distribution when assuming the returns' normality. Compared to two benchmarks that use the noncentral F-distribution and the central F-statistic, the χ2-statistic is more effective, competitive, significant, and locally robust when used to reject the upper-tailed mean-variance efficiency test using the usual parameters (sample size, portfolio size, and SSR).
A survey of Chinese consumers’ knowledge, beliefs and behavioural intentions regarding salt intake and salt reduction
Authors: Chen Si , Shan Liran Christine , Tao Wanting , Lu Ting , Regan Áine , Han Hongwei , Guo Lixia , Deng Taotao , Wall Patrick 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjective:Globally, China is among the ‘saltiest’ nations. In order to support current nationwide salt reduction initiatives, we investigated Chinese consumers’ knowledge, beliefs and behaviours related to salt intake and salt reduction.Design:A cross-sectional face-to-face survey was carried out, focusing on salt knowledge, beliefs and behaviours related to salt intake and salt reduction, perceptions of salt reduction responsibility and support for different national strategies.Setting:The survey was carried out in China mainland.Participants:Consumers (n 2444) from six of seven major geographical regions in China participated in the survey. After data cleaning, a sample of 2430 was included in the final analysis.Results:A majority of Chinese consumers believed that salt added during home cooking was the biggest contributor to their salt intake. Knowledge gaps existed in the awareness of salt hidden in certain foods and flavouring products. Chinese consumers in general were interested in lowering their salt intake. They were aware of salt reduction tools, but the adoption level was low. Consumers expressed strong support for promotion of salt-restriction spoons and public education, but not fiscal policies (e.g. salt-related tax or subsidies). In terms of individual differences, education status demonstrated a substantial impact on salt reduction knowledge and behaviour.Conclusions:There is still big room to ‘shake’ Chinese consumers’ salt habit. The present study provides important evidence and consumer insights to support China’s efforts to meet its salt reduction targets.
A service evaluation of the immobilisation techniques adopted for breast cancer patients with large and/or pendulous breasts, receiving external beam radiotherapy
Authors: Montgomery Lisa , Flood Terri , Shepherd Paul 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntroduction:Breast cancer patients referred for external beam radiotherapy and who have large and/or pendulous breasts can present positioning and immobilisation challenges. Deep infra-mammary and/or lateral wrap skin folds can occur that can lead to unwanted radiation-induced skin toxicity. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the immobilisation techniques adopted for this subgroup of patients in order to inform best practice.Method:A survey aimed to identify the current clinical practice in radiotherapy centres throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland was undertaken. The email survey was distributed with support of the Radiotherapy Services Managers group.Results:Twenty-six of the 74 radiotherapy centres responded to the survey. Responses demonstrated that supine positioning with or without additional immobilisation was preferable. Of the eight different immobilisation techniques identified, patients positioned supine on a breast board wearing a bra was the most common. Only two of the centres reported using a prone technique.Conclusions:Immobilisation and reproducibility are key for successful external beam radiotherapy particularly when advanced treatment techniques are being employed. No single technique gained widespread acceptance as the optimum for the effective immobilisation of patients with large and/or pendulous breasts. Further evaluative research in the form of a multi-centre trial is warranted in order to clearly establish the most effective immobilisation methods/devices for this ever expanding, subgroup of cancer patients.
Dynamical environments of MU69: a state of chaotic clearing
Authors: Lages José , Shevchenko Ivan I. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe second (after Pluto) plausible target object for the New Horizons mission is 2014 MU69. It is a classical TNO, a primordial contact binary. Identifying any material in the vicinities of a target object is of an especial concern for planning cosmic fly-byes, as it is hazardous for a space probe. Luckily, no such material has been reported for MU69 up to now. The point of our report is that this lucky absence is just a dynamical consequence of the physical nature of MU69. Spinning gravitating dumbbells create zones of dynamical chaos around them, and this has a clearing effect: any material put in orbits around a rotating dumbbell (e.g., any material ejected from its surface) cannot be long-lived in such zones; it either escapes into space, or returns to the parent body’s surface. As the orbiting matter is removed in this way, a spinning gravitating dumbbell clears its vicinities. We show that MU69 is able to create such a clearing, making itself a safe and hospitable target for a space mission. Therefore, the guest probe is expected to be safe on arrival.
Planet-disk interactions in HD 169142? Tracing ellipticity, structures, and offsets
Authors: Bertrang Gesa H.-M. , Avenhaus Henning 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn Bertrang et al. (2018), we present new data of the protoplanetary disk surrounding the Herbig Ae/Be star HD 169142 obtained in the very broad-band (VBB) with the Zurich imaging polarimeter (ZIMPOL), a subsystem of the Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet REsearch instrument (SPHERE) at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Our Polarimetric Differential Imaging (PDI) observations probe the disk as close as 0.″3 (3.5au) to the star and are able to trace the disk out to ~1.″08 (~126 au). We find an inner hole, a bright ring bearing substructures around ~0.″18 (21au), and an elliptically shaped gap stretching from 0.″25 to 0.″47 (29–55 au). Outside of 0.″47, the surface brightness drops off, discontinued only by a narrow annular brightness minimum at ~0.″63–0.″74 (74–87 au). These observations confirm features found in less-well resolved data as well as reveal yet undetected indications for planet-disk interactions, such as small-scale structures, star-disk offsets, and potentially moving shadows.
Spectroscopic and photometric survey of the northern sky: Towards understanding of the Galactic chemical environment in the Solar vicinity
Authors: Mikolaitis Š. , Tautvaišienė G. , Drazdauskas A. , Minkevičiūtė R. , Klebonas L. , Bagdonas V. , Pakštienė E. , Janulis R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHigh-resolution spectra for all bright ( mag) and cooler than F5 spectral class dwarf stars were observed in two fields with radii of 20 degrees (centered at (2000) = 161.03º and (2000) = 86.60º and at (2000) = 265.08º and (2000) = 39.58º) towards the northern ecliptic pole. They coincide with two of the preliminary ESA PLATO fields which also will be targeted by the NASA TESS mission. We use high-resolution spectra obtained with the VUES spectrograph mounted on the 1.65 m telescope at the Moletai Astronomical Observatory of the Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University. In total we observed 405 stars. Spectroscopic atmospheric parameters and abundances of 23 neutral and ionised atomic species were determined for 261 slowly rotating stars (up to 15 kms-1). 73% of stars were analysed spectroscopically for the first time. We also derived stellar ages and orbital parameters to draw a chemical picture of the Solar vicinity.
An Unbiased SPHERE-IFS Survey of Nearby Herbig Ae/Be Stars: Are All Group I Disks Transitional?
Authors: Gabellini Maria Giulia Ubeira , van den Ancker Mario E. , Fedele Davide , Lodato Giuseppe , Manara Carlo Felice 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUsing a novel method for speckle noise suppression from SPHERE-IFS data, we performed a systematic survey for disks in 22 Herbig Ae/Be stars, spatially resolving five disks and detecting seven new companion candidates. The fraction of sources with spatially resolved disks is systematically higher in the Meeus et al. (2001) group I sources, showing that disks are indeed more easily seen in scattered light in this sub-class of Herbig stars, consistent with the interpretation of group I sources having large gaps in their disks.
Characterizing the youngest protostellar disks with the IRAM-PdBI and ALMA interferometers
Authors: Maury Anaëlle 
Published: January 2020

AbstractI present our observations and modeling of the 1.3 mm and 3.18 mm dust continuum emission in Class 0 protostars, from the IRAM-PdBI CALYPSO survey. We show that most protostars are better reproduced by models including a disk-like dust continuum component contributing to the flux at small scales, but less than 25% of these candidate protostellar disks are resolved at radii >60 au, which favors magnetized models of rotating protostellar collapse for disk formation (Maury et al. 2019). I also present new ALMA observations of the molecular line emission in the IRAM04191 protostar, suggesting a small counter-rotating disk is detected in this young low-luminosity solar-type protostar. Finally, I show our ALMA observations of the magnetic field topology in the B335 protostar, which when compared to the typical output from protostellar collapse models, suggest the magnetic field might be responsible for constraining the disk size to remain very small in this protostar (Maury et al. 2018).
Neutral atmospheric escape in the Solar and extrasolar planetary systems
Authors: Bisikalo Dmitry V. , Shematovich Valery I. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNew data obtained by space missions to various objects in the Solar system and observations of the outer Solar system and exoplanets by space and ground-based telescopes allowed us to conclude that the atmospheric escape plays an important role in the evolution of the terrestrial planets in the Solar system. We present the recent results of application of the kinetic approach to the problem of neutral escape from planetary atmospheres. As an example, the recent measurements by Mars Express and MAVEN spacecraft are compared with the calculations of neutral escape with the aim to understand the atmospheric loss at Mars. Also the recent calculations of the mass-loss rates of the hot Neptune and Jupiter atmospheres are presented.
Rising magnetic flux tubes as a source of IR-variability of the accretion disks of young stars
Authors: Khaibrakhmanov Sergey A. , Dudorov Alexander E. , Sobolev Andrey M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe investigate dynamics of slender magnetic flux tubes (MFT) in the accretion disks of young stars. Simulations show that MFT rise from the disk and can accelerate to 20-30 km/s causing periodic outflows. Magnetic field of the disk counteracts the buoyancy, and the MFT oscillate near the disk’s surface with periods of 10-100 days. We demonstrate that rising and oscillating MFT can cause the IR-variability of the accretion disks of young stars.
Short-lived radioisotopes in meteorites from Galactic-scale correlated star formation
Authors: Fujimoto Yusuke , Krumholz Mark R. , Tachibana Shogo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMeteoritic evidence shows that the Solar system at birth contained significant quantities of short-lived radioisotopes (SLRs) such as 60Fe and 26Al produced in supernova explosions and in the Wolf-Rayet winds. Explaining how they travelled from these origin sites to the primitive Solar system before decaying is an outstanding problem. In this paper, we present a chemo-hydrodynamical simulation of the entire Milky Way to measure for the distribution of 60Fe/56Fe and 26Al/27Al ratios over all stars in the Galaxy. We show that the Solar abundance ratios are well within the normal range. We find that SLRs are abundant in newborn stars because star formation is correlated on Galactic scales, so that ejecta preferentially enrich atomic gas that will subsequently be accreted onto existing GMCs or will form new ones. Thus new generations of stars preferentially form in patches of the Galaxy contaminated by previous generations of stellar feedback.
Spots, flares, accretion, and obscuration in the pre-main sequence binary DQ Tau
Authors: Kóspál Á. , Ábrahám P. , Zsidi G. , Vida K. , Szabó R. , Moór A. , Pál A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDQ Tau is a young low-mass spectroscopic binary, consisting of two almost equal-mass stars on a 15.8 day period surrounded by a circumbinary disk. We analyzed DQ Tau’s light curves obtained by Kepler K2, the Spitzer Space Telescope, and ground-based facilities. We observed variability phenomena, including rotational modulation by stellar spots, energetic stellar flares, brightening events around periastron due to increased accretion, and short dips due to temporary circumstellar obscuration. The study on DQ Tau will help in discovering and understanding the formation and evolution of other real-world examples of “Tatooine-like” systems. This is especially important because more and more evidence points to the possibility that all Sun-like stars were born in binary or multiple systems that broke up later due to dynamical interactions.
How many suns are in the sky? Multiplicity surveys of exoplanet host stars
Authors: Mugrauer M. , Ginski C. , Vogt N. , Neuhäuser R. , Adam C. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn order to determine the true impact of stellar multiplicity on the formation and evolution of planets, we initiated direct imaging surveys to search for (sub)stellar companions of exoplanet host stars on close orbits, as their gravitational impact on the planet bearing disk at first and on formed planets afterwards is expected to be maximal. According to theory these are the most challenging environments for planet formation and evolution but might occur quite frequently in the milky way, due to the large number of multiple stars within our galaxy. On this poster we showed results, obtained so far in the course of our AO and Lucky-imaging campaigns of exoplanet host stars, conducted with NACO/ESO-VLT for southern and with AstraLux/CAHA2.2m for northern targets, respectively. In addition, we introduced our new high contrast imaging survey with SPHERE/ESO-VLT to search for close companions of southern exoplanet host stars, and presented some first results.
Difference of the Gas Density Histograms in and out of spiral arms in Milky Way Galaxy
Authors: Handa Toshihiro , Maebata Miru , Murase Takeru , Fujita Shinji , Kohno Mikito , Kuno Nario , Kuriki Mika , Matsuo Mitsuhiro , Minamidani Tetsuhiro , Nishimura Atsushi , Torii Kazufumi , Tsuda Yuya , Umemoto Tomofumi 
Published: January 2020

Abstract“Gas Density Histogram (GDH)” is an observational counterpart of the probability density function (PDF) of the gas density of interstellar medium (ISM). We used 12CO data in (l, b) = (29&deg;, 0) region from “FOREST unbiased galactic imaging survey with Nobeyama 45-m telescope (FUGIN)”, which is a large coverage survey in three CO (1-0) lines. Using the kinetic distance, we estimated the volume density of the voxel from the observed column density. The resultant GDHs of the inter-arm regions show lognormal or lognormal-like, but those in the spiral arm regions show flat-top shape.
Transitional disk archeology from exoplanet population synthesis
Authors: Chaparro Molano Germán , Bautista Frank , Miguel Yamila 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIncreasingly better observations of resolved protoplanetary disks show a wide range of conditions in which planets can be formed. Many transitional disks show gaps in their radial density structure, which are usually interpreted as signatures of planets. It has also been suggested that observed inhomogeneities in transitional disks are indicative of dust traps which may help the process of planet formation. However, it is yet to be seen if the configuration of fully evolved exoplanetary systems can yield information about the later stages of their primordial disks. We use synthetic exoplanet population data from Monte Carlo simulations of systems forming under different density perturbation conditions, which are based on current observations of transitional disks. The simulations use a core instability, oligarchic growth, dust trap analytical model that has been benchmarked against exoplanetary populations.
Outbursts of young Sun-like stars may change how terrestrial planets form
Authors: Ábrahám P. , Kóspál Á. , Chen L. , Carmona A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhile the Sun is nowadays a quiet and well-balanced star, in its first few million years it might have been often out of temper, like those young low-mass stars which episodically undergo unpredictable outbursts. The prototype of one of the two classes of young erupting stars, EX Lupi, had its historically largest outburst in 2008. It brightened by a factor of 30 for six months, due to elevated accretion from the circumstellar disk on to the star. Our group observed the system during the outburst, and discovered the crystallisation of amorphous silicate grains in the inner disk by the heat of the outburst. Our mid-infrared monitoring of the freshly produced crystals revealed that their emission in the inner disk quickly dropped already within a year after the outburst. Here we report on new observations of the 10 µm silicate feature, obtained with the MIDI and VISIR instruments at Paranal Observatory, which demonstrate that within five years practically all forsterite disappeared from the inner disk. We attempt to model this process by an expanding wind that transports the crystals from the terrestrial zone to outer disk regions where comets are supposed to form. Since the eruptions of EX Lup are recurrent, we speculate that the early Sun also experienced similar brightenings, and the forming planetary system might have incorporated some of the mineralogical and chemical yields provided by the outbursts. EX Lup, as a proxy for the proto-Sun, may be a telltale object to understand the origin of molecules and minerals we routinely encounter on Earth.
A double core in the Auriga-California Molecular Cloud
Authors: Zahorecz Sarolta , Molnar Daniel , Kraus Alex , Onishi Toshikazu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPlanck cold clump G163.82-8.44 is part of the Auriga-California Molecular Cloud. It was observed with Herschel PACS and SPIRE instruments as part of the Herschel open time key programme Galactic Cold Cores. Follow-up ground-based molecular line observation of NH3 was performed to the densest part of the filament with the Effelsberg-100m telescope. We detected two different velocity components with a separation of 0.5 km/s. We performed radiative transfer modeling with two 3-dimensional spheres to characterise the temperature and density of the dense cores. We have found that the temperatures of the two cores are almost the same, 10.8 K and 11.1 K and their mass and size ratios are 1:10 and 1:5, respectively.
The birth environment of the solar system constrained by the relative abundances of the solar radionuclides
Authors: Young Edward D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe relative abundances of the radionuclides in the solar system at the time of its birth are crucial arbiters for competing hypotheses regarding the birth environment of the Sun. The presence of short-lived radionuclides, as evidenced by their decay products in meteorites, has been used to suggest that particular, sometimes exotic, stellar sources were proximal to the Sun’s birth environment. The recent confirmation of neutron star - neutron star (NS-NS) mergers and associated kilonovae as potentially dominant sources of r-process nuclides can be tested in the case of the solar birth environment using the relative abundances of the longer-lived nuclides. Critical analysis of the 15 radionuclides and their stable partners for which abundances and production ratios are well known suggests that the Sun formed in a typical massive star-forming region (SFR). The apparent overabundances of short-lived radionuclides (e.g. 26Al, 41Ca, 36Cl) in the early solar system appears to be an artifact of a heretofore under-appreciation for the important influences of enrichment by Wolf-Rayet winds in SFRs. The long-lived nuclides (e.g. 238U, 244Pu, 247Cr, 129I) are consistent with an average time interval between production events of 108 years, seemingly too short to be the products of NS-NS mergers alone. The relative abundances of all of these nuclides can be explained by their mean decay lifetimes and an average residence time in the ISM of ∼200 Myr. This residence time evidenced by the radionuclides is consistent with the average lifetime of dust in the ISM and the timescale for converting molecular cloud mass to stars.
Simulating putative Enceladus-like conditions: The possibility of biological methane production on Saturn’s icy moon
Authors: Taubner Ruth-Sophie , Pappenreiter Patricia , Zwicker Jennifer , Smrzka Daniel , Pruckner Christian , Kolar Philipp , Bernacchi Sébastien , Seifert Arne H. , Krajete Alexander , Bach Wolfgang , Peckmann Jörn , Paulik Christian , Firneis Maria G. , Schleper Christa , Rittmann Simon K.-M. R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this study (Taubner et al.2018), three different methanogenic archaea (Methanothermococcus okinawensis, Methanothermobacter marburgensis, and Methanococcus villosus) were tested for metabolic activities and growth under putative Enceladus-like conditions, including high pressure experiments and tests on the tolerance towards potential gaseous and liquid inhibitors detected in Enceladus’ plume. In particular, M. okinawensis, an isolate from a deep marine trench (Takai et al.2002), showed tolerance towards all of the added inhibitors and maintained methanogenesis even in the range of 10 to 50 bar. Further, we were able to show that H2 production based on serpentinization may be sufficient to fuel such methanogenic life on Enceladus. The experiments revealed that methanogenesis could, in principle, be feasible under Enceladus-like conditions.