bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ilmu Dalam Perspektif Imam Al-Ghazali
Authors: Mubarok Muhammad Fadhlulloh 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Science is the obligation of muslims to open the horizons of the islamic world yag rooted in the revelation of the Qur'an and the Sunnah, supported by akaluntuk the development of Islamic education. The islamic life is very closely connected with education, in order to continue generasa young intellect and know religion. A figure of islam Al-Imam Al-Ghazali is an expert philosopher famous with his work we Ihya; Ulumuddin (reviving the knowledge of religion). In the book of Ihya ‘Ulumuddin explained about the concept of science that can be drawn as a reference of scientific a muslim. in the works of Al-Ghazali explained in detail about the meaning of the concept of science which is very important for the development of islamic religious education. Al-Ghazali divides knowledge into two categories, namely: fardhu ‘ain and fardhu kifayah. Therefore, the concept of education should be started from the fard ‘ain fardhu kifayah.
Keywords: Of Science, Imam Al-Ghazali, Fard ‘Ain, Fard Kifayah.

Abstrak
Ilmu merupakan kewajiban muslim untuk membuka cakrawala dunia islam yag bersumber pada wahyu Al-Qur’an dan Sunnah dengan didukung oleh akaluntuk perkembangan pendidikan Islam. Kehidupan islam sangat erat hubungannya dengan pendidikan, demi meneruskan generasa muda yang intelek dan tahu agama. Seorang tokoh islam Al-Imam Al-Ghazali merupakan ahli filosof masyhur dengan karyanya kita Ihya; Ulumuddin (menghidupkan kembali pengetahuan agama). Dalam kitab Ihya ‘Ulumuddin dijelaskan tentang konsep keilmuan yang dapat ditarik sebagai rujukan ilmiah seorang muslim. dalam karya Al-Ghazali dijelaskan secara detail tentang makna konsep keilmuan yang sangat penting demi perkembangan pendidikan agama islam. Al-Ghazali membagi ilmu menjadi dua kategori yaitu: fardhu ‘ain dan fardhu kifayah. Oleh karena itu, konsep pendidikan seharusnya dimulai dari yang fardhu ‘ain untuk fardhu kifayah.
Kata Kunci: Ilmu, Imam Al-Ghazali, Fardhu ‘Ain, Fardhu Kifayah.
Vasilseverginite, Cu9O4(AsO4)2(SO4)2, a new fumarolic mineral with a hybrid structure containing novel anion-centered tetrahedral structural units
Authors: Pekov Igor V. , Britvin Sergey N. , Krivovichev Sergey V. , Yapaskurt Vasiliy O. , Vigasina Marina F. , Turchkova Anna G. , Sidorov Evgeny G. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe new mineral vasilseverginite, ideally Cu9O4(AsO4)2(SO4)2, was found in the Arsenatnaya fumarole at the second scoria cone of the Northern Breakthrough of the Great Tolbachik Fissure Eruption, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. It is associated with tenorite, lammerite, stranskiite, lammerite-β, langbeinite, dolerophanite, sanidine, hematite, and gahnite. Vasilseverginite occurs as prismatic crystals up to 0.02 × 0.02 × 0.06 mm3 combined in groups or interrupted crusts up to 1 × 2 cm2 in area and up to 0.1 mm thick. It is transparent, bright green, with vitreous luster. Dcalc is 4.41 g·cm−3. Vasilseverginite is optically biaxial (–), α 1.816(5), β 1.870(5), γ 1.897(5), estimated 2V is 30(15)°. Chemical composition (wt%, electron-microprobe) is: CuO 64.03, ZnO 0.79, Fe2O3 0.25, P2O5 0.05, As2O5 20.83, SO3 14.92, total 100.87. The empirical formula calculated on O = 20 apfu is (Cu8.78Zn0.11Fe0.033+)Σ8.92As1.98P0.01S2.03O20. Vasilseverginite is monoclinic, P21/n, a = 8.1131(4), b = 9.9182(4), c = 11.0225(5) Å, β = 110.855(2)°, V = 828.84(6) Å3, and Z = 2. The strongest reflections in the powder XRD pattern [d,Å(I)(hkl)] are: 7.13(41)(101), 5.99(70)(110, 111), 5.260(100)(101), 4.642(46)(111), 3.140(31)(031), 2.821(35)(023), 2.784(38)(132, 032), 2.597(35)(204), and 2.556(50) (231, 212). The crystal structure, solved using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data, R1 = 0.025, is based upon complex [O4Cu9]10+ layers parallel to (101) that are composed of edge- and corner-sharing (OCu4) tetrahedra. The topology is unprecedented in inorganic structural chemistry. The crystal structure can be considered a hybrid of the structures of popovite Cu5O2(AsO4)2 and dolerophanite Cu2O(SO4) according to the scheme Cu9O4(AsO4)2(SO4)2 = Cu5O2(AsO4)2 + 2Cu2O(SO4). The chemical hybridization does not result in a significant increase in chemical complexity of vasilseverginite compared to the sum of those of popovite and dolerophanite, whereas the structural hybridization leads to the doubling of structural information per unit cell. The mineral is named in memory of the outstanding Russian mineralogist, geologist, and chemist Vasiliy Mikhailovich Severgin (1765–1826).
Role and relevance of three enabling conditions to resolve inter-provincial water conflicts in the Indus basin within Pakistan
Authors: Janjua Shahmir , Hassan Ishtiaq , Islam Shafiqul 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAddressing water access, allocation, and use becomes a complex problem when it crosses multiple boundaries: political, jurisdictional, and societal, as well as ecological, biogeochemical, and physical. This paper focuses on transboundary water management (TWM) problems among the riparians with conflicting needs and competing demands. The complexity of TWM problems arises because of interdependencies among variables, processes, actors, and institutions operating at various scales. For such situations, the traditional notion of necessary and sufficient causal conditions is not adequate to resolve TWM problems. In essence, the resolution of many TWM issues becomes contingent upon the changes that occur within the context of the problem. A key for initiating and sustaining the resolution of complex TWM issues appears to be a set of enabling conditions, not any easily identifiable and replicable causal conditions or mechanisms. Thus, before analyzing and addressing contingent and situational factors important for any TWM issues, this paper argues for a reframing of these issues and examining the role and relevance of three enabling conditions. Using the inter-provincial water conflicts for the Indus basin within Pakistan as an illustrative case, it shows why over 30 years of dialog and discourse could not create any formal water allocation agreement. Then, it discusses how the Water Apportionment Accord of 1991 created the enabling conditions to address inter-provincial water conflicts within Pakistan in an adaptive way.
Analysis of trace organics and its correlation with COD in condensate from natural gas to hydrogen production
Authors: Fan Peipei , Zhang Lin , Liu Zongjian , Zhang Weidong , Cui Qun , Wang Haiyan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of trace organics in the condensate and its correlation with chemical oxygen demand (COD) is the key to the research on the reuse technology of condensate (condensate) from natural gas to hydrogen production process. The contents of anions, COD, total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were measured by ion chromatography and the TOC analyzer. Trace organics in the condensate and its correlation with COD was investigated in this paper. Results show that the contents of COD and TOC is 74.1 and 17.81 mg/L, respectively, and the anions in the condensate are mainly Cl−, I−, and , etc. The condensate mainly contains small molecule organics including methanol, ethanol and formic acid with the content of 41.4, 2.1 and 3.2 mg/L, respectively. The spiked recovery of methanol, ethanol and formic acid is 96.1%, 100.2% and 103.9% by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC), respectively. Methanol is the main source of COD in the condensate, and the contribution rate reaches up to 83.8%. The removal of trace methanol can significantly reduce the COD of the condensate. This work might provide basic data for reasonable recovery and utilization of condensate in the hydrogen production process.
Estrogenic Effect of Salvia officinalis Extract on Reproductive Function of Female Mice and Identification of Its Phenolic Content
Authors: Elgayed Sabah H. , Afify Elham A. , Amin Hanan A. , Abdellatif Ahmed A. H. 
Published: August 2020

Background:
Natural Phytoestrogens present in plants are effective hormonal replacement
therapy. They are converted to estrogenic substances in the gastrointestinal tract, which is considered
as the natural alternative to estrogen substitute treatment for postmenopausal women.

Aim and Objective:
Salvia officinalis, a herb traditionally used to ameliorate postmenopausal
complications, can provide a safe alternative to synthetic pharmaceuticals for the treatment of
menopause. Therefore, it is conceivable to detect the possible estrogenic effect of Salvia Officinalis
extract as an estrogen replacement therapy in female mice.

Methods:
Phytochemical, pharmacological, and immune histopathological techniques are adopted
in this study. HPLC is used for the identification of extracted constituents of sage herb. The
uterotrophic activity of the extract was determined in immature female mice. Moreover, the mean
thickness and luminal epithelium and the photomicrographs of the luminal epithelium of the uterus
were also studied.

Results:
HPLC revealed that quercetin is the major extracted constituent (28.6%) of the total
components. Saliva officinalis extract produced a significant increase in the uterine dry weight of
equal potency to estrogen. The uterus exhibited a significant increase in luminal epithelial cell
height (43.3 ± 6.1μm and 36.5 ± 2.5μm) for estradiol and sage extract, respectively, compared with
the control group (18.2 ± 3.5μm). Furthermore, the endometrium showed the lining epithelium
formed of a single layer of columnar epithelium. The stroma seemed more voluminous with dilated
vasculature. Conversely, the myometrium within the uterus was not affected in any of the
experimental groups.

Conclusion:
The sage herbs induced proliferative changes in the uteri of treated mice, which
suggest possible estrogenic properties. Saliva officinalis extract can be used as a hormonal
replacement for women during menopause and could be further explored for contraceptive use.
Chronic Inflammatory-Modulating Potential of Cassia auriculata with Proinflammatory Cytokine IL-1beta and Its Anticancer Effect on Lung Cancer Cell Line
Authors: Anitha Rajagopal , Subashini Rajakannu , Kannayiram Gomathi , Gayathri Dasararaju 
Published: August 2020

Background:
Inflammation is a key element in tumor progression, over time, persistent inflammation
causes damage to DNA and leads to cancer. The relationship between chronic inflammation and tumor development
is well established, blocking of which can help in cancer prevention and treatment in the future.

Objective:
Hence, with this background, the present study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anticancer
potential of Cassia auriculata (CA) solvent fractions through in silico and in vitro means, respectively.

Methods:
Generally, inflammatory mediators play a key task in chronic inflammation, following its inflection
was chosen for their interactions with nine structurally varied phytoconstituents of CA identified through GCMS.
The ethanolic extract of CA was assessed for its apoptotic effects on A549 lung cancer cells by 3-(4,5-
dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, JC-10 staining, DNA fragmentation assay
and quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR).

Results:
The interactions between bioactive components and target protein revealed that important molecules
like 5,7-dihydroxy-2-[2-nethoxyphenyl]- 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one, a flavonoid, and three other components can
bind target interleukin 1-beta associated with lung cancer. In vitro data also confirmed that the diverse active
components of CA extract might follow the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway to provoke cancer cell death.

Conclusions:
Hence, these findings strongly propose that Cassia auriculata (CA) solvent fractions could be
exploited in the future to design ligands for obtaining novel leads for treating chronic inflammation linked with
lung cancer, and also the extracts of CA can be recommended as a potential agent for lung cancer chemotherapy.
Scutellarin Suppresses RPMI7951 Melanoma Cell Proliferation by Targeting TOPK
Authors: Mu Xin , Wang Lijuan , Zhang Zixi , Ge Rui , Zhang Jian , Liu Wenli , Mou Kuanhou , Lv Shemin 
Published: August 2020

Background:
T-LAK cell-Originated Protein Kinase (TOPK) belongs to the serine/threonine protein
kinase family. It is highly expressed in RPMI7951 melanoma cells. Scutellarin (SCU) is an active ingredient
extracted from Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.–Mazz. Its main physiological functions are related to its
anti-inflammatory and antitumour activities.

Methods:
The relationship between SCU and TOPK was assessed by molecular docking, an in vitro binding
assay and an in vitro kinase assay. The effect of SCU on RPMI7951 cells was detected by MTS and soft agar
assays. TOPK knockdown was induced by lentiviral infection. The TOPK downstream signalling pathway was
detected by western blot and immunohistochemical analyses in vitro and in vivo.

Results:
SCU was found to directly bind with TOPK and inhibit TOPK activity in vitro. SCU inhibited the
proliferation and colony formation of RPMI7951 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Silencing TOPK decreased
the sensitivity of colon cancer cells to SCU. SCU inhibited the phosphorylation levels of Extracellular Regulated
protein Kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and histone H3 in a time- and dose-dependent manner in RPMI7951 cells. In
addition, SCU inhibited the growth of xenograft tumours of RPMI7951 cells and decreased the phosphorylation
levels of extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 and histone H3 in vivo.

Conclusion:
The results showed that SCU exerts promising antitumour effects on human RPMI7951 cells by
inhibiting the activity of TOPK.
Molecular Mechanism of a Specific NLRP3 Inhibitor to Alleviate Seizure Severity Induced by Pentylenetetrazole
Authors: Shen Kai , Jiang Wanzhi , Zhang Chunyan , Cai Liangliang , Wang Qin , Yu Haiyan , Tang Zhiyuan , Gu Zhifeng , Chen Bohua 
Published: August 2020

Background:
While our previous research has demonstrated that the NLRP3 inflammasome
is involved in epilepsy progression, the effects of the specific NLRP3 inhibitor CY-09 remain
poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of
CY-09 against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced neuronal loss in mice.

Methods:
The expressions of the proinflammatory factors interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 were
examined by western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Western blot analysis was applied
to detect the level of astrocyte activation. Neuronal apoptosis was determined by western blot
analysis combined with immunostaining specific for neuronal nuclei.

Results:
We found that CY-09 ameliorated the progression of the kindling process and inhibited
PTZ-induced neuronal loss by attenuating the activation of astrocytes and the secretion of NLRP3-
dependent neuroinflammation.

Conclusion:
These findings indicate that CY-09 may represent an important treatment agent for
epilepsy and other NLRP3 inflammasome-associated diseases.
A Novel Auditory-Cognitive Training App for Delaying or Preventing the Onset of Dementia: Participatory Design With Stakeholders
Authors: Frost Emily , Porat Talya , Malhotra Paresh , Picinali Lorenzo 
Published: August 2020

Background
Multiple gaming apps exist under the dementia umbrella for skills such as navigation; however, an app to specifically investigate the role of hearing loss in the process of cognitive decline is yet to be designed. There is a demonstrable gap in the utilization of games to further the knowledge of the potential relationship between hearing loss and dementia.

Objective
This study aims to identify the needs, facilitators, and barriers in designing a novel auditory-cognitive training gaming app.

Methods
A participatory design approach was used to engage key stakeholders across audiology and cognitive disorder specialties. Two rounds, including paired semistructured interviews and focus groups, were completed and thematically analyzed.

Results
A total of 18 stakeholders participated, and 6 themes were identified to inform the next stage of app development. These included congruence with hobbies, life getting in the way, motivational challenge, accessibility, addictive competition, and realism.

Conclusions
The findings can now be implemented in the development of the app. The app will be evaluated against outcome measures of speech listening in noise, cognitive and attentional tasks, quality of life, and usability.
Mineralogical, Geochemical, and Mechanical Characteristics of Intrusive Andesite Rock Slope in Sangon 2 Area, Kulon Progo Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Hendrayana Heru , Phyu Hnin Thandar , Indrawan I Gde Budi , Kamai Toshitaka 
Published: August 2020

This study was carried out to investigate mineralogical, geochemical, and mechanical characteristics of intrusive igneous rock andesite consisting of Sangon 2 Slope located in Kulon Progo Mountains. Mineralogical characteristics of the rocks consisting of the slope were identified by visual observation of hand specimens in the field and petrographic and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses of the rock samples in the laboratory, which rock genetic classification was determined. Types of rock hydrothermal alterations were determined by the presence of key minerals identified in the petrographic and XRD analyses. Hydrothermal alteration intensity was determined by comparing the number of secondary minerals to the primary minerals observed in the petrographic analyses of thin sections by point counting method. Rock weathering degrees were determined in the field based on the visual characteristics and in the laboratory-based on the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) of the rock samples. The rock uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) was determined by point load and compression tests. The results showed that the rocks typically consisted of 6.37 to 74.3% plagioclase, 1.52 to 6.82% quartz, 7.81 to 17.2% hornblende, and 4.81% pyroxene minerals and, therefore, were classified as andesite. The presence of chlorite and calcite as secondary minerals in the andesite rock samples indicated that the parent andesite rocks had undergone prophylactic hydrothermal alteration. Meanwhile, the percentages of primary minerals to secondary minerals indicated that the andesite rocks had undergone weak to high alteration intensity. Based on the visual characteristics, the research area consisted of fresh, slightly, moderately, highly, and completely weathered andesite rocks, and residual soil. The CIA values of the rock samples increased with the increase in rock weathering degree. Rock weathering degrees identified by the visual characteristics appeared to be in good agreement with those classified based on the CIA. The lower part of the mine slope profile consisted of fresh and slightly and moderately weathered andesite rocks, which had relatively high strength and were classified as very strong rocks. Meanwhile, the upper part of the slope profile consisted of highly and completely weathered andesite rocks, which had low compressive strength.Keywords: andesite, hydrothermal alteration, kulon progo, prophylactic alteration, weathering
Estética universitaria: el placer por aprender es el placer por vivir
Authors: Henao Vélez Raúl Alberto 
Published: August 2020

Este artículo presenta el proceso de investigación Estética universitaria en el cual, parte de la pregunta por el placer que produce o no el entorno estético del mundo universitario. El juicio estético de Kant es un referente teórico en tanto relaciona el juicio estético con el grado de placer. Así, los hallazgos de esta tesis demuestran que más allá de las coherencias entre las teorías estéticas de Kant y los datos, la pregunta por la estética, como placer, comprende un espectro que va más allá de lo visual y sufre una apertura que no lo hace depender exclusivamente de lo sensorial, con lo que comúnmente suele relacionarse, y, es, además, los buenos actos y la novedad presente en la acción creativa e intelectual.
La metodología relacional basada en la Semiótica y teoría triádica del Signo en Charles Peirce permitió inicialmente aglutinar el dato original, pasar a la interpretación, la abstracción, la proposición y finalmente a la conclusión final sin perder fidelidad entre el dato y la conclusión.
Los hallazgos muestran a un sujeto que se garantiza su propio placer procurando el de los demás. Cultiva favores estéticos en el otro que luego serán devueltos, esto, en relaciones estéticas dependientes, activas mediadas por el signo, y que comprende, el dar y recibir. Esto, dibuja una complejidad de relaciones estéticas donde nadie es independiente y por el contrario se presenta como un solo organismo
dinámico y autónomo.
Estado del arte de la competencia comunicativa intercultural como nuevo enfoque metodológico en la enseñanza del inglés como lengua extranjera
Authors: Bernal Betancur Carlos Alberto 
Published: August 2020

Este artículo realiza un rastreo del estado del arte en cuanto al enfoque metodológico en la enseñanza del inglés conocido principalmente como ‘La Competencia Comunicativa Intercultural’. Dicho rastreo se llevó a cabo en bases de datos disponibles en la biblioteca virtual de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, la
bibliografía disponible en la misma universidad y Google académico.
Los resultados evidencian dificultades en el aprendizaje del inglés. También se halló que el enfoque gramatical de enseñanza del inglés no es eficaz ni para desarrollar las competencias comunicativas de los estudiantes, ni para obtener altos puntajes en las pruebas estandarizadas. Del mismo modo se pudo evidenciar, que los docentes de inglés tienen una visión acrítica de la supremacía de este en el mundo y le otorgan mayor prestigio a los profesores nativos. Igualmente, se encontró que los gobiernos muestran un gran interés en mejorar el nivel de lengua inglesa de los estudiantes en los diferentes niveles escolares. Finalmente, se evidenció la falta de estudios relacionados al enfoque metodológico de la competencia comunicativa intercultural. En conclusión, se deben realizar investigaciones relacionadas con la implementación de enfoques comunicativos en la enseñanza del inglés que apuesten por la formación integral de usuarios de lengua competentes. Además, se deben asumir unas posiciones más críticas por parte de los docentes de inglés en cuanto al papel del idioma en el mundo.