bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare: The Ethical Paradox of ‘Universal Diffidence’
Authors: Lucas George 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn lieu of the present range of rival and only partial ethical accounts, this essay proposes an underlying interpretive framework for the cyber domain as a Hobbsean state of nature, with its current status of unrestricted conflict constituting a ‘war of all against all’. The fundamental ethical dilemma in Hobbes’s original account of this “original situation” was how to bring about the morally required transition to a more stable political arrangement, comprising a rule of law under which the interests of the various inhabitants in life, property and security would be more readily guaranteed. Hobbes described opposition to this morally requisite transition as arising from ‘universal diffidence’, the mutual mistrust between individuals, coupled with the misguided belief of each in his or her own superiority. His is thus a perfect moral framework from which to analyse agents in the cyber domain, where individual arrogance often seems to surpass any aspirations for moral excellence. With this framework in place, it is briefly noted that the chief moral questions pertain to whether we may already discern a gradual voluntary recognition and acceptance of general norms of responsible individual and state behaviour within the cyber domain, arising from experience and consequent enlightened self-interest (As, for example, in the account of emergent norms found in Lucas (The ethics of cyber warfare. Oxford University Press, New York, 2017)), or whether the interests of the responsible majority must eventually compel some sort of transition from the state of nature by forcibly overriding the wishes of presumably irresponsible or malevolent outliers in the interests of the general welfare (the moral paradox of universal diffidence).
Cyber Peace: And How It Can Be Achieved
Authors: Inversini Reto 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis contribution investigates elements of cyber conflicts and attacks to determine the current state of cyber peace. The first section examines the current state of the Internet and whether or not it is in a state of cyber war. It analyses the classical concept of peace and war and determines which elements can be adapted to the digital sphere and where such a transformation can be problematic. The term ‘cyber peace’ is then defined and the components that make such a state possible identified. The last section discusses the different roles and their responsibilities to reach and preserve a state of peace in the digital sphere, coming to the conclusion that the Internet is not in a state of cyber war but more in a state of negative or unstable peace. To protect the Internet as a critical infrastructure from being abused as a new battleground, this chapter suggests moving towards a state of stable peace, and proposes increasing the security and resilience on a technical level and building up trust between all actors, ranging from the individual to the state level.
Privacy-Preserving Technologies
Authors: Domingo-Ferrer Josep , Blanco-Justicia Alberto 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter introduces privacy and data protection by design, and reviews privacy-enhancing techniques (PETs). Although privacy by design includes both technical and operational measures, the chapter focuses on the technical measures. First, it enumerates design strategies. Next, it considers privacy-enhancing techniques that directly address thehidestrategy, but also aid in implementing theseparate,controlandenforcestrategies. Specifically, it addresses PETs for: (1) identification, authentication and anonymity; (2) private communications; (3) privacy-preserving computations; (4) privacy in databases; and (5) discrimination prevention in data mining.
Best Practices and Recommendations for Cybersecurity Service Providers
Authors: Kirichenko Alexey , Christen Markus , Grunow Florian , Herrmann Dominik 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter outlines some concrete best practices and recommendations for cybersecurity service providers, with a focus on data sharing, data protection and penetration testing. Based on a brief outline of dilemmas that cybersecurity service providers may experience in their daily operations, it discusses data handling policies and practices of cybersecurity vendors along the following five topics: customer data handling; information about breaches; threat intelligence; vulnerability-related information; and data involved when collaborating with peers, CERTs, cybersecurity research groups, etc. There is, furthermore, a discussion of specific issues of penetration testing such as customer recruitment and execution as well as the supervision and governance of penetration testing. The chapter closes with some general recommendations regarding improving the ethical decision-making procedures of private cybersecurity service providers.
A Framework for Ethical Cyber-Defence for Companies
Authors: Stevens Salome 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPrivate sector companies are becoming increasingly frustrated over the lack of effective solutions to growing criminal threats in cyberspace, leading to calls by security experts for a more active cyber-defence including offensive actions in cyberspace taken with defensive purposes in mind. However, should private companies use active cyber-defence measures or would they by such an act implicate themselves in illegal actions? As long as there is no specific regulation defining the legal grounds for active cyber-defence, the conventional doctrine of a right to self-defence may be the closest analogy within the physical realm. This chapter examines cyber-defence along the lines of a right to self-defence and concludes that the categorisation of passive and active does not allow for a thorough analysis of the legal and ethical justification of a specific defensive measure. Instead, a categorisation based on the effects of a specific measure is suggested. Along the lines of this effect-based categorisation—and considering the capabilities as well as the limits of the application of a right to self-defence to cyberspace—this chapter proposes some concrete recommendations for companies on how to define ethical cyber-defence within their security strategy.
Ethical Frameworks for Cybersecurity
Authors: Loi Michele , Christen Markus 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter presents several ethical frameworks that are useful for analysing ethical questions of cybersecurity. It begins with two frameworks that are important in practice: the principlist framework employed in the Menlo Report on cybersecurity research and the rights-based principle that is influential in the law, in particular EU law. It is argued that since the harms and benefits caused by cybersecurity operations and policies are of a probabilistic nature, both approaches cannot avoid dealing with risk and probability. Therefore, the chapter turns to the ethics of risk, showing that it is a necessary complement to such approaches. The ethics of risk are discussed in more detail by considering two consequentialist approaches (utilitarianism and maximin consequentialism), deontological approaches and contractualist approaches to risk at length, highlighting the difficulties raised by special cases. Finally, Nissenbaum’s ‘contextual integrity’ approach is introduced, which has become an important framework for understanding privacy, both descriptively and normatively. A revised version of this framework is proposed for identifying and ethically assessing changes brought about by cybersecurity measures and policies, not only in relation to privacy but more generally to the key expectations concerning human interactions within the practice.
Cybersecurity Regulation in the European Union: The Digital, the Critical and Fundamental Rights
Authors: Fuster Gloria González , Jasmontaite Lina 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the European Union (EU) policies and legislative measures developed in an attempt to regulate cybersecurity. By invoking a historical perspective, policy developments that have shaped the cybersecurity landscape of the EU are highlighted. More concretely, this contribution investigates how the EU has been delimiting and constructing its cybersecurity policies in relation to different and sometimes opposing objectives, and questions what such choices reveal about (and how they determine) the evolution of the EU’s cybersecurity policy and its legal contours. For this purpose, the major steps in the evolution of the EU’s agenda on cybersecurity are analysed, ranging from the adoption of the 2013 Cybersecurity Strategy to other numerous norms, initiatives and sectorial frameworks that tackle issues arising from the active use of information systems and networks. The chapter reviews the mobilisation of multiple areas (such as the regulation of electronic communications, critical infrastructures and cybercrime) in the name of cybersecurity imperatives, and explores how the operationalisation of such imperatives surfaced in the EU cybersecurity strategy published in September 2017. The chapter suggests that one of the key challenges of cybersecurity regulation is to impose the right obligations on the right actors, through the right instrument. Reflecting on issues surrounding the current liability framework dating from the 80s, it considers how principles such as data protection by design and default as well as the ‘duty of care’ have emerged. Finally, the chapter considers how the perception of cybersecurity’s relationship with (national) security plays a determinant role in the current EU legislative and policy debates, where fundamental rights considerations, despite being acknowledged in numerous policy documents, are only considered in a limited manner.
Cybersecurity of Critical Infrastructure
Authors: Viganò Eleonora , Loi Michele , Yaghmaei Emad 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides a political and philosophical analysis of the values at stake in ensuring cybersecurity for critical infrastructures. It presents a review of the boundaries of cybersecurity in national security, with a focus on the ethics of surveillance for protecting critical infrastructures and the use of AI. A bibliographic analysis of the literature is applied until 2016 to identify and discuss the cybersecurity value conflicts and ethical issues in national security. This is integrated with an analysis of the most recent literature on cyber-threats to national infrastructure and the role of AI. This chapter demonstrates that the increased connectedness of digital and non-digital infrastructure enhances the trade-offs between values identified in the literature of the past years, and supports this thesis with the analysis of four case studies.
Constraints on flavor-diagonal non-standard neutrino interactions from Borexino Phase-II
Authors:   The Borexino collaboration, Agarwalla S. K. , Agostini M. , Altenmüller K. , Appel S. , Atroshchenko V. , Bagdasarian Z. , Basilico D. , Bellini G. , Benziger J. , Bick D. , Bonfini G. , Bravo D. , Caccianiga B. , Calaprice F. , Caminata A. , Cappelli L. , Cavalcante P. , Cavanna F. , Chepurnov A. , Choi K. , D’Angelo D. , Davini S. , Derbin A. , Di Giacinto A. , Di Marcello V. , Ding X. F. , Di Ludovico A. , Di Noto L. , Drachnev I. , Fomenko K. , Formozov A. , Franco D. , Gabriele F. , Galbiati C. , Gschwender M. , Ghiano C. , Giammarchi M. , Goretti A. , Gromov M. , Guffanti D. , Hagner C. , Hungerford E. , Ianni Aldo , Ianni Andrea , Jany A. , Jeschke D. , Kumaran S. , Kobychev V. , Korga G. , Lachenmaier T. , Laubenstein M. , Litvinovich E. , Lombardi P. , Ludhova L. , Lukyanchenko G. , Lukyanchenko L. , Machulin I. , Manuzio G. , Marcocci S. , Maricic J. , Martyn J. , Meroni E. , Meyer M. , Miramonti L. , Misiaszek M. , Muratova V. , Neumair B. , Nieslony M. , Oberauer L. , Orekhov V. , Ortica F. , Pallavicini M. , Papp L. , Penek Ö. , Pietrofaccia L. , Pilipenko N. , Pocar A. , Raikov G. , Ranucci G. , Razeto A. , Re A. , Redchuk M. , Romani A. , Rossi N. , Rottenanger S. , Schönert S. , Semenov D. , Skorokhvatov M. , Smirnov O. , Sotnikov A. , Sun C. , Suvorov Y. , Takeuchi T. , Tartaglia R. , Testera G. , Thurn J. , Unzhakov E. , Vishneva A. , Vogelaar R. B. , von Feilitzsch F. , Wojcik M. , Wurm M. , Zaimidoroga O. , Zavatarelli S. , Zuber K. , Zuzel G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Borexino detector measures solar neutrino fluxes via neutrino-electron elastic scattering. Observed spectra are determined by the solar-νe survival probability Pee(E), and the chiral couplings of the neutrino and electron. Some theories of physics beyond the Standard Model postulate the existence of Non-Standard Interactions (NSI’s) which modify the chiral couplings and Pee(E). In this paper, we search for such NSI’s, in particular, flavor-diagonal neutral current interactions that modify the νee and ντe couplings using Borexino Phase II data. Standard Solar Model predictions of the solar neutrino fluxes for both high- and low-metallicity assumptions are considered. No indication of new physics is found at the level of sensitivity of the detector and constraints on the parameters of the NSI’s are placed. In addition, with the same dataset the value of sin2θW is obtained with a precision comparable to that achieved in reactor antineutrino experiments.
A cyclin-dependent kinase, CDK11/p58, represses cap-dependent translation during mitosis
Authors: An Sihyeon , Kwon Oh Sung , Yu Jinbae , Jang Sung Key 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDuring mitosis, translation of most mRNAs is strongly repressed; none of the several explanatory hypotheses suggested can fully explain the molecular basis of this phenomenon. Here we report that cyclin-dependent CDK11/p58—a serine/threonine kinase abundantly expressed during M phase—represses overall translation by phosphorylating a subunit (eIF3F) of the translation factor eIF3 complex that is essential for translation initiation of most mRNAs. Ectopic expression of CDK11/p58 strongly repressed cap-dependent translation, and knockdown of CDK11/p58 nullified the translational repression during M phase. We identified the phosphorylation sites in eIF3F responsible for M phase-specific translational repression by CDK11/p58. Alanine substitutions of CDK11/p58 target sites in eIF3F nullified its effects on cell cycle-dependent translational regulation. The mechanism of translational regulation by the M phase-specific kinase, CDK11/p58, has deep evolutionary roots considering the conservation of CDK11 and its target sites on eIF3F fromC. elegansto humans.
Informationen zur medizinischen Vorgeschichte in der Notaufnahme
Authors: Lorsbach M. , Gillessen A. , Revering K. , Juhra C. 
Published: February 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Einführung einer elektronischen Patientenakte (ePA) bzw. eines Notfalldatensatzes (NFD) ist ebenso wie die Reform der Notfallversorgung in Deutschland derzeit immer wieder Teil politischer Diskussionen. Derzeit existieren in Deutschland keine Daten zum Nutzen einer solchen ePA bzw. NFD für die Notaufnahmen. Ziel dieser Studie war es herauszufinden, ob mitgebrachte Vorbefunde Einfluss auf Diagnostik- und Therapieentscheidungen in der Notaufnahme haben.

Methodik
Zur Beantwortung der Frage wurde eine deskriptive Beobachtungsstudie in einer interdisziplinären Notaufnahme durchgeführt mit einer Studienpopulation von n = 96.

Ergebnisse
Hinsichtlich vorhandener Vorbefunde konnten bei 55 Patienten (59 %) weder ein Arztbrief noch eine Medikamentenliste gefunden werden. Jedoch konnten bei 48 % der Patienten, die über die Notaufnahme stationär aufgenommen wurden, Ergänzungen der Anamnese nachgewiesen werden.
Bei 8 (9 %) Patienten zeigte sich, dass Therapie- und/oder Diagnostikentscheidungen hätten diskutiert bzw. geändert werden müssen, falls die ergänzten anamnestischen Informationen in der Notaufnahme vorgelegen hätten. Die Dauer der Anamnese zeigte sich ebenfalls verlängert bei fehlenden Vorbefunden seitens des Patienten (Mittelwert: 10–15 min; Standardabweichung: ±<5 min) im Gegensatz zu den Patienten mit Vorbefunden (Mittelwert: 5–10 min; Standardabweichung: ±<5 min).

Diskussion
Mithilfe von ePA und NFD könnten Therapie- und Diagnostikentscheidungen sicherer gestellt werden. Beim Fehlen von Vorbefunden ist die Anamnesedauer in Notaufnahmen deutlich verlängert, was sich durch die Einführung einer ePA bzw. eines NFD reduzieren ließe.
The prospective association between frequency of contact with friends and relatives and quality of life in older adults from Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Luna Eliazar , Ruiz Milagros , Malyutina Sofia , Titarenko Anastasiya , Kozela Magdalena , Pająk Andrzej , Kubinova Ruzena , Bobak Martin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Studies suggest that frequent contact with friends and relatives promote mental wellbeing in later life, but most evidence comes from Western populations. We investigated the prospective relationship between frequency of contact with friends and relatives and quality of life (QoL) among older Central and Eastern European (CEE) adults and whether depressive symptoms mediated the hypothesised longitudinal relationship.

Methods
Data from 6106 participants from the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors In Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) study were used. Frequency of contact with friends and relatives was measured at baseline. QoL, at baseline and follow-up, was measured by the Control, Autonomy, Self-realisation, and Pleasure (CASP) 12-item scale. After assessing the prospective association using multivariable linear regression, the mediational hypothesis was tested using path analysis.

Results
There was a significant prospective association between frequency of contact with friends and relatives and CASP-12 score (0–36) in fully adjusted models. Per every one unit increase in frequency of contact, there was a 0.12 (95% CI 0.06, 0.17) increase in CASP-12 score at follow-up, accounting for sociodemographic, health-related and baseline QoL. Pathway results showed that 81% of the longitudinal effect of frequency of contact on QoL was mediated through depressive symptoms.

Conclusions
Frequent contact with friends and relatives improves QoL of older Central and Eastern European adults, partly through buffering against depressive symptoms. Interventions to improve QoL at older ages should incorporate effective management of common mental disorders such as depression.
Model-based control algorithm development of induction machines by using a well-defined model architecture and rapid control prototyping
Authors: Horváth Krisztián , Kuslits Márton , Lovas Szilárd 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a new control algorithm development approach for induction machines by using model-based design and a systematically built model architecture implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. The model architecture follows a three-layer structure, and it is developed according to the principle of functional decomposition and the needs of reusability and expandability. The first model layer consists of elementary model and algorithm components, the second contains a machine simulation model and a field-oriented control (FOC) algorithm, built upon the first layer’s components, and the third realises the executable models by connecting the models and algorithms defined in the second layer. Furthermore, rapid control prototyping (RCP) is discussed as an experimental validation method, and an experimental setup with RCP is also introduced. The application of the presented methods is demonstrated by simulations as well as by experiments, and by using a control algorithm based on FOC as an example.
Expression and purification of the 5′-nucleotidase YitU from Bacillus species: its enzymatic properties and possible applications in biotechnology
Authors: Yusupova Yuliya R. , Skripnikova Victoria S. , Kivero Alexandr D. , Zakataeva Natalia P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract5’-Nucleotidases (EC 3.1.3.5) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic dephosphorylation of 5′-ribonucleotides and 5′-deoxyribonucleotides to their corresponding nucleosides plus phosphate. In the present study, to search for new genes encoding 5′-nucleotidases specific for purine nucleotides in industrially important Bacillus species, “shotgun” cloning and the direct selection of recombinant clones grown in purine nucleosides at inhibitory concentrations were performed in the Escherichia coli GS72 strain, which is sensitive to these compounds. As a result, orthologous yitU genes from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, whose products belong to the ubiquitous haloacid dehalogenase superfamily (HADSF), were selected and found to have a high sequence similarity of 87%. B. subtilis YitU was produced in E. coli as an N-terminal hexahistidine-tagged protein, purified and biochemically characterized as a soluble 5′-nucleotidase with broad substrate specificity with respect to various deoxyribo- and ribonucleoside monophosphates: dAMP, GMP, dGMP, CMP, AMP, XMP, IMP and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranosyl 5′-monophosphate (AICAR-P). However, the preferred substrate for recombinant YitU was shown to be flavin mononucleotide (FMN). B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens yitU overexpression increased riboflavin (RF) and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) accumulation and can be applied to breed highly performing RF- and AICAR-producing strains.
Nonfemoral Arterial Hemostasis Following Percutaneous Intervention Using a Focused Compression Device
Authors: Barrette Louis-Xavier , Vance Ansar Z. , Shamimi-Noori Susan , Nadolski Gregory P. , Reddy Shilpa , Kratz Kathleen M. , Redmond Jonas W. , Clark Timothy W. I. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Upper extremity and tibiopedal arterial access are increasingly used during endovascular therapies. Balloon compression hemostasis devices in these anatomic locations have been described, but most utilize a compression surface extending well beyond the puncture site. We report single-center experience with an arterial puncture-focused compression device following upper extremity and tibiopedal access.

Patients and Methods
A series of 249 focused compression hemostasis devices (VasoStat, Forge Medical, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA) were used in 209 patients following lower extremity (n = 63) and upper extremity (n = 186; radial: 90%) arterial access procedures using 4–7 French sheaths. Demographic, operative, and follow-up data were collected. Logistic regression was used to evaluate potential association between patient/operative variables and time to hemostasis.

Results
Primary hemostasis was achieved in 97.2% (242/249) following sheath removal; in 7 cases (2.8%) puncture site oozing occurred after initial device removal and required reapplication. Secondary hemostasis was 100% (249/249). Seven complications (2.8%) were recorded: 5 minor hematomas (2%) and 2 transient access artery occlusions (0.8%). Mean time to hemostasis enabling device removal was 55 ± 28 min. Elevated body mass index (BMI) was not associated with increased time to hemostasis (p = 0.31). Accessed artery, sheath size, and heparin dose were also not associated with time to hemostasis (p = 0.64; p = 0.74; p = 0.75, respectively).

Conclusions
The focused compression hemostasis device enabled rapid hemostasis with a low complication rate. Time to hemostasis was independent of BMI, access site, sheath size, or heparin dose.