bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dental attendance, restoration and extractions in adults with intellectual disabilities compared with the general population: a record linkage study
Authors: Ward L. M. , Cooper S.‐A. , McSkimming P. , Greenlaw N. , Pacitti C. , Gibson J. , Henderson A. , Stanley B. , Pell J. , Kinnear D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundOral health may be poorer in adults with intellectual disabilities (IDs) who rely on carer support and medications with increased dental risks.MethodsRecord linkage study of dental outcomes, and associations with anticholinergic (e.g. antipsychotics) and sugar‐containing liquid medication, in adults with IDs compared with age–sex–neighbourhood deprivation‐matched general population controls.ResultsA total of 2933/4305 (68.1%) with IDs and 7761/12 915 (60.1%) without IDs attended dental care: odds ratio (OR) = 1.42 [1.32, 1.53]; 1359 (31.6%) with IDs versus 5233 (40.5%) without IDs had restorations: OR = 0.68 [0.63, 0.73]; and 567 (13.2%) with IDs versus 2048 (15.9%) without IDs had dental extractions: OR = 0.80 [0.73, 0.89]. Group differences for attendance were greatest in younger ages, and restoration/extractions differences were greatest in older ages. Adults with IDs were more likely prescribed with anticholinergics (2493 (57.9%) vs. 6235 (48.3%): OR = 1.49 [1.39, 1.59]) and sugar‐containing liquids (1641 (38.1%) vs. 2315 (17.9%): OR = 2.89 [2.67, 3.12]).ConclusionCarers support dental appointments, but dentists may be less likely to restore teeth, possibly extracting multiple teeth at individual appointments instead.
Examination of genetic and pharmacological tools to study the proteasomal deubiquitinating enzyme ubiquitin‐specific protease 14 in the nervous system
Authors: Tian Tina , McLean John W. , Wilson Julie A. , Wilson Scott M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStrategies for enhancing protein degradation have been proposed for treating neurological diseases associated with a decline in proteasome activity. A proteasomal deubiquitinating enzyme that controls substrate entry into proteasomes, ubiquitin‐specific protease 14 (USP14), is an attractive candidate for therapies that modulate proteasome activity. This report tests the validity of genetic and pharmacological tools to study USP14’s role in regulating protein abundance. Although previous studies implicated USP14 in the degradation of microtubule associate protein tau, tar DNA binding protein, and prion protein, the levels of these proteins were similar in our neurons cultured from wild type and USP14‐deficient mice. Neither loss nor over‐expression of USP14 affected the levels of these proteins in mice, implying that modifying the amount of USP14 is not sufficient to alter their steady‐state levels. However, neuronal over‐expression of a catalytic mutant of USP14 showed that manipulating USP14’s ubiquitin‐hydrolase activity altered the levels of specific proteins in vivo. Although pharmacological inhibitors of USP14’s ubiquitin‐hydrolase activity reduced microtubule associate protein tau, tar DNA binding protein, and prion protein in culture, the effect was similar in wild type and USP14‐deficient neurons, thus impacting their use for specifically evaluating USP14 in a therapeutic manner. While examining how targeting USP14 may affect other proteins in vivo, this report showed that fatty acid synthase, v‐rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog, CTNNB1, and synaptosome associated protein 23 are reduced in USP14‐deficient mice; however, loss of USP14 differentially altered the levels of these proteins in the liver and brain. As such, it is critical to more thoroughly examine how inhibiting USP14 alters protein abundance to determine if targeting USP14 will be a beneficial strategy for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Glans clitoris innervation: PIEZO2 and sexual mechanosensitivity
Authors: García‐Mesa Yolanda , Cárcaba Lucía , Coronado César , Cobo Ramón , Martín‐Cruces José , García‐Piqueras Jorge , Feito Jorge , García‐Suárez Olivia , Vega José A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe clitoris is a leading player in female sexual arousal, if not the main protagonist. Despite this role, studies performed on this structure with specific neuroanatomical techniques are few. This study focuses on glans clitoris innervation, with special emphasis on sensory corpuscles and the presence of the mechanotransducer protein PIEZO2 in these structures. Six glans clitoris samples were obtained at autopsy covering an age spectrum between 52 and 83 years old. Several types of nerve terminations including free nerve endings, genital endbulbs as well as Meissner‐like corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles, but not Ruffini corpuscles, were found. Although corpuscular morphology in the glans clitoris was subtly different from the cutaneous digital counterparts, their basic composition was comparable for both Pacinian and Meissner‐like corpuscles. Genital endbulbs showed heterogeneous morphology, and the axons usually exhibited a typical “wool ball” or “yarn ball” aspect. Some of them were lobulated and variably encapsulated by endoneurial elements (65%); from the capsule originate septa that divides the genital endbulbs, suggesting that they are found in clusters rather than as single corpuscles. In addition, most corpuscles in the glans clitoris showed axonal PIEZO2 immunoreactivity, thus, suggesting a mechanical role and molecular mechanisms of mechanosensibility similar to those of digital Meissner's corpuscles. Our results demonstrate that sensory corpuscles of the glans clitoris are similar to those of other glabrous skin zones, as most genital organs are characterized by clusters of corpuscles and the occurrence of the mechanoprotein PIEZO2 in the axons. These findings strongly suggest that PIEZO2 participates in erotic and sexual mechanical sensing.
Largely on their own: Dealing with the rural legacies of conflict through local participatory peacebuilding
Authors: Velásquez Mauricio , Ávila Nikolai , Villota Mónica , Quintero Francisco , Arbeláez Sebastián 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRural participatory peacebuilding was central to the peace agreement signed between the Colombian government and the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC). Although rural reform included several elements dealing with the agrarian legacies of the war, none of them were implemented before the participatory process took place. We spend several months in three municipalities during the first year of implementation as the local participatory process unfolded. We find that structural obstacles with significant agrarian roots were affecting local participatory peacebuilding. Specifically, by comparing cases of how these legacies produced a persistent lack of trust of the state, fatally debilitated the organizational capacity of communities and drastically hindered the social reintegration of ex‐combatants, we show that local participation cannot replace structural agendas of rural reconstruction. Participatory democracy should be welcomed as peacebuilding strategy in rural contexts. In practice, however, when this promotion of local participation fails to be nested within a wider political pact addressing the deep agrarian dimension of the conflict, the net result is to displace responsibility from the national political class towards local communities who are asked to confront the legacies of war largely on their own.
Right cardiac involvement in lung diseases: a multimodality approach from diagnosis to prognostication
Authors: Mandoli G. E. , De Carli G. , Pastore M. C. , Cameli P. , Contorni F. , D’Alessandro M. , Bargagli E. , Mondillo S. , Cameli M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLung diseases are amongst the main healthcare issues in the general population, having a high burden of morbidity and mortality. The cardiovascular system has a key role in patients affected by respiratory disorders. More specifically, the right ventricle (RV) enables the impaired lung function to be overcome in an initial stage of disease process, reducing the severity of dyspnoea. In addition, two of the main causes of death in this setting are RV failure and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Echocardiography is regarded as a useful and easily available tool in assessing RV function. Several noninvasive echocardiographic parameters of elevated pulmonary pressures and RV function have been proposed. The combination of different parameters and imaging methods is paramount and researches regarding RV impairment using these indices has been specifically addressed in relation to the chronic obstructive and restrictive lung disease in order to guide the clinicians in the management of these patients. Cardiac involvement in lung diseases is often observed, and RV changes are reported also in early stages of pulmonary diseases. The role of right ventricle in chronic respiratory disease patients has to be evaluated in detail to describe the response to therapy and the degree of disease progression through multimodality and advanced imaging techniques. The aim of this review is to describe the different pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiac impairment in primary lung disease (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and sarcoidosis) and to summarize the role of cardiac multimodality imaging in the diagnosis and the prognosis of these diseases.
Mechanisms of intermittent hypoxia‐mediated macrophage activation – potential therapeutic targets for obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Fitzpatrick Susan F. , King Ailbhe D. , O’Donnell Cliona , Roche Helen M. , Ryan Silke 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntermittent hypoxia (IH) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance (IR) in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). IH induces a pro‐inflammatory phenotype of the adipose tissue with M1 macrophage polarisation, subsequently impeding adipocyte insulin signalling, and these changes are in striking similarity to those seen in obesity. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of IH‐induced macrophage polarisation are unknown and identification of same should lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that IH acts through similar mechanisms as obesity, activating Toll‐like‐receptor (TLR)4/nuclear factor κ‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) and nucleotide‐binding domain (NOD)‐like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) signalling pathways leading to the upregulation and secretion of the key cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐6. Bone‐marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) from lean and obese C57BL/6 male mice were exposed to a state‐of‐the‐art in vitro model of IH. Independent of obesity, IH led to a pro‐inflammatory M1 phenotype characterised by increased inducible nitric oxide synthase and IL‐6 mRNA expression, robust increase in NF‐κB DNA‐binding activity and IL‐6 secretion. Furthermore, IH significantly increased pro‐IL‐1β mRNA and protein expression and mature IL‐1β secretion compared to control treatment. Providing mechanistic insight, pre‐treatment with the TLR4 specific inhibitor, TAK‐242, prevented IH‐induced M1 polarisation and upregulation of IL‐1β mRNA and pro‐IL‐1β protein expression. Moreover, IH‐induced increase in IL‐1β secretion was prevented in BMDMs isolated from NLRP3 knockout mice. Thus, targeting TLR4/NF‐κB and NLRP3 signalling pathways may provide novel therapeutic options for metabolic complications in OSA.
Why do certain species dominate? What we can learn from a rare case of Microdictyon dominance on a Caribbean reef
Authors: Dell Claire L. A. , Longo Guilherme O. , Manfrino Carrie , Burkepile Deron E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMany Caribbean reefs have shifted from coral dominance to macroalgal dominance, often by brown algae such as Dictyota and Lobophora. However, the north side of Cayman Brac in the Cayman Islands is dominated seasonally by the green macroalga Microdictyon (percent cover of Microdictyon is 4% in the winter and ~40% of the reef in the summer), although it is absent from the south side of the island and the remainder of the country. Indeed, Microdictyon is rare in much of the Caribbean, so this situation on Cayman Brac provides an opportunity to investigate the conditions that facilitate its distribution and dominance. The impact of herbivory, competition, nutrient input and other abiotic conditions were examined as factors that could influence the distribution and dominance of Microdictyon. While herbivory or nutrient input are frequently found to be key drivers of benthic community composition on coral reefs, here consumption of Microdictyon by herbivores was low, and thus, the alga was not subject to strong top‐down control by herbivory. So, in this case, neither herbivore abundance nor feeding preference appeared to influence the distribution of Microdictyon. Nutrient input was also similar to both sides of the island suggesting nutrients played little role in differential distribution. But, in a controlled transplant experiment where Microdictyon was protected from herbivory and competition, it experienced almost complete mortality (93.3%) when transplanted to the south side, compared to only 11.8% mortality on the north. The south side was exposed to the strongest wave action 92% of the days in our study and was on average a slight, but significant 0.2°C warmer. Thus, these data suggest physical forcing (i.e. wave exposure) is the most likely factor dictating Microdictyon distribution. Conversely, a combination of reduced herbivory and increased competitive strength may explain the seasonal dominance of Microdictyon on the north side of Cayman Brac. Microdictyon was a competitive inferior to the other common algae in winter but increased in competitive strength to equal other species in summer. These results add to the literature on Microdictyon and on the forces impacting benthic community structure of coral reefs.
Ultrasound assessment of gastric emptying time after intake of clear fluids in children scheduled for general anesthesia—A prospective observational study
Authors: Beck Christiane E. , Chandrakumar Thurgkai , Sümpelmann Robert , Nickel Katja , Keil Oliver , Heiderich Sebastian , Boethig Dietmar , Witt Lars , Dennhardt Nils 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundWhile many clinics have changed their local regimen toward a more liberal policy regarding clear fluid fasting for general anesthesia, there is a lack of studies evaluating gastric emptying time in a clinical setting.AimsBased on this and before implementation of a more liberal preoperative clear fluid fasting policy for children, we studied gastric emptying time of clear fluids in children and hypothesized that the mean gastric emptying time would be 1 hour.MethodsBetween March and December 2019, children scheduled for general anesthesia at our University Children's Hospital were enrolled in this prospective observational study. After overnight fasting, gastric emptying was examined by sonographic measurements of the gastric antral area before and 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after intake of water or fruit juice.ResultsTwenty‐six children were enrolled in this study, and 24 aged 11 (range 4‐17) years were included for statistical analysis. The median ingested fluid volume was 4.7 (range 1.8‐11.8) mL kg−1. The gastric antral area of the children initially increased and subsequently decreased after intake of clear fluids and correlated significantly with fasting time (r = −0.55, P < .0001). After 1 hour, the gastric antral area had returned to the baseline level in 20 children but not in four children with a fluid intake >5 mL kg−1. There was no difference in the gastric antral area between water and fruit juice. Using a linear regression model, the calculated mean gastric emptying time of clear fluids was 52 minutes.ConclusionThis study showed that the gastric emptying time of children after intake up to 5 mL kg−1 clear fluids was <1 hour in a clinical setting. These results support the more liberal fasting regimen favoring a 1‐hour fasting time and suggest 5 mL kg−1 as an upper limit for clear fluids (eg, water, sugared water or tea or diluted fruit juice) from 2 hours to 1 hour before induction of anesthesia in children.
Understanding the classics: the unifying concepts of transgressive segregation, inbreeding depression and heterosis and their central relevance for crop breeding
Authors: Mackay Ian J. , Cockram James , Howell Phil , Powell Wayne 
Published: September 2020

SummaryTransgressive segregation and heterosis are the reasons that plant breeding works. Molecular explanations for both phenomena have been suggested and play a contributing role. However, it is often overlooked by molecular genetic researchers that transgressive segregation and heterosis are most simply explained by dispersion of favorable alleles. Therefore, advances in molecular biology will deliver the most impact on plant breeding when integrated with sources of heritable trait variation – and this will be best achieved within a quantitative genetics framework. An example of the power of quantitative approaches is the implementation of genomic selection, which has recently revolutionized animal breeding. Genomic selection is now being applied to both hybrid and inbred crops and is likely to be the major source of improvement in plant breeding practice over the next decade. Breeders’ ability to efficiently apply genomic selection methodologies is due to recent technology advances in genotyping and sequencing. Furthermore, targeted integration of additional molecular data (such as gene expression, gene copy number and methylation status) into genomic prediction models may increase their performance. In this review, we discuss and contextualize a suite of established quantitative genetics themes relating to hybrid vigour, transgressive segregation and their central relevance to plant breeding, with the aim of informing crop researchers outside of the quantitative genetics discipline of their relevance and importance to crop improvement. Better understanding between molecular and quantitative disciplines will increase the potential for further improvements in plant breeding methodologies and so help underpin future food security.
Absolutely general knowledge*
Authors: Fraser Rachel Elizabeth , Mount Beau Madison 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThere is extensive debate among contemporary philosophers about the possibility of absolutely unrestricted quantification; thus far, the debate been almost entirely logically and metaphysically focused. We argue for a third axis of evaluation: the epistemological. We defend absolutism on epistemological grounds, by showing that one prominent and attractive alternative to absolutism—schematism—is epistemologically unacceptable. First, we spell out and motivate an epistemological desideratum for theories of generality, a desideratum which is easily satisfied by absolutists. Second, we consider five ways the schematist might satisfy this desideratum. We argue that none of the five ways is successful.
Genotypic variation in intrinsic transpiration efficiency correlates with sugarcane yield under rainfed and irrigated field conditions
Authors: Natarajan Sijesh , Basnayake Jaya , Lakshmanan Prakash , Fukai Shu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntrinsic transpiration efficiency (iTE), the ratio of photosynthesis (A) to stomatal conductance (gs), is considered a useful trait for improving productivity; however, higher iTE with high A is more desirable than that with low gs. This study dissects iTE of 20 sugarcane genotypes to understand its relationship with total dry matter (TDM) and cane yield (TCH) under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Water stress reduced mean A and gs by 56 and 61%, and mean TDM and TCH by 55 and 59%, respectively; however, genotype × irrigation treatment interaction was smaller than genotype variance. Mean iTE increased from 117.4 μmol mol−1 in the irrigated treatment to 130.6 μmol mol−1 in the rainfed treatment. In irrigated conditions, iTE had high heritability (H2b = 0.67) and significant genetic correlation with TDM (rg = 0.58) and TCH (rg = 0.72). Under water stress, at gs below 0.1 mol m−2 s−1, non‐stomatal limitation to A was evident and iTE had low heritability (H2b = 0.2). Whereas in the gs range of 0.1–0.4 mol m−2 s−1, heritability of iTE (H2b = 0.63) and its genetic correlation with TDM (rg = 0.78) and TCH (rg = 0.75) were maximised. There was significant genotypic variation in photosynthetic capacity (Ac), and the differences were related to TDM and iTE. Selecting genotypes with higher iTE and Ac could offer potential for improving productivity without the unfavourable effect of low gs.
Am I the same person across my life span? An event‐related brain potentials study of the temporal perspective in self‐identity
Authors: Rubianes Miguel , Muñoz Francisco , Casado Pilar , Hernández‐Gutiérrez David , Jiménez‐Ortega Laura , Fondevila Sabela , Sánchez José , Martínez‐de‐Quel Oscar , Martín‐Loeches Manuel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWhile self‐identity recognition has been largely explored, less is known on how self‐identity changes as a function of time. The present work aims to explore the influence of the temporal perspective on self‐identity by studying event‐related brain potentials (ERP) associated with face processing. To this purpose, participants had to perform a recognition task in two blocks with different task demands: (i) identity recognition (self, close‐friend, unknown), and (ii) life stage recognition (adulthood ‐current‐, adolescence, and childhood). The results showed that the N170 component was sensitive to changes in the global face configuration when comparing adulthood with other life stages. The N250 was the earliest neural marker discriminating self from other identities and may be related to a preferential deployment of attentional resources to recognize own face. The P3 was a robust index of self‐specificity, reflecting stimulus categorization and presumably adding an emotional value. The results of interest emerged for the subsequent late positive complex (LPC). The larger amplitude for the LPC to the self‐face was probably associated with further personal significance. The LPC, therefore, was able to distinguish the continuity of the self over time (i.e., between current self and past selves). Likewise, this component also could discriminate, at each life stage, the self‐identity from other identities (e.g., between past self and past close‐friend). This would confirm a remarkable role of the LPC reflecting higher self‐relevance processes. Taken together, the neural representation of oneself (i.e., “I am myself”) seems to be stable and also updated across time.
Factors affecting calving ease in Egyptian buffalo
Authors: Amin Amin M. S. , Salem Mohamed M. I. , Ibrahim Mohamed M. E. , Darweish Samy A. , EL Nagar Ayman G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCalving ease (CE) is a trait of economic importance that affects animal welfare and farm profitability. The objective of present study was to investigate genetic and environmental factors affecting CE among Primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) buffaloes. A total of 9,627 records from 1999 MP and 2,110 PP recorded during the period from 1988 to 2018 were considered. Herd, season of calving, year of calving, birth weight, parity order and gestation length significantly affected CE rate, while age at first calving and sex of calf had no significant effects. Direct and maternal heritabilities of CE in PP and MP were 0.06 and 0.01, respectively. The low heritability of CE indicated that direct selection may not be an effective method to improve CE trait in Egyptian buffalo.