bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large-Scale Evidence for an Association Between Peripheral Inflammation and White Matter Free Water in Schizophrenia and Healthy Individuals
Authors: Di Biase Maria A , Zalesky Andrew , Cetin-Karayumak Suheyla , Rathi Yogesh , Lv Jinglei , Boerrigter Danny , North Hayley , Tooney Paul , Pantelis Christos , Pasternak Ofer , Shannon Weickert Cynthia , Cropley Vanessa L 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Clarifying the role of neuroinflammation in schizophrenia is subject to its detection in the living brain. Free-water (FW) imaging is an in vivo diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) technique that measures water molecules freely diffusing in the brain and is hypothesized to detect inflammatory processes. Here, we aimed to establish a link between peripheral markers of inflammation and FW in brain white matter.

Methods
All data were obtained from the Australian Schizophrenia Research Bank (ASRB) across 5 Australian states and territories. We first tested for the presence of peripheral cytokine deregulation in schizophrenia, using a large sample (N = 1143) comprising the ASRB. We next determined the extent to which individual variation in 8 circulating pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines related to FW in brain white matter, imaged in a subset (n = 308) of patients and controls.

Results
Patients with schizophrenia showed reduced interleukin-2 (IL-2) (t = −3.56, P = .0004) and IL-12(p70) (t = −2.84, P = .005) and increased IL-6 (t = 3.56, P = .0004), IL-8 (t = 3.8, P = .0002), and TNFα (t = 4.30, P &lt; .0001). Higher proinflammatory signaling of IL-6 (t = 3.4, P = .0007) and TNFα (t = 2.7, P = .0007) was associated with higher FW levels in white matter. The reciprocal increases in serum cytokines and FW were spatially widespread in patients encompassing most major fibers; conversely, in controls, the relationship was confined to the anterior corpus callosum and thalamic radiations. No relationships were observed with alternative dMRI measures, including the fractional anisotropy and tissue-related FA.

Conclusions
We report widespread deregulation of cytokines in schizophrenia and identify inflammation as a putative mechanism underlying increases in brain FW levels.
Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of four karyorelictid species belonging to the genera Apotrachelocerca and Tracheloraphis (Protozoa: Ciliophora), with descriptions of two new species
Authors: Ma Mingzhen , Xu Yuan , Yan Ying , Li Yuqing , Warren Alan , Song Weibo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The taxonomy and phylogeny of four trachelocercid ciliates, Apotrachelocerca orientalis sp. nov., Tracheloraphis apoligostriata sp. nov., T. oligostriata and T. prenanti, isolated from marine habitats in Qingdao, China, were studied. The new species, A. orientalis sp. nov., can be distinguished from its most closely related congener, A. arenicola, by the absence of cortical granules and its conspicuously different SSU rDNA sequence. Tracheloraphis apoligostriata sp. nov. differs from the similar T. oligostriata by its body shape, distribution pattern of the cortical granules and SSU rDNA sequence. Based on available data, we suggest that T. prenanti can be defined by its colourless, globular cortical granules, which indicates that this species should be removed from the T. phoenicopterus-complex. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequence data indicates that: A. orientalis sp. nov. groups with A. arenicola with full support, together sister to all other trachelocercid species; and T. cf. phoenicopterus, T. prenanti, T. oligostriata and T. apoligostriata sp. nov. form a clearly outlined clade.
Mitochondrial transfer from bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells to chondrocytes protects against cartilage degenerative mitochondrial dysfunction in rats chondrocytes
Authors: Wang Rui , Maimaitijuma Talatibaike , Ma Yuan-Yuan , Jiao Yang , Cao Yong-Ping 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Previous studies have reported that mitochondrial dysfunction participates in the pathological process of osteoarthritis (OA). However, studies that improve mitochondrial function are rare in OA. Mitochondrial transfer from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to OA chondrocytes might be a cell-based therapy for the improvement of mitochondrial function to prevent cartilage degeneration. This study aimed to determine whether MSCs can donate mitochondria and protect the mitochondrial function and therefore reduce cartilage degeneration.

Methods
Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) were harvested from the marrow cavities of femurs and tibia in young rats. OA chondrocytes were gathered from the femoral and tibial plateau in old OA model rats. BM-MSCs and OA chondrocytes were co-cultured and mitochondrial transfer from BM-MSCs to chondrocytes was identified. Chondrocytes with mitochondria transferred from BM-MSCs were selected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Mitochondrial function of these cells, including mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) enzymes, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content were quantified and compared to OA chondrocytes without mitochondrial transfer. Chondrocytes proliferation, apoptosis, and secretion ability were also analyzed between the two groups.

Results
Mitochondrial transfer was found from BM-MSCs to OA chondrocytes. Chondrocytes with mitochondrial from MSCs (MSCs + OA group) showed increased mitochondrial membrane potential compared with OA chondrocytes without mitochondria transfer (OA group) (1.79 ± 0.19 vs. 0.71 ± 0.12, t = 10.42, P < 0.0001). The activity of MRC enzymes, including MRC complex I, II, III, and citrate synthase was also improved (P < 0.05). The content of ATP in MSCs + OA group was significantly higher than that in OA group (161.90 ± 13.49 vs. 87.62 ± 11.07 nmol/mg, t = 8.515, P < 0.0001). Meanwhile, we observed decreased cell apoptosis (7.09% ± 0.68% vs.15.89% ± 1.30%, t = 13.39, P < 0.0001) and increased relative secretion of type II collagen (2.01 ± 0.14 vs.1.06 ± 0.11, t = 9.141, P = 0.0008) and proteoglycan protein (2.08 ± 0.20 vs. 0.97 ± 0.12, t = 8.227, P = 0.0012) in MSCs + OA group, contrasted with OA group.

Conclusions
Mitochondrial transfer from BM-MSCs provided protection for OA chondrocytes against mitochondrial dysfunction and degeneration through improving mitochondrial function, cell proliferation, and inhibiting apoptosis in chondrocytes. This finding may offer a new therapeutic direction for OA.
Protocol-driven Antibiotic Treatment of Pediatric Empyema After Fibrinolysis
Authors: Svetanoff Wendy Jo , Dorman Robert M. , Dekonenko Charlene , Osuchukwu Obiyo , Jain Shubhika , Depala Kartik , Myers Angela , Oyetunji Tolulope A. , St Peter Shawn D. 
Published: August 2020

Background:
The duration of antibiotic treatment after resolution of empyema in children is variable. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of a protocol-driven antibiotic regimen aimed to decrease antibiotic duration following treatment with fibrinolysis.

Methods:
Our institutional protocol consisted of 7 further days of antibiotics upon removal of the thoracostomy tube, with the patient being afebrile, off supplemental oxygen, and having negative cultures. A prospective observational study was then performed between September 2014 and March 2019. Empyema recurrence and antibiotic-related complications were recorded. Results were compared with previously published data from the preprotocol era.

Results:
A total of 37 patients were included. Mean total duration of antibiotics decreased from 26 ± 6.5 days in the preprotocol group to 22 ± 9.7 days in the postprotocol group (P = 0.004). This resulted in a significant decrease in hospital stay from the preprotocol cohort to the postprotocol cohort, respectively (9.3 ± 4.8 d versus 6.8 ± 3.1 d, P = 0.003). Sixty-two percentage of the patients were intended to treat according to the protocol, with a 50% adherence rate. Patients in which the protocol was followed had an average of 2.8 fewer days of antibiotics after discharge (P = 0.004), although overall duration was not statistically different. Significantly fewer antibiotic-related complications were noted after protocol initiation. There was no difference in empyema recurrence or readmissions.

Conclusions:
Institution of a protocol-driven approach to antibiotic duration following resolution of pleural space disease may reduce antibiotic duration and complications without reducing efficacy.
Fever Without an Apparent Source in Young Infants: A Multicenter Retrospective Evaluation of Adherence to the Dutch Guidelines
Authors: Klarenbeek Nikki N. , Keuning Maya , Hol Jeroen , Pajkrt Dasja , Plötz Frans B. 
Published: August 2020

Background:
The Dutch fever without an apparent source (FWS) guidelines were published to timely recognize and treat serious infections. We determined the adherence to the Dutch FWS guidelines and the percentage of serious infections in infants younger than 3 months of age. Second, we identified which clinical criteria, diagnostic tests, and management were associated with nonadherence to the guidelines.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort study was performed in 2 Dutch teaching hospitals. We assessed the charts of all infants with FWS who presented at the emergency departments from September 30, 2017, to October 1, 2019. Diagnostic and therapeutic decisions were compared with the recommendations, as published in the Dutch guidelines. Infants were categorized into the nonadherence group in case 1 or more recommendations were not adhered to.

Results:
Data on 231 infants were studied; 51.5% of the cases adhered to the Dutch guidelines and 16.0% suffered from a serious infection. The percentage of infants with a serious infection was higher in the adherence compared with the nonadherence group. We observed no relevant differences in clinical outcomes. Univariate regression analysis showed that an abnormal white blood cell count was associated with nonadherence (OR 0.4, P = 0.049). Not obtaining a urine and blood culture and not starting intravenous antibiotic treatment were the most frequent reasons for nonadherence to the guidelines.

Conclusions:
Our study indicates that there was nonadherence in a large proportion of FWS cases. The guidelines may need to be adjusted to increase adherence.
Home Healthcare Clinical Notes Predict Patient Hospitalization and Emergency Department Visits
Authors: Topaz Maxim , Woo Kyungmi , Ryvicker Miriam , Zolnoori Maryam , Cato Kenrick 
Published: August 2020

Background
About 30% of home healthcare patients are hospitalized or visit an emergency department (ED) during a home healthcare (HHC) episode. Novel data science methods are increasingly used to improve identification of patients at risk for negative outcomes.

Objectives
The aim of the study was to identify patients at heightened risk hospitalization or ED visits using HHC narrative data (clinical notes).

Methods
This study used a large database of HHC visit notes (n = 727,676) documented for 112,237 HHC episodes (89,459 unique patients) by clinicians of the largest nonprofit HHC agency in the United States. Text mining and machine learning algorithms (Naïve Bayes, decision tree, random forest) were implemented to predict patient hospitalization or ED visits using the content of clinical notes. Risk factors associated with hospitalization or ED visits were identified using a feature selection technique (gain ratio attribute evaluation).

Results
Best performing text mining method (random forest) achieved good predictive performance. Seven risk factors categories were identified, with clinical factors, coordination/communication, and service use being the most frequent categories.

Discussion
This study was the first to explore the potential contribution of HHC clinical notes to identifying patients at risk for hospitalization or an ED visit. Our results suggest that HHC visit notes are highly informative and can contribute significantly to identification of patients at risk. Further studies are needed to explore ways to improve risk prediction by adding more data elements from additional data sources.
Paenibacillus Sepsis and Meningitis in a Premature Infant
Authors: Hunt Brice , Rogers Christopher , Blais Rachel Martin , Adachi Kristina , Sathyavagiswaran Lakshmanan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Infections due to bacteria of the genus Paenibacillus are exceedingly rare and therefore predominately described on a case-by-case basis. Here, we present a case of a 25-day-old premature neonate who died from presumed Paenibacillus sepsis and meningitis. Most prior reported cases of Paenibacillus bacteremia were among patients who had prosthetic medical devices, were immunocompromised, or were injection drug users. However, to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of infant death from presumed Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus. This case suggests the potential for severe human infection by an environmental bacterium previously considered to be of little consequence.
Does Episodic Future Thinking Repair Immediacy Bias at Home and in the Laboratory in Patients With Prediabetes?
Authors: Bickel Warren K. , Stein Jeffrey S. , Paluch Rocco A. , Mellis Alexandra M. , Athamneh Liqa N. , Quattrin Teresa , Greenawald Mark H. , Bree Kyle A. , Gatchalian Kirstin M. , Mastrandrea Lucy D. , Epstein Leonard H. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT

Objective
This study aimed to determine if episodic future thinking (EFT) can decrease delay discounting (DD) among adults with prediabetes both in and out of the laboratory. DD measures how much the value of a reinforcer decreases as a function of the delay to receive it.

Methods
Adults with prediabetes (n = 67) completed a three-session study. At session 1, baseline measures (including DD) were collected. At sessions 2 and 3, participants were prompted to engage in either EFT or control episodic thinking (CET) while completing DD and other measures. In addition, between the completion of sessions 2 and 3, participants engaged in EFT or CET at home and completed DD tasks remotely via smartphones or other Internet-connected devices.

Results
Results showed significant −1.2759 (−20.24%) reductions in DD in the EFT group compared with a + 0.0287 (+0.46%) DD increase in the CET group (p = .0149) in the laboratory; and −0.4095 (−8.85%) reduction in DD in the EFT group compared with a + 0.2619 (+5.64%) increase in the CET group (p = .011) at home. Working memory (measured by Backwards Corsi and Digit Span) was found to moderate the effects of EFT on some measures of DD. EFT did not change measures from the food purchase task or a food ad libitum procedure.

Conclusions
Results show that EFT decreases DD in and out of the laboratory and supports the further exploration of EFT as an intervention for prediabetes and related chronic diseases.

Clinical Trial Registration
NCT03664726.
microRNA-dependent control of sensory neuron function regulates posture behaviour inDrosophila
Authors: Klann M. , Issa A.R. , Alonso C.R. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTAll what we see, touch, hear, taste or smell must first be detected by the sensory elements in our nervous system. Sensory neurons, therefore, represent a critical component in all neural circuits and their correct function is essential for the generation of behaviour and adaptation to the environment. Here we report that a gene encoding the evolutionarily conserved microRNA (miRNA)miR-263b, plays a key behavioural role inDrosophilathrough effects on the function of larval sensory neurons. Several independent experiments support this finding. First, miRNA expression analysis by means of amiR-263breporter line, and fluorescent-activated cell sorting coupled to quantitative PCR, both demonstrate expression ofmiR-263binDrosophilalarval sensory neurons. Second, behavioural tests inmiR-263bnull mutants show defects in self-righting: an innate and evolutionarily conserved posture control behaviour that allows the larva to return to its normal position if turned upside-down. Third, competitive inhibition ofmiR-263bin sensory neurons using amiR-263b‘sponge’ leads to self-righting defects. Fourth, systematic analysis of sensory neurons inmiR-263bmutants shows no detectable morphological defects in their stereotypic pattern. Fifth, genetically-encoded calcium sensors expressed in the sensory domain reveal a reduction in neural activity inmiR-263bnull mutants. Sixth,miR-263bnull mutants show a reduced ‘touch-response’ behaviour and a compromised response to sound, both characteristic of larval sensory deficits. Furthermore, bioinformatic miRNA target analysis, gene expression assays, and behavioural phenocopy experiments suggest thatmiR-263bmight exert its effects – at least in part – through repression of the bHLH transcription factoratonal. Altogether, our study suggests a model in which miRNA-dependent control of transcription factor expression affects sensory function and behaviour. Building on the evolutionary conservation ofmiR-263b, we propose that similar processes may modulate sensory function in other animals, including mammals.
The shrubEphedra californicafacilitates arthropod communities along a regional desert climatic gradient
Authors: Braun Jenna , Westphal Michael , Lortie Christopher J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractArthropods underpin arid community dynamics and provide many key ecosystem services. In arid ecosystems, the key habitat components that influence arthropod community structure are relatively understudied.Ephedra californicais a common and widespread shrub with established positive effects on plant and vertebrate animal communities within the drylands of Southern California. The capacity for these positive effects to further support arthropod communities has not been examined. We tested the hypothesis that the physical structure and cover vegetation enhances key measures of arthropod community assembly at nine Californian desert sites that comprise an extensive regional aridity gradient. We contrasted the effects of shrub canopies with ground-covering vegetation on structuring ground-active arthropod communities by surveying ground-active arthropods with pitfall traps and collecting vegetation on the soil surface in the form of residual dry matter (RDM). We collected a total of 5868 individual arthropod specimens for a total of 184 morphospecies. Arthropod abundance and morphospecies richness and RDM biomass and cover were significantly greater beneath the canopy ofE. californicathroughout the region. Total biomass of RDM did not significantly influence arthropod communities, but cover of RDM on the soil surface negatively influenced arthropod abundance. Neither climatic aridity nor downscaled evaporative stress estimates were significant mediators of the arthropodvegetation association patterns. Vegetation thus likely has direct and indirect physical effects on arthropod communities. These canopy versus soil surface vegetation differences will refine sampling of fine-scale patterns of arthropod diversity in drylands. Regional land managers can support arthropod diversity by maintaining populations of foundation shrub species such asE. californica.
Predicting transcriptional responses to cold stress across plant species
Authors: Meng Xiaoxi , Liang Zhikai , Dai Xiuru , Zhang Yang , Mahboub Samira , Ngu Daniel W. , Roston Rebecca L. , Schnable James C. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTAlthough genome sequence assemblies are available for a growing number of plant species, gene expression responses to stimuli have been catalogued for only a subset of these species. Many genes show altered transcription patterns in response to abiotic stresses. However, orthologous genes in related species often exhibit different responses to a given stress. Accordingly, data on the regulation of gene expression in one species are not reliable predictors of orthologous gene responses in a related species. Here, we trained a supervised classification algorithm to identify genes that transcriptionally respond to cold stress. A model trained with only features calculated directly from genome assemblies exhibited only modest decreases in performance relative to models trained using genomic, chromatin, and evolution/diversity features. Models trained with data from one species successfully predicted which genes would respond to cold stress in other related species. Cross-species predictions remained accurate when training was performed in cold-sensitive species and predictions were performed in cold-tolerant species and vice versa. Models trained with data on gene expression in multiple species outperformed models trained with data from any single species. These results suggest that classifiers trained on stress data from well-studied species may suffice for predicting gene expression patterns in related, less-studied species with sequenced genomes.
Altered Mediator dynamics during heat shock in budding yeast
Authors: Sarkar Debasish , Zhu Z. Iris , Paul Emily , Landsman David , Morse Randall H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Mediator complex is central to transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in eukaryotes. In yeast, Mediator is recruited by activators via its tail module and then facilitates assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC), including Pol II, setting the stage for productive transcription. Mediator occupies proximal promoter regions only transiently prior to Pol II escape; interruption of the transcription cycle by inactivation or depletion of Kin28 inhibits Pol II escape and stabilizes Mediator occupancy at promoters. However, whether Mediator occupancy and dynamics differ for gene cohorts induced by stress or alternative growth conditions has not been examined on a genome-wide scale. Here we investigate Mediator occupancy following heat shock or CdCl2induction, with or without depletion of Kin28. We find that Pol II occupancy exhibits similar dependence on Mediator under normal and heat shock conditions; however, Mediator occupancy does not increase upon Kin28 depletion at most genes active during heat shock, indicating altered dynamics. Furthermore, Mediator occupancy persists at genes repressed by heat shock or CdCl2induction and exhibits peaks upstream of the proximal promoter whether or not Kin28 is depleted, suggesting that Mediator is recruited by activators but is unable to engage PIC components at these repressed targets. Finally, we show a reduced dependence on PIC components for Mediator occupancy at promoters after heat shock, further supporting an altered dynamics or stronger engagement with activators under these conditions.