bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MicroRNA alterations in neuropathologic cognitive disorders with an emphasis on dementia: Lessons from animal models
Authors: Bahlakeh Gozal , Gorji Ali , Soltani Hamid , Ghadiri Tahereh 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCognitive dysfunction is a state of losing or having difficulties in remembering, learning, focusing, or making decisions that impact individual healthy life. Small single‐stranded and nonprotein coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) participate actively in regulatory processes, incorporate cognitive signaling pathways, and intensely affect cognitive evolution. miRNAs exert their modification activities through translational or transcriptional processes. Reportedly, cognitive impairment and dementia are rising, especially in developing countries. Herein we provided a brief review of original studies addressing miRNA changes in the most common neurological diseases with a focus on dementia and Alzheimer's disease. It must be noted that an increase in the level of certain miRNAs but a decrease in other ones deteriorate cognitive performance. The current review revealed that induction of miR‐214‐3p, miR‐302, miR‐21, miR‐ 200b/c, miR‐207, miR‐132, miR‐188‐3p and 5p, and miR‐873 improved cognitive impairment in various cognitive tasks. On the other hand, intentionally lowering the level of miR‐34a, miR‐124, miR‐574, and miR‐191a enhanced cognitive function and memory. Synaptic dysfunction is a core cause of cognitive dysfunction; miRNA‐34, miRNA‐34‐c, miRNA‐124, miRNA‐188‐5p, miRNA‐210‐5p, miRNA‐335‐3p, and miRNA‐134 strongly influence synaptic‐related mechanisms. The downregulation of miRNA‐132 aggregates both amyloid and tau in tauopathy. Concerning the massive burden of neurological diseases worldwide, the future challenge is the translation of animal model knowledge into the detection of pathophysiological stages of neurocognitive disorders and designing efficient therapeutic strategies. While the delivery procedure of agomir or antagomir miRNAs into the brain is invasive and only applied in animal studies, finding a safe and specific delivery route is a priority.
Determining whether the effect of liraglutide on non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease depends on reductions in the body mass index
Authors: Shiomi Megumi , Tanaka Yoichi , Takada Tesshu , Otori Katsuya 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground and AimNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) initially presents as steatosis, which can progress to non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and often presents clinically alongside metabolic syndromes. Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs) are regularly utilized to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. The GLP‐1 RA—liraglutide—ameliorates liver enzymes, histological features, and liver fat content of patients with NASH. However, few studies have examined whether the effect of GLP‐1 RAs depends on changes in the patient's body mass index (BMI). Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to investigate whether the efficacy of liraglutide depended on the baseline BMI or a reduction in BMI.MethodsFifty‐five Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and NAFLD who received liraglutide treatment for 24 weeks were assessed. The association between BMI and liver function or fibrosis was evaluated based on the aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and fibrosis‐4 indices.ResultsWe found that 24 weeks of liraglutide treatment improved liver function and fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and NAFLD, regardless of BMI changes or obesity status.ConclusionsOur findings provide important insight into the impact of BMI on liver function and fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and NAFLD who are treated with liraglutide.
A tale of two cascades: promoting a standardized tool for monitoring progress in HIV prevention
Authors: Auerbach Judith D , Gerritsen Annette AM , Dallabetta Gina , Morrison Michelle , Garnett Geoffrey P 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionTo achieve significant progress in global HIV prevention from 2020 onward, it is essential to ensure that appropriate programmes are being delivered with high quality and sufficient intensity and scale and then taken up by the people who most need and want them in order to have both individual and public health impact. Yet, currently, there is no standard way of assessing this. Available HIV prevention indicators do not provide a logical set of measures that combine to show reduction in HIV incidence and allow for comparison of success (or failure) of HIV prevention programmes and for monitoring progress in meeting global targets. To redress this, attention increasingly has turned to the prospects of devising an HIV prevention cascade, similar to the now‐standard HIV treatment cascade; but this has proven to be a controversial enterprise, chiefly due to the complexity of primary prevention.DiscussionWe address a number of core issues attendant with devising prevention cascades, including: determining the population of interest and accounting for the variability and fluidity of HIV‐related risk within it; the fact that there are multiple HIV prevention methods, and many people are exposed to a package of them, rather than a single method; and choosing the final step (outcome) in the cascade. We propose two unifying models of prevention cascades‐one more appropriate for programme managers and monitors and the other for researchers and programme developers‐and note their relationship. We also provide some considerations related to cascade data quality and improvement.ConclusionsThe HIV prevention field has been grappling for years with the idea of developing a standardised way to regularly assess progress and to monitor and improve programmes accordingly. The cascade provides the potential to do this, but it is complicated and highly nuanced. We believe the two models proposed here reflect emerging consensus among the range of stakeholders who have been engaging in this discussion and who are dedicated to achieving global HIV prevention goals by ensuring the most appropriate and effective programmes and methods are supported.
Hypoglycemia is not a defining feature of metabolic crisis in mitochondrial 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA synthase deficiency: Further evidence of specific biochemical markers which may aid diagnosis
Authors: Conlon Tracey A. , Fitzsimons Patricia E. , Borovickova Ingrid , Kirby Fidelma , Murphy Sinéad , Knerr Ina , Crushell Ellen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMitochondrial 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA (HMG Co‐A) synthase (mHS) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of ketone body synthesis which has traditionally been associated with hypoketotic hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly and encephalopathy, presenting in early childhood following a period of fasting. We report the third case of mHS deficiency presenting in the absence of hypoglycemia, with profound biochemical abnormalities and further evidence of potential specific diagnostic biomarkers. A previously well, 20‐month old, unvaccinated male, of nonconsanguineous Polish heritage, presented with encephalopathy, hepatomegaly, severe metabolic acidosis, and mild hyperammonemia following a brief intercurrent illness. The patient was reported to have taken colloidal silver prior to presentation, posing a further diagnostic challenge. Additionally, he developed features suggestive of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis during treatment. While the patient was normoglycemic prior to dextrose administration, the sample was markedly lipemic, with significant hypertriglyceridemia detected. Urine organic acid analysis revealed dicarboxylic aciduria with 4‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐2‐pyrone (4HMP) and the presence of three other previously reported putative biomarkers for mHS deficiency. Glutarate was markedly elevated in the initial chromatogram, with a mild increase in 3‐hydroxyglutarate (3HG) persisting. Raised acetylcarnitine was detected on acylcarnitine profile. Molecular genetic analysis of the HMGCS2 gene identified compound heterozygosity for known pathogenic mutations c.634G>A and c.1016+1G>A, confirming the diagnosis of mHS deficiency. This case provides further evidence that hypoglycemia is not invariably present in symptomatic mHS deficiency. We propose that elevated acetylcarnitine, triglycerides, and 3HG are additional biochemical features during acute presentations. With the expansion of novel biomarkers, further cases of this rare disorder may emerge.
Clinical characteristics and risk factors of mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19 patients with false‐negative SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid
Authors: Rong Yan , Wang Fei , Liu Jing , Zhou Yang , Li Xiaoli , Liang Xinhua , Zhang Dandan , Zeng Huadong , Wang Jing , Shi Yi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the clinical and imaging characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients with false‐negative nucleic acids. Mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19 patients, including 19 cases of nucleic acid false‐negative patients and 31 cases of nucleic acid positive patients, were enrolled. Their epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory examination data and imaging characteristics were analyzed. Risk factors for false negatives were discussed. Compared with the nucleic acid positive group, the false‐negative group had less epidemiological exposure (52.6% vs 83.9%; P  = .025), less chest discomfort (5.3% vs 32.3%; P  = .035), and faster recovery (10 [8, 13] vs 15 [11, 18.5] days; P  = .005). The number of involved lung lobes was (2 [1, 2.5] vs 3 [2, 4] days; P  = .004), and the lung damage severity score was (3 [2.5, 4.5] vs 5 [4, 9] days; P  = .007), which was lighter in the nucleic acid false‐negative group. Thus, the absence of epidemiological exposure may be a potential risk factor for false‐negative nucleic acids. The false‐negative cases of COVID‐19 are worth noting because they have a risk of viral transmission without positive test results, lighter clinical manifestations, and less history of epidemiological exposure.
Simple nomogram based on initial laboratory data for predicting the probability of ICU transfer of COVID‐19 patients: Multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Zeng Zihang , Ma Yiming , Zeng Huihui , Huang Peng , Liu Wenlong , Jiang Mingyan , Xiang Xudong , Deng Dingding , Liao Xin , Chen Ping , Chen Yan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis retrospective, multicenter study investigated the risk factors associated with intensive care unit (ICU) admission and transfer in 461 adult patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) hospitalized from 22 January to 14 March 2020 in Hunan, China. Outcomes of ICU and non‐ICU patients were compared, and a simple nomogram for predicting the probability of ICU transfer after hospital admission was developed based on initial laboratory data using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. Differences in laboratory indices were observed between patients admitted to the ICU and those who were not admitted. Several independent predictors of ICU transfer in COVID‐19 patients were identified including older age (≥65 years) (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.02), hypertension (HR = 2.65), neutrophil count (HR = 1.11), procalcitonin level (HR = 3.67), prothrombin time (HR = 1.28), and D‐dimer level (HR = 1.25). The lymphocyte count and albumin level were negatively associated with mortality (HR = 0.08 and 0.86, respectively). The developed model provides a means for identifying, at hospital admission, the subset of patients with COVID‐19 who are at high risk of progression and would require transfer to the ICU within 3 and 7 days after hospitalization. This method of early patient triage allows a more effective allocation of limited medical resources.
Molecular epidemiology and changes in genotype diversity of norovirus infections in acute gastroenteritis patients in Huzhou, China, 2018
Authors: Ji Lei , Hu Gang , Xu Deshun , Wu Xiaofang , Fu Yun , Chen Liping 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNorovirus is an important causative agent of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, affecting people of all ages. Stool samples collected from patients with clinical symptoms of acute gastroenteritis in all age groups at the diarrhea outpatient department of the First People's Hospital in Huzhou were analyzed to gain insight into the prevalence and genetic characteristics of norovirus. From January to December 2018, a total of 551 specimens were screened for norovirus by real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). RT‐PCR was used for genomic amplification and sequencing of the RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase and capsid gene of the positive samples. Genotypes of norovirus were assigned using the norovirus Noronet typing tool and phylogenetic analysis. About 100 (18.1%) specimens were identified as norovirus positive. GII genogroup was the main genogroup identified (83.0%; 83/100). About 42 (42.0%) samples were successfully sequenced and genotyped by RT‐PCR. Since one of the samples was dual infection, so we got 43 virus finally. Nine norovirus GII genotypes and four norovirus GI genotypes were detected in Huzhou during our research period. The main two norovirus GII genotypes were GII.2[P16] (54.8%; 23/43) and GII.17[P17] (11.9%; 5/43). We characterized the molecular epidemiology of norovirus infection in acute gastroenteritis patients during 2018. GII genogroup was the main genogroup identified. The dominance norovirus genotype circulating in the population of Huzhou was GII.2[P16] in 2018.
Rainfall estimation methods in the Brazilian semiarid region: 30‐year evaluation on a monthly scale
Authors: dos Santos Vitor Juste , Calijuri Maria Lúcia , Ribeiro Júnior José Ivo , de Assis Leonardo Campos 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStudies about evaluations of different rainfall estimation methods are important as they are usually applied in works related to water resources availability, public supply, watering, animal water supply, hydroelectric power generation, drought episodes' evaluation, among others. Studies that cover the entire area of the Brazilian semiarid within this scope are still scarce. In this context, the objective of this paper was to evaluate seven rain estimation methods, from different approaches, with the aid of statistical analysis. The focus was on the long term, using 30 years of data in monthly scale, in order to verify the methods performance in estimating the spatiotemporal behaviour of rainfall compared to data measured in situ, coming from rainfall and meteorological stations. The evaluation process was based on the random selection of training and testing stations, with the first being used to interpolate rainfall data using different methods, and the latter used to evaluate this estimates with the aid of statistical analysis. Finally, the results were standardized, interpreted and discussed. Of all the estimation methods evaluated, CHIRPS obtained the best performance when compared to field stations data used as test. From the results obtained, there is evidence that the best performance is due to the incorporation of several distinct data sources derived from in situ stations, geostationary satellite infrared sensor estimates and physiographic predictors. This information is not fully present in other evaluated methods. The worst estimation performances were in the eastern side of the Brazilian semiarid, an area that receives moisture from the Atlantic Ocean and has significant topographic variations, due to the set of the complex relief mountains present in the northeast coast of Brazil.
Long term outcomes of total humeral replacement for oncological reconstructions: A single institution experience
Authors: Bernthal Nicholas M. , Upfill‐Brown Alexander , Burke Zachary D. C. , Greig Danielle , Hwang Richard , Crawford Brooke , Eckardt Jeffrey J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere is a paucity of data on long‐term survivorship and outcomes for total humerus replacements (THR) with only two series reporting 10‐year survival.Patients and MethodsA review of 769 consecutive, prospectively collected endoprosthetic reconstructions for oncological diagnoses at a single‐center between 1980 and 2019 was performed. Patients with THRs were isolated and analyzed for outcomes, complications, and modes of failure.ResultsEighteen patients with 20 THR implants were identified. The median follow‐up for surviving patients was 148 months (interquartile range [IQR] = 74‐194) and 60 months (IQR = 17‐155 months) for all patients. Two prostheses required revision for failure, both for symptomatic shoulder dislocation. There were three local recurrences. Revision‐free survival at 5, 10, and 15 years was 100%, 86% and 86%, respectively. There were no cases of ulnar component failure, radial nerve palsy, or periprosthetic infection.ConclusionsTHR prosthesis survivorship is comparable to the previous series, with a longer follow‐up than has previously been reported. Symptomatic shoulder instability was common (25%), and was the only cause of revision. Reverse total shoulder could be an important way to address this in the future. Local recurrence rates were high, as has been reported elsewhere for THR.
Air–water gas exchange in lakes and reservoirs measured from a moving platform by underwater eddy covariance
Authors: Berg Peter , Pace Michael L. , Buelo Cal D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAir–water exchange rates of gasses, such as O2, CO2, and CH4, are widely used in ecosystem studies of lakes and reservoirs, but their magnitudes are often difficult to assess. In this proof‐of‐concept study, we measured gas exchange by underwater eddy covariance in such lentic systems from a moving platform. We used an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter and a fast‐responding O2‐temperature sensor mounted in the bow of a boat to measure water velocity, O2 concentration, and temperature below the air–water interface (~ 10 cm) while the boat was propelled at constant speed (~ 25 cm s−1) by an electric trolling motor. Fluxes of O2 and heat across the air–water interface and standard gas exchange coefficients, k600, were calculated for every 3 min of traveled distance (~ 45 m). All deployments were done under calm low‐wind conditions where empirical relationships for k600 are most uncertain. Deployment averages of k600 ranged from 0.070 to 0.39 m d−1 and were strongly correlated with both the heat flux and the water temperature. In one deployment, a > 20% variation in mean water column O2 concentration was measured along a 1 km long transect of a reservoir. Given the typical size of O2 concentration differences over the air–water interface that drive gas exchange, such lateral variations can, even at a near‐constant exchange coefficient, result in highly biased whole‐ecosystem fluxes if based on stationary single‐point O2 measurements. “Mobile” aquatic eddy covariance measurements enable quantification of gas exchange in lakes and reservoirs under true in situ conditions and with high temporal and spatial resolution.
An application of Harrison's system theory model to spark a rapid telehealth expansion in the time of COVID‐19
Authors: Touson Jonathan C. , Azad Namita , Depue Corinne , Crimmins Timothy , Long Rosalie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionIn response to the COVID‐19 pandemic, health systems had to quickly adopt a process for enabling targeted and patient‐centered care delivery. This case study describes the utilization of Harrison's open‐systems model to create an approach for rapid adoption of existing telehealth technologies in a large scale academic medical center.MethodsAn internal group of organizational developers, was enlisted to enable this effort. Local networks were employed and organized into focus groups to rapidly assess and address barriers to adoption and informal interviews with executive leadership were conducted to align organizational goals. Interventions include rapid deployment of focused and data driven provider, staff and patient support bolstered by effective communication and resource management.ResultsThere was an increase in the number of patient portal activation codes by 75% during the month of March. The number of activation codes generated expectedly decreased in April as many patients now had activated patient portals. The video visit volume as a result of provider self‐scheduling increased went from a baseline of 0 to over 600 clinical visits.DiscussionExperienced organizational development programs can facilitate adoption of change. The faculty practice of CUIMC has years of experience with supporting wide scale operational change centered on technology. In this case, providing engaged networks with tailored content that is focused on the process and available technology promoted rapid adoption and optimization.ConclusionIn the setting of profound external pressure, experience with the ability to focus on tailoring training and support to the culture of the organization helped to rapidly increase the availability and success of telehealth visits for a large scale academic medical center.
SHORT syndrome in two Chinese girls: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Zhang Yanhong , Ji Baolan , Li Jinsheng , Li Yanying , Zhang Mei , Ban Bo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundSHORT syndrome is a rare inherited multisystem disease that includes characteristic facial features, growth retardation, and metabolic anomalies and is related to heterozygous mutations in the PIK3R1 gene. However, it is difficult to ascertain the relationship between the phenotype and the genotype quickly and efficiently.MethodsWe report two Chinese girls with SHORT syndrome who presented with growth retardation, dysmorphic features, insulin resistance, and diabetes. Comprehensive medical evaluations were collected, including anthropometric measurements, laboratory measurements, and imaging examinations. Whole exome and Sanger sequencing was performed to detect and confirm the underlying genetic mutations in these patients. We prescribed metformin for the patients.ResultsThe patients both presented diabetes, insulin resistance, short stature, lipodystrophy, and characteristic facial dysmorphic features. A heterozygous mutation was detected in the PIK3R1 gene (c.1615_1617del) of Patient 1. The analysis of patient 2 revealed another PIK3R1 mutation (c.1945C>T). After family validation, neither their parents nor their brothers had similar clinical presentations or carried the same mutation.ConclusionWe identified two de novo heterozygous mutations in PIK3R1 as the cause of SHORT syndrome in two Chinese girls. Additionally, in terms of diabetes control, metformin works well in the early treatment stage.