bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solution structure for an Encephalitozoon cuniculi adrenodoxin‐like protein in the oxidized state
Authors: Shaheen Shareef , Barrett Kayleigh F. , Subramanian Sandhya , Arnold Samuel L. M. , Laureanti Joseph A. , Myler Peter J. , Van Voorhis Wesley C. , Buchko Garry W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEncephalitozoon cuniculi is a unicellular, obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasite in the Microsporidia family and one of the agents responsible for microsporidosis infections in humans. Like most Microsporidia, the genome of E. cuniculi is markedly reduced and the organism contains mitochondria‐like organelles called mitosomes instead of mitochondria. Here we report the solution NMR structure for a protein physically associated with mitosome‐like organelles in E. cuniculi, the 128‐residue, adrenodoxin‐like protein Ec‐Adx (UniProt ID Q8SV19) in the [2Fe‐2S] ferredoxin superfamily. Oxidized Ec‐Adx contains a mixed four‐strand β‐sheet, β2‐β1‐β4‐β3 (↓↑↑↓), loosely encircled by three α‐helices and two 310‐helices. This fold is similar to the structure observed in other adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin‐like proteins except for the absence of a fifth anti‐parallel β‐strand next to β3 and the position of α3. Cross peaks are missing or cannot be unambiguously assigned for 20 amide resonances in the 1H‐15N HSQC spectrum of Ec‐Adx. These missing residues are clustered primarily in two regions, G48‐V61 and L94‐L98, containing the four cysteine residues predicted to ligate the paramagnetic [2Fe‐2S] cluster. Missing amide resonances in 1H‐15N HSQC spectra are detrimental to NMR‐based solution structure calculations because 1H‐1H NOE restraints are absent (glass half‐empty) and this may account for the absent β‐strand (β5) and the position of α3 in oxidized Ec‐Adx. On the other hand, the missing amide resonances unambiguously identify the presence, and immediate environment, of the paramagnetic [2Fe‐2S] cluster in oxidized Ec‐Adx (glass half‐full).
Forced and natural gas movement in dry sand – Barrel experiments and models
Authors: Ben‐Noah Ilan , Nitsan Ido , Friedman Shmulik P. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe physical processes governing advective and diffusive gas movement and distribution in dry soils are, in general, well understood and quantified. In this study, we derived and applied analytical and numerical models to describe these processes under different conditions and scenarios and conducted gas flow experiments in 200‐L barrels packed with dry quartz sand in a temperature‐controlled laboratory. We used either pure N2 (0% O2) or atmospheric air (20.9% O2) injection or gas extraction from (or into) buried point sources (or sinks) to examine the effects of (a) source depth, (b) source discharge rate, and (c) injection cycle period on gas concentration and pressure distribution. We further quantified the contribution of diffusion from the atmospheric soil surface for the different scenarios, made possible by injecting N2 and tracking the complementary O2 concentration [i.e. the difference between atmospheric (20.9%) and the measured soil O2 concentration]. An analytical solution for steady air flow from a point source in a finite, cylindrical domain is presented. The main findings are that air injection, and air extraction, are efficient at aerating the soil volume above the buried gas source or sink. On the other hand, air injection increases the aeration's effectiveness, especially below the source. Shortening the cycle period of gas injection increases gas‐use efficiency (i.e., increases the injected gas concentration) in most of the soil domain. The measurements were in good agreement with the results computed by the models’ analytical and numerical solutions.
Die Auswirkungen von Diffraktion und Multi‐Reflexion auf zylindrische Stützen
Authors: Hahn Andreas , Mensinger Martin , Rutner Marcus 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDie umliegende Topologie einer Stütze kann einen großen Einfluss auf eine eintreffende Detonationsdruckwelle und die anschließende Bemessung haben. Effekte infolge von Diffraktion oder Mehrfach‐Reflexionen scheinen bisher nicht durch die Normen oder die Fachliteratur abgedeckt zu sein. Diese Problematik soll im vorliegenden Artikel eruiert werden. Dabei stehen drei Fragestellungen im Vordergrund. Die erste befasst sich damit, ob der Bereich hinter einer Stütze durch diese vor einer einfallenden Druckwelle geschützt (verschattet) wird. Dies ist für die Bemessung der Stütze selbst nicht von Bedeutung, sondern soll klären, ob die Belastung auf eine rückversetzte Struktur, wie z. B. eine Fassade, unter Anwendung aktueller Regelungen korrekt ermittelt werden kann. Die zweite Frage beschäftigt sich mit einer weiteren Schockfront, die sich, ausgelöst durch Diffraktion, diagonal im Raum ausbreitet. Hierbei stellt sich die gleiche Frage nach der korrekten Lastermittlung, z. B. auf eine Stütze, die in zweiter Reihe steht. Die dritte Fragestellung, die untersucht werden soll, bezieht sich auf die Lasteinwirkung auf die Rückseite einer Stütze, nachdem die Primärdruckwelle an der genannten Fassade reflektiert wurde und wieder auf die Stütze trifft. Es zeigt sich, dass eine nahe Platzierung der Stütze zu einer reflektierenden Fassade sehr große Druckeinwirkungen auf die Rückseite der Stütze zur Folge hat, für die diese evtl. nicht ausreichend bemessen wurde.
Investigation of chemistry graduate teaching assistants' teacher knowledge and teacher identity
Authors: Zotos Eleni K. , Moon Alena C. , Shultz Ginger V. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGraduate students play an integral role in undergraduate chemistry education at doctoral granting institutions where they routinely serve as instructors of laboratories and supplementary discussion sessions. Simultaneously, graduate teaching assistants (GTAs) balance major research and academic responsibilities. Although GTAs have substantial instructional facetime with large numbers of undergraduate students, little is known about their conceptions of teaching or their identities as teachers. To investigate the knowledge that GTAs have regarding teaching in this unique context, their teaching identities, and how these developed, we conducted 22 interviews with graduate students from several universities at various levels in their graduate school career using a modified Teacher Beliefs Interview. Interviews were analyzed for two overarching teacher learning constructs: teacher knowledge and teacher identity. We characterized chemistry GTAs' teacher knowledge and identity and determined major influencing factors. We found that chemistry GTAs often identified as a tutor or lab manager, which hindered their self‐investment in developing as teachers. The results presented herein contribute to an understanding of GTAs' teacher knowledge, teacher identity, and their teaching context, from which training can be designed to best support GTA development.
In utero behavioral imprinting to predation risk in pups of the bank vole
Authors: Sievert Thorbjörn , Kerkhoven Arjane , Haapakoski Marko , Matson Kevin D. , Ylönen Olga , Ylönen Hannu 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In the predator–prey arms race, survival-enhancing adaptive behaviors are essential. Prey can perceive predator presence directly from visual, auditory, or chemical cues. Non-lethal encounters with a predator may trigger prey to produce special body odors, alarm pheromones, informing conspecifics about predation risks. Recent studies suggest that parental exposure to predation risk during reproduction affects offspring behavior cross-generationally. We compared behaviors of bank vole (Myodes glareolus) pups produced by parents exposed to one of three treatments: predator scent from the least weasel (Mustela nivalis nivalis); scent from weasel-exposed voles, i.e., alarm pheromones; or a control treatment without added scents. Parents were treated in semi-natural field enclosures, but pups were born in the lab and assayed in an open-field arena. Before each behavioral test, one of the three scent treatments was spread throughout the test arena. The tests followed a full factorial design (3 parental treatments × 3 area treatments). Regardless of the parents’ treatment, pups exposed to predator odor in the arena moved more. Additionally, pups spend more time in the center of the arena when presented with predator odor or alarm pheromone compared with the control. Pups from predator odor–exposed parents avoided the center of the arena under control conditions, but they spent more time in the center when either predator odor or alarm pheromone was present. Our experiment shows that cross-generational effects are context-sensitive, depending on the perceived risk. Future studies should examine cross-generational behavioral effects in ecologically meaningful environments instead of only neutral ones.

Significance statement
We exposed bank voles to odors signaling predation risk to assess the effects parental predation exposure on the behavior of their offspring. Besides predator odor, we also assessed the role of a conspecific alarm cue as a novel way of spreading the predation risk information. Pup behaviors were assessed in the open-field arena, a standard way of assessing animal behavior in a wide range of contexts. We found that also alarm pheromone increased the time pups spend in the center of the arena similarly to predator odor. While previous studies suggested that offspring would be more fearful, our results indicate that the cross-generational effects are very context-dependent; i.e., they differ significantly depending on which scent cue is presented in the open-field arena. This shows the need for better tools or measurements to translate laboratory results into ecologically meaningful frameworks.
Anti-inflammatory potential of an essential oil-containing mouthwash in elderly subjects enrolled in supportive periodontal therapy: a 6-week randomised controlled clinical trial
Authors: Jünger Hendrik , Jaun-Ventrice Anna , Guldener Kevin , Ramseier Christoph A. , Reissmann Daniel R. , Schimmel Martin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectivesEssential oils and other plant extracts have evoked interest as sources of natural medicinal products. They have been proven to exert antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antioxidant properties, but the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated.AimThis study aims to evaluate the potential of a sage-containing mouthwash to alleviate inflammatory signs of intra-oral mucosa and gingiva in comparison with a water/alcohol-based placebo.Material and methodsThis study was conducted as a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel design clinical study. Forty-eight dentate subjects were randomly assigned to a test (sage-containing mouthwash) or a placebo group (water/alcohol-based solution). Subjects rinsed once daily for 30 s over a period of 6 weeks. Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI), Plaque Index (PLI), tooth staining, xerostomia and degree of stomatitis were assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks.ResultsSubjects’ mean age was 77.5 ± 7.3 years. SBI was reduced from 1.3 ± 0.9 to 0.8 ± 0.7 (test,p = 0.0029) and 1.4 ± 0.9 to 1.1 ± 0.7 (placebo,p = 0.0105). Similarly, PLI was reduced from 1.2 ± 0.5 to 1.0 ± 0.3 (test,p = 0.0080) and 1.3 ± 0.4 to 1.1 ± 0.6 (placebo,p = 0.0087); no between-group differences were found (p > 0.05). Stomatitis, xerostomia and tooth staining revealed no change after 6 weeks.ConclusionThe irrigation with a sage-containing mouthwash did not result in a superior beneficial effect on inflammatory parameters and plaque indices compared with the placebo. The expected contribution of the plant extracts to their potential impact on oral health may need further investigation.Clinical relevanceThe proposed mouthwash might be suitable for patients with inflammatory signs of the gingiva who prefer natural remedies.
Improvements of 6S Look-Up-Table Based Surface Reflectance Employing Minimum Curvature Surface Method
Authors: Lee Kyeong-Sang , Lee Chang Suk , Seo Minji , Choi Sungwon , Seong Noh-Hun , Jin Donghyun , Yeom Jong-Min , Han Kyung-Soo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe propose a methodology employing an interpolation technique on the Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal (6S) look-up table (LUT) to improve surface reflectance retrieval using Himawari-8/Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI). A minimum curvature surface (MCS) technique was used to refine the 6S LUT, and the solar zenith angle (SZA) and viewing zenith angle (VZA) increments were narrowed by 0.5°. The interpolation processing time was relatively short, about 3172 s per channel, and the interpolated xa and xb were well represented by the changes in SZA and VZA. An evaluation of the interpolated xa and xb for six cases revealed a relative mean absolute error of less than 5% for all channels and cases; however, a slight difference was evident for higher values of SZA and VZA. To evaluate the surface reflectance, we compared the surface reflectance derived using 6S LUT with that calculated using 6S only. Application of the interpolated 6S LUT showed a lower relative root mean square error (RRMSE) of 0.65% to 9.29% for all channels, than before interpolation. The improvement in surface reflectance measurements increased with the SZA. For a SZA above 75°, the RRMSE improved significantly for all channels (by 11.33–45.1%). In addition, when the MCS method was applied, the surface reflectance measurements improved without spatial discontinuity and showed good agreement with 6S results in a linear profile analyses. Thus, the method proposed can improve LUT based surface reflectance measurements in less time and increase the availability of surface reflectance data based on geostationary satellites.
Overcoming the challenges of cancer drug resistance through bacterial‐mediated therapy
Authors: Zargar Amin , Chang Samantha , Kothari Ankita , Snijders Antoine M. , Mao Jian‐Hua , Wang Jessica , Hernández Amanda C. , Keasling Jay D. , Bivona Trever G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDespite tremendous efforts to fight cancer, it remains a major public health problem and a leading cause of death worldwide. With increased knowledge of cancer pathways and improved technological platforms, precision therapeutics that specifically target aberrant cancer pathways have improved patient outcomes. Nevertheless, a primary cause of unsuccessful cancer therapy remains cancer drug resistance. In this review, we summarize the broad classes of resistance to cancer therapy, particularly pharmacokinetics, the tumor microenvironment, and drug resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, we describe how bacterial‐mediated cancer therapy, a bygone mode of treatment, has been revitalized by synthetic biology and is uniquely suited to address the primary resistance mechanisms that confound traditional therapies. Through genetic engineering, we discuss how bacteria can be potent anticancer agents given their tumor targeting potential, anti‐tumor activity, safety, and coordinated delivery of anti‐cancer drugs.
Leadership and decision-making: Top management team age demographic and environmental strategy
Authors: Kumar Anupam 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis research examines the characteristics of the age demographic of a top management team (TMT) as drivers of a firm's environmental management (EM) strategy comprising compliance-only and beyond-compliance initiatives. Using a matched sample of publicly listed firms in Kinder, Lydenberg, and Domini and Bloomberg, panel data regression techniques on a unique dataset of 3,251 firm-year observations suggest that a link does exist. Driven by a desire for legacy and a preference for risk-averse decisions, aging TMTs will support beyond-compliance initiatives. On the other hand, age diversity is expected to enhance the innovative potential of a TMT for solving pressing compliance-related environmental issues. The study finds that aging TMTs support beyond-compliance as compared to compliance-only EM strategies. TMT age diversity, though helpful in developing compliance-only initiatives, is not instrumental in driving beyond-compliance initiatives. The study highlights the challenges in developing a comprehensive EM strategy suggesting paths for future research.
Gendered moral rationalities in later life: grandparents balancing paid work and care of grandchildren in Australia
Authors: Hamilton Myra , Suthersan Bridget 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn recent years there has been increasing policy focus on keeping mature-age people engaged in the labour market. At the same time, grandparents play an important role as regular child-care providers for many families. Yet, little research has explored how grandparents negotiate these dual, often competing demands of paid employment and intergenerational care. Drawing on focus groups with 23 grandparents and an online survey of 209 grandparents providing regular child care for their grandchildren in Australia, this paper addresses this gap in the literature by examining how Australian grandparents experience and negotiate competing responsibilities as older workers and intergenerational care providers. The paper draws on the concept of gendered moral rationalities to examine the way in which grandparents’ decisions about participation in paid work are deeply embedded in idealised forms of parenting and grandparenting that are highly gendered. The paper suggests that, as the rate of both maternal and mature-age participation in the paid labour market continues to rise, inadequate attention is being paid to how time spent undertaking unpaid care is compressed, reorganised and redistributed across genders and generations as a result.
DIRICHLET FORMS AND ULTRAMETRIC CANTOR SETS ASSOCIATED TO HIGHER-RANK GRAPHS
Authors: HEO JAESEONG , KANG SOORAN , LIM YONGDO 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to study the heat kernel and the jump kernel of the Dirichlet form associated to the ultrametric Cantor set $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$ that is the infinite path space of the stationary $k$-Bratteli diagram ${\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$ is a finite strongly connected $k$-graph. The Dirichlet form which we are interested in is induced by an even spectral triple $(C_{\operatorname{Lip}}(\unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}),\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}},{\mathcal{H}},D,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4})$ and is given by $$\begin{eqnarray}Q_{s}(f,g)=\frac{1}{2}\int _{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}}\operatorname{Tr}(|D|^{-s}[D,\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}}(f)]^{\ast }[D,\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}}(g)])\,d\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}),\end{eqnarray}$$ where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}$ is the space of choice functions on $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}\times \unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$. There are two ultrametrics, $d^{(s)}$ and $d_{w_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}}$, on $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$ which make the infinite path space $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$ an ultrametric Cantor set. The former $d^{(s)}$ is associated to the eigenvalues of the Laplace–Beltrami operator $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{s}$ associated to $Q_{s}$, and the latter $d_{w_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}}$ is associated to a weight function $w_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}$ on ${\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}\in (0,1)$. We show that the Perron–Frobenius measure $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ on $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$ has the volume-doubling property with respect to both $d^{(s)}$ and $d_{w_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}}}$ and we study the asymptotic behavior of the heat kernel associated to $Q_{s}$. Moreover, we show that the Dirichlet form $Q_{s}$ coincides with a Dirichlet form ${\mathcal{Q}}_{J_{s},\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}}$ which is associated to a jump kernel $J_{s}$ and the measure $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ on $\unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{B}}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}}$, and we investigate the asymptotic behavior and moments of displacements of the process.
Comment on “Retrieval of Atmospheric Fine Particulate Density Based on Merging Particle Size Distribution Measurements: Multi‐instrument Observation and Quality Control at Shouxian” by Li et al.
Authors: Peng Long , Bi Xinhui 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis work raises questions about the omission of Cunningham Slip Correction Factor (Cc(D)) in geometric equivalent diameter (Dp) conversions from the electric mobility diameter (Dm) and the aerodynamic diameter (Da) in relation to the calculation of effective density (ρe) as defined by Li et al. (2018; https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028956). They reported that ρe could be calculated using the formula “(Da/Dm)2,” in which Cc(D) was not introduced into the conversion between two diameters involving Dm and Dp or Da and Dp. However, these conversions, which ignored Cc(D) in the transition regime, are not supported by current studies; nor did the group demonstrate their rationality. This comment shows that an error of up to 24.7% could be caused by ignoring the Cc(D) during conversions between the Dp and Dm for particles with a dynamic shape factor of 2.50 and a Dm of 550 nm; an error of 5.6% could be caused by ignoring the Cc(D) during conversions between Dp and Da for particles having a dynamic shape factor of 1.12, a density of 2.20 g/cm3, and a Da of 550 nm. The deviation of ρe could be amplified by 55.5% and 11.2% due to the squared term in the formula. Therefore, this comment argues that it is irrational to ignore Cc(D) when calculating Dp and ρe by using Dm and Da.
A new regulatory mechanism of protein phosphatase 2A activity via SET in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Arriazu Elena , Vicente Carmen , Pippa Raffaella , Peris Irene , Martínez-Balsalobre Elena , García-Ramírez Patricia , Marcotegui Nerea , Igea Ana , Alignani Diego , Rifón José , Mateos María C. , Cayuela María L. , Nebreda Angel R. , Odero María D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematologic malignancy. Although novel emerging drugs are available, the overall prognosis remains poor and new therapeutic approaches are required. PP2A phosphatase is a key regulator of cell homeostasis and is recurrently inactivated in AML. The anticancer activity of several PP2A-activating drugs (e.g., FTY720) depends on their interaction with the SET oncoprotein, an endogenous PP2A inhibitor that is overexpressed in 30% of AML cases. Elucidation of SET regulatory mechanisms may therefore provide novel targeted therapies forSET-overexpressing AMLs. Here, we show that upregulation of protein kinase p38β is a common event in AML. We provide evidence that p38β potentiates SET-mediated PP2A inactivation by two mechanisms: facilitating SET cytoplasmic translocation through CK2 phosphorylation, and directly binding to and stabilizing the SET protein. We demonstrate the importance of this new regulatory mechanism in primary AML cells from patients and in zebrafish xenograft models. Accordingly, combination of the CK2 inhibitor CX-4945, which retains SET in the nucleus, and FTY720, which disrupts the SET-PP2A binding in the cytoplasm, significantly reduces the viability and migration of AML cells. In conclusion, we show that the p38β/CK2/SET axis represents a new potential therapeutic pathway in AML patients with SET-dependent PP2A inactivation.