bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Man against a War: Rui Barbosa and the Struggle against a Thought
Authors: de Macedo Paulo Emílio Vauthier , Araújo Brenda Maria Ramos 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article aims to demonstrate that Rui Barbosa’s role at the Hague Peace Conference of 1907 and his speech at the Buenos Aires Law School, in 1916, are a continuum. On both occasions, he not only defended the same principles, the rule of law over force and the juridical equality of nations, and mainly, fought the same enemy: a doctrine, the ‘Borussian militarist doctrine’. From the standpoint of a contextualist historiography, this text recreates that struggle. This work employs the inductive method of approach as well as primary and secondary bibliographical sources.
Best Practices in Track Two Diplomacy
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
While “Track Two Diplomacy” has been intensively researched since its founding some 60 years ago, much remains to be done to explore important gaps in our understanding of these dialogues. Track Two presents unusual research problems, given its operational and often confidential nature. The contributions to this special issue of International Negotiation tackle some of the key issues confronting the field in an effort to present where we stand in terms of best practices and where further thought and research is required.
Karl Barth’s Christological Ecclesiology: A Historical Development
Authors: Yang Jae 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper traces the historical development of Karl Barth’s ecclesiology by analysing three representative works: The Epistle to the Romans, the Göttingen Dogmatics, and the Church Dogmatics. It argues that Barth’s theological turning point was a shift away from an early period Christology, which emphasised an eschatological time/eternity dialectic, culminating in the resurrection, towards a Christology that emphasised the anhypostatic union of Christ’s two natures, that culminated in the incarnation. Thus Barth gave an increasingly positive valuation of the church as an historical institution.
東河賽夏語中客語、閩南語和日語借詞之音韻探討
Authors: 改擺刨 菈露打赫斯 , 林 鴻瑞 , 齊 莉莎 
Published: November 2020

摘要
本文從音韻的觀點針對東河賽夏語中客語、閩南語及日語借詞展開更全面的比較研究。研究發現賽夏語的借音共15個，包括13個輔音以及2個元音。客語詞彙大量借入賽夏語，影響最深，除了來自日語的借音/d, g, z/ 外，客語概括閩南語和日語對賽夏語語音系統的影響。
本文也檢視及比較了在賽夏語中借詞所主導之音節結構的規則。客語和閩南語的規則相同，而日語的規則則有些不同。客語和閩南語單音節詞，借進賽夏語之後，為了符合實詞雙音節以上的規律，發生音節重整。日語單音節借詞借進賽夏語之後直接重疊。客語、閩南語與日語元音起首音節，借進賽夏語之後，為了符合賽夏語輔音起首之原則，自動加上喉塞音。客語與閩南語音節元音結尾，無論在第一音節或是第二音節，皆會元音延長；日語的規則則不同，第一音節不變，在第二音節會加上喉塞音。
最後，本文發現有些借詞同時來自客語、閩南語和／或日語造成有雙式借詞或三式借詞，須仔細地辨認每個借詞的來源，同時需要考量許多複雜的因素，包括發音人對不同語言熟悉度、借音以及音節結構的規則。
The Drug Menace as Contributor to the Duterte Electoral Victory
Authors: Fabella Raul V. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We construct the drug menace as a standard 2×2 collective action problem with two self-interested households A and B, each facing a strategy set (C, D) = (Cooperate, Don’t Cooperate). If the households cooperate, that is attain (C, C), they stop the drug menace; if not, which is the usual outcome of these games under laissez faire, non-cooperation rules instanced by the Nash equilibrium (D, D) and the drug menace overruns the community. We introduce a game transformation via a third party-intervention-by-statute (TPIS) mechanism: a third party promulgates and enforces a statute S which penalizes non-cooperation D, spells out the contribution c of households, the statutory penalty p for, and the likelihood f of being caught, playing D. For certain combinations of c, p and f, the intervention is efficient, that is, attains (C, C) as the Nash equilibrium of the transformed game. The likelihood of an efficient statute rises the lower is c and the higher the expected penalty pf, features associated with a strong and wise third party. The TPIS mechanism is a parable for the role of governments in general: to consolidate and galvanize the local forces to overcome collective action problems. The third party is normally identified with the government in the hands of persons who hold the mantle of government. When the mantle is contestable and the basis of contestability is electoral, there is a vent for good governance in the form of welfare-improving interventions. The perception of households matter in elections and aspirants with a perceived superior track record on or one that promises superiority at solving the most salient community problems will rise to the top of the voting preference. Whether the track record is real or constructed matters little as long as it is perceived by the voter as true. Duterte won the Philippine presidency for a variety of reasons but the most cogent and tailor-made for his persona was the narrative that he got rid of the drug problem by employing a death squad which carried out extrajudicial executions in Davao City. By showing himself capable of bypassing the widely despised corrupt due process was an electoral plus for many poor people. Duterte’s electoral victory was rooted in the narrative that drug menace was a collective action problem number one and that if there was a solution it was inexorably tied to Duterte’s real or imagined persona.
Making Rare Books Public: the Jiangsu Provincial Guoxue Library in the Nanjing Decade (1927-1937)
Authors: Shan Fred Yi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The history of the Jiangsu Provincial Guoxue Library (Jiangsu shengli guoxue tushuguan 江蘇省立國學圖書館) during the Nanjing Decade (1927-1937) demonstrates how China’s intellectual and material legacies—rare books in this case—were given new meaning and put into use in the form of a modern public library. Unpacking both the discursive and practical meanings of the ‘publicness’ of the library, this article demonstrates that during this transitional period, rare book collection became both a spiritual and material site where Chinese scholar-collectors and librarians inscribed their political ideals and advocacy, promoted research into China’s past, and inherited centuries-old practices from the literati-collectors of the premodern era.
Colloquium 3 Commentary on Moore
Authors: Bailey Jesse 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper is a response to Christopher Moore’s excellent paper, “Questioning Aristotle’s Radical Account of Σωφροσύνη.” I expand upon some of the themes in the four suggestions Moore makes in his “Four Possible Defenses” of Aristotle that I take to be the most fruitful avenues of research. I then argue that pursuing these avenues will show that Aristotle’s thinking in the Nicomachean Ethics about σωφροσύνη—and virtues in general—cannot be understood by looking only at the early books. I argue that his deeper analysis of virtue and φρόνησις in book VI demand a revaluation of the apparent finality of his comments in book III. Specifically, I argue that the Nicomachean Ethics as a whole is constructed as a dialectical advancement that points to a progressively deepening understanding of the relationship between the discussion of the individual virtues in the early books and the discussion of φρόνησις in book VI must be developed in order to understand Aristotle’s conception of any individual virtue.
Colloquium 4 Commentary on Garrocho
Authors: Ramos Santiago 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This commentary examines Diego Garrocho’s paper, “Mythological Sources of Memory and Oblivion.” I argue that Garrocho’s thesis hinges on the assumption that two historical continuities exist between myth and philosophy. First, it supposes a continuity of understanding: between the mythical conception of memory and oblivion, and the philosophical reformulation of the same, there lies no essential difference; both the mythical and philosophical traditions share a univocal, or at least analogical, concept of memory and oblivion. Second, it supposes a continuity of appreciation: memory and oblivion are valued at various stages in the history of thought in univocal or analogical ways. I go on to see whether these continuities have taken place within the work of Plato, who, I argue, is an axial figure between myth and philosophy.
Confucianism, Commerce, Capitalism
Authors: Schneider Henrique 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper discusses commerce in Early Confucianism. It argues that the virtuous Confucian agent engages with the world in different ways, including in commerce – it is another way of acting with virtue. This conception is compared with two roughly contemporary approaches in economics, the thought of Wilhelm Röpke and the Humanomics project by Vernon Smith. In both, virtue is constitutive to commerce. However, they differ substantially in the exact relationship between virtue and commerce. While in Early Confucianism commerce is a way for the agent to unfold and cultivate virtues, in Röpke, virtues are a corrective to the utilitarianism in commerce. In Humanomics, agents engaging in commercial relations find shared virtues.
Changing Incentives and Opportunities for Risk-Taking in Recent U.S. Banking Industry
Authors: Lee Seok Weon 
Published: November 2020

We examine how the rd,~ionship between bank ownership structure and risk-raking may be differently affected by the different regulatory regimes in the U.S. banking industry. We find that higher insider-ownership banks had greater risk-raking incentives than lower insider-ownership banks between 1987-1990 (a period of relative deregulation and decline of the U.S. banking industry), when we represent risk-raking by systematic risk. However, chis greater systematic risk-caking is unprofitable, indicating chat banks pursued perverse risky strategies in the lace l 980s as suggested by the moral-hazard hypothesis in banking literature. Bue we find char greater systematic risk-caking incentives of higher insider-ownership banks than lower insider-ownership banks disappeared, and that the association between risk-raking and profitability improved over the period of tightened regulation (1991-1995). These results may offer some supp:ming evidence for the effectiveness of regulatory reforms in the U.S. banking industry beginning around 1991.
In testing the partitioned sample between lower insider-ownership banks vs. higher ones, we find that the positive relationship between insider ownership and risk-raking, and the negative relationship between the risk-taking and profitability, is significantly more transparent JOY the set of hankJ with lower insider mi11ership over the period 1987-1990. Thus, at r'flJ' lrn11 /weir of stock ownership, banks greatly increase risk, but ultimately unprofirahle risks, as the level of imider ownership rises over the period of dc:regulation and decline of the banking industry. This result is consistent with the corporate-control hypothesis. Over the periOO 1 lJ) 1-1995, we also find char at high levels of stock ownership, banks sc:c:med to engage in profirable risk-taking as the level of insider ownership rose, as predicted by the corporatc:-control hypothesis.
Overall, in terms of only addressing the owner/manager agency problem, these results strongly suggest that in years of deregulation, the owner/manager agency problem of banks can be easily addressed by changing insider holdint,rs or ownership structure ro accommodate increased risk. But this policy suggestion should be taken with caution, since banks seem to take on more than enough risk in years of deregulation, which may ultimately increase the probability of bank failure. TI1is might suggest that the increase in insider holdinb:rs to address the ov,rner/manager agency problem should be associated with closer monitoring of the banks' risk-taking behavior. This policy suggestion shoulJ he encouraged more strongly, especially to banks with very low levels of stock ownership.
On the Dynamics of Atmospheric Bores
Authors: Haghi Kevin R. , Durran Dale R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe dynamics of a prototypical atmospheric bore are investigated through a series of two-dimensional numerical simulations and linear theory. These simulations demonstrate that the bore dynamics are inherently finite amplitude. Although the environment supports linear trapped waves, the supported waves propagate in roughly the opposite direction to that of the bore. Qualitative analysis of the Scorer parameter can therefore give misleading indications of the potential for wave trapping, and linear internal gravity wave dynamics do not govern the behavior of the bore. The presence of a layer of enhanced static stability below a deep layer of lower stability, as would be created by a nocturnal inversion, was not necessary for the development of a bore. The key environmental factor allowing bore propagation was the presence of a low-level jet directed opposite to the movement of the bore. Significant turbulence developed in the layer between the jet maximum and the surface, which reduced the low-level static stability behind the bore. Given the essential role of jets and thereby strong environmental wind shear, and given that idealized bores may persist in environments in which the static stability is constant with height, shallow-water dynamics do not appear to be quantitatively applicable to atmospheric bores propagating against low-level jets, although there are qualitative analogies.
Reply to “Comments on ‘An Evaluation of Hurricane Superintensity in Axisymmetric Numerical Models’”
Authors: Emanuel Kerry , Rousseau-Rizzi Raphaël 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe concur with Makarieva et al. that in our earlier work on the hurricane differential Carnot cycle, we neglected the work done in lifting water and the dissipation of kinetic energy in the outflow (we explicitly acknowledged neglecting these terms). Here, we relax those assumptions, affirm the conclusion of Makarieva et al. that the water lifting term is small, and show that the effect of outflow dissipation is negligible. We remind readers that the differential Carnot theory is not a closed theory for potential intensity as it does not specify the outflow temperature or the boundary layer moist enthalpy at the radius of maximum winds. The addition of enthalpy to the inflow can raise the boundary layer enthalpy, reducing subsequent surface fluxes, regardless of whether that addition comes from surface fluxes themselves or from dissipative heating. We show that while this may indeed reduce the effect of dissipative heating, it does not eliminate it. We disagree with Makarieva et al.’s assertions that dissipative heating does not increase potential intensity and that only latent heat fluxes can drive tropical cyclones when dissipative heating is included.
The Dependence of Internal Multidecadal Variability in the Southern Ocean on the Ocean Background Mean State
Authors: Zhang Liping , Delworth Thomas L. , Cooke William , Goosse Hugues , Bushuk Mitchell , Morioka Yushi , Yang Xiaosong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPrevious studies have shown the existence of internal multidecadal variability in the Southern Ocean using multiple climate models. This variability, associated with deep ocean convection, can have significant climate impacts. In this work, we use sensitivity studies based on Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) models to investigate the linkage of this internal variability with the background ocean mean state. We find that mean ocean stratification in the subpolar region that is dominated by mean salinity influences whether this variability occurs, as well as its time scale. The weakening of background stratification favors the occurrence of deep convection. For background stratification states in which the low-frequency variability occurs, weaker ocean stratification corresponds to shorter periods of variability and vice versa. The amplitude of convection variability is largely determined by the amount of heat that can accumulate in the subsurface ocean during periods of the oscillation without deep convection. A larger accumulation of heat in the subsurface reservoir corresponds to a larger amplitude of variability. The subsurface heat buildup is a balance between advection that supplies heat to the reservoir and vertical mixing/convection that depletes it. Subsurface heat accumulation can be intensified both by an enhanced horizontal temperature advection by the Weddell Gyre and by an enhanced ocean stratification leading to reduced vertical mixing and surface heat loss. The paleoclimate records over Antarctica indicate that this multidecadal variability has very likely happened in past climates and that the period of this variability may shift with different climate background mean state.
Possible Cause of Seasonal Inhomogeneity in Interdecadal Changes of Tropical Cyclone Genesis Frequency over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Chang Minhee , Park Doo-Sun R. , Ho Chang-Hoi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAn abrupt decrease in annual tropical cyclone genesis frequency (TCGF), which is statistically significant only from October to December (OND), has been noticed over the western North Pacific Ocean. However, the seasonal inhomogeneity of interdecadal changes in TCGF between OND and the other seasons (from January to September) and the associated mechanisms are not clearly documented. This study examines and compares the different interdecadal changes in OND and in January–September from 1979 to 2018. According to our analysis, the TCGF decrease in OND (2.2) accounts for 79% of the total decrease (2.8) in annual TCGF after 1998, whereas the TCGF in January to September remains unchanged. The key differences in large-scale environment are found from the extension of equatorial easterly wind anomalies and attendant anticyclone anomalies in the subtropics. Under similar sea surface temperature (SST) warming pattern in the tropical Indo-Pacific region (i.e., the La Niña–like SST warming), tropical precipitation is significantly enhanced over the area where its seasonal peak occurs: the tropical Indian Ocean in OND and the tropical western Pacific in January–September. Thus, the equatorial easterly wind anomalies extend westward to 110°E in OND and to 145°E in January–September. Different extension of easterly wind anomalies results in different expansion of attendant large-scale anticyclone anomaly over the subtropical western Pacific, which dominates the entire main development region in OND but not in January–September. To summarize, the different extensions of easterly wind anomalies under similar La Niña–like SST warming are responsible for the seasonal inhomogeneity of interdecadal changes in TCGF.
National Support for a Menthol Cigarette Sales Ban
Authors: Czaplicki Lauren , Schillo Barbara , Rose Shyanika W. , Zhou Yitong , Vallone Donna 
Published: November 2020

Objectives The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and local jurisdictions have different authorities to regulate menthol cigarettes, and a growing number of localities and the FDA are considering these policy options. The objective of this study was to update previous research on public support for a menthol ban, including examining differences in support by demographic factors, geographic region, and smoking status. Methods We assessed policy support among a cross-sectional sample of 2871 adults aged 18-64 from a nationally representative online panel. We calculated weighted estimates of support by demographic factors, political ideology, region (Northeast, Midwest, South, West), and smoking status (never, former, current nonmenthol, current menthol). We used weighted adjusted logistic regression analysis to examine correlates of support for a menthol ban. Results Overall, 56.4% (95% CI, 54.4%-58.3%) of participants supported a government policy to ban menthol cigarette sales. Support was significantly higher among women than among men (62.5% vs 50.1%; P < .001); among Hispanic/Latino (69.3%), non-Hispanic African American (60.5%), and non-Hispanic other (65.8%) people than among non-Hispanic White people (50.4%; P < .001); and among never (64.8%) and former (47.0%) smokers than among current nonmenthol cigarette smokers (30.1%; P < .001). A significant proportion (28.5%; P < .001) of current menthol cigarette smokers supported a ban. After controlling for other factors, geographic region was not significantly associated with support for a ban. Conclusions Efforts are needed to further increase support for a ban among current menthol cigarette smokers. These findings can be used to assist policy makers and communities in efforts to ban menthol cigarettes in their jurisdictions.
Hearing Outcomes and Complications in Stapes Surgery for Otosclerosis Performed Under General or Local Anesthesia
Authors: Luryi Alexander L. , Schettino Amy , Bojrab Dennis I. , Babu Seilesh C. , Michaelides Elias M. , Bojrab Dennis I. , Schutt Christopher A. 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveStapes surgery is highly successful in reducing or eliminating the audiometric air‐bone gap (ABG) related to otosclerosis, and it can be performed under general anesthesia or local anesthesia with sedation. Literature on the relative outcomes of these 2 modalities is lacking. The purpose of this study was to compare hearing outcomes for these 2 modalities in a large patient population.Study DesignRetrospective review.SettingLarge otology referral center.MethodsPatients undergoing primary stapes surgery for otosclerosis from 2005 to 2017 were grouped by anesthetic modality and their cases reviewed. Pre‐ and postoperative ABGs were primary outcomes.ResultsA total of 580 patients undergoing stapes surgery were included: 46% received local anesthesia and 54% received general anesthesia. These 2 groups were similar in demographic and disease characteristics. Mean preoperative ABGs were 25.6 and 26.6 dB for patients undergoing local and general anesthesia, respectively (P =. 2); mean postoperative ABGs were 9.5 and 9.7 dB (P =. 9). There were no significant differences in the rates of complications, the need for revision surgery, or the need to abort surgery intraoperatively between local and general anesthesia.ConclusionConsistent with limited prior data, in this cohort stapes surgery yielded similar hearing outcomes whether performed under general anesthesia or local anesthesia with sedation. While we report the largest sample size to date, this study, like previous work, carries the potential for sampling bias. Prospective study comparing local and general anesthesia for stapes surgery is needed.
Venous thromboembolism in cancer patients: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Mulder F. I. , Horváth-Puhó E. , van Es N. , van Laarhoven H. W. M. , Pedersen L. , Moik F. , Ay C. , Büller H. R. , Sørensen H. T. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer patients may have changed in the past decade, possibly due to novel cancer therapies, improved survival, and high-resolution imaging. Danish medical registries were used to identify 499 092 patients with a first-time cancer diagnosis between 1997 and 2017, who were matched to 1 497 276 comparison individuals without cancer from the general population. We computed cumulative incidences of VTE 6 and 12 months after the diagnosis/index date. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using Cox regression. Risk factors were examined by computing subdistribution hazard ratios (SHRs) in a competing-risk analysis. Cumulative incidence of VTE 12 months after the cancer diagnosis/index date was 2.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2% to 2.3%) in the cancer cohort and 0.35% (95% CI, 0.34% to 0.36%) in the comparison cohort (HR, 8.5; 95% CI, 8.2-8.8). Important risk factors for cancer patients were prior VTE (SHR, 7.6; 95% CI, 7.2-8.0), distant metastasis (SHR, 3.2; 95% CI, 2.9-3.4), and use of chemotherapy (SHR, 3.4; 95% CI, 3.1-3.7), protein kinase inhibitors (SHR, 4.1; 95% CI, 3.4-4.9), antiangiogenic therapy (SHR, 4.4; 95% CI, 3.8-5.2), and immunotherapy (SHR, 3.6; 2.8-4.6). Twelve-month incidence in the cancer cohort increased from 1.0% (95% CI, 0.9% to 1.2%) in 1997 to 3.4% (95% CI, 2.9% to 4.0%) in 2017, which was paralleled by improved 12-month survival and increased use of computed tomography scans, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. In conclusion, the risk of VTE in cancer patients is increasing steadily and is ninefold higher than in the general population.