bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Phytophthora capsici effector suppresses plant immunity via interaction with EDS1
Authors: Li Qi , Wang Ji , Bai Tian , Zhang Ming , Jia Yuling , Shen Danyu , Zhang Meixiang , Dou Daolong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEDS1 (Enhanced Disease Susceptibility 1) plays a crucial role in both effector‐triggered immunity activation and plant basal defence. However, whether pathogen effectors can target EDS1 or an EDS1‐related pathway to manipulate immunity is rarely reported. In this study, we identified a Phytophthora capsici Avirulence Homolog (Avh) RxLR (Arg‐any amino acid‐Leu‐Arg) effector PcAvh103 that interacts with EDS1. We demonstrated that PcAvh103 can facilitate P. capsici infection and is required for pathogen virulence. Furthermore, genetic evidence showed that PcAvh103 contributes to virulence through targeting EDS1. Finally, PcAvh103 specifically interacts with the lipase domain of EDS1 and can promote the disassociation of EDS1–PAD4 (Phytoalexin Deficient 4) complex in planta. Together, our results revealed that the P. capsici RxLR effector PcAvh103 targets host EDS1 to suppress plant immunity, probably through disrupting the EDS1–PAD4 immune signalling pathway.
An endophytic Fusarium–legume association is partially dependent on the common symbiotic signalling pathway
Authors: Skiada Vasiliki , Avramidou Marianna , Bonfante Paola , Genre Andrea , Papadopoulou Kalliope K. 
Published: January 2020

Summary

Legumes interact with a wide range of microbes in their root systems, ranging from beneficial symbionts to pathogens. Symbiotic rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal glomeromycetes trigger a so‐called common symbiotic signalling pathway (CSSP), including the induction of nuclear calcium spiking in the root epidermis.

By combining gene expression analysis, mutant phenotypic screening and analysis of nuclear calcium elevations, we demonstrate that recognition of an endophytic Fusarium solani strain K (FsK) in model legumes is initiated via perception of chitooligosaccharidic molecules and is, at least partially, CSSP‐dependent.

FsK induced the expression of Lysin‐motif receptors for chitin‐based molecules, CSSP members and CSSP‐dependent genes in Lotus japonicus. In LysM and CSSP mutant/RNAi lines, root penetration and fungal intraradical progression was either stimulated or limited, whereas FsK exudates triggered CSSP‐dependent nuclear calcium spiking, in epidermal cells of Medicago truncatula root organ cultures.

Our results corroborate CSSP being involved in the perception of signals from other microbes beyond the restricted group of symbiotic interactions sensu stricto.
Probability distributions of nonstructural carbon ages and transit times provide insights into carbon allocation dynamics of mature trees
Authors: Herrera‐Ramírez David , Muhr Jan , Hartmann Henrik , Römermann Christine , Trumbore Susan , Sierra Carlos A. 
Published: January 2020

Summary

In trees, the use of nonstructural carbon (NSC) under limiting conditions impacts the age structure of the NSC pools. We compared model predictions of NSC ages and transit times for Pinus halepensis, Acer rubrum and Pinus taeda, to understand differences in carbon (C) storage dynamics in species with different leaf phenology and growth environments.

We used two C allocation models from the literature to estimate the NSC age and transit time distributions, to simulate C limitation, and to evaluate the sensitivity of the mean ages to changes in allocation fluxes.

Differences in allocation resulted in different NSC age and transit time distributions. The simulated starvation flattened the NSC age distribution and increased the mean NSC transit time, which can be used to estimate the age of the NSC available and the time it would take to exhaust the reserves. Mean NSC ages and transit times were sensitive to C fluxes in roots and allocation of C from wood storage.

Our results demonstrate how trees with different storage traits are expected to react differently to starvation. They also provide a probabilistic explanation for the ‘last‐in, first‐out’ pattern of NSC mobilization from well‐mixed C pools.
When does science persuade (or not persuade) in high‐conflict policy contexts?
Authors: Heikkila Tanya , Weible Christopher M. , Gerlak Andrea K. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractResearchers struggle to understand the relationship between science and policy positions, especially the complicated interplay among the various factors that might affect the acceptance or rejection of scientific information. This article presents a typology that simplifies and guides research linking scientific information to policy positions. We use the typology to examine how characteristics of both scientific information and policy actors' existing policy positions affect the likelihood of changing, maintaining or reinforcing those policy positions. We analyse data from surveys conducted in 2015 and 2017 of policy actors engaged in contested policy debates over shale oil and gas development in Colorado, US. Our findings confirm expectations that policy actors will most likely maintain and reinforce their policy positions in response to scientific information. Our data also show that changes in policy positions depend on policy actors' risk perceptions, perceived issue contentiousness, networks and experience with science.
Recent debates on victims' duties to resist their oppression
Authors: Vasanthakumar Ashwini 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article reviews recent arguments in contemporary political philosophy on victims' duties to resist their oppression. It begins by presenting two approaches to these duties. First, that victims' duties are self‐regarding duties that victims owe to their self‐respect or to their well‐being, and second, that victims' duties are other‐regarding duties that arise from victims' duties of justice or of assistance. The second part elaborates on what resistance consists in. The article then considers and responds to two prominent objections to arguments for victims' duties: that they are too demanding, and that they are unfair and exploitative. It concludes by gesturing towards future areas of engagement, in particular, theorising the agents and mechanisms of oppression, and more explicitly engaging with methodological debates about non‐ideal theory.
Sphagnumgrowth under N saturation: interactive effects of water level and P or K fertilization
Authors: Gaudig G. , Krebs M. , Joosten H. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSphagnumbiomass is a promising material that could be used as a substitute for peat in growing media and can be sustainably produced by converting existing drainage‐based peatland agriculture into wet, climate‐friendly agriculture (paludiculture). Our study focuses on yield maximization ofSphagnumas a crop.We tested the effects of three water level regimes and of phosphorus or potassium fertilization on the growth of fourSphagnumspecies (S. papillosum, S. palustre,S. fimbriatum,S. fallax). To simulate field conditions in Central and Western Europe we carried out a glasshouse experiment under nitrogen‐saturated conditions.A constant high water table (remaining at 2 cm below capitulum during growth) led to highest productivity for all tested species. Water table fluctuations between 2 and 9 cm below capitulum during growth and a water level 2 cm below capitulum at the start but falling relatively during plant growth led to significantly lower productivity. Fertilization had no effect onSphagnumgrowth under conditions with high atmospheric deposition such as in NW Germany (38 kg N, 0.3 kg P, 7.6 kg K·ha−1·year−1).Large‐scale maximization ofSphagnumyields requires precise water management, with water tables just below the capitula and rising withSphagnumgrowth. The nutrient load in large areas of Central and Western Europe from atmospheric deposition and irrigation water is high but, with an optimal water supply, does not hamperSphagnumgrowth, at least not of regional provenances ofSphagnum.
Gut microbiota metagenomics in aquaculture: factors influencing gut microbiome and its physiological role in fish
Authors: Yukgehnaish Kumarasan , Kumar Praveen , Sivachandran Parimannan , Marimuthu Kasi , Arshad Aziz , Paray Bilal Ahmad , Arockiaraj Jesu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFish gut microbiome confers various effects to the host fish; this includes overall size, metabolism, feeding behaviour and immune response in the fish. The emergence of antimicrobial‐resistant (AMR) bacteria and hard to cure fish diseases warrant the possible utilization of gut microbes that exhibits a positive effect on the fish and thus lead to the usage of these microbes as probiotics. The widespread and systematic use of antibiotics has led to severe biological and ecological problems, especially the development of antibiotic resistance that affects the gut microbiota of aquatic organisms. Probiotics are proposed as an effective and environmentally friendly alternative to antibiotics, known as beneficial microbes. At the same time, prebiotics are considered beneficial to the host's health and growth by decreasing the prevalence of intestinal pathogens and/or changing the development of bacterial metabolites related to health. Uprise of sequencing technology and the development of intricate bioinformatics tools has provided a way to study these gut microbes through metagenomic analysis. From various metagenomic studies, ample of information was obtained; such information includes the effect of the gut microbiome on the physiology of fish, gut microbe composition of different fish, factors affecting the gut microbial composition of the fish and the immunological effect of gut microbes in fish; such this information related to the fish gut microbiome, their function and their importance in aquaculture is discussed in this review.
Treatment and outcomes of Enterococcus faecium bloodstream infections in solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Mercuro Nicholas J. , Gill Christian M. , Kenney Rachel M. , Alangaden George J. , Davis Susan L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOptimal antimicrobial therapy for Enterococcus faecium bloodstream infection (EFBSI) in the solid organ transplant (SOT) population is not well defined. The purpose of this study was to describe the pharmacotherapy and outcomes of EFBSI in SOT patients. This was a single‐center retrospective cohort of SOT patients with EFBSI from 2013 to 2019. Susceptibility testing was performed with Vitek® 2 or Etest. Estimates of optimal DAP pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic exposures (dose <10 mg/kg, fAUC/MIC >27.4) were made from previously established literature and equations. Fifty‐one unique cases were included in the analysis. The median age was 61 years and liver (64%), intestinal (19%), and kidney (12%) were the most common organs transplanted. Most patients had indwelling central lines (75%) at the time of bacteremia; intra‐abdominal abscesses/fluid collections were present in 44% of patients and 8% had endocarditis. Nineteen (37%) patients had polymicrobial infections. The most common definitive antimicrobial regimens were as follows: DAP plus beta‐lactam (46%), DAP monotherapy (18%), and LZD (25%). Of the 33 patients that received DAP, 21% of E faecium isolates developed DAP resistance. 30‐day mortality was 25% overall but higher in patients who received an initial DAP dose <10 mg/kg (43% vs 13%). Vancomycin‐resistance, severity of illness, neutropenia, and source control were also associated with mortality. Inadequate DAP dosing for EFBSI may be associated with mortality in the SOT population. Larger, controlled analyses are necessary to determine the impact of optimized pharmacodynamics in this population.
Recurrent gene mutations detected in canine mast cell tumours by next generation sequencing
Authors: Vozdova Miluse , Kubickova Svatava , Pal Karol , Fröhlich Jan , Fictum Petr , Rubes Jiri 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGenetic causes of canine mast cell tumours (MCTs), except for mutations in the KIT gene detected in some MCTs, are generally unknown. We used whole exome sequencing to reveal mutation spectra in canine MCTs. We detected somatic mutations in 87 genes including 10 genes recognized as human cancer drivers. Besides KIT, 14 other genes were recurrently mutated. Subsequently, we performed next generation sequencing of a panel of 50 selected genes in additional MCT samples. In this group, the most frequently altered gene was GNB1 showing a recurrent dinucleotide substitution at position of Gly116 in 30% of the MCT samples (n = 6/20) and Ile80 substitution accompanied by a splice region mutation in one case. We extended the study by analysis of the above mentioned GNB1 regions in additional MCT samples by Sanger sequencing, and assessed the overall prevalence of GNB1 mutations to 17.3% (n = 14/81), which is similar to the prevalence of KIT alterations. Our results indicate that GNB1 mutations are probably involved in canine MCT pathogenesis in both cutaneous and subcutaneous MCT cases. As opposed to KIT alterations, the presence of GNB1 mutations did not negatively affect survival times, and our data even showed a trend towards positive prognosis. If our results are confirmed in a larger number of MCTs, an extension of molecular testing of canine MCTs by GNB1 analysis would help to refine the molecular stratification of MCTs, and become useful for targeted treatment strategies.
Mechanical Characterization of Embedded Serpentine Conductors in Wearable Electronics
Authors: Ye Chong , Ume Charles I. , Sitaraman Suresh K. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Wearable electronics undergo stretching, flexing, bending, and twisting during the process of being put on and while being worn. In addition, wearable textile electronics also need to survive under cyclic washing. During such processes, it is necessary to ensure that the electronics as well as the conductors and various other supporting materials remain reliable. In this work, mechanical characterization of various materials in a commercially available smart shirt is presented. The serpentine conductor used in the smart shirt has been carefully examined to understand the strain distribution at various locations under stretching. Both analytical formulations and numerical simulations have been carried out to determine the strain distribution in the serpentine structure, and the results from the simulations have been compared against experimental data obtained through two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D DIC). Various design configurations of the semicircular serpentine structure have been studied in this work, and a relationship between width and the neutral line radius of the semicircular serpentine structure has been obtained to reduce maximum strains in the serpentine structure under stretching.
The Role of Turbomachinery Performance in the Optimization of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Systems
Authors: Romei Alessandro , Gaetani Paolo , Giostri Andrea , Persico Giacomo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The successful penetration of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) power systems in the energy market largely depends on the achievable turbomachinery efficiencies. The present study illustrates a systematic framework where both the compressor and the turbine are designed via validated (within ±2% pts against experiments) mean-line tools, and the subsequent impact on cycle performance estimates is quantitatively and qualitatively assessed. A significant effort is devoted to the analysis of centrifugal compressors that operate close to the thermodynamic critical point, where sharp variations in the thermodynamic properties may make the compression process critical. The analysis is performed for different compressor sizes and pressure ratios, showing a comparatively small contribution of the compressor-intake fluid conditions to the machine efficiency, which may achieve competitive values (82–85%) for representative full-scale sizes. Two polynomial correlations for both the turbomachinery efficiencies are devised as a function of proper similarity parameters accounting for machine sizes and loading. Such correlations can be easily embedded in power cycle optimizations, which are usually carried out assuming constant turbomachinery efficiencies, thus ignoring the effects of plant size and cycle operating parameters. Efficiency correlations are finally exploited to perform several optimizations of a representative recompression sCO2 cycle, by varying multiple cycle parameters, namely maximum and minimum temperature, pressure ratio, and net power output. The results highlight that the replacement of the constant-efficiency assumption with the proposed correlations leads to more accurate performance predictions (e.g., cycle efficiency can differ by more than 4% pts), besides demonstrating that an optimal pressure ratio exists in the range 2–5 for all the investigated configurations.
Use of tracking technology to examine life-space mobility among people with depression: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Chung Man Hon , Leung Sau Fong , Välimäki Maritta 
Published: January 2020

IntroductionPeople with depression often experience disabilities that limit their social and physical capacity, daily function, and quality of life. Depressive symptoms and their implications on daily activities are often measured retrospectively using subjective measurement tools. Recently, more objective and accurate electronic data collection methods have been used to describe the daily life of people with depressive disorders. The results, however, have not yet been systematically reviewed. We aim to provide a knowledge basis for the use of tracking technologies in examining life-space mobility among adults with depression and those with anxiety as a comorbidity.Methods and analysisA systematic review with a narrative approach for different types of study design will be conducted. The following databases will be used to gather data from 1994 to the present: MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Health Technology Assessment Database and IEEE Xplore. The study selection will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols. Methodological appraisal of studies will be performed using the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool as well as the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool for randomised controlled trials. A narrative synthesis of all included studies will be conducted.Ethics and disseminationBecause there will be no human involvement in the actual systematic review, no ethical approval will be required. The results will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal and in a conference presentation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019127102.
Increased antitumor efficacy of PD-1-deficient melanoma-specific human lymphocytes
Authors: Marotte Lucine , Simon Sylvain , Vignard Virginie , Dupre Emilie , Gantier Malika , Cruard Jonathan , Alberge Jean-Baptiste , Hussong Melanie , Deleine Cecile , Heslan Jean-Marie , Shaffer Jonathan , Beauvais Tiffany , Gaschet Joelle , Scotet Emmanuel , Fradin Delphine , Jarry Anne , Nguyen Tuan , Labarriere Nathalie 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundGenome editing offers unique perspectives for optimizing the functional properties of T cells for adoptive cell transfer purposes. So far,PDCD1editing has been successfully tested mainly in chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells and human primary T cells. Nonetheless, for patients with solid tumors, the adoptive transfer of effector memory T cells specific for tumor antigens remains a relevant option, and the use of high avidity T cells deficient for programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expression is susceptible to improve the therapeutic benefit of these treatments.MethodsHere we used the transfection of CAS9/sgRNA ribonucleoproteic complexes to editPDCD1gene in human effector memory CD8+T cells specific for the melanoma antigen Melan-A. We cloned edited T cell populations and validatedPDCD1editing through sequencing and cytometry in each T cell clone, together with T-cell receptor (TCR) chain’s sequencing. We also performed whole transcriptomic analyses on wild-type (WT) and edited T cell clones. Finally, we documented in vitro and in vivo through adoptive transfer in NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice, the antitumor properties of WT and PD-1KO T cell clones, expressing the same TCR.ResultsHere we demonstrated the feasibility to editPDCD1gene in human effector memory melanoma-specific T lymphocytes. We showed that PD-1 expression was dramatically reduced or totally absent onPDCD1-edited T cell clones. Extensive characterization of a panel of T cell clones expressing the same TCR and exhibiting similar functional avidity demonstrated superior antitumor reactivity against a PD-L1 expressing melanoma cell line. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a downregulation of genes involved in proliferation and DNA replication in PD-1-deficient T cell clones, whereas genes involved in metabolism and cell signaling were upregulated. Finally, we documented the superior ability of PD-1-deficient T cells to significantly delay the growth of a PD-L1 expressing human melanoma tumor in an NSG mouse model.ConclusionThe use of such lymphocytes for adoptive cell transfer purposes, associated with other approaches modulating the tumor microenvironment, would be a promising alternative to improve immunotherapy efficacy in solid tumors.
Association between dietary flavonoid intake and obesity among adults in Korea
Authors: Kim Seong-Ah , Kim Jiyoon , Jun Shinyoung , Wie Gyung-Ah , Shin Sangah , Joung Hyojee 
Published: January 2020

This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary flavonoid intake and the prevalence of obesity using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and percent body fat (%BF) according to sex among Korean adults. Based on the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011, 23 118 adults in Korea were included. Dietary intakes were obtained using 24-h dietary recall data. A higher total intake of flavonoid was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity in women, based on %BF (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 0.82 [0.71–0.94]), and abdominal obesity (0.81 [0.71–0.92]). The intake of flavonols (0.88 [0.78–0.99]), flavanones (0.81 [0.72–0.92]), flavanols (0.85 [0.74–0.97]), isoflavones (0.85 [0.75–0.96]), and proanthocyanidins (0.81 [0.71–0.92]) was inversely associated with abdominal obesity, and a higher intake of flavanones (0.87 [0.76–0.99]) and proanthocyanidins (0.85 [0.75–0.98]) was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity, with respect to %BF in women. In contrast, the intake of flavonols (1.16 [1.02–1.33]), flavanones (1.18 [1.04–1.35]), and anthocyanidins (1.27 [1.11–1.46]) was positively associated with obesity based on BMI in men. In conclusion, high intake of dietary flavonoids may be associated with a decreased prevalence of abdominal obesity and obesity, based on %BF, among women. Novelty Higher flavonoid intake was associated with decreased prevalence of abdominal obesity and obesity based on %BF in Korean women. However, in men, the intake of flavonols, flavanones, and anthocyanidins was positively associated with obesity as given by BMI.