bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cloud, wireless technology, internet of things: the next generation of building automation systems?
Authors: Bode Gerrit , Baranski Marc , Schraven Markus , Kümpel Alexander , Storek Thomas , Nürenberg Markus , Müller Dirk , Rothe Andreas , Ziegeldorf Jan Henrik , Fütterer Johannes , Scheuffele Bernd 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Building automation and control systems (BAS) have become a common part of non-residential buildings in the past decades. However, many automation systems rely on severely outdated technology that render it challenging, if not impossible, to implement recently developed, advanced building control approaches. By contrast, recent developments in cloud computing and wireless technology could support solutions to these challenges. However, many stakeholders require a suitable methodology to determine the potentials and the requirements of future, possibly next generation BAS. In this paper, we thus present and apply a method to answer the open questions and define minimum requirements. For that end, we investigate available communication technologies, protocols, and interfaces. Moreover, we present a simple test bench layout that could serve as a blueprint for future, more comprehensive test benches. It is a model a ventilation circuit consisting of a CO2 sensor for the supply air and an electronic damper. We turned these conventional components with analogue interfaces into IoT devices using a previously developed WiFi gateway. An exemplary test is the control of the CO2 concentration using a feedback controller implemented on an external machine. We aim to extend our initial prototype to a real-life building demonstration for dynamically scalable automation systems using wireless communication and develop our set-up into a platform enabling arbitrarily complex automation strategies and artificial intelligence applications.
A novel design framework for solar thermal/electrical activation of building envelopes
Authors: Walker Linus , Chevrier Alice , Hischier Illias , Schlueter Arno 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Building integrated solar materials have a great potential for direct and indirect carbon emission reductions of the built environment. The main perceived barriers for wide-spread building integration of solar energy are economic feasibility, lack of available materials and lack of knowledge about the integration process. In the past, economical aspects and product diversity have been addressed by joint research and industry efforts, resulting in a growing number of products and decreasing costs. To further support knowledge transfer and foster the design with solar materials in the built environment, we present an early design stage framework for thermal and electrical activation of building envelopes with solar materials. The goal of the framework is to provide fast feedback of energy performance values and visualizations to study the interactions of building geometry, building systems and aesthetic design choices. Design choices include cover technologies with different colors, photovoltaic cell types and thermal absorber types as well as heating system choices. The calculations are based on physical and semi-empirical equations. Typical values have been implemented to make the framework accessible to non-experts. Results are compared with experimental data from literature and the impact of design choices is demonstrated by a case study where different combinations and different cover types were investigated.
Improving self-consumption of on-site PV generation through deploying flexibility in building thermal mass
Authors: Wang Yu , Mauree Dasaraden , Wennersten Ronald , Scartezzini Jean-Louis , Sun Qie 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
As PV is considered prospective for decarbonizing the building sector, the self-consumption of on-site PV generation, which is susceptible to the temporal mismatch between solar radiation and energy demand, greatly affects the overall performance of improving building autonomy. As an important way to lessen the dependence of the decentralized PV energy system on the grid, internal flexibility from buildings is receiving increasing attention. This research sought to contribute to our understanding of the flexibility potential of Building Thermal Mass (BTM). In this aim, the load-shifting potential of BTM and the impacts on the self-consumption of rooftop PV generation were evaluated in a single-family residential building. To ensure a satisfying accuracy, this research proposed a novel framework that integrates multi-agent system and resistance-capacitance modelling techniques. The proposed methods represent the thermal network by means of circuit analogy and perform indoor thermal control based on stochastic occupant behaviours and appliance usage. The proposed BTM modelling framework is of great potential in flexibility estimation of BTM and could be used to assist the demand-side management.
Cost reduction of solar thermal plants by advanced thermal-hydraulic design methods
Authors: Eismann Ralph 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Software programs for thermodynamic systems modelling and simulation, e.g. Polysun®, are well established and widely used. By comparison, there are few tools available for the dimensioning of pipe networks, pumps and expansion vessels. Furthermore, it has not been possible to prove operational safety numerically. This gap is closed by the software tools HYDRA and THD which are introduced in this article. HYDRA is used to design the pipe network of large thermal solar plants. THD allows the dimensioning of solar plants up to approximately 100 m2 collector area, including proof of venting capabilities and proof of stagnation safety.
Retrofitting, district heating and energy storage: neighborhood energy planning
Authors: Gunten Diane von , Rager Jakob , Kämpf Jérôme , Kuchler Fabien , Poumadère Fabien 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We compare simulated energy retrofitting of individual buildings with energy refurbishments optimized at the scale of the neighborhood. For the neighborhood case, buildings can also be connected together through a heat network. We use a detailed three-dimensional model to estimate heating needs (CitySim) and a mixed-integer linear optimizer to analyze different options for energy refurbishment, including various heating technologies. According to our simulations, planning at the neighborhood scale results in slightly lower costs (about -5%) and lower C02 emissions (about -60%) than planning energy refurbishment at the building scale, showing that integrated planning of energy refurbishment is beneficial from both environmental and economical points of view.
Optimization of low-temperature networks by new hydraulic concepts
Authors: Sommer Tobias , Sotnikov Artem , Sandmeier Ernst , Stettler Christoph , Mennel Stefan , Sulzer Matthias 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Low-temperature thermal networks enable simultaneous heating and cooling of buildings and reduce CO2 emissions by substituting fossil fuels by environmental heat sources. In this work, we compare two different network topologies, the traditional low-temperature network (TLTN) and the new reservoir low-temperature network (RLTN). We show that the volume flow in the RLTN can be adjusted to increase the efficiency of heat pumps and to reduce hydraulic power losses in the supply lines without compromising heat demands.
Thermal stability and heat transfer in the reservoir low-temperature network
Authors: Sotnikov A , Sandmeier E , Sulzer M , Sergi T , Mennel S , Sommer T 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We investigate two properties of a new low-temperature network topology, the reservoir low-temperature network. We show (i) that the maximum heat transfer rate between the load loop and the main mesh occurs when the volume flow in the load loop equals the volume flow in the main mesh and (ii) that temperature fluctuations in the main mesh are dampened when the volume flow in the load loop exceeds the volume flow in the main mesh. The maximum possible damping depends only on the volume flow through the main mesh and the water volume contained in the load loop.
Guidelines for business model innovation on the example of PV self-consumption optimization
Authors: Rohrbach Beni , Papaefthymiou Maria-Eleni , Schneider Achim , Imboden Christoph 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The market for energy management systems that optimize the degree of self-consumption of locally produced renewable energy is still immature. This is evidenced by the large variety of existing offerings and the many newcomers entering the market. Hence, business models are still adapting. Based on a broad literature review and extensive market observations, we developed an abductive categorization system for value propositions, revenue models customer groups and invoicing models. This study then analyzed more than 80 offerings focused on the optimization of self-consumption of photovoltaic power. Based on these observations and the market context, this study recommends offerings connected to a recurring payment system to be combined with a licensing and/or renting/leasing revenue model and to highlight a strong social, ethical/normative and emotional value proposition.
Linking business model innovation with energy system optimization
Authors: Rohrbach Beni , Euw Livio von , Bollinger Andrew , Pacheco Carlos , Perera A.T.D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
There are dedicated computational models and platforms to facilitate the design and planning of multi-energy-systems. However, the widespread adoption of new technological solutions largely depends on the right business models. Whilst there exists a list of possible business opportunities emerging with a multi-energy-system, there is lacking guidance on how to match their design with business models. A close fit could possibly increase the speed of implementation of a new energy solution. This study describes and tests a methodology to evaluate and improve the match between business models of selected companies and planned multi-energy-systems. A total of six districts with planned energy systems as well as six companies were assessed for their matching potential. Then, mutual adaptation between the business model and the further energy system optimization was tested as a way to improve the match.
An alternative approach to monitor occupancy using bluetooth low energy technology in an office environment
Authors: Tekler Zeynep Duygu , Low Raymond , Blessing Lucienne 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this study, we proposed a non-intrusive occupancy monitoring approach which leverages on existing BLE technologies found in smartphone devices to track the occupants’ movement patterns using BLE beacons. Unlike existing methods, the proposed approach does not require the installation of a mobile application and only requires the occupants to provide the MAC address of their Bluetooth-enabled smartphone devices. The feasibility of the proposed approach was demonstrated by conducting a two-week data collection effort in a university office environment where the occupancy patterns identified are used to develop various occupancy profiles for different types of occupants.
From plans to programs: A holistic toolchain for building data applications
Authors: Bode Gerrit , Stinner Florian , Baranski Marc , Brümmendorf Erik , Cai Xiaoye , Kümpel Alexander , Schraven Markus , Schreiber Thomas , Stoffel Phillip , Storek Thomas , Müller Dirk 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The rise of extensive monitoring systems and the availability of low-cost sensors as well as affordable computing power has led to the development of various big data and simulation model applications in the building sector. Nevertheless, many of these promising approaches face a common hindrance for the widespread application. In case of the big data applications, training data is often limited. Much the same, simulation models often lack required input data and require extensive work for calibration. Standard practices are often preferred to innovative approaches because construction and commissioning businesses are highly cost-sensitive. Therefore, we identified the need for a holistic approach for the combined use of machine learning and simulation techniques. In this paper, we present a toolchain to generate models and data needed for the application of innovative building automation and control tools. Using the data available during the construction process, machine-learning algorithms are employed to determine the type and location of data points in devices. From the relations of data points, the system architecture is derived and simulation models are generated automatically. Using these models, the data needed for the training of big data machine-learning algorithms can be generated. We describe the toolchain, already existing components and discuss the possible future implementation.
Room-level occupancy simulation model for private households
Authors: Wolf Sebastian , Calì Davide , Alonso Maria Justo , Li Rongling , Andersen Rune Korsholm , Krogstie John , Madsen Henrik 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This work presents a novel occupancy simulation model for residential buildings. The main contribution is that occupancy is simulated at room level, as opposed to more course spatial resolutions in previous studies. The model is based on a time-use survey conducted in Denmark including several thousand households. It is formulated as an inhomogeneous hidden Markov model. The simulated occupancy profiles take into account the variables week day, time of day, occupant age and family type. Preliminary results show that they are in good agreement with the measurements.
Decentralized fault detection in building services by means of tensor decomposed qualitative models
Authors: Müller-Eping Thorsten , Réhault Nicolas , Rist Tim 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) methods are most of the time deployed in buildings as supervisory solutions on a management level or as cloud computing solution. The deployment of Internet of Things devices will enable to embed FDD methods as edge-computing solutions directly on subsystems like heat pumps or air handling units. This paper shows how qualitative models can be used for fault detection in building services and how tensor decomposition methods can enable their integration on decentralized subsystems as edge-computing solution.
An interactive and generative eco-design tool for architects in the sketch phase
Authors: Marsault Xavier , Torres Florent 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the latest version of our software, EcoGen2.1, to the Building Simulation community: a quite advanced prototype for generative eco-design, resulting from a French ANR project, having been the subject of a deposit with legal protection, and recently used to assist the architectural design of an emblematic building in a competition in France. The tool is adapted to the sketch step of the design, when it comes, in a given urban and climatic context, to composing the general forms of a building or a plot of buildings, depending on various criteria that ensure a sufficient level of efficiency in view of bioclimatic and environmental requirements, notably relating to solar energy, thermal consumption and luminous comfort. We have focused on the technical work involved in breaking major difficulties when trying to develop real time and interactive software devoted to generative eco-design in the early stages of an architectural project.
IMPROVE – Enhancing demand-side energy reduction through informative billing strategies
Authors: Bichsel Juerg , Kunz Dominique , Padey Pierryves , Citherlet Stephane , Eicher Sara , Cellina Francesca , Castri Roberta , Tomic Uros , Carabias Vicente 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In Switzerland, most of the information available on the energy bills corresponds to the minimum legal requirements imposed by national regulations. Such a scarcely understandable information does not motivate consumers to reflect on their level of energy consumption. A more user-friendly information presentation on the energy bill may induce increased awareness, laying the grounds for behaviour changes required to achieve the goals of the Energy Strategy 2050 of the Swiss Federal Council. The aim of the IMPROVE project was to explore how both consumers and energy utilities evaluate and perceive the importance of introducing enriched information on the energy bill to encourage households to reconsider their energy consumption levels.
Occupant-centred temperature reduction in an energy efficient site
Authors: Derungs Curdin , Lobsiger-Kägi Evelyn , Tomic Uros , Marek Reto , Sütterlin Bernadette 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this study we focus on the energy saving potential and the user acceptance of indoor air temperature reduction in an energy efficient district, consisting of seven residential buildings. The two major findings in this paper constitute a field of unresolved tension. From a technical point of view, temperature reductions of 1.5 K, to approximately 21.5 °C, allow to save some 25 % of the total heating energy. The human dimension, however, suggests that a reduction of indoor air temperature is associated with only limited acceptance. In future work we will set out to explore how acceptance ratings might evolve over longer timespans.
Adaptive thermal comfort for resilient office buildings
Authors: Trebilcock-Kelly Maureen , Soto-Muñoz Jaime , Marín-Restrepo Laura 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
New challenges for delivering more resilient and less energy-dependent office buildings require a better understanding of thermal comfort in different contexts and opportunities for adaptation. This study aims to determine comfort temperatures in 18 office buildings located in two Chilean cities. The methodology was based on a longitudinal fieldwork during 1 day in winter, spring and summer at each building, collecting data from surveys to the occupants and measurements. The results showed that comfort temperature varied consistently between both contexts and between different seasons, with wider seasonal variation of comfort temperatures in buildings where occupants are allowed to operate windows.
End-user activities context information management framework for sustainable building operation
Authors: Malakhatka Elena , Lundqvist Per 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The concept of sustainable buildings includes not only technological aspects related to energy efficiency and resources usage optimization, but also aspects related to end-users’ comfort, wellbeing, and everyday needs support. To understand the end-users’ life activities in general and their preferences in particular, is necessary to enrich standard Building Management Systems (BMS) with human-generated and personal data. In this conceptual paper, we present an end-user context information management framework, which includes a reasoning layer, an acquisition layer, and a dissemination layer. The proposed framework is currently implemented in the KTH Live-in-Lab – a fully equipped testbed for research and innovation in the build environment.
A case-study of slums: an informal housing for people below poverty line (BPL) in India
Authors: Kondapi Anushreya , Kumar Tarun , Sait Unais , Bhalla Kriti , Ashok Shanthanu S. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the present scenario, with the growth in the population, one out of every five Indians are ‘below poverty line’ which means that their income is below $1.9 per day. Slums are highly populated residential areas in the urban settlements with low incomes. As a consequence of their low incomes, they are compelled to reside in the slum areas faced with adverse conditions like lack of sanitation, availability of clean drinking water, lack of connectivity, and improper area distribution. The analysis draws on field observations of people living in such areas acquired by conducting interviews and focus group discussions. Further, using a temperature and RH meter, a digital anemometer and a lux meter, the readings of temperature, relative humidity (RH), wind speed, and light intensity were recorded. Also, the street dimensions, distance between roads and houses, dimensions of rooms are measured using laser distance meter. In this paper, the characteristics of the slum areas like the space occupation of each house, street connectivity, kinds of common spaces, distances between two houses, and materials used for construction is analysed. Improper zoning as a product of abrupt planning and narrowly defined goals of development produce a disparity in the occupancy ratio, that is the amount of space utilized by a single person is less than that of the standardized units, which in turn leads to lack of privacy. This study helps to identify spatio-temporal vectors responsible for creation of slums and tries to provide socio-economic policy-level solutions to improve their living standards, thus leading to a sustainable and inclusive society.
Pilot study of ‘Our Energy’, an app designed to facilitate self-consumption of community solar photovoltaic systems
Authors: Griego Danielle , Catunda Natasha , Schmitt Gerhard 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Distributed energy from photovoltaic (PV) systems are an important part of the 2000-Watt-Society and Swiss Energy Strategy 2050 targets. However, as more PV is added to the grid, it becomes more important to intelligently use on-site electricity generation. There is also a recent focus on communities as they have better load aggregation potential from multiple tenants to increase overall self-consumption. Additional potentials exists when introducing PV systems in communities from social comparisons or competitions. The first critical step is to have an effective communication platform with real-time electricity production and consumption to show resource availability and usage at the individual and community level. We have therefore developed ‘Our Energy’, a custom mobile application (app) to ‘experience’ what it would be like to have direct access to electricity from solar PV in a community setting. It is designed to facilitate demand side response for users to compare their household energy consumption and associated self-consumption from. This study uses a community based social marketing approach to support the app design, development, evaluation and deployment for a specific user group from a small Swiss city. This paper includes the results from a pilot study where the beta version of the app was tested during two weeks in March 2019 with 32 participants. The feedback helped improve the demand side response strategy along with the real-time statistics for participants to monitor self-consumption and electricity savings potential from Solar PV.
Endogenous energy efficiency improvements in large-scale retrofits to Swiss residential building stock
Authors: Arzoyan Sergey 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In standard analyses of Swiss energy and climate policies, the speed and extent of energy efficiency improvements (EEI) are usually assumed to be unaffected, even by policies designed to foster innovation. This project introduces endogenous EEI and barriers to retrofitting in the housing sector. In order to achieve this, we explain how Swiss building stock has evolved and how retrofitting decisions and heating system improvements may reduce energy consumption. We use a two-step model to illustrate how homeowners take decisions about retrofitting, then we consider several scenarios. Our results showed that in order to achieve deep decarbonisation in the building sector, a number of different economic instruments need to be used simultaneously.