bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
<i>Markens Grøde</i> (1917) i et bokhistorisk perspektiv
Authors: Dingstad Ståle 
Published: December 2020

Markens Grøde (1917) forbindes gjerne med Hamsuns periode som jordbruker på Hamarøy og knyttes nært til nordlandsnaturen. Det er ikke helt galt, men et godt stykke fra sannheten. For det var sørover Hamsun flyttet da han ikke orket mer av jordbrukslivet nordpå. Og det var til byen Larvik i Vestfold fylke han reiste der han bosatte seg med familien og fullførte romanen.
Artikkelen forsøker å belyse noen av rammebetingelsene for fullføringen av romanen. Det er betingelser knyttet til tid, sted og mennesker i nærmiljøet gjennom våren, sommeren og høsten 1917. Grenselandet der Hamsun leide seg et uthus for å arbeide, heter Nanset og lå mellom bykommunen Larvik og landkommunen Hedrum. Videre tar artikkelen for seg distribusjonen og resepsjonen av romanen og noen av de konsekvensene som fulgte med tildelingen av Nobels litteraturpris i 1920 for denne romanen.
Av særlig interesse er det å undersøke hvilken virkning romanen hadde gjennom mellomkrigstiden med hensyn til den rasismen og antisemittismen som kommer til uttrykk i romanen. Mens flere anmeldere sluttet seg til Hamsuns synspunkter, advarte anmelderen Carl Joachim Hambro som den eneste, mot Hamsuns tenkemåte. Den belyses derfor nærmere gjennom møtet med handelsmannen Aron i romanen og Hamsuns nabo på Nanset, Israel Leib Sachnowitz.
FITOSSOCIOLOGIA DE PLANTAS DANINHAS EM ARROZ IRRIGADO NO SISTEMA DE CULTIVO CLEARFIELD®
Authors: Da Silva Anelise Lencina , Streck Nereu Augusto , Neto Roberto Avila , Pigatto Cassiano Salin , Macedo Mariana , Flogliato Vladison , Ulguim André Da Rosa 
Published: December 2020

O manejo de plantas daninhas é essencial para a obtenção de elevadas produtividades de grãos na cultura de arroz irrigado. Neste estudo, teve-se, como objetivos, mapear, quantificar e avaliar a ocorrência de resistência de plantas daninhas em áreas de produção de arroz irrigado com o sistema Clearfield® (CL) no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Para isso, foi realizado um levantamento fitossociológico por meio de coletas georreferenciadas de solos em 36 propriedades com o cultivo de arroz irrigado, em 16 cidades do RS. As amostras de solo foram acondicionadas em bandejas de polietileno com 792 cm2 de área e dispostas em casa-de-vegetação, a fim de permitir a emergência de plantas daninhas durante o período de outubro de 2018 a junho de 2019. As plantas daninhas presentes foram quantificadas e identificadas em nível de gênero, com auxílio de bibliografia especializada. As variáveis analisadas foram frequência, frequência relatativa, densidade, densidade relativa, abundância, abundância relativa e índice de valor de importância. Foram identificados 38 gêneros, distribuídos em 20 famílias, e as mais representativas foram Poaceae, Cyperaceae e Asteraceae. Os gêneros Cyperus, Echinochloa, Oryza e Lolium apresentaram os maiores índices de valor de importância. Os três primeiros evidenciaram elevada frequência e ampla distribuição nas regiões produtoras de arroz irrigado. As áreas com o cultivo de arroz irrigado, no sistema CL, apresentaram uma alta diversidade e distribuição de plantas daninhas. Plantas daninhas do gênero Cyperus possuem maiores valores de frequência, densidade e abundância relativas, bem como alto índice de valor de importância dentre as que foram observadas.
Engineering a thermostable chondroitinase for production of specifically distributed low‐molecular‐weight chondroitin sulfate
Authors: Wang Hao , Zhang Lin , Wang Yang , Li Jianghua , Du Guocheng , Kang Zhen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChondroitinase ABC I (csABC I) has attracted intensive attention because of its great potential in heparin refining and the enzymatic preparation of low‐molecular‐weight chondroitin sulfate (LMW‐CS). However, low thermal resistance (<30℃) restricts its applications. Herein, structure‐guided and sequence‐assisted combinatorial engineering approaches were applied to improve the thermal resistance of Proteus vulgaris csABC I. By integrating the deletion of the flexible fragment R166–L170 at the N‐terminal domain and the mutation of E694P at the C‐terminal domain, variant NΔ5/E694P exhibited 247‐fold improvement of its half‐life at 37℃ and a 2.3‐fold increase in the specific activity. Through batch fermentation in a 3‐L fermenter, the expression of variant NΔ5/E694P in an Escherichia coli host reached 1.7 g L−1 with the activity of 1.0 × 105 U L−1. Finally, the enzymatic approach for the preparation of LMW‐CS was established. By modulating enzyme concentration and controlling depolymerization time, specifically distributed LMW‐CS (7000, 3400, and 1900 Da) with low polydispersity was produced, demonstrating the applicability of these processes for the industrial production of LMW‐CS in a more environmentally friendly way.
Uncatalyzed Formation of Polyaminoboranes from Diisopropylaminoborane and Primary Amines: a Kinetically Controlled Polymerization Reaction
Authors: Devillard Marc , De Albuquerque Pinheiro Carlos Antonio , Caytan Elsa , Roiland Claire , Dinoi Chiara , Del Rosal Iker , Alcaraz Gilles 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRecently, we disclosed the uncatalyzed formation of polyaminoboranes (PABs) from monomeric diisopropylaminoborane (iPr2N−BH2) and primary amines (RNH2). Their structure is studied through a detailed multinuclear NMR study and their full spectroscopic characterization is presented revealing that N‐alkyl substituted PABs exhibit magnetically non‐equivalent methylenic protons in the close vicinity of the BN‐backbone. We also performed an in‐depth theoretical study of this global chemical process. The mechanism is fully apprehended and the strong influence of the temperature on the outcome of the reaction is unveiled. DFT‐calculations clearly show that the formation of the polyaminoboranes (RNH−BH2)n results from a kinetically controlled step‐growth polymerization reaction that can be globally viewed as a head‐to‐tail association process of the in situ generated transient monomeric monoalkylamino‐borane [RNH−BH2].magnified image
Occupation‐level automation probability is associated with psychosocial work conditions and workers' health: A multilevel study
Authors: Cheng Wan‐Ju , Pien Li‐Chung , Cheng Yawen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveWork automation is increasing worldwide, and the probability of job automation has been associated with workers' adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to examine the association of occupation‐level automation probability with work stress and workers' health.MethodsWe used data from a national survey of 14,948 randomly selected general workers conducted in 2016. Job control and job demand were assessed by the Job Content Questionnaire, and working hours and job insecurity were self‐reported. Health outcomes were measured according to burnout and work‐related injury or disease. We derived automation probabilities for 38 occupational groups and conducted multilevel analyses to examine the associations between occupation‐level automation probability and workers' safety and health after adjusting for psychosocial work conditions.ResultsParticipants working in jobs with a high probability of automation were more likely to have low job control, higher job insecurity, and work‐related injury and disease prevalence; whereas workers in jobs with a low automation probability had higher psychological and physical demands and burnout prevalence. Furthermore, automation probability significantly predicted workers' health after adjustment for demographic characteristics and psychosocial work conditions.ConclusionsWorkers with low automation probability jobs may experience work stress other than that captured by traditional measures of job strain. Organizational approaches to improve employment security and psychosocial conditions are essential for workers' safety and health in the context of increasing job automation.
Optochemical Control of DNA‐Switching Circuits for Logic and Probabilistic Computation
Authors: Xiong Xiewei , Xiao Mingshu , Lai Wei , Li Li , Fan Chunhai , Pei Hao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPrecise control of DNA‐circuit functions facilitates the construction of complex DNA networks to perform sophisticated functions. Inspired by optochemical genetics with high precision for controlling and studying neural networks by photoregulation of membrane receptors, we herein report optochemically controlled DNA switching circuits for regulating computation functions. The DNA‐switching circuits involve a CG–C+ triplex‐based DNA switch that undergoes structural transition from triplex to duplex states after exposure to UV irradiation due to proton transfer, showing optochemical control. We demonstrate that the DNA‐switching circuits enable the regulation of computation functions by optochemical control of the state of the DNA switch, including multiple logic computations and probabilistic computation. We hope this work will broaden DNA‐circuit functions and facilitate the construction of complex DNA networks.
Chiral Lead‐Free Hybrid Perovskites for Self‐Powered Circularly Polarized Light Detection
Authors: Li Dong , Liu Xitao , Wu Wentao , Peng Yu , Zhao Sangen , Li Lina , Hong Maochun , Luo Junhua 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMetal‐halide perovskites are recently emerging as the promising alternative for CPL detection owing to their CPL‐sensitive property induced by chiral organics and efficient charge transport of inorganic frameworks. However, most of these reported chiral perovskites involve high concentrations of toxic Pb which will become the potential bottleneck for their further application. Herein, we successfully developed two lead‐free halide double perovskites, [(R)‐β‐MPA]4AgBiI8 ((R)‐β‐MPA=(R)‐(+)‐β‐methylphenethylammonium, 1‐R), and [(S)‐β‐MPA]4AgBiI8 ((S)‐β‐MPA=(S)‐(−)‐β‐methylphenethylammonium, 1‐S). Circular dichroism measurements reveal that these perovskites exhibit notable chirality induced by organic cations to distinguish different polarization states of CPL photons. Significantly, they present unique chiral polar photovoltaic, and resulting self‐powered CPL detection without an external power source is unprecedentedly achieved. Furthermore, an anisotropy factor up to 0.3 is acquired for the self‐powered CPL detection, reaching the highest value among reported chiral perovskites. This work suggests hybrid double perovskites are promising photoelectronic candidates, and provides a new approach for exploring new “green” circularly polarized light‐sensitive materials with high performance.
Light‐Triggered, Non‐Centrosymmetric Self‐Assembly of Aqueous Arylazopyrazoles at the Air–Water Interface and Switching of Second‐Harmonic Generation
Authors: Nagai Yuki , Ishiba Keita , Yamamoto Ryosuke , Yamada Teppei , Morikawa Masa‐aki , Kimizuka Nobuo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTrans‐p‐methoxy arylazopyrazole spontaneously forms non‐centrosymmetric polar crystals, which reversibly undergo liquefaction upon photoisomerization to the cis‐isomer. This liquid cis‐isomer has a large electric dipole moment and is highly soluble in water (solubility up to ≈58 mM), which is remarkably higher than that of the trans‐isomer (690 μM). Vis‐light illumination of the aqueous cis‐isomer generates macroscopically oriented, non‐centrosymmetric crystals at the air–water interface. Polar crystals are also formed in sandwich glass cells (spacing, 20 μm) upon photo‐induced crystallization of the liquid cis‐isomer. The trans‐crystals thus formed showed second harmonic generation (SHG) whose intensity is switched on/off in response to the photo‐induced phase transition.
Coplanar Pt/C Nanomeshes with Ultrastable Oxygen Reduction Performance in Fuel Cells
Authors: Hu Yanmin , Zhu Mengzhao , Luo Xuan , Wu Geng , Chao Tingting , Qu Yunteng , Zhou Fangyao , Sun Rongbo , Han Xiao , Li Hai , Jiang Bin , Wu Yuen , Hong Xun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDeveloping highly stable and efficient catalysts toward the oxygen reduction reaction is important for the long‐term operation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Reported herein is a facile synthesis of two‐dimensional coplanar Pt‐carbon nanomeshes (NMs) that are composed of highly distorted Pt networks (neck width of 2.05±0.72 nm) and carbon. X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy demonstrated the metallic state of Pt in the coplanar Pt/C NMs. Fuel cell tests verified the excellent activity of the coplanar Pt/C NM catalyst with the peak power density of 1.21 W cm−2 and current density of 0.360 A cm−2 at 0.80 V in the H2/O2 cell. Moreover, the coplanar Pt/C NM electrocatalysts showed superior stability against aggregation, with NM structures preserved intact for a long‐term operation of over 30 000 cycles for electrode measurement, and the working voltage loss was negligible after 120 h in the H2/O2 single cell operation. Density‐functional theory analysis indicates the increased vacancy formation energy of Pt atoms for coplanar Pt/C NMs, restraining the tendency of Pt dissolution and aggregation.
A Physical Entangling Strategy for Simultaneous Interior and Exterior Modification of Metal–Organic Framework with Polymers
Authors: Dai Dejun , Wang Hongliang , Li Conger , Qin Xuedi , Li Tao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA new strategy uses a common feature of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), namely porosity rather than functionality, to achieve simultaneous interior and exterior modification of a MOF with polymers. We demonstrate that an anhydride‐terminated polyimide oligomer can be covalently grafted to the amine‐functionalized methacrylate polymer backbone residing underneath the MOF surface and physically entangled within the 3D nanochannels. The MOF particles were evenly coated with a thin layer of polyimide brushes on the surface thereby exhibiting increased dispersibility in solvent media as well as in polymer matrix. The MOF pores were decorated with aliphatic amine groups to endow the MOF with higher CO2 affinity at low pressure. The polyimide‐grafted surface allowed MOF particles to interact favorably with the polyimide matrix, producing defect‐free MMM with drastically improved CO2 permeability and maintaining the inherent CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivity of the neat polymeric membrane.
Boosting CO2 Electrochemical Reduction with Atomically Precise Surface Modification on Gold Nanoclusters
Authors: Li Site , Nagarajan Anantha Venkataraman , Alfonso Dominic R. , Sun Mingkang , Kauffman Douglas R. , Mpourmpakis Giannis , Jin Rongchao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThiolate‐protected gold nanoclusters (NCs) are promising catalytic materials for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). In this work an atomic level modification of a Au23 NC is made by substituting two surface Au atoms with two Cd atoms, and it enhances the CO2RR selectivity to 90–95 % at the applied potential between −0.5 to −0.9 V, which is doubled compared to that of the undoped Au23. Additionally, the Cd‐doped Au19Cd2 exhibits the highest CO2RR activity (2200 mA mg−1 at −1.0 V vs. RHE) among the reported NCs. This synergetic effect between Au and Cd is remarkable. Density‐functional theory calculations reveal that the exposure of a sulfur active site upon partial ligand removal provides an energetically feasible CO2RR pathway. The thermodynamic energy barrier for CO formation is 0.74 eV lower on Au19Cd2 than on Au23. These results reveal that Cd doping can boost the CO2RR performance of Au NCs by modifying the surface geometry and electronic structure, which further changes the intermediate binding energy. This work offers insights into the surface doping mechanism of the CO2RR and bimetallic synergism.
Combined Ex and In Situ Measurements Elucidate the Dynamics of Retained Species in ZSM‐5 and SAPO‐18 Catalysts Used in the Methanol‐to‐Olefins Reaction
Authors: Valecillos José , Ruiz‐Martinez Javier , Aguayo Andrés T. , Castaño Pedro 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe dynamics of the retained species on ZSM‐5 and SAPO‐18 catalysts are studied by using a combination of temperature‐programmed desorption/oxidation, ex situ analysis, and in situ FTIR spectroscopic measurements over the entire conversion range, using fixed‐bed and spectroscopic cell reactors, in continuous and discontinuous mode. The results point to the appropriateness of the combined methodologies to track the interconversion of active into deactivating species. A statistically relevant (supported by linear regression and multivariate analysis) association of the observations is found by using the different complementary methodologies. The kinetics of this interconversion depends on the initial conversion (tuned by acidity and space time) and microporous topology, and involve: (i) in the ZSM‐5 catalysts, the diffusion of monocyclic aromatics toward the exterior of the zeolite to form coke, and (ii) in the SAPO‐18 catalysts, the obstruction of the cavities by aromatics that grow into tetracyclic aromatic islands.
Lifetime stressors, hair cortisol, and executive function: Age‐related associations in childhood
Authors: DePasquale Carrie E. , Tyrell Fanita A. , Kalstabakken Amanda W. , Labella Madelyn H. , Thibodeau Eric L. , Masten Ann S. , Barnes Andrew J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractExtant research is mixed regarding the relations among lifetime exposure to stressors, adrenocortical activity, and executive function (EF), particularly in children. Aggregate measures of adrenocortical activity like hair cortisol concentration (HCC), timing of stress exposure, and age at assessment may clarify these associations. This cross‐sectional study examined the association among parent‐reported exposure to stressors, hair cortisol concentration (HCC), and children's EF via a tablet task in a community sample (n = 318, 52.5% female) of children across a wide age range (4–13 years, M = 9.4, SD = 2.3). Path analyses revealed that parent‐reported child lifetime exposure to stressors, but not past‐year stressful life events, negatively predicted HCC. There was also a marginally significant moderation by age such that HCC was associated negatively with EF for younger children (age < 9.7 years) but not older children. HCC did not significantly mediate the association between lifetime exposure to stressors and EF. Findings are consistent with the proposition that chronically high cortisol production has a neurotoxic effect on brain regions supporting EF. However, lifetime exposure to stressors predicted relatively lower cumulative cortisol production, consistent with a stress inoculation effect in this normative‐risk sample.
Chiral Template‐Driven Macroscopic Chirality Control: Structure‐Second‐Harmonic Generation Properties Relationship
Authors: Jo Hongil , Chen Xinglong , Lee Hee‐Seung , Ok Kang Min 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChirality is one of the most important topics in chemistry attributable to the peculiar stereochemical properties. Since the chirality belongs to one of the noncentrosymmetric (NCS) crystal classes, chiral materials may reveal second‐harmonic generation (SHG) properties, one of the unique structure‐related properties. The high efficiency of SHG can be achieved by the well‐controlled alignment of NCS chromophores such as d0 transition metal cations in distorted octahedra, lone pair cations, highly polarizable d10 cations, π‐delocalized anionic groups, etc. Chiral organic structure‐directing agents can also serve as chiral templates by aligning inorganic units in hybrid solid‐state materials. In this Minireview, recently reported ten chiral materials containing both chiral templates and SHG active unsymmetrical metal cations are introduced. The relationship between the asymmetric arrangement of the NCS chromophores achieved by the interaction with chiral templates and the resulting SHG properties are investigated, which might provide further insight for designing novel chiral materials.
Removal of sugars in wastewater from food production through heterotrophic growth of Galdieria sulphuraria
Authors: Scherhag Philipp , Ackermann Jörg‐Uwe 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe unicellular extremophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria is capable of chemoheterotrophy and its growth has been investigated on some defined and undefined substrates. In this study, the removal of sugars in wastewater from fruit‐salad production with G. sulphuraria strain SAG 21.92 was analyzed. Growth and sugar consumption were determined under variation of temperature, pH‐value and concentration of a model substrate, containing sucrose, glucose and fructose. In shake flask cultivation maximum specific growth rate and specific substrate consumption rate of 1.53±0.09 day−1 and 2.41±0.14 gSub·gDW−1·day−1 were measured at pH 2 and 42°C. A scale‐up of this process was conducted in a 3 L stirred tank reactor (STR). Wastewater from fruit‐salad production was diluted to 15 g·L−1 total sugar concentration, supplemented with micronutrients and ammonia and pH was set to 3. Determined growth rate and substrate consumption were 1.21 day−1 and 1.88 gSub·gDW−1·day−1, respectively. It was demonstrated, that high sugar concentrations in wastewater streams from food production processes can be significantly reduced with G. sulphuraria SAG 21.92. This strain could achieve substrate consumption rates in wastewater, equal to the more common strain 074G, but at higher pH values. Generated biomass can be used for production of phycocyanin, a valuable nutraceutical.
Dietary fiber intake and risk of gastric cancer: The Japan Public Health Center‐based prospective study
Authors: Katagiri Ryoko , Goto Atsushi , Shimazu Taichi , Yamaji Taiki , Sawada Norie , Iwasaki Motoki , Inoue Manami , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   for the Japan Public Health Center‐based Prospective Study Group
Published: December 2020

AbstractEvidence of the association between dietary fiber intake and gastric cancer (GC) risk from prospective studies is limited. We examined the association between dietary fiber intake and GC risk in a large prospective study. A total of 91 946 eligible Japanese aged 45 to 74 years (42 773 men and 49 173 women) participated in a population‐based cohort study (Japan Public Health Center‐based prospective study). From a validated food frequency questionnaire with 138 food items, total and food source‐specific dietary fiber intake was calculated as exposure. The hazard ratio (HR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) of GC incidence according to quintile of dietary fiber intake were examined after adjusting for confounding factors. In total, 2228 GC cases (1559 men and 669 women) were observed during the 15.0 years follow‐up. Total dietary fiber intake was not associated with GC risk; however, a marginally increased risk trend because of high HR in the highest quintile of total fiber intake was found in women (HR [95% CI] in Q5 vs Q1: 0.95 [0.79‐1.14], P for trend .30 in men, HR [95% CI] 1.25 [0.98‐1.61], P for trend .05 in women). Stratification by tumor location did not change the results. A marginal but not significant inverse trend was observed regarding cereal fiber intake and GC risk in men. Total dietary fiber intake was not associated with GC risk. Further studies are warranted to confirm this association.