bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Bittercress Size and Gallery Rate on Postemergence Bittercress Control
Authors: Altland James E. , Gilliam Charles H. , Edwards James H. , Keever Gary J. , Kessler J. Raymond , Eakes D. Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of Gallery (isoxaben) rate and hairy bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta L.) size on postemergence bittercress control and subsequent preemergence bittercress control. Treatments included Gallery applied at 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg ai/ha (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 lb ai/A), Image (imazaquin) applied at 0.070 kg ai/ha (0.06 lb ai/A), and a non-treated control. Treatments were applied to bittercress characterized as either small, intermediate, or large. A Gallery rate × bittercress size interaction for postemergence bittercress control was observed in experiment 1. At 28 days after treatment (DAT), the lowest Gallery rate [0.56 kg ai/ha (0.5 lb ai/A)] provided less than 40% control across all bittercress sizes; the middle Gallery rate provided 90% bittercress control of small and intermediate size bittercress but only 43% control of large bittercress, and the high Gallery rate provided 86 to 91% bittercress control across all bittercress sizes. At 28 DAT, control increased linearly with increasing Gallery rate in large bittercress, and linearly and quadratically in small and intermediate sized bittercress, respectively. There were no interactions in experiment 2; however, Gallery rate and bittercress size main effects were significant. At 14 DAT, bittercress control increased linearly with increasing Gallery rate. Across all rates, Gallery provided 92% control of small bittercress, 71% control of intermediate bittercress, and only 48% control of large bittercress. In both experiments, Image provided 92 to 100% bittercress control of small and intermediate bittercress, and 83 to 96% control of large bittercress. Gallery provided better subsequent preemergence bittercress control with fewer bittercress per container at 60 DAT when applied to small or intermediate sized bittercress than when applied to large bittercress (experiment 2). ‘Natchez’ crapemyrtle was not affected by any treatment.
Occurrence of Dogwood Anthracnose, Spot Anthracnose, and Botrytis Blight in Native Stands of Flowering Dogwood in North Alabama
Authors: Hagan Austin , Mullen Jackie 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In North Alabama, dogwood anthracnose (Discula destructiva) was the most common and damaging disease identified in stands of native flowering dogwood (Cornus florida). In the spring of 1992 and 1993, this disease was observed at 59% and 64%, respectively, of the forest and park sites surveyed. Highest incidence and severity of dogwood anthracnose was recorded in the Appalachian Mountains and adjoining foothills of the Piedmont at elevations of 372 to 558 m (1200 to 1800 ft) in the northeastern corner of Alabama near Georgia and Tennessee. At selected sites in Cherokee, Cleburne, DeKalb, Jackson, and Madison Counties, approximately 90% to 100% of the trees examined displayed diagnostic symptoms of dogwood anthracnose. Extensive blighting of the leaves, shoot dieback, epicormic shoot formation, and sometimes tree death were noted. Lower levels of anthracnose damage were recorded on trees in several additional counties in northeast Alabama. Survey results indicate that this disease has not spread onto flowering dogwood in other counties in North Alabama. Spot anthracnose (Elsinoe corni) and Botrytis blight (Botrytis cinerea) were found far less frequently and at fewer locations on flowering dogwood than dogwood anthracnose. Typically, damage attributed to either disease was unobtrusive and of little threat to tree health.
Wiregrass Tubeling Response to Postplant Herbicides
Authors: Norcini Jeffrey G. , Aldrich James H. , Pittman Tim 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana Trin. & Rupr.) seedlings were germinated and grown in trays of 96 medium-filled conical tubes. Four-month-old seedlings were treated with Aatrex 4L (atrazine), Factor 65WDG (prodiamine), or Ronstar 50WP (oxadiazon) (applied individually or in combination) in July 1998 and evaluated for phytotoxicity 2, 6, and 10 weeks after application. The experiment was conducted at two sites, one in Chiefland, FL (Florida Division of Forestry, Andrews Nursery), and the other at Monticello, FL (Univ. of Florida/IFAS, North Florida Research and Education Center). Although there was a site by treatment interaction, there was good agreement between sites as to treatments that caused acceptable and unacceptable injury. Ronstar at 2.2 kg ai·ha−1 (2 lb ai·A−1), Aatrex at 2.2 kg ai·ha−1 (2 lb ai·A−1), and Factor at 0.8 or 1.7 kg ai·ha−1 (0.75 or 1.5 lb ai·A−1, resp.) ± Aatrex at 2.2 kg ai·ha−1 (2 lb ai·A−1) caused slight but acceptable foliar injury when applied to 4-month-old (13-cm [5-in] tall) wiregrass seedlings, with either rate of Factor alone causing the least amount of injury. There was an apparent synergistic interaction between Aatrex (either rate) and Ronstar at 4.5 kg ai·ha−1 (4 lb ai·A−1) 2 weeks after application but this effect was no longer consistently apparent by 10 weeks after application. There were no apparent interactions between Aatrex and Factor.
Screening of Predatory Mites as Potential Control Agents of Pest Mites in Landscape Plant Nurseries of the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Pratt P.D. , Croft B.A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
To select a biological control agent for suppression of spider mites on landscape plants in western regions of the Pacific Northwest, we compared life history traits of Galendromus occidentalis Nesbitt, Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) and Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman). We also evaluated abilities of these predatory mites to suppress spider mites in 4 landscape plant species under field conditions. Comparing life history traits from the literature, intrinsic rate of increase was similar between the 2 Neoseiulus species but lower for G. occidentalis. Prey killed per day was greatest for G. occidentalis &gt; N. fallacis &gt; N. californicus. For overwintering abilities, N. fallacis and G. occidentalis are indigenous to the Pacific Northwest and will survive winter assuming overwintering sites are available, but survival of N. californicus is unlikely. Neoseiulus californicus has the widest prey range, G. occidentalis the narrowest, with N. fallacis intermediate. When inoculated into spider mite infested landscape plants, N. fallacis was equally effective at suppressing spider mites as G. occidentalis in either Malus rootstock or Acer shade trees. Further tests with N. fallacis or N. californicus on Spiraea and Rhododendron plants suggested that N. fallacis is equally or more effective at suppressing pest mites, respectively. Compared with the other candidates, N. fallacis was equally effective at controlling pest mites and has a wider prey range than G. occidentalis. Neoseiulus fallacis appears to be the best candidate for biological control of multiple spider mite species on landscape plants in these parts of the Pacific Northwest.
Evaluation of Deciduous Azaleas for Cold Hardiness Potential in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Scheiber S.M. , Robacker Carol D. , Lindstrom Orville M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Twelve taxa of deciduous azalea were evaluated using laboratory procedures to determine hardiness of stems and flower buds. Rhododendron atlanticum, ‘My Mary’, ‘Nacoochee’, and ‘TNLV1’ exhibited the greatest stem cold hardiness, surviving to at least −29C ± 1 (−20F ± 2) in February 1996. Rhododendron oblongifolium exhibited the least stem cold hardiness, surviving to only −11C ± 1 (10F ± 2). All results were consistent with previous field studies. Except for R. viscosum and R. serrulatum, lowest survival temperatures for stems were analogous to reports available in the literature. Rhododendron viscosum and ‘My Mary’ had the lowest survival temperature recorded for flower buds, −23C ± 1 (−9F ± 2), in February 1998 and February 1999, respectively, though not significantly different than most other taxa examined. Lowest survival temperatures for flower buds varied from published accounts, with buds in the present study being less hardy than previously reported. Differences from published reports in the lowest survival temperatures of stems and flower buds are attributed to provenance, temperature fluctuations, cultural effects on the plants, and differences among freeze test protocols.
Cultivar Specific Effects of Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Rooting of Miniature Rose Cuttings
Authors: Scagel C.F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The benefits from root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi are thought to be highest when colonization occurs as early as possible during plant growth. We assessed whether addition of VA mycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) inoculum into rooting medium during cutting propagation would increase the quantity of rooting and the quality of rooted cuttings for five different cultivars of miniature roses (Rosa spp.). Four weeks after cuttings were stuck, the number of cuttings with roots for two cultivars that normally take longer to root, increased with addition of VAMF inoculum into the rooting medium. The combination of hormone treatment (IBA and NAA) and VAMF inoculum in the rooting medium increased the number of rooted cuttings and the number of roots per cutting for three cultivars when compared to cuttings that only received hormone treatment. Increases in root initiation and root growth of cuttings rooted in medium containing VAMF inoculum were not always associated with increased levels of root colonization by VAM fungi. Our results indicate that although adding VAMF inoculum into the rooting medium does not always increase root initiation, in some cultivars the combination of VAMF inoculum and rooting hormones can increase root initiation and potentially increase the quality of rooted cutting produced.
BA Does Not Reduce Detrimental Effects of High Nighttime Temperature on Offset Formation in Hosta
Authors: Schultz Heather C. , Keever Gary J. , Raymond Kessler J. , Dute Roland R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the effects of nighttime temperatures on offset formation in hosta, and determine if benzyladenine (BA) can overcome potential detrimental effects of high temperatures. Stock plants of two cultivars, ‘Francee’ and ‘Frances Williams’, were divided, potted, and allowed to establish. When roots had reached the substrate-container side interface, half the plants of each cultivar received a foliar spray application of 3000 ppm BA. Plants were immediately transferred to growth chambers programmed for a 12-hour photoperiod at 32C (90F) and a 12-hour dark temperature of 12.8C (55F), 18.3C (65F), 23.9C (75F), or 29.4C (85F). Plants grown at the three lower nighttime temperatures produced more offsets than plants grown at the highest nighttime temperature, but only when treated with BA (both cultivars) or in ‘Francee’ (±BA). Plants treated with BA formed more offsets than −BA plants and ‘Francee’ produced more offsets than ‘Frances Williams’, but only at the three lower nighttime temperatures. Across nighttime temperatures, both cultivars produced more offsets when treated with BA, and ‘Francee’ produced more offsets than ‘Frances Williams’, but only in the presence of BA. Whole plant growth index decreased as nighttime temperature increased, and generally was lower for ‘Frances Williams’ than for ‘Francee’. Plant quality or stage of offset development was not affected by nighttime temperature
Seasonal Irrigation Water Use Efficiency of Multi-Pot Box System
Authors: Irmak Suat , Haman Dorota Z. , Yeager Thomas H. , Larsen Claudia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A Multi-Pot Box System (MPBS) was tested during three growing seasons (Fall 1996, Fall 1997, and Fall 1998) for efficient use of irrigation and rainfall in container-grown landscape plant production. This system was compared to a conventional (control) system consisting of black containers spaced on 30 cm (1 ft) centers. Results showed that the MPBS was successful in improving efficient use of irrigation and rainfall for Viburnum odoratissimum, Ker-Gawl. (sweet viburnum). Significant portions of the total rainfall were captured during the Fall 1996 (71.3%) and Fall 1997 (54%) seasons and later supplied to plants increasing rainfall effectiveness and irrigation water use efficiency. Thus, the need for the irrigation applications was significantly reduced for the plants grown in the MPBS. The seasonal irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was significantly higher for the MPBS compared to the control system in all seasons, demonstrating that significantly less irrigation water was necessary to produce the same amount or greater plant dry mass (shoot and root). Growth indices [(average width + height) / 2)] and shoot and root dry weights were usually significantly higher in all seasons (with exception of the shoot dry weight in Fall 1997) for the plants grown in the MPBS. Results indicate a potential opportunity for using the MPBS for efficient irrigation and water savings for container-grown landscape plants
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Suppression and Quality of ‘Meyer’ Zoysiagrass
Authors: Ervin Erik H. , Ok Changho 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Proxy and EXP310309D suppressed zoysiagrass at various rates for 4 to 6 weeks during 1999 and 2000. Maximum suppression with Proxy at 3.4 kg ai/ha (3.0 lb ai/A) was 30 to 40% at 3 to 4 weeks after the initial treatment and 32% at 3 and 4 weeks after the second application both years. Maximum suppression at the same time for EXP310309D at 2.7 kg ai/ha (2.4 lb ai/A) was about 45% following the initial treatment and 39% following the second treatment. The suppression was similar when the PGR was applied at the highest (5.3 kg ai/ha) rate. The suppression with Primo at 0.1 kg ai/ha (0.09 lb ai/A) was not as good as EXP310309D in 1999, but the response was similar in 2000. In general, Proxy and Primo did not reduce turf visual quality or color, while both rates of EXP310309D reduced quality and color by 21 to 25% at 2 to 3 weeks after treatment. These data suggest that Proxy and Primo are safe and effective PGRs for use on ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass maintained as a fairway.
Verification and Establishment of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Kardinal’ x H. paniculata ‘Brussels Lace’ Interspecific Hybrids
Authors: Reed S. M. , Riedel G. L. , Pooler M. R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An interspecific hydrangea breeding project with the goal of producing cold-hardy hydrangeas with brightly colored flowers was initiated in 1997. The objective of the current study was to transfer Hydrangea macrophylla x H. paniculata plants obtained using ovule culture to in vivo conditions and to verify their hybrid nature. Putative hybrids, representing five H. macrophylla x H. paniculata cultivar combinations, were propagated and rooted in vitro. ‘Kardinal’ x ‘Brussels Lace’ putative hybrids were the only plants that produced roots and survived transfer to the greenhouse. RAPD markers were used to verify hybridity in 13 of these plants, only 5 of which survived. Four of the ‘Kardinal’ x ‘Brussels Lace’ hybrids were greatly reduced in size and slow-growing, having an average height of only 6.4 cm (2.5 in) 8 months after being removed from in vitro conditions. Height, internode length, leaf length and leaf width were approximately six times greater in the remaining ‘Kardinal’ x ‘Brussels Lace’ hybrid than in the four small hybrids. All hybrids resembled H. paniculata in leaf shape and pubescence, and appeared to be less susceptible than H. macrophylla to powdery mildew. Intercrosses between hybrids and backcrosses to parental species will be made when the hybrids flower.
Screening of Cercis (Redbud) Taxa for Ability to Root From Cuttings
Authors: Pooler Margaret R. , Dix Ruth L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The redbud (Cercis species) is a popular landscape small tree or shrub that is valued commercially for its early spring bloom and adaptability to a variety of environmental conditions. Despite its value to the nursery and landscape industies, large-scale production ofredbud has been limited, due in part to the difficulty of propagating clonal (cultivar) material. We screened 11 Cercis taxa for the ability of stem cuttings to regenerate adventitious roots using four growth regulator treatments: Dyna-Gro K-L-N, Woods Rooting Compound, Hormo-Root 2, and KIBA. Overall, C. chingii, C. glabra, and C. yunnanensis had the highest percentage of cuttings that produced roots. The Hormo-Root 2 treatment resulted in the highest rooting percentage over all taxa combined. C. chingii produced the most roots, while C. gigantea, C. siliquastrum, and C. yunnanensis produced the longest roots. Selected clones from this study will be used in our established Cercis breeding program to broaden the genetic base of cultivated Cercis and to produce redbuds with superior ornamental and disease resistance traits that are easier to propagate.
Growth and Flowering Response of ‘May Night’ Salvia and ‘Butterfly Blue’ Scabiosa to Growth Retardants
Authors: Banko T.J. , Stefani M.A. , Dills M.S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In a 1999 experiment, Salvia x sylvestris ‘May Night’ and Scabiosa columbaria ‘Butterfly Blue’ were treated with the following plant growth retardants (PGRs) or PGR mixes: B-Nine (daminozide) at 5000 ppm (applied twice); B-Nine at 5000 ppm + Cycocel (chlormequat chloride) at 1500 ppm; Florel (ethephon) at 500 ppm (applied twice); B-Nine at 5000 ppm + Florel at 500 ppm; Sumagic (uniconazole) at 20 ppm; or B-Nine at 5000 ppm + Sumagic at 10 ppm. B-Nine effectively suppressed growth of salvia but not scabiosa, while Florel was effective on both salvia and scabiosa. However, Florel delayed flowering of both species by about 10 days. Sumagic at 20 ppm suppressed growth of scabiosa but not salvia. The PGR combination treatments, in general, were no more effective, and frequently less effective than the more effective PGR for a given species applied alone. In 2000 Florel was applied once to both salvia and scabiosa at 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 ppm. B-Nine (5000 ppm) was also applied to salvia, and Sumagic (20 ppm) was applied to scabiosa. Plant height of salvia was suppressed linearly with increasing Florel concentrations up to 42 days after treatment (DAT). Salvia also responded with a linear increase in inflorescence numbers at 32 and 42 DAT. Florel suppressed the height of scabiosa ‘Butterfly Blue’ linearly up to 52 DAT without affecting the initial number of inflorescences. When the first set of inflorescences was removed and a second set developed, there was a linear increase in inflorescence numbers with increasing concentrations of Florel.
Impact of Application Rate, Treatment Interval, and Placement on the Control of Phytophthora Shoot Blight on Annual Vinca with Azoxystrobin
Authors: Hagan A. K. , Akridge J. R. , Rivas-Davila M. E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Drenches and directed sprays of two rates of azoxystrobin (Heritage 50W) were evaluated at 2- and 4-week intervals for the preventative control of Phytophthora shoot blight (Phytophthora parasitica) in a simulated landscape planting of annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus). ‘Tropicana Rose’ and ‘Pacifica Punch’ annual vinca were planted in May 1998 and April 1999, respectively, adjacent to beds known to be heavily infested with the causal fungus P. parasitica. Regardless of application rate and fungicide placement, the survival rate of plants was often higher when treated with azoxystrobin on a 2-week rather than on a 4-week schedule. Fungicide placement appeared to have little impact on the efficacy of azoxystrobin for the control of Phytophthora shoot blight. In 1998, survival rates of 85 and 90% for ‘Tropicana Rose’ were obtained with directed sprays of 0.35 (9.6 oz/100 gal) and 0.7 gm a.i./liter (19.2 oz/100 gal), respectively, of azoxystrobin applied on a 2-wk schedule as compared with a 10% survival rate for the unsprayed control. Overall, directed sprays of 0.7 gm a.i./liter (19.2 oz/100 gal) of azoxystrobin applied at 2-week intervals gave the best protection from Phytophthora shoot blight. Among the azoxystrobin drench treatments, 10.7 gm a.i./100 m2 (0.7 oz/1000 ft2) applied at 2-week intervals had the highest survival rate in both years.
Effects of Extended Photoperiod and Light Quality on Growth of Carpinus caroliniana, Fagus grandifolia and Gymnocladus dioicus Seedlings
Authors: Richardson-Calfee L.E. , Day J.W. , Witte W.T. , Fare D.C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Although Carpinus caroliniana (American hornbeam), Fagus grandifolia (American beech), and Gymnocladus dioicus (Kentucky coffeetree) have considerable landscape merit, they are not readily available in nurseries. Little research has been conducted on the cultural preferences of these species during nursery production. This study tested the effects of light quality and extended photoperiod on these species. Container-grown seedlings were subjected to three light treatments: 18-hour photoperiod using high pressure sodium lights (HPS), 18-hour photoperiod using incandescent lights (INC), and natural light and daylength (NAT). After 14 weeks, stem height of F. grandifolia seedlings was greatest for HPS light and least for NAT light. After 8 and 12 weeks, light source had no impact on stem heights of C. caroliniana. In 1997, stem height and caliper of G. dioicus were greatest using HPS light. In a repeat of the G. dioicus, experiment in 1998, HPS and INC light treatments resulted in greater stem height, caliper, and shoot and root dry weight compared to NAT treatment. The increase in height of seedlings under the HPS and INC treatments compared to the NAT treatments resulted from a greater number of seedlings that produced a second flush of growth under the HPS and INC treatments.
Protecting Container-Grown Crops from Black Vine Weevil Larvae with Bifenthrin
Authors: Cowles Richard S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Preplant incorporation of Talstar 0.2G (bifenthrin) can prevent root weevil and white grub infestations in container-grown nursery crops. Under some conditions, control failed in greenhouse experiments with black vine weevils. A low-density potting medium with 10 ppm of bifenthrin allowed 14–66% as many black vine weevil larvae to develop on Astilbe, Heuchera, Sedum, Taxus, and Thuja root systems as in an untreated medium. The greatest larval survival was in Sedum, which supported rapid development of larvae as internal feeders. A preplanting dip of roots into an 800 ppm bifenthrin suspension was itself very effective (91–99% control of larvae), and provided additive benefit with preplant potting mix incorporation of Talstar 0.2G. In a comparison of bulk-density based dosing and volume-based dosing of potting media, the best regression model used solely the volume-based dosage for estimating the resulting average larval population, while the weight-based dosage gave a simple relationship for estimating the maximum larval survival. Preventing black vine weevil development requires incorporation of 32 ppm of the granular bifenthrin product into potting media.