bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lung penetration, bronchopulmonary pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile and safety of 3 g of ceftolozane/tazobactam administered to ventilated, critically ill patients with pneumonia
Authors: Caro Luzelena , Nicolau David P , De Waele Jan J , Kuti Joseph L , Larson Kajal B , Gadzicki Elaine , Yu Brian , Zeng Zhen , Adedoyin Adedayo , Rhee Elizabeth G 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivesCeftolozane/tazobactam is approved for hospital-acquired/ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia at double the dose (i.e. 2 g/1 g) recommended for other indications. We evaluated the bronchopulmonary pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile of this 3 g ceftolozane/tazobactam regimen in ventilated pneumonia patients.MethodsThis was an open-label, multicentre, Phase 1 trial (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02387372). Mechanically ventilated patients with proven/suspected pneumonia received four to six doses of 3 g of ceftolozane/tazobactam (adjusted for renal function) q8h. Serial plasma samples were collected after the first and last doses. One bronchoalveolar lavage sample per patient was collected at 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8 h after the last dose and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) drug concentrations were determined. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental analysis and pharmacodynamic analyses were conducted to graphically evaluate achievement of target exposures (plasma and ELF ceftolozane concentrations &gt;4 mg/L and tazobactam concentrations &gt;1 mg/L; target in plasma: ≥30% and ≥20% of the dosing interval, respectively).ResultsTwenty-six patients received four to six doses of study drug; 22 were included in the ELF analyses. Ceftolozane and tazobactam Tmax (6 and 2 h, respectively) were delayed in ELF compared with plasma (1 h). Lung penetration, expressed as the ratio of mean drug exposure (AUC) in ELF to plasma, was 50% (ceftolozane) and 62% (tazobactam). Mean ceftolozane and tazobactam ELF concentrations remained &gt;4 mg/L and &gt;1 mg/L, respectively, for 100% of the dosing interval. There were no deaths or adverse event-related study discontinuations.ConclusionsIn ventilated pneumonia patients, 3 g of ceftolozane/tazobactam q8h yielded ELF exposures considered adequate to cover ceftolozane/tazobactam-susceptible respiratory pathogens.
Polyamine and Histamine Content of Rockfish, Salmon, Lobster, and Shrimp as an Indicator of Decomposition
Authors: Mietz John L , Karmas Endel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A chemical method to determine decomposition in rockfish, salmon, lobster, and shrimp was developed. Dansyl derivatives were formed from extracts of these products and separated using gradient elution high pressure liquid chromatography. The dansylated polyamines, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, and spermine, and the amine histamine were quantitated, and the results were entered into an index formula. The resulting index was used to classify each product into passable (class 1), initial decomposition (class 2), and advanced decomposition (class 3). A comparison of results obtained by the chemical classification of 21 samples (rockfish, salmon, and lobster) showed good correlation with organoleptic evaluations of the same products by 23 examiners. The chemical index classified the samples correctly 90.5% of the time vs. an 83.9% correct classification by organoleptic means. Analysis of shrimp composites of the 3 organoleptic classes showed a similar relationship between the chemical index and the degree of decomposition.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Kepone in Field-Collected Avian Tissues and Eggs
Authors: Stafford Charles J , Reichel William L , Swineford Douglas M , Prouty Richard M , Gay Martha L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A procedure is described for determining Kepone (decachlorooctahydro-l,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta [cd]pentalene-2-one) residues in avian egg, liver, and tissue. Samples were extracted with benzene-isopropanol, and the extract was cleaned up with fuming H2SO4-concentrated H2SO4. Kepone was separated from organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls on a Florisil column and analyzed by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography GLC). The average recovery from spiked tissues was 86%. The analyses performed on 14 bald eagle carcasses and livers, 3 bald eagle eggs, and 14 osprey eggs show measurable levels which indicate that Kepone accumulates in the tissues of fish-eating birds. Residues were confirmed by GLC-mass spectrometry.
Improved Rapid Colorimetric Method for Carbadox in Feeds
Authors: Thorpe Virginia A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The extraction step in the rapid colorimetric method for determining carbadox in feeds was modified to include a water pretreatment for pelleted feeds. The extraction solvent was changed from dimethylformamide (DMF) to CHCl3-methanol (3+1). The water in the extract is removed with anhydrous Na2SO4, and an aliquot is evaporated to dryness, solubilized in DMF, and transferred to an alumina column. The method is then essentially the same as originally reported. Recoveries of carbadox added to unmedicated feeds were increased from 98 to 100% by inserting in the method the column recovery step to determine the standard absorbance values.
Combined Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Some Commercial Aryl Phosphate Oils
Authors: Deo Padmakar G , Howard Philip H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Five commercial samples of synthetic aryl phosphate oils, which are widely used as fire retardant hydraulic fluids and as flame retardant plasticizers, have been analyzed by combined gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (GLC/MS). Each sample contained at least 4 isomers of aryl phosphate esters. The peaks were identified by a close examination of the mass spectral data and, wherever possible, by comparing retention times of the peaks with those of either the purchased or synthesized compounds. One aryl phosphate hydraulic fluid contained a small amount of a hydrocarbon. The results indicate that most of the aryl phosphate esters in the commercial samples were formed from phenol, cresols, xylenols, and other alkyl phenols. No free phenols could be detected in the samples analyzed.
Quantitation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Residues by Electron Capture Gas-Liquid Chromatography: Reference Material Characterization and Preliminary Study
Authors: Sawyer Leon D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Weight per cent compositions of individual peaks of Aroclors 1016, 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260 were determined under standard gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) conditions. The GLC peak compositions were determined by using a Hall electrolytic conductivity detector for chlorine measurement and chemical ionization mass spectrometry with single ion monitoring for molecular weight characterization. The Aroclors used are available as reference materials for individual peak quantitation of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residues by electron capture GLC. On the basis of a limited interlaboratory study and a collaborative study, the individual peak method shows improved interlaboratory precision and/or accuracy in PCB quantitation over existing methods.
Aflatoxin Formation on Sixteen Soybean Varieties
Authors: Shotwell Odette L , Vandegraft Elsie E , Hesseltine Clifford W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Sixteen commercial varieties of soybeans were each inoculated with 5 isolates of fungi from the Aspergillus flavus series to determine varietal differences in supporting aflatoxin production. The isolates were 2 strains of A. parasiticus (NRRL 2999 and NRRL 3145), 2 strains of A. flavus (NRRL 3357 and NRRL 3353), and 1 strain from a new variant of A. flavus (NRRL 3251). Levels of aflatoxin formed were dependent both on the isolate and on the variety of soybeans. Amsoy-71, Calland, Harosoy, and Pamona varieties were the poorest substrates for aflatoxin production in the laboratory fermentation, so they may be resistant to mold invasion and /or toxin formation.
Flash Point and Specific Gravity of Ethanol-Water-Sugar Solutions
Authors: Strunk Duane H , Hamman Jack W , Steimel Jacob , Andreasen Arthur A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Flash points and specific gravities were determined for ethanol-water-sugar solutions in the concentration range normally found in liqueurs. Flash point determinations were made using a Tag closed cup tester. Increasing the proof of ethanol-water solutions from 60 to 120° lowers the flash point from 32.8 to 24.4°C. The flash point is also lowered by the addition of sugar, e.g., from 32.8 to 25.0°C at 60° proof when the sugar concentration is increased from 0 to 40%. This is due largely to the sugar replacing a portion of the water, and to hydrogen bonding between the sugar and water, thereby effectively increasing the proof and vapor pressure of the ethanol at the air interface. A graph is presented showing the relationship between the concentration of sugar and the specific gravity for different proof samples, which can be used to estimate the per cent sugar in a liqueur when the proof and specific gravity are known. When the sugar concentration and proof are known, the flash point can be estimated.
Quantitative Determination of Carbaryl in Apples, Lettuce, and Water by Densitometry of Thin Layer Chromatograms
Authors: Sherma Joseph , Kovalchick Andrew J , Mack Richard 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method for the quantitative determination of carbaryl insecticide by in situ densitometry was developed. After separation on silica gel thin layer plates, carbaryl residues were detected by using p-nitrobenzenediazonium fluoborate reagent and quantitated by scanning the resultant blue spots with a fiber optics densitometer and comparing them with standards. The method was applied to water fortified with carbaryl at 8 ppb and apples and lettuce fortified at 0.10 ppm; all recoveries were greater than 89%. The 2 crop extracts were cleaned up by using the AOAC thin layer chromatographic method for visual estimation of carbaryl. Related carbamate insecticides were detected by using the same reagent, and the potential for quantitation was demonstrated.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Residues from the Herbicide 2-Chloro-l-(3-Ethoxy-4-Nitrophenoxy)-4-(Trifluoromethyl) Benzene
Authors: Adler Irving L , Haines Linwood D , Marco Jones Brent 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Residues of 2 - chloro - 1 - (3 - ethoxy- 4 - nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene and reduced metabolites are determined by digesting a sample methanol extract with aluminum in aqueous 10% sodium hydroxide to convert residues to 4-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-phenoxy]-2-ethoxybenzenamine. This compound is partitioned into hexane, using a simultaneous distillation-extraction process. The heptafluorobutyryl derivative is then prepared, partially purified by chromatography on Florisil, and measured by electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. The method is sensitive to 0.01 ppm.
Analytical Behavior Data for Chemicals Determined Using AOAC Multiresidue Methodology for Pesticide Residues in Foods
Authors: McMahon Bernadette , Burke Jerry A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Analytical methods capable of detecting more than one pesticide residue simultaneously (multiresidue methods) become more effective with an increase in the number of chemicals whose behavior through the various steps of the method has been documented. Since 1970, the method behavior data related to the AOAC official method for residues of 25 chlorinated and phosphated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls have been extended to include information on twice as many chemicals as was previously available. The value of having a large bank of method behavior data is outlined and the experimental protocol by which the data were collected is described. A complete listing is included of the available data on the analytical behavior of over 300 pesticidal and/or industrial chemicals.
Separation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Chlordane, and p,p'-DDT from Toxaphene by Silicic Acid Column Chromatography
Authors: Bidleman Terry F , Matthews Janis R , Olney Charles E , Rice Clifford P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Small columns of precisely deactivated silicic acid (3 g, 3.3% water) were investigated for separating hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), DDE, DDT, and cis- and trans-chlordane from toxaphene. The chlorinated hydrocarbons were eluted from the column in 3 fractions: Fraction 1 (50 ml petroleum ether) contained HCB, PCBs, DDE, and 10-30% o,p'-DDT. If desired, HCB could be separated from PCBs by further dividing fraction 1 into 2 portions, the first 13 ml containing HCB and the next 37 ml containing PCBs and DDE. Fraction 2 (80 ml petroleum ether) contained the chlordanes, p,p'-DDT, and 70–90% o,p'-DDT. Dieldrin and p,p'-DDD were eluted in a third (15 ml dichloromethane) fraction. The percentages of toxaphene eluted in the 3 fractions were approximately 10, 30, and 60%, respectively. Most of the toxaphene components interfering with the analysis of p,p'- DDT were eluted in the third fraction. This procedure has been very helpful in separating and identifying many of the high molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons in ambient air.
Oil Flotation Extraction of Light Filth from Ground Capsicums Excluding Paprika: Collaborative Study
Authors: Thrasher Joel J , Colliflower Emma Jean 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A collaborative study has been completed on an improved method for the isolation of light filth from ground capsicums other than paprika. The proposed method involves isopropanol pretreatment, wet-sieving, and extraction from cooled 6 0% ethanol with a mineral oil-heptane mixture. The collaborative tests by the proposed method showed an approximate 2-fold increase in recoveries of insect fragments and rodent hairs with acceptable coefficients of variation and clean filter papers. The proposed method has been adopted as official first action to replace 44.123.
Thin Layer Chromatographic Method for the Detection of Uric Acid: Collaborative Study
Authors: Thrasher Joel J , Abadie Annette 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A collaborative study has been completed on an improved method for the detection and confirmation of uric acid from bird and insect excreta. The proposed method involves the lithium carbonate solubilization of the suspect excreta material, followed by butanol-methanol-water-acetic acid thin layer chromatography, and trisodium phosphate-phosphotungstic acid color development. The collaborative tests resulted in 100% detection of uric acid standard at the 50 ng level and 75% detection at the 20–25 ng level. No false positives were reported during tests of compounds similar to uric acid. The proposed method has been adopted official first action; the present official final action method, 44.161, will be retained for screening purposes.
Mineral Oil Extraction of Light Filth from Rubbed Sage: Collaborative Study
Authors: Holtgreve Naoma Doris 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An improved method has been developed for extracting light filth in rubbed sage. The method is similar to 44.A04 and 44.A05, except the light filth is isolated by using 20% isopropanol with mineral oil. Collaborative results show that the proposed method yielded better recoveries than the present official first action method. The method has been adopted as official first action.
Improved Microbiological Assay for Penicillin Residues in Milk and Dairy Products
Authors: Katz Stanley E , Fassbender Carol A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The microbiological assay for penicillin residues in milk was improved. Acidification of milk with phosphoric acid to pH 4.5, centrifugation to remove precipitated proteinaceous matter, adjustment of pH to 6.0, a second centrifugation, and the use of a 2% agar base layer resulted in the consistent measurement of 0.01 unit penicillin activity/ml milk. Sarcina lutea was used as the assay organism. Recoveries in milk averaged 94%, in nonfat dry milk 84%, in cottage cheese 97%, and in cream cheese 94%.
Lead in Evaporated Milk by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: Cooperative Interlaboratory Study
Authors: Sulek Arlene M , Elkins Edgar R , Zink Eric W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The results of a cooperative study on the determination of lead in evaporated milk, using a double blind referee technique, are reported. This study was designed to determine the normal variability of methods currently used for lead analysis by canned food industry laboratories. Twenty-three laboratories participated in this study. Each laboratory was instructed to use atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AOAC 25.065), anodic stripping voltammetry, or carbon rod atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Overall, the results appear to be in close agreement with the spiking levels. The coefficient of variation for all laboratories was 36.0% at the 0.15 ppm lead level and 16.8% at the 0.40 ppm lead level.
Statistical Study to Reduce the Number of Slides Microscopically Examined in the Geotrichum Mold Count Methods
Authors: Cichowicz Stanley M , Atkinson John C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Variation in the data obtained from the 4 slides counted in the Geotrichum mold count methods was statistically examined to determine if the number of slides could be reduced. The mean and standard deviation for 4 replicate slides for each can of carrots, green beans, and pineapple demonstrated that mold count variation is a function of the mean, that significant variations exist among lots and among cans within a lot, and that quadruplicate slide counts are unnecessary. Duplicate counts would save 50% of the analyst’s counting time.
Sensitive and Specific Gas-Liquid Chromatographic-Spectrophotometric Screening Procedure for Trace Levels of Five Sulfonamides in Liver, Kidney, and Muscle Tissue
Authors: Goodspeed Donald P , Simpson Randy M , Ashworth Raymond B , Shafer Jerry W , Cook Henry R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Free and conjugated sulfonamides are extracted from edible animal tissue with acetone. Carbohydrate "is precipitated and removed, and the acetone is evaporated. The residue is transferred to a separatory funnel with ethyl ether and 17V HC1. The acid layer is drawn off and a portion of the 17V HC1 is screened, using the Bratton-Marshall reaction. If this portion is positive, the remaining portion is buffered to pH 6.5 and extracted with methylene chloride. The residue is methylated with diazomethane and then acylated with pentafluoropropionic anhydride. The resulting derivatives are detected by gas-liquid chromatography, using electron capture (63Ni) detection and a column packed with 3% OV-17 on Gas-Chrom Q. This method has been validated by recovering sulfathiazole, sulfachloropyrazine, sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfabromomethazine from liver, kidney, and muscle at levels of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm. The 5 sulfonamides were recovered in excess of 60%, with an average mean recovery of 81.5% at the 0.1 ppm level, 79.1% at the 0.5 ppm level, and 76.0% at the 1.0 ppm level.
Regulatory Agency Interaction in the Control of Drug Residues in Animal Tissue
Authors: Malanoski Anthony J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The U.S. Department of Agriculture has the responsibility of determining if a method for residues of drugs and pesticides in animal tissues is acceptable for regulatory control, reviewing data on interfering compounds, validating methods, monitoring drug residues in animal and poultry tissues, assigning priority for monitoring drugs and pesticide residues. These responsibilities are carried out in cooperation with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the areas of method development, determination of priorities, and punitive action.
Effect of Storage and Processing on Tetracycline Residues in Meat and Bones
Authors: Honikel Karl O , Schmidt Udo , Woltersdorf Wolfgang , Leistner Lothar 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A semiquantitative microbiological screening test for antibiotics, a sensitive and quantitative microbiological assay, and a fluorometric method specific for tetracyclines are described. Using these procedures, tetracycline residues in animals derived from feed can be detected in tissues like organs, muscles, and bones. Meat contaminated with chlortetracycline (CTC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) and stored at +8°C and —22°C showed very little decrease in antibiotic concentration; however, heating above 65°C reduced the tetracycline content in meat. Temperatures above 130°C were necessary to destroy CTC in bones, CTC in bones was insoluble above pH 4. Manufacturing products with contaminated meat reduced the tetracycline content only if heating was involved.
Vapor Infrared Spectrophotometry Identification of Chloroform, Halothane, Methoxyflurane, Tetrachloroethylene, and Trichloroethylene
Authors: Schwartzman George 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The British Pharmacopoeia, USP, and NF contain nonspecific chemical and/or physical tests for the identification of chloroform, halothane, methoxyflurane, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene. Vapor phase infrared spectrophotometry yields characteristic and distinct curves for each of these substances, thus eliminating the need for other tests.
Sampling and Analysis for Polychlorinated Naphthalenes in the Environment
Authors: Erickson Mitchell D , Michael Larry C , Zweidinger Ruth A , Pellizzari Edo D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Soil, sediment, biota, 24-hr integrated water, and 2 consecutive 24-hr integrated air samples were collected at several geographic sites, extracted, cleaned up, and analyzed for polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs). Analysis by quadrupole gas-liquid chromatography /mass spectrometry / computer (GLC / MS / COMP), using multiple ion detection (MID), provided a sensitivity of &lt;50 pg or about 0.5 μg/kg for soil, 0.2 μg/L for water, and 0.3 ng/cu. m for air. Individual PCN isomers were accurately and positively determined in the presence of other compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls). Polychlorinated naphthalene levels in soil near a PCN manufacturing site averaged 940 μg/kg (range 130—2300 μg/kg). Air samples contained from 25 to 450 ng/cu. m (average 150 ng/cu. m) on the first day and 120—2900 ng/cu. m (average 1400 ng/cu. m) the second day. A small dead fish contained 39 μg/kg, and locally obtained apples contained 90 μg/kg. Only trace amounts of PCNs were found in the water samples. Analysis of samples collected on consecutive days near a capacitor manufacturer showed an average of 3.1 ng/cu. m (range undetectable to 7.3 ng/cu. m) and 1.2 ng/cu. m (range undetectable to 3.9 ng/cu. m) in air, 2.0 μg/ kg (range undetectable to 7.3 μg/kg) in soil. No PCNs were detected in integrated water samples. Crab water samples contained 0.6 and 5.5 μg/L. Samples collected on consecutive days near a second capacitor manufacturer contained an average of 19 ng/cu. m (range 9.8— 31 ng/cu. m) and 17 ng/cu. m (range 9.8—33 ng/cu. m), respectively, in air, 240 μg/kg (range undetectable to 470 μg/kg) in soil, and 0.6 μg/L in water downstream of the plant (undetectable in upstream sample). An amber resinous solid collected near the plant contained 920 μg PCNs/kg, mostly as the di-, tri-, and tetrachloronaphthalenes. The results of this study demonstrate a wide range of PCN concentrations in the environment near manufacturing and use sites.
Trends in Levels of N-Nitrosopyrrolidine in Fried Bacon
Authors: Havery Donald C , Fazio Thomas , Howard John W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Commercially purchased bacon has been periodically analyzed since 1971 for N-nitrosopyrrolidine in the fried product. The downward trend in the concentration of N-nitrosopyrrolidine that has been observed is partially explained by the use of reduced levels of nitrite and increased levels of ascorbate in bacon curing mixtures.