bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
I, Robot: How Human Appearance and Mind Attribution Relate to the Perceived Danger of Robots
Authors: Müller Barbara C. N. , Gao Xin , Nijssen Sari R. R. , Damen Tom G. E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSocial robots become increasingly human-like in appearance and behaviour. However, a large body of research shows that these robots tend to elicit negative feelings of eeriness, danger, and threat. In the present study, we explored whether and how human-like appearance and mind-attribution contribute to these negative feelings and clarified possible underlying mechanisms. Participants were presented with pictures of mechanical, humanoid, and android robots, and physical anthropomorphism (Studies 1–3), attribution of mind perception of agency and experience (Studies 2 and 3), threat to human–machine distinctiveness, and damage to humans and their identity were assessed for all three robot types. Replicating earlier research, human–machine distinctiveness mediated the influence of anthropomorphic appearance on the perceived damage for humans and their identity, and this mediation was due to anthropomorphic appearance of the robot. Perceived agency and experience did not show similar mediating effects on human–machine distinctiveness, but a positive relation with perceived damage for humans and their identity. Possible explanations are discussed.
Acceptability and Feasibility of a Guided Biopsychosocial Online Intervention for Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy
Authors: Grapp Miriam , Rosenberger Friederike , Hemlein Elena , Klein Eva , Friederich Hans-Christoph , Maatouk Imad 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChemotherapy is a physically and psychologically highly demanding treatment, and specific Internet-based interventions for cancer patients addressing both physical side effects and emotional distress during chemotherapy are scarce. This study examined the feasibility and acceptability of a guided biopsychosocial online intervention for cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (OPaCT). A pre-post, within-participant comparison, mixed-methods research design was followed. Patients starting chemotherapy at the outpatient clinic of the National Center for Tumor Diseases in Heidelberg, Germany, were enrolled. Feasibility and acceptability were evaluated through intervention uptake, attrition, adherence and participant satisfaction. As secondary outcomes, PHQ-9, GAD-7, SCNS-SF34-G and CBI-B-D were administered. A total of N = 46 patients participated in the study (female 76.1%). The age of participants ranged from 29 to 70 years (M = 49.3, SD = 11.3). The most prevalent tumour diseases were breast (45.7%), pancreatic (19.6%), ovarian (13.1%) and prostate cancer (10.8%). A total of N = 37 patients (80.4%) completed the OPaCT intervention. Qualitative and quantitative data showed a high degree of participant satisfaction. Significant improvements in the SCNS-SF34 subscale ‘psychological needs’ were found. Study results demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. The results show that OPaCT can be implemented well, both in the treatment process and in participants’ everyday lives. Although it is premature to make any determination regarding the efficacy of the intervention tested in this feasibility study, these results suggest that OPaCT has the potential to reduce unmet psychological care needs of patients undergoing chemotherapy.
The first case of COVID-19 pneumonia in a hemodialysis patient in Japan
Authors: Kuroki Yusuke , Hiyama Kazutoshi , Minami Junya , Takeuchi Miyoshi , Shojima Masumi , Matsueda Shumei , Nagae Hiroshi , Nakano Toshiaki 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOn 31 December 2019, cases of pneumonia whose cause was later identified as SARS-CoV-2 were detected in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of China, and now COVID-19 has spread worldwide. On March 1, 2020, a 69-year-old Japanese man who had been on hemodialysis for 3 years was diagnosed as having COVID-19 pneumonia and hospitalized at our Medical Center. Pulmonary CT revealed bilateral multiple consolidation with bilateral pleural effusion. Aggressive weight reduction was needed to improve the patient’s respiratory condition. Hemodialysis therapy was performed in isolation with hydroxychloroquine administration, but the formation of a dialysis membrane clot forced the withdrawal of dialysis therapy. Changing the dialysis membrane material and anticoagulant enabled the resumption of dialysis therapy, allowing the body weight to correct downward. On the 5th hospitalization day, the patient’s fever dropped and he showed improved oxygenation and chest X-ray. He was eventually discharged. The hydroxychloroquine and appropriate fluid management may have contributed to the patient’s recovery. Clinicians should pay close attention to avoid dialysis-related problems when treating a patient with COVID-19.
Organisational Security Dependent on Individual Privacy
Authors: Danciu Vitalian 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe global proliferation of cloud computing, smart homes, the internet of things and machine learning requires a novel view on the flow of confidential information and its classification. The security of an organisation is affected by the privacy enjoyed by its members. Sufficient data on those members can be leveraged in a so-called abduction attack aiming to extract confidential information from the organisation. To illustrate it we develop a model of actors and data flows and discuss three scenarios in which the confidentiality achievable by an organisation is limited by the privacy of its members. We support the model and the attack scenarios by reviews of the most prolific sources of personal data, its handling and its perceived value to the individuals it pertains to.
Machine learning for the prediction of antimicrobial stewardship intervention in hospitalized patients receiving broad-spectrum agents
Authors: Bystritsky Rachel J. , Beltran Alex , Young Albert T. , Wong Andrew , Hu Xiao , Doernberg Sarah B. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:A significant proportion of inpatient antimicrobial prescriptions are inappropriate. Post-prescription review with feedback has been shown to be an effective means of reducing inappropriate antimicrobial use. However, implementation is resource intensive. Our aim was to evaluate the performance of traditional statistical models and machine-learning models designed to predict which patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics require a stewardship intervention.Methods:We performed a single-center retrospective cohort study of inpatients who received an antimicrobial tracked by the antimicrobial stewardship program. Data were extracted from the electronic medical record and were used to develop logistic regression and boosted-tree models to predict whether antibiotic therapy required stewardship intervention on any given day as compared to the criterion standard of note left by the antimicrobial stewardship team in the patient’s chart. We measured the performance of these models using area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC), and we evaluated it using a hold-out validation cohort.Results:Both the logistic regression and boosted-tree models demonstrated fair discriminatory power with AUROCs of 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69–0.77) and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.72–0.79), respectively (P = .07). Both models demonstrated good calibration. The number of patients that would need to be reviewed to identify 1 patient who required stewardship intervention was high for both models (41.7–45.5 for models tuned to a sensitivity of 85%).Conclusions:Complex models can be developed to predict which patients require a stewardship intervention. However, further work is required to develop models with adequate discriminatory power to be applicable to real-world antimicrobial stewardship practice.
High Voltage Electron Microscopy of Ion-Milled Dental Enamel
Authors: Ackerman L. D. , Wei S. H. Y. 
Published: June 2020

Mature human dental enamel has presented investigators with several difficulties in ultramicrotomy of specimens for electron microscopy due to its high degree of mineralization. This study explores the possibility of combining ion-milling and high voltage electron microscopy as a means of circumventing the problems of ultramicrotomy.A longitudinal section of an extracted human third molar was ground to a thickness of about 30 um and polarized light micrographs were taken. The specimen was attached to a single hole grid and thinned by argon-ion bombardment at 15° incidence while rotating at 15 rpm. The beam current in each of two guns was 50 μA with an accelerating voltage of 4 kV. A 20 nm carbon coating was evaporated onto the specimen to prevent an electron charge from building up during electron microscopy.
Ion Beam Etching of Cellular Material
Authors: Spector M. , Burns L. C. , Kimzey S. L. 
Published: June 2020

The ion beam etching of cellular material was studied by examining uncoated cells during the course of etching in the specimen chamber of a scanning electron microscope. Repeated examination of the cells during etching faciliated the interpretation of features in the etched surface.Cells were initially fixed in glutaraldehyde prior to being dispersed in a monolayer on a conductive silicon wafer originally used as a substrate for electron microprobe specimens. The cells were subsequently dehydrated in ethanol and critical point dried in carbon dioxide. Etching was carried out in the specimen chamber of an ETEC scanning electron microscope using an ETEC ion beam etching device. An 18 KV argon ion beam with a 40° angle of incidence was utilized for etching. The cells were rotated at about 4 rpms. Etching was interrupted at specific time intervals and the cells were examined as they remained uncoated in the specimen chamber. Ten through 20 KV electron beams were used to examine the cells.
Electron Microscopic Study of the Epithelium of the Seminal Vesicle of Aging Rats
Authors: Allison V. F. , Fink G. C. , Cearley G. W. 
Published: June 2020

It is well known that epithelial hyperplasia (benign hypertrophy) is common in the aging prostate of dogs and man. In contrast, little evidence is available for abnormal epithelial cell growth in seminal vesicles of aging animals. Recently, enlarged seminal vesicles were reported in senescent mice, however, that enlargement resulted from increased storage of secretion in the lumen and occurred concomitant to epithelial hypoplasia in that species.The present study is concerned with electron microscopic observations of changes occurring in the pseudostratified epithelium of the seminal vescles of aging rats. Special attention is given to certain non-epithelial cells which have entered the epithelial layer.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on the Tegument of Trematodes
Authors: Ubelaker J. E. , Specian R. D. , Allison V. F. 
Published: June 2020

Among the parasitic flatworms, only members of the trematoda have exploited nearly every conceivable niche. Since physiological demands in each habitat present special problems in eluding the host response as well as obtaining nourishment the surface epithelia of such organisms warrant special attention. To gain an appreciation of tegumental diversity in the trematoda, representative trematodes from numerous habitats in their respective hosts were examined by scanning electron microscopySpecimens were collected from natural infections, fixed in paraformaldehyde and dehydrated in alcohol. Ethanol was exchanged with amyl acetate prior to CO2 drying in a Denton DCP-1 critical point dryer. The dried specimens were mounted on metal holders, outgassed and rotary coated with gold-palladium. These were then examined with the ISI Mini-SEM and AMR 1000 scanning electron microscopes.
Two New Cell Types in the Retina of a Snail Helix aspersa
Authors: Brandenburger Jean L. , Eakin Richard M. 
Published: June 2020

Previous studies have described the retina of the common garden snail Helix aspersa to be composed of two cell types: sensory and pigmented. We have now found a third, a ganglion cell, and another kind of sensory cell, both heretofore undescribed.Ganglion cells (Fig. 1) are large (11-16 fan in diameter), ovoid, and few in number. We estimate about 12 per eye. They occur only along the periphery of the retina. Each possesses a large spherical nucleus centrally situated in an electron lucent cytoplasm which contains numerous organelles and in clusions: mitochondria, Golgi bodies, EH, lysosomes, glycogen granules, microtubules, ribosomes, fine filaments and clusters of irregular vesicles. These vesicles (insert, Fig. 1) vary in size (500 A to 1200 A in diameter) and density (clear, granular or dense-cored).
Hard Palate Ultrastructure
Authors: Dockum Norman L. , Dockum John G. 
Published: June 2020

Ultrastructural characteristics of the hard palate of six New Zealand white rabbits were investigated utilizing normal fixation with 2.0% osmium tetraoxide followed by staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.Basal epithelial cells from the palatal mucous membrane were observed to have hemidesmosomes at points of attachment to the basal lamina with apparent fibrillar structures from the lamina propria entering the lamina densa. The lamina lucida appears to have extensions of similar filaments which enter it from the lamina densa. The lamina propria is for the greatest part composed of collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerves, fibroblasts and histiocytes.
The High Resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Crewe A. V. 
Published: June 2020

The high resolution STEM is now a fact of life. I think that we have, in the last few years, demonstrated that this instrument is capable of the same resolving power as a CEM but is sufficiently different in its imaging characteristics to offer some real advantages.It seems possible to prove in a quite general way that only a field emission source can give adequate intensity for the highest resolution^ and at the moment this means operating at ultra high vacuum levels. Our experience, however, is that neither the source nor the vacuum are difficult to manage and indeed are simpler than many other systems and substantially trouble-free.
Enumeration and Identification of Asbestos Fibres in Water
Authors: Mudroch O. , Kramer J. R. 
Published: June 2020

Approximately 60,000 tons per day of waste from taconite mining, tailing, are added to the west arm of Lake Superior at Silver Bay. Tailings contain nearly the same amount of quartz and amphibole asbestos, cummingtonite and actinolite in fibrous form. Cummingtonite fibres from 0.01μm in length have been found in the water supply for Minnesota municipalities.The purpose of the research work was to develop a method for asbestos fibre counts and identification in water and apply it for the enumeration of fibres in water samples collected(a) at various stations in Lake Superior at two depth: lm and at the bottom.(b) from various rivers in Lake Superior Drainage Basin.
Removing Substrate Background in TEM Microanalysis
Authors: Russ John C. , Barbi Nicholas C. 
Published: June 2020

The rapid growth of interest in attaching energy-dispersive x-ray analysis systems to transmission electron microscopes has centered largely on microanalysis of biological specimens. These are frequently either embedded in plastic or supported by an organic film, which is of great importance as regards stability under the beam since it provides thermal and electrical conductivity from the specimen to the grid.Unfortunately, the supporting medium also produces continuum x-radiation or Bremsstrahlung, which is added to the x-ray spectrum from the sample. It is not difficult to separate the characteristic peaks from the elements in the specimen from the total continuum background, but sometimes it is also necessary to separate the continuum due to the sample from that due to the support. For instance, it is possible to compute relative elemental concentrations in the sample, without standards, based on the relative net characteristic elemental intensities without regard to background; but to calculate absolute concentration, it is necessary to use the background signal itself as a measure of the total excited specimen mass.
Effect of Calcium on the Growth and Differentiation of Cultured Rat Esophageal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Gunning W.T. , Marino M.R. , Babcock M.S. , Stoner G.D. 
Published: June 2020

The role of calcium in modulating cellular replication and differentiation has been described for various cell types. In the present study, the effects of Ca++ on the growth and differentiation of cultured rat esophageal epithelial cells was investigated.Epithelial cells were isolated from esophagi taken from 8 week-old male CDF rats by the enzymatic dissociation method of Kaighn. The cells were cultured in PFMR-4 medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/ml dialyzed fetal bovine serum, 5 ng/ml epidermal growth factor, 10-6 M hydrocortisone 10-6 M phosphoethanolamine, 10-6 M ethanolamine, 5 pg/ml insulin, 5 ng/ml transferrin, 10 ng/ml cholera toxin and 50 ng/ml garamycin at 36.5°C in a humidified atmosphere of 3% CO2 in air. At weekly intervals, the cells were subcultured with a solution containing 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.01% EGTA, and 0.05% trypsin. After various passages, the replication rate of the cells in PFMR-4 medium containing from 10-6 M to 10-3 M Ca++ was determined using a clonal growth assay.
Fine Structure of the Crayfish Sinus Gland
Authors: Bunt Ann Heffington , Ashby Ebert A. 
Published: June 2020

The sinus gland of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, is located on the dorsum of the eyestalk, just beneath the exoskeleton and adjacent to the medullae interna and externa optic ganglia. It functions to secrete a variety of proteinaceous hormones, including the erythrophore concentrating hormone, melanophore dispersing hormone, molt inhibiting hormone, diabetogenic hormone, distal retinal pigment hormone, and ovary inhibiting hormone.The gland is composed of numerous neurosecretory axon terminals clustered about a branching blood sinus. The neurosecretory axons arise from cells lying some distance away from the sinus gland, in the medulla terminal is X-organ, the brain, and possibly the thoracic ganglion. The hormones are manufactured in the perikarya of these cells and transported through the axons to their terminals in the sinus gland for storage and release into the blood sinus.Small, electron dense spherules within the axons contain the hormone secretory product. These neurosecretory granules are very similar in morphology to those reported in the sinus glands of the dwarf crayfish, Cambarellus shufeldti, the land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis, and the Mediterranean isopod, Sguilla mantis. The sinus glands of each of these crustaceans contain two size ranges of neurosecretory granules: 1500-2000A and 500-900A.
Origin of Plasma Cells in the Thymus
Authors: Trillo A. , Gonzalez A. 
Published: June 2020

The origin of plasma cells in the thymus as well as in the lymphoid organs and sites of inflammation is still being discussed. Moore and Schoenberg believed that in experimentally induced inflammation they developed from both small and medium lymphocytes. Nossal and Keuning concluded that plasma cells originated from a primitive lymphocyte in lymph nodes. In the thymus they are absent during the first weeks of age, but from the sixth week on they are easily recognized even under the light microscope, and their number appears to increase during the following weeks.In the present work we examined the corticomedullary junction area of the thymus in albino rats at progressive ages, starting at an hour after birth, and then at weekly intervals until the twelfth week. The appearance of the thymus during the first weeks is rather simple; it consists mainly of islets of undifferentiated epithelial reticular cells, surrounded by small and medium sized lymphocytes.
The Mechanism of Erythroblast Denucleation
Authors: Simpson Charles F. , Carlisle J. W. , Kling J. M. 
Published: June 2020

It is not known whether loss of nuclei from erythroblasts occurs by extrusion or by karyolysis, or both. In this study, blood from anemic dogs was utilized. Dogs were anemic as a result of severe parasitism with a hematozoic parasite, Babesia canis, or were made anemic by treating them with phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride.The mechanism of denucleation was the same in both types of anemia investigated. It was found that extrusion was the principal mechanism of denucleation from the erythroblast. However, probably karyolysis also occurred occasionally, prior to extrusion.
Electron Microscopic Study of the Nodal Tissue of Rat Heart
Authors: Baba N. 
Published: June 2020

The nodal tissue of rat heart was examined following perfusion of glutaraldehyde through the coronary bed. The sinoatrial node cells are characterized by rather pale-appearing cytoplasm because myofibrils are few and scattered irregularly. The cytoplasm in addition contains some glycogen granules which are most abundant in the periphery of the cells. There are many smooth-surfaced tubular structures which have no topographical relationship to myofibrils as seen in ventricular myocytes. Many of these structures are present adjacent to cell membranes. The rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed. The cells are often connected by desmosomes. Occasionally there are cytoplasmic processes extending into the surrounding stroma, where moderate electron density is seen at the plasma membranes.The cells of the atrioventricular node are much richer in myofibrils and, more particularly, in glycogen granules than are the cells of the sinoatrial node. The glycogen granules are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. There are fewer vesicular structures than in the cells of the sinoatrial node, but the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum is very prominent. The cells are interdigitated and are connected by many desmosomes. In addition there are areas of increased electron density at the basal plasma membranes which appear connected with Z-line of myofibrils.
Intercellular Space of the Ovarian Follicles of the Rat During the Estrous Cycle
Authors: Baccarini I. M. , Glaczenski S. S. 
Published: June 2020

Vaginal smears were taken daily from inbred Wistar-Furth rats to determine the stage of the estrous cycle. A total of 27 animals were sacrificed by over-anesthesia with ether and the ovaries removed surgically. In each case one ovary was used for electron microscopy and the other for histochemical studies.The ovary for electron microscopy was placed immediately into cold 3% phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde for 2 hours and then into 1% phosphate buffered osmic acid for 2-3 hours. The tissue was embedded in Durcupan ACM(Fluka). The sections were double stained with 50% alcoholic uranyl acetate solution and with lead citrate. The second ovary for histochemical studies was divided in half. One half was fixed in cold acetone for estimated alkaline phosphatase. The remaining tissue was fixed in 10% neutral formalin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, PAS, Alcian blue, Gomori's trichrome, Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin for elastic tissue, and Wilder's reticulum. Follicles in various stages of development were studied. The intercellular space around the oocyte of the primordial follicle contains reticulum fibers. Bands of collagen fibers are seen between the oocyte and the single layer of cells (Figure 1). Between the basement membrane of the granulosa and theca cells in the secondary, tertiary, and graafian follicles, fibroblast-like cells with dilated cisterns are found. Amorphous material is present in the intercellular space (Figure 2).