bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulse Pressure and the Risk of End‐Stage Renal Disease Among Chinese Adults in Singapore: The Singapore Chinese Health Study
Authors: Geng Ting‐Ting , Talaei Mohammad , Jafar Tazeen Hasan , Yuan Jian‐Min , Koh Woon‐Puay 
Published: November 2019

Background

Although hypertension is an established risk factor for chronic kidney disease, less is known about the relationship of pulse pressure (
PP
), a measure of arterial stiffness, with chronic kidney disease. We investigated the association of systolic blood pressure (
BP
), diastolic BP,
PP,
and mean arterial pressure with the risk of end‐stage renal disease (
ESRD
) in the prospective population‐based Singapore Chinese Health Study.

Methods and Results

We used data from 30 636 participants who had
BP
measured at ages 46 to 85 years during follow‐up I interviews between 1999 and 2004. Information on lifestyle factors was collected at recruitment from 1993 to 1998, and selected factors were updated at follow‐up I. We identified 463
ESRD
cases over an average 11.3 years of follow‐up I by linkage with the nationwide Singapore Renal Registry. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the relations between different
BP
indexes and
ESRD
risk. Each
BP
index was positively associated with
ESRD
when studied individually. However, when
PP
was included as a covariate,
systolic
and diastolic BP and mean arterial pressure were no longer associated with
ESRD
. Conversely,
PP
remained significantly associated with
ESRD
risk in a dose‐dependent manner (
P
trend
<0.001) after adjusting for
systolic
or diastolic BP. Compared with the lowest group (<45 mm Hg) of
PP
, the hazard ratio was 5.25 (95% CI, 3.52–7.84) for the highest group (≥85 mm Hg). The association between hypertension and
ESRD
risk was attenuated and no longer significant after adjusting for
PP
.

Conclusions

Our findings provide a basis for targeting reduction of arterial stiffness to decrease
ESRD
risk.
Familiarity Increases Processing Speed in the Visual System
Authors: Manahova Mariya E. , Spaak Eelke , de Lange Floris P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Familiarity with a stimulus leads to an attenuated neural response to the stimulus. Alongside this attenuation, recent studies have also observed a truncation of stimulus-evoked activity for familiar visual input. One proposed function of this truncation is to rapidly put neurons in a state of readiness to respond to new input. Here, we examined this hypothesis by presenting human participants with target stimuli that were embedded in rapid streams of familiar or novel distractor stimuli at different speeds of presentation, while recording brain activity using magnetoencephalography and measuring behavioral performance. We investigated the temporal and spatial dynamics of signal truncation and whether this phenomenon bears relationship to participants' ability to categorize target items within a visual stream. Behaviorally, target categorization performance was markedly better when the target was embedded within familiar distractors, and this benefit became more pronounced with increasing speed of presentation. Familiar distractors showed a truncation of neural activity in the visual system. This truncation was strongest for the fastest presentation speeds and peaked in progressively more anterior cortical regions as presentation speeds became slower. Moreover, the neural response evoked by the target was stronger when this target was preceded by familiar distractors. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that item familiarity results in a truncated neural response, is associated with stronger processing of relevant target information, and leads to superior perceptual performance.
Interior Water-Mass Variability in the Southern Hemisphere Oceans during the Last Decade
Authors: Portela Esther , Kolodziejczyk Nicolas , Maes Christophe , Thierry Virginie 
Published: November 2019

AbstractUsing an Argo dataset and the ECCOv4 reanalysis, a volume budget was performed to address the main mechanisms driving the volume change of the interior water masses in the Southern Hemisphere oceans between 2006 and 2015. The subduction rates and the isopycnal and diapycnal water-mass transformation were estimated in a density–spiciness (σ–τ) framework. Spiciness, defined as thermohaline variations along isopycnals, was added to the potential density coordinates to discriminate between water masses spreading on isopycnal layers. The main positive volume trends were found to be associated with the Subantarctic Mode Waters (SAMW) in the South Pacific and South Indian Ocean basins, revealing a lightening of the upper waters in the Southern Hemisphere. The SAMW exhibits a two-layer density structure in which subduction and diapycnal transformation from the lower to the upper layers accounted for most of the upper-layer volume gain and lower-layer volume loss, respectively. The Antarctic Intermediate Waters, defined here between the 27.2 and 27.5 kg m−3 isopycnals, showed the strongest negative volume trends. This volume loss can be explained by their negative isopyncal transformation southward of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current into the fresher and colder Antarctic Winter Waters (AAWW) and northward into spicier tropical/subtropical Intermediate Waters. The AAWW is destroyed by obduction back into the mixed layer so that its net volume change remains nearly zero. The proposed mechanisms to explain the transformation within the Intermediate Waters are discussed in the context of Southern Ocean dynamics. The σ–τ decomposition provided new insight on the spatial and temporal water-mass variability and driving mechanisms over the last decade.
Calibration of Machine Learning–Based Probabilistic Hail Predictions for Operational Forecasting
Authors: Burke Amanda , Snook Nathan , Gagne II David John , McCorkle Sarah , McGovern Amy 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this study, we use machine learning (ML) to improve hail prediction by postprocessing numerical weather prediction (NWP) data from the new High-Resolution Ensemble Forecast system, version 2 (HREFv2). Multiple operational models and ensembles currently predict hail, however ML models are more computationally efficient and do not require the physical assumptions associated with explicit predictions. Calibrating the ML-based predictions toward familiar forecaster output allows for a combination of higher skill associated with ML models and increased forecaster trust in the output. The observational dataset used to train and verify the random forest model is the Maximum Estimated Size of Hail (MESH), a Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) product. To build trust in the predictions, the ML-based hail predictions are calibrated using isotonic regression. The target datasets for isotonic regression include the local storm reports and Storm Prediction Center (SPC) practically perfect data. Verification of the ML predictions indicates that the probability magnitudes output from the calibrated models closely resemble the day-1 SPC outlook and practically perfect data. The ML model calibrated toward the local storm reports exhibited better or similar skill to the uncalibrated predictions, while decreasing model bias. Increases in reliability and skill after calibration may increase forecaster trust in the automated hail predictions.
The Role of Genioglossus Activity in Predicting Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty Outcomes
Authors: Zhao Di , Li Yanru , Qu Yue , Zhang Junbo , Cao Xin , Ye Jingying 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the association between genioglossus activity during sleep onset and the outcome of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.Study DesignCase series with planned data collection.SettingSleep medical center.Subjects and MethodsForty‐four patients with obstructive sleep apnea underwent overnight polysomnography with synchronous genioglossus electromyography (GGEMG) with intraoral electrodes. In addition, all patients underwent revised UPPP with uvula preservation and were followed up with polysomnography at least 3 months after surgery.ResultsTwenty‐five patients (56.8%) were responders. Multiple regression analysis revealed that increasing tonsil size (odds ratio [OR], 0.086; P =. 038) and higher sleep‐onset GGEMG (OR, 0.664; P =. 04) were significant predictors for surgical success. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.942 (OR, 0.040; P <. 001) for those predictors, 0.884 for GGEMG, and 0.848 for tonsil size. Moreover, all patients were divided into 4 groups according to tonsil size and sleep‐onset GGEMG. The success rate of patients with tonsil size III or IV and sleep‐onset GGEMG >11.20% (maximal GGEMG) was optimal (92.9%, 13 of 14), while the success rate of patients with tonsil size I or II and sleep‐onset GGEMG ≤11.20% was 0% (0 of 10).ConclusionsSleep‐onset GGEMG and tonsil size are both important in deciding outcomes of UPPP. Patients with tonsil size III or IV and higher sleep onset may be more suitable candidates for UPPP because of the higher probability of surgical success.
Laryngotracheal Stenosis in Early vs Late Tracheostomy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Curry Steven D. , Rowan Paul J. 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveFor critically ill patients undergoing long‐term mechanical ventilation, to determine whether early conversion from endotracheal intubation to tracheostomy reduces the incidence of laryngotracheal stenosis.Data SourcesMEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature.Review MethodsA systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and an assessment of bias were performed. Included studies reported outcomes of patients who were converted from endotracheal intubation to tracheostomy, compared early vs late tracheostomy, and reported the incidence of laryngotracheal stenosis and details of postoperative surveillance. Data were also collected for intensive care setting, method of tracheostomy, and timing of tracheostomy.ResultsSeven articles met inclusion criteria: 2 randomized trials, 2 quasi‐randomized trials, 1 prospective cohort, and 2 retrospective cohorts. A total of 966 patients were included in this analysis (496 in the early tracheostomy group and 470 in the late tracheostomy group). The mean incidence of laryngotracheal stenosis was 8.9% (range, 0%‐20.8%), with a mean incidence of 8.1% in early tracheostomy groups and 10.9% in late tracheostomy groups. In studies with the least risk of bias, there were no differences in the incidence of laryngotracheal stenosis in patients who underwent early vs late tracheostomy.ConclusionIn critically ill patients undergoing long‐term mechanical ventilation, early conversion to tracheostomy within 7 days of intubation does not significantly decrease the risk of laryngotracheal stenosis compared to later conversion as defined by the included studies.
Effects of NSAID use on bone healing: A meta-analysis of retrospective case–control and cohort studies within clinical settings
Authors: Ali Muhammad Usman , Usman Mehvish , Patel Kuntal 
Published: November 2019

Introduction This meta-analysis aims to determine whether non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use is significantly associated with adverse bone healing outcomes within clinical settings, including trauma and elective spine settings. It will also explore bone healing outcomes with the type, route, dosage and duration of NSAID exposure and aims to demonstrate the effects of various other confounding factors on bone healing outcomes. Methods Electronic databases including MedLine, Embase and Cochrane were searched from January 1975 to December 2017. A distinct analysis of observational long bone and spine studies in adult populations was performed, assessing the effects of NSAID exposure on bone healing. Studies from paediatric population and randomised trials also underwent separate assessment in the synthesis. Meta-analysis was conducted in compliance with QUORUM and PRISMA guidelines. Results Quantitative assessment of observational studies suggested a significant risk of bone healing complications with NSAID exposure across each clinical group: long bone (p = 0.0004) and spine (p = 0.02). Analysis of paediatric studies revealed a non-significant association of poor outcomes with NSAID use (p = 0.36), while assessment of randomised trials demonstrated a statistically significant risk of complications following NSAID administration (p = 0.04). Meta-regression further suggested smoking to be a substantial confounder associated with adverse bone healing outcomes (p < 0.00001). Conclusion Inclusion of only fair and moderate-quality retrospective cohort and case–control studies in the current synthesis limits the clinical application of its findings and therefore warrants the need for further research. Thus, attempts to conduct high-quality prospective cohort and randomised trials to study the effects of NSAID use on bone healing would be very helpful and will provide a basis for more extensive research in future.
Percutaneous collagen induction (microneedling) for the management of non-atrophic scars: literature review
Authors: Iosifidis Christos , Goutos Ioannis 
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Percutaneous collagen induction (PCI) or needling techniques are increasingly popular in the reconstructive and aesthetic arena. The underlying mechanisms of action rest on producing a pattern of non-ablative and non-confluent puncture wound pattern to the dermis with a resulting regenerative effect to the skin. Methods: A detailed English literature review was conducted using PubMed Medline, Embase and Web of Science; the manuscripts were appraised and classified according to level of evidence as well risk of bias. Results are presented in descending order of evidence for non-atrophic scars. Discussion: On the basis of level 1 evidence currently available, the combination of needling and silicone gel can improve the short-term pliability, height and vascularity of hypertrophic and keloid scars. According to level 2 evidence, needling alongside spray keratinocytes can produce a statistically significant improvement to patient/observer scar ratings and improve pigmentation in hypopigmented burn scars at 12-month follow-up. Results from mixed cohort studies also point towards needling having a beneficial effect on fat graft retention. Level 3 data suggest that needling can render significant resurfacing effects to both mature and actively hypertrophic burn scars at 12-month follow-up based on objective scar scales; furthermore, favourable histological changes are seen, including better collagen alignment in the dermis and increased epidermal thickness. Conclusion: Needling techniques are promising adjuncts to non-atrophic scar management. Further research with long-term follow-up and comparative design protocols incorporating other resurfacing modalities is warranted before the exact value of needling is delineated in scar management protocols.
BST-236, a novel cytarabine prodrug for patients with acute leukemia unfit for standard induction: a phase 1/2a study
Authors: Zuckerman Tsila , Ram Ron , Akria Luiza , Koren-Michowitz Maya , Hoffman Ron , Henig Israel , Lavi Noa , Ofran Yishai , Horowitz Netanel A. , Nudelman Olga , Tavor Sigal , Yeganeh Shay , Gengrinovitch Stela , Flaishon Liat , Tessler Shoshi , Ben Yakar Ruth , Rowe Jacob M. 
Published: November 2019

Key Points
The majority of older adults or unfit acute leukemia patients are not offered intensive therapy, resulting in dismal long-term survival. A novel cytarabine prodrug BST-236 enables delivery of high-dose cytarabine and appears to be safe and efficacious in these patients.
Facilitating equitable community-level access to maternal health services: exploring the experiences of Rwanda’s community health workers
Authors: Tuyisenge Germaine , Crooks Valorie A. , Berry Nicole S. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background
In Rwanda, community health workers (CHWs) are an integral part of the health system. For maternal health, CHWs are involved in linking members of the communities in which they live to the formal health care system to address preventative, routine, and acute maternal care needs. Drawing on the findings from in-depth interviews with maternal health CHWs and observational insights in ten Rwandan districts, we identify specific strategies CHWs employ to provide equitable maternal care while operating in a low resource setting.

Methods
Using case study methodology approach, we conducted interviews with 22 maternal health CHWs to understand the nature of their roles in facilitating equitable access to maternal care in Rwanda at the community level. Interviews were conducted in five Rwandan districts. Participants shared their experiences of and perceptions on promoting equitable access to maternal health service in their communities.

Results
Four key themes emerged during the analytic process that characterize the contexts and strategic ways in which maternal health CHWs facilitate equitable access to maternal care in an environment of resource scarcity. They are: 1) community building; 2) physical landscapes, which serve as barriers or facilitators both to women’s care access and CHWs’ equitable service provision; 3) the post-crisis socio-political environment in Rwanda, which highlights resilience and the need to promote maternal health subsequent to the genocide of 1994; and, 4) the strategies used by CHWs to circumvent the constraints of a resource-poor setting and provide equitable maternal health services at the community level.

Conclusion
Rwanda’s maternal CHWs are heavily responsible for promoting equitable access to maternal health services. Consequently, they may be required to use their own resources for their practice, which could jeopardize their own socio-economic welfare and capacity to meet the demands of their families. Considering the unpaid and untrained nature of this position, we highlight the factors that threaten the sustainability of CHWs’ role to facilitate equitable access to maternal care. These threats introduce turbulence into what is a relatively successful community-level health care initiative.
Effect of apparent temperature on daily emergency admissions for mental and behavioral disorders in Yancheng, China: a time-series study
Authors: Min Min , Shi Tingting , Ye Pengpeng , Wang Yuan , Yao Zhenhai , Tian Shun , Zhang Yun , Liang Mingming , Qu Guangbo , Bi Peng , Duan Leilei , Sun Yehuan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background
Very few studies have focused on the relationship between ambient apparent temperature (AT) and admission of mental and behaviour disorders (MDs). Therefore, a time-series study was conducted in Yancheng, China, to explore the effects of AT on the daily emergency admissions of patients with MDs over the period of 2014–17.

Methods
A quasi-Poisson generalized linear model (GLM) combined with a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was adopted to explore the associations after adjusting for time trend, day of the week, humidity, sunshine duration, rainfall, holidays and air pollutants. In the subgroup analysis, the modification effects of age and sex were also examined.

Results
Overall, 8438 cases of MDs emergency admissions were identified. With the apparent temperature with the minimum number of admissions (− 3.4 °C) serving as a reference, a positive correlation emerged between high AT and daily emergency admissions of patients with MDs in Yancheng, China, with the lagged effect of 1 to 5 days. The subgroup analysis demonstrated a positive relationship between AT and MDs emergency admissions among males and individuals younger than 45 years old, with no lagged effect.

Conclusions
The results will provide important scientific evidence for mental health policy-makers and practitioners for possible intervention, especially among the vulnerable populations.
Assessing the contribution of harvested wood products under greenhouse gas estimation: accounting under the Paris Agreement and the potential for double-counting among the choice of approaches
Authors: Sato Atsushi , Nojiri Yukihiro 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background
There are multiple approaches for estimating emissions and removals arising from harvested wood products (HWP) based on differences between when and where a given carbon stock change is calculated. At this moment, countries are free to use any HWP approach to prepare their annual greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory and determine emission reduction targets for their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), although under the Paris Agreement (PA), the production approach is used for standard reporting in GHG inventories. Global double-counting and non-counting of HWP might occur depending on the HWP approach each country uses; however, the impact of such double-counting and non-counting has not been thoroughly evaluated.

Results
We identified all cases of global double-counting and non-counting of HWP for combinations of the six HWP approaches: ‘instantaneous oxidation’, ‘stock-change’, ‘production’, ‘stock-changes approach for HWP of domestic origin (SCAD)’, ‘simple-decay’ and ‘atmospheric-flow’ approaches. In Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), forest land is often partly or completely excluded, especially by developing countries. In such cases, HWP approaches that require comprehensive national data on wood harvesting and trade are not suitable for estimating HWP contributions. In addition, most developing countries apply the ‘instantaneous oxidation’ at the time of harvesting. Recent GHG inventories from Annex I countries show the averaged contribution of annual HWP emissions or removals to national total emissions is nearly 1%; therefore, the potential contribution of HWP to the accounted emission reduction volume is assumed to be a smaller value.

Conclusions
Instantaneous oxidation remains a pragmatic approach for countries in which wood production is not a dominant part of the economy. The combination of ‘instantaneous oxidation’ with the ‘production’, ‘SCAD’ or ‘simple-decay’ approaches could be a practical solution to realize a global HWP accounting approach the eliminates double-counting. Regardless of how global double-counting and non-counting occur, the amount is not large. To improve the accuracy of the global assessment, it is important to reduce the uncertainty of estimation regarding when and how much HWP-related emissions occur at national level.