bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIX-5 Dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis modified fecal microbiome of weaned pigs in comparison to antibiotics
Authors: Jinno Cynthia , He Yijie , Li Xunde , Liu Yanhong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing Bacillus subtilis on fecal microbiota of pigs experimentally infected with F-18 Escherichia coli (E. coli), in comparison to carbadox. Forty-eight weaned pigs (6.17 ± 0.36 kg BW) were individually housed and randomly allotted to one of four treatment (n =12): negative control (NC), positive control (PC), antibiotics (50 mg/kg of carbadox), and direct fed microbials (DFM, 500 mf/kg of Bacillus subtilis). The experiment lasted 28 days with 7 days before and 21 days after first E. coli inoculation (d 0). Pigs in the NC, PC, and DFM groups were orally inoculated with F18 E. coli for 3 consecutive days with 1010 CFU/3 mL/dose. Fecal samples were collected on d -7 and 0 before E. coli inoculation, and d 7 and 21 post inoculation (PI). DNA were extracted from all fecal samples to perform 16S rRNA gene sequencing at the V4 hypervariable region. All data were analyzed with QIIME2 (2019.4) and R. Chao1 index was greatest (P &lt; 0.05) in feces collected on d 0 before E. coli inoculation and lowest (P &lt; 0.05) on d -7 feces. Pigs supplemented with DFM had lower (P &lt; 0.05) Chao1 index than pigs fed with antibiotics on d 21 PI. Bray-Curtis PCoA displayed separate clusters among days but overlaps among treatments. Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were most (P &lt; 0.05) abundant on d -7 and lowest (P &lt; 0.05) on d 21 PI. However, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were most (P &lt; 0.05) abundant on d 21 PI. Pigs in the NC and DFM groups had greater (P &lt; 0.05) relative abundance of Firmicutes than pigs fed with antibiotics on d 0 and 7. Supplementation of antibiotics reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae compared with other treatments on d 0 PI. In conclusion, both animal age and dietary treatments influenced the fecal microbiome of weaned pigs.
PSVI-8 Mineral composition of feed grade monocalcium phosphate
Authors: Lopez Diego A , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Feed phosphates are included in swine diets to meet the requirements of P. Two products are predominantly used for this purpose, commercial monocalcium phosphate (MCP) and dicalcium phosphate (DCP). Theoretically, pure MCP should contain 26.5% P but commercial sources of MCP contain around 21 % P. The reason there is less P in commercial sources is that these sources are contaminated with calcium carbonate and other minerals. In addition, feed grade phosphates called MCP in reality is a mixture of MCP and DCP, which also contributes to the reduced P. To determine the complete composition of commercial MCP, seven sources of MCP were procured. All sources were analyzed for most common minerals that may be present in feed phosphates (Table 1) Results indicate that the composition of minerals is relatively stable among the different sources of MCP, indicating that the process to produce feed grade phosphates does not result in much variability. However, none of the commercial feed grade phosphates contained close to 26.5% P, which would be expected in a pure source.
PSVIII-4 Effect of coarse wheat bran and crude protein level in nursery diets without zinc oxide on pig performance
Authors: Batson Kelsey L , Calderon Cartagena Hilda I , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Dritz Steve S , DeRouchey Joel M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A total of 355 pigs (DNA 200x400; initially 5.6 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of coarse wheat bran and crude protein (CP) level in diets without pharmacological levels of zinc oxide on nursery pig performance and fecal dry matter (DM%). Pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments in a completely randomized design with 5 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment. Treatment diets were fed in two phases (d 0 to 7 and 7 to 21) followed by a common diet fed d 21 to 45. Treatments included a positive control diet with ZnO, negative control without ZnO, and negative control with 4% wheat bran and formulated to contain 21, 19.5, 18, or 16.5% CP. All diets contained 1.35% SID lysine except the 18 and 16.5% (1.25 and 1.20% lysine) CP diets. Data were analyzed using the lmer function from the lme4 package in R. During the experimental period, decreasing CP decreased (linear, P&lt; 0.05) ADG, G:F, and d 21 BW, but increased (linear, P=0.005) fecal DM%. Pigs fed the diet containing ZnO had increased (P&lt; 0.050) ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared to the negative control and diet with 21% CP and wheat bran. From d 21 to 45, pigs previously fed the 21% CP diet with wheat bran had increased (P&lt; 0.05) ADG compared to the positive control. Fecal DM on d 45 and G:F increased (P&lt; 0.05) for pigs fed the 21% CP, wheat bran diet and negative control compared to those fed the positive control. Overall, pigs fed low CP diets had decreased (P&lt; 0.05) ADG while pigs fed the positive control had greater (P&lt; 0.05) ADG compared to the negative control. Additional research is needed to determine if modifying low CP, wheat bran diets will elicit benefits of increased fecal DM% while maintaining growth performance.
PSVIII-10 Effects of enzyme supplementation in corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) diets on growth performance in broilers: a meta-analysis
Authors: Jang Jae-Cheol , Zeng Zhikai , Urriola Pedro E , Shurson Gerald C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to quantitatively summarize the growth responses of broilers fed cDDGS and the efficacy of various types of dietary enzyme supplementation. A total of 12 publications with 69 observations were included in the database. Individual observations were analyzed using a multivariable linear mixed model. The mean differences (MD) of BWG, FI, and gain efficiency (G/F) were calculated by subtracting either the enzyme response in corn-soybean meal (CSB) or CSB+cDDGS based diets to the control, and was expressed as a percentage (MD = (enzyme – control)/control ×100%). A type of exogenous enzymes (xylanase; protease; carbohydrases; cocktail = proteases + carbohydrases), and feeding phase (starter = d 0 to d 21; finisher = d 21 to d 42 or 49; overall = d 0 to d 42 or more) were included as fixed effects. Dietary enzyme inclusion showed significant improvement on BWG (3.19%, P &lt; 0.01) and G/F (5.69%, P &lt; 0.01) in broilers fed cDDGS diet. However, no significant enzyme responses were observed in broilers fed CSB diet on growth performance. Broilers fed cDDGS diet had increased (P &lt; 0.01) BWG with the addition of protease (3.32 %) and cocktail (3.27 %), whereas addition of xylanased improved (P &lt; 0.01) G/F by (3.56 %) and carbohydrases (1.90 %). Broilers fed cDDGS diet with enzyme supplementation showed greater improvement in BWG (3.71 %, P &lt; 0.01) and G/F (3.78 %, P &lt; 0.01) at finisher phase compared with starter phase. Likewise, Broilers fed CSB diet with enzyme supplementation increased BWG (9.40 %, P &lt; 0.01) and G/F (3.11 %, P &lt; 0.01) at finisher phase. In conclusion, supplementation of xylanase and carbohydrases in cDDGS diet improved G/F, and the enzyme response can be maximized when fed during the finisher phase diet compared with the starter phase diet.
PSVIII-17 Assessment of conformational changes across three parities in sows
Authors: Trenhaile-Grannemann Melanie D , Lewis Ronald M , Kachman Stephen D , Stalder Kenneth J , Mote Benny E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Conformation-based sow selection is performed prior to reaching mature size, yet little is known about how conformation changes as growth continues. To assess conformation changes, 9 conformational traits were objectively measured at 12 discrete time points between 112 d of age and parity 3 weaning on 622 sows in 5 cohorts. The 9 traits included 5 body size traits (body length, body depth at the shoulder and flank, and height at the shoulder and flank) and 4 joint angles (knee, hock, and front and rear pastern). Data were analyzed with a repeated measures model (SAS V 9.4) including cohort and time point as fixed effects, sire as a random effect, and heterogeneous compound symmetry as the covariance structure. Sire variance ranged from 0.16 (body depth shoulder) to 2.00 (body length) cm2 for body size traits and 2.28 (rear pastern) to 4.22 (front pastern) degrees2 for joint angles. Cohort had an effect on all traits (P &lt; 0.05). All traits displayed changes over time (P &lt; 0.001). Size traits increased between 112 d of age and parity 3 weaning (64.16 vs. 107.57 cm, 26.62 vs. 44.14 cm, 23.32 vs. 36.92 cm, 46.10 vs. 73.55 cm, 49.36 vs. 77.47 cm for body length, body depth shoulder and flank, and height shoulder and flank, respectively); however, they fluctuated within parity by increasing during gestation and decreasing at weaning. Knee angle decreased (164.12 vs. 150.72 degrees) while fluctuating within parity by decreasing in the second half of gestation and increasing after weaning. Front and rear pastern angles decreased over time (60.89 vs. 53.74 degrees and 64.64 vs. 55.50 degrees for front and rear pastern, respectively), while biologically negligible change was observed in hock angle (148.63 vs. 147.48 degrees). Sow conformation changes throughout life, and these changes may require consideration when making selection decisions.
PSIII-14 The effects of variant auditory stimuli on goat kids’ formant patterns from birth to weaning
Authors: Quandt Rachael C , Bartley Samantha S , Burke Thomas A , Forshey Brandon 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if exposure to human voice during early development affected the frequency of vocal formants (peaks in the harmonic spectrum) in Boer goat kids (n=13). The proposed mechanism is due to mimicry and imprinting on human or goat by comparing the developmental changes based on the presence of human vocal frequencies. From birth to weaning at d 60, goat kids were exposed to various ambient sound patterns through 3 treatments and frequency changes were studied to see if there was a change due to the presence of human voice. Treatment 1 was exposed to human voice vocalization via recording (n=5), treatment 2 was exposed to doe vocalization (n=4), and treatment 3 had no human or doe vocalization (n=4). Throughout the study, all kids were located in similarly controlled pen sizes roughly 2.44 x 3.05 m, received the same diets that exceed the NRC requirements for goat kids and ad libitum access to water. Kids were isolated and individually recorded weekly for approximately 120 to 1000 s using VoceVista Software. The software allowed researchers to record the frequency and intensity of kids’ bleats over the 7 wk period. Each goat kid’s fundamental frequency and second through fifth harmonics were collected at 5 locations through each week’s recording. There was no significant difference found between the three treatment groups throughout the study. However, there was a significant difference (P&lt; 0.05) between the fundamental frequency, second, third, fourth, and fifth harmonics over the 7 wk period. The average fundamental frequency for wk 1 was (573 ± 61 Hz) compared to wk 7 (467 ± 47 Hz). The results of this study suggest that as the kids developed their frequencies progressively lowered over the 7 wk and various auditory exposures had no effect on their formant patterns.
PSIII-12 The effect of sodium butyrate and benzoic acid on nutrient digestibility and fecal volatile fatty acid concentrations in nursery pigs
Authors: Bradley Casey L , Watson Alisun , Bottoms Kristopher , Tsai Tsungcheng , Maxwell Charles V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A total of 270 weaned pigs (21-d age) were used to evaluate the effects of administering benzoic acid (BA) alone or with sodium butyrate (SB) on nutrient digestibility, fecal VFA concentrations and growth performance. At weaning (age 21-d), pigs were blocked by initial BW (4.7 ± 0.21 kg) and allotted to 1 of 5 treatments with 9 replicate pens per treatment. Pigs remained on the same treatment through three feeding phases: Phase 1 (d 0-7), Phase 2 (d 7-21), and Phase 3 (d 21-40). The treatments were the Control diet without acidifier (C), C with 0.5% BA, and BA with 0.05%, 0.1% or 0.15% of SB to form SBA0.05, SBA0.1, and SBA0.15, respectively. Titanium dioxide was added in phase 3 diets (d21-40). Diets were fed in meal form and sampled at manufacturing and pen fecal samples were collected for two consecutive days at the end (d40). Samples were analyzed for the concentration of DM, GE, N, ash, NDF, ADF, calcium, and phosphorus and the ATTD for each nutrient was calculated. Additionally, fecal VFAs were quantified via gas chromatographic technique. Data were analyzed using Mixed procedure of SAS, with treatment as a fixed effect and initial BW block as a random effect. Level of sodium butyrate was used in IML procedure to generate coefficients for orthogonal contrast for BA, SBA0.05, SBA0.1, and SBA0.15. In feces, absolute butyrate (mM) and total VFA (mM) tended (P&lt; 0.10) to increase quadratically with increasing SB supplementation. Similar to G:F ratio, pigs fed the BA diet had higher ATTD of DM, GE, N, ash, NDF, ADF, and P than pigs fed other treatments. Results suggest that the mechanism on improving growth performance differs among acidifiers.
6 Evaluating the recognition of a large rotated object in domestic horses (equus caballus)
Authors: Corgan Megan E , Grandin Temple , Matlock Sarah 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
It is dangerous for both riders and horses when the horse suddenly startles. Sometimes horses do this in a familiar environment, with a possible cause being that familiar objects may look different when they are rotated. The purpose of this study was to determine if a horse that had been habituated to a large object (children’s plastic playset) would perceive the object as novel when the object was rotated 90 degrees. Twenty-four young horses were habituated to one side of the playset and led 15 times by a handler until they showed no behavioral reactions. The behavioral signs observed and analyzed were ears focused on the object, nostril flares, neck raising, obvious exhale, avoid by leaning away, and avoid by moving side. The most common reactions observed were ears focused on the object, nostril flares and neck raising. Reactions were mild, because the horses used were safe to lead and all procedures were done at a walk. When the playset was rotated, the behavioral signs observed were similar to behaviors shown on the first exposure to the playset. An unpaired two-sample Wilcoxon test was performed on the behavioral signs, comparing the number of behavioral signs present on pass 1 compared to pass 16 (rotated). There was a significant difference between the control and rotated group (W = 9.5, P = 0.001572, P &lt; 0.05). Horses previously habituated to a large object perceived the rotated object as novel. Horse safety can possibly be improved by habituating a horse to all sides of a novel object.
32 Cross validation of best linear unbiased predictions of breeding values using an efficient leave-one-out strategy
Authors: Cheng Jian , Fernando Rohan , Dekkers Jack C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Efficient strategies have been developed for leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV) of predicted phenotypes in a simple model with an overall mean and marker effects or animal genetic effects to evaluate the accuracy of genomic predictions. For such a model, the correlation between the predicted and the observed phenotype is identical to the correlation between the observed phenotype and the estimated breeding value (EBV). When the model is more complex, with multiple fixed and random effects, although the correlation between the observed and predicted phenotype can be obtained efficiently by LOOCV, it is not equal to the correlation between the observed phenotype and EBV, which is the statistic of interest. The objective here was to develop and evaluate an efficient LOOCV method for EBV or for predictions of other random effects under a general mixed linear model. The approach is based on treated all effects in the model, with large variances for fixed effects. Naïve LOOCV requires inverting the (n - 1) x (n - 1) dimensional phenotypic covariance matrix for each of the n (= no. observations) training data sets. Our method efficiently obtains these inverses from the inverse of the phenotypic covariance matrix for all n observations. Naïve LOOCV of EBV by pre-correction of fixed effects using the training data (Naïve LOOCV) and the new efficient LOOCV were compared. The new efficient LOOCV for EBV was 962 times faster than Naïve LOOCV. Prediction accuracies from the two strategies were the same (0.20). Funded by USDA-NIFA grant # 2017-67007-26144.
48 Genetic study of horn fly abundance in beef cattle
Authors: Ling Ashley , Krause Taylor , Heins Bradley , Hinkle Nancy , Pringle Dean , Aggrey Samuel E , Rekaya Romdhane 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Disturbing the non-symbiotic relationship between horn flies and cattle is of economic, health, and animal welfare importance. Reliance on management and insecticides has proven inadequate. In the United States, horn flies are estimated to cause more than $1 billion in economic losses on pastured cattle annually. Although insecticides provide temporary control, their efficacy is hampered by several factors. Intensive insecticide use has led to horn fly resistance and decreased predation on horn flies by other insects. Due to the cost and logistic complexity of measuring fly resistance traits under commercial conditions, the genetic basis of these traits remains largely unknown. Only a few heritability estimates are available based on small-scale studies. Currently, the economic injury threshold (EIT) due to horn fly abundance (onset of production decay) is set at around 200 flies for beef cattle. This threshold is largely heuristically set. Additionally, the rate of decay in performance as a function of fly abundance after injury onset is unknown. It is also likely that EIT is breed and animal specific. Data used in this study was collected during the summer of 2019. Animals were not treated or managed in any way to control horn flies prior to data collection. Animals were assessed subjectively and based on image counts for horn fly abundance. Estimates of heritability of horn fly abundance ranged between 0.14 and 0.22 for subjective and image-based phenotypes. The lowest heritability was for the subjective assessment, likely due to the excessive variation between evaluators. Changepoint model-based analysis showed that EIT is variable between sire families, ranging from 265 to 413 flies. Furthermore, there was significant difference in the decay of performance after the onset of injury. The rate of decay ranged between -0.0003 and -0.00018. Collectively, these results indicate the potential to improve horn fly resistance/tolerance using genetic tools.
20 Vaginal microbiome composition is associated with sow longevity
Authors: Neto José Braccini , Sanglard Leticia P , Schmitz-Esser Stephan , Gray Kent A , Linhares Daniel C , Yeoman Carl J , Dekkers Jack C , Niederwerder Megan C , Serão Nick V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The vaginal microbiome of gilts vaccinated for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has been previously associated with first-parity reproductive performance in absence of PRRS outbreak. However, associations using multiparous sows have not been investigated. The objective of this study was to associate the vaginal microbiota of PRRS-vaccinated gilts with longevity. Vaginal swabs from 251 commercial F1 gilts (Landrace/Large-White) were collected on days 4 and 52 after PRRS vaccination (dpv) for 16S rRNA sequencing. Sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic unit (OTU). Sows were assigned to one of four groups according to the maximum parity reached (number of animals): without parity (13), first-parity (45), second-parity (47), and 3 or more parities (146). A negative binomial mixed model including fixed effects of group, dpv, group*dpv, and collection age (covariate), and random effect of animal, was used to identify OTUs with differential abundance. The false discovery rate method was used for multiple test correction. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) was performed to classify animals into the four parity groups by including significant OTUs in stepwise selection (P &lt; 0.05) using the whole data. A leave-one-out-cross-validation was used to assess the predictive ability of OTUs to correctly classify animals into the parity groups. Abundance of five and four OTUs was associated (q &lt; 0.05) with group and with group*dpv (q &lt; 0.05), respectively. In the CDA analysis, 220 OTUs identified in the vaginal microbiome were included (P &lt; 0.05). The first and second canonical variables explained 96.6 and 3.4% of the variation, respectively. All animals were correctly classified into their respective parity groups. This study indicates that the vaginal microbiome composition of gilts collected after PRRS-vaccination may be used to predict longevity in commercial sow herds. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brazil (Capes) – Finance Code 001.
24 Structural variants affecting mRNAs isoforms splice sites associated with marbling in Nellore cattle
Authors: Muniz Malane M , Fonseca Larissa Fernanda Simielli , Canovas Angela , Silva Danielly Beraldo Dos Santos , Ferro Jesus Aparecido , Chardulo Artur Loyola , Baldi Fernando , de Albuquerque Lucia Galvao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The mRNA identification and associated splice variants affecting meat marbling in Nellore cattle could contribute to a better understanding of the genetic architecture of this complex trait. Longissimus thoracis samples from the 20 most extreme bulls (out of 80 bulls set) for marbling [high (n=10) and low (n=10) groups] trait were used to perform transcriptomic analysis using RNA-Sequencing. The CLC Genomics Workbench software was used to align the fragments of each sample to the bovine reference genome (ARS-UCD1.2) and to perform differential expressed transcript analysis (DE). An average of 37,000 transcripts and 14 mRNA DE (P ≤ 0.001; FC &gt; 2) were detected in the muscle transcriptome. Among them, three transcripts were up-regulated (COL4A2-202, GHRH-201 and ENSBTAT00000070459.1) and 11 down-regulated (HBB-201, HBA-201, RPL14-202, CATHL1-201, CATHL4-201, MAPKAPK2-204, PCBD1-201, RPL30-203, NEURL1-202, PGLYRP1-201 and ENSBTAT00000038384.2) in high marbling group in relation to low group. Structural variants, including Single Nucleotide Variant (SNV), insertion or deletion were also found in the mRNA DE (4 in high and 6 in low marbling groups), causing possible splice site disruption. For high marbling group, in the COL4A2-202 transcript, three SNVs [one guanine (G) located on chromosome 12 at 85,104,867 bp, two cytosine (C), at the positions: 85,119,139 and 85,145,937 bp] were found. From these, one is a non-synonyms mutation [SNV (G) 85,145,937bp], causing an amino acid change (ENSBTAP00000005916.5: p.Glu1088Asp) in Collagen alpha-2(IV) chain protein (COL4A2). Interestingly, animals with low marbling presented also deletions (85,100,930 pb) in this same gene, causing an amino acid change (ENSBTAP00000005916.5:p.Pro113fs)in the COL4A2 protein. Functional enrichment analysis, using the DE mRNAs list, identified significant metabolic pathways (FDR &lt; 0.05), such as O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes, tyrosine biosynthesis and phenylalanine degradation. The results suggest potential key regulatory genes associated with marbling, an economically important trait for the beef industry and for the consumer.
Funding FAPESP (#2009/16118-5, #11/21241-0, #2017/02470-3, #2017/10630–2, #2018/ 20026–8, #2018/11154-2) and CAPES (#001).