bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drunk Others
Authors: West Mark D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the responsibilities of sober people for intoxicated people. It first explores general duties created by relationships and employment law. It then examines responsibilities in two specific contexts: university tragedies in which students, often because of peer pressure, die from alcohol poisoning, and insurance cases in which intoxicated people or their heirs sue their insurers for damages incurred while drunk. In general, absent extreme circumstances, courts place liability with the intoxicated and not people around them. Although some of these outcomes might be attributable to specific legal doctrines or facts, the cases nevertheless stand in contrast with social science literature that finds that people in Japan tend to place responsibility for behavior with groups and circumstances, not individuals.
Drunk in Society
Authors: West Mark D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role of intoxication in society. After examining the way courts discuss alcohol use as a social problem, it turns to three legal contexts: employment law, family law, and torts. First, it examines cases of disciplinary dismissals, in which civil servants whose employment is terminated after drunk-driving convictions sue their former employers. Second, it explores divorce cases in which alcohol consumption and intoxication are raised as factors that contributed to the demise of the marriage. Third, it turns to cases in which people claim they were defamed by statements related to alcohol consumption. In each case, courts issue opinions that either offer little insight into their thoughts on intoxication (despite a penchant for editorializing in other types of cases) or apply uneven, but individualized, justice.
Short Circuiting Policy
Authors: Stokes Leah Cardamore 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Short Circuiting Policy examines clean energy policies to understand why US states are not on track to meet the climate crisis. After two decades of leadership, American states are slipping in their commitment to transition away from dirty fossil fuels toward cleaner energy sources, including wind and solar. The author argues that organized combat between advocate and opponent interest groups is central to explaining why US states have stopped expanding and even started weakening their renewable energy policies. Fossil fuel companies and electric utilities played a key role in spreading climate denial. Now, they have turned to climate delay, working to block clean energy policies from passing or being implemented and driving retrenchment. Clean energy advocates typically lack sufficient power to overcome electric utilities’ opposition to climate policy. Short Circuiting Policy builds on policy feedback theory, showing the conditions under which retrenchment is more likely. Depending on their relative political influence, interest groups will work to drive retrenchment either directly by working with legislators, their staff, and regulators or indirectly through the parties, the public, and the courts. Also, the likely effects of policies are not easy to predict—an effect termed “the fog of enactment.” But over time, federated interest groups can learn to anticipate policies’ consequences through networks that cross state lines. Examining US energy policy over the past century, and Texas’s, Kansas’s, Arizona’s, and Ohio’s clean energy laws in the twenty-first century, the author shows how opponents have thwarted progress on climate policy.
Policy Feedback Takes Hold
Authors: Stokes Leah Cardamore 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines one of the earliest renewable energy laws in the United States: Texas’s renewable portfolio standard, enacted under then-governor George W. Bush in 1999. This chapter provides the early history of clean energy leadership in Texas, when wind energy grew rapidly. Relying on original archival research and primary interviews, it explains why Texas acted on clean energy before California and other more progressive states. It shows how savvy advocates used public opinion to drive policy change during windows of opportunity. More broadly, this case reveals a classic positive feedback dynamic: a growing wind energy sector increased its influence over the legislature and successfully expanded clean energy policy. Here, advocates relied on the fog of enactment to get a clean energy target and an ambitious infrastructure spending bill passed in the legislature. They also worked through the public to convince legislators that clean energy leadership was important for Texans.
Regulatory Capture Thwarts Feedback
Authors: Stokes Leah Cardamore 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines net metering. These laws have been crucial across the country for the development of the solar market. They set the rules for how to compensate individuals and organizations supplying energy to the grid, typically excess solar energy. After passing a series of clean energy targets in the 1990s and early 2000s that the state never implemented, Arizona finally began to get serious about renewable energy in 2008, passing a net metering law that year. However, the state regulator made a series of decisions from 2013 to 2017 that weakened and ultimately retrenched the state’s solar policies. Here, regulatory capture was key to electric utilities’ success in controlling the policymaking process. One utility, Arizona Public Service, spent over $55 million across several elections to block clean energy policies and elect anti-solar politicians. This chapter shows how opponent interest groups can directly drive retrenchment through regulatory capture.
When the Fog of Enactment Lifts
Authors: Stokes Leah Cardamore 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines how networked interest groups can learn about policies in other states and use this information to swiftly drive retrenchment. Ohio was one of the last states to enact a renewable energy target. For this reason, electric utilities understood more quickly that the policy would undermine the financial viability of their existing fossil fuel assets. The American Legislative Exchange Council, which has prominent electric utility and fossil fuel companies as members, played an important role in Ohio, putting retrenching clean energy “mandates” on the agenda. In 2019, the utilities finally succeeded in repealing the state’s efficiency and renewable standards, replacing them with a bailout for coal plants. In this case, one can see how policy feedback can fail when opponents networked across the states learn from earlier policies’ implementation and weaken the policy before it is able to generate lock-in.
Understanding the Continuum of Musical Experiences for People With Dementia
Authors: Clements-Cortés Amy 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the music experiences of people living with dementia with a focus on their implementation by care providers. Music experiences exist on a continuum which spans recreational to therapeutic and passive to active participatory opportunities. For care providers, it is essential to become familiar with the various musical opportunities that can be implemented when providing holistic care, and to choose the most appropriate experiences for persons living with dementia. This chapter explores the potential benefits of these experiences, as well as the risks of using music in care. A list of implications for care providers are presented alongside a dialogue on musical considerations.
Seven Capacities of Music That Underpin its Therapeutic Value in Dementia Care
Authors: Brancatisano Olivia , Thompson William Forde 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Music is often employed as a therapeutic tool for individuals with dementia, facilitating memory recall, fluent speech and recovery of other cognitive and noncognitive abilities. There are several current discussions of the mechanisms that underlie these therapeutic effects, but no integrative model that can account for the benefits of music on multiple levels of analysis. Thompson and Schlaug (2015) proposed that seven capacities of music may be especially relevant to its therapeutic value for a range of neurological conditions; namely, that music is persuasive, engaging, emotional, personal, physical, and social, and that it encourages synchronization in rhythm and pitch. This chapter elaborates on this model by considering how each of these seven attributes of music has therapeutic benefits for people with dementia.
Music Therapy and Skill Sharing to Meet Psychosocial Needs for Persons With Advanced Dementia
Authors: Ridder Hanne Mette , Bøtker Julie Ørnholt 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In advanced stages of dementia, the person experiences increasing difficulties in understanding and in being understood, and it becomes increasingly difficult to communicate and to engage socially. This may further lead to symptoms of agitation. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), memory for music can be preserved and therefore music therapy can be beneficial. This chapter provides insights into how individual music-therapy sessions take place with people with AD, and emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and skill sharing. A psychosocial approach to music therapy is described and illustrated through a case example, demonstrating how music may facilitate safety, spontaneous play, improvisation and mutual interaction. The case contributes to the understanding of how person-attuned use of musical interactions are implemented and can be transferred from individual music therapy to daily care. The importance of knowledge creation and skill sharing between professionals is highlighted.
Violence as a Mean of Attaining Group Goals*
Authors: Reykowski Janusz 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
For a very long period of human history, direct physical violence used to be one of the main means of obtaining power, wealth, and prestige, as well as social control, socialization of children, and regulation of social relations. Human societies were also developing various ways of controlling and curtailing direct violence, primarily in-group violence. Major changes in the social functions of violence were associated with the development of liberal thought and liberal institutions—the free market and the democratic political system. Liberal culture and liberal mentality have delegitimized all kinds of physical violence, except in defense of human rights and freedoms. Nevertheless, the tendency to use violence, as a means of attaining political, economic, or ideological goals has not disappeared. It is being fostered by ideologies that grew out of the transformation of traditional (conservative) thought into Right-Wing Authoritarianism and/or Social Dominance Orientation, but also the transformation of liberal thought into Libertarianism (egocentric individualism). These ideologies facilitate the change of competitions and disagreements between social groups into destructive conflicts.
Political Dialogue as an Instrument of the Democratic Policymaking
Authors: Reykowski Janusz 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In democratic states, the decisions concerning important social problems may be attained by means of two different modes: by means of political competition and struggle, in which the winners can impose a solution according to its own interests and values (the adversarial mode), or through dialogue aimed at solving the problem collectively (the deliberative approach). The adversarial approach assumes that there are winners and losers, whereas the deliberative approach creates a potential opportunity to consider the interests and perspectives of different parties. Critics regard the deliberative approach as unrealistic and point to its limitations. This chapter explores the example of the Round Table talks in Poland, which led to a peaceful transformation of the sociopolitical system, to discuss the psychological and social determinants of the effectiveness of this approach in politics.
Poetic Cognition
Authors: Freeman Margaret H. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This introduction prepares the groundwork for explaining how a poem may become an icon. Drawing from insights in cognitive science, it discusses the nature of sensate cognition and introduces a theory of aesthetic cognition that places poetic cognition as a subcategory within its interdisciplinary field. The chapter begins with the central question of poetic cognition: how poetry achieves the felt experience of the essential being of reality that poets and writers throughout the centuries have claimed for their art. “Being” is understood as both the “life force” of organic systems and the “essence” of what makes a rock a rock. In this sense, particular creations of human cognitive activity may become icons of the being of reality. As a preliminary, the chapter briefly discusses the nature of the cognitive self, the roles of science and aesthetics, and the need to establish appropriate terminology for the interdisciplinary fields concerned in an aesthetics of cognition.
Semblance
Authors: Freeman Margaret H. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
An icon always stands for something beyond itself. This chapter explores the various assumptions made by thinking of that relation in such terms as likeness, similarity, and representation that do not capture the nature of a poem as icon. Therefore the term semblance as “simulation” is chosen to avoid misconceptions that result in the separation of self from world. Semblance is the ontological underpinning of iconicity that relates it to the “felt life” of our epistemic reality. From a phenomenological perspective, the “being” of reality is in-visible, hidden within the precategorial realms of our preconscious sensory, motor, and emotive processes. The essence of being does not reside in a unified sense of one entity but in life in all its various manifestations. The ways in which poems create semblance are manifold and varied, as indicated in discussions of poems by Brendan Galvin, W. S. Merwin, and Wallace Stevens.
Schema
Authors: Freeman Margaret H. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The self is more than we consciously know. Neural and bodily processes of sensory experience, motor function, and emotive forces bind together to create the unity that is both the preconscious and conscious self. These sensate elements are governed by embodied schemata, a level of organization that binds subliminal sensory-motor-emotive processes with conceptual awareness in correlation with the worlds of our experience. Schemata internally structure metaphor by isomorphically creating correlations between its domains. The chapter first discusses the difference between the role of schemata that operate in everyday activities and behaviors and their role in the poetic arts. It shows how schemata bind the sensate elements of cognitive metaphoring in creating a poem as icon by revisiting Sylvia Plath’s poem discussed in the previous chapter, and two further poems by Li Bai and Elizabeth Bishop. The chapter ends by showing how schemata define the different poetics of Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost.
Affect
Authors: Freeman Margaret H. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Schemata acquire affective value through force dynamics at the deepest level of cognition. Affect is a transitive activity between the self as agonist and an “other” as antagonist that arises from sensory, motor, or emotive factors. In poetry, affect results primarily from a poem’s sonic and structural prosody to create the impression or “illusion” of virtual life. The affect respondents feel isn’t something static “in” the poem but a dynamic response to the poet’s intensions and motivations. Missing a poem’s affective tone can lead to misreading its emotive import and misevaluating the poet’s intension, as the discussion shows in a poem by Thomas Hardy. It also shows how the force dynamics of the fear schema in a Wallace Stevens poem creates an icon of danger confronting the self’s homeostasis. The chapter ends by summarizing the aspects of affective schemata that can lead to a theory of a model of affect in poetry and life.
The Poem as Icon
Authors: Freeman Margaret H. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Not all poetry achieves the status of becoming an icon, nor is it necessarily a poet’s intent. Inevitably, however, the question arises as to whether such iconicity indicates one way of evaluating poetry that lasts. In a case study of two poems on the same theme, I show how only one becomes an icon in my sense of the term. I then revisit the question of iconic motivation by briefly exploring our human propensity for finding aesthetic coherence between ourselves and the external world through our cognitive faculties of imagination and reason. Wallace Stevens’s poetics constitutes a revelation of his theory that the aim of poetry is to enact an iconic semblance of the felt but hidden reality of being, exemplified throughout his poetic corpus and culminating in his poem “The Rock.” The chapter concludes with a brief example of the transformative power of the icon for both poet and respondent.
Aesthetic Cognition
Authors: Freeman Margaret H. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter places poetic iconicity within the broader context of aesthetics. The history of aesthetics has developed several diverse meanings over time and in different disciplines. The chapter therefore redefines the aesthetic faculty as basic to both the sciences and the arts. It involves purpose, intension, function, and value that leads to empathy and ethical judgment of human behavior and activity. Earlier chapters approached poetic iconicity mainly from the perspective of the poet’s motivations and intensions. This chapter shows how poetic iconicity can establish one means by which poetry can be aesthetically read and evaluated. After introducing what appear to be misreadings of a Matthew Arnold poem that do not take into account Arnold’s aesthetic principles as evidenced in it, the chapter shows that his poem “Dover Beach” is a meditation on the aesthetic faculty in creating a poem as an icon of the felt being of reality.
Exploring Shipwreck Data
Authors: Leidwanger Justin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis chapter applies the proposed methodology to the working dataset of 67 wrecks. Varied quantitative analyses serve to contextualize spatial and diachronic trends in the study area against the broad backdrop of the east and Mediterranean as a whole. Two discrete peaks of activity provide the basis for constructing comparative Social Network Analysis visualizations of Roman and Late Antique connections within and among the geographical areas represented by cargos. The analytical tools of Geographic Information Systems, together with environmental parameters and seafaring capabilities, allow these network links to be grounded spatially using likely sailing times; such journey lengths reflect the “costs”—and therefore the potential regularity and investment—represented by these connections.
Ports and Everyday Economies
Authors: Leidwanger Justin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis chapter turns from shipwrecks to the comparative evidence provided by Roman and Late Antique ports. Discussion focuses first on the methodological challenges associated with modeling the full range of port-based activities and facilities from complex built protective structures down to the least conspicuous sandy beaches. Two case studies illustrate the extended world of maritime networks: a series of sites around the Datça peninsula in southwest Turkey and another along the south-central coast of Cyprus. Together, these views allow examination of the diversity and distribution of ports in the local material record as well as the likely roles these spaces played in networks and rhythms of economic activity throughout their hinterlands.
Introduction
Authors: Haberman David L. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Introduction provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book explores the conceptions and worship of Mount Govardhan and its many stones. Mount Govardhan is a well-known sacred hill located in northern India and one of the most prominent features of Braj, a cultural region associated with the popular and playful Hindu deity Krishna. While describing and examining some of the principal characteristics of the worship of Mount Govardhan, this book aims to reflect on the gap that exists between the sense of reality one experiences every day while living near the sacred hill and the dominant reality experienced in everyday life in the United States, which fosters a portrayal of such worship as absurd, or even worse. The radical difference that exists between these two views creates a fruitful space for thinking about larger, more general issues encountered in the academic study of religion.
On the Slopes of Mount Govardhan
Authors: Haberman David L. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces some of the foundational stories related to Mount Govardhan and describes the physical features of the mountain as well as the sacred terrain that surrounds it. For instance, the story of the origin of Mount Govardhan, as told in the Garga Samhita, is a narrative widely known by worshipers of this sacred mountain and central to many theological conceptualizations of its deeper meanings. Perhaps most significant for the latter initiative is that Govardhan consists of the consolidated form of supreme love that emerged out of the bliss-filled hearts of the divine couple Radha and Krishna. There are also stories on how Mount Govardhan came to be situated in Braj. They are narrated in texts and recounted by numerous knowledgeable people residing near the sacred mountain today.
Drawing Personality Out of a Stone
Authors: Haberman David L. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on interaction with particular individual stones from Mount Govardhan and the anthropomorphic techniques employed to establish and develop close relationships with these divine forms. It includes a re-evaluation of the nature and function of anthropomorphism in general, something that until quite recently has been regarded with much suspicion within many academic disciplines. Many people who live near the mountain have a home shrine accommodating a Govardhan stone, when they could simply worship the mountain directly. For many, one of the advantages of worshiping an individual stone in their homes is convenience, especially for women often confined to the home throughout the day with household chores and activities. A stone in the home also provides rich opportunity for the loving hands-on activities that generate and nurture a close relationship with the mountain through this particular stone.
The Widening and Narrowing of Egypt’s Civic Space
Authors: Herrold Catherine E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractChapter 2 begins in the wake of Hosni Mubarak’s overthrow when Egyptian citizens expressed a newfound desire to participate in bringing freedom and democracy to the country. It goes on to show how Egyptian NGOs and foundations perceived an opportunity to play an important role in harnessing that energy and involving activists in organized activities related to democratic political reform. Yet by late 2011, Egypt’s transitional government began to crack down on the NGO sector even more harshly than the Mubarak regime had. In addition, Egypt’s economy declined precipitously. Chapter 2 lays out the opportunities and challenges that the 2011 uprisings created for Egyptian civil society organizations and briefly describes how two sets of donors—Western aid organizations and Egyptian philanthropic foundations—responded in the months following Mubarak’s removal.