bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Common plant flavonoids prevent the assembly of amyloid curli fibres and can interfere with bacterial biofilm formation
Authors: Pruteanu Mihaela , Hernández Lobato José I. , Stach Thomas , Hengge Regine 
Published: September 2020

SummaryLike all macroorganisms, plants have to control bacterial biofilm formation on their surfaces. On the other hand, biofilms are highly tolerant against antimicrobial agents and other stresses. Consequently, biofilms are also involved in human chronic infectious diseases, which generates a strong demand for anti‐biofilm agents. Therefore, we systematically explored major plant flavonoids as putative anti‐biofilm agents using different types of biofilms produced by Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria. In Escherichia coli macrocolony biofilms, the flavone luteolin and the flavonols myricetin, morin and quercetin were found to strongly reduce the extracellular matrix. These agents directly inhibit the assembly of amyloid curli fibres by driving CsgA subunits into an off‐pathway leading to SDS‐insoluble oligomers. In addition, they can interfere with cellulose production by still unknown mechanisms. Submerged biofilm formation, however, is hardly affected. Moreover, the same flavonoids tend to stimulate macrocolony and submerged biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For Bacillus subtilis, the flavonone naringenin and the chalcone phloretin were found to inhibit growth. Thus, plant flavonoids are not general anti‐biofilm compounds but show species‐specific effects. However, based on their strong and direct anti‐amyloidogenic activities, distinct plant flavonoids may provide an attractive strategy to specifically combat amyloid‐based biofilms of some relevant pathogens.
Distracted learning: Big problem and golden opportunity
Authors: Schmidt Shelly J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNumerous studies from psychology, cognitive science, and neuroscience have generated substantial evidence suggesting that multitasking while doing schoolwork has a significant detrimental effect on student learning and performance. Despite this evidence, attending to multiple streams of information and entertainment while doing homework, writing a paper, studying, or even during class (face‐to‐face or online) has become common behavior among young people. Thus, the objective of this trends article is to discuss some of the latest research findings associated with distracted learning, including why students, and people in general, get distracted in the first place, and to share some effective approaches and ideas to help our students, and ourselves, get focused. Learning how to become indistractable is an essential and timeless skill for success in education, as well as many other facets of life.
Fonio grains: Physicochemical properties, nutritional potential, and food applications
Authors: Zhu Fan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFonio grains are a type of small‐seeded cereals native to Western Africa and are important cereal crops for food security. The two species are white fonio (Digitaria exilis) (commonly called acha) and black fonio (Digitaria iburua) (commonly called iburu). As a novel food, fonio has attracted attention from other parts of the world due to their attractive nutritional properties (e.g., in whole grain form and being gluten free) and potential food applications. The information regarding the functional properties and applications of fonio is rather scattered. This review summarizes the chemical composition, physicochemical and nutritional properties, and diverse food applications of fonio. The nutritional composition and processing properties of fonio are similar to other cereals. Fonio has potential to be complementary to major cereals for diverse food uses. There are research opportunities to better explore fonio grains for value‐added applications.
Incidence, bystander emergency response management and outcomes of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest at exercise and sport facilities in Australia
Authors: Sekendiz Betul 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveDespite growing emphasis on automated external defibrillators (AEDs) at sport venues in Australia, the risk of cardiac events at such locations is unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) at exercise and sport facilities (ESF) in Australia and the impact of effective bystander‐initiated CPR and AED use on return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) to hospital admission.MethodsData were obtained from the Queensland Ambulance Service for the 8‐year period between January 2007 and January 2015. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, non‐parametric correlational tests and logistic regression. The OHCA incidence rate (IR) for ESF categories was standardised for 100 000 participant‐years.ResultsOver the 8‐year period, there were 250 OHCA events with a median age of 62 years (interquartile range 49–69) comprising mostly males (86.6%,n= 187). The risk of OHCA for 100 000 participants per year was highest at outdoor sports facilities (IR 5.1) followed by indoor sports or fitness facilities (IR 0.8). On arrival of paramedics, bystander‐initiated CPR and AED was present at 12.4% (n= 31) of the cases achieving 33.3% (n= 9) ROSC to hospital admission. The odds of ROSC for effective CPR was 2.3 times the odds of ROSC for no CPR (P= 0.01).ConclusionThese findings have implications for policy development by government agencies and major sport and exercise organisations to improve bystander CPR and AED. This can help to ensure that ESF can properly respond to cardiac emergencies to save lives.
The effects of packaging materials on the fatty acid composition, organic acid content, and texture profiles of Tulum cheese
Authors: Tomar Oktay , Akarca Gökhan , GÖK Veli , Çağlar M. Yusuf 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this research, Erzincan Tulum cheese was packaged in its original packaging material, the skin bag, small intestine, and appendix to observe the changes in its physical, chemical, and textural properties during storage day. Lactic acid% values increased in all Tulum cheeses throughout storage stage. At the end of the storage period, the highest value was determined in the sample filled in the small intestine (20.10%). All fatty acid values were increased, and the highest increase was identified in oleic acid (C 18:1) (skin bag 2.18%), linoleic acid (18:2) (appendix 0.41%), and palmitic acid (C 16:0) (small intestine 0.34%), respectively. All organic acids increased in stored sample. The highest increase among organic acids was determined to be 4.47% in lactic acid. As a result of the Texture Profile Analyses (TPA), the hardness, and adhesiveness of Tulum cheeses increased during storage periods, whereas the springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness values decreased. Gumminess value declined in the sample filled into the appendix (with a value of 36.01), whereas it increased in the other two samples. The highest increase in hardness values was 2,520.27 N at given storage time was in the samples filled into appendix while the highest adhesive values of −49.82 were determined in the sample filled into small intestine.Practical ApplicationTulum cheese is usually produced by filling sheep or goat skin bag. Goat or sheep skin bag are not always available, and the amount of cheese produced in them is excessive. Therefore, cheeses were also filled to small intestine and appendix. At the end of the study, there were no negative effects on cheeses filled with intestine and appendix. The use of small intestine and appendix has helped to develop a product that will be appreciated by the consumers with no adverse effects in the physicochemical and textural properties of cheese.
Effect of nanoliposomal entrapment on antioxidative hydrolysates from goose blood protein
Authors: Huang Jin , Wu Mengting , Yang Kun , Zhao Manman , Wu Di , Ma Jing , Ding Baomiao , Sun Weiqing 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this study, the encapsulation of goose blood hydrolysate (GBH) was performed within nanoliposomes. We investigated the physicochemical properties, stability, antioxidant indices, the morphology of nanoparticles, the digestion stability in simulated gastrointestinal fluid, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. GBH was successfully encapsulated into nanoliposomes using reverse‐phase evaporation method. The entrapment efficiency of GBH‐loaded nanoliposomes was about 70.99 ± 2.85%, the average particle size was 93.3 ± 2.45 nm, the zeta‐potential of GBH‐loaded nanoliposomes was −30 mV, and the morphology of GBH‐loaded nanoliposomes was characterized by transmission electron microscope. Moreover, the results of DSC and FTIR showed that the GBH nanoliposome was more stable than the empty liposomes due to hydrogen bond complexation between liposome and GBH. The release of GBH from nanoliposomes could be significantly controlled, and the release ratios were 48.9 ± 2.96% in simulated gastric fluid and 59.9 ± 5.30% in simulated intestinal fluid, respectively, proving that degradation rate of antioxidant activities of GBH encapsulated in nanoliposomes was decreased. In conclusion, nanoliposomes embedding is a promising and effective way to increase the stability of hydrolysates from GBH and produce various types of functional food.
Economic Evaluation of the Emergency Department After Implementation of an Emergency Psychiatric Assessment, Treatment, and Healing Unit
Authors: Stamy Chris , Shane Dan M. , Kannedy Levi , Van Heukelom Paul , Mohr Nicholas M. , Tate Jodi , Montross Kelsey , Lee Sangil 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesWe sought to evaluate the impact of an emergency psychiatric assessment, treatment, and healing (EmPATH) unit on emergency department (ED) revenue, psychiatric boarding time, and length of stay (LOS).MethodsWe conducted a before‐and‐after economic evaluation of a single academic midwestern ED (60,000 annual visits) for all adult (≥18 years) patients before (December 2017–May 2018) and after (December 2018–May 2019) opening an EmPATH unit. These are outpatient hospital‐based programs that provide emergent treatment and stabilization for mental health emergencies from ED patients. The Holt–Winters method was used to forecast pre‐EmPATH expected ED levels of patients leaving without being seen, leaving against medical advice, eloping, or being transferred using 3 years of ED visits. ED revenues were calculated by finding the difference of pre‐EmPATH expected and post‐EmPATH observed values and multiplying by the revenue per visit. ED boarding time and LOS were obtained from the hospital’s electronic medical record.ResultsThere were 23,231 and 23,336 ED visits evaluated during the pre– and post–EmPATH unit periods. The ED generated an estimated additional $404,954 in the 6 months and $861,065 annually after the implementation of the EmPATH unit. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) psychiatric boarding time decreased from 212 (119–536) minutes to 152 (86–307) minutes (mean difference = 189 minutes, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 150 to 228 minutes) and median (IQR) LOS decreased from 351 (204–631) minutes to 334 (212–517) minutes (mean difference = 114 minutes, 95% CI = 87 to 143 minutes).ConclusionThe EmPATH unit had a positive impact on ED revenue and decreased ED boarding time and LOS for psychiatric patients.
Impact of smoking behavior on clozapine blood levels – a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wagner E. , McMahon L. , Falkai P. , Hasan A. , Siskind D. 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveTobacco smoking significantly impacts clozapine blood levels and has substantial implications on individual efficacy and safety outcomes. By investigating differences in clozapine blood levels in smoking and non‐smoking patients on clozapine, we aim to provide guidance for clinicians how to adjust clozapine levels for patients on clozapine who change their smoking habits.MethodsWe conducted a meta‐analysis on clozapine blood levels, norclozapine levels, norclozapine/clozapine ratios, and concentration to dose (C/D) ratios in smokers and non‐smokers on clozapine. Data were meta‐analyzed using a random‐effects model with sensitivity analyses on dose, ethnic origin, and study quality.ResultsData from 23 studies were included in this meta‐analysis with 21 investigating differences between clozapine blood levels of smokers and non‐smokers. In total, data from 7125 samples were included for the primary outcome (clozapine blood levels in ng/ml) in this meta‐analysis. A meta‐analysis of all between‐subject studies (N = 16) found that clozapine blood levels were significantly lower in smokers compared with non‐smokers (Standard Mean Difference (SMD) −0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.55 to −0.22, P < 0.001, I2 = 80%). With regard to the secondary outcome, C/D ratios (N = 16 studies) were significantly lower in the smoker group (n = 645) compared with the non‐smoker group (n = 813; SMD −0.70, 95%CI −0.84 to −0.56, P < 0.00001, I2 = 17%).ConclusionSmoking behavior and any change in smoking behavior is associated with a substantial effect on clozapine blood levels. Reductions of clozapine dose of 30% are recommended when a patient on clozapine stops smoking. Reductions should be informed by clozapine steady‐state trough levels and a close clinical risk‐benefit evaluation.
miR223‐3p, HAND2, and LIF expression regulated by calcitonin in the ERK1/2‐mTOR pathway during the implantation window in the endometrium of mice
Authors: Niknafs Behrooz , Hesam Shariati Mohammad Bakhtiar , Shokrzadeh Naser 
Published: September 2020

ProblemApproximately one‐third of infertility cases are related to the female partner, and implantation failure is the primary reason for female infertility. The current research was established to assess the impact of calcitonin on endometrial receptivity.Methods of study64 female BALB/c mice were assigned to 2 groups as follows: mice with regular ovarian cycle and mice with stimulated ovarian cycle. The two groups were further divided into four subgroups as follows: control (Ctrl), calcitonin (CT), pp242, and CT + pp242 groups. Calcitonin and pp242 were injected on days 3, 4, and 5 of pregnancy. On day 5 of gestation, all of the animals were sacrificed, and their uterine was removed for the morphological analysis, as well as the expression assessment genes and proteins.ResultsThe results demonstrated that ovarian stimulation increased the rate of phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and mTOR proteins, and resulted in the upregulation of miR‐223‐3p. The administration of calcitonin also elevated the expression levels of LIF and HAND2 gene in both regular ovarian and ovarian‐stimulated cycles. In ovarian‐stimulated groups, the administration of calcitonin led to a decrease in the expression of miR‐223‐3p. Calcitonin administration also markedly increased the phosphorylation of 4EBP1 and ERK1/2 in the regular ovarian cycle.ConclusionIt seems that calcitonin is capable of enhancing the endometrial receptivity of the uterine, thereby the overexpression of HAND2 and LIF and downregulation of miR‐223‐3p through the ERK1/2‐mTOR signaling pathway.
Effect of ethnicity and rurality on treatment delays in patients with colorectal cancer in Northland, New Zealand
Authors: Matthews Christina , Walker Michael , McLaughlin Scott , Milloy Michal , Harmston Chris 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundEthnic and rural disparities in medical treatment and outcomes have been demonstrated across a range of conditions, including colorectal cancer. Timely treatment and investigation of symptoms in patients with suspicion of cancer is likely to improve outcomes and patient experience. Achieving equity in timeliness of care is important in achieving the goal of equitable cancer outcomes outlined in the New Zealand cancer action plan. The aim of this study was to compare treatment times in patients with colorectal cancer, between Māori and non‐Māori patients as well as urban and rural patients in Northland, New Zealand.MethodsAll adult patients diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma from 2011 to 2016 were identified using hospital coding. Further information on the primary cohort was then obtained using the hospitals electronic results system, CONCERTO. The primary outcomes of interest were differences in delays to treatment between Māori and non‐Māori as well as Urban versus rural residence. Secondary outcomes of interest included rate of emergency admission and treatment by curative intent in different groups.ResultsA total of 511 patients formed the primary cohort; 12% were Māori and were on average 6 years younger than non‐Māori. Māori had a 6% higher emergency admission rate and a 5% higher rate of palliative treatment intent. No significant difference in treatment delay times was seen between different ethnicities or different domiciles.ConclusionEthnicity and rurality were not shown to affect treatment delays. Further research in this area is needed to help attain equitable outcomes for patients with colorectal cancer in New Zealand.
How should we assess renal function in neonates and infants?
Authors: Filler Guido , Bhayana Vipin , Schott Clara , Díaz‐González de Ferris Maria E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimReview of current knowledge on assessing renal function in term and preterm neonates.MethodsLiterature review and analysis of own data.ResultsPrematurity, genetic, environmental and maternal factors may alter peak nephron endowment and life‐long renal function. Nephrogenesis continues until 34‐36 weeks of gestation, but it is altered with premature delivery. Variability of nephron endowment has a substantial impact on the clearance of renally excreted drugs. Postnatally, glomerular function rate (GFR) increases daily, doubles by two weeks, and slowly reaches full maturity at 18 months of age. Ideally, renal function biomarkers should be expressed as age‐independent z‐scores, and evidence suggests indexing these values to post‐conceptual age rather than chronological age. Newborn and maternal serum creatinine correlate tightly for more than 72 hours after delivery, rendering this biomarker unsuitable for the assessment of neonatal renal function. Cystatin C does not cross the placenta and may be the preferred biomarker in the neonate. Here, we provide preliminary data on the natural evolution of the cystatin C eGFR in infancy.ConclusionCystatin C may be superior for GFR estimation in neonates, but the best approach to drug dosing of renally excreted drugs remains to be established.
Postactivation performance enhancement: Does conditioning one arm augment performance in the other?
Authors: Wong Vickie , Yamada Yujiro , Bell Zachary W. , Spitz Robert W. , Viana Ricardo B. , Chatakondi Raksha N. , Abe Takashi , Loenneke Jeremy P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe purpose was to determine whether postactivation performance enhancement is specific to the muscle being conditioned or if it is also observed within the homologous muscles of the contralateral limb (after accounting for the warm‐up and random error). We also investigated whether this differed based on training status or muscle size. One hundred seven participants (75 untrained; 32 trained) participated in four sessions. Visit 1 included baseline measurements and familiarization. Visits 2–4 included the completion of one of the three experimental conditions: (a) control, (b) same side and (c) crossover completed in a randomized order. The control condition completed all testing except for the conditioning contraction. The same side condition completed the conditioning contraction on the same side as the strength test. The crossover condition completed the conditioning on the arm opposite to the strength test. The variable of interest was the change from baseline in isokinetic strength. Our analysis indicated that of the hypotheses compared, the posterior probabilities (posterior probability of 0.506) favoured the hypothesis that the effect was local and greatest in those who were resistance trained [mean (SD) of 1.4 (2.2) Nm over the control in those resistance trained]. We found no relationship between muscle size and postactivation performance enhancement. In conclusion, there is an influence of training status pertaining to the postactivation performance enhancement effect but no influence from baseline muscle size. It appears unlikely that the effect is due to a systemic mechanism.
Schisandrin A restrains osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting reactive oxygen species and activating Nrf2 signalling
Authors: Ni Shuo , Qian Zhi , Yuan Yin , Li Dejian , Zhong Zeyuan , Ghorbani Farnaz , Zhang Xu , Zhang Fangxue , Zhang Zhenhua , Liu Zichen , Yu Baoqing 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesIntracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by receptor activator of NF‐kB ligand (RANKL) has been proven to be a critical factor in the development of osteoclasts. This study aimed to prove that schisandrin A (Sch), a novel anti‐oxidant compound, is able to suppress osteoclastogenesis and prevent bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice by suppressing ROS via nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor (Nrf2).Material and MethodsMicro‐CT was used to detect bone formation. The effects of Sch on receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) ligand (RANKL)‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining in vivo and 2',7'‐dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH‐DA) staining in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of Nrf2 in vivo. siRNA was used to evaluate the effect of Nrf2 in osteoclastogenesis.ResultsSch suppresses RANKL‐induced ROS production by regulating nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor (Nrf2) in vitro and vivo. Mechanistically, Sch enhances the expression of Nrf2 by regulating the degradation of Nrf2. Further, Sch suppresses phosphorylation of P65 and its nuclear translocation, as well as the degradation of IκBα. Collectively, our findings reveal that Sch protects against OVX‐induced bone loss by suppressing ROS via Nrf2.ConclusionsOur results showed the potential of anti‐oxidant compound schisandrin A in the treatment of osteoporosis, highlighting Nrf2 as a novel promising target in osteoclast‐related disease.
Kappa and lambda immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in the evaluation of atypical cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates
Authors: Hristov Alexandra C. , Comfere Nneka I. , Vidal Claudia I. , Sundram Uma 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundAtypical cutaneous lymphoid infiltrates are challenging lesions in dermatopathology. We present a summary of the literature regarding kappa and lambda immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) in the evaluation of atypical cutaneous or mucosal lymphoid infiltrates.MethodsRelevant articles from 1967 to 2018 in the English language were identified and summarized. In the absence of larger studies, case series of n ≥ 3 were included.ResultsSixty‐three articles assessing kappa and lambda IHC and/or ISH were identified. Most focused on marginal zone lymphomas. Other lymphomas included follicle center lymphoma, diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, plasmablastic lymphoma, multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein, skin changes (POEMS). Non‐neoplastic lesions included reactive lymphoid hyperplasia, cutaneous plasmacytosis, connective tissue disease, IgG4‐related disease, acrodermatitis chronic atrophicans, Zoon balanitis, dermatitides, and infiltrates around epithelial dysplasias/neoplasias.ConclusionKappa and lambda IHC and ISH are useful tools in the evaluation of cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas and plasma cell neoplasms. The literature supports that the detection of light‐chain restriction by IHC and ISH is one of the most useful findings in the differential diagnosis of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia vs B‐cell lymphoma with plasmacytic differentiation.