bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the reflection model on the estimate of the properties of accreting black holes
Authors: Tripathi Ashutosh , Liu Honghui , Bambi Cosimo 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Relativistic reflection features in the X-ray spectra of black hole binaries and active galactic nuclei originate from illumination of the inner part of the accretion disc by a hot corona. In the presence of high quality data and with the correct astrophysical model, X-ray reflection spectroscopy can be quite a powerful tool to probe the strong gravity region, study the morphology of the accreting matter, measure black hole spins, and even test Einstein’s theory of general relativity in the strong field regime. There are a few relativistic reflection models available today and developed by different groups. All these models present some differences and have a number of simplifications introducing systematic uncertainties. The question is whether different models provide different measurements of the properties of black holes and how to arrive at a common model for the whole X-ray astronomy community. In this paper, we start exploring this issue by analysing a Suzaku observation of the stellar-mass black hole in GRS 1915+105 and simultaneous XMM–Newton and NuSTAR observations of the supermassive black hole in MCG-6-30-15. The relativistic reflection component of these sources is fitted with relconv × reflionx, relconv × xillver, and relxill. We discuss the differences and the impact on the study of accreting black holes.
Near-infrared-traceable DNA nano-hydrolase: specific eradication of telomeric G-overhang in vivo
Authors: Sun Yuhuan , Zhao Chuanqi , Cui Tingting , Qin Hongshuang , Niu Jingsheng , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Telomeric DNA, whose length homeostasis is closely correlated with immortality of cancer cells, is regarded as a molecular clock for cellular lifespan. Regarding the capacity in forming G-quadruplex, G-rich 3′-overhang (G-overhang) has been considered as an attractive anticancer target. However, it is still challenging to precisely target telomeric G-overhang with current ligands because of the polymorphism of G-quadruplexes in cells. Herein, we construct a telomeric G-overhang-specific near-infrared-traceable DNA nano-hydrolase, which is composed of four parts: (i) dexamethasone for targeting cell nuclei; (ii) complementary DNA for hybridizing with G-overhang; (iii) multinuclear Ce(IV) complexes for hydrolyzing G-overhang; and (iv) upconversion nanoparticles for real-time tracking. The multivalent targeted DNA nano-hydrolase can be traced to precisely digest telomeric G-overhang, which contributes to telomeric DNA shortening and thereby causes cell aging and apoptosis. The anticancer treatment is further proved by in vivo studies. In this way, this design provides a telomeric G-overhang-specific eradication strategy based on a non-G-quadruplex targeting manner.
The Rise of Shadow Banking: Evidence from Capital Regulation
Authors: Irani Rustom M , Iyer Rajkamal , Meisenzahl Ralf R , Peydró José-Luis 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We investigate the connections between bank capital regulation and the prevalence of lightly regulated nonbanks (shadow banks) in the U.S. corporate loan market. For identification, we exploit a supervisory credit register of syndicated loans, loan-time fixed effects, and shocks to capital requirements arising from surprise features of the U.S. implementation of Basel III. We find that less-capitalized banks reduce loan retention, particularly among loans with higher capital requirements and at times when capital is scarce, and nonbanks step in. This reallocation is associated with important adverse effects during the 2008 crisis: loans funded by nonbanks with fragile liabilities are less likely to be rolled over and experience greater price volatility.
New Asian and NearcticHypechiniscusspecies (Heterotardigrada: Echiniscidae) signalize a pseudocryptic horn of plenty
Authors: Gąsiorek Piotr , Oczkowski Artur , Blagden Brian , Kristensen Reinhardt M , Bartels Paul J , Nelson Diane R , Suzuki Atsushi C , Michalczyk Łukasz 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe cosmopolitan echiniscid genus Hypechiniscus contains exclusively rare species. In this contribution, by combining statistical morphometry and molecular phylogeny, we present qualitative and quantitative aspects of Hypechiniscus diversity, which remained hidden under the two purportedly cosmopolitan species: H. gladiator and H. exarmatus. A neotype is designated for H. gladiator from Creag Meagaidh (Scotland), and an informal re-description is provided for H. exarmatus based on animals from Creag Meagaidh and the Isle of Skye (Inner Hebrides). Subspecies/forms of H. gladiator are suppressed due to the high developmental variability of the cirrus dorsalis. At the same time, four species of the genus are described: H. daedalus sp. nov. from Roan Mountain and the Great Smoky Mountains (Southern Appalachian Mountains, USA), H. flavus sp. nov. and H. geminus sp. nov. from the Yatsugatake Mountains (Honshu, Japan), and H. cataractus sp. nov. from the Malay Archipelago (Borneo and the Moluccas). Dorsal and ventral sculpturing, together with morphometric traits, are shown to be the key characters that allow for the phenotypic discrimination of species within the genus. Furthermore, the morphology of Hypechiniscus is discussed and compared to that of the most similar genera, Pseudechiniscus and Stellariscus. Finally, a diagnostic key to all recognized Hypechiniscus species is provided.
Influence of Topical Anesthesia on Superficial Sensitivity: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study on 48 Healthy Subjects
Authors: Illg Claudius , Krauss Sabrina , Kersten Anabel , Daigeler Adrien , Wenger Andrea 
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND
Topical anesthetics are used in noninvasive transdermal anesthesia to decrease the superficial pain sensation threshold during dermatologic surgery. Combined pain relief and sensitivity loss can avoid discomfort during the surgery.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this placebo-controlled study was to compare the efficacy of 3 commonly used topical agents by collating loss of sensitivity over time.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Three topical anesthetic creams, a topical anti-inflammatory cream, and a moisturizing cream were applied on the left volar forearm of each of the 48 healthy Caucasian participants. Sensitivity was assessed with the dynamic 2-point discrimination and the Semmes–Weinstein test at 0, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes after cream application.

RESULTS
After 180 minutes, benzocaine showed a significantly lower 2-point discrimination reduction than lidocaine alone and a lidocaine and prilocaine mixture. Sensory threshold measurements by the Semmes–Weinstein test after 60 minutes revealed a significantly higher effect with lidocaine alone and with the lidocaine and prilocaine mixture than with benzocaine.

CONCLUSION
The authors found a stronger skin sensitivity reduction by the eutectic lidocaine and prilocaine mixture and lidocaine alone compared with benzocaine. We suggest increased discomfort reduction in topical anesthetic supported dermatologic surgery by the eutectic mixture and lidocaine alone.
Recovering Patient Trust We Lost in the Pandemic
Authors: Sharieff Ghazala Q. 
Published: August 2020

SUMMARY
The question of how to engender patient trust in a pandemic is not easy to answer, and yet it is a critical question that requires a convincing response. On March 14, 2020, the surgeon general of the United States called for a stop to elective procedures. Ultimately, that led us at Scripps Health to close some clinics to protect personal protective equipment supplies and then furlough staff because of the decrease in patient visits. It soon became evident, however, that patients needed our care more than ever, and we had to pivot to provide the services they needed—but in a very different way. Our team rose to the challenge and quickly redesigned the entire organizational approach to accelerate telehealth services for the convenience of our patients. In the process, we also targeted a patient outreach program to our high-risk patients, which turned out to be an important aspect of our COVID-19 patient care initiative.
Prevent, Detect, and Treat: The Military’s Flexible Approach for a Whole-of-Nation Pandemic Response
Authors: McGee LTC Jarrod , Michael COL Tracy 
Published: August 2020

SUMMARY
As community transmission of COVID-19 first emerged in the United States and then quickly spread, America’s military accepted an important role in responding to the growing pandemic. The Department of Defense (DOD) rapidly mobilized and deployed personnel, expeditionary medical capabilities, supplies, and equipment to hot spots across the country. How does a military with an expeditionary focus and armed for war abroad quickly pivot to support national response efforts to a public health crisis here at home? Coinciding with the DOD’s established flexible response methodology, the US Army adapted a three-pronged approach to prevent, detect, and treat COVID-19 while protecting the force and safeguarding the American people. This approach is providing strategic and operational lessons for improving healthcare delivery, informing public health decisions, and allocating healthcare resources for future pandemic response and civil emergency support efforts.
Continuing Care for Older Adults Through and Beyond a Pandemic
Authors: Capasso John 
Published: August 2020

SUMMARY
COVID-19 will remain a threat to millions of older adults for the foreseeable future, challenging healthcare providers to find successful ways to address this population's special needs. Thanks to well-defined core values and an experienced and innovative team of colleagues, Trinity Health's Continuing Care division has been able to adroitly support thousands of older adults throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Our response has also included working to maintain the safety and well-being of thousands of staff who serve in this space every day. The pandemic is less than a year old, yet we have learned lessons that an organization typically takes many years to learn, and we are pleased to share them here. One of the greatest lessons is that, to best respond to a pandemic, everyone in an organization should have a clear understanding of purpose and strategy. In other words, know why you exist and what you need to do to weather the unknown until a vaccine or cure is available for all.
Hybrid coronary revascularization: are we there yet?
Authors: McKiernan Maureen , Halkos Michael E. 
Published: August 2020

Purpose of review
With advances in minimally invasive surgical and percutaneous coronary therapies, hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) is well positioned to be an ideal strategy for revascularization in selected patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD). The purpose of this review is to highlight recent outcomes and comparative effectiveness studies of HCR.

Recent findings
Patients undergoing HCR have comparable outcomes compared with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The major benefits compared with CABG appear to be related to short-term morbidity and resource utilization. Compared with PCI, HCR may decrease repeat revascularization rates by decreasing reintervention of the left anterior descending coronary artery.

Summary
Although HCR is associated with a significant learning curve, specifically with minimally invasive CABG techniques, the early outcomes remain promising and should be considered as a viable option for revascularization in select patients with multivessel CAD.
Revisiting the Direct Brow Lift in Patients With Facial Palsy: 4 Key Modifications
Authors: Butler Daniel P. , Nagendran Sonali , Malhotra Raman 
Published: August 2020

Purpose:
The direct brow lift is a simple and popular technique, particularly in patients with brow ptosis secondary to facial palsy. It provides a high degree of control in determining the degree of brow elevation and shape achieved. However, it is arguably the least debated in terms of addressing some of its sequelae, namely the risks of a visible or indrawn scar and forehead paraesthesia. In this article, we report outcomes using four alternative principles to those outlined in current published literature.

Methods:
All patients undergoing a primary direct brow lift for brow ptosis secondary to facial palsy between January 2015 and December 2019 under a single surgeon (R.M.) were included in the study. The technical refinements of the procedure included a W-plasty type stealth skin incision, counter-bevelling of the upper and lower incision lines, skin excision in the subcutaneous plane only with minimal excision of fat and browpexy to the frontal periosteum through small linear puncture incisions in the frontalis.

Results:
A total of 23 patients undergoing 24 direct brow lifts were included in the study. The mean follow-up was 1.3 years (range 0.5–3 years). No patients reported postoperative forehead paraesthesia or brow alopecia. One patient required a further temporal browlift 15 months later. Brow height was rated excellent (0–1.5 mm difference) in 71% of brows and good (1.6–4.9 mm difference) in 14% of brows. The average Manchester scar scale was 8.6/28.

Conclusion:
The technical modifications presented substantially reduce the rates of postoperative paraesthesia, whilst achieving satisfactory aesthetic outcomes.
Intravenous Catheter Employed in Peritrochlear Injection of Triamcinolone in the Treatment of Trochleitis
Authors: Rubenstein Jordan A. , Chang Chih-Chiun , Idowu Oluwatobi O. , Winn Bryan J. 
Published: August 2020

Purpose:
Injection of corticosteroid into the peritrochlear region is a widely practiced and highly successful treatment option for trochleitis, conventionally using a 25- or 27-gauge needle for the steroid injection. Injection into the vascular-rich peritrochlear region poses a risk, albeit rare, of central retinal artery occlusion or orbital hemorrhage. We describe a potentially safer method of delivering triamcinolone to the peritrochlear region using a 24-gauge intravenous catheter.

Methods:
Interventional retrospective case series including all patients who received peritrochlear injections of triamcinolone via intravenous catheter for trochleitis by a single surgeon (BJW). Surgical technique: After a subcutaneous wheel of local anesthetic was delivered to the medial upper eyelid skin nearest to the trochlea, a 24-gauge intravenous catheter was used to penetrate the skin and orbital septum. Once past the septum, the needle was removed and the blunt catheter was advanced into the peritrochlear region. A 1-ml syringe filled with 40 mg/ml triamcinolone was attached to the catheter. After pulling back to ensure that the catheter was not intravascular, triamcinolone was delivered to the orbit. The catheter was then removed.

Results:
Ten catheter injections were performed on 3 patients over an 8-year period. There were no complications.

Conclusion:
Injection of corticosteroid into the peritrochlear region using the commonly available 24-gauge intravenous catheter is an effective and theoretically safer alternative to typical injection using a 25-gauge needle for treatment of trochleitis. Use of nonparticulate steroid solutions may further decrease the risk of adverse events.
Arthroscopic Primary Repair for Partial Proximal Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear in Military Personnel
Authors: Liao Weixiong , Zhang Qiang 
Published: August 2020

Objective:
To evaluate the short-term clinical outcomes of arthroscopic primary repair for partial proximal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear in a young, active duty military population.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
A national tertiary-level medical and academic institution.

Patients:
Nineteen active duty military patients with partial proximal ACL tears and excellent tissue quality were included and 18 were finally analyzed.

Interventions:
All patients underwent arthroscopic primary repair using a suture anchor technique between March 2014 and June 2016.

Main Outcome Measures:
Clinical outcomes were evaluated using anterior drawer test (ADT), Lachman test, pivot shift test, 3-km run test, 10 m × 5 shuttle run test, physical readiness test (PRT) score, Tegner activity score, Lysholm score, modified Cincinnati score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective score, and magnetic resonance imaging.

Results:
At final follow-up, 17 patients had negative ADT, Lachman, and pivot shift examination findings, and 1 patient had a 1+ ADT, negative Lachman, and pivot shift result. Mean 3-km run time at final follow-up was not statistically different from that preinjury (12:55 vs 12:39, P = 0.071), nor were the 10 m × 5 shuttle run time (23.4 vs 22.9, P = 0.235), PRT score (82.5 vs 85.1, P = 0.086), and Tegner activity score (7.8 vs 7.9, P = 0.083). Mean Lysholm score at final follow-up was significantly improved compared with that preoperative (93.1 vs 70.7, P < 0.001), so were the modified Cincinnati score (90.4 vs 58.6, P < 0.001) and IKDC subjective score (88.3 vs 67.4, P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Arthroscopic primary repair can achieve short-term clinical success in high-demand military patients with partial proximal ACL tears and excellent tissue quality.
Dynamic Loading Assessment at the Fifth Metatarsal in Elite Athletes With a History of Jones Fracture
Authors: Hunt Kenneth J. , Goeb Yannick , Bartolomei Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

Objective:
We hypothesize that athletes who have suffered Jones fractures will apply significantly higher loads at the fifth metatarsal base during athletic activities compared with matched uninjured athletes.

Design:
Sixteen athletes were recruited to participate. Eight athletes had a history of Jones fracture, and 8 age, gender, and position-matched athletes without a history of foot injury were recruited as controls.

Setting:
Institutional study at Stanford University.

Participants:
Sixteen athletes with/without a history of foot injury from Stanford University.

Interventions:
Athletes performed a standardized series of movements while wearing calibrated, wireless pressure mapping insoles, and then again with their custom corrective insoles.

Main Outcome Measures:
Peak pressure, mean pressure, maximum force, and force-time integral (ie, impulse) were recorded for each activity.

Results:
Athletes with a history of Jones fracture showed a significantly increased peak pressure (183 ± 23 vs 138 ± 7 kPA), mean pressure (124 ± 14 vs 95 ± 4 kPA), and maximum force (15 ± 1.2 vs 12 ± 1.2%BW) at the fifth metatarsal base during walking and running compared with uninjured matched controls (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
Athletes with a history of Jones fracture exert significantly increased peak and mean forces at the base of the fifth metatarsal during common athletic activities. Custom orthoses do not seem to offload this region in all cases. Increased loads may contribute to the development of stress injury to the fifth metatarsal during repetitive loading, and ultimately fracture of the bone.
Investigation of dry eye symptoms of medical staffs working in hospital during 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak
Authors: Long Yan , Wang XiaWei , Tong Qian , Xia JianHua , Shen Ye 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study was to survey the prevalence of dry eye symptoms (DES) among doctors and nurses in the period of 2019, novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak.
To evaluate the DES of doctors and nurses worked at front-line hospitals with protective glasses for a mean time of 4 to 6 hours, a questionnaire developed by the researchers with the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) was used. These data were evaluated using descriptive statistics and correlation test with SPSS 22.0.
The study included 13 doctors and 40 nurses, among which 16 were male and 37 were female, and the mean age of the participants was 32.43 ± 5.15 years old. According to the OSDI scores, 64.15, 24.52, 7.54, and 3.77% of the participants experienced occasional, mild, moderate, and severe DES, respectively. The factors significantly correlated with OSDI scores were age and duration of wearing protective glasses, while the duration of wearing protective glasses may be a protective factor of dry eye symptoms.
Our study showed that most of the doctors and nurses worked at the front-line of combating COVID-19 did not experience DES, while the symptoms of those who experienced DES might be improved by wearing protective glasses.
Association of Acute Kidney Injury With Subsequent Sepsis in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Formeck Cassandra L. , Joyce Emily L. , Fuhrman Dana Y. , Kellum John A. 
Published: August 2020

Objectives:
Acute kidney injury is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill children. A growing body of evidence has shown that acute kidney injury affects immune function, yet little is known about the association between acute kidney injury and subsequent infection in pediatric patients. Our objective was to examine the association of non-septic acute kidney injury with the development of subsequent sepsis in critically ill children.

Design:
A single-center retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
The pediatric and cardiac ICUs at a tertiary pediatric care center.

Patients:
All patients 0–18 years old without a history of chronic kidney disease, who did not have sepsis prior to or within the initial 48 hours of ICU admission.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
We analyzed data for 5,538 children (median age, 5.3 yr; 58.2% male), and identified 255 (4.6%) with stage 2 or 3 acute kidney injury. Suspected sepsis occurred in 46 children (18%) with stage 2 or 3 acute kidney injury compared to 286 children (5.4%) with stage 1 or no acute kidney injury. On adjusted analysis, children with stage 2 or 3 acute kidney injury had 2.05 times greater odds of developing sepsis compared to those with stage 1 or no acute kidney injury (95% CI, 1.39–3.03; p < 0.001). Looking at acute kidney injury severity, children with stage 2 and 3 acute kidney injury had a 1.79-fold (95% CI, 1.15–2.79; p = 0.01) and 3.24-fold (95% CI, 1.55–6.80; p = 0.002) increased odds of developing suspected sepsis, respectively.

Conclusions:
Acute kidney injury is associated with an increased risk for subsequent infection in critically ill children. These results further support the concept of acute kidney injury as a clinically relevant immunocompromised state.