bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LABORATORY DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA OF RENAL IMPAIRMENT IN PREMATURE NEWBORNS WITH SEVERE PERINATAL PATHOLOGY
Authors: Phrunza Alina , Hodovanets Yuliya , Babintseva Anastasiya , Kovtyuk Nataliya , Makarova Olena 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Critically ill neonates are at high risk of developing renal impairment (RI), including acute kidney injury (AKI), which is associated with short- and long-term pathological outcomes and increased mortality. The incidence of acute kidney injury varied by gestational age (GA) group.
Aim: Identify laboratory diagnostic criteria of RI in premature newborns (PNs) with different GA who had severe heterogeneous perinatal pathology.
Methods: The study was a prospective cohort of patients admitted electively to the III level Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at the Clinical Maternity Hospital 2 (Chernivtsi, Ukraine) between December 2015 and January 2018. One hundred sixty three PNs were treated at the hospital, from which a total of 68 patients were recruited into the study. Inclusion criteria: the GA is more than 24 weeks and less than 37 weeks; birth body weight is more than 500 g and less than 2500 g; presence of clinical signs of severe perinatal pathology. The severity of the perinatal pathology was classified on the basis of the neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System. The PNs were divided into three groups according to the GA: Group I consisted of 25 newborns born at the GA of 24-31 weeks, Group II – 25 newborns born at the GA 32-33 weeks, Group III – 18 newborns were born in a GA of 34-36 weeks.
The levels of sodium, potassium, calcium and chlorine, alanine aminopeptidase, and aspartate aminopeptidase were measured in serum. The levels of creatinine and urea were measured in serum and urine. The concentration of total protein, albumin, α1-microglobulin, and β2-microglobulin was measured in urine.
Findings and results: All PNs had signs of severe perinatal pathology and a neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System score of 10 or higher during the early neonatal period. There was no statistically significant difference in most serum biochemical parameters between groups of the study, excluding the level of serum chlorine. Our results demonstrated no significant difference in levels of urinary total protein and albumin between groups of the study, but showed a progressive increase the level of urinary creatinine and urea with increasing GA. The maximum level of urinary β2-microglobulin was found in “Late-Preterm” newborns who were born at 34-36 weeks, the minimal level of urinary α1-microglobulin was detected in patients with GA 32-33 weeks.
Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that most PNs with severe perinatal pathology have some aspects of impaired tubular and glomerular functions. This is evidenced by changes in urinary new biomarkers. We found direct correlations between GA and serum creatinine (r=0.31, p<0.05), urinary creatinine (r=0.40, p<0.05), urinary α1-microglobulin (r=0.37, p<0.05), and urinary β2-microglobulin (r=0.51, p<0.05). Longer longitudinal cohort studies on PNs are required to determine the prognostic and diagnostic criteria of RI in these patients.
BURNOUT SYNDROME IN BULGARIAN PHARMACISTS – PILOT STUDY
Authors: Ivanova Mariya , Todorova Anna , Georgieva Lora 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Work in the field of healthcare is accompanied by considerable emotional tension. Pharmacists are at risk of professional burnout, but so far, there is very little scientific research in this professional group in Bulgaria.
Objective: To study the presence of Burnout Syndrome among Bulgarian pharmacists and perform an analysis according to the demographic characteristics of respondents.
Material and Methods: A pilot study was conducted for the presence of Burnout Syndrome among 142 pharmacists in Varna, Bulgaria, working in different areas of the pharmaceutical sector: pharmacies for public services, hospital pharmacies, pharmaceutical companies, higher education institution. The information was collected using an anonymous questionnaire that included the specialized Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) tool to examine professional burnout according to three subscales: emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment.
Results: Higher levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation were found in male respondents in comparison to women, while the values between the two genders were almost similar according to the professional achievement subscale. The most vulnerable group was the male group at the age of 31-40. Pharmacists over the age of 50 had lower levels of burnout as they had developed good habits to deal with stress.
Conclusion: Gaining professional experience in pharmacists is associated with an increase in the levels of professional burnout. High levels of depersonalisation are a prerequisite for worse quality of pharmaceutical care.
PARTICIPATION OF INDIVIDUALS IN PUBLIC DECISIONS IN THE POLISH LEGAL SYSTEM-THE OUTLINE
Authors: Barczewska-Dziobek Agata 
Published: November 2020

The idea of good governance is associated with the postulate of participatory and interactive democracy. This results in the appearance in the legal system of solutions reflecting the recommendations of the so-called "good administration." Good administration is the subjective right which, in the relationship between the body and the citizen, defines the individual's rights and the duties of the administration to act in a particular way. It may be interpreted differently, but it must comply with universal standards. They have been defined in international, European and soft law. These include the rule of law, equality, administrative transparency, confidence and trust, as well as the opportunity to participate in decisions. The last of these relates to procedures for involving citizens in administrative decision-making.
The purpose of the article is to present normative solutions in Polish law that guarantee citizens participation in decision-making processes at various levels of administration and their systematics. To achieve this goal, the method of legal text analysis was used, which allows us to indicate the existence of many different mechanisms of participation. Their presence in Polish law determines the varying levels of civic influence on public decisions.
GENDER STEREOTYPES IN THE PROFESSIONAL APPROACH OF SOCIAL WORKERS IN SLOVAKIA, THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND LITHUANIA
Authors: Fričová Júlia , Štefáková Lenka , Kohútová Katarína 
Published: November 2020

Background and Objectives: Gender stereotypes and the conventionalization of terms like motherhood and fatherhood have, of lately, been a subject of heated debated and have been a dichotomizing theme for the society. A fraction of the population recognizes the allotment of the model role of a mother, as the caregiver and homemaker, and that of a father, as the caretaker and breadwinner, while the other segment of people oppose this allocation of functions and responsibilities. These circumstances, in turn, influence diverse domains of the society’s operations, in addition to social workers whose clientele merely consists of fathers and mothers.
Main Goal: The central purpose of the study is to juxtapose and discern the prevalence of stereotyped gender depictions, representing the ideal role expected and presumped from men and women, within families of social workers in Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Lithuania.
Methods: The primary method used for producing this research was that of pragmatic analysis and detailed evaluation of derivative secondary data which aided in the formulation of conclusions for the study regarding the topic in concern. Investigative results of the three studies, were obtained and refined by charatceristic and subjective approaches – such as interviews and content analysis. The total number of participants were 28 (13 Slovak, 7 Czech, 8 Lithuanian).
Results: The results of the experiment display that social workers are considered to have sexual discriminations, which reflects in their preference for usually choosing to involve women to work with, while confronting family matters, rather than men. However, according to them, this choice only seems natural, functional and habitual as per their practical experience in everyday life. Further revelations included a lack of knowledge, education and awareness on the part of social workers in context of gender equality.
Future Research: Presently, the concept of gender equality in the field of social work has not been adequately studied, and thus, as a matter of fact, the subject offers numerous possibilities and a wide scope for empirical research to be carried out. For future purposes, we suggest examining the issue in one of the advanced, post-industrial or ‘developed’ countries, the public of which does not identify itself with gender stereotypes, much unlike that of the traditional or ‘developing' countries. We believe that the rational and sensible way of reflection of ‘developed’ countries can contribute in the disintegration and breakdown of the deep-rooted stereotypical mindsets of social workers.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COACHES AND ATHLETES IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS
Authors: Ivanova Vesela , Dimitrov Vasil 
Published: November 2020

Interesting for science in terms of success, are coach-athlete relationship. They are subject of much research and analysis, as the focus is on building strong bonds of trust, respect and support between the two most important sides in the sport.
The aim of our study is to research coach-athlete relationship in rhythmic gymnastics and its influence on the training process. In the investigation, a questionnaire with 24 items was used and the respondents were 14 elite rhythmic gymnasts. The results of the study showed the majority of elite gymnasts have their own opinion about the methods used; they want to be listened to. Тhe biggest differences being observed in the proximity of the individual athletes with the coach.
A good relationship between a coach and an athlete here are not only the key to sports success, but they are a major source of good education, building a value system and character of the gymnasts.
ACTIVE PE GAMES - A DETERMINANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONSHIPS IN THE CHILD DIVERSITY GROUP
Authors: Ivanova Veselina 
Published: November 2020

The article focuses on the active PE game, as a functional dominant in the pre-school age of a child when critical changes in his or her social development occur.
The study was conducted by graduate students in settlements with different demographic characteristics (big city - 2 groups, small town - 2 groups, village - 2 groups) with 120 (3-7-year-old children), from 6 different age groups in kindergartens. Kindergartens and kindergarten groups are randomly chosen.
The experimental work uses diagnostic methods of observation, discussion, sociometric techniques (by J. Moreno), mathematical and statistical methods in its course.
The mobility of the group dynamics, the constancy, the communication and the movement of the participants - children from different game unification; the cohesion of the child group, which represents the level in the development of child relationships are monitored.
It is concluded that active PE games during the period of "game dystrophy", which is distinguished by the specificity of the modern socium, are a determinant, an actual alternative in the development of the children's relationships, which in turn create a perspective in the socialization of the children.
ATTITUDES OF PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS IN PRIMARY AND PRE-SCHOOL PEDAGOGY TO WORK IN THEIR SPECIAL SUBJECT
Authors: Ivanova Veselina , Mileva Eleonora 
Published: November 2020

The purpose of the study was to examine the attitudes of pre-service teachers in primary and pre-school pedagogy to work in their subject. 76 pre-service teachers in primary and pre-school pedagogy on the Bachelor’s degree from Trakia University in Stara Zagora participated in the research. Half of the respondents had professional experience at primary schools or kindergartens. A special questionnaire was applied, related to the attitudes of the future teachers. The statistical method used for the research was alternative analysis.
Factors influencing the professional realization and career development of the future teachers in the conditions of the dynamically reforming education in Bulgaria were presented. The pre-service teachers in primary and pre-school pedagogy were willing to continue their qualification and education. The future teachers would like to work in their special subject and would not change the profession. Different motives for professional realization of future teachers were established.
THE SYSTEM OF PRONOMINAL ADDRESS IN LATVIAN: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECT
Authors: Lauze Linda 
Published: November 2020

This paper represents the study of sociolinguistic variation. The Latvian language has two singular personal pronouns tu (T) and jūs (V) used for addressing one person but sociolinguistic processes in society reflects that the use of the T pronoun intensifies outside informal speech situations. The aim of the research is to characterize the system of pronominal address as well as to test the steadiness of the V pronoun (jūs) in the Latvian language. The empiric part of the research is a qualitative study based on personal interviews, direct observation, and responses in two questionnaires distributed in 1999–2000 and in 2018.
The use of Latvian address forms has been changed in comparison with the Soviet period. For instance, in education. It seems that the high prestige of English and changes of communication style in Latvia are one of the factors making a positive linguistic attitude to the wider use of the T pronoun. However, according to the results of the research, at present Latvians are not ready to reject the pronoun jūs. This was concluded in both questionnaires by answers of 85.5 % of respondents in 1999–2000 and 87 % – in 2018. The Latvian personal pronoun jūs as a significant part of the address system is no doubt the feature of Latvia’s culture.
RATIONAL EXPERT JUDGEMENT WITHIN THE PROPERTY PROTECTION SYSTEM
Authors: Straková Lenka , Kampová Katarína , Mäkká Katarína 
Published: November 2020

Property protection is becoming an increasingly important concern not only for companies but also for individuals. Its importance grows not only with increasing crime but also with increasing awareness of people about the protection of their property. This article focuses on one of the issues that we encounter in processes related to the achievement of the required level of property protection and professional judgment. Expert judgment has an irreplaceable position in the whole security process. The article shows the cases in which this judgment has a meaningful significance and the principles to be followed in their use.
This article presents the approach of expert estimates needed within the model of the protection system. This procedure is characterized in five stages and the methods used in this process are also described.
TRANSPORTING OBESE PERSONS USING AN EVACUATION PAD
Authors: Verešová Tatiana , Svetlík Jozef 
Published: November 2020

Obesity is not only a medical illness but also a cosmetic problem. Obesity can be defined by the BMI index, which is not very accurate. The ABSI index, which includes BMI, the person’s waist circumference, and their height may be used to more accurately determine obesity. Time is very important in saving people's lives, especially in emergencies. The rescue time for obese people is even longer — often much longer — than for other disabled people. This is because more rescuers are needed, problems arise when they have to go through the door or go up and down stairs. For the evacuation of obese people, evacuation pads located under the mattress are often used. Evacuation pads are used, for example, by hospitals or social service homes. Evacuation pads are designed for use by nurses, other emergency staff, or caretakers. In this exercise, four people were used – two nurses and two firemen. To find out the advantages and disadvantages of the evacuation pad, we performed a tactical exercise.
During the tactical exercise, the victim was evacuated by a single nurse, then by two nurses. After that, the victim was rescued by one firefighter and then two firefighters. This research is relevant to aspects of the rescue of immobile obese people with a special evacuation aid. It demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of an evacuation pad based on actual tactical rescue exercises.
DEGREE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGICAL INTEGRATION IN THE BULGARIAN SECONDARY TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION
Authors: Zoneva Lyubima 
Published: November 2020

Global informatization is one of the dominant trends in contemporary social reality. Digital information and communication technologies have enormous innovation potential for the overall modernization and transformation of education and the enrichment of pedagogical sciences. Realizing this potential requires technologies to be fully integrated into educational practice. A high degree of integration is a prerequisite for the implementation of constructivism, increasing autonomy, personal responsibility of learners and the opportunity for personalized learning.
Digital technological integration is a progressive change of education to a degree of transformation. In the process of gradual merging of information and communication and pedagogical technologies, innovative pedagogical practices are created, and they cannot be realized without modern technological means. The characteristics of the methods of teaching and learning with digital technologies determine different degrees of integration which are entry, adoption, adaptation, infusion, and transformation.
The current features of the applied methods for using Information Communication Technology (ICT) in the Bulgarian secondary education in technology, and entrepreneurship (grades 5-7) were studied by surveying 127 pedagogues teaching this subject. A questionnaire is attached examining the goals, frequency use of digital tools in the educational process, and the applied management decisions for choosing the digital tools and working with them. The analysis of the obtained data showed that ICT was used, but the degree of integration was low and corresponded to the initial levels of entry and initial adoption of the integration process. In isolated cases, lessons were held according to how students performed in activities specific to their level of adaptation.
Outdoor recreational activity experiences improve psychological wellbeing of military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: Positive findings from a pilot study and a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Wheeler Mark , Cooper Nicholas R. , Andrews Leanne , Hacker Hughes Jamie , Juanchich Marie , Rakow Tim , Orbell Sheina 
Published: November 2020

Exposure to the natural environment is increasingly considered to benefit psychological health. Recent reports in the literature also suggest that outdoor exposure that includes recreational pursuits such as surfing or fishing coupled with opportunities for social interaction with peers may be beneficial to Armed Forces Veterans experiencing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Two studies were conducted to evaluate this possibility. In particular, these studies aimed to test the hypothesis that a brief group outdoor activity would decrease participants’ symptoms as assessed by established measures of PTSD, depression, anxiety and perceived stress, and increase participants’ sense of general social functioning and psychological growth. Experiment one employed a repeated measures design in which UK men and women military veterans with PTSD (N = 30) participated in a group outdoor activity (angling, equine care, or archery and falconry combined). Psychological measures were taken at 2 weeks prior, 2 weeks post, and at 4 month follow up. We obtained a significant within participant main effect indicating significant reduction in PTSD symptoms. Experiment two was a waitlist controlled randomised experiment employing an angling experience (N = 18) and 2 week follow up. In experiment 2 the predicted interaction of Group (Experimental vs. Waitlist Control) X Time (2 weeks pre vs. 2 weeks post) was obtained indicating that the experience resulted in significant reduction in PTSD symptoms relative to waitlist controls. The effect size was large. Additional analyses confirmed that the observed effects might also be considered clinically significant and reliable. In sum, peer outdoor experiences are beneficial and offer potential to complement existing provision for military veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Trial registration
The authors confirm that all ongoing and related trials for this intervention are registered.
The studies reported in this manuscript are registered as clinical trials at ISRCTN:
Pilot ID– ISRCTN15325073
RCT ID– ISRCTN59395217
The effect of constitutive pigmentation on the measured emissivity of human skin
Authors: Charlton Matthew , Stanley Sophie A. , Whitman Zoë , Wenn Victoria , Coats Timothy J. , Sims Mark , Thompson Jonathan P. 
Published: November 2020

Background
The measurement of body temperature has become commonplace in the current COVID-19 pandemic. Body temperature can be measured using thermal infrared imaging, a safe, non-contact method that relies on the emissivity of the skin being known to provide accurate readings. Skin pigmentation affects the absorption of visible light and enables us to see variations in skin colour. Pigmentation may also affect the absorption of infrared radiation and thus affect thermal imaging. Human skin has an accepted emissivity of 0.98 but the effect of different skin pigmentation on this value is not known. In this study, we investigated the influence of different skin pigmentation on thermal emissivity in 65 adult volunteers.

Methods
A reference object of known emissivity (electrical tape) was applied to participant’s skin on the inner upper arm. Tape and arm were imaged simultaneously using a thermal infrared camera. The emissivity was set on the camera to the known value for electrical tape. The emissivity was altered manually until the skin temperature using thermal imaging software was equal to the initial tape temperature. This provided the calculated emissivity value of the skin. Participants were grouped according to skin pigmentation, quantified using the Fitzpatrick skin phototyping scale and reflectance spectrophotometry. Differences in emissivity values between skin pigmentation groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA.

Results
The mean calculated emissivity for the 65 participants was 0.972 (range 0.96–0.99). No significant differences in emissivity were observed between participants when grouped by skin pigmentation according to the Fitzpatrick scale (p = 0.859) or reflectance spectrophotometry (p = 0.346).

Conclusion
These data suggest that skin pigmentation does not affect thermal emissivity measurement of skin temperature using thermal infrared imaging. This study will aid further research into the application of thermal infrared imaging as a screening or bedside diagnostic tool in clinical practice.