bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Privatizing Police Discretion—‘Private Security Criminal Investigations’ in Sweden
Authors: Stiernstedt Peter 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article highlights the commodification of private security criminal investigations in Sweden. Today, the reach of the private security industry extends to almost all responsibilities traditionally reserved for the police. Regulation is constantly trying to catch up with the ever-changing scope and nature of private security. When looking at private security industry regulation in the European Union, Sweden enjoys one of the most comprehensive frameworks. There are however gaps and private security criminal investigation is one which, if left unchecked, could possibly lead to a dangerous commodification of justice and decreasing trust in the police. In this article, these issues are explored through interviews with a number of stakeholders. The interviews reveal that the potential danger lies in circumstances whereby police are, for various reasons, forced to turn down investigations. Citizens and organizations alike then have the opportunity to proceed with the investigation through a private security service provider. Presented with a complete substratum for prosecution, the police are incentivized to proceed. Thus, police discretion as to whether or not to proceed with an investigation is effectively for sale. The article consequently calls for a revision of Swedish private security regulation.
Explanation of detailed spectral properties of fast radio bursts by the axion star model
Authors: Iwazaki Aiiichi 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We have proposed a generation mechanism for non-repeating (repeating) fast radio bursts (FRBs): They arise by axion star collisions with neutron stars (accretion disks of galactic black holes). The axion star, as a coherent state of axions with mass $m_a$, generates a homogeneous electric field oscillating with frequency $m_a/2\pi$ under strong magnetic fields. The field makes electrons oscillate coherently and emit coherent dipole radiation (FRBs). The radiation stops when the oscillations are disturbed by the thermalization of the oscillating energies. Thus, the duration of the FRB is determined by the time scale of the thermalization. We show that it can be shorter than $1$ ms. The line spectra of the dipole radiation are broadened by the thermal effects. The thermally broadened spectra have the feature that the bandwidths $\delta\nu$ are proportional to their center frequencies $\nu_{\rm c}$: $\delta\nu \propto \nu_{\rm c}$. Because the accretion disks can orbit with relativistic velocities, the radiation is Doppler shifted. This leads to the presence of various center frequencies ($\nu_{\rm c}=600 \, \text{MHz} \sim 7$ GHz) in repeating FRB 121102. On the other hand, non-repeating FRBs do not show such a variety in the center frequencies. They come from the surfaces of neutron stars whose motions are non-relativistic. The Doppler shift also makes the duration of bursts with higher frequencies become shorter. Because the magnetic fields of the neutron stars are stronger than those of the accretion disks, the peak flux densities of non-repeating FRBs are larger than those of repeating FRB 121102. They also lead to wide bandwidths of non-repeating FRBs, which cover the full extent of the receiver frequency range. The spectral features of the recently discovered new repeating FRB 180814.J0422+75 are coincident with our general analyses of the repeating FRB 121102.
Soothing the emotional brain: modulation of neural activity to personal emotional stimulation by social touch
Authors: Kraus Jakub , Frick Andreas , Roman Robert , Jurkovičová Lenka , Mareček Radek , Mikl Michal , Brázdil Milan , Fredrikson Mats 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Social touch may modulate emotions, but the neurobehavioral correlates are poorly understood. Here, we investigated neural responses to a picture of a deceased close person and if neural activity and connectivity are modulated by social touch from one’s romantic partner. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found altered reactivity in several brain areas including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the anterior insula in response to the personal picture compared to a picture of an unfamiliar person. Hand holding with the romantic partner, compared to being alone, reduced reactivity in the ACC and cerebellum and provided subjective comfort. To separate physical touch from the emotional effect of partner presence, we evaluated hand holding with the partner relative to a stranger and found reduced reactivity in the anterior insula. Connectivity between the anterior insula and the ACC was reduced during partner touch, and the connectivity strength was negatively related to attachment security, with higher reported partner security associated with weaker connectivity. Overall, holding hands with one’s partner attenuates reactivity in emotional brain areas and reduces between-region connectivity.
Slimming One’s Way to a Better Self? Weight Loss Clubs and Women in Britain, 1967–1990
Authors: Moseley Katrina-Louise 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Following the arrival of Weight Watchers UK in 1967, slimming clubs expanded rapidly in Britain in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Initially aimed at, and founded by, women, these organizations were complex emotional spaces in which female entrepreneurship and homosociality would unfold. Looking afresh at the relationship between women and commercialized weight loss, this article provides the first detailed study of the rise of the slimming club in mid-to-late-twentieth-century Britain. Slimming clubs proved lucrative business opportunities for some women; moreover, as homosocial spaces intersecting with women’s everyday lives, they had the potential to be emotionally and psychologically empowering. A history of these organizations thus complicates feminist critiques of the slimming industry. This article draws on a variety of historical sources to piece together this forgotten history, including contemporary slimming guides, newspaper ‘before-and-after’ features, and oral history interviews with industry professionals and former slimming club members. Though members recognized that the commercial promise of transformation was shot through with contradictions, simultaneously, slimming clubs sparked enjoyment in being in the female body and provided a space away from domesticity.
The human mitochondrial 12S rRNA m4C methyltransferase METTL15 is required for proper mitochondrial function
Authors: Chen Hao , Shi Zhennan , Guo Jiaojiao , Chang Kao-jung , Chen Qianqian , Yao Conghui , Haigis Marcia C. , Shi Yang 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene expression is coordinately regulated pre- and post-transcriptionally, and its perturbation can lead to human pathologies. Mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs (mt-rRNAs) undergo a series of nucleotide modifications following release from polycistronic mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) precursors, which is essential for mitochondrial ribosomal biogenesis. Cytosine N4 methylation (m4C) at position 839 of the 12S small subunit (SSU) mt-rRNA was identified decades ago, however, its biogenesis and function have not been elucidated in details. Here we demonstrate that human Methyltransferase Like 15 (METTL15) is responsible for 12S mt-rRNA methylation at C839 (m4C839) both in vivo and in vitro. We tracked the evolutionary history of RNA m4C methyltransferases and revealed the difference in substrates preference between METTL15 and its bacterial ortholog rsmH. Additionally, unlike the very modest impact on ribosome upon loss of m4C methylation in bacterial SSU rRNA, we found that depletion of METTL15 specifically causes severe defects in mitochondrial ribosome assembly, which leads to an impaired translation of mitochondrial protein-coding genes and a decreased mitochondrial respiration capacity. Our findings point to a co-evolution of methylatransferase specificities and modification patterns in rRNA with differential impact on prokaryotic ribosome versus eukaryotic mitochondrial ribosome.
In Vivo Neuroregeneration to Treat Ischemic Stroke in Adult Non-Human Primate Brains through NeuroD1 AAV-based Gene Therapy
Authors: Ge Long-Jiao , Yang Fu-Han , Feng Jie , Chen Nan-Hui , Jiang Min , Wang Jian-Hong , Hu Xin-Tian , Chen Gong 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTStroke is a leading cause of death and disability but most of the clinical trials have failed in the past, despite our increasing understanding of the molecular and pathological mechanisms underlying stroke. While many signaling pathways have been identified in the aftermath of stroke, the majority of current approaches are focusing on neural protection rather than neuroregeneration. In this study, we report an in vivo neural regeneration approach to convert brain internal reactive astrocytes into neurons through ectopic expression of a neural transcription factor NeuroD1 in adult non-human primate (NHP) brains following ischemic stroke. We demonstrate that NeuroD1 AAV-based gene therapy can convert reactive astrocytes into neurons with high efficiency (90%), but astrocytes are never depleted in the NeuroD1-expressed areas, consistent with the proliferative capability of astrocytes. The NeuroD1-mediated in vivo astrocyte-to-neuron (AtN) conversion in monkey cortex following ischemic stroke increased local neuronal density, reduced reactive microglia, and surprisingly protected parvalbumin interneurons in the converted areas. The NeuroD1 gene therapy showed a broad time window, from 10 days to 30 days following ischemic stroke, in terms of exerting its neuroregenerative and neuroprotective effects. The cortical astrocyte-converted neurons also showed Tbr1+ cortical neuron identity, similar to our earlier findings in rodent animal models. Unexpectedly, NeuroD1 expression in converted neurons showed a significant decrease after 6 months of viral infection, suggesting a potential self-regulatory mechanism of NeuroD1 in adult mature neurons of NHPs. These results suggest that in vivo cell conversion through NeuroD1-based gene therapy may be an effective approach to regenerate new neurons in adult primate brains for tissue repair.
Regeneration of dorsal spinal cord neurons after injury viain situNeuroD1-mediated astrocyte-to-neuron conversion
Authors: Puls Brendan , Ding Yan , Zhang Fengyu , Pan Mengjie , Lei Zhuofan , Pei Zifei , Jiang Mei , Bai Yuting , Forsyth Cody , Metzger Morgan , Rana Tanvi , Zhang Lei , Ding Xiaoyun , Keefe Matthew , Cai Alice , Redilla Austin , Lai Michael , He Kevin , Li Hedong , Chen Gong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to impaired motor and sensory functions, partially because the injury-induced neuronal loss cannot be easily replenished through endogenous mechanisms.In vivoneuronal reprogramming has emerged as a novel technology to regenerate neurons from endogenous glial cells by forced expression of neurogenic transcription factors. We have previously demonstrated successful astrocyte-to-neuron conversion in mouse brains with injury or Alzheimer’s disease by overexpressing a single neural transcription factorNeuroD1via retroviruses. Here we demonstrate regeneration of dorsal spinal cord neurons from reactive astrocytes after SCI via adeno-associated virus (AAV), a more clinically relevant gene delivery system. We find thatNeuroD1converts reactive astrocytes into neurons in the dorsal horn of stab-injured spinal cord with high efficiency (∼95%). Interestingly,NeuroD1-converted neurons in the dorsal horn mostly acquire glutamatergic neuronal subtype, expressing spinal cord-specific markers such as Tlx3 but not brain-specific markers such as Tbr1, suggesting that the astrocytic lineage and local microenvironment affect the cell fate of conversion. Electrophysiological recordings show that theNeuroD1-converted neurons can functionally mature and integrate into local spinal cord circuitry by displaying repetitive action potentials and spontaneous synaptic responses. We further show thatNeuroD1-mediated neuronal conversion can occur in the contusive SCI model, allowing future studies of evaluating this reprogramming technology for functional recovery after SCI. In conclusion, this study may suggest a paradigm shift for spinal cord repair usingin vivoastrocyte-to-neuron conversion technology to generate functional neurons in the grey matter.
OCTAD: an open workplace for virtually screening therapeutics targeting precise cancer patient groups using gene expression features
Authors: Zeng Billy , Glicksberg Benjamin S. , Newbury Patrick , Xing Jing , Liu Ke , Wen Anita , Chow Caven , Chen Bin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOne approach to precision medicine is to discover drugs that target molecularly defined diseases. Voluminous cancer patient gene expression profiles have been accumulated in public databases, enabling the creation of a cancer-specific expression signature. By matching this signature to perturbagen-induced gene expression profiles from large drug libraries, researchers can prioritize small molecules that present high potency to reverse expression of signature genes for further experimental testing of their efficacy. This approach has proven to be an efficient and cost-effective way to identify efficacious drug candidates. However, the success of this approach requires multiscale procedures, imposing significant challenges to many labs. Therefore, we present OCTAD: an open workplace for virtually screening compounds targeting precise cancer patient groups using gene expression features. We release OCTAD as a web portal and standalone R workflow to allow experimental and computational scientists to easily navigate the tool. In this work, we describe this tool and demonstrate its potential for precision medicine.
Human glial progenitor cells effectively remyelinate the demyelinated adult brain
Authors: Windrem Martha , Schanz Steven , Zou Lisa , Chandler-Militello Devin , Kuypers Nicholas J. , Mariani John N. , Goldman Steven A. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTHuman glial progenitor cells (hGPCs) can completely myelinate the brains of congenitally hypomyelinated shiverer mice, rescuing the phenotype and extending or normalizing the lifespan of these mice. We asked if implanted hGPCs might be similarly able to broadly disperse and remyelinate the diffusely and/or multicentrically-demyelinatedadultCNS. In particular, we asked if fetal hGPCs could effectively remyelinate both congenitally hypomyelinated adult axons,andaxons acutely demyelinated in adulthood, using adultshiverermice and cuprizone-demyelinated mice, respectively. We found that hGPCs broadly infiltrate the adult CNS after callosal injection, and robustly myelinate congenitally-unmyelinated axons in adultshiverer. Moreover, implanted hGPCs similarly remyelinated denuded axons after cuprizone demyelination, whether they were delivered prior toorafter initial cuprizone demyelination. Extraction and FACS of hGPCs from cuprizone-demyelinated brains in which they had been resident, followed by RNA-seq of the isolated human hGPCs, revealed their activation of transcriptional programs indicating their initiation of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. These data indicate the ability of transplanted hGPCs to disperse throughout the adult CNS, to myelinate dysmyelinated regions encountered during their parenchymal colonization, and to also be recruited as myelinating oligodendrocytes at later points in life, upon demyelination-associated demand.
ER stress drives ER-to-Golgi trafficking of ATF6 by blocking its membrane insertion
Authors: Xu Jia , Meng Xianbin , Wu Fang , Deng Haiteng , Fu Suneng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRegulated ER-to-Golgi trafficking is a fundamental cellular process that enables ER-resident transcription factors to sense perturbations in the ER environment and activates transcriptional programs that restore ER and cellular homeostasis. Current models suggest sensor activation is initiated by dissociation from its ER-resident binding partners. Here we challenge this model by demonstrating that the unfolded protein sensor ATF6 is sorted to the Golgi as a newly synthesized peripheral membrane protein beyond the reach of its ER retainer, and translocon inhibition alone is sufficient to drive ATF6 activation. We identify ATF6 transmembrane domain and its C-terminus as the intrinsic factors that control membrane insertion efficiency and stress sensing capacity, and the BAG6 complex as the receptor that triages ATF6 between membrane insertion and Golgi sorting. Besides ATF6, we show that translocon inhibition expedites the activation of the cholesterol sensor SREBP2, and the catalytic domain of Golgi-bound S1P that processes both ATF6 and SREBP2 resides in the cytosol. Therefore, we propose an alternative, sensing-by-synthesis model, in which transcription factors are continuously synthesized, and perturbations to the ER environment are quantitatively sensed by the fraction of sensors that fail to be properly incorporated into ER membrane and sorted to Golgi for activation.
The BELT and phenoSEED platforms: shape and colour phenotyping of seed samples
Authors: Halcro Keith , McNabb Kaitlin , Lockinger Ashley , Socquet-Juglard Didier , Bett Kirstin E , Noble Scott D 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundSeed analysis is currently a bottleneck in phenotypic analysis of seeds. Measurements are slow and imprecise with potential for bias to be introduced when gathered manually. New acquisition tools were requested to improve phenotyping efficacy with an emphasis on obtaining colour information.ResultsA portable imaging system (BELT) supported by image acquisition and analysis software (phenoSEED) was created for small-seed optical analysis. Lentil (Lens culinaris L.) phenotyping was used as the primary test case. Seeds were loaded into the system and all seeds in a sample were automatically and individually imaged to acquire top and side views as they passed through an imaging chamber. A Python analysis script applied a colour calibration and extracted quantifiable traits of seed colour, size and shape. Extraction of lentil seed coat patterning was implemented to further describe the seed coat. The use of this device was forecasted to eliminate operator biases, increase the rate of acquisition of traits, and capture qualitative information about traits that have been historically analyzed by eye.ConclusionsIncreased precision and higher rates of data acquisition compared to traditional techniques will help breeders to develop more productive cultivars. The system presented is available as an open-source project for academic and non-commercial use.
Machine learning of stochastic gene network phenotypes
Authors: Park Kyemyung , Prüstel Thorsten , Lu Yong , Tsang John S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA recurrent challenge in biology is the development of predictive quantitative models because most molecular and cellular parameters have unknown values and realistic models are analytically intractable. While the dynamics of the system can be analyzed via computer simulations, substantial computational resources are often required given uncertain parameter values resulting in large numbers of parameter combinations, especially when realistic biological features are included. Simulation alone also often does not yield the kinds of intuitive insights from analytical solutions. Here we introduce a general framework combining stochastic/mechanistic simulation of reaction systems and machine learning of the simulation data to generate computationally efficient predictive models and interpretable parameter-phenotype maps. We applied our approach to investigate stochastic gene expression propagation in biological networks, which is a contemporary challenge in the quantitative modeling of single-cell heterogeneity. We found that accurate, predictive machine-learning models of stochastic simulation results can be constructed. Even in the simplest networks existing analytical schemes generated significantly less accurate predictions than our approach, which revealed interesting insights when applied to more complex circuits, including the extensive tunability of information propagation enabled by feedforward circuits and how even single negative feedbacks can utilize stochastic fluctuations to generate robust oscillations. Our approach is applicable beyond biology and opens up a new avenue for exploring complex dynamical systems.
Using artificial intelligence on dermatology conditions in Uganda: A case for diversity in training data sets for machine learning
Authors: Kamulegeya Louis Henry , Okello Mark , Bwanika John Mark , Musinguzi Davis , Lubega William , Rusoke Davis , Nassiwa Faith , Börve Alexander 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIntroductionArtificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare has gained momentum with advances in affordable technology that has potential to help in diagnostics, predictive healthcare and personalized medicine. In pursuit of applying universal non-biased AI in healthcare, it is essential that data from different settings (gender, age and ethnicity) is represented. We present findings from beta-testing an AI-powered dermatological algorithm called Skin Image Search, by online dermatology company First Derm on Fitzpatrick 6 skin type (dark skin) dermatological conditions.Methods123 dermatological images selected from a total of 173 images retrospectively extracted from the electronic database of a Ugandan telehealth company, The Medical Concierge Group (TMCG) after getting their consent. Details of age, gender and dermatological clinical diagnosis were analyzed using R on R studio software to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the AI app along disease diagnosis and body part. Predictability levels of the AI app was graded on a scale of 0 to 5, where 0-no prediction made and 1-5 demonstrating reducing correct prediction.Results76 (62%) of the dermatological images were from females and 47 (38%) from males. The 5 most reported body parts were; genitals (20%), trunk (20%), lower limb (14.6%), face (12%) and upper limb (12%) with the AI app predicting a diagnosis in 62% of image body parts uploaded. Overall diagnostic accuracy of the AI app was low at 17% (21 out of 123 predictable images) with varying predictability levels correctness i.e. 1-8.9%, 2-2.4%, 3-2.4%, 4-1.6%, 5-1.6% with performance along individual diagnosis highest with dermatitis (80%).ConclusionThere is a need for diversity in the image datasets used when training dermatology algorithms for AI applications in clinical decision support as a means to increase accuracy and thus offer correct treatment across skin types and geographies.