bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The extension of the one‐dimensional two‐fluid slug capturing method to simulate slug flow in vertical pipes
Authors: Leporini Mariella , Bonzanini Arianna , Ferrari Marco , Poesio Pietro 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWhile many studies have been conducted on the application of the one‐dimensional (1D) two‐fluid model in horizontal and nearly horizontal pipes under slug flow condition, very few works have been carried out on the mechanistic simulation of the slug flow regime in vertical pipe configurations.This article presents the extension of a novel numerical scheme for slug capturing in pipes in vertical slug flows. The original numerical scheme includes an 1D transient, hyperbolic five‐equation two‐fluid model, and it has been embodied in a computer code called 5ESCARGOTS (5 Equations for Slug Capturing Analysis by a Roe solver in Gas and Oil Transient Simulation).This article demonstrates that the model is able to properly automatically capture and simulate the slug generation even in vertical flow. It shows that when appropriate closure relations are used for interfacial shear forces, the model is able to properly characterize the vertical slug flow.Numerous simulations have been carried out for different pipe configurations and flow conditions leading to slug flow. First, a qualitative discussion of the numerical results is proposed underlining that the model is able to properly simulate the evolution of the slug flow in vertical pipes. Experimental flow pattern maps have also been numerically computed and it has been demonstrated that the model correctly simulates slug conditions. Moreover, slug frequency, velocity, and average liquid holdup, computed numerically, have been compared with experimental data in order to quantitatively validate the model. It is shown that the numerical results agree fairly well with the experimental data. A sensitivity analysis on the mesh size and on the inlet boundary conditions has also been carried out.
Macronutrient composition of street food in Central Asia: Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Albuquerque Gabriela , Lança de Morais Inês , Gelormini Marcello , Sousa Sofia , Casal Susana , Pinho Olívia , Moreira Pedro , Breda João , Lunet Nuno , Padrão Patrícia 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundUrban areas in central Asia are currently undergoing nutrition transition. Street food is very popular, but the specific foods available and their nutritional composition are unknown. The aim was to describe the availability and macronutrient composition of street foods in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.ResultsTrained interviewers collected data on street food vending sites’ characteristics and food availability (n = 596). Samples of the most commonly available foods and drinks were collected (n = 80 homemade; n = 40 industrial). Macronutrients were quantified through chemical analysis. Fruit, beverages, and food other than fruit were available in 4.0%, 61.7%, and 81.0% of the vending sites, respectively. Among those selling food other than fruit, 56.5% sold only homemade (e.g., bread, main dishes, snacks, pastries, sandwiches, and cakes), 23.3% both homemade and industrial and 20.2% only industrial foods (e.g., bread, snacks, pastries, cakes, and cookies). Homemade foods presented the highest energy/serving (median kcal/serving: 357 versus 145, p < .001). A high content in saturated and trans‐fatty acids was observed in some homemade traditional dishes and snacks, reaching, respectively, 30.2 g/serving and 2.9 g/serving (in homemade manty, a traditional dish). Tea and soft drinks were available in over 50% of the vending sites selling beverages.ConclusionThe high availability of street food in Bishkek highlights its importance for this urban population. Traditional snacks, dishes, and beverages coexist with more westernized products. The variability in energy, macronutrients, and lipid profile of homemade and industrial products reflects heterogeneous culinary practices and ingredients. Policies promoting the availability of healthy foods and ingredients should be implemented.
Characterizing seasonal groundwater storage in alpine catchments using time‐lapse gravimetry, water stable isotopes and water balance methods
Authors: Arnoux Marie , Halloran Landon J. S. , Berdat Eléonore , Hunkeler Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAlpine areas play a major role in water supply in downstream valleys by releasing water during warm and dry periods. However, the hydrogeology of alpine catchments, which are particularly exposed to the effects of climate change, is currently not well understood. Increasing our knowledge of alpine hydrogeological processes is thus of considerable importance for any forward‐looking hydrological investigations in alpine areas. The objectives of this study are to quantify seasonal groundwater storage variations in a small Swiss alpine catchment and to evaluate the capabilities of time‐lapse gravimetry in the identification of zones of high groundwater storage fluctuations. Time‐lapse gravimetric measurements enable rapid localisation of zones of dynamic groundwater storage changes and help to highlight aquifers with a higher storage decrease. Temperature sensors enable measurement of the temporal trend in stream and spring drying in the post‐snowmelt period. Stable isotope measurements allow us to identify the origin of surface water exiting the catchment. The results improve our comprehension of a conceptual schema highlighting two different hydrogeological systems: (a) a shallow, rapidly depleted one fed directly by snowmelt and (b) a deeper one, with a slower recession, fed by main recharge during peak snowmelt and emerging at the lower part of the catchment below the talus and moraine of the catchment where bedrock is exposed. These dynamics confirm the high variability of storage in the talus and moraine aquifers and highlight the dominant role of Quaternary deposits and their connectivity to store water over seasonal and multi‐year time‐scales. The mechanisms explaining the importance of Quaternary deposits are the combination of moraine and talus with different permeabilities allowing the storage of sufficient quantities of water permitting continuous release during drier periods of the year.
Addressing the variation in adjuvant chemotherapy treatment for colorectal cancer: Can a regional intervention promote national change?
Authors: Taylor John C. , Swinson Daniel , Seligmann Jenny F. , Birch Rebecca J. , Dewdney Alice , Brown Victoria , Dent Joanna , Rossington Hannah L. , Quirke Philip , Morris Eva J. A. ,   YCR BCIP Study Group
Published: August 2020

AbstractAnalysis of routine population‐based data has previously shown that patterns of surgical treatment for colorectal cancer can vary widely, but there is limited evidence available to determine if such variation is also seen in the use of chemotherapy. This study quantified variation in adjuvant chemotherapy across both England using cancer registry data and in more detail across the representative Yorkshire and Humber regions. Individuals with Stages II and III colorectal cancer who underwent major resection from 2014 to 2015 were identified. Rates of chemotherapy were calculated from the Systemic Anticancer Treatment database using multilevel logistic regression. Additionally, questionnaires addressing different clinical scenarios were sent to regional oncologists to investigate the treatment preferences of clinicians. The national adjusted chemotherapy treatment rate ranged from 2% to 46% (Stage II cancers), 19% to 81% (Stage III cancers), 24% to 75% (patients aged <70 years) and 5% to 46% (patients aged ≥70 years). Regionally, the rates of treatment and the proportions of treated patients receiving combination chemotherapy varied by stage (Stage II 4%‐26% and 0%‐55%, Stage III 48%‐71% and 40%‐84%) and by age (<70 years 35%‐68% and 49%‐91%; ≥70 years 15%‐39% and 6%‐75%). Questionnaire responses showed significant variations in opinions for high‐risk Stage II patients with both deficient and proficient mismatch repair tumours and Stage IIIB patients aged ≥70 years. Following a review of the evidence, open discussion in our region has enabled a consensus agreement on an algorithm for colorectal cancer that is intended to reduce variation in practice.
Loss of the cystine/glutamate antiporter in melanoma abrogates tumor metastasis and markedly increases survival rates of mice
Authors: Sato Mami , Onuma Kunishige , Domon Mio , Hasegawa Shun , Suzuki Ami , Kusumi Ryosuke , Hino Remi , Kakihara Nahoko , Kanda Yusuke , Osaki Mitsuhiko , Hamada Junichi , Bannai Shiro , Feederle Regina , Buday Katalin , Angeli José Pedro Friedmann , Proneth Bettina , Conrad Marcus , Okada Futoshi , Sato Hideyo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe cystine/glutamate antiporter, system xc−, is essential for the efficient uptake of cystine into cells. Interest in the mechanisms of system xc− function soared with the recognition that system xc− presents the most upstream node of ferroptosis, a recently described form of regulated necrosis relevant for degenerative diseases and cancer. Since targeting system xc− hold the great potential to efficiently combat tumor growth and metastasis of certain tumors, we disrupted the substrate‐specific subunit of system xc−, xCT (SLC7A11) in the highly metastatic mouse B16F10 melanoma cell line and assessed the impact on tumor growth and metastasis. Subcutaneous injection of tumor cells into the syngeneic B16F10 mouse melanoma model uncovered a marked decrease in the tumor‐forming ability and growth of KO cells compared to control cell lines. Strikingly, the metastatic potential of KO cells was markedly reduced as shown in several in vivo models of experimental and spontaneous metastasis. Accordingly, survival rates of KO tumor‐bearing mice were significantly prolonged in contrast to those transplanted with control cells. Analyzing the in vitro ability of KO and control B16F10 cells in terms of endothelial cell adhesion and spheroid formation revealed that xCT expression indeed plays an important role during metastasis. Hence, system xc− emerges to be essential for tumor metastasis in mice, thus qualifying as a highly attractive anticancer drug target, particularly in light of its dispensable role for normal life in mice.
microRNA‐377 acts as a suppressor in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through CBX3‐dependent P53/P21 pathway
Authors: He Zhisheng , Chen Junjing , Chen Xiaoliang , Wang Huanyuan , Tang Lang , Han Chunbin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractStem cells play pivotal roles in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) recurrence and metastasis. The self‐renewal ability of stem cells was associated with specific microRNAs (miRs). Herein, we identified the effects of miR‐377 on ESCC stem cell activities. First, the expression of miR‐377 in ESCC and adjacent normal tissues was determined. The relationship between miR‐377 and chromobox protein homolog 3 (CBX3) was assessed by a dual‐luciferase reporter gene assay. miR‐377 was overexpressed or inhibited in ESCC stem cells to explore its role in ESCC. To further investigate the mechanism of miR‐377 in ESCC, cells were introduced with short hairpin RNA against CBX3 or pifithrin‐α (inhibitor of P53 pathway). Besides, the expression of P21, P53, CD133, CD13, Nanog, sex determining region Y‐Box 2 (Sox2), and octamer‐binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4), cell sphere formation, colony formation, and proliferation were evaluated respectively. Finally, limiting dilution assay in vivo and tumor xenograft in nude mice were conducted to confirm the roles of miR‐377 in vivo. miR‐377 was poorly expressed in ESCC. Overexpression of miR‐377 could suppress the stem‐like trait of ESCC as well as the tumor growth in vivo. miR‐377 targeted CBX3 to activate the P53/P21 pathway. Besides, the expression of stem‐like markers including CD133, CD13, Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog was decreased, and the abilities of cell sphere formation, colony formation, proliferation, and tumorigenicity were significantly reduced by overexpressing miR‐377 or silencing CBX3. The results were reversed after inactivating the P53/P21 pathway. In summary, upregulation of miR‐377 inhibits the self‐renewal of ESCC stem cells by inhibiting CBX3 expression and promoting activation of the P53/P21 pathway.
Isolation, growth kinetics, and immunophenotypic characterization of adult human cardiac progenitor cells
Authors: Rallapalli Suneel , Guhathakurta Soma , Korrapati Purna S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe discovery of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) has raised expectations for the development of cell‐based therapy of the heart. Although cell therapy is emerging as a novel treatment for heart failure, several issues still exist concerning an unambiguous definition of the phenotype of CPC types. There is a need to define and validate the methods for the generation of quality CPC populations used in cell therapy applications. Considering the critical roles of cardiac cell progenitors in cellular therapy, we speculate that long term culture might modulate the immunophenotypes of CPCs. Hence, a strategy to validate the isolation and cell culture expansion of cardiac cell populations was devised. Isolation of three subpopulations of human CPCs was done from a single tissue sample using explant, enzymatic isolation, and c‐kit+ immunomagnetic sorting methods. The study assessed the effects of ex vivo expansion on proliferation, immunophenotypes, and differentiation of CPCs. Additionally, we report that an explant culture can take over 2 months to achieve similar cell yields, and cell sorting requires a much larger starting population to match this expansion time frame. In comparison, an enzymatic method is expected to yield equivalent quantities of CPCs in 2–3 weeks, notably at a significantly lower cost, which may intensify their use in therapeutic approaches. We determined that ex vivo expansion caused changes in cellular characteristics, and hence propose validated molecular signatures should be established to evaluate the impact of ex vivo expansion for a safe cell therapy product.
Effects of acute nutritional ketosis during exercise in adults with glycogen storage disease type IIIa are phenotype‐specific: An investigator‐initiated, randomized, crossover study
Authors: Hoogeveen Irene J. , de Boer Foekje , Boonstra Willemijn F. , van der Schaaf Caroline J. , Steuerwald Ulrike , Sibeijn‐Kuiper Anita J. , Vegter Riemer J. K. , van der Hoeven Johannes H. , Heiner‐Fokkema M. Rebecca , Clarke Kieran C. , Cox Pete J. , Derks Terry G. J. , Jeneson Jeroen A. L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGlycogen storage disease type IIIa (GSDIIIa) is an inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism caused by a debranching enzyme deficiency. A subgroup of GSDIIIa patients develops severe myopathy. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether acute nutritional ketosis (ANK) in response to ketone‐ester (KE) ingestion is effective to deliver oxidative substrate to exercising muscle in GSDIIIa patients. This was an investigator‐initiated, researcher‐blinded, randomized, crossover study in six adult GSDIIIa patients. Prior to exercise subjects ingested a carbohydrate drink (~66 g, CHO) or a ketone‐ester (395 mg/kg, KE) + carbohydrate drink (30 g, KE + CHO). Subjects performed 15‐minute cycling exercise on an upright ergometer followed by 10‐minute supine cycling in a magnetic resonance (MR) scanner at two submaximal workloads (30% and 60% of individual maximum, respectively). Blood metabolites, indirect calorimetry data, and in vivo 31P‐MR spectra from quadriceps muscle were collected during exercise. KE + CHO induced ANK in all six subjects with median peak βHB concentration of 2.6 mmol/L (range: 1.6‐3.1). Subjects remained normoglycemic in both study arms, but delta glucose concentration was 2‐fold lower in the KE + CHO arm. The respiratory exchange ratio did not increase in the KE + CHO arm when workload was doubled in subjects with overt myopathy. In vivo 31P MR spectra showed a favorable change in quadriceps energetic state during exercise in the KE + CHO arm compared to CHO in subjects with overt myopathy. Effects of ANK during exercise are phenotype‐specific in adult GSDIIIa patients. ANK presents a promising therapy in GSDIIIa patients with a severe myopathic phenotype.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03011203.
Stimulated Raman imaging below the diffraction limit with a MHz laser
Authors: Graefe Christian T. , Punihaole David , Lynch Michael J. , Silva W. Ruchira , Frontiera Renee R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSuper‐resolution techniques based on Raman spectroscopy could be implemented as label‐free alternatives to fluorescence‐based techniques due to their chemically specific signal and multiplexing potential. In previous work, we developed a stimulated Raman‐based imaging technique that surpassed the diffraction limit using a toroidally shaped pulse to deplete the signal in a spatially defined area. The photophysical principles of depletion and improved spatial resolution were demonstrated using a 1‐kHz laser with high peak power that were able to efficiently drive depletion. However, this laser was not well suited for soft matter samples, which degraded under the intense beams. To improve the biological capabilities of our setup, we have adapted our technique for a 2.04‐MHz laser system. The increased repetition rate produces far more spectra per second, allowing us to decrease the pulse powers while maintaining reasonable acquisition times. Using the 2.04‐MHz laser, we are able to demonstrate strong signal depletion of 62% and resolution enhancements of 52%, which is comparable with the metrics obtained with the 1‐kHz laser. However, further improvements in resolution were not achieved despite increases in the depletion beam energy relative to the other beams. Frequency‐resolved optical gating analysis of the fundamental output of the 2.04 MHz laser indicated an inconsistent pulse phase and duration. We expect that the inconsistent depletion was a result of this pulse profile and conclude that efficient depletion depends on highly reproducible and stable laser pulses.
Design of on‐chip resonator using distributed capacitors in 0.13‐μm (Bi)‐CMOS technology
Authors: Sun Feng , Yang Xinran , Chen Zubin , Tong Xunqian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA novel methodology for on‐chip resonator design using broadside‐coupled distributed capacitors is presented in this work. Using this method, a resonance can be generated at any specified frequency by changing the physical dimensions of the distributed capacitors. To prove the concept of the proposed method is feasible in practice, a resonator is designed and fabricated in a standard 0.13‐μm CMOS technology. The measured results show that a resonance can be generated at approximately 47 GHz. The chip size, excluding the pads, is only 0.176 × 0.149 mm2.
Experimental and Monte Carlo characterization of a dynamic collimation system prototype for pencil beam scanning proton therapy
Authors: Smith Blake R. , Pankuch Mark , Hyer Daniel E. , Culberson Wesley S. 
Published: August 2020

PurposeThere has been a growing interest in the development of energy‐specific collimators for low‐energy pencil beam scanning (PBS) to reduce the lateral penumbra. One particular device that has been the focus of several recent published works is the dynamic collimation system (DCS), which provides energy‐specific collimation by intercepting the scanned proton beam as it nears to target edge with a set of orthogonal trimmer blades. While several computational studies have shown that this dynamic collimator can provide additional healthy tissue sparing, there has not been any rigorous experimental work to benchmark the theoretical models used in these initial studies. Therefore, it was the purpose of this work to demonstrate an experimental method that could integrate an experimental prototype with a clinical PBS system and benchmark the Monte Carlo methods that have been used to model the DCS.MethodsAn experimental DCS prototype was designed and built in house to actively collimate individual proton beamlets during PBS within a well‐characterized experimental setup. Monte Carlo methods were initially used to assess construction tolerances and later benchmarked against measurements, including integral depth dose and lateral asymmetric beamlet profiles. The experimental apparatus and measurement geometry were modeled using MCNP6 benchmarked from measurements performed at the Northwestern Chicago Proton Center.ResultsGamma analysis tests were used to evaluate the agreement between the measured and simulated profiles with a strict 1 mm/1% criteria and 5% dose threshold. Excellent agreement was observed between the simulated and measured profiles, which included 1 mm/1% gamma analysis pass rates of at least 100% and 95% for the integral depth dose (IDD) profiles and lateral profiles, respectively. Differences in the relative profile shape were observed experimentally between beamlets collimated on‐ and off‐axis, which was attributed to the partial transmission of the beam through an unfocused collimator. Exposure rates resulting from the activation of the device were monitored with survey meter measurements and were found to agree with Monte Carlo estimates of the exposure rate to within 20%.ConclusionA DCS prototype was constructed and integrated into a clinical dose delivery system. While the results of this work are not exhaustive, they demonstrate the effects of beam source divergence, device activation, and beamlet deflection during scanning, which were found to be successfully modeled using Monte Carlo methods and experimentally benchmarked. Excellent agreement was achieved between the simulated and measured lateral spot profiles of collimated beamlets delivered on‐ and off‐axis in PBS. The Monte Carlo models adequately predicted the measured elevated plateau region in the integral depth‐dose profiles from the low‐energy scatter off the collimators.