bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unilateral Facial Palsy in an Adolescent with Guillain–Barré Syndrome
Authors: Turco Emanuela Claudia , Piccolo Benedetta , Pisani Francesco 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGuillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is the most common and most severe acute demyelinating polyneuropathy with ∼0.8 to 1.1/100,000 incidence in pediatric population. Unlike adult patients, incidence of facial nerve involvement in children with GBS has not yet been determined possibly because of rare use of magnetic resonance imaging in childhood-onset GBS. In the present study, we describe a girl with GBS who presented unilateral peripheral facial palsy, confirmed by neuroimaging and electrophysiological evaluation. We suggest that both neuroimaging and detailed electrophysiological evaluation should be integrated into the work-up of such patients. We also wish to highlight the importance of evaluating cranial nerve involvement as a potential indicator of severity of disease.
Epilepsy Transition in Ambulatory Care: Experiences and Benefits of an Epilepsy Transition Team
Authors: Patel Amisha , Jan Sophia , Steinway Caren , Bullock Alexandra , Greenberg Adam , Thomas Bethany , Fried Lawrence E. , Brown Lawrence , DiGiovine Marissa 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEpilepsy is the fourth most common neurological disorder and affects people of all ages; however, at least 40% of children will continue to have seizures into adulthood. Children and youth with epilepsy (CYE) experience neurologic and extraneurologic changes that can negatively impact self-management skills necessary for optimal adult function. Those with intellectual disability have additional transition challenges. Improving the medical transition process for all CYE is vital and necessary. In this article, we will review some of the biologic, behavioral, psychologic, therapeutic, and social considerations for CYE complicating transition. We will then describe general approaches to transitioning CYE to adult care, specifically methods involving creating a framework with overarching transition aims in place, and share our experience at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia implementing these approaches. Our comprehensive model for a formal transition policy, team structure, and ongoing assessment supporting CYE transitioning into adult care is a practical program that can be integrated into clinical care. Proper investment in the transition process will translate into measurable, significant long-term benefits for all involved.
Unilateral Isolated Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency in an Egyptian Infant and Review of Literature
Authors: Thomas Manal M. , Tosson Angie M.S. , Taher Mohamed B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractProximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD) is a rare congenital anomaly of the femur ranging from mild shortening to total agenesis. If left untreated, it could lead to impaired child growth, abnormal gait, vertebral abnormalities, cosmetic problems, and behavioral changes. We report on an Egyptian female, presenting to us at the age of 15 days with a short left lower limb. Both upper limbs and the right lower limb were normal and she was not dysmorphic. The skeletal survey showed an isolated short left femur. At the age of 11 months, clinical reexamination confirmed left femur shortening. Echocardiogram and abdominal sonography revealed no abnormality. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis and lower limbs revealed isolated left proximal femoral focal deficiency. Her developmental milestones were normal. She was referred to pediatric orthopaedics for early intervention and proper management. To our knowledge and after reviewing the literature, this patient represents the first case of unilateral isolated proximal focal femoral deficiency in Egypt. In conclusion, PFFD diagnosis needs a systemic skeletal–facial–genital phenotyping to differentiate from overlapping genetic disorders. Early diagnosis and radioimaging are highly important for proper management.
Asbestos induces mesothelial cell transformation via HMGB1-driven autophagy
Authors: Xue Jiaming , Patergnani Simone , Giorgi Carlotta , Suarez Joelle , Goto Keisuke , Bononi Angela , Tanji Mika , Novelli Flavia , Pastorino Sandra , Xu Ronghui , Caroccia Natascia , Dogan A. Umran , Pass Harvey I. , Tognon Mauro , Pinton Paolo , Gaudino Giovanni , Mak Tak W. , Carbone Michele , Yang Haining 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Millions of people have been exposed to asbestos and are at increased risk of developing mesothelioma, an aggressive malignancy resistant to current therapies. Here, we elucidate critical steps in asbestos carcinogenesis: asbestos induces the release of high mobility group box 1 that triggers autophagy. Autophagy activation constitutes a key biological process that allows some mesothelial cells to survive asbestos cytotoxicity and consequently increases the fraction of DNA-damaged human mesothelial cells susceptible to malignant transformation. We found that the inhibition of autophagy using either chloroquine or the antidepressant drug desmethylclomipramine increased asbestos-induced cell death and reduced asbestos-mediated cell transformation. Our data suggest that these Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs might be repurposed to protect high-risk asbestos-exposed individuals from developing mesothelioma.
Inter-rater reliability in Learner Corpus Research
Authors: Larsson Tove , Paquot Magali , Plonsky Luke 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In Learner Corpus Research (LCR), a common source of errors stems from manual coding and annotation of linguistic
features. To estimate the amount of error present in a coded dataset, coefficients of inter-rater reliability are used. However, despite
the importance of reliability and internal consistency for validity and, by extension, study quality, interpretability and generalizability,
it is surprisingly uncommon for studies in the field of LCR to report on such reliability coefficients. In this Methods Report, we use a
recent collaborative research project to illustrate the pertinence of considering inter-rater reliability. In doing so, we hope to initiate
methodological discussion on instrument design, piloting and evaluation. We also suggest some ways forward to encourage increased
transparency in reporting practices.
What is a word?
Authors: Böhm Manuela , Mehlem Ulrich 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPractices of word segmentation in French and Moroccan Arabic by beginning and advanced bilingual writers in two historically and linguistically divergent settings are analysed in a threefold perspective: (1) In the different sociocultural contexts of linguistically heterogeneous France in the 1870’s and a town with remarkable immigration from Morocco in Germany in 2000, dictations constitute monolingual settings of language policy and normativity; (2) structurally, open and closed spellings of (clitic) function and content words indicate constraints of different orthographies, focussing either phonology or morphosyntax; (3) in the framework of contact linguistics, bilingual students write in one of their languages (French, Moroccan Arabic) with resources of other languages (like Breton, German, Classical Arabic).The results show that the students’ writings are influenced by graphematic structures not directly related to the language dictated. In French Brittany, a great importance of closed spellings may be supported by the agglutinative feature of the Breton language, while the apostrophe as a striking feature of French orthography is used primarily, but often only emblematically, by the students in Gascony. Moroccan Arabic writers in Germany are influenced indirectly by their first school language, German, in the way they mark word boundaries in prepositional phrases (PP) and imperfective verb forms. Classical Arabic, however, remains of marginal influence although both varieties are historically and structurally closely related.
The advanced acquisition of orthography in heritage Turkish in Germany
Authors: Schroeder Christoph 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe paper investigates Turkish texts from heritage speakers of Turkish in Germany in a pseudo-longitudinal setting, looking at pupils’ texts from the 5th, 7th, 10th and 12th grades. Two types of dynamics are identified in the advanced acquisition1of Turkish orthography in the heritage context. One is the dynamic of language contact, where in certain areas of the orthography, we find a re-interpretation of Turkish principles according to the German model. However, this changes as the pupils grow up. The second dynamic is the heritage situation. The heritage situation on one side leads to the establishment of new practices, and it also leads to a higher degree of variability of spelling solutions in those areas, where the orthographic system of Turkish poses challenges to every writer, whether monolingual and growing up in Turkey or heritage speaker.2
V
OC variation with different molecular weight fractions in highly efficient organic photovoltaic bulk heterojunctions
Authors: Zhen-Chuan Wen , Niu Meng-Si , Wang Tong , Chen Zhi-Hao , Guo Jia-Jia , Qin Chao-Chao , Feng Lin , Yin Hang , Hao Xiao-Tao 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Tuning molecular weight fractions is one of the most important strategies for optimizing the morphology of bulk heterojunctions (BHJs) to obtain high-performance organic solar cells. Here, we investigate the effects of molecular weight fractions on the performance of state-of-the-art PM6:Y6 BHJ solar cells. A remarkable blueshift in the photoluminescence spectra can be observed with the introduction of the PM6 component. The electroluminescent and morphological analyses indicate that this observation can be attributed to increased charge-transfer state energy and an intermolecular interaction between donor and acceptor, leading to open circuit voltage (V
OC) variations in the photovoltaic device. The transient absorption spectra confirm that the optimized donor:acceptor (D:A) ratio can suppress the generation of polarons and achieve high efficiency exciton dissociation. The results of atomic force microscopy and neutron reflectometry reveal that higher acceptor contents promote the formation of a desirable interpenetrating network and enable high fill factors and short-circuit currents to be obtained.
Graphene-supported single-atom catalysts and applications in electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhang Qin , Zhang Xiaoxiang , Wang Junzhong , Wang Congwei 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Supported metal nanostructures are the most extensively studied heterogeneous catalysts, benefiting from easy separation, regeneration and affordable cost. The size of the supported metal species is one of the decisive factors in determining the activity of heterogeneous catalysts. Particularly, the unsaturated coordination environment of metal atoms preferably act as the active centers, minimizing these metal species can significantly boost the specific activity of every single metal atom. Single-atom catalysts/catalysis (SACs), containing isolated metals atomically dispersed on or coordinated with the surface of a support material, represent the ultimate utilization of supported metals and maximize metal usage efficiency. Graphene, a two-dimensional star material, exhibiting extraordinary physical and chemical properties, has been approved as an excellent platform for constructing SACs. When atomically dispersed metal atoms are strongly anchored on the graphene surface, featuring ultra-high surface area and excellent electronic properties, SACs offer a great potential to significantly innovate the conventional heterogeneous catalysis, especially in the field of electrocatalysis. In this review, a detailed discussion of graphene-supported SACs, including preparation approaches, characterization techniques and applications on typical electrocatalytic reactions is provided. The advantages and unique features of graphene-supported SACs as efficient electrocatalysts and the upcoming challenges for improving their performance and further practical applications are also highlighted.
Review of semi-dry electrodes for EEG recording
Authors: Li Guang-Li , Wu Jing-Tao , Xia Yong-Hui , He Quan-Guo , Jin Hong-Guang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Developing reliable and user-friendly electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes remains a challenge for emerging real-world EEG applications. Classic wet electrodes are the gold standard for recording EEG; however, they are difficult to implement and make users uncomfortable, thus severely restricting their widespread application in real-life scenarios. An alternative is dry electrodes, which do not require conductive gels or skin preparation. Despite their quick setup and improved user-friendliness, dry electrodes still have some inherent problems (invasive, relatively poor signal quality, or sensitivity to motion artifacts), which limit their practical utilization. In recent years, semi-dry electrodes, which require only a small amount of electrolyte fluid, have been successfully developed, combining the advantages of both wet and dry electrodes while addressing their respective drawbacks. Semi-dry electrodes can collect reliable EEG signals comparable to wet electrodes. Moreover, their setup is as fast and convenient similar to that of dry electrodes. Hence, semi-dry electrodes have shown tremendous application prospects for real-world EEG acquisition. Herein, we systematically summarize the development, evaluation methods, and practical design considerations of semi-dry electrodes. Some feasible suggestions and new ideas for the development of semi-dry electrodes have been presented. This review provides valuable technical support for the development of semi-dry electrodes toward emerging practical applications.
Total Solar Eclipse Observations: A Treasure Trove from the Source and Acceleration Regions of the Solar Wind
Authors: Rifai Habbal Shadia 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A comprehensive exploration of the inner corona, namely the spatial span starting from the solar surface out to a few solar radii, is essential for investigating the physical processes responsible for its quiescent and dynamic state. Such an exploration encompasses the source regions of the solar wind, and is thus essential for reliably establishing their link to in-situ measurements, including those from the more recent Parker Solar Probe mission. Total solar eclipses are the only platform available at present to fulfill these requirements, as they offer a spatially uninterrupted diagnosis of the inner corona through multi-wavelength imaging and spectroscopy. This review highlights results from almost two decades of eclipse observations. Particular emphasis is placed on the discovery of the complexity of coronal structures, in particular at the source regions of the solar wind, directly connected to prominences. Complex structures include different manifestations of waves and plasma instabilities. Imaging in coronal emission lines yields the only diagnostic tool, known to date, for the empirical inference of the freeze-in distance of heavy ions. Imaging also enables the mapping of the electron temperature in the inner corona, and its changes in response to the passage of a coronal mass ejection (CME). Furthermore, spectroscopic observations reveal that cool prominence material associated with a CME, travels in tandem, unscathed, into interplanetary space. Multi-wavelength imaging and spectroscopy during total solar eclipses thus yield a treasure trove from the sources and acceleration regions of the solar wind, which beg continued exploitation in search of signatures of coronal heating and solar wind acceleration processes.
Estimating Effective Collision Frequency and Kinetic Entropy Uncertainty in Particle-in-Cell Simulations
Authors: Liang Haoming , Cassak P. A. , Swisdak M. , Servidio Sergio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A kinetic entropy diagnostic was systematically developed for fully kinetic collisionless particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations in Liang et al., Phys. Plasmas 26, 082903 (2019). Here, we first show that kinetic entropy can be used to quantitatively evaluate numerical dissipation in the PIC simulation. Assuming numerical effects can be treated using a relaxation time approximation collision operator, the rate of increase of the kinetic entropy is related to the kinetic entropy. The effective collision frequency due to numerical effects is then easy to evaluate in a collisionless PIC simulation. We find an effective collision frequency of approximately a tenth of the ion cyclotron frequency. This could have important implications for collisionless PIC simulation studies of magnetic reconnection, plasma turbulence, and collisionless shocks. Then, we analyze the uncertainty of the local kinetic entropy density at different locations as a function of the chosen velocity space grid. We find that although the numerically obtained kinetic entropy density varies significantly for small or large velocity space grids, there is a range for which the kinetic entropy density is only weakly sensitive to the velocity space grid. Our analysis of the uncertainty suggests a velocity space grid close to the thermal velocity is optimal, and the uncertainty introduced is significantly less than the physical change in kinetic entropy density.
A data-driven MHD model of the weakly-ionized chromosphere
Authors: Sarp Yalim Mehmet , Prasad Avijeet , Pogorelov Nikolai , Zank Gary , Hu Qiang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The physics of the solar chromosphere is complex from both theoretical and modeling perspectives. The plasma temperature from the photosphere to corona increases from ∼5, 000 K to ∼1 million K over a distance of only ∼10, 000 km from the chromosphere and the transition region. Certain regions of the solar atmosphere have sufficiently low temperature and ionization rates to be considered as weakly-ionized. In particular, this is true at the lower chromosphere. In this paper, we present an overview of our data-driven magnetohydrodynamics model for the weakly-ionized chromosphere and show a benchmark result. It utilizes the Cowling resistivity which is orders of magnitude greater than the Coulomb resistivity. Ohm’s law therefore includes anisotropic dissipation. We investigate the effects of the Cowling resistivity on heating and magnetic reconnection in the chromosphere as the flare-producing active region (AR) 11166 evolves. In particular, we analyze a C2.0 flare emerging from AR11166 and find a normalized reconnection rate of 0.12.
Physical applications: analysis of Colombian coffee prices using fractional Brownian motion
Authors: Prada D A , Acevedo A , Fernandez H , Prada S C , Gómez J M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Colombia is an exporting country of quality coffee in the world; divergent factors in the short and long term, such as inclement weather, geographic changes, and socio-political development, are some of the factors that influence the price of this product. Knowing the future behavior of this phenomenon is one of the most important studies for economists, academics, coffee growers, entrepreneurs, and exporters. Brownian motion, a physical phenomenon that describes the irregular movement of some particles suspended in a fluid, was described by the probability of finding a particle in a position at a specific time. Fractional Brownian motion describes the random fluctuation of a stochastic process continuous in time and is characterized by the Hurst coefficient to observe persistence and volatility in a time series. The percentage of volatility that changes in the price of coffee present allows generating strategies to maintain the quality of the product and, therefore, its positioning in the market. In this work it was found that the series of data on coffee prices is persistent and that its volatility is 43.77%.
Intangible trajectories of urban connectivity. An application of physics in architecture
Authors: Ayala Garcia E T , Coronel Ruiz L K , Galiano Sanchez A L , Acevedo Salazar N Y 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This research aims to identify the intangible urban geometries of the physical-environmental, social-cultural, and political-economic components of Avenue 1 East, Caobos, San José de Cúcuta, Colombia. This in order to represent and quantify the connectivity trajectory of the intangible networks that are generated from the analysis of the meso and micro scale of the city. The applied methodology is based on the theory of the urban network, the study used a mixed approach, under a strategy called multi-methods or methodological triangulation. Within this research, physical concepts such as trajectory, displacement and space-time were assumed. This type of research allowed the study topics to be approached through layers through which the implicit dynamics in the sector under study were identified. As relevant results it is obtained that the use of a mathematical and physical logic strengthens the studies focused on city planning, the importance of hierarchically and quantitatively organizing the connection networks (meso and micro) in order to solve problems or phenomena typical of the daily life of the sector under study, guaranteeing a dynamic and real process for its growth.
Exploring spatiotemporal variation characteristics of exceedance air pollution risk using social media big data
Authors: Cao Zheng , Wu Zhifeng , Li Shaoying , Ma Wenjun , Deng Yujiao , Sun Hui , Guan Wenchuan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Air pollution in the form of PM2.5 decreases life expectancy considering its contribution to morbidity and mortality. Therefore, scientific and accurate PM2.5 exposure risk assessment is essential. However, the considering daily/hourly mean PM2.5 concentration and overlooking population mobility in exposure risk assessments result in underestimation of its adverse effects. Thus, using social media data and exceedance PM2.5 concentration, two novel indicators named hourly exceedance PM2.5 exposure (HEPE) and daily cumulative variation of exceedance PM2.5 exposure (DCEPE) are developed in our study. Spatiotemporal variation analysis of HEPE showed that the first exceedance PM2.5 exposure risk was observed at 10:00; this lasted till the end of the day. According to the standard deviation ellipse (SDE) method analysis results, at first, the major spatial tendency direction was northeast-southwest, with the average center (AE) located in the Yuangang Township. Then, the HEPE in the western study area increased dramatically. The major spatial tendency direction shifted from northeast-southwest to east-west. Consequently, the AE of HEPE shifted to central study area. The spatiotemporal variation characteristics led us to investigate the mechanisms. A bivariate LISA was applied to detect the spatial association between DCEPE and city functional zones (CFZs). Results showed that highly spatial associations were found between the DCEPE and CFZs in the southwest of the study area. Residential neighborhoods and transportation services showed a closer relationship with the spatial distribution of DCEPE. Based on these results, we found increasing public health threats posed by PM2.5. Thus, HEPE is an essential factor to assess air pollution exposure risk. Moreover, more attention should be paid to the spatial association between DCEPE and city functions, which is important for the development of air pollution mitigation strategies.