bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estudio descriptivo sobre la enseñanza en Salud Global desde las Universidades públicas españolas. ¿Por qué surge una necesidad formativa en Salud Global?
Authors: Gil Iriondo Estíbaliz , Cuadros González Juan Antonio , González Barral María 
Published: February 2020

Resumen: La justificación del estudio planteado, surge de la percepción de un déficit en el abordaje y formación en temáticas de Salud Global desde las Universidades españolas. Para ello, se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica que ayuda a contextualizar la Salud Global y se completa con la realización de un análisis, mediante búsqueda online de la presencia de temáticas de Salud Global en las ofertas docentes de cada asignatura de los grados de Medicina y posgrados de las 33 facultades públicas españolas a estudio. También se han descrito y cuantificado aquellas materias relacionadas pero no específicas con el tema de estudio como son la medicina tropical, la salud internacional y la antropología de la salud entre otras. Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo, concluyen que es necesario reforzar la formación en Salud Global desde nuestras facultades de Medicina. Es fundamental, que se otorgue a los estudiantes la oportunidad de entender lo que implica la Salud Global en un engranaje multidisciplinar, y si lo desean, puedan formarse en profundidad en este ámbito. Si esto sucede, podrán adquirir las herramientas necesarias para poder trabajar desde una perspectiva más global, entendiendo que no podemos desligar las enfermedades de los sistemas sociales, la inequidad, el género, la economía y las relaciones intergubernamentales y de poder entre otras cuestiones.
Transmisión vertical de la enfermedad de Chagas en España
Authors: Rosende Tuya Alicia 
Published: February 2020

La enfermedad de Chagas ha pasado de presentarse sólo en zonas endémicas a distribuirse por otras partes del mundo, como España, en donde la forma más frecuente de transmisión es la vertical, cuyo mecanismo exacto se desconoce.
En España contamos con protocolos para el cribado de las embarazadas en tres comunidades y guías en otras tantas. Entre ellos mismos y los artículos publicados en los últimos diez años, se encuentran similitudes como a quien realizar los cribados (embarazadas procedentes de zonas endémicas o embarazadas cuyas madres procedan de estas zonas, y en las primeras 48h de vida de los hijos de estas mujeres), el tratamiento a llevar a cabo en los recién nacidos (benznidazol) y el periodo de seguimiento de un año, difiriendo en las fechas de los controles intermedios, también existen diferencias en cuanto a las pruebas de cribado y confirmación en embarazadas, siendo la más frecuente el ELISA, así como en recién nacidos, siendo el microhematocrito la más usada en este caso.
Es imperativo que en España se cree un protocolo nacional que unifique el cribado de esta enfermedad en embarazadas e incluya la prevención de su transmisión vertical, ya que contamos con población susceptible de beneficiarse de esta actuación, siempre con el ánimo de mejorar la salud de nuestra población.
De l’original perdu à la série : nouvelles approches des multiples gréco-romains
Authors: Platt Verity 
Published: February 2020

Il s’agit d’analyser dans cet essai les approches récentes de la recherche sur la « copie romaine » au sein de l’université et des musées. Tout en retraçant le parcours effectué depuis les pratiques de la Kopienkritik (qui privilégiait l’original grec perdu) jusqu’à la compréhension postmoderniste de la pratique romaine de l’imitation (qui met en évidence la dimension créative de la reproduction), il s’agit de s’intéresser pour finir au xxie siècle. Les dernières découvertes archéologiques (issues pour la plupart de sites de naufrages) ainsi que les études scientifiques plus poussées ont amélioré notre perception des sculptures anciennes en bronze notamment. Non seulement les travaux récents ébranlent la notion de chef-d’œuvre unique mais ils examinent également la production de multiples grecs et romains, abordant des concepts théoriques tels que la standardisation et l’imitation. Cet enthousiasme renouvelé pour la copie a aussi conduit à une reconsidération des plâtres, maintenant aussi bien exploités de manière innovante dans les expositions que par les artistes contemporains qui dialoguent avec l’héritage antique. Le multiple apparaît ainsi comme un terrain propice à la rencontre entre Antiquité et modernité.
Serviteurs devenus maîtres : Focillon et la gravure d’interprétation
Authors: Pernoud Emmanuel 
Published: February 2020

Dans les écrits de Focillon, la gravure est présentée sur le modèle du dessin ou de la peinture, dans le huis clos de l’artiste et de son cuivre. Le paradoxe sur lequel repose ce discours est le refoulement du processus de réplication et de diffusion inhérent à toute estampe, même rare et précieuse. Le socius de l’image imprimée – la coopération qui en est à la source, la collectivité à laquelle elle se destine – doit céder la place à l’unicité de l’œuvre graphique. Ainsi, l’imprimeur et l’éditeur tendent-ils à disparaître de ce récit, comme s’en éclipsent les rapports entre les chefs-d’œuvre de l’estampe et la plus banale image. Ainsi, le « maître de l’estampe » ne saurait reproduire qui que ce soit, même lorsqu’il copie autrui par les moyens de son art, comme c’était le cas de Victor, père d’Henri : reproduire, en gravure, ce sera interpréter.
The Pastoral Epistles: Common Themes, Individual Compositions? An Introduction to the Quest for the Origin(s) of the Letters to Timothy and Titus
Authors: Nes Jermo van 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
In New Testament scholarship, the pseudonymity of the so-called Pastoral Epistles (1–2 Timothy and Titus) continues to be a majority position, partially because many scholars assume that they were originally designed as a tripartite letter corpus. Over the past decades, however, a growing group of scholars has started to challenge this corpus theory by pointing out the individual qualities of the letters to Timothy and Titus and their mutual differences. These research findings have brought a number of scholars to believe that the letters were composed by more than one author. When the arguments for plural authorship are compared to the traditional arguments for common authorship, it seems the pseudonymity of the Pastoral Epistles is by no means a foregone conclusion. Accordingly, the quest for the origin(s) of the letters to Timothy and Titus must be continued.
Narration, Genre, and Pseudonymity: Reconsidering the Individuality and the Literary Relationship of the Pastoral Epistles
Authors: Herzer Jens 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
In the last two decades, the classical paradigm of the literary unity of the Pastoral Epistles as a three-part “Corpus Pastorale” has been challenged and defended in various ways. The discussion has accompanied a new discourse on pseudonymity and its relevance for New Testament writings. This article traces the development of the hypothesis of the Pastoral Epistles’ pseudonymity and illuminates the problems this hypothesis entails. Focusing on narrative elements and genre (such as mandata or ancient letter novel), individual traits of each letter will be discussed exemplarily in order to reconsider their relationship. Highlighting the letters’ individual profiles leads to a more refined interpretation beyond the old controversy between authenticity and pseudonymity. As a result (which cannot be a substantial part of this article), Titus and 2 Timothy can be interpreted as authentic letters of Paul, written in his last years, whereas 1 Timothy is best situated in the anti-heretic struggles of the second century AD.
Supermen and Sissies: Masculinities in Titus and 1 Timothy
Authors: Smit Peter-Ben 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
This paper addresses the question of gender scripts in the Pastoral Epistles from the point of view of masculinities studies. Two of the Pastoral Epistles will be studied in particular, Titus and 1 Timothy, given their high degree of comparability when it comes to the questions of (a) Pauline self-presentation and (b) the outline of various roles in the communities addressed through these epistles. By analyzing key aspects of the gender (and more specifically, masculinity) scripts in play, it will be shown that the Pastoral Epistles espouse a view of masculinity that suited the (dominant) contemporary ideals of what a “real man” looked like. This, it will be suggested, is in fact an expression of what may well be called “precarious” masculinity: masculinity that feels threatened and therefore establishes control over others, attempting to safeguard its own position and standing. This may shed light on the provenance of the Pastoral Epistles: out of a marginal milieu. Also, it will be argued that the agreement in gender scripts among these two pastorals would suggest that they stem from the same social milieu and may well have been considered as a corpus from a very early stage onward. Finally, a hermeneutical observation will be made concerning the reception of the views on masculinity in these two pastorals (and the Pastorals at large).
Stylistic Diversity in the Corpus Ciceronianum and in the Corpus Paulinum: A Comparison and Some Conclusions
Authors: Baum Armin D. 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
The Corpus Paulinum can roughly be divided into four letter groups, the Thessalonian letters, the Hauptbriefe, the Prison Letters, and the Pastoral Letters. As New Testament style criticism has revealed, each of these letter groups displays a number of lexical, syntactical, and other stylistic peculiarities. In order to interpret this stylistic diversity in the Pauline corpus on a broader basis and to explore all possible explanations for the different stylistic phenomena, it proves helpful to take into account the scholarly explanations for similar style differences in the much larger oeuvre of Cicero. Cicero’s writings confirm the prevalent observation that the same ancient author could write in very different styles. In addition, they demonstrate how different communication situations, different text genres, and different addressees could influence not only Cicero’s but also Paul’s style.
Deciding What Counts: The Difficulties of Comparing Stylistic Diversity. A Response to Armin D. Baum
Authors: Percival John 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
This response to Armin Baum argues that he has asked an important question about the stylistic variation in Paul and Cicero but that his analysis lacks adequate statistical rigor. Cicero&#x92;s writing certainly reveals a range of styles, depending on genre, chronology, and communicative recipients. However, it is not straightforward to compare Cicero with Paul because of the narrower range of genre and shorter timespan for Paul, and also the differing methodologies for stylistic analysis in the existing literature. Baum&#x92;s analysis of the Pauline material does not adequately handle statistical significance, dependent variables, the effects of lumping, or more-recent advances in multivariate analysis.
A importância da Extensão Universitária para o desenvolvimento acadêmico: Metodologia aplicada no Projeto Cariño
Authors: Perini Anerose 
Published: February 2020

O artigo tem como objetivo descrever o desenvolvimento do Projeto de Extensão universitária Cariño, nos primeiros anos do projeto. Através da metodologia de base “Design Centrado no Humano” da IDEO, foi criada uma metodologia apropriada para a realização das capacitações do Projeto Cariño. O estudo teve início em 2017 e sua validação no ano de 2018. Para sua primeira etapa foi realizada a pesquisa qualitativa exploratória descritiva, aplicada à grupos focais em comunidades com vulnerabilidade social. A partir da proposta de capacitar pessoas para o melhor desenvolvimento humano sustentável, na geração de renda com o ensino de técnicas manuais, costura e modelagem. A mensuração do impacto social nos períodos da capacitação foi traçada a partir da pesquisa quantitativa com escala Linkert para validação da aplicação das técnicas desenvolvidas e material didático. Percebe-se que a metodologia do projeto de extensão durante as capacitações apresentou aplicação positiva, validando os materiais desenvolvidos para a concretização da Extensão universitária a partir do design e na interdisciplinaridade da equipe de bolsistas do projeto.
Electric Field Effect on the Reactivity of Solid State Materials: The Case of Single Layer Graphene
Authors: Kim Min A. , Qiu Nianxiang , Li Zhiting , Huang Qing , Chai Zhifang , Du Shiyu , Liu Haitao 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis manuscript reports the first example of charge‐doping‐induced reactivity enhancement in macroscopic‐sized solid state material. Single layer graphene is supported on a Si wafer that has a 300 nm thick SiO2 layer and is heated photothermally in air to ≈240 °C. Applying both positive and negative pulsed back gate voltages increases the rate of graphene oxidation, as measured by the change of ID/IG ratio using Raman spectroscopy. The fact that both electron and hole doping increase the reactivity argues against electrochemical oxidation and suggests a new mechanism is at play. The enhancement effect increases with the magnitude and the frequency of the square wave back gate voltage. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the activation barriers for O2 insertion into graphene and desorption of CO2 decrease in the presence of an electric field. This study suggests charge doping as a new approach that can modulate the reactivity of solid state materials in real time and compliment chemical‐based catalysis.
Light‐Triggered Cancer Cell Specific Targeting and Liposomal Drug Delivery in a Zebrafish Xenograft Model
Authors: Kong Li , Chen Quanchi , Campbell Frederick , Snaar‐Jagalska Ewa , Kros Alexander 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCell‐specific drug delivery remains a major unmet challenge for cancer nanomedicines. Here, light‐triggered, cell‐specific delivery of liposome‐encapsulated doxorubicin to xenograft human cancer cells in live zebrafish embryos is demonstrated. This method relies on light‐triggered dePEGylation of liposome surfaces to reveal underlying targeting functionality. To demonstrate general applicability of this method, light‐triggered, MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cell specific targeting in vivo (embryonic zebrafish) is shown using both clinically relevant, folate‐liposomes, as well as an experimental liposome‐cell fusion system. In the case of liposome‐cell fusion, the delivery of liposomal doxorubicin direct to the cytosol of target cancer cells results in enhanced cytotoxicity, compared to doxorubicin delivery via either folate‐liposomes or free doxorubicin, as well as a significant reduction in xenograft cancer cell burden within the embryonic fish.
A Metal‐Organic Framework (MOF) Fenton Nanoagent‐Enabled Nanocatalytic Cancer Therapy in Synergy with Autophagy Inhibition
Authors: Yang Bowen , Ding Li , Yao Heliang , Chen Yu , Shi Jianlin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractNanocatalytic medicine has been developed recently to trigger intratumoral generation of highly toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) for cancer therapy, which, unfortunately, suffers from compromised therapeutic efficacy due to a self‐protective mechanism, autophagy, of cancer cells to mitigate oxidative damage. In this work, during the efforts of ROS generation by nanocatalytic medicine, a pharmacological autophagy inhibition strategy is implemented for augmenting ROS‐induced oxidative damage for synergetic cancer therapy. An iron‐containing metal‐organic framework [MOF(Fe)] nanocatalyst as a peroxidase mimic is used to catalyze the generation of highly oxidizing •OH radicals specifically within cancer cells, while chloroquine is applied to deacidify lysosomes and inhibit autophagy, cutting off the self‐protection pathway under severe oxidative stress. Cancer cells fail to extract their components to detoxicate and strengthen themselves, finally succumbing to the ROS‐induced oxidative damage during nanocatalytic therapy. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate the synergy between nanocatalytic therapy and autophagy inhibition, suggesting that such a combined strategy is applicable to amplify tumor‐specific oxidative damage and may be informative to future design of therapeutic regimen.
Synergistic Improvement of Long‐Term Plasticity in Photonic Synapses Using Ferroelectric Polarization in Hafnia‐Based Oxide‐Semiconductor Transistors
Authors: Kim Min‐Kyu , Lee Jang‐Sik 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA number of synapse devices have been intensively studied for the neuromorphic system which is the next‐generation energy‐efficient computing method. Among these various types of synapse devices, photonic synapse devices recently attracted significant attention. In particular, the photonic synapse devices using persistent photoconductivity (PPC) phenomena in oxide semiconductors are receiving much attention due to the similarity between relaxation characteristics of PPC phenomena and Ca2+ dynamics of biological synapses. However, these devices have limitations in its controllability of the relaxation characteristics of PPC behaviors. To utilize the oxide semiconductor as photonic synapse devices, relaxation behavior needs to be accurately controlled. In this study, a photonic synapse device with controlled relaxation characteristics by using an oxide semiconductor and a ferroelectric layer is demonstrated. This device exploits the PPC characteristics to demonstrate synaptic functions including short‐term plasticity, paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF), and long‐term plasticity (LTP). The relaxation properties are controlled by the polarization of the ferroelectric layer, and this polarization is used to control the amount by which the conductance levels increase during PPF operation and to enhance LTP characteristics. This study provides an important step toward the development of photonic synapses with tunable synaptic functions.
Comprehensive Elucidation of Grain Boundary Behavior in All‐Inorganic Halide Perovskites by Scanning Probe Microscopy
Authors: Wang Yanyan , Hu Ziyang , Gao Can , Yang Cheng , Zhang Jing , Zhu Yuejin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAll‐inorganic halide perovskite (AIHP) is becoming one of the most promising generation materials of perovskite photovoltaics for commercialization due to its thermodynamic stability and soared efficiency. Depending on material properties, grain boundary (GB) has detrimental or beneficial effect on device photovoltaic performance. However, less attention is paid to GB behavior in AIHPs. Herein, it is concluded that the microscopic GBs are the major sites for photocarrier generation and transport, as well as the ionic pathway dominating the current hysteresis behavior in AIHP solar cells. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements reveal a lower surface potential at GBs as compared to grain interiors (GIs), suggesting a significant upward band bending around GBs. Conductive atomic force microscopy (c‐AFM) measurements show a higher current flow in the vicinity of GBs, indicating enhanced carrier separation and collection taking place at GBs. Furthermore, the existence of ion motion is evidenced both by the single‐point c‐AFM measurement and voltage‐controlled KPFM measurement, which accounts for the common current hysteresis behavior in AIHP solar cells. These investigations provide an advanced understanding of the role of GBs in AIHP and further inspiration on how to optimize device performance up to the levels of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite.
Immunogenicity of Polyethylene Glycol Based Nanomedicines: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications and Systematic Approach
Authors: d'Avanzo Nicola , Celia Christian , Barone Antonella , Carafa Maria , Di Marzio Luisa , Santos Hélder A. , Fresta Massimo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPEGylation technique is currently considered the gold standard approach to provide a long and safe circulation of drugs. Although this is the accepted dogma, various clinical reports and animal studies show the occurrence of immunogenic responses against polyethylene glycol (PEG) after systemic injection. These side effects, associated with complement activation and/or anti‐PEG antibody production, result in hypersensitivity reactions and lack of therapeutic efficacy of the drug during clinical protocols. Furthermore, different healthy patients show the presence of anti‐PEG antibodies in their blood stream, even though they have not received PEGylated drugs. The aim of this review is to discuss the main mechanisms based on PEG immunogenicity and its clinical implications and report the most promising approaches to reduce these unexpected side effects.
One‐Pot Synthesis of PEGylated Lipoplexes to Facilitate Mucosal Permeation for Oral Insulin Gene Delivery
Authors: Nie Tianqi , He Zhiyu , Zhu Jinchang , Liu Lixin , Chen Yongming 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOral nucleic acid therapy for transgene expressions of insulin in vivo is an emerging strategy in treating type I diabetes (T1D) to address poor patient compliance for daily insulin injections. However, this strategy to achieve high delivery efficiency is impeded by biological barriers including gastrointestinal trafficking, enzymatic degradation, mucosal transport, etc. This article addresses the mucosal transport barrier by adopting a hydrophilic and neutral surface onto cationic lipid/DNA nanoparticles to reduce the obstacle of permeation through the mucus. A facile one‐pot method to coat the PEG layer on a (2,3‐dioleoyloxy‐propyl)‐trimethylammonium (DOTAP)/DNA nanocomplex for expressing insulin is presented. A kinetically controlled mixing technique, namely flash nanocomplexation (FNC), is used to rapidly mix 1,2‐dimyristoyl‐rac‐glycero‐3‐methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐2000 (DMG‐PEG) and DOTAP with plasmid DNA. The produced uniform nanoparticles (60 ± 2.1 nm) with a PEG surface demonstrates enhanced transportation in the mucus layer of the GI tract. A systemic transgene expression is confirmed, and the expressed insulin maintains the blood glucose level of streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced T1D mice within the normal range (5–10 mmol L−1) for 24 h following oral gavage and shows repetitive therapeutic effects by multiple doses. This shows the feasibility for fast translation of DMG‐PEG/DOTAP‐DNA nanoparticles in T1D treatment via oral delivery.
17.1% Efficient Single‐Junction Organic Solar Cells Enabled by n‐Type Doping of the Bulk‐Heterojunction
Authors: Lin Yuanbao , Firdaus Yuliar , Nugraha Mohamad Insan , Liu Feng , Karuthedath Safakath , Emwas Abdul‐Hamid , Zhang Weimin , Seitkhan Akmaral , Neophytou Marios , Faber Hendrik , Yengel Emre , McCulloch Iain , Tsetseris Leonidas , Laquai Frédéric , Anthopoulos Thomas D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMolecular doping is often used in organic semiconductors to tune their (opto)electronic properties. Despite its versatility, however, its application in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) remains limited and restricted to p‐type dopants. In an effort to control the charge transport within the bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) of OPVs, the n‐type dopant benzyl viologen (BV) is incorporated in a BHJ composed of the donor polymer PM6 and the small‐molecule acceptor IT‐4F. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the cells is found to increase from 13.2% to 14.4% upon addition of 0.004 wt% BV. Analysis of the photoactive materials and devices reveals that BV acts simultaneously as n‐type dopant and microstructure modifier for the BHJ. Under optimal BV concentrations, these synergistic effects result in balanced hole and electron mobilities, higher absorption coefficients and increased charge‐carrier density within the BHJ, while significantly extending the cells' shelf‐lifetime. The n‐type doping strategy is applied to five additional BHJ systems, for which similarly remarkable performance improvements are obtained. OPVs of particular interest are based on the ternary PM6:Y6:PC71BM:BV(0.004 wt%) blend for which a maximum PCE of 17.1%, is obtained. The effectiveness of the n‐doping strategy highlights electron transport in NFA‐based OPVs as being a key issue.