bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS PARAMETER SUMBER SPEKTRAL GEMPABUMI VTA (VULKANO TEKTONIK-A) TERHADAP AKTIVITAS VULKANIK GUNUNG SINABUNG
Authors: Kusmita Tri , Brotopuspito Kirbani , Triastuty Hetty 
Published: August 2020

The source parameters describe the different physical properties of seismic volumes under the volcanoes. Source parameters that can be used to distinguish seismic events that are generated by different types of volcanoes activities. Temporary changes of the spectral source parameters provided a description of the main events during the eruption process. Source parameters are calculated by correlating the relationship between source frequency at spectral displacement (corner frequency) and source parameters based on spectral sources of the Brune model (1970). The angular frequency obtained by applying the FFT algorithm to the VTA spectral displacement. The source parameters analyzed from this VTA earthquake are the spectral slope, seismic moment, stress drop, length of rupture, moment magnitude and radiation energy. Based on the obtained corner frequency (12 Hz-13 Hz), seismic moment, moment magnitude and energy radiation respectively were at 0.2 -1.9 x 1012 Nm, 0.7 - 2 Mw, and 0.1 - 9.5 x 1015 erg. The length of rupture were from 144.2 to 243.1 m, the spectra slope has 2.1 - 7.8 dB/cm, and stress drop are 0.1 - 7,6 bar. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the changes of spectra characteristic and fluctuate of source patrameters value of VTA earthquakes was asosiated with the different volcanic activity of Sinabung.
Keywords: spectral, VTA, source parameter, volcanic earthquake
EFEK SERETAN KERANGKA INERSIAL DI DALAM MEDAN BINTANG NEUTRON YANG BEROTASI DAN STASIONER
Authors: Restianingsih Tika , Rosyid Muhammad Farchani 
Published: August 2020

The inertial frame dragging effect of rotating neutron star has been studied. Inertial frame dragging effect, also well known as Lense Thirring effect, has been predicted using general theory of relativity in 1918. When the neutron star rotates very quickly, the space time around it will be dragged to the direction of the rotation. The Lense Thirring effect is small enough for small objects so it will be clearly seen for massive objects like compact stars, especially neutron star. Later, we derive the equation of frame dragging rate () inside the rotating neutron star, which is axisymmetrik and stationary. Frame dragging rate is decreasing from the center to the surface of stars. It is also noted that is proportional to the angular velocity of star.
PENGARUH VARIASI JARAK ELEKTRODA DAN WAKTU TERHADAP PH DAN TDS LIMBAH CAIR BATIK MENGGUNAKAN METODE ELEKTROKOAGULASI
Authors: Fendriani Yoza , Nurhidayah  , Handayani Linda , Samsidar  , Rustan  
Published: August 2020

Peningkatan produksi suatu industri selalu diikuti oleh peningkatan produksi limbah yang dihasilkan. Industri batik skala rumah tangga umumnya juga belum memiliki instalasi pengolahan limbah cair sehingga limbah langsung dibuang ke lingkungan atau badan air. Hal ini memberikan dampak yang buruk terhadap lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat suatu teknologi pengolahan limbah cair menggunakan metode elektrokoagulasi yang diintegrasikan dengan sistem filter dan menguji efisiensinya terhadap kenaikan kadar keasaman limbah dan penurunan jumlah padatan terlarut (TDS) dari limbah tersebut. Sampel yang digunakan merupakan limbah batik dari salah satu industri batik di kota Jambi sejumlah 20 liter. Elektroda yang digunakan terbuat dari aluminium sebagai anoda dan besi sebagai katoda. Jumlah katoda dan anoda masing-masingnya adalah 4 buah dengan ukuran 60cm x 30cm x 3cm. Tegangan yang digunakan adalah 40 Volt dengan memvariasikan jarak antar elektroda dan waktu pengolahan limbah. Sebelum limbah diolah menggunakan reaktor dilakukan penyaringan dan analisis karakter awal terlebih dahulu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan efisiensi reaktor elektrokoagulasi dalam menaikkan pH mencapai 60% hingga 123% dengan rata-rata kenaikan pH 80,83%. Pada perlakuan yang sama, metode elektrokoagulasi memiliki efisiensi dalam menurunkan konsentrasi TDS hingga 50,56 %. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa metode ini cukup efektif dalam proses pengolahan limbah cair hingga sesuai baku mutu limbah cair.
Performance comparison between PWM and MPPT charge controllers
Authors: Sepulveda Mora Sergio Basilio , Luna Paipa Eduardo Andrés , Laguado Serrano Miguel Angel , Bustos Márquez Luis Fernando 
Published: August 2020

Los controladores de carga son implementados en varios sistemas electrónicos con el objetivo de proteger y controlar la carga y descarga de una batería; en el caso de los controladores utilizados en sistemas fotovoltaicos autónomos se implementan dos tipos de tecnologías, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) y Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). En este artículo se compararon dos controladores de carga con diseños originales en sistemas fotovoltaicos con las mismas especificaciones técnicas para determinar el comportamiento de cada uno bajo condiciones ambientales similares. La implementación de ambos controladores de carga se basó en software y hardware con diseños originales, utilizando tecnología PWM y MPPT. Ambos sistemas están compuestos por el controlador de carga, un panel solar de 30 W y una batería de 12 V a 18 Ah; se realizaron las pruebas experimentales de ambos controladores midiendo voltaje y corriente en el panel y en la batería en procesos de carga y descarga, observando que el controlador MPPT tiene una eficiencia promedio mayor que el controlador PWM debido a que el tipo de tecnología implementada influye directamente en la eficiencia, incluso ante valores menos favorables de radiación solar y temperatura ambiente. El controlador PWM es una opción de eficiencia aceptable y además de bajo costo respecto al controlador MPPT. En la implementación de ambos controladores se calcularon tiempos de autonomía similares.
Dividend Taxes, Investor Horizon, and Idiosyncratic Volatility
Authors: Li Oliver Zhen , Liu Hang , Ni Chenkai 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
We examine whether dividend tax induced lock-in reduces idiosyncratic volatility. The 2012 Dividend Tax Reform in China tied individual investors' dividend tax to the length of their shareholding period, with short-term individual investors entering into higher tax brackets. We find that high dividend firms experience a reduction in idiosyncratic volatility, relative to low dividend firms, after the reform. The effect is more pronounced when high dividend firms have more retail investors and exhibit greater uncertainty. High dividend firms also experience a reduction in stock price crashes. Finally, with reduced trading by individual investors who are likely less informed, earnings announcements of high dividend firms trigger less trading volume during the event window post-reform, but enable more complete price reactions. We conclude that dividend tax induced lock-in, through discouraging short-term individual investors' trading, stabilizes the market and improves share price informativeness.
JEL Classifications: G12; G14; G35; F38.
Tick Size Tolls: Can a Trading Slowdown Improve Earnings News Discovery?
Authors: Lee Charles M. C. , Watts Edward M. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
This study examines how an increase in tick size affects algorithmic trading (AT), fundamental information acquisition (FIA), and the price discovery process around earnings announcements (EAs). Leveraging the SEC's randomized Tick Size Pilot experiment, we show that a tick size increase results in a decline in AT and a sharp drop in absolute cumulative abnormal returns and volume around EAs. More importantly, we find increased FIA in the preannouncement period. Specifically, we show: (1) treatment firms' pre-announcement returns better anticipate next quarter's standardized unexpected earnings; (2) these firms experience an increase in EDGAR web traffic prior to EAs; and (3) they exhibit a drop in price synchronicity with index returns. Taken together, our evidence suggests that while an increase in tick size reduces AT and abnormal market reaction after EAs, it also increases FIA activities prior to EAs.
JEL Classifications: M40; M41; G12; G14.
An Observational Study of the Equivalence of Age and Duration of Diabetes to Glycemic Control Relative to the Risk of Complications in the Combined Cohorts of the DCCT/EDIC Study
Authors: Bebu Ionut , Braffett Barbara H. , Schade David , Sivitz William , Malone John I. , Pop-Busui Rodica , Lorenzi Gayle M. , Lee Pearl , Trapani Victoria R. , Wallia Amisha , Herman William H. , Lachin John M. 
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVE
This epidemiological analysis of the pooled Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) cohort describes the equivalence of a 1-percentage point increase in HbA1c (such as from 7% to 8%) and years of additional age or duration of type 1 diabetes (T1D) relative to the risk of complications.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Separate Cox proportional hazards models determined the number of additional years of age and/or duration of T1D that would result in the same increase in risk of microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) and cardiovascular complications and mortality as a 1-percentage point increase in HbA1c.

RESULTS
The risk of any cardiovascular disease associated with a 1-percentage point increase in HbA1c was equivalent to the risk associated with 4.3 (95% CI 2.7–5.9) additional years of age or 5.6 (95% CI 2.7–6.5) additional years’ duration of T1D. The risk of estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or end-stage renal disease associated with a 1-percentage point increase in HbA1c was equivalent to the risk associated with 12.1 (95% CI 8.3–15.9) additional years of age or 18.0 (95% CI 4.3–31.7) additional years’ duration of T1D. The proliferative diabetic retinopathy risk associated with a 1-percentage point increase in HbA1c was equivalent to the risk associated with 6.4 (95% CI 5.3–7.4) additional years’ duration of T1D, while for mortality risk, it was equivalent to the risk associated with 12.9 (95% CI 6.6–19.3) additional years of age.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results help evaluate the impact of glycemia on advanced complications in a way that may be more interpretable to health care providers and individuals with T1D.
Health Care Coverage and Glycemic Control in Young Adults With Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: Results From the TODAY2 Study
Authors:   The TODAY Study Group, Weinstock Ruth S. , Braffett Barbara H. , Songer Thomas J. , Herman William H. , Kuo Shihchen , Gubitosi-Klug Rose A. , Laffel Lori , McKay Siripoom , Siska Maggie , Van Name Michelle , Zeitler Philip S. 
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVE
To examine the relationship between health care coverage and HbA1c in young adults with youth-onset type 2 diabetes who transitioned to community diabetes care after receiving care during the Treatment Options for type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Participants completed questionnaires annually. HbA1c was measured in a central laboratory. Data from 2 years before and after transitioning to community care (2013–2016) were examined and compared between states with and without expanded Medicaid.

RESULTS
In 2016 (n = 427; mean age 24 years), 2 years after transitioning to community care, 93% of participants in states with Medicaid expansion had health care coverage compared with 68% (P &lt; 0.0001) in states without Medicaid expansion. Mean HbA1c was 9.8% in participants with government coverage, 9.3% with commercial coverage, and 10.1% in those with no coverage (P = 0.0774). Additionally, 32%, 42%, and 66% of those with government coverage, commercially covered, and no coverage, respectively, were not attending outpatient diabetes visits (P &lt; 0.0001). Of those with government coverage, 83% reported they had adequate coverage for insulin syringes/needles/pens, and 89% for glucose-monitoring supplies, with more limited coverage in those with commercial plans. Participants with commercial coverage had higher education attainment (P &lt; 0.0001); 52% had HbA1c ≥9.0% compared with 64% of those who were government covered and 58% with no coverage (P = 0.0646).

CONCLUSIONS
More young adults with type 2 diabetes from the TODAY cohort had health care coverage in states with expanded Medicaid but glycemic control remained poor, regardless of coverage. New therapies and approaches are needed for this vulnerable population.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Use of Alternative Markers To Assess Glycemia in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Zelnick Leila R. , Batacchi Zona O. , Ahmad Iram , Dighe Ashveena , Little Randie R. , Trence Dace L. , Hirsch Irl B. , de Boer Ian H. 
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVE
In chronic kidney disease, glycated albumin and fructosamine have been postulated to be better biomarkers of glycemic control than HbA1c. We evaluated the accuracy, variability, and covariate bias of three biomarkers (HbA1c, glycated albumin, and fructosamine) compared with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)–derived measurement of glycemia across estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A prospective cohort study was conducted of 104 participants with type 2 diabetes, 80 with eGFR &lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (not treated with dialysis) and 24 frequency-matched control subjects with eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Participants wore a blinded CGM for two 6-day periods separated by 2 weeks, with blood and urine collected at the end of each CGM period. HbA1c, glycated albumin, and fructosamine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatographic, enzymatic, and colorimetric nitroblue tetrazolium methods, respectively.

RESULTS
Within-person biomarker values were strongly correlated between the two CGM periods (r = 0.92–0.95), although no marker fully captured the within-person variability of mean CGM glucose. All markers were similarly correlated with mean CGM glucose (r = 0.71–77). Compared with mean CGM glucose, glycated albumin and fructosamine were significantly biased by age, BMI, serum iron concentration, transferrin saturation, and albuminuria; HbA1c was underestimated in those with albuminuria.

CONCLUSIONS
Glycated albumin and fructosamine were not less variable than HbA1c at a given mean CGM glucose level, with several additional sources of bias. These results support measuring HbA1c to monitor trends in glycemia among patients with eGFR &lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Direct measurements of glucose are necessary to capture short-term variability.
Has COVID-19 Delayed the Diagnosis and Worsened the Presentation of Type 1 Diabetes in Children?
Authors: Rabbone Ivana , Schiaffini Riccardo , Cherubini Valentino , Maffeis Claudio , Scaramuzza Andrea ,   Diabetes Study Group of the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Bertelli Enrica , Ferlito Lucia , Bobbio Adriana , Schieven Eleonardo , Delvecchio Maurizio , Maltoni Giulio , Reinstadler Petra , Felappi Barbara , Gallo Francesco , Ripoli Carlo , Pascarella Filomena , Stamati Filomena A. , Lo Presti Donatella , Citriniti Felice , Tumini Stefano , Zampolli Maria , De Marco Rosaria , Cavalli Claudio , De Donno Valeria , Toni Sonia , Coccioli Maria Susanna , d’Annunzio Giuseppe , Valin Paola Sogno , Cirillo Dante , Sordelli Silvia , Lombardo Fortunato , Bonfanti Riccardo , Mameli Chiara , Predieri Barbara , Franzese Adriana , Iafusco Dario , Savastio Silvia , Piredda Gavina , Cardella Francesca , Calcaterra Valeria , Randazzo Emioli , Favia Anna , Suprani Tosca , Lasagni Alessandra , Rapini Novella , Rutigliano Irene , Gaiero Alberto , De Sanctis Luisa , Cauvin Vittoria , Minute Marta , Tornese Gianluca , Franco Francesca , Musolino Gianluca , Marigliano Marco , Innaturato Silvia , Arnaldi Claudia 
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate whether the diagnosis of pediatric type 1 diabetes or its acute complications changed during the early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Italy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a cross-sectional, web-based survey of all Italian pediatric diabetes centers to collect diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and COVID-19 data in patients presenting with new-onset or established type 1 diabetes between 20 February and 14 April in 2019 and 2020.

RESULTS
Fifty-three of 68 centers (77.9%) responded. There was a 23% reduction in new diabetes cases in 2020 compared with 2019. Among those newly diagnosed patients who presented in a state of DKA, the proportion with severe DKA was 44.3% in 2020 vs. 36.1% in 2019 (P = 0.03). There were no differences in acute complications. Eight patients with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 had laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

CONCLUSIONS
The COVID-19 pandemic might have altered diabetes presentation and DKA severity. Preparing for any “second wave” requires strategies to educate and reassure parents about timely emergency department attendance for non–COVID-19 symptoms.
Design and Operation Principles of Hydraulic Headwater Structures (Weirs, Barrages and Dams)
Authors: Naprawa StanisÅ‚aw 
Published: August 2020

The results of authorâ€™s method for evaluation of water levels (and discharges) instability as the function of time are described and new Environmental Classification of water headworks is proposed, based on water flow velocity criterium and application the â€œinstability factorsâ€ for determination save water levels elevations (and outlet works discharge conveyance capacity), accepted for design and valid for the whole project life period.
The classification is based on the assumption, that local channel processes and risks (biological, erosion, sedimentation, ice control and otherâ€s) within the environment of hydraulic works will be eliminated or negative impacts limited. The main aim of applied classification is to protect the hydrauulic water-head structures from degradation, aggradation and deterioration. The general specification for design of discharge capacity of spillways and outlet works determination are given, as well as the main principle of the investments management.
The general and particular technical requirements are specified for mitigation the negative impacts on the hydraulic headwater structures, as well as structures influences on the environment.. The scope of required changes in regulations and specifications are given to include in the present polish regulations and standards, including European EC7 Standard.
The Linguistic Issues of Form and function and their Effect on Translating Conditional Structures in the Qurâ€™an
Authors: Morsy, Ph.D. Ali Hassan Sayed 
Published: August 2020

According to Ryding (2005), "conditional propositions are ones in which hypothetical conditions are specified in order for something else to take place." He adds "there are two clauses, one that specifies the conditionâ€¦" and "one that specifies the consequences or result of those conditions" (p.671). On the other hand, "the equivalent terms in Arabic are Ø´Ø±Ø· /ÊƒartË¤/ (for the condition clause) and Ø¬ÙˆØ§Ø¨ /jawaab/ (for the consequence clause)"(p.671). The writer divides conditions into "reasonably realizable" (if you study hard, you will pass) and "simply expressions of impossible or â€œcontrary to factâ€ conditions"(p.671) (If he were rich, he would buy your car). In brief, conditional sentences in both English and Arabic can be grouped into two categories, namely, real conditionals and unreal ones. Real conditionals are indicated by a speaker who believes positively about the achievement of the condition, while the speaker of the unreal ones believes negatively about this achievement.
Moreover, the use of different conditional particles appoints the type of the condition in Arabic, but it is identified by the cluster of verb forms in English. In English, the conditional sentence may precede or follow the main sentence, but it generally precedes the main sentence in Arabic. The tense of the verbs used in English conditional sentences differ in most cases from their Arabic counterparts.
Furthermore, the most common type of conditionals in English involves â€˜ifâ€™ and â€˜unlessâ€™ but there are three common conditional particles and about ten conditional nouns in Arabic. Ryding (2005) states that, "Arabic uses different particles to express possible conditions and impossible conditions"(p.671). The English conditional article ' if ' has three equivalents in Arabic: /?in/, /?iÃ°aa/ and /law/. The verbs of the two English conditional clauses in each of the four cases are in a sort of harmony in tense, but in Arabic such tense agreement is not a must. Hence, we conclude that there is a general tense harmony between the English conditional clauses, but in Arabic, this is not commonly the case. This dissonance leads to some extent of confusion while translating the source language(SL) into the target language(TL) in general and from the Quran ( as SL) into English (as TL) in particular.
The Effect of Single Parenthood on Girl Child Education in Kenema City
Authors: Fortune Stella Baindu 
Published: August 2020

The study investigated the effect of single parenthood on girl child education.
A total of one hundred (100) single parents were randomly selected by an impartial ballot drawn from all the sections in Kenema city. Five areas were then selected including kpetema, Nyawama, kissy town, Samai Town and Lambayama sections. 20% of single parents in each section were used as sample for the topic under review. (The Effect of Single Parenthood on Girl Child Education).
The findings of the study revealed that:
There were more single parents who have never been married. This ranked up to the highest percentage than those who have cohabited, divorced and widowed.
Among the many reasons for the breakdown of marital relationships, failure to meet expectations and outside influences were the most paramount reasons. The other reasons, though may be important, but cannot stand as serious reasons for the breakdown of marital relationship.
The number of school going girls were more than the number of school going boys and there were less number of girls than boys that were not attending school.
Only few girls of single parents were performing excellently and few of them had completed tertiary level, some had completed senior secondary school level while a good number are yet to attain junior secondary school level.The highest percentage of the constraints that affected the academic performance of girls of single parents was peer-group influence and second highest being inadequate financial support.
Among the coping mechanisms of single parents, were civil servants, petty traders and a reasonable number of single parents were barely managing to cope with their childrenâ€™s schooling.
Some parents suggested adequate sensitization for their school going girls, adequate job facilities for single parents, boarding home facilities and the establishment of single parenthood Association.