bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Billioud Sébastien 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
After presenting a brief summary of the main research results of this book, the epilogue broadens the scope of the discussion in several directions. First, it introduces the situation of a Yiguandao place of worship located in the suburbs of Paris. The objective of this side fieldwork is to test to which extents factors explaining Yiguandao’s expansionary dynamics in the Taiwan–Hong Kong–Macao–China area can (or cannot) constitute relevant explanatory factors in a completely different context. Second, the epilogue also emphasizes the contribution of the book to different disciplinary fields.
Assembling Archaeology
Authors: Cobb Hannah , Croucher Karina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This book provides a radical rethinking of the relationships between teaching, researching, digging, and practicing as an archaeologist in the twenty-first century. The issues addressed here are global and are applicable wherever archaeology is taught, practiced, and researched. In short, this book is applicable to everyone from academia to cultural resource management (CRM), from heritage professional to undergraduate student. At its heart, it addresses the undervaluation of teaching, demonstrating that this affects the fundamentals of contemporary archaeological practice, and is particularly connected to the lack of diversity in disciplinary demographics. It proposes a solution which is grounded in a theoretical rethinking of our teaching, training, and practice. Drawing upon the insights from archaeology’s current material turn, and particularly Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of assemblages, this volume turns the discipline of archaeology into the subject of investigation, considering the relationships between teaching, practice, and research. It offers a new perspective which prompts a rethinking of our expectations and values with regard to teaching, training, and doing archaeology, and ultimately argues that we are all constantly becoming archaeologists.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The chapter explains the formal division of powers in the British state: the power of Parliament to make and develop the law; the power of the judiciary to interpret the law; and the power of the executive to implement the law. Under this constitutional arrangement, the three branches should, in general, be independent of each other. The judiciary in England and Wales advance their claim to independence through adherence to the rule of law and declarations of impartiality and incorruptibility. Utilizing archival data drawn from Home Office files, it examines the validity of these claims through various rules, including the Judges’ Rules, plea bargaining (or state-induced guilty pleas), and the Criminal Procedure Rules (CrimPR), which have regulated the boundaries between citizens and the state in criminal matters. Mindful of the strengths and limitations of archival data, it sets out the principal theme of the book: that the executive has secretly interfered with the judicial role while concurrently deceiving Parliament; the judiciary, for its part, under executive threats and persuasion, jettisoning common law principles leading, in the modern-era, to judicial and state policy going hand in hand with further impact upon former colonial territories.
The Management of Criminal Justice
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of Home Office officials around the end of the nineteenth century, allegedly upgraded by the Northcote-Trevelyan (Civil Service) reforms, in dealing with petitions against wrongful conviction. The authors exemplify the harmful role of civil servants through the paradigm case of Adolph Beck wrongly convicted twice on the basis of mistaken identification evidence. While Beck’s initial wrongful conviction was contributed to by mistakes made by prosecuting counsel, it traces his continued incarceration to incompetence and inertia by officials in the Home Office working within an institutional environment that continued to privilege hierarchy, precedent, and routine over discernment, judgment, and individual responsibility. Senior civil servants in the Home Office failed to properly oversee their juniors, magnified their failings, and sought to evade responsibility through a combination of laxity and moral cowardice. Unreformed, those failings, involving the same officials, carried forward and heavily influenced the regulation of policing and the subsequent development of the Judges’ Rules.
The First Draft
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A variety of policing scandals at all ranks within the police (discussed in Chapter 4) and the gradual realization that investigative practices, particularly by the Criminal Investigations Department, had developed in ways which showed disrespect for individual rights and caused doubts as to the reliability of police evidence with regard to ‘confessions’, made reconsideration of the Judges’ Rules unavoidable. This chapter describes the initial phase in which the judges themselves sought to draw up new Rules against the background of the changing climate of police–citizen relations that the post-war period had inaugurated and the fate that their proposals met. After deliberating for sixteen months, and amid rising public concern over police practices, in 1962 the judges produced a set of proposals designed to meet ‘the public interest’ in regulating the police. These far-sighted proposals were in key respects a mirror of the regime established twenty-five years later by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). This chapter shows how the executive summarily killed off these proposals, prioritizing instead what it saw as ‘the interests of the police’.
The Politics of the Judiciary
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A foundational theme of this chapter is the refutation of the generalized claim that judges are ‘independent’ and free from political influence. In reconsidering the institutional realities of judicial independence, it contests the views and theories advanced by leading commentators whom have sought to show that judges are ‘political’, not least Professor J A G Griffith in his seminal, The Politics of the Judiciary. Other theorists considered include Alan Paterson, Robert Stevens, David Robertson, and Harry Annison. The chapter critically reviews the strengths and weaknesses of such theories and demonstrates instead how the ‘political’ character of judges may be explicated by empirical data drawn from internal governmental files rather than previously favoured methodologies. Contrary to these widely adopted accounts, this chapter posits that throughout the last century, a cadre of senior judges in criminal cases have been overtly political in a way previously not understood. Senior judges, it is argued, have had a dynamic involvement in building state institutions and state ideology: working in secret with the executive in formulating policing policies, initiating far-reaching change in the political economy of criminal justice, and setting the agenda for successive legislative interventions, underpinned by a state bias, having held back rights for suspects and defendants and commandeered the process of subjugating the Bar.
The Global Diaspora
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how Rules hatched in England which governed police–citizen relations helped shape the justice apparatus of occupied states and the actions of officials administering them. In restructuring the relationship of criminal suspects and police to the criminal justice system, English judges rolled out defective procedures, which remain part of the fixture and fittings of those jurisdictions still burdened by the colonial inheritance. This chapter will reveal how senior judges, whether sitting in the Privy Council in London or reposing in the highest courts of former colonial outposts, continue as legal missionaries proselytizing the common law and overseeing the implementation of rules, discredited and long-discarded back home.
Appraisal and Review
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The concluding Chapter scrutinises the validity and relevance of the book’s hitherto unseen archival files, from which its account stems. In pulling together its main themes concerning the role of civil servants, the Executive and the Judiciary in administering criminal justice, it retraces the trajectory of suspects’ rights in the late nineteenth century, from their seemingly ‘bedrock’ foundation within the common law to their rough distillation (at home and abroad) through various iterations of Judges’ ‘Rules’, themselves of dubious pedigree. In documenting this journey, this Chapter underscores how Senior Judges, confronted by Executive power impinging upon the future direction of system protections, enfeebled themselves, allowing ‘police interests’ to prevail. With Parliament kept in the dark as to the ongoing subterfuge; and the integrity of the Home Office, as an institution, long dissolved, ‘Executive interests’ took the reins of a system within which much mileage for ‘culture change’ lay ahead. This Chapter helps chart their final destination; ultimately, one where new Rules (the CrimPR) replace those exposed as failures, leading to governmental success of a distinct kind: traditional understandings of ‘rights’ belonging to suspects and defendants subverted into ‘obligations’ owing to the Court and an adversarial process underpinning determinations of guilt long-disbanded in the quest for so-called ‘efficiency’. In explaining the implications of the events discussed in this book for the issue of ‘Judicial Independence’ and the ‘Separation of Powers’, this Chapter offers a theoretical framework that illuminates the role and practices of the Senior Judiciary in criminal justice policy today.
Learning to Hate
Authors: Toropova Anna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
With the return of the thriller genre onto Soviet screens in the late 1930s, cinema took a direct role in cultivating feelings of paranoid hatred for enemies. A body of films staging conspiracy, sabotage, and dark plots deployed the image of a persecutory ‘other’ to draw the defensive contours of Soviet identity. The Stalinist thriller’s mechanisms of paranoid projection and ‘splitting’ manufactured a sense of narcissistic self-mastery by directing outwards the ego-hostile forces internal to the subject. These paranoid defence strategies depended, however, on a risky process of negotiation. To create an image of a unified and harmonious social order, the thriller vividly represented threats to Soviet borders and identity, exposing their precariousness and fragility. Focusing on the genre’s deployment of the figure of duplicitous enemy and the narrative strategy of suspense, this chapter shows how the thriller’s characteristic unsettling of familiar patterns of identification turned the enemy’s ‘otherness’ into an object of fascination as well as repulsion. The thriller’s capacity to collapse boundaries between ‘Soviet’ and ‘unSoviet’ was nowhere more apparent than in the body of ‘dark’ films that emerged during the post-war period. Gesturing towards film noir’s pervasive sense of enclosure, loneliness, and anxiety, post-war thrillers like Secret Mission (dir. Mikhail Romm, 1950) and A Scout’s Exploit (dir. Boris Barnet, 1947) no longer permitted the spectator to identify with a position of narcissistic self-mastery. These ‘dark’ post-war thrillers conjured up a universe in which systems of knowledge proved unstable and identity structures vulnerable to contamination.
Manufacturing Happiness
Authors: Toropova Anna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The production drama and the heroic biography—two genres that came to overlap over the course of the Stalin era—were instrumental in cultivating a public conception of happiness that effaced the distinction between self-realization and self-sacrifice. The drama of socialist construction, which was pushed to put people, rather than technology, centre stage after the cultural revolution, edged ever closer to the biopic in framing Stalinist remaking as a battle for a new, happy existence. This chapter explores how these genres converged in coding Stalinist happiness as both an enjoyment of new rights and privileges and a ‘being-in-debt’. Reflecting a biopolitical modality of power that generated new states of subjection even as it set citizens’ happiness and well-being at the forefront of government, the portrayal of the ‘Soviet good life’ in films like Miners (dir. Sergei Iutkevich, 1937) and Valerii Chkalov (dir. Mikhail Kalatozov, 1941) blurs the boundaries between entitlement and obligation. The chapter proceeds to explore the gradual uncoupling of ‘happiness’ and ‘duty’ after the war. Industry discussions of Miners of Donetsk (dir. Leonid Lukov, 1951) and The Chevalier of the Golden Star (dir. Iulii Raizman, 1951) bear witness to the emergence of a rival ideology of happiness in the late Stalin period. Severing dutiful self-abnegation from the discourse of Stalinist prosperity, these films testify to the rise of what contemporary cultural discussions decried as an ‘American’ understanding of happiness.
Penal Policies and Institutional Sociologies
Authors: Watson Gabrielle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Given that respect is, almost without exception, one of the first values to emerge in conversations with inmates about ‘what matters’ in prison, one could be forgiven for assuming that scholars had given the issue thorough attention. This is not the case. This chapter—the first of two on prisons—situates a number of institutional sociologies of the prison in relation to the key trends in penal policy with which they coincided. In so doing, it offers a critique of the current approach to respect in prisons in England and Wales and identifies moments in recent history when respect—however reductively understood—was especially pronounced.
Hegel's Antiquity
Authors: Desmond Will D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hegel’s Antiquity aims to summarize, contextualize, and criticize Hegel’s understanding and treatment of major aspects of the classical world, approaching each of the major areas of his historical thinking in turn: politics, art, religion, philosophy, and history itself. The discussion excerpts relevant details from a range of Hegel’s works, with an eye both to the ancient sources with which he worked, and the contemporary theories (German aesthetic theory, Romanticism, Kantianism, Idealism (including Hegel’s own), and emerging historicism) which coloured his readings. What emerges is that Hegel’s interest in both Greek and Roman antiquity was profound and is essential for his philosophy, arguably providing the most important components of his vision of world history: Hegel is generally understood as a thinker of modernity (in various senses), but his modernity can only be understood in essential relation to its predecessor and ‘others’, notably the Greek world and Roman world whose essential ‘spirit’ he assimilates to his own notion of Geist.
A comparative analysis of French auxiliation, with new evidence from Montréal
Authors: Rea Béatrice 
Published: August 2020

This chapter provides an overview of various auxiliation patterns that occur in French since many dialectological and sociolinguistic studies suggest that in various parts of the Francophonie (in Laurentian and Acadian French, and in certain regions of France and Belgium) native speakers employ both auxiliaries, être BE and avoir HAVE, in the spoken language with the twenty-or-so intransitive verbs that, prescriptively, require the exclusive use of être. The chapter also provides new evidence from a 2016 corpus of spoken Montréal French, which will be contrasted with syntactic/semantic theories of auxiliary selection, and shows that these theoretical approaches are inadequate to account for the Canadian French patterns.
The Question of Francia (400–816)
Authors: Watson Sethina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The consistency of the character of hospitals in law, as observed in Chapter 2, suggests a customary legal inheritance that preceded classical canon law. Part II turns now to the early middle ages to discover that inheritance. This chapter begins that process by unpicking the long-held model of the early medieval hospital. It surveys the many hypotheses for the origins of hospital law in the West, which claim that hospital law adopted from the East and accommodated via Frankish councils. The chapter confronts the latter of these claims and re-examines its twin pillars: a legal formula of ‘murderers of the poor’ (necator pauperum) and a hospital reform at Aachen (816). The first hinges on the council of Orléans (549), whose efforts were aimed at one royal foundation, King Childebert and Queen Ultrogotha’s xenodochium at Lyons. The council of Aachen’s (816) rules for canons and canonesses prescribed a way of common life for these religious, with different facilities for each for the poor. The chapter argues that the efforts of both councils were singular, and carefully circumscribed. Frankish councils were not to take an interest in xenodochia until c.850. Legal initiatives regarding hospitals began elsewhere.
The Council of Vienne (1311/2) and Late Medieval Hospitals
Authors: Watson Sethina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Clement V’s council of Vienne (1311/2) in its canon, Quia contingit (1317), offered the only substantial statement in canon law to address the management of welfare houses, which it defined as xenodochia, leprosaria, almshouses, and hospitals. The canon has long confused and disappointed historians, not least for its absence of any detail as to how a hospital should be arranged. The chapter explores possible sources for the council’s act and elucidates the choices made and procedures followed by the council, when drafting the canon. It provides a new reading of the canon, as the culmination of a long relationship between canon law and welfare houses. As had Carolingian councils, and Urban III’s Ad haec, Quia contingit legislated for hospitals as structures for the administration of gifts (alms) to the tasks of human welfare to which they had been assigned. What the canon did now was articulate a right by which bishops might act to ensure that, if failing, managers or patrons fulfil these obligations.
Seeking out Epistemic Friction in the Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Cruz Helen De 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Philosophical practice does not take place in an intellectual or social vacuum, hence it is important to consider how we can improve our social environment when engaging in philosophical reflection. In this paper, I recommend that philosophers of religion seek out epistemic friction, by exposing themselves to viewpoints that are in tension with their own. I first provide an overview of work in experimental philosophy of religion that shows that philosophy of religion presents a distorted epistemic landscape that does not reflect the religious and ideological diversity of human reasoners at large and that privileges particular aspects of Christian theism and scientific naturalism. I respond to two potential objections against the call for increased epistemic friction: epistemic partiality and imaginative resistance. The paper concludes by outlining ways in which philosophers of religion can go outside of their comfort zone and engage more with alternative, under-represented points of view.
Mary as Mediator
Authors: Peeler Amy 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Theological identity, for many, provides a powerful social role. These distinct theological locations proscribe very different places from which to think about the particular woman named Mary, the mother of Jesus. Her story has been a site of great conflict, but this chapter argues it can also provide a mediated space where various theological identities can meet, converse, and act on the social issues informed by her particularities as a poor, pregnant, Jewish woman. This chapter takes up two of the most contested theological questions about her story, her sinlessness and her ministry. New Testament exegesis supports the conclusion that the text allows for different doctrinal decisions on these issues, but prohibits any stance that would so distance her from others so that her calls for justice are ignored in favour of continued oppression against the marginalized. Instead, her story invites honest conversation and common action.
Sacramental Shame in Black Churches
Authors: Tobin Theresa W. , Moon Dawne 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Drawing from a qualitative study of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) conservative Christians and their allies, our research names a form of spiritual violence we call sacramental shame that impacts the lives of LGBTQ members. Through this shaming dynamic, homonegative churches make constant displays of endangered belonging a requirement for sexual/gender minorities’ acceptance and even their salvation. This chapter explores how racist discourses impact sacramental shame experiences for African-American LGBTQ church members. African-American churches have long resisted the spiritual violence of white supremacy; however, with the goal of protecting an image of Blackness that defies the sexual stereotypes at the root of white supremacy, they often unwittingly instil in LGBTQ members distinct forms of sacramental shame. At the same time, many in these churches cultivate personal relationships with a liberator God who sides with the oppressed, avenges those who endure injustice, and inspires communal work for justice, promoting a life-enhancing ethos of love.
Conceptualizing the Atonement
Authors: Pogin Kathryn 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
If belief in the redemptive nature of the life and death of Christ is to be intellectually defensible, Christian philosophers must have an account of it that is not only philosophically coherent, but also morally unobjectionable. Drawing on feminist theology, this chapter explores the epistemological and gendered implications of traditional approaches to the atonement; namely, the normalization of submission to violence and the idealization of suffering. Conceiving of redemption as arising out of sacrificial submission to violence has corrupted the shared hermeneutical resources through which Christian communities conceptualize ethical conduct, love, and virtue. Borrowing in part from those who have suggested a moral influence view, like Abelard, this chapter argues that Christian philosophers should pursue a new kind of exemplarist model. That is, perhaps death has no central role in what redeems us, nor sacrificial love, but rather resisting injustice, even when the risks of doing so may be fatal.
Faith, Hope, and Mendacity
Authors: Walker Greg 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Four PP is perhaps Heywood’s most enigmatic interlude, its disorienting title reflecting a wider lack of apparent cohesion in the work as a whole. This chapter suggests that it is best understood if read in the context of the religious climate of 1527–28, when Thomas More was writing his Dialogue of Heresies, and beginning to rethink the value of Erasmian anti-clerical satire in the light of evangelical reform. It suggests that issues raised by the trial of the young scholar, Thomas Bilney, about the nature of religious truth and the value pilgrimage, miracles, and pardons, inform both More’s text and Heywood’s more playful work. It traces the sources of the playwright’s inspiration in the works of More and Erasmus, and argues that 4PP seeks to retain the mischievous critical edge of a number of Erasmus’s satirical Colloquies without suggesting a fundamental critique of the authority of Church tradition.