bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined surgical treatment of symptomatic carotid, coronary and mesenteric occlusive disease
Authors: Dali Dante C , Jhamb Satvik , Powell C Steven , Akhter Shahab A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The surgical management of advanced symptomatic atherosclerotic disease in multiple distributions including the coronary circulation presents unique challenges due to the high risk of perioperative ischemic complications in the setting of coronary artery bypass grafting. We present a novel case of the combined surgical management of symptomatic carotid, coronary and mesenteric ischemic disease. The patient underwent carotid endarterectomy followed by combined coronary and mesenteric revascularization using cardiopulmonary bypass during the same hospital admission. He had an uncomplicated post-operative course and was discharged to home on post-operative day 7 after the combined procedure. Ninety-day follow-up was also unremarkable with the patient having no recurrent symptoms of ischemia. This case demonstrates the feasibility and safety of our approach for this rare clinical presentation.
A novel rice fragile culm 24 mutant encodes a UDP-glucose epimerase that affects cell wall properties and photosynthesis
Authors: Zhang Ran , Hu Huizhen , Wang Youmei , Hu Zhen , Ren Shuangfeng , Li Jiaying , He Boyang , Wang Yanting , Xia Tao , Chen Peng , Xie Guosheng , Peng Liangcai 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
UDP-glucose epimerases (UGEs) are essential enzymes for catalysing the conversion of UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) into UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal). Although UDP-Gal has been well studied as the substrate for the biosynthesis of carbohydrates, glycolipids, and glycoproteins, much remains unknown about the biological function of UGEs in plants. In this study, we selected a novel rice fragile culm 24 (Osfc24) mutant and identified it as a nonsense mutation of the FC24/OsUGE2 gene. The Osfc24 mutant shows a brittleness phenotype with significantly altered cell wall composition and disrupted orientation of the cellulose microfibrils. We found significantly reduced accumulation of arabinogalactan proteins in the cell walls of the mutant, which may consequently affect plant growth and cell wall deposition, and be responsible for the altered cellulose microfibril orientation. The mutant exhibits dwarfism and paler leaves with significantly decreased contents of galactolipids and chlorophyll, resulting in defects in plant photosynthesis. Based on our results, we propose a model for how OsUGE2 participates in two distinct metabolic pathways to co-modulate cellulose biosynthesis and cell wall assembly by dynamically providing UDP-Gal and UDP-Glc substrates.
Hormonal regulation of root hair growth and responses to the environment in Arabidopsis
Authors: Vissenberg Kris , Claeijs Naomi , Balcerowicz Daria , Schoenaers Sébastjen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe main functions of plant roots are water and nutrient uptake, soil anchorage, and interaction with soil-living biota. Root hairs, single cell tubular extensions of root epidermal cells, facilitate or enhance these functions by drastically enlarging the absorptive surface. Root hair development is constantly adapted to changes in the root’s surroundings, allowing for optimization of root functionality in heterogeneous soil environments. The underlying molecular pathway is the result of a complex interplay between position-dependent signalling and feedback loops. Phytohormone signalling interconnects this root hair signalling cascade with biotic and abiotic changes in the rhizosphere, enabling dynamic hormone-driven changes in root hair growth, density, length, and morphology. This review critically discusses the influence of the major plant hormones on root hair development, and how changes in rhizosphere properties impact on the latter.
The X-ray emissivity of low-density stellar populations
Authors: Heinke C O , Ivanov M G , Koch E W , Andrews R , Chomiuk L , Cohn H N , Crothers S , de Boer T , Ivanova N , Kong A K H , Leigh N W C , Lugger P M , Nelson L , Parr C J , Rosolowsky E W , Ruiter A J , Sarazin C L , Shaw A W , Sivakoff G R , van den Berg M 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
The dynamical production of low-mass X-ray binaries and brighter cataclysmic variables (CVs) in dense globular clusters is well-established. We investigate how the X-ray emissivity of fainter X-ray binaries (principally CVs and coronally active binaries) varies between different environments. We compile calculations (largely from the literature) of the X-ray emissivity of old stellar populations, including open and globular clusters and several galaxies. We investigate three literature claims of unusual X-ray sources in low-density stellar populations. We show that a suggested quiescent neutron star in the open cluster NGC 6819 is a foreground M dwarf. We show that the suggested diffuse X-ray emission from an old nova shell in the globular cluster NGC 6366 is actually a background galaxy cluster. And we show that a suggested population of quiescent X-ray binaries in the Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy is mostly (perhaps entirely) background galaxies. We find that above densities of 104 M⊙ pc−3, the X-ray emissivity of globular clusters increases, due to dynamical production of X-ray emitting systems. Below this density, globular clusters have lower X-ray emissivity than the other populations, and we do not see a strong dependence of X-ray emissivity due to density effects. We find significant correlations between X-ray emissivity and binary fraction, metallicity, and density. Sampling these fits via bootstrap techniques gives less significant correlations, but confirms the effect of metallicity on low-density populations, and that of density on the full globular cluster sample.
Non-linear evolutions of magnetized thick discs around black holes: dependence on the initial data
Authors: Cruz-Osorio Alejandro , Gimeno-Soler Sergio , Font José A 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We build equilibrium solutions of magnetized thick discs around a highly spinning Kerr black hole and evolve these initial data up to a final time of about 100 orbital periods. The numerical simulations reported in this paper solve the general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic equations using the bhac code and are performed in axisymmetry. Our study assumes non-self-gravitating, polytropic, constant angular momentum discs endowed with a purely toroidal magnetic field. In order to build the initial data, we consider three approaches, two of which incorporate the magnetic field in a self-consistent way and a third approach in which the magnetic field is included as a perturbation on to an otherwise purely hydrodynamical solution. To test the dependence of the evolution on the initial data, we explore four representative values of the magnetization parameter spanning from almost hydrodynamical discs to very strongly magnetized tori. The initial data are perturbed to allow for mass and angular momentum accretion on to the black hole. Notable differences are found in the long-term evolutions of the initial data. In particular, our study reveals that highly magnetized discs are unstable, and hence prone to be fully accreted and expelled, unless the magnetic field is incorporated into the initial data in a self-consistent way.
IDR2D identifies reproducible genomic interactions
Authors: Krismer Konstantin , Guo Yuchun , Gifford David K 
Published: January 2020

AbstractChromatin interaction data from protocols such as ChIA-PET, HiChIP and Hi-C provide valuable insights into genome organization and gene regulation, but can include spurious interactions that do not reflect underlying genome biology. We introduce an extension of the Irreproducible Discovery Rate (IDR) method called IDR2D that identifies replicable interactions shared by chromatin interaction experiments. IDR2D provides a principled set of interactions and eliminates artifacts from single experiments. The method is available as a Bioconductor package for the R community, as well as an online service at https://idr2d.mit.edu.
Inhibition of cytoplasmic cap methylation identifies 5′ TOP mRNAs as recapping targets and reveals recapping sites downstream of native 5′ ends
Authors: del Valle Morales Daniel , Trotman Jackson B , Bundschuh Ralf , Schoenberg Daniel R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Cap homeostasis is the cyclical process of decapping and recapping that maintains the translation and stability of a subset of the transcriptome. Previous work showed levels of some recapping targets decline following transient expression of an inactive form of RNMT (ΔN-RNMT), likely due to degradation of mRNAs with improperly methylated caps. The current study examined transcriptome-wide changes following inhibition of cytoplasmic cap methylation. This identified mRNAs with 5′-terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) sequences as the largest single class of recapping targets. Cap end mapping of several TOP mRNAs identified recapping events at native 5′ ends and downstream of the TOP sequence of EIF3K and EIF3D. This provides the first direct evidence for downstream recapping. Inhibition of cytoplasmic cap methylation was also associated with mRNA abundance increases for a number of transcription, splicing, and 3′ processing factors. Previous work suggested a role for alternative polyadenylation in target selection, but this proved not to be the case. However, inhibition of cytoplasmic cap methylation resulted in a shift of upstream polyadenylation sites to annotated 3′ ends. Together, these results solidify cap homeostasis as a fundamental process of gene expression control and show cytoplasmic recapping can impact regulatory elements present at the ends of mRNA molecules.
RNA processing machineries in Archaea: the 5′-3′ exoribonuclease aRNase J of the β-CASP family is engaged specifically with the helicase ASH-Ski2 and the 3′-5′ exoribonucleolytic RNA exosome machinery
Authors: Phung Duy Khanh , Etienne Clarisse , Batista Manon , Langendijk-Genevaux Petra , Moalic Yann , Laurent Sébastien , Liuu Sophie , Morales Violette , Jebbar Mohamed , Fichant Gwennaele , Bouvier Marie , Flament Didier , Clouet-d’Orval Béatrice 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A network of RNA helicases, endoribonucleases and exoribonucleases regulates the quantity and quality of cellular RNAs. To date, mechanistic studies focussed on bacterial and eukaryal systems due to the challenge of identifying the main drivers of RNA decay and processing in Archaea. Here, our data support that aRNase J, a 5′-3′ exoribonuclease of the β-CASP family conserved in Euryarchaeota, engages specifically with a Ski2-like helicase and the RNA exosome to potentially exert control over RNA surveillance, at the vicinity of the ribosome. Proteomic landscapes and direct protein–protein interaction analyses, strengthened by comprehensive phylogenomic studies demonstrated that aRNase J interplay with ASH-Ski2 and a cap exosome subunit. Finally, Thermococcus barophilus whole-cell extract fractionation experiments provide evidences that an aRNase J/ASH-Ski2 complex might exist in vivo and hint at an association of aRNase J with the ribosome that is emphasised in absence of ASH-Ski2. Whilst aRNase J homologues are found among bacteria, the RNA exosome and the Ski2-like RNA helicase have eukaryotic homologues, underlining the mosaic aspect of archaeal RNA machines. Altogether, these results suggest a fundamental role of β-CASP RNase/helicase complex in archaeal RNA metabolism.
Structural studies reveal a ring-shaped architecture of deep-sea vent phage NrS-1 polymerase
Authors: Chen Xi , Su Shichen , Chen Yiqing , Gao Yanqing , Li Yangyang , Shao Zhiwei , Zhang Yixi , Shao Qiyuan , Liu Hehua , Li Jixi , Ma Jinbiao , Gan Jianhua 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
NrS-1 is the first known phage that can infect Epsilonproteobacteria, one of the predominant primary producers in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems. NrS-1 polymerase is a multidomain enzyme and is one key component of the phage replisome. The N-terminal Prim/Pol and HBD domains are responsible for DNA polymerization and de novo primer synthesis activities of NrS-1 polymerase. However, the structure and function of the C-terminus (CTR) of NrS-1 polymerase are poorly understood. Here, we report two crystal structures, showing that NrS-1 CTR adopts one unique hexameric ring-shaped conformation. Although the central helicase domain of NrS-1 CTR shares structural similarity with the superfamily III helicases, the folds of the Head and Tail domains are completely novel. Via mutagenesis and in vitro biochemical analysis, we identified many residues important for the helicase and polymerization activities of NrS-1 polymerase. In addition to NrS-1 polymerase, our study may also help us identify and understand the functions of multidomain polymerases expressed by many NrS-1 related phages.
The Free-Market Family
Authors: Eichner Maxine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This book critiques the expectation embodied in American public policy today that families will privately provide the resources and circumstances they and their members need through the market and without the help of government. This expectation, it argues, is eroding the well-being of American families across the economic spectrum. Free-market family policy, it asserts, is undermining the promise of the American Dream, which envisions a social order that helps all people reach their full potential and that supports the opportunity for all to lead rich, fulfilling lives. Without thriving families, children can’t reach their full promise; nor can most adults live happy lives without strong family ties. Despite this, under free-market family policy, market forces are decimating the well-being of families. Part I demonstrates how the rising economic inequality and insecurity of the past several decades are making it increasingly difficult for family members to reconcile work and family, are destabilizing marriages and cohabiting relationships among poor and working-class adults, and are making it impossible for families at all income levels to secure for their children the circumstances they need to flourish. Part II shows that, for much of our nation’s history, government’s responsibility to buffer families from market forces was considered a key part of the social contract. It is only in recent decades that free-market family policy has supplanted this social contract. Part III considers how the United States can construct an economy that supports families and truly enables them to thrive.
America’s Free-Market Family Policy
Authors: Eichner Maxine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter contrasts two models of the role that government can play with respect to families. Free-market family policy, which the United States has adopted, is premised on the view that all government needs to do to support sound families is to support strong markets, which will in turn benefit families. In contrast, pro-family policy, which other countries have adopted, is based on the idea that families do better when the government actively supports them. Pro-family policy considers markets an important tool for distributing the resources that families need, but it regulates them to reduce economic inequality and insecurity and institutes programs like paid family leave, paid vacation, universal childcare, and child benefits. Of the two types of policies, free-market policy leaves families more vulnerable to market forces. That creates devastating problems for families when economic inequality and insecurity increase, as they have in the United States.
The Overworked American Parent
Authors: Eichner Maxine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter asks why Americans work such long hours and have so much difficulty balancing work and family lives. The answer, it asserts, lies in our lawmakers’ choice to favor markets over families. Families in the United States have to strike the balance between work and family on their own, with no help from the government. They must do so in an economy characterized by pervasive inequality and insecurity. Other countries help families strike this balance through a range of measures, including limits on mandatory work hours and paid parental leave. They have also intervened to reduce economic inequality and insecurity. In the United States, the result of half a century of failing to regulate markets to support families is that adults wind up working long hours in order to provide for their families. Even workers who succeed in the brutal economic competition that our economy incentivizes do so at significant cost to their family lives. When they get home, these same economic pressures cause parents to spend long hours intensively parenting their kids in efforts to ensure that they too can succeed in the economic competition once they become adults.
How We Fail Our Children Part II—Young Children from Poor and Low-Income Families
Authors: Eichner Maxine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Free-market family policy puts most American families in a difficult position when it comes to the trade-off between earning income to support a family and making sure young children get the caretaking that suits them best, but it clearly puts poor and low-income families in the toughest positions. This chapter considers the extent to which poor and low-income US families can privately provide the conditions that help young children thrive: adequate material support, a parent at home for up to the first year, good daycare and prekindergarten after that, and time with a nurturing parent. It also compares the likelihood that young children will receive this support in the United States under free-market family policy and in countries with pro-family policy.
Insulating Families from Market Forces—The Rise of the Welfare State
Authors: Eichner Maxine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows that the constant in America’s relationship with markets hasn’t been the acceptance of a free-market economy, but rather the belief that the economy should serve the interests of families. The nineteenth-century rise of the market economy in the United States, it demonstrates, was accompanied by the rise of a set of beliefs that historians call the “ideology of separate spheres.” This ideology sold Americans on the market economy by claiming that it would help families thrive. By the end of the nineteenth century, though, it became clear that the market was failing to deliver on this promise for working-class families. Reformers then called for the government to step in to use regulation to support the promise that the market would protect families. The New Deal arose out of that view of the government’s role. For much of the twentieth century, the government’s responsibility to safeguard the well-being of families against harmful market forces was a fundamental part of our nation’s social contract.
What’s an Economy For?
Authors: Eichner Maxine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes how US policymakers would regulate the economy if they became serious about supporting the American Dream. Legislators would stop making an ever-higher GDP the ultimate economic goal and instead focus on ensuring that every American gets the resources they need to thrive. Since thriving Americans require healthy families, this would require ensuring that families, too, receive the resources they need to thrive. To serve these goals, markets must be put in their proper place in the larger economy, alongside both families and government. When it comes to ensuring that families get the resources they need, the state has five critical functions to fill. These are: (1) partnering with parents to provide the conditions young children need at home; (2) investing in excellent daycare and prekindergarten programs; (3) regulating the economy to reduce economic inequality and insecurity; (4) constructing a strong social safety net; and (5) regulating the workplace to allow workers to reconcile work with family. The chapter closes by describing the public programs that would support each of these five functions.
Toward Thriving Families
Authors: Eichner Maxine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses three concerns that might arise when considering whether to adopt pro-family policies. First, it assesses whether adopting pro-family programs will make our economy less competitive. In answer, it demonstrates that countries that have adopted pro-family policies have experienced as much or more growth in GDP per hour worked in the last decades as the United States has. Furthermore, the employment rates in countries that have adopted pro-family policy are actually higher than our own. Second, the chapter considers whether the costs of pro-family programs, including paid parental leave, child benefits, and universal daycare and prekindergarten, would be prohibitively high. It demonstrates that the additional costs of pro-family programs could be readily absorbed either simply by shifting existing total social welfare spending to spend more on children publicly without paying a penny more overall or by raising taxes in a manner that placed no added burden on middle- and low-income families. Third and finally, the chapter considers whether pro-family policy would stifle Americans’ freedom. Free-market proponents who equate unregulated capitalism with freedom, this section shows, overlook the many ways that market pressures are increasingly constraining Americans’ lives.
The Jeffersonian Electoral College in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Jeffersonian Electoral College performed as expected until, after the rise of Andrew Jackson, plurality winner-take-all became the prevailing method among states for appointing electors. Even then, the Jeffersonian Electoral College has usually operated consistently with the compound version of majority rule that the Jeffersonians had in mind. Using a mathematical measure, one can identify which elections clearly comply with the Jeffersonian conception of compound majority rule and which, by contrast, require further analysis to confirm their conformity to majoritarian principles. Undertaking this analysis, only two elections in nineteenth century—1844 and 1884—clearly contravene the Jeffersonian expectation for how the system was supposed to work. Of the two, the so-called accident of 1844 was hugely consequential for the rest of American history: the winner, James Polk, took the nation to war against Mexico in order to expand territory, particularly for slavery, according to his vision of Manifest Destiny.
An Exploration of Alternatives
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A constitutional amendment to replace the Electoral College is not feasible, at least for the foreseeable future. The National Popular Vote Interstate Compact plan, as a method of nullifying the Electoral College without a constitutional amendment, is a seriously flawed idea for several reasons, the most significant of which is that it would award the presidency to a plurality winner of the national popular vote. Thus, if there were a three-way split in the popular vote—for example, 43 percent, 42 percent, 15 percent—the compact would award the presidency to the candidate with 43 percent even though 57 percent of the electorate strongly opposed that candidate. The fear that an independent candidate could cause Trump’s re-election even when roughly 60 percent of voters oppose this, because the opposition is split among two (or more) candidates, applies equally to the existing system and the compact. Litigation is unlikely to eliminate plurality winner-take-all. States must act.