bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Konstruksi Interogatif Bahasa Jepang : Analisis X-Bar
Authors: Budiman Jaka , Mulyadi Mulyadi 
Published: April 2020

Abstrak
Penelitian ini mendeskripsikan mengenai kategori fungsi kalimat interogatif dan merumuskan bentuk kalimat interogatif dalam bahasa Jepang menggunakan teori X-Bar. Dalam penelitian artikel ini, penulis menggunakan metode kepustakaan. Lalu, data dianalisis dengan metode agih dan hasil disajikan menggunakan pemahaman formal dan informal. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kategori fungsional kalimat interogatif dalam bahasa Jepang meliputi komplemen dan pemerlengkap. Fungsi kalimat interogatif sebagai pemerlengkap ditempati oleh kalimat interogatif ya-tidak dan kalimat interogatif dengan kata tanya, sedangkan kalimat interogatif yang berfungsi sebagai komplemen ditempati oleh kalimat interogatif gaung sehingga dapat dilihat sebagai berikut : KT → [Pm] + Spes + I + Komp + [Pm + Spes + I + Komp].

Kata Kunci : kalimat interogatif, struktur, kategori fungsional

Abstract
This research are describing about functional category of question and formulated question structure norm in Japanese with X-Bar theory. For this research article, i used library research method. Then, data was analyse with agih method and the result served with formal and informal understanding. The result are showed which question functional category in Japanese question as complement and complementary. The function of question as complementary be occupied by yes-no question and wh question, then question function as complement contained in echo question type as followed : KT → [Pm] + Spes + I + Komp + [Pm + Spes + I + Komp].
Keywords : question, structure, functional category
Prognosis and Management of BRAF V600E-Mutated Pregnancy-Associated Melanoma
Authors: Ziogas Dimitrios C. , Diamantopoulos Panagiotis , Benopoulou Olga , Anastasopoulou Amalia , Bafaloukos Dimitrios , Stratigos Alexander J. , Kirkwood John M. , Gogas Helen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Approximately one third of women who develop melanoma at childbearing age are diagnosed during gestation or the postpartum period, facing pregnancy-associated melanoma (PAM). However, only some retrospective studies with heterogeneous data have analyzed the impact of pregnancy on melanoma development, and no evidence exists about the behavior and the management of BRAF-mutated disease.

Subjects, Materials, and Methods
In order to better describe the evolution of BRAF V600E-mutated PAM, we present here all consecutive cases diagnosed in our site during the last 7 years, recording oncological, obstetrical, and perinatal parameters, as well as the therapeutic decisions for both melanoma and gestation. Based on our institutional experience, we weigh the current published evidence and discuss upcoming clinical considerations about the prognosis of PAM, the role of BRAF status, and the possible treatment options during pregnancy in localized or advanced/metastatic disease. Five women were diagnosed with newly metastatic or relapsed BRAF V600E-mutated PAM (four during gestation and one in the 1st year postpartum) between 2012 and 2019. All of them developed extensive metastatic disease with multiple organ involvement, and four developed brain metastases. All cases experienced melanoma progression in less than 6 months under targeted therapy and died soon independently of the followed sequence of treatments. All the neonates were delivered alive and healthy, but one developed melanoma earlier than the second year of life.

Results
Reviewing the literature to confirm our unfavorable outcomes, no specific data on BRAF-mutated PAM were retrieved and current evidence still supports that the prognosis of PAM should be guided by the established risk factors, whereas the management of advanced/metastatic PAM should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

Conclusion
More data are required to ascertain whether BRAF-mutated profile adversely affects PAM outcome, although the clinicians should be aware to detect any potential melanoma lesion during pregnancy as soon as possible, treating it locally, regardless of its BRAF status.

Implications for Practice
The prognosis and management of pregnancy-associated melanoma whether BRAF-mutated or wild type, is currently guided by the same parameters as in the nonpregnant condition. In this special nontrial subpopulation, BRAF-mutated status seems to have a detrimental effect on disease outcome, independently of the following treatments. In early stage melanoma, wide local excision with or without sentinel lymph node dissection may be curative at any trimester of gestation, while in advanced/metastatic setting, therapeutic strategy including immune-checkpoint or BRAF/MEK inhibitors, is more challenging, regardless of BRAF status, and should be based on an individualized decision in each case at a multidisciplinary level.
William of Orange in France and the Transnationality of the Sixteenth-Century Wars of Religion
Authors: Van Tol Jonas 
Published: April 2020

William of Orange’s French campaign of 1569 is one of the most curious and least-understood episodes in the life of the leader of the Dutch Revolt. The confusion over his motives for participating in the wars in France arises from the longstanding tendency to see the Dutch Revolt and French Wars of Religion as similar but separate conflicts. Yet Orange regarded them fundamentally as manifestations of the same struggle. This article unpacks the development of Orange’s transnational outlook during the decade leading up to his French campaign – an outlook that was shared by many of his peers in the Low Countries and beyond and that shaped the course of the French Wars of Religion and the Dutch Revolt. Willem van Oranjes veldtocht in Frankrijk in 1569 is een van de meest curieuze en slechtst begrepen episodes uit het leven van de leider van de Nederlandse Opstand. De verwarring rond zijn motieven om in Frankrijk te gaan vechten is ontstaan door de diepgewortelde neiging om de Nederlandse Opstand en de Religieoorlogen in Frankrijk te beschouwen als vergelijkbare, maar op zichzelf staande oorlogen. Echter, Oranje zelf beschouwde ze in essentie als manifestaties van hetzelfde conflict. In dit artikel zal de transnationale kijk van Willem van Oranje ontrafeld worden. Dit perspectief is ook zichtbaar bij veel tijdgenoten en heeft grote invloed gehad op het verloop van de Religieoorlogen in Frankrijk en de Nederlandse Opstand.
Referral Outcomes of Identified Health Problems and Difficulties Related to School Medical Inspections in Government Schools in an Education Zone in Sri Lanka
Authors: Arnold Mahendra , Wickramatilake Sepali , Karunapema Palitha , Fernando Dinusha , Sampath Roshan , Mahesh Buddhika , Panditharathna Sujeewa 
Published: April 2020

Background and Introduction:
School Medical Inspections (SMI) assess the health status of children, and provide opportunities for early detection, referral and prevention of disease conditions among school-aged children in Sri Lanka. There is paucity of data on the outcomes of referrals and difficulties encountered in relation to SMI. This study aimed to describe the outcomes of identified health problems in SMI and the difficulties encountered by public health staff in the conduct of SMI in an educational zone in the Kandy District, Sri Lanka.

Methods:
This study was comprised of a quantitative and a qualitative component. The quantitative component - a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with secondary data of 87 government schools in the Katugasthota educational zone in Kandy district, Sri Lanka. The study sample consisted of 2,876 children in whom health problems were identified and referrals were made. The qualitative component - key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted among 5 Medical Officers of Health (MOH) and 10 Public Health Inspectors (PHIs) to identify the difficulties they encountered related to SMI.

Results:
The overall SMI coverage was 88.6%. Dental caries was the main health problem identified (22.9%, N=2,247). Other leading conditions included: skin diseases (1.1%, N=110); anemia (2.1%, N=202); visual defects (1.8%, N=182); and suspected heart disease (1.2%, N=120). Of the referrals, 92.1% (N=2,071) were for dental caries; 84.6% (N=154) were for visual defects; 90% (N=108) were for suspected heart diseases; 100% (N=110) were for skin diseases; 100% (N=202) were for anemia; and 66.6% (N=8) were for behavioral problems. Support from the schools to conduct the SMI was not satisfactory; parents faced many obstacles in obtaining services at the referral centers.

Conclusions and Implications for Translation:
There was a high coverage of SMI. Referral outcomes for dental caries, skin diseases and anemia were relatively high. Follow-up of area PHI in referral-outcome tracking and management should be strengthened. It is necessary to improve the priority services provided to referred school children in hospital settings.
Business Ethics Pays: A Modern Approach
Authors: Koerner Roy H. 
Published: April 2020

Published in Oil & Gas Executive, Volume 1, Number 2, 1998, pages 46-51.
Ethics is a branch of philosophy dealing with moral behavior. It can be controversial. Philosopher Benedict Spinoza (1632-77), for example, stated that "belief in God motivates people to behave ethically," while philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) argued that "Atheism motivates people to behave ethically" (Ethics, Carol Wekesser, Greenhaven Press, 1995). But despite such divergent views and cultural differences, transcending, universally accepted standards of ethical behavior do exist. The often-quoted statement of Jesus in the New Testament, "…do to others what you would have them do to you…," has similar counterparts intexts of rabbinical Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. The tenet also can be found in ancient Greek and Roman writings. Different views exist on the role of ethics in business. Peter Pratley in The Essence of Business Ethics(Prentice-Hall, 1995) describes three common views of how business relates to the community. The premodern unitarian view is that business is in unity with society and should have social welfare as a prime consideration.
The separationist view is that business is entirely separate from the community, with "profit at any price" the motive. The integrationist view is that business and society integrate on matters of mutual interest for mutual benefit. These divergent views are all at work at any one time and, with professional ethics, play major roles in commerce.

Community-Oriented Businesses
Fig. 1 illustrates the unitarian interaction of business and community. The fragmented spheres of people, business, and institutions in modern society are inside the bounds of community moral standards and accountability. The utilitarian entrepreneurs of some nonprofit service organizations and other groups, such as consumer rights and certain environmental organizations, hold this view. They contend that business and institutions should be held to the same standards of conduct as individuals. Management guru Peter Drucker recognized two nonprofit organizations as models of success at a November 1997national conference on leadership. One of the two, The Samaritan Inst., an interfaith health-care network founded 25 years ago, is an example of an organization operating in unity with the community.
The growing use of the WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist: Lessons learned at the Yaounde Gyneco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital, Cameroon
Authors: DOHBIT Julius Sama , WOKS Namanou Ines Emma , KOUDJINE Carlin Héméry , TAFEN Willy , FOUMANE Pascal , ASSUMPTA Lucienne BELLA , OGU Rosemary Nkemdilim , III Fru Fobuzshi ANGWAFO 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: Safe childbirth remains a daunting challenge, particularly in low middle income countries, where most pregnancy-related deaths occur. Cameroon’s maternal mortality rate, estimated at 529 per 100,000 live births in 2017 is significantly high. Adherence to essential birth practices by birth attendants is key to improving pregnancy outcomes. The WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist (SCC) was designed as a tool to improve the quality of care provided to women giving birth. It was implemented at the Yaounde Gynaeco-Obsteric and Paediatric Hospital in order to improve quality of care. The purpose of this study was to determine the adoption rate of the SCC and its association with maternal (eclampsia, perineal tears, post-partum haemorrhage) and neonatal (foetal death, neonatal asphyxia and neonatal death) complications, six months after introduction at the maternity. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from January – June 2018. Six months was chosen because research conducted on the SCC in India showed that adherence to essential birth practices was optimal within this period. Data collection sheets were used to document information from delivery records. The Chi square test was used to compare categorical variables, while the student’s T test was used to compare continuous variables. Results: Out of 1611 deliveries conducted, only 1001 records could be traced, giving 38% of missing data. Twenty-five records were excluded. During the study period, checklists were used in 828 clinical notes, giving an adoption rate of 84.8%. Fewer cases of severe pre-ecclampsia/eclampsia were associated with the use of SCC (2·1% Vs 5·4%, p = 0·017). The difference in the proportion of perineal tears, post-partum haemorrhage, stillbirths, neonatal asphyxia and neonatal deaths observed between the checklist and non-checklist groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the SCC program is a cost effective intervention that could potentially reduce maternal mortality and morbidity, most of reduction coming from prevention of severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia in low-middle income countries.
Factors affecting postoperative survival of patients with insufficient union following osteoporotic vertebral fractures and impact of preoperative serum albumin on mortality
Authors: Ohba Tetsuro , Yokomi Hiroshi MD , Koy Kensuke MD , Tanaka Nobuki , Oda Kotaro , H Hirotaka MD 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: Numerous comparative studies of surgical procedures have focused on clinical and radiographical outcomes, as well as the effect of bone fragility on the outcome of spinal surgery; however, insights concerning a long-term risk of mortality or morbidity have been limited. Additionally, the effect of surgical therapy on survival after vertebral compression fractures remains controversial. Our aim was to evaluate the preoperative factors that affected the long-term survival of patients who underwent spinal surgery for an insufficient union following osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVF) and to determine long-term mortality.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the cases of 105 consecutive patients who underwent spinal surgery for OVF. Mortality was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and a log-rank test. The preoperative backgrounds of patients were analyzed to determine which risk factors led to death among the OVF cases. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate survival based on preoperative albumin levels of £ 3.5 g/dL (hypoalbuminemia) versus > 3.5 mg/dL.Results: The mean follow-up time for survival was 4.1 ±0.8 years. Two years after surgery, 15% of patients with OVF had died. The ratio of male-to-female was significantly higher for patients with OVF who died than for those who were still alive. No significant difference in mortality was observed among surgical procedures for OVF. Multivariate analysis revealed that only serum albumin £3.5 g/dL was a significant risk factor for long-term postoperative mortality of patients with OVF.Conclusions: Preoperative hypoalbuminemia was associated with long-term postoperative mortality following surgery for OVF.Level of Evidence: Level 3
Demographic profile, clinical features, and outcome of peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage: an observational study
Authors: Zou Ming , Zhang Yi , Huang Xi , Gao Sheng , Zhang Junjun 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: To evaluate the etiology, demographic profile, clinical features, and outcomes in patients with peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage (PSH).Methods: Thirty-eight eyes of 37 consecutive patients with PSH were enrolled in this prospective observational study over 4 years; all were followed for 2 years. The main outcome measures were demographic profile, possible etiology, clinical features, outcome, and prognosis.Results: Sixty-eight percent (26/38) of eyes were in female patients; the mean patient age was 20 years. Only 1 patient (1/37) showed bilateral involvement. All patients experienced acute onset of PSH. All eyes were myopic and their best-corrected visual acuities ranged from 20/1000 to 20/12.5. The fundus features of affected eyes were classified into 3 groups: (1) PSH alone (4/38 eyes, 10.5%); (2) PSH with intrapapillary hemorrhage (17/38 eyes, 44.7%); (3) PSH with intrapapillary and vitreous hemorrhage (17/38 eyes, 44.7%). PSH occurred in nasal edges of optic discs with a crescent shape and dull-red color. All affected optic discs were small and crowded, exhibiting variable degrees of tilting. The cup of affected optic discs was narrower and deeper than that of normal control discs. Other ancillary tests provided no additional value. After a mean follow-up of 2.85 months, the hemorrhages resolved spontaneously without sequelae. Recurrence of disease was not observed in any patients. Conclusions: PSH is common in myopic eyes with tilted optic discs. We suspect that these hemorrhages occurred as a result of abrupt movement acting on a morphologically vulnerable optic disc.
Distinct Actions of the Fermented Beverage Kefir on Host Behaviour, Immunity and Microbiome Gut-Brain Modules in the Mouse
Authors: de Wouw Marcel van , Walsh Aaron M. , Crispie Fiona , Leuven Lucas van , Lyte Joshua M. , Boehme Marcus , Clarke Gerard , Dinan Timothy G. , Cotter Paul D. , Cryan John 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: Mounting evidence suggests a role for the gut microbiota in modulating brain physiology and behaviour through bi-directional communication along the gut-brain axis. As such, the gut microbiota represents a potential therapeutic target for influencing centrally-mediated events and host behaviour. It is thus notable that the fermented milk beverage kefir has recently been shown to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota in mice. It is unclear whether kefirs have differential effects on microbiota-gut-brain axis and whether they can modulate host behaviour per se. Methods: To address this, two distinct kefirs (Fr1 and UK4) or unfermented milk control were administered to mice that underwent a battery of tests to characterise their behavioural phenotype. In addition, shotgun metagenomic sequencing of ileal, cecal and faecal matter was performed, as was faecal metabolome analysis. Finally, systemic immunity measures and gut serotonin levels were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post hoc test or Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney U test.Results: Fr1 ameliorated the stress-induced decrease in serotonergic signalling in the colon and reward-seeking behaviour in the saccharin preference test. On the other hand, UK4 decreased repetitive behaviour and ameliorated stress-induced deficits in reward-seeking behaviour. Furthermore, UK4 increased fear-dependent contextual memory, yet decreased milk gavage-induced improvements long-term spatial learning. In the peripheral immune system, UK4 increased the prevalence of Treg cells and interleukin 10 levels, whereas Fr1 ameliorated the milk gavage stress-induced elevation in neutrophil levels and CXCL1 levels. Analysis of the gut microbiota revealed that both kefirs significantly changed the composition and functional capacity of the host microbiota, where specific bacterial species were changed in a kefir-dependent manner. Furthermore, both kefirs increased the capacity of the gut microbiota to produce GABA, which was linked to an increased prevalence in Lactobacillus reuteri. Conclusions: Altogether, these data show that kefir can signal through the microbiota-gut-immune-brain axis and modulate host behaviour. In addition, different kefirs may direct the microbiota toward distinct immunological and behavioural modulatory effects. These results indicate that kefir can positively modulate specific aspects of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and support the broadening of the definition of psychobiotic to include kefir fermented foods.
The risk of fracture and prevalence of osteoporosis is elevated in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: cross-sectional study from a single Hungarian center
Authors: Vincze Anett , Bodoki Levente , Szabó Katalin , Nagy-Vincze Melinda , Szalmás Orsolya , New József Varga , Dankó Katalin , Gaál János , Griger Zoltan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: The prevalence of osteoporosis and risk of fractures is elevated in rheumatoid arthritis, but we have little information about the bone mineral density and fracture risk in patients with inflammatory myopathies. We intended to ascertain and compare fracture risk, bone mineral density (BMD) and the prevalence of vertebral fractures in patients with inflammatory myositis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to assess the effect of prevalent fractures on the quality of life and functional capacity. Methods: Fifty-two patients with myositis and 43 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were included in the study. Fracture Risk was determined using FRAX® Calculation Tool developed by the University of Sheffield. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and bidirectional thoracolumbar radiographs were performed to assess BMD and vertebral fractures. Quality of life was measured with Short Form-36 (SF-36) and physical function assessment was performed using Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). Results: We found a significantly elevated fracture risk in RA compared to myositis patients if the risk assessment was performed without the application of the BMD results. If BMD results and glucocorticoid dose adjustment were taken into account, the differences in fracture risk were no longer significant. The prevalence of osteoporosis was found to be significantly higher in the myositis group (7% vs. 13.5%, p: 0,045), but the fracture prevalence was similar in the two groups (75% vs. 68%). The fractures rates were independently associated with age in the myositis group, and with lower BMD results in the RA patients. The number of prevalent fractures was significantly correlated to poorer physical function in both groups, and poorer health status in the myositis group, but not in the RA group. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that inflammatory myopathies carry significantly elevated risk for osteoporosis and fractures. This higher risk is comparable to one detected with RA in studies and strongly affects the physical function and quality of life of patients. Therefore further efforts are required to make the fracture risk assessment reliable and to facilitate the use early preventive treatments.