bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency myelopoiesis contributes to immune cell exhaustion and pulmonary vascular remodelling
Authors: Fu Chunhua , Lu Yuanqing , Williams Mason A. , Brantly Mark L. , Ventetuolo Corey E. , Morel Laurence M. , Mehrad Borna , Scott Edward W. , Bryant Andrew J. 
Published: December 2019

Background and PurposePulmonary hypertension (PH) secondary to chronic lung disease (World Health Organization Group 3 PH) is deadly, with lung transplant being the only available long‐term treatment option. Myeloid‐derived cells are known to affect progression of both pulmonary fibrosis and PH, although the mechanism of action is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of myeloid cell proliferation induced by emergency myelopoiesis on development of PH and therapy directed against programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1), expressed by myeloid cells in prevention of pulmonary vascular remodelling.Experimental ApproachLysM.Cre‐DTR (“mDTR”) mice were injected with bleomycin (0.018 U·g−1, i.p.) while receiving either vehicle or diphtheria toxin (DT; 100 ng, i.p.) to induce severe PH. Approximately 4 weeks after initiation of bleomycin protocol, right ventricular pressure measurements were performed and tissue samples collected for histologic assessment. In a separate experiment, DT‐treated mice were given anti‐PD‐L1 antibody (αPD‐L1; 500 μg, i.p.) preventive treatment before bleomycin administration.Key ResultsMice undergoing induction of emergency myelopoiesis displayed more severe PH, right ventricular remodelling and pulmonary vascular muscularization compared to controls, without a change in lung fibrosis. This worsening of PH was associated with increased pulmonary myeloid‐derived suppressor cell (MDSC), particularly polymorphonuclear MDSC (PMN‐MDSC). Treatment with αPD‐L1 normalized pulmonary pressures. PD‐L1 expression was likewise found to be elevated on circulating PMN‐MDSC from patients with interstitial lung disease and PH.Conclusions and ImplicationsPD‐L1 is a viable therapeutic target in PH, acting through a signalling axis involving MDSC.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.1/issuetoc
Unequal opportunities and public policy: The impact of parental disability benefits on child postsecondary attendance
Authors: Chen Kelly , Osberg Lars , Phipps Shelley 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis paper uses Canada's National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth to examine whether greater cash transfers available to parents with disabilities when their child was aged 5 to 15 increase the chances that the child will attend postsecondary education (PSE) as a young adult. We exploit differences across provinces and over time in the generosity of provincial disability benefits programs in Canada and find that higher disability benefits when the child was aged 5 to 15 years increase the probability that he or she will have attended or be attending PSE by age 19 to 25. The estimated effect size increases with the severity of the parental disability and the number of disabled parents. Because lower disability benefits significantly worsen performance of public school aged children on standardized math tests and elevate anxiety symptoms, one plausible pathway from disability benefit levels to PSE attendance may be through the cognitive and non‐cognitive skills children acquire by the age of 15. We conclude that the level of disability transfers available early in a child's life mitigates the impact of having a parent with a disability as a source of inequality of opportunity and of unequal probability of PSE participation.
A high level of serum neopterin is associated with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease and reduced survival in dermatomyositis
Authors: Peng Q-L , Zhang Y-M , Liang L , Liu X , Ye L-F , Yang H-B , Zhang L , Shu X-M , Lu X , Wang G-C 
Published: December 2019

Summary
Neopterin is primarily synthesized and released by activated macrophages/monocytes upon stimulation with interferon-γ and is considered as a marker for macrophage activation. This study aimed to analyze the serum levels of neopterin in patients with dermatomyositis (DM) in association with clinical manifestations, laboratory data and patient prognosis. One hundred and eighty-two consecutive DM patients and 30 healthy controls were retrospectively enrolled into the study. Serum levels of neopterin were significantly increased in DM patients compared to healthy controls (P &lt; 0·001). High serum neopterin levels were associated with anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene (MDA5) antibody, rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD) and characteristic DM cutaneous involvement. Longitudinal assessment of serum samples revealed that the serum neopterin levels were closely correlated with disease severity (β = 30·24, P &lt; 0·001). In addition, a significant increase in serum neopterin concentration of non-survivors was observed when compared to that of survivors (P &lt; 0·001). Receiver operator characteristic curves showed that serum neopterin could distinguish non-survivors and survivors at an optimal cut-off level of 22·1 nmol/l with a sensitivity and specificity of 0·804 and 0·625, respectively (P &lt; 0·001). Kaplan–Meier survival curves revealed that DM patients with serum neopterin &gt; 22·1 nmol/l had a significantly higher mortality compared to the patient group with serum neopterin &lt; 22·1 nmol/l (log-rank P &lt; 0·001). Multivariate regression analysis identified high serum neopterin concentration to be an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in DM (adjusted hazard ratio = 4·619, 95% confidence interval = 2·092–10·195, P &lt; 0·001). In conclusion, increased serum levels of neopterin were significantly associated with RP-ILD and reduced survival in DM patients, suggesting it as a promising biomarker in disease evaluation of DM.
Young Mandarin learners use function words to distinguish between nouns and verbs
Authors: Ma Weiyi , Zhou Peng , Golinkoff Roberta M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMandarin requires neither determiners nor morphological inflections, which casts doubt on Mandarin‐speaking children's ability to use function words as a syntactic bootstrapping tool to identify the form class of a new word. This study examined 3‐ and 5‐year‐old Mandarin learners' ability to use function words to interpret new words as either nouns or verbs in the absence of the requirement for determiners and inflections in the ambient language. In Experiment 1, 3‐, and 5‐year‐old Mandarin‐speaking children were exposed to eight novel words embedded in sentence frames differing only in the form class markers used. The 5‐year‐olds interpreted the novel words as either nouns or verbs depending on the form class markers they heard, while the 3‐year‐olds learned only the nouns. Experiment 2 confirmed that the 5‐year‐olds understood the function of the verb‐marker. Thus, Mandarin‐speaking children can use function words to distinguish nouns versus verbs, and this ability appears between three and five years of age.
Clinical benefit of presurgical EEG‐fMRI in difficult‐to‐localize focal epilepsy: A single‐institution retrospective review
Authors: Kowalczyk Magdalena A. , Omidvarnia Amir , Abbott David F. , Tailby Chris , Vaughan David N. , Jackson Graeme D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this report is to present our clinical experience of electroencephalography–functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG‐fMRI) in localizing the epileptogenic focus, and to evaluate the clinical impact and challenges associated with the use of EEG‐fMRI in pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy.MethodsWe identified EEG‐fMRI studies (n = 118) in people with focal epilepsy performed at our center from 2003 to 2018. Participants were referred from our Comprehensive Epilepsy Program in an exploratory research effort to address often difficult clinical questions, due to complex and difficult‐to‐localize epilepsy. We assessed the success of each study, the clinical utility of the result, and when surgery was performed, the postoperative outcome.ResultsOverall, 50% of EEG‐fMRI studies were successful, meaning that data were of good quality and interictal epileptiform discharges were recorded. With an altered recruitment strategy since 2012 with increased inclusion of patients who were inpatients for video‐EEG monitoring, we found that this patients in this selected group were more likely to have epileptic discharges detected during EEG‐fMRI (96% of inpatients vs 29% of outpatients, P<.0001). To date, 48% (57 of 118) of patients have undergone epilepsy surgery. In 10 cases (17% of the 59 successful studies) the EEG‐fMRI result had a “critical impact” on the surgical decision. These patients were difficult to localize because of subtle abnormalities, apparently normal MRI, or extensive structural abnormalities. All 10 had a good seizure outcome at 1 year after surgery (mean follow‐up 6.5 years).SignificanceEEG‐fMRI results can assist identification of the epileptogenic focus in otherwise difficult‐to‐localize cases of pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy. Surgery determined largely by localization from the EEG‐fMRI result can lead to good seizure outcomes. A limitation of this study is its retrospective design with nonconsecutive recruitment. Prospective clinical trials with well‐defined inclusion criteria are needed to determine the overall benefit of EEG‐fMRI for preoperative localization and postoperative outcome in focal epilepsy.
Distortion of the local magnetic field appears to neither disrupt nocturnal navigation nor cue shelter recognition in the amblypygid Paraphrynus laevifrons
Authors: Wiegmann Daniel D. , Casto Patrick , Hebets Eileen A. , Bingman Verner P. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMany arthropods are known to be sensitive to the geomagnetic field and exploit the field to solve spatial problems. The polarity of the geomagnetic field is used, for instance, as an orientation cue by leafcutter ants as they travel on engineered trails in a rainforest and by Drosophila larvae as they move short distances in search of food. A ubiquitous orientation cue like the geomagnetic field may be especially useful in complex, cluttered environments like rainforests, where the reliability of celestial cues used to navigate in more open environments may be poor. The neotropical amblypygid Paraphrynus laevifrons is a nocturnal arachnid that wanders nightly in the vicinity of its shelter and occasionally travels 30 m or more in the rainforest understory before it returns to its shelter. Here, we conducted a field experiment to determine whether navigation by P. laevifrons is guided by the ambient magnetic field and a complimentary laboratory experiment to assess whether a magnetic anomaly could be used to pinpoint the entrance of a shelter. In the field experiment, subjects were fitted with a radio transmitter and a small, powerful magnet or a similar‐sized brass disk and displaced 10 m from their shelter. The return rate of magnet‐fitted subjects was similar to that of brass‐fitted subjects and to that of subjects in an earlier study fitted with only a radio transmitter. In the laboratory experiment, we trained P. laevifrons with a protocol under which the amblypygid Phrynus marginemaculatus rapidly learns—in 1–14 trials over two daily sessions—to associate an olfactory stimulus with access to a shelter. The conditioned stimulus here was a magnetic anomaly characterized by a high total field intensity and a 180° reversal of the polarity of the ambient magnetic field. The magnetic anomaly‐shelter contingency was not learned in 50 trials conducted over 10 daily sessions. These results imply prima facie that P. laevifrons does not rely on a magnetic compass to locate or recognize a shelter and, perhaps, that the magnetic field cannot be detected, but alternative explanations are discussed.
Evaluation of non‐lethal gut microbiome sampling methods in a passerine bird
Authors: Berlow Mae , Kohl Kevin D. , Derryberry Elizabeth P. 
Published: December 2019

Gut microbial communities play critical roles in the biological functions of their host, such as mediating nutrient absorption, digesting food components the host cannot, and offering protection against enteric pathogens. Extensive research on gut microbial communities has been conducted on mammals, including humans and rodents, but much less work has been done in birds. Furthermore, much of the research on host–microbe interactions make use of faecal samples and rectal/cloacal swabs as a proxy for intestinal samples, which can be difficult to obtain directly. However, little is known about the overlap between the microbial communities of the gut, faeces and swabs, which limits interpretability of results based on faecal samples and swabs. To address this gap in knowledge, we compared the microbiome from five sample types – proventriculus, small intestine, large intestine, cloacal swabs and faeces – across individual Zebra FinchesTaeniopygia guttatahoused in constant conditions with a standardized diet. We compared diversity and community composition through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our results show that microbial communities from both cloacal swabs and faeces were distinct from proventriculus and small intestinal samples, but generally indistinguishable from large intestinal samples, indicating that these non‐lethal samples may be useful proxies for large intestinal bacterial communities. Gaining insight into non‐invasive sampling techniques for passerines has implications for studies of gut microbial diversity and abundance in wild bird populations. Furthermore, reliable non‐lethal sampling is necessary for experiments where repeated sampling is required.
Morphological variability in unrepaired bilateral clefts with and without cleft palate evaluated with geometric morphometrics
Authors: Latif Abdul , Kuijpers Mette A. R. , Rachwalski Martin , Latief Benny S. , Kuijpers‐Jagtman Anne Marie , Fudalej Piotr S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn subjects with orofacial clefts, there is an unresolved controversy on the effect of congenital maxillary growth deficiency vs. the effect of surgical intervention on the outcome of treatment. Intrinsic growth impairment in subjects with orofacial clefts can be studied by comparing facial morphology of subjects with untreated cleft and unaffected individuals of the same ethnic background. Bilateral cleft lip and palate is the most severe and least prevalent form of the orofacial cleft. The aim of this study was to compare facial morphology in subjects with unrepaired complete bilateral clefts and unaffected controls using geometric morphometrics. Lateral cephalograms of 39 Indonesian subjects with unrepaired bilateral complete cleft lip and alveolus (mean age: 24 years), or unrepaired bilateral complete cleft lip, alveolus, and palate (mean age: 20.6 years) and 50 age and ethnically matched controls without a cleft (25 males, 25 females, mean age: 21.2 years) were digitized and traced and shape variability was explored using principal component analysis, while differences between groups and genders were evaluated with canonical variate analysis. Individuals with clefts had a more pronounced premaxilla than controls. Principal component analysis showed that facial variation in subjects with clefts occurred in the anteroposterior direction, whereas in controls it was mostly in the vertical direction. Regression analysis with group, sex, and age as covariates and principal components from 1 to 6 as dependent variables demonstrated a very limited effect of the covariates on the facial shape variability (only 11.6% of the variability was explained by the model). Differences between cleft and non‐cleft subjects in the direction of facial variability suggest that individuals with bilateral clefts can have an intrinsic growth impairment affecting facial morphology later in life.
Well‐off small‐scale tobacco growers and farm workers in the Mexican agrarian reform (1972–1990)
Authors: Mackinlay Horacio 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this article, I study small‐scale growers of blonde tobacco varieties from the state of Nayarit in Mexico who had contract farming arrangements with the state‐owned company Tabamex (1972–1990). I refer to them as “well‐off small‐scale tobacco growers” given that in the 1960s, 1970s, and the 1980s, they became one of the subaltern social groups that benefited the most from the Mexican Agrarian Reform. I want to set this research apart from the ones carried out on tobacco growers in Nayarit, which have almost exclusively understood this group as agricultural producers and have perceived as secondary, and even as anecdotal, the impact of the high levels of wage labour hired in the region. I argue that in order to have a better understanding of the social relations at play, it is important to take into account that Nayarit tobacco growers have also been employers of farm workers. Hence in my analysis, I have also included the seasonal farm workers hired by these small‐scale tobacco growers because of their importance in the labour force. More specifically, I have looked into the vulnerability and invisibility of these workers both within this branch of agricultural activity and state institutions.
Resuscitation status and characteristics and outcomes of patients transferred from subacute care to acute care hospitals: A multi‐site prospective cohort study
Authors: Street Maryann , Dunning Trisha , Bucknall Tracey , Hutchinson Alison M , Rawson Helen , Hutchinson Anastasia F , Botti Mari , Duke Maxine M , Mohebbi Mohammadreza , Considine Julie 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAims and objectivesTo examine the relationship between resuscitation status and (i) patient characteristics; (ii) transfer characteristics; and (iii) patient outcomes following an emergency inter‐hospital transfer from a subacute to an acute care hospital.BackgroundPatients who experience emergency inter‐hospital transfers from subacute to acute care hospitals have high rates of acute care readmission (81%) and in‐hospital mortality (15%).DesignThis prospective, exploratory cohort study was a subanalysis of data from a larger case–time–control study in five Health Services in Victoria, Australia. There were 603 transfers in 557 patients between August 2015 and October 2016. The study was conducted in accordance with the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology guidelines.MethodsData were extracted by medical record audit. Three resuscitation categories (full resuscitation; limitation of medical treatment (LOMT) orders; or not‐for‐cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) orders) were compared using chi‐square or Kruskal–Wallis tests. Stratified multivariable proportional hazard Cox regression models were used to account for health service clustering effect.Findings.Resuscitation status was 63.5% full resuscitation; 23.1% LOMT order; and 13.4% not‐for‐CPR. Compared to patients for full resuscitation, patients with not‐for‐CPR or LOMT orders were more likely to have rapid response team calls during acute care readmission or to die during hospitalisation. Patients who were not‐for‐CPR were less likely to be readmitted to acute care and more likely to return to subacute care.ConclusionsTwo‐thirds of patients in subacute care who experienced an emergency inter‐hospital transfer were for full resuscitation. Although the proportion of patients with LOMT and not‐for‐CPR orders increased after transfer, there were deficiencies in the documentation of resuscitation status and planning for clinical deterioration for subacute care patients.Relevance to Clinical PracticeAs many subacute care patients experience clinical deterioration, patient preferences for care need to be discussed and documented early in the subacute care admission.
Governing the Armenian Question through Passports in the Late Ottoman Empire (1876–1908)
Authors: Yılmaz İIkay 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe literature on the history of passports has been generally discussed in the context of freedom of movement around the globe during the 19th century. However, with its administrative regulations and practices, the Ottoman Empire offered a different view of passports and mobility controls. Through perceiving new threats from the political issues of the late 19th century and directing its attention mainly at the Armenian and Macedonian Questions, one of the critical issues facing the Ottoman government during the Hamidian Era (1876–1908) was controlling the geographic mobility of the individuals who were perceived as a threat based on Ottoman security policies. This paper brings a particular case of this history into focus: the administrative control of the mobility of Armenians. Despite the fact that extensive research has been done on the Armenian Question, so far, little has been written on the policies restricting their mobility. This paper aims to explore the passport regulations and practices to shed light onto the relationship between state formation, Ottoman threat perceptions and the marginalisation of the Armenian community. I offer a new look at the securitisation of the Armenian Question.
Intramarital Status Differences Across Africa's Educational Expansion
Authors: Lopus Sara , Frye Margaret 
Published: December 2019

Objective:This article documents how intramarital differences in educational status vary across Africa's heterogeneous educational expansion, which has encompassed an enormous breadth of educational opportunities during the past 50 years.Background:Educational expansion influences intramarital status differences both by altering the educational composition of men and women and by reconfiguring the social conventions associated with a given educational context. Status differentials between marital partners can influence spousal well‐being and, in the aggregate, determine the extent to which marriage provides a pathway to upward social mobility.Method:Using Demographic and Health Survey data representing 32 sub‐Saharan African countries and 5 decades of birth cohorts, the article examines the prevalence and propensity of educational pairings as a function of educational access (the percentage of a cohort who ever attended school) and wife's education level.Results:Educational expansion created gendered changes in educational compositions of married individuals, which led to increased prevalence of hypergamy (wives who married “up”) in most countries. Educational expansion has also led hypogamous marriages to become less of a social aberration: in lower education contexts (but less so in higher education contexts), conventions lead women to “marry down” at far lower rates than would be expected based on the sex‐specific compositions of husbands and wives.Conclusion:Educational attainment remains a central determinant of social positioning in African society. However, as schooling expands across the continent, social conventions regarding educational status are playing a weakening role in determining who marries whom.