bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of lactic acid bacteria derived exopolysaccharides for use as a defined neuroprotective agent against amyloid beta1–42-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells
Authors: Sirin Seda , Aslim Belma 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a disease characterized by cerebral neuronal degeneration and loss in a progressive manner. Amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain is toxic to neurons, being a main risk factor for initiation and continuation of cognitive deterioration in AD. Neurotoxicity of Aβ origin is also linked to oxidative stress characterized by excessive lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, changes in antioxidant systems, and cerebral DNA damage in AD. Furthermore, Aβ can induce oxidative neuronal cell death by a mitochondrial dysfunction. Cellular injury caused by oxidative stress can be possibly prevented by boosting or promoting bodily oxidative defense system by supplying antioxidants in diet or as medications. However, most synthetic antioxidants are found to have cytotoxicity, which prevents their safe use, and limits their administration. For this reason, more attention has been paid to the natural non-toxic antioxidants. One of the most promising groups of non-toxic antioxidative compounds is thought to be polysaccharides. This study investigated the characterization and protective action exerted by exopolysaccharides (EPSs) originated from Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus B3 and Lactobacillus plantarum GD2 to protect from apoptotic activity exerted by Aβ1-42 among SH-SY5Y cells. We characterized EPSs by elemental analysis, FTIR, AFM, SEM, and XRD. The antioxidant effects of EPSs were determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, metal ion chelating activity, lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity, and superoxide anion scavenging activity method. The protective effects of EPSs were determined by flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Mannose ratio, molecular weight, functional groups, surface morphology, and amorphous character structure of EPSs are thought to play a role in the protective effect of EPSs. EPSs reduced apoptotic activity of Aβ1-42 in addition to their depolarizing effect on mitochondrial membrane potential in concentration-dependent manner. These observations contribute the inclusion of EPSs among the therapeutic options used to manage various neurological disorders in the traditional medicine in a scientific manner, indicating that EPSs may be promising natural chemical constituents that need advanced research and development for pharmacological therapy of AD.
Comparison between conventional and chemomechanical approaches for the removal of carious dentin: an in vitro study
Authors: Santos Tito Marcel Lima , Bresciani Eduardo , Matos Felipe de Souza , Camargo Samira Esteves Afonso , Hidalgo Ana Paula Turrioni , Rivera Luciana Monti Lima , Bernardino Ítalo de Macedo , Paranhos Luiz Renato 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency, effectiveness, and biocompatibility of two agents used for the chemomechanical removal of carious dentin. Sixty extracted carious human teeth were treated with a conventional bur (CBG) or chemomechanical agents – Papacarie Duo (PG) and Brix 3000 (BG). Treatment efficiency and effectiveness were assessed by the working time for carious dentin removal and Knoop microhardness values, respectively. Human pulp fibroblasts (FP6) were used to evaluate cytotoxicity by incorporating MTT dye, and genotoxicity was evaluated with the micronuclei test. The carious tissue was removed in a shorter time with CBG (median = 54.0 seconds) than the time required for chemomechanical agents (p = 0.0001). However, the time was shorter for Brix 3000 (BG) than that for Papacarie Duo (PG), showing mean values of 85.0 and 110.5 seconds, respectively. Regarding microhardness testing, all approaches tested were effective (p < 0.05). The final mean microhardness values were 48.54 ± 16.31 KHN, 43.23 ± 13.26 KHN, and 47.63 ± 22.40 KHN for PG, BG, and CBG, respectively. PG decreased cell viability compared to that of BG, but it presented no genotoxicity. Brix 3000 may be a good option for chemomechanical dentin caries removal due to its reduced removal time and lower cytotoxicity compared to the other treatment options.
Non-CO2 forcing changes will likely decrease the remaining carbon budget for 1.5 °C
Authors: Mengis Nadine , Matthews H. Damon 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOne key contribution to the wide range of 1.5 °C carbon budgets among recent studies is the non-CO2 climate forcing scenario uncertainty. Based on a partitioning of historical non-CO2 forcing, we show that currently there is a net negative non-CO2 forcing from fossil fuel combustion (FFC), and a net positive non-CO2 climate forcing from land-use change (LUC) and agricultural activities. We perform a set of future simulations in which we prescribed a 1.5 °C temperature stabilisation trajectory, and diagnosed the resulting 1.5 °C carbon budgets. Using the historical partitioning, we then prescribed adjusted non-CO2 forcing scenarios consistent with our model’s simulated decrease in FFC CO2 emissions. We compared the diagnosed carbon budgets from these adjusted scenarios to those resulting from the default RCP scenario’s non-CO2 forcing, and to a scenario in which proportionality between future CO2 and non-CO2 forcing is assumed. We find a wide range of carbon budget estimates across scenarios, with the largest budget emerging from the scenario with assumed proportionality of CO2 and non-CO2 forcing. Furthermore, our adjusted-RCP scenarios produce carbon budgets that are smaller than the corresponding default RCP scenarios. Our results suggest that ambitious mitigation scenarios will likely be characterised by an increasing contribution of non-CO2 forcing, and that an assumption of continued proportionality between CO2 and non-CO2 forcing would lead to an overestimate of the remaining carbon budget. Maintaining such proportionality under ambitious fossil fuel mitigation would require mitigation of non-CO2 emissions at a rate that is substantially faster than found in the standard RCP scenarios.
Analysis of full-disc Ca II K spectroheliograms
Authors: Chatzistergos Theodosios , Ermolli Ilaria , Krivova Natalie A. , Solanki Sami K. , Banerjee Dipankar , Barata Teresa , Belik Marcel , Gafeira Ricardo , Garcia Adriana , Hanaoka Yoichiro , Hegde Manjunath , Klimeš Jan , Korokhin Viktor V. , Lourenço Ana , Malherbe Jean-Marie , Marchenko Gennady P. , Peixinho Nuno , Sakurai Takashi , Tlatov Andrey G. 
Published: May 2020

Context. Studies of long-term solar activity and variability require knowledge of the past evolution of the solar surface magnetism. The archives of full-disc Ca II K observations that have been performed more or less regularly at various sites since 1892 can serve as an important source of such information.
Aims. We derive the plage area evolution over the last 12 solar cycles by employing data from all Ca II K archives that are publicly available in digital form, including several as-yet-unexplored Ca II K archives.
Methods. We analysed more than 290 000 full-disc Ca II K observations from 43 datasets spanning the period between 1892–2019. All images were consistently processed with an automatic procedure that performs the photometric calibration (if needed) and the limb-darkening compensation. The processing also accounts for artefacts affecting many of the images, including some very specific artefacts, such as bright arcs found in Kyoto and Yerkes data. Our employed methods have previously been tested and evaluated on synthetic data and found to be more accurate than other methods used in the literature to treat a subset of the data analysed here.
Results. We produced a plage area time-series from each analysed dataset. We found that the differences between the plage areas derived from individual archives are mainly due to the differences in the central wavelength and the bandpass used to acquire the data at the various sites. We empirically cross-calibrated and combined the results obtained from each dataset to produce a composite series of plage areas. The ’backbone’ approach was used to bridge the series together. We have also shown that the selection of the backbone series has little effect on the final composite of the plage area. We quantified the uncertainty of determining the plage areas with our processing due to shifts in the central wavelength and found it to be less than 0.01 in fraction of the solar disc for the average conditions found on historical data. We also found the variable seeing conditions during the observations to slightly increase the plage areas during the activity maxima.
Conclusions. We provide the most complete so far time series of plage areas based on corrected and calibrated historical and modern Ca II K images. Consistent plage areas are now available on 88% of all days from 1892 onwards and on 98% from 1907 onwards.
Combined analysis of AMS-02 (Li,Be,B)/C, N/O, 3He, and 4He data
Authors: Weinrich N. , Génolini Y. , Boudaud M. , Derome L. , Maurin D. 
Published: May 2020

Context. The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) measured several secondary-to-primary ratios enabling a detailed study of Galactic cosmic-ray transport.
Aims. We constrain previously derived benchmark scenarios (based on AMS-02 B/C data only) using other secondary-to-primary ratios to test the universality of transport and the presence of a low-rigidity diffusion break.
Methods. We use the 1D thin disc/thick halo propagation model of USINE V3.5 and a χ2 minimisation accounting for a covariance matrix of errors (AMS-02 systematics) and nuisance parameters (cross-sections and solar modulation uncertainties).
Results. The combined analysis of AMS-02 Li/C, Be/C, and B/C strengthens the case for a diffusion slope of δ = 0.50 ± 0.03 with a low-rigidity break or upturn of the diffusion coefficient at GV rigidities. Our simple model can successfully reproduce all considered data (Li/C, Be/C, B/C, N/O, and 3He/4He), although several issues remain: (i) the quantitative agreement depends on the assumptions made on the poorly constrained correlation lengths of AMS-02 data systematics; (ii) combined analyses are very sensitive to production cross-sections, and we find post-fit values differing by ∼5 − 15% from their most likely values (roughly within currently estimated nuclear uncertainties); (iii) two very distinct regions of the parameter space remain viable, either with reacceleration and convection, or with purely diffusive transport.
Conclusions. To take full benefit of combined analyses of AMS-02 data, better nuclear data and a better handle on energy correlations in the data systematic are required. AMS-02 data on heavier species are eagerly awaited to explore cosmic-ray propagation scenarios further.
„In den Müll?!“ – Ursachenforschung zur Nicht-Nutzung technischer Innovationen in der stationären Pflege
Authors: Sebastião Maria , Hechtel Nicole , Krückeberg Jörn 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungTrotz potenziell positiver Auswirkungen von neuen Technologien werden Innovationen von den Pflegekräften oft nicht gut angenommen. Ziel der Erhebung war es, Gründe für die Nicht-Nutzung eines verteilten Alarmsystems zu untersuchen und Handlungsempfehlungen für zukünftige Projekte abzuleiten. Mit 14 Pflegekräften einer Station wurden 3 Gruppendiskussionen durchgeführt und qualitativ-inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet. Die Pflegekräfte sind bei der Auswahl und Einführung der Geräte nicht einbezogen worden. Die Nicht-Nutzung liegt dabei jedoch nicht an fehlender Kompetenz, fehlendem Wissen oder Interesse. Vielmehr unterbricht die Technologie Arbeitsabläufe, führt zu Mehraufwand und stellt eine Lärmbelastung für Mitarbeitende und Patienten dar. Technologien müssen sich nahtlos in den Alltag einfügen. Sie müssen aus der Praxis für die Praxis entwickelt werden. Idealerweise werden Pflegekräfte schon in deren Entwicklung, spätestens aber bei deren Einführung, einbezogen.
Quarantäne alleine oder in Kombination mit weiteren
Public-Health-Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der COVID-19 Pandemie:
Ein Cochrane Rapid Review
Authors: Mayr Verena , Nußbaumer-Streit Barbara , Gartlehner Gerald 
Published: May 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Die Coronavirus-Krankheit COVID-19 ist eine neue, sich
rasch ausbreitende zoonotische Infektionskrankheit, die der
Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) erstmals am 31. Dezember 2019 gemeldet
wurde. Da zurzeit keine wirksamen Medikamente oder Impfstoffe zur Behandlung
oder Prävention von COVID-19 zur Verfügung stehen,
rücken nicht-pharmakologische Public-Health-Maßnahmen zur
Eindämmung der COVID-19 Pandemie stärker in den Fokus.
Studienziele Ziel dieses Rapid Reviews war es, den Effekt von
Quarantäne – alleine oder in Kombination mit weiteren
Public-Health-Maßnahmen – zur Eindämmung von
COVID-19 zu untersuchen.
Methodik Der vorliegende Rapid Review wurde von der WHO in Auftrag
gegeben. Um der Dringlichkeit der Anfrage gerecht zu werden, wurde die
Methodik eines systematischen Reviews punktuell abgeändert. Die
vorliegende Publikation umfasst die wichtigsten Aspekte des Rapid Reviews
und wurde vom WHO Collaborating Centre an der Donau Universität
Krems (Österreich) auf Deutsch übersetzt.
Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden 29 Studien eingeschlossen. Zehn
Modellierungsstudien befassten sich direkt mit COVID-19, 15 weitere
Modellierungsstudien und 4 Beobachtungsstudien lieferten indirekte Evidenz
zu SARS und MERS. Die Studien zeichneten alle ein ähnliches Bild
– einen Vorteil von Quarantäne. Beispielsweise
schätzten Modellierungsstudien, dass durch Quarantäne von
Personen, die Kontakt mit Infizierten hatten 44–81% neuer
Fälle und 31–63% an Todesfällen verhindert
werden können, im Vergleich zu keinen Maßnahmen. Zwei
Studien zu SARS zeigten, dass Quarantäne effektiver war und weniger
kostete, je früher sie startete. Alleinige Quarantäne von
Personen, die Kontakt mit Infizierten hatten, würde aber
wahrscheinlich nicht ausreichen, um den Ausbruch von COVID-19
einzudämmen. Die Kombination mit anderen Maßnahmen wie
physische Distanzierung oder Schulschließungen zeigte
größere Effekte als Quarantäne alleine. Bei der
individuellen Quarantäne für Rückkehrende aus
Risikogebieten fand der Review vergleichsweise geringe Effekte.
Schlussfolgerung Die Vertrauenswürdigkeit der Evidenz ist
niedrig bzw. sehr niedrig, da die einzigen Studien zu COVID-19
Modellierungsstudien sind, die zwar aktuelle aber noch unsichere und
unterschiedliche Parameter zur Modellberechnung verwendeten. Die indirekte
Evidenz von SARS und MERS ist nur begrenzt auf COVID-19 übertragbar.
Trotz dieser Limitationen, kommen alle Studien zu dem Schluss, dass
Quarantäne eine wichtige Maßnahme ist, um die Pandemie
einzudämmen. Im Hinblick auf die kommenden Monate ist es wichtig,
das Infektionsgeschehen sowie die Auswirkungen der Maßnahmen genau
zu überwachen, um die bestmögliche Balance der
Maßnahmen zu finden.
Calcitriol Reduces Adverse Effects of Diclofenac on Mitochondrial
Function in Isolated Rat Heart Mitochondria
Authors: Khezri Saleh , Atashbar Saman , Azizian Sepideh , Shaikhgermchi Zahra , Kurdpour Peyman , Salimi Ahmad 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe safety of diclofenac (DIC) use in clinical practice has been questioned
because of adverse cardiovascular effects. Previous studies have indicated
that DIC cause mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in heart
mitochondria. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect
of calcitriol against the mitochondrial toxicity potency of diclofenac in
heart rat mitochondria. For this purpose, rat heart mitochondria were
isolated with mechanical lysis and differential centrifugation. Then
isolated mitochondria were pretreated with 3 different concentrations of
calcitriol (2.5, 5 and 10 µM) for 5 min at
37°C, after which DIC (10 µg/ml) was added
to promote deleterious effects on mitochondria. During 1 hour of incubation,
using by flow cytometry and biochemical evaluations, the parameters of
mitochondrial toxicity were evaluated. Our results showed that DIC
(10 µg/ml) caused a significant decrease in
succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, mitochondrial membrane potential
(MMP) collapse, and mitochondrial swelling, and a significant increase in
reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, lipid peroxidation (LP) and
oxidative stress. Also, our results revealed that co-administration of
calcitriol (5 and 10 µM) with diclofenac markedly
ameliorates the mitochondrial toxicity effects in rat hart mitochondria. In
this study, we showed that DIC impairs mitochondrial function and induces
mitochondrial toxicity in rat heart isolated mitochondria, which were
ameliorated by calcitriol. These findings suggest that calcitriol may be a
preventive/therapeutic strategy for cardiotoxicity complications
caused by DIC.
Radiologic Efficacy and Patient Satisfaction after Minimally Invasive Unilateral Laminotomy and Bilateral Decompression in Patients with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Kim Seung-Kook , Ryu Sungmo , Kim Eun-Sang , Lee Sun-Ho , Lee Su-Chan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background and Study Aims Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is the most common spinal disease in older adults. Although surgical modalities are recommended in patients who are unresponsive to conservative treatment, the most appropriate minimally invasive surgical procedure for patients with LSS remains controversial. Moreover, few previous studies have focused on patient-centered outcomes with radiologic correlation. In the present study, we aimed to investigate radiologic efficacy and patient satisfaction following bilateral decompression via unilateral laminotomy.
Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of radiologic efficacy and patient satisfaction in a series of surgical patients treated at our institution. We classified patients into two groups based on the primary pathology (i.e., central or lateral recess stenosis). Medical records were analyzed retrospectively for radiologic outcomes and clinical parameters including pain and changes in quality of life. Data related to outcomes were collected at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 12 months after surgery in the outpatient clinic.
Results Among the 122 patients enrolled in this study, 51 had central spinal stenosis; 71 had lateral recess stenosis. Radiologically, we observed significant improvements in the anteroposterior diameter and cross-sectional area of the dural sac (central stenosis) and the lateral width of the central canal and depth of the lateral recess (lateral recess stenosis). Two weeks and 12 months after the surgical procedure, we observed significant improvements in the extent of symptoms, patient satisfaction, and quality of life (including physical function).
Conclusion Our findings suggest that bilateral decompression via a unilateral approach shows improved radiologic outcomes, varying based on the type of stenosis. Furthermore, patient satisfaction significantly improved regardless of the type of disease.
Current Research in Melanoma and Aggressive Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
Authors: Wilken Reason , Criscito Maressa , Pavlick Anna C. , Stevenson Mary L. , Carucci John A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThere have been several significant advances in cancer treatment in the last decade that are applicable to the treatment of melanoma and advanced nonmelanoma skin cancers. Among these are the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the programmed death protein-1 (PD-1)/programmed death legand-1 (PDL-1) axis, as well as targeted inhibitors of the BRAF/MEK signaling cascade in melanoma, and the hedgehog signaling pathway in basal cell carcinoma (BCC). These immune-based and targeted therapies have dramatically changed the treatment options for locally advanced and metastatic melanoma, Merkel's cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), and BCC. In this article, we will briefly review the currently approved targeted and immunotherapy-based treatments for locally advanced and metastatic melanoma, Merkel's cell carcinoma, and cSCC and discuss various combinations of approved therapies, as well as emerging therapeutic candidates that are currently in clinical trials, including novel checkpoint inhibitors in development, intratumoral oncolytic agents (viral and nonviral), and various immune-based therapies such as toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, adoptive T-cell therapy, T-cell costimulation, and innate immune cell therapy. For advanced BCC, we will discuss trials investigating the currently approved smoothened (SMO) inhibitors for neoadjuvant use, emerging SMO inhibitors in development, topical SMO inhibitors, alternative targets in the hedgehog signaling pathway, and the use of anti-PD-1 agents for advanced BCC both alone and in combination with SMO inhibitors.
Quality of Life Studies in Skin Cancer Treatment and Reconstruction
Authors: Joseph Andrew William 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHealth-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important measure of patient experience before, during, and after treatment for skin cancers. Over the past 20 years, a variety of generic as well as disease-specific HRQOL instruments have been developed to assess clinical outcomes. Clinical trials have increasingly focused on using HRQOL instruments as outcome measures. Patients with both cutaneous melanoma and nonmelanotic skin cancers have been found to experience improvement in HRQOL following surgical treatment and reconstruction. Individual demographic variables may further predict experience within each of these groups. Increasing use of HRQOL instruments in future studies comparing skin cancer treatments will allow physicians to better understand and optimize patient experiences.
Management of Complicated Nasal Defects
Authors: Owusu James , Nesbitt Blaine , Boahene Kofi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe nose is the most common site for nonmelanoma skin cancer. Fortunately, most skin cancer lesions on the nose are discovered early and their timely diagnosis and excision result in superficial defects that can be reconstructed with minimal impact on the aesthetics and function. Reconstruction of full-thickness defects of the nose remains a challenging endeavor for reconstructive surgeons. An organized and systematic approach is necessary to streamline the analysis, planning, and reconstruction complex nasal defects to consistently achieve optimal results. This article reviews options for reconstructing full-thickness nasal defects and highlights current advances in established techniques.