bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ecophysiology of a neotropical mistletoe depends on the leaf phenology of its tree hosts
Authors: Cocoletzi Eliezer , Angeles Guillermo , Briones Oscar , Ceccantini Gregório , Ornelas Juan Francisco 
Published: September 2020

PremiseMistletoes parasitize many hardwood and softwood tree species; however, they play key roles in forest ecosystems. Adult individuals of Psittacanthus schiedeanus take up water and xylem nutrients from both deciduous and evergreen host trees, suggesting the ability to modify its physiology according to the availability of host resources. Yet, there is little information regarding the effects of mistletoes on their host trees from the eophyll stage to reproductive phases of the parasite.MethodsTaking advantage of the fact that P. schiedeanus can reach sexual maturity in 1 year, we investigated its physiological performance during development on deciduous (Liquidambar styraciflua) and evergreen (Quercus germana) host trees in a cloud forest in eastern Mexico. Variables related to chlorophyll fluorescence, carbon assimilation, photosynthetic pigments, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon contents of the parasite and non‐infected and infected hosts were analyzed in a nursery experiment.ResultsMistletoe had lower water‐use efficiency and higher transpiration rates than the host species did. Despite the fact that P. schiedeanus obtained resources from species with differing phenology and resource availability, the parasite steadily improved its CO2 assimilation, electron transport rate, and nutrient content from seedling establishment to adult life stages. Mistletoe decreased the photosynthetic reactions of carbon metabolism in the deciduous host, photosynthetic light reactions in the evergreen host, and nutritional status of both host species, mostly in the evergreen host.ConclusionsThe hypothesis that mistletoes adjust their physiology according to the availability of host resources could extend to the early growth of the parasite.
Work as a social determinant of health; a landscape assessment of employers in two historically disinvested urban communities
Authors: Forst Linda , Grant Alexis , Hebert‐Beirne Jeni 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundWork is considered a structural determinant of health, yet specific determinants that could be targeted at the community level have not been elaborated. The aim of this research is to develop a methodology for incorporating employers and employment into community health assessment.MethodsAs part of a community based participatory research (CBPR) collaboration, we inventoried and characterized businesses in two neighborhoods using multiple data sources and walk‐around surveys. Community and academic researchers planned, executed, discussed, and debated the methodology, the findings, and the potential for incorporating “work” in community health considerations.ResultsIn two contiguous communities with a total population of roughly 100,000, we identified 1,127 employers: 85% were small employers; almost 70% of businesses were in retail, service, financial/business services, and food/accommodations sectors. Cash economy, hidden employment, and phantom businesses were uncovered.ConclusionWe developed a CBPR approach to incorporating local businesses and employment sectors into community health assessment in economically and socially disadvantaged communities. Knowing about “work” in a community will form the basis for including business owners into CBPR partnerships and incorporating work‐related health and economic factors into community health improvement and quality of life plans.
Play behavior in immature moor macaques (Macaca maura) and Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Beltrán Francés Víctor , Castellano‐Navarro Alba , Illa Maulany Risma , Ngakan Putu O. , MacIntosh Andrew J. J. , Llorente Miquel , Amici Federica 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPlay is widespread across mammalian taxa, but species strongly vary in the ways they play. In less despotic primate species (i.e., with less steep dominance hierarchies, less severe conflicts, and more reconciliation), play has been described as being more frequent, cooperative, and freely expressed. To study the link between social play and dominance style, we compared play behavior in free‐ranging infants, juveniles and subadults of more despotic Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata, N = 24) and less despotic moor macaques (Macaca maura, N = 17). We found interspecific differences in play behavior that corresponded with the contrasting dominance styles of the study species, largely confirming our predictions. In particular, moor macaques spent a larger proportion of time in solitary and social play than Japanese macaques, while Japanese macaques spent a larger proportion of time in grooming interactions. In moor macaques, play sessions included more players, a larger variety of play behaviors, greater play face rates, a greater proportion of time in contact play, and a higher rate of reciprocal play‐biting than in Japanese macaques. Aggressive escalations were not common, but more frequent in Japanese macaques. Finally, a higher frequency of play faces during play sessions predicted the occurrence of more reciprocal play‐bites, but not the proportion of time spent in contact play behaviors. Additional studies on other groups and species will allow a better understanding of the link between dominance style and social play.
Dopaminergic Retinal Cell Loss and Visual Dysfunction in Parkinson Disease
Authors: Ortuño‐Lizarán Isabel , Sánchez‐Sáez Xavier , Lax Pedro , Serrano Geidy E. , Beach Thomas G. , Adler Charles H. , Cuenca Nicolás 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveConsidering the demonstrated implication of the retina in Parkinson disease (PD) pathology and the importance of dopaminergic cells in this tissue, we aimed to analyze the state of the dopaminergic amacrine cells and some of their main postsynaptic neurons in the retina of PD.MethodsUsing immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we evaluated morphology, number, and synaptic connections of dopaminergic cells and their postsynaptic cells, AII amacrine and melanopsin‐containing retinal ganglion cells, in control and PD eyes from human donors.ResultsIn PD, dopaminergic amacrine cell number was reduced between 58% and 26% in different retinal regions, involving a decline in the number of synaptic contacts with AII amacrine cells (by 60%) and melanopsin cells (by 35%). Despite losing their main synaptic input, AII cells were not reduced in number, but they showed cellular alterations compromising their adequate function: (1) a loss of mitochondria inside their lobular appendages, which may indicate an energetic failure; and (2) a loss of connexin 36, suggesting alterations in the AII coupling and in visual signal transmission from the rod pathway.InterpretationThe dopaminergic system impairment and the affection of the rod pathway through the AII cells may explain and be partially responsible for the reduced contrast sensitivity or electroretinographic response described in PD. Also, dopamine reduction and the loss of synaptic contacts with melanopsin cells may contribute to the melanopsin retinal ganglion cell loss previously described and to the disturbances in circadian rhythm and sleep reported in PD patients. These data support the idea that the retina reproduces brain neurodegeneration and is highly involved in PD pathology. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:893–906
Control of Surface Barriers in Mass Transfer to Modulate Methanol‐to‐Olefins Reaction over SAPO‐34 Zeolites
Authors: Peng Shichao , Gao Mingbin , Li Hua , Yang Miao , Ye Mao , Liu Zhongmin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMass transfer of guest molecules has a significant impact on the applications of nanoporous crystalline materials and particularly shape‐selective catalysis over zeolites. Control of mass transfer to alter reaction over zeolites, however, remains an open challenge. Recent studies show that, in addition to intracrystalline diffusion, surface barriers represent another transport mechanism that may dominate the overall mass transport rate in zeolites. We demonstrate that the methanol‐to‐olefins (MTO) reaction can be modulated by regulating surface permeability in SAPO‐34 zeolites with improved chemical liquid deposition and acid etching. Our results explicitly show that the reduction of surface barriers can prolong catalyst lifetime and promote light olefins selectivity, which opens a potential avenue for improving reaction performance by controlling the mass transport of guest molecules in zeolite catalysis.
Impact of Ethylene on Efficiency and Stereocontrol in Olefin Metathesis: When to Add It, When to Remove It, and When to Avoid It
Authors: Hoveyda Amir H. , Liu Zhenxing , Qin Can , Koengeter Tobias , Mu Yucheng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEthylene is the byproduct of olefin metathesis reactions that involve one or more terminal alkenes. Its volatility is one reason why many cross‐metathesis or ring‐closing metathesis processes, which are reversible transformations, are efficient. However, because ethylene can be converted to a methylidene complex, which is a highly reactive but relatively unstable species, its concentration can impact olefin metathesis in other ways. In some cases, introducing excess ethylene can increase reaction rate owing to faster catalyst initiation. Ethylene and a derived methylidene complex can also advantageously inhibit substrate or product homocoupling, and/or divert a less selective pathway. In other instances, a methylidene's low stability and high activity may lead to erosion of efficiency and/or kinetic selectivity, making it preferable that ethylene is removed while being generated. If methylidene decomposition is so fast that there is little or no product formation, it is best that ethylene and methylidene complex formation is avoided altogether. This is accomplished by the use of di‐ or trisubstituted alkenes in stereoretentive processes, which includes adopting methylene capping strategy. Here, we analyze the different scenarios through which ethylene and the involvement of methylidene complexes can be manipulated and managed so that an olefin metathesis reaction may occur more efficiently and/or more stereoselectively.
Nikolay Zelinsky (1861–1953): Mendeleev's Protege, a Brilliant Scientist, and the Top Soviet Chemist of the Stalin Era
Authors: Beloglazkina Elena K. , Bogatova Tatiana V. , Nenajdenko Valentine G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis Essay outlines the life path and scientific achievements of Nikolay Zelinsky to testify to his contributions to organic chemistry, catalysis, and petrochemistry. His legacy includes four name reactions (the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky reaction, 1887; the Zelinsky–Stadnikov reaction, 1906; Zelinsky irreversible catalysis, 1911; the Zelinsky–Kazansky acetylene trimerization, 1924), pioneering contributions to the main oil‐refining processes (thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, hydrodesulfurization, reforming, and oxidative regeneration of coked catalysts), the coal gas mask, Pd/C and other supported catalysts, and a very large scientific school.
Interfacial Speciation Determines Interfacial Chemistry: X‐ray‐Induced Lithium Fluoride Formation from Water‐in‐salt Electrolytes on Solid Surfaces
Authors: Steinrück Hans‐Georg , Cao Chuntian , Lukatskaya Maria R. , Takacs Christopher J. , Wan Gang , Mackanic David G. , Tsao Yuchi , Zhao Jingbo , Helms Brett A. , Xu Kang , Borodin Oleg , Wishart James F. , Toney Michael F. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSuper‐concentrated “water‐in‐salt” electrolytes recently spurred resurgent interest for high energy density aqueous lithium‐ion batteries. Thermodynamic stabilization at high concentrations and kinetic barriers towards interfacial water electrolysis significantly expand the electrochemical stability window, facilitating high voltage aqueous cells. Herein we investigated LiTFSI/H2O electrolyte interfacial decomposition pathways in the “water‐in‐salt” and “salt‐in‐water” regimes using synchrotron X‐rays, which produce electrons at the solid/electrolyte interface to mimic reductive environments, and simultaneously probe the structure of surface films using X‐ray diffraction. We observed the surface‐reduction of TFSI− at super‐concentration, leading to lithium fluoride interphase formation, while precipitation of the lithium hydroxide was not observed. The mechanism behind this photoelectron‐induced reduction was revealed to be concentration‐dependent interfacial chemistry that only occurs among closely contact ion‐pairs, which constitutes the rationale behind the “water‐in‐salt” concept.
Conservation management of abandoned paddy fields in Asia: Semi‐natural marshes with low‐intensity bovid grazing have higher biodiversity
Authors: So Ken Ying Kin , Dudgeon David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Semi‐natural marshland is becoming increasingly prevalent in Asia as a result of the continuing abandonment of rice cultivation. Although these marshes are important habitats for aquatic animals, they are susceptible to terrestrialization. Large mammalian herbivores that can retard terrestrialization are in decline globally, but domesticated bovids may serve as their surrogates, and could be used for managing semi‐natural marshes. Relevant research in Asia is lacking, however.
Aquatic macroinvertebrates were sampled in both the wet and dry seasons from 26 freshwater marshes (abandoned paddy fields) across Hong Kong, encompassing 15 sites grazed by feral bovids (yellow cattle and water buffalo) and 11 ungrazed sites. The aim was to investigate seasonal variation in the effects of bovids on macroinvertebrate communities in monsoonal marshes.
Four decades after paddy cultivation had been abandoned, semi‐natural marshes with low‐intensity bovid grazing (0.06–0.14 cattle ha−1) had significantly higher (16%) site‐scale γ‐diversity. Macroinvertebrate communities at grazed sites had more Coleoptera and larval Odonata, and differed markedly from those at ungrazed sites. The effects of grazing on diversity and composition were unaffected by season, but season itself was a significant predictor of α‐ and β‐diversity and species composition.
This study is the first to record the responses of aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity and composition to large‐mammal grazing in Asian marshlands. Given that bovid grazing at low intensity can control plant growth, with concomitant benefits for wetland diversity, it is suggested that targeted grazing of short duration could be used for conservation management of abandoned paddy fields.
Einfluss der Faserorientierung und des Fasergehalts auf die Druckfestigkeit von ultrahochfestem Beton
Authors: Riedel Philipp , Leutbecher Torsten 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAbhängig von Geometrie und Herstellmethodik können sich in Bauteilen aus faserbewehrtem Beton (lokal) sehr unterschiedliche Faserorientierungen einstellen. Der Faserbeton verhält sich in der Folge nicht mehr isotrop, sondern zeigt je nach Beanspruchungsrichtung ein unterschiedliches Zug‐ und Drucktragverhalten. Für ultrahochfesten Beton (UHFB) ist dieser Aspekt von besonderer Relevanz, da UHFB in der Anwendung meist hohe Fasergehalte aufweist. Während der Einfluss der Faserorientierung auf das Zugtragverhalten von UHFB bereits Gegenstand zahlreicher Studien war, fehlten bislang aussagekräftige Daten, um die auf die Faserbewehrung zurückzuführende Anisotropie im Drucktragverhalten größenmäßig fassen zu können. Im Rahmen einer Versuchsreihe wurde daher der Einfluss der Faserorientierung und des Fasergehalts auf das Bruchverhalten und die Druckfestigkeit von Fein‐ und Grobkorn‐UHFB eingehend untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Druckfestigkeit bei überwiegend unidirektionaler Ausrichtung der Fasern in der Ebene senkrecht zur Belastungsrichtung mit steigendem Fasergehalt deutlich zunimmt. Dagegen ist der Einfluss des Fasergehalts bei einer überwiegend unidirektionalen Ausrichtung der Fasern in Belastungsrichtung gering. Abhängig von der Belastungsrichtung unterscheidet sich die Druckfestigkeit am Würfel um bis zu 26 N/mm2 bzw. 14 %. Die Differenz zwischen Würfel‐ und Zylinderdruckfestigkeit nimmt mit steigendem Fasergehalt zu. Auf Basis der Ergebnisse erfolgt eine Empfehlung zur Festlegung von Betonfestigkeitsklassen für die DAfStb‐Richtlinie „Ultrahochfester Beton“.
Ubiquitin‐Modulated Phase Separation of Shuttle Proteins: Does Condensate Formation Promote Protein Degradation?
Authors: Dao Thuy P. , Castañeda Carlos A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLiquid‐liquid phase separation (LLPS) has recently emerged as a possible mechanism that enables ubiquitin‐binding shuttle proteins to facilitate the degradation of ubiquitinated substrates via distinct protein quality control (PQC) pathways. Shuttle protein LLPS is modulated by multivalent interactions among their various domains as well as heterotypic interactions with polyubiquitin chains. Here, the properties of three different shuttle proteins (hHR23B, p62, and UBQLN2) are closely examined, unifying principles for the molecular determinants of their LLPS are identified, and how LLPS is connected to their functions is discussed. Evidence supporting LLPS of other shuttle proteins is also found. In this review, it is proposed that shuttle protein LLPS leads to spatiotemporal regulation of PQC activities by mediating the recruitment of PQC machinery (including proteasomes or autophagic components) to biomolecular condensates, assembly/disassembly of condensates, selective enrichment of client proteins, and extraction of ubiquitinated proteins from condensates in cells.
Rediscovering the use of chatbots in education: A systematic literature review
Authors: Pérez José Quiroga , Daradoumis Thanasis , Puig Joan Manuel Marquès 
Published: September 2020

AbstractChatbots have been around for years and have been used in many areas such as medicine or commerce. Our focus is on the development and current uses of chatbots in the field of education, where they can function as service assistants or as educational agents. In this research paper, we attempt to make a systematic review of the literature on educational chatbots that address various issues. From 485 sources, 80 studies on chatbots and their application in education were selected through a step‐by‐step procedure based on the guidelines of the PRISMA framework, using a set of predefined criteria. The results obtained demonstrate the existence of different types of educational chatbots currently in use that affect student learning or improve services in various areas. This paper also examines the type of technology used to unravel the learning outcome that can be obtained from each type of chatbots. Finally, our results identify instances where a chatbot can assist in learning under conditions similar to those of a human tutor, while exploring other possibilities and techniques for assessing the quality of chatbots. Our analysis details these findings and can provide a solid framework for research and development of chatbots for the educational field.
Eye fixations and electrodermal activity during low‐budget virtual reality embodiment
Authors: Krogmeier Claudia , Mousas Christos 
Published: September 2020

SummaryAs motion‐sensing devices become more accessible to consumers, it is important to understand how users experience embodiment when using these devices. In our 3 × 2 between‐groups study, we explored eye fixations and electrodermal activity (EDA) in order to more objectively understand potential interaction effects between the self‐avatar body, and the presence of a mirror within the context of low‐budget embodiment. We developed six experimental conditions concerning Body (human, mannequin, and zombie self‐avatars) and Mirror (mirror and no mirror) factors, and presented participants with a virtual environment in which they could control their self‐avatars by using HTC Vive controllers and trackers. In addition to eye fixations and EDA, we assessed self‐reported data concerning body ownership, agency, self‐location, as well as enjoyment of the experience. Our results suggest that the Body may have been more influential in eliciting body ownership than the Mirror, and that an interaction effect between Gender and Body may influence eye gaze behavior. Additionally, female participants reported significantly higher agency than males. We consider logical next steps for similar research which might elaborate upon our findings.
Short RNA Universal Coding for Topological Transformation Nano‐barcoding Application
Authors: Kim Jeonghun , Moon Je Hun , Um Soong Ho 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWith the advent of innovative genomic discovery toolkits such as RT‐PCR, genetic information can be quickly decrypted, and this has resulted in significant progress in overcoming diseases. However, RT‐PCR has the serious problem of frequent errors, and the demand for a new gene diagnostic system is emerging. Herein, we propose a universal coding system for the effective detection of short single‐stranded DNA or RNA by using a topological transformation‐based nano‐barcoding technique (TNT). Our goal was to develop a dedicated diagnostic device that unifies the other gene groups, thus resulting in minimum testing. In a universal coding system consisting of two separate circulation structures, different gene groups become generalized into specific single genes with the same sequence by a strand‐displacement reaction and are then amplified, eventually being quickly detected in one TNT system. Simple gene diagnostic systems like this make high‐speed, point‐of‐care diagnostic technologies, and we are very confident that these will provide clinical gene detection in the near future.
BIOSOLVE‐IV‐registry: Safety and performance of the Magmaris scaffold: 12‐month outcomes of the first cohort of 1,075 patients
Authors: Verheye Stefan , Wlodarczak Adrian , Montorsi Piero , Torzewski Jan , Bennett Johan , Haude Michael , Starmer Gregory , Buck Thomas , Wiemer Marcus , Nuruddin Amin A. B. , Yan Bryan P.‐Y. , Lee Michael K.‐Y. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesWe aimed to assess the safety and performance of the Magmaris sirolimus‐eluting bioresorbable magnesium scaffold in a large patient population.BackgroundMagmaris has shown good outcomes in small‐sized controlled trials, but further data are needed to confirm its usability, safety, and performance.MethodsBIOSOLVE‐IV is an international, single arm, multicenter registry including patients with a maximum of two single de novo lesions. Follow‐up is scheduled up to 5 years; the primary outcome is target lesion failure (TLF) at 12 months.ResultsA total of 1,075 patients with 1,121 lesions were enrolled. Mean patient age was 61.3 ± 10.5 years and 19.2% (n = 206) presented with non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Lesions were 3.2 ± 0.3 mm in diameter and 14.9 ± 4.2 mm long; 5.1% (n = 57) were bifurcation lesions. Device success was 97.3% (n = 1,129) and procedure success 98.9% (n = 1,063). The Kaplan–Meier estimate of TLF at 12 months was 4.3% [95% confidence interval, CI: 3.2, 5.7] consisting of 3.9% target lesion revascularizations, 0.2% cardiac death, and 1.1% target‐vessel myocardial infarction. Definite/probable scaffold thrombosis occurred in five patients (0.5% [95% CI: 0.2, 1.1]), thereof four after early discontinuation of antiplatelet/anticoagulation therapy.ConclusionBIOSOLVE‐IV confirms the safety and performance of the Magmaris scaffold in a large population with excellent device and procedure success and a very good safety profile up to 12 months in a low‐risk population.