bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismic noise attenuation using an online subspace tracking algorithm
Authors: Zhou Yatong , Li Shuhua , Zhang Dong , Chen Yangkang 
Published: April 2020

SUMMARY
We propose a new low-rank based noise attenuation method using an efficient algorithm for tracking subspaces from highly corrupted seismic observations. The subspace tracking algorithm requires only basic linear algebraic manipulations. The algorithm is derived by analysing incremental gradient descent on the Grassmannian manifold of subspaces. When the multidimensional seismic data are mapped to a low-rank space, the subspace tracking algorithm can be directly applied to the input low-rank matrix to estimate the useful signals. Since the subspace tracking algorithm is an online algorithm, it is more robust to random noise than traditional truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) based subspace tracking algorithm. Compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms, the proposed denoising method can obtain better performance. More specifically, the proposed method outperforms the TSVD-based singular spectrum analysis method in causing less residual noise and also in saving half of the computational cost. Several synthetic and field data examples with different levels of complexities demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the presented algorithm in rejecting different types of noise including random noise, spiky noise, blending noise, and coherent noise.
Mapping the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination as a Living Instrument
Authors: Keane David 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The ‘living instrument’ doctrine has emerged as a key vehicle for evolution and innovation within the International Convention on the Elimination of  All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD). Originating in the case law of the European Court of   Human Rights, the doctrine has been adopted by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and, it is argued, all the United Nations treaty bodies. Yet its origins and meaning under ICERD have not been explored. This article investigates its first invocation in an individual communication, Hagan v Australia. It contrasts regional case law, where individual judgments set key interpretive standards, with an international individual communications system that has evolved asymmetrically across the United Nations treaties and does not perform the same standard-setting role. The significance of concluding observations and general recommendations in understanding ICERD as a living instrument is detailed. The living instrument approach in recent inter-State complaints before the International Court of Justice and the Committee is discussed. In conclusion, the need to map ICERD as a living instrument across the multiplicity of its supervisory mechanisms is emphasised.
When public participation matters: The 2010–2013 Icelandic constitutional process
Authors: Landemore Hélène 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Public participation in constitution-making is now both an established international norm and a widespread practice. But what does public participation really mean and when can it be said to matter? This article documents the case of public participation in constitution-making that took place in Iceland between 2010 and 2013. The Icelandic case is interesting both for the innovative ways in which the public was involved but also because public participation in the process can be shown to have made a causal difference to the resulting text. The quasi-natural experiment setup of the Icelandic constitutional process makes it possible to compare the textual output of expert groups and that of the non-professional politicians on the Constitutional Council who crowdsourced their work to the larger public. The comparison suggests that on some crucial aspects the more inclusively written text is marginally but significantly better than that written by experts alone.
Non-uniform sizing of PV cells in the dense-array module to match the non-uniform illumination in dish-type CPV systems
Authors: Lv Hui , Huang Xiaochuan , Li Jin , Huang Weiwei , Li Yan , Su Yuehong 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
To reduce the efficiency reduction caused by non-uniformity of illumination, a dense-array module with non-uniform sizing of photovoltaic (PV) cells is proposed for dish-type concentrating PV systems. The non-uniform-sized dense-array module has been designed and analyzed theoretically at the ideal irradiance of Gaussian distribution, which consists of 48 silicone solar cells. Using the ZEMAX optical simulation software, the realistic distribution of the Gaussian-like facula on the PV module has been modelled in a dish-type concentrator system. The experiments are done under the conditions of different alignments to imitate the different two-axis tracking accuracy with or without a homogenizer. Besides, the performances of dense-array modules with the classical uniform-sized and the proposed non-uniform-sized PV cells are analyzed under various illumination distributions using ZEMAX, respectively. Results show that when the deviation angle of tracking is 0, 0.02, 0.2, the photoelectric conversion efficiency and output power of the proposed non-uniform size dense-array module considerably exceeds the traditional uniform size module. Furthermore, when the tracking deviation angle is no more than 0.02°, it is a very definite possibility that the dish-type concentrator system with non-uniform-sized dense-array module need not a homogenizer as a secondary optical element, which may hence simplify the system structure.
Changing Expectation: Prenatal Care and the Creation of Healthy Pregnancy
Authors: Howard Agnes R 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the early to mid-twentieth-century United States, prenatal care helped reshape pregnancy by extending medical directives into the everyday life of pregnant women. What began with minimal strategies for a few women at high risk grew into a “lifestyle” for all expecting babies. Maternity manuals helped popularize this process. Studying revisions of a widely circulated and publicly funded manual, Prenatal Care, from the U.S. Children’s Bureau between 1913 and 1983, shows that prenatal-care standards offered women healthy pregnancies on condition that they abandon older ways of understanding pregnancy and become maternity patients. Prenatal Care taught women to take positive steps to enhance outcomes, but a woman’s active role in her own pregnancy was complicated by the fact that the guides made obedience to her doctor her primary responsibility.
Plasticity Is Key to Success of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Invasion
Authors: Little Catherine M , Chapman Thomas W , Hillier N Kirk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
After its initial discovery in California in 2008, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura has become one of the most important invasive agricultural pest insects across climate zones in much of Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Populations of D. suzukii have demonstrated notable behavioral and physiological plasticity, adapting to diverse environmental and climatic conditions, interspecific competition, novel food sources, and potential predators. This adaptability and plasticity have enabled rapid range expansion and diversified niche use by D. suzukii, making it a species particularly suited to changing habitats and conditions. This article reviews factors and evidence that influence plasticity in D. suzukii and promotes this species’ invasiveness.
Realized Variance Modeling: Decoupling Forecasting from Estimation*
Authors: Cipollini Fabrizio , Gallo Giampiero M , Palandri Alessandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This article evaluates the in-sample fit and out-of-sample forecasts of various combinations of realized variance models and functions delivering estimates (estimation criteria). Our empirical findings highlight that: independently of the econometrician’s forecasting loss (FL) function, certain estimation criteria perform significantly better than others; the simple ARMA modeling of the log realized variance generates superior forecasts than the Heterogeneous Autoregressive (HAR) family, for any of the FL functions considered; the (2, 1) parameterizations with negative lag-2 coefficient emerge as the benchmark specifications generating the best forecasts and approximating long-range dependence as does the HAR family.
Panmixia in a sea ice-associated marine mammal: evaluating genetic structure of the Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) at multiple spatial scales
Authors: Beatty William S , Lemons Patrick R , Sethi Suresh A , Everett Jason P , Lewis Cara J , Lynn Robert J , Cook Geoffrey M , Garlich-Miller Joel L , Wenburg John K 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe kin structure of a species at relatively fine spatial scales impacts broad-scale patterns in genetic structure at the population level. However, kin structure rarely has been elucidated for migratory marine mammals. The Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) exhibits migratory behavior linked to seasonal patterns in sea ice dynamics. Consequently, information on the spatial genetic structure of the subspecies, including kin structure, could aid wildlife managers in designing future studies to evaluate the impacts of sea ice loss on the subspecies. We sampled 8,303 individual walruses over a 5-year period and used 114 single-nucleotide polymorphisms to examine both broad-scale patterns in genetic structure and fine-scale patterns in relatedness. We did not detect any evidence of genetic structure at broad spatial scales, with low FST values (≤ 0.001) across all pairs of putative aggregations. To evaluate kin structure at fine spatial scales, we defined a walrus group as a cluster of resting individuals that were less than one walrus body length apart. We found weak evidence of kin structure at fine spatial scales, with 3.72% of groups exhibiting mean relatedness values greater than expected by chance, and a significantly higher overall observed mean value of relatedness within groups than expected by chance. Thus, the high spatiotemporal variation in the distribution of resources in the Pacific Arctic environment likely has favored a gregarious social system in Pacific walruses, with unrelated animals forming temporary associations.
A 70% Reduction in Mosquito Populations Does Not Require Removal of 70% of Mosquitoes
Authors: Lega J , Brown H E , Barrera R 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We added a vector control component to our existing abundance model to simulate intensive vector control in Puerto Rico. Removing 20–30% of gravid females in the model matches observed 60–80% reductions. The model’s capacity to reproduce vector control increases its utility for planning and evaluation strategies.
Baseline Susceptibility Status of Florida Populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus
Authors: Parker Casey , Ramirez Daviela , Thomas Carol , Connelly C Roxanne 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Resistance to insecticides used to control mosquito vectors threatens the ability of mosquito-control organizations to protect public health. Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) are invasive species widely distributed throughout Florida and have been implicated in recent epidemics of Zika, dengue, and chikungunya viruses. Knowledge of the susceptibility status of these mosquito species to pyrethroid and organophosphate active ingredients (AIs) is needed to inform product selection and treatment decisions. The susceptibility of 37 Ae. aegypti and 42 Ae. albopictus populations from Florida was assessed in response to six pyrethroid and three organophosphate AIs using the CDC bottle bioassay method. Of all bioassays completed with a pyrethroid AI, 95% for Ae. aegypti and 30% for Ae. albopictus resulted in a resistant outcome. For organophosphate AIs, ~31% of assays conducted for both species were classified as resistant. The highest frequency of susceptibility for both species was observed in response to the organophosphate AI, naled. Lambda-cyhalothrin was the only pyrethroid to result in a susceptible status for Ae. aegypti and also had the highest frequency of susceptibility for Ae. albopictus. Resistance was detected to every AI tested for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, but there was a pronounced trend of pyrethroid resistance in Florida populations of Ae. aegypti. The results of this work provide evidence for the need to decrease reliance on pyrethroids and to implement different methods of control of Ae. aegypti in Florida.
Association of Body Mass Index With Colorectal Cancer Risk by Genome-Wide Variants
Authors: Campbell Peter T , Lin Yi , Bien Stephanie A , Figueiredo Jane C , Harrison Tabitha A , Guinter Mark A , Berndt Sonja I , Brenner Hermann , Chan Andrew T , Chang-Claude Jenny , Gallinger Steven J , Gapstur Susan M , Giles Graham G , Giovannucci Edward , Gruber Stephen B , Gunter Marc , Hoffmeister Michael , Jacobs Eric J , Jenkins Mark A , Le Marchand Loic , Li Li , McLaughlin John R , Murphy Neil , Milne Roger L , Newcomb Polly A , Newton Christina , Ogino Shuji , Potter John D , Rennert Gad , Rennert Hedy S , Robinson Jennifer , Sakoda Lori C , Slattery Martha L , Song Yiqing , White Emily , Woods Michael O , Casey Graham , Hsu Li , Peters Ulrike 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Body mass index (BMI) is a complex phenotype that may interact with genetic variants to influence colorectal cancer risk.

Methods
We tested multiplicative statistical interactions between BMI (per 5 kg/m2) and approximately 2.7 million single nucleotide polymorphisms with colorectal cancer risk among 14 059 colorectal cancer case (53.2% women) and 14 416 control (53.8% women) participants. All analyses were stratified by sex a priori. Statistical methods included 2-step (ie, Cocktail method) and single-step (ie, case-control logistic regression and a joint 2-degree of freedom test) procedures. All statistical tests were two-sided.

Results
Each 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI was associated with higher risks of colorectal cancer, less so for women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.14, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.11 to 1.18; P = 9.75 × 10–17) than for men (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.20 to 1.32; P = 2.13 × 10–24). The 2-step Cocktail method identified an interaction for women, but not men, between BMI and a SMAD7 intronic variant at 18q21.1 (rs4939827; Pobserved = .0009; Pthreshold = .005). A joint 2-degree of freedom test was consistent with this finding for women (joint P = 2.43 × 10–10). Each 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI was more strongly associated with colorectal cancer risk for women with the rs4939827-CC genotype (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.16 to 1.32; P = 2.60 × 10–10) than for women with the CT (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.19; P = 1.04 × 10–8) or TT (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.14; P = .02) genotypes.

Conclusion
These results provide novel insights on a potential mechanism through which a SMAD7 variant, previously identified as a susceptibility locus for colorectal cancer, and BMI may influence colorectal cancer risk for women.
Volumetric analysis of IDH-mutant lower-grade glioma: a natural history study of tumor growth rates before and after treatment
Authors: Huang Raymond Y , Young Robert J , Ellingson Benjamin M , Veeraraghavan Harini , Wang Wei , Tixier Florent , Um Hyemin , Nawaz Rasheed , Luks Tracy , Kim John , Gerstner Elizabeth R , Schiff David , Peters Katherine B , Mellinghoff Ingo K , Chang Susan M , Cloughesy Timothy F , Wen Patrick Y 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Lower-grade gliomas (LGGs) with isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and/or 2 (IDH1/2) mutations have long survival times, making evaluation of treatment efficacy difficult. We investigated the volumetric growth rate of IDH mutant gliomas before and after treatment with established glioma therapies to determine whether a significant change in growth rate could be documented and perhaps be used in the future to evaluate treatment response to investigational agents in LGG trials.

Methods
In this multicenter retrospective study, 230 adult patients with IDH1/2 mutated LGGs (World Health Organization grade II or III) undergoing surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy for progressive non-enhancing tumor were identified. Subjects were required to have 3 MRI scans containing T2/fluid attenuated inversion recovery imaging spanning a minimum of 6 months prior to treatment. A mixed-effect model was used to estimate tumor growth prior to treatment. A subset of 95 patients who received chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or chemoradiotherapy and had 2 posttreatment imaging time points available were evaluated for change in pre- and posttreatment volumetric growth rates using a piecewise mixed model.

Results
The pretreatment volumetric growth rate across all 230 patients was 27.37%/180 days (95% CI: [23.36%, 31.51%]). In the 95 patients with both pre- and posttreatment scans available, there was a significant difference in volumetric growth rates before (26.63%/180 days, 95% CI: [19.31%, 34.40%]) and after treatment (−15.24% /180 days, 95% CI: [−21.37%, −8.62%]) (P &lt; 0.0001). The growth rates for patient subgroup with 1p/19q codeletion (N = 118) was significantly slower than the rate of the 1p/19q non-codeleted group (N = 68) (22.84% vs 35.49%, P = 0.0108).

Conclusion
In this study, we evaluated the growth rates of IDH mutant gliomas before and after standard therapy. Further study is needed to establish whether a change in growth rate is associated with patient survival and its use as a surrogate endpoint in clinical trials for IDH mutant LGGs.
Suspended Deportation Orders: A Proposed Law Reform
Authors: Collinson Jonathan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Immigration Act 2014, the UK statutory law governing deportation, requires deportation as the normal consequence of criminal offending by a foreign national. Deportation is a binary institution; a foreign national offender (FNO) is made subject to a deportation order and deported from the UK, or they are not. This is problematic because it creates two kinds of ‘hard cases’ on either side of the statutory categories for exemption from deportation on the basis of an FNO’s article 8 ECHR family life. This article proposes the introduction of a ‘suspended deportation order’ so as to create a third possible disposal for deportation appeals as a means by which to tackle the problems arising from the binary outcomes to deportation appeals. The article examines suspended prison sentences as a model for the rationale and practical application of a ‘suspended deportation order’, noting both similarities and differences to this fixture of sentencing law.
The Effectiveness of Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Axial Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review with Narrative Synthesis
Authors: Conger Aaron , Sperry Beau P , Cheney Cole W , Burnham Taylor M , Mahan Mark A , Onofrei Ligia V , Cushman Daniel M , Wagner Graham E , Shipman Hank , Teramoto Masaru , McCormick Zachary L 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveDetermine the effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for the treatment of axial low back pain (LBP) with or without leg pain.DesignSystematic review.SubjectsPersons aged ≥18 with axial LBP with or without accompanying leg pain.InterventionTraditional low-frequency, burst, or high-frequency SCS.ComparisonSham, active standard of care treatment, or none.OutcomesThe primary outcome was ≥50% pain improvement, and the secondary outcome was functional improvement measured six or more months after treatment intervention.MethodsPublications in PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases were reviewed through September 19, 2019. Randomized or nonrandomized comparative studies and nonrandomized studies without internal controls were included. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and GRADE system were used to assess individual study characteristics and overall quality.ResultsQuery identified 262 publications; 17 were suitable for inclusion. For high-frequency SCS, the only level 1 study showed that 79% (95% confidence interval = 70–87%) of patients reported ≥50% pain improvement. For low-frequency SCS, the only level 1 study reported no categorical data for axial LBP-specific outcomes; axial LBP improved by a mean 14 mm on the visual analog scale at six months. Meta-analysis was not performed due to study heterogeneity.ConclusionsAccording to GRADE, there is low-quality evidence that high-frequency SCS compared with low-frequency SCS is effective in patients with axial LBP with concomitant leg pain. There is very low-quality evidence for low-frequency SCS for the treatment of axial LBP in patients with concomitant leg pain. There is insufficient evidence addressing the effectiveness of burst SCS to apply a GRADE rating.
Methodological Quality of Physical Therapy Guidelines and Their Suitability for Adaptation: A Scoping Review
Authors: Becker Monika , Strunk Katharina , Buschhaus Niels , Bühn Stefanie , Pieper Dawid 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) can be characterized to the extent that they specifically address physical therapists and mainly contain recommendations for physical therapist interventions. The primary aim of this study was to identify existing physical therapy CPGs regardless of medical condition, with a secondary aim of assessing their methodological quality to determine whether they are potentially suitable for adaptation.

Methods
Systematic searches of the Medline and Physiotherapy Evidence Database were performed (August 2019), and the websites of World Confederation for Physical Therapy members were screened (September 2019). Only CPGs published in German or English were included. Two independent reviewers screened records according to previously defined inclusion criteria. Information was extracted regarding country of origin, year of publication, and clinical subject area addressed. Four independent reviewers assessed the quality of physical therapy CPGs using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation instrument. A descriptive data analysis was performed.

Results
Thirty-five CPGs met the inclusion criteria; 46% (16/35) of the included CPGs were from the United States, and 31% (11/35) were from the Netherlands. Assessment using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation tool resulted in the following domain scores, presented as median percentage (interquartile range): domain 1 (scope and purpose), 76 (63–92); domain 2 (stakeholder involvement), 63 (55–76); domain 3 (rigor of development), 67 (53–75); domain 4 (clarity of presentation), 74 (67–77); domain 5 (applicability), 44 (30–57); and domain 6 (editorial independence), 52 (35–66).

Conclusions
In general, the methodological quality of the included CPGs was moderate to good. Possibilities of adapting recommendations from existing CPGs should be considered with the development of new physical therapy CPGs.

Impact Statement
This study can raise awareness of existing physical therapy CPGs and can support their application by physical therapists. Further, the study can support decisions on adapting existing CPGs with the planning of new physical therapy CPGs.