bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolomics study of platelet concentrates photochemically treated with amotosalen and UVA light for pathogen inactivation
Authors: Jóhannsson Freyr , Árnason Níels Á. , Landrö Ragna , Guðmundsson Sveinn , Sigurjonsson Ólafur E. , Rolfsson Óttar 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe risk of bacterial contamination and the deterioration of platelet (PLT) quality limit the shelf‐life of platelet concentrates (PCs). The INTERCEPT pathogen inactivation system reduces the risk of pathogen transmission by inhibiting nucleic acid replication using a combination of a photo‐reactive compound and UVA illumination. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects the INTERCEPT system has on the PLT metabolome and metabolic activity.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSPaired units of buffy coat‐derived PCs were generated using a pool and split strategy (n = 8). The paired PCs were either treated with the INTERCEPT system or left untreated. Samples were collected on Days 1, 2, 4, and 7 of storage. Ultra‐performance chromatography coupled with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze the extra‐ and intracellular metabolomes. Constraint‐based metabolic modeling was then used to predict the metabolic activity of the stored PLTs.RESULTSA relatively large number of metabolites in the extracellular environment were depleted during the processing steps of the INTERCEPT system, in particular, metabolites with hydrophobic functional groups, including acylcarnitines and lysophosphatidylcholines. In the intracellular environment, alterations in glucose and glycerophospholipid metabolism and decreased levels of 2‐hydroxyglutarate were observed following the INTERCEPT treatment. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed residual amotosalen dimers present in the treated PCs. Systems‐level analysis of PLT metabolism indicated that the INTERCEPT system does not have a significant impact on the PLT energy metabolism and nutrient utilization.CONCLUSIONSThe INTERCEPT system significantly alters the metabolome of the stored PCs without significantly influencing PLT energy metabolism.
Design Optimization of a Blended Blade and Endwall in a Compressor Cascade
Authors: Li Jiabin , Ji Lucheng , Zhou Ling 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The blended blade and endwall (BBEW) contouring technology can adjust the dihedral angle between suction surface and endwall, thus reducing corner separation in compressors. Generally, the design of BBEW relies on the experiences, the effective design results may not be the optimal result. In this paper, an optimization approach based on the genetic algorithm (GA) for feature selection and parameter optimization of support vector machine (SVM) is used to obtain the optimal BBEW parameters in a compressor cascade. Based on the sensitivity analysis of the results, it is found that the maximum blended width and the axial position of the maximum blended width are the two most important design parameters. The experimental results show that the optimal BBEW cascade can stretch the spanwise area of the high loss region, and reduce the maximum value in it. The numerical studies were conducted to analyze the flow mechanism. It is shown that the BBEW cascade has a transverse pressure difference at the axial position of the maximum blended width, and magnitude of the pressure difference in proportion to the maximum blended width. The transverse pressure difference removes the low-energy fluid from the corner to the main flow, thus improving the corner separation.
Conducting Non-adaptive Experiments in a Live Setting: A Bayesian Approach to Determining Optimal Sample Size
Authors: Sudarsanam Nandan , Chandran Ramya , Frey Daniel D. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This research studies the use of predetermined experimental plans in a live setting with a finite implementation horizon. In this context, we seek to determine the optimal experimental budget in different environments using a Bayesian framework. We derive theoretical results on the optimal allocation of resources to treatments with the objective of minimizing cumulative regret, a metric commonly used in online statistical learning. Our base case studies a setting with two treatments assuming Gaussian priors for the treatment means and noise distributions. We extend our study through analytical and semi-analytical techniques which explore worst-case bounds, the presence of unequal prior distributions, and the generalization to k treatments. We determine theoretical limits for the experimental budget across all possible scenarios. The optimal level of experimentation that is recommended by this study varies extensively and depends on the experimental environment as well as the number of available units. This highlights the importance of such an approach which incorporates these factors to determine the budget.
Design of a Probabilistic Health Monitoring System Using Embedded Piezoelectric Patch Sensors
Authors: Eshghi Amin Toghi , Lee Soobum , Jung HyunJun , Wang Pingfeng 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper proposes a probabilistic model for the placement of sensors that considers uncertain factors in the sensing system to find the best arrangement of sensor locations. Traditional procedures for structural health monitoring (SHM) usually rely on simplified behavior and deterministic factors from structure’s response. Incorporating the sources of uncertainty (e.g., loading condition, material properties, and geometrical parameters) in the design of sensor network will enhance the safety and extend the useful life of the complex mechanical systems. The proposed method is defined in a reliability-based design optimization framework to search for the sufficient number of sensors for failure detection using Genetic Algorithm. The optimal arrangement is found as the one that minimizes the number and size of sensor patches and maximizes the expected probability for failure detection. This design concept involves a new failure diagnosis indicator, named detectability, formulated based on the Mahalanobis Distance (MD). MD distribution is used as a measure of the quality of the obtained sensor configuration suitable for many sensing/actuation SHM processes, while considering the uncertainties such as those from structure properties and operation condition. The MD classifier categorizes large sets of testing data by comparing the distances of the mean with the distribution of available training data sets. Statistical evaluation of failure detectability can be obtained by comparing the distribution of MD for different failure modes. Kriging modeling, used for metamodel-based design optimization, is applied for surrogate modeling of the stochastic performance of system to reduce computational cost. The surrogate model is constructed by correlating the sensor output to the vibration pattern of the structure and sensor variable inputs (e.g., size and location). Direct finite element analysis (FEA) evaluates the sensor output with respect to the input variables. Consequently, the constructed kriging model enables the estimation of sensor output for any arbitrary sensor arrays. As a case study, a rectangular panel with a size of 40 cm × 30 cm is considered that is fastened using eight screw joints. The harmonic vibration force is applied to the center of the plate and its varied vibration pattern is used to detect the joint failure. Eight different combinations of join failure are defined as health statuses (failure modes), and different size and layouts of the piezoelectric sensors are considered to detect the health status. The results verify the capabilities of the new method for failure diagnosis of screw joints in a panel with high sensitivity of fault detection.
Design and Realization of Temperature-Driven Smart Structure Based on Shape Memory Polymer in 4D Printing
Authors: Feng Yixiong , Zeng Siyuan , Gao Yicong , Zheng Hao , Qiu Hao , Tan Jianrong 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In the traditional 4D printing method using Shape Memory Polymer (SMP), the design process and preparation of 4d printing are complex. In this research, we proposed a design method of a temperature-driven SMP smart structure and made Realization. This smart structure also a bilayer structure use an SMP material in one printing process to realize the deformation in 4D printing. The design of the smart structure is mainly realized by parameter allocation in the printing process, such as print line width, print line height, print temperature, simulation temperature, and fill the form in Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). Through experimental determination and analysis of statics and thermodynamics, our method fitting out the model relationship between process parameters and the curvature and strain of smart structure. This bilayer smart structure widely applied to the self-folding. In the example stage, this paper mainly uses PLA as an SMP material for the preparation of structure. Observing that the motion behaviors of the smart structure conformed to the model measured in this paper, the average accuracy of the strategy reaches 95%.
Geometrically Nonlinear Vibration Attenuation of Functionally Graded Magneto-Electro-Elastic Shells
Authors: Kattimani Subhaschandra , Joladarashi Sharnappa , Mahesh Vinyas 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this paper, Geometrically Nonlinear Vibrations (GNV) of Functionally Graded Magneto-Electro-Elastic (FGMEE) shells integrated with a patch of Active Constrained Layer Damping (ACLD) treatment is studied. In case of FG material, properties vary along the z-coordinates using power-law index. Finite element model is developed for FGMEE doubly curved shell using a shear deformation theory by considering non linearity to analyze the FGMEE shell. The structure consists of magnetostrictive material (CoFe2O4) and piezoelectric material (BaTiO3) FGMEE doubly curved shell with piezoelectric composite (1-3 PZC) is used as a constraining layer for viscoelastic layer, which is modelled using Golla-Hughes-McTavish (GHM) method. The analysis is carried out in time domain by considering the effects of coupling coefficients, curvature ratio and patch location on the behaviour of the nonlinear frequency of the shell. The amplitude of vibrations reduces considerably by considering the active ACLD patches (1-3 PZC) of the FGMEE shell with nominal control voltage.
Analytical Modeling and Simulation of the Blocked Force and Large Deformation of Multifunctional Segmented Lithium Ion Battery Unimorph Actuator
Authors: Gonzalez Cody , Ma Jun , Frecker Mary , Rahn Christopher 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A self-powered, and self-actuating lithium ion battery (LIB) has the potential to achieve large deformation while still maintaining actuation force. The energy storage capability allows for continual actuation without an external power source once charged. Reshaping the actuator requires a nonuniform distribution of charge and/or bending stiffness. Spatially varying the state of charge and bending stiffness along the length of a segmented unimorph configuration have the effect of improving the tailorability of the deformed actuator. In this paper, an analytical model is developed to predict the actuation properties of the segmented unimorph beam to determine its usefulness as an actuator. The model predicts the free deflection, blocked deflection, and blocked force at the tip as a function of spatially varying state of charge and bending stiffness. The main contribution of the paper is the development of blocked deflection over the length of the segmented unimorph, which has not yet been considered in the literature. The model is verified using experimental data and commercial finite element analysis.
Versatile Layering Approach to Pneumatic Soft Actuator Manufacturing
Authors: Allen Emily A. , Swensen John P. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a layering approach for the manufacturing of pneumatic soft actuators as a coalesced solution to the diverse array of existing fabrication methods. While most research groups have developed their own (often tedious) fabrication strategies for soft actuators, these methods are usually based on available equipment and project-specific design requirements, making them impractical for use in other laboratories. In contrast, the layered substrate approach enables repeatable production of highly-capable pneumatic actuators that can be easily customized to suit a variety of applications. Here we propose layering fiber-reinforced silicone on both sides of a thin pneumatic chamber to directionally constrain expansion. Similar in concept to the Venus flytrap, pressurization of the chamber causes the module to deform and expand where unrestrained. Strategic orientation and patterning of the fiber reinforcement layers results in multiple unique shear and bending capabilities upon pressurization. Combinations of multiple reinforced pneumatic units in series or parallel could match the capabilities of most soft pneumatic actuators, while requiring only simple, universal fabrication methods that may be replicated by other research groups.
Shape Memory Alloys in Continuum and Soft Robotic Applications
Authors: Goergen Yannik , Chadda Romol , Britz Rouven , Scholtes Dominik , Koev Nataliya , Motzki Paul , Werthschützky Roland , Kupnik Mario , Seelecke Stefan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Continuum robots are inspired by biological trunks, snakes and tentacles. Unlike conventional robot manipulators, there are no rigid structures or joints. Advantageous is the ease of miniaturization combined with high dexterity, since limiting components such as bearings or gears can be omitted. Most currently used actuation elements in continuum robots require a large drive unit with electric motors or similar mechanisms. Contrarily, shape memory alloys (SMAs) can be integrated into the actual robot. The actuation is realized by applying current to the wires, which eliminates the need of an additional outside drive unit. In the presented study, SMA actuator wires are used in variously scaled continuum robots. Diameters vary from 1 to 60 mm and the lengths of the SMA driven tentacles range from 75 to 220 mm. The SMAs are arranged on an annulus in a defined distance to the neutral fiber, whereby the used cores vary from superelastic NiTi rods to complex structures and also function as restoring unit. After outlining the theoretical basics for the design of an SMA actuated continuum robot, the design process is demonstrated exemplarily using a guidewire for cardiac catheterizations. Results regarding dynamics and bending angle are shown for the presented guidewire.
Full-Field Deformation and Thermal Characterization of GNP/Epoxy and GNP/SMA Fiber/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Kilic Ugur , Sherif Muhammad M. , Daghash Sherif M. , Ozbulut Osman E. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are a class of metallic alloys that possess remarkable characteristics such as superelasticity and shape memory effect. Superelastic SMAs have been considered as fiber in polymer composites due to their ability to recover their deformation upon removal of load, good energy dissipation capacity and impact resistance. Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) consists of small stacks of graphene sheets that are two-dimensional. Both sides of atomic lattice of GNPs contact matrix of a composite system and can generate more sites for potential chemical and physical bonding with the host material. Most importantly, graphene sheets and their derivatives can be produced at large-scale for industrial demand at low-cost.
This study explores the fabrication of multi-scale reinforced epoxy matrix composites in which GNPs and SMA strands are employed as nano- and micro-scale reinforcements, respectively. First, GNPs are dispersed into a ductile and brittle epoxy matrix to produce GNP/epoxy nanocomposites. To study the effect of GNP content on the behavior of the developed nanocomposite, GNPs are added to the epoxy-hardener mixture at different weight percentages (neat, 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%). Uniaxial tensile tests of the developed nanocomposites are conducted under monotonic load up to failure. The optimum GNP content for GNP-reinforced epoxy matrix is determined and used in the fabrication of SMA fiber/epoxy composite. The developed multiscale reinforced epoxy composites are tested under tensile loading and their full-field strain and temperature behavior are monitored and evaluated using a digital image correlation system and an infrared thermal camera.
Developing a Smart Façade System Controller for Wind-Induced Vibration Mitigation in Tall Buildings
Authors: Abdelaziz Khalid M. , Hobeck Jared D. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Tall and slender buildings often endure disturbances resulting from winds composed of various mean and fluctuating velocities. These disturbances result in discomfort for the occupants as well as accelerated fatigue life cycles and premature fatigue failures in the building. This work presents the development of a smart morphing façade (Smorphaçade) system that dynamically alters a buildings’ external shape or texture to minimize the effect of wind-induced vibrations on the building. The Smorphacade system is represented in this work by a series of plates that vary their orientation by means of a central controller module. To validate the simulation, a simple NACA0012 airfoil is simulated in a stream of air at a Reynolds number (RE) of 2 million. The pressure and viscous force profiles are captured to plot the variation of the lift force for different angles of attack that are then validated using published experimental airfoil data. After validation, the airfoil is attached to a linear spring-damper combination and is allowed to translate vertically without rotation according to the force profile captured from the surrounding air stream. A PID controller is developed to equilibrate the vertical position of the airfoil by altering its angle of attack. The model and its utility functions are implemented as an OpenFOAM® module (MSLSolid). Thereafter, the model is expanded to handle a planar case of a building floor carrying 4 controllable plates. The forces on the building profile are summed at the centroid of the building and the windward rigid body motion of the floor is estimated by reflecting the horizontal force component on a Finite Element (FE) model of the building. The time series information of the force acting on the building and the resulting oscillations are captured for exhaustive combinations of the plate angles. This data is used to build a lookup table that gives the best plate configuration for a given wind condition. A controller operates in real-time by searching the lookup table using readings of the wind condition. Preliminary results show a 94% reduction in the amplitudes of wind-induced vibrations.
Modeling and Prototyping of Self-Folding Origami Structure
Authors: Jovanova Jovana , Domazetovska Simona , Changoski Vasko 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Inspired by the spring blossoms of tulips and origami engineering, we have designed a monolithic self-deployable structure with the ability to fold (close) and unfold (open). The focus of this paper is the 3D design and prototyping of a self-folding origami structure actuated by shape memory alloys (SMAs). SMA actuators, spring and wires, provide controllable actuation based on the simplicity of their design and the shape memory effect. In mechanical engineering, the art of origami provides a novel approach for compliant mechanisms devices enabling relative movement between the components with reduction of the number of parts. The self-folding origami structures can be used in many applications for volume reduction in packaging and space engineering.
Additive manufacturing technologies enable easy and fast prototyping of the monolithic structure. The geometry of the structure and the integration of smart active materials within the structure enable the design to achieve complete self-folding.
Towards Highly Reconfigurable Carbon Fiber Composite
Authors: Casalotti Arnaldo , Lanzara Giulia , Snyder Matthew P. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article discusses an approach to develop innovative carbon fiber composites that have the capability to change shape according to a prescribed input. The approach is based on the study of specific stacking sequences of unidirectional fiber plies cured on a curved mold.
The effects of the above-mentioned aspects are investigated on the manufactured specimen. The combined thermo-mechanical response is investigated by performing mechanical tests at various prescribed temperatures and the intensity of the shape change is evaluated together with the corresponding stiffness variation.
The experimental campaign is mostly devoted to characterize the response of the manufactured sample and demonstrate the great capability of the proposed approach to develop a smart material with enhanced shape and stiffness variation according the prescribed input.
Ultra-Long Nanocomposite Wire Ropes
Authors: Marini Marco , Talò Michela , Lanzara Giulia , Lacarbonara Walter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) represent an effective filler to be incorporated into polymer matrices. Their physical properties allow them to exert a remarkable strengthening effect, while their nano-scale leaves the polymer weight unaltered. Exploiting their high strength-to-weight ratio, CNT/polymer nanocomposites appear to be the ideal materials to be shaped as wires and fibers. In this work, an ad-hoc innovative extrusion process is proposed to fabricate though and ultralong CNT/polymer nanocomposite wires. The process parameters are finely tuned to produce nanocomposite filaments exhibiting optimized mechanical properties. Optical analyses validate the morphological features of the fabricated filaments having an averaged diameter of 350 μm. Monotonic tensile tests are carried out to investigate the mechanical response of wires with CNTs content ranging from 1 wt% to 3 wt%. Young’s modulus and tensile strength registered increments of 47% and 43%, respectively, when comparing the 3 wt% CNT nanocomposite wires with the neat polymer wires. Finally, cyclic tensile tests are employed to investigate the change in damping capacity that accompanies the integration of CNTs into the polymer matrix. Such optimized CNTs nanocomposite wires can be easily integrated into several devices or assembled into ropes and yarns with multifunctional, improved properties.
Morphing Airfoil Design via L-System Generated Topology Optimization
Authors: Mikkelsen Madalyn , Mathew Michayal , Walgren Patrick , Bielefeldt Brent , Leal Pedro B. C. , Hartl Darren , Arrieta Andres 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Morphing airfoils present an effective approach to managing the different requirements in each segment of a mission profile (e.g., takeoff/landing, cruise, and active maneuvering). In this work, an approach to morphing airfoil design that couples aerodynamic performance and internal structural configuration is detailed. The internal structural topology is formulated using a Lindenmayer System (L-System) coupled with a graph-based interpreter known as Spatial Interpretation for Development of Reconfigurable Structures (SPIDRS). The L-System encodes design variables that are interpreted via SPIDRS graphical operations and governs the development of the internal configuration (composed of elastic structural members and actuators). The global optimization uses a weakly coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) scheme for a first-order estimation of the aeroelastic loads that are critical for airfoil aerodynamic performance and structural integrity. Each airfoil is evaluated in two states: a standard non-actuated state to determine performance in standard operating conditions (e.g., cruise) and a high lift state, where internal shape memory alloy actuators are deformed to create a high lift configuration for the airfoil (e.g., takeoff/landing). Evaluating the aerodynamic performance of airfoils in these two states results in a series of potential solutions that best manage the tradeoff between aerodynamic metrics for both evaluated cases.