bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teleology in Jewish Philosophy
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Medieval and early modern Jewish philosophers developed their thinking in conversation with various bodies of literature. The influence of ancient Greek and Arabic sources was fundamental to the very constitution of medieval Jewish philosophical discourse. Toward the late Middle Ages, Jewish philosophers also established a critical dialogue with Christian Scholastics. In addition to these philosophical corpora, Jewish philosophers drew significantly upon rabbinic sources and the Hebrew Bible. In order to clarify the unique as well as shared elements in the thought of medieval Jewish philosophers, this chapter begins with a brief study of some early rabbinic sources on the purpose of the world. The second part of this chapter studies Maimonides’s critique of the veracity and usefulness of the belief in (anthropocentric) teleology, and the critical reception of his views by later philosophers. The third part addresses discussions of divine teleology in Kabbalistic literature. The fourth and final section elucidates Spinoza’s critique of teleology, its precise target and scope, and its debt to earlier sources discussed in this chapter.
Contemporary Teleology
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Many contemporary thinkers see a challenge to teleology that accompanied Darwin’s proposal of modern evolutionary theory. This chapter articulates this challenge, and reviews the two primary contemporary approaches to teleology: etiological versus causal role accounts of biological function. Both approaches attempt to naturalize teleology—to analyze teleology in a way consistent with the natural sciences, especially biological science. While this is an enormously productive endeavor, there are some reasons to be skeptical about the ultimate success of this approach to teleology.
Development of the Parental Brain in Nonhuman Mammals
Authors: Numan Michael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 examines the development of the parental brain in animals, emphasizing that the way a mother treats her offspring affects their brain development and their subsequent maternal behavior, leading to an intergenerational continuity of maternal phenotypes. Two proposals are evaluated. First, maternal treatment influences the development of maternal motivation circuits in offspring. In support, the development of medial preoptic area projections to the mesolimbic dopamine system is affected. Second, maternal treatment influences the development of neural systems that regulate anxiety and stress reactivity in offspring. In support, the development of medial prefrontal cortex regulation of amygdala reactivity to stressful situations is affected. Deficient development of maternal motivation circuits may contribute to neglectful maternal behavior; deficient development of emotion regulation circuits may contribute to abusive maternal behavior. Epigenetics, particularly DNA methylation, and gene by environment interactions are involved in these processes.
Rawls and Luck Egalitarianism
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In A Theory of Justice, Rawls famously noted that many (dis)advantages reflect the outcomes of the social and the natural lottery. In these remarks, inter alia, some have seen the early appearance in Rawls’s work of what was later developed into a full-blown luck egalitarian theory of justice. Luck egalitarianism says that it is unjust if some are worse off than others through no choice or fault of their own. This principle differs from Rawls’s theory of justice. This had led some political philosophers to criticize Rawls for not thinking through the implications of his luck egalitarian commitments. This chapter (1) presents conflicting interpretations of the role considerations about luck play in Rawls; (2) assesses the exegetical support on offer for these interpretations; and, finally, (3) discusses what role considerations about luck should play in a theory of justice in the light of recent relational egalitarian theories.
Civil Wrongs and Civil Procedure
Authors: Shapiro Matthew A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter addresses the significance of civil procedure in private law’s treatment of civil wrongs. It begins by canvassing contemporary private law theory, focusing in particular on the civil recourse theory of tort law. The chapter notes that civil recourse theory incorporates assumptions about private law’s characteristic responses to wrongs, each of which is, ultimately, an assumption about the law of civil procedure. They include assumptions that civil litigation is strongly adversarial, that it provides plaintiffs with an opportunity to confront defendants for civil wrongs, and that it culminates in an authoritative judicial declaration of where things stand between the parties as a matter of right. This chapter also points out that civil recourse theorists tend to treat these features of procedural law as fixed and essential elements of tort law. But close examination shows this to be a mistake. The rise of routinized settlement and arbitration, among other things, suggests that private law’s procedural responses to civil wrongs are varied and changing, often in ways inconsistent with interpretations given by leading theorists.
Tort Remedies as Meaningful Responses to Wrongdoing
Authors: Alles María Guadalupe Martínez 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter argues that tort theorists’ conception of tort remedies is belied by several considerations. The first is that compensatory remedies are usually inadequate as compensation for the setbacks suffered by victims, which implies that they do a poor job of correcting for wrongs. The second is the routine practice of awarding extra-compensatory remedies that either are punitive or have punitive elements. According to this chapter, while sometimes tort law’s remedial responses to wrongs reflect the purely private interests of the victim, it is also important to recognize that they sometimes reflect matters of public interest, too. For these reasons, the chapter argues that one should replace the narrow conceptualization of tort remedies as “private responses” to injurious wrongs and replace it with a wider conceptualization of remedies as “substantive responses” to many-faceted wrongs.
Don’t Crash into Mick Jagger When He Is Driving His Rolls Royce
Authors: Penner James 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter deals with damages in the context of tort law. In this case, the greater the loss, the larger the damages award. The chapter examines this fundamental commitment. It argues that it is unfair that someone wealthy, like Mick Jagger, would be owed greater compensation if he were negligently injured in a crash involving his luxury car than the average person would be if the roles were reversed. The chapter pursues a justification for the kind of consequential loss-based tort that would enable someone like Mick Jagger to be so compensated, but finds none. While the case is strong for fully compensating someone for negligently inflicted bodily injury insofar as everyone has a right of bodily integrity, the case for compensating someone for negligently caused lost wealth is weak for such compensation is neither essential to respecting bodily integrity nor does anyone have a moral obligation “to ensure that the wealthy remain wealthy.”
It’s Something Personal
Authors: Oberdiek John 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter defends a bilateral or “personal” conception of relationality in tort law. It argues that a personalized conception of duty and civil wrongs is compatible with the forward-looking reorientation of tort theory, is interpretively defensible, and is normatively superior to a depersonalized form of relationality. This chapter begins by resisting the conceptual argument that the wrong of negligence is not an affront to anyone in particular. It goes on to explore the value of personhood and argues that only a personalized conception of duty respects the autonomy of persons as agents. Finally, this chapter defends the value of the pattern of relations that only a personalized conception of duty makes possible.
Laws
Authors: Lageson Sarah Esther 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, current legal and policy responses to digital punishment are discussed, documenting the government’s regulatory ineffectiveness with regard to policing these operations and the ways it has chosen, instead, to place the onus of responsibility on the individuals impacted by digital punishment. The testimonies of the hundreds of people interviewed for this book demonstrate that government must regain control over how its data are monetized by third parties. At the same time, government should be held to better transparency standards that provide more insight into criminal justice agency activity rather than disclosing personal information about arrestees and defendants. This final chapter returns to the book’s core questions and suggests a series of policy reforms, asking what information should be public and what information should stay private.
Complex Systems in a Nutshell
Authors: Patterson Megan S. , Lemke Michael K. , Nelon Jordan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the key foundational concepts and principles of the study of complex systems. First, a definition for system is provided, and the distinctions between complicated and complex systems are demarcated, as are detail, disorganized, organized, and dynamic types of complexity. Common properties across complex systems are defined and described, including stable states and steady states, path dependence, resilience, critical transitions and tipping points, early warning signals, feedback loops, and nonlinearity. This chapter also delves into how complex issues often consist of networks, with random, scale-free, and small world networks defined and network concepts such as degrees, path length, and heterogeneity defined. The concept of emergence is also emphasized, as well as related principles such as adaptation and self-organization. Cardiometabolic disease (and associated comorbidities) is used in this chapter as a thematic population health example.
Complex Network Dynamics in Population Health
Authors: Moody James , Pasquale Dana K. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
People constantly interact with each other and their environment, and these interactions—with whom and with what they interact—are not random. Interactions at multiple levels (cellular, neurological, social, physical, environmental) shape one’s experiences and affect health and well-being. These interactions can be represented as a set of networks that feedback and influence other networks. Here we limit our scope to the complex relationship between human social networks and behavior, which frequently forms a feedback loop, and the effect of this relationship on population health outcomes. This chapter introduces traditional network analysis as it pertains to population health, explores examples of interactions between macro-level networks, and proposes future directions for network analysis
Is It Time to Rethink “Normal” in Population Health Research?
Authors: Dawson Neal V. , Andriani Pierpaolo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The normal distribution has been useful to the field of population health—appropriately describing the distribution of many outcomes and serving as a foundation for powerful statistical analyses. But not all outcomes are normally distributed, and this chapter reminds readers of the importance of recognizing, empirically testing for this case, and using appropriate distributional functions to characterize outcomes or as the foundation for statistical and other models. The chapter begins by briefly highlighting several common examples in which nonnormal distributions are used in population health research and then describes two examples in more detail where tremendous meaning is found in recognizing nonnormality. The first is focused on “spectral effects,” variables that contextualize—or change—the relationship between predictor variables and outcomes. These relationships are only illuminated when subpopulations are disaggregated. The second example describes power law distributions and the phenomena that generate them—long recognized but understudied in population health.
Computational Simulation Modeling
Authors: Wolfson Michael C. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter illustrates computer simulation “model thinking,” with brief descriptions of five recent health models along an abstract to applied spectrum. The author starts with a very simple model to assess not only the cross-sectional but also the lifetime redistributive impact of Canada’s publicly funded healthcare. Next is a multilevel interacting agent model seeking to understand why the correlations between city-level income inequality and mortality are so different between Canada and the United States. Following are models that significantly generalize the concept of attributable fraction applied to health-adjusted life expectancy and a genetic missing model to support cost-effectiveness of risk-based breast cancer screening policy options. The fifth model is the most detailed and is being applied to develop projections of long-term care utilization and costs. While this is a diverse set of models, collectively, they illustrate the range of possibilities, and the benefits of “model thinking.”
Making the Global Complexity Turn in Population Health
Authors: Castellani Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
While the story of population health in the 20th century is one of tremendous success, at the global level (and across various countries) it presently faces a crisis of complexity, due in large measure to the forces of globalization. In response, a growing network of researchers have called for the field of population health to make the “complexity turn” to the complexity sciences. To do so, however, a list of challenges need to be addressed. In this chapter, the author uses a complex systems perspective to critically review how the current conventions of population health—from policy and interventions to research design and methods to accepted standards of practice and education—can be advanced to more effectively deal with its crisis of complexity. The review takes the form of a “top 10” list of critiques.
The Renaissance Flute
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The last four decades have seen a revival of interest in the renaissance transverse flute. The few collections of surviving original flutes from the sixteenth century have increasingly attracted musicologists, instrument makers, and players to examine, measure (and copy), perform, and record on them. Renaissance flute workshops and summer courses attract students and amateur players in several corners of Europe every year. At the same time, renaissance manuscripts and early prints have increasingly become available on the internet, providing an ever-expanding supply of materials for flutists wanting to experience renaissance music for themselves. This handbook for renaissance flute players offers all the information needed to buy, maintain, and learn to play the renaissance flute, whether alone or in consort. It explains how to read and interpret renaissance music whether from original notation or in modern editions, how to make your own transcriptions, and how to write your own diminutions. It also introduces readers to the basics of renaissance music theory, in clear and simple language. At a time when the gap between the professional “classical” music world and its public seems to have grown irrevocably, this book aims to demystify the business of making beautiful music together. It is a key to the elegant, cylindrical flute that was played all over Europe in the age of polyphony and to the gentle art of consort playing.
Introduction to the Music
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 is a guide to finding the renaissance music available for flutists to play. This chapter introduces the most common vocal and instrumental genres flutists will encounter, and offers practical advice on where to find music in both online resources and libraries. It also identifies good editions for purchase. Finally, we explain the editorial choices we made in the preparation of our editions in Chapters 7–10.
Music Suitable for One Flute
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 presents our own editions of music for one flute. Some pieces are the top lines of four-part works, while others were composed specifically for a solo instrument. One piece with diminutions is included. An introduction to each piece presents the mode and useful tips for flutists approaching these works for the first time. Each piece also includes a hexachordal analysis and text (when applicable).
The Renaissance Modes
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The renaissance modes are defined and explained in Chapter 11. The expressive character of the different modes is discussed, and we consider what twenty-first-century musicians can do to harness the power that the modes apparently had for renaissance listeners. The accompanying table presents the modes in notation, highlighting the species of fourths and fifths that make up each mode, and also the final and cadence tones.
Yoga in the Music Studio
Authors: McAllister Lesley S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The ancient practice of yoga, which has exploded in popularity in the United States over the past two decades, has the potential to help music students learn to practice more mindfully and reach peak performance more quickly. This book explores how professional musicians and music teachers of all instruments and levels can use yoga postures (asana) and breath work (pranayama) to enhance artistry. It begins with an overview of yoga philosophy and history before delving into principles of movement, alignment, anatomy, and breath. Following a research-oriented chapter illustrating the cognitive, physical, and emotional benefits of yoga, each chapter explores the unique benefits of yoga for a particular population of students, describing specific poses, modifications, sequences, and sample curricula that teachers can immediately implement into private lessons or group classes. Chapter Four describes the developmental benefits of yoga and music education in early childhood and includes a sample eight-week preschool music curriculum. Chapter Five on the adolescent student explains how yoga can alleviate stress related to social and performance anxiety, enhance mindfulness, and increase peer support in a music studio. Chapter Six, for professional musicians and college students, describes how yoga can prevent or alleviate repetitive stress injuries and other physical symptoms. The final chapter offers ideas for appropriate modifications for the retired adult along with a sample eight-week curriculum to combine yoga with Recreational Music Making. Throughout the book, yoga is presented as a tool for reducing physical tension and anxiety while simultaneously improving body awareness, enhancing cognition, and helping music students to achieve peak performance.
Establishing a Foundation
Authors: McAllister Lesley S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter Four explores how early childhood music and movement classes might utilize appropriate yoga postures and breath work for very young children from the ages of three to six, concluding with a sample curriculum for an eight-week summer music course. Building on research on the benefits of music education starting in early childhood, as well as research on the importance of slow, integrated movement for optimal learning and neuromuscular development, this chapter shows how introductory musical concepts may be blended with yoga postures and breath work to enhance attention, motivation, and aural awareness. Some of the proposed poses emphasize crossing the midline, which enhances integration across the two hemispheres of the brain. The postures and breath work may also be used with elementary-age students, so the final section describes how specific techniques might be incorporated in the private lesson, as well.
Developing Resilience, Awareness, and Compassion
Authors: McAllister Lesley S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter Five is dedicated to the adolescent student, who needs stimulation and active movement as well as opportunities to quiet the body and mind. Students at this age commonly experience performance anxiety as well as academic and social stress. The sequences in this chapter include two thirty-minute sequences for brain integration and confidence enhancement as well as a progressive relaxation script to help students become aware of physical tension and learn to release it. The script for a loving-kindness meditation at the end of the chapter may be used by students at any age to instill feelings of compassion and mutual understanding in a way that counteracts competitive tendencies among musicians.
Gaining Courage and Trust
Authors: McAllister Lesley S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter Six is intended for advanced musicians, from college students up to professionals, as well as professors who teach at the college level. For professionals, constant travel and the stress of performance along with long periods of practice without rest can lower the immune system, cause fatigue, and impede performance. These unhealthy behaviors put them at great risk for the development of injury and stress-related disorders. This chapter includes postures to lower the risk of developing an overuse injury, including stretches for mid-practice breaks. It also contains a thirty-minute “heart and hip opener” sequence that might be used on a regular basis before performance, as well as an hour-long sequence to boost confidence. Perhaps the most useful section of this chapter features three fifteen-minute pre-performance routines that combine yoga and breathing; videos of these routines can be found on the companion website.
Preserving the Body and Mind
Authors: McAllister Lesley S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recreational Music Making classes are becoming a common option around the United States for seniors, offering music classes that are fun, social, and relaxing without specific performance expectations or requirements. The research that initiated the RMM movement showed that music lessons correlate with stress reduction, better physical health, and less cognitive decline for the aging population. The booming population of seniors currently seeking personal fulfillment through music study benefits when stretching is combined with music study, resulting in even greater stress reduction and physical well-being. Describing how to maintain a safe practice for students with osteoporosis and other physical ailments, this chapter includes poses that can be performed on a chair or bench. It concludes with a suggested eight-week curriculum for a group of retired adults using safe postures with appropriate modifications.