bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy to treat congenital nasolacrimal canal dysplasia: A retrospective analysis in 40 children
Authors: Cui Yan-Hui , Zhang Cheng-Yue , Liu Wen , Wu Qian , Yu Gang , Li Li , Wei Wen-Bin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: To investigate the therapeutic effectiveness and safety of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EN-DCR) to treat congenital nasolacrimal canal dysplasia (CNCD). Methods: Forty children (50 eyes) with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) and lacrimal bony dysplasia, including 8 children with bony atresia (10 eyes) and 32 with bony stenosis (40 eyes), were recruited in this retrospective study. Standardized EN-DCR was performed in all cases. The postoperative observations included relief of symptoms, fluorescein dye disappearance test (FDDT), syringing of lacrimal passages and anastomotic patency under nasal endoscopy. Patients were followed up for 8-18 months. Results: Standardized EN-DCR surgery had a success (cure and improvement) rate of 100%, including a cure rate of 82% and an improvement rate of 18%. The cure rate among 40 cases of bony nasolacrimal duct stenosis was 82.5%, while that of 10 cases of bony nasolacrimal duct atresia was 80%. Statistical analysis showed that nether the receipt of other treatments before surgery nor the type of bony nasolacrimal duct dysplasia affected the cure rate. No significant complications were observed during postoperative follow-up except for four cases (4 eyes) that suffered middle turbinate and nasal mucosal adhesion and two cases with sinusitis. Conclusions: CNCD is a type of CNLDO that does not respond to conservative and conventional treatment. EN-DCR represents a safe and effective treatment for children with CNCD. In addition, the combination of EN-DCR with lacrimal CT scanning provides advantages over traditional lacrimal surgery in that it has a high success rate with a low incidence of complications.
Key words: nasal endoscopy; endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EN-DCR); children; congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO); nasolacrimal canal dysplasia
Double‐Cropping with Forage Sorghum and Forage Triticale in New York
Authors: Lyons Sarah E. , Ketterings Quirine M. , Godwin Gregory S. , Cherney Jerome H. , Cherney Debbie J. , Meisinger John J. , Kilcer Thomas F. 
Published: October 2019

A rotation trial with forage triticale (xTriticosecaleWittmack) and forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor[L.] Moench) was conducted in central New York from 2016 to 2018. Treatments included four timings of sorghum harvest followed by next‐day triticale planting, five triticale spring N rates (0, 34, 67, 101, 135 kg N ha−1), and two N treatments applied at sorghum planting (fertilized, +N, and unfertilized, –N) using a randomized complete block split‐split‐plot design in four replications. The most economic rate of N (MERN) for triticale in spring 2016 was 86 kg N ha−1with a yield at the MERN of 4.0 Mg dry matter (DM) ha−1. In fall 2016 and spring 2017, total forage yield (triticale plus sorghum) did not increase after the mid‐September harvest for the +N and 135 kg spring N ha−1plots (23.8 Mg DM ha−1average). In fall 2017 and spring 2018, there was no difference in total forage yield across harvest timings (13.4 Mg DM ha−1average), likely due to fewer growing degree days (GDD) that year. We recommend harvesting sorghum ∼1150 GDD after planting or at the soft‐dough stage. Earlier harvests resulted in lower yield but greater digestibility and crude protein. Spring‐applied N did not affect forage sorghum yield or nutritive value. Sorghum fertilized with N resulted in MERNs of 0 kg N ha−1for the following triticale crop. Fertilizing sorghum according to N needs and timely harvest can support both sorghum and triticale yields without having to fertilize triticale in the spring.Core IdeasForage sorghum requires N at planting in non‐manured systems.Forage sorghum can be harvested after 1150 growing degree‐days without a yield reduction.Triticale following fertilized sorghum may not need additional N in the spring.Spring N applied to triticale may not affect forage sorghum yield.
Quantification of Groundwater Nitrate Loading after Raspberry Field Renovation Using High‐Resolution Passive Diffusion Sampling
Authors: Loo Shawn E. , Zebarth Bernie J. , Ryan M. Cathryn , Malekani Farzin , Cey Edwin E. , Suchy Martin , Forge Tom A. 
Published: October 2019

The Abbotsford‐Sumas Aquifer is a permeable, unconfined aquifer in British Columbia, Canada, where raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) production is an important source of groundwater NO3 contamination. Renovation of raspberry fields (i.e., canes chopped, soil tilled and fumigated, and spring manure application prior to replanting), which typically occurs every 6 to 10 yr in response to decreased crop vigor, has been suggested as a possible cause of significant interannual variation in groundwater NO3 concentrations. This study used high‐resolution passive diffusion sampling to quantify the magnitude and timing of NO3 loading to shallow groundwater from a commercial raspberry field during a 6‐yr (2009–2015) monitoring period after crop renovation. After renovation, the annual NO3 loading increased from ∼95 kg N ha−1 in Year 1 to ∼245 kg N ha−1 in Year 2 and decreased to ∼85 kg N ha−1 in Year 3. The average annual NO3 loading from Years 4 to 6 (72 kg N ha−1) was assumed to reflect annual loading without a renovation effect, and the increased loading during Years 1 to 3 was attributed to renovation. Renovation contributed an estimated 33 to 23% of total groundwater NO3 from this field for a 6‐ to 10‐yr renovation cycle. Most of the NO3 loading associated with renovation occurred in Year 2 and was attributed to the manure application. The increased NO3 loading after renovation likely contributes to the spatial and temporally varying NO3 patterns observed in the aquifer. Reducing manure applications during renovation and decreasing renovation frequency have the potential to decrease the groundwater NO3 concentration.Core Ideas
We estimated NO3 flux using vertically high‐resolution groundwater sampling and Darcy flux.
Loading was estimated under raspberry field for 6 yr after stand renovation.
Renovation frequency is an important control on long‐term NO3 concentration.
An estimated one‐third to one‐quarter of groundwater NO3 was from renovation in a 6‐ to 10‐yr cycle.
Manure was potentially the primary source of additional NO3 loading during renovation.
Current Understanding of the Use of Alkaline Extractions of Soils to Investigate Soil Organic Matter and Environmental Processes
Authors: Ohno Tsutomu , Hess Nancy J. , Qafoku Nikolla P. 
Published: October 2019

A better understanding of soil organic matter (SOM) biogeochemistry is critical to meeting the environmental challenges that we face currently with the changing climate. Humic substances obtained from alkaline extractions of soils have played a predominant role in developing our knowledge of SOM chemistry and behavior during the 20th century. Recently, there have been new important developments that, according to some researchers, may be used to argue against the existence of the humic substances in soils as they are presently defined. A debate on the definition and continued use of the term “humic substances” has been taking place at conferences and in the scientific literature. However, because a consensus has not been reached on this important topic, the use of the term “humic substances” in this special issue conforms to the current existing definition of this term. This special issue of the Journal of Environmental Quality includes 10 papers on the subject of “Alkaline Extraction of Soils and Natural Waters to Understand Environmental Processes” and contributes to the ongoing assessment of the role of humic substances in current and future soil, environmental, and ecological studies. The contributed papers are grouped into three broad subject headings: (i) chemistry of humic substances, (ii) humic substances in environmental processes, and (iii) case studies and reviews of humic substances. Continued progress in understanding SOM and C biogeochemistry is essential to achieve long‐term ecological, environmental, and agricultural sustainability through the development of management strategies that conserve soil C and reduce the reliance on chemical inputs for meeting crop nutrient needs.Core Ideas
This section aims to provide a wide‐ranging view of current humic substances research.
Are humic substances appropriate proxies for soil organic matter?
Better understanding of soil organic matter will enable future environmental sustainability.
Solubility of carbon and nitrogen in a sulfur-bearing iron melt: Constraints for siderophile behavior at upper mantle conditions
Authors: Sokol Alexander G. , Khokhryakov Alexander F. , Borzdov Yuri M. , Kupriyanov Igor N. , Palyanov Yuri N. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Carbon solubility in a liquid iron alloy containing nitrogen and sulfur has been studied experimentally in a carbon-saturated Fe-C-N-S-B system at pressures of 5.5 and 7.8 GPa, temperatures of 1450 to 1800 °C, and oxygen fugacities from the IW buffer to log fO2 ΔIW-6 (ΔIW is the logarithmic difference between experimental fO2 and that imposed by the coexistence of iron and wüstite). Carbon saturation of Fe-rich melts at 5.5 and 7.8 GPa maintains crystallization of flaky graphite and diamond. Diamond containing 2100–2600 ppm N and 130–150 ppm B crystallizes in equilibrium with BN within the diamond stability field at 7.8 GPa and 1600 to 1800 °C, while graphite forms at other conditions. The solubility of carbon in the C-saturated metal melt free from nitrogen and sulfur is 6.2 wt% C at 7.8 GPa and 1600 °C and decreases markedly with increasing nitrogen. A 1450–1600 °C graphite-saturated iron melt with 6.2–8.8 wt% N can dissolve: 3.6–3.9 and 1.4–2.5 wt% C at 5.5 and 7.8 GPa, respectively. However, the melt equilibrated with boron nitride and containing 1–1.7 wt% sulfur and 500–780 ppm boron dissolves twice less nitrogen while the solubility of carbon remains relatively high (3.8–5.2 wt%). According to our estimates, nitrogen partitions between diamond and the iron melt rich in volatiles at DNDm/Met=0.013−0.024. The pressure increase in the Fe-C-N system affects iron affinity of N and C: it increases in nitrogen but decreases in carbon. The reduction of C solubility in a Fe-rich melt containing nitrogen and sulfur may have had important consequences in the case of imperfect equilibration between the core and the mantle during their separation in the early Earth history. The reduction of C solubility allowed C supersaturation of the liquid iron alloy and crystallization of graphite and diamond. The carbon phases could float in the segregated core liquid and contribute to the carbon budget of the overlying silicate magma ocean. Therefore, the process led to the formation of graphite and diamond, which were the oldest carbon phases in silicate mantle.
Cl-bearing fluorcalciobritholite in high-Ti basalts from Apollo 11 and 17: Implications for volatile histories of late-stage lunar magmas.
Authors: Greenwood James P. , Abe Kenichi , McKeeby Benjamin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We report the occurrence of a previously unidentified mineral in lunar samples: a Cl-,F-,REE-rich silico-phosphate identified as Cl-bearing fluorcalciobritholite. This mineral is found in late-stage crystallization assemblages of slowly cooled high-Ti basalts 10044, 10047, 75035, and 75055. It occurs as rims on fluorapatite or as a solid-solution between fluorapatite and Cl-fluorcalciobritholite. The Cl-fluorcalciobritholite appears to be nominally anhydrous. The Cl and Fe2+ of the lunar Cl fluorcalciobritholite distinguishes it from its terrestrial analog. The textures and chemistry of the Clfluorcalciobritholite argue for growth during the last stages of igneous crystallization, rather than by later alteration/replacement by Cl-, REE-bearing metasomatic agents in the lunar crust. The igneous growth of this Cl- and F-bearing and OH-poor mineral after apatite in the samples we have studied suggests that the Lunar Apatite Paradox model (Boyce et al. 2014) may be inapplicable for high-Ti lunar magmas. This new volatile-bearing mineral has important potential as a geochemical tool for understanding Cl isotopes and REE chemistry of lunar samples.
Amphibole-rich cumulate xenoliths in the Zhazhalong intrusive suite, Gangdese arc: Implications for the role of amphibole fractionation during magma evolution
Authors: Zhou Jin-Sheng , Yang Zhu-Sen , Hou Zeng-Qian , Wang Qiang 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Amphibole fractionation during the early evolution of arc magmas has been widely inferred on the basis of distinctive geochemical fingerprints of the evolved melts, although amphibole is rarely found as a major mineral phase in arc volcanic rocks, so-called cryptic amphibole fractionation. Here, we present a detailed case study of xenoliths of amphibole-rich cumulate from the Zhazhalong intrusive suite, Gangdese arc, which enables an investigation of this differentiation process using a combination of petrological observations and in situ geochemical constraints. Evidence that the xenoliths represent fragments of igneous cumulates includes: (1) the presence of an amphibole-dominated crystal framework; (2) mineral and whole-rock Fe–Mg exchange coefficients; (3) rare-earth element patterns that are similar in the amphiboles and the xenoliths; (4) the compositions of basaltic to andesitic liquids in equilibrium with amphiboles; and (5) enrichment of the xenoliths in compatible elements and depletion in incompatible elements. The amount of trapped liquid based on La, Ce, and Dy abundances varies from ~12 to ~20%. Actinolitic cores within amphibole grains likely represent reaction between olivine precursor and hydrous melt, as evidenced by their high Cr and Ni contents. Amphibole thermometry and oxybarometry calculations indicate that crystal accumulation occurred over temperatures of 857–1014 °C, at mid-crustal pressures of 312 to 692 MPa and oxygen fugacity between 0.4 and 1.9 log units above the nickel–nickel oxide buffer. Quantification of the major-element compositions of the parent liquids indicates that the Zhazhalong amphibole cumulates crystallized from basaltic to andesitic magmas, probably with a shoshonitic affinity, and with SiO2 contents of 46.4–66.4 wt%. Appropriate partition coefficients, calculated using a parameterized lattice strain model and an empirical partitioning scheme, were employed to calculate the trace-element compositions of the liquids in equilibrium with amphibole. Our results confirm that Dy/Yb and Dy/Dy* ratios, which decrease with increasing degrees of differentiation, can be used as robust signatures of amphibole fractionation. This work presents a direct snapshot of the process of amphibole fractionation and provides a natural example of the hidden amphibole “sponge” in arc crust. In particular, this study also suggests that some appinites likely represent amphibole-rich cumulates, which may help to explain the genesis of other unusual but petrologically significant rocks.
Lessons learned from the national sanitation campaign in Njombe district, Tanzania
Authors: Safari John , Mohamed Hussein , Dimoso Provident , Akyoo Winfrida , Odhiambo Francis , Mpete Regnihaldah , Massa Khalid , Mwakitalima Anyitike 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Sanitation remains one of the Sustainable Development Goals, with slow progress. Tanzania has been implementing the National Sanitation Campaign through a Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approach since 2012. Njombe District Council (DC) has been identified to be among the best performing councils in the implementation of the sanitation campaign. A qualitative study was conducted to document how the CLTS was carried out in Njombe DC, assess progress on CLTS implementation and define the success factors for CLTS implementation. Findings show that CLTS intervention has resulted in increased coverage of improved latrines at a household level from 7.5% before the intervention in 2011 to 99.8% in September 2018. In addition, households with functional hand washing facilities have increased from 5.1% before the intervention to 94% in September 2018. Involvement of political leaders and government officials from the council level to the lowest governmental unit offered important support for CLTS implementation. The best mix of sanitation education, regulation and enforcement was instrumental in raising community awareness, changing collective behavior, making people comply with the village sanitation laws, and the overall success in the sanitation campaign.
A full-scale survey of sludge landfill: sludge properties, leachate characteristics and microbial community structure
Authors: Zhao Xiaodan , Yang Jiazhe , Tu Chengqin , Zhou Zhen , Wu Wei , Chen Guang , Yao Jie , Ruan Danian , Qiu Zhan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this study, a full-scale survey was conducted of a sludge landfill that had been sealed for 10 years to investigate sludge properties, leachate characteristics and microbial community structure. Vertical distribution of sludge and leachate pollutants in the landfill site showed that the sludge and soluble pollutants in the leachate were both distributed almost evenly even after long-term anaerobic digestion, and higher concentrations of soluble pollutants and richness of microbial community were observed at the middle layer. Compared to dewatered excess sludge generated from the activated sludge process before landfill, landfill sludge had a much lower organic content (28.1%), smaller particle size and worse dewaterability. Compared to municipal waste landfill, sludge landfill generated leachate with a lower concentration of organic substances, and comparable concentrations of nitrogenous and phosphorus pollutants. Bacterial community analysis by Illumina MiSeq sequencing showed that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the major phyla, and some new genera (Methylocystaceae, Mariniphaga and Aminicenantes) were enriched in the sludge landfill. Archaeal community analysis showed that aceticlastic methanogenesis by Methanosaeta and Methanosarcina was the main pathway for methane production in the sludge landfill, in contrast to waste landfill with hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis as the main pathway.
Enhanced Auxiliary Cluster Head Selection Routing Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Nigam Gaurav K. , Dabas Chetna 
Published: October 2019

Background & Objective:
Wireless sensor networks are made up of a huge amount of
less powered small sensor nodes that can audit the surroundings, collect meaningful data, and send it
to the base station. Various energy management plans that pursue to lengthen the endurance of
overall network have been proposed over the years, but energy conservation remains the major
challenge as the sensor nodes have finite battery and low computational capabilities. Cluster based
routing is the most fitting system to help in burden adjusting, adaptation to internal failure, and solid
correspondence to draw out execution parameters of wireless sensor network. Low energy adaptive
clustering hierarchy is an efficient clustering based hierarchical protocol that is used to enhance the
lifetime of sensor nodes in wireless sensor network. It has some basic flaws that need to be
overwhelmed in order to reduce the energy utilization and inflating the nodes lifetime.

Methods:
In this paper, an effective auxiliary cluster head selection is used to propose a new
enhanced GC-LEACH algorithm in order to minimize the energy utilization and prolong the lifespan
of wireless sensor network.

Results & Conclusion:
Simulation is performed in NS-2 and the outcomes show that the GCLEACH
outperforms conventional LEACH and its existing versions in the context of frequent
cluster head rotation in various rounds, number of data packets collected at base station, as well as
reduces the energy consumption 14% - 19% and prolongs the system lifetime 8% - 15%.
Varying Association of Extended Hours Dialysis with Quality of Life
Authors: Smyth Brendan , van den Broek-Best Oliver , Hong Daqing , Howard Kirsten , Rogers Kris , Zuo Li , Gray Nicholas A. , de Zoysa Janak R. , Chan Christopher T. , Lin Hongli , Zhang Ling , Xu Jinsheng , Cass Alan , Gallagher Martin , Perkovic Vlado , Jardine Meg 
Published: October 2019

Background and objectives
Little is known about the effect of changes in dialysis hours on patient-reported outcome measures. We report the effect of doubling dialysis hours on a range of patient-reported outcome measures in a randomized trial, overall and separately for important subgroups.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
The A Clinical Trial of IntensiVE Dialysis trial randomized 200 participants to extended or standard weekly hours hemodialysis for 12 months. Patient-reported outcome measures included two health utility scores (EuroQOL-5 Dimensions-3 Level, Short Form-6 Dimension) and their derived quality-adjusted life year estimates, two generic health scores (Short Form-36 Physical Component Summary, Mental Component Summary), and a disease-specific score (Kidney Disease Component Score). Outcomes were assessed as the mean difference from baseline using linear mixed effects models adjusted for time point and baseline score, with interaction terms added for subgroup analyses. Prespecified subgroups were dialysis location (home- versus institution-based), dialysis vintage (≤6 months versus >6 months), region (China versus Australia, New Zealand, Canada), and baseline score (lowest, middle, highest tertile). Multiplicity-adjusted P values (Holm–Bonferroni) were calculated for the main analyses.

Results
Extended dialysis hours was associated with improvement in Short Form-6 Dimension (mean difference, 0.027; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.00 to 0.05; P=0.03) which was not significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons (Padjusted
=0.05). There were no significant differences in EuroQOL-5 Dimensions-3 Level health utility (mean difference, 0.036; 95% CI, −0.02 to 0.09; P=0.2; Padjusted
=0.2) or in quality-adjusted life years. There were small positive differences in generic and disease-specific quality of life: Physical Component Summary (mean difference, 2.3; 95% CI, 0.6 to 4.1; P=0.01; Padjusted
=0.04), Mental Component Summary (mean difference, 2.5; 95% CI, 0.5 to 4.6; P=0.02; Padjusted
=0.05) and Kidney Disease Component Score (mean difference, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.5 to 5.5; P=0.001; Padjusted
=0.005). The results did not differ among predefined subgroups or by baseline score.

Conclusions
The effect of extended hours hemodialysis on patient-reported outcome measures reached statistical significance in some but not all measures. Within each measure the effect was consistent across predefined subgroups. The clinical importance of these differences is unclear.