bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accuracy and Reliability of Space Analysis Measurements in Digital Models with Different Degrees of Crowding
Authors: Lo Giudice Antonino , Muraglie Simone , Martina Stefano , Ronsivalle Vincenzo , Leonardi Rosalia 
Published: January 2020

Background:
With the introduction of digital systems in the orthodontic field, it is not still clear if such systems can accurately substitute analogical systems in the diagnosis and orthodontic treatment plane.

Objective:
The study compared the Arch Length Discrepancy (TALD) and Bolton ratio obtained from plaster dental casts (gold standard) and digital models and tested the null hypothesis that TALD and Bolton ratio measurements in digital models are affected by the degree of crowding.

Methods: The sample included 40 dental models divided into five sub-groups, according to the American Board of Orthodontists (ABO) score of crowding. Plaster casts were scanned by a 3D laser scanner to obtain digital models. In digital and plaster models, the mesiodistal width of each tooth and arch lengths (maxillary and mandibular) were measured to calculate anterior and total Bolton ratios and TALD. Three operators performed measurements on plaster and digital models using a digital caliper and OrthoAnalyzerTM 3D software (3Shape A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark).

Results:
No statistically significant differences were obtained for intra and inter-examiner reliability (p > 0.05). When comparing plaster and digital findings, statistically significant differences were obtained for all measurements except for mandibular arch length and anterior Bolton ratio. In general, there was an overestimation of tooth size and arch length discrepancy in digital models. Moreover, the mean difference of measurements between both the methods increased in more crowded models.

Conclusions:
Crowding affects, the accuracy of Bolton ratio, and the arch length measurements. since the overestimation is relatively small, it should not be considered of clinical significance.
Effects of Cariogenic Bacteria and Sealant Evaluated by International Caries Detection Assessment System
Authors: Nomura Yoshiaki , Fujita Yuko , Ishihara Yoko , Kakuta Erika , Okada Ayako , Maki Kenshi , Hanada Nobuhiro 
Published: January 2020

Aim:Evaluation of tooth surface level effect of cariogenic bacteria and sealant.Background:International Caries Detection Assessment System (ICADS) is a clinical scoring system that can assess the non-cavitated early stage of dental caries by surface level. Scores used in ICDAS are ordinary and each tooth within one individual is not statistically independent.Objective:In this study, by applying mixed effect modeling, the effect of cariogenic bacteria and fissure sealant for tooth surface-level caries progression was analyzed.Methods:Ninety-eight patients who had been regularly visited the dental hospital for the regular check-ups were enrolled in this study. Among them, patients who visited at baseline, after one and two years, were included for the analysis. Fifty-two patients were dropped out. The study population consisted of 25 boys and 21girls and their mean ages were 9.3 +/- 2.1. Salivary levels of cariogenic bacteria were measured by qPCR. Mixed effect modeling with repeated measures was applied for the analysis.Results:Salivary levels ofS. mutansandLactobacilliwere affected by the progression of the ICDAS score. Maxillary teeth, molars and buccal and occlusal surfaces were tended to progress. Maxillary tooth, molar tooth and buccal, approximal, and occlusal surface were tended to be affected by both cariogenic bacteria.Conclusion:By applying mixed effect modeling, highly-detailed surface-level analysis can be available.
Mandibular Behavior after Rapid Maxillary Expansion: A Clinical Study
Authors: Haffaf Radwan A. , Hasan Abdul-kareem , Tizini Mohammad 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME) is a primary part of the contemporary orthodontic treatment plans. In addition to the maxilla, it is important to know its effect on the other dentofacial components. Some studies showed dentofacial changes after RME in the sagittal and vertical planes. The clinical importance of these changes is controversial.

Objective:
To investigate the mandibular changes after RME as the only treatment intervention in the sagittal and vertical planes.

Methods:
Twenty-eight growing patients aged 4-14 years were included in the current study. The bonded acrylic splint expander was used. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken at the beginning of the treatment (T1) and after a retention phase of six months (T2). The mandibular changes were assessed using vertical parameters (SN.MP, MMA, LAFH/TAFH, S.AR/AR.GO) and sagittal parameters (SNB, S.N.POG, N.A.POG). The changes between T1 and T2 were examined by paired samples T-test.

Results:
Two parameters showed a backward rotation in the vertical plane. The parameter S.AR/AR.GO showed a significant increase. The skeletal convexity increased with no clinical significance.

Conclusion:
There were statistically significant changes in the sagittal and vertical planes with no clinical importance. RME may affect the mandibular condyle position.
Comparative Bacteriological and Heavy Metal Toxicity Evaluation of Groundwater Wells Proximal to Pollution Receiving Streams in Ondo City, Nigeria
Authors: Akinnifesi Olufemi J. , Akinneye Joseph O. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Groundwater is the main and easily accessible source of water supply. Aside its over-exploitation problems, groundwater has undergone quality challenges-owing to its proximity to pollution sources.

Methods and Materials:
This study assessed the quality of hand-dug wells situated close to the pollution receiving streams in the Ondo City. Thirty water samples; from fifteen hand-dug wells and fifteen closely associated streams across the city were collected for the study. Physico-chemical, microbial and heavy metals parameters were comparatively analyzed in stream and groundwater samples to assess percolation impact on groundwater quality. Studies were carried out in wet and dry seasons.

Results:
The results obtained from the wells water show that beside temperature and PH, the mean values of other physicochemical parameters like turbidity (111.47 NTU & 68.77 NTU/), total dissolved solid (474.6 mg/l & 68.77mg/l), and electrical conductivity (822.31 µS/cm & 816.79 µS/cm) in both season respectively were above the World Health Organisation (WHO) highest desirable limits. The highest total coliform (T.col) recorded at 11,200 (cfu/100ml) and 11,300 (cfu/100ml) and Faecal coliform at 8,400 (cfu/100ml) and 12,100 (cfu/100ml) for dry and rainy seasons respectively. Highest level of aluminium, cadmium, lead, and chromium concentrations in well water at 1.632mg/l, 0.820mg/l, 0.079mg/l and 0.079mg/l recorded in the rainy season exceeded WHO’s recommendations. Pearson Correlation analysis between well and stream in the dry season shows positive correlation for all water parameters, with strong significance in PH, turbidity, faecal coliform and chromium concentration (0.544, 0.914, 0.414 &0.597) respectively. Similarly, in the rainy season, both well and stream had positive correlations for most parameter tested with significances in turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid and cadmium concentration (0.708, 0.775, 0.766&0.655) respectively.

Conclusion:
The major outcome of this research revealed most water samples (well and stream) failed quality assessments. The positive correlations between wells and polluted stream parameters suggested that distance contributed significantly to well contaminations.
Simple Virilizing Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A case Report of Sudanese 46, XY DSD male with G293D variant in CYP21A2
Authors: Ellaithi Mona , de LaPiscina Idoia Martinez , de La Hoz Ana Belen , de Nanclares Gustavo Perez , Alasha Marwah Abdelrahman , Hemaida Maisa Aldai , Castano Luis 
Published: January 2020

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is a family of inherited disorders that constitute the largest group of Disorders of Sexual Development (DSDs). The classical CAH has two types; the salt-wasting (SW-CAH) and the simple virilizing (SV-CAH). This study is a report of an SV-CAH regarding 46, XY DSD Sudanese male with early signs of puberty at the age of six years.
We designed a customized panel that included 48 genes associated with Disorders of Sexual Development (DSDs) and using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology, detected the pathogenic G293D alteration in the CYP21A2 gene. This variant has been reported in the salt-wasting (SW) form of 46, XX CAH.
Tibiotalar Arthrodesis Using a Hybrid Technique with a New Low-profile Anatomic Plate and Two Compression Screws: First One-year Results of Twenty Patients
Authors: Eckstein Christoph , Füchtmeier Bernd , Müller Franz 
Published: January 2020

Background:
The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate and analyse the first clinical results of a recently developed low-profile anatomic plate in combination with two headless compression screws for tibiotalar arthrodesis.

Methods:
The case series involved 20 consecutive patients who underwent ankle arthrodesis using a hybrid technique. Radiographs were obtained at 6 and 12 weeks and 1 year postoperatively. The outcome was evaluated by using AOFAS and SF 12-questionnaire. Any complications related to the arthrodesis were recorded.

Results:
The follow-up rate was 100%. Patients mean age at the time of surgery was 60.1 years (range, 40-79). Arthrodesis with full weight-bearing occurred in every patient within 12 weeks postoperatively. There were no patients with delayed union, non-union, infection or implant failure. AOFAS Score and SF-12 scores increased considerably compared to preoperatively.

Conclusion:
The hybrid technique for ankle arthrodesis is a tibiotalar compression with screws in combination with rigid anterior plate fixation. Our clinical results demonstrated no implant failure, no infection and fusion in any of the 20 patients. Further studies are necessary to support our first results.
The Latarjet Procedure: Effective and Safe
Authors: Dupley Leanne , Funk Lennard 
Published: January 2020

Background:
The Latarjet procedure is used to treat recurrent anterior shoulder instability in patients with bony glenoid loss and/or failed previous stabilisation surgery. It has reportedly high success rates, but recent publications have reported concerns of high complication rates. This study aims to assess the complications and outcomes of the Latarjet procedure in our institution, with a minimum 2-year follow-up and compared it to the current literature.

Methods:
Patients who underwent the procedure over a 36-month period were included in this study (n=81). Seventy-three (90%) patients in our cohort competed in amateur to professional level sports. The indications for surgery were recurrent instability with associated bony glenoid deficiency and/or previous failed arthroscopic stabilisations. The Oxford Shoulder Instability, Constant Shoulder and QuickDASH scores were recorded pre- and post-operatively, along with post-operative complications and failures.

Results:
Eight (9.9%) complications were recorded: three re-dislocations, two deep infections, one haematoma, one screw breakage and one case of biceps tendinopathy. The mean pre-operative Oxford Shoulder Instability Score improved from 23.2 ± 10.1 to 37 ± 9.2 following the procedure. The mean Constant Shoulder and quickDASH scores also improved from 55.1 ± 21.2 and 30.3 ± 24.3 to 88.1 ± 9.2 and 17.7 ± 23.5 respectively. 98.6% of the patients returned to their pre-injury level of sports.

Conclusion:
From this study it can be concluded the Latarjet procedure is an effective surgical treatment for
recurrent anterior shoulder instability associated with bony glenoid loss, even in high contact professional athletes. Complication rates are lower than previous recent studies have stated.
Litigation Involving Hip and Knee Arthroplasty in the State of California
Authors: Goodman Marla J. , Sheuerman David , Goodman Stuart B. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Total hip and knee arthroplasties are generally very successful surgical procedures; however, if there is a complication or if the patient is dissatisfied with the outcome, the patient may initiate a legal suit against the surgeon.

Methods and Results:
We evaluated the reasons for instigating a legal suit after hip or knee arthroplasty surgery in the State of California between 1981 and 2018. Using a verified database and the keywords hip, knee, replacement, arthroplasty, we identified 12 legal suits filed and adjudicated on during this time period. Of the 12 cases, the major complaints were pain (seven cases), foot drop (three cases) numbness (two cases), foreign item left in the body of the patient (one case), general physical problems (one case), and wrongful death (one case). In some cases, more than one reason was listed (note: the total is greater than 12 because some cases had more than one reason listed).

Conclusion:
In reviewing these cases and the literature on this subject, we conclude that in order to avoid legal suits, doctors should be communicative, honest, and compassionate with patients, be highly competent in their specialty, and maintain meticulous medical record documentation.
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD): A Review on its Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Authors: Salimiaghdam Nasim , Riazi-Esfahani Mohammad , Fukuhara Paula S. , Schneider Kevin , Kenney M. Cristina 
Published: January 2020

Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a type of maculopathy that results in irreversible visual impairment among the aged population in developed countries. The early stages of AMD can be diagnosed by the presence of drusen beneath the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The advanced stages of AMD are geographical atrophy (dry type) and neovascular AMD (wet type), which lead to progressive and severe vision loss. The advanced stage of dry AMD can be identified by extensive large drusen, detachment of the RPE layer and finally degeneration of photoreceptors leading to central vision loss. The late stage of wet AMD is diagnosed by the presence of Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV) identified by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) or retinal angiography. The principal of AMD management is to impede the progression of early AMD to advanced levels. Patients with CNV are treated with anti-VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) compounds to inhibit blood vessel growth and thereby reducing vision loss. Although preventive methods for dry AMD are under investigation, there are no proven effective treatments.A variety of environmental and genetic related risk factors are associated with increased incidence and progression of AMD. The genetic factors are found in the complement, angiogenic and lipid pathways. However, environmental factors, such as smoking and nutrition, are also major risk factors. Smoking is a modifiable environmental risk factor, which greatly increases the incidence and progress of AMD compared to non-smokers. There is growing evidence for the positive influence of a healthy diet containing high levels of anti-oxidant supplements. The reduction of serum lipids is another effective strategy for prevention AMD. Although no single preventive approach has been identified, knowing the high risk factors of AMD, along with modification of lifestyle is important for this multifactorial disease, especially in populations with higher genetic susceptibility. Though recent progress in early diagnosis of the disease has facilitated early and efficient intervention, further studies are required to gain more clarification of specific pathophysiology.In spite of decades of focused research on AMD, the pathogenesis of AMD is still not completely understood. Recently, numerous novel methods, including imaging techniques, new drug delivery routes, and therapeutic strategies, are improving the management of AMD. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge related to epidemiology and classifications of AMD.
An Interventional Study to Improve Colorectal Cancer Screening Knowledge and Health Perceptions among Jordanians' Average Risk Population
Authors: Abuadas Fuad H. , Abuadas Mohammad H. 
Published: January 2020

Context:
Globally, Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the second most commonly occurring cancer in women and the third most commonly occurring cancer in men.

Aims:
This study was conducted to investigate the current levels of Jordanians' CRC knowledge and health perceptions; and to test the effects of a health education intervention on them.

Settings and Design:
A descriptive quasi-experimental design was used to recruit a convenience sample of 197 Jordanian adult participants from two governmental hospitals in Amman.

Methods and Material:
A rolling enrolment strategy was used to randomly assign participants into intervention (n=98) and control (n=99) groups. An education intervention included a 1-hour Power Point presentation about CRC.

Results:
The mean knowledge scores were (6.51±1.60) and (6.91± 1.83) for females and males, respectively. The mean of the knowledge level in the intervention group subsequent to the intervention was significantly higher than that for the control group. More than half of the study participants (53.8%) did not believe they were susceptible to CRC, while about one third (37.4%) of the participants believed that CRC is a severe disease. 42.2% of study participants believed there were barriers preventing them from participating in CRC screening. The most frequently perceived barrier among them was the cost of screening tests. The means of the perceived susceptibility and severity subscales of the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group.

Conclusion:
Correcting the knowledge gap and improper health perceptions toward CRC could play an important role in facilitating early detection as a primary prevention measure. Findings may enhance health strategies to better address the needs of the average-risk population.
Technology Learning in Automobile Industry: Comparative Study between Thai and Korean Companies
Authors: Shvetsova Olga A 
Published: January 2020

Background:Currently, the issue of the company’s innovative development is relevant in all areas of activity. Automobile industry, which has one of the development vectors such as an innovative component, poses for itself the task of achieving high competitiveness through active innovative learnings and technology transfer. This direction is influenced by technological factors, which should be taken into account while developing and implementing the company's innovative technology transfer strategy.Automobile industry in Thailand appears to be a successful story as it plays an important role in the national economy and becomes a car-manufacturing hub of Southeast Asia as called “Detroit of Southeast Asia”. Thailand is a world-class vehicle production base such as Ford, Toyota and Nissan. However, the growth of industry depends on the performance of MNCs, which remains unclear whether Thai automobile industry could sustain the same position with its own technology capability alone.Aim:This paper aims to develop the suggesting on the technology learning transfer of automobile industry in Thailand based on Korea’s experience. I analyze the evolution of the automobile industry of Thailand and South Korea to identify the key drivers of auto industry’s development through learning from macro level to the firm level of the two countries.Objective:The study aims at investigating technological factors which influence innovative learning development of transport company and evaluating their interdependence using correlation-regression analysis.Methods:The correlation-regression analysis and comparative approach were used to develop the model.Results:Two automobile corporations from Asian region were investigated. Technological factors influencing learning development of these corporations were found; significant in explaining the factors’ interdependence was discussed.Conclusion:Different groups of technological factors influence on innovative learning development of automobile companies in Asia. These findings can be used as information for managers to develop strategic programs to improve knowledge transferring process in Asian automobile companies.
Nurses’ Perceptions About Stock-outs of Essential Medicines at Primary Health Care Facilities in Vhembe District, South Africa
Authors: Olubumni M Ogbodu , Maria S Maputle , Jabu Mabunda 
Published: January 2020

Background:
The development of generic medicines that are cost-effective and affordable aims to facilitate improved availability of essential medicines to meet the health care needs of the majority of the population. However, these essential generic medicines are not regularly available at the community health centres and clinics.

Aim:
This study aimed to determine the perceptions of professional nurses regarding the status of stock-outs of generic medicines at primary health care health facilities in a selected province of South Africa.

Materials and Methods:

The study was conducted in five primary health care facilities; three clinics and two health centres in Thulamela B municipality of Vhembe District, Limpopo Province.

A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual research design was used to obtain the perceptions of the participants. Thirteen professional nurses were purposively selected. Data were collected through face-to-face in-depth interviews until data saturation was reached. Data were analysed using Tesch’s open coding method.

Results:
Key findings showed that essential medicines were not always available, with the health centres reporting fewer stock-outs than clinics. The perceived major contributors to stock-outs were institutional inefficiency and practices by both health service providers and patients.

Conclusion and Recommendations:
The study concluded that primary health care facilities in rural communities still grapple with poor access to essential medicines due to poor availability. Therefore, the provision of sufficient funding for procurement, and training of inventory management practices were recommended. In addition, community public awareness campaigns to discourage patients’ self-medication and multiple consultations should be put in place.