bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Protection of Three Patinas Formed on Copper Alloys As an Alternative of Conservation of Historical Metal Heritage: Effects of Pollutants
Authors: Campechano Clarisa , Galván-Martínez Ricardo , Jimenez Tania , Arguelles David , Orozco-Cruz Ricardo 
Published: February 2020

The conservation of archaeological pieces is a stage, sometimes essential, in the study of objects protected in historical sites. When in addition to natural agents such as water, air and temperature, there is the presence of atmospheric pollutants, the degradation processes are accelerated to such a degree that the total loss of a historical vestige can be had. These agents induce even deterioration in metal parts through aggressive corrosion processes.
The evaluation of the patinas by means of electrochemical techniques in the copper-based metallic materials of the historical heritage will allow to acquire knowledge about the formation of the corrosion products and the protective coating that the superficial film provides to the material. In this work, sulphate patina are synthesized by using an aqueous solution of copper sulphate, chloride patina using an aqueous solution of ammonium chloride and electrochemical patinas immersed in a sulphate / carbonate solution. The morphological and structural characterization of each of the patinas was carried out through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray and Raman energy dispersion spectrometry.
The main characteristic of the patinas formed is the blue-green coloration, since it facilitates the identification of corrosion products such as brochantite, in sulphate patinas, atacamita in the chloride patinas and malachite in the electrochemical patinas. In analysis by means of electrochemical techniques and having variations of contaminants in the test medium indicate that the best behavior for protection against corrosion is presented by the patina formed with sulphates.
Rust Control and Corrosion Prevention of Steel Using Metal Salts
Authors: Yamashita Masato , Kim Kyung-Tae , Fujimoto Shinji 
Published: February 2020

Steel materials are basic structural components of social structures. An inherent property of the steel is its high reactivity with oxygen and water existing abundantly in a terrestrial environment. Thus, the steel is easily corroded with the cathodic reaction due to reduction of oxygen from the environing air causing degradation of the steel structures. To ensure long-term reliable service of the steel structures, some measures to inhibit corrosion degradation must be applied.
Rust layer comprised of iron oxides such as α-FeOOH (goethite), β-FeOOH (akaganeite), γ-FeOOH (lepidocrocite), and Fe3O4 (magnetite) forms on the steel surface as a result of corrosion. The rust layer is generally recognized as a surface oxide layer that accelerates the steel corrosion since the reduction of the rust itself is superimposed on the reduction of oxygen, thus accelerating the cathodic reaction. But in some cases, the rust layer is believed to work as a kind of protective coating.
The protective function of the rust layer might vary depending on the crystal structure of the rust. We have examined the influence of water-soluble metal salts, which supply ionic species to the aqueous corrosion environment, on the rust structure and corrosion protection or acceleration by the rust layer formed on the steel surface.
It is shown that some of the metal salts lead to preferential formation of a goethite structure and some form magnetite. Depending on those variety of rust phase, electrochemical reaction is affected by the rust structure. The goethite formation especially suppresses the cathodic reaction on the rusted steel surface and resultantly retards the corrosion reaction of the rusted steel in the atmospheric corrosion environment.
Corrosion Measurement on Reinforced STEEL Concrete after Exposure to Marine Environment By Electrochemical Noise Technique with Artificial Inteligence
Authors: von Putlitz Guillermo Sosa 
Published: February 2020

One of the most important effects of corrosion in concrete structures is the reduction of the mechanical properties of steel-reinforcement. This is why structural steels with corrosion resistance characteristics are commonly used to extend the service life of the concrete structure, since it is not appropriate to have a structure that only satisfies characteristics of mechanical resistance if a suitable durability is not guaranteed. The ability to evaluate and control the phenomena of electrochemical corrosion by sophisticated techniques remains a research topic of great interest at worldwide level.
So, in this research work is intended to evaluate the electrochemical behavior of the reinforcing steel embedded in concrete by using the electrochemical noise EN technique with artificial intelligence AI theory. To carry out the electrochemical evaluation, specimens of reinforced concrete were manufactured with standard steel rods and different c/w ratio, and exposing in a tropical marine atmosphere for a several time. EN is performed using stochastic oscillation measurements of the corrosion potential Ecorr
and current I of two identical working electrodes with respect to a reference electrode. In this type of technique plots of I and E vs. time are obtained. The EN data will be analyzed using statistical and mathematical methods such as variance, standard deviation, rapid Fourier transform (FFT), Wavelet transform (WT) and also a neuronal network has been obtained to predict the corrosion damage on reinforced-steel concrete.
Evalution of Corrosion Performance of Coated Steels Using Surface Potential Measurement
Authors: Ono Yuichi , Katayama Hideki , Akashi Takaya 
Published: February 2020

Coated steels have been widely used for structures and industrial products, but the coating film deteriorates due to environmental factors such as suneshine and rain, and eventually under-film corrosion occurs. Conventional methods such as tape peeling test for evaluating corrosion deterioration of coated steels are destructive and also the quantitativeness is not high. On the other hand, non-contact type surface potential measurement was proposed for degradation evaluation of coated steels. The masurement method gave the information on the position and size of the deteriorated region. However, the method is applied just for the coated steel with the coating film of under 20 цm, and it is unknown whether it is applicapable for the coated steel with thick coating film which is practically used.
The principle of surface potential measurement used in this study is almost the same as that of the Kelvin method. The contact potential difference between the measurement probe and the sample corresponding to the work function occurs by electrical connection of the both. An AC signal proportional to the charge amount is obtained by opening / closing the shutter attached between the sample and the detection electrode, and the surface potential of the sample is measured using that signal.
Carbon steels of 4 cm × 4 cm was used as a steel substrate, and coated steels with a variety of coating thicknesses were prepared by spraying transparent acrylic lacquer. Corrosion test was conducted by alternating of wet and drying using 100 μL droplet of NaCl solution. After washing away of NaCl precipitated on the surface, the surface potential distribution was measured and the surface was observed by a digital microscope. The potential of 100 µm coated steel went down to 0.1 from 0.2 V after 38 cycles. The potential became further lower with an increase of the number of cycles, and the potential change region also expanded. This means that the deteriorated position and size of the coated steels can be detected by measurement of surface potential distribution. The surface potential measurement is a powerful tool as a deterioration evaluation method of coated steels.
(Invited) Tip – Surface Electrode Interactions and the Effects of These Interactions on Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Response
Authors: Mirabal Alex , Calabrese Barton Scott 
Published: February 2020

In operando studies of heterogenous active sites using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) can be hindered by non-planar active sites interacting with non-apex portions of the SECM electrode tip. Concentration field distortion can result from surface sites approaching the tip size. We aim to remove these effects via finite-element modeling for a higher-fidelity depiction of surrounding concentration fields.
Experimental concentration fields near ~100 nm Pt nanoparticles are compared to a parallel, steady-state model of the identical system at varying tip-surface separations to extract kinetic and transport parameters, the concentration profile surrounding the particle, and the effective tip radius in relation to tip-surface separation. Differences between the model based on the tip presence is used to correct the experimental data for the presence of the tip.
This approach increases the measurement quality of SECM and improves understanding of heterogeneous reaction mechanisms.
(Invited) Detailed Chemistry Modeling via Cantera: A Pathway to Understanding Battery Degradation Mechanisms
Authors: DeCaluwe Steven C. , Korff Daniel , LeBar Amy , LeBar Amy , Lee Christopher H. 
Published: February 2020

In lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a passivation layer that grows at the anode-electrolyte interface. While this layer reduces battery performance, it is a necessary feature of most LIBs, because of electrolyte instability. However, engineering a better SEI is challenging, due to the difficulty in characterizing and modeling its chemical composition and microstructure. The SEI chemistry is incredibly complex, but to date there are essentially no general purpose modeling capabilities which facilitate this electrochemical complexity to support SEI optimization.
Herein, we will use the SEI as a framework to discuss Cantera software as a means to model electrochemical complexity. Cantera is an open-source, object oriented software package which supports thermodynamic, chemical kinetic, and transport calculations in a generalize manner. We will discuss the use of Cantera as part of a computational-experimental framework to understand the SEI, and also its application to electrochemical systems, in general.
(Invited) Open Science Strategy to Accelerate Adoption of Nonlinear Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Battery Diagnostic
Authors: Hu Victor Waiman , Murbach Matthew D. , Schwartz Daniel T. 
Published: February 2020

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a widely adopted diagnostic tool for batteries because of its ability to easily probe different physicochemical processes.1 In contrast, physics-based models are not as widely adopted for analysis of traditional (linear) EIS experiments, nor are the inherent limitations of linearizing the behavior of a battery widely appreciated.2-4 Nonlinear EIS (NLEIS) is an emerging experimental method that addresses the limitation of linearization in EIS,5 but not the challenge of using physics-based models for interpretation. We believe an open science strategy will accelerate this field, but today there are few open data and software platforms to build from,6 so simple equivalent-circuits are mostly used to interpret experiments.7 Here we explore the experimental and theoretical capabilities of NLEIS for sensitively detecting changes in kinetic, transport, and thermodynamic behavior of commercial batteries, including new physics that is invisible to linearized EIS methods. The NLEIS experimental data, software, and computational tools we present are freely available on ECSarXiv as an open science framework project supplement.5 In addition to laying out the experiments and analysis for NLEIS, we demonstrate how to access and use our open source tools, with the goal of expediting the adoption of this exciting analysis method in battery research.
References

M. E. Orazem and B. Tribollet, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, p. 523, Wiley, Hoboken, N.J, (2008)

J.R. Wilson, D.T. Schwartz and S.B. Adler, Electrochimica Acta, 51, 1389–1402 (2006).

M. Doyle, J. P. Meyers, and J. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 99–110 (2000).

J. P. Meyers, M. Doyle, R. M. Darling, and J. Newman, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 2930–2940 (2000).

M. D. Murbach, V. Hu, and D. T. Schwartz, ECSarXiv (2018) https://ecsarxiv.org/t635x/.

M. D. Murbach and D. T. Schwartz, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, A297–A304 (2018).

T. Osaka, D. Mukoyama, and H. Nara, Electrochem Soc.,
162, A2529–A2537 (2015).
TiN/Al2O3 Interface Study through ALD Process Modulations
Authors: Leménager Maxime , Voiron Frédéric , El Sabahy Julien , Lallemand Florent , Allard Bruno 
Published: February 2020

Integration and miniaturization of highly reliable electronic devices are the basis of advanced technologies used for the manufacturing of implantable medical systems such as pacemakers or neuronal stimulators. Among these components, passive devices and more particularly capacitors have a key role in signal filtering and power energy management. In this context, the capacitance density improvement is a way to enable smaller components, thus increasing the final device miniaturization. Currently, Murata Integrated Passive Solutions is running in production a technology called “PICS™” enabling the 3D structuring of the silicon substrate that dramatically enhances its specific area (i.e. capacitance density) when combined with highly reliable low-k dielectric stacks such as silicon dioxide/nitride/dioxide (ONO).
In order to significantly increase the capacitance density, two points are critical: first the 3D structures need to evolve toward a more aggressive template with a higher aspect ratio, so as to increase much more the dielectric specific area. The second point is the change of dielectric toward materials with higher dielectric constant such as Al2O3 or HfO2. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) technique is a key requirement here, as it is a method enabling conformal deposition of various materials, dielectrics or conductors, such as TiN, on high aspect ratio structures. In parallel of the integration and the optimization of such materials within 3D structures, planar ALD based Metal/Insulator(s)/Metal (MIM) capacitors need to be studied to serve as a reference point.
The aim of our investigations is to link the electrical properties of MIM capacitors with the parameters applied during a batch ALD process such as temperature, pulse and purge times, with the support of physico-chemical characterizations (X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometry (XPS), Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)…). We will focus on the dielectric/electrode interfaces analysis through leakage current mechanism modeling and interpretations. Especially, the amount of O3 used in the Al2O3 deposition process has an important impact on the electrical properties of the MIM by impacting both TiN/Al2O3 interfaces in different ways. An optimization of the O3 dose is proposed.
(Invited) Sub-Nm Quantification of Point Defects in Ceramics and Semiconductors Using Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Gorman Brian P , Diercks David R 
Published: February 2020

Many material properties are dependent upon local defect chemistry and associated charge compensations. Properties such as electronic and ionic transport, intergranular fracture, dielectric constant, and electrical breakdown are dependent upon the accumulation of point defects at internal interfaces such as grain boundaries and heterojunctions. Quantification of these point defect accumulations has been difficult, either due to light element sensitivity, detectability limits, or the 3-D nature of the internal interfaces.
Recent work has shown that Atom Probe Tomography (APT) has the requisite counting statistics, 3-dimensionality, detectability limits, and spatial resolution to quantify point defect accumulations at grain boundaries and heterojunctions. Utilizing the 3-D atom by atom nature of APT data has enabled the conversion of analytical characterization data directly into space charge voltages and band alignments, ultimately enabling the direct relationship between materials characterization and materials or device properties.
The ability of APT to quantify point defect distributions in 3-D has limitations that are dependent upon the type of defect. Individual vacancies on either oxygen or metal cation sites (Vo
** or Vm
’) have been quantified with APT at grain boundaries and heterojunctions. Quantification of vacancies are heavily dependent upon the detection efficiency of the APT experiment and upon the volume being sampled. Interstitial oxygen or metal cations (Oi
” or Mi
*) can be observed but again is limited to the counting statistics of the volume being analyzed. However, their exact location can not be determined at this point as APT is limited in the necessary spatial resolution. Substitutional cations and defect pairs (MN
’) can be quantified as long as the cations are distinguishable in the mass spectrum. Substitutional defects coupled with vacancies (common ordered defect pairs) have been quantified at individual grain boundaries and, in some cases, allow for the calculation of electronic energy levels at interfaces. Schottky defects (Vo
** + Vm
’’) may be quantified using APT, as these defect pairs result in a change in atomic density, however, their quantification is limited by the detection efficiency of the APT instrument. Frenkel pairs on either the oxygen or metal cation sites (Vo
** + Oi
”) do not result in a change in atomic density and are only dependent upon site occupancies. Similar to interstitials, APT does not have the spatial resolution or detection efficiency necessary to identify individual Frenkel pairs. Such analyses will have to wait for Atomic Scale Tomography, of which APT may play a part. Ultimately, the combination of APT’s 3-D spatial and chemical resolution combined with analytical techniques such as EELS that allows for cation valence and free carrier energy levels to be determined will be the most complete solution to defect chemistry quantification.
(Invited) High Efficiency and Low Hysteresis Solar Cells Based on Perovskite with Triple Cation and Mixed Pb-Sn
Authors: Ji Long , Wang Yafei , Liu Detao , Zhang Peng , Chen Hao , Wang Feng , Zheng Hualin , Chen Zhi David , Li Shibin 
Published: February 2020

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on organometallic halide have received wide attention and been developed rapidly in recent years, the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) have reached 22.1%. However, these materials contain lead (Pb), which is toxic. It is of critical importance to find new elements for partially or completely replacing Pb to reduce the Pb contents. Most works carried out focused on CsSnX3 (X=I, Br), FASnX3 (X=I, Br), (FASnI3)1-x(MAPbI3)x (x=0-1), MASnxPb1-xI3 (x=0.25, 0.5), FA0.75Cs0.25Pb0.5Sn0.5I3, etc. We substitute PbI2 with SnI2 in Cs0.05(MA0.17FA0.83)0.95Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 material for the first time, through changing the ratio of Pb and Sn, which can regulate the size of grains. By optimizing the ratio of PbI2 and SnI2 to achieve the best energy band matching, a power conversion efficiency of 16.10% is achieved by using Cs0.05FA0.79(Pb0.6Sn0.4)0.84I2.5MA0.16Pb0.16Br0.5 as perovskite light absorption layers. With bandgap changing, the hysteresis of the PSCs showed regular variation. Under the optimal bandgap matching, the planar heterojunction PSCs exhibit J-V curves with negligible hysteresis.
Figure 1. a)-f) The reverse and forward voltage scans of Cs0.05FA0.79(Pb1-xSnx)0.84I2.5MA0.16Pb0.16Br0.5 (x=0, x=0.1, x=0.2, x=0.3, x=0.4, x=0.5) perovskite solar cells.

Figure 1
Radiative Annealing of Perovskite Thin Films with Alkyl Halides
Authors: Druffel Thad 
Published: February 2020

The performance of the perovskite material in solar cells has garnered a fair amount of interest because it is solution processable and thus a prime target for roll-to-roll coating. The precursor materials are typically prepared in solutions and deposited using common evaporative techniques, some that can be adapted to roll-to-roll manufacturing. The deposited films then must be annealed, a process that is typically accomplished in an oven. The economics of manufacturing improve with increased web speed, which traditional deposition and ovens can handle. However, with a long anneal time the length of the ovens becomes prohibitive, thus processes that can reduce the annealing time are desired. Radiative annealing techniques are often used in the manufacture of solar cells and involve the absorption of intense light energies to induce a thermal response. Our group has been involved in the use of intense pulses of light that can effectively anneal a thin film in under a second.
In this work, we report on solution engineering that enables both the deposition of the perovskite in ambient environments using roll-to-roll applicable technologies. The annealing of these thin films is accomplished using 1-5 millisecond flashes of light. The inks formulation includes an alkyl halide that interacts with the light and improving the overall morphology of the perovskite films. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the films achieve consistent morphology and crystallinity and perform well in solar cell devices. Results of several chemistries and processes will be presented.
(Invited) Photo-Polymerized Organic Host Network of Ionogels for Lithium Batteries: Effects of Mesh Size and of Ethylene Oxide Content
Authors: Le Bideau Jean , Aidoud Djamel , Guy-Bouyssou Delphine , Guyomard Dominique , Lestriez Bernard 
Published: February 2020

Solid ionogel electrolytes are rather competitive compared to liquid carbonates based electrolyte regarding ionic conductivity but they show much better safety. It is striking that the ionogels presented here are obtained within few minutes by UV curing which triggers the formation of the polymer host network confining N-methyl,N-propylpyrrolidinium bis-(trifluoromethyl)sulfonylimide with lithium bis-(trifluoromethyl)sulfonylimide salt at the concentration of 1M. This fast and easy process allows to obtained all-solid like micro-batteries.
Herein the effect of mesh size and ethylene content of various host networks is deciphered. An optimum balance between mesh size, ethylene oxide and lithium content is identified. The ionogel formed from trimethylolpropane ethoxylate triacrylate and 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate confining 90 %wt of ionic liquid shows a mesh size close to 5 nm, with an enhanced fragility of the confined ionic liquid, as referred to that of the bulk one. Along with these last features, its ethylene oxide content allows a very good lithium ion diffusion. At room temperature and at C/5 cycling rate, prototype batteries LiFePO4 | ionogel | Li metal battery can restitute 70% of the initial capacity during up to 1200 cycles.

Figure 1