bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiology of statistical learning: Exploring the online learning process and offline learning product
Authors: Ordin Mikhail , Polyanskaya Leona , Soto David , Molinaro Nicola 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA continuous stream of syllables is segmented into discrete constituents based on the transitional probabilities (TPs) between adjacent syllables by means of statistical learning. However, we still do not know whether people attend to high TPs between frequently co‐occurring syllables and cluster them together as parts of the discrete constituents or attend to low TPs aligned with the edges between the constituents and extract them as whole units. Earlier studies on TP‐based segmentation also have not distinguished between the segmentation process (how people segment continuous speech) and the learning product (what is learnt by means of statistical learning mechanisms). In the current study, we explored the learning outcome separately from the learning process, focusing on three possible learning products: holistic constituents that are retrieved from memory during the recognition test, clusters of frequently co‐occurring syllables, or a set of statistical regularities which can be used to reconstruct legitimate candidates for discrete constituents during the recognition test. Our data suggest that people employ boundary‐finding mechanisms during online segmentation by attending to low inter‐syllabic TPs during familiarization and also identify potential candidates for discrete constituents based on their statistical congruency with rules extracted during the learning process. Memory representations of recurrent constituents embedded in the continuous speech stream during familiarization facilitate subsequent recognition of these discrete constituents.
Clinicopathological characterisation of renal cell carcinoma in young adults: a contemporary update and review of literature
Authors: Abdulfatah Eman , Kennedy John M , Hafez Khaled , Davenport Matthew S , Xiao Hong , Weizer Alon Z , Palapattu Ganesh S , Morgan Todd M , Mannan Rahul , Wang Xiao‐ming , Dhanasekaran Saravana M , Kaffenberger Samuel D , Spratt Daniel E , Kunju Lakshmi , Wu Angela , Lew Madelyn , Udager Aaron M , Chinnaiyan Arul M , Mehra Rohit 
Published: December 2019

AimsRenal cell carcinomas are relatively rare in children and young adults. While well characterised in adults, the morphological and molecular characterisation of these tumours in young patients is relatively lacking. The objective of this study was to explore the spectrum of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtypes in children and young adults and to determine their clinico–pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics by evaluating a large retrospective cohort of renal cell carcinoma patients age 30 years or younger.Methods and resultsSixty‐eight cases with confirmed diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma at age 30 years or younger were identified at our institution. Clear cell carcinoma accounted for the most common subtype seen in this age group. Translocation renal cell carcinoma and rare familial syndrome subtypes such as succinate dehydrogenase deficient renal cell carcinoma and tuberous sclerosis complex‐associated renal cell carcinoma were found relatively more frequently in this cohort. Despite applying the 2016 WHO classification criteria, a high proportion of the tumours in our series remained unclassified.ConclusionsOur results suggest that renal cell carcinoma in children and young adults is a relatively rare disease that shares many histological similarities to renal cell carcinoma occurring in adults and yet demonstrate some unique clinical–pathological differences. Microphthalmia‐associated transcription (MiT) family translocation RCC and rare familial syndrome subtypes are relatively more frequent in the paediatric and adolescent age groups than in adults. Clear cell RCC still accounted for the most common subtype seen in this age group. MiT family translocation RCC patients presented with advanced stage disease and had poor clinical outcomes. The large and heterogeneous subgroup of unclassified renal cell carcinoma contains phenotypically distinct tumours with further potential for future subcategories in the renal cell carcinoma classification.
Burden of influenza‐associated outpatient influenza‐like illness consultations in China, 2006‐2015: A population‐based study
Authors: Feng Luzhao , Feng Shuo , Chen Tao , Yang Juan , Lau Yiu Chung , Peng Zhibin , Li Li , Wang Xiling , Wong Jessica Y. T. , Qin Ying , Bond Helen S. , Zhang Juanjuan , Fang Vicky J. , Zheng Jiandong , Yang Jing , Wu Peng , Jiang Hui , He Yangni , Cowling Benjamin J. , Yu Hongjie , Shu Yuelong , Lau Eric H. Y. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundHuman influenza virus infections cause a considerable burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide each year. Understanding regional influenza‐associated outpatient burden is crucial for formulating control strategies against influenza viruses.MethodsWe extracted the national sentinel surveillance data on outpatient visits due to influenza‐like‐illness (ILI) and virological confirmation of sentinel specimens from 30 provinces of China from 2006 to 2015. Generalized additive regression models were fitted to estimate influenza‐associated excess ILI outpatient burden for each individual province, accounting for seasonal baselines and meteorological factors.ResultsInfluenza was associated with an average of 2.5 excess ILI consultations per 1000 person‐years (py) in 30 provinces of China each year from 2006 to 2015. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 led to a higher number of influenza‐associated ILI consultations in 2009 across all provinces compared with other years. The excess ILI burden was 4.5 per 1000 py among children aged below 15 years old, substantially higher than that in adults.ConclusionsHuman influenza viruses caused considerable impact on population morbidity, with a consequent healthcare and economic burden. This study provided the evidence for planning of vaccination programs in China and a framework to estimate burden of influenza‐associated outpatient consultations.
Class effect of xanthine oxidase inhibitors on flow‐mediated dilatation in hypertensive patients: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hoshide Satoshi , Kabutoya Tomoyuki , Ueno Hiromi , Kario Kazuomi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA direct comparison of the effects of febuxostat and allopurinol on flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) will help to clarify which agent provides a better reduction of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Hypertensive patients with hyperuricemia were randomized into a febuxostat (10‐40 mg, n = 33) or allopurinol (100‐200 mg, n = 31) group and followed up for 6 months. Both the febuxostat (7.9 ± 1.3 mg/dL vs 5.6 ± 1.0 mg/dL, P < .001) and allopurinol (8.2 ± 1.3 mg/dL vs 6.1 ± 1.0 mg/dL, P < .001) groups exhibited significant reductions in uric acid after treatment. There was no significant difference in the change in FMD between the two treatment groups (0.6 ± 2.6% vs 0.2 ± 2.3%, P = .504). However, stratified analysis showed that febuxostat achieved a significantly greater change in FMD compared to allopurinol in the elderly group (1.3 ± 2.9% vs −0.7%±1.8%, P = .047). There was no difference in the improvement of FMD between febuxostat and allopurinol, but febuxostat may provide an improvement of FMD in elderly people.
Rosette Colonies of Choanoflagellates (Salpingoeca rosetta) Show Increased Food Vacuole Formation Compared with Single Swimming Cells
Authors: L'Etoile Nathan J. , King‐Smith Christina 
Published: December 2019

AbstractChoanoflagellates exist as both single‐celled and colonial forms and filter‐feed by generating water currents using a single apical flagellum. Hydrodynamic modeling studies have differed in predictions of whether single cells or colonies produce greater fluid flow to enhance feeding, and a recent study reported no increase in feeding efficiency of stalked colonies of choanoflagellates compared with single cells. We report that rosette colonies of Salpingoeca rosetta demonstrate higher rates of food vacuole formation compared with unicellular, slow swimmers.
Schooling, numeracy, and wealth accumulation: A study involving an agrarian population
Authors: Estrada‐Mejia Catalina , Peters Ellen , Dieckmann Nathan F. , Zeelenberg Marcel , De Vries Marieke , Baker David P. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAccumulating wealth is one of the main concerns for consumers. Higher education is widely associated with higher wealth, but the underlying reasons for this association remain unclear. Using data from a field study conducted with 218 adults in agrarian communities in Peru's Andean highlands, we explored the extent to which education, non‐numeric fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, and numeracy skills were related to wealth. Wealth was measured using data on asset ownership (e.g., owning a fridge) and housing characteristics (e.g., toilet facilities). Structural equation modeling revealed that the level of schooling was associated with greater numeracy as well as greater non‐numeric fluid and crystallized intelligence; only greater numeracy was associated with greater wealth. Our findings are consistent with the idea that education is linked with financial outcomes, at least in part, through the enhancement of cognitive skills, particularly numeracy that then leads to greater wealth accumulation.
Association of atopic dermatitis with vitiligo: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Acharya Prakash , Mathur Mahesh 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with multiple immune‐mediated disorders. A comprehensive meta‐analysis assessing the prevalence or risk of vitiligo in AD patients is lacking.ObjectiveTo compare the prevalence and assess the risk of vitiligo in patients with AD by performing a meta‐analysis of observational studies.MethodsPubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were systematically searched until August 25, 2019, following the PRISMA guidelines. Published English‐language articles including case‐control, cross‐sectional, or cohort studies that reported either odds or risk of vitiligo in AD patients were included. Full‐text review and study assessment were performed by the two authors independently. Random‐effects meta‐analysis model was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and risk ratio (RR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale.ResultsSeven studies with a total of 1 540 688 unique AD patients were included. The random‐effects meta‐analysis of case‐control and cross‐sectional studies showed a significant association of AD with vitiligo (OR, 3.21; 95% CI, 1.90‐5.43). Subgroup analyses also showed a significant association for both adult AD (OR, 4.46; 95% CI, 1.65‐12.07) and childhood AD (OR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.53‐5.25). Pooling of the results of 2 cohort studies showed an increased risk of vitiligo in patients with AD (RR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.27‐2.13).ConclusionsResults from this study support an association of AD with vitiligo. Exploration of possible mechanisms responsible for this association could be important to develop proper treatment approaches for the affected patients.
Assessing changes in genomic divergence following a century of human‐mediated secondary contact among wild and captive‐bred ducks
Authors: Lavretsky Philip , McInerney Nancy Rotzel , Mohl Jonathon E. , Brown Joshua I. , James Helen F. , McCracken Kevin G. , Fleischer Robert C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAlong with manipulating habitat, the direct release of domesticated individuals into the wild is a practice used worldwide to augment wildlife populations. We test between possible outcomes of human‐mediated secondary contact using genomic techniques at both historical and contemporary timescales for two iconic duck species. First, we sequence several thousand ddRAD‐seq loci for contemporary mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) throughout North America and two domestic mallard types (i.e., known game‐farm mallards and feral Khaki Campbell's). We show that North American mallards may well be becoming a hybrid swarm due to interbreeding with domesticated game‐farm mallards released for hunting. Next, to attain a historical perspective, we applied a bait‐capture array targeting thousands of loci in century‐old (1842–1915) and contemporary (2009–2010) mallard and American black duck (Anas rubripes) specimens. We conclude that American black ducks and mallards have always been closely related, with a divergence time of ~600,000 years before present, and likely evolved through prolonged isolation followed by limited bouts of gene flow (i.e., secondary contact). They continue to maintain genetic separation, a finding that overturns decades of prior research and speculation suggesting the genetic extinction of the American black duck due to contemporary interbreeding with mallards. Thus, despite having high rates of hybridization, actual gene flow is limited between mallards and American black ducks. Conversely, our historical and contemporary data confirm that the intensive stocking of game‐farm mallards during the last ~100 years has fundamentally changed the genetic integrity of North America's wild mallard population, especially in the east. It thus becomes of great interest to ask whether the iconic North American mallard is declining in the wild due to introgression of maladaptive traits from domesticated forms. Moreover, we hypothesize that differential gene flow from domestic game‐farm mallards into the wild mallard population may explain the overall temporal increase in differentiation between wild black ducks and mallards, as well as the uncoupling of genetic diversity and effective population size estimates across time in our results. Finally, our findings highlight how genomic methods can recover complex population histories by capturing DNA preserved in traditional museum specimens.
Single gene enables plant pathogenic Pectobacterium to overcome host‐specific chemical defence
Authors: van den Bosch Tijs J. M. , Niemi Outi , Welte Cornelia U. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPlants of the Brassicales order, including Arabidopsis and many common vegetables, produce toxic isothiocyanates to defend themselves against pathogens. Despite this defence, plant pathogenic microorganisms like Pectobacterium cause large yield losses in fields and during storage of crops. The bacterial gene saxA was previously found to encode isothiocyanate hydrolase that degrades isothiocyanates in vitro. Here we demonstrate in planta that saxA is a virulence factor that can overcome the chemical defence system of Brassicales plants. Analysis of the distribution of saxA genes in Pectobacterium suggests that saxA from three different phylogenetic origins are present within this genus. Deletion of saxA genes representing two of the most common classes from P. odoriferum and P. versatile resulted in significantly reduced virulence on Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica oleracea. Furthermore, expressing saxA from a plasmid in a potato‐specific P. parmentieri strain that does not naturally harbour this gene significantly increased the ability of the strain to macerate Arabidopsis. These findings suggest that a single gene may have a significant role in defining the host range of a plant pathogen.
Apolipoprotein D: a potential biomarker for cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Authors: Kuiperij H. B. , Hondius D. C. , Kersten I. , Versleijen A. A. M. , Rozemuller A. J. M. , Greenberg S. M. , Schreuder F. H. B. M. , Klijn C. J. M. , Verbeek M. M. 
Published: December 2019

AimsWe investigated the potential of apolipoprotein D (apoD) as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker for cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) after confirmation of its association with CAA pathology in human brain tissue.MethodsThe association of apoD with CAA pathology was analysed in human occipital lobe tissue of CAA (n = 9), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (n = 11) and healthy control cases (n = 11). ApoD levels were quantified in an age‐ and sex‐matched CSF cohort of CAA patients (n = 31), AD patients (n = 27) and non‐neurological controls (n = 67). The effects of confounding factors (age, sex, serum levels) on apoD levels were studied using CSF of non‐neurological controls (age range 16–85 years), and paired CSF and serum samples.ResultsApoD was strongly associated with amyloid deposits in vessels, but not with parenchymal plaques in human brain tissue. CSF apoD levels correlated with age and were higher in men than women in subjects >50 years. The apoD CSF/serum ratio correlated with the albumin ratio. When controlling for confounding factors, CSF apoD levels were significantly lower in CAA patients compared with controls and compared with AD patients (P = 0.0008).ConclusionsOur data show that apoD is specifically associated with CAA pathology and may be a CSF biomarker for CAA, but clinical application is complicated due to dependency on age, sex and blood–CSF barrier integrity. Well‐controlled follow‐up studies are required to determine whether apoD can be used as reliable biomarker for CAA.
Narratives of older persons’ frailty and physical activity in relation to environmental landscapes and time
Authors: Thinuan Payom , Siviroj Penprapa , Barry Charlotte D. , Gordon Shirley C. , Lerttrakarnnon Peerasak , Lorga Thawon 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAims and objectivesThe objective of this study was to explore the influence of the environmental landscape on the physical activity of older persons experiencing frailty. BackgroundThis manuscript describes the second phase of an unpublished larger study in the northern province of Lampang, Thailand. Phase One revealed that 14% of 1,788 older persons surveyed were found to have experienced frailty according to Fried's frailty phenotypes, and low physical activity was associated with frailty. In the light of frailty, how older persons experience physical activity in their day‐to‐day living environments warrants in‐depth exploration.DesignThis was a qualitative study guided by narrative inquiry.MethodsIn‐depth interviews and observations were conducted with 13 older persons living with frailty. The method of analysis was thematic and performance analysis.ResultsTwo broad themes relating to the environmental landscapes were as follows: (a) limiting environmental landscapes and (b) engaging environmental landscapes. These landscapes, which change across time, refer to physical and social spaces, and beliefs of older persons and their family that have either positive or negative impacts on physical activity of frail older persons.ConclusionComplex interactions between physical and social spaces and beliefs of older persons and family influence the physical activity behaviours of older persons living with frailty.Implications for practiceThis study warrants education and policy aiming at creating optimal environmental landscapes to promote physical activity in frail older persons.
Inside the ice shelf: using augmented reality to visualise 3D lidar and radar data of Antarctica
Authors: Boghosian Alexandra L. , Pratt Martin J. , Becker Maya K. , Cordero S. Isabel , Dhakal Tejendra , Kingslake Jonathan , Locke Caitlin D. , Tinto Kirsty J. , Bell Robin E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFrom 2015 to 2017, the ROSETTA‐Ice project comprehensively mapped Antarctica's Ross Ice Shelf using IcePod, a newly developed aerogeophysical platform. The campaign imaged the ice‐shelf surface with lidar and its internal structure with ice‐penetrating radar. The ROSETTA‐Ice data was combined with pre‐existing ice surface and bed topography digital elevation models to create the first augmented reality (AR) visualisation of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, using the Microsoft HoloLens. The ROSETTA‐Ice datasets support cross‐disciplinary science that aims to understand 4D processes, namely the change of 3D ice‐shelf structures over time. The work presented here uses AR to visualise this dataset in 3D and highlights how AR can be simultaneously a useful research tool for interdisciplinary geoscience as well as an effective device for science communication education.
Anaplastic variant of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: Reappraisal as a nodal disease with sinusoidal involvement
Authors: Megahed Nirmeen A. , Kohno Kei , Sakakibara Ayako , Eladl Ahmed E. , Elsayed Ahmed A. , Wu Chun‐Chieh , Suzuki Yuka , Takahara Taishi , Kato Seiichi , Nakamura Shigeo , Satou Akira , Asano Naoko 
Published: December 2019

Anaplastic variant (av) of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is morphologically defined in the 2017 World Health Organization classification, but still an enigmatic disease in its clinicopathologic distinctiveness, posing the differential diagnostic problem from gray zone lymphoma (GZL) and classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL).Thirty‐one cases previously diagnosed as avDLBCL were reassessed. Of these, 27 (87%) and 4 (13%) were node‐based and extranodal diseases, respectively. They were further reclassified into nodal avDLBCL (n = 18), nodal CD30+ DLBCL with T‐cell/histiocyte‐rich large B‐cell lymphoma‐like features (CD30+ DLBCL‐THRLBCL) (n = 6), GZL with features intermediate between DLBCL and cHL (n = 3) and CD30+ extranodal DLBCL, NOS (n = 4). The nodal avDLBCL cases had a sheet‐like proliferation of large cells and/or Hodgkin/Reed‐Sternberg (HRS)‐like cells in 12 (67%) notably with a sinusoidal pattern in 16 (89%). They showed an expression of CD20 and/or CD79a in all and CD30 in 15 of 18. All of them were negative for PD‐L1 on tumor cells, although HRS‐like cells showed negativity or partial loss of other B‐cell markers to varying degrees. The present study highlighted the distinctiveness of the nodal avDLBCL with sinusoidal pattern, but without neoplastic PD‐L1 expression, which provide refined diagnostic criteria for a more precise pathologic and clinical characterization of this disease.
Molecular techniques for respiratory diseases: MicroRNA and extracellular vesicles
Authors: Gon Yasuhiro , Shimizu Tetsuo , Mizumura Kenji , Maruoka Shuichiro , Hikichi Mari 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTmiRNA are a class of evolutionarily conserved non‐coding 19‐ to 22‐nt regulatory RNA. They affect various cellular functions through modulating the transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels of their target mRNA by changing the stability of protein‐coding transcripts or attenuating protein translation. miRNA were discovered in the early 1990s, and they have been the focus of new research in both basic and clinical medical sciences. Today, it has become clear that specific miRNA are linked to the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases, as well as cancer and cardiovascular disease. In addition, EV, including exosomes, which are small membrane‐bound vesicles secreted by cells, were found to contain various functional miRNA that can be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. As body fluids, such as blood and respiratory secretions, are major miRNA sources in the body, EV carrying extracellular miRNA are considered potentially useful for the diagnosis and assessment of pathological conditions, as well as the treatment of respiratory or other diseases. Although research in the field of lung cancer is actively progressing, studies in other respiratory fields have emerged recently as well. In this review, we provide an update in the topics of miRNA and EV focused on airway inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and COPD, and explore their potential for clinical applications on respiratory diseases.