bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
264 Using bermudagrass baleage to increase stocking rates of fall wheat pasture
Authors: Beck Paul A , Weiss Caleb P , Kegley Elizabeth , Hess Tom , Hubbell Don 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objectives of the current research were to determine the effect of offering ad libitum bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) round bale silage on performance and stocking rate of growing steers grazing wheat pasture in northern Arkansas. Eighteen, 1.6-hectare wheat fields were no-till planted to soft-red winter wheat in the first week of September (101 kg wheat seed/ha; cv. Jamestown) and were stocked to growing steers on October 23, 2018 at 2.5 steers/ha without bermudagrass baleage (CONTROL, n = 6) or with ad libitum bermudagrass baleage stocked at 2.5, 3.75, or 5.0 steers/ha (BALE2.5, BALE3.75, and BALE5.0, respectively; n = 4 pastures/treatment). The bermudagrass baleage was harvested in the late summer of 2018 and contained 40%DM, 14.3% CP, 70% NDF, 39% ADF, and 55% calculated TDN. Forage mass was 1,268 kg DM/ha (P ≥ 0.39) at the start of grazing and forage allowance (P &lt; 0.01) was 2.25, 2.20, 1.62, and 1.27 kg forage DM/kg steer BW, respectively, at the start of grazing. Average daily gains of CONTROL (1.40 kg/d) did not differ (P = 0.36) from BALE2.5 (1.34 kg/d), but as stocking rate increased ADG decreased (P &lt; 0.01) to 1.14 kg/d and 0.96 kg/d, for BALE3.75 and BALE5.0, respectively. As observed with ADG, gain per hectare and steer grazing-days per hectare did not differ (P ≥ 0.53) between CONTROL (340 kg/ha and 272 d/ha, respectively) and BALE2.5 (365 kg/ha and 272 d/ha, respectively), but each increased (P &lt; 0.01) with increasing stocking rate, to 408 and 543 grazing d/ha for BALE3.75 and BALE5.0, respectively, and 467 and 524 kg BW gain/ha, respectively. The current research indicates that, even though individual animal performance decreases, stocking rates of wheat pasture for fall grazing stocker calves can be increased two-fold with up to 54% increase in BW gain/ha.
128 Additional dietary DL-methionine affects tissue redox and inflammation status of broiler chicks in response to high stocking density
Authors: Magnuson Andrew , Liu Guanchen , Sun Tao , Tolba Samar , Whelan Rose , Lei Xingen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We determined if 30% extra supplemental DL-methionine affected oxidative and inflammatory responses of broilers stocked at a high density. A total of 560 day-old male Cornish cockerel chicks were divided into 4 groups: 2 stocking densities (2.9 and 3.8 kg/ft2) and 2 methionine supplementations (grower: 2.90 or 3.77 g/kg and finisher: 2.60 or 3.38 g/kg). Chicks were fed the same corn-soy starter diet and then respective experimental diets (grower: 6.4 g SAA/kg, finisher: 5.9 g SAA/kg, n = 10 pens/treatment). Blood and tissues (3 chicks/pen) were sampled at the end of each period. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. The high density elevated (P &lt; 0.05) glutathione concentration in the plasma, breast, and thigh of growers, but decreased (P &lt; 0.05) it in the liver of growers and thigh of finishers. The high methionine elevated (P &lt; 0.05) glutathione concentration in the thigh at both ages. There were interactions (P &lt; 0.05) between dietary methionine and stocking density on activities of antioxidant enzymes including GST in 2 or more tissues at both ages and GPX and SOD in the thigh of growers. Hepatic expression of inflammation-related gene IL-6 was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) by the high density, while heat shock protein genes HSP70 and HSP90 were decreased (P &lt; 0.05) by the high methionine. Expression of stress-related genes TNFα and JNK was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) by a combined high methionine and density treatment. The high methionine decreased (P &lt; 0.05) finisher thigh and breast malondialdehyde concentrations and grower plasma glucose concentrations. Neither the density nor the methionine supplementation affected concentrations of plasma ferric reducing ability, serum amyloid A, and corticosterone or hepatic protein carbonyl. In conclusion, the high stocking density showed bilateral effects on the redox and inflammatory responses of broilers. Supplemental extra methionine modulated some of those effects.
138 ASAS-EAAP Exchange Speaker Talk: Immediate and long-term consequences of methylating micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy on the offspring’s phenotype
Authors: Trakooljul Nares , Oster Michael , Muráni Eduard , Ponsuksili Siriluck , Wimmers Klaus 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Environmental factors including maternal diet during periconception and pregnancy can immediately impact fetal growth and development and have long-term consequences on phenotypic outcomes of the offspring, a phenomenon known as “fetal programming” by which the in utero environmental cues regulate specific gene functions via epigenetic modifications. This prompted us to investigate the effects of a methylating micronutrient-rich maternal diet in pregnant Pietrain sows fed either a standard (CON) or supplemented diet with methionine, folate, choline, B6, B12, and zinc (MET). Our results showed an association between increased fetal weight and MET. Microarray-based transcriptional responses of the liver were analyzed at 35, 63, and 91-days post-conception (dpc). Altered insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling led us to investigate IGF-2 and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) in the muscle and liver. Indeed, weight differences and modulated IGF pathways reflected increased and decreased levels of the muscle IGF-2 and IGFBP-2 in MET, respectively. We extended the study to further investigate the effects of MET on transcriptome and DNA-methylation of the liver at two ontogenetic stages (91-dpc (fetal) and 150-days post-natal (adult)) and breeds (German-Landrace and Pietrain) using RNA-Seq and bisulfite-sequencing (RRBS). The results showed numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) depending on stage, sex, breed and maternal diet. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of DEGs (MET vs CON) highlighted regulations of genes related to nucleic acid metabolisms including DOT1L, SLBP, TCF3 and RPA1 in the fetuses, while genes involved in lipid metabolisms including PON3, ACSM2B, CYP4F2 and LDHB were altered by MET in the adults. Several genes showed an inverse relationship between gene expression and DNA-methylation state of the promoter including CBFA2T3, CPEB4 and TUBB4B. Altogether, our results provide evidence demonstrating immediate and long-term consequences of methylating micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy on phenotypic outcomes of the pig offspring reinforcing epigenetic modulation via intervening maternal diet.
379 Effect of progesterone infused controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) device and timing of gonadotropin stimulation using P.G. 600 ® on reproductive success in anestrous ewes
Authors: Redden Reid , Neville Tammi , Black Dani , Crosswhite Mellissa , Dahlen Carl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objective of this study was to determine effects of controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) devices in combination with P.G. 600 use either at CIDR removal or one day before CIDR removal on day of lambing, lambing rate, and prolificacy in seasonally anestrous ewes. Multiparous ewes (n = 414) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: untreated (U, n = 122), 7 d CIDR (C, n = 97), 7 d CIDR plus P.G. 600 at CIDR removal (CPG0, n = 97), and 7 d CIDR plus P.G. 600 1 d before CIDR removal (CPG-1, n = 98). Rams (n = 15) were joined with ewes immediately after CIDR removal for a 21 d breeding period. Data collected included day of lambing in the lambing season, lambing rate (number of ewes lambing/ewe exposed), and prolificacy (number of lambs/ewe lambing). Lambing season was further divided into the first 10 d and overall. Lambing rate in the first 10 d was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for CPG0 and CPG-1 ewes compared with CIDR ewes, which was greater (P &lt; 0.0001) compared with U ewes. Overall lambing rate increased (P ≤ 0.0001) in all treatments utilizing CIDR compared with U ewes, but no differences (P &gt; 0.76) due to P.G. 600 were detected. Day of lambing was reduced (P ≤ 0.03) for CPG0 and CPG-1 compared with CIDR ewes, which was reduced (P &lt; 0.0001) compared with U ewes (d 10.6, 9.0, 13.4, and 24.4 ± 0.9 for CPG0, CPG-1, CON, and U, respectively). Prolificacy was similar among all treatments both for the first 10 d of the lambing season (P = 0.86) and overall (P = 0.80). The combination of CIDR and P.G. 600 may be beneficial in promoting fewer days to lambing and increasing overall productivity in out of season breeding scenarios.
411 Relationships between dietary composition and reproductive outcomes in cattle
Authors: Davis Ty C , White Robin R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Individual experiments and recent literature summaries suggest links between reproductive outcomes in cattle and dietary composition. The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of dietary composition on reproductive efficiency of cows and heifers. A literature search returned 42 previously published papers containing 164 treatment means that were eligible for use in the meta-analysis. Diet composition information of interest included neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), lignin, ether extract (EE), non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) and starch percentages. For papers to be included, they needed to report reproductive outcomes, dry matter intake (DMI), experimental design details (treatments, design, number of experimental units, measurement SE or SD values, and P-values), and diets with all ingredients and inclusion percentages. Details on diet composition, intake, and reproductive outcomes were extracted from these papers and analyzed using linear mixed effects models with a random intercept for each study. When diet composition information was not reported, it was estimated from commercial feed library data and reported dietary feed inclusion rates. Days to service, days to ovulation, pregnancy at first artificial insemination, and overall pregnancy rate were the primary reproductive outcomes of interest. Significant variables were identified through a backward elimination approach. Overall pregnancy rate tended to be affected by the percentage of lignin in the diet (P = 0.078). Days to service was affected by dietary NDF (P = 0.013), ADF (P = 0.022), and starch (P = 0.027) percentages, and tended to be affected by lignin (P = 0.0768) percentage. Days to ovulation and pregnancy at first artificial insemination were not affected by the nutritional factors tested here. Additional assessment is needed to assess how dietary factors interact with other experimental and environmental variables to influence reproductive outcomes.
414 The influence of trace mineral source on fiber digestion, rumen fermentation characteristics, and mineral solubility in beef cattle fed a low-quality forage diet
Authors: Guimaraes Octavio , Jalali Sam , Wagner John , Spears Jerry , Engle Terry 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Twelve Angus steers (BW 452.8 ±21.8 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulae were used to determine the impact of trace mineral source on neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and ruminal solubility of Cu, Mn, and Zn. Steers were fed a low-quality grass hay diet (10.8% CP, 63.1% NDF, 6.9 mg Cu/kg, 65.5 mg Mn/kg, and 39.4 mg Zn/kg) supplemented with protein for 21 d. Treatments consisted of 20, 40, and 60 mg supplemental Cu, Mn, and Zn/kg DM, respectively from either sulfate (STM) or hydroxy (HTM) sources (n = 6 steers/treatment). Following a 21-d adaptation period total fecal output was collected for 5 d. Dry matter digestibility tended (P &lt; 0.07) to be reduced (51.9 vs. 53.4 ±0.52%) and NDF digestibility was reduced (P &lt; 0.04; 40.4 vs. 42.7 ±0.67%) in STM vs. HTM steers. On d 6, rumen fluid was collected at 0, 2, and 4h post feeding. Steers receiving HTM had lesser (P &lt; 0.02) butyric acid and greater (P &lt; 0.05) total SCFA than STM steers. Steers were then fed the same grass hay diet without supplemental Cu, Zn, or Mn for 14 d. On d 15 steers received a pulse dose of 20, 40, and 60 mg Cu, Mn, and Zn/kg DM, respectively from either STM or HTM. Ruminal samples were obtained at 2h intervals starting at -4 and ending at 24h relative to dosing. Ruminal soluble mineral concentrations were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for Cu at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14h; for Mn at 4 and 6h; and for Zn at 4, 6, and 8h post dosing in STM compared to HTM steers. Results indicate that ruminal solubility of Cu, Mn, and Zn differs between STM and HTM sources and rumen Cu, Mn, and Zn solubility may impact ruminal fermentation.
165 Effect of late lactation nutrition on milk production and composition in prolific sheep on an accelerated lambing system
Authors: Ehrhardt Richard A , Moody Jordan , Makela Barbara , Almudena Veiga-Lopez 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Late lactation nutrition is important in prolific sheep to ensure adequate lamb growth and in the context of accelerated production, to potentially improve reproductive outcomes. Therefore, the effect of plane of energy nutrition was evaluated in 24 (Dorset x Polypay) multiparous ewes randomly assigned to diets providing either 100% (C), 70% (Low) or 150% (High) of NRC energy requirements during the last 28 days of lactation (n = 4 single- and n = 4 twin-rearing ewes/group). Milk volume (MILK) was measured by hand milking following oxytocin treatment (20 I.U.) prior to and after 3 hours of removal from lambs with samples taken for composition analysis just prior and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. Body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) were followed throughout. A mixed statistical model accounting for rearing status and stage of lactation revealed that High ewes gained 4.0kg and 0.28BCS units and Low ewes lost 4.9kg and 0.21BCS units (P &lt; 0.05, High vs. Low for both), but these outcomes did not differ by rearing status. C ewes maintained BCS, but lost 3.7kg relative to High ewes (P &lt; 0.05). Ewes rearing twins produced greater MILK than singles (1.85L for singles vs. 2.32L for twins, P &lt; 0.01). However, MILK in C ewes remained unchanged regardless of rearing status over the study period. MILK response to treatment differed according to rearing status (P &lt; 0.01) with twin but not single-rearing ewes responding. After two weeks, twin-rearing High ewes increased MILK ~50% relative to pre-treatment measures (P &lt; 0.01) and remained elevated until week 4, while C or Low ewes showed no treatment response. Milk fat percent increased over lactation in all ewes (P &lt; 0.01). These data indicate that only twin-rearing ewes were able to respond in milk synthesis to increased energy intake demonstrating that current feeding standards for twin-rearing ewes limit milk production.
163 Annual differences in fecal egg counts in a forage-based ram test
Authors: Davelaar Morgan Van , Notter David R , Wright D Lee , Zajac Anna M , Greiner Scott P , Bradford Heather L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective was to determine the magnitude of yearly differences in parasite load in growing ram lambs. Data were obtained from the Southwest Virginia Agriculture Research and Extension Center in Glade Spring, VA. The center conducts a forage-based ram growth test during the summer where rams also undergo a parasite challenge. Data consisted of 488 Katahdin rams tested from 2012 to 2018. Rams were dewormed at delivery, and at the start of the test, each ram received an oral dose of 5,000 H. contortus larvae adjusted for body weight. Fecal egg count was measured 70 d later when rams were on average (SD) 200 (18) d old. Fecal egg counts were not normally distributed. The Box-Cox procedure indicated that a log transformation was appropriate, but the residuals were not normally distributed for several linear models. A zero-inflated negative binomial generalized linear mixed model was used for data analysis with the glmmTMB package in R. The model included fixed effects of centered and scaled weight, centered and scaled age, year, birth type, and rearing type, and the random effect of consignor. Birth type, rear type, and age were not significant (P &gt; 0.10). The least square mean (SE) fecal egg counts by year were 344 (118) for 2012, 623 (214) for 2013, 574 (195) for 2014, 1,125 (409) for 2015, 745 (253) for 2016, 408 (142) for 2017, and 239 (86) for 2018. Differences in summer precipitation could affect average parasite load. Despite similar total summer precipitation, 2012 had 1 extremely wet month whereas, 2015 had consistent precipitation throughout the summer. We conclude that producers should not compare fecal egg counts across years because the overall average may be multiple-fold different from year to year. Ranking rams within year will be more effective to select for improved parasite resistance.
PSIII-6 Analysis of vocal sounds for detecting abnormal symptoms in sows
Authors: Lee Donghoon , Bum Kwongoo , Oh Sang-Hyon 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Various technologies for animal health have been introduced and used in the livestock field as a part of an integrated processing methodology to construct a successful smart farm. This study aims to present a health assessment method applied to an individual pig using acoustic vibration. The experiment was based on the hypothesis that there is a strong relationship between acoustic phenotype and health condition. The information from a normal and abnormal sow was simultaneously and continuously recorded using a sound recorder for 24 hours. The abnormal sow was given an injection of 70% dextrose to the knee, which experienced necrosis due to a subsequent osmotic phenomenon. The experiment began at 9 am and continued until 8 am the next day and was repeated twice. During the experiment, the high-resolution recorder was located 50 cm from the top of the farrowing crate and directed at the sow’s head to reduce interferences from other sources of sound and noise. The first step of analysis was denoising the recorded acoustic information. Then, the Fourier fast transform was applied to the preprocessed data. Data were analyzed with PROC GLM (SAS 9.3), where a trial and treatment were included as fixed effects. The magnitude of frequency between normal and abnormal sows was significantly different (P &lt; 0.05), in which the range of magnitude value was higher and lower than 0.015 for the normal and abnormal sow, respectively. The range 0.015 to 0.020 for the normal sow was clearly discriminated from the range 0.010 to 0.015 for the abnormal one. A more accurate interpretation of sows’ vocal data depends on the quality and quantity of data regarding their health condition. A promising algorithm of processing acoustic phenotype related to bio information could be useful in numerous complex health assessments.
PSIII-10 Body temperature changes in piglets anesthetized for castration during the recovery phase
Authors: Schmid Simone M , Hayer Jason J , Heinemann Celine , Steinhoff-Wagner Julia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In several countries, an application of general anesthesia for pain prevention during castration is discussed. A disadvantage is the prolonged recovery phase, accompanied by severe body temperature drops in piglets. Aim of this study was to investigate effects on body temperature during recovery after anesthesia. Piglets were anesthetized, castrated and placed in boxes (0.24m2) for 4h. Before, 2 and 4h after the application (0.3ml ketamine+azaperone/kg BW), rectal temperatures (RT) and skin temperatures behind the ear (ST) were measured. In a first trial, impacts of infrared lamp (250W, 50-55cm height) and number of animals per box (3 vs 6) were analyzed (n = 30). In a complementary trial, infrared lamps’ height (60 vs 70cm) and piglet age were varied (n = 27) and temperatures measured half-hourly. Differences were estimated in linear models (SAS® 9.4). Mean RT before anesthesia was 39.1±0.4°C with ranges of less than 1.9°C. After 2h, mean RT in lamp-warmed piglets increased to 40.8°C (P &lt; 0.01), whereas in absence of lamps RT dropped to 37.3 (P &lt; 0.001), with significant differences between groups (P &lt; 0.001). To prevent life-threatening cooling, piglets with RT as minimal as 33.5°C were warmed immediately, so that their mean RT after 4h was not different from initial temperatures. Animal number per box caused no differences. Variation between individual RT was up to 8.2°C at 2h (first trial). Means in the second trial did not differ, but variation pattern of individual temperatures was highest after 1h (6.1°C), indicating that individual differences regarding anesthetics or external factors might occur. When lamps hung lower ST were higher after 3h (P &lt; 0.05) and 4h (P &lt; 0.01). RT and ST were dependent on age after 0.5h (P &lt; 0,05, respectively) and tendentious at 1h and 2h, indicating that older piglets can rely on more distinct temperature regulation abilities and use endogenous energy resources to regain homeostasis.
PSVI-23 Dynamics of cholesterol and triglycerides in the serum of cows with liver lipidosis
Authors: Moiseeva Karina , Anipchenko Polina , Vasil’eva Svetlana , Karpenko Larisa Y , Vasil’ev Roman , Pilaeva Nina , Bakhta Alesya A , Panova Nataliya A , Trushkin Vyacheslav , Nikitin Georgiy , Nikitina Anastasia , Ershova Olga 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Cows that received an over-calorie diet in the final phase of lactation are prone to liver lipidosis. The task of our research is to study the dynamics of cholesterol and triglycerides in cows with fatty hepatosis during the transit period. A group of 20 dry cows was formed. In the blood serum of cows, the concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides was studied twice before calving (15–20 days and 5–10 days) and twice after calving (5–10 days and 20–25 days). After research was formed two groups. The first group included 8 cows, which were killed 7–43 days after calving. They had signs of liver lipidosis. The diagnosis of fatty hepatosis was confirmed by the results of a histological examination of the liver. The second group included the remaining 12 cows. At the beginning of the study, the cows of the first and second groups had a cholesterol concentration of 4.06±0.23 and 3.62±0.23 mmol/l, and triglycerides - 0.13±0.01 and 0.11±0.01 mmol/l. Further dynamics of indicators had features in each group. In cows with hepatosis, a gradual decrease in cholesterol to 1.83±0.07 mmol/l was observed. In the second group the indicator was 2.2 times higher (P &lt; 0.01). Before calving, a decrease in the concentration of triglycerides is observed. A more significant decline was detected in cows of the first group—by 61.5% (P &lt; 0.001). In cows of the second group, the index decreased only by 18.2%. After 5–10 days after calving, the concentration of triglycerides in both groups remained low. After 20–25 days in the first group, the index increased 2.3 times (P &lt; 0.01), and in the second—1.25 times. Studies have revealed features of the lipid profile in cows with liver lipidosis.