bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine Spike Timing in Hippocampal–Prefrontal Ensembles Predicts Poor Encoding and Underlies Behavioral Performance in Healthy and Malformed Brains
Authors: Hernan Amanda E , Mahoney J Matthew , Curry Willie , Mawe Seamus , Scott Rod C 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Spatial working memory (SWM) is a central cognitive process during which the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) encode and maintain spatial information for subsequent decision-making. This occurs in the context of ongoing computations relating to spatial position, recall of long-term memory, attention, among many others. To establish how intermittently presented information is integrated with ongoing computations we recorded single units, simultaneously in hippocampus and PFC, in control rats and those with a brain malformation during performance of an SWM task. Neurons that encode intermittent task parameters are also well modulated in time and incorporated into a functional network across regions. Neurons from animals with cortical malformation are poorly modulated in time, less likely to encode task parameters, and less likely to be integrated into a functional network. Our results implicate a model in which ongoing oscillatory coordination among neurons in the hippocampal–PFC network describes a functional network that is poised to receive sensory inputs that are then integrated and multiplexed as working memory. The background temporal modulation is systematically altered in disease, but the relationship between these dynamics and behaviorally relevant firing is maintained, thereby providing potential targets for stimulation-based therapies.
Microstructure of Human Corpus Callosum across the Lifespan: Regional Variations in Axon Caliber, Density, and Myelin Content
Authors: Lynn Jonathan D , Anand Chaitali , Arshad Muzamil , Homayouni Roya , Rosenberg David R , Ofen Noa , Raz Naftali , Stanley Jeffrey A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The myeloarchitecture of the corpus callosum (CC) is characterized as a mosaic of distinct differences in fiber density of small- and large-diameter axons along the anterior–posterior axis; however, regional and age differences across the lifespan are not fully understood. Using multiecho T2 magnetic resonance imaging combined with multi-T2 fitting, the myelin water fraction (MWF) and geometric-mean of the intra-/extracellular water T2 (geomT2IEW) in 395 individuals (7–85 years; 41% males) were examined. The approach was validated where regional patterns along the CC closely resembled the histology; MWF matched mean axon diameter and geomT2IEW mirrored the density of large-caliber axons. Across the lifespan, MWF exhibited a quadratic association with age in all 10 CC regions with evidence of a positive linear MWF-age relationship among younger participants and minimal age differences in the remainder of the lifespan. Regarding geomT2IEW, a significant linear age × region interaction reflected positive linear age dependence mostly prominent in the regions with the highest density of small-caliber fibers—genu and splenium. In all, these two indicators characterize distinct attributes that are consistent with histology, which is a first. In addition, these results conform to rapid developmental progression of CC myelination leveling in middle age as well as age-related degradation of axon sheaths in older adults.
Picocyanobacteria aggregation as a response to predation pressure: direct contact is not necessary
Authors: Ospina-Serna Juliana , Huber Paula , Odriozola Mariana , Fermani Paulina , Unrein Fernando 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Picocyanobacteria (cells &lt;2 µm) can be found either as single-cells (Pcy) or embedded in a mucilaginous sheath as microcolonies or colonies (CPcy). It has been demonstrated that phenotypic plasticity in picocyanobacteria (i.e. the capability of single-cells to aggregate into colonies) can be induced as a response to grazing pressure. The effect of the presence of different predators (cladocerans and rotifers) on the morphological composition of picocyanobacteria was studied in a natural community, and it was observed that the abundance of CPcy significantly increased in all treatments with zooplankton compared with the control without zooplankton. The aggregation capability was also evaluated in a single-cell strain by adding a conditioned medium of flagellates, rotifers and cladocerans. The proportion of cells forming colonies was significantly higher in all treatments with conditioned medium regardless of the predator. These results suggest that the aggregation of Pcy can be induced as a response to the predation pressure exerted by protists and different zooplankters, and also that Pcy has the capability to aggregate into CPcy even without direct contact with any predator, most probably due to the presence of an infochemical dissolved in the water that does not come from disrupted Pcy cells.
Spatial Distribution of Frankliniella schultzei (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Open-Field Yellow Melon, With Emphasis on the Role of Surrounding Vegetation as a Source of Initial Infestation
Authors: Carvalho Sindoval C , Junior Paulo A S , Pereira Poliana S , Sarmento Renato A , Farias Elizeu S , Lima Carlos H O , Santos Gil R , Picanço Marcelo C 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom) is a serious pest of melon crops and is commonly found in the main producing areas of melon in Brazil (North and Northeast regions). This pest causes significant losses, damaging plants through feeding and tospovirus vectoring. Thus, the proper management of F. schultzei is crucial to prevent economic losses, and knowledge of the within-field distribution patterns of F. schultzei can be used to improve this pest management. This study aimed to determine the within-field distribution (through semivariogram modeling and kriging interpolation) and the factors associated with F. schultzei abundance in open-field yellow melon crops. We surveyed four yellow melon fields located in Formoso do Araguaia (Tocantins state, North Brazil) for thrips abundance in various crop stages (vegetative, flowering, and fruiting) in 2015 and 2016. Twelve models were fitted and it was determined that F. schultzei counts were strongly aggregated. The median spatial dependence was 4.79 m (range 3.55 to 8.02 m). The surface maps generated by kriging depicted an edge effect in fields 3 and 4. In addition, correlation analyses indicated that air temperature and presence of surrounding cucurbits are positively associated with F. schultzei abundance in yellow melon fields. Altogether, these insights can be combined for spatially based pest management, especially when the conditions (cucurbits in the surroundings and warmer periods) are favorable to F. schultzei.
Management, Organizational Performance, and Task Clarity: Evidence from Ghana’s Civil Service
Authors: Rasul Imran , Rogger Daniel , Williams Martin J 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe study the relationship between management practices, organizational performance, and task clarity, using observational data analysis on an original survey of the universe of Ghanaian civil servants across 45 organizations and novel administrative data on over 3,600 tasks they undertake. We first demonstrate that there is a large range of variation across government organizations, both in management quality and in task completion, and show that management quality is positively related to task completion. We then provide evidence that this association varies across dimensions of management practice. In particular, task completion exhibits a positive partial correlation with management practices related to giving staff autonomy and discretion, but a negative partial correlation with practices related to incentives and monitoring. Consistent with theories of task clarity and goal ambiguity, the partial relationship between incentives/monitoring and task completion is less negative when tasks are clearer ex ante and the partial relationship between autonomy/discretion and task completion is more positive when task completion is clearer ex post. Our findings suggest that organizations could benefit from providing their staff with greater autonomy and discretion, especially for types of tasks that are ill-suited to predefined monitoring and incentive regimes.
Ejective and preventative: the IllustrisTNG black hole feedback and its effects on the thermodynamics of the gas within and around galaxies
Authors: Zinger Elad , Pillepich Annalisa , Nelson Dylan , Weinberger Rainer , Pakmor Rüdiger , Springel Volker , Hernquist Lars , Marinacci Federico , Vogelsberger Mark 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) that reside at the centres of galaxies can inject vast amounts of energy into the surrounding gas and are thought to be a viable mechanism to quench star formation in massive galaxies. Here, we study the $10^{9-12.5}\, \mathrm{M_\odot }$ stellar mass central galaxy population of the IllustrisTNG simulation, specifically the TNG100 and TNG300 volumes at z = 0, and show how the three components – SMBH, galaxy, and circumgalactic medium (CGM) – are interconnected in their evolution. We find that gas entropy is a sensitive diagnostic of feedback injection. In particular, we demonstrate how the onset of the low-accretion black hole (BH) feedback mode, realized in the IllustrisTNG model as a kinetic, BH-driven wind, leads not only to star formation quenching at stellar masses $\gtrsim 10^{10.5}\, \mathrm{M_\odot }$ but also to a change in thermodynamic properties of the (non-star-forming) gas, both within the galaxy and beyond. The IllustrisTNG kinetic feedback from SMBHs increases the average gas entropy, within the galaxy and in the CGM, lengthening typical gas cooling times from $10\!-\!100\, \mathrm{Myr}$ to $1\!-\!10\, \mathrm{Gyr}$, effectively ceasing ongoing star formation and inhibiting radiative cooling and future gas accretion. In practice, the same active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback channel is simultaneously ‘ejective’ and ‘preventative’ and leaves an imprint on the temperature, density, entropy, and cooling times also in the outer reaches of the gas halo, up to distances of several hundred kiloparsecs. In the IllustrisTNG model, a long-lasting quenching state can occur for a heterogeneous CGM, whereby the hot and dilute CGM gas of quiescent galaxies contains regions of low-entropy gas with short cooling times.
Rapid compact jet quenching in the Galactic black hole candidate X-ray binary MAXI J1535−571
Authors: Russell T D , Lucchini M , Tetarenko A J , Miller-Jones J C A , Sivakoff G R , Krauß F , Mulaudzi W , Baglio M C , Russell D M , Altamirano D , Ceccobello C , Corbel S , Degenaar N , van den Eijnden J , Fender R , Heinz S , Koljonen K I I , Maitra D , Markoff S , Migliari S , Parikh A S , Plotkin R M , Rupen M , Sarazin C , Soria R , Wijnands R 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTWe present results from six epochs of quasi-simultaneous radio, (sub-)millimetre, infrared, optical, and X-ray observations of the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1535−571. These observations show that as the source transitioned through the hard–intermediate X-ray state towards the soft–intermediate X-ray state, the jet underwent dramatic and rapid changes. We observed the frequency of the jet spectral break, which corresponds to the most compact region in the jet where particle acceleration begins (higher frequencies indicate closer to the black hole), evolves from the infrared band into the radio band (decreasing by ≈3 orders of magnitude) in less than a day. During one observational epoch, we found evidence of the jet spectral break evolving in frequency through the radio band. Estimating the magnetic field and size of the particle acceleration region shows that the rapid fading of the high-energy jet emission was not consistent with radiative cooling; instead, the particle acceleration region seems to be moving away from the black hole on approximately dynamical time-scales. This result suggests that the compact jet quenching is not caused by local changes to the particle acceleration, rather we are observing the acceleration region of the jet travelling away from the black hole with the jet flow. Spectral analysis of the X-ray emission shows a gradual softening in the few days before the dramatic jet changes, followed by a more rapid softening ∼1–2 d after the onset of the jet quenching.
Proper motion, spectra, and timing of PSR J1813–1749 using Chandra and NICER
Authors: Ho Wynn C G , Guillot Sebastien , Saz Parkinson P M , Limyansky B , Ng C-Y , Bejger Michał , Espinoza Cristóbal M , Haskell B , Jaisawal Gaurava K , Malacaria C 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
PSR J1813–1749 is one of the most energetic rotation-powered pulsars known, producing a pulsar wind nebula (PWN) and gamma-ray and TeV emission, but whose spin period is only measurable in X-ray. We present analysis of two Chandra data sets that are separated by more than 10 yr and recent NICER data. The long baseline of the Chandra data allows us to derive a pulsar proper motion $\mu _{\rm RA}=(-0.067\pm 0.010)\, \mathrm{ arcsec}\,\mathrm{yr^{-1}}$ and $\mu _{\rm Dec.}=(-0.014\pm 0.007)\, \mathrm{ arcsec}\,\mathrm{yr^{-1}}$ and velocity $v_\perp \approx 900\!-\!1600\, \mathrm{km\, s^{-1}}$ (assuming a distance d = 3–5 kpc), although we cannot exclude a contribution to the change in measured pulsar position due to a change in brightness structure of the PWN very near the pulsar. We model the PWN and pulsar spectra using an absorbed power law and obtain best-fitting absorption $N_{\rm H}=(13.1\pm 0.9)\times 10^{22}\, \mathrm{cm^{-2}}$, photon index Γ = 1.5 ± 0.1, and 0.3–10 keV luminosity $L_{\rm X}\approx 5.4\times 10^{34}\, \mathrm{erg\, s^{-1}}(d/\mbox{ 5 kpc})^2$ for the PWN and Γ = 1.2 ± 0.1 and $L_{\rm X}\approx 9.3\times 10^{33}\, \mathrm{erg\, s^{-1}}(d/\mbox{ 5 kpc})^2$ for PSR J1813–1749. These values do not change between the 2006 and 2016 observations. We use NICER observations from 2019 to obtain a timing model of PSR J1813–1749, with spin frequency ν = 22.35 Hz and spin frequency time derivative $\dot{\nu }=(-6.428\pm 0.003)\times 10^{-11}\, \mathrm{Hz\, s^{-1}}$. We also fit ν measurements from 2009 to 2012 and our 2019 value and find a long-term spin-down rate $\dot{\nu }=(-6.3445\pm 0.0004)\times 10^{-11}\, \mathrm{Hz\, s^{-1}}$. We speculate that the difference in spin-down rates is due to glitch activity or emission mode switching.
A super-sensitive auxin-inducible degron system with an engineered auxin-TIR1 pair
Authors: Nishimura Kohei , Yamada Ryotaro , Hagihara Shinya , Iwasaki Rie , Uchida Naoyuki , Kamura Takumi , Takahashi Koji , Torii Keiko U , Fukagawa Tatsuo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The auxin-inducible degron (AID) system enables rapid depletion of target proteins within the cell by applying the natural auxin IAA. The AID system is useful for investigating the physiological functions of essential proteins; however, this system generally requires high dose of auxin to achieve effective depletion in vertebrate cells. Here, we describe a super-sensitive AID system that incorporates the synthetic auxin derivative 5-Ad-IAA and its high-affinity-binding partner OsTIR1F74A. The super-sensitive AID system enabled more than a 1000-fold reduction of the AID inducer concentrations in chicken DT40 cells. To apply this system to various mammalian cell lines including cancer cells containing multiple sets of chromosomes, we utilized a single-step method where CRISPR/Cas9-based gene knockout is combined with insertion of a pAID plasmid. The single-step method coupled with the super-sensitive AID system enables us to easily and rapidly generate AID-based conditional knockout cells in a wide range of vertebrate cell lines. Our improved method that incorporates the super-sensitive AID system and the single-step method provides a powerful tool for elucidating the roles of essential genes.
European Consensus Statement on the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in chronic kidney disease stages G4–G5D
Authors: Evenepoel Pieter , Cunningham John , Ferrari Serge , Haarhaus Mathias , Javaid Muhammad Kassim , Lafage-Proust Marie-Hélène , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Torres Pablo Ureña , Cannata-Andia Jorge ,   European Renal Osteodystrophy (EUROD) workgroup, an initiative of the CKD-MBD working group of the ERA-EDTA, and the committee of Scientific Advisors and National Societies of the IOF, Vervloet Marc , Mazzaferro Sandro , D’Haese Patrick , Bacchetta Justine , Ferreira Annibal , Salam Syazrah , Spasovski Goce 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Controlling the excessive fracture burden in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) Stages G4–G5D remains an impressive challenge. The reasons are 2-fold. First, the pathophysiology of bone fragility in patients with CKD G4–G5D is complex and multifaceted, comprising a mixture of age-related (primary male/postmenopausal), drug-induced and CKD-related bone abnormalities. Second, our current armamentarium of osteoporosis medications has not been developed for, or adequately studied in patients with CKD G4–G5D, partly related to difficulties in diagnosing osteoporosis in this specific setting and fear of complications. Doubts about the optimal diagnostic and therapeutic approach fuel inertia in daily clinical practice. The scope of the present consensus paper is to review and update the assessment and diagnosis of osteoporosis in patients with CKD G4-G5D and to discuss the therapeutic interventions available and the manner in which these can be used to develop management strategies for the prevention of fragility fracture. As such, it aims to stimulate a cohesive approach to the management of osteoporosis in patients with CKD G4–G5D to replace current variations in care and treatment nihilism.
Associations Between Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Anxiety Sensitivity, Socially Prescribed Perfectionism, and Severity of Somatic Symptoms Among Individuals with Fibromyalgia
Authors: Avishai Cohen Hila , Zerach Gadi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe contribution of psychological risk factors to the intensification of pain experienced among individuals with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is relatively under-studied. The present study aims to explore associations between FMS-related somatic symptom severity and two personality tendencies: anxiety sensitivity (AS) and socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP). Furthermore, the relative contributions of these personality tendencies are examined vis-à-vis the experience of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and the psychopathology of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS).MethodsA volunteer sample of 117 Israeli adults with FMS responded to online validated self-report questionnaires regarding their PTEs, PTSS, somatic symptom severity, FMS, AS, and SPP in a cross-sectional study.ResultsParticipants’ self-reported PTSS rates (61.5%) were high. AS and SPP were positively related to somatic symptom severity. Interestingly, we found that PTSS positively predicted the severity of somatic symptoms above and beyond the contributions of AS and SPP.ConclusionsThe present study supports the assumption that psychological risk factors may affect the expression of somatic symptoms and the interpretation of pain stimulus arising in the body that might eventually be experienced as excessively painful. The study also suggests that above and beyond psychological risk factors, PTSS may express a high predominance and affect pain perception among participants with FMS.
An Environmental Race to the Bottom? “No More Stringent” Laws in the American States
Authors: Woods Neal D 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Many American states have adopted laws designed to prevent environmental agencies from regulating pollution emissions more stringently than is required by federal statute. This study leverages variation in the timing and breadth of state adoption of these “No More Stringent” (NMS) laws to examine the claim that interstate competition for mobile capital leads state governments to relax regulatory standards, resulting in an environmental race to the bottom. The results indicate that the diffusion of NMS laws is driven by two forms of interstate economic competition, a policy competition effect that operates primarily among contiguous neighbors and a cost competition effect that operates primarily among a broader set of economic peers. These findings provide new empirical support for the environmental race to the bottom argument, and suggest new challenges for the use of cooperative federalism arrangements that involve state implementation of federal programs.
A Review of Feeding Practices in Infants With Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Authors: Taylor Kailey , Maguire Denise 
Published: August 2020

Background:
There has been an increase in infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) over the past several decades. Infants with NAS experience withdrawal as a result of the sudden termination at birth of substance exposure during pregnancy. A serious sign related to infants diagnosed with NAS is poor feeding. The prevalence of NAS urges researchers and clinicians to develop effective strategies and techniques to treat and manage the poor feeding of infants exposed to substances in utero.

Purpose:
To synthesize current feeding methods and practices used for infants diagnosed with NAS.

Methods/Search Strategy:
PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus were searched for articles published within the last 20 years that focused on feeding practices or feeding schedules, were written in English, were peer-reviewed, and described human studies. The search terms utilized were “neonatal abstinence syndrome” OR “neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome” AND “feeding.”

Findings/Results:
Three findings emerged regarding techniques and management of poor feeding in the NAS population. The findings included infants who received mother's own milk had decreased severity and later onset of clinical signs of withdrawal, demand feeding is recommended, and the infant's cues may be helpful to follow when feeding.

Implications for Practice:
Clinicians should encourage mother's own milk in this population unless contraindications are present. Caregivers and clinicians must be receptive to cues when feeding infants with NAS.

Implications for Research:
Even with the clinical knowledge and experience that infants with NAS are difficult to feed, there is limited research assessing techniques and schedules that are effective in managing successful feeding. Future research should compare feeding schedules such as on-demand feeding versus regimented feeding schedules, as well as investigate techniques that mothers and nurses can utilize to encourage oral intake in this population.

Video abstract available at https://journals.lww.com/advancesinneonatalcare/Pages/videogallery.aspx?autoPlay=false&videoId=37