bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sleep-Induced Changes in Associative Memory
Authors: Stickgold Robert , Scott Laurie , Rittenhouse Cynthia , Hobson J. Allan 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The notion that dreaming might alter the strength of associative links in memory was first proposed almost 200 years ago. But no strong evidence of such altered associative links has been obtained. Semantic priming can be used to quantify the strength of associative links between pairs of words; it is thought to measure the automatic spread of activation from a “node” representing one word to nodes representing semantically related words. Semantic priming could thus be used to test for global alterations in the strengths of associative links across the wake-sleep cycle.
Awakenings from REM and nonREM (NREM) sleep produce a period of state carry-over during which performance is altered as a result of the brain's slow transition to full wakefulness, and cognitive testing in this period can provide information about the functioning of the brain during the prior sleep period. When subjects were tested across the night—before and after a night's sleep as well as immediately following forced awakenings from REM and NREM sleep—weak priming (e.g., thief-wrong) was found to be state dependent (p = 0.016), whereas strong priming (e.g., hot-cold) was not (p = 0.89). Weak primes were most effective in the presleep and REM sleep conditions and least effective in NREM and postsleep conditions.
Most striking are analyses comparing weak and strong priming within each wake-sleep state. Contrary to the normal pattern of priming, subjects awakened from REM sleep showed greater priming by weak primes than by strong primes (p = 0.01). This result was seen in each of three protocols. In contrast, strong priming exceeded weak priming in NREM sleep.
The shift in weak priming seen after REM sleep awakenings suggests that cognition during REM sleep is qualitatively different from that of waking and NREM sleep and may reflect a shift in associative memory systems, a shift that we hypothesize underlies the bizarre and hyperassociative character of REM-sleep dreaming. Known changes in brainstem activity that control the transition into and maintenance of REM sleep provide a possible explanation of this shift.
FAMILY PLOTS: BURYING SLAVES DEEP IN HISTORICAL GROUND
Authors: Glancy Jennifer 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDespite the anthropological identification of slavery as an anti-kinship structure, some New Testament scholars have attempted to "kin-ify" the relations between slaveholders and slaves, that is, to interpret slavery as a fictive kinship structure. Commentators on Acts of the Apostles, for example, are likely to accept the patriarchal or matriarchal right of householders to enforce decisions concerning the cultic practices of household slaves. By suggesting that the Spirit responds to the invitations of slaveholders, household by patriarchal household, Acts treats enslaved members of households as dependent bodies subjected to the intellectual and spiritual authority of slaveholders. By accepting uncritically Luke's portrait of the growth of the church, household by patriarchal household, commentators unwittingly buy into a family plot that legitimates the slaveholder's preferred vision of the household. Drawing on sources as disparate as Egyptian papyri of the Roman era and personal family history, this article challenges attempts to subsume relationships of slavery within the warm circle of the family. At the same time, the article warns against sentimental depictions of maternal and other family ties. In the first century as in the twenty-first century, the family could be a locus of exploitation and alienation. The natal alienation at the heart of the ancient slave experience is ultimately intertwined with the forms of alienation inherent within families themselves. It is not that relations of slavery are warmer than we might expect, but rather that relations between even the closest of kin can be more exploitative than we want to admit.
KRAMER VERSUS KRAMER IN A TENTH/SIXTEENTH CENTURY EGYPTIAN COURT: POST-FORMATIVE JURISPRUDENCE BETWEEN EXIGENCY AND LAW
Authors: Jackson Sherman 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe relationship between the individual jurist, the madhhab and scripture (Qur'ān and Sunnah) has long been a topic of debate among scholars of Islamic law. Based on a detailed fatwā on a controversial issue in tenth/sixteenth century Cairo, the present essay describes how, in the post-formative period, the madhhab mediated between the jurist and the sources. While clearly reflecting a commitment to taqlīd, this fatwā renders problematic the attribution of such adjectives as "conservative" or "servile" to that institution. At the same time, it clearly suggests that non-legal factors, such as the moral presuppositions and social outlook of the individual jurist, are operative in the processes of shaping school doctrine and crafting individual fatwās for 'difficult cases'.
FROM IRON AGE MYTH TO IDEALIZED NATIONAL LANDSCAPE: HUMAN-NATURE RELATIONSHIPS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM IN FRITZ LANG'S DIE NIBELUNGEN
Authors: Bratton Susan Power 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFrom the Iron Age to the modern period, authors have repeatedly restructured the ecomythology of the Siegfried saga. Fritz Lang's Weimar film production (released in 1924-1925) of Die Nibelungen presents an ascendant humanist Siegfried, who dominates over nature in his dragon slaying. Lang removes the strong family relationships typical of earlier versions, and portrays Siegfried as a son of the German landscape rather than of an aristocratic, human lineage. Unlike The Saga of the Volsungs, which casts the dwarf Andvari as a shape-shifting fish, and thereby indistinguishable from productive, living nature, both Richard Wagner and Lang create dwarves who live in subterranean or inorganic habitats, and use environmental ideals to convey anti-Semitic images, including negative contrasts between Jewish stereotypes and healthy or organic nature. Lang's Siegfried is a technocrat, who, rather than receiving a magic sword from mystic sources, begins the film by fashioning his own. Admired by Adolf Hitler, Die Nibelungen idealizes the material and the organic in a way that allows the modern ''hero'' to romanticize himself and, without the aid of deities, to become superhuman.
Differences in shell morphology of Testudo graeca and Testudo hermanni, based on material from Bulgaria
Authors: Amiranashvili N.G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTwo tortoises, Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1814 and Testudo hermanni boettgeri (Mojsisovics, 1889), inhabit Bulgaria. Certain features normally used for their identification, such as division of the supracaudal scute (divided in T. h. boettgeri; undivided in T. g. ibera), are not absolute. Seven whole shells of T. g. ibera and eleven of T. h. boettgeri were studied, and also a large series of shell fragments of both species. Based on analysis of 44 shell characters, T. h. boettgeri was distinguished by the following: maximal width of vertebral scute V clearly greater than maximal widths of other vertebral scutes; width of vertebral scutes II, III and IV smaller than width of pleural scutes I, II and III; medial length of pectoral scute equal or slightly greater than half the medial length of the hypoplastron; hypo-xiphiplastral suture distant from the corner of the inguinal notch; medial length of xiphiplastron less than maximal width (in females), or nearly half the maximal width (in males).
Spatial distribution and survival rate of waterfrog tadpoles in relation to biotic and abiotic factors: a field experiment
Authors: Thurnheer Sylvie , Reyer Heinz-Ulrich 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPredictions about population and community dynamics are usually based on lab experiments. Because the results are difficult to transfer to natural conditions, the major purpose of this study was to test the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on tadpole populations in a natural environment. We stocked six ponds, created the previous year, with known numbers of Rana esculenta and R. lessonae tadpoles and followed their development over several months. When compared among ponds, tadpole density correlated positively with the nitrate:phosphate ratio. This suggests that water chemistry may have affected survival, either directly or indirectly via productivity. Within ponds, both species showed a clear preference for the shallow zone. This behavior probably reflects a preference for warm water close to the surface, rather than avoidance of predators, because relative densities of odonates also increased from deep to shallow zones. This study is one of few that not only considers the distribution of the anuran tadpoles but the distribution of their predators as well.
STIMULUS-SPECIFIC AND RESPONSE-SPECIFIC HABITUATION IN COURTING STICKLEBACK: DEVELOPMENTAL AND FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Jenkins Jennifer , Rowland William 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMale threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, from a marine population on Long Island, New York were presented simultaneously with two dummies, one simulating a normally distended ('thinner') gravid female and the other a highly distended ('fatter') one. Males initially courted the dummies much as they do real females, but showed stimulus-specific and response-specific habituation to the dummies. Males initially courted the fatter dummy slightly more than the thinner one but showed clear signs of habituation toward the thinner dummy after about 4 min while courtship to the fatter one continued throughout the 1 hr presentation period. Thus, within 12 min males were directing a much greater proportion of courtship to the fatter dummy, and this difference increased over time. Males also attacked both dummies and, in contrast to their courtship response, divided biting equally between the two dummies. Moreover, bite rates to the thinner and the fatter dummy doubled within the first 12 min and then fluctuated around that level for the remainder of the trial. The stimulusspecific and response-specific nature of habituation may be adaptive for male mating success because it leads the male to focus courtship on the preferred female and to direct attack against the fish presenting a greater threat to the nest but a lower potential reproductive payoff.
FEMALE DOMINANCE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CAPTIVE WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLAS: COMPARISONS WITH THE WILD
Authors: Scott Jennifer , Lockard Joan 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Female dominance relationships were studied among three family groups of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) housed in large enclosures at Howletts Wild Animal Park, in Kent, England. In common with gorillas in their natural habitat, the Howletts gorillas forage throughout the day on low nutrient foods. However, the latter differ, at least from mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei), in that they also have relatively frequent access to high nutrient, high energy novel food items which are patchily distributed in time and space, and defendable. It was predicted that, despite these differences, the Howletts females would resemble mountain gorillas in forming adult female dominance hierarchies (determined from supplant interactions) in which older females that have lived in the group the longest are dominant to younger females, more recent to the group. The comparison was made with mountain gorillas as they are the only gorilla subspecies for which such data exist for wild-living populations. As predicted, an age/tenure-based dominance hierarchy was found to be the case for those groups at Howletts where there was considerable variation between the females' ages and length of group tenure. As gorillas and chimpanzees resemble more closely each other in forming age/tenure-based dominance hierarchies than they do other female-transfer primate species, it is proposed that the gorilla-chimpanzee pattern may have common phylogenetic origins. In addition, the order of progression of gorillas into their indoor living quarters appears to be a good indicator of supplant-dominance relationships among adult group members. It was also found that, despite being removed from their natural habitat, dominant males in captivity still lead their groups during group travel in the same manner that do males in the wild: either at the head, or bringing up the rear. Though primate social behaviour may be flexible depending on immediate context and life history variables, this flexibility may well remain within evolutionarily defined parameters, leading to species-typical patterns in general social interactions.
Protein variation in tropical Meloidogyne spp. as shown by two-dimensional electrophoregram computed analysis
Authors: Renault Lionel , Mugniéry Didier , Bossis Michel , Tastet Christophe 
Published: July 2002

AbstractProtein variation and phenetic relationships in four tropical root-knot nematode species were studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE). Total soluble protein extracts from white females of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria and M. mayaguensis were separated by electrophoresis, and the two-dimensional (2-D) profiles were compared with a computed analysis system. A four species global comparison allowed detection of 4 and 13 specific proteins for M. arenaria and M. mayaguensis, respectively, among the 498 proteinic spots detected on the synthetic image (or 'master'). Such proteins were not detected for M. incognita and M. javanica. Nevertheless, species discriminative proteins and shared proteins have been identified in all pairwise comparisons between species. In addition, the similarity index and the genetic distances between the different isolates studied were calculated on the basis of homologous polymorphic spots. A dendrogram was constructed according to the UPGMA method. Significance of the results from phenetic study was assessed by bootstrap analysis. M. incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria showed high similarity. M. mayaguensis was more distant. These results are in agreement with RAPD and RFLP studies.La variabilité protéique et les relations phénétiques de quatre espèces tropicales de nématodes galligènes ont été étudiées par électrophorèse sur gel en deux dimensions (2-DGE). Les protéines solubles totales extraites de femelles blanches de Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria et M. mayaguensis ont été séparées par électrophorèse et les profils bidimensionels comparés à l'aide d'un système d'analyse informatisé. Une comparaison globale des quatre espèces a permis de détecter quatre protéines spécifiques pour M. arenaria et 13 pour M. mayaguensis parmi les 498 taches protéiques présentes sur l'image de référence (ou “master”). De telles protéines n'ont été détectées ni pour M. incognita ni pour M. javanica. Néanmoins, des protéines discriminantes et communes ont été identifiées lors de toutes les comparaisons d'espèces deux à deux. De plus, les indices de similarité et les distances génétiques entre les différents isolats étudiés ont été calculés à partir des taches polymorphes homologues. Les dendrogrammes ont été construits selon la méthode UPGMA. La signification des résultats phénétiques a été estimée par une analyse “bootstrap”. M. incognita, M. javanica et M. arenaria sont très proches. M. mayaguensis est plus distant. Ces résultats sont en accord avec ceux d'études en RAPD et RFLP.
Infection of Meloidogyne javanica by Paecilomyces lilacinus
Authors: Holland Rita , Williams Keith , Khan Alamgir 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe in vitro interaction of Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251 with eggs, 3rd and 4th stage juveniles and adult females of Meloidogyne javanica was studied. Eggs of all stages, including those containing unhatched juveniles, were infected by P. lilacinus. Infection of eggs occurred following flattening of hyphae to the egg surface and formation of appressoria. Sometimes these occurred within extensive networks of hyphae of the egg surface. Hyphae later grew out of the egg to continue growing or form conidiophores. Third and 4th stage juveniles and adult females were readily infected, with hyphae and conidiophores penetrating the body wall. Die Infektion von Meloidogyne javanica durch Paecilomyces lilacinus - Es wurden die in vitro auftretenden Wechselwirkungen zwischen Paecilomyces lilacinus Stamm 251 und den Eiern, J3, J4 und adulten Weibchen von Meloidogyne javanica untersucht. Eier wurden in allen Stadien von P. lilacinus infiziert einschliesslich der ungeschlupfte J2 enthaltenden Eier. Die Infektion erfolgte anschliessend an eine Abflachung von Hyphen auf der Eioberflache und eine Appressorienbildung. Manchmal erschienen diese innerhalb eines ausgedehnten Netzwerkes von Hyphen auf der Eioberflache. Spater wuchsen Hyphen aus dem Ei heraus, wuchsen weiter oder bildeten Konidiophoren. Juvenile des dritten oder vierten Stadiums und adulte Weibchen wurden ohne weiteres befallen, wobei Hyphen und Konidiophoren durch die Korperwand drangen.
A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE OF BIOLOGY IN A SWEDISH COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL
Authors: Sages Roger , Szybek Piotr 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA text written by a student in a Swedish comprehensive school, during a Biology test, is analyzed using a method based on Husserl's transcendental phenomenology. The method is presented in the article. The analysis results in an explicitation of horizons, which enables an access to the lifeworld (Lebenswelt) opened by the text. In this case, the interplay of school Biology (the school subject Biology) and "everyday life" is visible. The meaning constituted in the encounter with school Biology seems to lack natural science aspects. The visible aspects pertain to the bodily situatedness of a student in school and to the character of school knowledge. The world as constituted by school Biology seems to be a place of disembedded, general people where school is a place of non-learning.
Contribution of multivariate analysis to the correlation of some properties of kaolin with its mineralogical and chemical composition
Authors: Galan E. , Aparicio P. , Gonzalez I. , Miras A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAccording to multivariate analysis, the following were established (a) kaolinite crystallinity index (KCI) values determined by XRD are highly correlated to one another and seemingly influenced by kaolin impurities; (b) kaolin minerals are concentrated mainly in the fractions <4 µm; (c) the kaolin surface area as determined by the BET (nitrogen adsorption) method is more markedly affected by kaolin impurities than by kaolin minerals themselves; (d) BET surfaces increase when kaolinite crystallinity decreases; (e) brightness is inversely correlated with kaolin impurities; (f) the more ordered the kaolinite and the greater the proportion in the <4 µm fraction of the kaolin, the greater the brightness; and (g) KCI values are particle size-distribution dependent for sedimentary-residual kaolins. The correlations obtained were better when kaolins were selected according to their origin because the kaolin minerals and their impurities, particle size-distribution and texture were more alike. The industrial properties of kaolin can not be predicted from other basic properties such as mineralogy, KCI, etc., because they are intricately related to one another.
Petrology of the Cormacks Lake Complex, Newfoundland: decompressional reaction relations in cordierite+orthoamphibole-bearing gneisses and associated rocks
Authors: Owen J. V. , Greenough J. D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCordierite+orthoamphibole (Crd+Oam)-bearing gneisses in the Cormacks Lake complex are regionally associated with metapelites containing prismatic sillimanite and K-feldspar, metabasites that locally contain metamorphic orthopyroxene, and other high-grade rocks in the Central Gneiss (Dashwoods) subzone, in the southwestern Newfoundland Appalachians. Retrograde features formed at the expense of the granulite-facies assemblages are ubiquitous. For example, in some migmatitic rocks, garnet is resorbed by Crd+Oam, and in metapelites, cordierite separates corroded garnet and sillimanite. Mineral thermobarometry suggests that, following granulite-facies metamorphism (T<785°C, P<7.5 kbar), retrogression occurred as the Cormacks Lake gneisses cooled through Mg-Fe diffusional blocking temperatures as they decompressed to a pressure of ∼3–4 kbar. Given the absence of Barrovian (or higher pressure) mineral assemblages in the metapelites, regional tectonic reconstructions involving the thrusting of a neighbouring terrane (Notre Dame subzone) over the Central Gneiss subzone appear to be supported only by the moderate pressure determined for the granulite facies event. Although scarcely discernible given re-equilibration effects and the imprecision of thermobarometers, subsequent decompression nonetheless had a marked impact on the mineralogy of the gneisses.
Palladium-oxygenated compounds of the Gongo Soco mine, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, central Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Raphael Cabral A. , Lehmann B. , Kwitko R. , Jones R. D. , Pires F. R. M. , Rocha Filho O. G. , Innocentini M. D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNew data on the Gongo Soco palladium-oxygenated compounds are presented for the first time since the work of Johnson and Lampadius (1837). A variety of PdO species is documented, always in association with Cu, Fe and Mn, and includes Pd(OH)2 or PdO.H2O, and phases with metal excess in relation to oxygen, interpreted as metastable. Their remarkable occurrence in ‘ouro preto’ (black gold) and jacutinga (auriferous itabirite/iron ore) is the result of mertieite-II alteration. It involves leaching of Sb and As, limited removal of Pd, and incorporation of Cu, Mn and Hg into PdO species. The locus of Hg-bearing PdO species in microfractures parallel to the enclosing gold-mineralized shear band suggests at least one low-temperature hydrothermal generation. The presence of a halite crystal attached to gold testifies to the involvement of Cl-saturated hydrothermal fluids in the oxidizing environment of jacutinga formation.
Morphology and geochemistry of zircons from late Mesozoic igneous complexes in coastal SE China: implications for petrogenesis
Authors: Wang X. , Griffin W. L. , O’Reilly S. Y. , Zhou X. M. , Xu X. S. , Jackson S. E. , Pearson N. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Pingtan and Tonglu igneous complexes in SE China are typical of the calc-alkaline series developed at active continental margins. These two complexes are dominated by felsic rocks, temporally and spatially associated with minor mafic rocks. Morphological and trace-element studies of zircon populations in rocks from each of these complexes show that the zircon populations may be divided into 3–4 distinct growth stages, characterized by different distributions of morphological indices (Ipr, Ipy and Iel), and different contents of the substituting elements (Hf, U, Th, Y and P). The four growth stages recognized in the zircons are believed to have formed successively in the magma chamber, during the emplacement, and in the early and later stages of magma consolidation, respectively. All four stages are recognized in the plutonic Pingtan complex, whereas the stages 3 and 4 are less developed in the volcanic/subvolcanic Tonglu complex. Based on the chemistry and morphology of the different zircon populations of the Pingtan and Tonglu complexes, it is suggested that basaltic magmas underplating at the boundary between crust and mantle caused partial melting of the mid–lower crust and produced granitoid magmas. Subsequently, mixing between magmas was important.