bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lake–mire ecosystem transformation and its possible forcing mechanisms in volcanic landform regions: a case study in the Gushantun peatland of northeast China
Authors: Zhang Mingming , Bu Zhaojun , Liu Shasha , Chen Jie , Cui Yaxin , Chen Xu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLarge numbers of peatlands were developed in volcanic landform regions, which would provide valuable long‐term records of lake–mire ecosystem shifts and act as significant carbon pool in regional carbon cycle. To investigate lake–mire ecosystem transformations and driving mechanisms in volcanic landform regions, the developmental history of Gushantun peatland in northeast China was reconstructed in this study. Results indicate that Gushantun peatland initiated in the deepest portions of the basin, and subsequently experienced expansions outward. Peat initiated from approximately 12 ka cal. bp to present. The developmental patterns of Gushantun peatland can be divided into four stages: the stable stage 1 (12–10 ka cal. bp), maximum stage (10–7 ka cal. bp), stable stage 2 (7–4 ka cal. bp) and stable stage 3 (4–0 ka cal. bp). The possible forcing mechanisms for the development of Gushantun peatland were different during different periods. From 12 ka cal. bp to 10 ka cal. bp, autogenic process was probably the major controlling factor for the expansion of this peatland. From 10 to 7 ka cal. bp, flat basin morphology was the major influence factor for fast expansion. However, the development of Gushantun peatland was probably controlled by the dual effects of high moisture and autogenic process during the period of 7 to 4 ka cal. bp. From 4 ka cal. bp to present, steep basin morphology was the major influence factor, while moisture might be the secondary factor for development of Gushantun peatland. These features indicate that lake–mire ecosystem transforms in volcanic landform regions of Changbai Mountains were probably triggered by the complex effects of autogenic process, hydroclimate and underlying basin morphology. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the Clinical Validity of Droplet Digital PCR to ARMS‐PCR for BRAF V600E Mutation Detection in Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Li Xiubo , Du Hong , Luo Jingyan , Ding Wenshuang , Lai Bingquan , He Jiqian , Xu Shaofei , Zhang Yuying 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectivesDroplet digital PCR (ddPCR) has been reported to have a superior validity over PCR with amplification‐refractory mutation system (ARMS‐PCR) for detecting the BRAF V600E mutation in thyroid nodule fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) samples using cytological diagnosis as the reference. However, the added value of ddPCR on surgical decision‐making remains to be illustrated when the technique is combined with FNA cytology.MethodsA total of 277 consecutive patients with thyroid nodules were subjected to FNA cytology and BRAF V600E testing with ARMS‐PCR. Within this patient cohort, 90 patients underwent surgical intervention with pathological diagnosis available. BRAF V600E testing with ddPCR was performed retrospectively using FNA frozen DNA specimens. The clinical validity and utility of ddPCR in comparison with ARMS‐PCR were compared using surgical pathology as the reference.ResultsOverall, 101 BRAF V600E mutations were detected by ddPCR, including five ARMS negative patients, four of whom were confirmed to have papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) by surgical pathology. Of the 90 patients with surgical pathology, which is considered the gold standard, ddPCR BRAF V600E testing yielded a sensitivity of 91.3% and specificity of 100% for PTC diagnosis, higher than that of ARMS (sensitivity 83.1%, specificity 100%). However, ddPCR only identified one more candidate patient for surgical intervention than ARMS when the techniques were combined with cytology.ConclusionsThis study highlighted the superior performance of ddPCR over ARMS in BRAF V600E detection from thyroid nodule FNA samples. Further studies are needed to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of replacing ARMS‐PCR with ddPCR for surgical decision‐making.
Surface soil liming reduces cadmium uptake in cacao seedlings but subsurface uptake is enhanced
Authors: Argüello David , Montalvo Daniela , Blommaert Hester , Chavez Eduardo , Smolders Erik 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCadmium concentrations in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) beans from South America often exceed trade limits. Liming soil is advocated as a remediation option, but amendments cannot be incorporated into the entire root zone without harming the trees. An experiment was set up to identify how Cd uptake varies within the root zone when surface and subsurface soil layers are either limed or not. The experiment used 22‐cm‐height pots with top and bottom layers using surface and subsurface soil samples from a cacao field. The potted soils were either surface limed or not or fully limed and layers spiked with stable 108Cd isotope in various combinations to trace the plant Cd provenance. The root distribution was neither affected by liming nor by soil source; 70% of the root biomass was present in the top layer. Plants grown on the fully limed surface soil had 1.7 times lower Cd concentrations in leaves than the unlimed treatments, whereas this concentration was 1.2 times lower when only the top layer was limed (surface soil used in both layers). The isotope dilution data showed that surface soil liming enhanced Cd uptake from the unlimed bottom layer compared with the unlimed soil, suggesting compensating mechanisms. The pots containing surface soil over subsurface soil also showed that compensating effect but, due to lower phytoavailable Cd in the subsurface soil, surface liming still effectively reduced foliar Cd. We conclude that liming might be a feasible mitigation strategy, but its effectiveness is limited when Cd phytoavailability remains untreated in the subsurface layer.
Synthesis and evaluation of a new water‐soluble fluorescent red dye, xanthene bis‐C‐glycoside
Authors: Sato Shingo , Nojiri Toshikatsu , Okuyama Nao , Maeda Koya , Kirigane Aoi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCondensation of 2 eq. of C‐β‐D‐glucosylphloroacetophenone with glyoxylic acid in an aqueous solution of Na2CO3, followed by air oxidation in MeOH in the presence of 11 eq. of pyridine to afford a 36% yield of a bright red dye, xanthene bis‐C‐glycoside. This dye is 10 times more fluorescent (Φf [EtOH]581 nm = 3.9 × 10−2) and 7.5 times more water‐soluble (57 mg/mL H2O) than the natural red pigment, carthamin. Detailed NMR analysis of its methyl analogs was used to confirm the structure of the dye as methyl 4,5‐diacetyl‐1,3,8‐trihydroxy‐3‐oxo‐3H‐2,7‐di‐C‐β‐D‐glucopyranosylxanthene‐9‐carboxylate from among three possible ring‐closure isomers. Xanthene is safe and shows high light‐resistance; therefore, xanthene bis‐C‐glycoside could be used as a food colorant or an in vivo probe.
Interdecadal variation of biases in a regional climate model simulation of summer climate of East Asia
Authors: Hu Yijia , Ha Yao , Zhong Zhong , Sun Yuan , Zhu Yimin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this study, a 55‐year climate simulation over East Asia is conducted by using the regional climate model RegCM4.6 and the variations of biases in different climate backgrounds are investigated. The results show that the biases of rainfall and western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) simulated by RegCM4.6 are not stable, instead they exhibit an obvious feature of interdecadal variation that is similar to the interdecadal variation of rainfall and WPSH themselves. The interdecadal change of the simulation bias occurs in the late 1970s, when abrupt interdecadal changes took place in global atmosphere and ocean as well as in East Asia climate. The interdecadal variation of the bias of the simulated WPSH is closely related with the interdecadal variation of the simulated rainfall bias. After 1978, the simulated WPSH is displaced further south than the observed WPSH, leading to excessive rainfall in the simulation and larger positive bias in south China. These overestimated rainfall and convective clouds in south China during 1979–2009 consume a lot of water vapour in the atmosphere and weaken the downwards solar radiation, resulting in a cold and dry atmosphere and large negative biases of virtual temperature and geopotential height at 500 hPa (H500) during 1979–2009 compared to that during 1955–1978. Corresponding to the above circulation anomalies, the simulated WPSH further weakens and shifts southwards after the late 1970s. A positive feedback loop is formed due to the positive feedback between the WPSH and cumulus convective process.
Gaze window: A new gaze interface showing relevant content close to the gaze point
Authors: Kim Seungwon , Billinghurst Mark , Lee Gun , Huang Weidong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a novel concept of the gaze window, which follows the user's gaze to show relevant information close to their gaze point on a screen space. We explore the use of a gaze window, especially for two use cases: (1) a single‐user data entry task by displaying data‐source image close to the gaze point where the data are typed in and (2) a teleconferencing setup showing a remote partner close to the gaze point. To investigate the performance of gaze window in these cases, we conducted two experiments. For the single‐user task, we compared the gaze window with a baseline non‐gaze‐window condition and found that the gaze window significantly reduced the user's gaze movement and mental effort and increased usability. In the teleconferencing task, we compared displaying partner close to gaze point in the gaze window to displaying partner at the corner of screen, when two remote users watch a shared and synchronized content together. We found that displaying the partner's face nearby the user's gaze helped the user look at the partner more frequently, and for a longer time, significantly increasing co‐presence and emotional interdependence. As a result of this research, we also presented design guidelines for gaze‐window systems.
Prognostic Value of the Lymphocyte‐to‐Monocyte Ratio in Patients with Parotid Gland Carcinoma
Authors: Mikoshiba Takuya , Ozawa Hiroyuki , Watanabe Yoshihiro , Sekimizu Mariko , Saito Shin , Yoshihama Keisuke , Nakamura Shintaro , Imanishi Yorihisa , Kameyama Kaori , Ogawa Kaoru 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivePrevious studies have evaluated various markers as prognostic predictors in patients with many types of cancers. However, the influence of such factors on the outcomes of patients with parotid gland carcinoma (PGC) is unknown. This study investigated the roles of alternative markers in the prognoses of patients with PGC.MethodsOverall, 101 patients who underwent curative treatment for PGC were retrospectively evaluated, and their 5‐year overall and disease‐free survival rates were calculated. The prognostic values of clinical and pathologic factors were determined.ResultsThe 5‐year overall and disease‐free survival rates were 73.1% and 62.8%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that a low lymphocyte‐to‐monocyte ratio (LMR), high T classification, high N classification, and perineural invasion were independent predictors of poor prognosis.ConclusionsThus, we identified LMR as an independent prognostic factor for patients with PGC. Patients with low LMRs who are amenable to treatment may require adjuvant treatment to improve their prognoses.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 131:E864–E869, 2021
Non‐conventional starch nanoparticles for drug delivery applications
Authors: Troncoso Omar P. , Torres Fernando G. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractStarch has been used for a variety of biomedical and pharmacological applications, including drug delivery systems. Most of the starch‐based drug delivery systems have been developed using starches extracted from commercial crops, including potato, maize, corn, cassava and wheat. However, there are several agricultural underutilized crops that could be useful sources of starch. The availability and low cost of these underutilized crops have triggered the interest in the use of non‐conventional starches for diverse applications, especially in the food industry where they are used as emulsifiers, and gelling and thickening agents. The properties of starch are strongly dependent on the botanical source. It has been found that using starches from different sources can result in the preparation of nanoparticles with different properties. In this paper, we report the use of conventional and non‐conventional starches in the development of novel nanoparticle drug delivery systems. The processing routes used for the preparation of both starch and starch nanoparticles are reviewed together with the most recent applications including oral, parental and transdermal delivery for cancer, diabetes, hyperuricemia and hypertension treatments, among others.
A bounding surface model for saturated and unsaturated soil‐structure interfaces
Authors: Zhou Chao , Tai Pei , Yin Jian‐Hua 
Published: July 2020

SummaryIn many geotechnical systems, such as reinforced slopes and embankments, soil‐structure interfaces are often unsaturated. Shear behaviour of unsaturated interfaces is strongly dependent on their matric suctions, as revealed by the results of extensive laboratory tests. So far, constitutive models for unsaturated interfaces are very limited in the literature. This paper reports a new bounding surface model for saturated and unsaturated interfaces. New formulations were developed to incorporate suction effects on the flow rule and plastic modulus. To examine the capability of the proposed model, it was applied to simulate suction‐ and stress‐controlled direct shear tests on unsaturated soil–cement, soil–steel and soil–geotextile interfaces. Measured and computed results are well matched, demonstrating that the proposed model can well capture key features of the shear behaviour of unsaturated interfaces, including suction‐dependent dilatancy, stress–strain relation and peak and critical state shear strengths.
Is intensive case management screening sheet score associated with service intensity?
Authors: Yamaguchi Sosei , Kawasoe Yasunari , Nayuki Kazumi , Aoki Tsutomu , Fujii Chiyo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimsSince April 2020, the new Japanese mental health system has used the Intensive Case Management Screening Sheet (ICMSS) to identify patients’ needs for case management services. This study aimed to examine the association between ICMSS score and service intensity and compare the magnitude of association between ICMSS score and service intensity with other scales.MethodsWe recruited patients who received case management services from a staff member in a psychiatric outpatient service, psychiatric day‐care program, or outreach team based at one psychiatric hospital. Case management service needs and functioning were assessed using ICMSS, Global Assessment Functioning (GAF), and Personal and Social Performance (PSP). The case manager also documented all services received by the participant for 2 months. The association between each scale and service duration was examined. Furthermore, the magnitude of the association between each scale and service intensity was compared.ResultsOverall, 138 participants were included in the analysis. The most common diagnosis was schizophrenia. Mean total service duration was weakly but significantly correlated with ICMSS (Spearman's ρ = 0.320), GAF (ρ = −0.198), and PSP (ρ = −0.275) scores. Poisson's regression models and postestimation testing showed that the coefficient for ICMSS score (B = 0.144; 95% CI = 0.141, 0.148) was significantly larger than the coefficients for GAF (B = −0.017, 95% CI = −0.017, −0.016, χ2 = 15.70, P < 0.001) and PSP (B=−0.016, 95% CI = −0.017, −0.016, χ2 = 14.64, P < 0.001) scores.ConclusionICMSS may provide preliminary information on case management service needs, but the level of service should be based on the individual needs of each patient and shared decision‐making between the patient and case manager.
Crystallites and Electric Fields in Solid Ammonia
Authors: Cassidy Andrew , James Rachel L. , Dawes Anita , Field David 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAbsorption spectra of vacuum‐deposited films of ammonia have been obtained in the range 115 nm to 310 nm for a set of 15 deposition temperatures, Td, between 20 K and 80 K. Results focus upon the region 115 nm to 130 nm in overlapping D, E, F and G←X Rydberg transitions involving Wannier‐Mott excitons. We identify two phases of ammonia, showing the solid to be polymorphic. Peak absorption wavelengths in the region of interest are found to shift to the red by 299 cm−1, for Td between 20 K to 50 K, and 1380 cm−1 for Td between 55 K to 80 K. Shifts provide evidence for the presence of spontaneously generated electric fields in these films, of values in excess of 108 V m−1 for Td of 20 K to 50 K to a few times 107 V m−1 for 55 K to 80 K. Results enable us to place a lower limit of 1.58 nm on the size of crystallites in the low temperature regime. This dimension represents 16 unit cells or 64 species, giving a more quantitative description than the nebulous term amorphous, as applied to solid ammonia. We also determine that crystallites formed in the high temperature regime contain, within ±20 %, 1688, 756 and 236 molecules of ammonia, respectively at Td of 65 K, 60 K and 55 K.
Comparison of mindful and slow eating strategies on acute energy intake
Authors: Simonson Anna Peluso , Davis Kelliann Kathleen , Barone Gibbs Bethany , Venditti Elizabeth Mary , Jakicic John Michael 
Published: July 2020

SummaryMindfulness and slow eating techniques are commonly recommended to achieve weight loss within behavioural weight management programmes; yet the role of these eating strategies on acute energy intake (EI) and satiety are not clear. This study investigated the effects of mindful and slow eating strategies on acute EI and satiety. Twenty‐four participants were randomized to one of three eating conditions (EAT, MIND, SLOW). For the EAT condition, participants were instructed to eat as they normally would for both test meal sessions. For the SLOW condition, participants were instructed to eat as they normally would for their first test meal session and to slow their eating for the second test meal session. For the MIND condition, participants were instructed to eat as they normally would during their first test meal session and were given brief instructions on mindful eating for their second test meal session. For each condition, participants were provided ad libitum access to a test meal, and EI was calculated based upon food consumed. Participants rated their level of satiety following each meal. There were no significant differences in EI between eating strategy conditions. There was a trend towards a decrease in energy intake in the MIND condition compared with the EAT condition and a prevention of increased intake in the SLOW condition. There were no significant differences in ratings of satiety between conditions. Although, neither mindful nor slow eating strategies significantly decreased acute EI or satiety; the results suggest that both strategies blunted the increase in EI observed in EAT that occurred across two eating episodes, which may suggest that these strategies can be important for modifying eating behaviour that may contribute to body weight regulation. Additional appropriately designed studies investigating these strategies appear warranted to confirm these findings.
Application of INADEQUATE NMR techniques for directly tracing out the carbon skeleton of a natural product
Authors: Ismail Fyaz M.D. , Nahar Lutfun , Sarker Satyajit D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurement of 1JCC coupling by two‐dimensional (2D) INADEQUATE (incredible natural abundance double quantum transfer experiment), which is a special case of double‐quantum (DQ) spectroscopy that offers unambiguous determination of 13C–13C spin–spin connectivities through the DQ transitions of the spin system, is especially suited to solving structures rich in quaternary carbons and poor in hydrogen content (Crews rule).ObjectiveTo review published literature on the application of NMR methods to determine structure in the liquid‐state, which specifically considers the interaction of a pair of carbon‐13 (13C) nuclei adjacent to one another, to allow direct tracing out of contiguous carbon connectivity using 2D INADEQUATE.MethodologyA comprehensive literature search was implemented with various databases: Web of Knowledge, PubMed and SciFinder, and other relevant published materials including published monographs. The keywords used, in various combinations, with INADEQUATE being present in all combinations, in the search were 2D NMR, 1JCC coupling, natural product, structure elucidation, 13C–13C connectivity, cryoprobe and CASE (computer‐assisted structure elucidation)/PANACEA (protons and nitrogen and carbon et alia).ResultsThe 2D INADEQUATE continues to solve “intractable” problems in natural product chemistry, and using milligram quantities with cryoprobe techniques combined with CASE/PANACEA experiments can increase machine time efficiency. The 13C–13C‐based structural elucidation by dissolution single‐scan dynamic nuclear polarisation NMR can overcome disadvantages of 13C insensitivity at natural abundance. Selected examples have demonstrated the trajectory of INADEQUATE spectroscopy from structural determination to clarification of metabolomics analysis and use of DFT (density functional theory) and coupling constants to clarify the connectivity, hybridisation and stereochemistry within natural products.ConclusionsSomewhat neglected over the years because of perceived lack of sensitivity, the 2D INADEQUATE NMR technique has re‐emerged as a useful tool for solving natural products structures, which are rich in quaternary carbons and poor in hydrogen content.
Increasing maternal age is not a significant cause of false‐positive results for monosomy X in non‐invasive prenatal testing
Authors: Sandow Rhiannon , Scott Fergus P. , Schluter Philip J. , Rolnik Daniel L. , Menezes Melody , Nisbet Deborah , McLennan Andrew C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe accuracy of cell‐free DNA aneuploidy screening varies by the chromosome assessed. The positive predictive value is consistently low for monosomy X (MX), at less than 30%. This study aims to investigate maternal age and other possible predictors of false‐positive MX screening results in order to guide pre‐test and post‐test counselling.MethodsA total of 52 499 NIPT samples were tested over 69 months, across three specialist obstetric services. Outcome data were available for 96 out of 107 cases high risk for MX. Cytogenetic outcomes were compared to clinical and demographic data to look for trends that may indicate higher likelihood of a false‐positive NIPT result.ResultsThe likelihood of a false‐positive MX result significantly increased with the absence of ultrasound features suggestive of MX and with lower PAPP‐A levels. Non‐significant trends towards false‐positive results were identified with increased maternal age, increased body mass index and Caucasian ethnicity.ConclusionMaternal age is not a reliable predictor of a false‐positive result. Assessment of ultrasound findings and placental serology in the first trimester is important for appropriate post‐test counselling and should continue to be a part of screening even when NIPT is used as a first‐tier screening test.