bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Maltodextrin Concentration and Inlet Air Temperature on Spray Dried Centella Asiatica L. Powder
Authors: Azhar M D , Ibrahim U K , Zaki N A M , Hashib S A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
It is a common practice for the medicinal herbs which contain valuable bioactive compounds to be preserved by converting it into dry powder through various drying technology such as oven, freeze and spray drying. However, the number of study for the production of Centella asiatica L. (CAL) powder through spray drying process has been very limited and most of the work only focused on the chemical properties of the herbs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of spray dried CAL powder at different maltodextrin concentrations (0–10 %w/w) and inlet air temperatures (130–170°C). The spray dried CAL powders were analysed for the percentage of yield, outlet temperature, appearance and moisture content while the reconstituted powders were assessed for its colour and radical scavenging activity (RSA). The findings showed that the increased of maltodextrin concentration resulted in higher percentage of yield (12.60 ± 0.14 to 51.05 ± 1.68 g), decreased in the moisture content (13.58 ± 0.42 to 7.43 ± 0.99 %) and more lighter green colour of CAL powder produced, L* (20.27 ± 0.12 - 23.77 ± 0.69). Besides that, the increased in both inlet air temperature and maltodextrin concentration reduced the RSA of the spray dried powder. From the study, it can be concluded that the production of spray dried CAL powder is feasible and the addition of maltodextrin as the drying agent has provided a greater impact to the physicochemical properties of the powder.
Hydrogen production via thermocatalytic decomposition of methane over Ni-Cu-Pd/Al2O3 catalysts
Authors: Awad A , Salam M A , Vo Dai-Viet N , Abdullah Bawadi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Non-oxidative decomposition of natural gas is a handsome technique for clean hydrogen production but high reaction temperature and rapid catalyst deactivation limitizes its applications. In current work, decomposition of methane into COX free hydrogen and carbon nanofiber were studied over the bimetallic catalysts. The materials were prepared by wet impregnation method and analyzed by BET, TGA, XRD, FESEM, and TEM. It was observed that with an increase in the metal loading, the surface area was reduced but the methane conversions and catalyst stability were improved since the catalyst activity depend upon the active nickel sites that compensate the surface deficiencies. The highest conversion was given by Ni–Cu–Pd/Al2O3 (80%) over a period of 6 h despite having a low BET surface area (2.43 m2 g−1). The physiochemical properties reported that the synthesized catalyst possessed nanostructure and CNF were also produced along with hydrogen as products of TCD.
Cockscomb-like fibrous silica beta zeolite (FSBEA) as a new engineered catalyst for enhanced CO methanation
Authors: Hussain I , Jalil A A , Fatah N A A , Izan S M , Azami M S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study focuses on the synthesis of cockscomb-like fibrous silica beta zeolite (FSBEA) and its application in CO methanation to produce substituted natural gas (SNG). FSBEA was synthesized by microemulsion technique using commercial beta zeolite-seeds and characterized by FESEM, XRD, N2 physisorption and FTIR spectroscopy. The results showed that the FSBEA had a unique cockscomb-like morphology with particle size 400-800 nm, enhanced interparticle porosity and high BET surface area of 532 m2/g, which offers more adsorption sites for the CO and H2 molecules to enhance CO methanation activity. Catalytic performance results revealed that FSBEA demonstrated higher CO conversion (71%), selectivity (64%), the yield of CH4 (46%) and the rate of CH4 formation (0.0375 μmol-CH4/m2s) than commercial based BEA. Besides, FSBEA expressed high thermal stability up to 45 h during CO methanation at 450 °C. Therefore, this study offers an attractive and sustainable route for SNG over FSBEA that may be used as a clean and alternate energy source for fossil fuels.
Syngas Production via CO2Reforming of CH4over Zr-Ni/SBA-15
Authors: Abdullah N , Ainirazali N , Ellapan H , Razak H A , Setiabudi H D 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn the present study, the effect of Zirconium (Zr) promoter (1-7wt %) on the properties of Ni/SBA-15 for syngas from CO2reforming of CH4were studied. Zr-Ni/SBA-15 catalyst was prepared using a one-pot sol-gel method. The physiochemical properties of Zr-Ni/SBA-15 catalysts were characterized using XRD, BET and FTIR. Meanwhile the performances of the catalysts were tested using a stainless steel fixed bed reactor at 800 °C, atmospheric pressure and CO2:CH4feed ratio of 1:1. The ordered mesoporous structure of SBA-15 support was proven by N2adsorption desorption isotherms. The surface area and pore volume of catalyst decreased with the increase of Zr loading as Zr and Ni particles occupied the SBA-15 frameworks and thus tended to expand the SBA-15 pore. ZrO2peak of 1Zr-Ni/SBA-15 was not detected in the XRD results indicating a good dispersion of the Zr species on the SBA-15 surface. The catalytic activity test revealed that the optimum Zr loading was 1 wt% with CH4conversion, CO2conversion and H2:CO ratios of 87.07%, 74.01%, and 0.42 respectively. This was due to the presence of the Zr species that promoted a better dispersion of Nickel (Ni) active sites on the SBA-15 surfaces as proven by the XRD and FTIR analysis. All catalysts maintained good catalytic activity up to 900 °C with less than 5 % weight loss as analyzed by TGA.
Fractionation and hydrolysis of cellooligosaccharides by Trichoderma reesei Cellobiohydrolase 7A
Authors: Syed Abdul Rahman Sharifah Annirah , Abang Zaidel Dayang Norulfairuz 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the fractionation and hydrolysis of cellooligosaccharides by Trichoderma reesei Cellobiohydrolase 7A (TrCel7A). The enzyme TrCel7A was purified from enzyme mixture (Celluclast®). Fractionation of soluble cellooligosaccharides was performed using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and hydrolysis of the cellooligosaccharides with degree of polymerisation (DP) from 3 to 6 was conducted by TrCel7A at 25 °C for 1 h, and the product concentration was analysed by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC results showed that glucose was produced for each DP of cellooligosaccharides. However, the highest product that achieved for all DP of cellooligosaccharides was cellobiose, followed by cellotriose (in the case of DP 5 and 6) and glucose. The reaction of cellooligosaccharides with DP 3 to 6 during hydrolysis by TrCel7A were modelled to show exactly the cleavage sites for each DP of cellooligosaccharides. The model showed that all cellooligosaccharides was hydrolysed at the first (glucose) and second (cellobiose) glycosidic linkages by TrCel7A.
Thermogravimetric kinetics of catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolytic conversion of palm kernel shell with acid treated coal bottom ash
Authors: Patrick D O , Yusup S , Osman N B , Zabiri H , Uemura Y , Shahbaz M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolytic conversion kinetics of palm kernel shell with untreated (as received) and H2SO4 treated coal bottom ash as catalyst were investigated in this study. The activation energy was determined using Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) kinetic model and distributed activation energy model (DEAM) isoconversional kinetic models. The study was conducted using thermogravimetric analysis at 10, 20, 30 and 50 °C/min heating rates. The activation energy (Ea) ranged from 145.7-228.3 kJ/mol and 142.1-274.2 kJ/mol for FWO and DEAM, respectively. The use of acid treated ash reduced the activation energy compared to the non-catalytic process while the untreated ash increased the activation energy.
Hydrogenation of methanol to olefins over highly stable ruthenium oxide protonated fibrous ZSM5 catalyst
Authors: Aziz M A H , Jalil A A , Hambali H U , Rahman A F A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Olefins are known as a very decisive starting material for the production of particular polymer products. High demand of olefins as well as increasing of crude oil price make the production of olefins product became crucial issue. Catalytic methanol to olefins offered an alternative route in order to obtain olefins products. The protonated fibrous silica ZSM5 (HFZSM5) was synthesized by microwave assisted hydrothermal method and followed by impregnation of 0.5% ruthenium oxide (RuO2) metal onto the HFZSM5 catalyst (RuO2/HFZSM5). The catalysts were characterized using FESEM, TEM, nitrogen physisorption and pyridine adsorbed FTIR. FESEM and TEM results revealed the spherical morphology with dendrimeric silica fibers of HFZSM5 catalyst. Based on nitrogen physisorption result, slightly increase in surface area was observed after the addition of RuO2 onto the HFZSM5 catalyst surface. Obviously, the introduction of ruthenium metal has increased both Lewis and Brønsted acidity significantly, as observed by pyridine FTIR results. The catalytic methanol to olefin reaction was conducted within 473-673K at atmospheric pressure using continuous fixed bed reactor. The RuO2/HFZSM5 resulted in higher catalytic activity and performance which produced 93.92% olefin yields compared to HFZSM5 catalyst which obtained 88.60% olefin product.
Carrageenan-based hard capsule properties at different drying time
Authors: Hamdan M A , Lakashmi S S , Mohd Amin K N , Adam F 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Shelf life of biocomposite can be monitored by many preservation methods such as drying of biocomposite. Upon drying, water molecule will be removed due to evaporation to surrounding and effect the biocomposite quality, chemical and mechanical properties. Over drying process will lead to the reduction of chemical and mechanical properties of biocomposite. In this work, determination of the best drying time for carrageenan biocomposite hard capsule was performed and compared with commercial hard capsules which are gelatine (GHC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Carrageenan was mixed with crosslinker, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and toughening agent at various drying time. The colloid solution was dipped using size “1” dipping bar and dried at 60 0C for various drying time from 40 to 60 minutes in an oven. The carrageenan hard capsule (CHC) was analysed for weight variation, functional group and capsule hardness test. The result showed that increasing the drying time decreased the properties of the CHC. The CHC had higher hydroxyl group absorbance area in comparison to GHC and HPMC. Meanwhile, the GHC had the highest hardness load followed by HPMC and CHC. Material hardening occurred in CHC biocomposite upon increasing drying time thus lead to material shrinkage and water loss from the sample.
Melt blown polypropylene nanofiber template for homogenous pore channels monoliths
Authors: Kamin Z , Abdulrahim N , Misson M , Chel Ken C , Sarbatly R , Krishnaiah D , Bono A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Monoliths are an important technology for filtration, liquid chromatography, and protein purification. A template commonly uses to produce porous monolith. However, it is a challenge to produce a monolith with a homogenous porous structure due to the arrangements of pores within the monolith are often uneven and sometimes closed, causing pressure to accumulate and increase within the monolith which reduce the efficiency of the monoliths. Therefore, an appropriate template is needed to produce a monolith with homogenous porous structure. Nanofiber is a potential alternative as a template due to its high porosity and interconnectivity. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the potential of polypropylene melt blown nanofiber fabricated at various operating condition to fabricate monolith by assessing the monolith morphology. Nanofibers templates were produced using a melt blowing technique at various motor speeds, air pressures, and die-to-collector distance (DCD) between 30 and 50 Hz, 0.30 and 0.50 Mpa, and 20 and 50 cm respectively, design by Response Surface Methodology. The nanofibers were characterized for its morphology and melting point using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and molten point analysis instrument respectively. The findings show that the polypropylene nanofiber diameter was in the range of 3.58 to 11.00 x 103 nm. Meanwhile, melting point obtained were in the range of 121.0 to 128.8 °C. Subsequently macropores monoliths were successfully fabricated at 0.45 Mpa air pressure, 40 Hz motor speed and 60.23 cm die-to-collector distance. It can be concluded that, melt blown polypropylene nanofiber can be potentially applied as a template for monolith fabrication.
Evaluation of strong anion exchange hyper-crosslinked resin for lanthanum removal
Authors: Kassim A A A , Abdullah N , Ishak N I 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this study, strong anion exchange hyper-crosslinked resin was used for the removal of rare earth element, lanthanum. Poly (styrene-co-EDGMA-co-VBC) is a resin that was synthesized and used in this research. The objective of this research is to study the pH stability and to evaluate the resin for lanthanum removal by using the Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) batch method where the influent of lanthanum solution will be loaded to the designed column containing resin. The pH stability test of resin was studied at different pH (pH 2-5). The evaluation of resin for resin loading (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g) and concentration of lanthanum (10, 30, and 50 ppm) were investigated. From the experiment, the resin is stable in acid solution since there is no change in the functional group. The morphology surface using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows a rough surface and beads attach on the resin without porous on the surface of resin except the resin at the condition of 50 ppm of with 1.0g resin. The resin that performed at 50 ppm with 1.0 g was successful remove lanthanum for 26.7 ppm based on ICP-MS analysis. As a conclusion, this resin can be used for removal of lanthanum.
A control strategy for nonconventional column/rectifier configuration for composition control
Authors: Hikmadiyar R A , Sutikno J P , Handogo R , Azizah Z 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Energy and cost saving can be accomplished by Nonconventional column/rectifier configuration. The design with a complex arrangement system needs an advance process control such as Model Predictive Control (MPC) to get the best responses control for composition. MPC which the objective function is optimized by Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) is required and implemented for composition control. IPSO is used to get the best values of tuning for weighting in MPC. Integral Absolute Error (IAE) is used to indicate the value of control performance criteria. The results show that IPSO-MPC is better than MPC.
Analysis Of Alumina Particles Size And Shape Formation From Developed Planetary Ball Mill
Authors: Ramasamy D. , Mohanesen K. , Maria R , Samykano M. , Kadirgama K. , Rahman M.M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study emphasizes and the testing of alumina particles via a fabricated planetary ball mill. The fabrication of planetary ball mill work began with the design of the machine. Parts were fabricated separately then assembled. The jar and grinding media were made up of stainless steel as it as a higher strength property than Alumina powder. Testing and calibration are carried out through the response surface methodology utilizing the experimental results. Test is also executed to confirm the validity and the accuracy of the developed planetary ball mill. Based on the result obtain, the alumina powders have a particle size reduction of about 50% of the original particle size. Furthermore, the shape of the alumina particle changes from angular to irregular particle shape. It is apparent that the fabricated planetary ball mill able to grind the alumina powders and produce ultrafine particles by given period and parameter set. The fabricated ball mill able to function better than conventional ball mill. The planetary ball mill will be useful for the laboratory use purpose and production of ultrafine powder production. This ultrafine powder production can be used in application of powder metallurgy and advanced material research purposes.
A short review on different metal alloys on rapid cooling process
Authors: Ishak M H , Sazali N , Ghazali M F 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis review is being undertaken to compare the effect of rapid cooling process of variation metal alloys and make observation about microstructure and hardness. Types of metal alloys involve in this experiment are mild steel, stainless steel and brass. All of the specimens prepared with same shape and size which is 4mm. Nowadays there are many manufacturing industries that provide their own standard operation procedure (SOP) to create a better quality in producing product, one of the aspect that always be considered is about the strength. To understand the process, concept and mechanical properties about the material used are too important to produce or design the best product. All material have their own identities so we try to use different metal alloys and compare which one will give the best results according to our objective to evaluate based on microstructure and hardness in two different method which are slow cooling and fast cooling. All specimens are setup with our own parameter and heat up until reach certain temperature, and after specimens take it out from furnace we will separately do cooling process in two different method which are quenching and normalizing. As we knows every metal will change their properties by heat, heat treatment and rapid cooling will be the higher contribution to ensure the hardness and microstructure. This research show the results between three specimens, mild steel have the best option to be selected because tally with our objective and it have a better strength also supported by their microstructure results.
Application of biomass nutrient solution from hydrothermal carbonization in tomato growth effect and insect pest and disease prevention and control
Authors: Chang Mei-Yun , Huang Wu-Jang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
To reduce the problem and secondary pollution of agricultural wastes in Taiwan, this research prepared biomass nutrient solution (BNS) was prepared from three kinds of agricultural wastes, sugarcane peel, peanut shells, and rice husks, under an equal mixing ratio in a hydrothermal reactor with pure water at a higher temperature of 200 °C and at a higher pressure of 15 atm. BNS was used to irrigate soil for the tomato growth experiments in a nethouse. In comparison with blank, the plant height was increased by 15cm, the stem thickness was increased by 0.4mm, the number of green leaves for a single plant was increased by 2, the number of fruits was increased by 2, and the fruit weight for each plant was increased by 108g. Therefore, the application of spraying the BNS on tomato can improve the plant growth in height, the control late tomato blight disease was also observed.
Preliminary phytochemical screening and determination of total polyphenols and flavonoids content in the leaves of Houttuynia cordata Thunb
Authors: Nguyen V T , Le V M , Vo T S , Bui L M , Anh H L T , Danh V T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Houttuynia cordata Thunb (H. Cordata), an aromatic medicinal herb belonging to family Saururaceae, is a plant that grows in moist habitats, well known for its medicinal properties and widely used worldwide. H. Cordata is an aromatic medicinal herb belonging to family Saururaceae and is restricted to specialized moist habitats. Three extracts, successively obtained from the leaves of H. cordata, namely the diethyl ether leaves extract (DELE), the ethanolic leaves extract (ELE) and the aqueous leaves extract (ALE), were used to determine the polyphenol and flavonoid content in the leaves. Phytochemical screening of plant extracts showed the presence of flavonoid, saponin, alkaloid, tannin, and steroid compounds. Quantitative determination of total phenolics, total flavonoids of methanolic extract were carried out using colorimetric methods. The result of quantitative determination showed that total polyphenol content of the DELE, ELE and ALE were 32.18 ± 2.64, 97.98 ± 1.77, and 22.22 ± 2.00 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram dry extract, respectively. Meanwhile total flavonoid content of the DELE, ELE and ALE achieved 31.65 ± 1.07, 35.72 ± 1.23, and 4.06 ± 0.54 mg of quercetin equivalents per gram dry extract, respectively.
Antimicrobial Properties and Sensory Evaluation of Bread Enriched with Green Coffee Beans (GCB)
Authors: Ibrahim U K , Si-Hien M D L R L , Suzihaque M U H , Hashib S A , Karim S F A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Recently, the trend of enhancing daily consumed foods with functional ingredients has been increasing. Bread, being a food product, which is consumed regularly, contains most nutrients but lacks antioxidant rich polyphenolic compounds due to the usage of refined wheat flour. Green coffee beans (GCB) are known for their green colour, which is the colour of coffee beans prior to roasting. The aroma is described as mild, green, and bean-like, which deters many from trying to consume the product. This experiment is conducted to determine antimicrobial properties and the sensory response to study the physiological effect of caffeine in bread incorporated with GCB. The bread was baked with three (3) variable parameters which were: the concentration of GCB powder, baking time, and baking temperature. The effect of concentration of GCB powder, baking time, and baking temperature on bacteria growth were also observed. It is concluded that to control the bacteria growth, the optimum condition of incorporated bread was determined at baking temperature of 180.3°C, baking time of 39.9 minutes, and GCB powder concentration of 4.85 wt%. Sensory evaluation analysis for the optimised bread (enriched with GCB) and control bread (without GCB) were conducted by a series of sensory judges. The sensory evaluation determined the differences in all aspects of appearance, aroma, taste, and texture between the enriched and normal bread. The most significant differences are that the bread incorporated with green coffee bean was darker in colour, has more distinctive wood, caramel, and smoke smell, more pungent and less salty. In addition, it is also more bitter, and harder with a stronger aftertaste when compared to normal bread. In conclusion, bread enriched with GCB exhibits strong antimicrobial properties and acceptable differences in appearance, aroma, taste, and texture compared to normal bread.