bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Definitive Radiotherapy and Surgical Debulking on Treatment Outcome and Prognosis for Locally Advanced Masaoka-Koga stage III Thymoma
Authors: Fan Chengcheng , Ge Hong , Zhang Shaokai , Xing Wenqun , Ye Ke , Zheng Yan , Sun Haibo , Wang Hao , Zheng Xiaoli , Zhang Ruiyun , Liu Meiling 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe role of definitive radiotherapy (dRT) and debulking surgery (DS) for patients with locally advanced, unresectable, Masaoka-Koga stage III thymomas was not well studied. Unresectable tumor refers to tumor that could not be completely resected because of invasion of surrounding organs. Consecutive patients with unresectable stage III thymomas between 2000 and 2017 were reviewed. According to the treatment intent and radiation dose, patients were categorized into a dRT group and a non-dRT group. The former group included patients who received radiotherapy at doses ≥ 54 Gy after DS or biopsy. The latter group included patients who did not receive radiotherapy and those who received a radiation dose < 54 Gy. A total of 82 patients were included. Compared with non-dRT, dRT significantly improved 5-year overall survival (OS, P = 0.003), progression-free survival (PFS, P = 0.008), and freedom from locoregional failure (FFLF, P < 0.001). Compared with biopsy alone, DS did not improve OS, PFS, FFLF. On multivariate analysis, dRT was an independent prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.37, P = 0.024), PFS (HR: 2.40, P = 0.004), and FFLF (HR: 3.83, P = 0.001). In conclusion, dRT was an effective and beneficial treatment for patients with unresectable Masaoka-Koga stage III thymoma.
Near Infrared-Triggered Liposome Cages for Rapid, Localized Small Molecule Delivery
Authors: Shin Jeong Eun , Ogunyankin Maria O. , Zasadzinski Joseph A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPhotolabile chelating cages or protecting groups need complex chemical syntheses and require UV, visible, or two-photon NIR light to trigger release. Different cages have different solubilities, reaction rates, and energies required for triggering. Here we show that liposomes containing calcium, adenosine triphosphate, or carboxyfluorescein are tethered to plasmon-resonant hollow gold nanoshells (HGN) tuned to absorb light from 650–950 nm. Picosecond pulses of near infrared (NIR) light provided by a two-photon microscope, or by a stand-alone laser during flow through microfluidic channels, trigger contents release with spatial and temporal control. NIR light adsorption heats the HGN, inducing vapor nanobubbles that rupture the liposome, releasing cargo within milliseconds. Any water-soluble molecule can be released at essentially the same rate from the liposome-HGN. By using liposomes of different composition, or HGN of different sizes or shapes with different nanobubble threshold fluences, or irradiating on or off resonance, two different cargoes can be released simultaneously, one before the other, or in a desired ratio. Calcium release from liposome-HGN can be spatially patterned to crosslink alginate gels and trap living cells. Liposome-HGN provide stable, biocompatible isolation of the bioactive compound from its surroundings with minimal interactions with the local environment.
A Novel Method for Classifying Hearing Impairment in Epidemiological Studies of Aging: The Wisconsin Age-Related Hearing Impairment Classification Scale
Authors: Cruickshanks Karen J. , Nondahl David M. , Fischer Mary E. , Schubert Carla R. , Tweed Ted S. 
Published: February 2020

PurposeLongitudinal population-based cohort data were used to develop a standardized classification system for age-related hearing impairment using thresholds for frequencies (0.5–8 kHz) typically measured in cohort studies.MethodAudiometric testing data collected in the Epidemiology of Hearing Loss Study from participants (n= 1,369) with four visits (1993–1995, 1998–2000, 2003–2005, and 2009–2010) were included (10,952 audiograms). Cluster analyses (Wald's method) were used to identify audiometric patterns. Maximum allowable threshold values were defined for each cluster to create an ordered scale. Progression was defined as a two-step change.ResultsAn eight-step scale was developed to capture audiogram shape and severity of hearing impairment. Of the 1,094 participants classified as having normal hearing based on a pure-tone average, only 25% (n= 277) were classified as Level 1 (all thresholds ≤ 20 dB HL) on the new scale, whereas 17% (n= 182) were Levels 4–6. During the 16-year follow-up, 64.9% of those at Level 1 progressed. There was little regression using this scale.ConclusionsThis is the first scale developed from population-based longitudinal cohort data to capture audiogram shape across time. This simple, standardized scale is easy to apply, reduces misclassification of normal hearing, and may be a useful method for identifying risk factors for early, preclinical, age-related changes in hearing.
Surfactant‐assisted hydrothermal synthesis of NaTaO3 nanotubes with enhanced photodegradation activity
Authors: Hu Haixia , Fu Yaqin 
Published: February 2020

The morphology of photocatalysts plays an important role in their photocatalytic activity. Here, a novel sodium tantalum trioxide (NaTaO3) nanotube photocatalyst was hydrothermally synthesised with the assistant of Na dodecyl sulphate (SDS) surfactant. The as‐synthesised NaTaO3 nanotubes presented an enhanced light absorption, compared with NaTaO3 nanocubes prepared without the addition of SDS. By using rhodamine B (RhB) as organic pollutants model, the NaTaO3 nanotubes exhibited a 96.2% of photodegradation ratio after 80 min ultraviolet light irradiation, which was much higher than NaTaO3 nanocubes and commercial P25. The cycle degradation results revealed that NaTaO3 nanotubes had an excellent photochemical stability. The active species trapping experiment suggested that the dominating active species were hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals, rather than holes.
Comparative Efficacy of Transsphenoidal Endonasal Endoscopic and Microscopic Pituitary Surgery at Single Center of a Developing Country
Authors: Phogat Vivek , Agarwal Manish , Sinha Virendra D. , Purohit Devendra 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Objective This study was aimed to compare comparative efficacy of transsphenoidal endonasal endoscopic and microscopic pituitary surgery at single center of a developing country.
Methods This study included 198 patients in which 50 patients were studied prospectively and 148 patients were studied retrospectively, diagnosed with pituitary adenoma who presented to neurosurgery department at Sawai Man Singh hospital in Jaipur, India, and were operated via transsphenoidal route between 2013 and 2018. Patients' records were reviewed and relevant clinical and surgical data were collected. Patients were divided into two groups based on the surgical procedure performed, endoscopic endonasal transsphenoid approach (group 1) and microscopic transsphenoidal approach (group 2). Outcomes, in terms of efficacy and the resulting complications of each procedure were compared and analyzed.
Results A total of 198 patients with pituitary adenoma were operated during the study period. Among them, 119 (60.1%) patients were operated by endoscopic and 79 (39.9%) patients were operated by microscopic transsphenoidal approach. In endoscopic group, intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak was present in 39 patients (32.77%) and 23 (29.11%) in microscopic group. Complete tumor removal was achieved in 69.75% in endoscopic and 48.13% in microscopic group (p = 0.004). Endocrine control was achieved in 78.94% (30 out of 38) in endoscopic and 68.18% (15 out of 22 patients) in microscopic group.
Conclusion The transsphenoidal approaches for resection of pituitary adenoma, both endoscopic and microscopic approach, are minimally invasive and effective for disease control. Both the approaches lead to similar endocrine control, visual symptoms, complications, and long-term outcome. Therefore, the selection of the final approach should be individualized, ultimately depending on the surgeons' comfort, experience, and familiarity with the particular technique.
Efficiency of using nitrogen trifluoride as an oxidiser in a supersonic continuous-wave chemical HF laser
Authors: Fedorov I.A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We report the results of an experimental study of possible ways to increase the efficiency of using NF3 nitrogen trifluoride as an oxidiser in an atomic fluorine generator of a supersonic continuous-wave chemical HF laser with a flat nozzle block corresponding to the nozzle – nozzle reagent mixing scheme. As such ways, we consider increasing the residence time of reagents in the combustion chamber and rising temperature in the chemical reaction zone. Comparison of specific energy characteristics of an HF laser operating with the use of the studied (NF3) and ‘basic’ (F2) oxidisers shows that the replacement of molecular fluorine with nitrogen trifluoride during the burning with deuterium in the combustion chamber of an atomic fluorine generator with allowance for the proposed measures leads to a reduction in the specific laser energy output by no more than 23 % – 24 % at high burning completeness.
Efficiency enhancement of thermonuclear DD reaction in femtosecond laser plasma with the use of structured low-average-density targets
Authors: Ivanov K.A. , Shulyapov S.A. , Tsymbalov I.N. , Akunets A.A. , Borisenko N.G. , Mordvintsev I.M. , Bozh’ev I.V. , Volkov R.V. , Bochkarev S.G. , Bychenkov V.Yu. , Savel’ev A.B. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An increase in the yield of fast neutrons is experimentally demonstrated by exciting a nuclear DD reaction in the interaction of a relativistically intense (over 1018 W cm−2) ultrashort laser pulse with a deuterated low-average-density target volume-structured at the wavelength scale. It is shown that decreasing the average target density from 0.78 to 0.35 g cm−3 doubles the neutron flux, which reaches 7 × 104 particles per 1 J of input energy. The effect may be associated with an increase in the number of accelerated deuterium ions due to the three dimensional expansion of individual elements of the target structure.
Simulation of femtosecond interferometry when studying the effect of intense laser irradiation of a transparent medium
Authors: Zavedeev E.V. , Kononenko V.V. , Gololobov V.M. , Konov V.I. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method for comparing experimental and simulation results obtained when transmitting a femtosecond laser pulse through a material is proposed. This method is based on computer reproduction of photographs recorded using femtosecond interferometry. A numerical analysis of the spatial and temporal evolution of an intense (∼1013 W cm−2) pulse propagating in the bulk of yttrium aluminium garnet is presented.
The effect of kefir grain concentration and fermentation duration on characteristics of cow milk-based kefir
Authors: Triwibowo Bayu , Wicaksono Reki , Antika Yola , Ermi Siti , Jarmiati Anik , Ari Setiadi Ardhi , Syahriar Rizal 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Cow’s milk is very easily damaged because of the content of decomposing bacteria that occurs very quickly, so that the milk becomes inappropriate for consumption. Current technological developments in food sector provide an alternative diversification of milk processing products. One such technology is fermentation of cow’s milk into kefir. The method used in this study is a Completely Randomized Design method (CRD) without any repetition. The raw materials used are cow’s milk, kefir grains with various concentrations, namely 3%, 5% and 7% per 1L kefir, with different fermentation lenght namely 18 hours, 21 hours and 24 hours. Furthermore, the characteristics of lactic acid levels were tested using alkalimetry method, protein content test using the formol method, and the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) test using Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) on growing medium. Characteristic test results show that lactic acid levels are optimal at 5% kefir grain concentration as well as optimal protein levels at 5% kefir grain concentration, while total LAB obtained are 1.80 × 107 cells / mL at 3% kefir grain concentration.
Data protection on hadoop distributed file system by using encryption algorithms: a systematic literature review
Authors: Naisuty Meisuchi , Nizar Hidayanto Achmad , Clydea Harahap Nabila , Rosyiq Ahmad , Suhanto Agus , Michael Samuel Hartono George 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Big data has capability to process huge amount of unstructured and structured data. Nowadays, technology is able to support business need by extracting massive amount of data and recognizing its pattern to predict future trends. It brings right insight in business strategy to gain tremendous benefit. Hadoop is a reliable technology which developed to distribute process and storage on big data efficiently. However, Hadoop doesn’t have any built-in provision to encrypt data by default. Hadoop additional feature in encryption zone has security issue which key management does outside of HDFS. Sensitive and confidential data in HDFS can be exposed against security attack. Information security is fundamental concern and new set challenge for the world of big data. The main purpose of this paper is to protect Hadoop Distributed File System data by using encryption algorithm. This is to ensure data is secured at storage level of HDFS. Dealing with big data, it is important to choose fast enough encryption algorithm that has great performance. Research methodology is SLR (System Literature Review) by using methodology of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses).
Design of microwave applicator for processing biomass waste
Authors: Prastiyanto Dhidik , Astuti Widi , Mahmud Amirul , Wijaya Budi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Activated carbon is produced by microwave heating method. We designed microwave applicator for processing biomass waste into activated carbon. To obtain the optimal design, CST Microwave studio was selected to simulate microwave radiation inside the applicator. In this work, simulation process has been done to find out microwave radiation with the change a waveguide port position and microwave cavity shape. In the measurement of microwave radiation, we used electrical field (E-field) monitor at frequency 2.45GHz. The result shows that applicator with hexagonal shape has the best performance in power accepted and power outgoing, most uniform E-field radiation in the sample. Microwave applicator for heating process biomass waste into activated carbon can be optimized with adding some stirrer mode.
A low cost validation method of finite element analysis on a thin walled vertical pressure vessels
Authors: Pratama Juan , Fajar Fitriyana Deni , Rusiyanto  , Parlaungan Siregar Januar , Caesarendra Wahyu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Pressure vessel is a container that has been used to contain a pressurized fluids, either oil, gas, or other chemical fluids. It is widely used for the oil, gas and other chemical based industries. Nowadays, finite element analysis is commonly used to reduce the high cost of testing a pressure vessel before manufacturing process. However, further validation is needed to ensure the results of the simulation and safety of the pressure vessels. In this study, theory of distortion energy is used as the tools of validation based on materials properties and behavior. And finally to ascertain wether the pressure vessel is possible for production or a refinement for safety is needed. The results of the study shown that theory of distortion energy can be used as validation tool for finite element analysis on a pressure vessels, however it cannot ensure the safety. Therefore other validation methods are needed to ascertain the safety of the pressure vessel discussed in this report. The cost analysis shown that failure theory combined with other calculation methods can save costs in pressure vessel testing, although some fairly expensive tests cannot be avoided.
The stability analysis study of conventional retaining walls variation design in vertical slope
Authors: Sari U C , Sholeh M N , Hermanto I 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
One of the hazards that usually occur in slope is landslide. This disaster can occur due to various factors, such as soil material, load on the slope, and the presence of groundwater. Retaining wall is one of the reinforcements that can be applied in slope. This reinforcement is expected to overcome the landslide hazard that can possible to occur. For the conventional retaining wall in kind of gravity wall, the weight of structure influences the stability to retain the slope. Moreover, the weight of retaining wall is determined by its dimension. The assumptions of retaining wall dimension is determined by trial and error. If retaining wall is not enough to bear the load, the dimension of the retaining wall must be changed. In this study, analysing conventional gravity type of retaining walls with several variation designs in 3 meters vertical slope. As the limitation of this study, there are two layers cohesive soil behind the retaining wall. The retaining wall only relies on the weight of the structure as the basis of its design. Therefore, the relation between weight of retaining wall with stability of the structure itself can be known. Thus, the design of the suitable retaining wall that is used on the vertical slope in this study can be obtained. Results show that the greater the retaining wall, the value of the safety factor will increase. The design of the retaining wall with sloping wall on the front of the retaining wall gives greater safety factor than the design of the retaining wall with the slender shape.
Below-surface water mediates the response of African forests to reduced rainfall
Authors: Madani Nima , Kimball John S , Parazoo Nicholas C , Ballantyne Ashley P , Tagesson Torbern , Jones Lucas A , Reichle Rolf H , Palmer Paul I , Velicogna Isabella , Bloom A Anthony , Saatchi Sassan , Liu Zhihua , Geruo A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Terrestrial ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP) is the largest land-atmosphere carbon flux and the primary mechanism of photosynthetic fixation of atmospheric CO2 into plant biomass. Anomalous rainfall events have been shown to have a great impact on the global carbon cycle. However, less is known about the impact of these events on GPP, especially in Africa, where in situ observations are sparse. Here, we use a suite of satellite and other geospatial data to examine the responses of major ecosystems in Africa to anomalous rainfall events from 2003 to 2017. Our results reveal that higher-than-average groundwater storage in tropical ecosystems offsets the rainfall deficit during the dry years. While the inter-annual variations in GPP in semi-arid ecosystems are controlled by near surface soil water, deeper soil moisture and groundwater control the inter-annual variability of the GPP in dense tropical forests. Our study highlights the critical role of groundwater in buffering rainfall shortages and continued availability of near-surface water to plants through dry spells.
Rational construction of Au–Ag bimetallic island-shaped nanoplates for electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhao Hong , Liu Diandian , Xu Shujuan , Chen Yao , Yin Fujun , Yang Tao , Wang Mingyan , Deng Hua , Zhang Wei , Liu Weiwei , Liu Xiaohong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Active electrocatalysts are the key to water splitting for hydrogen production through the electrolysis. In this paper, 50 nm silver nanoplates were used as templates for synthesis of Au–Ag island-shaped nanoplates by controlling the surface chemistry. The guiding mechanism of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, Mw = 40 000) to Au–Ag island-shaped nanoplates crystal was also further investigated. It is found that the surface energy of Ag nanoplates between (100) and (111) crystal planes can be regulated by varying the amount of PVP in the system. Then a uniform Au-Ag triangular island nanostructure was obtained. Compared with the Ag nanoplates catalysts, the Au–Ag island nanoplates catalysts show the superior catalytic performances in hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis (HER). These results demonstrate a new surface chemistry modification by PVP and a galvanic displacement reaction for designing the active electrocatalysts. More importantly, the Au–Ag island-shaped nanoplates show an unconventional growth mode of preserving the original Ag nano-triangular crystal structure. The enhanced performance in electrocatalysis can be mainly attributed to Au–Ag alloy structure, which allows the appearance of synergistic effects. The present work demonstrates the crucial roles of surface chemistry in catalysts synthesis, which may guide the design of active bimetallic catalysts.
II—Ambition, Love, And Happiness
Authors: Pettigrove Glen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
What is the relationship between ambition and love? While discussions of happiness often mention romances, friendships, aspirations, and achievements, the relationship between these features is seldom discussed. This paper aims to fill that gap. It begins with a suggestive remark made by La Rochefoucauld and repeated by Adam Smith: ‘Love often leads on to ambition, but seldom does one return from ambition to love.’ To explain what accounts for such a pattern, I introduce a distinction between stage-setting emotions and master emotions, which is useful for illuminating relationships between a number of emotions, including ambition and love. Drawing on things Smith says elsewhere in the Theory of Moral Sentiments, I conclude by highlighting one way the pattern might be reversed and ambition might lead to love.
TeSS: a platform for discovering life-science training opportunities
Authors: Beard Niall , Bacall Finn , Nenadic Aleksandra , Thurston Milo , Goble Carole A , Sansone Susanna-Assunta , Attwood Teresa K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Summary
Dispersed across the Internet is an abundance of disparate, disconnected training information, making it hard for researchers to find training opportunities that are relevant to them. To address this issue, we have developed a new platform—TeSS—which aggregates geographically distributed information and presents it in a central, feature-rich portal. Data are gathered automatically from content providers via bespoke scripts. These resources are cross-linked with related data and tools registries, and made available via a search interface, a data API and through widgets.

Availability and implementation
https://tess.elixir-europe.org.