bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Pd Decoration on Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Towards Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Boateng Emmanuel Q. , Dim Vincent , Chen Aicheng 
Published: May 2020

The growing need for deep decarbonisation of current global energy systems makes hydrogen-based economy an attractive option for the future. For the envisaged hydrogen economy to be commercially accessible, the challenge for hydrogen storage must be addressed. Solid-state hydrogen storage has received tremendous research interest due to its advantages, such as low cost, high efficiency, safety and high volumetric storage capacity [1,2]. In this study, different carbon-based materials were synthesized and characterized for hydrogen storage. The effect of the modification of those carbon-based materials with Pd nanoparticles was investigated. The significant enhancement of the hydrogen storage capacity is presented
References:
[1] L. Schlapbach, A. Züttel, Hydrogen-storage materials for mobile applications, Nature 414 (2001) 353–358.
[2] E. Boateng, A. Chen, Recent advances in nanomaterials-based solid-state hydrogen storage, Mater. Today Adv. (2019) in press.
Synthesis of Nanostructured Cobalt-Based Catalysts for Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Authors: Abner Sharon , Chen Aicheng 
Published: May 2020

The continuous rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere is known to be one of the main causes of global climate change. The use of CO2 as a precursor in the production of synthetic fuels and other industrial chemicals offers a way to mitigate climate change. The direct conversion of CO2 to industrial low-carbon chemicals, such as carbon monoxide, formate and methane, using electrochemical approaches has attracted attention [1]. One of the main challenges encountered is overcoming the high activation energy required to convert surface adsorbed CO2 into CO2
•− which leads to high overpotential. The search for a cost-effective non-noble metal has led to the exploration of cobalt-based materials as a viable catalyst for CO2 reduction reaction. Although, Co is widely used as a catalyst for electrochemical water splitting [2], recent findings shows that Co and Co-oxides can lead to the reduction of CO2 to CO and formate with high faradaic efficiencies [3, 4]. In this study, different Co-based nanomaterials including nanoparticles and nanodendrites were synthesized. The formed nanomaterials were studied using a wide range of surface characterization techniques and electrochemical methods. The catalytic activity of the synthesized Co-based nanoparticles and nanodendrites towards the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide will be compared and discussed.
References:
[1] A. S. Agarwal, Y. Zhai, D. Hill, and N. Sridhar, ChemSusChem 4 (2011) 1301–1310.

[2] J. Cirone, S. R. Ahmed, P. C. Wood, and A. Chen, J. Phys. Chem. C 123 (2019) 9183 - 9191.

[3] G. Yin, X. Yuan, X. Du, W. Zhao, Q. Bi, and F. Huang, Chem. - A Eur. J. 24 (2018) 2157–2163.

[4] S. Gao et al.
Nature 529 (2016) 68–71.
Studies on the Mechanism of Electrochemical Detection of Haemophilus Influenzae at Diamond-Based Electrodes
Authors: Kowalski Marcin Krzysztof , Brodowski Mateusz , Dziąbowska Karolina , Dettlaff Anna , Bogdanowicz Robert , Nidzworski Dawid 
Published: May 2020

Haemophilus influenzae (HI) is a Gram-negative pathogenic bacterium whose infections occur worldwide and mainly affect unvaccinated children and those who have not completed the basic vaccination course. Type B of this bacterium (Hib) can cause sepsis, and other invasive diseases as dermatitis or arthritis but the most dangerous is pneumonia meningitis. The most reliable method for recognizing Hib infections is isolation in microbiological culture. Serological tests are also performed to diagnose Hib infections. They rely on the detection of the presence of bacterial antigens or antibodies which have the ability to bind to specific antigens. Detection of antibodies doesn’t mean disease but only indicate contact with a given bacterium in the past. Recognition of bacteria using presently known methods takes a long time and requires expensive equipment although fast and sensitive detection of Haemophilus influenzae is crucial l to start treatment early enough.
In this work, we present electrochemical detection of HI on diamond-based pastes electrodes using binding specific antibodies (ap. D) with proteins occurring on the surface of bacteria (protein D). The measuring system consisted of a specially prepared printed circuit board (PCB) and diamond-based electrode, which was prepared by screen printing in special conditions. Places printed on it, served as a working electrode, counter electrode and reference. Ceramics was first used as a substrate, but it was quickly changed to Teflon, which showed better adhesion to diamond pastes. Better sample strength was also obtained, so it could be washed in an ultrasonic cleaner without fear of damage. Before detection, the electrode had to be modified by electrochemical reduction of the aminobenzoic acid diazonium salt, antibodies deposition via EDC / NHS and blocking the unmodified electrode sites by incubating in solution of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). The last step of modification prevents unspecific adsorption on electrode surface which would lead to false detection results.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Fig. 1) were used to bacteria detection. The electron transfer resistance rises with each step of electrode modification and increased bacterial concentration in solution. Then a calibration curve was constructed.
Three pathogens were selected to check the biosensor selectivity: S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, B. parapertussis. For each pathogen responses were significantly lower than for HI at similar concentrations. For example, the response of sensor for S. pyogenes (67474,28 CFU/ml) and B. parapertussis (17819,27 CFU/ml) were less than 5%, which are much smaller in comparison to response at level of 30% for HI (47003,48 CFU/ml).

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the National Centre for Science and Development Grant Techmatstrateg No. 347324 2015/16/T/ST7/00469.

Figure 1
Hydrogen Storage Properties of Melt Spun Mg-Based Alloy through Electrochemical Method for Ni-MH Batteries
Authors: Bhatt Priyanka , Hazan Joseph , Huot Jacques 
Published: May 2020

Magnesium-based alloys have attracted much attention and extensive research as negative electrode materials for Ni/MH batteries. Magnesium alloys are low cost and they have high discharge capacity in electrochemical processes1. However, corrosion behaviour severely limits their utilization. Magnesium alloys are also considered as hydrogen storage materials due to their high hydrogen capacity. In this communication, the crystallographic, morphology and electrochemical properties of melt spun Mg74Zn22Nd4 will be reported. It was found that, despite the ribbon being very thin (0.10 mm), the microstructure on each side of the ribbon is different. The surface touching the wheel is showing a much higher crystallinity and texture than the other face of the ribbon. In the same way, morphology on both faces are different. The electrochemical hydrogen storage behaviour in addition to gas phase absorption/desorption will be discussed.
[1] Li-FangJiao, Hua-TangYuan, Yi-JingWang, Yong-MeiWang, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 34 (2009) 1476–1482
Work Function Extraction of BCN Thin Films from BCN/n-Si Heterojunction Devices
Authors: Nehate Shraddha Dhanraj , Saikumar Ashwin Kumar , Sundaram Kalpathy B. 
Published: May 2020

Boron carbon nitride (BCN) has gained attention due to its structural similarity to carbon and boron nitride. BCN compounds are known to combine excellent properties of B4C and BN, with properties being adjustable depending on elemental composition[1, 2]. BCN is a low-k material (k=2.13) and very high breakdown strength (~3.4 MV/cm). Additionally, the ability to control band gap by atomic composition and structure makes BCN films suitable for applications in electronic and optical devices[3].
In this study, BCN/n-silicon heterojunctions are fabricated using RF sputtering technique. Work function of BCN thin films are extracted from I-V characteristics. I-V characteristics are obtained for operation at temperatures from 25 to 200 °C. Using this method, parameters such as barrier height, ideality factor, rectification ratio are investigated.
References
[1] A. Prakash, K. B. Sundaram, and Technology, "Studies on electrical properties of RF sputtered deposited boron carbon nitride thin films," vol. 4, no. 5, pp. N25-N29, 2015.
[2] A. Prakash, S. D. Nehate, and K. B. Sundaram, "Boron carbon nitride based metal-insulator-metal UV detectors for harsh environment applications," vol. 41, no. 18, pp. 4249-4252, 2016.
[3] H. Aoki et al., "Influence of moisture on BCN (low-K) film for interconnection reliability," vol. 17, no. 4-5, pp. 628-632, 2008.
Work Function Determination of Gallium Doped Zinc Oxide Using Transparent Gate MOSFET Devices
Authors: Saikumar Ashwin Kumar , Phelps Justin , Nehate Shraddha Dhanraj , Abdolvand Reza , Sundaram Kalpathy B. 
Published: May 2020

Recent commercialization has peaked interest in transparent conducting oxides being implemented in transparent applications. Gallium doped zinc oxide (GZO) films exhibit excellent transmission characteristics in the visible spectrum while maintaining high electrical conductivity. In majority applications the work function of the material used has an impact on the device performance as it affects the energy barrier height at the hetero-junction interface. Hence, the work function identification is of critical importance.
In this article, we discuss work function extraction of GZO from a Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) device for the first time. Four level mask sets were used to fabricate two MOSFET devices following exact same conditions. Source and drain contacts were made using aluminum metal for both MOSFETs. One of the MOSFET was fabricated with aluminum as gate contact and the other MOSFET with transparent conducting GZO as its gate contact. GZO used in this research were RF sputtered. From the threshold voltage equation of both the fabricated MOSFETs, work function of GZO was extracted. The electrical and optical transmission studies were also performed on the sputtered GZO thin films and are reported in this study.
Smart Binders for Silicon Based Composite Electrode in Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Huet Lucas , Lestriez Bernard , Devic Thomas , Roué Lionel 
Published: May 2020

Silicon is one of the most promising alloying anode materials for Li-ion batteries thanks to its high specific and volumetric capacity. In comparison with the commercially available graphite, silicon delivers 10 times higher specific capacity (up to 3600 mA.h.g-1) and 3 times higher volumetric capacity ( up to 2200 mA.h.cm-3) [1]. However, silicon suffers from high volumic expansion upon lithiation (up to 280 %). It induces the pulverization of the micrometric silicon particle, the perpetual solid electrolyte interface renewal and decohesion between constitutive elements of the electrode, drastically reducing its lifespan [2].
To tackle those issues we propose the formulation of composite electrode with improved binder. It is composed of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (NaCMC, as a binding network) and zinc sulfate dissolved in a pH 3 buffer solution (composed of citric acid and potassium hydroxide). The originality and improvement comes from the use Zn2+ ions as coordination agents, binding to carboxylate groups from the CMC and citric acid. Among benefits, we believe that the coordination helps to mitigate the stress inside the electrode because of the improved reticulation of the network, thus improving its resilience [3]. To support this hypothesis, we provide physico-chemical characterizations of the binder as well as the electrochemical performances of our electrodes.

[1] M.N. Obrovac, V.L. Chevrier, Alloy Negative Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 11444-11502.

[2] A. Etiemble, A. Tranchot, T. Douillard, H. Idrissi, E. Maire, L. Roué., Evolution of the 3D Microstructure of a Si-Based Electrode for Li-Ion Batteries Investigated by FIB/SEM Tomography, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016,163, A1550-A1559

[3] D. Mazouzi, R. Grissa, M. Paris, Z. Karkar, L. Huet, D. Guyomard, L. Roué, T. Devic, B. Lestriez, CMC-citric acid Cu(II) cross-linked binder approach to improve the electrochemical performance of Si-based electrodes. Electrochim. Acta 2019, 304, 495-504.
Molecular Crystallization within the Electrical Double Layer
Authors: Gautam Prakhar , Mweka Cecelia , Fahrenkrug Eli 
Published: May 2020

The polymorphic phase of crystals underpins key attributes of drug solubility, bioavailability, stability, and downstream processing. This work aims to model a parallel plate cell on an electrolytic capacitor design to develop large electric fields within the electric double layer interfaces to position paracetamol molecules into Form II orthorhombic polymorphs. Form II has been shown to have higher solubility and is readily compressible into tablets, thus making it more favorable.
The parallel plate electrical double layer cell successfully delivers electric fields on the order of 1 V/nm to a thin layer solution. Electrochemical characterization demonstrates the long-term stability of the cell, dielectric breakdown, and overall electric field intensities that can be applied to solution. Application of this cell to a ring opening epoxide reaction and the resulting modulation of product ratios highlights the effectiveness of the cell. Efforts to affect crystal molecular nucleation are described in the context of supersaturated solutions of paracetamol subject to electric fields for 4-12 hours with temperatures from room temperature to -6 C. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction characterization of the crystals are used to confirm polymorph identity.
A Study on Processing Parameters Affecting Solid Polymer Electrolytes Performances
Authors: Mankovsky Denis , Lepage David , Ayme-Perrot David , Dollé Mickael 
Published: May 2020

In the modern world, the rapid advancement of new technologies is accompanied by an increasing energetic demand. Following today`s trend, energy consumption will undoubtedly increase in the following years. Over the last 50 years, lithium-metal batteries have been considered as potential candidates for long-term high-performance electrochemical storage. (1) Although their operation is effective, they still present limitations mainly due to lithium dendrite growth associated with electrodeposited Li+ from the electrolyte on the anode material. This phenomenon causes internal short-circuits resulting in premature battery failure. (2)

Various solid-state battery systems are being developed in hope to resolve the said issue. Amongst others, solid polymer electrolytes (SPE) have been investigated since Armand`s work in the 80`. (3) Even though these systems have non-flammable properties and successfully suppress dendrite growth, most SPEs do not reach ionic conductivities values higher than 10-3 S/cm at room temperature and offer lower energy densities and cycle number compared to the standard liquid electrolyte counterpart. (4)

As a result of that, an increasing number of published literature shows off new engaging SPE systems. However, oftentimes, the presented performances are hardly reproducible due to the lack of precise and detailed experimental conditions. It is believed that some overlooked factors during processing may affect the aforementioned performances. (5-7) Certain parameters that affect ionic conductivities of SPEs have been investigated by techniques including but not limited to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and solid-state 7Li-NMR. It will be demonstrated that these parameters must be precisely controlled to ensure the reproducibility and the validity of measurements. Finally, it will be shown that this study can be applied to several types of polymers.
1: Hall P. J., Bain E. J., Energy Policy,
36, 4352 (2008).
2: Lisbona D., Snee T., Process. Saf.
Environ., 89, 434 (2011).

3: Armand M. B., Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 16, 245 (1986).
4: Penghui Y., Haobin Y., Zhiyu D., Yanchen L., Juan L., Marino L., Junwei W., Xingjun L., Front. Chem., 7, 522 (2019).
5: Fullerton-Shirey S. K., Maranas J.K, Macromolecules, 42, 2142 (2009).
6: Devaux D., Bouchet R., Glé D., Denoyel R., Solid State Ion., 227, 119 (2012).
7: Wang X., Zhang L., Li G., Zhang G., Shao Z.G., Yi B., Electrochim. Acta, 158, 253 (2015)
3D-Printable Ionogels Based on Protic Ionic Liquids for Energy Applications
Authors: Lange Alyna , Zehbe Kerstin , Taubert Andreas 
Published: May 2020

In light of the well-known challenges regarding the global energy economy and climate issues fuel cells are widely discussed for their benefits and potential applications in the future. One of the main problems of PEM-fuel cells is that Nafion®-membranes have a limited application temperature window of ≤ 80 °C at ambient pressure due to dehydration and corresponding loss of conductivity at higher temperatures. [1] As a result there is a significant need for new membranes of a precise and defined size and geometry exhibiting significant ion mobilities far above 100 °C.
Based on their highly useful properties like thermal stability, non-flammability, and high ionic conductivities ionic liquids (ILs) are promising components in energy devices such as batteries, solar cells or fuel cells. For proper function of, for example, fuel cell membranes, it is, however, necessary to immobilize the ILs in a polymer matrix, resulting in ionogels (IGs) combining the characteristics of the respective IL with e. g. the mechanical stability of the polymer. [2] The combination of 3D-printing with suitable polymer scaffolds and suitable ILs enables the design of membrane materials with precisely controlled sizes, shapes and geometries along with the necessary electrochemical performance. [3]
The aim of this work therefore is the synthesis and characterization of protic amine-based ILs for proton conduction. All compounds are ILs at room temperature. Their ionic conductivities range between 10-2 – 10-4 S/cm. Moreover, with wide electrochemical and thermal stability windows (ΔE up to 3 V, Tg around -90 °C and Td over 200 °C) these ILs are promising for ion transport in fuel cell membranes above 100 °C. The corresponding transparent and flexible IGs display promising thermal and mechanical stability and reach ionic conductivities of up to 10-3 S/cm at elevated temperatures. Moreover, this study also demonstrates that the IGs can be obtained and structured using 3D-printing; this clearly enables the design of many materials with different requirements by simply adapting the size and shape.
[1] A. Martinelli, A. Matic, P. Jacobsson, L. Börjesson, A. Fernicola, S. Panero, B. Scrosati, H. Ohno, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2007, 111, 12462.
[2] Y.-S. Ye, J. Rick, B.-J. Hwang, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2013, 1, 2719.
[3] K. Zehbe, A. Lange, A. Taubert, Sustainable Energy Fuels, submitted.
Synthesis and Analysis of Ionic Liquid As Additive for Li-Ion Battery Electrolyte
Authors: Cheng Chun 
Published: May 2020

Lithium ion batteries are promising power sources for various applications such as portable electronics and electrical vehicles, due to their high specific energy density and long cycle life. As one key component of lithium ion battery, the electrolyte should allow lithium ion transport but prevent electron conduction. One big challenge of lithium ion battery is that the high voltage and high current in the charge process can cause self-decomposition of the electrolyte, leading to combustion of the battery. In order to solve the combustion problem in the fast charge process, new electrolyte materials with high ionic conductivity and good chemical stability are urgently needed.
Ionic liquid is usually organic salt consisting of anion and cation with low vapor pressure, high boiling point, high ionic conductivity, large specific heat capacity, and non-flammable characteristics. Ionic liquid is aqueous at or near the room temperature. The features of ionic liquid such as the high heat resistance and wide liquid temperature range make it a promising electrolyte material for lithium ion battery.
This project aims at tailoring the suitable structure of ionic liquid as the additive for lithium ion battery. Our ionic liquid is a designed composition of anion of TFSI as SEI forming additive and imidazole based cation. A two-step process has been developed for synthesizing ionic liquid. The physical and chemical properties of the ionic liquid were measured to evaluate the feasibility of applying ionic liquid to lithium ion battery.
Both the density and the viscosity of the ionic liquid are measured at different temperatures. The density was found to decrease linearly with temperature in both single and binary system. The determined negative excess molar volume of ethyl acetate and ionic liquid system is relative to the interaction between different molecules. The viscosity of the analyzed electrolyte solvent was found to decrease linearly with increasing temperature. Arrhenius-like law was found to be able to fit the measured data well. The fitting parameters were able to predict viscosity at different temperature.
The conductivity of the whole electrolyte system and compatibility with the active materials will be tested and discussed in the next study.