bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accelerating T2mapping of the brain by integrating deep learning priors with low‐rank and sparse modeling
Authors: Meng Ziyu , Guo Rong , Li Yudu , Guan Yue , Wang Tianyao , Zhao Yibo , Sutton Brad , Li Yao , Liang Zhi‐Pei 
Published: September 2020

PurposeTo accelerate T2mapping with highly sparse sampling by integrating deep learning image priors with low‐rank and sparse modeling.MethodsThe proposed method achieves high‐speed T2mapping by highly sparsely sampling (k, TE)‐space. Image reconstruction from the undersampled data was done by exploiting the low‐rank structure and sparsity in the T2‐weighted image sequence and image priors learned from training data. The image priors for a single TE were generated from the public Human Connectome Project data using a tissue‐based deep learning method; the image priors were then transferred to other TEs using a generalized series‐based method. With these image priors, the proposed reconstruction method used a low‐rank model and a sparse model to capture subject‐dependent novel features.ResultsThe proposed method was evaluated using experimental data obtained from both healthy subjects and tumor patients using a turbo spin‐echo sequence. High‐quality T2maps at the resolution of 0.9 × 0.9 × 3.0 mm3were obtained successfully from highly undersampled data with an acceleration factor of 8. Compared with the existing compressed sensing–based methods, the proposed method produced significantly reduced reconstruction errors. Compared with the deep learning–based methods, the proposed method recovered novel features better.ConclusionThis paper demonstrates the feasibility of learning T2‐weighted image priors for multiple TEs using tissue‐based deep learning and generalized series‐based learning. A new method was proposed to effectively integrate these image priors with low‐rank and sparse modeling to reconstruct high‐quality images from highly undersampled data. The proposed method will supplement other acquisition‐based methods to achieve high‐speed T2mapping.
Current challenges facing pediatric radiation oncology viewed through an economics lens
Authors: Halperin Edward C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis commentary addresses two problems facing pediatric radiation oncology: workforce education and the cost of technology. The tools of economics can help us understand these problems.Because cancer in children is relatively infrequent and the role of pediatric radiotherapy (RT) is limited, there are a small number of cases of children requiring RT in the US compared to the number of radiation oncology trainees. This creates a paucity of necessary clinical training material.Proton RT, rather than photon RT, is being recommended in many situations when RT is indicated in children. Cost, however, is a significant concern. The arguments for and against proton RT continue and a consensus on this matter has not emerged.
Selecting for useful properties of plants and fungi – Novel approaches, opportunities, and challenges
Authors: Kersey Paul J. , Collemare Jerome , Cockel Christopher , Das Dibakar , Dulloo Ehsan M. , Kelly Laura J. , Lettice Eoin , Malécot Valery , Maxted Nigel , Metheringham Carey , Thormann Imke , Leitch Ilia J. 
Published: September 2020

Societal Impact StatementFor millennia, humans have used plants and fungi, as foods, fuels, fibers, and medicines; and have developed techniques for improving their usefulness to our species, mostly through selection of desirable traits. With human populations forecast to rise, the availability of arable land likely to fall amid climate change and increasing urbanization, and modern communications technologies accelerating the dispersal of pathogens, further improvement is urgently needed. However, ensuring long‐term resilience involves conservation of existing genetic diversity in addition to selection. New technologies, particularly those based on molecular biology, are increasingly driving conservation and improvement strategies.SummaryHumans use plants and fungi for a wide range of purposes and, over millennia, have improved wild species by selecting for and combining genetic variation. Improvements in DNA sequencing technologies have enhanced our capacity to identify and manipulate genetic diversity, increasing the range of variation that can be utilized, and accelerating the breeding cycle to reduce the time taken to develop and put new varieties to use. Most recently, the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology has greatly increased our capacity to directly introduce novel genetic variants without unwanted associated material. Moreover, increased knowledge of metabolic pathways resulting from genomic analysis can be used to design new varieties with desired properties with increased precision. Selecting for, or engineering, desirable variants has increased the usefulness of plants and fungi to humans, but at the cost of reducing their genetic diversity, decreasing their resilience and reducing the stock of variation available for future use. Conservation of genetic biodiversity is thus an essential counterpart of crop improvement and is essential to ensure that crop species retain resilience to emerging threats. Conservation efforts are focused on orphan crops, wild relatives of crop species, and landraces; in and exsitu efforts are complementary. Informatic approaches can inform use of these materials in breeding programmes even in the absence of genomic information. The application of some of these approaches may be restricted by ethical, legal, or organizational obstacles. If these can be overcome, there is great potential to unlock previously untapped reservoirs of biodiversity for human benefit.
New scientific discoveries: Plants and fungi
Authors: Cheek Martin , Nic Lughadha Eimear , Kirk Paul , Lindon Heather , Carretero Julia , Looney Brian , Douglas Brian , Haelewaters Danny , Gaya Ester , Llewellyn Theo , Ainsworth A. Martyn , Gafforov Yusufjon , Hyde Kevin , Crous Pedro , Hughes Mark , Walker Barnaby E. , Campostrini Forzza Rafaela , Wong Khoon Meng , Niskanen Tuula 
Published: September 2020

Societal Impact StatementResearch and publication of the planet's remaining plant and fungal species as yet unknown to science is essential if we are to address the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15 “Life on Land” which includes the protection of terrestrial ecosystems and halting of biodiversity loss. If species are not known to science, they cannot be assessed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species and so the possibility to protect them from extinction is reduced. Furthermore, until species are known to science they cannot be fully scientifically evaluated for their potential as new foods, medicines, and products which would help address SDGs 1,2,3, and 8.SummaryScientific discovery, including naming new taxa, is important because without a scientific name, a species is invisible to science and the possibilities of researching its ecology, applications and threats, and conserving it, are greatly reduced. We review new scientific discoveries in the plant and fungal kingdoms, based largely on new names of taxa published in 2019 and indexed in the International Plant Names Index and Index Fungorum. Numbers of new species in both kingdoms were similar with 1942 new species of plant published and 1882 species of fungi. However, while >50% of plant species have likely been discovered, >90% of fungi remain unknown. This gulf likely explains the greater number of higher order taxa for fungi published in 2019: three classes, 18 orders, 48 families and 214 genera versus one new family and 87 new genera for plants. We compare the kingdoms in terms of rates of scientific discovery, globally and in different taxonomic groups and geographic areas, and with regard to the use of DNA in discovery. We review species new to science, especially those of interest to humanity as new products, and also by life‐form. We consider where future such discoveries can be expected. We recommend an urgent increase in investment in scientific discovery of plant and fungal species, while they still survive. Priorities include more investment in training taxonomists, in building and equipping collections‐based research centers for them, especially in species‐rich, income‐poor countries where the bulk of species as yet unknown to science are thought to occur.
International collaboration between collections‐based institutes for halting biodiversity loss and unlocking the useful properties of plants and fungi
Authors: Pearce Timothy R. , Antonelli Alexandre , Brearley Francis Q. , Couch Charlotte , Campostrini Forzza Rafaela , Gonçalves Susana C. , Magassouba Sékou , Morim Marli P. , Mueller Gregory M. , Nic Lughadha Eimear , Obreza Matija , Sharrock Suzanne , Simmonds Monique S. J. , Tambam Beri Bonglim , Utteridge Timothy M. A. , Breman Elinor 
Published: September 2020

Societal Impact StatementThe United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 17 calls for “strong global partnerships and cooperation” to support the other SDGs. The collections‐based science community offers many examples of conservation of plant and fungal biodiversity, sharing, repatriation and aggregation of data, access to new technologies, supply of plant and fungal material, strengthening capacity of practitioners, and benefit sharing with the providers of biodiversity and genetic resources. Collaboration framed by workable multilateral treaties will increase our understanding of plant and fungal diversity, help halt biodiversity loss, and accelerate our sustainable use of plants and fungi and the exploration of their useful traits.SummaryCollections‐based institutes are at the forefront of generating knowledge and understanding of plant and fungal biodiversity. Through the analysis of occurrence data, the use of modern technologies to better understand the evolutionary relationships between species and documentation of their useful properties, the work of collections‐based institutes provides good models for conservation; addressing species loss and improving sustainable use of plants and fungi. Nevertheless, the pressure on the planet's plant and fungal diversity is relentless. We argue that a massive increase in the accessibility of preserved and living collections of plants and fungi is required. An increased scale of responsible exploration to both conserve and unlock the useful properties of plants and fungi is needed to deliver solutions to the many global challenges facing humanity and the planet. This article explores the role of collaborations between collections‐based institutes and their partners in preventing biodiversity loss and delivering sustainable development. Drawing on examples from herbaria, agricultural and wild species genebanks, mycological collections, an international NGO, and the botanic garden community, we demonstrate how collaboration improves efficiency and impact. Collaborations can be peer to peer, institutional, governmental, national, or international, they may involve work with local communities and are frequently a combination of these. We suggest the five key benefits to collaboration and show that with trust, understanding, and mutual respect, powerful and sustainable partnerships develop. Such trust and respect are hard won, but once established, sustain a high level of commitment, enable development of shared long‐term visions of success, and attract diverse funding streams.
A comparison of the associations between alexithymia and both non‐suicidal self‐injury and risky drinking: The roles of explicit outcome expectancies and refusal self‐efficacy
Authors: Greene Danyelle , Hasking Penelope , Boyes Mark 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBoth non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) and risky drinking are positively associated with alexithymia, a personality trait characterized by difficulties appraising feelings and an externally orientated thinking style. Although researchers have studied the associations between alexithymia and both NSSI and risky drinking, the underlying factors of both associations are rarely compared. Using path analysis, we compared the mediating effects of behaviour‐specific outcome expectancies and self‐efficacy beliefs on the associations between alexithymia and both NSSI and risky drinking. A sample of 627 university students (76.10% female, Mage = 20.75, SD = 1.88) completed a battery of questionnaires. Alexithymia exhibited indirect effects on NSSI via affect regulation expectancies, pain expectancies, communication expectancies, and low self‐efficacy to resist NSSI. Alexithymia exhibited indirect effects on risky drinking via expectations of increased confidence and negative consequences. However, the indirect effects differed depending on the valance of the emotion the individual had difficulties appraising. Our findings indicate that the underlying factors in the associations between alexithymia and both NSSI and risky drinking could differ. Where individuals who have difficulties appraising negative emotions may engage in NSSI to help regulate negative feelings, they may consume alcohol to gain more confidence in expressing their feelings. Clinical implications are discussed.
From necessity to opportunity: Scaling bricolage across resource‐constrained environments
Authors: Busch Christian , Barkema Harry 
Published: September 2020

AbstractResearch summaryEnterprises in low‐resource contexts often rely on bricolage (i.e., making do by applying resources at hand to new problems). However, bricolage has traditionally been regarded as a way to temporarily get by, potentially constraining growth if continued over time. This has been explained by factors such as limited development of learning competencies. Surprisingly, we encountered a social organization appearing to use bricolage to scale extensively into a variety of locations. This puzzling observation prompted our research question: Can bricolage be scaled, and if so, how and why? We embarked on a process study of this organization, leading to a novel conceptual model of scaling bricolage: as a low‐cost replication process of heuristics, enabling fit with a diversity of local environments, as well as cross‐unit learning.Managerial summaryHow do organizations emerge, survive, and scale in resource‐scarce environments? Traditional scaling models tend to rely on considerable financial resources and companies often struggle to adjust to diverse contexts. In contrast, we identified and studied an organization in Sub‐Saharan Africa that we argue used simple rules to scale bricolage—making the best out of what is at hand—successfully in diverse low‐resource contexts. Our paper provides a novel conceptual model of scaling bricolage: a low‐cost replication process of heuristics, enabling fit with a diversity of local environments, as well as cross‐unit innovation and learning.
Genome‐wide association analysis of natural variation in seed tocochromanols of barley
Authors: Mahalingam Ramamurthy , Sallam Ahmad H. , Steffenson Brian J. , Fiedler Jason D. , Walling Jason G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTocochromanols (tocols for short), commonly called Vitamin E, are lipid‐soluble plant antioxidants vital for regulating lipid peroxidation in chloroplasts and seeds. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds contain all eight different isoforms of tocols; however, the extent of natural variation in their composition and their underlying genetic basis is not known. Tocol levels in barley seeds were quantified in diverse H. vulgare panels comprising 297 wild lines from a diversity panel and 160 cultivated spring‐type accessions from the mini‐core panel representing the genetic diversity of the USDA barley germplasm collection. Significant differences were observed in the concentration of tocols between the two panels. To identify the genes associated with tocols, genome‐wide association analysis was conducted with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from Illumina arrays for the mini‐core panel and genotyping‐by‐sequencing for the wild barley panel. Forty unique SNPs in the wild barley and 27 SNPs in the mini‐core panel were significantly associated with various tocols. Marker–trait associations (MTAs) were identified on chromosomes 1, 6, and 7 for key genes in the tocol biosynthesis pathway, which have also been reported in other studies. Several novel MTAs were identified on chromosomes 2, 3, 4 and 5 and were found to be in proximity to genes involved in the generation of precursor metabolites required for tocol biosynthesis. This study provides a valuable resource for barley breeding programs targeting specific isoforms of seed tocols and for investigating the physiological roles of these metabolites in seed longevity, dormancy, and germination.
An empirical soil water retention model based on probability laws for pore‐size distribution
Authors: Zheng Wenjuan , Shen Chongyang , Wang Lian‐Ping , Jin Yan 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTKnowledge of the soil water retention curve (SWRC) is critical to mathematical modeling of soil water dynamics in the vadose zone. Traditional SWRC models were developed based on bundles of cylindrical capillaries (BCCs) using a residual water content, which fail to accurately describe the dry end of the curve. This study improved and expanded on the traditional BCC models. Specifically, the total water retention was treated as a weighed superposition of capillary and adsorptive components. We proposed a mathematical continuous expression for water retention from saturation to oven dryness, which also allowed for a partition of capillary and adsorptive retention. We further evaluated six capillary retention functions using different probability laws for pore‐size distribution—namely, the log‐logistic, Weibull, lognormal, two‐parameter van Genuchten (VG), three‐parameter VG (or Dagum), and Fredlund–Xing (FX) distributions. Model testing against 144 experimental data showed better agreement of the proposed model with experimental observations than the traditional approaches that use the residual water content. The Dagum and FX distributions, which have one more degree of freedom, provided better agreement with experimental data than the other four distributions. The log‐logistic and lognormal distributions fitted the experimental data better than the Weibull and VG distribution for loam soils. In addition, the fitted weighting factor w using the log‐logistic and lognormal distributions better correlated to soil clay content than the other four distributions. Our study suggests that the log‐logistic and lognormal distributions are more suitable to model soils’ pore‐size distribution than other tested distributions.
A renormalisation group equation for transport coefficients in (2 + 1)-dimensions derived from the AdS/CMT correspondence
Authors: Dolan Brian P. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Within the framework of the AdS/CMT correspondence asymptotically anti-de Sitter black holes in four space-time dimensions can be used to analyse transport properties in two space dimensions. A non-linear renormalisation group equation for the conductivity in two dimensions is derived in this model and, as an example of its application, both the Ohmic and Hall DC and AC conductivities are studied in the presence of a magnetic field, using a bulk dyonic solution of the Einstein-Maxwell equations in asymptotically AdS4 space-time. The $$ \mathcal{Q} $$
Q
-factor of the cyclotron resonance is shown to decrease as the temperature is increased and increase as the charge density is increased in a fixed magnetic field. Likewise the dissipative Ohmic conductivity at resonance increases as the temperature is decreased and as the charge density is increased. The analysis also involves a discussion of the piezoelectric effect in the context of the AdS/CMT framework.
One-loop running of dimension-six Higgs-neutrino operators and implications of a large neutrino dipole moment
Authors: Chala Mikael , Titov Arsenii 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We compute the one-loop running of the dimension-six CP-even Higgs operators in the Standard Model effective field theory involving the right-handed component of the would-be Dirac neutrinos. Then, on the basis of naturalness arguments, for some operators we obtain bounds that surpass direct constraints by orders of magnitude. We also discuss the implications of a large Dirac neutrino magnetic dipole moment. In particular, we demonstrate that a neutrino magnetic moment explaining the recent XENON1T excess induces Higgs and Z invisible decays with branching ratios in the range [10−18, 10−12]. These numbers are unfortunately beyond the reach of current and near future facilities.
Sigma-1 and dopamine D2/D3 receptor occupancy of pridopidine in healthy volunteers and patients with Huntington disease: a [18F] fluspidine and [18F] fallypride PET study
Authors: Grachev Igor D. , Meyer Philipp M. , Becker Georg A. , Bronzel Marcus , Marsteller Doug , Pastino Gina , Voges Ole , Rabinovich Laura , Knebel Helena , Zientek Franziska , Rullmann Michael , Sattler Bernhard , Patt Marianne , Gerhards Thilo , Strauss Maria , Kluge Andreas , Brust Peter , Savola Juha-Matti , Gordon Mark F. , Geva Michal , Hesse Swen , Barthel Henryk , Hayden Michael R. , Sabri Osama 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Pridopidine is an investigational drug for Huntington disease (HD). Pridopidine was originally thought to act as a dopamine stabilizer. However, pridopidine shows highest affinity to the sigma-1 receptor (S1R) and enhances neuroprotection via the S1R in preclinical studies. Using [18F] fluspidine and [18F] fallypride PET, the purpose of this study was to assess in vivo target engagement/receptor occupancy of pridopidine to the S1R and dopamine D2/D3 receptor (D2/D3R) at clinical relevant doses in healthy volunteers (HVs) and as proof-of-concept in a small number of patients with HD.

Methods
Using [18F] fluspidine PET (300 MBq, 0–90 min), 11 male HVs (pridopidine 0.5 to 90 mg; six dose groups) and three male patients with HD (pridopidine 90 mg) were investigated twice, without and 2 h after single dose of pridopidine. Using [18F] fallypride PET (200 MBq, 0–210 min), four male HVs were studied without and 2 h following pridopidine administration (90 mg). Receptor occupancy was analyzed by the Lassen plot.

Results
S1R occupancy as function of pridopidine dose (or plasma concentration) in HVs could be described by a three-parameter Hill equation with a Hill coefficient larger than one. A high degree of S1R occupancy (87% to 91%) was found throughout the brain at pridopidine doses ranging from 22.5 to 90 mg. S1R occupancy was 43% at 1 mg pridopidine. In contrast, at 90 mg pridopidine, the D2/D3R occupancy was only minimal (~ 3%).

Conclusions
Our PET findings indicate that at clinically relevant single dose of 90 mg, pridopidine acts as a selective S1R ligand showing near to complete S1R occupancy with negligible occupancy of the D2/D3R. The dose S1R occupancy relationship suggests cooperative binding of pridopidine to the S1R. Our findings provide significant clarification about pridopidine’s mechanism of action and support further use of the 45-mg twice-daily dose to achieve full and selective targeting of the S1R in future clinical trials of neurodegenerative disorders.
Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT03019289 January 12, 2017; EUDRA-CT-Nr. 2016-001757-41.