bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lyn kinase regulates egress of flaviviruses in autophagosome-derived organelles
Authors: Li Ming Yuan , Naik Trupti Shivaprasad , Siu Lewis Yu Lam , Acuto Oreste , Spooner Eric , Wang Peigang , Yang Xiaohan , Lin Yongping , Bruzzone Roberto , Ashour Joseph , Evans Matthew J , Sanyal Sumana 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAmong the various host cellular processes that are hijacked by flaviviruses, few mechanisms have been described with regard to viral egress. Here we investigate how flaviviruses exploit Src family kinases (SFKs) for exit from infected cells. We identify Lyn as a critical component for secretion of Dengue and Zika infectious particles and their corresponding virus like particles (VLPs). Pharmacological inhibition or genetic depletion of the SFKs, Lyn in particular, block virus secretion. Lyn−/− cells are impaired in virus release and are rescued when reconstituted with wild-type Lyn, but not a kinase- or palmitoylation-deficient Lyn mutant. We establish that virus particles are secreted in two distinct populations – one as free virions and the other enclosed within membranes. Lyn is critical for the latter, which consists of proteolytically processed, infectious virus progenies within autophagosome-derived vesicles. This process depends on Ulk1, Rab GTPases and SNARE complexes implicated in secretory but not degradative autophagy and occur with significantly faster kinetics than the conventional secretory pathway. Our study reveals a previously undiscovered Lyn-dependent exit route of flaviviruses in LC3+ secretory organelles that enables them to evade circulating antibodies and might affect tissue tropism.
Smaller climatic niche shifts in invasive than non-invasive alien ant species
Authors: Bates Olivia K. , Ollier Sébastien , Bertelsmeier Cleo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe globalization of trade and human movement has resulted in the accidental dispersal of thousands of alien species worldwide at an unprecedented scale. Some of these species are considered invasive because of their extensive spatial spread or negative impacts on native biodiversity. Explaining which alien species become invasive is a major challenge of invasion biology, and it is often assumed that invasiveness is linked to a greater ability to establish in novel climates. To test whether invasive species have expanded more into novel climates than non-invasive alien species, we quantified niche shifts of 82 ant species. Surprisingly, invasive species showed smaller niche shifts than non-invasive alien species. Independent of their invasiveness, the species with the smallest native niches and range sizes, experienced the greatest niche shifts. Overall, our results challenge the assumption that invasive species are particularly good pioneers of novel climates.
Cobalt-catalyzed deoxygenative triborylation of allylic ethers to access 1,1,3-triborylalkanes
Authors: Teo Wei Jie , Yang Xiaoxu , Poon Yeng Yeng , Ge Shaozhong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPolyborylated organic compounds have been emerging as versatile building blocks in chemical synthesis. Here we report a selective cobalt-catalyzed deoxygenative 1,1,3-triborylation reaction of allylic ethers with pinacolborane to prepare 1,1,3-triborylalkane compounds. With naturally abundant and/or synthetic cinnamic methyl ethers as starting materials, we have achieved the synthesis of a variety of 1,1,3-triborylalkanes (25 examples). The synthetic utility of these 1,1,3-triborylalkanes is demonstrated through site-selective allylation, protodeborylation, and consecutive carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. Mechanistic studies including deuterium-labeling and control experiments suggest that this 1,1,3-triborylation reaction proceeds through initial cobalt-catalyzed deoxygenative borylation of allylic ethers to form allylic boronates followed by cobalt-catalyzed 1,1-diborylation of the resulting allylic boronates.
Training high-strength aluminum alloys to withstand fatigue
Authors: Zhang Qi , Zhu Yuman , Gao Xiang , Wu Yuxiang , Hutchinson Christopher 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe fatigue performance of high strength aluminum alloys used in planes, trains, trucks and automobiles is notoriously poor. Engineers must design around this important limitation to use Al alloys for light-weighting of transportation structures. An alternative concept for microstructure design for improved fatigue strength is demonstrated in this work. Microstructures are designed to exploit the mechanical energy imparted during the initial cycles of fatigue to dynamically heal the inherent weak points in the microstructure. The fatigue life of the highest strength Aluminum alloys is improved by 25x, and the fatigue strength is raised to ~1/2 the tensile strength. The approach embraces the difference between static and dynamic loading and represents a conceptual change in microstructural design for fatigue.
Compact representations of microstructure images using triplet networks
Authors: Larmuseau Michiel , Sluydts Michael , Theuwissen Koenraad , Duprez Lode , Dhaene Tom , Cottenier Stefaan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe microstructure of a material, typically characterized through a set of microscopy images of two-dimensional cross-sections, is a valuable source of information about the material and its properties. Every pixel of the image is a degree of freedom causing the dimensionality of the information space to be extremely high. This makes it difficult to recognize and extract all relevant information from the images. Human experts circumvent this by manually creating a lower-dimensional representation of the microstructure. However, the question of how a microstructure image can be best represented remains open. From the field of deep learning, we present triplet networks as a method to build highly compact representations of the microstructure, condensing the relevant information into a much smaller number of dimensions. We demonstrate that these representations can be created even with a limited amount of example images, and that they are able to distinguish between visually very similar microstructures. We discuss the interpretability and generalization of the representations. Having compact microstructure representations, it becomes easier to establish processing–structure–property links that are key to rational materials design.
Flexible biodegradable transparent heaters based on fractal-like leaf skeletons
Authors: Sharma Vipul , Koivikko Anastasia , Yiannacou Kyriacos , Lahtonen Kimmo , Sariola Veikko 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe present a facile method to prepare flexible, transparent, biodegradable, and fast resistive heaters by applying silver (Ag) nanowires onto fractal-like leaf skeletons. The fractal-like structure of the leaf skeleton maximizes its surface area, improving the transfer of heat to its surroundings and thus making the heater fast, without compromising transparency. Ag ion layer on the leaf skeleton helps to conformally cover the surface with Ag nanowires. The sheet resistance of the heater can be controlled by the loading of Ag nanowires, without sacrificing the optical transmittance (~80% at 8 Ω sq−1). The heating is uniform and the surface temperature of a 60 mm × 60 mm heater (8 Ω sq−1) can quickly (5–10 s) raise to 125 °C with a low voltage (6 V). The heater displays excellent mechanical flexibility, showing no significant change in resistance and heating temperature when bent up to curvature of 800 m−1. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of the bioinspired heater as a thermotherapy patch by encapsulating it in a biodegradable tape and mounting it on the human wrist and elbow. This study shows that fractal-like structures from nature can be repurposed as fractal designs for flexible electronics.
A new comprehensive trait database of European and Maghreb butterflies, Papilionoidea
Authors: Middleton-Welling Joseph , Dapporto Leonardo , García-Barros Enrique , Wiemers Martin , Nowicki Piotr , Plazio Elisa , Bonelli Simona , Zaccagno Michele , Šašić Martina , Liparova Jana , Schweiger Oliver , Harpke Alexander , Musche Martin , Settele Josef , Schmucki Reto , Shreeve Tim 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTrait-based analyses explaining the different responses of species and communities to environmental changes are increasing in frequency. European butterflies are an indicator group that responds rapidly to environmental changes with extensive citizen science contributions to documenting changes of abundance and distribution. Species traits have been used to explain long- and short-term responses to climate, land-use and vegetation changes. Studies are often characterised by limited trait sets being used, with risks that the relative roles of different traits are not fully explored. Butterfly trait information is dispersed amongst various sources and descriptions sometimes differ between sources. We have therefore drawn together multiple information sets to provide a comprehensive trait database covering 542 taxa and 25 traits described by 217 variables and sub-states of the butterflies of Europe and Maghreb (northwest Africa) which should serve for improved trait-based ecological, conservation-related, phylogeographic and evolutionary studies of this group of insects. We provide this data in two forms; the basic data and as processed continuous and multinomial data, to enhance its potential usage.
Differential susceptibility of retinal ganglion cell subtypes in acute and chronic models of injury and disease
Authors: VanderWall Kirstin B. , Lu Bin , Alfaro Jorge S. , Allsop Anna R. , Carr Alexa S. , Wang Shaomei , Meyer Jason S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRetinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are a heterogeneous population of neurons, comprised of numerous subtypes that work synchronously to transmit visual information to the brain. In blinding disorders such as glaucoma, RGCs are the main cell type to degenerate and lead to loss of vision. Previous studies have identified and characterized a variety of RGC subtypes in animal models, although only a handful of studies demonstrate the differential loss of these RGC subtypes in response to disease or injury. Thus, efforts of the current study utilized both chronic (bead occlusion) and acute (optic nerve crush, ONC) rat models to characterize disease response and differential loss of RGC subtypes. Bead occlusion and ONC retinas demonstrated significant RGC loss, glial reactivity and apoptosis compared to control retinas. Importantly, bead occlusion and ONC retinas resulted in differential subtype-specific loss of RGCs, with a high susceptibility for alpha- and direction selective-RGCs and preferential survival of ipRGCs. Results of this study serve as an important foundation for future experiments focused on the mechanisms resulting in the loss of RGCs in optic neuropathies, as well as the development of targeted therapeutics for RGC subtype-specific neuroprotection.
Identifying a nasal gene expression signature associated with hyperinflation and treatment response in severe COPD
Authors: Faiz Alen , Imkamp Kai , van der Wiel Erica , Boudewijn Ilse M. , Koppelman Gerard H. , Brandsma Corry-Anke , Kerstjens Huib A. M. , Timens Wim , Vroegop Sebastiaan , Pasma Henk R. , Boersma Wim G. , Wielders Pascal , van den Elshout Frank , Mansour Khaled , Steiling Katrina , Spira Avrum , Lenburg Marc E. , Heijink Irene H. , Postma Dirkje S. , van den Berge Maarten 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHyperinflation contributes to dyspnea intensity in COPD. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying hyperinflation and how inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) affect this important aspect of COPD pathophysiology. To investigate the effect of ICS/long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) treatment on both lung function measures of hyperinflation, and the nasal epithelial gene-expression profile in severe COPD. 117 patients were screened and 60 COPD patients entered a 1-month run-in period on low-dose ICS/LABA budesonide/formoterol (BUD/F) 200/6 one inhalation b.i.d. Patients were then randomly assigned to 3-month treatment with either a high dose BDP/F 100/6 two inhalations b.i.d. (n = 31) or BUD/F 200/6 two inhalations b.i.d. (n = 29). Lung function measurements and nasal epithelial gene-expression were assessed before and after 3-month treatment and validated in independent datasets. After 3-month ICS/LABA treatment, residual volume (RV)/total lung capacity (TLC)% predicted was reduced compared to baseline (p < 0.05). We identified a nasal gene-expression signature at screening that associated with higher RV/TLC% predicted values. This signature, decreased by ICS/LABA treatment was enriched for genes associated with increased p53 mediated apoptosis was replicated in bronchial biopsies of COPD patients. Finally, this signature was increased in COPD patients compared to controls in nasal, bronchial and small airways brushings. Short-term ICS/LABA treatment improves RV/TLC% predicted in severe COPD. Furthermore, it decreases the expression of genes involved in the signal transduction by the p53 class mediator, which is a replicable COPD gene expression signature in the upper and lower airways.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov registration number NCT01351792 (registration date May 11, 2011), ClinicalTrials.gov registration number NCT00848406 (registration date February 20, 2009), ClinicalTrials.gov registration number NCT00158847 (registration date September 12, 2005).
First use of artificial canopy bridge by the world’s most critically endangered primate the Hainan gibbon Nomascus hainanus
Authors: Chan Bosco Pui Lok , Lo Yik Fui Philip , Hong Xiao-Jiang , Mak Chi Fung , Ma Ziyu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAll gibbon species (Primates: Hylobatidae) are facing high extinction risk due to habitat loss and hunting. The Hainan gibbonNomascus hainanusis the world’s most critically endangered primate, and one of the priority conservation actions identified is to establish artificial canopy corridors to reconnect fragmented forests. The effectiveness of artificial canopy bridge as a conservation tool for wild gibbons has not been widely tested, and the results are rarely published. We constructed the first canopy bridge for Hainan gibbon in 2015 to facilitate passage at a natural landslide; mountaineering-grade ropes were tied to sturdy trees with the help of professional tree climbers and a camera trap was installed to monitor wildlife usage. Hainan gibbon started using the rope bridge after 176 days, and usage frequency increased with time. All members in the gibbon group crossed the 15.8 m rope bridge except adult male. Climbing was the predominant locomotor mode followed by brachiation. This study highlights the use and value of rope bridges to connect forest gaps for wild gibbons living in fragmented forests. While restoring natural forest corridors should be a priority conservation intervention, artificial canopy bridges may be a useful short-term solution.
Dissecting the roles of GRK2 and GRK3 in μ-opioid receptor internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment using CRISPR/Cas9-edited HEK293 cells
Authors: Møller Thor C. , Pedersen Mie F. , van Senten Jeffrey R. , Seiersen Sofie D. , Mathiesen Jesper M. , Bouvier Michel , Bräuner-Osborne Hans 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMost G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recruit β-arrestins and internalize upon agonist stimulation. For the μ-opioid receptor (μ-OR), this process has been linked to development of opioid tolerance. GPCR kinases (GRKs), particularly GRK2 and GRK3, have been shown to be important for μ-OR recruitment of β-arrestin and internalization. However, the contribution of GRK2 and GRK3 to β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization, remain to be determined in their complete absence. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing we established HEK293 cells with knockout of GRK2, GRK3 or both to dissect their individual contributions in β-arrestin2 recruitment and μ-OR internalization upon stimulation with four different agonists. We showed that GRK2/3 removal reduced agonist-induced μ-OR internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment substantially and we found GRK2 to be more important for these processes than GRK3. Furthermore, we observed a sustained and GRK2/3 independent component of β-arrestin2 recruitment to the plasma membrane upon μ-OR activation. Rescue expression experiments restored GRK2/3 functions. Inhibition of GRK2/3 using the small molecule inhibitor CMPD101 showed a high similarity between the genetic and pharmacological approaches, cross-validating the specificity of both. However, off-target effects were observed at high CMPD101 concentrations. These GRK2/3 KO cell lines should prove useful for a wide range of studies on GPCR function.
Role of myo-inositol during skotomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Sharma Naveen , Chaudhary Chanderkant , Khurana Paramjit 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMyo-inositol is a ubiquitous metabolite of plants. It is synthesized by a highly conserved enzyme L-myo-inositol phosphate synthase (MIPS; EC 5.5.1.4). Myo-inositol is well characterized during abiotic stress tolerance but its role during growth and development is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the apical hook maintenance and hypocotyl growth depend on myo-inositol. We discovered the myo-inositol role during hook formation and its maintenance via ethylene pathway in Arabidopsis by supplementation assays and qPCR. Our results suggest an essential requirement of myo-inositol for mediating the ethylene response and its interaction with brassinosteroid to regulate the skotomorphogenesis. A model is proposed outlining how MIPS regulates apical hook formation and hypocotyl growth.
Dissection of hyperspectral reflectance to estimate nitrogen and chlorophyll contents in tea leaves based on machine learning algorithms
Authors: Yamashita Hiroto , Sonobe Rei , Hirono Yuhei , Morita Akio , Ikka Takashi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNondestructive techniques for estimating nitrogen (N) status are essential tools for optimizing N fertilization input and reducing the environmental impact of agricultural N management, especially in green tea cultivation, which is notably problematic. Previously, hyperspectral indices for chlorophyll (Chl) estimation, namely a green peak and red edge in the visible region, have been identified and used for N estimation because leaf N content closely related to Chl content in green leaves. Herein, datasets of N and Chl contents, and visible and near-infrared hyperspectral reflectance, derived from green leaves under various N nutrient conditions and albino yellow leaves were obtained. A regression model was then constructed using several machine learning algorithms and preprocessing techniques. Machine learning algorithms achieved high-performance models for N and Chl content, ensuring an accuracy threshold of 1.4 or 2.0 based on the ratio of performance to deviation values. Data-based sensitivity analysis through integration of the green and yellow leaves datasets identified clear differences in reflectance to estimate N and Chl contents, especially at 1325–1575 nm, suggesting an N content-specific region. These findings will enable the nondestructive estimation of leaf N content in tea plants and contribute advanced indices for nondestructive tracking of N status in crops.
Clusterin overexpression protects against western diet-induced obesity and NAFLD
Authors: Park Jin-Sung , Lee Woon-Kyu , Kim Hyeon Soo , Seo Ji A. , Kim Dong-Hoon , Han Hee Chul , Min Bon-Hong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObesity is a significant risk factor for various metabolic diseases and is closely related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress. Clusterin is a multi-functional protein that is up-regulated in the pathogenesis of various metabolic diseases, including obesity and NAFLD. Our previous studies indicated that hepatocyte-specific overexpression of clusterin alleviates methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Here we generated transgenic mice with whole-body clusterin overexpression (wCLU-tg) and investigated the role of clusterin in Western diet-induced obesity and NAFLD. We confirmed that obesity parameters and the spectrum of NAFLD of wCLU-tg mice were improved compared to wild type mice. Contrarily, clusterin deficiency deteriorated metabolic disruptions. We also found that clusterin activates target molecules for obesity and NAFLD, namely Nrf2 and AMPK, suggesting that clusterin protects against Western diet-induced obesity and NAFLD by activating Nrf2 and AMPK.
Structural basis of peroxidase catalytic cycle of human Prdx6
Authors: Chowhan Rimpy Kaur , Rahaman Hamidur , Singh Laishram Rajendrakumar 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPeroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) is a ubiquitously expressed antioxidant non-selenium glutathione peroxidase that is known to play a major role in various physiological and pathological processes. It belongs to the family of peroxidases (referred to as Peroxiredoxins, Prdx’s) that work independently of any prosthetic groups or co-factors, and instead utilize a peroxidatic thiol residue for peroxide reduction. Mammalian Prdx’s are classified according to the number of Cys implicated in their catalytic activity by the formation of either inter-molecular (typical 2-Cys, Prdx1–4) or intra-molecular (atypical 2-Cys, Prdx5) disulfide bond, or non-covalent interactions (1-Cys, Prdx6). The typical and atypical 2-Prdx’s have been identified to show decamer/dimer and monomer/dimer transition, respectively, upon oxidation of their peroxidatic cysteine. However, the alterations in the oligomeric status of Prdx6 as a function of peroxidatic thiol’s redox state are still ambiguous. While the crystal structure of recombinant human Prdx6 is resolved as a dimer, the solution structures are reported to have both monomers and dimers. In the present study, we have employed several spectroscopic and electrophoretic probes to discern the impact of change in the redox status of peroxidatic cysteine on conformation and oligomeric status of Prdx6. Our study indicates Prdx6′s peroxidase activity to be a redox-based conformation driven process which essentially involves monomer–dimer transition.
Heterogeneous leaves of predominant trees species enhance decomposition and nutrient release in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir
Authors: Chen Zhangting , Wang Chaoying , Chen Xuemei , Yuan Zhongxun , Song Hong , Li Changxiao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe leaves of riparian plants are the main source of energy and nutrients in riparian ecosystems. In order to evaluate the nutrient release of reforested trees in a riparian zone, a field litterbag experiment involving three foliar types (the leaves of either coniferous and broadleaf trees as single-leaf treatment, or a mixture of coniferous and broadleaf leaves as a heterogenous-leaf treatment) and different submergence depths [no submergence (CK), shallow submergence (SS), and deep submergence (DS)] was conducted in situ in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) for one year. The results showed that, when compared to the single-leaf treatment, the heterogenous-leaf treatment exhibited greater mass loss at both SS and DS, in contrast to a greater nitrogen release rate only at DS and a greater phosphorous release rate only at SS. Overall, submergence facilitated decomposition and nutrient release, although the decomposition rate was higher in SS than in DS. The results suggested that the decomposition and nutrient release of the three foliar types may increase the potential pollution risk to the TGR water environment. Thus, we propose that the leaves of the reforested riparian stands be harvested prior to submergence to preserve the water quality of the TGR.