bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity, Genetic Susceptibility, and the Risk of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Hjort Rebecka , Ahlqvist Emma , Andersson Tomas , Alfredsson Lars , Carlsson Per-Ola , Grill Valdemar , Groop Leif , Martinell Mats , Sørgjerd Elin Pettersen , Tuomi Tiinamaija , Åsvold Bjørn Olav , Carlsson Sofia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Purpose
Physical activity (PA) has been linked to a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes by reducing weight and improving insulin sensitivity. We investigated whether PA is associated with a lower incidence of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and whether the association is modified by genotypes of human leukocyte antigen (HLA), transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2)-rs7903146, or the fat mass and obesity-associated gene, FTO-rs9939609.

Methods
We combined data from a Swedish case-control study and a Norwegian prospective study including 621 incident cases of LADA and 3596 cases of type 2 diabetes. We estimated adjusted pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% CI of diabetes in relation to high (≥ 30 minutes of moderate activity 3 times/week) self-reported leisure time PA, compared to sedentariness.

Results
High PA was associated with a reduced risk of LADA (RR 0.61; CI, 0.43-0.86), which was attenuated after adjustment for body mass index (BMI) (RR 0.90; CI, 0.63-1.29). The reduced risk applied only to noncarriers of HLA-DQB1 and -DRB1 (RR 0.49; CI, 0.33-0.72), TCF7L2 (RR 0.62; CI, 0.45-0.87), and FTO (RR 0.51; CI, 0.32-0.79) risk genotypes. Adjustment for BMI attenuated but did not eliminate these associations. For type 2 diabetes, there was an inverse association with PA (RR 0.49; CI, 0.42-0.56), irrespective of genotype.

Main Conclusions
Our findings indicate that high PA is associated with a reduced risk of LADA in individuals without genetic susceptibility.
Analysis of Glucocorticoid-Related Genes Reveal CCHCR1 as a New Candidate Gene for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Brenner Laura N , Mercader Josep M , Robertson Catherine C , Cole Joanne , Chen Ling , Jacobs Suzanne B R , Rich Stephen S , Florez Jose C 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Glucocorticoids have multiple therapeutic benefits and are used both for immunosuppression and treatment purposes. Notwithstanding their benefits, glucocorticoid use often leads to hyperglycemia. Owing to the pathophysiologic overlap in glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia (GIH) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), we hypothesized that genetic variation in glucocorticoid pathways contributes to T2D risk. To determine the genetic contribution of glucocorticoid action on T2D risk, we conducted multiple genetic studies. First, we performed gene-set enrichment analyses on 3 collated glucocorticoid-related gene sets using publicly available genome-wide association and whole-exome data and demonstrated that genetic variants in glucocorticoid-related genes are associated with T2D and related glycemic traits. To identify which genes are driving this association, we performed gene burden tests using whole-exome sequence data. We identified 20 genes within the glucocorticoid-related gene sets that are nominally enriched for T2D-associated protein-coding variants. The most significant association was found in coding variants in coiled-coil α-helical rod protein 1 (CCHCR1) in the HLA region (P = .001). Further analyses revealed that noncoding variants near CCHCR1 are also associated with T2D at genome-wide significance (P = 7.70 × 10–14), independent of type 1 diabetes HLA risk. Finally, gene expression and colocalization analyses demonstrate that variants associated with increased T2D risk are also associated with decreased expression of CCHCR1 in multiple tissues, implicating this gene as a potential effector transcript at this locus. Our discovery of a genetic link between glucocorticoids and T2D findings support the hypothesis that T2D and GIH may have shared underlying mechanisms.
Realism and Dialectic: The Speculative Turn and the History of the Nineteenth-Century European Novel
Authors: Ercolino Stefano 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA narrative impulse and a scenic impulse: as Fredric Jameson persuasively argues in The Antinomies of Realism, the history of literary realism has been shaped by the dialectic between these two competing drives, each identified by a specific temporality. Yet realism's dialectic between a narrative and a scenic impulse omits something crucial if we are to understand European realist narrative, especially in the second half of the nineteenth century. This article reassesses Jameson's dialectical view of realism in light of the speculative turn in the history of the European novel in 1860s Russian and 1880s French narrative. I will query Jameson's dialectic of realism and subsume it under a larger dialectical framework encompassing a further, temporally neuter impulse. This is the speculative impulse, which will help us reconsider some of the most important developments of nineteenth-century European realism.
Untimely Love: The Aesthetics and Politics of Anachronism inThe Age of Innocence
Authors: Sampson John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract“Untimely Love” reassesses the aesthetic choices and political implications of Edith Wharton's The Age of Innocence (1920), first by highlighting a surprising overlap between Wharton and the anarcho-feminist Emma Goldman. Wharton's novelistic critique of New York society's marriage rituals, spurred by an unconsummated affair between Newland Archer and his wife's cousin Ellen Olenska, follows Goldman in positing an antagonism between the hierarchies of marriage and the equalizing nature of love. For Wharton, however, this antagonism will not be resolved with free love one day triumphing. To explain her position, the article turns to Jacques Rancière's unresolvable antagonism between “politics” and “the police,” which has an aesthetic analogue in the clash between the formally anarchic modern novel and premodern hierarchies of genre. Wharton unearths 1870s New York like an archeologist to expose how its patriarchal logic polices women's sexuality within and outside marriage, making expressions of love quite rare. Wharton unleashes the disruptive power of love through formal experimentation, temporarily subverting her own historical realism, when she has Ellen and Archer visit the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Central Park, which did not yet exist in the novel's timeframe. The Met's impossible location and its uncataloged holdings open to public viewing upset New York's social and aesthetic hierarchies. It is in this anachronistic and democratic context that Archer first sees “love visible” in the world, rearranging his entire worldview. Wharton, in a related political gesture of aesthetic dissensus, aligns her untimely lovers with the museum's suddenly visible ghosts of history.
Circular RNAs in cell differentiation and development
Authors: Di Timoteo Gaia , Rossi Francesca , Bozzoni Irene 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
In recent years, circular RNAs (circRNAs) – a novel class of RNA molecules characterized by their covalently closed circular structure – have emerged as a complex family of eukaryotic transcripts with important biological features. Besides their peculiar structure, which makes them particularly stable molecules, they have attracted much interest because their expression is strongly tissue and cell specific. Moreover, many circRNAs are conserved across eukaryotes, localized in particular subcellular compartments, and can play disparate molecular functions. The discovery of circRNAs has therefore added not only another layer of gene expression regulation but also an additional degree of complexity to our understanding of the structure, function and evolution of eukaryotic genomes. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge of circRNAs and discuss the possible functions of circRNAs in cell differentiation and development.
Integrating fish models in tuberculosis vaccine development
Authors: Saralahti Anni K. , Uusi-Mäkelä Meri I. E. , Niskanen Mirja T. , Rämet Mika 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis is a chronic infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that results in over 1.5 million deaths worldwide each year. Currently, there is only one vaccine against tuberculosis, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Despite widespread vaccination programmes, over 10 million new M. tuberculosis infections are diagnosed yearly, with almost half a million cases caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. Novel vaccination strategies concentrate mainly on replacing BCG or boosting its efficacy and depend on animal models that accurately recapitulate the human disease. However, efforts to produce new vaccines against an M. tuberculosis infection have encountered several challenges, including the complexity of M. tuberculosis pathogenesis and limited knowledge of the protective immune responses. The preclinical evaluation of novel tuberculosis vaccine candidates is also hampered by the lack of an appropriate animal model that could accurately predict the protective effect of vaccines in humans. Here, we review the role of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and other fish models in the development of novel vaccines against tuberculosis and discuss how these models complement the more traditional mammalian models of tuberculosis.
Contrasting impact of rural, versus urban, living on glucose metabolism and blood pressure in Uganda
Authors: Sanya Richard E. , Andia Biraro Irene , Nampijja Margaret , Zziwa Christopher , Nanyunja Carol , Nsubuga Denis , Kiwanuka Samuel , Tumusiime Josephine , Nassuuna Jacent , Walusimbi Bridgious , Cose Stephen , Ocama Ponsiano , Grencis Richard K. , Elliott Alison M. , Webb Emily L. 
Published: August 2020

Background: The burden of cardiometabolic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, is increasing in sub-Saharan Africa and this has been linked to urbanisation. Helminths, through their immunomodulatory properties, may protect against these disorders. We hypothesised that the rural environment protects against cardiometabolic diseases and that helminths may influence rural-urban disparity of cardiometabolic disease risk. Methods: We compared metabolic parameters of individuals aged ≥10 years living in rural, high-helminth-transmission and urban, lower-helminth-transmission settings in Uganda. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in rural Lake Victoria island fishing communities and in urban sub-wards in Entebbe municipality. Helminth infection and outcomes, including insulin resistance (computed using the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]), fasting blood glucose, fasting blood lipids, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, were assessed. Results: We analysed 1,898 rural and 930 urban participants. Adjusting for BMI, exercise, smoking, alcohol intake, age and sex, urban residents had lower mean fasting glucose (adjusted mean difference [95%CI] 0.18 [-0.32, -0.05] p=0.01) and HOMA-IR (-0.26 [-0.40, -0.11] p=0.001) but higher blood pressure (systolic, 5.45 [3.75, 7.15] p<0.001; diastolic, 1.93 [0.57, 3.29] p=0.006). Current helminth infection did not explain the observed differences. Conclusions: In the Ugandan context, living in rural fishing communities may protect against hypertension but worsen glucose metabolism.
Baudouin de Courtenay – prekursor nie tylko strukturalizmu
Authors: Pajdzińska Anna 
Published: August 2020

Baudouin de Courtenay: A Precursor of More than Structural Linguistics
The paper contrasts Jan Baudouin de Courtenay’s approach to language with Neogrammarian views on the one hand, and Ferdinand de Saussure’s approach on the other. Similarly to the Swiss linguist, de Courtenay understood language as a system, but his views on the langue–parole and synchrony– diachrony relationships were more complex. He can also be considered a precursor of sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, ethnolinguistics, and even gender linguistics.
Kolokacje a analiza semantyczna wyrazu
Authors: Przybylska Renata 
Published: August 2020

Collocations and Semantic Analysis of Words
The author presents the application of an electronic text corpus, particularly of NKJP for Polish, to the analysis of syntagmatic expressions, more commonly known as collocations. By querying a corpus, it is possible to obtain reliable data on the frequency of collocations, and to extract cognitively significant expressions.
Czy opis synchroniczny systemu słowotwórczego polszczyzny jest kompletny?
Authors: Jadacka Hanna 
Published: August 2020

Is the Synchronic Description of the Word-Formation System in Polish Complete?
The paper describes sixty years of the development of studies on synchronic word formation in Poland. The period is divided into two stages: 1959–1999, and 1999–2019. The first part recalls the comprehensive, profound characterization of the forty-year period from 1959 to 1999, given by Mirosław Skarżyński in Powstanie i rozwój polskiego słowotwórstwa opisowego. The second part is devoted to the twenty years from 1999 to 2019, and presents the most important changes that occurred in this period in the description of our (sub)discipline of linguistics. It highlights M. Skarżyński’s influence on the direction and essence of those changes, as the personality who inspired and penned groundbreaking works in the field, especially as the editor and collaborator on the third volume of SGS. Not all of the findings presented in this dictionary are sufficiently known in the scientific millieu, primarily due to the dispersion of works that continue previous research. Only after a synthesis of the newest accomplishments is prepared, will it be possible to give a positive answer to the question in the title.
Krakowsko-lwowskie korzenie wrocławskiej slawistyki
Authors: Sokołowski Jan 
Published: August 2020

Cracow-Lviv Roots of Wrocław Slavic Studies
The paper discusses the beginnings of Polish and Slavic linguistics at the Univertsity of Wroclaw directly after World War II. It was created by young scholars, linguists, Slavicists and Polonists, who gained their education and academic degrees at the Jagiellonian University and the John Casimir University in Lviv. This group included primarily S. Rospond, L. Ossowski, W. Kuraszkiewicz, S. Bąk, all educated before the war, as well as A. Furdal, much younger than the others and educated already after the war. These scholars received their education under the guidance of the best Polish linguists, Slavicists, Polonists, and Indo-Europeanists. In addition, the paper presents basic information about preparations made in Cracow during the war, to create Polish and Slavic studies at the University of Wroclaw.
“A cruel pedagogia do vírus”: lições para compreendermos a crise causada pelo coronavírus e seus desdobramentos
Authors: Miszak Valença de Oliveira Luthiane 
Published: August 2020

ResumoA resenha destaca as principais contribuições da obra: “A cruel pedagogia do vírus”, relevante ensaio escrito por Boaventura de Sousa Santos, no ano de 2020, em meio à crise causada pela pandemia do novo coronavírus. Apresenta importantes lições que nos ajudam a compreender os efeitos da crise, bem como identificar as suas diversas causas e implicações ligadas ao cenário econômico, político e social em que vivemos. O autor também propõe alternativas viáveis, as quais indicam a necessidade de mudarmos a forma de nos relacionarmos com os diferentes seres vivos existentes no Planeta. A obra é de extrema relevância, pois nos ajuda a refletir sobre um tema mais que emergente e que tem alterado profundamente a nossa forma de ser, conviver, trabalhar, estudar e que coloca em xeque questões fundamentais em relação ao futuro da nossa existência. Palavras-chave: coronavírus; crise; lições.THE CRUEL VIRUS PEDADOGY:Lessons to understand the crisis caused by the coronavirus and its consequencesAbstractThe review highlights the main contributions of the work: “The cruel pedagogy of the virus”, a relevant essay written by Boaventura de Sousa Santos, in 2020, in the midst of the crisis caused by the pandemic of the new coronavirus. It presents important issues that help us to understand the effects of the crisis, as well as to identify its various causes and implications related to the economic, political and social scenario in which we live. The author also proposes viable alternatives, which indicate the need to change the way we relate to the different living beings on the planet. The work is extremely relevant, as it helps us to reflect on a more than emerging theme that has profoundly altered the way we be, live, work, study and that calls into question fundamental questions in relation to the future of our existence. Keywords: coronavirus; crisis; lessons.LA CRUEL PEDAGOGÍA DEL VÍRUS:Lecciones para comprendernos las crisis provocadas por el coronavirus y sus desarrollosResumenLa reseña destaca las contribuiciones principales de la obra: “A cruel pedagogia do vírus”, importante estúdio escrito por Boaventura de Sousa Santos, en 2020, em torno de las crisis provocada por pandemia del nuevo coronavirus. La obra apresenta lecciones importantes que nos ayudam a compreender los efectos de las crisis, así como identificar sus distintas causas y efectos vinculados al actual escenari econômico, político y social en que vivimos. El escritor tambíén propone alternativas viables, que indican lo necessário para mudarmos la forma de relación com los distintos seres existentes em el Planeta. La obra es muy relevante, pues nos ayuda a refletir sobre el tema em cuestion que modificó nuestra forma de ser, convivir, trabajar, estudiar y que há puesto em duda el futuro de nuestra existência. Palabras clave: coronavirus; crisis; lecciones.
An Efficient Pipeline for Crop Image Extraction and Vegetation Index Derivation Using Unmanned Aerial Systems
Authors: Lyu Beichen , Smith Stuart D. , Xue Yexiang , Rainey Katy  M. , Cherkauer Keith 
Published: August 2020

HighlightsThis study addresses two computational challenges in high-throughput phenotyping: scalability and efficiency.Specifically, we focus on extracting crop images and deriving vegetation indices using unmanned aerial systems.To this end, we outline a data processing pipeline, featuring a crop localization algorithm and trie data structure.We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach by computing large-scale and high-precision vegetation indices in a soybean breeding experiment, where we evaluate soybean growth under water inundation and temporal change.Abstract. In agronomy, high-throughput phenotyping (HTP) can provide key information for agronomists in genomic selection as well as farmers in yield prediction. Recently, HTP using unmanned aerial systems (UAS) has shown advantages in both cost and efficiency. However, scalability and efficiency have not been well studied when processing images in complex contexts, such as using multispectral cameras, and when images are collected during early and late growth stages. These challenges hamper further analysis to quantify phenotypic traits for large-scale and high-precision applications in plant breeding. To solve these challenges, our research team previously built a three-step data processing pipeline, which is highly modular. For this project, we present improvements to the previous pipeline to improve canopy segmentation and crop plot localization, leading to improved accuracy in crop image extraction. Furthermore, we propose a novel workflow based on a trie data structure to compute vegetation indices efficiently and with greater flexibility. For each of our proposed changes, we evaluate the advantages by comparison with previous models in the literature or by comparing processing results using both the original and improved pipelines. The improved pipeline is implemented as two MATLAB programs: Crop Image Extraction version 2 (CIE 2.0) and Vegetation Index Derivation version 1 (VID 1.0). Using CIE 2.0 and VID 1.0, we compute canopy coverage and normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVIs) for a soybean phenotyping experiment. We use canopy coverage to investigate excess water stress and NDVIs to evaluate temporal patterns across the soybean growth stages. Both experimental results compare favorably with previous studies, especially for approximation of soybean reproductive stage. Overall, the proposed methodology and implemented experiments provide a scalable and efficient paradigm for applying HTP with UAS to general plant breeding. Keywords: Data processing pipeline, High-throughput phenotyping, Image processing, Soybean breeding, Unmanned aerial systems, Vegetation indices.
Cutting Characteristics of Sugarcane in Terms of Physical and Chemical Properties
Authors: Xie Luxin , Wang Jun , Cheng Shaoming , Du Dongdong 
Published: August 2020

HighlightsThe cutting mechanism of sugarcane stalks using single-point clamping was analyzed.Physical properties, chemical composition, and maximum cutting force of sugarcane were explored.Strong and complicated correlations between physical properties and chemical composition were established.Stress distributions in sugarcane stalks and the cutting blade were predicted using a finite element model.Abstract. Research on the cutting characteristics of sugarcane stalks is of great significance to improve harvest mechanization. In this study, perpendicular cutting of sugarcane stalks at six different nodes and internodes along the stalk was tested using a single-point clamping method at three cutting speeds (30, 40, and 50 mm min-1). The physical properties and chemical composition were also measured. At the 50 mm min-1 cutting speed, the maximum cutting forces at nodes and internodes upward along the stalk decreased gradually from 810 to 530 N and from 600 to 440 N, respectively. The maximum cutting force was positively correlated with the cutting speed at the same position. Differences in the microstructures of nodes, internodes, and epidermis were revealed by SEM micrographs. The physical properties and chemical composition of the stalks showed significant correlations. Correlation analysis was used to clarify the complicated interrelationships among these independent variables and revealed the interacting mechanism between physical properties and chemical composition. A finite element model was established to simulate the sugarcane cutting process. Results showed that the simulated cutting resistance of the blade was close to that in the experiments. The maximum Von Mises stress of the sugarcane stalk and blade in the cutting process were about 23.34 and 254.17 MPa, respectively. The results of this study provide guidance for designing and optimizing base-cutters of sugarcane harvesters and similar cutting equipment. Keywords: Chemical composition, Correlation analysis, Cutting characteristics, Microstructure, Physical properties, Simulation.