bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clasped Hands and Clear Complexions
Authors: Hanna Erika 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the portrait studio, which defined many Irish people’s experience of family photography for much of the twentieth century. Familial milestones were commemorated by photographs of people in their Sunday best posing stiltedly in front of painted backdrops depicting domestic anywhere-spaces. In particular, it examines two studio portraitists in Waterford in the mid-twentieth century, run by the Poole family and Annie Brophy. Poole catered to the wealthier rural elite, while Brophy’s clientele were predominantly the shop owners of Waterford and small farmers of the district. These photographers were united in how they recorded the rhythms of town and country in a way which remained markedly consistent, through these portraits creating an image of a respectability—that profoundly visual quality—in rural Ireland. The repeated patterned similarities between images, in particular, the recurrence of objects and clothes, shows how portraitists kept props, and how those within the frame participated in the restaging of their lives in front of the lens for display both within the home and to circulate amongst extended family. Moreover, close examination of the marks on the negative reveals how blemishes were removed, hair was thickened, and skin was smoothed, and shows how the photography was manipulated in order to create appropriate families for display and viewing. An exploration of the construction of the studio portrait provides a way to explore how social norms were understood, and how the families sitting for these photographs aspired to reach these standards.
Conclusion
Authors: Hanna Erika 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Snapshot Stories concludes as the twentieth century ends, and paper photographs and analogue cameras are replaced by digital images and new technologies. However, the final chapter provides an examination of how some of the themes explored throughout the earlier chapters have adapted since the close of the century. Indeed, it is arguable that the themes addressed throughout this book have only become of greater relevance in the twenty-first century, as the visual has increasingly played a more pressing role in everyday life and political culture. Photograph albums have now been deposed by photographs on social media as a forum for displaying and curating identity. The photographers who stood with their cheap cameras on top of Derry tower blocks in 1969 today seem to be the ancestors of activists who record police violence on smartphones. However, just as the shift to the digital is producing an image saturated culture which seems to offer new modes of political participation and personal self-fashioning, it also poses fundamental questions for the historian. Online databases of images open up newly accessible source bases, but they also require new methods to work in them, while the certainties of cutting, pasting, and annotating of photograph albums and framed photographs have now disappeared in the new image-culture of the twenty-first century. The final pages of the book bring all these themes together by briefly examining photo culture in modern Ireland, scrutinizing how archival practices are changing, historical questions are being reshaped, and looking ahead to the challenges and potentials for the future of work on photography.
A Second-Order Observation of Organizational Deviance
Authors: Fried Andrea , Singhal Arvind 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, Andrea Fried and Arvind Singhal highlight which novel research questions break ground when taking a second-order perspective on organizational deviance. The concept of the ‘second-order observer’ for researchers leaves the assessment of organizational deviance explicitly to the empirical field, and brings organizations and their members as describers, as assessors, and as sanctioners of organizational deviance into the discussion. The chapter strengthens social agency in deviations from standards to counteract the view that deviants are a ‘passive non-entity’. Fried and Singhal describe how organizational deviance has three dimensions and can analytically be distinguished as a descriptive, a normative, and a sanctioning aspect. The chapter concludes with six assignments for developing a concept of organizational deviance.
Second-Generation European Data Protection and Professional Journalism
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Drawing on the results of an extensive questionnaire of European Data Protection Authorities (DPAs), this chapter explores these regulators’ substantive orientation and detailed approach to standard-setting in the area of professional journalism under the Data Protection Directive. As regards news production, a large majority of DPAs accepted that the special expressive purposes derogation was engaged. Notwithstanding a greater emphasis on an internal balancing of rights within default data protection norms, this also remained the plurality view also as regards news archives. Detailed standard-setting was explored through hypothetical scenarios relating to undercover investigative journalism and data subject access demands made of journalists. It was found that, notwithstanding conflicts in many cases with statutory transparency and sensitive data provisions, all DPAs accepted the essential legitimacy of undercover journalism and over one-third only required that such activity conform to a permissive public interest test that didn’t explicitly incorporate a necessity threshold. In contrast, a much stricter approach was taken to the articulation of standards relating to subject access, with over one-third arguing that, aside from protecting information relating to sources, journalists would be obliged to comply with the default rules here in full. This difference may be linked to the divergent treatment of these issues within self-regulatory media codes: whilst almost all set down general ‘ethical’ norms applicable to undercover journalism, almost none did so as regards subject access. Despite the general tendency to ‘read down’ statutory provisions relating to undercover journalism, the severity of a DPAs’ approach to each scenario remained strongly correlated with the stringency of local law applicable to journalism.
European Data Protection Regulation and ‘Non-Journalistic’ Traditional Publishers
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores both the statutory law applicable and the regulatory approach taken to the activity of professional artists and writers outside journalism under European data protection as it developed until the end of the Data Protection Directive (DPD) era. It is found that no pan-European data protection instrument prior to the DPD addressed this interface and such a lacuna was also reflected in the majority of first-generation data protection laws adopted at State-level. In contrast, the DPD provides special (but not absolute) derogations not just for ‘journalistic purposes’ but also for ‘literary and artistic expression’ and this was reflected in the second-generation laws of approximately two-thirds of European Economic Area (EEA) States. Despite falling within data protection’s scope, Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) have generally avoided addressing these actors’ positions. In the early period, the Swedish DPA proved a partial exception to this by publishing guidance on media created on CD-ROMs and even attempted to set license conditions for the use of a computer to produce a book manuscript. Under second-generation data protection, both the Italian and Maltese DPAs issued some specific guidance and the Italian and Slovenian engaged in concrete enforcement. These interventions pointed to a lack of consistency as regards applicable norms. Thus, whilst the Italian DPA crafted a deferential approach based on contextual rights balancing, the Maltese and Slovenian DPAs developed a much more peremptory and restrictive perspective at least as regards photographic images.
European Data Protection Regulation and Academic Publishers
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the interface between European data protection and academic social science and humanities publishers until the end of the Data Protection Directive (DPD) era. It begins by summarizing the ‘knowledge facilitation’ provisions which target activities such as scientific research and have been set out in formal data protection instruments at both pan-European and State level over many decades. It is found that, in contrast to most freedom of expression derogations, these restrictive provisions only established very limited exemptions from default data protection norms. The chapter then looks at Data Protection Authorities (DPA) guidance and finds that, subject to a few exceptions, this has indicated that academic expression should comply with the ‘knowledge facilitation’ restrictions. However, much of this guidance has remained very generic or has focused on discrete issues such as the use of confidential datasets provided on safeguarded terms. The chapter reports results from a DPA questionnaire on the regulation of publicly interested covert social science research, finding that many regulators construed the law here very differently to undercover journalism; half even saw this activity as being ipso facto illegal. Turning to enforcement, the chapter details the fairly extensive efforts of many regulators in this area prior to the Data Protection Directive (DPD). Under the DPD, the DPA questionnaire responses suggested that approximately 40 per cent of regulators had taken action against social scientists. However, published examples of action remained limited and, furthermore, these efforts were largely and increasingly focused on specific issues related especially to confidential datasets.
Boundaries
Authors: Scholz Luca 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Although boundaries feature prominently on our maps of the Empire, this chapter argues that they did not pose a particular obstacle to most travellers until the mid-eighteenth century. One circumstance in which territorial borders became relevant were safe-conduct processions. Neighbouring rulers had to agree on the boundaries at which their escorts handed over travellers, creating an opportunity to confirm, challenge, and negotiate territorial boundaries. Using manuscript drawings and paintings from Mühldorf in Bavaria, this chapter discusses the importance of visual records and the material setting in these situations. However, concerning everyday forms of mobility, borders only played a subordinate role. Self-designed maps show that tolls were not usually levied at territorial boundaries, but at toll stations along important thoroughfares. Before the mid-eighteenth century, the geography of governed mobility is therefore more appropriately understood in terms of channels and corridors than through territories and boundaries, a quality the Empire shared with other polities outside Europe.
Emergent Chance
Authors: Wilson Alastair 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a theory of objective chance in the Everettian context, often seen as the main challenge facing EQM. By supplementing diverging EQM with quantum modal realist bridge principles connecting the physics of quantum mechanics with the metaphysics of modality, we obtain a package deal: Indexicalism. Indexicalist objective chance is an essentially self-locating phenomenon: chances are chances of self-location within the multiverse. I provide three arguments for Indexicalism: it establishes the right qualitative connections between chance and possibility, it establishes the right quantitative connection between chance and prediction, and it establishes the right epistemological story about how quantum mechanics is confirmed by empirical evidence. The resulting theory of chance is naturalistic and reductive; fundamental reality is deterministic, but chance arises at the non-fundamental level of Everett-worldbound perspectives. The theory provides unique resources for motivating an Everettian version of Lewis’s Principal Principle, helping to clarify at last the persistently mysterious connection between chance and rational credence.
Laws of Nature
Authors: Wilson Alastair 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
One of the most attractive features of quantum modal realism is the unified and explanatory theory of laws of nature which it enables. Quantum modal realism incorporates a layered model of laws which share a common underlying structure; the model includes Fundamental laws of the multiverse, fundamental laws of Everett worlds, as well as a variety of types of non-fundamental laws of Everett worlds. This layered model of laws allows for a hitherto unexpected reconciliation of the Humean and anti-Humean conceptions of lawhood, and the model also enables powerful explanations both of why laws matter to us and of how we can come to know them. This chapter sets out the new quantum modal realist theory of laws, defends it from some objections, and draws out its most important consequences.
Indeterminacy
Authors: Wilson Alastair 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In Everettian quantum mechanics, the universal quantum state is fundamental, non-contingent, and wholly determinate. By contrast, the parallel worlds of diverging EQM, and the contingency constituted by self-location amongst those worlds, are emergent and partly indeterminate. In particular, it is indeterminate both how many worlds there are, and what microscopic qualitative features those worlds have. This chapter discusses various ways to understand indeterminacy in the Everettian multiverse, and argues that the indeterminacies of EQM present no obstacle to the analytic ambitions of quantum modal realism. Everettians can understand quantum indeterminacy using models of indeterminacy that are familiar from the philosophical literature on vagueness.
Conclusion
Authors: Wilson Alastair 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Quantum modal realism is a strange and unfamiliar doctrine. That is not by itself a reason to disbelieve it. Physical reality has continually turned out to be larger than we imagined possible; quantum modal realism expands reality one step further, beyond the actual world. In this short conclusion, I trace the history of human beliefs about the size of the cosmos, and compare the expansion of our horizons that results from quantum modal realism to previous revolutions in cosmology. I also observe that in some ways quantum modal realism is economical; while it may expand our conception of reality, it does not expand our conception of what is possible or of what is actual.
Strange Beauty and the Platonic Narrative as History in The Renaissance
Authors: Lee Adam 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Pater removed the word ‘history’ from the original title of The Renaissance (1873) for its second edition, and this chapter explores what Pater means by history. Although Pater was conversant with the historic method then popular at Oxford, which sought to contextualize its subject, he reveals a strong preference for depicting the individual genius of Michelangelo, Pico della Mirandola, and other Renaissance artists, beyond their historical conditions. Expanding his definition of the Renaissance beyond fifteenth-century Italy, Pater views it as a Platonic temper shared even by Johann Winckelmann as revealed in biographical narratives of ascension that are modelled on Plato’s Phaedrus and Symposium. The pattern of ascension is even evident in the charm and mystery of Pater’s style that refines from seen to unseen beauty.
The Revelation of Plato and Platonism and the Authority of Affinity
Authors: Lee Adam 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the momentum of Platonic themes in essays leading up to Plato and Platonism (1893) and explores the book as a revelation of Pater’s lifelong philosophy informing his work. The structure of the book is explained as representative of Oxonian Platonism without losing sight of what makes it so characteristic of Pater. The central themes of Pater’s writing are elucidated through his understanding of Platonism, particularly through The Republic. Concerned with Plato as an author, Pater explains how he seeks organization in things, States as well as persons as well as artwork, for the sake of sanity, a conservative commitment that fights against decadence. The maintenance of sanity, the reason in beauty, is sought for the sake of one’s soul in Platonic education. It is Platonic love, explained as the affinity for persons like-to-like, that enables one to attain knowledge and express oneself with authority.
General Provisions
Authors: Guild Elspeth , Peers Steve , Tomkin Jonathan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the general provisions of the citizens’ Directive (Articles 1–3), which state its purpose and define its territorial and personal scope. Essentially, the Directive applies to EU citizens and their family members who move to another Member State. While the basic tenets of the Directive can be described quite simply—EU citizens have the right to move to another Member State and to bring their family members with them—the detailed interpretation of the key rules defining the scope of that simple tenet has proven increasingly complex and controversial. The chapter then addresses three issues—the definition of EU citizens, the requirement of movement between Member States, and the position of family members—that determine the application of the rest of the Directive, and so delineate exactly which persons have the right to enter and reside, enter the labour market, resist expulsion, claim social benefits, and obtain permanent residence status.
Right of Residence
Authors: Guild Elspeth , Peers Steve , Tomkin Jonathan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter details the right of residence provided for in the citizens’ Directive. The citizens’ Directive regulates and gives detailed expression to the right of free movement and residence conferred by the Treaties on Union citizens. At its simplest, the Directive regulates residence on the basis of the intended duration of a stay in another Member State. The chapter then evaluates case law which concerns the relationship between the right to equal treatment, on the one hand, and the right of residence, on the other, and whether mobile Union citizens could rely on the principle of equality as a basis for claiming a right to access social benefits and maintaining a right to reside in a host Member State.
Right of Permanent Residence
Authors: Guild Elspeth , Peers Steve , Tomkin Jonathan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the right of permanent residence provided for in the citizens’ Directive. Article 16, which creates a general status of permanent residence for EU citizens and their family members, is one of the novelties of Directive 2004/38. It builds on the conditional right to permanent residence for workers and the self-employed and their family members, which already existed, and which has been incorporated into the Directive at Article 17. Meanwhile, Article 18 provides for a permanent residence right for those third-country national family members whose EU citizen principal is no longer available as a source of rights, and who have retained rights of residence under Articles 12(2) or 13(2). The chapter also looks at the provisions of Articles 19–21 on administrative formalities, which are an important part of the protections for EU citizens and their family members.
Withdrawal Agreement
Authors: Guild Elspeth , Peers Steve , Tomkin Jonathan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter studies the citizens’ rights set out in Part Two of the Brexit withdrawal agreement. There are also some relevant provisions in Part One, setting out the ‘Common Provisions’, and Part Six, containing the ‘Final Provisions’. The relevant Part One provisions include Article 4, which states that the withdrawal agreement has the same legal effect as EU law in the UK, including the principle of supremacy; that the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) judgments up until the end of the transition period shall be binding; and that subsequent CJEU rulings are to be taken into account. Meanwhile, the last provisions in Part Two of the agreement refer to publicity about the acquired rights of citizens, permit more favourable provisions to be applied, and confirm that the agreement provides life-long protection for those covered by the scope of the provisions.
Introduction
Authors: Harding Robin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter introduces the book’s central argument, and discusses the contribution that it makes to the literature. This contribution is twofold. First, Rural Democracy acknowledges that in addition to strategies of electoral fraud, clientelism, and ethnic politics, African rulers have also attempted to compete for votes by providing public goods and services to their citizens. A discussion of the range of strategies that governments use to secure rural votes, the distinctions and interactions between them, and their relative significance, serves to frame the book’s argument, and sets scope conditions to bound its generalizability. The book’s second major contribution relates to the impact of democracy on development more broadly. By theorizing the effects of electoral institutions within the specific contexts in which they are embedded, Rural Democracy suggests a way forward for future research on the impact of democracy on development in Africa, and elsewhere also. In discussing these contributions, Chapter 1 clarifies the minimalist understanding of democracy adopted in Rural Democracy. Although the argument in Rural Democracy is that even minimally competitive elections generate incentives for incumbents to consider voters’ preferences when making policy, the extent to which elections create incentives for the costlier strategy of pro-rural development likely diminishes below some level of democratic quality, or fairness. Chapter 1 also introduces and justifies the book’s threefold empirical strategy. This includes a discussion of case selection, and a consideration of how the results might generalize beyond the particular cases that are included in the analyses.
Democracy’s Rural Dividend
Authors: Harding Robin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter evaluates the second and third hypotheses identified in Chapter 2, that the distribution of benefits resulting from the introduction of democratic electoral competition should be targeted primarily towards rural areas, and that the extent of any such urban–rural differences should be conditional on levels of urbanization. This is done using quantitative cross-national analysis of data from the Demographic and Health Survey Series. These household surveys provide incredibly detailed individual-level data on a range of essential education and health outcomes, across thirty African countries. This enables investigation of the extent to which these outcomes are affected by the introduction of electoral competition, and importantly, how these effects vary across urban and rural areas. Robust estimates demonstrate that democratic elections significantly increase access to primary education and reduce infant mortality rates, but only for children in rural areas. Moreover, these effects are conditional on the level of urbanization. The analysis provides no support for a series of alternative explanations, thereby strengthening confidence in the validity of the theoretical argument.