bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promising
Authors: Hawley Katherine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that promise-making is governed by a norm of competence, alongside a norm of sincerity. Thus a promise can be criticizable even if it expresses a sincere commitment to act in some admirable way: even if it is neither a false promise nor a wicked promise. The chapter shows how a competence norm is distinct from the norm of keeping one’s promises. Competence norms come in various strengths, from a very weak ‘keepability’ norm of avoiding unkeepable promises to a very strong norm of not making promises unless one knows one will be able to keep the promise. These correspond to the variety of possible epistemic norms on assertion which are more familiar from philosophical debate. Finally, the chapter briefly reviews the relationship between different accounts of why we should keep our promises, and different accounts of what competence norm applies to promise-making.
The Reference to Desire in Reasons for Action
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
It is here argued that when we act for a reason, the consequent of this reason(-conditional) must specify something that we desire. Intelligent desires, which are involved in intentional action, are distinguished from non-intelligent desires. It is intelligent desires which are ‘decisive’ that determine our intentional actions. Such desires can be said to be formed by decisions, but not necessarily decisions preceded by deliberation. You have an occurrent decisive desire to cause p now just in case you are in an internal state which, along with its underlying thought that you can now cause p (and thereby cause consequences specified by reasons that you may have for causing p), causes something to become a fact because you think that it is that p (and thereby will have the specified consequences).
Strong Democracy, Weak State
Authors: Resnick Danielle 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThrough a comparative analysis of presidential tenures from Jerry Rawlings through John Mahama, this chapter notes that Ghana’s stable but modest growth reflects its long-term democratic stability and the need to retain voters’ support through expanding access to education and health. However, rapid growth through structural transformation has been hindered by weak state capacity and three political economy factors. First, robust democracy has enabled a broader range of interest groups to permeate policymaking decisions, often resulting in policy backtracking and volatility and fiscal deficits that stifle credit access for domestic business through high interest rates. Secondly, public sector reforms historically were not pursued to the same degree as macroeconomic reforms so, state bureaucrats lack the technical capacity to identify winning industries or to facilitate the transition to higher value-added sectors. Thirdly, successive governments have failed to invest in strong, productive relationships with the private sector. Consequently, achieving transformation in Ghana will require more activist economic policies within the confines of the state’s capacity.
Ghana’s Agricultural Transformation
Authors: Hazell Peter , Diao Xinshen , Magalhaes Eduardo 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a broad overview of the agricultural sector and helps situate the narrower focus in each of the subsequent chapters of Part II of the book. Ghana’s agriculture has performed reasonably well since the 1980s in terms of its growth, labor productivity, farm incomes, and the decline in rural poverty. It then provides a description of the main features of the agricultural transformation that has occurred, and explains three drivers underlying these patterns: the policy environment; growing population pressure on the land base; and rapid urbanization. The chapter also identifies how agricultural transformation is progressing differently in the northern and southern regions of the country. In the former, substantial increases in farm production and incomes has come more from increases in the cropped area and crop mix than from increased yields. Land productivity has increased only modestly, but labor productivity has increased substantially in line with wages. In the latter, farm households have taken advantage of urban–rural linkages to diversify into nonagricultural sources of income, and farms have become smaller and more part-time. Despite having greater access to urban markets, services, infrastructure and an increasing population pressure on the land base, there is little evidence of agricultural intensification leading to higher land productivity in these areas.
Planck, the Second Law of Thermodynamics, and Black‐body Radiation
Authors: Duncan Anthony , Janssen Michel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Planck’s work on black‐body radiation grew out of a failed attempt to use electrodynamics to show that entropy can never decrease, i.e., that the second law of thermodynamics is not just a statistical but a strict law of nature. This original interest is reflected in his approach to the problem of black‐body radiation. Planck derived the formula for the spectral distribution of black‐body radiation from the formula for the entropy of a resonator interacting with the radiation at its resonance frequency. He initially chose an entropy formula that gave him a black‐body radiation formula proposed by Wien. Deviations from this Wien law at low frequencies led him to adopt a new entropy formula, which gives a law that reduces to the Wien law at high frequencies and to (what is now known as) the Rayleigh‐Jeans law at low frequencies. This new Planck law agreed remarkably well with all experimental data. Planck thus set out to find a derivation of the entropy formula leading to it. Although he continued to resist Boltzmann’s statistical interpretation of the second law for another decade, Planck borrowed some of Boltzmann’s techniques for this derivation. The derivation critically depends on energy elements with sizes proportional to the frequency of the radiation and Planck’s constant as the proportionality constant. Planck’s papers of 1900–01, however, leave open the question of how these energy elements are to be interpreted.
Failures
Authors: Duncan Anthony , Janssen Michel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We consider three topics which proved frustratingly resistant to the methods of the old quantum theory up to the point of emergence of the quantum mechanics of Heisenberg and collaborators in late 1925. First, the old theory could not account convincingly for the superfluity of stationary states implied by the existence of the complex multiplets seen in most atomic spectra. Second, the progressively more complicated theories proposed for explaining the splittings of lines in the anomalous Zeeman effect were found to lead inevitably to glaring inconsistencies with the assumed mechanical equations of motion. Finally, there was the problem of the dual spectrum of helium, and even more basically, of the ground state energy of helium, all calculations of which in terms of specified electron orbits gave incorrect results. We relate the tangled history of the efforts to provide a theoretical resolution of these problems within the old quantum theory.
Benefit Plan Cybersecurity Considerations
Authors: Rouse Timothy , Levine David N. , Itami Allison , Taylor Benjamin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The U.S. has no comprehensive national law governing cybersecurity and no uniform framework for measuring the effectiveness of protections, though retirement plan record keepers maintain the personally identifiable information on millions of workers, collecting names, birth dates, social security numbers, and beneficiaries. Plan sponsors frequently engage consultants and attorneys to help them secure sensitive data, but more work is necessary to engage a larger discussion around this issue. The SPARK Institute has outlined a flexible approach for an independent third-party reporting of cyber security capabilities with several key control objectives.
Designing for Older Adults: Overcoming Barriers to a Supportive, Safe, and Healthy Retirement
Authors: Munteanu Cosmin , Axtell Benett , Rafih Hiba , Liaqat Amna , Aly Yomna 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Older adults (65+) are at increasing risk of being ‘digitally marginalized’ due to lower tech savviness, social isolation, and few peers who can provide the needed input. As a consequence, some seniors have difficulties and are exposed to security risks when accessing essential services which are increasingly moving online. These include making critical life decisions, understanding health information, accessing health services, staying connected to families, or simply doing online shopping. This chapter investigates how online technologies can be designed to be inclusive of older adults’ needs, abilities, and contexts. Several barriers barring technology adoption include mental models; attitudes related to critical decision making; privacy concerns; and overall cyber-safety concerns preventing seniors from engaging with such resources online. We also propose ways to help the FinTech sector incorporate new approaches so that services and applications better serve the needs and constraints of older adults.
The FinTech Opportunity
Authors: Philippon Thomas 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
FinTech covers digital innovations and technology-enabled business model innovations in the financial sector. Such innovations can disrupt existing industry structures and blur industry boundaries, facilitate strategic disintermediation, revolutionize how existing firms create and deliver products and services, provide new gateways for entrepreneurship, democratize access to financial services, but also create significant privacy, regulatory and law-enforcement challenges. This chapter assesses potential impacts of FinTech on the finance industry. First we show that financial services remain surprisingly expensive in the U.S., which helps explain the emergence of new entrants. We then argue that the current regulatory approach is subject to significant political economy and coordination costs, and therefore it is unlikely to deliver much structural change. FinTech can improve both financial stability and access to services, but this will require important changes in the focus of regulations.
Wuthering Heights and the Relics of the Epistolary Novel
Authors: Britton Jeanne M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that a novelistic version of sympathy negotiates transitions between oral, written, and printed texts in Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights. The mode of vicarious narration that earlier chapters locate in the decline of epistolary fiction culminates in a logic of epistolarity that justifies this novel’s narrative form. Brontë’s novel also transforms Enlightenment conceptions of sympathy through the shared identity between Heathcliff and Catherine, which returns to the extremes of familial proximity and racial difference that trouble Enlightenment notions of sympathy: Heathcliff could just as easily be Catherine’s brother or a racial “other.” After explaining that she has “watched and felt” Heathcliff’s sorrows, Catherine declares “I am Heathcliff.” This assertion suggests an assimilation of radical otherness or a complete mirroring of the self in the familial other, as if to annihilate, through the experience of shared suffering, the boundary that separates sibling from stranger.
Be Careful What You Measure
Authors: Altman Andrew 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The mission of teachers (and of schools that employ them) is twofold. Schools hire teachers not only to educate students but to certify them. In our role as educators, our job is to develop talent. As certifiers, our job is to measure—to evaluate performance. If we confuse the signal with the objective, we go astray. If we misread our educational mission, we also misread what we (who volunteered for that mission) need to do to be giving people their due. Further, to know whether we are accomplishing our mission, we have to be able to measure, to quantify, but if we pretend there is any straightforward way to do that, we oversimplify.
What Should Schooling Be About and How Should It Be Distributed?
Authors: Altman Andrew 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter lays out the several principles that should guide decisions about the structure of the education system. Children should develop the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and dispositions that will enable them to be effective contributors to the economy, to be competent democratic citizens, to have healthy emotional relationships, to be able to make their own authentic judgements about how to live their lives, and to have fulfilling personal lives. Equality has some weight when thinking about how educational success should be distributed, but focusing on lower achievers, within limits, is a matter of considerable urgency, greater urgency than educational equality.
La prise en charge et le suivi du trouble du spectre de l’autisme une fois le diagnostic posé
Authors: Ip Angie , Zaigenbaum Lonnie , Brian Jessica A 
Published: October 2019

RésuméLes pédiatres et les autres dispensateurs de soins de première ligne sont bien placés pour fournir ou coordonner des soins médicaux et psychosociaux continus et des services de soutien aux enfants ayant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA). Le présent document de principes fournit des recommandations et de l’information sur une série d’interventions et de ressources en vue d’aider les dispensateurs de soins pédiatriques à optimiser les soins aux enfants ayant un TSA et de soutenir les familles. La prise en charge du TSA inclut le traitement des affections physiques et psychiatriques associées, les interventions comportementales et développementales et la prestation de services sociaux pour améliorer la qualité de vie des enfants touchés et de leur famille.
Saint and Doctors: Gender, Social Class and Spiritual Health in the Egyptian Delta from the 1890s to 1910s
Authors: Boyle Stephanie 
Published: October 2019

Summary
In the 1890s, the American United Presbyterian Mission selected the Egyptian delta city of Tanta as the site for their new mission. Like the Egyptian government, these missionaries saw Tanta as a place that drew the sick. Their interest in the city developed mostly from the city’s reputation as a site of cholera during the 1848 outbreak. Many ill and afflicted pilgrims came to Tanta to not only receive blessings from the patron saint Ahmad al-Badawi but also to be treated by the various healers, physicians and pharmacists around the mosque and tomb. This article shows that Tanta was a site of collaboration amongst female physicians and healers and posits that Tanta’s system of health thrived most notably when these Christian missionaries worked within the local system of healers and embraced the culture of well-being rather than imposing modern attitudes about medicine and treatment.
‘Non-Amending’ Provisions in a Constitutional Amendment: A Practical Application to the ‘Transition Period’ under the 101st Constitution Amendment Act, 2016
Authors: Prasanna Bhattacharya Aditya , Makkar Kashish 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Amendments to the constitution and the jurisprudence surrounding the constituent power of Parliament have traditionally dominated the field of Indian constitutional law and constitutionalism. Most debates in this field have been restricted to issues like the source of the amending power of Parliament, express, and implied limits on the power to amend, and so on. In an attempt to revert to the core principles of constituent power, this paper attempts to answer more basic but extremely compelling constitutional questions: to qualify as an amendment to the constitution, how exactly must an amendment affect the text of the constitution? If an amendment does not change the bare text of the constitution in any way, but merely affects the overall constitutional scheme, can it still be accorded the status of a constitutional amendment? Locating this issue in the extension of the compensation period under the GST regime in India, this paper seeks to provide an answer to these questions by using a practical setting. First, the source of parliamentary competence to bring about such an amendment is traced. By the use of constitutional theory and principles of statutory interpretation, is then demonstrated that such ‘non-amending’ provisions are undoubtedly an inherent part of the constitutional regime. Lastly, this paper proposes a model that covers both legislative powers of Parliament, that is, constituent power and ordinary law-making power. In the nature of a walk-through, this model explains the legislative process to be followed to bring about an extension of the compensation period.
Prevalence and co-infection of schistosomiasis/hepatitis B among rural populations in endemic areas in Hubei, China
Authors: Zhang Yupeng , Xie Yaofei , Chen Qi , Chen Xuyu , Dong Zhuangzhuang , Tan Xiaodong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Both hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and schistosomiasis are important public health problems in China. Concurrent infection between HBV and schistosomiasis is often observed in areas where schistosomiasis is endemic. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of schistosomiasis and HBV in schistosomiasis-affected areas, to explore whether schistosomiasis patients are more susceptible to HBV and to determine if the prevalence of HBV in high-endemic areas of schistosomiasis is higher than in low-endemic areas.

Methods
A total of 6526 participants from 13 villages in Hubei province were included in a cross-sectional study and blood samples were collected and examined. Qualitative variables were compared between groups using Pearson’s chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate.

Results
Of the 6526 participants, the overall prevalence was 8.27% for schistosomiasis and 2.67% for HBV. The prevalence of hepatitis B among participants who were Schistosoma antibody positive (25.37%) was higher than the prevalence in participants who were Schistosoma antibody negative (0.62%; χ2=1169.358, p&lt;0.001, odds ratio 54.659). We also observed that there was no difference in the prevalence of hepatitis B between males and females in areas where schistosomiasis was endemic (χ2=1.827, p=0.177), but the prevalence of hepatitis B in middle-aged people was higher than in other age groups (χ2=47.877, p&lt;0.001).

Conclusions
There was an association between schistosomiasis and HBV infection. However, more work is needed to find the causal relationship between schistosomiasis and HBV infection.
Helices on interdomain interface couple catalysis in the ATPPase domain with allostery inPlasmodium falciparumGMP synthetase
Authors: Shivakumaraswamy Santosh , Pandey Nivedita , Ballut Lionel , Violot Sébastien , Aghajari Nushin , Balaram Hemalatha 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGMP synthetase catalyzes the substitution of the C2 oxo-group of the purine base in XMP with an amino-group generating GMP, the last step in the biosynthesis of GMP. This reaction involves a series of catalytic events that include hydrolysis of Gln generating ammonia in the glutamine amidotransferase (GATase) domain, activation of XMP to adenyl-XMP intermediate in the ATP pyrophosphatase (ATPPase) domain and reaction of ammonia with the intermediate to generate GMP. Inherent to the functioning of GMP synthetases is bidirectional domain crosstalk, which leads to allosteric activation of the GATase domain by substrates binding to the ATPPase domain, synchronization of the two catalytic events and tunnelling of ammonia from the GATase to the ATPPase domain. Herein, we have taken recourse to the analysis of structures of GMP synthetases, site-directed mutagenesis and, steady-state and transient kinetic assays on thePlasmodium falciparumenzyme to decipher the molecular basis of catalysis in the ATPPase domain and domain crosstalk. The results map the residues critical for catalysis in the ATPPase domain to the helices α11 and α12 that are located at the interdomain interface, and the lid-loop that follows α11. This apart, perturbing interdomain interactions involving residues on α11 and α12 impairs GATase activation. These results imply that this arrangement of helices at the domain interface with residues that play roles in ATPPase catalysis as well as domain crosstalk enables coupling ATPPase catalysis with GATase activation. Overall, the study enhances our understanding of GMP synthetases, which are drug targets in many infectious pathogens.
Surface LSP1 is a phenotypic marker distinguishing human classical versus monocyte-derived dendritic cells
Authors: Moutel Sandrine , Beugnet Anne , Schneider Aurélie , Lombard Bérangère , Loew Damarys , Amigorena Sebastian , Perez Franck , Segura Elodie 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHuman mononuclear phagocytes comprise several subsets of dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes and macrophages. Distinguishing one population from another is challenging, especially in inflammed tissues, due to the promiscuous expression of phenotypic markers. Using a synthetic library of humanized llama single domain antibodies, we identified a novel surface marker for human naturally-occuring monocyte-derived DCs. Our antibody targets an extra-cellular domain of LSP-1, specifically on monocyte-derived DCs, but not on monocytes, macrophages or classical DCs. Using this antibody, we provide evidence that the recently described blood DC3 population does not correspond to circulating monocyte-derived DCs. Our findings will pave the way for a better characterization of human mononuclear phagocytes in pathological settings.
Analysis of single-cell gene pair coexpression landscapes by stochastic kinetic modeling reveals gene-pair interactions in development
Authors: Gallivan Cameron P. , Ren Honglei , Read Elizabeth L. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTSingle-cell transcriptomics is advancing discovery of the molecular determinants of cell identity, while spurring development of novel data analysis methods. Stochastic mathematical models of gene regulatory networks help unravel the dynamic, molecular mechanisms underlying cell-to-cell heterogeneity, and can thus aid interpretation of heterogeneous cell-states revealed by single-cell measurements. However, integrating stochastic gene network models with single cell data is challenging. Here, we present a method for analyzing single-cell gene-pair coexpression patterns, based on biophysical models of stochastic gene expression and interaction dynamics. We first developed a high-computational-throughput approach to stochastic modeling of gene-pair coexpression landscapes, based on numerical solution of gene network Master Equations. We then comprehensively catalogued coexpression patterns arising from tens of thousands of gene-gene interaction models with different biochemical kinetic parameters and regulatory interactions. From the computed landscapes, we obtain a low-dimensional “shape-space” describing distinct types of coexpression patterns. We applied the theoretical results to analysis of published single cell RNA sequencing data and uncovered complex dynamics of coexpression among gene pairs during embryonic development. Our approach provides a generalizable framework for inferring evolution of gene-gene interactions during critical cell-state transitions.