bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New codon 198 β-tubulin polymorphisms in highly benzimidazole resistant Haemonchus contortus from goats in three different states in Sudan
Authors: Mohammedsalih Khalid M. , Krücken Jürgen , Khalafalla Amna , Bashar Ahmed , Juma Fathel-Rahman , Abakar Adam , Abdalmalaik Abdalhakaim A. H. , Coles Gerald , von Samson-Himmelstjerna Georg 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundBenzimidazole (BZ) resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes is a worldwide problem for livestock production, particularly in small ruminants. Assignment of the emergence of resistance using sensitive and reliable methods is required to adopt the correct strategies for control. In Sudan, BZ resistantHaemonchus contortuspopulations were recently reported in goats in South Darfur. This study aimed to provide additional data regarding albendazole efficacy and to describe the prevailing molecular BZ resistance mechanisms.MethodsFaecal egg count reduction and egg hatch tests (EHT) were used to evaluate albendazole efficacy in three different areas of South Darfur using naturally (Rehed Al-Birdi and Tulus) and experimentally infected (Tulus and Um Dafuq) goats. Using samples from Central, East and South Darfur, pyro- and Sanger sequencing were used to detect the polymorphisms F167Y, E198A and F200Y inH. contortusisotype 1 β-tubulin in DNA extracted from pooled third-stage larval (L3) samples (n = 36) on days 0 and 10 during trials, and from pooled adult maleH. contortus(treated goats,n = 14; abattoirs,n = 83) including samples from populations previously found to be resistant in South Darfur.ResultsAlbendazole efficacies at 5, 7.5 and 10 mg/kg doses were 73.5–90.2% on day 14 in natural and experimental infections while 12.5 mg/kg showed > 96.6% efficacy. EC50in the EHT were 0.8 and 0.11 µg/ml thiabendazole in natural and experimental infection trials, respectively. PCRs detectedHaemonchus,TrichostrongylusandCooperiain L3 samples from albendazole-treated goats.Haemonchus contortusallele frequencies in codons 167 and 200 using pyrosequencing assays were ≤ 7.4% while codon 198 assays failed. Sanger sequencing revealed five novel polymorphisms at codon 198. Noteworthy, an E198L substitution was present in 82% of the samples (L3 and adults) including all post-treatment samples. Moreover, E198V, E198K and potentially E198I, and E198Stop were identified in a few samples.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first report of E198L in BZ resistantH. contortusand the second where this is the predominant genotype associated with resistance in any strongyle species. Since this variant cannot be quantified using pyrosequencing, the results highlight important limitations in the general applicability of pyrosequencing to quantify BZ resistance genotypes.
Investigating psychometric properties of the Thai version of the Zarit Burden Interview using rasch model and confirmatory factor analysis
Authors: Pinyopornpanish Kanokporn , Pinyopornpanish Manee , Wongpakaran Nahathai , Wongpakaran Tinakon , Soontornpun Atiwat , Kuntawong Pimolpun 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) has been widely used to assess caregiver burden. Few research papers have investigated the Thai version of the ZBI. The study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Thai version of both the full length (ZBI-22) and short versions (ZBI-12) using Rasch analysis and confirmatory factor analysis among a sample of Alzheimer’s disease caregivers.ResultsThe ZBI-22 fitted the Rasch measurement model regarding unidimensionality but not for ZBI-12. Five items from ZBI-22, and 2 items from ZBI-12 were shown to be misfitting items. Half of ZBI items were shown to be disordered category or threshold, and were locally dependent. CFA revealed three-factor and four-factor fitted the data the best for ZBI-22 and ZBI-12, respectively. Reliability was good for both forms of the ZBI (α = 0.86–0.92). Significant correlations were found with caregiver’s perceived stress, anxiety/depression, pain and mobility but not with self-care and usual activity (p > 0.05), indicating convergent and discriminant validity. To conclude, the Thai version ZBI-22, but not ZBI-12, supported the reliability and unidimensional scale among Alzheimer’s disease caregivers. Some misfitting items of the ZBI undermined the unidimensionality of the scale, and need revision.
The clinical promise of biomarkers of synapse damage or loss in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors:   the Synaptic Health Endpoints Working Group, Colom-Cadena Martí , Spires-Jones Tara , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Caggiano Anthony , DeKosky Steven T. , Fillit Howard , Harrison John E. , Schneider Lon S. , Scheltens Phillip , de Haan Willem , Grundman Michael , van Dyck Christopher H. , Izzo Nicholas J. , Catalano Susan M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundSynapse damage and loss are fundamental to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and lead to reduced cognitive function. The goal of this review is to address the challenges of forging new clinical development approaches for AD therapeutics that can demonstrate reduction of synapse damage or loss.The key points of this review include the following:Synapse loss is a downstream effect of amyloidosis, tauopathy, inflammation, and other mechanisms occurring in AD.Synapse loss correlates most strongly with cognitive decline in AD because synaptic function underlies cognitive performance.Compounds that halt or reduce synapse damage or loss have a strong rationale as treatments of AD.Biomarkers that measure synapse degeneration or loss in patients will facilitate clinical development of such drugs.The ability of methods to sensitively measure synapse density in the brain of a living patient through synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, concentrations of synaptic proteins (e.g., neurogranin or synaptotagmin) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or functional imaging techniques such as quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) provides a compelling case to use these types of measurements as biomarkers that quantify synapse damage or loss in clinical trials in AD.ConclusionA number of emerging biomarkers are able to measure synapse injury and loss in the brain and may correlate with cognitive function in AD. These biomarkers hold promise both for use in diagnostics and in the measurement of therapeutic successes.
The free-living flatworm Macrostomum lignano
Authors: Wudarski Jakub , Egger Bernhard , Ramm Steven A. , Schärer Lukas , Ladurner Peter , Zadesenets Kira S. , Rubtsov Nikolay B. , Mouton Stijn , Berezikov Eugene 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMacrostomum lignano is a free-living flatworm that is emerging as an attractive experimental animal for research on a broad range of biological questions. One feature setting it apart from other flatworms is the successful establishment of transgenesis methods, facilitated by a steady supply of eggs in the form of single-cell zygotes that can be readily manipulated. This, in combination with the transparency of the animal and its small size, creates practical advantages for imaging and fluorescence-activated cell sorting in studies related to stem cell biology and regeneration. M. lignano can regenerate most of its body parts, including the germline, thanks to the neoblasts, which represent the flatworm stem cell system. Interestingly, neoblasts seem to have a high capacity of cellular maintenance, as M. lignano can survive up to 210 Gy of γ-irradiation, and partially offset the negative consequence of ageing. As a non-self-fertilizing simultaneous hermaphrodite that reproduces in a sexual manner, M. lignano is also used to study sexual selection and other evolutionary aspects of sexual reproduction. Work over the past several years has led to the development of molecular resources and tools, including high-quality genome and transcriptome assemblies, transcriptional profiling of the germline and somatic neoblasts, gene knockdown, and in situ hybridization. The increasingly detailed characterization of this animal has also resulted in novel research questions, such as bio-adhesion based on its adhesion-release glands and genome evolution due to its recent whole-genome duplication.
Transpulmonary thermodilution detects rapid and reversible increases in lung water induced by positive end-expiratory pressure in acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Gavelli Francesco , Teboul Jean-Louis , Azzolina Danila , Beurton Alexandra , Taccheri Temistocle , Adda Imane , Lai Christopher , Avanzi Gian Carlo , Monnet Xavier 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Purpose
It has been suggested that, by recruiting lung regions and enlarging the distribution volume of the cold indicator, increasing the positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may lead to an artefactual overestimation of extravascular lung water (EVLW) by transpulmonary thermodilution (TPTD).

Methods
In 60 ARDS patients, we measured EVLW (PiCCO2 device) at a PEEP level set to reach a plateau pressure of 30 cmH2O (HighPEEPstart) and 15 and 45 min after decreasing PEEP to 5 cmH2O (LowPEEP15′ and LowPEEP45′, respectively). Then, we increased PEEP back to the baseline level (HighPEEPend). Between HighPEEPstart and LowPEEP15′, we estimated the degree of lung derecruitment either by measuring changes in the compliance of the respiratory system (Crs) in the whole population, or by measuring the lung derecruited volume in 30 patients. We defined patients with a large derecruitment from the other ones as patients in whom the Crs changes and the measured derecruited volume were larger than the median of these variables observed in the whole population.

Results
Reducing PEEP from HighPEEPstart (14 ± 2 cmH2O) to LowPEEP15′ significantly decreased EVLW from 20 ± 4 to 18 ± 4 mL/kg, central venous pressure (CVP) from 15 ± 4 to 12 ± 4 mmHg, the arterial oxygen tension over inspired oxygen fraction (PaO2/FiO2) ratio from 184 ± 76 to 150 ± 69 mmHg and lung volume by 144 [68–420] mL. The EVLW decrease was similar in “large derecruiters” and the other patients. When PEEP was re-increased to HighPEEPend, CVP, PaO2/FiO2 and EVLW significantly re-increased. At linear mixed effect model, EVLW changes were significantly determined only by changes in PEEP and CVP (p < 0.001 and p = 0.03, respectively, n = 60). When the same analysis was performed by estimating recruitment according to lung volume changes (n = 30), CVP remained significantly associated to the changes in EVLW (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
In ARDS patients, changing the PEEP level induced parallel, small and reversible changes in EVLW. These changes were not due to an artefact of the TPTD technique and were likely due to the PEEP-induced changes in CVP, which is the backward pressure of the lung lymphatic drainage.
Trial registration ID RCB: 2015-A01654-45. Registered 23 October 2015
Short- and long-term renal outcomes following severe rhabdomyolysis: a French multicenter retrospective study of 387 patients
Authors:   on behalf of the French Intensive Care Renal Network (F.I.R.N), Candela Nelly , Silva Stein , Georges Bernard , Cartery Claire , Robert Thomas , Moussi-Frances Julie , Rondeau Eric , Rebibou Jean-Michel , Lavayssiere Laurence , Belliere Julie , Krummel Thierry , Lebas Céline , Cointault Olivier , Sallee Marion , Faguer Stanislas 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundRhabdomyolysis is a life-threatening disease that can lead to severe hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury (AKI) and hypovolemic shock. The predictive factors of AKI and acute to chronic kidney disease (CKD) transition remain poorly described.MethodsThis multicenter retrospective study enrolled 387 patients with severe rhabdomyolysis (CPK > 5000 U/L). Primary end-point was the development of severe AKI, defined as stage 2 or 3 of KDIGO classification. Secondary end-points included the incidence of AKI to CKD transition.ResultsAmong the 387 patients, 315 (81.4%) developed AKI, including 171 (44.1%) with stage 3 AKI and 103 (26.6%) requiring RRT. Stage 2–3 AKI was strongly correlated with serum phosphate, potassium and bicarbonate at admission, as well as myoglobin over 8000 U/L and the need for mechanical ventilation. 42 patients (10.8%) died before day 28. In the 80 patients with available eGFR values both before and 3 months after the rhabdomyolysis, the decrease in eGFR (greater than 20 mL/min/1.73 m2in 23 patients; 28.8%) was correlated to the severity of the AKI and serum myoglobin levels > 8000 U/L at admission.ConclusionsSevere rhabdomyolysis leads to AKI in most patients admitted to an ICU. Mechanical ventilation and severity of the rhabdomyolysis, including myoglobin level, are associated with the risk of stage 2–3 AKI. The long-term renal decline is correlated to serum myoglobin at admission.
On the spectrum of the weighted p-Laplacian under the Ricci-harmonic flow
Authors: Abolarinwa Abimbola , Edeki Sunday O. , Ehigie Julius O. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper studies the behaviour of the spectrum of the weightedp-Laplacian on a complete Riemannian manifold evolving by the Ricci-harmonic flow. Precisely, the first eigenvalue diverges in a finite time along this flow. It is further shown that the same divergence result holds on gradient shrinking and steady almost Ricci-harmonic solitons under the condition that the soliton function is nonnegative and superharmonic. We also continue the program in (Abolarinwa, Adebimpe and Bakare in J. Ineq. Appl. 2019:10, 2019) to the case of volume-preserving Ricci-harmonic flow.
Metagenomic analysis reveals the microbiome and resistome in migratory birds
Authors: Cao Jian , Hu Yongfei , Liu Fei , Wang Yanan , Bi Yuhai , Lv Na , Li Jing , Zhu Baoli , Gao George F. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Antibiotic-resistant pathogens pose high risks to human and animal health worldwide. In recent years, the role of gut microbiota as a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in humans and animals has been increasingly investigated. However, the structure and function of the gut bacterial community, as well as the ARGs they carry in migratory birds remain unknown.

Results
Here, we collected samples from migratory bird species and their associated environments and characterized their gut microbiomes and resistomes using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. We found that migratory birds vary greatly in gut bacterial composition but are similar in their microbiome metabolism and function. Birds from the same environment tend to harbor similar bacterial communities. In total, 1030 different ARGs (202 resistance types) conferring resistance to tetracycline, aminoglycoside, β-lactam, sulphonamide, chloramphenicol, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS), and quinolone are identified. Procrustes analysis indicated that microbial community structure is not correlated with the resistome in migratory birds. Moreover, metagenomic assembly-based host tracking revealed that most of the ARG-carrying contigs originate from Proteobacteria. Co-occurrence patterns revealed by network analysis showed that emrD, emrY, ANT(6)-Ia, and tetO, the hubs of ARG type network, are indicators of other co-occurring ARG types. Compared with the microbiomes and resistomes in the environment, migratory birds harbor a lower phylogenetic diversity but have more antibiotic resistance proteins. Interestingly, we found that the mcr-1 resistance gene is widespread among different birds, accounting for 50% of the total samples. Meanwhile, a large number of novel β-lactamase genes are also reconstructed from bird metagenomic assemblies based on fARGene software.

Conclusions
Our study provides a comprehensive overview of the diversity and abundance of ARGs in migratory birds and highlights the possible role of migratory birds as ARG disseminators into the environment.
Establishment of a multifamily therapy (MFT) service for young adults with a severe eating disorder – experience from 11 MFT groups, and from designing and implementing the model
Authors: Skarbø Tove , Balmbra Steven M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundEating disorders are serious illnesses leading to a substantially lowered quality of life not only for the patient but also for their family. They are difficult to treat, and many patients fail to complete their treatment. At the Regional Centre for Eating Disorders (RESSP) at Nordland Hospital in Bodø, in the north of Norway, it was apparent that many young adult patients maintained an active, ongoing relationship with their family of origin, and that parents and others were often highly involved in their life and illness. It was therefore desirable to develop a treatment model involving family members; specifically a multifamily therapy (MFT) group programme.MethodsThe aim was to establish an MFT service at RESSP for young adult patients suffering from severe eating disorders. This involved, (1) work preparatory to the establishment of the new service, (2) the development and implementation of a suitable MFT model, and (3) sharing the skills and knowledge gained from our experiences to other professionals in the field, and in other settings. This work of development and change can be understood as a process of innovation and is here described within the framework of implementation theory. The work took place in a clinically naturalistic context at the centre.ResultsThe MFT model description is based on experience during its development as well as its final form. The stages of this development process and of the changes made in order to establish the new service are described, together with its core components. To date, 68 patients and 198 family members have participated. Dropout rate has been 7.4% and the majority of patients have continued in treatment after completion of the MFT groups. BMI measurements show a significant weight-gain for those with an underweight at start. 32 other professionals have been trained in the model, and a similar service started in 3 other units.ConclusionThe new model has been welcomed by patients and families alike. The MFT group programme has had a strikingly low dropout rate and a majority of patients have continued in treatment. BMI measurements show a significant weight-gain for those being underweight at start. Other therapists have been trained in the model, and similar services set up elsewhere. In order to document and increase the usefulness of the MFT treatment, a research project has been initiated to evaluate experience and outcomes both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Functional characterization of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase encoding genes from Scoparia dulcis L.
Authors: Yamamura Yoshimi , Mabuchi Ayaka 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Most plant cytochrome P450 (P450) proteins need to be supplied with electrons from a redox partner, e.g. an NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), for the activation of oxygen molecules via heme. CPR is a flavoprotein with an N-terminal transmembrane domain, which transfers electrons from NADPH to the P450 via coenzymes flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide.

Results
In this study, a novel CPR (SdCPR) was isolated from a tropical medicinal plant Scoparia dulcis L. The deduced amino acid of SdCPR showed high homology of > 76% with CPR from higher plants and belonged to the class II CPRs of dicots. Recombinant SdCPR protein reduced cytochrome c, ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6), and dichlorophenolindophenol in an NADPH-dependent manner. To elucidate the P450 monooxygenase activity of SdCPR, we isolated a cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (SdC4H, CYP73A111) gene from S. dulcis. Biochemical characterization of SdCPR/SdC4H demonstrated that SdCPR supports the oxidation step of SdC4H. Real-time qPCR results showed that expression levels of SdCPR and SdC4H were inducible by mechanical wounding treatment and phytohormone elicitation (methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid), which were consistent with the results of promotor analyses.

Conclusions
Our results showed that the SdCPR and SdC4H are related to defense reactions, including the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
Structural control and system-level behavior of the seismic cycle at the Nankai Trough
Authors: Shi Qibin , Barbot Sylvain , Wei Shengji , Tapponnier Paul , Matsuzawa Takanori , Shibazaki Bunichiro 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe Nankai Trough in Southwest Japan exhibits a wide spectrum of fault slip, with long-term and short-term slow-slip events, slow and fast earthquakes, all associated with different segments down the plate interface. Frictional and viscous properties vary depending on rock type, temperature, and pressure. However, what controls the down-dip segmentation of the Nankai subduction zone megathrust and how the different domains of the subduction zone interact during the seismic cycle remains unclear. Here, we model a representative cross-section of the Nankai subduction zone offshore Shikoku Island where the frictional behavior is dictated by the structure and composition of the overriding plate. The intersections of the megathrust with the accretionary prism, arc crust, metamorphic belt, and upper mantle down to the asthenosphere constitute important domain boundaries that shape the characteristics of the seismic cycle. The mechanical interactions between neighboring fault segments and the impact from the long-term viscoelastic flow strongly modulate the recurrence pattern of earthquakes and slow-slip events. Afterslip penetrates down-dip and up-dip into slow-slip regions, leading to accelerated slow-slip cycles at depth and long-lasting creep waves in the accretionary prism. The trench-ward migrating locking boundary near the bottom of the seismogenic zone progressively increases the size of long-term slow-slip events during the interseismic period. Fault dynamics is complex and potentially tsunami-genic in the accretionary region due to low friction, off-fault deformation, and coupling with the seismogenic zone.
Chaya (Jatropha tanjorensis) leafs protect against sodium benzoate mediated renal dysfunction and hepatic damage in rats
Authors: Oladele Johnson Olaleye , Oladele Oluwaseun Titilope , Ademiluyi Adedayo Oluwaseun , Oyeleke Oyedotun Moses , Awosanya Olaide Oladimeji , Oyewole Olu Israel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Jatropha tanjorensis is a commonly consumed green leafy plant that has found usage in folk medicine. Sodium benzoate (C6H5COONa) is a widely used preservative in food/drink industries with potential cytotoxicity. Protective effect of some leafy plants on xenobiotic-induced toxicity have been established. Hence, this study sought to investigate the protective effect of methanolic leaf extract of Jatropha tanjorensis on sodium benzoate mediated renal and hepatic dysfunction in rats.

Results
Sodium benzoate treatment caused significant (P < 0.05) alteration in kidney (serum urea, uric acid, and creatinine) and liver (aspartate and alanine transaminases, acid and alkaline phosphatases) damage markers, serum albumin, globulin and total protein levels as well as cellular architecture which were significantly reversed in groups treated with the leaf extracts. Phytochemical screening of the leaf extract revealed the presence of terpenoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and tannins.

Conclusion
Sodium benzoate-induced alterations in the renal and hepatic indices were mitigated following treatment with J. tanjorensis leaf extracts which suggests protective effect of the extract against sodium benzoate intoxication.