bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability Prediction of Electronic Packages
Authors: Dasgupta Abhijit , Barker Donald , Pecht Michael 
Published: November 2020

The electronics industry traditionally addresses the issue of life-cycle prediction of electronic devices as a constant failure rate problem by assuming that a burn-in period has been completed and that wear-out will not occur within the designed service life of the device. Although some electrical characteristics of electronic devices may exhibit early and random failures, the majority of failures in electronic packages are due to mechanical failure mechanisms such as fracture, fatigue, and corrosion. These failures are primarily wear-out phenomena rather than statistically random phenomena and hence cannot be characterized as a constant failure-rate process during any significant segment of the life of the device.This article provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in generating analytical models for fatigue life estimation due to mechanical wear-out, and to critically examine the applicability of these models in the reliability prediction of electronic packages.
Retificador CUK Monofásico Dobrador De Tensão Operando No Modo De Condução Descontínuo
Authors: Nava Mezaroba Mateus , José Balbino Anderson , Henrique Illa Font Carlos , Brunelli Lazzarin Telles 
Published: November 2020

Este artigo apresenta a análise estática, dinâmica e a validação experimental de um retificador Cuk monofásico dobrador de tensão operando no modo de condução descontínuo (MCD). A topologia proposta integra dois retificadores Cuk clássicos através de um interruptor de três posições, o que dobra a tensão de saída ou reduz os esforços de tensão em relação à topologia clássica. A estrutura aumenta o ganho de tensão, mantendo a característica baixadora/elevadora da família Cuk. Além disto, parte dos componentes de potência são acionados somente em meio ciclo da rede elétrica, o que também reduz esforços de corrente nos semicondutores. Essas características permitem aumentar os níveis de potência e de tensão de operação do conversor Cuk. A topologia proposta foi analisada no MCD, modo no qual o alto fator de potência é naturalmente obtido sem a necessidade de uma malha de controle de corrente. De modo a corroborar a análise teórica desenvolvida, foi construído um protótipo em laboratório de 1 kW, com tensão eficaz de entrada de 220 V, tensão de saída de 400 V e frequência de comutação de 50 kHz. São apresentados resultados experimentais com malha de controle da tensão de saída, sendo que, em potência nominal, o retificador Cuk dobrador de tensão atingiu um rendimento de 94,68% e uma corrente de entrada com THD de 1,86%.
Współpraca państw członkowskich UE w sprawach cywilnych w obszarze poszukiwania prawa właściwego zobowiązaniom pozaumownym w latach 1957–1997
Authors: Wasylkowska-Michór Magdalena 
Published: November 2020

Cooperation of EU member states in civil cases relating to the search for the applicable law for non-contractual obligations in 1957–1997
The article focuses on a historical overview of the evolution of cooperation on civil matters in the European Union. Given the fact that this cooperation has developed the best in international private law, the author presents its development, using as her example legislative work on the harmonisation of confl ict-of-law rules regarding tort, which in the end led to the adoption of the Rome II Regulation on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations. The article is divided into three parts corresponding to the stages in the development of cooperation between member states in civil matters — after the entry into force of the EEC Treaty, then after the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty and fi nally the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam.
Die Zusammenarbeit der EU-Mitgliedstaaten betreff end Zivilsachen im Bereich der Feststellung des einschlägigen Rechtes für die außervertraglichen Verbindlichkeiten in den Jahren 1957–1997
In dem Beitrag wird vor dem historischen Hintergrund dargestellt, wie sich die Zusammenarbeit betreff end Zivilsachen in der Europäischen Union ausgestaltet hat. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass sich diese Zusammenarbeit am besten im Bereich des internationalen Privatrechtes entwickelte, wurde ihre Entwicklung am Bespiel der gesetzgeberischen Arbeiten präsentiert, die schließlich zur Annahme der Verordnung Rom II über das für die außervertraglichen Verbindlichkeiten einschlägige Recht geführt haben. Der Beitrag besteht aus drei Teilen, die den Entwicklungstappen der Zusammenarbeit der Mitgliedstaaten im Bereich der Zivilsachen entsprechen — nach dem Inkrafttreten des EWG-Vertrages, dann des Vertrages von Maastricht und schließlich nach dem Inkrafttreten des Vertrages von Amsterdam.
Guest Editorial: Digitally Transforming Oil Fields With Connected, Intelligent Hardware
Authors: Pafitis Demos 
Published: November 2020

In recent years, the oil and gas industry has placed significant emphasis on digital transformation. For most early adopters, this journey began with real-time monitoring and remote operation of equipment. This has been followed by the increasing application of modern data science techniques in order to extract actionable insight from the growing volumes of data. The emergence of highly scalable data storage and compute power has provided a step change in the ability to derive actionable insights from data and perform simulations at a scale previously inaccessible. What we derive from this combination allows us to deliver new levels of performance and efficiency. But, in addition to these now well recognized elements of the digital transformation, there is a need to evolve our industry hardware through the application of enhanced edge computing and the application of intelligence at the edge.
There will, of course, continue to be engineering innovation in our hardware, resulting from creative new designs that result in new functional features, cost efficiency, enhanced reliability and greater operational performance. But there are now myriad opportunities to enhance hardware in ways that maximize the value of data capture. Thus, the emergence of connected, intelligent hardware is key to realizing the vision of the digitalized oil field.
Connected, Intelligent Hardware Explained
Much conventional hardware has little to no digital enablement or means of monitoring its own function or state. In a first step, it is largely trivial to make it connected to cloud-based data stores, thus enabling the use of modern data analysis techniques such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). Each piece of hardware in this scenario will benefit from remote intelligence to enrich its capabilities.
Intelligent hardware takes the “connected” concept in another direction and refers to equipment with embedded edge computing that can host models and algorithms, creating capabilities beyond remote intelligence. These machines can now take advantage of both edge and cloud digital capabilities to learn and gain intelligence, thus continuously improving operational performance and service delivery.
By populating oil fields with connected and intelligent hardware, operators gain access to optimized, secure, and sustainable operations. Connected and intelligent hardware enables advanced planning, real-time performance optimization, and higher levels of automation and health management. It is a critical part of a broader architecture that is adapted to problems where latency, communications fallibility, and system reliability are important considerations that make a central command-and-control approach inappropriate.
Pilot Lessons: Chesapeake’s Shale EOR Program Stalls But Still Offers Bold Vision
Authors: Jacobs Trent 
Published: November 2020

Before global oil prices turned south earlier this year in swift and historic fashion, Oklahoma City­based Chesapeake Energy was gearing up to build a new gas­compression station in the Eagle Ford Shale of Texas.
The multimillion­dollar facility was to be the workhorse of the company’s first attempt at cyclic­gas injection, an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method more commonly called huff ’n’ puff (HnP). Instead, the heavy equipment sits idle and the blueprints of the EOR program remain on the shelf as the operator restructures a debt load of more than $7 billion under a court­supervised bankruptcy process.
But despite the uncertainty of Chesapeake’s future - or about when US crude prices will rise to levels that justify EOR operations - the company’s plan for a pilot and subsequent full­scale development in the Eagle Ford is noteworthy in that it would have represented the most ambitious attempt made yet to revive production from a tight­oil play.
“Why would we want to do that? We wanted to do it because we can recover more oil without additional drilling,” said Dave Mohrbacher, a reservoir engineering advisor at Chesapeake and the company’s project manager of what was at one point a 40­person technical team.
Mohrbacher presented a technical paper (SPE 200415) about the team’s efforts to lay the groundwork for a large­scale HnP program during the virtual SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference held in late August. The adopted workflow calls for a relatively large pilot fol­lowed by the conversion of hundreds of wells within 2 to 3 years.
Since 2016, Chesapeake has joined many others in the shale sector in paying close attention to a few small patches of ranch land in south Texas where EOG Resources announced that it had proven cyclic­gas injection was not only technically feasible, but a profitable way to increase recovery rates in tight­oil wells.
The Houston­based EOG demonstrated that, under the right conditions, injecting gas back into shale reservoirs can cause the tiny droplets of oil still trapped inside to swell up. This mobilizes the residual oil by making it less viscous and sticky.
EOG’s success story gave hope to shale producers across North America that the recovery rates of 5-10% of the original oil in place could be elevated to 7-17% by periodically soaking tight-oil reservoirs with miscible natural gas.
Go Big, Go Fast
Mohrbacher told industry colleagues that Chesapeake made the investment in its EOR program after confirming for itself through analysis and laboratory work that the reported gains of 10-40% in ultimate oil recovery via HnP were valid. Chesapeake was also motivated, he said, to achieve scale at a “more aggressive” pace than its predecessors because of its large position of maturing wells.
Seal Qualification and Single-Trip Lockdown Sleeve Reduce Risk
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: November 2020

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 29943, “Seal Qualification and Single-Trip Lockdown Sleeve Reduce Risk Through Innovative and Advanced Technology,” by Scott Patrick Ellisor, Rodrigo Albani Queiroz, and Carlos Eduardo Martins Gaban, Dril-Quip, et al., prepared for the 2019 Offshore Technology Conference Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, 29-31 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2019 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission.
Traditionally, a wellhead system requires a drilling lockdown sleeve (LDS) during drilling operations to ensure that the seal assembly is rigid and prevents dynamic movement. By eliminating the LDS, however, the operator will save multiple trips into the well. Because of a seal-assembly design outlined in the complete paper, development of a single-trip LDS was possible for wellhead systems requiring extremely high lockdown requirements, allowing the user to save trips required by legacy designs.
New Subsea Challenges
In high-pressure/high-temperature subsea wells, annular pressure buildup, caused by thermal expansion of fluid, endangers well integrity. This phenomenon is caused by the increase of pressure during the production phase, temperature differential during the drilling phase, and fluid parameters. This type of annuli pressure buildup causes uplift as high as 3,200,000 lbf. The number of times the system needs to be shut down could be as many as eight per year for a 25-year well life; the life of the field during the production phase, therefore, could see as many as 200 total cycles.
Saving Rig Time by Implementing New Technologies
The technologies presented in the complete paper are the single-trip LDS and the dynamic casing hanger seal assembly. The single-trip LDS is used if an extremely high lockdown capacity is required. When this LDS is used, the need to run a lead impression tool (LIT) before running the lockdown sleeve is eliminated. Thus, an extra tool on the rig floor is eliminated, as well as a trip into the well. By eliminating the LIT run, between 5 and 10 hours could be saved, depending on water depth. Similar to the way in which LDS saves operators both operating expense and capital expenditure, the dynamic casing hanger seal assembly does as well. The dynamic casing hanger seal assembly has a higher lockdown capacity than the industry-standard seal assembly, which allows this seal to be run downhole without installation of an LDS. Because of this design, running the casing hanger seal assembly could save between three and five trips into the well, reducing overall risk.
Wireline Sand-Detection Tool Locates, Quantifies Downhole Sand Production
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: November 2020

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 198566, “Locating and Quantifying Downhole Sand Production With Wireline Sand-Detection Tool and Examples of Application in Wells Offshore Caspian Sea,” by Andrey Timonin, Schlumberger, and Eldar Mollaniyazov, Dragon Oil, prepared for the 2019 SPE Gas and Oil Technology Showcase and Conference, Dubai, 21-23 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Most of the wells in the Dzheitune (Lam) field in the Caspian Sea were completed with dual tubing. Depletion in reservoir pressure caused formation failure in the A sand reservoir, and wells producing from this formation began to produce sand. Field examples presented in the complete paper describe principles of data acquisition with a sand-detection tool when run in combination with a production logging string and results of logging in slightly deviated wells completed with sand screens. Comparison of multiphase-inflow profiles with sources of sand production showed that most sand was produced through eroded intervals in the sand screens.
Introduction
Most Lam wells were completed with 9.625-in. casing and 7-in. liner across the reservoir section. The A sand reservoir, located at depths between approximately 1500 and 1800 m, and the CH sand reservoir, located below 2000 m, are produced separately by using dual-string tubing to avoid crossflow from the high-pressure CH reservoir into the low-pressure A reservoir.
When wells in the A reservoir began to produce sand, the operator had to change the completion strategy for newly drilled wells and had to recomplete some old wells by pulling out of hole dual-string completions and running in hole single tubing with sand screens across existing perforations. The top of sand accumulation in the annulus was identified with a slim sonic tool that measures cement-bond-log and variable-density-log data.
This change in completion strategy helped prevent sand production to the surface, but, eventually, several wells completed with sand screens across the A reservoir began to produce sand on the surface, damaging production facilities and plugging separators, which had to be cleaned periodically. To identify the source of sand production downhole and to verify the integrity of sand screens, a sand-detection tool was run on wireline in a few such wells.
Enhanced Oil Recovery in the Wolfcamp Shale by Carbon Dioxide or Nitrogen Injection: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Tovar Francisco D. , Barrufet Maria A. , Schechter David S. 
Published: November 2020

SummaryWe present a comprehensive investigation of gas injection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in organic-rich shale using 11 coreflooding experiments in sidewall core plugs from the Wolfcamp Shale, and three additional coreflooding experiments using Berea Sandstone. Our work studies the effect of pressure, minimum miscibility pressure (MMP), soak time, injection-gas composition, and rock-transport properties on oil-recovery factor. The injection gases were carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen. The core plugs were resaturated with crude oil in the laboratory, and the experiments were performed at reservoir pressure and temperature using a design that closely replicates gas injection through a hydraulic fracture, minimizes convective flow, and exaggerates the fracture to the reservoir-rock ratio. We accomplished this by surrounding the Wolfcamp reservoir-rock matrix with glass beads. Computed-tomography (CT) scanning enabled the visualization of the compositional changes with time and space during the gas-injection experiments and gas chromatography provided the overall change in composition between the crude oil injected and the oil recovered.As gas surrounds the oil-saturated sample, a peripheral, slow-kinetics vaporization/condensation process is the main production mechanism. Gas flows preferentially through the proppant because of its high permeability, avoiding the formation and displacement of a miscible front along the rock matrix to mobilize the oil. Instead, the gas surrounding the reservoir-core sample vaporizes the light and intermediate components from the crude oil, making recovery a function of the fraction of oil that can be vaporized into the volume of gas in the fracture at the prevailing thermodynamic conditions. The mass transfer between the injected gas and the crude oil is sufficiently fast to result in significant oil production during the first 24 hours, but slow enough to cause the formation of a compositional gradient within the matrix that exists even 6 days after injection has started. The peripheral and the slow-kinetics aspects of the recovery mechanism are a consequence of the low fluid-transport capacity associated with the organic-rich shale that is saturated with liquid hydrocarbons.Our results show CO2 overperforms nitrogen as an EOR injection gas in organic-rich shale, and higher injection pressure leads to higher oil recovery, even beyond the MMP. The gas-injection scheme should allow enough time for the mass transfer to occur between the injected gas and the crude oil; we achieved this in the laboratory with a huff ’n’ puff scheme. Our results advance the understanding of gas injection for EOR in organic-rich shale in a laboratory scale, but additional work is required to rigorously scale up these observations to better design field applications.
Adenovirus Expressing the Myostatin-Somatostatin-fusing Gene Increases Mouse Growth Rate
Authors: Xu Gaoxiao , Zhang Ning , Liu Siying , Wei Tingting , Chen Xingfa , Yu Dongling , Wang Xinglong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BackgroundMyostatin (MSTN), a type of transforming growth factor, can negatively regulate skeletal muscle growth. Immunisation of mice with recombinant yeast expressing MSTN increased bodyweight and muscle composition of them. Somatostatin (SST) is an inhibitory effector of growth hormone (GH), and active immunisation against SST with a DNA vaccine improves the growth performance of piglets via an influence on GH secretion. Here, a recombinant adenovirus was constructed and used to deliver MSTN-SST to mice to achieve the goal of regulation the growth performance of the mice. ResultsA recombinant adenovirus, rAd-MSTN-SST, expressing the MSTN-SST fusing protein was successfully rescued in HEK293A cells. The expressions of MSTN-SST were confirmed by western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence. Mice immunised with rAd-MSTN-SST were successfully induced to have an immune response against MSTN-SST, which increased their growth rate and muscle mass. In addition, a booster immunisation was beneficial in terms of higher antibody response and mouse growth rate. ConclusionsFusing protein MSTN-SST is a good candidate for regulating animal growth rate and muscle mass. Adenovirus can be used as a vector for delivering MSTN and SST to animals.
The Use of Hysteroscopic Metroplasty With Diode Laser to Increase Endometrial Volume in Women With Septate Uterus: Preliminary Results
Authors: Nappi Luigi , Falagario Maddalena , Angioni Stefano , Feo Vincenzo De , Bollino Michele , Sorrentino Felice 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background Septate uterus is a common Mullerian ducts anomaly. The aim of our study was the evaluation of the efficacy of hysteroscopic metroplasty with diode laser to increase endometrial volume in women with septate uterus.Results We prospectively enrolled 10 consecutive patients with septate uterus who underwent office hysteroscopic metroplasty with diode laser between february 2019 and november 2019. Endometrial volume was evaluated before and 3 months after surgery using 3D transvaginal ultrasound. The surgical procedure was uncomplicated in all patients, the endometrial volume increased at 3 months follow up and there was a complete removal of septum with no intrauterine synechiae at follow up hysteroscopy. Conclusions Office hysteroscopic metroplasty with diode laser is a safe procedure and has preliminary showed to increase endometrial volume.
Analysis of multi-omics differences in left-side and right-side colon cancer
Authors: Huang Yanyi , Duanmu Jinzhong , Liu Yushu , Yan Mengyun , Li Taiyuan , Jiang Qunguang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background:Colon cancer is one of the common tumors of digestive tract. Studies of left-side colon cancer(LCC) and right-side colon cancer(RCC) show that these two subtypes had different prognosis, outcomes, and clinical response to chemotherapy. Therefore,it is necessary to explore the necessity of clinical classification of anatomic subtypes about colon cancer.Methods:We selected the transcriptome data, clinical information and somatic mutation data of colon cancer patients from the the Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA )database portal.The transcriptome data included 390 colon cancer patients(172 LCC samples and 218 RCC samples),and the somatic mutation data included 142 LCC samples and 187 RCC samples.By conducting a multi-omics analysis of the LCC and RCC from the four aspects of clinical characteristics, immune microenvironment , transcriptomic differences and mutation differences, so as to compare the expression and prognosis difference of LCC and RCC.We are the first to construct prognostic signatures respectively for LCC and RCC respectively.The prognostic signatures is validated by internal testing set, complete set and external testing set(GSE39582).Additionally we also verified the independent prognostic value of the signature.Results:Clinical characteristics analysis results show that RCC had a significantly worse prognosis than LCC.Analysis the immune microenvironment analysis shows that RCC was more immune infiltration than LCC.The results of differential gene analysis showed that there were 360 differential expressed genes,with 142 up genes in LCC and 218 up genes in RCC.Correlation analysis of mutated genes showed that the expression of mutated genes in RCC was negatively correlated, while the expression of mutated genes in LCC was positively correlated, and the mutation frequency of RCC was generally higher than that of LCC.Meanwhile, our 4-mRNA LCC and 6-mRNA RCC prognostic signatures are highly predictive and can be used as independent prognostic factors.Conclusion:The clinical classification of anatomic subtypes of colon cancer is of great significance for its early diagnosis and prognostic risk assessment.Our study provides directions for individualized treatment of left and right colon cancer.