bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beam deflection estimation by Monte Carlo simulation and Kalman filter based ultrasonic distance sensor
Authors: Batbooti Raed S. , Mohammed Bassam A. , Jabbar Tahseen Ali 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The beam deflection estimation is of primary importance on design stage and health monitoring stage as it provide an indication about the failure of the structure. The bending theory based model is a deterministic model that widely used to determine the beam deflection theoretically. Two significant factors are influenced the beam deflection estimation in bending theory, the applied load and cross section dimensions. Taking the uncertainty of these two factors into account provide an opportunity to understand the uncertainty of the beam deflection estimation. In this paper the so called Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) is used to create stochastic bending model from bending theory model by generating random load and random cross section dimensions based on the accuracy of measurement devices. On the other hand, the beam deflection can be estimated experimentally within a specific accuracy depending on the accuracy of measuring device. A validation tool is needed to combine the experimental and theoretical results in one model to obtain a more accurate estimator than using experimental results alone or theoretical deterministic model alone. In the present work the Kalman filter (KF) is used to put together the experimental results from a cheap distance sensor (ultrasonic distance sensor) with bending theory results to estimate the deflection of simply supported beam. The KF algorithm taking into account the uncertainty of process and the uncertainty of the sensor, resulted in robust estimation of beam deflection.
Impact of Design Requirements for Facade Formation on the Functional Performance of the Balcony Space in Residential Apartments
Authors: Hasan Hasan Abdulrazzaq , Ismail Khalid. j. Aldeen , Shekho Ibrahim Omar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Balcony is considered to have two main functions in design process of residential building. The balcony has a function to form important internal space for many activities, which are necessary for the family. This space connects the family in its housing with its surrounding area. Thus, design of balcony space requires criteria and determinants to enhance its performance as a space for residence and as a connection part between the internal and external environment. On the other hand, the balcony is a basic element of the façade composition. Designers usually use it to give the required external formation to residential buildings. This formation adds design requirements, which can be consistent or inconsistent with balconies function. This dual function of the balcony and the homogeneous or contradictory requirements may cause a serious design problem. Designers usually focus on the role of the balcony as a formative element of the building’s façade. This may often lead to the omission of some of its basic functional roles within the housing apartment, and that reflects a whole range of functional disadvantages, especially in the sphere of economics of apartment design. This research aims to measure functional disadvantages in performance of the apartment’s balcony, caused by mono focusing on the aesthetic or expressive factors. These may not correspond with total necessary determinants for balcony’s acceptable functional performance.
To achieve this goal, the Newroz City residential project in Erbil was elected as a sample to conduct the necessary analytical calculations, questionnaire and personal observation to measure the functional efficiency of the balcony space in the various apartments. Obtained results represent the negative impact of omission basic design criteria for balcony space on the functional performance, due to focusing on the aesthetic factors. This may impact on economics of apartment design.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE MULTI I-GIRDERS BRIDGE USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Authors: Qassim Huda J. , Mohamad-Ali Anis A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Three dimensional finite element models are developed to deal with the bridge-vehicle interaction problem of simply supported composite multi I-girders bridge. The bridge is modeled by using ANSYS 15.0 program with solid and shell elements to represent concrete and steel members, respectively. AASHTO HL-93 truck is idealized as 3D non-linear model consisting of five lumped masses connected by rigid beams and supported by spring-dampers. The separation between the tires and road surface and surface roughness condition are simulated by Gap and actuator elements, respectively. The road surface roughness profiles are generated from power spectral density (PSD) and cross spectral functions. The models used are capable to take all bridge and vehicle responses into consideration with no limitations on the complexity of the models. The dynamic responses of the multi I-girder bridge are investigated under conditions of various loading positions, roughness classes, vehicle speeds, and bump height. The dynamic behaviors are presented in terms of Dynamic Amplification Factors (DAF). The results show the girder that itself supporting the moving vehicle has lower value of DAF because of higher static responses. A 45 km/hr vehicle speed provides higher DAF value. The bump heights have significant effect on DAFs for bridge with short span.
Pitch angle control using neural network in wind turbines
Authors: Najd Ahmed Harb , Goksu Gorel , Hammood Husam Faisal 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Wind energy is a growing renewable energy resource. Wind power can be improved or restricted by adjusting the pitch angles of the wind turbine blade. The wind turbine model is non-linear. Therefore, a smart controller must be designed to adjust the angles of the blade. In this study, the simulated and code method was with the MatLab program to control the angle between the chord line of the blade and incoming wind direction using a type of the neural network (NN) control. The results from the simulation show that the NN proposed controller is very effective for adjusting the pitch angles.
Effect of revolution speed on the mechanical properties of dissimilar Aluminum alloy joined by friction stir spot welding
Authors: Raheef Kareem Mohsen , Mohammed Kamal Abdulkareem , Al-Sabbagh Muhanad Nazar Mustafa , Ogaili Ahmed Ali Farhan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) method was performed for welding of aluminum alloys AA6061-T6 with pure aluminum AA1100 sheets having thicknesses of 2.4 and 3 mm respectively. FSSW procedure was accomplished at varied tool rotational speeds (1000, 1600, and 2000 rpm). The dwell time was (2, 4, and 6 sec) and the geometry of the tool pin was threaded cylindrical pin with a cylindrical and straight shoulder.
The aluminum alloy AA6061-T6 sheet was overlapped on the pure aluminum AA1100 sheet. The tensile shear test was investigated for all specimens. It was deduced that the value of the maximum shear force is 1.95 kN. This value was obtained at the following welding factors: 2000 rpm spindle rotational speed, 4 sec dwell time and threaded cylindrical pin profile, the two other factors which were pin length and plunging time were kept as constant parameters through the tests at 3.2 mm and 40 sec respectively. It was also concluded that the fracture happens in the nugget zone mode at the highest lap-shear load.
Numerical Study to Enhance The Electrical And Thermal Efficiency Of PV/T System
Authors: Al-zurfi Hazim A. , Balla Hyder H. , Al-Shamani Ali N. , Hayder Ali Mohammed 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
At increases the PV module temperature, electrical efficiency of a photovoltaic cells will be decreases. Due to facing the PV module to the solar irradiance to generate electricity, heating the PV cells is inevitable. A thermal channel collector can be used to absorbed heat from a PV cells, this heat absorbed from the cells can be using for other application, therefore increasing the electrical and conversion efficiency. The thermal collector system consists of a rectangular channel made from insulating materials (form) and on it the round water guides, is mounted to the backside of PV panel, through which water flow. In this modeling and numerical study, to solve this problem, was adding a cooling system to the PV panel. In the result, the benefit from this work to cooling the solar cells and increase the electrical efficiency, also to obtain heat gain in the form of hot water. Shown the simulation results, the absorber of thermal collector channel generates the maximum electrical efficiency of 14.6674% with maximum thermal efficiency of 82.532% at ambient of temperature set between 27°C to 32°C, set the temperature of inlet water at 27°C, water flow rate range (1-5) Liter/minute by increasing ratio of (1Liter/minute) and solar radiation between 300 to 1000 (W/m2) by increasing ratio of 100 (W/m ). Because high effectiveness and perfect the contact surfaces between the PV module and the thermal collector channel underneath, the recommended of (PV/T) system to enhance heat transfer.
MANAGING 5G LTE ADVANCED NETWORKS THROUGH MACHINE LEARNING INTELLIGENCE BASED SYSTEM
Authors: Alshmeel Ghassan Hamada Ali , Ibrahim Abdullahi Abdu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The development of 5G mobile communication systems is aiming at meeting the boosting needs of mobile Internet traffic in the next 10 years. Some key technologies have been put forward in the next generation mobile communication technology (5G) such as millimeter waves and Small Cell to meet the requirements. The development of small cell networks offers higher chances in increasing capacity while reducing power consumption, since the small cells are effective supplements to macro cells with less power consumption in each single small cell. The problem is that deploying dense small cells may not actually save the total power of the system. To solve this problem, the small cells could be switched off during the time when traffic load is not that high, and switched on when large number of users appear in the hot spot area. However, switching off the small cells may lead to lower chance of offloading and harm the throughput. The performances of the algorithm are also evaluated by building a simplified LTE model with one macro cell and several small cells in MATLAB. Besides, the main traffic data of the network comes from the simulation in MATLAB which is considered as more realistic. To show the details of power consumption changing, we take the simulation time as a whole day (24 hours) while achieving and accuracy of 97.82%. By using the K-Means clustering machine learning based algorithm, the system power consumption can be largely reduced during peak hours and the decrement of throughput is within an acceptable range with management. The deployment of around 110 small cells in a macro cell shows the best performance.
Numerical Investigation for the Structural Behaviour of Different Strengthening Techniques for Partially-Loaded Square Self-Compacted Concrete Short Columns
Authors: Hemzah Sadjad A. , Alyhya Wajde S. , Hassan Basel A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper aims to study numerically the structural behaviour of partially loaded square SCC short columns strengthening with various techniques such as near-surface mounted with steel reinforcement bars (NSM), CFRP wrapping, and both of them (hybrid technique). For this purpose, the results of the ultimate strengths and complete load-deflection response of strengthened columns investigated experimentally in an underpublishing paper were used to verify the accuracy of the computational results. Additional parameters were examined throughly the numerical work, such as the effect of extra CFRP layers, the effect of various compressive strengths, the effect of changing initial loading ratios, and the effect of various numbers of CFRP strips. Results showed that the numerical investigation recorded an excellent agreement with the experimental work through the convergence in the value of both the ultimate load and maximum displacement. Furthermore, increasing the layers of CFRP laminate was active in the specimens strengthened with full CFRP wrapping and hybrid one. The same effect occurred as the compressive strength of the column increased. Rising the loading ratio caused a decrease in the strength capacity for the columns. In contrast, decreasing the spacing between two successive laminates increased the ultimate load capacity for the specimens enhanced partially wrapping with CFRP laminate.
Study of the Bending Characteristics in Composite Sandwich Structures – A Review
Authors: Moheb Jaafar Mohammed Ali , Al-Ameen Ehsan Sabah 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In several applications reaching from satellite, ships, aircraft, vehicles, railcars, bond construction and much extra, using sandwich constructions have increased rapidly in different fields. The aim of the subsequent paper is to include an overall summary to sandwich construction and explanation of mechanics structural including forms of actuating loads, failure modes found in sandwich panels and standard three-point bending study of sandwich construction.
Performance enhancement of damaged two way concrete slabs
Authors: Mutlaq Safa Adel , Rasheed Laith Sh. , Al-khafaji Ali. Gh. Abaas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper studying the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete with two-way slabs repairing by (CFRP). Normal concrete was used to cast the reinforced concrete two-way slabs. The experimental works includes testing four reinforced concrete with two-way slabs having dimensions (1050 mm x1050 mm x 60 mm) and with reinforcement (Ø8 @100 mm). All slabs had been subjected to concentrated load and tested as simply supported for all four sides of slabs. So this work including one slab which is not repairing as (control) and three slabs with repairing, the three slabs can be divided into two groups tested as different percentage (50 % and 75 %) of load, and as different configuring shapes of repairing (two shapes).
Effect of Higher Alcohol (Pentanol-Heptanol)–Biodiesel–Diesel Fuel Blends on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Direct-Injection Diesel Engine’s
Authors: Saleh Adel M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Alternatives of fossil fuel resources as renewable biodiesel fuel and alcohols represents latest technology to be developed associated with the declining of fossil fuel resources along with higher crude oil price. In this study, four-stroke, single cylinder, and direct injection diesel engine performance and emissions are evaluated. The engine was running at variable speeds (1600-3000 rpm). 15% and 25% of pentanol and heptanol were added to the diesel-biodiesel mixture. The experimental results showed increasing in brake specific fuel consumption with the increasing of higher mass fractions of alcohol blends, which is attributed to the decreasing the lower heating value (LHV) of the blends. Higher brake thermal efficiency compared to diesel fuel was produced. An expressive reduction in carbon monoxide (CO) of (16.1% - 46.6% vol.) with total unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) decrease of (7.4% - 25.3% ppm), and nitric oxides (NOx) of (8.5% - 23.5% ppm). Biodiesel and alcoholic blends are suitable to be used as alternatives to diesel without the need for any modifications in conventional diesel engines.
A New Adaptive Filter for Eliminating Salt and Pepper Noise
Authors: Shamsulddin Abdulsattar Fatimah 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Salt-and-pepper noise can substantially degrade the appearance of images and make further processing difficult. This paper develops a new filter for eliminating different levels of salt-and-pepper noise efficiently without degrading important image details. The filter uses a variable window size. After identifying distorted pixels, if there is at least one or more undistorted pixels are encountered in the processing window, the updated value of the distorted pixel is calculated by the weighted mean of undistorted pixels when a window size is 3×3 and replaced by the mean value of the undistorted pixels with the highest frequency distribution when a window size is larger. This filter is applied twice in order to sufficiently remove high noise levels. The comparison results with other denoising filters indicate that the developed filter has superior or comparable denoising capability in terms of visual appearance and objective measures.
A new technique for data compression
Authors: Latef Thajel DhyaaAlrahman , Mahdi Hashim Kadhim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Data compression has become more important than ever, due to the increasing demand for internet use and the exchange of a huge amount of images, videos, audio and documents as well as the growing demand for electronic archiving by government departments that produce thousands of documents per day. In this paper, the proposed technique for document compression will be presented.The proposed technique is a lossless and completed technique it is consists of two parts the compression part and decompression part. The compression part contains of some basic stages such as: pre-processing, blocks processing, run length encoding(RLE), replace maximum values by unused values, minimize levels, delta encoding, compression of ones values, encryption. After the encryption process is complete, the outputs are stored in two separate binary files with the extension of bmp;one of them is the header file and is considered a key for the second file which contains the compressed data. This technique applied on twenty documents and compared with other methods compression such as RLE, jpeg, tiff and png. The experimental results showed that the proposed technique gives a higher compression ratio than the rest of the methods.
Numerical simulation of surface curvature effect on aerodynamic performance of different types of airfoils
Authors: Muhsin Elewe Adel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The development of car modification using rear wings or spoilers, underlies the research on the aerodynamic performance of airfoil. The influence of aerodynamic forces will produce a down force to the bottom of the vehicle. The present paper investigate airfoil NACA 0012, NACA 4415, GOE 528 and GOE 652 to estimate the effectiveness of airfoil shape based on different angles of attack. The numerical simulation has been done using ANSYS Fluent to obtain drag coefficient, lift coefficient and lift-to-drag ratio of all cases. In addition, the drag and down forces have been calculated with respect to airfoil geometry features. The main objective in this paper is finding the effect of airfoil surface specification as a part of airfoil geometry features. The results observe that the highest lift coefficient value was achieved by GOE 652 which was equal to CL=1.9310 at 7 degree angle while the highest lift-to-drag ratio achieved by NACA 4415 which was equal to 100.8359. The highest down force was 1906.847 N at 15 degree by GOE 652 airfoil. The results show that the airfoil GOE 652 has the most effective surface area among the four airfoils.
Dirichlet Tessellation’s technique to compress a true color image using a Lossy compression
Authors: Noori Amani Y. , Majeed Suhad F. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we show how to use the concept of Dirichlet Tessellations to compress, store and reconstruct an image without affecting on its dimensions and represent it with an acceptable quality, where a true color image has compressed by 60.05% with mean square error (MSE) = 9.6081 which represents the error between the restored image and the original image, and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) =38.3044 dB which represents the similarity between the restored image and the original image, using MATLAB R2017a. Dirichlet Tessellation has simply defined as dividing the space into geometric shapes by generating finite set of distinct points, each shape contains one of the distinct points and comprising that part of the space nearer to that distinct point than to any of the other points. We have used two algorithms for image compression, First algorithm selects set of distinct points distributed uniformly in an image and store their locations along with pixel values. In the second algorithm random selection of distinct points, which distributed in regions containing more details, using the edges detector algorithm to detect these details. In order to reconstruct the image, Saved distinct points placed at their corresponding locations in a new image that is formed, where two algorithms used, the first algorithm based on the concept of a growing region. It’s Region -Based image segmentation method, by checking the pixels adjacent to the saved distinct points and delimiting whether the pixels should add to the regions of saved distinct points depending on the region’s membership criteria such as pixel intensity. The second algorithm uses one of the Dirichlet Tessellations characteristics, Which divides an image into polygonal regions based on the distinct points that saved, Each pixel in the confined plane of saved distinct points will have the same characteristics of this point, This is done by taking each pixel in an image and calculating the minimum distance between pixel location and saved sites using the distance equation, This process repeated until each pixel assigned its value and specifying all color regions in the image.
A Survey of Scaling Distributed System Via Machine Learning and An Insight on Hadoop and Spark
Authors: Sabih Shaker Atheel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This survey present and discuss distributed computing framework and distributed machine learning with evaluating the results of 10 papers on machine learning and big data. The first half discussed distributed computing framework, Hadoop and Spark. We briefly explained each structure and compared the key features between them. The second half consists of the survey in distributed machine learning. We briefly described the representative techniques as well as popular frameworks and discussed the major problem and challenges behind them used in different papers for scaling of distributed system via machine learning and big data techniques.
Energy improvement using Massive MIMO for soft cell in cellular communication
Authors: Ahmed AHMED Saadaldeen Rashid , Ahmed Najm Ihab , Talib Abdulqader Abeer , Basem Fadhil Khansaa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The process of energy efficiency improvement in any cellular network will require that the network design is densified to enhance higher spatial reuse while preserving the quality-of-service at the user. This study will analyze the combination of two densification techniques namely the small cell access point and the massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) base. The former is operator-deployed in the spatial soft-cell approach which is implemented after multiple transmitters which are in a system where noncoherent multi-flow beam forming is serving the users. In the study, the total power consumptions will be minimized to satisfy the QoS constraints. The technique has hidden convexity that will increase efficiency in the solution algorithms. This solution will promote exclusive assignments of users to the respective transmitters. The simulations in this research have promising results illustrating that the cumulative power usage can be significantly enhanced via the combination of the massive MIMO and small cell approaches. The results are viable for the optimal and low-complexity beam forming