bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adoption of Integrated Crop Management Technology for Poverty Reduction and Food Security
Authors: Rola-Rubzen Maria Fay , Villano Renato , Estevão Marcolino , Brito Fernandes E. , Hardaker J. Brian , Dixon John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs) is a critical priority for East Timor. Food security, reducing poverty, and promoting environmental sustainability are among the key goals of the Timor Leste Government, which supports the identification and uptake by farmers of technologies that will improve agricultural productivity. Integrated crop management (ICM) has the potential to contribute to SDG1 (end poverty), SDG2 (end hunger), and SDG13 (combat climate change) in East Timor. This chapter analyzes the effects of ICM technology in rice farming in Timor Leste. Using a survey sample of 400 rice farmers comprised of 246 ICM farmers and 154 non-ICM farmers in two main rice growing regions in Timor Leste, a propensity score matching approach was used to obtain matched and comparable observations. The consequences of ICM technology adoption on production and outcome variables were evaluated using a treatment effects model. Results showed significant differences in outcomes between ICM farmers and non-ICM farmers, with ICM farmers having significantly higher yields and incomes; male farmers were more likely to adopt the technology than females, presumably because agricultural training sessions are mostly attended by men. Thus to promote gender equality (SDG5), training and extension should be made available to both men and women. Making extension of ICM technology to smallholder farmers (both men and women) more effective is therefore important in efforts to expand ICM adoption in the country and promote SDGs 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, and 13.
Toward Sustainable Agri-Food Systems in Brazil
Authors: Flocco Cecilia G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Central to advancing the ambitious United Nations’ seventeen sustainable development goals (SDG) is the challenge of meeting the growing global demand for food and agricultural products while minimizing negative impacts on natural resources. Such a formidable mission requires both contributions from science, technology, and innovation (STI) to engineer sustainable production systems and the establishment of solid cross-sectoral policy frameworks supporting those efforts. This chapter identifies key leverage points across agricultural production systems, effective STI contributions, and policy frameworks aiming at meeting the global food demand in sustainable ways. The soybean production complex in Brazil is presented as a case study through which cross-sectoral efforts focused on developing sustainable agri-food systems are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on approaches contributing to harmonize agricultural production with the conservation of land ecosystems and key soil functions (SDG15, terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity), since those support the achievement of interlinked SDGs aiming to reduce poverty and hunger (SDGS 1, 2) and improve societal (SDGs 3, 6, 8) and environmental well-being (SDGs 12, 13, 15). Examples of successful partnerships (SDG17) between stakeholders across the agri-food supply chain are also discussed.
Philosophy and Policy
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Punishment theories and policies have marched in different directions in the United States for nearly 50 years. Philosophers and others who try to understand what justice requires, policymakers who create the rules for dispensing it, and practitioners who try to achieve it don’t communicate with each other very well, or at all. They lack a common vocabulary. More importantly, they lack a shared understanding of what punishment is and does, and what it should aspire to be and to do. This is unusual. Shared understandings exist in most countries and did in the United States through the 1960s. The costs have been high. They include mass imprisonment, extraordinary injustice, assembly-line case processing, and moral impoverishment.
Proportionality
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Proportionality theory’s influence is waning. It is beset by challenges. Some, such as difficulties in scaling crime seriousness and punishment severity, and linking them, are primarily analytical and of interest mostly to theorists. Others, such as trade-offs between proportionality and crime prevention, relate to real-world applications. Proportionality theory does support two injunctions with which most people, citizens, scholars, and professionals alike, would say they agree. First, no one should be punished more severely than he or she deserves. Second, all else being equal, people who commit more serious crimes should be punished more severely than people who commit less serious ones, and vice versa. Converting that principled agreement into real-world policies and practices is not easy. The post-Enlightenment values of fairness, equality, justice, and parsimony that underlie proportionality theory, however, are widely accepted and are likely to remain influential even if punishment paradigms once again shift. Proportionality theory is likely to be eclipsed but not to disappear.
Deep Disadvantage
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Arguments in favor of a social adversity or rotten social background defense are substantially stronger than those against. People disagree in principle whether judges should, in appropriate cases, mitigate the severity of sentences to take account of material differences in offenders’ circumstances and characteristics. Many believe that a deeply disadvantaged background is a material characteristic. Unfortunately, informal mitigation of punishments is not enough. The severity and rigidity of American sentencing laws often deny judges the necessary authority. The moral challenges presented by deeply disadvantaged offenders cannot adequately be addressed without creation of a social adversity defense.
Prediction and Incapacitation
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Predictions of future violence by individuals are substantially more often wrong than right. Minority offenders are more often incorrectly predicted to be violent than are white offenders. White offenders are more often incorrectly predicted to be nonviolent than are minority offenders. Use of socioeconomic status variables is per se unjust and disproportionately affects minority offenders. Use of criminal history variables exaggerates differences between minority and white offenders, and increases racial and ethnic disparities. It is unjust ever to punish someone more severely than he or she deserves because of a prediction of dangerousness (or for any other reason). Increasing the severity of a sentence on the basis of risk prediction punishes offenders in advance for crimes they would not have committed. Judges and others using prediction instruments more often disregard low-risk predictions for poor and black offenders than for affluent ones.
A History of Christian Conversion
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Conversion has played a central role in the history of Christianity. In this first in-depth and wide-ranging narrative history, David W. Kling examines the dynamic of individuals, families, and people groups who turn to the Christian faith. Global in reach, this book progresses from early Christian beginnings in the Roman world to Christianity’s expansion into Europe, the Americas, China, India, and Africa. Although conversion is often associated with a particular strand of modern Christianity (evangelical) and a particular type of experience (sudden, overwhelming), it is, when examined over two millennia, a phenomenon far more complex than any one-dimensional profile would suggest. No single, unitary paradigm defines conversion, and no easily demonstrable process accounts for why people convert to Christianity. Rather, a multiplicity of factors—historical, personal, social, geographical, theological, psychological, and cultural—shape the converting process. A History of Christian Conversion not only narrates the conversions of select individuals and peoples. It also engages current theories and models to explain conversion and examines recurring themes in the converting process: gender, agency, motivation, testimony, coercion, self-identity, “true” conversion, music, communication, the body, and divine presence. Accessible to scholars, students, and those with a general interest in conversion, Kling’s book is, to date, the most satisfying and comprehensive account of conversion in Christian history; this major work will become a standard must-read in conversion studies.
When the Nerds Go Marching In
Authors: Gibson Rachel K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
When the Nerds Go Marching In shows how digital technology has moved from the margins to the mainstream of campaign and election organization in contemporary democracies. Combining an extensive review of existing literature and comparative data sources with original survey evidence and web content analysis of digital campaign content across four nations—the United Kingdom, Australia, France, and the United States—the book maps the key shifts in the role and centrality of the internet in election campaigns over a twenty-year period. The chapters reveal how these countries have followed a four-phase model of digital campaign development which begins with experimentation, and is followed by a period of standardization and professionalization. Subsequent phases focus on increasingly strategic activities around the mobilization of activists and supporters, before switching to micro-targeted mobilizing of individual voters. The changes are mapped over time in each country from the perspective of both the campaigners (supply side), and that of voters (demand side), and the four nations are compared in terms of how far and fast they have moved through the developmental cycle. As well as providing the most comprehensive narrative charting the evolution of digital campaigning from its inception in the mid-1990s, the book also offers important insights into the national conditions that have been most conducive to its diffusion. Finally, based on the findings from the most recent phase of development, the book speculates on the future direction for political campaigns as they increasingly rely on digital tools and artificial intelligence for direction and decision-making during elections.
Introduction
Authors: Gibson Rachel K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a general introduction and overview to the book. It sets out the main contention that digital technology has moved from being an afterthought for campaigns to being at the core of current practice, and how this has occurred over a twenty-year period. It introduces the four-phase model of campaign change that anchors the book, and structures the analysis in the subsequent chapters. It explains the concepts of apoliticos and hypernormality that inform the key conclusions of the study. Finally, it presents a summary of the chapters and explains how they develop and how they apply the four-phase model to the four national case studies.
Stacking the Deck
Authors: Hiskey Jonathan T. , Moseley Mason W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the proposition that patterns of citizen engagement with politics in dominant-party enclaves will reflect the incentives and punishments meted out by the machine itself. The authors present an analysis of three forms of political participation—voting, protest, and local civic activism. This analysis reveals that across each of these forms of participation, the profile of individuals living in dominant-party systems who are most likely to engage in such activities is distinct from the profile of likely participants living in multiparty systems. Most important, participation in dominant-party systems appears to be, in part, a function of one’s support for the machine, while in multiparty systems, the profile of participants more closely approximates that of the active participant in established democracies. Further, the chapter finds distinct patterns of political efficacy among dominant-party and multiparty citizens.
A Leader Normalizes White Extremist Rhetoric
Authors: Fording Richard C. , Schram Sanford F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 provides evidence from Trump’s speeches to show that he was indeed the leading race-baiter and exploited the changed political landscape in ways that not only garnered him a loyal base of white supporters but also greatly facilitated in legitimating the mainstreaming of racism. The chapter provides evidence that Trump mainstreamed established white nationalist thinking by echoing the major themes of the new racial outgroup hostility through his repeated targeting of African Americans, Latinx immigrants, and Muslims in his campaign rhetoric.
The Fascist Turn in the Dance of Serge Lifar
Authors: Franko Mark 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This book is an examination of neoclassical ballet initially in the French context before and after World War I (circa 1905–1944) with close attention to dancer and choreographer Serge Lifar. Since the critical discourses analyzed indulged in flights of poetic fancy a distinction is made between the Lifar-image (the dancer on stage and object of discussion by critics), the Lifar-discourse (the writings on Lifar as well as his own discourse), and the Lifar-person (the historical actor). This topic is further developed in the final chapter into a discussion of the so-called baroque dance both as a historical object and as a motif of contemporary experimentation as it emerged in the aftermath of World War II (circa 1947–1991) in France. Using Lifar as a through-line, the book explores the development of critical ideas of neoclassicism in relation to his work and his drift toward a fascist position that can be traced to the influence of Nietzsche on his critical reception. Lifar’s collaborationism during the Occupation confirms this analysis. The discussion of neoclassicism begins in the final years of the nineteenth-century and carries us through the Occupation; then track the baroque in its gradual development from the early 1950s through the end of the 1980s and early 1990s.
Folklore and Parade from Jean Cocteau and Paul Valéry to André Varagnac
Authors: Franko Mark 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter reflects upon the commentary of two literary observers who were also in different ways practitioners of French ballet of the 1920s and 1930s—Jean Cocteau and Paul Valéry—and, of one anthropologist—André Varagnac—who developed the notion of folklore, and folkloric dance in particular as a form of popular innovation or, in other terms, an emergent rather than residual form. With all three, the notion of the popular in dance stood in implicit opposition to the academicism of Russian émigré critics in Paris—notably André Levinson and André Schaïkevitch—who advanced the idea of neoclassicism as the dominant form of dance in modernity. While the Russo-French neoclassicists emphasized the importance ballet’s exploration of its founding technical principles these French commentators had recourse instead to the historical notion of parade or sideshow. This chapter uncovers the dual face of neoclassicism, one formalist and idealist, the other populist. Both Cocteau and Valéry have significant connections with the popular, which I propose to elucidate through the notion of parade or sideshow.
Matrices
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A matrix organizes categories along two dimensions, such as actions and objects, to combine both dimensions. The periodic table of elements is an example that greatly advanced the science of chemistry. The National Institute of Mental Health’s Research Domain Criteria creates the future challenge of combining units of analysis with functional dimensions of behavior. Units of analysis include biological units such as genes, molecules, cells, and circuits. Dimensions of behavior include emotion, cognition, social processes, and arousal/regulatory systems. Matrices also aid design when it is necessary to satisfy multiple constraints such as the priority of stages in a manufacturing process and use of the same resources.
Hierarchies
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hierarchies are networks that begin with a top node and always add nodes below other nodes. There are no lateral connections so there is only one path connecting any two nodes. Although typically depicted as tree diagrams, hierarchies can also be represented as embedded rectangles. The semantic network model was initially constructed as a hierarchical network model that proposed reaction times to verify statements required retrieving categories and their associated features from hierarchically stored knowledge. Hierarchies also store intuitive ontologies that may differ from scientific ontologies. The different characteristics of hierarchies, networks, and matrices provide a basis for selecting an appropriate diagram for representing knowledge. One characteristic that should influence the selection is whether there are no paths (matrices), one path (hierarchies), or multiple paths (network) between concepts.
Dynamics
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Dynamics is concerned with movement as occurs in metals even at very low temperatures. Designs in nature facilitate flow in physical systems such as in the branching of rivers and the circulatory system. The evolution of animals from the sea to the land to the air enhanced movement. Dynamics also applies to the resolution of conflicts in which positive and negative attractors either facilitate or impede progress. The appointment of a devil’s advocate may remove the detrimental effects of group coherence by challenging proposals and closer spatial proximity can create informal interactions to help resolve group differences. A comparison of the dynamical systems and information-processing perspectives is possible by mapping a state space to a problem space, a positive attractor to a productive subgoal, a negative attractor to an impasse, a latent attractor to implicit cognition, and nonincremental change to insight.
Information Sciences
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The information sciences provide tools for deductive reasoning to supplement the classifications made by the data sciences and the explanations made by explanatory models. Formal ontologies provide a unifying framework for organizing definitions, research findings, and theories. One of the primary purposes of a formal ontology is to use deductive reasoning to answer questions submitted to computer. A general or upper oncology is required to integrate more specialized domain ontologies. The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology is particularly helpful because it consists of 20,000 concepts with connections to both WordNet and FrameNet. WordNet is an electronic dictionary while FrameNet captures co-occurrences of words to provide a thematic context in which words occur. Together, WordNet, FrameNet, and the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology provide an integration of three major information science tools.
Complex Systems
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Dynamical systems are complex systems that fluctuate over time. Sudden transitions occur after reaching a tipping point that can have detrimental consequences, such as the sudden collapse of a coral reef. A slow rate of recovery from smaller challenges can serve as a warning for critical transitions. The increasing importance of complex systems for understanding science requires excellent instruction. NetLogo modules offer one approach for learning about emergent interactions. A review of instruction distinguished between the teaching of complex systems in biology, chemistry, computer science, earth science, ecology, physics, and engineering. Most instruction has focused on the domains of biology and ecology although there is a need to extend coverage to other topics. There is also need for more research on effective teaching because instruction on complex systems is still in its infancy.
Continuing Education
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Continuing education is vitally important as indicated by Amazon’s $700 million commitment to retrain a third of its workforce. A poll by Gallup and Northeastern University indicated that the majority of adults were not confident in knowing which skills are required to adapt to artificial intelligence. A trend is developing for creating focus areas for university freshmen who have not yet selected a major. The purpose is to prevent students from wandering when faced with an overwhelming number of choices. Breadth of training occurs when students receive a master’s degree that differs from their other education. Greater breadth of training in doctoral programs should also allow students greater flexibility in their careers. Role models provide inspiration and guidance.
Reclaiming the Wilderness
Authors: Billioud Sébastien 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Yiguandao (Way of Pervading Unity) was one of the major redemptive societies of Republican China. It is nowadays one of the largest and most influential religious movements of the Chinese world and at the same time one of the least known and understood. From its powerful base in Taiwan, it develops worldwide, including in Mainland China, where it nevertheless remains officially forbidden. Based on extensive ethnographic work carried out over nearly a decade, Reclaiming the Wilderness explores the expansionary dynamics of this group and its regional circulations such as they can be primarily observed from a Hong Kong perspective. It analyzes the proselytizing impetus of the adepts, the transmission of charisma and forms of leadership, the specific role of Confucianism that makes it possible for the group to defuse tension with Chinese authorities and, even sometimes, to cooperate with them. It also delves into Yiguandao’s well-structured expansionary strategies and in its quasi-diplomatic efforts to navigate the troubled waters of cross-strait politics. To readers primarily interested in Chinese studies, this work offers new perspectives on state–religion relationships in China, the Taiwan issue seen through the lenses of religion, or one of the modern and contemporary fates of Confucianism—that is, its appropriation by redemptive societies and religious organizations. But it also addresses theoretical questions that are relevant to completely different contexts and thus contributes to the fields of sociology, anthropology, and psychology of religion.
Confirming One’s Faith
Authors: Billioud Sébastien 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Using a Weberian theoretical framework, chapter 2 focuses on the ways faith is confirmed. The issue of confirmation (Bewährung) is of the utmost importance since faith is hardly definitely acquired and, for most of the people, constantly needs to be reaffirmed. The chapter demonstrates that modes of inner confirmation of one’s faith (of one’s religious charisma, of one’s certainty to be saved, of one’s religious virtuosity) in the Yiguandao are tightly linked to proselytizing work and therefore directly beneficial to the group’s expansion. Additionally, it explores a number of features (e.g., spirit-writing) that do not come from the missionary-adept himself or herself, but from the outside and that reinforce the certitude of the adept that the faith he or she embraces is the true one.