bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteomic Analysis of Brain Regions Reveals Brain Regional Differences and the Involvement of Multiple Keratins in Chronic Alcohol Neurotoxicity
Authors: Zhang Dingang , Dong Xiaoru , Liu Xiaochen , Ye Lin , Li Shuhao , Zhu Rongzhe , Ye Yonghong , Jiang Yan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimsAlcohol abuse has attracted public attention and chronic alcohol exposure can result in irreversible structural changes in the brain. The molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol neurotoxicity are complex, mandating comprehensive mining of spatial protein expression profile.MethodsIn this study, mice models of chronic alcohol intoxication were established after 95% alcohol vapor administration for 30 consecutive days. On Day 30, striatum (the dorsal and ventral striatum) and hippocampus, the two major brain regions responsible for learning and memorizing while being sensitive to alcohol toxicity, were collected. After that, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation -based quantitative proteomic analysis were carried out for further exploration of the novel mechanisms underlying alcohol neurotoxicity.ResultsProteomic results showed that in the striatum, 29 proteins were significantly up-regulated and 17 proteins were significantly down-regulated. In the hippocampus, 72 proteins were significantly up-regulated, while 2 proteins were significantly down-regulated. Analysis of the overlay proteins revealed that a total of 102 proteins were consistently altered (P &lt; 0.05) in both hippocampus and striatum regions, including multiple keratins such as Krt6a, Krt17 and Krt5. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that previously reported diseases/biofunctions such as dermatological diseases and developmental disorders were enriched in those proteins. Interestingly, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling was among the top enriched pathways in both brain regions, while multiple keratins from the GR signaling such as Krt1 and Krt17 exhibited significantly opposite expression patterns in the two brain nuclei. Moreover, there are several other involved pathways significantly differed between the hippocampus and striatum.ConclusionsOur data revealed brain regional differences upon alcohol consumption and indicated the critical involvement of keratins from GR signaling in alcohol neurotoxicity. The differences in proteomic results between the striatum and hippocampus suggested a necessity of taking into consideration brain regional differences and intertwined signaling pathways rather than merely focusing on single nuclei or molecule during the study of drug-induced neurotoxicity in the future.
Familiarity with Neuropsychological Assessment among Israeli Physicians
Authors: Kavé Gitit , Bloch Ayala , Maril Sari , Shabi Adi 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objective
The current study examines whether Israeli physicians are familiar with neuropsychological assessment (NPA) in general and with referral to NPA in particular.

Method
In total, 274 physicians in relevant fields participated in an online survey that targeted levels of familiarity with NPA, beliefs about assessment needs, and actual referral practices.

Results
Israeli physicians see many patients with neuropsychological difficulties, but assess fewer patients for these difficulties by themselves. Approximately 80% of participants reported that they had heard of NPA before, but only 25% knew how to refer patients to NPA. Familiarity was greater among neurologists and neurosurgeons than among family doctors.

Conclusions
Physicians had only general knowledge about NPA, with little practical understanding of how to refer patients to such a service. To increase referral rates and create consistent demand for effective neuropsychological services, neuropsychologists should engage in greater advocacy activity that will lead to clarification of referral procedures.
External Approach to Buccal Fat Excision in Facelift: Anatomy and Technique
Authors: Surek Christopher C , Kochuba Andrew L , Said Sayf Al-deen , Cho Ki-Hyun , Swanson Marco , Duraes Eliana , McBride Jennifer , Drake Richard L , Zins James E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Masculinization of the face is a common finding in facelift patients. It is attributed to deflation and decent of the midface-jowls coupled with skin laxity. Fullness is evident lateral to the jowl in a small percentage due to prominent buccal fat pad (BFP).

Objectives
The authors sought to examine the anatomy of the BFP, triangulate the prominent BFP with surgical landmarks, and describe an external approach to excise the BFP during facelift surgery.

Methods
Eighteen cadaveric dissections were performed. Facelift flap was elevated and the prominent buccal extension of the BFP protruding through the superficial-musculo-aponeurotic-system was identified. Measurements were taken from the BFP to surgical landmarks: zygomatic arch, tragus, and gonial angle. The locations of the facial nerve, parotid duct, and vascular pedicle relative to the BFP were calculated.

Results
BFP was 4.1 cm inferior to the zygomatic arch, 7.5 cm anterior the tragus, and 4.5 cm medial the gonial angle. The middle facial artery supplied the BFP on the inferior-lateral quadrant in 61% and inferior-medial quadrant in 39% of specimens . In all specimens, the parotid duct traversed the BFP superiorly, and the buccal branches of the facial nerve traversed the capsule superficially.

Conclusions
The buccal extension of the BFP can pseudoherniate in the aging face. Excision may improve lower facial contour. Measurements from facial landmarks may help surgeons identify the buccal extension of the BFP intraoperatively. The surgeon must be careful of the vascular pedicle, parotid duct, and the facial nerve. The external approach safely excises buccal fat during facelift dissection while avoiding intraoral incisions and unnecessary contamination.

Level of Evidence: 4
Combined iDISCO and CUBIC tissue clearing and lightsheet microscopy for in toto analysis of the adult mouse ovary†
Authors: McKey Jennifer , Cameron Lisa A , Lewis Devon , Batchvarov Iordan S , Capel Blanche 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
At any given time, the ovary contains a number of follicles in distinct growth stages, each with a set of identifying characteristics. Although follicle counting and staging using histological stains on paraffin-embedded ovary sections has been the gold standard in assessing ovarian health in fertility studies, the final counts rely on extrapolation factors that diverge greatly among studies. These methods also limit our ability to investigate spatial aspects of ovary organization. Recent advances in optical tissue clearing and lightsheet microscopy have permitted comprehensive analysis of intact tissues. In this study, we set out to determine the best clearing and imaging methods to generate 3D images of the complete adult mouse ovary that could be used for accurate assessments of ovarian follicles. We found that a combination of iDISCO and CUBIC was the best method to clear the immunostained ovary. Using lightsheet microscopy, we generated 3D images of the intact ovary and performed qualitative assessments of follicles at all stages of development. This study is an important step toward developing quantitative computational models that allow rapid and accurate assessments of growing and quiescent primordial follicles, and to investigate the integrity of extrinsic ovarian components including vascular and neuronal networks.
Role of bone morphogenetic protein signaling in bovine early embryonic development and stage specific embryotropic actions of follistatin†
Authors: Rajput Sandeep K , Yang Chunyan , Ashry Mohamed , Folger Joseph K , Knott Jason G , Smith George W 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCharacterization of the molecular factors regulating early embryonic development and their functional mechanisms is critical for understanding the causes of early pregnancy loss in monotocous species (cattle, human). We previously characterized a stage specific functional role of follistatin, a TGF-beta superfamily binding protein, in promoting early embryonic development in cattle. The mechanism by which follistatin mediates this embryotropic effect is not precisely known as follistatin actions in cattle embryos are independent of its classically known activin inhibition activity. Apart from activin, follistatin is known to bind and modulate the activity of the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which signal through SMAD1/5 pathway and regulate several aspects of early embryogenesis in other mammalian species. Present study was designed to characterize the activity and functional requirement of BMP signaling during bovine early embryonic development and to investigate if follistatin involves BMP signaling for its stage specific embryotropic actions. Immunostaining and western blot analysis demonstrated that SMAD1/5 signaling is activated after embryonic genome activation in bovine embryos. However, days 1–3 follistatin treatment reduced the abundance of phosphorylated SMAD1/5 in cultured embryos. Inhibition of active SMAD1/5 signaling (8–16 cell to blastocyst) using pharmacological inhibitors and/or lentiviral-mediated inhibitory SMAD6 overexpression showed that SMAD1/5 signaling is required for blastocyst production, first cell lineage determination as well as mRNA and protein regulation of TE (CDX2) cell markers. SMAD1/5 signaling was also found to be essential for embryotropic actions of follistatin during days 4–7 but not days 1–3 of embryo development suggesting a role for follistatin in regulation of SMAD1/5 signaling in bovine embryos.
Compositional Flux Within the Intestinal Microbiota and Risk for Bloodstream Infection With Gram-negative Bacteria
Authors: Stoma Igor , Littmann Eric R , Peled Jonathan U , Giralt Sergio , van den Brink Marcel R M , Pamer Eric G , Taur Ying 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Gram-negative bloodstream infections (BSIs) represent a significant complication facing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (allo-HCT) recipients, as a result of intestinal translocation during neutropenia. In this study we sought to better understand how the composition of the intestinal microbiota is connected to risk of gram-negative BSIs, expanding on our prior work in these patients.

Methods
Fecal specimens were collected from recipients of allo-HCT and analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Samples and clinical data extending from the pretransplant conditioning period through stem cell engraftment were used in the analysis. Intestinal domination (relative abundance ≥ 30%) by gram-negative bacteria was used as predictor of gram-negative BSI using Cox proportional hazards modeling. Further analysis of microbiota composition was performed at the genus level.

Results
Seven hundred eight allo-HCT subjects were studied (7.5% developed gram-negative infection), with 4768 fecal samples for analysis. Gram-negative intestinal domination was associated with subsequent BSI, which was observed overall and individually at the genus level: Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Stenotrophomonas. Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis was associated with decreased BSI and intestinal colonization by gram-negative microbes. In fluoroquinolone-prophylaxed patients, Escherichia coli was more frequently observed as breakthrough, both in terms of intestinal colonization and BSIs, compared with nonprophylaxed patients. Initial colonization by members of Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidetes were associated with protection against gram-negative BSI.

Conclusions
Gram-negative intestinal colonization is highly predictive of BSI in the setting of allo-HCT. Fluoroquinolones appear to reduce these infections by influencing gut colonization.
Association Between the Use of Antibiotics, Antivirals, and Hospitalizations Among Patients With Laboratory-confirmed Influenza
Authors: Sutton S Scott , Magagnoli Joseph , Cummings Tammy , Hardin James 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Clinicians may prescribe antibiotics to influenza patients at high risk for bacterial complications. We explored the association between antibiotics, antivirals, and hospitalization among people with influenza.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study of patients with confirmed influenza with encounters during January 2011–January 2019 was conducted using data from the Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI). We compared inpatient hospitalizations (all-cause and respiratory) within 30 days of influenza diagnosis between 4 patient cohorts: (1) no treatment (n = 4228); (2) antibiotic only (n = 671); (3) antiviral only (n = 6492); and (4) antibiotic plus antiviral (n = 1415). We estimated relative risk for hospitalization using Poisson generalized linear model and robust standard errors.

Results
Among 12 806 influenza cases, most were white men (mean age, 57–60 years). Those with antivirals only, antibiotic plus antiviral, and antibiotics only all had a statistically significant lower risk of all-cause and respiratory hospitalization compared to those without treatment. Comparing the antibiotic plus antiviral cohort to those who were prescribed an antiviral alone, there was a 47% lower risk for respiratory hospitalization (relative risk, 0.53 [95% confidence interval, .31–.94]), and no other statistical differences were detected.

Conclusions
Those prescribed an antiviral, antibiotic, or both had a lower risk of hospitalization within 30 days compared to those without therapy. Furthermore, intervention with both an antibiotic and antiviral had a lower risk of respiratory hospitalization within 30 days compared to those with an antiviral alone. Importantly, the absolute magnitude of decreased risk with antibiotic plus antiviral therapy is small and must be interpreted within the context of the overall risk of antibiotic usage.
Electrophoresis and Monomolecular Layer Studies with Serum Lipoproteins
Authors: Adlersberg David , Bossak Elaine T , Sher Irving H , Sobotka Harry 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The chemical analysis of the lipids in serum or plasma yields data for total lipids, phosphatides, total and esterified cholesterol, and by subtraction, for neutral fat. Zone electrophoresis, for which experimental details are given, shows the distribution of the serum lipids between α-globulin, -globulin, and a fraction which does not move in the electric field. Values are given for normal man, monkey, dog, and rabbit. Their distinctive patterns are correlated with differences in the propensity of these species to develop atherosclerosis.
Combined studies of the lipid partition and the electrophoretic profile were carried out on patients with disturbed lipid metabolism, particularly myxedema, nephrosis of various etiology, and idiopathic hyper-lipemia and hypercholesteremia. The lactescence of lipemic sera is ascribed primarily to increases of the neutral fat and corresponding increases of the electroneutral fraction of the lipoprotein electropherogram. In the Kimmeistiel-Wilson syndrome, the nephrotic syndrome in dis.betes, and in idiopathic hypercholesteremia, where the cholesterol level is increased but the neutral fat level normal, the sera usually remain clear.
In animal experiments the destruction of thyroid tissue and, in particular, the feeding of cholesterol induces hypercholesteremia and hyper-phosphatidemia in dog and rabbit. The signs of lipemia are further enhanced by the simultaneous administration of cortisone, when the total lipids in the rabbit run sometimes above 7 per cent of the serum. This experimental condition is associated with severe atherosclerotic lesions.
A model for lipoproteins is provided by the reaction between serum albumin and fatty acids, the latter in the form of monomolecular layers. The technic is described. The specificity of the ripping-off reaction and its parallelism with the dyestuff affinity of serum albumin are illustrated and discussed. The application of the reaction to the study of the "albumin defect" in infectious, rheumatic, and malignant disease is suggested.
Serum Lipoproteins
Authors: Brown Ray K , DeLalla Louis S , Kauffman Dorothy L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The larger lipoproteins of Sf greater than 10 also contain triglycerides. The action of lipases on these lipoproteins, either heparin-induced clearing factor, pancreatic lipase, or gastric lipase, yields fatty acids, glycerol, and smaller lipoproteins. Crude clearing factor attacks monoglycerides and triglycerides and is inactiveagainst several esters which plasma esterases attack. Albumin, plasma esterases, and probably other components are needed for optimal clearing factor activity. Low concentrations of diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP), a substance inhibiting most hydrolytic enzymes, inactivate crude clearing factor. Stoicheometric calculations made from this experiment indicate further the enzymatic nature of clearing factor. Evidence that clearing factor is different from other lipases and from esterases found in plasma is presented.
Studies with purified lipoproteins are needed to determine what alterations, if any, occur in smaller lipoproteins. The separation and purification of lipoproteins by chemical and ultracentrifugal means are described. Whole human plasma separated by Cohn's methods 6 and 9 serves as starting material for the preparation of α1 α2 β and Sf 10 and greater lipoproteins.
Studies of lipoproteins may give clues to the varied diseases associated with deranged lipid metabolism, such as xanthomatosis and atherosclerosis.
Fluorometric Determination of Urinary Metanephrine and Normetanephrine
Authors: Brunjes Shannon , Wybenga Donald , Johns Varner J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A detailed procedure for the quantitative determination of metanephrine and normetanephrine is given. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are eliminated by selective adsorption on an alumina column. Metanephrine and normetanephrine are isolated with a cation-exchange resin. Fluorescence is developed by a two-step ferricyanide oxidation at two different pH values followed by tautomerization. The concentrations of both metanephrine and normetanephrine are quantitated by differential fluorometry.
The Use of a Stabilized Partial Thromboplastin Reagent in the Partial Thromboplastin Test
Authors: Fenichel Richard L , Baker William J , Rose Lorraine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A stable sensitive partial thromboplastin reagent is prepared from an ether extract of acetone-dried bovine brain. The normal oxalated plasma partialthromboplastin time range with this reagent is 66-86 sec. Lyophilized plasmas deficient in coagulation factors give prolonged partial thromboplastin test times. Some of the properties of this reagent are discussed.
Automated Determination of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Using a Modified Bodansky Technic
Authors: Keay H , Trew J A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An automated procedure for the measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity by a modification of the Bodansky method is described. It has been possible to adapt the Fiske-SubbaRow method for phosphate so that alkaline phosphatase is determined by a second run, immediately following the determination of inorganic phosphate.
Studies of the effect of time, pH, and concentration of barbital on the enzyme activity are discussed, and the advantages of the method are listed.
The Estimation of Galactose in Plasma Using Galactose Oxidase
Authors: Ford J D , Haworth J C 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The estimation of galactose in plasma by the enzyme system galactose oxidase-peroxidase was investigated. The method was found to be relatively specific for galactose although xylose and ascorbic acid reacted to a slight degree with the enzyme; lactose also reacted with the enzyme, probably because partial hydrolysis of the disaccharide released galactose. The relationship between absorbance and concentration of galactose greater than 20 mg./100 ml. was linear. Below this value the line curved toward the origin, making accuracy uncertain unless a number of aqueous standards can be run with each batch of estimations.
Sialic Acid (N-Acetylneuraminic Acid) in Human Serum
Authors: Cabezas J A , Porto J Vazquez 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A simple spectrophotometric method is described for the sialic acids which utilizes the reaction with resorcinol and extraction with butyl acetate-n-butanol as a solvent. Normal values for adults, utilizing N-acetylneuraminic acid as a standard, were found to be 60 ± 10.4 mg./100 ml. Values for newborn babies averaged 40.4 ± 5.7. Similar values were found for specimens from 2-month-old infants to 27-year-old adults. Higher values were noted in the case of rickets, severe burns, rheumatic disease, and tuberculosis.
Effects of Age and Sex on the Electrophoretic Fractions of the Serum Glycoprotein
Authors: Pearce R H , Watson E M , Stodolski R , Mathieson J M , Theoret J J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Specimens of serum were collected from 198 clinically healthy persons, chosen to provide approximately 10 males and 10 females in each decade up to the tenth. After electrophoretic separation using the Spinco method B, the strips were stained by the periodic acid-Schiff reaction according to Köiw and Grönwall (Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 4, 244, 1952) and scanned on the Analytrol integrating densitometer at 550 mµ. Total glycoprotein was estimated on an ethanol precipitate by the tryptophan-borosulfuric acid reaction (Badin, Jackson, and Schubert, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 84, 288, 1953).
The analytical error and normal values for the method were estimated; those for males did not differ from those for females. The means and standard deviations for groups showing statistically significant differences (P &lt;0.05) were, in mg./100 ml. of serum: total, under 70 years, 148 ± 19; total, over 70 years, 164 ± 20; albumin, 23.1 ± 6.6; alpha1, 12.5 ± 4.3; alpha2, under 60 years, 47.4 ± 12.1; alpha2, over 60 years,59.1 ± 16.0; beta, under 10 years, 27.2 ± 6.6; beta, 10 to 90 years, 38.4 ± 8.2; beta, over90 years,54.0 ± 17.7; gamma,26.4 ± 7.1. The results were compared with those obtained by other published procedures.
Micromethods for Measuring Phenylalanine and Tyrosine in Serum
Authors: Wong Paul WK , O'Flynn Margaret E , Inouye Tohru 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Spectrophotofluorometric micromethods for the determination of phenylalanine and tyrosine on 25 µl of serum are described. These methods were applied to detect phenylketonuria among homozygotes and heterozygotes and in the newborn population. The data presented agree with those previously reported. (1) Phenylketonurics have markedly elevated serum phenylalanine and lower serum tyrosine than the controls. (2) The heterozygotes have a higher fasting serum phenylalanine and, after a standard oral phenylalanine test, show a higher and more prolonged rise of serum phenylalanine than the controls. There was a lesser increase of serum tyrosine after phenylalanine loading in the heterozygotes than the controls. (3) Premature infants of low birth weight have higher serum phenylalanine and tyrosine levels than normal birth weight infants, presumably due to enzyme immaturity. Simultaneous determinations of serum phenylalanine and tyrosine will differentiate newborn infants who are suspected to be phenylketonurics from the homozygotes (phenylketonurics).
An Automated Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase Utilizing p-Nitrophenol Phosphate
Authors: Sterling Rex E , Wilcox Alan A , Ware Arnold G , Umehara Mary K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A technic is described for the automated determination of serum alkaline phosphatase. This method permits a production rate of 60 determinations per hour on 0.2 ml. of serum per determination. Calculations are simplified since no serum blank is required.