bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KLASIFIKASI PENGENALAN MOTIF BATIK BERBASIS IMAGE RETRIVAL
Authors: Sari Yuslena 
Published: February 2020

Batik Indonesia, sebagai warisan budaya telah memiliki sejarah yang cukup panjang. Sehingga saat ini berbagai jenis batik saling mempengaruhi satu sama lain, yang mengakibatkan adanya beberapa jenis batik yang memiliki lebih dari satu motif (biasanya disebut batik multi-label). Motif batik tradisional tidak dibuat secara sembarangan, tetapi mengikuti aturan-aturan yang ketat. Dari hal tersebut dilakukan penelitian untuk klasifikasi motif batik. Diharapkan dari hasil penelitian ini dapat meningkatkan motivasi kaum wanita untuk kembali menekuni aktivitas membatik dan juga sebagai sarana terwujudnya kesetaraan gender. Mengingat saat ini sudah semakin jarang wanita yang mempunyai keterampilan membatik. Penelitian ini menggunakan klasifikasi berbasis image retrival dengan perhitungan jarak Euclidean. Dari penelitian ini akan diketahui akurasi yang dihasilkan. Kata kunci: image retrival, jarak euclidean, motif batik. Indonesian batik, as a cultural heritage has a long history. So that at this time various types of batik influence each other, which results in several types of batik that have more than one motif (usually called multi-label of batik). Traditional batik motifs are not made carelessly, but follow strict rules. From this research is carried out for the classification of batik motifs. It is expected that the results of this study can increase the motivation of women to return to batik activities and also as a means of achieving gender equality. Considering that there are now fewer and fewer women who have batik skills. This study uses image retrival-based classification with Euclidean distance calculation. From this research will be known the accuracy produced.
PERAN RUANG TERBUKA HIJAU DALAM PERENCANAAN KOTA SEBAGAI POTENSI PEMBENTUK SMART CITY
Authors: Caesarina Hanny Maria , Saubari Nahdi 
Published: February 2020

Ruang terbuka hijau telah dikenal memiliki peranan yang penting dalam meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan perkotaan. Ruang terbuka hijau dalam perencanaan kota kerap dianggap sebagai elemen pendukung terwujudnya smart city. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan seberapa jauh peran ruang terbuka hijau lewat penyediaan wifi corner dalam perencanaan kota menuju konsep smart city. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif berdasarkan observasi, survey lapangan dan serangkaian wawancara. Studi kasus yang diambil dalam penelitian ini adalah dua kota di Kalimantan Selatan, yaitu Banjarmasin dan Banjarbaru yang telah memiliki konsep smart city. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ruang terbuka hijau dalam perencanaan kota memiliki potensi yang kuat sebagai elemen pembentuk smart city. Apabila ruang terbuka hijau suatu kota telah direncanakan dengan baik dari berbagai segi fasilitas dan terkoneksi dengan jaringan internet yang berkualitas, maka dengan sendirinya konsep smart city akan lebih mudah dicapai. Kata kunci: perencanaan kota, ruang terbuka hijau, smart city, wifi corner. Green space has an important role in enhancing environmental quality of a city. Green space often considered as a supporting element for the concept of smart city. This research intended to acknowledge the role of green space through the installation of wifi corner in urban planning towards smart city. The methods that has been used was descriptive qualitative through observation, field survey and interviews. The case study in this research were Banjarmasin and Banjarbaru which already has the smart city concepts. The result shows that green space in urban planning is a potential element towards smart city. A well good planned green space with all the facilities that connected to a good internet network in a city might help forming the concept of smart city. Keywords: green space, smart city, urban planning, wifi corner.
PENINGKATAN KANDUNGAN LIPID DAN BIOMASSA Mikroalga Scenedesmus Sp. DARI MEDIA KULTIVASI LIMBAH CAIR TAHU SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU BIODIESEL
Authors: Elystia Shinta , Lestari Aisyah Sri , Muria Sri Rezeki 
Published: February 2020

Sumber energi semakin berkurang diiringi dengan semakin besarnya kebutuhan energi. Hal ini dapat diantisipasi dengan melakukan pencarian sumber energi terbarukan. Upaya untuk mengantisipasi kelangkaan energi adalah dengan memanfaatkan mikroalga sebagai bahan baku bioenergi. Mikroalga Scenedesmus sp. adalah salah satu species yang memiliki kadar lipid tertinggi yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku biodiesel. Oleh karena itu untuk memperoleh biomassa yang besar, perlu dilakukan kultivasi. Salah satu media kultivasi adalah limbah cair tahu. Kandungan pada limbah cair tahu dapat menjadi nutrisi bagi pertumbuhan mikroalga. Senyawa organik dan anorganik dalam limbah diserap mikroalga dan dihasilkan oksigen yang dapat mengurangi kadar COD dalam limbah. Perlakuan pada penelitian ini perbedaan volume limbah cair tahu sebesar 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% dan 100% serta intensitas cahaya 1000 lux - 4000 lux pada Fotoperiod Terang: Gelap (T:G) 12:12. Parameter yang diamati adalah jumlah sel, lipid dan efisiensi penyisihan COD. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh kondisi optimal pada volume limbah cair tahu 20% dan intensitas cahaya 4000 lux dengan jumlah sel 6.63 x 106 sel/ml, lipid 29.73 % serta penyisihan COD 78,26%. Kata Kunci: COD, Intensitas Cahaya, Lipid, Volume Limbah Cair Tahu, Scenedesmus sp. The source of energy decreases accompanied by the increasingly large demand for energy. This can be anticipated by searching for renewable energy sources.The effort to anticipate energy scarcity by using microalgae as a raw material of bioenergy. Microalgae Scenedesmus sp. is one of the species that has the highest lipid content that can be used as a raw material of biodiesel. Therefore, to obtain large biomass, needs to be done of cultivation. One of the cultivation media is tofu waste water. The content of tofu waste water can be a nutrient for microalgae growth. Organic and inorganic compounds in waste are absorbed by microalgae and oxygen is produced which can reduce levels of COD in waste. The treatment in this study was the difference in the volume of tofu waste water by 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% and the light intensity of 1000 lux - 4000 lux in the Light: Dark (T: G) Photoperiod 12:12. Parameters observed were cell count, lipid and COD removal efficiency. Based on the results of the study obtain optimal conditions in the volume tofu waste water 20% and light intensity 4000 lux with cell numbers 6.63 x 106 cells / ml, 29.73% lipid and COD removal eficiency 78.26%. Keywords: COD, Light Intensity, Lipid, Scenedesmus sp., Tofu Waste Water,
BESARAN LAJU EROSI DAN JUMLAH SIDEMENTASI PADA SUB DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI (DAS) RIAM KANAN KABUPATEN BANJAR PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN
Authors: Khair Riza Miftahul , NNPS Rd Indah Nirtha , Prihatini Nopi Stiyati , Abdi Chairul , Kamal Mustafa 
Published: February 2020

DAS Riam Kanan merupakan kawasan lindung yang memiliki nilai strategis karena terdapat waduk Riam Kanan yang berfungsi sebagai sarana pengendali banjir dan kekeringan, pemasok kebutuhan air, keperluan domestik dan industri, keperluan irigasi dan pengembangan perikanan serta pembangkit listrik. Dengan adanya hal tersebut maka dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui sejauh mana laju erosi untuk selanjutnya diharapkan dapat menjadi dasar dalam pengelolaan lahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan nilai laju erosi lahan di DAS Riam Kanan dengan metode MUSLE, RUSLE, USLE. Analisis perhitungan laju erosi dengan metode USLE sebesar 35,83 ton/ha/th dengan besar kehilangan tanah 5.905.845,198 ton/th, metode MUSLE sebesar 76,61 ton/ha/th dengan besar kehilangan tanah 12.622.104,992 ton/th dan metode RUSLE sebesar 92,41 ton/ha/th dengan besar kehilangan tanah 15.225.669,372 ton/th. Laju erosi ketiga metode dapat dirasiokan sebesar 1 : 2,14 : 2,58 Kata Kunci : DAS, Erosi, Sedimentasi Watershed of Riam Kanan protected areas that have strategic value because there is serves as a means of controlling floods and droughts, water suppliers, domestic and industrial purposes, irrigation and development purposes fisheries as well as power plants. Related to this research needs to be done in order to obtain the information the extent to which the rate of erosion that occurs and then is expected to be used as the basis for sustainable land management. This research aims to get the value of the rate of soil erosion land in Riam Kanan watershed using USLE, MUSLE, RUSLE. The results of the analysis of the rate of erosion of USLE 35.83 method using tons/ha/yr with huge loss of land of 5,905,845.198 tons/yr, MUSLE method of 76.61 tonnes/ha/yr with huge loss of land of 12,622,104.992 tons/yr and the RUSLE method of 92.41 tonnes/ha/yr with the huge loss of land 15,225,669.372 tons/yr. Ratio a comparison of the rate of erosion the third method of 1:2.14:2.58 Keywords : erosion, sedimentation, Watershed
Guest Editorial: What Do We Want From Our Wells: Drilled Fast or Drilled Right?
Authors: Clegg John 
Published: February 2020

Guest editorial
I have been proud to be a member of DSATS, SPE’s Drilling Systems Automation Technical Section, for many years, currently serving as a board member. I think DSATS can be rightly proud of what it has achieved, and it is good to see drilling rig automation increasing as the industry realizes its benefits—solving problems including rigsite safety and consistency, and creating opportunities such as more efficient operations and, there-fore, cheaper wells drilled more quickly.
We don’t talk so much about downhole automation of the drilling process, specifically directional drilling, even though it too is gradually progressing. What problems might it solve and what opportunities might it create? I am going to argue that the opportunity is huge, if only we look in the right place. The opportunity is not only to reduce the cost of drilling the well but also to increase its value.
A recent commentary on lifting costs from US basins published in JPT (August 2019) mentioned multiple ways of reducing drilling time and saving money (including driving down service company pricing, which may well not be a suitable solution) in order to reduce the break-even oil price. But it did not mention the other side of the equation—increasing the value of the well once drilled by maximizing ultimate recovery.
How can automation of directional drilling increase the value of the well? In my role with DSATS, and in collaboration with other SPE technical sections, I was fortunate to lead the subcommittee organizing a special session at the 2018 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition (ATCE). The theme of the session was “The Automation of Well Placement.” We heard from experts on directional drilling and surveying, and to create some tension in the ensuing panel session, we looked for an expert in production. Shauna Noonan, now SPE President, filled that role for us and gave the room valuable insight into some of the damage we can do if we ignore wellbore quality and tortuosity in our quest for speed. Many others have written about the cost of poor well quality: drilling cost in terms of torque and drag, and stuck pipe; potential issues with cementing and running completions; failures of production equipment, including rods and electrical submersible pumps; and production problems such as liquid holdup from vertical undulations in the lateral.
According to 2016 data from the US Energy Information Administration, the typical cost of a US onshore well is between $4.9 million and $8.3 million. Based on analysis of operator investor relations presentations, typical ultimate recovery from a Permian Basin well is between 500,000 and 750,000 bbl. If we increase the cost of the well slightly by drilling more carefully and not trying to drill as fast as possible, do we increase its value by a larger amount? Is it a good tradeoff? I am convinced that we do, and that it is—but who knows? I do not believe that we have the numbers, or consensus, to decide.
Succeeding at Petroleum Engineering in a Digital Age
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen 
Published: February 2020

Q Engineering sells a cloud-based program that statistically predicts future production. Using its Typecurve Studio, a user can forecast 500 decline curves a minute after the data are downloaded from a database, said Mark Bahorich, the cofounder of Q, which was recently acquired by Enervus. Doing that manually would take from 2–5 minutes per well, or about 16–42 hours, he said.
The downside of having a machine do it is that engineers once earned good money doing those boring jobs. If one person can do what 10 to 20 people once did, “you are getting rid of 9 or 19 jobs, or they need to find new stuff to do,” said Nathan Meehan, president of Gaffney, Cline, and Associates and 2016 SPE president.
Long-term careers in petroleum engineering in the future will depend on an engineer’s ability to find valuable things to do.
It is not a new challenge. Exploration and production is a cyclical business where engineers are possible targets when business slumps and cost cutting is required. Survivors often have additional skills, such as project management, team leadership, digital knowledge, or specialized technical knowledge.
During a presentation on lessons learned during a long career in the oil business, Hon-Chung Lau, a professor in the Department of Civil and Environment Engineering at the National University of Singapore, described the decades of effort required over a career, which he breaks into three, 12-year stages (SPE 196027).
Those who successfully reach the last stage of their career may feel secure. But Lau warns, “That is the stage when your career may be at risk.” Those who see a hefty paycheck as a sign of their value to the organization need to consider that earning the same salary as two new hires could make them a layoff target, he said during a presentation at the 2019 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition.
Water Flood Curtailment - Pro and Con
Authors: Menzie Donald E. , Cole Frank W. 
Published: February 2020

Secondary Recovery Symposium, 5–6 May, Wichita Falls, Texas

Introduction
The problem of water flood curtailment is not new. In 1930, in Pennsylvania, a surplus of crude oil forced the oil producers of that area to restrict their producing rates. Since that time, water flood curtailment has been considered or imposed in other operating areas. The problem has not been acute until the last two or three years, when, due primarily to a large influx of cheaper foreign oil, allowable producing rates have been reduced markedly. As the relative percentage of water-flood production to total production continues to increase, the problem of water flood curtailment again presents itself. For evidence of the importance of the problem, consider present Oklahoma production, where daily water-flood production is approximately 140,000barrels, compared to a daily unallocated primary production of 156,000. On a depth basis, the unallocated production is approximately comparable to the water-flood production. A large percentage of existing water floods are at relatively shallow depths. If these shallow floods could be curtailed without serious loss of ultimate recoverable oil, this would seem to be the desirable thing to do. On the other hand, if curtailment of these water floods would result in substantial loss of otherwise recoverable oil, then in the interest of conservation, these operations should not be curtailed until it becomes absolutely necessary.
There has been a great deal of discussion regarding the effects of waterflood curtailment. Most of the written and verbal material has been to support a specific contention. The purpose of this paper is to consider objectively the evidence on both sides of the argument, and to analyze these arguments in the light of our present-day technology.
The problem of water flood curtailment is often clouded by discussion of low rates versus high rates of water injection. If a water flood is to be curtailed it will probably be necessary to restrict the producing rates only during the peak oil-production period, which is a relatively small period in the over-all flood. It is this type of curtailment which will be considered in this discussion.
A Novel Method of Recovering Heavy Viscous Crude Oils and Tar By Combined In Situ Thermal Treatment and Gravity Drainage
Authors: Pirson S.J. , Wong T.K. , Ramsey P.E. 
Published: February 2020

Secondary Recovery Symposium, 5–6 May, Wichita Falls, Texas

A Review Of Existing Methods Of Thermal Oil Recovery
Thermal methods of oil recovery are presently at the forefront of the research efforts directed at increasing the recovery of oil.
Existing techniques may be classed in various groups:Forward Thermal Drives wherein it is desired to increase the bulk of the reservoir temperature for the purpose of lowering crude oil viscosity in place and/or of liberating solution gas.
Subclasses of this group are:reservoir heating throughout the bulk of the pay.reservoir heating through an induced fracture while simultaneously driving the oil by an external agent.reservoir heating through an induced fracture followed by a delayed external drive after fracture plugging.
The reservoir heating means may be hot water (from warm to very hot in temperature), dry steam, exhaust gases, hot gases, or a combination thereof.
The reservoir prerequisites for the application of such a process are:the absence of a gas cap and the presence of a dispersed gas phase within the oil zone, i.e., permeability to gas must exist through the bulk of the pay.fracturing from well to well must be possible.fracture realing from well to well must be possible.
A field project of this type was the Carter Research experiment in Vernon County, Missouri, where steam was injected into the Bluejacket sand at shallow depth. Another project of this type has been initiated in the Shallow Carrizos and overlying the Camp Hill field, Anderson County, Texas.
A similar project is the injection of hot water in the Cardium sand, Pembina field, Canada, but the avowed objective of the project is not increased recovery but rather an increase in water injection rate because of the reduced viscosity of the hot water.
The operation suggested by Squires and Merriam (1) to burn coal in place in a deposit closely related to the oilfield and to inject the combustion gases into the oil sand is closely related to this process.
2. Forward Continuous Combustion Drive with a Combustion Front substantially vertical and extending through the bulk of the pay thickness, gravity affects being negligible in achieving oil recovery. Combustion may be principally that of the gases of injection or of some of the oil in place.
Characteristics of this type of drive are that all the reservoir fluids are in motion most of the time and perhaps at all times, i.e., oil, water, and gases are simultaneously in motion in the porous reservoir rock. Such a three phase flow operation requires high differential pressure to achieve an economic producing rate.
Size and Shape of Asphaltic Particles in Petroleum
Authors: Witherspoon Paul A. , Munir Zuhair A. 
Published: February 2020

Fall Meeting of the Los Angeles Basin Section, 16–17 October, Los Angeles, California

Abstract
Through application of centrifugal forces of 80,000 times gravity, asphaltic particles of colloidal dimensions were sedimented from a wide selection of crude oils ranging from 18° to 46°API. From theoretical considerations, the molecular weights of these asphaltic particles must be of the order of 10,000to 100,000 which corresponds to particles about 30 to 65 Å in size. Other smaller particles in crude oil that may be asphaltic in character are suspected.
Detailed analytical ultracentrifuge studies of asphaltic sediment centrifuged from three Illinois crude oils have shown that this material is composed of spherical asphaltene particles with a density of 1.22 g/cc and an average diameter of 40 Å, which corresponds to a molecular weight of 30,000.The sediment contains only one class of particles with a rather limited range in size, estimated to be from 35 to 45 Å. A spherical shape for these particles is indicated by both electron microscopic investigations and relative viscosity measurements in dilute benzene solutions. The dimensions of these particles in their natural state in petroleum are believed essentially the same as obtained in these analytical studies.

Introduction
The nature of asphaltic substances in petroleum has been a matter of interest for many years. The industry has been confronted with such problems as the effect of these substances on the recovery of oil from the reservoir, their precipitation as troublesome deposits in producing equipment their role informing emulsions, and their stability in refined fuel oils.
One concept important in all these problems concerns the question of whether or not asphaltic substances exist in petroleum as particles that are significantly larger than the hydrocarbon molecules comprising the bulk of the oil. In other words, are there particles (or perhaps macromolecules) in crude oil of such dimensions as to fall within the colloidal range of 10 to 5000 Å(0.000,000,04 to 0.000,02 in.)? Such particles, if present in crude oil, must be intimately involved with the other constituents, and by the very nature of colloidal systems, one would expect the physical and chemical properties of petroleum to be influenced significantly. Although workers in the past have suspected that asphaltic colloids exist in petroleum, a number of studies have been made without being able to prove this important point. Recently, however., the ultracentrifuge has been used to demonstrate that crude oils do contain asphaltic particles of colloidal dimensions.
Contact Angle Hysteresis on Aquagels
Authors: Michaels A.S. , Lummis R.C. 
Published: February 2020

AIChE-SPE Joint Symposium on Wetting and Capillarity in Fluid Displacement Processes, 17–20 May, Kansas City, Missouri

Summary
Micrographic studies of drops of methylene iodide on agar aqua gel surfaces reveal substantial contact - angle hysteresis, which is virtually independent of agar concentration. Maximum advancing and minimum receding angles obey the relation cos theta A + cos theta R = 2cos theta E where theta E is the equilibrium contact angle made by methylene iodide on a plane liquid water surface. These observations, and consideration of the microstructure of gels, are at variance with theories of hysteresis based on surface contamination, surface roughness. and surface heterogeneity. A new theory of contact angle hysteresis on solids is presented which, by analysis of molecular energetics, ascribes the phenomenon solely to the lack of free lateral mobility of the molecules in solid surfaces.

Introduction
When a drop of liquid is brought into contact with the surface of a solid (or of another liquid with which it is immiscible), it will either spread without limit on that surface, or retain Its identity as a drop, attaining an apparent equilibrium configuration on the surface such that a characteristic angle is formed between the tangent to the liquid surface at its point of contact with the substrate, and a line parallel to the substrate surface at that point. This so-called contact angle is usually considered to be determined solely by the magnitudes of the free energies of the three interfaces defining the line of contact at which the angle is measured.
When the three phases under consideration are fluid (e.g., liquid-liquid-gas), the three interfacial free energies manifest themselves as contractile tensions acting tangentially to the surfaces at all points. Under these circumstances, a single two-dimensional force-balance is adequate to establish an equilibrium value for the contact angle in terms of these surface tensions.