bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crosslinked polymer nanocapsules for therapeutic, diagnostic, and theranostic applications
Authors: Sun Haotian , Erdman William , Yuan Yuan , Mohamed Mohamed Alaa , Xie Ruosen , Wang Yuyuan , Gong Shaoqin , Cheng Chong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCrosslinked polymer nanocapsules (CPNCs) are hollowed nanoparticles with network‐like polymeric shells stabilized by primary bonds. CPNCs have drawn broad and significant interests as nanocarriers for biomedical applications in recent years. As compared with conventional polymeric nanoparticles systems without cavity and/or crosslinking architectures, CPNCs possess significant biomedical relevant advantages, including (a) superior structural stability against environmental conditions, (b) high loading capacity and ability for region‐specific loading of multiple cargos, (c) tuneable cargo release rate via crosslinking density, and (d) high specific surface area to facilitate surface adsorption, modification, and interactions. With appropriate base polymers and crosslinkages, CPNCs can be biocompatible and biodegradable. While CPNC‐based biomedical nanoplatforms can possess relatively stable physicochemical properties owing to their crosslinked architectures, various biomedically relevant stimuli‐responsivities can be incorporated with them through specific structural designs. CPNCs have been studied for the delivery of small molecule drugs, genes, proteins, and other therapeutic agents. They have also been investigated as diagnostic platforms for magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, and optical imaging. Moreover, CPNCs have been utilized to carry both therapeutics and bioimaging agents for theranostic applications. This article reviews the therapeutic, diagnostic and theranostic applications of CPNCs, as well as the preparation of these CPNCs, reported in the past decade.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants
Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
A Revolution Deferred: Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Egypt
Authors: Saad Radwa , Abed Sara Soumaya 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEgypt’s Jan 25th revolution in 2011 set a new precedent for women’s activism in the public sphere. Large numbers of women engaged in revolutionary protests alongside their male counterparts in ways that defied traditional and cultural norms. Their contributions, however, did not come without a cost. Sexual violence against women and girls emerged as one of the biggest impediments threatening their activism. Women from all walks of life were subject to brutal, ubiquitous and, indiscriminate form of various forms of sexual violence ranging from mob attacks to direct sexual assaults perpetrated by security forces during the revolution and its aftermath. The ways in which sexual violence was navigated, framed, resisted and remonstrated therefore played a critical role in influencing the process and outcome of women’s activism during the revolution. This chapter examines how pervasive forms of sexual violence influenced women’s contributions and activism in the Jan 25th revolution. It argues that sexual violence served as both an obstacle and an opportunity that enabled women to reap sociopolitical gains central to resolving deep-rooted gender inequalities, which otherwise may have been lost in the revolutionary backdrop.
Outlook
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe aforementioned representation learning models and methods have shown their effectiveness in various NLP scenarios and tasks. With the rapid growth of data scales and the development of computation devices, there are also new challenges and opportunities for next-stage researches of deep learning techniques. In the last chapter, we will look into the future directions of representation learning techniques for NLP. To be more specific, we will consider the following directions including using more unsupervised data, utilizing few labeled data, employing deeper neural architectures, improving model interpretability and fusing the advantages of other areas.
Stress tensor sector of conformal correlators operators in the Regge limit
Authors: Karlsson Robin , Kulaxizi Manuela , Parnachev Andrei , Tadić Petar 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
An important part of a CFT four-point function, the stress tensor sector, comprises the exchanges of the stress tensor and its composites. The OPE coefficients of these multi-stress tensor operators and consequently, the complete stress tensor sector of four- point functions in CFTs with a large central charge, can be determined by computing a heavy-heavy-light-light correlator. We show how one can make substantial progress in this direction by bootstrapping a certain ansatz for the stress tensor sector of the correlator, iteratively computing the OPE coefficients of multi-stress tensor operators with increasing twist. Some parameters are not fixed by the bootstrap — they correspond to the OPE coefficients of multi-stress tensors with spin zero and two. We further show that in holographic CFTs one can use the phase shift computed in the dual gravitational theory to reduce the set of undetermined parameters to the OPE coefficients of multi-stress tensors with spin zero. Finally, we verify some of these results using the Lorentzian OPE inversion formula and comment on its regime of applicability.
Dark matter and Standard Model reheating from conformal GUT inflation
Authors: Biondini S. , Kumar K. Sravan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Spontaneous breaking of conformal symmetry has been widely exploited in successful model building of both inflationary cosmology and particle physics phenomenology. Conformal Grand Unified Theory (CGUT) inflation provides the same scalar tilt and tensor-to-scalar ratio as of Starobinsky and Higgs inflation. Moreover, it predicts a pro- ton life time compatible with the current experimental bound. In this paper, we extend CGUT to account for the production of dark matter and the reheating of the Standard Model. To this end, we introduce a hidden sector directly coupled to the inflaton, whereas the reheating of the visible sector is realized through a portal coupling between the dark particles and the Higgs boson. The masses and interactions of the dark particles and the Higgs boson are determined by the form of the conformal potential and the non-vanishing VEV of the inflaton. We provide benchmark points in the parameter space of the model that give the observed dark matter relic density and reheating temperatures compatible with the Big Bang nucleosynthesis.
Optimized hidden target screening for very polar molecules in surface waters including a compound database inquiry
Authors: Minkus Susanne , Grosse Sylvia , Bieber Stefan , Veloutsou Sofia , Letzel Thomas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHighly polar trace organic compounds, which are persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) or are very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) in the aquatic environment, may pose a risk to surface water, ground water, and drinking water supplies. Despite the advances in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, there often exists an analytical blind spot when it comes to very polar chemicals. This study seeks to make a broad polarity range analytically accessible by means of serially coupling reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Moreover, a workflow is presented using optimized data processing of nontarget screening (NTS) data and subsequently generating candidate lists for the identification of very polar molecules via an open-access NTS platform and implemented compound database. First, key input parameters and filters of the so-called feature extraction algorithms were identified, and numerical performance indicators were defined to systematically optimize the data processing method. Second, all features from the very polar HILIC elution window were uploaded to the STOFF-IDENT database as part of the FOR-IDENT open-access NTS platform, which contains additional physicochemical information, and the features matched with potential compounds by their accurate mass. The hit list was filtered for compounds with a negative log D value, indicating that they were (very) polar. For instance, 46 features were assigned to 64 candidate compounds originating from a set of 33 samples from the Isar river in Germany. Three PMT candidates (e.g., guanylurea, melamine, and 1,3-dimethylimidazolidin-2-one) were illustratively validated using the respective reference standards. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that polarity-extended chromatography reproducibly retards and separates (very) polar compounds from surface waters. These findings further indicate that a transparent and robust data processing workflow for nontarget screening data is available for addressing new (very) polar substances in the aqueous environment.
Bilateral fibular fractures in a pre-ambulant infant
Authors: Paddock Michael , Horton David , Offiah Amaka C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMultiple long-bone fractures, particularly bilateral fractures, are of moderate specificity for inflicted injury (physical abuse) in infants and young children. Bilateral healing fractures of the fibulae are rare and, depending on age, raise the suspicion of inflicted injury. We report healing undisplaced fractures of both fibulae, in almost identical positions, in a pre-ambulant infant. The caregivers reported that the infant repeatedly banged his legs against the metal frame of his playpen. A video of this mechanism was provided to the instructed radiology expert and showed that the point of impact of the infant’s legs against the metal frame was at a similar level to the radiographic abnormalities. This mechanism was therefore believed to be consistent with the injuries, resulting in a diagnosis of self-inflicted bilateral fibular fractures and not of inflicted injury.
Neonatal bacterial meningitis versus ventriculitis: a cohort-based overview of clinical characteristics, microbiology and imaging
Authors: Peros Thomas , van Schuppen Joost , Bohte Anneloes , Hodiamont Caspar , Aronica Eleonora , de Haan Timo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCentral nervous system (CNS) infections are potentially life threatening in neonates and can lead to the ill-defined diagnosis of ventriculitis. With this study we aimed to explore and describe ventriculitis regarding clinical, microbiological and ultrasonographic characteristics. We performed a retrospective cohort study including all neonates with a culture-proven CNS infection admitted to our tertiary NICU over a 12-year period (2004–2016). For each case clinical data was gathered, and three timed cranial ultrasounds were anonymized and retrospectively reviewed and assessed for signs of ventriculitis. Forty-five patients were included with 9 (20%) diagnosed with ventriculitis. Mortality in both ventriculitis and non-ventriculitis cases was one-third. Patients with pre-existing conditions as post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus are at risk of developing ventriculitis. Most common pathogens were gram negative bacteria (68.9%). Ultrasonographic signs of ventriculitis developed over time, and interrater agreement was substantial.Conclusion: Neonatal ventriculitis is a serious entity in the continuum of meningitis. Early and correct diagnoses of ventriculitis are both important because of possible persisting or newly developing hydrocephalus or seizures. Sequential imaging should be performed.

What is Known:• CNS infections in neonates lead to high mortality and morbidity.• Ventriculitis is a severe complication of meningitis.

What is New:• High morbidity; the majority of ventriculitis patients have pre-existing PHVD and develop seizures and hydrocephalus.• Interrater agreement is good; bedside CUS is a useful tool for reaching a sustainable diagnosis of ventriculitis.
Räumliche Ausbreitung von COVID-19 durch interregionale Verflechtungen
Authors: Mense Andreas , Michelsen Claus 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungDas Coronavirus hat die Weltwirtschaft in eine Krise gestürzt. Seit Anfang März 2020 wurden in Deutschland Kontakt- und Ausgangsbeschränkungen sowie Verbote der Geschäftstätigkeit verhängt, die Schul- und Kitabetreuung ausgesetzt und strenge Hygienevorgaben erlassen. Daraufhin hat sich die Zahl der gemeldeten Neuinfektionen deutlich reduziert. Zudem ist das Gesundheitssystem Deutschlands nicht überlastet. Nicht zuletzt deshalb wird mittlerweile eine intensive Debatte über Lockerungen geführt, die zusätzliche wirtschaftliche Aktivität zulassen würden. Vor allem Pendlerverflechtungen hatten einen großen Anteil an der Ausbreitung von COVID-19 in Deutschland. Schlechte Witterung und eine hohe Bevölkerungsdichte waren weitere Treiber des Infektionsgeschehens.
Light cone and Weyl compatibility of conformal and projective structures
Authors: Matveev Vladimir S. , Scholz Erhard 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn the literature different concepts of compatibility between a projective structure $${\mathscr {P}}$$
P
and a conformal structure $${\mathscr {C}}$$
C
on a differentiable manifold are used. In particular compatibility in the sense of Weyl geometry is slightly more general than compatibility in the Riemannian sense. In an often cited paper (Ehlers et al. in: O’Raifertaigh (ed) General Relativity, Papers in Honour of J.L. Synge, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 2012) Ehlers/Pirani/Schild introduce still another criterion which is natural from the physical point of view: every light like geodesics of $${\mathscr {C}}$$
C
is a geodesics of $${\mathscr {P}}$$
P
. Their claim that this type of compatibility is sufficient for introducing a Weylian metric has recently been questioned (Trautman in Gen Relativ Gravit 44:1581–1586, 2012); (Vladimir in Commun Math Phys 329:821–825, 2014); as reported by Scholz (in: A scalar field inducing a non-metrical contribution to gravitational acceleration and a compatible add-on to light deflection, 2019). Here it is proved that the conjecture of EPS is correct.
The effectiveness of soft law in international environmental regimes: participation and compliance in the Hyogo Framework for Action
Authors: Wanner Maximilian S. T. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA number of recent international environmental regimes including the Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement on climate change and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction rely on soft law featuring voluntary action, wide-ranging provisions for participants and non-binding commitments, while skirting the idea of sanctions. Because of the increasing prevalence of soft law regimes, their intuitional design attributes and characteristics give rise to new questions about regime effectiveness. Concepts such as compliance and participation that originate from the assessment of the effectiveness of hard law regimes need to be revisited and adapted to this new subset with its distinct characteristics. The aim of this study, then, is to empirically investigate the prospects of effectiveness in the specific case of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015 on disaster risk reduction (DRR) as an illustrative case study of soft law regimes. The study, thereby, examines participation and compliance as key factors of regime effectiveness by analysing data and descriptive statistics based on national reports and their indicators on DRR measures. The study not only aims to advance the understanding of concepts central to the assessment of regime effectiveness in the context of soft law regimes. It also investigates DRR for the first time on a global scale from a regime effectiveness perspective documenting variation on the country level and serving as a guide to interesting cases and comparative research for future study.
Effects of Modified Used Cooking Oil on Structure and Properties of Closed-Cell Polyurethane foams
Authors: Kurańska Maria , Leszczyńska Milena , Kubacka Joanna , Prociak Aleksander , Ryszkowska Joanna 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of bio-polyol synthesized from used cooking oil on selected properties of rigid polyurethane foams. Application of bio-polyol allows utilization of used cooking oil in the preparation of polyurethane foams according to circular economy. In our work, bio-polyurethane foams were obtained by replacing 20, 60 and 100% of petrochemical polyol with bio-polyol from waste oil. It was observed that the introduction of the bio-polyol caused an increase in the reactivity of the polyurethane system during the foaming process, which was also confirmed by dielectric polarization changes. A complete replacement of petrochemical polyol with the bio-polyol caused cell opening in the foams. A replacement of 20 wt% of petrochemical polyol with the bio-polyol allowed preparation of polyurethane foams with improved thermal insulating properties. The introduction of 20% of the bio-polyol resulted in an increase of the compressive strength in a parallel direction compared to the reference material. The dimensional stability of bio-foams was very high since none of the dimensions differed by more than 0.5% upon treatment with an elevated temperature (70 °C).
How to speed up the detection of aerobic microbial contaminations by using isothermal microcalorimetry
Authors: Fricke Christian , Harms Hauke , Maskow Thomas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIsothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) is regarded as a promising diagnostic tool for fast detection of bacterial contaminations in various matrices. Based on a reference detection time determined by visual inspection of bacterial growth on solid medium, we investigated the strict aerobically growing Pseudomonas putida mt-2 KT2440 in a static 4-mL ampoule system on solid and liquid media by IMC to evaluate the three main options to reduce the detection time of bacterial contamination. Firstly, the sample preparation (e.g. membrane filtration) leads to an elevated number of bacteria in the measuring ampoule and thus to a reduced detection time. Secondly, the amount of substrate and oxygen has been investigated by varying the filling volume of medium in the calorimetric ampoule. Here, we were able to show how biophysical characteristics like the substrate and oxygen diffusion determined the shape of heat flow signals and thus the detection time. Finally, the technical framework determines the sensitivity of the IMC instrument. We examined the impact of four different detection threshold values (2, 10, 50 and 100 µW) on the detection time as a function of the initial number of bacteria presented in the ampoule and the filling volume.
Landscape influence on biophony in an urban environment in the European Alps
Authors: Dein Jacob , Rüdisser Johannes 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Context
Biophony is the acoustic manifestation of biodiversity, and humans interact with biophony in many ways. However, quantifying biophony across urban landscapes has proven difficult in the presence of anthrophony, or sounds generated by humans. Improved assessment methods are required to progress our understanding of the processes influencing biophony across a variety of spatial–temporal scales.

Objectives
We aimed to identify how the landscape influences biophony, as well as the total acoustic environment, along an urban to rural gradient. We designed the study to quantify how soundscape–landscape relationships change across a variety of spatial–temporal scales.

Methods
We recorded the afternoon acoustic environment during the spring of 2016 at 30 locations in the city of Innsbruck, Austria using a spatially balanced random sampling design. We quantified the total acoustic environment with the sound exposure level (SEL) metric, and developed a new metric, percent biophony (PB), to quantify biophony while avoiding noise bias. We quantified relationships with land cover (LC) classes, as well as a landscape index, distance to nature (D2N), across 10 scales.

Results
D2N within 1280 m best predicted PB, while both the LC class trees and D2N within 40 m best predicted SEL. PB increased more throughout the spring at locations with more natural surrounding LC, while PB did not change significantly at locations with more urban surrounding LC.

Conclusions
LC and composite indices can serve as reasonable predictors for the acoustic environment; however, the relationships are scale dependent. Mapping soundscapes can help to illustrate possible driving mechanisms and provide a valuable tool for urban management and planning.
Major air pollutants seasonal variation analysis and long-range transport of PM10 in an urban environment with specific climate condition in Transylvania (Romania)
Authors: Bodor Zsolt , Bodor Katalin , Keresztesi Ágnes , Szép Róbert 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe air quality decrease, especially in urban areas, is related to local-scale conditions and to dispersion of air pollutants (regional and long-range) as well. The main objective of this study was to decipher the seasonal variation of PM10, NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, O3, and CO over a 1-year period (2017) and the possible relationships between air pollution and meteorological variables. Furthermore, trajectory cluster analysis and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) methods were used to assess the trajectories and the source-receptor relationship of PM10 in the Ciuc basin Transylvania, known as the “Cold Pole” of Romania. The pollutants show lower concentrations during warmer periods, especially during summer, and significantly higher concentrations were observed on heating season in winter due to seasonal variations in energy use (biomass burning) and atmospheric stability. Subsequently, in February, the highest concentration of PM10 was 132 μg/m3, which is 4 times higher than the highest recorded monthly mean. Our results indicate a negative correlation between CO/temperature (− 0.89), NOx/temperature (− 0.84) and positive between NOx/PM10 (0.95), CO/PM10 (0.9), and NOx/CO (0.98), respectively. Dominant transport pathways were identified and the results revealed that slow-moving southerly (~ 45%) and northwesterly (~ 32%) air masses represent almost 80% and mainly regional flows were discerned. During 2017, increased PM10 levels were measured at the study site when air masses arrived mostly from northwest and southeast. The CWT and polarplot models show a strong seasonal variation and significant differences were observed between weekdays and weekends, namely highest PM10 concentrations during weekends at low wind speed (2–4 m/s).
Zur soziologischen Auseinandersetzung mit Gewalt in der Medizin am Beispiel des medizinischen Kinderschutzes
Authors: Sucherdt Christoph 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungDer medizinische Kinderschutz ist ein durch die gegenwärtige deutsche Soziologie kaum beachtetes Phänomen. Der Artikel möchte auf der einen Seite spezifische Entwicklungen des medizinischen Kinderschutzes aufzeigen. Hierzu wird aus einer wissenssoziologischen Perspektive insbesondere auf seine Entstehung, Entwicklung der Definitionen von Misshandlung, die Diagnose verschiedener Formen von Gewalt und auf die Rolle der medizinischen Forschung eingegangen. Auf der anderen Seite sollen besondere Dynamiken und Folgen, welche die Beschäftigung der Medizin mit dem Gegenstand der Gewalt gegen Kinder mit sich bringen, eingehender soziologisch betrachtet werden.