bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
System Dynamics Modeling to Rethink Health System Reform
Authors: Homer Jack , Milstein Bobby , Hirsch Gary B. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Rethink Health Dynamics Model represents the complex dynamics of a regional health system in the United States and has been calibrated for more than 10 regions using nationwide and local data. When testing single interventions, the simulated improvement in system performance is often less than desired. By experimenting with combinations of interventions, the authors have identified recurring reasons for underperformance or intervention pitfalls. Here they discuss four common pitfalls and possible ways to overcome each with additional intervention. The pitfalls include (a) trying to cut costs without changing payment incentives; (b) depleting available funds without securing sustainable financing; (c) trying to achieve greater equity through service delivery without building capacity to meet greater demand; and (d) missing the opportunity to achieve multiple goals simultaneously through the use of mutually supporting interventions. The chapter illustrates each pitfall and proposed solution with causal feedback diagrams and simulation output graphs.
Agent-Based Modeling to Delineate Opioid and Other Drug Use Epidemics
Authors: Bobashev Georgiy V. , Hoffer Lee D. , Lamy Francois R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Drug epidemics have enormous individual and societal costs that often persist years after the epidemic has declined. Drug use and addiction produce mental and physical health problems, as well as broad societal challenges such as loss of child custody, potential overdose death, crime, and incarceration. Drug epidemics have features of infectious diseases (e.g., contagion-like spread of use initiation) and chronic diseases (e.g., long-term changes in neurobiology). Understanding and responding to these epidemics requires systems approach that considers multiple connected and interacting components and outcomes. The chapter emphasizes adaptive connectivity between brain neurobiology, behavioral economics, environmental, cultural, and legal factors that impact the course of drug epidemics. The authors illustrate how agent-based models can simultaneously address and capture this interconnectivity. They provide examples of model-based policy evaluations and discuss challenges that modeling drug epidemics is facing. Despite numerous challenges, this area of population health research is very promising and fast developing
Hybrid Simulation Modeling in Population Health
Authors: Brailsford Sally C. , Evenden Dave C. , Viana Joe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Hybrid simulation is particularly useful in population health, since healthcare systems are characterized by both dynamic and stochastic complexity and the use of one single simulation approach may result in an oversimplified model that fails to address the real problem. This chapter presents the foundational concepts of hybrid simulation modeling and describes how the various stages in developing a single-method model can be adapted for hybrid simulation. These are illustrated by two examples from population health: age-related macular degeneration and dementia. In both cases, hybrid simulation has enabled the model to reflect the complexity of the decisions facing population health planners, who have to consider individual patient variability and the uncertainty of health outcomes from a “whole-system” perspective. The chapter presents a set of guidelines for modelers, showing how an integrated, multiscale simulation modeling framework can be developed, validated, and exploited for population health problems. The integration of micro-level modeling with macro-level modeling approaches, grounded in foundational complex systems properties and theories, can capture aspects of health systems that a single-method approach cannot.
Physical Sciences for Nonphysical Problems
Authors: Gallos Lazaros K. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
To begin understanding noncommunicable diseases in a population, researchers must understand how people are connected to each other, how they interact with each other, and if there are external influences. Heterogeneity and complexity in human disease suggest new methodological and analytical ways in which the physical sciences can assist research in areas such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, psychiatric disorders, or cancer. As it is becoming clear that human morbid states are not strictly deterministic diseases, this chapter overviews how statistical physics and nonlinear dynamics (e.g., percolation, cascades, control theory) grounded in stochastic approaches can contribute to the delineation and control of an array of complex population health outcomes.
A (Very Selective) Early History of Ballet in America
Authors: Klapper Melissa R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ballet developed slowly in the United States and depended on European dancers and teachers at first, but by mid-nineteenth century a few American-trained ballet dancers were beginning to make their mark. The opening of the Metropolitan Opera Ballet School in 1909 and the tours of Anna Pavlova contributed greatly to popularizing ballet and inspiring young people to begin taking ballet class before World War I. Expansion continued from the 1920s through the 1940s with the founding of the School of American Ballet and the performances of the various Ballet Russe companies in every corner of the country. The Littlefield sisters and Christensen brothers helped make ballet American by establishing important homegrown ballet companies with primarily American dancers. The regional ballet movement fostered further growth. All these developments in professional ballet encouraged ever-increasing numbers of Americans not only to enjoy performances but also to take ballet class themselves.
The Russians Are Coming
Authors: Klapper Melissa R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
European teachers had a tremendous influence on the development of ballet in the United States through at least the mid-twentieth century. They had to adapt to the commercial American environment in which ballet class was a commodity, available to anyone to buy, regardless of talent. Still, they handed down the Italian or British or Russian technique in a traditional master-apprentice relationship. These classical modes of ballet pedagogy did alter to some degree in response to conditions in the United States. The cachet of taking ballet class with European teachers who could claim a direct link to the lineage of ballet pedagogy persisted well into the twentieth century.
Up a Steep and Very Narrow Stairway
Authors: Klapper Melissa R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
There is wide variety among dance studios in the United States, but ballet has been fundamental to most of them over the twentieth century. Ballet teachers come from a variety of backgrounds, including both professional dance careers and many kinds of teacher training. Good ballet teachers offer a progressive sequence and think about how to interact with students in the studio, whether they are teaching purely recreational or pre-professional classes. Good training can take place in less than ideal physical facilities, though the type of flooring is particularly important. Teachers should be knowledgeable about both ballet pedagogy and the business skills necessary to run dance studios. There is no one group overseeing the quality of ballet classes or the qualifications of teachers, though dance teacher organizations have tried to provide teacher training since the early twentieth century. Dance teacher organizations have also represented their members’ legal and professional interests.
Playing the Flute
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 presents fingerings for the tenor flute, together with detailed suggestions for the minute embouchure adjustments possible for each fingering, and needed to create the best sound on each note of the instrument. Vibrato (as described in sixteenth-century treatises), articulation and its relationship to speech and language, and the ideal of the human voice as the model for all instrumentalists are also discussed.
Playing Together
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 covers aspects of playing that become important in the ensemble context, in particular, tuning within the flute consort including practical tips on how to recognize and play pure intervals, temperaments used by the polyphonic instruments (spinets, lutes, and harps) with which flutes are sometimes paired, and possible combinations of flutes with other melody instruments. Finally, this chapter addresses transposition—whether for reasons of necessity or preference—in the flute consort setting.
Music Suitable for Three Flutes
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 presents scores of our own editions (in score format) of music for three flutes. (Individual parts can be downloaded from the accompanying website.) Some pieces are for three tenor flutes, while the others are for two tenors and one bass. Purely instrumental as well as vocal pieces are included. An introduction to each piece presents the mode and other useful tips for flutist approaching these works for the first time. Each piece also includes a hexachordal analysis and text (when applicable).
Music Suitable for Four Flutes
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 10 presents our own editions (in score format) of music for four flutes. (Individual parts can be downloaded from the accompanying website.) Purely instrumental pieces, such as dances, as well as vocal pieces, such as chansons and Tenorlieder, are included. An introduction to each piece presents the mode and useful tips for flutist approaching these works for the first time. Each piece also includes a hexachordal analysis and text (when applicable).
Notation and Transcription
Authors: Clark Kate , Markwick Amanda 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Using as its basis one source of Heinrich Isaac’s “Güretzsch,” Chapter 16 gives a step-by-step guide on how to transcribe into modern notation a piece of music in renaissance notation. This chapter presents “translations” of all the elements of original notation, including note values, rests, clefs, and time signatures. We also offer practical suggestions on how to rehearse when using partbooks in manuscript or original print.
Starting a Practice
Authors: McAllister Lesley S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter One sets the foundation for an understanding of what yoga is and how that definition has changed over the last century, especially in the West. Beginning with an explanation of the original intention of yoga—that is, to yoke the mind, body, and spirit—this chapter will explore how the practice of yoga and music work synergistically to develop better body awareness, less physical tension, and greater physical and emotional well-being. After describing the types of poses and their benefits as well as how they may be sequenced for a well-rounded practice, sections on necessary supplies and safe practice tips will give pertinent information to teachers and students who are just beginning a yoga practice. Principles of breath, movement, and alignment are outlined so that teachers know what to watch for in their students and what cues to use as they begin to incorporate yoga postures into music lessons.
Connecting the Body and Mind
Authors: McAllister Lesley S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter Two delves more deeply into the holistic practice of yoga as it bridges the “conscious mind” and the “feeling body”—two parts of the “self” that are often considered as separate entities, but work holistically to impact well-being. Information on mindfulness, meditation, and pranayama, or the art of breathing, show how mindful movement and attention to the breath enhance focus and impact peak performance. The section on pranayama, or breath work, describes diaphragmatic breathing and the ujjayi breath as well as more advanced breathing techniques that either relax or stimulate body and mind. Basic information is given on yogic concepts such as chakras, bandhas, drishtis, mantras, and mudras to provide a foundation for the use of these techniques with specific populations.
Music for the Chalumeau
Authors: Rice Albert R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides an overview of chalumeau music written from 1694 to 1780. Seventeen works are discussed that represent the large chalumeau repertoire: opera, oratorio, cantata, psalm, concerto, stage, chamber, and orchestral. The chalumeau was prominently used in European courts, schools, and concerts in Vienna, Hanover, Düsseldorf, Venice, Prague, Darmstadt, Hamburg, Liechtenstein, Frankfurt, London, Darmstadt, Zerbst, Eisenstadt, Dresden, and other cities, and in monasteries at Göttweig in Austria, and Osek and Lubens in Poland. Chalumeaux were made in five sizes: soprano, alto, tenor, bass, and basset bass (extended range bass). Soprano and bass chalumeaux were used in Vienna by several composers; soprano chalumeaux in Amsterdam by Dreux; alto, tenor, and bass chalumeaux by Graupner and Telemann in Darmstadt, Hamburg, and Frankfurt; and basset bass by Steffani in Düsseldorf and Pichler in Göttweig.
Playing Techniques of the Baroque Clarinet
Authors: Rice Albert R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the earliest published sources on playing the two- and three-key clarinets written by Majer (1732), Eisel (1738), Berg (1782), and an anonymous writer (ca. 1810). The topics covered by these authors are compass, reed position, embouchure, articulation, hand position, fingerings, clefs, and makers’ stamps. Other authors cited who write about the clarinet are Walther (1732), Diderot and d’Alembert (1753), Roeser (1764), Miklin’s letter to Hülphers (1772), Vanderhagen (1785), Lefèvre (1802), Backofen (ca. 1803), Fröhlich (1811–1812), and Willman (1826). A mezzotint (ca. 1750–1760) by Johann Elias Ridinger illustrates a carefully drawn three-key clarinet with details of construction and a player using a contemporary fingering. Birsak’s (1973) observations on the tuning and pitch of some Baroque clarinets are discussed.
Knowledge
Authors: Garvey Stephen P. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins with United States v. Moore, a case from the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia involving a heroin addict charged with drug possession. It describes in more detail what the actus reus and mens rea requirements entail when applied to a defendant who realized he was committing a crime. It discusses, in relation to actus reus, free will as the capacity to choose otherwise, proposes a test to help determine if a defendant lacked the capacity to choose otherwise (the Stephen test), and compares the actus reus requirement to the existing defense of insanity. In relation to mens rea, the chapter explains how the Jekyll test (introduced in Chapter 2) applies to defendants who realized there were committing a crime, and then compares mens rea to the existing defenses of duress and provocation, as well as to the problem of the “willing addict.” It concludes with a discussion of the circumstances under which the state can legitimately ascribe guilt to a defendant who lacked actus reus or mens rea at the time of the crime but whose guilt can nonetheless be traced to a prior guilty act or omission.
Agency
Authors: Garvey Stephen P. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Using as a frame the famous case of Daniel M’Naghten, who suffered from delusions of persecution, this chapter offers a theory of insanity as lost agency, according to which a person is insane if he acts but does not experience himself as the author of his actions. Insofar as the application of the actus reus and mens rea requirements presuppose that the defendant acted with a sense of agency, and insofar as actus reus and mens rea are limits on a democratic state’s authority to ascribe guilt, acting without a sense of agency constitutes another limit on the state’s authority. If a defendant acted without a sense of agency, he is beyond the authority of a democratic state to ascribe guilt to any criminal choice he makes while lacking a sense of agency. Before reaching this conclusion, the chapter explores and criticizes the law’s prevailing account of insanity, which grounds insanity in an incapacity, as well as a proposed alternative account, which grounds insanity in irrationality. After then elaborating on the idea of insanity as lost agency, it compares insanity to other defects of consciousness (hypnosis, sleepwalking, and multiple personality disorder).
Chemical Elements and Chemical SubstancesRethinking Paneth’s Distinction
Authors: Hijmans Sarah N. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In 1931, Paneth identified a dual meaning of the term “chemical element,” translated as “basic substance” and “simple substance.” Since then multiple philosophers of chemistry have also identified ambiguities surrounding this concept, and the IUPAC still holds a double definition today. This paper aims to help resolve this ambiguity through an analysis and reinterpretation of the two meanings of the term “element” proposed by Paneth. It is important to distinguish between elements as substances and elements as constituents, because the elementary substances disappear when elements enter into compounds, whereas the constituent subsists. The notion of simple substance fails to capture the stability of the element as a constituent of matter, and Paneth’s metaphysical idea of basic substance is contradictory with a concept of element that evolved thanks to scientific practice, not independent of it. Since these meanings are mutually exclusive, their combination within one term is problematic; yet, this paper will show that neither of them individually suffice to qualify the element. Therefore, based on a brief analysis of the history of chemistry, I will propose a way of rethinking Paneth’s distinction in order to understand the different aspects of this complex chemical concept. Though there is a certain duality to the notion of element in the sense that it can be characterized both as an abstract constituent and as a chemical substance, the term “element” does not have two distinct meanings; it refers to the element in all forms of chemical combination.
Denouncing the Living/Dead Catiline: The First Catilinarian
Authors: Berry D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers how Cicero’s Catilinarians should be interpreted as literature, given that they are not accurate versions of the speeches Cicero originally delivered in 63 BC but contain substantial amounts of material added by Cicero in 60 BC. Piers Morgan’s diaries are cited as a modern example of a text describing historical events from the author’s viewpoint that purports to have been produced at a certain point in time but which was actually written some years afterwards. These diaries are used to help the reader understand the textual status of Cicero’s Catilinarians. Two approaches to the interpretation of the Catilinarians are formulated and then applied to the First Catilinarian. This enables the purposes of the First Catilinarian to be identified. An attempt is also made to identify the specific individuals who prompted Cicero to publish the speeches of his consulship. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the success of the First Catilinarian.
Persuading the People: The Second and Third Catilinarians
Authors: Berry D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Cicero’s skill in persuading the people, taking the extant De lege agraria 2 and the lost De Othone as examples of this skill. The chapter first identifies the purposes of the Second Catilinarian and the Third Catilinarian and then examines Cicero’s dissuasion of his audience from joining the conspiracy, his use of narration, and his exploitation of religion in the two speeches. It also contains a brief discussion of Cicero’s epic poem Consulatus suus in which the most famous fragment is reassigned to a new context, and it concludes with a consideration of the success of the Second and Third Catilinarians.
Social Deprivation
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDebates about human rights tend to neglect our social rights including our fundamental right to have minimally adequate access to decent human contact. This chapter seeks to fill this gap by defending a human right against social deprivation. Social deprivation is a grievous wrong because it undermines our health, our ability to exercise many other rights, and our self-respect, autonomy, and resilience. The chapter distinguishes three types of social deprivation, details the negative and positive sides of the right, and offers five arguments to support it: the three explored in Chapter 1 as well as desert-based arguments and instrumental arguments. Although governments are primary duty-bearers, we individuals also have duties to respect, protect, and fulfil this right. The chapter answers various objections, such as whether social inclusion is a rights issue at all, and, if it is, whether the right imposes undue burdens or is infeasible.
Neighbourhood Policing
Authors: Innes Martin , Roberts Colin , Lowe Trudy , Innes Helen 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Neighbourhood Policing is one of the most significant and high-profile innovations in UK policing of recent times. It has also been one of the most successful, garnering widespread political and public support. This book brings together insights and evidence from a ten-year programme of research into the concept and implementation of Neighbourhood Policing, telling its story from initial policy development, through periods where it started to feature less significantly in the everyday practice of the police, and beyond. Drawing upon extensive empirical data, blended with unique insights from the authors’ involvement in designing some of the original processes and systems underpinning the delivery of Neighbourhood Policing, the book attends to issues of criminological and sociological interest, seeking to distil key findings about this particular inflection of community policing. Locating these themes and issues within the overall trajectory of development of UK policing, the book provides a rigorously evidenced assessment of Neighbourhood Policing’s achievements and weaknesses, and a unique and compelling insight into the significant place it has achieved within the contemporary policing landscape.
Introduction
Authors: Harrison Graham 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe chapter starts by setting a global context. A small number of countries have achieved capitalist development and a good majority have not. The places where mass populations enjoy high material standards of living are in developed countries. Other countries are either very poor and economically stagnant, or aspiring to transform into fully fledged capitalism. The chapter identifies the political project to transform in this way as developmentalism. This argument is elaborated through references to Tanzania. It then sketches the substance of developmentalism in the following properties: a strong political support for expended accumulation, the conflation of development with state sovereignty, the construction of legitimacy, and the disciplining of business.