bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Surface Defects on Chloride-Induced Depassivation of Iron—A Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Pang Qin , DorMohammadi Hossein , Isgor O. Burkan , Árnadóttir Líney 
Published: April 2020

Chloride-induced depassivation is a large contributor to the degradation of metals, but defects are likely to play a key role in that process. Here density functional theory calculations are used to investigate the mechanism of the initial stages of chloride-induced depassivation of iron by studying the Cl interactions with stepped α-Fe2O3 (0001) surfaces and how that can lead to degradation of the passive oxide film. The low coordinated Fe sites near the step edge and O vacancies facilitate high local coverages of adsorbed Cl, which enhance surface Fe vacancy formation significantly. The step edge also lowers the Cl insertion energy, relative to the flat surface, but insertion by exchange with O is still endothermic. This study illustrates the importance of surface defects, step edges, and O vacancies in the depassivation mechanism, but the findings generally support the point defect model as a description of the depassivation mechanism.
At the dawn of global climate modeling: the strange case of the Leith atmosphere model
Authors: Hamilton Kevin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. A critical stage in the development of our ability to model and project
climate change occurred in the late 1950s–early 1960s when the first
primitive-equation atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) were
created. A rather idiosyncratic project to develop an AGCM was conducted
virtually alone by Cecil E. Leith starting near the end of the 1950s. The Leith
atmospheric model (LAM) appears to have been the first primitive-equation
AGCM with a hydrological cycle and the first with a vertical resolution
extending above the tropopause. It was certainly the first AGCM with a
diurnal cycle, the first with prognostic clouds, and the first to be used as
the basis for computer animations of the results. The LAM project was
abandoned in approximately 1965, and it left almost no trace in the journal literature.
Remarkably, the recent internet posting of a half-century-old computer animation
of LAM-simulated fields represents the first significant “publication” of
results from this model. This paper summarizes what is known about the
history of the LAM based on the limited published articles and reports as
well as transcripts of interviews with Leith and others conducted in the 1990s
and later.
Seismic section image detail enhancement method based on bilateral texture filtering and adaptive enhancement of texture details
Authors: Jia Xiang-Yu , DongYe Chang-Lei 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The seismic section image contains a wealth of texture
detail information, which is important for the interpretation of the
formation profile information. In order to enhance the texture detail of the
image while keeping the structural information of the image intact, a
multi-scale enhancement method based on wavelet transform is proposed.
Firstly, the image is wavelet decomposed to obtain a low-frequency
structural component and a series of high-frequency texture detail
components. Secondly, bilateral texture filtering is performed on the
low-frequency structural components to filter out high-frequency noise while
maintaining the edges of the image; adaptive enhancement is performed on the
high-frequency detail components to filter out low-frequency noise while
enhancing detail. Finally, the processed high- and low-frequency components
reconstructed by wavelets can obtain a seismic section image with
enhanced detail. The method of this paper enhances the texture detail
information in the image while preserving the edge of the image.
Bases para a Reforma da Atenção Primária à Saúde no Brasil em 2019: mudanças estruturantes após 25 anos do Programa de Saúde da Família
Authors: Harzheim Erno , Martins José dos Santos Caroline , Pereira D’Avila Otávio , Wollmann Lucas , Pinto Luiz Felipe 
Published: April 2020

O ano de 2019 marcou a estruturação das bases para uma profunda reforma na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) do Brasil. Os desafios enfrentados através dessa reforma foram a falta de priorização política real da APS, o financiamento insuficiente da APS e focado na estrutura de serviços, os obstáculos ao acesso de primeiro contato, a escassez de profissionais qualificados, a necessidade de maior informatização da APS e a ausência de integração de dados clínicos, a fragilidade clínica e necessidade de ampliação do escopo profissional e a falta de informação de qualidade para tomada de decisão clínica e gerencial. Com ações direcionadas a cada um desses desafios, a Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde do Ministério da Saúde criou estratégias sistêmicas e integradas entre si que representam mudanças estruturantes e investimentos em governança clínica para transformar a APS brasileira, garantindo mais e melhor saúde para a população, com mecanismos transparentes e técnicos para seu financiamento, organização, oferta, monitoramento e avaliação.
Reseña de: Casado Alonso, Hilario (Coord.), Comercio, finanzas y fiscalidad en Castilla (siglos XV-XVI)
Authors: Rivera Medina Ana María 
Published: April 2020

Reseña de: Casado Alonso, Hilario (Coord.), Comercio, finanzas y fiscalidad en Castilla (siglos XV-XVI). Madrid, Dykinson, 2018, 340 págs. ISBN: 978-84-9148-968-9
Reseña de: Reixach Sala, Albert, Finances públiques i mobilitat social a la Catalunya de la Baixa Edat Mitjana. Girona, 1340-1440
Authors: Donado Vara Julián 
Published: April 2020

Reseña de: Reixach Sala, Albert, Finances públiques i mobilitat social a la Catalunya de la Baixa Edat Mitjana. Girona, 1340-1440. Madrid, C.S.I.C., 2018, 389 pp. ISBN: 978-84-00-10385-9
Omisiones
Authors: Ambos Kai 
Published: April 2020

Un mero no hacer se convierte en una omisión criminal si elvomitente (o sea, aquel que no actúa) tenía un deber jurídico y la posibilidadde impedir el consiguiente daño o violación de un interés jurídico.Entendida de ese modo, la responsabilidad por una omisión aparece de dos formas: como la otra cara de la responsabilidad por una conducta activa en forma de comisión por omisión (por ejemplo, matar dejando que una persona se ahogue en lugar de dispararle) o como una mera omisión (propia), con el delito de omisión de socorro como su forma más básica. La distinción posee una relevancia no solo académica pues la primera de esas formas implica, normalmente, condenas mucho más elevadas que la segunda. Si bien las fuentes del deber de actuar pueden variar —ley, contrato o expectativas sociales—, este se basa de todos modos en alguna forma de control por parte del omitente, ya sea respecto a la fuente del peligro o al objeto puesto en peligro. En cuanto a los deberes de actuar que resultan relevantes, existen grandes similitudes entre el derecho inglés (common law) y el alemán (derecho continental), tanto en términos del fundamento de la responsabilidad del garante como de los deberes jurídicos individuales. Del mismo modo, los presupuestos normativos subyacentes a favor o en contra del delito de omisión de socorro son, en gran medida, idénticos en las discusiones del derecho continental y del common law.
Simulering som pedagogisk metode i lærerutdanning
Authors: Lindset Marit , Aune Ingvild 
Published: April 2020

Bakgrunn: Lærerstudenter skal inneha kompetanse innen ulike kommunikasjonsferdigheter for å være kvalifisert som lærer i skoleverket. Tilbakemeldingen fra studentene tyder på at de ønsker øving på virkelighetsnær kommunikasjon med relevans til skolepraksis Dette var utgangspunktet for et prosjekt som ble gjennomført på treårig yrkesfaglærerutdanningen i Trondheim, høsten 2018. Simulering ble tatt i bruk som undrevisningsverktøy med fokus på rollespill mellom elev og lærer.
Hensikt: Å undersøke studentenes erfaringer med bruk av simulering som pedagogisk metode i yrkesfaglærerutdanning.
Metode: 15 refleksjonslogger ble skrevet av førsteårstudenter ved yrkesfaglærerutdanningen, helse- og oppvekstfag. Analysen har ett fenomenologisk tilsnitt, og baserer seg på Malterud sin systematiske tekstkondensering.
Resultat: Studien viser at det var av betydning at forberedelsene startet tidlig i semesteret, der det ble presentert pensum med læringsutbyttebeskrivelser, og ett virkelighetsnært case. Studentene pekte på at debriefingsfasen var viktig i forhold til egen refleksjon og læring, og at de opplevde samlæring med medstudenter. Det ble meddelt at pensum ble synliggjort i rollespillet, og at studentene var tydelig på at øving var av nødvendighet for å bli trygg i lærerrollen. Studien viser at studentene ønsket å anvende den kunnskapen de hadde ervervet til praksisfeltet.
Konklusjon: Studien viser at yrkesfaglærerstudentene opplevde nytteverdi av simulering som undervisningsmetode, og at denne kunnskapen hadde relevans til skolepraksis.
Aggregates Characterization and Its Associated Organic Carbon in Two Contrasting Lowland Rice Soils of West Bengal
Authors: Nandi Ramprosad , Mukherjee Subham , Ghatak Priyanka , Kundu Arnab , Mukherjee Deep , Bandyopadhyay P. K. 
Published: April 2020

Aims: The present study investigated the effect of lowland rice soils of two regions viz. new alluvial and red-laterite on aggregate characterization and their associated organic carbon (SOC).
Study Design: Randomized block design (RBD).
Place and Duration of Study: New alluvial soils were collected from Jangipara block of Hooghly, West Bengal and Red-laterite soils were collected from Raghunathpur block of Purulia, West Bengal during 2017-18.
Methodology: For each soil types (New alluvial and Red-laterite) five locations were identified and soil samples were collected from three depths i.e. 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm. The aggregate characteristics i.e. water-stable aggregates (WSAs), mean weight diameter (MWD), aggregate stability and aggregate size fractions along with the distribution of carbon in those aggregate size fractions were critically studied.
Results: The aggregate size as well as the stability decreased with increasing soil depth from 0 to 30 cm in both soils. New alluvial soils showed higher aggregate stability than red-laterite soils. Mean weight diameter (MWD) values of new alluvial soils were 34, 29 and 87% more than red-laterite soils at 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm depth, respectively. Presence of higher amount of clay and organic matter in new alluvial made the difference in structural coefficient. The surface soil (0-10 cm) had more coarse aggregate (Cmac A >2000μ) fraction, however, microaggregates (<250μ) were dominant in lower depths in both soils. Water stable aggregates (WSA) in surface soils of new alluvial and red-laterite were 57 and 36%, respectively and were decreased with depth. Red-laterite produced higher micro aggregates as compared to new alluvial soils. Coarse macro aggregate fractions (>2000μ) retained maximum amount of soil organic carbon in both soils however, coarse micro aggregate associated carbon (Cmic AC<250μ) was captured in lower depths. New alluvial soils yielded aggregates with higher in diameter and stability coefficient that is due to higher amount of carbon stored in aggregates.
Conclusion: The abundance of macro aggregate of New alluvial soils indicates better soil physical quality than Red-laterite soil which was dominated in higher micro aggregates leads to poor in structure and susceptible to water erosion.
Sodium Biphenyl as Anolyte for Sodium–Seawater Batteries
Authors: Kim Yongil , Jung Jaeho , Yu Hyein , Kim Guk‐Tae , Jeong Dasong , Bresser Dominic , Kang Seok Ju , Kim Youngsik , Passerini Stefano 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSodium‐based battery systems have recently attracted increasing research interest due to the abundant resources employed. Among various material candidates for the negative electrode, sodium metal provides the highest capacity of theoretically 1165 mAh g−1 and a very low redox potential of −2.71 versus the standard hydrogen electrode. However, the high reactivity of sodium metal toward the commonly used electrolytes results in severe side reactions, including the evolution of gaseous decomposition products, and, in addition, the risk of dendritic sodium growth, potentially causing a disastrous short circuit of the cell. Herein, the use of sodium biphenyl (Na‐BP) as anolyte for the Na–seawater batteries (Na–SWB) is investigated. The catholyte for the open‐structured positive electrode is natural seawater with sodium cations dissolved therein. Remarkably, the significant electronic and ionic conductivities of the Na‐BP anolyte enable a low overpotential for the sodium deposition upon charge, allowing for high capacity and excellent capacity retention for 80 cycles in full Na–SWB. Additionally, the Na‐BP anolyte suppresses gas evolution and dendrite growth by forming a homogeneous surface layer on the metallic negative electrode.
Layer‐By‐Layer Coating of Aminocellulose and Quorum Quenching Acylase on Silver Nanoparticles Synergistically Eradicate Bacteria and Their Biofilms
Authors: Ivanova Aleksandra , Ivanova Kristina , Tied Antje , Heinze Thomas , Tzanov Tzanko 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria and the failure of the existing antibacterial therapeutics call for development of novel treatment strategies. Furthermore, the formation of bacterial biofilms restricts drug penetration and efficiency, causing life‐threatening infections. Bacterial attachment and biofilm formation are regulated by the cell‐to‐cell communication phenomenon called quorum sensing (QS). In this work, antimicrobial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are decorated in a layer‐by‐layer fashion with the oppositely charged aminocellulose (AM) and acylase to generate hybrid nanoentities with enhanced antibacterial and antibiofilm activities as well as reduced cytotoxicity. Acylase, a quorum‐quenching enzyme that degrades the QS signals in the extracellular environment of bacteria, disrupts the bacterial QS process and together with the bactericidal AM synergistically lowers fourfold the minimum inhibitory concentration of the AgNPs templates toward Gram‐negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The hybrid nanoparticles in eightfold‐lower concentration than the AgNPs inhibit 45% of the QS‐regulated virulence factors produced by the reporter Chromobacterium violaceum bacterial strain and reduce by 100% the P. aeruginosa biofilm formation. Moreover, the sequential deposition of antibacterial/antibiofilm active and biocompatible biopolymers onto the AgNPs allows the engineering of safe nanomaterials that do not affect the viability of human cells.
Click by Click Microporous Annealed Particle (MAP) Scaffolds
Authors: Darling Nicole J. , Xi Weixian , Sideris Elias , Anderson Alexa R. , Pong Cassie , Carmichael S. Thomas , Segura Tatiana 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMacroporous scaffolds are being increasingly used in regenerative medicine and tissue repair. While the recently developed microporous annealed particle (MAP) scaffolds have overcome issues with injectability and in situ hydrogel formation, limitations with respect to tunability to be able to manipulate hydrogel strength and rigidity for broad applications still exist. To address these key issues, here hydrogel microparticles (HMPs) of hyaluronic acid (HA) are synthesized using the thiol‐norbornene click reaction and then HMPs are subsequently annealed into a porous scaffold using the tetrazine‐norbornene click reaction. This assembly method allows for straightforward tuning of bulk scaffold rigidity by varying the tetrazine to norbornene ratio, with increasing tetrazine resulting in increasing scaffold storage modulus, Young's modulus, and maximum stress. These changes are independent of void fraction. Further incorporation of human dermal fibroblasts throughout the porous scaffold reveals the biocompatibility of this annealing strategy as well as differences in proliferation and cell‐occupied volume. Finally, injection of porous HA‐Tet MAP scaffolds into an ischemic stroke model shows this chemistry is biocompatible in vivo with reduced levels of inflammation and astrogliosis as previously demonstrated for other crosslinking chemistries.
Engineering Tough, Injectable, Naturally Derived, Bioadhesive Composite Hydrogels
Authors: Tavafoghi Maryam , Sheikhi Amir , Tutar Rumeysa , Jahangiry Jamileh , Baidya Avijit , Haghniaz Reihaneh , Khademhosseini Ali 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEngineering mechanically robust bioadhesive hydrogels that can withstand large strains may open new opportunities for the sutureless sealing of highly stretchable tissues. While typical chemical modifications of hydrogels, such as increasing the functional group density of crosslinkable moieties and blending them with other polymers or nanomaterials have resulted in improved mechanical stiffness, the modified hydrogels have often exhibited increased brittleness resulting in deteriorated sealing capabilities under large strains. Furthermore, highly elastic hydrogels, such as tropoelastin derivatives are highly expensive. Here, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is hybridized with methacrylate‐modified alginate (AlgMA) to enable ion‐induced reversible crosslinking that can dissipate energy under strain. The hybrid hydrogels provide a photocrosslinkable, injectable, and bioadhesive platform with an excellent toughness that can be tailored using divalent cations, such as calcium. This class of hybrid biopolymers with more than 600% improved toughness compared to GelMA may set the stage for durable, mechanically resilient, and cost‐effective tissue sealants. This strategy to increase the toughness of hydrogels may be extended to other crosslinkable polymers with similarly reactive moieties.
Flexible Antimony@Carbon Integrated Anode for High‐Performance Potassium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Cao Kangzhe , Liu Huiqiao , Jia Yongheng , Zhang Zhang , Jiang Yong , Liu Xiaogang , Huang Ke‐Jing , Jiao Lifang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPotassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) are considered as promising alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries due to the abundant resources, low cost, and low redox potential of K. However, KIBs anode materials suffer challenges owing to the large K+ radius and slow reaction dynamics, which result in low reversible capacity and inferior rate capability. Herein, Sb nanoparticles (about 4 nm) confined in an interconnecting carbon porous nanofibers (Sb@C PNFs) are constructed as flexible integrated KIBs anode. In this architecture, Sb nanoparticles are encapsulated and vessel‐like channels are contained in the N‐doping carbon porous nanofibers, which are adopted as the continuous 3D conductive framework and current collector. Benefiting from the shortened K+ diffusion distance, efficient electrolyte diffusion passages, and reserved space for holding volume swelling, the flexible Sb@C PNFs integrated electrode exhibits excellent K+ storage behaviors (capacities of 399.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 208.1 mAh g−1 at 5.0 A g−1 are delivered, respectively, and a capacity of 264.0 mAh g−1 is remained even cycled at 2.0 A g−1 after 500 cycles), and is among the best anode materials up to date. Moreover, the high reversible alloying and dealloying process between cubic K3Sb and as‐formed amorphous Sb in the Sb@C PNFs is confirmed.
Quantification of Protein Secretion from Circulating Tumor Cells in Microfluidic Chambers
Authors: Armbrecht Lucas , Rutschmann Ophélie , Szczerba Barbara Maria , Nikoloff Jonas , Aceto Nicola , Dittrich Petra S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCancer cells can be released from a cancerous lesion and migrate into the circulatory system, from whereon they may form metastases at distant sites. Today, it is possible to infer cancer progression and treatment efficacy by determining the number of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the patient's blood at multiple time points; further valuable information about CTC phenotypes remains inaccessible. In this article, a microfluidic method for integrated capture, isolation, and analysis of membrane markers as well as quantification of proteins secreted by single CTCs and CTC clusters is introduced. CTCs are isolated from whole blood with extraordinary efficiencies above 95% using dedicated trapping structures that allow co‐capture of functionalized magnetic beads to assess protein secretion. The patform is tested with multiple breast cancer cell lines spiked into human blood and mouse‐model‐derived CTCs. In addition to immunostaining, the secretion level of granulocyte growth stimulating factor (G‐CSF), which is shown to be involved in neutrophil recruitment, is quantified The bead‐based assay provides a limit of detection of 1.5 ng mL−1 or less than 3700 molecules per cell. Employing barcoded magnetic beads, this platform can be adapted for multiplexed analysis and can enable comprehensive functional CTC profiling in the future.
Multi‐Color Luminescence Transition of Upconversion Nanocrystals via Crystal Phase Control with SiO2 for High Temperature Thermal Labels
Authors: Baek Dahye , Lee Tae Kyung , Jeon Inkyu , Joo Se Hun , Shin Subeen , Park Jaehyun , Kang Seok Ju , Kwak Sang Kyu , Lee Jiseok 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUpconversion nanocrystals (UCNs)‐embedded microarchitectures with luminescence color transition capability and enhanced luminescence intensity under extreme conditions are suitable for developing a robust labeling system in a high‐temperature thermal industrial process. However, most UCNs based labeling systems are limited by the loss of luminescence owing to the destruction of the crystalline phase or by a predetermined luminescence color without color transition capability. Herein, an unusual crystal phase transition of UCNs to a hexagonal apatite phase in the presence of SiO2 nanoparticles is reported with the enhancements of 130‐fold green luminescence and 52‐fold luminance as compared to that of the SiO2‐free counterpart. By rationally combining this strategy with an additive color mixing method using a mask‐less flow lithography technique, single to multiple luminescence color transition, scalable labeling systems with hidden letters‐, and multi‐luminescence colored microparticles are demonstrated for a UCNs luminescence color change‐based high temperature labeling system.
Retarded Charge–Carrier Recombination in Photoelectrochemical Cells from Plasmon‐Induced Resonance Energy Transfer
Authors: Choi Young Moon , Lee Byoung Wan , Jung Myung Sun , Han Hyun Soo , Kim Suk Hyun , Chen Kaifeng , Kim Dong Ha , Heinz Tony F. , Fan Shanhui , Lee Jihye , Yi Gi‐Ra , Kim Jung Kyu , Park Jong Hyeok 
Published: April 2020

AbstractN‐type metal oxides such as hematite (α‐Fe2O3) and bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) are promising candidate materials for efficient photoelectrochemical water splitting; however, their short minority carrier diffusion length and restricted carrier lifetime result in undesired rapid charge recombination. Herein, a 2D arranged globular Au nanosphere (NS) monolayer array with a highly ordered hexagonal hole pattern (hereafter, Au array) is introduced onto the surface of photoanodes comprised of metal oxide films via a facile drying and transfer‐printing process. Through plasmon‐induced resonance energy transfer, the Au array provides a strong electromagnetic field in the near‐surface area of the metal oxide film. The near‐field coupling interaction and amplification of the electromagnetic field suppress the charge recombination with long‐lived photogenerated holes and simultaneously enhance the light harvesting and charge transfer efficiencies. Consequently, an over 3.3‐fold higher photocurrent density at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) is achieved for the Au array/α‐Fe2O3. Furthermore, the high versatility of this transfer printing of Au arrays is demonstrated by introducing it on the molybdenum‐doped BiVO4 film, resulting in 1.5‐fold higher photocurrent density at 1.23 V versus RHE. The tailored metal film design can provide a potential strategy for the versatile application in various light‐mediated energy conversion and optoelectronic devices.