bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of dentists, dental auxiliaries, and students regarding the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Shahin Suliman Y. , Bugshan Amr S. , Almulhim Khalid S. , AlSharief Mishali S. , Al-Dulaijan Yousif A. , Siddiqui Intisar , al-Qarni Faisal D. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
This study aimed to assess the knowledge of dental professionals in Saudi Arabia regarding severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Methods
A questionnaire was developed to assess various dental professionals from both governmental and private sectors through online and social media outlets.

Results
A total of 1,033 questionnaires were collected (273 dental students, 193 dental auxiliary personnel, 544 dentists). In all, 63.4% of the respondents worked in hospitals. Of all the respondents, 44.9%, 33.4%, and 21.7% worked in governmental clinics, academia, and the private sector, respectively. Overall knowledge of the incubation period and route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was consistent across all dental professions. Knowledge of hand-soap cleaning time was significantly different among dental professionals (p < 0.001). Dental professionals displayed significant disagreement on the survival of SARS-CoV-2 outside the host (p < 0.001). Furthermore, 75.1% of the respondents were reluctant to treat a suspected COVID-19 patient, and 92% of the participants believed that the mode of transmission was droplet inhalation. Fever, coughing, and shortness of breath were identified as the most common symptoms of COVID-19. Most standard methods of prevention in the dental office were selected by at least 50% of the participants.

Conclusions
Dental professionals seem to be consistent regarding their knowledge of the incubation period of SARS-CoV-2. However, knowledge of viral survivability and recommended hand-soap washing time was significantly variable among the professionals. A high degree of apprehension toward suspected COVID-19 patients existed among all dental professionals. Pandemic-awareness campaigns are essential among healthcare providers.
The epidemiological characteristics of deaths with COVID-19 in the early stage of epidemic in Wuhan, China
Authors: Bai Jianjun , Shi Fang , Cao Jinhong , Wen Haoyu , Wang Fang , Mubarik Sumaira , Liu Xiaoxue , Yu Yong , Ding Jianbo , Yu Chuanhua 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 related deaths in Wuhan, China and comprehend the changing trends of this epidemic along with analyzing the prevention and control measures in Wuhan.

Methods
Through the China’s Infectious Disease Information System, we collected information about COVID-19 associated deaths from December 15, 2019 to February 24, 2020 in Wuhan. We analyzed the patient’s demographic characteristics, drew epidemiological curve and made geographic distribution maps of the death toll in each district over time, etc. ArcGIS was used to plot the numbers of daily deaths on maps. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS and @Risk software.

Results
As of February 24, 2020, a total of 1833 deaths were included. Among the deaths with COVID-19, mild type accounted for the most (37.2%), followed by severe type (30.1%). The median age was 70.0 (inter quartile range: 63.0–79.0) years. Most of the deaths were distributed in 50–89 age group, whereas no deaths occurred in 0–9 age group. Additionally, the male to female ratio was 1.95:1. A total of 65.7% of the deaths in Wuhan combined with underlying diseases, and was more pronounced among males. Most of the underlying diseases included hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The peak of daily deaths appeared on February 14 and then declined. The median interval from symptom onset to diagnosis was 10.0 (6.0–14.0) days; the interval from onset to diagnosis gradually shortened. The median intervals from diagnosis to death and symptom onset to deaths were 6.0 (2.0–11.0), 17.0 (12.0–22.0) days, respectively. Most of the disease was centralized in central urban area with highest death rate in Jianghan District.

Conclusion
COVID-19 poses a greater threat to the elderly people and men with more devastating effects, particularly in the presence of underlying diseases. The geographical distributions show that the epidemic in the central area of Wuhan is more serious than that in the surrounding areas. Analysis of deaths as of February 24 indicates that a tremendous improvement of COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan has achieved by effective control measures taken by Wuhan Government.
Effect of epigallocatechin gallate on aluminum chloride-induced changes in behavior, biochemical parameters, and spermatogenesis of Sprague-Dawley rats
Authors: Parasuraman Subramani , Qin Brenda Ngu Yen , Hui Lam Chew , Beng James Yu Kar 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) acts as an antioxidant by preventing oxidative stress. The effect of EGCG on aluminum-induced testicular injury is not clear. Hence, the present study is planned to investigate the effect of EGCG on aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced changes in behavior, biochemical parameters, and spermatogenesis in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into six groups with six animals each. All the animals were administered with respective assigned treatment once daily for 28 days. The animals in groups I to VI were administered with drug vehicle, AlCl3, vitamin C, EGCG, vitamin C, and EGCG, respectively. The animals in groups V and VI were additionally challenged with AlCl3 (10 mg/kg) immediately after vitamin C and EGCG administration, respectively. Changes in behavior were measured on day 1, 14 and 28. At the end of the study, the blood sample was collected from all the animals, and the serum was separated and used for biochemical analysis. Later, the rats were subjected to bilateral orchiectomy; sperm was collected from the cauda epididymis for microscopic examination. Then, the animals were sacrificed, and the organs such as the brain, lungs, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and testis were collected for organ weight analysis.

Results
The animal administered with AlCl3 showed a reduction in locomotor activity, grip strength, and escape latency time whereas vitamin C prevented the effect of AlCl3. But, EGCG did not show any significant changes in AlCl3-induced behavioral and biochemical changes. At the end of the study, vitamin C prevented AlCl3-induced behavioral and biochemical changes. The group of animals administered with AlCl3 showed a reduction in the number of spermatozoa whereas AlCl3 + vitamin C and AlCl3 + EGCG did not show any significant changes in the number of spermatozoa when compared to the control group.

Conclusion
EGCG prevented AlCl3-induced reduction in epididymal sperm count of male rats and did not show any significant effect on AlCl3-induced changes in behavior and biochemical parameters, whereas vitamin C had an ameliorative effect on AlCl3-induced changes in behavior, biochemical parameter, and spermatogenesis.

Graphical abstract
Extraosseous Ewing sarcoma presenting as recurrent intergluteal pilonidal disease
Authors: Sewell Marisa A. , Hulka Frieda M. , Zucker Jacob P. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Pilonidal disease classically presents as an abscess or soft tissue swelling which classically occurs in the intergluteal cleft, just above the anus. Risk factors for this disease include obesity, prolonged sitting, and abundance of gluteal hair. Treatment options are extensive but most often include incision and drainage with antibiotic treatment. Presentation of recurrent intergluteal pilonidal disease in a young, active female would then be unusual. We present a case of a 17-year-old female presenting with what appeared to be intergluteal pilonidal disease. Definitive excision with histopathology revealed a diagnosis of extraosseous Ewing sarcoma.

Case presentation
An otherwise healthy and active 17-year-old female presented to our Pediatric Oncology clinic with a 2-month history of recurrent painful soft tissue swelling of the intergluteal cleft. At that time, she had been diagnosed with pilonidal abscess and had already undergone three incision and drainage procedures. A definitive excision with pathology was performed within weeks of her initial presentation. Immunohistochemical evaluation confirmed a diagnosis of extraosseous Ewing sarcoma.

Conclusion
This unusual case underlies the importance of considering a broad differential when evaluating potential pilonidal abscess in a patient who otherwise has no risk factors. Additionally, definitive excision with pathology is critical in a patient with unusually recurrent disease as this can be crucial in the identification of an alternative, and potentially devastating, diagnosis.
Plasma Bile Acids More Closely Align With Insulin Resistance, Visceral and Hepatic Adiposity Than Total Adiposity
Authors: Bishay Ramy H , Tonks Katherine T , George Jacob , Samocha-Bonet Dorit , Meyerowitz-Katz Gideon , Chisholm Donald J , James David E , Greenfield Jerry R 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Context
The etiological mechanism of bile acid (BA) effects on insulin resistance and obesity is unknown.

Objective
This work aimed to determine whether plasma BAs are elevated in human obesity and/or insulin resistance.

Methods
This observational study was conducted at an academic research center. Seventy-one adult volunteers formed 4 groups: lean insulin-sensitive (body mass index [BMI] ≤ 25 kg/m2, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance [HOMA-IR] &lt; 2.0, n = 19), overweight/obese nondiabetic who were either insulin sensitive (Obsensitive, BMI &gt; 25 kg/m2, HOMA-IR &lt; 1.5, n = 11) or insulin resistant (Obresistant, BMI &gt; 25 kg/m2, HOMA-IR &gt; 3.0, n = 20), and type 2 diabetes (T2D, n = 21). Main outcome measures included insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, abdominal fat distribution, and liver density by computed tomography and plasma BA.

Results
In the Obresistant group, glucose infusion rate/fat-free mass (GIR/FFM, an inverse measure of insulin resistance) was significantly lower, and visceral and liver fat higher, compared to lean and Obsensitive individuals, despite similar total adiposity in Obresistant and Obsensitive. Total BA concentrations were higher in Obresistant (2.62 ± 0.333 mmol/L, P = .03) and T2D (3.36 ± 0.582 mmol/L, P &lt; .001) vs Obsensitive (1.16 ± 0.143 mmol/L), but were similar between Obsensitive and lean (2.31 ± 0.329 mmol/L) individuals. Total BAs were positively associated with waist circumference (R = 0.245, P = .041), visceral fat (R = 0.360, P = .002), and fibroblast growth factor 21 (R = 0.341, P = .004) and negatively associated with insulin sensitivity (R = –0.395, P = .001), abdominal subcutaneous fat (R = –0.352, P = .003), adiponectin (R = –0.375, P = .001), and liver fat (Hounsfield units, an inverse marker of liver fat, R = –0.245, P = .04). Conjugated BAs were additionally elevated in T2D individuals (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
BA concentrations correlated with abdominal, visceral, and liver fat in humans, though an etiological role in insulin resistance remains to be verified.
Microwave-specific Enhancement of Nazarov Cyclization
Authors: Kubota Yusuke , Kawanori Tatsuki , Sawada Taichi , Saito Kodai , Yamada Tohru 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A copper-catalyzed Nazarov cyclization was carried out under conventional heating conditions and microwave conditions. Under strictly temperature-controlled conditions, the use of microwave irradiation improved the chemical yields. Consequently, the kinetic rate of the microwave irradiation was 5.8 times higher than that of the conventional heating conditions. These observations suggested that the microwave specific effects enhanced the efficiency of the Nazarov reaction.
Covalent Organic Frameworks for Sunlight-driven Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Huang Xiaofeng , Zhang Yue-Biao 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
An energy crisis is presently encountered with a promising opportunity for the rise of hydrogen technology, while feasible production of hydrogen calls for sophisticated structural design of water-splitting photocatalysts in terms of light harvesting and photogenerated exciton separation. Tuning to these can be anticipated from reticular synthesis of a newly emerging porous crystalline materials, covalent organic frameworks (COFs). In this review, we highlight synthetic strategies to modulate the photocatalytic water splitting performance. Future investigations regarding mechanistic aspects of the photocatalytic process of COFs are also outlined.
ЦВЕТОВЫЕ МЕТАФОРЫ В РЕКЛАМНОМ ТУРИСТИЧЕСКОМ НАРРАТИВЕ
Authors: Menshikova Ekaterina Evgen’evna 
Published: December 2020

Цель. Настоящее исследование посвящено выявлению особенностей метафоризации цветообозначений в рекламном туристическом нарративе.Метод или методология проведения работы. Методами исследования послужили описательный метод, включающий приёмы наблюдения, обобщения, когнитивной интерпретации и классификации; метод сплошной выборки и анализа лексических единиц.Результаты. В ходе анализа материала установлено, что вторичные цветообозначения в рекламном туристическом нарративе в большинстве своем являются адъективными метафорами цвета. Автором представлена классификация адъективных метафор по основному цвету, а также классификация цветовых метафор по мотивировочным признакам. Показано, что лексические единицы с вторичной цветовой номинацией активно используются для образования сравнительных конструкций, окказиональных цветовых метафор. Выявлено, что характерным является использование прецедентных феноменов, имеющих в своем составе вторичные цветообозначения. Сделан вывод о том, что метафора выступает продуктивным способом формирования вторичных цветообозначений в рекламном туристическом нарративе.Область применения. Материалы могут включаться в курсы и модули преподавания языкознания и лексикологии. Практическая значимость исследования заключается также в возможности применения изложенных теоретических положений и практических результатов в лекционных курсах некоторых разделов по лингвокультурологии и межкультурной коммуникации.
Co-infection of Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya in a group of pregnant women from Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas: Preliminary data. 2019
Authors: Eligio-García Leticia , Crisóstomo-Vázquez María del Pilar , Caballero-García María de Lourdes , Soria-Guerrero Mariana , Méndez–Galván Jorge Fernando , López-Cancino Sury Antonio , Jiménez-Cardoso Enedina 
Published: December 2020

Introduction
Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya are RNA Arboviruses present in some areas of Mexico, mainly in the endemic state of Chiapas that is characterized by presence of the vector that transmit them and an ecology that favors high transmission. According to the national epidemiological surveillance system, Dengue has intensified since 2018 and outbreaks continue in various states while for Zika and Chikungunya a decrease in cases has been reported in recent years. The main objective of this study was to determine the incidence of Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya infections during pregnancy in the state of Chiapas.

Principal findings
The presence of previous and current infections and coinfections diagnosed by molecular (RT-PCR) and immunological (ELISA for IgG determination) techniques indicates a wide circulation of viruses in asymptomatic people, specifically in pregnant women showing that silent infections in dry season contributes to the preservation of viruses.

Conclusions
From 136 studied samples, 27.7% tested positive for DENV, 8% for ZIKV and 24.1% for CHIKV by RTPCR and the values of IgG in sera show that 83.9% were positive for IgG antibodies against DENV, 65% against ZIKV and 59.1% against CHIKV. Results demonstrated presence of ZIKV and CHIKV, not detected by the epidemiological surveillance system, so the importance of establishing proactive epidemiological systems more strict, especially because these infections in pregnant women can cause severe health problems for newborn children.
Effects of voluntary event cancellation and school closure as countermeasures against COVID-19 outbreak in Japan
Authors: Sugishita Yoshiyuki , Kurita Junko , Sugawara Tamie , Ohkusa Yasushi 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundTo control the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan, sports and entertainment events were canceled and schools were closed throughout Japan from February 26 through March 19. That policy has been designated as voluntary event cancellation and school closure (VECSC).ObjectThis study assesses VECSC effectiveness based on predicted outcomes.MethodsA simple susceptible–infected–recovered model was applied to data of patients with symptoms in Japan during January 14 through March 26. The respective reproduction numbers for periods before VECSC (R0), during VECSC (Re), and after VECSC (Ra) were estimated.ResultsResults suggest R0before VECSC as 2.534 [2.449, 2.598], Reduring VECSC as 1.077 [0.948, 1.228], and Raafter VECSC as 4.455 [3.615, 5.255].Discussion and conclusionResults demonstrated that VECSC can reduce COVID-19 infectiousness considerably, but after VECSC, the value of the reproduction number rose to exceed 4.0.
Risk factors of HIV infection among female entertainment workers in Cambodia: Findings of a national survey
Authors: Tuot Sovannary , Teo Alvin Kuo Jing , Chhoun Pheak , Mun Phalkun , Prem Kiesha , Yi Siyan 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundCambodia has been well recognized for its success in the fight against the HIV epidemic. However, challenges remain in eliminating HIV infections in key populations, including women working in entertainment establishments, such as massage parlors, karaoke bars, or beer gardens. This study explored the prevalence of HIV and identified factors associated with HIV infection among female entertainment workers (FEWs) in Cambodia.MethodsThis national biological and behavioral survey was conducted in 2016 in Phnom Penh and 17 provinces. We used a two-stage cluster sampling method to recruit FEWs for HIV testing performed on-site and face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. We investigated factors associated with HIV infection using multiple logistic regression.ResultsThis study included 3149 FEWs with a mean age of 26.2 years (SD 5.7). The adjusted prevalence of HIV was 3.2% (95% CI 1.76–5.75). In the multiple logistic regression model, the odds of HIV infection were significantly higher among FEWs in the age group of 31 to 35 (AOR 2.72, 95% CI 1.36–8.25) and 36 or older (AOR 3.62, 95% CI 1.89–10.55); FEWs who were not married but living with a sexual partner (AOR 3.00, 95% CI 1.16–7.79); FEWs who had at least ten years of formal education (AOR 0.32, 95% CI 0.17–0.83); FEWs who reported having abnormal vaginal discharge (AOR 3.51, 95% CI 1.12–9.01), genital ulcers or sores (AOR 2.06, 95% CI 1.09–3.17), and genital warts (AOR 2.89, 95% CI 1.44–6.33) in the past three months; and FEWs who reported using illicit drugs (AOR 3.28, 95% CI 1.20–4.27) than their respective reference group. The odds of HIV infection were significantly lower among FEWs working in karaoke bars (AOR 0.26, 95% CI 0.14–0.50) and beer gardens (AOR 0.17, 95% CI 0.09–0.54) than among freelance FEWs.ConclusionsThe prevalence of HIV among FEWs in Cambodia remains much higher than that in the general population. These findings indicate that differentiated strategies to address HIV and other sexually transmitted infections should be geared towards FEWs working as freelancers or in veiled entertainment venues such as massage parlors and freelance sex workers. Prevention efforts among venue-based FEWs should be sustained.
Unforeseen uses of oral contraceptive pills: Exploratory study in Jordanian community pharmacies
Authors: Barakat Muna , Al-Qudah Raja’a , Akour Amal , Al-Qudah Najem , Dallal Bashi Yahya H. 
Published: December 2020

Background
The use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) as a birth control method is very common worldwide. OCPs have many other labeled non-contraceptive indications, and as a result there is an associated risk of improper use, as with any other medications. This study was designed to assess the unforeseen improper uses of OCPs observed by community pharmacists in Jordan.

Method
A cross-sectional study design was conducted using a self-administered survey. A convenience sample (n = 380) of Jordanian community pharmacists, were recruited through social media resources. The survey included multiple-choice and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were completed using SPSS.

Results
More than half of the recruited pharmacists (55.3%) were female, and the mean age of the participants was 32.58 ± 9.94. The majority of the pharmacists (85%) had good knowledge about the non-contraceptive indications of OCPs. About 53% of them confirmed their exposure to cases of the improper use of OCPs. About 67.5% of the pharmacists who confirmed exposure to such cases, reported the topical use of OCPs for the enhancement of hair growth. Around 15% of those pharmacists stated that OCPs were used to give negative results for addictive drug screening tests. In the event that the pharmacists suspected improper use, more than 90% suggested they would refrain from dispensing the pills.

Conclusion
This study has spotlighted many unforeseen uses of OCPs in Jordan and highlighted the need for restricted national regulations on the monitoring of OCP prescription/selling patterns in Jordan by policymakers. Moreover, there is a need for the establishment of national educational programs for the Jordanian community regarding the safe proper use of OCPs.
Delivering the First Internationally Accessible Massive Online Open Course (MOOC) on Suicide Prevention: A Case Study and Insights into Best Practice
Authors: Sharp Laura , Karadzhov Dimitar , Langan-Martin Julie 
Published: December 2020

To date, little guidance exists on how to design safe and effective online programming on sensitive and/or controversial topics. Massive online open courses (MOOCs) represent a unique opportunity for delivering inclusive and accessible teaching to international learner audiences. This paper provides an insight into designing and delivering the first internationally accessible MOOC on suicide prevention in the global context in 2019-highlighting insights into best practice as well as pertinent challenges. The results from two runs of this MOOC indicate that there appears to be a global demand for education on suicide prevention. Our practice suggests that new knowledge on extremely sensitive topics such as suicide can be safely and effectively delivered through a MOOC to an international community of learners. Learner safety needs to be carefully considered when developing and delivering online learning. Thorough and careful moderation is essential to ensure that learners engage safely and sensitively with the content and with one another. The involvement of diverse stakeholders, including people with lived experience, in the MOOC design is recommended to enhance the authenticity, inclusiveness and rigour of the curriculum.
Graft-vs-Host Disease After Liver Transplantation: A Diagnostic and Management Challenge
Authors: Chin Jerry Yung-Lun , Gong Jiayi , Gane Edward 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
A 65-year-old White man underwent deceased donor liver transplant for decompensated liver cirrhosis secondary to alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. He developed diarrhea and diffuse maculopapular rash 2 months post-transplant. Skin biopsy revealed necroinflammatory changes related to the superficial dermis. Pancytopenia ensued, complicated by neutropenic sepsis. Chimerism studies confirmed the presence of donor T-lymphocyte macrochimerism (63%). The patient was diagnosed with graft-vs-host disease. After extensive multidisciplinary collaboration, basiliximab was initiated. This resulted in complete symptom resolution and a gradual reduction in T-lymphocyte macrochimerism (12%). The patient was later transitioned to oral ruxolitinib and currently remains in stable condition 16 months after being diagnosed with graft-vs-host disease.