bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Satellite Observed Positive Impacts of Fog on Vegetation
Authors: Qiao Na , Zhang Lifu , Huang Changping , Jiao Wenzhe , Maggs‐Kölling Gillian , Marais Eugene , Wang Lixin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFog is an important water source for many ecosystems, especially in drylands. Most fog‐vegetation studies focus on individual plant scale; the relationship between fog and vegetation function at larger spatial scales remains unclear. This hinders an accurate prediction of climate change impacts on dryland ecosystems. To this end, we examined the effect of fog on vegetation utilizing both optical and microwave remote sensing‐derived vegetation proxies and fog observations from two locations at Gobabeb and Marble Koppie within the fog‐dominated zone of the Namib Desert. Significantly positive relationships were found between fog and vegetation attributes from optical data at both locations. The positive relationship was also observed for microwave data at Gobabeb. Fog can explain about 10%–30% of variability in vegetation proxies. These findings suggested that fog impacts on vegetation can be quantitatively evaluated from space using remote sensing data, opening a new window for research on fog‐vegetation interactions.
Natural Sources of Ionization and Their Impact on Atmospheric Electricity
Authors: Golubenko K. , Rozanov E. , Mironova I. , Karagodin A. , Usoskin I. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe present a study of atmospheric electricity using the chemistry‐climate model SOCOL considering ionization by solar energetic particles during an extreme solar proton event (SPE), galactic cosmic rays (GCR), and terrestrial radon (Rn‐222). We calculate the global distribution of the atmospheric conductivity and fair‐weather downward current density (Jz) using atmospheric ionization rates from all sources. We found that Jz is enhanced (by more than 3.5 pA/m2) in radon source and polar regions. Contribution of Rn‐222 is essential at middle and low latitudes/altitudes where GCR‐induced air conductivity is reduced. The model results are in good agreement with the available observations. We also studied the effects of an extreme SPE, corresponding to the 774 AD event, on the atmospheric electricity and found that it would lead to a large increase of Jz on a global scale. The magnitude of the effects depends on location and can exceed background value more than 30 times over the high latitudes (a conservative upper bound). Such an assessment has been performed for the first time.
Mixing Ratios With Age: Application to Preasymptotic One‐Dimensional Equilibrium Bimolecular Reactive Transport in Porous Media
Authors: Gurung Deviyani , Ginn Timothy R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAnalysis of reactive transport in natural and engineered porous media has benefited from the concept of mixing ratios, in particular as a basis for mathematical separation of transport and reactions processes. General use of solute age has also been recently explored as a way to describe solute mass transfer and/or as a proxy for reaction extent. Age here is defined as exposure time to the flow field. Pairing these concepts, we develop mixing ratio models that are structured on age. One‐dimensional transport is cast in terms of age‐structured mixing ratios in general and compared with conventional formulations of mixing ratio models, demonstrating that age is often a more natural independent variable than absolute time. Using this modeling framework, we then apply age‐structured mixing ratios to the problem of mixing‐limited reactive transport in one‐dimension by explicitly considering unmixed and mixed phases. In order to address mixing limitations under the entirety of transport including the preasymptotic dispersion timeframe, we use the same age variable to define the dispersion coefficient value in a local formulation of transport. Establishing an age‐dependent dispersion coefficient allows simulation of the whole transport time including both preasymptotic and asymptotic dispersion conditions with one model. In our application we explore use of this modeling approach to both synthetic preasymptotic data and experimental asymptotic data pertaining to one famous experiment.
In‐Home Tap Water Consumption Trends Changed Among U.S. Children, but Not Adults, Between 2007 and 2016
Authors: Rosinger Asher Y. , Young Sera L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDespite evidence that tap water is often safer and cheaper than alternative sources, tap water is avoided when perceived to be unsafe. Therefore, we conducted the first nationally representative U.S. trends analysis of in‐home tap water avoidance between 2007 and 2016. We tested whether changes occurred during/after the Flint water crisis, and whether not drinking tap from one's main water source differed by age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status across time. Finally, we tested whether tap water avoidance was associated with higher prevalence of bottled water consumption among children. We used data on 12,915 children and 23,139 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Significant covariate‐adjusted quadratic time trends were found in the prevalence of avoiding tap water with an inflection at 2013–2014 for children, but not adults. Piecewise log‐binomial regressions estimated that between 2007 and 2014 each survey cycle was associated with 14% lower prevalence of not drinking tap water (prevalence ratio [PR] 0.86, 95% CI: 0.80–0.93), but in 2014–2016 a 53% (95% CI: 1.12–2.09) higher prevalence was found for children corresponding to the water crisis. Younger children, Hispanic, non‐Hispanic black, and those from low socioeconomic status backgrounds had consistently higher probability of avoiding tap water over time. Children who avoided tap water had 92% higher prevalence of drinking bottled water. In 2015–2016, 78% of non‐Hispanic black children who avoided tap water drank bottled water on a given day. Avoiding tap water may indicate underlying water insecurity in the United States. Efforts to address tap water distrust have critical health and economic implications.
Small Town Living: Unique Ethical Challenges of Rural Pediatric Integrated Primary Care
Authors: Jaques-Leonard Michelle L. , Winnick Joel B. , Chancey Leigh P. , Golden Maria E. , Gavazzi John , Brehm Laura , Heier Julie , Wicoff Maribeth , Rutt Christopher , Hosterman Shelley 
Published: June 2020

Objective: The objective of this paper is to address ethical and training considerations with behavioral health (BH) services practicing within rural, integrated primary care (IPC) sites through the conceptual framework of an ethical acculturation model. Method: Relevant articles are presented along with a description of how the acculturation model can be implemented to address ethical dilemmas. Results: Recommendations are provided regarding practice considerations when using the acculturation model and the utility of the model for both established BH practitioners and trainees. Conclusions: Psychologists integrated into rural IPC teams may be able to enhance their ethical practice and improve outcomes for patients and families through the use of the acculturation model. Psychologists serving as supervisors can utilize the acculturation model to provide valuable experiences to trainees in addressing ethical dilemmas when competing ethical principles are present. Implications for Impact Statement By addressing ethical dilemmas through an acculturation model, psychologists may prevent themselves from drifting away from American Psychological Association ethical principles within the context of a multidisciplinary team while simultaneously providing valuable learning opportunities for trainees. This focus is particularly important in rural settings where access to specialty care and other resources are limited, and a psychologist may be the only licensed behavioral health provider on a multidisciplinary team.
HOXA5 inhibits the proliferation and neoplasia of cervical cancer cells via downregulating the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and transactivating TP53
Authors: Ma Hong-Mei , Cui Nan , Zheng Peng-Sheng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHOXA5 is considered a regulator involved in embryonic development and cellular differentiation and a tumor suppressor. Nevertheless, its biological role in cervical carcinoma is still unclear. In the present study, immunohistochemistry showed that HOXA5 expression gradually decreased as the degree of cervical lesions deepened. Ectopic expression of HOXA5 restrained cell proliferation, decreased cell viability, and inhibited tumor formation in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the expression of HOXA5 could arrest cell cycle from G0/G1 to S phase. RNA-seq revealed that p21 and cyclinD1 were involved in this process. Moreover, the gene set enrichment analysis and the TOP/FOP reporter assay both suggested that HOXA5 could restrain the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Further study using dual-luciferase reporter assay and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that HOXA5 could directly bind to the TAAT motif within the promoter of TP53 by its HD domain and transactivate TP53, which can upregulate p21. Altogether, our data suggest that HOXA5 inhibits the proliferation and neoplasia via repression activity of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and transactivating TP53 in cervical cancer.
Hypoxia-induced shift in the phenotype of proteasome from 26S toward immunoproteasome triggers loss of immunoprivilege of mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Abu-El-Rub Ejlal , Sareen Niketa , Yan Weiang , Alagarsamy Keshav Narayan , Rafieerad Alireza , Srivastava Abhay , Desiderio Vincenzo , Dhingra Sanjiv 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAllogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are immunoprivileged and are being investigated in phase I and phase II clinical trials to treat different degenerative and autoimmune diseases. In spite of encouraging outcome of initial trials, the long-term poor survival of transplanted cells in the host tissue has declined the overall enthusiasm. Recent analyses of allogeneic MSCs based studies confirm that after transplantation in the hypoxic or ischemic microenvironment of diseased tissues, MSCs become immunogenic and are rejected by recipient immune system. The immunoprivilege of MSCs is preserved by absence or negligible expression of cell surface antigen, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRα. We found that in normoxic MSCs, 26S proteasome degrades HLA-DRα and maintains immunoprivilege of MSCs. The exposure to hypoxia leads to inactivation of 26S proteasome and formation of immunoproteasome in MSCs, which is associated with upregulation and activation of HLA-DRα, and as a result, MSCs become immunogenic. Furthermore, inhibition of immunoproteasome formation in hypoxic MSCs preserves the immunoprivilege. Therefore, hypoxia-induced shift in the phenotype of proteasome from 26S toward immunoproteasome triggers loss of immunoprivilege of allogeneic MSCs. The outcome of the current study may provide molecular targets to plan interventions to preserve immunoprivilege of allogeneic MSCs in the hypoxic or ischemic environment.
Hexokinase 2 is dispensable for photoreceptor development but is required for survival during aging and outer retinal stress
Authors: Weh Eric , Lutrzykowska Zuzanna , Smith Andrew , Hager Heather , Pawar Mercy , Wubben Thomas J. , Besirli Cagri G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPhotoreceptor death is the ultimate cause of vision loss in many retinal degenerative conditions. Identifying novel therapeutic avenues for prolonging photoreceptor health and function has the potential to improve vision and quality of life for patients suffering from degenerative retinal disorders. Photoreceptors are metabolically unique among other neurons in that they process the majority of their glucose via aerobic glycolysis. One of the main regulators of aerobic glycolysis is hexokinase 2 (HK2). Beyond its enzymatic function of phosphorylating glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, HK2 has additional non-enzymatic roles, including the regulation of apoptotic signaling via AKT signaling. Determining the role of HK2 in photoreceptor homeostasis may identify novel signaling pathways that can be targeted with neuroprotective agents to boost photoreceptor survival during metabolic stress. Here we show that following experimental retinal detachment, p-AKT is upregulated and HK2 translocates to mitochondria. Inhibition of AKT phosphorylation in 661W photoreceptor-like cells results in translocation of mitochondrial HK2 to the cytoplasm, increased caspase activity, and decreased cell viability. Rod-photoreceptors lacking HK2 upregulate HK1 and appear to develop normally. Interestingly, we found that HK2-deficient photoreceptors are more susceptible to acute nutrient deprivation in the experimental retinal detachment model. Additionally, HK2 appears to be important for preserving photoreceptors during aging. We show that retinal glucose metabolism is largely unchanged after HK2 deletion, suggesting that the non-enzymatic role of HK2 is important for maintaining photoreceptor health. These results suggest that HK2 expression is critical for preserving photoreceptors during acute nutrient stress and aging. More specifically, p-AKT mediated translocation of HK2 to the mitochondrial surface may be critical for protecting photoreceptors from acute and chronic stress.
Analysis of human metabolism by reducing the complexity of the genome-scale models using redHUMAN
Authors: Masid Maria , Ataman Meric , Hatzimanikatis Vassily 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAltered metabolism is associated with many human diseases. Human genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) were reconstructed within systems biology to study the biochemistry occurring in human cells. However, the complexity of these networks hinders a consistent and concise physiological representation. We present here redHUMAN, a workflow for reconstructing reduced models that focus on parts of the metabolism relevant to a specific physiology using the recently established methods redGEM and lumpGEM. The reductions include the thermodynamic properties of compounds and reactions guaranteeing the consistency of predictions with the bioenergetics of the cell. We introduce a method (redGEMX) to incorporate the pathways used by cells to adapt to the medium. We provide the thermodynamic curation of the human GEMs Recon2 and Recon3D and we apply the redHUMAN workflow to derive leukemia-specific reduced models. The reduced models are powerful platforms for studying metabolic differences between phenotypes, such as diseased and healthy cells.
Dynamic imaging of lithium in solid-state batteries by operando electron energy-loss spectroscopy with sparse coding
Authors: Nomura Yuki , Yamamoto Kazuo , Fujii Mikiya , Hirayama Tsukasa , Igaki Emiko , Saitoh Koh 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLithium-ion transport in cathodes, anodes, solid electrolytes, and through their interfaces plays a crucial role in the electrochemical performance of solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Direct visualization of the lithium-ion dynamics at the nanoscale provides valuable insight for understanding the fundamental ion behaviour in batteries. Here, we report the dynamic changes of lithium-ion movement in a solid-state battery under charge and discharge reactions by time-resolved operando electron energy-loss spectroscopy with scanning transmission electron microscopy. Applying image denoising and super-resolution via sparse coding drastically improves the temporal and spatial resolution of lithium imaging. Dynamic observation reveals that the lithium ions in the lithium cobaltite cathode are complicatedly extracted with diffusion through the lithium cobaltite domain boundaries during charging. Even in the open-circuit state, they move inside the cathode. Operando electron energy-loss spectroscopy with sparse coding is a promising combination to visualize the ion dynamics and clarify the fundamentals of solid-state electrochemistry.
Geometric and electronic structure probed along the isomerisation coordinate of a photoactive yellow protein chromophore
Authors: Anstöter Cate S. , Curchod Basile F. E. , Verlet Jan R. R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the connection between the motion of the nuclei in a molecule and the rearrangement of its electrons lies at the heart of chemistry. While many experimental methods have been developed to probe either the electronic or the nuclear structure on the timescale of atomic motion, very few have been able to capture both these changes in concert. Here, we use time-resolved photoelectron imaging to probe the isomerisation coordinate on the excited state of an isolated model chromophore anion of the photoactive yellow protein. By probing both the electronic structure changes as well as nuclear dynamics, we are able to uniquely measure isomerisation about a specific bond. Our results demonstrate that the photoelectron signal dispersed in time, energy and angle combined with calculations can track the evolution of both electronic and geometric structure along the adiabatic state, which in turn defines that chemical transformation.
Skeletal muscle reprogramming by breast cancer regardless of treatment history or tumor molecular subtype
Authors: Wilson Hannah E. , Stanton David A. , Montgomery Cortney , Infante Aniello M. , Taylor Matthew , Hazard-Jenkins Hannah , Pugacheva Elena N. , Pistilli Emidio E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIncreased susceptibility to fatigue is a negative predictor of survival commonly experienced by women with breast cancer (BC). Here, we sought to identify molecular changes induced in human skeletal muscle by BC regardless of treatment history or tumor molecular subtype using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and proteomic analyses. Mitochondrial dysfunction was apparent across all molecular subtypes, with the greatest degree of transcriptomic changes occurring in women with HER2/neu-overexpressing tumors, though muscle from patients of all subtypes exhibited similar pathway-level dysregulation. Interestingly, we found no relationship between anticancer treatments and muscle gene expression, suggesting that fatigue is a product of BC per se rather than clinical history. In vitro and in vivo experimentation confirmed the ability of BC cells to alter mitochondrial function and ATP content in muscle. These data suggest that interventions supporting muscle in the presence of BC-induced mitochondrial dysfunction may alleviate fatigue and improve the lives of women with BC.
Time- and strain-dependent nanoscale structural degradation in phase change epitaxial strontium ferrite films
Authors: Wang Le , Yang Zhenzhong , Wu Jinpeng , Bowden Mark E. , Yang Wanli , Qiao Amy , Du Yingge 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTopotactic phase transition between metallic, perovskite SrFeO3 and insulating, Brownmillerite SrFeO2.5 has been extensively studied due to the potential applications in resistive switching devices for neuromorphic computing. However, its practical utilization as memristors has been hindered by the structural instability of SrFeO3, which is often ascribed to the generation of oxygen vacancies to form SrFeO3-δ. Here we reveal that the dominating defects generated in SrFeO3 epitaxial thin films are atomic scale gaps generated as a result of interfacial strain. Our correlated time- and strain-dependent measurements show that tensile strained SrFeO3 films form vertical, nanoscale gaps that are SrO-rich, which are accountable for the observed metal-to-insulator transition over time. On the other hand, compressively strained or small lattice mismatched SrFeO3 films mainly yield horizontal gaps with a smaller impact on the in-plane transport. The atomic scale origin of such defects and their impact on device performance need to be further understood in order to integrate phase change materials in oxide electronics.
Antibody responses to the RTS,S/AS01E vaccine and Plasmodium falciparum antigens after a booster dose within the phase 3 trial in Mozambique
Authors: Sánchez Lina , Vidal Marta , Jairoce Chenjerai , Aguilar Ruth , Ubillos Itziar , Cuamba Inocencia , Nhabomba Augusto J. , Williams Nana Aba , Díez-Padrisa Núria , Cavanagh David , Angov Evelina , Coppel Ross L. , Gaur Deepak , Beeson James G. , Dutta Sheetij , Aide Pedro , Campo Joseph J. , Moncunill Gemma , Dobaño Carlota 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe RTS,S/AS01E vaccine has shown consistent but partial vaccine efficacy in a pediatric phase 3 clinical trial using a 3-dose immunization schedule. A fourth-dose 18 months after the primary vaccination was shown to restore the waning efficacy. However, only total IgG against the immunodominant malaria vaccine epitope has been analyzed following the booster. To better characterize the magnitude, nature, and longevity of the immune response to the booster, we measured levels of total IgM, IgG, and IgG1-4 subclasses against three constructs of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg, also present in RTS,S) by quantitative suspension array technology in 50 subjects in the phase 3 trial in Manhiça, Mozambique. To explore the impact of vaccination on naturally acquired immune responses, we measured antibodies to P. falciparum antigens not included in RTS,S. We found increased IgG, IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4, but not IgG2 nor IgM, levels against vaccine antigens 1 month after the fourth dose. Overall, antibody responses to the booster dose were lower than the initial peak response to primary immunization and children had higher IgG and IgG1 levels than infants. Higher anti-Rh5 IgG and IgG1-4 levels were detected after the booster dose, suggesting that RTS,S partial protection could increase some blood stage antibody responses. Our work shows that the response to the RTS,S/AS01E booster dose is different from the primary vaccine immune response and highlights the dynamic changes in subclass antibody patterns upon the vaccine booster and with acquisition of adaptive immunity to malaria.
Household illness and associated water and sanitation factors in peri-urban Lusaka, Zambia, 2016–2017
Authors: Hubbard Sydney C. , Meltzer Martin I. , Kim Sunkyung , Malambo Warren , Thornton Andrew T. , Shankar Manjunath B. , Adhikari Bishwa B. , Jeon Seonghye , Bampoe Valerie D. , Cunningham Lauren C. , Murphy Jennifer L. , Derado Gordana , Mintz Eric D. , Mwale Florence Kabinga , Chizema-Kawesha Elizabeth , Brunkard Joan M. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTIn Zambia limited access to adequate water and sanitation is a key developmental challenge, particularly for rapidly expanding peri-urban areas. During 2016–2017, a cross-sectional household survey was conducted among 12,500 households representing ~60,000 individuals to assess the burden of household diarrheal and respiratory disease and to measure water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) characteristics in Lusaka, Zambia. We found that socio-economic factors, including having an additional household member, having children <5 years old in the household, living in a rental home, and higher annual household expenditure were associated with diarrhea and respiratory illness. We also found an increased risk for diarrhea associated with a number of WASH-related factors–such as not covering all water storage containers, not using soap for handwashing, having an unimproved sanitation facility, and utilizing a heavily shared toilet (≥18 people). Detectable free chlorine residual in household stored water and more hours of water availability per day were associated with reduced odds of waterborne illness. In all, 75% of household stored water was contaminated with E. coli and households consuming less water (<20 L/day per person) for all purposes had lower odds of diarrhea than households consuming more water—these findings highlight the need for enhanced WASH services within densely populated peri-urban areas and the importance of achieving universal access to safely managed water and sanitation services.