bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and treatment of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: a case report illustrating clinical management and ablation strategy
Authors: Ector Joris , Haemers Peter , Garweg Christophe , Willems Rik 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a common supraventricular arrhythmia that is frequently encountered in an otherwise healthy patient population. Recent guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology underline the role of catheter ablation in the long-term management of these patients.

Case summary
This case describes the clinical presentation and treatment options in a patient with typical slow/fast AVNRT, the most common subform of AVNRT, where antegrade conduction occurs over the slow pathway and retrograde conduction over the fast pathway. The ablation strategy in these patients is illustrated based on intracardiac recordings in combination with per-procedural three-dimensional imaging.

Discussion
Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia is a common arrhythmia with good prognosis but significant impact on quality of life of affected patients. Catheter ablation should be considered early as it can be performed safely and with a very high success rate.
Avoiding implant complications in cardiac implantable electronic devices: what works?
Authors: Frausing Maria Hee Jung Park , Kronborg Mads Brix , Johansen Jens Brock , Nielsen Jens Cosedis 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Nearly one in ten patients experience complications in relation to cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantations. CIED complications have serious implications for the patients and for the healthcare system. In light of the rising rates of new implants and consistent rate of complications, primary prevention remains a major concern. To guide future efforts, we sought to review the evidence base underlying common preventive actions made during a primary CIED implantation.
Through the Anti-Monopoly Lens: What Constitutes ‘Unfairly High Patent Pricing’ in China?
Authors: Hao Yuan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This article proposes that a patentee’s unilateral pricing of proprietary technology should be presumed legal per se under Sec. 55 IPR immunity framework provided by the Anti-Monopoly Law, unless a plaintiff overcomes all three of the following hurdles with actual evidence: (i) the patentee enjoys a dominant market position; (ii) such pricing constitutes de facto refusal to deal with or significant ‘margin squeeze’ for subsequent or follow-on innovators; and (iii) the constructive refusal or ‘margin squeeze’ would likely foreclose dynamic competition. This seemingly high evidentiary burden is justified by three cumulative resources: (i) the very patent mechanism in facilitating innovation, including a solid promise of supra-competitive profit through the right to lawfully exclude competition by imitation, and thus the instigation of a virtuous circle of dynamic competition through pivoting on the critical link of competition by substitution; (ii) the prevalent cautious attitude in sister jurisdictions when dealing with the concept; and (iii) the inevitable limitations of antitrust law, manifested in the administrative and error costs due to lack of proper information and economic analysis methodologies on dynamic efficiency. Through a detailed illustration with six specific scenarios, we see in a quasi-quantitative way that the actual likelihood of unilateral foreclosure on dynamic competition, even in the case of a monopolist patentee, is extremely low despite the existence of a theoretical possibility. Facing this meager likelihood and information deficiency, it would be unwise for a Chinese court to incur enormous costs of searching for a possibility in every case, with the mere guidance of a vague rule-of-reason framework.
Suction Feeding by Small Organisms: Performance Limits in Larval Vertebrates and Carnivorous Plants
Authors: Deban Stephen M , Holzman Roi , Müller Ulrike K 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSuction feeding has evolved independently in two highly disparate animal and plant systems, aquatic vertebrates and carnivorous bladderworts. We review the suction performance of animal and plant suction feeders to explore biomechanical performance limits for aquatic feeders based on morphology and kinematics, in the context of current knowledge of suction feeding. While vertebrates have the greatest diversity and size range of suction feeders, bladderworts are the smallest and fastest known suction feeders. Body size has profound effects on aquatic organismal function, including suction feeding, particularly in the intermediate flow regime that tiny organisms can experience. A minority of tiny organisms suction feed, consistent with model predictions that generating effective suction flow is less energetically efficient and also requires more flow-rate specific power at small size. Although the speed of suction flows generally increases with body and gape size, some specialized tiny plant and animal predators generate suction flows greater than those of suction feeders 100 times larger. Bladderworts generate rapid flow via high-energy and high-power elastic recoil and suction feed for nutrients (relying on photosynthesis for energy). Small animals may be limited by available muscle energy and power, although mouth protrusion can offset the performance cost of not generating high suction pressure. We hypothesize that both the high energetic costs and high power requirements of generating rapid suction flow shape the biomechanics of small suction feeders, and that plants and animals have arrived at different solutions due in part to their different energy budgets.
Accurately computing the log-sum-exp and softmax functions
Authors: Blanchard Pierre , Higham Desmond J , Higham Nicholas J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Evaluating the log-sum-exp function or the softmax function is a key step in many modern data science algorithms, notably in inference and classification. Because of the exponentials that these functions contain, the evaluation is prone to overflow and underflow, especially in low-precision arithmetic. Software implementations commonly use alternative formulas that avoid overflow and reduce the chance of harmful underflow, employing a shift or another rewriting. Although mathematically equivalent, these variants behave differently in floating-point arithmetic and shifting can introduce subtractive cancellation. We give rounding error analyses of different evaluation algorithms and interpret the error bounds using condition numbers for the functions. We conclude, based on the analysis and numerical experiments, that the shifted formulas are of similar accuracy to the unshifted ones, so can safely be used, but that a division-free variant of softmax can suffer from loss of accuracy.
Bundle interventions including nontechnical skills for surgeons can reduce operative time and improve patient safety
Authors: Koike Daisuke , Nomura Yukihiro , Nagai Motoki , Matsunaga Takashi , Yasuda Ayuko 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objective
This study aimed to determine if introducing nontechnical skills to surgical trainees during surgical education can reduce the operation time and contribute to patient safety.

Design
Quality improvement initiatives using the KAIZEN as a problem-solving method.

Setting
Department of surgery in a referral and educational hospital.

Participants
Surgical team and quality management team.

Intervention
The KAIZEN was used as a problem-solving method between 2015 and 2018 to reduce the operation time. First, baseline measurement was performed to understand the current situations in our department. To achieve continuous improvement, periodical feedback of the current status was obtained from all staff. Bundles, including nontechnical skills, were established. Briefing and debriefing were performed by the surgical team.

Main Outcome Measures
Excessively long operation rates with a standard procedure.

Results
We included 1573 operations in this initiative. Excessively long operation rates were reduced in all types of surgeries, from 27.1% to 15.2% for herniorrhaphy (P = 0.005), 58.3–40.0% for gastrectomy (P = 0.03), 50.0–4.1% for total gastrectomy (P = 0.12), 65.6–45.0% for colectomy (P = 0.004), 67.8–43.2% for high anterior resection (P = 0.02) and 69.6–47.9% for low anterior resection (P = 0.03). The adherence to briefing and debriefing were improved, and majority of the surgeons favored the bundle elements.

Conclusions
The KAIZEN initiative was effective in clinical healthcare settings. In the event of scaling-up this initiative, the educational program for physicians should include project management strategies and leadership skills.
Lipid A profiling and metabolomics analysis of paired polymyxin-susceptible and -resistant MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from the same patients before and after colistin treatment
Authors: Aye Su Mon , Galani Irene , Han Mei-Ling , Karaiskos Ilias , Creek Darren J , Zhu Yan , Lin Yu-Wei , Velkov Tony , Giamarellou Helen , Li Jian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
The increased incidence of polymyxin-resistant MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae has become a major global health concern.

Objectives
To characterize the lipid A profiles and metabolome differences between paired polymyxin-susceptible and -resistant MDR K. pneumoniae clinical isolates.

Methods
Three pairs of K. pneumoniae clinical isolates from the same patients were examined [ATH 7 (polymyxin B MIC 0.25 mg/L) versus ATH 8 (64 mg/L); ATH 15 (0.5 mg/L) versus ATH 16 (32 mg/L); and ATH 17 (0.5 mg/L) versus ATH 18 (64 mg/L)]. Lipid A and metabolomes were analysed using LC-MS and bioinformatic analysis was conducted.

Results
The predominant species of lipid A in all three paired isolates were hexa-acylated and 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose-modified lipid A species were detected in the three polymyxin-resistant isolates. Significant metabolic differences were evident between the paired isolates. Compared with their corresponding polymyxin-susceptible isolates, the levels of metabolites in amino sugar metabolism (UDP-N-acetyl-α-d-glucosamine and UDP-N-α-acetyl-d-mannosaminuronate) and central carbon metabolism (e.g. pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle) were significantly reduced in all polymyxin-resistant isolates [fold change (FC) &gt; 1.5, P &lt; 0.05]. Similarly, nucleotides, amino acids and key metabolites in glycerophospholipid metabolism, namely sn-glycerol-3-phosphate and sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, were significantly reduced across all polymyxin-resistant isolates (FC &gt; 1.5, P &lt; 0.05) compared with polymyxin-susceptible isolates. However, higher glycerophospholipid levels were evident in polymyxin-resistant ATH 8 and ATH 16 (FC &gt; 1.5, P &lt; 0.05) compared with their corresponding susceptible isolates.

Conclusions
To our knowledge, this study is the first to reveal significant metabolic perturbations associated with polymyxin resistance in K. pneumoniae.
Residual Analysis of Aflatoxins in Spice by HPLC Coupled with Solid-Phase Dispersive Extraction and Solid-Phase Fluorescence Derivatization Method
Authors: Saito Koichi , Ishii Junki , Naniwa Misaki , Ishii Rie , Kato Mihoko , Kondo Takahide , Sakurai Hikaru , Taniguchi Masaru , Hashiguchi Shigeki , Hayashi Takako , Ito Rie 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Aflatoxins (AFs) are carcinogenic mycotoxins. A simple, quick, and accurate method for the micro-analysis of AFs in foodstuffs, especially spices, is needed.

Objective
A sophisticated pretreatment method that combines solid-phase dispersive extraction (SPDE) and solid-phase fluorescence derivatization using immunoaffinity (IA) gel as the solid phase was developed to analyze AFs in spices simply, quickly, and sensitively by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

Method
White and black pepper samples were extracted with a mixed solution of methanol/water (4:1) and then diluted with 7% aqueous solution of Triton-X. The solution was subjected to cleanup by SPDE using IA gel. Trifluoroacetic acid was added to the IA gel for on-site solid-phase fluorescence derivatization.

Results
Chromatograms containing well-separated peaks and few interference peaks from contaminants were obtained. The method detection limit of AFs in white and black pepper was 0.15–0.29 ng/g. Repeatability and intermediate precision were &lt;10% and &lt;15%, respectively, and accuracy was 61.7–87.8%. In addition, inter-laboratory precision was &lt;29% and mean recovery was 61.5–76.7%. A favorable z-score of |Z| ≦ 1 was obtained in seven laboratories, although one laboratory gave 2 &lt; |Z| &lt; 3.

Conclusions
The validity, reliability, practicality, and robustness of the developed method were verified.

Highlights
By using SPDE and solid-phase fluorescence derivatization in combination for AF analysis, fluorescence derivatization during cleanup was realized, leading to simplification of the pretreatment operation.
Effects of bismuth subsalicylate and encapsulated calcium ammonium nitrate on ruminal fermentation of beef cattle
Authors: Henry Darren D , Ciriaco Francine M , Araujo Rafael C , Fontes Pedro L P , Oosthuizen Nicola , Mejia-Turcios Sebastian E , Garcia-Ascolani Mariana E , Rostoll-Cangiano Lautaro , Schulmeister Tessa M , Dubeux Jose C B , Lamb G Cliff , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to determine the effects of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) and encapsulated calcium ammonium nitrate (eCAN) on ruminal fermentation of beef cattle consuming bahiagrass hay (Paspalum notatum) and sugarcane molasses. Ten ruminally cannulated steers (n = 8; 461 ± 148 kg of body weight [BW]; average BW ± SD) and heifers (n = 2; 337 ± 74 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments as follows: 1) 2.7 g/kg of BW of molasses (NCTRL), 2) NCTRL + 182 mg/kg of BW of urea (U), 3) U + 58.4 mg/kg of BW of BSS (UB), 4) NCTRL + 538 mg/kg of BW of eCAN (NIT), and 5) NIT + 58.4 mg/kg of BW of BSS (NITB). With the exception of NCTRL, all treatments were isonitrogenous. Beginning on day 14 of each period, ruminal fluid was collected and rectal temperature was recorded 4× per day for 3 d to determine ruminal changes every 2 h from 0 to 22 h post-feeding. Ruminal gas cap samples were collected at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h on day 0 of each period followed by 0 h on days 1, 2, 3, and 14. Microbial N flow was determined using Cr-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, YbCl3, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber for liquid, small particle, and large particle phases, respectively. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate the effects of nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) inclusion, NPN source, BSS, and NPN source × BSS. There was no treatment effect (P &gt; 0.05) on concentrations of H2S on day 0, 1, 2, or 14; however, on day 3, concentrations of H2S were reduced (P = 0.018) when NPN was provided. No effect of treatment (P = 0.864) occurred for ruminal pH. There was an effect of NPN source on total concentrations of VFA (P = 0.011), where a 6% reduction occurred when eCAN was provided. There were effects of NPN (P = 0.001) and NPN source (P = 0.009) on the concentration of NH3-N, where cattle consuming NPN had a greater concentration than those not consuming NPN, and eCAN reduced the concentration compared with urea. Total concentrations of VFA and NH3-N were not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by BSS. There was an effect of BSS (P = 0.009) on rectal temperature, where cattle not consuming BSS had greater temperatures than those receiving BSS. No differences for NPN, NPN source, nor BSS (P &gt; 0.05) were observed for microbial N flow. In conclusion, eCAN does not appear to deliver equivalent ruminal fermentation parameters compared with urea, and BSS has limited effects on fermentation.
Involvement of PP2A methylation in the adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell
Authors: Ikeda Shunta , Tsuji Shunya , Ohama Takashi , Sato Koichi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are multipotent stem cells with ability to self-replicate and differentiate into mesodermal derivatives, such as adipocytes and osteoblasts. BM-MSCs are a critical component of the tumour microenvironment. They support tumour progression by recruiting additional BM-MSCs and by differentiating into myofibroblasts (also called cancer-associated fibroblasts). Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is an essential serine/threonine protein phosphatase that regulates a broad range of cellular signalling. PP2A forms a heterotrimer to dephosphorylate specific substrates. The reversible methylesterification (methylation) of Leu309 in the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2Ac) regulates biogenesis of the PP2A holoenzyme. It is unknown whether the methylation of PP2Ac plays a role in BM-MSC differentiation. Our experiments determined that protein levels of PP2A subunits and PP2A methyltransferase (LCMT-1) are significantly altered during differentiation. PP2Ac methylation levels in BM-MSCs decrease over time in response to an adipogenic differentiation stimulus. However, blockage of PP2A demethylation using the PP2A dimethyl-esterase inhibitors enhanced adipocyte differentiation. This suggests that PP2Ac demethylation is involved in adipocyte differentiation resistance. The results of our study provide a greater understanding of the regulation of BM-MSCs differentiation by PP2A holoenzyme.
Gothic Secret Histories and Representing Australian Colonial Deaths at Sea: The Case of Captain Charles Wright Harris and the Wreck of the SS Admella (1859)
Authors: Anae Nicole 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Extant ephemera documenting the wreck of the SS Admella off the South Australian coast on 6 August 1859 offers a compelling story of real-life maritime calamity characterized by death and extraordinary heroism. The much less written about account, however, is the story lying in between ‘official accounts’ of the wreck, and those that emerged in the contemporary reports of the day, including a body of verse termed ‘Admella poetry’. Verse forms and telegraphic reports of the wreck appear to be at odds with other witness statements, and official records have corrupted details from either telegraphic reports or published survivor statements, or both. This re-reading of one of the key heroic fatalities in the story of the wreck of the SS Admella – 37-year-old Captain Charles Wright Harris, a passenger aboard the Admella – theorizes on his death at sea as mapping plural histories. I argue that the account of the event preserved as political and bureaucratic memory – and its counterpoint – the account of the event preserved in the popular press and Admella poems, characterizes an alternative Victorian cultural memory, a gothic secret history concerning the wreck of the SS Admella and colonial deaths at sea.
Candida tropicalis RON1is required for hyphal formation, biofilm development, and virulence but is dispensable for N-acetylglucosamine catabolism
Authors: Song Yu-De , Hsu Chih-Chieh , Lew Shi Qian , Lin Ching-Hsuan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNDT80-like family genes are highly conserved across a large group of fungi, but the functions of each Ndt80 protein are diverse and have evolved differently among yeasts and pathogens. The unique NDT80 gene in budding yeast is required for sexual reproduction, whereas three NDT80-like genes, namely, NDT80, REP1, and RON1, found in Candida albicans exhibit distinct functions. Notably, it was suggested that REP1, rather than RON1, is required for N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) catabolism. Although Candida tropicalis, a widely dispersed fungal pathogen in tropical and subtropical areas, is closely related to Candida albicans, its phenotypic, pathogenic and environmental adaptation characteristics are remarkably divergent. In this study, we focused on the Ron1 transcription factor in C. tropicalis. Protein alignment showed that C. tropicalis Ron1 (CtRon1) shares 39.7% identity with C. albicans Ron1 (CaRon1). Compared to the wild-type strain, the C. tropicalis ron1Δ strains exhibited normal growth in different carbon sources and had similar expression levels of several GlcNAc catabolic genes during GlcNAc treatment. In contrast, C. tropicalis REP1 is responsible for GlcNAc catabolism and is involved in GlcNAc catabolic gene expressions, similar to C. albicans Rep1. However, REP1 deletion strains in C. tropicalis promote hyphal development in GlcNAc with low glucose content. Interestingly, CtRON1, but not CaRON1, deletion mutants exhibited significantly impaired hyphal growth and biofilm formation. As expected, CtRON1 was required for full virulence. Together, the results of this study showed divergent functions of CtRon1 compared to CaRon1; CtRon1 plays a key role in yeast-hyphal dimorphism, biofilm formation and virulence.Lay AbstractIn this study, we identified the role of RON1, an NDT80-like gene, in Candida tropicalis. Unlike the gene in Candida albicans, our studies showed that RON1 is a key regulator of hyphal formation, biofilm development and virulence but is dispensable for N-acetylglucosamine catabolism in C. tropicalis.
Propagation of weak shocks in cool-core galaxy clusters in two-temperature magnetohydrodynamics with anisotropic thermal conduction
Authors: Komarov S , Reynolds C , Churazov E 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigate how different magnetohydrodynamic models of propagation of a weak (Mach number ∼1.2) shock in the core of a galaxy cluster affect its observational appearance, using the Perseus cluster as our fiducial model. In particular, we study how thermal conduction, both isotropic and anisotropic, and ion–electron temperature equilibration modify a weak shock. Strong thermal conduction is expected to produce an electron temperature precursor. Less prominent pressure and density precursors are formed as well. A longer equilibration time largely reduces the density precursor but does not change the electron temperature precursor much. When thermal conduction becomes anisotropic, the intracluster magnetic field imprints its characteristic spatial scale on the distortions of the shock induced by heat fluxes.
Swift/XRT, Chandra, and XMM–Newton observations of IGR J17091–3624 as it returns into quiescence
Authors: Pereyra M , Altamirano D , Court J M C , Degenaar N , Wijnands R , Parikh A S , Cúneo V A 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
IGR J17091–3624 is a low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB), which received wide attention from the community thanks to its similarities with the bright black hole system GRS 1915+105. Both systems exhibit a wide range of highly structured X-ray variability during outburst, with time-scales from few seconds to tens of minutes, which make them unique in the study of mass accretion in LMXBs. In this work, we present a general overview into the long-term evolution of IGR J17091–3624, using Swift/XRT observations from the onset of the 2011–2013 outburst in 2011 February till the end of the last bright outburst in 2016 November. We found four re-flares during the decay of the 2011 outburst, but no similar re-flares appear to be present in the latter one. We studied, in detail, the period with the lowest flux observed in the last 10 yr, just at the tail end of the 2011–2013 outburst, using Chandra and XMM-Newton observations. We observed changes in flux as high as a factor of 10 during this period of relative quiescence, without strong evidence of softening in the spectra. This result suggests that the source has not been observed at its true quiescence so far. By comparing the spectral properties at low luminosities of IGR J17091–3624 and those observed for a well-studied population of LMXBs, we concluded that IGR J17091–3624 is most likely to host a black hole as a compact companion rather than a neutron star.