bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nawal Al-Sa’dawi Dalam Tradisi Feminisme Barat
Authors: Ta'abudi Drei Herba , Asqi Nurul 
Published: August 2020

Tulisan ini bertujuan melacak keterpengaruhan fiksi-fiksi Sa’da>wi> dengan pemikiran feminisme Barat. Kajian ini sangat menarik karena resepsi karya-karyanya yang tidak banyak diterima di tempat kelahirannya, namun populer serta diminati di luar negaranya. Ada dua pertanyaan yang dikaji: pertama, bagaimana tema yang ditampilkan Sa’da>wi> dalam karya-karya fiksinya; kedua, bagaimana relasi keterpengaruhan Sa’da>wi> dengan pemikiran feminis Barat. Adapun tulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan Muqa>ranah dengan metode deskriptif analitik. Tiga karya fiksi yang menjadi sumber primer di antaranya: “Adab am Qillah Adab” (2000), “Suqu>t}u al-Ima>m” (1987), serta “Imra’ah ‘Inda Nuqt}ah al-S{ifr” (1982). Selanjutnya aliran feminis marxis-sosialis menjadi hipogram dalam tulisan ini. Tulisan ini menghasilkan dua hal: pertama, narasi-narasi fiksi-fiksi Sa’dawi merepresentasikan aliran feminis marxist-sosialis; kedua, keterkaitannya dengan aliran ini dengan melihat Sa’da>wi> sebagai perempuan kelas terdidik yang dapat memperoleh akses informasi lebih luas, aktivitas politiknya, serta motivasi kepenulisannya. This article aims to explain influenced Sa’da>wi> fiction with western feminism. This research very interisting because of the receptions of her works are rejected in her country but became popular accepted outside her country. Two questions in this study: first, how Sa’da>wi> shows the theme in her fictional works; second, how does the relation of Sa’da>wi>’s influence with Western feminist thought\. This research uses Muqa>ranah approach with descriptive analytic method. Three works of fiction are the primary source: “Adab am Qillah Adab” (2000), “Suqu>t}u al-Ima>m” (1987) and “Imra’ah ‘Inda Nuqt}ah al-S{ifr” (1982). Further Marxist-socialist feminist flow becomes a hypogram in this paper. This reserch result in two discovering: first, the narratives of Sa’da>wi>’s fictions represent marxist-sosialist feminist stream; second, its association with this flow by seeing Sa’da>wi> as an educated class woman which can gain wider access to information, political activity and writing motivation.
العلة النحوية عند المتقدمين والمتأخرين
Authors: GUMILAR RIZKI 
Published: August 2020

الملخصتُعدّ العلة سمةً من أهم السمات في الفكر النحوي. فما من قاعدة نحوية إلا وقد علّلها النحاة، فكل حكم يُعلَّل، وكل ظاهرة نحوية لا بد لها من علة. فهذا ما جعل كثيرين من غير العرب يشهدون للعقلية العربية الفذّة، وجعل آخرين يتعجبون من وضع النحو العربي على ذلك الكامل.وقد جاء هذا البحث في خمسة أجزاء: تمهيد، وثلاثة مباحث، وخلاصة. المبحث الأول يتناول عن العلة ركن من أركان القياس النحوي، وهو يتكون من ثلاثة أجزاء: مفهوم القياس النحوي، وأنواع القياس، وأركان القياس. والمبحث الثاني يتناول عن مفهوم العلة النحوية ونشأتها وأقسامها، وهو يتكون من ثلاثة أجزاء: مفهوم العلة النحوية والتعليل، ونشأة العلة النحوية وتطورها، وأقسام العلة النحوية. والمبحث الثالث يتناول عن آراء المتقدمين والمتأخرين في العلة النحوية.الكلمات المفتاحية: التعليل النحوي، العلل النحوية، النحو العربي، أصول النحو ABSTRACTThe reason is one of the most important features of Arabic Grammatical. There is no grammatical rule unless the Scholars gives a reason for it. Every rule is given a reason, and every grammatical phenomenon must have a reason. This is what makes many non-Arabs bear witness to the unique Arabic mindset, and impress others with the status of perfect Arabic grammar.This research came in five parts: a preface, three sections, and a summary. The first section deals with the reason of the grammatical measurement, which consists of three parts: the concept of grammar measurement, types of measurement, and the pillars of measurement. The second section deals with the concept of grammatical reason and its origins and types. It consists of three parts: the concept of grammatical reason and reasoning, the emergence and development of grammatical reason, and the types of grammatical reason. The third section deals with the views of classical and contemporary scholars in the grammatical reason.Keywords: grammatical reasoning, grammatical reasoning, Arabic grammar, the origins of grammar.
المصطلحات البلاغية بين القديم والحديث
Authors: Malla Agussalim Beddu 
Published: August 2020

إن المحدثين من النقاد العرب، قد نظروا إلى البلاغة العربية، باعتبار علومها (المعاني والبيان والبديع)، وحدة واحدة، وأطلقوا عليها اسم علم البيان وكذلك فعل بعض القدامي. ثم إن بعض المحدثين من النقاد العرب، قد نظروا نظرة موحدة إلى المصطلحات البلاغية، وجعلوها تحت اسم الحقيقة والمجاز، وعندما يعرضون إليها يثبتون أثرها الجمالي، ومعناها الذوقي، مغفلين إجراء مصطلحها الفلسفي. وبعد ذلك يربطون هذه النظرة الموحدة إلى المصطلحات بالقيمة، والناحية المعنوية، وهذا يلزمهم أن ينظروا إلى النواحي النفسية والاجتماعية والحضارية. هذه اللفتات في النفس والحياة والكون والحضارة والإنسان جعلت بعض النقاد المحدثين يشترطون مقدمة لدراسة البلاغة العربية وهي مؤلفة من علم النفس والاجتماع، ومواقف من الحياة الحضارية الإنسانية في الوقت الذي كان فيه القدماء يشترطون مقدمة للبلاغة في الفصاحة والبلاغة.
تعليم اللغة العربية عن بعد وتطوره في جامعة حسن الدين مكاسر
Authors: H. Abd. Safa Najmuddin , Sanusi. B. Yusring 
Published: August 2020

Artikel ini membahas tentang perkembangan pembelajaran bahasa Arab di Universitas Hasanuddin. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data yang ditampilkan dari dokumen laporan program studi bahasa dan dokumen Universitas Hasanuddin yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa program studi bahasa Arab Universitas Hasanuddin selalu mengikuti perkembangan teknologi pembelajaran dalam jaringan dan teknologi pembelajaran jarak jauh. Mode kedua jenis pendekatan pembelajaran ini berbeda. Mode pembelajaran bahasa Arab dalam jaringan memiliki ciri yaitu materi pembelajaran dan penugasan disiapkan pada media learning management system (LMS atau Sikola) dan tatap muka dilakukan dalam kelas. Sedangkan mode pembelajaran jarak jauh materi pembelajaran dan penugasan disiapkan pada media learning management system (LMS atau Sikola) tetapi tetap muka dilaksanakan terkadang dalam kelas dan lebih banyak dilakukan dalam jaringan melalui video konferensi. Selain itu, perkembangan media teknologi pembelajaran senantiasa diikuti oleh sivitas akademika program studi bahasa Arab Universitas Hasanuddin, misalnya perubahan platform LMS menjadi Sikola. Kesiapan menghadapi perubahan teknologi pembelajaran selalu diperhatikan program studi bahasa Arab Universitas Hasanuddin.
تحليل الأخطاء الإملائية في الهمزة لدى طلاب معهد اللغويات العربية بجامعة الملك سعود
Authors: Abdoulaye Abdelaziz Haroun 
Published: August 2020

الملخص استهدف هذا البحث على معرفة الأخطاء الإملائية في الهمزة لدى طلاب معهد اللغويات العربية بجامعة الملك سعود، وقد تكونت عينة الدراسة من (23) طالباً ممثلة في ثلاثة مستويات: (المبتدئ والمتوسط والمتقدم)، وقد اعتمدت الدراسة على منهج البحث الوصفي التحليلي، واستخدم الاختبار أداة لجمع المعلومات من عينة الدراسة، وتم التحقق من صدق الأداة وثباتها من خلال عرضها على مجموعة من المحكمين ذوي الاختصاص في المجال، وأشارت نتائج الدراسة إلى وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين المستويات الثلاثة، حيث بلغت نسبة أخطاء طلاب المستوى المبتدئ في كتابة الهمزة في أول الكلمة (37%)، ونسبة الأخطاء في كتابة الهمزة في وسط الكلمة وصلت إلى (55%)، ونسبة الأخطاء في كتابة الهمزة في آخرة الكلمة (08%). وأما نسبة أخطاء طلاب المستوى المتوسط في كتابة الهمزة المتطرفة فقد بلغت (25.4%)، وبلغت نسبة أخطائهم في كتابة الهمزة في وسط الكلمة (57.3%)، ونسبة الأخطاء في كتابة الهمزة المتطرفة وصلت إلى (17.3%). وبالنسبة لطلاب المستوى المتقدم، فقد بلغت نسبة أخطائهم في كتابة الهمزة في أول الكلمة (33.3%)، ونسبة الأخطاء في كتابتها في وسط الكلمة (60%)، والأخطاء المتعلقة بكتابة الهمزة في آخر الكلمة قد بلغت نسبتها (06.7%)، ونتيجة لذلك فقد خلصت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من التوصيات في ضوء ما أظهرت عنه من نتائج.الكلمات المفتاحية: تحليل الأخطاء ـــ الأخطاء الإملائية ـــ طلاب معهد اللغويات العربية. Abstract: This study aimed to know the spelling errors in Hamza among students of the Institute of Arabic Linguistics at King Saud University. The sample of the study consisted of (23) students represented in three levels: (beginner, intermediate and advanced) .The study relied on the descriptive analytical research methodology. To collect information from the study sample, the validity and reliability of the tool was verified by presenting it to a group of arbitrators with competence in the field. The results of the study indicated that there are statistically significant differences between the three levels. (37%), and The percentage of errors in writing Hamza in the middle of the word reached (55%), and the percentage of errors in writing Hamza in the back of the word (08%). As for the percentage of mistakes of middle level students in the writing of extreme Hamza (25.4%), and the percentage of mistakes in writing Hamza in the center of the word (57.3%), and the percentage of errors in the writing of extreme Hamza reached (17.3%). As for the advanced level students, the percentage of their mistakes in writing the Hamza at the beginning of the word (33.3%), and the percentage of errors in writing in the middle of the word (60%), and errors related to the writing of the Hamza at the end of the word (06.7%), as a result The study concluded with a set of recommendations in the light of the results shown. Keywords: error analysis - spelling errors - students of the Institute of Arabic Linguistic
Pembelajaran Maharah Kalam pada Program Kursus Bahasa Arab Pondok Pesantren Darul Lughah wad Dirasatil Islamiyah
Authors: Aziz Mahbub Humaidi 
Published: August 2020

Penilitian tentang pembelajaran maharah kalam pada program kursus bahasa Arab spesial Ramadhan di Pondok Pesantren Darul Lughah Wad Dirasatil Islamiyah (PP. DLWI) Pamekasan Madura ini menarik untuk dikaji, karena program ini dapat menjadikan pesertanya mampu berbicara bahasa Arab dalam 21 hari sesuai tingkatan masing-masing, yaitu mubtadi’, mutawassith, dan mutaqaddim. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: 1) proses pembelajaran maharah kalam dari segi materi, metode, media dan evaluasi, (2) efektivitas, dan (3) efisiensi pembelajaran maharah kalam pada program kursus bahasa Arab spesial Ramadhan di PP DLWI Pamekasan Madura. Jenis penelitian kualitatif yang digunakan adalah studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observari, wawancara, angket dan dokumentasi. Data kualitatif dianalisis menggunakan metode deskriptif, sedangkan data kuantitatif menggunakan statistik sederhana yang terdiri atas: tahap persiapan, tabulasi dan pengolahan data. Hasil penelitian ini adalah (1) proses pembelajaran maharah kalam terdiri atas: a) materi pada tingkat mubtadi’ tentang aktifitas sehari-hari, tingkat mutawassith mempelajari tentang aktifitas di hari libur dan kegiatan di bulan Ramadhan, dan pada tingkat mutaqaddim mempelajari tentang aktifitas ekonomi, kebahasaan, politik, dan olah raga, b) metode pembelajaran pada tingkat mubtadi’, mutawassith dan mutaqaddim menggunakan metode langsung, c) media pembelajaran yang digunakan adalah papan tulis, gambar, lukisan, foto, VCD, LCD dan proyektor, sedangkan d) evaluasi pembelajarannya berbentuk tes lisan dan tertulis di akhir pembelajaran, (2) efektivitas pembelajaran maharah kalam pada program ini adalah: tingkat mubtadi’ sebesar 87,33% (sangat efektif), tingkat mutawassith sebesar 95,6% (sangat efektif), dan tingkat mutaqaddim sebesar 98% (sangat efektif). 3. Efisiensi pembelajaran maharah kalam pada program ini adalah: tingkat mubtadi’ sebesar 88,25% (sangat efisien), tingkat mutawassith sebesar 90,88% (sangat efisien), dan tingkat mutaqaddim sebesar 94,05% (sangat efisien).
Rural Legal Deserts Are a Critical Health Determinant
Authors: Statz Michele , Termuhlen Paula 
Published: August 2020

We introduce “rural legal deserts,” or rural areas experiencing attorney shortages, as a meaningful health determinant. We demonstrate that the absence of rural attorneys has significant impacts on public health—impacts that are rapidly exacerbated by COVID-19. Our work builds on recent scholarship that underscores the public health relevance of attorneys in civil and criminal contexts. It recognizes attorneys as crucial to interprofessional health care teams and to establishing equitable health-related laws and policies. Attorney interventions transform institutional practices and help facilitate the stability necessary for health maintenance and recovery. Yet, critically, many rural residents cannot access legal supports. As more individuals experience unemployment, eviction, and insecure benefits amid the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need for attorneys to address these social determinants of health as legal needs. Accordingly, the growing absence of attorneys in the rural United States proves particularly consequential—because of this pandemic context but also because of rural health disparities. We argue that unless a collaborative understanding of these interrelated phenomena is adopted, justice gaps will continue to compound rural health inequities.
Frequent Cannabis Use and Cessation of Injection of Opioids, Vancouver, Canada, 2005–2018
Authors: Reddon Hudson , DeBeck Kora , Socias M. Eugenia , Lake Stephanie , Dong Huiru , Karamouzian Mohammad , Hayashi Kanna , Kerr Thomas , Milloy M-J 
Published: August 2020

Objectives. To evaluate the impact of frequent cannabis use on injection cessation and injection relapse among people who inject drugs (PWID). Methods. Three prospective cohorts of PWID from Vancouver, Canada, provided the data for these analyses. We used extended Cox regression analysis with time-updated covariates to analyze the association between cannabis use and injection cessation and injection relapse. Results. Between 2005 and 2018, at-least-daily cannabis use was associated with swifter rates of injection cessation (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 1.30). A subanalysis revealed that this association was only significant for opioid injection cessation (AHR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.12, 1.41). At-least-daily cannabis use was not significantly associated with injection relapse (AHR = 1.08; 95% CI = 0.95, 1.23). Conclusions. We observed that at-least-daily cannabis use was associated with a 16% increase in the hazard rate of injection cessation, and this effect was restricted to the cessation of injection opioids. This finding is encouraging given the uncertainty surrounding the impact of cannabis policies on PWID during the ongoing opioid overdose crisis in many settings in the United States and Canada.
Persistent domestic circulation of African swine fever virus in Tanzania, 2015-2017
Authors: Yona Clara M. , Vanhee Merijn , Simulundu Edgar , Makange Mariam , Nauwynck Hans , Misinzo Gerald 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
BackgroundAfrican swine fever (ASF) is a highly fatal viral hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs that threatens livelihoods and food security. In Africa, ASF virus (ASFV) circulates in sylvatic (transmission between warthogs and soft argasid ticks) and domestic (transmission between domestic pigs) cycles, with outbreaks resulting from ASFV spill-over from sylvatic cycle. A number of outbreaks were reported in different parts of Tanzania between 2015 and 2017. The present study investigated ASFV transmission patterns through viral DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis.ResultsASFV was confirmed to cause disease in sampled domestic pigs. ASFV genotypes II, IX, and X were detected from reported outbreaks in 2015-2017. The current ASFV isolates were similar to those recently documented in the previous studies in Tanzania. The similarities of these isolates suggests for continuous circulation of ASFV with virus maintenance within the domestic pigs.MethodsA total of 3120 tissue samples were collected from 2396 domestic pigs during outbreaks at different locations in Tanzania between 2015 and 2017. Partial sequencing of the B646L (p72) gene was conducted for diagnostic confirmation and molecular characterization of ASFV. Phylogenetic analysis to study the relatedness of current ASFV with those that caused previous outbreaks in Tanzania and representatives of all known 24 ASFV was performed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood model with 1000 bootstrap replications in MEGA 6.0.ConclusionsGenetic analysis confirmed the circulation of ASFV genotypes II, IX, and X by partial B646L (p72) gene sequencing. The similarities of current isolates to previously isolated Tanzanian isolates and pattern of disease spread suggest for continuous circulation of ASF with virus’ maintenance in the domestic pigs. Although certain viral genotypes seem to be geographically restricted into certain zones within Tanzania, genotype II seems to expand its geographical range northwards with the likelihood of spreading to other states of the East African Community. The spread of ASFV is due to breach of quarantine and transportation of infected pigs via major highways. Appropriate control measures including zoosanitary measures and quarantine enforcement are recommended to prevent ASF domestic circulation in Tanzania.
The Persistence of Child and Adolescence Mental Healthcare: Results from Registry Data
Authors: Dijk Hermien , Freriks Roel , Alessie Rob , Mierau Jochen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background: Previous studies on the persistence of child and adolescent mental healthcare do not consider the role of time-invariant individual characteristics. Estimating persistence of healthcare using standard linear models yields biased estimates due to unobserved heterogeneity and the autoregressive structure of the model. This study provides estimates of the persistence of child and adolescent mental healthcare taking these statistical issues into account.

Methods: We use registry data of more than 80,000 Dutch children and adolescents between 2000 and 2012 from the Psychiatric Case Registry Northern Netherlands (PCR-NN). In order to account for autocorrelation due to the presence of a lagged dependent variable and to distinguish between persistence caused by time-invariant individual characteristics and a direct care effect we use difference GMM-IV estimation. In further analyses we assess the robustness of our results to policy reforms, different definitions of care and diagnosis decomposition.

Results: All estimation results for the direct care effect (true state-dependence) show a positive coefficient smaller than unity with a main effect of 0.215 (p < 0.01), which indicates that the process is stable. Persistence of care is found to be 0.065 (p < 0.05) higher for females. Additionally, the majority of persistence of care appears to be associated with time-invariant characteristics. Further analyses indicate that (1) results are robust to different definitions of care and (2) persistence of care does not differ significantly across subgroups.

Conclusions: The results indicate that the majority of mental healthcare persistence for children and adolescents is due to time-invariant individuals characteristics. Additionally, we find that in the absence of further shocks a sudden increase of 10 care contacts in the present year is associated with an average of less than 3 additional care contacts at some point in the future. This result provides essential information about the necessity of budget increases for future years in the case of exogenous increases in healthcare use.
The current status of gender equity in medicine in Korea: An online survey
Authors: Shin Hyun-Young , Lee Hang Aie 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background: Although the number of women doctors has increased in South Korea, and efforts to improve gender awareness have gained importance in recent years, the issue of gender equity in the medical field has not been fully evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the current status of gender equity in the medical profession in Korea. Methods: An online survey on gender discrimination was conducted for two months, with both men and women doctors participating. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 1,170 doctors responded to the survey (9.2% response rate). The survey found that 47.3% of the women respondents and 18.2% of the men had experienced gender discrimination in the resident selection process (p value<0.001); 17.2% of the women and 8.7% of the men had experienced discrimination during the fellowship application process (p value<0.001); and 36.2% of the women and 8.0% of the men had experienced discrimination during the professorship application process (p value<0.001). Both men and women cited the issue of childbirth and parenting as the number one cause of gender discrimination against women doctors.Conclusions: This study revealed the presence of perceived gender discrimination in the Korean medical society. To address discrimination, a basic approach is necessary to change the working environment so that it is flexible for women doctors, and to change the current culture where the burden of family care, including pregnancy, childbirth, and childcare, is the primary responsibility of women.
Comparison of different feedback modalities for the training of procedural skills in Oral and Maxillofacial surgery: a blinded, randomized and controlled study
Authors: Seifert Lukas Benedikt , Herrera-Vizcaino Carlos , Herguth Philipp , Sterz Jasmina , Sader Robert 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background: The feedback given to students plays an important role in their efficiency related to learning practical skills. In the present study, diverse feedback modalities have been investigated. Our hypothesis is that individualized and unsupervised video feedback can produce a similar learning experience as performing practical skills in an oral and maxillofacial surgery setting with conventional direct expert feedback (control group).Methods: This prospective, randomized, controlled, and blinded study compared direct expert feedback (DEF), individualized video feedback (IVF) and unsupervised video feedback (UVF). The participants were fourth-year dental students from University Goethe in Frankfurt. The students were assigned to one of the three feedback methods (n = 20 per group) using simple randomization. All participants watched an instruction video for an interdental (‘Ernst’) ligature and periphery venous catheterization. Next, the students were video recorded performing the tasks by themselves (pre-test). Following this, every student received feedback using one of the above-mentioned feedback modalities. The participants then performed the same task again while being video recorded (post-test) to measure the acquired competence. Six weeks later, the students participated in an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) to evaluate their long-term knowledge retention. All examiners were blinded regarding the students’ instructional approach and their affiliation in terms of the learning group.Results: For the interdental ligature, we found significant improvements in performance in each feedback modality group between the pre-test and post-test (p <0.001). UVF had the strongest effect on performance time. The comparison between each group in the post-test showed no significant differences between the three groups.Conclusion: This study showed that IVF and UVF can be considered an alternative or adjunct to conventional methods (i.e. DEF) when learning procedural skills in oral and maxillofacial surgery. However, DEF showed to be the most effective method of feedback and therefore preferable in teaching.