bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Considering Soil Potassium Pools with Dissimilar Plant Availability
Authors: Bell Michael J. , Ransom Michel D. , Thompson Michael L. , Hinsinger Philippe , Florence Angela M. , Moody Philip W. , Guppy Christopher N. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSoil potassium (K) has traditionally been portrayed as residing in four functional pools: solution K, exchangeable K, interlayer (sometimes referred to as “fixed” or “nonexchangeable”) K, and structural K in primary minerals. However, this four-pool model and associated terminology have created confusion in understanding the dynamics of K supply to plants and the fate of K returned to the soil in fertilizers, residues, or waste products. This chapter presents an alternative framework to depict soil K pools. The framework distinguishes between micas and feldspars as K-bearing primary minerals, based on the presence of K in interlayer positions or three-dimensional framework structures, respectively; identifies a pool of K in neoformed secondary minerals that can include fertilizer reaction products; and replaces the “exchangeable” K pool with a pool defined as “surface-adsorbed” K, identifying where the K is located and the mechanism by which it is held rather than identification based on particular soil testing procedures. In this chapter, we discuss these K pools and their behavior in relation to plant K acquisition and soil K dynamics.
Using Soil Tests to Evaluate Plant Availability of Potassium in Soils
Authors: Bell Michael J. , Thompson Michael L. , Moody Philip W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to describe how bioavailable soil K is assessed or predicted by soil tests. Soil testing commonly refers to the collection of a sample of soil representative of a field or agronomic management unit and, by way of extraction using chemical reagents, determination of the quantity of a nutrient that can be related to plant uptake or yield. Normally only a small fraction of the total quantity of the nutrient present in the soil is extracted during the procedure, but if that amount can be correlated with actual crop uptake or overall crop productivity, then the soil test is deemed to have useful predictive power.Soil tests are routinely used to guide applications of fertilizer to soil so that crop demand for nutrients can be met effectively and economically. Here, we summarize the procedures involved in collecting a representative soil sample for K analysis, outline how that sample should be prepared for laboratory analysis, highlight the principles and mode of action of routine soil tests, and explore some common issues that may confound the correlation between a soil K test result and plant K acquisition or crop yield. Soil testing methods are discussed in the context of their relationship to the different forms of soil K and the in-soil chemical processes that may change these forms into K that can be taken up by roots.
Evaluating Plant Potassium Status
Authors: Murrell T. Scott , Pitchay Dharma 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSeveral methods exist for evaluating plant nutritional status. Looking for visual deficiency symptoms is perhaps the simplest approach, but once symptoms appear, crop performance has already been compromised. Several other techniques have been developed. All of them require correlation studies to provide plant performance interpretations. Reflectance is a remote sensing technique that detects changes in light energy reflected by plant tissue. It has proven successful in detecting nutrient deficiencies but does not yet have the ability to discriminate among more than one deficiency. Chemical assays of leaf tissue, known as tissue tests, require destructive sampling but are the standard against which other assessments are compared. Sufficiency ranges provide concentrations of each nutrient that are considered adequate for crop growth and development. They consider nutrients in isolation. Other approaches have been developed to consider how the concentration of one nutrient in tissue impacts the concentrations of other nutrients. These approaches strive to develop guidelines for maintaining nutrient balance within the plant. All approaches require large data sets for interpretation.
Complexity Science as a Frame for Understanding the Management and Delivery of High Quality and Safer Care
Authors: Braithwaite Jeffrey , Ellis Louise A. , Churruca Kate , Long Janet C. , Hibbert Peter , Clay-Williams Robyn 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOver the past two decades, prominent researchers such as Greenhalgh [1], Plsek [2], Leykum [3], Lanham [4], Petticrew [5] and Hawe [6, 7] and their colleagues and teams have promoted using complexity theory to describe and analyse the various dimensions of healthcare organisation [8–12]. Internationally, in parallel, governments have recognised the need to ‘think differently’ about healthcare policy and service delivery, but without much traction on how that might be done and what it might mean. Nevertheless, it has now become more common—but by no means universal—to apply a complexity lens to understanding healthcare services and to improving them. This involves greater appreciation of elaborate, intricate, multi-faceted care networks, healthcare ecosystems, layered parts in composite settings, contextual differences across care settings, clinical cultures, multi-agent environments, and the convoluted, challenging, wicked problems [13] these systems throw up. However, with some relatively limited exceptions, the quality and safety fields’ interest in complexity has, to date, been largely superficial, both theoretically and empirically [1].
Coping with the COVID-19 Pandemic: Roles and Responsibilities for Preparedness
Authors: Tanzini Michela , Romano Elisa , Bonaventura Aldo , Vecchié Alessandra , La Regina Micaela 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19, was identified in China in December 2019. The responsible agent, SARS-COV2, was first isolated in China on January 9, 2020.
Safer Care: Shaping the Future
Authors: Donaldson Liam 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFundamental characteristics of healthcare, including approaches to priority-setting, culture, traditions of professional practice, leadership styles, and accountability mechanisms mean that many deep-seated causes of unsafe care have proved intractable to transformation. The wisdom and experience of patients and families that have suffered harm is enormous and should be better harnessed. The World Health Organization has led a diverse range of global action on patient safety over two decades. This has been highly successful in promoting interest, understanding, and commitment as well as driving specific programmes of action throughout the world. The organisation has also played a powerful convening role in bringing experts, organisations, and countries together to discuss and plan initiatives. This focus must be maintained in the face of slow and inconsistent improvement.
Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care and Patient Safety from the Perspective of Medical Residents
Authors: Carayon Pascale , Kleinschmidt Peter , Hose Bat-Zion , Salwei Megan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIt is critical to understand, analyze and improve the work system of medical residents in order to support the care processes in which they are involved, as well as their educational processes. The discipline of human factors (or ergonomics) (HFE) provides systems concepts and methods to improve the multi-faceted work system of medical residents and, therefore, care processes and educational processes, and outcomes for both patients and residents. In this chapter, we apply the SEIPS (Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety) model to the work system of residents, and use it to explain how the outcomes of patient safety and medical resident well-being are related. Various challenges need to be addressed in order to improve residents’ work system. In particular, it is critical to adopt a systems approach that can optimize multiple outcomes for a range of stakeholders. In line with the participatory ergonomics approach, we contend that residents have a critical role to play in improving their work system; we describe various ways that this can be accomplished.
Patient Safety in the World
Authors: Dhingra-Kumar Neelam , Brusaferro Silvio , Arnoldo Luca 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPatient safety is a fundamental principle of health care. However, many medical practices and risks associated with health care are emerging as major challenges for patient safety globally and contribute significantly to the burden of harm due to unsafe care. Available evidence suggests hospitalizations in low- and middle-income countries lead annually to 134 million adverse events, contributing to 2.6 million deaths. About 134 million adverse events worldwide give rise to 2.6 million deaths every year. Estimates indicate that in high-income countries, about 1 in 10 patients is harmed while receiving hospital care. This problem affects both high-income countries and low- and middle countries even if priorities and issues may differ. The most important adverse events concern medication procedures, healthcare-associated infections, surgical procedures, injection safety, blood transfusions, venous thromboembolism, sepsis, and diagnostic and radiation errors. Since 1999 when the Institute of Medicine (IOM) published its report “To err is human,” some progress has been made but patient harm is still a daily problem in healthcare. As a matter of fact, new threats are emerging due to population aging, along with new treatments and technologies which must be dealt with in addition to still-unresolved, long-standing problems. In this context, it is very important to adopt an international common strategy that creates networks, shares knowledge, programs, tools, good practices and develop and track indicators focusing on the specific priorities of each country and region.
Introduction: Design as a Discipline of Alternation
Authors: Müller Francis 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDesign is never creating out of nothing—it always has specific cultural points of reference. Design alters and adapts, whereby the discipline always takes what exists as a reference point, which also makes it heretical. Design requires and generates knowledge, because designers always need to engage with specific lifeworlds. Through methods such as ethnography, this knowledge can be made explicit, which makes the discipline of design capable of connecting with other academic disciplines. Ethnography in the context of design differs from ethnography in the social sciences: it is quicker and embedded in the iterative processes that designing involves.
Methods and Aspects of Field Research
Authors: Müller Francis 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter lays out the history of ethnography, which began with travel narratives in antiquity and came to be used as a method in anthropology and urban sociology in the early twentieth century. Discussed, among other things, are the researcher’s role in the field and ethical considerations, as well as methods such as observation, interviews, digital, visual, and participatory ethnography, and the question of the documentation of design ethnography research. These are dealt with here within the specific context of design ethnography, which is usually significantly shorter in duration than the typical ethnographies in anthropology and cultural sociology and may seek not only to investigate a situation but also potentially to alter it.
Development and Evaluation of Collaborative Embedded Systems using Simulation
Authors: Cioroaica Emilia , Albers Karsten , Boehm Wolfgang , Pudlitz Florian , Granrath Christian , Rosen Roland , Wehrstedt Jan Christoph 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEmbedded systems are increasingly equipped with open interfaces that enable communication and collaboration with other embedded systems, thus forming collaborative embedded systems (CESs). This new class of embedded systems, capable of collaborating with each other, is planned at design time and forms collaborative system groups (CSGs) at runtime. When they are part of a collaboration, systems can negotiate tactical goals, with the aim of achieving higher level strategic goals that cannot be achieved otherwise. The design and operation of CESs face specific challenges, such as operation in an open context that dynamically changes in ways that cannot be predicted at design time, collaborations with systems that dynamically change their behavior during runtime, and much more. In this new perspective, simulation techniques are crucially important to support testing and evaluation in unknown environments. In this chapter, we present a set of challenges that the design, testing, and operation of CESs face, and we provide an overview of simulation methods that address those specific challenges.
Compositional Verification using Model Checking and Theorem Proving
Authors: Marmsoler Diego 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCollaborative embedded systems form groups in which individual systems collaborate to achieve an overall goal. To this end, new systems may join a group and participating systems can leave the group. Classical techniques for the formal modeling and analysis of distributed systems, however, are mainly based on a static notion of systems and thus are often not well suited for the modeling and analysis of collaborative embedded systems. In this chapter, we propose an alternative approach that allows for the verification of dynamically evolving systems and we demonstrate it in terms of a running example: a simple version of an adaptable and flexible factory.
Artifact-Based Analysis for the Development of Collaborative Embedded Systems
Authors: Hillemacher Steffen , Jäckel Nicolas , Kugler Christopher , Orth Philipp , Schmalzing David , Wachtmeister Louis 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOne of the major challenges of heterogeneous tool environments is the management of different artifacts and their relationships. Artifacts can be interdependent in many ways, but dependencies are not always obvious. Furthermore, different artifact types are highly heterogeneous, which makes tracing and analyzing their dependencies complicated. As development projects are subject to constant change, references to other artifacts can become outdated. Artifact modeling tackles these challenges by making the artifacts and relationships explicit and providing a means of automated analysis. We present a methodology for artifact-based analysis that enables analysis of heterogeneous tool environments for architectural properties, inconsistencies, and optimizations.
Engineering of Collaborative Embedded Systems
Authors: Böhm Birthe , Böhm Wolfgang , Daun Marian , Hayward Alexander , Kranz Sieglinde , Regnat Nikolaus , Schröck Sebastian , Stierand Ingo , Vogelsang Andreas , Vollmar Jan , Voss Sebastian , Weyer Thorsten , Wortmann Andreas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEmbedded systems are being increasingly used in changing environments where they no longer fulfill their associated stakeholder goals on their own, but rather in interaction with other embedded systems. This transition to networked, collaborative embedded systems is creating new application opportunities that impose numerous challenges for developers of these systems. In this introductory chapter of the book, we present the complexity of these systems and the challenges associated with them in a coherent manner. We illustrate the challenges using two use cases, “Vehicle Platooning” and “Adaptable and Flexible Factory.” Finally, we reference the challenges of developing collaborative embedded systems to the individual chapters of this book, which describe various methods of mastering the complexity in more detail.
Surface growth scheme for bulk reconstruction and tensor network
Authors: Lin Yi-Yu , Sun Jia-Rui , Sun Yuan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We propose a surface growth approach to reconstruct the bulk spacetime geometry, motivated by Huygens’ principle of wave propagation. We show that our formalism can be explicitly realized with the help of the surface/state correspondence and the one-shot entanglement distillation (OSED) method. We first construct a tensor network corresponding to a special surface growth picture with spherical symmetry and fractal feature using the OSED method and show that the resulting tensor network can be identified with the MERA-like tensor network, which gives a proof that the MERA-like tensor network is indeed a discretized version of the time slice of AdS spacetime, rather than just an analogy. Furthermore, we generalize the original OSED method to describe more general surface growth picture by using of the surface/state correspondence and the generalized RT formula, which leads to a more profound interpretation for the surface growth process and provides a concrete and intuitive way for the idea of entanglement wedge reconstruction.
„Mixed-methods“-Studie zu Barrieren in der ambulanten Psychotherapie von Gehörlosen
Authors: Schröder Luise , Vereenooghe Leen 
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Trotz einer erhöhten Prävalenz von komorbiden Beeinträchtigungen und psychischen Erkrankungen gibt es für Gehörlose Barrieren in der psychotherapeutischen Behandlung.

Ziel der Studie
Diese Arbeit untersucht, wie ambulant arbeitende Therapeut*innen mit Anfragen von Gehörlosen umgehen, und welche Rahmenbedingungen für eine gelingende Behandlung benötigt werden.

Material und Methoden
Nichtärztliche niedergelassene Psychotherapeut*innen eines Stadtkreises wurden zur Teilnahme an Studie 1 eingeladen. Es beantworteten 71 von 209 angeschriebenen Psychotherapeut*innen einen Fragebogen, mit dem quantitative und qualitative Daten zum Umgang mit Therapieanfragen und zu den Rahmenbedingungen für die Behandlung erhoben wurden. In Studie 2 nahmen 8 dieser Teilnehmer*innen an einem leitfadengestützten Interview teil, in dem die Befunde aus Studie 1 zu den Voraussetzungen für eine gelingende Behandlung Gehörloser vertieft wurden.

Ergebnisse
Viele Therapeut*innen berichteten von fehlenden Erfahrungen mit Gehörlosen (n = 60; p = 84,5 %) und fehlenden Therapieanfragen von Gehörlosen (n = 69; p = 97,2 %). Zukünftige Anfragen von Gehörlosen würden 64,8 % der Therapeut*innen (n = 46) ablehnen. Diese Entscheidung hängt mit der bisherigen Erfahrung mit Gehörlosen zusammen, χ2 (1) = 6,378; p = 0,012. In Studie 2 wurden Barrieren bei der Kontaktaufnahme, der Diagnostik und der Behandlung aufgrund von Kommunikationsschwierigkeiten identifiziert.

Schlussfolgerung
Therapieanfragen von Gehörlosen werden aufgrund mangelnder Therapiekenntnisse und erwarteter Kommunikationsschwierigkeiten abgelehnt. Mithilfe einer gelingenden Kommunikation, von Fortbildungsmöglichkeiten und der Aufnahme des Themenbereichs Gehörlosigkeit ins Direktstudium Psychotherapie können diese Barrieren verringert werden.
A multifactorial model of pathology for age of onset heterogeneity in familial Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Sepulveda-Falla Diego , Chavez-Gutierrez Lucia , Portelius Erik , Vélez Jorge I. , Dujardin Simon , Barrera-Ocampo Alvaro , Dinkel Felix , Hagel Christian , Puig Berta , Mastronardi Claudio , Lopera Francisco , Hyman Bradley T. , Blennow Kaj , Arcos-Burgos Mauricio , de Strooper Bart , Glatzel Markus 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPresenilin-1 (PSEN1) mutations cause familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) characterized by early age of onset (AoO). Examination of a large kindred harboring the PSEN1-E280A mutation reveals a range of AoO spanning 30 years. The pathophysiological drivers and clinical impact of AoO variation in this population are unknown. We examined brains of 23 patients focusing on generation and deposition of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and Tau pathology profile. In 14 patients distributed at the extremes of AoO, we performed whole-exome capture to identify genotype–phenotype correlations. We also studied kinome activity, proteasome activity, and protein polyubiquitination in brain tissue, associating it with Tau phosphorylation profiles. PSEN1-E280A patients showed a bimodal distribution for AoO. Besides AoO, there were no clinical differences between analyzed groups. Despite the effect of mutant PSEN1 on production of Aβ, there were no relevant differences between groups in generation and deposition of Aβ. However, differences were found in hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau) pathology, where early onset patients showed severe pathology with diffuse aggregation pattern associated with increased activation of stress kinases. In contrast, late-onset patients showed lesser pTau pathology and a distinctive kinase activity. Furthermore, we identified new protective genetic variants affecting ubiquitin–proteasome function in early onset patients, resulting in higher ubiquitin-dependent degradation of differentially phosphorylated Tau. In PSEN1-E280A carriers, altered γ-secretase activity and resulting Aβ accumulation are prerequisites for early AoO. However, Tau hyperphosphorylation pattern, and its degradation by the proteasome, drastically influences disease onset in individuals with otherwise similar Aβ pathology, hinting toward a multifactorial model of disease for FAD. In sporadic AD (SAD), a wide range of heterogeneity, also influenced by Tau pathology, has been identified. Thus, Tau-induced heterogeneity is a common feature in both AD variants, suggesting that a multi-target therapeutic approach should be used to treat AD.
Methadone-mediated sensitization of glioblastoma cells is drug and cell line dependent
Authors: Haas Bodo , Ciftcioglu Janine , Jermar Sanja , Weickhardt Sandra , Eckstein Niels , Kaina Bernd 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose
d,l-methadone (MET), an analgesic drug used for pain treatment and opiate addiction, has achieved attention from oncologists and social media as possible chemoensitizing agent in cancer therapy, notably brain cancer (glioblastoma multiforme, GBM). MET has been reported to enhance doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity in GBM cells via activation of the µ-opioid receptor (MOR). Here, we extended this work and quantified the toxic effect of MET in comparison to other opioids alone and in combination with doxorubicin and the clinically more relevant alkylating drug temozolomide (TMZ), using a set of GBM cell lines and primary GBM cells.

Methods
MOR expression in GBM cells was investigated by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Resistance to drugs alone and in combination with anticancer drugs was assessed by MTT assays. Concentration effect curves were fitted by nonlinear regression analysis and IC50 values were calculated. Apoptosis and necrosis rates were determined by annexin V/propidium iodide (PI)-flow cytometry.

Results
MET alone was cytotoxic in all GBM cell lines and primary GBM cells at high micromolar concentrations (IC50 ~ 60–130 µM), observed both in the metabolic MTT assay and by quantifying apoptosis and necrosis, while morphine and oxycodone were not cytotoxic in this concentration range. Naloxone was not able to block MET-induced cytotoxicity, indicating that cell death-inducing effects of MET are not MOR-dependent. We recorded doxorubicin and TMZ concentration- response curves in combination with fixed MET concentrations. MET enhanced doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity in only one cell line, and in primary cells it was observed only in a particular MET concentration range. In all assays, MET was not effective in sensitizing cells to TMZ. In two cell lines, MET even decreased the cell's sensitivity to TMZ.

Conclusion
MET was found to be cytotoxic in GBM cells in vitro only at high, clinically not relevant concentrations, where it was effective in inducing apoptosis and necrosis. Sensitizing effects were only observed in combination with doxorubicin, but not with TMZ, and are dependent on cell line and the applied drug concentration. Therefore, our findings do not support the use of MET in the treatment of GBM in combination with TMZ, as no sensitizing effect of MET was observed.