bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embryonic and Early Fetal Development of Human Lung Vasculature and Its Functional Implications
Authors: deMello Daphne E. , Reid Lynne M. 
Published: July 2002

Recently, we have identified in the mouse three processes involved in the early development of pulmonary vasculature: angiogenesis for branching of central vessels, vasculogenesis (lakes in the mesenchyme) for peripheral vessels, and a lytic process to establish luminal connection between the two. We have established that these three processes also operate in the human by studying serial sections of human embryos and early fetuses. Vascular lakes of hematopoietic cells appear at stage 13, i.e., 4+ weeks gestational age (GA), the first intrapulmonary vascular structure to appear. At stage 20 (50.5 days GA), a venous network with luminal connections to central pulmonary veins (PV) is present. Airways have not yet reached these regions of lung. At its first intrapulmonary appearance, the pulmonary artery (PA) is small and thick walled: it runs with the airway but its branching is slower, so many peripheral airways are not accompanied by a PA branch. By contrast, the PV has a peripheral patent network well before the PA. In the pseudoglandular phase, airway branching continues, and the PA catches up so that small PA branches are found with all airways. Later in this phase small nonmuscular vessels lie in the mesenchyme close to airway epithelium. By the early canalicular phase and the age of viability, continuity between pulmonary artery and the peripheral capillary network must be established. In a 10-week fetus several structures suggesting a breakthrough site were seen. Air-blood barrier structure is first seen at 19 weeks. Thus in the lung, the PA and PV are dissociated in their timing and pattern of branching. Early veins are present diffusely through the mesenchyme and establish central luminal connection to the main pulmonary vein before airway or artery are present at this level.
Malignant Melanoma in Children and Congenital Melanocytic Nevi: DNA Content and Cell Cycle Analysis by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Alvarez-Mendoza Antonio , Reyes-Esparza Jorge , Ruiz-Maldonado Ramon , Lopez-Corella Eduardo , Juarez-Herrera Norma C. 
Published: July 2002

Malignant melanoma (MM) in children, although a rare neoplasm, can occur within a preexisting congenital melanocytic nevus (CMN). All the potential risk factors for this phenomenon are not well known, but increases in S phase and G2 + M phase of cell cycle, DNA aneuploidy, and cell cycle abnormalities in precursor lesions might be among the risk factors. Using paraffin-embedded tissue, we performed a retrospective analysis of DNA content, aneuploidy, and cell cycle by flow cytometry. Two groups of patients were analyzed: 28 children with CMN who did not developed MM, and 6 patients who further developed MM. In this second group, three patients had four biopsies done before the appearance of MM and in two patients biopsies were done after the appearance of MM. All CMN not associated with MM exhibited diploid cells only, their S phase was 11.5% (± 3.8), and their G2 + M phase was 2.5% (± 2.2). Among those patients who developed MM, 3/6 had an S phase > 15.5 and a G2 + M phase > 2.3 prior to the appearance of MM. Two out of six patients had a tetraploid DNA when MM developed and died with a disseminated MM. They had an S phase > 15.5 and their G2 + M phase was > 2.5. We propose that evaluation of DNA content and cell cycle by flow cytometry is a useful method to supplement biopsy findings in children with CMN who have lesions suspicious of developing a MM.
Testicular Changes in Newborn Rats Exposed to Phototherapy
Authors: Koç H. , Altunhan H. , Dilsiz A. , Kaymakçi A. , Duman S. , Oran B. , Erkul I. 
Published: July 2002

In this study we investigated the long-term effects of 72-h continuous phototherapy on the reproductive system of newborn rats. The animals' weight, fertilization rates, and number of newborn and histopathological changes in the gonads in a normal group not exposed to phototherapy and in the test animals were compared. At the age of 24 weeks there were no significant differences between the two groups, apart from the histology of the testicles of the male rats who were exposed to the phototherapy. The study group showed a significantly reduced diameter of the seminiferous tubules when compared to the controls ( P < 0.001). It can be postulated that phototherapy may cause histological degenerative changes in the structure of the rat's testes, even though there were no changes in fertilization rates. Further studies are necessary to reveal the effects of phototherapy on humans and to determine the effects, if any, on fertility.
Surgical classification of obstetric fistulas
Authors: Waaldijk K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To develop a surgical classification for obstetric fistulas in order to compare surgical techniques and results. Methods: Based on a retrospective analysis of 775 consecutive fistula patients, the following classification is presented: (type I) fistulas not involving the urethral closing mechanism; (type II) fistulas involving the urethral closing mechanism; and (type III) ureter and other exceptional fistulas. Type II fistulas can be further divided into: (A) without (sub)total urethra involvement, and (B) with (sub)total urethra involvement; and (a) without a circumferential defect, and (b) with a circumferential defect. This classification was applied prospectively in over 2700 consecutive fistula patients. Results: The surgical technique becomes progressively more complicated from type I through type IIBb. The results of closure and continence worsen progressively from type I through type IIBb. Personal experience in the case of type III fistulas is very limited. Conclusion: This classification enables a systematic comparison of different surgical techniques and an objective evaluation of results from different centers.
Forty‐five year's experience of the treatment of choriocarcinoma and invasive mole
Authors: Song H.Z. , Yang X.Y. , Xiang Y. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOur work was begun in 1949, through many yera's effort, several chemicals (such as 6 MP, 5 FU and others) were found to be effective for the treatment of choriocarcinoma (C.C.) and invasive mole (I.M.). From 1959 through 1985, 1500 patients were consecutively treated. The mortality rate of CC was reduced from > 90% to < 20%. No more death occurred in IM. All Survivors followed up for 10–38 years showed no evidence of residual disease. 80% of the young patients treated with chemotherapy alone conceived after recovery. The pregnancy outcome showed no deviation from that of the general population. All children are growing up normally many married and gave birth to normal third generations. The results indicated that chemotherapy with 5 FU achieves not only a complete remission, but also a cure, even with wide‐spread metastases. The results of choriocarinoma and invasive mole treated with mainly 5 FU were reported. The clinical experience in the management of metastases at different sites were also summarized.
Sonoactivated Chemodynamic Therapy: A Robust ROS Generation Nanotheranostic Eradicates Multidrug‐Resistant Bacterial Infection
Authors: Song Menglin , Cheng Yi , Tian Ye , Chu Chengchao , Zhang Chang , Lu Zhixiang , Chen Xiaoyuan , Pang Xin , Liu Gang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlthough ultrasound‐based therapeutic strategies have achieved great success in the battle against antibiotic‐resistant bacterial infections, various sonodynamic treatments still suffer from poor therapeutic efficiency, failing to completely eradicate infections. Thus, more potent strategies are urgently required. Herein, a novel ultrasound‐driven treatment modality, sonoactivated chemodynamic therapy (SCDT), is proposed, which shows a robust generation of superoxide anion and destructive hydroxyl radical via sonotriggered catalytic reactions. This SCDT platform is prepared by grafting Fe3+ onto polyethylenimine‐modified bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) nanoplates. During sonocatalysis, the introduction of Fe3+ can effectively separate the holes (h+) and electrons (e‐) of BiOBr NPs and shorten their transport path of valence electrons, resulting in the activation of multioxygen reduction and Fenton reaction to generate abundant reactive oxygen species against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. More importantly, Fe3+ can also serve as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent to achieve the accurate diagnosis of bacterial infection. The SCDT‐mediated bactericidal outcome can be monitored by in situ monitoring through MRI technique, revealing a complete elimination of MRSA myositis in mice. Collectively, its deep tissue penetration, high therapeutic efficacy, and noninvasive properties make SCDT a promising therapeutic modality for combating multidrug‐resistant bacterial infection.
Crystalline Naphthylene Macrocycles Capturing Gaseous Small Molecules in Chiral Nanopores
Authors: Matsuno Taisuke , Fukunaga Kengo , Kobayashi Shuhei , Sarkar Parantap , Sato Sota , Ikeda Takuji , Isobe Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA series of chiral naphthylene macrocycles, [n]cyclo‐epi‐naphthylenes ([n]CeNAPs), possessing epi‐linkages were synthesized by one‐pot macrocyclization. With chiral (R)‐ or (S)‐1,1′‐linkages embedded in binaphthyl precursors, the macrocycles were assembled in polygonal structures possessing chiral hinges as corners. Among four chiral [n]CeNAP variants, [8]CeNAP with eight naphthylene panels formed robust columnar assemblies in crystals. The nanoporous crystals maintained a columnar assembly structure even after the removal of encapsulated solvent molecules, and their gas adsorption behavior was thoroughly investigated. Gas adsorption, including state‐of‐the‐art in situ crystallographic analyses, revealed accurate atomic‐level structures of the nanopores trapping gaseous N2 molecules in chiral C2 arrangements. With macrocycles as basic frameworks, functional nanopores may be exploited for chiral small‐molecule alignments.
Atypical Emotional Electrodermal Activity in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Vernetti Angelina , Shic Frederick , Boccanfuso Laura , Macari Suzanne , Kane‐Grade Finola , Milgramm Anna , Hilton Emily , Heymann Perrine , Goodwin Matthew S , Chawarska Katarzyna 
Published: September 2020

Past studies in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) indicate atypical peripheral physiological arousal. However, the conditions under which these atypicalities arise and their link with behavioral emotional expressions and core ASD symptoms remain uncertain. Given the importance of physiological arousal in affective, learning, and cognitive processes, the current study examined changes in skin conductance level (ΔSCL) in 41 toddlers with ASD (mean age: 22.7 months, SD: 2.9) and 32 age‐matched toddlers with typical development (TD) (mean age: 21.6 months, SD: 3.6) in response to probes designed to induce anger, joy, and fear emotions. The magnitude of ΔSCL was comparable during anger (P= 0.206,d= 0.30) and joy (P= 0.996,d= 0.01) conditions, but significantly lower during the fear condition (P= 0.001,d= 0.83) in toddlers with ASD compared to TD peers. In the combined samples, ΔSCL positively correlated with intensity of behavioral emotional expressivity during the anger (r[71] = 0.36,P= 0.002) and fear (r[68] = 0.32,P= 0.007) conditions, but not in the joy (r[69] = −0.15,P= 0.226) condition. Finally, ΔSCL did not associate with autism symptom severity in any emotion‐eliciting condition in the ASD group. Toddlers with ASD displayed attenuated ΔSCL to situations aimed at eliciting fear, which may forecast the emergence of highly prevalent internalizing and externalizing problems in this population. The study putatively identifies ΔSCL as a dimension not associated with severity of autism but with behavioral responses in negatively emotionally challenging events and provides support for the feasibility, validity, and incipient utility of examining ΔSCL in response to emotional challenges in very young children.Lay SummaryPhysiological arousal was measured in toddlers with autism exposed to frustrating, pleasant, and threatening tasks. Compared to typically developing peers, toddlers with autism showed comparable arousal responses to frustrating and pleasant events, but lower responses to threatening events. Importantly, physiological arousal and behavioral expressions were aligned during frustrating and threatening events, inviting exploration of physiological arousal to measure responses to emotional challenges. Furthermore, this study advances the understanding of precursors to emotional and behavioral problems common in older children with autism.Autism Res2020, 13: 1476–1488. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An efficient and precise method for generating knockout cell lines based on CRISPR‐Cas9 system
Authors: Lu Xibin , Guo Yuhan , Gu Shu , Tan Deng , Cheng Baoyun , Li Zhoufang , Huang Wei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlthough the efficiency and versatility of CRISPR‐Cas9 system has been greatly improved over conventional genome editing methods such as zinc finger or TALEN, it is still time‐consuming and labor‐intensive for screening knockout/knock‐in cell clones due to differences of the targeted location or efficacies of guide RNAs (gRNAs). Here, we adapted a targeted knock‐in strategy with CRISPR‐Cas9 system and characterized the efficiency for generating single or double knockout cell lines. Specifically, a homology‐arm based donor cassette consisting of genes encoding a fluorescence protein and antibiotic selection marker driven by a constitutive promoter was co‐transfected with a gRNA expressing unit. Based on FACS sorting and antibiotic drug selection, positive cell clones were confirmed by genotyping and at the protein expression level. The results indicated that more than 70% of analyzed clones identified by cell sorting and selection were successfully targeted in both single and double knockout experiments. The procedure takes less than three weeks to obtain knockout cell lines. We believe that this methodology could be applicable and versatile in generating knockout cell clones with high efficiency in most cell lines.
Generation of desminopathy in rats using CRISPR‐Cas9
Authors: Langer Henning T. , Mossakowski Agata A. , Willis Brandon J. , Grimsrud Kristin N. , Wood Joshua A. , Lloyd Kevin C.K. , Zbinden‐Foncea Hermann , Baar Keith 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundDesminopathy is a clinically heterogeneous muscle disease caused by over 60 different mutations in desmin. The most common mutation with a clinical phenotype in humans is an exchange of arginine to proline at position 350 of desmin leading to p.R350P. We created the first CRISPR‐Cas9 engineered rat model for a muscle disease by mirroring the R350P mutation in humans.MethodsUsing CRISPR‐Cas9 technology, Des c.1045‐1046 (AGG > CCG) was introduced into exon 6 of the rat genome causing p.R349P. The genotype of each animal was confirmed via quantitative PCR. Six male rats with a mutation in desmin (n = 6) between the age of 120–150 days and an equal number of wild type littermates (n = 6) were used for experiments. Maximal plantar flexion force was measured in vivo and combined with the collection of muscle weights, immunoblotting, and histological analysis. In addition to the baseline phenotyping, we performed a synergist ablation study in the same animals.ResultsWe found a difference in the number of central nuclei between desmin mutants (1 ± 0.4%) and wild type littermates (0.2 ± 0.1%; P < 0.05). While muscle weights did not differ, we found the levels of many structural proteins to be altered in mutant animals. Dystrophin and syntrophin were increased 54% and 45% in desmin mutants, respectively (P < 0.05). Dysferlin and Annexin A2, proteins associated with membrane repair, were increased two‐fold and 32%, respectively, in mutants (P < 0.05). Synergist ablation caused similar increases in muscle weight between mutant and wild type animals, but changes in fibre diameter revealed that fibre hypertrophy in desmin mutants was hampered compared with wild type animals (P < 0.05).ConclusionsWe created a novel animal model for desminopathy that will be a useful tool in furthering our understanding of the disease. While mutant animals at an age corresponding to a preclinical age in humans show no macroscopic differences, microscopic and molecular changes are already present. Future studies should aim to further decipher those biological changes that precede the clinical progression of disease and test therapeutic approaches to delay disease progression.
Adolescents and sexual risk‐taking: The interplay of constraining relationship beliefs, healthy sex attitudes, and romantic attachment insecurity
Authors: Saint‐Eloi Cadely Hans , Finnegan Vanessa , Spears Erica C. , Kerpelman Jennifer L. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionAlthough sexual exploration during adolescence may be perceived as normative, many adolescents who are sexually active are likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors detrimental to their well‐being. The present study examined the influence of insecure attachment (anxious and avoidant dimensions), healthy sex attitudes, and constraining relationship beliefs on the following sexual risk indicators: age at first sex, number of sexual partners, condom use, length of time knowing sexual partners, seriousness of relationship, and frequency of sex.MethodsCross‐sectional data from two cohorts recruited one year apart for a five‐year project were analyzed. Adolescents were public high school students from a Southern state in the USA (cohort 1: N = 878, 51.1% females, M = 16.50 years old; cohort 2: N = 759, 46.9% females, M = 15.78 years old).ResultsAcross both cohorts, healthy sex attitudes were related to having sex for the first time at an older age, having less sexual partners in a lifetime, and knowing one's sexual partner longer. High scores on the avoidant attachment dimension were related to less commitment to the relationship. This dimension also was related to holding lower scores on healthy sex attitudes, which in turn was related to having more sexual partners and knowing one's sexual partner for a shorter time. Although not replicated, higher endorsement of constraining relationship beliefs was associated with inconsistent condom use and greater sex frequency.ConclusionFindings suggests that attachment insecurity, healthy sex attitudes, and constraining relationship beliefs work together to influence adolescent sexual risks.
Effects of prophylactic intravenous dexamethasone versus pethidine for prevention of post-spinal anesthesia shivering for patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate under spinal anesthesia: Prospective cohort study
Authors: Destaw Belete , Melese Eyayalem , Jemal Sulaiman 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:
Shivering is commonly observed as a complication after Regional Anesthesia. Pethidine has been thought as a standard for prevention and treatment of shivering but it is not without side effects. Studies showed that dexamethasone also has promising effect with fewer side effects even though there are controversies.

Objective:
To compare the effect of prophylactic dexamethasone and pethidine on prevention of post-spinal anesthesia shivering for patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) at Dagmawi Minilik second hospital from October 26 to January 24/2020.

Methods:
An institutional-based prospective cohort study was conducted on 64 patients who fulfilled inclusion criteria and underwent TURP. A convenient sampling technique was used to recruit study participants. Independent sample t-test statistics and Mann-Whitney U test were used for quantitative data that was distributed normally and none normally respectively. A Chi-square test was used to compare differences in categorical data. P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Result:
The incidence and severity of shivering was comparable between pethidine and dexamethasone group (p value > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the meantime to the first onset of shivering between dexamethasone (65 min) and pethidine (81 min) group (p = 0.23).The median consumption of total antishivering medication was comparable between dexamethasone (54.2 mg of tramadol) and pethidine (68.8 mg of tramadol) group (p = 0.21).

Conclusion:
Dexamethasone (4 mg) is equally effective as pethidine (25 mg) that of standard antishivering drugs. The use of dexamethasone (4 mg) as an alternative of pethidine as a prophylaxis for the prevention of shivering for patients undergoing TURP procedures under spinal anesthesia.

Highlights:
Prediction of the Peak, Effect of Intervention, and Total Infected by COVID-19 in India
Authors: Shah Parth Vipul 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:We study the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in India and model the epidemic to guide those involved in formulating policy and building health-care capacity.Methods:This effect is studied using the Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (SEIR) compartmental model. We estimate the infection rate using a least square method with Poisson noise and calculate the reproduction number.Results:The infection rate is estimated to be 0.270 and the reproduction number to be 2.70. The approximate peak of the epidemic will be August 9, 2020. A 25% drop in infection rate will delay the peak by 11 d for a 1-mo intervention period. The total infected individuals in India will be 9% of the total population.Conclusions:The predictions are sensitive to changes in the behavior of people and their practice of social distancing.
Impacts of Rumors and Conspiracy Theories Surrounding COVID-19 on Preparedness Programs
Authors: Ali Inayat 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTBeing a part of our sociocultural history, stories and narratives help us make sense of our lifeworlds. Stories, rumors, and conspiracy theories offer deep meanings when analyzed in specific contexts, and prominently appear in the face of looming uncertainties, anxieties, and fears. Similarly, many narratives have surrounded the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic at the global and local levels as people try to make sense of this invisibly spreading virus and its multidimensional effects. Drawing on the media reports, I show and analyze global-level narratives that reveal geopolitics in play. To present the local level narratives in Pakistan, I build on my long-term ethnographic fieldwork, recent telephone interviews, and content analysis to discuss why these tales emerge and spread. As the pandemic unfolded, local people started drinking “miraculous” tea as a form of prevention, shaving their heads, and/or praying to God to undo His “punishment” and conceptualizing the pandemic as an invented “plot.” With my analyses, I compare the “viral rumors” with the virus and argue that these narratives are social phenomena, carrying multiple meanings that need the thorough attention of social scientists, for example, anthropologists, just as we need experts to study a virus.