bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Employee Hours‐of‐Service Regulations on the U.S. Airline Industry
Authors: Luttmann Alexander , Nehiba Cody 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMaximum employee work‐hour restrictions are implemented to reduce accidents. However, because they decrease the stock of work hours available to employers in the short run, they may also have detrimental effects. A quasi‐experiment suggests that pilot hours‐of‐service reforms, which decreased the number of flights and hours a pilot may work, reduced consumer choice and increased fares in the airline industry. We find that regional and low‐cost carriers reduced scheduled flight frequency, while less constrained legacy carriers (and potentially their wholly owned subsidiaries) were unaffected. Further, we find evidence that market concentration increased on many routes, implying that fare increases may be due to a decrease in competition. These findings suggest a situation where a policy implemented to correct one market failure, airlines not internalizing the full social costs of accidents by allowing dangerously fatigued pilots to fly, exacerbated another market failure by decreasing competition.
How Managers Can Reduce Household Water Use Through Communication: A Field Experiment
Authors: Hodges Heather , Kuehl Colin , Anderson Sarah E. , Ehret Phillip J. , Brick Cameron 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAs populations increase and droughts intensify, water providers are using tools such as persuasive messaging to decrease residential water use. However, district‐led messaging campaigns are rarely informed by psychological science, evaluated for effectiveness, or strategically disseminated. In collaboration with a water district, we report a field experiment among single‐family households using persuasive messaging based on the information‐motivation‐behavioral skills model (IMB). We randomly assigned 10,000 households to receive different mailings and measured household water use. All messaging reduced water consumption relative to the control. On average, water use dropped 0.68 hundred cubic feet (HCF) (509 gallons) per household in the first month. Had all 10,000 single‐family, occupied, non‐agricultural residences been mailed the IMB messaging, more than five million gallons would have been saved in the first month. The effects declined but persisted for approximately three months and were three to six times greater in households with high water use (75th to 90th percentiles) relative to average water use. These findings suggest that combining message elements from the IMB model can reduce residential water use and that targeting high‐use households is particularly cost‐effective.
Safety concerns reported by consumers, manufacturers and healthcare professionals: A detailed evaluation of opioid‐related adverse drug reactions in the FDA database over 15 years
Authors: Andreaggi Christian A. , Novak Emily A. , Mirabile Mitchell E. , Sampathkumar Shivani , Gray Matthew P. , He Meiqi , Kane‐Gill Sandra L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTo perform an in‐depth analysis of opioid‐related ADRs reported by consumers, manufacturers and healthcare professionals. Delving into the depth and breadth of reported opioid‐related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) provides an opportunity to strategize better clinical management and alleviate safety concerns. Retrospective pharmacovigilance disproportionality analysis for opioid‐related ADRs in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database was performed. Detailed analysis of patient (sex, age) and report (year of report; reporter: healthcare worker vs consumer) characteristics were conducted using reports from 2004 quarter 1 to 2018 quarter 4. Reporting odds ratios and confidence intervals (RORs,CI) were calculated. Of the 1 916 674 ADR reports, 300 985 indicated opioids as the primary medication. There was a surge in opioid‐related ADRs reported in 2018 with six times more reports compared to 2004 and twice the number of reports compared to 2017. The largest ROR among the 20 common ADRs was depression and suicide‐self‐injury (ROR 3.12, 95% CI 3.01‐3.22) for reports in age group ≥65 compared to age group 18 to 64, and lack of efficacy (ROR 6.80, 95% CI 6.61‐7.00) for males compared to females. ADRs with the largest RORs for consumers included lack of efficacy/effect (ROR 3.37, 95% CI 3.28‐3.46), administration site reactions (ROR 3.21, 95% CI 3.11‐3.32), depression and suicide self‐injury (ROR 2.26, 95% CI 2.14‐2.38) compared to healthcare professionals. Important aspects of opioid ADR voluntary reporting included suicidal ideation in elderly patients and lack of efficacy, especially in male patients. This examination provides insight to better manage safety concerns of opioids.
Applying modified hyperbranched polyester in hydroxyl‐terminated polyether/ammonium perchlorate/aluminium/cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (HTPE/AP/Al/RDX) composite solid propellant
Authors: Wen Xiaomu , Chen Keke , Sang Chao , Yuan Shen , Luo Yunjun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractComposite solid propellants demand fine and stable mechanical properties, creep resistance and stress relaxation performance during their long storage and usage time. In this study, modified hyperbranched polyester (MHBPE) was prepared and introduced into HTPE/AP/Al/RDX (HTPE, hydroxyl‐terminated polyether; AP, ammonium perchlorate; RDX, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine) solid propellant as an effective additive. The static tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of this propellant before and after the introduction of MHBPE were evaluated. The elevated interfacial interaction by using MHBPE between the binder and RDX fillers improved the toughness and elasticity of the propellant. The enhancement mechanisms were also confirmed by the influence on the fracture surface morphology of the binder which was investigated by SEM. In addition, some influence on the dynamic mechanical properties of HTPE/AP/Al/RDX propellant caused by MHBPE was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis. The creep behaviors of the HTPE/AP/Al/RDX propellants with and without MHBPE were also investigated at different stresses and temperatures. Reduced creep strain rate and strain were obtained for the modified propellant, implying enhanced creep resistance performance. The creep properties were quantitatively evaluated using a six‐element model and the long‐term creep performance of the propellant was predicted using the time–temperature superposition principle. A creep behavior of nearly 106 s at 30 °C could be acquired in a short‐term experiment (800 s) at 30–70 °C. Moreover, the stress relaxation investigation of the propellants with and without MHBPE at −40 °C, 20 °C and 70 °C suggested that MHBPE/HTPE/AP/Al/RDX propellant possessed better response ability to deformation. Thus, the application of MHBPE provides an efficient route of reinforcement to enhance the creep resistance and stress relaxation properties. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
On the solvent‐ and temperature‐driven stereoselectivity of the Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions of furan with maleic anhydride and maleimide
Authors: Yadav Veejendra K. , Prasad Dasari L.V.K. , Yadav Arpita , Yadav Kedar 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn quantum chemical calculations, the Diels–Alder (DA) cycloaddition reaction of furan with maleic anhydride favors the endo‐isomer kinetically in the gas phase. This preference, however, changes in favor of the exo‐isomer on inclusion of solvent effects. For example, in acetonitrile, the exo‐isomer was calculated to form twice as fast as the endo‐isomer at room temperature, an observation that corroborates well with the experiments. The free energy change of the reaction is such that it allows faster reversal of the endo‐isomer to the reactants in an equilibrium process and, thus, the predominance of the more stable exo‐isomer eventually. The reaction of furan with maleimide is similar to that with maleic anhydride. However, it predominantly favors endo‐selectivity at temperatures below 320 K, which is also in excellent agreement with the experimental studies of temperature dependence of this DA reaction. Further, a gedanken calculation of the DA reaction of furan with cyclopropene has been investigated to delineate the effect of the retro‐pathway on stereoselectivity.
GLUT1‐Targeting and GSH‐Responsive DOX/L61 Nanodrug Particles for Enhancing MDR Breast Cancer Therapy
Authors: Wang Xin , Yang Lu , Fang Qin , Xu Jiaxi , Cheng Xu , Xue Yanbing , Tang Rupei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEfficient targeting to tumor tissues and subsequent rapid drug release in cancer cells remains a major challenge for nanodrug delivery systems. Herein, smart nanodrug particles with reduction‐sensitive and active tumor‐targeting ability are constructed based on the nanoprecipitation of glucosamine‐grafted pluronic L61 (GA‐L61) and disulphide‐linked doxorubicin dimer (DOXSSDOX) to overcome tumor multidrug resistance (MDR). These nanoparticles show proper size and excellent stability under neutral conditions, while quickly release DOX due to the breakage of disulfide bonds under reductive medium. In vitro cellular uptake and drug efflux demonstrate that L61 can efficiently increase DOX concentration in MCF/ADR resistant cells by inhibiting the function of drug resistance proteins. In vivo biodistribution reveals that glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1)‐mediated tumor‐targeting significantly improves tumor accumulation of the glucosamine‐contained nanoparticles. Finally, the combination of GLUT1‐targeting, glutathione (GSH)‐responsive, and MDR‐reversal effects in nanoparticles achieve superior antitumor effects, which can provide an efficient, safe, and economic approach for drug delivery and cancer chemotherapy.
Structural analysis and reaction mechanism of the disproportionating enzyme (D‐enzyme) from potato
Authors: Imamura Kayo , Matsuura Takanori , Nakagawa Atsushi , Kitamura Shinichi , Kusunoki Masami , Takaha Takeshi , Unno Hideaki 
Published: August 2020

AbstractStarch produced by plants is a stored form of energy and is an important dietary source of calories for humans and domestic animals. Disproportionating enzyme (D‐enzyme) catalyzes intramolecular and intermolecular transglycosylation reactions of α‐1, 4‐glucan. D‐enzyme is essential in starch metabolism in the potato. We present the crystal structures of potato D‐enzyme, including two different types of complex structures: a primary Michaelis complex (substrate binding mode) for 26‐meric cycloamylose (CA26) and a covalent intermediate for acarbose. Our study revealed that the acarbose and CA26 reactions catalyzed by potato D‐enzyme involve the formation of a covalent intermediate with the donor substrate. HPAEC of reaction substrates and products revealed the activity of the potato D‐enzyme on acarbose and CA26 as donor substrates. The structural and chromatography analyses provide insight into the mechanism of the coupling reaction of CA and glucose catalyzed by the potato D‐enzyme. The enzymatic reaction mechanism does not involve residual hydrolysis. This could be particularly useful in preventing unnecessary starch degradation leading to reduced crop productivity. Optimization of this mechanism would be important for improvements of starch storage and productivity in crops.
TheAutoDocksuite at 30
Authors: Goodsell David S. , Sanner Michel F. , Olson Arthur J. , Forli Stefano 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe AutoDock suite provides a comprehensive toolset for computational ligand docking and drug design and development. The suite builds on 30 years of methods development, including empirical free energy force fields, docking engines, methods for site prediction, and interactive tools for visualization and analysis. Specialized tools are available for challenging systems, including covalent inhibitors, peptides, compounds with macrocycles, systems where ordered hydration plays a key role, and systems with substantial receptor flexibility. All methods in the AutoDock suite are freely available for use and reuse, which has engendered the continued growth of a diverse community of primary users and third‐party developers.
Variance formulae for multiphase stepped wedge cluster randomized trial
Authors: Zhang Pengyue , Shoben Abigail , Jackson Rebecca , Fernandez Soledad 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn a multiphase stepped wedge cluster randomized trial (MSW‐CRT), more than one intervention will be initiated on each sequence in a fixed order. Hence, with the MSW‐CRT design, the effect of the first intervention can be evaluated when compared to control, as well as the added‐on effects of the subsequent interventions. Studies that use MSW‐CRT have been proposed, but properties of this design have not been explicitly studied. We derive closed‐form variance formulae to test the interventions' effects, which can be readily used for sample size and power calculation. Additionally, we provide relationships between variances to test the interventions' effects and design parameters. Under special conditions, some important properties include: (i) the variances to test different interventions' effects (ie, the first intervention effect and the second intervention effect) may be same; (ii) as the cluster‐period mean autocorrelation increases, the variance to test an intervention effect may first increase and then decrease; (iii) as the amount of periods between the initiations of two interventions (ie, lag) increases, the variance to test an intervention effect may remain unchanged. We illustrate the relationships between power and design parameters using the variance formulae. From a few illustrative examples, we observe that the statistical test that uses data only relevant to a specific intervention has inferior power (relative power loss <15%) compared to the test when using all the study data. Also, power is reduced when both the total number of periods and lag are decreased simultaneously (relative power loss <20%).
Influence of curing temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure of limestone powder mass concrete
Authors: Jin Weizhun , Jiang Linhua , Han Lin , Chen Lei , Yan Xiancui , Chen Chen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the influence of different percentages: 10, 30, and 50% of limestone powder (LS) and different curing temperatures: 50, 20, and 5°C on mechanical properties and microstructure of mass concrete. The microstructure is studied by X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric, and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the mechanical strength of concrete gradually decreases with the increase of LS. Curing temperature 50°C enhances mechanical strength of LS concrete at ages of 3 and 7 days, but slightly reduces that at age of 28 days. While curing temperature 5°C significantly reduces the mechanical strength at ages of 3, 7, and 28 days. The microstructure results indicate that LS has weak chemical effect and can participate in cement hydration. Different curing temperatures can significantly influence the hydration products and microstructure of LS composite cement pastes.
The utilization of walnut shells as a partial replacement of sand in mortar mixes
Authors: Abdulwahid Mohanad Yaseen , Abdullah Sarmad Fadhil 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe effect of walnut shells on different properties of mortar was investigated through several experimental tests. The investigated properties include dry density, thermal conductivity, compressive and flexural strengths. Percentage replacements of the walnut shells to sand ratio were 5, 10, and 15%. The walnut shells used in this study were treated by soaking in boiling water for two periods: 1/2 hr and 1 hr. All mortar mixes have same proportion of 1:3:0.7 by weight for cement, sand, and water, respectively. The test results showed that the use of 15% walnut shells treated for 1/2 hr lead to decrease of the density and thermal conductivity of mortar by 15 and 31%, respectively. On the contrary, the compressive and flexural strengths of mortar were decreased by 17 and 25%, respectively, in comparison to the control mortar after 28 days of moist curing. This study leads to a conclusion that by soaking the walnut shells in boiling water for 1/2 hr enhanced the behavior of mortar compared to the un‐soaked ones. This results in achieving an acceptable strength, good thermal insulator, and environmentally friendly mortar.
Infra lightweight concrete: A decade of investigation (a review)
Authors: Elshahawi Mahmoud , Hückler Alex , Schlaich Mike 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAround a decade ago, the first realistic mix of infra lightweight concrete (ILC) was developed and used in the construction of the façades of a family house in Berlin. Since then, it has been demonstrated that ILC represents a promising lightweight concrete material of dry density less than 800 kg/m3 and possesses both good thermal insulation characteristics and a sufficient load bearing resistance. Such a unique combination makes it a competitive alternative to the conventional multilayer façades common nowadays in terms of robustness, durability, energy saving and ease of construction. In addition, it opens up innovative architectural horizons. The chief aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge and the development of ILC over the last decade. A further and equally important consideration is to shed light on scientific gaps and issues that require additional investigation. Accordingly, wide comparisons between numerous mixes as to ingredients, density, strength and thermal conductivity are conducted. The review shows how the mechanical and thermal properties of ILC have improved considerably over time. It also reveals, however, how the understanding of the structural behavior of ILC could be improved through further discussions.
Conclusions: Criminal Policy on Illicit Tobacco Trade Between Scylla of Health Concerns and Charybdis of Fiscal Interests
Authors: Buczkowski Konrad , Nowak Celina 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the research findings presented in the chapters on national criminal policies above in this volume. It also puts forward some recommendations to national policy makers aimed at improving national criminal policies on illicit tobacco trade.
The Python’s Lunch: geometric obstructions to decoding Hawking radiation
Authors: Brown Adam R. , Gharibyan Hrant , Penington Geoff , Susskind Leonard 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
According to Harlow and Hayden [arXiv:1301.4504] the task of distilling information out of Hawking radiation appears to be computationally hard despite the fact that the quantum state of the black hole and its radiation is relatively un-complex. We trace this computational difficulty to a geometric obstruction in the Einstein-Rosen bridge connecting the black hole and its radiation. Inspired by tensor network models, we conjecture a precise formula relating the computational hardness of distilling information to geometric properties of the wormhole — specifically to the exponential of the difference in generalized entropies between the two non-minimal quantum extremal surfaces that constitute the obstruction. Due to its shape, we call this obstruction the ‘Python’s Lunch’, in analogy to the reptile’s postprandial bulge.
Triggering long-lived particles in HL-LHC and the challenges in the first stage of the trigger system
Authors: Bhattacherjee Biplob , Mukherjee Swagata , Sengupta Rhitaja , Solanki Prabhat 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Triggering long-lived particles (LLPs) at the first stage of the trigger system is very crucial in LLP searches to ensure that we do not miss them at the very beginning. The future High Luminosity runs of the Large Hadron Collider will have increased number of pile-up events per bunch crossing. There will be major upgrades in hardware, firmware and software sides, like tracking at level-1 (L1). The L1 trigger menu will also be modified to cope with pile-up and maintain the sensitivity to physics processes. In our study we found that the usual level-1 triggers, mostly meant for triggering prompt particles, will not be very efficient for LLP searches in the 140 pile-up environment of HL-LHC, thus pointing to the need to include dedicated L1 triggers in the menu for LLPs. We consider the decay of the LLP into jets and develop dedicated jet triggers using the track information at L1 to select LLP events. We show in our work that these triggers give promising results in identifying LLP events with moderate trigger rates.
Experimental assessment of failure criteria for the interaction of normal stress perpendicular to the grain with rolling shear stress in Norway spruce clear wood
Authors: Akter Shaheda T. , Bader Thomas K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe anisotropic material behavior of wood, considered as a cylindrically orthotropic material with annual rings, leads to several different failure mechanisms already under uniaxial stresses. Stress interaction becomes important in the engineering design of structural elements and is often predicted by failure criteria based on uniaxial properties. The prediction quality of failure criteria has been assessed with longitudinal shear stress interaction, though less is known on rolling shear stress in interaction with stress perpendicular to the grain. The study aims at investigating the corresponding mechanical behavior of Norway spruce (Picea abies) clear wood by validating failure envelopes for stress combinations in the cross-sectional plane, based on experimental investigations. For this purpose, a test setup that controls the stress interaction and loading of clear wood along pre-defined displacement paths needed to be developed. Experimentally defined failure states could then be compared to failure surfaces predicted by the phenomenological failure criteria. Material behavior was quantified in terms of stiffness, strength, and elastic and post-elastic responses on dog-bone shaped specimens loaded along 12 different displacement paths. A comparison with failure criteria for two nominal compressive strain levels showed that a combination of failure criteria would be required to represent the material behavior and consider the positive effect of compressive stresses on the rolling shear strength. The findings of this work will contribute to studying local stress distribution of structural elements and construction details, where stress interactions with rolling shear develop.