bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cascaded residual U-net for fully automatic segmentation of 3D carotid artery in high-resolution multi-contrast MR images
Authors: Zhu Chenglu , Wang Xiaoyan , Teng Zhongzhao , Chen Shengyong , Huang Xiaojie , Xia Ming , Mao Lizhao , Bai Cong 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Accurate and automatic carotid artery segmentation for magnetic resonance (MR) images is eagerly expected, which can greatly assist a comprehensive study of atherosclerosis and accelerate the translation. Although many efforts have been made, identification of the inner lumen and outer wall in diseased vessels is still a challenging task due to complex vascular deformation, blurred wall boundary, and confusing componential expression. In this paper, we introduce a novel fully automatic 3D framework for simultaneously segmenting the carotid artery from high-resolution multi-contrast MR sequences based on deep learning. First, an optimal channel fitting structure is designed for identity mapping, and a novel 3D residual U-net is used as a basic network. Second, high-resolution MR images are trained using both patch-level and global-level strategies, and the two pre-segmentation results are optimized based on structural characteristics. Third, the optimized pre-segmentation results are cascaded with the patch-cropped MR volume data and trained to segment the carotid lumen and wall. Extensive experiments demonstrate the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art 3D Unet-based segmentation models.
Modern methods of signal processing applied to gyrokinetic simulations
Authors: Kleiber R , Borchardt M , Könies A , Slaby C 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Numerical simulations, like the ones necessary for e.g. electromagnetic gyrokinetic models in plasma physics, require large computational resources and long run times. Using tools from signal processing, it is possible to draw conclusions about frequencies, damping rates and mode structures using shorter runs. These tools can also be applied to analyse transient signals. We give a pedagogical review of two contemporary methods from signal processing: damped multiple signal classification and stochastic system identification. An application to simulations of Alfvén modes in a tokamak is presented.
Design of GGNMOS ESD protection device for radiation-hardened 0.18 μm CMOS process
Authors: Wu Jianwei , Yu Zongguang , Hong Genshen , Xie Rubin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the ESD discharge capability of GGNMOS (gate grounded NMOS) device in the radiation-hardened 0.18 μm bulk silicon CMOS process (Rad-Hard by Process: RHBP) is optimized by layout and ion implantation design. The effects of gate length, DCGS and ESD ion implantation of GGNMOS on discharge current density and lattice temperature are studied by TCAD and device simulation. The size of DCGS, multi finger number and single finger width of ESD verification structures are designed, and the discharge capacity and efficiency of GGNMOS devices in ESD are characterized by TLP test technology. Finally, the optimized GGNMOS is verified on the DSP circuit, and its ESD performance is over 3500 V in HBM mode.
An antiferromagnetic two-dimensional material: Chromium diiodides monolayer
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Yang Jin , Lin Liangzhong , Zhu JiaJi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic materials and the related van der Waals homostructures have attracted considerable interest, while the 2D antiferromagnetic material has not yet been reported. Based on first-principles calculations, we investigate both electronic structures and magnetic orderings of bulk and monolayer of chromium diiodides (CrI2). We demonstrate a counter-intuitive fact that the ground state of the free-standing monolayer of CrI2 is antiferromagnetic though the bulk possesses macroscopic ferromagnetic ordering. The interlayer interaction remains antiferromagnetic up to few-layer scenarios. The unique feature of CrI2 makes it an ideal workbench to investigate the relation between magnetic couplings and interlayer van der Waals interactions, and may offer an opportunity to 2D antiferromagnetic spintronic devices.
Performance of hydrogenated diamond field-effect transistors on single and polycrystalline diamond
Authors: Zhou Rui , Yu Cui , Zhou Chuangjie , Guo Jianchao , He Zezhao , Wang Yanfeng , Qiu Feng , Wang Hongxing , Cai Shujun , Feng Zhihong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this work, we investigate the influence of defect concentration of the diamond substrates on the performance of hydrogen-terminated diamond field-effect transistors by Raman spectra, pulsedI–Vcharacteristics analysis, and radio frequency performances measurements. It is found that a sample with higher defect concentration shows larger drain-lag effect and lower large-signal output power density. Defects in the diamond act as traps in the carrier transport and have a considerable influence on the large-signal output power density of diamond field-effect transistors. This work should be helpful for further performance improvement of the microwave power diamond devices.
Effect of welding heat input on microstructure and properties of TC4 titanium alloy ultra-narrow gap welded joint by laser welding with filler wire
Authors: Fang Naiwen , Guo Erjun , Huang Ruisheng , Yin Limeng , Chen Yongsheng , Zeng Caiyou , Cao Hao , Zou Jipeng , Xu Kaixin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A 10 mm narrow gap TC4 titanium alloy welded joint by laser welding with filler wire was obtained by different welding heat inputs. The microstructures of the welded joint were analyzed by OM, SEM, XRD and EBSD. The mechanical properties of the welded joint were analyzed by microhardness test and tensile test. The results show that with the increase of laser welding heat input, the average grain size and width of the equiaxed crystal zone in the center of the weld increases, the grain angle in the columnar crystal zone gradually tends to be perpendicular to the center of the weld, and the width of the heat affected zone (HAZ) increases without obvious grain coarsening. The HAZ of the welded joint is softened, and its microhardness value is lower than that of the weld and the base metal. The tensile strength of the welded joint is slightly higher than those of the base metal, but the elongation after fracture is less than that of the base metal, and it decreases with the increase of laser welding heat input.
High-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and microscopy
Authors: Iwasawa Hideaki 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This review outlines fundamental principles, instrumentation, and capabilities of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and microscopy. We will present how high-resolution ARPES enables to investigate fine structures of electronic band dispersions, Fermi surfaces, gap structures, and many-body interactions, and how angle-resolved photoemission microscopy (spatially-resolved ARPES) utilizing micro/nano-focused light allows to extract spatially localized electronic information at small dimensions. This work is focused on specific results obtained by the author from strongly correlated copper and ruthenium oxides, to help readers to understand consistently how these techniques can provide essential electronic information of materials, which can, in principle, apply to a wide variety of systems.
Zero-point energies prevent a trigonal to simple cubic transition in high-pressure sulfur
Authors: Whaley-Baldwin Jack 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Recently published density functional theory results using the PBE functional (Whaley-Baldwin and Needs 2020 New J. Phys. 22 023020) suggest that elemental sulfur does not adopt the simple-cubic (SC)

P
m

3

̄

m

phase at high pressures, in disagreement with previous works (Rudin and Liu 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett.
83 3049--52; Gavryushkin et al 2017 Phys. Status Solidi B 254 1600857). We carry out an extensive set of calculations using a variety of different exchange–correlation functionals (both local and non-local), and show that even though under LDA and PW91 a high-pressure SC phase does indeed become favourable at the static lattice level, when zero-point energies (ZPEs) are included, the transition to the SC phase is suppressed in every case, owing to the larger ZPE of the SC phase; thus confirming the transition sequence as

R

3

̄

m
→

BCC, with no intervening SC phase. We reproduce these findings with pseudopotentials that explicitly include core electronic states, and show that even at these high pressures, only the n = 3 valence shell contributes to bonding in sulfur. We then compare our findings against the all-electron code ELK, which is in excellent agreement with our pseudopotential results, and examine the roles of the exchange and correlation contributions to the total energy. We further calculate anharmonic vibrational corrections to the ZPEs of the two phases, and find that such corrections are several orders of magnitude smaller than the ZPEs and are thus negligible. The effect of finite temperatures is also considered, and we show that the

P
m

3

̄

m

phase becomes even more unfavourable with an increase in temperature. Finally, the experimental consequences of our results on the equation of state of sulfur and its superconducting critical temperature are explicitly calculated.
Review of injection dependent charge carrier lifetime spectroscopy
Authors: Zhu Yan , Hameiri Ziv 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Characterization and identification of recombination active defects in photovoltaic (PV) materials are essential for improving the performance of solar cells, hence, reducing their levelized cost of electricity. Injection dependent lifetime spectroscopy (IDLS) is a sensitive and widely used technique for investigating defects in silicon. With the development of carrier lifetime measurement techniques and analysis methods, IDLS has gained increasing popularity within the PV research community. In this paper, we review IDLS, from measurement techniques and systems, to existing and emerging defect parameterization methods. We also discuss the limitations and potential pitfalls of lifetime spectroscopy analysis and outline the possible approaches for improvement.
How isotropic kernels perform on simple invariants
Authors: Paccolat Jonas , Spigler Stefano , Wyart Matthieu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We investigate how the training curve of isotropic kernel methods depends on the symmetry of the task to be learned, in several settings. (i) We consider a regression task, where the target function is a Gaussian random field that depends only on

d
∥

variables, fewer than the input dimension d. We compute the expected test error ϵ that follows

ϵ
∼

p

−
β

where p is the size of the training set. We find that β ∼ 1/d independently of

d
∥

, supporting previous findings that the presence of invariants does not resolve the curse of dimensionality for kernel regression. (ii) Next we consider support-vector binary classification and introduce the stripe model, where the data label depends on a single coordinate

y
(

x
_

)
=
y
(

x
1

)

, corresponding to parallel decision boundaries separating labels of different signs, and consider that there is no margin at these interfaces. We argue and confirm numerically that, for large bandwidth,

β
=

d
−
1
+
ξ

3
d
−
3
+
ξ

, where ξ ∈ (0, 2) is the exponent characterizing the singularity of the kernel at the origin. This estimation improves classical bounds obtainable from Rademacher complexity. In this setting there is no curse of dimensionality since

β
→
1

/

3

as

d
→
∞

. (iii) We confirm these findings for the spherical model, for which

y
(

x
_

)
=
y
(

|

|

x
_

|

|

)

. (iv) In the stripe model, we show that, if the data are compressed along their invariants by some factor λ (an operation believed to take place in deep networks), the test error is reduced by a factor

λ

−

2
(
d
−
1
)

3
d
−
3
+
ξ

.
Tenofovir Diphosphate Concentrations in Dried Blood Spots From Pregnant and Postpartum Adolescent and Young Women Receiving Daily Observed Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Stranix-Chibanda Lynda , Anderson Peter L , Kacanek Deborah , Hosek Sybil , Huang Sharon , Nematadzira Teacler G , Taulo Frank , Korutaro Violet , Nakabiito Clemensia , Masenya Maysebole , Lypen Kathryn , Brown Emily , Ibrahim Mustafa E , Yager Jenna , Wiesner Lubbe , Johnston Benjamin , Amico K Rivet , Rooney James F , Chakhtoura Nahida , Spiegel Hans M L , Chi Benjamin H ,   IMPAACT 2009 Team, Chanaiwa Vongai , Maonera Suzen , Mungate Lucia , Mambiya Sharon Kunkanga , Mnemba Abigail , Chithila Flora , Nakabuye Phionah , Kisekka Muzamil Nsibuka , Ndyanabangi Victoria , Mirembe Brenda Gati , Ssemambo Phionah Kibalama , Ssekasi Annette Miwanda , Horne Elizea , Sibisi Siphokazi , Grab Janet 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Intracellular tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) concentration in dried blood spots (DBSs) is used to monitor cumulative pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence. We evaluated TFV-DP in DBSs following daily oral PrEP (emtricitabine 200 mg/tenofovir diphosphate 300 mg) among pregnant and postpartum adolescent girls and young women (AGYW).

Methods
Directly observed PrEP was administered for 12 weeks in a pregnancy (14–24 weeks’ gestation, n = 20) and postpartum (6–12 weeks postpartum, n = 20) group of AGYW aged 16–24 years in sub-Saharan Africa. Weekly DBS TFV-DP was measured by validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay. Week 12 TFV-DP distributions were compared between groups with Wilcoxon test. Population pharmacokinetic models were fit to estimate steady-state concentrations and create benchmarks for adherence categories. Baseline correlates of TFV-DP were evaluated.

Results
Median age was 20 (IQR, 19–22) years. Of 3360 doses, 3352 (&gt;99%) were directly observed. TFV-DP median (IQR) half-life was 10 (7–12) days in pregnancy and 17 (14–21) days postpartum, with steady state achieved by 5 and 8 weeks, respectively. Observed median (IQR) steady-state TFV-DP was 965 fmol/punch (691–1166) in pregnancy versus 1406 fmol/punch (1053–1859) postpartum (P = .006). Modeled median steady-state TFV-DP was 881 fmol/punch (667–1105) in pregnancy versus 1438 fmol/punch (1178–1919) postpartum. In pooled analysis, baseline creatinine clearance was associated with observed TFV-DP concentrations.

Conclusions
TFV-DP in African AGYW was approximately one-third lower in pregnancy than postpartum. These Population-specific benchmarks can be used to guide PrEP adherence support in pregnant/postpartum African women.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT03386578
Human Rights in Older Age: A Critical Reflection of the Debate Around a UN Convention on the Rights of Older Persons
Authors: Hopf Stefan , Previtali Federica , Georgantzi Nena 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In recent years ageism has received increase international attention. In 2016 the UN dedicated the International Day of Older Persons to the fight against ageism and the World Heath Organization launched a campaign to combat ageism. This growing interest is also illustrated by the establishment of the UN Open-Ended Working Group on Ageing, and the related work on a UN convention on the rights of older persons, which, among other things, aims to provide better protection against discrimination. The ongoing discussions about a convention is accompanied by tensions between views assuming an older persons’ specific convention may reproduce age-related group differences and could perpetuate ageism, and those who argue that it will help reducing it. This article critically reflects on these discussions and some aspects of a potential convention that could provide basis for ageism critique. We refer to central sociological and legal arguments of the debate around ageism and age-based distinctions, which show clear intersections, e.g. the legal discussion one the justifiability of the general use of "age limits" and the socio-scientific debate on the relationship between age categorization and ageism. These intersections serve as central starting point for the question whether and to what extent age group differentiation and targeted human rights protection may (re-)produce ageism. Finally, we argue in favor of re-framing the debate about a convention on the rights of older persons towards a more universalist approach, which addresses possible age inequalities and critically reflects on the connection between chronological age and targeted human rights provisions.
Self-Related Views of Aging After Age 50: The Long-Term Effects of Poor Health in Childhood
Authors: Smith Jacqui , Larkina Marina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Age stereotypes and expectations about one’s own aging commence in childhood but most research focuses on predictive associations with midlife health behaviors, later-life chronic conditions, and longevity. Surprisingly little is known about the role of poor childhood health in these associations. This study aims to fill this gap. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS: N = 5807; aged 50-98), we investigated whether diagnosed chronic illness before age 16 and self-rated childhood health predict late-life self-perceptions of aging (SPA) and subjective age discrepancy (AD). We conducted multivariate multiple regressions to determine the joint and unique effects of childhood health. Models included controls for current health (functional limitations), memory status, and demographic covariates (age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status, and education). Multivariate tests (Pillai’s trace) revealed that both childhood health indicators were significant predictors. Over and above all covariates and the covariation of the two views of one’s own aging, univariate models showed that the number of childhood diagnoses was significant predictor of AD (p &lt; .007) but not for SPA. In contrast, self-rated childhood health was a significant predictor of SPA (p &lt; .001) but not for AD. This study provides new insight into precursors of self-evaluations of aging. Whereas childhood diagnoses of chronic illness attenuated the extent that individuals felt younger than their actual age, ratings of poor childhood health enhanced negative SPA. The non-normative experience of poor health in early life is a lifelong foundation for both late life beliefs and health.
The Social Patterns of Age Discrimination: An Analysis of the Macro-Perspective-Interpretations
Authors: Hopf Stefan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Modern societies can be regarded as service economies, consequently accessing services is an essential part of social and economic participation. Direct and indirect indiscrimination act as barriers to accessing and using services and one way to address these barriers is to implement anti-discrimination legislation and policy. From a sociological point of view, such policies and legal frameworks can be described as elements of the social discourse in these areas. These texts, along with their implicit and explicit interpretations of the problem, represent the official and legitimised stake of the socially available stock of knowledge of what constitutes age discrimination. Hence the shape and contribute to the general understanding of age discrimination. The study aims to investigate the interpretation patterns offered by the “supply” side, that is by those actors who in their work refer to but also (re-) shape and disseminate the problem interpretation contained in the official texts. To address this aim, focus groups with stakeholders and semi-structured interviews with legal and policy experts were conducted in Austria and Ireland. The findings highlight that experts and stakeholders’ definitions of age discrimination usually extend past legal and policy concepts. The expert and stakeholder approaches differ in their starting points for describing the problem, ranging from vulnerability considerations to human rights-based concepts and more structurally orientated needs-based criteria. Finally, the analysis also reveals a central distinguishing feature of age discrimination, namely the “de-temporalization” and “de-historicization” of the person, which is of equal importance as the de-individualization as a consequence of stereotyping
What Are the Most Distressing Aspects of Experiencing Elder Abuse? Findings From a Qualitative Study With Victims
Authors: Hsieh Jessica , Burnes David , Scher Clara , Zanotti Paula , Burchett Chelsie , Sirey Jo Anne , Lachs Mark 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Adult protective services and other community-based agencies respond to hundreds of thousands of elder abuse cases annually in the United States; however, few studies include elder abuse victims’ voices. This study explored the most distressing aspects of elder abuse, as identified by victims themselves; to date, this is the first known study on this topic. Guided by a phenomenological qualitative methodology, this study conducted in-person, semi-structured interviews with a sample of elder abuse victims (n = 30) recruited from a community-based elder abuse social service program in New York City. To enhance trustworthiness, two researchers independently analyzed transcript data to identify key transcript codes/themes. Distressing aspects of elder abuse were identified across three key domains, related to feelings of loss (50% of codes), threats/negative consequences (55%), and client-needs/system incongruity (14%). Specifically, the first theme represented outcomes related to loss of relationships (19% of ‘loss’ codes), personhood (16%), credibility (19%), faith/trust in others (38%), and finances (8%). The second theme looked at threats to physical self (34% of ‘threat’ codes), psyche (39%), and others, including the perpetrator (27%). The third theme focused on mismatches in client/system goals (50% of ‘incongruity’ codes) and legal system involvement (50%). The findings in this study provide a comprehensive and conceptually organized range of aspects to serve as infrastructure for the development of meaningful interventions to address the needs of victims. This study represents one of the largest efforts to understand and integrate the perspectives and needs of victims into elder abuse intervention practice/research to date.