bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
END-TO-SIDE NERVE SUTURE IN THE PRIMATE (CHACMA BABOON)
Authors: Mennen Ulrich 
Published: July 2002

It has been shown that the tropic factors at the end of a distal nerve segment attracts growing axons. Subsequently, it was shown that this attraction enables intact axons to sprout into a recipient end-to-side anastomosed nerve in rats. We have demonstrated that this ability of a donor nerve also occurs in the non-human primate as well as in the human. Three Chacma baboons (6 end-to-side anastomoses at the wrist level) consistently confirmed collateral sprouting on histology and recovery of function (motor and sensory) on electro-conduction tests. Preliminary results in 21 human patients (21 end-to-side anastomoses in a variety of procedures) demonstrated clinically and by electro-conduction tests that sensory and motor recovery occurs satisfactorily.
Three approaches to heuristic search in networks
Authors: Bagchi A. , Mahanti A. 
Published: July 2002

Three different approaches to heuristic search in networks are analyzed. In the first approach, as formulated initially by Hart, Nilsson, and Raphael, and later modified by Martelli, the basic idea is to choose for expansion that node for which the evaluation function has a minimum value. A second approach has recently been suggested by Nilsson. In this method, in contrast to the earlier one, a node that is expanded once is not expanded again; instead, a “propagation” of values takes place. The third approach is an adaptation for networks of an AND/OR graph “marking” algorithm, originally due to Martelli and Montanari.
Five algorithms are presented. Algorithms A and C illustrate the first approach; PropA and PropC, the second one; and MarkA, the third one. The performances of these algorithms are compared for both admissible and inadmissible heuristics using the following two criteria: (i) cost of the solution found; (ii) time of execution in the worst case, as measured by the number of node expansions (A, C), or node “selections” (PropA, PropC), or arc “markings” (MarkA).
The relative merits and demerits of the algorithms are summarized and indications are given regarding which algorithm to use in different situations.
File access performance of diskless workstations
Authors: Lazowska Edward D. , Zahorjan John , Cheriton David R. , Zwaenepoel Willy 
Published: July 2002

This paper studies the performance of single-user workstations that access files remotely over a local area network. From the environmental, economic, and administrative points of view, workstations that are diskless or that have limited secondary storage are desirable at the present time. Even with changing technology, access to shared data will continue to be important. It is likely that some performance penalty must be paid for remote rather than local file access. Our objectives are to assess this penalty and to explore a number of design alternatives that can serve to minimize it.Our approach is to use the results of measurement experiments to parameterize queuing network performance models. These models then are used to assess performance under load and to evahrate design alternatives. The major conclusions of our study are: (1) A system of diskless workstations with a shared file server can have satisfactory performance. By this, we mean performance comparable to that of a local disk in the lightly loaded case, and the ability to support substantial numbers of client workstations without significant degradation. As with any shared facility, good design is necessary to minimize queuing delays under high load. (2) The key to efficiency is protocols that allow volume transfers at every interface (e.g., between client and server, and between disk and memory at the server) and at every level (e.g., between client and server at the level of logical request/response and at the level of local area network packet size). However, the benefits of volume transfers are limited to moderate sizes (8-16 kbytes) by several factors. (3) From a performance point of view, augmenting the capabilities of the shared file server may be more cost effective than augmenting the capabilities of the client workstations. (4) Network contention should not be a performance problem for a lo-Mbit network and 100 active workstations in a software development environment.
Integrating network optimization capabilities into a high-level modeling language
Authors: Zenios Stavros A. 
Published: July 2002

Research in network optimization has reached the stage where large-scale problems-linear or non-linear, pure or generalized-are solved very efficiently with minimal computing resources. Representing such problems for solution on the computer, however, remains a rather cumbersome task. Taking advantage of developments in high-level modeling languages, we design and implement integrated systems to facilitate the representation and solution of network problems. Such systems integrate the flexibility and robustness of modeling languages with the efficiency of network optimizers.
We describe two alternative modes for this integration, which can be achieved for linear and nonlinear problems alike. The use of the resulting systems is demonstrated with the solution of large-scale problems from diverse applications and with the implementation of network decomposition algorithms.
GETTING STARTED: Regulating the Initiation of DNA Replication in Yeast
Authors: Toone W. Mark , Aerne Birgit L. , Morgan Brian A. , Johnston and Leland H. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Initiation of DNA replication in yeast appears to operate through a two-step process. The first step occurs at the end of mitosis in the previous cell cycle, where, following the decrease in B cyclin-dependent kinase activity, an extended protein complex called the prereplicative complex (pre-RC) forms over the origin of replication. This complex is dependent on the association of the Cdc6 protein with the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC) and appears concomitantly with the nuclear entry of members of the Mcm family of proteins. The second step is dependent upon the cell passing through a G1 decision point called Start. If the environmental conditions are favorable, and the cells reach a critical size, then there is a rise in G1 cyclin-dependent kinase activity, which leads to the activation of downstream protein kinases; the protein kinases are, in turn, required for triggering initiation from the preformed initiation complexes. These protein kinases, Dbf4-Cdc7 and Clb5/6(B-cyclin)-Cdc28, are thought to phosphorylate targets within the pre-RC. The subsequent rise in B cyclin protein kinase activity following Start not only triggers origin firing, but also inhibits the formation of new pre-RCs, which ensures that there is only one S phase in each cell cycle. The destruction of B-cyclin protein kinase activity at the end of the cell cycle potentiates the formation of new pre-RCs—resetting origins for the next S phase.   “… Or say that the end precedes the beginning.”                       TS Eliot
Dissociating the Neural Mechanisms of Visual Attention in Change Detection Using Functional MRI
Authors: Huettel Scott A. , Güzeldere Güven , McCarthy Gregory 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) the neural processes associated with performance of a change-detection task. In this task, two versions of the same picture are presented in alternation, separated by a brief mask interval. Even when the two pictures greatly differ (e.g., as when a building is in different locations), subjects report that identification of the change is difficult and often take 30 or more seconds to identify the change. This phenomenon of “change blindness” provides a powerful and novel paradigm for segregating components of visual attention using fMRI that can otherwise be confounded in short-duration tasks. By using a response-contingent event-related analysis technique, we successfully dissociated brain regions associated with different processing components of a visual change-detection task. Activation in the calcarine cortex was associated with task onset, but did not vary with the duration of visual search. In contrast, the pattern of activation in dorsal and ventral visual areas was temporally associated with the duration of visual search. As such, our results support a distinction between brain regions whose activation is modulated by attentional demands of the visual task (extrastriate cortex) and those that are not affected by it (primary visual cortex). A second network of areas including central sulcus, insular, and inferior frontal cortical areas, along with the thalamus and basal ganglia, showed phasic activation tied to the execution of responses. Finally, parietal and frontal regions showed systematic deactivations during task performance, consistent with previous reports that these regions may be associated with nontask semantic processing. We conclude that detection of change, when transient visual cues are not present, requires activation of extrastriate visual regions and frontal regions responsible for eye movements. These results suggest that studies of change blindness can inform understanding of more general attentional processing.
The Dewatering of Economic Growth
Authors: Rock Michael T. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryRecent research has found an inverted U relationship between freshwater use and income after controlling for freshwater availability, the structure of the economy, and several policy variables. This suggests that the intensity of freshwater use must be declining with income growth. This hypothesis is tested by developing a simple, informal model of the determinants of freshwater‐use intensities across countries and over time. Results suggest that water‐use intensity declines across the entire range of per capita incomes extant in the world today. They also show that the relationship between intensity of use and income is mediated by an economy's natural water endowment, the structure of the economy, and government policies. Four policies, in particular, affect the water‐use intensity of economies. Open trade policies and tough environmental regulatory policies lower water use intensities, and narrowly defined food self‐sufficiency policies and socialist development policies increase water‐use intensities. These findings suggest that those interested in water, water scarcity, and water policy need to extend beyond simple extrapolations of past consumption patterns and narrowly focused water policies (such as water pricing) if they want to improve water management practices.
Quantitative Industrial Ecology & Ecological Economics
Authors: Koenig Herman E. , Cantlon John E. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThis article presents a theoretical foundation for integrating three otherwise disparate areas of human thought and understanding: technology, ecology, and economics. The article presents the mathematical foundations for quantifying the biophysical (mass, energy, and informational) aspects of economic production systems and their interaction with natural systems. These mathematical relationships are required for the on‐going ecological and economic design of technological production networks by enterprise management, thereby extending the scope and scale of quantitative engineering design from the domain of individual technologies to networks of technologies at enterprise, corporate, and industrial levels of technological organization.The analytical framework extends the practical utility of ecology, as an applied natural science, from passive environmental monitoring and prediction to active institutional participation in an informational feedback control strategy pursuant to economically abating the ecological risks of industrial growth, development, and modernization at local, regional, and global levels of ecological organization. And it provides the applied natural‐science underpinnings and the informational feedback control institutions required to support economics as an applied social science. In this context ecological risk‐control pricing is presented as a supplement to conventional economic policies at local, regional, and national levels of economic organization.
A CASE OF BENIGN IMPERIAL NEGLECT AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
Authors: Blenkinsopp Joseph 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEdomites were already well established in the Judean Negev before the Babylonian conquest, and archaeological evidence suggests that they profited by the disturbances of those years (597-582 bce) to infiltrate much of the province south of Jerusalem. After the collapse of the Neo-Babylonian empire, the interest of the Persians in the region was restricted to protecting the trade routes along the Mediterranean coast and the Transjordanian plateau and the approaches to Egypt. They also had no interest in sponsoring the return of deported Judaeans to the region. Once it became clear that there would be no intervention from distant Susa, the pace of Edomite colonisation quickened, a semi-deserted Jerusalem was occupied, and a sanctuary to the supreme Edomite deity Qôs (Qaus) arose on the site of the destroyed Yahweh temple. This ruled out the possibility of repatriation, and Judaism developed as a scattering of ritually segregated enclaves in different countries in line with other religions in late antiquity.
FIGHT STRATEGIES DIFFER WITH SIZE AND ALLOMETRIC GROWTH OF CLAWS IN CRAYFISH, ORCONECTES RUSTICUS
Authors: Schroeder Lisa , Huber Robert 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
This study examines differences in fighting strategies between small and large male crayfish, Orconectes rusticus. Due to allometric growth of claws, fighting weapons are of disproportionate size in large crayfish compared to those in smaller individuals. Presumably, such differences in the prominence of claws are reflected in differences in the likelihood of injuries, and we thus explored fighting in size-matched pairs of small or large crayfish and assessed associated strategies in situations of conflict. Although fighting reached the highest intensities in a similar proportion of instances in small and large pairs, differences in fighting strategies were evident. Small crayfish escalated more rapidly, fights were settled more quickly, and were resolved overall at lower intensities. This may be explained by lower risks of injury compared to encounters among larger males due to proportionally smaller claws. Larger males thus appear to spend considerably more time in assessing their opponent's fighting ability before each escalation event.
Influence of temperature on the infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp.) to larvae and pupae of the vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Long Steve , Fenlon John , Richardson Paul 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe susceptibilities of early and late instar vine weevil larvae and pupae to three species of entomopathogenic nematodes, indigenous to the UK, were tested in a series of bioassays. Steinernema kraussei (isolates L017 and L137), S. feltiae (the commercial product Nemasys®) and Heterorhabditis megidis (the commercial product Nemasys® H, reared both in vivo in Galleria mellonella larvae and in vitro), were tested at 6, 10 and 18°C for 2 weeks (early instars of O. sulcatus) or 3 weeks (late instars and pupae of O. sulcatus). Nematodes were applied to over 3800 larvae or pupae and there were over 400 untreated controls. Each insect was examined subsequently to determine mortality, and parasitised specimens were dissected to establish whether adult nematodes had developed. Differences in pathogenicity between H. megidis reared in vitro and in vivo were demonstrated. S. kraussei (L137) was consistently the most virulent nematode isolate at low temperatures. The results revealed a significant (P < 0.001) effect of temperature on small larvae of O. sulcatus, but also showed differential levels of mortality, not due to nematodes, for both small larvae and pupae. The use of Abbott's correction for control mortality is challenged and the validity of competing risks theory examined.In einer Reihe von Biotests wurde die Anfälligkeit von frühen und späten Larvenstadien sowie Puppen des Rüsselkäfers Otiorhynchus sulcatus gegenüber drei in UK einheimischen entomopathogenen Nematoden untersucht. Steinernema kraussei (isolate L017 und L137), S. feltiae (Handelsprodukt Nemasys®) und Heterorhabditis megidis (Handelsprodukt Nemasys® H, beide in vivo an Larven von Galleria mellonella und in vitro gezüchtet) wurden bei 6, 10 and 18°C für zwei Wochen (frühe Stadien von O. sulcatus) oder drei Wochen (späte Stadien und Puppen von O. sulcatus) geprüft. Über 3800 Larven oder Puppen wurden mit Nematoden behandelt, daneben gab es über 400 unbehandelte Kontrollen. Anschliessend wurde jedes Insekt untersucht, um die Mortalität zu bestimmen. Parasitierte Exemplare wurden aufpräpariert um festzustellen, ob sich adulte Nematoden entwickelt hatten. Zwischen in vitro und in vivo kultivierten H. megidis konnten Unterschiede in der Pathogenität festgestellt werden. S. kraussei (L137) war bei niedrigen Temperaturen durchgehend das virulenteste Isolat. Die Ergebnisse zeigten eine signifikante (P < 0.001) Wirkung der Temperatur auf kleine Larven von O. sulcatus. Sie zeigten für kleine Larven und Puppen aber auch unterschiedliche Mortlitätsgrade an, die nicht auf Nematoden zurückgingen. Die Anwendung von Abbott's Korrektur zur Prüfung der Mortalität wird kritisch hinterfragt, die Gültigkeit der Theorie der “competing risks” wird geprüft.
SCHREBER'S SOUL-VOLUPTUOUSNESS: MYSTICISM, MADNESS AND THE FEMININE IN SCHREBER'S MEMOIRS
Authors: Robbins Brent Dean 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFreud's 1911 case study based on Schreber's (1903) Memoirs of My Nervous Illness provides the investigator with the opportunity to reexamine Freud's interpretation through a return to the original data Freud used. This study reveals both the insights and limitations of Freud's theory of paranoia. An alternative interpretation of the case is overed from an existential-phenomenological perspective which aims both to expand upon and transform Freud's study without negating its value. Freud draws on the mythologies of the sun to argue for his hypothesis that the "father-complex" lies behind Schreber's God. By following some of the many other mythological themes in Schreber's memoirs, Freud's interpretation is opened to a larger, socially and historically situated context. An examination of cross-cultural and historical studies of mystical experience shows how Schreber's psychosis is simultaneously a form of madness and spiritual breakthrough. Schreber's is viewed as a narcissistic experience of the infant-child in which the imaginal has been exiled from rational, modern adulthood and is inaccessible to Cartesian language. Instead of recognizing the soul-full world of "miracles," Schreber envisions the absorption of the entire world into himself and he thus becomes an inflated caricature of the "heroic ego" at its extreme .
Correlation between crystallochemical parameters of phyllosilicates and mineral facies in very low-grade metasediments of the Betic Cordilleras, Spain: a synthesis
Authors: Ruiz Cruz M. D. , Rodríguez Jiménez P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractClay mineral evolution in diagenetic and very low-grade metamorphic sedimentary rocks from the Maláguide Complex was studied using the following parameters: illite and chlorite crystallinity, b cell dimension of illite, chemistry of chlorite, and the occurrence and distribution of the following phyllosilicates: I-S mixed-layer minerals, kaolin polytypes, chlorite-bearing mixedlayer minerals (tosudite and mica-chlorite interstratifications), vermiculite-like minerals, paragonite and biotite. The distribution of IC values permits the subdivision of the study area into three zones: diagenetic, anchizone and epizone. On the contrary, the distribution of CC values cannot be used in the study of the metamorphic zonation. The mineralogy and b dimension of illite indicate that the Maláguide samples display a low to low-medium pressure metamorphism, also characterized by steep temperature gradients.The correlation between IC data and distribution of other significant minerals has permitted the establishment of a zonation within the chlorite zone, which is confirmed by the appearance of some index minerals, such as paragonite, biotite, chloritoid and andalusite.
Raman study of high-pressure phase transitions in dehydrated analcime
Authors: Miroshnichenko Yu. M. , Goryainov S. V. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe high-pressure behaviour (up to 30 kbar) of dehydrated analcime, Na[AlSi2O6), has been studied in detail using polarized microscopy and Raman micro-spectroscopy. Samples were compressed using a diamond anvil cell in a quasi-hydrostatic medium (glycerol or water-ice). Two transitions at 3.7 and 11 kbar were observed.At the first transition, phase II is observed under cross polarized light as a contrasting black zone, moving from the edge to the centre of the sample. At this transition the strong Raman doublet at ∼480 and 500 cm−1 transforms discontinuously to a singlet, which is similar to that of quasi-cubic natural analcime. This transition, with an increase of effective symmetry, seems unusual on increasing pressure.The analcime framework may be thought of as an array of four-, six-, or eight-membered interconnected rings. Phase transitions in the analcime group are considered in the literature in terms of deformations of the six-membered rings. However, the present work shows that these phase transitions should be associated with deformations of the four-membered rings (as the minimum size secondary building units) by rotation of rigid TO4 units. The strongest Raman band frequency is correlated with the mean T-O-T angle inside the four-membered ring: a rate of 4.5 cm−1/degree was found for analcimes and leucites. Using this correlation, one can estimate from Raman data the possible deformation of four-membered rings at the phase transitions.
Equation of state of phase E
Authors: Crichton W. A. , Ross N. L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe isothermal equation of state (EoS) of phase E, Mg1.96(7)Fe0.072(5)Si1.04(5)H3.7(8)O6, has been determined using high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A third-order Birch Murnaghan EoS fit to pressue-volume data collected from room pressure and temperature to 6.7 GPa reveals that phase E has the lowest bulk modulus, KT = 92.9(7) GPa, and highest pressure derivative of the bulk modulus, K' = 7.3(2), for any dense hydrous magnesium silicate (DHMS) yet measured. A parameterized third-order Birch-Murnaghan EoS was also fit to the unit-cell parameters which display significant curvature with increasing pressure. This analysis shows that the c-axis (Kc = 89.1(10) GPa) is 6% more compressible than the a-axis (Ka = 94.8(6) GPa), with little of the anisotropy commonly observed in other layered structures. The high K' is indicative of the similarity to layers of the brucite structure. The introduction of interlayer cation polyhedra to the structure serves to reduce both the anisotropy, by reducing the compressibility perpendicular to the sheets, and the ability to shear, by increasing the coherence between layers.
Phase transitions in perovskites near the tricritical point: an experimental study of KMn1–xCaxF3 and SrTiO3
Authors: Gallardo M. C. , Romero F. J. , Hayward S. A. , Salje E. K. H. , del Cerro J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe present experimental data for the Pm3m-I4/mcm phase transitions in the perovskite crystals KMn1-xCaxF3 and SrTiO3. Comparison of calorimetric data (latent heat and specific heat) with order parameter data (measured with X-ray rocking methods) indicates that these transitions follow mean-field behaviour, and may be described using Landau potentials where the free energy expansion includes terms up to Q6. This potential is characteristic of transitions close to the tricritical point. Comparison of the behaviour of SrTiO3 and KMnF3 indicates that KMnF3 is closer to the tricritical point; a small amount of substitution of Ca for Mn causes the transition to cross the tricritical point from first order to second order behaviour.