bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical Outcomes of Os Trigonum Syndrome in Dancers: A Case Series
Authors: Walsh Keifer P. , Durante Elizabeth C. , Moser Brad R. , Coetzee J. Chris , Stone McGaver Rebecca 
Published: July 2020

Background: Management of ankle pain in dancers can be challenging because of the repetitive stress and complex demands placed on this region. Despite the prevalence of ankle injuries in this population, literature on surgical outcomes and return to dance is limited. Purpose: To retrospectively evaluate the efficacy and functional outcomes after surgical excision of a symptomatic os trigonum in dancers. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Between June 2006 and June 2016, a total of 44 dancers underwent surgical excision of a symptomatic os trigonum at a single institution and by a single surgeon. All patients presented with symptoms of posterior ankle impingement syndrome and subsequently failed nonsurgical treatment. Clinical analysis was conducted using various pre- and postoperative patient-reported outcome questionnaires, including the Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12), Foot Function Index–Revised (FFI-R), and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, as well as subjective patient satisfaction. Results: A total of 44 patients (54 ankles; mean age, 18.2 years) were retrospectively evaluated at a mean follow-up of 33.4 months. The VR-12 Physical Health score improved from a mean score of 37.8 ± 11.9 to 51.2 ± 10.5 ( P < .001). The cumulative FFI-R score improved from 46.45 ± 13.8 to 31.2 ± 9.7 ( P = .044), with the subcategory of “activity limitation” representing the highest-scoring FFI-R subcategory at 65.28 ± 13.4 preoperatively and improving to 34.47 ± 12.4 at follow-up ( P < .001). The mean VAS score for subjective pain improved significantly from 5.39 ± 2.84 to 1.73 ± 2.10 ( P < .00044). Conclusion: Overall, the findings of the present study demonstrate that dancers of varying style and level improved significantly according to various clinical measures. Patients included in this study reported that they returned to their previous level of dance upon completion of physical therapy and maintained thriving postoperative careers, which for several meant dancing at the professional level.
Indo-Pacific Order and Japan–India Relations in the Midst of COVID-19
Authors: Horimoto Takenori 
Published: July 2020

Because of the USA’s relative decline of national power and the rapid emergence of China, the Indo-Pacific lacks a regional order as existed during the latter half of the twentieth century. The USA and China have had strained relations since the 2010s as economic and hegemonic rivals. Furthermore, at the cusp of the 2020s, a blame game is unfolding over COVID-19. Neither nation can be expected to serve a role as an order manager of peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific. Under such international situations, Japan and India should cooperate to initiate consideration of the regional order now. To establish such an order for the future, ends and means carry an importance. The ends should be the creation of a free, open, inclusive and democratic Indo-Pacific. The means should be some mechanisms based on principles of multilateralism, for example, Quad-Plus, not only involving the four countries: like-minded countries should also be included. In this way, we can find a silver lining beyond COVID-19. JEL Codes: F5, I19
Pulmonary function testing in children's interstitial lung disease
Authors: Ring Astrid Madsen , Carlens Julia , Bush Andy , Castillo-Corullón Silvia , Fasola Salvatore , Gaboli Mirella Piera , Griese Matthias , Koucky Vaclav , La Grutta Stefania , Lombardi Enrico , Proesmans Marijke , Schwerk Nicolaus , Snijders Deborah , Nielsen Kim Gjerum , Buchvald Frederik 
Published: July 2020

The use of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) has been widely described in airway diseases like asthma and cystic fibrosis, but for children's interstitial lung disease (chILD), which encompasses a broad spectrum of pathologies, the usefulness of PFTs is still undetermined, despite widespread use in adult interstitial lung disease.A literature review was initiated by the COST/Enter chILD working group aiming to describe published studies, to identify gaps in knowledge and to propose future research goals in regard to spirometry, whole-body plethysmography, infant and pre-school PFTs, measurement of diffusing capacity, multiple breath washout and cardiopulmonary exercise tests in chILD. The search revealed a limited number of papers published in the past three decades, of which the majority were descriptive and did not report pulmonary function as the main outcome.PFTs may be useful in different stages of management of children with suspected or confirmed chILD, but the chILD spectrum is diverse and includes a heterogeneous patient group in all ages. Research studies in well-defined patient cohorts are needed to establish which PFT and outcomes are most relevant for diagnosis, evaluation of disease severity and course, and monitoring individual conditions both for improvement in clinical care and as end-points in future randomised controlled trials.
Wild mice with different social network sizes vary in brain gene expression
Authors: Lopes Patricia C. , König Barbara 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Appropriate social interactions influence animal fitness by impacting several processes, such as mating, territory defense, and offspring care. Many studies shedding light on the neurobiological underpinnings of social behavior have focused on nonapeptides (vasopressin, oxytocin, and homologues) and on sexual or parent-offspring interactions. Furthermore, animals have been studied under artificial laboratory conditions, where the consequences of behavioral responses may not be as critical as when expressed under natural environments, therefore obscuring certain physiological responses. We used automated recording of social interactions of wild house mice outside of the breeding season to detect individuals at both tails of a distribution of egocentric network sizes (characterized by number of different partners encountered per day). We then used RNA-seq to perform an unbiased assessment of neural differences in gene expression in the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus and the hypothalamus between these mice with naturally occurring extreme differences in social network size.

Results
We found that the neurogenomic pathways associated with having extreme social network sizes differed between the sexes. In females, hundreds of genes were differentially expressed between animals with small and large social network sizes, whereas in males very few were. In males, X-chromosome inactivation pathways in the prefrontal cortex were the ones that better differentiated animals with small from those with large social network sizes animals. In females, animals with small network size showed up-regulation of dopaminergic production and transport pathways in the hypothalamus. Additionally, in females, extracellular matrix deposition on hippocampal neurons was higher in individuals with small relative to large social network size.

Conclusions
Studying neural substrates of natural variation in social behavior in traditional model organisms in their habitat can open new targets of research for understanding variation in social behavior in other taxa.
Opposing effects of antibiotics and germ-free status on neuropeptide systems involved in social behaviour and pain regulation
Authors: Johnson Katerina V. A. , Burnet Philip W. J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Recent research has revealed that the community of microorganisms inhabiting the gut affects brain development, function and behaviour. In particular, disruption of the gut microbiome during critical developmental windows can have lasting effects on host physiology. Both antibiotic exposure and germ-free conditions impact the central nervous system and can alter multiple aspects of behaviour. Social impairments are typically displayed by antibiotic-treated and germ-free animals, yet there is a lack of understanding of the underlying neurobiological changes. Since the μ-opioid, oxytocin and vasopressin systems are key modulators of mammalian social behaviour, here we investigate the effect of experimentally manipulating the gut microbiome on the expression of these pathways.

Results
We show that social neuropeptide signalling is disrupted in germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice, which may contribute to the behavioural deficits observed in these animal models. The most notable finding is the reduction in neuroreceptor gene expression in the frontal cortex of mice administered an antibiotic cocktail post-weaning. Additionally, the changes observed in germ-free mice were generally in the opposite direction to the antibiotic-treated mice.

Conclusions
Antibiotic treatment when young can impact brain signalling pathways underpinning social behaviour and pain regulation. Since antibiotic administration is common in childhood and adolescence, our findings highlight the potential adverse effects that antibiotic exposure during these key neurodevelopmental periods may have on the human brain, including the possible increased risk of neuropsychiatric conditions later in life. In addition, since antibiotics are often considered a more amenable alternative to germ-free conditions, our contrasting results for these two treatments suggest that they should be viewed as distinct models.
The fraction of nitrous oxide in oxygen for facilitating lung collapse during one-lung ventilation with double lumen tube
Authors: Liang Chao , Lv Yuechang , Shi Yu , Cang Jing , Miao Changhong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
The ideal fraction of nitrous oxide (N2O) in oxygen (O2) for rapid lung collapse remains unclear. Accordingly, this prospective trial aimed to determine the 50% effective concentration (EC50) and 95% effective concentration (EC95) of N2O in O2 for rapid lung collapse.

Methods
This study included 38 consecutive patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). The lung collapse score (LCS) of each patient during one-lung ventilation was evaluated by the same surgeon. The first patient received 30% N2O in O2, and the subsequent N2O fraction in O2 was determined by the LCS of the previous patient using the Dixon up-and-down method. The testing interval was set at 10%, and the lowest concentration was 10% (10, 20, 30, 40%, or 50%). The EC50 and EC95 of N2O in O2 for rapid lung collapse were analyzed using a probit test.

Results
According to the up-and-down method, the N2O fraction in O2 at which all patients exhibited successful lung collapse was 50%. The EC50 and EC95 of N2O in O2 for rapid lung collapse were 27.7% (95% confidence interval 19.9–35.7%) and 48.7% (95% confidence interval 39.0–96.3%), respectively.

Conclusions
In patients undergoing VATS, the EC50 and EC95 of N2O in O2 for rapid lung collapse were 27.7 and 48.7%, respectively.

Trial registration
http://www.chictr.org/cn/ Identifier ChiCTR19 00021474, registered on 22 February 2019.
Transcatheter closure of a residual shunt with posteroinferior deficient rim after surgical closure of an ASD: a case report
Authors: Deng Xicheng , Yao Taoyue , Wang Yefeng , Yang Guangxian , Chen Wenjuan , Huang Peng , Chen Zhi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
There are few reports in the literature of device closure of residual shunts following initial surgical closure of an atrial septal defect (ASD). This case study reports one such case. We describe here a case of secundum type ASD that was initially closed surgically, followed by device closure of a residual shunt with a posteroinferior deficient rim.

Case presentation
A 7-month-old boy was admitted to our hospital for elective surgery to surgically correct a secundum type ASD. Unfortunately, a residual shunt 3.5 mm in diameter appeared before discharge and was enlarged at1-year follow-up. The cause of this residual shunt was dehiscence at the posteroinferior aspect, and the posteroinferior rim was 3.7 mm. After careful discussion and preparation, we proceeded with an interventional procedure. A 16 mm ASD occluder (AGA Medical Corp, Plymouth, Minnesota) was deployed successfully with no residual shunt. In some cases of ASD, interventional therapy is not considered due to the size and position of the defect, but we show here, a successful case of interventional therapy for a residual shunt with a deficient rim.

Conclusion
We have presented a case in which a postoperative residual shunt with a deficient rim was successfully closed with interventional therapy.
A novel method for controlling unobserved confounding using double confounders
Authors: Liu Lu , Hou Lei , Yu Yuanyuan , Liu Xinhui , Sun Xiaoru , Yang Fan , Wang Qing , Jing Ming , Xu Yeping , Li Hongkai , Xue Fuzhong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Controlling unobserved confounding still remains a great challenge in observational studies, and a series of strict assumptions of the existing methods usually may be violated in practice. Therefore, it is urgent to put forward a novel method.

Methods
We are interested in the causal effect of an exposure on the outcome, which is always confounded by unobserved confounding. We show that, the causal effect of an exposure on a continuous or categorical outcome is nonparametrically identified through only two independent or correlated available confounders satisfying a non-linear condition on the exposure. Asymptotic theory and variance estimators are developed for each case. We also discuss an extension for more than two binary confounders.

Results
The simulations show better estimation performance by our approach in contrast to the traditional regression approach adjusting for observed confounders. A real application is separately applied to assess the effects of Body Mass Index (BMI) on Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP), Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Triglyceride (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) with individuals in Shandong Province, China. Our results suggest that SBP increased 1.60 (95% CI: 0.99–2.93) mmol/L with per 1- kg/m2 higher BMI and DBP increased 0.37 (95% CI: 0.03–0.76) mmol/L with per 1- kg/m2 higher BMI. Moreover, 1- kg/m2 increase in BMI was causally associated with a 1.61 (95% CI: 0.96–2.97) mmol/L increase in TC, a 1.66 (95% CI: 0.91–55.30) mmol/L increase in TG and a 2.01 (95% CI: 1.09–4.31) mmol/L increase in LDL. However, BMI was not causally associated with HDL with effect value − 0.20 (95% CI: − 1.71–1.44). And, the effect value of FBG per 1- kg/m2 higher BMI was 0.56 (95% CI: − 0.24–2.18).

Conclusions
We propose a novel method to control unobserved confounders through double binary confounders satisfying a non-linear condition on the exposure which is easy to access.
Acute duodenal obstruction secondary to intussusception caused by the duodenal diverticulum: a case report
Authors: Guo Yuchen , Liu Bin , Pan Ziwen , Zhang Yang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
The duodenal intussusception is rarely reported and usually occurs secondary to organic diseases of the duodenum such as polyps, tumors and duplication cysts. Herein we report a case of duodenal intussusception caused by duodenal diverticulum.

Case presentation
A 21-year old male patient presented with abdominal pain and vomiting for one day. A contrast enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen revealed duodenal intussusception. On emergency laparotomy, the intussusception had reduced spontaneously while an invaginated diverticulum was seen at the junction of the descending and horizontal segments of the duodenum. The diverticulum was resected and the patient had uneventful recovery.

Conclusion
Duodenal intussusception is a rare complication of duodenal diverticulum. Being aware of this complication of diverticulum can help in timely diagnosis and treatment.
Conidiobolus pachyzygosporus invasive pulmonary infection in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Stavropoulou E. , Coste A. T. , Beigelman-Aubry C. , Letovanec I. , Spertini O. , Lovis A. , Krueger T. , Burger R. , Bochud P. Y. , Lamoth F. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Conidiobolus spp. (mainly C. coronatus) are the causal agents of rhino-facial conidiobolomycosis, a limited soft tissue infection, which is essentially observed in immunocompetent individuals from tropical areas. Rare cases of invasive conidiobolomycosis due to C. coronatus or other species (C.incongruus, C.lamprauges) have been reported in immunocompromised patients. We report here the first case of invasive pulmonary fungal infection due to Conidiobolus pachyzygosporus in a Swiss patient with onco-haematologic malignancy.

Case presentation
A 71 year-old female was admitted in a Swiss hospital for induction chemotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia. A chest CT performed during the neutropenic phase identified three well-circumscribed lung lesions consistent with invasive fungal infection, along with a positive 1,3-beta-d-glucan assay in serum. A transbronchial biopsy of the lung lesions revealed large occasionally septate hyphae. A Conidiobolus spp. was detected by direct 18S rDNA in the tissue biopsy and subsequently identified at species level as C. pachyzygosporus by 28S rDNA sequencing. The infection was cured after isavuconazole therapy, recovery of the immune system and surgical resection of lung lesions.

Conclusions
This is the first description of C. pachyzygosporus as human pathogen and second case report of invasive conidiobolomycosis from a European country.
Spatial-temporal analysis of tuberculosis in Chongqing, China 2011-2018
Authors: Yu Ya , Wu Bo , Wu Chengguo , Wang Qingya , Hu Daiyu , Chen Wei 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
China is a country with a high burden of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Chongqing is in the southwest of China, where the notification rate of PTB ranks tenth in China. This study analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of PTB in Chongqing in order to improve TB control measures.

Methods
A spatial-temporal analysis has been performed based on the data of PTB from 2011 to 2018, which was extracted from the National Surveillance System. The effect of TB control was measured by variation trend of pathogenic positive PTB notification rate and total TB notification rate. Time series, spatial autonomic correlation and spatial-temporal scanning methods were used to identify the temporal trends and spatial patterns at county level.

Results
A total of 188,528 cases were included in this study. A downward trend was observed in PTB between 2011 and 2018 in Chongqing. The peak of PTB notification occurred in late winter and early spring annually. By calculating the value of Global Moran’s I and Local Getis’s Gi*, we found that PTB was spatially clustered and some significant hot spots were detected in the southeast and northeast of Chongqing. One most likely cluster and three secondary clusters were identified by Kulldorff’s scan spatial-temporal Statistic.

Conclusions
This study identified seasonal patterns and spatial-temporal clusters of PTB cases in Chongqing. Priorities should be given to southeast and northeast of Chongqing for better TB control.
Occurrence of septuple and elevated Pfdhfr-Pfdhps quintuple mutations in a general population threatens the use of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for malaria prevention during pregnancy in eastern-coast of Tanzania
Authors: Bwire George M. , Mikomangwa Wigilya P. , Kilonzi Manase 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundPlasmodium falciparumdihydrofolate reductase (Pfdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthetase (Pfdhps) mutations compromise the effectiveness of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) for treatment of uncomplicated malaria, and are likely to impair the efficiency of intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy (IPTp). This study was conducted to determine the level ofPfdhfr-Pfdhpsmutations, a decade since SP was limited for IPTp use in pregnant women in Tanzania.MethodsP. falciparumgenomic DNA was extracted from dried blood spots prepared from a finger prick. Extracted DNA were sequenced using a single MiSeq lane by combining all PCR products. Genotyping ofPfdhfrandPfdhpsmutations were done using bcftools whereas custom scripts were used to filter and translate genotypes into SP resistance haplotypes.ResultsThePfdhfrwas analyzed from 445 samples, the wild type (WT)Pfdhfrhaplotype NCSI was detected in 6 (1.3%) samples. TriplePfdhfrIRNI (mutations are bolded and underlined) haplotype was dominant, contributing to 84% (number [n] = 374) of haplotypes while 446 samples were studied forPfdhps, WT forPfdhps(SAKAA) was found in 6.7% (n = 30) in samples. DoublePfdhpshaplotype (SGEAA) accounted for 83% of all mutations atPfdhpsgene. Of 447Pfdhfr-Pfdhpscombined genotypes, only 0.9% (n = 4) samples contained WT gene (SAKAA-NCSI). Quintuple (five) mutations, SGEAA-IRNI accounted for 71.4% (n = 319) whereas 0.2% (n = 1) had septuple (seven) mutations (AGKGS-IRNI). The overall prevalence ofPfdhfrK540E was 90.4% (n = 396) whilePfdhpsA581G was 1.1% (n = 5).ConclusionsThis study found high prevalence ofPfdhfr–Pfdhpsquintuple and presence of septuple mutations. Mutations atPfdhfrK540E andPfdhpsA581G, major predictors for IPTp-SP failure were within the recommended WHO range. Abandonment of IPTp-SP is recommended in settings where thePfdhfrK540E prevalence is > 95% andPfdhpsA581G is > 10% as SP is likely to be not effective. Nonetheless, saturation inPfdhfrandPfdhpshaplotypes is alarming, a search for alternative antimalarial drug for IPTp in the study area is recommended.
Importance of early identification of PrEP breakthrough infections in a generalized HIV epidemic: a case report from a PrEP demonstration project in South Africa
Authors: Naicker Cherise L. , Mansoor Leila E. , Dawood Halima , Naidoo Kogieleum , Singo Denzhe , Matten David , Williamson Carolyn , Abdool Karim Quarraisha 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
The World Health Organisation recommends the use of tenofovir-containing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as an additional Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevention choice for men and women at substantial risk of HIV infection. PrEP could fill an important HIV prevention gap, especially for sexually active young women who are limited in their ability to negotiate mutual monogamy or condom use.
As PrEP is scaled up in high HIV incidence settings, it is crucial to consider the importance of early identification of HIV infection during PrEP use, to allow for rapid discontinuation of PrEP to reduce the risk of antiretroviral (ARV) resistance. The purpose of this case study is to provide this critical evidence.

Case presentation
This report describes a 20-year-old woman in a HIV sero-discordant relationship who initiated oral PrEP (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC)) through a demonstration project (CAPRISA 084) in October 2017. Despite good adherence throughout her PrEP use, she tested HIV antibody positive at month nine of study participation.
Retrospective testing showed increasing HIV viral load over time, and retrospective use of fourth-generation rapid HIV tests showed HIV detection (positive antigen/antibody) at month one. Sequencing confirmed a dominant wild type at month one with dual therapy resistance patterns emerging by month three (M184V and K65R mutations), which is suggestive of protracted PrEP use during an undetected HIV infection.
The participant was referred to infectious diseases for further management of her HIV infection and was initiated on a first line, tenofovir-sparing regimen. At the time of this report (January 2020), the participant had been on ARV- therapy (ART) for 13 months and had no signs of either clinical, immunologic or virologic failure.

Conclusions
This case report highlights the importance of appropriate HIV screening during wider oral PrEP scale-up in high HIV incidence settings to circumvent the consequences of prolonged dual therapy in an undiagnosed HIV infection and in turn prevent ARV resistance.