bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One of the First Dutch Translations (1563) of the Heidelberg Catechism
Authors: de Jong Klaas-Willem , Kroese Wouter D. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The authors of this article have rediscovered a long-lost edition of the Heidelberg Catechism from 1563. This edition, edited by Petrus Dathenus, includes not only the Catechism itself but also seven prayers and a few brief liturgical texts. In 1881, J.I. Doedes, an Utrecht professor, published what was at that time (and still is) considered the only copy left. In this pseudo-facsimile, he used a modernized spelling and omitted several parts (introduction, prayers, and Bible references in the margins). The authors describe how they came across a microfilm of the 1563 print. Subsequently, they elucidate how their find complements existing knowledge, both regarding the Catechism and the genesis of the Dutch Liturgy (particularly Dathenus’s edition of 1566). It becomes evident, for instance, that Dathenus utilized not only German originals but also Latin ones for both the Catechism and the prayers. Furthermore, the authors underscore the intentional coherence of the Catechism and prayers in the initial year of its publication. While notable differences have already been observed in earlier studies between the Dutch-language Catechism editions attributed to Dathenus in 1563 and 1566, similar observations are made regarding the prayers found in both editions.
Effectiveness of high-flow nasal cannula versus noninvasive ventilation and conventional oxygen therapy in patients weaned from invasive mechanical ventilation
Authors: Elghonemy Amira Ahmed Ahmed Mahmoud , Korraa Emad , Mohammed Rehab M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Background
Reintubation after liberation from mechanical ventilation is a common adverse event observed in the intensive care unit (ICU) with significant implications for patient outcomes. Sequential oxygen therapies, including noninvasive ventilation (NIV) and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in addition to the conventional oxygen therapy (COT), are commonly employed in the post-extubation setting to lessen reintubation risk, but their comparative efficacy remains controversial.

Objective
To compare the efficacy of NIV, HFNC, and COT as post-extubation respiratory support.

Methods
A prospective, randomized, clinical, parallel-group study enrolled extubated patients who were randomized and assigned to receive either NIV support or HFNC or COT. Primary outcomes included reintubation rates while secondary outcomes included post-extubation hemodynamics and arterial blood gases (ABGs), ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality.

Results
Sixty patients were recruited and equally randomized into the three groups (20 per group). The NIV and HFNC groups had lower reintubation rates [9/20 (45%), 12/20 (60%), respectively] compared to the COT group (15/20, 75%), yet with insignificant difference between the three groups (p > 0.05). The relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of reintubation were insignificantly lower in the NIV group [RR, 0.600; 95% CI 0.347–1.036, p = 0.067], and to a lesser extent in the HFNC group [RR, 0.800; 95% CI 0.516–1.240, p = 0.318] compared to the COT group, while RR between NIV and HFNC groups was 0.750; 95% CI 0.411–1.370; p = 0.350. The NIV and HFNC groups had similar, significantly shorter ICU length of stay compared to the COT group (p < 0.001). ICU mortality was lowest in the NIV group (8/20, 40%), followed by the HFNC (13/20, 65%) and highest in the COT group (15/20, 75%) with significant difference between the NIV and COT groups [RR, 0.53; 95% CI 0.29–0.96, p = 0.037].

Conclusion
The study findings suggest comparable efficacy of NIV, HFNC, and COT devices in preventing reintubation within 48 h post-extubation, and NIV displayed some advantages over HFNC and COT in terms of lower reintubation and mortality rates.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06593509. Registered 17 August 2024—retrospectively registered.
Preoperative Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Influence on the Impact of Anesthesia and Surgery on Mice Brain
Authors: Cao Mengya , Chen Jie , Chen Gong , Ouyang Wen , Tong Jianbin 
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND:
Brain homeostasis imbalance, characterized by cognitive dysfunction and delirium, frequently occurs in the elderly after surgery. Investigating why this complication only affects part of patients undergoing the same surgery, and anesthesia remains intriguing. This study tested the role of preoperative blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity in the occurrence of postoperative brain homeostasis imbalance using mice with conditional BBB damage.

METHODS:
Preoperative BBB breakdown was induced in End-SCL-Cre-ctnnb1fl//fl (iCKO) mice by administering tamoxifen (intraperitoneal [i.p.]). This breakdown was assessed using Evans Blue (EB) leakage and immunoglobulin G (IgG) staining. Postoperative brain homeostasis imbalance was evaluated through the Novel Object Recognition test, the Barnes Maze, and neuroinflammation tests. Synapse loss was detected by colabeling synaptophysin and PSD-95, followed by Western blotting. The role of astrocytes in this pathogenesis was evaluated by comparing cognitive behaviors, hippocampal gene expression, and astrocytic phagocytosis of synaptophysin in iCKO mice with and without genetic inhibition of perioperative astrocyte activity.

RESULTS:
Tamoxifen treatment (30 mg/kg/d) induced BBB breakdown of iCKO mice in a time-dependent manner (analysis of variance [ANOVA] for time, P = .0006), but not in their littermate control mice (nCKO, P > .999). A 3-day tamoxifen treatment induced slight BBB breakdown (EB leakage: 95% confidence interval [CI], 13.9–204.8, P = .013; IgG level: 95% CI, 12.6–51.4: P = .001), but did not cause significant cognitive impairment in the Novel Object Recognition test in iCKO mice (95% CI, −7.99 to 6.12; P > .999). Anesthesia and surgery-induced significant cognitive impairment (all P < .0001 for the Novel Object Recognition test, Barnes Maze test), neuroinflammation, and synaptic loss in iCKO mice with 3-day tamoxifen treatment, but not in nCKO mice with the same treatment. Inhibiting astrocyte activity alleviated the impact of anesthesia and surgery on cognitive function (all P < .0001 for the Novel Object Recognition test, Barnes Maze test), gene expression, and synapse pruning in iCKO mice with 3-day tamoxifen treatment.

CONCLUSIONS:
Preoperative BBB integrity influences the impact of anesthesia and surgery on the brain, with astrocytes modulating this effect. These findings partly explain the heterogeneity in the occurrence of postoperative brain homeostasis imbalance.
Illuminating the Progress of Research into Inferentialism: A Systematic Analysis of CiteSpace
Authors: Zuo Yali 
Published: December 2024

The goal of this article is to use the scientometrics software CiteSpace as the analysis tool, studying 317 academic documents about inferentialism from 1999 to 2021 collected in the database Web of Science systematically and intuitevely present the development trends and hot topics of inferentialism, hoping to explore new ideas and directions. The procedure includes visualizing and analizing the co-citation networks generated by the 6.1.R.3 version of CiteSpace. The knowledge bases and the research front about inferentialism are identified by analyzing the cited references in the major clusers and the citing articles to the major clusters in citation networks. The landscape view and timeline view of CiteSpace facilitate the comprehension of the interrelationships among clusters and their temporal evolution, thereby offering dependable histographic survey of inferentialism research spanning from theory to practice. Through the utilization of co-keyword network analysis, co-term network analysis, and co-category network analysis, this analytical approach facilitates the comprehension of the interdisciplinary research by identifying various topics and disciplines in compasing the application of inferentialism in education, as well as its relation to logic, metaethics, mathematics, perception and cognition. Through the co-author and collaborating country/region of the study, the question who are the main researchers of a study and which countries/regions are they affiliated with can be answered. It can provide the reference for us to introduce academic resources, carry out cooperation and evaluate academic achievements. All in all, a systematic analysis in CiteSpace is helpful for researchers to capture the salient literature, understand the historical evolution and development trend of inferentialism, and lay a foundation for further research and cooperation according to their interest and specialities.
Znaczenie dorobku Bohdana Jałowieckiego w nauce i praktyce życia społeczno-gospodarczego
Authors: Sagan Iwona 
Published: December 2024

Artykuł analizuje dorobek naukowy Bohdana Jałowieckiego, podkreślając jego wpływ na rozwój interdyscyplinarnych badań miejskich w Polsce. Jałowiecki, integrując elementy socjologii, geografii i planowania przestrzennego, znacząco przyczynił się do umiędzynarodowienia polskiej myśli naukowej, m.in. przez wprowadzenie francuskich koncepcji Henri Lefebvre'a oraz Manuela Castellsa. Wprowadzenie idei społecznego wytwarzania przestrzeni i racjonalnego elektyzmu w metodologii badań pozwoliło na głębsze zrozumienie złożonych procesów społeczno-przestrzennych. Artykuł omawia krytyczne oceny Jałowieckiego dotyczące polityk rozwojowych w okresie socjalizmu i transformacji systemowej, w tym jego wczesne ostrzeżenia przed bezkrytycznym przyjmowaniem dogmatu wzrostu gospodarczego. Jałowiecki akcentował znaczenie uspołecznienia planowania przestrzennego i udziału obywateli w procesach decyzyjnych, podkreślając potrzebę integracji planowania gospodarczego i przestrzennego dla pełnego odzwierciedlenia interesu publicznego i kształtowania ładu przestrzennego.
Experience Minimizes the Pull-to-Center Effect in Newsvendor Decisions
Authors: Brokesova Zuzana , Deck Cary , Peliova Jana 
Published: December 2024

Problem definition: The asymmetric pull-to-center effect for newsvendors is a robust finding in operations, and understanding why newsvendors make suboptimal decisions is key for identifying ways to improve decision-making quality in this critical task. Although prior studies have indicated that experience does not substantially mitigate the pull-to-center effect, the experience levels achieved in those previous studies are limited in comparison with the experience level that a near-continuous time environment can provide. Methodology/results: We conduct a set of laboratory experiments using a near-continuous time environment to determine the effect that extensive experience has on newsvendor behavior and the extent to which resultant learning is transferable across conditions. Observed behavior clearly demonstrates that the pull-to-center effect is substantially reduced, if not eliminated, with sufficient experience and that this learning can have positive spillovers to more traditional settings. Further, the experiments suggest that it is the repeated feedback regarding a given inventory decision rather than the ability to explore many strategies that drives improved decision making. Managerial implications: Experience can mitigate the pull-to-center effect, and near-continuous time environments can be an effective training tool for gaining such experience. Funding: This work was supported by the Ministerstvo školstva, vedy, výskumu a športu Slovenskej republiky [Grants VEGA 1/0660/23 and VEGA 1/0721/24] and the Slovak Research and Development Agency [Grant APVV-19-0573]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2021.0439 .
Technical Note—Revenue Management with Calendar-Aware and Dependent Demands: Asymptotically Tight Fluid Approximations
Authors: Li Weiyuan , Rusmevichientong Paat , Topaloglu Huseyin 
Published: December 2024

Revenue Management with Dependent Demands In the revenue management literature, a standard approach to model the demand is based on dividing the selling horizon into a number of small time periods such that there is at most one customer arrival at each time period and that the customer arrivals at different time periods are independent of each other. Under this demand model, if the mean demand for a product increases with rate T, then the standard deviation of the demand must increase with rate square root of T. In other words, large demand volume and large demand variability cannot coexist. In “Technical Note—Revenue Management with Calendar-Aware and Dependent Demands: Asymptotically Tight Fluid Approximations,” Li, Rusmevichientong, and Topaloglu consider demand models that can simultaneously incorporate large demand volume and large demand variability while also allowing dependence between the demands over nonoverlapping time intervals. Under such demand models, they give efficiently computable policies that admit performance guarantees.
The Rise of Scientific Research in Corporate America
Authors: Arora Ashish , Belenzon Sharon , Kosenko Konstantin , Suh Jungkyu , Yafeh Yishay 
Published: December 2024

It is widely believed that university and corporate research are complementary: companies invest in research in part to develop the capacity to absorb the knowledge emerging from universities. However, as we show in this paper, corporate research in the United States emerged when American universities were behind the world frontier in scientific research. Why, then, did for-profit businesses choose to invest in creating new knowledge, much of which could spill over to rivals, and whose conduct presented many managerial challenges? We argue that corporate research in America arose in the 1920s to compensate for weak university research, not to complement it. Using newly assembled firm-level data from the 1920s and 1930s, we find that companies invested in research because inventions increasingly relied on science but American universities were unable to meet their needs. Large firms close to the technological frontier and operating in concentrated industries were likely to invest in research, especially in scientific disciplines where American universities lagged behind the scientific frontier. Corporate science seems to have paid off, resulting in novel patents and high market valuations for firms engaged in research. Funding: A. Arora, S. Belenzon, and J. Suh acknowledge support from the Fuqua School of Business, Duke University. S. Belenzon and Y. Yafeh gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Israel Science Foundation [Grant No. 963-2020]. K. Kosenko is grateful for support from the Bank of Israel. Y. Yafeh acknowledges support from the Krueger Center at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem School of Business. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2023.18053 .
Visual Confirmation of Cracks and Long-term Outcome: A Case Study
Authors: Yeng Thai 
Published: December 2024

In cases of cracks, dentists face difficulties when relying solely on clinical examination and peri-apical radiographs because these may not provide sufficient information for accurate tooth assessment. Often, cracks, fractures, etc can be correctly diagnosed only by removing the existing restoration to explore the extent of the crack lines. This report describes several cases of symptomatic patients keen to investigate fully the prognosis before deciding to either have their tooth treated with root canal treatment or plan for an extraction. Without early identification of the problems, these patients would have continued to experience symptoms after root canal treatment was completed. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The removal of restorations allows cracks and fracture lines to be discovered prior to the commencement of root canal treatment. This prevents unnecessary patient expense and disappointment.
A qualitative study on burnout and coping in palliative nurses
Authors: Tan Laurence , Ee Lim Siao , Jin Toh Hui 
Published: December 2024

Background: With burnout rates highly prevalent in palliative care nurses, it is important to have a holistic understanding of the causes of burnout and strategies both to prevent burnout and to cope with burnout. Aim: To understand the causes of burnout and strategies used to prevent and cope with burnout in palliative care nurses. This would allow the implementation of strategies on a personal level and organisational level to mitigate the effects of burnout. Methods: A thematic analysis to explore palliative care nurses’ experiences and their interpretations. In total, 11 in-depth interviews and one focus group discussion with 19 nurses were conducted. The study participants were recruited from three palliative care units within a health cluster in Singapore and had at least 1 year of experience working in palliative care. Results: Five themes were identified: (a) description of burnout and its attributes; (b) factors that contribute to burnout; (c) triggers that initiate burnout; (d) coping with burnout; and (e) resilience to burnout. The nurses were competent in recognising signs of burnout and understood the use of coping strategies to manage burnout. They were also able to develop resilience to burnout through meaning-making and personal experiences. Significance of results: Helping palliative nurses find a deep purpose in their work builds resilience. Managers, organisation leaders, researchers and peers should look into ways to increase resilience in this group of nurses.
شێڵتەر و کێشەکانی لە ڕوانگەی ستافی بەرێوەبردنەوە
Authors: Rasool Izaddin A. 
Published: December 2024

سەرەڕای هەوڵدانی حکومەت و بزووتنەوە فیمینیستەکان بۆ چاککردنی پێگە و چارەسەرکردنی گرفتەکانی ئافرەتان و کەمکردنەوەی ڕێژەی ئەنجامدانی توندوتیژی لە ناو خێزان و کۆمەڵگەدا، بەڵام تا ئێستاش ژمارە و جۆری شێڵتەرەکان لە هەرێمی کوردستاندا لەو ئاستەدا نییە. له‌ به‌شێك له‌ وڵاتانی جیهان ژماره‌یه‌ك شڵته‌ر هەن، كه‌ له‌ لایه‌ن حکومەت یان رێكخراوه‌كانی تایبه‌ت به‌ ئافره‌تان به‌رێوه‌ده‌چن، یاخود به‌ شێوه‌یەكی هاوبه‌ش سه‌رپه‌رشتیده‌كرێن. بە شێوەیەکی گشتی ئامانج لە هەبوونی شێڵتەر بریتییە لە پاراستنی ئافرەتان لە توندوتیژی و یارمەتیدانیان بۆ دووبارە گەڕانەوە بۆ ناو کۆمەڵگە و پلاندانان، كه‌ خزمه‌ت به‌ داهاتوویان بكات. یەکێک لە کارەکانی ڕێکخراوەکانی ئافرەتان دامەزراندنی سەنتەر یاخود شێڵته‌ر بوو، بۆ ئەو ئافرەتانەی لە هەرێمی کوردستاندا لە ژێر هەڕەشەدان یاخود توندوتیژییان بەرامبەر ئەنجامدەدرێت، لە دوای ساڵی(١٩٩٩)ەوە چەندین شێڵتەر کرانەوە، کە لە لایەن رێکخراوەکانی ئافرەتان و پارتە سیاسییەکان بەرێوەدەبران.
ئامانجی ئەم توێژینەوەیە بریتییە لە زانینی کێشەی شێڵتەرەکان لە ڕوانگەی ستافی بەرێوەبردنەوە لە هەرێمی کوردستانی عێراق. میتۆدی ئەم توێژینەوەیە بریتییە لە میتۆدی چۆنایەتی لە ڕێگەی چاوپێکەوتنی نیمچە کراوە، هەروەها کۆمەڵگەی توێژینەوەکەش پێکهاتووە لە کارمەندانی شێڵتەرەکان وەک بەرێوەبەری شێڵتەرەکان، توێژەری کۆمەڵایەتی و دەروونی، یاسایی، سەرۆکی پەرستار، چاودێر و کارمەندانی کارگێری. جۆر و قەبارەی نموونەکەش بریتییە لە نموونەی چاوپێکەوتنی نیمچە کراوە، کە (٢٨)کارمەند بە نموونە وەرگیراون لە ڕێکەوتی ٤/٦/٢٠٢٢ تا ٢٩/٨/٢٠٢٢. ئەنجامەکانی ئەم توێژینەوەیە ئەوەمان بۆ دەردەخەن،کە هۆکارەکانی خودی، کۆمەڵایەتی، ڕاگەیاندن، یاسایی و ڕێکخراوەکانی ئافرەتان هۆکاری سەرەکین بۆ دروستبوونی گرفت و ئەنجامدانی توندوتیژیی دژی ئافرەتان.
دور القيادة الابداعية وابعادها في تعزيز التسويق الريادي
Authors: روستم کاوە محمد , یابا بیژان حسین , السبعاوي یونس محمد خضر 
Published: December 2024

اجري هذا البحث لغرض معرفة العلاقة والأثر بين القيادة الابداعية وابعادها والتسويق الريادي لاراء عينة من المديرين ومسؤولي الشعب والوحدات في مصنع اسمنت كركوك. يمكن عرض مشكلة البحث من خلال التسأول الرئيسي الآتي:
كيف يمكن للقيادة الابداعية وابعادها ان يكون لها دور في تعزيز التسويق الريادي في العينة المبحوثة؟
ويمكن بيان اهمية البحث من خلال التعريف بمتغييرات الرئيسية في الجانبين النظري والميداني، وعلى ضوئها وضع الباحثون مخطط الفرضي للمعالجة المنهجية لمشكلة البحث، في حين قسم الباحثون فرضيات البحث الى فرضيات الارتباط وفرضيات التاثير، واجري الجانب العملي للبحث في مصنع اسمنت كركوك، وإجراء المقابلات وأخذ عينة من الإداريين والمختصين بموضوع متغيرات البحث ممن لديهم القدرة على الإجابة بشكل صحيح، ولقد استعان الباحث بالإستبانة في الجانب العملي للبحث معتمداً على مقياس ليكرت الخماسي في إختيار الإجابة الدقيقة بحيث شملت عينة البحث 84 فرداً في المصنع المذكور.
واتبع الباحث اسلوب المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وذلك كي تخرج تحديدا دقيقا لأهم المسببات الإيجابية والسلبية التي تخدم اهداف البحث، وتوصل الباحثون إلى وجود علاقة وتأثير بين المتغيرات الرئيسية، ومن أهم الإستنتاجات التي توصل اليها الباحثون ان اجابات معظم العينة تتفق بنسبة جيدة على وجود جميع المؤشرات الخاصة بالقيادة الابداعية وابعادها والتسويق الريادي اذ بلغ المتوسط الحسابي على مستوى جميع المتغييرات (3.7).
وفي الختام قام الباحثون بتقديم مجموعة من المقترحات منها تنمية روح الفريق وروح المبادرة وانشاء مناخ مناسب للابداع والابتكار وتشجيع العاملين على بذل الجهود من خلال اعطاء المكافآت المادية والمعنوية، و وضع خطط واستراتيجيات قيادية وبما يجعلها ذات توجه ريادي في العمليات التسويقية.
كلمات مفتاحية: القيادة الابداعية، التسويق الريادي، مصنع اسمنت كركوك
وێنەی دۆزەخ لە ( كۆمیدیای ) دانتی و ( ئەڤین ئاوی ژیانەی ) مەهاباد قەرداغیدا
Authors: خدر پەروین عەبدوڵا 
Published: December 2024

ئەم توێژینەوەیە لەژێر ناونیشانی (وێنەی دۆزەخ لە( كۆمیدیای ) دانتی و (ئەڤین ئاوی ژیانەی ) مەهاباد قەرداغی) دایە. هەوڵ دەدەین وێنەی دۆزەخ لای هەردوو نوسەر بخەینە ڕوو .
چەمكی دۆزەخ لەگەڵ ئاشنابوونمان بە ژیان لە هزری هەرتاكێكمان بوونی هەیە . هەریەك لە شارستانییەتە كۆنەكان و ئایینە ئاسمانییەكان و نائاسمانییەكان هەریەك بەپێیتێگەیشتن لە بنەما سەرەكییەكانی ئەم شارستانییە یان ئەو ئایینە وێنەی دۆزەخ لەهزرو بیریدا گەڵالە دەبێت . زۆربەی ئایینەكان زیاتر كار لەسەردوو بنەما گشتی دەكەن ، ئەویش (پاداشت وسزا)یە . وێنەی دۆزەخ و بەهەشت لەسەر ئەو بنەمایە بنیاتنراوە . كردەی چاك و باش بە بەهەشت پاداشت دەدرێتەوە ، بەپێچەوانەوەشەوە ئەوانەی كردەوەی خراپ و خراپەكاری ئەنجامدەدەن یان لەسەركردەوەی خراپە و خراپەكاری بەردەوامن ئەوا بەدۆزەخ سزا دەدرێنەوە . بیرۆكەی (بەهەشت ودۆزەخ ) لەناو شارستانییەتە كۆنەكان و ئایینە ئاسمانییەكان ونا ئاسمانییەكان تاڕادەیەك بیرۆكەكان لەیەكتریەوە نزیكن . ئەم وێنەیە پەریوەتەوە ناو ئەدەب بەتایبەتی لە شیعردا لە هەموو قوناغەكانی شیعردا بەرچاو دەكەوێت و لە دەقەكانی شاعیراندا ڕەنگی داوەتەوە . لەم توێژینەوەیەدا هەوڵدەدەین وێنەی دۆزەخ لە(كۆمیدیا) ی دانتی و (ئەڤین ئاوی ژیانە)ی مەهاباد قەرەداخی روونبكەینەوە .
Pengaruh Motion Graphic di SMK 54 Jakarta terhadap Peningkatan Pemahaman tentang Perpustakaan
Authors: Prakoso Ario Adi , Prayogo Muhamad Yanuar 
Published: December 2024

Penetapan Pandemi Covid-19 oleh pemerintah membuat banyak kegiatan yang gagal dilaksanakan. Salah satu contohnya yaitu kegiatan Masa Orientasi Siswa (MOS) di SMKN 54 Jakarta pada tahun ajaran 2021-2022 tidak dapat terlaksana, sehingga mengakibatkan siswa tidak mendapatkan pendidikan pemakai perpustakaan. Dampaknya banyak siswa yang tidak tahu tentang koleksi, layanan, dan fasilitas yang ada di perpustakaan. Pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menarik minat siswa dan siswi untuk lebih mengenal perpustakaan di SMKN 54 Jakarta dengan cara menggunakan motion graphic. Selain itu juga sekaligus untuk melaksanakan pendidikan pemakai yang sempat tidak terealisasikan selama masa pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian Pre Eksperimen desain dengan desain penelitian One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. Hasil uji normalitas pre-test mendapatkan nilai sebesar 0,117 > 0,05, dan pada post-test mendapatkan nilai sebesar 1,131 > 0,05 hal ini menunjukkan bahwa seluruh data terdistribusi secara normal. Hasil yang diperoleh dari paired sample t-test diperoleh nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,000 pada taraf signifikan 5%. Hasil 0,000 < 0,05 maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya signifikansi positif yang berarti bahwa hipotesis dalam penelitian ini diterima yakni adanya pengaruh motion graphic di SMKN 54 Jakarta terhadap peningkatan pemahaman tentang perpustakaan.