bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multidomain ribosomal protein trees and the planctobacterial origin of neomura (eukaryotes, archaebacteria)
Authors: Cavalier-Smith Thomas , Chao Ema E-Yung 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPalaeontologically, eubacteria are > 3× older than neomura (eukaryotes, archaebacteria). Cell biology contrasts ancestral eubacterial murein peptidoglycan walls and derived neomuran N-linked glycoprotein coats/walls. Misinterpreting long stems connecting clade neomura to eubacteria on ribosomal sequence trees (plus misinterpreted protein paralogue trees) obscured this historical pattern. Universal multiprotein ribosomal protein (RP) trees, more accurate than rRNA trees, are taxonomically undersampled. To reduce contradictions with genically richer eukaryote trees and improve eubacterial phylogeny, we constructed site-heterogeneous and maximum-likelihood universal three-domain, two-domain, and single-domain trees for 143 eukaryotes (branching now congruent with 187-protein trees), 60 archaebacteria, and 151 taxonomically representative eubacteria, using 51 and 26 RPs. Site-heterogeneous trees greatly improve eubacterial phylogeny and higher classification, e.g. showing gracilicute monophyly, that many ‘rDNA-phyla’ belong in Proteobacteria, and reveal robust new phyla Synthermota and Aquithermota. Monoderm Posibacteria and Mollicutes (two separate wall losses) are both polyphyletic: multiple outer membrane losses in Endobacteria occurred separately from Actinobacteria; neither phylum is related to Chloroflexi, the most divergent prokaryotes, which originated photosynthesis (new model proposed). RP trees support an eozoan root for eukaryotes and are consistent with archaebacteria being their sisters and rooted between Filarchaeota (=Proteoarchaeota, including ‘Asgardia’) and Euryarchaeota sensu-lato (including ultrasimplified ‘DPANN’ whose long branches often distort trees). Two-domain trees group eukaryotes within Planctobacteria, and archaebacteria with Planctobacteria/Sphingobacteria. Integrated molecular/palaeontological evidence favours negibacterial ancestors for neomura and all life. Unique presence of key pre-neomuran characters favours Planctobacteria only as ancestral to neomura, which apparently arose by coevolutionary repercussions (explained here in detail, including RP replacement) of simultaneous outer membrane and murein loss. Planctobacterial C-1 methanotrophic enzymes are likely ancestral to archaebacterial methanogenesis and β-propeller-α-solenoid proteins to eukaryotic vesicle coats, nuclear-pore-complexes, and intraciliary transport. Planctobacterial chaperone-independent 4/5-protofilament microtubules and MamK actin-ancestors prepared for eukaryote intracellular motility, mitosis, cytokinesis, and phagocytosis. We refute numerous wrong ideas about the universal tree.
Wind-Tunnel Simulation of Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layers with an Overlying Inversion
Authors: Hancock Philip E. , Hayden Paul 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFour cases of an overlying inversion imposed on a stable boundary layer are investigated, extending the earlier work of Hancock and Hayden (Boundary-Layer Meteorol 168:29–57, 2018), where no inversion was imposed. The inversion is imposed to one or other of two depths within the layer: midway or deep. Four cases of changed surface condition are also investigated, and it is seen that the surface and imposed conditions behave independently. A change of imposed inversion condition leaves the bottom 1/3 of the layer almost completely unaffected; a change of the surface condition leaves the top 2/3 unaffected. Comparisons are made against two sets of local-scaling systems over the full height of the boundary layer. Both show some influence of the inversion condition. The surface heat flux and the reduction in surface shear stress, and hence the ratio of the boundary-layer height to surface Obukhov length, are determined by the temperature difference across the surface layer (not the whole layer), bringing all cases together in single correlations as functions of a surface-layer bulk Richardson number.
Spatial and temporal variation of benthic macroinvertebrate communities along an urban river in Greater Manchester, UK
Authors: Medupin Cecilia 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUrban rivers face challenges of increased human activities which also affect river organisms. In order to enhance freshwater biodiversity in urban rivers, it is important to determine how the benthic macroinvertebrate communities are influenced by key abiotic factors. This was investigated in this paper through the study of the spatial and temporal variations of benthic macroinvertebrates and water quality variables at the urban River Medlock in Greater Manchester, UK. Samples were obtained from five sections of the catchment (S1 to S5) over a period of 14 months and the results were compared with the standard requirement of the European Union’s Water Framework Directives. Multivariate tests including SIMPER (similarity percentages), PCA (principal component analysis) and BIOENV (biological and environmental) were carried out on the data in order to determine the environmental variables which most influenced the benthic macroinvertebrates. PCA of environmental variables indicated that 34% of the overall variance was heavily weighted on nutrients and catchment area (negatively on altitude and slope), 17% represented river substrate and the 12% represented discharge. The BIOENV analysis also indicated altitude, slope, catchment area, discharge and conductivity as the variables which influenced the biological communities. SIMPER analysis showed a difference between the upper and lower sections of the river with some sensitive taxa at the upper sites and showed that more organisms are present during spring. Apart from the lowest section of the river, the EU Water Framework Directive classification showed that other sites achieved the ‘good ecological status’. While 32 taxa groups were identified, abundant Baetidae, Chironomidae and Oligochaeta were recorded at all sites and seasons. The scores for biotic indices Whalley Hawkes Paisley and Trigg (WHPT) and Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP) were found to be similar. By the application of surrogate variables such as percentage urban cover, catchment area and total number of organism, the influence of urbanisation could be seen in the abundance of organisms over time and space.
University Students’ Notion of Autism Spectrum Conditions: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: de Vries Marieke , Cader Sabrina , Colleer Lucy , Batteux Eleonore , Yasdiman Meryem Betul , Tan Yih Jiun , Sheppard Elizabeth 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCultural background might influence knowledge and attitudes regarding autism, influencing willingness to interact. We studied whether beliefs, knowledge, contact, and attitude differed between the UK and Malaysia. With mediation analyses, we studied how these factors influenced willingness to interact. Autism was more often linked to food in the UK, and to upbringing in Malaysia. Knowledge, contact, and acceptance were greater in the UK. When excluding psychology students, Malaysian students were less willing to interact with autistic people. Knowledge and contact appeared to improve acceptance, but acceptance did not mediate the relation between country, beliefs, knowledge, and experience; and willingness to interact. Knowledge and contact regarding autism might improve acceptance in different cultures, but how acceptance could improve interaction is unclear.
Write better, publish better
Authors: Marino Fages Diego 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThere is evidence that having more readable abstracts and introductions help authors get cited. I show that, in economics, there is also an effect of readability on the probability of publishing in a Top 5 journal (and in a higher-ranked journal in general). I compute readability measures for a set of working papers and examine the journals in which they get published. My results suggest that previous estimates of the effect on citations are downward biased, as higher-ranked journals are more widely read and cited.
Burden of illness of hip fractures in elderly Dutch patients
Authors: Kanters T. A. , van de Ree C. L. P. , de Jongh M. A. C. , Gosens T. , Hakkaart-van Roijen L. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Summary

Patients with hip fractures experience reduced health-related quality of life and have a reduced life expectancy. Patients’ utilization of healthcare leads to costs to society. The results of the study can be used in future economic evaluations of treatments for hip fractures.

Purpose
Hip fractures are associated with high mortality, reduced quality of life, and increased healthcare utilization, leading to an economic burden to society. The purpose of this study is to determine the burden of illness of hip fractures in elderly Dutch patients for specific time periods after surgery.

Methods
Patients with a hip fracture above the age of 65 were included in the study. In the 1-year period after surgery, patients were asked to complete a set of questionnaires pre-injury (retrospectively), and 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months after surgery. The set of questionnaires included the Euroqol 5D (EQ-5D-3L), the iMTA Medical Consumption Questionnaire (iMCQ) and iMTA Productivity Cost Questionnaire (iPCQ). Health-related quality of life was calculated using Dutch tariffs. Costs were calculated using the methodology described in the Dutch costing manual.

Results
Approximately 20% of patients with a hip fracture died within 1 year. Health-related quality of life was significantly reduced compared to pre-injury values, and patients did not recover to their pre-injury values within 1 year. Total costs in the first year after injury were €27,573, of which 10% were due to costs of the procedure (€2706). Total follow-up costs (€24,876) were predominantly consisting of healthcare costs. Monthly costs decreased over time.

Conclusions
Hip fractures lead to a burden to patients, resulting from mortality and health-related quality of life reductions, and to society, due to (healthcare) costs. The results of this study can be used in future economic evaluations.
Salivary Alpha-Amylase as a Biomarker of Stress in Behavioral Medicine
Authors: Ali Nida , Nater Urs M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn recent years, research in behavioral medicine has become increasingly focused on understanding how chronic and acute exposure to stress impacts health outcomes. During stress, the body’s physiological stress systems are activated. These systems closely interact with the immune system and are, thus, importantly implicated in the onset and maintenance of disease states. While much of the research in behavioral medicine that has investigated the effects of stress on disease has focused on the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and its downstream biomarker, cortisol, it is evident that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) also plays a crucial role in both the biological stress process and the manifestation and maintenance of stress-related symptoms. In recent years salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) has emerged as a valid and reliable marker of ANS activity in stress research and is therefore an important biomarker to consider in behavioral medicine. In this commentary, we will highlight research relevant for behavioral medicine that has utilized sAA measurements, both basally, and in response to stress, to examine ANS function in clinical populations. We will additionally summarize findings from studies that have examined the effects of various targeted interventions on changes in sAA levels. Through this, our aim is to present evidence that sAA can serve as a feasible biomarker of ANS (dys)function in health and disease. To this end, we will also highlight important methodological considerations for readers to keep in mind when including sAA assessments in their own studies. The overarching goal of this brief commentary is to highlight how a multidimensional approach toward physiological stress measurement can allow researchers to develop a better understanding of physical health and disease states.
„Unterstützte Erinnerung“ als Form der Wissensorganisation
Authors: Guerrini Flavia , Leitner Ulrich , Ralser Michaela 
Published: January 2020

ZusammenfassungMündliche und schriftliche Quellen validieren sich nicht gegenseitig. Vielmehr – so argumentieren die AutorInnen – stellen sie Erkenntnismittel im je eigenen Recht dar. Was sich ereignet, wenn – wie in der Heimgeschichteforschung nicht unüblich – die schriftliche Quelle der Jugendfürsorgeakte von den Interviewten, den ehemaligen Heimkindern, selbst als Erkenntnismittel und Erinnerungsstütze genutzt wird, davon handelt der vorliegende Beitrag. Er zeigt die Bedeutung der Fürsorgeakte im Rahmen biografischer Erinnerungsarbeit – gerade für Personen, die aufgrund ihrer spezifischen Aufwachsensbedingungen in Fremdunterbringungsinstitutionen vom üblicherweise zur Verfügung stehenden generationalen Gedächtnis ausgeschlossen sind. Der Beitrag dokumentiert und diskutiert den Gebrauch dieser spezifischen schriftlichen Quelle als Organisatorin und Ordnerin biografischer Wissensbestände, als Mobilisatorin und Mediatorin erinnerter Erfahrung, aber eben auch als aufklärungsbedürftige Falschmeldung, Fehldeutung und Leerstelle. Er zeigt beispielhaft den herausfordernden, aber letztlich gelingenden Umgang einer Interviewpartnerin mit der über sie angelegten Fürsorgeakte und gibt darüber hinaus Auskunft über die darin aufgeworfenen Fragen nach Gedächtnis, Erinnern und Repräsentation.
Dual processes in memory: Evidence from memory of time-of-occurrence of events
Authors: Sreekumar Vishnu , Yim Hyungwook , Zaghloul Kareem A. , Dennis Simon J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Bastin et al. present a framework that draws heavily on existing ideas of dual processes in memory in order to make predictions about memory deficits in clinical populations. It has been difficult to find behavioral evidence for multiple memory processes but we offer some evidence for dual processes in a related domain: memory for the time-of-occurrence of events.
The long-term indirect effect of the early Family Check-Up intervention on adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms via inhibitory control
Authors: Hentges Rochelle F. , Weaver Krug Chelsea M. , Shaw Daniel S. , Wilson Melvin N. , Dishion Thomas J. , Lemery-Chalfant Kathryn 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study examined the long-term effects of a randomized controlled trial of the Family Check-Up (FCU) intervention initiated at age 2 on inhibitory control in middle childhood and adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems. We hypothesized that the FCU would promote higher inhibitory control in middle childhood relative to the control group, which in turn would be associated with lower internalizing and externalizing symptomology at age 14. Participants were 731 families, with half (n = 367) of the families assigned to the FCU intervention. Using an intent-to-treat design, results indicate that the FCU intervention was indirectly associated with both lower internalizing and externalizing symptoms at age 14 via its effect on increased inhibitory control in middle childhood (i.e., ages 8.5–10.5). Findings highlight the potential for interventions initiated in toddlerhood to have long-term impacts on self-regulation processes, which can further reduce the risk for behavioral and emotional difficulties in adolescence.
Action coordination during a real-world task: Evidence from children with and without autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Trevisan Dominic A. , Enns James T. , Birmingham Elina , Iarocci Grace 
Published: January 2020

Abstract“Joint action”—the ability to coordinate actions with others—is critical for achieving individual and interpersonal goals and for our collective success as a species. Joint actions require accurate and rapid inferences about others’ goals, intentions, and focus of attention, skills that are thought to be impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Research to date has not investigated joint action abilities in individuals with ASD during real-world social interactions. We conducted an experimental study that required children with ASD and typically developing children to move tables by themselves or collaboratively through a maze. This involved developing innovative methodologies for measuringaction coordination—a critical component of the joint action process. We found that children with ASD are less likely to benefit from the collaboration of a peer than are typically developing children, and they are less likely to synchronize their steps when moving the table. However, these differences were masked when scaffolded by an adult. There was no evidence that ASD differences were due to gross motor delays in the participants with ASD. We argue that action coordination is a highly adaptive social process that is intrinsic to successful human functioning that manifests as atypical synchronization of mind and body in children with ASD.
Investigation of Raindrops Fall Velocity During Different Monsoon Seasons Over the Western Ghats, India
Authors: Das Subrata Kumar , Simon Sibin , Kolte Yogesh K. , Krishna U. V. Murali , Deshpande Sachin M. , Hazra Anupam 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUsing the Two‐Dimensional Video Disdrometer measurements, we investigated the fall velocity of raindrops at Mahabaleshwar (17.92°N, 73.6°E, ~1.4 km above mean sea level, AMSL), a tropical site on the Western Ghats of India. The analysis is for different seasons during 2012–2015. To increase the reliability and accuracy of analysis, the raindrops with diameters in the range 0.5–2 mm and horizontal wind speed < 2 m s−1 are considered. The observed raindrop fall velocities have been corrected for the effect of air density. The ratio between the observed velocity and calculated terminal velocity is considered for estimating superterminal (positively skewed; higher than terminal velocity) and subterminal (negatively skewed; lower than terminal velocity) raindrops. The distribution of these skewed raindrops and its relationship with rain rate, drop diameter, and axis ratio for different seasons has been examined. Results indicate the presence of superterminal and subterminal raindrops in definite proportion in all the season with a majority of the drops have a diameter less than 1 mm. It is found that most of the superterminal raindrops occur at rain rates below 5 mm hr−1, while subterminal raindrops are relatively higher above this rain rate. It is observed that the superterminal raindrops are usually small in size and prolate in shape, while the subterminal raindrops are relatively large and oblate in shape. The diurnal variation of these raindrops during different seasons is also studied.
Nonlinear Wave Growth Analysis of Whistler‐Mode Chorus Generation Regions Based on Coupled MHD and Advection Simulation of the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Ebihara Yusuke , Ikeda Takuya , Omura Yoshiharu , Tanaka Takashi , Fok Mei‐Ching 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe show the regions where nonlinear growth of whistler‐mode chorus waves is preferred to occur in the inner magnetosphere. A global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulation was used to obtain large‐scale electric and magnetic fields under the southward interplanetary magnetic field condition. With the electric and magnetic fields obtained by the MHD simulation, we ran a comprehensive inner magnetosphere‐ionosphere model to solve the evolution of phase space density of electrons. Hot electrons originating from the tail region drift sunward and penetrate deep into the inner region due to a combination of convection and substorm‐associated electric fields. Cold electrons also drift sunward, resulting in a contraction of the plasmasphere. We obtained the following results. (1) The whistler waves can first grow due to the linear mechanism (pitch angle anisotropy) in the premidnight‐prenoon region outside the plasmapause, followed by rapid, nonlinear mechanism accompanied with rising‐tone chorus elements. (2) When the solar wind speed is high, the whistler waves grow more efficiently due to linear and nonlinear mechanisms over a wider area because of deep penetration of hot electrons and the large contraction of the plasmasphere. This is consistent with the observation that the outer belt electrons increase for the fast solar wind. (3) For slow solar wind, the linear growth is mostly suppressed, but the nonlinear growth can still take place when external seed waves are present. This may explain the persistence of dawn chorus and large‐amplitude chorus waves that are often observed in the premidnight‐postdawn region in relatively weak geomagnetic activities.
Dependence of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field on Heliocentric Distance at 0.3–1.7 AU: A Six‐Spacecraft Study
Authors: Hanneson Cedar , Johnson Catherine L. , Mittelholz Anna , Al Asad Manar M. , Goldblatt Colin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe use magnetometer data taken simultaneously by MESSENGER, VEX, STEREO and ACE to characterize the variation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) with heliocentric distance, , for 1 AU. Power law fits () to the individual IMF components and magnitude indicate that, on average, the IMF is more tightly wound and its strength decreases less rapidly with than the Parker spiral prediction. During Solar Cycle 24, temporal changes in were insignificant, but changes in amplitude, , were correlated with sunspot number, up to sunspot number 84. MAVEN data taken at 1.4–1.7 AU since late 2014 broadly confirm and extend these results in space and time. Our study demonstrates the importance of simultaneous observations from multiple spacecraft to separate heliocentric distance and temporal variations in the IMF and provides a modern benchmark for comparison with data from the Parker Solar Probe Mission.
Impact of Aerosols From Urban and Shipping Emission Sources on Terrestrial Carbon Uptake and Evapotranspiration: A Case Study in East Asia
Authors: Huang Min , Crawford James H. , Carmichael Gregory R. , Santanello Joseph A. , Kumar Sujay V. , Stauffer Ryan M. , Thompson Anne M. , Weinheimer Andrew J. , Park Jun Dong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study quantifies the immediate influences of aerosols from urban anthropogenic and shipping emission sources on carbon and water fluxes in East Asia on a cloudy day in spring 2016 when strong regional pollution transport occurred and intensive field campaign measurements are available. Within National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s Land Information System (LIS), a long‐term offline Noah‐multiparameterization (MP) simulation with dynamic vegetation is performed. Modeled soil moisture and leaf area index are evaluated with satellite observations to ensure that land surface conditions are moderately well reproduced. The LIS output is then used to initialize several coupled NASA‐Unified Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations with online chemistry in which urban anthropogenic and shipping emissions are (1) largely based on the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution Phase 2 inventory for 2010, (2) reduced by 20% and 50% for all chemical species, and (3) adjusted only for nitrogen oxides (NOx) using satellite observations. Overall, modeled gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration almost linearly increase with the all‐species emission reductions, but their responses to emission‐induced aerosol optical depth (AOD) changes show strong spatial variability resulting from combined radiation and temperature impacts. Using satellite‐observation‐constrained NOx emissions, modeled nitrogen species and AOD better match various measurements at some locations/times. All‐species and NOx‐only emission adjustments lead to different gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration changes with AOD, especially over South Korea. This study demonstrates the importance of accurately quantifying emission impacts on atmosphere‐biosphere interactions. Improving more species' emission inputs for Earth system models, including applying effective chemical data assimilation methods, is strongly encouraged.