bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement Possibilities of Thoracic (C7-T12) and Lumbar (L1-L5) Curvature
Authors: Surya S , Shanmugam Dinesh , Subramaniyam Murali 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Spinal cord provides the support to withstand the weight of the human body. The lumbar and thoracic curves mostly represent the spine curvature of human. They are also used to determine the normality of the human spine. If the normality doesn’t exist these data are helpful in treating the human. Low back ache arises even if any of the curves shows abnormality. This study revolves around the available techniques or instruments in measuring of those mentioned curvatures and the standard of the instruments. Around the world, many countries have started collecting spine curvature data for more than five decades; however, India lacks in this field. Every instrument faces its own difficulties and providing its own advantages. Construction of one new machine which will be providing only the advantages is a hectic task. For collection of spine curvature data countries have developed various instruments such as (X-ray), Inclinometer, Arcometer, Goniometer, Flexicurve, Laser scanner, Fibre optic sensor, electromagnetic sensors, spinal mouse, etc.; some might not be accessible to Indian markets. Today, there is a die-hard need in developing of machine or instrument or technique which will overcome all the limitations that were provided by the above mentioned instruments.
Muscle Fatigue and Head Flexion Angle Analysis while using Smartphone
Authors: Ramnaath M , Sudharsan S , Sanjay Yadhav K , Bhanu Priya D , Subramaniyam Murali 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
With the introduction of smartphones, the frequency of usage gradually increased when compared with keypad phones. The statistics show that the number of smartphone users in India alone increased from 200 million to 400 million in 2015–2019. In general, most of the young adults spend an average of 3 to 4 hours daily. The extensive usage of a smartphone causes various disorders, including cervical/neck pain, shoulder pain. The objective is to measure and correlate the relationship between muscle fatigue and the head flexion angle. Also, to analyze the posture using RULA analysis. By utilizing both subjective evaluations through web-based survey and objective evaluation by using both mechanical sensors such as Gyroscope for neck angle measurement and biomedical sensors such as EMG sensor for muscle activity for 14 subjects of age 17 to 26. Head posture, including flexion angle, will be measured, and muscle activity will be observed while using a smartphone in a sitting posture for 1 hour. Expected to understand the correlation between head angle and muscle fatigue while using a smartphone.
Design and manufacturing of mimosa pudica inspired smart window and analysis of scale dependent constraints
Authors: Komaraju Bhavana , Battu Anudeep , Pavan Kumar K , Varadarajan Sudhir , Bingi Jayachandra 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Bio-inspired design is the practice where the form, function and behaviour of natural entities at different scales used for developing sustainable technologies. During this process, scaling up and miniaturization play an important role. The successful implementation or achievement of bio-inspired features in engineering systems depends on the scale at which the inspiration is taken. Hence the constraint analysis in scale up and miniaturization of bio-inspired design is an important aspect to study. The work take up the mimosa pudica as a bio-inspiration for smart window technology, analyze w.r.t its micro and macroscale design features. Unlike the other works, the macroscale features of mimosa pudica are taken as inspiration and microscale phenomena (Water molecular flow based turgor pressure etc.) are replaced with macroscale viable phenomena (electronics and sensors..). The macro feature inspired smart window is demonstrated with multiple working states. Further, the constraint analysis in the scaling up process of bio-inspired smart window is presented. The analysis indicates the advantages w.r.t accuracy and responding time at the cost of high power consumption and also posts the requirements to achieve the trade-off. This work also emphasizes on the significance of scale based design & constraint analysis, and importance of scale in bio-inspired engineering.
An Alternate Method for Finding Optimal Solution to Solid Transportation Problem under Fuzzy Environment
Authors: Vidhya V. , Ganesan K. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this paper we develop a new algorithm for the initial fuzzy basic feasible solution to a solid transportation problem with imprecise parameters. All the decision variables are assumed to be triangular fuzzy numbers. Using parametric form of triangular fuzzy numbers such as left fuzziness index, right fuzziness index, modal value and by using proposed algorithm we obtained the initial basic fuzzy feasible solution to the problem without changing to its crisp equivalent form. We further discuss the optimality by applying the modified distribution method. A numerical example is solved to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Conceptual Model Analysis on Effects of Detain in Construction Industry by Identifying Various Causes - A Case Study
Authors: Alami Florance , Krishnaraj L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In construction, the time extended further than the mentioned date in the document, or beyond the time decided on by the participants for the completion of a task is defined as the Detain. The study defines the main reasons and effects of detain in building sectors. Mind razing identified a variety of detained parameters in construction sector. In total, forty-six (46) variables were shortlisted from previews literatures to form part of the survey questionnaire and classified into nine (9) major parameters. Descriptive analysis, ranking analysis and simple percentages were used by SPSS software version 22 to analyze the data. Based on this research, the most contributing parameters are Contractor related parameters (Lack of interaction and synchronization between owner and contractor “86.6%”in Kabul and “73.3 %” in Chennai) Consultant related parameters (Poor site management & poor financial control on site “84.1%” in Kabul and “80.0 %” in Chennai); Owner related parameters (Selecting inappropriate contractors “76.8 %” in Kabul and “57.8%” in Chennai) participants selected and few advices were given to decrease and minimize detain in construction sector.
Visual Flow on Eye-Activity and Application of Learning Techniques for Visual Fatigue Analysis
Authors: Bhanu Priya D. , Jotheeswaran Jeevanandam , Subramaniyam Murali 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
All Smartphones have become a necessity rather than a utility. Not a single person can deny that our mobile phones go wherever we go. Phones were created as a means for more accessible communication over distance. The purpose of a phone has dramatically changed over the years by the technology advancement and the arrival of smartphones which provides many applications and make us stick to it. This study understands the correlation between the activity of eyes and flow level of the eye. Also, how the visual activity parameters are calculated will be discussed. This study enhances the understanding of visual fatigue caused due to the digital medium. Examine the subject’s eye flow level with smartphone and VDT utilisation. Besides, the application of learning algorithms, including machine learning/deep learning is massive with regards to analysing visual fatigue. The purpose of this study also going to discuss the application of both machine learning and deep learning on analysing visual fatigue caused by Digital Medium.
A study on mechanical and durability properties of coconut shell concrete using coconut fiber and sawdust
Authors: Prakash P , Anandh S , Sindhu Nachiar S , Gilbert Gilssy Mary 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Sawdust was used as a partial replacement material for sand in coconut shell concrete and coconut fiber were also added with concrete to enhance the properties. The mechanical and durability properties studied are compressive strength test, split tensile test, flexural test, impact test and water absorption, volume of permeable pore voids, rapid chloride penetration test, sorptivity respectively. From the test conducted, the properties of coconut shell concrete with coconut fiber and sawdust gave a better result.
Urban Sprawl Analysis Using Remote Sensing Data And Its Impact On Surface Water Bodies: Case Study Of Surat, India
Authors: Sridhar M B , Sathyanathan R , Subramani R , Sudalaimathu Karuppasamy 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Urbanization is the process in which population shifts from rural to cities or urban centers for an improved standard of living due to economic growth and development. As the migration rate increases, urban cities undergo major changes in land use and land cover which trigger several negative effects such as overcrowding, water scarcity, air pollution, loss of productive agricultural lands and forest cover. Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) are used for monitoring the emerging urbanization of the cities using satellite images. In this study, the land use land cover classification of Surat city has been studied for 26 years (1993-2019). The results showed that the urban built-up area in the city has increased by 175.2% over the years. In this study, the contemporary situation of surface water bodies of Surat city was examined by the intersection of urban land use areas and the digitized surface water bodies. The result reveals the reduction and disappearance of surface water bodies due to the encroachment of urban land-use. This study is done to raise the awareness paid for surface water management issues during the urban expansion process.
Calculation of three-layer composite beams using difference equations of successive approximation method
Authors: Filatov Vladimir , Gabbasov Radek , Quyen Hoang Thi Linh 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Beams are considered the most popular bending elements used in building structures. With the load-bearing capacity and production characteristics, it is possible to use many different materials to combine them into beams to receive high economic-technical efficiency. Besides, because of the development of structural material industry, the manufacturing and construction technology, the form of beams is as diverse as composite wood beams, foundation beams, force-sensitive composite beams prior to installation grafting, steel-concrete combination beams. So there are many researches about solving the problems of multi-layer structures in general and multi-layer beams in particular by different calculation methods. In this paper, based on the theory of multi-layer composite rods and plates of A.R Rzhanitsyn the solutions of calculation analysis of three-layer beams that is subjected to discontinuous loads using difference equations of successive approximation method (MSA) are presented. The obtained results with good convergence show high accuracy of the numerical method with the use of difference equations of successive approximation method.
Non-linear optimization of frames with variable section stiffness of columns using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Thuy Van Tran Thi , Trung Kien Nguyen 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Recently, in structural engineering, many main elements in structural systems such as columns or girders are designed with variable cross-section for certain purposes. In addition, in order to determine the appropriate sizes or suitable shapes of structural elements for optimal volume of material under the effect of certain loading or with the given sizes of elements the structures can be subjected maximum loading, it is required to studied the optimization problem. This paper presents the non-linear weight optimization problem of frames with variable section stiffness of columns according to the strength, stiffness and stability criteria with the help of finite element method. The non-linear optimization problem is solved by the Genetic Algorithm. The calculation procedure of non-linear optimization of plane frames with variable section stiffness of columns is established and implemented using Matlab calculation programming software. From the results of numerical examples, the conclusions and recommendations will be proposed.
To the dynamically loaded reinforced-concrete elements’ calculation in the absence of adhesion between concrete and reinforcement
Authors: Tamrazyan A G , Popov D S , Ubysz A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This work is devoted to the methodology for calculating the compressed reinforced concrete elements under dynamic loading, which takes into account the lack of adhesion of tensile reinforcement to concrete. As experiments have shown, the lack of adhesion between concrete and reinforcement leads not only to a decrease in the bearing capacity, but also to a qualitative change in the strain diagrams’ shape in the sections. The calculations according to the current regulatory documents do not take into account the fact that the reinforcement does not adhere to concrete, as a result, it is difficult to determine the actual bearing capacity of the element. The dynamic impact of loads adds complexity to these types of calculations. This approach makes it possible to perform the calculation in the elastic, elastoplastic and plastic stages of work, while taking into account the absence of reinforcement adhesion with concrete in determining the height of the concrete compressed zone.
Finite-element analysis of plate stability under conditions of nonlinear creep
Authors: Yazyev S B , Chepurnenko A S , Lapina A P , Xuanzhen Song 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Resolving equations are obtained for the finite element analysis of the stability of plates and shells with allowance for nonlinear creep. The issue of plate stability under creep process is investigated by the example of a round plate rigidly clamped along the contour with an initial deflection under the action of radial compressive forces. It has been established that for plates made of a material that obeys the nonlinear Maxwell-Gurevich law, there is a long critical load p
∞. When the load is less than the long critical (p < p∞), the deflection growth rate decays, i.e. buckling does not occur, at p = p∞ the deflection increases at a constant speed, and at p > p
∞, the rate of growth of the deflection increases.
Behavior of corrosion-damaged compressed reinforced concrete elements under dynamic loading
Authors: Tamrazyan A G , Mineev M S , Fedorov V S 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The article discusses the issues related to the operation of compressed corroded reinforced concrete elements under dynamic (shock) impacts. The experimental data of the samples subjected to flow-accelerated corrosion are presented. Modeling of such samples was carried out by means of the Ansys software package. In this paper we present a static and dynamic calculation of the experimental samples in the Ansys software package.
The breaking load comparison of the samples obtained during the experimental tests and in the Ansys software package, which has fairly good convergence, is made. The comparison of the experimental and obtained as a result of calculation in Ansys diagrams of the corroded-damaged reinforced concrete element and tensile reinforcement concrete compressed zone deformation is presented. The values of dynamic hardening coefficient were obtained for the first time depending on the corrosion damage section’s length.
The energy method for calculating the cantilever strip bending flat form stability taking into account its own weight development
Authors: Yazyev S B , Zotov I M , Lapina A P , Chepurnenko A S , Vysokovskiy D A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
An effective version of the energy method is recommended when calculating the rectangular cantilever strips for stability of a flat bending shape taking into account its own weight. The essence of this method’s variant is to use the Lagrange variational principle instead of the condition for the potential strain energy equality and the external forces work. The proposed approach makes it possible to perform the calculations’ machine implementation and take into account an arbitrary number of the series members. The solution to the problem for the cantilever beam is presented taking into account its own weight and the concentrated force action.
Calculation of Damage to Buildings and Structures by Lightning According to the Thunderstorms’ Visual and Instrumental Observations
Authors: Adzhiev A Kh , Gyatov R A , Kerefova Z M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The materials and construction of buildings and structures used should be linked to the number of lightning strikes per year. Lightning protection of buildings and structures should be based on the parameters of thunderstorms in the territory of the project design. Thunderstorm is one of the most dangerous meteorological phenomena. Both ground objects and aircrafts are affected by thunderstorm activity: airplanes and rockets. The main objective of this work is a comparative assessment of the buildings and structures impact by lightning, depending on the methodology for determining the thunderstorms duration in hours for the territories in the North Caucasus. The analysis on the basis of data from the thunderstorm direction finding net (TDFN) of the FSI “VGI” and data from weather stations has been performed. To solve this problem, a study on the relationship between the number of days with a thunderstorm and the duration of thunderstorms in hours for the territories in the North Caucasus has been performed on the FSI “VGI” (TDFN) data basis. In order to determine the above-mentioned statistical characteristics of thunderstorms and their variations in the North Caucasus, for the first time in Russia, the LS 8000 lightning recorder manufactured by “Vaisala” Finland was used.
The design criteria evaluation for the rigidity of the structure foundation with various models for moving the grillage and head wall
Authors: Degtyarev V G , Kozhenko N V , Bakhtamyan N A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Taking into account the nonlinearity of the soil during geotechnical calculation, including modeling the base stiffness, makes it possible to correctly determine the structures’ stress-strain state (SSS), as well as to consider their work in the base – foundation – structure system.
The work research of two-layer combined reinforced elements in pure bending
Authors: Zhurtov A V , Edokov R A , Khutezhev A Kh , Stas N N 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The experimental-theoretical studies’ results on the work of two-layer combined reinforced elements with pure bending are presented. The full-scale tests of single-layer and two-layer elements with combined reinforcement showed that the vermiculite-concrete layer increases stiffness and crack resistance by 15–20%. The proposed numerical method for calculating the bilayer elements on bending forces provides high convergence (95%) with the full-scale experiments’ results.
Analysis of various factors’ influence on the interaction forces of the concrete element’s steel case and core
Authors: Peresypkin E N , Peresypkin S E , Tutarishev B Z , Tutarishev Z N 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Pipe-concrete structures are effectively used in the high-rise and long-span structures’ construction. This complex material has the properties that distinguish them from the conventional metal and reinforced concrete structures. However, the wider use of pipe concrete in construction, despite a large number of studies, is constrained by the lack of documents governing the calculation, design, production process technology and rather significant discrepancies in the experimental data of various authors on determining the interaction forces of the concrete element’s case and core. This is explained by the influence on their size: the method of applying the load (axial or with eccentricity, to the entire cross section or only to the core), its action duration, the ratio of the wall thickness to the cross section size, deformability and strength of concrete, the ratio of steel and concrete amount in the cross section. In this paper, based on the solution of the Lame problem for a circular cylinder, we obtain the formulas for the interaction forces between the core and the case, taking into account various factors. The yield strength of the case steel and the ultimate deformation of the concrete core are accepted as the criteria for the structure’s strength. Axial compression is considered without loss of shape stability, i.e. with a structure length not exceeding the five cross-sectional diameters, which usually corresponds to the length of columns in civil buildings.
Determination of the ultimate load for centrally compressed concrete filled steel tubular columns based on the deformation theory of plasticity
Authors: Grigoryan M N , Urvachev P M , Chepurnenko A S , Polyakova T V 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The article presents a methodology for determining the stress-strain state and breaking load for concrete filled steel tubular columns in a physically non-linear setting. The calculation is performed step by step, for each step in the load, the problem is reduced to a system of three linear algebraic equations. The results are compared with known analytical dependences, as well as with the results of calculations in a three-dimensional formulation using the finite element method.
Architectural bionics and the search for optimal solutions in the unique structures’ design
Authors: Mayatskaya I A , Yazyeva S B , Lapina A P , Davydova V V 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The problem of the building structures’ optimization is considered in architectural bionic modeling on the bionic principles’ basis. The architects realize that the plastic of buildings can be completely arbitrary, but nature provides them with the best solutions. For this, it is necessary to study the structural laws of natural objects and use the ideas for both the structural elements and the entire structure when designing. For the further use of various materials in construction, it is necessary to take into account the variety of architectural solutions. Bionics makes it possible to find the most unusual in form and optimal in structure designs for the design of a wide variety of structures.
Experience in architectural renovation of the cultural objects and the monuments of historical heritage
Authors: Berdnik T O 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The article explores the phenomenon of the architectural structures’ renovation, which are the objects of cultural and historical heritage. The renovation concept of an architectural monument located on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory in the Russian Federation is given. An art history analysis of the artistic, compositional and stylistic features of the object’s architecture is carried out in the context of its belonging to the type of a country estate of the late XIX - early XX centuries. The design solution of the interiors, exteriors of the building and the surrounding area is presented. A historical reference is given on the building operation from the time of its construction until the decision on the need for renovation. The article describes the condition of the object before renovation, as well as those changes that have been made to the appearance of the building and its planning structure, which made it possible to give it the elite suburban housing function. The conclusion is made about the cultural significance and economic efficiency of the historical heritage objects’ renovation in the context of the tourist infrastructure development in the region.