bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 15 Dissolution – carbonates
Authors: Edmonds Clive N. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The dissolution of limestone and chalk (soluble carbonates) through geological time can lead to the creation of naturally formed cavities in the rock. The cavities can be air, water, rock or soil infilled and can occur at shallow levels within the carbonate rock surface or at deeper levels below. Depending upon the geological sequence, as the cavities break down and become unstable they can cause overlying rock strata to settle and tilt and also collapse of non-cemented strata and superficial deposits as voids migrate upwards to the surface. Natural cavities can be present in a stable or potentially unstable condition. The latter may be disturbed and triggered to cause ground instability by the action of percolating water, loading or vibration. The outcrops of various limestones and chalk occur widely across the UK, posing a significant subsidence hazard to existing and new land development and people. In addition to subsidence they can also create a variety of other problems such as slope instability, generate pathways for pollutants and soil gas to travel along and impact all manner of engineering works. Knowledge of natural cavities is essential for planning, development control and the construction of safe development.
Chapter 16 Geohazards caused by gypsum and anhydrite in the UK: including dissolution, subsidence, sinkholes and heave
Authors: Cooper Anthony H. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Gypsum and anhydrite are both soluble minerals that form rocks that can dissolve at the surface and underground, producing sulphate karst and causing geological hazards, especially subsidence and sinkholes. The dissolution rates of these minerals are rapid and cavities/caves can enlarge and collapse on a human time scale. In addition, the hydration and recrystallization of anhydrite to gypsum can cause considerable expansion and pressures capable of causing uplift and heave. Sulphate-rich water associated with the deposits can react with concrete and be problematic for construction. This paper reviews the occurrence of gypsum and anhydrite in the near surface of the UK and looks at methods for mitigating, avoiding and planning for the problems associated with these rocks.
Chapter 3 Tsunami hazard with reference to the UK
Authors: Giles David Peter 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Tsunami present a significant geohazard to coastal and water-body marginal communities worldwide. Tsunami, a Japanese word, describes a series of waves that, once generated, travel across open water with exceptionally long wavelengths and with very high velocities before shortening and slowing on arrival at a coastal zone. Upon reaching land, these waves can have a devastating effect on the people and infrastructure in those environments. With over 12 000 km of coastline, the British Isles is vulnerable to the tsunami hazard. A significant number of potential tsunami source areas are present around the entire landmass, from plate tectonic boundaries off the Iberian Peninsula to the major submarine landslides in the northern North Sea to more localized coastal cliff instability which again has the potential to generate a tsunami. Tsunami can be generated through a variety of mechanisms including the sudden displacement of the sea floor in a seismic event as well as submarine and onshore landslides displacing a mass of water. This review presents those impacts together with a summary of tsunami triggers and UK case histories from the known historic catalogue. Currently, apart from some very sensitive installations, there is very little in the UK in the way of tsunami management and mitigation strategies. A situation that should be urgently addressed both on a local and national level.
Chapter 6 Collapsible Soils in the UK
Authors: Culshaw M. G. , Northmore K. J. , Jefferson I. , Assadi-Langroudi A. , Bell F. G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Metastable soils may collapse because of the nature of their fabric. Generally speaking, these soils have porous textures, high void ratios and low densities. They have high apparent strengths at their natural moisture content, but large reductions of void ratio take place upon wetting and, particularly, when they are loaded because bonds between grains break down upon saturation. Worldwide, there is a range of natural soils that are metastable and can collapse, including loess, residual soils derived from the weathering of acid igneous rocks and from volcanic ashes and lavas, rapidly deposited and then desiccated debris flow materials such as some alluvial fans; for example, in semi-arid basins, colluvium from some semi-arid areas and cemented, high salt content soils such as some sabkhas. In addition, some artificial non-engineered fills can also collapse. In the UK, the main type of collapsible soil is loess, though collapsible non-engineered fills also exist. Loess in the UK can be identified from geological maps, but care is needed because it is usually mapped as ‘brickearth’. This is an inappropriate term and it is suggested here that it should be replaced, where the soils consist of loess, by the term ‘loessic brickearth’. Loessic brickearth in the UK is found mainly in the south east, south and south west of England, where thicknesses greater than 1 m are found. Elsewhere, thicknesses are usually less than 1 m and, consequently, of limited engineering significance. There are four steps in dealing with the potential risks to engineering posed by collapsible soils: (1) identification of the presence of a potentially collapsible soil using geological and geomorphological information; (2) classification of the degree of collapsibility, including the use of indirect correlations; (3) quantification of the degree of collapsibility using laboratory and/or
in situ
testing; (4) improvement of the collapsible soil using a number of engineering options.
Chapter 7 Quick clay behaviour in sensitive Quaternary marine clays – a UK perspective
Authors: Giles David Peter 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The term quick clay has been used to denote the behaviour of highly sensitive Quaternary marine clays that, due to post depositional processes, have the tendency to change from a relatively stiff condition to a liquid mass when disturbed. On failure these marine clays can rapidly mobilise into high velocity flow slides and spreads often completely liquefying in the process. For a clay to be defined as potentially behaving as a quick clay in terms of its geotechnical parameters it must have a sensitivity (the ratio of undisturbed to remoulded shear strength) of greater than 30 together with a remoulded shear strength of less than 0.5 kPa. The presence of quick clays in the UK is unclear, but the Quaternary history of the British islands suggests that the precursor conditions for their formation could be present and should be considered when undertaking construction in the coastal zone.
The Lymphatic Cell Environment Promotes Kaposi Sarcoma Development by Prox1-Enhanced Productive Lytic Replication of Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes Virus
Authors: Choi Dongwon , Park Eunkyung , Kim Kyu Eui , Jung Eunson , Seong Young Jin , Zhao Luping , Madhavan Shrimika , Daghlian George , Lee Hansuh H. , Daghlian Patill T. , Daghlian Saren , Bui Khoa , Koh Chester J. , Wong Alex K. , Cho Il-Taeg , Hong Young-Kwon 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Kaposi sarcoma is the most common cancer in human immunodeficiency virus–positive individuals and is caused by Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV). It is believed that a small number of latently infected Kaposi sarcoma tumor cells undergo spontaneous lytic reactivation to produce viral progeny for infection of new cells. Here, we use matched donor-derived human dermal blood and lymphatic endothelial cells (BEC and LEC, respectively) to show that KSHV-infected BECs progressively lose viral genome as they proliferate. In sharp contrast, KSHV-infected LECs predominantly entered lytic replication, underwent cell lysis, and released new virus. Continuous lytic cell lysis and de novo infection allowed LEC culture to remain infected for a prolonged time. Because of the strong propensity of LECs toward lytic replication, LECs maintained virus as a population, despite the death of individual host cells from lytic lysis. The master regulator of lymphatic development, Prox1, bound the promoter of the RTA gene to upregulate its expression and physically interacted with RTA protein to coregulate lytic genes. Thus, LECs may serve as a proficient viral reservoir that provides viral progeny for continuous de novo infection of tumor origin cells, and potentially BECs and mesenchymal stem cells, which give rise to Kaposi sarcoma tumors. Our study reveals drastically different host cell behaviors between BEC and LEC and defines the underlying mechanisms of the lymphatic cell environment supporting persistent infection in Kaposi sarcoma tumors.

Significance:
This study defines the mechanism by which Kaposi's sarcoma could be maintained by virus constantly produced by lymphatic cells in HIV-positive individuals.
TCR Repertoire Changes during TIL Expansion: Clonal Selection or Drifting?
Authors: Lozano-Rabella Maria , Gros Alena 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
T-cell receptor β analysis can be exploited to monitor changes in the clonotypic composition of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) during ex vivo expansion in IL2. Oligoclonal TILs are often outgrown by infrequent clonotypes with greater proliferative capacity, and this could impact the antitumor reactivity of the expanded TILs.
See related article by Poschke et al., p. 4289
Endogenous Retrovirus Transcript Levels Are Associated with Immunogenic Signatures in Multiple Metastatic Cancer Types
Authors: Topham James T. , Titmuss Emma , Pleasance Erin D. , Williamson Laura M. , Karasinska Joanna M. , Culibrk Luka , Lee Michael K.C. , Mendis Shehara , Denroche Robert E. , Jang Gun-Ho , Kalloger Steve E. , Wong Hui-Li , Moore Richard A. , Mungall Andrew J. , O'Kane Grainne M. , Knox Jennifer J. , Gallinger Steven , Loree Jonathan M. , Mager Dixie L. , Laskin Janessa , Marra Marco A. , Jones Steven J.M. , Schaeffer David F. , Renouf Daniel J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNext-generation sequencing of solid tumors has revealed variable signatures of immunogenicity across tumors, but underlying molecular characteristics driving such variation are not fully understood. Although expression of endogenous retrovirus (ERV)-containing transcripts can provide a source of tumor-specific neoantigen in some cancer models, associations between ERV levels and immunogenicity across different types of metastatic cancer are not well established. We performed bioinformatics analysis of genomic, transcriptomic, and clinical data across an integrated cohort of 199 patients with metastatic breast, colorectal, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumors. Within each cancer type, we identified a subgroup of viral mimicry tumors in which increased ERV levels were coupled with transcriptional signatures of autonomous antiviral response and immunogenicity. In addition, viral mimicry colorectal and pancreatic tumors showed increased expression of DNA demethylation gene TET2. Taken together, these data demonstrate the existence of an ERV-associated viral mimicry phenotype across three distinct metastatic cancer types, while indicating links between ERV abundance, epigenetic dysregulation, and immunogenicity.
Food habits of the Cougar Puma concolor (Carnivora: Felidae) in the Central Andes of the Colombian Coffee Region
Authors: Muñoz Castillo Diana Camila , Perry Arbeláez Pauline , Arias-Monsalve Héctor Fabio , Ramírez-Chaves Héctor E. 
Published: June 2020

The feeding habits of the cougar have been scarcely studied in Colombia, despite its importance in the ecosystems it inhabits. In this study, we analysed the diet of the cougar using 53 feces samples collected from several sites in the Central Andes of Colombia’s Coffee Growing Region. To identify prey species, we examined and compared bone fragments and hairs found in each sample with descriptions published in relevant literature and with specimens from the Natural History Museum of the Universidad de Caldas, Colombia. We found that rabbits (Sylvilagus sp.) provided half of the relative biomass consumed by the cougar (50%). Other preys identified belong to representatives of medium and large mammals such as marsupials (Didelphis: 10%), sloths (Choloepus: 9%), rodents (Coendou: 10%, Cuniculus: 9%), and deer (Mazama: 9%). Of the preys, Coendou rufescens has not, to our knowledge, been previously included in cougar diet literature. The curve of accumulation of species indicated that the number of samples obtained in this work fully describe the diet of this feline. Neither domestic species were recorded in this work, nor were there any relationships between the dry or rainy seasons and the consumption of prey species. The comparison of the information reported in this study and others carried out in the Andes may indicate the general nature of this feline’s diet and its adaptability to the prey species found in each area, since these vary in each one of them. It is probable that the obtained trophic niche value (0.33) is due to the abundance of rabbits present in the study area. It is also probable that the cougar has not consumed domestic species since, although it is close to cattle ranches, it has enough of wild prey in the area to supply its needs. The results of this study may help to improve our understanding of the feeding habits of this predator and its interaction with other species in this important region of Colombia. This will, in turn, promote major comprehension of the role of cougars in the Colombian Cordilleras and lead actions for their conservation.
Differential Impact of Aging on Cardiovascular Risk in Women Military Service Members
Authors: Chen Xiaofei , Ramanan Bala , Tsai Shirling , Jeon‐Slaughter Haekyung 
Published: June 2020

Background

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (
ASCVD
) is the third leading cause of death in women service members and veterans. This study assessed 10‐year
ASCVD
risk in women service members and veterans using their own electronic health record data extracted from Veterans Affairs (
VA
) national Corporate Data Warehouse database.

Methods and Results

We retrospectively followed 69 574
VA
women, aged 30 to 79 years, from 2007 to 2017. Of these, 52% were whites (n=36 172), 42% were blacks (n=29 232), and 6% were Hispanics (n=4171). Risk factors and
ASCVD
events (nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, and cardiac deaths) were identified using diagnostic and procedural codes from electronic health records. Then, within the same construct of the current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 10‐year
ASCVD
risk assessment models for women, coefficients for risks factors were recalculated using the
VA
national electronic health record data, stratified by race (hereafter,
VA
women model). Our study found a curvilinear association of aging with increased risk of 10‐year
ASCVD
event in
VA
women starting at ages as young as 30 years across all race groups. The
VA
women model performance in predicting
ASCVD
events at 10 years was mixed‐moderate in discrimination (C statistics, 0.61–0.64) but good in accuracy, as demonstrated by calibration plots approximating a 45° line.

Conclusions

The study finding, a curvilinear association of aging with increased
ASCVD
risk in
VA
women across all races, demonstrates the need for cardiovascular risk screening of younger
VA
women, aged <45 years.
Using Specialised Anti-Corruption Agencies to Combat Pervasive Corruption in Nigeria: A Critical Review of the ICPC and EFCC
Authors: Abdulrauf Lukman Adebisi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The use of specialised anti-corruption agencies (ACAs) to combat corruption is increasingly popular among African countries. This is no surprise considering the successes these agencies have recorded elsewhere in the world, on the strength of which they have been described as ‘the most innovative feature of the anti-corruption movement of the last two decades’. Yet while ACAs have been successful in other parts of the world, the same cannot be said of those in Africa generally and Nigeria in particular. Even with two ACAs – the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) and Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) – corruption continues to soar in the country, making it necessary to examine the flaws of Nigeria’s ACAs. Focusing on a number of key characteristics of ACAs, this article analyses the role of the ICPC and EFCC in combating corruption in Nigeria. The main question the article seeks to answer is why corruption should be on the increase despite the fact that two specialised ACAs have been in existence for close to two decades.
Appraising Grazing Laws in Nigeria. Pastoralists versus Farmers
Authors: Mrabure Kingsley O. , Awhefeada Ufuoma V. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The paper highlights the historical development of grazing reserves in Nigeria, the recent violent clashes between pastoralists and farmers taking into consideration the effects of grazing on land, causes and consequences of farmer-pastoralist conflicts and the adequacy of grazing laws. The paper contends that the Grazing Reserve Law 1965 applicable only to States in Northern part of Nigeria have not adequately curb the incessant clashes between pastoralists and farmers and that some provisions of the National Grazing Reserve (Establishment) Bill 2016 conflict with farmers’ inalienable right to property as entrenched in the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria (as amended) and protection of propriety rights in land under the Land Use Act. The paper concludes by stating unambiguously that for lasting peace to reign between farmers and pastoralists. States should enact anti-grazing laws has done by Ekiti State which brought relative peace between pastoralists and farmers in the State.
An Integrative Total Worker Health Framework for Keeping Workers Safe and Healthy During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Dennerlein Jack T. , Burke Lisa , Sabbath Erika L. , Williams Jessica A. R. , Peters Susan E. , Wallace Lorraine , Karapanos Melissa , Sorensen Glorian 
Published: June 2020

Objective The aim was to recommend an integrated Total Worker Health (TWH) approach which embraces core human factors and ergonomic principles, supporting worker safety, health, and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Background COVID-19 has resulted in unprecedented challenges to workplace safety and health for workers and managers in essential businesses, including healthcare workers, grocery stores, delivery services, warehouses, and distribution centers. Essential workers need protection, accurate information, and a supportive work environment with an unwavering focus on effective infection control. Method The investigators reviewed emerging workplace recommendations for reducing workers’ exposures to the novel coronavirus and the challenges to workers in protecting their health. Using a theoretical framework and guidelines for integrating safety and health management systems into an organization for TWH, the investigators adapted the framework’s key characteristics to meet the specific worker safety and health issues for effective infection control, providing supports for increasing psychological demands while ensuring a safe work environment. Results The recommended approach includes six key characteristics: focusing on working conditions for infection control and supportive environments for increased psychological demands; utilizing participatory approaches involving workers in identifying daily challenges and unique solutions; employing comprehensive and collaborative efforts to increase system efficiencies; committing as leaders to supporting workers through action and communications; adhering to ethical and legal standards; and using data to guide actions and evaluate progress. Conclusion Applying an integrative TWH approach for worker safety, health, and well-being provides a framework to help managers systematically organize and protect themselves, essential workers, and the public during the COVID-19 pandemic. Application By using the systems approach provided by the six implementation characteristics, employers of essential workers can organize their own efforts to improve system performance and worker well-being during these unprecedented times.
A Multimodal Multi‐institutional Solution to Remote Medical Student Education for Otolaryngology During COVID‐19
Authors: Ruthberg Jeremy S. , Quereshy Humzah A. , Ahmadmehrabi Shadi , Trudeau Stephen , Chaudry Emaan , Hair Bryan , Kominsky Alan , Otteson Todd D. , Bryson Paul C. , Mowry Sarah E. 
Published: June 2020

During the coronavirus 2019 pandemic, there has been a surge in production of remote learning materials for continued otolaryngology resident education. Medical students traditionally rely on elective and away subinternship experiences for exposure to the specialty. Delays and cancellation of clinical rotations have forced medical students to pursue opportunities outside of the traditional learning paradigm. In this commentary, we discuss the multi‐institutional development of a robust syllabus for medical students using a multimodal collection of resources. Medical students collaborated with faculty and residents from 2 major academic centers to identify essential otolaryngology topics. High‐quality, publicly available, and open‐access content from multiple sources were incorporated into a curriculum that appeals to a variety of learners. Multimodal remote education strategies can be used as a foundation for further innovation aimed at developing tomorrow’s otolaryngologists.
Patient‐Worn Enhanced Protection Face Shield for Flexible Endoscopy
Authors: Anon Jack B. , Denne Carter , Rees Darcy 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesThe primary objective of this study was to compare the protection afforded by a standard face shield design with a new enhanced design in a controlled setting.MethodsThis study was exempted from review by institutional review board waiver. A flexible fiberoptic endoscopy was placed through stellate openings in the standard face shield and the enhanced face shield. A series of simulated coughs were created with bursts of fluorescein dye through an atomizer tip placed within the test participant’s mouth. Ultraviolet lighting illuminated the test area, and areas of dye splatter were noted.ResultsFluorescein dye is easily aerosolized along the lateral inferior aspect of a standard shield with significant contamination of the surrounds. The enhanced face shield maintained a barrier to the aerosolized dye.DiscussionFace shields, rather than face masks, should be considered a preferred alternative for the public and for health care professionals alike, as they address many of the personal protective equipment concerns especially during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Otolaryngologists are at high risk from aerosol‐generating procedures, such as flexible fiberoptic endoscopy, even when wearing personal protective equipment. Here we describe a uniquely designed face shield to be worn by the patient as another layer of protection for the environment and for medical personnel.Implications for PracticeDuring the course of a flexible fiberoptic endoscopy, medical personnel are safely isolated from potential infectious particles with a newly designed face shield.