bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological characterization of domatium development in Callicarpa saccata
Authors: Sarath Emma , Ezaki Kazune , Sasaki Takenori , Maekawa Yu , Sawada Yuji , Hirai Masami Yokota , Soejima Akiko , Tsukaya Hirokazu 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background and aims
Domatia are plant structures within which organisms reside. Callicarpa saccata (Lamiaceae) is the sole myrmecophyte, or ‘ant plant’, that develops foliar (leaf-borne) myrmeco-domatia in this genus. In this work we examined domatium development in C. saccata to understand the developmental processes behind pouch-like domatia.

Methods
Scanning electron microscopy, sectioning and microcomputed tomography were carried out to compare the leaves of C. saccata with those of the closely related but domatia-less myrmecophyte Callicarpa subaequalis, both under cultivation without ants.

Key results
Callicarpa saccata domatia are formed as a result of excess cell proliferation at the blade/petiole junctions of leaf primordia. Blade/petiole junctions are important meristematic sites in simple leaf organogenesis. We also found that the mesophyll tissue of domatia does not clearly differentiate into palisade and spongy layers.

Conclusions
Rather than curling of the leaf margins, a perturbation of the normal functioning of the blade/petiole junction results in the formation of domatium tissue. Excess cell proliferation warps the shape of the blade and disturbs the development of the proximal–distal axis. This process leads to the generation of distinct structures that facilitate interaction between C. saccata and ants.
On the marginal likelihood and cross-validation
Authors: Fong E , Holmes C C 
Published: November 2019

SummaryIn Bayesian statistics, the marginal likelihood, also known as the evidence, is used to evaluate model fit as it quantifies the joint probability of the data under the prior. In contrast, non-Bayesian models are typically compared using cross-validation on held-out data, either through $k$-fold partitioning or leave-$p$-out subsampling. We show that the marginal likelihood is formally equivalent to exhaustive leave-$p$-out crossvalidation averaged over all values of $p$ and all held-out test sets when using the log posterior predictive probability as the scoring rule. Moreover, the log posterior predictive score is the only coherent scoring rule under data exchangeability. This offers new insight into the marginal likelihood and cross-validation, and highlights the potential sensitivity of the marginal likelihood to the choice of the prior. We suggest an alternative approach using cumulative cross-validation following a preparatory training phase. Our work has connections to prequential analysis and intrinsic Bayes factors, but is motivated in a different way.
Secular trend of the skeletal maturation in relation to peak height velocity–a comparison between two groups of children born 1969-1973 and 1996-2000
Authors: Miltenburg Caspersen Louise , Sonnesen Liselotte 
Published: November 2019

SummaryBackground/ObjectivesThe aims were to study the presence of a secular trend in (a) age at peak height velocity (PHV), (b) velocity at PHV, and (c) duration of skeletal maturation in relation to PHV.Material/MethodTwo groups of children: 100 children (63 boys, 37 girls) born between 1969–1973 and 71 children (49 boys, 22 girls) born between 1996 and 2000, were compared. Age and velocity at PHV were measured on individual growth velocity curves. Skeletal maturation stages were assessed on hand-wrist radiographs, and duration from the skeletal maturation stages to PHV was determined.ResultsAge at PHV occurred significantly earlier (0.47 years, CI 95% 0.19–0.76, P &lt; 0.001), and velocity at PHV was significantly higher (0.68 cm/year, CI 95% 1.47–2.06, P &lt; 0.003) in children born 1996–2000 compared to 1969–1973. No significant difference in duration of skeletal maturation was seen between the groups. Skeletal maturation stages occurred significantly in the following order before PHV for both genders: PP2= 2.18 years (P = 0.002), MP3= 1.60 year (P = 0.008), S 1.07 year (P = 0.003), and MP3cap 0.38 year (P = 0.037).LimitationsMost radiographs were taken before PHV, the duration thus mainly reflects the early event of pubertal growth spurt.ConclusionA secular trend was evident: significantly decreased age at PHV and significantly increased velocity at PHV. No evidence of a secular trend regarding duration of the skeletal maturation in relation to PHV was found. Due to the declining age at PHV, the skeletal maturation stages occurred earlier in relation to chronological age.
Antibiotic-induced gut metabolome and microbiome alterations increase the susceptibility to Candida albicans colonization in the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Gutierrez Daniel , Weinstock Anthony , Antharam Vijay C , Gu Haiwei , Jasbi Paniz , Shi Xiaojian , Dirks Blake , Krajmalnik-Brown Rosa , Maldonado Juan , Guinan Jack , Thangamani Shankar 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTAntibiotic-induced alterations in the gut ecosystem increases the susceptibility to Candida albicans, yet the mechanisms involved remains poorly understood. Here we show that mice treated with the broad-spectrum antibiotic cefoperazone promoted the growth, morphogenesis and gastrointestinal (GI) colonization of C. albicans. Using metabolomics, we revealed that the cecal metabolic environment of the mice treated with cefoperazone showed a significant alteration in intestinal metabolites. Levels of carbohydrates, sugar alcohols and primary bile acids increased, whereas carboxylic acids and secondary bile acids decreased in antibiotic treated mice susceptible to C. albicans. Furthermore, using in-vitro assays, we confirmed that carbohydrates, sugar alcohols and primary bile acids promote, whereas carboxylic acids and secondary bile acids inhibit the growth and morphogenesis of C. albicans. In addition, in this study we report changes in the levels of gut metabolites correlated with shifts in the gut microbiota. Taken together, our in-vivo and in-vitro results indicate that cefoperazone-induced metabolome and microbiome alterations favor the growth and morphogenesis of C. albicans, and potentially play an important role in the GI colonization of C. albicans.
Endophytic bacterial communities of oilseed rape associate with genotype-specific resistance against Verticillium longisporum
Authors: Glaeser Stefanie P , Gabur Iulian , Haghighi Hossein , Bartz Jens-Ole , Kämpfer Peter , Snowdon Rod , Obermeier Christian 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Associations of endophytic bacterial community composition of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) with quantitative resistance against the soil-borne fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum was assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in roots and hypocotyls of four plant lines with contrasting genetic composition in regard to quantitative resistance reactions. The plant compartment was found to be the dominating driving factor for the specificity of bacterial communities in healthy plants. Furthermore, V. longisporum infection triggered a stabilization of phylogenetic group abundance in replicated samples suggesting a host genotype-specific selection. Genotype-specific associations with bacterial phylogenetic group abundance were identified by comparison of plant genotype groups (resistant versus susceptible) and treatment groups (healthy versus V. longisporum-infected) allowing dissection into constitutive and induced directional association patterns. Relative abundance of Flavobacteria, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium and Cellvibrio was associated with resistance/susceptibility. Relative abundance of Flavobacteria and Cellvibrio was increased in resistant genotypes according to their known ecological functions. In contrast, a higher relative abundance of Pseudomonas and Rhizobium, which are known to harbor many species with antagonistic properties to fungal pathogens, was found to be associated with susceptibility, indicating that these groups do not play a major role in genetically controlled resistance of oilseed rape against V. longisporum.
The interplay between fishery yield and top predator culling in a multispecies fishery context
Authors: da S Costa Michel Iskin , Anjos Lucas Dos 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In food webs, fishery can play the role of top predator, competing thus with other top predators for valuable food resources. In this view, it has been claimed in fisheries management that culling of top predators can be a means to improve fishery yield. To investigate this hypothesis, we use theoretical population models to assess in a multispecies context how fishery yield from target species harvest responds to top predator cull. Defying crisp summary, the four analysed food web models show that this response may be either positive or negative or both, indicating that in terms of multispecies fishery management the harvest yield may not accrue as a consequence of predator removal. In addition, this multitude of behaviours points also to the fact that the response of fishery yield to top predator cull may be difficult to assess.
Solving the ‘Gig-saw’? Collective Rights and Platform Work
Authors: Doherty Michael , Franca Valentina 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
There are few topics in contemporary labour law scholarship that have generated more literature than work in the so-called ‘platform economy’. To date, much work has focussed on the question of defining the personal scope of the employment relationship and on the problems of using existing classifications of employment status in the context of work organised via platforms. This article seeks to address the much less-discussed issue of how collective bargaining may function in the ‘platform economy’, and the role of collective labour law actors, most notably the social partners. The article argues that, rather than focussing on individual employment status and litigation, it is by developing a regulatory framework supportive of, and that involves key stakeholders in, strong sectoral collective bargaining that work in the ‘platform economy’ can be adequately regulated to the benefit of workers, business and the State.
Treatment of a Full-Thickness Burn Injury With NovoSorb Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix and RECELL Autologous Skin Cell Suspension: A Case Series
Authors: Larson Kenneth W , Austin Cindy L , Thompson Simon J 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Dermal substitutes coupled with split thickness skin graft are the primary method of treating most severe full-thickness burns particularly when there is a lack of healthy donor skin. Although dermal replacements optimize functional and aesthetic outcomes in patients, the risk of infection and the amount of time required to process most dermal substitutes delay treatment potentially compromising graft take and the overall healing process. The purpose of this case series is to describe the treatment course of patients with severe burn injuries using a novel synthetic Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix (NovoSorb BTM) in conjunction with RECELL Autologous Cell Harvesting Device, a new methodology allowing for a timely point-of-care preparation of an autologous skin cell suspension in combination with a 3:1 split-thickness skin graft. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case series to describe the treatment algorithm and clinical outcomes of deep full-thickness burns utilizing BTM in conjunction with RECELL ASCS.
Why Are Queens Broodless? Failed Nest Initiation Not Linked to Parasites, Mating Status, or Ovary Development in Two Bumble Bee Species of Pyrobombus (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombus)
Authors: Mullins Jessica L , Strange James P , Tripodi Amber D 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBumble bees (Bombus [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) are important pollinators for agricultural crops, which has led to their commercial domestication. Despite their importance, little is known about the reproductive biology of bumble bees native to North America. The Hunt bumble bee (Bombus huntii Greene [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) and the Vosnesensky bumble bee (Bombus vosnesenskii Radoszkowski [Hymenoptera: Apidae] are native candidates for commercial production in western North America due to their efficacy in providing commercial pollination services. Availability of pollinators native to the region in which services would be provided would minimize the likelihood of introducing exotic species and spreading novel disease. Some parasites are known to affect bumble bee reproduction, but little is known about their prevalence in North America or how they affect queen success. Only 38% of wild-caught B. huntii and 51% wild-caught B. vosnesenskii queens collected between 2015 and 2017 initiated nests in the laboratory. Our objective was to identify causal factors leading to a queen’s inability to oviposit. To address this, we dissected each broodless queen and diagnosed diseases, assessed mating status, and characterized ovary development. Nematodes, arthropods, and microorganisms were detected in both species. Overall, 20% of queens were infected by parasites, with higher rates in B. vosnesenskii. Over 95% of both species were mated, and over 88% had developed ovaries. This suggests that parasitism and mating status were not primary causes of broodlessness. Although some failure to nest can be attributed to assessed factors, additional research is needed to fully understand the challenges presented by captive rearing.
The Practitioner’s Bookshelf: New Books on Undocumented Storytellers in the United States and on the Crime of Aggression in International Law
Authors: Valente Rubia R , Phillips Brian 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this instalment of ‘The Practitioner’s Bookshelf’—a new feature of the JHRP Review section containing brief reviews of recent publications of particular interest to human rights practitioners—Rubia R. Valente (Baruch College, City University of New York) discusses an analysis of narratives from the immigrant rights movement in the USA and Brian Phillips (Reviews Editor, JHRP) assesses a study of the crime of aggression in international law.
Molecular dynamics study of ACBP denaturation in alkyl sulfates demonstrates possible pathways of unfolding through fused surfactant clusters
Authors: Poghosyan Armen H , Schafer Nicholas P , Lyngsø Jeppe , Shahinyan Aram A , Pedersen Jan Skov , Otzen Daniel E 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAnionic surfactants denature proteins at low millimolar concentrations, yet little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we undertake 1-μs-long atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of the denaturation of acyl coenzyme A binding protein (ACBP) and compare our results with previously published and new experimental data. Since increasing surfactant chain length is known to lead to more rapid denaturation, we studied denaturation using both the medium-length alkyl chain surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and the long alkyl chain surfactant sodium hexadecyl sulfate (SHS). In silico denaturation on the microsecond timescale was not achieved using preformed surfactant micelles but required ACBP to be exposed to monomeric surfactant molecules. Micellar self-assembly occurred together with protein denaturation. To validate our analyses, we calculated small-angle X-ray scattering spectra of snapshots from the simulations. These agreed well with experimental equilibrium spectra recorded on ACBP-SDS mixtures with similar compositions. Protein denaturation occurs through the binding of partial micelles to multiple preferred binding sites followed by the accretion of surfactant monomers until these partial micelles merge to form a mature micelle and the protein chain is left disordered on the surface of the micelle. While the two surfactants attack in a similar fashion, SHS’s longer alkyl chain leads to a more efficient denaturation through the formation of larger clusters that attack ACBP, a more rapid drop in native contacts, a greater expansion in size, as well as a more thorough rearrangement of hydrogen bonds and disruption of helices.
Holographic chaos, pole-skipping, and regularity
Authors: Natsuume Makoto , Okamura Takashi 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We investigate the “pole-skipping” phenomenon in holographic chaos. According to pole-skipping, the energy-density Green’s function is not unique at a special point in the complex momentum plane. This arises because the bulk field equation has two regular near-horizon solutions at the special point. We study the regularity of the two solutions more carefully using curvature invariants. In the upper-half $\omega$-plane, one solution, which is normally interpreted as the outgoing mode, is in general singular at the future horizon and produces a curvature singularity. However, at the special point, both solutions are indeed regular. Moreover, the incoming mode cannot be uniquely defined at the special point due to these solutions.
Holographic complexity for disentangled states
Authors: Numasawa Tokiro 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We consider the maximal volume and the action, which are conjectured to be gravity duals of the complexity, in the black hole geometries with end-of-the-world branes. These geometries are duals of boundary states in conformal field theories which have small real space entanglement. When we raise the black hole temperature while keeping the cutoff radius, black hole horizons or end-of-the-world branes come in contact with the cutoff surface. In this limit, holographic entanglement entropy reduces to zero. We study the behavior of the volume and the action, and find that the volume reduces to zero in this limit. The behavior of the action depends on their regularization. We study the implication of these results to the reference state of the holographic complexity both in the complexity = volume or the complexity = action conjectures.
Translocator protein mediates olfactory repulsion
Authors: Ma Zongyuan , Guo Xiaojiao , Liu Jipeng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTranslocator protein (TSPO, 18kDa), which was previously known as a peripheral‐type benzodiazepine receptor, is associated with psychiatric disorders and acts as a neuroimaging biomarker. However, its function and mechanism in modulating behaviors are less well‐known. Herein, we found that TSPO in migratory locusts shows conserved protein traits and is expressed at high levels in the brains. The expression levels of tspo mRNA and protein were higher in brains of solitary locusts than those in gregarious locusts, whereas the mRNA and protein expression levels remained stable during crowding and isolation, suggesting that the expression level of TSPO is potentially associated with behavioral phenotype of solitary locusts. Moreover, tspo RNAi knockdown in the brains of solitary locusts decreased their olfactory repulsion. After RNAi knockdown of tyramine receptor (TyR) in the brains of solitary locusts, RNA‐seq analysis identified that a functional class of receptors, which included tspo, was downregulated significantly. Moreover, tspo mRNA and protein expression levels were downregulated and upregulated after TyR RNAi knockdown and activation, respectively. tspo RNAi knockdown in the brains of solitary locusts induced the attractive response and inhibited the function of tyramine (TA)‐TyR in inducing olfactory repulsion. In gregarious locusts, tspo RNAi knockdown inhibited the function of TA‐TyR inducing olfactory repulsion. This study confirms that TSPO acts as a crucial effector protein in TA‐TyR signaling to modulate olfactory repulsion. Furthermore, this study provides a novel mechanism by which TSPO functionally connects a G‐protein‐coupled receptor and a mitochondria membrane protein in modulating olfactory repulsion.
Exploring nurse vs. NP disaster response competencies
Authors: Adelman Deborah S. , Fant Catherine , Wood Laura , Zak Concetta 
Published: November 2019

Abstract:
This second installment of the Disaster Response Series covers the nurse competencies for disaster response outlined by the International Council of Nurses and the World Health Organization and explores how NP disaster response competencies from the National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties align with nurse competencies.
APRN transition to practice
Authors: Urbanowicz Janet 
Published: November 2019

Abstract:
Leaving the comfort zone of being an experienced RN for a new career as an inexperienced advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) is one of the greatest difficulties of the APRN transition to practice. Although this challenge is frequently discussed in the literature, progress in creating transition programs has been slow. To date, very few formal APRN residency or fellowship transition programs exist. Practicing APRNs can advocate for a formal transition program in their organizations.
Can Better Selection Tools Help Us Achieve Our Diversity Goals in Postgraduate Medical Education? Comparing Use of USMLE Step 1 Scores and Situational Judgment Tests at 7 Surgical Residencies
Authors: Gardner Aimee K. , Cavanaugh Katelyn J. , Willis Ross E. , Dunkin Brian J. 
Published: November 2019

Purpose
Use of the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) for residency selection has been criticized for its inability to predict clinical performance and potential bias against underrepresented minorities (URMs). This study explored the impact of altering traditional USMLE cutoffs and adopting more evidence-based applicant screening tools on inclusion of URMs in the surgical residency selection process.

Method
Multimethod job analyses were conducted at 7 U.S. general surgical residency programs during the 2018–2019 application cycle to gather validity evidence for developing selection assessments. Unique situational judgment tests (SJTs) and scoring algorithms were created to assess applicant competencies and fit. Programs lowered their traditional USMLE Step 1 cutoffs and invited candidates to take their unique SJT. URM status (woman, racial/ethnic minority) of candidates who would have been considered for interview using traditional USMLE Step 1 cutoffs was compared with the candidate pool considered based on SJT performance.

Results
A total of 2,742 general surgery applicants were invited to take an online SJT by at least 1 of the 7 programs. Approximately 35% of applicants who were invited to take the SJT would not have met traditional USMLE Step 1 cutoffs. Comparison of USMLE-driven versus SJT-driven assessment results demonstrated statistically different percentages of URMs recommended, and including the SJT allowed an average of 8% more URMs offered an interview invitation (P < .01).

Conclusions
Reliance on USMLE Step 1 as a primary screening tool precludes URMs from being considered for residency positions at higher rate than non-URMs. Developing screening tools to measure a wider array of candidate competencies can help create a more equitable surgical workforce.