bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex chromosome complement affects multiple aspects of reversal‐learning task performance in mice
Authors: Aarde Shawn M. , Genner Rylee M. , Hrncir Haley , Arnold Arthur P. , Jentsch James D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDetermining the mechanisms by which the sex‐chromosome complement (SCC) affects learning, attention, and impulsivity has implications for observed sex differences in prevalence, severity, and prognosis of psychiatric/neurodevelopmental disorders and syndromes associated with sex‐chromosome aneuploidy. Here, Four Core Genotypes (FCG) mice were evaluated in order to assess the separable and/or interacting effects of gonads (testes vs. ovaries) and their secretions and/or SCC (XX vs. XY) acting via non‐gonadal mechanisms on behavior. We tested FCG mice on a reversal‐learning task that enables the quantification of aspects of learning, attention and impulsivity. Across testing phases (involving the initial acquisition of a spatial discrimination and subsequent reversal learning), overall error rate was larger in XY compared with XX mice. Although XX and XY groups did not differ in the total number of trials required in order to reach a preset performance criterion, analyses of reversal error types showed more perseverative errors in XY than XX mice, with no difference in regressive errors. Additionally, prepotent‐response latencies during the reversal phase were shorter in XY males, as compared with both XX gonadal males and females of either SCC, and failures to sustain the observing response were more frequent in XY mice than XX mice during the acquisition phase. These results indicate that SCC affects the characteristic pattern of response selection during acquisition and reversal performance without affecting the overall learning rate. More broadly, these results show direct effects of the SCC on cognitive processes that are relevant to psychiatric/neurodevelopmental disorders and syndromes associated with sex‐chromosome aneuploidies.
A transcriptomic study for identifying cardia‐ and non–cardia‐specific gastric cancer prognostic factors using genetic algorithm‐based methods
Authors: Xin Junyi , Wu Yanling , Wang Xiaowei , Li Shuwei , Chu Haiyan , Wang Meilin , Du Mulong , Zhang Zhengdong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGastric cancer (GC) is a heterogeneous tumour with numerous differences of epidemiologic and clinicopathologic features between cardia cancer and non‐cardia cancer. However, few studies were performed to construct site‐specific GC prognostic models. In this study, we identified site‐specific GC transcriptomic prognostic biomarkers using genetic algorithm (GA)‐based support vector machine (GA‐SVM) and GA‐based Cox regression method (GA‐Cox) in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The area under time‐dependent receive operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) regarding 5‐year survival and concordance index (C‐index) was used to evaluate the predictive ability of Cox regression models. Finally, we identified 10 and 13 prognostic biomarkers for cardia cancer and non‐cardia cancer, respectively. Compared to traditional models, the addition of these site‐specific biomarkers could notably improve the model preference (cardia: AUCtraditional vs AUCcombined = 0.720 vs 0.899, P = 8.75E‐08; non‐cardia: AUCtraditional vs AUCcombined = 0.798 vs 0.994, P = 7.11E‐16). The combined nomograms exhibited superior performance in cardia and non‐cardia GC survival prediction (C‐indexcardia = 0.816; C‐indexnoncardia = 0.812). We also constructed a user‐friendly GC site‐specific molecular system (GC‐SMS, https://njmu‐zhanglab.shinyapps.io/gc_sms/), which is freely available for users. In conclusion, we developed site‐specific GC prognostic models for predicting cardia cancer and non‐cardia cancer survival, providing more support for the individualized therapy of GC patients.
The endocranium and trophic ecology of Velociraptor mongoliensis
Authors: King J. Logan , Sipla Justin S. , Georgi Justin A. , Balanoff Amy M. , Neenan James M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNeuroanatomical reconstructions of extinct animals have long been recognized as powerful proxies for palaeoecology, yet our understanding of the endocranial anatomy of dromaeosaur theropod dinosaurs is still incomplete. Here, we used X‐ray computed microtomography (µCT) to reconstruct and describe the endocranial anatomy, including the endosseous labyrinth of the inner ear, of the small‐bodied dromaeosaur, Velociraptor mongoliensis. The anatomy of the cranial endocast and ear were compared with non‐avian theropods, modern birds, and other extant archosaurs to establish trends in agility, balance, and hearing thresholds in order to reconstruct the trophic ecology of the taxon. Our results indicate that V. mongoliensis could detect a wide and high range of sound frequencies (2,368–3,965 Hz), was agile, and could likely track prey items with ease. When viewed in conjunction with fossils that suggest scavenging‐like behaviours in V. mongoliensis, a complex trophic ecology that mirrors modern predators becomes apparent. These data suggest that V. mongoliensis was an active predator that would likely scavenge depending on the age and health of the individual or during prolonged climatic events such as droughts.
A microalgal‐based preparation with synergistic cellulolytic and detoxifying action towards chemical‐treated lignocellulose
Authors: Benedetti Manuel , Barera Simone , Longoni Paolo , Guardini Zeno , Herrero Garcia Natalia , Bolzonella David , Lopez‐Arredondo Damar , Herrera‐Estrella Luis , Goldschmidt‐Clermont Michel , Bassi Roberto , Dall’Osto Luca 
Published: July 2020

SummaryHigh‐temperature bioconversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars has drawn attention for efficient production of renewable chemicals and biofuels, because competing microbial activities are inhibited at elevated temperatures and thermostable cell wall degrading enzymes are superior to mesophilic enzymes. Here, we report on the development of a platform to produce four different thermostable cell wall degrading enzymes in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The enzyme blend was composed of the cellobiohydrolase CBM3GH5 from C. saccharolyticus, the β‐glucosidase celB from P. furiosus, the endoglucanase B and the endoxylanase XynA from T. neapolitana. In addition, transplastomic microalgae were engineered for the expression of phosphite dehydrogenase D from Pseudomonas stutzeri, allowing for growth in non‐axenic media by selective phosphite nutrition. The cellulolytic blend composed of the glycoside hydrolase (GH) domain GH12/GH5/GH1 allowed the conversion of alkaline‐treated lignocellulose into glucose with efficiencies ranging from 14% to 17% upon 48h of reaction and an enzyme loading of 0.05% (w/w). Hydrolysates from treated cellulosic materials with extracts of transgenic microalgae boosted both the biogas production by methanogenic bacteria and the mixotrophic growth of the oleaginous microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Notably, microalgal treatment suppressed the detrimental effect of inhibitory by‐products released from the alkaline treatment of biomass, thus allowing for efficient assimilation of lignocellulose‐derived sugars by C. vulgaris under mixotrophic growth.
Melatonin improves cryopreservation of ram sperm by inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening
Authors: Fang Yi , Zhao Chengzhen , Xiang Hai , Jia GongXue , Zhong Rongzhen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCryopreservation damages permeability of sperm mitochondrial membranes, with formation of a mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Mitochondria are both a primary synthesis site and principle target for melatonin, which can directly inhibit mPTP formation. The objective was to determine effects of melatonin on mPTP opening of frozen‐thawed ram sperm and elucidate underlying pathways by antagonist and agonists of melatonin receptors (MTs), and antagonists of PI3K and GSK 3β treatments; furthermore, plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), mitochondrial cytochrome c (Cyt c) release and fertilization were analysed to assess the effect of mPTP status mediated by melatonin on quality of frozen‐thawed sperm. Fresh ram semen was diluted in glucose‐egg yolk buffer with 0 or 10–7 M melatonin (frozen and frozen + melatonin groups, respectively) and slow‐frozen. In frozen‐thawed sperm, melatonin added at initiation of 4°C equilibration was most effective for inhibiting mPTP opening, decreasing peptidyl‐prolyl‐cis/trans isomerase activity of cyclophilin D and increasing plasma membrane integrity, ΔΨm, mitochondrial Cyt c concentration and fertilizing ability (p < .05). In a mechanistic study, the melatonin receptor (MT)1 antagonist eliminated inhibition of melatonin on mPTP opening, whereas MT1 agonist had opposite effects (p < .05). Neither MT2 antagonist nor agonist had significant effect, but PI3K and/or GSK 3β antagonist decreased inhibition of MT1 agonist on mPTP opening (p < .05). In conclusion, melatonin improved sperm cryopreservation, perhaps by acting on MT1 via the PI3K‐Akt‐GSK 3β pathway to inhibit mPTP opening.
Temporal aspects of affective states, physiological responses, and perceived exertion in competitive cycling time trials
Authors: Davis Paul A. , Stenling Andreas 
Published: July 2020

Athletes’ affective states can vary dramatically before, during, and after competition. Further, intense affect is associated with physiological responses that may amplify biological reactions manifested from the execution of physical tasks underlying performance. Fluctuations in perceptual cues (eg, perceived exertion) and physiological responses (eg, blood lactate, heart rate) can influence performance and vary dramatically in relation to competition. However, the pattern of these fluctuations and potential associations between perceptual cues and biological responses may also diverge during task execution with differential implications for performance. Data collected from highly trained athletes (N = 25; Mage = 25.4) during a competition (ie, maximum total distance) comprised of three 7‐minute cycling time trials and were analyzed with longitudinal multilevel modeling. Results showed that affective states were negatively associated with perceived exertion at the within‐person level and negatively associated with heart rate at the between‐person level within each trial. Blood lactate and heart rate were positively associated at the between‐person level, whereas heart rate was positively associated with perceived exertion at the within‐person level. The anticipation of more pleasurable affective states predicted less decline in affective states, but not physiological responses, during each trial. Anticipated affective states prior to each trial were also associated with affective states upon its completion. These findings suggest associations among perceptual cues and physiological responses may differ depending on the level of analysis (between‐ vs. within‐person level associations), and anticipated affective states prior to performance may influence affective states during and after task execution.
Prospective randomised controlled trial using the REthinking Clinical Trials (REaCT) platform and National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) to compare no preparation versus preoperative oral antibiotics alone for surgical site infection rates in elective colon surgery: a protocol
Authors: Apte Sameer S , Moloo Husein , Jeong Ahwon , Liu Michelle , Vandemeer Lisa , Suh Kathryn , Thavorn Kednapa , Fergusson Dean A , Clemons Mark , Auer Rebecca C 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionDespite 40 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigating preoperative oral antibiotics (OA) and mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) to reduce surgical site infection (SSI) rate following colon surgery, there hasneverbeen an RCT published comparing OA alone versus no preparation. Of the four possible regimens (OA alone, MBP alone, OA plus MBP and no preparation), randomised evidence is conflicting for studied groups. Furthermore, guidelines vary, with recommendations for OA alone, OA plus MBP or no preparation. The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) has automated data collection for surgical patients. Similarly, the ‘REthinking Clinical Trials’ (REaCT) platform increases RCT enrolment by simplifying pragmatic trial design. In this novel RCT protocol, we combine REaCT and NSQIP to compare OA alone versus no preparation for SSI rate reduction in elective colon surgery. To our knowledge, this is the first published RCT protocol that leverages NSQIP for data collection. In our feasibility study, 67 of 74 eligible patients (90%) were enrolled and 63 of 67 (94%) were adherent to protocol. The ‘REaCT–NSQIP’ trial design has great potential to efficiently generate level I evidence for other perioperative interventions.Methods and analysisSSI rates following elective colorectal surgery after preoperative OA or no preparation will be compared. We predict 45% relative rate reduction of SSI, improvement in length of stay, reduced costs and increased quality of life, with similar antibiotic-related complications. Consent, using the ‘integrated consent model’, and randomisation on a mobile device are completed by the surgeon in a single clinical encounter. Data collection for the primary end point is automatic through NSQIP. Analysis of cost per weighted case, cost utility and quality-adjusted life years will be done.Ethics and disseminationThis study is approved by The Ontario Cancer Research Ethics Board. Results will be disseminated in surgical conferences and peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT03663504; Pre-results, recruitment phase.
Integrating eye health training into the primary child healthcare programme in Tanzania: a pre-training and post-training study
Authors: Malik Aeesha N J , Mafwiri Mlika , Gilbert Clare , Kim Min J , Schellenberg Joanna 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesTo evaluate a primary child eye care training module for use in the WHO/UNICEF Integrated Management of Newborn and Childhood Illness (IMNCI) programme by primary healthcare workers.DesignPre-training and post-training study.SettingPrimary healthcare facilities in a semirural district, central Tanzania.Participants54 primary healthcare workers selected by the Ministry of Health were trained during routine IMNCI training. All these healthcare workers were assessed pre-intervention and post-intervention. A subgroup of 40 were also assessed 6 months after the completion of training.InterventionTraining in an IMNCI eye module, developed for child primary healthcare workers with the Tanzania Ministry of Health and eye care experts.Main outcome measuresKnowledge, skills and attitudes were assessed using multiple choice questions, case studies and a self-assessment of skills using a Likert scale before and immediately after training, and 6 months later. A total score was derived. At 6 months, attitudes were assessed in semistructured interviews.Results69% PHWs trained were nurses. The baseline (before training) score was 29.9 (95% CI 27.5 to 32.4) and increased by 11.2 points (95% CI 8.3 to 14) immediately after training, and by 12.4 points (95% CI 9.2 to 15.6) at 6 months post the training. Therefore, the post-training scores increased and there was no evident difference in scores from immediately after training to 6 months later. Self-assessed confidence in skills decreased from 9/18 (95% CI 9 to 10) to 6/18 (95% CI 6 to 7). At 6 months, the module was reported as easy to understand and use, with challenges including difficulties in examining children’s eyes and poor referral systems.ConclusionsThe module increased knowledge of child eye health in primary healthcare workers, which was maintained, and was acceptable. The module has since been included into the national IMNCI health policy in Tanzania.
Current collaboration between palliative care and neurology: a survey of clinicians in Europe
Authors: Oliver David , Borasio Gian Domenico , Veronese Simone , Voltz Raymond , Lorenzl Stefan , Hepgul Nilay 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionThe collaboration between palliative care and neurology has developed over the last 25 years and this study aimed to ascertain the collaboration between the specialties across Europe.MethodsThis online survey aimed to look at collaboration across Europe, using the links of the European Association for Palliative Care and the European Academy of Neurology.Results298 people completed the survey—178 from palliative care and 120 from neurology from over 20 countries across Europe. They reported that there was good collaboration in the care for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cerebral tumours but less for other progressive neurological diseases. The collaboration included joint meetings and clinics and telephone contacts. All felt that the collaboration was helpful, particularly for maintaining quality of life, physical symptom management, psychological support and complex decision making, including ethical issues.DiscussionThe study shows evidence for collaboration between palliative care and neurology, but with the need to develop this for all neurological illness, and there is a need for increased education of both areas.
Transmission dynamics of onchocerciasis with two classes of infection and saturated treatment function
Authors: Idowu Amos Sesan , Ogunmiloro Oluwatayo Michael 
Published: July 2020

A mathematical model describing the epidemic interactions between humans and blackflies in the transmission of onchocerciasis is considered. In this model, the onchocerciasis infected human individuals are divided into two classes of infected humans with high and low microfilarial output incorporating saturated treatment function, which caters for high saturation of onchocerciasis disease. We analyze the model feasible region and obtain the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] using the next generation matrix method. Also, we obtain the onchocerciasis-free and onchocerciasis endemic equilibrium solutions and show that if [Formula: see text] is less than unity, the onchocerciasis-free equilibrium is locally and globally asymptotically stable. Furthermore, we employed a Lyapunov function to analyze the global asymptotic stability of the onchocerciasis — endemic equilibrium whenever [Formula: see text] is greater than unity. In addition, data on mass drug distribution of ivermectin drug to combat onchocerciasis prevalence in Ekiti state of Nigeria were fitted to the model. Graphical results reveal that consistent annual or bi-annual distribution of ivermectin drug in the region is effective in reducing the disease menace. Further simulations also show that public health control measures are needed to minimize infectious contact between humans and blackflies which leads to onchocerciasis infections and visual blindness.
ДІАГНОСТИЧНИЙ АЛГОРИТМ ТА ОБ’ЄМ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПАЦІЄНТІВ ІЗ ПІДОЗРОЮ НА ТУБЕРКУЛЬОЗНУ ЕМПІЄМУ ПЛЕВРИ
Authors: Koshak Yu. F. 
Published: July 2020

Мета: удосконалити діагностичний алгоритм та об’єм дослідження пацієнтів із туберкульозною емпіємою плеври та встановити фактори, які призводять до міні-інвазивного торакохірургічного (VTS, VATS) лікування.
Матеріали і методи. Представлено сучасні методи діагностики туберкульозної емпієми плеври, торакоскопічні методи верифікації туберкульозу плеври, емпієми плеври та методи міні-інвазивного хірургічного лікування.
Результати. Удосконалено та впроваджено в практику охорони здоров’я для ранньої діагностики туберкульозної емпієми плеври діагностичний алгоритм. Впроваджено цитологічний та молекулярно-генетичний методи верифікації туберкульозної емпієми плеври, методи удосконаленого спеціального обстеження хворих на емпієму плеври та методи біопсії під контролем УЗД, плеврографії, спіральної комп’ютерної томографії із контрастуванням, торакоцентезу та відеоторакоскопії у пацієнтів на різних етапах амбулаторно-поліклінічних та стаціонарних закладів.
Висновки. Для діагностики туберкульозної емпієми плеври у доклінічній фазі на сучасному етапі велике значення має пункційна біопсія плеври з бактеріологічними та цитологічними дослідженнями, міні-інвазивна відеоторакоскопія з біопсією горбиків плеври, патогістологічне дослідження казеозних виразок, некрозів та підозрілих на туберкульоз бронхолегеневих фістул.
МЕДИКО-СОЦІАЛЬНЕ ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ ЛОГІСТИКИ В УПРАВЛІННІ КОМУНАЛЬНИМ НЕПРИБУТКОВИМ ПІДПРИЄМСТВОМ ЗАКЛАДУ ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ᾽Я
Authors: Mykhalchuk V. M. , Kolomoyets A. V. , Hbur Z. V. 
Published: July 2020

Мета: розкрити особливості застосування логістичних підходів в управлінні комунальним неприбутковим підприємством (КНП) закладу охорони здоров᾽я.
Матеріали і методи. Аналіз (теоретичний огляд наукової літератури з проблеми дослідження); синтез, завдяки якому вдалося з’єднати окремі частини об’єкта у єдине ціле (наведення основних елементів медичного постачання та циклу потоку ресурсів у КНП закладу охорони здоров’я); порівняльний аналіз, що дозволив зіставити явища з метою встановлення схожості чи відмінності між ними.
Результати. У статті висвітлено сутність поняття «логістика», «логістична система». Наведено основні функції та складові логістичної системи. Виокремлено елементи медичного постачання ресурсів у КНП закладу охорони здоров’я. Зображено цикл потоку ресурсів у КНП закладу охорони здоров’я. Визначено особливості застосування логістичного підходу в управлінні потоковими процесами медичних установ. З’ясовано, що у КНП галузі охорони здоров’я існують кілька видів потоків (пацієнтів, інформації, фінансів, матеріально-технічних ресурсів), які формують єдиний багатокомпонентний потік, де пацієнти є першочерговими об᾽єктами ефективного управління, оскільки від них залежить динаміка показників інших видів потоків. Ефективний механізм організації логістичних процесів, пов᾽язаних із потоками ресурсів і їх використанням у КНП закладу охорони здоров’я, є одним з елементів оптимізації бізнес-процесів. Зазначено важливість задіяної в бізнес-процесах сукупності потоків ресурсів, що впливає на формування ефективних логістичних систем управління. Розкрито принципи логістики, якими необхідно керуватися КНП закладу охорони здоров᾽я для розвитку логістичних систем: раціональності, цілісності, системності, ієрархії, інтеграції, формалізації і формування. Обґрунтовано необхідність впровадження логістичних інновацій у КНП. Запропоновано напрямки застосування логістики в управлінні КНП закладу охорони здоров’я.
Висновки. Впровадження логістичних підходів допоможе підвищити рівень організації роботи медичних закладів, культури обслуговування хворих та, зрештою, розв’язати проблему самофінансування і матеріально-технічного забезпечення всієї галузі завдяки налагодженню їхньої рентабельної роботи.
Trends and Findings in Education-Work Transitions among Young People in Argentina: a Study on Two Cohorts of Secondary School Graduates
Authors: Corica Agustina M. , Otero Analía E. 
Published: July 2020

The increasing democratisation of education and the destructuring of the labour market in times of institutional, political and economic uncertainty in Latin America have fuelled the debate on the youth school-to-work transition in the region.
This paper aims to contribute to the discussion by presenting the insights drawn from research on the topic, carried out throughout the last thirty years by the same academic team. Such research was based on a longitudinal analyses of students who graduated from compulsory studies during 1999–2011 in Argentina. The main findings provide insights into two core concepts: on the one hand, they evidence that the period of transition between the completion of secondary school and the labour market entry has become longer; on the other hand, they show that education-work activities in the early years after completing secondary studies are characterised by their instability-feature present in young people’s stories from different socioeconomic backgrounds.