bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of cognitive and motor dual‐task on oropharyngeal swallowing in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Labeit Bendix , Claus Inga , Muhle Paul , Regner Liesa , Suntrup‐Krueger Sonja , Dziewas Rainer , Warnecke Tobias 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundDysphagia frequently occurs in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is associated with severe complications. However, the underlying pathology is poorly understood at present. This study investigated the effect of cognitive and motor dual‐task interference on oropharyngeal swallowing in PD.MethodsThirty PD patients (23 men, mean age 65.90 ± 9.32 years, mean Hoehn and Yahr stage 2.62 ± 0.81, mean UPDRS 18.00 ± 7.18) were examined using flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). FEES was performed during three paradigms: at baseline without interference, during a cognitive dual‐task, and during a motor dual‐task. Oropharyngeal swallowing function was rated using a score which was validated to detect changes in PD related dysphagia. The three paradigms were compared using a two‐way‐repetitive‐measures‐ANOVA and a post‐hoc‐analysis.ResultsMean swallowing score in baseline FEES was 10.67 ± 5.89. It significantly increased (worsened) to 15.97 ± 7.62 (p < 0.001) in the motor dual‐task and to 14.55 ± 7.49 (p < 0.001) in the cognitive dual‐task. Premature bolus spillage and pharyngeal residue both significantly increased during both of the dual‐task conditions whereas penetration/aspiration events did not change.ConclusionOropharyngeal swallowing in patients with PD is not purely reflexive but requires mental capacity. Additional allocation of attentional resources in the central control of swallowing seems to be an effective compensatory mechanism in PD‐related dysphagia: The proposed dual‐task protocol may be useful to challenge swallowing functional reserve. Conversely, as a therapeutic strategy, it could be beneficial to focus attention on swallowing and to avoid dual‐task situations.
Course of neuropsychological impairment during natalizumab‐associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Kinner Markus , Prehn Christian , Schneider Ruth , Schroeder Christoph , Kolb Eva , Gold Ralf , Hoepner Robert , Chan Andew 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground and purposeProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), an opportunistic infection of the central nervous system from the John Cunningham virus (JCV), is a side effect of natalizumab (NTZ) treatment for relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), potentially leading to a substantial increase of physical and mental disability. Nevertheless, data of neuropsychological impairment during the NTZ‐PML disease course are missing. Our objective was to evaluate the neuropsychological disease course of NTZ‐PML patients and to compare neuropsychological deficits of NTZ‐PML patients with two different non‐PML multiple sclerosis (MS) cohorts.MethodsNeuropsychological examinations of 28 NTZ‐PML patients performed during different phases of the disease ([i] at PML diagnosis, [ii] during immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome [IRIS], and [iii] post‐IRIS/PML) were retrospectively analyzed and compared to those of NTZ‐treated RRMS or secondary progressive MS patients with and without immunotherapy.ResultsCompared to controls, NTZ‐PML patients performed worse in neuropsychological examinations during all stages of disease, mainly affecting visuospatial ability and working memory. Furthermore, failure to eliminate the JCV from the central nervous system was associated with a progredient decline of cognition, especially working memory.ConclusionsWorking memory and visuospatial abilities are the core neuropsychological deficits of NTZ‐PML patients in long‐term follow‐up. Our findings should be implemented in neurorehabilitation strategies.
Mining specific and representative information by the attribute‐oriented induction method
Authors: Wu Chia‐Chi , Chen Yen‐Liang , Yu Mei‐Ru 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAttribute‐oriented induction (AOI) is a data analysis technique based on induction. The traditional AOI algorithm requires a threshold given by users to determine the number of output tuples. However, it is not easy to set an appropriate tuple threshold, and there is usually noise contained in a dataset. The traditional AOI algorithm can only generate a summary output of a fixed size, but it cannot guarantee that all generalized tuples have sufficient specificity and representativeness. In this article, a new AOI method is proposed to make up for the shortcomings. We introduce the concept of cost to measure the loss of accuracy due to attribute ascension. We also propose two algorithms based on the hierarchical clustering method. By setting cost constraints on each generalized tuple, our method can generate accurate output while eliminating noise, and help users get more informative and clearer results.
Translating Discovery Science.Variation in Facilitator Characteristics in Ethno‐Racial Minority Fatherhood Program Outcomes and Processes: A Translational Science Brief Report
Authors: James Anthony , Roy Roudi , Brown Tiffany L. , Roy Donovan R. , Smith Sheldon , Dayne Nancy 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveInvestigation of whether the characteristics (i.e., gender especially) of fatherhood program facilitators influence dynamics in group sessions and program outcomes.BackgroundWithin the past decade, policy initiatives have spurred an increase in fatherhood programs. As a result, empirically examining the factors that support effective programming is essential. Previous research highlights program facilitator characteristics as one of these factors but facilitator gender is one characteristic that needs more attention.MethodsThis study used data from six focus groups conducted with 40 fathers and one‐on‐one interviews with five fatherhood program group facilitators in a western U.S. urban community.ResultsOur findings revealed that fathers care deeply about learning how to be better fathers and that having female facilitators lead program sessions can promote qualitatively different skills in fathers relative to male facilitators. Results also lend support to program structures where male and female facilitators colead group sessions together.ConclusionsThe characteristics of the session facilitator can change both the dynamics of the conversations in the session and the nature of the skills that are produced among participating fathers.ImplicationsFatherhood program administrators may want to think critically not only about what content they want to deliver in their programs but also about the characteristics of the facilitator(s) delivering the content and how the latter can potentially influence program outcomes.
Analysis on peculiar fatigue fracture behaviour of shot peened metal using new threshold stress intensity factor range equation
Authors: Ando Kotoji , Kim Min‐Heon , Nam Ki‐Woo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA shot‐peened specimen with a precrack exhibits the following peculiar fatigue fracture behaviour. (1) Precracks can be rendered harmless by peening, even though the precrack reduced the fatigue limit by approximately 20%–60% of the nonpeened specimen. (2) When shot‐peened specimens were fractured at a higher stress than the fatigue limit, most specimens were fractured from outside the precracked part. (3) In most run‐out specimens, stage II (tensile type) nonpropagating cracks were observed. Why were nonpropagating cracks initiated and arrested? To explain the above fatigue behaviours, a new threshold stress intensity factor range (
) equation is necessary. In this paper, a
equation as a function of crack size was proposed using a nonlinear zone size criterion. By using the equation, the above peculiar fatigue fracture behaviours (1) and (2) and the stage II nonpropagating crack arrest condition could be evaluated quantitatively. Stage II nonpropagating crack initiation could be explained by considering the microdistribution of residual stress due to peening.
Thermal mismatches in biological rates determine trophic control and biomass distribution under warming
Authors: Bideault Azenor , Galiana Núria , Zelnik Yuval R. , Gravel Dominique , Loreau Michel , Barbier Matthieu , Sentis Arnaud 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTemperature has numerous effects on the structure and dynamics of ecological communities. Yet, there is no general trend or consensus on the magnitude and directions of these effects. To fill this gap, we propose a mechanistic framework based on key biological rates that predicts how temperature influences biomass distribution and trophic control in food webs. We show that these predictions arise from thermal mismatches between biological rates and across trophic levels. We couple our theory with experimental data for a wide range of species and find that warming should lead to top‐heavier terrestrial food chains and stronger top‐down control in aquatic environments. We then derive predictions for the effects of temperature on herbivory and validate them with data on stream grazers. Our study provides a mechanistic explanation of thermal effects on consumer–resource systems which is crucial to better understand the biogeography and the consequences of global warming on trophic dynamics.
Impact of sarcopenia on glycemic control and atherosclerosis in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: Cross‐sectional study using outpatient clinical data
Authors: Nakanishi Shuhei , Iwamoto Masahiro , Shinohara Hisanori , Iwamoto Hideyuki , Kaneto Hideaki 
Published: October 2020

AimThis study examined the association among sarcopenia and various surrogate markers of atherosclerosis in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).MethodsPatients with T2D who visited the outpatient clinic comprised the study's participants. Handgrip strength (Grip), usual gait speed (GS) and skeletal muscle index, in addition to glycated hemoglobin, ankle–brachial index (ABI) and intima‐media thickening (IMT), were measured in 1030 patients for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. From these results were obtained three categorical data (without sarcopenia [NS], sarcopenia with two factors [Sw2], sarcopenia with three factors [Sw3]), and continuous data for atherosclerosis.ResultsGlycated hemoglobin was significantly high among patients in the Sw3 category, as well as among all patients with sarcopenia, compared with those in the NS group, after adjustment was made for age, gender, duration of diabetes, and medications for hypertension and dyslipidemia. ABI was significantly low among the Sw2 and Sw3 patients, as well as among all patients with sarcopenia, but mean and maximum IMT were not when compared with the NS category of patients after the adjustment described above. However, skeletal muscle index, Grip and GS were positively associated with ABI after the adjustment. Grip and GS were negatively associated with maximum IMT after the adjustment.ConclusionsThese results imply that measurements to diagnose sarcopenia could play an important role for early detection of preclinical atherosclerosis, specifically peripheral artery disease, among Japanese patients with T2D. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 1196–1201.
Preoperative serum biomarkers in the prediction of postoperative delirium following abdominal surgery
Authors: Ida Mitsuru , Takeshita Yuna , Kawaguchi Masahiko 
Published: October 2020

AimElderly patients undergoing abdominal surgery have a high risk of developing postoperative delirium. This study aimed to explore risk factors for postoperative delirium by focusing on preoperative hematologic markers, and to develop a model that would be useful in predicting the occurrence of postoperative delirium.MethodsThis retrospective study included patients aged ≥65 years who underwent elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia from January 2017 to May 2019. Patients' demographics, hematologic data and intraoperative data were recorded. Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, platelet‐to‐white blood cell ratio and prognostic nutritional index were calculated. We evaluated risk factors of postoperative delirium assessed using a chart‐based method for identification of delirium and developed a predictive model using preoperative and intraoperative data.ResultsOf 931 eligible patients, 833 with a mean age of 73.9 years were included in the analysis. The rate of incidence of postoperative delirium was 7.3%. Age, duration of surgery and preoperative platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio or platelet‐to‐white blood cell ratio were statistically significant risk factors. The predictive model, which included age, duration of surgery and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, had the largest area under the curve of 0.77.ConclusionsAge, duration of surgery and preoperative platelet‐to‐white blood cell ratio or platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio are associated with the development of postoperative delirium. A predictive model, which includes age, duration of surgery and preoperative platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, is useful in predicting the development of postoperative delirium after elective abdominal surgery. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 1208–1212.
Regional industrial restructuring: Asset modification and alignment for digitalization
Authors: Isaksen Arne , Langemyr Eriksen Emelie , Rypestøl Jan Ole 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper provides a conceptual framework to understand the innovation‐based restructuring of industries in a regional context. The framework includes how firms create new assets, reuse existing assets, and overcome hampering barriers to support innovation processes. The framework also covers how such asset modifications take place at the innovation system level. A core argument is that innovation activity is strengthened and regional restructuring supported when firms’ internal assets are aligned with assets at the regional innovation system level. We illustrate the framework with empirical examples of how digitalization as an innovation process takes place in firms in traditional manufacturing industries and in local newspapers in the Agder region in southern Norway.
Searching for “home,” writing to find it: A reflective account on experiences of othering in life and academia in times of generalized crises
Authors: Mandalaki Emmanouela 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCombining poetry with diary notes inspired by recent experiences of othering amid COVID‐19 travel restrictions, I create a nonlinear text, whereby my other voices intermingle with broader experiences of othering and vulnerability to raise issues of oppression and privilege in masculine social structures, including academia. I bring the collective force of different voices in this nonlinear account to propose the need to understand academic writing as an activist, embodied practice of reuniting which allows for the development of the necessary intersectional feminist curiosity for undoing systems of oppression and patriarchy that increasingly disqualify different bodies. I conclude that it is not only about what we write but also about how we write and thus how we learn to socialize ourselves through life and academia. Paying attention to these dynamics, I suggest, might make the return back “home” possible again with commitment and attachment towards one another to mobilize much needed social change, together, in solidarity.
Dyslipidaemia after switch to tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)‐based cART regimens in a cohort of HIV‐positive patients: what clinical relevance?
Authors: Gazzola L , Tagliaferri G , De Bona A , Mondatore D , Borsino C , Bini T , Marchetti G , d’Arminio Monforte A 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesSwitching from tenofovir (TDF) to tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) affects lipid profile. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether this results in an increased frequency of patients with low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) above their cardiovascular‐related target.MethodsAll HIV patients switching from TDF to TAF, with no changes of the anchor drug, and with plasma lipids available within 6 months before and after the switch, were included. Demographic, HIV‐related parameters, cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and lipid profile on both TDF and TAF were collected. The CV risk score and the relative target of LDL for each patient were calculated according to 2016 European Society of Cardiology/European Atherosclerosis Society (ESC/EAS) guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. Modifications in lipid profiles and in the prevalence of patients with LDL above their CV‐related target were evaluated after switch to TAF.ResultsOverall, 221 HIV patients were included, according to CV risk: 55% at low risk, 34% at moderate risk, and 11% at high/very high risk. By analysing lipid profiles according to CV risk, 38% of patients on TDF had LDL above their CV target; this prevalence increases to 60% after switching to TAF (P < 0.0001). The presence of cobicistat in the combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) regimen was associated with an increased risk of LDL above the CV‐related target after switch to TAF [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1–5.1], P = 0.03) and with an increased prescription of lifestyle/therapeutic intervention (OR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.7–5.3, P < 0.0001).DiscussionSwitching from TDF to TAF affects lipid parameters, and data from real life suggest a clinical relevance of this worsening that often leads clinicians to implement lifestyle/therapeutic interventions.
Cellular antioxidant effect of bioactive peptides and molecular mechanisms underlying: beyond chemical properties
Authors: Aguilar‐Toalá Jose Eleazar , Liceaga Andrea M. 
Published: October 2020

SummaryBioactive peptides are known for their chemical antioxidant activities. However, the importance of cellular antioxidant peptides has relatively been overlooked; nevertheless, scientific evidence supporting their potential to prevent chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress is progressively increasing. Cellular in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that antioxidant bioactive peptides possess cellular antioxidant activity, decrease oxidative stress biomarkers (e.g. lipid peroxidation, intracellular ROS levels, apoptosis), increase diverse antioxidant enzymes’ activities and modulate levels of antioxidant molecules. These cellular in vitro bioactive properties and in vivo health effects suggest that antioxidant peptides could be used as components of functional foods and contribute to health promotion by improving specific physiological functions. This review highlights the scientific evidence about cellular antioxidant activity of bioactive peptides, their protective effect and underlying molecular mechanisms of action. It also describes the underlying antioxidant mechanisms and the structure–function relationship of antioxidant peptides.
Pilot multi‐site and reproducibility study of hypothalamic gliosis in children
Authors: Sewaybricker Leticia E. , Melhorn Susan J. , Papantoni Afroditi , Webb Mary F. , Hua Jun , Roth Christian L. , Carnell Susan , Schur Ellen A. 
Published: October 2020

SummaryObjectiveQuantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of mediobasal hypothalamic (MBH) gliosis positively correlates with body mass index (BMI) in adults. This has neither been well explored in children nor have other brain regions involved in appetitive processing been tested for evidence of gliosis.MethodsMulti‐site cross‐sectional study in children to test for differences in quantitative T2 signal (measure of gliosis) by region and to assess relationships with age and BMI. Participants underwent brain MRI using the same equipment and protocol to quantify T2 relaxation time in six bilateral regions of interest (ROIs): putamen, caudate, ventral striatum, amygdala, hippocampus and MBH, and three control regions: white matter, motor cortex and dorsal hypothalamus.ResultsThirty‐one participants (61% female) were included in a combined sample from the University of Washington (N = 9) and John Hopkins University (N = 22). Mean age was 14 ± 3 years, and BMI z‐score was 0.7 ± 1.1 (26% with obesity). No study site‐related differences were seen in T2 relaxation time across all nine regions (chi2 (8): 9.46, P = .30). Regional differences in T2 relaxation time were present (P < .001). MBH presented longer T2 relaxation time, suggestive of gliosis, when compared to all regions (P < .001), including an intra‐hypothalamic control. Physiological age‐related declines in T2 relaxation times were found in grey matter ROIs, but not in the MBH (r = −0.14, P = .46). MBH was the only region with a positive correlation between T2 relaxation time and BMI z‐score (r = 0.38, P = .03).ConclusionsIn a multi‐site study, pilot data suggest that quantitative MRI detected normal maturation‐related brain variation as well as evidence that MBH gliosis is associated with increased adiposity in children.
The distinct MHC‐unrestricted immunobiology of innate‐like and adaptive‐like human γδ T cell subsets—Nature's CAR‐T cells
Authors: Willcox Carrie R. , Mohammed Fiyaz , Willcox Benjamin E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDistinct innate‐like and adaptive‐like immunobiological paradigms are emerging for human γδ T cells, supported by a combination of immunophenotypic, T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, functional, and transcriptomic data. Evidence of the γδ TCR/ligand recognition modalities that respective human subsets utilize is accumulating. Although many questions remain unanswered, one superantigen‐like modality features interactions of germline‐encoded regions of particular TCR Vγ regions with specific BTN/BTNL family members and apparently aligns with an innate‐like biology, albeit with some scope for clonal amplification. A second involves CDR3‐mediated γδ TCR interaction with diverse ligands and aligns with an adaptive‐like biology. Importantly, these unconventional modalities provide γδ T cells with unique recognition capabilities relative to αβ T cells, B cells, and NK cells, allowing immunosurveillance for signatures of "altered self" on target cells, via a membrane‐linked γδ TCR recognizing intact non‐MHC proteins on the opposing cell surface. In doing so, they permit cellular responses in diverse situations including where MHC expression is compromised, or where conventional adaptive and/or NK cell‐mediated immunity is suppressed. γδ T cells may therefore utilize their TCR like a cell‐surface Fab repertoire, somewhat analogous to engineered chimeric antigen receptor T cells, but additionally integrating TCR signaling with parallel signals from other surface immunoreceptors, making them multimolecular sensors of cellular stress.
Using Q‐methodology to explore mental health nurses’ knowledge and skills to use recovery‐focused care to reduce aggression in acute mental health settings
Authors: Lim Eric , Wynaden Dianne , Heslop Karen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhen nurses practise recovery‐focused care, they contribute positively to the consumer’s mental health recovery journey and empower the person to be actively engaged in the management of their illness. While using recovery‐focused care is endorsed in mental health policy, many health professionals remain uncertain about its application with consumers who have a risk for aggression during their admission to an acute mental health inpatient setting. This paper reports on Australian research using Q‐methodology that examined the knowledge and skill components of recovery‐focused care that nurses use to reduce the risk for aggression. The data from forty mental health nurses revealed five factors that when implemented as part of routine practice improved the recovery outcomes for consumers with risk of aggression in the acute mental health settings. These factors were as follows: (I) acknowledge the consumers’ experience of hospitalization; (II) reassure consumers who are going through a difficult time; (III) interact to explore the impact of the consumer’s negative lived experiences; (IV) support co‐production to reduce triggers for aggression; and (V) encourage and support consumers to take ownership of their recovery journey. These findings provide nurses with a pragmatic approach to use recovery‐focused care for consumers with risk for aggression and contribute positively to the consumers’ personal recovery.