bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of a fiber spectrometer based on offset fusion
Authors: Wang Tianliang , Li Yi , Meng Yanlong , Qiu Yanqing , Mao Bangning 
Published: April 2020

A near-infrared spectrometer based on offset fused multimode fiber (MMF) is investigated in this study. The light spectrum is recovered by analyzing the speckle images when light is passing through the MMF. In order to generate adequate speckles, a polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) and a 30 cm long MMF are fused with a vertical offset. Seven different offset displacements are implemented in the fiber fusion. The follow-up experiments show that the fiber offset fusion has a significant influence on the spectral correlation and the resolution. Larger offset fusion can excite more high-order modes in the MMF, and it greatly improves the spectrometer’s performance. The simulation results also show that more modes are excited in MMF, and the increase of mode number leads to lower correlation coefficients of the neighboring spectral channels. However, large offset fusion increases the fusion and the insertion loss of the whole system, which may bring difficulties in the low-light cases. In addition, an image denoising algorithm based on dynamic threshold filtering and a spectral reconstruction algorithm originated from complete orthogonal decomposition were used to remove the speckle pattern noise and recover the spectrum. The final speckle-based spectrometer has a spectral resolution of

0.6

∼
0.016

n
m

depending on the different offset fusions.
Linear cavity tapered fiber sensor using mode-tracking phase-shift cavity ring-down spectroscopy
Authors: Ayaz Rana M. Armaghan , Uysalli Yigit , Morova Berna , Bavili Nima , Ullah Ubaid , Ghauri M. Daniyal , Cheema M. Imran , Kiraz Alper 
Published: April 2020

Phase-shift cavity ring-down spectroscopy (PS-CRDS) is an alternative CRDS approach that allows the detection of minute changes in cavity losses by measurement of the phase shift experienced by a modulated laser as it propagates through a high-quality factor cavity. Fiber loop resonators and microresonators have been employed in previous PS-CRDS demonstrations for liquid phase applications. Here we employ a tapered fiber-based linear fiber cavity for the demonstration of a highly sensitive sensor for sucrose concentration in water using PS-CRDS. Our linear fiber cavity has a small cavity length (

∼

1.25

m

) that enables the observation and tracking of individual cavity modes in transmission and phase spectra recorded during laser sweeps. Hence, we eliminate the need for Pound–Drever–Hall locking of the laser source to the cavity resonance and thus provide a simpler experimental scheme. We analyze the recorded data sets to track the changes in phase shifts observed only when the laser wavelength is in resonance with the cavity modes. Such a mode-tracking PS-CRDS approach reveals limit of detection values less than around 400 µM, better than the performance of previously demonstrated PS-CRDS sucrose concentration sensors employing fiber loop resonators. The sensitivity of our sensor critically depends on the fiber taper diameter and can reach up to around 6°/1 mM Suc. for 3.2 µm taper diameter at 6 MHz modulation frequency using fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with reflectivities around 86%. This value can be further increased by employing FBGs with higher reflectivities or fiber tapers with smaller diameters provided that the cavity loss due to water absorption is compensated with an amplifier.
Optical telescope with Cassegrain metasurfaces
Authors: Liu Xuan , Deng Junhong , Li King Fai , Jin Mingke , Tang Yutao , Zhang Xuecai , Cheng Xing , Wang Hong , Liu Wei , Li Guixin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Cassegrain telescope, made of a concave primary mirror and a convex secondary mirror, is widely utilized for modern astronomical observation. However, the existence of curved mirrors inevitably results in bulky configurations. Here, we propose a new design of the miniaturized Cassegrain telescope by replacing the curved mirrors with planar reflective metasurfaces. The focusing and imaging properties of the Cassegrain metasurface telescopes are experimentally verified for circularly polarized incident light at near infrared wavelengths. The concept of the metasurface telescopes can be employed for applications in telescopes working at infrared, Terahertz, and microwave and even radio frequencies.
Visible-wavelength pulsed lasers with low-dimensional saturable absorbers
Authors: Zou Jinhai , Ruan Qiujun , Zhang Xiaojin , Xu Bin , Cai Zhiping , Luo Zhengqian 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The recent renaissance in pulsed lasers operating in the visible spectral region has been driven by their significant applications in a wide range of fields such as display technology, medicine, microscopy, material processing, and scientific research. Low-dimensional nanomaterials as saturable absorbers are exploited to create strong nonlinear saturable absorption for pulse generation at visible wavelengths due to their absorption peaks located in visible spectral region. Here we provide a detailed overview of visible-wavelength pulsed lasers based on low-dimensional nanomaterials, covering the optical properties and various integration strategies of these nanomaterials saturable absorbers, and their performance from solid-state as well as fiber pulsed lasers in the visible spectral range. This emerging application domain will undoubtedly lead to the rapid development of visible pulsed lasers.
Rapid Learning of Odor–Value Association in the Olfactory Striatum
Authors: Millman Daniel J. , Murthy Venkatesh N. 
Published: April 2020

Rodents can successfully learn multiple novel stimulus–response associations after only a few repetitions when the contingencies predict reward. The circuits modified during such reinforcement learning to support decision-making are not known, but the olfactory tubercle (OT) and posterior piriform cortex (pPC) are candidates for decoding reward category from olfactory sensory input and relaying this information to cognitive and motor areas. Through single-cell recordings in behaving male and female C57BL/6 mice, we show here that an explicit representation for reward category emerges in the OT within minutes of learning a novel odor–reward association, whereas the pPC lacks an explicit representation even after weeks of overtraining. The explicit reward category representation in OT is visible in the first sniff (50–100 ms) of an odor on each trial, and precedes the motor action. Together, these results suggest that the coding of stimulus information required for reward prediction does not occur within olfactory cortex, but rather in circuits involving the olfactory striatum.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRodents are olfactory specialists and can use odors to learn contingencies quickly and well. We have found that mice can readily learn to place multiple odors into rewarded and unrewarded categories. Once they have learned the rule, they can do such categorization in a matter of minutes (<10 trials). We found that neural activity in olfactory cortex largely reflects sensory coding, with very little explicit information about categories. By contrast, neural activity in a brain region in the ventral striatum is rapidly modified in a matter of minutes to reflect reward category. Our experiments set up a paradigm for studying rapid sensorimotor reinforcement in a circuit that is right at the interface of sensory input and reward areas.
Selective Disruption of Inhibitory Synapses Leading to Neuronal Hyperexcitability at an Early Stage of Tau Pathogenesis in a Mouse Model
Authors: Shimojo Masafumi , Takuwa Hiroyuki , Takado Yuhei , Tokunaga Masaki , Tsukamoto Satoshi , Minatohara Keiichiro , Ono Maiko , Seki Chie , Maeda Jun , Urushihata Takuya , Minamihisamatsu Takeharu , Aoki Ichio , Kawamura Kazunori , Zhang Ming-Rong , Suhara Tetsuya , Sahara Naruhiko , Higuchi Makoto 
Published: April 2020

Synaptic dysfunction provoking dysregulated cortical neural circuits is currently hypothesized as a key pathophysiological process underlying clinical manifestations in Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative tauopathies. Here, we conducted PET along with postmortem assays to investigate time course changes of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic constituents in an rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy, which develops tau pathologies leading to noticeable brain atrophy at 5-6 months of age. Both male and female mice were analyzed in this study. We observed that radiosignals derived from [11C]flumazenil, a tracer for benzodiazepine receptor, in rTg4510 mice were significantly lower than the levels in nontransgenic littermates at 2-3 months of age. In contrast, retentions of (E)-[11C]ABP688, a tracer for mGluR5, were unaltered relative to controls at 2 months of age but then gradually declined with aging in parallel with progressive brain atrophy. Biochemical and immunohistochemical assessment of postmortem brain tissues demonstrated that inhibitory, but not excitatory, synaptic constituents selectively diminished without overt loss of somas of GABAergic interneurons in the neocortex and hippocampus of rTg4510 mice at 2 months of age, which was concurrent with enhanced immunoreactivity of cFos, a well-characterized immediate early gene, suggesting that impaired inhibitory neurotransmission may cause hyperexcitability of cortical circuits. Our findings indicate that tau-induced disruption of the inhibitory synapse may be a critical trigger of progressive neurodegeneration, resulting in massive neuronal loss, and PET assessments of inhibitory versus excitatory synapses potentially offerin vivoindices for hyperexcitability and excitotoxicity early in the etiologic pathway of neurodegenerative tauopathies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn this study, we examined the in vivo status of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the brain of the rTg4510 tauopathy mouse model by PET imaging with (E)-[11C]ABP688 and [11C]flumazenil, respectively. We identified inhibitory synapse as being significantly dysregulated before brain atrophy at 2 months of age, while excitatory synapse stayed relatively intact at this stage. In line with this observation, postmortem assessment of brain tissues demonstrated selective attenuation of inhibitory synaptic constituents accompanied by the upregulation of cFos before the formation of tau pathology in the forebrain at young ages. Our findings indicate that selective degeneration of inhibitory synapse with hyperexcitability in the cortical circuit constitutes the critical early pathophysiology of tauopathy.
Transforming the Culture of Chinese Prosecutors Through Guiding Cases
Authors: Hawes Colin 
Published: April 2020

Public prosecutors are a key element within the legal complex, and crucial to the effective implementation of legal reforms. China’s procurators (public prosecutors) have previously colluded with local governments, police, and courts to “strike hard” against crime while overlooking systemic beating and torture of detained suspects to obtain confessions, shoddy investigative practices, and frequent miscarriages of justice.
However, fifteen sets of Guiding Cases issued by the Supreme People’s Procuratorate since 2010 promote an unprecedented change in Chinese procurator culture away from “striking hard” to substantive protection of criminal suspects’ rights and exclusion of tainted evidence. They reinforce criminal procedure reforms since 2010 by demonstrating how procurators should protect innocent people against wrongful convictions and police brutality. They also stress the broader duty of China’s procurators to uphold the public interest against corrupt businesses and officials, especially in food safety, land-taking, and environmental protection cases.
With other key actors in China’s “legal complex”—rights lawyers and civil society groups—still suppressed by the government, this effort to transform procurator culture is an essential, though still incomplete, step on China’s tortuous path toward a fair and just legal system.
The Scaffold Proteins Paxillin B and α-Actinin Regulate Septation in Aspergillus nidulans via Control of Actin Ring Contraction
Authors: Zhou Xiaogang , Zheng Likun , Guan Luyu , Ye Jing , Virag Aleksandra , Harris Steven D , Lu Ling 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Cytokinesis, as the final step of cell division, plays an important role in fungal growth and proliferation. In the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, defective cytokinesis is able to induce abnormal multinuclear or nonnucleated cells and then result in reduced hyphal growth and abolished sporulation. Previous studies have reported that a conserved contractile actin ring (CAR) protein complex and the septation initiation network (SIN) signaling kinase cascade are required for cytokinesis and septation; however, little is known about the role(s) of scaffold proteins involved in these two important cellular processes. In this study, we show that a septum-localized scaffold protein paxillin B (PaxB) is essential for cytokinesis/septation in A. nidulans. The septation defects observed in a paxB deletion strain resemble those caused by the absence of another identified scaffold protein, α-actinin (AcnA). Deletion of α-actinin (AcnA) leads to undetectable PaxB at the septation site, whereas deletion of paxB does not affect the localization of α-actinin at septa. However, deletion of either α-actinin (acnA) or paxB causes the actin ring to disappear at septation sites during cytokinesis. Notably, overexpression of α-actinin acnA partially rescues the septum defects of the paxB mutant but not vice versa, suggesting AcnA may play a dominant role over that of PaxB for cytokinesis and septation. In addition, PaxB and α-actinin affect the septal dynamic localization of MobA, a conserved component of the SIN pathway, suggesting they may affect the SIN protein complex function at septa. Protein pull-down assays combined with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry identification indicate that α-actinin AcnA and PaxB likely do not directly interact, but presumably belong to an actin cytoskeleton protein network that is required for the assembly and contraction of the CAR. Taken together, findings in this study provide novel insights into the roles of conserved scaffold proteins during fungal septation in A. nidulans.
Patterns and trends of pediatric and young adult computed tomography use in Brazil: 2008-2014
Authors: Dovales Ana Cristina Murta , Chaves Tainá Olivieri , Bahia Paulo Roberto Valle , Schaefer Marcela Brisighelli , Failla Bruna Bonaventura , Suzuki Lisa , Valente Marcelo , Gomes Vinicius de Araújo , Da Rosa Luiz Antônio Ribeiro , Pearce Mark Stephen , Veiga Lene Holanda Sadler 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT Computed tomography (CT) is an indispensable imaging technique, but radiation exposure from CT scans is of concern mainly due to the potential risk of developing cancer, mainly in children. Our group recently showed that CT use has greatly increased among outpatients using the Brazilian public health system (SUS) between 2001 and 2011. Further, CT examinations among patients younger than 20 years of age represented around 13.4% of all CT examinations in SUS between 2008 and 2011. In comparison, these examinations represented around 8% of the overall number of CT scans in a private hospital in Rio de Janeiro between 2005 and 2015, In this paper we extended the evaluation of pediatric and young adult CT use in Brazil to 25 private CT services in 8 Brazilian cities for the period 2008-2014. Data from SUS was updated to this period. Information about CT use in SUS was obtained from an online database. Data on the privately funded setting was retrieved from the Radiological Information Systems (RIS) of each CT service. Patients younger than 20 years of age underwent around 8.9% of the CT procedures in the private setting, while in SUS this proportion was around 12.7% in the same period. Pediatric and young adult CT greatly increased in both healthcare systems, but annual growth rates were less pronounced in the private than in the public healthcare system. One third of the patients in the private setting had more than one CT examination over the period investigated.
Asking for Identification and Retail Tobacco Sales to Minors
Authors: Levinson Arnold H. , Lee Joseph G.L. , Jason Leonard A. , DiFranza Joseph R. 
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
A previous single-county study found that retail stores usually asked young-looking tobacco customers to show proof-of-age identification, but a large proportion of illegal tobacco sales to minors occurred after the customers had shown identification proving they were too young to purchase tobacco. We sought to investigate these findings on a larger scale.

METHODS:
We obtained state reports for federal fiscal years 2017 and 2018 from a federal agency that tracks tobacco sales to supervised minors conducting compliance checks in retail stores. We used descriptive and multivariable logistic regression methods to determine (1) how often stores in 17 states requested identifications, (2) what proportion of violations occurred after identification requests, and (3) if violation rates differed when minors were required versus forbidden to carry identification.

RESULTS:
Stores asked minors for identification in 79.6% (95% confidence interval: 79.3%–80.8%) of compliance checks (N = 17 276). Violations after identification requests constituted 22.8% (95% confidence interval: 20.0%–25.6%; interstate range, 1.7%–66.2%) of all violations and were nearly 3 times as likely when minors were required to carry identification in compliance checks. Violations were 42% more likely when minors asked for a vaping product versus cigarettes.

CONCLUSIONS:
Stores that sell tobacco to underage customers are more likely to be detected and penalized when youth inspectors carry identification during undercover tobacco sales compliance checks. The new age-21 tobacco sales requirement presents an opportunity to require identifications be carried and address other long-standing weaknesses in compliance-check protocols to help combat the current adolescent vaping epidemic.
A escrita acadêmica na formação inicial de professores: diários de aprendizagem na constituição de si
Authors: Martins Adriana Claudia , Galvão dos Santos Eliane Aparecida 
Published: April 2020

Nesta escrita apresentamos as experiências vivenciadas com a formação inicial de professores, tendo como objetivo discutir sobre o papel do diário de aprendizagem como um instrumento de interlocução na sala de aula universitária, entre professor formador e os acadêmicos, durante a formação inicial de professores. Propomos a escrita de si como possibilidade de reflexão durante o processo formativo, considerando os movimentos de autorregulação de ser professor em formação a partir dos desafios do processo formativo. A natureza deste trabalho é de cunho qualitativo, ancorado na pesquisa bibliográfica em que a revisão da literatura teve como base os autores: Zabalza (2004), Freire (1996) e Bakhtin (2010a, 2010b). Assim, o texto se inscreve como teórico-analítico a partir de fragmentos de diários dos acadêmicos de cursos de licenciaturas. Para tanto, realizamos a análise dos diários de aprendizagem de nove estudantes do curso de Pedagogia e de Letras de duas universidades do interior do estado do Rio grande do Sul. A partir do estudo foi possível compreender que os acadêmicos vão se constituindo e dialogando ao escreverem os diários, colocando-se como aprendizes críticos no espaço da graduação, corroborando nos processos de elaboração de novos conhecimentos e aprendizagem de ser professor.
Maturation of NMDA receptor-mediated spontaneous postsynaptic currents in the rat locus coeruleus neurons
Authors: Kourosh-Arami M , Hajizadeh S 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionDuring mammalian brain development, neural activity leads to maturation of glutamatergic innervations to locus coeruleus. In this study, fast excitatory postsynaptic currents mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors were evaluated to investigate the maturation of excitatory postsynaptic currents in locus coeruleus (LC) neurons.MethodsNMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents in LC neurons were evaluated using whole-cell voltage-clamp recording during the primary postnatal weeks. This technique was used to calculate the optimum holding potential for NMDA receptor-mediated currents and the best frequency for detecting spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC).ResultsThe optimum holding potential for detecting NMDA receptor-mediated currents was + 40 to + 50 mV in LC neurons. The frequency, amplitude, rise time, and decay time constant of synaptic responses depended on the age of the animal and increased during postnatal maturation.ConclusionThese findings suggest that most nascent glutamatergic synapses express functional NMDA receptors in the postnatal coerulear neurons, and that the activities of the neurons in this region demonstrate an age-dependent variation.
Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) in a Child who Transformed to Acute Myeloid Leukaemia with Myelodysplasia-Related Changes (AML-MRC)
Authors: Parmawati Ni Komang Ayu , Herawati Sianny , Wande I Nyoman 
Published: April 2020

Background: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of clonal hematopoietic stem cell diseases, accounting forÂ < 5% of all hematologic malignancies in children. Â MDS is characterized by cytopenia, dysplasia in one or more of the major myeloid lineages, ineffective hematopoiesis, and recurrent genetic abnormalities. Approximately 30% of patients with MDS show progression to AML within a few months up to several years. This is an MDS case report in children who have undergone Acute Myeloid Leukaemia transformation with Myelodysplasia-Related Changes (AML-MRC).Case Report: A 16-year-old boy came to the Emergency Department of Sanglah General Hospital with a complaint of pain and swelling in both knees and joints since last month. Fatigue and fever happened a week before admission. Previously, he had been hospitalized twice with the same symptoms. Physical examination revealed pale conjunctiva with pancytopenia in the laboratory result. A blood smear showed normochromic normocytic anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow aspiration morphology showed hypercellularity with blast presentation > 10% and multilineage dysplasia > 50% supporting MDS diagnosed transformation to Acute Myeloid Leukaemia with Myelodysplasia-Related Changes (AML-MRC). Leukemia phenotyping showed positive results on CD 33, CD 36 and HLA-DR presenting Monocytic Lineage.Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Conclusion: High degree dysplasia and blast percentage in blood and bone marrow increase tendency to transform into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The diagnose of MDS requires analysis of blood and bone marrow morphology and cytogenetic analysis as a recommendation by WHO classification.