bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
0237 Effect of Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia on Spatial Performance in Rats
Authors: Xu J , Geng E , Brake L , Wiemken A , Keenan B , Kubin L , Schwab R 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Cognitive and spatial dysfunction is common among patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The cause of these abnormalities may be related to the effects of hypoxic damage in the brain during sleep. Here we report a rodent model for chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) that examines spatial performance tasks via a Barnes Maze paradigm. We hypothesized that increased severity of CIH yields decreased cognitive and spatial performance.

Methods
Three groups of rats were subject to varying levels of hypoxia conditions: sham (21% oxygen; n = 19), moderate (11% oxygen; n = 14), and severe (6% oxygen; n = 21). To deliver hypoxia, rats were exposed to three-minute cycles of oxygen between 21% and condition-specific nadir oxygen for 12 hours daily (during sleep) in specialized chambers. Barnes maze testing was performed at 0, 1, 2, and 3 months. Rats were placed on a circular platform with 19 shallow holes and one deeper target hole to escape the noxious sound. Each month, rats had 3 minutes to find the target hole in four daily trials over four consecutive days. Average maze completion time on day 4 was recorded.

Results
Rats from the three hypoxia groups did not differ significantly in mean maze completion time at baseline (0 months). Throughout the three months of exposure to hypoxic conditions, maze completion time on day 4 did not differ significantly from baseline for sham rats. However, by month 3, rats exposed to severe hypoxic conditions had a significantly larger percent increase from baseline compared to sham rats (p = 0.0358).

Conclusion
Our findings indicate that rats undergoing intermittent hypoxia perform worse than normoxic rats in spatial performance tasks. These data suggest there is a relationship between CIH and cognitive/spatial impairment.

Support
Funded by NIH P01 HL094307
0249 Effects of Alcohol Consumption on Sleep-Wake Pattern of a Rat Model of Anxiety
Authors: Fierro A , Cortés C , Eguibar J 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Anxiety is an important factor for self-administered alcohol as a tool to reduce its symptoms. However, alcohol is capable to disrupt sleep-wake patterns in subjects with medium- to high-alcohol consumption. We have selectively bred two sublines from Sprague-Dawley rats that differ on its yawning frequency. High-yawning (HY) rats have a mean of 20 yawns/h, whereas the Low-yawning (LY) rats have only 2 yawns/hour. LY rats also showed anxious responses when evaluated on standardized tests. The aim of this study was to assess the changes on sleep-wake patterns after chronic alcohol consumption.

Methods
We used 8 males from HY and LY sublines at 3 months of age, they lived in acrylic cages with water and food pellets available ad libitum under a 12:12 light-dark cycle (lights on at 0700) and temperature of 21±1 °C. All subjects were implanted to record EEG, EMG and EOG to characterize sleep-wake phases. A baseline sleep-wake recording was obtained for 24 h. A solution of 9.6% alcohol was administered as a single source of hydration for seven days and then a second sleep-wake recording was obtained. After that period, an additional bottle containing purified water was available. Position of the bottles was randomly changed daily. Water and alcohol consumption were measured daily for a period of 3 weeks and then a third sleep-wake recording was obtained.

Results
LY rats consumed more alcohol than HY rats (P&lt;0.05), and they had an increase of bouts and duration of slow wave sleep and REM sleep on their active phase after alcohol administration (P&lt;0.05).

Conclusion
LY rats display an anxious behavior and therefore consumed more alcohol compared to HY rats, and only LY rats were susceptible to alcohol effects on sleep on their active phase.

Support
Partially supported by CONACYT grants 243333 and 243247 to CC and JRE, respectively. Grants from VIEP-BUAP 2018 and CA in Neuroendocrinología BUAP-CA-288.
0252 Influence of Sleep on Negative Social Judgment
Authors: Corona F E , Mednick S C 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep plays an important role in emotional regulation. Emotional regulation can be disrupted by psychosocial stress, including social judgment. It is not known whether sleep can regulate emotions arising from social judgment. The aim of this study is to determine if sleep can reduce emotional reactivity associated with negative social judgment.

Methods
On day one, subjects participated in a social judgment task (SJT) in the morning, followed by a nap or wake condition. Subjects’ physiological responses to social judgment task (skin conductance and heart rate) and mood were measured before and after the SJT, after the nap/wake condition, and once on day three.

Results
Mood ratings decreased after social judgment for all subjects, but increased following the nap intervention. Mood ratings improved after the 2 day delay. There were no changes in social status. Skin conductance during judgment decreased for subjects in nap condition, but not wake. After a 2 day delay, skin conductance decreased across subjects, with those in nap condition experiencing greater decrease. Heart rate response during social judgment exposure decreased only for those in nap group, with a 2 day delay showing decreased heart rate response across all subjects.

Conclusion
A nap directly following social judgment buffers negative response to the experience by decreasing emotional reactivity as measured by mood, skin conductance, and heart rate response. No differences were found between nappers and non-nappers on day three, suggesting that sleep benefits emotional reactivity associated with the stress of social judgment and that these benefits can happen with a nap or a night of sleep, more than a period of wake.

Support
University of California, Irvine.
0255 Comparing Performance, Fatigue and Sleepiness Between Short-Haul And Ultra Long-Haul Commercial Airline Operations
Authors: Lamp A , Rasmussen I , Soriano-Smith R , Keller C , Basiarz E , Belenky G 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Safety performance indicators (SPIs) are used in aviation to determine if a trip that is non-compliant with federal regulations is safe to fly. Exemptions to regulations can be granted if a safety case demonstrates that the SPIs for an alternative means of compliance (AMOC; i.e., a trip outside regulations) are non-inferior to SPIs for a safety standard operation (SSO; i.e. a trip compliant with regulations). Through this process, it has previously been suggested that ultra-long-range flights are non-inferior to long-range flights due to increased sleep opportunity. We determined whether SPIs for non-compliant ultra-long-range (ULR) trips are non-inferior to those for compliant short-haul (SH) trips.

Methods
Performance, fatigue, and sleepiness were assessed at the top of descent (TOD) of flight segments using the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), Samn-Perelli (SP) fatigue scale, and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), respectively. Data were analyzed using non-inferiority testing. Two different ULR trips with different TOD times (ULR trip 1: n=81; ULR trip 2: n=22) were compared to two types of SH trips, including one trip that contained one or more all-night flights (SH trip 1: n=48) and one trip with zero all-night flights (SH trip 2: n=47).

Results
Non-inferiority was found for the SPIs at most comparison points. For example, comparing the SPIs for ULR trip 2 and SH trip 1 at final TOD, non-inferiority was found for all SPIs. In contrast, comparing the SPIs for ULR trip 1 and SH trip 1 at final TOD, non-inferiority was found for SP and KSS, while non-inferiority for PVT was only suggested.

Conclusion
The findings suggest that the AMOC trips are as safe as or safer than the compliant SH trips. This raises questions regarding the structure of SH trips and how differences in the structures play a role in performance, fatigue and sleepiness.

Support
United Airlines
0266 A Brief Nap During a Period of Sleep Deprivation Does Not Mitigate Cognitive Deficits
Authors: Stepan M E , Altmann E M , Fenn K M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep deprivation consistently impairs vigilant attention and placekeeping, which is the ability to maintain place in a sequence of steps without skipping or repeating steps. Placekeeping is a broadly important component of higher-order cognition. Previously, we found that caffeine benefitted vigilant attention but had no effect on placekeeping for most individuals. Here, we investigated the extent to which another intervention, brief naps, mitigated deficits in vigilant attention and placekeeping during a period of sleep deprivation.

Methods
In the evening, participants completed assessments of placekeeping and vigilant attention, the UNRAVEL task and Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), respectively. Participants were then randomly assigned to either stay awake in the laboratory overnight (Sleep-deprived) or sleep at home (Rested). Sleep-deprived participants were also randomly given a 0, 30, or 60 minute nap opportunity. During the naps, participants were setup with partial polysomnography. In the morning, Rested participants returned and everyone completed UNRAVEL and PVT again.

Results
Sleep deprivation increased placekeeping errors, particularly following interrupted performance, and increased attentional lapses. A brief nap opportunity did not mitigate placekeeping or vigilant attention deficits. Polysomnography data showed that total sleep time was negatively related to placekeeping errors following an interruption; participants who slept more made fewer post-interruption errors. Slow wave sleep (SWS) was negatively related to attentional lapses and placekeeping errors on non-interruption trials; participants who obtained more SWS made fewer lapses and non-interruption errors. Sleep latency was also negatively related to attentional lapses, such that participants who fell asleep quickly, an indication of greater sleepiness, had more attentional lapses.

Conclusion
A brief nap during a period of sleep deprivation is not a viable intervention and longer naps may be required before observable performance benefits emerge. However, specific aspects of sleep architecture were related to performance on the two tasks, suggesting domain-specific deficits due to sleep deprivation.

Support
Funding received by the Office of Naval Research N00014-16-1-2841.
0268 Development of an Integrated Model of Sleep Deprivation in Adolescence
Authors: Kwon M , Park E , Livingston J A , Dean G E , Suzanne D S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep deprivation is a consistently and widely concerning problem among adolescents. Although a few models have been proposed to explain the relationships and pathways through which factors influence sleep in adolescents, there are lack of theoretical models that apply both biological and behavioral factors that contribute to sleep deprivation across the trajectory of adolescent development. The current study proposes an integrated model that draws upon constructs from several influential theories with an aim to re-conceptualize factors associated with sleep deprivation as a chronic and cyclic problem that emerges from biological and behavioral changes in youth.

Methods
The Two Process Model of Sleep Regulation, Spielman’s 3p model, the theory of planned behavior, dual systems model, and sleep health framework are used to develop an integrated model of factors that lead to sleep deprivation in adolescents.

Results
The resulting integrated model highlights the importance of adolescent’s inherent nature of delayed sleep phase at pubertal onset (two process model); increased reward-seeking that precedes the structural maturation of their cognitive control and emotions (dual systems model); and their attitudes/perceptions towards sleep (theory of planned behavior), which is often geared toward not prioritizing sleep. Sleep health framework adequately frames the pattern of sleep-wakefulness in adolescents using a multidimensional approach of sleep. Moreover, the new model presents contextual factors (Spielman’s 3p model) and the way that these constructs interact in order to maintain a vicious cycle of insufficient sleep which leads to chronic sleep deprivation.

Conclusion
The current model portrays a wide-ranging view of mechanisms underlying sleep deprivation among adolescence by integrating both biological and behavioral aspects. The model is proposed to encourage researchers to explore these conceptual elements of biological and neurobiological changes, and behavioral problems in order to operationalize relevant measures to relate the concepts to sleep deprivation and subsequent health outcomes in adolescents.

Support
None
0269 Restricting Sleep Increases Teens’ Sedentary Behavior Without Impacting Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity
Authors: Krietsch K , Duraccio K , Zang N , Beebe D 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Short sleep duration has been linked to obesity risk in adolescence. However, most research has focused on potential changes in appetite/intake, rather than physical activity or sedentary behaviors. It remains unknown if, in the daily lives of adolescents, sleep restriction increases moderate- to-vigorous physical activity (e.g., by providing more time for it) or discourages such activity (in favor of sedentary behaviors). This was the first study to use gold-standard objective measures to assess cause-and-effect relationships between sleep duration and the resulting activity levels of adolescents in the naturalistic environment.

Methods
N=104 healthy teens (ages 14–18) completed the 3-week within-subjects crossover sleep manipulation experiment during the summer. Following a 7-night a sleep stabilization week, teens were randomly assigned to 5 nights in Short Sleep (6.5hrs sleep opportunity) or Healthy Sleep (9.5hrs sleep opportunity). Following a 2-night “washout” period, they crossed over to the alternate sleep condition. Throughout the study, they wore validated waist-worn accelerometers to objectively measure sedentary and physical activity levels, and wrist-worn actigraphs to confirm adherence to their sleep condition.

Results
When in Short Sleep (vs. Healthy Sleep), teens on average slept 112 minutes less (p&lt;.0001, d=1.72) per wrist actigraphy. Waist-worn accelerometers reflected 99 more minutes in sedentary behavior (p&lt;.0001, d=.97), and 16 more minutes in light physical activity (p=.002, d=.31) during short sleep. Teens did not differ in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity between conditions (p=.95, d=.03).

Conclusion
Among healthy adolescents, a realistic dose of sleep restriction did not affect moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels, but did sharply increase time in sedentary behavior. Given the negative weight and health consequences of sedentary behavior, these results have practical implications for obesity prevention/intervention efforts. They suggest that extending teen sleep may neither encourage nor discourage healthy physical activity, but may help curb unhealthy behaviors (e.g., sedentary behavior).

Support
R01 HL120879
0274 Associations of TNFα Gene Polymorphism with Resilience to Sleep Deprivation and Caffeine Sensitivity
Authors: Skeiky L , Hansen D A , Satterfield B C , Petrovick M , Balkin T J , Capaldi V F , Ratcliffe R H , Brager A J , Van Dongen H 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep deprivation degrades the fidelity of human brain information processing, leading to cognitive impairment. Carriers of the A allele of a single nucleotide polymorphism of the TNFα gene (G308A, rs1800629) have been found to be resilient to cognitive impairment due to sleep deprivation as compared to individuals homozygous for the G allele. Caffeine mitigates the cognitive impairment associated with sleep deprivation. We investigated whether the effects of caffeine and TNFα genotype interact.

Methods
In an 18-day, controlled, in-laboratory study, 12 healthy adults (age 27.4±6.9; 6 females) underwent three sessions of 48-hour total sleep deprivation (TSD), with each TSD session preceded and followed by three nights of baseline and/or recovery sleep (10 hours time in bed). In randomized, counterbalanced, double-blind, placebo-controlled fashion, during each TSD session a specific dose of caffeine (0, 200, or 300 mg) was administered four times at 12-hour intervals. Vigilant attention was measured every 2 hours during each TSD session with a psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), for which the log of the signal-to-noise ratio (LSNR) derived from the RT distribution was determined as a measure of the fidelity of information processing. Each subject’s TNFα genotype was assessed from a blood sample.

Results
Subjects homozygous for the TNFα G allele showed greater PVT impairment during sleep deprivation in the 0 mg caffeine (i.e., placebo) condition as compared to carriers of the A allele and as compared to the 200 and 300 mg caffeine conditions (mixed-effects ANOVA, genotype by dose interaction: F2,566=5.23, p=0.005). There was no appreciable caffeine-related difference in performance for carriers of the A allele, who were relatively resilient to TSD regardless of caffeine dose.

Conclusion
These results suggest non-additive, interacting effects of TNFα genotype and caffeine and a potentially shared mechanism of action with regard to the fidelity of information processing during sleep deprivation.

Support
This research was supported by ONR. AJB, TJB, VFC, RHR were supported by DoD MOMRP-USAMRDC. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not represent the official policy or position of the DoD.
0286 Schedule Characteristics of Heavy Vehicle Drivers are Associated with Eye-Blink Indicators of Real-Time Drowsiness on the Road
Authors: Shekari Soleimanloo S , Sletten T L , Clark A , Cori J M , Wolkow A P , Beatty C , Shiferaw B , Barnes M , Tucker A J , Anderson C , Rajaratnam S M , Howard M E 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
While up to 52% of heavy vehicle crashes are drowsiness-related, the contributions of schedule factors to real-time objective drowsiness in heavy vehicle drivers (HVDs) have not been studied. Eye-blink parameters are a reliable indicator of driver drowsiness. This study aimed to examine the relationship between work-related factors and objective drowsiness in HVDs.

Methods
HVDs (all males, aged 49.5 ± 8 years) undertook 5- weeks of sleep-wake monitoring (Philips Actiwatch, N=15), and 4-weeks of infrared oculography (Optalert, Melbourne, Australia) to monitor their eye-blink parameters (averaged each minute) while driving their own vehicle (N=12). Participants slept for 5.75± 1.4 hours before the drives. Drowsiness events were defined as any Johns Drowsiness Scores (JDS) scores larger than 2.6 based on prior research. The relationships of schedule factors and drowsiness events per hour were assessed via mixed linear regression models.

Results
Drowsiness event rates were 3–5 times greater between 22:00 and 03:00 hours compared to between 16:00 and 17:00 hours (17- 25 events/h vs 5 events/h, P= 0.0001 to 0.007). The frequency of drowsiness events at night varied with shift start time and time into shift (P= 0.0001 to 0.001). Compared to the first hour of driving, drowsiness event rates rose significantly during the 13th to the 21st hours into the shift (13- 59 events/h vs 5.5 events/h, P= 0.0001 to 0.007). During sequential night shifts drowsiness events were 1.8 times more common compared to 1–3 sequential day shifts (9 events/h vs 5 events/h, P= 0.012 to 0.019).

Conclusion
Driving at night, for more than 12 hours and sequential night shifts increase real-time drowsiness in HVDs, with these factors interacting resulting in even higher rates of drowsiness events. Longitudinal studies in larger populations will further define how these factors interact to inform the work scheduling of HVDs to reduce the risk of drowsiness.

Support
This research was supported by the CRC for Alertness, Safety and Productivity.
0289 What is the Optimal Duration to Sleep in on Weekends?
Authors: Stone J E , Cheong F , Phillips A J 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Most individuals in the workforce exhibit differing sleep/wake patterns between work days and weekends. Work days are typically characterized by shorter and earlier sleep. On weekends, sleep debt is repaid by sleeping later and longer, often due to evening events. While social jet-lag (the mismatch in work vs. free sleep timing) is associated with poor health outcomes, repaying sleep debt is beneficial to health. The degree to which individuals should sleep in on weekends is currently unknown.

Methods
We used a mathematical model of human sleep/wake timing, which has been validated for predicting sleep/wake patterns in a variety of field/lab conditions. Sleep timing constraints are inputs, and the model generates predicted sleep/wake patterns and alertness levels. We simulated a traditional 7-day work week, with 7am rise times on week days. Inter-individual differences in chronotype were modeled by varying intrinsic circadian period. The model was applied to two conditions: (i) free choice of sleep onset times on weekends; or (ii) late nights on weekends (2am bedtime). Weekend rise time was systematically varied to optimize predicted daytime alertness.

Results
Optimal weekend rise times varied as a function of chronotype. With free choice sleep onset times, the model predicted optimal rise time was later for late types than early types, ranging from 7:20 to 8:40am across individuals. Sleeping later than optimal was associated with poorer performance due to misaligned circadian phase. The same trend was observed in the late-night condition, but with later optimal rise times, ranging from 8:30 to 9:50am.

Conclusion
Although individuals should maintain a consistent sleep/wake pattern on all days of the week, they often do not, due to work or social commitments. Within real-world constraints, we provided the first objective recommendations for sleep timing on the weekend, finding a compromise between repaying sleep debt and avoiding circadian misalignment.

Support
N/A