bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of multiple hypothesis-generating methods in an outbreak investigation of Escherichia coli O121 infections associated with wheat flour, Canada 2016–2017
Authors: Morton V. , Kershaw T. , Kearney A. , Taylor M. , Galanis E. , Mah V. , Adhikari B. , Whitfield Y. , Duchesne C. , Hoang L. , Chui L. , Grant K. , Hexemer A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A Canadian outbreak investigation into a cluster of Escherichia coli O121 was initiated in late 2016. When initial interviews using a closed-ended hypothesis-generating questionnaire did not point to a common source, cases were centrally re-interviewed using an open-ended approach. The open-ended interviews led cases to describe exposures with greater specificity, as well as food preparation activities. Data collected supported hypothesis generation, particularly with respect to flour exposures. In March 2017, an open sample of Brand X flour from a case home, and a closed sample collected at retail of the same brand and production date, tested positive for the outbreak strain of E. coli O121. In total, 76% (16/21) of cases reported that they used or probably used Brand X flour or that it was used or probably was used in the home during their exposure period. Crucial hypothesis-generating techniques used during the course of the investigation included a centralised open-ended interviewing approach and product sampling from case homes. This was the first outbreak investigation in Canada to identify flour as the source of infection.
SARS-CoV-2 transmission: a sociological review
Authors: Siff Emily J. , Aghagoli Ghazal , Gallo Marin Benjamin , Tobin-Tyler Elizabeth , Poitevien Patricia 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The current pandemic is defined by the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that can lead to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). How is SARS-CoV-2 transmitted? In this review, we use a global lens to examine the sociological contexts that are potentially and systematically involved in high rates of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, including lack of personal protective equipment, population density and confinement. Altogether, this review provides an in-depth conspectus of the current literature regarding how SARS-CoV-2 disproportionately impacts many minority communities. By contextualising and disambiguating transmission risks that are particularly prominent for disadvantaged populations, this review can assist public health efforts throughout and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
Emotion regulation deficits mediate childhood sexual abuse effects on stress sensitization and depression outcomes
Authors: Yaroslavsky Ilya , Bush Angela H. , France Christopher M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractChild sexual abuse (CSA) is a notable risk factor for depressive disorders. Though multiply determined, increased sensitivity to stress (stress sensitization) and difficulty managing distress (emotion regulation) may reflect two pathways by which CSA confers depression risk. However, it remains unclear whether stress sensitization and emotion regulation deficits contribute to depression risk independently or in a sequential manner. That is, the frequent use of maladaptive emotion regulation responses and insufficient use of those that attenuate distress (adaptive emotion regulation) may lead to stress sensitization. We tested competing models of CSA, stress sensitization, and emotion regulation to predict depression symptoms and depressive affects in daily life among adults with and without histories of CSA. Results supported a sequential mediation: CSA predicted greater maladaptive repertoires that, in turn, exacerbated the effects of stress on depression symptoms. Maladaptive responses also exacerbated the effects of daily life stress on contemporaneous negative affect (NA) levels and their increase over time. Independent of stress sensitization, emotion regulation deficits also mediated CSA effects on both depressive outcomes, though the effect of maladaptive strategies was specific to NA, and adaptive responses to positive affect. Our findings suggest that emotion regulation deficits and stress sensitization play key intervening roles between CSA and risk for depression.
Aortic root dilation in a child with Marfan syndrome and mosaic Turner syndrome
Authors: Groner Abraham , Qadir Asad 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPatients with a known genetic cause of aortic root dilation usually have a single underlying aetiology, either a single gene defect as in Marfan syndrome or chromosomal anomaly as in Turner syndrome. However, it is possible, although unlikely, for a patient to inherit multiple independent risk factors for aortic root dilation. We describe such a patient, who inherited Marfan syndrome and a very unusual form of mosaic Turner syndrome. Long-term follow-up of this patient may provide insight into the natural history of this unique genetic combination.
Prehospital Treatment of Acute Pulmonary Edema with Intravenous Bolus and Infusion Nitroglycerin
Authors: Perlmutter Michael C. , Cohen Matthew W. , Stratton Nathan S. , Conterato Marc 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:The study describes the implementation of a prehospital treatment algorithm that included intravenous (IV) bolus (IVB) nitroglycerin (NTG) followed by maintenance infusion for the treatment of acute pulmonary edema (APE) in a single, high-volume Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system.Methods:This is a retrospective chart review of patients who received IVB NTG for APE in a large EMS system in Minnesota and Wisconsin (USA). Inclusion criteria for treatment included a diagnosis of APE, systolic blood pressure ≥120mmHg, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) ≤93% following 800mcg of sublingual NTG. Patients received a 400mcg IVB of NTG, repeated every two minutes as needed, and subsequent infusion at 80mcg/min for transport times ≥10 minutes.Results:Forty-four patients were treated with IVB NTG. The median total bolus dose was 400mcg. Twenty patients were treated with NTG infusion following IVB NTG. The median infusion rate was 80mcg/min. For all patients, the initial median blood pressure was 191/113mmHg. Five minutes following IVB NTG, it was 160/94mmHg, and on arrival to the emergency department (ED) it was 152/90mmHg. Five minutes after the initial dose of IVB NTG, median SpO2 increased to 92% from an initial reading of 88% and was 94% at hospital arrival. One episode of transient hypotension occurred during EMS transport.Conclusion:Patients treated with IVB NTG for APE had reduction in blood pressure and improvement in SpO2 compared to their original presentation. Prehospital treatment of APE with IVB appears to be feasible and safe. A randomized trial is needed to confirm these findings.
Absconsion in forensic psychiatric services: a systematic review of literature
Authors: Olagunju Andrew T. , Bouskill Stephanie L. , Olagunju Tinuke O. , Prat Sebastien S. , Mamak Mini , Chaimowitz Gary A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhile serious concerns are often raised when patients abscond or leave unauthorized from psychiatric services, there is limited knowledge about absconsion in forensic psychiatric services. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guideline, we searched Medline/PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science through May 2020 for eligible reports on absconsion in forensic patients with no language limits. The search string combined terms for absconsion, forensic patients, and psychiatry in various permutations. This was supplemented by snowball searching for additional studies. Of the 565 articles screened, 25 eligible studies, including two interventional, seven cross-sectional, and 16 case-controlled studies spanning five decades were included. Absconsion and re-absconsion rates ranged from 0.2% to 54.4% and 15% to 71%, respectively, albeit higher rates trended with less secure psychiatric units. Previous absconsion, aggression, substance use, high Historical Clinical Risk Management-20 score, anti-sociality, psychiatric symptoms, sexual offending, and poor treatment adherence were the factors reported with a degree of predictive value for absconsion. However, the construct of absconsion was heterogeneous in the included studies and the quality of evidence on the predictors of absconsion was limited. Serious risky behaviors including re-offending, violence, self-harm, suicide, rape, and manslaughter were perpetrated by patients during unauthorized leave. Nevertheless, the rates of re-offending were generally low in the included studies (highest recidivism rate = 0.11). There is need for standardized assessment and documentation of absconsion to improve risk analysis and management. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop a structured guideline for defining absconsion, and to create a protocol that operationalizes all absconsion-related behaviors/events to promote reliable assessment and comparative analysis in future studies.
Associations between nutrient intakes and dietary patterns with different sarcopenia definitions in older Australian men: the concord health and ageing in men project
Authors: Das Arpita , Cumming Robert G , Naganathan Vasi , Blyth Fiona , Le Couteur David G , Handelsman David J , Waite Louise M , Ribeiro Rosilene V , Simpson Stephen J , Hirani Vasant 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:To assess the associations between nutrient intake and dietary patterns with different sarcopenia definitions in older men.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Sarcopenia was defined using the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH), the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) and the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2). Dietary adequacy of fourteen nutrients was assessed by comparing participants’ intakes with the Nutrient Reference Values (NRV). Attainment of NRV for nutrients was incorporated into a variable ‘poor’ (meeting ≤ 9) v. ‘good’ (meeting ≥ 10) using the cut-point method. Also, two different dietary patterns, monounsaturated:saturated fat and n-6:n-3 fatty acids ratio and individual nutrients were used as predictor variables.Participants:A total of 794 men aged ≥75 years participated in this study.Results:The prevalence of sarcopenia by the FNIH, EWGSOP and EWGSOP2 definitions was 12·9 %, 12·9 % and 19·6 %, respectively. With the adjustment, poor nutrient intake was significantly associated with FNIH-defined sarcopenia (OR: 2·07 (95 % CI 1·16, 3·67)), but not with EWGSOP and EWGSPOP2 definitions. The lowest and second-lowest quartiles of protein, Mg and Ca and the lowest quartiles of n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA intakes were significantly associated with FNIH-defined sarcopenia. Each unit decrease in n-6:n-3 ratio was significantly associated with a 9 % increased risk of FNIH-defined sarcopenia (OR: 1·09 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·16)).Conclusions:Inadequate intakes of nutrients are associated with FNIH-defined sarcopenia in older men, but not with the other two sarcopenia definitions. Further studies are required to understand these relationships.
Sleep, social behaviour and food consumption of schoolchildren of a large Brazilian city
Authors: da Silva Adriana Cândida , Vieira Érica Leandro Marciano , dos Santos Luana Caroline 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:To explore the impact of inadequate sleep and associated factors on the social behaviour and food consumption of children and adolescents.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Sleep information, social behaviour (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), food consumption, demography, nutritional status, lifestyle, and biochemical tests were investigated.Participants:School children in the 4th grade of the municipal school system of a large Brazilian city.Results:Of a total of 797 schoolchildren, 50·9 % were female, with a median age of 9·7 (9·5–10·0) years old and an energy consumption of 7613·6 (5982·7–9766·2) kJ. It was determined that 31·6 % were overweight, and 76·8 % reported insufficient weekly practice of physical activity. A median of 9·6 (8·9–10·5) h of sleep (lower values on weekdays: 9·3 v. 10·5 h, P < 0·001) was recorded. In addition, 27 % of the individuals who experienced inadequate sleep (<9 h) engaged in longer screen time daily (≥2 h/d) (P = 0·05), had an inadequate bedtime (> 22 h) or adequate wake-up time (5–7 h), studied in the morning (P < 0·001) and never took a shower before school (P < 0·001). Of the entire sample, 9·9 % had poor or very poor sleep quality and a greater probability of sleep talking regularly, had difficulty falling asleep, and engaged in inadequate social behaviour while experiencing these conditions compared with those with positive sleep quality. There was no association between sleep and the other variables investigated.Conclusions:Sleep impairment contributed to changes in sleep and social behaviour in schoolchildren. The findings of this study may reinforce the importance of developing actions to promote adequate sleep and a healthy lifestyle at school age.
How Lithology Impacts Global Topography, Vegetation, and Animal Biodiversity: A Global‐Scale Analysis of Mountainous Regions
Authors: Ott Richard F. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractChemical and mechanical properties of lithology exert a first‐order control on landscape evolution and biological colonization of substrate. To quantify the influence of lithology on topography, vegetation density, and animal biodiversity, I compile lithologic, topographic, climatic, and biological data sets for mountainous regions globally. I find significant variations in the topographic steepness of regions underlain by different lithologies that, accounting for tectonic uplift, likely reflect lithologic differences in erosional resistance. These relative differences in erodibility are similar across different climate zones. To isolate the effect of lithology on vegetation and animal biodiversity, I account for the heterogeneous lithologic distribution among climate zones. I show that siliciclastic, plutonic, and, for some biological variables, metamorphic rocks exhibit elevated values of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and tetrapod and amphibian species richness relative to carbonate rocks. These results likely reflect lithology‐related variation in soil nutrients and hydrology that promote or inhibit habitat suitability.
Microstructural Controls on Thermal Crack Damage and the Presence of a Temperature‐Memory Effect During Cyclic Thermal Stressing of Rocks
Authors: Daoud Ali , Browning John , Meredith Philip G. , Mitchell Thomas M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe present results from a series of thermal stressing experiments that used three igneous rocks of different composition, grain size, and origin and contemporaneously recorded acoustic emissions (AEs) with changing temperature. Samples were subjected to both a single heating and cooling cycle and multiple heating/cooling cycles to different peak temperatures. The vast majority of thermal crack damage is generated during heating in the coarser‐grained (quartz rich) rock but during cooling in the two finer‐grained (quartz poor) rocks. Our AE results also demonstrate the presence of a temperature‐memory effect, analogous to the Kaiser stress‐memory effect observed during cyclic mechanical loading, but only in the coarser‐grained rock. We suggest that the total amount of crack damage induced during either heating or cooling is dependent on the mineral composition and, most importantly, the grain size and arrangement, as well as the maximum temperature to which the rock was exposed. We use our laboratory‐scale results to suggest ways in which crustal‐scale geophysical data may need to be reinterpreted to provide more accurate estimates of total, accumulated damage and the approach to macroscopic failure in crustal segments hosting magma chambers and geothermal reservoirs.
Quantifying Key Mechanisms That Contribute to the Deviation of the Tropical Warming Profile From a Moist Adiabat
Authors: Miyawaki Osamu , Tan Zhihong , Shaw Tiffany A. , Jansen Malte F. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractClimate models project tropical warming is amplified aloft relative to the surface in response to increased CO2. Here we show moist adiabatic adjustment overpredicts the multimodel mean 300 hPa temperature response by 16.6–25.3% across the CMIP5 model hierarchy. We show three mechanisms influence overprediction: climatological large‐scale circulation, direct effect of increased CO2, and convective entrainment. Accounting for the presence of a climatological large‐scale circulation and the direct effect of CO2 reduces the CMIP5 multimodel mean overprediction by 0.7–7.2% and 2.8–3.9%, respectively, but does not eliminate it. To quantify the influence of entrainment, we vary the Tokioka parameter in aquaplanet simulations. When entrainment is decreased by decreasing the Tokioka parameter from 0.1 to 0, overprediction decreases by 9.6% and 10.4% with and without a large‐scale circulation, respectively. The sensitivity of overprediction to climatological entrainment rate in the aquaplanet mostly follows the predictions of zero‐buoyancy bulk‐plume and spectral‐plume models.
A Statistical/Dynamical Model for North Atlantic Seasonal Hurricane Prediction
Authors: Klotzbach P. J. , Caron L.‐P. , Bell M. M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractColorado State University (CSU) has been issuing seasonal hurricane forecasts since 1984, with statistical modeling techniques primarily underpinning these outlooks. CSU has recently begun issuing statistical/dynamical forecasts, using the SEAS5 forecast system from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts to forecast the three predictors that currently comprise CSU's early August statistical forecast model. SEAS5 shows skill at forecasting all three of these July predictors from an initialization as early as 1 March. The SEAS5 model forecasts for the three parameters are then regressed against seasonal accumulated cyclone energy. The model has a cross‐validated correlation skill of r = 0.60 with accumulated cyclone energy for a 1 March initialization, improving to r = 0.67 for a 1 June initialization over the period from 1982–2019. The combination of the statistical/dynamical model with the currently existing statistical models shows improved skill over either model individually for the April, June, and July outlooks.
Thickness of Lava Flows Within the Northern Smooth Plains on Mercury as Estimated by Partially Buried Craters
Authors: Du Jun , Wieczorek Mark A. , Fa Wenzhe 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPartially and completely buried impact craters are widely distributed over the northern smooth plains of Mercury. Using imagery data acquired from the MESSENGER mission, we compiled a database of 257 partially buried and 765 completely buried craters on Mercury. The elevation profiles of fresh craters were constructed, and by inputting these into a topographic degradation model, we estimated the lava flow thicknesses around partially buried craters. Along the edges of the northern smooth plains, lava flow thicknesses were inverted to be 23–536 m with a median of 228 m. Lava flow thicknesses on Mercury are twice that on the Moon, possibly due to a denser crust on Mercury that favors the ascent of magmas or to higher production rates of magmas. The topographic diffusivity used for crater degradation on Mercury is 3 times that for lunar craters, which is likely a result of a higher cratering rate on Mercury.
Creep Along the Central San Andreas Fault From Surface Fractures, Topographic Differencing, and InSAR
Authors: Scott Chelsea , Bunds Michael , Shirzaei Manoochehr , Toke Nathan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractImaging tectonic creep along active faults is critical for measuring strain accumulation and ultimately understanding the physical processes that guide creep and the potential for seismicity. We image tectonic deformation along the central creeping section of the San Andreas Fault at the Dry Lake Valley paleoseismic site (36.468°N, 121.055°W) using three data sets with varying spatial and temporal scales: (1) an Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) velocity field with an ~100‐km footprint produced from Sentinel‐1 satellite imagery, (2) light detection and ranging (lidar) and structure‐from‐motion 3‐D topographic differencing that resolves a decade of deformation over a 1‐km aperture, and (3) surface fractures that formed over the 3‐ to 4‐m wide fault zone during a drought from late 2012 to 2014. The InSAR velocity map shows that shallow deformation is localized to the San Andreas Fault. We demonstrate a novel approach for differencing airborne lidar and structure‐from‐motion topography that facilitates resolving deformation along and adjacent to the San Andreas Fault. The 40‐m resolution topographic differencing resolves a 2.5 ± 0.2 cm/yr slip rate localized to the fault. The opening‐mode fractures accommodate
cm/yr of fault slip. A 90% ± 30% of the 1‐km aperture deformation is accommodated over the several meter‐wide surface trace of the San Andreas Fault. The extension direction inferred from the opening‐mode fractures and topographic differencing is 40°–48° from the local trend of the San Andreas Fault. The localization of deformation likely reflects the well‐oriented and mature fault.
Ice Sheet Changes and GIA‐Induced Surface Displacement of the Larsemann Hills During the Last 50 kyr
Authors: Gao Yuesong , Yang Lianjiao , Mei Yanjun , Chu Zhuding , Yang Wenqing , Xu Qibin , Chen Guangjie , Xie Zhouqing , Sun Liguang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) is the largest potential source for future global sea level rise. However, there are widely diverging estimates of its contribution, which emphasizes the need to improve our understanding of the long‐term behavior of the AIS and its impact on the solid Earth. This knowledge gap results from a shortage of records of glacial history, especially for the pre‐Holocene. Marine transgression and recession in the coastal areas of Antarctica are influenced by the mass of the overlying ice, providing crucial information about regional ice sheet dynamics. In this study, we determined a marine transgression from 53 kyr BP onward by diatom assemblages and a δ13C‐C/N biplot for the organic component in a sediment core (MCM2), from the Larsemann Hills in East Antarctica. Relative sea level (RSL) reached a maximum of ~12 m a.p.s.l. (above present sea level) during 38–29 kyr BP. Concurrent with the transgression, the regional crust experienced glacial‐isostatic‐adjustment (GIA)‐induced subsidence from ~75 to ~95 m beneath the present land level, suggesting an expansion trend of the East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS), which may have outpaced global cooling. After the last deglaciation, the RSL rose to a highstand of ~8–10 m a.p.s.l. at ~8.5–7.1 kyr BP, when the bedrock uplifted to ~20 m below the present level. After 4.0 kyr BP, both regional and global deglaciation ceased, but an effect of ongoing relaxation caused the land to rebound continuously at a uniform rate of ~1.5 m/kyr, which can account for the sustained fall of RSL across Antarctica since mid‐Holocene.