bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining system Hamiltonian from eigenstate measurements without correlation functions
Authors: Hou Shi-Yao , Cao Ningping , Lu Sirui , Shen Yi , Poon Yiu-Tung , Zeng Bei 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Local Hamiltonians arise naturally in physical systems. Despite their seemingly ‘simple’ local structures, exotic features such as non-local correlations and topological orders exhibit in eigenstates of these systems. Previous studies for recovering local Hamiltonians from measurements on an eigenstate

ψ

require information of nonlocal correlation functions. In this work, we argue that local measurements on

ψ

is enough to recover the Hamiltonian in most of the cases. Specially, we develop an algorithm to demonstrate the observation. Our algorithm is tested numerically for randomly generated local Hamiltonians of different system sizes and returns promising reconstructions with desired accuracy. Additionally, for random generated Hamiltonians (not necessarily local), our algorithm also provides precise estimations.
Remote sensing of forest degradation: a review
Authors: Gao Yan , Skutsch Margaret , Paneque-Gálvez Jaime , Ghilardi Adrian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Forest degradation affects forest structure, composition and diversity, carbon stocks, functionality and ecosystem processes. It is known to contribute significantly to global carbon emissions, but there is uncertainty about the relative size of these emissions. This is largely because while deforestation, or long-term forest clearance, has been successfully monitored using remote sensing (RS) technology, there are more difficulties in using RS to quantify forest degradation, in which the area remains as forest, but with an altered structure, composition and function. A major challenge in estimating emissions from forest degradation is that in addition to identifying the areas affected, the amount of biomass loss over time in a given area must be estimated. Contributory challenges to mapping, monitoring and quantifying forest degradation include the complexity of the concept of degradation, limitations in the spatial and temporal resolution of RS sensors, and the inherent complexity of detecting degradation caused by different disturbance processes and forest uses. We take the innovative approach of dividing the studies reviewed by the specific type of forest disturbance that is being monitored (selective logging, fires, shifting cultivation and fuelwood extraction etc.), since these different activities will result in different signatures in the canopy and thus may determine the type of RS technology that may best be applied.
Robust Arctic warming caused by projected Antarctic sea ice loss
Authors: England M R , Polvani L M , Sun L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Over the coming century, both Arctic and Antarctic sea ice cover are projected to substantially decline. While many studies have documented the potential impacts of projected Arctic sea ice loss on the climate of the mid-latitudes and the tropics, little attention has been paid to the impacts of Antarctic sea ice loss. Here, using comprehensive climate model simulations, we show that the effects of end-of-the-century projected Antarctic sea ice loss extend much further than the tropics, and are able to produce considerable impacts on Arctic climate. Specifically, our model indicates that the Arctic surface will warm by 1 °C and Arctic sea ice extent will decline by 0.5 × 106 km2 in response to future Antarctic sea ice loss. Furthermore, with the aid of additional atmosphere-only simulations, we show that this pole-to-pole effect is mediated by the response of the tropical SSTs to Antarctic sea ice loss: these simulations reveal that Rossby waves originating in the tropical Pacific cause the Aleutian Low to deepen in the boreal winter, bringing warm air into the Arctic, and leading to sea ice loss in the Bering Sea. This pole-to-pole signal highlights the importance of understanding the climate impacts of the projected sea ice loss in the Antarctic, which could be as important as those associated with projected sea ice loss in the Arctic.
Efficacy of Bezlotoxumab in Trial Participants Infected With Clostridioides difficile Strain BI Associated With Poor Outcomes
Authors: Johnson Stuart , Citron Diane M , Gerding Dale N , Wilcox Mark H , Goldstein Ellie J C , Sambol Susan P , Best Emma L , Eves Karen , Jensen Erin , Dorr Mary Beth 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Bezlotoxumab reduced rates of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI) vs placebo in Monoclonal Antibodies for C. difficile Therapy (MODIFY) I/II trial participants receiving antibacterial drug treatment for CDI. A secondary objective of MODIFY I/II was to assess bezlotoxumab’s efficacy against C. difficile strains associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality.

Methods
In this post-hoc analysis of pooled MODIFY I/II data, efficacy endpoints were assessed in participants infected with restriction endonuclease analysis BI and non-BI strains of C. difficile at study entry. Treatment outcomes were compared between participants receiving bezlotoxumab (alone or with actoxumab [B, B+A]) and those receiving no bezlotoxumab (placebo or actoxumab [P, A]).

Results
From 2559 randomized participants, C. difficile was isolated from 1588 (67.2%) baseline stool samples. Participants with BI strains (n = 328) were older and had more risk factors for rCDI than non-BI strain participants (n = 1260). There were no differences in initial clinical cure rate between BI and non-BI strains in either group. The rCDI rate for BI strains treated with bezlotoxumab was lower than for the no bezlotoxumab group (B, B+A vs P, A: 23.6% vs 43.9%) and was also lower for the non-BI strains (B, B+A vs P, A: 21.4% vs 36.1%). Rates of 30-day CDI-associated rehospitalization were greater with BI vs non-BI strains in both groups.

Conclusions
Infection with BI strains of C. difficile predicted poor outcomes in the MODIFY I/II trials. Bezlotoxumab (alone or with actoxumab) treatment was effective both in BI and non-BI subpopulations.
Retail price discrimination and food waste
Authors: Richards Timothy J , Hamilton Stephen F 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We examine a food retailer’s incentive to use a minimum quality standard as part of a quality-based price-discrimination strategy and show how price discrimination can result in a substantial level of retail food waste. Using data from a major US food retailer, we estimate a structural model of retail price discrimination and conduct a series of counter-factual experiments to demonstrate that observed retail prices are consistent with quality-based price discrimination in the retail market. Our findings indicate that quality standards on fresh produce can explain a substantial proportion ($7.5\%$) of food waste by retailers in the US.
EHRtemporalVariability: delineating temporal data-set shifts in electronic health records
Authors: Sáez Carlos , Gutiérrez-Sacristán Alba , Kohane Isaac , García-Gómez Juan M , Avillach Paul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Temporal variability in health-care processes or protocols is intrinsic to medicine. Such variability can potentially introduce dataset shifts, a data quality issue when reusing electronic health records (EHRs) for secondary purposes. Temporal data-set shifts can present as trends, as well as abrupt or seasonal changes in the statistical distributions of data over time. The latter are particularly complicated to address in multimodal and highly coded data. These changes, if not delineated, can harm population and data-driven research, such as machine learning. Given that biomedical research repositories are increasingly being populated with large sets of historical data from EHRs, there is a need for specific software methods to help delineate temporal data-set shifts to ensure reliable data reuse.

Results
EHRtemporalVariability is an open-source R package and Shiny app designed to explore and identify temporal data-set shifts. EHRtemporalVariability estimates the statistical distributions of coded and numerical data over time; projects their temporal evolution through non-parametric information geometric temporal plots; and enables the exploration of changes in variables through data temporal heat maps. We demonstrate the capability of EHRtemporalVariability to delineate data-set shifts in three impact case studies, one of which is available for reproducibility.

Conclusions
EHRtemporalVariability enables the exploration and identification of data-set shifts, contributing to the broad examination and repurposing of large, longitudinal data sets. Our goal is to help ensure reliable data reuse for a wide range of biomedical data users. EHRtemporalVariability is designed for technical users who are programmatically utilizing the R package, as well as users who are not familiar with programming via the Shiny user interface.
Availability: https://github.com/hms-dbmi/EHRtemporalVariability/
Reproducible vignette: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/EHRtemporalVariability/vignettes/EHRtemporalVariability.html
Online demo: http://ehrtemporalvariability.upv.es/
Characterization of Clostridioides difficile isolates recovered from two Phase 3 surotomycin treatment trials by restriction endonuclease analysis, PCR ribotyping and antimicrobial susceptibilities
Authors: Cheknis Adam , Devaris Dominique , Chesnel Laurent , Dale Suzanne E , Nary Julia , Sambol Susan P , Citron Diane M , Goering Richard V , Johnson Stuart 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridioides difficile isolates from patients with C. difficile infection (CDI) from two Phase 3 clinical trials of surotomycin.

Methods
In both trials [Protocol MK-4261-005 (NCT01597505) conducted across Europe, North America and Israel; and Protocol MK-4261-006 (NCT01598311) conducted across North America, Asia-Pacific and South America], patients with CDI were randomized (1:1) to receive oral surotomycin (250 mg twice daily) or oral vancomycin (125 mg four times per day) for 10 days. Stool samples were collected at baseline and C. difficile isolates were characterized by restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) and PCR ribotyping. Susceptibility testing was performed by agar dilution, according to CLSI recommendations.

Results
In total, 1147 patients were included in the microbiological modified ITT population. Of 992 recovered isolates, 922 (92.9%) were typed. There was a high association between REA groups and their corresponding predominant PCR ribotype (RT) for BI, DH, G and CF strains. REA group A showed more diverse PCR RTs. Overall, the most common strain was BI/RT027 (20.3%) followed by Y/RT014/020 (15.0%) and DH/RT106 (7.2%). The BI/RT027 strain was particularly prevalent in Europe (29.9%) and Canada (23.6%), with lower prevalence in the USA (16.8%) and Australia/New Zealand (3.4%). Resistance was most prevalent in the BI/RT027 strain, particularly to metronidazole, vancomycin and moxifloxacin.

Conclusions
A wide variation in C. difficile strains, both within and across different geographical regions, was documented by both REA and ribotyping, which showed overall good correlation.
Perioperative Risk of the Sitting Position for Elective Posterior Cervical Spine Surgery: A Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Rahmani Redi , Susa Stephen T , Sandwell Stephen E , Kimmell Kristopher T , Maurer Paul K , Silberstein Howard J , Nadler Jacob W , Walter Kevin A 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND
The sitting cervical position for elective posterior cervical decompression and fusion affords advantages over prone positioning, but remains unpopular due to concerns about venous air embolism (VAE).

OBJECTIVE
To demonstrate the safety and efficacy of sitting cervical surgery in our series and in the literature.

METHODS
To evaluate the incidence of complications, we retrospectively identified all adult patients who underwent elective sitting posterior cervical surgeries at our institution from 2009 to 2014. Using International Classification of Diseases-9 coding, we searched for incidences of air embolism, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis. Operative time, estimated blood loss, and case type distribution were also recorded. We then calculated the incidence of clinically significant VAE in sitting cervical surgeries.

RESULTS
Between 2009 and 2014, 558 surgeries were performed in the sitting cervical position. No VAE was identified. The average operative time was 1 h 25 min. A total of 30-d perioperative complications among sitting position patients included 3 myocardial infarctions, 1 pulmonary embolism attributed to venous thrombosis, and 2 patients with deep venous thrombosis for a total cardiovascular complication rate of 1.1%. The incidence of clinically significant VAE in the literature is 1.5%.

CONCLUSION
We present the second largest case series to date on the sitting position for cervical surgeries, highlighting its safety and efficacy. This position provides a surgical field with superior visualization, allowing decreased operative time and blood loss. The risk of clinically significant VAE is low. Intraoperative monitoring for these events with less invasive means is safe and effective.
Brief Pain Inventory–Short Form: A New Method for Assessing Pain in the Emergency Department
Authors: Im Dana D , Jambaulikar Guruprasad D , Kikut Anna , Gale Jasmine , Weiner Scott G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objective
The numeric rating scale (NRS), which does not capture the multidimensional experience of pain, is commonly used to measure pain in the emergency department (ED). In this study, we assess the utility and feasibility of the Brief Pain Inventory–Short Form (BPI-SF) in the ED.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional, prospective, convenience sample study of adult patients presenting to the ED with chest, abdominal, or musculoskeletal pain. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we investigated the construct validity of the BPI-SF. We determined the association between NRS and BPI-SF scores. We assessed the feasibility and utility of administering the BPI-SF in the ED setting by evaluating 1) the time required to complete the BPI-SF and 2) how patients perceive the BPI-SF compared with the NRS.

Results
One hundred participants were included for analysis. The median NRS pain level on ED arrival (interquartile range [IQR]) was 7 (5–8). The median BPI-SF score (IQR) was 57 (43–73) on a 0–110 scale. Fit indices for the two-factor structure were statistically superior when compared with the one-factor model of the BPI-SF (comparative fit index 0.90 vs 0.64). Higher pain severity score, pain interference score, and total BPI-SF score were associated with higher NRS scores (P &lt; 0.01). The mean time needed to complete the BPI-SF (SD) was 3 minutes 47 seconds (1 minute 35 seconds). Seventy-three percent of the patients preferred the BPI-SF to the NRS for pain assessment in the ED.

Conclusions
Our study demonstrates the validity, feasibility, and utility of the BPI-SF in the ED setting.
Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Taiwanese Air Force Personnel
Authors: Wang Wei-Yun , Li Chih-Hao , Wu Yi-Syuan , Chien Wu-Chien , Wang Kwua-Yun , Tzeng Wen-Chii 
Published: July 2020

Background
Authors of several studies have reported differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) between men and women. However, information is lacking on gender difference among military personnel.

Objective
The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of MetS and its component abnormalities among Taiwanese Air Force personnel by gender and age groups.

Methods
A population-based study was conducted including 14 872 Taiwanese Air Force personnel. Data were retrieved from the military's Health Management Information System. Analyses were performed using Student t test, χ2 test, and linear-by-linear χ2 test. Statistical significance was defined as P < .05.

Results
The MetS prevalence was 14.0% (15.1% in men and 5.3% in women). Metabolic syndrome was associated with age for both men and women (both P
trend < .001), with a greater prevalence of MetS in men aged 18 to 44 years than in women, but not in the age group of 45 years or older. In men, MetS was most prevalent in those with increased waist circumference (78.2%), followed by those with elevated blood pressure (75.6%). By contrast, in women, it was most prevalent in those with increased waist circumference (86.5%), followed by those with reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (84.3%).

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that military nurses and other health providers should consider the gender- and age-based MetS prevalence trend among Taiwanese Air Force personnel when designing interventions to identify vulnerable subgroups at a high risk of MetS. Health management programs should be adapted to minimize metabolic risks.
An Integrated Review of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Black Populations
Authors: Arabadjian Milla , McCarthy Margaret , Dickson Victoria Vaughan 
Published: July 2020

Background
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited cardiac disorder globally, affecting 0.2% to 0.5% of individuals. Existing clinical HCM guidelines do not address diverse populations, specifically minority groups who often experience health disparities.

Objective
The aim of this study was to describe the state of the science of HCM in black populations.

Methods
This integrated review guided by Whittemore and Knafl's methodology included literature search of multiple databases, data evaluation, and analysis. Publications between 2000 and 2020 were included if they addressed HCM cardiac anatomic manifestations, disease course, symptoms, quality of life, or outcomes in black populations.

Results
Six articles met the inclusion criteria. Overall, blacks are underrepresented in HCM research. Certain HCM structural phenotypes are more commonly exhibited in blacks, and physiology drives HCM treatment. Sudden death events and all-cause mortality do not differ between blacks and whites with HCM. Fewer blacks with HCM undergo genetic testing than whites with HCM. The lack of diversity in general genomic databases has resulted in reclassification of several genetic variants identified as more common in blacks.

Conclusions
Blacks are underrepresented in HCM research, even those focused on elucidating HCM manifestations, disease course, and outcomes in black populations. This may be due in part to HCM research that is largely generated from specialty centers that can require patients to navigate complex healthcare systems to reach expert HCM care. Longitudinal studies with large samples of blacks with HCM are necessary to elucidate how HCM affects this population.
Moderator Role of Mutuality on the Association Between Depression and Quality of Life in Stroke Survivor–Caregiver Dyads
Authors: Pucciarelli Gianluca , Lyons Karen S. , Simeone Silvio , Lee Christopher S. , Vellone Ercole , Alvaro Rosaria 
Published: July 2020

Background
Authors of previous research have not yet analyzed the role of potential moderators in the relationship between depressive symptoms and quality of life (QOL).

Aims
The aim of this study was to examine the moderating effect of mutuality between depressive symptoms and QOL in stroke survivor and caregiver dyads.

Methods
This study used a longitudinal design with 222 stroke survivor–caregiver dyads enrolled at survivor discharge from rehabilitation hospitals. Data collection was performed for 12 months. We examined survivor and caregiver QOL dimensions (physical, psychological, social, and environmental), depression, and mutuality at baseline and every 3 months. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to test 4 longitudinal dyadic moderation models (1 for each QOL domain).

Results
Survivors (50% male) and caregivers (65% female) were 70.8 (SD, 11.9) and 52.5 (SD, 13.1) years old, respectively. We observed no significant moderating effects of mutuality for survivors across the 4 dimensions of QOL over time. However, higher survivor mutuality was significantly associated with higher survivor psychological and social QOL at baseline. Regarding caregivers, caregiver mutuality significantly moderated the association between caregiver depressive symptoms and caregiver physical (B = 0.63, P < .05), psychological (B = 0.63, P < .01), and social (B = 0.95, P < .001) QOL at baseline, but not in environmental QOL. Higher caregiver mutuality was significantly associated with less improvement in caregiver physical QOL over time.

Conclusions
Mutuality is a positive variable on the association between depression and QOL for both members of the dyad at discharge but may lead to declines in physical health for caregivers over time. Further work is needed to understand the role of mutuality on long-term outcomes and associations with increased care strain.
Variation in Knowledge of Stroke Warning Signs by Age and Presence of Conventional Risk Factors
Authors: Oh Juyeon , Kim Hyun Young , Kim Young Seo , Kim Sun Hwa 
Published: July 2020

Background
It is important to recognize stroke in the general public.

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting knowledge of stroke warning signs (SWSs) according to age group in the Korean population.

Methods
This study is a cross-sectional study. Using data from the Korean Community Health Survey conducted in Korea in 2017, 198 403 subjects were analyzed. Knowledge about SWSs was assessed by face-to-face interviews using structured close-ended questionnaires with 5 items about stroke symptoms (sudden unilateral weakness of face, arm or leg; sudden difficulty in speaking, or trouble understanding speech; sudden visual impairment in 1 eye, or double vision; sudden dizziness or loss of balance; and sudden severe headache).

Results
The overall percentage of subjects with good knowledge of SWSs (>4 correct answers to the SWS questionnaire) was 66.5%. It was highest in the middle-aged subjects (72.6%), followed by the young subjects (63.5%) and the older subjects (61.5%). The youngest of the young subjects and the oldest of the older subjects had the least knowledge. Subjects with conventional risk factors generally had more knowledge about SWSs, except for those with diabetes mellitus. However, in the young subjects, knowledge about SWSs was not increased by the presence of conventional risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidemia.

Conclusion
Stoke risk factors are increasing among young people; they still have poor knowledge about SWSs. More education is needed to increase appropriate treatment, especially in young people with stroke-related risk factors.