bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature Surveys in Gas Producing Wells
Authors: Kunz K.S. , Tixier M.P. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 204, 1955, pages 111–119.

Abstract
A method for the interpretation of temperature curves recorded in gas producing wells is described. One essential feature of the method is a simple graphical construction which conveniently reflects the amount of gas flowing from a given producing formation.
This method, applied in conjunction with the Induction Log and radioactivity logs, is valuable to determine the points of entry of gas and to estimate the over-all thickness of the producing zones and their respective contributions to the total production. The method in particular is helpful in evaluating the effect of fracturing operations.
An outstanding result of the application of the method is to bring to the light the relative importance of sand-shale interfaces in the production of gas.
The paper is illustrated with field examples.

Introduction
The electrical logging tools involving conventional systems are not applied in wells which do not contain water base mud (empty holes, or wells filled with oil base mud), because of the absence of electrical connection between the electrodes and the surrounding formations. It is, therefore, common practice in this case to use other methods which do not require the presence of a conductive fluid in the borehole: resistivity log with scratcher electrodes, Induction Log, radioactivity logs, temperature log….
Such conditions are encountered in some regions, as the San Juan Basin, N. Mex., where a technique of drilling gas wells, using gas as a drilling fluid, has been introduced in the last two years.
By the middle of 1953, an appropriate method for the logging of these wells was devised on the basis of field tests and of theoretical studies. It is the purpose of the present paper to give a description of this method.
Displacement Logging - A New Exploratory Tool
Authors: Campbell W.M. , Martin J.L. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 204, 1955, pages 233–239.

Abstract
A new electric logging method, called displacement logging, often gives a direct indication of the presence of mobile hydrocarbons in hydrocarbon-bearing formations. This method is based on the detection of a bank of connate water which is formed between the invading mud filtrate and virgin formation fluids in these cases. The existence of this phenomenon has been verified by laboratory studies and by actual field logs taken in known oil sands.

Introduction
During the past decade increasing use has been made of conventional electric logs to determine the amount of oil or gas in formations traversed by a borehole. This determination requires knowledge of several factors, such as true resistivity of the formation, formation factor, and water resistivity. Sometimes all of the factors necessary to make a reliable saturation calculation are not available. Also, the computations and corrections which are necessary in such a study often require the services of an experienced log analyst. It has long been the desire of exploration people to have a logging device which will locate hydrocarbon-bearing formations directly without requiring complex interpretation methods. The displacement log, while not completely fulfilling this desire, appears to be a step in that direction.

Basis for the Device
The basis for this device stems from a phenomenon which occurs when mud filtrate invades a formation which contains displace able hydrocarbons. As the mud filtrate invades the formation, most of the oil or gas is pushed out of the invaded zone, leaving residual oil. However, in addition to displacing most of the oil or gas, the connate water is also swept out, since the originally irreducible water is mobile in the presence of a water phase." '"Consequently, this irreducible water piles up as a bank between the virgin oil zone and the invading filtrate.
Some Useful Tables for Approximating Smooth Curves by Fifth-and-Lower Degree Polynomials
Authors: Rachford H.H. , Schultz W.P. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 204, 1955, pages 289–290.

Introduction
The use of computing machines to solve physical problems has made it imperative to represent physical data in a form computing machines can use. Although curve-fitting is an old and well-practiced art, there still seems to be some interest in questions regarding what methods can be used and why. Even though there are many good references on this subject, it may be of some value to discuss a particular method which has been found to be useful, and to make available the associated tables for its use in the hope that there can be saved a few of the tedious hours necessary to reduce many of the suggested methods to practice. Although a very brief discussion of the mathematical background of the tables is included immediately below, those interested only in their use can skip directly to the section on Use of the Tables.
Correlation between the migration scale index and the number of new confirmed Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia cases in China
Authors: Chen Huijie , Chen Ye , Sun Baijun , Wang Ping , Wen Lihai , Lian Zhiyong , Lu Ying , Qi Ying , Zhao Shuo , Zhang Linlin , Yi Xiaodan , Liu Fengyu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: In late December, 2019, patients of atypical pneumonia due to an unidentified microbial agent were reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. Subsequently, a novel coronavirus was identified as the causative pathogen which was named 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). As of Feb 12, 2020, more than 44,000 cases of 2019-nCoV infection have been confirmed in China and continue to expand. Provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions of China have launched first-level response to major public health emergencies one after another from Jan 23.2020, which means restricting movement of people among provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. The aim of this study was to explore the correlation between the migration scale index and the number of confirmed Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (NCP) cases and to depict the effect of restricting population movement. Methods: Excel 2010 was used to demonstrate the temporal distribution at the day level and SPSS 23.0 was used to analyze the correlation between the migration scale index and the number of confirmed NCP cases. Results: Since January 23, 2020, Wuhan migration scale index has dropped significantly and since January 26, 2020, Hubei province migration scale index has dropped significantly. New confirmed NCP cases per day in China except Wuhan gradually increased since January 24, 2020, and showed a downward trend from February 6, 2020. New confirmed NCP cases per day in China except Hubei province gradually increased since January 24, 2020, and maintained at a high level from January 24, 2020 to February 4, 2020, then showed a downward trend. Wuhan emigration scale index from January 9 to January 22, January 10 to January 23 and January 11 to January 24 was correlated with the number of new confirmed NCP cases per day in China except Wuhan from January 22 to February 4. Hubei province emigration scale index from January 10 to January 23 and January 11 to January 24 was correlated with the number of new confirmed NCP cases per day in China except Hubei province from January 22 to February 4.Conclusions: People who left Wuhan from January 9 to January 22 may lead to the outbreak in China except Wuhan and people who left Hubei province from January 10 to January 24 may lead to the outbreak in China except Hubei province. “Wuhan lockdown” and Hubei province launching first-level response to major public health emergencies may have had a good effect the control NCP epidemic. Because there were still new confirmed NCP cases in China except Wuhan and in China except Hubei province and this may indicate that the occurrence of second-generation cases.
Transcriptome Analysis of Drought Stress and Rehydration in the Trachycarpus fortunei Seedling Stage
Authors: Feng Xiao , Yang Zhao , Xiu-Rong Wang 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Trachycarpus fortunei has broad economic benefits and excellent drought resistance; however, its drought response, adaptation, and recovery processes remain unclear. In this study, the response, tolerance, and recovery processes of T. fortunei leaves and roots under drought stress were determined by Illumina sequencing.Results: Under drought stress, T. fortunei reduced its light-capturing ability and composition of its photosynthetic apparatus, thereby reducing photosynthesis to prevent photo-induced chloroplast reactive oxygen damage during dehydration. The phenylpropanoid biosynthesis process in the roots was contained and ABA induced the accumulation of intracellular osmoprotectants, as well as DHNs, LEA, Annexin D2, NAC, and other genes, which may play important roles in protecting the cell membrane’s permeability in T. fortunei root tissues. During the rehydration phase, fatty acid biosynthesis in T. fortunei roots was repressed. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) screened modules that were positively or negatively correlated with physiological traits. The Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) results indicated the reliability of the transcriptomic data. Conclusions: These findings provide valuable information for identifying important components in the T. fortunei drought signaling network and enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which T. fortunei responds to drought stress.
WITHDRAWN: Identification of death-associated protein-like 1 (DAPL1) as a novel prognostic biomarker of breast cancer
Authors: Zhang Haichao , Qu Xin , Han Lu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: It is meaningful to identify the potential clinical prognosis-associated oncogenes for cases with breast cancer, considering the complicated pathogenesis of breast cancer.Methods: We first utilized the bioinformatics approach to investigate the role of the DAPL1 (death-associated protein-like 1) in breast cancer, based on the available datasets of TCGA and GEO.Results: DAPL1 is lowly expressed in breast cancer tissues compared with the normal tissues. For the breast cancer cases of the TCGA-BRCA cohort, we observed a correlation between lowly expressed DAPL1 gene and poor clinical prognosis of overall survival ( P =0.0028). Based on the survival data of GEO, the low DAPL1 expression was associated with a poor prognosis of distant metastasis free survival ( P =0.0023), and relapse free survival ( P =0.0065). DAPL1 expression was linked to the mutation status or copy number variation o f several genes, such as MAP3K1 , NUP98 , and CCDC59. The infiltration level of immune cells (e.g., M1 macrophage, Follicular B helper T cells, etc.) may be involved in the etiology of breast cancer. Based on the DAPL1 -correlated genes, GSEA, GO, and KEGG analysis data indicated the association between DAPL1 expression and a series of biological issues, such as DNA packaging complex, DNA repair complex, nucleotide excision repair, ubiquitin-like protein binding, and ubiquitin proteasome pathway. We also identified several DAPL1 -associated phosphorylation kinases, such as MAPK, PRKACA, and GSK3B.Conclusions: DAPL1 gene is first identified as a prognosis biomarker of breast cancer, and the underlying molecular mechanism involves protein phosphorylation, immune cell infiltration, and DNA repair or protein ubiquitin-associated cellular pathways.
SERS imaging elucidates the folate receptor-mediated photothermal/photodynamic synergistic anticancer nanodrugs-induced cell apoptosis
Authors: Tang Ping , Xing Meishuang , Tao Qiao , Chen Wendai , Xing Xinyue , Liu Shengde , Lu Xiaoxu , Zhong Liyun 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are common methods of cancer treatment, but they are accompanied by serious side effects. Actually, many cancer cells have overexpression of folic acid (FA) receptor and by FA receptor-mediated endocytosis, anticancer drugs can be easily internalized into cancer cell, this will greatly improve the curative effect and decrease side effects. Along with the development of nanotechnology, phototherapy, owning advantages in tissue selectivity, process controlling, low toxicity and reproducible treatment, has become very promising, especially for photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Since both PTT and PDT involve the utilization of light energy, so they synergistic treatment should be a good solution by ingenious design. In this paper, based on surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) imaging, we hope to construct a FA receptor-mediated PTT/PDT synergistic anticancer nanodrug (nanoprobe), and achieve the intracellular distribution information of the nanodrugs during cell apoptosis, and then elucidate PTT/PDT-induced cell apoptosis and synergistic efficiency.Results: FA receptor-mediated PTT/PDT synergistic anticancer nanodrugs with tracing function are prepared by the chemical synthesis and modification of gold nanorods (GNR), involving protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), 4-mecaptobenzoic acid (MBA), and FA. Based on SERS imaging, it is found that the FA receptor-mediated endocytosis can greatly facilitate the nanodrugs internalization, in which both the number and intracellular dispersion of the PpIX-GNR-MBA-FA nanodrugs are improved relative to the GNR-MBA or PpIX-GNR-MBA compositions, and then enhance the PTT/PDT-induced cell apoptosis.Conclusion: SERS imaging is very suitable for the phototherapy tracing due to its high sensitivity and stability. The FA receptor-mediated way can significantly facilitate nanodrugs internalization, PTT/PDT-induced cell apoptosis and synergistic efficiency. Importantly, this FA receptor-mediated SERS imaging based PTT/PDT synergistic treatment will provide a novel strategy for the design and application of anticancer phototherapy nanodrugs.
Analyses of DNA methylation involved in the activation of nuclear karyopherin alpha 2 leading to the progression and prognostic significance across human breast cancer
Authors: Cui Xiangrong , Liang Hongping , Hao Chonghua , Huo Kai , Jing Xuan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Karyopherin alpha 2 (KPNA2) is a nuclear import factor that plays a crucial role in nucleocytoplasmic transport, as well as cell proliferation, migration and invasion in several cancers. However, the roles of KPNA2 in breast cancer as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. Methods: To evaluate gene expression alterations during breast carcinogenesis, KPNA2 expression was analyzed using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis and Oncomine analyses. The correlation between methylation and expression was analyzed using the MEXPRESS tool, UALCAN cancer database, and cBioPortal browser. Then, the expression and prognostic value of KPNA2 was investigated by our own breast cancer samples using RT-PCR. KPNA2 methylation level was detected by methylation-specific PCR. Results: We obtained the following important results. (1) KPNA2 expression was significantly higher in breast cancer than normal samples and regulated by aberrant DNA hypomethylation of promoter region. (2) Among patients with breast cancer, those with higher KPNA2 expression had a lower survival rate. (3) The major mutation type of KPNA2 in breast cancer samples was missense mutation. (4) Homer1 was able to promote breast cancer progression may be through up-regulating TPX2 expression. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that aberrant DNA hypomethylation of promoter regions contributes to the aberrant expression of KPNA2 in breast cancer, which might be a potential indicator of poor prognosis.
Melatonin affects hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and ameliorates delayed brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage via H19/miR-675/HIF1A/TLR4
Authors: Xia Da-yong , Jiang Xiao-chun , Li Zhen-bao , Dai Yi , Zhang Zi-huan , Yang Song 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: This study was aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of how melatonin interferes with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1A) and TLR4 expression, which is implicated in the management of delayed brain injury (DBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Method: Luciferase assay, real-time PCR, Western-blot analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays were utilized to explore the interaction among H19, miR-675, HIF1A and TLR4, and to evaluate the effect of MT on the expression of above transcripts in different groups. Results: MT enhanced H19 expression by promoting the transcription efficiency of H19 promoter, and HIF1A was identified as a target of miR-675. HIF1A enhanced TLR4 expression via promoting the transcription efficiency of TLR4 promoter. Furthermore, administration of MT up-regulated miR-675 but suppressed the expressions of HIF1A and TLR4. Treatment with MT alleviated neurobehavioral deficits and apoptosis induced by SAH. According to the result of IHC, HIF1A and TLR4 protein levels in the SAH group were much higher than those in the SAH+MT group. Therefore, the administration of MT increased the levels of H19 and miR-675 which have been inhibited by SAH. In a similar way, treatment with MT decreased the levels of HIF1A and TLR4 which have been enhanced by SAH. Conclusion: MT could down-regulate the expression of HIF1A and TLR4 via the H19/miR-675/HIF1A/TLR4 signaling pathway, while TLR4 is crucial to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the treatment with MT could ameliorate post-SAH DBI.
WITHDRAWN: Silent information regulator 1 ameliorates oxidative stress injury via PGC-1α/PPARγ-Nrf2 pathway after ischemic stroke in rat.
Authors: zhou yang , Peng Li , Jiang Ning , Wu Jingxian , Li Yixin , Yu Shanshan , zhao yong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background Astrocytes mediate brain defense against oxidative stress-induced injury. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) has anti-oxidative stress effects in many diseases and is highly expressed in astrocytes. However, the neuroprotective effects of SIRT1 on astrocytes after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury are unclear. Methods Here, we evaluated the effects of SIRT1 in astrocytes after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury using oxygen-glucose deprivation/recovery in astrocytes in vitro and middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats in vivo. Results SIRT1 knockdown reduced cell viability, increased oxidative stress, and decreased peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α, PPARγ, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), heme oxygenase (HO)-1, and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) expression. Moreover, SIRT1 knockdown also suppressed PGC-1α activity, the PGC-1α/PPARγ interaction, and the PPARγ/peroxisome proliferator-response element (PPRE) interaction. Similarly, in our in vivo experiments, SIRT1 overexpression and PGC-1α or PPARγ knockdown reduced PGC-1α, PPARγ, NRF2, HO-1, and NQO1 protein expression and blocked the PGC-1α/PPARγ interaction. SIRT1 overexpression plus PPARγ knockdown inhibited the interaction of PPARγ with PPRE. NRF2 knockdown blocked NRF2 expression and downstream proteins induced by SIRT1 overexpression. Conclusion Overall, our data indicated that SIRT1 directly mediated the PGC-1α/PPARγ pathway in response to focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced neurological deficit, providing insights into the treatment of focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Efficacy and safety of wait and see strategy versus surgery for rectal cancer with cCR/near-cCR response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: a meta-analysis
Authors: Zhao Guo-hua , Deng Li , Ye Dong-man , Wang Wen-hui , Yan Yan , yu tao 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background To evaluate the efficacy and safety between wait and see strategy (WS) and surgery of rectal cancer patients with cCR/near-cCR response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Methods We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, CNKI(China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and Wanfang databases to compare wait and see strategy with surgery for rectal cancer with cCR/near-cCR response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy up to January 2020. We collected the data of local recurrence, distant metastasis, cancer related death, overall survival and diseasr-free survival and compared the advantages and disadvantages of the two groups. Results 14 English studies with 3932 patients were included. There were 700 patients in WS group and 3232 patients in surgical group. WS group had higher local recurrence rate than surgery group(OR:3.55, 95% CI:2.35 to 5.36, P <0.001). WS group had better 2-year DFS(OR:0.74, 95% CI:0.56 to 0.96, P =0.03) and 2-year OS (OR:0.38, 95% CI:0.28 to 0.52, P <0.001) than surgery group. Subgroup analysis of WS group and radical surgery group also obtained the similar results. Eastern studies also supported the conclusion. There was no significant difference of other data between the two groups. Conclusion Compared with surgery group, WS group would increase the risk of local recurrence rate, but WS group had better 2-year DFS and OS than surgery group. However, WS group did not increase the possibility of distant metastasis and cancer related death of the patients.
Ca alleviated Cd-induced toxicity in Salix matsudana by affecting Cd absorption, translocation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms
Authors: Shang Xiaoshuo , Xue Wenxiu , Jiang Yi , Zou Jinhua 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Cadmium (Cd), a ubiquitous and highly toxic heavy metal pollutant, is toxic to animals and plants. Calcium (Ca) is an essential component for plant growth and reduces plant Cd adsorption by competing with Cd. To gain deeper insight into the effects of Ca on Cd absorption, translocation, subcellular distribution, and chemical forms in S. matsudana seedlings under Cd stress, an investigation was conducted on these properties. Results: Adding Ca alleviated Cd physiological toxicity in S. matsudana, reduced Cd adsorption, increased the translocation from roots to shoots, lead to subcellular redistribution of Cd by increasing the proportion of Cd in soluble fractions but decreasing Cd in the cell wall and changed the chemical forms of Cd from 0.6 M HCl- and 2% HAc-extracted Cd to 1 M NaCl-extracted Cd. The energy dispersive X-ray analyses (EDXA) results revealed that after adding Ca, Cd was transferred through the root epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and vascular cylinder, transported to the shoots, and was highly accumulated in leaf epidermal and mesophyll cells, but less in leaf vein and guard cells. The genes involved in Cd uptake and xylem loading included NRAMP1, ZIP8, HMA2, and HMA4, which were up-regulated significantly (p < 0.05) in the Cd and Cd + Ca treatments compared to the control. Conclusions: The findings of this study provide new insight into the mechanism that Ca alleviates Cd toxicity in woody tree species, as well as propose an important prospect of Ca addition for improving the phytoremediation of Cd contamination.