bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable phosphorus management in European agricultural and environmental law
Authors: Garske Beatrice , Stubenrauch Jessica , Ekardt Felix 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSustainable phosphorus management is indispensable for global food security and the conservation of soil and water bodies. Phosphorus governance is rooted in various areas of law, in particular the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union as well as European and national soil conservation law, water conservation law, fertilizer law, circular economy law and organic farming law. This article provides an analysis of the extent to which previously identified aspects of sustainable phosphorus management are reflected in the status quo of European agricultural and environmental law. It shows the potential for improvement regarding the integration of phosphorus‐related issues in existing regulation and points out that establishing economic instruments might help to overcome governance deficits of regulatory law.
A preliminary validation of a Norwegian version of the Tinnitus Sample Case History Questionnaire
Authors: Sørensen Martin , Nielsen Guri E. , Larsen Linda 
Published: January 2020

At present there is no validated tinnitus questionnaire available in Norway. The aim of the present study was to psychometrically evaluate and report on a Norwegian translation of the Tinnitus Sample Case History Questionnaire (TSCHQ). Furthermore, the results were compared to those of a recent Swedish validation of TSCHQ. More than two hundred (N = 218) participants with tinnitus participated in the study, of which 78% completed the Norwegian TSCHQ on two occasions so that test‐retest reliability could be evaluated. Results show that the Norwegian TSCHQ has acceptable test‐retest reliability with the exception of 10 items, which is slightly better than the recent Swedish validation of TSCHQ. At the item level, there were both similarities and differences between the Norwegian and Swedish validation studies. It is concluded that the Norwegian TSCHQ is an appropriate measure of patients’ history and experience of tinnitus, and while we recommend further validation of the Norwegian TSCHQ, we encourage Norwegian researchers and clinicians to use the Norwegian translation of TSCHQ.
Enhanced‐efficiency nitrogen fertilizers reduce winter losses of nitrous oxide, but not of ammonia, from no‐till soil in a subtropical agroecosystem
Authors: Ribeiro Ricardo Henrique , Besen Marcos Renan , Simon Priscila Luzia , Bayer Cimelio , Piva Jonatas Thiago 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNitrogen (N) gas losses can be reduced by using enhanced‐efficiency N (EEN) fertilizers such as urease inhibitors and coating technologies. In this work, we assessed the potential of EEN fertilizers to reduce winter losses of nitrous oxide (N2O‐N) and ammonia (NH3‐N) from a subtropical field experiment on a clayey Inceptisol under no‐till in Southern Brazil. The EEN sources used included urea containing N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (UR+NBPT), polymer‐coated urea (P‐CU) and copper‐and‐boron‐coated urea (CuB‐CU) in addition to common urea (UR) and a control treatment without N fertilizer application. N2O‐N and NH3‐N losses were assessed by using the static chamber method and semi‐open static collectors, respectively. Both N2O‐N and NH3‐N exhibited two large peaks with an intervening period of low soil moisture and air temperature. Although the short‐term effect was limited to the first few days after application, UR + NBPT urea decreased soil N2O‐N emissions by 38% relative to UR. In contrast, urease inhibitor technology had no effect on NH3‐N volatilization. Both coating technologies (CuB‐CU and P‐CU) were ineffective in reducing N losses via N2O production or NH3 volatilization. The N2O emission factor (% N applied released as N2O) was unaffected by all N sources and amounted to only 0.48% of N applied—roughly one‐half the default factor of IPCC Tier 1 (1%). Based on our findings, using NBPT‐treated urea in the cold winter season in subtropical agroecosystems provides environmental benefits in the form of reduced soil N2O emissions; however, fertilizer coating technologies provide no agronomic (NH3) or environmental (N2O) advantages.
ABO‐incompatible platelets are associated with increased transfusion reaction rates
Authors: Malvik Natalie , Leon Judith , Schlueter Annette J. , Wu Chaorong , Knudson C. Michael 
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUNDABO compatibility can affect platelet transfusion safety and efficacy, and ABO‐incompatible (ABOi) platelets likely increases the risks of transfusion reactions though the magnitude of this risk is unclear.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSData collected on all platelet transfusions administered over 36+ months were classified based on patient and product ABO blood group type and merged with a data set that included all transfusion reactions reported during that period. The transfusion reaction rates among various subsets was calculated.RESULTSIn patients greater than 1 year of age, the transfusion reaction rate in the ABO‐compatible (ABO‐identical) platelet group was 1.0%, while the ABOi platelet group had an elevated reaction rate of 1.7%. The increased reaction rate for ABOi platelets held true even if the analysis were limited to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Healthcare Safety Network qualifying reactions or just allergic or febrile nonhemolytic reactions. The increased reaction rate with ABOi platelets was independent of unit age. Surprisingly, major‐incompatible transfusions (A/B antigen incompatible) had the highest rate of reactions, at 2.0%. During the study period, three acute hemolytic reactions were reported out of 2522 plasma‐incompatible platelet transfusions (0.12%).CONCLUSIONSOur results find that compatible platelet transfusions have the lowest rate of transfusion reactions. While hemolytic reactions were observed with plasma‐incompatible transfusions, the rate was low. Transfusion of ABO antigen‐incompatible platelets had the highest rate of transfusion reactions and resulted in a transfusion reaction rate 1.5 to 2 times that of ABO compatible transfusions.
Spread of Impatiens glandulifera from riparian habitats to forests and its associated impacts: insights from a new invasion
Authors: Čuda J , Skálová H , Pyšek P 
Published: January 2020

SummaryImpatiens glandulifera is a globally successful invader that primarily spreads along riparian habitats; however, during the last ~20 years, it has started to colonise forests, but little has been published on impacts of this recent spread. Several factors may have contributed to this phenomenon: (i) high propagule pressure from large and widespread riparian populations, (ii) extensive anthropogenic and natural disturbances in the forest ecosystems, (iii) increased use of forest machinery efficiently spreading the seeds together with (iv) a wide environmental tolerance of the species. The impacts of I. glandulifera on native communities in forests are manifold. Contrasting effects are reported on native plant species diversity, richness and growth of saplings of co‐occurring species, as well as negative effects on soil mycorrhizal fungi. We suggest that the eradication of I. glandulifera populations in forests is more feasible than along watercourses because the recolonisation in forests is limited and, in some cases, populations are outcompeted by woody species during succession.
Patterns and processes in a non‐adaptive radiation: Alopia (Gastropoda, Clausiliidae) in the Bucegi Mountains
Authors: Koch Eva L. , Neiber Marco T. , Walther Frank , Hausdorf Bernhard 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe studied the door‐snail genus Alopia in the Southern Carpathians in Romania to better understand non‐adaptive radiations and the processes that determine their course. Alopia in the Bucegi Mountains offers the opportunity to study all stages of a radiation within a few kilometres. The species (as defined by the differential fitness species concept) in the most advanced stage of the radiation differs from other species in the genitalia and co‐occurs with other species. The least advanced stages are genetically differentiated clusters of populations that are geographically separated from other clusters but are not yet morphologically differentiated. Differentiation does not increase with a constant rate as shown by a lineage that was separated early in the evolution of the genus but fused with other taxa upon secondary contact. Since non‐adaptive radiation cannot be accelerated by divergent natural selection beyond the slow pace of speciation that is possible by genetic drift alone, sexual selection plays a crucial role in non‐adaptive radiations. This is supported by the differences in the genitalia found in the most advanced stage of the speciation which indicate that the speciation process was accelerated by a co‐evolutionary arms race resulting in the elongation of spermatophore‐producing and spermatophore‐receiving organs. Another process that facilitates non‐adaptive radiation is long‐distance dispersal that results in geographically isolated populations that can differentiate without gene flow and that have a higher likelihood of speciation due to the founder event. Several taxa that were considered distinct species until now, but fuse upon contact should better be classified as subspecies of a polytypic species.
A Low-Resource Oxygen Blender Prototype for Use in Modified Bubble CPAP Circuits
Authors: Floersch Jared , Hauschildt Elsa , Keester Adam , Poganski Samuel , Tran Kiet , Slusher Tina , Bjorklund Ashley , Fischer Gwenyth , Hale Joseph , Wu Andrew 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a method of respiratory support used around the world to treat children with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) (WHO, 2016, Oxygen Therapy for Children, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, Report). Bubble continuous positive airway pressure (bCPAP) is an effective form of CPAP that is currently used in both high- and low-resource countries. Low-cost, modified bCPAP devices have been designed as an ideal form of CPAP in low-resource areas (Bjorklund, A. R., Mpora, B. O., Steiner, M. E., Fischer, G., Davey, C. S., and Slusher, T. M., 2018, “Use of a Modified Bubble Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (bCPAP) Device for Children in Respiratory Distress in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Safety Study,” Paediatr. Int. Child Health, 39(3), pp. 1–8). However, patients in low-resource settings undergoing bCPAP treatment are often given pure oxygen, which has been linked to retinopathy of prematurity, cardiovascular complications, and patient mortality (Rodgers, J. L., Iyer, D., Rodgers, L. E., Vanthenapalli, S., and Panguluri, S. K., 2019, “Impact of Hyperoxia on Cardiac Pathophysiology,” J. Cell. Physiol., 234(8), pp. 1–9; Ramgopal, S., Dezfulian, C., Hickey, R. W., Au, A. K., Venkataraman, S., Clark, R. S. B., and Horvat, C. M., 2019, “Association of Severe Hyperoxemia Events and Mortality Among Patients Admitted to a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit,” JAMA Network Open, 2(8), p. e199812). This problem is typically avoided by using commercial oxygen blenders, which can titrate down the concentration of oxygen delivered to the minimum needed; however, these blenders can cost nearly 1000 USD and are almost always unavailable in low-resource settings. The lack of available low-cost oxygen blenders compatible with modified bCPAP circuits creates a barrier for low-resource hospitals to be able to provide blended oxygen to patients. There is a need for a low-cost oxygen blender for use in low-resource settings. We propose a passive oxygen blender that operates via entrainment of atmospheric air. The device can easily be assembled in low-resource areas using a 22 gauge hypodermic needle, two 3 cc syringes, tape or super glue, and the materials required for bCPAP—for approximately 1.40 USD per device. The blender has not been clinically tested yet, but can achieve oxygen concentrations as low as 60% with bCPAP levels of 5 cm H2O (490 Pa) when used in a standard bCPAP circuit without a patient.
Evaluation of Pre-Sliding Behavior at a Rough Interface: Modeling and Experiment
Authors: Bazrafshan M. , de Rooij M. B. , de Vries E. G. , Schipper D. J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOne of the main issues in precision engineering is the lack of deep understanding of the pre-sliding behavior at the interface of mating surfaces of positioning mechanisms. In addition to the mechanical properties of the contacting bodies, their surface topography plays a key role in the pre-sliding regime and has a great impact on the frictional stiffness. This paper experimentally evaluates a boundary element method (BEM) model for the pre-sliding behavior at the interface of a smooth silicon wafer and a rough polymeric ball. The polymeric ball is either high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polyoxymethylene (POM). The experiments are conducted at three different normal loads on five different spots on the wafer. The sliding stroke and coefficient of friction are extracted from experiments to be implemented as inputs to the numerical model. The roughness of the balls is also another input. The numerical and experimental friction hysteresis loops are compared. There is a small difference in the predicted pre-sliding distance from the experiments. The lateral stiffness, calculated at three different points on the pre-sliding regime of friction hysteresis loops, is compared with the Mindlin’s solution and experimental values for both contact interfaces and normal loads.
Bio-Inspired Soft Swim Bladders of Large Volume Change Using Dual Dielectric Elastomer Membranes
Authors: Wang Yingxi , Loh Leon Yeong Wei , Gupta Ujjaval , Foo Choon Chiang , Zhu Jian 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe buoyancy control mechanism is critical for undersea robots to achieve effective vertical motion. However, current buoyancy control mechanisms are associated with problems such as complex design, bulky structure, noisy operation, and slow response. Inspired by the swim bladder of natural fish, we develop an artificial swim bladder, using dual membranes of the dielectric elastomer, which exhibit interesting attributes, including fast response, light weight, silent operation, especially large volume change. Both the experiments and theoretical simulations are conducted to analyze the performance of this artificial swim bladder, and they quantitatively agree with each other. This artificial swim bladder of dual membranes is capable of large voltage-induced volume change, 112% larger than the conventional single-membrane design. Consequently, this soft actuator can generate a buoyancy force of 0.49 N. This artificial swim bladder demonstrates effective up-and-down motion in water, due to its large reversible volume change. Future work includes adding horizontal-motion and turning capabilities to the existing robotic structure, so that the soft robotic fish can achieve successful navigation in undersea environments.
Division 5—High Temperature Reactors
Authors: Jetter Robert I. , Mitchell Mark , Morton D. Keith 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides commentary on a new division under Section III of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (BPV) Code. This Division 5 was first published as part of the 2011 Addenda to the 2010 Edition of the BPV Code. The chapter provides information on the scope and need for Division 5, the structure of Division 5, where the rules originated, the basis for the elevated temperature rules specified in Division 5, the various changes made in finalizing Division 5, and the future near-term and long-term expectations for Division 5 development. It reflects the 2015 Edition of Division 5. Division 5 identifies rules for high temperature reactors (HTRs) based on only two classifications, Class A for safety-related components and Class B for non-safety related but with special treatment components. It contains general requirements for both metals and graphite in Subsection HA, Subpart A and Subpart B, respectively. Rules for Class A metallic pressure boundary components, Class B metallic pressure boundary components, and Class A core support structures at both low temperature conditions (under Subpart A) and elevated temperature conditions (under Subpart B) are contained in Subsections HB, HC, and HG, respectively. Rules for Class A and B metallic supports are contained in Subsection NF, Subpart A. Finally, new rules for nonmetallic core support structures (graphite) are contained in Subsection HH, Subpart A. Consistent with current Code practice, the primary concern of Division 5 is the integrity of the components under design, operating conditions (including normal, upset, emergency, and faulted), and test conditions. Division 5 covers all construction aspects of these components, including administrative requirements, material selection and qualification, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, quality assurance, and documentation.HistoryEffective with the 2015 Edition of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, “Subsection NH of Div. 1 of Section III” was discontinued and the subject matter transferred to Subsection HB, “Class A Metallic Pressure Boundary Components,” Subpart B, “Elevated Temperature Service” of Div. 5 of Section III. Accordingly, the subject matter previously covered in Chapter 12 of Fourth Edition and prior editions is now covered in an expanded version of Chapter 17 “Division.The current online edition was updated by Robert I. Jetter and Mark Mitchell with contributions from the BPV Committee on Construction of Nuclear Facility Components (III).
Section VIII, Division 3— Alternative Rules for Construction of High-Pressure Vessels
Authors: Sims J. Robert , Cooch S. Michael 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a commentary on the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 3, 2019 Edition. It is intended to be used as a companion to Division 3 by Manufacturers and Users of high-pressure vessels, and will also provide guidance to Inspectors, materials suppliers, and others. The material is generally presented in the same order in which it appears in the Code. Comments are not given about each paragraph, but paragraph numbers are referenced as appropriate. The comments apply to the 2019 Edition.

History
The original author of this chapter was J. Robert Sims Jr. who updated the chapter for the second, third and fourth editions and was joined by Charles Becht V for the fifth edition. For this revision, Mr. Sims has been joined by S. Michael Cooch.
Transportation Pipelines, Including ASME B31.4, B31.8, B31.8S, B31G, and B31Q Codes
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThere are five ASME codes that apply to the transportation of oil and gas by pipeline. ASME B31.4 covers the transportation of liquids such as crude oil and refined petroleum products. The standard also covers certain non-hydrocarbon liquids, namely anhydrous ammonia, carbon dioxide, and aqueous mineral slurries. This chapter discusses the 2019 Edition of B31.4. ASME B31.8 covers transmission and local distribution of natural gas. This chapter discusses the 2020 Edition of B31.8. ASME B31.8S is a supplement to B31.8 covering integrity management of natural gas transmission pipelines. This chapter discusses the 2020 Edition of B31.8S. B31G covers evaluation of the fitness for service of B31.4 and B31.8 pipelines affected by corrosion. This chapter discusses the 2020 Edition of B31G. B31Q covers the qualification of frontline personnel who work on B31.4 and B31.8 pipeline systems. This chapter discusses the 2021 Edition of B31Q.HistoryThis chapter was newly created for the fourth edition. Michael J. Rosenfeld is the original author and has updated all editions including the current online edition.
Epidemiology of podoconiosis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Authors: Alemnew Birhan , Fasil Alebachew , Mulatu Tesfahun , Bililign Nigus , Esthetie Setegn , Demis Asmamaw 
Published: January 2020

IntroductionPodoconiosis is a non-filarial swelling of the lower extremity endemic in tropical regions, North America and India. The aetiology and pathophysiology of the disease remain unknown. We propose conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the burden and risk factors of podoconiosis in Ethiopia reported in studies from 2009 to 2019.Methods and analysisWe will search the following electronic databases: PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, Hinari, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, ISI (Web of Science) and Google Scholar. Medical subject headings will be used to extensively search relevant literature on electronic databases using related keywords such as epidemiology or prevalence, magnitude or burden, podoconiosis, and Ethiopia. Grey literature and manual search will also be performed to retrieve unindexed research articles. Two reviewers will screen all retrieved articles, conduct data extraction and then critically appraise all identified studies. We will analyse data using STATA V.14 statistical software. We will demonstrate pooled estimates of podoconiosis and associated factors with effect size and 95% CI. The presence of heterogeneity among studies will be examined by forest plot as well as the I2heterogeneity test. Potential causes of heterogeneity will be explored by carrying out sensitivity and subgroup analyses. The presence of publication bias will also be examined by observing funnel plots and objectively by Egger’s regression test. If the funnel plot is asymmetric and/or Egger’s test was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05), the trim and fill (Duval and Tweedie’s) analysis will be performed.Ethics and disseminationThe study will use publicly available data and will not identify the authors of the publication by name. In light of these and as has been indicated, research ethics clearance is not required for evidence syntheses in such reviews. The results of this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at national and international conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019127459.
Rationale and design of the Web-basEd soCial media tecHnology to improvement in Adherence to dual anTiplatelet Therapy following Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation (WECHAT): protocol for a randomised controlled study
Authors: Sun Guo-li , Lei Li , Liu Liwei , Liu Jin , He Yibo , Guo Zhaodong , Dai Xiaohua , He Lihao , Chen Shi-qun , Liang Yan , Ye Jianfeng , Hu Yunzhao , Chen Guoqin , Chen Ji-yan , Liu Yong 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundDual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is frequently discontinued after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation, which could increase the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). Few studies have attempted to improve DAPT adherence through web-based social media.ObjectiveTo explore the effect of social media on DAPT adherence following DES implantation.Methods/designThe WeChat trial is a multicentre, single-blind, randomised study (1:1). It will recruit 760 patients with DES who require 12 months of DAPT. The control group will only receive usual care and general educational messages on medical knowledge. The intervention group will receive a personalised intervention, including interactive responses and medication and follow-up reminders beyond the general educational messages. The primary endpoint will be the discontinuation rate which is defined as the cessation of any dual antiplatelet drug owing to the participants’ discretion within 1 year of DES implantation. The secondary endpoints will include medication adherence and MACEs. Both groups will receive messages or reminders four times a week with follow-ups over 12 months.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was granted by Ethics Committee of Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (GDREC2018327H). Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications and presentations at international conferences.Trial registration numberNCT03732066