bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding resilience: Lessons from lived experiences of extreme poverty in Bangladesh
Authors: Maîtrot Mathilde , Wood Geof , Devine Joe 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMotivationA large donor‐funded programme in Bangladesh implemented multiple measures designed to graduate individuals and households out of extreme poverty. The programme was committed to lesson learning and advocacy. It monitored change through socioeconomic surveys, qualitative tracking methods, real time assessment and project evaluations. The qualitative tracking in particular shed light on the nature of extreme poverty and resilience.PurposeIs extreme poverty different from moderate poverty, and in what ways? Do the extreme poor experience more idiosyncratic poverty than structural or systemic poverty? Are the extreme poor more likely to be women and girls more socially isolated and marginalized due to their gender, thus impeding their capabilities? What support is needed to enable recovery and transformation from crises?Approach and methodsBetween 2011 and 2015, 72 life histories of households enrolled in a major poverty reduction programme were conducted, entailing repeated ethnographical engagement with informants. This showed how most households experience ups and downs in their poverty and vulnerability through time: an experience at variance with static understandings of hazards and responses. The limitations of resilience literature are thus critiqued to develop a new theory around time preference behaviour and discounting.FindingsExperiences of extreme poverty are not solely a function of systemic, class‐based inequality, but of the varied and reinforcing ways they intersect with idiosyncratic conditions of household life cycles, dependency ratios, gender and age balance, morbidity, ethnic discrimination and social isolation. Four key factors stand out as influencing deep poverty: (a) ill health, with significant internal opportunity costs; (b) intergenerational reproduction; (c) high incidence of female‐managed and ‐headed households, resulting from male desertion; and (d) a lack of income diversity and security.Policy ImplicationsOur findings provide fresh insights into policy responses to extreme poverty. These insights suggest a policy shift away from a narrow concern with graduation to a wider focus on resilience. Resilience as a poverty reduction outcome requires interventions that support individuals (micro level), target the intergenerational reproduction of poverty (meso level), and engage with wider power structures that exploit and neglect poor people (macro level). Policy‐makers need to engage more explicitly with the meso and macro levels in particular, recognizing how the three levels converge to reproduce conditions of extreme poverty.
A randomized Phase II trial evaluating efficacy, safety, and tolerability of oral BI 409306 in attenuated psychosis syndrome: Design and rationale
Authors: Keefe Richard S. E. , Woods Scott W. , Cannon Tyrone D. , Ruhrmann Stephan , Mathalon Daniel H. , McGuire Philip , Rosenbrock Holger , Daniels Kristen , Cotton Daniel , Roy Dooti , Pollentier Stephane , Sand Michael 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimAttenuated psychosis syndrome (APS), a condition for further study in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders‐5, comprises psychotic symptoms that are qualitatively similar to those observed in schizophrenia but are less severe. Patients with APS are at high risk of converting to first‐episode psychosis (FEP). As evidence for effective pharmacological interventions in APS is limited, novel treatments may provide symptomatic relief and delay/prevent psychotic conversion. This trial aims to investigate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of BI 409306, a potent and selective phosphodiesterase‐9 inhibitor, versus placebo in APS. Novel biomarkers of psychosis are being investigated.MethodsIn this Phase II, multinational, double‐blind, parallel‐group trial, randomized (1:1) patients will receive BI 409306 50 mg or placebo twice daily for 52 weeks. Patients (n = 300) will be enrolled to determine time to remission of APS, time to FEP, change in everyday functional capacity (Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale), and change from baseline in Brief Assessment of Cognition composite score and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores. Potential biomarkers of psychosis under investigation include functional measures of brain activity and automated speech analyses. Safety is being assessed throughout.ConclusionsThis trial will determine whether BI 409306 is superior to placebo in achieving sustainable remission of APS and improvements in cognition and functional capacity. These advances may provide evidence‐based treatment options for symptomatic relief in APS. Furthermore, the study will assess the effect of BI 409306 on psychotic conversion and explore the identification of patients at risk for conversion using novel biomarkers.
Mouse models of atopic dermatitis: a critical reappraisal
Authors: Gilhar Amos , Reich Kristian , Keren Aviad , Kabashima Kenji , Steinhoff Martin , Paus Ralf 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMouse models for atopic dermatitis (AD) are an indispensable preclinical research tool for testing new candidate AD therapeutics and for interrogating AD pathobiology in vivo. In this Viewpoint, we delineate why, unfortunately, none of the currently available so‐called “AD” mouse models satisfactorily reflect the clinical complexity of human AD, but imitate more “allergic” or “irriant” contact dermatitis conditions. This limits the predictive value of AD models for clinical outcomes of new tested candidate AD therapeutics and the instructiveness of mouse models for human AD pathophysiology research. Here, we propose to initiate a rational debate on the minimal criteria that a mouse model should meet in order to be considered relevant for human AD. We suggest that valid AD models should at least meet the following criteria: (a) an AD‐like epidermal barrier defect with reduced filaggrin expression along with hyperproliferation, hyperplasia; (b) increased epidermal expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), periostin and/or chemokines such as TARC (CCL17); (c) a characteristic dermal immune cell infiltrate with overexpression of some key cytokines such as IL‐4, IL‐13, IL‐31 and IL‐33; (d) distinctive “neurodermatitis” features (sensory skin hyperinnervation, defective beta‐adrenergic signalling, neurogenic skin inflammation and triggering or aggravation of AD‐like skin lesions by perceived stress); and (e) response of experimentally induced skin lesions to standard AD therapy. Finally, we delineate why humanized AD mouse models (human skin xenotransplants on SCID mice) offer a particularly promising preclinical research alternative to the currently available “AD” mouse models.
Cholesterol glucosylation–based survival strategy in Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Qaria Majjid A. , Qumar Shamsul , Sepe Ludovico P. , Ahmed Niyaz 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHelicobacter pylori is a major chronic health problem, infecting more than half of the population worldwide. H. pylori infection is linked with various clinical complications ranging from gastritis to gastric cancer. The resolution of gastritis and peptic ulcer appears to be linked with the eradication of H. pylori. However, resistance to antibiotics and eradication failure rates are reaching alarmingly high levels. This calls for urgent action in finding alternate methods for H. pylori eradication. Here, we discuss the recently identified mechanism of H. pylori known as cholesterol glucosylation, mediated by the enzyme cholesterol‐α‐glucosyltransferase, encoded by the gene cgt. Cholesterol glucosylation serves several functions that include promoting immune evasion, enhancing antibiotic resistance, maintaining the native helical morphology, and supporting functions of prominent virulence factors such as CagA and VacA. Consequently, strategies aiming at inhibition of the cholesterol glucosylation process have the potential to attenuate the potency of H. pylori infection and abrogate H. pylori immune evasion capabilities. Knockout of H. pylori cgt results in unsuccessful colonization and elimination by the host immune responses. Moreover, blocking cholesterol glucosylation can reverse antibiotic susceptibility in H. pylori. In this work, we review the main roles of cholesterol glucosylation in H. pylori and evaluate whether this mechanism can be targeted for the development of alternate methods for eradication of H. pylori infection.
Requesting Trade Sanctions? The European Parliament and the Generalized Scheme of Preferences
Authors: Meissner Katharina L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTrade policy is among the EU's major capabilities to promote fundamental rights in developing countries. Conditionality clauses thus accompany EU trade agreements and tariff preferences under the Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP). Yet while conditionality in trade agreements have come under the spotlight and the EP has stepped up its engagement in this area of decision‐making, the GSP has largely not been addressed in scholarly debate. This article fills this void in the literature by exploring the conditions under which the EP asks for trade sanctions on beneficiaries of the GSP. I argue that the EP invests political resources in a beneficiary when this country is salient under EU development cooperation. Hence, I observe a horizontal spill‐over effect whereby EP trade activities are driven by a country's salience in the area of development cooperation. However, this effect occurs only in the absence of security interests and the lack of development performance.
Cytisine is neuroprotective in female but not male 6‐hydroxydopamine lesioned parkinsonian mice and acts in combination with 17‐β‐estradiol to inhibit apoptotic endoplasmic reticulum stress in dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Zarate Sara M. , Pandey Gauri , Chilukuri Sunanda , Garcia Jose A. , Cude Brittany , Storey Shannon , Salem Nihal A. , Bancroft Eric A. , Hook Michelle , Srinivasan Rahul 
Published: December 2020

AbstractApoptotic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a major mechanism for dopaminergic (DA) loss in Parkinson's disease (PD). We assessed if low doses of the partial α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, cytisine attenuates apoptotic ER stress and exerts neuroprotection in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) DA neurons. Alternate day intraperitoneal injections of 0.2 mg/kg cytisine were administered to female and male mice with 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) lesions in the dorsolateral striatum, which caused unilateral degeneration of SNc DA neurons. Cytisine attenuated 6‐OHDA‐induced PD‐related behaviors in female, but not in male mice. We also found significant reductions in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) loss within the lesioned SNc of female, but not male mice. In contrast to female mice, DA neurons within the lesioned SNc of male mice showed a cytisine‐induced pathological increase in the nuclear translocation of the pro‐apoptotic ER stress protein, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). To assess the role of estrogen in cytisine neuroprotection in female mice, we exposed primary mouse DA cultures to either 10 nM 17‐β‐estradiol and 200 nM cytisine or 10 nM 17‐β‐estradiol alone. 17‐β‐estradiol reduced expression of CHOP, whereas cytisine exposure reduced 6‐OHDA‐mediated nuclear translocation of two other ER stress proteins, activating transcription factor 6 and x‐box‐binding protein 1, but not CHOP. Taken together, these data show that cytisine and 17‐β‐estradiol work in combination to inhibit all three arms (activating transcription factor 6, x‐box‐binding protein 1, and CHOP) of apoptotic ER stress signaling in DA neurons, which can explain the neuroprotective effect of low‐dose cytisine in female mice.
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Screening of COVID‐19 polymerase chain reaction tests using saliva for pregnant women and their partners in Himeji city
Authors: Okamura Shinsuke , Akamatsu Nobuo , Kitajima Takashi , Nakabayashi Koji , Fukumoto Shun , Katayama Takaaki , Mizutani Yasushi , Kiyomoto Hideyasu , Yamada Hideto 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA screening of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests using saliva for pregnant women and their partners was performed at all 12 maternity facilities located in Himeji city between May 29 and September 5, 2020. Pregnant women at 37 or more weeks of gestation or who experienced threatened labor and their partners who cared for an infant underwent a saliva PCR test with informed consent. As a result, all of 1475 pregnant women and 1343 partners tested negative for COVID‐19 PCR. There were no cases of false positive or false negative PCR tests. This cohort study revealed for the first time that a screening of COVID‐19 PCR tests using saliva may be useful to sustain perinatal medical care during the pandemic period in Japan.
GLP‐1 agonists for obesity and type 2 diabetes in children: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chadda Karan R. , Cheng Tuck Seng , Ong Ken K. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryPharmacological options for management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children are limited. We aimed to synthesize published randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence on the efficacy of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) agonists in T2DM, pre‐diabetes, and obesity in children aged <18 years. Inclusion criteria were RCTs of any GLP‐1 agonist, solely or in conjunction with other drugs, for the treatment of obesity, pre‐diabetes, and/or T2DM in children aged <18 years old. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria (two for T2DM, one for pre‐diabetes, and six for obesity without diabetes). In total, 286 children were allocated to GLP‐1 agonist therapy. Compared with controls, GLP‐1 agonist therapy reduced HbA1c by −0.30% (95% confidence interval [CI] −0.57, −0.04) with a larger effect in children with (pre‐)diabetes (−0.72%; 95% CI −1.17, −0.28; three studies) than in children with obesity (−0.08%; 95% CI −0.13, −0.02; four studies). Conversely, GLP‐1 agonist therapy reduced body weight more in children with obesity (−2.74 kg; 95% CI −3.77, −1.70; six studies) than in children with T2DM (−0.97 kg; 95% CI −2.01, 0.08; two studies). Adverse effects included gastrointestinal symptoms and minor hypoglycemic episodes, but not severe hypoglycemia. GLP‐1 agonists are efficacious in treating children with obesity and/or T2DM. Effect sizes are comparable with those reported in adults.
Patellar Denervation with Electrocautery Reduces Anterior Knee Pain within 1 Year after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Yuan Ming‐cheng , Ding Zi‐chuan , Ling Ting‐xian , Zhou Zongke 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveThe effect of patellar denervation with electrocautery (PD) on anterior knee pain (AKP) after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is still debated. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to evaluate the current evidence regarding the use of PD in TKA without patellar resurfacing.MethodsA computerized search of published studies was performed in the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases in December 2019. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing clinical outcomes of the PD group and the non‐PD group. Subgroup analyses were carried out according to the follow‐up time (3, 12 months, and over 12 months) to evaluate whether the clinical effect of PD changed with time.ResultsTen RCTs were included in this meta‐analysis. Pooled results showed a lower rate of AKP (Risk Ratio [RR] = 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50 to 0.97; P = 0.03) and a reduction in visual analogue scale (VAS) for AKP (mean difference, −0.37; 95% CI, −0.69 to −0.05; P = 0.02) in the PD group when compared to the non‐PD group. Subgroup analyses found the differences in AKP incidence and VAS for AKP were significant at 3‐ and 12‐month follow‐up but not after 12‐month follow‐up. No significant difference was observed in functional scores between the two groups. No specific complication directly or indirectly related to PD was found.ConclusionPD can decrease the incidence and severity of AKP within 12 months after TKA, but the effect cannot be maintained after 12‐month follow‐up. Without significant associated complication and reoperation, the use of PD is still recommended in TKA without patellar resurfacing.
ON THE NORMATIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE AIMS OF RELIGIOUS PRACTICE
Authors: Auvinen Joona 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDuring the last decades it has been common to assert—especially in the field of science and religion—that the aims characteristic of religious practice determine the norms we should employ when evaluating its normative status. However, until now, this issue has not been properly investigated by paying attention to contemporary metanormative research. In this article, I critically examine how different popular theories of normativity relate to the proposed normative significance of the aims characteristic of religious practice. I argue that whether or not, and in what way exactly, the aims characteristic of religious practice are normatively significant is highly dependent both on controversial issues concerning the nature of religion, and on a number of controversial metanormative issues.
On the Mechanism of Spike Stall Inception and Near Stall Nonsynchronous Vibration in an Axial Compressor
Authors: Möller Daniel , Schiffer Heinz-Peter 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The aerodynamic and aeroelastic behavior of an engine-like transonic compressor stage is investigated in this paper. Simulations were carried out for the transonic compressor at the Technical University of Darmstadt using the AU3D flow solver. A comparison with previous experimental investigations shows close agreement for both steady and transient data. The simulations enable a detailed flow analysis during spike stall inception and nonsynchronous vibrations (NSV) at operating points close to the stall limit. The aerodynamic structure of shear layer fluctuations in the rotor tip region during the initial phase of spike stall inception is investigated. Already before the stall limit is reached, such fluctuations can occur. In this case, the compressor continues to operate on the aerodynamically stable characteristic and NSV might be excited due to the unsteady blade force. This paper concludes with a joint analytical interpretation of the shear layer fluctuations observed at the beginning of spike stall and during near stall NSV by basic flow principles.
Inverse Kinematic Analysis of General 5R Serial Robot Based on Linear Transformation
Authors: Hang Lubin , Jin Qiong , Yang Tingli 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Based on the linear transformation theory, a general method for inverse kinematic analysis of 5R serial robots is proposed in this paper. Using this method, a polynomial equation, which contains only one variable and no extraneous roots, can be derived from 3 original kinematic equations, whereas the traditional method needs 4 equations. The assembly condition of 5R manipulator (5R loop) and its application in kinematic analysis are discussed. This assembly condition is very useful for finding 6R manipulator’s real configuration.
On the Comparison of the Pseudo Rigid Body Model Method and the Finite Element Method for a 3DOF Planar Micro-Motion Stage
Authors: Zou J. , Watson L. G. , Zhang W. J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper discusses one type of commonly used parallel manipulator mechanism for the generation of micro-motion. This mechanism is designed as a compliant mechanism. The design and control of such a compliant mechanism is an important issue. This paper focuses on kinematic issues with consideration of future real-time control of the system. In particular, a constant-Jacobian method to approximate the kinematics, which is based on a pseudo rigid body model of the compliant mechanism, is further validated. This validation is based on the difference between this approximate method and the finite element method to the actual device, for an actuator range of 0–15 μm. The computational time with this approximate method is nearly 50 times less than that with the finite element method. It is expected that this approximation method will be far superior to the finite element method in terms of real-time control.
Process Solutions for Recovery of Dimethyl Ether Produced
Through One-Step Synthesis and Their Assessment
Authors: Afokin M. I. , Magomedova M. V. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A number of process solutions for one-step synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME),
including a step of its recovery from the gaseous and liquid phases, were
reviewed. It was demonstrated that energy-intensive absorption is the most
common method for DME recovery from a gaseous stream containing syngas
components. It was also shown that the world licensors of one-step DME synthesis
provide for an additional dehydration reactor to utilize the methanol
co-product. Energy and capital intensity was estimated for two DME production
options, specifically the methanol dehydration route and the one-step DME
synthesis over a bifunctional catalyst. Finally, it was demonstrated that the
one-step option is inferior to the two-step design in terms of both criteria,
and that the key cost factor is associated with DME recovery from the gaseous
phase.
RIPK3 acts as a lipid metabolism regulator contributing to inflammation and carcinogenesis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Afonso Marta B , Rodrigues Pedro M , Mateus-Pinheiro Miguel , Simão André L , Gaspar Maria M , Majdi Amine , Arretxe Enara , Alonso Cristina , Santos-Laso Alvaro , Jimenez-Agüero Raul , Eizaguirre Emma , Bujanda Luis , Pareja Maria Jesus , Banales Jesus M , Ratziu Vlad , Gautheron Jeremie , Castro Rui E , Rodrigues Cecília M P 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveReceptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) is a key player in necroptosis execution and an emerging metabolic regulator, whose contribution to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is controversial. We aimed to clarify the impact of RIPK3 signalling in the pathogenesis of human and experimental NAFLD.DesignRIPK3 levels were evaluated in two large independent cohorts of patients with biopsy proven NAFLD diagnosis and correlated with clinical and biochemical parameters. Wild-type (WT) or Ripk3-deficient (Ripk3−/−) mice were fed a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined diet (CDAA) or an isocaloric control diet for 32 and 66 weeks.ResultsRIPK3 increased in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in both cohorts, correlating with hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Accordingly, Ripk3 deficiency ameliorated CDAA-induced inflammation and fibrosis in mice at both 32 and 66 weeks. WT mice on the CDAA diet for 66 weeks developed preneoplastic nodules and displayed increased hepatocellular proliferation, which were reduced in Ripk3−/− mice. Furthermore, Ripk3 deficiency hampered tumourigenesis. Intriguingly, Ripk3−/− mice displayed increased body weight gain, while lipidomics showed that deletion of Ripk3 shifted hepatic lipid profiles. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) was increased in Ripk3−/− mice and negatively correlated with hepatic RIPK3 in patients with NAFLD. Mechanistic studies established a functional link between RIPK3 and PPARγ in controlling fat deposition and fibrosis.ConclusionHepatic RIPK3 correlates with NAFLD severity in humans and mice, playing a key role in managing liver metabolism, damage, inflammation, fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Targeting RIPK3 and its intricate signalling arises as a novel promising approach to treat NASH and arrest disease progression.