bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engagement of private healthcare providers for case finding of tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus in Pakistan
Authors: Habib Shifa Salman , Rafiq Sana , Jamal Wafa Zehra , Ayub Shaikh Muhammad , Ferrand Rashida Abbas , Khan Aamir , Zaidi Syed Mohammad Asad 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
The rising co-epidemic of tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) is a challenge for constrained health systems in low and middle-income countries. Diabetes is a known risk factor for tuberculosis and associated with poor tuberculosis treatment outcomes, while tuberculosis is associated with worsening glycemic control. We investigated the performance of bi-directional TB and DM case finding approaches through a private-sector engagement model in Karachi, Pakistan.

Methods
Between July 2016 and July 2018, private health care providers were engaged to generate referrals for bi-directional TB and DM screening at private diagnostic and treatment centers in Karachi, Pakistan. Individuals diagnosed with TB underwent glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) testing at the time of anti-tuberculous treatment initiation and at three -month follow up stage. All individuals with a history of diabetes or random blood sugar of greater than 200 mg/dl were screened for TB using a chest X-ray and Xpert MTB/RIF.

Results
A total of 6312 persons with tuberculosis were tested on HbA1c at treatment initiation, of whom 1516 (24%) were newly diagnosed with DM. About one third of those with HbA1c in the diabetic range (≥ 6.5%) at baseline were found to have a normal HbA1c (< 5.7%) result at 3-month follow-up. A total of 3824 individuals with DM, of whom 2396 (63%) were known cases and 1428 (37%) were newly identified with random blood sugar > 200 mg/dl, underwent chest x-ray and Xpert MTB/RIF testing, with 321 (13.4%) known and 54 (3.8%) new diabetics respectively identified with tuberculosis.

Conclusion
This study demonstrates a high yield of TB and DM through bidirectional screening and the feasibility of engagement of private sector in finding missing cases of tuberculosis and diabetes. Given the high prevalence of undiagnosed DM in individuals with TB tuberculosis patients, there is a need to scale-up DM screening within TB programmes. Increased awareness of the high risk of TB among individuals with DM is needed among private health providers and screening for TB among diabetics should be strongly considered.
Daily cost of consumer food wasted, inedible, and consumed in the United States, 2001–2016
Authors: Conrad Zach 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Consumer food waste in the United States represents substantial amounts of wasted nutrients, as well as needless environmental impact from wasted agricultural inputs, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions. Efforts to reduce food waste at the consumer level are urgently needed to address the most prominent nutrition and environmental sustainability issues we now face. Importantly, individuals report that saving money is a salient motivator for reducing food waste, yet contemporary evidence on the consumer cost of wasted food is lacking. The objectives of this study are to 1) estimate the daily per capita cost of food wasted, inedible, and consumed 2) at home and away from home, and 3) by food group.

Methods
This study utilizes cross-sectional, nationally-representative data on food intake from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001–2016), linked with nationally representative data on food waste from published literature, as well as data on food prices and food price inflation from multiple publicly-available sources. Survey-weighted procedures estimated daily per capita expenditure on food waste for 39,758 adults aged ≥20 y.

Results
Total daily per capita food expenditure was $13.27, representing 27% wasted, 14% inedible, and 59% consumed. The greatest daily food waste expenditures were observed for meat and seafood purchased for consumption outside of the home ($0.94, 95% CI: $0.90–0.99), and fruits and vegetables purchased for consumption in the home ($0.68, $0.63–0.73).

Conclusions
The most cost-effective ways to reduce food waste at the consumer level are to focus waste reduction efforts on meat and seafood purchased for consumption outside of the home and fruits and vegetables purchased for consumption in the home. A number of strategies are available to help consumers reduce their food waste, which can increase their financial flexibility to purchase more healthy foods while simultaneously reducing environmental impact.
CBCT evaluation of inter- and intra-fraction motions during prostate stereotactic body radiotherapy: a technical note
Authors: Jmour Omar , Benna Marouan , Champagnol Pierre , Ben Mrad Majed , Hamrouni Anis , Obeid Layal , Lahmamssi Chaimaa , Bousarsar Amal , Vial Nicolas , Rehailia-Blanchard Amel , Sotton Sandrine , Lan Meiling , Langrand-Escure Julien , Vallard Alexis , Magné Nicolas 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
In most clinical trials, gold fiducial markers are implanted in the prostate to tune the table position before each radiation beam. Yet, it is unclear if a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) should be performed before each beam to monitor a possible variation of the organs at risk (OARs) fullness, especially in case of recto-prostatic spacer implantation. The present study aimed at assessing the inter- and intra-fraction movements of prostate, bladder and rectum in patients implanted with a hyaluronic acid spacer and undergoing prostate stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT).

Methods
Data about consecutive patients undergoing prostate SBRT were prospectively collected between 2015 and 2019. Inter-and intra-fraction prostate displacements and volume variation of organs at risk (OARs) were assessed with CBCTs.

Results
Eight patients were included. They underwent prostate SBRT (37.5Gy, 5 fractions of 7.5Gy) guided by prostate gold fiducial markers. Inter-fraction variation of the bladder volume was insignificant. Intra-fraction mean increase of the bladder volume was modest (29 cc) but significant (p < 0.001). Both inter- and intra-fraction variations of the rectum volume were insignificant but for one patient. He had no rectal toxicity. The magnitude of table displacement necessary to match the prostate gold fiducial marker frequently exceeded the CTV/PTV margins (0.4 cm) before the first (35%) and the second arc (15%). Inter- and intra-fraction bladder and rectum volume variations did not correlate with prostate displacement.

Conclusion
Major prostate position variations were reported. In-room kV fiducial imaging before each arc seems mandatory. Intra-fraction imaging of the OARs appears unnecessary. We suggest that only one CBCT is needed before the first arc.

Trial registration
NCT02361515, February 11th, 2015.
Detection of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: the past, present and future
Authors: Brantly Mark , Campos Michael , Davis Angela M. , D’Armiento Jeanine , Goodman Kenneth , Hanna Kathi , O’Day Miriam , Queenan John , Sandhaus Robert , Stoller James , Strange Charlie , Teckman Jeffrey , Wanner Adam 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Most patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency remain undiagnosed and therefore do not benefit from current therapies or become eligible for research studies of new treatments under development. Improving the detection rate for AATD is therefore a high priority for the Alpha-1 Foundation. A workshop was held on June 23, 2019 in Orlando, Florida during which stakeholders from the research, pharmaceutical, and patient communities focused on the topic of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency detection.

Results
A variety of detection strategies have been explored in the past and new approaches are emerging as technology advances. Targeted detection includes patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, unexplained chronic liver disease, and family members of affected individuals. Newborn screening, electronic medical record data mining, and direct-to-consumer testing remain options for future detection strategies.

Conclusion
These meeting proceedings can serve as a basis for innovative approaches to the detection of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
Improving intraoperative temperature management in elective repeat cesarean deliveries: a retrospective observational cohort study
Authors: Hoefnagel Amie L. , Vanderhoef Kristen L. , Anjum Anwar , Damalanka Venkata , Shah Saurin J. , Diachun Carol A. , Mongan Paul D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (< 36 °C) occurs frequently during elective cesarean delivery and most institutions do employ perioperative active warming. The purpose of this retrospective observational cohort study was to determine if the addition of preoperative forced air warming in conjunction with intraoperative underbody forced air warming improved core temperature and reducing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia during elective repeat elective cesarean delivery with neuraxial anesthesia.

Methods
We evaluated the addition of perioperative active warming to standard passive warming methods (preheated intravenous/irrigation fluids and cotton blankets) in 120 parturients scheduled for repeat elective cesarean delivery (passive warming, n = 60 vs. active + passive warming, n = 60) in a retrospective observational cohort study. The primary outcomes of interest were core temperature at the end of the procedure and a decrease in inadvertent perioperative hypothermia (< 36 °C). Secondary outcomes were surgical site infections and adverse markers of neonatal outcome.

Results
The mean temperature at the end of surgery after instituting the active warming protocol was 36.0 ± 0.5 °C (mean ± SD, 95% CI 35.9–36.1) vs. 35.4 ± 0.5 °C (mean ± SD, 95% CI 35.3–35.5) compared to passive warming techniques (p <  0.001) and the incidence of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia at the end of the procedure was less in the active warming group - 68% versus 92% in the control group (p <  0.001). There was no difference in surgical site infections or neonatal outcomes.

Conclusions
Perioperative active warming in combination with passive warming techniques was associated with a higher maternal temperature and lower incidence of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia with no detectable differences in surgical site infections or indicators of adverse neonatal outcomes.
ATLANTIS: a randomised multi-arm phase II biomarker-directed umbrella screening trial of maintenance targeted therapy after chemotherapy in patients with advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer
Authors: Fulton Ben , Jones Robert , Powles Thomas , Crabb Simon , Paul James , Birtle Alison , Chowdhury Simon , Hussain Syed , Morris Anna , Soulis Eileen , Morrison Paula 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Metastatic urothelial cancer (UC) is the eighth most common cause of cancer death in the UK. Standard first-line treatment, for most patients, is cytotoxic chemotherapy. Although UC is initially sensitive to chemotherapy, relapse is almost inevitable and outcomes are poor; median overall survival is 8 months. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel therapies to improve outcomes for this patient group.

Methods
ATLANTIS is a randomised phase II umbrella-design screening trial of maintenance therapy in biomarker-defined subgroups of patients with advanced UC. The primary end point is progression-free survival, and the study involves over 30 UK cancer centres.

Discussion
ATLANTIS is the first study in the UK to employ a precision-medicine approach to patients with UC for maintenance treatment. Agents with a positive efficacy signal will proceed to randomised phase III trials to confirm the activity of novel, biologically stratified therapies in UC.

Registration
ATLANTIS trial EudraCT number 2015–003249-25. ISRCTN25859465.
Design and implementation of an intelligent monitoring system for household added salt consumption in China based on a real-world study: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Xian Jinli , Zeng Mao , Zhu Rui , Cai Zhengjie , Shi Zumin , Abdullah Abu S. , Zhao Yong 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
A high intake of salt is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Despite decades of effort to reduce salt consumption, the salt intake in China is still considerably above the recommended level. Thus, this study aims to design and implement an intelligent household added salt monitoring system (SALTCHECKER) to monitor and control added salt consumption in Chinese households.

Methods
A randomized controlled trial will be conducted among households to test the effect of a SALTCHECKER in Chongqing, China. The test modalities are the SALTCHECKER (with a smart salt checker and a salt-limiting WeChat mini programme) compared to a salt checker (with only a weighing function). The effectiveness of the system will be investigated by assessing the daily added salt intake of each household member and the salt consumption-related knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of the household’s main cook. Assessments will be performed at baseline and at 3 and 6 months.

Discussion
This study will be the first to explore the effect of the household added salt monitoring system on the reduction in salt intake in households. If the intelligent monitoring system is found to be effective in limiting household added salt consumption, it could provide scientific evidence on reducing salt consumption and preventing salt-related chronic diseases.

Trial registration
Chinese clinical trial registry (Primary registry in the World Health Organization registry network): ChiCTR1800018586. Date of registration: September 25, 2018.
Supporting caregivers of veterans with Alzheimer’s disease and traumatic brain injury: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Carnahan Jennifer L. , Judge Katherine S. , Daggy Joanne K. , Slaven James E. , Coleman Nicki , Fortier Emily L. , Suelzer Christopher , Fowler Nicole R. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Patients with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) and their caregivers require cognitive and behavioral symptom management, interdisciplinary care, support for caregivers, and seamless care coordination between providers. Caring for someone with ADRD or TBI is associated with higher rates of psychological morbidity and burden, social isolation, financial hardship, and deterioration of physical health. Tremendous need exists for primary care–based interventions that concurrently address the care needs of dyads and aim to improve care and outcomes for both individuals with ADRD and TBI and their family caregivers.

Methods
The Aging Brain Care Acquiring New Skills While Enhancing Remaining Strengths (ABC ANSWERS) study is a randomized controlled trial that tests the effectiveness of an intervention based on two evidence-based programs that have been developed for and previously tested in populations with ADRD, TBI, stroke, and late-life depression and/or who have survived an intensive care unit stay. This study includes 200 dyads comprised of a veteran with a diagnosis of ADRD or TBI and the veteran’s primary informal caregiver. Dyads are randomized to receive the ABC ANSWERS intervention or routine Veterans Health Administration (VHA) primary care with a standardized educational and resource information packet. Data collection occurs at baseline and three follow-up time points (3 months, 6 months, and 12 months). The primary outcome is caregiver quality of life (QoL). A secondary measure for the caregiver is caregiver burden. Secondary measures for both the veteran and caregiver include symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Discussion
The ABC ANSWERS intervention integrates common features of an evidence-based collaborative care model for brain health while concurrently attending to the implementation barriers of delivering care and skills to dyads. We hypothesize that caregivers in dyads randomized to the ABC ANSWERS program will experience higher levels of QoL and lower levels of depression, anxiety, dyadic strain, and caregiver burden at 12 months than those receiving usual VHA primary care.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03397667. Registered on 12 January 2018.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in tortoises and Hyalomma aegyptium ticks in East Thrace, Turkey: potential of a cryptic transmission cycle
Authors: Kar Sirri , Rodriguez Sergio E. , Akyildiz Gurkan , Cajimat Maria N. B. , Bircan Rifat , Mears Megan C. , Bente Dennis A. , Keles Aysen G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundRecent reports have demonstrated the presence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) genomic material inHyalomma aegyptiumticks feeding primarily on tortoises belonging to the genusTestudo. This raises the question if these ticks and their hosts play a role in the natural transmission dynamics of CCHFV. However, the studies are limited, and assessing the relevance ofH. aegyptiumin perpetuating the virus in nature, and a potential spillover to humans remains unknown. This study aimed to detect CCHFV inH. aegyptiumticks and their tortoise hosts in the East Thrace region of Turkey, whereH. aegyptiumis the most common human-biting tick and where a high density of tortoises of the genusTestudocan be found.MethodsDuring the study period, 21 blood samples from different tortoises (2T. hermanniand 19T. graeca), 106 tick pools (containing 448 males, 152 females, 93 nymphs and 60 larvae) collected from 65 tortoises (5T. hermanniand 60T. graeca), 38 adult unfed questing ticks (25 males and 13 females, screened individually) and 14 pools (containing 8 nymphs and 266 larvae) of immature unfed questing ticks collected from the ground were screened for CCHFV genome by nested PCR and partial genomes sequenced.ResultsAs a result of the screening of these 179 samples, 17 (9.5%) were detected as positive as follows: 2 of 21 blood samples (9.52%), 13 (containing 18 nymphs in 3 pools, and 52 males and 8 females in 10 pools) of 106 tick pools from tortoises (12.26%), and 2 of 38 adult questing ticks (5.26%). No positive result was determined in 14 pools of immature questing ticks.ConclusionsPrevious studies have shown that reptiles can participate in the transmission of arthropod-borne viruses, but they may contribute to different aspects of the disease ecology and evolution of tick-borne viral pathogens. Our results indicate the presence of CCHFV in questing and feedingH. aegyptiumticks as well as tortoise hosts. This may indicate that CCHFV circulates in a cryptic transmission cycle in addition to the primary transmission cycle that could play a role in the natural dynamic of the virus and the transmission to humans.
Patient satisfaction and quality of life in breast reconstruction: assessment of outcomes of immediate, delayed, and nonreconstruction
Authors: Siqueira Hianga Fayssa Fernandes , Teixeira Jorge Luiz de Almeida , Lessa Filho Reginaldo da Silva , Hora Evânia Curvelo , Brasileiro Filipe Ferreira , Borges Kênya de Souza , Brito Érika de Abreu Costa , Lima Marcela Sampaio , Marques Adriane Dórea , Moura Alex Rodrigues , Figueiredo Júnior Tarcizo Costa , de Oliveira Thiago Costa , Vasconcelos Ana Alice Santana , Lima Carlos Anselmo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Objectives
This study was conducted aiming to assess the quality of life and satisfaction of women who had mastectomy treated with and without breast reconstruction.

Results
A total of 81 women who had mastectomy were included, of whom 53 (65.4%) underwent breast reconstruction. Quality of life was not significantly better in the reconstruction group than the nonreconstruction group. Satisfaction with the surgically operated breast, whether reconstructed or not, was positively correlated with quality of life (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference in quality of life between women with immediate and late reconstruction. This study showed that the satisfaction of patients with the operated breast, reconstructed or not, is more important in quality of life than whether the breast was reconstructed or not. When we analyzed the quality of life of women who had mastectomy who were dissatisfied with their unreconstructed breasts, we observed that nonreconstruction had a negative impact on the quality of life.
Adaptive and separable multiary reversible data hiding in encryption domain
Authors: Yu Mingji , Liu Yuchen , Sun Hu , Yao Heng , Qiao Tong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTo ensure the security of digital information, information needs to be stored and processed in the encryption domain during the cloud storage process, during which the user does not allow the cloud provider (CP) to access the image contents, and the CP must embed additional information in the image. Therefore, reversible data hiding in an encryption domain (RDHEI) has emerged. This paper presents an adaptive and separable multiary RDHEI method. First, the image is divided into two parts that consist of reference pixels and non-reference pixels. Next, we compute the prediction errors of the non-reference pixels, followed by a replacement of the original non-reference values with the computed prediction errors. Then, the entire image is encrypted with a specially designed stream cipher strategy so that the CP can embed additional information by modifying the prediction errors without knowing the original image. In addition, although our method vacates space before encryption, the CP can adaptively control the reserved space, unlike traditional RDHEI schemes which also vacate space before encryption. Because our method is separable, the embedded message can be extracted from both encryption and plaintext domains accurately. The experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.
Separation and stability of solutions to nonlinear systems involving Caputo–Fabrizio derivatives
Authors: Zhong Wenyong , Wang Lanfang , Abdeljawad Thabet 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis work mainly investigates the separation and stability of solutions to nonlinear systems involving Caputo–Fabrizio fractional derivatives. An inequality ensuring the positivity of the fractional derivative at a given point is derived, by which the sufficient conditions for the separation of solutions are obtained. The comparison principle and the inequality for the fractional derivatives of convex functions are obtained, by which the approach of the convex Lyapunov functions is extended effectively to establish the criteria for the stability of solutions in the context of Caputo–Fabrizio fractional derivatives. Applications of the main results are illustrated by using examples.