bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal management of ascites
Authors: Rudler Marika , Mallet Maxime , Sultanik Philippe , Bouzbib Charlotte , Thabut Dominique 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAscites is the most common complication of cirrhosis, which develops in 5%‐10% of patients per year. Its management is based on symptomatic measures including restriction of sodium intake, diuretics and paracentesis. Underlying liver disease must always be treated and may improve ascites. In some patients, ascites is not controlled by medical therapies and has a major impact on quality of life and survival. TIPS placement and liver transplantation must therefore be discussed. More recently, repeated albumin infusions and Alfapump® have emerged as new therapies in ascites. In this review, the current data on these different options are analysed and an algorithm to help the physician make clinical decisions is suggested.
HSP4 triggers epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and promotes motility capacities of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via activating AKT
Authors: Ma Peng , Tang Wei‐Guo , Hu Jin‐Wu , Hao Ying , Xiong Liang‐Kun , Wang Mao‐Ming , Liu Hao , Bo Wen‐Hui , Yu Kai‐Huan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsHeat shock factor (HSF4) plays a vital role in carcinogenesis and tumour progression. However, its clinical significance implications in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remained elusive.MethodsRT‐PCR and western blot were used to detect the HSF4 expression levels in HCC cells and tissues. Immunohistochemistry staining was performed on a tissue microarray containing 104 HCC patients received radical resection. In vitro effects of HSF4 on proliferation, migration and invasion were determined by colony formation and transwell assays in HCCLM3, Huh7, MHCC97L and SMMC7721 cells. Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) was identified by RT‐PCR, WB and immunofluorescence in HCCLM3 and MHCC97L cells. AKT pathway activation was detected by WB and dual luciferase report system in HCCLM3 and MHCC97L cells.ResultsHSF4 expression was higher in primary HCC tissues derived from recurrent patients, and positively correlated with invasiveness potentials of cell lines. Clinically, patients with high HSF4 expression had significant poorer prognosis. In vitro experiments showed HSF4 silencing inhibited HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, whereas HSF4 overexpression had inverse effects. Moreover, silence of HSF4 induced an epithelial‐like phenotype, whereas the overexpression of HSF4 resulted in a mesenchymal‐like phenotype in HCC by activating AKT pathway. Further experiments showed that HSF4 could activate AKT pathway in a hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) dependent, but transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) independent manner.ConclusionsHSF4 is upregulated in HCC, resulting in greater proliferation, migration and invasion capacities. Moreover, high HSF4 expression is a promising predictive indicator of poor outcome after radical resection. HSF4 may promote aggressive tumour behaviour by enhancing EMT through activating AKT pathway in a HIF1α‐dependent manner.
Journey into uncertainty: Medical students' experiences and perceptions of failure
Authors: Shepherd Lisa , Gauld Ryan , Cristancho Sayra M. , Chahine Saad 
Published: February 2020

AbstractContextHaving succeeded in being selected for medical school, medical students are not always familiar with failure and yet they are expected to graduate prepared to effectively function in the failure‐burdened arena of clinical medicine. Lacking in the developing literature on learners and failure is an exploration of how this transformation is accomplished. The purpose of this study was to examine how medical students perceive and experience failure during their medical school training.MethodWe used a qualitative description methodology to probe the failure experiences of medical students attending a Canadian medical school. Participants were provided with the broad definition of failure used in this research: ‘deviation from expected and desired results.'In total, 12 students were sampled, three from each of the 4 years of study, and participated in individual, semi‐structured interviews that were analysed using thematic analysis to identify and describe core themes.ResultsAt the start of medical school, students admitted limited experience with failure; their early descriptions were self‐centred and binary. Personal stories recounted by preceptors encouraged students and helped them understand that physicians are human and that failure is inevitable. Students felt relatively protected from failures that could impact patients. Both witnessing and participating in a failure event were distressing and sometimes at odds with their expectations. Students expressed a desire to talk about the experience.ConclusionsMedical students described examples of experiencing failure during medical school that transported them from the more certain black and white beginnings of their classroom into the uncertain shades of grey of clinical medicine. What the participants heard, saw and experienced suggests opportunities for classroom teachers to better prepare pre‐clinical students for the inevitability of failure in clinical medicine and opportunities for clinical teachers to engage in open, inclusive conversations surrounding failures that occur on their watch.
How Can We Love Our Enemies When We Kill Our Friends? Shifting the Theological Debate Over Violence
Authors: Lysen Laura , Martens Paul 
Published: February 2020

AbstractViolence is often thought of in terms of intentional, discrete actions, and in the debate between so‐called “neo‐Anabaptists” and “neo‐Augustinians” this has often been the focus, especially around actions like policing and war. However, this idea of violence is insufficient and, intentionally or not, obfuscates forms of violence like the “slow violence” of destructive economic arrangements that harm not only enemies but friends as well. Through an investigation of the apparel industry this article addresses the too‐narrow understandings of violence that implicate theologians themselves in the “systemic” and “slow” violence inflicted through exploitative economic arrangements and systematic environmental degradation. The violence of the contemporary political economy compounds exponentially when one considers not only the human costs of global industry but also the toll it takes on the planet, which in turn affects the world’s poorest people no matter their geographic location or type of work. How might various sides of the more traditional argument find common ground for doing justice around these forms of violence in which they already daily participate, rather than giving the majority of attention to actions taking place periodically (or speculating about violence that may not even happen)? In short, violence is not just the realm of militaries, it is the reality of our global political economy, and this must be addressed by theologians of all types and traditions.
Copper ions suppress abscisic acid biosynthesis to enhance defence against Phytophthora infestans in potato
Authors: Liu Hai‐Feng , Xue Xiao‐Jing , Yu Yue , Xu Ming‐Ming , Lu Chong‐Chong , Meng Xuan‐Lin , Zhang Bao‐Gang , Ding Xin‐Hua , Chu Zhao‐Hui 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCopper‐based antimicrobial compounds are widely and historically used to control plant diseases, such as late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans, which seriously affects the yield and quality of potato. We previously identified that copper ion (Cu2+) acts as an extremely sensitive elicitor to induce ethylene (ET)‐dependent immunity in Arabidopsis. Here, we found that Cu2+ induces the defence response to P. infestans in potato. Cu2+ suppresses the transcription of the abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthetic genes StABA1 and StNCED1, resulting in decreased ABA content. Treatment with ABA or inhibitor fluridone made potato more susceptible or resistance to late blight, respectively. In addition, potato with knockdown of StABA1 or StNCED1 showed greater resistance to late blight, suggesting that ABA negatively regulates potato resistance to P. infestans. Cu2+ also promotes the rapid biosynthesis of ET. Potato plants treated with 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate showed enhanced resistance to late blight. Repressed expression of StEIN2 or StEIN3 resulted in enhanced transcription of StABA1 and StNCED1, accumulation of ABA and susceptibility to P. infestans. Consistently, StEIN3 directly binds to the promoter regions of StABA1 and StNCED1. Overall, we concluded that Cu2+ triggers the defence response to potato late blight by activating ET biosynthesis to inhibit the biosynthesis of ABA.
A longitudinal study of friends with benefits relationships
Authors: Machia Laura V. , Proulx Morgan L. , Ioerger Michael , Lehmiller Justin J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFriends with benefits relationships (FWBRs) uniquely combine friendship with sexual activity but differ from romantic relationships in that they may be less likely to be exclusive or long lasting. A longitudinal analysis of the trajectory of FWBRs is presented, in which participants in FWBRs at Time 1 reported on their relationship outcomes at Time 2 (N = 192). Results demonstrated that a plurality of FWBRs transitioned into having no relationship of any kind at Time 2 (31%). Those who wanted their FWBR to transition into a friendship typically obtained that outcome (59%), whereas those who wanted to transition into a romantic relationship did not (15%). Time 2 relationship status predictors and further implications of FWBR trajectories are discussed.
Bucillamine Inhibits UVB‐Induced MAPK Activation and Apoptosis in Human HaCaT Keratinocytes and SKH‐1 Hairless Mouse Skin
Authors: Anwar Adil , Anwar Hiba , Yamauchi Takeshi , Tseng Ryan , Agarwal Rajesh , Horwitz Lawrence D , Zhai Zili , Fujita Mayumi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUltraviolet B (UVB) radiation is known as a culprit in skin carcinogenesis. We have previously reported that bucillamine (N‐[2‐mercapto‐2‐methylpropionyl]‐L‐cysteine), a cysteine derivative with antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory capacity, protects against UVB‐induced p53 activation and inflammatory responses in mouse skin. Since MAPK signaling pathways regulate p53 expression and activation, here we determined bucillamine effect on UVB‐mediated MAPK activation in vitro using human skin keratinocyte cell line HaCaT and in vivo using SKH‐1 hairless mouse skin. A single low dose of UVB (30 mJ cm−2) resulted in increased JNK/MAPK phosphorylation and caspase‐3 cleavage in HaCaT cells. However, JNK activation and casaspe‐3 cleavage were inhibited by pretreatment of HaCaT cells with physiological doses of bucillamine (25 and 100 µm). Consistent with these results, bucillamine pretreatment in mice (20 mg kg−1) inhibited JNK/MAPK and ERK/MAPK activation in skin epidermal cells at 6–12 and 24 h, respectively, after UVB exposure. Moreover, bucillamine attenuated UVB‐induced Ki‐67‐positive cells and cleaved caspase‐3‐positive cells in mouse skin. These findings demonstrate that bucillamine inhibits UVB‐induced MAPK signaling, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Together with our previous report, we provide evidence that bucillamine has a photoprotective effect against UV exposure.
Mechanisms of powdery mildew resistance of wheat – a review of molecular breeding
Authors: Kang Yichen , Zhou Meixue , Merry Angela , Barry Karen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPowdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) results in serious economic loss in wheat production. Exploration of plant resistance to wheat powdery mildew over several decades has led to the discovery of a wealth of resistance genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs). We have provided a comprehensive summary of over 200 powdery mildew genes (permanently and temporarily designated genes) and QTLs reported in common bread wheat. This highlights the diverse and rich resistance sources that exist across all 21 chromosomes. To manage different data for breeders, here we also present a bridged mapping result from previously reported powdery mildew resistance genes and QTLs with the application of a published integrated wheat map. This will provide important insights to empower further breeding of powdery mildew resistant wheat via marker‐assisted selection (MAS).
The relationship between pollution abatement costs and environmental regulation: Evidence from the Chinese industrial sector
Authors: Shimizu Masayuki 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSince the 2000s, China has been trying to strengthen emission controls in response to increasing pollution problems. However, strict implementation of emission controls generates pollution abatement costs. Using regional data for 29 provinces in the Chinese industrial sector from 1995 to 2010, this study estimated the pollution abatement costs for each province through the measurement of environmental efficiency, by applying a directional distance function approach. Moreover, using panel data analysis, this study clarified whether there is a nonlinear relationship between pollution abatement costs and environmental regulations. The empirical results are as follows. The study confirmed that the burden of abatement costs tended not only to occur in the central and western regions but also to increase in the eastern region. Moreover, the nonlinear relationship is inverted U‐shaped; thus, pollution abatement costs increase, as a negative effect of environmental regulations, until a certain inflection point, after which they decrease.
Spatial Confounding in Hurdle Multilevel Beta Models: the Case of the Brazilian Mathematical Olympics for Public Schools
Authors: Pereira João B. M. , Nobre Widemberg S. , Silva Igor F. L. , Schmidt Alexandra M. 
Published: February 2020

SummaryAmong the many disparities for which Brazil is known is the difference in performance across students who attend the three administrative levels of Brazilian public schools: federal, state and municipal. Our main goal is to investigate whether student performance in the Brazilian Mathematical Olympics for Public Schools is associated with school administrative level and student gender. For this, we propose a hurdle hierarchical beta model for the scores of students who took the examination in the second phase of these Olympics, in 2013. The mean of the beta model incorporates fixed and random effects at the student and school levels. We explore different distributions for the random school effect. As the posterior distributions of some fixed effects change in the presence, and distribution, of the random school effects, we also explore models that constrain random school effects to the orthogonal complement of the fixed effects. We conclude that male students perform slightly better than female students and that, on average, federal schools perform substantially better than state or municipal schools. However, some of the best municipal and state schools perform as well as some federal schools. We hypothesize that this is due to individual teachers who successfully motivate and prepare their students to perform well in the mathematical Olympics.
A Flexible Parametric Modelling Framework for Survival Analysis
Authors: Burke Kevin , Jones M. C. , Noufaily Angela 
Published: February 2020

SummaryWe introduce a general, flexible, parametric survival modelling framework which encompasses key shapes of hazard functions (constant; increasing; decreasing; up then down; down then up) and various common survival distributions (log-logistic; Burr type XII; Weibull; Gompertz) and includes defective distributions (cure models). This generality is achieved by using four distributional parameters: two scale-type parameters—one of which relates to accelerated failure time (AFT) modelling; the other to proportional hazards (PH) modelling—and two shape parameters. Furthermore, we advocate ‘multiparameter regression’ whereby more than one distributional parameter depends on covariates—rather than the usual convention of having a single covariate-dependent (scale) parameter. This general formulation unifies the most popular survival models, enabling us to consider the practical value of possible modelling choices. In particular, we suggest introducing covariates through just one or other of the two scale parameters (covering AFT and PH models), and through a ‘power’ shape parameter (covering more complex non-AFT or non-PH effects); the other shape parameter remains covariate independent and handles automatic selection of the baseline distribution. We explore inferential issues and compare with alternative models through various simulation studies, with particular focus on evidence concerning the need, or otherwise, to include both AFT and PH parameters. We illustrate the efficacy of our modelling framework by using data from lung cancer, melanoma and kidney function studies. Censoring is accommodated throughout.
Emphasizing one leg facilitates single‐leg training using standard cycling equipment
Authors: Staples Trevor J. , Do‐Duc Andréa‐Anh , Link Jenna E. , Martin James C. 
Published: February 2020

PurposeSingle‐leg cycling exercise is one of the most potent, but underutilized, stimuli for promoting peripheral muscle respiratory capacity. Special ergometers used to facilitate single‐leg cycling, while maintaining biomechanics similar to double‐leg cycling, are not widely available. This lack of availability of specialized ergometers may explain why single‐leg cycling has not been widely implemented as standard clinical practice. Therefore, we explored the extent to which participants could emphasize one leg and de‐emphasize the other to perform “single‐leg emphasis cycling” using standard cycle ergometers.MethodsSixteen athletic participants performed single‐leg emphasis cycling, emphasizing each leg in separate trials, and double‐leg cycling. Pedal forces and limb kinematics were collected and used to calculate joint‐specific work and power at the ankle, knee, and hip.ResultsStudy participants were able to produce approximately three times as much power with their emphasized leg compared to the de‐emphasized leg during single‐leg emphasis cycling. Ankle plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, knee extension, and hip extension work produced during single‐leg emphasis cycling did not differ from those during double‐leg cycling (all P > .60). Hip and knee flexion work during single‐leg emphasis cycling exhibited small but significant differences (both P < .05) from double‐leg cycling.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that single‐leg emphasis cycling provides a convenient alternative to single‐leg cycling requiring specialized ergometers, therefore, facilitating improved training in clinical and athletic populations using commonly available equipment. Further, biomechanics during single‐leg emphasis cycling closely approximated double‐leg cycling ensuring that training adaptations are highly applicable to double‐leg cycling.
Effects of a functional training program in patients with fibromyalgia: A 9‐year prospective longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Santos E Campos Maria Aparecida , Párraga‐Montilla Juan A. , Aragón‐Vela Jerónimo , Latorre‐Román Pedro A. 
Published: February 2020

There are evidences that physical exercise is an effective instrument for improving physical fitness, health, and quality of life and causes beneficial effects on the symptoms of patients with fibromyalgia. The purpose of this study was to analyze effects of a functional training program on pain, fitness, and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia in a 9‐year prospective longitudinal cohort study. Forty women with fibromyalgia participated in this study; 24 received an exercise program and were called the active group; and 16 were the control group. Tender points, visual analogical scale (VAS) of pain, physical fitness, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), and Short‐Form Health Survey 36 (SF‐36) were analyzed. The active group experienced significant improvements in FIQ, TP, and VAS (P < .001), whereas the control group showed significant worsening in the FIQ scale (P = .004). Moreover, the active group experienced significant improvements in leg strength (P < .001), balance (P = .033), cardiorespiratory fitness (P < .001), emotional role (P = .024), and mental health (P = .025); whereas the control group significantly worsened on handgrip strength (P = .017), balance (P = .043), cardiorespiratory fitness (P = .020), and in general health (P < .001). A Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between the improvement in physical fitness variables and the improvements in FIQ, TP, and VAS. In conclusion, a regular practice of moderate‐intensity physical activity shows a positive effect long‐term on fitness, pain, the impact of the disease, and the quality of life in women with fibromyalgia.
An Interface of Syntactic and Semantic OT Accounts of Hakka KAI in [ADJP/NP KAI N] Constructions1
Authors: Tseng Yu‐Ching 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the phenomenon related to the morpheme KAI in the Hakka noun phrases. It investigates the presence or absence of KAI in the constructions where the head noun is modified by either a noun phrase or an adjectival phrase. KAI does not occur if the modifying phrase and the noun form a lexical compound. In other cases, the presence of KAI is by and large optional. To theoretically account for the phenomenon, this paper argues that the syntactic rules of Hakka allowed both of the alternative constructions with or without KAI; however, some semantic criteria may interfere in the selection of a grammatical construction as the preferable one. An interface of syntactic and semantic OT can account for this situation. When OT syntax selects multiple constructions as the optimal outputs, OT semantics goes one step further by pairing the output with a preferable interpretation. The interpretational constraints involved in the analysis are based on the principle of iconicity and the markedness relation between the contrastive emphatic and noncontrastive basic meaning.
The pattern of mortality in dogs with gastric dilatation and volvulus
Authors: Sharp Claire R. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Finn Emily , Borrego E.J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe primary study objective was to characterize the pattern of in‐hospital mortality in dogs with gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV), with a focus on preoperative nonsurvival.Materials and MethodsA retrospective review of medical records from a 10‐year period was undertaken at a university teaching hospital. Data collected included signalment, physical examination parameters at hospital presentation, blood lactate concentration, and outcome.ResultsA total of 498 dogs were included. Overall, 319 (64.1%) survived to discharge and 179 (35.9%) were nonsurvivors. Of the nonsurvivors, 149 (31.3% of all dogs) were euthanized and 30 (6%) died. Of those dogs euthanized, the majority (n = 116) were euthanized at the time of hospital presentation prior to surgery (ie, without intent to treat). When dogs that were euthanized prior to surgery were excluded, 83.5% of dogs survived to discharge. Median group age was higher in those euthanized than in the group of dogs that survived to discharge.ConclusionsPreoperative euthanasia and hence nonsurvival without intent to treat accounted for the majority of GDV mortality in this study. Given the high rate of nonsurvival without intent to treat it is likely that efforts focused at disease prevention will ultimately affect a much greater improvement in overall disease mortality than those focused on improving treatment.