bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Representación y análisis del conocimiento causal en la medicina.
Authors: Lázaro Francisco Ramos Fuentes  , Amilkar Suarez Pupo  , Alicia Filadelfia Escobar Torres  , Víctor Manuel Sellán Icaza  , Ligia Elizabeth Vargas Angulo.  
Published: June 2020

En medicina se busca descubrir y representar las relaciones causales entre variables de interés. Con el fin de representar computacionalmente el conocimiento causal se debe recurrir a grafos dirigidos. Existen dos técnicas fundamentales: las redes bayesianas y los mapas cognitivos difusos. En el presente trabajo se comparan ambas técnicas y se muestran la ventaja que presentan los mapas cognitivos difusos en el diagnóstico mediante el cálculo de scoring de cada alternativa utilizando métodos multicriterio.
An Approach to the Effects of Modern Art on the Evolution of Iranian Contemporary Typography
Authors: Rafiei Maryam , Arasteh Jamshid 
Published: June 2020

Today, letter design is no longer just a way to convey information, its visual and structural features is not limited to a particular aspect of visual language, in addition, the design of letters is a method that is always influenced by the content and thought, it is placed in different cultural and social conditions and reflected in unlimited aesthetic forms. Situation that occurs with Iranian literature that owes its value to the writings and the words. On the other hand, in the field of art, especially the art of letter design, it is this writing that plays the central role. Almost more than a century ago, new and modern phenomena slowly came to Iran, and Iranian artists began to use modern art.
What is gleaned from the research is the introduction of typography as a powerful and usable tool not only in the international community but also as an art of communication on the Iranian border and examining its most important function; visual communication and the transfer of information and content. It is also discovered how the forms of typography evolve and its impact on contemporary Iranian art. The descriptive research work was carried out through the process of reviewing and collecting information from the library documents.
Direct links between hygroscopicity and mixing state of ambient aerosols: estimating particle hygroscopicity from their single-particle mass spectra
Authors: Wang Xinning , Ye Xingnan , Chen Jianmin , Wang Xiaofei , Yang Xin , Fu Tzung-May , Zhu Lei , Liu Chongxuan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Hygroscopicity plays crucial roles in determining aerosol optical properties
and aging processes in the atmosphere. We investigated submicron aerosol
hygroscopicity and composition by connecting an aerosol time-of-flight mass
spectrometer (ATOFMS) in series to a hygroscopic tandem differential
mobility analyzer (HTDMA), to characterize hygroscopicity and composition of
ambient aerosols in Shanghai, China. The HTDMA–ATOFMS data suggested that
particle types, including biomass burning, elemental carbon (EC), dust/ash, organic particles,
cooking particles and sea salt, were shown to have distinct hygroscopicity
distributions. Peak intensities in particle spectra were found to be nonlinearly
correlated with hygroscopicity, and the correlations were variant with
particle types. Based on the measured hygroscopicity–composition relations,
we developed a statistical method to estimate ambient particle
hygroscopicity just from their mass spectra. The method was applied to
another ambient ATOFMS dataset sampled from 12 to 28 September 2012 in Shanghai. The estimated hygroscopicity suggested that
ambient particles were present in three apparent hygroscopicity modes, whose
growth factors peaked at 1.05, 1.42 and 1.60 (85 % relative humidity, RH). The
estimated growth factor (GF) were divided into four bins as <1.1, 1.1–1.3, 1.3–1.5
and >1.5 to represent the nearly hydrophobic (NH),
less-hygroscopic (LH), more-hygroscopic (MH) and sea salt (SS) modes. Number
contributions of particle types to hygroscopicity modes showed consistent
results with the HTDMA–ATOFMS experiment. Based on the combined information
on particle composition, hygroscopicity, air mass back trajectories and
ambient pollutant concentrations, we inferred that the NH, LH, MH and SS modes
were characterized by primary organic aerosol (POA) ∕ EC, secondary organic aerosol (SOA), secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) and salt compositions, respectively.
The proposed method would provide additional information to the study of
particle mixing states, source identification and visibility variation.
Seismo-acoustic energy partitioning of a powder snow avalanche
Authors: Marchetti Emanuele , van Herwijnen Alec , Christen Marc , Silengo Maria Cristina , Barfucci Giulia 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. While flowing downhill, a snow avalanche radiates seismic waves in the ground and infrasonic waves in the atmosphere. Seismic energy is radiated by the dense basal layer flowing above the ground, while infrasound energy is likely radiated by the powder front. However, the mutual energy partitioning is not fully understood. We present infrasonic and seismic array data of a powder snow avalanche, which was released on 5 February 2016, in the Dischma valley above Davos, Switzerland. A five-element infrasound array, sensitive above 0.1 Hz, and a seven-element seismic array, sensitive above 4.5 Hz, were deployed at a short distance (<500 m) from each other and close (<1500 m) to the avalanche path. The avalanche dynamics were modelled by using RAMMS (rapid mass movement simulation) and characterized in terms of front velocity and flow height. The use of arrays rather than single sensors allowed us to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and to identify the event in terms of back-azimuth angle and apparent velocity of the recorded wave fields. Wave parameters, derived from array processing, were used to identify the avalanche path and highlight the areas, along the path, where seismic and infrasound energy radiation occurred. The analysis showed that seismic energy is radiated all along the avalanche path, from the initiation to the deposition area, while infrasound is radiated only from a limited sector, where the flow is accelerated and the powder cloud develops. The recorded seismic signal is characterized by scattered back-azimuth angle, suggesting that seismic energy is likely radiated by multiple sources acting at once. On the contrary, the infrasound signal is characterized by a clear variation of back-azimuth angle and apparent velocity. This indicates that infrasound energy radiation is dominated by a moving point source, likely consistent with the powder cloud. Thanks to such clear wave parameters, infrasound is revealed to be particularly efficient for avalanche detection and path identification. While the infrasound apparent velocity decreases as the flow moves downhill, the seismic apparent velocity is quite scattered but decreases to sound velocity during the phase of maximum infrasound radiation. This indicates an efficient process of infrasound to seismic energy transition, which, in our case, increases the recorded seismic amplitude by ∼20 %, at least in our frequency band of analysis. Such an effect can be accounted for when the avalanche magnitude is estimated from seismic amplitude. Presented results clearly indicate how the process of seismo-acoustic energy radiation by a powder avalanche is very complex and likely controlled by the powder cloud formation and dynamics, and the process is hence affected by the path geometry and snow characteristics.
Linking economic and social factors to peak flows in an agricultural watershed using socio-hydrologic modeling
Authors: Dziubanski David , Franz Kristie J. , Gutowski William 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Hydrologic modeling studies most often represent humans through predefined actions and fail to account for human responses under changing hydrologic conditions. By treating both human and hydrologic systems as co-evolving, we build a socio-hydrological model that combines an agent-based model (ABM) with a semi-distributed hydrologic model. The curve number method is used to clearly illustrate the impacts of land cover changes resulting from decisions made by two different agent types. Aiming to reduce flooding, a city agent pays farmer agents to convert land into conservation. Farmer agents decide how to allocate land between conservation and production based on factors related to profits, past land use, and willingness. The model is implemented for a watershed representative of the mixed agricultural/small urban area land use found in Iowa, USA. In this preliminary study, we simulate scenarios of crop yields, crop prices, and conservation subsidies along with varied farmer parameters that illustrate the effects of human system variables on peak discharges. High corn prices lead to a decrease in conservation land from historical levels; consequently, mean peak discharge increases by 6 %, creating greater potential for downstream flooding within the watershed. However, when corn prices are low and the watershed is characterized by a conservation-minded farmer population, mean peak discharge is reduced by 3 %. Overall, changes in mean peak discharge, which is representative of farmer land use decisions, are most sensitive to changes in crop prices as opposed to yields or conservation subsidies.
Oordelen handicap en chronische ziekte en de WGBH/CZ, een bouwwerk met uitzicht?
Authors: Homan J.J.T. 
Published: June 2020

Oordelen handicap en chronische ziekte en de WGBH/CZ, een bouwwerk met uitzicht?
Het College voor de Rechten van de Mens past de Wet gelijke behandeling op grond van handicap of chronische ziekte (WGBH/CZ) toe voor de discriminatiegrond h/cz.Bij individuele situaties wordt beoordeeld in hoeverre een aanbieder gehouden is een ‘doeltreffende aanpassing’ te realiseren. Sinds 2016, toen de WGBH/CZ werd uitgebreid naar algemene toegankelijkheid, zijn ongeveer 140 oordelen h/cz uitgesproken.In het artikel wordt een twintigtal ‘gevalsoverstijgende’ oordelen over handicap of chronische ziekte uit 2018 en 2019 beschreven. Wat heeft dit voor de WGBH/CZ opgeleverd en wat is de rol van het College?In individuele situaties is het parool: onderzoek zorgvuldig, overleg en handel actief! Bij algemene toegankelijkheid kijkt het College steeds kritischer naar de inspanningen van de aanbieders.Soms koppelt het College een individueel oordeel aan een rapportage of aanbeveling aan de wetgever. Voorbeelden daarvan worden met name gegeven op het terrein van het openbaar vervoer. In die gevallen zijn de oordelen ook een duidelijk signaal voor aanpassing van wetgeving of beleid. De dubbele rol van het College (toetser en toezichthouder) heeft dan een meerwaarde.Op deze wijze kunnen oordelen de concrete toepasbaarheid en uitleg van de WGBH/CZ nog verder verstevigen en verduurzamen.
What does it mean to be ‘illiberal’?
Authors: de Vries Bouke 
Published: June 2020

What does it mean to be ‘illiberal’?
‘Illiberal’ is an adjective that is commonly used by scholars. For example, they might speak of ‘illiberal cultures’, ‘illiberal groups’, ‘illiberal states’, ‘illiberal democracies’, ‘illiberal beliefs’, and ‘illiberal practices’. Yet despite its widespread usage, no in-depth discussions exist of exactly what it means for someone or something to be illiberal, or might mean. This article fills this lacuna by providing a conceptual analysis of the term ‘illiberal practices’, which I argue is basic in that other bearers of the property of being illiberal can be understood by reference to it. Specifically, I identify five ways in which a practice can be illiberal based on the different ways in which this term is employed within both scholarly and political discourses. The main value of this disaggregation lies in the fact that it helps to prevent confusions that arise when people use the adjective ‘illiberal’ in different ways, as is not uncommon.
Estimation of Seasonal Variances in Descriptive Time Series Analysis
Authors: Dozie Kelechukwu C. N. 
Published: June 2020

This study presents the Buys-Ballot estimation procedure of row and seasonal variances in time series decomposition when trend component of time series is linear. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to obtain the Buys-Ballot estimates of row and seasonal variances for the mixed model. The method adopted in this study is Buys-Ballot procedure developed for choice of appropriate model for decomposition of any study series. The statistical software (MINITAB 17.0 version) is also adopted in this study. Results of the Buys-Ballot estimates for mixed model indicate that, the row variance is a function of trend parameters and seasonal component of the original series. It is for column variance, a constant multiple of the square of the seasonal component.
Fc‐gamma IIIa‐V158F receptor polymorphism contributes to the severity of Guillain‐Barré syndrome
Authors: Hayat Shoma , Babu Golap , Das Avizit , Howlader Zakir Hossain , Mahmud Ishtiaq , Islam Zhahirul 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveGuillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare, life‐threatening disorder of the peripheral nervous system. Immunoglobulin G Fc‐gamma receptors (FcγRs) mediate and regulate diverse effector functions and are involved in the pathogenesis of GBS. We investigated whether the FcγR polymorphisms FcγRIIa H/R131 (rs1801274), FcγRIIIa V/F158 (rs396991), and FcγRIIIb NA1/NA2, and their haplotype patterns affect the affinity of IgG‐FcγR interactivity and influence GBS susceptibility and severity.MethodsWe determined FcγR polymorphisms in 303 patients with GBS and 302 ethnically matched healthy individuals from Bangladesh by allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction. Pairwise linkage disequilibrium and haplotype patterns were analyzed based on D ́statistics and the genotype package of R statistics, respectively. Logistic regression analysis and Fisher’s exact test with corrected P (Pc) values were employed for statistical comparisons.ResultsFcγRIIIa‐V158F was associated with the severe form of GBS compared to the mild form (P = 0.005, OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.28–3.91; Pc = 0.015); however, FcγR genotypes and haplotype patterns did not show any association with GBS susceptibility compared to healthy controls. FcγRIIIa‐V/V158 and FcγRIIIb‐NA2/2 were associated with recent Campylobacter jejuni infection (P ≤ 0.001, OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.23–0.56; Pc ≤ 0.003 and P = 0.004, OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.18–2.44; Pc ≤ 0.012, respectively). Haplotype 1 (FcγRIIa‐H131R‐ FcγRIIIa‐V158F‐ FcγRIIIb‐NA1/2) and the FcγRIIIb‐NA2/2 genotype were more prevalent among anti‐GM1 antibody‐positive patients (P = 0.031, OR = 9.61, 95% CI = 1.24–74.77, Pc = 0.279; P = 0.027, OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.06–2.5, Pc = 0.081, respectively).InterpretationFcγR polymorphisms and haplotypes are not associated with susceptibility to GBS, though the FcγRIIIa‐V158F genotype is associated with the severity of GBS.
Core/Shell Perovskite Nanocrystals: Synthesis of Highly Efficient and Environmentally Stable FAPbBr3/CsPbBr3 for LED Applications
Authors: Zhang Chengxi , Wang Sheng , Li Xiaomin , Yuan Mingjian , Turyanska Lyudmila , Yang Xuyong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLead halide perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) are promising materials for applications in optoelectronics. However, their environmental instability remains to be addressed to enable their advancement into industry. Here the development of a novel synthesis method is reported for monodispersed PeNCs coated with all inorganic shell of cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) grown epitaxially on the surface of formamidinium lead bromide (FAPbBr3) NCs. The formed FAPbBr3/CsPbBr3 NCs have photoluminescence in the visible range 460–560 nm with narrow emission linewidth (20 nm) and high optical quantum yield, photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) up to 93%. The core/shell perovskites have enhanced optical stability under ambient conditions (70 d) and under ultraviolet radiation (50 h). The enhanced properties are attributed to overgrowth of FAPbBr3 with all‐inorganic CsPbBr3 shell, which acts as a protective layer and enables effective passivation of the surface defects. The use of these green‐emitting core/shell FAPbBr3/CsPbBr3 NCs is demonstrated in light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and significant enhancement of their performance is achieved compared to core only FAPbBr3‐LEDs. The maximum current efficiency observed in core/shell NC LED is 19.75 cd A‐1 and the external quantum efficiency of 8.1%, which are approximately four times and approximately eight times higher, respectively, compared to core‐only devices.
Exciton–Exciton Annihilation in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter
Authors: Hasan Monirul , Shukla Atul , Ahmad Viqar , Sobus Jan , Bencheikh Fatima , McGregor Sarah K. M. , Mamada Masashi , Adachi Chihaya , Lo Shih‐Chun , Namdas Ebinazar B. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated that in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials, efficient reverse intersystem crossing occurs from nonradiative triplet exited states to radiative singlet excited states due to a small singlet–triplet energy gap. This reverse intersystem crossing significantly influences exciton annihilation processes and external quantum efficiency roll‐off in TADF based organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this work, a comprehensive exciton quenching model is developed for a TADF system to determine singlet–singlet, singlet–triplet, and triplet–triplet annihilation rate constants. A well‐known TADF molecule, 3‐(9,9‐dimethylacridin‐10(9H)‐yl)‐9H‐xanthen‐9‐one (ACRXTN), is studied under intensity‐dependent optical and electrical pulse excitation. The model shows singlet–singlet annihilation dominates under optically excited decays, whereas singlet–triplet annihilation and triplet–triplet annihilation have strong contribution in electroluminescence decays under electrical pulse excitation. Furthermore, the efficiency roll‐off characteristics of ACRXTN OLEDs at steady state is investigated through simulation. Finally, singlet and triplet diffusion length are calculated from annihilation rate constants.
3D MXene Architectures for Efficient Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: Li Ke , Liang Meiying , Wang Hao , Wang Xuehang , Huang Yanshan , Coelho João , Pinilla Sergio , Zhang Yonglai , Qi Fangwei , Nicolosi Valeria , Xu Yuxi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract2D transition metal carbides and/or nitrides (MXenes), by virtue of high electrical conductivity, abundant surface functional groups and excellent dispersion in various solvents, are attracting increasing attention and showing competitive performance in energy storage and conversion applications. However, like other 2D materials, MXene nanosheets incline to stack together via van der Waals interactions, which lead to limited number of active sites, sluggish ionic kinetics, and finally ordinary performance of MXene materials/devices. Constructing 2D MXene nanosheets into 3D architectures has been proven to be an effective strategy to reduce restacking, thus providing larger specific surface area, higher porosity, and shorter ion and mass transport distance over normal 1D and 2D structures. In this review, the commonly used strategies for manufacturing 3D MXene architectures (3D MXenes and 3D MXene‐based composites) are summarized, such as template, assembly, 3D printing, and other methods. Special attention is also given to the structure–property relationships of 3D MXene architectures and their applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion, including supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and electrocatalysis. Finally, the authors propose a brief perspective on future opportunities and challenges for 3D MXene architectures/devices.
Comment on “Rapid Assembly of Small Materials Building Blocks (Voxels) into Large Functional 3D Metamaterials”
Authors: Saha Sourabh K. , Chen Shih‐Chi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn their Progress Report, Hahn et al. assessed the state‐of‐the‐art of 3D printing but excluded temporally focused two‐photon polymerization (2PP) from the comparison because they concluded that it does not represent a full 3D printing capability. This comment highlights the flaws in their scientific arguments, clarifies the misinterpretation of private communications, and shows that 3D structures with distinct z‐layers can be printed using temporally focused 2PP.
Computationally Guided Molecular Design to Minimize the LE/CT Gap in D‐π‐A Fluorinated Triarylboranes for Efficient TADF via D and π‐Bridge Tuning
Authors: Narsaria Ayush K. , Rauch Florian , Krebs Johannes , Endres Peter , Friedrich Alexandra , Krummenacher Ivo , Braunschweig Holger , Finze Maik , Nitsch Jörn , Bickelhaupt F. Matthias , Marder Todd B. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this combined experimental and theoretical study, a computational protocol is reported to predict the excited states in D‐π‐A compounds containing the B(FXyl)2 (FXyl = 2,6‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) acceptor group for the design of new thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters. To this end, the effect of different donor and π‐bridge moieties on the energy gaps between local and charge‐transfer singlet and triplet states is examined. To prove this computationally aided design concept, the D‐π‐B(FXyl)2 compounds 1–5 were synthesized and fully characterized. The photophysical properties of these compounds in various solvents, polymeric film, and in a frozen matrix were investigated in detail and show excellent agreement with the computationally obtained data. Furthermore, a simple structure–property relationship is presented on the basis of the molecular fragment orbitals of the donor and the π‐bridge, which minimize the relevant singlet–triplet gaps to achieve efficient TADF emitters.
A Library of Late Transition Metal Alloy Dielectric Functions for Nanophotonic Applications
Authors: Rahm J. Magnus , Tiburski Christopher , Rossi Tuomas P. , Nugroho Ferry Anggoro Ardy , Nilsson Sara , Langhammer Christoph , Erhart Paul 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAccurate complex dielectric functions are critical to accelerate the development of rationally designed metal alloy systems for nanophotonic applications, and to thereby unlock the potential of alloying for tailoring nanostructure optical properties. To date, however, accurate alloy dielectric functions are widely lacking. Here, a time‐dependent density‐functional theory computational framework is employed to compute a comprehensive binary alloy dielectric function library for the late transition metals most commonly employed in plasmonics (Ag, Au, Cu, Pd, Pt). Excellent agreement is found between electrodynamic simulations based on these dielectric functions and selected alloy systems experimentally scrutinized in 10 at% composition intervals. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the dielectric functions can vary in very non‐linear fashion with composition, which paves the way for non‐trivial optical response optimization by tailoring material composition. The presented dielectric function library is thus a key resource for the development of alloy nanomaterials for applications in nanophotonics, optical sensors, and photocatalysis.