bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harnessing Complex Systems
Authors: Apostolopoulos Yorghos 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Many population health challenges have eluded scientists and policymakers for years because of misunderstanding of dynamic complexity. This chapter advocates an epistemological overhaul in population health science based on the premise that population health problems should be studied as complex systems because they operate as such. The proposed overhaul is predicated on the development of a new complex-systems-science–driven paradigm for a new population health science. It is founded on a fundamental shift in scientific thinking: from a quest for causes and accurate predictions to “control” problems, which inappropriate science and sheer uncontrollability of complex problems have curtailed, to knowledge generation, based on complex-systems-science–grounded theories and analytical methods to better understand, anticipate, curb, and manage health challenges, by way of harnessing their complexity. As both current and proposed epistemologies represent models of simpler and complex problems, respectively, appropriate use of each under the proposed paradigm can only strengthen population health science. These emerging ideas delve into the known as well as the possible and still unknown. Some ideas are grounded in long-standing scientific evidence, while others are of an emerging nature. Some are testable while others are partially tested, and still others remain untested “fantasies” about how to contend with intractable population health challenges.
Introduction
Authors: Caputi Jane 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This book turns on the word motherfucker, springing from the genius of what Geneva Smitherman calls “Black Talk” and bearing a seemingly infinite range of variations and meanings. The Man in the proposed new geological age, the Anthropocene (“Age of Man” or “Age of Humans”), is the motherfucker in the word’s worst sense, while perennial Mother Nature-Earth epitomizes the word’s best sense—the “Mutha’,” the indomitable and inexhaustible force-source of continuous being, transformation, and renewal. The word motherfucker holds powers of invocation, curse, swear, prayer, and convocation. These powers structure this book.
The Dirty/Earthy Mother
Authors: Caputi Jane 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways that undoing the Anthropocene means rejecting misogynist and biophobic meanings of Mother Nature-Earth and reclaiming much of what has been made obscene and “dirty.” This includes reclaiming the word cunt and cultivating a “dirty mind,” able to see through oppressive hierarchical dualisms. The Anthropocene manifests Man’s attempted mutilation and rape-murder of Earth. It relies on a fusion of sex and violence as well as an invidious dualism that falsely opposes nature and culture, soil and spirit, dirty and clean, black and white, earth and sky, female and male. Refusing this artificial opposition, Nature-Earth appears as the active and autonomous “Mutha’,” one who thinks, who decides, who gives, who takes, who comes, and who also can go. Human beings have long invoked Nature-Earth as “Mother,” not only to recognize our dependence on and connection to Nature-Earth, but also, perhaps, to remind Nature-Earth of their relationship to us.
“Word Is Born”
Authors: Caputi Jane 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The African concept of Nommo understands language to be the force of life, allowing speakers to participate in bringing something into existence, albeit with care. Words are alive, inspired, filled with breath or spirit, and hence able to move and change speakers and listeners. Ecological living requires what Robin Wall Kimmerer describes as “grammars of animacy,” which recognize and respect the being of all life and allow relationships with other-than-human beings. Creativity is a mothering power, which cannot be understood as purely female or biological. Mothering for social justice characterizes those who create community, who love and help, who decide, who act. Man’s motherfucking is countered with cuntspeak, telling the truth, laying down the law of respect, and conjuring other worlds. While the motherfucker claims omnipotence, power over all, the “Mutha’ ” evokes cunctipotence, the conjoined power of all.
Ballet Class 101
Authors: Klapper Melissa R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ballet class is the foundation of ballet. For centuries ballet class has focused on an ordered progression of positions, movements, and exercises that would be familiar to students in all times and places, regardless of minor differences in technique or the wide array of motivations for taking ballet class. Ballet class in the United States could function as both a status symbol and a gender signifier. It has also expanded its reach to include very young children and adults of all ages who seek artistic expression and fitness. Leotards, tights, tutus, and pointe shoes have their own histories. There is both tradition and innovation within ballet class.
Ballet Bodies
Authors: Klapper Melissa R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Dance is a fundamentally embodied art, and the ballet body has always been a contested site. Modern dance pioneers distinguished their fledgling art form by denouncing ballet as unnatural and particularly unsuited for the modern American dancer. Concerns about the pernicious effects of the idealized ballet body, especially on girls and young women, led to sharp medical and psychological concerns that seeped into popular representations of ballet class. Feminist critiques of ballet for supposedly oppressing women gained currency at the end of the twentieth century. Whatever the merits of such critiques, ballet can also be empowering for women in terms of bodily strength and artistic integrity, as seen in the controversial figure of the ballerina.
Ballet and Popular Culture in America
Authors: Klapper Melissa R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ballet’s popularity as entertainment has grown steadily in the United States since the early nineteenth century, and it has appeared in a wide variety of cultural spaces. Three arenas of American popular culture where ballet has consistently been important are movies, television, and the ubiquitous holiday performances of The Nutcracker. Dance was the subject of some of the earliest movies ever filmed and has remained a frequent theme. Millions of Americans have seen ballet on television, and as many have also seen performances of The Nutcracker. Over the course of the twentieth century many Americans have been inspired to take ballet classes or send their children to ballet classes as a result of their engagement with ballet in popular culture.
Interactive Visual Ideas for Musical Classroom Activities
Authors: Dwinal Catherine 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This book is a resource on projection systems for any music teacher’s treasure chest of tools. Educators, from brand new to seasoned veterans, can discover new lessons, activities, and resources involving the projection systems already in their classrooms. From conventional projectors to streaming media players, beginners to the digital world will find tips and tricks to start using new systems. More experienced users will discover new resources and activities, from learning how to create VR worlds to demonstrate knowledge of music venues from around the world, to going on an outside safari to find missing instruments of the orchestra. This book also includes a resource index with app and website recommendations for going further and appendices that make it easier to find the activities and resources to fit any type of instruction. This book is a toolbox for teachers to keep on their desks to use every day to incorporate their digital tools in a meaningful way.
Interactive Boards and TVs
Authors: Dwinal Catherine 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Take interactivity to a new level with interactive boards and TVs. These devices go beyond what the standard projector can do and add a new level of engagement through interactive activities. This chapter guides the reader through creating visual scores for classical pieces to composing accompaniment tracks for lyrics or raps and encouraging students to work together as a class to create and collaborate while relating to real-world experiences and possible future careers. Interactive boards and TVs can take the music classrooms a step further into the digital generation.
Streaming Media Players
Authors: Dwinal Catherine 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Streaming media players are newer devices in the music teacher’s toolbox but are becoming more commonly found in the classroom. Being one of the more modern kids on the block, there are even more opportunities to create activities and resources specifically for these devices. Use your devices as a tool for your instruction. Such as a remote for your computer or as your recording device for assessments. Students can use interactive instrument apps to perform together, create VR and AR experiences on their own, or use their devices to interact with their recorders to practice. Mobile devices are perfect for allowing students to have more independence in their learning and create their own musical works of art.
Resources Index
Authors: Dwinal Catherine 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Resources Index contains a long list of apps and websites to take the learning with devices to the next level or to substitute tools to make the activities in this book more personalized. Each resource is labeled with recommended grades, prices, concept tags, and a short description of the product. Each one of these resources is classroom-tested and comes highly recommended to use with students for grade levels pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. There is something for every type of instruction in this chapter.
Substance and Function
Authors: Llored Jean-Pierre 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper aims to analyze the two aspects of elements, material and conceptual, in order to further understand the functional role played by elements in chemistry. First, we will refer to how Mendeleev gradually built his periodic table. Second, we will both highlight and reflect upon the functional role of elements in chemistry. In doing so, we will refer in particular to Cassirer’s philosophy of science. In conclusion, we propose that a functional approach is important for understanding current chemical practice, especially in nanochemistry and quantum chemistry. This approach also contributes to the analysis of different types of mereology that coexist in chemistry today.
Locke Among the Radicals
Authors: Layman Daniel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
During the nineteenth century, the Lockean radicals—Thomas Hodgskin, Lysander Spooner, John Bray, and Henry George—picked up the loose ends of Locke’s property theory and wove them into two competing strands. Each strand addressed problems of liberty and equality that were emerging with industrial capitalism, but each did so in a different way. In one camp, Hodgskin and Spooner—the libertarian radicals—argued that the world of resources is common to all people only in the negative sense of being originally unowned by anyone. According to them, there are no just grounds for state redistribution except to correct past injustices, and governments are typically little more than thieving and oppressive gangs. In the other camp, Bray and George—the egalitarian radicals—held that all people have a positive claim to share equally in the world’s resources. According to them, states should ensure, through redistributive taxation and other progressive policies, that our institutions respect this common right. Locke Among the Radicals tells the forgotten story of the Lockean radicals and the role they played in addressing problems latent in Locke’s theory. In addition, it argues that some of the radicals’ insights can provide a blueprint for a form of liberal distributive justice that is applicable today.
Cicero's Catilinarians
Authors: Berry D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Catilinarians are a set of four speeches that Cicero, while consul in 63 BC, delivered before the senate and the Roman people against the conspirator Catiline and his followers. Or are they? Cicero did not publish the speeches until three years later, and he substantially revised them before publication, rewriting some passages and adding others, all with the aim of justifying the action he had taken against the conspirators and memorializing his own role in the suppression of the conspiracy. How, then, should we interpret these speeches as literature? Can we treat them as representing what Cicero actually said? Or do we have to read them merely as political pamphlets from a later time? This first book-length discussion of these famous speeches clarifies what the speeches actually are and explains how we should approach them. In addition, the book contains a full and up-to-date account of the Catilinarian conspiracy and a survey of the influence that the story of Catiline has had on writers such as Sallust and Virgil, Ben Jonson and Henrik Ibsen, from antiquity to the present day.
What Are the Catilinarians?
Authors: Berry D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the original publication by Cicero of Cicero’s speeches in general and of the Catilinarians in particular. It argues that some parts of the Catilinarians that survive today represent what Cicero actually said when he originally delivered the speeches in 63 BC and other parts are later revisions and additions made by Cicero when he published the speeches in 60 BC. The chapter attempts to establish which parts are original and which are Cicero’s later revisions and additions. It concludes that the Catilinarians were written to serve a range of purposes. In origin, they were an attempt to deal with Catiline and his supporters, and to win over public opinion in 63. But they also served, in 60, as a major exercise in self-justification, and as models of oratory for Cicero’s young admirers. Finally, they were an address to posterity, setting out for future generations how Cicero wished his consulship to be remembered.
Origin and Evolution of the Sherman Family to 1840
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the origin and evolution of the Sherman family. Unlike many of his fellow countrymen, William T. Sherman did not display an enduring fascination with his family tree. He never bothered to inspect his ancestral home, even during his European tour of 1872. Consequently, his biographers have been perplexed by his ancestry or thought better of treating it in detail. The Sherman family hailed from south-eastern England, and they played a minor part in the upheavals that culminated in a great civil war that engulfed the British Isles from 1642 to 1651. The full context of Sherman’s life is not complete without some consideration of this background and legacy bequeathed to him by his forebears. The chapter also details Sherman’s experience at West Point. During his time at the military academy, Sherman’s rebelliousness became obvious—and he paid the price. It is a curious feature of his life that he spent so many of his later years proclaiming West Point’s virtues, the very standards that he had ignored in his youth. But by graduating, Sherman entered a self-conscious elite, and its values had a powerful influence on his opinions and military attitudes.
First Contact, March–May 1864
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter details how the year 1864 allowed William T. Sherman to operate for the first time not as a subordinate commander but as director of a series of armies in the field. His contribution to overall Union strategy would be significant and thus he began to exercise command at the level military analysts currently refer to as the operational level of war. Such a level links tactics and methods of fighting with strategy, in the overall scheme. It defines the manner in which armies organize in discrete campaigns and seek to fulfill the object of strategy by winning victories. Sherman’s performance overall needs to be considered by taking all aspects into account. As he began to work at the higher levels of the military art, he began to change the way in which people think and talk about war, and he propounded an individual philosophy of war. The higher he progressed, the more Sherman could not avoid confronting the harsh realities of political life, for his campaigns increasingly had an impact not just on American political discourse but indeed in 1864 on the outcome of the presidential election. Sherman expressed clear-cut political views and expounded them perhaps too forcefully. This complex mix worked as a catalyst in developing his ideas about war and his ability to put them into practice.
Marching to Victory, December 1864–April 1865
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes William T. Sherman’s approach march to Fort McAllister. The March to the Sea might be over, but Sherman had not yet reached the sea. He had managed to cross the Ogeechee River thanks to the reconstruction of King’s Bridge, but he still faced two problems. First, he needed to make contact with the Union fleet. Second, he still needed to seize Savannah, a risky operation that needed to be completed swiftly. It is true that Sherman encountered weak opposition and that the March had not pulled significant Confederate reinforcements to Savannah. Nonetheless, Sherman lacked the equipment for a prolonged siege and might yet be seriously embarrassed. The fall of Fort McAllister permitted Sherman to concentrate his energies on establishing contact with the US Navy. Once contact with the US Navy had been firmly established, it brought some unexpected pleasures. The chapter then looks at the interactions between Sherman and the Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton.
Conclusion
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter explores William T. Sherman’s significant legacy of achievement. Several of his achievements are not controversial; two of them are indisputable. First, Sherman ranks alongside Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant as one of the three prime architects of Union victory in the Civil War. He thus played a major role in restoring the Union and setting the United States on the path to global pre-eminence: a goal that could be glimpsed in 1891. Secondly, though Sherman’s most resounding acts occurred during the Civil War, he achieved significant things afterwards, the most notable being his connection with the “winning” of the West and his identification with it. The chapter then considers Sherman’s style of warfare, looking at the three levels of military activity: tactical, operational, and strategy.
Chemical Philosophy in the 16th and 17th Centuries
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides the philosophical background for the discussion of Robert Boyle’s chemical philosophy by highlighting the most relevant theories that either influenced Boyle or to which Boyle was responding. The chapter begins by addressing the vitalistic character of Renaissance alchemy. The chapter then discusses the Scholastic theory of substantial form, to which Boyle seeks to provide an alternative. After this, the chapter addresses the Paracelsian spagyria and theory of the tria prima, since these come under specific attack in Boyle’s writings. The doctrines of semina rerum and minima naturalia are then discussed as they relate to vitalistic corpuscularian theories of matter. Finally, the theories and work of early modern alchemists Daniel Sennert and Jan Baptista van Helmont are discussed in detail since the experiments of these alchemists had a significant impact on the Boyle’s experimental work.
The Relation between Parts and Wholes
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the theory of parts and wholes as it applies to Boyle’s concept of chymical atoms, from which chemical properties emerge as “novel” and supervenient properties. The chapter begins by arguing that Boyle’s chemistry is mereological by virtue of positing aggregate corpuscles as chemical wholes. To set the background for this discussion, the chapter examines the mereological distinction between continuous vs. contiguous integral wholes and between integral parts and essential parts of such wholes. The chapter then compares and contrasts the views of Aquinas, Abelard, and Boyle and argues that, contrary to claims made by other scholars, Boyle’s chemical mereology is neither similar nor comparable to the Abelardian theory. The chapter then analyzes the mereology of chymical atoms that is implied by the emergentist position being attributed to Boyle, closing with a suggestive analogy drawn by Boyle himself between the mereology chymical atoms and that of linguistic expressions.
Environmental Engineering
Authors: Page Robert E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Bees engineer the environment. Their foraging activities change the floral composition near the nest, thereby changing the niches of other species that depend on the vegetation for food and shelter. Changes in floral abundance and composition resulting from their activities may also benefit them directly or descendant colonies. Honey bees also engineer their own environment by constructing a protective nest. The nest of the honey bee provides protection from the external environment by providing an insulated shell within which they live and wax comb to serve as a substrate for social interaction, food storage, and a nursery for raising larvae. They have community systems for healthcare, thermal regulation, and defense.
Wisdom
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter is the concluding account of the humanistic conception of wisdom that has emerged from the preceding chapters. Human wisdom is to form and maintain throughout the adversities and contingencies of life a sense of proportion, and reasonable, realistic, but at the same reduced expectations. It enables us to compensate for the loss of some of what we value by the enjoyment of others and to recognize that the contingencies of life may also benefit and not just harm us. If we possess sufficient depth, we do not confuse basic assumptions with our personal evaluative commitments, persevere in our lifelong effort to cultivate reflective understanding and depth, and to do so especially when the contingencies of life and our faults frustrate even our most reasonable efforts.
Last Words
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Calling this approach to wisdom “humanistic” and a “conception” is meant to carry weight. It is humanistic in that it is anthropocentric, not metaphysical or scientific. It does not absurdly assume that the humanistic conception is a substitute for metaphysics or science. It is concerned with evaluative questions and answers that are different from metaphysical and scientific questions and answers. Embedded in the humanistic conception is a point of view from which we, the particular person each one of us is, can evaluate the possibilities and limits of life as they are in the context in which we live. It is an evaluative conception of how we should live in the world, not a theory about the nature of the world. It enables us to form a complex personal attitude based on our beliefs, emotions, desires, experiences, and evaluations that jointly guide us as we seek understanding, enjoyment, human contacts, love, recognition, security, and a sense of the worthwhileness of life. It guides how we should live, given possibilities and limits of our personal attitude and the context in which we live. The resulting account of the humanistic conception of wisdom is intended as a contribution to philosophy as a humanistic discipline.