Patient Education Interventions for Improving Self-Management in Adults with Hemoglobinopathies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Munawar Maha , Ward Richard , Uchendu Kate , Fazelzad Rouhi , Papadakos Janet , Kuo Kevin H. M. 
Published: November 2019

INTRODUCTION
Hemoglobinopathies, such as sickle cell disease (SCD) and thalassemia, are chronic blood disorders with a profound impact on a patient's life expectancy and quality. Patients often come from marginalized populations with variable health literacy. Prior studies have demonstrated improved outcomes in chronic illness as a result of empowering patients through various education strategies. This systematic review investigates the current state of patient education for SCD and thalassemia with the goal of elucidating which strategies have been effective in improving patient knowledge and/or ability to cope with illness.
METHODS
Literature was searched up to August 2018 in Medline, PsycINFO, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane Central, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE, Emcare, and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of patient education on patients aged 18 years and older or transitioning into adulthood were included. Psychological interventions were excluded.
Preliminary analysis focused on three outcomes: disease knowledge, self-efficacy, and coping ability. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3. A random effects model with the inverse variance method was chosen. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated for continuous outcomes due to the different scales used by each study. Changes from baseline with missing standard deviations were imputed from known standard deviations from other studies (Higgins 2011). Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 statistic. Domain-based approach was used to assess risk of bias (Higgins 2011).
RESULTS
The search yielded 12173 citations, 3575 were duplicates. Two reviewers screened the title and abstracts for full text retrieval. Of the 28 full-text citations reviewed, 8 met the inclusion criteria, representing 6 unique RCTs. Of the 6 RCTs, 2 were at high risk of attrition bias. The other domains generally exhibited an unclear risk of bias.
Improvement in patient knowledge was a measured outcome in 3 RCTs totalling 351 participants with SCD, mostly of African-American descent. Standard deviations (SD) were lacking in the baseline and 6 month knowledge questionnaire results from Krishnamurti 2018. Attempts to impute the SDs were unsuccessful. Meta-analysis was conducted in the remaining 2 RCTs (n=274). Statistically significant SMD of 0.39 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.72, p=0.02, Figure 1A) in favour of the intervention group with low heterogeneity (I2=24%). These interventions were delivered as either a web-based multimedia education program or in a classroom setting.
An increase in self-efficacy was reported in 2 RCTs (n=67) with a statistically significant SMD of 0.72 (95% CI 0.22 to 1.22, p=0.005, Figure 1B) in favour of patient education with no observed statistical heterogeneity (I2=0). Coping ability was reported in 2 RCTs (n=107) but one study was excluded from analysis due to lack of sufficient randomization data. For the remaining study (n=40), the SMD at 0.16 was not statistically significant (95% CI -0.46 to 0.78, p=0.60, Figure 1C).
CONCLUSIONS
This review summarizes the current state of patient education for adult hemoglobinopathy patients in which some efforts have been made for SCD but no comparable interventions exist for thalassemia. Interventions demonstrated a significant effect on improvement in knowledge and self-efficacy. However, this effect is of uncertain clinical significance due to lack of reporting on clinically relevant illness and healthcare utilization-related outcomes. Only one RCT adequately reported on improvement in coping ability with no statistical significance.
Given these results, there is currently insufficient evidence to determine what intervention strategies might benefit adult patients with hemoglobinopathies. This review is limited by the paucity of high-quality RCTs addressing the impact of patient education on self-management. Notably, a considerable volume of studies that employ a non-RCT design were identified and also warrant appropriate analysis. Rigorously designed trials are needed to draw clinically-relevant conclusions regarding type and effectiveness of patient education for adult hemoglobinopathy patients.
REFERENCE:
Higgins JPT, Green S (eds.). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.

Disclosures
Kuo: Agios: Consultancy; Alexion: Consultancy, Honoraria; Apellis: Consultancy; Bioverativ: Other: Data Safety Monitoring Board; Bluebird Bio: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Pfizer: Consultancy.