bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Double Righteousness and Double Justification
Authors: Lane Anthony N. S. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets out to trace the origin of the idea of double righteousness (duplex iustitia) that underlies Article 5. It examines various versions of duplex iustitia teaching prior to the Regensburg Colloquy, especially that of Luther, Pighius, Gropper, and Bucer. It then traces the approach to the idea after the colloquy, looking especially at Contarini, Gropper, Luther, Bucer, Calvin, and the Tridentine Decree on Justification. It then contrasts double righteousness with double justification. The latter has three distinct meanings. There is the Catholic contrast between the initial justification of the ungodly and the subsequent justification of the godly; there is the idea of the justification of works as well as persons, held by both Protestants and Catholics; there is the idea of the double formal cause of justification, held by Contarini and Gropper. None of these is found in Article 5.
Text and Commentary
Authors: Lane Anthony N. S. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter contains the Latin text of Article 5, together with a sentence by sentence commentary. This commentary draws upon the six debaters (Bucer, Melanchthon, Pistorius, Gropper, Eck, Pflug), together with Contarini, Calvin, Luther and Pighius. The chapter also compares Article 5 with the Tridentine Decree on Justification. The conclusion asks to what extent Article 5 can be said to retain “the substance of the true doctrine,” from the perspective of either the Protestant or the Catholic party. This flags a number of issues which need to be resolved in the concluding chapter.
Inconsistent Patchwork or Substance of True Doctrine?
Authors: Lane Anthony N. S. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter aims to resolve the question posed in the title: is Article 5 an inconsistent patchwork or does it retain the substance of true doctrine? A number of issues are considered: doctrines that have not been covered, ambiguities, duplex iustitia, reliance upon the testimony of works, the nature of justifying faith, and the role of fiducia. Then the initial question is asked in turn of Melanchthon, Bucer, Calvin, Contarini, Gropper, and Pflug. The conclusion is that the article does retain the substance of true [Protestant] doctrine. Then it was asked why many Protestants did not recognise this. The article is also assessed from the perspective of the differing concerns underlying Protestant and Catholic doctrines of justification. Article 5 was not a merely political manoeuvre, but represented a genuine meeting of minds between Bucer, Melanchthon, and Pistorius, on the one side, and Contarini, Gropper, and Pflug on the other.
Listening to Narratives of Security and Insecurity
Authors: Harel-Shalev Ayelet , Daphna-Tekoah Shir 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 contributes to the analysis of women’s security and insecurity by paying attention to the multiple voices of the combat veteran. Carol Gilligan’s “Listening Guide” is applied as a platform for evaluating the experiences of women soldiers. The chapter thus presents another deconstruction of binary perceptions in research epistemology through disaggregating the voices and silences of women combat veterans. The combatants’ narratives bring to light their gendered and political reflections about their military service and the political and armed conflict that surrounds them. By tuning in and listening to distinct aspects of their narratives regarding their experiences, the analysis shows that most of the ex-combatants indicated that their service had been an important milestone that changed their lives for the better and made them more mature and confident. While some of them were critical of the political leadership, most chose to discuss only personal, gendered, and social experiences.
Introduction
Authors: Chiovenda Andrea 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The chapter lays the theoretical and epistemological foundations on which the ethnographic analysis contained in the subsequent chapters is based. It explores how a particular kind of psychoanalytic approach and practice (intersubjective and relational) can be successfully utilized in ethnographic research to investigate the subjectivity of the ethnographer’s informants. It delves into the perspective from which masculinity is looked at in the book—that is, as a “cultural turf” onto which broader, personal psychological dynamics are played out. It then describes the methodology with which the research was carried out, which amounts to a “clinical ethnography,” characterized by long-term interview sessions with a select group of informants. Finally, it provides a rationale for the choice of such a methodological approach, by highlighting the intimate contiguity between the analyst’s and the ethnographer’s work in the field.
Historical and Ethnographic Background
Authors: Chiovenda Andrea 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets the historical and ethnographic stage for a better comprehension of the subsequent chapters. It includes an overview of the recent history of Afghanistan and the run-up to the 2001 occupation of the country by Western coalition troops, as well as an introduction to the fieldsite in southeast Afghanistan, and to the ethnic group—the Pashtuns—that the protagonists in the book belong to. The chapter also presents an elaboration on the theme of culturalism, the misleading explanatory template that takes “culture” as the major (and often only) criterion to explain sociopolitical dynamics and personal behavior.
Baryalay
Authors: Chiovenda Andrea 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter follows Baryalay, a college-educated man in his early thirties who hails from, and still lives in, a volatile rural village in Nangarhar province, marred by the conflict between the insurgent Taliban, the Islamic State, and the Afghan government. The chapter introduces the concept of self-representation, as the locus where different, even conflicting, self-images and subjective states find coherence and eventually lead to the “illusion” of the unity of the self. Baryalay in fact has to struggle between his concurrent identifications as a pacha (a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad), and as a Pashtun, which hold at times contrasting social requirements in terms of appropriate masculinity. Additionally, via the analysis of the personal experiences that Baryalay had in a geographical area of intense violent conflict and intimate danger, the chapter also elaborates on the way in which forty years of continuous war have considerably changed the understanding and performance of masculinity among Pashtun men.
Affordances
Authors: Kozak Mariusz 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the idea that significance is manifested in music’s affordances relative to listeners’ bodily capabilities. The author argues that music is a significant phenomenon because it furnishes listeners with two kinds of affordances: “social affordances,” and “temporal affordances.” These latter affordances specify when an action can be performed, and thus differ from their spatial counterparts, which specify the kinds of actions one can perform. Social and temporal affordances can interact, but current theories of musical affordances are incomplete insofar as they treat music as an environmental sound while deferring its aesthetic value to “higher” cognitive processes. In contrast to these theories, the author argues that the process of aestheticization begins precisely when music temporalizes the world for its listeners—that is, when time becomes a point of concern. This claim is illustrated with a situation semantics model of affordances, and an analysis of breath in Anna Clyne’s Roulette (2007).
Affectivity
Authors: Kozak Mariusz 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the analytic capacity of the enactive approach developed throughout the book. The author draws once again on Merleau-Ponty, as well as recent additions to his work by the neuroscientist Francisco Varela and the cultural theorist Mark Hansen, in order to explore how listeners’ fundamental capacity to both affect and be affected by musical sounds in essence generates lived musical time. The chapter explores the consequences of this process with an analysis of time and eternity in Louis Andriessen’s monumental work De Tijd (1979–81). The author illustrates how Andriessen creates the conditions of opportunity for the enactment of multiple temporalities, leading to the possibility of experiencing “chronal anxiety.”
Getting By
Authors: Hershkoff Helen , Loffredo Stephen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Over the last generation, inequality has risen, wages have fallen, and confidence that children will have a better future is at an all-time low. To be sure, a new generation is speaking up in support of universal health care, better public schools, affordable housing, and livable wages. But until the United States adopts and adheres to policies that ensure dignity and decency for all, people need to get by. This book addresses that imperative. Getting By offers an integrated, critical account of the programs, rights, and legal protections that most directly affect poor and low-income people in the United States, whether they are unemployed, underemployed, or employed, and whether they work within the home or outside the home. Although frayed and incomplete, the American safety net nevertheless is critical to those who can access and obtain its benefits—indeed, in some cases, those benefits can make the difference between life and death. The book covers cash assistance programs, employment and labor rights, food assistance, health care, housing programs, education, consumer and banking laws, rights in public spaces, judicial access, and the right to vote. The book primarily focuses on federal laws and programs, but in some contexts invites attention to state laws and programs. The rules and requirements are complicated, often unnecessarily so, and popular know-how is essential to prevent a widening gap between rights that exist on paper and their enforcement on the ground. The central goal of this volume is to provide a resource to individuals, groups, and communities that wish to claim existing rights and mobilize for progressive change.
Cash Assistance
Authors: Hershkoff Helen , Loffredo Stephen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the public provision of cash assistance to needy families and individuals in the United States. The chapter briefly surveys the constitutional and international law status of a right to subsistence, then focuses on the three main cash relief programs in the United States: the state-federal co-operative Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program (TANF), which generally serves very low-income families with minor children; the federal Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program, which serves low-income elderly, blind, or disabled people; and residual, “general assistance” programs, operated by some states to provide small cash grants to destitute families and individuals that do not qualify for other income support. The chapter provides a detailed account of the financial, categorical, and immigration-related eligibility requirements for these programs, the conditions attached to receipt of assistance (such as work requirements), and the processes for application and appeal of agency decisions. The chapter also examines the history, evolution, and social impacts of welfare programs for families in the United States and offers some critical perspectives on relief policies.
Food Assistance
Authors: Hershkoff Helen , Loffredo Stephen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on food assistance as a specific type of noncash benefit for poor and low-income persons. In 2006, the United States substituted the term “food insecurity” for hunger, but by any measure the United States has too many people—even those working full-time—without enough money to purchase groceries. The chapter describes the major federal programs that provide food assistance, including the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, known as food stamps); the WIC program, for pregnant women, new mothers, and infant children; the School Lunch and School Breakfast programs; and senior nutrition programs. These programs use different models to provide assistance: SNAP is designed to increase the purchasing power of a poor or low-income recipients; WIC targets a discrete group with special nutritional needs, and combines food support with health and nutritional counseling; School Lunch and Congregate Meals provide meals in group settings to students and to seniors, combining food with social activity. The emphasis throughout is on eligibility, benefits, and the relation of food assistance to other cash-assistance programs and to wage labor. The food-assistance programs discussed in the chapter are vital to health and development, and also boost local economies and support the agricultural sector. But they do not go far enough in reducing hunger, and they arbitrarily restrict benefits to some of the poorest people in the country.
Three Views of “Human Error”
Authors: Wears Robert L. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The concept of human “error” was central to patient safety’s rise to prominence. Unfortunately healthcare developed a rather limited understanding of “error” from a complex body of work that had been evolving from different disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, and organization science. A focus on “human error” and this deficit thinking proved useful to healthcare as it was undergoing a managerial turn. The so-called “Clambake Conferences” exemplified a broad range of evolving thought about accidents and error, and the utility of the very concept of “error” became challenged.
Institutionalization
Authors: Wears Robert L. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Unbridled optimism and a flurry of organizational activity followed the publication of To Err is Human. As patient safety became corporatized into new institutions and programs; it became mainstreamed and adopted by organized healthcare. Patient safety became dominated by a measure and manage approach. US hospitals added patient safety to existing quality, risk management and regulatory compliance bureaucracy. This internalization and incorporation led to a closing off of patient safety from influences outside of healthcare. Infection control and health information technology began to dominate safety efforts. Safety culture became a popular topic but in a narrow and instrumental way.
Consolidation and Stagnation
Authors: Wears Robert L. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Safety activity is prevalent, but little of value is produced. Several scandals tainted the patient safety movement. Diagnostic “error” became popular but in a highly medicalized way vulnerable to hindsight bias. Safety science moved on from linear, complicated models to emergent, interactive models based on complexity. In 2015, 15 years after the IOM report, four separate reports on the state of patient safety concluded that it had accomplished little and that the approach to safety must be changed dramatically. But the change they recommended was no different from that recommended in the Institute of Medicine report 15 years earlier.
First Movement
Authors: Stoll Knecht Anna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Starting from Mahler’s compositional narrative on the Seventh (“boat letter”), according to which the introduction to the first movement triggered his creative process and allowed him to complete the work in a few weeks, this chapter examines the constitutive elements of this beginning and their contradictory interpretations. In terms of formal structure, the analysis concentrates on the emotional center of the movement, the Durchbruch (breakthrough). If this moment appears to be structurally fundamental in the final version, sketches reveal that the movement was far from being built around it, since it was inserted at a rather late stage of the compositional process. The relationship between genesis and interpretation is further explored at the end of this chapter, which discusses the impact of Mahler’s boat story on our understanding of the work and the striking common features between several compositional narratives.
Conclusion
Authors: Stoll Knecht Anna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The conclusion returns to the question of the relationship between genesis and interpretation raised in Chapter 2. Besides informing the chronology of the compositional process, the sketches enlighten the perception of the two “problematic” issues at stake in the reception of the Seventh: its relationship to the Sixth Symphony and to Wagner’s Meistersinger. These connections emerge with greater clarity in the “discarded” material, thus encouraging us to consider it as an integral part of the compositional history of a work and as part of its identity. Genetic and analytical perspectives should be treated separately, but then examined in dialogue with each other, to offer a more complex picture of the work. If tragedy wins in the Sixth Symphony, the Seventh shows that the collapsing pattern does not always end with destruction. Death may laugh at us, but we can laugh back, louder, and just keep dancing.
Measuring Social Welfare
Authors: Adler Matthew D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The social welfare function (SWF) framework is a powerful tool for evaluating governmental policies in light of human well-being. The framework originates in theoretical welfare economics and is widely used in contemporary economic scholarship, although not (yet) in governmental practice. This book is intended to provide an accessible, yet reasonably rigorous overview of the SWF approach. The framework has three components: an interpersonally comparable measure of well-being, which functions to translate outcomes into lists (“vectors”) of well-being numbers, one for each person in the population; a rule (the SWF) for ranking well-being vectors, such as the utilitarian SWF (which simply adds up well-being numbers), a continuous-prioritarian SWF (which gives greater weight to the worse off), or some other; and a procedure for ranking policies, understood as probability distributions across outcomes. Each component of the SWF framework is reviewed in detail; in doing so, the book engages both the economic literature on SWFs and philosophical scholarship regarding individual well-being, ethics, and distributive justice. The book also clarifies the difference between the SWF approach and cost-benefit analysis (CBA), which uses money rather than an interpersonally well-being measure as the scale for quantifying policy impacts. The book includes a detailed case study of risk regulation—illustrating how the SWF framework can be used in practice and how it contrasts with CBA. The book is written to be accessible to readers without much mathematical training, but is backed up by an extensive mathematical appendix.
Which SWF Should We Choose?
Authors: Adler Matthew D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The choice of social welfare function (SWF) is an ethical matter. This chapter considers the ethical arguments for and against specific SWFs. It builds upon chapter 3, which presented the leading SWFs and divided the landscape of SWFs into various regions (depending upon their axiomatic properties). First, the chapter discusses the ethical pros and cons of the utilitarian SWF, as compared to continuous-prioritarian SWFs. Next, it engages the ethical debate between continuous-prioritarian SWFs and other non-utilitarian SWFs. The utilitarian SWF has a key advantage under uncertainty, as compared to continuous-prioritarian SWFs: it has an uncertainty procedure that respects both the ex ante Pareto principles and a very plausible axiom of Dominance. Conversely, the utilitarian SWF is insensitive to the distribution of well-being (it violates Pigou-Dalton). Non-utilitarian SWFs do not perform better under uncertainty, as compared to continuous-prioritarian SWFs; but there may be other ethical grounds for preferring these.
The Institutional Role of the SWF Framework
Authors: Adler Matthew D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the appropriate role of the SWF framework within governmental institutions. The topic is divided into three parts. First, under what conditions is it legally permissible for governmental officials to employ the framework as a policy-evaluation methodology? The framework provides ethical guidance; what is the legal role of such guidance? Second, to the extent the SWF methodology is used within government, what weight should officials accord to citizen ethical views in specifying the methodology (in choosing a well-being measure, rule for ranking well-being vectors, and uncertainty procedure)? This part of the chapter discusses “empirical social choice.” Third, is it advisable for the framework to be implemented across the full range of governmental programs, or only more narrowly—with respect to tax-and-transfer policy? Some economists argue for the latter position—contending that CBA should be the preferred assessment procedure for non–tax-and-transfer policies.
Introduction
Authors: Watson Lori , Flanigan Jessica 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Watson and Flanigan provide an overview of the structure of the book, highlighting some of the important points of agreement and disagreement contained in their respective contributions. Both Watson and Flanigan reject criminalization, the dominant approach to prostitution. Both agree that criminalizing prostitution serves to further harms and exacerbate the inequality that persons in prostitution experience. Additionally, Watson and Flanigan both reject paternalistic justifications for restricting prostitution and each are committed to principles of equality. However, they differ over how to conceptualize and define equality, and, importantly, over which approach to prostitution best embodies principles of equality.
Prostitution and Sex Equality
Authors: Watson Lori 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Watson aims to present the initial positive case for the Nordic model as a sex equality approach to prostitution. It is argued that social conditions of inequality (based on sex, age, class, race) structure the conditions of entry into prostitution and structure it internally. Watson addresses a series of objections to arguments in favor of restricting markets in sex. Those objections include that any position aiming to curtail prostitution must rest on some form of unjustifiable moralism or paternalism;, that prostitution should be understood as a fully voluntary choice and protected as such; that even if prostitution is exploitative, allowing such exploitation makes persons in prostitution better off than they would be otherwise; and, finally, that persons have rights to markets in sex such that any prohibitive policies violate rights.
In Defense of the Nordic Model
Authors: Jessica Flanigan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 of Watson’s contribution returns to provide the full defense of the Nordic Model. Evidence is presented that policies of toleration (whether decriminalization or legalization) are proven to increase the trafficking of persons for sexual exploitation. Additional evidence that demand reduction is the most effective legal approach to prostitution is given. Further, recent research on the behaviors and attitudes of buyers is presented to further make the case that targeting demand is central to eliminating the harms of prostitution. Finally, a series of objections to the Nordic Model are considered and replies given.