bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIX-14 Evaluation of high-protein distillers dried grains on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Rao Zhong-Xing , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Calderon Cartagena Hilda I , Wilken Mallorie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A total of 1,890 growing-finishing pigs (PIC; 359 × 1050; initially 27.1 kg) were used in a 124-d growth trial to compare the effects of pigs fed diets with high-protein dried distillers grains (HPDDG) or conventional dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance and carcass characteristics. Conventional DDGS contained 29.0% CP, 0.48% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys and 9.2% oil, whereas HPDDG contained 39.3% CP, 0.68% SID Lys and 11.1% oil. All diets were formulated on an equal SID Lys-basis with diets containing HPDDG having less soybean meal than diets with conventional DDGS. There were 27 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2×2 + 1 factorial with main effects of DDG source (conventional DDGS or HPDDG) and level (15 or 30%). A corn-soybean meal-based diet served as the control and allowed linear and quadratic level effects to be determined within each DDG source. Pens were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with initial weight as the blocking factor. Data were analyzed using lme4 package in R (version 3.5.2) with pen as experimental unit. Overall, there were no differences observed in ADG between pigs fed either DDG source. Pigs fed HPDDG had decreased (P&lt; 0.001) ADFI and increased (P&lt; 0.001) G:F compared with those fed conventional DDGS. Increasing either conventional DDGS or HPDDG decreased carcass yield and HCW (linear, P&lt; 0.02); however, there were no differences between pigs fed HPDDG or conventional DDGS. Iodine value (IV) was greater (P&lt; 0.001) in pigs fed HPDDG than conventional DDGS, and IV increased (linear, P&lt; 0.02) with increasing DDG. These data suggest that pigs fed HPDDG had greater G:F and IV compared with pigs fed conventional DDGS, probably due to the difference in oil content.
PSVI-10 Mint oil, yeast cell, and ɣ-tocopherol supplementation in gestation and lactation diets on the antioxidant status of the sow and offspring performance during the suckling period
Authors: Hernandez Lily P , Dunn James L , Wenninghoff Joel , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Times of high metabolic activity can lead to increased incidence of oxidative stress in gestating and lactating sows which may impact suckling piglet performance. Identifying products that could help alleviate this stress would be beneficial. A study assessed yeast cell, mint oil, and ɣ-tocopherol supplementation in gestation and lactation diets on sow antioxidant status and offspring performance to weaning. A total of 53 sows and gilts (206.2 ± 35.3 kg at breeding) were assigned to one of 4 diet regimens: Control (CON), control + yeast cell at 0.15% (YC), control + mint oil at 10 ppm (MO), and control + ɣ-tocopherol at 200 ppm (GT). Diets were provided from breeding through weaning (lactation day 21 ± 2). Control diets were formulated to meet nutrient requirements in gestation (3279 kcal ME/kg, 0.63% SID Lys) and lactation (3279 kcal ME/kg, 1.06% SID Lys). Yeast cell, mint oil and ɣ-tocopherol were added as a top dress once daily. Sow variables evaluated were weight at beginning and end of each period, feed intake, litter characteristics at birth, and antioxidant status in serum, colostrum and milk. Piglet growth during suckling was determined. Data were analyzed as randomized complete block and Tukey’s adjustment as means separation test. Maternal diet had minimal impact on gestation or lactation feed intake or sow body weight. There was no effect on litter size or piglet birth weight. Piglets from GT-fed sows tended to be heavier at weaning than YC piglets due to differences in daily gain. Glutathione content in colostrum and d14 milk samples did not differ by maternal treatment. D14 milk Glutathione content was 40%, 59%, 62%, and 51% greater in CON, YC, MO, and GT sows, respectively, compared to colostrum. No difference in superoxide dismutase content in serum and d14 milk observed. Inclusion of ɣ-tocopherol in sow gestation and lactation diets enhanced suckling piglet growth; connection to sow antioxidant status remains unclear.
PSVI-3 Dietary supplementation with coated omega-3 fatty acids has positive effects on growth performance and nutrients digestibility in weaned pigs
Authors: Seok Woo Jung , Ahn Je min , Hu Jing , Dang Dexin , Li Yanjiao , Kim In Ho , Zhang Jian Ying 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of coated omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 CFA) by corn cob power silica on performance of weaning pigs. A total of 200 weaned pigs [(Landrace x Yorkshire) x Duroc, average initial body weight at 6.97 ± 1.22 kg] were randomly assigned to four experimental treatments in a 6-week experiment in 3 phases as follows: CON, basal diet; 2) 0.3CFA, CON + phase 1(0.3% n-3CFA), phase 2(0.2% n-3CFA), phase 3(0.1% n-3CFA); 3) 0.6CFA, CON + phase 1(0.6% n-3CFA), phase 2(0.4% n-3CFA), phase 3(0.2% n-3CFA); 4) 0.9CFA, CON + phase 1(0.9% n-3CFA), phase 2(0.6% n-3CFA), phase 3 (0.3% n-3CFA). Each treatment had 10 replicates with 5 pigs (three gilts and two barrows) per replicate. The data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS as a randomized complete block design. Pen served as the experimental unit. Linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial contrasts were used to examine effect of dietary treatment with coated n-3FA in the basal diet. Variability in the data was expressed as the standard error of means and P&lt; 0.05 was considered to statistically significant. Increasing the level of n-3CFA in the diet linearly increased ADG and G/F of pigs (Table 1). Increasing the level of n-3CFA showed a linear increment in the digestibility of DM (83.59, 84.38, 85.13, 85.89 %) whereas nitrogen digestibility (81.79, 82.38, 82.96, 83.64 %) showed a trend (linear effect, p=0.0594) at the end of experiment. The fecal lactobacillus count was increased (7.22, 7.27, 7.33, 7.35 log10cfu/g) with the increase in the supplemental level of n-3CFA (linear effect; p&lt; 0.05). However, there were no differences in the concentration of serum haptoglobin, or fecal E. coli, Clostridium and Salmonella counts despite the increase in n-3CFA levels in the diet. Supplementation of the diet with coated n-3 fatty acids positively affected growth performance and digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen, and enhanced the count of lactobacillus in weaning pigs.
PSVIII-9 Effects of different sources and levels of dietary iron and selenium on the postprandial net portal appearance of these minerals in pigs
Authors: Dalto Danyel Bueno , Matte Jacques 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study compares the post-absorptive levels of iron (Fe) and selenium (Se) in pigs fed different sources and levels of these minerals. Twelve 55-kg pigs were surgically equipped with portal and carotid catheters and a portal ultrasonic flow probe and used in a cross-over design to assess the 11-hours net portal-drained viscera (PDV) flux of serum Fe and Se after ingestion of boluses containing adequate (A; 200 and 0.6 mg) or high (H; 400 and 1.2 mg) levels of these minerals from dietary inorganic (I) or organic (O) sources. Arterial Fe concentrations increased (158 %) within the first six hours post-meal and gradually decreased thereafter (P &lt; 0.01). Values for I were greater than O until six hours post-meal (P &lt; 0.01) and for A than H between five and eight hours post-meal (P ≤ 0.01). There was a tendency for the interaction source x level (P = 0.07) on net PDV fluxes of Fe where values for AI were greater than AO (P = 0.02). The cumulative Fe PDV appearance (% of intake) was greater for I (2.2 %) than O (-1.7 %) after four hours post-meal (P = 0.02) but this effect was no longer detected at 11 hours post-meal. Arterial Se concentrations decreased by 7 % from pre-meal values until 11 hours post-meal (P &lt; 0.01) and this decline was more pronounced for O than I (P = 0.03). Net PDV flux of Se was positive but only during the first 90 minutes post-meal (P &lt; 0.01). The cumulative Se PDV appearance (% of intake) was greater for I (20.0 %) than O (-3.8 %) at 45 minutes post-meal (P = 0.04) but this effect did not persist thereafter. In conclusion, net availability of Fe and Se was greater for I than O during the early post-meal period. Whether these results reflect non-absorption or greater O intestinal retention remains to be elucidated.
PSVI-20 Impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on in vitro rumen microbial fermentation of new crop corn silage
Authors: Reedy Coleman G , Butler Joan , Yoon Ilkyu , Oelberg Tom , Werner Tracy , Khafipour Ehsan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Dairy cows fed silage towards the front edge of a bunker have shown decreased performance often referred to as the new crop corn silage slump. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product, NutriTek® (NutriTek), on in vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) production using new crop corn silage collected at various distances from the front edge of the bunker as substrate. Silage was sampled at 1.8, 3.6 and 7.2 m from the front edge of the bunker by taking the entire face of the silage and mixing. NutriTek was added to each serum bottle relative to the recommended feeding rate of 19 g/d along with 0.3 g of silage as substrate. Each serum bottle was inoculated with 40 mL of buffered rumen fluid from cows on a diet consisting of 70% forage and 30% concentrate and was incubated for 24 h. Ten replicates were run per treatment. After incubation, VFA production was measured. Data were analyzed using the GLM model of JMP. Means were compared using Tukey test and significance was defined as P &lt; 0.05. There was a linear trend of decreasing silage pH as sample depth increased; 4.01 at 1.8 m, 3.71 at 3.6 m, and 3.56 at 7.2 m. Results showed that VFA production was reduced for 1.8 m sample compared to the 3.6 m and 7.2 m samples (Table 1). NutriTek was able to improve acetate, propionate, and total VFA production over Control at all corn silages tested (Table 2). In addition, NutriTek showed the ability to elevate VFA production of the 1.8 m sample to Control samples at 3.6 and 7.2 m. In conclusion, NutriTek could be a management tool to address the performance slump of dairy cows when transitioning to a new crop corn silage.
PSI-4 Effects of increasing metabolizable protein on starch digestion in lightweight beef cattle
Authors: Crowell Cierra , Tondini Sara , Redden Miles , Shike Daniel W , McCann Joshua C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effect of increasing MP on starch digestion in lightweight beef steers. Greater provision of metabolizable protein (MP) may increase RUP and aid in pancreatic amylase production for optimum digestion of starch in the small intestine. Twelve crossbred steers were early weaned and used in a crossover design with two 18-day periods and 4 dietary treatments. Lightweight steers (BW = 153 kg) were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence for the 2 periods. Diets provided MP at: 0.59 (MP1), 0.69 (MP2), 0.85 (MP3), and 0.91 kg/d (MP4) based on observed DMI. Additional MP was provided through greater inclusion of blood meal. Feed and total feces were collected on d 12-18 to determine total tract starch digestion. Rumen fluid was sampled prior to feeding on d 17 via stomach tube to assess in vitro starch disappearance over 8 h for each steer. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with fixed effects of treatment and period, and a random effect of steer. Starch intake was not affected (P = 0.18) by treatment with MP1 and MP4 having similar starch intake values (3.3 kg/d and 3.1 kg/d, respectively). In vitro starch disappearance and final in vitro pH were not affected (P ≥ 0.18) by increasing MP. Similarly, fecal starch output was not different (P = 0.65) among treatments with MP1 treated steers having 0.21 kg/d of starch output and MP4 steers having 0.18 kg/d of starch output. Low fecal starch output values resulted in high total tract starch digestion ranging from 90-96% and were not affected (P = 0.52) by treatment. Overall, increasing dietary MP did not affect ruminal in vitro or total tract starch digestion.
PSI-14 The effect of creep feed and its nutrient level on growth performance in suckling and weaning pigs
Authors: Isensee Paige K , Albers Sarah , Wichman Lindsey , Thoma Autumn , Jang Young Dal 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of creep feed (CF) and its nutrient level on growth performance of suckling and weaning pigs. In Exp. 1, eight litters (d 20 of age) were allotted to 2 treatments based on breed, litter size and weight as follows: no-CF (n=3) and CF (n=5; offered from 8 days before weaning). At weaning (d 28 of age), the pigs were divided into 3 treatments (6 pigs/pen, 3 replicates; initial BW: 9.66±0.34 kg) balanced with gender, weight, and breed as follows: eaters, noneaters, and no-CF. In Exp. 2, seven litters (d 12 of age) were allotted to 2 treatments as follows: HN (n=4): CF with fish meal (3%), blood meal (2.4%), and whey (15%), and LN (n=3): CF without those ingredients. At weaning (d 25 of age), eater pigs were divided into 2 treatments (6 pigs/pen, 3 replicates; initial BW: 7.53±0.97 kg) as follows: HN-eaters and LN-eaters. In both experiments, the pigs were fed a common nursery diet for 21 days. The CF was mixed with 1% Cr2O3 to measure fecal color for eater/noneater categorization. Piglet weaning weight was not different among eaters and non-eaters in both experiments (in Exp. 1, P=0.99; 9.35, 9.33, and 9.20 kg for eaters, noneaters, and no-CF, respectively). There was no difference on overall nursery growth performance in both experiments. The HN-eaters tended to have greater ADG (P=0.08; 0.506 vs. 0.427 g/d for HN-eaters and LN-eaters, respectively) and G:F (P=0.09; 0.889 vs. 0.717, respectively) than LN-eaters in d 7-14 postweaning in Exp. 2. The CF intake and percentage of eaters/litter (P=0.60; 85.6 and 80.87% for LN and HN, respectively) in Exp. 2 were not different between treatments. In conclusion, CF did not affect overall piglet growth in suckling and nursery phases, but nutrient level might affect early nursery pig growth.
PSII-15 Hydrogenation of palm kernel oil, palm oil, and soybean oil on energy and lipid digestibility, and performance when fed to 20 to 40 kg pigs
Authors: Breuer Sophia , Kerr Brian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding hydrogenated palm kernel oil (PKO), palm oil (PO), or soybean oil (SO) relative to unhydrogenated PKO, PO, and SO on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and ether extract (EE), and on pig performance, in to 20 to 40 kg pigs. One hundred and fifty-four pigs (39.5 ± 3.6 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of 9 diets composed of a basal diet, or test diets containing 94% of the basal diet and 6% added lipid. Lipids consisted of either unhydrogenated or hydrogenated PKO, PO, or SO in a factorial arrangement. The basal diet contained titanium dioxide as an inert maker and was used to determine the ATTD of GE or EE of each lipid using the difference method. There were 2 pigs per pen with pigs ad libitum fed for 25 d to measure growth performance. On d 23 and 24, a fresh fecal sample was obtained from each pen to measure ATTD of GE and EE. There was an interaction between lipid source and hydrogenation for ATTD of GE and EE of the lipid (P ≤ 0.01), where hydrogenation of PKO had no effect on ATTD of GE or EE of the lipid, while hydrogenation of PO and SO resulted in a reduction in the ATTD of GE and EE compared to their unhydrogenated counterparts. There was also an interaction between lipid source and hydrogenation on GF (P ≤ 0.01) where hydrogenation of PKO had no effect on GF while hydrogenation of PO and SO resulted in a reduction in GF compared to their unhydrogenated counterparts. The data show that hydrogenation of PKO has no impact on ATTD of GE and EE of the lipid, or on GF, but hydrogenation of PO or SO reduce ATTD of GE and EE of the lipid, and GF, due to their fatty acids being longer in carbon chain length.
8 President Oral Presentation Pick: Use of electronic feed intake systems to assess feed bunk displacement events as an indicator of aggressive feeding behavior in beef cattle
Authors: O’Reilly Keara , Johnson Jocelyn R , Wottlin Lauren , Carstens Gordon E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Animal variation in social dominance within a herd has been shown to be associated with performance, feed efficiency and animal well-being. The objective of this study was to quantify disruptive feeding events in cattle fed a high-grain diet. Crossbred steers (n = 85) housed in a pen with GrowSafe bunks were used in this study. An algorithm was developed to quantify displacement events defined as an animal being displaced by another within 5 sec. These feed bunk displacement events were further separated into either displacer events or displacee events. A displacer event was defined as an animal displacing another (aggressive). A displacee event was defined as an animal being displaced (submissive). The displacer events as a proportion of total displacement events were used to classify animals as aggressive versus submissive (±0.5 SD). Animals with fewer displacer events as a proportion of total displacement events (submissive &lt; 0.5 SD) had greater (P &lt; 0.05) frequency and duration of bunk visit events and head down duration than the animals who initiated more displacer events as a total of displacement events (aggressive &gt; 0.5 SD). Additionally, submissive animals also had a slower (P &lt; 0.05) bunk visit eating rate than aggressive animals. The results of this initial analysis found that due to the associations between feed bunk displacements and feeding behavior, there may be potential to correlate this trait with temperament and performance traits as well as be a potential indicator of feed efficiency in confined cattle.
38 Using pooled data for single-step genomic prediction: Impact of within-pool variance and size
Authors: Baller Johnna L , Kachman Stephen D , Kuehn Larry A , Spangler Matthew L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Economically relevant traits (ERT) are routinely collected within commercial segments of the beef industry but are rarely included in genetic evaluations because of unknown pedigrees. Individual relationships could be resurrected with genomics, which would be costly; pooling DNA and phenotypic data provides a cost-effective solution. A simulated beef cattle population consisting of 15 generations was genotyped with approximately 50k markers (841 quantitative trait loci were located across the genome) and phenotyped for a moderately heritable trait. Individuals from generation 15 were included in pools (observed genotype and phenotype were mean values of a group). Estimated breeding values (EBV) were generated from a single-step GBLUP model. The effects of pooling strategy (random and minimizing or uniformly maximizing phenotypic variation), pool size (1, 2, 10, 20, 50, 100, or no data from generation 15), and generational gaps of genotyping on EBV accuracy (correlation of EBV with true breeding values) were quantified. Greatest EBV accuracies of sires and dams were observed when no gap between genotyped parents and pooled offspring occurred. The EBV accuracies resulting from pools were greater than no data from generation 15 regardless of sire or dam genotyping. Minimizing phenotypic variation increased EBV accuracy by 8% and 9% over random pooling and uniformly maximizing phenotypic variation, respectively. Pool size of 2 was the only scenario that did not significantly decrease EBV accuracy compared to individual data when pools were formed randomly or by uniformly maximizing phenotypic variation (P &gt; 0.05). Pool sizes of 2, 10, 20, or 50 did not generally lead to EBV accuracies that were statistically different than individual data when pools were constructed to minimize phenotypic variation (P &gt; 0.05). Pooled genotyping to garner commercial-level phenotypes for genetic evaluations seems plausible, although differences exist depending on pool size and pool formation strategy. The USDA is an equal opportunity employer.
9 A comparison of different genomic prediction methods in the Canadian Landrace swine population
Authors: Ardestani Siavash Salek , Jafarikia Mohsen , Sullivan Brian , Sargolzaei Mehdi , Miar Younes 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Increasing the accuracy of breeding value prediction can lead to more profitability through accelerating genetic progress for economic traits. The objective of this study was to assess the predictive abilities and unbiasedness of best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) and popular genomic prediction methods of BayesC, BayesC(π = 0.99), genomic BLUP (GBLUP), and single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP). Genotypic information (50K and 60K) of 4,890 performance tested Landrace pigs before February 2019 and 471 validation Landrace pigs that both had phenotypic information on backfat thickness (BFT), average daily gain (ADG), and loin muscle depth (LMD) from two Canadian pig breeding companies (AlphaGene and Alliance Genetics Canada) were used. The de-regressed breeding values (DEBV) were employed in GBLUP and Bayesian methods. A total number of 48,580 single nucleotide polymorphisms remained after quality control and imputation steps. The prediction accuracies were calculated using the correlation between predicted breeding values before performance test and DEBVs after performance test. All employed genomic prediction methods showed higher prediction accuracies for BFT (50.80–52.68%), ADG (26.61–34.47%), and LMD (18.25–25.08%) compared to BLUP method (BFT = 28.54%, ADG = 16.41%, LMD = 17.15%). The highest prediction accuracies for BFT and ADG were obtained using ssGBLUP method, and for LMD it was obtained using BayesC(π = 0.99). The BayesC(π = 0.99) showed also the lowest prediction biases across the studied traits (+0.05 for BFT, 0.00 for AGD, and -0.10 for LMD). In conclusion, our results revealed the superiority of ssGBLUP (for BFT and ADG) and BayesC(π = 0.99) (for LMD) over other tested methods in this study. However, the prediction accuracies from the tested genomic prediction methods were not significantly different from each other. Thus, employing these methods can be helpful for accelerating the genetic improvement of BFT, ADG, and LMD in the moderate population size of Canadian Landrace.