bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precision of Mass and Radius Determination for Neutron Stars from the ATHENA Mission
Authors: Majczyna Agnieszka , Madej Jerzy , Należyty Mirosław , Różańska Agata , Bełdycki Bartosz 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this paper we show that X-ray spectral observations of the ATHENA mission, which is planned to launch in 2031, can constrain the equation of state (EOS) of superdense matter. We use our well-constrained continuum-fitting method to determine the mass and radius of a neutron star. Model spectra of the emission from a neutron star were calculated using the atmosphere code ATM24. In the next step, those models were fitted to simulated spectra of the neutron star calculated for ATHENA’s Wide Field Imager (WFI) detector, using satellite calibration files. To simulate the spectra we assumed three different values of effective temperature, surface gravity, and gravitational redshift. These cases relate to three different neutron star masses and radii. This analysis allows us to demonstrate both the precision of our method and the need for a fast detector onboard ATHENA. A large grid of theoretical spectra was calculated with various parameters and a hydrogen–helium–iron composition of solar proportions. These spectra were fitted to the simulated spectrum to estimate the precision of mass and radius determination. In each case, we obtained very precise values with errors in the range 3%–10% for mass and 2%–8% for radius within 1σ confidence. We show here that, with the ATHENA WFI detector, such a determination could be used to constrain the EOS of superdense neutron star matter.
On Fabry–Pérot Etalon-based Instruments. III. Instrument Applications
Authors: Bailén F. J. , Orozco Suárez D. , del Toro Iniesta J. C. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The spectral, imaging, and polarimetric behavior of Fabry–Pérot etalons have an influence on imaging vector magnetograph instruments based on these devices. The impact depends on the optical configuration (collimated or telecentric), on the relative position of the etalon with respect to the polarimeter, on the type of etalon (air-gapped or crystalline), and even on the polarimetric technique to be used (single-beam or dual-beam). In this paper, we evaluate the artificial line-of-sight velocities and magnetic field strengths that arise in etalon-based instruments, attending to the factors mentioned. We differentiate between signals that are implicit to telecentric mounts due to the wavelength dependence of the point-spread function and those emerging in both collimated and telecentric setups from the polarimetric response of birefringent etalons. For the anisotropic case, we consider two possible locations of the etalon—between the modulator and the analyzer or after it—and we include the effect on different channels when dual-beam polarimetry is employed. We also evaluate the impact of the loss of symmetry produced in telecentric mounts due to imperfections in the illumination and/or to a tilt of the etalon relative to the incident beam.
Quasar Accretion Disk Sizes from Continuum Reverberation Mapping in the DES Standard-star Fields
Authors: Yu Zhefu , Martini Paul , Davis T. M. , Gruendl R. A. , Hoormann J. K. , Kochanek C. S. , Lidman C. , Mudd D. , Peterson B. M. , Wester W. , Allam S. , Annis J. , Asorey J. , Avila S. , Banerji M. , Bertin E. , Brooks D. , Buckley-Geer E. , Calcino J. , Rosell A. Carnero , Carollo D. , Kind M. Carrasco , Carretero J. , Cunha C. E. , D’Andrea C. B. , Costa L. N. da , De Vicente J. , Desai S. , Diehl H. T. , Doel P. , Eifler T. F. , Flaugher B. , Fosalba P. , Frieman J. , García-Bellido J. , Gaztanaga E. , Glazebrook K. , Gruen D. , Gschwend J. , Gutierrez G. , Hartley W. G. , Hinton S. R. , Hollowood D. L. , Honscheid K. , Hoyle B. , James D. J. , Kim A. G. , Krause E. , Kuehn K. , Kuropatkin N. , Lewis G. F. , Lima M. , Macaulay E. , Maia M. A. G. , Marshall J. L. , Menanteau F. , Miquel R. , Möller A. , Plazas A. A. , Romer A. K. , Sanchez E. , Scarpine V. , Schubnell M. , Serrano S. , Smith M. , Smith R. C. , Soares-Santos M. , Sobreira F. , Suchyta E. , Swann E. , Swanson M. E. C. , Tarle G. , Tucker B. E. , Tucker D. L. , Vikram V. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Measurements of the physical properties of accretion disks in active galactic nuclei are important for better understanding the growth and evolution of supermassive black holes. We present the accretion disk sizes of 22 quasars from continuum reverberation mapping with data from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) standard-star fields and the supernova C fields. We construct continuum light curves with the griz photometry that span five seasons of DES observations. These data sample the time variability of the quasars with a cadence as short as 1 day, which corresponds to a rest-frame cadence that is a factor of a few higher than most previous work. We derive time lags between bands with both JAVELIN and the interpolated cross-correlation function method and fit for accretion disk sizes using the JAVELIN thin-disk model. These new measurements include disks around black holes with masses as small as ∼107
M
⊙, which have equivalent sizes at 2500 Å as small as ∼0.1 lt-day in the rest frame. We find that most objects have accretion disk sizes consistent with the prediction of the standard thin-disk model when we take disk variability into account. We have also simulated the expected yield of accretion disk measurements under various observational scenarios for the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Deep Drilling Fields. We find that the number of disk measurements would increase significantly if the default cadence is changed from 3 days to 2 days or 1 day.
A Retrograde Spin of the Black Hole in MAXI J1659–152
Authors: Rout Sandeep K. , Vadawale Santosh , Méndez Mariano 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We present the results of spectral analysis of the galactic black hole binary MAXI J1659−152 in the rising phase of the outburst that lasted for about 65 days starting on 2010 September 25. The presence of a broad Fe line, verified by Monte Carlo simulations, and coverage of a wide energy band by utilizing the combined spectral capabilities of XMM-Newton/EPIC-pn and RXTE/PCA allowed us to use a combination of reflection spectroscopy and continuum fitting methods to estimate the spin of the black hole. We explored the entire parameter range allowed by the present uncertainties on black hole mass, inclination, and distance as well as the accretion rate. We show that for about 95% of parameter space and very reasonable upper limits on

, the spin of the black hole has to be negative. This is the first clear detection of negative spin in a galactic black hole binary.
Evolution of Experiential Learning Opportunities for Nursing Students After Natural Disaster
Authors: Sickora Cindy , Salt Rebekah J. , Page Tracey Smith , Lee Wendy , Cantu Adelita G. , Lee Moonju , Schwab Karen Walker , Martinez Martha L. , Byrd David 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Natural disasters, such as Hurricane Harvey, can provide unique hands-on learning experiences for nursing students.

Method:
The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio School of Nursing deployed teams of faculty and students to Rockport, Texas, two to three times per week to provide post-disaster relief following Hurricane Harvey. Each team included a minimum of 10 students and two faculty to provide primary care, prevention, and door-to-door canvassing. Nursing students provided physical examinations, urgent care, vaccines, first aid training, and education.

Results:
Across 6 months and more than 60 trips, over 200 students (supervised by 12 faculty) successfully delivered care to Rockport residents. This learning experience was invaluable for the nursing students, who expressed that “I felt like a real nurse” and “This is the best experience I have had since I decided to become a nurse.”

Conclusion:

This intervention highlights the potential of disaster relief as a unique hands-on educational experience for nursing students.

[
J Nurs Educ
. 2020;59(1):30–33.]
Using Thermal Infrared Cameras to Detect Avian Chicks at Various Distances and Vegetative Coverages
Authors: Prosser Diann J. , Collier Tom , Sullivan Jeffery D. , Dale Katherine E. , Callahan Carl R. , McGowan Peter C. , Gaylord Edwin J. , Geschke Julia M. , Howell Lucas , Marban Paul R. , Raman Saba 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Population monitoring of nesting waterbirds often involves frequent entries into the colony, but alternative methods such as local remotely sensed thermal imaging may help reduce disturbance while providing a cost-effective way to survey breeding populations. Such an approach can have high initial costs, however, which may have reduced the number of studies investigating functionality of paired thermal infrared camera and small unmanned aerial systems. Here, we take the first step of exploring the ability of two thermal infrared cameras to detect an avian chick under varying vegetative cover and distances, preceding field-mounting applications on a small unmanned aerial system. We created seven “bioboxes” to simulate a range of natural vegetation types and densities for a globally important colonial ground-nesting waterbird species, the common tern Sterna hirundo. We placed a juvenile chicken Gallus gallus (surrogate for the locally endangered common tern) in each box, and we tested two market-accessible infrared cameras (produced by FLIR Systems and Infrared Cameras, Inc.) at five elevations using a stationary boom (maximum height = 12 m). We applied computer-based digital thresholding to collected images, identifying pixels meeting one of seven threshold values. The chick was visible from at least one threshold value in 19 and 31 of 35 processed by the FLIR Systems and Infrared Cameras, respectively. Percentage of the chick identified across thresholds was generally highest at lower threshold values and elevations and decreased as elevation and threshold increased; however, the relative importance of each variable changed dramatically across bioboxes and camera types. Ability to detect a chick from processed images generally decreased with increasing elevation, and although we made no quantitative comparisons among boxes, detectability appeared greatest in images from both cameras when little or no vegetation was present. Interestingly, no single threshold value was best for all bioboxes. We observed notable differences between cameras including visual resolution of detected temperature differentials and image processing speed. Results of this controlled study show promise for the use of thermal infrared systems for detecting cryptic species in vegetation. Future research should work to combine thermal infrared and visual sensors with small unmanned aerial systems to test applicability in a mobile field application.
The inquiline oak gall wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) fauna from Colombia: new data and species
Authors: Lobato-Vila Irene , Caicedo Guadalupe , Rodríguez Pedro A. , Pujade-Villar Juli 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA review of the current knowledge on the diversity of inquiline oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipinae) from Colombia is conducted for the first time. A new species,Synergus dawnusLobato-Vila and Pujade-Villar, is formally described and illustrated, and an undescribed specimen from the same genus is diagnosed and discussed. New biological, morphological, and distribution data of the only two previously known species from this country (Synergus colombianusNieves-Aldrey, 2005 andSynergus pedroiPujade-Villar, Lobato-Vila, and Fernández-Garzón, 2017), as well as an identification key to the Colombian species ofSynergusHartig, 1840, are provided. The morphological variability of the Colombian species ofSynergus, especially ofS. pedroi, is discussed.
Level of male involvement in selected maternal health interventions involving nursing mothers in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
Authors: Obi Andrew , Onoriose Blessed , Adam Vincent , Tobin Ekaete , Osazee Kehinde , Eseigbe Efeomon 
Published: January 2020

Nigeria contributes an estimated 19% of global pregnancy related mortalities. The involvement of men in maternal health interventions has immense implications for the uptake and thereby success of such interventions. This study assessed level of male involvement in selected maternal health interventions involving nursing mothers in Benin City, Edo State with a view to providing information to improve the implementation and success of these interventions. A descriptive facility based cross-sectional study design was carried out among two hundred and twenty nursing mothers attending selected immunization clinics in a health facility in Benin City, Edo State. Data were collected using pretested structured questionnaires and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 21.0 statistical software with statistical significance set at P<0.050. The mean (SD) age of male partners of nursing mothers studied was 38.1 (6.4) years. In relation to selected maternal interventions 205 (93.2%) registered for antenatal care (ANC), 159 (72.3%) attended postnatal care (PNC) while family planning uptake was 30 (13.6%). Furthermore, in relation to level of male involvement, 150 (68.2%) male partners paid for ANC registration, 143 (65.0%) accompanied spouse to delivery, 205 (93.2%) paid for delivery, 14 (8.8%) accompanied wife for PNC and 57 (34.5%) supported spouse uptake of family planning. The overall level of male involvement was good 113 (51.4%) among nursing mothers. This study identified that male involvement in selected maternal health interventions was good, in relation to male performance the highest being payment for delivery and least being postnatal care attendance. There is need to sustain and improve on the level of male involvement in relation to maternal health interventions to ensure better maternal and child health outcome in the study population.
A multi-environmental tracer study to determine groundwater residence times and recharge in a structurally complex multi-aquifer system
Authors: Wilske Cornelia , Suckow Axel , Mallast Ulf , Meier Christiane , Merchel Silke , Merkel Broder , Pavetich Stefan , Rödiger Tino , Rugel Georg , Sachse Agnes , Weise Stephan M. , Siebert Christian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Despite being the main drinking water resource for over 5 million people, the water balance of the Eastern Mountain Aquifer system on the western side of the Dead Sea is poorly understood. The regional aquifer consists of fractured and karstified limestone – aquifers of Cretaceous age, and it can be separated into a Cenomanian aquifer (upper aquifer) and Albian aquifer (lower aquifer). Both aquifers are exposed along the mountain ridge around Jerusalem, which is the main recharge area. From here, the recharged groundwater flows in a highly karstified aquifer system towards the east and discharges in springs in the lower Jordan Valley and Dead Sea region. We investigated the Eastern Mountain Aquifer system for groundwater flow, groundwater age and potential mixtures, and groundwater recharge. We combined 36Cl ∕ Cl, tritium, and the anthropogenic gases
SF6, CFC-12 (chlorofluorocarbon) and CFC-11, while using CFC-113 as “dating” tracers to estimate the young water components inside the Eastern Mountain Aquifer system. By
application of lumped parameter models, we verified young groundwater
components from the last 10 to 30 years and an admixture of a groundwater
component older than about 70 years. Concentrations of nitrate,
simazine (pesticide), acesulfame K (ACE-K; artificial sweetener) and naproxen (NAP; drug) in the groundwater were further indications of infiltration during the last 30 years. The combination of multiple environmental tracers and lumped parameter modelling helped to understand the groundwater age distribution and to estimate recharge despite scarce data in this very complex hydrogeological setting. Our groundwater recharge rates support groundwater management of this politically difficult area and can be used to inform and calibrate ongoing groundwater flow models.
Accidents in Iraq during the period of conflict (2003–2016)
Authors: Hussain Ashraf MA , Lafta Riyadh K 
Published: January 2020

Background: Injuries are increasingly recognized as a major component of the global burden of disease, as they tend to affect mainly youth and are usually followed by premature death or severe disability. The longstanding conflict in Iraq has resulted in a situation of continuous violence and ongoing instability, which has in turn led to an increasing incidence of injuries and a crippled health system. Objective: To sketch a trend of non-military accidents in Iraq (road traffic accidents [RTA], falls, burns, firearm injuries, assaults by sharp objects and sexual assaults) among civilians during the last 14 years associated with the period of conflict (2003–2016). Methods: This descriptive study was conducted during the period from January 1st through to December 31st, 2017 using already available surveillance data from the Ministry of Health in Iraq. The methodology was based on measuring the incidence of each accident for the period from 2003 through 2016 and plotting it against time. Linear regression was computed to estimate the trends of the disease. Results: The rate of RTAs significantly increased between 2003 and 2016, from 1.85 to 2.9 per 1000 (p ≤ 0.01), as did accidental falls especially after 2008 (males more than females) (p ≤ 0.01). By contrast, after a peak in 2011, burns dropped significantly from 4.19 to 3.42/1000, along with firearm accidents, which fell from 2.2/1000 in 2007 to 0.39 in 2016 (p ≤ 0.01), mostly among males. Assaults with sharp objects also decreased with time to a rate of 0.47/1000 (p = 0.0001). Sexual assaults showed a significant downward sloping trend over time to p = 0.037. Conclusion: Accidents still add a burden on the already deteriorated Iraqi health system. Understanding the impact of this burden is essential to better prepare for future plans and interventions that may help improve the quality of health services.
Immigration, Crime, and the Economic Origins of Political Nativism in the Antebellum West
Authors: Ritter Luke 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Scholars have described political nativism during the antebellum era of US history as the product of cultural paranoia, social anxiety, and political expediency. Much less examined are the ways in which economic motives contributed to political nativism. During the late 1840s and early 1850s, Americans in urban areas resented higher expenditures on poorhouses, prisons, mental asylums, police, and other institutions that expanded to serve immigrants. The outbreak of political nativism in the border city of St. Louis provides a representative example of the relationship between immigrants’ conditions, the bloody election-day riots of the mid-1850s, and the dramatic rise of the National American Party. Cultural issues and the potential increase in immigrant voting power intensified economic-related resentment among the native-born population and resulted in the large-scale outbreak of political nativism in 1854.
High voltage circuit breaker supported on a base isolating tripod for earthquake protection
Authors: Safi B. F. , Pham L. T. , Busby M. J. 
Published: January 2020

The 1987 Bay of Plenty earthquake caused the total destruction of a 220 kV circuit breaker. Failures occurred in the porcelain columns supporting the Interrupter Heads.
There are many other circuit breakers of the same type in the national grid. To protect these circuit breakers from earthquake damage, a proposal is made to replace the existing support stand with a base isolating tripod.
On the tripod, Helical Springs and oil filled dampers are used to control the earthquake induced motion of the circuit breaker. By controlling this motion the forces on the porcelain support column are reduced to a safe level.
The design is modelled using a multi degree of freedom system subjected to Response Spectrum and Time History analyses. The model produces results which are consistent with tests, and confirms the design parameters selected by a single degree of freedom approximation.
The result is an economical tripod stand design which is expected to protect the circuit breaker from earthquake ground accelerations up to twice the level of the 1940 El Centro earthquake. This level of earthquake is considerably stronger than the 1987 Bay of Plenty earthquake.
Reconnaissance report on the Weber earthquake - 13 May 1990
Authors: Johnstone P. G. , Potangaroa R. , Moss P. J. 
Published: January 2020

On 13 May 1990, an earthquake of magnitude 6.7 occurred near Dannevirke and caused damage both there and in the surrounding area.
This report presents the observations of a two person reconnaissance team from the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering together with details provided by the Engineering Seismology Section of the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (formerly part of the DSIR).
A decade of progress since the Edgecumbe earthquake
Authors: Jury R. D. 
Published: January 2020

Notwithstanding the mixed fortunes of the construction industry over the last decade, there has been progress in the development of improvements in methods of providing seismic resistance in buildings.
The last 10 years has seen developments in the assessment of existing buildings, confirmation of the seismic performance of structural precast concrete, development of new analysis techniques and the greater use of base isolation in specialised situations.
Post-earthquake response
Authors: Brunsdon D. R. , Shephard R. B. 
Published: January 2020

The December 1996 issues paper by the Society's Working Party on Integrated Planning for Earthquake Preparedness [1] was widely circulated and received positive feedback from various sectors. As one of a number of follow up activities, the Ministry of Civil Defence asked the Society to investigate and report on the issues associated with establishing a register of engineering resources for post-earthquake response.
The investigation involved looking at aspects such as maintenance of the register, training of those involved and mobilisation and co-ordination mechanisms. This process was enhanced with positive input from other interested parties including the Earthquake Commission, the Insurance Council and the Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand.
The project report as presented to the Ministry of Civil Defence in June 1998 is incorporated in full in this paper.