bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transport and evolution of classical and quantum ensembles
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the evolution of an ensemble of electrons under stimulus, classically and quantum-mechanically. The classical Liouville description is derived, and then reformed to the quantum Liouville equation. The differences between the classical and the quantum-mechanical description are discussed, emphasizing the uncertainty-induced fuzziness in the quantum description. The Fokker-Planck equation is introduced to describe the evolution of ensembles and fluctuations in it that comprise the noise. The Liouville description makes it possible to write the Boltzmann transport equation with scattering. Limits of validity of the relaxation time approximation are discussed for the various scattering possibilities. From this description, conservation equations are derived, and drift and diffusion discussed as an approximation. Brownian motion arising in fast-and-slow events and response are related to the drift and diffusion and to the Langevin and Fokker-Planck equations as probabilistic evolution. This leads to a discussion of Markov processes and the Kolmogorov equation.
Scattering-constrained dynamics
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the statics and dynamics of particle ensemble evolution under multiple stimuli—electrical, magnetic and thermal, particularly (thermoelectromagnetic interaction)—by developing the evolution of the distribution function in a generalized form from its thermal equilibrium form. In the presence of electrical and magnetic fields, this shows the Hall effect, magnetoresistance, et cetera. Add thermal gradients, and one can elaborate additional consequences that can be calculated in terms of momentum relaxation times and the nature of impulse interaction, since momentum and energies carried by the ensemble are accounted for. So, parameters such as thermal conductivity due to the carriers can be determined, thermoelectric, thermomagnetic and thermoelectromagnetic interactions can be quantified and the Ettinghausen effect, the Nernst effect, the Righi-Leduc effect, the Ettinghausen-Nernst effect, the Seebeck effect, the Peltier effect and the Thompson coefficient understood. The dynamics also makes it possible to determine the frequency dependence of the phenomena.
Onsager relationships
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Onsager relationships. These relationships result from the linear response at the macroscale off-equilibrium from the reversibility of the microscale and represent an example of cause and chance at work. Flux-flow formalism—flux densities tied to thermodynamic forces—is developed to build the generalized linear relationships for heat, electric, chemical composition and free energy. The relationships are then applied to examples from previous chapters—thermoelectric and others—to show how results of interest can be derived more easily through exploiting Onsager relationships’ linearity and reciprocity relationships. The chapter discusses Onsager relationships with respect to Ohm’s law, Fourier’s law, Fick’s law, Darcy’s law, Gibbs free energy, thermoelectric effects and fluctuation-dissipation.
Eggs, nests, and chicks
Authors: Scott Graham 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the egg from its conception, through laying and incubation, to hatching; and chicks. It begins with the genetic determination of sex in birds, the resultant secondary sexual characteristics, and associated reproductive behaviours. The chapter then considers the structure and function of the egg. The evolution of clutch size and the trade-offs related to food availability and predator risk that birds make when optimizing clutch size are discussed. Egg shell colouration, camouflage, and mimicry are explored as are the impacts of urban living and of anthropogenic pollution upon egg shell thickness and strength. Nest building and the function of nests are described and incubation behaviours are discussed. Embryonic development is considered as are hatching and post-hatching behaviours.
Strategic Priorities in the Digital Era
Authors: Schildt Henri 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how digitalization influences companies’ pursuit of competitive advantage. The chapter makes the case that the creation and use of data has led companies across diverse industries to embrace three broad strategic priorities, using data for: (1) constant optimizing, (2) experimenting to diversify to new products and services, and (3) building interactive digital relationships with customers, suppliers, and partners. While these priorities are not unique to data-savvy corporations, they benefit directly from real-time data and smart automation. As digitalization often erodes firms’ ability to exploit unique resources or capabilities for sustained profits over time, they pursue greater agility and innovativeness. To accomplish this, companies invest in digital infrastructures that enable them to identify and react to environmental changes more rapidly.
Connecting Constituents and Elected Representatives
Authors: Hendriks Carolyn M. , Ercan Selen A. , Boswell John 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on the problematic representative disconnect experienced in contemporary democracy, where linkages between elected representatives and their constituents are weak. The chapter presents an empirical case of how a group of residents, Voices4Indi, have sucessfully strengthened their representative–constituent relationship in the Australian federal electorate of Indi. Drawing on interviews with key members of Voices4Indi, the chapter unpacks how everyday citizens sought to repair the representative process by facilitating listening between citizens, and empowering voters to elect a representative committed to connecting and being responsive. The chapter shows in rich detail the diverse ways that both citizens and their elected representatives can creatively mend disconnections in the representative–constituent relationship. The chapter concludes by considering how the Indi experience advances our understanding of connectivity in deliberative systems.
Hellenism, standardization, and info-lust
Authors: Van Rooy Raf 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 frames the emergence of the language / dialect distinction in its sixteenth-century context. The rediscovery of the Ancient Greek dialects constituted, the chapter argues, a major pivoting point, as well as the standardization projects that were gathering steam and the information explosion enhanced by the commercialization of the printing press. Standardization was especially urgent in Protestant areas, where a uniform language was needed to convey the Word of God to all classes of society, while in Catholic Europe Latin remained the sole language of religion. Linguistic diversity became countable, as boundaries became more fixed. Paradoxically, humanists did not realize that they were introducing a new conceptual pair, assuming, instead, that this had been a Greek achievement. Yet they were, in fact, reading the language / dialect distinction into the ancient source texts. As a result, the new contrast was a product of subconscious appropriation and adaptation.
Aristotle’s legacy
Authors: Van Rooy Raf 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 treats two interpretations of the language / dialect distinction which early modern scholars considered useful diagnostic criteria. Firstly, in the seventeenth century, an interpretation of the conceptual pair emerged according to which related dialects showed only accidental differences, whereas distinct languages varied substantially. This analysis was grounded in two traditional categories of Aristotelian ontology and implied a binary opposition; numerous scholars realized, however, that linguistic distance comes in degrees or layers. Secondly, the criterion of mutual intelligibility, often bracketed together with the Aristotelian criterion, had its origin in the Renaissance. The eccentric humanist Johannes Goropius Becanus played a key role in its emergence and specified it further as immediate mutual intelligibility. This criterion, too, was conceptualized in predominantly binary terms. Contradictorily, numerous scholars complained about the lack of mutual intelligibility among speakers of related dialects, pointing out the wider communicative reach of a language.
The conceptual pair and language history
Authors: Van Rooy Raf 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Most early modern interpretations of the language / dialect distinction were synchronic, but one conception was diachronic, in that language was considered to generate different dialects. Chapter 10 argues that even though this language-historical conception had earlier precursors, it was only due to the influence of Joseph Justus Scaliger’s work that it became popular. Already in the early seventeenth century, this conception was framed by Abraham Mylius within a cyclical process of language change. The language-historical interpretation of the conceptual pair, otherwise primarily understood in synchronic terms, soon prompted criticism, voiced most fiercely by Johann Heinrich Hottinger. Chapter 10 also briefly comments on the emergent idea that dialects preserved archaic features, which was in apparent contradiction with the diachronic conception of the distinction. Finally, this chapter illustrates how the conceptual pair came to be used as a handy discursive strategy for historical classifications of language, especially in cases where evidence was lacking.
Compulsory Portion in Poland
Authors: Zoll Fryderyk 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In Poland, mandatory family protection is achieved by means of the compulsory portion. The chapter begins with a brief history of Polish succession law from the perspective of protection against disinheritance. Compulsory portion is also discussed from a constitutional perspective. Next, the regulation of compulsory portion, as well as of comparable instruments, are described. Among the topics discussed are: entitlement to compulsory portion; renunciation of claims; and disinheritance (‘deprivation’). Methods of calculating compulsory portion are presented, including the different situation in respect of different parts of the estate. Finally, liability for payment of compulsory portion is analysed, with particular attention being given to legatees per vindicationem and to the recipients of lifetime gifts from the deceased.
Family Protection in the United States of America
Authors: Scalise Ronald J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the United States, mandatory family protection is often subordinated to freedom of testation. Although spousal protection provisions exist, the content of these laws often differs dramatically from state to state. By contrast, children and other descendants of the deceased have little or no protection against disinheritance except in Louisiana. Related legal doctrines, such as the law of undue influence do, however, often serve some protective role against the unreasonable omission of descendants from a testator’s will. Even in Louisiana, which still maintains a doctrine of forced heirship, the content of the protection has changed from a law providing for family solidarity to one imposing n alimentary obligation upon the deceased in favour of limited classes of descendants.
Facing South
Authors: Hoffmann Florian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The idea and the reality of the Global South represent different types of epistemological challenges to the disciplinary identity of comparative (constitutional) law. Taking the Global South seriously in and for comparative constitutional law must mean transcending its use as either a mere marker of supressed difference or a critical wedge against the hegemony of Western/modern constitutional concepts. The Global South must, instead, be unlocked as the real locus—not in a geographical but in a cognitive sense—of constitutional modernity the world over. Such an agenda of epistemic meridianization requires a number of methodological moves, the most important of which is the de-Weberianization of the fundamental terms and normative ideals of comparative constitutional law. De-Weberianization through a Southern lens is not limited to an ideology critique of Western modernity, but is a project to provide a more realist vision of that modernity and, thereby, a deeper understanding of ‘how the world works’ across North and South. A fundamental openness to alterity, hybridity, and contingency as the structural determinants of ‘law in practice’ is what is at the basis of the South and what enables the re-cognition of the modern world in its likeness.
The Graying of American Debt
Authors: Brown Meta , Lee Donghoon , Scally Joelle , van der Klaauw Wilbert 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Real aggregate debt in the hands of Americans age 50 to 80 increased by 59 percent between 2003 and 2015. Meanwhile, real debt held by Americans in their 20s and 30s was approximately flat. Using data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Consumer Credit Panel, we describe the extent of this debt increase and the distribution of debt growth by loan type. Real per capita home-secured debts held by older consumers show the steepest growth, though older borrowers have increased their obligations in all major debt categories. For long-held debts, these developments lead us to evaluate how such changes emerged.
The Risk of Financial Hardship in Retirement
Authors: Brown Jason , Dynan Karen , Figinski Theodore 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the likely prevalence of hardship in old age for individuals now nearing retirement. We use longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to determine what observable demographic, socioeconomic, and financial factors in late middle age predicted economic hardship in old age for the cohort nearing retirement in the mid-1990s. These findings are then used to predict economic hardship in old age for the cohort nearing retirement age in the mid-2010s. Our analysis suggests that the more recent cohort is likely to realize higher economic insecurity, particularly among men.
Financial Distress among the Elderly
Authors: Li Wenli , White Michelle J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Both the proportion of bankruptcy filings by the elderly and the proportion of foreclosure starts that affect the elderly have increased dramatically over the past 20 years, suggesting an increase in financial distress of the elderly relative to younger age groups. This chapter uses new data to examine whether these trends can be explained by either the 2005 bankruptcy reform or the 2008 financial crisis. Our results show that while these events made both the elderly and younger age groups worse off, they do explain the increase in relative financial distress of the elderly.
Health-related quality of life in patients with systemic sclerosis: evolution over time and main determinants
Authors: van Leeuwen Nina M , Ciaffi Jacopo , Liem Sophie I E , Huizinga Tom W J , de Vries-Bouwstra Jeska K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
In SSc patients, disease specific determinants that influence health-related quality of life (HRQoL) over time have not been described. We aim to, in patients with SSc, (i) evaluate if and how HRQoL changes over time, and (ii) assess how different SSc domains and functional impairments contribute to changes in HRQoL over time.

Methods
All SSc patients from the Leiden SSc cohort were included; patients with disease duration &lt;24 months were classified as incident cases. HRQoL was assessed prospectively on an annual basis using the EQ-5D and the SF36. To assess baseline associations between clinical characteristics and HRQoL, linear regressions were performed. To identify possible associations between SSc characteristics and HRQoL change over time, linear mixed models were performed in both incident and prevalent cases.

Results
In total, 492 SSc patients were included (n = 202 incident cases), with a median follow-up duration of 3.4 years. At baseline, presence of organ involvement was independently associated with a worse SF36 physical component score and lower EQ-5D score. Over time, gastrointestinal symptoms, Raynaud and digital ulcers were independently associated with deterioration of HRQoL in both incident and prevalent cases. In prevalent cases, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was associated with a decrease in HRQoL over time. Worse functioning as measured by six-min walking distance, mouth-opening, finger-to-palm distance and grip-strength contributed significantly to deterioration of HRQoL over time.

Conclusion
In SSc, key clinical burdens that contribute to worsening of HRQoL over time include digital ulcers, Raynaud and gastrointestinal involvement. In addition, PAH is a significant burden in prevalent disease.
Intergenerational Educational Mobility and Life-Course Income Trajectories in the United States
Authors: Yaish Meir , Shiffer-Sebba Doron , Gabay-Egozi Limor , Park Hyunjoon 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Atheoretical formulation derived from the cumulative advantage literature, that intergenerational educational mobility has enduring life-course income effects above and beyond individuals’ education, is empirically tested. This formulation contrasts sharply with both the human capital model, which does not consider parental education as a determinant of children’s income, and the sociological research on social mobility, which mostly relies on a snapshot view to study the economic consequences of educational mobility. To test this theory, we use NLSY79 survey data (with Panel Study of Income Dynamics data serving for robustness checks). We apply growth models to the data to estimate if and how the different intergenerational educational mobility groups that are produced by the intersection of parental and respondent education shape life-course income trajectories. Results provide evidence in support of the argument that the intersection of parental and respondent education bears important long-term income consequences, mainly for men. These results, moreover, do not vary by race. We discuss the theoretical and policy implications of our results.
Measuring birth weight and umbilical cord diameter at birth to predict subsequent performance in swine
Authors: Fordyce Amanda L , Hines Elizabeth A , Edwards Erika M , Plaengkaeo Suppasit , Stalder Kenneth J , Colpoys Jessie D , Bundy Jennifer M , Johnson Anna K , Tyler Howard D 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn the swine industry, pre-weaning mortality, umbilical hernia incidence and pig market weight are a few contributing factors affecting profitability and welfare on farm. Therefore, the ability to reliably predict any of these outcomes is valuable to swine operations. Mortality during the pre-weaning phase, umbilical hernia incidence and poor-quality finisher pigs can represent a multi-million dollar loss and increase in welfare concerns to the producer. Consequently, the objective of this study was to evaluate whether birth weight (BW), umbilical cord diameter at birth (UCD), and the calculated umbilical diameter at birth to birth weight ratio (UCD:BW), are potential indicators of both placental efficiency and relative defect size in the abdominal musculature as well as reliable predictors of pre-weaning mortality, umbilical hernia incidence, and pig body weight at 150 d of age in a commercial facility. Mixed sex commercial piglets were followed through production. Four hundred sixty-five piglets were weighed within 1 h of birth, and the UCD was determined using digital calipers, these animals were followed through weaning. Three hundred eighty-five pigs of the 465 were followed through the post-wean phase in the nursery facility and checked for umbilical hernia incidence. Finally, of the 385 pigs, 177 pigs were assessed for umbilical hernia incidence and weighed a final time at the grower-finisher facility. All data were analyzed using PROC Logistic and PROC GLM procedures. The variables of UCD:BW and BW were significantly associated with the probability of increased pre-weaning mortality (P &lt; 0.001). For example, piglets with a low UCD:BW, but an increased BW had the greatest survival rate. Umbilical diameter (UCD) was not significantly associated with pre-weaning mortality. Post-weaning mortality was not significantly affected by UCD:BW, BW, or UCD variables. Umbilical hernia incidence was not significantly affected by UCD:BW at the nursery phase or growing-finishing phase. Pig body weight at 150 d of age was significantly affected by UCD:BW, BW, and UCD variables (P &lt; 0.001). For example, piglets that had a larger UCD weighed more at 150 d of age. In conclusion, measuring the calculated UCD:BW has the potential to be a novel tool for future research looking into the impacts of umbilical measurements as it relates to placental function, fetal development, piglet survivability and impacts on future performance of the animal.
Regeneration responses to water and temperature stress drive recruitment success in hemiepiphytic fig species
Authors: Chen Huayang , Geekiyanage Nalaka , Wen Bin , Cao Kun-Fang , Goodale Uromi Manage 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Mechanisms for surviving water and temperature stress in epiphytes are essential adaptations for successful regeneration in forest canopies. Hemiepiphytes start their life cycle as epiphytes, eventually establishing aerial root connections to the ground. This strategy allows for greater light capture, while benefitting from minimized risk of fire, flooding and damage by terrestrial herbivores, but exposes the vulnerable seedling stage to heat and drought stress. However, the response to temperature and water stress during early regeneration in hemiepiphytes is not known. In this study, we tested the effect of temperature (15/5, 25/15 and 35/25 °C; day/night diurnal variation) and water availability, as substrate moisture (0.00, −0.20 and −0.35 MPa) and water vapor (18.5–99.5% relative humidity), on seed germination, seedling emergence and survival in six hemiepiphytic and nine non-hemiepiphytic Ficus species. Under high-temperature conditions (35/25 °C), hemiepiphytes had higher gemination and seedling survival, achieved peak germination slower and extended germination. Greater water stress (−0.35 MPa) in the growth substrate resulted in higher germination of non-hemiepiphytes; hemiepiphytes, in contrast, took a shorter time to complete germination, but had higher seedling emergence and survival. Hemiepiphytes germinated at 99.5% relative humidity more readily compared with non-hemiepiphytes. These findings provide the first comprehensive evidence that hemiepiphytic Ficus species are better adapted to drier and warmer conditions during the critical transition from seed to seedling. Through greater flexibility in achieving peak germination and duration of regeneration activity, hemiepiphytes modulate their recruitment process to be more resilient under abiotic stressors. This may allow them to be more successful in regenerating in forest canopies under ambient conditions that are transient. These results support previous work showing greater drought tolerance of hemiepiphytic Ficus species in larger size classes and extend this finding to show that physiological adaptations for drought and heat tolerance start from the early seedling emergence stage.
An overview of cleft lip and palate
Authors: Alois Corinne I. , Ruotolo Rachel A. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Cleft lip and palate are types of craniofacial birth defects that affect thousands of children worldwide each year. These conditions are sensitive topics of conversations, often affected by the stigma of physical birth deformities and cultural myths. This article reviews the pathophysiology of cleft lip and palate, and describes the traditional management of patients with oral-facial clefts, including the extensive supportive care and an interprofessional team or cleft team approach that extends beyond the surgical correction.