bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assisted Distillation Cleanup of Pesticide Residues in Animal Fats:
New Beadless Distillation Tube
Authors: Heath Andrew B , Black Robert R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new assisted distillation tube has been developed which contains no glass beads or glass wool. The sample is injected into the top of the tube, and a septum is not required. Large ground-glass joints (10/ 19) are used at the gas inlet and at the Florisil trap connection for maximum strength. Existing assisted distillation apparatus was easily modified to accept the new tubes. Recoveries of 9 organochlorine pesticides from butter and cattle fat ranged from 87 to 104% at a tube temperature of 230°C and a nitrogen flow rate of 250 mL/min. No significant change occurred in recoveries of 8 of the 9 pesticides after 85 uses of the headless tube. Only the recovery of HCB from butter decreased, from 95 to 80%, after 51 runs. The new tube was compared with the Unitrex glass bead-packed concentric tube at flow rates of 230, 400, and 600 mL nitrogen/min. Recoveries from the Unitrex tube were similar to those of the headless tube for all pesticides except DDT which was significantly lower, indicating incomplete distillation at 250 mL/min and possible partial breakdown at 400 and 600 mL/min. A procedure is introduced for pressurized solvent washing of distillation tubes. This procedure is more efficient than vacuum washing
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Mecarbam and Its Metabolites Mecarboxon,
Diethoate, and Diethoxon in Cottonseeds
Authors: Greenberg Rachel S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A gas chromatographic method is described for determining residues of mecarbam and 3 of its metabolites, mecarboxon, diethoate, and diethoxon, in cottonseeds. For mecarbam analysis, following Soxhlet extraction with chloroform (after blending), the oily extract is partitioned with propylene carbonate and cleaned up on a silica gel column. Metabolites are extracted by the same method, followed by cleanup of mecarboxon on a silica gel column or diethoxon on an alumina column; cleanup of diethoate can be performed on either column. AH 4 compounds are determined using a flame photometric detector equipped with a phosphorus filter. Average recoveries for cottonseed samples fortified with 0.03-1.0 ppm mecarbam ranged from 80 to 88%. Average recoveries were 81-88% for mecarboxon and 90-92% for diethoate (alumina column) and diethoxon from samples fortified with 0.05-1.0 ppm. Average recovery of diethoate from samples cleaned up on the silica gel column were 84-88% in the range of 0.05-0.2 ppm. Values obtained for mecarbam residues in field-treated samples are also presented.
Simultaneous Ultrasonic Extraction and Silylation for Determination of Organic Acids,
Alcohol, and Phenols from Airborne Particulate Matter
Authors: Gholson Alexander R , Louis Robert H St , Hill Herbert H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Three methods for the extraction and derivatization of alcohols, carbox j lie acids, and phenols from airborne particulates were compared and evaluated. Derivatization of the sample during ultrasonic agitation to form trimethylsilyl derivatives increased the recovery of "reactive oxygenated hydrocarbons" compared to the standard method of extraction followed by derivatization. A single solvent, methylene chloride, with a strong and volatile silylating reagent, N,0- bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide, extracted a large number of reactive components with a minimum of interference. When the extraction/derivatization procedure was repeated 4 or more times for a total extraction time of at least 30 h, greater than 90% of the major mono- and difunctional group-containing components was recovered
Solvent Effects on Response Factors for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Determined by
Capillary Gas Chromatography Using Splitless Injections
Authors: Lee Hing-Biu , Szawiola Richard , Chau Alfred S Y 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
When standard solutions of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed by capillary column gas chromatography using splitless injections, response factors were observed to be dependent on the solvent used to prepare the standard. This report presents the response factors for 16 individual PAHs in 5 commonly used solvents: acetonitrile, methanol, toluene, isooctane, and cyclohexane. To minimize quantitation errors due to differences in transfer efficiency, samples and standards of PAHs should be prepared in the same solvent
Behavior of 78 Pesticides and Pesticide Metabolites on Four Different Ultra-Bond Gas Chromatographic Columns
Authors: Suprock John F , Vinopal Howard J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The gas chromatographic (GC) elution order and relative retention time data (compared to aldrin) are presented for 78 pesticides and pesticide metabolites on 4 different types of commercially available 2 mm id ultra-Bond columns including ultra-Bond 20M (20M), Ultra-Bond 20SE (20SE), Ultra-Bond 20M coated with 1% OV-210 (OV-210), and ultra-Bond 20M coated with 0.5% OV-210 + 0.65% OV-17 (mixed phase). Relative retention time data (compared to parathion) are also represented for 19 organophosphorus insecticides on the 4 ultra-Bond columns evaluated. Corresponding 4 mm id Ultra-Bond columns were evaluated at the same time as the 2 mm id columns, and results and comparisons for these larger-diameter columns are discussed. These data indicate that, with aldrin as a reference peak, a complement of the mixed-phase column and either the 20M, the 20SE, or the OV-210 column represents a useful chromatographic tool for dual-column analysis of pesticide residues. The 2 mm id columns were more useful in chromatographing later-eluting pesticides whereas the corresponding 4 mm id columns were more useful in chromatographing earlier-eluting pesticides.
Anthocyanin Pigment, Nonvolatile Acid, and Sugar Composition of Red Raspberry Juice
Authors: Spanos George A , Wrolstad Ronald E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Liquid chromatographic methodology for determination of red raspberry anthocyanin pigments, nonvolatile acids, and sugars was developed and applied to authentic juices pressed in our pilot plant as well as to samples of European origin. Sugar analysis utilized an Aminex HPX-87C column; the mean contents of sucrose, glucose, and fructose were 0.17,2.59, and 2.97 g/100 mL, respectively. Citric, malic, and isocitric acids were best quantitated on two C-18 columns in series with refractive index detection; the mean content of citric, malic, and isocitric acids was 21.0 g/L, 872 mg/L, and 158 mg/L, respectively. Anthocyanins were resolved with high selectivity on a C-18 column using 15% acetic acid as organic modifier. The mean values for individual anthocyanins were: cyanidin-3-sophoroside, 74.2%; cyanidin-3-gIucoside, 12.2%; cyanidin-3-glucorutinoside, 8.6%; cyanidin-3-rutinoside, 1.7%; and pelargonidin-3-sophoroside, 2.9%. Anthocyanin pigment content ranged from 23.8 to 101.0 mg/100 mL. Carbon stable isotope ratios ranged from -23.2 to —24.7%o with a mean of -24.1%o. Additional data include color density, polymeric color, browning index, UV-visible spectra, pH, "Brix, tirratable acidity, and Hunter color parameters.
Residues of Insecticides, Fungicides, and Herbicides on Ontario-Grown Vegetables, 1980-1985
Authors: Frank Richard , Braun Heinz E , Ripley Brian D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Between 1980 and 1985, 354 composite vegetable samples representing 9 vegetable commodities were collected from farm deliveries to the market place in Ontario, Canada. All samples were analyzed for insecticides, 275 for fungicides, and 135 for herbicides. The analyses included organochlorine, organophosphorus, synthetic pyrethroid, and iV-methylcarbamate insecticides; dithiocarbamate, acylalanine, phthalimide, dicarboximide, and other fungicides; and, chlorophenoxy acid, chlorobenzoic acid, bipyridilium, phenylurea, carbamate, and other herbicides. The commodities tested included asparagus, beans, carrots, cauliflower, cucumbers, onions, potatoes, sweet corn, and tomatoes. In most samples, pesticide residues were below the detection limits (i.e., 0.005 to 0.1 mg/kg), and most of the positive findings were a fraction (i.e., &lt;1 to 20%) of the maximum residue limit (MRL) permitted for each commodity under the Canadian Food and Drugs Act and Regulations. A small number of samples had residues that exceeded the MRL, and these involved aldicarb and linuron on potatoes and chlorobromuron on carrots.
Evaluation Of Precision Estimates For Fiber-Dimensional And Electrical Hygrometers For
Water Activity Determinations
Authors: Stroup William H , Peeler James T , Smith Kent 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The precision of instruments used in 3 collaborative studies conducted within the Food and Drug Administration over a 4-year period (1981, 1982, 1984) for water activity (a„) determinations according to the official AOAC method is evaluated. Calibration responses of the instruments were tested for linearity over the a„ range from 0.75 to 0.97. Average absolute percent difference between predicted and assigned a, values for the linear model ranged from 0.3 to 0.7% for a fiber-dimensional hygrometer (Abbeon) and 3 electrical hygrometers (Beckman, Rotronics, and Weather Measure). The calibration responses for another electrical hygrometer (Hygrodynamics) were nonlinear. The fiber-dimensional hygrometer yielded mean a„ values and precision estimates that did not differ significantly from those obtained with the electrical hygrometers for (NH4)2S04 slush, KN03 slush, sweetened condensed milk, pancake syrup, and cheese spread. However, the mean a„ value for a soy sauce was 0.838 for the electrical hygrometers compared with 0.911 for the fiber-dimensional hygrometer. The fiber-dimensional hygrometer was affected by a volatile components) in the soy sauce that caused an erroneously high a„ value. Pooled estimates of reproducibility (5X) in the 3 studies were 0.008 for the fiber-dimensional hygrometer and 0.010 for the electrical hygrometers; these values were not significantly different from those reported in the study that verified the current official AOAC method.
Screening Cosmetic Products for /V-Nitroso Compounds by Chemiluminescent Determination
of Nitric Oxide
Authors: Chou Hardy J , Yates Ronald L , Wenninger John A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Cosmetic products were screened for total A'-nitroso compounds by chemiluminescent measurement of nitric oxide liberated by the reductive cleavage of the A'-nitroso group. The cosmetic was first partitioned between methylene chloride and water to separate polar and nonpolar A'-nitroso compounds. Each extract was then examined for the presence of A'-nitroso compounds by adding the cleavage reagent and sweeping the nitric oxide formed into a chemiluminescent analyzer. Although the method is not intended to be quantitative, recovery studies were conducted to determine measurable levels. Recovery studies of polar A'-nitroso compounds were conducted by adding A'-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) to a cream, a shampoo, and a lotion at 3 levels, i.e., 80, 320, and 960 ppb, and then determining NDELA by the method. Recoveries ranged from 48 to 83% (mean 68%; SD = 11.9). For recoveries of nonpolar A'-nitroso compounds, 100,200, and 500 ppb of A-nitrosometh) Itetradecjiamine were added to the 3 cosmetic products. Recoveries ranged from 58 to 70% (mean 63%; SD = 5.3).
Liquid Chromatographic Determination and Identification Tests for Dexamethasone in Bulk Drugs and Elixirs: Collaborative Study
Authors: Bunch Elaine A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A normal phase liquid chromatographic method for the determination of dexamethasone in bulk drugs and elixirs was collaboratively studied by 6 laboratories. The method uses a silica column, water-modified acetic acid-methanol-methylene chloride mobile phase, cortisone internal standard, and photometric detection at 254 nm. Collaborators were supplied blind duplicate samples of 3 bulk drugs, 2 commercial elixirs, and 1 authentic elixir. Dexamethasone elixir dosage level is 0.5 mg/5 tnL. Mean recovery of dexamethasone from the authentic elixir formulated to contain 0.471 mg/5 mL was 94.5%. (Authentic elixirs were found to stabilize about 6% below the theoretical concentration.) Mean recovery for the bulk drugs was between 97.1 and 100.1%. Mean coefficients of variation for bulk drug and elixir samples were less than 0.8% and 3.6%, respectively. Identification tests for dexamethasone by thin-layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, and relative LC retention times, as well as the gas chromatographic determination of alcohol in the elixirs were also collaboratively studied. Mean recovery of alcohol from the synthetic elixir was 98.6%. The mean coefficient of variation for alcohol for all samples analyzed was less than 1.4%. The LC method for dexamethasone in drug substance and elixirs, the identification tests, and the GC method for alcohol in dexamethasone elixirs have been adopted official first action.
Impact of milk and nutrient intake of piglets and sow milk composition on piglet growth and body composition at weaning
Authors: Hojgaard Camilla Kaae , Bruun Thomas Sønderby , Theil Peter Kappel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of milk intake, milk composition, and nutrient intake on piglet growth in lactation and body composition at weaning. To evaluate the body composition of piglets, data from one experiment (44 Danish Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc piglets) were used to develop prediction equations for body pools of fat, protein, ash, and water based on live weight and deuterium dilution space (exp. 1). Furthermore, a total of 294 piglets (Danish Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) from 21 sows of second parity were included in a second experiment (exp. 2). In exp. 2, piglet live weight was recorded on days 3, 10, 17, and 25 of lactation. On the same days, the milk intake and body composition were measured, using the deuterium oxide (D2O) dilution technique. Piglet weight gain was highly positively correlated with the intake of milk and the intake of milk constituents each week and on an overall basis having r values ranging from 0.65 to 0.93 (P &lt; 0.001). When evaluating regressions for piglet growth, the milk intake in combination with the milk protein concentration explained 85% and 87% of the total variation in piglet gain in the second and third week of lactation, respectively, whereas milk intake was the only predictor of piglet gain in the first week of lactation explaining 81% of the variation. Fat, protein, and energy retention rates were all highly positively correlated with the daily intake of milk and intake of milk nutrients with r values ranging from 0.76 to 0.94 (P &lt; 0.001). Piglet gain and retention rates were rather weakly correlated with the milk composition with r values ranging from 0.01 to 0.50 (being either negative or positive). Curvilinear response curves were fitted for live weight gain and body fat content at weaning in response to milk protein concentration, showing that live weight gain was slightly greater and body fat content was slightly lower at 4.9% milk protein, but it should be emphasized that the quadratic effects did not reach significance. Body fat content at weaning was positively related with the intake of milk (R2 = 0.44, P &lt; 0.001) and milk fat (R2 = 0.46, P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, milk intake had a major impact on the piglet growth rate, and milk fat intake greatly influenced the body fat percentage at weaning, whereas milk composition per se only played a minor role for these traits.
Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α on the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids in goat mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Tian Huibin , Luo Jun , Shi Hengbo , Chen Xiaoying , Wu Jiao , Liang Yusheng , Li Cong , Loor Juan J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A key member of the nuclear receptor superfamily is the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) isoform, which in nonruminants is closely associated with fatty acid oxidation. Whether PPARA plays a role in milk fatty acid synthesis in ruminants is unknown. The main objective of the present study was to use primary goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC) to activate PPARA via the agonist WY-14643 (WY) or to silence it via transfection of small-interfering RNA (siRNA). Three copies of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor response element (PPRE) contained in a luciferase reporter vector were transfected into GMEC followed by incubation with WY at 0, 10, 20, 30, 50, or 100 µM. A dose of 50 µM WY was most effective at activating PPRE without influencing PPARA mRNA abundance. Transfecting siRNA targeting PPARA decreased its mRNA abundance to 20% and protein level to 50% of basal levels. Use of WY upregulated FASN, SCD1, ACSL1, DGAT1, FABP4, and CD36 (1.1-, 1.5-, 2-, 1.4-, 1.5-, and 5-fold, respectively), but downregulated DGAT2 and PGC1A (−20% and −40%, respectively) abundance. In contrast, triacylglycerol concentration decreased and the content and desaturation index of C16:1 and C18:1 increased. Thus, activation of PPARA via WY appeared to channel fatty acids away from esterification. Knockdown of PPARA via siRNA downregulated ACACA, SCD1, AGPAT6, CD36, HSL, and SREBF1 (−43%, −67%, −16%, −56%, −26%, and −29%, respectively), but upregulated ACSL1, DGAT2, FABP3, and PGC1A (2-, 1.4-, 1.3-, and 2.5-fold, respectively) mRNA abundance. A decrease in the content and desaturation index of C16:1 and C18:1 coupled with an increase in triacylglycerol content accompanied those effects at the mRNA level. Overall, data suggest that PPARA could promote the synthesis of MUFA in GMEC through its effects on mRNA abundance of genes related to fatty acid synthesis, oxidation, transport, and triacylglycerol synthesis.
The Channel Railway: Reverberations of a Fictional Line and Thomas Hardy’s A Laodicean (1881)
Authors: Kirkby Nicola 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This article couples debates about building a Channel Railway between Britain and France in the 1880s with Thomas Hardy’s novel, A Laodicean (1881), to investigate how fiction interrogated the material and imagined limits of British railway infrastructure. By examining ‘reverberation’, that is, the unintended and noisy oscillation of the tracks, it teases out subtle yet significant links between technology, interpretation, and control that underpin Hardy’s novel, and the Channel Railway project more broadly. In doing so, it argues that imaginative writing provided a testing ground for exploring political and practical risks raised by the prospect of a railway connection between Britain and France in the late nineteenth century.
The dust effects on galaxy scaling relations
Authors: Pastrav Bogdan A 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
Accurate galaxy scaling relations are essential for a successful model of galaxy formation and evolution as they provide direct information about the physical mechanisms of galaxy assembly over cosmic time. We present here a detailed analysis of a sample of nearby spiral galaxies taken from the KINGFISH survey. The photometric parameters of the morphological components are obtained from bulge–disc decompositions using galfit data analysis algorithm, with surface photometry of the sample done beforehand. Dust opacities are determined using a previously discovered correlation between the central face-on dust opacity of the disc and the stellar mass surface density. The method and the library of numerical results previously obtained in Pastrav et al. (2013a,b) are used to correct the measured photometric and structural parameters for projection (inclination), dust, and decomposition effects in order to derive their intrinsic values. Galaxy disc scaling relations are then presented, both the measured (observed) and the intrinsic (corrected) ones, in the optical regime, to show the scale of the biases introduced by the aforementioned effects. The slopes of the size–luminosity relations and the dust versus stellar mass are in agreement with values found in other works. We derive mean dust optical depth and dust/stellar mass ratios of the sample, which we find to be consistent with previous studies of nearby spiral galaxies. While our sample is rather small, it is sufficient to quantify the influence of galaxy environment (dust, in this case) when deriving scaling relations.
Reliable photometric membership (RPM) of galaxies in clusters – I. A machine learning method and its performance in the local universe
Authors: Lopes Paulo A A , Ribeiro André L B 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We introduce a new method to determine galaxy cluster membership based solely on photometric properties. We adopt a machine learning approach to recover a cluster membership probability from galaxy photometric parameters and finally derive a membership classification. After testing several machine learning techniques (such as stochastic gradient boosting, model averaged neural network and k-nearest neighbours), we found the support vector machine algorithm to perform better when applied to our data. Our training and validation data are from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey main sample. Hence, to be complete to $M_r^* + 3$, we limit our work to 30 clusters with $z$phot-cl ≤ 0.045. Masses (M200) are larger than $\sim 0.6\times 10^{14} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ (most above $3\times 10^{14} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$). Our results are derived taking in account all galaxies in the line of sight of each cluster, with no photometric redshift cuts or background corrections. Our method is non-parametric, making no assumptions on the number density or luminosity profiles of galaxies in clusters. Our approach delivers extremely accurate results (completeness, C $\sim 92{\rm{ per\ cent}}$ and purity, P $\sim 87{\rm{ per\ cent}}$) within R200, so that we named our code reliable photometric membership. We discuss possible dependencies on magnitude, colour, and cluster mass. Finally, we present some applications of our method, stressing its impact to galaxy evolution and cosmological studies based on future large-scale surveys, such as eROSITA, EUCLID, and LSST.
Limiting effects in clusters of misaligned toroids orbiting static SMBHs
Authors: Pugliese D , Stuchlík Z 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We consider agglomerates of misaligned, pressure supported tori orbiting a Schwarzschild black hole. A leading function is introduced, regulating the toroids distribution around the central static attractor – it enables us to model the misaligned tori aggregate as a single orbiting (macro-)configuration. We first analyse the leading function for purely hydrodynamical perfect fluid toroids. Later, the function is modified for presence of a toroidal magnetic field. We study the constraints on the tori collision emergence and the instability of the agglomerates of misaligned tori with general relative inclination angles. We discuss the possibility that the twin peak high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (HF-QPOs) could be related to the agglomerate inner ringed structure. The discrete geometry of the system is related to HF-QPOs considering several oscillation geodesic models associated to the toroids inner edges. We also study possible effect of the tori geometrical thickness on the oscillatory phenomena.