bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and effects ofin vitroandin vivoglucocorticoids on mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in major depression
Authors: Pötzsch M , Schiütt C , Ernst K 
Published: April 2020

SummaryTo prove the hypothesis of a common defect in the central nervous system and immune system in patients with major depression, we examined the inhibition of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced lymphocyte proliferation byin vitroandin vivoadministration of glucocorticoids in 20 patients with major depression. The patients were divided into two groups according to the results of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Six patients showed cortisol non-suppression. They had significantly higher baseline plasma cortisol levels in comparison with cortisol suppressors. The lymphocytes from cortisol non-suppressors were significantly stronger inhibited byin vitroadministration of glucocorticoids compared to the lymphocytes from cortisol suppressors. However, there were no significant differences of lymphocyte inhibition byin vivoadministration of glucocorticoids between both patient groups. From our results we conclude that cortisol non-suppressors reveal impaired down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptors of lymphocytes. Furthermore, the effect of glucocorticoids on lymphocyte reactivity may reflect the effects on brain structures in patients with major depression.
The definition of pain
Authors: Merskey H 
Published: April 2020

SummaryWhat we ordinarily call pain can arise either as a consequence of physical events or as a result of psychological processes. Both situations can be covered in one definition by treating pain as a word which applies only to subjective experience and not to nociception or to physiological processes. A definition of pain, framed in this fashion by the subcommittee on taxonomy of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), was adopted by the IASP in 1979 and has been widely accepted since that date. Behavioural phenomena should not be confused with this definition. It implies a monistic view of the experience of pain and it is inappropriate to encumber it with concepts of “pain behaviour”. At the same time dual or multiple causes of pain are recognized. Thus physical causes, psychological causes or both may produce the unitary experience.
Treatment of tardive dyskinesias with vitamin E*
Authors: Schmidt M , Meister P , Baumann P 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe hypothesis that tardive dyskinesias observed after long-term administration of neuroleptics are due to the formation of free radicals following this medication has prompted studies on the use of vitamin E (α-tocopherol), an antioxidant to treat patients suffering from such side-effects. The present study aimed at reproducing earlier encouraging results in treating 23 patients with vitamin E, using a double-blind crossover design. Inclusion criteria were: duration of tardive dyskinesia for at least 3 months, appearance of the symptoms during neuroleptic treatment or after stopping this kind of medication. The 10 subjects in the first group (Gl) were treated for 14 days with 1 200 mg vitamin E per day and then for 14 days with placebo. For the second group (G2) with 9 subjects, the treatment periods were inversed. The 2 dropouts in each group were not due to experimental problems: there was no complication due to vitamin E intake, or only negligible side-effects. Side-effects were rated on the AIM scale on days 0, 14 and 28. The results of the present study do not confirm earlier reports: there was no significant difference in the therapeutic effect between placebo and vitamin E in any of the groups. However, the fact of taking these symptoms into account in the physician-patient relationship has contributed significantly to a decrease of tardive dyskinesia in both groups, from the beginning until the end of the investigation period, during which both neuroleptic and tranquilizing treatments were kept constant. Further studies should include longer treatment periods with vitamin E or even test the preventive effect of vitamin E in the production of tardive dyskinesia by neuroleptics.
Schizophrenics with a family history of bipolar disorder. Possible involvement of obstetric complications
Authors: Verdoux H , Bourgeois M 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe case reports of two DSM III-R schizophrenic patients with a family history of bipolar disorder are presented. The two patients had a history of severe obstetric complications (OCs). These cases are discussed in the light of neurodevelopmental theories of schizophrenia and in the continuum view of psychosis.
Everyday creativity and bipolar and unipolar affective disorder: preliminary study of personal and family history
Authors: Richards R , Kinney DK , Daniels H , Linkins K 
Published: April 2020

SummaryPreliminary new data support the enhancement of ‘everyday’ creativity among those persons with bipolar disorders who manifest milder rather than more severe mood elevations, and among certain individuals who are likely to carry bipolar liability but themselves show no clinical mood elevations – in this case, unipolar depressives with a family history of bipolar disorder, when compared with depressives lacking this history. Creativity was assessed using the lifetime creativity scales (Richardsel al, 1988). Underlying mechanisms may be multifactorial and complex. Results suggest that both personal and family history should be considered when making predictions concerning creativity and affective disorders.
A French family study of two groups of alcoholic men
Authors: Amiel-Lebigre F , Duyme M , Tordjman S 
Published: April 2020

SummaryAlcoholic and psychiatric family history were investigated in two groups of alcoholics, recruited differently, and controls. Alcoholics with or without a family history of alcoholism (AFH + and AFH − ) were compared with regard to professional qualifications, personal psychiatric history, age at onset and reasons given for becoming alcoholic. The results can be summarized as follows: the family ‘aggregate’ of alcoholism found was independent of the recruitment. This was not the case for personal psychiatric history for which a gradient was found in the two alcoholic groups. Rates of alcoholism were higher in both the first and second degree relatives. Alcoholics with AFH+ and AFH− differed significantly with regard to inducement by profession, and tended to differ as to age of onset.
Conjugated lateral eye movements and EEG: a study on schizophrenic and depressive patients
Authors: Schneider F , Heimann H , Bartels M , Birbaumer N 
Published: April 2020

SummaryLateral gaze aversions which follow reflective or thought provoking questions are called conjugated lateral eye movements (CLEMs). This response was studied in 20 schizophrenic patients, 20 depressive patients and 20 healthy controls. Frontal and parietal EEG measures were recorded simultaneously with the question/answer task. There were no differences in CLEMs among the 3 groups. Schizophrenic and depressive patients demonstrated a significantly reduced EEG-power on the left and an increased power on the right in comparison with healthy controls. This may point to a functional interhemispheric ‘disconnection’ in patients. Comparative correlations revealed EEG-power increase during the occurrence of contralateral CLEMs in the whole 10 min task.
Mental health of women with HIV infection: a study in Paris and London
Authors: Mellers JDC , Marchand-Gonod N , King M , Laupa V , Smith JR 
Published: April 2020

SummaryPsychiatric morbidity was assessed in 55 HIV seropositive women who were attending either an HIV centre in Paris (n = 30) or a genitourinary clinic in London (n = 25). Demographic data and information concerning HIV disease, openness about diagnosis, counselling received, social and family support, sexual behaviour and attitudes towards fertility and pregnancy were recorded using a semi-structured interview. Moderate or severe levels of psychiatric distress were found in 60% of the women in Paris and 28% of those in London. Overall, these rates are higher than those found in comparable studies of HIV seropositive men. Psychiatric disorder was associated with a past history of intravenous drug use and older age. Over half of the women were in regular sexual relationships but safe sex precautions were frequently not used. Sixteen subjects among those of child bearing age were prepared to consider having children.
Hunger and appetite during visual perception of food in eating disorders
Authors: Bossert-Zaudig S , Laessle R , Meiller C , Ellgring H , Pirke KM 
Published: April 2020

SummaryNineteen different slides of food items and their effects on appetite and hunger as rated on visual analogue scales were investigated in 20 bulimics and 9 anorexics (DSM-III-R) at the onset and after 8 weeks of behavioral hospital treatment; 9 controls were examined at the maximum of weight loss during a diet and at normal weight. At the onset of treatment appetite ratings were significantly lower in patients than in dieting controls. In anorexics and bulimics appetite ratings increased significantly during treatment. The sight of food did not increase reported hunger in bulimics but did so in controls. Appetite ratings, however, were significantly increased by the sight of food in bulimics as well as in controls. Despite the small sample size, it may be concluded that dieting and weight loss have different psychological implications in healthy controls and in patients with eating disorders, that dieting rather than weight per se influences appetite and that differences in hunger responsiveness to the sight of food in anorexics and bulimics seem likely.
How depressive are male alcoholic inpatients? Psychometric results from the “Tübinger Alkoholismusprojekt“*
Authors: Stetter F , Rein W , Mann K 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThere has been continued interest in the nature of the association between affective disorders and alcoholism. This may be due to the fact that during the course of alcoholism 30-70% of the patients suffer from mood disturbances meeting the criteria for severe depression, especially in periods of excessive alcohol consumption or during withdrawal. In the course of a prospective multidimensional study, Tiibinger Alkoholismusprojekt (T-ALK Study), symptoms of depression in 31 male alcohol-dependent patients (RDC diagnosis) were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Freiburger Personlichkeitsinventar (FPI-R) at the beginning and at the end of a 6-week inpatient treatment program. There was only a moderate degree of depression (BDI) in 20% of the patients which decreased significantly during the psychotherapeutic treatment under conditions of confirmed abstinence. No correlations between the degree of depression and neuropsychological impairment were found. Although the “satisfaction with life” (FPI-R factor) was still impaired in a third of the patients at the end of that short-term treatment period, our results do not indicate a general nosological overlap between alcoholism and affective disorders in males.
Principal-component analysis of PANSS and SANS - SAPS global ratings in schizophrenic patients
Authors: Dollfus S , Petit M , Lesieur P , Menard JF 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe aim of this study was to test whether a positive and a negative component could be found in broadly defined schizophrenic patients. Therefore, 70 patients either in an exacerbated or in a stabilized phase were selected according to the criteria of at least 1 of the 4 following diagnostic systems: DSM III-R, Schneider, Carpenter, Langfeldt; principal component analyses (PCA) were carried out with the 9 global ratings of the Scales for Assessment of Negative and Positive Symptoms (SANS and SAPS) and with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The PCA of the SANS-SAPS global ratings yielded a 3-factor solution explaining 72.14% of the total variance, depicting a negative, a positive and a disorganization component. The PCA of the PANSS provided a 5-factor solution with a total explained variance of 55.98%. The first 3 factors were similar to those of the SANS-SAPS global rating analysis. The results showed that the positive and negative components described in a homogeneous schizophrenic population could be replicated in a larger and more heterogeneous group of schizophrenic patients. The question regarding the sufficiency of the positive-negative dichotomy was strengthened by the presence of a third disorganization component which explained as much of the variance as the positive component.
A review of the safety of paroxetine
Authors: Montgomery SA 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe tolerability and safety of treatment with paroxetine have been assessed by analysis of a clinical trial database that extends to 4126 patients treated with paroxetine, 1954 patients on active control, and 625 placebo patients. A total of 451 patients were exposed to paroxetine for periods of 1 or more years. Paroxetine was generally better tolerated than active control and was associated with a lower frequency of manic reactions in bipolar patients and fewer seizures than active control. Paroxetine appears to offer a differential advantage in reducing suicidal thoughts; the number of suicides and attempted suicides per patient exposure year were lower for paroxetine than for other antidepressants or placebo.
Tianeptine counteracts the anxiogenic effects of benzodiazepine withdrawal, but not those of exposure to cat odour
Authors: File SE , Andrews N , Zangrossi H 
Published: April 2020

SummaryTianeptine is a clinically effective anti-depressant with the unusual profile of increasing 5-HT uptake, thereby decreasing the synaptic availability of 5-HT. In the social interaction test of anxiety in the rat, withdrawal from chronic diazepam treatment produced a significant anxiogenic response that was reversed by acute administration of tianeptine (2.5–10 mg/kg). These doses were without significant effect in the vehicle-treated rats. Exposure of rats to cat odour resulted in anxiogenic responses in the plus-maze and social interaction tests and in decreased exploration. These changes were not reversed by 5 days treatment with tianeptine (2.5–10 mg/kg). Thus, tianeptine may not he effective in all anxiety states, but could be particularly useful in treating patients withdrawn from benzodiazepines.
Dietary fatty acids and CD36-mediated cholesterol homeostasis: potential mechanisms
Authors: Ulug Elif , Nergiz-Unal Reyhan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCurrently, the prevention and treatment of CVD have been a global focus since CVD is the number one cause of mortality and morbidity. In the pathogenesis of CVD, it was generally thought that impaired cholesterol homeostasis might be a risk factor. Cholesterol homeostasis is affected by exogenous factors (i.e. diet) and endogenous factors (i.e. certain receptors, enzymes and transcription factors). In this context, the number of studies investigating the potential mechanisms of dietary fatty acids on cholesterol homeostasis have increased in recent years. As well, the cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) receptor is a multifunctional membrane receptor involved in fatty acid uptake, lipid metabolism, atherothrombosis and inflammation. CD36 is proposed to be a crucial molecule for cholesterol homeostasis in various mechanisms including absorption/reabsorption, synthesis, and transport of cholesterol and bile acids. Moreover, it has been reported that the amount of fatty acids and fatty acid pattern of the diet influence the CD36 level and CD36-mediated cholesterol metabolism principally in the liver, intestine and macrophages. In these processes, CD36-mediated cholesterol and lipoprotein homeostasis might be impaired by dietary SFA and trans-fatty acids, whereas ameliorated by MUFA in the diet. The effects of PUFA on CD36-mediated cholesterol homeostasis are controversial depending on the amount of n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA, and the n-3:n-6 PUFA ratio. Thus, since the CD36 receptor is suggested to be a novel nutrient-sensitive biomarker, the role of CD36 and dietary fatty acids in cholesterol metabolism might be considered in medical nutrition therapy in the near future. Therefore, the novel nutritional target of CD36 and interventions that focus on dietary fatty acids and potential mechanisms underlying cholesterol homeostasis are discussed in this review.
Developmental cascade effects of a parenting-focused program for divorced families on competence in emerging adulthood
Authors: Wolchik Sharlene A. , Tein Jenn-Yun , Winslow Emily , Minney Jessy , Sandler Irwin N. , Masten Ann S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis 15-year longitudinal follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of a parenting-focused preventive intervention for divorced families examined cascade models of program effects on offsprings’ competence. It was hypothesized that intervention-induced improvements in parenting would lead to better academic, work, peer, and romantic competence in emerging adulthood through effects on behavior problems and competencies during adolescence. Families (N= 240) participated in the 11-session program or literature control condition when children were ages 9–12. Data were drawn from assessments at pretest, posttest, and follow-ups at 3 and 6 months and 6 and 15 years. Results showed that initial intervention effects of parenting on externalizing problems in adolescence cascaded to work outcomes in adulthood. Parenting effects also directly impacted work success. For work outcomes and peer competence, intervention effects were moderated by initial risk level; the program had greater effects on youths with higher risk at program entry. In addition, intervention effects on parenting led to fewer externalizing problems that in turn cascaded to better academic outcomes, which showed continuity into emerging adulthood. Results highlight the potential for intervention effects of the New Beginnings Program to cascade over time to affect adult competence in multiple domains, particularly for high-risk youths.
Percutaneous closure of a left ventricular pseudoaneurysm after transcatheter ventricular septal defect closure
Authors: Gokalp Selman , Ugan Atik Sezen , Saltik Irfan L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLeft ventricular pseudoaneurysm is very rare in children. Although surgery is conventional treatment, recently, percutaneous closure of pseudoaneurysms has been described. Here, we present the first case where a patient developed left ventricular pseudoaneurysm after percutaneous ventricular septal defect device closure and was treated by a second percutaneous method.
Micronutrient intakes and their food sources among Greek children and adolescents
Authors: Mitsopoulou Anastasia-Vasiliki , Magriplis Emmanuella , Dimakopoulos Ioannis , Karageorgou Dimitra , Bakogianni Ioanna , Micha Renata , Michas George , Chourdakis Michail , Ntouroupi Triantafyllia , Tsaniklidou Sophia-Maria , Argyri Konstantina , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B , Zampelas Antonis 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjective:To assess the usual dietary intake of twenty micronutrients and to identify their food sources in a representative sample of Greek children and adolescents.Design:Cross-sectional data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS). Vitamin and mineral intakes were estimated from two 24 h dietary recalls by sex and age groups. Estimates were calculated using the National Research Council method and the statistical software package Stata13 to account for within- and between-person variations. The prevalence of nutrients’ inadequacy among sample was estimated using the estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method. The contribution of food groups to nutrient intake was estimated to identify micronutrients food sources.Setting:Greece.Participants:Children and adolescents aged 1–19 years (n 577) who provided sufficient and plausible 24-h recalls.Results:A substantial percentage of children and adolescents had insufficient intakes of numerous micronutrients. Usual intake of vitamins D, K and potassium was inadequate in practically all individuals. Vitamin A, folate, Ca and Mg were also insufficient to a considerable percentage, especially in girls aged 14–18 years. Pantothenic acid was highlighted as nutrient of interest since only one out of ten boys 9–13 years and girls 14–19 years had intake above the EAR. Data demonstrated that food groups highly ranked in energy contribution were not necessarily important sources of micronutrients.Conclusions:Results suggest that micronutrient density of Greek children and adolescents’ diet should be improved. These findings might be used by public health policy-makers to help young people optimise their food choices in Greece.
The effects of gain- and loss-framed nutritional messages on children’s healthy eating behaviour
Authors: Binder Alice , Naderer Brigitte , Matthes Jörg 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjective:Despite extensive research on framing effects in public health communication, there is still a lack of knowledge on how gain framesv. loss frames can encourage healthy eating behaviour among children.Design:Drawing on the Prospect Theory as well as on the Reactivity of Embedded Food Cues in Advertising Model, an experiment exposed children to an audio-visual cartoon movie with gain-framed nutritional messages about eating fruit (gain condition), loss-framed nutritional messages about eating fruit (loss condition) or a message without any food (control group). Children’s fruit intake was measured as the dependent variable. Children’s awareness of gain- and loss-framed arguments was treated as mediators, while children’s age and parents’ self-reported food-related mediation styles were modelled as moderators.Setting:Vienna, Austria, in 2018.Participants:Children aged 6–10 years (N161).Results:Children in the gain frame group were more aware of gain-framed arguments, and children in the loss frame group were more aware of loss-framed arguments than those in the control group. However, only the mediator awareness of gain-framed arguments increased fruit intake. Additionally, there was a direct effect of the gain-framed message on fruit intake compared to the control group. The loss condition did not reveal such an effect. Neither parent’s food-related mediation styles nor children’s age moderated those results.Conclusion:Gain-framing seems to be more effective in influencing children’s healthy food choices compared to loss-framing. Implications for health communication strategies aimed at children are discussed.
Entwicklung und Skalierung eines Tests zur Erfassung des Verständnisses multipler Dokumente von Studierenden
Authors: Schoor Cornelia , Hahnel Carolin , Artelt Cordula , Reimann Daniel , Kröhne Ulf , Goldhammer Frank 
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung. Das Verständnis multipler Dokumente (Multiple Document Comprehension, MDC) wird als Fähigkeit verstanden, aus verschiedenen Informationsquellen eine integrierte Repräsentation eines inhaltlichen Gegenstandsbereichs zu konstruieren. Als solche ist sie sowohl für die erfolgreiche Bewältigung eines Studiums als auch für gesellschaftliche Partizipation eine wichtige Kompetenz. Bislang gibt es jedoch kein etabliertes Diagnostikum in diesem Bereich. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, wurde ein Test entwickelt, der vier zentrale kognitive Anforderungen von MDC abdeckt und auf Basis der Daten von 310 Studierenden sozial- und geisteswissenschaftlicher Fächer überprüft wurde. Die im MDC-Test gemessene Kompetenz erwies sich als eindimensional. Der MDC-Testwert wies theoriekonforme Zusammenhänge mit der Abiturnote, dem Studienabschnitt und der Leistung in einer Essay-Aufgabe auf. Insgesamt liefern die Ergebnisse empirische Belege dafür, dass der Testwert aus dem MDC-Test die fächerübergreifende Fähigkeit von Studierenden wiedergibt, multiple Dokumente zu verstehen.