bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The rationale and design of public involvement in health-funding decision making: focus groups with the Canadian public
Authors: Lopes Edilene , Street Jackie , Stafinski Tania , Merlin Tracy , Carter Drew 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundWorldwide, governments employ health technology assessment (HTA) in healthcare funding decision making. Requests to include public perspectives in this are increasing, with the idea being that the public can identify social values to guide policy development, increasing the transparency and accountability of government decision making.ObjectiveTo understand the perspectives of the Canadian public on the rationale and design of public involvement in HTA.DesignA demographically representative sample of residents of a Canadian province was selected to take part in two sets of two focus groups (sixteen people for the first set and twenty for the second set).ResultsParticipants were suspicious of the interests driving various stakeholders involved in HTA. They saw the public as uniquely impartial though also lacking knowledge about health technologies. Participants were also suspicious of personal biases and commended mechanisms to reduce their impact. Participants suggested various involvement methods, such as focus groups, citizens' juries and surveys, noting advantages and disadvantages belonging to each and commending a combination.Discussion and conclusionsWe identified a lack of public understanding of how decisions are made and distrust concerning whose interests and values are being considered. Public involvement was seen as a way of providing information to the public and ascertaining their views and values. Participants suggested that public involvement should employ a mixed-methods strategy to support informed debate and participation of a large number of people.
Focused Fluid Flow Along the Nootka Fault Zone and Continental Slope, Explorer‐Juan de Fuca Plate Boundary
Authors: Riedel M. , Rohr K. M. M. , Spence G. D. , Kelley D. , Delaney J. , Lapham L. , Pohlman J. W. , Hyndman R. D. , Willoughby E. C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGeophysical and geochemical data indicate there is abundant fluid expulsion in the Nootka fault zone (NFZ) between the Juan de Fuca and Explorer plates and the Nootka continental slope. Here we combine observations from >20 years of investigations to demonstrate the nature of fluid‐flow along the NFZ, which is the seismically most active region off Vancouver Island. Seismicity reaching down to the upper mantle is linked to near‐seafloor manifestation of fluid flow through a network of faults. Along the two main fault traces, seismic reflection data imaged bright spots 100–300 m below seafloor that lie above changes in basement topography. The bright spots are conformable to sediment layering, show opposite‐to‐seafloor reflection polarity, and are associated with frequency reduction and velocity push‐down indicating the presence of gas in the sediments. Two seafloor mounds ~15 km seaward of the Nootka slope are underlain by deep, nonconformable high‐amplitude reflective zones. Measurements in the water column above one mound revealed a plume of warm water, and bottom‐video observations imaged hydrothermal vent system biota. Pore fluids from a core at this mound contain predominately microbial methane (C1) with a high proportion of ethane (C2) yielding C1/C2 ratios <500 indicating a possible slight contribution from a deep source. We infer the reflective zones beneath the two mounds are basaltic intrusions that create hydrothermal circulation within the overlying sediments. Across the Nootka continental slope, gas hydrate‐related bottom‐simulating reflectors are widespread and occur at depths indicating heat flow values of 80–90 mW/m2.
Slow Stick‐Slip Failure in Halite Gouge Caused by Brittle‐Plastic Fault Heterogeneity
Authors: Hirauchi Ken‐ichi , Yoshida Yoshiaki , Yabe Yasuo , Muto Jun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSlow earthquakes, including low‐frequency earthquakes and tremor, occur in the brittle‐ductile (plastic) transition zone on plate boundary faults. To understand how transitions in deformation mechanisms can influence seismic behavior, we conducted stick‐slip experiments on halite gouge at normal stresses (σn) of 8 to 113 MPa. In the brittle regime (σn ≤ 18 MPa), the halite gouge showed fast and regular stick‐slip associated with velocity‐weakening behavior. In contrast, increasing the normal stress within the semibrittle regime (σn ≥ 27 MPa) led to a significant decrease in slip velocity and stress drop, which was associated with a transition from velocity‐weakening to velocity‐strengthening behavior. Local stress measurements along the simulated faults, made using strain gauges, revealed that the critical nucleation length (Lc) increased with increasing normal stress. Macrostructural and microstructural observations showed that the transition from fast dynamic slip to slow quasi‐static slip could be attributed to an increasing contribution from semibrittle/plastic deformation occurring within domains that are heterogeneously distributed within the gouge layer. Our findings suggest that brittle‐plastic fault heterogeneity, which may be generated by spatial variations in pore fluid pressure and/or lithology, contributes to the emergence of slow earthquakes.
The Potential Impacts of the Erratic Motion of Dip Equator and Magnetic Poles
Authors: Yizengaw Endawoke 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper examined the secular displacement of the dip equator and the geomagnetic poles as well as the variations of the global magnetic inclination and declination angles using magnetometer measurements onboard different low‐Earth orbit (LEO) satellite. The secular variation of the dip equator and geomagnetic poles has different impacts on different applications—from affecting the long‐term characterization of the low‐latitude ionosphere to degrading the precision of geomagnetic navigation. The strong displacement of the dip equator can result in a systematic error in the determination of the long‐term equatorial electric field variations and hence in the characterization of ionospheric density structure, especially in the region, where the displacement of dip equator is large enough (more than 20 km or 0.2°/year) within the time scale of a solar cycle or less. Similarly, the slowly moving locations of magnetic poles, estimated from magnetometer observations onboard LEO satellite, exemplify noticeable discrepancy with that of world magnetic model (WMM) and International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) values, indicating inevitable possible impact on the precise geomagnetic navigation for commercial and military applications. Thus, accurately estimated locations of the dip equator and magnetic poles, as well as declination angles, are critically important.
Ancient Martian Aeolian Sand Dune Deposits Recorded in the Stratigraphy of Valles Marineris and Implications for Past Climates
Authors: Chojnacki Matthew , Fenton Lori K. , Weintraub Aaron Robert , Edgar Lauren A. , Jodhpurkar Mohini J. , Edwards Christopher S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAeolian sediment transport, deposition, and erosion have been ongoing throughout Mars's history. This record of widespread aeolian processes is preserved in landforms and geologic units that retain important clues about past environmental conditions including wind patterns. In this study we describe landforms within Melas Chasma, Valles Marineris, that occur in distinct groups with linear to crescentic shapes, arranged with a characteristic wavelength; some possess slope profiles analogous to modern sand dunes yet show evidence for lithification. Based on the features' dimensions, asymmetry, and spatial patterns relative to modern equivalents, we interpret these landforms to be two classes of aeolian bedforms: decameter‐scale megaripples and sand dunes. The presence of superposed erosional features and depositional units indicates that these landforms were cemented and likely ancient. Melas paleodunes are found atop Hesperian‐aged layered deposits, but we estimate them to be younger, likely lithified in the Amazonian period. Although a range of degradation was observed, some paleodunes are >10 m tall and maintain steep lee sides (>25°), an uncommon scenario for terrestrial examples as other geologic processes lead to dune obliteration. The preserved paleobedform geometries are largely consistent with those of modern aeolian indicators, suggesting no major shifts in wind regime or contributing boundary conditions. Finally, we propose that their appearance and context require sequential periods of dune migration, stabilization following catastrophic burial, cementation, differential erosion, exposure, and burial. The presence of wholly preserved duneforms appears to be more common on Mars compared to the Earth and may signal something important about Martian landscape evolution.
Beyond x,y,z(t); Navigating New Landscapes of Science in the Science of Landscapes
Authors: Koppes Michèle , King Leonora 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAt the start of its centennial year, AGU's surface process community revisited G. K. Gilbert's legacy of landscape description and experimental models of surface processes, as well as his embrace of critique and pragmatism in the practice of landscape science. In the 100 years, since Gilbert and especially since the dawn of the 21st century, we have seen an intensified focus on the acquisition of more and more earth observation data and the numerical modeling of landscapes, alongside widespread use of deterministic and predictive practices to find solutions to the social, economic, and environmental challenges of today. What have we gained and lost in this pursuit? Here we lay out some of the challenges for the discipline in an increasingly data‐rich and complex world in which earth science is also being called to reorient itself towards more societally relevant roles. We ask the community to ponder the following: Is the discipline serving our scientific and societal goals, or is there a need for the science of landscapes to adopt new frameworks of thinking and to question the deterministic approaches that have dominated our discipline to date, in order to attend to the needs of living in the Anthropocene?
Recent Constraints on MIS 3 Sea Level Support Role of Continental Shelf Exposure as a Control on Indo‐Pacific Hydroclimate
Authors: Pico T. , McGee D. , Russell J. , Mitrovica J. X. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe mechanisms controlling changes in atmospheric circulation and rainfall over the Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) on glacial‐interglacial timescales remain a subject of considerable debate. Continental shelf exposure, through sea‐level drawdown during glacial periods, has been proposed as an important and possibly dominant control on rainfall intensity over the IPWP and Indian Ocean. However, longer records of hydroclimate change undermine this shelf exposure hypothesis. In particular, trends in some proxy records of rainfall do not track the extent of continental shelf exposure inferred from global benthic oxygen isotope records during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3). We revisit the hypothesis that continental shelf exposure controls IPWP precipitation using the latest constraints on ice‐age sea level. Recent studies on the timing and magnitude of global mean sea level during mid‐MIS 3 (~45) suggest significantly higher peak sea level relative to previous work. Our gravitationally self‐consistent glacial isostatic adjustment sea‐level reconstructions, which adopt recent constraints on MIS 3 sea level, predict a transition from widely inundated to exposed shelves in the Indo‐Pacific region from mid‐MIS 3 to the beginning of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~19–26 ka). Over this same time period, proxy records of vegetation and hydrology from central Indonesia suggest a transition from wetter conditions during mid‐MIS 3 to drier conditions during the LGM. Our new calculations thus negate prior criticisms related to the timing and extent of shelf exposure, indicating that shelf exposure may remain an important driver for hydroclimate variability in the IPWP region on glacial‐interglacial timescales.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gastrointestinal endoscopy in Africa
Authors: Ebigbo Alanna , Karstensen John Gásdal , Bhat Purnima , Ijoma Uchenna , Osuagwu Chukwuemeka , Desalegn Hailemichael , Oyeleke Ganiyat K. , Gebru Rezene B. , Guy Claire , Antonelli Giulio , Vilmann Peter , Aabakken Lars , Hassan Cesare 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background and study aims As with all other fields of medical practice, gastrointestinal endoscopy has been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, data on the impact of the pandemic in Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa are lacking.
Methods A web-based survey was conducted by the International Working Group of the European Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and the World Endoscopy Organization to determine the impact and effects the COVID-19 pandemic has had on endoscopists in African countries.
Results Thirty-one gastroenterologists from 14 countries in north, central, and sub-Saharan Africa responded to the survey. The majority of respondents reduced their endoscopy volume considerably. Personal protective equipment including FFP-2 masks were available in almost all participating centers. Pre-endoscopy screening was performed as well.
Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on gastrointestinal endoscopy in most African countries; however, the impact may not have been as devastating as expected.
Second Ventilatory Threshold Assessed by Heart Rate Variability in a
Multiple Shuttle Run Test
Authors: Stergiopoulos Dimitrios C. , Kounalakis Stylianos N. , Miliotis Panagiotis G. , Geladas Nikolaos D 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMany studies have focused on heart rate variability in association with
ventilatory thresholds. The purpose of the current study was to consider the
ECG-derived respiration and the high frequency product of heart rate variability
as applicable methods to assess the second ventilatory threshold
(VT2). Fifteen healthy young soccer players participated in the
study. Respiratory gases and ECGs were collected during an incremental
laboratory test and in a multistage shuttle run test until exhaustion.
VΤ2 was individually calculated using the deflection
point of ventilatory equivalents. In addition, VT2 was assessed both
by the deflection point of ECG-derived respiration and high frequency product.
Results showed no statistically significant differences between VT2,
and the threshold as determined with high frequency product and ECG-derived
respiration (F(2,28)=0.83, p=0.45,
η2=0.05). A significant intraclass correlation was
observed for ECG-derived respiration (r=0.94) and high frequency product
(r=0.95) with VT2. Similarly, Bland Altman analysis showed a
considerable agreement between VT2 vs. ECG-derived respiration (mean
difference of −0.06 km·h−1,
95% CL: ±0.40) and VT2 vs. high frequency product
(mean difference of 0.02 km·h−1, 95%
CL: ±0.38). This study suggests that, high frequency product and
ECG-derived respiration are indeed reliable heart rate variability indices
determining VT2 in a field shuttle run test
Recent Advances in Sulfur-Containing Heterocycle Formation via Direct C–H Sulfuration with Elemental Sulfur
Authors: Deng Guo-Jun , Huang Huawen , Liu Saiwen 
Published: August 2020

The synthesis of sulfur heterocycles via the construction of C–S bonds has received considerable attention due to their biological value and extensive pharmaceutical application. While diverse sulfurating agents have been developed over the past few decades, in this regard, elemental sulfur, with advantages of low toxicity, odorless nature and chemical stability, has great potential for the construction of diverse sulfur heterocycles through its direct incorporation into the target molecules in a concise way. Direct functionalization of inert C–H bonds can shorten the number of reaction steps and minimize the amount of waste formed. Hence, heteroannulations via direct C–H sulfuration is considered to be an attractive strategy for the synthesis of sulfur heterocycles. In the last few years, a vast array of concise systems have been reported for the synthesis of some valuable sulfur heterocycles such as thiophenes, thienoindoles, thienothiazoles, thiazoles, benzothiazoles, and thiadiazoles through direct C–H sulfuration/annulations with elemental sulfur. These are discussed in detail in this review.1	Introduction2	Thiophenes3	Thienoindoles4	Thienothiazoles5	Other Fused Thiophenes6	Thiazoles7	Benzothiazoles8	Thiadiazoles9	Others10	Summary and Outlook
Metal-Quinoid Carbene Chemistry: From Bonding to C–H Activation Catalysis
Authors: Che Chi-Ming , Wang Hai-Xu , Wu Kai 
Published: August 2020

This account summarizes our recent work on metal-quinoid carbene (QC) chemistry including (a) dirhodium-catalyzed QC C(sp2)–H insertion reactions enabled by a C-centered carbene-transfer reactivity, (b) the isolation, characterization, and dual reactivity of Ru(II) porphyrin QC complexes, and (c) iridium(III) porphyrin-catalyzed QC C(sp3)–H insertion reaction initiated by an O-centered hydrogen-atom transfer reactivity of metal–QC species.1	Introduction2	Catalytic Quinoid Carbene Insertions into C(sp2)–H Bonds Enabled by Carbene-Transfer Reactivity3	Ruthenium(II) Porphyrin Quinoid Carbene Complexes and Dual Reactivity4	Catalytic Quinoid Carbene Insertions into C(sp3)–H Bonds Enabled by Hydrogen-Atom-Transfer Reactivity5	Perspective and Outlook
Ectopic Cerebellar Tissue in the Occipital Bone: A Case Report
Authors: Gupta Mihir , Duddleston Pate J. , Sagi Varun , Powers Martin , Sang U Hoi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEctopic cerebellar tissue has only been described in isolated case reports, with only two reported cases in adult patients. We report the case of a 63-year-old woman with progressive, medically refractory headaches. A scan showed an intraosseous lesion of the midline occipital bone. Surgical resection of the soft tissue lesion was undertaken. Her headaches ceased postoperatively. Histopathological analysis revealed cerebellar cortical tissue with a surrounding meningothelial cell layer, characteristic of cerebellar ectopia. This is the second reported case of an intraosseous location of this lesion, and only the third case described in an adult patient. Our findings illustrate a rare cause of headaches and support the therapeutic roles of surgical treatment for this extremely rare condition.
Principles of Protection of the Eye and Vision in Orbital Surgery
Authors: Dohlman Jenny C. , Yoon Michael K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOrbital surgery can result in damage to ocular and orbital structures, leading to a range of structural and visual sequelae, including corneal abrasions, globe malposition, diplopia, and blindness. Vision loss in particular is the most feared and devastating complication, occurs with an overall incidence of 0.84%, and can occur secondary to direct injury, optic nerve compression, or ischemic events. Different types of orbital surgery and surgical approaches carry their own hazards, and it is important to be mindful of these risks in addition to having a thorough understanding of individual risk factors and anatomical variations for each patient. Although universal guidelines for preserving vision in orbital surgery do not yet exist, there are concrete steps that every surgeon can take at the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative stages to minimize the risk of injury and maximize the likelihood of preserving the eye and visual function.
Averting Delayed Complications of Open Anterior Skull Base Surgery
Authors: Ringel Barak , Livneh Nir , Carmel-Neiderman Narin N. , Horowitz Gilad , Margalit Nevo , Fliss Dan M. , Abergel Avraham 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objective Despite its technical feasibility, anterior skull base surgery still carries the risk of severe postoperative complications, morbidity, and mortality. The reported rate of complications has diminished over the past two decades, but they continue to pose various challenges. This study aims to report late complications in a relatively large series of patients who underwent open anterior skull base surgery, and to propose methods for averting such complications.
Methods Retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent anterior open skull base surgery between 2000 and 2016 in a university-affiliated tertiary referral cancer center.
Results There were 301 operations, of which 198 (65.8%) were for benign disease and 103 (34.2%) were for malignant tumors. The male-to-female ratio was 1.4:1, and the mean age was 44.8 years. Delayed complications occurred in 85 patients (28.2%): 31 (10.3%) involved wounds, 18 (13.9%) involved the central nervous system, and 14 (4.6%) involved the orbit. Multivariate analysis found malignant pathology, intracranial extension, and previous radiochemotherapy as predictors for the development of a delayed complication. The patients who were operated in the later study period (after 2007) had lower rates of all three types of complications compared with the earlier study period.
Conclusion Delayed complications following skull base surgery are in decline. This is mainly due to the advancement in imaging studies, surgical techniques, development of sophisticated reconstructive procedures, and the cooperation of multidisciplinary teams. We attribute the reduction in our department to our revised treatment protocol which is presented herein, with emphasis on averting the occurrence of these complications.
Level of Evidence The level of evidence is 4.
History and challenges of translation and interpreting in Modern Korea
Authors: Ahn In-kyoung 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In 1979, a graduate school with a hitherto unusual name opened its doors at the Hankuk University of Foreign
Studies in Seoul, the ‘Graduate School of Simultaneous Interpretation’, as the school GSIT, HUFS was called at that time. Up to
then, translation and interpreting had not been considered as proper occupations in Korea. It was actually not known which people
with what kind of qualifications performed translation or interpreting. It was therefore a completely novel idea that translators
and interpreters should be trained at a higher education institution. Yet, GSIT proved to be a huge success. GSIT attracted a
great deal of public attention and many talented young people. The hitherto accumulated T&I needs in society and the trend of
globalization played their part in GSIT’s popularity.
As the only educational institution for T&I for the first 18 years and beyond, GSIT has written key chapters
in the history of T&I in modern Korea. This paper summarizes GSIT’s footsteps in order to discuss the developments of the past
four decades in Korea in T&I education and studies, in the T&I profession and the economic and socio-cultural aspects of
those developments. Based on the results of the discussion, the current situation of T&I in Korea is observed with a focus on
‘professionality’ so as to identify tasks for the future.
Taxonomy, origin and importance of the Apiaceae family.
Authors: Reduron Jean-Pierre 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Apiaceae is a plant family comprising at the present time 466 genera and about 3800 species. It is distributed nearly worldwide, but is most diverse in temperate climatic areas, such as Eurasia and North America. It is quite rare in tropical humid regions where it is limited to high mountains. Mediterranean and arid climatic conditions favour high species diversification. This chapter provides information on the taxonomy and history, as well as economic importance, properties and uses of the Apiaceae family.