bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Operando X-Ray Imaging and Tracking of Degradation and Failure Phenomena inside Zinc-Air Systems
Authors: Yufit Vladimir , Tariq Farid , Eastwood David S , Biton Moshiel , Wu Billy , Lee Peter D , Brandon Nigel P. 
Published: February 2020

In search for the next generation of battery technology, rechargeable aqueous zinc-air systems present very attractive power sources due to high specific energy, safety, environmental compatibility and low cost of components and active materials. Nonetheless these systems have not yet been commercialised as they suffer from a short cycle life that prohibits their use for large electrical storage applications that require thousands of deep discharge cycles. One of the key factors responsible for shortened cycle life is dendritic growth occurring during the system charge. Dendrites can grow sufficiently wide to cause an internal short-circuit between the anode and the cathode. While extensive work has been carried out to study and mitigate zinc dendrite formation; real time dendritic growth mechanisms remain poorly understood
X-ray micro/nano tomography methods can provide unique insights into operation, degradation and failure of electrochemical energy storage and generation devices and systems. We implemented synchrotron x-ray tomography to investigate the mechanism and kinetics of dendrite formation and dissolution during zinc-air system operation. The dendrite growth and dissolution was analysed in-operando in radiography mode while three-dimensional characterisation of dendrites on top of the zinc electrode was carried out based on set of reconstructed multiple tomographic projections (Figure 1). Additionally individual dendrites have been analysed by high resolution FIBSEM. As such, an ability to actively track the mechanisms of growth and dissolution of dendrites form a critical basis if we are to extend the cycle life of metal-air batteries.

Figure 1
Phosphide-Based Nanocomposites As High-Performance Anode Materials for Na-Ion Batteries
Authors: Hong Kyung-Sik , Nam Do-Hwan , Lim Sung-Jin , Sohn DongRak , Kim Tae-Hee , Kwon HyukSang 
Published: February 2020

Recently, Li-ion batteries are widely used as energy sources for portable devices and electric vehicles. However, the price of Li sources is expected to rise due to the increase in the Li demand. Na-ion batteries are considered as promising energy sources for large-scale systems because of the great abundance and the low cost of the Na sources. For the anodic Na storage materials, phosphorus has great potential due to the highest theoretical capacity, the low cost, and non-toxic nature of the raw materials. However, all the previous reports on phosphorus-based materials were not able to utilize fully their theoretical Na storage capacity (2596 mAh/g) and showed poor rate capability because of low electrical conductivity.
Herein, to solve this problem, we employed reducing particle size and designing a composite with conductive carbon by simple mechanical ball-milling method. The as-obtained tin phosphides, red phosphorus and carbon nanocomposites delivered a reversible charge capacity of 1266.8 mAh/g at the current density of 300 mA/g. Moreover, the electrode exhibited superior rate capability with a stable capacity of 426.9 mAh/g at the current density of 7500 mA/g. The improved electrochemical performances resulted from the nanosized tin phosphide particles reducing the diffusion length of the sodium ions and amorphous red phosphorus/carbon matrix effectively buffering the volume expansion during the cycling.

Figure 1
RuO2/MnO2 Nanorods As High Efficient Electrocatalyst of Lithium-Oxygen Battery
Authors: Xu Yue-Feng , Xu Gui-Liang , Zhang Xiao-Ru , Chen Yuan , Chen Zonghai , Huang Ling , Li Jun-Tao , Amine Khalil , Sun Shi-Gang 
Published: February 2020

Electrocatalyst is the key component in Li-O2 batteries and attracted extensive attention in recent years. It has demonstrated that carbon materials1, transitional metal oxides2, noble metals3, and Perovskite-type oxides4 can present high catalytic activity in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) or in oxygen evolution reaction (OER) to facilitate decomposition of Li2O2. In order to explore high efficient electrocatalyst, in the present work, RuO2/MnO2 nanorods were synthesized via a facile two-step hydrothermal reaction. Li-O2 battery testing results demonstrated that the as-synthesized RuO2/MnO2 nanorods exhibit excellent properties as electrocatalyst of oxygen cathode. The RuO2/MnO2 nanorods could maintain a reversible capacity of 500 mAh g-1 in 75 cycles at a rate of 50mA g-1, and a higher capacity of 4000 mAh g-1 in 20 cycles at a rate of 200mA g-1. Moreover, the RuO2/MnO2 nanorods present a much lower voltage polarization in charge/discharge processes than MnO2 nanorods electrode does. The catalytic activities of RuO2/MnO2 nanorods and MnO2 nanorods were also compared by studies of rotating disk electrode (RDE). Furthermore, in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction and ex situ SEM were carried out to investigate the formation and decomposition of the discharge products Li2O2.
Figure 1. (a)(b) In-situ XRD patterns of the electrode in discharge process for 20 h. (c) Charge/discharge curves of RuO2/MnO2 nanorods at a rate of 50 mA g-1.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT: This work was financially supported by NSFC (Grant Nos. 21373008, 21321062, 21273184)

REFERENCES:

(1) Liu, T.; Leskes, M.; Yu, W.; Moore, A. J.; Zhou, L.; Bayley, P. M.; Kim, G.; Grey, C. P., Science 2015, 350, 530-533.
(2) Zhang, P.; Sun, D.; He, M.; Lang, J.; Xu, S.; Yan, X., ChemSusChem 2015, 8, 1972-1979.
(3) Bruce, P. G., Science 2012, 337, 563-566.
(4) Xu, J. J.; Xu, D.; Wang, Z. L.; Wang, H. G.; Zhang, L. L.; Zhang, X. B., Angewandte Chemie 2013, 52, 3887-90.

Figure 1
Cycling Performance of Lithium-Oxygen Batteries Assembled with Hybrid Electrolytes
Authors: Woo Hyun-Sik , Kim Jae-Hong , Kim Dong-Won 
Published: February 2020

Rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries that utilize oxygen have attracted great interest as next-generation energy storage systems due to their high theoretical specific energy (11,140 Wh kg-1 when excluding oxygen weight), which exceeds that of any other rechargeable battery system.1,2 A non-aqueous lithium-oxygen battery typically consists of a lithium negative electrode, an organic liquid electrolyte, and a porous carbon positive electrode so as to induce the oxygen electrochemical reaction. Among these battery components, the electrolyte has been recognized as one of the greatest challenges facing the successful development of non-aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries.3 In this study, we investigated hybrid electrolyte composed of polymer, Li+-ion conducting inorganic electrolyte and organic liquid electrolyte. The hybrid electrolyte effectively suppressed lithium dendrite growth and prevented evaporation of organic liquid electrolyte under semi-open conditions. Moreover, the Li+-ion conducting inorganic electrolyte was very stable from superoxide anion radical attack, which led to significant improvement of cycling stability. The cycling performances of lithium-oxygen batteries assembled with these hybrid electrolytes are investigated and will be presented.

References

1. K. M. Abraham and Z. Jiang, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143, 1 (1996).
2. Z. Q. Peng, S. A. Freunberger, Y. H. Chen and P. G. Bruce, Science, 337, 563 (2012).
3. J. Lu, L. Li, J. B. Park, Y. K. Sun, F. Wu and K. Amine, Chem. Rev., 114, 5611 (2014).
Effect of Humidification of Oxygen Gas on All Solid State Lithium-Air Batteries
Authors: Sakuma Shoma , Suzuki Yosuke , Imanishi Nobuyuki 
Published: February 2020

1. Introduction

All solid state lithium-air batteries have potential high energy densities and high safety without flammable organic electrolyte. However, all solid systems have intrinsic difficulty in solid-solid junction leading to low current and power densities.
In this study, we studied the reaction mechanism of the air electrode as the first step to improve the charge-discharge capacities of the all solid state lithium-air batteries. In particular, we focused on the influence of the humidity of the air to be supplied to the air electrode.

2. Experimental

We used Li-conductive glass ceramic LATP, Ohara Co., Ltd., for solid electrolyte. Comb-shaped Pt catalyst layer was formed on the LATP base by photolithography in 50 nm thick and100μm wide with the same width spacing. The test cells consisted of lithium metal / protective film (LiTFSI/PEO) / solid electrolyte (LATP) / air electrode (Pt), which were sealed by Al-laminate sheet to form pouch cells. The cells were put in a chamber to control temperature at 60 oC and oxygen gas along with its humidity. The humidity of the gas was set at just two levels: 0% relative humidity (RH) through molecular sieve 5A, 100% RH through a bubbling bottle filled with water.
The cells were usually discharged and charged up to 20 μAh/cm2 at current densities of 1-20 μA/cm2. Reaction product was analysed after further discharge up to 2400 μAh/cm2 at 100 μA/cm2. SEM observation, XRD and XPS were used for the analysis.

3. Result and discussion

Fig.1 shows discharge and charge curves using O2 of 0% and 100% RH. Although the 100% RH cell showed reversible prescribed discharge capacity of 20 μAh/cm2, the 0% one reached the cut-off voltage of 1.5 V before discharging 20 μAh/cm2. This figure apparently demonstrates that capacity and the voltage of the cell are affected greatly by the humidity in the oxygen supplied. The open circuit voltage (OCV) after the discharge was 3.2V, suggesting Li2O2 to be the main product for the discharge reaction. XPS result also indicated that discharged product was Li2O2. Charge curve showed two plateaus at about 4.0 and 4.3 V. It suggested two processes involved in the charging reactions.
We are to present the details of the above and discharge-charge results in other relative humidity.

Figure 1
A Simple Efficient Polysulfide Anchor for Li-S Batteries
Authors: Hao Zhangxiang , Yuan Lixia , Huang Yunhui 
Published: February 2020

The popularization of electric vehicles requires the development of low-cost rechargeable batteries with safety and high energy density. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery stands as an important candidate for next-generation high-energy secondary batteries due to its high specific capacity, low cost and environmental friendliness. But the realization of lithium sulfur battery suffers from the poor rechargeability, low rate capability and short life span of sulfur cathode. In order to overcome the hurdles, various approaches have been proposed that can be classified into three categories: (1) confining the intermediates Li2Sx (3≤x≤8) within the cathode through material or electrode design, (2) modifying the liquid electrolyte or employing solid electrolytes, and (3) protecting the anode via coatings and electrolyte additives. Among them, some kinds of metal oxides, metal sulfides, or some two-dimensional layered materials which have strong anchoring effect for polysulfides, can immobilize sulfur species more efficiently than the widely-used carbon materials. But, most fabrication of the nano-architectured absorbents usually requires complicated procedures, which may greatly limit the manufacturability of S cathode. Herein, we report a novel polysulfides adsorption matrix for high performance Li-S batteries via a super facile process of synthesis. An ordinary commercial titanium nitride (TiN), after a simple corrosion process, can work as a high-efficiency matrix to immobilize sulfur thus a largely improved cycle stability can be achieved. Here the TiN matrix has three enormous advantages: ⅰ) a super high conductivity as 1000 S cm-1 at 298 K, ⅱ) containing polar Ti-N units which have strong binding for lithium polysulfides, and ⅲ) low cost and environmentally friendly. The S/TiN cathode, with 70 wt.% sulfur content, reveals a high initial reversible capacity of 1087 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C and a long-term charge/discharge process of 400 cycles at 0.5 C, with a decay rate of 0.19 % per cycle. Furthermore, the reversible discharge capacity is above 600 mAh g-1 even at 5 C rate.
References
[1] P.G. Bruce, S.A. Freunberger, L.J. Hardwick, J.M. Tarascon, Nat. Mater. 11 (2012) 19-29.
[2] A. Manthiram, S.H. Chung, C. Zu, Adv. Mater. 27 (2015) 1980-2006.
[3] Y. Zhao, Y. Ding, Y. Li, L. Peng, H.R. Byon, J.B. Goodenough, G. Yu, Chem. Soc. Rev. 44 (2015) 7968-7996.

Figure 1
(Invited) Predicting the Interfacial Reactions Between Cathodes and Liquid and Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Ceder Gerbrand , Richards Will , Wang Yan Eric 
Published: February 2020

Very few interfaces in lithium batteries are stable at the extreme electrochemical conditions imposed on them during operation of a lithium battery. When modern layered cathode materials are charged to high voltage in liquid electrolytes they tend to lose oxygen near the surface leading to a transformation to spinel and rocksalt phases. These phases significantly increase the cathode impedance, and lead to loss of capacity and rate performance. By presenting a detailed study of the surface phases in Ni-based layered materials I will show how first principles methods can be used to model this transformation and study the growth of impedance resulting from them.
Similarly, interfacial stability is one of the most limiting issues in solid-state batteries where the liquid electrolyte has been replaced by a solid state Li-ion conductor. Most compounds that display very high Li mobility are not stable at the extreme anode and/or cathode potentials and require passivation or the use of buffer layers. I will show how these interfacial reactions can be predicted with first principles calculations. Our results confirm that very few conductors will be stable at the high voltage of the cathode material.
(Invited) A Three-Dimensional Li-Air Cell
Authors: Im Dongmin , Park Jung Ock , Kim Joon-Hee , Choi Kyoung Hwan , Lee Heung Chan , Park Min-Sik , Kim Mokwon , Choi Wonsung 
Published: February 2020

Li-air battery features the highest gravimetric energy density among known rechargeable battery systems. The theoretical one is above 3500 Wh/kg and even practical one is foreseen to exceed 1000 Wh/kg [1]. Considering the state-of-art Li-ion battery exhibits only about 250 Wh/kg, Li-air battery is a very promising candidate as a power source for future electric vehicles. Despite very high research activities around the world, however, Li-air cell with significantly high energy density is rarely reported. To our knowledge, 150 Wh/kg reported by Kubo et al. [2] is the highest among published values. The low energy density of actual Li-air cells can be ascribed to several factors. (1) Typically a large quantity of electrolyte is employed. Unlike in the case of Li-ion batteries, the mass of electrolyte is often 10 times, 100 times heavier than active material. (2) The areal capacity is limited due to slow cathode kinetics [3]. (3) Current collectors, packaging materials, protective membranes for Li metal still occupy a large portion of cell weight. (4) Additional component such as gas diffusion layer to supply oxygen is necessary.
In this work, we designed and demonstrated a new three dimensional cell structure that can allow actual high energy density in Li-air cells. A freestanding cathode comprising activated carbon and electrolyte (polymer or ionic liquid), a polymer electrolyte membrane, and a lithium foil anode were prepared, laminated, and folded multiples times in zigzag fashion. The amount of electrolyte in the cathode was carefully controlled so that the mass ratio of electrolyte to carbon could be kept in the range 2:1 to 5:1. After the end of folding process, the cathode was exposed to one side as a whole and the anode to the other side. Gas diffusion layers (GDL) were inserted between cathode layers facing each other to supply oxygen into the inner part of cell. The depth of gas supply path through GDL was fixed at 1 cm reflecting the results of an electrochemical modeling which suggested the drop of oxygen partial pressure at the deepest part could be negligible during the entire discharge process. This novel cell structure could reduce the use of metallic current collector and packaging materials. A cell with the dimension of 1(D)x5(W)x2(H) cm was prepared, placed in a specially designed cell holder, and tested in a hermetically sealed oxygen (1 atm) chamber with a constant current of 0.24 mA/cm2 at 60oC. The energy density of the cell, based on the discharge capacity and the actual cell weight, was calculated to be ~500 Wh/kg. The details of cell design and process and the remaining issues will be presented and discussed.
References
[1] G. Girishkumar et al., J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 1, 2193 (2010).
[2] Y. Kubo et al., ECS Trans., 62, 129 (2014).
[3] V. Roev et al., J. Electrochem. Sci. Technol., 5, 58 (2014).
Cell and System Design of Lithium Air Batteries for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Ryu Hee-Yeon , Rhee Junki , Ryu Kyoung Han , Lee Ho-Teak 
Published: February 2020

Many studies have been carried out on the lithium-air batteries due to their high theoretical specific energy. The results have been published in the range of scientific papers: electrolytes, catalysts, cathode materials and structures, lithium anode and their fundamental reaction mechanisms for the last ten years. Recently a few researchers have published their analysis for the system level considerations for lithium-air batteries to reach long-term automotive applications.
Even though there are still many scientific challenges such as poor cyclability and low energy efficiency, we focused on a cell and system design of lithium-air batteries for electric vehicles to investigate their practical achievable specific energy and energy density. For this purpose, a cell size of 270 x 100 mm2 was fabricated and tested their electrochemical performance. We also designed a novel multi-cell stack structure including bipolar plates for the optimal air distribution. A lithium-air 13Ah cell stack was made and tested their electrochemical performance. The details will be discussed in the PRiME 2016.
Layer By Layer Based Multifunctional Biointerfaces-Design and Applications
Authors: Arugula Mary , Zhang Yuanyuan , Simonian Aleksandr 
Published: February 2020

Scaffolding of different functionally active biopolymers on CNTs and their further layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly on the appropriate interfaces allow formation of new insights and concepts for the development of multiple novel technological biointerfaces. We concentrate on how several different enzymes assembled at the same interface by the LbL technique can operate in different modes in the construction of novel bioelectronic applications. The focus of our study was to design unique multifunctional devices for biomedical, environment and energy applications. LbL based enzyme/CNTs nanocomposites were used in discriminative detection of organophosphate and non-organophosphate pesticides. The system was fabricated based on electrostatic interactions between negatively charged multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)/­ acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme and positively charged MWCNT/ organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) enzyme along with a set of cushioning bilayers consisting of MWCNT-­PEI (positive charge) and MWCNT­-DNA (negative charge) on glassy carbon electrodes. Furthermore, we explored the feasibility of simple renewal process to restore inhibited AChE enzyme activity for multiuse and reusable applications. Upon renewal of the sensor the system demonstrated more than 95% signal recovery and good stability. Additionally, we extended LbL approach for biofuel cell applications. A bioanode based on MWCNTs immobilized invertase (INV) and glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) cascade were alternatively assembled. Our idea was to use layer by layer approach to fabricate bioanode using conventional electrodes, with small surface areas, less enzyme loading, sequential arrangement of enzymatic layers that would enhance the power generation. We used different kinds of sensor surfaces and electron transfer mediators to improve the performance of the biofuel cell.
Electrochemical Detection of Neurotransmitters Using Modified PEDOT Electrodes
Authors: Gruia Violeta-Tincuta , Efimov Igor , Ispas Adriana , Bund Andreas 
Published: February 2020

This paper presents recent results from authors’ labs on the electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid (AA), serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) at poly[3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene], PEDOT, and PEDOT-Au electrodes.
We could show that the technique used for preparing the PEDOT and the PEDOT-Au electrodes strongly affects the quality of the sensors. Pulse plating gave the best films with regard to their morphology and charge storage. Parameters of the pulse sequence, such as anodic and cathodic potentials, as well as pulse duration, were optimized.
Acoustic impedance data (obtained by an Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance in dispersive mode) show that such films prepared by pulse plating display also maximal elastic storage and loss moduli.
The detection limits for the above mentioned neurotransmitters were studied by differential pulse voltammetry in phosphate buffer solution, PBS (Fig. 1), in the presence and absence of AA.
Compared to pristine PEDOT, the Au modified electrodes showed a considerable increase of sensitivity and selectivity for neurotransmitters detection.
Fig. 1. The DPV curves measured in PBS with different concentrations of (a) 5-HT and (b) DA, on PEDOT layers in the presence of 300μM AA

Figure 1
Ag-Coated Polymeric Nanopillar Array for Quantitative Chemical Sensing By Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Kim Anna , Kim Hyun-Jong , Lee Ho-Nyun , Yoo Bongyoung , Lim Hana 
Published: February 2020

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is undoubtedly one of the most useful physical chemistry techniques for highly sensitive molecular detection. It is now well understood that the plasmonic coupling effect at the nanometer gap junction between particles induces enormous electromagnetic enhancement that allows SERS signal to be detected with single-molecule sensitivity. However, the applications of SERS in quantitative detection are still far from well established, due to the difficulty in obtaining reproducible SERS substrates, and hence the SERS signal intensities. Therefore, fabrication of highly reliable SERS substrates is a significant part of SERS development.
In this study, we provide a simple, low-cost method, based on the production process of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO), to fabricate polymeric nanopillar structure which can be used as high sensitivity SERS substrate. In details, the nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide was used as the template for the fabrication of uniform nanopillar array. The ordered nanopillar array was successfully realized by pouring acrylate monomer into the AAO template and subsequential curing. The shape of nanopillar was carefully controlled by periodical modulation of anodizing and pore widening. And, to produce electric field for SERS, Ag nanoparticles were coated on the nanopillar array. Various chemicals, such as rhodamine 6G and some proteins, on the Ag-coated nanopillar array were detected by SERS.
The Ag-coated polymeric nanopillar substrate provided higher sensitivity of SERS spectra for various chemicals than Ag-coated flat polymeric substrate (without nanopillar). As the diameter of nanopillar was controlled by anodizing voltage accordingly, changes of nanogap size caused different SERS signal sensitivity. Furthermore, the shape of nanopillar, thickness of Ag-coated layer, and aging temperature were interestingly crucial factors for the improvement of sensitivity and reproducibility of SERS signal.