bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Tale of Two Fridges: Temperature Implications on Long Term Fading, Material Degradation, and Performance Recovery in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Bommier Clement , Kim Andrew , Steingart Daniel A 
Published: February 2020

A high capacity retention, along with a long battery life, are two aspects paramount towards the economic viability of large-scale Lithium-Ion battery (LIB) applications. As such, it is important to understand the mechanisms underlying capacity decay, as to mitigate them, if not outright reverse them. To that end, there have been many studies addressing this issue. However, most of these studies have relied on varying only a limited amount of parameters, thus limiting the scope, and depth of their conclusions: if two variables have a covariant relationship, yet the experiment only accounts for one, the presence of that relationship will be obscured.
Herein, the current research explores the long-term fading in lithium-batteries, and how it is affected by a host of different factors, ranging from cycling temperature, and current rate, to initial formation, and restive period at the top of charge. These studies go on to reveal that there exists a very strong relationship between current rate, and temperature, as it pertains to fading, with higher temperatures showing surprisingly high capacity retention over the long term (Figure 1). Furthermore, we are further able to demonstrate that under certain conditions, capacity losses are recoverably, which thus alludes to the possibility of being able to prolong, if not recycle, LIBs currently in use.
Lastly, this work also explores one of the big divides that still exists within the battery community: the testing of long-term cycling in Li-metal half cells, as opposed to full cells. Our experimental results show that the nature of fading mechanisms in full-cells versus half-cells are not analogous to one another. Certain mechanisms that dominate in one medium, have a greatly diminished presence in the other. As such, this work concludes by stressing the question: what is the proper way, if any, to look at long term fading mechanism in LIBs?

Figure 1
The Use of Temperature-Programmed Desorption to Explain the Electrochemical Behaviour of PGM-Free PEFC Cathode Catalysts
Authors: Boldrin Paul , Malko Daniel , Brandon Nigel P. , Kucernak Anthony R. J. 
Published: February 2020

Oxygen reduction catalysts in PEFCs have traditionally contained relatively high amounts of platinum or other platinum group metals. There has been a drive towards reducing the loading, but a promising alternative has been discovered in the form of iron and nitrogen-doped carbon. However, their activity is still not acceptable, and their improvement is hampered by the lack of knowledge about the chemical structure of the materials and in particular the active site(s). There is still disagreement over whether the active site is organic or metallic, or even both.
Temperature-programmed techniques such as temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) are powerful techniques used in conventional catalysis for probing active sites. Molecules which interact with the active sites are adsorbed on the catalyst, then the system is heated and the desorption of the initial molecule or products can be measured by mass spectrometry. These techniques allow quantification of number of active sites, heats of desorption and reaction, assessment of reaction mechanisms and studies of poisoning behaviour.
This study reports extensive TPD and TPRS work done on an iron and nitrogen doped carbon-based oxygen reduction catalyst. Interactions between various molecules and the active site(s) on the catalyst have been studied and quantified. Correlations between TPRS and TPD studies and electrochemical studies have been made from fresh, aged and poisoned materials, and these have been compared to studies on similar materials containing either no iron, or no iron and nitrogen. In addition, ex situ measurements including EXAFS and Mössbauer on the same materials will be reported on. Together these experiments are used to draw conclusions about the nature of the active site(s) in these materials.

Figure 1
A Comparative Study of Ligand Modification to Pt Surface for Enhanced ORR Catalyst Activity and Durability
Authors: Kobayashi Masaya , Huang Kan , Jones Michael , Nagai Tomoyuki , Jia Hongfei 
Published: February 2020

Last decade witnessed significant advances of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) R&D and the exciting transition of such development into the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. While the low temperature PEMFC represents the state-of-art technology for transportation applications, substantial challenges remain in finding better catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which accounts for the biggest loss of energy efficiency and the highest cost of material components of FC stacks. ORR involves multiple steps of proton coupled electron transfer processes and a “scaling” issue makes it difficult to optimize every elemental reaction step simultaneously. [1] In addition to the improvement of catalyst itself, engineering catalyst electrolyte interface properties may offer a separate venue to tackling the problem. One recent effort involves the modification of Pt catalyst surface with organic ligands and has demonstrated some successes in enhancing catalyst activity. The effect was mostly attributed to either the change of surface electronic structure of the catalyst or the protection of Pt active sites from poisoning by strong anion adsorption. [2-4] However, the impact of ligand modification on catalyst durability and the stability of the ligand itself on the catalyst surface have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we systematically examined a series of organic ligands with different structures and anchoring groups. Coupling material characterization with electrochemical analyses allowed us to assess both the catalyst durability and the ligand stability. Such a comparative study is expected to lead the development of design principles to further improve this technology towards MEA and FC stack applications.
References
(1) M. T. M. Koper, et al., J. of Electroanal. Chem., 2011, 660, 254-260
(2) Y. H. Chung, et al., J. Phys. Chem., Lett. 2013, 4, 1304-1309
(3) Z. Y. Zhou, et al., J. Phys. Chem., C, 2012, 116, 10592-10598
(4) D. Strmcnik, et al., Nature Chem., 2010, 2, 771
(Keynote) Recent Progress in Nanomaterials and Smart-Phone Based Biosensors for Biomedical, Environmental, and Food Safety Applications
Authors: Du Dan , Lin Yuehe 
Published: February 2020

In this talk, I will briefly discuss our recent progress in synthesis of functional materials based on protein cages, graphene, and nanoflowers for biosensing and bioimaging. I will discuss the development of various biosensors based on DNA assays and immunoassays for point-of care diagnostics and for cancer biomarker detection [1-3]. Nanomaterials loaded with optical or electroactive signal molecules were used for signal amplification tags for enhanced sensitivity for detection of disease biomarkers, environmental pollutants, and food pathogens. I will also discuss the recent work in 3D printing and smart-phone based biosensors for food safety applications [4-5].
References:
1. W. Wen, D. Du, Y. Lin. Recent Advance in Electrochemical Immunosensor. Analytical Chemistry 2017, 89, 138-156.
2. C. Zhu, G. Yang, H. Li, D. Du, Y. Lin. Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials and Nanostructures. Analytical Chemistry 2015, 87, 230-249.
3. R. Ye, C. Zhu, Y. Song, Q. Lu, X. Ge, X. Yang, M. Zhu, D. Du, H. Li, Y. Lin, Bioinspired Synthesis of All‐in‐One Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflowers Combined with a Handheld pH Meter for On‐Site Detection of Food Pathogen. Small 2016, 12, 3094-3100.
4. Y. Wang, M. Zeinhom, M. Yang, R. Sun, S. Wang, J. Smith, C. Timchalk, L. Li, Y. Lin, D. Du, A 3D-Printed, Portable, Optical-Sensing Platform for Smartphones Capable of Detecting the Herbicide 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid. Analytical Chemistry 2017, 89, 9339-9346.
5. N. Cheng, Y. Song, M. Zeinhom, Y. Chang, L. Sheng, H. Li, D. Du, L. Li, M. Zhu, Y. Luo, W. Xu, Y. Lin, Nanozyme mediated dual-immunoassay integrated with smartphone for use in simultaneous detection of pathogens. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2017, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12734
Evaluation of Barrier Properties of Organic Coatings By Electrochemical Permeation and Electrochemical Methods
Authors: Nardeli Jéssica Verger , Fugivara Cecilio Sadao , Benedetti Assis Vicente 
Published: February 2020

This study aims at investigating the transport through free-films of organic coatings derived from vegetable oils (crambe oil and castor oil) plus pre-polymer based on hexamethylene diisocyanate and castor oil, which were used in our previous studies to protect aluminum alloy (AA1200) against corrosion in NaCl solution [1]. The free-films were characterized by Raman, NMR, FTIR and AFM (roughness and texture), and the permeability to KCl in aqueous solutions was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and open circuit potential (E
OCP) measurements as function of time. Different coating formulations were tested to demonstrate the influence of their structure and chemical composition on electrolyte permeability. The good corrosion resistance of these coatings encouraged us to investigate the KCl permeability to assist in understanding the mechanism of corrosion protection of the aluminum alloy surface. The measurements were done by using a setup similar to that employed by Armstrong et al. [2] in 0.1 mol L-1 KCl aqueous solution, at 25 oC and atmospheric pressure. Raman, NMR, and FTIR spectra, and AFM images were taken before and after four months of immersion in the electrolyte and no significant differences between spectra or images were found. These results allowed concluding that no compositional and / or chemical structural and topological changes have occurred in the free-films. EIS and E
OCP measurements were conducted with the free-film of organic coatings immersed in 0.1 mol L-1 KCl aqueous solutions for four months at 25 oC and atmospheric pressure. The modulus of impedance remained between 1.2 to 1.7 GΩ cm2 suggesting that the coating is not degraded by the solution and K+ and Cl- ions permeability is practically insignificant.
References
[1] J.V. Nardeli, D.V. Snihirova, C.S. Fugivara, M.F. Montemor, E.R.P. Pinto, Y. Messaddecq, A.V. Benedetti, Localised corrosion assessement of crambe-oil-based polyurethane coatings applied on the ASTM 1200 aluminum alloy, Corros. Sci. 111 (2016) 422-435.
Acknowledgments
Process FAPESP: 2015/10554-9.
Stabilization of Tunnel Manganese Oxide Electrodes in Li-Ion and Na-Ion Batteries
Authors: Byles Bryan , Pomerantseva Ekaterina 
Published: February 2020

Tunnel structured manganese oxides, built from corner and edge sharing MnO6 octahedra arranged around stabilizing cations and water molecules, are of significant interest for energy storage applications such as Li-ion and Na-ion batteries (LIBs and SIBs, respectively) due to their low cost, environmental friendliness, and high electrochemical activity. Moreover, the structural tunnels in these materials act as 1D diffusion channels and provide crystallographic sites for ion insertion. However, tunnel manganese oxide phases face challenges in regards to long term cycling stability in intercalation-based batteries, which has been attributed to structural instabilities resulting from Jahn-Teller distortions induced by manganese reduction [1, 2]. Therefore, it is imperative to stabilize the structure of tunnel manganese oxides for improved electrochemical stability as cathode materials in intercalation-based batteries.
Here, we demonstrate stabilization of a newly reported tunnel manganese oxide phase, 2xn-MnO2, with the crystal structure consisting of 2x2, 2x3, and 2x4 octahedra tunnels containing Na+ stabilizing cations and water molecules. Building off of previous work by C.S. Johnson et al. [3], where the smaller tunnel structured α-MnO2 was stabilized with Li2O, we modified the structure and chemical composition of 2xn-MnO2 via mixing in methanol and lithium hydroxide, resulting in insertion of Li2O into the structural tunnels of 2xn-MnO2. In LIBs, the Li2O-stabilized 2xn-MnO2 demonstrates both higher initial capacity and superior capacity retention after 100 cycles. The initial capacity is improved from 93 mAh g-1 for the pristine material to 168 mAh g-1 for the stabilized 2xn-MnO2. Moreover, the galvanostatic discharge-charge profile for the stabilized 2xn-MnO2 exhibits a better pronounced plateau-shaped region compared to the original 2xn-MnO2 phase, indicating that the stabilized material contains more well-defined insertion sites. Similarly, in SIBs, the capacity of the stabilized 2xn-MnO2 was improved by 35% to 81 mAh g-1, and capacity retention increased from 43% to 75% after 100 cycles, demonstrating the effectiveness of this stabilization approach in both Li-ion and Na-ion battery systems. Thus, we show that stabilization with Li2O can be applied to various tunnel manganese oxide phase to improve their electrochemical performance as intercalation-based battery electrodes.

References

Y. Yuan et al., Nano Energy (2016) 19, 382

A. Tompsett and M.S. Islam, Chem. Mater. (2013) 25, 2515

S. Johnson et al., J. of Power Sources (1997) 68, 570
Preparation of Li1-XNi1+XO2 Thin Films By Pulsed Laser Deposition and the Electrochemical Performance for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media
Authors: Yuki Yabuta , Uchiyama Tomoki , Yamamoto Kentaro , Uchimoto Yoshiharu 
Published: February 2020

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER, 2H2O→O2 + 4H+ + 4e-) is one of the important key of the energy devices, especially for the water electrolysis cells for hydrogen production. Since the OER proceeds via a multistep process and, thus the reaction has a large overpotential, the precious metal oxides such as IrO2 were used for OER electrocatalysts. However, the such precious metal oxides are not appropriate for large-scale applications considering their high cost and low reserves. Alkaline water electrolysis is one of the easiest methods for hydrogen production and it has a simple configuration using low-cost materials. LiNiO2 have exhibited highly potential toward OER due to its high conductivity among 3d transition metal oxides, and stability in alkaline condition.
LiNiO2 is a layered structure consisting of NiO2 slabs made of edge-sharing NiO6 octahedrons and lithium ions inserted in the slabs at the octahedral sites. In this layered LiNiO2 material, Ni3+ ions are in the low-spin configuration, and they are thought to be correlated with high OER activity. Although the layered structure of LiNiO2 can stabilize significant amounts of Ni3+ species, the OER activity of LiNiO2 is still lower than expected. Although many papers have reported the performance of LiNiO2-corted anode, the morphology and surface area as well as synthesis method could affect the OER and the intrinsic activity of LiNiO2 is not well investigated. In this study, we prepared Li1-xNi1+xO2 thin films by pulsed laser deposition and investigated the electrochemical performance for OER activity of Li1-xNi1+xO2.
LiNiO2 thin film was successfully prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). A Nd:YAG laser operating at a wavelength of 532 nm was focused on a sintered LiNiO2 target. We used a chamber which can be evacuated to a base pressure of 5.0 x 10-4 Pa by means of a turbo-molecular pump. When depositing LiNiO2 thin film, the total pressure of O2 was fixed to 10 Pa. A Ni-corted Si(100) substrate was used for film deposition. The substrate temperature was fixed to 200 oC. The target (f10) was produced by sintering Li2O and NiO2 powder at 1000 oC for 8.5 h in air. Structural analysis of LiNiO2 was carried out by XRD. The electrochemical measurements were conducted in an aqueous 7M KOH solution using a potentiostat (Hokuto Denko HSV-110) connected to as a working electrode an RHE reference electrode, and Ni wire as a counter electrode. The solution was purged with N2 gas for 30 min before the measurement. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) were obtained between 0.2 V and 1.6 V vs. RHE at 50 mV/s. The surface morphology was analyzed by AFM. The doping level of Li+ and OER activity as well as the state of Ni were mainly discussed in this paper.
Investigation on Aerosol Jet Etching for Thin Film Patterning
Authors: Cho Doo Hyeon , Lim Eun Taek , Lee Seung Hwa , Ryu Jin Su , Chung Chee Won 
Published: February 2020

As the critical dimension of the semiconductor memory device keeps shrinking, new etching method is required to etch nanometer-scale patterned thin film. Accordingly, we propose novel etching method called aerosol jet etching. This etching technique is to use an aerosol jet containing tiny liquid droplets which are made of an etchant. Liquid droplets are generated and accelerated onto the thin film by nozzle expansion into a vacuum chamber where the substrates are located. This method is intended to perform vertical anisotropic etching without redeposition by combining the chemical mechanism of wet etching and physical bombardment of particles in dry etching. Formation of nanometer-scale patterns by nanoetching process of thin films should be developed for the future semiconductor memory devices. Therefore, this new etching technique can be a prospective etching method. Also, this technique can be applied to nano-device, MEMS and various thin-film sensors.
In this study, we have investigated the etch characteristics of nanometer-scale patterned thin films using aerosol jets which contain the tiny droplets of proper liquid etchants. We designed and optimized etching equiment for aerosol jet etching, and proceeded the characterization and development of nanometer-scale patterns by using it. As the major experimental parameters, there are the nozzle geometry (nozzle shape and nozzle diameter), nozzle to substrate distance, chamber pressure, and substrate temperature. The etch rates were obtained by the surface profilometer and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and etch profiles were observed by FESEM. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used for the investigation on the etched surfaces for the etch mechanism.

Acknowldgments This work was supported by NRF-2017R1D1A1B03033143
Development of Reversible Solid Oxide Cell System at Korea Institute of Energy Research
Authors: Myung Jae-ha , Park Seong-Ryong , Woo Sang-Kuk 
Published: February 2020

Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER) is placed on Daejeon, South Korea, which has had focused on energy technology R&D related with our living standards and national security since 1977. KIER`s R&D areas include improving efficiency and securing environment friendly way in use of limited conventional energy resources (oil, coal, natural gas) and exploring new energy sources (solar, wind, hydrogen and water).
The KIER is conducting a consortium project (~ $ 10m/yr) of MSIT( Ministry of Science and ICT), ME (Ministry of Environment), MOTIE(Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy). This is about Research and Development of Future Energy Storage Technology by Using Hybrid Renewable Energy System, based on solid oxide electrolysis technology.
In this project, Energy Materials Laboratory in KIER is charge of development of 30 kW stack consisted with modules of flat-tube type unit cells to produce electricity on fuel cell mode and hydrogen on electrolysis mode. The unit cell is consisting with Ni-YSZ anode support, YSZ electrolyte, GDC buffer layer, LSCF cathode and LSF interconnector. Ni-YSZ support and LSF layer exposed to reducing/high steam environment, has been optimizing to stabilize their phases. Energy saving Laboratory in KIER is development of combustion boiler using waste to supply steam and heat. In addition, Hydrogen Laboratory is developing Hydrogen storage system.
In this presentation, the detailed research plans and cooperation system for diverse groups will be presented, as well as current core research results from SOC unit cell to stack system.
Novel Multi-Dimensional Nanocarbons and Their Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Lee Churl Seung , Bae Joon-ho 
Published: February 2020

In order to realize next generation energy storage devices with high efficiency, large energy/power density, and long life cycle, novel carbon-based nanomaterials are needed as electrodes. In here, we present interesting multidimensional carbon nanostructures which could find potential applications in electrodes for energy storage devices. We synthesized carbon nanoplatelets (CNPs) by simple thermal treatment of expandable graphites. By using carbon nanoplatelets (CNPs), multi- dimensional (1D+2D) carbon nanostructures (CNP-CNTs) were synthesized by use of metal catalysts and CVD process. Basic cyclic voltammetry study on the CNPs and CNP-CNTs reveals that CNP-CNTs possessed enhanced mass specific capacitances compared to those of CNPs. We will also present recent progress on our multi-dimensional carbons including WGO-CNTs and silica coated CNP-CNTs.
Our multi-dimensional carbon nanostructures showed excellent electrochemical properties probably due to large surface area and unique geometry. These results suggest that the multi-dimensional carbon nanostructures could be promising in the applications for electrodes of next generation energy storage devices.
(Invited) Carbon Based Electrocatalysts
Authors: Coleman Eric , Lopes Pietro Papa , Strmcnik Dusan , Wang Rongyue , Markovic Nenad M , Stamenkovic Vojislav 
Published: February 2020

It is of paramount importance to design highly active and durable cost effective catalysts that can be employed in energy conversion and storage systems in order to enable broad deployment of electrochemical technologies such as fuel cells, electrolyzers, ultra-capacitors and batteries. This report will provide an in-depth overview of recent activities aimed towards understanding of critical parameters that are behind catalytically active systems based on different forms of carbon. The main focus has been on necessity to resolve the reaction mechanism at atomic/molecular scale, which can ultimately lead towards design of materials with advanced properties.
Current state-of-the-art suffers from insufficient activity and poor durability, especially on cathode side in case of fuel cells. These obstacles place priority in research on the design of catalyst, which should not involve just catalyst itself, but rather the entire electrochemical interfaces. Parameters such as specific surface area, active sites, morphology, pH and nature of electrolyte are directly associated with adsorption properties of an electrocatalysts and will be thoroughly discussed in correlation with its performance.