bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ancestral and derived transcriptional enhancers share regulatory sequence and a pleiotropic site affecting chromatin accessibility
Authors: Xin Yaqun , Le Poul Yann , Ling Liucong , Museridze Mariam , Mühling Bettina , Jaenichen Rita , Osipova Elena , Gompel Nicolas 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Form diversity is fueled by changes in the expression of genes that build organisms. New expression often results from the emergence of new DNA switches, known as transcriptional enhancers. Many enhancers are thought to appear through the recycling of older enhancers, a process called evolutionary co-option. Enhancer co-option is difficult to assess, and the molecular mechanisms explaining its prevalence are elusive. Using state-of-the-art quantification and analyses, we reveal that the sequences of an ancestral and a derived enhancer overlap extensively. They contain specific binding sites for regulators imparting spatial activities. We found that the two enhancers also share a site facilitating access to chromatin in a region where they overlap.
Stochastic sampling provides a unifying account of visual working memory limits
Authors: Schneegans Sebastian , Taylor Robert , Bays Paul M. 
Published: August 2020

Significance
We demonstrate that three of the most prominent accounts of visual working memory in the psychology and neuroscience literature—the slots+averaging model, the variable precision model, and the population coding model—can all be expressed in the common mathematical framework of sampling. This reformulation allows us to pinpoint the key differences between these models, and to determine which factors are critical to account for the observed patterns of recall errors across different human psychophysical experiments. Moreover, the sampling framework provides a possible neural grounding for these models in the spiking activity of neuronal populations, as well as a link to existing theories of capacity limits in visual attention.
In-cell destabilization of a homodimeric protein complex detected by DEER spectroscopy
Authors: Yang Yin , Chen Shen-Na , Yang Feng , Li Xia-Yan , Feintuch Akiva , Su Xun-Cheng , Goldfarb Daniella 
Published: August 2020

Significance
The question how does the intracellular environment affect the structure, dynamics, and stability of a protein and protein–protein interactions has been a center of interest in the context of understanding proteins function in their native environment. We addressed this question by exploring the conformational space and the stability of a homodimeric protein complex in human cells as compared to in dilute buffer solution and cell lysates. We showed that the dimer is destabilized in the cells, which is opposite to the theoretical predictions. Based on complementary in vitro measurements, we suggest that the destabilization originates from a combination of the crowding and shape of the dimer, the higher ionic strength in the cell, and potential attractive chemical interactions.
Optical properties of metasurfaces infiltrated with liquid crystals
Authors: Lininger Andrew , Zhu Alexander Y. , Park Joon-Suh , Palermo Giovanna , Chatterjee Sharmistha , Boyd Jonathan , Capasso Federico , Strangi Giuseppe 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Nanostructured metamaterials have been engineered to generate a wide range of optical phenomena, allowing an unprecedented control over the propagation of light. However, they are generally designed as single-purpose devices without a modifiable optical response, which can be a barrier to applications. In this work, we report the nontrivial infiltration of a nanostructured planar silica metalens with nematic liquid crystals. We then demonstrate a measurable change in the metalens optical response after infiltration. Since the orientation-dependent optical properties of liquid crystals can be controlled with external stimuli, this technology could potentially enable dynamic control of the metalens optical response.
An ATP-dependent partner switch links flagellar C-ring assembly with gene expression
Authors: Blagotinsek Vitan , Schwan Meike , Steinchen Wieland , Mrusek Devid , Hook John C. , Rossmann Florian , Freibert Sven A. , Kratzat Hanna , Murat Guillaume , Kressler Dieter , Beckmann Roland , Beeby Morgan , Thormann Kai M. , Bange Gert 
Published: August 2020

SignificanceFlagella, bacterial organelles of locomotion, appear in a defined number and localization at the bacterial cell surface. The MinD-type ATPase FlhG numerically regulates flagellation patterns through a molecular mechanism only poorly understood. Depending on its ATP-dependent oligomerization state, FlhG interacts either with the C-ring protein FliM during flagellar assembly or with flagellar master regulator FlrA. This partner switch between FliM and FlrA establishes a regulatory network critical for the numerical regulation of flagella, in which the physical assembly of the flagellum transcriptionally feeds back to prevent the production of more building blocks.
Defect tolerant zero-bias topological photocurrent in a ferroelectric semiconductor
Authors: Hatada Hiroki , Nakamura Masao , Sotome Masato , Kaneko Yoshio , Ogawa Naoki , Morimoto Takahiro , Tokura Yoshinori , Kawasaki Masashi 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Shift current is a photocurrent emerging in materials lacking inversion symmetry, without any external bias, originating from the change in the geometric Berry connection of electron bands upon optical transition. We experimentally demonstrate for a ferroelectric semiconductor that the shift current is insensitive to the defect density varying by several orders of magnitude. We also reveal by action spectroscopy that the shift current is scarcely disturbed by the surface defects. The robustness of shift current against both interior and surface defects demonstrated in this study is a hallmark of the topological origin of the shift current.
Evasion of MAIT cell recognition by the AfricanSalmonellaTyphimurium ST313 pathovar that causes invasive disease
Authors: Preciado-Llanes Lorena , Aulicino Anna , Canals Rocío , Moynihan Patrick J. , Zhu Xiaojun , Jambo Ndaru , Nyirenda Tonney S. , Kadwala Innocent , Sousa Gerós Ana , Owen Siân V. , Jambo Kondwani C. , Kumwenda Benjamin , Veerapen Natacha , Besra Gurdyal S. , Gordon Melita A. , Hinton Jay C. D. , Napolitani Giorgio , Salio Mariolina , Simmons Alison 
Published: August 2020

SignificanceNontyphoidalSalmonellaserotypes are a common cause of self-limiting diarrhoeal illnesses in healthy adults. However, recently, a highly invasive multidrug resistantSalmonellaTyphimurium sequence type 313 has emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in children and immunosuppressed individuals. In this paper we describe escape from MAIT cell recognition as an additional mechanism of immune evasion ofS.Typhimurium ST313. As MAIT cells represent an early defense mechanism against pathogens at mucosal surfaces, and their frequency and function are altered in immunosuppressed individuals in sub-Saharan Africa, harnessing their function may offer an important therapeutic strategy to improve mucosal immunity.
Explaining the homogeneous diffusion of COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions across heterogeneous countries
Authors: Sebhatu Abiel , Wennberg Karl , Arora-Jonsson Stefan , Lindberg Staffan I. 
Published: August 2020

Significance
We investigate what drives OECD countries to adopt COVID-19 restrictive policies such as lockdowns and school closures, and find that government policies are strongly driven by the policies initiated in other countries. The level of democracy also matters: While strong democracies are slower to initiate restrictive policies, they are more likely to follow the policies of nearby countries. Following the lead of others rather than making decisions based on the specific situation of the country may have led to countries locking down either too early or too late. Conversely, if countries follow each other when easing restrictive policies or reinitiate such policies, there may be a situation where countries adopt epidemiologically suboptimal policies.
RNA abasic sites in yeast and human cells
Authors: Liu Yaojuan , Rodriguez Yesenia , Ross Robert L. , Zhao Ruoxia , Watts Jason A. , Grunseich Christopher , Bruzel Alan , Li Dongjun , Burdick Joshua T. , Prasad Rajendra , Crouch Robert J. , Limbach Patrick A. , Wilson Samuel H. , Cheung Vivian G. 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Missing bases or abasic sites in the DNA were discovered in the 1960s and spawned the field of DNA repair and advanced our understanding of cancer and aging. In contrast, abasic sites in the RNA are not known except for the site in ribosomal RNA induced by the plant poison ricin. Here, we uncover RNA abasic sites in yeast and human cells, which are not as rare as assumed; there are about three abasic sites per million ribonucleotides. We identify a glycosylase that generates RNA abasic sites and an AP endonuclease that processes these sites. Additionally, we showed that RNA abasic sites are coupled to a regulatory nucleic acid structure, known as an R-loop, suggesting their role in RNA processing.
The New Statistics for applied linguistics
Authors: Mulder Gerben 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe New Statistics is an approach to scholarly research which offers an alternative to the problematic overreliance on significance testing currently plaguing the research literature. This paper describes the problems associated with significance testing and introduces the key concepts of the data-analysis that best fits with the goals of the New Statistics: estimation of effect sizes and confidence intervals. These concepts will be applied in a reanalysis of the summary data from an article that was recently published in this journal. This makes it possible to compare the estimation approach advocated by the New Statistics to the standard significance tests and to discuss potential drawbacks of this approach as a means of gathering quantitative evidence in support of our substantive hypotheses.
The two faces of animacy
Authors: Santazilia Ekaitz 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
As pointed out by Corbett (2006, 2012), animacy manifests itself in the grammar of languages in two ways: as a feature and as a condition for the
realization of other features. In this work I explore this dual behavior by adding further crosslinguistic evidence. I provide
examples affecting number, person, case, and gender, and show that, regarding this distinction, they cannot be analyzed in the
same way. Moreover, I examine more closely the relation between these manifestations of animacy and show that they can operate
simultaneously not only within the same language but also in the same phenomenon. For these cases, I establish a hierarchy between
them that can be crossed with the equally hierarchical relation between the animate/inanimate and the human/nonhuman
distinction.
Contested languages and the denial of linguistic rights in the 21st century
Authors: Tamburelli Marco 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this chapter I argue that over-reliance on socio-political criteria (i.e.
Ausbau-centrism) in the linguistic literature is partly responsible for the discrimination to
which speakers of contested languages are subjected at both the social and the institutional level. Further, I argue
that an Ausbau-centred approach also leads to undersplitting of languages (i.e. recognising as few
languages as possible), which is ultimately detrimental to the maintenance of linguistic diversity. I conclude by
suggesting that the introduction of an Abstand-based perspective is necessary if we are to achieve a
taxonomy of “languages” that cuts through socio-cultural biases and that works in favour of language rights and
linguistic diversity.
Contested orthographies
Authors: Miola Emanuele 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Piedmontese (today mainly spoken in Italy and Argentina) is one of the non-standardized languages
of Italy with the most highly normalized orthographies. Nonetheless, new orthographic reforms and revisions were
proposed in the early 2000s, allegedly in order to reflect the habitual choices of the speech community/ies, which are
fully literate, but only in Italian or in Spanish.
This chapter examines the graphic choices of Piedmontese speakers with no command of the written
language, when posting to Facebook groups in which the use of Piedmontese is possible and/or prescribed.
The data suggests that naïve writers of Piedmontese adhere closely to Standard Italian orthographic
choices when writing Piedmontese, and use a highly restricted range of allographs to represent the more distinctive
phonemes in the Piedmontese sound inventory. Interestingly, these allographs generally diverge from both a strictly
phonemic orthography, and the various orthographies proposed from a ‘top-down’ perspective for Piedmontese. They seem
rather to be consistent with the way in which writers of other non-standardised languages of Italy naïvely represent
phonemes that are not part of the Italian inventory.
Community-based language planning
Authors: Musumeci Andrea 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In an attempt to design a proposal for sustainable language policies in peripheral communities,
this chapter provides ground for applying a sustainable network of activities related to interdisciplinary,
community-based language planning. Aiming beyond mere language description and documentation, the proposal revolves
around the concepts of community strengthening, land valorisation, and peripheral language use. The discussion is set
in the context of the Italian region of Sicily, though the format could be applicable to other communities around the
world. Considering macro-dynamics such as globalisation and historical change, I provide a description of the region’s
profile from a social and historical perspective, describing a plausible language planning strategy that may also bear
economic impact for the area. Revolving around theatre, local resources, and community involvement, the proposal
embraces social activities and local demands already present in Sicily, with the aim of making the local language less
peripheral within the community itself.
Which Sardinian for education?
Authors: Gobbo Federico , Vardeu Laura 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
According to the UNESCO Atlas, Sardinian is an endangered language, and the debate about its
promotion in Sardinia is lively and passionate (Moseley 2010). In fact,
over the past two generations, the language vitality and vigour of the limba (in Sardinian: language)
have been drastically reduced. Nowadays, youngsters tend to abandon the limba when the literacy process towards
Italian starts in school. The OCSE-PISA 2012 reports that students in Sardinia are among the lowest in literacy within
the Italian state: Bolognesi and Heeringa (2005) argue that youngsters are
losing Sardinian without mastering the Italian language. In order to reverse this language shift, a common written
standard, the Limba Sarda Comuna (LSC) was made official by the local government in 2006. However, the LSC is still
contested: “plastic language”, “Frankenstein monster idiom” are some of the epithets cast against it by the local
press. In this contribution, we show a successful pilot experiment of a concrete application of the
limba at school, that in our opinion could be easily applied on a wider scale in other parts of
Sardinia. In fact, in the academic year 2014–15, three classes in a middle school of Orosei (Nuoro) took part in a
laboratory where the limba was used both orally (local variety) and in written form (LSC, for the
didactic material) following the so-called CLIL approach. Students learned Sardinian history in a Mediterranean and
European perspective, using the LSC in reading and writing. No participant – L2 speakers included – rejected the LSC
for being “artificial”, even though the local variety is approximately 85% similar to the LSC, according to Bolognesi (2007). This pilot experiment shows that a concrete application of
the LSC in schools is possible and desirable. A discussion on how to expand this pilot experiment in different
settings will be provided.
The language ideology of Esperanto
Authors: Gobbo Federico 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The status of Esperanto, the language launched by Zamenhof in 1887, has been contested since its
beginning. Esperanto became the most relevant of the International Auxiliary Languages (IALs) from a sociolinguistic
perspective, as it successfully survived two World Wars in spite of being explicitly persecuted by Hitler and Stalin,
among others (Lins 2017). The motivations of the pioneers of Esperanto were
put under scrutiny according to the different political context, both across time and place (Forster 1982). Therefore, its language ideology was adapted in order to reduce the level of
contestedness of the language, and this adaptation re-framed the self-perception of its speakers and their attitudes
toward Esperanto itself. For instance, before the Great War in Europe there was a strong connection between the
Esperanto movement and pacifism (Alcalde 2015), while in the 1930s in China
and Japan Esperanto was linked to anarchism and communism (Lins 2008). In
the aftermath of the Second World War, the language ideology deeply changed (Jordan 1987), and the link between Esperanto and linguistic rights became increasingly stronger (Pietiläinen 2010). Nowadays, the new generation of Esperantists is facing
the new challenges of the Digital Era. In particular, there is an ideological convergence with other contested
languages, in particular Regional and Minority Languages, also in the Esperanto speaker’s attitudes (Caligaris 2016; Gobbo and Miola
2016). This chapter aims to illustrate the evolution of the language ideology of Esperanto, in comparison
with other contested languages.
Gauss–Bonnet–Chern approach to the averaged Universe
Authors: Brunswic Léo , Buchert Thomas 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The standard model of cosmology with postulated dark energy and dark matter sources may be considered as a fairly successful fitting model to observational data. However, this model leaves the question of the physical origin of these dark components open. Fully relativistic contributions that act like dark energy on large scales and like dark matter on smaller scales can be found through generalization of the standard model by spatially averaging the inhomogeneous Universe within general relativity. The spatially averaged 3 + 1 Einstein equations are effective balance equations that need a closure condition. Heading for closure we here explore topological constraints. Results are straightforwardly obtained for averaged 2 + 1 model universes. For the relevant 3 + 1 case, we employ a method based on the Gauss–Bonnet–Chern theorem generalized to Lorentzian spacetimes and implement a sandwich approach to obtain spatial average properties. The 3 + 1 topological approach supplies us with a new equation linking evolution of scalar invariants of the expansion tensor to the norm of the Weyl tensor. From this we derive general evolution equations for averaged scalar curvature and kinematical backreaction, and we discuss related evolution equations on this level of the hierarchy of averaged equations. We also discuss the relation between topological properties of cosmological manifolds and dynamical topology change, e.g. as resulting from the formation of black holes.
Improvements on perturbative oscillation formulas including non-standard neutrino interactions
Authors: Chaves M E , Gratieri D R , Peres O L G 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We use perturbation theory to obtain neutrino oscillation probabilities, including the standard mass-mixing paradigm and non-standard neutrino interactions (NSI). The perturbation is made on the standard parameters

Δ

m

21

2

/
Δ

m

31

2

and sin2(θ
13) and on the non-diagonal NSI parameters, but keeps diagonal NSI parameters non-perturbated. We perform the calculation for the channels ν

μ
→ ν

e
and ν

μ
→ ν

μ
. The resulting oscillation formulas are compact and present functional structure similar to the standard oscillation (SO) case. They apply to a wide range in the allowed NSI space of parameters and include the previous results from perturbative approaches as limit cases. Also, we use the compact formulas we found to explain the origin of the degeneracies in the neutrino probabilities in terms of the invariance of amplitude and phase of oscillations. Then we determine analytically the multiple sets of combinations of SO and NSI parameters that result in oscillation probabilities identical to the SO case.
The analysis of results of radon/thoron measurements performed with the use of nuclear track detectors
Authors: Chalupnik Stanislaw 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Radon has been identified as one of the most important hazards, causing lung cancer. The most important isotope of radon is 222Rn (3.83 d), while thoron 220Rn (55 s) is treated as the less important isotope due to its short half-life. The radon/thoron hazard for people is related to inhalation of their decay products, but usually, only measurements of radon gas are done in dwellings. For such a purpose nuclear track detectors are used in most of the cases. Since several years simultaneous measurements are done to estimate thoron contribution to indoor radon and thoron exposure with the use of track detectors, too. Typically, a set of two detectors are applied and thoron concentrations are calculated on the basis of discriminative calculations. Unfortunately, very often results of these surveys are not accurate due to underestimation of the lower limit of detection (LLD) for thoron in the presence of elevated radon concentrations. Therefore an analysis of thoron LLDs in relationship to radon concentrations is presented.
A new high-precision sphere-fitting method with small segment angles
Authors: Fei Zhigen , Fu Jixiang , Ma Jun , He Wenbin , Xiao Yanqiu 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Measuring a spherical surface with small segment angle (e.g. 1°) precisely is a big challenge in scientific research and engineering applications. To fit sphere surfaces with small segment angles with high precision, a five-parameter constrained nonlinear least square fitting (CNLSF) method is presented in this work, where an Adam optimization algorithm with a prominent anti-interference ability is employed. We discuss various factors which influence the final uncertainty evaluation of the sphere’s radius. A Monte Carlo simulation is conducted by superimposing Gaussian noise on the ideal spherical data to simulate practical instrument errors, then the relationship between the fitting bias of the sphere’s radius and noise the level, the number of sampling points and the segment angle is investigated by comparing the performance of the linear least square fitting algorithm, the nonlinear least square fitting algorithm and the CNLSF algorithm. Finally, the simulated and experimental results show that the CNLSF method performs more precisely and robustly than the other algorithms, even when the corresponding segment angle approaches 1°, which illustrates that it is a promising and practical method in the real measurement world.