bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sporting programs aimed at inactive population groups in the Netherlands: factors influencing their long-term sustainability in the organized sports setting
Authors: Ooms Linda , van Kruijsbergen Mette , Collard Dorine , Leemrijse Chantal , Veenhof Cindy 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background
The organized sports sector has received increased interest as a setting to stimulate physical activity among inactive target groups. To include many inactive people and to obtain population health benefits, it is important that effective sporting programs are sustained (i.e. continuation of program activities) over a long period of time. This study identified the factors influencing the long-term sustainability of these kind of sporting programs located within local sports clubs in the Netherlands.

Methods
Fourteen Dutch sporting programs aimed at increasing physical activity levels of inactive population groups and funded within the National Action Plan for Sport and Exercise (NAPSE) were the focus of this study. The programs were developed by ten Dutch National Sports Federations (NSFs) and implemented by different sports clubs in the Netherlands within a three-year funded implementation period (2008–2011). This research consisted of semi-structured face-to-face interviews with the program coordinators of the NSFs (n = 14) and semi-structured telephone interviews with representatives of sports clubs that provided the programs (n = 17 continued the program, n = 11 discontinued the program) six and a half years after the funding period ended (November 2017–March 2018). A sustainability framework with five pre-specified main themes (i.e. program design, implementation, trainer/coach, organizational setting, broader community environment) guided data collection and (deductive) thematic analysis.

Results
Ten of the fourteen NAPSE funded sporting programs were sustained at the level of the NSFs. Most factors facilitating (+) and impeding (−) the long-term sustainability of the programs were common to both NSFs and sports clubs, like program adaptation (+) and a lack of program financing (−). Program evaluation (+) and high program costs (−) were specific factors mentioned by NSFs, while factors related to human resources (e.g. lack of volunteers (−)) or the sports club nature (e.g. social aspect in program design (+)) applied to sports clubs. The factors were summarized in the form of a checklist.

Conclusions
Key factors influencing the long-term sustainability of the sporting programs were identified. The results can be used to develop strategies to promote long-term sustainability of these kind of programs and inform funding guidelines in countries with a similar organized sports infrastructure.
Cross-species validation of human specific STR system, SureID® 21G and SureID® 23comp (Health Gene Technologies) in Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes)
Authors: Singh Abhishek , Thakur Mukesh , Sahajpal Vivek , Singh Sujeet K. , Chandra Kailash , Sharma Arun , Devi Nisha , Bernot Ausma 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe human specific commercially available STRs system are often not tested in non human primates for their cross applicability. The aim of this study is to test Cross-species validation of two commercially available human specific STR kits i.e. SureID®21G and SureID®23comp (Health Gene Technologies) for their positive application in Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).ResultIn SureID®21G, 19 loci amplified and while 20 loci amplified in SureID®23comp. All the amplified loci in both STR kits were found polymorphic and the locus Amelogenin showed differential banding patterns between male and female revealing their known gender. The present study validates the applicability of these human specific STR kits in Chimpanzee that can be used in forensics analysis, paternity testing and population genetic studies.
The effectiveness of integrating clinical pharmacists within general practice to optimise prescribing and health outcomes in primary care patients with polypharmacy: A protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Croke Aisling , James Oscar , Clyne Barbara , Moriarty Frank , Cardwell Karen , Smith Susan M. 
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Coordinating prescribing for patients with polypharmacy is a challenge for general practitioners. Pharmacists may improve management and outcomes for patients with polypharmacy. This systematic review aims to examine the clinical and cost-effectiveness of pharmacist interventions to optimise prescribing and improve health outcomes in patients with polypharmacy in primary care settings. Methods: The review will be reported using the PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive search of 10 databases from inception to present, with no language restrictions will be conducted. Studies will be included where they evaluate the clinical or cost-effectiveness of a clinical pharmacist in primary care on potentially inappropriate prescriptions using validated indicators and number of medicines. Secondary outcomes will include health related quality of life measures, health service utilisation, clinical outcomes and data relating to cost effectiveness. Randomised controlled trials, non-randomised controlled trials, controlled before-after, interrupted-time-series and health economic studies will be eligible for inclusion. Titles, abstracts and full texts will be screened for inclusion by two reviewers. Data will be extracted using a standard form. Risk of bias in all included studies will be assessed using the Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) criteria. Economic studies will be assessed using the Consensus Health Economic Criteria (CHEC) list as per the Cochrane Handbook for critical appraisal of methodological quality. A narrative synthesis will be performed, and the certainty of evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Where data support quantitative synthesis, a meta-analysis will be performed. Discussion: This systematic review will give an overview of the effectiveness of pharmacist interventions to improve prescribing and health outcomes in a vulnerable patient group. This will provide evidence to policy makers on strategies involving clinical pharmacists integrated within general practice, to address issues which arise in polypharmacy and multimorbidity. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42019139679 (28/08/19)
Transsexualism: Clinical picture and treatment of transsexualism
Authors: Kozlov G. I. , Kalinchenko S. Yu. 
Published: November 2019

The first descriptions of the pathological desire to change your gender date back to the middle of the last century. This pathology was designated by N. Ellis as a perverse sensation of ones sex, a sexual-aesthetic inversion.
The term "transsexualism" was proposed by N. Benjamin, who was the first to describe this phenomenon from a scientific point of view.
Transsexualism - TS (eonism, sexual-aesthetic inversion, mental hermaphroditism) is a pathological state of a person, consisting in a polar divergence of the biological and civil sex, on the one hand, with the mental sex, on the other. In other words, Tc is a violation of sexual self-identification, which consists in the mismatch of the feeling of one's gender identity with the nature of the external genital organs. TS - persistent awareness of belonging to the opposite sex. The diagnosis of TS is made by adults and adolescents who have reached puberty, who wish to change their genitals and live as a representative of the other sex, after the exclusion of mental disorders. A person with TS feels like a man enclosed in a womans body, and vice versa. In a harmoniously organized body of a certain gender (the chromosomal, gonadal and morphological sex correspond to each other, providing the possibility of fertilization, and in women and childbearing) there lives an another gender soul. And this soul not only lives, it feels, thinks, suffers, experiences desires and drives that it cannot realize. In fact, we are talking about chronic stress, therefore, in most patients with TS, suicidal behavior can be detected.
TS is a rather rare pathology. There is no data on vehicle prevalence in our country. When studying the prevalence of TS in other countries, it was noted that TS is found in many, if not all, ethnic groups, despite significant cultural differences, which can serve as indirect evidence of the biological basis of this pathology. The average age of patients with TS who go to the doctor about sex change is 20-24 years (51% of patients). This is typical for both female and male vehicles. At the age of 15-19 years, this percentage is 12, at the age of 25-29 years - 25, at the age of 30-34 years - 11, over 35 years old - no more than 1. According to the majority of authors, male TS significantly prevails over female - the ratio 3: 1.
Incidence of viruses infecting pepper in Thailand
Authors: Laprom Amisa , Nilthong Somrudee , Chukeatirote Ekachai 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the incidence, diversity and distribution of viruses infecting pepper (Capsicum spp.) in the central, northern and northeastern parts of Thailand. During a survey in 2016 - 2019, a total of 2,149 leaf samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic peppers were collected randomly from farmer’s fields, and preliminary tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using 7 antibodies specific for cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV), tomato necrotic ringspot virus (TNRV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), potato virus Y (PVY), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), and begomoviruses. Our data revealed that the incidence of the viruses infecting pepper in Thailand was high, accounting for nearly 70% (1,482 infected samples). The highest viral incidence was found in the central part (96%), followed by the north (74.4%) and the northeastern (52.8%), respectively. Begomoviruses, CMV, ChiVMV, and TNRV were detected in the samples at varying rates, whereas PVY, TMV, and TSWV were not detected. Of these, the most frequently found virus was Begomoviruses accounting for nearly 33%, with the highest rate (ca. 82%) in the central Provinces of Thailand. In addition, of the 1,482 infected samples, mixed infections among the four viruses were also found in 616 samples (ca. 42%), and CMV + ChiVMV (approximately 11%) was the most common mixed infection. This is the first report describing an occurrence of viruses in pepper of Thailand, and the results obtained have revealed that viruses infecting pepper are widespread, which may pose a threat to pepper production in Thailand.
Implementation of on-chip multi-channel focusing wavelength demultiplexer with regularized digital metamaterials
Authors: Huang Jie , Yang Junbo , Chen Dingbo , Bai Wei , Han Jingmin , Zhang Zhaojian , Zhang Jingjing , He Xin , Han Yunxin , Liang Linmei 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Adiabatic waveguide taper and on-chip wavelength demultiplexer are the key components of photonic integrated circuits. However, these two kinds of devices which were designed by the traditional semi-analytic methods or the brute-force search methods usually have large size. Here, based on the regularized digital metamaterials, a two-channel focused wavelength demultiplexer with a footprint of 2.4 × 10 μm2 has been proposed. The designed demultiplexer can directly connect to a grating coupler under the absence of a long adiabatic waveguide taper. The objective first method and the modified steepest descent method are used to design the demultiplexer which splits 1520 nm and 1580 nm light. Experimental results show that the insertion loss of the upper (lower) channel of the demultiplexer is −1.77 dB (−2.10 dB) and the crosstalk is −25.17 dB (−12.14 dB). Besides, the simulation results indicate that the fabrication tolerance of the device can reach ±20 nm in etching depth and ±10 nm in plane size changing. Benefitted from the extensibility of the design method, other types of ultra-compact “focused” devices, like mode splitters, mode converters, and power splitters can also be designed. Most importantly, this design method can be used to design devices with more complicated functionalities, such as multi-channel focused wavelength demultiplexers.
All-metallic geometric metasurfaces for broadband and high-efficiency wavefront manipulation
Authors: Xie Xin , Liu Kaipeng , Pu Mingbo , Ma Xiaoliang , Li Xiong , Guo Yinghui , Zhang Fei , Luo Xiangang 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Geometric metasurfaces have shown superior phase control capacity owing to the geometric nature of their phase profile. The existing geometric metasurfaces are generally composed of metal-dielectric composites or all-dielectric subwavelength structures. Here, a novel configuration, all-metallic structure, is proposed to achieve broadband and high-performance electromagnetic wavefront manipulation based on the geometric phase. A catenary model is built to describe the optical dispersion and guide the design of metasurfaces. Two metadevices including a beam deflector and a hologram are designed and experimentally demonstrated in the infrared regime, with the measured optical efficiency up to 84% (the simulated efficiency reaches 93%). Compared to previous metal-insulator-metal structures, this approach can realize higher efficiency and broader operating bandwidth owing to its lower ohmic loss. This design strategy is universal and can be easily scaled to any other spectra without complex optimization. Moreover, since metals have excellent mechanical and physical properties, such as good thermal and electrical conductivity, this all-metallic structure may provide a new thinking on interdisciplinary research.
Asymmetries in Global Perception Are Represented in Near- versus Far-Preferring Clusters in Human Visual Cortex
Authors: Nasr Shahin , Tootell Roger B.H. 
Published: November 2019

Human perception is more “global” when stimuli are viewed within the lower (rather than the upper) visual field. This phenomenon is typically considered as a 2-D phenomenon, likely due to differential neural processing within dorsal versus ventral cortical areas that represent lower versus upper visual fields, respectively. Here we test a novel hypothesis that this vertical asymmetry in global processing is a 3-D phenomenon associated with (1) higher ecological relevance of low-spatial frequency (SF) components in encoding near (compared with far) visual objects and (2) the fact that near objects are more frequently found in lower rather than upper visual fields. Using high-resolution fMRI, collected within an ultra-high-field (7 T) scanner, we found that the extent of vertical asymmetry in global visual processing in human subjects (n= 10) was correlated with the fMRI response evoked by disparity-varying stimuli in human cortical area V3A. We also found that near-preferring clusters in V3A, located within stereoselective cortical columns, responded more selectively than far-preferring clusters, to low-SF features. These findings support the hypothesis that vertical asymmetry in global processing is a 3-D (not a 2-D) phenomenon, associated with the function of the stereoselective columns within visual cortex, especially those located within visual area V3A.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHere we test and confirm a new hypothesis: fine-scale neural mechanisms underlying the vertical asymmetry in global visual processing. According to this hypothesis, the asymmetry in global visual processing is a 3-D (rather than a 2-D) phenomenon, reflected in the function of fine-scale cortical structures (clusters and columns) underlying depth perception. Our findings highlight the importance of considering these structures, as regions of interest, in clarifying the neural mechanisms underlying visual perception. The results also highlight the importance of statistics of natural scenes in shaping human visual perception.
Safety and rapid efficacy of guideline-based gender-affirming hormone therapy: an analysis of 388 individuals diagnosed with gender dysphoria
Authors: Meyer Gesine , Mayer Moritz , Mondorf Antonia , Flügel Anna Katharina , Herrmann Eva , Bojunga Joerg 
Published: November 2019

Objective
Hormone treatment is an important part of gender reassignment therapy in gender dysphoria. Previous data about efficacy and safety are commonly based on small cohorts or they comprise former cohorts under meanwhile obsolete therapy regimes. Our objective was to investigate these topics in a large cohort of individuals under guideline-based treatment.

Design/methods
Cohort study of medical files of n = 155 male-to-female (transwomen) and n = 233 female-to-male transgender persons (transmen) of an Endocrine outpatient clinic between 2009 and 2017.

Results
Median time to reach amenorrhoea in transmen under testosterone monotherapy was 3 months, regardless of whether testosterone undecanoat or gel was used. Transmen with higher levels of hemoglobin 3–4 months after onset of GAHT had a greater chance to reach amenorrhea early, whereas testosterone levels showed no significant correlation (hemoglobin: HR: 1.639; 95% CI: 1.036–2.591, P = 0.035; testosterone: HR: 0.999; 95% CI: 0.998–1.001, P = 0.490). Estradiol levels (ρ −0.117; P = 0.316) had no significant influence on breast development in transwomen. Testosterone levels (ρ −0.398; P < 0.001) and FAI (ρ 0.346; P = 0.004) were significantly negatively correlated with reached Tanner stage. Liver values and blood lipids showed an alignment to reference range of the required sex in both groups. Relevant elevations of liver values were rare (2.44% in transmen, 4.23% in transwomen) and transient in most cases. Most relevant side effects were acne (44.8%), respectively erythrocytosis (up to 5.6%) in transmen and venous thrombembolism (1.9%) in transwomen.

Conclusions
Gender-affirming hormone therapy in accordance with current clinical practice guidelines is efficient and safe.
Ewolucja doktryny ochronnej – wymuszona zewnętrznie konieczność czy świadomy proces humanizacji
Authors: Gospodarowicz Zbigniew 
Published: November 2019

Tematem artykułu jest analiza ewolucji doktryny systemu penitencjarnego w kontekście przemian ustrojowych, jakie zaszły w Polsce na początku lat dziewięćdziesiątych. W szczególności autor zwraca uwagę na fakt, że wprowadzane zmiany powinny uwzględniać dwutorowy charakter systemu penitencjarnego, który obejmuje dwie grupy podmiotów: osoby osadzone oraz osoby nadzorujące. W artykule odwołano się do założeń współczesnej doktryny penitencjarnej, która kładzie nacisk na humanitaryzm w odniesieniu do osób osadzonych, co znajduje odzwierciedlenie w doborze oraz przeszkoleniu kadry penitencjarnej. Autor skonfrontował założenia teoretycznie z realiami okresu przemian ustrojowych w Polsce na początku lat dziewięćdziesiątych: istotną redukcją w zasobach kadrowych, ograniczeniami finansowymi, zmianami w strukturze przestępczości oraz odbiorem społecznym służby więziennictwa.
An experimental analysis on accuracy of customer water meters under various flow rates and water pressures
Authors: Ethem Karadirek I. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Apparent losses are mainly due to metering errors in well-managed water supply systems. There are many types of water meters based on mechanisms to measure flow passing through. Therefore, selection of water meter type is important as meter type effects measurement accuracy. In this study, a total of 50 domestic water meters were tested under varying flow rates and different water pressures. Water consumptions of end-users show temporal changes depending on the life style of consumers. Flow rates passing through the water meter and water consumption profiles affect water meter accuracy. Water consumption of a couple of end-users was monitored and consumption patterns were extracted and obtained water consumption patterns were used to determine water meter errors. The collection method was applied for determination of water meter errors. Starting flow rates, error curves and weighted error of water meters were measured in a laboratory setup. Tested volumetric-type water meters have the lowest starting flow rate and the highest accuracy whereas single-jet water meters have the lowest accuracy and the highest starting flow rate. This study aimed to provide insights on the accuracy of water meters under varying flow rates and water pressures, and advantageous information for water meter-type selection.
Predictive models for stemflow and throughfall estimation in four fruit tree species under hot and sub-humid climatic region
Authors: Mali S. S. , Sarkar P. K. , Naik S. K. , Singh A. K. , Bhatt B. P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Inclusion of stemflow and throughfall processes in rainfall-runoff modelling requires reliable models for their estimation. In the present paper, stemflow and throughfall generation processes were investigated in relation to rainfall, and morphological properties of four major fruit species grown in hot and sub-humid climatic region. Two types of models, rainfall-based and morphology-based, were developed and validated using observed data. Morphology-based models included relative roughness of branch (RR), leaf area index (LAI), canopy length (CL), tree height (TH) and diameter at breast height (DBH) as input variables. Rainfall-based stemflow prediction models, namely, Weibull, Logistic, Allometric and Exponential (R2 = 0.74 to 0.82) and throughfall prediction models, namely, Weibull, Allometric, Linear and Linear (R2 = 0.94 to 0.99) provided the best goodness-of-fit statistics for mango, litchi, guava and jackfruit, respectively. The parameters RR and LAI affected stemflow irrespective of rainfall depth. However, different sets of variables, namely, CL-LAI, CL-LAI-TH, CL-LAI-TH and DBH-CL-LAI affected throughfall in rainfall ranges &lt;5, 5–10, 10–20 and &gt;20 mm, respectively. The higher range of interception loss (6.5% for guava to 21.3% for jackfruit) indicated that interception loss from fruit trees needs to be considered in the water balance modelling of watersheds having larger areas under orchards.
The Occurrence of blaCTX-M-15 extended-spectrum β-lactamase Among Clinical Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Khorramabad, Iran
Authors: Goudarzi Gholamreza , Shakib Pegah 
Published: November 2019

Objective:During the recent decade, CTX-M-type enzymes, primarily CTX-M-15 extended- spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) have strikingly developed throughout the world. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of CTX-M-type β-lactamases, as well as blaCTXM- 15 among Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Khorramabad, Iran.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 60 isolates of K. pneumoniae were collected from selected teaching hospitals in Khorramabad, Iran. ESBLs producing isolates were identified using phenotypic double-disk synergy test. The presence of blaCTX-M-types, as well as blaCTX-M-15gene, were investigated by PCR method.Results:While the highest resistance rates of isolates were found to nalidixic acid (65%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (60%) antibiotics, the least resistance was to imipenem (15%). Moreover, 31(51.7%) isolates were resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics and designated as multidrug resistance (MDR). Fifty-two (86.7%) of 60 isolates were ESBLs positive. Thirty-five (58.3%) isolates harbored CTX-M-type β-lactamases, and also 29 (48.3%) isolates carried blaCTX-M-15.Conclusions:This study presents the first report on the frequency of blaCTX-M-15in the west of Iran, so that our results showed ESBL of CTX-M-15 may partly account for hydrolyzing thirdgeneration cephalosporins.