bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
T174. ANTIPSYCHOTICS AND THE MICROBIOME
Authors: Chen Anderson , Park Taeyang , Li Kevin , Delisi Lynn 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Gut microbial diversity is influenced by many factors including aging and environmental factors and it has an important implication on various physiologic functions and disease processes. Studying microbial communities and its diversity may be used as a predictor or biomarker for disease development.

Methods
In-depth literature review was conducted of literature within the last 5 years via database search of Pubmed, PsycInfo, EMBASE, and Google Scholar with Boolean combinations of the following keywords: antipsychotics AND (microbiome OR “metabolic syndrome”), microbiome AND (gender OR aging).

Results
2,360 articles were initially retrieved. 27 articles remained after excluding for non-English articles and relevance. Notable findings include that patients treated with both risperidone and olanzapine have less diverse microbiomes with a higher ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. Additionally, patients treated with olanzapine have been shown to have increased actinobacteria and increased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. The ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes correlates directly to the extent of olanzapine induced weight gain. Patients concurrently treated with olanzapine and antibiotics not only stopped weight gain but also reversed it. This has been a target of potential medication intervention, specifically focused on antagonism of histamine-1 and -3 receptors which is speculated to inhibit the askewed Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. Similarly, the gender differences in relative microbiome levels of Bacteroidetes are suspected to correlate to the increased olanzapine induced weight gain seen in women versus men. Additionally, patients with schizophrenia who were treated with Bifidobacterium breve A1, a probiotic supplement, showed improvements in their affective, positive, and negative symptoms.

Discussion
There is a large paucity of research into the relationship between the microbiome and psychotropic medications. This dynamic should be further studied within multiple populations to better understand the gut biome’s effects on psychiatric disorders.
T178. MICROPIPETTE-GUIDED DRUG ADMINISTRATION (MDA) METHOD AS A NOVEL PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT METHOD IN MICE: PRECLINICAL VALIDATION USING RISPERIDONE IN THE MATERNAL IMMUNE ACTIVATION MODEL OF NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Authors: Scarborough Joseph , Müller Flavia , Dorner-Ciossek Cornelia , Arban Roberto , Rosenbrock Holger , Meyer Urs , Richetto Juliet 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Pharmacological treatments in laboratory rodents remain a cornerstone of preclinical psychopharmacological research and drug development. There are numerous ways how acute or chronic pharmacological treatments can be implemented, with each method having certain advantages and drawbacks. To overcome the main disadvantages of conventional administration routes, we implemented and validated a novel treatment method in mice, which we refer to as the Micropipette-guided drug administration (MDA) method.

Methods
The MDA administration method is based on using sweetened condensed milk solution as vehicle for pharmacological substances, which motivates the animals to consume vehicle and/or drug solutions voluntarily in the presence of the experimenter. First, we measured the corticosterone and pharmacokinetic changes after the administration of a vehicle or drug (Risperidone) solution via traditional oral gavage or by MDA. We then conducted a chronic treatment paradigm in the maternal immune activation model (MIA). Offspring treatment with risperidone started on post-natal day 70 and lasted for a total of 6 weeks, with behavioral testing occurring during the last two weeks of the treatment window.

Results
In a proof-of-concept study, we show that the pharmacokinetic profiles of the atypical antipsychotic drug, risperidone, are similar when administered via the MDA procedure or via the conventional oral gavage method. Unlike the latter, however, MDA did not induce the stress hormone, corticosterone. Furthermore, we assessed the suitability and validity of the MDA method in a mouse model of maternal immune activation, which is frequently used as a model of immune-mediated neurodevelopmental disorders. Using this model, we found that chronic treatment (&gt; 4 weeks, once per day) with risperidone via MDA led to a dose-dependent mitigation of MIA-induced social interaction deficits and amphetamine hypersensitivity.

Discussion
Taken together, the MDA procedure described represents a novel pharmacological administration method for per os treatments in mice, which is easy to implement, cost effective, non-invasive, and less stressful for the animals than conventional oral gavage methods. Moreover, it allows for a more consistent and continual control of the dosages administered to the animals compared to methods involving the dissolution of a substance in the drinking water or contained within the food of the animals.
T210. REVIEW OF USE OF ADJUNCTIVE PSYCHOSTIMULANTS IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Zhand Naista , Osborne Roisin , Stuyt Marika , Hatko Anna , Labelle Alain 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Augmentation with psychostimulants has been postulated as one of the potential treatment options for negative and/or cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. However, the major drawback for use of these agents is a potential risk of relapse or worsening of psychosis through direct or indirect dopamine agonism activity. Therefore a great deal of caution is required when using stimulants in individuals with psychosis. The present study aims to review the rate of adjunct psychostimulant prescription, and their efficacy and safety in a real life setting. Furthermore, we intend to compare the efficacy of psychostimulants when added to clozapine compared to other antipsychotics. Data was obtained from a schizophrenia outpatient clinic, in a tertiary care centre in Canada.

Methods
A chart review was conducted on outpatients enrolled in the schizophrenia program at the Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, between 31/5/2014 - 1/6/2019. For patients who were prescribed any psychostimulants at any time point up to 3-months prior to the study end date, clinical information related to efficacy and tolerability of stimulants, psychotic symptoms and concomitant antipsychotic treatment was collected.

Results
A total number of 1300 patients were included in the chart review study. Of those, 80 patients (6.15%) were prescribed stimulants during the study period. Of the participants who prescribed stimulants, 70% were male, 17.5% had a diagnosis of ADHD, and 38.75% were on clozapine. 21.25% had more than one trial of stimulant medications. Over half of participants continued on stimulants during the study period, with an overall good response in 36.25%, and minimal or equivocal response in 20% of participants on stimulants. Stimulants were discontinued in 13.75% of patients due to lack of efficacy, and 30% due to problematic symptoms.
The data is currently being analysed; Comprehensive results to follow.

Discussion
The preliminary results indicate that the use of stimulants was associated with improvement in cognitive and/or negative symptoms in a subset of patients and resulted in worsening of psychosis in some patients. The authors will discuss the efficacy and tolerability of use of adjunctive stimulants in outpatients with schizophrenia. Potential factors associated with the observed response and side effects will be discussed further.
T212. LEVELS OF GLUTAMATERGIC NEUROMETABOLITES IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE TREATMENT-RESISTANT SCHIZOPHRENIA: A PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY STUDY
Authors: Tarumi Ryosuke , Tsugawa Sakiko , Noda Yoshihiro , Plitman Eric , Honda Shiori , Matshusita Karin , Chavez Sofia , Sawada Kyosuke , Wada Masataka , Matsui Mie , Fujii Shinya , Miyazaki Takahiro , Chakravarty Mallar , Uchida Hiroyuki , Remington Gary , Graff-Guerrero Ariel , Mimura Masaru , Nakajima Shinichiro 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Approximately 30% of patients with schizophrenia do not respond to antipsychotics and are thus considered to have treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). To date, only four studies have examined glutamatergic neurometabolite levels using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) in patients with TRS, collectively suggesting that glutamatergic dysfunction may be implicated in the pathophysiology of TRS. Notably, the TRS patient population in these studies had mild to moderate illness severity, which is not entirely reflective of what is observed in clinical practice.

Methods
In this present work, we compared glutamate+glutamine (Glx) levels in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and caudate among patients with TRS, patients with non-TRS, and healthy controls (HCs), using 3T 1H-MRS (PRESS, TE=35ms). TRS criteria were defined by severe positive symptoms (i.e. ≥5 on 2 Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive symptom items or ≥4 on 3 PANSS positive symptom items) despite standard antipsychotic treatment.

Results
A total of 95 participants were included (29 TRS patients [PANSS=111.2±20.4], 33 non-TRS patients [PANSS=49.8±13.7], and 33 HCs). dACC Glx levels were higher in the TRS group versus HCs (group effect: F[2,75]=4.74, p=0.011; TRS vs. HCs: p=0.012). No group differences were identified in the caudate. There were no associations between Glx levels in these regions and clinical severity in either patient group.

Discussion
Our results confirm that higher dACC Glx might be related to the pathophysiology underlying TRS, by demonstrating this phenomenon in a TRS patient population reflective of clinical practice.
T215. THE ANTIPSYCHOTIC ACTION OF HALOPERIDOL IN PSYCHOTIC-LIKE RATS REQUIRES PRESYNAPTIC VESICULAR ACCUMULATION
Authors: Müller Christian , Weiss Eva-Maria , Hellmann Jan , Dahlmanns Jana , Kalinichenko Liubov , Alzheimer Christian , Löber Stefan , Hübner Harald , Kornhuber Johannes , Gmeiner Peter , Grömer Teja , Uzuneser Taygun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
The therapeutic effects of antipsychotic drugs (APDs) are mainly attributed to their post synaptic inhibitory functions on the dopamine D2 receptor, which however, cannot explain the delayed onset of full therapeutic efficacy. It was previously shown that APDs accumulate in presynaptic vesicles during chronic treatment and are released like neurotransmitters in an activity-dependent manner triggering an auto-inhibitory feedback mechanism. Although closely mirroring therapeutic action onset, the functional consequence of the APD accumulation remained unclear. Here we show that the accumulation of the APD haloperidol (HAL) is required for full therapeutic action in psychotic-like rats.

Methods
We designed a haloperidol (HAL) analogue compound (HAL-F), which lacks the accumulation property of HAL, but retains its antagonist action at dopamine D2 receptors.

Results
By perfusing lysotracker fluorophore-stained cultured hippocampal neurons, we confirmed the accumulation of HAL and the non-accumulation of HAL-F. In an AMPH-hypersensitization psychosis-like model in rats, we found that subchronic i.c.v. delivered HAL, but not HAL-F attenuates psychotic-like behavior in rats in an amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion test and the a pre-puls inhibition of an acustic startle response.

Discussion
These findings suggest the presynaptic accumulation of HAL as an essential prerequisite for its full antipsychotic action and may better explain the time course of APD action. Targeting accumulation properties of APDs may, thus, become a new strategy to improve APD action.
M103. PSYCHOLOGICAL ONLINE INTERVENTION FOR PSYCHOSIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Pardo Cebrián Rebeca , González-Fraile Eduardo , Sánchez-Gutiérrez Teresa , Barbeito Sara , Fernández-Castilla Belén , Calvo Ana 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Although the use of technological advances in psychiatric treatment is relatively recent, the availability and sophistication of technologies are growing, research on psychological interventions for patients with psychosis has incorporated the use of various electronic applications, social networks, and other similar tools to provide new methods/routes of communication between therapists and patients. This new therapeutic approach may provide patients with personalized, flexible, and evidence-based interventions in their communities and even in their own homes. The aim of this study is reviewing the scientific literature about the use of online intervention for patients with psychosis to show the current state of online intervention and asses the effectiveness of these treatments.

Methods
The review was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We have identified articles from Pubmed and Medline databases. We included all randomized controlled trials designed to test the efficacy of the online intervention or web-based intervention to patients with psychosis. We excluded observational trials, non-randomised trial and protocol study. Studies with RCT design and the participants must not have more than 5 to 10 years of evolution since the diagnosis, and the papers have been published between 2010 and 2019, in English language. The researchers independently assessed the articles and the discrepancies were resolved by consensus.

Results
We presented data about all randomized controlled trials of online interventions/ e-Health interventions/ App-mobile based and/or computer based intervention programs than were specifically designed for people with first episode psychosis or psychotic symptoms that had measured changes in functioning, quality of life or positive/negative symptoms. As unique treatment or as a complementary treatment with other psychological or psychopharmacology intervention.

Discussion
Online psychological interventions can play an important role in the well-being of people with schizophrenia. The strengths and limitations of our systematic review and meta-analysis will be discussed.
M133. DISCRIMINATION PHENOMENA AND THE LEVEL OF SCHIZOTYPY
Authors: Pignon Baptiste , Schürhoff Franck , Richard Jean-Romain , Ferchiou Aziz , Szöke Andreï 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Several have suggested a link between discrimination phenomena and psychotic disorders. Since this is a potentially modifiable factor, it seems important to clarify the links between discrimination and psychotic disorders. In the hypothesis of the psychotic continuum, schizotypal features in the general population are intermediate phenotypes in schizophrenia studies. In this study, the aim was to study the links between discrimination and level of schizotypy in the general population. We assumed that exposure to discrimination experiences is associated with increased levels of schizotypy.

Methods
Subjects from the general population (N = 1456), without psychotic disorders, were recruited in 17 cities and 6 countries (Brazil, Spain, France, Holland, Italy, UK). Each subject completed the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE), a autoquestionaire considered to assess the level of psychometric schizotypy (with positive, negative and depressive dimensions) and the 20-item Perceived Discrimination Scale developed by Williams et al. Linear regression analyzes were used with discrimination as an explanatory variable and CAPE scores as variables to be explained.

Results
We show that an increase in the perceived discrimination score was associated with significantly higher levels of schizotypy, in the positive (p = 1.7.10-10), negative (p = 3.4.10-10) and the depressed dimensions (p = 2.1.10-10). In more than half of the subjects who reported discrimination experiences, the reason for the discrimination invoked was not one of the reasons given. Ethnicity remains, however, a major cause of reported discrimination.

Discussion
The stress-vulnerability model could explain the link between discrimination and schizotypy, though dysregulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis and cortisol secretion in subjects with schizotypy, preventing them from responding adaptively to social stress. Psychological and social factors also seem to play a role in stress management.
M138. THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMPACT OF CLOZAPINE IN SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Metivier Lucie , Vandevelde Anais 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Schizophrenia is a common and severe mental disorder. The actual treatment is neuroleptic. Clozapine (CLZ), the atypical antipsychotic leader, is the best treatment of the resistant schizophrenia. Neuroimaging studies are important to understand better the neurological effects of CLZ. The main goal of this study is to analyze actual data of anatomic imaging studies (MRI, DTI, fMRI, PET and SPECT), evaluate CLZ anatomical and functional brain effect on patients suffering resistant schizophrenia (SZ) in order to characterize the mode of action of CLZ, identify the neural bases of the CLZ treatment response and establish the link between the mode of action and CLZ and the treatment response on patients suffering resistant SZ.

Methods
We have analyzed literature using PUBMED database with the following keywords: « clozapine », « neuroimaging », »MRI », « DTI », « VBM », « functional magnetic resonnance imaging », « PET », « fMRI », « SPECT ».

Results
51 studies were included. 10 on anatomical imagery and 41 on functional imagery. From an anatomic point of view, studies suggest best cerebral integrity on patients with CLZ treatment compared to other antipsychotics, on grey nuclei, prefrontal cortex and on white matter beams belonging to the fronto sub cortical network. LEROUX et col, OCZELIK et col. From the functional point of view, studies show a functional connectivity modulation and an action on the cerebral metabolism MOLINA et col, especially in the frontal cortex of patients that respond to CLZ treatment compared to patients who have received another antipsychotic treatment. The PET and SPECT studies show the CLZ action mechanism especially on the glutamatergic system FUKUYAMA et col. Concerning CLZ-treated patients’ response, many studies have shown a larger perfusion on the frontal cortex and thalamic region on patient responding to CLZ compared non-responders. MOLINA et col, ERTUGUL et col. About clinical evolution, the longitudinal studies show an amelioration of the psychotic symptoms (positive symptoms, negative symptoms, suicidal risk and cognitive alteration) on CLZ-treated patients compared than the ones who have been treated with another antispychotic. ARANGO et col, MOLINA et col. CLZ treatment allows a decrease of craving on patients who suffer cannabis usage disorders compared with patients who are treated with risperidone. MACHIELSEN et col.

Discussion
These results bring a new light on SZ psychopathological, on CLZ cerebral mechanism and open the debate of actual prescription recommendations. However, we won’t conclude with certainly due heterogeneity of the experimental design, as other studies are necessary to complete knowledge of this subject.
M152. IS MEDICAL SERVICES UTILISATION A MODERATING FACTOR OF EARLY EXCESS MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Krivoy Amir , Hoshen Moshe , Weiser Mark , Balicer Ran , Weizman Abraham 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Unlike the general population, patients with schizophrenia have an excess of chronic physical morbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. In addition, they do no gain from primary and secondary medical services due to gaps in the accessibility and quality of those services. The result is a shorter life expectancy of about 20 years mostly due to preventable physical illnesses, of otherwise people with an exclusive brain disorder.In this study, we aimed to explore how does utilization of medical services moderate the association between physical morbidity and early mortality in schizophrenia patients

Methods
A retrospective cohort study derived from Clalit Health Services electronic database (the largest health provider in Israel, covers 53% of the national population). A three years follow-up (2012–2014) of 24,679 individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (ICD 10 Code: F.20) and control general population (N=2,295,579), up to 75 years old age.

Results
Schizophrenia was associated with HR 3.52 (95% CI 3.35–3.72) for mortality, adjusted for age, sex and socioeconomic status. Patients’ mortality rate was 5.6% with about half dying from physical illnesses (cardiovascular, neoplasms, respiratory, and digestive disorders). Metabolic syndrome parameters were more prevalent in the schizophrenia population, with the exception of hypertension. While the adjusted Odd Ratio (OR) for primary physician (GP) contact was 0.42 for schizophrenia patients, the OR for hospitalization was 1.25 with more than double mean length of hospitalization. A higher number of contacts with GP or specialists was associated with lower mortality in patients with metabolic disturbances

Discussion
Patients with schizophrenia tend to die earlier, mostly from preventable physical illnesses also in Israel. Utilizing primary and secondary medical services was associated with better survival rates when having metabolic dysregulation. The main health policy implication of the study results is a call to establish a national system to detect and manage physical morbidity by increasing the accessibility of primary and secondary medical services for this high-risk population