bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Constant-Feed Liquid Fertilization Rates for Spathiphyllum ‘Petite’ and Dieffenbachia ‘Camille’
Authors: Campos Ricardo , Reed David Wm. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Spathiphyllum ‘Petite’ and Dieffenbachia ‘Camille’, two popular foliage plants sensitive to excess salts, were grown using 9 levels of water-soluble fertilizer in a 3-1-2 ratio of N-P2O5-K2O. The range for maximum growth occurred at 100–200 ppm (mg/1) N for Spathiphyllum and 200–400 ppm (mg/1) N for Dieffenbachia on a constant-feed basis. Spathiphyllum showed more noticeable leaf bum symptoms compared to Dieffenbachia when the concentration of fertilizer in the irrigation water increased above the range that yielded maximum growth.
Nitrogen Leaching from Osmocote-Fertilized Pine Bark at Leaching Fractions of 0 to 0.4
Authors: Niemiera Alexander X. , Leda Carol E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Pine bark-filled PVC columns with 1 g Osmocote (14N-6.3P-11.6K)(14-14-14) per column were irrigated five days a week for 12 weeks with a leaching fraction (LF) of 0, 0.2, or 0.4. Every two weeks cumulative N content of collected leachate and medium solution N concentration (pour-through method) were determined. The total amount of N leached from bark at 0.4 LF was 61% greater than at 0.2 LF. Medium solution NO3-N concentrations of 0 LF were four to eight times greater than at 0.4 LF for all sampling dates. After 84 days, there was no difference in amount of N remaining in Osmocote prills for the LF treatments.
Nitrate Loading to the Soil Profile Underlying Two Containerized Nursery Crops Supplied Controlled Release Fertilizer
Authors: Brand M.H. , McAvoy R.J. , Corbett E.G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cornus amomum and Rhododendron ‘Cary's Red’ were grown in #3 (10 1) containers outdoors and supplied with a controlled release fertilizer (CRF). At two week intervals, core samples were removed from the soil underlying the crop at 30 cm (12 in) increments to a depth of 90 cm (36 in). Soil samples and foliar samples were analyzed for nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) concentration. NO3-N accumulated rapidly in the upper 30 cm (12 in) of soil underlying containerized crops. Accumulation in the 30–60 cm (12–24 in) layer occurred later in the growing season and NO3-N buildup in the 60–90 cm (24–36 in) layer lagged behind both upper soil layers. Maximum NO3-N concentrations exceeded 40 mg/kg (6.36 × 10−4 oz lb−1) of soil and levels above 20 mg/kg (3.18 × 10−4 oz/lb) of soil were sustained throughout the 90 cm (36 in) soil profile for much of the growing season. Patterns of soil NO3-N concentration suggest that, by the middle of the growing season, rapid-growing Cornus may better utilize released N fertilizer than slower growing Rhododendron. Foliar samples confirm significantly higher NO3-N uptake by Cornus than by Rhododendron.
Growth and Flowering Response of Butterfly-Bush to Cutless
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Gilliam Charles H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Buddleia davidii Franch. ‘Royal Red’ (butterfly-bush) was treated with different rates of Cutless (flurprimidol) in two experiments. Growth index, and inflorescence number and index decreased with increasing rates of Cutless. Foliage of treated plants was darker green than that of control plants. Growth inhibition persisted for at least 120 days when plants were treated with rates of 125 to 2000 ppm, but not when treated with 62.5 ppm Cutless. Shoot length measured after the following spring flush was similar among treatments, indicating similar plant vigor.
Response of Tifway Bermudagrass and Tall Fescue Turfgrasses to Preemergence Herbicides
Authors: Johnson B. Jack 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
It is important that preemergence herbicides used for annual weed control in warm- and cool-season turf not injure the desired turfgrass species. A field experiment was conducted for two years to determine the tolerance of Tifway bermudagrass [Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy x C. dactylon (L.) Pers.] and K-31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to preemergence herbicides. Herbicides were applied at recommended (1X) and twice the recommended (2X) rates. Prodiamine (Barricade) at ≤ 1.6 kg/ha (≤ 1.5 lb/A), butralin (EXP 30910A and EXP 31068A) at ≤ 11.2 kg/ha (≤ 10.1 lb/A), pendimethalin (Pre M and Weedgrass Control) at 3.4 kg/ha (3.0 lb/A), and dithiopyr EC (Dimension) at 0.8 kg/ha (0.75 lb/A) on February 24 did not reduce the quality or shoot density of Tifway bermudagrass. Tifway bermudagrass injured by oxadiazon (Ronstar) ≥ 4.5 kg/ha (≥ 4.0 lb/A) recovered by late April to early May, while turf treated with oxyfluorfen plus oryzalin (Rout) at 2.2 +1.1 kg/ha (2.0 +1.0 lb/A) recovered by late April and turf treated at 4.5 + 2.2 kg/ha (4.0 + 2.0 lb/A) generally did not recover by late June. Tifway bermudagrass treated with oryzalin (Surflan) alone at ≤ 6.7 kg/ha (≤ 6.0 lb/A) did not recover by late June. However, turf treated with benefin plus oryzalin (XL) at 1.7 + 1.7 kg/ha (1.5 + 1.5 lb/A) recovered by this date. None of the preemergence herbicides severely reduced quality or shoot density of tall fescue except oxyfluorfen plus oryzalin (Rout) applied at ≤ 4.5 + 2.2 kg/ha (≤ 4.0 + 2.0 lb/A), oryzalin (Surflan) at 6.7 kg/ha (6.0 lb/A), and benefin plus oryzalin (XL) at 3.4 + 3.4 kg/ha (3.0 + 3.0 lb/A).
Evaluation of Control Strategies for Reducing Rooting-Out Problems in Pot-In-Pot Production Systems
Authors: Ruter John M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Research has shown that a problem in pot-in-pot (PIP) production systems has been the growth of roots out of the planted container, through holes in the holder pot and into the surrounding soil. A study was conducted with Lagerstroemia indica x fauriei ‘Acoma’ to evaluate methods for reducing rooting-out problems in a PIP production system. The products tested were Biobarrier™, a geotextile fabric impregnated with trifluralin; Root Control™ fabric bag material; and Spin Out™, a commercial formulation of copper hydroxide (7.1%) in latex paint. Biobarrier™ reduced plant height, shoot dry weight, percent root dry weight outside of the planted container and total biomass compared to the non-treated control. For the control, 7.1% of the total root dry weight was found between the holder pot and planted container compared to 0.2% for the Biobarrier™ treatment. When the holder pot and planted container or the planted container and Root Control™ fabric were both treated with Spin Out™, plant height and shoot dry weight were reduced. Spin Out™ reduced root circling on the sidewalls of the planted containers but not on the bottom of the containers. All treatments except the control reduced rooting-out to a degree which allowed for the manual harvesting of the planted container from the holder pot after seven months in the field.
Self-watering Container Design and Salinity Affect Growth of Two Foliage Plants
Authors: Martin Chris A. , Borgardt Sandra 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Dracaena marginata L. and Spathiphyllum Schott. ‘Mona Loa’ were grown for 90 days in either one of two ‘self-watering’ containers, one plastic and one kiln-fired clay. The plastic container relied on the upward movement of water via capillary flow from a subjacent reservoir. The kiln-fired clay container was a ‘pot-within-a pot’ design with an adjacent water reservoir located between the larger and smaller pots. Water seeped horizontally through the inner pot along the pot-rooting medium interface. Reservoirs of each container were filled with either one of three levels of saline water (0.3, 1.3, or 2.3 dS/m). Rooting medium leachate electrical conductivity was lower for ‘pot-within-a-pot’ containers compared with the plastic containers. Irrespective of irrigation salinity, canopy leaf area, root length, shoot to root ratio, gas exchange values, and foliar visual quality of both species were highest for the ‘pot-within-a-pot’ containers. Also, Dracaena leaf area and dry weights were highest for the ‘pot-within-a-pot’ container. Increased irrigation salinity decreased canopy area and visual quality of Spathiphyllum. Shoot dry weight and shoot to root ratio were highest for Dracaena at the 1.3 dS/m salinity level.
Growth Evaluation of the Norway Maple (Acer platanoides L.) Under Different Natural Temperature Regimes
Authors: Richer-Leclerc Claude , Arnold Neville , Rioux Jacques-André 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Acer platanoides L.(Norway maple) was evaluated for hardiness and growth potential at eight sites in Quebec and one site in North-eastern Ontario over a period of 5 years. Results show that this maple had a low level of mortality at all sites despite very cold conditions and even grew well in Canadian Zones 4 and 5 (USDA Zone 3). However, trees were more severely damaged in Canadian Zone 2a (USDA Zone 2) and cultivation in this area should be avoided. In Canadian Zones 4 and 5. seedlings were only slightly damaged so production is recommended for these areas.
Economic Linkages Between the U.S. Greenhouse and Nursery Products Industry and Landscape Services
Authors: Cox Linda J. , Leones Julie , Hollyer Janies R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Landscape service firms are major purchasers of greenhouse and nursery products in the U.S. The 1985 U.S. Forest Service Impact Analysis for Planning (IMPLAN) input-output model for the state of Arizona was used, along with primary data, to illustrate how to make use of existing data to examine the economic linkages between the landscape services industry group and the greenhouse and nursery products industry. IMPLAN estimated that in 1986 the $247 million of sales made by Arizona landscape service firms stimulated $23.4 million in gross sales for the greenhouse and nursery production sector and $10.5 million in value added. The IMPLAN model is a useful tool for examining the link between landscape service firms and the greenhouse and nursery products industry.
Growth and Fall Color of Red Maple Selections in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Sibley Jeff L. , Joseph Eakes D. , Gilliam Charles H. , Keever Gary J. , Dozier William A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nine red maple (Acer rubrum L.) cultivars (‘Autumn Flame’, ‘Fairview Flame’, ‘Franksred’, ‘Karpick’, ‘Northwood’, ‘October Glory’, ‘Redskin’, ‘Schlesingeri’, and ‘Tilford’), three Freeman maple (Acer × freemanii, interspecific cross between red maple and silver maple) cultivars (‘Autumn Blaze’, ‘Morgan’, and ‘Scarsen’), and a group of A. rubrum seedlings were evaluated in a field study with trickle irrigation for growth rates and fall color. ‘Autumn Blaze’, ‘Morgan’, ‘Scarsen’, and ‘Autumn Flame’ increased the most in height and diameter annually. Height increase was least for ‘Northwood’. ‘Northwood’ and ‘Karpick’ increased least in diameter annually. Considerable variation in initiation, peak, and duration of fall color, and time of defoliation were evident among cultivars. ‘Fairview Flame’ and ‘October Glory’ exhibited superior fall color while ‘Northwood’, ‘Morgan’, and ‘Redskin’ had poor fall color.
Control of Florida Betony (Stachys floridana Shuttlew.) Emerging From Tubers
Authors: Norcini Jeffrey G. , Aldrich James H. , McDowell Judith M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Derby (metolachlor + simazine), Pennant (metolachlor), and Princep (simazine) were tested at two sites to determine if they would provide control of Florida betony (Stachys floridana Shuttlew.) similar to Barricade (prodiamine). These herbicides were applied twice to containerized Florida betony grown from tubers—a preemergent application in September, 1992 and a postemergent application in November, 1992. Only Barricade (prodiamine) provided 14 weeks of good to excellent control at both sites. Pennant (metolachlor) at 5.4 kg ai/ha (4.8 lb ai/A) provided control equivalent to Barricade (prodiamine) 6 weeks after the initial application at one site and poorer but acceptable control at the other site. Derby (metolachlor + simazine) and Pennant (metolachlor) tended to reduce number of shoots and/or percent coverage compared to an untreated control but generally provided poor control. Princep (simazine) was ineffective.
Tree Transplant Size Influences Post-Transplant Growth, Gas Exchange, and Leaf Water Potential Of ‘October Glory’ Red Maple
Authors: Lauderdale Daniel M. , Gilliam Charles H. , Eakes Donald J. , Keever Gary J , Chappelka Arthur H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Effects of red maple transplant size [3.8 cm (1.5 in, small) and 7.6 cm (3.0 in, large) trunk diameter] on growth were evaluated at park and residential planting sites in Mobile, AL, during 1993 and 1994. Gas exchange and leaf water potential of transplants were monitored. Small trees had greater shoot elongation than large trees during both growing seasons. In 1994, small trees had greater height increases than large trees. Trunk diameter increases of small transplants were twice those of large transplants in 1994. Photosynthesis, leaf conductance, transpiration, and water use efficiency were higher for small transplants than large transplants on every observation date. In August 1993, pre-dawn and daily leaf water potentials were higher (less negative) for small trees than for large trees.
Chemical or Air Root-Pruning Containers Improve Carambola, Longan, and Mango Seedling Root Morphology and Initial Root Growth after Transplanting
Authors: Marler Thomas E. , Willis Dwayne 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.), longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.), and mango (Mangifera indica L.) nursery transplants were produced in copper-treated, air-root-pruning (only carambola and mango), or untreated conventional plastic containers during 1990 and 1991. Copper treatments did not influence root growth of carambola or mango; but increased total root growth during container production, the proportion of roots in the upper half of the root system, and new root growth after transplanting for longan. Air-root-pruning containers increased the proportion of roots in the upper half of the rootball and new root growth of carambola and mango following transplanting. Copper-treated containers for longan and air-root-pruning containers for carambola and mango effectively stopped root extension growth at the container wall-medium interface.
A Comparison of Morphological Features Affecting Water Loss in Norway Maple and Washington Hawthorn Stems
Authors: Bates Rick M. , Niemiera Alexander X. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Crataegus phaenopyrum (Washington hawthorn) stems are known to be more sensitive to water stress during cold storage than Acer platanoides (Norway maple). Histological examination revealed that maple stems had a highly suberized periderm, and uniform cuticle with few disruptions. Periderm suberization of hawthorn stems was variable and extensive peridermal cracking was evident. Cuticle wax decreased with increasing distance from the stem apex for both species. No differences in lenticellar characteristics were found between species. Results indicated that hawthorn stems had anatomical features that allowed for more water loss than maple stems, which may provide a possible explanation for differences in maple and hawthorn stem water loss rates.
Trade Flows and Marketing Practices within the California Nursery Industry—Survey Results from 1988 and 1993
Authors: Klein Grant J. , Schuch Ursula K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nurseries were surveyed nationwide in 1989 and 1994 to collect information on products, customers, and business practices during the previous year. California's nursery industry is the largest in the nation and provided the majority of seedlings, liners, whips, and grafted material from within the state. Landscape firms were the most important customers for wholesale nurseries in 1993 (35% of sales), followed by garden centers and re-wholesalers (26% and 25% of sales), and mass merchandisers (12% of sales). Over 90% of California nursery wholesale products were sold within the state, and the rest were shipped to the north, west, midwest, and parts of the east coast. Production cost was used as the most important criteria for price determination of nursery stock. Sales methods such as in-person and telephone, negotiated and non-negotiated sales varied in popularity between the two years surveyed. Nurseries spent about 3.5% of their revenue on advertising, primarily in catalogs and the Yellow Pages. Twenty-six percent and 70% of medium and large nurseries, respectively, were represented at trade shows versus only 11% of small nurseries. Capital and land were the major factors limiting expansion of nurseries in 1988 and 1993, with market demand becoming a more prevalent factor in 1993.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Media Suitable for Containerized Bare Root Whip Production
Authors: Struve Daniel K. , McCoy Edward L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Moisture retention characteristics, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and bulk density of media suitable for containerized bare root whip production and the effects of these media on red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.) growth were studied. Media tested were: 3:1:1, 2:1:2 and 2:2:1 (by vol) sand:composted municipal sewage sludge [Comtil]:Isolite or zeolite. A similar series of media were prepared by substituting rice hulls for sand. Similar physical properties were determined for three media components: rice hulls, Comtil and pine bark. Rice hulls and Comtil had high water retention at container capacity, 70.1 and 85.4%, respectively. Thus, substituting rice hulls for sand increased media water retention at container capacity and total plant available water. Media pH ranged from 4.9 (2:1:2 and 2:2:1 rice hulls:Comtil:zeolite) to 6.3 (3:1:1 sand:Comtil:zeolite). Rice hulls and Comtil had bulk densities similar to pine bark (0.30 and 0.32, respectively vs. 0.35 g cm−3); thus, medium bulk density was lower when rice hulls were substituted for sand. Rice hull-based media cation exchange capacity was higher than sand-based media. There were no differences in red oak height growth in the different media; height growth averaged 72 cm (28 in). Blackgum height was greatest (138 cm, 54 in) in 2:2:1 rice hull:Comtil:zeolite medium. The results demonstrate that rice hulls could be substituted for sand without reducing height growth of either species. When grown in the different bare root media, red oak and blackgum seedlings could be bare rooted by hand shaking. The root systems of both species were fibrous with many roots with intact root tips.
Comparison of Conventional and Alternative Nursery Field Management Systems: Tree Growth and Performance
Authors: Calkins James B. , Swanson Bert T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effects of 5 nursery field maintenance systems (cultivation, herbicide management, legume (bird's-foot trefoil) companion crop, winter cereal (rye) cover crop/mulch, and mixed grass sod) on the growth and performance of field-grown trees were investigated. Six tree species were included in this study: Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Marshall's Seedless’; Malus ‘Red Splendor’; Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ‘Skyline’; Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’; Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’; and Picea glauca var. densata. Height, lateral branch extension, and caliper growth were measured each year for 7 years. Plant quality was assessed at the end of the study. All growth parameters were affected by field management treatment. Field management treatment effects on growth were influenced by differences in climate between years and were species dependent. Caliper growth was more sensitive to cover crop competition than height growth. Height and caliper growth were initially reduced for deciduous trees grown together with cover crops, but treatment differences in height became less significant over time. Caliper of evergreens was also reduced, but field management treatment effects on height were variable. Trees grown under bare soil conditions (cultivation and herbicide management) were more densely branched than those grown with cover crops. Herbicide management and cultivation generally supported the most vigorous growth and resulted in the best quality plants. Of the cover/companion crops evaluated, the rye cover crop/mulch treatment only slightly reduced plant performance compared to cultivated and herbicide management treatments while bird's-foot trefoil and grass companion crops proved to be too competitive. A winter rye cover crop/mulch field management system appears to have potential as an alternative to conventional field production systems. Using such a system, quality plants can be produced with fewer inputs and fewer negative impacts on the environment and long term productivity.
Effect of Cold Storage and Pre-transplant Desiccation on Root Growth Potential and Bud Break of Bare-root Washington Hawthorn and Norway Maple
Authors: Bates Rick M. , Niemiera Alexander X. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two-year-old Washington hawthorn (Crataegus phaenopyrum Med.) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) seedlings were subjected to varying cold storage durations and 4 storage treatments: whole plant covered, shoots exposed, roots exposed and whole plant exposed. After storage, half the seedlings were immediately planted and half received a 12-hr desiccation treatment prior to transplanting. Root growth potential (RGP), time to bud break, and marketability were measured. With the root covered treatments, Norway maple RGP increased, while Washington hawthorn RGP decreased with increased cold storage duration. RGP for both species remained low throughout storage for treatments exposing roots. The 12-hr desiccation treatment reduced RGP for both species with hawthorn being more affected than maple. Days to bud break for both species decreased with increased storage time for whole plant covered treatments, but increased for both species when stored with exposed roots. Maple marketability for root covered treatments was high for most storage durations. Hawthorn marketability was generally low except for the whole plant covered treatment during the first 6 weeks of storage. For the respective storage durations, hawthorn RGP, time to bud break and marketability values for the shoots exposed treatment were similar to the roots exposed treatments. In contrast, values for the shoot exposed treatment were similar to the whole plant covered treatment for maple. There was a high positive correlation between RGP and marketability for both species.
Compost and Rubber Tire Chips as Peat Substitutes in Nursery Container Media: Growth Effects
Authors: Calkins James B. , Jarvis Beth R. , Swanson Bert T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This research investigated the feasibility of using composted yard wastes, composted municipal solid waste and shredded rubber tire chips in nursery container media. Containerized Physocarpus opulifolius ‘Dart's Gold’, Forsythia × ‘Meadowlark’, Spiraea × billiardii, Juniperus chinensis ‘Seagreen’, J. sabina ‘Mini Arcade’, J. horizontalis ‘Hughes’, and Lamiastrum galeobdolon were grown in media amended with five recycled waste materials used as peat substitutes in a standard container medium of composted woodchips, peat, and sand (3:2:1 by vol). Waste materials used included three yard waste composts, one municipal solid waste compost and shredded rubber tire chips. Fifty or 100% of the peat in the standard growing medium was replaced with each amendment. Ten treatments (five amendments, each at 50% and 100% peat replacement) and a control (standard medium) were used for all seven plant species. Visual ratings, height and width measurements (crown volume), number of growing points and plant dry weights indicated that media in which 50% of the peat was replaced by an amendment produced larger plants of superior quality compared to the control. Rubber tire chips were acceptable as a 50% peat substitute for plants that prefer well-drained conditions, while 100% peat substitution with tire chips was detrimental to plant growth and performance. Use of immature compost in container media negatively influenced plant growth.