bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Davenant
Authors: Allsopp Niall 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 traces the political views recorded in Davenant’s Preface to Gondibert (1650) and Gondibert (1651). At this time, Davenant loosened his ties with royalism, and imagined a more flexible and artificial form of sovereignty. This view was informed by Tacitism, especially by Lipsius, but the chapter particularly maps out the common ground between Davenant and Hobbes, who both attest to reading each others’ work at this time. The chapter notes Davenant’s views on religion (described by John Aubrey as ‘ingeniose Quakerisme’), on vainglory and the psychological causes of conflict, and on sovereignty, which Davenant founded on force (an argument current in the Engagement controversy), and on the power of poetry to constrain the imagination. Although Gondibert itself peters out inconclusively, the chapter concludes by highlighting its imaginative afterlife among satirists, including John Denham and Andrew Marvell.
Davenant and the Protectorate
Authors: Allsopp Niall 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 presents a new account of Davenant’s involvement, alongside Waller, in the poetic and political culture of the Cromwellian Protectorate. It charts how Waller and Davenant allied with the courtly, civilian faction in the Protectorate, yet sought to persuade their patrons of the value of a more absolutist view of Cromwellian power. New readings of Waller’s A Panegyrick upon my Lord Protector, and Davenant’s drama, The First Days Entertainment at Rutland-House, show how these texts drew on sovereignty arguments, informed by Hobbes. Both poets drew increasingly on a language of civility to unite aristocratic power with artificial and absolute sovereignty. The final section focuses on Davenant’s appeal to the leading Cromwellian courtier Roger Boyle, Lord Broghill, identifying for the first time how close Davenant came to endorsing a Cromwellian monarchy.
Rebellion in the South
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Much attention has been rightfully devoted to the invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944 and—less so—the Allied landing on the Mediterranean coastline. This chapter focuses on the contribution by antifascist resistance activists to the liberation of France. It is often overlooked that much of Southern France south of the Loire and Lake Geneva was liberated to a significant extent by resistance units. Obviously, without the engagements responsible for the liberation of the Northern half of France by Allied troops, the resistance would not have been able to carry this out. Still, the liberation of roughly half of France by resistance groups had major consequences for the plans of French antifascists for post-liberation society. The most significant acts of defiance of the smooth return to the status quo ante bellum occurred precisely in those areas where the resistance had been largely responsible for the expulsion of German troops.
The Wind from the North
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
No Western European country experienced liberation at such a slow pace as Italy. The Allied landing on Sicily occurred twenty months before the final liberation of Northern Italy in late April 1945. As a result, the evolution of antifascist resistance activism underwent a contradictory development unique in Western Europe. The official Roman government administering liberated Italy and Rome-based coordinating bodies of the resistance operating in the North performed the role of a break on the radical dynamic of antifascist activism in Italy’s North. In parts of Central and Northern Italy, the social power and political clout of Liberation Committees became all-important counterpowers to traditional political authorities, far exceeding the radical dynamics which had propelled French Liberation Committees into the limelight of their day. Virtually all of Northern Italy was liberated by antifascist activists in advance of the arrival of Allied troops moving north.
‘Who Is the Government? We Are the Government!’
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Liberation Committees were most frequently local institutions of grassroots counterpower vis-à-vis traditional power brokers wishing to facilitate the smooth return to the status quo ante bellum or ante Mussolini. In factories, large offices, and rural areas characterized by the survival of semi-feudal production relations, the latter still a prominent feature in parts of rural Italy, Liberation Committees constituted prima facie challenges to the reestablishment of the dictatorial powers of proprietors and top-level managers. Nowhere did the competing social visions and political projects clash more thoroughly than in factories, offices, or the circumstances confronting landless labourers vis-à-vis traditional landed elites. Next to no serious attention has been devoted to this contentious feature of the moment of liberation until now. My description and analysis of Liberation Committees at the point of production reinforces the assessment of the moment of liberation as a transnational moment of crisis and opportunity when everything appeared possible.
Market Changes and Market Anomie
Authors: Farrall Stephen , Karstedt Susanne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter uses the core concepts of institutional anomie theory, one of the most exciting theoretical developments in criminology of the recent past, to explain why people commit crimes in the marketplace. This theory in particular models neo-liberal changes to markets that affect the relationship between state and markets, consumption patterns, and citizenship. Modelling relies on structural equations and explores these processes and their impact on the three regions.
The Contours of European Moral Economies
Authors: Farrall Stephen , Karstedt Susanne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter draws on data from the European Social Survey, which was based on the original survey and explored the economic morality and middle-class crime for twenty-five countries in Europe. Levels of victimization and offending differ widely across Europe and its regions. Importantly, we find that more affluent and equal countries with larger middle classes also have higher levels of offending and victimization, as well as overlap between both. Opportunities combined with greed might be the factors that shape the moral economies at the centre of European societies. Perceptions of unfairness and abuse of power by business are decisive determinants of allegiance to norms and rules, distrust in many institutions which operate in the marketplace and fear of being victimized in European countries. Regulation and oversight of business and empowerment of consumers therefore are identified as reasonable routes to reduce losses from widespread fraud and shady practices by citizens and consumers.
An evaluation of mathematical models for the outbreak of COVID-19
Authors: Wang Ning , Fu Yuting , Zhang Hu , Shi Huipeng 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Mathematical modelling performs a vital part in estimating and controlling the recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this epidemic, most countries impose severe intervention measures to contain the spread of COVID-19. The policymakers are forced to make difficult decisions to leverage between health and economic development. How and when to make clinical and public health decisions in an epidemic situation is a challenging question. The most appropriate solution is based on scientific evidence, which is mainly dependent on data and models. So one of the most critical problems during this crisis is whether we can develop reliable epidemiological models to forecast the evolution of the virus and estimate the effectiveness of various intervention measures and their impacts on the economy. There are numerous types of mathematical model for epidemiological diseases. In this paper, we present some critical reviews on mathematical models for the outbreak of COVID-19. Some elementary models are presented as an initial formulation for an epidemic. We give some basic concepts, notations, and foundation for epidemiological modelling. More related works are also introduced and evaluated by considering epidemiological features such as disease tendency, latent effects, susceptibility, basic reproduction numbers, asymptomatic infections, herd immunity, and impact of the interventions.
The WOMAC Pain Scale and Crosstalk From Co-occurring Pain Sites in People With Knee Pain: A Causal Modeling Study
Authors: Riddle Daniel L , Perera Robert A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objective
The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) pain scale quantifies knee pain severity with activities of daily living, but the potential impact of pain in other body regions on WOMAC pain scores has not been explored using a causal modeling approach. The purpose of this study was to determine if pain in other areas of the body impact WOMAC pain scores, a phenomenon referred to as “crosstalk.”

Methods
Cross-sectional datasets were built from public use data available from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) and the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST). The WOMAC Pain Scale and generic hip, knee, ankle, foot and back pain measures were included. Three nested regression models grounded in causally based classical test theory determined the extent of crosstalk. Improvements in the coefficient of determination across the 3 models were used to determine the presence of crosstalk.

Results
Causal modeling provided evidence of crosstalk in both OAI and MOST datasets. For example, in OAI, multiple statistical models demonstrated significant increases in coefficient of determination values (P &lt; .0001) as additional pain areas were added to the models.

Conclusions
Crosstalk appears to be a clinically important source of error in the WOMAC Pain Scale, particularly for patients with a larger number of painful body regions and when contralateral knee joint pain is more severe.

Impact Statement
This study has important implications for arthritis research. It also should raise clinician awareness of the threat to score interpretation and the need to consider the extent of pain in other body regions when interpreting WOMAC pain scores.
Partisan Federalism and Subnational Governments’ International Engagements: Insights from India
Authors: Sharma Chanchal Kumar , Destradi Sandra , Plagemann Johannes 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article situates the international activities of subnational governments in India within the broader political economy of federalism. It argues that the nature and the extent of subnational states’ engagements in international affairs are a function of the partisan political relationship the state incumbents have with the national incumbents. The article takes a mixed methods approach. An analysis of 1,153 episodes of international engagements of India’s states from 1996 to 2017 reveals that shifts in foreign policy engagement of selected state governments primarily reflect alterations in the subnational incumbents’ political affiliation with the Union government. Several qualitative case studies shed light on how the central government’s inclusion of subnational governments’ perspectives and representatives in foreign affairs is highly partisan and profoundly political. Therefore, the Indian case reveals how subnational diplomatic interactions merge domestic and international politics.
Acetaminophen-induced renal toxicity: preventive effect of silver nanoparticles
Authors: Reshi Mohd Salim , Yadav Deepa , Uthra Chhavi , Shrivastava Sadhana , Shukla Sangeeta 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPresent study was planned to investigate the ameliorative effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity. Our results demonstrate that therapy of AgNPs at three different doses (50, 100 and 150 μg/kg once only) prevented the acetaminophen (2 g/kg once only) induced acute renal toxicity. AgNPs treated animals also show less intensity in the histological alterations in kidneys and corroborating the results of analysis of serum urea and creatinine. In addition, AgNPs therapy prevented the acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress, which was confirmed by the alleviated lipid peroxidation, enhanced renal reduced glutathione content and restored enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and adenosine triphosphatase in kidney. Thus, our results demonstrate a possible protective potential of AgNPs on renal toxicity induced by acetaminophen. This study will definitely lead to the development of therapeutic drug against nephrotoxicity, after further clinical and preclinical studies.
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Peripheral Lymph Nodes in Children: Practical Experience in a Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Richardson Chantel , Redfern Andrew , Sher-Locketz Candice L , Schubert Pawel T , Schaaf H Simon 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Peripheral lymphadenopathy occurs often in children; fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a commonly performed diagnostic procedure. We describe FNAB use and outcome for peripheral lymphadenopathy in children in a routine clinical setting.

Methods
A retrospective study done at Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town of children (&lt;13 years) who had an FNAB for lymphadenopathy from July 2012 to June 2014. Demographic, clinical, treatment and follow-up data were retrieved from patient folders; FNAB and special investigation results were obtained from the laboratory database.

Results
Of the 173 children, the median age was 37 (interquartile range 13–75) months; 20 (11.5%) were HIV positive. Most FNABs were done in the neck (131; 76%) and axillary areas (34; 20%). FNAB provided a result in 165 (95%) cases; in 8 (5%) children FNAB was insufficient for diagnosis. Mycobacterial aetiology was diagnosed in 84 (49%); 49 (58%) were culture-confirmed (37 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 10 Mycobacterium bovis BCG, 1 both and 1 non-tuberculous mycobacterium). Reactive lymphadenopathy was diagnosed in 56 (32%), neoplastic disease in 6 (3.5%) and other pathology in 19 (11%) cases. Additional special investigations changed FNAB diagnosis or led to an additional diagnosis in 8 (5%) children. Overall, 70/84 (83%) with mycobacterial aetiology and all neoplastic disease cases received the correct treatment. Follow-up appointments were arranged in 144 (83%) patients.

Conclusions
In a high tuberculosis burden area, a single FNAB provided a diagnosis in most cases in a routine referral setting; FNAB remains a safe and useful investigation. Follow-up of children to initiate appropriate treatment could improve.

LAY SUMMARY
Large swollen lymph nodes, especially in the neck, are a common finding in children. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is a commonly used diagnostic procedure and we looked at how well this procedure works in everyday hospital practice. We identified all children &lt;13 years of age over a 2-year period (2012–2014) who had an FNAB done at Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, and looked how well this procedure performed and what the doctors did with these children. We found 173 children who had an FNAB done. They were generally young children of around 3 years old. With a single FNAB, we could make a diagnosis in 95% of these children. About half of the children had tuberculosis or complications of a BCG vaccine (both caused by mycobacteria), only 4% had a malignancy of some kind, about a third had reactive lymph nodes (usually other mainly local infectious causes) and the rest had other pathology like abscesses. All malignancies and &gt;80% of the mycobacterial pathology cases were correctly managed; the latter could definitely improve.
Comparison of Administration of 0.02% Atropine and Orthokeratology for Myopia Control
Authors: Lyu Yong , Ji Na , Fu Ai-Cun , Wang Wei-Qun , Wei Li , Qin Jian , Zhao Bing-Xin 
Published: May 2020

Objective:
To compare the efficacies of 0.02% atropine eye drops and orthokeratology to control axial length (AL) elongation in children with myopia.

Methods:
In this historical control study, 247 children with myopia whose administration of 0.02% atropine (n=142) or underwent orthokeratology from an earlier study (n=105, control group) were enrolled. Data on AL and other baseline parameters were recorded at baseline and after 1 and 2 years of treatment.

Results:
The mean changes in AL in the first and second years of treatment were 0.30±0.21 and 0.28±0.20 mm, respectively, in the 0.02% atropine group and 0.16±0.20 and 0.20±0.16 mm, respectively, in the orthokeratology group. Axial length elongations after 2 years of treatment were 0.58±0.35 and 0.36±0.30 mm (P=0.007) in the 0.02% atropine and orthokeratology groups, respectively. Multivariate regression analyses showed that the AL elongation was significantly faster in the 0.02% atropine group than in the orthokeratology group (β=0.18, P=0.009). In multivariate regression analyses, younger age and shorter baseline AL were associated with a rapid AL elongation in the 0.02% atropine group (βage=−0.04, P=0.01; βAL=−0.17, P=0.03), while younger age, lower baseline spherical equivalent refractive error (SER), and shorter baseline AL were associated with a greater increase in AL in the orthokeratology group (βage=−0.03, P=0.04; βSER=0.06, P=0.03; βAL=−0.11, P=0.009). Faster AL elongation was found in the 0.02% atropine group compared with the orthokeratology group at higher baseline SER (P=0.04, interaction test).

Conclusion:
Within the limits of this study design, orthokeratology seems to be a better method for controlling AL elongation compared with administration of 0.02% atropine in children with higher myopia over a treatment period of 2 years.
Subconjunctival Aflibercept for the Treatment of Formed Corneal Neovascularization
Authors: Sella Ruti , Ben Ishai Meydan , Livny Eitan , Nahum Yoav , Bahar Irit 
Published: May 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate the effect of a single subconjunctival aflibercept injection on formed corneal neovascularization.

Methods:
A prospective clinical trial, conducted at a single tertiary medical center. Included were consecutive patients with corneal pathologies complicated by corneal neovascularization, who were candidates for anti–vascular endothelial growth factor treatment at the discretion of a cornea specialist. A single subconjunctival injection of 0.08 mL of Aflibercept (Eylea 25 mg/mL) was administered near the limbus in proximity to the areas of maximal pathological neovascularization. Follow-up visits were scheduled on days 7, 30, 60, and 90 following injection. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure, slitlamp examination, digital cornea photography, specular microscopy, and anterior-segment optical coherence tomography were documented at each visit. The images were graded by a masked observer for density, extent, and centricity of corneal vascularization.

Results:
Six eyes of six patients were analyzed. No clinically significant ocular or systemic adverse events were documented. No change was noted in extent, density, or centricity of corneal blood vessels at seven, 30, and 90 days after injection (P>0.1 for all time point comparisons, Friedman test). Best-corrected visual acuity fluctuated insignificantly in 5/6 patients during follow-up time, and objective but not subjective improvement of BCVA was noted in one patient with no concurrent change of neovascularization. The recruitment has therefore halted prematurely.

Conclusions:
A single subconjunctival aflibercept injection seems to be well tolerated. However, it is ineffective for regressing formed corneal neovascularization.
The SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effect is blocked with autophagy modulators
Authors: Gorshkov Kirill , Chen Catherine Z. , Bostwick Robert , Rasmussen Lynn , Xu Miao , Pradhan Manisha , Tran Bruce Nguyen , Zhu Wei , Shamim Khalida , Huang Wenwei , Hu Xin , Shen Min , Klumpp-Thomas Carleen , Itkin Zina , Shinn Paul , Simeonov Anton , Michael Sam , Hall Matthew D. , Lo Donald C. , Zheng Wei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 is a new type of coronavirus capable of rapid transmission and causing severe clinical symptoms; much of which has unknown biological etiology. It has prompted researchers to rapidly mobilize their efforts towards identifying and developing anti-viral therapeutics and vaccines. Discovering and understanding the virus’ pathways of infection, host-protein interactions, and cytopathic effects will greatly aid in the design of new therapeutics to treat COVID-19. While it is known that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, extensively explored as clinical agents for COVID-19, have multiple cellular effects including inhibiting autophagy, there are also dose-limiting toxicities in patients that make clearly establishing their potential mechanisms-of-action problematic. Therefore, we evaluated a range of other autophagy modulators to identify an alternative autophagy-based drug repurposing opportunity. In this work, we found that 6 of these compounds blocked the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero-E6 cells with EC50values ranging from 2.0 to 13 μM and selectivity indices ranging from 1.5 to >10-fold. Immunofluorescence staining for LC3B and LysoTracker dye staining assays in several cell lines indicated their potency and efficacy for inhibiting autophagy correlated with the measurements in the SARS-CoV-2 cytopathic effect assay. Our data suggest that autophagy pathways could be targeted to combat SARS-CoV-2 infections and become an important component of drug combination therapies to improve the treatment outcomes for COVID-19.
Anagliptin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduces fasting plasma lathosterol level: a single-arm intervention trial
Authors: Ikegami Yuichi , Inoue Ikuo , Takenaka Yasuhiro , Saito Daigo , Noda Mitsuhiko , Shimada Akira 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundAnagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, has been shown to decrease low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in plasma.Aim of studyThe objective of our study is to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for anagliptin-mediated improvements in high LDL-C levels (hyper-LDL-C-emia).MethodsWe prospectively examined the effects of anagliptin monotherapy on fasting plasma lathosterol, sitosterol, and campesterol levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyper-LDL-C-emia for 6 months. We examined 8 patients who did not use hypoglycemic or lipid-lowering drugs, other than anagliptin, for 4 months before initiating the study. Serum variables related to glucose and lipid metabolism were measured before and after the treatment for 6 months and pre- and post-prandially using the cookie-loading test.ResultsAfter treatment, anagliptin monotherapy (n = 8) significantly decreased fasting LDL-C (182.8 to 167.8 mg/dL, as mean values of before and after the treatment) and plasma lathosterol levels (3.2 to 2.6 mg/dL); however, no significant changes were observed in fasting sitosterol or campesterol levels. Furthermore, a significant increase (p = 0.0012) in the change in 1-h post-prandial active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels was observed after anagliptin treatment. For all participants (n = 17), fasting plasma lathosterol levels were negatively correlated with pre-prandial GLP-1 levels.ConclusionAnagliptin monotherapy may have a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism, which is mediated by the inhibition of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, and not by the inhibition of intestinal lipid transport.