bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asian Race and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Results from the REDUCE Study
Authors: Vidal Adriana C. , Oyekunle Taofik , Feng Tom , Freedland Alexis R. , Moreira Daniel , Castro-Santamaria Ramiro , Andriole Gerald L. , Freedland Stephen J. , Allott Emma H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background:
Global prostate cancer incidence rates are lower in Asian men than Caucasian men. Whether this is the result of less screening in Asian men remains to be determined. We examined whether Asian race was associated with prostate cancer diagnosis in the Reduction by Dutasteride of Cancer Events (REDUCE) study.

Methods:
REDUCE was a 4-year, multicenter, randomized trial of dutasteride versus placebo for prostate cancer prevention among men who underwent prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-independent biopsies at 2 and 4 years. Eligible men were ages 50 to 75 years, had PSA between 2.5 and 10 ng/mL, and a negative prestudy prostate biopsy. We tested the association between Asian and Caucasian race and prostate cancer diagnosis using logistic regression.

Results:
Of 8,122 men in REDUCE, 5,755 (71%) were Caucasian and 105 (1.8%) were Asian. Asians had lower body mass index (24.8 vs. 26.9 kg/m2, P &lt; 0.001), had smaller prostate volume (35.0 vs. 43.5 cc, P &lt; 0.001), and were less likely to have abnormal digital rectal exams (P = 0.048), but were similar in baseline age, PSA, family history of prostate cancer, and smoking status compared with Caucasian men (all P ≥ 0.164). Asian men were equally likely to receive any on-study biopsy compared with Caucasian men (P = 0.634). After adjusting for potential confounders, Asian men were less likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer during the 4-year study (OR = 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.28–0.88; P = 0.016), compared with Caucasian men.

Conclusions:
In REDUCE, where all men underwent biopsies largely independent of PSA, Asian race was associated with lower prostate cancer diagnosis.

Impact:
These findings suggest that lower prostate cancer risk in Asian men may be due to biological, genetic, and/or lifestyle factors.
Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity of PD-L1 Expression and Tumor Mutational Burden in Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma at Baseline Diagnosis and after Chemotherapy
Authors: Zhou Katherine I. , Peterson Bryan , Serritella Anthony , Thomas Joseph , Reizine Natalie , Moya Stephanie , Tan Carol , Wang Yan , Catenacci Daniel V.T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Purpose:
Intrapatient heterogeneity of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and tumor mutational burden (TMB) in gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA) could influence their roles as predictive biomarkers for response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). In this retrospective analysis, we evaluated the spatiotemporal heterogeneity and prognostic relevance of PD-L1 expression and TMB in GEA.

Experimental Design:
A cohort of 211 patients with stage II–IV GEA was retrospectively reviewed for a total of 407 tumor samples with PD-L1 expression data and 319 tumor samples with TMB data. PD-L1 status was defined as positive if combined positive score (CPS) ≥1 using the 22C3 pharmDx assay. TMB levels were categorized as low, intermediate, or high (≤5, 5–15, or &gt;15 mutations/Mb), or using a single threshold (&lt;10 or ≥10 mutation/Mb), determined by next-generation sequencing using a targeted gene panel.

Results:
Of 407 tumors, 56% were PD-L1 negative and 44% PD-L1 positive. Of 319 tumors, 50% were TMB-low, 45% TMB-intermediate, and 5% TMB-high; 86% had &lt;10 and 14% ≥10 mutations/Mb. TMB level was significantly associated with MSI-status. PD-L1 expression and TMB exhibited marked spatial heterogeneity between baseline primary and metastatic tumors (61% and 69% concordance), and temporal heterogeneity between tumors before and after chemotherapy (57%–63% and 73%–75% concordance). PD-L1 expression and TMB were not significantly associated with overall survival.

Conclusions:
PD-L1 expression and TMB exhibit marked spatial and temporal heterogeneity in GEA. This heterogeneity should be considered when obtaining tumor samples for molecular testing and when deciding whether ICI therapy is appropriate.
See related commentary by Klempner et al., p. 6401
Hyperglycemia Enhances Cancer Immune Evasion by Inducing Alternative Macrophage Polarization through Increased O-GlcNAcylation
Authors: Rodrigues Mantuano Natália , Stanczak Michal A. , Oliveira Isadora de Araújo , Kirchhammer Nicole , Filardy Alessandra A. , Monaco Gianni , Santos Ronan Christian , Fonseca Agatha Carlos , Fontes Miguel , Bastos César de Souza , Dias Wagner B. , Zippelius Alfred , Todeschini Adriane R. , Läubli Heinz 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly increases the risk for cancer and cancer progression. Hyperglycemia is the defining characteristic of DM and tightly correlates with a poor prognosis in patients with cancer. The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) is emerging as a pivotal cascade linking high glucose, tumor progression, and impaired immune function. Here we show that enhanced glucose flow through the HBP drives cancer progression and immune evasion by increasing O-GlcNAcylation in tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Increased O-GlcNAc skewed macrophage polarization to a M2-like phenotype supporting tumor progression. Finally, we found an upregulation of M2 markers on TAMs in DM2 patients with colorectal cancer compared with nondiabetic normoglycemic patients. Our results provide evidence for a new and targetable mechanism of cancer immune evasion in patients with hyperglycemia, advocating for strict control of hyperglycemia in patients with cancer.
Effect of Optimized Versus Guidelines‐Based Automated External Defibrillator Placement on Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest Coverage: An In Silico Trial
Authors: Sun Christopher L. F. , Karlsson Lena , Morrison Laurie J. , Brooks Steven C. , Folke Fredrik , Chan Timothy C. Y. 
Published: August 2020

Background
Mathematical optimization of automated external defibrillator (AED) placement may improve AED accessibility and out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) outcomes compared with American Heart Association (AHA) and European Resuscitation Council (ERC) placement guidelines. We conducted an in silico trial (simulated prospective cohort study) comparing mathematically optimized placements with placements derived from current AHA and ERC guidelines, which recommend placement in locations where OHCAs are usually witnessed.

Methods and Results

We identified all public OHCAs of presumed cardiac cause from 2008 to 2016 in Copenhagen, Denmark. For the control, we computationally simulated placing 24/7‐accessible AEDs at every unique, public, witnessed OHCA location at monthly intervals over the study period. The intervention consisted of an equal number of simulated AEDs placements, deployed monthly, at mathematically optimized locations, using a model that analyzed historical OHCAs before that month. For each approach, we calculated the number of OHCAs in the study period that occurred within a 100‐m route distance based on Copenhagen’s road network of an available AED after it was placed (“OHCA coverage”). Estimated impact on bystander defibrillation and 30‐day survival was calculated by multivariate logistic regression. The control scenario involved 393 AEDs at historical, public, witnessed OHCA locations, covering 15.8% of the 653 public OHCAs from 2008 to 2016. The optimized locations provided significantly higher coverage (24.2%;
P
<0.001). Estimated bystander defibrillation and 30‐day survival rates increased from 15.6% to 18.2% (
P
<0.05) and from 32.6% to 34.0% (
P
<0.05), respectively. As a baseline, the 1573 real AEDs in Copenhagen covered 14.4% of the OHCAs.

Conclusions
Mathematical optimization can significantly improve OHCA coverage and estimated clinical outcomes compared with a guidelines‐based approach to AED placement.
Atrial Arrhythmias in Clinically Manifest Cardiac Sarcoidosis: Incidence, Burden, Predictors, and Outcomes
Authors: Weng Willy , Wiefels Christiane , Chakrabarti Santabhanu , Nery Pablo B. , Celiker-Guler Emel , Healey Jeff S. , Hruczkowski Tomasz W. , Quinn F. Russell , Promislow Steven , Medor Maria C. , Spence Stewart , Odabashian Roupen , Alqarawi Wael , Juneau Daniel , de Kemp Rob , Leung Eugene , Beanlands Rob , Birnie David 
Published: August 2020

Background
Recent data have suggested a substantial incidence of atrial arrhythmias (AAs) in cardiac sarcoidosis (CS). Our study aims were to first assess how often AAs are the presenting feature of previously undiagnosed CS. Second, we used prospective follow‐up data from implanted devices to investigate AA incidence, burden, predictors, and response to immunosuppression.

Methods and Results
This project is a substudy of the CHASM‐CS (Cardiac Sarcoidosis Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study; NCT01477359). Inclusion criteria were presentation with clinically manifest cardiac sarcoidosis, treatment‐naive status, and implanted with a device that reported accurate AA burden. Data were collected at each device interrogation visit for all patients and all potential episodes of AA were adjudicated. For each intervisit period, the total AA burden was obtained. A total of 33 patients met the inclusion criteria (aged 56.1±7.7 years, 45.5% women). Only 1 patient had important AAs as a part of the initial CS presentation. During a median follow‐up of 49.1 months, 11 of 33 patients (33.3%) had device‐detected AAs, and only 2 (6.1%) had a clinically significant AA burden. Both patients had reduced burden after CS was successfully treated and there was no residual fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography scan.

Conclusions
First, we found that AAs are a rare presenting feature of clinically manifest cardiac sarcoidosis. Second, AAs occurred in a minority of patients at follow‐up; the burden was very low in most patients. Only 2 patients had clinically significant AA burden, and both had a reduction after CS was treated.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clini​caltr​ials.gov
; unique identifier NCT01477359.
Genesis of an East Pacific Easterly Wave from a Panama Bight MCS: A Case Study Analysis from June 2012
Authors: Whitaker Justin W. , Maloney Eric D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the transition of a Panama Bight mesoscale convective system (MCS) into the easterly wave (EW) that became Hurricane Carlotta (2012). Reanalysis, observations, and a convective-permitting Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulation are used to analyze the processes contributing to EW genesis. A vorticity budget analysis shows that convective coupling and vortex stretching are very important to the transition in this case, while horizontal advection is mostly responsible for the propagation of the system. In the model, the disturbance is dominated by stratiform vertical motion profiles and a midlevel vortex, while the system is less top-heavy and is characterized by more prominent low-level vorticity later in the transition in reanalysis. The developing disturbance starts its evolution as a mesoscale convective system in the Bight of Panama. Leading up to MCS formation the Chocó jet intensifies, and during the MCS-to-EW transition the Papagayo jet strengthens. Differences in the vertical structure of the system between reanalysis and the model suggest that the relatively more bottom-heavy disturbance in reanalysis may have stronger interactions with the Papagayo jet. Field observations like those collected during the Organization of Tropical East Pacific Convection (OTREC) campaign are needed to further our understanding of this east Pacific EW genesis pathway and the factors that influence it, including the important role for the vertical structure of the developing disturbances in the context of the vorticity budget.
Dominant Influence of ENSO-Like and Global Sea Surface Temperature Patterns on Changes in Prevailing Boreal Summer Tropical Cyclone Tracks over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Zhao Haikun , Klotzbach Philp J. , Chen Shaohua 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA conventional empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is performed on summertime (May–October) western North Pacific (WNP) tropical cyclone (TC) track density anomalies during 1970–2012. The first leading EOF mode is characterized by a consistent spatial distribution across the WNP basin, which is closely related to an El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-like pattern that prevails on both interannual and interdecadal time scales. The second EOF mode is represented by a tripole pattern with consistent changes in westward and recurving tracks but with an opposite change for west-northwestward TC tracks. This second EOF pattern is dominated by consistent global sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) patterns on interannual and interdecadal time scales, along with a long-term increasing global temperature trend. Observed WNP TC tracks have three distinct interdecadal epochs (1970–86, 1987–97, and 1998–2012) based on EOF analyses. The interdecadal change is largely determined by the changing impact of ENSO-like and consistent global SSTA patterns. When global SSTAs are cool (warm) during 1970–86 (1998–2012), these SSTAs exert a dominant impact and generate a tripole track pattern that is similar to the positive (negative) second EOF mode. In contrast, a predominately El Niño–like SSTA pattern during 1987–97 contributed to increasing TC occurrences across most of the WNP during this 11-yr period. These findings are consistent with long-term trends in TC tracks, with a tripole track pattern observed as global SSTs increase. This study reveals the potential large-scale physical mechanisms driving the changes of WNP TC tracks in association with climate change.
The Enhancement of the Impact of the Wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation on the Subsequent Sea Surface Temperature over the Tropical Atlantic since the Middle 1990s
Authors: Qiao Shaobo , Zou Meng , Tang Shankai , Cheung Ho Nam , Su Haijing , Li Qingxiang , Feng Guolin , Dong Wenjie 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe impact of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the subsequent sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the tropical Atlantic has experienced obvious interdecadal changes during 1950–2015. During 1995–2015, the negative (positive) phase of the wintertime NAO favors positive (negative) SST anomalies over the tropical Atlantic in the subsequent spring–summer, whereas the NAO–SST connection is insignificant during 1970–94 and is confined to the northern tropical Atlantic (NTA) during 1950–69. Compared to 1970–94, the much stronger influence on the NTA SST during 1995–2015 and 1950–69 is associated with a southward shift of the southern boundary of the NAO. During 1995–2015, the inverted NAO-related warming of the tropical Atlantic consists of three stages: 1) the pronounced increase in SST over the subtropical North Atlantic (SNA) and the tropical South Atlantic (TSA) during December–January, 2) the pronounced increase in SST over the northwestern tropical Atlantic (NWTA) during February–April, and 3) the persistent warming over the tropical Atlantic during May–August. The increases in SST over the SNA and the TSA are attributed to significant positive latent heat flux anomalies via the wind–evaporation effect, which are connected by the suppressed regional Hadley circulation. Afterward, the associated anomalous downward motion over the NWTA persists into February–April, which induces more incoming shortwave radiation and results in a significant increase in the local SST via the cloud–radiation effect. In contrast, during 1950–69, due to the decreased interannual variability of the vertical motion over the NWTA, the anomalous downward branch aloft and the low-level cross-equatorial northwesterly winds associated with the inverted NAO are not evident, and thus the regions with an increase in SST are confined to the Northern Hemisphere.
Improving Rain/No-Rain Detection Skill by Merging Precipitation Estimates from Different Sources
Authors: Dong Jianzhi , Crow Wade T. , Reichle Rolf 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRain/no-rain detection error is a key source of uncertainty in regional and global precipitation products that propagates into offline hydrological and land surface modeling simulations. Such detection error is difficult to evaluate and/or filter without access to high-quality reference precipitation datasets. For cases where such access is not available, this study proposes a novel approach for improved rain/no-rain detection. Based on categorical triple collocation (CTC) and a probabilistic framework, a weighted merging algorithm (CTC-M) is developed to combine noisy, but independent, precipitation products into an optimal binary rain/no-rain time series. Compared with commonly used approaches that directly apply the best parent product for rain/no-rain detection, the superiority of CTC-M is demonstrated analytically and numerically using spatially dense precipitation measurements over Europe. Our analysis also suggests that CTC-M is tolerant to a range of cross-correlated rain/no-rain detection errors and detection biases of the parent products. As a result, CTC-M will benefit global precipitation estimation by improving the representation of precipitation occurrence in gauge-based and multisource merged precipitation products.
Alongshore Variability of Shoaling Internal Bores on the Inner Shelf
Authors: McSweeney Jacqueline M. , Lerczak James A. , Barth John A. , Becherer Johannes , MacKinnon Jennifer A. , Waterhouse Amy F. , Colosi John A. , MacMahan Jamie H. , Feddersen Falk , Calantoni Joseph , Simpson Alexandra , Celona Sean , Haller Merrick C. , Terrill Eric 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTemperature and velocity measurements from 42 moorings were used to investigate the alongshore variability of nonlinear internal bores as they propagated across the central California inner shelf. Moorings were deployed September–October 2017 offshore of the Point Sal headland. Regional coverage was ~30 km alongshore and ~15 km across shore, spanning 9–100-m water depths. In addition to subtidal processes modulating regional stratification, internal bores generated complex spatiotemporal patterns of stratification variability. Internal bores were alongshore continuous on the order of tens of kilometers at the 50-m isobath, but the length scales of frontal continuity decreased to O(1 km) at the 25-m isobath. The depth-averaged, bandpass-filtered (from 3 min to 16 h) internal bore kinetic energy was found to be nonuniform along a bore front, even in the case of an alongshore-continuous bore. The pattern of along-bore variability varied for each bore, but a 2-week average indicated that was generally strongest around Point Sal. The stratification ahead of a bore influenced both the bore’s amplitude and cross-shore evolution. The data suggest that alongshore stratification gradients can cause a bore to evolve differently at various alongshore locations. Three potential bore fates were observed: 1) bores transiting intact to the 9-m isobath, 2) bores being overrun by faster, subsequent bores, leading to bore-merging events, and 3) bores disappearing when the upstream pycnocline was near or below middepth. Maps of hourly stratification at each mooring and the estimated position of sequential bores demonstrated that an individual internal bore can significantly impact the waveguide of the subsequent bore.
Treatment of missed Monteggia fracture with intact annular ligament after an interval of 9 years: a case report and literature review
Authors: Zhou Weizheng , Li Lianyong , Mu Mingzhang 
Published: August 2020

Objective Missed Monteggia fractures are commonly observed among children. Both the interval from the injury to surgery and the patient’s age at operation are thought to be correlated directly with the success of the surgery and prognosis. The aim of the present work was to report one interesting adult case of a missed Monteggia fracture with an intact annular ligament 9 years after injury and the outcomes at a 7-year follow-up. Case description One missed lesion with a 9-year delay for surgery occurred in a skeletally mature individual, and it was treated by open reduction and ulnar angulation and elongation osteotomy. The annular ligament was interpositioned intact in the radiocapitellar joint, and therefore, instead of the annular ligament reconstruction (ALR), relocation was performed. Results After one revision surgery for the complication of nonunion, good radiographic and functional outcomes were eventually sustained at the 7-year follow up. Conclusion Good radiographic and functional outcomes can be expected in adult patients in whom the annular ligament is intact and interpositioned, and this was treated by open reduction and ulnar osteotomy 9 years after the initial injury in our patient.
Efficacy of electroacupuncture plus warm needling therapy for plantar heel pain: a randomised waitlist-controlled trial
Authors: Ho Lai Fun , Guo Yuanqi , Ching Jessica Yuet-Ling , Chan Kam Leung , Tsang Ping Him , Wong Man Hin , Chen Min , Chen Liyi , Ng Bacon Fung-Leung , Lin Zhi Xiu 
Published: August 2020

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effects of electroacupuncture plus warm needling (EAWN) therapy on pain and foot function in adults with plantar heel pain (PHP). Methods: This prospective, randomised, parallel-group, waitlist-controlled trial was conducted at a Chinese medicine centre in Hong Kong between May 2018 and February 2019. Eighty eligible community-dwelling subjects with PHP (mean age 59.7 years; 85% female) were equally randomised to receive EAWN therapy or remain on a waitlist. The treatment group received six 30-min sessions of standardised EAWN therapy over 4 weeks; the control group received no treatment. The outcome measures were the visual analogue scale (VAS) score for first-step pain, foot function index (FFI) scores and global rating of change (GRC) scale scores. Assessments were made at baseline, week 2 and week 4 (primary endpoint). The treatment group underwent additional assessments at week 8. Outcomes were evaluated by intention-to-treat analysis. Results: Patients who received EAWN therapy exhibited greater improvements in the mean first-step pain VAS and all FFI scores than did those in the control group at weeks 2 and 4, with significant between-group differences (all P < 0.001). Compared with baseline, there were significant decreases in mean first-step pain VAS scores at weeks 2 and 4, and FFI scores at week 4, in the treatment group but not in the control group. The improvements in the treatment group continued until week 8. GRC scores at week 4 indicated improvement in all treated patients and only 22.5% of the control group patients ( P < 0.001). There were no study-related adverse events. Conclusion: EAWN therapy could be an effective treatment for PHP in middle-aged and older adults. Trial registration number: ChiCTR1800014906 (Chinese Clinical Trials Registry)