bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ACTH Dependent Cushing’s Syndrome: A 72-Hour Trial of Octreotide will Identify Patients with Pituitary Dependent and Ectopic ACTH Overproduction
Authors: Elshafie Omayma , Woodhouse Nicholas 
Published: August 2020

Aims: To determine whether the use of an octreotide suppression test will reliably distinguish pituitary from ectopic ACTH overproduction. Somatostatin receptors are expressed in NETs, but are downgraded in the pituitary as the result of hypercortisolaemia. Octreotide should therefore lower ACTH and cortisol levels in patients with NETs but not in patients with Cushing’s disease and pituitary tumors.
Methodology: A cross sectional study was performed in 13 patents with ACTH dependent Cushing’s (8 women, 5 men) with ages ranging between 21 to 40 years were studied. Serum cortisol concentrations were measured at 0800 hrs before and during the administration of. Octreotide at a dosage of 100 mcg subcutaneously every 8 hours for 72 hours.
Results: The serum cortisol concentrations returned to normal in 4 patients who were later documented to have ectopic disease, two with typical bronchial carcinoids and two with pancreatic NETs and metastatic disease. The other 9 patients had no suppression in serum cortisol concentrations and were documented later to have pituitary tumours.
Conclusion: These results indicate that a short trial of octreotide will identify patients with ectopic disease as evidenced by a fall in serum cortisol levels whereas in those with Cushing’s disease and pituitary tumours serum cortisol levels remains unchanged.
Recommendation: We recommend all patients with ACTH dependent Cushing’s syndrome have an octreotide suppression test, even if the MRI shows an adenoma, so as to exclude the possibility of a pituitary incidentaloma in a patient with ectopic disease, or false localization from IPSS to the pituitary gland due to ectopic CRH secretion.
Effects of Fish By-product Meal Inclusion in Broiler Feeds on Growth Performance
Authors: Adugna Ashenafi Assefa , Habib Keredin Mohammed , Odier Ojuni , Gebresilase Tsigabu 
Published: August 2020

Background: The presence of inadequate and inconsistent feeds to the chicken resulted in lower performance of chick production in Ethiopia. Broilers are meat type chickens with fast income generation and depend on high quality feed. Feed costs alone currently account for over 65-70% of poultry production in third world countries, there has been recent interest in determining the feeding value of different locally available alternative feeding resources. As fish is generally appreciated as one of the healthiest and cheapest source of protein and it is available in Gambella water bodies, this research is intended to investigate the effects of fish by-product inclusion in broiler feeds on growth performance. Two hundred and forty (240) day old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were reared and assigned to four treatments for 42 days. Treatment one was the control without fish by-product meal, treatment 2 contained 2% fish by-product meal, treatment 3 contained 3% fish by-product meal and treatment 4 contained 5% fish by-product meal. Each treatment was replicated 3 times with 20 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. Parameters measured for the experiment were the initial body weight, final weight, daily feed intake while weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. Data were analyzed using General linear model procedure of statistical analysis software (SAS) version 9.2.
Results: This study indicated that the average daily feed intake of broiler significantly increased (P<0.05) in 3 and 5% fish by-product meal level to the diets during 11-20 days of age. At the age of 32 – 42 days the average body weight and daily feed intake at the age of 21-32 days were significantly (P<0.05) increased in 3 and 5% fish by-product meal level compared to control and 2% fishmeal diet.
Conclusion: This study revealed that inclusion of fish by-product meal in the diet improved the performance of broiler. To utilize and exploit the potential of fish by-product meal as broiler feed in Gambella region, farmers should get training on preparation and utilization of fish by product.
Impact of Land Use Changes on Agricultural Land Use: Evidence from Jalingo Region of Taraba State, Nigeria
Authors: Bakoji Yusuf Mohammed , Elizabeth Elijah , Abba Umar Jauro , Ishaku Ayesukwe Rimamsikwe , Iraru Yusuf 
Published: August 2020

This study examined the integration of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (RS/GIS) for analyzing land use in Jalingo Region, Taraba State for the period 1996 to 2016; the image of 1996, 2006 and 2016 was used. The study employed a supervised digital image classification method using Arc GIS 10.3 software and classified the land use into residential, agricultural, commercial and transport. The images were made to pass through the processes of georeferencing, image enhancement, image resampling and classification and also descriptive statistics was adopted to analyze the findings on the effect of Urbanization on agricultural land use. Data for the study was the image of Jalingo Region of 1996, 2006 and 2016; also data was collected primarily by the administration of the questionnaire, and a total of 289 well-structured questionnaires were administered. Result show there was a significant loss of agricultural land from 180.46 km2 to 135.66 km2. It also revealed an increase of residential land use from 10.30% area coverage in 1996 to 28.07% in 2016, commercial land use increased from 0.20% area coverage in 1996 to 2.60% and transport increased from 0.39% to 2.84% in the same study period, with an annual rate of change of 7.82%, 35.81% and 46.95% respectively. This study shows that agricultural land use pattern has been greatly affected by transport, residential and commercial land uses. These results could help city planners and policymakers to attain and sustain future urban development. It is therefore recommended that government should encourage the people to expand and build towards the outskirts of cities, like Joroyinu, Lankaviri, etc through the provision of incentives and forces of attraction that is available at the city center in these areas to avoid the problem of overcrowdings.
Identifying Photoinduced Dipolar Polarization and Orbit–Orbit Interaction between Excitons in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites
Authors: Dou Yixuan , Wang Miaosheng , Zhang Jia , Xu Hengxing , Hu Bin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPhotoinduced polarization and orbit–orbit interaction are important issues in hybrid perovskites toward developing optoelectronic functionalities. This paper identifies that photoinduced polarization occurs in hybrid perovskites with mixed‐cation methylammonium (MA)/formamidinium (FA) (MAxFA(1−x)PbI3) by measuring bulk polarization at 1 MHz in a magnetic field. Interestingly, when the internal dipole moment is increased upon increasing the MA:FA ratio, the photoinduced dipolar polarization can be substantially enhanced, clarifying the controversial issue of whether photoexcitation can induce a dielectric polarization within dipolar polarization regime in hybrid perovskites. Furthermore, upon increasing photoinduced dipolar polarization, it is found that the intrinsic orbit–orbit interaction between excitons can be increased, revealed by monitoring photocurrent change (ΔJsc) upon switching the photoexcitation between linear and circular polarizations. This presents that organic cations are directly involved in the orbit–orbit interaction within band structures. Clearly, the studies provide an insightful understanding of the dipole moment effects on photoinduced dipolar polarization and orbit–orbit interaction between excitons in hybrid perovskites toward controlling the optoelectronic properties.
Independent Tuning of Nano‐Ligand Frequency and Sequences Regulates the Adhesion and Differentiation of Stem Cells
Authors: Min Sunhong , Jeon Yoo Sang , Jung Hee Joon , Khatua Chandra , Li Na , Bae Gunhyu , Choi Hyojun , Hong Hyunsik , Shin Jeong Eun , Ko Min Jun , Ko Han Seok , Jun Indong , Fu Hong En , Kim Seung Hyun , Thangam Ramar , Song Jae‐Jun , Dravid Vinayak P. , Kim Young Keun , Kang Heemin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe native extracellular matrix (ECM) can exhibit heterogeneous nano‐sequences periodically displaying ligands to regulate complex cell–material interactions in vivo. Herein, an ECM‐emulating heterogeneous barcoding system, including ligand‐bearing Au and ligand‐free Fe nano‐segments, is developed to independently present tunable frequency and sequences in nano‐segments of cell‐adhesive RGD ligand. Specifically, similar exposed surface areas of total Fe and Au nano‐segments are designed. Fe segments are used for substrate coupling of nanobarcodes and as ligand‐free nano‐segments and Au segments for ligand coating while maintaining both nanoscale (local) and macroscale (total) ligand density constant in all groups. Low nano‐ligand frequency in the same sequences and terminally sequenced nano‐ligands at the same frequency independently facilitate focal adhesion and mechanosensing of stem cells, which are collectively effective both in vitro and in vivo, thereby inducing stem cell differentiation. The Fe/RGD‐Au nanobarcode implants exhibit high stability and no local and systemic toxicity in various tissues and organs in vivo. This work sheds novel insight into designing biomaterials with heterogeneous nano‐ligand sequences at terminal sides and/or low frequency to facilitate cellular adhesion. Tuning the electrodeposition conditions can allow synthesis of unlimited combinations of ligand nano‐sequences and frequencies, magnetic elements, and bioactive ligands to remotely regulate numerous host cells in vivo.
Site‐Selective C(sp3)−H and C(sp2)−H Functionalization of Amines Using a Directing‐Group‐Guided Strategy
Authors: Kapoor Mohit , Singh Adhish , Sharma Kirti , Hua Hsu Ming 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAmines represent an important class of industrial feedstock as many pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, petrochemicals, and healthcare products are derived from them. Researchers are developing methodologies for the functionalization of aliphatic and aromatic amines by improving their functional‐group tolerance, regioselectivity, chemoselectivity, and time efficiency. Among the most studied methods for the derivatization of amines, C−H activation is gaining significant interest due to easy‐to‐follow, environmentally friendly, and time‐economic protocols. Transition‐metal‐catalyzed C(sp3)−H and C(sp2)−H activation is a fascinating field of chemistry where the electronics of the structure, functional group characteristics, and nature of the directing group (DG) decide the outcome of the chemical reaction. Under carefully tailored reaction conditions and by a selection of the correct substrates/reagent, site‐specific C−H functionalization can be achieved at different positions with respect to the amine group. This review provides an overview of the combination of carbon‐carbon and carbon‐heteroatom functionalizations and describes recent state‐of‐the‐art methodologies, as well as challenges in this emerging field.magnified image
Photochemical O−H Functionalization Reactions of Cyclic Diazoamides
Authors: Empel Claire , Verspeek Dennis , Jana Sripati , Koenigs Rene M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHerein, we describe the photochemical O−H functionalization reaction of acidic alcohols with cyclic diazoamides. We studied the O−H functionalization reaction of different fluorinated and non‐fluorinated alcohols to give the corresponding ether products in high yields (43 examples, up to 97% yield). Furthermore, we performed studies to evaluate a photoexcited proton transfer reaction pathway in comparison to classic carbene transfer reactions.magnified image
Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Protect Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Reducing CD154 Expression on CD4+ T Cells via CCT2
Authors: Zheng Jun , Lu Tongyu , Zhou Chaorong , Cai Jianye , Zhang Xiaomei , Liang Jinliang , Sui Xin , Chen Xiaoyan , Chen Liang , Sun Yao , Zhang Jiebin , Chen Wenjie , Zhang Yingcai , Yao Jia , Chen Guihua , Yang Yang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAs a cause of postoperative complications and early hepatic failure after liver transplantation, liver ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) still has no effective treatment during clinical administration. Although the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for liver IRI has been previously shown, the underlying mechanisms are not completely clear. It is accepted that MSC‐derived extracellular vesicles (MSC‐EVs) are newly uncovered messengers for intercellular communication. Herein, it is reported that umbilical cord‐derived MSCs (UC‐MSCs) improve liver IRI in mice through their secreted EVs. It is also visualized that UC‐MSC‐EVs mainly concentrate in liver after 6 h of reperfusion. Furthermore, UC‐MSC‐EVs are found to significantly modulate the membranous expression of CD154 of intrahepatic CD4+ T cells, which is an initiation of inflammatory response in liver and can aggravate liver IRI. Mechanistically, protein mass spectrum analysis is performed and it is revealed that Chaperonin containing TCP1 subunit 2 (CCT2) enriches in UC‐MSC‐EVs, which regulates the calcium channels to affect Ca2+ influx and suppress CD154 synthesis in CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, these results highlight the therapeutic potential of UC‐MSC‐EVs in attenuating liver IRI. This finding suggests that CCT2 from UC‐MSC‐EVs can modulate CD154 expression of intrahepatic CD4+ T cells during liver IRI through the Ca2+‐calcineurin‐NFAT1 signaling pathway.
Giant Piezoresistive Effect and Strong Bandgap Tunability in Ultrathin InSe upon Biaxial Strain
Authors: Zhao Qinghua , Wang Tao , Frisenda Riccardo , Castellanos‐Gomez Andres 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe ultrathin nature and dangling bonds free surface of 2D semiconductors allow for significant modifications of their bandgap through strain engineering. Here, thin InSe photodetector devices are biaxially stretched, finding, a strong bandgap tunability upon strain. The applied biaxial strain is controlled through the substrate expansion upon temperature increase and the effective strain transfer from the substrate to the thin InSe is confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The bandgap change upon biaxial strain is determined through photoluminescence measurements, finding a gauge factor of up to ≈200 meV %−1. The effect of biaxial strain on the electrical properties of the InSe devices is further characterized. In the dark state, a large increase of the current is observed upon applied strain which gives a piezoresistive gauge factor value of ≈450–1000, ≈5–12 times larger than that of other 2D materials and of state‐of‐the‐art silicon strain gauges. Moreover, the biaxial strain tuning of the InSe bandgap also translates in a strain‐induced redshift of the spectral response of the InSe photodetectors with ΔEcut‐off ≈173 meV at a rate of ≈360 meV %−1 of strain, indicating a strong strain tunability of the spectral bandwidth of the photodetectors.
Intensification options of small holders’ cassava production in South‐west Nigeria
Authors: Kreye Christine , Hauser Stefan , Pypers Pieter , Vanlauwe Bernard 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a staple food crop in Nigeria, but root yields hardly exceed 10 t ha−1. Intensification of small holders’ cassava production is key to improved food security and income generation. We tested, in two demonstration trials and 20 on‐farm trials, different intensification options: cassava growth type (erect and branching), fertilizer application (with and without), and cassava − legume arrangement (0.5 by 2 m/1 by 1 m spacing of cassava) in demonstration trials. In on‐farm trials, farmers tested a subset of these treatments. The demonstration trials had median cassava yields of about 20 (Akindele village) and 15 (Osunwoyin village) t ha−1. Fertilizer application increased the yield of the erect cassava variety. Cassava intercropped with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], reduced yield and the branching cassava variety produced lower yield than the erect variety. Median cowpea yields were about 1 and 1.5 t ha−1 pod yield. Median yields in the on‐farm trials were about 10 t ha−1. Intercropping with cowpea reduced cassava root yields (on average by 2.4 t ha−1), again, cowpea pod yields of 1−1.5 t ha−1 were attainable. In summary, this study confirmed that intensification measures need to be site and user or farmer specific.
183W NMR Spectroscopy Guides the Search for Tungsten Alkylidyne Catalysts for Alkyne Metathesis
Authors: Hillenbrand Julius , Leutzsch Markus , Gordon Christopher P. , Copéret Christophe , Fürstner Alois 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTriarylsilanolates are privileged ancillary ligands for molybdenum alkylidyne catalysts for alkyne metathesis but lead to disappointing results and poor stability in the tungsten series. 1H,183W heteronuclear multiple bond correlation spectroscopy, exploiting a favorable 5J‐coupling between the 183W center and the peripheral protons on the alkylidyne cap, revealed that these ligands upregulate the Lewis acidity to an extent that the tungstenacyclobutadiene formed in the initial [2+2] cycloaddition step is over‐stabilized and the catalytic turnover brought to a halt. Guided by the 183W NMR shifts as a proxy for the Lewis acidity of the central atom and by an accompanying chemical shift tensor analysis of the alkylidyne unit, the ligand design was revisited and a more strongly π‐donating all‐alkoxide ligand prepared. The new expanded chelate complex has a tempered Lewis acidity and outperforms the classical Schrock catalyst, carrying monodentate tert‐butoxy ligands, in terms of rate and functional‐group compatibility.
Accurate Control of Initial Coulombic Efficiency for Lithium‐rich Manganese‐based Layered Oxides by Surface Multicomponent Integration
Authors: Luo Dong , Ding Xiaokai , Fan Jianming , Zhang Zuhao , Liu Peizhi , Yang Xiaohua , Guo Junjie , Sun Shuhui , Lin Zhan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLow initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) is an obstacle for practical application of Li‐rich Mn‐based layered oxides (LLOs), which is closely related with the irreversible oxygen evolution owing to the overoxidized reaction of surface labile oxygen. Here we report a NH4F‐assisted surface multicomponent integration technology to accurately control the ICE, by which oxygen vacancies, spinel‐layered coherent structure, and F‐doping are skillfully integrated on the surface of treated LLOs microspheres. Though the regulation on the removed amount of labile oxygen by surface integrated structure, the ICE of LLOs cathodes can adjust from starting value to 100 %. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, refined X‐ray diffraction, and scanning transmission electron microscopy show that the removed labile oxygen mainly comes from Li2MnO3‐like structure. Even operating at a high cut‐off voltage of 5 V, the capacity retention of integrated sample at 200 mA g−1 is still larger than 98 % after 100 cycles.
The Influence of C(sp3)H–Selenium Interactions on the 77Se NMR Quantification of the π‐Accepting Properties of Carbenes
Authors: Junor Glen P. , Lorkowski Jan , Weinstein Cory M. , Jazzar Rodolphe , Pietraszuk Cezary , Bertrand Guy 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSelenium NMR has become a standard tool for scaling the π‐accepting character of carbenes. Herein, we highlight that non‐classical hydrogen bonding (NCHB), likely resulting from hyperconjugation, can play a significant role in the carbene–selenium 77Se NMR chemical shift, thus triggering a non‐linear behavior of the Se‐Scale.
Cooperation of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes on a Gold Surface
Authors: Amirjalayer Saeed , Bakker Anne , Freitag Matthias , Glorius Frank , Fuchs Harald 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAtomically precise tailoring of interface structures is crucial for developing functional materials. We demonstrate an N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based molecular tool, which modifies the structure of a gold surface with atomic accuracy by the formation of gold nanorods. After adsorption on the gold surface, individual surface atoms are pulled out by the NHCs, generating single‐atom surface defects and mobile NHC‐Au species. Atomistic calculations reveal that these molecular “ballbots” can act as assembling tools to dislocate individual surface atoms. The predicted functionality of these carbene‐based complexes is confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy measurements. Cooperative operation of these NHC‐Au species induces a step‐wise formation of gold nanorods. Consequently, the surface is re‐structured by a zipper‐type mechanism. Our work presents a foundation to utilize molecular‐based nanotools to design surface structures.
Insight into color change of reversible thermochromic systems and their incorporation into textile coating
Authors: Štaffová Martina , Kučera František , Tocháček Jiří , Dzik Petr , Ondreáš František , Jančář Josef 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDynamic color and phase change of chosen thermochromic systems were deeply investigated and their incorporation into polyurethane textile coating was developed. The colorimetric properties of three commercial reversible leuco dyes‐based thermochromic pigments (TPs) with activation temperature at 38, 50, and 60°C were studied. Color change as a function of temperature was evaluated and colorimetric values were related to phase transition temperatures via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurement. Light fastness of commercial TPs in polyurethane coating was determined by accelerated aging measurement and the color stability has been improved by using ultraviolet absorber (UVA). This research opens new possibilities for smart textiles, which is a very promising field in high‐technology materials.
Detailed analysis on thermal, microstructural, mechanical, and morphological features of side chain liquid crystalline polymer/isotactic polypropylene graft copolymers: Effect of grafted and ungrafted polymer units
Authors: Sen Behiye Ozturk , Soykan Ugur , Cetin Sedat 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe main scope of this comprehensive study is to investigate the effects of poly(p‐benzophenoneoxycarbonylphenyl acrylate), poly(BPOCPA), which presenting as only graft units or both graft and ungrafted units in the matrix, on the fundamental features of isotactic polypropylene (IPP). The graft copolymerization of BPOCPA onto IPP was performed with the aid of bulk melt polymerization at varying monomer content levels ranging from 5% to 40%. The thermal behavior, crystal quality, mechanical performance, and surface morphology of the samples were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimeter, X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), universal mechanical test, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. Thermal analyses depicted that there existed the noteworthy enhancements in both crystalline melting temperatures and percent crystallinities of matrix polymers. Furthermore, according to XRD results, a and b parameters increased significantly at low percentages of the graft units, while the parameter c decreased in all products in consistence with the content. As for the mechanical characterization, the grafting led to remarkable improvements in modulus, tensile and impact strength of the products. SEM micrographs indicated that the samples were completely homogeneous without any phase separation and the products exhibited brittle nature with some ductility.