bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum DHEA-S levels could be used as a comparable diagnostic test to assess the pubertal growth spurt in dentofacial orthopedics
Authors: Anusuya V. , Nagar Amit , Tandon Pradeep , Singh G. K. , Singh Gyan Prakash , Mahdi A. A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Pubertal growth spurt assessment guides the timing of intervention for correcting the skeletal discrepancies in dentofacial orthopedics. Serum hormones are being studied for the skeletal age assessment to avoid unnecessary radiographic exposure. The present study is to evaluate the relationship of serum hormones dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), and cervical vertebral stages (CS stages) in the skeletal age assessment of orthodontics patients around the circumpubertal age.

Methods
A total of ninety subjects with age ranging from 7 to 21 years were selected and divided into two groups based on the sex (45 males, 45 females). They were further distributed in each group based on the six CS stages determined from the lateral cephalogram. Blood samples from each subject were collected to evaluate the serum DHEA-S and IGF-1 levels by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Collected data were analyzed in SPSS software with a test of normalcy, unpaired t test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the least significant difference (LSD) post hoc comparison test and univariate regression analysis.

Results
The highest mean serum hormone levels were found in CS 4 in group A (male) and CS 3 in group B (female). ANOVA results showed that there was a significant difference in the serum hormone levels among the different CS stages in both the groups for both the hormones. Statistically, a significant difference was found between each CS stages for both the hormones except in the DHEA-S levels between CS 5 and CS 6.

Conclusions
The mean serum DHEA-S levels followed a typical pattern from the CS 1 till CS 6 which was comparable and similar to the mean serum IGF-1 levels in respect to CS stages. Thus, serum DHEA-S levels could be used as a possible diagnostic test for the assessment of the skeletal pubertal growth spurt in dentofacial orthopedics.
The effect of an in-school versus after-school delivery on students’ social and motivational outcomes in a technology-based physical activity program
Authors: McDavid Lindley , Carleton Parker Loran , Li Weiling , Bessenbacher Ann , Randolph Anthony , Harriger Alka , Harriger Brad 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Expanding opportunities to experience engaging STEM educational programs is an important pathway to increasing students’ interest and competencies in STEM and, ultimately, motivation to pursue STEM careers. After-school programs offer one means to achieve this aim, but barriers such as a lack of transportation or available teachers may limit participation for some students in this context. Transitioning after-school STEM programs to in-school can provide opportunities to increase reach by removing these and other barriers. However, it is likely that this change in the learning context, from after-school to in-school, impacts student experiences and, ultimately, program efficacy by altering how students and teachers interact; as teachers and students adjust their behaviors and expectations to a more traditional learning context. To examine this potential effect, self-determination theory was used to frame how the learning context influences the social and motivational outcomes of a STEM program for underserved youth. In-school (N = 244; 39% girls, Mage = 13, 63% Caucasian, 18% African American, 6% Multiracial) and after-school (N = 70, 33% girls, Mage = 12, 55% Caucasian, 16% Multiracial, 13% Latino/a) program students completed surveys that assessed teacher-student interactions, and student psychological needs and motivation. In a structural equation model, student perceptions of teachers were entered as predictors of motivation for the program directly and mediated by psychological need satisfaction. Learning context (0 = in-school, 1 = after-school) was entered as a ubiquitous predictor.

Results
Findings support the theorized model where perceptions of teachers positively predicted psychological need satisfaction (R2 = .20), and both variables positively predicted more self-determined motivation (R2 = .30–.35). Findings also demonstrate an effect of learning context where learning context negatively predicted the less self-determined motivations only (R2 = .06–.10) (i.e., in-school contexts are associated with less desirable motivational outcomes).

Conclusion
Findings reinforce the instrumental role of students’ positive perceptions of teachers in fostering a more desirable self-determined motivation for STEM program participation. Additionally, in-school programs must consider and integrate novel approaches that mitigate the negative impact of established in-school structures and processes (e.g., grades and mandatory participation) on student motivation for these programs and, potentially, interest in STEM careers.
The association between weather and the number of daily shootings in Chicago (2012–2016)
Authors: Reeping Paul M. , Hemenway David 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Previous studies have linked weather to crime and aggression but have not considered the causal structure of the variables included in the model(s).

Methods
This cross-sectional study used data from 2012 to 2016 to measure the association between weather and the number of shootings in Chicago. The number of shootings per day was obtained via the Chicago Tribune (2012–2016). Daily high temperature, humidity, wind speed, difference in temperature from historical average, precipitation type and amount, were extracted via The Weather Underground. Weekend, holidays, and other non-school days were also included as possible effect measure modifiers. Causally-adjusted negative binomial regressions were used to evaluate the associations between the exposures of interest and daily number of shootings.

Results
A 10-degree (°C) higher temperature was significantly associated with 34% more shootings on weekdays, and 42% more shootings on weekends or holidays. A 10-degree higher temperature than average was also associated with 33.8% higher rate of shootings.

Conclusion
In recent years, shootings in Chicago were more likely to happen on warm days and especially during the weekend or holidays. This finding is in-line with studies that have linked crime to higher temperature and also suggests that shootings may be related to when individuals are outside and more likely to encounter violence. Interventions that keep people inside, such as air-conditioning and summer programs for students, might be effective in reducing the number of shootings in Chicago. We believe using a causal structure is useful for understanding the link between weather and shootings.
Practice parameters for the use of actigraphy in the military operational context: the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Operational Research Kit-Actigraphy (WORK-A)
Authors: Devine Jaime K. , Choynowski Jake , Burke Tina , Carlsson Kajsa , Capaldi Vincent F. , McKeon Ashlee B. , Sowden Walter J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) Operational Research Kit-Actigraphy (WORK-A) is a set of unique practice parameters and actigraphy-derived measures for the analysis of operational military sleep patterns. The WORK-A draws on best practices from the literature and comprises 15 additional descriptive variables. Here, we demonstrate the WORK-A with a sample of United States Army Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) cadets (n = 286) during a month-long capstone pre-commissioning training exercise.

Methods
The sleep of ROTC cadets (n = 286) was measured by Philips Actiwatch devices during the 31-day training exercise. The preliminary effectiveness of the WORK-A was tested by comparing differences in sleep measures collected by Actiwatches as calculated by Philips Actiware software against WORK-A-determined sleep measures and self-report sleep collected from a subset of ROTC cadets (n = 140).

Results
Actiware sleep summary statistics were significantly different from WORK-A measures and self-report sleep (all P ≤ 0.001). Bedtimes and waketimes as determined by WORK-A major sleep intervals showed the best agreement with self-report bedtime (22:21 ± 1:30 vs. 22:13 ± 0:40, P = 0.21) and waketime (04:30 ± 2:17 vs. 04:31 ± 0:47, P = 0.68). Though still significantly different, the discrepancy was smaller between the WORK-A measure of time in bed (TIB) for major sleep intervals (352 ± 29 min) and self-report nightly sleep duration (337 ± 57 min, P = 0.006) than that between the WORK-A major TIB and Actiware TIB (177 ± 42, P ≤ 0.001).

Conclusions
Default actigraphy methods are not the most accurate methods for characterizing soldier sleep, but reliable methods for characterizing operational sleep patterns is a necessary first step in developing strategies to improve soldier readiness. The WORK-A addresses this knowledge gap by providing practice parameters and a robust variety of measures with which to profile sleep behavior in service members.
Intraprocedural guidance for recanalization of post-thrombotic venous lesions using live overlay of center lines from pre-operative cross-sectional imaging: a preliminary experience
Authors: Sundararajan Sri Hari , Doustaly Raphael , Avignon Gregoire , Madoff David C. , Winokur Ronald S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposePre-procedural contrast-enhanced CT and MRI imaging is typically acquired prior to deep venous recanalization procedures for post-thrombotic syndrome. This technical note reports the utility of live-overlay of augmented centerlines extracted from pre-procedural CT and MRI imaging in facilitating fluoroscopic-guided recanalization of post-thrombotic venous lesions.Methods and materialsSix patients with pre-procedural CT or MR venography data were incorporated into a commercially available 3D overlay software (Vessel Assist, GE Healthcare, Buc, France) during venous disease interventions for post-thrombotic venous lesions. Procedures were performed on the GE Discovery IGS 740 fluoroscopy system. After manual determination of the vasculature from preprocedural CT or MR, centerlines were created representing the location and trajectory of the vessels. Steps showcasing the creation of centerlines and their representation during overlay with real-time fluoroscopic guidance in these cases are outlined. Time required to cross the post-thrombotic and occlusive venous segments were reviewed.ResultsAll iliocaval recanalization procedures were successfully performed utilizing vessel centerline 3D overlay. In one case where occlusion extended to the femoral vein, mis-registration was identified over the femoral anatomy due to a complex leg rotation compared to pre-procedural imaging. No procedural complications related to utilization of software were noted. Average crossing time for occlusions was 3.4 min (range 1.6–5.2).Conclusion3D overlay with vessel tracking from pre-procedural CT and MRI imaging is technically feasible and assists in catheter navigation for post-thrombotic venous segments. While results from these preliminary experiences support the continued use of this technology, further prospective and comparative evaluation of this technique is warranted to assess for added value in technical success, reductions in procedure time or reductions in radiation exposure.
Novel opportunities for NGS-based one health surveillance of foodborne viruses
Authors: Desdouits Marion , de Graaf Miranda , Strubbia Sofia , Oude Munnink Bas B. , Kroneman Annelies , Le Guyader Françoise S. , Koopmans Marion P. G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFoodborne viral infections rank among the top 5 causes of disease, with noroviruses and hepatitis A causing the greatest burden globally. Contamination of foods by infected food handlers or through environmental pollution are the main sources of foodborne illness, with a lesser role for consumption of products from infected animals. Viral partial genomic sequencing has been used for more than two decades to track foodborne outbreaks and whole genome or metagenomics next-generation-sequencing (NGS) are new additions to the toolbox of food microbiology laboratories. We discuss developments in the field of targeted and metagenomic NGS, with an emphasis on application in food virology, the challenges and possible solutions towards future routine application.
Spinal muscular atrophy in Venezuela: quantitative analysis of SMN1 and SMN2 genes
Authors: Yépez Yuri , Paradisi Irene , Arias Sergio 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is mostly caused by homozygous deletions in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. SMN2, its paralogous gene, is a genetic modifier of the disease phenotype, and its copy number is correlated with SMA severity. The purpose of the study was to investigate the number of copies of the SMN1 and SMN2 genes in a Venezuelan population control sample and in patients with a presumptive diagnosis of SMA, besides estimating the frequency of mutation carriers in the population.

Results
SMN1 and SMN2 gene copies were assessed in 49 Venezuelan dweller unrelated normal individuals and in 94 subjects from 29 families with a SMA presumptive diagnosis, using the quantitative PCR method. A SMN1 deletion carrier frequency of 0.01 and 0.163 of homozygous absence of the SMN2 gene were found in the Venezuelan control sample. Deletion of SMN1 exon 7 was confirmed in 15 families; the remaining 14 index cases had two SMN1 copies and a heterogeneous phenotype not attributable to SMN deletions. Based on clinical features of the index cases and the SMN2 copy number, a positive phenotype-genotype correlation was demonstrated. No disease geographical aggregation was found in the country.

Conclusion
The frequency of carriers of the deletion of exon 7 in SMN1 in the Venezuelan control population was similar to that observed in populations worldwide, while the frequency of 0 copies of the SMN2 gene (16.3 %) seems to be relatively high. All these findings have pertinent implications for the diagnosis and genetic counseling on SMA in Venezuela.
Delaying the source ghost to improve the ultralow-frequency response of a marine air-gun source
Authors: Shen Honglei , Elboth Thomas , Tao Chunhui , Tian Gang , Wang Hanchuang , Zhang Guoyin 
Published: June 2020

The competing effect between the fundamental bubble and its source-ghost response results in a strong attenuation of the lowest frequencies (below 7 Hz). This loss cannot be compensated easily by adjusting the source depth. Consequently, the low-frequency content in marine seismic data is not optimal, degrading the performance of low-frequency dependent processing approaches, such as full-waveform inversion. To overcome this, we have developed an additional source to counteract the ghost from the main source. In this situation, the fundamental bubble is characterized by the depth of the main source, whereas the ghost response is characterized by the summed depth of the main and additional sources. This source setup mitigates the competing effect and reduces the suppression of ultralow frequencies. Compared with a conventional horizontal source, our source design will reduce the mid- to high-frequency output, which may be beneficial in situations in which environmental constraints limit the maximum allowed output of a marine source.
P-wave velocity profile at very shallow depths in sand dunes
Authors: Hanafy Sherif M. , El-Husseiny Ammar , Benaafi Mohammed , Al-Shuhail Abdullatif , Dvorkin Jack 
Published: June 2020

We have addressed the problem of measuring the compressional wave velocity at a very shallow depth in unconsolidated dune sand. Because the overburden stress is very small at shallow depths, the respective velocity is small and the seismic signal is weak. This is why such data are scarce, in the lab and in the field. Our approach is to stage a high-resolution seismic experiment with a dense geophone line with spacing varying between 10 and 25 cm, allowing us to produce a velocity-depth relation in the upper 1 m interval. These results are combined with another survey in which the geophone spacing is 2 m and the dominant frequency is an order of magnitude lower than in the first survey. The latter results give us the velocity profile in the deeper interval between 1 and 7 m, down to the base of the dune. The velocity rapidly increases from about 48 m/s in the first few centimeters to 231 m/s at 1 m depth and then gradually increases to 425 m/s at 7 m depth. This is the first time when such a low velocity has been recorded at extremely shallow depths in sand in situ. The velocity profile thus generated is statistically fitted with a simple analytical equation. Our velocity values are higher than those published previously for beach sand. We find that using replacement or tomogram velocities instead of an accurately measured velocity profile may result in 23%–44% error in the static correction.
A numerical study on the regional in situ stress field of the Keshen section and interface dislocation in the composite salt-gypsum layer
Authors: Li Shiyuan , Li Fuyao , Qiu Yufan , Yan Yu 
Published: June 2020

Salt rock found in the stratum of the sedimentary basin is considered to be exemplary in terms of quality among the class of cap rocks, and it engulfs a certain proportion of the world’s hydrocarbon resources. In recent years, approximately 40% of newly discovered hydrocarbon resources in China have been detected under deep salt layers. Statistics suggest that nearly 40% of drilling accidents and 50% of casing damage incidents occur near the layer interfaces within a composite salt-gypsum formation. For the in-depth characterization of processes such as deformation and damages occurring at the interfaces, analysis of the regional in situ stress field characteristics and distribution in salt structures is vital. For this purpose, the structure of the Keshen section of the Kelasu structural belt under the Tarim Oilfield was studied. Our study establishes a geomechanical model, which tends to be mainly based on constitutive elastic and rheological models (applicable to different layers, i.e., the upper salt layer, salt layer, and presalt layer). Furthermore, the stability of the composite salt-gypsum layer and prediction of formation stress were evaluated. Investigation of drilling accidents and wellbore integrity problems revealed that the perturbation at the interfaces was not earnestly contemplated. The results show a discontinuous pattern in the regional in situ stress distribution in all of the salt layers. The salt layer is characterized by creep behavior with differential stress of less than 1.0 MPa. The interface between the upper layer and the salt layer tends to bear inconsistent deformation of approximately a few centimeters along the wellbore wall.
The Influence of Drug Properties and Ontogeny of Transporters on Pediatric Renal Clearance through Glomerular Filtration and Active Secretion: a Simulation-Based Study
Authors: Cristea Sînziana , Krekels Elke Henriëtte Josephina , Rostami-Hodjegan Amin , Allegaert Karel , Knibbe Catherijne Annette Jantine 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGlomerular filtration (GF) and active tubular secretion (ATS) contribute to renal drug elimination, with the latter remaining understudied across the pediatric age range. Therefore, we systematically analyzed the influence of transporter ontogeny on the relative contribution of GF and ATS to renal clearance CLR for drugs with different properties in children. A physiology-based model for CLR in adults was extrapolated to the pediatric population by including maturation functions for the system-specific parameters. This model was used to predict GF and ATS for hypothetical drugs with a range of drug-specific properties, including transporter-mediated intrinsic clearance (CLint,T) values, that are substrates for renal secretion transporters with different ontogeny patterns. To assess the impact of transporter ontogeny on ATS and total CLR, a percentage prediction difference (%PD) was calculated between the predicted CLR in the presence and absence of transporter ontogeny. The contribution of ATS to CLR ranges between 41 and 90% in children depending on fraction unbound and CLint,T values. If ontogeny of renal transporters is < 0.2 of adult values, CLR predictions are unacceptable (%PD > 50%) for the majority of drugs regardless of the pediatric age. Ignoring ontogeny patterns of secretion transporters increasing with age in children younger than 2 years results in CLR predictions that are not systematically acceptable for all hypothetical drugs (%PD > 50% for some drugs). This analysis identified for what drug-specific properties and at what ages the contribution of ATS on total pediatric CLR cannot be ignored. Drugs with these properties may be sensitive in vivo probes to investigate transporter ontogeny.
Diagnostic Value of Molecular Testing in Sonographically Suspicious Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Wang Maxwell M , Beckett Katrina , Douek Michael , Masamed Rinat , Patel Maitraya , Tseng Chi-Hong , Yeh Michael W , Leung Angela M , Livhits Masha J 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveMolecular testing can refine the diagnosis for the 20% of thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsies that have indeterminate cytology. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of molecular testing based on ultrasound risk classification.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study analyzed all thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology at an academic US medical center (2012-2016). All indeterminate nodules underwent reflexive molecular testing with the Afirma Gene Expression Classifier (GEC). Radiologists performed blinded reviews to categorize each nodule according to the American Thyroid Association (ATA) ultrasound classification and the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging, Reporting and Data System. GEC results and diagnostic performance were compared across ultrasound risk categories.ResultsOf 297 nodules, histopathology confirmed malignancy in 65 (22%). Nodules by ATA classification were 8% high suspicion, 44% intermediate, and 48% low/very low suspicion. A suspicious GEC result was more likely in ATA high-suspicion nodules (81%) than in nodules of all other ATA categories (57%; P = .04). The positive predictive value (PPV) of GEC remained consistent across ultrasound categories (ATA high suspicion, 64% vs all other ATA categories, 48%; P = .39). The ATA high-suspicion category had higher specificity than a suspicious GEC result (93% vs 51%; P &lt; .01). A suspicious GEC result did not increase specificity for the ATA high-suspicion category.ConclusionThe PPV of molecular testing remained consistent across ultrasound risk categories. However, a suspicious GEC result was very likely in ATA high-suspicion nodules and did not improve specificity in this sonographic category.