bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tumor Mutational Burden, Toxicity, and Response of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Targeting PD(L)1, CTLA-4, and Combination: A Meta-regression Analysis
Authors: Osipov Arsen , Lim Su Jin , Popovic Aleksandra , Azad Nilofer S. , Laheru Daniel A. , Zheng Lei , Jaffee Elizabeth M. , Wang Hao , Yarchoan Mark 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurpose:Tumor mutational burden (TMB) has emerged as a potential predictive biomarker for clinical response to ICI therapy, but whether TMB also predicts toxicity remains unknown. We investigated the relationship between TMB, objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and toxicity for ICI therapy across multiple cancer types.Experimental Design:We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, and ASCO/ESMO/AACR meetings for clinical trials of anti-PD(L)1, CTLA-4, or combination in 29 cancer types. We assessed ICI administered, responses (complete or partial response), median OS, OS HR, and grade 3/4 toxicity. We conducted a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression using tumor level TMB data from Foundation Medicine.Results:One hundred seventeen clinical trials, which included 12,450 patients treated with ICI therapy were analyzed. Meta-regression analysis revealed that TMB was significantly associated with ORR for anti-PD(L)1, anti–CTLA-4, and combination (P &lt; 0.0001 for all), but not associated with toxicity in all treatment groups. OS data were unavailable for most studies included in our meta-analysis, and the relationship between TMB and OS in this subset was not significant (P = 0.26). In high TMB tumor types (≥10 mut/megabase) the improvement of ORR and increase in grade 3/4 toxicity with combination ICI therapy as compared with PD(L)1 monotherapy were 21.13% and 25.41%, respectively, as compared with 3.73% and 18.78% in low TMB tumor types (&lt;10 mut/megabase).Conclusions:There is a positive association between TMB and clinical response with anti-PD(L)1, anti–CTLA-4, and combination ICIs, but no association between TMB and toxicity. These results imply a favorable risk/benefit ratio for ICIs in tumors with a higher TMB.
Improvement in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Outpatients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction
Authors: DeVore Adam D. , Hellkamp Anne S. , Thomas Laine , Albert Nancy M. , Butler Javed , Patterson J. Herbert , Spertus John A. , Williams Fredonia B. , Duffy Carol I. , Hernandez Adrian F. , Fonarow Gregg C. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Among patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (EF), improvements in left ventricular EF (LVEF) are associated with better outcomes and remain an important treatment goal. Patient factors associated with LVEF improvement in routine clinical practice have not been clearly defined.

Methods:
CHAMP-HF (Change the Management of Patients with Heart Failure) is a prospective registry of outpatients with HF with reduced EF. Assessments of LVEF are recorded when performed for routine care. We analyzed patients with both baseline and ≥1 follow-up LVEF assessments to describe factors associated with LVEF improvement.

Results:
In CHAMP-HF, 2623 patients had a baseline and follow-up LVEF assessment. The median age was 67 (interquartile range, 58–75) years, 40% had an ischemic cardiomyopathy, and median HF duration was 2.8 years (0.7–6.8). Median LVEF was 30% (23–35), and median change on follow-up was 4% (−2 to −13); 19% of patients had a decrease in LVEF, 31% had no change, 49% had a ≥5% increase, and 34% had a ≥10% increase. In a multivariable model, the following factors were associated with ≥5% LVEF increase: shorter HF duration (odds ratio [OR], 1.21 [95% CI, 1.17–1.25]), no implantable cardioverter defibrillator (OR, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.34–1.55]), lower LVEF (OR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.10–1.19]), nonischemic cardiomyopathy (OR, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.09–1.36]), and no coronary disease (OR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.03–1.35]).

Conclusions:
In a large cohort of outpatients with chronic HF with reduced EF, improvements in LVEF were common. Common baseline cardiac characteristics identified a population that was more likely to respond over time. These data may inform clinical decision making and should be the basis for future research on myocardial recovery.
Microbe‐Derived Butyrate and Its Receptor, Free Fatty Acid Receptor 3, But Not Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2, Mitigate Neointimal Hyperplasia Susceptibility After Arterial Injury
Authors: Nooromid Michael , Chen Edmund B. , Xiong Liqun , Shapiro Katherine , Jiang Qun , Demsas Falen , Eskandari Maeve , Priyadarshini Medha , Chang Eugene B. , Layden Brian T. , Ho Karen J. 
Published: June 2020

Background
Arterial restenosis after vascular surgery is a common cause of midterm restenosis and treatment failure. Herein, we aim to investigate the role of microbe‐derived butyrate, FFAR2 (free fatty acid receptor 2), and FFAR3 (free fatty acid receptor 3) in mitigating neointimal hyperplasia development in remodeling murine arteries after injury.

Methods and Results

C57
BL
/6 mice treated with oral vancomycin before unilateral femoral wire injury to deplete gut microbiota had significantly diminished serum and stool butyrate and more neointimal hyperplasia development after arterial injury, which was reversed by concomitant butyrate supplementation. Deficiency of
FFAR
3 but not FFAR2, both receptors for butyrate, exacerbated neointimal hyperplasia development after injury.
FFAR
3 deficiency was also associated with delayed recovery of the endothelial layer in vivo.
FFAR
3 gene expression was observed in multiple peripheral arteries, and expression was increased after arterial injury. Treatment of endothelial but not vascular smooth muscle cells with the pharmacologic
FFAR
3 agonist 1‐methylcyclopropane carboxylate stimulated cellular migration and proliferation in scratch assays.

Conclusions

Our results support a protective role for butyrate and
FFAR
3 in the development of neointimal hyperplasia after arterial injury and delineate activation of the butyrate‐
FFAR
3 pathway as a valuable strategy for the prevention and treatment of neointimal hyperplasia.
Tragedy of the Possible: Aimé Césaire in Cuba, 1968
Authors: Frost Jackqueline , Lefevre Tavárez Jorge E. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In 1968, Aimé Césaire travelled to Cuba to participate in the Havana Cultural Congress, a mass international meeting where delegates discussed the place of culture in the struggle against imperialism, neo-colonialism, and underdevelopment. Among the likes of C.L.R. James, Nicolás Guillén, René Depestre, Michel Leiris, and Daniel Guérin, it was in Havana that the Martinican politician undertook the until-now untranslated interview with Sonia Aratán for the Casa de las Américas revue and delivered his Cultural Congress conference paper – previously believed by Césaire scholars to be lost. Both texts shed light on Césaire’s little-known views on Fidel Castro, the Cuban Revolution and Marxism in the context of late-1960s tricontinentalism. By reconstructing Césaire’s exchanges with Cuban writers before and during the Congress, we propose a consideration of the role of Cuba in Césaire’s political thought as a tragic possibility, combining the catastrophe of Caribbean history with the uncertain potential of new social forms.
City as Canvas
Authors: El Maarouf Farouk , El Maarouf Moulay Driss 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The city reflects a politics of possession, upon which pieces of land ultimately get encircled by walls for exploitation. Walls—the entities that frame up the city—are territory ma(r)kers, yet this architectural gesture, far from being innocent, symbolizes a lurking desire at owning territories in the ma(r)king. This paper brings this idea home by examining the other meanings of the wall in contemporary Morocco, by closely studying the poetics and politics of the wall in the context of the Jidar street art festival of Rabat, situated, as it were, in the intersection of concepts (such as festival, paint, street art, wall, patronage, cooptation, resistance, local and global). We argue that the JSAF presents, among other things, a venue for local artists to perform and translate their thoughts and artistic visions into murals of a grand scale. Yet under the gaze of power, their performances accentuate the existentialist yet ambivalent position of city walls not only as embodiments of visual escape, but also as terrains of artistic/economic opportunities, incompatible social emotions, and contentious politics.
Parsing and Managing Inconsistency in Investor-State Dispute Settlement
Authors: Arato Julian , Brown Chester , Ortino Federico 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Inconsistency in legal interpretation is among the most salient problems in investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS) and it is one of the key issues being addressed by the reform efforts in the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Working Group III. While some degree of interpretive inconsistency is endemic to any legal order, systemic inconsistency tends to undermine the basic purposes of the investment treaty regime – namely protecting and promoting foreign direct investment through predictable international legal rules and institutions. This article seeks to parse the problem of inconsistency at a more granular level, in order to distinguish between types of norms where a degree of inconsistency is (relatively) manageable and (potentially) tolerable, and those where inconsistency is unacceptable. We argue that it is with regard to structural ‘rules of the game’ where inconsistency is most destructive.
The Diversity Deficit in International Investment Arbitration
Authors: Bjorklund Andrea K. , Behn Daniel , Franck Susan D. , Giorgetti Chiara , Kidane Won , de Nanteuil Arnaud , Onyema Emilia 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Working Group III on ISDS (Investor-State Dispute Settlement) Reform considers issues of adjudicator diversity to be an area of concern for the legitimacy of the ISDS system. Studies show that nearly all of the most prominent and repeatedly appointed arbitrators in ISDS cases are men from the Global North with significant prior experience in ISDS cases. Rather than being seen as fair, just, and devoid of bias, decisions are sometimes suspected to be the products of adjudicators who share a particular world view. This article focuses on four key issues: (1) how a lack diversity affects the real and perceived legitimacy of the ISDS system; (2) empirical evidence on the current extent of the diversity problem in ISDS; (3) the causes of the perpetuation of the diversity deficit in ISDS; and (4) what can be done to improve diversity in ISDS.
Gospeltainment: Music and Profit in Nigeria
Authors: Adeola Taiye Shola 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Nigerian gospel music is an emblematic and significantly informative entertainment industry; it is both an artistic and a contemporary religious genre that reveals social transformations nationally, regionally and globally. The historical fusion of entertainment with spirituality in Nigerian music reflects at once the influence of secular music upon the composition process and the performance context, the pressures of audience demand, the idiosyncrasies of each musician, as well as financial and commercial trends. The radical effects of change in the local labour market and in the world economy are not really new; these have been features of Nigerian gospel music since its origin. But now these factors define this music at the performance level as well.
The Pragmatics and Sociolinguistics of Maasai Greetings
Authors: Goodness Devet 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The speech act of greeting is one of the most frequent linguistic interactional routines performed among the Maasai of Arusha in Tanzania. The structure of their greetings demonstrates a number of culturally specific features of Maasai society, illuminated by analysing data collected through interviews and non-participatory observations of both men and women. The structure of Maasai greetings highlights the importance of maintaining gentility and exercising deference in everyday affairs. Politeness and civility are demonstrated by acknowledging vertical ranking between those who greet each other; sustaining propriety is determined by recognition of social status and by a heightened gender sensitivity which is ever present. Good manners are performed not only by following verbal codes scrupulously, such as tone of voice and word choice; non-verbal signals are just as important in the demonstration of Maasai etiquette; these include the posture adopted when a greeting is initiated, the adjustment of spatial distance and by whom once a greeting has commenced, the manner of shaking hands, as well as the length of time spent greeting.
The value of non-invasive computed tomography coronary angiography in imaging patients with coronary artery bypass grafts
Authors: Krysztofiak T , Ahmad F , Adams J , Stobo DB , Good R , Byrne J 
Published: June 2020

Introduction Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is associated with higher complication rates in patients following coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). CT coronary angiography (CTCA) has emerged as an attractive alternative. We assessed the impact of CTCA on subsequent ICA. Methods We identified 213 CABG patients undergoing CTCA between 2015 and 2018. In 151 the indication was suspected recurrence of angina. We then identified patients undergoing ICA within 1 year of CTCA. Results CTCA obviated the need for ICA in 115 cases (76%). CTCA was better at identifying targets for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to saphenous vein grafts (SVG’s) than to native vessels (89% vs 47%). 7 out of 10 lesions of “probable” significance by CTCA proved flow-limiting, and 4 out of 13 “indeterminate” lesions. CTCA concordance was 97% for left internal mammary (LIMA) grafts. Conclusion CTCA directed management in a majority of patients without ICA. It identified a cohort of patients likely to be candidates for SVG PCI, but was less effective in identifying PCI targets in the native vessels. CTCA renders invasive LIMA cannulation redundant unless a target lesion is suspected.
Non-HPV-Related Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Young Patient Cohort
Authors: Dougherty Michael I. , Dougherty William , Kain Joshua J. , Hughley Brian B. , Shonka David C. , Fedder Katherine L. , Jameson Mark J. 
Published: June 2020

Objectives: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is rare in patients younger than 40 years. Many practitioners suspect HNSCC is a more aggressive disease in this age group, and perhaps increasing in incidence; however, there are scant and conflicting data to support this assertion. We sought to compare outcomes for young patients with non-human papillomavirus (HPV)–related HNSCC to those of older patients. Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients with HNSCC treated from 2004 to 2016 at 2 tertiary referral centers. Patients aged 18 to 40 with p16-negative HNSCC were included in the young patient cohort (n = 59). A randomly selected stage- and subsite-matched cohort aged 55 to 65 was analyzed for comparison (n = 114). Results: When considering all patients with HNSCC, patients younger than 40 were more likely to have oral tongue cancer (62.7%) compared to patients age 55 to 65 (16.9%). When an older patient cohort was stage- and subsite-matched to the young patient cohort, there were more never smokers (49.2% vs 17.5% of older patients, P < .01) and females (40.7% vs 24.6% of older patients, P = .028) in the young patient group. The young patient cohort had better average overall survival than the older group (14.4 vs 8.1 years, respectively, P = .02), but similar average disease-free survival (6.2 years vs 6.6 years, respectively, P = .67); 50.9% of young patients had tumors with adverse histologic features versus 42.0% of older patients ( P = .28). The young patients demonstrated a superior average conditional survival after recurrence (9.8 years vs 3.2 years for older patients, P < .01). Conclusions: Despite the limitations of study design, these data suggest that young patients who develop non-HPV-related HNSCC tend to have similarly aggressive disease, but longer overall survival and better survival after recurrence. These findings may be attributable to better overall health as evidenced by fewer comorbidities.
Prediction Rule for Scrub Typhus Meningoencephalitis in Children: Emerging Disease in North India
Authors: Alam Areesha , Agarwal Pranshi , Prabha Jayanti , Jain Amita , Kalyan Raj Kumar , Kumar Chandrakanta , Kumar Rashmi 
Published: June 2020

Objectives: To evaluate the proportion of scrub typhus meningoencephalitis among children with acute encephalitis syndrome and to outline its differentiating features. To develop a prediction rule for scrub typhus meningoencephalitis. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care public hospital in Northern India. Consecutive patients of acute encephalitis syndrome who met our inclusion criteria were enrolled over 2 years. Standardized workup including serum IgM against Orientia tsutsugamushi was performed. Clinical and laboratory features were compared between IgM-positive and IgM-negative patients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the score derived from “independent predictors” was measured. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated at different cut-offs of the score. Results: Scrub typhus IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was positive in 66/352 patients (18.8%). Longer duration of fever and prodromal stage along with eschar, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and pneumonia were significantly more prevalent in scrub typhus meningoencephalitis. However, petechiae were frequent in non–scrub typhus patients. Leucocytosis, lymphocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and elevated levels of serum bilirubin, serum transaminases, and cerebrospinal fluid protein were associated with scrub typhus meningoencephalitis. Logistic regression revealed fever for >8 days, pneumonia, absence of petechiae, cerebrospinal fluid protein >1000 mg/L, and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase >100 IU/L as independent “predictors” of scrub typhus meningoencephalitis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% confidence interval) of the prediction score was 0.832 (0.78-0.89). Score at cutoff ≥1 had 91% sensitivity, 96.1% negative predictive value, and at cutoff ≥4 had 99.7% specificity, 88.9% positive predictive value, 83.1% negative predictive value, 40.3 positive likelihood ratio, 0.88 negative likelihood ratio for identifying scrub typhus meningoencephalitis. Conclusion: Prediction score may help physicians in peripheral areas to identify and treat scrub typhus meningoencephalitis, an emerging cause of acute encephalitis syndrome in India.
Relationship Between the Prevalence of Blood Groups and Severity of Leptospirosis: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Davoodi Lotfollah , Razavi Alireza , Jafarpour Hamed , Heshmati Mahjin , Soleymani Eissa , Ghasemian Roya 
Published: June 2020

Introduction: The correlation between the prevalence and severity of leptospirosis with blood groups has not been investigated so far, but several studies have been conducted to link the infectious diseases with blood groups. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of blood type in patients with leptospirosis and its association with disease severity. Methods: This is a case-control study performed on hospitalized patients with the diagnosis of leptospirosis in Mazandaran province, Iran, in 2018. The control group was selected from among the families of patients. Blood groups (ABO and Rh) and severity of the disease were assessed. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22. Results: A total of 300 people (150 in the case and 150 in the control) enrolled in the study. The mean age was 44.35 ± 15.39 years and 81.3% were men. The highest frequency of blood type in both groups was O+, A+, and B+, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the frequency of blood groups ( P = .037). Comparison between severity of disease and blood types (ABO, Rh) showed no significant difference ( P > .05). Conclusions: According to our study, O+ was the most common among patients with leptospirosis. The frequency of O in patients was significantly higher than in the control group, but there was no significant relationship between leptospirosis and Rh. The prevalence of this blood type was higher in people with a severe form of the disease. Finally, there is no statistically significant difference between the severity of the disease and ABO and Rh.
untitled (giran)
Authors: Jones Jonathan 
Published: June 2020

Understanding wind is an important part of understanding Country. Winds bring change, knowledge and emotions. Connected to the winds are budyaan, or the birds, who know the winds best. This visual essay traces the development of Wiradjuri dhawura gulbanha (Wiradjuri wind philosophy), a project conceived with Dr Uncle Stan Grant AM, a senior Wiradjuri elder and knowledge holder. Throughout this visual essay, Wiradjuri is used rather than Indigenous or Aboriginal, as the project is based on specific Wiradjuri culture, knowledge, and language, to which the author belongs. In order to represent the winds, the project required thousands of feathers, which were provided with a public call out. The aim of this call out, in addition to collecting feathers, was to stimulate people to show yindyamarra (respect) and engage with their local environment, to take note of the birds that inhabit parks in cities and towns, and to learn to move slowly through Country by engaging with Country. The final work, untitled (giran) 2018, is a major installation with soundscape shown at the 9th Asia Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art at the Queensland Art Gallery/Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane. This visual essay, in the form of photographs and an extended caption, shows how Wiradjuri gulbanha (Wiradjuri philosophy) can benefit all members of the community.