bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical Procedure for Prediction of Radiated Noise From a Gear-Shaft-Plate System
Authors: Park Chan Il 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In order to predict the gear noise, a simplified model of gear-shaft-housing system is studied. The gear is modeled as a single degree of freedom mass-spring-damper system. The shaft-housing system is modeled as a clamped circular plate connected with a beam. The moment components of the beam excited by the gear mesh force are considered in the calculation of the plate vibration and radiated noise. The displacements of the clamped circular plate due to the r-direction moment and θ-direction moment are analytically derived. Radiated noise from the plate is also derived using Rayleigh integral. Using the derived results, the numerical examples are given.
Development of Transmission and Transfer Gear With Locomotive Noise (Whine Noise)
Authors: Kawasaki Yoshiki , Karube Masahiko , Kubo Aizoh , Khargonkar B. S. , Rao N. K. , Manjrekar Vikas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Between 1990 and 1995, ISUZU (ISZ) automobiles RV lines, specifically Trooper with MUA Type Transfer (Fig.1), had problems with loud locomotive noise, also known as whine noise. In July 1992, HINDUSTAN MOTORS (HM) found the same problem with its 4X2 MSG Type Transmission (Fig.2).† At first, we looked to the gear precision and tooth contact pattern on both good and defective transfer units for the cause of the whine noise; unfortunately, after investigation, nothing was found. In total, we checked the involute helicoid, outer shape of shaft and all faces of gear and root of gear. Consequently, we found the whine noise was caused by the root running out of gear resulting in an imbalance in the face and the shape of shaft, causing each to run out. At the same time, we found that minimized the unbalance value will solve the whine noise issue. We used two test units (good and defective) to conduct the research and to resolve the whine noise problem.
A Wave Generator of New Concept for Flex Gear of Harmonic Drive With Pure Involute Tooth Gear Pairs
Authors: Maiti R. , Roy A. K. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A new wave generator (or cam) is proposed (Maiti, Patent 1995) to drive the flex gear of strain wave gearing i.e., harmonic drives with gear pairs of pure involute profiles. The cam profile is made of circular arcs at the two contact zones and shifted elliptical curves for the other zones. The geometric constniction is made in such a way that tip interference is properly avoided for both engagement and disengagement with nominally stubbed or full depth involute gears. The theories are established to verify other geometric and gearing conditions. Evidently, in the existing products (all are patented design) the profiles are non-involute and none of them offers ideal gear kinematics. It is expected that this new harmonic drive will offer the best gearing kinematics and will have desired accurate performance.
On the Linear Line Complex and Hyperboloidal Gearing
Authors: Dooner David B. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The concept of a line complex is introduced and then a brief discussion of a linear line complex is given. A linear line complex can be very useful in specifying the spiral angle in hyperboloidal gearing. Ball’s reciprocity condition is used in conjunction with the linear line complex to specify the spiral angle using a system of cylindroidal coordinates. This spiral angle is such that the gear ratio is independent of the pressure angle.
Detection of Machine and Structure Assemblies With Bolt Looseness
Authors: Yeh J. H. , Liou F. W. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Machine and structural safety and reliability are important issues in engineering. Since self-looseness is one of the most frequent causes of failure in bolted joint structures, it is highly desirable to detect bolted joint looseness early. The focus of this study is to model the structure natural frequency variation as the bolted joint is loosened. A virtual spring approach, incorporating finite element analysis, is proposed to model bolted structure assemblies. The spring constant estimation based on the Hertz theory is addressed, and the relationship between the spring constant and structure natural frequency is presented. An experimental study is used to verify the analytical model. A load bolt is used to measure the existing force in a bolted joint. The changes in the natural frequency of fixed-fixed beams due to the presence of joint looseness were investigated both analytically and experimentally.
Design and Analysis of a Fuze-Configurable Trajectory Correction Device for an Artillery Projectile
Authors: Hollis Michael S. L. , Brandon Fred J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
With the advances in microelectronics, sensor technology, and packaging design, the reality of an artillery projectile, range correction device is conceivable. A previous report entitled “Preliminary Design of a Range Correction Module for an Artillery Shell” (Hollis 1996) demonstrated a possible concept called the D-ring range correction device. One of the main objectives of the range correction device concept was to contain all the mechanical and electrical components within a fuze-like envelope, while maintaining certain constraints that would allow the fuze to fit into a variety of artillery shells used by North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries. Another objective of the range correction device concept was to avoid any changes within the ogive of any of the projectiles in the existing stockpile.
Range correction is achieved by a mechanism that symmetrically deploys four D-shaped blades, or drag blades, with the sole purpose of increasing drag. Estimates have been made of the percent change in drag as related to increases in frontal area. The deployed D-rings, with a spread of 80 mm, will increase the frontal area by 1.63 times. If the D-rings are extended a centimeter farther to a deployment diameter of 100 mm, the increase in frontal area is 2.39 times. An initial study by Brandon and Jara has indicated that reasonable maneuver authorities can be achieved for frontal areas of 7.3 in2 (47.1 cm2) and 10.7 in2 (69.0 cm2), which corresponds, respectively, to the 80-mm and 100-mm deployment diameters.
This report is a culmination of many design iterations, numerical analyses, shock tests, and actual cannon launchings. Most of the design iterations and numerical analyses are not mentioned in this report simply because they were stepping stones that led to the final design. Structural analyses indicate that the overall prototype design is durable enough to withstand the most severe artillery cannon launching available today. The design should be capable of withstanding 15,000 g’s of inertial set-back loads with 150,000 rad/s2 of angular acceleration. In addition, the design is also capable of deploying at a velocity of 650 m/s, while spinning at 250 cycles per second. The next step would be to fabricate the design in order to truly verify the integrity of the structure and to determine the overall effect of the deployed drag blades on the range of flight.
Parabolic Log-Log Fatigue Life Model
Authors: Savage M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A rapid method for determining service fatigue strength data is to test the product or device at an elevated load. Load-life relationships for engineering materials normally show a large reduction in life for a small increase in load. Unfortunately, there is little agreement on the exact nature of this load-life relationship. Some sources show a linear semi-log relationship. Some show a single linear log-log relationship. And some show a two-line log-log relationship with the shallower slope line active after ten-million load cycles or more. The two-line relationship agrees more closely with expected behavior. It predicts a difference between the load-life characteristics in the field at moderate service loads and the load-life characteristics in the laboratory with high test loads. However, the determination of the location and slope of the second, shallow, high-life line is an expensive proposition. In this paper, a parabolic log-log load-life model which predicts a gradual transition from the short-life testing environment to the long-life use environment is presented and compared to the two linear models. Fitting the model to test data is described as is the use of the model in planning tests for failure prevention prediction.
A Fuzzy System for Train Driver Support Towards an Efficient Handling of Engine Malfunctions
Authors: Drakatou S. , Karakassis K. , Dentsoras A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the present paper, an approach based on fuzzy logic is presented concerning a fuzzy decision support system for faults’ handling in train driving. A short introduction is given first that contains the problem’s description and its major aspects. A literature review follows that refers to the last advances in the field of man–machine interface, fuzzy logic applications and fault handling procedures in train driving. The paper emphasizes also on the important role of fuzzy logic in capturing, expressing and exploiting the existing experience on faults’ manipulation during train operation.
Furthermore, a theoretical approach is proposed for the development of a fuzzy decision support system that advises the train operator on faults’ handling during its operation. Except of the advice that could offer, it is expected that — after its development — the system will be able to continuously check on-line the operator’s actions and operations in order to conclude, in a fuzzy manner, about both their correctness and efficiency and to suggest further actions and operations to be undertaken.
Scenario-Based FMEA: A Life Cycle Cost Perspective
Authors: Kmenta Steven , Ishii Kosuke 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a method to identify and prioritize potential failures of a product or process. The traditional FMEA uses three factors, Occurrence, Severity, and Detection, to determine the Risk Priority Number (RPN). This paper addresses two major problems with the conventional FMEA approach: 1) The Detection index does not accurately measure contribution to risk, and 2) The RPN is an inconsistent risk-prioritization technique.
The authors recommend two deployment strategies to address these shortcomings: 1) Organize the FMEA around failure scenarios rather than failure modes, and 2) Evaluate risk using probability and cost. The proposed approach uses consistent and meaningful risk evaluation criteria to facilitate life cost-based decisions.
Vibrational Characteristics of Tapered Roller Bearing Cages
Authors: Karloff J. A. , Weins W. N. , Arnold R. C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
One of the important components of a tapered roller bearing is the cage. The main function of the cage during operation is to maintain roller spacing. Although being one of the more complicated parts of a tapered roller bearing, historically, very little specific engineering has been published to provide a design basis for the tapered roller bearing cage. This work analyzed specifically, the cages from tapered roller bearings as used in the railway industry.
As the load carrying requirements for railcars have increased, the size of bearing has also increased. Although cage dimensions have increased with bearing size, little specific engineering has been published to document the effect the change in size has on the durability of the larger cages. Testing was conducted to determine the amount of stress induced on the cage due to the vibration environment of a tapered roller bearing used in rail service. Cages evaluated were steel cages from 6 ½ × 12 and 7 × 12 tapered roller bearings and a plastic cage from a 6 ½ × 12 bearing.
The natural frequencies of the cages were determined and then compared to the exciting frequencies of the bearings. Vibrations, internal and external to the bearing were measured at various simulated train speeds. The magnitude and frequencies of these excitation vibrations were input into the finite element modeling software, ALGOR®, to find the response of the cage. It was found that the stresses generated in the small end cage pocket of larger 7 × 12 steel cages were as much as twice that of the 6 ½ × 12 steel cages. The stress generated at the pocket of the 6 ½ × 12 plastic cage was smaller than the 6 ½ × 12 steel cage.
Thermoplastic Stress Analysis of Graphite Reinforced Composite Cantilever Beam of Arbitrary Orientation, Subjected to Uniformly Distributed Loads
Authors: Okumus Fuat , Turgut Aydin , Sancaktar Erol 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this study, an elastic-plastic stress analysis is performed in a carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite beam, which is loaded uniformly at the upper surface. An analytical solution is obtained including both the governing differential equations and boundary conditions. The composite beam is loaded uniformly at the upper surface, therefore the normal stress component σy is neglected in comparison with other stress components. The orientation angle of the composite is changed as 0°, 15°, 30° and 45°. The intensity of the residual stress component of σx is maximum at the upper and lower surfaces of the composite beam. The intensity of the residual stress component of the shear stress τxy is maximum around the central axis for the beam.
Prevalence of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) and associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Authors: Gebregiorgis Birhan Gebresillassie , Takele Goitom Molalign , Ayenew Kassahun Dires , Amare Yosef Eshetie 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionHospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are public health problems of global concern and are notably prevalent in developing countries. The prevalence of HAI and its associated factors are not well described in the context of Ethiopia. Currently, the nationwide prevalence of HAI and its corresponding associated factors have not been formally reported in Ethiopia. This review will provide an estimate of the prevalence of HAI and its associated factors.MethodsScholarly articles will be selected from the Embase, PubMed, Cochrane library, Hinary, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. Articles within the timeline of January 2000 to December 2020 will be included for review. Observational studies, randomised trials, surveys, surveillance reports, published and grey literature that reported the prevalence of HAI or factors associated with HAI reported as OR (95% CI) with no language restriction will be included in the analysis. Screening and selection of articles will be done using web-based Covidence software. The article’s quality and risk of bias will be critically appraised using Johanna Briggs Institute quality appraisal checklist. Random effects model using the inverse variance method will be conducted to estimate the prevalence of HAI. To examine heterogeneity, the Q statistics and I2 statistics will be conducted. Publication bias will be investigated using Begg’s correlation method and Egger’s weighted regression test. All analyses will be performed with STATA (V.14) software.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for meta-analysis reviews as participants are not included. The review will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals.
Applying the Three Delays Model to understand emergency care seeking and delivery in rural Bangladesh: a qualitative study
Authors: Shah Bansari , Krishnan Nandita , Kodish Stephen R. , Yenokyan Gayane , Fatema Kaniz , Burhan Uddin Kazi , Rahman A K M Fazlur , Razzak Junaid 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesThe Three Delays Model has been commonly used to understand and prevent maternal mortality but has not been systematically applied to emergency medical conditions more generally. The objective of this study was to identify delays in emergency medical care seeking and delivery in rural Bangladesh and factors contributing to these delays by using the Three Delays Model as a framework.DesignA qualitative approach was used. Data were collected through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews using semistructured guides. Two analysts jointly developed a codebook iteratively and conducted a thematic analysis to triangulate results.SettingSix unions in Raiganj subdistrict of Bangladesh.ParticipantsEight focus group discussions with community members (n=59) and eight in-depth interviews with healthcare providers.ResultsDelays in the decision to seek care and timely receipt of care on reaching a health facility were most prominent. The main factors influencing care-seeking decisions included ability to recognise symptoms and decision-making power. Staff and resource shortages and lack of training contributed to delays in receiving care. Delay in reaching care was not perceived as a salient barrier. Both community members and healthcare providers expressed interest in receiving training to improve management of emergency conditions.ConclusionsThe Three Delays Model is a practical framework that can be useful for understanding barriers to emergency care and developing more tailored interventions. In rural Bangladesh, training community members and healthcare providers to recognise symptoms and manage acute conditions can reduce delays in care seeking and receiving adequate care at health facilities.
Impact of cardiovascular disease and risk factors on fatal outcomes in patients with COVID-19 according to age: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bae SungA , Kim So Ree , Kim Mi-Na , Shim Wan Joo , Park Seong-Mi 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivePrevious studies that evaluated cardiovascular risk factors considered age as a potential confounder. We aimed to investigate the impact of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors on fatal outcomes according to age in patients with COVID-19.MethodsA systematic literature review and meta-analysis was performed on data collected from PubMed and Embase databases up to 11 June 2020. All observational studies (case series or cohort studies) that assessed in-hospital patients were included, except those involving the paediatric population. Prevalence rates of comorbid diseases and clinical outcomes were stratified by mean patient age in each study (ranges: <50 years, 50–60 years and ≥60 years). The primary outcome measure was a composite fatal outcome of severe COVID-19 or death.ResultsWe included 51 studies with a total of 48 317 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection. Overall, the relative risk of developing severe COVID-19 or death was significantly higher in patients with risk factors for CVD (hypertension: OR 2.50, 95% CI 2.15 to 2.90; diabetes: 2.25, 95% CI 1.89 to 2.69) and CVD (3.11, 95% 2.55 to 3.79). Younger patients had a lower prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and CVD compared with older patients; however, the relative risk of fatal outcomes was higher among the former.ConclusionsThe results of the meta-analysis suggest that CVD and its risk factors (hypertension and diabetes) were closely related to fatal outcomes in COVID-19 for patients across all ages. Although young patients had lower prevalence rates of cardiovascular comorbidities than elderly patients, relative risk of fatal outcome in young patients with hypertension, diabetes and CVD was higher than in elderly patients.Prospero registration numberCRD42020198152.
Prognostic value of electrocardiographic abnormalities in adults from the Brazilian longitudinal study of adults’ health
Authors: Pinto-Filho Marcelo Martins , Brant Luisa Caldeira , dos Reis Rodrigo Padilha , Giatti Luana , Duncan Bruce Bartholow , Lotufo Paulo A , da Fonseca Maria de Jesus M , Mill Jose Geraldo , de Almeida Maria da Conceição Chagas , MacFarlane Peter , Barreto Sandhi Maria , Ribeiro Antonio Luiz Pinho 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are highly preventable non-communicable diseases. ECG is a potential tool for risk stratification with respect to CVD. Our aim was to evaluate ECG’s role in all-cause and cardiovascular mortality prediction.MethodsParticipants from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health, free of known CVD at baseline were included. A 12-lead ECG was obtained at baseline (2008–2010). Participants were followed up to 2018 by annual interviews. Deaths were independently reviewed. Cox as well as Fine and Grey multivariable regression models were applied to evaluate if the presence of any major electrocardiographic abnormality (MEA), defined according to the Minnesota Code system, would predict total and cardiovascular deaths. We also evaluated the Net Reclassification Index of adding MEA to the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE).ResultsThe 13 428 participants (median age 51 years, 45% men) were followed up for 8±1 years. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality occurred in 2.8% and 1.2% of the population, respectively. Prevalent MEA was an independent predictor of overall (HR=2.3, 95% CI 1.7 to 2.9) and cardiovascular mortality (HR=4.6, 95% CI 3.0 to 7.0) after adjustments for age, race, education and traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Adding MEA to the SCORE resulted in 9% mis-reclassification in the non-event subgroup and 33% correct reclassification in those with a fatal cardiovascular event.ConclusionPresence of MEA was an independent predictor of overall and cardiovascular mortality. ECG may have a role in risk prediction of cardiovascular mortality in primary care.
Greater admissions, mortality and cost of heart failure in adults with congenital heart disease
Authors: Burstein Danielle S , Rossano Joseph W , Griffis Heather , Zhang Xuemei , Fowler Rachel , Frischertz Benjamin , Kim Yuli Y , Lindenfield JoAnn , Mazurek Jeremy A , Edelson Jonathan B , Menachem Jonathan N 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveLimited contemporary data exist regarding outcomes and resource use among adults with congenital heart disease and heart failure (ACHD-HF). This study compared outcomes, emergency department (ED) and hospital resource use, and advanced heart failure (HF) therapies in ACHD-HF versus non-ACHD with HF (HF-non-ACHD).MethodsThe Nationwide Emergency Department Sample and Nationwide Inpatient Sample were used to analyse outcomes and resource use among ACHD-HF ED visits and hospitalisations from 2006 to 2016. ACHD-HF was stratified by single-ventricle (SV) and two-ventricle (2V) disease.ResultsA total of 76 557 ACHD-HF visits (3.6% SV physiology) and 31 137 414 HF-non-ACHD visits were analysed. ACHD-HFs were younger (SV 33 years (IQR 25–44), 2V 62 years (IQR 45–76); HF-non-ACHD 74 years (IQR 63–83); p<0.001). ACHD-HFs had higher ED admissions (78% vs 70%, p<0.001), longer hospital length of stay (5 days (IQR 2–8) vs 4 days (IQR 2–7), p<0.001) and greater hospital costs ($49K (IQR 2K–121K) vs $32K (17K–66K), p<0.001). Mortality was significantly higher among ACHD-HFs with SV physiology (6.6%; OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.3) or 2V physiology (6.3%; OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.3 to 1.5) versus HF-non-ACHD (5.5%). ACHF-HF hospitalisations increased more (46% vs 6% HF-non-ACHD) over a 10-year period, but the proportion receiving ventricular assist device (VAD) (ACHD-HF −2% vs HF-non-ACHD 294%) or transplant (ACHD-HF −37% vs HF-non-ACHD 73%) decreased.ConclusionACHD-HFs have significant ED and hospital resource use that has increased over the past 10 years. However, advanced HF therapies (VAD and transplantation) are less commonly used compared with those without adult congenital heart disease.