bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The moral perils of conditional cash transfer programmes and their significance for policy: a meta-ethnography of the ethical debate
Authors: Scheel Inger B , Scheel Andrea E , Fretheim Atle 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Conditional cash transfer (CCT) is a compelling policy alternative for reducing poverty and improving health, and its effectiveness is promising. CCT programmes have been widely deployed across geographical, economic and political contexts, but not without contestation. Critics argue that CCTs may result in infringements on freedom and dignity, gender discrimination and disempowerment and power imbalances between programme providers and beneficiaries. In this analysis, we aim to identify the ethical concepts applicable to CCTs and to contextualize these by mapping the tensions of the debate, allowing us to understand the separate contributions as parts of a larger whole. We searched a range of databases for records on public health CCT. Strategies were last run in January 2017. We included 31 dialectical articles deliberating the ethics of CCTs and applied a meta-ethnographic approach. We identified 22 distinct ethical concepts. By analysing and mapping the tensions in the discourse, the following four strands of debate emerged: (1) responsibility for poverty and health: personal vs public duty, (2) power balance: autonomy vs paternalism, (3) social justice: empowerment vs oppression and (4) marketization of human behaviour and health: ‘fair trade’ vs moral corruption. The debate shed light on the ethical ideals, principles and doctrines underpinning CCT. These were consistent with a market-oriented liberal welfare regime ideal: privatization of public responsibilities; a selective rather than a universal approach; empowerment by individual entrepreneurship; marketization of health with a conception of human beings as utility maximizing creatures; and limited acknowledgement of the role of structural injustices in poverty and health. Identification of key tensions in the public health ethics debate may expose underpinning ideological logics of health and social programmes that may be at odds with public values and contemporary political priorities. Decisions about CCTs should therefore not be considered a technical exercise, but a context-dependent process requiring transparent, informed and deliberative decision-making.
Simulation testing methods for estimating misreported catch in a state-space stock assessment model
Authors: Perretti Charles T , Deroba Jonathan J , Legault Christopher M 
Published: February 2020

AbstractState-space stock assessment models have become increasingly common in recent years due to their ability to estimate unobserved variables and explicitly model multiple sources of random error. Therefore, they may be able to better estimate unobserved processes such as misreported fishery catch. We examined whether a state-space assessment model was able to estimate misreported catch in a simulated fishery. We tested three formulations of the estimation model, which exhibit increasing complexity: (i) assuming no misreporting, (ii) assuming misreporting is constant over time, and (iii) assuming misreporting follows a random walk. We tested these three estimation models against simulations using each of the three assumptions and an additional fourth assumption of uniform random misreporting over time. Overall, the worst estimation errors occurred when misreporting was ignored while it was in fact occurring, while there was a relatively small cost for estimating misreporting when it was not occurring. Estimates of population scale and fishing mortality rate were particularly sensitive to misreporting assumptions. Furthermore, in the uniform random scenario, the relatively simple model that assumed misreporting was fixed across ages and time was more accurate than the more complicated random walk model, despite the increased flexibility of the latter.
A game-based education approach for sustainable ocean development
Authors: Koenigstein Stefan , Hentschel Lisa-Henrike , Heel Lena Christin , Drinkorn Catherine 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe goods and services of the ocean are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic pressures and climate change. Novel approaches for an integrated education for sustainable ocean development are needed, to teach an understanding of ocean systems and their sustainable governance to future generations of users and consumers. We developed a table-top, role-playing game for marine sustainability education at the high school level and above. Ocean Limited lets players negotiate their uses and interactions as ocean stakeholders, providing a comprehensive social–ecological integration of global ocean systems, marine sustainability challenges, and climate change impacts. Observations of in-game player behaviour, game results, and player feedback indicate that players understood the game world, identified with their roles, and actively engaged as ocean stakeholders. Ocean Limited stimulated empathy for other actors, systemic and foresighted thinking, and the development of sustainability-oriented cooperation and agreements. The game can demonstrate and teach real-world marine sustainability issues, and could support collective learning of problem-solving capacities for social–ecological conflicts and trade-offs in ocean uses. We suggest using role-playing game-based approaches for an integrated marine sustainability education, to train students the skills needed to participate in and support sustainable ocean development.
Preliminary Evaluation of Human Personal Protective Measures Against the Nymphal Stage of the Asian Longhorned Tick (Acari: Ixodidae)
Authors: Foster Erik , Fleshman Amy C , Ford Shelby L , Levin Michael L , Delorey Mark J , Eisen Rebecca J , Eisen Lars 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The invasive, human-biting Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, is establishing in the United States. This tick is a threat to public health in its native range in Asia, serving as a vector of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus and Rickettsia japonica, the agent of Japanese spotted fever. However, there is a lack of published information specifically for H. longicornis concerning the efficacy of generally recommended personal tick bite prevention measures. We, therefore, evaluated permethrin-treated clothing and formulated human skin repellent products, representing the six repellent active ingredients generally recommended for tick bite prevention by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), against H. longicornis nymphs from a colony established with adult ticks collected in New York state. Reluctance of H. longicornis nymphs to stay in contact with nontreated human skin precluded the use of a human skin bioassay to optimally evaluate repellency. In a Petri dish choice bioassay, all tested product formulations were highly effective with estimated repellencies ranging from 93 to 97%. In addition, we observed strong contact irritancy of a summer-weight permethrin-treated garment against H. longicornis nymphs, with 96% of introduced ticks dislodging from the vertically oriented textile within 3 min. These preliminary studies indicate that personal tick bite prevention measures currently recommended by the CDC are effective against the invasive H. longicornis. However, additional studies are needed to explore the efficacy of the evaluated products against different life stages of H. longicornis, as well as ticks collected in the field rather than reared in the laboratory.
Assessing the Well-being of Sexual Minority Soldiers at a Military Academic Institution
Authors: McDonald Jennifer L , Ganulin Michelle L , Dretsch Michael N , Taylor Maura R , Cabrera Oscar A 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The goal of the present study was to characterize behavioral health rates, behavioral health care utilization, loneliness, and perceived prejudice and support among sexual minority soldiers.

Materials and Methods
Cross-sectional survey data were obtained from 640 active-duty U.S. soldiers enrolled in an academic training institute who provided information on their sexual orientation. Survey topics included demographics, behavioral health, behavioral health care utilization, and mitigating factors (eg, perceived prejudice, perceived support, and loneliness). Chi-square analyses were utilized to determine any differences between groups for behavioral health rates and behavioral health care utilization. Robust regression was used for analysis of self-reported loneliness.

Results
A higher proportion of lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) soldiers than heterosexual soldiers screened positive for anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidality. No between-group differences in behavioral health care utilization were found; however, a higher proportion of LGB soldiers sought help from military family life counselors. No between-group differences for loneliness were found. Finally, perceived prejudice was higher for LGB soldiers and perceived support was lower.

Conclusion
Organizational barriers, such as perceived prejudice and lack of support, appear to still exist for sexual minority soldiers. Increasing organizational support and implementing training and education for health care providers in order to better support the LGB soldier community may mitigate these barriers.
The Effect of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) on Cognitive Performance in a Sample of Active Duty U.S. Military Service Members
Authors: Rice Valerie J , Schroeder Paul J , Cassenti Daniel N , Boykin Gary L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is considered a signature injury from the fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan. Since the year 2000, over 370,000 U.S. active duty service members have been diagnosed with TBI. Although prior research has shown that even mild forms of TBI are associated with impaired cognitive performance, it is not clear which facets of cognition (computation, memory, reasoning, etc.) are impacted by injury.

Method
In the present study, we compared active duty military volunteers (n = 88) with and without TBI on six measures of cognition using the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metric software.

Results
Healthy volunteers exhibited significantly faster response times on the matching-to-sample, mathematical processing, and second round of simple reaction time tasks and had higher throughput scores on the mathematical processing and the second round of the simple reaction time tasks (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusion
In this population, cognitive impairments associated with TBI influenced performance requiring working memory and basic neural processing (speed/efficiency).
Deriving pQCT-Type Spatial Density from DXA Images
Authors: Iyoho Anthony E , Niederberger Brenda A , Bergquist-Turori Dale , Kelly Karen R , Ng Laurel J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Musculoskeletal overuse injuries are a serious problem in the military, particularly in basic combat training, resulting in hundreds of millions of dollars lost because of limited duty days, medical treatment, and high rates of reinjury. Injury risk models have been developed using peripheral computed tomography (pQCT)-based injury correlates. However, pQCT image capture on large number of recruits is not practical for military settings. Thus, this article presents a method to derive spatial density pQCT images from much lower resolution but more accessible dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Materials and Methods
Whole-body DXA images and lower leg pQCT images for 51 male military recruits were collected before a 40-day School of Infantry. An artificial neural network model was constructed to relate the DXA density profiles to spatial pQCT density at the 38% and 66% tibial locations.

Results
Strong correlation, R2 = 0.993 and R2 = 0.990 for the 38% and 66% pQCT slices, respectively, was shown between spatial density predicted by the artificial neural network model and raw data.

Conclusions
High potential exists to create a practical protocol using DXA in place of pQCT to assess stress fracture risk and aid in mitigating musculoskeletal injuries seen in military recruits.
Exposure to Intense Noise Causes Vestibular Loss
Authors: Stewart Courtney E , Kanicki Ariane C , Bauer David S , Altschuler Richard A , King W Michael 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The vestibular system is essential for normal postural control and balance. Because of their proximity to the cochlea, the otolith organs are vulnerable to noise. We previously showed that head jerks that evoke vestibular nerve activity were no longer capable of inducing a response after noise overstimulation. The present study adds a greater range of jerk intensities to determine if the response was abolished or required more intense stimulation (threshold shift).

Materials and Methods
Vestibular short-latency evoked potential (VsEP) measurements were taken before noise exposure and compared to repeated measurements taken at specific time points for 28 days after noise exposure. Calretinin was used to identify changes in calyx-only afferents in the sacculus.

Results
Results showed that more intense jerk stimuli could generate a VsEP, although it was severely attenuated relative to prenoise values. When the VsEP was evaluated 4 weeks after noise exposure, partial recovery was observed.

Conclusion
These data suggest that noise overstimulation, such as can occur in the military, could introduce an increased risk of imbalance that should be evaluated before returning a subject to situations that require normal agility and motion. Moreover, although there is recovery with time, some dysfunction persists for extended periods.
A Novel Intervention Platform for Service Members With Subjective Cognitive Complaints: Implementation, Patient Participation, and Satisfaction
Authors: Sullivan Katherine W , Law Wendy A , Loyola Laura , Knoll Martin A , Shub Daniel E , French Louis M 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Program overview of a novel cognitive training platform at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC) for service members with subjective cognitive complaints: analysis of patient participation, satisfaction with the program, and perceived areas of improvement.

Materials and Method
Retrospective review of 1,030 participants from November 2008 through May 2017. Data were obtained within an approved protocol (WRNMMC-EDO-2017-0004/# 876230).

Results
The program has shown growth in numbers of referrals, types of patient populations served, and patient visits. Patients report satisfaction with the program and endorse improvements in cognitive functions.

Conclusions
This program model may benefit other military facilities looking to provide and assess novel therapeutic approaches.
Novel Antimicrobial Peptides Formulated in Chitosan Matrices are Effective Against Biofilms of Multidrug-Resistant Wound Pathogens
Authors: Neff Jennifer A , Bayramov Danir F , Patel Esha A , Miao Jing 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Infection frequently complicates the treatment of combat-related wounds, impairs healing, and leads to worse outcomes. To better manage wound infections, antimicrobial therapies that are effective against biofilm and designed for direct wound application are needed. The primary objective of this work was to evaluate a chitosan matrix for delivery of two engineered antimicrobial peptides, (ASP)-1 and ASP-2, to treat biofilm-associated bacteria. A secondary objective was to determine whether replacing the levorotatory (L) form amino acids in ASP-2 with dextrorotatory (D) form amino acids would impact peptide activity.

Materials and Methods
Chitosan gels loaded with antimicrobial peptides were evaluated for peptide release over 7 days and tested for efficacy against biofilms grown both in vitro on polymer mesh and ex vivo on porcine skin.

Results
When delivered via chitosan, 70% to 80% of peptides were released over 7 days. Gels eradicated biofilms of gram-positive and gram-negative, drug-resistant bacteria in vitro and ex vivo. Under the conditions tested, no meaningful differences in peptide activity between the L and D forms of ASP-2 were detected.

Conclusions
Chitosan serves as an effective delivery platform for ASP-1 and ASP-2 to treat biofilm-embedded bacteria and warrants further development as a topical treatment.
Conceptualizations of Hooking Up Among Male Soldiers: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Berry-Cabán Cristóbal S , Orchowski Lindsay M , Winstead Tremaine L , Metzger Elizabeth C , Kazemi Donna M 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Hooking up is an impersonal sexual interaction, differing from sexual activity that occurs in the context of a committed relationship. Hookup behavior has been widely studied among college populations; however, this type of sexual behavior has yet to be explored in a military population.

Methods
The current study conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 male soldiers with high-risk drinking habits to explore conceptualizations of hooking up. Interviews were systematically coded and analyzed via thematic analysis.

Results
Five themes emerged: (1) definitions of hookups, (2) descriptions of why hookups occur, (3) how hookups occur (ie, the social context of hookups), (4) factors that facilitate hookups, and (5) differences between hookups and relationships.

Conclusions
Findings suggest that perceptions of hookups among participants who were male soldiers are generally consistent with college populations, with some varying aspects.
Temporal Effects of 2% Pilocarpine Ophthalmic Solution on Human Pupil Size and Accommodation
Authors: Kinney Micah , Johnson Andrew D , Reddix Michael , McCann Mary B 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
First responders and those who work with organophosphate (OP) compounds can experience ocular symptoms similar to those caused by exposure to low levels of nerve agents. This study was designed to examine the efficacy of a safe, clinically available, simulant that reproduces ocular symptoms associated with low-level OP exposure. Among these ocular symptoms are a constriction of the pupils (miosis), decreased visual acuity, and changes in accommodation.

Materials and Methods
Volunteers aged 18–40 were assigned to groups receiving either a two-drop or three-drop dose of FDA approved 2% pilocarpine ophthalmic solution. Baseline visual performance measurements were taken before eye drop instillation and a timer was started following the first drop of pilocarpine. Once eye drops were administered, visual performance including distant and near vision, pupil size, and accommodation were measured every 5 minutes for 2 hours.

Results
Both groups experienced significant miosis in excess of 90 minutes. Visual acuity was significantly reduced because of accommodative changes. The three-drop group experienced longer lasting combined effects when compared to the two-drop group.

Conclusions
2% pilocarpine ophthalmic solution can safely simulate major ocular symptoms of OP exposure for behavioral research studies for at least 60 minutes.
Experimental Basis for Creating an Osseointegrated Neural Interface for Prosthetic Control: A Pilot Study in Rabbits
Authors: Dingle Aaron M , Ness Jared P , Novello Joseph , Millevolte Augusto X T , Zeng Weifeng , Sanchez Ruston , Nemke Brett , Lu Yan , Suminski Aaron J , Markel Mark D , Williams Justin C , Poore Samuel O 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
While debate persists over how to best prevent or treat amputation neuromas, the more pressing question of how to best marry residual nerves to state-of-the-art robotic prostheses for naturalistic control of a replacement limb has come to the fore. One potential solution involves the transposition of terminal nerve ends into the medullary canal of long bones, creating the neural interface within the bone. Nerve transposition into bone is a long-practiced, clinically relevant treatment for painful neuromas. Despite neuropathic pain relief, the physiological capacity of transposed nerves to conduct motor and sensory signals required for prosthesis control remains unknown. This pilot study addresses the hypotheses that (1) bone provides stability to transposed nerves and (2) nerves transposed into bone remain physiologically active, as they relate to the creation of an osseointegrated neural interface.

Methods
New Zealand white rabbits received transfemoral amputation, with the sciatic nerve transposed into the femur.

Results
Morphological examination demonstrates that nerves remain stable within the medullary canal, while compound nerve action potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the residual nerve within the bone could be achieved at 12 weeks (p &lt; 0.0005).

Conclusion
Transposed nerves retain a degree of physiological function suitable for creating an osseointegrated neural interface.
U.S. Army Combat Medic eFAST Performance with a Novel Versus Conventional Transducers: A Randomized, Crossover Trial
Authors: Ahern Brian J , Monti Jonathan D , Naylor Jason F , Cronin Aaron J , Perreault Michael D 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundPoint-of-injury extended focused assessment with sonography in trauma (eFAST) may identify life-threatening torso hemorrhage and expedite casualty evacuation. The purpose of this study was to compare combat medic eFAST performance between the novel and conventional ultrasound (US) transducers.MethodsWe conducted a randomized crossover trial. Medic participants, previously naïve to US, were randomized to the type of transducer first utilized. The primary outcome was eFAST completion time in seconds. Secondary outcomes included diagnostic accuracy, technical adequacy, and transducer ease-of-use rating.ResultsForty medics performed 160 eFASTs. We found a statistically significant difference in eFAST completion times in favor of conventional transducers (304 vs. 358 s; P = 0.03). There was no statistically significant difference between the conventional and novel transducers in terms of diagnostic accuracy (97.7% vs. 96.0%; P = 0.25) and technical adequacy (65% vs. 72.5%; P = 0.11). Median transducer ease-of-use rating (Likert 1–5 scale) was statistically significant in favor of the conventional transducers (5 vs. 4; P = &lt; 0.001).ConclusionsExtended focused assessment with sonography in trauma exam times was faster with the conventional transducers. Combat medics performed diagnostically accurate eFASTs with both transducer types in a simulated aid station setting after a brief training intervention. Conventional transducers were rated higher for ease-of-use.
Initial Biphasic Fractional Anisotropy Response to Blast-Induced Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in a Mouse Model
Authors: Venkatasubramanian Palamadai N , Pina-Crespo Juan C , Mathews Kiran , Rigby Paul H , Smith Matthew , Duckworth Josh L , Wyrwicz Alice M , Spiess Joachim 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury was generated in a mouse model using a shock tube to investigate recovery and axonal injury from single blast.

Methods
A supersonic helium wave hit the head of anesthetized male young adult mice with a reflected pressure of 69 psi for 0.2 ms on Day 1. Subsequently, the mice were cardioperfused on Days 2, 5, or 12. The isolated brains were subjected to diffusion tensor imaging. Reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) indicated axonal injury.

Results
After single blast, FA showed a biphasic response in the corpus callosum with decrease on Days 2 and 12 and increase on Day 5.

Conclusions
Blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury in a mouse model follows a biphasic FA response within 12 days after a single blast similar to that reported for human subjects.