bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Affect
Authors: de Antoni Andrea 
Published: December 2019

A notion originally developed in social and cultural theory rather than in anthropology, affect has recently started being taken into consideration by various disciplines, as part of the broader project of investigating the entanglements involving the social, the biological, the material, and the cultural. Generally speaking, affect theory points at bodily capacities to affect and to be affected. According to Massumi, such capacities are conceived as originally prepersonal “intensities,” which are strongly linked with perception and movement, and which become socialized and eventually embedded into the realm of the sociocultural. Affects differ from emotions, seen as “captures” of affect within sociocultural structures of meaning, which cannot give a complete account of the experienced affects. This strong dichotomy between affect and discourse has been criticized as problematic. In order to respond to such criticisms, recent research has proposed ideas of “affective practices” or broader “skills of feeling with the world,” as novel ways to approach fieldwork and to ground theory in empirical data.
Length‐dependent MRI of hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies
Authors: Pridmore Michael , Castoro Ryan , McCollum Megan Simmons , Kang Hakmook , Li Jun , Dortch Richard 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveHereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) is caused by heterozygous deletion of theperipheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22)gene. Patients with HNPP present multifocal, reversible sensory/motor deficits due to increased susceptibility to mechanical pressure. Additionally, age‐dependent axonal degeneration is reported. We hypothesize that length‐dependent axonal loss can be revealed by MRI, irrespective of the multifocal phenotype in HNPP.MethodsNerve and muscle MRI data were acquired in the proximal and distal leg of patients with HNPP (n = 10) and matched controls (n = 7). More specifically, nerve magnetization transfer ratios (MTR) were evaluated to assay proximal‐to‐distal gradients in nerve degeneration, while intramuscular fat percentages (Fper) were evaluated to assay muscle fat replacement following denervation. Neurological disabilities were assessed via the Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth neuropathy score (CMTNS) for correlation with MRI.ResultsFpervalues were elevated in HNPP proximal muscle (9.8 ± 2.2%,P = 0.01) compared to controls (6.9 ± 1.0%). We observed this same elevation of HNPP distal muscles (10.5 ± 2.5%,P < 0.01) relative to controls (6.3 ± 1.1%). Additionally, the amplitude of the proximal‐to‐distal gradient inFperwas more significant in HNPP patients than controls (P < 0.01), suggesting length‐dependent axonal loss. In contrast, nerve MTR values were similar between HNPP subjects (sciatic/tibial nerves = 39.4 ± 2.0/34.2 ± 2.5%) and controls (sciatic/tibial nerves = 37.6 ± 3.8/35.5 ± 1.2%). Proximal muscleFpervalues were related to CMTNS (r = 0.69,P = 0.03), while distal muscleFperand sciatic/tibial nerve MTR values were not related to disability.InterpretationDespite the multifocal nature of the HNPP phenotype, muscleFpermeasurements relate to disability and exhibit a proximal‐to‐distal gradient consistent with length‐dependent axonal loss, suggesting thatFpermay be a viable biomarker of disease progression in HNPP.
Iron‐Mediated Cyclization of 1,3‐Diynyl Propargyl Aryl Ethers with Dibutyl Diselenide: Synthesis of Selenophene‐Fused Chromenes
Authors: Lutz Guilherme , Back Davi F. , Zeni Gilson 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe synthesis of selenophene‐fused chromene derivatives starting from 1,3‐diynyl propargyl aryl ethers is reported herein. The method is based on carbon‐carbon, carbon‐selenium, selenium‐carbon and carbon‐selenium bonds formation in a one‐pot protocol, using iron(III) chloride and dibutyl diselenide as promoters. The same reaction conditions were applied to propargyl anilines leading to the formation of 1‐(butylselanyl)‐selenophene quinolines. The results showed that the dilution and temperature of substrate addition had a crucial influence in the products obtained. When the substrates were added at room temperature, in the absence of a solvent, a mixture of products was obtained, whereas the slowly addition (15 min) of starting materials, as a dichloromethane solution, at 0 °C led to the product formation in good yields. The mechanistic study indicates that the cooperative action between iron(III) chloride and dibutyl diselenide was essential to promote the cyclization, whereas separately none of them was effective in promoting the cyclization. We proved the synthetic utility of heterocycles obtained in the Suzuki cross coupling reaction, giving the corresponding cross‐coupled products in good yields. In addition, the organoselenium moiety was removed from the structures of products by using n‐butyllithium.magnified image
A CFD‐based design scheme for the perforated distributor with the control of radial flow
Authors: Wang Penghui , Pan Weitong , Dai Gance 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn the present study, flow homogenization by distributors in chemical apparatus is studied as a process of flow control and its mechanism is reconsidered from the model of resistance to the model of radial flow. This process is composed of four consecutive behaviors: the generation, distribution, conversion of the radial flow and the momentum transfer of axial flow. Based on these flow behaviors, the novel distributor is designed as the combination of perforated plate in the center area and vertical guiding baffles around. Taking the wire‐screen catalytic reactor as a case study, numerical simulation is employed to optimize the structure of distributor and a CFD‐based design scheme called “flow field analysis scheme” is proposed. Numerical simulation is conducted in the apparatus with a diffuser (inlet D0 = 500 mm, main part D1 = 3,000 mm) under the gas velocity of 3.6 m/s (corresponding Re ≈ 12,000). The numerical results from optimized distributor show that compared with the traditional perforated plate, the flow field adjusted by the novel distributor can achieve a better flow uniformity with lower energy consumption. The theoretical analysis and numerical results are also validated and proved by the experimental results.
A Two‐way Street: Mentor Stress and Depression Influence Relational Satisfaction and Attachment in Youth Mentoring Relationships
Authors: Lindquist Emma G. , Raposa Elizabeth B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOver the past two decades, youth mentoring programs have increased in popularity as an intervention for children exposed to a range of stressful life circumstances. Such programs have been shown to promote positive youth development and reduce risk for emotional and behavioral problems; yet, the effect size of youth gains remains small. The current study examined the influence of college student mentors’ history of early life stress and baseline depressive symptoms on their effectiveness in youth mentoring relationships using 340 randomized mentor–youth pairs from College Mentors for Kids, a well‐established mentoring program with chapters across the United States. Hierarchical linear models revealed that mentors with higher levels of depressive symptoms reported lower relationship satisfaction and increased avoidance in the mentoring relationship. In contrast, mentors who experienced higher levels of early life stress had youth who reported greater satisfaction in the mentoring relationship and decreased relational anxiety. These findings are some of the first to examine the impact of mentor characteristics on mentor–youth relationships and highlight the importance of considering factors relevant to psychosocial functioning and emotional distress when recruiting, training, and supporting college student mentors.
A Unified Mechanism on the Formation of Acenes, Helicenes, and Phenacenes in the Gas Phase
Authors: Zhao Long , Kaiser Ralf I. , Xu Bo , Ablikim Utuq , Ahmed Musahid , Evseev Mikhail M. , Bashkirov Eugene K. , Azyazov Valeriy N. , Mebel Alexander M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA unified low‐temperature reaction mechanism on the formation of acenes, phenacenes, and helicenes—polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are distinct via the linear, zigzag, and ortho‐condensed arrangements of fused benzene rings—is revealed. This mechanism is mediated through a barrierless, vinylacetylene mediated gas‐phase chemistry utilizing tetracene, [4]phenacene, and [4]helicene as benchmarks contesting established ideas that molecular mass growth processes to PAHs transpire at elevated temperatures. This mechanism opens up an isomer‐selective route to aromatic structures involving submerged reaction barriers, resonantly stabilized free‐radical intermediates, and systematic ring annulation potentially yielding molecular wires along with racemic mixtures of helicenes in deep space. Connecting helicene templates to the Origins of Life ultimately changes our hypothesis on interstellar carbon chemistry.
Triangulenes: From Precursor Design to On‐Surface Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Su Jie , Telychko Mykola , Song Shaotang , Lu Jiong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTriangulene and its higher homologues are a class of zigzag‐edged triangular graphene molecules (ZTGMs) with high‐spin ground states. These open‐shell molecules are predicted to host ferromagnetically coupled edge states with net spin values scaling with molecular size and are therefore considered promising candidates for future molecular spintronics applications. Unfortunately, the synthesis of unsubstituted [n]triangulenes and the direct observation of their edge states have been a long‐standing challenge due to a high reactivity towards oxygen. However, recent advances in precursor design enabled the on‐surface synthesis and characterization of unsubstituted [3]‐, [4]‐, and [5]triangulene. In this Minireview, we will highlight key aspects of this rapidly developing field, ranging from the principles of precursor design to synthetic strategies and characterization of a homologous series of triangulene molecules synthesized on‐surface. We will also discuss challenges and future directions.
Acid Exfoliation of Imine‐linked Covalent Organic Frameworks Enables Solution Processing into Crystalline Thin Films
Authors: Burke David W. , Sun Chao , Castano Ioannina , Flanders Nathan C. , Evans Austin M. , Vitaku Edon , McLeod David C. , Lambeth Robert H. , Chen Lin X. , Gianneschi Nathan C. , Dichtel William R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCovalent organic frameworks (COFs) are highly modular porous crystalline polymers that are of interest for applications such as charge‐storage devices, nanofiltration membranes, and optoelectronic devices. COFs are typically synthesized as microcrystalline powders, which limits their performance in these applications, and their limited solubility precludes large‐scale processing into more useful morphologies and devices. We report a general, scalable method to exfoliate two‐dimensional imine‐linked COF powders by temporarily protonating their linkages. The resulting suspensions were cast into continuous crystalline COF films up to 10 cm in diameter, with thicknesses ranging from 50 nm to 20 μm depending on the suspension composition, concentration, and casting protocol. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the film fabrication process proceeds through a partial depolymerization/repolymerization mechanism, providing mechanically robust films that can be easily separated from their substrates.
Axially Chiral TADF‐Active Enantiomers Designed for Efficient Blue Circularly Polarized Electroluminescence
Authors: Li Meng , Wang Yin‐Feng , Zhang Dongdong , Duan Lian , Chen Chuan‐Feng 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe use of a chiral, emitting skeleton for axially chiral enantiomers showing activity in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) with circularly polarized electroluminescence (CPEL) is proposed. A pair of chiral stable enantiomers, (−)‐(S)‐Cz‐Ax‐CN and (+)‐(R)‐Cz‐Ax‐CN, was designed and synthesized. The enantiomers, both exhibiting intramolecular π‐conjugated charge transfer (CT) and spatial CT, show TADF activities with a small singlet–triplet energy difference (ΔEST) of 0.029 eV and mirror‐image circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) activities with large glum values. Notably, CP‐OLEDs based on the enantiomers feature blue electroluminescence centered at 468 nm with external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 12.5 and 12.7 %, and also show intense CPEL with gEL values of −1.2×10−2 and +1.4×10−2, respectively. These are the first CP‐OLEDs based on TADF‐active enantiomers with efficient blue CPEL.
Three‐dimensional Octameric Assembly of Icosahedral M13 Units in [Au8Ag57(Dppp)4(C6H11S)32Cl2]Cl and its [Au8Ag55(Dppp)4(C6H11S)34][BPh4]2 Derivative
Authors: Jin Shan , Zhou Manman , Kang Xi , Li Xiaowu , Du Wenjun , Wei Xiao , Chen Shuang , Wang Shuxin , Zhu Manzhou 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe high‐dimensional (that is, three‐dimensional (3D)) assembly of nanomaterials is an effective means of improving their properties; however, achieving this assembly at the atomic level remains challenging. Herein, we obtained a novel nanocluster, [Au8Ag57(Dppp)4(C6H11S)32Cl2]Cl (Dppp=1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) showing a 3D octameric assembly mode involving the kernel penetration of eight complete icosahedral Au@Ag10Au2 units for the first time. The atomically precise structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, and further confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry measurements. Furthermore, ligand‐induced transformation prompted the conversion of [Au8Ag57(Dppp)4(C6H11S)32Cl2]Cl, with complete octameric fusion into [Au8Ag55(Dppp)4(C6H11S)34][BPh4]2, with incomplete octameric fusion. These observations will hopefully facilitate further research on the assembly of M13 nanobuilding blocks.
Crystallization‐Induced Reversal from Dark to Bright Excited States for Construction of Solid‐Emission‐Tunable Squaraines
Authors: Yang Shuaijun , Yin Ping‐An , Li Lin , Peng Qian , Gu Xinggui , Gao Ge , You Jingsong , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSquaraines (SQs) with tunable emission in the solid state is of great importance for various demands; however a remaining challenge is emission quenching upon aggregation. Herein, a unique SQ, named as CIEE‐SQ, is designed to exhibit strong emission in crystal, undergoing crystallization‐induced reverse from dark 1(n+σ,π*) to bright 1(π,π*) excited states. Such an excited state of CIEE‐SQ can be subtly tuned by molecular conformation changes during the unexpected temperature‐triggered single‐crystal to single‐crystal (SCSC) reversible transformation. Furthermore, co‐crystallization between CIEE‐SQ and chloroform largely stabilize the 1(π,π*) state, enhancing the transition dipole moment and decreasing the reorganization energy to boost the fluorescence, which is promising in data encryption and decryption.
Stable Mesoionic N‐Heterocyclic Olefins (mNHOs)
Authors: Hansmann Max M. , Antoni Patrick W. , Pesch Henner 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe report a new class of stable mesoionic N‐heterocyclic olefins, featuring a highly polarized (strongly ylidic) double bond. The ground‐state structure cannot be described through an uncharged mesomeric Lewis‐structure, thereby structurally distinguishing them from traditional N‐heterocyclic olefins (NHOs). mNHOs can easily be obtained through deprotonation of the corresponding methylated N,N′‐diaryl‐1,2,3‐triazolium and N,N′‐diaryl‐imidazolium salts, respectively. In their reactivity, they represent strong σ‐donor ligands as shown by their coordination complexes of rhodium and boron. Their calculated proton affinities, their experimentally derived basicities (competition experiments), as well as donor abilities (Tolman electronic parameter; TEP) exceed the so far reported class of NHOs.
Synthesis and Properties of 2,3‐Diethynyl‐1,3‐Butadienes
Authors: Sowden Madison J. , Ward Jas S. , Sherburn Michael S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe first general preparative access to compounds of the 2,3‐diethynyl‐1,3‐butadiene (DEBD) class is reported. The synthesis involves a one‐pot, twofold Sonogashira‐type, Pd0‐catalyzed coupling of two terminal alkynes and a carbonate derivative of a 2‐butyne‐1,4‐diol. The synthesis is broad in scope and members of this structural family are kinetically stable enough to be handled using standard laboratory techniques at ambient temperature. They decompose primarily through heat‐promoted cyclodimerizations, which are impeded by alkyl substitution and accelerated by aryl or alkenyl substitution. An iterative sequence of these unprecedented Sonogashira‐type couplings generates a new type of expanded dendralene. A suitably substituted DEBD carrying two terminal alkyne groups undergoes Glaser–Eglinton cyclo‐oligomerization to produce a new class of expanded radialenes, which are chiral due to restricted rotation about their 1,3‐butadiene units. The structural features giving rise to atropisomerism in these compounds are distinct from those reported previously.
Understanding the uncertainty of disaster tweets and its effect on retweeting: The perspectives of uncertainty reduction theory and information entropy
Authors: Son Jaebong , Lee Jintae , Larsen Kai R. , Woo Jiyoung 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe rapid and wide dissemination of up‐to‐date, localized information is a central issue during disasters. Being attributed to the original 140‐character length, Twitter provides its users with quick‐posting and easy‐forwarding features that facilitate the timely dissemination of warnings and alerts. However, a concern arises with respect to the terseness of tweets that restricts the amount of information conveyed in a tweet and thus increases a tweetʼs uncertainty. We tackle such concerns by proposing entropy as a measure for a tweetʼs uncertainty. Based on the perspectives of Uncertainty Reduction Theory (URT), we theorize that the more uncertain information of a disaster tweet, the higher the entropy, which will lead to a lower retweet count. By leveraging the statistical and predictive analyses, we provide evidence supporting that entropy validly and reliably assesses the uncertainty of a tweet. This study contributes to improving our understanding of information propagation on Twitter during disasters. Academically, we offer a new variable of entropy to measure a tweetʼs uncertainty, an important factor influencing disaster tweetsʼ retweeting. Entropy plays a critical role to better comprehend URLs and emoticons as a means to convey information. Practically, this research suggests a set of guidelines for effectively crafting disaster messages on Twitter.
Effects of Mn‐Doping on the Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Na3Ni2SbO6 for Sodium‐Ion Battery.
Authors: Kee Yongho , Put Brecht , Dimov Nikolay , Staykov Aleksandar , Okada Shigeto 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRecently, layered O′3‐Na3Ni2SbO6 has been investigated as a unique cathode material for Na‐ion batteries due to the good electrochemical performance via O′3‐P′3 phase transitions in the voltage range between 2.0 and 4.0 V vs Na+/Na. However, at present it is not well understood whether transition metal doping of the pristine structure could improve the phase transition kinetics during charge/discharge. In this study, we synthesized Mn‐doped Na3Ni2‐xMnxSbO6 (x=0, 0.25, 0.5) layered oxides and investigated their feasibility as cathode materials for Na‐ion batteries using ex‐situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) coupled with DFT calculations. The results show that light Mn doping (x=0.25) energetically enhances the O′3‐P′3 phase transition kinetics with smaller unit‐cell‐volume changes. However, the heavily doped (x=0.5) sample suffers from large polarization, which could be attributable to the reduced two‐phase reaction range and a large unit‐cell‐volume change upon sodium extraction.
New bioluminescence pyrophosphate assay for high‐sensitivity detection of food‐borne pathogens
Authors: Fei Zhongjie , Zhou Dongrui , Li Na , Xiao Pengfeng 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTraditional methods of identifying food‐borne pathogens are time consuming and laborious, so innovative methods for their rapid identification must be developed. Testing for bioluminescence pyrophosphate is a convenient and fast method of detecting pathogens without complex equipment. However, the sensitivity of the method is not as high as that of other methods, and it has a very high detection limit. In this study, the method was optimized to improve its sensitivity. The shortcomings of the method were first identified and corrected using dATPαS instead of dATP for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), therefore reducing the background signal. Also, when the DNA template extracted from the food‐borne pathogens was purified, the new bioluminescence pyrophosphate assay had a limit of detection of <10 copy/μl or 10 colony‐forming units/ml, and its sensitivity was higher than that of fluorescent real‐time quantitative PCR. Moreover, a single copy of a food‐borne pathogen could be detected when a single DNA template was included in the PCR. Salmonella was detected in and isolated from 60 samples of broiler chicken, and the accuracy of the results was verified using a culture method (GB 4789.4–2010). These results showed that the new bioluminescence pyrophosphate assay has the advantages of an intuitive detection process, convenient operation, and rapid measurements. Therefore, it can be used for the rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria and probiotics in various fields.
Phase I metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist PX‐1 (5F‐APP‐PICA) via incubation with human liver microsomes and UHPLC–HRMS
Authors: Presley Brandon C. , Logan Barry K. , Jansen‐Varnum Susan A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractStudies of the metabolic and pharmacological profiles of indole carboxamide synthetic cannabinoids (a prevalent class of new psychoactive substances) are critical in ensuring that their use can be detected through bioanalytical testing. We have determined the in vitro Phase I metabolism of one such compound, PX‐1 (5F‐APP‐PICA), and appropriate markers to demonstrate human consumption. PX‐1 was incubated with human liver microsomes, followed by analysis of the extracts via high‐resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 10 metabolites were identified, with simultaneous defluorination and monohydroxylation of the pentyl side chain as the primary biotransformation product (M1). Additional metabolites formed were hydroxylation products of the indole and benzyl moieties, distal amide hydrolysis, N‐desfluoropentyl, and carboxypentyl metabolites. Three monohydroxylated metabolites specific to PX‐1 were identified and are reported for the first time in this study. The primary metabolite, M1, was further oxidized to M5, a carboxypentyl metabolite. M8 is PX‐1 specific, possessing an intact fluoropentyl side chain. These three metabolites are the most suitable for implementation into bioanalytical assays for demonstrating PX‐1 consumption. The findings of this study can be used by analytical scientists and medical professionals to determine PX‐1 ingestion and predict the metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids sharing structural elements.