bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clouded skies: How digital technologies could reshape “Loss and Damage” from climate change
Authors: Bettini Giovanni , Gioli Giovanna , Felli Romain 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAs dangerous climate change becomes more and more likely, a consensus has been reached on the importance of addressing Loss and Damage (L&D) residual to mitigation (i.e., preventing climate change) and adaptation (i.e., adjusting in order to avert adverse impacts). In spite of sharp divisions in terms of how to understand and operationalize L&D, most approaches draw on classic environmental governance, with discrete analogic interventions implemented by States and international actors. L&D is mainly envisioned as an “international court of climate justice” that identifies the culprits (emitters), quantifies harm, and compensates victims. While digital technologies and algorithmic governance have colonized many germane policy fields and virtually all economic sectors, in the L&D field a substantive discussion on the use of information and communication technologies, algorithms, and user‐generated data has been conspicuously absent. By taking the prospect of a “digitalization” of L&D seriously, this advanced review identifies the seeds of emerging digitalized approaches to L&D through an overview of literature. We focus on examples in three key domains associated with L&D—insurance, disaster responses and risk management, and human displacement. These empirical cases are used to investigate the modes of governance that accompany the digital tools through which L&D could be implemented, and the profound changes in climate politics and justice that would accompany a digitalization/algorithmization of L&D.This article is categorized under:
Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Climate Science and Decision Making
Numerical study of a concept for major repair and replacement of offshore wind turbine blades
Authors: Guachamin‐Acero Wilson , Jiang Zhiyu , Li Lin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRepair and replacement of offshore wind turbine blades are necessary for current and future offshore wind turbines. To date, repair activities are often conducted using huge jack‐up crane vessels and by applying a reverse installation procedure. Because of the high costs associated with installation and removal of offshore wind turbine components and the low profit margin of the offshore wind industry, alternative methods for installation and removal are needed. This paper introduces a novel concept for replacement or installation of offshore wind turbine blades. The concept involves a medium‐sized jack‐up crane vessel and a tower climbing mechanism. This mechanism provides a stable platform for clamping, lowering, and lifting of a blade. A case study of a 5‐MW offshore wind turbine is shown, where common engineering practices were applied and numerical simulations of the marine operations were carried out using finite element and multibody simulation tools. Operational limits for wave and wind actions were established to demonstrate the technical feasibility of the proposed concept.
A Benchmarking Measurement Campaign to Support Ubiquitous Localization in GNSS Denied and Indoor Environments
Authors: Retscher Guenther , Kealy Allison , Gikas Vassilis , Gabela Jelena , Goel Salil , Li Yan , Masiero Andrea , Toth Charles K. , Perakis Harris , Błaszczak-Bąk Wioleta , Koppanyi Zoltan , Grejner-Brzezinska Dorota 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLocalization in GNSS-denied/challenged indoor/outdoor and transitional environments represents a challenging research problem. As part of the joint IAG/FIG Working Groups 4.1.1 and 5.5 on Multi-sensor Systems, a benchmarking measurement campaign was conducted at The Ohio State University. Initial experiments have demonstrated that Cooperative Localization (CL) is extremely useful for positioning and navigation of platforms navigating in swarms or networks. In the data acquisition campaign, multiple sensor platforms, including vehicles, bicyclists and pedestrians were equipped with combinations of GNSS, Ultra-wide Band (UWB), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Raspberry Pi units, cameras, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and inertial sensors for CL. Pedestrians wore a specially designed helmet equipped with some of these sensors. An overview of the experimental configurations, test scenarios, characteristics and sensor specifications is given. It has been demonstrated that all involved sensor platforms in the different test scenarios have gained a significant increase in positioning accuracy by using ubiquitous user localization. For example, in the indoor environment, success rates of approximately 97% were obtained using Wi-Fi fingerprinting for correctly detecting the room-level location of the user. Using UWB, decimeter-level positioning accuracy is demonstrable achievable under certain conditions. The full sets of data is being made available to the wider research community through the WG on request.
Curriculum Reform in Brazil to Develop Skills for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Costin Claudia , Pontual Teresa 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis chapter describes a national curricular reform process underway in Brazil. A civil society movement led by education NGOs has had a major role in ensuring the continuity of this reform through political turmoil from 2013 on. The complete Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC) covering all of Basic Education from early childhood through upper secondary education was approved by the federal government in December 2018. The 600-page document lists the learning objectives, skills and competencies all students in Brazil must achieve. The most ambitious part of the BNCC, however, are the ten general competencies that set the north for all the grades and subject matter specific objectives, skills and competencies. These competencies are firmly aligned with the twenty-first Century skills all students must develop to lead fulfilling and productive lives as global citizens. The theory of change behind the BNCC is to align the main education policies in Brazil’s highly decentralized education system to these higher standards: local curricula (state and city levels), classroom materials, student evaluations as well as initial and ongoing teacher training; thereby improving student outcomes. This chapter chronicles this reform effort and gives an overview of where this theory of change currently stands.
Japanese Education Reform Towards Twenty-First Century Education
Authors: Yamanaka Shinichi , Suzuki Kan Hiroshi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis chapter describes an education reform towards twenty-first century education in Japan. The Ad Hoc Council on Education which was established in 1984 by Prime Minister was the starting point of the reform. Japanese society was also undertaking a transition from twentieth century industry to twenty-first century industry. Education reform was a part of it. That was the reason this education reform involved national wide debate including industry people, union people, mass media people, politicians as well as education people. This education reform covers all aspects of education, that is contents, teachers, facilities, school management system, education administration system and fundamental laws. At first this chapter focuses on reform of national standard curriculum from 1990 until 2020. The basic stance of this reform was that the teaching style must take the transition from cramming to help students acquiring the ability to learn and think on their own. And then other reforms such as introduction of national academic ability test, reform of teacher training system, reform of university entrance examination and reform of school management system are also described. This chapter describes the continuous efforts and challenges during this education reform.
Reforming Education in Poland
Authors: Wiśniewski Jerzy , Zahorska Marta 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis chapter presents a history of the successes and challenges of education reforms in Poland from 1999 to the present in the context of political and social changes.The goals of 1999 school system reform were to enhance the quality and effectiveness of the education system, ensure equal opportunities and raise the number of graduates of secondary and tertiary programs. The reform encompassed modernisation of core curriculum and the introduction of external exams. The crucial aspect of the reform was the reduction of primary education from 8 to 6 grades and creation of a new 3-year general lower secondary school level, what extended comprehensive general education by 1 year and postponed tracking to general and vocational secondary schools. The reform efforts were continued with the further changes in the curriculum aimed at the development of cognitive and analytical abilities and problem-solving skills. The positive outcomes of the reforms were seen in the progress of Polish students in consecutive (2000–2018) cycles of the PISA study. However, despite strong student performance, the new lower secondary schools developed a poor public reputation. In the 2015 election campaign, the then opposition party appealed to a general nostalgia for the “good old times” and, among other populist proposals, promised to reverse the education reform by eliminating lower secondary schools. When the party won the election, they quickly reversed the earlier reforms, disregarding negative opinions of researchers and local authorities as well as the protests of parents and teachers. Teachers’ frustration because of the chaos caused by the reform, poor working conditions and low salaries culminated in the 2019 strike in which almost 80% of schools participated. The protest, although not successful, was a beginning of civic society informal activities like citizens debates on education (NOoE).
What Do We Trust?
Authors: Willison John 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn the Information Age, students, teachers and learning communities are at risk. The question of what to trust is central throughout formal and informal education. From stranger danger to fake news, from misleading websites to scam journals, questions of trust are tangible. This partially accounts for the frequency of use of the term ‘critical thinking’ in education and evaluative processes are central to this chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Miyaji Atsuko , Kiyomoto Shinsaku , Tanaka Katsuya , Nishida Yoshifumi , Kitamura Koji 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRecently, big data analysis results are expected to be used in various situations such as medical or industrial fields for new medicine or product development. For this reason, it is important to establish a secure infrastructure of the collection, analysis, and use of big data. We need to consider mainly three entities for the infrastructure: data owner, analysis institutions, and users. This research pays attention to a balance between privacy and utilization and also realizes appropriate reduction and feedback of the data analysis results to the data owners.
Secure Primitive for Big Data Utilization
Authors: Kawachi Akinori , Miyaji Atsuko , Nakasho Kazuhisa , Qi Yiying , Takano Yuuki 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, we describe two security primitives for big data utilization. One is a privacy-preserving data integration among databases distributed in different organizations. This primitive integrates the same data among databases kept in different organizations while keeping any different data in an organization secret to other organizations. Another is a privacy-preserving classification. This primitive executes a procedure for server’s classification rule to client’s input database and outputs only the result to the client while keeping the client’s input database secret to the server and server’s classification rule to the client. These primitives can be executed not only independently but also jointly. That is, after we integrate databases from distributed organization by executing the privacy-preserving data integration, we can execute a privacy-preserving classification.
Health Test Bed Group
Authors: Tanaka Katsuya , Yamamoto Ryuichi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUnder the new law for the secondary use of medical information, which was activated in May 2018, the future expected secondary use with information anonymization may contribute to research and development in the medical field of integrated medical research and public health. On the other hand, under the revised Personal Information Protection Law and the revised ethical guidelines in medical research, privacy protection and patient consent management is a crucial issue for the management of researches. Our JST CREST project, which started in March 2014, has issued the development of technological elements and synthesized the developed methods for real-world system for the secondary use and privacy protection of big data on cloud infrastructure, including safe clinical information management, commercial cloud utilization, and privacy risk evaluation. In this paper, assuming the utilization of the Standardized Structured Medical Record Information Exchange version 2 storage, the following target issues are described: (1) effective utilization of existing standardized storage, (2) secure data collection across medical institutions, (3) privacy risk evaluation in analysis, and (4) traceability while secondary use.
Increasing the efficiency of material removal using dual laser micromachining
Authors: Alkhawaldeh Osama , Coupland Jeremy , Jones Lewis C. R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA continuous wave melting laser combined with a nanosecond ejection laser has been shown to improve the material removal efficiency by a factor of 2 to 8 compared with laser ablation processes reported in the literature. The decrease in the energy required for the combined lasers is primarily due to the optimisation of the irradiation time in the melting process, which is responsible for the majority of the total energy. For the laser used in this study, the optimal interaction time corresponding to the highest melting efficiency was found at 9-ms melting time, and this value is compared with results derived from a one-dimensional heating model. Metallurgical images of only melting and the produced hole after introducing the ejection pulse for the most efficient melting were presented as evidence of melt ejection. The results show that approximately 90% of the melt pool is ejected with little redeposited material at the periphery of the hole.
Reliable quantification of 18F-GE-180 PET neuroinflammation studies using an individually scaled population-based input function or late tissue-to-blood ratio
Authors: Buchert Ralph , Dirks Meike , Schütze Christian , Wilke Florian , Mamach Martin , Wirries Ann-Katrin , Pflugrad Henning , Hamann Linda , Langer Laura B.N. , Wetzel Christian , Lukacevic Mario , Polyak Andras , Kessler Mariella , Petrusch Carlotta , Bengel Frank M. , Geworski Lilli , Rupprecht Rainer , Weissenborn Karin , Ross Tobias L. , Berding Georg 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Tracer kinetic modeling of tissue time activity curves and the individual input function based on arterial blood sampling and metabolite correction is the gold standard for quantitative characterization of microglia activation by PET with the translocator protein (TSPO) ligand 18F-GE-180. This study tested simplified methods for quantification of 18F-GE-180 PET.

Methods
Dynamic 18F-GE-180 PET with arterial blood sampling and metabolite correction was performed in five healthy volunteers and 20 liver-transplanted patients. Population-based input function templates were generated by averaging individual input functions normalized to the total area under the input function using a leave-one-out approach. Individual population-based input functions were obtained by scaling the input function template with the individual parent activity concentration of 18F-GE-180 in arterial plasma in a blood sample drawn at 27.5 min or by the individual administered tracer activity, respectively. The total 18F-GE-180 distribution volume (VT) was estimated in 12 regions-of-interest (ROIs) by the invasive Logan plot using the measured or the population-based input functions. Late ROI-to-whole-blood and ROI-to-cerebellum ratio were also computed.

Results
Correlation with the reference VT (with individually measured input function) was very high for VT with the population-based input function scaled with the blood sample and for the ROI-to-whole-blood ratio (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.989 ± 0.006 and 0.970 ± 0.005). The correlation was only moderate for VT with the population-based input function scaled with tracer activity dose and for the ROI-to-cerebellum ratio (0.653 ± 0.074 and 0.384 ± 0.177). Reference VT, population-based VT with scaling by the blood sample, and ROI-to-whole-blood ratio were sensitive to the TSPO gene polymorphism. Population-based VT with scaling to the administered tracer activity and the ROI-to-cerebellum ratio failed to detect a polymorphism effect.

Conclusion
These results support the use of a population-based input function scaled with a single blood sample or the ROI-to-whole-blood ratio at a late time point for simplified quantitative analysis of 18F-GE-180 PET.
Early and Midterm Outcomes of Open and Endovascular Revascularization of Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia
Authors: Menges Anna‐Leonie , Reutersberg Benedikt , Busch Albert , Salvermoser Michael , Feith Marcus , Trenner Matthias , Kallmayer Michael , Zimmermann Alexander , Eckstein Hans‐Henning 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundRevascularization strategies for chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI) include open (OR) and endovascular (ER) modalities. The primary objective of this study was to analyze the safety and effectiveness of OR and ER and the impact of clinical and morphological variables on early and midterm outcomes in a consecutive series of CMI patients in a tertiary referral center.Patients and methodsFrom 2004 to 2017, all CMI patients treated with OR and ER were retrospectively identified. Patient records, preoperative imaging, as well as peri‐ and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Univariable and multivariable analysis was performed to identify clinical or morphological variables affecting reintervention rates within 2 years.ResultsIn total, 63 patients (33% male; mean age 71, range 60–76 years) were treated by ER (41 patients) or OR (22 patients) for CMI. Mean follow‐up was 26 (10–71) months. 30‐day mortality was 0.0% after ER and 4.5% after OR (p = 0.069); 30‐day morbidity was 9.8% vs. 31.8%, respectively (p = 0.030). Length of stay was significantly longer after OR (14 vs. 4 days; p < 0.001). Freedom from reintervention rate after 2 years was 82% after OR and 73% after ER (p = 0.14). Overall survival did not differ after 2 years (OR 85% vs. ER 86%; p = 0.35). Multivariable analysis revealed that smoking was associated with higher risk of reintervention (hazard ratio, HR: 4.14; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.11–15.53; p = 0.03). Additionally, a nonsignificant trend of lower reintervention rates after OR was detected (HR 0.23 95% CI 0.05–1.08; p = 0.06).ConclusionDue to a lower invasiveness, despite the higher reintervention rate, an “endovascular first” strategy is justified and recommended.
Quadrigeminal arachnoid cyst with perinatal encephalocele
Authors: Akutagawa Kazuki , Tamura Goichiro , Tsurubuchi Takao , Ishikawa Eiichi , Matsumura Akira , Inagaki Takayuki 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Quadrigeminal arachnoid cyst (QAC) associated with encephalocele is rare; and while some treatments have been developed in recent years, no definite therapeutic approach for QAC has been established. Endoscopic treatment for arachnoid cyst is gaining popularity because it is relatively less invasive to the normal brain tissues.

Case presentation
The patient, a 4-year-old girl, presented with QAC associated with congenital occipital encephalocele. At the age of 1 month, repair of the perinatal encephalocele had been performed at another institute. An asymptomatic arachnoid cyst remained in the posterior fossa, which was closely monitored with follow up. At age 4 years, the patient started to complain of headache, which gradually increased in both strength and frequency. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed cerebellar compression due to cyst enlargement. We performed neuroendoscopic cyst fenestration with an occipital bone approach. Post-operative MRI showed reduced size of the cyst, and the headache dramatically improved and resolved.

Discussion
The standard treatment of QAC is still controversial; however, our successful use of endoscopic fenestration toward the third ventricle indicates its efficacy and safety. QACs have been classified into 3 types based on their expansion mechanisms; our case might suggest another possible mechanism of QAC development.

Conclusion
In our case, endoscopic cyst fenestration was successful for QAC with perinatal encephalocele. However, long-term follow-up and analysis of similar cases are needed to determine its effectiveness.
On the impact of atmospheric vs oceanic resolutions on the representation of the sea surface temperature in the South Eastern Tropical Atlantic
Authors: de la Vara Alba , Cabos William , Sein Dmitry V. , Sidorenko Dmitry , Koldunov Nikolay V. , Koseki Shunya , Soares Pedro M. M. , Danilov Sergey 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDespite the efforts of the modelling community to improve the representation of the sea surface temperature (SST) over the South Eastern Tropical Atlantic, warm biases still persist. In this work we use four different configurations of the fully-coupled AWI Climate Model (AWI-CM) which allow us to gain physics-based insight into the role of the oceanic and atmospheric resolutions of the model in the regional distribution of the SST. Our results show that a sole refinement of the oceanic resolution reduces warm biases further than a single increase of the atmospheric component. An increased oceanic resolution is required (i) to simulate properly the Agulhas Current and its associated rings; (ii) to reinforce the northward-flowing Benguela Current and (iii) to intensify coastal upwelling. The best results are obtained when both resolutions are refined. However, even in that case, warm biases persist, reflecting that some processes and feedbacks are still not optimally resolved. Our results indicate that overheating is not due to insufficient upwelling, but rather due to upwelling of waters which are warmer than observations as a result of an erroneous representation of the vertical distribution of temperature. Errors in the representation of the vertical temperature profile are the consequence of a warm bias in the simulated climate state.