bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PR3-ANCAs predict relapses in ANCA-associated vasculitis patients after rituximab
Authors: van Dam Laura S , Dirikgil Ebru , Bredewold Edwin W , Ray Argho , Bakker Jaap A , van Kooten Cees , Rabelink Ton J , Teng Yoe K Onno 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background. The primary challenge of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) patient care is the early detection of relapses to prevent organ damage and increase survival. Potential biomarkers for relapses are ANCA and B cells, but their predictive value is a matter of debate. Therefore this study investigated how ANCA and B-cell status related to relapses in AAV patients treated with rituximab (RTX) as remission induction (RI).
Methods. This single-centre cohort study identified 110 ANCA-positive AAV patients treated with RTX between 2006 and 2018. Serial ANCA, CD19+ B-cell status and relapses were assessed &gt;2 years.
Results. Patients (31/110) relapsed within 2 years after RTX RI treatment. Patients who achieved and maintained PR3-ANCA negativity (n = 29) had few relapses (3%), while persistent proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA positivity (n = 49) and reappearance of PR3-ANCAs (n = 10) associated significantly with more relapses (37%, P = 0.002 and 50%, P = 0.002). Patients with incomplete B-cell depletion (n = 11) had significantly more relapses (54%) as compared with patients with B-cell depletion [n = 76 (26%), P = 0.02]. Also, patients with repopulation of B cells (n = 58) had significantly more relapses (41%) as compared with patients without B-cell repopulation [n = 27 (15%), P = 0.03]. Overall, the absence of PR3- or myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA positivity was highly predictive for remaining relapse-free. In PR3-ANCA-positive patients, 96% of the relapses occurred with persistent or reappearance of PR3-ANCAs and 81% with B-cell repopulation. In MPO-ANCA-positive patients, all relapses were restricted to patients with persistent MPO-ANCAs and B-cell repopulation.
Conclusions. Upon RI treatment with RTX in AAV patients, ANCA and B-cell status were predictive of the majority of relapses and specifically their absence strongly predicted a relapse-free status. Therefore the implementation of ANCA and B-cell monitoring could guide therapeutic decision-making to prevent relapses in AAV patients treated with RTX.
Embracing at arm’s length: Ronald Coase’s uneasy relationship with the Chicago school
Authors: Medema Steven G 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper takes up Ronald Coase’s views on the Chicago school, as found in his published and, especially, unpublished writings. Coase’s personal and professional papers, recently opened for examination in the University of Chicago’s Regenstein Library, reveal that his commentaries on the Chicago Economics Department and the Chicago school began already in the early 1960s, prior to his appointment at Chicago. These and later commentaries at once reveal a measure of kinship and significant differences of viewpoint, particularly as respects economic method. Pulling back the lens a bit further, the paper provides additional evidence for the heterogeneity of views on fundamental questions that existed even among ostensibly cornerstone members of the so-called ‘Chicago school’.
Modern and Traditional Descriptive Approaches
Authors: Huddleston Rodney , Pullum Geoffrey K. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTheoretical linguists of the twentieth century made many discoveries about English grammar motivating abandonment of central assumptions of traditional grammars—assumptions often unquestioned for 300 years. This chapter surveys some of the central ways in which The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (CGEL) (Huddleston and Pullum 2002) rejects the tradition. CGEL carefully distinguishes categories from functions; thus, for example, the category ‘adjective’ is not defined by reference to the function of noun modification. Pronouns are treated as syntactically special nouns, and auxiliaries as a special subclass of verbs. The category of prepositions is redefined to include many items traditionally misanalysed as adverbs or ‘subordinating conjunctions’. Subordinate clauses are classified by their internal structure. Both syntactic and pragmatic constraints on discourse-sensitive constructions are acknowledged. The chapter also briefly relates the implicit formal machinery of the CGEL description to that of certain other contemporary theoretical frameworks.
Clause Types and Speech Act Functions
Authors: König Ekkehard 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe differentiation of clause types in this chapter (declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative) is primarily based on morpho-syntactic criteria, but is also motivated by the use of these types for the performance of speech acts, i.e. acts resulting in a change of social situations. Instead of relating the different types directly to a list of speech acts typically performed by them, an attempt is made to characterize their illocutionary potential in terms of a basic meaning. On the basis of this approach the subtypes of the functional clause types and their possible use in specific contexts are characterized in detail. This systematization of the relationship between clause type and possible illocutionary acts is additionally based on the well-known distinction between ‘direct’ and ‘indirect(ly performed)’ speech acts. The chapter concludes with some comparative remarks characterizing the specific properties of English within the Germanic languages family and within a general typology of clause types.
Clause Structure, Complements, and Adjuncts
Authors: Duffley Patrick 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses central concepts in clause structure such as the notion of ‘head’ and the distinction between ‘complements’ and ‘adjuncts’. The different ways in which constituency and dependency grammars approach clausal heads are examined, and modern analyses are juxtaposed with the grammatical tradition. Regarding the distinction between complements and adjuncts, two important issues are discussed: its relevance to the clause’s semantic structure and how to determine obligatoriness, the defining characteristic of complements. The use of the term ‘complement’ to refer to clauses construed as core arguments of main predicates is also explored, particularly the challenge of explaining complement choice with individual verbs, either by means of a general complement binding hierarchy or particular subcategorization features attached to each verb.
Evidence of Neural Microstructure Abnormalities in Type I Chiari Malformation: Associations Among Fiber Tract Integrity, Pain, and Cognitive Dysfunction
Authors: Houston James R , Hughes Michelle L , Bennett Ilana J , Allen Philip A , Rogers Jeffrey M , Lien Mei-Ching , Stoltz Haylie , Sakaie Ken , Loth Francis , Maleki Jahangir , Vorster Sarel J , Luciano Mark G 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Previous case–control investigations of type I Chiari malformation (CMI) have reported cognitive deficits and microstructural white matter abnormalities, as measured by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). CMI is also typically associated with pain, including occipital headache, but the relationship between pain symptoms and microstructure is not known.

Methods
Eighteen CMI patients and 18 adult age- and education-matched control participants underwent DTI, were tested using digit symbol coding and digit span tasks, and completed a self-report measure of chronic pain. Tissue microstructure indices were used to examine microstructural abnormalities in CMI as compared with healthy controls. Group differences in DTI parameters were then reassessed after controlling for self-reported pain. Finally, DTI parameters were correlated with performance on the digit symbol coding and digit span tasks within each group.

Results
CMI patients exhibited greater fractional anisotropy (FA), lower radial diffusivity, and lower mean diffusivity in multiple brain regions compared with controls in diffuse white matter regions. Group differences no longer existed after controlling for self-reported pain. A significant correlation between FA and the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status coding performance was observed for controls but not for the CMI group.

Conclusions
Diffuse microstructural abnormalities appear to be a feature of CMI, manifesting predominantly as greater FA and less diffusivity on DTI sequences. These white matter changes are associated with the subjective pain experience of CMI patients and may reflect reactivity to neuroinflammatory responses. However, this hypothesis will require further deliberate testing in future studies.
INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS AT TYPICAL URANIUM MINES IN THE SOUTH OF CHINA
Authors: Qin Guoxiu , Liu Yujuan , Wang Qimin , Li Fan , Li Weizhe , Wu Hexi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The environmental radioactivity levels of two typical uranium mines in the south of China were investigated and analysed. According to the characteristics of uranium mines, the relevant parameters, including the surface gamma ray dose rate, concentration of radon in the air and concentration of radionuclides in the soil and surface water, of two uranium mines were evaluated and analysed. The results show that residents in the mining area were exposed to average maximum annual effective doses of 1.69 and 1.58 mSv due to the inhalation of radon and its daughters, while the employees received 2.59 and 1.87 mSv, respectively. Residents in the mining area were exposed to average maximum annual effective doses of 0.77 and 0.69 mSv due to gamma ray, while the employees received 1.64 and 1.33 mSv, respectively.
Economic and cultural determinants of elite attitudes toward redistribution
Authors: López Matias , Moraes Silva Graziella , Teeger Chana , Marques Pedro 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPrevious studies have posited that elites are willing to advance the redistribution of income and social goods when the negative effects of inequality, such as crime and conflict, threaten their own interests. Although elites acknowledge these negative effects, their support for redistributive policies remains low throughout the Global South. We address this paradox using a multi-method research design. Drawing on 56 in-depth interviews with Brazilian political and economic elites, we document how, when discussing the negative effects of inequality, interviewees consistently characterized the poor as ignorant, irrational and politically incompetent. We use these findings to theorize about the negative impact of such perceptions of the poor on elite support for redistribution. We then test this relationship using survey data gathered from random samples of political and economic elites in Brazil, South Africa and Uruguay (N = 544). We find the relationship to be robust.
Teen Parents’ Cumulative Inequality in Job Achievement: Mediation Effect of Educational Achievement
Authors: Bae Junghee 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Teen pregnancy remains an important societal concern in the United States because teen pregnancy tremendously influences teen parents in terms of opportunities for education and employment. However, little is known about the long-term dynamic relationship between the trajectory of educational attainment and trajectory of  job achievement among teen parents. This study examined the sample of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, which comprises representative American youths born between 1980 and 1984 (N = 7,771). Latent growth models revealed that teen parents had not only lower initial educational levels, hourly compensation, and annual wages, but also lower increases in educational level, hourly compensation, and annual wages over 10 years. Also, the latent growth mediation model found that initial educational level and changes in educational level mediated the negative association between teen parents and job achievement. These findings suggest that social work intervention for teen parents should focus on supporting academic success in the long term and providing appropriate employment training programs for better job achievement. Future research may contribute by examining the long-term effect of being a teen parent beyond 10 years and investigating differences between teen mothers and teen fathers.
Structure of a filamentous virus uncovers familial ties within the archaeal virosphere
Authors: Wang Fengbin , Baquero Diana P , Su Zhangli , Osinski Tomasz , Prangishvili David , Egelman Edward H , Krupovic Mart 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Viruses infecting hyperthermophilic archaea represent one of the most enigmatic parts of the global virome, with viruses from different families showing no genomic relatedness to each other or to viruses of bacteria and eukaryotes. Tristromaviruses, which build enveloped filamentous virions and infect hyperthermophilic neutrophiles of the order Thermoproteales, represent one such enigmatic virus families. They do not share genes with viruses from other families and have been believed to represent an evolutionarily independent virus lineage. A cryo-electron microscopic reconstruction of the tristromavirus Pyrobaculum filamentous virus 2 at 3.4 Å resolution shows that the virion is constructed from two paralogous major capsid proteins (MCP) which transform the linear dsDNA genome of the virus into A-form by tightly wrapping around it. Unexpectedly, the two MCP are homologous to the capsid proteins of other filamentous archaeal viruses, uncovering a deep evolutionary relationship within the archaeal virosphere.
Optic Disc Measures in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Community-based Study of Middle-aged and Older Adults
Authors: Lee Samantha Sze-Yee , Sanfilippo Paul G. , Hunter Michael , Yazar Seyhan , James Alan , Mackey David A. 
Published: March 2020

Précis:
This study found an association between thinner superotemporal retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, the lack of association of sleep apnea with other disc measures does not support a link with glaucoma.

Aim:
Previous findings on the link between OSA and increased glaucoma risk have been inconsistent. In a community-based study of middle-aged and older adults, we explored for differences in optic disc measures that may resemble preclinical glaucomatous changes in relation to OSA status and severity.

Methods:
A total of 865 participants (46 to 67 y; 45% male) underwent an at-home sleep study during which their apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and sleep oxygen saturation level were measured. Participants were determined to have no OSA (AHI<5 events/h), mild (AHI 5 to 15), moderate (AHI 16 to 30), or severe OSA (AHI>30). At a 6-year follow-up visit, the optic discs of both eyes were imaged using spectral domain optic coherence tomography to measure the Bruch membrane opening-minimum rim widths and RNFL thicknesses.

Results:
On the basis of the AHI, 411 participants (48%) had OSA, of whom 92 (11% of total sample) and 26 (3%) had moderate and severe OSA, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, participants with severe OSA had thinner RNFL superotemporally than those without OSA or with mild OSA (P<0.001 and 0.001, respectively). In addition, superotemporal RNFL was inversely associated with AHI (P=0.004) and sleep time with oxygen saturation level <90% (P=0.005). There was no association between OSA measures and Bruch membrane opening-minimum rim widths.

Conclusions:
Our findings do not provide strong evidence of a link between measures of OSA and the optic disc. However, the association between increased OSA severity and thinner superotemporal RNFL has been reported consistently in previous studies and thus warrants further evaluation.
A 12-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Topiramate for the Treatment of Compulsive Buying Disorder
Authors: Nicoli de Mattos Cristiana , Kim Hyoun S. , Marasaldi Renata F. , Requião Marinalva G. , de Oliveira Elen Cristina , Zambrano Filomensky Tatiana , Tavares Hermano 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Topiramate is an anticonvulsant that has shown promise as a pharmacological agent for the treatment of addictive disorders, including compulsive buying disorder (CBD). The aim of the present study was to examine the efficacy of topiramate in the treatment of CBD and its associated characteristics using a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design.

Methods
Fifty patients seeking treatment of CBD who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (n = 25) or the control group (n = 25). Both groups received 4 sessions of psychoeducation.

Results
Forty-four participants completed the follow-up with no differences in the rate of dropout between groups. There were no differences between participants who received topiramate or placebo in reducing CBD symptoms assessed by the primary outcome scale (Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale – Shopping Version). However, participants who received topiramate were significantly more likely to show clinical improvement when assessed by a secondary outcome measure, the Compulsive Buying Follow-Up Scale. In addition, there was a trend among participants who received topiramate to report improvements in aspects of hoarding and impulsivity compared with the control group. There were significant improvements in comorbid depression and social adjustments over time, but no group × time interaction was found.

Conclusions
The results do not provide support for the use of topiramate in the treatment of CBD. Future investigation with larger and representative samples and longer follow-up period are needed.
Adult intestinal transplantation in the United States
Authors: Iyer Kishore , Moon Jang 
Published: March 2020

Purpose of review
There has been a striking decline in the annual volumes of adult intestinal transplants performed in the United States from a peak in 2008, reaching its lowest volume in 2019. The current review examines the pattern and potential reasons for the decline.

Recent findings
We observe that while improvements in intestinal rehabilitation may be contributing to some of the decline, movements of key personnel and the paucity of experts in a rarefied field may also be contributing to declining volumes.

Summary
We suggest that the decline in volumes of adult intestinal transplants are likely to be multifactorial. At a time of improving transplant outcomes, the indications for intestinal transplant suggested by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, may be outdated and worthy of revision.
Sociality enhances survival in science, especially for female researchers
Authors: van der Wal Jessica E.M. , Thorogood Rose , Horrocks Nicholas P.C. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTIntense competition for limited opportunities means the career path of a scientist is a challenging one, and female scientists in particular are less likely to survive in academia. Collaboration is a key factor in scientific advances, and in social species enhanced sociality improves fitness and longevity. Yet whether sociality influences career progression and survival in science, and how this might differ between genders, is largely unknown. We built authorship social networks from publication records to test how sociality predicts career progression and survival in a cohort of biologists contributing to three international conferences in the 1990s. We show that sociality has the strongest effect for female researchers but, regardless of gender, publishing with many diverse co-authors significantly reduces time to become a principal investigator and increases career duration. Publishing repeatedly with co-authors also enhances career progression in both genders, but reduces career length for men. These findings demonstrate that the value of collaboration extends beyond scientific advances, and can directly benefit the career progression and longevity of research scientists themselves. Efforts to encourage researchers at all levels to invest in collaborations, particularly with female researchers, will help to close the gender gap in science and academia.
Decoding the transcriptome of atherosclerotic plaque at single-cell resolution
Authors: Alsaigh Tom , Evans Doug , Frankel David , Torkamani Ali 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAtherogenesis involves an interplay of inflammation, tissue remodeling and cellular transdifferentiation (CTD), making it especially difficult to precisely delineate its pathophysiology. Here we examine the single-cell transcriptome of entire atherosclerotic core (AC) plaques and patient-matched proximal adjacent (PA) portions of carotid artery tissue from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. We use a novel tissue dissociation strategy, single-cell RNA sequencing, and systems-biology approaches to analyze the transcriptional profiles of six main cell populations and identify key gene drivers of pathogenic biological processes in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). Our results reveal an anatomic continuum whereby PA cells promote and respond to inflammatory processes and eventually transition through CTD into matrix-secreting cells in the AC. Inflammatory signaling in PA ECs is driven by IL6, while TNFa signaling defines inflammation in both PA ECs and VSMCs. Furthermore, we identifyPOSTN, SPP1 and IBSPin AC VSMCs, andITLN1, SCXandS100A4in AC ECs as key drivers of CTD in the atherosclerotic core. These results establish an anatomic framework for atherogenesis and suggest a site-specific strategy for disruption of disease progression.
Comparative analysis of biological aspects ofLeishmania infantumisolates
Authors: Ferreira-Paes Taiana , Charret Karen S. , Ribeiro Merienny R.S. , Rodrigues Raquel F. , Leon Leon L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLeishmania infantum infantum(LII) is one of the species that causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Old World, whileL. infantum chagasi(LIC), and is present in the New World. Few studies address the biological differences, as well as the behaviour of these strains during infection. These parasites live inside the cells of their hosts, continuously evading the microbicidal mechanisms and modulating the immune response of these cells. One of the mechanisms used by these protozoa involves the L-arginine metabolism. Given the importance of the understanding of differences betweenLeishmaniaspecies, as well as establishing a better murine model to study leishmaniases, the objectives of this work were to analyse the biological and molecular differences between twoLeishmania infantumstrains (LII and LIC) and the degree of susceptibility of mice with different genetic backgrounds to infection, as well as to understand the role of arginase (ARG)/nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the parasite-host relationship. The infectivityin vivoandin vitroof LII and LIC was performed in BALB/c and Swiss Webster mice, as well the NOS and ARG activities. The LII strain showed more infective than the LIC strain bothin vivoandin vitro. In animals infected by both strains, a difference in NOS and ARG activities occurred.In vitro, promastigotes of LII isolated from BALB/c and Swiss Webster mice showed higher ARG activity than the LIC during the growth curve, however, no difference was observed in intracellular NO production by promastigotes between these strains. A comparison of the sequences of the ARG gene was made and both strains were identical. However, despite the similarity, the strains showed different expression of this gene. It can be concluded that althoughL. chagasistrains are considered identical toL. infantumstrains, both have different biological behaviour.