bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Molecular and Histological study of Turkey birds infected with Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Al_Mashhadany Rana Imad , Hussein Prof.Dr.Adel Jabbar , Al-nusear Azal Naser Bader 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii parasite has three contagious stages: the oocytes, which is introduced into the external environment with the feces of the infected cats, which later form the spores. The current study depended on detection of T. gondii parasite used to Polymerase chain reaction, as well as the lack of time and effort required to perform them, the result of the test, 10 samples were selected for dissection and investigation of B1 (399bp) in their organs (liver, eye and intestine) using the normal polymerase chain reaction technique. There were (4) samples (40%) of the birds containing the tissues on the gene B1 (399bp) and recorded the highest incidence of the gene in the samples of the liver, where 30% (three samples) and one sample in the small intestine by 10% B1 in the eye samples, the results of the statistical analysis indicated that there were significant differences in the ratio of TWA D gene B1 in the tissues of the bird members under the level of probability of P⩽0.05, In the study of histopathological changes in turkey birds members, the presence of Lesions lesions associated with infection in both the liver and the small intestine was characterized by the presence of congestion in the blood vessels, as well as the expansion of the jibaniat with the loss of the engineering structure of the liver. In the tissue with a degenerative degeneration.
Diagnosing the bioactive compounds in Iraqi garlic (Allium sativum) by GC-MS and HPLC
Authors: Hadi AI-Taai Iman , Falih Al-Fekaiki Dhia , Raheem Jamail M 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis study including diagnosing the bioactive compounds releasing from an action of alliinase with alliin in the Iraqi garlic by GC-MS and HPLC technique. The bioactive compounds resulting from the garlic by GC-MS were heptane,2,4-dimethyl,cyclopropyl bromide, octane,5-ethyl-2-methyl, diallyl disulphide,trisulfide,di-2-propenyl,tetrasulfide,di-2-propenyl,3-vinyl-1,2-dithiacyclohex-4-ene,3-vinyl-1,2 dithiacyclo hex-5-ene and eicosane at different percentages through periods of time ranged between 5-30 minutes when following its activity by GC-MS. The best time for an activity was found at 30 minutes. Diallyl disulphide was the highest percent of 51.92% and tetrasulfide, di-2-propenyl at percent of 19.49%, as well as standard allicin and prepared allicin that is the main product of the enzymatic decomposition was diagnosed by HPLC technique of Iraqi garlic at the same periods with high concentration 39.244%.
Biological control for crown and root rot disease of tomato caused by Drechslera halodes in Iraq
Authors: Hussein S , Al Zubaidi L 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Isolation from infected Tomato’s plants has demonstrated the presence of the phytopathogenic fungus Drechslera halodes (Dh) the causal agent of leaf spot, crown and root rot disease, samples were collected from three provinces in the middle and south of Iraq, Dh was predominant while appeared in 83.33% of the samples with frequency of 50.25%. Results of pathogenicity test under greenhouse conditions indicated that all the isolates of Dh were pathogenic to tomato plants, the isolate Kkd-6 showed highly pathogenicity effect. Four isolates of beneficial free-living soil bacteria isolated from healthy tomato’s rhizosphere of Bacillus subtilis (Wb-12), B. subtilis (Kb-9), Enterococcus columbae (Bb-8) and Pseudomonas putida (Kb-18), were exhibited 100% antagonism efficiency against the pathogen on the potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) in vitro. Under greenhouse conditions all the biocontrol agents were reduced significantly the percentage of disease incidence to 5-10% and severity of shoot and root system to 5.00-8.33%, 2.14-7.14% respectively compared to fungal treatments control which exhibited 100% disease incidence and severity of shoot and root system of 90.00%, 93.57% respectively. All the biocontrol agents promoted plant growth. This is first report of Drechslera leaf spot, crown and root rot disease of tomato in Iraq.
Investigation the impact of smoking on salivary pH and the reasons behind smoking
Authors: Dohan Challap Iqbal , Lafta Fadhel M , Ghaloub Al-Rekabi Abdul-Ameer N , Ahmed Fatima , Qasim Rehab 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTobacco smoking is affecting fundamental aspects of human health. This preliminary study was set to investigate the effect of tobacco smoking on the salivary pH. The saliva is an essential part of healthy oral cavity, it is mostly made of water and also contains other substances that your body needs to digest food and keep your teeth strong. Smoking is expected to have an effect on salivary pH. The salivary pH levels were measured using digital pH meter in 100 voluntary participants in Baghdad- Iraq. The participants were divided into two groups of 50 subjects in each group: smokers and non-smokers. Along with that, the reasons behind tobacco smoking also were investigated in a separate group of 82 smokers using a prepared questioner for this purpose. The results showed decrease salivary pH average levels in the tobacco smokers compare to the non-smoker group (7.058 and 7.168 respectively), however, these differences did not reach the significant level. Regarding the investigation of the reasons behind tobacco smoking habit, seeking for fun, overcome psychiatric problem, anger, friendship, relieves stress and anxiety and work problems (((29 (35.4%), (28(34.1%), 27(32.9%), 22(26.8%), 22(26.8%), 21(25.6%) respectively, were on the top of the listed reasons for smoking tobacco cigarettes stated by the questioned participants. Participants who think that cigarettes could help to relieve boredom (age average 35.3 yrs (17-55 yrs) smoke the largest number of cigarettes (30(20-60) compare to those who smoke for other reasons.
The effects of Fusarium graminarum silver nanoparticles on leishmania tropica
Authors: Taher Mohammed Omar , Jamal Abdulkhaliq Roua , Taher Mohammed Sabaa 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the in vitro antileishmanial activities of biosynthesis silver nanoparticles from Fusarium graminarum and to compare its efficacy with a pentostam drug against Leishmania Tropica.This nanaoparticles (20-40-80-100 μg/mL) was evaluated in vitro against promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of L. tropica also measured the viability by use MTTassy. Its significantly ( < 0.05) inhibited the growth rate of promastigote the results showed decrease in number of parasite after 24hr was(1816.6,1300,541.6, ×104) cell\ml respectively, compared with pentostam and control was(1558.3 and 2441.6,308,3×104) cell\ml respectively. whereas after 48hr the number of parasite became(1583.3,1166.6,450,225×104) cell\ml respectively compared with pentostam and control was(1066.6 and 3166.6×104) cell\ml respectively, also observed (100 μg/mL)more effects on multiplication ofamastigote after 24hr become only 1.6parasite compared with pentostam and control was(3.3,7 parasites).The results of viability also revealed that the nanoparticles Cytotoxicty effect dependent on concentration and reduce to reach (23% ). Obtained findings also provide the scientific evidences that fungi could be used in the biosynthesis nanoparticles and treatment of CL.
Molecular Study and Phylogenetic Analysis of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERSCoV) in Camel and Human
Authors: Alsalihi Saba F , Abdelkadhim Jawad Alaa , Al-Rodhan Mohsen A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERSCoV) have been reported in Arabian peninsula and sporadic cases in Europe and Asia. This study was conducted to evaluate the genetic analysis of this virus in human and camel at the first time in Iraq. Two hundred samples were collected from camels and human who suffering from respiratory symptoms, these samples treated with RNA extraction kit then amplification the genetic material by PCR which give 5% positive results. The amplicon then sequenced, registration in gene bank of NCBI for getting accession numbers. The local strains give close relationship with neighbor countries as Saudi Arabia and Jordan strains when using MEGA analysis software.
The Impact of Six Decades of Trauma on the Health of Iraqi People
Authors: Jamil Hikmet J , Albahri Manhel R A , Al-Noor Nadia , Al Noor Taghreed , Hamdan Thamer 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Over the course of six decades, Iraq exposed to many events that have affected the Iraqi people from the social, physical and mental aspects. In this study, two groups of people (2369), from Iraq (G1) and the Michigan, United States (U.S) of America (G2) selected to compare the prevalence rate and effects of trauma factors such as mental illness (anxiety, depression and PTS), somatic diseases (heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes), substances abuse (illicit drugs, alcohol and tobacco), and chemicals pollution), and self-rated health among the two groups. The study results reveals a significant different between the two groups in the all indicators for trauma. The study conclude that Iraqi in U.S. (G2) suffer from factors completely differed from that Iraqi who are resident in Iraq (G1).
The Prevalence of PIK3CA Biomarker in Tumor Microenvironment of Human non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Hosny Gihan , Talib Abid Ali , Tayel Hanan Y 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background. Phosphatidyl 3-kinases (PI3K) are a family of lipid kinases involved in many cellular processes, including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival, that can inhibit therapy profoundly. NSCLC accounts for approximately 80% of all lung cancers and is further subtyped into adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Somatic oncogenic alterations can further molecularly subdivide these NSCLC subtypes. The general objective of the current work was to study the prevalence of PIK3CA expression and mutations in tumor microenvironment of human NSCLC. Materials and Methods. Thirty-three paraffin blocks were utilized from NSCLC archival cases for further investigations by using immunohistochemical staining and PCR/sequencing techniques for examination of PI3KCA cellular expression and detection of mutation in exons 9 and / or 20 of PI3KCA, respectively. Results. Immunohistochemical results showed that PIK3CA protein was localized in the cytoplasm of NSCLC as brown granules. The rating of scores of PIK3CA immunostaining of archived NSCLC revealed that twenty six cases (78.8%) showed positive immunohistochemical staining while seven cases (21.2%) showed negative immune staining. PCR/sequencing results of exon 9 revealed six substitution mutations and three indels (insertion / deletion) mutations were observed in the alignment. It was found that all the observed SNP positions were novel except 74681. The novelty of each observed SNP was detected using the NCBI SNP detector and it was found that all the observed SNP positions were novel except 7468. PCR/sequencing results of exon 20 revealed that the alignment results of all the patient samples for exon 20 revealed the presence of SNPs in variants no. 3, 5, and 7. All of these variations were only substitution mutations of this PCR amplicons. The exact position of each observed mutation was mentioned in the NCBI reference sequences. Conclusion. The data in hands shows that PIK3CA-mutated NSCLC is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group. This holds true for the AD and SQCC subgroups and strongly suggests that PIKCA mutations do not define a distinct lung cancer subgroup amendable to specific therapy. Rather, these mutations seem to represent passenger mutations widely distributed among the other genetically defined subgroups. The status PIK3CA mutation may serve as a prognostic factor of poor survival.
Lab – Built semi- automated Stop – flow System for Spectrophotometric Determination of Nitrite in Different water Samples
Authors: Al-Sowdani K H , Al-Balaawi Mohammad Th. K. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A lab built semi-automated stopped-flow system was employed for spectrophotometric determination of nitrite in different water samples. The constructed system consists two microcontrollers (Arduinos) supplied with a home- made software programs. The first one was UNO type used to manipulates a home-made injection-pump stepper-motor type and to control the reaction-time in the flow cell. The other one was Mega type which was used as data-logger to record the results as stopped-flow peak by using Microsoft Excel 2010 program. The linearity was in the range (0.05 – 0.5) µg/ml with regression coefficient of 0.9960. The detection limit was 0.025 µg/ml and the samples can be analyzed at rate exceeding 45 samples/h. The concentration of nitrite in the different water samples were in the range (0.062 – 0.326 ) µg/ml.
Valuation of water quality for drinking and domestic purposes using WQI : Acase study for groundwater of Al-Gameaa and Al-Zeraee qaurters in Mosul city/Iraq.
Authors: Talat Reem A. , Al-Assaf Azhar Y.R. , Al-Saffawi Abdalaziz Y. T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Abstrat. The current study aims to assess the groundwater quality of some area in the left side of Mosul city, the samples were collected randomly from 11 wells (five replicates from each well), to measure the physicochemical and bacteriological properties using weighted mathematical model (WQI). The results indicated that the studied groundwater were ranged from poor to unsuitable qualities for drinking and domistic purposes. This deterioration in water quality is due to as a result of the high levels of electrical conductivity, total hardness, sulfate ions, total number of bacteria and faecal coliform bacteria, which reached 3605 µS. Cm−1, (2760, 477) mg. l−1, 8.0 ×103 cell. ml−1 and 16< cell. 100ml−1 respictively.
Evaluation of Water quality in the Tigris River within Baghdad, Iraq using Multivariate Statistical Techniques
Authors: Ali Abed Salwan , Hussein Ewaid Salam , Al-Ansari Nadhir 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This research concentrated on the Tigris River water quality monitoring information. Some multivariate statistical techniques were applied like basic Ingredient (PC) test, discriminant analysis (DA), multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) to evaluate important parameters affecting water quality during year 2017-2018. The study included 25 water quality parameters, viz., Temperature (T), Potential of Hydrogen (pH), Turbidity (Tur), Total Alkaline (TA), Full rigidity (TH), Calcium (Ca+2), Chloride (Cl-1), Magnesium (Mg+2), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Sulfate (SO4-2), Total Solids (TS), Suspended Solids (SS), Iron (Fe+2), Fluoride (F-1), Aluminum (Al+3), Nitrite (NO2-1), Nitrate (NO3-1), Silica (SiO2), Phosphate (PO4-3), Ammonia (NH3), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Sodium (Na+1), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Generally, all the parameters were within the standards except Tur, TA, Ca+2, EC, SO4-2. The levels of Tur and EC are of critical factors influence upon the Tigris water quality. The PCA identified six principal components responsible for 78.12% of the variation caused by the industrial, domestic, municipal and agricultural runoff pollution sources. DA results produced the eight parameters; T, BOD5, EC, Mg+2, DO, Tur, Na+1, and COD as the most significant parameters differentiating the two parts of the year (the cold and warm seasons). The result of MLRA showed that BOD5, Na+1, T, DO, and PO4-3 are the important dependable factors for predicting the COD value as an indicator of organic and nonorganic pollution. This research demonstrated success importance utilizing Multivariate statistical methods like valuable instrument of administration, control, and preserve the water of the river.
Designation and Study of Anticlines- Kurdistan Region-NE Iraq
Authors: Ahmed Sirwan H 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Iraq is located in the Western Asian continent particularly in the northern Arabian promontory. Iraq approximately lies in center of Middle East. The area of investigation cover northern and northeastern parts of Iraq-Kurdistan Region. Iraq and Kurdistan region are located in the northern Arabian Platform. The study area includes the northwestern extension of the Zagros Mountain range (the Zagros Fold and Thrust belt). Through study of Tectonic analysis, Stratigraphy, Geomorphology and satellite images; we try to constrain new classification with designation of the anticlines and compression stress orientation in Zagros fold belt. The northeastern and northern Iraq contain huge anticlines and synclines. They have been formed as a result of compression stress. These forces formed by collision of Arabia and Eurasian plates during Eocene-Miocene periods. Most of the anticlines characterize by double-plunging symmetrical to semi-symmetrical fold. The shield of the anticlines in the High Folded Zone mostly compose of carbonate sequence from Cretaceous formations. The core has Jurassic-Triassic formations. In the other hand the shield of anticlines in Low Folded Zones are Cenozoic formations. The plunging and terminate anticlines was caused by Cretaceous pre-tilting extensional normal faults. These fault become barriers in front of growing the anticlines longitudinally as example in Kosrat and Shakrok anticlines. The Cretaceous lateral facies change affected on the bend of anticline axis. The northwestern of Azmar anticline and southeastern of Surdash anticline seem to be En-echelon plunging; through this study we find out they are belong to one anticline. The Surdash-Azmar fold Axis shape is Bezier line while passing through facies change between Qamchuqa and Balambo Formations. The same phenomenon can be find in Aqra-Bekhme anticlines by facies change of Aqra-Tanjero formations. In this study, we try to make two or more anticlines to be show as one large anticline. In previous studies they split anticline into two or more anticlines because of having geomorphological features such as valley and lakes. However we try to show that valleys and lake are not barriers and not affect termination of the anticline as shown in Shirin, Bradost, anticlines are one individual anticline.
Effect of Seaweed Extract and Micronutrients Mixture on some Growth Characters and Flowering of Dianthus chinensis L. and Gazania splender L. Plants
Authors: Khadim Al-Hamzawi Majeed 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An experiment was conducted on Chinese carnation Dianthus chinesis L. and gazania Gazania splender L. to study the effect of spray seaweed extract (seaweed Fe) and micronutrients mixture at concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 ml. L−1 for each, in addition to their combination, on some growth characters of the two ornamental plants. Plants were sprayed three times. Treatments were layout in factorial experiment (3x3) in completely randomized design with three replicates. Results showed that the use of the two materials at both concentrations caused significant increase in Chinese carnation plant height. Leaf number increased significantly at 2ml.L−1 of micronutrients mixture on Chinese carnation. In gazania, there was a pronounced increase in leaf number with the increase of the concentration of seaweed extract. Sea weed extract had no effect on percent dry weight while the percent increased significantly at both concentrations on Chinese carnation. Chlorophyll content increased due to the use of the highest concentration of both materials on both plants. Number of flowers per plan also increased as a result of the spray of both materials. Length of flower stalk and flower diameter was affected significantly by all the treatments, while flower fresh and dry weight did not affect by the treatments. Nitrogen percent in leaves of Chinese carnation increased significantly due to the use of the two materials, but in gazania the percent increased due to the use of the two concentrations of seaweed extract while the micronutrients had no effect. For carbohydrate content, there was pronounced increase in leaves of both plants especially at the higher concentration of both materials. It was noted that all combination treatments had significant effect on all parameters measured.
Economic analysis for the most important obstacles to the production of orange crop in Diyala / a study for the season of 2018
Authors: Abid Ahmed Al Tamimi Abbas 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The study of the production function of orange orchards in Diyala Governorate was conducted through a random sample of 44 farmers using a questionnaire prepared for this purpose. The multiple regression of the elements of the function was analyzed, including the amount of chemical fertilizer, animal manure, pesticide costs, fuel costs, labor costs and number of irrigation during the year and the costs of maintenance, The analysis showed that the effect of the amount of fertilizer, the amount of animal manure, the cost of fuel, the number of irrigation and the cost of maintenance have a positive effect on the quantity of production. The labor costs and the costs of in pesticide had a negative effect on the quantity of production where the elasticity was negative, The descriptive aspect of the research included a questionnaire of farmers about the problems facing orange production in Diyala Governorate, where it became clear that the main obstacles facing orange production are the lack of government support for production inputs and the opening of imports followed by problems of high input costs, low crop prices, and the problem of rising wages and lack of experience and then the problem of neglect orchards and problems of non-regular agriculture and non-renewal of trees, respectively, It was recommended to prepare programs for the fertilization of trees and pest control based on the results of scientific research and the introduction of drip irrigation technology to reduce water losses and reduce the fungal diseases and support prices of inputs and prices of the crop and reduce the import of citrus and to awareness the farmers the importance of organization and specialization of fiel work and achieve the optimal combination of input to reach productive efficiency.