bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sarcopenia Definition & Outcomes Consortium Defined Low Grip Strength in Two Cross‐Sectional, Population‐Based Cohorts
Authors: Patel Sheena M. , Duchowny Kate A. , Kiel Douglas P. , Correa‐de‐Araujo Rosaly , Fielding Roger A. , Travison Thomas , Magaziner Jay , Manini Todd , Xue Qian‐Li , Newman Anne B. , Pencina Karol M. , Santanasto Adam J. , Bhasin Shalender , Cawthon Peggy M. 
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe extent to which the prevalence of muscle weakness in the US population varies by different putative grip strength constructs developed by the Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC) has not been described.DESIGNCross‐sectional analysis.SETTINGTwo nationally representative cohorts—2010 and 2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Survey and round 1 (2011) of the National Health and Aging Trends Survey.PARTICIPANTSAdults aged 65 years and older (n = 12,984) were included in these analyses.MEASUREMENTSWe analyzed three constructs of muscle weakness developed by the SDOC, and found to be associated with mobility disability for men and women, respectively: absolute grip strength (<35.5 kg and 20 kg); grip strength standardized to body mass index (<1.05 kg/kg/m² and 0.79 kg/kg/m²); and grip strength standardized to weight (<0.45 kg/kg and 0.337 kg/kg). We estimated the prevalence of muscle weakness defined by each of these constructs in the overall older US population, and by age, sex, race, and ethnicity. We also estimated the sensitivity and specificity of each of the grip strength constructs to discriminate slowness (gait speed <0.8 m/s) in these samples.RESULTSThe prevalence of muscle weakness ranged from 23% to 61% for men and from 30% to 66% for women, depending on the construct used. There was substantial variation in the prevalence of muscle weakness by race and ethnicity. The sensitivity and specificity of these measures for discriminating slowness varied widely, ranging from 0.30 to 0.92 (sensitivity) and from 0.17 to 0.88 (specificity).CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of muscle weakness, defined by the putative SDOC grip strength constructs, depends on the construct of weakness used. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1438‐1444, 2020.
Patterns of accumulation and social differentiation through a slow‐paced agrarian market transition in post‐Soviet Uzbekistan
Authors: Lombardozzi Lorena 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article presents an analysis of contemporary Uzbek agrarian change. First, using mixed methods and triangulating secondary and primary data from Samarkand, it untangles emerging relations of production and exchange during the slow processes of market transition. It shows that different types of public investment, price regulation, subsidies, procurement mechanisms, and the pace of marketization to which crops are subject shaped a slow growth of rural social differentiation and private accumulation. Traditionally, cotton farms have been in a privileged position because they have access to more land and subsidized inputs of production. However, due to recent fast‐track liberalization policies and state‐led investment, farms producing high value crops—fruit and vegetables—are at the forefront of a new pattern of private accumulation. Second, the article reflects on how the gradual approach to market transition has so far squeezed private accumulation, enabling the centralization of surplus extraction from cotton and wheat. This state‐led accumulation strategy is slowly fading, leaving space for market‐oriented reforms that will entail new but uncertain distributional and developmental outcomes within and outside agriculture.
Use of vibrating anesthetic device reduces the pain of mesotherapy injections: A randomized split‐scalp study
Authors: Carvalho Raquel de Melo , Barreto Taynara de Mattos , Weffort Flavia , Machado Carla Jorge , Melo Daniel Fernandes 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPain evaluation during local injections is a complex process. Injections cause patient's distress, especially when the target is a sensitive area such as scalp. Nonpharmacological methods as vibration before and during the procedure have been used to reduce pain. Mesotherapy has become a popular nonsurgical procedure for nonscarring alopecia, such as androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and alopecia areata (AA). Vibration has been successfully used in dermatological procedures, pediatrics, and dentistry. No study was found on vibration anesthesia during scalp mesotherapy. To analyze the effect of a vibration anesthetic device (VAD) during scalp mesotherapy on the patients’ comfort.This is a randomized split‐scalp study; thirty patients received mesotherapy with or without VAD on half of their scalp. Numerical rating scale (NRS) was used to measure self‐reported pain. To test difference in means and medians in comparing device use and by treatment (AGA or AA), Student's t tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used. Overall mean pain score on the no vibration‐assisted side was 8.0 ± 1.0 while pain score for the vibration side was 2.3 ± 1.5, for AGA (P < .001) and 7.4 ± 1.2 and 2.1 ± 1.3, respectively, for AA (P < .001). Findings were similar for medians. No complications were found following procedure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study analyzing the effect of VAD in patients undergoing scalp mesotherapy. The VAD technique was found to be safe, effective, simple, and suitable for scalp procedures.
Urban‐Rural Disparities in Opioid Use Disorder Prevention and Response Activities: A Cross‐Sectional Analysis
Authors: Swann William L. , Kim Sojeong , Kim Serena Y. , Schreiber Terri L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPurposeUrban and rural areas have been differentially impacted by opioid use disorder (OUD) and related adverse outcomes, yet little systematic study of the urban‐rural divide in OUD prevention and response activities exists. This study compares policy and programmatic activities to tackle the opioid crisis in metropolitan versus nonmetropolitan areas, and within their subclassifications.MethodsAll county governments in 5 purposively selected states were surveyed. Metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties, and their subclassifications, were compared in their reported implementation of 19 opioid policy and programmatic activities, using 2‐sample proportion and 1‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests with Bonferroni‐corrected multiple comparisons.FindingsOf the 358 counties surveyed, 171 (response rate = 48%) responses were obtained. The implementation rate of nonmetropolitan counties was lower than that of metropolitan counties for all activities, although not all differences were statistically significant. Within nonmetropolitan areas, the implementation rate of noncore counties was lower than that of micropolitan counties for all activities, and statistically significant differences were found for providing treatment and rehabilitation facilities, allowing arrest alternatives for opioid offenses, and providing opioid detection and treatment training to first responders, among other activities.ConclusionsThe results of this study corroborate claims that nonmetropolitan areas, and particularly noncore areas, face greater barriers to implementing opioid policy and programmatic activities. This study identifies activity areas where rural counties are especially lacking and federal and state governments could support efforts for bending the curve of the opioid crisis.
Genomic architectural variation of plant mitochondria—A review of multichromosomal structuring
Authors: Wu Zhi‐Qiang , Liao Xue‐Zhu , Zhang Xiao‐Ni , Tembrock Luke R. , Broz Amanda 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSince the endosymbiont origin from α‐Proteobacteria, mitochondrial genomes have undergone extremely divergent evolutionary trajectories among eukaryotic lineages. Compared with the relatively compact and conserved animal mitochondrial genomes, plant mitochondrial genomes have many unique features, especially their large and complex genomic arrangements. The sizes of fully sequenced plant mitochondrial genomes span over a 100‐fold range from 66 kb in Viscum scurruloideum to 11 000 kb in Silene conica. In addition to the typical circular structure, some species of plants also possess linear, and even multichromosomal, architectures. In contrast with the thousands of fully sequenced animal mitochondrial genomes and plant plastid genomes, only around 200 fully sequenced land plant mitochondrial genomes have been published, with many being only draft assemblies. In this review, we summarize some of the known novel characteristics found in plant mitochondrial genomes, with special emphasis on multichromosomal structures described in recent publications. Finally, we discuss the future prospects for studying the inheritance patterns of multichromosomal plant mitochondria and examining architectural variation at different levels of taxonomic organization—including at the population level.
More than one sweet tabaiba: Disentangling the systematics of the succulent dendroid shrub Euphorbia balsamifera
Authors: Riina Ricarda , Villaverde Tamara , Rincón‐Barrado Mario , Molero Julià , Sanmartín Isabel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe sweet tabaiba (Euphorbia balsamifera Ait.) is one of the classical examples of the disjunct biogeographic pattern known as Rand Flora. This species is currently circumscribed to comprise two subspecies, Euphorbia balsamifera subsp. balsamifera and E. balsamifera subsp. adenensis (Deflers) P.R.O. Bally, with their respective areas of distribution separated by a gap of about 2000 km across Central‐East Africa. We use multiple sources of evidence including phylogenomics, morphometrics, lineage ages, and climatic niche analysis to disentangle the confusing taxonomy around this charismatic Euphorbia lineage. Based on our integrative approach, we reestablish the two current subspecies to the rank of species (E. balsamifera Ait., E. adenensis Deflers) and resurrect the long forgotten E. sepium N.E. Br., a commonly used species in the western Sub‐Saharan and Sahelian regions. The taxonomic treatment presented here includes an identification key, updated morphological descriptions, and lectotypification of several names.
Clinicopathologic characteristics, pathology, and prognosis of 77 dogs with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Lorbach Sarah K. , Hokamp Jessica A. , Quimby Jessica M. , Cianciolo Rachel E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundFocal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a common cause of nonimmune complex glomerulopathy and the prognosis and clinicopathologic findings associated with this condition have not been described in dogs.ObjectiveTo characterize the presentation and identify clinical factors associated with the survival of dogs with FSGS.AnimalsSeventy‐seven dogs diagnosed with FSGS based on evaluation of renal biopsy samples submitted to the International Veterinary Renal Pathology Service.MethodsRetrospective review of medical records of dogs biopsied for evaluation of proteinuria between January 2015 and May 2017.ResultsThe incidence of FSGS among all dogs biopsied for proteinuria was 26%. Significantly more females (48; 62.3%) than males (29; 37.7%) were affected (P = .04). At the time of biopsy, median serum creatinine concentration (SCr) was 1.2 mg/dL (range, 0.3‐8.7), median serum albumin concentration (Alb) was 2.8 g/dL (range, 1.1‐4.6), median systolic blood pressure was 153.5 mm Hg (range, 95‐260), and median urine protein : creatinine ratio was 5.9 (range, 1.4‐22). Median survival time after biopsy was 258 days (range, 26‐1003) for dogs that died from all causes (n = 32). Factors that were associated with a shorter survival time included SCr ≥ 2.1 mg/dL (P < .01) and Alb < 2 g/dL (P < .01).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceMost dogs with FSGS were female, and although commonly hypertensive, azotemia, severe hypoalbuminemia and ascites or edema were observed infrequently. Variables significantly associated with survival time were SCr and Alb.
Maternal perceptions and barriers experienced during the management of moderately malnourished children in northern Uganda
Authors: Kajjura Richard Bazibu , Veldman Frederick Johannes , Kassier Susanna Maria 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLittle is known about how the use of supplementary foods in the management of children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) is perceived by mothers, as well as the barriers they face while using it in Uganda. This study determined maternal perceptions and barriers experienced during the management of children aged 6 to 23 months diagnosed with MAM using either a malted sorghum‐based porridge (MSBP) or fortified corn soy blend (CSB+) as a supplementary porridge. Twelve focus groups and 48 in‐depth interviews were conducted among purposively sampled mothers a week after completing a 3‐month cluster randomised control trial with the two supplementary porridges for the management of their children with MAM in a rural setting of Arua district. All mothers who participated in the trial were eligible for inclusion. Mothers perceived both supplementary porridges as contributing towards weight gain, reducing the prevalence of illness, improving appetite, a healthy skin and improving active play. Barriers to using the supplementary porridges were a lack of time for feeding children due to household chores, maternal hunger as a result of household food insecurity and a lack of social household and community support. Therefore, maternal barriers should be addressed in an attempt to reap maximum benefits from supplementary food interventions for the management of children with MAM, by sensitising household members to the time required to conduct household chores and measure to address food insecurity.
Early‐life malnutrition causes gastrointestinal dysmotility that is sexually dimorphic
Authors: Soni Krishnakant G. , Dike Peace N. , Suh Ji Ho , Halder Tripti , Edwards Price T. , Foong Jaime P. P. , Conner Margaret E. , Preidis Geoffrey A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundSlow gastrointestinal (GI) transit occurs in moderate‐to‐severe malnutrition. Mechanisms underlying malnutrition‐associated dysmotility remain unknown, partially due to lack of animal models. This study sought to characterize GI dysmotility in mouse models of malnutrition.MethodsNeonatal mice were malnourished by timed maternal separation. Alternatively, low‐protein, low‐fat diet was administered to dams, with malnourished neonates tested at two weeks or weaned to the same chow and tested as young adults. We determined total GI transit time by carmine red gavage, colonic motility by rectal bead latency, and both gastric emptying and small bowel motility with fluorescein isothiocyanate‐conjugated dextran. We assessed histology with light microscopy, ex vivo contractility and permeability with force‐transduction and Ussing chamber studies, and gut microbiota composition by 16S rDNA sequencing.Key ResultsBoth models of neonatal malnutrition and young adult malnourished males but not females exhibited moderate growth faltering, stunting, and grossly abnormal stomachs. Progression of fluorescent dye was impaired in both neonatal models of malnutrition, whereas gastric emptying was delayed only in maternally separated pups and malnourished young adult females. Malnourished young adult males but not females had atrophic GI mucosa, exaggerated intestinal contractile responses, and increased gut barrier permeability. These sex‐specific abnormalities were associated with altered gut microbial communities.Conclusions & InferencesMultiple models of early‐life malnutrition exhibit delayed upper GI transit. Malnutrition affects young adult males more profoundly than females. These models will facilitate future studies to identify mechanisms underlying malnutrition‐induced pathophysiology and sex‐specific regulatory effects.
Minimalistic strategy for coronary sinus lead implant: A single tool capable of electrophysiological mapping, pressure measurement, and angiography
Authors: Samanta Rahul , Ng Ben , Ha Andrew , Bhaskaran Abhishek , Bokhari Mahmoud , Nair Krishnakumar , Nanthakumar Kumaraswamy 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundLeft ventricular (LV) lead implantation for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may be confounded by contrast load during attempted cannulation and lead dislodgement during guiding catheter splitting. An LV lead implant system with a steerable single catheter that completely avoids the use of guiding catheters when needed, acquires atrioventricular electrograms, measures intracardiac pressures, permits CS angiography, and has the ability to direct a coronary angioplasty wire that will lead the final delivery of LV lead into a CS tributary, may help limit contrast use and avoid lead dislodgement at CS guide sheath removal.Methods and ResultsIn this article as a proof of concept, we describe the use of this minimalist technique as a first line approach in six patients who had standard indications for CRT. The LV lead was successfully implanted in a target vein in all patients without acute complications. Contrast was not used in half the group and the LV lead was successfully implanted without guiding catheter in four patients. The implantation technique evolved through the series and in the final patient, no guiding sheath or contrast was used. Postimplant lead positions on chest X‐ray and lead parameters were stable in all patients at follow‐up.ConclusionIn proof of concept paper, we describe a technique of LV lead implantation potentially without the use of contrast and standard CS guiding catheters. Once familiar, this approach may provide a less complicated strategy.
Detection and integrated analysis of lncRNA and mRNA relevant to plateau adaptation of Yak
Authors: Wang Jiabo , Chai Zhixin , Deng Lei , Wang Jikun , Wang Hui , Tang You , Zhong Jincheng , Ji Qiumei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractKnown as the ‘ship of the plateau’, through thousands of years evolution and cruelty environments selection containing low oxygen and strong ultraviolet radiation, yaks have adapted plateau environments and supplied important goods and materials for the people in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes and novel long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) of yaks for the Plateau adaptation and their underlying co‐expression and regulatory network. We carried out RNA‐seq analysis for cerebral and cerebellar tissue specimens of Bos taurus, Bos grunniens × Bos Taurus and B. grunniens. Furthermore, 12,072 pseudo lncRNAs were predicted using three software. In total, 4,257 significant DE transcripts were identified using the Ballgown R package (p < .01), of which 1,021 were protein‐coding genes, 14 were known lncRNAs, and 661 were novel lncRNAs. Using WGCNA, a co‐expression network of DE mRNAs and lncRNAs comprising 5 modules was generated to determine functional associations clusters. This study reveals a valuable sub‐network comprising 8 hub genes, one known lncRNA and 5 novel lncRNAs in the major module. These hub genes are associated with blood pressure regulation, generation of reactive oxygen species and metabolism. The analysis of co‐expressed genes thus provides a basis for the regulatory mechanisms in PA in Yaks and for the detection of additional genes between cross‐breed and parent populations.
B cell signalling pathways—New targets for precision medicine in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Skånland Sigrid S. , Karlsen Linda , Taskén Kjetil 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe B cell receptor (BCR) is a master regulator of B cells, controlling cellular processes such as proliferation, migration and survival. Cell signalling downstream of the BCR is aberrantly activated in the B cell malignancy chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), supporting the pathophysiology of the disease. This insight has led to development and approval of small molecule inhibitors that target components of the BCR pathway. These advances have greatly improved the management of CLL, but the disease remains incurable. This may partly be explained by the inter‐patient heterogeneity of the disease, also when it comes to treatment responses. Precision medicine is therefore required to optimize treatment and move towards a cure. Here, we discuss how the introduction of BCR signalling inhibitors has facilitated the development of functional in vitro assays to guide clinical treatment decisions on use of the same therapeutic agents in individual patients. The cellular responses to these agents can be analysed in high‐throughput assays such as dynamic BH3 profiling, phospho flow experiments and drug sensitivity screens to identify predictive biomarkers. This progress exemplifies the positive synergy between basal and translational research needed to optimize patient care.
Underrepresenting Reality? Media Coverage of Women in Politics and Sport
Authors: Courtney Michael , Breen Michael , McGing Claire , McMenamin Iain , O'Malley Eoin , Rafter Kevin 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesHow do surges in female representation in public life affect media coverage? Can the media underrepresent the reality of women's progress? If so, is the source of underrepresentation the media itself or social elites that interact with the media?MethodsUsing automatic content analysis, we study two remarkable step changes in women's role in public life in Ireland: the 2016 elections and 2012 Olympics.ResultsThe increase in female participation was associated with a new and substantial gender gap in coverage, which we attribute to the media, not other elites.ConclusionsWe cannot assume that media coverage will increase proportionally as women advance in public life. The reemergence of bias when female representation jumps may also exist outside the media in any context where there are large numbers of decisions about whether to favor males or females.
Three Roads to Populism? An Italian Field Study on the 2019 European Election
Authors: Roccato Michele , Cavazza Nicoletta , Colloca Pasquale , Russo Silvia 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesWe predicted populist orientation and vote for two populist parties, the Five Star Movement (FSM) and the League, in the 2019 European election by focusing on perceived economic threat, perceived cultural threat, dissatisfaction with representative democracy, and on first‐order interactions.MethodWe surveyed a quota sample of the Italian adult general population (N = 1,504) and tested a latent moderated structural equations model aimed at predicting participants’ populist vote and populist orientation.ResultsPerceived cultural threat and dissatisfaction with democracy were positively associated with populist orientation. Dissatisfaction with democracy was positively associated with votes for the FSM, while perceived cultural threat was positively associated with votes for the League. Perceived economic threat was negatively associated with votes for the League.ConclusionPopulist orientation and populist vote share just some predictors, and are associated with main effects only, but not with interactions between perceived cultural, economic, and political variables.