bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pricing schemes and market efficiency in private retirement systems
Authors: Flanders Sam , Nungsari Melati , Parada‐Contzen Marcela 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe study the effects of different pricing schemes on the overall surplus in a privately managed retirement system with multiple service providers and switching costs. We develop a theoretical model based on the Chilean retirement system and consider a repeated auction for monopoly rights over new enrollees. We consider a dynamic model solved by pension fund administrators and by consumers. We compare three different pricing schemes: (a) fees on contributions, (b) fees on returns, and (c) a two‐part tariff including an auction over a guaranteed rate of return and allowing the firm to keep a portion of returns generated above this guaranteed rate. We also consider heterogeneity across individuals where agents earn high or low wages and high‐wage customers have proportionally lower switching costs due to more cost‐effective access to financial planning services. We find that auction participants subsidize consumers. We also treat savings as a durable good. In this case, pricing over returns worsens the switching related inefficiencies just described relative to pricing over contributions, despite the better incentives it provides. These inefficiencies can be resolved by allowing firms to price discriminate.
Coexpression of parental homeologs of leaf dissection related genes are associated with intermediate leaf forms of two allotetraploid yarrows (Achillea, Asteraceae)
Authors: Chen Duo , Ke Jin‐Xiu , Shen Chu‐Ze , Zhang Yu‐Fen , Guo Yan‐Ping 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAllopolyploidization usually causes prominent genomic and transcriptional changes, and consequently, promotes the occurrence of phenotypic modifications and/or novelties. The tetraploid Achillea alpina L. species complex in the daisy family has been clearly studied concerning genetic variations and parentage. Population genetic data point to their progenitors as the diploid A. acuminata (Ledeb.) Sch. Bip. and A. asiatica Serg., and show that they have kept two distinct parental genomes relatively intact. Phenotypically, this complex displays a range of leaf form variation between the parental species. To better understand the source of variation at the transcriptional level of the allotetraploid species, we undertook morphological and gene expression analyses with regard to leaf dissection patterns. Morphometrics of leaf traits were carried out on two members of the tetraploid complex, A. alpina and A. wilsoniana Heimerl ex Hand.‐Mazz. and their diploid progenitor species, A. acuminata and A. asiatica. In parallel, the expression patterns of a dozen leaf dissection‐related genes were detected using reverse transcription real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) method. In the allotetraploid species, important leaf dissection‐related genes, such as NAM and PIN, were expressed at the intermediate level between the two diploid species. In general, most of the genes examined in the allotetraploids were expressed at mid‐parent levels or close to one of the parental species. Considering the relative contribution of parental homeologs to the allotetraploids, there is no consistent pattern among the genes analyzed. Overall, lack of transgressive expression of leaf dissection‐related genes could be correlated with the intermediate leaf phenotypes of the allotetraploids A. alpina and A. wilsoniana between their parental species.
Embodying empathy: A phenomenological study of physician touch
Authors: Kelly Martina , Svrcek Clark , King Nigel , Scherpbier Albert , Dornan Tim 
Published: December 2019

AbstractContextEmpathic physician behaviour is associated with improved patient outcomes. One way to demonstrate empathy is through the use of non‐verbal communication (NVC) including touch. To date, research on NVC, and specifically touch, has been relatively limited in medicine, which is surprising given the central role it plays in conveying affective and empathic messages. To inform curriculum development on NVC, this study aimed to examine physicians' experiences of communicating by touch.MethodsWe conducted an interpretative phenomenological study. A total of 15 physicians (seven women and eight men) from different specialties, including both recent graduates and experienced doctors, described in detail specific instances of touch drawn from their clinical practices. Interview prompts encouraged participants to recall exact details such as the context, their relationship with the patient they touched and their physical experience of touching. Interviews (45‐100 minutes) were analysed with template analysis, followed by a process of dialectic questioning, moving back and forth between the data and researchers' personal reflections on them, drawing on phenomenological literature to synthesise a final interpretation.ResultsParticipants described two dimensions of the experience of touch: ‘choosing and inviting touch’ and ‘expressing empathy.’ Touch was a personal and fragile process. Participants interpreted non‐verbal patient cues in order to determine whether or not touch was appropriate. They interpreted facial expressions and body language in the present to make meaning of patients' experiences. They used touch to share emotions, and to demonstrate empathy and presence. Participants' experiences of touch framed it as a form of embodied empathic communication.ConclusionsTouch is a powerful form of NVC that can establish human connection. Phenomenological accounts of empathy, which emphasise its embodied intersubjective nature, can be used to theoretically enrich pedagogical approaches to touch in medical education and to deepen our understanding of empathy.
Chemotaxis and cyclic‐di‐GMP signalling control surface attachment of Escherichia coli
Authors: Suchanek Verena Maria , Esteban‐López María , Colin Rémy , Besharova Olga , Fritz Kirstin , Sourjik Victor 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAttachment to surfaces is an important early step during bacterial infection and during formation of submerged biofilms. Although flagella‐mediated motility is known to be important for attachment of Escherichia coli and other bacteria, implications of motility regulation by cellular signalling remain to be understood. Here, we show that motility largely promotes attachment of E. coli, including that mediated by type 1 fimbriae, by allowing cells to reach, get hydrodynamically trapped at and explore the surface. Inactivation or inhibition of the chemotaxis signalling pathway improves attachment by suppressing cell reorientations and thereby increasing surface residence times. The attachment is further enhanced by deletion of genes encoding the cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c‐di‐GMP)‐dependent flagellar brake YcgR or the diguanylate cyclase DgcE. Such increased attachment in absence of c‐di‐GMP signalling is in contrast to its commonly accepted function as a positive regulator of the sessile state. It is apparently due to the increased swimming speed of E. coli in absence of YcgR‐mediated motor control, which strengthens adhesion mediated by the type 1 fimbriae. Thus, both signalling networks that regulate motility of E. coli also control its engagement with both biotic and abiotic surfaces, which has likely implications for infection and biofilm formation.
Synthesis and structure−activity relationships of teixobactin
Authors: Karas John A. , Chen Fan , Schneider‐Futschik Elena K. , Kang Zhisen , Hussein Maytham , Swarbrick James , Hoyer Daniel , Giltrap Andrew M. , Payne Richard J. , Li Jian , Velkov Tony 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe discovery of antibiotics has led to the effective treatment of bacterial infections that were otherwise fatal and has had a transformative effect on modern medicine. Teixobactin is an unusual depsipeptide natural product that was recently discovered from a previously unculturable soil bacterium and found to possess potent antibacterial activity against several Gram positive pathogens, including methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin‐resistant Enterococci. One of the key features of teixobactin as an antibiotic lead is that resistance could not be generated in a laboratory setting. This is proposed to be a result of a mechanism of action that involves binding to essential cell wall synthesis building blocks, lipid II and lipid III. Since the initial isolation report in 2015, significant efforts have been made to understand its unique mechanism of action, develop efficient synthetic routes for its production, and thus enable the generation of analogues for structure−activity relationship studies and optimization of its pharmacological properties. Our review provides a comprehensive treatise on the progress in understanding teixobactin chemistry, structure−activity relationships, and mechanisms of antibacterial activity. Teixobactin represents an exciting starting point for the development of new antibiotics that can be used to combat multidrug‐resistant bacterial (“superbug”) infections.
The role(s) of accounting and performance measurement systems in contemporary public administration
Authors: Steccolini Ileana , Saliterer Iris , Guthrie James 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe spate of public sector reforms which have taken place in recent decades has triggered the development of a new body of research around public sector accounting and performance measurement both in public administration as well as in the (public sector) accounting literature. However, studies in accounting and public administration have at times ignored each other, proceeding in parallel. This symposium encourages the adoption of interdisciplinary perspectives in exploring the myriad roles played by accounting and performance measurement systems in contemporary public administration. Emphasizing that accounting and performance measurement systems are socially, politically, culturally constructed and, in turn, are implicated in the creation of organizations, society and political values, this symposium aims to extend the dialogue between accounting and public administration scholars in exploring how accounting, accountability and performance measurement considerations are connected to policy‐making, public services and, more generally, the building and maintenance of modern states and democracies.
Increased Rubisco content in maize mitigates chilling stress and speeds recovery
Authors: Salesse‐Smith Coralie E. , Sharwood Robert E. , Busch Florian A. , Stern David B. 
Published: December 2019

SummaryMany C4 plants, including maize, perform poorly under chilling conditions. This phenomenon has been linked in part to decreased Rubisco abundance at lower temperatures. An exception to this is chilling‐tolerant Miscanthus, which is able to maintain Rubisco protein content under such conditions. The goal of this study was to investigate whether increasing Rubisco content in maize could improve performance during or following chilling stress. Here, we demonstrate that transgenic lines overexpressing Rubisco large and small subunits and the Rubisco assembly factor RAF1 (RAF1‐LSSS), which have increased Rubisco content and growth under control conditions, maintain increased Rubisco content and growth during chilling stress. RAF1‐LSSS plants exhibited 12% higher CO2 assimilation relative to nontransgenic controls under control growth conditions, and a 17% differential after 2 weeks of chilling stress, although assimilation rates of all genotypes were ~50% lower in chilling conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements showed RAF1‐LSSS and WT plants had similar rates of photochemical quenching during chilling, suggesting Rubisco may not be the primary limiting factor that leads to poor performance in maize under chilling conditions. In contrast, RAF1‐LSSS had improved photochemical quenching before and after chilling stress, suggesting that increased Rubisco may help plants recover faster from chilling conditions. Relatively increased leaf area, dry weight and plant height observed before chilling in RAF1‐LSSS were also maintained during chilling. Together, these results demonstrate that an increase in Rubisco content allows maize plants to better cope with chilling stress and also improves their subsequent recovery, yet additional modifications are required to engineer chilling tolerance in maize.
Brain morphological and functional features in cognitive subgroups of schizophrenia
Authors: Yasuda Yuka , Okada Naohiro , Nemoto Kiyotaka , Fukunaga Masaki , Yamamori Hidenaga , Ohi Kazutaka , Koshiyama Daisuke , Kudo Noriko , Shiino Tomoko , Morita Susumu , Morita Kentaro , Azechi Hirotsugu , Fujimoto Michiko , Miura Kenichiro , Watanabe Yoshiyuki , Kasai Kiyoto , Hashimoto Ryota 
Published: December 2019

AimPrevious studies have reported different brain morphologies in different cognitive subgroups of patients with schizophrenia. We aimed to examine the brain structures and functional connectivity in these cognitive subgroups of schizophrenia.MethodsWe compared brain structures among healthy controls and cognitively deteriorated and preserved subgroups of patients with schizophrenia according to the decline in IQ. Connectivity analyses between subcortical regions and other brain areas were performed using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging among the groups.ResultsWhole brain and total cortical gray matter, right fusiform gyrus, left pars orbitalis gyrus, right pars triangularis, left superior temporal gyrus and left insula volumes, and bilateral cortical thickness were decreased in the deteriorated group compared to the control and preserved groups. Both schizophrenia subgroups had increased left lateral ventricle, right putamen and left pallidum, and decreased bilateral hippocampus, left precentral gyrus, right rostral middle frontal gyrus, and bilateral superior frontal gyrus volumes compared with controls. Hyperconnectivity between the thalamus and a broad range of brain regions was observed in the deteriorated group compared to connectivity in the control group, and this hyperconnectivity was less evident in the preserved group. We also found hyperconnectivity between the accumbens and the superior and middle frontal gyri in the preserved group compared with connectivity in the deteriorated group.ConclusionThese findings provide evidence of prominent structural and functional brain abnormalities in deteriorated patients with schizophrenia, suggesting that cognitive subgroups in schizophrenia might be useful biotypes to elucidate brain pathophysiology for new diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Diaper dermatitis prevalence and severity: Global perspective on the impact of caregiver behavior
Authors: Carr Andrew N. , DeWitt Thomas , Cork Michael J. , Eichenfield Lawrence F. , Fölster‐Holst Regina , Hohl Daniel , Lane Alfred T. , Paller Amy , Pickering Larry , Taieb Alain , Cui Tao Y. , Xu Zi G. , Wang Xeumin , Brink Susanna , Niu Yeuqing , Ogle Julie , Odio Mauricio , Gibb Roger D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo compare prevalence and severity of diaper dermatitis (DD) in infants and toddlers (babies) across three countries (China, USA, and Germany), including diapered skin measures and caregiver practices.MethodsA cross‐sectional study of 1791 babies (~600 from each country) was recruited at each clinical site. Based on regional toilet‐training habits, exclusively diaper‐wearing infants were recruited between ages 2‐8 months in China and 2‐18 months in the USA and Germany. DD was measured, as well as skin pH, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and relative humidity (RH) in the diapered region. Caregiver habits were collected via a questionnaire and included information on hygienic practices.ResultsDiaper dermatitis was highest in the perianal area, followed by the intertriginous, genital, and buttock regions. In general, DD was significantly lower in babies in China, highest in Germany, and intermediate in the USA. This rank ordering of DD by geography was also observed in baby age 2‐8 months. The lower DD observed in China was associated with lower skin pH and TEWL on diapered skin and decreased RH in the diaper. Chinese caregivers had the highest rate of prophylactic topical product usage, the most robust cleaning of the diapered area, lack of cleansing after urine‐only diaper changes, and Chinese infants spent the least time in an overnight diaper.ConclusionsThese data suggest caregiver behaviors including prophylactic use of topical products, thorough cleaning after stooling and reduced time in an overnight diaper are associated with less DD, lower superficial skin pH, and enhanced skin barrier.
Association of short sleep duration and long media use with caries in school children
Authors: Asaka Yukiko , Sekine Michikazu , Yamada Masaaki , Tatsuse Takashi , Sano Masayuki 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundIndividual lifestyle factors are associated with dental caries in children. The aim of this study was to investigate comprehensively the association between dental caries in elementary school children and lifestyle factors of the children and their parents.MethodsChildren from five elementary schools in Takaoka city, Toyama Prefecture, Japan (1,699: 848 boys, 851 girls, age range 6–12 years) participated in a survey conducted in March 2016. Questions on socioeconomic status (SES) and lifestyle factors in the children and their parents were included. Children who received treatment for three or more dental caries were defined as having many caries. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate whether these factors were associated with the number of caries.ResultsThe percentage of children with many caries (≥3) was 38.4%. In univariate analysis, being in 5th or 6th grade, frequent snacking, short sleep duration, long hours of media use, paternal smoking, and parental skipping of breakfast were significantly associated with many caries. Lack of affluence was marginally significant. In multivariate analysis, the association of short hours of sleep and long hours of media use remained significant. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for media use of 1–2 h and more than 2 h were 1.79 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30–2.46) and 2.24 (95% CI: 1.61–3.11) respectively. The adjusted OR for less than 8 h of sleep was 1.49 (95% CI: 1.07–2.06).ConclusionsLong duration of media use and short duration of sleep were associated with dental caries. Establishing a healthy lifestyle is necessary for preventing dental caries in children.
Uncivil Name‐Calling in the U.S. Presidency, 1933–2018
Authors: Coe Kevin , Park‐Ozee Dakota 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPolitical incivility in the United States is a growing concern among both citizens and scholars. Prior research focusing on incivility among political elites has largely neglected the presidency, however. Thus, popular claims that Donald Trump is particularly uncivil have not yet been subjected to empirical scrutiny vis‐à‐vis presidential norms. The present study undertakes a large‐scale quantitative content analysis of modern presidential communication to provide insight into one key form of incivility: name‐calling. We find that uncivil name‐calling is generally rare in the presidency, and that three presidents—Harry S. Truman, George H. W. Bush, and especially Donald Trump—are outliers in the frequency with which they employ this form of communication.
Historical institutional child abuse: Activist mobilisation and public inquiries
Authors: Wright Katie , Henry Alasdair 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe abuse of children in institutional settings is an issue of ongoing social, public, and political concern internationally. While societal responses to historical abuse have been the subject of considerable scholarship in recent years, conceptualisation of the role of activism remains limited. This article aims to advance sociological and interdisciplinary perspectives on nonrecent institutional child abuse through a conceptualisation of activist mobilisation. The article begins by providing context for the emergence of institutional child abuse as a social issue. A brief overview of key themes and debates in the interdisciplinary literature is then offered, and a critical gap in current scholarship is identified in relation to activism. Drawing on illustrative examples of activist mobilisation, both in the form of survivor narratives and strategies aimed at influencing policy, the article sets out how a sociology of activism in the field of historical institutional child abuse might proceed. Through attention to the social dynamics of activism, and conceptualisation of collective action in this domain as a social movement, the article provides new insights for the field and an alternative to sociological theorisation of responses to historical institutional child abuse as simply constituting a public scandal or moral panic.
Evaluation and visualization of facial massage effects by using ultraviolet stereo‐image correlation
Authors: Zhang Yuelin , Sunamura Fumika , Bamba Shiomi , Arikawa Shuichi , Yoneyama Satoru , Motonami Kaori , Matsushima Takashi , Numata Tadashi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackground/purposeThis study proposes a technique for visualizing the effect of facial massage using stereo‐image correlation with melanin pigment.MethodIn this method, the melanin pigment of a subject's face is made visible by using an ultraviolet light and utilized as a random pattern for stereo‐image correlation. Stereo‐pair images of the face with the melanin pigment before and after facial massage are recorded using a desk‐sized measurement equipment. Then, the deformation of the face by the massage can be obtained based on the principle of stereovision. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by applying it to the massage effect evaluation of eight subjects (females in their 40s).ResultsThe results show that the massage effect can be visualized from the displacement and strain distributions across the face obtained by the proposed method. In addition, it is observed that the face is displaced significantly by the massage and individual differences between the subjects can be captured.ConclusionThe proposed method is effective for evaluating the effect of a facial massage when the painted pattern disappears due to the applied cream during the massage.
Soil physiology discriminates between no‐till agricultural soils with different crop systems on winter season
Authors: Frene Juan P. , Gabbarini Luciano A. , Wall Luis G. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCommunity level physiological profiles (CLPPs) were used to characterize soils with two contrasting no‐till agricultural practices in terms of crop rotation, looking for differences in soil physiology according to management: ‘good agricultural practices (GAP), based on crop rotation, and monocropping agriculture considered as poor agricultural practices (PAP); soils from nearby natural environments (NE) were used as reference. Soils from productive fields of the central Argentine Pampas were sampled in summer and winter. Treatments were replicated at four places along a 400‐km east–west transect, between longitudinal parallels 31° to 33°S. The CLPPs assay was based on either basal respiration or substrate‐induced respiration using different C sources, with or without additional nitrogen as a mineral amendment, to mimic fertilizer application effects. CLPPs allowed discrimination between soils with different agricultural practices, despite the differences in the texture and mineralogy of the soils at each replicate site. NE soils were significantly different to agriculture soils based on 70% of the estimated CLPPs parameters. The differences between GAP and PAP soils by CLPPs data were supported by 50% of the estimated parameters in winter and only by 12.5% of them in summer. The Euclidean distance between GAP and PAP increased 102% in winter compared with summer. Additional N to the incubation did not significantly modify the result. Coumaric and propionic acids appeared to be good substrates for discrimination between different agriculture practices by CLPPs.