bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen fertilizer-regulated plant-fungi interaction is related to root invertase-induced hexose generation
Authors: Sun Kai , Zhang Wei , Yuan Jie , Song Shi-Li , Wu Hao , Tang Meng-Jun , Xu Fang-Ji , Xie Xing-Guang , Dai Chuan-Chao 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTThe mechanisms underlying nitrogen (N)-regulated plant-fungi interactions are not well understood. N application modulates plant carbohydrate (C) sinks and is involved in the overall plant-fungal association. We hypothesized that N regulates plant-fungi interactions by influencing the carbohydrate metabolism. The mutualistic fungus Phomopsis liquidambaris was found to prioritize host hexose resources through in vitro culture assays and in planta inoculation. Rice-Ph. liquidambaris systems were exposed to N gradients ranging from N-deficient to N-abundant conditions to study whether and how the sugar composition was involved in the dynamics of N-mediated fungal colonization. We found that root soluble acid invertases were activated, resulting in increased hexose fluxes in inoculated roots. These fluxes positively influenced fungal colonization, especially under N-deficient conditions. Further experiments manipulating the carbohydrate composition and root invertase activity through sugar feeding, chemical treatments and the use of different soil types revealed that the external disturbance of root invertase could reduce endophytic colonization and eliminate endophyte-induced host benefits under N-deficient conditions. Collectively, these results suggest that the activation of root invertase is related to N deficiency-enhanced endophytic colonization via increased hexose generation. Certain combinations of farmland ecosystems with suitable N inputs could be implemented to maximize the benefits of plant-fungi associations.
Target-oriented full-waveform inversion using Marchenko redatumed wavefields
Authors: Cui Tianci , Rickett James , Vasconcelos Ivan , Veitch Ben 
Published: July 2020

SUMMARY
Full-waveform inversion (FWI) has demonstrated increasing success in estimating medium properties, but its computational cost still poses challenges in moving towards high-resolution imaging of targets at depth. Here, we propose a target-oriented FWI method that inverts for the medium parameters confined within an arbitrary region of interest. Our method is novel in terms of both local wavefield modelling and data redatuming, in order to build a target-oriented objective function which is sensitive to the target medium only without further assumptions about the medium outside. Based on the convolution-type representation theorem, our local forward modelling operator propagates wavefields within the target medium only while providing full acoustic coupling between the target medium and the surrounding geology. A key requirement of our local FWI method is that the subsurface wavefields surrounding and inside the target be as accurate as possible. As such, the subsurface wavefields are retrieved by the Marchenko method, which can redatum the single-sided surface reflection data to the target zone while preserving both primary and multiple reflections, with minimal a priori knowledge of the full-domain medium. Given a sufficiently accurate initial velocity macromodel, our numerical examples show that our local FWI method resolves the reservoir zone of a 2-D Barrett Unconventional P-wave velocity model much more efficiently than the conventional full-domain FWI without significantly sacrificing accuracy. Our method may further enable FWI approaches to high-resolution imaging of subsurface targets.
Interventions to strengthen the leadership capabilities of health professionals in Sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review
Authors: Johnson Oliver , Begg Kerrin , Kelly Ann H , Sevdalis Nick 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Leadership is a critical component of a health system and may be particularly important in Sub-Saharan Africa, where clinicians take on significant management responsibilities. However, there has been little investment in strengthening leadership in this context, and evidence is limited on what leadership capabilities are most important or how effective different leadership development models are. This scoping review design used Arksey and O’Malley’s approach of identifying the question and relevant studies, selection, charting of data, summarizing of results and consultation. A comprehensive search strategy was used that included published and unpublished primary studies and reviews. Seven databases were searched, and papers written in English and French between 1979 and 2019 were included. Potential sources were screened against inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were grouped into common categories and summarized in tables; categories included conceptual approach to leadership; design of intervention; evaluation method; evidence of effectiveness; and implementation lessons. The findings were then analysed in the context of the review question and objectives. Twenty-eight studies were included in the review out of a total of 495 that were initially identified. The studies covered 23 of the 46 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. The leadership development programmes (LDPs) described were diverse in their design. No consistency was found in the conceptual approaches they adopted. The evaluation methods were also heterogeneous and often of poor quality. The review showed how rapidly leadership has emerged as a topic of interest in health care in Sub-Saharan Africa. Further research on this subject is needed, in particular in strengthening the conceptual and competency frameworks for leadership in this context, which would also inform better evaluation. Our findings support the need for LDPs to be accredited, better integrated into existing systems and to put greater emphasis on institutionalization and financial sustainability from their early development.
The Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor Roflumilast, a Potential Treatment for the Comorbidity of Memory Loss and Depression in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Preclinical Study in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice
Authors: Wang Hao , Zhang Fang-fang , Xu Yong , Fu Hua-rong , Wang Xiao-dan , Wang Lei , Chen Wei , Xu Xiao-yan , Gao Yong-feng , Zhang Ji-guo , Zhang Han-Ting 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Depression is highly related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet no effective treatment is available. Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) has been considered a promising target for treatment of AD and depression. Roflumilast, the first PDE4 inhibitor approved for clinical use, improves cognition at doses that do not cause side effects such as emesis.

Methods
Here we examined the effects of roflumilast on behavioral dysfunction and the related mechanisms in APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice, a widely used model of AD. Mice at 10 months of age were examined for memory in the novel object recognition and Morris water-maze tests and depression-like behavior in the tail-suspension test and forced swimming test before killing for neurochemical assays.

Results
In the novel object recognition and Morris water-maze, APPswe/PS1dE9 mice showed significant cognitive declines, which were reversed by roflumilast at 5 and 10 mg/kg orally once per day. In the tail-suspension test and forced swimming test, the AD mice showed prolonged immobility time, which was also reversed by roflumilast. In addition, the staining of hematoxylin–eosin and Nissl showed that roflumilast relieved the neuronal cell injuries, while terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labelling analysis indicated that roflumilast ameliorated cell apoptosis in AD mice. Further, roflumilast reversed the decreased ratio of B-cell lymphoma-2/Bcl-2-associated X protein and the increased expression of PDE4B and PDE4D in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of AD mice. Finally, roflumilast reversed the decreased levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and expression of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein and brain derived neurotrophic factor in AD mice.

Conclusions
Together, these results suggest that roflumilast not only improves learning and memory but also attenuates depression-like behavior in AD mice, likely via PDE4B/PDE4D-mediated cAMP/cAMP response element-binding protein/brain derived neurotrophic factor signaling. Roflumilast can be a therapeutic agent for AD, in particular the comorbidity of memory loss and depression.
Mechanisms of Colonization Resistance Against Clostridioides difficile
Authors: Pike Colleen M , Theriot Casey M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is an urgent antimicrobial-resistant bacterium, causing mild to moderate and sometimes life-threatening disease. Commensal gut microbes are critical for providing colonization resistance against C difficile and can be leveraged as non-antibiotic alternative therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of C difficile infection.
Arrival of the rare carbapenemase OXA-204 in Canada causing a multispecies outbreak over 3 years
Authors: Gobeille Paré Sarah , Mataseje Laura F , Ruest Annie , Boyd David A , Lefebvre Brigitte , Trépanier Pascale , Longtin Jean , Dolce Patrick , Mulvey Michael R 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate a persistent multispecies OXA-204 outbreak occurring simultaneously in multiple distant hospitals in the province of Quebec, Canada.MethodsOXA-204 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) isolated from multiple hospitals between January 2016 and October 2018 were included in the study. An epidemiological inquiry was conducted in order to elucidate possible transmission routes and a putative source. Isolates were characterized by standardized antibiotic susceptibility testing and by WGS, using Illumina short-read data and MinION long-read data.ResultsThe outbreak comprised 65 patients and 82 isolates from four hospital sites. Most patients were ≥65 years old, had multiple comorbidities and had received antibiotics recently. The infection to colonization ratio was 1:20. No persistent environmental reservoir was identified. The most frequent organism was Citrobacter freundii (n = 78), followed by Klebsiella spp. (n = 3) and Escherichia coli (n = 1). WGS analysis showed 77/78 C. freundii isolates differing by 0–26 single nucleotide variants (SNVs). Results of WGS analysis showed blaOXA-204 was present on three plasmids types (IncX1, IncA/C2 and IncFII/FIB/A/C2) and on a prophage. All C. freundii isolates harboured multiple copies of blaOXA-204, both on the chromosome and a plasmid. Plasmid IncFII/FIB/A/C2 was observed in all three species.ConclusionsTransfer of OXA-204 plasmids likely occurred between species within the same patient, highlighting the plasticity of these plasmids and potential for widespread dissemination. OXA-204 carbapenemase has been introduced into Quebec and has rapidly disseminated. Although the infection to colonization ratio was low in this outbreak, this carbapenemase has been associated with severe infection elsewhere.
Evaluation of the efficacy of sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir in combination with ribavirin for hospitalized COVID-19 patients with moderate disease compared with standard care: a single-centre, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Abbaspour Kasgari Hamideh , Moradi Siavash , Shabani Amir Mohammad , Babamahmoodi Farhang , Davoudi Badabi Ali Reza , Davoudi Lotfollah , Alikhani Ahmad , Hedayatizadeh Omran Akbar , Saeedi Majid , Merat Shahin , Wentzel Hannah , Garratt Anna , Levi Jacob , Simmons Bryony , Hill Andrew , Tirgar Fakheri Hafez 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundNew therapeutic options are urgently needed to tackle the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Repurposing existing pharmaceuticals provides an immediate treatment opportunity. We assessed the efficacy of sofosbuvir and daclatasvir with ribavirin for treating patients with COVID-19.MethodsThis was a single-centre, randomized controlled trial in adults with moderate COVID-19 admitted to the Ghaem Shahr Razi Hospital in Mazandaran Province, Iran. Patients were randomly assigned to 400 mg sofosbuvir, 60 mg daclatasvir and 1200 mg ribavirin (intervention group) or to standard care (control group). The primary endpoint of this study was length of hospital stay. This study is registered by IRCT.ir under the ID: IRCT20200328046886N1.ResultsBetween 20 March 2020 and 8 April 2020, 48 patients were recruited; 24 patients were randomly assigned to the intervention group and 24 to the control group. The median duration of hospital stay was 6 days in both groups (P = 0.398). The number of ICU admissions in the sofosbuvir/daclatasvir/ribavirin group was not significantly lower than the control group (0 versus 4, P = 0.109). There was no difference in the number of deaths between the groups (0 versus 3, P = 0.234). The cumulative incidence of recovery was higher in the sofosbuvir/daclatasvir/ribavirin arm (Gray’s P = 0.033).ConclusionsThis randomized trial was too small to make definitive conclusions. There were trends in favour of the sofosbuvir/daclatasvir/ribavirin arm for recovery and lower death rates. However, there was an imbalance in the baseline characteristics between the arms. Larger randomized trials should be conducted to investigate this treatment further.
Commentary: Reflections on the COVID-19 Pandemic and Health Disparities in Pediatric Psychology
Authors: Valenzuela Jessica , Crosby Lori E , Harrison Roger R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The COVID-19 (2019 novel coronavirus) pandemic has had a significant economic, social, emotional, and public health impact in the United States. A disturbing trend is that Black, Indigenous, and/or People of Color (BIPOC) are disproportionately contracting coronavirus, as well as dying from COVID-19. Objective/Methods The pandemic has the potential to entrench and magnify existing health disparities and families marginalized across multiple demographic intersections such as race/ethnicity, class, immigration status, are especially vulnerable. These inequities have been further underscored by the recent murders of Black Americans by police and a resulting spotlight on racial injustice in the United States. Results Efforts to lessen the spread of the virus, have resulted in changes in pediatric primary and subspecialty service delivery which may affect access for BIPOC communities. BIPOC trainees including those with debt or caregiving responsibilities may be faced with new barriers resulting in delays in completion of their training. Further, clinical, community-based, and translational research has been disrupted by heightened safety precautions and social distancing which may affect BIPOC representation in research downstream. Conclusion In our roles as clinicians, supervisors, trainees, and researchers in primary and subspecialty care as well as in academia, pediatric psychologists have an ethical responsibility to address the disproportionate burden of this pandemic on vulnerable communities and to allocate our time and resources to ensuring health equity now and in the aftermath of COVID-19.
Laparoscopic management of an ascending colon hernia through the foramen of Winslow
Authors: Buisset Cyrille , Postillon Agathe , Aziz Sandrine , Bilbault Florian , Hoch Guillaume , Nesseler Jean-Philippe , Johann Marc 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Herniation through the foramen of Winslow is rare, with a non-specific clinical presentation and his diagnosis may be difficult. A 44-year-old female was admitted with an acute epigastric abdominal pain. A computed tomography showed an internal hernia of the colon in the lesser sac. Laparoscopic reduction of the herniated contents and the fixation of the ascending colon with several non-absorbable sutures were performed. Twenty months after surgery, the patient has not experienced any recurrence. Computed tomography helps practitioners to the preoperative diagnosis of herniation through the foramen of Winslow, to the viability of the herniated contents and presence of occlusion. In case of herniation through the foramen of Winslow favored by a mobile ascending colon with a misapposition of the right Told fascia, the fixation of the colon with a non-absorbable suture was safe and may prevent the risk of recurrent internal hernia and colonic volvulus.
Constraining the second half of reionization with the Ly β forest
Authors: Keating Laura C , Kulkarni Girish , Haehnelt Martin G , Chardin Jonathan , Aubert Dominique 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
We present an analysis of the evolution of the Lyman-series forest into the epoch of reionization using cosmological radiative transfer simulations in a scenario where reionization ends late. We explore models with different mid-points of reionization and gas temperatures. We find that once the simulations have been calibrated to match the mean flux of the observed Lyman-α (Ly α) forest at 4 &lt; z &lt; 6, they also naturally reproduce the distribution of effective optical depths of the Lyman-β (Ly β) forest in this redshift range. We note that the tail of the largest optical depths that is most challenging to match corresponds to the long absorption trough of ULAS J0148+0600, which we have previously shown to be rare in our simulations. We consider the evolution of the Lyman-series forest out to higher redshifts, and show that future observations of the Ly β forest at z &gt; 6 will discriminate between different reionization histories. The evolution of the Ly α and Ly γ forests are less promising as a tool for pushing studies of reionization to higher redshifts due to the stronger saturation and foreground contamination, respectively.
Hypermassive black holes have faint broad and narrow emission lines
Authors: Bhat Harshitha K , Chakravorty Susmita , Sengupta Dhrubojyoti , Elvis Martin , Datta Sudeb Ranjan , Roy Nirupam , Bertemes Caroline , Ferland Gary , Ezhikode Savithri H 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
The extreme ultraviolet region (EUV) provides most of the ionization that creates the high equivalent width (EW) broad and narrow emission lines (BELs and NELs) of quasars. Spectra of hypermassive Schwarzschild black holes (HMBHs; MBH ≥ 1010 M⊙) with α-discs, decline rapidly in the EUV suggesting much lower EWs. Model spectra for BHs of mass 106–1012 M⊙ and accretion rates 0.03 ≤ Lbol/LEdd ≤ 1.0 were input to the cloudy photoionization code. BELs become ∼100 times weaker in EW from MBH ∼ 108 M⊙ to MBH ∼ 1010 M⊙. The high-ionization BELs (O vi 1034 Å, C iv 1549 Å, and He ii 1640 Å) decline in EW from MBH ≥ 106 M⊙, reproducing the Baldwin effect, but regain EW for MBH ≥ 1010 M⊙. The low-ionization lines (Mg ii 2798 Å, H β 4861 Å, and H α 6563 Å) remain weak. Lines for maximally spinning HMBHs behave similarly. Line ratio diagrams for the BELs show that high O vi/H β and low C iv/H α may pick out HMBH, although O vi is often hard to observe. In NEL BPT diagrams, HMBHs lie among star-forming regions, except for highly spinning, high accretion rate HMBHs. In summary, the BELs expected from HMBHs would be hard to detect using the current optical facilities. From 100 to 1012 M⊙, the emission lines used to detect active galactic nuclei (AGNs) only have high EW in the 106–109 M⊙ window, where most AGNs are found. This selection effect may be distorting reported distributions of MBH.
Effects of density on the oxygen ionization equilibrium in collisional plasmas
Authors: Dufresne R P , Del Zanna G , Badnell N R 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
The ion populations most frequently adopted for diagnostics in collisional plasmas are derived from the density independent coronal approximation. In higher density, lower temperature conditions, ionization rates are enhanced once metastable levels become populated, and recombination rates are suppressed if ions recombine into Rydberg levels. As a result, the formation temperatures of ions shift, altering the diagnostics of the plasma. To accurately model the effect of ionization from metastable levels, new electron impact ionization cross-sections have been calculated for oxygen, both for direct ionization and excitation–auto-ionization of the ground and metastable levels. The results have been incorporated into collisional radiative modelling to show how the ionization equilibrium of oxygen changes once metastable levels become populated. Suppression of dielectronic recombination has been estimated and also included in the modelling, demonstrating the shifts with density in comparison to the coronal approximation. The final results for the ionization equilibrium are used in differential emission measure modelling to predict line intensities for many lines emitted by O ii–O vi in the solar transition region. The predictions show improved agreement by 15–40 per cent for O ii, O vi, and the intercombination lines of O iii–O v, when compared to results from coronal approximation modelling. While there are still discrepancies with observations of these lines, this could, to a large part, be explained by variability in the observations.
Star formation in luminous LoBAL quasars at 2.0 &lt; z &lt; 2.5
Authors: Wethers Clare F , Kotilainen Jari , Schramm Malte , Schulze Andreas 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Low-ionization broad absorption line quasars (LoBALs) mark an important, yet poorly understood, population of quasars showing direct evidence for energetic mass outflows. We outline a sample of 12 luminous (Lbol &gt; 1046 ergs−1) LoBALs at 2.0 &lt; z &lt; 2.5 – a key epoch in both star formation and black hole accretion, which have been imaged as part of a targeted program with the Herschel Spectral and Photometric Imaging REceiver (SPIRE). We present K-band NOTCam spectra for three of these targets, calculating their spectroscopic redshifts, black hole masses, and bolometric luminosities, and increasing the total number of LoBAL targets in our sample with spectral information from five to eight. Based on FIR observations from Herschel SPIRE, we derive prolific star formation rates (SFRs) ranging 740–2380 M⊙ yr−1 for the detected targets, consistent with LoBALs existing in an evolutionary phase associated with starburst activity. Furthermore, an upper limit of &lt;440 M⊙ yr−1 is derived for the non-detections, meaning moderate-to-high SFRs cannot be ruled out, even among the undetected targets. Indeed, we detect an enhancement in both the SFRs and FIR fluxes of LoBALs compared to HiBAL and non-BAL quasars, further supporting the evolutionary LoBAL paradigm. Despite this enhancement in SFR, however, the environments of LoBALs appear entirely consistent with the general galaxy population at 2.0 &lt; z &lt; 2.5.