bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated Extracellular Free-Water in a Multicentric First-Episode Psychosis Sample, Decrease During the First 2 Years of Illness
Authors: Bergé Daniel , Mané Anna , Lesh Tyler A , Bioque Miquel , Barcones Fe , Gonzalez-Pinto Ana Maria , Parellada Mara , Vieta Eduard , Castro-Fornieles Josefina , Rodriguez-Jimenez Roberto , García-Portilla Maria Paz , Usall Judith , Carter Cameron S , Cabrera Bibiana , Bernardo Miguel , Janssen Joost ,   PEPs group (collaborators), Mezquida Gisela , Amoretti Silvia , Pina-Camacho Laura , Arango Celso , González-Ortega I , García S , De-la-Cámara C , Fayed N , Sanjuan Julio , Aguilar E J , Guo Joyce Y , Salgado Purificación , Raduà Joquim , Sánchez-Moreno J , de la Serna Elena , Baeza Ima , Contreras-Fernández Fernando , Saiz-Masvidal C , González-Blanco L , Jiménez-Treviño L , Dompablo M , Torío I , Butjosa A , Rubio-Abadel E , Sarró S , Pomarol-Clotet E 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Recent diffusion imaging studies using free-water (FW) elimination have shown increased FW in gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in first-episode psychosis (FEP) and lower corrected fractional anisotropy (FAt) in WM in chronic schizophrenia. However, little is known about the longitudinal stability and clinical significance of these findings.
To determine tissue-specific FW and FAt abnormalities in FEP, as part of a multicenter Spanish study, 132 FEP and 108 healthy controls (HC) were clinically characterized and underwent structural and diffusion-weighted MRI scanning. FEP subjects were classified as schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) or non-SSD. Of these subjects, 45 FEP and 41 HC were longitudinally assessed and rescanned after 2 years. FA and FW tissue-specific measurements were cross-sectional and longitudinally compared between groups using voxel-wise analyses in the skeletonized WM and vertex-wise analyses in the GM surface.
SSD and non-SSD subjects showed (a) higher baseline FW in temporal regions and in whole GM average (P.adj(SSD vs HC) = .003, P.adj(Non-SSD vs HC) = .040) and (b) lower baseline FAt in several WM tracts. SSD, but not non-SSD, showed (a) higher FW in several WM tracts and in whole WM (P.adj(SSD vs HC)= .049) and (b) a significant FW decrease over time in temporal cortical regions and in whole GM average (P.adj = .011). Increased extracellular FW in the brain is a reliable finding in FEP, and in SSD appears to decrease over the early course of the illness. FAt abnormalities are stable during the first years of psychosis.
Sharing Stories, Sharing Bias: How Descriptions of Context Shape Negative Stereotype Use in Response to Accounts of Economic Adversity
Authors: Hunzaker M B Fallin , Mann Marcus 
Published: December 2019

AbstractResearch shows that observers use negative stereotypes to construe victims of misfortune as responsible for their own fate. In two experiments, we test three situational characteristics’ (injustice, scale, and control) effects on observers’ tendency to use negative stereotypes when communicating stories about others’ economic hardship. Study 1 examines predictions, based on social psychological theories of equity and justice, that stereotype use should increase in response to accounts of misfortune that are the result of unjust under-reward. Contrary to predictions, Study 1 found that participants used more stereotypes when retelling accounts in which the protagonist’s misfortune was not the result of unjust rewards. Study 2 investigates competing predictions to Study 1, based on research regarding how portrayals of scale (whether the misfortune affects one vs. many) and control (whether another actor has control over the misfortune of another) affect perceptions of misfortune. Study 2 results indicate that stereotype use increases in response to accounts of large-scale, uncontrollable misfortune. Together, these studies suggest that qualities of portrayals (such as scale and control) are crucial in understanding stereotype transmission processes above and beyond the role of perceptions of injustice (i.e., the unequal distribution of rewards).
Ultrasound-guided blocks for cardiovascular surgery: which block for which patient?
Authors: Smith Lauren M. , Barrington Michael J. 
Published: December 2019

Purpose of review
Regional anesthesia blocks may benefit patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. This review coincides with the evolution of ultrasound-guided fascial plane blocks, societal concerns regarding opioid misuse and changing expectations regarding surgical recovery.

Recent findings
Paravertebral block and thoracic epidural analgesia have comparable postoperative analgesic profiles following thoracotomy; however, the former has a more favorable complication profile. Limited trials have compared these modalities in cardiac surgery. The mechanism of action of continuous paravertebral blockade may be systemic. Bilateral continuous paravertebral (and other continuous peripheral nerve blocks) should be used with caution in adult patients having cardiac surgery because of the risk of systemic local anesthetic toxicity and bleeding. Novel ultrasound-guided blocks: erector spinae, serratus anterior, pectoral, transversus thoracic muscle and pecto-intercostal fascial plane blocks potentially reduce postoperative opioid requirements; however, they require further investigation before their routine use can be recommended in adult cardiovascular surgical practice. The mechanism of action of erector spinae block is not fully elucidated.

Summary
Ultrasound-guided fascial plane blocks may reduce postoperative opioid requirements. Investigation into the safety and efficacy of bilateral continuous ultrasound-guided blockade for cardiac surgery is required. Trial protocols should be embedded into enhanced recovery after surgery programs. Patient-reported and long-term outcomes are recommended.
A narrative review of electroencephalogram-based monitoring during cardiovascular surgery
Authors: Kaiser Heiko A. , Hight Darren , Avidan Michael S. 
Published: December 2019

Purpose of review
The current narrative review focuses on depth of hypnosis monitoring with electroencephalography (EEG) during cardiovascular surgery. There have been important findings in recent years regarding the challenges and limitations of EEG-based monitoring during general anesthesia. The purpose of this review is to summarize key EEG-related concepts, as well as to highlight some of the advantages and disadvantages of processed and unprocessed EEG monitoring, especially for older patients with comorbidities undergoing cardiovascular surgery.

Recent findings
The brain is the target organ of anesthesia. Using the EEG or processed EEG to guide anesthetic administration during cardiovascular surgery conceptually allows precision patient-centered anesthesia. It is suggested that inadequate anesthesia, with the possibility of traumatic intraoperative awareness, can potentially be avoided. Furthermore, excessive anesthesia, with hemodynamic compromise and theoretical risk of delirium, can be minimized. Frail, older patients undergoing major surgery with preexisting neurocognitive disorders might be especially vulnerable to perioperative neurological and other complications. Tailoring anesthetic administration, based on individual patient needs partly guided by certain EEG features, might yield improved perioperative outcomes.

Summary
Ability to interpret the EEG during surgery might help anesthesia clinicians to individualize anesthetic administration to prevent adverse events, and optimize postoperative recovery.
Anesthetic considerations for tracheobronchial resection in oncologic surgery
Authors: Stoica Radu T. , Cordos Ioan , Popescu Wanda M. 
Published: December 2019

Purpose of review
Anesthesia for the resection and reconstruction of the tracheobronchial tree for neoplastic disease is challenging, both from surgical as well as anesthetic points of view. There are no published recommendations or guidelines addressing anesthetic and airway management dilemmas that arise during these surgical interventions. This review presents key aspects of preoperative imaging evaluation, surgical planning, as well as anesthesia and airway management during these complex cases.

Recent findings
Newly published articles highlight both the surgical and anesthetic challenges encountered during tracheobronchial resections and emphasize the importance of creating specialized, high-volume centers for good patient outcomes. Of great importance is the development of a preoperative joint anesthetic-surgical plan which includes a patient-specific airway management strategy. This review presents newer and less commonly employed anesthetic management strategies which have been recently described in the literature to allow expansion of care to patients who were previously deemed too high risk for surgery.

Summary
With advances in technology, the use of classical ventilation methods in conjunction with newer alternatives, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, creates the premise for a more individualized, safer and controlled approach to tracheobronchial resections for oncologic purposes.
Safety and Efficacy of Mohs Micrographic Surgery in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wang Sophie , Ezaldein Harib H. , Delost Gregory R. , Tripathi Raghav , Stamey Christopher , Neudecker Mandy , Scott Jeffrey F. 
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND
Although there is a large body of evidence demonstrating the safety and efficacy of Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) in adults, little is known regarding the safety and efficacy of MMS in children and adolescents.

METHODS
The authors searched all publications from 1993 to 2018 reporting on the use of MMS for the treatment of cutaneous neoplasms in patients aged 0 to 18 years. Patient demographics, surgical characteristics, outcomes, and complications were extracted from each report.

RESULTS
Forty-one publications describing 58 patients were included in the final analysis. The mean age was 8.3 years, and the most commonly treated tumor was dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. There were no recurrences noted at a mean follow-up of 2 years. Two (3.4%) patients experienced complications after MMS.

CONCLUSION
In this systematic review, the authors present aggregate data demonstrating high safety and efficacy of MMS in children and adolescents. Further research is necessary to develop guidelines for the use of MMS in children and adolescents.
Studying Geographic Inequalities in Mortality in Contexts with Deficient Data Sources: Lessons from Ecuador
Authors: Peralta Andrés , Benach Joan , Espinel-Flores Verónica , Gotsens Mercè , Borrell Carme , Marí-Dell’Olmo Marc 
Published: December 2019

Background:
In Ecuador, there are inequalities in the completeness and quality of the mortality registry between men and women and among geographical areas. Consequently, using cause of death statistics leads to several difficulties. Our aim was to analyze geographical inequalities in mortality due to some of the main specific causes of death in the provinces of Ecuador (2001–2016) after correction for the deficiencies found in the mortality registry.

Methods:
This ecologic study used mortality data from 2001 to 2016 for the 22 provinces of Ecuador at the beginning of the study period. We assessed completeness using death distribution methods for the intercensal period 2001–2010. We assessed quality by estimating the percentage of garbage codes for the entire study period. We corrected mortality using completeness as a correction factor and applying a garbage code redistribution protocol. We estimated age-standardized mortality ratios in the provinces of Ecuador for men and women, before and after applying the correction methods.

Results:
We found substantial changes in the number of deaths due to the selected causes after garbage code redistribution and correction for completeness. These changes corresponded to the deficiencies in completeness and quality found in the study areas and the manner in which garbage codes were redistributed to each of the studied causes. We observed changes in the geographical patterns of mortality due to specific causes.

Conclusions:
Correcting deficiencies in the mortality registry resulted not only in changes in the number of deaths but also in the geographical patterns of mortality in Ecuador.
Prenatal caffeine exposure induces down-regulation of the protein kinase A/ryanodine receptor/large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ pathway in the cerebral arteries of old offspring rats
Authors: Li Na , Shi Ruixiu , Tang Jiaqi , Zhang Wenna , Liu Bailin , Chen Xueyi , Gao Qinqin , Li Xiang , Sun Miao , Xu Zhice 
Published: December 2019

Background/aims:
The current study investigated the long-term effects of prenatal caffeine (Caf) exposure on cerebral vessels of old offspring rats.

Methods:
Pregnant rats were treated with Caf (20 mg/kg, twice daily) or 0.9% normal saline during gestational days 3.5–19.5, and offspring were tested at 24 months old. Vascular functions of middle cerebral arteries and ion channel activities in smooth muscle cells were examined using myograph system and patch-clamp.

Results:
Prenatal Caf exposure decreased isoprenaline (β-adrenergic agonist)-induced dilatation of the middle cerebral artery in the offspring. Treatment with protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor reduced isoprenaline-mediated vasodilatation to a greater extent in the control. Forskolin-mediated vasodilatation and membrane hyperpolarization were reduced in the Caf group. Large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel inhibitor iberiotoxin significantly attenuated forskolin-induced vasodilatation and reduced depolarization in the control, not in the Caf group. The PKA agonist-activated cell-attached single BKCa currents to a greater extent in the control. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PKA-Cα were decreased. The sensitivity of ryanodine receptors to the PKA agonist was blunted in the Caf group, whereas the mRNA expression of ryanodine receptor 2 subunit was reduced. Voltage/Ca2+ sensitivity of BKCa was decreased accompanied by reduced mRNA and protein expression of BKCa-β1 subunits in the Caf group. PKA agonist-stimulated inside-out BKCa currents were weaker in the Caf group.

Conclusion:
Prenatal exposure to Caf-affected isoprenaline/forskolin-mediated vascular functions in aged cerebral arteries, related to dysfunction of the PKA/ryanodine receptors/BKCa signaling pathway.
Association of visit-to-visit variability in blood pressure and first stroke risk in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Li Youbao , Zhou Huamin , Liu Mengyi , Liang Min , Wang Guobao , Wang Binyan , Li Jianping , Cui Yimin , Song Yun , Zhang Yan , Xu Xin , Tian Jianwei , Yang Manqiu , Huo Yong , Xu Xiping , Qin Xianhui 
Published: December 2019

Objective:
Data on the association between visit-to-visit variability (VVV) in blood pressure (BP) and the risk of stroke among hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is limited. We aimed to evaluate the relation of VVV in BP with the risk of stroke, and examine any possible effect modifiers in hypertensive patients with mild-to-moderate CKD.

Methods:
This is a post-hoc analysis of the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial. A total of 3091 patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate 30–60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and/or proteinuria at baseline, without occurring stroke and with BP measurements of at least two visits from randomization to the 12-month visit were included. The main VVV in BP was expressed as SD. The primary outcome was first stroke.

Results:
The median subsequent treatment duration was 3.7 years. After multivariable adjustment, including baseline SBP and mean SBP during the first 12-month follow-up, there was a significantly positive relationship of SD SBP with the risk of subsequent first stroke (per SD increment; odds ratio, 1.41; 95% confidence interval: 1.17–1.69) and first ischemic stroke (odds ratio, 1.55; 95% confidence interval: 1.26–1.90). Results were consistent across various subgroups, including age, sex, baseline SBP, treatment compliance, and mean SBP, concomitant usage of calcium channel blocker during the first 12-month follow-up period. Similar trends were also found for coefficient of variation SBP, and SD or coefficient of variation DBP. However, there was no significant association between BP variability and first hemorrhagic stroke.

Conclusion:
In hypertensive adults with mild-to-moderate CKD, visit-to-visit variability in BP was significantly associated with the risk of subsequent first stroke.
Microalbuminuria mediates the association between serum uric acid and elevation of blood pressure: a longitudinal analysis in the Gusu cohort
Authors: Jiang Yanbo , Yu Jia , Zhang Qiu , Ren Liyun , He Yan , Li Jing , Ma Shengqi , Zhang Mingzhi , Peng Hao 
Published: December 2019

Objectives:
Although hyperuricemia, microalbuminuria, and hypertension are highly correlated, their temporal relationship is largely unknown. We aimed to examine whether microalbuminuria mediated the association between hyperuricemia and hypertension.

Methods:
Leveraging a longitudinal cohort including 1981 Chinese adults who had blood pressures, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR), and uric acid measured twice 4 years apart, we examined the temporal relationships among hyperuricemia, microalbuminuria, and hypertension by cross-lagged panel analysis followed by a causal mediation analysis to confirm the temporal consequence. Age, sex, education level, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, blood glucose, and lipids were adjusted.

Results:
The cross-lagged panel analysis demonstrated that the relationship from baseline UACR to follow-up uric acid was significantly smaller than that from baseline uric acid to follow-up UACR (β: 0.010 vs. 0.054, P < 0.001). The relationships from baseline blood pressures to follow-up UACR were also significantly smaller than that from baseline UACR to follow-up blood pressures (β: 0.031 vs. 0.092, P < 0.001 for systolic and β: 0.015 vs. 0.096, P < 0.001 for diastolic). The causal mediation analysis found that UACR partially mediated the association of baseline uric acid with follow-up SBP (mediate proportion: 9.14%, 95% CI: 1.58–23.00%) and DBP (mediate proportion: 7.38%, 95% CI: 1.05–19.00%).

Conclusion:
Microalbuminuria may follow elevated uric acid and partially mediate its effect on future risk of hypertension in Chinese adults.
Comparison of three office blood pressure measurement techniques and their effect on hypertension prevalence in the general population
Authors: Wohlfahrt Peter , Cífková Renata , Krajčoviechová Alena , Šulc Pavel , Bruthans Jan , Linhart Aleš , Filipovský Jan , Mayer Otto , Widimský Jiří 
Published: December 2019

Objectives:
There is an ongoing controversy about the magnitude of the difference between unattended automated office blood pressure (AOBP) and conventional office blood pressure (BP). The aim of our study was to compare unattended AOBP with both auscultatory BP and oscillometric attended AOBP in an epidemiological setting.

Methods:
In 2588 participants of the Czech post-MoNItoring of CArdiovascular Disease study (a randomly selected 1% representative population sample aged 25–64 years, mean age 48 ± 11 years, 47.5% males), BP was measured using an AOBP device unattended, auscultatory mercury sphygmomanometer and an oscillometric attended AOBP device.

Results:
On average, auscultatory BP was 10.6/5.6 mmHg higher than unattended AOBP. Similarly, oscillometric attended AOBP was 9.9/3.4 mmHg higher than unattended AOBP, while the mean difference between attended oscillometric AOBP and auscultatory BP was 0.8/2.1 mmHg. Unattended systolic AOBP of 127 mmHg corresponded to SBP of 140 mmHg measured by a conventional sphygmomanometer. The prevalence of hypertension varied depending on the measurement technique and ranged from 31.5 to 40.1%. Reasonable agreement in hypertension diagnosis was observed with unattended AOBP cut-off at least 130/85 mmHg when compared with both auscultatory (McNemar P = 0.07, kappa 0.819) and attended oscillometric AOBP (McNemar P = 0.46, kappa 0.852) thresholds of at least 140/90 mmHg.

Conclusion:
Unattended automated office SBP is on average 10 mmHg lower than the office auscultatory or attended AOBP values. In epidemiological settings, a threshold of unattended AOBP at least 130/85 mmHg should make comparison of hypertension prevalence possible with studies using auscultatory techniques and cut-off values of 140/90 mmHg.
Chelation Modeling: The Use of Ad Hoc Models and Approaches to Overcome a Dose Assessment Challenge
Authors: Dumit Sara , Bertelli Luiz , Klumpp John A. , Poudel Deepesh , Waters Tom L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chelating agents are administered to treat significant intakes of radioactive elements such as plutonium, americium, and curium. These drugs may be used as a medical countermeasure after radiological accidents and terrorist acts. The administration of a chelating agent, such as Ca-DTPA or Zn-DTPA, affects the actinide's normal biokinetics. It enhances the actinide's rate of excretion, posing a dose assessment challenge. Thus, the standard biokinetic models cannot be directly applied to the chelation-affected bioassay data in order to assess the radiation dose. The present study reviews the scientific literature, from the early 1970s until the present, on the different studies that focused on developing new chelation models and/or modeling of bioassay data affected by chelation treatment. Although scientific progress has been achieved, there is currently no consensus chelation model available, even after almost 50 y of research. This review acknowledges the efforts made by different research groups, highlighting the different methodology used in some of these studies. Finally, this study puts into perspective where we were, where we are, and where we are heading in regards to chelation modeling.
Needs Assessment for a Comprehensive Reemployment Program Among Residents of a Work Rehabilitation Program for Individuals With Unstable or Lack of Housing
Authors: Madigan Dana , Johnson Timothy P. , Forst Linda , Cambron Jerrilyn A. , Zanoni Joseph , Patil Crystal L. , Conroy Lorraine M. , Friedman Lee S. 
Published: December 2019

Objective:
Individuals in transitional housing programs often have a goal of reaching stable employment, but the unique needs and barriers for achieving this warrants further study.

Methods:
A structured interview guide was administered orally and descriptive data analysis was done for this exploratory mixed-methods study.

Results:
Commonly reported reemployment challenges included legal barriers and unmet transportation, housing, and financial needs. More than two-thirds of residents reported no place to live after the program regardless of if they had previous precarious housing. Emerging themes included challenges regarding sufficient time for the transition to being employed, fear of relapse, and lack of long-term goals and planning.

Conclusions:
Findings suggest that residential rehabilitation programs are an important resource. While these programs tend to focus on reemployment, their services could be enhanced by assessing individual needs and allowing for variation in reemployment preparation.
What is the evidence for macrolide therapy in chronic rhinosinusitis?
Authors: Cavada Marina N. , Grayson Jessica W. , Sacks Raymond 
Published: December 2019

Purpose of review
To assess the most recent evidence for macrolide therapy in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Recent findings
Macrolides play a significant role in a select group of patients with CRS. Low-serum and tissue eosinophilia in patients who do not respond to corticosteroid therapy appeared to be an effective predictor of a CRS phenotype suitable for a trial of long-term macrolide therapy. Therapies using half a dose for longer than 12 weeks have noted good outcomes.

Summary
The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of macrolides have been demonstrated in several studies. Macrolides have shown an important role in patients who are nonresponsive to corticosteroid therapies, therefore patient selection is key. Previous inconsistencies in results may be due to poor patient selection.