bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative PET in the 2020s: a roadmap
Authors: Meikle Steven R , Sossi Vesna , Roncali Emilie , Cherry Simon R , Banati Richard , Mankoff David , Jones Terry , James Michelle , Sutcliffe Julie , Ouyang Jinsong , Petibon Yoann , Ma Chao , El Fakhri Georges , Surti Suleman , Karp Joel S , Badawi Ramsey D , Yamaya Taiga , Akamatsu Go , Schramm Georg , Rezaei Ahmadreza , Nuyts Johan , Fulton Roger , Kyme André , Lois Cristina , Sari Hasan , Price Julie , Boellaard Ronald , Jeraj Robert , Bailey Dale L , Eslick Enid , Willowson Kathy P , Dutta Joyita 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) plays an increasingly important role in research and clinical applications, catalysed by remarkable technical advances and a growing appreciation of the need for reliable, sensitive biomarkers of human function in health and disease. Over the last 30 years, a large amount of the physics and engineering effort in PET has been motivated by the dominant clinical application during that period, oncology. This has led to important developments such as PET/CT, whole-body PET, 3D PET, accelerated statistical image reconstruction, and time-of-flight PET. Despite impressive improvements in image quality as a result of these advances, the emphasis on static, semi-quantitative ‘hot spot’ imaging for oncologic applications has meant that the capability of PET to quantify biologically relevant parameters based on tracer kinetics has not been fully exploited. More recent advances, such as PET/MR and total-body PET, have opened up the ability to address a vast range of new research questions, from which a future expansion of applications and radiotracers appears highly likely. Many of these new applications and tracers will, at least initially, require quantitative analyses that more fully exploit the exquisite sensitivity of PET and the tracer principle on which it is based. It is also expected that they will require more sophisticated quantitative analysis methods than those that are currently available. At the same time, artificial intelligence is revolutionizing data analysis and impacting the relationship between the statistical quality of the acquired data and the information we can extract from the data. In this roadmap, leaders of the key sub-disciplines of the field identify the challenges and opportunities to be addressed over the next ten years that will enable PET to realise its full quantitative potential, initially in research laboratories and, ultimately, in clinical practice.
Computational schemes between the exact, analytical and numerical solution in present of time—fractional ecological model
Authors: Wu Li , Mousa A A , Lu Dianchen , Khater Mostafa M A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates the accuracy of three recent computational schemes (the extended simplest method (ESEM), sech—tanh expansion method (STEM), and modified Kudryashov method (MKM)) through calculating the absolute value of error between their solutions and numerical solutions. The computational schemes claim to obtain exact traveling wave solutions of the investigated models; therefore, it supposes the numerical study for any models that have been analytically investigated under any constructed computational solutions that will be matching, but our study shows a different fact. (Khater et al Soft Computing (Submitted)) has studied the computational solutions of the time-fractional Lotka—Volterra (LV) model through the above-mentioned computational schemes. Many solutions have been obtained in different mathematical formulas such as exponential, trigonometric, hyperbolic, etc. These solutions describe the interaction between the high -frequency Langmuir and the low-frequent ion-acoustic waves with many applications in electromagnetic waves, plasma physics, and signal processing through optical fibers, coastal engineering, and fluid dynamics. This manuscript applies the trigonometric quintic B—spline scheme to the fractional LV model along with the Caputo and Fabrizio fractional derivatives and computational obtained solutions for investigating the numerical solutions under each employed analytical scheme. The numerical solutions are simulated in two-dimensional sketches to explain the relation between exact and numerical solutions. This study proves the computational fact hypotheses for obtaining exact solutions, and they all obtain computational solutions.
Ki-67 Proliferation Index Assessment in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors by Digital Image Analysis With Stringent Case and Hotspot Level Concordance Requirements
Authors: Boukhar Sarag A , Gosse Matthew D , Bellizzi Andrew M , Rajan K D Anand 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The Ki-67 proliferation index is integral to gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (GEP-NET) assessment. Automated Ki-67 measurement would aid clinical workflows, but adoption has lagged owing to concerns of nonequivalency. We sought to address this concern by comparing 2 digital image analysis (DIA) platforms to manual counting with same-case/different-hotspot and same-hotspot/different-methodology concordance assessment.

Methods
We assembled a cohort of GEP-NETs (n = 20) from 16 patients. Two sets of Ki-67 hotspots were manually counted by three observers and by two DIA platforms, QuantCenter and HALO. Concordance between methods and observers was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) measures. For each comparison pair, the number of cases within ±0.2xKi-67 of its comparator was assessed.

Results
DIA Ki-67 showed excellent correlation with manual counting, and ICC was excellent in both within-hotspot and case-level assessments. In expert-vs-DIA, DIA-vs-DIA, or expert-vs-expert comparisons, the best-performing was DIA Ki-67 by QuantCenter, which showed 65% cases within ±0.2xKi-67 of manual counting.

Conclusions
Ki-67 measurement by DIA is highly correlated with expert-assessed values. However, close concordance by strict criteria (&gt;80% within ±0.2xKi-67) is not seen with DIA-vs-expert or expert-vs-expert comparisons. The results show analytic noninferiority and support widespread adoption of carefully optimized and validated DIA Ki-67.
Longitudinal Causal Effects of Normalized Protein Catabolic Rate on All-Cause Mortality in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease: Adjusting for Time-Varying Confounders Using the G-Estimation Method
Authors: Aryaie Mohammad , Sharifi Hamid , Saber Azadeh , Nazemipour Maryam , Mansournia Mohammad Ali 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this study, we aimed to estimate the causal effect of normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) on mortality among end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in the presence of time-varying confounding affected by prior exposure using g-estimation. Information about 553 ESRD patients was retrospectively collected over an 8-year period (2011–2019) from hemodialysis facilities in Kerman, Iran. nPCR was dichotomized as &lt;1.2 g/kg/day versus ≥1.2 g/kg/day. Then a standard time-varying accelerated failure time (AFT) Weibull model was built, and results were compared with those generated by g-estimation. After appropriate adjustment for time-varying confounders, weighted g-estimation yielded 78% shorter survival time (95% confidence interval (95% CI): −81, −73) among patients with a continuous nPCR &lt;1.2 g/kg/day than among those who had nPCR ≥1.2 g/kg/day during follow-up, though it was 18% (95% CI: −57, 54) in the Weibull model. Moreover, hazard ratio estimates of 4.56 (95% CI: 3.69, 5.37) and 1.20 (95% CI: 0.66, 2.17) were obtained via weighted g-estimation and the Weibull model, respectively. G-estimation indicated that inadequate dietary protein intake characterized by nPCR increases all-cause mortality among ESRD patients, but the Weibull model provided an effect estimate that was substantially biased toward the null.
Invited Commentary: The Prevalent New-User Design in Pharmacoepidemiology—Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Filion Kristian B , Yu Ya-Hui 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe prevalent new-user design includes a broader study population than the traditional new-user approach that is frequently used in pharmacoepidemiologic research. In an article appearing in this issue (Am J Epidemiol. 2021;190(7):1341–1348), Webster-Clark et al. describe the treatment initiator types included in the prevalent new-user design and contrast the causal questions assessed using a prevalent new-user design versus a new-user design. They further applied a series of simulation studies showing the importance of accounting for treatment history in addition to time since initiation of the comparator in the prevalent new-user design. In this commentary, we put their findings in the broader context with a discussion of the strengths and limitations of the prevalent new-user design and settings where it would be most useful. The prevalent new-user design and new-user design both address unique questions of clinical and public health importance. Real-world evidence generated by pharmacoepidemiologic research is increasingly being used by regulators and other knowledge users to inform their decision-making. Understanding the causal questions addressed by different designs is crucial in this process; the study by Webster-Clark et al. represents an important step in addressing this issue.
Vertical Abdominoplasty Technique and the Impact of Preoperative Comorbidities on Outcomes
Authors: Bunting Haley , Lu Karen B , Shang Zhiguo , Kenkel Jeffrey 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
As the number of patients requiring bariatric surgery has increased, so has the demand for body contouring after massive weight loss. Surgery involving the abdomen in these patients is particularly challenging as both vertical and horizontal laxity if often present, making traditional abdominoplasty techniques less effective.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to review the operative technique and evaluate the preoperative comorbidities and operative decisions that may impact patient outcomes in those undergoing vertical abdominoplasty.

Methods
A review of the authors’ technique is described. A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent vertical abdominoplasty for significant vertical and horizontal laxity after massive weight loss by a single surgeon between June 2007 and July 2019 was performed. Preoperative parameters, operative factors, and minor and major complications were evaluated.

Results
Our complication rate was 81% (13/16), which were all minor. No major complications were encountered. Patients with a history of nicotine use had a 100% complication rate. There was a trend toward higher seroma formation in patients with coronary artery disease and those with a history of smoking. There was also a trend toward higher wound dehiscence in patients with renal disease. The authors found no statistically significant correlation between complications and older age, higher weight of tissue resected, higher body mass index, and medical comorbidities.

Conclusions
This small series helps to elucidate the role of vertical abdominoplasty in the care of patients following massive weight loss and its associated morbidity. Proper patient selection, appropriate preoperative patient counseling, and sound surgical technique help to mitigate the negative outcomes.

Level of Evidence: 4
Separating differential allocation by females from direct effects of male condition in a beetle
Authors: Richardson Jon , Smiseth Per T 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Differential allocation is the adjustment of reproductive allocation, typically by a female, in response to the quality of her male partner. A recent theoretical model suggests that differential allocation may influence trade-offs between reproductive traits within a breeding attempt. Furthermore, it is often difficult to distinguish differential allocation from direct effects of male condition. We address these gaps using a novel cross-fostering design to exclude direct effects of male condition and to test whether differential allocation affects trade-offs between and within breeding attempts. This design detects differential allocation as effects of a female’s mating partner and direct effects of male condition as effects of the larvae’s sire. We used the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, a species which adjusts reproductive allocation by culling some larvae after hatching. We used food deprivation to manipulate the nutritional condition of both the female’s mating partner and the larvae’s sire. We find clear evidence for differential allocation as females mating with food-deprived males had fewer larvae than females mating with control males. There was a trade-off between number and size of larvae when females mated with control males, but a positive relationship when females mated with food-deprived males. Thus, differential allocation influenced relationships between reproductive traits within a breeding attempt, but not necessarily through trade-offs. Instead, we suggest that there may be cryptic heterogeneity in quality among females or their mating partners that was only exposed when females mated with a male in poor condition.
An Exploration of the Use of Literature as a Therapeutic Intervention in Social Work
Authors: Murphy Jennifer , Jenkinson Hilary 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In recent decades, a greater awareness and familiarity has developed in relation to incorporating creative approaches to working with individuals and groups within a social work context. Art therapy, music therapy and even drama therapy have become more commonplace within the range of approaches employed by agencies and practitioners working therapeutically. However, the use of literature as a therapeutic tool is perhaps a less well-known, less developed and under-researched area of practice. This article discusses the potential for literature to be used as a therapeutic tool and explores the power of words to enable us to make sense of our surroundings and experiences. The article also presents findings of a small-scale piece of research undertaken with practitioners currently using literature in their practice. Themes arising from this research are explored such as the potential of literature to facilitate reflection, practitioners’ experiences of applying the approach, the value of engaging with literature in developing expressive language and the potential for this work in promoting inclusion.
Severe oligomeric tau toxicity can be reversed without long-term sequelae
Authors: Martinisi Alfonso , Flach Martin , Sprenger Frederik , Frank Stephan , Tolnay Markus , Winkler David T 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Tau is a microtubule stabilizing protein that forms abnormal aggregates in many neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease. We have previously shown that co-expression of fragmented and full-length tau in P301SxTAU62on tau transgenic mice results in the formation of oligomeric tau species and causes severe paralysis. This paralysis is fully reversible once expression of the tau fragment is halted, even though P301S tau expression is maintained. Whereas various strategies to target tau aggregation have been developed, little is known about the long-term consequences of reverted tau toxicity. Therefore, we studied the long-term motor fitness of recovered, formerly paralysed P301SxTAU62on-off mice. To assess the seeding competence of oligomeric toxic tau species, we also inoculated ALZ17 mice with brainstem homogenates from paralysed P301SxTAU62on mice. Counter-intuitively, after recovery from paralysis due to oligomeric tau species expression, ageing P301SxTAU62on-off mice did not develop more motor impairment or tau pathology when compared to heterozygous P301S tau transgenic littermates. Thus, toxic tau species causing extensive neuronal dysfunction can be cleared without inducing seeding effects. Moreover, these toxic tau species also lack long-term tau seeding effects upon intrahippocampal inoculation into ALZ17 mice. In conclusion, tau species can be neurotoxic in the absence of seeding-competent tau aggregates, and mice can clear these tau forms permanently without tau seeding or spreading effects. These observations suggest that early targeting of non-fibrillar tau species may represent a therapeutically effective intervention in tauopathies. On the other hand, the absent seeding competence of early toxic tau species also warrants caution when using seeding-based tests for preclinical tauopathy diagnostics.
Repeated traumatic brain injury and risk of epilepsy: a Danish nationwide cohort study
Authors: Lolk Kasper , Dreier Julie W , Christensen Jakob 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is associated with increased risk of epilepsy, but the importance of repeated traumatic brain injuries has not yet been established. We performed a nationwide population-based cohort study of 2 476 905 individuals born in Denmark between 1977 and 2016. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and the cumulative incidence of epilepsy following traumatic brain injury using Cox and competing risk regression, respectively. To estimate the cumulative incidence of epilepsy in the population without traumatic brain injury, we matched 10 controls for each subject with traumatic brain injury on year of birth, sex, and date of brain insult in the index person. In the cohort, traumatic brain injury was sustained by 167 051 subjects (71 162 females and 95 889 males), and 37 200 individuals developed epilepsy (17 905 females and 19 295 males). Compared with subjects without traumatic brain injury, the relative risk of epilepsy increased after a first traumatic brain injury [HR 2.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.96–2.13] and even more after a second traumatic brain injury (HR 4.45, 95% CI 4.09–4.84). The risk increased with the severity of the first and the second traumatic brain injury, most notably after severe traumatic brain injuries. Females were more likely than males to develop epilepsy after mild traumatic brain injury (HR 2.13, 95% CI 2.00–2.28 versus HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.66–1.88; P &lt; 0.0001); in contrast, males were more likely than females to develop epilepsy after severe traumatic brain injury (HR 5.00, 95% CI 4.31–5.80 versus 3.21, 95% CI 2.56–4.03; P = 0.0012). The risk remained increased for decades after the traumatic brain injury. This knowledge may inform efforts to prevent the development of post-traumatic epilepsy.
Impact of Sex and Metabolic Comorbidities on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Mortality Risk Across Age Groups: 66 646 Inpatients Across 613 U.S. Hospitals
Authors: Goodman Katherine E , Magder Laurence S , Baghdadi Jonathan D , Pineles Lisa , Levine Andrea R , Perencevich Eli N , Harris Anthony D 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe relationship between common patient characteristics, such as sex and metabolic comorbidities, and mortality from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains incompletely understood. Emerging evidence suggests that metabolic risk factors may also vary by age. This study aimed to determine the association between common patient characteristics and mortality across age-groups among COVID-19 inpatients.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of patients discharged from hospitals in the Premier Healthcare Database between April–June 2020. Inpatients were identified using COVID-19 ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes. A priori-defined exposures were sex and present-on-admission hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and interactions between age and these comorbidities. Controlling for additional confounders, we evaluated relationships between these variables and in-hospital mortality in a log-binomial model.ResultsAmong 66 646 (6.5%) admissions with a COVID-19 diagnosis, across 613 U.S. hospitals, 12 388 (18.6%) died in-hospital. In multivariable analysis, male sex was independently associated with 30% higher mortality risk (aRR, 1.30, 95% CI: 1.26–1.34). Diabetes without chronic complications was not a risk factor at any age (aRR 1.01, 95% CI: 0.96–1.06), and hypertension without chronic complications was a risk factor only in 20–39 year-olds (aRR, 1.68, 95% CI: 1.17–2.40). Diabetes with chronic complications, hypertension with chronic complications, and obesity were risk factors in most age-groups, with highest relative risks among 20–39 year-olds (respective aRRs 1.79, 2.33, 1.92; P-values ≤ .002).ConclusionsHospitalized men with COVID-19 are at increased risk of death across all ages. Hypertension, diabetes with chronic complications, and obesity demonstrated age-dependent effects, with the highest relative risks among adults aged 20–39.
Guidance on Imaging for Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis and Mucormycosis: From the Imaging Working Group for the Revision and Update of the Consensus Definitions of Fungal Disease from the EORTC/MSGERC
Authors: Alexander Barbara D , Lamoth Frédéric , Heussel Claus Peter , Prokop Cornelia Schaefer , Desai Sujal R , Morrissey C Orla , Baddley John W 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Clinical imaging in suspected invasive fungal disease (IFD) has a significant role in early detection of disease and helps direct further testing and treatment. Revised definitions of IFD from the EORTC/MSGERC were recently published and provide clarity on the role of imaging for the definition of IFD. Here, we provide evidence to support these revised diagnostic guidelines.

Methods
We reviewed data on imaging modalities and techniques used to characterize IFDs.

Results
Volumetric high-resolution computed tomography (CT) is the method of choice for lung imaging. Although no CT radiologic pattern is pathognomonic of IFD, the halo sign, in the appropriate clinical setting, is highly suggestive of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) and associated with specific stages of the disease. The ACS is not specific for IFD and occurs in the later stages of infection. By contrast, the reversed halo sign and the hypodense sign are typical of pulmonary mucormycosis but occur less frequently. In noncancer populations, both invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and mucormycosis are associated with “atypical” nonnodular presentations, including consolidation and ground-glass opacities.

Conclusions
A uniform definition of IFD could improve the quality of clinical studies and aid in differentiating IFD from other pathology in clinical practice. Radiologic assessment of the lung is an important component of the diagnostic work-up and management of IFD. Periodic review of imaging studies that characterize findings in patients with IFD will inform future diagnostic guidelines.