bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radioluminescence by synchrotron radiation with lower energy than the Cherenkov light threshold in water
Authors: Hirano Yoshiyuki , Komori Masataka , Onoda Daichi , Nagae Takayuki , Yamamoto Seiichi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Radioluminescence by protons and carbon ions of energy lower than the Cherenkov threshold (∼260 keV) in water has been observed. However, the origin of the luminescence has not been investigated well. In the present work, we imaged radioluminescence in water using synchrotron radiation that was of sufficiently lower energy (11 keV) than the Cherenkov threshold and we measured its spectrum using a high-sensitivity cooled CCD camera and optical longpass filters having 5 different thresholds. In addition, to determine effects of impurities in water, the water target was changed from ultrapure water to tap water. Monte Carlo simulation (Geant4) was also performed to compare its results with the experimentally obtained radioluminescence distribution. In the simulation, photons were generated in proportion to the energy deposition in water. As a result, the beam trajectory was clearly imaged by the radioluminescence in water. The spectrum was proportional to λ
−3.4±0.4 under an assumption of no peaks. In the spectrum and distribution, no differences were observed between ultrapure water and tap water. TOC (total organic carbon) contents of ultrapure water and tap water as an impurity were measured and these were 0.26 mg l−1 and 2.3 mg l−1, respectively. The radioluminescence seemed to be attributable to water molecules not impurities. The radioluminescence distribution of the simulation was consistent with the experimental distribution and this suggested that radioluminescence was proportional to dose, which is expected to allow use for dose measurement.
A facile synthesis of CDs from quinoa for nanosensors and bio-imagining
Authors: Xu Dandan , Li Yong , Li Naixin , Lei Fang , Liu Jinliang , Shi Ying , Yin Luqiao , Zhang Lei 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) with strong fluorescence were synthesized by a facial and green hydrothermal method using biomass quinoa as the carbon source. The as-prepared carbon dots (CDs) aqueous solution shows bright blue photoluminescence under the irradiation of UV lamp with a quantum yield of 14% and considerable luminescence stability and excellent strong photobleaching resistance. The as-prepared CDs was nontoxic for in vitro and in vivo applications. In addition, not only the as-prepared CDs were used for HeLa cells imaging, but also detect Fe3+ ions in cells, and the ideal imaging pictures were obtained under excitation of 405 nm. The as-prepared carbon dots possessed excellent responsive properties towards Fe3+. The quenching phenomenon can be used to detect the Fe3+ ions within a linear range of 0–300 μmol l−1 with a limit of detection of 50 nmol l−1.
Citizenship in Empire: The Legal History of U.S. Citizenship in American Samoa, 1899-1960
Authors: Dardani Ross 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article analyzes the legal history of U.S. citizenship for American Samoa and examines why American Samoa remains the only U.S. unincorporated territory that U.S. citizenship has not been extended to by Congress. The article examines legislation from the 1930s that would have extended U.S. citizenship to Samoans, but failed to pass in Congress due to opposition from the U.S. Navy, the effects of the Great Depression, and the racism of some U.S. lawmakers. The last parts of the article explore hearings that were held in the immediate years after World War II in which naval leaders and U.S. lawmakers expressed a willingness to extend citizenship to American Samoa for Cold War propaganda imperatives. These hearings ultimately did not lead to the extension of U.S. citizenship. By the early years of the Cold War some Samoan leaders had petitioned Congress against the extension of citizenship to American Samoa for fear that citizenship would lead to the destruction of Samoan cultural autonomy. The legal history of U.S. citizenship for American Samoa from 1899 to 1960 illuminates the various meanings citizenship can have and the disparate ways citizenship can be used by different people in the context of empire. In American Samoa, citizenship was a powerful concept that colonized people used to make claims for equal inclusion and full membership within a political community; it was a tool that the U.S. government used in strategic ways to legitimate imperialism; and it was a status with the power to destroy cultural autonomy.
Corner’s rules pass the test of time: little effect of phenology on leaf–shoot and other scaling relationships
Authors: Fajardo Alex , Mora Juan P , Robert Etienne 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background and Aims
Twig cross-sectional area and the surface area of leaves borne on it are expected to be isometrically correlated across species (Corner’s rules). However, how stable this relationship remains in time is not known. We studied inter- and intraspecific twig leaf area–cross-sectional area (la–cs) and other scaling relationships, including the leaf–shoot mass (lm–sm) scaling relationship, across a complete growing season. We also examined the influence of plant height, deciduousness and the inclusion of reproductive buds on the stability of the scaling relationships, and we discuss results from a functional perspective.

Methods
We collected weekly current-year twigs of six Patagonian woody species that differed in growth form and foliar habit. We also used prominent inflorescences from Embothrium coccineum (Proteaceae) to assess whether reproductive buds alter the la–cs isometric relationship. Mixed effects models were fitted to obtain parameter estimates and to test whether interaction terms were non-significant (invariant) for the scaling relationships.

Key Results
The slope of the la–cs scaling relationship remained invariant across the growing season. Two species showed contrasting and disproportional (allometric) la–cs scaling relationships (slope ≠ 1). Scaling relationships varied significantly across growth form and foliar habit. The lm–sm scaling relationship differed between reproductive- and vegetative-origin twigs in E. coccineum, which was explained by a significantly lower leaf mass per area in the former.

Conclusions
Although phenology during the growing season appeared not to change leaf–shoot scaling relationships across species, we show that scaling relationships departed from the general trend of isometry as a result of within-species variation, growth form, foliar habit and the type of twig. The identification of these functional factors helps to understand variation in the general trend of Corner’s rules.
A-03 SCAT5 Cognitive Screening Normative Data and Reliable Change Indices
Authors: Bailey C , Meyer J , Tangen C , Deane R , Briskin S , Gunstad J , Fastenau P , Smith P , Solomon M , Kelly A W 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
This study provides normative data on the SCAT5 Cognitive Screening, establishes test-retest reliability, and creates clinically relevant cut points for low performance.

Method
The multisport baseline sample was composed of 727 uninjured college athletes (52% female) at a Division I university who were administered the SCAT5 before the 2017–2018 season. Descriptive statistics, including base rates of low performance, were calculated for SCAT5 indices. Repeat baseline testing was completed by 325 athletes (48% female) at 1 year (days M = 352.56;SD = 56.03) who were included in the test-retest reliability and practice effect analyses. Reliable change indices were calculated.

Results
Descriptive statistics for SCAT5 were computed for both baselines (Baseline 1: SAC total M = 35.15,SD = 4.93; immediate recall total M = 20.01,SD = 3.46; delayed recall total M = 6.43,SD = 1.75). A difference in descriptive statistics and practice effects by sex on the SCAT5 Cognitive Screening has been demonstrated (Bailey, Meyer, Tangen et al., under review). For female athletes, the 1st administration cutoff scores for abnormal performance (&lt;10th%ile) included SAC total score = 33, immediate recall score = 18, and delayed recall score = 6. For male athletes, the 1st administration cutoff scores for abnormal performance (&lt;10th%ile) included SAC total score = 30, immediate recall score = 17, and delayed recall score = 5. Test-retest reliability of the SAC was similar to previous versions but varied by sex. Reliable change indices (RCI) were created with cut points for significant change.

Conclusions
The present study provides clinically relevant normative data for the SCAT5 Cognitive Screening. Cut points for low performance on both reliable chance indices (RCIs) and normative performance reflected meaningful sex differences that could influence clinical interpretation.
A-08 VOMS Scores Relationship to King-Devick Scores in Males
Authors: Caze T , Price A M , Knell G , Burkhart S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
Burkhart and colleagues (2020) showed that positive screening on the Vestibular Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) and slower King Devick scores were predictive of protracted recovery in male adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between positive VOMS screening and King-Devick Trial 1 scores in a similar population.

Method
300 male participants age 10–18 were administered VOMS and King-Devick Trial 1 within 7-days of their injury at a specialty concussion clinic between 2017–2019. We hypothesized that slower speeds on King-Devick Trial 1 would be related to a positive screening on the VOMS (i.e. symptom provocation of +2, convergence of &gt; 6 mm). Odds ratios were calculated to estimate the likelihood of screening positive on the VOMS among those with a King-Devick Trial 1 score above the median compared to those with a score below the median.

Results
Those scoring above the median on King-Devick Trial 1 (i.e. slower times) were 74% more likely to have a positive screening on the VOMS, OR = 1.74, 95% CI [1.10–2.78], p = 0.02, relative to those with a King-Devick Trial 1 above the median.

Conclusions
The VOMS was created to be a symptom provocation tool sensitive to concussion. However, this study demonstrated that the VOMS is also related to performance on objective visual scanning task. Specifically, adolescent males with slower scores on the King-Devick Trial 1 were more likely to have a positive screening on the VOMS.
A-15 Network Analysis Of Sport-Related Concussion Research During The Past Decade (2010–2019)
Authors: Eagle S R , Collins M W , Connaboy C , Flanagan S D , Kontos A P 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to apply network analyses to evaluate trends in the literature using a comprehensive search of original, peer-reviewed research articles involving human participants with sport-related concussion (SRC) published between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019.

Data Selection
Articles were identified in a comprehensive online search using key terms to encompass all forms of SRC or mTBI and entered into a clustering algorithm (vosViewer). Each cluster (e.g., journal, institution, author, keyword) is named for the hub, or most highly interconnected individual node.

Data Synthesis
The online search yielded 6,130 articles, 528 journals, 7,598 authors, 1,966 institutions, and 3,293 keywords. The analysis supported five thematic clusters of journals: 1. Biomechanics/Sports medicine (n = 15), 2. Pediatrics/Rehabilitation (n = 15), 3. Neurotrauma/Neurology/Neurosurgery (n = 11), 4. General Sports Medicine (n = 11), 5. Neuropsychology (n = 7). The analysis identified four institutional clusters: 1. University of North Carolina (n = 19), 2. University of Toronto (n = 19), 3. University of Michigan (n = 11), 4. University of Pittsburgh (n = 10). Five primary author clusters were identified: 1. A. Kontos (n = 32), 2. G. Iverson (n = 27), 3. M. McCrea (n = 27), 4. S. Broglio (n = 25), 5. Z. Kerr (n = 16). In regards to keywords, central topics included: 1. Epidemiology (n = 14), 2. Rehabilitation (n = 12), 3. Biomechanics (n = 11), 4. Imaging (n = 10), 5. Assessment (n = 9).

Conclusions
The findings suggest that during the past decade SRC research has: 1) been published primarily in sports medicine, pediatric, and neuro-focused journals, 2) involved a select group of researchers from several key institutions, and 3) focused on new topic areas including treatment/rehabilitation.
A-17 Psychological Resilience and Concussion Recovery in Athletes
Authors: Ernst N , Trbovich A , Eagle S R , Bitzer H , Kontos A P 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
Psychological resilience has been positively associated with sport achievement and psychological well-being, while being negatively associated with psychological distress. Lower psychological resilience may also increase the risk of protracted recovery from concussion. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between psychological resilience and clinical outcomes among adolescent and young adult athletes.

Method
Fifty-seven patients (11–22 years; m = 15.2, SD = 2.76) were diagnosed with a sport-related concussion (SRC) within two weeks of injury. Patients completed the Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10) and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) at first visit in addition to neurocognitive screening (ImPACT) and vestibular/oculomotor screening (VOMS). Participants were divided into “Low”, “Moderate” and “High” resilience using CD-RISC-10 tertiles. A series of one-way ANOVAS with pairwise comparisons (Tukey post-hoc test) were used to compare groups across outcomes measures.

Results
Significant differences were present between the High Resilience (m = 15.22 days; SD = 8.87) and Low Resilience (m = 30.95 days; SD = 23.76) groups in Days to Clearance (p = .032), DASS-21 Total score (p = 0.01), DASS-21 Depression subscale (p = 0.022), DASS-21 Anxiety subscale (p = 0.01), and DASS-21 Stress subscale (p = 0.002). No significant relationships were observed between resilience and ImPACT, VOMS, or PCSS score for any group.

Conclusions
Athletes with low psychological resilience immediately following concussion had a recovery time twice that of athletes with high resilience. All groups in the study exhibited recovery times within a normal time frame (i.e., ≤ 30 days), but high psychological resiliency may serve as a protective factor for recovery outcomes among athletes experiencing concussion.
A-25 The Effect of Cognitive Dual-Tasks on Dynamic Postural Sway During Sub-Maximal Gait on a Treadmill
Authors: Kelly M A , Morelli N , Clayton H L , Parks A M , Heebner N R , Hoch M C 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the effect of a cognitive task on postural control during treadmill walking. We hypothesized that postural sway acceleration would decrease during dual-task compared to single-task gait.

Method
Ten (5 females, 5 males) physically active, healthy young adults (Age: 22.50 ± 3.01) with no history of cognitive deficits or head injury were recruited from a University campus for this cross-sectional study. Participants reported to a biomechanics laboratory for a single testing session and completed two, 5-minute walking trials on a treadmill at 90% of maximal gait-speed under single and dual-task conditions while instrumented with a single inertial measurement unit (IMU) on the lower-back. During dual-task gait, participants concurrently performed a Stroop Test displayed on a mounted screen in front of the treadmill during the entire trial. Root mean square (RMS) of acceleration was analyzed in the medial-lateral, anterior-posterior, superior-inferior, and resultant planes during the dual-task trial. Paired t-tests and effect sizes (ES) were calculated for each sway plane between single and dual-tasks.

Results
No differences were identified between single and dual-task RMS acceleration in the medial-lateral (p = 0.98, ES = 0.01), anterior-posterior (p = 0.49, ES = 0.23) or superior-inferior (p = 0.98, ES = 0.01) planes. However, the RMS acceleration in the resultant plane was lower in the dual-task condition (Mean Difference: 0.031 ± 0.037; p = 0.02, ES = 0.85).

Conclusions
This novel dual-task gait paradigm utilized constant sub-maximal gait speed to investigate the influence of a sustained cognitive dual-task on postural sway using a single IMU. These preliminary results indicate that this dual-task gait paradigm may affect gross postural sway in healthy adults.
A-26 A Principal Component Analysis of Clinical Outcomes Among Adolescent Patients Following Concussion
Authors: Kissinger-Knox A , Eagle S , Jennings S , Collins M W , Kontos A P 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
Previous research utilizing factor analytic methods, such as principal components analysis (PCA) has focused on concussion factors derived from symptom scales (Piland, 2003; Kontos, 2012) and neurocognitive testing (Schatz, 2013). However, researchers have yet to conduct a PCA that incorporates symptoms, cognitive, ocular, and vestibular outcomes. The purpose was to utilize PCA to examine the factor structure of concussion among adolescents within 31 days of injury.

Method
Participants included 238 adolescents (41.2% female) diagnosed with concussion. Average age was 14.81 ± 1.57 years (10 to 17 years). A PCA was performed on 11 variables, including PCSS (via symptom factors: cognitive/fatigue/migraine, affective, somatic, and sleep), near point of convergence (NPC), ImPACT composites, and VOMS symptoms. Items retained in the factor models on the basis of having a primary factor loading of .6 or above.

Results
A three-component model was supported that accounted for 65.12% of the variance: 1) cognitive, 2) symptoms, and 3) vestibular/ocular. The cognitive component included visual motor speed, reaction time, verbal, and visual memory (37.95%). Symptoms component included affective, cognitive/fatigue/migraine, and sleep (17.42%). Vestibular/ocular component included vestibular and ocular symptoms (9.75%). All items loaded into the PCA, with exception of somatic and NPC average were retained.

Conclusions
The current study supported three factors and extended findings of previous PCAs by including ocular and vestibular components. The current study better reflects contemporary models of concussion involving clinical profiles or subtypes (e.g., Harmon, 2019). Moving forward, researchers should examine factors across subacute and chronic time points to evaluate potential temporal changes in factors.
A-29 Incidence of Invalid ImPACT Baseline Test Results on Initial and Follow-up Assessments among English-Speaking, Spanish-Speaking, and Bilingual Test-takers
Authors: Ott S , Gonzalez L , Ikonomou V , Schatz P 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
To identify the rate of ImPACT baseline test results falling below cut-offs for invalidity indicators among English-speaking, Spanish-speaking, and bilingual-speaking, individuals, upon initial assessment and on a follow-up baseline.

Method
Participants were a large sample of test-takers who completed annual ImPACT baseline assessments in Greater Houston, TX, as a requirement for participation in club- or school-sponsored athletics. Participants were 12–18 years old (mean 15.3, SD = 1.5), predominantly male (69%), and assigned to independent groups on the basis of primary/secondary language: English (N = 9332), English/Spanish (N = 1380), or Spanish (N = 4720). A sub-sample of each group (English N = 815, English/Spanish N = 173, Spanish N = 63) completed 2 baseline assessments (mean 1.2 years between tests, SD = 0.55 years).

Results
Chi-square analysis revealed a significantly greater likelihood [X2(2) = 28.05; p &lt; .001] of obtaining an invalid baseline for individuals with Spanish as a First (6.3%) or Second (6.9%) Language as compared to individuals speaking only English (4.8%), with an overall rate of 5.6% across all three groups. Upon re-assessment, 5.7% of English, 19% of English-Spanish, and 0% of Spanish-speakers obtained a second “invalid” assessment. The Three Letters (Total Correct &lt; 8) and Design Memory (Learning Percentage &lt; 50) indicators were the most common contributing indicators, across all three groups.

Conclusions
Primary language appears to be a contributing factor in scoring below cut-offs for invalidity indicators, especially for bilingual English-Spanish speakers. The continued rate of invalidity for the English-Spanish speakers on follow baseline assessments also warrants further review. Given the retrospective nature of this study, potential influences of acculturation and language proficiency were not available and therefore, could not be assessed.
A-34 Sex and Sport Differences in Baseline Neurocognitive Performance in Division-I Collegiate Athletes using the NIH Toolbox® Cognition Battery
Authors: Quintana C , Kelly M A , Heebner N R , Han D Y , Abt J P , Hoch M C 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
Understanding sex and sport-related differences in baseline neurocognitive scores may aid in interpreting post-injury performance. Sex and sport-related differences in neurocognitive performance for collegiate athletes have not been examined on the NIH Toolbox® Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB). Therefore, this study sought to determine if baseline scores on the NIHTB-CB differ between sex or sport in collegiate athletes. It was hypothesized that sex, but not sport-related differences would exist in CB baseline performance.

Method
107 Division-I athletes (47 females, 60 males) that participated in soccer (n = 45), football (n = 30), or cheerleading (n = 32) volunteered to participate. Participants completed tablet-based NIHTB-CB assessments including the Flanker Inhibitory Control & Attention (FICA), Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS), Picture Sequence Memory (PSM), and Pattern Comparison Processing Speed (PCPS) tests. These assessments measured visual attention, cognitive flexibility, memory recall, and processing speed, respectively. Fully corrected t-scores were used for analyses. Parametric and non-parametric tests compared scores based on sex and sport.

Results
Females demonstrated greater performance on the PCPS (Females: 64.72 ± 9.84, Males: 61.08 ± 8.85; p = 0.006). Males exhibited better performance on the FICA (Females: 45.72 ± 10.12, Males: 51.03 ± 10.70; p = 0.009). After controlling for sex, a significant difference across sports was identified in the FICA (p = 0.007) with cheerleading (43.81 ± 9.28) exhibiting poorer performance than football (54.33 ± 10.44; p = 0.002) and soccer (48.42 ± 10.28; p = 0.047). No sex or sport differences were identified for the DCCS or PSM.

Conclusions
Baseline differences in neurocognitive performance exist on the NIHTB-CB based on sex and sport suggesting these variables be taken into consideration when interpreting post-concussion scores in collegiate athletes.