bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aurangzeb’s Law and Popular Politics
Authors: Kaicker Abhishek 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The discourse of sovereignty enunciated at the Mughal court had no place for the participation of its subjects. Yet, by the early eighteenth century, political protests had become visible in the cities of the empire across the historical record. How did this come to be? This chapter shows how Aurangzeb’s discourse of sovereignty privileging of the application of law (sharīʿa) set the terms of the relationship between the king and his subjects. While such legal intervention was designed to impose discipline on a society populated by unruly elites and commoners, an unintended consequence was the creation of new avenues through which urban communities engaged the state: Whether around questions of “justice” in urban disputes, or protests against the prices of food, or the imposition of the poll tax, the people of the empire’s cities began to increasingly demonstrate a capacity to challenge the king in the terms of his own discourse of sovereignty.
Sensible Politics
Authors: Callahan William A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractVisual images are everywhere in international politics. But how are we to understand them? Callahan uses his expertise in theory and filmmaking to explore not only what visuals mean, but also how visuals can viscerally move and connect us in “affective communities of sense.” Sensible Politics explores the visual geopolitics of war, peace, migration, and empire through an analysis of photographs, films, and art. It then expands the critical gaze to consider how “visual artifacts”—maps, veils, walls, gardens, and cyberspace—are sensory spaces in which international politics is performed through encounters on the local, national, and world stages. Here “sensible politics” isn’t just sensory, but looks beyond icons and ideology to the affective politics of everyday life. This approach challenges the Eurocentric understanding of international politics by exploring the meaning and impact of visuals from Asia and the Middle East. Sensible Politics thus decenters our understanding of social theory and international politics by (1) expanding from textual analysis to highlight the visual and the multisensory; (2) expanding from Eurocentric investigations of IR to a more comparative approach that looks to Asia and the Middle East; and (3) shifting from critical IR’s focus on inside/outside and self/Other distinctions. It draws on Callahan’s documentary filmmaking experience to see critique in terms of the creative processes of social-ordering and world-ordering. The goal is to make readers not only think visually, but also feel visually—and to creatively act visually for a multisensory appreciation of politics.
Visuality
Authors: Callahan William A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChapter 2 explores what is different about visual international relations—that is, how images can actively create sensible politics as visual performances that viscerally move and connect people. It develops the visuality strategy’s analysis of how images take on meaning and value through the visual construction of the social and the multisensory performance of the international. It thus expands on Chapter 1’s symbolic analysis of visual images to consider how “visual artifacts”—maps, veils, walls, gardens, and cyberspace—can shape IR as material modalities and sensory spaces that are experienced both individually and collectively. In this way, it develops the concept of “affective communities of sense” to move from assessing the ideological-value of visuals to appreciate their affect-work. Chapter 2 thus challenges the critique of ocular-centrism by outlining how the visuality strategy can help one appreciate how multisensory spaces can provoke social orders, world orders, and affective communities of sense.
Visualizing Security, Order, and War
Authors: Callahan William A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter critically examines another important approach to visual international politics: securitization theory, which argues that visual images can shape foreign policy events through their immediacy, circulation, and ambiguity. It uses the North Korea-US national security crisis provoked by the feature film The Interview (2014) to question securitization’s focus on the state, official elites, and the close relationship between existential threats and security problems. It then introduces the cultural governance/resistance conceptual dynamic to examine how Islamic State videos witnessed the creation not just of a sovereign state, but also of a new social order/world order: the transnational utopia of the Caliphate. Chapter 5 thus shows the visibility strategy’s hermeneutic approach to reading visual securitization and the visuality strategy’s attention to the broader issues of how social-ordering and world-ordering images can provoke affective communities of sense. It introduces and develops the cultural governance/resistance dynamic that is used in later chapters.
The Sartorial Engineering of Race, Gender, and Faith
Authors: Callahan William A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 continues the exploration of how visual artifacts can provoke unexpected affective communities of sense. It explores visual body politics through the unlikely juxtaposition of young women (1) wearing Islamic veils and (2) participating in beauty pageants. These two practices are exemplary cases of the visibility strategy, especially where veil-wearing’s invisibility tactic makes women hypervisible. The chapter uses the conceptual dynamic of concealing/revealing to analyze how various groups—women and men, states and corporations—expend resources performing, policing, and resisting such sartorial practices. Using examples from Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, the chapter first decodes how many women see it as an individual choice, then considers how the male gaze and the white/colonial gaze can shape these choices. Finally, the chapter examines how these sartorial performances visually construct the social and the international: you don’t just take the veil, the veil also takes you, in an experience that is creative as well as disciplinary. Because these are not just visual performances, but also involve touch, the chapter develops the idea of visual artifacts as material modalities and multisensory spaces.
Success and Failure in Nuclear Reversal
Authors: Mehta Rupal N. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
To better understand the impact of inducements and to get a broader sense of the process of nuclear reversal, this chapter presents two vignettes of nuclear proliferation: the critical cases of Libya and China. These analyses help isolate core distinctions from the historical record: nuclear reversers from the current proliferators, allies from adversaries, those that tried and succeeded decades ago, and those that remained committed for decades with a failing nuclear program and ultimately abandoned it. These illustrative vignettes of success and failure help to delve deeper into the nuclear reversal process. This chapter provides a better understanding of how states embark on and are incentivized to end their pursuit of nuclear weapons.
A De Facto Ethnic Democracy?
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe 
Published: February 2020

The concept of ethnic democracy as coined by Sammy Smooha illustrates a two-tiered citizenship, the majority enjoying more rights than the minority, both de facto and de jure and the Israel model remains the archetype of this phenomenon. This chapter highlights the shift from secular multicultural democracy to majoritarian ethnic democracy in the India. Although Muslims were always institutionally marginalized from the army, police and administration since independence, their involvement in the public sphere has been further undermined by cow vigilantism, mob lynching on the suspicion of carrying beef, prevention of interfaith marriages and prohibiting them from acquiring any property in residential areas. This rise of Hindu nationalism coupled with ostracism of the Muslim minority has meant that the Hindutva ideology has infiltrated all major institutions in India, and threatens to dominate the public sphere through grassroots work, which thereby makes India a de facto Hindu Rastra (state/ country).
Dimensions of Moral Experience
Authors: Churchill Larry R. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Moral perplexities are not of a single type; they take a variety of forms. They need to be appreciated before trying to resolve them through ethical systems or theories. Ethics begins in curiosity about why we think and feel as we do and why we differ from others. Everyone is engaged in ethics, and everyone can learn to exercise the skills that will make for a meaningful moral life. Engaging in moral dialogue is a humanizing activity; it requires suspension of judgment and respectful exploration of our own values and those of others. Three obstacles to ethics are defined: moral arbitrariness, absolute certainty, and perfectionism. Four aims of ethics are explored: discovering and claiming the moral values that define us; identifying the values of others; achieving consonance between internal values and external actions; and solving problems. The final section considers whether and how ethics can be taught and learned.
Basic Skills I
Authors: Churchill Larry R. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Nine different skills are discussed as essential to ethics, 5 in chapter 2 and 4 in chapter 3. These skills are named according to the capacity that is required to exercise them. The first and most basic skill discussed in this chapter is one of probing—interrogating our moral prehistories. A moral prehistory is what we all acquired from our families of origin and the communities that nurtured us through childhood. None of us chose our prehistories, rather they are the “taken for granted” moral orientation each of us begins with. Learning to look both critically and appreciatively at this moral inheritance is the initial skill for ethics. The others described in this chapter are decentering skill (taming moral vanity and recognizing others), relinquishing skill (the act of giving up the comforts of moral certainty), emotional skill (learning from our feelings), and cognitive skill (thinking slowly).
Moral Concepts in Practice I
Authors: Churchill Larry R. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter and the chapter that follows define and explore a select number of concepts that are central to ethics. The emphasis is on how these concepts operate in moral life, their uses, misuses, and limitations. A lifespan approach to these concepts is important to keep in mind. Concepts that seem remote at one life stage, such as death, take on central importance at a later stage. The concepts discussed in chapter 6 are the anchoring value of truth; forgiveness and freedom; the varieties of love; the moral uses of spirituality; and the persistence of hope. Forgiveness is described as a gateway to a less encumbered life. The varieties of love are enumerated and their relevance to various dimensions and stages of life explored. Spirituality, including religious beliefs and practices, is explored for its moral importance. Hope is distinguished from optimism and does not require an object or something hoped for.
Fake News
Authors: Introvigne Massimo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chapter discusses the notion of fake news and how it is used in propaganda against controversial religious movements. It then examines several accusations against the CAG originating with Chinese anti-cult organizations and media. Based on the transcript of the 2015 trial and other sources, it discusses the murder in a McDonald’s restaurant in Zhaoyuan, Shandong, in 2014, when a woman was killed by supposed missionaries mentioning the name Almighty God. Chinese authorities immediately attributed the crime to The Church of Almighty God. However, documents clearly prove that the assassins belonged to a different religious movement, which recognized an Almighty God other than the one The Church of Almighty God believes in, a unique divine soul living in the two bodies of the small movement’s female leaders. The accused also denied ever having been members of The Church of Almighty God.
The Taliban at War
Authors: Giustozzi Antonio 
Published: February 2020

How does the Taliban wage war? How has its war changed over time? Firstly, the movement’s extraordinary military operation relies on financial backing. This volume analyses such funding. The Taliban’s external sources of support include foreign governments and non-state groups, both of which have affected the Taliban’s military campaigns and internal politics. Secondly, this is the first full-length study of the Taliban to acknowledge and discuss in detail the movement’s polycentric character. Here not only the Quetta Shura, but also the Haqqani Network and the Taliban’s other centers of power, are afforded the attention they deserve.
The Taliban at War is based on extensive field research, including hundreds of interviews with Taliban members at all levels of the organization, community elders in Taliban-controlled areas, and other sources. It covers the Taliban insurgency from its first manifestations in 2002 up to the end of 2015. The five-month Battle of Kunduz epitomized the ongoing transition of the Taliban from an insurgent group to a more conventional military force, intent on fighting a protracted civil war.
In this latest book, renowned Afghanistan expert Antonio Giustozzi rounds off his twenty years of studying the Taliban with an authoritative sitrep detailing the evolution of its formidable military machine.
Apt Imaginings
Authors: Gilmore Jonathan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDo people’s responses to works of art track their responses to the real world? Specifically, do emotions, cognitions, and desires elicited by fictional stories and visual imaginings differ—in their constitution or the norms that govern them—from those based on beliefs and perceptions? A commitment to one or another answer to this question animates reflection on the nature of art from Plato’s banishment of dramatic poetry from his ideal state to theories in cognitive science of the role of imagination in our mental life. This book defends a thesis of normative discontinuity: although the doxastic representations, emotions, desires, and evaluations that one forms in engaging with a fiction depend on much of the same psychological and neurophysiological machinery one employs in navigating the real world, the norms that govern the appropriateness of those attitudes toward what is fictional or imagined can be contrary to the norms that govern their fit to analogous things in the real world. In short, this book argues that the functions of art ground, on occasion, a kind of autonomy of the imagination: what would be the wrong way to feel or think about states of affairs in the real world could be the right way to feel or think when those states of affairs are only make-believe.
Introduction
Authors: Gilmore Jonathan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter identifies a general dilemma in descriptive and explanatory claims about the arts. On the one side is the pull of continuity, in which responses to the contents of fictions and other imagined creations are said to be modeled (morally, affectively, epistemically) on responses to ordinary real-world states of affairs. On the other is the pull of discontinuity, in which such engagements are posed as offering potentially sui generis sorts of experiences that resist assimilation or reduction to those encountered in the everyday. This chapter identifies the place of the book’s discontinuity thesis within that general tension, and discusses the thesis’s main rivals: (1) those who argue that our affective states are not the same kind across encounters with fictions and the real world; and (2) those who argue for continuity or invariance of affective states across those contexts.
Evaluative Emotions
Authors: Gilmore Jonathan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter outlines a theory of the emotions intended to accommodate both traditional philosophical conceptions of emotions as cognitively inflected evaluative appraisals and more recent empirical approaches that highlight their subdoxastic dimensions. Here some empirical evidence is introduced to demonstrate that affective mechanisms of the mind and brain process the contents of imaginings in ways that are parallel to how they process the contents of beliefs and other veridical representations. This chapter then shows how the general theory of the emotions oriented toward objects of belief and perception must be modified and supplemented to account for (i) the particular kinds of emotions elicited in the imaginative experiences elicited by works of art; and (ii) certain asymmetries in the conditions under which fiction-directed and real-world-directed emotions are formed.
Apt Emotions and Normative Continuity
Authors: Gilmore Jonathan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter characterizes a set of parallel assumptions. One, shared by many otherwise different contemporary philosophical treatments of the emotions, is that our affective responses are susceptible to assessments of rationality, fittingness, or some other notion of aptness. The other is that analogous norms of fittingness apply to those emotions directed at what is only fictional, or what is only imagined to be the case. This chapter identifies the relevant concept of emotional aptness that is at play in both kinds of assumptions, and which is at the core of the disagreement between the theses of normative continuity and normative discontinuity. The chapter then develops and assesses arguments in favor of the continuity thesis: the claim that the criteria determining such aptness of responses to contents of artistic representations apply invariantly to responses to analogous states of affairs in real life.
Defending Discontinuity
Authors: Gilmore Jonathan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter introduces and diagnoses the inadequacy of two prima facie plausible, but ultimately inadequate, arguments for the discontinuity thesis based on framing effects. The chapter then develops and defends a more powerful argument in discontinuity’s favor based on the functions of fictions. The chapter also looks at what turns on the debate between continuity and discontinuity, i.e., what consequences its resolution on the side of discontinuity has for the experimental study of the emotions; the role of responses to works of art as evidence of moral character; and the putatively edifying value of engaging with fictions in educating and refining attitudes about the real world.
Epistemology of Fiction and Rational Imagining
Authors: Gilmore Jonathan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEarlier chapters addressed whether the norms governing our emotions are invariant across fictional and real-world contexts. There the question of continuity was asked of an emotion as a whole. Here the focus is on the cognitive bases upon which emotions, and other affective attitudes, depend. Philosophers and psychologists have worked out a substantial picture of the kinds of normative constraints that are constitutive of epistemic rationality when applied to beliefs—what rational criteria govern a person’s formation, maintenance, transitions among, and relinquishing of her beliefs. This chapter asks whether the norms that govern the formation of our truth-apt representations of the real world apply invariantly to analogous (doxastic) imaginative representations of the world of a fiction. In short, is “make-belief” rational in the same sense as belief?
Discrepant Affects
Authors: Gilmore Jonathan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter addresses a puzzling feature of one’s engagement with certain kinds of fictions. This is the problem of discrepant affects: one sometimes takes pleasure in fictional events that one would deplore in real life; one aligns oneself with or even admires fictional characters whom one would find despicable if encountered in the actual world; and one forms desires for events to occur in fictions that, in actual experience, one would want to prevent. Highlighting certain dimensions of simulative and empathetic processes, this chapter explains such normatively deviant responses as reflecting an appropriate fiction-motivated breakdown in the quarantine separating how one really values things from how one only imagines doing so.
Introduction
Authors: Phillips Victoria 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
“When they sensed internal mayhem / They sent out Martha Graham / That’s what we call cultural exchange,” wrote Dave and Iola Brubeck with Louis Armstrong for the opera The Real Ambassadors. Graham disavowed political attachments: indeed, understanding what she said she was not is often a way to understand Graham as an actor in US diplomatic history. Allegedly not political, she also disavowed herself as a modernist, feminist, and American missionary. Rather than proving that she was what she said she was not, the introduction outlines the methodology to understand why Graham made these pronouncements while touring for the US government during the Cold War. While Graham initially was a part of the targeting of the elite in “trickle-down diplomacy,” over time she grew older and modernism ossified, just as the government sought to target the youth. In response, Graham posed for pictures that billed her as “Forever Modern,” with dances that were “Too Sexy for Export?” featuring a troupe of young, technically brilliant dancers to represent the United States. Graham passed away in 1991, the same year as the official Cold War end.
“And Martha Knew How to Play That”
Authors: Phillips Victoria 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In 1978, Martha Graham capitalized on the Egyptomania that was sweeping the United States and choreographed Frescoes, the story of Cleopatra, which opened at the newly situated Temple of Dendur at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Architecture again met dance as diplomacy. In September 1978, the same month that the Temple of Dendur first opened to visitors, President Jimmy Carter had supervised the negotiations between Egypt and Israel at the presidential retreat Camp David that led to a historic peace treaty between the two nations. In August 1979, Graham would perform Frescoes in Egypt and tour in Jordan and Israel on what her dancers called the “Jimmy Carter Goodwill Tour.” Although the company could not perform in Lebanon because of civil war, dancers were brought to Amman to take class and see the repertory, which they could take back to Beirut. In Israel, the company performed Legend of Judith, using Israelis for the set and music. Despite crumbling relations over time, and with the promise of cultural diplomacy being realized, diplomatic representatives gathered in Cairo and signed the 1980 “Cultural Agreement between the State of Israel and the Arab Republic of Egypt.”
Rapid Effects of Estradiol on Dendritic Spines and Synaptic Plasticity in the Male and Female Hippocampus
Authors: Kato Asami , Murakami Gen , Hojo Yasushi , Horie Sigeo , Kawato Suguru 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Although the potent estrogen, 17β-estradiol (E2), has long been known to regulate the hippocampal dendritic spine density and synaptic plasticity, the molecular mechanisms through which it does so are less well understood. This chapter discusses the rapid modulation of hippocampal dendritic spine density and synaptic plasticity in male and female rats, with particular attention to studies in hippocampal slices from male rats. Among the mechanisms described are the roles of specific cell-signaling kinases and estrogen receptors in mediating the effects of E2 and progesterone on hippocampal neurons. In addition, dynamic changes of spine structures over time and sex differences in spine regulation are also considered. Finally, the chapter ends by discussing the importance of local hippocampal synthesis of E2 and androgens to hippocampal spine morphology and plasticity.