bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lesional therapies for in‐transit melanoma
Authors: Nadler Ashlie , Look Hong Nicole J. , Alavi Nasrin , Abadir Wadid , Wright Frances C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo describe the outcomes of lesional therapy of in‐transit melanoma (ITM) with interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), diphencyprone (DPCP), combination lesional therapy (IL‐2, retinoid, and imiquimod; CLT), and imiquimod.MethodsData was collected for consecutive patients with ITM receiving lesional therapies from 2008 to 2018 in a retrospective review. Included patients did not have metastatic disease at time of starting on lesional therapy and were not on systemic therapy. The primary outcome was complete pathologic response (pCR).ResultsOf 83 patients, 57 (69%) started treatment with IL‐2, 10 (12%) with DPCP, 12 (14%) with CLT, and 4 (5%) with imiquimod. pCR was achieved in 34 patients (41%) overall, including 44% starting on IL‐2, 20% on DPCP, 58% on CLT, and none on imiquimod (P = .024). With a median follow‐up of 45 months, cumulative one‐year overall survival was 86%, with the best survival in the CLT group. Forty‐eight percent experienced common terminology criteria for adverse events grade 1 or 2 toxicity. A quarter of patients on DPCP discontinued therapy due to toxicity (P = .002).ConclusionsIL‐2 may be considered for the treatment of ITM with multiple or rapidly developing lesions where there would otherwise be significant morbidity with surgery, given pCR rates and toxicity.
Heavy metal sensors and sequestrating agents based on polyaromatic copolymers and hydrogels
Authors: Alwattar Aula A , Haddad Athir , Moore Joshua , Alshareef Mubark , Bartlam Cian , Woodward Adam W , Natrajan Louise S , Yeates Stephen G , Quayle Peter 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA series of readily available, amphiphilic pyrene‐ and perylene‐containing fluorescent materials, derived from the co‐polymerisation of 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid with acrylate esters, can be used to detect heavy metal ions in the micromolar concentration range in aqueous solutions. The incorporation of these amphiphilic copolymers into semi‐interpenetrating hydrogels also resulted in the irreversible removal of divalent Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions from aqueous solutions at neutral pH.
Black Phosphorus Nanosheets for Killing Bacteria through Nanoknife Effect
Authors: Guo Tao , Zhuang Shihao , Qiu Honglong , Guo Yating , Wang Lili , Jin Guixiao , Lin Weiwen , Huang Guoming , Yang Huanghao 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBlack phosphorus (BP) has emerged as a rapidly rising star in the field of biomedical science. In this work, BP nanosheets (BPNSs) are synthesized and their potential as a nano‐antibacterial agent is investigated. The concentration and time‐dependent antibacterial activities are evaluated by cell viability assays together with scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscope, and the measurement of efflux of RNA release assay. The experimental results show that BPNSs have a strong killing effect on both representatives of gram‐negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and gram‐positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), and exhibit concentration and time‐dependent antibacterial activity. The sharp edges of BPNSs in the interaction with bacteria can cause physical damage to the bacterial membrane and RNA leakage, resulting in bacterial death. The results demonstrate that the BPNSs show great promise as new nano‐antibacterial materials.
Communicating statistical conclusions of experiments to scientists
Authors: Otava Martin , Mylona Kalliopi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe manuscript introduces a framework for presenting the results of the statistical analysis of experiments with multiple responses and multiple factors. We propose a utilisation of factors scaling to enable a transformation that combines main effects, quadratic effects and interactions into a meaningful summary that allows the scientist/experimenter to immediately recognise the most influential factors for a given response. The framework does not replace the thorough evaluation of the results but provides a clear high‐level summary of the relative importance of findings. The visualisation of such factor importance, using intensity heatmaps, allows the immediate understanding of the results across multiple responses that efficiently guides a following detailed analysis of certain responses and factors and contributes in designing subsequent experiments. The methodology is applied to a real industrial experiment and to a simulated data set with a larger number of responses and factors.
Integrated observer based fault estimation for a class of Lipschitz nonlinear systems
Authors: Li Jing , Huang Sheng‐Juan 
Published: July 2020

SummaryThe fault estimation for a class of nonlinear systems with Lipschitzian nonlinearities and faults is studied in this article. An integrated estimation observer that covers the robust estimation observer (REO) and adaptive estimation observer (AEO) is proposed to improve the accuracy of fault estimation. Compared with the traditional AEO, the designed observer does not involve the output derivatives and can be more suitable for practical applications. Furthermore, based on the designed observer, the coupling term emerging in the obtained error dynamics can be eliminated reasonably and less conservative stability conditions for the error dynamics can be obtained, whereas the case is hard to be achieved based on the existing intermediate estimator approach in the literature. Compared with the traditional REO and AEO, the fault can be estimated with a good accuracy by using the proposed integrated estimation observer. Numerical examples test the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method.
Photoreactivity of Oil and Alcoholic Diterpenic Varnishes: Key Role of the Polymerization Process
Authors: Azemard Clara , Ménager Matthieu , Sarakha Mohamed , Vieillescazes Cathy 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe conservation of artworks is a key issue in cultural heritage. The alterations of the varnish could be linked mainly to the photopolymerization of the natural resin. The photodegradation of sandarac and rosin under simulated solar light was studied using a multianalytical approach using a second derivative FT‐IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy. In all resins, main terpene molecules underwent esterification and perestererifications via the formation of hydroperoxides preferentially formed on tertiary carbons. This polymerization could be associated with the advice of important art manuals and treatises recommending exposing varnishes to the sunlight while drying. In a second step, these esters and perester bonds underwent photoscissions by Norrish I and II reactions, leading to the production of free terpenes in the varnishes. In sandarac varnishes, the vinyl bonds showed a strong reactivity associated with the formation oftransandcissecondary alkenes. These photochemical reactions could explain an important part of the problem of conservation of the varnish layers experienced by museums all over the world.
Muskellunge Spatial Ecology in the St. Louis River Estuary and Southwestern Lake Superior
Authors: Schaeffer Erin M. , Pinkerton Jeramy J. , Venturelli Paul A. , Miller Loren M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe St. Louis River estuary is a designated area of concern by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency due to severe environmental degradation. The spatial ecology of Muskellunge Esox masquinongy, an indicator species, is uncertain within the estuary and the large, connected water body, Lake Superior. We collected genetic samples and used passive acoustic telemetry to track 60 adult Muskellunge in the St. Louis River estuary and southwestern Lake Superior for 15 months. Genetic analysis revealed that the river is utilized by two genetic strains—Wisconsin (WI) and Minnesota (MN)—and their hybrids. These genetic strains were previously stocked to restore a nearly extirpated population. Muskellunge tended to move upstream in the spring, downstream and into Lake Superior throughout summer, and to the middle river during fall and winter. Males and females spent significantly more time in the upper and lower portions of the river, respectively. Movements were influenced by strain in that hybrids and the WI strain spent more time in the upper and middle river, and the MN strain spent more time in Lake Superior. A random forest model indicated that Lake Superior use was related to strain (the MN strain made up 80% of individuals using Lake Superior) but not sex or body length, highlighting the importance of understanding strain behavior when stocking different strains. Future research should include investigating Muskellunge habitat use (before, during, and after restoration), tracking juvenile Muskellunge, and connecting telemetry data with mark–recapture and stable isotope data. Our results provide new insight into Muskellunge spatial ecology and genetics that can inform management and restoration efforts within and beyond the Great Lakes.
Improving wind speed forecasts from the Weather Research and Forecasting model at a wind farm in the semiarid Coquimbo region in central Chile
Authors: Salfate Ignacio , Marin Julio C. , Cuevas Omar , Montecinos Sonia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAccurate predictions of the wind field are key for better wind power forecasts. Wind speed forecasts from numerical weather models present differences with observations, especially in places with complex topography, such as the north of Chile. The present study has two goals: (a) to find the WRF model boundary layer (PBL) scheme that best reproduces the observations at the Totoral Wind Farm, located in the semiarid Coquimbo region in north‐central Chile, and (b) to use an artificial neural network (ANN) to postprocess wind speed forecasts from different model domains to analyze the sensitivity to horizontal resolution. The WRF model was run with three different PBL schemes (MYNN, MYNN3, and QNSE) for 2013. The WRF simulation with the QNSE scheme showed the best agreement with observations at the wind farm, and its outputs were postprocessed using two ANNs with two algorithms: backpropagation (BP) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). These two ANNs were applied to the innermost WRF domains with 3‐km (d03) and 1‐km (d04) horizontal resolutions. The root‐mean‐square errors (RMSEs) between raw WRF forecasts and observations for d03 and d04 were 2.7 and 2.4 ms−1, respectively. When both ANN models (BP and PSO) were applied to Domains d03 and d04, the RMSE decreased to values lower than 1.7 ms−1, and they showed similar performances, supporting the use of an ANN to postprocess a three‐nested WRF domain configuration to provide more accurate forecasts in advance for the region.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence: What Do You Need to Know?
Authors: Hepenstal Sam , McNeish David 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In domains which require high risk and high consequence decision making, such as defence and security, there is a clear requirement for artificial intelligence (AI) systems to be able to explain their reasoning. In this paper we examine what it means to provide explainable AI. We report on research findings to propose that explanations should be tailored, depending upon the role of the human interacting with the system and the individual system components, to reflect different needs. We demonstrate that a ‘one-size-fits-all’ explanation is insufficient to capture the complexity of needs. Thus, designing explainable AI systems involves careful consideration of context, and within that the nature of both the human and AI components.
Testing Yukawa unification at LHC Run-3 and HL-LHC
Authors: Gómez Mario E. , Shafi Qaisar , Ün Cem Salih 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe exploret-b-τYukawa unification (YU) in a supersymmetric SU(4)c×SU(2)L×SU(2)Rmodel without imposing a discrete left-right (L-R) symmetry. A number of interesting solutions that are compatible witht-b-τYU, LSP neutralino dark matter (DM), and LHC and other experimental constraints are identified. In particular, they include gluino-neutralino and stau-neutralino coannihilation scenarios, where the NLSP gluino mass can range from 1–3 TeV. Higgsino-like dark matter solutions are also identified for which gluino masses can approach 5 TeV or so. This scenario will be tested at LHC Run-3 and its future upgrades.
Association between sleep duration and mortality risk among adults with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Wang Yafeng , Huang Wentao , O’Neil Adrienne , Lan Yutao , Aune Dagfinn , Wang Wei , Yu Chuanhua , Chen Xiong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
This study aimed to investigate whether the effects of sleep duration interacted with the presence of diabetes. We specifically sought to examine the relationship between sleep duration and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in people with type 2 diabetes across sex, age at diagnosis, duration of diabetes and treatment type.

Methods
The sample consisted of 273,029 adults, including 248,817 without diabetes and 24,212 with type 2 diabetes, who participated in the National Health Interview Survey from 2004 to 2013 and whose data were linked to a mortality database up to 31 December 2015. Sleep duration was measured using self-report, whereby participants were asked ‘on average how long do you sleep each day (≤5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or ≥10 h/day)?’ The relationship between sleep duration and mortality risk was investigated using Cox proportional hazards regression model, with adjustments for demographics, BMI, lifestyle behaviours and clinical variables.

Results
Absolute mortality rate was higher in adults with diabetes and extremes of sleep duration (≤5 h/day, 215.0 per 10,000 person-years; ≥10 h/day, 363.5 per 10,000 person-years). There was a non-significant interaction between sleep duration and the presence of diabetes (p for interaction = 0.08). A J-shaped relationship existed between sleep duration and all-cause mortality risk in people with type 2 diabetes. Compared with the reference group (7 h/day), both shorter and longer sleep durations were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (≤5 h/day, HR 1.24 [95% CI 1.09, 1.40]; 6 h/day, HR 1.13 [1.01, 1.28]; 8 h/day, HR 1.17 [1.06, 1.30]; ≥10 h/day, HR 1.83 [1.61, 2.08]). Similar associations were also observed for mortality risk from CVD, cancer, kidney disease, Alzheimer’s disease and chronic lower respiratory diseases. Longer sleep duration in those with a younger age at diabetes onset was associated with greater risks of all-cause and CVD mortality. Shorter sleep duration in individuals treated with both insulin and oral glucose-lowering medication was also associated with higher risks of all-cause and CVD mortality.

Conclusions/interpretation
The associations between sleep duration and mortality risk may be different between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. In people with type 2 diabetes, sleeping less or more than 7 h/day was associated with increased risk of all-cause and condition-specific mortality. The association was more prominent in those with a younger age at diabetes onset and receiving treatment with both oral glucose-lowering medication and insulin. This population may benefit from targeted sleep-related interventions to reduce the risks of adverse health outcomes.
COVID-19 pandemic: management of patients affected by SARS-CoV-2 in Rome COVID Hospital 2 Trauma Centre and safety of our surgical team
Authors: De Mauro Domenico , Rovere Giuseppe , Smimmo Alessandro , Meschini Cesare , Mocini Fabrizio , Maccauro Giulio , Falez Francesco , Liuzza Francesco , Ziranu Antonio 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic left a deep mark in the health systems around the globe, leading to an important change in the way we intend the access to the healthcare and its fruition. Hospitals faced something unexpected, and they underwent a deep change and so did orthopaedic activity.

Materials and methods
In “A. Gemelli” University hospital new protocols were adopted for the safe management of patients affected by SARS-CoV-2. Among these patients, six had to be treated also for orthopaedic problems. The management of these patients, from the admission in the Emergency Room (E.R). to the operating room (O.R.), followed the protocols we developed for the coronavirus crisis.

Results
Four among the six patients underwent surgical treatments. Two of them showed a change of their clinical status, due to a worsening of COVID-19 symptoms, so the surgical option was postponed. All of them were admitted to the Infectious Diseases Unit, rather than the Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, in order to provide the best measures to prevent the spread of the contagion and to ensure the best treatment for COVID-19. No O.R. staff was infected by SARS-CoV-2.

Conclusions
More studies are needed to provide a higher statistical significance to the safety measures taken in order to contrast the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Surgical Room. Orthopaedic surgeons are more exposed to the contagion due to the particular tools set they use. A more sensible and specific quick test for novel Coronavirus is particularly needed, due to the lack of sensitivity of the serological rapid test.
Effects of mCry51Aa2-producing cotton on the non-target spider mite Tetranychus urticae and the predatory bug Orius majusculus
Authors: Kim Young-Joong , Kloos Stefanie , Romeis Jörg , Meissle Michael 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPierce-sucking insects, such as plant bugs or stink bugs, cause damage in cotton fields worldwide. A novel genetically engineered (GE) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is protected against hemipteran pests and thrips by producing the modified Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) mCry51Aa2 protein. Herbivores that consume insect-protected GE crops, and their natural enemies, can be exposed to plant-produced insecticidal proteins. We investigated tritrophic interactions to evaluate the potential impact of the novel Bt cotton on a non-target herbivore, the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, and on a generalist predator, the pirate bug Orius majusculus. Pirate bugs belong to the same insect order as the target pests and might thus be adversely affected by mCry51Aa2. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays showed that levels of mCry51Aa2 in T. urticae were one order of magnitude, and those in O. majusculus were three orders of magnitude lower than in Bt cotton leaves. O. majusculus nymphs fed with spider mites collected from Bt cotton had lower survival, increased developmental time, and reduced fecundity compared to nymphs fed spider mites from non-Bt near-isogenic cotton. Because Bt cotton did not affect the survival and growth of the spider mites, we conclude that indirect prey-quality mediated effects of the Bt cotton on the predatory bugs are unlikely and that O. majusculus are directly affected by the Bt protein. Follow-up studies are indicated to assess whether the effects observed under worst-case conditions are mitigated under more realistic exposure conditions where alternative prey with low Bt protein levels is available.
Tailoring structure, morphology and up-conversion properties of CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+ nanoparticles by the route of synthesis
Authors: Przybylska Dominika , Grzyb Tomasz 
Published: July 2020

AbstractControl of morphology and spectroscopic properties during the synthesis of up-converting nanoparticles (NPs) is a great challenge. One of the most popular ways of NPs synthesis is the hydrothermal method, which is relatively simple, effective, environmentally friendly and permits easy control of synthesis parameters. For these reasons, the hydrothermal method was applied for the synthesis of CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+ NPs and optimized. The effects of synthesis conditions on the properties of the product were carefully analysed. The tests were performed to check the impact of two surfactants: sodium citrate (NaCit) and ammonium citrate (NH4Cit), different excess of ammonium fluoride used as a precipitation agent and different volumes of solution with reactants. The type of co-reagent was found to influence the size of the obtained NPs and charge compensation, required after Yb3+ and Er3+ doping into Ca2+ sites. Depending on the synthesis conditions, the formation of Yb3+ clusters and alterations in the Yb3+ site symmetry were detected. The excitation and emission spectra revealed the importance of the presence of the Na+ ions on the energy transfer mechanism and the resulting emission intensity. The presented results show that applying stirring during the synthesis or changing the type of anti-agglomeration agent has a great influence on the luminescence intensity and colour as well as maximum of excitation when Yb3+ ions are used. Analysis of the excitation spectra and Yb3+ emission decays showed the complex structure of CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+ NPs, with Yb3+ ions in two different environments within the volume of NPs with different site symmetries. The samples prepared in the presence of Na+ ions were characterized by long Yb3+ emission rise times, revealing energy migration between Yb3+ at different symmetries and, at the same time, improved the overall luminescence intensity of NPs.
Predictive Extrinsic Factors in Multiple Victim Shootings
Authors: Ruderman Daniel , Cohn Ellen G. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAlthough researchers have found support for a relationship between temperature and violence and evidence of temporal patterns in violent crime, research on homicide shows less consistent results and no research on mass murder has been conducted. We address this by examining predictive factors in multi-victim shootings (those with four or more victims, including injured), a more general crime category than mass murder, but one with likely similar predictive factors. We used data from the Gun Violence Archive to understand the relationship between multi-victim shootings and temperature as well as other extrinsic factors. To avoid the confound between season and temperature, we employed temperature anomaly (the difference between actual and expected temperature) as a predictor of daily shooting rate. Using a generalized linear model for the daily count of multi-victim shootings in the U.S., we found that these events are significantly more frequent on weekends, some major holidays, hotter seasons, and when the temperature is higher than usual. Like other crimes, rates of multi-victim shooting vary systematically.