bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cycle of Regimes
Authors: Balkin Jack M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
American political history has featured a series of successive governing regimes in which political parties compete. During each regime one of the parties tends to dominate politics practically and ideologically. The regime rises and falls. We are at the end of the Reagan regime, which began in the 1980s. Stephen Skowronek’s model of presidential leadership in political time suggests that Donald Trump is probably a disjunctive president who brings the Reagan regime to a close. Politics during the last years of a regime are often confusing and dysfunctional, and this period is no exception. Trump may avoid disjunction and give the Reagan regime a second wind, like William McKinley did in 1896. Although this possibility is very real, it runs counter to long-term demographic trends. The next regime is more likely to feature the Democrats as the dominant party.
The Cycle of Constitutional Rot and Renewal
Authors: Balkin Jack M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
For the past thirty years the United States has been suffering from increasing constitutional rot. Constitutional rot is the decay of the features of a constitutional system that maintain it both as a democracy—responsive to popular will, and as a republic—devoted to the public good. The Constitution’s framers believed that all republics would eventually decay, so they designed the constitutional system so that things would bottom out before the country turned to mob rule, oligarchy, or dictatorship. They sought to buy time for democracy so that the inevitable periods of constitutional rot would be followed by periods of constitutional renewal. Constitutional rot often produces demagogues. Donald Trump is a demagogue. His rise to power was made possible because constitutional rot has been growing for a long time and is now very advanced. The good news is that political changes offer possibilities for renewal.
Underemployment in Industry and Services
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows that even industry and services in India are characterized by gross underemployment. The bulk of the workforce in industry and services is concentrated in informal unincorporated enterprises, where self-employment and casual employment dominate. The average value added by a worker in these enterprises is no higher than that in agriculture. Most enterprises have no hired workers, and when they do, annual wages are under 100,000 rupees. Whereas 75 percent of China’s manufacturing workforce is in medium and large enterprises, only 16 percent of India’s workforce is. The near absence of medium and large enterprises translates into very low productivity, not just overall but also in small enterprises. This is because medium and large firms produce greater competition and innovation in products, processes, and management. Medium and large firms also benefit from exposure to global markets. Creation of high-quality jobs requires an ecosystem conducive to the emergence of medium and large firms.
Walking on Two Legs
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter asks whether India can rely on an export-led, manufacturing-fed growth model. The question stems in part from suggestions that, given its success in the software industry, India can jump the manufacturing stage and go straight to specializing in services. It is argued that India has no escape from manufacturing, though it should also continue to exploit its strength in certain services. The argument for manufacturing is that only it can create good jobs for the vast majority of the workforce, which has limited or no skills. Tradable services such as software cannot employ these workers, and demand for non-traded services depends on domestic income. Manufacturing, being tradable, can expand by exploiting the vast global market. Moreover, as well-paid workers in manufacturing spend their incomes, demand for non-traded services rises as well. The chapter also explains why rising protectionism and the threat of automation do not make an export- and manufacturing-led model unviable.
Urbanization: Making Room for Migrant Workers
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Economic transformation involves a movement of workers out of agriculture and into industry and services. The latter are predominantly located in and around urban areas. Therefore, urbanization is integral to transformation and modernization. In India, the process of urbanization has been extremely slow. The high cost of living and a scarcity of low-cost rental housing have in turn impeded the faster movement of agricultural workers into industry and services. A key problem behind this situation is the high cost of urban land, a result of a very low floor space index, complex rules on the conversion of agricultural land on the periphery of cities, the difficulty of converting space from one use to another, and the large volume of unused land owned by sick firms or various government ministries; poor transportation networks add to the problem. The chapter spells out reforms to relax these constraints.
Investing Productively: The Securities Market
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Relative to labor, capital is India’s scarce factor of production. Therefore, it is particularly important that it is allocated to the most productive activities. Well-functioning financial markets are critical to achieving this objective. Accordingly, this chapter focuses on the securities markets in India. In terms of new issues, private placements have dominated securities markets in India, both in equity and in debt. When it comes to public placements, while there is a bit of liquidity in equities, the same is not the case in the debt market. The market in publicly traded corporate bonds is thin, with limited liquidity. This chapter offers a number of ideas to deepen this market. For instance, rules governing investment in these bonds by pension, provident, and insurance funds may be liberalized. The government may also partially de-risk long-term bonds for infrastructure projects through provision of collateral.
Transforming Higher Education
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Thanks to the rapid expansion of private colleges and universities, India has been able to raise gross enrollment ratios in higher education at a satisfactory pace during the last twenty years. There has not been similar success in raising the quality of higher education, however. India has no universities in the top one hundred in any international rankings, particularly lagging behind in social sciences and humanities. This chapter argues that the key bottleneck is the highly centralized governance system flowing from the archaic University Grants Commission (UGC) Act of 1956. Drawing on the experiences of the United States, United Kingdom, and China, this chapter suggests a complete overhaul of the system, giving autonomy to colleges and universities in all matters and establishing an accreditation system that would evaluate all institutions, with better-performing institutions receiving a larger volume of government funds. Institutions will also be freed to raise their own resources.
Governance
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter covers three areas of governance: consolidation of ministries, reform of bureaucracy, and some selected aspects of economic administration. On ministries, it argues that India needs to eliminate some ministries while consolidating others. This will minimize inter-ministerial turf battles and speed up decision-making. On bureaucracy, the chapter calls for opening senior positions to competition, as talent must be brought into the government from wherever it exists. Other recommendations for bureaucracy include allowing officials to take short-term positions in non-government sectors, greater use of young professionals, reining in vigilance agencies, reforming training institutions for officials, and ending colonial-era practices. On economic administration, the chapter recommends creating missions for speedy reforms, a focused strategy for the expansion of exports, creation of a separate office for trade negotiations directly under the prime minister, numerous improvements in tax administration, a sunset clause on all centrally sponsored schemes, and transparency in fiscal accounting.
Nuggets: A Miscellany of Reforms
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers reforms in a few selected areas. On macroeconomy, the key recommendation is an upward revision of the inflation target. It suggests that when public sector enterprises incur losses and serve no public purpose, the government should sell them if possible and close them if there are no potential buyers. It recommends consolidation of subsidies to farmers and conversion to a single cash transfer via the universal Aadhaar biometric identity. It also suggests scaling down the Food Corporation of India, splitting electricity distribution companies into network and supply businesses and opening entry into the latter, and amending the Right to Education Act to improve learning outcomes.
Introduction
Authors: Colls Robert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this Introduction the author outlines his reasons for writing about sport in England and the difficulties he found researching it. ‘Sport’ can mean so much and so little. ‘Sport’ is so various it resists definition. The author explains how he stopped looking for a theory and came to embrace the difference and enjoy the detail, trying to situate himself inside the sporting experience rather than outside it. Above all the author recommends sport in England as essentially an expression of liberty and belonging.
‘Bottom’
Authors: Colls Robert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the violent world of prize-fighting in London and New York. It starts with a fight in a field in Hampshire in 1860. A lot of people have come down on the train from London to see a young Irish American hard man called John Heenan take on the considerably older, and smaller, English champion Tom Sayers. The fight is serious, not fraudulent, but ends in farce, paving the way for a sport already in decline to be over and done with by the end of the century. The chapter spreads out from Sayers Heenan to take on the part prize-fighters played in a plebeian way of seeing the English in their history. The ‘Fancy’, so-called, saw themselves as keepers of the boxing constitution. The ‘Bloods’, so called, saw themselves as defenders of the country’s honour. No sport aroused as much popular excitement. Boxing was a literary subject too. It developed a way of speaking all of its own and, in essay and metaphor, fighters’ unique ability to fight fair (no knives) under rules while giving and taking no quarter (‘Bottom’) either in battle or the ring, were highly prized expressions of liberty. The chapter ends with the Queensberry Rules and the birth of modern boxing as a mainly Anglo-American affair, now performed in theatres not fields.
Custom
Authors: Colls Robert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 looks at ‘custom’ from the point of view of the Poor who by and large saw it as a vital part of who they were and where they lived. Between 1833 and 1840 the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals’ sought to ban the annual bull-running in the Lincolnshire market town of Stamford. The rougher end of Stamford, including the magistrates’ bench, resisted. The nicer end stayed neutral, at least in public. Metropolitan liberals, meanwhile, pressed for a ban with the powerful backing of the Home Office, the NSPCA, and a young Queen. The issue was finally resolved by a court judgment backed by Dragoons and detachments of the Metropolitan Police who finally stopped the running in 1840. On the face of it, this was a simple matter of whether to torture or not to torture a bull. But the chapter takes Stamfordians at their word in their claim that the sport was an ancient custom, that custom was part of the constitution, and that the constitution was a vital part of their identity as free men and women (women featured prominently). Custom and practice was ingrained in the everyday lives of the people. ‘Being the People’ at festivals and fairs was a political as well as a sporting performance with a strong physical presence and plenty of showing off.
Moderns
Authors: Colls Robert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines the zeal for Association Football as the game moderns play. It starts by leaving the playing fields of Eton to describe an altogether different sort of sporting life on the streets of industrial Britain. Jack London remarked in People of the Abyss (1902) that a whole new sub race had grown up there, ‘the pavement people’ he called them, and although he doesn’t mention it, they were playing football far more than they were suffering from racial degeneration. For many working-class boys, football was a passion, their first craze, like rock n’ roll it was a way of feeling free in another otherwise hostile environment. Football for the workers was released by the factory acts in 1853 and by the 1880s it was an integral part of ‘the weekend’—a consumer economy that ushered in a new kind of urban life. Boys played football almost anytime anywhere. The chapter asks why the girls wouldn’t, or couldn’t. In the 1960s Arthur Hopcraft said football was ‘inherent in the people’ and so it was. Along with cinema, dancing, and popular music, it created new liberties and belongings. England won the World Cup in 1966. This was the pinnacle of footballing achievement by a class and a country that had given the world its favourite sport. Very soon after however, British football was in the doldrums, and it was violence that seemed inherent now.
Conclusion
Authors: Colls Robert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Conclusion sums up and looks tentatively forward. By 1960, competitive sport was a vital and irreplaceable part of modern life. The older understanding of ‘sport’ as fun or showing off had lost some of its meaning. For most British history, the heroes had been military or naval, often posthumous. By the 1930s, they were increasingly sporting. From the 1950s, they were increasingly female and, from the 1960s, with the advent of television, they were increasingly seen as ‘personalities’ or ‘celebrities’ rather than heroes or champions. This experience was not unique to the British. All twentieth-century nation-states raised competitive sport as the mark of their success, nowhere more so than the Modern Olympiad, revived in 1896. In our own day, the commercialization of elite sport threatens to unhinge it from its roots in everyday life. But away from the glamour and the money, this sporting life still goes deeper than the agencies of the state and mass media. Although the meanings of sport have shifted, the shift has not been absolute, with no sharp divide between the traditional and the modern. The sporting life remains closely connected to liberty, to heart, to custom and practice, to a sense of belonging and to the bonds of friendship.
The Later Institution of Renunciation
Authors: Hausner Sondra L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Renunciation plays a particular cultural role in the social worlds of both historical and contemporary South Asia. As the practical manifestation of a philosophical legacy that in its many schools emphasizes the importance of cosmic unity and transcendental knowledge—the capacity to overcome human emotion and physical shortcomings—as the way to achieve it, the rejection of worldly pursuits through renunciation has become a core tactical and symbolic solution to religious attainment. The person who embodies that goal—he (or, more rarely, she) who ably renounces the otherwise assumed life course of marriage, parenthood, ritual action, and community involvement—thus occupies a special place in the religious life of the sub-continent. A textual renouncer lives the philosophical dictum to renounce society, pursuing full-time the religious attempt to transcend earthly limitations, in a worldly body all the while. This chapter examines these developments.
Vaiṣṇava Practice
Authors: Lutjeharms Rembert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter attempts to offer not a historical overview of Vaiṣṇava practice, but an overview of the ways Vaiṣṇavas have viewed their own practice. Given the enormous variety of Vaiṣṇava traditions and their very regional nature, any overview of Vaiṣṇava practice is necessarily selective. The chapter draws upon the writings of Vaiṣṇavas from most major traditions, and on a wide range of scriptural texts. After an analysis of the Vaiṣṇava understanding of bhakti, I discuss just four distinct Vaiṣṇava practices, which Vaiṣṇava Purāṇas proclaim to be the principal practices for the four cosmic ages (yuga): Vedic ritual, image worship, praising God, and meditation. Examining the various practices indicated by just these four, while not exhaustive, does demonstrate the great diversity of Vaiṣṇava practice, and also brings to light how these practices, despite their apparent differences, are all interconnected and, in the Vaiṣṇava mind, all have the same aim: constant remembrance of God.
Women’s Observances
Authors: Pintchman Tracy 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Sanskrit term vrata, often translated as ‘vow’ or ‘votive ritual’, refers in contemporary Hinduism to a specific type of Hindu religious observance with a set of defining characteristics. South Asian Christians, Muslims, Jains, and Buddhists may also perform religious vows but the word vrata refers in particular to this type of ritual in its Hindu contexts. Hindus practise vratas under different vernacular names as well—vrat, brata, and nōṉpu, for example—all over India and across regional, sectarian, caste, linguistic, and class boundaries. In contemporary Hinduism, the term has come to refer primarily to a religiously sanctioned votive rite performed at a particular time with particular desires or intentions in mind on the part of the petitioner. Vratas usually entail some kind of promise directed towards a deity, often in exchange for a boon, and a predetermined form of ritual observance. Men, women, boys, and girls may all perform various vratas. There are many vratas, however, that only females undertake in contemporary Hindu practice. In fact, vratas are among the practices most broadly associated with contemporary Hindu women’s religious observance. The meanings and practices evoked by the word vrata are nevertheless historically and textually contingent and have evolved over the course of many centuries.
‘You Always Had One Foot in the Camp’
Authors: Whatmore-Thomson Helen J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The first chapter introduces the case studies of Neuengamme, Natzweiler-Struthof, and Vught in their respective wartime contexts of Germany, Alsace, and the Netherlands. It traces through the ways in which the outside world remained connected to the camps in each of the three locations. It highlights how camps were accommodated in host localities via administrative and economic processes, how they offered employment and trading opportunities, how the violence that was perpetrated was visible and audible in local spaces beyond the perimeters of the camp, and how local inhabitants tried to help prisoners. The chapter discusses the different motivational forces for civilians becoming involved and highlights the importance of situational factors. It concludes by examining the (unusually collective) ‘help actions’ which were coordinated by a pro-active number of individuals at Vught on behalf of prisoners.
Camps after Camps
Authors: Whatmore-Thomson Helen J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines what happened to the Nazi camps in the immediate aftermath of the war. It narrates the transition from KZ to internment camp at each location in the context of cleansing responses to Nazism and transitional justice. It demonstrates how local populations responded to the renewed camp presence and the new inmates in their midst, and outlines the extent of official municipal involvement. It addresses the earliest forms of KZ memorialization, in particular the ways and means by which local communities were involved in enacting and debating commemoration, both of their own accord and in conjunction with other actors (namely survivors and the state). It details the swift consummation of Vught’s Fusilladeplaats as an official KZ monument and highlights local fraternity with prisoners as a key aspect of early post-war KZ commemoration (in formerly occupied nations). The chapter finally examines the significance of the actual KZ sites in terms of heritage and tourism.
The Book Trade in Aberdeen, Glasgow, and the Smaller Burghs to 1785
Authors: Fox Adam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 looks at the development of the book trade in Aberdeen, Glasgow, and the smaller burghs of Scotland during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It traces the succession of town printers in Aberdeen and Glasgow and their production of slight and ephemeral works aimed at the widest audience. It explores the role of chapmen in carrying almanacs, ballads, and small books into the rural areas of Scotland and demonstrates the ways in which a national print network was expanding across the Lowlands. By the end of this period, presses were being established in towns across the country, taking the production of cheaply printed literature ever closer to its audience.
Handbills and Placards
Authors: Fox Adam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the handbills that were passed around on the streets and the notices that were posted up in Scottish communities during the early modern period. In particular, it looks at government proclamations and civic ordinances, topical publications and newssheets, elegiac poetry and satirical squibs, commercial advertisements and playbills, together with other ephemeral items printed on a single sheet. It indicates the ways in which public places in Scotland would have been filled with a variety of flyers and posters that made up the textual environment of everyday life. The fragile nature of such material has ensured its limited survival and made its contemporary significance easy to overlook, but it made a fundamental contribution to the cultural ambience of the urban Lowlands in these centuries.
Explaining Imagination
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Imagination will remain a mystery—we will not be able to explain imagination—until we can break it into simpler parts that are more easily understood. Explaining Imagination is a guidebook for doing just that, where the simpler parts are other familiar mental states like beliefs, desires, judgments, decisions, and intentions. In different combinations and contexts, these states constitute cases of imagining. This reductive approach to imagination is at direct odds with the current orthodoxy, which sees imagination as an irreducible, sui generis mental state or process—one that influences our judgments, beliefs, desires, and so on, without being constituted by them. Explaining Imagination looks closely at the main contexts where imagination is thought to be at work and argues that, in each case, the capacity is best explained by appeal to a person’s beliefs, judgments, desires, intentions, or decisions. The proper conclusion is not that there are no imaginings after all, but that these other states simply constitute the relevant cases of imagining. Contexts explored in depth include: hypothetical and counterfactual reasoning, engaging in pretense, appreciating fictions, and generating creative works. The special role of mental imagery within states like beliefs, desires, and judgments is explained in a way that is compatible with reducing imagination to more basic folk psychological states. A significant upshot is that, in order to create an artificial mind with an imagination, we need only give it these more ordinary mental states.