bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trajectories of Purpose in Life Following a Dementia Diagnostic Appointment
Authors: Wynn Matthew , Ju Catherine , Hill Patrick 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose in life has been linked with better well-being and reduced risk for major illness. As such, work has focused on understanding what leads to changes in sense of purpose during adulthood, with a focus on major life events. Receiving a dementia diagnosis is a major life event that could affect purpose in life both for older adults with dementia and their potential caregivers. To examine this issue participants answered questions at two timepoints, before their diagnostic appointment at a specialized memory clinic, and between two days and two weeks after the appointment. Participants provided self-report ratings of sense of purpose and as well as open-ended answers regarding their purpose in life. Data is available from both caregivers and patients and qualitative coding was performed on participants’ open-ended responses. While there was no significant, mean-level change in purpose in life for patients (t = -.14, p = .88) or caregivers (t = .73, p = .46), some participants exhibited reliable change in sense of purpose. Factors underlying individual increases and decreases in sense of purpose following a dementia diagnostic appointment are explored and discussed.
As We Age: Listening to the Voices of LGBTQ Older Adults
Authors: Cummings Cory , Dunkle Jennifer , Mayes Bianca , Bradley Carolyn , Hall Porsha 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
LGBTQ older adults present a range of biopsychosocial needs and life experiences that may differ from the general population of older adults. Researchers have broken LGBTQ older adults into three age brackets: the Invisible Generation born before the 1920s; the Silent Generation born in the 1930s and 1940s; and the Pride Generation born in the 1950s and 1960s (Fredriksen-Goldsen, 2016). Research is emerging on health disparities and is fueling calls for inclusive services for this population. This paper session reports on the work of a research collaborative between social work and public health (two universities and a statewide advocacy organization). A qualitative study, designed as phase one a statewide need assessment, engaged ten focus groups (N=48 participants) throughout a mid-Atlantic state. Study aims were to better understand the experiences and perceptions of LGBTQ older adults now and expectations and plans for care as they age. Findings included (1) emphasis on the nuance of connection as an ageing LGBTQ adult; (2) expectations for quality of services; (3) realities of planning for future living arrangements; and (4) two sides of advocacy, as both a personal responsibility and a call for allyship. Recommendations will be made on how attendees can: evaluate agency policies and procedures to create safe spaces and inclusive services, engage in needs assessments of older LGBTQ+ adults in their own communities, and advocate at the State and Federal levels to strengthen services in the aging network to better serve this group, with specific focus on the Older Americans Act.
Identifying knowledge, self-efficacy and response efficacy of alternative discipline strategies among low-income Black, Latino and White parents
Authors: Duong Hue Trong , Monahan Jennifer L , Kollar Laura M Mercer , Klevens Joanne 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Corporal punishment (CP) leads to detrimental mental and physical consequences for a child. One way to prevent CP is to encourage parents to apply alternative discipline strategies that do not involve violence. Based on the knowledge—behavior gap framework in public health education, this study analyzed the focus group data of 75 low-income Black, Latino and White parents to uncover commonalties and differences in their knowledge, self-efficacy and response efficacy of alternative discipline strategies. Findings revealed that parents knew several alternative discipline strategies and had confidence in their ability to conduct these strategies. However, parents reported that some strategies were hard to implement because they lacked the relevant resources. Moreover, parents did not perceive that alternative discipline strategies were effective without using some forms of CP. Knowledge, self-efficacy and response efficacy of alternative discipline strategies are risk factors for child physical abuse and addressing them will help prevent injury and health impacts on children, while providing safe, stable, nurturing relationships and environments for child development.
Effects of latitudinal variation on field and common garden comparisons between native and introduced groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) populations
Authors: Zhu Bi-Ru , Li Xiao-Meng , Zhang Da-Yong , Liao Wan-Jin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Aims
Field and common garden comparisons are commonly performed to test the rapid evolution of increased vigor in introduced plant populations. Latitudinal clines in phenotypic traits can obscure such evolutionary inferences, particularly when native or introduced populations are distributed across large geographic ranges. We tested whether the latitudinal clines influence comparisons between introduced and native populations of Senecio vulgaris.

Methods
Senecio vulgaris is native to Europe but has been introduced in northeastern and southwestern China. To evaluate the performance in terms of growth and reproduction between native European populations and introduced Chinese populations, we compared plant height, number of branches and number of capitula in field populations in native and introduced ranges and in a common garden in Switzerland.

Important Findings
The introduced Chinese populations performed better than the native European populations in the field in terms of plant height and number of capitula, which was consistent with the prediction of the evolution of the increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis. The Chinese populations produced more capitula than the European populations when the latitudinal cline was considered in the common garden comparison. When we compared the traits of the northeastern Chinese, southwestern Chinese and European populations in both the field and common garden, the northeastern Chinese populations, at latitudes similar to those of the European populations, exhibited greater plant size and more capitula than the European populations in both the field and common garden. However, the southwestern Chinese populations, at latitudes much lower than those of the European populations, did not perform better than the native populations in terms of reproduction. In conclusion, our results suggest that latitudinal clines in phenotypic traits should be considered in field and common garden comparisons when introduced populations are geographically structured.
Questioning COVID-19 Surface Stability and Fomite Spreading in Three Aeromedical Cases: A Case Series
Authors: Horoho Sean , Musik Stephen , Bryant David , Brooks William , Porter Ian M 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
It is well established that coronavirus disease 2019 is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets, and there is mounting research speculation that it may also be transmitted via fomites. Several studies have shown that the virus can persist on both porous and nonporous surfaces for hours to days, depending upon the material. This article examines three cases of polymerase chain reaction–proven severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection with several additional individuals meeting CDC close contact criteria. In 1 case, 195 downstream contacts were all tested to prevent a mass outbreak in a deployment posture. Analysis of these contacts yielded only a single positive test, which could be reasonably ascribed to respiratory droplet transmission. While these cases and their contacts ultimately represent a small sample size, we suggest fomite spread may not be a significant means of transmission for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in real-world operational scenarios.
Serum albumin measurement in nephrology: room for improvement
Authors: van Schrojenstein Lantman Marith , van de Logt Anne-Els , Thelen Marc , Wetzels Jack F , van Berkel Miranda 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Serum albumin is a widely used biomarker in clinical nephrology. Serum albumin cut-off values are used to define disease, to predict outcome and to guide patient care. The available commercial assays to measure serum albumin rely on different analytical principles, all with their own (analytical) specifications. This article provides an overview of the different clinical applications of serum albumin measurements in nephrology, the (dis)advantages of the available assays and the estimates of the effects of the measurement uncertainty between different assays in clinical decision making. This article concludes that harmonization of serum albumin assay results is needed.
Lying and Deception in Development
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Human self-consciousness and symbolic functioning bring deception to new levels, incomparable to all the other forms of deception found in other animals or in nature in general. It brings intention and open-ended delusional redescription of reality to fit our social needs, boost our self-worth, and maintain semblance of self-unity. Children learn and develop quickly the ability to use semblances as the primary tool in their navigation of the social world, gaining affiliation through the debunking and deliberate creation of false or pseudo beliefs. In fact, the catalogue of lies and deception found in toddlers starting at two years, even if they are at basic, putatively nonstrictly representational level (i.e., without explicit false belief understanding) is stunning.
Orders and Their Representations
Authors: Chambers Robert G. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
An order concept, ≽(y), is introduced and interpreted as a correspondence. Some common structural properties imposed on ≽(y) are discussed. A distance function, d(x,y;g), is derived from ≽(y) and interpreted as a cardinal representation of the underlying binary relation expressed in the units of the numeraire g∈ℝ^{N}. Properties of distance functions and their superdifferential and subdifferential correspondences are treated. The chapter closes by studying the structural consequences for d(x,y;g) of different convexity axioms imposed on ≽(y).
Equilibrium, Efficiency, and Welfare
Authors: Chambers Robert G. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Competitive equilibria are studied in both partial-equilibrium and general-equilibrium settings for economies characterized by consumers with incomplete preference structures. Market equilibrium determination is developed as solving a zero-maximum problem for a supremal convolution whose dual, by Fenchel's Duality Theorem, coincides with a zero-minimum for an infimal convolution that characterizes Pareto optima. The First and Second Welfare Theorems are natural consequences. The maximization of the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus is studied in this analytic setting, and the implications of nonsmooth preference structures or technologies for equilibrium determination are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Plough Alonzo L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s third annual Sharing Knowledge to Build a Culture of Health conference on the Gila River Indian Community in Arizona. In February 2018, on lands that indigenous peoples have long held sacred, in a state with a complex cultural history and a strong sense of place, researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and advocates gathered to talk about advancing a Culture of Health. Participants brought a variety of training experiences, background knowledge, and personal experiences with them, along with the unique perspectives they had gained by working across academic, government, clinical, and community settings, in rural and urban milieus, as well as with the many and varied populations who live in the United States. This intersectionality—on display both at the Sharing Knowledge conference and in this book—underscores the importance of achieving health equity throughout the country, which is the crosscutting focus of how the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) is advancing a Culture of Health. The contributors to this volume offer both data and personal insight to help one consider the structural constraints and conditions that often shape individual behavior, as well as the strategies that can lift up populations.
Achieving Health Equity for Immigrants and Their Children
Authors: Plough Alonzo L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents a data-based portrait of American immigrants. Nearly 44 million immigrants live in the United States, and their health, and that of their children, is directly affected by their legal status and by U.S. policy. Indeed, public policy at both the federal and state levels—including Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), changes in “public charge” rules, and eligibility for driver's licenses and prenatal care—are all significant influences on health status and access to care. As such, ensuring that immigrant families are supported requires health care providers, policymakers, and community leaders to acknowledge the myriad factors influencing the health of their immigrant constituents. It is a path that will improve well-being for immigrants, while offering benefits more broadly as people work toward health equity.
Conclusion
Authors: Plough Alonzo L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter looks at the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s (RWJF) renewed resolve to highlight connections, rather than differences, when it talks about common problems, and to take evidence-based action grounded in that shared understanding. Despite an abundance of political rhetoric, this book has shown that there is ample enthusiasm for doing just that. A cross-sectional movement to address climate change is on the rise, bringing together businesses, hospitals, and activists. The opioid epidemic and its intersections with rural health and mass incarceration are gaining attention across partisan divides. Medical systems are integrating the social determinants of health into their care interventions, and novel payer initiatives are making it feasible to pilot test and evaluate innovation. Resilience also has come to the forefront as people learn more about the risks associated with childhood trauma, weather-related and human-spawned disasters, and community fragmentation, as well as the protective factors that can counter those stressors and foster personal and collective renewal. Ultimately, the pursuit of health equity remains the underpinning of everything the RWJF does. As they explore further the cultural aspect of a Culture of Health, they are bolstering their commitment to empower historically marginalized people.
Introduction
Authors: Redstone Ilana 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Campuses have long had unwritten rules about what can and can’t be said. But in recent years, social media have emerged as a powerful tool in academia both for direct censorship and for strengthening the incentives for self-censorship. Much of contemporary academic discourse is based on three foundational beliefs that are enforced in part through social media. The beliefs are grounded in good intentions and reflect understandable responses to historical and continuing societal wrongs. But when they are enforced in absolutist and uncompromising terms, they can unreasonably constrain discourse on issues that in fact merit more nuanced analysis.
The Stories the Numbers Do Not Tell
Authors: Graham Carol 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the measurement of well-being in a Culture of Health. The aggregate numbers and standard measures typically used to measure progress—growth rates, unemployment figures, and stock market trends—mask the underlying crisis of social ill-being. In contrast, well-being metrics uncover the stories that these numbers do not tell. As such, incorporating measures of well-being to provide a more nuanced view of how people are doing; to inform policies to address serious pockets of ill-being and to enhance aggregate societal well-being; and to create a new narrative about social progress is a proposition whose time has come. Surveys are a standard data collection mechanism for well-being data, and there is now established best practice for implementing well-being surveys. A key consensus is on the importance of measuring three distinct dimensions of well-being: hedonic, evaluative, and eudaimonic. The chapter then describes hedonic metrics, evaluative metrics, and eudaimonic metrics. Ideal measurement practice includes all three sets of measures, as they each reveal different elements of quality of life and well-being, ranging from daily moods to life course evaluations to purposefulness or lack thereof.
Capturing the Cultural Narratives of Well-Being
Authors: Thomas Felicity , Fietje Nils 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how a greater awareness of people’s lived experience can shape a more robust well-being narrative that offers policymakers greater insight into what matters to the good life of their rich and varied publics. Recent years have seen a number of initiatives and publications emerge to support a new kind of narrative on well-being. Among the most influential is a call for “fifth wave” thinking, which recognizes that existing, individually-focused, and biomedical approaches to health and well-being are no longer amenable to challenges of the current era, and a radically new approach that focuses on “a culture for health” and that seeks to engage with the full complexity of subjective, lived experience is needed to address contemporary problems, such as social inequality and loss of well-being. Narrative research methods can provide insight into people’s understandings of well-being, and their health and well-being-related experiences and lifestyle choices can locate this within their broader socio-cultural and historical context. The chapter then discusses the need to move away from individualized formulations of well-being, to approaches that recognize the value of relational well-being. It also considers assets-based approaches; the impact of social media on well-being narrative; and the establishment of accountability for well-being actions and narratives.
The Racial Face
Authors: Parfitt Tudor 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRacial immutability of Jews and blacks was proved through the unchanging features of the Jewish and negro face over thousands of years. From the time of Johann Kaspar Lavater, the Swiss Protestant poet and pastor from Zurich, it became almost axiomatic that there was something unique about the Jewish and negro face and head. Some argued that there was something goat-like about the Jewish face and something ape-like about the negro face. Jewish and negro eyes were considered special. Robert Knox discussed the racial face with respect to negroes and Jews, finding commonalities. For Frederic William Farrar, too, it was the overlapping categories of blacks and Jews that provided the best proof of the immutability of racial types. The indelibility of African blackness and the indelibility of Jewishness were common themes that linked Jews and negroes from medieval times to the twentieth century. Alfred Russell Wallace made the critical linkage between Jews and blacks that had underlined much racial speculation for the previous five hundred years and that would continue long after his death, particularly with respect to their unchanging, ancient pedigree and appearance. While many scholars opined that the Egyptian monuments offered the best proofs of the immutability of the Jewish and negro face, Alfred Cort Haddon considered that the Assyrian depictions of Jews were the most reliable as far as Jewish faces were concerned. Jewish faces were even to be found in west Africa.
Information and Its Value
Authors: Dunn J. Michael , Golan Amos 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, we are interested in understanding the nature of information and its value. We focus on information that is used for making decisions, including related activities such as constructing models, performing inferences, and making predictions. Our discussion is mostly qualitative, and it touches on certain aspects of information as related to the sender, receiver, and a possible observer. Although our emphasis is on shedding more light on the concept of information for making decisions, we are not concerned here with the exact details of the decision process, or information processing itself. In addition to discussing information, our expedition takes us through the traditional notions of utility, prices, and risk, all of which, under certain conditions, relate to the value of information. Our main conclusion is that the value of information (used in decision making) is relative and subjective. Since information is relative, it can have more than one value, say a value for the sender, a value for the receiver, or even different values for different senders and receivers, and various values for various “eavesdroppers.” Of course, the value might be zero for any of these. Importantly, that value is inversely related to risk when the information is used for decision making. Although this conclusion is likely expected, we did argue for it in a way that relies on some fundamentals about both value and information.
A Computational Theory of Meaning
Authors: Adriaans Pieter 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A computational theory of meaning tries to understand the phenomenon of meaning in terms of computation. Here we give an analysis in the context of Kolmogorov complexity. This theory measures the complexity of a data set in terms of the length of the smallest program that generates the data set on a universal computer. As a natural extension, the set of all programs that produce a data set on a computer can be interpreted as the set of meanings of the data set. We give an analysis of the Kolmogorov structure function and some other attempts to formulate a mathematical theory of meaning in terms of two-part optimal model selection. We show that such theories will always be context dependent: the invariance conditions that make Kolmogorov complexity a valid theory of measurement fail for this more general notion of meaning. One cause is the notion of polysemy: one data set (i.e., a string of symbols) can have different programs with no mutual information that compresses it. Another cause is the existence of recursive bijections between ℕ and ℕ2 for which the two-part code is always more efficient. This generates vacuous optimal two-part codes. We introduce a formal framework to study such contexts in the form of a theory that generalizes the concept of Turing machines to learning agents that have a memory and have access to each other’s functions in terms of a possible world semantics. In such a framework, the notions of randomness and informativeness become agent dependent. We show that such a rich framework explains many of the anomalies of the correct theory of algorithmic complexity. It also provides perspectives for, among other things, the study of cognitive and social processes. Finally, we sketch some application paradigms of the theory.
Inferring the Logic of Collective Information Processors
Authors: Daniels Bryan C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
From neurons to insects to societies, across biology we see impressive feats of collective information processing. What strategies do these systems use to perform useful computations? Moving toward an answer to this question, this chapter focuses on common challenges in inferring models of complicated distributed systems and how the perspective of information theory and statistical physics is useful for understanding collective behavior.