bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low‐Damaged Layer‐by‐Layer Etching of Large‐Area Molybdenum Disulfide Films via Mild Plasma Treatment
Authors: Chee Sang‐Soo , Ham Moon‐Ho 
Published: July 2020

AbstractControlling the number of layers of 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) film is indispensable for optoelectronic applications because of their layer‐dependent optical features. However, most of methodologies on controlling TMDC layers induce undesirable defect formation and are performed on TMDC flakes, obtained from mechanical exfoliation. These limitations make practical TMDC‐based optoelectronic applications more difficult. Herein, layer‐by‐layer etching methodology of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) films is developed using mild sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) plasma treatment. It is confirmed that the number of layers is successfully controlled from trilayer to monolayer by increasing plasma treatment time, while preserving overall film quality. Such low‐damaged layer‐by‐layer etching is attributed to this mild plasma etching system to only introduce the chemical reaction between ionized fluorine and MoS2, without physical damage to MoS2. Electrical properties of layer‐controlled MoS2 devices are also investigated, achieving comparatively high field‐effect mobilities of 16.2, 8.84, and 2.87 cm2 V−1 s−1 for tri‐, bi‐, and monolayer MoS2, respectively. This finding provides the possibility of realizing layer‐by‐layer engineering of 2D TMDCs.
Nonreciprocal Transmission and Nonreciprocal Entanglement in a Spinning Microwave Magnomechanical System
Authors: Yang Zhi‐Bo , Liu Jin‐Song , Zhu Ai‐Dong , Liu Hong‐Yu , Yang Rong‐Can 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study presents nonreciprocal transmission and nonreciprocal magnon–phonon entanglement in a spinning microwave magnomechanical system. This system consists of microwave photons, magnon modes, and phonons. These are created by the vibrational mode of a yttrium iron garnet sphere. This investigation reveals that nonreciprocity is caused by the light that is circulating in a resonator that is experiencing a Fizeau shift. This leads to a difference in the effective detuning frequency of the photon for forwarding and backward drives. A super‐strong transmission isolation rate (>100 dB) and a strong entanglement isolation rate (≈50 dB) are obtained by applying the experimental parameters. This scheme opens a new route for exploiting a variety of nonreciprocal effects, and it provides the theoretical basis for the design and realization of magnetically controllable isolators and diodes.
An Endo‐Selective Epoxide‐Opening Cascade for the Fast Assembly of the Polycyclic Core Structure of Marine Ladder Polyethers
Authors: Li Feng‐Xing , Ren Shu‐Jian , Li Pei‐Fang , Yang Peng , Qu Jin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe rapid synthesis of marine ladder polyethers from polyepoxide precursors (in analogy with the biosynthetic pathway hypothesized by Nakanishi) is hampered by the fact that the exo‐selective epoxide‐opening cyclization cascade that gives THF‐type polyethers is preferred over the endo‐selective cascade that gives the desired products. We found that perfluoro‐tert‐butanol (PFTB) cooperating with 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM]BF4) can promote endo‐selective epoxide‐opening cyclization reactions of trisubstituted epoxy alcohols. Starting from readily accessible homochiral polyepoxy alcohols with a methyl group at all the endo‐cyclization sites, we were able to construct polyethers up to five consecutive fused 6‐, 7‐, and/or 8‐membered rings in one step. Notably, molecules with the 7/7/6/6 and 7/7/6/7/6 polyether frameworks of hemibrevetoxin B and brevenal, respectively, could be synthesized in 40 % and 17 % chemical yields.
Tuning Optimum Temperature Range of Bi2Te3‐Based Thermoelectric Materials by Defect Engineering
Authors: Zhang Qi , Fang Teng , Liu Feng , Li Airan , Wu Yehao , Zhu Tiejun , Zhao Xinbing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBi2Te3‐based solid solutions, which have been widely used as thermoelectric (TE) materials for the room temperature TE refrigeration, are also the potential candidates for the power generators with medium and low‐temperature heat sources. Therefore, depending on the applications, Bi2Te3‐based materials are expected to exhibit excellent TE properties in different temperature ranges. Manipulating the point defects in Bi2Te3‐based materials is an effective and important method to realize this purpose. In this review, we focus on how to optimize the TE properties of Bi2Te3‐based TE materials in different temperature ranges by defect engineering. Our calculation results of two‐band model revel that tuning the carrier concentration and band gap, which is easily realized by defects engineering, can obtain better TE properties at different temperatures. Then, the typical paradigms about optimizing the TE properties at different temperatures for n‐type and p‐type Bi2Te3‐based ZM ingots and polycrystals are discussed in the perspective of defects engineering. This review can provide the guidance to improve the TE properties of Bi2Te3‐based materials at different temperatures by defects engineering.
Infinite horizon LQ Nash Games for SDEs with infinite jumps
Authors: Liu Yueying , Hou Ting 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we consider infinite horizon linear‐quadratic (LQ) Nash games for stochastic differential equations (SDEs) with infinite Markovian jumps and (x,u,v)‐dependent noise. An indefinite stochastic LQ result is first derived for the considered system. Then, under the condition of strong detectability, a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a Nash equilibrium is put forward in terms of the solvability of a countably infinite set of coupled generalized algebraic Riccati equations (ICGAREs). Moreover, the mixed H2/H∞ control is investigated by Nash game approach as an important application. At last, we present an iterative algorithm to solve the ICGAREs, and a numerical simulation is given to illustrate its efficiency.
Ethylene glycol and glycolic acid production by wild‐type Escherichia coli
Authors: Lu Xiyang , Yao Yao , Yang Yang , Zhang Zhongxi , Gu Jinjie , Mojovic Ljiljana , Knezevic‐Jugovic Zorica , Baganz Frank , Lye Gary , Shi Jiping , Hao Jian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEthylene glycol and glycolic acid are bulk chemicals with a broad range of applications. The ethylene glycol and glycolic acid biosynthesis pathways have been produced by microorganisms and used as a biological route for their production. Unlike the methods that use xylose or glucose as carbon sources, xylonic acid was used as a carbon source to produce ethylene glycol and glycolic acid in this study. Amounts of 4.2 g/L of ethylene glycol and 0.7 g/L of glycolic acid were produced by a wild‐type Escherichia coli W3110 within 10 H of cultivation with a substrate conversion ratio of 0.5 mol/mol. Furthermore, E. coli strains that produce solely ethylene glycol or glycolic acid were constructed. 10.3 g/L of glycolic acid was produced by E. coli ΔyqhD+aldA, and the achieved conversion ratio was 0.56 mol/mol. Similarly, the E. coli ΔaldA+yqhD produced 8.0 g/L of ethylene glycol with a conversion ratio of 0.71 mol/mol. Ethylene glycol and glycolic acid production by E. coli on xylonic acid as a carbon source provides new information on the biosynthesis pathway of these products and opens a novel way of biomass utilization.
Towards a More Sustainable Lithium‐Ion Battery Future: Recycling LIBs from Electric Vehicles
Authors: Chitre Aniket , Freake Daniel , Lander Laura , Edge Jacqueline , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWith the number of electric vehicles (EVs) projected to increase 25‐fold by 2030, effective recycling processes need to be developed to conserve the critical raw materials (in particular, cobalt and lithium) used to make lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Industrial recycling of LIBs is underdeveloped due to two main reasons: i) complex and particularly variable cathodic chemistries; ii) physically different shapes and sizes of battery packs which are not designed for easy disassembly. Present processes use pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical recycling methods, with the latter being widely seen as the future in view of changing battery chemistries to lower cobalt contents. As such, this paper focuses on improvements, including sorting of batteries and using alternative water‐soluble binders, to enhance LIB material recovery from hydrometallurgical processes. This review promotes the adoption of a holistic design approach for LIBs that includes ease of end‐of‐life recyclability.
Analysis of Transformed Upstream Bioprocess Data Provides Insights into Biological System Variation
Authors: Richelle Anne , Lee Boung Wook , Portela Rui M. C. , Raley Jonathan , von Stosch Moritz 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn recent years, multivariate data analysis (MVDA) and modeling approaches have found increasing applications for upstream bioprocess studies (e.g., monitoring, development, optimization, scale‐up, etc.). Many of these studies look at variations in the concentrations of metabolites and cell‐based measurements. However, these measures are subject to system inherent variations (e.g., changes in metabolic activity) but also intentional operational changes. It is proposed to perform MVDA and modeling on data representative of the underlying biological system operation, that is, the specific rates, which are per se independent of the scale, operational strategy (e.g., batch, fed‐batch), and biomass content. Two industrial case studies are highlighted to showcase the approach: one is HEK medium performance comparison study and the other is CHO scale‐up/‐down study. It is shown that analyzing processes in this way reveals insights into behavior of the underlying biological system, which cannot to the same degree be deducted from the analysis of concentrations.
Association between red blood cell distribution width and white matter hyperintensities: A large‐scale cross‐sectional study
Authors: Wang Meiyao , Feng Hongliang , Zhang Shuaimei , Luo Zhengjin , Liang Yan , Xu Yan , Mei Bin , Kong Zhaohong , Liu Yumin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundRed blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a strong prognostic marker for various medical conditions, such as ischemic strokes. However, the relationships between higher RDW and the subtypes of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) remain unclear. Hence, this study aimed to thoroughly evaluate the relationships between RDW and the subtypes of WMHs.Patients and methodsThis cross‐sectional study was a retrospective analysis of hospital database (Dongguan Medical System, from April 2015 to February 2017). The presence and subtypes of WMHs were evaluated using Fazekas score with the T2WI‐FLAIR brain images from a 1.5‐T MRI system. The overall sample was randomly split in half. One of the two split‐half samples was used for determining the optimal cutoff value of higher RDW and another for further statistical analyses.ResultsA total of 555 subjects with WMHs and 642 controls were recruited. The optimal cutoff value of higher RDW was 13.25%. Logistic regression revealed that higher RDW (≥13.25%) was positively associated with periventricular WMHs (adjusted OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.16–2.82, p = .009). However, higher RDW was not associated with total WMHs (adjusted OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 0.99–2.33, p = .057) and deep WMHs (adjusted OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.76–1.94, p = .426).ConclusionOur findings suggested that higher RDW may be independently associated with periventricular WMHs, but not with total WMHs and deep WMHs.
Cross‐cultural differences in Parkinson's disease caregiving and burden between the United States and Mexico
Authors: Smith Erin R. , Perrin Paul B. , Tyler Carmen M. , Lageman Sarah K. , Villaseñor Teresita 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionGiven the rapidly aging population in both the United States and Mexico, rates of Parkinson's disease (PD) are likely to rise in both countries, suggesting that the number of individuals providing informal care will also increase, and the healthcare system will have to consider the burden this places upon caregivers. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine differences in PD caregiving and burden between the United States and Mexico.MethodsData were collected from PD caregivers in the Parkinson's Clinic at the Hospital Civil Fray Antonio Alcalde in Guadalajara, Mexico (N = 148) and the Parkinson's and Movement Disorders Center at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia (N = 105) regarding caregiver demographics and self‐reported burden.ResultsDespite considerably more time spent in caregiving duties, higher rates in unemployment or underemployment, and lower education levels, Mexican PD caregivers reported significantly less personal strain and role strain than did their United States counterparts. Even after controlling for these and other demographic differences between the two sites, the differences in caregiver burden remained.ConclusionsLatino cultural values in Mexico encouraging the importance of caring for family members with PD and respecting elders may promote caregiving and even make it a point of cultural pride, helping to overcome potential negative effects on caregivers seen in the United States. The scientific and medical communities should view caregiving as a culturally embedded and potentially positive role, rather than predominantly as burdensome as frequently conceptualized in Western or Eurocentric cultures.
The Triazole Ring as a Privileged Scaffold for Putative Antifungals: Synthesis and Evaluation of a Series of New Analogues
Authors: Zoidis Grigoris , Kritsi Eftichia , Lecinska Paulina , Ivanov Marija , Zoumpoulakis Panagiotis , Sokovic Marina , Catto Marco 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe significant antifungal activity of a series of novel 1,2,4‐triazole derivatives against different strains of Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Aspergillus fumigatus, compared to the commercial fungicides ketoconazole and itraconazole, is reported. Systemic mycosis and invasive fungal infections, whether from immunodeficiency or hospital‐acquired infection, have been on an upward trend for several years. The 1,2,4‐triazole ring substituted with other aromatic and heteroaromatic systems plays an important role in the field of antifungal drug discovery and development. Thus, an extensive series of 29 triazoles, substituted in different positions with a variety of aromatic rings, has been designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their fungicidal activity. Almost all the agents tested in vitro showed high activity against all examined fungal strains. It is noteworthy that, in the case of A. fumigatus, all the examined compounds achieved equal or higher antifungal activity than ketoconazole, but less activity than itraconazole. Among all the derivatives studied, the dichlorourea analogue and bromo‐substituted triazole stand out as the most promising compounds. Quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) models were built for a systematic structure‐activity relationship (SAR) profile to explain and potentially explore the potency characteristics of 1,2,4‐triazole analogues.
Survival outcome of adjuvant chemotherapy in deficient mismatch repair stage III colon cancer
Authors: Shaib Walid L. , Zakka Katerina M. , Jiang Renjian , Yan Ming , Alese Olatunji B. , Akce Mehmet , Wu Christina , Behera Madhusmita , El‐Rayes Bassel F. 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundThe prognostic impact of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) status remains controversial in patients with stage III colon cancer who are treated with adjuvant chemotherapy (AC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival outcome of AC in deficient mismatch repair (dMMR)/microsatellite instable (MSI) stage III CC.MethodsPatients with pathological stage III CC between 2010 and 2013 were identified from the National Cancer Database using International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (3rd Edition) morphology and topography codes 8140, 8480, and C18.0‐18.8. Patients with pathologic stage T3N2, T4N1, or T4N were considered high risk; patients with stage T3N1 were considered low risk. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted, and Kaplan‐Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify the association between AC and overall survival (OS).ResultsA total of 9226 patients with pathological stage III CC were identified, of which 2384 (25.8%) were MSI‐high (MSI‐H) and met the inclusion criteria of the final analysis. MSI‐low (MSI‐L) patients (n = 6842) were excluded. There was a preponderance of women (55.0% [n = 1311]), and 76.6% (n = 1825) of patients were non‐Hispanic white. The median age was 65 years (range, 19‐90 years). The primary sites were the cecum (29.7% [n = 707]), ascending colon (26.0% [n = 620]), sigmoid colon (17.2% [n = 410]), and transverse colon (10.8% [n = 257]). The most common tumor grade was moderately differentiated (n = 50.4% [1202]), followed by poorly differentiated (34.1% [n = 813]) and well differentiated (5.1% [n = 121]). High‐risk pathologic stage III CC (T4N1, TxN2) constituted 51.0% (n = 1215) of the study population. High‐risk stage III was associated with worse OS compared with low‐risk stage III on univariate (P < .001) analysis and displayed a similar trend on multivariable analysis, without a statistically significant difference. Multiagent AC was associated with improved OS compared with no treatment on univariate (P < .001) and multivariable (P < .001) analysis. When stratified by risk status, multiagent AC was associated with improved OS compared with no treatment for high‐risk (P < .001) and low‐risk (P < .001) stage III disease.ConclusionAdjuvant chemotherapy is associated with better OS in stage III dMMR/MSI‐H CC. An enhanced benefit was shown for high‐risk stage III disease.
Electrochemical Lignin Conversion
Authors: Du Xu , Zhang Haichuan , Sullivan Kevin P. , Gogoi Parikshit , Deng Yulin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLignin is the largest source of renewable aromatic compounds, making the recovery of aromatic compounds from this material a significant scientific goal. Recently, many studies have reported on lignin depolymerization and upgrading strategies. Electrochemical approaches are considered to be low cost, reagent free, and environmentally friendly, and can be carried out under mild reaction conditions. In this Review, different electrochemical lignin conversion strategies, including electrooxidation, electroreduction, hybrid electro‐oxidation and reduction, and combinations of electrochemical and other processes (e. g., biological, solar) for lignin depolymerization and upgrading are discussed in detail. In addition to lignin conversion, electrochemical lignin fractionation from biomass and black liquor is also briefly discussed. Finally, the outlook and challenges for electrochemical lignin conversion are presented.
Z‐Scheme Water Splitting under Near‐Ambient Pressure using a Zirconium Oxide Coating on Printable Photocatalyst Sheets
Authors: Okunaka Sayuri , Kameshige Hiroyuki , Ikeda Takeshi , Tokudome Hiromasa , Hisatomi Takashi , Yamada Taro , Domen Kazunari 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSunlight‐driven water splitting systems operating under ambient pressure are essential for practical renewable hydrogen production. Printable photocatalyst sheets, composed of a hydrogen evolution photocatalyst (HEP), an oxygen evolution photocatalyst (OEP), and conductive metal nanoparticles, are cost‐effective and scalable systems. However, the decrease in water splitting activity under ambient pressure due to reverse reactions hampers their practical application. In this study, coating zirconium oxide (ZrOx) by facile drop‐casting onto a printed photocatalyst sheet, which consists of SrTiO3 : Rh, BiVO4 : Mo, and Au nanocolloids as the HEP, OEP, and electron mediator, respectively, effectively maintains the water splitting activity at elevated pressure. The ZrOx‐coated photocatalyst sheet retains 90 % and 84 % of the base performance (the pristine sheet at 10 kPa) at 50 and 90 kPa, respectively. Achieving efficient water splitting at the ambient pressure by inexpensive and extensible processes is an important step toward solar hydrogen production.
Reactive process and hysteresis effect in magnetron with magnetized hollow cathode enhanced target
Authors: Baránková Hana , Bardos Ladislav 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe hysteresis effect in the reactive process was investigated in the magnetron with a magnetized hollow cathode enhanced target (HoCET) in which the target is coupled with the hollow cathode magnetized by the magnetic field of the magnetron. The process, where both the magnetron and hollow cathode plasmas are combined, is compared to the magnetron sputtering. The hysteresis curve in the magnetized HoCET magnetron, recording the titanium emission intensity versus varying content of nitrogen in the gas mixture exhibits a local maximum on the increasing part of the curve. The hysteresis curve is shifted to lower contents of nitrogen than the hysteresis curve for the magnetron. It is concluded that more efficient utilization of the reactive gas takes place in this device.
Lousy grouse: Comparing evolutionary patterns in Alaska galliform lice to understand host evolution and host–parasite interactions
Authors: Sweet Andrew D. , Wilson Robert E. , Sonsthagen Sarah A. , Johnson Kevin P. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUnderstanding both sides of host–parasite relationships can provide more complete insights into host and parasite biology in natural systems. For example, phylogenetic and population genetic comparisons between a group of hosts and their closely associated parasites can reveal patterns of host dispersal, interspecies interactions, and population structure that might not be evident from host data alone. These comparisons are also useful for understanding factors that drive host–parasite coevolutionary patterns (e.g., codivergence or host switching) over different periods of time. However, few studies have compared the evolutionary histories between multiple groups of parasites from the same group of hosts at a regional geographic scale. Here, we used genomic data to compare phylogenomic and population genomic patterns of Alaska ptarmigan and grouse species (Aves: Tetraoninae) and two genera of their associated feather lice: Lagopoecus and Goniodes. We used whole‐genome sequencing to obtain hundreds of genes and thousands of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the lice and double‐digest restriction‐associated DNA sequences to obtain SNPs from Alaska populations of two species of ptarmigan. We found that both genera of lice have some codivergence with their galliform hosts, but these relationships are primarily characterized by host switching and phylogenetic incongruence. Population structure was also uncorrelated between the hosts and lice. These patterns suggest that grouse, and ptarmigan in particular, share habitats and have likely had historical and ongoing dispersal within Alaska. However, the two genera of lice also have sufficient dissimilarities in the relationships with their hosts to suggest there are other factors, such as differences in louse dispersal ability, that shape the evolutionary patterns with their hosts.