bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Evolution in the Center of the Old World: An Updated Review of the South Asian Paleolithic
Authors: R. Chauhan Parth 
Published: November 2020

The Indian Subcontinent was an important geographic region for faunal and hominin evolution in Asia. While the Oldowan as the earliest technocomplex continues to be elusive, the oldest Acheulean is dated to ~1.5 Ma and the early Middle Paleolithic is ~385 ka (from the same site). New Late Pleistocene dates have been reported for the Middle Paleolithic which continues up to 38 Ka in southern India. The Upper Paleolithic remains ambiguous and requires critically multidisciplinary investigations. The microlithic evidence appears to spread rapidly across the subcontinent soon after its emergence at ~48 Ka (though its origin is debated) and continues into the Iron Age. The timeline of the initial arrival of Homo sapiens continues to be debated based on the archaeology (advanced Middle Paleolithic vs. microlithic) and genetic studies on indigenous groups. Other issues that need consideration are: interactions between archaics and arriving moderns, the marginal occurrence of symbolic behavior, the absolute dating of rock art and the potential role of hominins in specific animal extinctions and ecological marginalization. The region does not appear to have been a corridor for dispersals towards Southeast Asia (although gene flow may have occurred). Instead, once various prehistoric technologies appeared in the Subcontinent, they possibly followed complex trajectories within relative isolation.
Toxicity of Cadmium in Soil-Plant-Human Continuum and Its Bioremediation Techniques
Authors: Dutta Asik , Patra Abhik , Singh Jatav Hanuman , Singh Jatav Surendra , Kumar Singh Satish , Sathyanarayana Eetela , Verma Sudhanshu , Singh Pavan 
Published: November 2020

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity is highly detrimental for the human and largely originated from faulty industrial and agricultural practices. Cadmium toxicity can be observed in minute concentration and highly mobile in the soil–plant system and availability in soil is mainly governed by various physio-chemical properties of the soil. Cereals and vegetables cultivated in peri-urban areas, former mining and industrial areas accumulate Cd in toxic limit as they receive Cd from multiple ways. In general, when the total cadmium (Cd) concentration in soil exceeds 8 mg kg−1, or the bioavailable Cd concentration becomes >0.001 mg kg−1, or the Cd concentration in plant tissue reaches 3–30 mg kg−1 most plants exhibit visible Cd toxicity symptoms. The impacts of Cd toxicity are seed germination, growth, photosynthesis, stomata conductance, enzyme activities and alteration in mineral nutrition. The major source of Cd in human is food chain cycle and causes disorders like “itai-itai” disease, cancer, and nephrotoxicity. Cadmium harms kidney, liver, bone and reproductive body parts and may be fatal in serious condition. WHO recommended the tolerable monthly Cd intake are 25 μg kg−1 body weights and in drinking water Cd concentration should not exceed 3 μg L−1. It is hard to remove these potent and hazardous metals from the environment as they have long mean residence time but, can be converted into less toxic form through bioremediation. This chapter focuses on the effect of Cd toxicity in soil–plant-human continuum and its bioremediation techniques to mitigate the Cd- toxicity.
Melanin, from an Evolutionary Remnant to the Myeloid Lineage Cell’s Main Energy Source. The Unsuspected Intrinsic Property of Melanin to Dissociate the Molecule from Water. Possible Implications in the Context of Acute Leukemias
Authors: Solís Herrera Arturo , I. Solís Arias Ruth , F. Torres Solís Luis 
Published: November 2020

Melanin is one of the most stable substances known. The study of the ink bags of fossilized squid that died 160 million years ago has found it in good condition. Its extraordinary stability is what had prevented, to date; assign a relevant role in biology. Sir Everard Holmes’ proposal in London; in the eighteenth century, about the role of melanin as a simple sunscreen, it has permeated to this day, especially among dermatologists. Despite the unique physical–chemical qualities of melanin, its biological role as a simple sunscreen that protects us from the dangerous UV rays remained immutable. Our circumstantial discovery during an observational study that lasted 12 years (1990–2002) and which included the ophthalmologic studies of 6000 patients, about the relationship between the vessels of the optic nerve and the three main causes of blindness (Macular degeneration, diabetes, and glaucoma) allowed us to discern the unexpected and surprising true role of melanin in Biology as an energy transducer. The unsuspected intrinsic property of melanin to transform light into chemical energy through water dissociation, like chlorophyll in plants; opens a new era in Biology and therefore in Medicine. And Acute Leukemias are no exception.
What Is the Best Choice and Dose of Anthracycline for Induction Chemotherapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia?
Authors: Rangaraju Sravanti , Jamy Omer 
Published: November 2020

Treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia, medically fit to receive intensive chemotherapy, has been standardized over the past four decades and consists of an anthracycline administered along with continuous cytarabine. This combination is traditionally administered as seven days of cytarabine and three days of anthracycline, known as 7 + 3. Selecting the appropriate choice and dose of anthracycline for induction chemotherapy continues to be debated. Daunorubicin, used in three doses of either 45 mg/m2, 60 mg/m2 or 90 mg/m2, and idarubicin 12 mg/m2 are the two commonly used anthracyclines in clinical practice. Other anthracyclines including mitoxantrone and liposomal daunorubicin are incorporated in the treatment algorithm as well. Our understanding of the underlying biology of acute myeloid leukemia has significantly increased in the past decade, helping us formulate individualized treatment plans. In this chapter, we will discuss pivotal studies comparing the safety and efficacy of different types and doses of anthracyclines, focusing predominantly on daunorubicin and idarubicin. The details of the study design as well as subgroup analysis will be presented to determine which subset of patients with AML may benefit from a particular anthracycline.
« VIEILLIR DANS LA RUE » : INTERPRÉTATIONS DU TEMPS PAR LES AÎNÉS EN SITUATION D’ITINÉRANCE
Authors: Bourgeois-Guérin1 Valérie , Grenier Amanda , Bourgeois-Guérin Élise , Sussman Tamara , Rothwell David 
Published: November 2020

Lorsque les problématiques de l’itinérance se conjuguent au vieillissement, les difficultés peuvent être nombreuses et complexes. Cette combinaison de facteurs vient teinter l’interprétation du temps par les personnes âgées itinérantes. Cet article se fonde sur les résultats du volet qualitatif d’une recherche dans laquelle 40 entretiens semi-structurés furent réalisés auprès de personnes itinérantes âgées de 46 ans et plus. Les résultats démontrent les regrets, la désillusion et l’impuissance de celles-ci face au passé, leur centration sur le présent et que le regard qu’ils portent sur le futur est porteur de défis, parfois d’espoirs, mais uniquement lorsqu’envisagé hors de la rue.
Emerging Trends of Central Government Deficit Indicators in India
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev 
Published: November 2020

After the implementation of Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act in India, a debate has been started among the economists as to the relevance of the deficit cutting strategy. The objective of the study is to analyses the emerging trends of central government’s major deficit indicators viz., fiscal deficit, revenue deficit and primary deficit in Indian economy from 1980-81 to 2015-16. The study period has been divided into three sub-periods i.e. pre-liberalisation period (from 1980-81 to 1990-91), post liberalisation period till FRBM Act (from 1990-91 to 2002-03) and the post Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act (from 2003-04 to 2015-16) in reply to the worldwide financial crisis and succeeding return to a fiscal consolidation path. The exponential model has been fitted to the time series data for estimating compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of fiscal indicators. The compound annual growth rate has been estimated for The finding point out that the crisis led to the burgeoning of the government deficit to unsustainable levels and encouraged the government to initiate and adopt economic reforms during the study period 1980-81 to 2002-03 and also ensure that the deficit stood at more reasonable levels. On the other hand, the central government has been more proactive and has undertaken fiscal policy reforms to ensure a steady reduction in deficit indicators of central government leading to a more resilient economy after the implementation of FBRM. The study suggested that for fiscal reforms to succeed, continued high economic growth is a prerequisite which in turn requires strong social and economic infrastructure.
Post-Harvest Loses and Socioeconomic Sustenance of Yam Farmers in Southern Agricultural Zone of Nasarawa State
Authors: Iorzua D. A. , Ikwuba A. A. , Aan J. T. , Nwafor S. C. 
Published: November 2020

Aims: The study determined the effect of post-harvest losses of yam on the socio-economic sustenance of farmers in Nasarawa State Nigeria. It also described the socio-economic status of farmers; determined the average quantities of yam lost for the years in review (2014-2018).
Study Design: The study employed the use of cross sectional design.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Nasarawa state, Nigeria between October 2019 to June 2020.
Methodology: Using the multistage sampling technique, data for the study were collected from a sample of three hundred and eighty seven (387) respondents.
Results: That majority of the respondents (322) 83%, were male, and within the age range of 31-40 years 158(41%) followed by the age bracket of 41-50: 97(25%); 323(84%) of the respondents were married with average household size of 8.0 persons per household while 87% of the respondents have had one form of formal education or the other.
The Ordinary Least Square result of the effect of postharvest losses on the socioeconomic sustenance of the respondents revealed that the coefficient of simple determination (r2) was 0.850which implies that 85.00% of the variations in the socioeconomic sustenance of the respondents was explained by the independent variable included in the model (post-harvest losses) while 15.00% unexplained was due to error. F-prob. value of 0.0000 was observed from the analysis which is less than 0.05, indicating that the variables included in the estimated regression model were correct and significant at 1% significant level. The coefficient of post-harvest losses with the value of (-4.327) was statistically significant and negatively related to the socioeconomic sustenance of the respondents at 1 percent.
Conclusion: The study concluded that there is a relationship between the post-harvest losses and socioeconomic sustenance of farmers. Therefore, the relevant government and agricultural agencies, Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Community Based Organizations (CBOs) as well as individuals need to strengthen their effort toward reducing post-harvest losses of yam by educating through demonstration and encouraging farmer to use modern technologies and materials in yam storage.
Therapeutic approach to ovarian cysts in tamoxifen‐treated women with breast cancer
Authors: Shushan A. , Peretz T. , Mor‐Yosef S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectives: To present our clinical experience with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) treatment of tamoxifen‐treated women who had developed ovarian cysts, and to discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic options in such cases. Methods: The study included six tamoxifen‐treated premenopausal women with breast cancer who developed ovarian cysts and were followed up by our outpatient clinic. Tamoxifen was administered orally (20 mg/day). All patients underwent a pelvic examination and vaginal ultrasound using a 5‐MHz vaginal probe. Blood samples for serum gonadotropins, estradiol (E2) and CA 125 levels were collected at the time of the ovarian cyst detection and every month thereafter. After detection of an ovarian cyst, the women were treated by monthly injections of GnRHa. Results: The patients' mean age was 44 years (range 37–51 years) and all had stage‐II or ‐III breast cancer. The mean duration of tamoxifen administration at the time of ovarian cyst detection was 15 months (range 3–40 months). All six ovarian cysts were found to be simple cysts, measuring more than 30 × 30 mm. Serum E2 levels of the six patients at the time of ovarian cyst detection were between 939 and 1796 pg/ml and were suppressed to less than 25 pg/ml after GnRHa therapy. After between three and six monthly injections of GnRHa all six ovarian cysts disappeared. On follow‐up 6 months later, all patients had a normal pelvic examination. Conclusion: The findings of this preliminary report suggest that GnRHa might be an appropriate treatment for tamoxifen‐treated women who develop ovarian cysts. It was demonstrated that the GnRHa caused regression of the ovarian cysts and enabled continuation with the adjuvant tamoxifen treatment.
Comparative outcome of first-admission patients with delusional beliefs
Authors: Jørgensen P 
Published: July 2002

SummaryA study sample of 88 patients suffering from delusional beliefs was examined from first admission to follow-up. From the time of index admission, global functioning differs when distributed in accordance with ICD-10 categories. Patients with the discharge diagnoses affective disorder and acute and transient psychotic disorder have similar and optimistic perspective. The most pessimistic perspectives apply to patients with schizophrenia and an intermedium, but a rather pessimistic position also applies to patients with persistent delusional disorder. According to the discharge diagnosis following first admission, the score of global assessment functioning (GAF) at follow-up (8 years) is: schizophrenia 37; affective disorder 73; persistent delusional disorder 47; and acute and transient psychotic disorder 70. Generally, short-term outcome bears close resemblance to that of middle-term observation. During the observation period, 13 patients died. Amongst the surviving 75 patients, diagnosis at follow-up differed from that given at first-admission discharge, in eight cases using ICD-10 and in ten cases using DSM-III-R. Therefore, the use of ICD-10 as well as DSM-III-R enables clinicians to estimate a high stability (89%) diagnostic category with minimal delay.
Influence of exogenous estrogen administration on serum CA‐125 originating from the endometrium
Authors: Karabacak O. , Ilgin N. , Tiras B. , Gursoy R. , Himmetoglu O. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectives: The purpose of the study is to assess the endometrial contribution of serum CA‐125 using exogenous estrogen administration by ruling out ovarian activity. A randomized, controlled, prospective study was designed to assess the endometrial contribution of serum CA‐125 and its influence from estrogen administration in menopausal women. Methods: Twenty menopausal women with intact uterus and ovaries (study group) and 10 cases with previous total hysterectomy with intact ovaries (control group) were included in the study. The mean age of subjects in the study and control groups were similar at 53±1.9 (S.D.) and 51±2.7 years. The length of menopause in the study and control groups were also similar at 61.0±18 and 52.6±26.5 months, respectively. Group 1 consisted of 10 randomly selected cases and five controls who received 15 days of 50 μg/day transdermal 17β‐estradiol (TE). Group 2 consisted of the next randomly selected 10 cases and five controls who had 15 days of transdermal 100 μg/day 17β‐estradiol (Estraderm‐Ciba) administration. Serum CA‐125 and estradiol were measured at day 0, 15 by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results: Serum mean CA‐125 levels increased significantly in endometrium intact menopausal women from day 0 to 15 of TE administration in group 2 and 1, 70% and 6%, respectively (P=0.03 and P=0.05, respectively). Interestingly, the increase in serum estradiol levels accompanied this change only in group 2. Conclusions: These results suggest that endometrial CA‐125 secretion to serum is dependent on the dose of administered exogenous estrogen.
Estrogenic activity of tamoxifen on normal mammary parenchyma in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle
Authors: Facina G. , de Lima G. Rodrigues , Simões M.J. , Novo N.F. , Gebrim L.H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectives: Tamoxifen, an anti‐estrogenic drug used in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer, deserves more investigation for the determination of its efficacy as a prophylactic agent against breast cancer in high risk women. Thus, the action of tamoxifen on the human mammary gland was studied by measuring the number of lysosomes in normal mammary epithelium during the administration of tamoxifen. Methods: Tamoxifen was administered only during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle to avoid interference with corpus luteum formation. A fragment of breast tissue adjacent to a fibroadenoma was obtained during surgery from 35 premenopausal women aged 15 to 37 years who had been eumenorrheic for at least 6 months; 18 of these patients were treated with tamoxifen and 17 were used as controls. Lysosome counts were performed under the light microscope on slides submitted to the acid phosphatase cytochemical technique and the data were analyzed statistically by the Mann‐Whitney test. Results: The fragments from the group treated with tamoxifen showed a significant decrease in lysosome numbers. Conclusions: Tamoxifen administered after ovulation significantly decreases the number of lysosomes in the cells of normal mammary epithelium, demonstrating the antiestrogenic effect of the drug on this target tissue.
Immunocytochemical localization of Cathepsin D and CA 125 in ovarian cancer
Authors: Athanassiadou P. , Sakellariou V. , Michalas S. , Petrakakou E. , Athanassiades P. , Aravantinos D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To study the expression of Cathepsin D (Cath D) and CA 125 antigens and ER and PR receptors on freshly obtained surgical specimens of ovarian carcinomas and their relationship with menopausal status, tumor histology, primary tumor size and lymph node invasion. Method: The tumors obtained from 100 women were measured and cut in half. The cut surface of one half was pressed against glass slides which were air dried and stained using the Avidin‐Biotin peroxidase method for Cath D and CA 125 antigens. The slides were viewed under the light microscope for the characteristic brown granules in the cytoplasm or membrane of the malignant cells. The other half of the tumor was subjected to routine histological examination and part used for the demonstration of ER and PR receptors. The results were analyzed using χ2 analysis. Results: Cath D positivity was as common as CA 125 positivity. Cath D positivity is more frequently associated with serous carcinomas than with others. No relationship was observed between ER/PR positivity and Cath D or CA 125 positivity. Conclusion: The high incidence of Cath D positivity makes it a possible complementary method for following up ovarian carcinoma patients especially those who are CA 125 negative.
Bone mass density in post‐menopausal women
Authors: Cosmi E.V. , Minozzi M. , Riosa B. , Piazze J.J. , Pollastrini L. , Forleo R. , Anceschi M.M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectives: To evaluate the effect of age, years since menopause and body weight on bone mass density (BMD) in 283 patients. Methods: Bone mass density was assessed by bone computerized mineralometry at two sites of the forearm. Results: The mean distal BMD and ultra BMD in the postmenopausal group were negatively correlated with age (P < 0.001, r = −0.48 and P < 0.001, r = −0.50, respectively) and years since menopause (P < 0.001, r = −0.32 and P < 0.001, r = −0.33, respectively). When body‐mass index was regressed against distal and ultra distal BMD, positive correlations were found (P = 0.008 and P − 0.007). Conclusions: From our data, forearm computerized mineralometry seems to be a reliable method for the evaluation of the effects of age and body‐mass index on bone mass.
Differential time‐related effects of conjugated equine estrogen on bone metabolism in oophorectomized women
Authors: Nozaki M. , Inoue Y. , Hashimoto K. , Ogata R. , Nakano H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: The effects of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) on bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical indices of bone remodeling in oophorectomized women were studied for 3 years during estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) to investigate whether 0.625 mg/day of CEE alone prevent acute bone loss in the early stage of surgical menopause. Methods: We divided the subjects into three groups according to interval between oophorectomy and the start of ERT (group 1: less than 2 years after surgery, n = 31; group 2: 2–5 years after surgery, n = 29; and group 3: more than 5 years after surgery, n = 27). Vertebral BMD was measured using dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Two biochemical indices of bone metabolism, urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPyr) and serum intact human osteocalcin (hOC) were also measured. Results: In group 1, continuous ERT with 0.625 mg/day of CEE could not prevent a BMD decrease within the first year. However, by the end of the second year, BMD was restored to the pre‐ERT. The same dosage of CEE significantly increased BMD in groups 2 and 3 by the end of the first year. DPyr and hOC levels both decreased dramatically in the initial 6 months of therapy and were stable thereafter. Conclusion: In the initial 2‐year period after oophorectomy, 0.625 mg/day of CEE alone could not prevent acute bone loss suggesting that additional therapy for the prevention of osteoporosis may be needed.
Family planning in the 21st century: perspective of the International Planned Parenthood Federation
Authors: Brueggemann I. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMany women still die as a result of pregnancy or childbirth and yet there are an increasing number of women who wish to regulate their fertility and space or limit their child‐bearing. This paper, outlining some success stories, elucidates the family planning challenges and identifies key messages to indicate the role that IPPF can play in the 21st century. Issues such as advocacy for sexual and reproductive health and rights, increased male participation, serving the interests of marginalized groups, appropriate technology, quality of care and cooperation between various partners, all need to be addressed to improve sexual and reproductive health including family planning in the 21st century.
Sex education in school: preventing unwanted pregnancy in adolescents
Authors: Saito M.I. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSexual activity during adolescence may represent a risk for young women's quality of life as well as their health. This practice can result in early pregnancy, abortion, AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. The need for sexual education in order to identify and prevent the risk factors of an unwanted pregnancy during adolescence becomes increasingly clearer. In order to accomplish this purpose all segments of society shall be convened. If the goal is educating, informing or, even better, forming, then the school stands out from among the other reference groups because this is its essential role. A few basic principles should be established for the success of the educators' actions. Perhaps the most important one being not only to base sexual education on the use of preservatives and contraceptive methods, but rather on rescuing the individual as a result of his/her own actions. This favors the development of a sense of citizenship, respect, commitment, self‐care and care for others.