bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Egg sac damage and previous egg sac production influence truncated parental investment in the wolf spider,Pardosa milvina
Authors: Marchetti Megan F. , Persons Matthew H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLife history theory predicts that iteroparous animals adaptively partition reproductive effort between current and future reproduction. When rearing costs of current offspring exceed the potential benefits, parental care should be terminated and deferred toward future reproduction. We tested two related predictions that follow from life history theory: (a) parents should be sensitive to offspring viability and withhold parental care if offspring survival probability drops and future reproductive opportunities are likely, and (b) parents should be less sensitive to offspring survival probability when future reproduction is unlikely and maximize parental care late in life. The wolf spider,Pardosa milvina, demonstrates extensive parental care; however, they may also abandon or cannibalize their egg sacs. We tested the effects of egg sac damage and production of a previous egg sac on egg sac abandonment and cannibalism decisions. Among four egg sac groups (1st egg sac intact, 1st egg sac damaged, 2nd egg sac intact, 2nd egg sac damaged), we daily monitored egg sac abandonment and cannibalism and measured differences in egg sac searching, protection, and grooming among removed and damaged egg sacs (N = 116 with 1st egg sac and 88 with 2nd egg sac). Females with first egg sacs abandoned and cannibalized damaged egg sacs significantly more compared to unmanipulated egg sacs; however, females with second egg sacs were insensitive to egg sac damage. Females also spent significantly more time protecting second egg sacs compared to first egg sacs and groomed damaged egg sacs significantly more than undamaged. These results support the general predictions of life history theory that indicate that abandonment and cannibalism should decrease with diminished future reproductive potential and that parents should be less sensitive to indicators of offspring survival probability late in life.
Total organic carbon concentrations in ecosystem solutions of a remote tropical montane forest respond to global environmental change
Authors: Wilcke Wolfgang , Velescu Andre , Leimer Sophia , Blotevogel Simon , Alvarez Pablo , Valarezo Carlos 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe response of organic carbon (C) concentrations in ecosystem solutions to environmental change affects the release of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from forests to surface and groundwaters. We determined the total organic C (TOC) concentrations (filtered <1–7 µm) and the ratios of TOC/dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH in all major ecosystem solutions of a tropical montane forest from 1998 to 2013. The forest was located on the rim of the Amazon basin in Ecuador and experienced increasing numbers of days with >25°C, decreasing soil moisture, and rising nitrogen (N) deposition from the atmosphere during the study period. In rainfall, throughfall, mineral soil solutions (at the 0.15‐ and 0.30‐m depths), and streamflow, TOC concentrations and fluxes decreased significantly from 1998 to 2013, while they increased in stemflow. TOC/DON ratios decreased significantly in rainfall, throughfall, soil solution at the 0.15‐m depth, and streamflow. Based on Δ14C values, the TOC in rainfall and mineral soil solutions was 1 year old and that of litter leachate was 10 years old. The pH in litter leachate decreased with time, that in mineral soil solutions increased, while those in the other ecosystem solutions did not change. Thus, reduced TOC solubility because of lower pH values cannot explain the negative trends in TOC concentrations in most ecosystem solutions. The increasing TOC concentrations and EC in stemflow pointed at an increased leaching of TOC and other ions from the bark. Our results suggest an accelerated degradation of DOM, particularly of young DOM, associated with the production of N‐rich compounds simultaneously to changing climatic conditions and increasing N availability. Thus, environmental change increased the CO2 release to the atmosphere but reduced DOM export to surface and groundwater.
‘Rushing Remand’? Pretrial Detention and Bail Decision Making in England and Wales
Authors: SMITH TOM 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDeprivation of liberty as part of the criminal process is always a significant step, and arguably even more so when the person so deprived has not yet been convicted of an offence. Remand decision making – that is, granting bail or requiring detention of a defendant prior to trial – in the courts of England and Wales is a common and important part of modern criminal procedure, yet has been under‐examined in the last two decades. This article presents some of the findings of the first empirical study of remand law and practice in this jurisdiction in many years. It concludes that, notwithstanding that the rate of pretrial detention is comparatively low and practice is broadly in line with domestic and regional standards, there remain significant issues – particularly in relation to the time spent on such decisions and the information provided to courts when considering remands on bail or in custody.
A review of root, tuber and banana crops in developing countries: past, present and future
Authors: Scott Gregory J. 
Published: September 2020

SummaryFor many of the developing world's poorest farmers and food‐insecure people, roots, tubers, bananas and plantain crops (RTBs) serve as a critical source of food, nutrition and cash income. RTBs have been particularly important in areas where local agri‐food systems are under stress. Under such circumstances, growers, processors and traders often see opportunities to improve food security or increase their incomes with those crops due to shifting tastes and preferences for food and non‐food products. Since the early 1990s, cassava output surged in sub‐Saharan Africa, while potato production expanded rapidly in Asia. RTBs are consumed by over three billion people in developing countries with a market value of US$ 339 billion. This paper analyses the major changes in production, utilisation and trade of RTBs over the last six decades, assesses estimates of their future trajectory and offers recommendations so that they might achieve their full potential.
Comparative study on the microstructure and functional properties of casein in goat milk processed by different methods
Authors: Qin Yusi , Cheng Ming , Wang Linlin , Huang Mengyao , Wang Jianmin , Wang Cunfang 
Published: September 2020

SummaryThis work compared the thermal stability, microstructure and functional properties of casein (CN) in goat milk processed by different methods, including homogenisation, low‐temperature long‐time (LTLT), high‐temperature short‐time (HTST), ultrapasteurisation (UP) and ultrahigh temperature (UHT) treatment. The greatest development of CN‐whey protein complexes was observed in LTLT goat milk and the least in HTST goat milk. The CN micelles in LTLT, UP and UHT milk were more obviously changed than the CN micelles in HTST milk, and the random coil content increased significantly after the homogenisation, UP and UHT treatments. The homogenisation had a significant effect on the functional properties of CN. In addition, the most obvious changes in the properties of CN were observed in LTLT and UHT goat milk. The results suggested that homogenisation, pasteurisation and UHT can cause effective changes in the functional properties of CN in goat milk that facilitate its application in the milk industry.
Analytical approaches of meat authentication in food
Authors: Sajali Nurhayatie , Wong Sie Chuong , Abu Bakar Suhaili , Khairil Mokhtar Nur Fadhilah , Manaf Yanty Noorzianna , Yuswan Mohd Hafis , Mohd Desa Mohd Nasir 
Published: September 2020

SummaryMeat industry sector is likely exposed to illegal practices which involve replacement of meat ingredients with other animal species. Meat products are commonly modified during processing, and the cases have been rampant in certain part of the world. Meanwhile, individual consumption patterns are affected by religious belief and health reason. For instance, Muslims and Jews are prohibited from consuming pork and allergic reaction to certain meat species affects choices of meat products. Thus, food authentication is vital as it offers protection to consumers from fraudulent act. Numerous authentication techniques have been developed to tackle food fraud issues. Authentication methods are categorised mainly as targeted analysis which provides quantitative outcome and non‐targeted analysis which offers qualitative result. In the present review, both targeted and non‐targeted analyses for meat species authentication are discussed based on previous research conducted using these methods and how they serve the purpose for authentication.
Off‐the‐job training and the shifting role of part‐time and temporary employment across institutional models. Comparing Italian and British firms
Authors: Pedrini Giulio 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article investigates intensity and composition of off‐the‐job training investments of Italian and British firms in relation to their workforce heterogeneity with respect to the presence of non‐standard workers. The main purpose is to assess the relationship between off‐the‐job training volumes and composition and the recourse to the main types of non‐standard employment, that is temporary and part‐time contracts, at firm level. Empirical evidence drawn from national surveys of the two countries shows more similarities than expected in terms of the correlation between non‐standard employment and training volumes whilst substantial differences arise when disaggregating training interventions according to the types of skills to be developed. Both institutional settings and the different roles of part‐time and temporary employment in the labour markets of the two countries contribute to the interpretation of the results.
Aluminosilicate glasses for zinc selenide tunable fiber laser cladding
Authors: Mathewson Carly , Urbina Isabella , Badding John V. , Gopalan Venkatraman , Mauro John C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA set of novel potassium‐calcium‐aluminosilicate glasses are developed to serve as the cladding material for a doped ZnSe core infrared fiber laser. The compositions exhibit high glass transition temperatures between 753°C and 918°C and high thermal expansion coefficients between 5.75 ppm/°C and 8.21 ppm/°C. We demonstrate successful application of these glass compositions as a cladding for a ZnSe tunable fiber laser.
Pan‐cancer analysis of alternative splicing regulator heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) family and their prognostic potential
Authors: Li Hao , Liu Jingwei , Shen Shixuan , Dai Di , Cheng Shitong , Dong Xiaolong , Sun Liping , Guo Xiaolin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAs the most critical alternative splicing regulator, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) have been reported to be implicated in various aspects of cancer. However, the comprehensive understanding of hnRNPs in cancer is still lacking. The molecular alterations and clinical relevance of hnRNP genes were systematically analysed in 33 cancer types based on next‐generation sequence data. The expression, mutation, copy number variation, functional pathways, immune cell correlations and prognostic value of hnRNPs were investigated across different cancer types. HNRNPA1 and HNRNPAB were highly expressed in most tumours. HNRNPM, HNRNPUL1, and HNRNPL showed high mutation frequencies, and most hnRNP genes were frequently mutated in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC). HNRNPA2B1 showed widespread copy number amplification across various cancer types. HNRNPs participated in cancer‐related pathways including protein secretion, mitotic spindle, G2/M checkpoint, DNA repair, IL6/JAK/STAT3 signal and coagulation, of which hnRNP genes of HNRNPF, HNRNPH2, HNRNPU and HNRNPUL1 are more likely to be implicated. Significant correlation of hnRNP genes with T help cells, NK cells, CD8 positive T cells and neutrophils was identified. Most hnRNPs were associated with worse survival of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), whereas hnRNPs predicted better prognosis in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) and thymoma (THYM). The prognosis analysis of KIRC suggested that hnRNPs gene cluster was significantly associated with overall survival (HR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.35‐0.73, P = 0.003). These findings provide novel evidence for further investigation of hnRNPs in the development and therapy of cancer in the future.
Hyperbaric oxygen‐induced long non‐coding RNA MALAT1 exosomes suppress MicroRNA‐92a expression in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Shyu Kou‐Gi , Wang Bao‐Wei , Fang Wei‐Jen , Pan Chun‐Ming , Lin Chiu‐Mei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHyperbaric oxygen (HBO) improves angiogenesis. The effect of HBO on metastasis‐associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), a pro‐angiogenic long non‐coding RNA, in cardiac myocyte‐derived exosomes and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is unknown. We aimed to investigate whether MALAT1 is altered in cardiac myocyte‐derived exosomes in response to HBO as well as the molecular regulatory mechanisms of MALAT1 in cardiac myocytes treated with HBO. Cardiac myocytes were cultured, and HBO was applied at 2.5 atmosphere absolute in a hyperbaric chamber. Exosomes were extracted from the culture media. A rat model of AMI generated by the ligation of the left anterior descending artery was used. HBO significantly increased MALAT1 expression in cardiac myocytes and HBO‐induced MALAT1 and exosomes attenuated miR‐92a expression after myocardial infarction. Expression of krüppel‐like factor 2 (KLF2) and CD31 was significantly decreased after infarction and HBO‐induced exosomes significantly reversed the expression. Silencing of MALAT1 using MALAT1‐locked nucleic acid GapmeR significantly attenuated KLF2 and CD31 protein expression after infarction induced by HBO‐induced exosomes. HBO‐induced exosomes also decreased infarct size significantly. HBO‐induced exosomes from cardiac myocytes up‐regulate MALAT1 to suppress miR‐92a expression and counteract the inhibitory effect of miR‐92a on KLF2 and CD31 expression in left ventricular myocardium after myocardial infarction to enhance neovascularization.
HIF‐1α‐induced up‐regulation of microRNA‐126 contributes to the effectiveness of exercise training on myocardial angiogenesis in myocardial infarction rats
Authors: Song Wei , Liang Qiaoqin , Cai Mengxin , Tian Zhenjun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractExercise training (ET) is a non‐drug natural rehabilitation approach for myocardial infarction (MI). Among the numerous beneficial effects of ET, myocardial angiogenesis is indispensable. In the present study, we investigated the role and mechanism of HIF‐1α and miR‐126 in ET‐induced MI myocardial angiogenesis which may provide new insights for MI treatment. Rat model of post‐MI and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were employed for our research. Histomorphology, immunohistochemistry, quantitative real‐time PCR, Western blotting and small‐interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection were applied to evaluate the morphological, functional and molecular mechanisms. In vivo results showed that 4‐week ET could significantly increase the expression of HIF‐1α and miR‐126 and reduce the expression of PIK3R2 and SPRED1, while 2ME2 (HIF‐1α inhibitor) partially attenuated the effect of ET treatment. In vitro results showed that HIF‐1α could trigger expression of miR‐126 in HUVECs in both normoxia and hypoxia, and miR‐126 may be involved in the tube formation of HUVECs under hypoxia through the PI3K/AKT/eNOS and MAPK signalling pathway. In conclusion, we revealed that HIF‐1α, whose expression experiences up‐regulation during ET, could function as an upstream regulator to miR‐126, resulting in angiogenesis promotion through the PI3K/AKT/eNOS and MAPK signalling pathway and subsequent improvement of the MI heart function.
Placental autophagy failure: A risk factor for preeclampsia
Authors: Nakashima Akitoshi , Shima Tomoko , Aoki Aiko , Kawaguchi Mihoko , Yasuda Ippei , Tsuda Sayaka , Yoneda Satoshi , Yamaki‐Ushijima Akemi , Cheng Shibin , Sharma Surendra , Saito Shigeru 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including preeclampsia, directly affect maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. As the pathophysiology of preeclampsia is multi‐factorial and has been studied using different approaches, we have demonstrated that impaired autophagy is an intertwined risk factor for preeclampsia. This concept has been verified in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Autophagy is primarily involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis, and in immune regulation, longevity, cytokines secretion and a variety of other biological functions. Here, we review the role of autophagy in normal embryogenesis and placentation. Once placental autophagy is impaired by metabolic stress such as hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress or starvation, placental development could be disrupted, resulting in functional maladaptations at the maternal‐fetal interface. These malfunctions may result in fetal growth restriction or preeclampsia.
Moral Seriousness
Authors: Seiple D. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract“Philosophy as a way of life” has its roots in ancient ethics and has attracted renewed interest in recent decades. The aim in this paper is to construct a contemporized image of Socrates, consistent with the textual evidence. The account defers concern over analytical/theoretical inquiry into virtue, in favor of a neo‐existentialist process of self‐examination informed by the virtue of what is called “moral seriousness.” This process is modeled on Frankfurt’s hierarchical account of self‐identification, and the paper suggests an expansion of Frankfurt’s concept of a person to include “full” personhood, in which the apprehended “meaning” of one’s “whole life” is taken as a necessary condition for eudaimonia (meaning of life) and is characterized by phenomenological transcendence. In addition, the importance of the informed scrutiny of a community of philosophers to the self‐examination process is discussed.
GmKIX8‐1 regulates organ size in soybean and is the causative gene for the major seed weight QTL qSw17‐1
Authors: Nguyen Cuong X. , Paddock Kyle J. , Zhang Zhanyuan , Stacey Minviluz G. 
Published: September 2020

Summary

Seed weight is one of the most important agronomic traits in soybean for yield improvement and food production. Several quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with the trait have been identified in soybean. However, the genes underlying the QTLs and their functions remain largely unknown.

Using forward genetic methods and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, we identified and characterized the role of GmKIX8‐1 in the control of organ size in soybean.

GmKIX8‐1 belongs to a family of KIX domain‐containing proteins that negatively regulate cell proliferation in plants. Consistent with this predicted function, we found that loss‐of‐function GmKIX8‐1 mutants showed a significant increase in the size of aerial plant organs, such as seeds and leaves. Likewise, the increase in organ size is due to increased cell proliferation, rather than cell expansion, and increased expression of CYCLIN D3;1‐10.

Lastly, molecular analysis of soybean germplasms harboring the qSw17‐1 QTL for the big‐seeded phenotype indicated that reduced expression of GmKIX8‐1 is the genetic basis of the qSw17‐1 phenotype.
Steady‐state stomatal responses of C3 and C4 species to blue light fraction: Interactions with CO2 concentration
Authors: Zhen Shuyang , Bugbee Bruce 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBlue light induced stomatal opening has been studied by applying a short pulse (~5 to 60 s) of blue light to a background of saturating photosynthetic red photons, but little is known about steady‐state stomatal responses. Here we report stomatal responses to blue light at high and low CO2 concentrations. Steady‐state stomatal conductance (gs) of C3 plants increased asymptotically with increasing blue light to a maximum at 20% blue (120 μmol m−2 s−1). This response was consistent from 200 to 800 μmol mol−1 atmospheric CO2 (Ca). In contrast, blue light induced only a transient stomatal opening (~5 min) in C4 species above a Ca of 400 μmol mol−1. Steady‐state gs of C4 plants generally decreased with increasing blue intensity. The net photosynthetic rate of all species decreased above 20% blue because blue photons have lower quantum yield (moles carbon fixed per mole photons absorbed) than red photons. Our findings indicate that photosynthesis, rather than a blue light signal, plays a dominant role in stomatal regulation in C4 species. Additionally, we found that blue light affected only stomata on the illuminated side of the leaf. Contrary to widely held belief, the blue light‐induced stomatal opening minimally enhanced photosynthesis and consistently decreased water use efficiency.
Going Social: A Comparative Analysis of Presidents' Official and Social Media Messages
Authors: Fontaine Sam A. , Gomez Daniel M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article explores how structural changes to the media environment, such as the development of social media, might enhance or impede presidents' public leadership efforts. We argue that characteristics of Twitter as a medium provide presidents with incentives to exploit these new opportunities and alter the content of presidential rhetoric. To test this claim about presidential rhetoric, we use text analysis tools to compare the readability, sentiment, and content of contemporary presidents' messages from press conferences and exchanges with reporters to tweets from the Barack Obama and Donald Trump presidencies. Our findings suggest that social media is being used by presidents in their public leadership efforts and that the medium of communication has a significant influence on the content of communication.
The value of market access and national treatment commitments in services trade agreements
Authors: Lamprecht Philipp , Miroudot Sébastien 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper looks at market access and national treatment commitments for services in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and in 95 regional trade agreements (RTAs) involving the countries that are covered in the OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI). The objective is to quantify the impact of legal bindings on trade in services that result from a reduction in the uncertainty faced by exporters. Bilateral bindings indices are created for five broad service sectors (professional services, computer services, telecoms, financial services and transport services). They indicate how close the sector is from a fully bound regime with no possibility to introduce any new trade barrier, by comparing commitments with the actual trade regime. These bilateral indices are then tested over the period 2000–2014 in a structural gravity model. Despite differences across sectors, the results confirm that the legal bindings typically found in services trade agreements tend to have a positive impact on exports even if no actual liberalisation takes place.