bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiating maximal and submaximal voluntary strength measures for the purposes of medico‐legal assessments and para sport classification: A systematic review
Authors: Paix Emily L. , Tweedy Sean M. , Connick Mark J. , Beckman Emma M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMeasurement of maximum voluntary muscle contractions are effort‐dependent – valid measurement requires maximal voluntary effort (MVE) from participants. Submaximal efforts (SMEs) yield invalid and potentially misleading results. This is particularly problematic in medico‐legal and Para sport assessments where low strength scores may confer a personal advantage. Therefore, objective methods for accurately differentiating MVE and SME are required. This systematic review aimed to identify, appraise and synthesise evidence from scientific studies evaluating the validity of objective methods for differentiating MVE from SME during maximal voluntary contractions. Four electronic databases were searched for original research articles published in English and secondary references appraised for relevance yielding 25 studies for review. Methods were categorised based on eight distinct underlying theories. For isokinetic strength assessment, methods based on two theories – Strength‐measure Ratios and Inter‐Trial Strength Consistency – correctly classified 100% MVE and > 92% SME. Consequently, research evaluating the relative suitability of these methods for translation into practice is warranted. During isometric strength assessments, methods based on Deceptive Visual Feedback and Force‐length properties warrant further investigation. Both methods yielded statistically significant differences between MVE and SME, with minimal overlap in values, but their sensitivity and specificity have not been evaluated.
Analysis of wind-adaptive architecture
Authors: Kabošová L 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAs an architectural response to the changing climate, a wind-driven design approach is developed. By adopting the digital design tools, the wind can be integrated into the design process, from the large scale of urban planning, through the form-finding of buildings, as well as designing the texture and roughness of building surfaces. In its more extreme forms, it is even more notable, how the wind flow is shaped and influenced by architecture. Former docks in Stockholm serve as a case study site to test architectural interventions that alter the wind flow on the site. This wind-driven design approach enables the evaluation of the wind performance of various design options, which informs design decisions. Grasshopper, the graphical algorithmic plug-in for Rhinoceros, creates one working environment, where the geometry is parametrically designed, and subsequently analysed in the virtual wind tunnel through the Swift extension for Grasshopper. The Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis results retroactively help decide which of the design options performs the best in the given wind conditions.
Artistic Objectivity: From Ruskin’s ‘Pathetic Fallacy’ to Creative Receptivity
Authors: Lichtenstein Eli I 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
While the idea of art as self-expression can sound old-fashioned, it remains widespread—especially if the relevant ‘selves’ can be social collectives, not just individual artists. But self-expression can collapse into individualistic or anthropocentric self-involvement. And compelling successor ideals for artists are not obvious. In this light, I develop a counter-ideal of creative receptivity to basic features of the external world, or artistic objectivity. Objective artists are not trying to express themselves or reach collective self-knowledge. However, they are also not disinterested or emotionless. They can be unmoved by personal feelings and human concerns, but they are still receptive—just attuned to the more elemental forces that creatively inspire them. I elaborate this ideal in dialogue with John Ruskin’s influential critique of the pathetic fallacy. By contextualizing Ruskin’s view vis-à-vis Romantic and Modernist poetics, post-Kantian aesthetics, modern environmental art, and contemporary theories of expressiveness, I show how it indirectly motivates my account.
Trajectories in Decolonizing Language: A Conversation with Ngugi wa Thiong’o
Authors: Canagarajah Suresh 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This interview presents the celebrated Kenyan writer Ngugi's changing orientations in decolonizing language. After adopting a Marxist approach to language in the 1980s, he now adopts an embodied and ecological orientation from his indigenous Gikuyu tradition. He articulates the importance of vernaculars and multimodal art forms in social transformation. He discusses the role of affective dispositions such as memory, pain, and hope in resistance.
Trade, standards and politics: global pressures on front-of-pack nutrition labelling interventions
Authors: Thow A M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Although interpretive front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition labelling is rightly considered a national health policy decision, it is also influenced by global trade agreements and international standards. Over the past decade, Specific Trade Concerns have been repeatedly raised at the World Trade Organization (WTO) regarding potential impacts of FOP nutrition labelling initiatives on trade. One of the common concerns raised was regarding the consistency of the measures with international standards. The Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), which makes global food standards, is currently developing global guidance for FoP nutrition labelling, which will almost certainly influence national policy making. This presentation draws on qualitative policy analysis research on trade concerns and international standards work regarding FOP nutrition labelling. Two challenges are evident at the global policy level. The first is the potential for constraints on policy space for innovative FOP nutrition labelling due to binding trade agreements. The second is the potential for significant industry input into standard development at Codex, which then constitute the reference point for WTO discussions on labelling. Historically, Codex standards have focussed primarily on acute risks, for example, from foodborne disease. This shift in Codex's activities towards standards to address NCDs presents new risks for achievement of public health goals, as a result of the high level of industry involvement in this forum and thus potential commercial conflict of interest. It is imperative that public health actors engage with Codex processes to ensure policy space for national governments to implement strong and effective regulation and allow scope for innovation. At the national policy level, strategic framing of nutrition labelling policy objectives and proactive policy engagement between trade and health can also minimise trade issues.
1.E. Workshop: Sharing experiences and evidence on smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy
Authors:   Organised by: EUPHA Child and adolescent health section,   Chair persons: Danielle Jansen – EUPHA-CAPH, Luís Saboga-Nunes – EUPHA-HP
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Smoking during pregnancy has negative health consequences for maternal and children’s health, e.g. an increased chance of an ectopic pregnancy, low birth weight, still birth and childhood asthma. To facilitate smoking cessation during pregnancy, many guidelines for healthcare professionals have been developed to support women to quit smoking. With an estimated prevalence of 8.1%, the European Region has the highest prevalence of smoking during pregnancy compared to other regions in the world. The objective of this workshop is to combine the knowledge around smoking during pregnancy (e.g. pregnant women' experiences with smoking, the development and implementation of guidelines, smoking cessation support). The workshop consists of three presentations about projects focusing on smoking cessation interventions. The first presentation (Stella Weiland) will be about women and significant others their needs for professional smoking cessation support. The second presentation (Cristian Meghea) presents the effectiveness of the Quit Together Trial. The third presentation (David Tappin) will be about incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy. After these three presentations, a discussion will be held among the participants of the workshop. The discussion will focus on the common elements of the different interventions and the identification of aspects which are perceived to be successful to facilitate smoking cessation of pregnant women. During this discussion, new approaches, experiences in daily practice and best practices can be shared about smoking and smoking cessation of pregnant women. A few statements, formulated by the researchers participating in this workshop, will be provided as input for the discussion.

Key messages
The European region has the highest prevalence of smoking during pregnancy. Knowledge on effective interventions should be combined and shared to facilitate smoking cessation during pregnancy.
Preliminary efficacy of the Quit Together Couple focused pregnancy smoking cessation intervention in Romania
Authors: Meghea C , Bandici R , Dascal M D 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Significance
Smoking rates before and during pregnancy are high in Romania and other low- and middle-income countries. We report on the efficacy of a smoking cessation intervention for couples during and after pregnancy in Romania.

Methods
The Quit Together trial enrolled participants between 2017-2019. The target population was comprised of pregnant smokers and their life partners in Romania. Eligibility criteria included age &gt; =18; pregnant; smoker; married or with a stable partner; willing to share partner contact info to be invited as participants as well. Participants self-enrolled through the Quit Together project webpage responding to Facebook ads and Google AdWords ad campaigns, and promotion through emails, online discussion groups, and printed materials distributed nationally by perinatal educators in ObGyn clinics and other relevant locations. Quit Together is a telephone counselling program building on the Motivation and Problem Solving (MAPS) approach enhanced by targeting the couples' smoking behavior and focusing on dyadic efficacy for smoking cessation. We report preliminary efficacy results of Quit Together.

Preliminary Results
There were 130 pregnant smokers with confirmed enrollment in the Quit Together trial. Among those who completed the intervention, the postpartum follow-up rate was close to 87% (N = 47/52). The mean age was 28, ranging from 18 to 42. Over 42% graduated college. Over 62% of the pregnant smokers had moderate-high nicotine dependence. Interim smoking cessation efficacy analyses on the first 52 participants indicate that the self-reported quit rate was 29.6% in the intervention group (8/27) vs 20% in the control group (5/25). Biochemically confirmed quit rates were 11.1% (3/27) vs 8% (2/25).

Conclusions
Motivation and problem-solving telephone counseling with couples can increase smoking cessation during pregnancy. These interim findings suggest that Quit Together may be an efficacious program for prenatal smoking cessation.
Beliefs towards vaccination and trust in the scientific community in Italy
Authors: Cadeddu C , Daugbjerg S , Ricciardi W , Rosano A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
In 2017 the Italian government introduced compulsory vaccination for children aged 0-16 for ten diseases, in response to an alarmingly decrease in coverage and measles outbreak. A hot social debate arose in the wake of this law, questioning the trust both in the scientific community regarding vaccines and in the safety of vaccines. No Italian study has prior studied these topics combined. We therefore investigated the socio-cultural profile of Italians regarding beliefs towards vaccination and trust in the scientific community.

Methods
Data were extracted from the Italian section of the 2017 European Social Survey (ESS), conducted by the Italian National Institute for Public Policy Analysis. Main outcomes were the opinion about harmfulness of vaccines and the trust in the scientific community. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to examine the socio-cultural profile of respondents on the topic.

Results
Among the 2,626 subjects interviewed, 19% believed that vaccines are harmful and 10% had no trust in the scientific community in regards to vaccines. Respondents who thought that vaccines are harmful, compared to respondents disagreeing, were characterized by less often having an education of 13 years or more (23% vs 29%), less often using a computer every day (44% vs 54%), less often participating in congresses (9% vs 17%), more often having a right wing political orientation (38% vs 26%). Out of the respondents who believed in the harmfulness of vaccines, 29% neither had trust in the scientific community. PCA suggested that this group (Anti-vax/science sceptic) was characterised by low participation in political and cultural life, being male, older of age and a right wing political orientation.

Conclusions
This study paints a picture of the opinions of Italians on vaccines. Respondents' profiles may be useful for policymakers to design targeted vaccination campaigns and to intervene more efficaciously in public debates.

Key messages
The share of Italian people who believe in harmfulness of vaccines is high, almost one in five. This is of great concern for the success of vaccination campaigns. Scientific community has a key role in the public debate on vaccines, considering the large consensus received on this issue.
Mediating tensions between public health and individual rights
Authors: Toebes B 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Public health laws and policies are powerful tools. Yet, they are often at tension with individual rights, including physical integrity, and privacy and family life. For example: extensive quarantines to curb the spread of an infectious disease may restrict freedom of movement; the introduction of compulsory vaccination for pre-school entry may create tension with the freedom of conscience or religion of parents who do not wish to have their children vaccinated; and smoke-free zones can create tension with the rights to privacy and family life.
Overcoming such tensions is both an ethical and a legal imperative. The primary legal framework in which this settling of tensions takes place is human rights law, which is binding on all countries around the world. Human rights standards reflect individual values that need to be taken into account when introducing public health measures. However, there is still insufficient understanding as to how the various human rights are to be weighed and integrated into public health laws and policies. Many questions remain, including how to balance public health or the collective ‘right to health' with individual rights.
This presentation will identify the most important tensions between public health measures and individual human rights. Subsequently, it will offer some solutions on how to better integrate human rights into public health laws and policies. Specific attention will be paid to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The point will be made, that the ‘best interest of the child' norm under this Convention may under circumstances set aside other interests, including parental freedoms. The presentation will conclude with the identification of a so-called ‘Human Rights-Based Approach' (HRBA), an integrated approach that may serve to make public health laws and policies ‘human rights proof'.

Key messages
There is an inherent tension between measures to protect the health of the public and individual human rights. We need to come to a better understanding of how to resolve these tensions.
Improving the usefulness of mortality data in Brazil: reclassification of ill-defined causes of death
Authors: França E , Ishitani L , Teixeira R , Cunha C , Marinho F 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Garbage codes (GC) among registered causes of death can bias mortality analysis. In Brazil, more than one million deaths occurred annually in 2006-2017 and around 100,000 deaths per year were originally attributed to GC ill-defined causes of death (IDCD) in the Mortality Information System (SIM - Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade). To provide more accurate cause-of-death analysis, routine investigations of IDCD in the health surveillance system have been implemented in the country since 2005. The objective of this study was to analyze specific underlying causes for deaths originally assigned as IDCD in the SIM in 2006-2017.

Methods
For all IDCD (ICD codes from chapter 18, or R-codes) identified in the SIM, municipal health professionals collected information about the final disease obtained from hospital records, autopsies, forms of family health teams, and home investigation. Proportions of reclassified deaths by cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMF) derived from the reclassified IDCD by age and four calendar periods were analyzed to assess specific causes detected after investigation.

Results
A high proportion of deaths due to IDCD was investigated in 2006-2017 (32%). From a total of 257,367 IDCD reclassified, chronic diseases (56.6%), injuries (7.2%), and infectious (5.2%) or neonatal, maternal, malnutrition (1.7%) were the underlying causes detected among IDCD. Neonatal-related conditions, interpersonal violence, ischemic heart disease and stroke were the leading causes detected in the age groups 0-9 years, 10-29 years, 30-69 years, 70 years and over, respectively.

Conclusions
High proportions of IDCD reassigned to more informative causes after review indicate the success of this approach to correct misclassification in the SIM, an initiative that should be maintained. Training physicians on death certification along with better quality of medical care and access to health services would lead to further improvement.

Key messages
Investigation of IDCD as part of routine data collection on a large scale as had occurred in Brazil in 2006-2017 is an innovative approach to strengthen population-level mortality statistics. In addition to reducing the proportions of IDCD by their reclassification into specific causes, this initiative opens up the prospect of using these results for redistributing remaining cases of IDCD.
Investigation of hospital deaths declared as garbage codes in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in 2017
Authors: Corrêa P , Ishitani L , Lansky S , Santos M , Teixeira R , França E 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Improving the quality of causes of death (COD) is vital for defining adequate public policies. In Brazil, one third of deaths are reported as having a cause that is not useful for public health analysis of cause-of-death data, the so-called garbage codes (GC). The investigation of these deaths is one of the strategies that could improve the quality of mortality statistics in the country.

Methods
For all GCs identified in 2017 in the routine mortality information system from Belo Horizonte city, Brazil, municipal health professionals collected information about the final disease obtained from hospital records or autopsies in a standardized form. A trained physician analyzed this information and filled in a new death certificate (DC). The DC that originally showed a GC as an underlying COD was categorized into GC reclassified when the garbage cause changed to a specific cause after investigation. Causes of death derived from the reclassified GCs were analyzed to assess the impact on the mortality profile before and after the investigation.

Results
In Belo Horizonte, 1,395 deaths out of 3,038 registered as garbage codes were investigated, with a 35% reduction in deaths due to these causes. There was an increase in deaths from ischemic heart diseases, Alzheimer's disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, and violence.

Conclusions
The investigation of deaths from garbage codes modified the mortality profile and improved its quality, providing direction for more assertive public health policies. Strategies for training physicians to report specific causes of death is another strategy that could improve the quality of mortality data.

Key messages
This study proved to be a feasible strategy in improving the quality of causes of death in mortality statistics and should be incorporated into the surveillance routine activities in Brazil. The evaluation of the GC investigation is an important instrument in helping management of health interventions aiming at better quality of information and more qualified health services.
Using cross-sectoral data linkage to understand the health of people experiencing multiple exclusion
Authors: Tweed E , Leyland A , Morrison D , Katikireddi S V 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
People affected by the intersection of homelessness, drug use, and/or serious mental illness have high rates of mortality and morbidity. However, they are often missed from routine information sources on population health, such as surveys and censuses. In many countries, administrative data are available which could help address this knowledge gap. We created a novel virtual cohort using cross-sectoral data linkage in order to inform policy and practice responses to these co-occurring issues.

Methods
Individual-level data from local authority homelessness services (HL), opioid substitution therapy dispensing (OST), and a psychosis case register (PSY) in Glasgow, Scotland between 2011-15 were confidentially linked to National Health Service records, using a mix of probabilistic and deterministic linkage. A de-identified dataset was made available to researchers through a secure analysis platform. Demographic characteristics associated with different exposure combinations were analysed using descriptive statistics.

Results
Linkage created a cohort of 24,767 unique individuals with any one of the experiences of interest between 2011-15. Preliminary results suggest that 89.2% of the cohort had one experience; 10.6% two; and 0.2% all three. The most common combination was HL & OST (n = 2,150; 8.7%), with other combinations much less frequent (HL & PSY, n = 279, 1.1%; OST & PSY, n = 188, 0.8%; HL & OST & PSY, n = 51, 0.2%). The odds of male gender increased with number of exposures (2 exposures, OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.9-2.2; 3 exposures, OR 4.1, 95% CI 2.3-7.2), but there was little difference in age. Work is ongoing to incorporate into the cohort additional datasets on criminal justice involvement.

Lessons
Administrative data linkage is a feasible approach to understanding the health of people affected by multiple exclusionary processes, but requires robust and timely governance. Our initiative can support service planning and evaluation of future policy or service changes.

Key messages
We describe the creation and characteristics of a novel virtual cohort of people affected by multiple exclusionary processes, using record linkage of administrative datasets. Cross-sectoral linkage has international potential for enhancing public health intelligence, especially for population groups who may be missed from surveys and censuses.