bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zurück zur Norm? Kompromissbildung zwischen geschlechtstypischen und -untypischen Berufsaspirationen, Bewerbungs- und Ausbildungsberufen
Authors: Kleinert Corinna , Schels Brigitte 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Studie untersucht, inwieweit Schülerinnen und Schüler in Haupt- und Realschulzweigen zum Ende der Schulzeit geschlechts(un)typische Aspirationen haben, sich in ihren Bewerbungen und mit dem ersten Ausbildungsberuf jedoch für davon abweichende Berufe entscheiden. Die Untersuchung zieht dafür Daten aus einer lokalen Längsschnittbefragung Jugendlicher im Schulentlassjahr aus dem Jahr 2011/2012 heran, die sich für betriebliche und schulische Ausbildungsplätze beworben haben. Mit Mehrebenenmodellen werden Differenzen in der Geschlechtstypik zwischen realistischen Berufsaspirationen, Zielberufen im Bewerbungsverlauf sowie dem ersten Ausbildungsberuf geschätzt. In den Ergebnissen stellt sich die Bewerbungsphase als Prozess der Kompromissbildung hin zur geschlechterkonformen Norm dar. Dabei weichen die Bewerbungsberufe und Ausbildungsberufe der jungen Frauen unabhängig vom Schultyp und Schulleistungen stärker von ihren Aspirationen ab als bei den jungen Männern. Insbesondere junge Frauen aus den höheren Statusgruppen geben untypischere Aspirationen im Bewerbungsprozess auf. Bei den jungen Männern sind vor allem die Bewerbungs- und Ausbildungsberufe von Hauptschülern sowie Schülern mit geschlechtsuntypischen Notenrelationen geschlechterkonformer als ihre Aspirationen. In Summe tragen diese Anpassungsprozesse im Bewerbungsverhalten und der Platzierung im Ausbildungssystem – zusätzlich zu geschlechtstypischen Aspirationen – zur Persistenz beruflicher Segregation in Deutschland bei.
Calibration of High-Frequency Mechanical Impact Simulation Based on Drop Tests
Authors: Gkatzogiannis Stefanos , Knoedel Peter , Ummenhofer Thomas 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA series of drop tests was implemented in the present study in order to allow the reproduction of a single impact identical to the high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) under monitored conditions in the laboratory. Therewith, characterization of the investigated material’s mechanical behavior by explicitly considering possible irregularities concerning the present deformation modes would be enabled. Main goal was the determination of the investigated material’s dynamic yield stress for various strain rates inside the spectrum of interest, so that the Cowper–Symonds viscous material model would be calibrated for the subsequent HFMI simulation. The values of the dynamic yield stress extracted by the present drop tests show good agreement with other experimental methods regarding the investigated material S355. The introduction of the calibrated material behavior on the present drop tests in the finite element (FE) analysis of HFMI led to reduced preciseness though, in comparison with the FE analysis, which considered high strain rate tensile tests found in literature. A series of conclusions was drawn from both the experimental and numerical investigations, confirming most of the initial expectations. Further work is proposed, in order to clarify an incompatibility met during the numerical investigations.
Ensemble forecasting system for the management of the Senegal River discharge: application upstream the Manantali dam
Authors: Ndione Didier Maria , Sambou Soussou , Kane Seïdou , Diatta Samo , Sane Moussé Landing , Leye Issa 
Published: May 2020

AbstractProviding useful inflow forecasts of the Manantali dam is critical for zonal consumption and agricultural water supply, power production, flood and drought control and management (Shin et al., Meteorol Appl 27:e1827, 2019). Probabilistic approaches through ensemble forecasting systems are often used to provide more rational and useful hydrological information. This paper aims at implementing an ensemble forecasting system at the Senegal River upper the Manantali dam. Rainfall ensemble is obtained through harmonic analysis and an ARIMA stochastic process. Cyclical errors that are within rainfall cyclical behavior from the stochastic modeling are settled and processed using multivariate statistic tools to dress a rainfall ensemble forecast. The rainfall ensemble is used as input to run the HBV-light to product streamflow ensemble forecasts. A number of 61 forecasted rainfall time series are then used to run already calibrated hydrological model to produce hydrological ensemble forecasts called raw ensemble. In addition, the affine kernel dressing method is applied to the raw ensemble to obtain another ensemble. Both ensembles are evaluated using on the one hand deterministic verifications such the linear correlation, the mean error, the mean absolute error and the root-mean-squared error, and on the other hand, probabilistic scores (Brier score, rank probability score and continuous rank probability score) and diagrams (attribute diagram and relative operating characteristics curve). Results are satisfactory as at deterministic than probabilistic scale, particularly considering reliability, resolution and skill of the systems. For both ensembles, correlation between the averages of the members and corresponding observations is about 0.871. In addition, the dressing method globally improved the performances of ensemble forecasting system. Thus, both schemes system can help decision maker of the Manantali dam in water resources management.
Barriers to Insurance as a Flood Risk Management Tool: Evidence from a Survey of Property Owners
Authors: Thistlethwaite Jason , Henstra Daniel , Brown Craig , Scott Daniel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBy using risk-adjusted price signals to transfer responsibility for property-level flood protection and recovery from governments to property owners, flood insurance represents a key tenet of the flood risk management (FRM) paradigm. The Government of Canada has worked with insurers to introduce flood insurance for the first time as a part of a broader shift towards FRM to limit the growing costs of flooding. The viability of flood insurance in Canada, however, has been questioned by research that disputes the utility of purchasing coverage by property owners. This study tested this assumption by drawing on public opinion survey data to assess factors that influence decisions about the utility of insurance. The findings reveal that Canadians have limited knowledge of flood insurance coverage, exhibit a low willingness-to-pay for both insurance and property-level flood protection measures, and expect governments to shoulder much of the financial burden of flood recovery through disaster assistance.
Development of ground vibration test based flutter emulation technique
Authors: Yun J.-M. , Han J.-H. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTIn demand of simpler and alternative ground flutter test, a new technique that emulates flutter on the ground has recently emerged. In this paper, an improvement of the test technique is made and verified through the experimental work. The technique utilizes general ground vibration test (GVT) devices. The key idea is to emulate the distributed unsteady aerodynamic force by using a few concentrated actuator forces; referred to as emulated flutter test (EFT) technique. The EFT module contains two main logics; namely, real-time aerodynamic equivalent force calculator and multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) force controller. The module is developed to emulate the subsonic, linear flutter on a specified target structure, which is a thin aluminum clamped-plate with aspect ratio (AR) of 2.25. In this study, doublet hybrid method (DHM) was applied to model the subsonic aerodynamic force, which restricts the application to a 2-dimensional structure. Given that, correlation of several experimental works, such as wind-tunnel flutter test, EFT using laser displacement sensor (LDS), and EFT using accelerometer, on the target structure are investigated to verify the technique. In addition to the flutter boundary, flutter mode shape and trend of aerodynamic damping effect are also presented in this work. Together with these various kinds of test results, application of more compact actuator and an accelerometer as a sensor, makes the current technique the most advanced ground flutter emulation test method.
Benefit–Cost Analysis of Community-Led Total Sanitation: Incorporating Results from Recent Evaluations
Authors: Radin Mark , Jeuland Marc , Wang Hua , Whittington Dale 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe analyze the economic costs and benefits of “community-led total sanitation” (CLTS), a sanitation intervention that relies on community-level behavioral change, in a hypothetical rural region in sub-Saharan Africa with 200 villages and 100,000 people. The analysis incorporates data on the effectiveness of CLTS from recent randomized controlled trials and other evaluations. The net benefits of this intervention are estimated both with and without the inclusion of a positive health externality, that is, the additional reduction in diarrhea for an individual when a sufficient proportion of other individuals in the community construct and use latrines and thereby decrease the overall load of waterborne pathogens and fecal bacteria in the environment. We find that CLTS interventions would pass a benefit–cost test in many situations, but that outcomes are not as favorable as some previous studies suggest. The model results are sensitive to baseline conditions, including the value of time, income level used to calculate the value of a statistical life, discount rate, case fatality rate, diarrhea incidence, and time spent traveling to defecation sites. We conclude that many communities likely have economic investment opportunities that are more attractive than CLTS, and recommend careful economic analysis of CLTS in specific locations.
Integral functionals under the excursion measure
Authors: Wiśniewolski Maciej 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA new approach to the problem of finding the distribution of integral functionals under the excursion measure is presented. It is based on the technique of excursion straddling a time, stochastic analysis, and calculus on local time, and it is done for Brownian motion with drift reflecting at 0, and under some additional assumptions for some class of Itó diffusions. The new method is an alternative to the classical potential-theoretic approach and gives new specific formulas for distributions under the excursion measure.
Influence of dietary zinc on growth, zinc bioaccumulation and expression of genes involved in antioxidant and innate immune in juvenile mud crabs (Scylla paramamosain)
Authors: Luo Jiaxiang , Zhu Tingting , Jin Min , Cheng Xin , Yuan Ye , Wang Xuexi , Lu Jingjing , Jiao Lefei , Tocher Douglas R. , Zhou Qicun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary Zn level on growth performance, Zn bioaccumulation, antioxidant capacity and innate immunity in juvenile mud crabs (Scylla paramamosain). Six semi-purified diets were formulated to contain dietary Zn levels of 44·5, 56·9, 68·5, 97·3, 155·6 or 254·7 mg/kg. Dietary Zn level significantly influenced percentage weight gain (PWG), with the highest observed in crabs fed the diet containing 97·3 mg/kg Zn. Tissue Zn concentrations significantly increased as dietary Zn levels increased from 44·5 to 254·7 mg/kg. Retention of Zn in hepatopancreas increased with dietary Zn levels up to 68·5 mg/kg and then significantly decreased. Moreover, inadequate dietary Zn (44·5 and 56·9 mg/kg) reduced antioxidation markers including total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Cu/Zn SOD activities and total antioxidant level. Crabs fed the diet with 44·5 mg/kg Zn also showed significantly lower expression of genes involved in antioxidant status, such as Cu/Zn SOD, glutathione peroxidase, catalase and thioredoxin than those fed diets containing 68·5 and 97·3 mg/kg Zn. The highest activities of phenoloxidase and alkaline phosphatase were recorded in crabs fed the diets containing 68·5 and 97·3 mg/kg Zn. Expression levels of prophenoloxidase and toll-like receptor 2 were higher in crabs fed the 97·3 mg/kg Zn diet compared with crabs fed the other diets. Based on PWG alone, the optimal dietary Zn level was estimated to be 82·9 mg/kg, with 68·5 to 97·3 mg/kg recommended for maintaining optimal Zn bioaccumulation, oxidation resistance and innate immune response of juvenile mud crabs.
Optimising the case-crossover design for use in shared exposure settings
Authors: Braeye T. , Hens N. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWith a case-crossover design, a case's exposure during a risk period is compared to the case's exposures at referent periods. The selection of referents for this self-controlled design is determined by the referent selection strategy (RSS). Previous research mainly focused on systematic bias associated with the RSS. We additionally focused on how RSS determines the number of referents per risk, sensitivity to overdispersion and time-varying confounding.We illustrated the consequences of different RSS using a simulation study informed by data on meteorological variables and Legionnaires’ disease. By randomising the events and exposure time series, we explored statistical power associated with time-stratified and fixed bidirectional RSS and their susceptibility to systematic bias and confounding bias. In addition, we investigated how a high number of events on the same date (e.g. outbreaks) affected coefficient estimation. As illustrated by our work, referent selection alone can be insufficient to control for a time-varying confounding bias. In contrast to systematic bias, confounding bias can be hard to detect. We studied potential solutions: varying the model parameters and link-function, outlier-removal and aggregating the input-data over smaller areas. Our simulation study offers a framework for researchers looking to detect and to avoid bias in case-crossover studies.
Chronic illness in childhood and early adolescence: A longitudinal exploration of co-occurring mental illness
Authors: Brady Ann Marie , Deighton Jessica , Stansfeld Stephen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractChronic health conditions are hypothesized to disrupt the typical trajectory of child and adolescent development, and subsequently lead to increased levels of mental illness. However, due to methodological limitations in existing studies, this theory remains to be fully substantiated by empirical research. This study aimed to more thoroughly test hypotheses in the field. This study used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children to examine the co-occurrence of mental illness among children with chronic illness in late childhood into early adolescence and explore mediating factors in these outcomes. Children with chronic health problems presented with a disproportionate rate of psychiatric illness at 10 years, and these chronic health problems continued to be associated with poor mental health outcomes at 13 years and 15 years. These outcomes were mediated by high levels of peer victimization and health-related school absenteeism. This study suggests that chronic illness may impact on functioning and social development in early adolescence, and consequently lead to increased rates of mental illness. Examining rates of school absenteeism and peer victimization may be key to identifying children at risk over time.
Validation of Spring Wheat Responses to Elevated CO2, Irrigation, and Nitrogen Fertilization in the Community Land Model 4.5
Authors: Lu Yaqiong , Kimball Bruce A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Community Land Model (CLM) started to incorporate crop growth models since version 4.0 in 2012. Since then, the crop model in CLM has been evolved remarkably, but some of the key crop growth responses to environmental conditions (such as the elevated CO2) have not been well validated. Here, we set up single point simulations with CLM (version 4.5) and validated spring wheat growth response against the Maricopa spring wheat Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment that consisted of multiyear paired treatments to understand the growth response to elevated CO2, irrigation, nitrogen fertilization, and their interactions. Overall, CLM showed too positive growth response to elevated CO2 but insufficient growth response to irrigation. The overestimated growth response to elevated CO2 may be due to ignoring factors (e.g., leaf traits) that will limit crop growth under elevated CO2. The insufficient response to irrigation is due to CLM simulating lower latent heat flux during April and May, which resulted in higher soil moisture. In response to nitrogen fertilization, CLM underestimated leaf area index increase but overestimated grain yield increase. In terms of energy fluxes, CLM showed decreased latent heat flux in response to elevated CO2 but increased latent heat flux in response to nitrogen fertilization, but the response magnitude was much smaller than the observations. Based on these validations, we summarized further model developments for CLM to better simulate crop growth process.
Soil Uptake of Volatile Organic Compounds: Ubiquitous and Underestimated?
Authors: Rinnan Riikka , Albers Christian N. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractVolatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from ecosystems to the atmosphere have been widely studied, and the importance of soil contributions to VOC fluxes has received increasing attention. We suggest that while soil VOC emissions may be important in some situations, soil uptake of VOCs by microbial degradation is likely an omnipresent process, as also recently suggested by Trowbridge et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JG005479). To be able to model net VOC fluxes, we need to be able to estimate both soil release and uptake processes and their drivers.
Transpressive Deformation in the Southern European Variscan Belt: New Insights From the Aiguilles Rouges Massif (Western Alps)
Authors: Simonetti M. , Carosi R. , Montomoli C. , Cottle J. M. , Law R. D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDespite the Mediterranean sector of the Variscan Belt being fragmented and reworked during Alpine orogenesis, evidence for the activity of a right‐lateral strike‐slip shear zone has been reported in Paleozoic fragments of the belt such as the Sardinian Variscan Basement, the Maures Massif of southern France, and in the Western Alps. To improve this correlation with new structural data, we performed a structural and microstructural analysis incorporating study of the kinematics of flow and petrochronology of a high‐strain zone in the Aiguilles Rouges Massif (External Crystalline Massifs, Western Alps). The results higlight a dextral pure‐shear dominated transpression initiated under amphibolite‐facies metamorphic conditions (~630°C, 0.4 GPa) during Variscan time. The structural evolution of the high‐strain zone is similar to the Ferriere‐Mollières shear zone in the Argentera Massif; both are transpressive shear zones active at the same time (~320 Ma) under similar metamorphic conditions. These two high‐strain zones represent well‐preserved segments of a system of ductile shear zones in the External Crystalline Massifs. The data presented in this study provide improved constraints on the extent, kinematics, and timing of the East Variscan Shear Zone in the Variscan basement of the Western Alps, with implications for refining the correlation between structures in fragments of the southern Variscan Belt. The data also better constrain a segment of a major pre‐Alpine shear zone which may have played an important role during post‐Variscan tectonics as an inherited discontinuity.
Corticostriatal dysfunction and social interaction deficits in mice lacking the cystine/glutamate antiporter
Authors: Bentea Eduard , Villers Agnès , Moore Cynthia , Funk Adam J. , O’Donovan Sinead M. , Verbruggen Lise , Lara Olaya , Janssen Pauline , De Pauw Laura , Declerck Noemi B. , DePasquale Erica A. K. , Churchill Madeline J. , Sato Hideyo , Hermans Emmanuel , Arckens Lutgarde , Meshul Charles K. , Ris Laurence , McCullumsmith Robert E. , Massie Ann 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe astrocytic cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc− represents an important source of extracellular glutamate in the central nervous system, with potential impact on excitatory neurotransmission. Yet, its function and importance in brain physiology remain incompletely understood. Employing slice electrophysiology and mice with a genetic deletion of the specific subunit of system xc−, xCT (xCT−/− mice), we uncovered decreased neurotransmission at corticostriatal synapses. This effect was partly mitigated by replenishing extracellular glutamate levels, indicating a defect linked with decreased extracellular glutamate availability. We observed no changes in the morphology of striatal medium spiny neurons, the density of dendritic spines, or the density or ultrastructure of corticostriatal synapses, indicating that the observed functional defects are not due to morphological or structural abnormalities. By combining electron microscopy with glutamate immunogold labeling, we identified decreased intracellular glutamate density in presynaptic terminals, presynaptic mitochondria, and in dendritic spines of xCT−/− mice. A proteomic and kinomic screen of the striatum of xCT−/− mice revealed decreased expression of presynaptic proteins and abnormal kinase network signaling, that may contribute to the observed changes in postsynaptic responses. Finally, these corticostriatal deregulations resulted in a behavioral phenotype suggestive of autism spectrum disorder in the xCT−/− mice; in tests sensitive to corticostriatal functioning we recorded increased repetitive digging behavior and decreased sociability. To conclude, our findings show that system xc− plays a previously unrecognized role in regulating corticostriatal neurotransmission and influences social preference and repetitive behavior.
Breaking through the glioblastoma micro-environment via extracellular vesicles
Authors: Simon Thomas , Jackson Ellen , Giamas Georgios 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGlioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and most aggressive brain tumour. Prognosis remains poor, despite the combined treatment of radio- and chemotherapy following surgical removal. GBM cells coexist with normal non-neoplastic cells, including endothelial cells, astrocytes and immune cells, constituting a complex and dynamic tumour micro-environment (TME). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) provide a critical means of bidirectional inter-cellular communication in the TME. Through delivery of a diverse range of genomic, lipidomic and proteomic cargo to neighbouring and distant cells, EVs can alter the phenotype and function of the recipient cell. As such, EVs have demonstrated their role in promoting angiogenesis, immune suppression, invasion, migration, drug resistance and GBM recurrence. Moreover, EVs can reflect the phenotype of the cells within the TME. Thus, in conjunction with their accessibility in biofluids, they can potentially serve as a biomarker reservoir for patient prognosis, diagnosis and predictive therapeutic response as well as treatment follow-up. Furthermore, together with the ability of EVs to cross the blood–brain barrier undeterred and through the exploitation of their cargo, EVs may provide an effective mean of drug delivery to the target site. Unveiling the mechanisms by which EVs within the GBM TME are secreted and target recipient cells may offer an indispensable understanding of GBM that holds the potential to provide a better prognosis and overall quality of life for GBM patients.