bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Glucose by an Improved Enzymatic Procedure
Authors: Washko Mary E , Rice Eugene W 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The glucose oxidase-peroxidase system for the enzymatic determination of glucose was investigated with respect to the instability of the enzyme reagent, the buffering capacity of the reaction milieu, and the stability and sensitivity of the final chromogen. An improved procedure was developed in which the enzyme solution is both stabilized and more adequately buffered by reconstitution in 40% aqueous glycerol containing 0.04 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. The sensitivity and stability of the colored product is markedly increased when a final sulfuric acid concentration of 4.9 N is used.
Modified Folin Methods for the Measurement of Urinary Creatine and Creatinine
Authors: Biggs H G , Cooper James Martin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Some of the variables in the Folin method for measurement of urinary creatine and creatinine were studied. The effects of varying the picric acid concentration, volume of solution, and heating time on the conversion of creatine to creatinine were investigated. A study was also made of the results obtained in the chromogenic reaction by varying the concentration of picric acid and sodium hydroxide.
The information from these experiments was utilized to modify the Folin procedure to yield a more convenient method for the measurement of urinary creatinine and creatine.
The Use of lon-Free Serum as a Standard in Clinical Chemistry
Authors: Levy Arthur L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An "ion-free serum" is commercially available which is free of most inorganic ions, several enzymes, and many small organic molecules. Other materials are considerably reduced in amount.
The use of this serum for the preparation of blood chemistry standards is described. Varying amounts of ion-free serum and the desired constituent are combined at the time of analysis to cover any range desired. The advantages of this serum are increased accuracy, avoidance of deterioration, and greater versatility.
Determination of Galactose in Blood
Authors: Smith Margaret , Thomas Lloyd E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A modification of the orcinol procedure of Brückner has been developed to permit rapid analysis of galactose in blood. The method is sensitive to increased amounts of galactose in blood filtrates, but accurate estimations of low concentrations are difficult because of interfering substances. Calculation of results has been simplified by the use of constants. Their derivations are given.
Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase Activity
Authors: Amador Elias , Wacker Warren E C 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The spectrophotometric and colorimetric procedures for the assay of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) activity are assessed. Directions are given for the preparation of reagents and for a procedure that corrects the errors in the spectrophotometric method without altering its basic simplicity. The colorimetric procedure employing dinitrophenylhydrazine showed poor accuracy due, in part, to a large and variable blank.
The proposed procedure eliminates the troublesome group of analytic results, "borderline" measurements, a source of diagnostic uncertainty.
Estimation of Serum Albumin: A Comparison of Three Methods
Authors: Keyser J W , Stephens B T 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Comparison of the methyl orange method of estimation of serum albumin with sodium sulfate fractionation and electrophoretic fractionation on paper showed that the sodium sulfate method may occasionally give much lower results than the other two. This may be due to loss of albumin on the precipitated globulins. Of the three, the methyl orange method tended to give the highest results, but was apparently unaffected by the presence of large amounts of abnormal proteins found in the serum of patients with multiple myelomatosis.
In agreement with previous investigators, the dye-binding power of electrophoretically separated albumin was found to be greater than that of the (total) globulins.
Dynamic Control of Calcium, Phosphate, Citrate, and Glucose Levels in Blood Serum
Authors: Natelson Samuel , Pincus Joseph B , Rannazzisi Gandolfo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The effect of ACTH, adrenaline, noradrenaline, insulin, parathormone, hydrocortisone, and glucagon on the homeostatic mechanism controlling serum glucose, citrate, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium was studied in fasting rabbits and children. Citrate levels are kept in balance by ACTH, adrenaline, and glucagon, which raise the levels, and by insulin, which lowers them. Stress alone raises citrate levels, probably through adrenaline and ACTH effects.
Calcium levels in rabbits are markedly lowered by ACTH, given I.M., to tetany levels. Adrenaline has a similar, but mild, effect. I. M. parathormone raises calcium levels slowly. ACTH and parathormone may be the antagonists in keeping calcium levels constant.
Insulin, adrenaline, ACTH, glucagon, and parathormone lower phosphate levels. Major factors in lowering phosphate levels acutely evidently are insulin, which moves phosphate into the cell, and parathormone, which moves it through the kidney.
Insulin, adrenaline, ACTH, and glucagon lower potassium levels in the rabbit. Only noradrenaline causes a significant rise.
In the normal child only citrate moves in the same direction (elevates) as in the rabbit after ACTH.
Children with CNS abnormality behaved like normal children except for 3 with febrile convulsions.
Homeostatic control of the constituents studied may be accomplished in the rabbit and the human by a balance of hormonal factors.
Capillary Blood pH by a Dilution Technic
Authors: Ware Arnold G , Nowack Jacques , Westover Leola 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A technic is described for collecting arterialized capillary blood in a small heparinized polyethylene centrifuge tube. The ρH is measured after dilution and injection into a Beckman micro blood ρH Assembly. Dilution of the blood with saline results in an average increase of 0.027 ρH units. This change in ρH on dilution is eliminated by inclusion of calcium in the diluent.
The ρH of capillary blood drawn and measured as described does not differ significantly from that of undiluted arterial blood drawn from the same patient.
The Unreliability of the Titan Yellow Method for the Determination of Magnesium in Patients Receiving Intravenous Calcium Gluconate
Authors: Anast Constantine S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Gluconate was found to interfere with the determination of magnesium by the Titan yellow method. With this method, false low results were found in the serum and urine of patients receiving intravenous calcium gluconate. The interference can be prevented by ashing of the specimen.
Local Depletion of Click Beetle Populations by Pheromone Traps Is Weather and Species Dependent
Authors: van Herk Willem G , Vernon Robert S 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSeveral Agriotes click beetle species are important pests of vegetables and field crops. Monitoring for beetles is generally done with pheromone-baited traps maintained in permanent locations. Since dispersal is mostly by walking, such traps may deplete populations around them, leading to underestimations of populations relative to nontrapped areas, and of concomitant risk of wireworm damage to nearby crops. We placed sets of five pitfall traps in field headland areas in 2015–2017, of which two were baited with Agriotes obscurus (L) or Agriotes lineatus (L) (Coleoptera: Elateridae) pheromone. Of these, one was maintained in a permanent location, while the other moved among the remaining positions. Traps were checked weekly over the emergence period. For A. obscurus, fixed and moving traps initially collected similar numbers, but the latter collected significantly more later in the season, indicating depletion around fixed traps. Depletion was most pronounced after a period of cold weather, and around the peak swarming period. Depletion observed for A. lineatus was not statistically significant. This indicates pheromone-baited traps used for walking insects can underestimate populations, but depletion rates vary with species and temperature and should be accounted for when traps are used to develop action thresholds or time control strategies.
Antibiotic resistance: turning evolutionary principles into clinical reality
Authors: Andersson Dan I , Balaban Nathalie Q , Baquero Fernando , Courvalin Patrice , Glaser Philippe , Gophna Uri , Kishony Roy , Molin Søren , Tønjum Tone 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTAntibiotic resistance is one of the major challenges facing modern medicine worldwide. The past few decades have witnessed rapid progress in our understanding of the multiple factors that affect the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance at the population level and the level of the individual patient. However, the process of translating this progress into health policy and clinical practice has been slow. Here, we attempt to consolidate current knowledge about the evolution and ecology of antibiotic resistance into a roadmap for future research as well as clinical and environmental control of antibiotic resistance. At the population level, we examine emergence, transmission and dissemination of antibiotic resistance, and at the patient level, we examine adaptation involving bacterial physiology and host resilience. Finally, we describe new approaches and technologies for improving diagnosis and treatment and minimizing the spread of resistance.
New Words and New Forms of Linguistic Purism in the 21st Century: The Italian Debate
Authors: Marello Carla 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Unlike communities of speakers of other Romance languages such as French and Spanish, it has often been noticed that many Italian speakers are not particularly concerned by the inflow of foreign (mainly English) words. One reason for this, according to some scholars, is that standard Italian does not stir up linguistic identity for many native users, while English enjoys great prestige as the international language. In this paper, positions on neologisms of foreign origin are illustrated, using recently updated monolingual Italian dictionaries and also comments on neologisms collected from blogs and websites. Although they have a different status and degree of representativeness, the latter respond faster than dictionaries to doubts concerning the use of loans in Italian texts.
Applications of the Ohsawa–Takegoshi Extension Theorem to Direct Image Problems
Authors: Deng Ya 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn the 1st part of the paper, we study a Fujita-type conjecture by Popa and Schnell and obtain an effective bound on the generic global generation of direct images of twisted pluricanonical bundles. We also point out the relation between the Seshadri constant and the optimal bound. In the 2nd part, we give an affirmative answer to a question by Demailly, Peternell, and Schneider in a more general setting. As byproducts of our proofs, we extend a result by Fujino and Gongyo on images of weak Fano manifolds to the Kawamata log terminal settings and refine a theorem by Broustet and Pacienza on the rational connectedness of the image.
Dietary cadmium chloride impairs shell biomineralization by disrupting the metabolism of the eggshell gland in laying hens
Authors: Zhu Mingkun , Li Huaiyu , Miao Liping , Li Lanlan , Dong Xinyang , Zou Xiaoting 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this study, we identified cadmium (Cd) as a potential endocrine disruptor that impairs laying performance, egg quality, and eggshell deposition and induces oxidative stress and inflammation in the eggshell glands of laying hens. A total of 480 38-wk-old laying hens were randomly assigned into 5 groups that were fed a basal diet (control) or a basal diet supplemented with Cd (provided as CdCl2·2.5 H2O) at 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 mg Cd per kg feed for 9 wk. The results showed that, when compared with the control group, a low dose of dietary Cd (7.5 mg/kg) had positive effects on egg quality by improving albumen height, Haugh unit, yolk color, and shell thickness at the third or ninth week. However, with the increase in the dose and duration of Cd exposure, the laying performance, egg quality, and activities of eggshell gland antioxidant enzymes (catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxide [GSH-Px]), and ATPase (Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and Mg2+-ATPase) deteriorated, and the activity of total nitric oxide synthase (T-NOS) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05). The histopathology and real-time quantitative PCR results showed that Cd induced endometrial epithelial cell proliferation accompanied by upregulation of the mRNA levels of progesterone receptor (PgR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), downregulation of the mRNA levels of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and interleukin 6 (IL6), and inflammation of the eggshell gland accompanied by significantly increased expression of complement C3 and pro-inﬂammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, the ultrastructure of the eggshell showed that dietary supplementation with 7.5 mg/kg Cd increased the palisade layer and total thickness of the shell, but with the increase in dietary Cd supplementation (30 and 60 mg/kg) the thickness of the palisade layer and mammillary layer decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05), and the outer surface of the eggshell became rougher. Correspondingly, the expression of calbindin 1 (CALB1), ovocalyxin-32 (OCX-32), ovocalyxin-36 (OCX-36), osteopontin (SPP1), and ovocledidin-17 (OC-17) decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing dietary Cd supplementation. Conclusively, the present study demonstrates that dietary supplementation with Cd negatively affects laying performance, egg quality, and eggshell deposition by disturbing the metabolism of eggshell glands in laying hens but has a positive effect on egg quality at low doses.
An Experimental Pharmacokinetics Study of Diazepam and Its Metabolites in Oral Fluid of Chinese Population
Authors: Wang Le-le , Ren Xin-xin , He Yi , Cui Guan-feng , Wei Zhi-wen , Yun Ke-ming 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Diazepam abuse is widespread all over the word, leading to an increasing number of forensic cases such as suicide, drug-driving and robbery, but relevant studies are limited regarding the extraction of diazepam and its metabolites in oral fluid. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its metabolites in oral fluid after a single oral dose in healthy volunteers. There was a total of 28 volunteers, and each ingested 5 mg diazepam orally, then ~2 mL oral fluid were collected from each participant at post-consumption time-points of prior (zero), 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 h and 2, 3, 6, 12 and 15 days, respectively. All samples were extracted with solid-phase extraction and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, and diazepam and nordazepam were detected in the oral fluid of volunteers. Pharmacokinetics of diazepam in oral fluid conformed to a two-compartment model, and k01_HL, k12_HL, k10_HL were 0.7 ± 1.1, 31.4 ± 68.5, 12.1 ± 11.6 h, respectively, nordazepam conformed to an one-compartment model, and k01_HL, k10_HL were 41.5 ± 44.8, 282.3 ± 365.5 h, respectively. Both diazepam and nordazepam could be detected continuously for 15 days, although there were individual differences, and the results regarding diazepam detecting in oral fluid will be of much help in forensic science and drug screening filed.
Results of hip arthroscopy in elite level water polo players with femoroacetabular impingement: return to play and patient satisfaction
Authors: Ramos Nicholas , Youssefzadeh Keon , Gerhardt Michael , Banffy Michael 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Water polo places significant stress on the hip joint requiring repetitive hip flexion and rotation to elevate the body out of water for passing, shooting and blocking. Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is common in water polo athletes; however, no study to date has investigated the results of hip arthroscopy in this patient population. The purpose of this study was to determine return to play rates and satisfaction following hip arthroscopy for FAI in a cohort of elite level water polo players. A retrospective review of our surgical database was performed. Collegiate water polo players with clinical and radiographic FAI who underwent hip arthroscopy were identified. Pre- and post-operative modified Harris hip scores (mHHSs) were obtained. Patient surveys were administered to determine return to play rates, level of return to play, timing of return and patient satisfaction. A Wilcoxon ranked sum test was performed to compare pre- and post-operative outcome scores. Ten patients met inclusion criteria. Average age was 19.5 years old (SD  ±1.08). All patients were male Division 1 collegiate water polo players. Median mHHS improved from 66.0 (SD  ±7.9) pre-operatively to 89.5 (SD  ±3.2) at average 1.6 years (range: 0.4–3.6 years) post-operatively. Patient survey responses demonstrated a 100% return to water polo and 100% return to the same level of play (NCAA Division 1) at mean 5.75 months (SD  ±1.8). All patients (10/10) reported being satisfied with their surgical result. Our study results, suggest that return to sport rates and patient satisfaction are high in water polo players who undergo hip arthroscopy for FAI.
The Role of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With Resectable Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma—An Institutional and National Analysis
Authors: Voigt Soraya L , Raman Vignesh , Jawitz Oliver K , Bishawi Muath , Yang Chi-Fu Jeffrey , Tong Betty C , D’Amico Thomas A , Harpole David H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
There is no standard of care with respect to the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in resectable malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). We performed an intention-to-treat analysis with data from a single institution and the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to identify whether the use of NAC impacts survival in resectable MPM.

Methods
Patients with MPM who had surgery with curative intent at Duke University from 1995 to 2017 were selected, and the 2004–2015 NCDB was used to identify MPM patients with clinical stage I–IIIB who underwent definitive surgery. For both cohorts, patients were stratified by receipt of NAC. Primary outcomes were overall survival and postresection survival (RS), which were estimated using Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models.

Results
A total of 257 patients met inclusion criteria in the Duke cohort. Compared with immediate resection (IR), NAC was associated with similar overall survival but an increased risk for postresection mortality in both unmatched (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.21 to 2.83) and propensity-matched (HR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.03 to 2.55) cohorts. A total of 1949 NCDB patients were included: 1597 (81.9%) IR and 352 (18.1%) NAC. RS was worse for patients undergoing NAC in both unmatched (HR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.21 to 2.83) and propensity-matched (HR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.57) analyses compared with patients receiving IR.

Conclusions
In this intention-to-treat study, NAC was associated with worse RS compared with IR in patients with MPM. The risks and benefits of induction therapy should be weighed before offering it to patients with resectable MPM.
Surpassing Certainty with Janet Mock: A Dialogue
Authors: Lyle Timothy S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Janet Mock—writer, activist, television host, director—has become a leading voice for transgender women of color in the twenty-first century. In 2014, Mock published Redefining Realness with Atria Books. Shortly thereafter, Mock became a New York Times best-selling writer and garnered the critical praise of folks such as bell hooks, Melissa Harris-Perry, Oprah Winfrey, and more. Hooks described Mock’s work as a guide to transformation, Harris-Perry situated her work in the deep tradition of life writing in African American literature, and Winfrey called her a “fearless new voice” who “changed my way of thinking.” In 2017, Mock published her second memoir, Surpassing Certainty, marking a rare moment in which a transgender woman-of-color writer released a second book with a major publisher.
During our conversation at Babbalucci, a restaurant in her beloved Harlem neighborhood, Mock reflected on her first book in light of the writing of her sophomore release. She also shared insight about writing love and dating storylines for transgender women of color, an amplified focus in Surpassing Certainty, and she discussed the dynamics of disclosure in narrative and life. Further, she ruminated about what constitutes home for her and how to write about space and place. Such remarks importantly center her Hawaiian roots and her multi-ethnic identity. Finally, Mock offered her most recent thoughts on being a trans woman of color in the public sphere in a turbulent national climate—particularly for folks on the margins of the already-marginalized.
‘The Uttermost Perfection of all Wind Instruments’: Franz Tausch (1762–1817) as Virtuoso Clarinettist and Director of the Conservatorium Der Bläseinstrumente in Berlin
Authors: Worthington Emily 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The life of clarinettist Franz Tausch (1762–1817) spanned a formative period of development both for his instrument and the culture he operated within, yet he has been neglected because of his lack of association with a major composer. Tausch received his musical education at the Mannheim and Munich courts, where he was exposed to broad cultural and musical influences. His compositions for clarinet show his playing to have foreshadowed the virtuosity associated with his pupils Heinrich Baermann and Bernhard Henrik Crusell. This can particularly be seen in his exploitation of the new possibilities afforded by instruments with a fully chromatic bottom octave, as well as in his incorporation of extreme high-register writing in his concertos. Tausch’s transition from a life of court service to successfully establishing himself within the diverse musical culture and social hierarchy of Berlin is documented in the changing nature of his compositions as well as contemporary written sources. His life is a case study of a trajectory typical of many musicians working at the end of the eighteenth century.
MAXI/SSC all-sky maps from 0.7 keV to 4 keV
Authors: Nakahira Satoshi , Tsunemi Hiroshi , Tomida Hiroshi , Nakashima Shinya , Kataoka Ryuho , Makishima Kazuo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
By accumulating data from the Solid-state Slit Camera (SSC) on board the MAXI mission from 2009 to 2011, diffuse X-ray background maps were obtained in energies of 0.7–1.0, 1.0–2.0, and 2.0–4.0 keV. They are the first to be derived with a solid-state instrument, and to be compared with the previous ROSAT all-sky survey result. While the SSC map in the highest energy band is dominated by point sources and the Galactic diffuse X-ray emission, that in 0.7–1.0 keV reveals an extended X-ray structure, of which the brightness distribution is very similar to that observed with ROSAT about 20 years before. As in the ROSAT result, the emission is dominated by a bright arc-like structure, which appears to be part of a circle of ∼50° radius centered at about (l,b) ∼ (340°, 15°). In addition, the SSC map suggests a fainter and larger ellipse, which is elongated in the north–south direction and roughly centered at the Galactic center. The spectrum of these structures is explained as thin thermal emission from a plasma, with a temperature of ∼0.31 keV and an abundance of ∼0.3 solar. Based on SSC observation conditions including low solar activity, the solar wind charge exchange signals are estimated to be negligible in the present SSC maps, as well as in the &gt;0.56 keV ROSAT map. A brief discussion is given on the results obtained.