bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Des opportunités d’adaptation : de la dérogation à la révision des documents d’urbanisme au fil des projets communaux
Authors: Beneda Valentine 
Published: January 2020

Le droit de l’urbanisme a, depuis près de deux décennies, subi de nombreuses mutations, notamment depuis la loi SRU et l’intégration de la notion de développement durable. De cette mutation du droit de l’urbanisme de part l’intégration d’enjeux à la fois complémentaires et contradictoires, en est résulté, nécessairement et inévitablement, une mutation des documents d’urbanisme et ce, qu’il s’agisse de l’échelon communal ou intercommunal. En effet, en supprimant les POS et les SDAU pour leur substituer respectivement les PLU et les SCoT, le droit de l’urbanisme est passé d’une dimension purement règlementaire à une vocation davantage prospective. Tel est le dessein assigner aux documents de planification locaux depuis la loi SRU : anticiper, prévoir, organiser l’évolution des besoins du territoire et édicter des règles d’implantation des construction en conséquence. Au niveau communal, il est fait injonction aux communes d’élaborer un véritable « Projet d’Aménagement et de Développement Durable », lequel devra se déployer sur le territoire à plus ou moins long terme et ce, alors même que la norme d’urbanisme communale apparaît aujourd’hui davantage comme le réceptacle des normes supérieures que comme une norme autonome et adaptée aux particularités territoriales. Le constat est finalement le suivant : d’une part, il est bien souvent impossible pour les Communes d’anticiper l’évolution de leurs territoires, de sorte qu’elles devront nécessairement modifier, réviser, adapter leur document de planification et ce, afin de s’adapter à ces besoins nouveaux. D’autre part, au delà même de l’évolution des besoins du territoire, il apparaîtra parfois que des projets de construction ou d’aménagement, bien que conformes au projet de territoire souhaité par la Commune, ne puissent pas s’implanter, faute pour la norme locale d’urbanisme d’être suffisamment ductile pour s’adapter a priori . Là encore, la Commune n’aura d’autre choix que de procéder à l’adaptation de son document d’urbanisme et ce, alors même qu’il s’agit de mettre en œuvre le parti d’aménagement initialement retenu. En réalité, la norme d’urbanisme communale est incapable de s’adapter a priori au projet d’aménagement et de construction et il apparaît que l’adaptation des PLU relève non plu de l’opportunité ou de la faculté pour les Communes, mais bien souvent de la contrainte voire de la nécessité. De ce constat en est résulté l’intervention tant du législateur que du juge et ce, afin de permettre une adaptation de la norme communale a posteriori : il ne s’agirait donc plus pour le projet de construction de se conformer à la norme mais à la norme de s’adapter au projet.
Égalité, intégration, multilatéralisme
Authors: Gijs Anne-Sophie 
Published: January 2020

Malgré les déclarations officielles valorisant le paradigme de ‘partenariat entre égaux’, la Stratégie Union européenne-Union africaine reste à ce jour dépendante de logiques de type ‘bailleur-bénéficiaire’, entravant la concrétisation de ses objectifs politiques prioritaires. Mais des réflexions en cours au sein de l’UE et de l’UA pourraient permettre de refonder ce partenariat sur d’autres bases, représentatives de la spécificité des deux organisations à l’échelle internationale : l’intégration régionale et le multilatéralisme. Après avoir analysé les écueils liés à la persistance actuelle du modèle ‘ bailleur-bénéficiaire ’, grâce à trois dossiers emblématiques (suites du Sommet d’Abidjan, Paix et Sécurité, Post-Cotonou), cet article étudiera les risques et avantages d’une stratégie qui s’en affranchirait, au profit de l’intégration et du multilatéralisme.
Logique managériale et perceptions des hommes et femmes mis en situation de gestion de projet : une approche par les représentations sociales
Authors: Kama Joseph Gniaka 
Published: January 2020

Nombre d’experts s’accordent sur le fait que les premiers grands projets étaient consacrés au domaine militaire ou religieux. Ils étaient alors conçus sous le modèle masculin. D’ailleurs, Buckle et Thomas (2003) soulignent que les aspects et conceptions masculins exercent plus d’influence directe sur la teneur des pratiques liées au management de projet. Puisque les femmes occupent de plus en plus de rôles (Neuhauser, 2007) dans ces types d’organisation, stéréotypés « masculins », nous nous proposons d’étudier dans cet article, si leur logique managériale était différente de celle des hommes. Afin de mettre en évidence le profil (et les qualités) du responsable projet efficace, la méthodologie retenue a permis de faire, dans le contexte français, une enquête par questionnaire auprès d’un échantillon de 61 auditeurs après qu’ils aient été mis, soit en situation de gestion de projet, soit en situation de gestion de nouvelle activité sous forme de projet. Leurs représentations sociales montrent qu’en contexte de projet, l’androgynie constitue globalement le profil le plus approprié du bon responsable projet. Elles mettent de plus, en exergue l’existence de différences statistiquement significatives entre les styles perçus par les hommes et les femmes par rapport au profil dont il devrait disposer. L’analyse des ressentis de certains de ces acteurs projet permet d’appréhender deux catégories de situations que génère l’activité de projet : des situations fortement ressenties nécessitant des stratégies de construction de sens dans l’action et des situations de communication et de gestion de l’environnement du projet exigeant des capacités relationnelles fortes de leur part.
La spécificité du modèle socio-culturel africain et le processus d’embauche dans les entreprises camerounaises
Authors: Tchouassi Gérard 
Published: January 2020

Les entreprises africaines sont aujourd’hui au centre des pressions et contre-pressions socio-culturelles et politiques engendrées par la mondialisation de l’économie et ceci à deux niveaux : au niveau de la production et au niveau du management des ressources stratégiques. Dans cet article, on a tenté avec la méthodologie d’entretiens de montrer que l’environnement socio-culturel africain spécifique, la gestion des ressources (financières, humaines et matérielles) et particulièrement le processus d’embauche dans les entreprises camerounaises passent par un système de contraintes et de rationalité limitée.
Compliance of small-scale Organic Tea Farmers with Organic Standards: A Study in Sri Lanka
Authors: Karalliyadda S. M. C. B. , Kazunari T. 
Published: January 2020

Purpose: Authenticity of organic tea has been questioned recently due to some evidence of contaminated organic tea in the market. Although producers’ compliance with organic standards (OS) is a necessity to ensure the safety of organic tea and consumers’ trust, the lack of empirical studies has become a timely need to understand the authenticity of organic tea production systems. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the certified organic tea (COT) farmers’ compliance behaviour with OS using a study in Sri Lanka. Research Method: A cross-sectional field survey was conducted among 77 small-scale COT farmers in the Central and Uva provinces. These farmers were accessed through two coordinating organizations. Data was collected using interviews, structured questionnaires and observations and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Findings: Results show that higher profits and benefits from certificate holders are the main reasons to select COT farming than conventional tea farming. Generally, farmers perceive high discouragement violating OS and have mixed attitudes on different aspects of organic farming. Farmers’ compliance behaviour towards OS is not perfect and vary among OS due to various reasons, i.e. expected loss by being noncompliant, group farming, availability of support services, financial ability and awareness about hazardous contaminants. Effective quality assurance system and hazardous free neighbourhood potentially facilitate the farmers’ compliance behaviour. However, the unavailability of support services, lack of financial capacities, and farmers’ unawareness of contaminants during handling seem to hinder the compliance. Originality: Understanding the first step of COT production is novel and provide insights to implement needful actions by those who are concerned and responsible for the authenticity of COT production.
IL-3 Receptor Expression on Activated Human Th Cells Is Regulated by IL-4, and IL-3 Synergizes with IL-4 to Enhance Th2 Cell Differentiation
Authors: Kumar Anil , Rani Lekha , Mhaske Suhas T. , Pote Satish T. , Behera Shubhanath , Mishra Gyan C. , Wani Mohan R. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
IL-3, a cytokine secreted by activated T lymphocytes, is known to regulate the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. However, the role of IL-3 in regulation of T cell functions is not fully delineated. Previously, we have reported that IL-3 plays an important role in development of regulatory T cells in mice. In this study, we investigated the regulation of IL-3R expression on human Th cells and also examined the role of IL-3 in effector functions of these cells. We found that human peripheral blood Th cells in resting state do not show surface expression of IL-3R; however, its expression was observed at transcript and intracellular protein levels. The functional IL-3R expression on the surface was seen only after antigenic stimulation. When naive Th cells were activated in the presence of various cytokines, we found that IL-4 significantly increases the surface expression of IL-3R and also increases the number of IL-3R+ Th cells. Interestingly, IL-3R+ cells exhibit a Th2 cell–like phenotype and show high GATA-3 expression. Moreover, Th2 cells in presence of IL-3 show increased expression of type 2 effector cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Furthermore, IL-3R expressing and IL-3–secreting Th cells were high in house dust mite–allergic patients. Thus, to our knowledge, we provide the first evidence that the expression of IL-3R on activated human Th cells is modulated by IL-4, and IL-3 regulates the effector functions of Th2 cells. Our results suggest that IL-3 may play an important role in regulating allergic immune responses.
Immunodominant AH1 Antigen-Deficient Necroptotic, but Not Apoptotic, Murine Cancer Cells Induce Antitumor Protection
Authors: Aaes Tania Løve , Verschuere Hanne , Kaczmarek Agnieszka , Heyndrickx Liesbeth , Wiernicki Bartosz , Delrue Iris , De Craene Bram , Taminau Joachim , Delvaeye Tinneke , Bertrand Mathieu J. M. , Declercq Wim , Berx Geert , Krysko Dmitri V. , Adjemian Sandy , Vandenabeele Peter 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) occurs when a dying cell releases cytokines and damage-associated molecular patterns, acting as adjuvants, and expresses Ags that induce a specific antitumor immune response. ICD is studied mainly in the context of regulated cell death pathways, especially caspase-mediated apoptosis marked by endoplasmic reticulum stress and calreticulin exposure and, more recently, also in relation to receptor-interacting protein kinase–driven necroptosis, whereas unregulated cell death like accidental necrosis is nonimmunogenic. Importantly, the murine cancer cell lines used in ICD studies often express virally derived peptides that are recognized by the immune system as tumor-associated Ags. However, it is unknown how different cell death pathways may affect neoepitope cross-presentation and Ag recognition of cancer cells. We used a prophylactic tumor vaccination model and observed that both apoptotic and necroptotic colon carcinoma CT26 cells efficiently immunized mice against challenge with a breast cancer cell line that expresses the same immunodominant tumor Ag, AH1, but only necroptotic CT26 cells would mount an immune response against CT26-specific neoepitopes. By CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, we knocked out AH1 and saw that only necroptotic CT26 cells were still able to protect mice against tumor challenge. Hence, in this study, we show that endogenous AH1 tumor Ag expression can mask the strength of immunogenicity induced by different cell death pathways and that upon knockout of AH1, necroptosis was more immunogenic than apoptosis in a prophylactic tumor vaccination model. This work highlights necroptosis as a possible preferred ICD form over apoptosis in the treatment of cancer.
Deletion of IRF4 in Dendritic Cells Leads to Delayed Onset of T Cell–Dependent Colitis
Authors: Pool Lieneke , Rivollier Aymeric , Agace William W. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Classical dendritic cells (cDC) can be classified into two major subsets: Irf8-dependent cDC1 and Irf4-expressing cDC2. Although these subsets play distinct roles in intestinal immune homeostasis, their functions in T cell–driven colitis remain unknown. To assess the role of IRF4 expression in cDC2 in T cell–driven colitis, CD11c-Cre.Irf4fl/fl and Irf4fl/fl mice were backcrossed onto a Rag-1−/− background and used as recipients of CD45RBhiCD4+ T cells. Colitis score and innate immune cell influx were reduced in Cre+ mice 4 wk posttransfer, and these changes were associated with reduced CD4+ T cell counts in both the mesenteric lymph nodes and colon. By 7 wk, colitis score and colon CD4+ T cell numbers were similar in Cre+ and Cre− mice despite a selective reduction in Th17 cells in the colon of Cre+ mice and a continued reduction in CD4+ T cell numbers in mesenteric lymph nodes. Cotransfer of CD25+CD45RBlo CD4+ T cells prevented CD45RBhiCD4+ T cell–driven colitis in both Cre+ and Cre− recipients, demonstrating that IRF4 expression by cDC is not required for CD4+ regulatory T cell–mediated control of colitis. Collectively these results suggest a role for IRF4 expression in cDC2 in the generation of colitogenic CD4+ T cells, which becomes redundant as colitis progresses.
BHLHE40 Promotes TH2 Cell–Mediated Antihelminth Immunity and Reveals Cooperative CSF2RB Family Cytokines
Authors: Jarjour Nicholas N. , Bradstreet Tara R. , Schwarzkopf Elizabeth A. , Cook Melissa E. , Lai Chin-Wen , Huang Stanley Ching-Cheng , Taneja Reshma , Stappenbeck Thaddeus S. , Van Dyken Steven J. , Urban Joseph F. , Edelson Brian T. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The transcription factor BHLHE40 is an emerging regulator of the immune system. Recent studies suggest that BHLHE40 regulates type 2 immunity, but this has not been demonstrated in vivo. We found that BHLHE40 is required in T cells for a protective TH2 cell response in mice infected with the helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri. H. polygyrus elicited changes in gene and cytokine expression by lamina propria CD4+ T cells, many of which were BHLHE40 dependent, including production of the common β (CSF2RB) chain family cytokines GM-CSF and IL-5. In contrast to deficiency in GM-CSF or IL-5 alone, loss of both GM-CSF and IL-5 signaling impaired protection against H. polygyrus. Overall, we show that BHLHE40 regulates the TH2 cell transcriptional program during helminth infection to support normal expression of Csf2, Il5, and other genes required for protection and reveal unexpected redundancy of common β chain–dependent cytokines previously thought to possess substantially divergent functions.
Polysaccharide Capsules Equip the Human Symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron to Modulate Immune Responses to a Dominant Antigen in the Intestine
Authors: Hsieh Samantha , Porter Nathan T. , Donermeyer David L. , Horvath Stephen , Strout Gregory , Saunders Brian T. , Zhang Nan , Zinselmeyer Bernd , Martens Eric C. , Stappenbeck Thaddeus S. , Allen Paul M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Bacteria express multiple diverse capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) for protection against environmental and host factors, including the host immune system. Using a mouse TCR transgenic CD4+ T cell, BθOM, that is specific for B. thetaiotaomicron and a complete set of single CPS–expressing B. thetaiotaomicron strains, we ask whether CPSs can modify the immune responses to specific bacterial Ags. Acapsular B. thetaiotaomicron, which lacks all B. thetaiotaomicron CPSs, stimulated BθOM T cells more strongly than wild-type B. thetaiotaomicron. Despite similar levels of BθOM Ag expression, many single CPS–expressing B. thetaiotaomicron strains were antistimulatory and weakly activated BθOM T cells, but a few strains were prostimulatory and strongly activated BθOM T cells just as well or better than an acapsular strain. B. thetaiotaomicron strains that expressed an antistimulatory CPS blocked Ag delivery to the immune system, which could be rescued by Fc receptor–dependent Ab opsonization. All single CPS–expressing B. thetaiotaomicron strains stimulated the innate immune system to skew toward M1 macrophages and release inflammatory cytokines in an MyD88-dependent manner, with antistimulatory CPS activating the innate immune system in a weaker manner than prostimulatory CPS. The expression of antistimulatory versus prostimulatory CPSs on outer membrane vesicles also regulated immune responses. Moreover, antistimulatory and prostimulatory single CPS–expressing B. thetaiotaomicron strains regulated the activation of Ag-specific and polyclonal T cells as well as clearance of dominant Ag in vivo. These studies establish that the immune responses to specific bacterial Ags can be modulated by a diverse set of CPSs.
Vinpocetine Suppresses Streptococcus pneumoniae–Induced Inflammation via Inhibition of ERK1 by CYLD
Authors: Komatsu Kensei , Nam Dae-Hwan , Lee Ji-Yun , Yoneda Go , Yan Chen , Li Jian-Dong 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is the most common bacterial infection in children. It remains a major health problem and a substantial socioeconomic burden. Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) is one of the most common bacterial pathogens causing OM. Innate inflammatory response plays a critical role in host defense against bacterial pathogens. However, if excessive, it has a detrimental impact on the middle ear, leading to middle ear inflammation, a hallmark of OM. Currently, there has been limited success in developing effective therapeutic agents to suppress inflammation without serious side effects. In this study, we show that vinpocetine, an antistroke drug, suppressed S. pneumoniae–induced inflammatory response in cultured middle ear epithelial cells as well as in the middle ear of mice. Interestingly, vinpocetine inhibited S. pneumoniae–induced inflammation via upregulating a key negative regulator cylindromatosis (CYLD). Moreover, CYLD suppressed S. pneumoniae–induced inflammation via inhibiting the activation of ERK. Importantly, the postinfection administration of vinpocetine markedly inhibited middle ear inflammation induced by S. pneumoniae in a well-established mouse OM model. These studies provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the tight regulation of inflammation via inhibition of ERK by CYLD and identified vinpocetine as a potential therapeutic agent for suppressing the inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of OM via upregulating negative regulator CYLD expression.
Prenatal diagnosis of congenital harlequin ichthyosis with fetal MRI
Authors: Kale Kiran A , Ghonge Nitin P , Kaul Anita 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMost of the fetal deformities are caused due to genetic abnormalities. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to accurately diagnose these deformities, it has been reported that gene analysis is a more accurate diagnostic method. Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) or Ichthyosis fetalis (IF) is a rare and extremely severe hereditary skin disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance. The ultrasound features have been described well and the diagnosis can be made with a fair degree of confidence. However, the final diagnosis needs to be established by prenatal invasive tests. In the present study, we describe the diagnosis of HI in the third trimester on fetal MRI referred to our department with suspicion of anterior encephalocele which was later confirmed through postnatal genetic evaluation.
Spondyloarthropathy - Is sacroiliac joint imaging sufficient? A study of 431 patients
Authors: Gupta Saurabh , Nischal Neha , Sharma Lucky , Gupta Rajiva , Singh Jatinder Pal 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackground: Sacroiliac (SI) joint involvement (sacroiliitis) is considered as major criteria for diagnosing Spondyloarthropathy (SpA), although involvement of spine and hip can also occur. The aim of our study was to assess the utility of including sagittal short-tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence of dorsolumbar spine and coronal STIR/proton density (PD) fat saturated sequence through both hips, to routine SI joint magnetic resonance (MR) imaging protocol, in patients clinically suspected to have SpA. Material and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted between February 2013 and February 2018 on clinically suspected SpA patients referred to our department for imaging. The images obtained using this new SI joint protocol were evaluated for findings suggesting SpA diagnosis as per the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society criteria. Other differentials for similar symptoms were also looked for. Results: Of the 431 patients (313 M and 118 F), 255 had features confirming the diagnosis of SpA and 176 had no radiological manifestations of SpA (56 were normal and 120 had other findings to suggest clinical symptoms; e.g., degenerative SpA, Pott’s spine, skeletal metastases, early AVN of hip, cysticercus, iliofemoral impingement). 19/255 patients had normal SI joints but other findings to suggest diagnosis of SpA, e.g. romanus lesions, costovertebritis/costotransversitis, pubic symphysitis, inflammatory hip arthropathy, enthesitis, iliofemoral/trochanteric bursitis. 33/61 patients with chronic sacroiliitis had disease activity in spine or hip. Conclusion: Inclusion of sections through dorsolumbar spine and both hips to routine SI joint protocol, helped in identifying: (a) early disease in 19 patients, who had normal SI joints and may have otherwise been missed with routine only SI joint imaging, (b) additional findings in SpA-related sacroiliitis, (c) disease activity in chronic sacroiliitis, and (d) other causes of low back pain and thus helped in further patient management.
Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (central sparing type)—MRI and MR spectroscopy findings
Authors: Ranjan Rahul S , Arya Gaurav , Yadav Vikas K 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAcute encephalopathy with biphasic seizure and late reduced diffusion (AESD) is a clinico-radiologic syndrome of acute encephalopathy characterized by biphasic seizure and altered consciousness in acute phase followed by restricted diffusion in bilateral cerebral parenchyma on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the subacute stage. Here, we present the MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) findings in a case of AESD presenting in 4-year child and diagnosed based on clinico-radiological correlation.