bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis on quality improvement of used cooking oil with young pineapple (Ananas comosus) using Taguchi Method
Authors: Arfan Muhammad , Supartono Wahyu , Yuliando Henry 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Cristal small industry is one of the industries which focuses on processing the snake fruit chips in Sleman, Yogyakarta. To purify used cooking oil in this industry is using young pineapple as adsorbent. However, the industry did not know optimal condition of its adsorbent during the purification process. This research is aimed to determine the combination of optimum factor level of control factors that affect the quality of used cooking oil. Four control factors are as follow; processing time, temperature, atmospheric pressure and thickness of pineapple slice. The number of levels of each factor is three level. Based on the number and factor level used, the experimental design was prepared based on the orthogonal matrix L9 (34) as a tool in Taguchi method. Data analysis are conducted by using signal to noise ratio (SNR), factor effect, variance analysis, multiple performance characteristic and confirmation test. The results showed that the optimal condition for using young pineapple as adsorbent in used oil purification were temperature of cooking at 88°C, processing time for 70 minutes, atmospheric pressure of 72 mmHg and pineapple thickness of 4 mm.
Preliminary Study of Clinical Antidiabetic Activity of Salam Leaves (Eugenia Polyantha) and Sambiloto Leaves (Andrographis Paniculata) In Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Ischak N I , Botutihe D N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of disease with high prevalence in the world. Salam (Eugenia polyantha) and Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) are plant that widely used traditionally for medicine including to treat diabetes mellitus. Many studies have revealed that these herbs have bioactive compounds that contribute to antidiabetic properties. The objective of the present study is to analyze the clinical antidiabetic properties of Eugenia polyantha and Andrographis paniculata leaves in type 2 diabetic patients. Clinical test with before and after design was used as method. Sample was designed by consecutive sampling with inclusion and exclusion consideration. Total subject of this study are 40 peoples and were divided into two group. One group consumed Eugenia polyantha leaf and the other one consumed Andrographis paniculata leaf. 300 mg of these medicinal plants was given as capsule. The prescription was 1-2 capsule per day for one week. During this study we observed several parameters include: patients characteristic, blood glucose level, uric acid, total cholesterol, blood pressure and other subjective complaints. The result showed that among 20 respondents of each group, there are 70% and 80% respondents decreased fasting blood glucose level (<140 mg/dL) compared to before treatment with these herbs. It can be concluded that Andrographis paniculata and Eugenia polyantha leaf may have positive role in type 2 diabetic patients.
Experimental study of Wear Rate Behavior for Composite Materials under Hygrothermal Effect
Authors: Abdulla Fadhel Abbas , Hamid Katea L. , Ogaili Ahmed Ali Farhan , Abdulrazzaq Mohammed Abdulraoof 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The behavior of wear for composite materials with effect of hygrothermal was investigated experimentally. The pin-on-disc wear rig was manufacturing. The wear parameters, distance, humidity, applied load, temperature, and speed on the wear behavior was investigated. These composite materials consist of (fiberglass and polyester resin), with (40%) volume fraction. The results give the increasing of humidity and, or temperature causes increasing in glass-fiber/polyester composite’s wear. Also, increasing the load, distance and sliding speed, will be led to an increase in the wear of glass fiber/polyester.
Assessment of heavy metals and ecological risk in the sediments of Thi Qar and Basrah governorates - Southern Iraq
Authors: Al-Jaberi Mohanad H. , Sedkhan Muqdad T. , Hussain Ghazi A. , Jasim Ammar A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe distribution of heavy metals in surface sediment in the four sites of Thi Qar governorate and one site in the eastern part of Basrah governorate were investigated in order to detect the environmental characteristics in these areas. The texture of sandysilt, silt and sandymud are dominant in the study area. The distribution of heavy metals follows the pattern Fe> Ti> Mn > V >Cr > Zn> Pb >Ni >Cu > Co> As. The heavy metals content was reduced in the sandy sediments and low TOC. The heavy metals had a positive correlation with the silt fraction in the sediments of the study area. Sediments alkalinity found with a positive relationship with TOC content. The values of Fe, Zn, Pb, V, and Co were lower than their content in the world wild sedimentary rocks, while Ti, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cu, and As were higher than their content in the world wide sedimentary rocks. The spatial distribution of heavy metals is higher in the Majnoon oil field compared with the other areas. An approach utilizes various contamination indices (Enrichment Factor EF, Geoaccumulation index Igeo, Contamination Factor CF, and Ecological risks Er) were used to evaluate a contamination degree. The values of the contamination indices showed no/low sediment contamination with Co, Zn, Pb, Cu, V, Fe, and Mn in the Chibayish, Nasiriyah city center, and Tal Abu Dahab. Moderate contamination with Ti and Cr in the Suq Al-Shuyukh, Majnoon oil field and Chibayish, while considerable contamination with Ni and As in the Majnoon oil field. The results of Er showed low heavy metals ecological risks.
Improve and reduce the economic cost and pollutants of a swirl burner
Authors: Al-Naffakh Jameel , Hasan Karrar S. , Al-fahham Mohammed , Al-Qasab Mohammed R. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Arab Gulf region is rich in oil products, as Iraq is the second largest country in the Gulf with oil reserves, as Iraq exports to the world 3,500,000 million barrels per day, thus oil is the main source of energy production. However, the main challenges facing energy developers are efficiency, pollution and the economy. Therefore, this paper focused on pollution problems associated with combustion operations as well as economic costs by changing the type of fuel from diesel to liquefied petroleum gas and modifying the system to raise its efficiency and reduce emissions and cost, by setting a vane guide to make swirl fluid with a strong and coherent structure and thus a near perfect ideal few Emission of greenhouse gases at an acceptable cost compared to diesel fuel, where the economic side of the system was highlighted in terms of excessive fuel consumption, as diesel fuel consumption for the system during the whole working hour reached 24,000 Iraqi dinars, while fuel consumption with LPG reached 15,600 Iraqi dinars, thus saving 8,400 Iraqi dinars Thus, fuel consumption was reduced by 0.35%. Consequently, the improved fuel economy and environmental considerations of the external combustion system make it a sustainable choice in the energy field such as industries, power stations and all other fields.
Removal of TOC from oily wastewater by electrocoagulation technology
Authors: AlJaberi Forat Yasir 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The present study aims to employ an electrocoagulation reactor containing concentric-aluminum-tubes as electrodes for total organic carbon (TOC) removal from real oily wastewater released from drilling sites located in West Qurna-Iraq. Applied current ranges from 0.5 to 2.0 Amps and contact time ranges from 10 to 40 min had selected as the operational variables. Response surface methodology (RSM) type central composite design (CCD) and MINITAB-statistical soft program had performed to design experiments and analysis of the obtained results. The results showed significant removal of TOC (83.91%) at the optimal values of the operational parameters (1.606 Amps and 40 min). Moreover, the present design of the electrocoagulation reactor was more reliable and cost-effective that could be used in practice efficiently.
The Use of Spreadsheets in Teaching the Economic Load Dispatch Problem
Authors: Mezhr Salahaldain Abduljabbar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Economic Load Dispatch problems in electrical power networks have been investigated over the years and several calculation methods were introduced. In order to determine the work state of power network, it is often necessary to solve a large system of non-linear transcendent equations. Therefore, the program routines are complex to develop, while specialized commercial software packages are expensive and not easily available. On the other hand, Microsoft Excel as a part of Microsoft office software package is widely spread in the world and relatively easily available. This paper presents the design and development of Microsoft Excel based economic load dispatch analysis tool and its application for system planning and operation. Three different economic load dispatch methods, namely, Merit Order, Lambda-Iteration and Dynamic Programming methods have been implemented to provide wider choice for the users. The emphasis of this paper is on the educational value of spreadsheets in the analysis of power system.
Methods of Improving the Performance of Adsorption Thermophysical battery based on the Operating Conditions and Structure: A Review
Authors: Tarish Ali Lateef , Khalifa Abdul Hadi N , Hamad Ahmed J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Methods of improving the performance parameters of the adsorption thermophysical battery (ATB) including, coefficient of performance (COP), specific cooling power (SCP) have been reviewed in this study. Adsorption thermophysical battery has received much attention in the last few decades due to its advantages in utilizing waste heat or solar energy and using environment-friendly refrigerants. This survey reviews 158 papers that propose method and technologies to improve ATB. Structures and operating conditions such as heat exchanger, solar collector, fins, heat and mass transfer, adsorbent-adsorbate working pairs are discussed in this review. It was collected from the review literature: (i) cooling capacity and COP are increased with hot water temperature increasing and with reduction of inlet cooling water temperature, (ii) the condensation temperature is inversely proportional with COP and SCP for single and double stages ATB, (iii) both SCP and COP are increased when the heat source is a relatively high temperature; (iv) operating cycle time is important to achieve the optimal system performance, where the COP increases with cycle time increasing for particular limits. (iv) novel adsorbent materials such as MOF can significantly improve the ATB performance, (v) enhancement in cooling capacity of the ATB can be achieved under high flow rates of hot and cold water, (vi) improving the adsorbent thermal conductivity can enhance the performance. This review can assist in selecting the ATB for future research works with improved COP and reduced cost when this system is driven by waste heat or solar energy.
Continuous flow adsorption for phenol removal using environmentally friendly naturally derived bed
Authors: Kamal Ibtisam , Albadran Firas , Jaafar Hammen , Ali Diyar , Alfaize Mustafa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Phenol is one of the common contaminants observed in many wastewater industries. It is toxic, hazardous, carcinogenic and listed as a priority pollutant by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This research aimed to establish the efficacy of activated carbon derived from walnut shell in extracting phenol from aqueous solutions using a fixed-green bed column adsorption system. The effect of parameters affecting the adsorption process including the initial concentration of phenol, bed ratio, and flow rate, was studied. The results showed that the highest percentage of phenol removal by the activated carbon is 86.2% at pH 7, initial concentration of phenol 0.001M, bed ratio 1:3 sand/activated carbon, and flow rate 10 ml/min. The breakthrough behavior of the fixed-bed adsorption process was studied. It was observed that the adsorption process equilibrium is practically reached after 105 minutes. The adsorption column dynamic behavior was investigated using three numerical models. The results confirmed that Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models are found more fitted to the adsorption experimental results. Moreover, modeling and interpretation of the column adsorption isotherms predicted that the Freundlich isotherm model is better than Langmuir isotherm model to describe the column adsorption data indicating that the phenol adsorbed molecules are not restricted to monolayer formation and the mechanism of adsorption is chemo-sorption. Briefly, the results of this study pointed out that the activated carbon derived from the walnut shell is not only a low-cost green adsorbent but also has high performance in the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions.
COMPARISON BETWEEN WEIGHT AND VOLUME PERCENTAGES FOR CEMENT MORTAR
Authors: Abd Lubna Mohammed , AbdAlqadir Narmeen AbdAlwahhab , Majeed Muhannd Waleed 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The concrete in a simple case is a mixing of cement mortar and aggregates. Cement mortar consist of mixing cement and water which is cover the surface of aggregates. Through hydration of cement, the mortar becomes hardened and forming such like rock mass which is called concrete. The key of gaining hardened and strong concrete produced in a well mixing percentages and by mixing method which it is either weight or volume mixing. Concrete which has no equivalent cement mortar enough to fill spaces between aggregate particles lead to difficult molding process and produced concrete with weak strength. There are two ways of measuring materials in cement mortar: by weight and by volume percent, the first one is more accurate than the other specifically in determination compressive strength of cement mortar cubes, because it is having more cement content as compared with the second one. In this research, three percent (1:1, 1:2, 1:3) is taking with constant water to cement ratio of (0.35), the dimensions of cube are (7*7*7) cm to calculate compressive strength for (3, 7, 14, 28) days. The weight percentages have compressive strength more than volume percentages by changing factor of (1.2).
Recyclable Wastes as Internal Curing Materials to Improve High-Performance Concrete’s Sustainability, and Durability: An Overview
Authors: Rasheed Laith Sh. , Abdulrasool Abdulrasool Th. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study discusses the researchers’ experiences with regard to the use of sustainable materials (waste materials and recycling materials) as internal curing materials during the development process for high-performance concrete (HPC). Generally, the use of waste materials as internal curing materials to enhance interior curing reduces the self-desiccation that occurs in cement paste concrete and can thus reduce the risks of the cracks that may develop as a result of modern concrete hardening. This research also examines high-performance concrete behaviours, including characteristics such as density, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength to examine internal curing efficiency. This appears to be more effective with age progression in terms of compressive strength and splitting tensile strength. The results of the research show that the use of waste materials as internal curing agents not only enhances the properties of concrete but also offers a renewable method for reducing the amount of waste globally.
Evaluating the effects of the flow direction on the performance of the rapid sand filter
Authors: Hasan Hayder N. , Al-Baidhani Jabbar H. , Al-Saadi Riyadh Jasim Mohammed 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The rapid sand downflow filter is widely used in water treatment plants. On the other hand, this filter has some drawbacks included the significant development of the head loss via the filter media because most of the rejected particles are removed by the upper layers. As well, the filter particles are redistributed during the backwash process causing the settling of fine particles on the upper part of the filter media, and this needs to increase the number of backwash processes. For these reasons, the cost of the produced water increases. The aim of the present study is to explore the possibility of using the upflow sand filter (UF-Filter) as a good alternative to the downflow sand filter (DF-Filter). To achieve the aims of the present study, a comparison was made between the performance of both filters through simultaneous experiments under different operating conditions. These conditions included changing of the filtering velocity from 5 m/h to 10 m/h and the initial water turbidity with a range of (10 – 200) NTU. The sand media with sizes of (0.6 - 1mm) and with 63 cm of depth was used. Experimental results show that the turbidity removal efficiency of the DF-Filter is of about 1.1 times that of the UF-Filter. On the other hand, the UF-Filter has higher turbidity removal efficiency than the DF-Filter by about 1.1 times when the initial turbidity of the influent water is greater than 150 NTU and the filtration velocity is equal to 10 m/hr. These differences in the removal efficiency between both filters can be considered as few values. The average filtration efficiency of the UF-Filter operated with the filtration velocity of 5 and 7.5 m/h is higher than that of the DF-Filter operated with the filtration velocity of 7.5 and 10 m/h, respectively under the same operating conditions. The filtration efficiency of both filters increases when the backwash was carried out before each experimental process instead of replacing the filter media. Also, the head loss of the DF-Filter is significantly increased due to redistribution of the sand media taking place during the backwash cycle, while the head loss of the UF-Filter is not affected. The head loss of the UF-filter at the end of each experimental run is less than that of the DF-Filter by about (18.18 % - 45.31 %) when the filter medium is replaced and this range is increased to about (53.31 % - 62.34 %) when the backwash is performed prior to the start of the experimental work. Thus, the decrease in head loss leads to an increase in the filter running time and decrease the number of backwash process.
Photovoltaic panel type influence on the performance degradation due dust accumulation
Authors: Chaichan Miqdam T , Kazem Hussein A , Ibrahim Sulafa I , Radhi Amera A , Mahmoud Bashar K , Ali Ali J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study investigates the effect of the type of solar cell technology used on its outcomes degradation when dust accumulates on it. Therefore, in this study, practical tests were performed on the physical properties of accumulated dust in the University of Technology Campus-Iraq for a period of three months. After that, a practical study examined the effect of the type of photovoltaic unit used on the decrease in current, voltage, and energy resulting from the accumulation of this dust with specific mass fractions. The comparison was made between the Amorphous, Monocrystalline, Polycrystalline, and Organic PV modules. The accumulation of dust causes significant decreases in current and has a limited effect on the voltages of all modules studied, as a result, the electric power generated decrease from all the studied photovoltaic modules due to the accumulation of dust. The accumulation of dust had the greatest effect on the Amorphous PV cell, followed by polycrystalline, monocrystalline and finally organic at 42%, 36.3%, 32.9% and 25.7%, respectively. The study demonstrated that the best option is to use monocrystalline cells for the university site. The study also concluded that the choice of any PV technology for a station at any site should be preceded by a study of the effect of dust in that location in order to favor any technique that must be applied. Keywords: Dust accumulation; Amorphous, polycrystalline, monocrystalline; organic; PV module
Economic, Social, and Environmental Sustainable Operation of Roadways within the Central Business District (CBD) sector at Hilla City Incorporated with Public Transport
Authors: Medlol Sadiq Ghazi , Alwash Ali Abdul Ameer 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The maintaining of sustainability is a constant challenge. Sustainability can be achieved by maintaining road traffic safety or preventing collisions and using pollution-free vehicles and safe transporting of goods. This research addresses the assessment of measuring transport sustainability based on economic, social, and environmental indicators for public transport routes. The methodology of this research can be described by collecting data (air pollution, noise, number of incidents, and volumes of traffic) from 15 public transport links within the central business district (sector 2) in the city of Hilla through collaboration with the departments concerned. To avoid the problem of utilizing several evaluation indicators, this research is developing a procedure to obtain a sustainable composite index to available data collection. The indicators of sustainability for urban transportation addressing the economic (delay), social (safety), and environmental (noise, air pollution) aspects depend on existing data. Indicators are combined in the economic, social, and environmental indicators into a composite sustainability index, in a way that overcomes the restrictions of normalization, weight, and aggregation. It is an attempt to estimate the sustainability of transport within the CBD sector No.2 in Hilla, which is integrated with public transport. According to the ICST (Composite Sustainability Transportation Index) value for roads associated with public transportation in Sector No.2 of the CBD Hilla City, the overall assessment for sustainability operation is from moderate level (9 links) to low (5 links) and a high level (1 link).
Simulation and optimization of Camelina oil fatty acids reaction to produce fatty acid methyl esters in a reactive distillation reactor
Authors: Kamal Ibtisam M. , Albadran Firas H. , Bamerni Fanar M. , Aziz Danar H. , Alfaize Mustafa 
Published: November 2020

AbstractReactive distillation (RD) is a chemical unit operation in which chemical reaction and product separation occurs simultaneously in one unit resulted in reduce the number of downstream steps, energy savings, and greenhouse gases. In the current work, process flow sheets for industrial routes for conversion of camelina oil fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) in presence of acid catalyst is modelled in Aspen HYSYS for the purpose to scale up the esters production. The effect of the operating and design parameters is optimized in addition to design the production plant. The simulation results showed that optimum ester yield is obtained for linoleic acid and palmatic components using 6:1 alcohol to oil ratio, reaction temperature 60°C and feeding the oil and the alcohol at stage number 3 and 5 respectively.