bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Process Optimization for Additive Manufacturing in Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Acharya Sunil , Zhang Yi , Yang James 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Recently, Additive Manufacturing (AM) has received a lot of attention as a viable manufacturing process for structural components. For certain applications, this technique brings time-savings and is cost-effective. AM methods offer unique challenges as well as advantages over traditional manufacturing techniques. Simulation-driven product design can address the challenges while exploiting the advantages to optimize components relevant to the Oil and Gas industry. Also, process simulation can be used to qualify the component design for distortion, residual stress, and process parameters Conventional design and design-optimization techniques typically do not apply for AM part design. The flexibility of AM in generating complex shapes implies reduced number of components and implicit savings in assembly. Also, the possibility of lattice structure generation implies that there is potential for light-weighting the component through design. The ability to incorporate these structures broadens the design criteria to achieve previously unforeseen possibilities. Topological optimization, along with Finite Element simulation during the design stage is invaluable to achieve light-weighting of the ship components while meeting structural performance criteria. For products with fluid or electromagnetics applications, Multiphysics optimization is useful to improve part performance. After arriving at the part design, the "print design" needs to be addressed. Here decisions on part orientation, support location, and support design are important. Typically, the AM process involves large thermal transients and phase change. As a result, significant residual stresses appear in the manufactured components. It is important to qualify the part design so that these stresses inherent to the AM process do not lead to mechanical distortion or initiate cracking of the lattice structures. Process simulation is effective in estimating stresses generated in components, distortion, and adequacy of the support design. Use of these simulation techniques during the product and process design reduces the number of trials before part printing compressing the product development cycle.
The presentation will illustrate the simulation methodologies in Multiphysics design and process optimization in different industrial applications. The presentation will conclude with lessons for the Oil and Gas industry.
Experimental Investigation of Biopolymer Rheology and Injectivity in Carbonates
Authors: Elhossary Deena Abdalla , Alameri Waleed , Al-Shalabi Emad W. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Polymer flooding is a mature chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) technology with over forty years of laboratory- and field-scale applications. Nevertheless, polymers exhibit poor performance in carbonates due to their complex nature of mixed-to-oil wettability, high temperature, high salinity, and heterogeneity with low permeability. The main objective of this study is to experimentally evaluate the performance of a biopolymer (Scleroglucan) in carbonates under harsh conditions of temperature and salinity. This experimental investigation includes polymer rheological studies as well as polymer injectivity tests. Rheological studies were performed on the biopolymer samples to measure the polymer viscosity as a function of concentration, shear rate, salinity, and temperature. Injectivity characteristics of this biopolymer were also examined through corefloods using high permeability carbonate outcrops. The injectivity tests consisted of two stages of water pre-flush and polymer injection. These tests were conducted using high salinity formation water (167,000 ppm) and seawater (43,000 ppm) at both room (25 °C) and high temperature (90 °C) conditions.
The rheological tests showed that the biopolymer has a high viscosifying power and it exhibits a shear-thinning behavior that is more prevalent at higher polymer concentrations. Also, a pronounced effect was observed for water salinity on both polymer filterability and polymer injectivity. The biopolymer exhibited better filterability at the high temperature as opposed to the room temperature. From the injectivity tests, the shear-thinning behavior of this biopolymer in the porous media was confirmed as the resistance factor decreased with increasing the flow rate applied. The potential biopolymer showed good injectivity at both the room and the high temperatures. This study provides further insight into the performance of this biopolymer in carbonate reservoirs and encourages further application under harsh conditions of salinity and temperature.
Additive Manufacturing in Heat Exchangers and Valves
Authors: Tirelli Valeria 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper will present additively manufactured (AM) metallic solutions and their benefits for various products such as heat exchangers, valves and oil and gas components.
The adoption of Additive Manufacturing can generate many advantages thanks to the reduction of lead time such as fast prototyping, acceleration of R&D, on-time delivery of spare parts. Moreover, it's possible to take profit of Additive Manufacturing in situations that require lightweight, space-saving, complex components and improved performance.
The value chain of additive manufacturing will be shortly analyzed from the design to the production with metal 3D printers, including the non destructive tests and post-processing activities.
Temperature Abatement using Spray Injection and Metal Wire Mesh in Liquid Piston Compressor for Ocean Compressed Air Energy Storage Application
Authors: Ahn Barah , Ro Paul I , Patil Vikram C 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
One of the challenges in designing an Ocean Compressed Air Energy Storage (OCAES) system is achieving efficient compression and expansion of air. The rise of temperature during air compression results in significant loss of energy which leads to low storage efficiency. In this study, temperature abatement in liquid piston compressor using spray injection and metal wire mesh are investigated experimentally to improve storage efficiency. Water spray at different injection pressures and metal wire mesh of different surface areas and volumes were tested for heat dissipation inside the compression chamber. Results indicated that the water spray injection is useful to reduce the final temperature from 334 K to as low as 297 K for compression of air from atmospheric pressure to about 250 KPa when the injection pressure is 60 psi. For the more effective metal wire mesh among the inserts tested in this study, temperature abatement to a final temperature of 308K was observed. Compared to wire mesh inserts alone, the simultaneous use of the inserts and spray injection resulted in enhanced temperature abatement. Compared with spray injection method alone, temperature abatement improvement was observed when inserts of sparse density were used along with spray injection. Although wire mesh inserts distract the contact of water droplets with hot air, the simultaneous use of the two methods resulted in an increased effective surface area because the surface area added by the inserts is larger than the surface area lost by the droplets coming to contact with the inserts. When inserts with more compacted structures are used, the temperature abatement was less than the spray injection alone. This seems to suggest that the contact surface lost by the droplets is more significant than the extra surface area added by the inserts. Since the geometries of mesh inserts used in this study are different from each other, temperature increase patterns at certain pressure levels are compared. Clearly, spray injection improves compression efficiency to 95% from the base 80% efficiency of liquid piston compressor. This work uniquely highlights the further development of efficient air compression using spray injection and metal wire mesh.
Hybrid Directed Energy Deposition for Fabricating Metal Structures with Embedded Sensors for the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Juhasz Michael , Tiedemann Rico , Dumstorff Gerrit , Conner Brett , Lang Walter , MacDonald Eric 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHybrid additive manufacturing combines additive manufacturing (AM) and traditional subtractive processing with synergistic layer-by-layer access. The integration of both manufacturing processes leverages the benefits of AM - including complex geometries, mass customization and advanced high-temperature metal alloys - with traditional processes providing superior surface finish and dimensional accuracies. Hybrid AM integrates a suite of manufacturing processes within a single build volume and one benefit of this approach that was not previously leveraged is access to the structure at intermediate steps during fabrication. This access can enable the next generation of oil and gas industry offshore devices capable of providing sensing data from within the metal structural element. The sensors can inform the process of maintenance requirements and structural health management. In this report, an Ambit™ system was used to fabricate a tensile bar with a strain sensor encapsulated within the structure in order to provide a proof-of-concept demonstration for the oil and gas industries.
Kicks and Blowouts Prediction Before and During Drilling in the Over-Pressured Sediments
Authors: Shaker Selim S , Reynolds David J 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Uncontrollable kicks are the most costly events that occur while drilling for oil and gas. Formation water flow sometimes turns to kicks that lead to life threatening and environmentaly disastrous blowouts. Prediction of the possible abrupt pressure surges that characterize the subsurface geological setting before drilling sheds light on some of the challenges that may be encountered along the bore-hole trajectory. This will also help curtail human error during penetration of certain zones along the well-hole trajectory, and consequently reach the objective depth safely and with less nonproductive time (NPT).
Before drilling, pore andfracture pressure predictions from seismic velocity are critical for assessing the economic feasibility and safety for the whole prospective trap. Integrating the seismic velocity drifts and the sequence stratigraphy semblance at the proposed location can point to the possible pressure transgressive intervals that can cause a sudden pressure surge (PS). Moreover, modifying the drilling tolerance window (DTW) to accommodate the expected hydrocarbon column in the prospective reservoirs reduces the potential of unexpected hard kicks at the shale – sand interface.
This paper briefly discusses the impact of subsurface geopressure compartmentalization on seismic velocity drift and consequently on PS. It also examines the subsurface geological setting that can cause substantial pressure increase penetrating the lithological interfaces. Therefore, the pressure transgression and expected excess pressure in pay zones should be encompassed within the numerical algorithm of the predictive model before drilling. Monitoring the logging while drilling (LWD) data slopes in shale beds can successfully point to a possible kick ahead of the drill bit. Maneuvering the mud weight and casing program while drilling within the DTW based on the modified numerical pressure profile can achieve safe drilling.
Examples from onshore and deep-water wells are shown. This paper covers several geological features that correlate to open bore-hole flows or kicks that sometimes develop to a blowout if the formation flow is not controlled by the right mud weight kill. Detecting these subsurface features and their associated seismic velocities before drilling can lead to safe drilling and avoiding NPT. Moreover, this paper sheds light on the potential to enhance drilling safety in advance, even in cases where managed pressure drilling (MPD) equipment is used.
Enhanced Rigid Jumper VIV Fatigue Assessment- Guidance Notes
Authors: Nair Aravind , Jaiswal Vivek , Fyrileiv Olav , Vedeld Knut , Zheng Haining , Huang Jerry , Tognarelli Michael , Goes Rafael , Bruschi Roberto , Bartolini Lorenzo , Vitali Luigio 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
To date, there are no publicly available, validated tools or industry accepted guidelines for the assessment of Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV) fatigue of rigid Jumper (spool) systems. The existing state of practice has been to treat rigid jumper systems as free spanning pipelines and apply the associated design principles in DNV GL recommended practice DNV-RP-F105/DNVGL-RP-F105 (Free Spanning Pipelines). However, widely used rigid jumper systems such as the M-shape jumper systems are subjected to complex flow fields around their legs and bends and fall outside of the test data used to generate the free-span response model in DNV GL Recommended Practice (RP). A Joint Industry Project (JIP) ‘Jumper VIV JIP’ that included BP, ExxonMobil, Petrobras, Saipem and DNV GL was conducted between Dec. of 2014-2016 to collectively tackle the technical issues related to the VIV design of rigid jumper systems.
Through the JIP study, measured responses from ExxonMobil's jumper tow test data were used to develop new response curves for jumper systems in pure-current condition. Curves for in-line and cross-flow responses were initially developed by classifying the measured responses into in-line or cross-flow directions and compared against the existing DNVGL-RP-F105 response curves. Due to potential ambiguity in classification and application to Jumper Design, a more general curve that does not rely on directional classification has also been generated. Due to the differences in behavior of rigid jumper systems to that of free spanning pipelines, a new VIV guidance report was developed as part of the JIP deliverable. Principles and philosophies in the DNV-RP-F105 were followed in the development, but with the intent of identifying unique behavior of jumper systems for a subsequent update of the RP.
This paper presents the Guidance notes from the JIP and forms the first release of Jumper VIV fatigue assessment approach to the Industry. ExxonMobil's model test data, the only known test data available in the industry, was used in the development of unique response model and the new design guidance. The paper includes the new response model along with VIV screening, safety factors and unique considerations required for fatigue assessment of jumper systems.
Smart Monitoring and Failure Forecasting for In-Line Blowout Preventer Valves
Authors: Yoder Randy Thomas , Pereira Paul Christopher , Hoang Cam , Mutlu Mete , Lane Surrey , Panjwani Naveed 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The oil and gas drilling industry is amid a digital transformation, especially regarding the digital oilfield, smart operations, and predictive maintenance. Traditional scheduled maintenance approaches to equipment replacement have been proven as inefficient[EP(1] [YR(2], as not just time in service, but operational and system variables have a significant impact on useful life. (Temer and Pehl, 2017). Reactive approaches to maintenance by responding to failure, has increased risks for downtime and safety, especially in consideration of critical drilling and safety components at the well center critical path. This paper describes an approach, through an in-line blowout preventer valve (IBOP) predictive failure use case, of smart equipment monitoring and reliability centered maintenance (RCM), supported by modern digitalization technologies, and the industrial internet of things (IOT).
To achieve this, extraction, transformation, and loading various data into a more unified analysis platform for usage along with loading aggregations and forecasting analysis was performed. Analyzing the SCADA data from the drilling rig, a logic-based algorithm was applied to identify IBOP usage cycles, from several separate signals. This created a dense data set of time series data identifying equipment loading cycles allowing analysis of a reliability centered maintenance health assessment and threshold. Historical usage was analyzed and forecasted using autoregressive integrated moving average to identify statistical approximation for the date where the forecasted usage would meet the health threshold, with results visualized into an interactive dashboard for operators.
The identification of a forecasted date where equipment usage is expected to cross the reliability centered maintenance threshold can be used for rig maintenance preparation and planning. Decision layer content, in the form of an interactive dashboard and scheduled reporting, can be employed to keep maintenance crews aware of usage progression toward the threshold.
Acquisition of data for analysis from many different systems and formats is challenging, especially for technical and engineering disciplines not fully aligned with traditional information technology (IT) skillsets, techniques, or platforms. Enabling flexibility for experimentation for new analysis can be by code-free, but code-friendly, data acquisition and analysis platforms that can be utilized at the onset of these advancements toward RCM. A data-fusion approach, methodically using multiple digitalization platforms, is employed as a strategy for improving condition monitoring, health assessment, and awareness. The application of new feature engineering and machine learning (ML) offers iterative improvements to RCM based health prognostic signals.
Subsea Processing Systems Predictive Maintenance Enabled by Condition Monitoring System
Authors: Arcangeletti Giorgio , Gambella Luca , Aloigi Elvira , Radicioni Alessandro , Novello Marco , Bacati Fabrice , Shaiek Sadia 
Published: April 2020

Given the increasing level of technology readiness associated with subsea processing equipment under the trust of ambitious and challenging subsea field development schemes, in order to allow or enhance the hydrocarbon production and/or to reduce topside space requirements, oil and gas Operators are more keen to sanction new projects involving active subsea equipment.
The above scenario will most likely be the driver for a step-up towards a further communication link between subsea equipment (e.g. subsea pumps, compressors, separators, ancillary systems, etc.) and the end user. This link, enabled by a brand-new Condition Monitoring System, will be in addition to already consolidated subsea control system technologies and will pave the way for predictive maintenance operations of subsea processing systems.
Through the acquisition of subsea processing systems specific parameters detected during their operation and comparison with the relevant normal (baseline) conditions associated with each piece of equipment and/or typical component failure modes, it will be possible to monitor the deterioration of the equipment. It will also be possible to understand if it is time to plan a maintenance campaign for the system or if it can be postponed or moved up with respect to the MTBM of the system.
The condition monitoring system will collect a huge amount of data regarding system and components status, operating conditions and performances, and by tracking the collected information, it will be able to build a system history. This becomes the feed in a machine learning process that will regularly increase the level of confidence under real conditions of the subsea equipment laid far from the Operator's sight.
This paper will focus on a condition monitoring system concept applied to Saipem technologies for subsea processing.
China's Deepwater Field Development: Subsurface Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Li Hangyu , Zhang Ming , Lau Hon , Fu Shiwen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
At present, China has three major deepwater oil and gas fields located in the Qiongdongnan and Pearl River Mouth basins in the South China Sea (SCS) at water depths ranging from 300 m to over 1500 m. In this paper we compare the geology, reservoir and fluid properties and development concepts of these deepwater fields with those in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), Nigeria and Brazil. Based on this comparison, we have identified several key subsurface challenges and opportunities for future deepwater field developments in the SCS. Major subsurface challenges include smaller in-place volumes, heavier oil, lower reservoir energy and higher reservoir temperature. Opportunities identified include locating continental margin systems with high accommodation volumes and thick sandstone supply, use of alternative development concepts such as Floating Liquified Natural Gas (FLNG) and complaint platforms with dry tree wells and learnings from the recent development of lower-permeability reservoirs in deepwater GOM and the heavy oil deepwater developments and CO2 handling techniques in Brazil.
Technical and Economical Screening of Chemical EOR Methods for the Offshore
Authors: Muriel Herman , Ma Shijia , Sofla Saeed Jafari Daghlian , James Lesley Anne 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and maximizing recovery from declining production fields remain a challenge in the offshore industry. The challenge is to find an EOR method that is both technically and economically feasible considering the high capital and operating costs in the offshore environment. The goal of this work was to conduct a simple cost-benefit analysis based on a technical, facility, and economical screening of chemical EOR methods applicable to the offshore. Offshore Newfoundland, Canada is used as a base case as it represents a challenging geographical environment. The reservoir properties are good, based on volumetrics and characteristics, but the fields are located over 300 km offshore in a harsh environment where operational costs are high.
A data mining approach was used for the EOR screening process. Data from over one thousand core flooding experiments investigating various chemical EOR methods, including surfactant, polymer, alkaline-surfactant (AS), alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP), nanoparticle, and low salinity water injection (LSWI), were collected. Factors with the greatest influence on the performance of a given EOR method were statistically examined and discretized. The ranges of recovery factor, rock type, chemical concentrations, and the most commonly used chemicals are presented in this review paper. Economic factors examined included capital expenditures (CAPEX) and the operating cost of production (OPEX). Benefits are found to be strongly related to oil production and Brent crude oil forecasts. Sensitivity studies of the recovery factor ranges with the different chemical concentrations, net present values (NPV), and the influence of the inflation were all taken into consideration. Two different injection plans were considered: injection from day one of production, and injection after secondary production. The highest CAPEX and OPEX were calculated for the ASP method, whereas LSWI resulted in the lowest. The results indicate that most of the chemical EOR methods could be economically successful, however, the timing of implementation will affect the potential benefits. If high recovery and low chemical concentrations are considered, ASP flooding is the most successful chemical EOR method when injecting from day one. However, if the EOR method starts after a decline in production, surfactant flooding proves more beneficial, regardless of the scenario considered. This paper presents a systematic approach to chemical EOR screening, combining available technical data using a data analytics approach with economic and technical uncertainty.