bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflection and Derivation
Authors: Spencer Andrew 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe chapter presents an overview of phenomena which pose important problems of description and analysis. I focus on the inflectional system, which has undergone severe attrition and shows idiosyncrasies typical of such systems. For nominals I describe the personal pronoun paradigm and the ‘possessive -s’ clitic/phrasal affix. The controversial categorial status of adverbs in -ly is discussed, while for verbs, all the subcategories prove to be highly problematical. For instance, only 50 irregular verbs distinguish past tense from past participle (e.g. wrote/written), so it is not even clear whether the past participle category is a highly restricted subcategory, with the vast majority of verbs showing past tense/past participle syncretism, or whether this is a case of ‘overdifferentiation’, like the forms am, are, were of the verb BE. On the other hand, the polyfunctionality of the completely regular -ing suffix, which derives verb, noun, and adjective forms, also poses serious unresolved problems. Auxiliary verbs and related phenomena alternate between periphrastic, clitic, and genuinely morphological (affixal) constructions. The chapter concludes with consideration of those aspects of derivational morphology which seem to be indisputably productive, hence part of the grammar, including (certain types of) event nominalization, some cases of double object alternation, and morphosemantic mismatches of the kind electrical engineering ⇒ electrical engineer.
Genre Variation
Authors: Dorgeloh Heidrun , Wanner Anja 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter gives a critical survey of research traditions and findings in the study of genre variation, both from a grammar and a text linguistic perspective. After introducing foundational concepts, the chapter discusses the dimension of spoken versus written language, including the question of medial versus conceptual orality, the distinction between narrative and non-narrative genres as well as characteristics of computer-mediated communication, weaving in data and insights from studies in both linguistics and rhetoric. Shifting to a focus on specific grammatical constructions, the chapter then moves on to three areas of syntactic inquiry that are illuminated by genre considerations: variation in grammatical complexity, the representation of agents, and word order variation. The chapter ends with reflecting on the competence/performance distinction and thoughts on the idea that spoken language follows a different grammar than written language.
Technical
Authors: Freedgood Elaine , Schmitt Cannon 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Technical language is not literary in the eyes of many critics; it tends to exclude readers and so we often leave it unread on the page, as ornament or reality effect. This chapter suggests that technical language is literary language and that understanding what it signifies both literally and in relation to what we (too confidently) think of as “standard” language can take us down various philological, critical, and political paths of reading. Our exemplary text is The Return of the Native, in which Hardy deploys a “Wessex” dialect that is always surrounded by standard English. Indeed, dialect is a particularly problematic technical language because it is so local, and often connotes the claustrophobia of the regional. At the same time, it imparts to us a knowledge of place and the means of survival in various places that does crucial work, in literature as well as out of it.
Electronic
Authors: Pressman Jessica 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Electronic reading has changed dramatically over the last three decades, and so too has electronic literature. Electronic literature is born-digital, with computational aesthetics that are essential to its poetics and the experience of reading it. Ten years ago, “electronic literature” was largely limited to screens and interaction with their interfaces. Today, a cell phone, virtual-reality headgear, or even a public square works just as well as an environment for reading electronic literature. This essay examines electronic reading by way of electronic literature, through consideration of three recent works of electronic literature—Jacob Garde and Aaron Reed’s The Icebound Concordance, J. R. Carpenter’s The Gathering Cloud, and José Aburto’s “Paper Alive” and “Blot Alive”—that each promote recognition of how reading is no longer the sole activity of the human and how electronic reading involves a participatory network of actors and media forms.
Across Borders
Authors: Griswold Wendy 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the rise of international digital media and other forms of globalization. It considers in particular how the advent of digital media have affected the “reading class,” the educated, socially advantaged group of people who read in their leisure time. It uses Nigeria as an empirical case for examining the relationship between reading, on the one hand, and globalization and digitization, on the other.
Assigned
Authors: Lynch Deidre 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEnlightenment theorists of education and advocates for children’s literature like John Locke and William Godwin associated reading with the rights-bearing, independent subject who stands at the center of liberal political tradition. This identification would be reiterated over time, including in the early twentieth century by some architects of the discipline of English studies. This essay considers the fault lines in such accounts of reading as an exercise of self-determination. It considers how such book-boosterism tends to falter when it confronts compulsory schooling or the actual process by which literacy is acquired. Child readers, whose books are assigned, that is, foisted upon them by others, trouble the profile these discussions assume of the reader as an independent consumer. At the same time, the solitary child dreaming over a book—and doing so at a remove from the schoolroom—has since Romanticism become one of Anglo-American culture’s privileged emblems of imaginative liberty.
Simulation at the Frontier of the Zone of Proximal Development: A Test in Acute Care for Inexperienced Learners
Authors: Groot Fedde , Jonker Gersten , Rinia Myra , ten Cate Olle , Hoff Reinier G. 
Published: March 2020

Purpose
Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) refers to the space between what learners have mastered and what they should master in the next developmental stage. Physicians’ tasks are ZPD activities for medical students, with high-acuity tasks such as resuscitation representing activities at the ZPD’s frontier. This type of task can be taught and assessed with simulation but may be demanding and stressful for students. Highly challenging simulation may lead to a negative simulated patient outcome and can affect the participant’s emotional state, learning, and motivation. This study aimed to increase understanding of the psychosocial and educational impact of simulation at the frontier of the ZPD.

Method
The authors conducted 11 phenomenological interviews between September 2016 and May 2017, to describe medical students’ experiences with a challenging residency-level simulation test of acute care competence at the start of the final undergraduate year at University Medical Center Utrecht. Interviews took place within 2 weeks after the participants’ simulation experience. The authors analyzed transcripts using a modified Van Kaam method.

Results
Students experienced a significant amount of stress fueled by uncertainty about medical management, deterioration of critically ill simulated patients, and disappointment about their performance. Stress manifested mainly mentally, impeding cognitive function. Students reported that awareness of the practice setting, anticipation of poor performance, the debriefing, a safe environment, and the prospect of training opportunities regulated their emotional responses to stress. These stress-regulating factors turned stressful simulation into a motivating educational experience.

Conclusions
Simulation at the ZPD’s frontier evoked stress and generated negative emotions. However, stress-regulating factors transformed this activity into a positive and motivating experience.
Long-term Behavior of Single-level Thoracic and Lumbar Fractures Treated With Pedicle Screw Fixation
Authors: Rodrigues Cláudia , Sousa Arnaldo , Barros Luís H. , Silva Eurico , Figueiredo José , Rodrigues-Pinto Ricardo 
Published: March 2020

Study Design:
This was a retrospective cohort study to objectively analyze the behavior of single-level thoracic (T), thoracolumbar (TL), and lumbar (L) fractures treated with posterior instrumentation alone and to understand which factors influence the ability to restore and maintain normal spinal alignment.

Summary of Background Data:
Posterior screw fixation of dorsal and lumbar spine fractures allows fracture stabilization, correction of kyphotic deformity and restoration of vertebral height. The load-sharing classification identifies fractures that may need anterior instrumentation.

Materials and Methods:
Patients submitted to pedicle screw fixation of single-level T, TL, and L fractures were retrospectively analyzed. Data on patient demographics, neurological injury [American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) score], and comorbidities were collected. Fractures were classified according to their anatomic region (T, TL, or L) and using the AO Spine and the load-sharing classifications. Local kyphosis angle, Cobb angle (CA), and changes in anterior vertebral height (AVH) were measured, to quantify intraoperative correction and loss of correction at 6 weeks and at last follow-up. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify the factors influencing the intraoperative correction and the loss of correction over time.

Results:
From a total of 230 fractures, 115 patients with a mean age of 51.48 years were included. Pedicle screw fixation achieved a significant intraoperative correction of the CA, local kyphosis angle, and AVH. This correction was partially lost over time, but, at last follow-up, radiographic parameters were still significantly better than preoperatively. A regression model identified that age and body mass index influenced the correction of CA; ASIA classification influenced the correction of AVH.

Conclusion:
Posterior screw fixation allows for the restoration of spinal alignment, but this correction is less effective in elderly people and in patients with higher body mass index and higher degree of neurological injury.

Level of Study: Level III.
What We Know About Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games
Authors: Chen Anderson , Mari Sundus , Grech Sabina , Levitt James 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines internet gaming disorder without differentiating games from their respective genres, such as first-person shooter versus real-time strategy versus online gaming. Our review of the literature on massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) suggests that MMORPGs are different from other games because they are the most addictive, and therefore deserve to be looked at separately. MMORPGs are internet platforms for online users to interact with each other in a virtual story line. The overview of the existing literature delineates the positive and negative aspects of MMORPGs and also the available evidence on neuroscientific and neuroanatomical correlates between internet gaming disorder and other addictions. Evidence shows that a player’s characteristics and motivations can determine his or her risk of developing problematic play. Problematic MMORPG use may lead to mental disorders such as depression and addiction, and can negatively affect quality of life, and vice versa. Conversely, some players may benefit from being part of a social community and from using it as a learning platform or as a safe space to explore gender-identity issues. Brain circuitry and metabolism are changed through problematic MMORPG use, with the affected areas including the ventral striatum and left angular gyrus.
PHASE 2 STUDY OF THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF BRIMONIDINE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (BRIMO DDS) GENERATION 1 IN PATIENTS WITH GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY SECONDARY TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: Kuppermann Baruch D. , Patel Sunil S. , Boyer David S. , Augustin Albert J. , Freeman William R. , Kerr Kevin J. , Guo Qiang , Schneider Susan , López Francisco J. ,   on behalf of the Brimo DDS Gen 1 Study Group
Published: March 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Brimonidine Drug Delivery System (Brimo DDS), a biodegradable intravitreal implant, in the treatment of geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration.

Methods:
Phase 2, randomized, multicenter, double-masked, 24-month study. Study eyes were treated (Day 1; Month 6 retreatment) with Brimo DDS 132 µg (n = 49), Brimo DDS 264 µg (n = 41), or sham procedure (n = 23). The primary timepoint for efficacy analysis was Month 12.

Results:
Mean GA area growth at Month 12 was 1.78 mm2, 1.59 mm2, and 2.19 mm2 in the Brimo DDS 132 µg, 264 µg, and sham groups, respectively. Geographic atrophy area growth was consistently smaller with Brimo DDS 132 and 264 µg than sham; between-group differences were significant (P ≤ 0.032) at Month 3. In patients with baseline lesion area ≥6 mm2 (two-thirds of patients), GA lesion area and effective radius growth was reduced with Brimo DDS 132 and 264 µg at Month 12 (P ≤ 0.050 vs. sham). Treatment-related adverse events were usually injection procedure–related.

Conclusion:
Brimo DDS demonstrated a favorable safety profile and reduced GA lesion area growth at Month 3. Lesion growth at Month 12 was reduced in patients with baseline GA lesion area ≥6 mm2. The results support Phase 3 development.
Reconstruction of the Orbit and Anophthalmic Socket Using the Dermis Fat Graft: A Major Review
Authors: Jovanovic Nina , Carniciu Anaïs L. , Russell William W. , Jarocki Adrienne , Kahana Alon 
Published: March 2020

Purpose:
To perform a comprehensive review of dermis fat graft (DFG) in socket reconstruction and illustrate the technical nuances and outcomes using a retrospective case review.

Methods:
A literature search of 143 texts was reviewed. A retrospective case series of 34 patients following primary or secondary DFG after enucleation at a single institution (2009–2019) was performed. Clinical outcomes were statistically analyzed. Variables investigated included age, sex, race, surgical indication, muscle reattachment, complications, motility, eyelid position, prosthesis fit, and need for additional surgery.

Results:
The history of DFG, use in socket reconstruction, primary and secondary indications, and surgical techniques are described. Thirty-two adults and 2 pediatric cases of DFG were reviewed; 18.75% indications were primary and 81.25% were secondary. Good eyelid position was observed in 83.3% of patients with primary DFG versus 37.5% with secondary DFG (p = 0.07). Postoperative complications occurred in 58.8% of patients, were typically mild, and resolved with minimal or no intervention. No statistically significant differences were found between occurrence of any particular complication in primary versus secondary DFG placement (p = 0.36) or between primary and secondary DFG placement and the need for additional surgery (p = 1.0). Among the 67.7% patients who had implant exposure or extrusion as an indication for DFG, 39.1% required additional surgery within 2 years. Advanced age was not associated with higher complication rates (p = 0.12).

Conclusions:
DFG is an excellent option for socket reconstruction, particularly in cases involving pediatric patients, complicated orbits, history of multiple previous surgeries, and inflamed, contracted, or scarred sockets.
Conjunctival Melanoma: Features and Outcomes Based on the Fitzpatrick Skin Type in 540 Patients at a Single Ocular Oncology Center
Authors: Shields Carol L. , Yaghy Antonio , Dalvin Lauren A. , Vaidya Sarangdev , Pacheco Richard R. , Perez Alejandro L. , Ramesh Sunidhi , George Kevin , Arias Diego E. , Shiuey Eric J. , Lally Sara E. , Shields Jerry A. 
Published: March 2020

Purpose:
To determine the association of Fitzpatrick skin type (FST) with conjunctival melanoma.

Methods:
Retrospective case series of 540 patients with conjunctival melanoma to assess clinical features and outcomes per FST.

Results:
The FST was Type I (n = 126, 23%), II (n = 337, 62%), III (n = 56, 10%), IV (n = 8, 2%), V (n = 12, 2%), and VI (n = 1, <1%). A comparison (FST I vs. II vs. III, IV, V, and VI) revealed Types I and II associated with older mean patient age (63.9 vs. 60.7 vs. 51.1 years, p < 0.001), greater percentage of female patients (68% vs. 44% vs. 42%, p < 0.001), lower frequency of complexion associated melanosis (1% vs. 2% vs. 13%, p < 0.001), smaller tumor thickness (2.1 vs. 2.8 vs. 3.6 mm, p = 0.01), and less eyelid involvement (13% vs. 13% vs. 28%, p = 0.02). Kaplan–Meier estimates for 5-year risk showed no difference by Types for visual acuity loss ≥3 lines, local tumor recurrence, exenteration, metastasis, or death.

Conclusion and relevance:
Most patients with conjunctival melanoma show FST I or II, and this demonstrated no association with 5-year rate of vision loss, tumor recurrence, exenteration, metastasis, or death.
Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in acute trauma patients
Authors: Joseph Noah M. , Benedick Alex , Flanagan Christopher D. , Breslin Mary A. , Simpson Megen , Ragone Christina , Kalina Mark , Hendrickson Sarah B. , Vallier Heather A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objective:
To determine the prevalence of positive screening for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) amongst trauma patients.

Design:
Prospective, longitudinal study.

Setting:
Single urban US level 1 trauma center.

Patients and methods:
Four hundred fifty-two adult trauma patients were administered the PTSD checklist for DSM-V (PCL-5) survey upon posthospital outpatient clinic visit. This included 300 men (66%) and 152 women with mean age 43.8 years and mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) 11.3, with 83% having fractures of the pelvis and/or extremities. Medical and injury related variables were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors predictive of screening positive for PTSD.

Main outcome measurement:
Prevalence and risk factors for screening positive for PTSD amongst the trauma patient population.

Results:
Twenty-six percent of trauma patients screened positive for PTSD after mean 86 days following injury. These patients were younger (35 vs 46 years old, P < 0.001) and more commonly African American (56% vs 43% Caucasian, P < 0.001). Pedestrians struck by motor vehicles (OR 4.70, P = 0.040) and victims of crime (OR 4.12, P = 0.013) were more likely to screen positive. Psychiatric history, injury severity (ISS), and injury type did not predict positive screening.

Conclusion:
One-in-four patients suffering traumatic injuries screened positive for PTSD suggesting the prevalence of PTSD among trauma patients far exceeds that of the general population. Predictive factors included victims of crime and pedestrians struck by motor vehicles. Screening measures are needed in orthopaedic trauma surgery clinics to refer these at-risk patients for proper evaluation and treatment.

Level of evidence:
Prognostic; Level II
Travel barriers, unemployment, and external fixation predict loss to follow-up after surgical management of lower extremity fractures in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Patterson Joseph T. , Albright Patrick D. , Jackson J. Hunter , Eliezer Edmund N. , Haonga Billy T. , Morshed Saam , Shearer David W. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objective:
Predict loss to follow-up in prospective clinical investigations of lower extremity fracture surgery.

Design:
Secondary analysis of 2 prospective clinical trials.

Setting:
National public orthopaedic and neurologic trauma tertiary referral hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, a low-income country in sub-Saharan Africa.

Patients/Participants:
Three hundred twenty-nine femoral shaft and 240 open tibial shaft fracture patients prospectively enrolled in prospective controlled trials of surgical fracture management by external fixation, plating, or intramedullary nailing between June 2015 and March 2017.

Intervention:
Telephone contact for failure to attend scheduled 1-year clinic visit.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Ascertainment of primary trial outcome at 1-year from surgery; post-hoc telephone questionnaire for reasons patient did not attend the 1-year clinic visit.

Results:
One hundred twenty-seven femur fracture (39%) and 68 open tibia fracture (28%) patients did not attend the 1-year clinic visit. Telephone contact significantly improved ascertainment of the primary study outcome by 20% between 6-month and 1-year clinic visits to 82% and 92% respectively at study completion. Multivariable analysis associated unemployment (OR = 2.5 [1.7–3.9], P < .001), treatment with an external fixator (OR = 1.7 [1.0–2.8], P = .033), and each additional 20 km between residence and clinic (OR = 1.03 [1.00–1.06], P = .047] with clinic nonattendance. One hundred eight (55%) nonattending patients completed the telephone questionnaire, reporting travel distance to the hospital (49%), and travel costs to the hospital (46%) as the most prevalent reasons for nonattendance. Sixty-five percent of patients with open tibia fractures cited relocation after surgery as a contributing factor.

Conclusions:
Relocation during recovery, travel distance, travel cost, unemployment, and use of an external fixator are associated with loss to clinical follow-up in prospective investigations of femur and open tibia fracture surgery in this population. Telephone contact is an effective means to assess outcome.
The components of directional and disruptive selection in heterogeneous group-structured populations
Authors: Ohtsuki Hisashi , Rueffler Claus , Wakano Joe Yuichiro , Parvinen Kalle , Lehmann Laurent 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe derive how directional and disruptive selection operate on scalar traits in a heterogeneous group-structured population for a general class of models. In particular, we assume that each group in the population can be in one of a finite number of states, where states can affect group size and/or other environmental variables, at a given time. Using up to second-order perturbation expansions of the invasion fitness of a mutant allele, we derive expressions for the directional and disruptive selection coefficients, which are sufficient to classify the singular strategies of adaptive dynamics. These expressions include first- and second-order perturbations of individual fitness (expected number of settled offspring produced by an individual, possibly including self through survival); the first-order perturbation of the stationary distribution of mutants (derived here explicitly for the first time); the first-order perturbation of pairwise relatedness; and reproductive values, pairwise and three-way relatedness, and stationary distribution of mutants, each evaluated under neutrality. We introduce the concept of individualk-fitness (defined as the expected number of settled offspring of an individual for whichk −1 randomly chosen neighbors are lineage members) and show its usefulness for calculating relatedness and its perturbation. We then demonstrate that the directional and disruptive selection coefficients can be expressed in terms individualk-fitnesses withk= 1, 2, 3 only. This representation has two important benefits. First, it allows for a significant reduction in the dimensions of the system of equations describing the mutant dynamics that needs to be solved to evaluate explicitly the two selection coefficients. Second, it leads to a biologically meaningful interpretation of their components. As an application of our methodology, we analyze directional and disruptive selection in a lottery model with either hard or soft selection and show that many previous results about selection in group-structured populations can be reproduced as special cases of our model.