bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scribe versus authorship attribution and clustering in historic Czech manuscripts: a case study with visual and linguistic features
Authors: Tikhonov Aleksej , Müller Klaus 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
For the identification of scribes and authors in handwritten documents, methods from classical linguistic analysis are combined with modern computer vision approaches to enhance the knowledge discovery process. One important finding is that it is possible to train neural networks for automatic transcription of handwritten documents and to use these transcriptions as input for statistical analysis. Furthermore, hypotheses about scribes can be tested by extracting visual handwriting features and clustering them. From a linguistic point of view, the R package stylo is a useful tool to analyse and cluster texts. Unfortunately, it only achieves a high level of accuracy with longer texts. For texts under 5000 words it is more suitable to measure their Euclidean distance based on a set of linguistic features. Both approaches, the analysis with stylo and the Euclidean distance, in combination with neural networks for automatic transcription and clustering allow for more precise statements about the relationship between texts, authors and scribes, even if the documents are under 1,000 words.
Elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations to antifungal drugs prevail in 14 rare species of candidemia-causing Saccharomycotina yeasts
Authors: Stavrou Aimilia A , Pérez-Hansen Antonio , Lackner Michaela , Lass-Flörl Cornelia , Boekhout Teun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAntifungal susceptibility profiles of rare Saccharomycotina yeasts remain missing, even though an increase in prevalence of such rare Candida species was reported in candidemia. Majority of these rare yeast species carry intrinsic resistances against at least one antifungal compound. Some species are known to be cross-resistant (against multiple drugs of the same drug class) or even multi-drug resistant (against multiple drugs of different drug classes). We performed antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) according to EUCAST broth microdilution for 14 rare species (Clavispora lusitaniae, Candida intermedia, Candida auris, Diutina rugosa, Wickerhamiella pararugosa, Yarrowia lipolytica, Pichia norvegensis, Candida nivariensis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Candida palmioleophila, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Meyerozyma caribbica, and Debaryomyces hansenii) known to cause candidemia. In total, 234 isolates were tested for amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, anidulafungin, micafungin, and caspofungin. Amphothericin B had the broadest efficiency against the 14 tested rare yeast species, while high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against azole drugs and echinocandins were common. Voriconazole was the most efficient azole drug. Multidrug resistance was observed for the species C. auris and K. marxianus. Multidrug resistant individual isolates were found for Y. lipolytica and M. caribbica. In conclusion, the observed high MIC values of the rare Saccharomycotina species tested limit antifungal treatment options, complicating the management of such infections.
X-ray spectra and polarization from magnetar candidates
Authors: Taverna R , Turolla R , Suleimanov V , Potekhin A Y , Zane S 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Magnetars are believed to host the strongest magnetic fields in the present universe ($B\gtrsim 10^{14}$ G) and the study of their persistent emission in the X-ray band offers an unprecedented opportunity to gain insight into physical processes in the presence of ultra-strong magnetic fields. Up to now, most of our knowledge about magnetar sources came from spectral analysis, which allowed to test the resonant Compton scattering scenario and to probe the structure of the star magnetosphere. On the other hand, radiation emitted from magnetar surface is expected to be strongly polarized and its observed polarization pattern bears the imprint of both scatterings on to magnetospheric charges and quantum electro-dynamics (QED) effects as it propagates in the magnetized vacuum around the star. X-ray polarimeters scheduled to fly in the next years will finally allow to exploit the wealth of information stored in the polarization observables. Here we revisit the problem of assessing the spectro-polarimetric properties of magnetar persistent emission. At variance with previous investigations, proper account for more physical surface emission models is made by considering either a condensed surface or a magnetized atmosphere. Results are used to simulate polarimetric observations with the forthcoming Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. We find that X-ray polarimetry will allow to detect QED vacuum effects for all the emission models we considered and to discriminate among them.
Spinning and colour properties of the active asteroid (6478) Gault
Authors: Carbognani Albino , Buzzoni Alberto 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We report on accurate BVRc observations of (6478) Gault, a 5–6 km diameter inner main-belt asteroid in the Phocaea family, notable for its sporadic, comet-like ejection of dust. This curious behaviour has been mainly interpreted as reconfigurations after YORP spin-up, although merging of a contact binary system cannot be fully excluded. We collected optical observations along the 2019 March–April period, at orbital phase angles between 12° and 21°, to search for direct evidence of asteroid quick spinning rotation. A prevailing period value of 3.34 ± 0.02 h is supported by our and other photometric observations. In the YORP spin-up hypothesis, this period points to a bulk density ρ ≈ 1 $\textrm{g}\, \textrm{cm}^{-3}$. The mean colours are B − V = +0.82±0.3, V − Rc = +0.28±0.06, and B − Rc = +1.11±0.4, but we have observed a trend towards bluer colour during the April session, with about Δ(B − V) ∼ 0.35 ± 0.09 mag. This colour change can be due to asteroid rotation and support the hypothesis that there is a bluer surface under the Gault’s dust.
Supermassive neutron stars in axion F(R) gravity
Authors: Astashenok Artyom V , Odintsov Sergey D 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigated realistic neutron stars in axion R2 gravity. The coupling between curvature and axion field ϕ is assumed in the simple form ∼R2ϕ. For the axion mass in the range ma ∼ 10−11–10−10 eV the solitonic core within neutron star and corresponding halo with size ∼100 km can exist. Therefore the effective contribution of R2 term grows inside the star and it leads to change of star parameters (namely, mass, and radius). We obtained the increase of star mass independent from central density for wide range of masses. Therefore, maximal possible mass for given equation of state grows. At the same time, the star radius increases not so considerably in comparison with GR. Hence, our model may predict possible existence of supermassive compact stars with masses $M\sim 2.2\!-\!2.3\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ and radii Rs ∼ 11 km for realistic equation of state (we considered APR equation of state). In general relativity one can obtain neutron stars with such characteristics only for unrealistic, extremely stiff equations of state. Note that this increase of mass occurs due to change of solution for scalar curvature outside the star. In GR curvature drops to zero on star surface where ρ = p = 0. In the model underconsideration the scalar curvature dumps more slowly in comparison with vacuum R2 gravity due to axion ‘galo’ around the star.
Introduction
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Public characters, especially the main versions of heroes, villains, victims, and minions, represent central building blocks in the reputations of groups and individuals. Character work is devoted to crafting familiar images, especially of strategic players and even more especially of political players, that influence audiences primarily by suggesting the emotions they are supposed to feel about the characters. The characters are defined along two dimensions: as weak or strong and as moral or immoral. Public characters are often found in stories, but they are also created through visual images. In an era of corporate public relations, carefully orchestrated electoral campaigns, and social media, character work has never been more influential—or more ignored.
Presidential Elections and Majority Rule
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Electoral College governing America today was adopted by Thomas Jefferson’s supporters, after the 1800 election almost derailed his presidency. The Jeffersonians were motivated by majority rule. Given the emergence of two-party competition between Federalists and themselves, the Jeffersonians intended the Electoral College to award the presidency to the majority party. Given the federal structure of the United States, they envisioned the Electoral College as implementing a compound form of majority rule: a candidate would win by amassing a majority of electoral votes from states where the candidate’s party was in the majority.
The Jeffersonian Electoral College in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The 2016 election is, at a minimum, problematic from a Jeffersonian perspective, like 1992, and may have been another systemic malfunction, like 2000. Donald Trump received 107 of his 304 electoral votes in states where he won less than 50 percent of the popular vote—failing to achieve the kind of compound majority-of-majorities consistent with the Jeffersonian vision of how the system should work. 2016 illustrates the system’s inability to handle third-party and independent candidates, like Gary Johnson and Jill Stein, an inability caused by the addition of plurality winner-take-all in the Jacksonian era. It is unknowable whether Trump or Hillary Clinton would have won runoffs in the three pivotal Rust Belt states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania. But if Clinton had won runoffs there (and in the states where she was only a plurality winner), then she would have won the Electoral College with an appropriately Jeffersonian majority-of-majorities.
Conclusion
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Election College reform should be considered in the context of overall concerns about American democracy. Civic culture is essential, as is strengthening democratic institutions. While the United States must address other institutional weaknesses, including gerrymandering, the power of the presidency requires urgent attention to the current deficiency of the Electoral College. The problem is that plurality winner-take-all permits the kind of accident that occurred in 1844, where the winner is not the candidate preferred by a majority of voters in enough states for an Electoral College majority. Insofar as this kind of accident may have happened again in 2016, recognizing this institutional problem requires a different analysis and solution than if a majority of Americans want to elect a president with anti-democratic tendencies. Currently, there is a mismatch between America’s expectation of two-party competition and the multicandidate reality of contemporary presidential elections. Majority rule is necessary to realign reality and expectations.
The Preacher King
Authors: Lischer Richard 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This book investigates Martin Luther King, Jr.’s religious development from a precocious “preacher’s kid” in segregated Atlanta to the most influential American preacher and orator of the twentieth century. To give an intimate portrait, the book draws almost exclusively on King’s unpublished sermons and speeches, as well as tape recordings, personal interviews, and even police surveillance reports. By returning to the raw sources, it recaptures King’s real preaching voice and, consequently, something of the real King himself. The book shows how as the son, grandson, and great-grandson of preachers, King early on absorbed the poetic cadences, traditions, and power of the pulpit, as profoundly influenced by his fellow African-American preachers as he was by Gandhi and the classical philosophers. The book also reveals a later phase of King’s development: the prophetic rage with which he condemned American religious and political hypocrisy. During the last three years of his life, the book shows, King accused his country of genocide, warned of long hot summers in the ghettos, and called for a radical redistribution of wealth.
After Debussy
Authors: Johnson Julian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This book explores an idea of music, exemplified by the work of Debussy, in dialogue with a parallel movement in French literary and philosophical thought. Its central thesis is that modern music and philosophy converge on the same set of problems but from opposite directions. Through close readings of selected musical works it argues that Debussy’s rethinking of the relation between sound and grammar anticipates and complements the defining problem of modern philosophy – the gap between language and a sensory relation to the world, between abstract systems of signification and embodied experience. Although its principal focus is the music of Debussy, it ranges widely across French music from Fauré and Ravel to Dutilleux, Boulez, Grisey, Murail, and Saariaho. It ranges similarly through a set of French writers and philosophers, from Mallarmé and Proust to Merleau-Ponty, Jankélévitch, Derrida, Lyotard, and Nancy. Frequent reference is made to the visual arts (Rodin, Monet, Bonnard, Cezanne, Matisse). It explores the idea that this current of French music, running through the long twentieth century from Debussy to the present, makes sense in a manner that affords a different way of knowing the world, foregrounding sound over syntax, and sense over signification.
Mélisande and the silence of music
Authors: Johnson Julian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Through detailed discussion of specific moments in the opera, this chapter explores how Debussy’s Pelléas et Mélisande exemplifies the central aesthetic idea of ‘saying nothing’. The muteness of Mélisande is an idea that joins the work of Maeterlinck and Debussy to a wider aesthetic movement. It is key to the aesthetics that Mallarmé sets out in relation to the figure of the ballet dancer, whose ‘veils’ make visible a kind of nothing that appears only in her speechless movements. This muteness of art offers a critical and embodied reflection on a key category of wordlessness and the unsayable that preoccupies philosophy from Bergson, Wittgenstein, and Heidegger through to Jankélévitch, Derrida, and Nancy.
Coming to presence
Authors: Johnson Julian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Debussy’s early setting of Mallarmé’s ‘Apparition’ provides the focus for an exploration of the way music stages the process of appearing and coming to presence. The foregrounding of this, over any idea of narrative or drama, is traced in La damoiselle élue, the Prélude à l’après-midi d’un faune, Pelléas et Mélisande, La mer, Jeux – works whose central concern is the play of appearing and disappearing. This category is explored theoretically through the work of Jankélévitch, Martin Seel, and Derrida. Derrida’s critique of the metaphysics of presence is central here, as is a consideration of Mallarmé’s discussion of the dancer Loïe Fuller. The idea of an evanescent music is thematised in the ‘fairy’ creatures of Debussy’s piano preludes, a kind of fictional embodiment of Mallarmé’s idea of poetry as a ‘dispersion volatile’.
Mallarmé and the edge of language
Authors: Johnson Julian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter focusses on Debussy’s Trois Poèmes de Stéphane Mallarmé (1913). These songs are analysed to demonstrate how Debussy’s music makes absence appear through sonorous presence and how it explores the ‘vertige’ experienced at the edge of language. The idea of the fan (Eventail) lends itself to a comparison with Derrida’s idea of the hinge (la brisure) at the heart of all language – the articulated joint that both connects and separates language and its signifieds. This leads to a discussion of the wider tension between words and music in the Prélude à l’après-midi d’un faune as in Boulez’s settings of Mallarmé in his Pli selon pli.
Writing the body
Authors: Johnson Julian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between recent disciplinary swings to foreground the body, in a phenomenology of experience, and the more specific focus on how musical works write the body. Just as Mallarmé sees the dancer as an écriture corporelle, so music ‘after Debussy’ can be understood in a similar way. Debussy’s piano Préludes (Book 1) are examined in detail for their re-writing of the body. The work of Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Luc Nancy, Michel Serres, and Jean-Luc Marion are explored in terms of a phenomenology that places the perceiving body centre stage but read as a development in philosophical thought that was already being explored through art and music.
Thinking in sound
Authors: Johnson Julian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Debussy’s music is discussed in terms of its logic of sensation (Deleuze) and the ways of being it affords, rather than for any discursive logic of propositions. Composers think in and through sounds; they do not transpose other things into sound. Saariaho’s ‘grammar of dreams’ signals a concern with a different kind of musical logic – what Adorno called a ‘musique informelle’. ‘Jeux de vagues’, the central movement of Debussy’s La mer, provides a key focus, though music by Dutilleux and Saariaho is also explored to demonstrate the allusive logic of this musical repertoire. The chapter examines how this music constitutes ‘a new epistemology’ (Dufourt), an embodied knowing of the world inscribed in the details of musical works.
Restoring Public Faith
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Deliberative participation can have a profound impact on how citizens understand and enact political life. Chapter 10 reviews research that demonstrate this impact. Jury participation can increase the likelihood of voting, and studies of Citizens’ Initiative Review (CIR) and Australian Citizens’ Parliament participants find that deliberative experiences encourage participants to view government as responsive to the public and more confident in their ability to self-govern. The chapter also shows that CIR participants report increased participation in political discussions and community-based engagement, though they were not more likely to participate in partisan politics. It goes on to detail how some of these effects spilled over into the wider electorate. Those who were aware of the CIR and read its statements tended to increase their own political efficacy, even though they themselves did not directly participate in the review.
Cycles of Compulsion
Authors: Loevy Karin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
From the perspective of the security official, the practice of torture raises two interrelated compulsions: that of efficacy and that of legality. The compulsion of efficacy is expressed by the need to make sure that all state actions conform to an instrumental rationality. The compulsion of legality is the tendency to justify all state actions in terms of their reference to law. When a deeply ingrained knowledge that torture is necessary “to get the job done” interacts with the belief that legality is a necessary condition for all legitimate state actions, one can readily expect an ongoing process of legalization of organized torture practices aimed at bringing every official act of necessity to be seen as conforming to law. The history of torture debates and practice in Israel illustrates this dynamic long-term process. The two compulsions—the compulsion of efficacy and the compulsion of legality—run through that history, creating an ongoing circular dynamic in which torture scandals are followed by systematic attempts to abolish the practice, which in turn open up opportunities for new regulation, creating new torture scandals to which the Israeli justice system responds by redrawing the lines so that what is seen as necessary violence will remain “within the law.” This chapter lays out this cyclical history, predicts its next stage, and ultimately suggests how to begin to break the cycle.
A Qualified Defense of the Obama Administration’s Record on Torture
Authors: Parry John T. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Obama administration successfully dismantled the remaining pieces of the Bush administration’s torture apparatus. But these efforts encountered increasingly bitter opposition from torture apologists, who obstructed efforts to impose any kind of accountability and who continued to press arguments that torture prevented terrorist attacks and that opposition to torture was a form of weakness. In addition, although the administration adopted an anti-torture position, the torture question was not high on its agenda. Thus, when it encountered resistance, the administration abandoned the effort to impose criminal accountability for the deaths and serious injuries caused by the Bush administration’s interrogation policies. It also dropped efforts to close the Guantánamo Bay detention center. By the time President Obama left office, his administration’s record on torture was more mixed than many people initially would have predicted. Some of the blame for that mixed record rests with the administration. But anti-torture advocates also hoped for too much. The Obama political agenda was about much more than torture, and the administration made rational political decisions to focus its resources on other issues once it had formally dismantled the Bush administration policy. In addition, a true anti-torture policy would require cooperation from Congress, which is something Obama rarely was able to obtain. In the end, the Obama administration was able to reorient U.S. policy away from torture, but it was unable to prevent the crystallization of a political discourse and culture in which torture remained a legitimate option.
Torture, Dignity, and the Rule of Law
Authors: Bernstein J.M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
It has been claimed, “If cruelty is no longer declared unlawful, but instead is applied as a matter of policy, it alters the fundamental relationship of man to government. If you make this exception [and permit torture], the whole Constitution crumbles.” The ambition of this chapter is to provide the terms through which this judgment can be vindicated. The judgment’s pivotal assumption is that the prohibition on torture is in some manner foundational for any modern legal system. Three theses help to secure this foundational thesis: (i) Historically, basic rule of law and procedural due process requirements—most profoundly the doctrine of “innocent until proven guilty”—first emerge in the 18th century as the necessary legal bases for prohibiting judicial and penal torture. (ii) What is systematically implied by this historical process is that the modern rule of law is law’s own reflective effort to provide an absolute separation between the force of law and physical force, between legality or lawfulness and state violence. (iii) The rule of law’s emphatic separation between the force of law and the procedures of state violence presupposes that the object of law is the person with dignity, that is, a being possessing intrinsic worth. What dignity minimally means in the modern age is that while the state may deprive subjects of their liberty, it may not directly infringe upon their bodily integrity, or treat them in any manner that would infringe upon their equal intrinsic worth with all other legal subjects.