bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Number of Independent Parameters of Interstellar Extinction Curves
Authors: Zagury Frédéric 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The number of independent parameters that ultraviolet interstellar extinction curves depend on has never been decisively clarified, yet the issue is critical for the comprehension and modeling of interstellar extinction observations. Cardelli, Clayton, & Mathis (CCM89) concluded that normalized extinction curves rely on only one parameter, but E. Fitzpatrick and others consider this finding at most a first-order approximation favored by uncertainties in measurement. However, the multiparameter fits successively introduced by Fitzpatrick & Massa were intended to give the best possible analytical representation of extinction curves, not to investigate their degrees of freedom. A deeper examination of these fits and of the CCM89 conclusion shows that they do not necessarily conflict. Fitzpatrick & Massa’s parameterization of extinction curves and the large database (nearly 600 directions) published by Krelowski & Strobel are used in this paper to show that, within the precision allowed by the data, E(λ − V) correlates tightly with E(B − V) for all λ within the near-infrared to far-ultraviolet spectrum. This correlation confirms the relationships that led to the CCM89 fit and calls into question the reliability of today’s interstellar dust models, which all need at least seven parameters (reddening included) to fit observed ultraviolet extinction curves.
Gravitational-wave Radiation of Double Degenerates with Extremely Low-mass White Dwarf Companions
Authors: Li Zhenwei , Chen Xuefei , Chen Hai-Liang , Li Jiao , Yu Shenghua , Han Zhanwen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Double degenerate (DD) systems are supposed to be significant gravitational-wave (GW) sources for future space-based GW detectors, e.g., the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). Recently, one type of DD system with extremely low-mass WD (ELM WD; ≲ 0.30 M
☉) companions was found in the ELM Survey. These companions have very short orbital periods and are therefore important sources for LISA detection. Further, due to the thick envelope of ELM WDs compared with massive WDs (e.g., CO WDs), they are much easier to find through the combination of electromagnetic (EM) and GW observations. In this paper, we first obtain the population of ELM WDs in DDs by considering the detailed evolutionary tracks of ELM WDs and then analyzing the GW radiation of these systems. We found that about 6 × 103 sources could be solely detected by LISA, including ∼2 × 103 chirping sources, and ∼13 (∼107) more sources are expected to be detected by both LISA and the ELM Survey (Gaia).
Quand les arts détournent l’intelligence artificielle
Authors: Zocco Fabien , Kyrou Ariel 
Published: April 2020

Dans le sillage de Chris Marker ou de Grégory Chatonsky, de plus en plus d’artistes contemporains pratiquent la réappropriation, le détournement, l’usage critique de l’intelligence artificielle. Grand connaisseur des arts numériques, Fabien Zocco est l’un d’entre eux. Il est l’auteur, avec le réalisateur Gwendal Sartre, d’ Attack The Sun , film dont des dialogues ont été générés par une IA au cours même du tournage qui suit la dérive d’un youtuber californien paraissant sombrer dans une folie de tuerie. L’enjeu : éprouver « de l’intérieur » des outils contemporains comme l’IA pour « escompter ensuite analyser et déconstruire leurs effets ».
Questionner « l’intelligence » des machines
Authors: Malabou Catherine , Kyrou Ariel 
Published: April 2020

La création de « puces synaptiques » qui seraient dotées d’une certaine plasticité ouvre-t-elle la voie à une intelligence artificielle vraiment « intelligente », même si de façon différente des êtres humains ? Ou la nature des avancées de ce type, d’une plasticité à des années lumières de celle du cerveau humain, nous contraignent-elles à beaucoup plus de scepticisme ? Pour la philosophe Catherine Malabou, l’essentiel est de permettre aux deux intelligences, naturelle et artificielle, de s’enrichir l’une l’autre. De ne jamais fermer la voie des possibles, que ce soit par des réflexions philosophiques, des fictions ou des expérimentations.
Restituer = relier, habiter
Authors: Bertho Elara 
Published: April 2020

On connaît Felwine Sarr pour la publication de son rapport sur les restitutions d’objets d’arts africains, codirigé avec Béatrice Savoy et paru en 2018. On connaît moins son œuvre poétique, fictionnelle et philosophique. Cet article entend resituer sa réflexion sur la restitution dans une pensée plus vaste sur la relation , où l’objet d’art est entendu comme un « passeur de cultures », ainsi que dans une pensée du lieu, éminemment locale et cosmopolite tout à la fois.
Accelerated Corneal Cross-linking as an Adjunct Therapy in the Management of Presumed Bacterial Keratitis: A Cohort Study
Authors: Knyazer Boris , Krakauer Yonit , Tailakh Muhammad Abu , Achiron Asaf , Hecht Idan , Lifshitz Tova , Torres-Netto Emilio A. , Hafezi Nikki L. , Hafezi Farhad 
Published: April 2020

PURPOSE:
To compare the outcomes of accelerated photoactivated chromophore for keratitis corneal cross-linking (PACK-CXL) as an adjunct treatment for bacterial keratitis (PACK-CXL plus standard antibiotic therapy) for patients receiving only standard antibiotic therapy.

METHODS:
Retrospective cohort study of outcomes of patients with moderate infectious presumed bacterial keratitis (ulcer diameter 2 to 7 mm and stromal depth < 300 µm) were compared before and after initiation of a new treatment protocol of PACK-CXL in addition to standard antibiotic treatment.

RESULTS:

A total of 70 eyes of 70 patients were included: 39 eyes in the PACK-CXL plus antibiotic (PACK-ABX) group and 31 eyes in the antibiotic only (ABX) control group. The PACK-ABX group showed shorter times to complete reepithelialization (9.3 ± 6.0 vs 16.0 ± 12.7 days,
P
= .01) and did not require tectonic emergency keratoplasty (0% versus 19.4%,
P
= .006). The PACK-ABX group also showed a higher percentage of eyes with complete reepithelialization in 6 days or less (46.2% vs 6.5%,
P
< .001) and a trend for shorter hospitalizations (6.3 ± 5.0 vs 8.5 ± 4.5 days,
P
= .06). A multivariate analysis controlling for age showed that PACK-ABX treatment remained significantly associated with early ulcer reepithelialization (odds ratio = 0.09, 95% confidence interval = 0.02 to 0.48,
P
= .005).

CONCLUSIONS:
This study validates previous findings regarding the use of accelerated PACK-CXL in the treatment of bacterial keratitis. Adding PACK-CXL improved clinical outcomes (reducing healing time) when compared to antibiotics alone.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2020;36(4):258–264.]
T Follicular Helper Cells Regulate Humoral Response for Host Protection against Intestinal Citrobacter rodentium Infection
Authors: Bai Xue , Chi Xinxin , Qiao Qin , Xie Shan , Wan Siyuan , Ni Lu , Wang Pengzhi , Jin Wei , Dong Chen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium colonizes at the colon and causes mucosal inflammation in mice. Previous studies have revealed the importance of the innate and adaptive immune response for controlling C. rodentium infection. In the present study, we examined the role of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells in intestinal C. rodentium infection using mice with Bcl6 deficiency in T cells. Tfh cells were absolutely required at the late, but not the early, phase to control infection. Compared with control mice, we observed systemic pathogen dissemination and more severe colitis in Tfh-deficient mice. Furthermore, the susceptibility of Tfh-deficient mice correlated with an impaired serum IgG1 response to infection, and serum Abs from infected wild-type mice protected Tfh-deficient mice from infection. The transfer of wild-type Tfh cells also restored the levels of IgG1 and led to effective clearance of the pathogens in Tfh-deficient mice. Moreover, during C. rodentium infection, IL-21– and IL-4–producing Tfh cells were increased obviously in wild-type mice, correlating with IgG1 as the major isotype in germinal center B cells. Taken together, our work highlights the requirement and the function of Tfh cells in regulating humoral response for the host protection against C. rodentium infection.
Comparison of optimal estimation HDO∕H2O retrievals from AIRS with ORACLES measurements
Authors: Herman Robert L. , Worden John , Noone David , Henze Dean , Bowman Kevin , Cady-Pereira Karen , Payne Vivienne H. , Kulawik Susan S. , Fu Dejian 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. In this paper we evaluate new retrievals of the deuterium content of water
vapor from the Aqua Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS), with aircraft
measurements of HDO and H2O from the ObseRvations of Aerosols above
Clouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) field mission. Single-footprint AIRS
radiances are processed with an optimal estimation algorithm that provides
vertical profiles of the HDO∕H2O ratio, characterized uncertainties
and instrument operators (i.e., averaging kernel matrix). These retrievals
are compared to vertical profiles of the HDO∕H2O ratio from the Oregon
State University Water Isotope Spectrometer for Precipitation and
Entrainment Research (WISPER) on the ORACLES NASA P-3B Orion aircraft.
Measurements were taken over the southeastern Atlantic Ocean from 31 August to
25 September 2016. HDO∕H2O is commonly reported in δD notation,
which is the fractional deviation of the HDO∕H2O ratio from the
standard reference ratio. For collocated measurements, the satellite
instrument operator (averaging kernels and a priori constraint) is applied
to the aircraft profile measurements. We find that AIRS δD bias
relative to the aircraft is well within the estimated measurement
uncertainty. In the lower troposphere, 1000 to 800 hPa, AIRS δD bias
is −6.6 ‰ and the root-mean-square (rms) deviation is
20.9 ‰, consistent with the calculated uncertainty of
19.1 ‰. In the mid-troposphere, 800 to 500 hPa, AIRS
δD bias is −6.8 ‰ and rms
44.9 ‰, comparable to the calculated uncertainty of
25.8 ‰.
Marital Distress among Police Personnel in Awka Metropolis: The Influence of Argument and Self-efficacy
Authors: Chiamaka O. Joe-Akunne, , Emeka A. Nwankwo, , Samuel U. Ezeakabekwe, 
Published: April 2020

The study investigated whether argument and self-efficacy would have an influence on marital distress among police personnel. A total number of one hundred and ninety-seven (197), Nigeria police force (NPF) personnel working in Police headquarters; served as participants for the study. They were selected using non-probability sampling (convenient sampling techniques). They consist of 87(44.2%) females and 110 (58.5%) males; their age ranged from 22-51 years and their mean age was 34.94 with standard deviation of 6.96. Three instruments were used namely: Marital Stress Inventory, Argumentativeness Scale and General Self-Efficacy Scale. Two by Two Factorial design was adopted. Two Way Analysis of Variance statistics was used to analyze the data. Two hypotheses were tested: the result indicated that hypothesis one which stated that there will be a significant difference between those with positive argument and those with negative argument on marital distress among police personnel and hypothesis two which stated that there will be a significant difference between those with positive self-efficacy and those with negative self-efficacy on marital distress among police personnel were both not accepted at p>.05. Therefore, the study recommended that counselling/marital psychologist should intensify their efforts to organize seminars/conferences on the implications of these factors (argument and self-efficacy) on marital distress among police personnel.
Differential distribution of GABAA receptor subunits in soma and processes of cerebellar granule cells: Effects of maturation and a GABA agonist
Authors: Elster Lisbeth , Hansen Gert H. , Belhage Bo , Fritschy Jean M. , Möhler Hanns , Schousboe Arne 
Published: July 2002

AbstractQuantitative analysis of the density of 1and β2/3 GABAA receptor subunits was performed at the electron microscope level after indirect pre‐embedding immunogold labeling with subunit‐specific antibodies of rat cerebellar granule cell cultures grown for 4 or 8 days and in the presence or absence of the GABAA receptor agonist 4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4c]pyridin‐3‐ol (THIP). THIP (150 μM) induced a 2‐fold increase in the number of α1and β2/3 subunits in both cell bodies and processes in 4‐day‐old cultures. Extending the culture period to 8 days led to a polarization of the receptor expression, since the increase in the number of subunits selectively was observed in the processes. Moreover, a general subcellular differentiation of the receptor population was observed in all culture conditions, since the ratio between the two subunits (β2/3;α1) was four times higher in cell bodies compared to processes. A detailed analysis of the less mature (4‐day‐old) cultures revealed the existence of two populations of neurons exhibiting differences in the average number of receptors. During maturation neurons with few receptors developed into cells with a higher density of receptors resulting in a single population of the latter neurons, a process enhanced by exposure to THIP. This may indicate that receptor development is a discontinuous process with individual neurons following different temporal patterns. In double‐labeling experiments, a spatially close association of the α1and β2/3 subunits could be seen, but the subunits were more frequently found separated from each other. In spite of the fact that exposure of the neurons to THIP increased the total number of receptor subunits, its presence apparently prevented formation of receptors with this subunit composition. Interestingly, receptor subunit clusters, consisting of α1 alone, were more frequently observed than composite (1and β2/3) clusters. This substantiates the view that receptors not having α1and β2/3 subunits in the same complex may exist.
Immunohistochemical localization of laminin, fibronectin and collagen type IV in the nerve fiber layer of the olfactory bulb
Authors: Doucette R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWhen the olfactory nerve is injured in adult mammals, the axons grow across the PNS‐CNS transitional zone and re‐innervate their synaptic contacts within the olfactory bulb. Some years ago, Liesi [Liesi P. (1985) Laminin‐immunoreactive glia distinguish regenerative adult CNS systems from non‐regenerative ones.EMBO J.4, 2505–2511] reported the presence of laminin in non‐basal lamina locations within the nerve fiber layer (NFL) of the olfactory bulb of adult rats and suggested that this molecule may facilitate olfactory axonal growth into and within the CNS. The purpose of the present study was to compare the expression of laminin, fibronectin, and collagen type IV in: (a) the NFL of developing and adult rats; and (b) the NFL rostral and caudal to a stab wound in the olfactory bulb of adult rats. Numerous punctate deposits of immunofluorescence were seen in the NFL of the E18 (Theiler stage 23) bulb when antisera to laminin, fibronectin or collagen type IV were used. There was a dramatic drop‐off in staining at the border between the NFL and the presumptive glomerular layer. The staining pattern was similar in the newborn bulb, although the immunofluorescence was not as strong. In the unoperated adult rats, only laminin was present consistently as punctate deposits within the NFL, whereas all three antisera stained numerous punctate deposits within the NFL during the first week after a stab wound. Although there was a partial recapitulation of the expression pattern for laminin, fibronectin and collagen type IV in the lesioned adult NFL, it never reached the extent found in the E18 or newborn bulbs and its expression returned to normal levels prior to the re‐innervation of the bulb during the second and third weeks after surgery. The results suggest that the molecular requirements for the successful growth of olfactory axons may differ during development to growth in adult animals.
Activity blockade does not prevent the construction of olfactory glomeruli in the mothManduca sexta
Authors: Oland Lynne A. , Pott Wendy M. , Bukhman Gene , Sun Xue J. , Tolbert Leslie P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDuring metamorphic development, the arrival at the olfactory (antennal) lobe of olfactory receptor axons initiates the process of glomerulus formation. The glomeruli are discrete spheroidal regions of neuropil that are the sites of synaptic interactions among receptor neurons and their target antennal‐lobe neurons. The process of glomerulus formation begins as groups of receptor axons form protoglomeruli. These dense clusters of terminal branches mostly are discrete entities from the time they can be recognized, although a few branches from neighboring protoglomeruli overlap laterally. A previous study by Schweitzeret al. [Schweitzer E. S., Sanes J. R. and Hildebrand J. G. (1976) Ontogeny of electroantennogram responses in the moth,Manduca sexta. J. Insect Physiol.22, 955–960] has shown that odor‐induced activity in the receptor neurons can be detected first in recordings from the axons in the antennal nerve only in the last few days of metamorphic development and thus could not influence the process of glomerulus formation. In this study, we have tested directly the possibility that an earlier presence of spontaneous activity in either the receptor axons or the antennal‐lobe neurons could affect the process. Tetrodotoxin, a Na+‐channel blocker, was injected into the hemolymph prior to the onset of glomerulus formation to block any spontaneous Na+‐dependent activity. Subsequent intracellular recordings from antennal‐lobe neurons revealed no spike activity. Comparison with vehicle‐injected control animals at stages during and after glomerulus formation revealed no differences in the localization of receptor‐axon terminal branches in the glomeruli, in the border of glial cells that forms around each glomerulus, or in the morphology of the tufted glomerular arbors of one of the antennal‐lobe neurons. We conclude that: (1) the process of glomerulus formation is largely independent of activity; and (2) glomeruli as modular units of the CNS more closely resemble cortical barrels than cortical columns, both in their ontogeny and in the lack of an obvious effect of activity on the morphology of the neurons arborizing within them.
Ontogeny of epinephrine metabolic pathways in the rat: role of glucocorticoids
Authors: Kennedy Brian , Ziegler Michael G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractRecent studies suggest that the initial expression of adrenal phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT) and epinephrine (E) are dependent upon stimulation of adrenal glucocorticoid receptors. However, evidence suggests that the expression of heart and brain PNMT is independent of glucocorticoids. We measured PNMT activity and E levels in adrenal, heart and head over the latter half of gestation in rat fetuses treated chronically with glucocorticoids, and in normal controls. Chronic glucocorticoid treatment ending on embryonic day (e)12 did not affect heart, head or trunk PNMT activity or E levels. In contrast, chronic glucocorticoid exposure ending e19 or e20 resulted in marked increases in both PNMT and E in adrenal, heart and head tissues. The elevation of E in all three tissues was unaffected by maternal adrenalectomy, indicating enhanced fetal E synthesis. In the absence of exogenous glucocorticoid treatment heart PNMT activity peaked on e12, prior to the earliest reported appearance of glucocorticoid receptors. We conclude that expression of PNMT in all three tissues is glucocorticoid independent until the latter part of gestation when it is readily enhanced by glucocorticoids.
Mangageable violence in a new ward for acutely admitted patients
Authors: Omérov M , Wistedt B 
Published: July 2002

SummaryBoth clinical experience and earlier research have indicated that an increased number of violent incidents in a psychiatric ward may be strongly associated with the use of new staff. In 1991 a substantial number of staff was recriuted to a ward for commited patients. Incidents of violence were registered over the following 12-month period. The results of this study were compared with early registered violent incidents in a previous setting. It was found that the frequency of violent incidents could be kept at a low and stable level despite the new situation. In conclusion, a certain number of factors may be expected to affect the results: the specific pharmacotherapy in the treatment of acute psychosis, the physical environment of the ward, and, in particular, staff training.
Structural Design and Pyroelectric Property of SnS/CdS Heterojunctions Contrived for Low‐Temperature Visible Photodetectors
Authors: Chang Yu , Wang Jianyuan , Wu Fangli , Tian Wei , Zhai Wei 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe traditional photodetectors based on photoelectric effect exhibit inferior response or even out of operation with the decrease of temperature. However, cryogenic visible light detection is increasingly demanded in deep space and polar exploration. Herein, a self‐powered visible photodetector coupling pyroelectricity and photoelectricity to optimize the cryogenic detecting performance is designed in which hydrothermally grown CdS nanorod array is covered by SnS nanoflakes. The choice of SnS allows the detector with strong visible light absorption and great photoelectric conversion efficiency, while the CdS nanorod structure with pyroelectricity can effectively modulate the behavior of photogenerated carriers at low temperatures. It is found that the response characteristics of the photodetector are dominated by the combination of pyroelectric and photoelectric effects, which becomes more significant with the reduced temperature. Specifically, at 130 K temperature, the photoresponse current under 650 nm light is improved by 7.5 times as that at room temperature, while the ratio of pyroelectric current to photocurrent can be increased to 400%. Meanwhile, the responsivity and detectivity are as high as 10.4 mA W−1 and 3.56 × 1011 Jones, respectively. This work provides a promising approach to develop high‐performance self‐powered visible photodetectors with low‐temperature operating capability.
Trends in Thermal Separation Technologies – An Industrial Perspective
Authors: Knösche Carsten 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe article discusses future trends and their implications on separation technologies starting from the main drivers of technological developments. Especially the consequences of the expected energy and raw material change and the increasing international economic competition on process technologies are addressed. Special attention is given to the opportunities of increasing computational power and the availability of high‐performance networks for scientific modeling and their use in process industries.
In Situ Analysis of Lactose Crystal in Solution through Slurry Flow Cell X‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Zhu Binyu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTo realize the in situ study of polycrystals, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) with the sample stage of slurry flow cell is used to study the crystal state of the lactose in solution directly. The influence of absolute ethyl alcohol and pH on the crystallization of lactose is investigated by the slurry flow cell. As the lactose is dispersed into absolute ethyl alcohol, the equilibrium of crystal is reconstructed, which induces crystal dissolution, nucleation formation, and crystal growth, then results in the difference of lactose diffractogram between the absolute ethyl alcohol solution and powder state. Peaks become sharper and higher in absolute ethyl alcohol than those of absolute ethyl alcohol with pH 3.5, which suggests that the crystal growth is easier in ethyl alcohol solution. The investigation of absolute ethyl alcohol and pH on the lactose crystals proves the capability of the XRD technique for in situ crystallization study.