bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations of the North Equatorial Current Bifurcation and the SSH in the Western Pacific Associated With El Niño Flavors
Authors: Wang Xin , Tong Bo , Wang Dongxiao , Yang Lei 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study presents different variations of the North Equatorial Current Bifurcation (NECB) in the development of the canonical El Niño, the Central Pacific El Niño I (CP‐I El Niño), and the Central Pacific El Niño II (CP‐II El Niño) in autumn and investigates the dynamic mechanism by analyzing Simple Ocean Data Assimilation data sets. It is suggested that the meridional shifts of the NECB are negatively related to the sea surface height (SSH) near the coast of the Philippines. The NECB shifts northward in autumn of the development phase of both canonical and CP‐II El Niño events, whereas it moves insignificantly for CP‐I El Niño events. During the development phase of canonical and CP‐II El Niños, the remote positive wind stress curl anomalies in the central and western tropical Pacific between 12°N and 15°N are responsible for the variations of the NECB, which can induce the westward Rossby waves of negative SSH anomalies and thus result in the northward shift of the NECB several months later. However, the local wind stress curl anomalies near the Philippine coast are significantly negative and result in locally positive SSH anomalies for CP‐I El Niños. Such anomalous positive SSHs are offset by the negative counterparts that result from the remote wind forcing in the western tropical Pacific. Therefore, the meridional shifts of the NECB are not significant in autumn for CP‐I El Niños. A one and a half layer‐reduced gravity model is used to conduct experiments to further confirm the above results.
Interdecadal Change in the Relationship of the Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclogenesis Frequency to Tropical Indian and North Atlantic Ocean SST in Early 1990s
Authors: Wu Renguang , Cao Xi , Yang Yiya 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe present study investigates reasons of interdecadal changes in the relationship between the western North Pacific (WNP) tropical cyclone (TC) genesis and tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) and tropical North Atlantic Ocean (TNA) sea surface temperature (SST) in early‐1990s. It is found that the above interdecadal changes are related to changes in the coherence of TIO and TNA SST variations with equatorial central‐eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) SST variations. During 1970s through mid‐1980s, TIO and TNA SSTs tend to vary in phase with EPO SST on both interannual and interdecadal time scales. The combined effects of TIO and EPO SST anomalies induce opposite environment and TC changes in southeastern and northwestern WNP, leading to a weak correlation of basin‐wide WNP TC and TIO SST. Similarly, TNA and EPO SST anomalies induce opposite environment and TC changes in northeastern and southeastern WNP and thus basin‐wide WNP TC‐TNA SST correlation is weak. During late 1990s through early 2000s, TIO and EPO SST variations have a weak coherence due to their opposite relations on interannual and interdecadal time scales. TIO SST anomalies alone induce anomalous circulation over most WNP so that basin‐wide WNP TC‐TIO SST relationship is strong. The interannual and interdecadal SST variations remain coherent in TNA and EPO but with a switch of sign in their relationship in early 1990s. TNA and EPO SST anomalies induce same environment and TC changes in northeastern and southeastern WNP, and thus, basin‐wide WNP TC‐TNA SST relationship is strong. Numerical model experiments validate the importance of coherent regional SST anomalies.
Introduction to Special Collection: “Bridging Weather and Climate: Subseasonal‐to‐Seasonal (S2S) Prediction”
Authors: Lang Andrea L. , Pegion Kathleen , Barnes Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article acts as an introduction to the JGR‐Atmospheres Special Section titled “Bridging Weather and Climate: Subseasonal‐to‐Seasonal (S2S) Prediction”. It outlines the major findings of the articles published in the Special Section as well as discusses organized national and international efforts to advance subseasonal‐to‐seasonal prediction research.
Plio‐Pleistocene Variability of the East Pacific Thermocline and Atmospheric Systems
Authors: Ronge T. A. , Nürnberg D. , Tiedemann R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe transition from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene was accompanied by major tectonic reorganizations of key oceanic gateways. In particular, the gradual closure of the Panama Gateway and the constriction of the Indonesian Gateway significantly affected the structure of the Pacific thermocline. In the East Pacific, the thermocline shoaled from an early Pliocene El Niño‐like depth to its modern state, which had significant implications for global climate. Here we use Mg/Ca temperature estimates from subsurface and thermocline dwelling foraminifera to reconstruct the meridional Plio‐Pleistocene evolution of the Southeast Pacific thermocline, in relation to atmospheric circulation changes. In combination with similar reconstructions from the north‐equatorial Pacific, our data indicate a change in the thermocline, responding to the northward displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone/South Pacific High system between ~3.8 and 3.5 Ma. After 3.5 Ma, we record a second major phase of thermocline shoaling, which points to the Intertropical Convergence Zone/South Pacific High‐system movement toward its modern position along with the gradual cooling of the Northern Hemisphere and its associated glaciation. These findings highlight that a warming globe may affect equatorial regions more intensively due to the potential temperature‐driven movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone/South Pacific High and their associated oceanic systems.
An Empirical Reevaluation of Streamflow Recession Analysis at the Continental Scale
Authors: Tashie Arik , Pavelsky Tamlin , Band Lawrence E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractStreamflow recession analysis is a widely used hydrologic tool that uses readily available discharge measurements to estimate otherwise unmeasurable watershed‐scale properties, predict low flows, and parameterize many lumped hydrologic models. Traditional methods apply the simplifying assumptions of outflow from a Boussinesq aquifer, which predicts the slope of the recession curve relating streamflow to its derivative in log‐log space to decrease from early‐stage to late‐stage recession. However, this prediction has not been validated in actual watersheds. Also, recent studies have shown that slopes of observed recession events are often much greater than traditional methods that predict with data point clouds. We analyze recession behavior of 1,027 streams from across the continental United States for periods of 10 to 118 years, identifying over 155,000 individual recession events. We find that the average slope of observed recession events is greater than that of the point cloud for all streams. Further, recession slopes of observed events decrease with time in only 10% of cases and instead increase with time in 74% of cases. We identify only nine watersheds where observed streamflow behavior often conforms to the predictions of traditional recession analysis, each of which is arid and flat with low permeability. Analysis of our extensive empirical results with a regionalization of catchment hydrologic characteristics indicates that heterogeneity of subsurface flow paths increases the nonlinearity and convexity of observed recession, likely as a function of watershed memory. The practical implications of our analysis are that streamflow is more stable during periods of extended drought than generally predicted.
Chloride Balance in Freshwater System of a Highly Anthropized Subalpine Area: Load and Source Quantification Through a Watershed Approach
Authors: Nava V. , Patelli M. , Bonomi T. , Stefania G. A. , Zanotti C. , Fumagalli L. , Soler V. , Rotiroti M. , Leoni B. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRecent studies have highlighted an increase of chloride in many lakes worldwide, with negative effects on chemical and physical properties of inland waters and freshwater biota. In this study, we assessed the long‐term trend (1993–2017) of chloride in Lake Iseo, located in the midlatitudes, and analyzed its relationship with discharge data of the inflows and hydrological and hydroclimatic changes. Additionally, we performed a specific annual survey, collecting water samples at a biweekly frequency in tributaries, calculating chloride load, and comparing the result with the chloride increase observed in lacustrine water. The combined use of Geographic Information System (GIS) and multivariate analyses allowed identification of possible sources of chloride and their seasonal dynamic within the mixed‐land‐use watershed: impervious surface and deicing salt, population and sewage effluents, livestock, and rainwater. Their potential contribution to total mass balance was assessed, cross‐checking the results between chloride source evaluation and load estimation. Chloride load from wastewater treatment plants played an important role, albeit we highlighted that the main source was the road deicing salt, with a primarily winter contribution. The increased anthropization in the watershed was likely the main cause of the chloride enhancement. This study demonstrates that the problem of salinization can also affect lakes located in the midlatitude areas and provides a reproducible method for the identification and quantification of the different sources. Our results will help to better understand the potential sources of salinity in rivers that may reveal processes controlling the salinization of freshwater systems, with implications for future management practices.
Random Fields Simplified: Preserving Marginal Distributions, Correlations, and Intermittency, With Applications From Rainfall to Humidity
Authors: Papalexiou Simon Michael , Serinaldi Francesco 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNature manifests itself in space and time. The spatiotemporal complexity of processes such as precipitation, temperature, and wind, does not allow purely deterministic modeling. Spatiotemporal random fields have a long history in modeling such processes, and yet a single unified framework offering the flexibility to simulate processes that may differ profoundly does not exist. Here we introduce a blueprint to efficiently simulate spatiotemporal random fields that preserve any marginal distribution, any valid spatiotemporal correlation structure, and intermittency. We suggest a set of parsimonious yet flexible marginal distributions and provide a rule of thumb for their selection. We propose a new and unified approach to construct flexible spatiotemporal correlation structures by combining copulas and survival functions. The versatility of our framework is demonstrated by simulating conceptual cases of intermittent precipitation, double‐bounded relative humidity, and temperature maxima fields. As a real‐word case we simulate daily precipitation fields. In all cases, we reproduce the desired properties. In an era characterized by advances in remote sensing and increasing availability of spatiotemporal data, we deem that this unified approach offers a valuable and easy‐to‐apply tool for modeling complex spatiotemporal processes.
Magnitude and heterogeneity of brain structural abnormalities in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a meta-analysis
Authors: Rogdaki Maria , Gudbrandsen Maria , McCutcheon Robert A , Blackmore Charlotte E , Brugger Stefan , Ecker Christine , Craig Michael C , Daly Eileen , Murphy Declan G M , Howes Oliver 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with a number of volumetric brain abnormalities. The syndrome is also associated with an increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. An earlier meta-analysis showed reduced grey and white matter volumes in individuals with 22q11.2DS. Since this analysis was conducted, the number of studies has increased markedly, permitting more precise estimates of effects and more regions to be examined. Although 22q11.2DS is clinically heterogeneous, it is not known to what extent this heterogeneity is mirrored in neuroanatomy. The aim of this study was thus to investigate differences in mean brain volume and structural variability within regions, between 22q11.2DS and typically developing controls. We examined studies that reported measures of brain volume using MRI in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and PsycINFO from inception to 1 May 2019. Data were extracted from studies in order to calculate effect sizes representing case–control difference in mean volume, and in the variability of volume (as measured using the log variability ratio (lnVR) and coefficient of variation ratio (CVR)). We found significant overall decreases in mean volume in 22q11.2DS compared with control for: total brain (g = −0.96;p < 0.001); total grey matter (g = −0.81,p < 0.001); and total white matter (g = −0.81;p < 0.001). There was also a significant overall reduction of mean volume in 22q11.2DS subjects compared with controls in frontal lobe (g = −0.47;p < 0.001), temporal lobe (g = −0.84;p < 0.001), parietal lobe (g = −0.73;p = 0.053), cerebellum (g = −1.25;p < 0.001) and hippocampus (g = −0.90;p < 0.001). Significantly increased variability in 22q11.2DS individuals compared with controls was found only for the hippocampus (VR, 1.14;p = 0.036; CVR, 1.30;p < 0.001), and lateral ventricles (VR, 1.56;p = 0.004). The results support the notion that structural abnormalities in 22q11.2DS and schizophrenia are convergent, and also to some degree with findings in autism spectrum disorder. Finally, the increased variability seen in the hippocampus in 22q11.2DS may underlie some of the heterogeneity observed in the neuropsychiatric phenotype.
DNA methylation markers in the diagnosis and prognosis of common leukemias
Authors: Jiang Hua , Ou Zhiying , He Yingyi , Yu Meixing , Wu Shaoqing , Li Gen , Zhu Jie , Zhang Ru , Wang Jiayi , Zheng Lianghong , Zhang Xiaohong , Hao Wenge , He Liya , Gu Xiaoqiong , Quan Qingli , Zhang Edward , Luo Huiyan , Wei Wei , Li Zhihuan , Zang Guangxi , Zhang Charlotte , Poon Tina , Zhang Daniel , Ziyar Ian , Zhang Run-ze , Li Oulan , Cheng Linhai , Shimizu Taylor , Cui Xinping , Zhu Jian-kang , Sun Xin , Zhang Kang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe ability to identify a specific type of leukemia using minimally invasive biopsies holds great promise to improve the diagnosis, treatment selection, and prognosis prediction of patients. Using genome-wide methylation profiling and machine learning methods, we investigated the utility of CpG methylation status to differentiate blood from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) or acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) from normal blood. We established a CpG methylation panel that can distinguish ALL and AML blood from normal blood as well as ALL blood from AML blood with high sensitivity and specificity. We then developed a methylation-based survival classifier with 23 CpGs for ALL and 20 CpGs for AML that could successfully divide patients into high-risk and low-risk groups, with significant differences in clinical outcome in each leukemia type. Together, these findings demonstrate that methylation profiles can be highly sensitive and specific in the accurate diagnosis of ALL and AML, with implications for the prediction of prognosis and treatment selection.
Coherent acoustic control of a single silicon vacancy spin in diamond
Authors: Maity Smarak , Shao Linbo , Bogdanović Stefan , Meesala Srujan , Sohn Young-Ik , Sinclair Neil , Pingault Benjamin , Chalupnik Michelle , Chia Cleaven , Zheng Lu , Lai Keji , Lončar Marko 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPhonons are considered to be universal quantum transducers due to their ability to couple to a wide variety of quantum systems. Among these systems, solid-state point defect spins are known for being long-lived optically accessible quantum memories. Recently, it has been shown that inversion-symmetric defects in diamond, such as the negatively charged silicon vacancy center (SiV), feature spin qubits that are highly susceptible to strain. Here, we leverage this strain response to achieve coherent and low-power acoustic control of a single SiV spin, and perform acoustically driven Ramsey interferometry of a single spin. Our results demonstrate an efficient method of spin control for these systems, offering a path towards strong spin-phonon coupling and phonon-mediated hybrid quantum systems.
Genetic aberrations in iPSCs are introduced by a transient G1/S cell cycle checkpoint deficiency
Authors: Araki Ryoko , Hoki Yuko , Suga Tomo , Obara Chizuka , Sunayama Misato , Imadome Kaori , Fujita Mayumi , Kamimura Satoshi , Nakamura Miki , Wakayama Sayaka , Nagy Andras , Wakayama Teruhiko , Abe Masumi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA number of point mutations have been identified in reprogrammed pluripotent stem cells such as iPSCs and ntESCs. The molecular basis for these mutations has remained elusive however, which is a considerable impediment to their potential medical application. Here we report a specific stage at which iPSC generation is not reduced in response to ionizing radiation, i.e. radio-resistance. Quite intriguingly, a G1/S cell cycle checkpoint deficiency occurs in a transient fashion at the initial stage of the genome reprogramming process. These cancer-like phenomena, i.e. a cell cycle checkpoint deficiency resulting in the accumulation of point mutations, suggest a common developmental pathway between iPSC generation and tumorigenesis. This notion is supported by the identification of specific cancer mutational signatures in these cells. We describe efficient generation of human integration-free iPSCs using erythroblast cells, which have only a small number of point mutations and INDELs, none of which are in coding regions.
Low cost satellite constellations for nearly continuous global coverage
Authors: Singh Lake A. , Whittecar William R. , DiPrinzio Marc D. , Herman Jonathan D. , Ferringer Matthew P. , Reed Patrick M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSatellite services are fundamental to the global economy, and their design reflects a tradeoff between coverage and cost. Here, we report the discovery of two alternative 4-satellite constellations with 24- and 48-hour periods, both of which attain nearly continuous global coverage. The 4-satellite constellations harness energy from nonlinear orbital perturbation forces (e.g., Earth’s geopotential, gravitational effects of the sun and moon, and solar radiation pressure) to reduce their propellant and maintenance costs. Our findings demonstrate that small sacrifices in global coverage at user-specified longitudes allow operationally viable constellations with significantly reduced mass-to-orbit costs and increased design life. The 24-hour period constellation reduces the overall required vehicle mass budget for propellant by approximately 60% compared to a geostationary Earth orbit constellation with similar coverage over typical satellite lifetimes. Mass savings of this magnitude permit the use of less expensive launch vehicles, installation of additional instruments, and substantially improved mission life.
Microengineered human blood–brain barrier platform for understanding nanoparticle transport mechanisms
Authors: Ahn Song Ih , Sei Yoshitaka J. , Park Hyun-Ji , Kim Jinhwan , Ryu Yujung , Choi Jeongmoon J. , Sung Hak-Joon , MacDonald Tobey J. , Levey Allan I. , Kim YongTae 
Published: January 2020

AbstractChallenges in drug development of neurological diseases remain mainly ascribed to the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Despite the valuable contribution of animal models to drug discovery, it remains difficult to conduct mechanistic studies on the barrier function and interactions with drugs at molecular and cellular levels. Here we present a microphysiological platform that recapitulates the key structure and function of the human BBB and enables 3D mapping of nanoparticle distributions in the vascular and perivascular regions. We demonstrate on-chip mimicry of the BBB structure and function by cellular interactions, key gene expressions, low permeability, and 3D astrocytic network with reduced reactive gliosis and polarized aquaporin-4 (AQP4) distribution. Moreover, our model precisely captures 3D nanoparticle distributions at cellular levels and demonstrates the distinct cellular uptakes and BBB penetrations through receptor-mediated transcytosis. Our BBB platform may present a complementary in vitro model to animal models for prescreening drug candidates for the treatment of neurological diseases.
Selection from a pool of self-assembling lipid replicators
Authors: Colomer Ignacio , Borissov Arseni , Fletcher Stephen P. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractReplication and compartmentalization are fundamental to living systems and may have played important roles in life’s origins. Selection in compartmentalized autocatalytic systems might provide a way for evolution to occur and for life to arise from non-living systems. Herein we report selection in a system of self-reproducing lipids where a predominant species can emerge from a pool of competitors. The lipid replicators are metastable and their out-of-equilibrium population can be sustained by feeding the system with starting materials. Phase separation is crucial for selective surfactant formation as well as autocatalytic kinetics; indeed, no selection is observed when all reacting species are dissolved in the same phase. Selectivity is attributed to a kinetically controlled process where the rate of monomer formation determines which replicator building blocks are the fittest. This work reveals how kinetics of a phase-separated autocatalytic reaction may be used to control the population of out-of-equilibrium replicators in time.
Generation of mesenchyme free intestinal organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Mithal Aditya , Capilla Amalia , Heinze Dar , Berical Andrew , Villacorta-Martin Carlos , Vedaie Marall , Jacob Anjali , Abo Kristine , Szymaniak Aleksander , Peasley Megan , Stuffer Alexander , Mahoney John , Kotton Darrell N. , Hawkins Finn , Mostoslavsky Gustavo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEfficient generation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived human intestinal organoids (HIOs) would facilitate the development of in vitro models for a variety of diseases that affect the gastrointestinal tract, such as inflammatory bowel disease or Cystic Fibrosis. Here, we report a directed differentiation protocol for the generation of mesenchyme-free HIOs that can be primed towards more colonic or proximal intestinal lineages in serum-free defined conditions. Using aCDX2eGFPiPSC knock-in reporter line to track the emergence of hindgut progenitors, we follow the kinetics ofCDX2expression throughout directed differentiation, enabling the purification of intestinal progenitors and robust generation of mesenchyme-free organoids expressing characteristic markers of small intestinal or colonic epithelium. We employ HIOs generated in this way to measureCFTRfunction using cystic fibrosis patient-derived iPSC lines before and after correction of theCFTRmutation, demonstrating their future potential for disease modeling and therapeutic screening applications.