bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Mowing Height and Nitrogen Fertility on Crabgrass Cover in ‘RTF' Tall Fescue1
Authors: Cutulle Matthew , Derr Jeffrey , McCall David , Nichols Adam , Horvath Brandon 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Shreb.) has exceptional utility as a low maintenance lawn in the transition zone. However, during the summer smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.] infestations can reduce the aesthetic value and function of the turf and lead to a thinning of the tall fescue stand, noticeable after the crabgrass plants have senesced. Research was conducted to evaluate the impact of mowing height and nitrogen fertility on smooth crabgrass plant counts and tall fescue cover in Virginia Beach, VA. Plots were mowed at either 6 cm (2.5 in) or 10 cm (4 in) and received 49, 171, or 220 kg of nitrogen annually per hectare (44, 152, and 196 lb.A−1). Mowing at 10 cm with the highest level of fertility resulted in the most turfgrass cover among all the treatment combinations. Mowing at 10 cm as opposed to 6 cm resulted in less smooth crabgrass plants, regardless of nitrogen fertilization rate.Index words: fertilization, turfgrass, weed control.Species used in this study: Smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl.]; tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea Shreb. synonym Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub].
Optimizing IBA Concentration and Stem and Segment Size for Rooting of Hybrid Hazelnuts from Hardwood Stem Cuttings
Authors: Braun Lois , Wyse Donald 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Germplasm improvement of woody crops through plant breeding depends on effective methods of vegetative propagation, both for evaluation of candidate germplasm and for dissemination of improved varieties. Hybrid hazelnuts [Corylus americana (Walter) x C. avellana (L.)] are being developed as a new crop for the Upper Midwest for their ecological and economic value, but lack of economically viable propagation methods is a significant bottleneck to their wide scale adoption. This paper describes two trials to optimize propagation from hardwood stem cuttings in low-cost humidity tents, using dormant crown suckers collected in the fall. We found that: 1) 2 g.L−1 (2,000 ppm) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in a 50% ethanol solution is the best concentration for rooting cuttings of a range of sizes and 2) rooting declines with increasing basal diameter of stems, but increases with increasing length of stem. The thicker cortex of large diameter stems may present a physical barrier to emergence of adventitious roots. Conversely, longer stems have larger stores of carbohydrates, which are essential both for keeping the stems alive until roots can be developed, and for providing the building blocks for growing those roots.
Index words: Propagation, Corylus americana (Walter), Corylus avellana (L.), rooting, indole-3-butyric acid.
Chemicals used in this study: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
Species used in this study: hybrid hazelnuts [Corylus americana (Walter) x Corylus avellana (L.)].
Optimizing Pre-germination Techniques for Kentucky Bluegrass and Perennial Ryegrass1
Authors: Campbell Julie H. , Henderson Jason J. , Inguagiato John C. , Wallace Victoria H. , Minniti Anthony 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Many intensively trafficked areas such as athletic fields and golf courses require constant overseeding to maintain suitable turfgrass cover. Rapid seed germination and development are critical to managing these high wear areas. The objectives of this research were to determine the effect of water aeration, seed soaking duration, and water temperature on mean germination time (MGT) and final germination percentage (FGP) of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L., KBG) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., PRG). Two separate controlled environment studies were conducted. PRG soaked in aerated water from 8 to 48 h had a 20% decrease in MGT compared to an untreated control, while treated KBG decreased MGT by only 10% compared to an untreated control. Soaking duration and water temperature had significant effects on KBG. KBG MGT was optimized at 20 C (68 F) water temperature with a soaking duration of 24 h. MGT of PRG was optimized when soaked for 8 h while water was aerated. There was no significant difference in FGP for any of the treatments tested.
Index words: turfgrass, aeration, seed soaking.
Species used in this study: Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.); perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.).
Evaluation of a novel endophytic Pseudomonas lactis strain for control of boxwood blight1
Authors: Kong Ping 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Boxwood blight, caused by Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Cps) (Synonyms: Cylindrocladium buxicola, Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum), is a devastating disease which affects boxwood (Buxus) in private and public gardens worldwide. SW, an endophyte identified as a strain of Pseudomonas lactis, was isolated along with seven other bacterial strains from symptom-reversed boxwood leaves infected by Cps. SW had the largest population among the 8 isolates. SW inhibited Cps culture growth similar to three other antagonistic isolates but was the strongest suppressor of Cps conidial germination and germling development. When the cell-free supernatant (CFS) from SW liquid cultures was used to treat boxwood plants 48 h prior to inoculation with Cps, it resulted in a 69.4% disease reduction; suggesting involvement of its metabolites in disease suppression. Boxwood blight control efficacy was further evaluated with resuspended SW cell at 108-9 cfu.ml−1 at different treatment lead times. When SW was applied 2 or 10 days before inoculation with Cps, boxwood blight disease decreased by 72% and 67%, respectively. Further extending the lead time to 20 and 30 days, the efficacy was reduced to 26-27%. However, with its features of moderate control efficacy, high population in plant tissue and safety towards humans, SW shows great potential as a biocontrol agent for boxwood blight.
Index words: Biocontrol agent, endophyte, plant pretreatment, Calonectria pseudonaviculata suppression.
Species used in this study: Bacterium strain SW (Pseudomonas lactis). Plant species: Buxus sempervirens ‘Justin Brouwers'.
Field Pretreatment of Crown Suckers for Propagating Hybrid Hazelnuts
Authors: Braun Lois , Wyse Donald 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hybrid hazelnuts [Corylus americana (Walter) x C. avellana (L.)] are being developed for their ecological and economic value as a new crop for the Upper Midwest, but lack of economically viable propagation methods is a significant bottleneck to their wide scale adoption. Thus far, mound layering has been the primary propagation method, but layering cannot produce the numbers of plants needed for large-scale production. Rooting hardwood stem cuttings is a possible alternative. In a factorial experiment, we evaluated two pretreatments, blanching with sawdust and application of IBA, applied to rapidly growing first year collar suckers in the field five months ahead of collection for rooting. These treatments simulated mound layering, but without girdling. Sawdust by itself significantly increased both quantity and quality of subsequent rooting, but IBA pretreatment in combination with sawdust produced even better results. Stem cuttings were rooted in a growth chamber, set at 22 C (72 F) and 60% relative humidity, with PAR of 320 umol.m−2 s−1 for 16 hours per day. The lack of heat stress in the growth chamber likely also contributed to relatively high rooting relative to the humidity tents used in previous trials.
Index words: Propagation, Corylus americana (Walter), Corylus avellana (L.), rooting, etiolation.
Chemicals used in this study: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
Species used in this study: hybrid hazelnuts [Corylus americana (Walter) x Corylus avellana (L.)].
Fertilizer Source and Irrigation Depth Affect Nutrient Leaching During Coleus Container Production
Authors: Sanders Kayla R. , Beasley Jeffrey S. , Bush Edward W. , Conger Stacia L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nutrient leaching during nursery container production can have negative effects on plant growth and the environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of fertilizer source at two irrigation depths on nutrient leaching during coleus [Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) Codd] ‘Solar Sunrise' container production to develop best management practices. Coleus received no fertilizer, a controlled-release fertilizer (CRF), or a water-soluble fertilizer (WSF) applied at 0.30 kg N and P per m3 (0.02 lb per ft3) and were irrigated at 1.9 or 3.8 cm.day−1 (0.7 or 1.5 in.day−1) for 56 days after planting (DAP). Leachate was analyzed every 7 DAP for inorganic N and dissolved total P (DTP). At 56 DAP, root biomass, leaf quality, and plant growth index were similar between CRF and WSF treatments at both irrigation depths. Highest inorganic N and DTP losses occurred within 21 DAP. Application of WSF resulted in higher cumulative N and DTP losses compared to CRF applications. Coleus irrigated at 3.8 cm.day−1 and fertilized with WSF resulted in higher DTP losses compared to CRF applications regardless of irrigation depth. Reducing irrigation reduced inorganic N leaching for each fertilizer source. Application of CRF provided consistent growth while curbing nutrient losses across both irrigation depths compared to WSF.
Index words: controlled-release fertilizer, water-soluble fertilizer, nursery producers, best management practices.
Chemicals used in this study: Micronutrients mix (Micromax®); controlled-release fertilizer (Osmocote® Classic); water-soluble fertilizer (Grower's Special).
Species used in this study: Coleus [Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) Codd] ‘Solar Sunrise'.
An Update of the Literature Supporting the Well-Being Benefits of Plants: Part 3 - Social Benefits
Authors: Hall Charles R. , Knuth Melinda J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper provides evidence from the literature regarding the social benefits associated with plants and how they influence the physiological, psychological, and cognitive well-being constructs affecting quality of life. These benefits are segmented and discussed using the following categories: place or community attachment, reduced crime, disaster resilience, access to locally-produced foods, socialization of children and their school performance, and community therapeutic impacts. The equitable distribution of these green space benefits among local populations is also discussed. This research should be strategically incorporated into both industry-wide and firm-specific marketing messages that highlight the quality of life value proposition in order to maintain the industry's sense of value and relevance to residential landscape consumers of the future. These findings also present evidence that municipal leaders and policymakers can use in justifying green infrastructure-related funding decisions, as well as grounds for the construction industry using biophilic design principles in ensuring the built environment offers opportunities for green space interactions. The green industry can play a pivotal role not only in providing plants of high quality for these applications but educating stakeholders regarding the benefits discussed herein.
Index words:, benefits of plants, community, social benefits.
Seasonal Population Patterns of a New Scale Pest, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae Kuwana (Hemiptera: Sternorrhynca: Eriococcidae), of Crapemyrtles in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas.1
Authors: Vafaie Erfan , Merchant Michael , Xiaoya Cai , Hopkins John D. , Robbins James A. , Chen Yan , Gu Mengmeng 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The crapemyrtle bark scale, Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae, is an invasive scale insect pest of crapemyrtles. Crawler populations were monitored using double-sided sticky tape on established crapemyrtle trees in Tyler (TX), Huntsville (TX), Dallas (TX), College Station (TX), Shreveport (LA), and Little Rock (AR) from 2015 - 2017 to determine crawler activity and determine if degree-day models could predict the first peak in crawler activity. Difference in crawler densities on upper and lower branches of trees was also determined by using double-sided sticky tapes. The first peak in crapemyrtle bark scale crawler activity was between March 26th and May 22nd across all locations and years, with multiple subsequent peaks per season frequently found, suggesting multiple generations. Using the average date (May 2nd) to predict the first peak crawler activity resulted in the lowest variance and was subsequently considered a better predictor compared to any degree-day model. There was no apparent difference in crawler activity between upper and lower branches of crapemyrtle trees across an entire season. This study provides the first set of population dynamics data for crapemyrtle bark scale in the U.S. and will help with future bark scale management decisions.
Index words:, Crapemyrtle bark scale, invasive insect, population dynamics, Lagerstroemia spp
Species used in this study: Crapemyrtle bark scale (Acanthococcus lagerstroemiae Kuwana); Crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia spp.)
Effects of Moisture Stress on Two Spotted Spider Mite Populations, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Schefflera (Brassaia actinophylla Endl.)
Authors: Colijn Annette C. , Lindquist Richard K. 
Published: August 2020

Studies were conducted to determine the effects of moisture stress and schleffera variety (Brasspia actinophylla Endl. and B. actinophylla ‘Amate’) on populations of twospotted spider mides (Tetranychus urticae Koch) grown under interior conditions.
After approximately 2 weeks, spider mite populations were significantly higher on moisture stressed B. actinophylla as compared with unstressed plants. Populations on rewatered plants were intermediate. Moisture stress did not affect mite populations on the cultivar ‘Amate’ in a consistent manner. The cultivar ‘Amate’ was more mite resistant than B. actinophylla. Mites feeding on ‘Amate’ laid fewer eggs, had lower survival and slower developmental rates than those feeding on B. actinophylla. Leaves of ‘Amate’ were 67% thicker and had lower percent total nitrogen than B. actinophylla leaves.
Pruning Responses of Tissue-Cultured Plantlets of Rhododendrons
Authors: Lohr Virginia I. , Sudkamp Andrew B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Plantlets of Rhododendron ‘Molly Ann’, R. ‘Paprika Spiced’, and R. ‘Travis L.’, recently rooted from tissue culture, were grown in a greenhouse in individual containers. Plants pruned by pinching, top-pruning, or root-pruning were compared to unpruned plants. Growth, as measured by shoot height, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and stem caliper, was generally reduced by pruning. Top-pruning and pinching induced branching in all cultivars tested and improved stem taper (ratio of basal to upper caliper) in two cultivars, including R ‘Travis L.’, which is particularly prone to develop weak stems when produced by tissue culture.
Pretransplant Application of Goal (Oxyfluorfen) for Weed Control in Container-grown Nursery Crops
Authors: Derr Jeffrey F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
No injury was observed to ‘Hershey Red’, ‘Pleasant White’ and ‘Scarlet Rose’ azalea (Rhododendron obtusum Planch.) ‘Prince of Wales’ juniper (Juniperus horizontalis Moench), ‘Helleri’ holly (Ilex crenata Thunb.) or ‘Green beauty’ boxwood (Buxus microphylla Siebold & Zucc.) following pretransplant applications of Goal (oxyfluorfen) at rates ranging from 0.6 to 4.5 kg ai/ha (0.5 to 4.0 lb/A). Acceptable control of common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) (less than one weed per pot) lasted approximately 1 month at 0.6 kg/ha (0.5 lb/A), 2 to 3 months at 1.1 kg/ha (1.0 lb/A), 3 to 4 months at 2.2 kg/ha (2.0 lb/A) and 4 months at 4.5 kg/ha (4.0 lb/A) with sprayed applications of Goal. Sprayed applications of Goal at 1.1 kg/ha (1.0 lb/A) gave equivalent weed control to a post-transplant application of Ornamental Herbicide 2, a granular formulation containing 2% oxyfluorfen and 1% pendimethalin, at 3.3 kg ai/ha (3.0 lb ai/A).
Cambial Peroxidase Enzymes Related to Graft Incompatibility in Red Maple
Authors: Santamour Frank S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two major anodal peroxidase isozyme bands occurred with high frequency (70–80%) in the cambial tissue of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) stems and roots. Some red maples, and all silver maples (A. saccarinum L.) tested lacked the lower enzyme band. The presence or absence of the lower enzyme band was not related to the geographic origin of the plants. Because of varying degrees of polyploidy in red maples and hybrids between red and silver maples, the staining intensity of the enzyme bands, especially the lower band, varied considerably. Still, bark-ring grafts between 2-banded and 1-banded red maples exhibited incompatibility symptoms similar to other tree combinations with dissimilar cambial peroxidase isozymes. During the extended time period of 3 to 5 years required for complete envelopment of the severed stock stub in budded red maples, zones of poorly lignified cells are formed at the boundary between incompatible stock and scion cambia. After the increased growth of the scion has developed a large crown, various stresses such as wind and freezing temperatures may combine to fracture the graft union along the zone of unlignified cells. Isozyme patterns are given for many red maple cultivars, and most have both A and B bands; some data are provided on isozyme inheritance. Nurserymen may significantly reduce problems of graft compatibility in these cultivars by collecting seed for seedling rootstock production only from parent trees with AB enzyme phenotypes or, for any cultivar, by creating seed orchards that will provide seedlings of the desired enzyme properties.
Response of Two Florist Azalea Cultivars to Foliar Applications of a Growth Regulator
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Foster William J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Bonzi (paclobutrazol) sprays of 100 and 150 ppm controlled bypass shoot development and increased flower number of ‘Alaska’ azalea compared to the control, while minimally affecting forcing time and bloom size. Sprays of 150 and 200 ppm suppressed bypass shoot development and increased flower number of ‘Prize’ azalea compared to the control without affecting bloom size. Paclobutrazol was more effective than B-Nine (daminozide) in suppressing bypass shoot development and enhancing flowering. Forcing time decreased and bloom size increased for paclobutrazol-treated plants of both cultivars compared to daminozide-treated plants.
Evaluation of Nursery Container Designs for Minimization or Prevention of Root Circling
Authors: Appleton Bonnie L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Six different container designs were evaluated for their effectiveness in minimizing or preventing the development of circling roots around the sides and/or bottoms of containers. While both shrub and tree species were tested, the roots of the shrubs were generally small and fibrous enough that selection of a container to minimize or prevent circling roots was not an important consideration. For the tree species, the greatest amount of circling reduction was achieved with the soft polybags and the rigid stepped-pyramid containers. Because considerable difference exists in the cost of the newly-designed containers, both cost and root-modifying effectiveness should be considered if root modification is deemed important.
Influence of Root-zone Temperature on Growth of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle
Authors: Graves William R. , Dana Michael N. , Joly Robert J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Growth of tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) seedlings was evaluated during a 28-day exposure to constant root-zone temperatures of 18°, 24°, 30°, and 36°C (64°,75°, 86°, and 97°F). Leaf area, stem length, root-to-shoot ratio, and shoot and root dry weights were greatest among plants with 24°C (75°F) root zones. Diminished growth among plants at high root-zone temperatures was associated with reduced leaf conductance. After 14 days of treatment, leaf diffusive resistance of plants in the 36°C (97°F) regime was eight times greater than that of plants with 24°C (75°F) root zones. Regulation of leaf gas exchange among plants with 36°C (97°F) root zones probably contributed to the maintenance of moderate leaf water potentials but limited the fixation of carbon necessary to sustain growth.
Postplant Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer to Pinus sylvestris at Different Stages of Establishment
Authors: Hensley David L. , Gray Aldridge E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Ammonium nitrate and urea formaldehyde at 56, 112, and 224 kg N/ha (50, 100, and 200 lb N/A) were surface-applied to Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) planted the same spring and 1 and 2 years previously. Survival and growth were measured and compared with untreated controls during the following two seasons. Survival of plants established the same year as treatment was significantly greater at the lowest fertilizer rate, regardless of material. Second season height growth of trees receiving 56 kg N/ha (50 lb/A) in the year of planting was significantly greater than those receiving 224 kg N/ha (200 lb/A). There were no significant growth responses by trees established for 1 or 2 years prior to treatment. Stem diameter and number of lateral buds at the apex were not affected by any of the treatments.
Water Use and Average Growth Index of Five Species of Container Grown Woody Landscape Plants
Authors: Knox Gary W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Liners of Juniperus horizontalis Moench ‘Wiltonii’, Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Rotundifolia’, Rhododendron × L. ‘Hershey's Red’, Pyracantha × M.J. Roem ‘Teton’, and Photinia × fraseri Dress were grown to saleable size in 3.1 1 (1 gal) containers. Plant water consumption was measured during 336 days from June 24, 1986, to June 19, 1987. Pyracantha consumed the most water (50.4 1 (13.3 gal)/plant) while photinia consumed the least water (37.8 1 (10.0 gal)/plant). Based on the increase in growth index per liter of water consumed, photinia used water most efficiently. Growth index, pan evaporation, or growth index and pan evaporation were the best predictors of plant water use.
Medium Temperature Influences the Rooting Response of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
Authors: Carpenter William J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Adventitious rooting of stem cuttings of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. ‘Pink Versicolor’, ‘Brilliant Red’, ‘Jim Hendry’ and ‘Silver Anniversary’ was evaluated after propagation at medium temperatures of 18°, 22°, 26°, 30° and 34°C (65°,72°,79°,86° and 93°F). Cuttings of all cultivars propagated at medium temperatures of 26° and 30°C rooted faster and developed more roots with larger fresh and dry weights. Rooting percentages for each cultivar was similar among all propagation medium temperatures, but 26° and 30°C (79° and 86°F) reduced the weeks required for rooting 50% of the cuttings and periods in weeks between 10% and 90% rooting. The most vigorous rooting ‘Pink Versicolor’ had more uniform root emergence and the best response at unfavorable medium temperatures, while the poorest ‘Silver Anniversary’ had inconsistent root formation at all temperatures.
Influence of Metolachlor on Ilex crenata Thunb. for Control of Yellow Nutsedge
Authors: Beste C. Edward , Frank J. Ray 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A single spring or fall application of Dual 8E (metolachlor) at 13.5 kg/ha (12.0 lb/A) to newly planted ‘Hetzii’ and ‘Howardi’ Japanese holly caused 15 to 18% injury during the first few weeks after treatment. No additional injury or reduced growth was evident with any Dual treatments 4 weeks after application. Applications of Dual at rates up to 13.5 kg/ha (12.0 lb/A) to established ‘Hetzii’ holly did not cause injury or affect plant height × width. Dual at 4.5 kg/ha (4.0 lb/A) to 13.5 kg/ha (12.0 lb/A) was adequate to control yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.).