bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eliminating Trap‐States and Functionalizing Vacancies in 2D Semiconductors by Electrochemistry
Authors: Shi Jianjian , Zhao Xunhua , Wang Zhiguo , Liu Yuanyue 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOne major challenge that limits the applications of 2D semiconductors is the detrimental electronic trap states caused by vacancies. Here using grand‐canonical density functional theory calculations, a novel approach is demonstrated that uses aqueous electrochemistry to eliminate the trap states of the vacancies in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides while leaving the perfect part of the material intact. The success of this electrochemical approach is based on the selectivity control by the electrode potential and the isovalence between oxygen and chalcogen. Motivated by these results, electrochemical conditions are further identified to functionalize the vacancies by incorporating various single metal atoms, which can bring in magnetism, tune carrier concentration/polarity, and/or activate single‐atom catalysis, enabling a wide range of potential applications. These approaches may be generalized to other 2D materials. The results open up a new avenue for improving the properties and extending the applications of 2D materials.
IBFET: Index‐based features extraction technique for scalable code clone detection at file level granularity
Authors: Akram Junaid , Mumtaz Majid , Luo Ping 
Published: October 2019

SummaryMany techniques have been developed over the years to detect code clones in different software systems to maintain security measures. These techniques often require the source code to compare the subject system against a very large data set of big code. This paper presents index‐based features extraction technique (IBFET) to detect code clones at a very large‐scale level to billions of LOC at file level granularity. We performed preprocessing, indexing, and clone detection for more than 324 billion of LOC using a Hadoop distributed environment, which is quite faster and more efficient as compared to existing distributed indexing and clone detection techniques; meanwhile, it detects all three types of clones efficiently. The MapReduce rule of divide and conquer is used for a count and retrieve the similar features between different systems. We evaluated the execution time, scalability, precision, and recall of IBFET by using a well‐known clone detection data set IJaDataset and BigCloneBench; furthermore, we compared the results with other state‐of‐the‐art tools. Our approach is faster, flexible, scalable, and provides accurate results with high authenticity and can be implemented at a large‐scale level.
Magnetite‐graphene oxide sheets as support for hemimicelles/admicelles based microextraction of acidic, basic and neutral compounds prior to gas chromatography determination
Authors: Nazari Najmeh , Masrournia Mahboubeh , Es'haghi Zarrin , Bozorgmehr Mohammad‐Reza 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSimultaneous extraction of basic, acidic and neutral compounds is an important goal in sample preparation. In this study, dispersive solid‐phase microextraction of three analyte types was carried out in a single step. The target compounds: aniline, phenol and naphthalene with surfactant modified magnetic graphene oxide sheets, before gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The dispersive solid‐phase microextraction performed in both cationic and anionic modes by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl sulfate respectively. First, the analytes were vortexed and adsorbed then the supernatant was decanted with a magnet and the sorbent was eluted with the proper solvent. The linearity was obtained over a wide concentration range; 0.044–0.50, 0.043–0.50 and 0.027–0.25 µg/mL for aniline, phenol and naphthalene respectively in both modes. The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation for target analytes were 0.008 –0.02 and 0.027–0.067 µg/mL, respectively in both modes. The method relative standard deviations for the analytes (0.1 µg/mL conc.) were ranged from 4.0 to 10.9% (n = 10). Enrichment factors ranged from 60 to 373. The method was successfully evaluated to simultaneously extract three different types of analytes (basic, acidic and neutral) from water samples. The recoveries ranged from 90.0 to 100.0%.
On the relation between the mean compressive strength and the characteristic one
Authors: Torrenti Jean Michel , Dehn Frank 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSince the beginning of the construction of structures with reinforced concrete, it has been known that concrete presents a variability that should be taken into account. In modern codes, this variability implies the use of a characteristic strength corresponding to a 5% fractile of the distribution of strength. The actual relation in Eurocode 2 between the characteristic and the mean strength
fck = fcm − 8 MPa was introduced several years ago by Rüsch and is integrated in CEB or fib model codes since 1978. In this article, it is presented how the relation was obtained and it is discussed if this relation is still valid considering the fact that the range of concrete strengths is now larger. Considering the scatter of the SD, the relation proposed by Rüsch could still be used but engineers should keep in mind that the SD on site could be very different from the one predicted by means of the relation between
fck and
fcm.
Mechanical and freezing cycles properties of geopolymer concrete with recycled aggregate
Authors: Nazarpour Hadi , Jamali Milad 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGeopolymer concrete as a green concrete has attracted great attention among scientists to reduce cement consumption and emissions. This study examines the use of recycled aggregates in geopolymer concrete as a substitute for coarse aggregates. To assess the mechanical performance, compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength were measured for 20 mixing designs and their relationships with suitable convergence were obtained. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images taken from the samples made with the highest and lowest resistance showed that the formation of hardened geopolymer gel depends on the concentration of chemical solutions. The results of the freezing and thawing cycle and mass loss of samples showed that the compressive strength of the geopolymer concrete had not decreased significantly and had a good durability in these conditions.
Cadmium and nickel co‐exposure exacerbates genotoxicity and not oxido‐inflammatory stress in liver and kidney of rats: Protective role of omega‐3 fatty acid
Authors: Owumi Solomon E. , Olayiwola Yusuff O. , Alao Gbenga E. , Gbadegesin Michael A. , Odunola Oyeronke A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe present study examined the influence of co‐exposure to cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) on hepatorenal function as well as the protective role of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω‐3FA) in rats. The animals were exposed to Cd (5 mg/kg) and Ni (150 μg/L in drinking water) singly or co‐exposed to both metals and ω‐3FA at 20 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days. Results showed that hepatorenal injury resulting from individual exposure to Cd or Ni was not aggravated in the co‐exposure group. Moreover, ω‐3FA markedly abrogated the reduction in the antioxidant enzyme activities, the increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and lipid peroxidation induced by Cd and Ni co‐exposure. Additionally, ω‐3FA administration markedly suppressed the increase in hepatic and renal myeloperoxidase activity, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin‐1 β levels in the co‐exposure group. Genotoxicity resulting from individual exposure to Cd or Ni was intensified in the co‐exposure group. However, ω‐3FA administration markedly ameliorated the genotoxicity and histological lesions in the co‐exposure group. Taken together, co‐exposure to Cd and Ni aggravated genotoxicity and not oxido‐inflammatory stress in the liver and kidney of rats. ω‐3FA abated hepatorenal injury and genotoxicity induced by Cd and Ni co‐exposure in rats.
Lipidomics: Current state of the art in a fast moving field
Authors: O'Donnell Valerie B. , Ekroos Kim , Liebisch Gerhard , Wakelam Michael 
Published: October 2019

AbstractLipids are essential for all facets of life. They play three major roles: energy metabolism, structural, and signaling. They are dynamic molecules strongly influenced by endogenous and exogenous factors including genetics, diet, age, lifestyle, drugs, disease and inflammation. As precision medicine starts to become mainstream, there is a huge burgeoning interest in lipids and their potential to act as unique biomarkers or prognostic indicators. Lipids comprise a large component of all metabolites (around one‐third), and our expanding knowledge about their dynamic behavior is fueling the hope that mapping their regulatory biochemical pathways on a systems level will revolutionize our ability to prevent, diagnose, and stratify major human diseases. Up to now, clinical lipid measurements have consisted primarily of total cholesterol or triglycerides, as a measure for cardiovascular risk and response to lipid lowering drugs. Nowadays, we are able to measure thousands of individual lipids that make up the lipidome. nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR) metabolomics is also being increasingly used in large cohort studies where it can report on total levels of selected lipid classes, and relative levels of fatty acid saturation. To support the application of lipidomics research, LIPID MAPS was established in 2003, and since then has gone on to become the go‐to resource for several lipid databases, lipid drawing tools, data deposition, and more recently lipidomics informatics tools, and a lipid biochemistry encyclopedia, LipidWeb. Alongside this, the recently established Lipidomics Standards Initiative plays a key role in standardization of lipidomics methodologies.This article is categorized under:

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Metabolomics
Analytical and Computational Methods > Analytical Methods
Is Canada Entitled to the Arctic?
Authors: Moore Margaret 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article is interested in the general question of what justifies territorial rights over unoccupied places, including places that are not occupied but are situated within the territorial borders of a state. This question arises because one of the most common defenses of rights over territory makes use of the idea of occupancy and has difficulty explaining such rights in places that are not occupied. It explores this question through an examination of the claims and arguments in the Canadian Arctic, which provides an historically specific test case for the merits and plausibility of the various arguments appealed to. It argues that territorial rights in unoccupied places, including the Canadian Arctic, are justified on different grounds than in occupied parts of the territory, and that the justification also affects the kinds of rights—particularly over resources—that such states can claim.
High versus low intensity: What is the optimal approach to prospective audit and feedback in an antimicrobial stewardship program?
Authors: Langford Bradley J. , Brown Kevin A. , Chan April J. , Downing Mark 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackground:Antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) interventions, such as prospective audit and feedback (PAF), have been shown to reduce antimicrobial use and improve patient outcomes. However, the optimal approach to PAF is unknown.Objective:We examined the impact of a high–intensity interdisciplinary rounds–based PAF compared to low–intensity PAF on antimicrobial use on internal medicine wards in a 400–bed community hospital.Methods:Prior to the intervention, ASP pharmacists performed low–intensity PAF with a focus on targeted antibiotics. Recommendations were made directly to the internist for each patient. High–intensity, rounds–based PAF was then introduced sequentially to 5 internal medicine wards. This PAF format included twice–weekly interdisciplinary rounds, with a review of all internal medicine patients receiving any antimicrobial agent. Antibiotic use and clinical outcomes were measured before and after the transition to high–intensity PAF. An interrupted time–series analysis was performed adjusting for seasonal and secular trends.Results:With the transition from low–intensity to high–intensity PAF, a reduction in overall usage was seen from 483 defined daily doses (DDD)/1,000 patient days (PD) during the low–intensity phase to 442 DDD/1,000 PD in the high–intensity phase (difference, −42; 95% confidence interval [CI], −74 to −9). The reduction in usage was more pronounced in the adjusted analysis, in the latter half of the high intensity period, and for targeted agents. There were no differences seen in clinical outcomes in the adjusted analysis.Conclusions:High–intensity PAF was associated with a reduction in antibiotic use compared to a low–intensity approach without any adverse impact on patient outcomes. A decision to implement high–intensity PAF approach should be weighed against the increased workload required.
The devil is in the details: Factors influencing hand hygiene adherence and contamination with antibiotic-resistant organisms among healthcare providers in nursing facilities
Authors: Mills John P. , Zhu Ziwei , Mantey Julia , Hatt Savannah , Patel Payal , Kaye Keith S. , Gibson Kristen , Cassone Marco , Lansing Bonnie , Mody Lona 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackground:Antibiotic-resistant organism (ARO) colonization rates in skilled nursing facilities (NFs) are high; hand hygiene is crucial to interrupt transmission. We aimed to determine factors associated with hand hygiene adherence in NFs and to assess rates of ARO acquisition among healthcare personnel (HCP).Methods:HCP were observed during routine care at 6 NFs. We recorded hand hygiene adherence, glove use, activities, and time in room. HCP hands were cultured before and after patient care; patients and high-touch surfaces were cultured. HCP activities were categorized as high-versus low-risk for self-contamination. Multivariable regression was performed to identify predictors of hand hygiene adherence.Results:We recorded 385 HCP observations and paired them with cultures performed before and after patient care. Hand hygiene adherence occurred in 96 of 352 observations (27.3%) before patient care and 165 of 358 observations (46.1%) after patient care. Gloves were worn in 169 of 376 observations (44.9%). Higher adherence was associated with glove use before patient care (odds ratio [OR], 2.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44–4.54) and after patient care (OR, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.77–5.48). Compared with nurses, certified nurse assistants had lower hand hygiene adherence (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.15–0.67) before patient care and physical/occupational therapists (OR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.11–0.44) after patient care. Hand hygiene varied by activity performed and time in the room. HCP hands were contaminated with AROs in 35 of 385 cultures of hands before patient care (0.9%) and 22 of 350 cultures of hands after patient care (6.3%).Conclusions:Hand hygiene adherence in NFs remain low; it is influenced by job title, type of care activity, and glove use. Hand hygiene programs should incorporate these unique care and staffing factors to reduce ARO transmission.
Drag reduction in boiling Taylor–Couette turbulence
Authors: Ezeta Rodrigo , Bakhuis Dennis , Huisman Sander G. , Sun Chao , Lohse Detlef 
Published: October 2019

We create a highly controlled laboratory environment – accessible to both global and local monitoring – to analyse turbulent boiling flows and in particular their shear stress in a statistically stationary state. By precisely monitoring the drag of strongly turbulent Taylor–Couette flow (the flow in between two coaxially rotating cylinders, Reynolds number$Re\approx 10^{6}$) during its transition from non-boiling to boiling, we show that the intuitive expectation, namely that a few volume per cent of vapour bubbles would correspondingly change the global drag by a few per cent, is wrong. Rather, we find that for these conditions a dramatic global drag reduction of up to 45 % occurs. We connect this global result to our local observations, showing that for major drag reduction the vapour bubble deformability is crucial, corresponding to Weber numbers larger than one. We compare our findings with those for turbulent flows with gas bubbles, which obey very different physics from those of vapour bubbles. Nonetheless, we find remarkable similarities and explain these.
Orthogonal experimental research on the structural parameters of a novel drill bit used for ice core drilling with air reverse circulation
Authors: Cao Pinlu , Zhao Qi , Chen Zhuo , Cao Hongyu , Chen Baoyi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA new type of ice core drill bit, designed with a vane swirler, was developed for ice core drilling with air reverse circulation. An orthogonal experimental design method was employed to investigate the effects of the swirler structure parameters on the reverse circulation performance of the drill bit including helical angle, number of blades, blade length and blade central angle, etc. The entrainment ratio was used to evaluate the reverse circulation effectiveness of the drill bit. The results show that the helical angle is the dominant factor regardless of whether or not the flushing nozzles are part of the design of the drill bit. The number of blades is the least important factor for the drill bit designed with the flushing nozzles (referred to as drill bit I), while the outlet area of the swirling slot is the least influential factor for the drill bit without flushing nozzles (referred to as drill bit П). In addition, the appearance of the ice core has a certain effect on the air reverse circulation for both drill bits. Within the ranges of this study, the optimal structure of the drill bit was determined based on the range analysis of the orthogonal design.
The SLS and the modern history of Libya
Authors: Kelly Saul 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Society for Libyan Studies has been in the forefront of research and writing on the modern history of Libya. The example was set by the first president of the society, Sir Duncan Cumming. Following the defeat of Axis forces in North Africa in 1942–43, he was closely involved with the British military administration of Libya. In this role he was instrumental in establishing local self-government and lobbying for Libyan independence, finally achieved in 1951. In retrospect it is clear that he also laid the groundwork for the study of the emergence of Libya as a modern state. Historians and members of the SLS, such as John Wright, have followed suit and have made major contributions through their books and articles to our understanding of the history of Libya. Long may this continue.
Digitising Libyan heritage: inscriptions and toponomy
Authors: Abdelhamed Muna H. Haroun , Roueché Charlotte 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe new digital technologies have become an effective tool for researchers in different fields. Historians and archaeologists who are studying Greek and Roman Libya have benefited from technical developments in presenting different kinds of data, particularly relating to the epigraphy and toponymy of Libya. They have recently published several resources, and are working on more. This study presents the story of how scholars have collected a variety of Libyan heritage materials and published them online; the account makes it clear that these digital projects are the result of extensive and ongoing collaboration between researchers from different countries, including Libya. They have worked together, and are still working to produce valuable online corpora of inscriptions alongside the Heritage Gazetteer of Libya which records names used at different times, and in a variety of languages, of heritage sites. We also discuss plans for further improving the accessibility of these materials, and encouraging their wider use.
The effect of Pleistocene glacial morphogenesis on the genetic structure of the humid- and cold-tolerant root voleMicrotus oeconomus(Rodentia, Cricetidae) in Poland, central Europe
Authors: Jancewicz Elżbieta , Falkowska Ewa 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDuring the Pleistocene in the northern part of Europe and Asia, the presence of ice sheets not only limited the range of species but also influenced landscape and thus the contemporary habitat system that determines the pattern of biodiversity. The aim of the research was to find out whether and how a lowland landscape, which formed as a result of subsequent Pleistocene glaciations (five) that in Eurasia covered various and generally successively smaller areas, affected the genetic differentiation of a species. The research was carried out in eastern Poland on the root voleMicrotus oeconomus(Arvicolinae, Rodentia), a model boreal and hygrophilous species. Samples were collected from 549 vole individuals at 33 locations. Based on the analysis of 12 microsatellite loci and the 908 bp of cytochrome b sequences (mitochondrial DNA), the genetic structure ofM. oeconomusin the landscape zones of the Polish Lowlands was determined. The results show that the latitudinal variability of the relief in eastern Poland (resulting from different ranges of Pleistocene ice sheets) and the related specific configuration of hydrogenic habitats are reflected in the genetic differentiation of the root vole. Therefore, it may be concluded that the history of landscape development affects the genetic structure of hydrophilic species.
Effect of dietary threonine on growth performance and muscle growth, protein synthesis and antioxidant-related signalling pathways of hybrid catfishPelteobagrus vachelli♀ ×Leiocassis longirostris♂
Authors: Zhao Ye , Jiang Qin , Zhou Xiao-Qiu , Xu Shang-Xiao , Feng Lin , Liu Yang , Jiang Wei-Dan , Wu Pei , Zhao Juan , Jiang Jun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary threonine (Thr) on growth performance and muscle growth, protein synthesis and antioxidant-related signalling pathways of hybrid catfishPelteobagrus vachelli♀ ×Leiocassis longirostris♂. A total of 1200 fish (14·19 (se0·13) g) were randomly distributed into six groups with four replicates each, fed six diets with graded level of Thr (9·5, 11·5, 13·5, 15·4, 17·4 and 19·3 g/kg diets) for 56 d. Results showed (P< 0·05) that dietary Thr (1) increased percentage weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio; (2) up-regulated growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen, myogenic regulation factors (MyoD, Myf5, MyoG and Mrf4) and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) mRNA levels; (3) increased muscle protein content via regulating the protein kinase B/target of rapamycin signalling pathway and (4) decreased malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents, increased catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase and GSH activities, up-regulated mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes related to NFE2-related factor 2 andγ-glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit. These results suggest that Thr has a potential role to improve muscle growth and protein synthesis, which might be due to the regulation of GH-IGF system, muscle growth-related gene, antioxidative capacity and protein synthesis-related signalling pathways. Based on the quadratic regression analysis of specific growth rate, the Thr requirement of hybrid catfish (14·19–25·77 g) was estimated to be 13·77 g/kg of the diet (33·40 g/kg of dietary protein).