bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological and Clinical Findings of Short-Term Recurrence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase Chain Reaction Positivity in 1282 Discharged Coronavirus Disease 2019 Cases: A Multicenter, Retrospective, Observational Study
Authors: Chen Sheng-Long , Xu Hui , Feng Hui-Ying , Sun Jiu-Feng , Li Xin , Zhou Lin , Song Wen-Liang , Huang Shan-Shan , He Jun-Lei , Deng Yi-Yu , Wang Rui-Jie , Fang Ming 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Short-term recurrence of positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in discharged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients attracts the public’s concern. This study aimed to determine the clinical and epidemiological results of such patients.

Methods
This retrospective study was conducted on 32 designated hospitals for COVID-19 patients discharged from January 14 to March 10, 2020. After 28-day followed-up, patients who tested positive again for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and confirmed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were re-admitted to hospital for further treatments. All of the close contacts of patients who tested positive again were asked to self-segregate for 14 days. Data of epidemiology, symptoms, laboratory tests, and treatments were analyzed in those patients, and their close contacts were investigated.

Results
Of 1282 discharged patients, 189 (14.74%) tested positive again for SARS-CoV-2 RNA during 28-day follow-up. The median time from discharge to the next positive test was 8 days (interquartile range [IQR], 5–13). Patients in the group that tested positive again were younger (34 vs 45 years, P &lt; .001) with a higher proportion of moderate symptoms (95.77% vs 84.35%, P &lt; .001) in the first hospitalization than in the negative group. During the second hospitalization, all patients who tested positive again showed normal peripheral white blood cells and lymphocytes and no new symptoms of COVID-19; 78.31% further improved on chest computed tomography scan compared with the first discharge, yet 25.93% accepted antiviral therapy. The median time of re-positive to negative test was 8 days (IQR, 4–15). None of the close contacts developed COVID-19.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that the short-term recurrence of positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA in discharged patients is not a relapse of COVID-19, and the risk of onward transmission is very low. This provides important information for managing COVID-19 patients.
Prevention of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device–Related Infection in Patients With Cancer: The Role of a Comprehensive Prophylactic Bundle Approach That Includes the Antimicrobial Mesh
Authors: Khalil Melissa , Karimzad Kaveh , Durand Jean-Bernard , Malek Alexandre E , Raad Issam I , Viola George M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Oncological patients have several additional risk factors for developing a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED)–related infection. Therefore, we evaluated the clinical impact of our comprehensive bundle approach that includes the novel minocycline and rifampin antimicrobial mesh (TYRX) for the prevention of CIED infections in patients living with cancer.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed all consecutive patients who had a CIED placement at our institution during 2012–2017 who received preoperative vancomycin, intraoperative pocket irrigation with bacitracin and polymyxin B, plus TYRX antimicrobial mesh, followed by postoperative oral minocycline.

Results
A total of 154 patients had a CIED, with 97 permanent pacemakers (PPMs), 23 implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), and 34 cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices. An underlying solid cancer was present in 62% of patients, while 38% had a hematologic malignancy. Apart from a higher proportion of surgical interventions in the PPM group than in the ICD and CRT groups (P = .007), no other oncologic variables were statistically significantly different between groups. Despite an extensive median follow-up period (interquartile range) of 21.9 (6.7–33.8) months, 16 patients (10%) had a mechanical complication, while only 2 patients (1.3%) developed a CIED infection, requiring the device to be explanted.

Conclusions
Our comprehensive prophylactic bundle approach using TYRX antimicrobial mesh in an oncologic population at high risk for infections was revealed upon extensive follow-up to be both safe and effective in maintaining the rate of CIED infection at 1.3%, well within published averages in the broader population of CIED recipients.
Remedies, Analysed

†
Authors: Steel Sandy 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
While an extensive literature exists on the nature and justification of particular remedies, such as compensation or restitution, the nature and justification of remedies in general is less well explored. This article reviews Stephen Smith’s Rights, Wrongs, and Injustices: The Structure of Remedial Law, which offers an account of the nature of remedies, why courts award them, and a taxonomy of the grounds of private law remedies. The article considers the following questions addressed or raised by the book: (i) What is a remedy? (ii) Why do courts grant remedies? (iii) What are the grounds of remedies? and (iv) Should remedial law be considered an area of law? Each section sets out and analyses Smith’s answers and some alternative views are outlined. For example, I sketch a different account of the concept of a remedy which is not restricted to rulings, refine the book’s account of the distinction between substantive and remedial law, and offer reasons to doubt that the grounds of remedies are fully reducible to wrongs, injustices and Right threats.
A GPU-accelerated image reduction pipeline
Authors: Niwano Masafumi , Murata Katsuhiro L , Adachi Ryo , Wang Sili , Tachibana Yutaro , Yatsu Yoichi , Kawai Nobuyuki , Shimokawabe Takashi , Itoh Ryosuke 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We developed a high-speed image reduction pipeline using Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) as hardware accelerators. Astronomers desire to detect the emission measure counterpart of gravitational-wave sources as soon as possible and to share in the systematic follow-up observation. Therefore, high-speed image processing is important. We developed a new image-reduction pipeline for our robotic telescope system, which uses a GPU via the Python package CuPy for high-speed image processing. As a result, the new pipeline has increased in processing speed by more than 40 times compared with the current one, while maintaining the same functions.
Designing Trials with Purpose: Pragmatic Clinical Trials of Nonpharmacological Approaches for Pain Management
Authors: Gordon Kirsha S , Peduzzi Peter , Kerns Robert D 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective
Pain is one of the most significant causes of morbidity and disability worldwide. The efficacy of several nonpharmacological approaches for pain management has been established, but significant gaps exist between this evidence and their limited availability and use in routine clinical practice. Questions remain about their effectiveness and how best to integrate them in usual care to optimize patient-centered outcomes. Pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) may help address this gap. Informed by the Pragmatic Explanatory Continuum Indicator Summary (PRECIS-2), we sought to describe the key features of optimized PCTs of nonpharmacological approaches for the management of pain and common co-occurring conditions.

Methods
To accomplish this objective, we searched the published literature on PCTs of nonpharmacological pain management approaches from 2010–2019 and applied the PRECIS-2 criteria. We discuss key PRECIS-2 domains of interest for designing and performing PCTs and cite specific examples from the published literature as potential models for future PCTs.

Results
We found 13 nonpharmacological PCTs. They were heterogeneous in size, recruitment, follow-up time, and location. The lessons learned from these studies led us to explicate key features of trials on the explanatory–pragmatic continuum across the PRECIS-2 domains that can be used by future investigators when designing their clinical trials of nonpharmacological approaches to pain management.

Conclusions
We encourage the increased application of PCTs to produce timely and valuable results and products that will inform the development of safe and effective integrated pain care plans that optimize important patient-centered outcomes.
Construct Validity of a Task-Oriented Bimanual and Unimanual Strength Measurement in Children With Unilateral Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Geijen Mellanie , Rameckers Eugene , Bastiaenen Caroline , Gordon Andrew , Smeets Rob 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective
The purposes of this study were to (1) investigate aspects of construct validity of peak force measurements of crate-and-pitcher tasks using the Task-oriented Arm-hAnd Capacity (TAAC), an instrument designed to measure task-oriented arm and hand strength for cross-sectional and evaluation purposes, and (2) compare TAAC measurements with those of comparative measures using COSMIN guidelines.

Methods
In this cross-sectional validity study, participants were 105 children (mean age = 12 years 10 months; number of boys = 66) diagnosed with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP). Ten a priori hypotheses were formulated with peak force of the TAAC as index measure and compared with measures on body functions and structure and activity level of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth. Strength and direction of the relationship between the TAAC and comparative measures were investigated by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients (r).

Results
On body functions and structures level, low-to-moderate positive correlations (0.493–0.687) were found. On activity level, low negative and positive correlations (−0.271 to 0.387) were found.

Conclusion
The construct of peak force measurement of the TAAC is in line with the a priori hypotheses with comparators on body function and structures and activity level, indicating a partial overlap of the construct of the TAAC with both International Classification of Functioning levels. The TAAC appears to be valuable, as it measures functional strength that differs from the constructs of the comparators. More research with a larger population and more comparators is needed.

Impact
Clinically relevant information is lacking about the use of strength and strength measurement during daily activities in children with UCP. This study shows that the TAAC provides unique information about functional strength in children with UCP.
Anonymity or Distance? Job Search and Labour Market Exclusion in a Growing African City
Authors: Abebe Girum , Caria A Stefano , Fafchamps Marcel , Falco Paolo , Franklin Simon , Quinn Simon 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe show that helping young job seekers signal their skills to employers generates large and persistent improvements in their labour market outcomes. We do this by comparing an intervention that improves the ability to signal skills (the “job application workshop”) to a transport subsidy treatment designed to reduce the cost of job search. In the short run, both interventions have large positive effects on the probability of finding a formal job. The workshop also increases the probability of having a stable job with an open-ended contract. Four years later, the workshop significantly increases earnings, job satisfaction, and employment duration, but the effects of the transport subsidy have dissipated. Gains are concentrated on individuals who generally have worse labour market outcomes. Overall, our findings highlight that young people possess valuable skills that are unobservable to employers. Making these skills observable generates earnings gains that are far greater than the cost of the intervention.
Risks and Returns of Cryptocurrency
Authors: Liu Yukun , Tsyvinski Aleh 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We establish that cryptocurrency returns are driven and can be predicted by factors that are specific to cryptocurrency markets. Cryptocurrency returns are exposed to cryptocurrency network factors but not cryptocurrency production factors. We construct the network factors to capture the user adoption of cryptocurrencies and the production factors to proxy for the costs of cryptocurrency production. Moreover, there is a strong time-series momentum effect, and proxies for investor attention strongly forecast future cryptocurrency returns.
National policy councils for science, technology, and innovation: A scheme for structural definition and implementation
Authors: Cevallos Rodrigo A , Merino Moreno Carlos 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNational policy councils for science, technology, and innovation have become a common institutional arrangement in supporting governments to overcome the problems of coordination derived from the complexity of national innovation systems. These organizations are expected to involve stakeholders with strategic capacity in defining long-term goals for science, technology, and innovation, to coordinate efforts and to monitor execution. However, governments face several options to devise the proper council for their purposes, and the absence of a common framework may induce theoretical and analytical difficulties. This exploratory and descriptive study proposes a scheme for defining the structure of such a council and a comprehensive approach that is based on the novel Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) database; analyzing the results obtained for thirty-one countries. The results obtained from the index confirm heterogeneity, while the clustering suggests three types of councils. The proposed scheme provides a standard tool for the study and implementation of these councils.
Can the digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles fed to pigs at two stages of growth be enhanced through management of particle size using a hammermill or a roller mill?
Authors: Acosta Jesus A , Petry Amy L , Gould Stacie A , Jones Cassandra K , Stark Charles R , Fahrenholz Adam C , Patience John F 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the impact of reducing the mean particle size (PS) of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with a hammermill (HM) or with a roller mill (RM) on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), N, acid hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), and fiber components in growing and finishing pigs. Twenty-four growing barrows were housed in individual pens and were randomly assigned to a 3 × 2 factorial design (n = 8): three grinding methods [either corn DDGS ground with an HM to a PS of 450 μm; corn DDGS ground with an RM to a PS of 450 μm; and corn DDGS with a PS of 670 μm (not further ground)] and two body weight (BW) periods (growing pigs with an average initial BW of 54.7 ± 0.9 kg, and finishing pigs with an average initial BW of 107.8 ± 1.5 kg BW). Fecal samples were collected for each BW period in the last 3 d of an 11-d feeding period. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker. Digestibility data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Results showed that finishing pigs tended to have better ATTD of DM than growing pigs (P = 0.09) and had increased ATTD of GE and N than growing pigs (P = 0.03 and P &lt; 0.01, respectively). On the other hand, growing pigs had better ATTD of AEE than finishing pigs (P = 0.01). Pig BW period did not affect the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and hemicellulose. Reducing the mean PS of corn DDGS with either HM or RM (from 670 to 450 µm) improved the ATTD of DM and GE (P &lt; 0.01 and P &lt; 0.01), tended to improve the ATTD of N (P = 0.08), and improved the ATTD of AEE (P &lt; 0.01). No effect of reducing PS was observed for the ATTD of NDF, ADF, or hemicellulose. There were no differences between HM and RM in any of the ATTD variables tested. In conclusion, reducing PS of corn DDGS from 670 to 450 μm either with an HM or with an RM improved the digestibility of DM, GE, and AEE and modestly improved the digestibility of N in growing and finishing pigs. However, reducing the PS of corn DDGS did not affect the digestibility of fiber components.
Loss-adjusting
Authors: Jones Abigail , Caes Line , Eccleston Christopher , Noel Melanie , Rugg Tessa , Jordan Abbie 
Published: September 2020

Objectives:
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain condition that can present specific difficulties when occurring in adolescence. There is limited work exploring future narratives of healthy adolescents, and how these may differ for those who have chronic health conditions, but there is no research on the future narratives of adolescents who have CRPS.

Materials and Methods:
In this study, 50 adolescents (44 females, 5 males, 1 preferred not to say) aged 14 to 25 years (mean=19.8, SD=3.68), completed an online story completion task, with a further sample of 10 completing a follow-up telephone interview.

Results:
Story completion data were initially analyzed deductively based on the work of Morley and colleagues using hoped-for and feared-for future codes, revealing higher instances of hope (291 over 48 stories) than fear (99 over 27 stories). These codes were subsequently analyzed alongside the in-depth interview data using inductive thematic analysis, generating 2 themes that represent distinct, yet related, approaches of how adolescents incorporate CRPS into their future narratives: (1) the centrality of loss theme identifies the ways some adolescents described how CRPS brings loss, with narratives focused on how these adolescents imagine such losses continuing into the future, and (2) the adjusting to loss theme illustrates the ways other adolescents were able to imagine a future in which they were able to adjust to the losses which CRPS may bring.

Discussion:
CRPS may damage the future plans of adolescents. However, being or learning how to be flexible about these goals, may help them to build more positive future narratives.
Comparisons of the Sensitivity and Reliability of Multiple Measures of Listening Effort
Authors: Giuliani Nicholas P. , Brown Carolyn J. , Wu Yu-Hsiang 
Published: September 2020

Objectives:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and reliability of one subjective (rating scale) and three objective (dual-task paradigm, pupillometry, and skin conductance response amplitude) measures of listening effort across multiple signal to noise ratios (SNRs).

Design:
Twenty adults with normal hearing attended two sessions and listened to sentences presented in quiet and in stationary noise at three different SNRs: 0, –3, and –5 dB. Listening effort was assessed by examining change in reaction time (dual-task paradigm), change in peak to peak pupil diameter (pupillometry), and change in mean skin conductance response amplitude; self-reported listening effort on a scale from 0 to 100 was also evaluated. Responses were averaged within each SNR and based on three word recognition ability categories (≤50%, 51% to 71%, and >71%) across all SNRs. Measures were considered reliable if there were no significant changes between sessions, and intraclass correlation coefficients were a minimum of 0.40. Effect sizes were calculated to compare the sensitivity of the measures.

Results:
Intraclass correlation coefficient values indicated fair-to-moderate reliability for all measures while individual measurement sensitivity was variable. Self-reports were sensitive to listening effort but were less reliable, given that subjective effort was greater during the dual task than either of the physiologic measures. The dual task was sensitive to a narrow range of word recognition abilities but was less reliable as it exhibited a global decrease in reaction time across sessions. Pupillometry was consistently sensitive and reliable to changes in listening effort. Skin conductance response amplitude was not sensitive or reliable while the participants listened to the sentences. Skin conductance response amplitude during the verbal response was sensitive to poor (≤50%) speech recognition abilities; however, it was less reliable as there was a significant change in amplitude across sessions.

Conclusions:
In this study, pupillometry was the most sensitive and reliable objective measure of listening effort. Intersession variability significantly influenced the other objective measures of listening effort, which suggests challenges for cross-study comparability. Therefore, intraclass correlation coefficients combined with other statistical tests more fully describe the reliability of measures of listening effort across multiple difficulties. Minimizing intersession variability will increase measurement sensitivity. Further work toward standardized methods and analysis will strengthen our understanding of the reliability and sensitivity of measures of listening effort and better facilitate cross-modal and cross-study comparisons.
Stability-Based Classification of Ankle Fractures—The Long-Term Outcome After 11–13 Years of Follow-up
Authors: Karkkola Sini , Kortekangas Tero , Pakarinen Harri , Flinkkilä Tapio , Niinimäki Jaakko , Leskelä Hannu-Ville 
Published: September 2020

Objectives:
To assess the long-term functional and radiological outcome, as well as complications and reoperations of ankle fracture patients treated based on stability classification.

Design:
Retrospective.

Setting:
Main Trauma Center, University Hospital.

Patients and Interventions:
One hundred sixty patients were treated based on stability classification. After a mean follow-up of 12 years, 102 patients were assessed; 67 visited the outpatient clinic, and standard standing ankle radiographs were taken; osteoarthritis (OA) was graded according to Kellgren–Lawrence classification. The remaining patients (n = 35) were followed up via mail or telephone. The complications and reoperations of all 160 patients were collected from electronic patient records.

Main Outcome Measures:
Olerud–Molander ankle score, foot and ankle outcome score, visual analog scale, RAND-36 item health survey, range-of-motion measurements, and Kellgren–Lawrence OA classification.

Results:
Very good to excellent ankle functional outcome was reported by 96% of the stable fracture group [mean Olerud–Molander ankle score (OMAS), 92; range, 20–100] and 82% of the unstable group (mean OMAS, 86; range, 30–100). For patients with an unstable fracture, OMAS and VAS pain scores significantly improved from 2 to 12 years, even though higher grades of radiologic OA were found. No patients with fractures deemed stable needed operative intervention even in the long-term follow-up. Instead, 30% of the operatively treated patients underwent reoperation during the long follow-up.

Conclusions:
The treatment of ankle fractures based on stability-based classification led to predictable, functionally good outcomes even during long-term follow-up. Ankle fractures can reliably be deemed stable based on this classification and treated without failures in the long term.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.