bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
M73. DRIVING ABILITIES IN PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Pardeller Silvia , Biedermann Falko , Haibach Maria , Holzner Bernhard , Kemmler Georg , Kurzthaler Ilsemarie , Hofer Alex 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Driving ability is a relevant factor of individual autonomy for patients suffering from psychiatric diseases. The aim of this naturalistic study was to determine the driving ability of clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia and to determine relevant parameters for possible deficits.

Methods
We included 50 outpatients with schizophrenia (ICD-10) between the ages of 18 and 65 who were on stable psychopharmacological treatment for at least three months. By means of the Wiener Testsystem (Schuhfried), reaction behaviour, the ability to observe and gain overview, reaction time, certainty in decision making as well as concentration and attention were tested. Symptomatology and extrapyramidal motor symptoms (EPS) were investigated by using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Modified Simpson Angus Scale (MSAS), respectively.

Results
The mean PANSS score of 55.3 ± 16.2 indicated that patients were merely mildly ill at the time of study inclusion. 48% had a MSAS score ≥3. 44% had adequate driving-specific abilities. 20% showed slight psychomotor impairments, and 36 % were considered as unfit to drive. 41.1% of the patients with a valid driver’s license were not able to drive. There was a strong correlation between EPS and driving ability, while residual symptomatology was not relevant in this context.

Discussion
Personal mobility is an important aspect of quality of life in people with schizophrenia. Possible danger for the general public may be conflicting with this point of view. Our investigation suggests that EPS have a major influence on the ability to drive. The missing correlation between residual symptomatology and driving abilities, on the other hand, may be explained by low mean PANSS scores. Further studies with larger sample sizes are urgently needed to address this issue.
M89. PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS FOR SMOKING CESSATION AMONG PEOPLE WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Siskind Dan , Wu Brian , Wong Tommy , Kisely Steve 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
People living with schizophrenia are 3 times more likely to smoke than the general population, and have fewer and less successful quitting attempts. In concert with psychosocial quit interventions, there is a need for evidence based pharmacological interventions to assist people living with schizophrenia achieve smoking abstinence.

Methods
We systematically searched PubMed, PsycInfo, EMBASE and Cochrane for randomised controlled trials of pharmacological interventions for reducing smoking among people living with schizophrenia. We conducted pairwise and network meta-analyses of effectiveness of interventions for achieving abstinence and reduction in smoking. We also examined psychiatric and physical adverse events of interventions.

Results
Nineteen studies were included in the systematic review. Data was available for buproprion, varenicline and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Buproprion (RR 3.4, 95%CI 1.6–7.3, p=0.002), varenicline (RR 3.8, 95%CI 2.0–7.2, p&lt;0.001) and NRT (RR 4.3, 95%CI 1.7–10.7, p=0.002) were all associated with increased rates of abstinence in pairwise meta-analyses. In a network meta-analysis varenicline was superior to buproprion (RR 2.0, 95%CI 1.0–3.9), however there was no statistically significant difference between varenicline and NRT or buproprion and NRT. Varenicline was associated with higher rates of nausea than placebo.

Discussion
Buproprion, varenicline and NRT were all superior to placebo for achieving abstinence. Varenicline appears to be superior to buproprion for achieving abstinence, however varenicline is associated with higher rates of nausea.
M218. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JUMPING TO CONCLUSIONS AND OTHER COGNITIVE BIASES AND SOCIAL COGNITION IN PEOPLE WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Garcia-Franco Mar , Vilamala-Anton Sonia , Prat Gemma , Jose EScandell Maria , Martínez Jose Ramón , Cano Ivan , Muñoz Ana , Torras Romina , Calderón Maria , Verdaguer Marina , Call Maria , Ochoa Susana 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Deficits in jumping to conclusions and social cognition have been described in people with schizophrenia. The aims of the study are to relate jumping to conclusions with social cognition and other cognitive biases in people with schizophrenia attended in rehabilitation services.

Methods
A descriptive study was performed. The subjects of our study were persons from 18 to 65 years old, attended in rehabilitation services, with schizophrenia diagnoses and other diagnoses with presence of psychotic symptoms (depression, bipolar disorder, borderline disorder, delusional disease, schizoaffective, and schizotypal personality).
The variables included were JTC considered three beads tasks with different proportions: 85:15%, 60:40% and 60:40% salient task. Moreover, cognitive insight (BCIS), attributional style (IPSAQ), and Hinting Task -Theory of Mind (ToM) were assessed.
A T student analysis was done in order to compare JTC with the rest of the quantitative variables.

Results
People who jump to conclusions in the salient task scored higher in self-certainty BCIS (p=0.028), in self attribution for negative events (p=0.036) and lower in attribution to other people of negative events (p=0.028). A tendency was found between the presence of JTC and ToM (p=0.051). In the task of 85-15 only a tendency was found between presence of JTC and higher scores in the personalizing bias (p=0.079). Moreover, in the task of 60:40 a tendency was found between presence of JTC and worse performance in the ToM test (p=0.051).

Discussion
We found a relationship between jumping to conclusions and self-certainty and self-attributions for negative events; as well as, it is a tendency that higher jumping to conclusions is related with worst ToM. There are important clinic implications of this, because we know that jumping to conclusions and theory of mind is related with the formation and maintenance of delusions.
S77. ROLE OF DOPAMINE AND GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTERS IN GENERATION OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC EFFICACY
Authors: Kruyer Anna , Parrilla Carrero Jeffrey , Amato Davide 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Antipsychotic drugs are the first line intervention to treat psychosis in schizophrenia and D2 receptor blockade is thought to be their primary mechanism of action. However, multiple lines of evidence from human and animal studies show that D2 receptor blockade is not always correlated with markers of antipsychotic efficacy. We previously demonstrated that reduced antipsychotic efficacy occurs after chronic antipsychotic administration in rodents despite stable D2 blockade, examined using PET imaging. Instead, we found that changes in expression of the dopamine transporter (DAT) were associated with decreases in endogenous dopamine and dopamine-mediated autoinhibition. These studies have led us to examine the DAT as a critical player in generation of an antipsychotic response.

Methods
Using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides, administered for 3 consecutive days using Long Evans rats, we selectively blocked translation of DAT or GLT-1 mRNA in the core of the nucleus accumbens, a brain region critical for motor outputs in response to salient stimuli. Baseline locomotion was monitored prior to and after an acute i.p. injection of haloperidol. Next, locomotion was monitored in response to a tail pinch or acute i.p. administration of cocaine. Transporter expression was quantified during acute or chronic haloperidol treatment using confocal microscopy.

Results
We found that DAT knockdown enhanced tail pinch-induced locomotion after acute haloperidol administration. Additionally, knockdown of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 strongly enhanced locomotion induced by tail pinch or cocaine injection after antipsychotic treatment. Confocal analysis of GLT-1 expression after acute or chronic haloperidol revealed significant GLT-1 up-regulation during a time period associated with antipsychotic efficacy.

Discussion
Our findings demonstrate a cause/effect relationship between reduced DAT and the behavioral response to an acute injection of antipsychotics in rodents. In all, our data point to the importance of both dopamine and glutamate uptake in the efficacy of antipsychotic drugs and argue against a D2-centric hypothesis of antipsychotic action.
S226. DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY DETECTION AND EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES WITHIN PSYCHIATRIC CARE IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Authors: Dvorakova Monika , Kondratova Lucie 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Early Detection (ED) and Early Intervention (EI) are specialized services aiming at early diagnosis and early treatment of psychosis. There are evidence-based effects of ED and EI services that cannot be overlooked, such as early recognition of prodromal symptoms, preventing the adverse effects of untreated psychosis, lowering the risk of hospitalization, and therefore it has become part of the ongoing mental health care reform in the Czech Republic.

Methods
A total of 12 mental health professionals were trained in order to provide specialised ED and EI services within three regions in the Czech Republic – Prague 8, Pilsen and Blansko. All people aged 16 to 60 years who live in a predefined catchment area and are (a) at risk of developing psychosis, (b) in the first episode of psychosis or (c) are treated with psychosis for less than 3 years, are eligible for the service. Standardised assessment tools are being used for clients’ assessment (GAF, HoNOS, PANSS and CAARMS).

Results
Three multidisciplinary ED and EI teams were established in 2019 in the Czech Republic. Psychiatrist, psychologist, nurse and social worker are involved in each team. Presented data will describe psychosocial interventions and detection activities from 1/4/2019 to 1/4/2020.

Discussion
The psychiatric care system in the Czech Republic is predominantly built on large psychiatric institutions and there is a lack of community mental health services. Since the hospitalization is usually the first contact with mental health care services, there is a high potential of ED and EI services to prevent admission and readmission to the psychiatric hospital through early recognition of prodromal symptoms and reduction of the duration of untreated psychosis.
S239. EVALUATION OF A POINT OF CARE DEVICE IN IMPROVING PHYSICAL HEALTH CHECK UPTAKE IN TWO COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH TEAMS
Authors: Butler Joseph , de Cassan Simone , Lennox Belinda , Turner Phillip , Glogowska Margaret , Fanshawe Tom , Hayward Gail 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Patients with Severe Mental Illness (SMI) have a life expectancy 15–20 years below that of the general population, mediated predominantly by the complications of poor cardiovascular health. Physical healthcare for this population is shared between General Practice (GP) and Community Mental Health Teams (CMHTs) and encompasses a NICE-recommended annual physical health check, to screen for cardiovascular complications. Audit findings in 2017 across the South of England show poor physical health check completion (38%), typically because HbA1c and Lipid Panel blood tests were omitted. Traditionally, patients are advised to attend their GP surgery for these tests, which can be a challenge for patients with SMI.
There is a growing market of POC devices able to calculate an HbA1c or Lipid Panel in rapidly from ‘fingerprick’ samples of blood at, or near the site of the patient. The Cardiovascular Monitoring in Mental Health (CARMEN) project hypothesised that test uptake would be improved by implementation of a ‘Point of Care’ (POC) blood testing device in two CMHTs.

Methods
We embedded the ‘Afinion’ device into an Early Intervention Team and an Adult Mental Health Team in Oxfordshire for six months. Training was provided to care coordinators with ongoing support to facilitate engagement with the device. We compared rates of blood test and full physical health check completion in the intervention teams to a matched early intervention team and adult mental health term in Buckinghamshire. We performed semi-structured interviews with patients receiving POC-augmented care and clinicians from the intervention teams.

Results
Data showed that whilst the Adult Mental Health team did not engage with the device and saw no change in outcomes, the Early Intervention Team did engage and increased rates of physical health check completion from 22.6% to 40.3% of their caseload per 6 months. Completion in the control CMHT was 7.8%. Similar trends were seen in rates of HbA1c and Lipid Panel completion. Qualitative interviews revealed universal patient support for POC and diverse attitudes to the role of the mental health teams in providing physical healthcare. We explored how clinicians engaged and why they didn’t engage with the device, and how access to POC modulated the therapeutic relationship.

Discussion
Our findings show that using POC for Physical Health Checks is acceptable to patients with SMI and mental health care clinicians, many of whom are from a non-clinical background. In teams where it is well adopted, POC testing can improve physical health check completion in the SMI population, although our qualitative findings highlight important considerations for maximising clinician engagement.
Effects of timing and size of meals prior to farrowing on sow and litter performance
Authors: Gourley Kiah M , Swanson Analicia J , Royall Rafe Q , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D , Hastad Chad W , Woodworth Jason C 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA total of 727 mixed parity (µ = 3.8) sows were used to evaluate the effects of timing and size of meals before farrowing on sow and litter performance. Upon entry to the farrowing house (day 113), sows were blocked by weight within parity and allotted to one of three three feeding management strategies until farrowing: (1) 2.7 kg lactation diet (1.15% standardized ileal digestible lysine and 2,153 kcal/kg net energy) once daily at 0700 hours; (2) four daily meals of 0.67 kg (0100, 0700, 1300, and 1900 hours); (3) ad libitum lactation diet and encouraged to consume feed at 0100, 0700, 1300, and 1900 hours. After farrowing, all sows were provided lactation diets fed on an ad libitum basis until weaning. Data were analyzed for treatment effects within parity category in a mixed model with block as a random effect. Feeding sows ad libitum before farrowing tended to reduce sow body weight (BW) loss (P = 0.077) and reduce backfat (BF) loss (P = 0.003) from entry into the farrowing house until weaning compared with sows fed four daily meals, with sows fed once daily intermediate. Litter gain from 24 h to weaning tended to be greater (P = 0.073) in sows fed on an ad libitum basis or four times daily prior to farrowing compared with sows fed one meal. Piglet weaning weight increased (P = 0.050) in sows fed on an ad libitum basis before farrowing, compared with those fed one meal, with those fed four times daily intermediate. There was no evidence for difference in farrowing duration, stillborn rate, colostrum yield, or 24 h piglet survival regardless of treatment. However, from 24 h after farrowing to weaning, sows fed one daily meal prior to farrowing had an increased (P = 0.012) percentage of fall-behind pigs compared with sows fed on an ad libitum basis, and increased (P = 0.027) preweaning mortality compared with sows fed four daily meals, resulting in reduced (P = 0.006) weaned percentage compared with sows fed four daily meals. There was no evidence for difference (P &gt; 0.10) in subsequent reproductive performance regardless of treatment. In conclusion, when sows were fed on an ad libitum basis from 2 to 3 d, before farrowing there was an observed improvement in sow BW and BF maintenance during lactation, and piglet weaning weight during lactation. Increased frequency of meals prior to farrowing improved the survival of pigs to weaning compared with sows fed a single meal prior to farrowing.
A stochastic, individual-based model for the evaluation of the impact of non-pharmacological interventions on COVID-19 transmission in Slovakia
Authors: Gasparek Miroslav , Racko Michal , Dubovsky Michal 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic represents one of the most significant healthcare challenges that humanity faces. We developed a stochastic, individual-based model of transmission of COVID-19 in Slovakia. The proposed model is based on current clinical knowledge of the disease and takes into account the age structure of the population, distribution of the population into the households, interactions within the municipalities, and interaction among the individuals travelling between municipalities. Furthermore, the model incorporates the effect of age-dependent severity of COVID-19 and realistic trajectories of patients through the healthcare system. We assess the impact of the governmental non-pharmacological interventions, such as population-wide social distancing, social distancing within specific subsets of population, reduction of travel between the municipalities, and self-quarantining of the infected individuals. We also evaluate the impact of relaxing of strict restrictions, efficacy of the simple state feedback-based restrictions in controlling the outbreak, and the effect of superspreaders on the disease dynamics. Our simulations show that non-pharmacological interventions reduce the number of infected individuals and the number of fatalities, especially when the social distancing of particularly susceptible subgroups of the population is employed along with case isolation.
Estimating the true (population) infection rate for COVID-19: A Backcasting Approach with Monte Carlo Methods
Authors: Phipps Steven J. , Grafton R. Quentin , Kompas Tom 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTDifferences in COVID-19 testing and tracing across countries, as well as changes in testing within each country overtime, make it difficult to estimate the true (population) infection rate based on the confirmed number of cases obtained through RNA viral testing. We applied a backcasting approach, coupled with Monte Carlo methods, to estimate a distribution for the true (population) cumulative number of infections (infected and recovered) for 15 countries where reliable data are available. We find a positive relationship between the testing rate per 1,000 people and the implied true detection rate of COVID-19, and a negative relationship between the proportion who test positive and the implied true detection rate. Our estimates suggest that the true number of people infected across our sample of 15 developed countries is 18.2 (5-95% CI: 11.9-39.0) times greater than the reported number of cases. In individual countries, the true number of cases exceeds the reported figure by factors that range from 1.7 (5-95% CI: 1.1-3.6) for Australia to 35.6 (5-95% CI: 23.2-76.3) for Belgium.
Extra base hits: widespread empirical support for instantaneous multiple-nucleotide changes
Authors: Lucaci Alexander G , Wisotsky Sadie R , Shank Stephen D. , Weaver Steven , Kosakovsky Pond Sergei L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDespite many attempts to introduce evolutionary models that permit substitutions that instantly alter more than one nucleotide in a codon, the prevailing wisdom remains that such changes are rare and generally negligible (or are reflective of non-biological artifacts, such as alignment errors), and codon models continue to posit that only single nucleotide change have non-zero rates. We develop and test a simple hierarchy of codon-substitution models with non-zero evolutionary rates for only one-nucleotide (1H), one- and two-nucleotide (2H), or any (3H) codon substitutions. Using 35,000 empirical alignments, we find widespread statistical support for multiple hits: 58% of alignments prefer models with 2H allowed, and 22% – with 3H allowed. Analyses of simulated data suggest that these results are not likely to be due to simple artifacts such as model misclassification or alignment errors. Further modeling revealed that synonymous codon island jumping among codons encoding serine, especially along short branches, contributes significantly to this 3H signal. While serine codons were prominently involved in multiple-hit substitutions, there were other common exchanges contributing to better model fit. It appears that a small subset of sites in most alignments have unusual evolutionary dynamics not well explained by existing model formalisms, and that commonly estimated quantities, such as dN/dS ratios may be biased by model misspecification. Our findings highlight the need for continued evaluation of assumptions underlying workhorse evolutionary models and subsequent evolutionary inference techniques. We provide a software implementation for evolutionary biologists to assess the potential impact of extra base hits in their data in the HyPhy package.
Convergent Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Convalescent Individuals
Authors: Robbiani Davide F. , Gaebler Christian , Muecksch Frauke , Lorenzi Julio C. C. , Wang Zijun , Cho Alice , Agudelo Marianna , Barnes Christopher O. , Gazumyan Anna , Finkin Shlomo , Hagglof Thomas , Oliveira Thiago Y. , Viant Charlotte , Hurley Arlene , Hoffmann Hans-Heinrich , Millard Katrina G. , Kost Rhonda G. , Cipolla Melissa , Gordon Kristie , Bianchini Filippo , Chen Spencer T. , Ramos Victor , Patel Roshni , Dizon Juan , Shimeliovich Irina , Mendoza Pilar , Hartweger Harald , Nogueira Lilian , Pack Maggi , Horowitz Jill , Schmidt Fabian , Weisblum Yiska , Michailidis Eleftherios , Ashbrook Alison W. , Waltari Eric , Pak John E. , Huey-Tubman Kathryn E. , Koranda Nicholas , Hoffman Pauline R. , West Anthony P. , Rice Charles M. , Hatziioannou Theodora , Bjorkman Pamela J. , Bieniasz Paul D. , Caskey Marina , Nussenzweig Michel C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infected millions of people and claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. Virus entry into cells depends on the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S). Although there is no vaccine, it is likely that antibodies will be essential for protection. However, little is known about the human antibody response to SARS-CoV-21–5. Here we report on 149 COVID-19 convalescent individuals. Plasmas collected an average of 39 days after the onset of symptoms had variable half-maximal neutralizing titers ranging from undetectable in 33% to below 1:1000 in 79%, while only 1% showed titers >1:5000. Antibody cloning revealed expanded clones of RBD-specific memory B cells expressing closely related antibodies in different individuals. Despite low plasma titers, antibodies to three distinct epitopes on RBD neutralized at half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) as low as single digit ng/mL. Thus, most convalescent plasmas obtained from individuals who recover from COVID-19 do not contain high levels of neutralizing activity. Nevertheless, rare but recurring RBD-specific antibodies with potent antiviral activity were found in all individuals tested, suggesting that a vaccine designed to elicit such antibodies could be broadly effective.