bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Low Invasive Type Glucose Sensor for Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Authors: Yasuzawa Mikito , Osugi Kazumasa , Terauchi Takeru , Li Jiang , Kurashina Masashi 
Published: December 2020

Implantable glucose sensors for a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system are getting more attractive, since it not only provide an instant glucose value but also its continuous value trend, which help to provide an effective medical treatment. However, the current commercialized or presented conventional CGM sensor devise are required to have about an length of 1.0 cm to be inserted inside the skin. Therefore, it is desirable to develop a lower invasive type glucose sensor to improve the quality of life of diabetic patients.
We have previously proposed an unique glucose sensor, which has a sensing region at the tip of a fine tapered needle. Therefore, it only require a short tip of the sensor devise to be implanted to perform as an CGMS sensor. We attempted to implant this sensor device for a length of 1.0 mm in the skin, and the glucose monitoring was performed. As a result, we could obtain sensor response, which had a good correlation with blood glucose value trend. This result indicate that the glucose measurement in a lighter region than subcutaneous tissue, which might be in dermis, may also provide valuable information for diabetes patients’ blood glucose management. Nevertheless, low-invasive sensor, which is essential with miniaturization of sensing region, leads to a decrease of glucose response current. Therefore, the improvement of sensor sensitivity is also indispensable. In this study, we prepared glucose sensors in various procedures to develop a sensor with high sensor sensitivity.
Determination of Diffusion Coefficient of Li+ Ions in Porous Electrodes from Rate Capability Tests
Authors: Suzuki Rikuya , Ariyoshi Kingo 
Published: December 2020

To apply lithium-ion batteries as a power source of an electric vehicle, it requires high input- and output-power capability. Our previous study revealed that the decrease in capacity on rate capability tests is due to the migration process of Li ions in a porous electrode [1]. Specifically, solid state diffusion of Li ions in an active material is much faster than diffusion of Li ions in liquid phase. This indicates that transportation of Li ions in an electrolyte within porous electrode is a rate determining step.
In this paper, the diffusion coefficient of Li ions in porous electrode was determined from the results of rate capability tests by means of electrochemical simulation program (Dualfoil 5.1 [2-4]), because the mass transport of lithium ions in the electrolytic solution within porous electrode occurs by the diffusion process. The discharge behavior of Li/LAMOF cells was calculated with changing the electrode thickness of the LAMOF electrode. The results showed that the area-specific capacity (ASC) per geometrical electrode area on discharge was correlated to the discharge current density based on the geometrical electrode area (J
a) in the high current density region, whereas ASC was constant in the low current density region. The linear relationship between the two can be expected from Sand’s equation described as follows,

Jτ½CR
*-1 = nFADR
½π½ 2-1

The above equation ca be transformed in the following equation,

JτA-1 = (DRn²F²πCR
*²4-1) × (J A-1)-1

From this equation, diffusion coefficient of Li ions (D
R) can be determined from the slope of the linear relation.
From the results on rate-capability tests with changing various electrode structure, thickness and porosity, the relationship between the diffusion coefficient and the rate characteristic is discussed.
[1] K. Ariyoshi et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, A3965-A3970 (2018).
[2] M. Doyle et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 140, 1526-1533 (1993).
[3] T. F. Fuller et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 141, 1-10 (1994).
[4]T. F. Fuller et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 141, 982-990(1994).

Figure 1
Effect of State of Charge on Physical Properties of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Electrolytes
Authors: Chace Wyndom M. , Lawton Jamie S. , Arruda Thomas M 
Published: December 2020

Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB)s consist of two half-cells separated by an electrolyte/membrane through which ions migrate in order to maintain charge balance.1 Nafion, a perfluorinated polymer with sulfuric acid functional groups that facilitate proton transport, is a widely utilized membrane for both flow battery and fuel cell technologies. Parasitic vanadium crossover measurements can take into account the correlation between the composition of electrolyte solutions and the membrane properties. In the case of VRFB based on vanadium sulfate, vanadium concentration, sulfuric acid concentration, and state of charge (SOC) are three main factors describing electrolyte composition. Electrolyte solutions with higher H2SO4 concentration have been found to corresponded to lower VO2+ membrane permeability.2 In previous crossover-diffusion experiments,3 the permeability of VO2+ with respect to the counter ion followed the trend H+ > VO2
+ > VO2+. Absorption of vanadium species in the membrane followed the order V3+ ≈ VO2+> VO2
+ at all concentrations of H2SO4.
The state of charge (SOC) of the electrolyte, expressed as a percentage from 0% to 100%, describes the extent of oxidation that has occurred in each electrolyte. In the case of this study, 0% SOC consists of all VO2+ and 100 % SOC consists of all VO2
+ while the intermediate SOCs consist of mixtures of the two and probe the electrochemical reactions of the positive electrode in the VRFB. The characterization of mass transfer in the operating VRFB has yet to fully investigate the role of SOC on diffusion and other properties. Here, we study the relationship between SOC and properties of the electrolyte solutions using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy4,5
6, cyclic voltammetry,7 and gravimetrics.

References

M. Skyllas-Kazacos, L. Cao, M. Kazacos, N. Kausar, and A. Mousa, ChemSusChem, 9 (2016).

J. S. Lawton, A. Jones, and T. Zawodzinski, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, 697–702 (2013).

J. S. Lawton, A. M. Jones, Z. Tang, M. Lindsey, and T. Zawodzinski, J. Electrochem. Soc. , 164, A2987–A2991 (2017) http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/164/13/A2987.abstract.

J. S. Lawton, E. S. Smotkin, and D. E. Budil, J. Phys. Chem. B, 112, 8549–8557 (2008).

J. S. Lawton and D. E. Budil, J. Phys. Chem. B, 113, 10679–10685 (2009).

J. S. Lawton and D. E. Budil, Macromolecules, 43, 652–661 (2009).

J. S. Lawton, S. M. Tiano, D. J. Donnelly, S. P. Flanagan, and T. M. Arruda, Batteries, 4, 1–14 (2018).
Hydrogen Storage Properties of Melt Spun Mg-Based Alloy through Electrochemical Method for Ni-MH Batteries
Authors: Bhatt Priyanka , Hazan Joseph , Huot Jacques 
Published: December 2020

Magnesium-based alloys have attracted much attention and extensive research as negative electrode materials for Ni/MH batteries. Magnesium alloys are low cost and they have high discharge capacity in electrochemical processes1. However, corrosion behaviour severely limits their utilization. Magnesium alloys are also considered as hydrogen storage materials due to their high hydrogen capacity. In this communication, the crystallographic, morphology and electrochemical properties of melt spun Mg74Zn22Nd4 will be reported. It was found that, despite the ribbon being very thin (0.10 mm), the microstructure on each side of the ribbon is different. The surface touching the wheel is showing a much higher crystallinity and texture than the other face of the ribbon. In the same way, morphology on both faces are different. The electrochemical hydrogen storage behaviour in addition to gas phase absorption/desorption will be discussed.
[1] Li-FangJiao, Hua-TangYuan, Yi-JingWang, Yong-MeiWang, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 34 (2009) 1476–1482
Synthesis of Reduced Quinone - Alkali Metal Cation Pairs
Authors: Ganapathi Devi , Baclig Antonio C , Penn Emily E , Chueh William C. 
Published: December 2020

Quinone-based molecules are currently being widely studied for use as electrolytes in redox flow batteries. Upon discharge (if used as the positive electrolyte), quinones accept 2 electrons to form a doubly reduced species. In aqueous solutions, this reduced species is typically a hydroquinone, due to the abundance of protons in solution. However, in non-aqueous and/or solvent-free electrolytes, the counterion is not necessarily a proton - it depends on the identity of the negative electrolyte. We aim to synthesize these compounds so that they may be studied directly. We investigate synthesis routes for these reduced quinones paired with alkali metal cations (Na+ and K+), as would be produced in a flow battery with NaK (a eutectic liquid metal) as the negative electrolyte. An ion-exchange procedure based on an existing synthesis route [1], starting from the desired hydroquinone, has been developed to synthesize these compounds. The products of these syntheses have been characterized via 1H NMR and other techniques.
References:
[1] G. Valulescu, L. Gavrila, S. C. Patrascu, M. N. Vasiliu, D. Jitaru, Rom. 1994, RO 107949 B1 9940131
Figure 1. Generic (oxidized) quinone species (left) discharging to reduced quinone-alkali pair species (right). This can be done with potassium (pictured), lithium, sodium, or another alkali metal ion. Replacing K with H yields a hydroquinone. Xn represent arbitrary side groups.

Figure 1
All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries Fabricated by Screen-Printing and Its Electrochemical Impedance Measurement
Authors: Kamei Arisa , Watanabe Hikari , Hoshi Yoshinao , Shitanda Isao , Itagaki Masayuki 
Published: December 2020

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) show the excellent cycle characteristics, however, the flammable organic solvent is used for the electrolyte. To solve this problem, all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries, in which the oxide-based solid electrolytes are used, are expected to be an attractive next-generation battery. However, the large interface resistance at positive electrode/solid electrolyte interface is one of the critical issues for the development of high performance all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries 1)2)
. In the present study, all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries were fabricated by screen printing to investigate the suitable design of the positive electrode/solid electrolyte interface. We applied the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to the investigation of interface resistance at positive electrode/solid electrolyte interface of screen-printed all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries.
The LLZ target (Li6.25La3Zr2Al0.25O12) was used as the solid electrolyte. The size of LLZ target was φ2 cm × 0.05 cm. The LiCoO2 and Li4Ti5O12 were screen-printed on each side of the LLZ target as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The solvent of NMP, in which LiCoO2, solid electrolyte of LICGC, conductive auxiliary agent acetylene black (AB), and binder PVDF were dispersed, was used as the slurry of positive electrode. The slurry of negative electrode was prepared in the same manner. The current collector was an Al sheet coated with the solvent of NMP in which the AB and PVDF were dispersed. An electrochemical impedance measurement was carried out by using a three-electrode cell (Toyo system co. ltd.) at room temperature in an argon atmosphere. In the present study, arbitrary addition rate of LICGC in the positive electrode was selected to investigate the impedance at positive electrode/solid electrolyte interface.
The impedance spectrum of the screen-printed all-solid-state battery was measured by a two-electrode system. It was confirmed that a part of large loop was observed on the Nyquist plane. This partial large loop was composed of time constants related to the positive electrode/solid electrolyte interface and the negative electrode/solid electrolyte interface. The partial large loop became small when the addition rate of LICGC in the positive electrode was increased. This result indicated that impedance at positive electrode/solid electrolyte interface become small due to the increase of addition rate of LICGC. In the present study, the relationship between the addition rate of LICGC and the charge transfer resistance estimated from impedance spectrum was discussed.
References:
1) Narumi Ohta et al., Adv. Mater, 18, 2226-2229 (2006).
2) Ting Liu et al., J. Power Sources, 324, 349-357 (2016).
Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Composite Electrode with Different Binder Molecular Weights
Authors: Byun Seoungwoo , Roh Youngjoon , Lee Yong Min 
Published: December 2020

In order to improve the energy density of the lithium ion battery, the loading level of the electrode is continuously increasing. As a result, the presence of inactive materials such as conductive materials / binders in the electrodes is also highlighted. In particular, securing the mechanical properties of the electrode according to the distribution and composition of the binder is becoming more important in terms of long-term reliability. However, increasing the composition of the binder of the electrode can ensure the mechanical properties of the electrode at the same loading level and density, but increases the resistance of the electrode. This increase in resistance may reduce the lifetime of the electrode, apart from the mechanical properties of the electrode. Therefore, in order to minimize the resistance increase rate of the electrode and to secure mechanical properties, the mechanical properties and resistance of the electrode according to the molecular weight of the binder in the electrode were analyzed.
In this presentation, three LiCoO2 electrodes with different PVDF binder molecular weights of 500,000 / 630,000 / 1,000,000 were prepared, and the adhesion and volume resistivity of the electrodes were measured using SAICAS and Electrode Resistance Meter. Although the adhesion of the electrodes was different according to the molecular weight of the PVdF binder, the increase in the volume resistivity of the electrode was not large. This is because the behavior of the binder and the active material / conductive material in the electrode are different from each other as the molecular weight of the binder increases, and the mechanical properties of the binder are also different according to the molecular weight. In order to confirm this more intuitively, the battery was fabricated and the behavior of the electrode was observed. Furthermore, the physical properties of the polymer were analyzed according to the molecular weight of the binder in order to clarify the cause.
Highly Mesoporous Carbon Derived from Silica-Embedded Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework As a Potential Reservoir of Metallic Li
Authors: Choi Seung Hyun , Kim Junyoung , Park Min-Sik 
Published: December 2020

During the last decade, lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have shown great promise as a potential power source for various applications such as portable electronic devices and electric vehicles (EVs) [1]. Responding to the growing demand for high-energy LIBs, it is crucial to develop advanced materials which provides a higher energy density than commercial materials currently available. Li metal has long been considered as a future anode material for LIBs because of its extremely high theoretical capacity (~3,860mAh/g) and low potential for electrochemical reactions (-3.04V vs. standard hydrogen electrode). Despite these advantages, the practical use of Li metal is hindered by several technical issues as follow; i) unavoidable dendritic growth of Li and ii) infinite volume changes during cycling. Such issues are still regarded as main drawbacks of Li metal causing rapid performance fading and safety hazards [2]. Recently, the feasibility of various porous materials with a well-defined pore structure has been examined as potential reservoirs for Li storage to suppress unfavorable dendritic growth as well as volume changes of Li metal [3-4]. Herein, we design a highly mesoporous carbon (MC) as a potential Li storage material, based on the dual-phase reaction mechanism (i.e. lithiation and metallization). It can be synthesized via a direct carbonization of silica-embedded zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (SiO2@ZIFs) combined with a chemical etching process. Colloidal silica nanoparticles (~20nm) are employed as a mesopore former during the synthesis of ZIFs and then completely removed by a hydrofluoric acid. The formation of mesopores is effective for accommodating a large amount of metallic Li, showing a stable cycle performance over 100 cycles. It is confirmed that Li can be reversibly stored in the structure without significant dendritic growth of Li and volume changes based on various electrochemical and structural analyses. Furthermore, we thoroughly investigate a correlation between pore structure and Li storage behavior of MC as the next generation anode for high-energy LIBs.
References:
[1] N. Nitta, F. Wu, J. T. Lee, G. Yushin, Mater. Today. 18 (2015) 252-264.
[2] W. Xu, J. Wang, F. Ding, X. Chen, E. Nasybulin, Y. Zhang, J. -G. Zhang, Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 513-537.
[3] A. Li, Y. Tong, B. Cao, H. Song, Z. Li, X. Chen, J. Zhou, G. Chen, H. Luo, Sci. Rep. 7 (2017) 40574.
[4] A. Vu, Y. Qian, A. Stein, Adv. Energy Mater. 2 (2012) 1056-1085.
Modeling to Predict the Cycle Life of a Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: Lee Dongcheul , Lee Jaewoo , Kim Byungmook , Shin Chee Burm 
Published: December 2020

The lithium-ion battery (LIB) is the primary choice for many applications such as mobile electronics, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage solutions due to its high energy density, high voltage and low self-discharge rate. The service life of LIB for such applications is generally limited by aging, although it depends strongly on the usage conditions. The aging of LIB manifests itself in the variation of electrical and thermal behaviors such as capacity fade, cell voltage drop under load, and peak temperature rise during cycling. It is of intense interest to predict accurately the cycle life of the commercial LIB by including the effect of aging.
In this work, a modeling is performed to predict the cycle life of an LIB cell during cycling over a long time. This work adopts a simple modeling approach by considering Ohm’s law and charge conservation on the electrodes based on the simplified polarization characteristics of the electrodes. By not computing the potential distribution of electrolyte phase and the transport phenomena of ionic species, the modeling method in this work cuts down considerable computation time in comparison with rigorous electrochemical models. The validation of the modeling approach is provided through the comparison of the modeling results with the experimental measurement data.
Uncovering the Rate Equation for the Electrochemical Hydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis of Furfural in Acidic Media over Copper
Authors: May Andrew , Biddinger Elizabeth 
Published: December 2020

Electrochemical methods can be used to produce chemicals with the benefits of using intermittent renewable electricity and avoiding the use of external hydrogen gas. In addition, electrochemical methods can operate at room temperature and ambient pressure. One process that can be done electrochemically is the electrochemical hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis (ECH) of furfural, a biomass derived species. The hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis products are furfuryl alcohol and 2-methylfuran, respectively, and are produced in parallel. These products are used as a binder and as a fuel, respectively. The kinetics and mechanism of the parallel reactions involved in furfural ECH were investigated and the development of possible mechanisms are presented.
The kinetics were investigated by changing the furfural concentration between 10 and 120 mM and the applied potential between -500 and -800 mV vs RHE. In addition, the activation energies were found by changing the temperature between 15°C and 45°C. Three mechanisms are proposed based on the results from changing the concentration of furfural: non-competitive Langmuir-Hinshelwood, competitive Langmuir-Hinshelwood, and Eley-Rideal and their development will be presented.
Effect of Electrode Overpotential in Secondary Solution on Lithium Recovery Rate for Electrodialysis with Two Power Supplies and Three Electrodes
Authors: Shin-mura Kiyoto , Tokuyoshi Ryoya , Sasaki Kazuya 
Published: December 2020

Demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIB) is rapidly increasing with the electrification of automobiles and the spread of new energy management systems. It is desired to recover lithium resources, whose supply and demand are tight, from spent LIB and seawater. Lithium for LIB must have a high purity of 99.9% or higher. The electrodialysis method using a lithium ion electrolyte has a high potential for recovering such high-purity lithium. Kunugi et al. [1] reported that only lithium ions could be recovered from LiCl-NaCl-KCl mixed aqueous solution by electrodialysis using La0.55Li0.35TiO3 as an electrolyte. Hoshino [2] demonstrated the possibility of using lithium ion conductive glass ceramics (LICGCTM). However, in either method, the lithium recovery rate is too low for practical use. We have devised an electrodialysis system with two power sources and three electrodes, which is different from a general electrodialysis cell consisting of two electrodes and one power source, and experimentally confirmed a large lithium recovery rate. In this study, we investigate the effect of electrode overvoltage in the secondary solution on the lithium recovery rate by this new electrodialysis method.
An anode (primary solution side) and a cathode (secondary solution side) were formed on both sides of the La0.57Li0.29TiO3 (LLTO) by firing a Pt paste. As a third electrode, a Ni mesh electrode was placed in the secondary solution at a position apart from the cathode. A constant DC voltage was applied between the anode and the cathode. A constant DC voltage of another magnitude was also applied between the cathode and the Ni mesh electrode. The electric resistance of the solution between the cathode and the third electrode was changed by changing the lithium concentration in the secondary side solution or the distance between the cathode and the third electrode. The change in the lithium recovery rate due to this change in electrical resistance was investigated. The recovery rate was calculated using the lithium concentration in the secondary side solution measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy.
The electrical resistance of the solution between the cathode and the third electrode decreased due to the increase of the lithium-ion concentration in the secondary side solution, and the overpotential for the electrochemical reaction on the cathode and the third electrode increased. As a result, the lithium recovery rate was increased.
[1] S. Kunugi, Y. Inaguma and M. Itoh, Solid State Ionics, 122, 35-39 (1999).
[2] T. Hoshino, Desalination, 359, 59-63 (2015).