bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatocyte‐derived MANF alleviates hepatic ischaemia‐reperfusion injury via regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress‐induced apoptosis in mice
Authors: Yang Yi , Wang Peng , Zhang Chaoyi , Huang Fan , Pang Gaozong , Wei Chuansheng , Lv Changming , Chhetri Goma , Jiang Tongcui , Liu Jun , Shen Yujun , Shen Yuxian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundEndoplasmic reticulum (ER) perturbations are novel subcellular effectors involved in the ischaemia‐reperfusion injury. As an ER stress‐inducible protein, mesencephalic astrocyte‐derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) has been proven to be increased during ischaemic brain injury. However, the role of MANF in liver ischaemia reperfusion (I/R) injury has not yet been studied.MethodsTo investigate the role of MANF in the process of liver ischaemia‐reperfusion, Hepatocyte‐specific MANF knockout (MANFhep−/−) mice and their wild‐type (WT) littermates were used in our research. Mice partial (70%) warm hepatic I/R model was established by vascular occlusion. We detected the serum levels of MANF in both liver transplant patients and WT mice before and after liver I/R injury. Recombinant human MANF (rhMANF) was injected into the tail vein before 1 hour occlusion. AST, ALT and Suzuki score were used to evaluate the extent of I/R injury. OGD/R test was performed on primary hepatocytes to simulate IRI in vitro. RNA sequence and RT‐PCR were used to detect the cellular signal pathway activation while MANF knockout.ResultsWe found that MANF expression and secretion are dramatically up‐regulated during hepatic I/R. Hepatocyte‐specific MANF knockout aggravates the I/R injury through the over‐activated ER stress. The systemic administration of rhMANF before ischaemia has the potential to ameliorate I/R‐triggered UPR and liver injury. Further study showed that MANF deficiency activated ATF4/CHOP and JNK/c‐JUN/CHOP pathways, and rhMANF inhibited the activation of the two proapoptotic pathways caused by MANF deletion.ConclusionCollectively, our study unravels a previously unknown relationship among MANF, UPR and hepatic I/R injury.
Terlipressin has stood the test of time: Clinical overview in 2020 and future perspectives
Authors: Kulkarni Anand V. , Arab Juan Pablo , Premkumar Madhumita , Benítez Carlos , Tirumalige Ravikumar Sowmya , Kumar Pramod , Sharma Mithun , Reddy Duvvuru Nageshwar , Simonetto Douglas A. , Rao Padaki Nagaraja 
Published: October 2020

AbstractVasoactive drugs form the mainstay of therapy for two of the most important complications of liver disease: hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) and acute variceal bleed (AVB). With cumulative evidence supporting the use in cirrhosis, terlipressin has been recommended for the management of HRS and AVB. However, owing to the safety concerns, terlipressin was not approved by food and drug administration (FDA) until now. In this review, we discuss the pharmacology and the major practice‐changing studies on the safety and efficacy of terlipressin in patients with cirrhosis particularly focusing on existing indications like AVB and HRS and reviewing new data on the expanding indications in liver disease. The references for this review were identified from PUBMED with MeSH terms such as “terlipressin,” “hepatorenal syndrome,” “varices, esophagal and gastric,” “ascites” and “cirrhosis.” Terlipressin, a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, was introduced in 1975 to overcome the adverse effects of vasopressin. Terlipressin is an effective drug for HRS reversal in patients with liver cirrhosis and acute‐on‐chronic liver failure. There is documented mortality benefit with terlipressin therapy in HRS and AVB. Adverse effects are common with terlipressin and need to be monitored strictly. There is some evidence to support the use of this drug in refractory ascites, hepatic hydrothorax, paracentesis‐induced circulatory dysfunction and perioperatively during liver transplantation. However, terlipressin is not yet recommended for such indications. In conclusion, terlipressin has stood the test of time with expanding indications and clear prerequisites for clinical use. Our review warrants a fresh perspective on the efficacy and safety of terlipressin.
Convergence of utility indifference prices to the superreplication price in a multiple‐priors framework
Authors: Blanchard Romain , Carassus Laurence 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper formulates a utility indifference pricing model for investors trading in a discrete time financial market under nondominated model uncertainty. Investor preferences are described by possibly random utility functions defined on the positive axis. We prove that when the investors's absolute risk aversion tends to infinity, the multiple‐priors utility indifference prices of a contingent claim converge to its multiple‐priors superreplication price. We also revisit the notion of certainty equivalent for multiple‐priors and establish its relation with risk aversion.
Newly discovered cichlid fish biodiversity threatened by hybridization with non‐native species
Authors: Blackwell Tabitha , Ford Antonia G. P. , Ciezarek Adam G. , Bradbeer Stephanie J. , Gracida Juarez Carlos A. , Smith Alan M. , Ngatunga Benjamin P. , Shechonge Asilatu , Tamatamah Rashid , Etherington Graham , Haerty Wilfried , Di Palma Federica , Turner George F. , Genner Martin J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInvasive freshwater fishes are known to readily hybridize with indigenous congeneric species, driving loss of unique and irreplaceable genetic resources. Here we reveal that newly discovered (2013–2016) evolutionarily significant populations of Korogwe tilapia (Oreochromis korogwe) from southern Tanzania are threatened by hybridization with the larger invasive Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). We use a combination of morphology, microsatellite allele frequencies and whole genome sequences to show that O. korogwe from southern lakes (Nambawala, Rutamba and Mitupa) are distinct from geographically disjunct populations in northern Tanzania (Zigi River and Mlingano Dam). We also provide genetic evidence of O. korogwe × niloticus hybrids in three southern lakes and demonstrate heterogeneity in the extent of admixture across the genome. Finally, using the least admixed genomic regions we estimate that the northern and southern O. korogwe populations most plausibly diverged ~140,000 years ago, suggesting that the geographical separation of the northern and southern groups is not a result of a recent translocation, and instead these populations represent independent evolutionarily significant units. We conclude that these newly discovered and phenotypically unique cichlid populations are already threatened by hybridization with an invasive species, and propose that these irreplaceable genetic resources would benefit from conservation interventions.
Why do few medical students report their experiences of mistreatment to administration?
Authors: Bell Amanda , Cavanagh Alice , Connelly Catherine E. , Walsh Allyn , Vanstone Meredith 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionOver 50% of medical students worldwide report experiencing mistreatment and abuse during their clinical education, yet only a small proportion of students report these concerns to administration. It is unknown how medical students make sense of their experiences of mistreatment and come to decide whether to formally report these experiences. Improved understanding of this phenomenon will facilitate changes at the administrative and institutional levels to better support students.MethodsUsing Constructivist Grounded Theory, we interviewed 19 current and former medical students from one institution about their experiences with mistreatment and reporting. Data were analysed in an iterative fashion, using focused and theoretical forms of coding.ResultsThe decision of whether to report mistreatment is only one phase in the process that students report experiencing when encountering mistreatment. This process can be understood as a journey consisting of five phases: Situating, Experiencing and Appraising, Reacting, Deciding and Moving Forward. Students move through these phases as they come to understand their position as medical learners and their ability to trust and be safe within this institution. Each experience of mistreatment causes students to react to what has happened to them, decide if they will share their experiences and reach out for support. They choose if they are going to report the mistreatment, at what cost and for what outcomes. Students continue through their training while incorporating their experiences into their understanding of the culture in which they are learning and continually resituating themselves within the institution.DiscussionStudent perceptions of trust or mistrust in their educational institution are highly influential when it comes to reporting mistreatment. Interventions designed to support students and decrease exposure to mistreatment may be best focused on increasing organisational trust between students and the medical school.
Treatment and mortality outcomes in patients with other extrapulmonary cryptococcal disease compared with central nervous system disease
Authors: Mejia‐Chew Carlos , Sung Abby , Larson Lindsey , Powderly William G. , Spec Andrej 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundDetermining the extent of cryptococcal disease (CD) is key to therapeutic management. Treatment with fluconazole is only recommended for localised pulmonary disease. Induction therapy with amphotericin B (AmB) and flucytosine is recommended for disease at other sites, irrespective of central nervous system (CNS) involvement, but this is not often followed in patients without meningitis. In this study, we compared treatment and mortality between patients with CD of the CNS and other extrapulmonary (OE) sites.MethodsThis is a retrospective, single‐centre study of all hospitalised patients with nonpulmonary cryptococcal infection from 2002 to 2015 who underwent lumbar puncture. Demographics, predisposing factors, comorbidities, clinical presentation, laboratory values, antifungal treatment and mortality data were collected to evaluate 90‐day mortality and treatment differences between patients with OE and CNS CD. Survival analysis was performed using multivariable Cox regression analysis.ResultsOf 193 patients analysed, 143 (74%) had CNS CD and 50 (26%) had OE CD. Ninety‐day mortality was 23% and similar between the OE and CNS CD groups (22% vs 23%, p = .9). In the comorbidity‐adjusted multivariable Cox regression model, mortality risk was similar in the OE and CNS groups. Fewer patients with OE CD received induction therapy with AmB and flucytosine compared to those with CNS disease (28% vs 71.3%, p < .001).ConclusionPatients with OE CD had similar 90‐day mortality compared to those with CNS disease. Despite current guideline recommendations, patients with OE disease were less likely to receive appropriate induction therapy with AmB and flucytosine compared to patients with CNS disease.
Optogenetics in plants
Authors: Christie John M. , Zurbriggen Matias D. 
Published: October 2020

SummaryThe last two decades have witnessed the emergence of optogenetics; a field that has given researchers the ability to use light to control biological processes at high spatiotemporal and quantitative resolutions, in a reversible manner with minimal side‐effects. Optogenetics has revolutionized the neurosciences, increased our understanding of cellular signalling and metabolic networks and resulted in variety of applications in biotechnology and biomedicine. However, implementing optogenetics in plants has been less straightforward, given their dependency on light for their life cycle. Here, we highlight some of the widely used technologies in microorganisms and animal systems derived from plant photoreceptor proteins and discuss strategies recently implemented to overcome the challenges for using optogenetics in plants.
Legality and the Legal Relation
Authors: Somek Alexander 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAccording to Immanuel Kant, legality means the quality of an action being merely and simply in conformity with a law. The article defends the significance of this notion and explains how it indicates the existence of a legal relation. The legal relation, in turn, is the result of resolving an antinomy between the social and the substantive dimension of moral judgment.
The Dual‐Nature Thesis: Which Dualism?
Authors: Sieckmann Jan‐Reinard 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAccording to Robert Alexy’s dual‐nature thesis, “law necessarily comprises both a real or factual dimension and an ideal or critical one.” I will suggest, first, that various dualisms need to be distinguished, in particular the empirical and the normative, the real and the ideal, the formal (procedural) and the substantive; second, that the dualism of the empirical and the normative and, within the latter, of the real and the ideal “ought,” is not specific to law but pertains to any normative system; and, third, that a dualism that distinguishes law from morality is a dualism of formal and substantive principles, which also serves to explain the authoritative character of law.
A victim of regulatory arbitrage? Automatic exchange of information and the use of golden visas and corporate shells
Authors: Ahrens Leo , Hakelberg Lukas , Rixen Thomas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe multilateral adoption of the automatic exchange of information (AEI) on bank accounts held by nonresidents was a breakthrough in the fight against cross‐border tax evasion, which led to a substantial reduction in the value of bank deposits and investment portfolios in traditional tax havens. However, there is suspicion that sophisticated tax evaders engage in regulatory arbitrage of AEI provisions. We examine whether two widely discussed secrecy schemes, namely golden visas and anonymous trusts and shell corporations, have been used to circumvent information reporting. Relying on a difference‐in‐difference design, we only find scattered evidence for use of the secrecy schemes. Overall, our results suggest that regulatory arbitrage is not yet widespread, but it seems to increase over time. We thus provide evidence for the current effectiveness of the AEI but also show that closing remaining loopholes is of utmost importance. We link our findings to debates about the (im)possibility of re‐embedding neoliberal globalization.
A mathematical approach to severe hyponatremia and hypernatremia in renal replacement therapies
Authors: Tinawi Mohammad , Bastani Bahar 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSevere dysnatremias are perplexing problems in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy on a chronic or acute basis. The ability to manipulate sodium concentration in the dialysate or replacement solutions is limited. Compounding dialysate or replacement fluids to alter sodium concentration could result in errors. Rapid correction of hyponatremia or hypernatremia due to equilibrium with dialysate or replacement solutions could lead to osmotic demyelination syndrome or cerebral edema respectively. Continuous renal replacement therapy is the preferred dialysis modality in patients with severe dysnatremias. In this article, we present simple formulas to determine the rate of hypotonic or hypertonic solutions needed to mitigate rapid correction of dysnatremias. These formulas can be used readily by the clinician at bedside.
Leading synchronous virtual teaching sessions
Authors: Nunneley Chloë E. , Fishman Michael , Sundheim Kathryn M. , Korus Rachel E. , Rosen Robert H. , Streater Blair A. , O’Donnell Katherine A. , Newman Lori R. , Marcus Carolyn H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhile there has been increasing demand for online education over the past decade, social distancing recommendations during the COVID‐19 pandemic have accelerated the transition from the physical to the virtual classroom. Staples of clinical education, such as grand rounds, noon conferences, case conferences and chalk talks, have been abruptly forced to shift into the digital world. There is an immediate need for guidance on synchronous virtual teaching, especially since health professional educators may lack familiarity with the technologies available and theories that guide their use. The following framework can help educators plan, develop and deliver their virtual teaching sessions to optimize student engagement and produce meaningful learning outcomes.
A toolbox for conducting an online OSCE
Authors: Shehata Mohamed H. , Kumar Archana P. , Arekat Mona R. , Alsenbesy Mohamed , Mohammed Al Ansari Ahmed , Atwa Hani , Ahmed Samar A. , Deifalla Abdelhalim 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis toolbox highlights the lessons learned and the tools used to run the online OSCE at the College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University (CMMS‐AGU) using Zoom™️. The examiners considered the examination to be valid in assessing all clinical skills except for psychomotor skills and students found it to be highly acceptable. We describe three phases. Planning and preparation phase in which situation analysis, aligning stakeholders, mobilizing resources, creating a shared vision, and ownership of the exam project take place. For successful implementation of examinations, detailed plans are needed including manpower, timings, number of stations and detailed description of the steps of the examination process. We provide a set of guiding questions for proper decision making related to online clinical exams. Implementation Phase in which piloting is very useful to apply improvements to the original plan and to outline the needed capacity building of the participating staff. We give a detailed description of the guiding documents, means of communication and features of ZOOM that were used. Evaluation phase we provide a guide for evaluating the process and outcome, including a list of key performance indicators.
Study on Intelligent Control of Gas Turbines for Extending Service Life Based on Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Zhou Dengji , Jia Xingyun , Hao Jiarui , Wang Duocai , Huang Dawen , Wei Tingting 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Frequent changes in operating conditions can result in the great loss of the service life of gas turbines that work at high speed, high pressure, and high temperature. To improve the control system of gas turbines is of great significance for extending the service life, boosting the dynamic performance, and reducing the maintenance cost. Due to good dynamic response characteristics, the present control methods are neither capable of tackling the nonlinearity of the system nor adaptive to the frequent variations of operating conditions. As a powerful learning paradigm, reinforcement learning (RL) can explore the operation environment and make decisions adaptively. A novel intelligent control framework for the gas turbine control system is constructed by coupling a RL agent with a dynamic simulation model and a damage estimation model. Compared with the proportion, integral, differential (PID) and fuzzy control, the proposed method achieves better performance in both extending life and depicting dynamic characteristics, and reduces the overall damage to as low as 0.01% in the loading process. Besides, the overshoot and the adjusting time of the novel approach are lower and shorter than those of PID and fuzzy control by more than 90% and about 14%, respectively, but it takes longer to accelerate. Finally, the effect of different types of RL agents and their hyperparameters are investigated. The results show that the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) agent can achieve the best performance. Furthermore, in addition to extending the life and improving the dynamic performance, the controlling framework presented is recommended to construct an intelligent dynamic control system for achieving various purposes.
Effects of Clearance on the Performance of a Labyrinth Seal Under Wet-Gas Conditions
Authors: Zhang Min , Childs Dara W. , Tran Dung L. , Shresth Hari 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The labyrinth seal is one of the most popular noncontact annular seals used in centrifugal compressors to improve machine efficiency by reducing the secondary flow leakage. Reducing the radial clearance Cr can effectively decrease the seal's leakage and therefore increase the machine efficiency. However, reducing Cr can also introduce undesired effects on the machine's vibration behaviors. This paper experimentally studies the impact of reducing Cr on the leakage and rotordynamic coefficients of a 16-tooth see-through labyrinth seal under wet-gas conditions. The test seal's inner diameter is 89.256 mm. Two rotors with different diameters are used to obtain two radial clearances (0.102 mm and 0.178 mm). Tests are carried out at a supply pressure of 62 bars, three speeds from 10 krpm to 20 krpm, three pressure ratios from 0.21 to 0.46, and six inlet liquid volume fractions (LVFs) from zero to 15%. The test fluid is a mixture comprised of air and silicon oil. Test results show that, for all pure-air and mainly air conditions, decreasing Cr decreases (as expected) the test seal's leakage mass flowrate. For all test cases, direct dynamic stiffness KΩ is negative, producing a negative centering force on the associated rotor. For inlet LVF ≤ 8%, the effects of decreasing Cr on KΩ are negligible. When inlet LVF = 12% and 15%, decreasing Cr increases KΩ (decreases the magnitude). In other words, when inlet LVF = 12% and 15%, decreasing Cr reduces the test seal's negative centering force on the rotor, and would increase the critical speeds of the rotor. The value of the effective damping Ceff near 0.5ω represents the seal's capability to suppress the rotor's potential whirling motion at about 0.5ω. For all pure-air and mainly air conditions, decreasing Cr generally increases the Ceff value near 0.5ω; i.e., decreasing Cr improves the test seal's stabilizing capability against the rotor's potential whirling motion at about 0.5ω.
Spacetime from bits
Authors: Van Raamsdonk Mark 
Published: October 2020

Spacetime, reconstructed
Theories of holographic duality feature a correspondence between a gravitational system and a strongly interacting conformal field theory (CFT) living on the system's boundary. Through this correspondence, the CFT encodes the geometry of spacetime in the gravitational system. Van Raamsdonk analyzed the role of entanglement in this theoretical framework. Instead of considering a single CFT, the author's starting point was a collection of CFT “bits” that are mutually entangled but do not interact with one another. The spacetime that these bits collectively encode was then shown to be arbitrarily close to the one encoded by the original CFT, suggesting that entanglement plays a crucial role in the emergence of spacetime.

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