bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Effects of Chemical Gradients on Performance and Reliability within Perovskite Solar Cells with TOF‐SIMS
Authors: Harvey Steven P. , Messinger Jonah , Zhu Kai , Luther Joseph M. , Berry Joseph J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTime‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS), a powerful analytical technique sensitive to all components of perovskite solar cell (PSC) materials, can differentiate between the various organic species within a PSC absorber or a complete device stack. The ability to probe chemical gradients through the depth of a device (both organic and inorganic), with down to 100 nm lateral resolution, can lead to unique insights into the relationships between chemistry in the absorber bulk, at grain boundaries, and at interfaces as well as how they relate to changes in performance and/or stability. In this review, the technique is described; then, from the literature, several examples of how TOF‐SIMS have been used to provide unique insight into PSC absorbers and devices are covered. Finally, the common artifacts that can be introduced if the data are improperly collected, as well as methods to mitigate these artifacts are discussed.
Damage to the primary root in response to cattle slurry placed near seed may compromise early growth of corn
Authors: Pedersen Ingeborg Frøsig , Sørensen Peter , Baral Khagendra R. , Rubæk Gitte Holton 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPlacement of cattle slurry below the row could potentially replace mineral phosphorus (P) starter fertilizer in corn (Zea mays) production, but a concentrated slurry layer near the seed may also restrict root growth. This study was designed to assess how the distance between seed and layer‐banded slurry affected initial growth of corn. In a pot experiment with corn on a coarse sandy soil, nitrogen‐labeled (15N) cattle slurry was placed 1.5, 5, 8.5, or 12 cm below the seed, and responses on early root growth, shoot biomass, and nutrient uptake were studied. Soil chemical properties near the slurry band were determined in unplanted soil. Placement of slurry 1.5 cm below the seed damaged the primary root, which subsequently reduced shoot biomass and N uptake. Shoot P uptake remained unaffected by slurry placement depth. The15N assay revealed that plants were able to take up N from the slurry band despite damage to the primary root. The shoot biomass was higher in the inorganic N and P treatment than in the slurry treatments. Within a few centimeters above the slurry band, the soil was characterized by high moisture and high concentrations of ammonium and nitrite 21 and 35 d after slurry application, which may have caused the damages of the primary root. We conclude that placement of slurry near the seed can damage the primary root of corn. To prevent root injuries, banded slurry should be placed at least 5 cm below the seed.
Effective weed suppression in dual‐use intermediate wheatgrass systems
Authors: Zimbric Joseph W. , Stoltenberg David E. , Picasso Valentin D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntermediate wheatgrass [IWG; Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey] is a cool‐season perennial forage grass bred for higher seed yield. It is the first perennial grain crop in the United States, commercialized as Kernza since 2015. Managing IWG as a dual‐use grain and forage crop could provide several ecosystem services including conserving soil and clean water while increasing economic income to growers. However, little is known about the weed management risks associated with IWG. Therefore, we studied weed community composition, biomass, IWG grain, and aboveground biomass in a factorial experiment with two weed management treatments, two nitrogen fertilization rates, and four forage harvest schedules (no harvest, summer only, summer + fall, and spring + summer + fall). Over three production years, weed biomass decreased by 88% regardless of treatment, and the weed community composition changed from predominantly winter annual to perennial species. In the second and third production years the weed community composition remained relatively stable. Grain yield was 16% greater with 135 kg N ha−1 than 90 kg N ha−1 but was not affected by in‐season forage harvest or weed management treatments in the second and third years. Grain yield decreased from 763 to 371 kg ha−1 over three years, while aboveground biomass remained stable. Weed presence did not affect yields in second and third years. Dual‐use IWG cropping systems effectively suppressed weeds and IWG is a promising grain crop alternative for farmers interested in diversifying their cropping systems under similar conditions.
Cultivation of native plants for seed and biomass yield
Authors: Freund Saxhaug Katrina , Jungers Jacob M. , Hegeman Adrian D. , Wyse Donald L. , Sheaffer Craig C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEstablishing native perennial plants on the agricultural landscape can improve ecosystem services and provide marketable products, such as seed for restoration plantings and biomass for renewable energy. Native perennials of economic and ecological interest should be examined in different planting configurations over time to determine their suitability for sustained production. Canada milk vetch (Astragalus canadensisL.), purple coneflower (Echinacea purpureaL.), and showy tick trefoil (Desmodium canadenseL.) were established at two locations in Minnesota to evaluate seed and vegetative biomass yields. These forbs were established in six different agronomic designs: three strip designs (one‐row, three‐rows, and six‐rows) and three community designs (monoculture, low‐richness polyculture, and high‐richness polyculture). Seed yield averaged 2995, 950, and 1157 kg ha−1for Canada milk vetch, purple coneflower, and showy tick trefoil in the first year and declined for all species over time. Biomass yields averaged 6743, 2725, and 2869 kg ha−1in the first year for Canada milk vetch, purple coneflower, and showy tick trefoil, respectively. Canada milk vetch biomass yields declined by 98% over time, and showy tick trefoil biomass yields increased by 40%. Seed and biomass yields were the lowest in one‐row strip design and greatest in the community designs, with little difference between monocultures and polycultures. Results suggest that production is maximized in community designs and that purple coneflower and showy tick trefoil have the potential for multiyear yields.
Fine‐scale habitat heterogeneity and vole runways influence seed dispersal in Plagiobothrys nothofulvus
Authors: Grasty Monica R. , Thompson Pamela G. , Hendrickson Elizabeth C. , Pheil Avery E. , Cruzan Mitchell B. 
Published: February 2020

PremiseSeed dispersal allows plants to colonize new sites and contributes to gene flow among populations. Despite its fundamental importance to ecological and evolutionary processes, our understanding of seed dispersal is limited due to the difficulty of directly observing dispersal events. This is particularly true for the majority of plant species that are considered to have gravity as their primary dispersal mechanism. The potential for long‐distance movement of gravity‐dispersed seeds by secondary dispersal vectors is rarely evaluated.MethodsWe employ whole‐genome assays of maternally inherited cpDNA in Plagiobothrys nothofulvus to resolve patterns of genetic variation due to effective (realized) seed dispersal within a 16 hectare prairie that is characterized by a mosaic of habitat types. We evaluate the effects of microgeographic landscape features extracted from micro‐UAV aerial surveys on patterns of seed dispersal using landscape genetics methods.ResultsWe found evidence of high resistance to seed‐mediated gene flow (effective dispersal) within patches of Plagiobothrys nothofulvus, and strong genetic structure over distances of less than 20 m. Geographic distance was a poor predictor of dispersal distance, while landscape features had stronger influences on patterns of dispersal (distance and direction of seed movement). Patterns of dispersal were best predicted by the combined distribution of flower patches, habitat type, and the network of vole runways, with the latter explaining the largest proportion of variation in the model.ConclusionsOur results suggest that primary dispersal occurs mostly within microhabitats and infrequent secondary dispersal may occur over longer distances due to the activity of small mammals and other vertebrates.
Improved Acid Resistance of a Metal–Organic Cage Enables Cargo Release and Exchange between Hosts
Authors: Xu Lin , Zhang Dawei , Ronson Tanya K. , Nitschke Jonathan R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe use of di(2‐pyridyl)ketone in subcomponent self‐assembly is introduced. When combined with a flexible triamine and zinc bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, this ketone formed a new Zn4L4 tetrahedron 1 bearing twelve uncoordinated pyridyl units around its metal‐ion vertices. The acid stability of 1 was found to be greater than that of the analogous tetrahedron 2 built from 2‐formylpyridine. Intriguingly, the peripheral presence of additional pyridine rings in 1 resulted in distinct guest binding behavior from that of 2, affecting guest scope as well as binding affinities. The different stabilities and guest affinities of capsules 1 and 2 enabled the design of systems whereby different cargoes could be moved between cages using acid and base as chemical stimuli.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intermolecular Indole C2‐Allylation
Authors: Rossi‐Ashton James A. , Clarke Aimee K. , Donald James R. , Zheng Chao , Taylor Richard J. K. , Unsworth William P. , You Shu‐Li 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe enantioselective intermolecular C2‐allylation of 3‐substituted indoles is reported for the first time. This directing group‐free approach relies on a chiral Ir‐(P, olefin) complex and Mg(ClO4)2 Lewis acid catalyst system to promote allylic substitution, providing the C2‐allylated products in typically high yields (40–99 %) and enantioselectivities (83–99 % ee) with excellent regiocontrol. Experimental studies and DFT calculations suggest that the reaction proceeds via direct C2‐allylation, rather than C3‐allylation followed by in situ migration. Steric congestion at the indole‐C3 position and improved π–π stacking interactions have been identified as major contributors to the C2‐selectivity.
A Light‐Responsive Metal–Organic Framework Hybrid Membrane with High On/Off Photoswitchable Proton Conductivity
Authors: Liang Hong‐Qing , Guo Yi , Shi Yanshu , Peng Xinsheng , Liang Bin , Chen Banglin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMimicking biological proton pumps to achieve stimuli‐responsive protonic solids has long been of great interest for their diverse applications in fuel cells, chemical sensors, and bio‐electronic devices. Now, dynamic light‐responsive metal–organic framework hybrid membranes can be obtained by in situ encapsulation of photoactive molecules (sulfonated spiropyran, SSP), as the molecular valve, into the cavities of the host ZIF‐8. The configuration of SSP can be changed and switched reversibly in response to light, generating different mobile acidic protons and thus high on/off photoswitchable proton conductivity in the hybrid membranes and device. This device exhibits a high proton conductivity, fast response time, and extremely large on/off ratio upon visible‐light irradiation. This approach might provide a platform for creating emerging smart protonic solids with potential applications in the remote‐controllable chemical sensors or proton‐conducting field‐effect transistors.
Interfacial Polymerization: From Chemistry to Functional Materials
Authors: Zhang Feilong , Fan Jun‐bing , Wang Shutao 
Published: February 2020

AbstractInterfacial polymerization, where a chemical reaction is confined at the liquid–liquid or liquid–air interface, exhibits a strong advantage for the controllable fabrication of films, capsules, and fibers for use as separation membranes and electrode materials. Recent developments in technology and polymer chemistry have brought new vigor to interfacial polymerization. Here, we consider the history of interfacial polymerization in terms of the polymerization types: interfacial polycondensation, interfacial polyaddition, interfacial oxidative polymerization, interfacial polycoordination, interfacial supramolecular polymerization, and some others. The accordingly emerging functional materials are highlighted, as well as the challenges and opportunities brought by new technologies for interfacial polymerization. Interfacial polymerization will no doubt keep on developing and producing a series of fascinating functional materials.
Indirect and Direct Grafting of Transition Metals to Siliconoids
Authors: Poitiers Nadine E. , Giarrana Luisa , Leszczyńska Kinga I. , Huch Volker , Zimmer Michael , Scheschkewitz David 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUnsaturated charge‐neutral silicon clusters (siliconoids) are important as gas‐phase intermediates between molecules and the elemental bulk. With stable zirconocene‐ and hafnocene‐substituted derivatives, we here report the first examples containing directly bonded transition‐metal fragments that are readily accessible from the ligato‐lithiated Si6 siliconoid (1Li) and Cp2MCl2 (M=Zr, Hf). Charge‐neutral siliconoid ligands with pending tetrylene functionality were prepared by the reaction of amidinato chloro tetrylenes [PhC(NtBu)2]ECl (E=Si, Ge, Sn) with 1Li, thus confirming the principal compatibility of such low‐valent functionalities with the unsaturated Si6 cluster scaffold. The pronounced donor properties of the tetrylene/siliconoid hybrids allow for their coordination to the Fe(CO)4 fragment.
Lewis Acid Coordination Redirects S‐Nitrosothiol Signaling Output
Authors: Hosseininasab Valiallah , McQuilken Alison C. , Bakhoda Abolghasem (Gus) , Bertke Jeffery A. , Timerghazin Qadir K. , Warren Timothy H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractS‐Nitrosothiols (RSNOs) serve as air‐stable reservoirs for nitric oxide in biology. While copper enzymes promote NO release from RSNOs by serving as Lewis acids for intramolecular electron‐transfer, redox‐innocent Lewis acids separate these two functions to reveal the effect of coordination on structure and reactivity. The synthetic Lewis acid B(C6F5)3 coordinates to the RSNO oxygen atom, leading to profound changes in the RSNO electronic structure and reactivity. Although RSNOs possess relatively negative reduction potentials, B(C6F5)3 coordination increases their reduction potential by over 1 V into the physiologically accessible +0.1 V vs. NHE. Outer‐sphere chemical reduction gives the Lewis acid stabilized hyponitrite dianion trans‐[LA‐O‐N=N‐O‐LA]2− [LA=B(C6F5)3], which releases N2O upon acidification. Mechanistic and computational studies support initial reduction to the [RSNO‐B(C6F5)3] radical anion, which is susceptible to N−N coupling prior to loss of RSSR.
Effect of hydrogen‐enriched biogas induction on combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of dual‐fuel compression ignition engine
Authors: Rosha Pali , Ibrahim Hussameldin , Nanda Anil Kumar , Mohapatra Saroj Kumar , Mahla Sunil Kumar , Dhir Amit 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGaseous fuel induction in a compression ignition (CI) engine has picked up much attention over the most recent few years, particularly when it is produced by using renewable sources. In this study, hydrogen‐enriched biogas (HEB) was used as a gaseous fuel and co‐combusted in dual‐fuel CI engine. Experimentation was carried out on a 3.5‐kW CI engine test rig in the brake mean effective pressure range between 0 and 3.5 bar, as well as, HEB between 0.1 and 0.5 kg/hr. HEB induction effects on various engine characteristics (combustion, performance, and emission) were studied at rated engine speed (1,500 rpm). Results revealed that the peak cylinder pressure and ignition delay period increased with increasing HEB proportion (0.1 to 0.5 kg/hr) as compared with diesel mode. The calorific value of HEB (57.0 MJ/kg) is higher than diesel (42.0 MJ/kg), which led to improved BTE in dual‐fuel mode. The emission results showed that with an increase of HEB rates, the NOx emission mildly decreases, but smoke opacity and hydrocarbon emissions majorly reduce. Thus, the HEB induction has great potential to be a feasible technological solution to overcome low BTE and high hydrocarbon emissions in biogas operated CI engines.
Investigation dielectric and morphological properties of fly ash collected from thermal power plant
Authors: Canımkurbey Betül 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFly ash is finely divided waste obtained during the generation of energy in thermal power plants by burning powdered coal. The recycling of fly ash has become an issue in recent years, as this industrial waste is environmentally and economically important. To utilizate this waste material, some electrical analyzes were carried out in the present study. The impedance, dielectric dissipation, dielectric permittivity and conductivity parameters of the pellet were measured as a function of temperature. Then, they were analysed how these parameters change depending on frequency and varying temperatures. Real and imaginary part of dielectric properties of the fly ash was measured in the frequency range of 100 Hz –15 MHz in the temperature range of 25–200 °C. The origins of observed anomalies have discussed. Temperature dependence of real and imaginary part of dielectric permittivity suggests that fly ash exhibits strong broadband electrical behavior. Additionally, EDX, XRD, TGA and DSC measurements have performed to determine structural properties of fly ash. SEM analysis has performed to observe the morphology of pellets. From the results obtained, fly ash can provide suitable new broadband absorption capacity. With utilization of this waste, it is possible to save energy, produce cheaper, protect ecological balance.
Laypeople's source selection in online health information‐seeking process
Authors: Chi Yu , He Daqing , Jeng Wei 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFor laypeople, searching online health information resources can be challenging due to topic complexity and the large number of online sources with differing quality. The goal of this article is to examine, among all the available online sources, which online sources laypeople select to address their health‐related information needs, and whether or how much the severity of a health condition influences their selection. Twenty‐four participants were recruited individually, and each was asked (using a retrieval system called HIS) to search for information regarding a severe health condition and a mild health condition, respectively. The selected online health information sources were automatically captured by the HIS system and classified at both the website and webpage levels. Participants' selection behavior patterns were then plotted across the whole information‐seeking process. Our results demonstrate that laypeople's source selection fluctuates during the health information‐seeking process, and also varies by the severity of health conditions. This study reveals laypeople's real usage of different types of online health information sources, and engenders implications to the design of search engines, as well as the development of health literacy programs.
Pirate open access as electronic civil disobedience: Is it ethical to breach the paywalls of monetized academic publishing?
Authors: James Jack E. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOpen access has long been an ideal of academic publishing. Yet, contrary to initial expectations, cost of access to published scientific knowledge increased following the advent of the Internet and electronic processing. An analysis of the ethicality of current arrangements in academic publishing shows that monetization and the sequestering of scientific knowledge behind paywalls breach theprinciple of fairnessand damage public interest. Following decades of failed effort to redress the situation, there are ethical grounds for consumers of scientific knowledge to invoke the right of collective civil disobedience, including support for pirate open access. Could this be the best option available to consumers of scientific knowledge for removing paywalls to knowledge that rightly belongs in the public domain?
Entrepreneurship and economic growth in developing countries: Evidence from Africa
Authors: Peprah Augustine Awuah , Adekoya Adenuga Fabian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe nexus between entrepreneurship and economic growth has been examined in entrepreneurship and economic development literature. Yet, a critical analysis of these studies shows that research attention has mainly been focused on advanced economies leaving much to be understood in developing countries especially in Africa. Using data from the World Development Indicator on 10 African countries (Botswana, Morocco, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leon, South Africa, and Zambia), this study tests the effects of entrepreneurship and on economic growth. The results of the analysis show that entrepreneurship is positive and significantly stimulates economic growth. Based on this finding, policy implications are discussed.
Cost‐effectiveness of the Collaborative Care to Preserve Performance in Cancer (COPE) trial tele‐rehabilitation interventions for patients with advanced cancers
Authors: Longacre Colleen F. , Nyman John A. , Visscher Sue L. , Borah Bijan J. , Cheville Andrea L. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this analysis was to determine the cost‐effectiveness of a Collaborative Care Model (CCM)‐based, centralized telecare approach to delivering rehabilitation services to late‐stage cancer patients experiencing functional limitations.MethodsData for this analysis came from the Collaborative Care to Preserve Performance in Cancer (COPE) trial, a randomized control trial of 516 patients assigned to: (a) a control group (arm A), (b) tele‐rehabilitation (arm B), and (c) tele‐rehabilitation plus pharmacological pain management (arm C). Patient quality of life was measured using the EQ‐5D‐3L at baseline, 3‐month, and 6‐month follow‐up. Direct intervention costs were measured from the experience of the trial. Participants’ hospitalization data were obtained from their medical records, and costs associated with these encounters were estimated from unit cost data and hospital‐associated utilization information found in the literature. A secondary analysis of total utilization costs was conducted for the subset of COPE trial patients for whom comprehensive cost capture was possible.ResultsIn the intervention‐only model, tele‐rehabilitation (arm B) was found to be the dominant strategy, with an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $15 494/QALY. At the $100 000 willingness‐to‐pay threshold, this tele‐rehabilitation was the cost‐effective strategy in 95.4% of simulations. It was found to be cost saving compared to enhanced usual care once the downstream hospitalization costs were taken into account. In the total cost analysis, total inpatient hospitalization costs were significantly lower in both tele‐rehabilitation (arm B) and tele‐rehabilitation plus pain management (arm C) compared to control (arm A), (P = .048).ConclusionThe delivery of a CCM‐based, centralized tele‐rehabilitation intervention to patients with advanced stage cancer is highly cost‐effective. Clinicians and care teams working with this vulnerable population should consider incorporating such interventions into their patient care plans.