bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HCN Production in Titan’s Atmosphere: Coupling Quantum Chemistry and Disequilibrium Atmospheric Modeling
Authors: Pearce Ben K. D. , Molaverdikhani Karan , Pudritz Ralph E. , Henning Thomas , Hébrard Eric 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a critical reactive source of nitrogen for building key biomolecules relevant for the origin of life. Still, many HCN reactions remain uncharacterized by experiments and theory, and the complete picture of HCN production in planetary atmospheres is not fully understood. To improve this situation, we develop a novel technique making use of computational quantum chemistry, experimental data, and atmospheric numerical simulations. First, we use quantum chemistry simulations to explore the entire field of possible reactions for a list of primary species in N2-, CH4-, and H2-dominated atmospheres. In this process, we discover 33 new reactions with no previously known rate coefficients. From here, we develop a consistent reduced atmospheric hybrid chemical network (CRAHCN) containing experimental values when available and our calculated rate coefficients otherwise. Next, we couple CRAHCN to a 1D chemical kinetic model (ChemKM) to compute the HCN abundance as a function of atmospheric depth on Titan. Our simulated atmospheric HCN profile agrees very well with the Cassini observations. CRAHCN contains 104 reactions; however, nearly all of the simulated atmospheric HCN profile can be obtained using a scaled-down network of only 19 dominant reactions. From here, we form a complete picture of HCN chemistry in Titan’s atmosphere, from the dissociation of the main atmospheric species, down to the direct production of HCN along four major channels. One of these channels was first discovered and characterized in Pearce et al. and this work.
Contribution of High-energy GRB Emissions to the Spectrum of the Isotropic Diffuse γ-Ray Background
Authors: Yao Yu-Hua , Chang Xiao-Chuan , Hu Hong-Bo , Pan Yi-Bin , Zhang Hai-Ming , Li Hua-Yang , Qiao Bing-Qiang , Kang Ming-Ming , Yang Chao-Wen , Liu Wei , Guo Yi-Qing 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
High-precision measurement of the isotropic diffuse γ-ray background (IGRB) has been extrapolated to the TeV energy region using the Fermi-LAT experiment. Various kinds of astrophysical sources are candidates for its origin. However, a consensus on the dominant source has been difficult to reach. Recent observations of the γ-ray emission of γ-ray bursts (GRBs), denoted as the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) component in the afterglow phase, in the sub-TeV energy region by MAGIC and HESS experiments shed new light on this topic. In this work, we revisit the contribution from the SSC component of GRBs to the IGRB. First, a sample set of GRB events is obtained and examined using observations from Fermi-LAT. Second, the SSC component, described by the energy ratio R
ext and spectral index β
ext, is assigned to every GRB event. We can obtain the total spectrum contribution based on this GRB sample. We find that when R
ext and β
ext reach ∼20% and −1.6, respectively, the contribution from GRB emission dominates in the energy region of hundreds of GeV. We hope that the LHAASO and CTA experiments under construction can observe a large number of GRBs to fix those parameters in coming years. A surviving tail is expected, which can serve to check our calculations based on future satellite experiments such as HERD and GAMMA400.
New Calculations of Stark-broadened Profiles for Neutral Helium Lines Using Computer Simulations
Authors: Tremblay Patrick , Beauchamp A. , Bergeron P. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We present new calculations of Stark-broadened profiles for neutral helium lines using computer simulations that include some important aspects aimed at better representing the dynamical environment of the helium atom. These include the unification of ion and electron treatment, the correction for ion dynamics, the transition of the electron contribution to broadening from the core to the wings of the profile, the numerical integration of the time evolution operator of helium perturbed by a fluctuating electric field, the Debye correction for the correlation of the motion of charged perturbers, local density variations, and particle reinjection. We compare the results of our simulations for the He i
λλ4471 and 4922 lines with other results published in the literature. We also test our simulation environment for narrow lines (He i

and 6678) and broader lines (He i

and 4144). We find that the narrow lines are more difficult to produce adequately than the broader ones.
On the Origin of a Rotating Metal-poor Stellar Population in the Milky Way Nuclear Cluster
Authors: Arca Sedda Manuel , Gualandris Alessia , Do Tuan , Feldmeier-Krause Anja , Neumayer Nadine , Erkal Denis 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We explore the origin of a population of stars recently detected in the inner parsec of the Milky Way (MW) nuclear cluster, which exhibits subsolar metallicity and a higher rotation compared to the dominant population. Using state-of-the-art N-body simulations, we model the infall of massive stellar systems into the Galactic center, both of Galactic and extragalactic origin. We show that the newly discovered population can either be the remnant of a massive star cluster formed a few kiloparsecs away from the Galactic center (Galactic scenario) or be accreted from a dwarf galaxy originally located at 10–100 kpc (extragalactic scenario) and that reached the Galactic center 3–5 Gyr ago. A comparison between our models and characteristic Galactocentric distance and metallicity distributions of MW satellites and globular clusters favors the Galactic scenario. A comparison with clusters associated with the Enceladus-Sausage, Sequoia, Sagittarius, and Canis Major structures suggests that the progenitor of the observed metal-poor substructure formed in situ rather than being accreted.
Revealing the Formation of the Milky Way Nuclear Star Cluster via Chemo-dynamical Modeling
Authors: Do Tuan , David Martinez Gregory , Kerzendorf Wolfgang , Feldmeier-Krause Anja , Arca Sedda Manuel , Neumayer Nadine , Gualandris Alessia 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Milky Way nuclear star cluster (MW NSC) has been used as a template to understand the origin and evolution of galactic nuclei and the interaction of nuclear star clusters with supermassive black holes. It is the only nuclear star cluster with a supermassive black hole where we can resolve individual stars to measure their kinematics and metal abundance to reconstruct its formation history. Here, we present results of the first chemo-dynamical model of the inner 1 pc of the MW NSC using metallicity and radial velocity data from the KMOS spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope. We find evidence for two kinematically and chemically distinct components in this region. The majority of the stars belong to a previously known supersolar metallicity component with a rotation axis perpendicular to the Galactic plane. However, we identify a new kinematically distinct subsolar metallicity component that contains about 7% of the stars and appears to be rotating faster than the main component with a rotation axis that may be misaligned. This second component may be evidence for an infalling star cluster or remnants of a dwarf galaxy, merging with the MW NSC. These measurements show that the combination of chemical abundances with kinematics is a promising method to directly study the MW NSC’s origin and evolution.
The Archetypal Ultra-diffuse Galaxy, Dragonfly 44, Is not a Dark Milky Way
Authors: Bogdán Ákos 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Due to the peculiar properties of ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs), understanding their origin presents a major challenge. Previous X-ray studies demonstrated that the bulk of UDGs lack substantial X-ray emission, implying that they reside in low-mass dark matter halos. This result, in concert with other observational and theoretical studies, pointed out that most UDGs belong to the class of dwarf galaxies. However, a subset of UDGs is believed to host a large population of globular clusters (GCs), which is indicative of massive dark matter halos. This, in turn, hints that some UDGs may be failed L
⋆ galaxies. In this work, I present Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of two archetypal UDGs, Dragonfly 44 and DF X1, and I constrain their dark matter halo mass based on the X-ray emission originating from hot gaseous emission and from the population of low-mass X-ray binaries residing in GCs. Both Dragonfly 44 and DF X1 remain undetected in X-rays. The upper limits on the X-ray emission exclude the possibility that these galaxies reside in massive (M
vir ≳ 5 × 1011
M
⊙) dark matter halos, suggesting that they are not failed L
⋆ galaxies. These results demonstrate that even these iconic UDGs resemble to dwarf galaxies with M
vir ≲ 1011
M
⊙, implying that UDGs represent a single galaxy population.
Rapid Variability in the Wind from the White Dwarf Merger Candidate J005311
Authors: Garnavich Peter , Littlefield Colin , Pogge Richard , Wood Charlotte 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We analyze time-series spectroscopy of the white dwarf merger candidate J005311 and confirm the unique nature of its optical spectrum. We detect an additional broad emission feature peaking at 343 nm that was predicted in the Gvaramadze et al. (2019) models. Comparing ten spectra taken with the Large Binocular Telescope, we find significant variability in the profile of the strong O vi 381.1/383.4 nm emission feature. This appears to be caused by rapidly shifting subpeaks generated by clumpiness in the stellar wind of J005311. This line variability is similar to what is seen in many Wolf-Rayet stars. However, in J005311, the rate of motion of the subpeaks appears exceedingly high as they can reach 16,000 km s−1 in less than two hours.
Long-timescale X-Ray Variability of BAL and Mini-BAL Quasars
Authors: Timlin John , Brandt W. N. , Zhu Shifu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We investigated the rest-frame ≈0.1–5 yr X-ray variability properties of an unbiased and uniformly selected sample of 24 broad absorption line (BAL) and 35 mini-BAL quasars, making it the largest representative sample used to investigate such variability. We find that the distributions of X-ray variability amplitudes of these quasar populations are statistically similar to that of non-BAL, radio-quiet (typical) quasars.
Stellar Occultation by the Resonant Trans-Neptunian Object (523764) 2014 WC510 Reveals a Close Binary TNO
Authors: Leiva Rodrigo , Buie Marc W. , Keller John M. , Wasserman Lawrence H. , Kavelaars JJ , Bridges Terry , Haley Sean L. , Strauss Ryder , Wilde Elizabeth , Weryk Robert , Kervella Pierre , Baker Robert , Bock Stephen Alan , Conway Ken , Cota Juan M. , Estes James J. , García María L. , Kehrli Matthew , McCandless Andrew , McCandless Keitha , Self Edgar , Settlemire Cole , Swanson Diana J. , Thompson Doug , Wise J. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We report on the stellar occultation by (523764) 2014 WC510 observed on 2018 December 1 UT. This occultation campaign was part of the Research and Education Collaborative Occultation Network (RECON), a network of small telescopes spread over 2000 km in western USA and Canada. Light curves from six stations revealed three groups of two or more consecutive flux drops correlated in time between adjacent stations. A Bayesian model comparison reveals that a model with a double object occulting a double star is favored over alternative models considered. For the statistically favored model, we determined that the primary component of the object has a diameter d

p
= 181 ± 16 km and the secondary d

s
= 138 ± 32 km, assuming identical geometric albedo between the two components. The two components have a projected separation of 349 ± 26 km. Adopting an absolute magnitude for the system of H

V
= 7.2 from the Minor Planet Center, we derive a geometric albedo of p

V
= 5.1% ± 1.7%. This is the smallest resonant object with an occultation size measurement and with a detected secondary from a ground-based stellar occultation, filling a region of the size versus separation parameter space of binary objects that is largely unexplored. The results show the capabilities of the unique design of the RECON experiment sensitive to small objects and close binaries. 2014 WC510 is presently at a low galactic latitude where the high surface density of stars will provide good occultation opportunities in the upcoming years.
How much does the host matter to the parasitoid? Distribution of Eurytoma (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) species amongst two locally co-occurring gall-inducing hosts in the genus Diplolepis (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae)
Authors: MacEwen Jamie M. , Earley Nathan G. , Lalonde Robert G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGall wasps in the cynipid genus Diplolepis Geoffroy (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) attack various species of native and introduced roses in Canada. Although gall forms are diverse, gall wasps are parasitised by highly concordant complexes of parasitoids and inquilines. Many species of gall wasps attack the same host plants and develop over the same periods in the season, suggesting that opportunistic parasitoids may be exploiting a range of hosts rather than specialising. We sampled larvae of Eurytoma Illiger (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) from galls of D. variabilis (Bassett) and D. rosaefolii (Cockerell), gall inducers that develop fairly synchronously late in the growing season on leaves of Rosa woodsii Lindl. (Rosaceae) in the Okanagan Valley of central British Columbia, Canada. Galls were sampled at five different sites along a gradient from the north end of the valley to the Canada–United States border, a distance of 100 km. We extracted DNA, then amplified and sequenced the cytochrome b segment for each Eurytoma larva. We identified two well-supported clades that were differentiated by neither sampling location nor host. Instead, at least two species of Eurytoma, E. imminuta Bugbee and E. longavena Bugbee, exist at these localities, and both exploit at least two of the Diplolepis hosts found at these sites.
Pleiotropic Roles of VEGF in the Microenvironment of the Developing Thymus
Authors: de Barros Stephanie C. , Suterwala Batul T. , He Chongbin , Ge Shundi , Chick Brent , Blumberg Garrett K. , Kim Kenneth , Klein Sam , Zhu Yuhua , Wang Xiaoyan , Casero David , Crooks Gay M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Neonatal life marks the apogee of murine thymic growth. Over the first few days after birth, growth slows and the murine thymus switches from fetal to adult morphology and function; little is known about the cues driving this dramatic transition. In this study, we show for the first time (to our knowledge) the critical role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on thymic morphogenesis beyond its well-known role in angiogenesis. During a brief window a few days after birth, VEGF inhibition induced rapid and profound remodeling of the endothelial, mesenchymal and epithelial thymic stromal compartments, mimicking changes seen during early adult maturation. Rapid transcriptional changes were seen in each compartment after VEGF inhibition, including genes involved in migration, chemotaxis, and cell adhesion as well as induction of a proinflammatory and proadipogenic signature in endothelium, pericytes, and mesenchyme. Thymocyte numbers fell subsequent to the stromal changes. Expression patterns and functional blockade of the receptors VEGFR2 and NRP1 demonstrated that VEGF mediates its pleiotropic effects through distinct receptors on each microenvironmental compartment of the developing mouse thymus.
PENGARUH PERMAINAN ENGKLEK VARIASI PADA PERKEMBANGAN MOTORIK ANAK USIA DINI
Authors: Indaria Tri Hariyani  , Norma Diana Fitri  
Published: September 2020

The role of play is a need for early childhood because it can affect the mindset that plays a role in the stages of child development. Therefore the main function of play is to use media in learning, so as to facilitate the media in learning needed by the teacher. To find out aspects of children's motor development, they really need media as an understanding that needs to be emphasized with concrete examples of behavior by using a crank game for kindergarten A children. In this study, the aim is to see whether there is an influence of variations on the motor cycle of early childhood, The research method used is pre-experimental designs, the pre-experimental form of this research design used is one group pretest - posttest design, the subject of this study is 12 children at the age of 5-6 years. The results of the normality test obtained by researchers are the Asymptotic significant value of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. All of the learning outcomes experience a significant effect that can be known from the average size in the paired test of the statistical sample of the pretest value of 21.83 and the posttest value of 29.00. The results of the paired sample test analysis can be seen in the sig value. which shows 0.000 <0.05 so that H0 is rejected H1 is accepted, that shows there is a significant influence on variations in the motor play of early childhood motor development.

Abstrak
Peran bermain merupakan kebutuhan untuk anak usia dini karena dapat mempengaruhi mindset yang berperan dalam tahap perkembangan anak. Oleh karena itu fungsi utama dari bermain adalah menggunakan media dalam pembelajaran, supaya mempermudah media dalam pembelajaran yang diperlukan oleh guru. Untuk mengetahui aspek perkembangan motorik anak sangat membutuhkan media sebagai pemahaman yang perlu dipertegas dengan contoh-contoh perilaku kongkret dengan menggunakan permainan engklek untuk anak TK A. Pada penelitian ini mempunyai tujuan agar dapat melihat apakah ada pengaruh permainan engklek variasi pada perkembangan motorik anak usia dini, metode penelitian yang digunakan yakni pre-eksperimental designs, bentuk desain penelitian ini pre-experimental yang digunakan adalah one group pretest - posttest design, subjek penelitian ini yakni 12 anak pada usia 5-6 tahun. Hasil dari uji normalitas yang diperoleh peneliti yaitu nilai Asymptotic significant value dari uji Kolmogorov- smirnov diketahui hasil belajar semuanya mengalami pengaruh yang signifikan dapat diketahui dari besarnya rata-rata dalam uji paired sampel statistic dari nilai pretest sebesar 21.83 dan nilai posttest sebesar 29.00. Hasil analisis paired sampel test dapat dilihat pada nilai sig. yang menunjukan 0.000 < 0.05 sehingga H0 ditolak H1 diterima, bahwa menunjukan ada pengaruh signifikan permainan engklek variasi pada perkembangan motorik anak usia dini.
Kata Kunci: Permainan engklek variasi, perkembangan motorik, anak usia dini
Dosimetria das Multas Tributárias
Authors: Takano Caio Augusto 
Published: September 2020

O presente estudo tem como objetivo contribuir para o estudo das sanções tributárias pecuniárias (especialmente as multas tributárias) e, em especial, identificar parâmetros que, a nosso ver, devem ser observados na imposição de multas pelo descumprimento de obrigações tributárias. Identificados os limites impositivos í s multas tributárias, tanto os materiais (i.e., relacionados com o bem jurí­dico tutelado), quanto os quantitativos (i.e., relacionados com o próprio gravame da penalidade cominada), examinar-se-ão os instrumentos que o ordenamento jurí­dico dispõe para que se exerça um efetivo controle das multas tributárias que ultrapassarem tais limites, de modo a conferir efetividade aos limites identificados.
Novo Bloqueio Unilateral de Bens pela Procuradoria-Geral da Fazenda Nacional
Authors: Roth Isfer Henrique , Isfer Edson 
Published: September 2020

Em janeiro de 2018, por meio da Lei n.º 13.606 – que instituiu o Programa de Regularização Tributária Rural (PRR) e diminuiu as alí­quotas para pagamento dos débitos do Funrural –, o legislador nacional concedeu í Procuradoria-Geral da Fazenda Nacional um novo e importante poder de atuação: a possibilidade de indisponibilização de bens de contribuinte inscrito em dí­vida ativa, de forma unilateral e sem a chancela judicial. O presente ensaio buscará realizar uma breve análise deste novo instrumento, discorrendo sobre a sua compatibilidade constitucional.
Strategi Pengembangan Dan Strategi Pemasaran Kopra Dalam Sistem Syariah
Authors: Ridwan Hardiyanti 
Published: September 2020

Penelitian dilakukam untuk mendapatkan data yang diperlukan serta menguraikan secara sederhana semua permasalahan yang menyangkut hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan skripsi ini mengenai Strategi penegembangan dan strategi pemaaran kopra dalam sistem Syariah maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian kualitatif menggunakan jenis pendekatan naturalistic yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini adalah berdasarkan persepsi dan pemikiran orang secara individual, yang melibatkan produksi kopra dan pedagang kopra sebagai subjek penelitian. Dan hasil penelitian diperoleh melalui wawancara dan dokumentasi kemudian data yang terkumpul berupa kata-kata dianalisa dengan tekhnik reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa : 1. Dalam startegi pemasaran, masyarakat mengelolah buah kelapa, menjadi suatu produk yang lebih mahal dibanding dengan, menjual kelapa mentah langsung. sistem pemasaran kopra yang dilakukan di desa lembang lohe kecamatan tellulimpoe adalah dengan memasarkan hasil produk kopra di pedagang pengumpul, dan pedagang pengumpul memasarkan lansung produksi kopra di pasar terdekat. 2. Sedangkan dari hasil penenlitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa sistem pengembangan dilakukan dengan cara harus memepertahankan sumber bahan baku yang ada di daerah sendiri, dan persediaan bahan baku selalu terpenuhi setiap ingin memproduksi kopra.
From Security Sector Reform to Endemic Corruption: The Case of Afghanistan
Authors: Yasa Abdul Rahman 
Published: September 2020

Corruption and insecurity are reinforcing each other. It can hinder the democratic processes and jeopardize the security sector through creating corrupt administrative systems, manipulation of contracts and procurement. After the decomposition of the Taliban in 2001, the U.S.-led coalition carried out Security Sector Reform (SSR) to (re) construct the Afghan National Police (ANP) and Afghan National Army (ANA) together known as Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF). Over critical literature, there are serious critiques concerning the U.S. and its allies’ scrimmage for their role in conducting the SSR in Afghanistan.
The research argues that the lack of a long-term strategic vision for conducting SSR as part of the state-building process by the international community was a critical challenge. This crux has further been exacerbated by the privatization of SSR and the contrast between the U.S. and its European allies on the role of the police. This dichotomy affected the anti-corruption and law enforcement potentials of police, which resulted in the present crisis. Additionally, this research figures out that insufficient oversight of contracts and procurement, training and advising processes of the ANDSF gave more room for misappropriation, theft, and fraud by both the local and international contractors. Finally, all these shortfalls together with constant turnover have undermined the counterinsurgency efforts of Afghan forces on the ground. Therefore, endless military operation without any tangible results has wearied the people, and further added fodder to the terrorist propaganda machine.