bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of suppressing the biological stress systems on social threat-assessment following acute stress
Authors: Ali Nida , Cooperman Cory , Nitschke Jonas P. , Baldwin Mark W. , Pruessner Jens C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRationaleStress is associated with increased sensitivity to threat. Previous investigations examining how stress affects threat processing have largely focused on biomarker responses associated with either the sympathetic-nervous-system (SNS) or the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.ObjectivesWe pharmacologically suppressed activations of SNS, HPA, or both, prior to stress and investigated how each stress system modulates social threat assessment.MethodsOne hundred sixty-one healthy men and women were randomized in a between-subject design, to one of four pharmacological or placebo conditions: dexamethasone–placebo, placebo–propranolol, dexamethasone–propranolol, or placebo–placebo. Participants provided threat assessments for angry and neutral human faces on a baseline day, and immediately after stress induction on a testing day.ResultsWith both systems responding normally to stress (placebo–placebo), threat assessment was higher for neutral faces compared with angry. Compared with placebo, SNS suppression resulted in increased threat assessment for angry faces. HPA suppression resulted in decreased threat assessment for neutral and angry faces. When both systems were suppressed, there was an increase in threat assessment for angry faces, and no difference from placebo for neutral.ConclusionOur findings demonstrated that when intact, the biological stress systems adaptively support organisms during stress by focusing attention towards specific stimuli that are relevant to the threat. Dysregulations of the stress systems result in important system specific consequences on threat evaluation, such that suppression of either stress system alone resulted in reduced threat assessment for contextually relevant threatening stimuli, whereas when both systems were suppressed, individuals appear indiscriminately attentive to all potential threats in the environment, resulting in increased threat processing of both contextually relevant and irrelevant stimuli. Given that stress-related psychopathologies have been associated with dysregulations of the stress systems and biased responses to social threat, a systematic understanding of the mechanisms that underlie how stress systems modulate social threat assessment is needed, and can provide important insights into the cognitive processes that are involved in the development and maintenance of stress-related psychopathologies.
Variation in carotenoid-containing retinal oil droplets correlates with variation in perception of carotenoid coloration
Authors: Caves Eleanor M. , Schweikert Lorian E. , Green Patrick A. , Zipple Matthew N. , Taboada Carlos , Peters Susan , Nowicki Stephen , Johnsen Sönke 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the context of mate choice, males may vary continuously in their expression of assessment signals, typically reflecting information about variation in mate quality. Similarly, females may exhibit variation in mate preference, which could be due to differences in how individual females perceive signals. The extent to which perception varies across individuals, however, and whether differences in sensory physiology underlie perceptual differences is poorly understood. Carotenoid pigments create the orange-red coloration of many assessment signals, and they also play a role in color discrimination in many vertebrates via their presence in retinal oil droplets. Here, we link variation in oil droplet carotenoid concentration with the ability of female zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) to discriminate an orange-red color continuum that parallels variation in male beak color, a mate assessment signal. We have shown previously that zebra finch females perceive this color range categorically, meaning they label color stimuli from this continuum as belonging to two categories and exhibit better discrimination between colors from different categories as compared with equally different colors from within a category. We quantified behavioral color discrimination and R-type (red) cone oil droplet spectral absorption, a proxy for carotenoid concentration. Oil droplet absorption was strongly predictive of variation in behavioral color discrimination ability. In particular, higher carotenoid concentration in oil droplets correlated with increased discrimination of colors from different sides of the previously identified category boundary. These data show that differences in the sensory periphery can correlate with individual variation in perception of a signal-relevant color range.Significance statementSignal receivers vary in their preferences for signaling traits, but whether this is due to variation in how different receivers perceive signals is not well-understood. We show that variation between individual zebra finch females in perception of an orange-red continuum range correlates with the carotenoid concentration of retinal oil droplets. These data provide the first direct evidence that individual variation in oil droplet carotenoid concentration can lead to variation in color discrimination ability. Linking variation in signal-relevant color discrimination ability with variation in retinal physiology suggests a potential mechanism contributing to individual variation in signal assessment.
Trends in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: cross-sectional data from the German National Database
Authors: Albrecht Katinka , Huscher Dörte , Callhoff Johanna , Richter Jutta G. , Alexander Tobias , Henes Jörg , Zink Angela 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objective
To describe trends in outcomes among patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) over two decades.

Methods
From 1997 to 2017, a total of 1079 IIM patients were documented in the National Database of the German Collaborative Arthritis Centers. Annual cross-sectional data on treatment, disease activity, patient-reported outcomes, hospitalization and employment were compared across the years. Information on phenotypes, organ manifestations and autoantibodies was collected for a subset to compare the assessment of global health, pain, fatigue and sleeping disorders.

Results
In 2017, significantly more IIM patients were assessed to be in low disease activity (94%) than in 1997 (59%), p < 0.01. Pain (p = 0.001), global health (p = 0.049), fatigue (p = 0.03) and sleeping disorders (p = 0.01) also improved since recording. Glucocorticoid use decreased from 84 to 58% (p < 0.01). Employment in patients < 65 years remained unchanged (53%), while early retirement (23–9%), hospitalization/year (34–18%) and sick leave (52–24%) decreased. A total of 186 patients with information on subtypes were classified as polymyositis (44%), dermatomyositis (33%), anti-synthetase syndrome (10%), overlapping-myositis (8%), inclusion body myositis (2%), necrotizing myositis (0.5%) and unspecific (3%). The most frequently reported symptoms were limitations in global health (60%), fatigue (57%) and sleeping disorders (51%), and all of them were most frequent in overlap-myositis. Pulmonary hypertension and cardiomyopathy were associated with poor outcomes regarding global health, daily activities and fatigue.

Conclusion
IIM patients report better outcomes than 20 years ago, along with good physician-reported disease control. Global health, fatigue and sleeping disorders are relevant patient-reported domains in IIM.
RNA directed DNA methylation and seed plant genome evolution
Authors: Wambui Mbichi R. , Wang Qing-Feng , Wan Tao 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRNA Directed DNA Methylation (RdDM) is a pathway that mediates de novo DNA methylation, an evolutionary conserved chemical modification of cytosine bases, which exists in living organisms and utilizes small interfering RNA. Plants utilize DNA methylation for transposable element (TE) repression, regulation of gene expression and developmental regulation. TE activity strongly influences genome size and evolution, therefore making DNA methylation a key component in understanding divergence in genome evolution among seed plants. Multiple proteins that have extensively been studied in model plant Arabidopsis thaliana catalyze RNA dependent DNA Methylation pathway along with small interfering RNA. Several developmental functions have also been attributed to DNA methylation. This review will highlight aspects of RdDM pathway dynamics, evolution and functions in seed plants with focus on recent findings on conserved and non-conserved attributes between angiosperms and gymnosperms to potentially explain how methylation has impacted variations in evolutionary and developmental complexity among them and advance current understanding of this crucial epigenetic pathway.
Improved characterization of sub-centimeter enhancing breast masses on MRI with radiomics and machine learning in BRCA mutation carriers
Authors: Lo Gullo Roberto , Daimiel Isaac , Rossi Saccarelli Carolina , Bitencourt Almir , Gibbs Peter , Fox Michael J. , Thakur Sunitha B. , Martinez Danny F. , Jochelson Maxine S. , Morris Elizabeth A. , Pinker Katja 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To investigate whether radiomics features extracted from MRI of BRCA-positive patients with sub-centimeter breast masses can be coupled with machine learning to differentiate benign from malignant lesions using model-free parameter maps.

Methods
In this retrospective study, BRCA-positive patients who had an MRI from November 2013 to February 2019 that led to a biopsy (BI-RADS 4) or imaging follow-up (BI-RADS 3) for sub-centimeter lesions were included. Two radiologists assessed all lesions independently and in consensus according to BI-RADS. Radiomics features were calculated using open-source CERR software. Univariate analysis and multivariate modeling were performed to identify significant radiomics features and clinical factors to be included in a machine learning model to differentiate malignant from benign lesions.

Results
Ninety-six BRCA mutation carriers (mean age at biopsy = 45.5 ± 13.5 years) were included. Consensus BI-RADS classification assessment achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 53.4%, sensitivity of 75% (30/40), specificity of 42.1% (32/76), PPV of 40.5% (30/74), and NPV of 76.2% (32/42). The machine learning model combining five parameters (age, lesion location, GLCM-based correlation from the pre-contrast phase, first-order coefficient of variation from the 1st post-contrast phase, and SZM-based gray level variance from the 1st post-contrast phase) achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 81.5%, sensitivity of 63.2% (24/38), specificity of 91.4% (64/70), PPV of 80.0% (24/30), and NPV of 82.1% (64/78).

Conclusions
Radiomics analysis coupled with machine learning improves the diagnostic accuracy of MRI in characterizing sub-centimeter breast masses as benign or malignant compared with qualitative morphological assessment with BI-RADS classification alone in BRCA mutation carriers.

Key Points
• Radiomics and machine learning can help differentiate benign from malignant breast masses even if the masses are small and morphological features are benign.
• Radiomics and machine learning analysis showed improved diagnostic accuracy, specificity, PPV, and NPV compared with qualitative morphological assessment alone.
Irrigation and hydrometeorological extremes
Authors: de Vrese Philipp , Stacke Tobias 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the present study, the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology’s Earth System Model is used to investigate irrigation’s general effect on severe and extreme hydrometeorological regimes. Our idealized simulations show a large potential to modulate the magnitude and occurrence frequency of severe and extreme precipitation rates, indicating the possibility to mitigate some of the detrimental effects of future climate change, but also a substantial risk due to the declining water availability in drying regions. Irrigation almost exclusively reduces the magnitude and occurrence frequency of severely and extremely dry conditions and has the potential to counter the drying trends that result from the 21st century increase in greenhouse gas concentrations—according to the RCP4.5 scenario. At the same time, irrigation does not only have a mitigating effect, as it increases the occurrence frequency and intensity of severely wet conditions in many regions. The study aims at irrigation’s theoretical (maximum) impact and investigates a highly idealized trajectory in which global irrigation is being maximized within hydrologically sustainable limits. However, even for this scenario, we find large regions in which present-day water extractions are not sustainable as they often rely on exhaustible sources. Especially, a depletion of non-renewable ground water in South Asia would lead to a strong reduction in irrigation and, consequently, a substantial increase in the occurrence frequency of severely and extremely dry months throughout the region.
Psychological distress in cervical cancer screening: results from a German online survey
Authors: Jentschke M. , Lehmann R. , Drews N. , Hansel A. , Schmitz M. , Hillemanns P. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The PODCAD study aimed at assessing the degree of psychological stress that women experience due to notification of an abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear finding or a positive human papillomavirus (HPV) test result.

Methods
We designed a survey to address the question of psychological burden due to abnormal Pap smear results and/or positive HPV tests. In this online campaign approach, we aimed to reach > 2000 women all over Germany irrespective of kind and number of abnormal screening findings. We asked for different kinds of anxiety, distress and uncertainty regarding both, Pap and HPV status.

Results
A total of 3753 women completed the survey at least partially, and almost 2300 fully completed the survey. Of these, more than 50% were affected already since more than 1 year, and almost half of them had experienced at least three Pap smears in follow-up examinations. Almost 70% of the women were afraid of developing cancer. Intriguingly, almost half of the women with abnormal findings were not aware of their stage of the Pap smear. Furthermore, almost 30% of the women displayed signs of a post-traumatic stress disorder.

Conclusion
Abnormal results in cervical cancer screening have an impact on patients’ psychology, irrespective of the knowledge and severity of the findings. Better information concerning risks and benefits of cervical cancer screening and about the meaning of the outcome of its procedures are required to decrease this anxiety.
Effect of intensive prior exercise on muscle fiber activation, oxygen uptake kinetics, and oxygen uptake plateau occurrence
Authors: Niemeyer Max , Leithäuser Renate , Beneke Ralph 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose
We tested the hypothesis that the described increase in oxygen uptake ($$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2}}$$

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)-plateau incidence following a heavy-severe prior exercise is caused by a steeper increase in $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2}}$$

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and muscle fiber activation in the submaximal intensity domain.

Methods
Twenty-one male participants performed a standard ramp test, a $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{{\text{2max}}}}$$

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verification bout, an unprimed ramp test with an individualized ramp slope and a primed ramp test with the same ramp slope, which was preceded by an intensive exercise at 50% of the difference between gas exchange threshold and maximum workload. Muscle fiber activation was recorded from vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and gastrocnemius medialis using a surface electromyography (EMG) device in a subgroup of 11 participants. Linear regression analyses were used to calculate the $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2}}$$

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-($$\Delta \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2}} /\Delta P$$

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/
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) and EMG-(∆RMS/∆P) ramp test kinetics.

Results
Twenty out of the 21 participants confirmed their $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{{\text{2max}}}}$$

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in the verification bout. The $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2}}$$

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-plateau incidence in these participants did not differ between the unprimed (n = 8) and primed (n = 7) ramp test (p = 0.500). The $$\Delta \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2}} /\Delta P$$

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/
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was lower in the primed compared to the unprimed ramp test (9.40 ± 0.66 vs. 10.31 ± 0.67 ml min−1 W−1, p < 0.001), whereas the ∆RMS/∆P did not differ between the ramp tests (0.62 ± 0.15 vs. 0.66 ± 0.14% W−1; p = 0.744).

Conclusion
These findings do not support previous studies, which reported an increase in $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2}}$$

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-plateau incidence as well as steeper increases in $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{2}}$$

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and muscle fiber activation in the submaximal intensity domain following a heavy-severe prior exercise.
General anesthesia affecting on developing brain: evidence from animal to clinical research
Authors: Liu Xinyue , Ji Jing , Zhao Guo-Qing 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs the recent update of General anaesthesia compared to spinal anaesthesia (GAS) studies has been published in 2019, together with other clinical evidence, the human studies provided an overwhelming mixed evidence of an association between anaesthesia exposure in early childhood and later neurodevelopment changes in children. Pre-clinical studies in animals provided strong evidence on how anaesthetic and sedative agents (ASAs) causing neurotoxicity in developing brain and deficits in long-term cognitive functions. However pre-clinical results cannot translate to clinical practice directly. Three well designed large population-based human studies strongly indicated that a single brief exposure to general anesthesia (GAs) is not associated with any long-term neurodevelopment deficits in children’s brain. Multiple exposure might cause decrease in processing speed and motor skills of children. However, the association between GAs and neurodevelopment in children is still inconclusive. More clinical studies with larger scale observations, randomized trials with longer duration exposure of GAs and follow-ups, more sensitive outcome measurements, and strict confounder controls are needed in the future to provide more conclusive and informative data. New research area has been developed to contribute in finding solutions for clinical practice as attenuating the neurotoxic effect of ASAs. Xenon and Dexmedetomidine are already used in clinical setting as neuroprotection and anaesthetic sparing-effect, but more research is still needed.
Belt–pulley interaction: role of the action line of friction forces
Authors: Oborin Evgenii 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA simplified model of the belt motion with small strains is proposed. The main purpose of the modeling is to show the effects arising when the line of action of friction forces is shifted to the belt’s middle axis. The prestressed shearable model of the belt is used in this study. The differential equations of the steady state motion are integrated and combined together with the boundary conditions into two nonlinear systems of algebraic equations corresponding to the different cases of the belt behavior: presence and absence of a sliding segment. The nonlinearity results from the fact that the boundaries of the contact segments are a priori unknown. The case without sliding requires introduction of a concentrated force at the point where the belt leaves the pulley. Considerable effects of the assumptions of contact characterization on the simulation results are demonstrated.
Stability of nanobeams under nonconservative surface loading
Authors: Glabisz Wojciech , Jarczewska Kamila , Hołubowski Ryszard 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA universal algorithm for analyzing the stability of Euler–Bernoulli nanobeams with any support conditions, subjected to arbitrary conservative and nonconservative loads, has been shown. The analysis was carried out using exact solutions in each of the prismatic nanobeam segments. The study of the determinant of a homogeneous system of equations resulting from boundary conditions and continuity conditions at the contact points of the nanobeam elements was the basis for the analysis of its critical loads. The presented general algorithm was used to analyze the impact on critical loads of prestress nanobeams caused by conservative and nonconservative external surface loads.
LabelSens: enabling real-time sensor data labelling at the point of collection using an artificial intelligence-based approach
Authors: Woodward Kieran , Kanjo Eiman , Oikonomou Andreas , Chamberlain Alan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn recent years, machine learning has developed rapidly, enabling the development of applications with high levels of recognition accuracy relating to the use of speech and images. However, other types of data to which these models can be applied have not yet been explored as thoroughly. Labelling is an indispensable stage of data pre-processing that can be particularly challenging, especially when applied to single or multi-model real-time sensor data collection approaches. Currently, real-time sensor data labelling is an unwieldy process, with a limited range of tools available and poor performance characteristics, which can lead to the performance of the machine learning models being compromised. In this paper, we introduce new techniques for labelling at the point of collection coupled with a pilot study and a systematic performance comparison of two popular types of deep neural networks running on five custom built devices and a comparative mobile app (68.5–89% accuracy within-device GRU model, 92.8% highest LSTM model accuracy). These devices are designed to enable real-time labelling with various buttons, slide potentiometer and force sensors. This exploratory work illustrates several key features that inform the design of data collection tools that can help researchers select and apply appropriate labelling techniques to their work. We also identify common bottlenecks in each architecture and provide field tested guidelines to assist in building adaptive, high-performance edge solutions.