bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Appropriate fabrication method for vacuum‐formed mouthguards using polyolefin sheets
Authors: Mizuhashi Fumi , Koide Kaoru 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackground/AimsThe appropriate heating conditions for polyolefin sheets have not yet been determined and polyolefin sheets are usually formed in the same manner as ethylene vinyl acetate sheets. The aim of this study was to examine the appropriate heating conditions for polyolefin sheets when fabricating vacuum‐formed mouthguards.Materials and methodsMouthguard sheets of 3.0 mm polyolefin were vacuum formed on working models at three heating temperatures: 90°C, 105°C, and 120°C. The thickness of the mouthguard was measured at the labial surface of the central incisor, and the buccal and occlusal surfaces of the first molar. The fit of the mouthguard was examined at the central incisor and the first molar by measuring the distance between the mouthguard and the cervical margin of the working model. Differences in the thickness and fit of the mouthguards according to the heating conditions and the measured regions were analyzed by two‐way analysis of variance.ResultsMouthguard thickness varied among the measured regions of the central incisors and first molars (P < .01). The smallest thickness was found at the labial surface of the central incisor in mouthguards fabricated at 90°C (P < .01). The smallest thickness was found at the buccal and occlusal surface of the first molar in mouthguards fabricated at 120°C (P < .01). The worst fit was obtained with the heating temperature of 90°C (P < .01).ConclusionsThe appropriate heating temperature for polyolefin sheets was 105°C to maintain mouthguard thickness and to obtain proper fit.
“I'm tired of being pulled from pillar to post”: A qualitative analysis of barriers to mental health care for trauma‐exposed young people
Authors: Ellinghaus Carli , Truss Katie , Liao Siling Jocelyn , Phillips Lisa , Eastwood Oliver , Medrano Carmen , Bendall Sarah 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimTraumatic experiences in childhood are pervasive and associated with a range of deleterious mental health outcomes. Despite this, trauma‐exposed young people often do not seek help from mental health services. While barriers to care for general mental health concerns are well established, less is known about those specifically facing young people who have experienced trauma. The present paper sought to examine the barriers in seeking mental health care faced by trauma‐exposed young people through a qualitative analysis of online forums where individuals discuss and seek informal support for trauma.MethodsThis study used a qualitative, netnographic design, following the six‐step LiLEDDa framework, developed for the analysis of online forums. Posts about trauma written in 2016 from five Internet forums targeting young people were included and analysed via thematic analysis.ResultsBarriers to mental health care for trauma‐exposed young people were categorized into two interrelated themes: (a) structural and (b) relational barriers. Structural barriers related to practical challenges faced when accessing and engaging with mental health services. Relational barriers focused on interpersonal relationships with mental health service providers and how these influenced experiences of, and consequent engagement with, services.ConclusionsTrauma‐exposed young people appear to experience multiple barriers to mental health care, whereby interactions between structural and relational barriers determine ongoing engagement. Service‐wide reform including trauma‐informed mental health training for practitioners is urgently needed to improve access to care and engagement for this vulnerable group.
Genetic diagnoses in epilepsy: The impact of dynamic exome analysis in a pediatric cohort
Authors: Rochtus Anne , Olson Heather E. , Smith Lacey , Keith Louisa G. , El Achkar Christelle , Taylor Alan , Mahida Sonal , Park Meredith , Kelly McKenna , Shain Catherine , Rockowitz Shira , Rosen Sheidley Beth , Poduri Annapurna 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveWe evaluated the yield of systematic analysis and/or reanalysis of whole exome sequencing (WES) data from a cohort of well‐phenotyped pediatric patients with epilepsy and suspected but previously undetermined genetic etiology.MethodsWe identified and phenotyped 125 participants with pediatric epilepsy. Etiology was unexplained at the time of enrollment despite clinical testing, which included chromosomal microarray (57 patients), epilepsy gene panel (n = 48), both (n = 28), or WES (n = 8). Clinical epilepsy diagnoses included developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE), febrile infection‐related epilepsy syndrome, Rasmussen encephalitis, and other focal and generalized epilepsies. We analyzed WES data and compared the yield in participants with and without prior clinical genetic testing.ResultsOverall, we identified pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in 40% (50/125) of our study participants. Nine patients with DEE had genetic variants in recently published genes that had not been recognized as epilepsy‐related at the time of clinical testing (FGF12, GABBR1, GABBR2, ITPA, KAT6A, PTPN23, RHOBTB2, SATB2), and eight patients had genetic variants in candidate epilepsy genes (CAMTA1, FAT3, GABRA6, HUWE1, PTCHD1). Ninety participants had concomitant or subsequent clinical genetic testing, which was ultimately explanatory for 26% (23/90). Of the 67 participants whose molecular diagnoses were "unsolved" through clinical genetic testing, we identified pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in 17 (25%).SignificanceOur data argue for early consideration of WES with iterative reanalysis for patients with epilepsy, particularly those with DEE or epilepsy with intellectual disability. Rigorous analysis of WES data of well‐phenotyped patients with epilepsy leads to a broader understanding of gene‐specific phenotypic spectra as well as candidate disease gene identification. We illustrate the dynamic nature of genetic diagnosis over time, with analysis and in some cases reanalysis of exome data leading to the identification of disease‐associated variants among participants with previously nondiagnostic results from a variety of clinical testing strategies.
Blinking behavior in great‐tailed grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) increases during simulated rainfall
Authors: Yorzinski Jessica L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAnimals often adjust their behavior in response to changes in environmental conditions, and these behavioral adjustments may result from sensory constraints. In particular, rainfall influences behavior but our understanding of its effects on visual abilities is limited. This study, therefore, tested the hypothesis that rainfall influences blinking behavior, a major component of visual processing, in captive great‐tailed grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus). The blinking behavior of the grackles was recorded when they were exposed to simulated rain that was direct (water falling directly atop them) or indirect (water falling at a distance from them). The grackles exhibited increased blinking behavior when they were exposed to the direct rain but not the indirect rain. These results suggest that rainfall may impact visual processing in birds through sensory impairments.
Origin of volatile organic compound emissions from subarctic tundra under global warming
Authors: Ghirardo Andrea , Lindstein Frida , Koch Kerstin , Buegger Franz , Schloter Michael , Albert Andreas , Michelsen Anders , Winkler J. Barbro , Schnitzler Jörg‐Peter , Rinnan Riikka 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWarming occurs in the Arctic twice as fast as the global average, which in turn leads to a large enhancement in terpenoid emissions from vegetation. Volatile terpenoids are the main class of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that play crucial roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate. However, the biochemical mechanisms behind the temperature‐dependent increase in VOC emissions from subarctic ecosystems are largely unexplored. Using 13CO2‐labeling, we studied the origin of VOCs and the carbon (C) allocation under global warming in the soil–plant–atmosphere system of contrasting subarctic heath tundra vegetation communities characterized by dwarf shrubs of the genera Salix or Betula. The projected temperature rise of the subarctic summer by 5°C was realistically simulated in sophisticated climate chambers. VOC emissions strongly depended on the plant species composition of the heath tundra. Warming caused increased VOC emissions and significant changes in the pattern of volatiles toward more reactive hydrocarbons. The 13C was incorporated to varying degrees in different monoterpene and sesquiterpene isomers. We found that de novo monoterpene biosynthesis contributed to 40%–44% (Salix) and 60%–68% (Betula) of total monoterpene emissions under the current climate, and that warming increased the contribution to 50%–58% (Salix) and 87%–95% (Betula). Analyses of above‐ and belowground 12/13C showed shifts of C allocation in the plant–soil systems and negative effects of warming on C sequestration by lowering net ecosystem exchange of CO2 and increasing C loss as VOCs. This comprehensive analysis provides the scientific basis for mechanistically understanding the processes controlling terpenoid emissions, required for modeling VOC emissions from terrestrial ecosystems and predicting the future chemistry of the arctic atmosphere. By changing the chemical composition and loads of VOCs into the atmosphere, the current data indicate that global warming in the Arctic may have implications for regional and global climate and for the delicate tundra ecosystems.
Partial river flow recovery with forest age is rare in the decades following establishment
Authors: Bentley Laura , Coomes David A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractForest regeneration and expansion are occurring in many countries, with 80 million ha established from 2000 to 2012 under the Bonn accord and 17.5 million ha established from 1990 to 2005 according to the Food and Agriculture Organisation. Multiple reviews have linked increasing forest cover with reduced river flow and potentially detrimental effects downstream. Previous reviews have investigated trends in river flow response over time, but the influence of forest age remains uncertain. Partial river flow recovery (towards non‐forested conditions) has been reported in decades following forest establishment, but the role of climate in driving these trends has not been explored. Here, we evaluate river flow trends in 43 studies following forest establishment, which provide sufficient information to distinguish the effects of ageing forests from variable climate. Our meta‐analysis supports previous findings showing that forestation reduces annual river flow (by 23% after 5 years and 38% after 25 years) with greater reductions in catchments with higher mean annual precipitation, larger increases in forest cover, and which were idle, rather than agricultural land, prior to forestation. The impact of forests on river flow is sensitive to annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, but responses are highly variable. Forests affect river flow less when annual precipitation is low, and sensitivity to precipitation decreases as catchment aridity increases. The majority of catchments demonstrated persistent river flow declines after forest establishment. However, nine catchments showed partial flow recovery after an initial decrease, with peak flow reductions at an average age of 15 and across a range of tree species. The mean rate of recovery was 34 mm/year over 5 years. Partial flow recovery with forest age cannot be commonly expected, however, and forestation programmes should take into account that changes to annual river flow are likely to persist for up to five decades.
Remote sensing of forest gas exchange: Considerations derived from a tomographic perspective
Authors: Damm Alexander , Paul‐Limoges Eugenie , Kükenbrink Daniel , Bachofen Christoph , Morsdorf Felix 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe global exchange of gas (CO2, H2O) and energy (sensible and latent heat) between forest ecosystems and the atmosphere is often assessed using remote sensing (RS) products. Although these products are essential in quantifying the spatial variability of forest–atmosphere exchanges, large uncertainties remain from a measurement bias towards top of canopy fluxes since optical RS data are not sensitive for the vertically integrated forest canopy. We hypothesize that a tomographic perspective opens new pathways to advance upscaling gas exchange processes from leaf to forest stands and larger scales. We suggest a 3D modelling environment comprising principles of ecohydrology and radiative transfer modelling with measurements of micrometeorological variables, leaf optical properties and forest structure, and assess 3D fields of net CO2 assimilation (An) and transpiration (T) in a Swiss temperate forest canopy. 3D simulations were used to quantify uncertainties in gas exchange estimates inherent to RS approaches and model assumptions (i.e. a big‐leaf approximation in modelling approaches). Our results reveal substantial 3D heterogeneity of forest gas exchange with top of canopy An and T being reduced by up to 98% at the bottom of the canopy. We show that a simplified use of RS causes uncertainties in estimated vertical gas exchange of up to 300% and that the spatial variation of gas exchange in the footprint of flux towers can exceed diurnal dynamics. We also demonstrate that big‐leaf assumptions can cause uncertainties up to a factor of 10 for estimates of An and T. Concluding, we acknowledge the large potential of 3D assessments of gas exchange to unravelling the role of vertical variability and canopy structure in regulating forest–atmosphere gas and energy exchange. Such information allows to systematically link canopy with global scale controls on forest functioning and eventually enables advanced understanding of forest responses to environmental change.
Anthropogenic and lightning‐started fires are becoming larger and more frequent over a longer season length in the U.S.A.
Authors: Cattau Megan E. , Wessman Carol , Mahood Adam , Balch Jennifer K. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimOver the past several decades, wildfires have become larger, more frequent, and/or more severe in many areas. Simultaneously, anthropogenic ignitions are steadily growing. We have little understanding of how increasing anthropogenic ignitions are changing modern fire regimes.LocationConterminous United States.Time period1984–2016.Major taxa studiedVegetation.MethodsWe aggregated fire radiative power (FRP)‐based fire intensity, event size, burned area, frequency, season length, and ignition type data from > 1.8 million government records and remote sensing data at a 50‐km resolution. We evaluated the relationship between fire physical characteristics and ignition type to determine if and how modern U.S.A. fire regimes are changing sensu stricto given increased anthropogenic ignitions, and how those patterns vary over space and time.ResultsAt a national scale, wildfires occur over longer fire seasons (17% increase) and have become larger (78%) and more frequent (12%), but not necessarily more intense. Further, human ignitions have increased 9% proportionally. The proportion of human ignitions has a negative relationship with fire size and FRP and a positive relationship with fire frequency and season length. Areas dominated by lightning ignitions experience fires that are 2.4 times more intense and 9.2 times larger. Areas dominated by human ignitions experience fires that are twice as frequent and have a fire season that is 2.4 times longer. The effect of human ignitions on fire characteristics varies regionally. Ecoregions in the eastern U.S.A. and in some parts of the coastal western U.S.A. have no areas dominated by lightning ignitions. For the remaining ecoregions, more intense and larger fires are associated with lightning ignitions, and longer season lengths are associated with human ignitions.Main conclusionsIncreasing anthropogenic ignitions – in tandem with climate and land cover change – are contributing to a ‘new normal’ of fire activity across continental scales.
Comparison of four different regimens against Helicobacter pylori as a first‐line treatment: A prospective, cross‐sectional, comparative, open trial in Chinese children
Authors: Zhou Ying , Ye Ziqing , Wang Yuhuan , Zhang Ye , Tang Zifei , Yan Weili , Jiang Yuan , Huang Ying 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundsDue to the decreasing eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori, some novel alternatives have been developed, such as bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy and non‐bismuth‐containing quadruple therapy (sequential and concomitant treatment). Little is known about whether a success rate above 90% can be achieved with these regimens in Chinese children.MethodsIn this prospective, open, comparative cross‐sectional study, we recruited treatment‐naïve children (aged between 6 and 18 years) with H pylori infection. The patients were assigned either standard triple therapy, sequential therapy, bismuth‐based quadruple therapy, or concomitant therapy at the discretion of the prescribing physician. H pylori infection was evaluated at least 4 weeks after the completion of the treatment. A negative urea breath test (UBT) indicated successful eradication. The primary endpoint was the eradication frequency of H pylori in the full analysis set (FAS), which included all children who received at least one dose of the treatment and with available follow‐up data.ResultsBetween September 2017 and December 2018, 228 patients were finally included in the FAS analyses. The eradication rates were 74.1% for standard triple therapy (43/58, [95% CI: 62.8%‐85.5%]), 69.5% for sequential therapy (41/59, [95% CI: 57.8%‐81.2%]), 89.8% for bismuth‐based quadruple therapy (53/59, [95% CI: 82.1%‐97.5%]), and 84.6% for concomitant therapy (44/52, [95% CI: 74.8%‐94.4%]). Bismuth‐based therapy was superior to triple therapy, while sequential therapy and concomitant therapy were not superior to triple therapy. The frequency of adverse events was 12.1% (7/58) in standard triple therapy, 6.8% (4/59) in sequential therapy, 15.3% (9/59) in bismuth‐based therapy, and 15.4% (8/52) in concomitant therapy. The rate of adverse events was similar among the four groups.ConclusionBismuth quadruple therapy can achieve an eradication rate of 89.8% as first‐line treatment and is safe and well tolerated. Bismuth could be a promising alternative as a first‐line regimen in Chinese children.
Prospects of antibacterial bioactive glass nanofibers for wound healing: An in vitro study
Authors: Saha Suman , Bhattacharjee Arnab , Rahaman Sk. Hasanur , Ray Sayantan , Marei Mona K. , Jain Himanshu , Chakraborty Jui 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe present communication reports the synthesis of silver‐containing bioactive glass by sol‐gel route, followed by fabrication of the antibacterial bioactive glass nanofibers (ABGnf, dia 200‐900 nm) using electrospinning technique. The ABGnf of composition 1‐2 mol% of B2O3, 68‐69 mol% of SiO2, ~1 × 10−3 mol% of Ag2O, and 29‐30 mol% of CaO was evaluated both for wound‐healing potential and for antibacterial efficacy. An in vitro cell proliferation/migration assay was performed using SV‐transformed GM00637 (skin fibroblast) cell line, wherein ABGnf exhibited significant cell proliferation (82%) compared to the control (47%) and ABGnf without boron (65%) in a period of 24 hours, thus establishing its wound‐healing potential. Further, the antibacterial activity was assessed in vitro using the bacterial strain of Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed the zone of inhibition to be almost two times the control group treated with a model aminoglycoside antibiotic, tobramycin. In addition to the above advantages, the in vitro cytotoxicity assay showed an excellent cellular response. All these results have established promising wound healing and antibacterial potential of ABGnf.
Heterozygous variant fibrinogen γA289V (Kanazawa III) was confirmed as hypodysfibrinogenemia by plasma and recombinant fibrinogens
Authors: Kaido Takahiro , Yoda Masahiro , Kamijo Tomu , Taira Chiaki , Higuchi Yumiko , Okumura Nobuo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntroductionCongenital fibrinogen disorders are classified as afibrinogenemia, hypofibrinogenemia, dysfibrinogenemia, and hypodysfibrinogenemia. However, difficulties are associated with discriminating between dysfibrinogenemia, hypofibrinogenemia, and hypodysfibrinogenemia using routine analyses. We previously reported a heterozygous variant fibrinogen (γA289V; Kanazawa III) as hypodysfibrinogenemia; however, the same variant had previously been described as hypofibrinogenemia. To clarify the production of γA289V fibrinogen, we expressed recombinant γA289V (r‐γA289V) fibrinogen and compared it with wild‐type (WT) and adjacent recombinant variant fibrinogens.MethodsTarget mutations were introduced into a fibrinogen γ‐chain expression vector by site‐directed mutagenesis, and the vector was then transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells to produce recombinant fibrinogen. Fibrinogen was purified from the plasma of the proposita, and culture media and fibrinogen functions were analyzed using fibrin polymerization, plasmin protection, and FXIIIa‐catalyzed fibrinogen cross‐linking.ResultsThe fibrinogen concentration ratio of the culture media to cell lysates was markedly lower for r‐γA289V fibrinogen than for WT. Because the secretion of recombinant γF290L (r‐γF290L) fibrinogen was similar to WT, we compared r‐γF290L fibrinogen functions with WT. The fibrin polymerization of Kanazawa III plasma (K‐III) fibrinogen was significantly weaker than normal plasma fibrinogen. Moreover, K‐III fibrinogen showed a markedly reduced “D:D” interaction. However, all functions of r‐γF290L fibrinogen were similar to WT. An in silico analysis confirmed the above results.ConclusionThe present results demonstrated that γA289 is crucial for the γ‐module structure, and the γA289V substitution markedly reduced fibrinogen secretion. Moreover, K‐III fibrinogen showed markedly reduced fibrin polymerization and “D:D” interactions. γA289V fibrinogen was confirmed as hypodysfibrinogenemia.