bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sociology of Inequality in Latin America
Authors: Mora-Salas Minor 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The study of social inequality has been one of the main topics of Latin American sociology since the second half of the twentieth century. It is possible to organize the academic trajectory of this field into three periods. During the first developmental phase, the research was inspired by comprehensive theoretical frameworks such as modernization theory, dependency theory, and structuralist-development theory; the historical-structural approach constituted the hegemonic analytical model. In a second period, the sociological approach was relegated to the background as the study of poverty and income distribution came to the fore. This shift owed as much to major economic and social changes that the region experienced as to the waning of the historical-structural paradigm. Finally, the sociological approach has gained renewed prominence in light of the changes that have occurred in the region at the end of the past century and the first two decades of the present one. During this period, Latin American sociology of inequality becomes more multifaceted and its theoretical approaches more complex as it incorporates new analytical perspectives to problematize the persistence and reconstitution of social inequality patterns in the region.
An Indigenous Māori Perspective of Rangatahi Personhood
Authors: Ormond Adreanne , Kidman Joanna , Tomlins Jahnke Huia 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Personhood is complex and characterized by what Avery Gordon describes as an abundant contradictory subjectivity, apportioned by power, race, class, and gender and suspended in temporal and spatial dimensions of the forgotten past, fragmented present, and possible and impossible imagination of the future. Drawing on Gordon’s interpretation, we explore how personhood for young Māori from the nation of Rongomaiwāhine of Aotearoa New Zealand is shaped by a subjectivity informed by a Māori ontological relationality. This discussion is based on research conducted in the Māori community by Māori researchers. They used cultural ontology to engage with the sociohistorical realities of Māori cultural providence and poverty, and colonial oppression and Indigenous resilience. From these complex and multiple realities this essay will explore how young Māori render meaning from their ancestral landscape, community, and the wider world in ways that shape their particular personhood.
A Puzzling Anomaly
Authors: Charland Louis C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Any ethical inquiry into addiction research is faced with the preliminary challenge that the term “addiction” is itself a matter of scientific and ethical controversy. Accordingly, the chapter begins with a brief history of the term “addiction.” The chapter then turns to ethical issues surrounding consent and decision-making capacity viewed from the perspective of the current opioid epidemic. One concern is the neglect of the cyclical nature of addiction and the implications of this for the validity of current psychometric instruments used to evaluate decision-making capacity in addiction. Another is the apparent discrepancy—possibly an ethical double standard—in the manner in which society and addiction researchers view the mental capacity and vulnerability of individuals who suffer from severe addiction. On the whole, the main ethical concern of the chapter is the puzzling lack of clinical research on decision-making capacity in research on addiction.
Technology and Time
Authors: Wajcman Judy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Across the social sciences and humanities there is a strong resurgence of interest in the impact of digital technology on the contemporary experience of time. The widespread belief is that ubiquitous connectivity technologies are causing a time-pressure epidemic, speeding up everyday life. This chapter will bring a much needed sociological perspective to bear on digital temporalities. Having situated claims about the acceleration society in a historical context, the chapter critiques technologically determinist accounts. By contrast, science and technology studies conceptualize time as fundamentally sociotechnical or sociomaterial. The chapter then explores how the experience of time is structured by institutions, such as work and family, and varies across social cleavages such as gender and class. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Silicon Valley’s culture of optimization, which feeds the obsession with time control, efficiency, and speed.
Manifestations and Arguments
Authors: Zumbansen Peer 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
While the term “legal pluralism’ literally denotes a plurality of legal orders, it is their plurality of and the distinguishing features between them, which continues to make the subject matter a very charged and hotly debated one. Seen through the lens of legal sociology and anthropology, the plurality of coexisting, normative orders appears, above all, as a matter of description, as a fact of social ordering. Meanwhile, as some of these normative systems are being claimed as being “law,” while others are associated with nonlegal forms of social order, such as customary, traditional, or indigenous norms as well as, perhaps, sector-specific rules of professional or industry conduct, the categories used to draw the lines between legal and nonlegal norms become in themselves highly contentious. The chapter argues that to neglect the fundamental distinction between legal pluralism as “manifestation” and as “argument” perpetuates a troubling inability on the part of positivist and analytical legal theory to engage with law’s inherent instability. Especially at a time, where the actors, norms, and processes that together constitute and shape emerging transnational regulatory regimes are located and operating both within and beyond the state as the purportedly singularly competent authority of law creation and enforcement, the deconstruction of “legal pluralism” as “nonlaw” and threat to the state can serve as the foundation for a new, critical legal theory.
Theorizing Justice under Conditions of Global Legal Pluralism
Authors: Muñiz-Fraticelli Víctor M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
There are distinct challenges to the construction of a theory of justice, in both the national and transnational sphere, under conditions of global legal pluralism. Pluralism shapes theories of global and domestic justice not so much by proposing new normative principles but by challenging prevailing methodological assumptions. Taking John Rawls’s theory of justice as a case study, this chapter illustrates how global legal pluralism complicates Rawls’s idealization of a well-ordered society as requiring the full and effective compliance of citizens with a shared and public conception of justice. Ultimately, the most important way in which global legal pluralism contributes to normative moral theory is by calling into question the ideal that the subject of justice can ever be fixed, that a political society can ever be bounded, or that there is a set of principles or a court of appeal that can order, with some degree of finality, the conflicting jurisdictional claims that bear on moral persons.
Legal Pluralism and the Problem of Evil
Authors: von Daniels Detlef 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the problem of evil is a way to reflect upon three underlying problems that pertain to legal pluralism as a critical, self-reflective theory. First, legal pluralism is prone to be absorbed by its “saved subjects.” Second, there is no theoretical space outside or above political contestation. Third, the legal pluralist herself potentially exerts influence on the observed through her observations. By analyzing the debate between Eugen Ehrlich and Hans Kelsen, the chapter demonstrates how these three issues accompany the development of the debate on legal pluralism and how the problem of evil emerges as its underlying enigma.
Conflicts of Laws Unbounded
Authors: Muir Watt Horatia 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter attempts to bring the specific insights of the discipline of the conflict of laws to some of the most significant issues that challenge contemporary legal theory in its attempts to integrate the radical changes wrought by globalization in the normative landscape beyond the nation-state. These changes have brought complex interactions of conflicting norms and social systems to the center stage of jurisprudence. This means that the conflict of laws has a plausible vocation to contribute significantly to a “global legal paradigm,” that is, a conceptual structure adapted to unfamiliar practices, forms, and “modes of legal consciousness.” Conversely, private international legal thinking has all to gain from attention to the other legal disciplines that have preceded it in the effort to “go global.” Thus, it needs to undergo a general conceptual overhauling in order to capture law’s novel foundations and features. In this respect, it calls for an adjustment of its epistemological and methodological tools to its transformed environment. It must revisit the terms of the debate about legitimacy of political authority and reconsider the values that constitute its normative horizon. From this perspective, This chapter aims to further the efforts already undertaken by various strands of legal pluralism, as an alternative form of “lateral coordination” in global law, toward the crafting of a “jurisprudence across borders.” Societal constitutionalism, which has explicitly made the connection between transnational regime-collision and the conflict of laws, provides a particularly promising avenue for unbounding the latter, which might then emerge as a form of decentered, reflexive coordination of global legal interactions.
Indigenous Rights and Intrastate Multijuridicalism
Authors: Newman Dwight 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the rising assertion that Indigenous rights imply a necessary multijuridicalism within states that contain Indigenous peoples. Those who put this assertion call for the recognition of Indigenous legal systems alongside dominant state legal systems. One basis for these claims is found in Article 5 of the 2007 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), which states that “Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinct political, legal, economic, social and cultural institutions…” Considered against backgrounds of colonial encounters between European imperial powers and Indigenous peoples, there are no doubt strong normative arguments for moves toward reopening space for Indigenous legal traditions. At the same time, however, such moves raise complex questions of jurisprudential theory that warrant close analysis. This chapter engages in some of that analysis in the context of various theories of legal pluralism.
State Legal Pluralism and Religious Courts
Authors: Neo Jaclyn L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In a seminal 1986 article, John Griffiths argues that state legal pluralism, as opposed to state/nonstate legal pluralism, is “weak” legal pluralism. State legal pluralism refers to the coexistence of and interaction of distinctive legal systems which are nonetheless administered by the state; that is, the coexistence of state-state laws or official-official laws. It is juxtaposed against “strong” legal pluralism, which involves the coexistence within a social group of legal orders which do not belong to a single “system.” It has been argued that state legal pluralism is “weak” because it ultimately adheres to the basic ideology of legal centralism. This suggests that state legal pluralism is ultimately controlled by the dynamics of unification and subordination. This chapter suggests that the reality may be far more complex. While institutions such as religious courts operate within the context of state legal pluralism and could indeed be co-opted into the state system, once they are formalized as state bodies, they attain normative and institutional resources to operate according to norms that are not always and not exhaustively derived from state law. Furthermore, empirically speaking, even where conceived as functioning within a setup of legal uniformity under the state, religious courts can retain and even develop their own social logic, such that the relationship between the two forums becomes more fluid and contingent. Accordingly, there is good reason to examine and theorize state legal pluralism more deeply. This chapter uses the context of plurinational courts, involving religious and nonreligious courts, to show how institutions within state legal pluralism are able to resist the legal centralist impetus of monism, statism, and positivism. Indeed, it is argued that, contrary to what is sometimes assumed, such state religious courts can and do operate “semi-autonomously.” Lastly, having provided a (hopefully) credible defense for stronger engagement with state legal pluralism, the chapter examines two jurisdictional schemes to manage jurisdictional overlap.
The Belhar Confession
Authors: Vosloo Robert 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Belhar Confession of 1986 arose in a very specific historical context, and the genesis of this confession should be understood in the light of the injustices and divisions associated with South Africa’s colonial and apartheid past. Yet the Belhar Confession is about more than apartheid, and as such it is a confession that is not merely part of some Reformed churches’ historical past, but in many ways it is still may be part of the future agenda of Reformed churches in the struggle to embody unity, reconciliation and justice in our world today, in obedience to the confession of Jesus Christ as Lord.
The Doctrine of God
Authors: Sonderegger Katherine 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Reformed doctrine of God has bequeathed to the church catholic a God who is truly Lord, a majestic sovereign who rides in the ancient heavens. He exercises his own good pleasure eternally, affirming and attesting and delighting in his own perfect goodness; and he turns toward his creatures in that perfect goodness to enact his justice and his mercy. Utterly self-sufficient, gloriously free, this God seals the covenant with creatures through the blood of his Son, and is content to dwell with them. He does not leave himself without witnesses, for the whole cosmos speaks his name. For this reason, the God whom the Reformed worship and adore, is in fullness and in truth, humanity’s chief end, its glory and its delight forever.
The Divine Decree
Authors: Nimmo Paul T. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the doctrine of the divine decree in Reformed theology, with specific attention to the tradition’s teaching on election and reprobation. It begins by considering the shape of the doctrine in general, noting some of the doctrine’s more controversial possibilities. It proceeds to focus on the way in which the early Reformed tradition understood the decree in both its positive and negative aspects, drawing variously on the texts of early Reformed writers and confessions and the works of Reformed orthodoxy. It then turns to the work of two more recent figures who have advanced significant revisions of the classical Reformed doctrine—Friedrich Schleiermacher and Karl Barth. It concludes with a concise series of recommendations in respect of ongoing reflection on this doctrine.
Reformed Ethics
Authors: Ziegler Philip G. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWithin the wider field of ethical reflection and moral theology, Reformed ethics is tasked with understanding and orienting human action theologically by formative reference to the fundamental description of moral reality provided by Reformed doctrine. The essential features of this moral reality can helpfully be displayed and coordinated around the themes of belonging, gratitude, law, and holiness. Consideration of these themes helps to bring out what is distinctive in a Reformed theological ethic in the midst of much that is evidently also held in common with the wider Christian tradition. As this chapter looks to demonstrate, the history of Reformed theological ethics testifies to the fundamental and abiding conviction on the part of Reformed believers and theologians that reformatio doctrinae is intrinsically bound with and finds it term in serious and joyful reformatio vitae.
The Business of Psychotherapy in Private Practice
Authors: Brandon Anna R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The business of private practice requires navigating ethical professionalism alongside personal needs and values. Advertising, marketing, self-promotion, and the setting/collecting of fees can pose angst by challenging the altruistic values that likely influenced the choice of psychotherapy as a profession. In addition, the majority of marketing in today’s society is through the use of social media (SM), itself a vehicle of information that poses risk to ethical principles affecting therapist and patient. Outside of SM, more traditional methods of growing a psychotherapy practice such as advertisements in printed materials, personal visits to community professionals to increase referrals, and speaking engagements still involve a level of self-promotion that may bring discomfort to the therapist. Further, the exchange of money impacts the client–psychotherapist relationship; with this in mind, direct communication about fees may be a difficult conversation for clinicians to initiate. This chapter reviews position statements by professional associations and highlights gray areas for values-based consideration.
Engagement
Authors: Schofield Benedict 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The idea of literary ‘engagement’, first introduced to a wider public by Jean-Paul Sartre in the 1940s, is perhaps the most important twentieth-century contribution to our evolving understanding of authorship. The question of how authors should position themselves vis-à-vis the human conflicts of their day remains as pertinent as ever. In this chapter, Benedict Schofield analyses how two contemporary novelists—Robert Menasse and Ali Smith—have found distinctively twenty-first-century forms of literary engagement, transforming themselves into what Schofield calls ‘cultural statespeople’. The works of Menasse and Smith cement their creators’ demands that they be taken seriously as literary authors, rather than as celebrities or even generic public intellectuals. Yet, both are deeply cognizant of the extra-literary factors that contribute to their popular appeal and use these to agitate for the strengthening and transformation of the European Union.
Translation
Authors: Leeder Karen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
‘We know we have to find the “voice” to write a poem. The voice, not of the author, but if anything, the voice of the poem.’ The esteemed Irish poet Paul Muldoon utters these words in conversation with the German poet, novelist, essayist, and publisher Michael Krüger. In line with its etymological roots, translation is frequently thought of as an act of ‘carrying’ a verbal construct ‘across’ linguistic boundaries, before setting it down in a new language. This is not what Muldoon and Krüger, accomplished translators both, argue for in their discussion of translation captured in this chapter, however. Instead, they urge us to consider that literature becomes multiply authored when it circulates in the world, and that translators, far from being mere shipping agents wrapping a poem in gauze, instead impose their presence upon the work.
Universities
Authors: Green George , Mort Graham 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the UK, Creative Writing programmes have been established in higher education for over thirty years, and for much longer than that in the US. Yet an independent quality assurance benchmark recognizing the unique teaching methodologies of Creative Writing in the UK was established only in 2016. Meanwhile, writers outside academia have attacked its teaching methods, assessment criteria, and outcomes as inauthentic and invalid since the subject’s inception. Originally conceived as practice-based and student-centred within the values of a socially inclusive education system, Creative Writing’s foundational values are now being repositioned as transactional expectations through a neoliberal focus on fees generation, marketization, and privatization of higher education. This chapter explores the consequences of these changes for writing tutors and student writers and for the discipline itself.
Digital Writing
Authors: Punday Daniel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThrough the framing concept of the ‘platform’, this chapter shows how digital texts frequently impose voluntary constraints upon themselves. Digital media distinguish between what Lev Manovich calls the database and interface. Print texts have only one interface on their fictional worlds, while in a digital work our encounter with that material is variable. Initially this distinction manifested itself in works like hypertext fiction that still functioned within a traditional literary framework of authorship. More recent work has, however, exploited text generated in other ways: through communal authorship, or through computational models, where texts are generated either out of a fixed body of material or in response to real-world events. Drawing on a wide range of contemporary examples, this chapter shows how the digital writer working within the boundaries of these self-imposed constraints resembles a curator or remix artist. He or she becomes an ‘author’ by arranging existing data in novel and meaningful ways.
James and Religion
Authors: Bush Stephen S. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
William James made signal contributions to the philosophical and psychological study of religion. One of James’s greatest contributions to the study of religion is his defense of the permissibility of religious beliefs. In his essay “Will to Believe,” he argues that it can be permissible (morally and epistemically), if certain criteria are met, to hold beliefs for which one does not have conclusive evidence in support (provided there isn’t conclusive evidence against). This applies to religious beliefs, but also to moral beliefs and certain beliefs that are essential to our social lives and to the scientific enterprise. His second-greatest contribution to the study of religion is his methodological focus on individuals’ religious experiences, which we see most extensively in Varieties of Religious Experience. In addition to these two contributions, he has important things to say on the relation between religion and other aspects of culture, such as ethics, politics, science, and philosophy.
Eddas, Sagas, and Victorians
Authors: Phelpstead Carl 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe British reading public discovered the rich corpus of medieval Icelandic literature for the first time during the ‘long nineteenth century’. This chapter describes the ways in which British readers became aware of Old Norse-Icelandic literature through translations into English and through English-language editions of texts in the original language. Beginning with pioneering work of the pre-Victorian period, the chapter focuses on Victorian translators of medieval Icelandic literature (especially G. W. Dasent, William Morris, Sabine Baring-Gould, and W. G. Collingwood), as well as the collaborative editions and translations of Guðbrandur Vigfússon with Dasent or F. York Powell. The chapter shows that the dissemination of Icelandic sources was often linked with the discovery of Iceland as a travel destination or involved collaborating with Icelandic scholars resident in Britain. The conclusion briefly considers the legacy and influence of Victorian translators.