bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forests advancements to grasslands and their influence on soil formation: Forest Steppe of the Central Russian Upland
Authors: Chendev Yu , Gennadiev A , Sauer T , Terekhin E , Matveev S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Natural replacement of grasslands by forests during the Late Holocene and in the modern period was observed. Soil changes as reaction to this phenomena were analyzed. Long-term transformation of steppe Chernozems into forest Phaeozems and Luvisols has been studied in archaeological landscapes in 5 key sites by comparison of paleosols buried under Early Iron Age defensive ramparts, with modern background soils of broad-leaved natural environments. Short-term changes of Chernozems covered by tree cover were studied in 3 key sites, presented by 55 yrs broad-leaved shelterbelts, planted on initially open spaces with Chernozems in agroforestry landscapes. Long-term (during the last 2800-2000 yrs) steppe Chernozems transformation into the forest categories of soils leaded to decrease of humus pools in the soil profiles more than 2 times. After 55 years of steppe Chernozems existence under a tree canopy (in shelterbelts) soil profiles exhibited an increase of humus stocks to depths 1 m in average on 13% at initial values. Stages of Chernozem evolution in response to changing land cover from forest to grassland is discussed. Natural advancement of forest over grasslands continues in the contemporary period. From 1970–2014 rates of climatically determined frontal advancement of forests edges onto grasslands, studied in 6 key sites in different regions of forest steppe, have linear connection with the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC). According to this linear trend, rate of forests advancement to grasslands in modern period declines to zero at HTC 0.75 (the index of the center of steppe zone).
Morphological and biological characteristics of some anthropogenic plant communities in the lower Irtysh floodplain
Authors: Popova E 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The study examined six sites in the right-bank floodplain of the lower reaches of the Irtysh River, Russia, in the part located near the riverbed. The sites were spaced at a considerable distance from each other. The species composition of plants was analyzed. Forty-four species of vascular plants were identified at the studied sites. In terms of the number of species, the sites were ranked as follows: 1→3→6→5→2→4. The plants at sites 2 and 4 are under anthropogenic pressure and stress, which affect the species composition, density, biological productivity, oxygen productivity, and morphometric indicators of plant communities. The assessment of the productivity of floodplain communities performed in this study can be further used to determine the natural resources potential of floodplain areas and to ensure the rational use of their natural resources.
VIS-NIR wave spectrometric features of acorns (Quercus robur L.) for machine grading
Authors: Novikov A I , Drapalyuk M V , Sokolov S V , Ivetić V 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The study is intended for engineers and small-scale forestry owners because it offers a simple solution for acorns quality improvement by machine grading before sowing. Visible diffuse reflectance spectra of single whole acorns (Quercus robur L.), damaged acorns, acorns pericarp, whole and damaged acorn seeds were scanned with spectrometer USB 4000 (Ocean Optics Inc., USA) from 450 to 900 nm at 1 nm intervals. Near infrared reflectance spectra of single acorns material were scanned with spectrometer NirQuest512 (Ocean Optics Inc., USA) from 900 to 2100 nm at 1 nm intervals. English oak acorns cannot be divided from damaged acorns and acorns pericarp in the visible wavelength range. Hard-to-release damaged acorns with shell cracks are eliminated in the NIR-reflectance at a wavelength range from 1400 to 1500 nm or from 1900 to 2000 nm. After the elimination of damaged acorns, good whole acorns can be grading from the acorns rotten seed and acorns pericarp (only one the inner side of a shell) at a wavelength range from 1600 to 1700 nm. The results of this study are limited to these specific samples and cannot be interpreted for acorns of all Quercus species.
The economic aspect of new ways of obtaining innovative forest biotechnology products
Authors: Ivanova A V , Malitskaya V B 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The article discusses new methods for producing woody forest plants used in traditional in vitro micro-cloning technology. Each method is considered from the point of view of economic and biological effectiveness. Organizational models for each method have been developed and constructed with the help of a specialized software product. The stages of obtaining woody forest plants have been described. Standard and technological sheets have been constructed and economic indicators of growing forest trees have been determined under optimal production conditions for each method of in vitro micro-cloning technology. The production costs for the in vitro cultivation of woody forest seedlings are determined using the considered methods. And their economic and ecological-biological efficiency is proved. It has been established that the high cost of the applied methods of biotechnology in obtaining woody forest plants does not allow competing with plants obtained by traditional microcloning technologies in vitro. A way out of the situation is possible only due to the transition from laboratory to production conditions. It reduces the complexity of work through the use of specialized equipment and automation of microclone growing processes.
Effects of silver nanoparticles and zirconium trisulphide nanoplates on the adaptation of woody species microclones to ex vitro conditions
Authors: Zakharova O , Kolesnikova E , Strekalova N , Gusev A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The transfer of microclones to nonsterile conditions is one of the critical stages of micropropagation. Nanoparticles and nanomaterials can significantly improve effectiveness of this technique if used as substances increasing adaptive capabilities of the propagated plants. We have studied the impact of silver nanoparticles and zirconium trisulphide nanoplates on the adaptation of microclones of white poplar × aspen hybrid, hairy birch, crack willow, red oak and scots pine upon transfer to ex vitro conditions. The performed study has revealed that foliage application of colloidal aqueous solutions of zirconium trisulphide and silver nanoparticles at 3 μg/l concentration to in vitro microclones was more effective than the reference growth regulator. The best results were observed in the experiments with red oak microclones, where the number of surviving and adapted plants increased by 50-60 %. Increase in biomorphological parameters was accompanied by improvement of photosynthetic activity. The results indicate high potential of zirconium trisulphide nanoplates and silver nanoparticles for protecting woody species microclones during their transfer to non-sterile conditions of glasshouse.
Forest growing conditions of chalk marl rocks in the Central forest steppe neo-landscapes
Authors: Dedenko T , Tikhonova E , Malinina T 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Monitoring of hydrophysical rocks features of the Kursk Magnet Anomaly (KMA) composing chalk marl dumps seems relevant for the evaluation of reliable information on the changes, assessment of the efficiency of reclamation works and for further anticipation of the growth and forest crops state. The object of the study is the Shchigrovsky phosphate rock deposit chalk marl dump planned in 1974 in Kursk region. The aim of the research is to study hydrophysical characteristics of chalk marl rocks and specific features of ontogenesis of Scots pine culture (Pínus sylvéstris). It has been found that chalk marl rocks accumulate and retain moisture 2.1...2.3 times more than zonal humus carbonate soils. The hardness of chalk marl rocks in neo-landscapes increases with age. The preservation of Pínus sylvestris cultures in the first years reaches over 82%. This indicator decreases with age and is about 35% by the age of 40. 40-year old Pínus sylvеstris culture grows according to V bonitet on chalk marl rocks. It is necessary to apply more fertile ameliorative layer to the surface, with better hydrophysical features in order to improve forest growing conditions of the root zone of the chalk marl dumps in neo-landscapes for forest reclamation.
Voronezh parkland landscaping concept
Authors: Selivanova A , Kartashova N , Lukina I 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The relevance of the study is explained by the deterioration of plants in the parkland of Voronezh. The important issue is the assessment of urban plants and the impact of the anthropogenic factors of urban environment. The purpose of the study is to analyze the state of the existing plants and the park state, and to recommend measures to improve the structure of the park by updating the planning decisions, introducing the additional assortment of plants and changing the type of spatial structure of plants, as a sustainable part of the green infrastructure of Voronezh. The assessment of the current state of the plants has revealed a systematically decreasing share of the public green space and the reduction of the relative plant life under anthropogenic loads. The dead trees accounting for 35 % must be removed. The expansion of the assortment of plants and updating the planning decisions will form a positive trend in the reconstruction of public parks. Changing the city spaces will create the favorable conditions and environment-forming functions of green plants, and make for the comfortable life of people of Voronezh.
The visual landscape as a resource and its integration in forestry activities. Reflections for boreal forests
Authors: García-Abril A , Grande M A , Mauro F , Silva M , Salinas E 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The visual landscape is a part of the total landscape related to the aesthetics of the observed environment and the personal preferences of the observer. The visual landscape must be considered in landscape management and planning processes, in impact assessments and other activities such as biodiversity conservation and implementation of best practices in forestry. There are criteria that can be applied to avoid impacts and contribute to the conservation at the landscape scale for a given forest type. Mature and virgin boreal forests have characteristics that make them very important for the landscape quality, and they are necessary elements to preserve biodiversity. These forests are the type of forest that is most often destroyed and even today, their area in the boreal biome is shrinking due to clear cuts and forest fires. Preserving and managing these forests in a sustainable way is urgent as they are key elements in the landscape of boreal areas. Fortunately, there is knowledge and previous experiences that make it possible to create and manage complex forest environments from simplified forest structures, and that are economically profitable and present attributes of old-growth forest.
Scientific approach to the history of Voronezh forest destruction
Authors: Tsaralunga V V , Tsaralunga A V , Semyonova E V 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The article is devoted to the history of the use and destruction of forests in the Voronezh region. The main task of the study is to establish when the active anthropogenic impact on Voronezh forests began, and from what moment can we talk about their extermination for human needs. The article used the historical, comparative, analytical methods. To achieve the results, we used the data obtained by Voronezh historians and archaeologists, and materials of research in the field of forestry. The combination of these two areas of knowledge is a new method of research. It enables to establish that the first human settlements on the territory of the Voronezh region in the Upper Paleolithic (40-35 thousand years ago) did not leave traces of wooden products or constructions. The authors concluded that the Mesolithic man already actively used wood not only for heating and cooking, but also for building dwellings and for making tools. They hardly exerted a noticeable influence on the formation and evolution of tree stands by the virtue of their small number. The impact of people of the Neolithic and Early Aeneolithic could already be felt, but only in the immediate vicinity of the settlement itself. Arrival of Bronze Age cultures has greatly increased deforestation in the Middle Don region in the 3-2 millennium BC. Especially this process has accelerated with the advent of iron tools. Consequently, in our opinion, the middle of the 2nd millennium BC should be considered the starting point of the history of the Voronezh forest extermination, when slash-and-burn agriculture came to the forest-steppe.
Economic evaluation of mathematical methods application in the management systems of electronic component base development for forest machines
Authors: Novikova T P , Novikov A I 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Machines and equipment used in contemporary forestry are based on electronic components. Development, design and production of high-tech products such as chip, IP-cores and other is a complex and expensive process. The cost of an error at one stage of the product life cycle can reach from several tens of thousands of dollars to hundreds of thousands or more if a faulty chip gets into the finished product.– an airplane, a rocket, a spacecraft, a nuclear power plant, etc.). Therefore, the process of management of high-tech industries needs informed management decisions. Management should be based on modern technical means, specialized software, management information systems and integration of the latter. When developing complex systems, it is not enough to make decisions based on an intuitive understanding of the problem by the decision maker. The use of mathematical methods in management systems will provide impartiality, adequacy, and optimality of solutions, taking into account all qualitative and quantitative factors. The study provides an example of the use of mathematical apparatus in the management of high-tech industries, the economics assessment of errors in management. The study will be interesting for decision-makers, top managers of high-tech industries, scientists, students, masters, graduate students in the field of management and management decision-making.
Mathematical model of hydromanipulator of forest vehicle with recuperative hydraulic drive
Authors: Nikonov V O , Posmetev V I , Posmetev V V 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The relevance of using a recuperative hydraulic drive to control the hydraulic manipulator of a timber truck used in conducting selective sanitary cutting of forest care has been substantiated. A mathematical model of the mechanical subsystem of a hydraulic manipulator with a regenerative hydraulic actuator is presented, which describes the movement of a hydraulic manipulator with an assortment in space. Successive states of boom, handle and column of hydraulic manipulator during loading of grades into body of forest truck at different moments of computer experiment time are considered. The research results obtained on the basis of the developed computer program are described.
Generative and vegetative reproduction of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco in the Central Chernozem Region
Authors: Dorofeeva V , Degtyareva S , Komarova O , Shipilova V 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The demand for wood products grows every year. There is an urgent need of fast-growing and economically valuable tree species. One of such species undoubtedly is Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, the fastest growing coniferous species with valuable wood. It was introduced in Russia a century ago but there is still virtually no research proving its efficiency and suitability for the Central Chernozem Region of Russia. Moreover, mass reproduction of Pseudotsuga menziesii in Russia has been held back by lack of parent trees and effective scientifically-based cultivation techniques. In this study we analyze the effectiveness of both generative and vegetative reproduction of the species in the studied region. Our findings show that the germination capacity of Pseudotsuga menziesii seeds ranges from 63 to 95% depending on the age of parent trees and growing conditions. Cold stratification is proved to be the optimal method of pre-sowing seed treatment for the species. Grafting can be used to introduce rare and decorative subvarieties of the genus. And on the whole, Pseudotsuga menziesii can be considered promising for forestry practice and green building of the region.
Growth of needles and shoots for thirteen species of the Pinaceae family: a case study in the Central Black-Soil region
Authors: Popova V , Dorofeeva V , Popova A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The growth features of needles and shoots for 13 species of coniferous woody plants from the pine family have been revealed in Voronezh region (Russia). Eleven species are representatives of the main genera of the Pinoid clade. The factors affecting vegetation have been identified according to the results of phenological observation and length measurements. Pinus sylvestris showed the largest annual shoots growth, Picea abies and Picea pungens – smallest. The longest needles have trees of genus Pinus (for example: P. flexilis – 7.7 cm, P. pallasiana – 7.0 cm). The most important factor for the beginning of the vegetation is the air temperature in April, threshold temperature (triggering the growth processes) is +2…+ 4°C. The species having late beginning and late ending of growth (Pinus sylvestris, Pinus flexilis, P. strobus) are less hardy than the earlier growth species. All the studied species are in good sanitary condition. They enter the phases of pollen dispersion and seed-bearing, are fully adapted to the Central Black Soil region. All of them can be introduced into the range of plants for landscaping and reforestation of the region and the regions having close climatic conditions.
Rate of sowing Norway spruce seeds: the effect of rotation frequency of the sowing machine
Authors: Kazakov I V 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The article presents the research results of the sowing process (Norway spruce seeds) using a sowing machine under various modes of its operation. It has been established that the rotation frequency of sowing tools has a significant impact on the sowing rate of Norway spruce seeds and the uniformity of their distribution in the sowing line. The rate of spruce seed sowing and the uniformity of their distribution in the sowing line are determined. It is understood that rotation frequencies of sowing tools are 4.3, 7.0, 10.5 and 14.5 rpm and the forward speed of the unit is 900 m/h. To meet the requirements of growing spruce seedlings according to the generally accepted technology (with a seed sowing rate of about 50 kg/ha (1.5 g/m) the rotational speed of sewing machines should be 10.5 rpm. The rotational speed of sewing machines is recommended to be equal to 7.0 rpm when growing large spruce seedlings in the nursery with a seed sowing rate of about 24 kg/ha (0.7 g/m) Rational modes of operation sewing machines have been substantiated. These modes provide existing and advanced technologies for growing spruce seedlings in forest nurseries.
Macromycete of recreational plantations of the city of Voronezh (Russia): species diversity, distribution and environmental significance
Authors: Kochergina M V , Furmenkova E S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Macromycete are an integral component of the forest biogeocoenosis. They play an important role in ecosystem functioning. Being the most important heterotrophic element, macromycete take an active part in mineralization and humification processes. 56 species of macromycete, belonging to 17 families, are identified in the recreational plantations of Voronezh city. Most of these families belong to the order Agaricales. Mycorhiza-formers, litter and humus saprotrophic, xylotrophic and coprotrophic species are noted among the trophic groups of fungi. The greatest species diversity characterizes mycorhiza-forming agents and xylotrophic forms. Single coprotrophic and humus saprotrophic forms can be seen. Litter saprotrophic species occupy an intermediate position. In recreational plantations, about 38% of mushroom species are edible, 25% are conditionally edible species, and 37% are inedible and poisonous species. Moreover, most macromycete grow solitary or in small groups. The most significant functions of macromycete in the conditions of recreational plantings are their ability to form mycorhiza, which is important for the growth and development of the main forest-forming species (oak and pine); participation of saprotrophic mycobiota in the circulation of substances, as well as the nutritional value of certain types of macromycete.
Estimation forecast of the Russian Federation forests carbon balance based on the long-term scenarios of forest complex development
Authors: Torzhkov I O , Konstantinov A V , Kushnir E A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The study assessed the carbon balance of the forests in Russia according to long-term plans for the economic development of the forest sector until 2050, taking into account the expected climate changes. The calculated data of the regional climate model for the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) RCP-8.5 plan to assess the impact of changes in physical abiotic factors on the forest ecosystems were used in the work. Two key parameters were taken into account in calculations that could be affected by expected climate change that are forest fires and plant productivity. The forecast is carried out according to three scenarios for the development of the forest complex of Russia: inertial, basic and strategic. The overall carbon balance of Russia is expected to be at the level of 187.5-251.2 MtC per year, depending on the scenarios of forest management and growth of forests productivity, these data accord the current values. Maintaining a positive carbon balance in forests will require the development of measures to improve fire control in forestry, timber technologies and reforestation.
Modeling of the flexible belt motion on the drive pulley of woodworking equipment
Authors: Reutov A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Purpose of the work. Establishing the patterns of a flexible belt movement on a drive pulley, to determine the parameters of power and kinematic interaction of the belt with the drive pulley, taking into account mechanical characteristics of the drive, belt and their contact interaction. Method of the work. Computer simulation of belt movement on the drive pulley as a multi-body system using the Universal Mechanism software package. Results. A computer-based multi-body model of the belt movement on the drive pulley has been developed. The model allows determining the parameters of the force and kinematic interaction of the belt with drive pulleys taking into account the viscoelastic properties of the belt, the nonlinear dependence of the friction force on the sliding speed and the elasticity of the contacting surfaces. The model includes a closed belt covering the drive and brake pulleys. The belt represented by 36 discrete bodies connected by elastic-dissipative elements. The computer model was verified using theoretical dependences. A technique for analyzing the belt movement on the drive pulley is demonstrated. The computer model and methodology are intended to analyze the operation of friction belt drives, belt conveyors, belt grinding machines in the design of woodworking equipment.