bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How does Radiomics actually work? – Review
Authors: Attenberger Ulrike Irmgard , Langs Georg 
Published: December 2020

Personalized precision medicine requires highly accurate diagnostics. While radiological research has focused on scanner and sequence technologies in recent decades, applications of artificial intelligence are increasingly attracting scientific interest as they could substantially expand the possibility of objective quantification and diagnostic or prognostic use of image information.In this context, the term “radiomics” describes the extraction of quantitative features from imaging data such as those obtained from computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging examinations. These features are associated with predictive goals such as diagnosis or prognosis using machine learning models. It is believed that the integrative assessment of the feature patterns thus obtained, in combination with clinical, molecular and genetic data, can enable a more accurate characterization of the pathophysiology of diseases and more precise prediction of therapy response and outcome.This review describes the classical radiomics approach and discusses the existing very large variability of approaches. Finally, it outlines the research directions in which the interdisciplinary field of radiology and computer science is moving, characterized by increasingly close collaborations and the need for new educational concepts. The aim is to provide a basis for responsible and comprehensible handling of the data and analytical methods used.
Key points:
Citation Format
Erschöpfung in der Gynäkologie: Inflammation, Hormone oder Tumor?
Authors: Wolf Alfred S. 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungEin Großteil der an SARS-CoV2-Erkrankten zeigt langzeitige Nebenwirkungen in Form von Erschöpfung, Leistungsverlust und anhaltender Müdigkeit. Generell lassen sich die Ursachen einer Fatigue im Wesentlichen einem Tumor, einer neuroendokrinen Reaktion oder einer Inflammation zuordnen. Der Verlauf und die Klinik der Post-COVID-19-Fatigue ähnelt den Erschöpfungskrankheiten ausgelöst durch Herpesviren. Bei der Therapie spielen Beratung und Coaching eine wichtige Rolle. Zunächst werden verhaltenstherapeutische Maßnahmen geraten, ergänzt durch eine Lebensstilberatung.
Multiscale integration of environmental stimuli in plant tropism produces complex behaviors
Authors: Moulton Derek E. , Oliveri Hadrien , Goriely Alain 
Published: December 2020

Significance
To survive and to thrive, plants rely on their ability to sense multiple environmental signals, such as gravity or light, and respond to them by growing and changing their shape. To do so, the signals must be transduced down to the cellular level to create the physical deformations leading to shape changes. We propose a multiscale theory of tropism that takes multiple stimuli and transforms them into auxin transport that drives tissue-level growth and remodeling, thus modifying the plant shape and position with respect to the stimuli. This feedback loop can be dynamically updated to understand the response to individual stimuli or the complex behavior generated by multiple stimuli such as canopy escape or pole wrapping for climbing plants.
Manual action motivates networked meanings of a productive construction in Mandarin
Authors: Hung Steffi H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study analyzes the manual action verbdǎas part of the [dǎ – NP] construction in two Chinese corpora. Drawing on constructionist perspectives on language productivity (Goldberg 2006;Gries 2012), I show that [dǎ – NP] is a productive construction the multiple meanings of which are conceptually motivated by manual action. The type-token distributions show the productivity of the [dǎ – NP] schema, and the semantic clusters in a network of meanings show a gradation of manual action experiences with no clear-cut conceptual boundaries. Usage productivity goes hand in hand with semantic extension, which gives rise to the emergence of the light verbdǎ. Contra previous morpheme-based studies that viewdǎas a polysemy in its own right, isolated from its network of collocates, I argue that polysemy is a consequence and an epiphenomenon of constructional productivity resulting from language use and exemplar propagation.
Assessing the impact of automatic dependency annotation on the measurement of phraseological complexity in L2 Dutch
Authors: Rubin Rachel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe extraction of phraseological units operationalized in phraseological complexity measures (Paquot, 2019) relies on automatic dependency annotations, yet the suitability of annotation tools for learner language is often overlooked. In the present article, two Dutch dependency parsers, Alpino (van Noord, 2006) and Frog (van den Bosch et al., 2007), are evaluated for their performance in automatically annotating three types of dependency relations (verb + direct object, adjectival modifier, and adverbial modifier relations) across three proficiency levels of L2 Dutch. These observations then serve as the basis for an investigation into the impact of automatic dependency annotation on phraseological sophistication measures. Results indicate that both learner proficiency and the type of dependency relation function as moderating factors in parser performance. Phraseological complexity measures computed on the basis of both automatic and manual dependency annotations demonstrate moderate to high correlations, reflecting a moderate to low impact of automatic annotation on subsequent analyses.
Modelling crosslinguistic n‑gram correspondence in typologically different languages
Authors: Milička Jiří , Cvrček Václav , Lukešová Lucie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
N‑gram analysis (popularized e.g. by Biber et al., 1999) has
become a popular method for the identification of recurrent language patterns. Although the extraction of n‑grams from a corpus may seem
straightforward, it proves to be very challenging when applied cross-linguistically (cf. e.g. Ebeling
and Ebeling, 2013; Granger and Lefer, 2013; Čermáková and Chlumská, 2017). The major issue is that the quantities of n‑grams of a certain length in typologically different
languages do not correspond. Consequently, n‑grams of a given length may function differently across languages, rendering a direct
comparison inadequate. Our paper introduces a function capable of modelling the relation between the quantities of n‑grams in typologically
distant languages, using the example of Czech and English (and some other language pairs). Based on our model, we can suggest what n‑gram
lengths should be contrasted to better reflect the size of n‑gram inventories in each language. The correspondence may not be intuitive
(e.g. a Czech 2-gram may best correspond to an English 2.5-gram), but it still provides researchers with a general guide as to what might be
useful to include in their analysis (e.g. in this case 2-grams in Czech and 2- and 3-grams in English).
Efficacy and safety of filgotinib in Japanese patients with refractory rheumatoid arthritis: Subgroup analyses of a global phase 3 study (FINCH 2)
Authors: Takeuchi Tsutomu , Matsubara Tsukasa , Atsumi Tatsuya , Amano Koichi , Ishiguro Naoki , Sugiyama Eiji , Yamaoka Kunihiro , Genovese Mark C , Kalunian Kenneth , Walker David , Gottenberg Jacques-Eric , de Vlam Kurt , Bartok Beatrix , Pechonkina Alena , Kondo Akira , Gao Jie , Guo Ying , Tasset Chantal , Sundy John S , Tanaka Yoshiya 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate efficacy and safety of filgotinib in Japanese RA patients who have failed or were intolerant to one or more biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARD) from the global FINCH 2 study (NCT02873936)

Methods
This subgroup analysis was performed using the predefined statistical analyses. The FINCH 2 study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 study in adult RA patients with inadequate response to bDMARDs. The randomized patients were treated with once-daily filgotinib 200 mg, filgotinib 100 mg or placebo on a background of csDMARDs for 24 weeks.

Results
Of 449 patients enrolled in the overall population, 40 patients were enrolled from Japan. In the Japanese population, the American College of Rheumatology 20% response rates at week 12 (primary endpoint) were 83.3% and 53.3% for filgotinib, 200 mg and 100 mg, respectively, vs 30.8% for placebo. Filgotinib was well tolerated, similar to the overall population.

Conclusions
Both doses of once-daily filgotinib 200 mg and filgotinib 100 mg were effective, and generally well-tolerated in Japanese patients with active refractory RA.
Considering the impact of universal newborn hearing screening and early intervention on language outcomes for children with congenital hearing loss
Authors: Ching Teresa Y. C. , Leigh Greg 
Published: December 2020

Objective
In this paper, we draw on evidence to address the impact of earlier identification of congenital hearing loss through universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) and the associated earlier access to interventions including cochlear implant (CI) technology on outcomes of children with hearing loss.

Methods
Data from the Longitudinal Outcomes of Children with Hearing Impairment (LOCHI) study were analysed to examine the impact of UNHS and earlier intervention on language outcomes. The LOCHI study includes more than 450 deaf and hard of hearing Australian children whose hearing losses were identified variously through newborn hearing screening or later paths to confirmation and intervention.

Results
Seventy-two percent of the screened group received hearing aid fitting before 6 months of age, which more than doubled the 32% in the non-screened group. On average, children who received earlier intervention achieved language at age 5 years commensurate with their typically developing peers. Children who do not have disabilities in addition to hearing loss and received their first CIs before age 12 months achieved language scores within the range of typically developing peers.

Conclusion
Newborn hearing screening led to earlier intervention. Children who received earlier intervention achieved better outcomes than those who received later intervention.
Relaxation effects on the magnetic cross section and fluorescence radiation polarization after 4d inner-shell photoionization of Ba-like ions
Authors: Ma Kun , Chen Zhan-Bin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
On the basis of the multi-configuration Dirac–Fock method and the density matrix theory treatment of photoionization (PI) dynamics, a systematic investigation for 4d inner-shell PI of exemplary Ba atom and Ba-like Nd4+, Gd8+ and Yb14+ ions is performed. Starting from the general framework of the relativistic, the relaxation effects are considered by using a set of relaxed one-electron orbitals in solving the coupled Dirac equations. Our results uncover for the first time that the relaxation effects, arising from the overlap integrals between orbitals of the initial state and the relaxed final state, may play a paramount role in determining the magnetic sublevel cross sections, the photoelectron angular-distribution asymmetry parameters, and the fluorescence polarizations of the subsequent x-ray radiation, particularly for neutral atoms close to the threshold regime. Yet the importance of inclusion of the orbital relaxation weakens as the incoming photon energy and/or the degree of atom ionization increases. The nature of these influences is explored, which allows us to get more insight on the physical process and mechanism involved. Our results are consistent with those obtained by the experiments and other theoretical predictions.
Why SF6 eats electrons: identifying high electrical strength molecules from their electron collision properties
Authors: Wang Chunlin , Cooper Bridgette , Wu Yi , Sun Hao , Tennyson Jonathan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The electrical strength of a molecule is a measure of its ability to act as an insulator and to absorb electrons. SF6 is a high electric strength gas. This work tries to explain why molecules like SF6 have a high electrical strength from the perspective of electron molecule scattering. The presence of a very low energy (<<1 eV) totally symmetric state in form of a very low-lying resonance, virtual state or very weakly bound state appears to be crucial. R-matrix calculations performed at the static exchange plus polarisation (SEP) level are performed for a number of molecules that show a range of electrical strengths. SEP calculations suggest that SF6 has a strong low energy 2A
g
resonance feature which becomes a weakly bound state as more virtual orbitals are included in the calculation. High electrical strength molecules such as CCl4, CCl3F and CCl2F2 also have a totally-symmetric low-energy resonance, while the low electrical strength molecules such as CH4, CH3F…CF4 and CClF3, do not show any resonance behaviour in the low energy region. It is suggested that this low energy feature can be used as an indicator when searching for new molecules with high electrical strength facilitating searches for new gases which could provide an alternative to SF6.
How to fairly share a watermelon
Authors: Carletti Timoteo , Fanelli Duccio , Guarino Alessio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Geometry, calculus and in particular integrals, are too often seen by young students as technical tools with no link to the reality. This fact generates a loss of interest in students with a consequent removal of motivation in the study of such topics and more widely in pursuing scientific curricula. With this note we put to the fore a simple example of practical interest where the above concepts prove central; our aim is thus to motivate students and to reverse the dropout trend by proposing an introduction to the theory starting from practical applications. More precisely, we will show how using a mixture of geometry, calculus and integrals one can easily share a watermelon into regular slices with equal volume.
Analysis of a didactic sequence using educational robotics to teach graphs in kinematics
Authors: dos Santos Paulo José Sena , dos Santos Toni Fernando Mendes 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Many researches show that students have difficulties in understanding graphics in kinematics. Some authors argue that we can use different instructional strategies to reduce these difficulties. Based on these studies, we developed and applied a didactic sequence using educational robotics to teach graphic analysis in movements in a dimension with constant speed. In this work, we will analyse the results of a sequence through the scores obtained by students in the tests applied before and after the activities. We used the Wilcoxon test to assess the existence of statistical differences between the scores of students in the pre- and post-tests, and we also analyse students’ answers to each question. We identified the existence of a statistical difference between the scores obtained by the students in the tests and the possibility of evolution in the understanding of the use of graphs for the analysis of the movements.
Comment on ‘A low-cost cryogenic temperature measurement system using Arduino microcontroller’
Authors: Gingl Zoltan , Mingesz Robert 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A recent paper (Woong Sung Lee 2020 Phys. Educ.
55 023002) demonstrates how to build a low-cost Arduino-based system to measure temperature down to 77 K. The idea is interesting, and the paper has several merits, however we have found considerable mistakes. In our comment we point out what the problems are and show solutions too. We think that our analysis can help the reader to see what should be considered for proper operation and to see how the related methods can be useful concerning STEM education also. Our contribution can support reliable and accurate temperature measurement without calibration.
Damage quantification of 3D-printed structure based on composite multiscale cross-sample entropy
Authors: Lin Tzu-Kang , Huang Ting-Hsuan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This study combined three-dimensional (3D) printing and composite multiscale cross-sample entropy (CMSCE) in structural health monitoring (SHM) and explored a quantification criterion for single-story structural damage index (DI). By quantifying the DI, the study established a SHM system suitable for real-world structures. A numerical model of a seven-story 3D printed structure was first created. Through the establishment of various bracing conditions as failure modes, damage to the structure was simulated properly, and CMSCE was used to effectively indicate the location of damage. Moreover, the DI was used to shorten the assessment time and improve system accuracy. The DI quantification facilitated observation of the effects of various degrees of damage on the analysis results. Based on the results, an experiment involving a 3D-printed structure was conceived. First, an experiment involving a seven-story structure with severe, moderate, and marginal single-story damage was conducted. The signals obtained from these structures were used to perform CMSCE analysis. Structural damage was detected using entropy curves and DI figures to determine the location and degree of damage as well as to quantify the DI. Thus, the study developed a reliable method by combining emerging 3D printing technology with the CMSCE DI to explore the feasibility of practical application.
Thermodynamics and overcharging problem in extended phase space of charged AdS black holes with cloud of strings and quintessence under charged particle absorption *
Authors: Liang Jing , Mu Benrong , Tao Jun 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The thermodynamics and overcharging problem in RN-AdS black holes with a cloud of strings and quintessence are investigated by the absorption of scalar particles and fermions in extended phase space. The cosmological constant is treated as the pressure of the black hole. The parameters related to quintessence and the cloud of strings are treated as thermodynamic variables. We find that the first law of thermodynamics is satisfied and the second law of thermodynamics is indefinite. Furthermore, we find that near-extremal and extremal black holes cannot be overcharged.
Kinetic energy distribution for neutron-induced fission of neptunium isotopes
Authors: Kaldiani P Mehdipour 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The mean total kinetic energy as a function of fission fragments, the <TKE> distribution, is presented for neutron-induced fission of

Np using the scission point model. The calculated results of <TKE> for neutron-induced fission of

Np are compared with the available experimental data to obtain the deformation parameters in the scission point model. The deformation parameters of fission fragments are discussed at the scission point. The calculated results are also compared with the results from other methods and with experimental data. The behavior of the <TKE> distribution is then studied for the neutron-induced fission of actinides. This indicates that the <TKE> values for neutron-induced fission of actinides with odd mass numbers are greater than for those with even mass numbers.
Thermodynamics and weak cosmic censorship conjecture in Born-Infeld-anti-de Sitter black holes *
Authors: Zeng Xiao-Xiong , Zhang Hai-Qing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this study, we examine the laws of thermodynamics and the weak cosmic censorship conjecture in the normal and extended phase spaces of Born-Infeld-anti-de Sitter black holes by considering a charged particle absorption. In the normal phase space, the first and second laws of thermodynamics as well as the weak cosmic censorship are still valid. However, in the extended phase space, the second law of thermodynamics is violated for double-horizon black holes and part of single-horizon black holes. The first law of thermodynamics and the weak cosmic censorship conjecture are still valid for all types of black holes. In addition, we found that the shift of the metric function, which determines the locations of the horizons, takes the same form at the minimum point in both the normal and extended phase spaces, indicating that the weak cosmic censorship conjecture is independent of the thermodynamic phase space.
Turbulent transport driven by kinetic ballooning modes in the inner core of JET hybrid H-modes
Authors: Kumar N. , Camenen Y. , Benkadda S. , Bourdelle C. , Loarte A. , Polevoi A.R. , Widmer F. , contributors JET 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Turbulent transport in the inner core of the high-β JET hybrid discharge 75225 is investigated extensively through linear and non-linear gyro-kinetic (GK) simulations using the GK code GKW in the local approximation limit. Compared to previous studies (Citrin et al 2015 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
57 014032; Garcia et al 2015 Nucl. Fusion
55 053007), the analysis has been extended towards the magnetic axis, ρ < 0.3, where the turbulence characteristics remain an open question. Understanding turbulent transport in this region is crucial to predict core profile peaking that in turn will impact the fusion reactions and the tungsten neoclassical transport, in present devices as well as in ITER. At ρ = 0.15, a linear stability analysis indicates that kinetic ballooning modes (KBMs) dominate, with an extended mode structure in ballooning space due to the low magnetic shear. The sensitivity of KBM stability to main plasma parameters is investigated. In the non-linear regime, the turbulence induced by these KBMs drives a significant ion and electron heat flux. Standard quasi-linear (QL) models are compared to the non-linear results. The standard reduced QL models work well for the E × B fluxes, but fail to capture magnetic flutter contribution to the electron heat flux induced by the non-linear excitation of low k

θ

ρ
i micro-tearing modes that are linearly stable. An extension of the QL models is proposed allowing better capturing the magnetic flutter flux.
Current profile and normalized beta control via feedback linearization and Lyapunov techniques
Authors: Pajares Andres , Schuster Eugenio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Simultaneous control of the current profile and normalized plasma beta is an essential control problem in the development of advanced tokamak scenarios. However, this control problem is especially challenging due to the nonlinear nature of the current, heat, and particle transport dynamics, as well as the difficulty to understand and accurately model such processes. In this work, a nonlinear, robust, model-based controller for the simultaneous regulation of the current profile and normalized beta has been designed using feedback linearization and Lyapunov redesign techniques. Feedback linearization avoids approximate linearization of the plasma dynamics, retaining the original physics content of the model. Moreover, the use of Lyapunov redesign techniques makes the controller robust against the uncertainties arising during the modeling process. The controller’s performance in the presence of unknown dynamics is tested in nonlinear, one-dimensional simulations using the Control Oriented Transport SIMulator (COTSIM) code, which employs plasma models that are significantly more complex than those employed for control synthesis.