bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health risks from consumption of medicinal plant dietary supplements
Authors: Ćwieląg‐Drabek Małgorzata , Piekut Agata , Szymala Iwona , Oleksiuk Klaudia , Razzaghi Mehdi , Osmala Weronika , Jabłońska Konstancja , Dziubanek Grzegorz 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the heavy metal contents of dietary supplements manufactured from medicinal plants and assess the potential daily burden on their consumers. The study consisted of 41 dietary supplements produced from terrestrial plants or microalgae. The analysis of cadmium, lead, and mercury content was performed using analytical methods. The content of Cd and Pb was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The mercury content was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry with the generation of cold mercury vapor (CVAAS). The presence of at least one of the three analyzed heavy metals was found in 79.2% samples of supplements produced from terrestrial plants and in 88.2% supplement samples produced from microalgae. Hazard quotient was used to calculate noncarcinogenic risk for humans by ingestion of dietary supplements containing heavy metals. From among all supplements, 68.3% of samples were contaminated with Cd and Pb (this does not always apply to the same samples) and 29.3% of samples were contaminated with Hg. The health risk assessment of consumers of dietary supplements showed, in an extreme case, that taking this supplement for only one week poses a health risk associated with exposure to Pb. The health risk associated with the intake of dietary supplements primarily depends on the duration of consumption.
Childhood socio‐economic disadvantage predicts reduced myelin growth across adolescence and young adulthood
Authors: Ziegler Gabriel , Moutoussis Michael , Hauser Tobias U. , Fearon Pasco , Bullmore Edward T. , Goodyer Ian M. , Fonagy Peter , Jones Peter B. , Lindenberger Ulman , Dolan Raymond J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSocio‐economic disadvantage increases exposure to life stressors. Animal research suggests early life stressors impact later neurodevelopment, including myelin developmental growth. To determine how early life disadvantage may affect myelin growth in adolescence and young adulthood, we analysed data from an accelerated longitudinal neuroimaging study measuring magnetisation transfer (MT), a myelin‐sensitive marker, in 288 participants (149 female) between 14 and 25 years of age at baseline. We found that early life economic disadvantage before age 12, measured by a neighbourhood poverty index, was associated with slower myelin growth. This association was observed for magnetization transfer in cortical, subcortical and core white matter regions, and also in key subcortical nuclei. Participant IQ at baseline, alcohol use, body mass index, parental occupation and self‐reported parenting quality did not account for these effects, but parental education did so partially. Specifically, positive parenting moderated the effect of socio‐economic disadvantage in a protective manner. Thus, early socioeconomic disadvantage appears to alter myelin growth across adolescence. This finding has potential translational implications, including clarifying whether reducing socio‐economic disadvantage during childhood, and increasing parental education and positive parenting, promote normal trajectories of brain development in economically disadvantaged contexts.
Dynamic functional connectivity between nucleus accumbens and the central executive network relates to chronic cannabis use
Authors: Yoo Hye Bin , Moya Blake Edward , Filbey Francesca M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe neural mechanisms of drug cue‐reactivity regarding the temporal fluctuations of functional connectivity, namely the dynamic connectivity, are sparsely studied. Quantifying the task‐modulated variability in dynamic functional connectivity at cue exposure can aid the understanding. We analyzed changes in dynamic connectivity in 54 adult cannabis users and 90 controls during a cannabis cue exposure task. The variability was measured as standard deviation in the (a) connectivity weights of the default mode, the central executive, and the salience networks and two reward loci (amygdalae and nuclei accumbens); and (b) topological indexes of the whole brain (global efficiency, modularity and network resilience). These were compared for the main effects of task conditions and the group (users vs. controls), and correlated with pre‐ and during‐scan subjective craving. The variability of connectivity weights between the central executive network and nuclei accumbens was increased in users throughout the cue exposure task, and, was positively correlated with during‐scan craving for cannabis. The variability of modularity was not different by groups, but positively correlated with prescan craving. The variability of dynamic connectivity during cannabis cue exposure task between the central executive network and the nuclei accumbens, and, the level of modularity, seem to relate to the neural underpinning of cannabis use and the subjective craving.
Optimization of bund wall height and trigger depth for re‐irrigation in paddy field by deepwater ponding irrigation treatment
Authors: Huang Chien‐Lin , Huang Hau‐Lieh , Hsu Nien‐Sheng , Chen Ching‐Wen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study develops two models and an algorithm to determine the optimal bund wall height of the paddy field and the trigger depth for re‐irrigation, considering the benefits and costs of the transformation from shallow intermittent irrigation treatment to deepwater ponding irrigation. The models and algorithms are composed of: (i) a hydrologic model for ponding depth simulation in a paddy field; (ii) an optimization model for height design and depth determination in deepwater ponding irrigation; (iii) a real‐coded genetic algorithm for solving the optimization model. The results show that the optimal bund wall height of the paddy field is 27.7 cm and the optimal discount ratio of re‐irrigation depth (i.e. trigger depth divided by the upper limit of ponding depth) is 0.008 in Taiwan, with a unit net benefit of US$18 500 ha¯¹. During the first crop‐growing season (January to May) and the second (June to October), the benefit of groundwater recharge, flood mitigation, saved irrigation quantity and income of paddy rice of deepwater ponding irrigation is increased by 73, 13, 53 and 25% than those of shallow intermittent irrigation treatment, respectively. Furthermore, the total benefit of the second season is 16% better than that of the first. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
T‐symmetric 40‐nucleus silver clusters assembled by hetero‐anions
Authors: Liao Jian‐Hong , Chang Hao‐Wei , Fang Ching‐Shiang , Liu C. W. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe report two anion‐templated Ag40 clusters, [Ag40(E)4(SO4){S2P(OEt)2}24](PF6)6 (E = S, 1; Se, 2). The anionic templates were generated in situ from the decomposition of dithiophosphate (dtp) ligands. The extrusion of sulfur undergoes disproportionation reactions to generate sulfide and sulfate anions, which provide the source of templates in the subsequent cluster assembly reactions. Two Ag40 clusters display high similarity in their structures. The sulfide (selenide) anions and the central sulfate anion reveal a six‐coordinate and a rare dodecametallic dodecaconnective pattern, respectively. Four near‐equivalent [Ag10(E){S2P(OEt)2}6]2+ motifs were assembled via the connection of central sulfate anion to construct Ag40 clusters. The cluster cation, [Ag40(E)4(SO4){S2P(OEt)2}24]6+, displayed in T symmetry, is unprecedented in anion‐templated silver clusters.
Exploring the Relationship Between Morphine Concentration and Oversedation in Children After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Valkenburg Abraham J. , Goulooze Sebastiaan C. , Ng Chun Yin , Breatnach Cormac V. , Tibboel Dick , van Dijk Monique , Knibbe Catherijne A. J. , Krekels Elke H.J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTitrating analgesic and sedative drugs in pediatric intensive care remains a challenge for caregivers due to the lack of pharmacodynamic knowledge in this population. The aim of the current study is to explore the concentration‐effect relationship for morphine‐associated oversedation after cardiac surgery in children aged 3 months to 3 years. Data on morphine dosing, as well as morphine plasma concentrations, were available from a previous study on the pharmacokinetics of morphine after cardiac surgery in children. Oversedation was defined as scores below 11 on the validated COMFORT–behavioral scale. Population pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic modeling was performed in NONMEM 7.3. The probability of oversedation as a function of morphine concentration was best described using a step function in which the EC50 was 46.3 ng/mL. At morphine concentrations below the EC50, the probability of oversedation was 2.9% (0.4& to 18%), whereas above the EC50 percentages were 13% (1.9% to 52%) (median value [95% prediction interval from interindividual variability]). Additionally, the risk of oversedation was found to be increased during the first hours after surgery (P < .001) and was significantly lower during mechanical ventilation (P < .005). We conclude that morphine concentrations above approximately 45 ng/mL may increase the probability of oversedation in children after cardiac surgery. The clinician must evaluate, on a case‐by‐case basis, whether the analgesic benefits arising from dosing regimen associated with such concentrations outweigh the risks.
Predictors of Systemic Exposure to Topical Crisaborole: A Nonlinear Regression Analysis
Authors: Purohit Vivek , Riley Steve , Tan Huaming , Ports William C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCrisaborole ointment, 2%, is a nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. Results from 2 randomized, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled phase 3 studies showed that twice‐daily crisaborole in children and adults with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis was efficacious and well tolerated. Initial pharmacokinetics (PK) studies of crisaborole indicated absorption with measurable systemic levels of crisaborole. The current analysis was conducted to correlate steady‐state systemic exposure parameters with ointment dose and identify covariates impacting PK parameters in healthy participants and patients with atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. A nonlinear regression analysis was conducted using ointment dose and noncompartmental PK parameters at steady state (area under the curve [AUCss] and maximum concentration [Cmax,ss]). PK data were available from 244 participants across 6 clinical studies (AUCss, N = 239; Cmax,ss, N = 241). Disease condition had the greatest impact on slope in both models, corresponding to 2.5‐fold higher AUCss and Cmax,ss values at a given ointment dose in patients with atopic dermatitis or psoriasis relative to healthy participants. Disease severity, race/ethnicity, and sex had marginal effects on AUCss and Cmax,ss. Systemic exposures were similar across age groups ≥2 years of age when the same percentage of body surface area (%BSA) was treated. Predictive performance plots for AUCss and Cmax,ss for different age groups demonstrated that the models adequately describe the observed data. Model predictions indicated that systemic exposure to crisaborole in pediatric patients (2‐17 years) is unlikely to exceed systemic exposure in adults (≥18 years), even at the highest possible ointment dose corresponding to a %BSA of 90.
Exposure‐Response Analysis of Vamorolone (VBP15) in Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Li Xiaonan , Conklin Laurie S. , van den Anker John , Hoffman Eric P. , Clemens Paula R. , Jusko William J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractExposure‐response relationships of vamorolone, a novel dissociative steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, were investigated in clinical trials in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Variables were clinical outcome measures, Fridericia‐corrected QT (QTcF) duration, and pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarkers. Exposure metrics were area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), with a sigmoid Emax model applied. Significant improvement in clinical efficacy outcomes was observed after 24 weeks of daily dosing. The primary outcome, time to stand from supine velocity, exhibited the highest sensitivity to vamorolone, with the lowest AUC value providing 50% of maximum effect (E50 = 186 ng·h/mL), followed by time to climb 4 stairs (E50 = 478 ng·h/mL), time to run/walk 10 m (E50 = 1220 ng·h/mL), and 6‐minute walk test (E50 = 1770 ng·h/mL). Week 2 changes of proinflammatory PD biomarkers showed exposure‐dependent decreases. The E50 was 260 ng·h/mL for insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein 2, 1200 ng·h/mL for matrix metalloproteinase 12, 1260 ng·h/mL for lymphotoxin α1/β2, 1340 ng·h/mL for CD23, 1420 ng·h/mL for interleukin‐22‐binding protein, and 1600 ng·h/mL for macrophage‐derived chemokine/C‐C motif chemokine 22. No relationship was found between QTcF interval changes from baseline and Cmax in week 2 or 24. This analysis showed that improvements in clinical efficacy end points in week 24 and PD biomarkers in week 2 were achieved at typical vamorolone exposure of 2 mg/kg daily dose with a median AUC dose of 6 mg/kg (3651 ng·h/mL), corresponding to approximately 95% of maximum effects for most response variables.
Ionic liquids for coal dissolution, extraction and liquefaction
Authors: Zhao Hua , Franklin Michael S 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCoal is the most abundant fossil fuel. Direct combustion of low‐ and medium‐rank coals causes alarming environmental impacts. Therefore, it is crucial for coal to undergo pretreatments before its efficient utilization [such as coal to liquid (CTL) processes]. Conventional pretreatment methods suffer from several limitations including the use of volatile organic solvents, environmental hazards, strong reaction conditions (e.g. high temperature and pressure), consumption of large quantities of nonrecoverable chemicals (e.g. bases used in aqueous alkaline digestion), or being only effective for specific coals. On the other hand, coal pretreatment by nonvolatile ionic liquids (ILs) could lead to partial coal dissolution/swelling and structure disruption, which is a critical step before coal liquefaction, hydrogenation, pyrolysis or the inhibition of oxidation/combustion. In addition, ILs are suitable solvents for extracting sulfur compounds from coal, asphaltenes from Direct Coal Liquefaction Residues (DCLR) and phenolic compounds from coal tar. This review will discuss these aspects of coal pretreatments by ILs, and identify how ILs could lead to a cleaner and more efficient utilization of coal resources. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Demonstration on the treatment of paper‐making wastewater by a full‐scale IC‐A/O‐membrane reactor system for reclamation
Authors: Zhuang Haifeng , Cheng Zhong , Shan Shengdao , Shen Haitao , Zhao Bingjun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe paper‐making industry has developed rapidly in recent years. The paper‐making process consumes much water and generates large amounts of wastewater. The reuse of the produced wastewater helps to save water consumption and reduce environmental pollution. Effective methods to treat and recycle paper‐making wastewater are urgently sought.RESULTSIn this study, the performance of a full‐scale internal circulation–anoxic/oxic (IC‐A/O)–ultrafiltration (UF)–reverse osmosis (RO) membrane system for reclamation and reuse of paper‐making wastewater was investigated. Results showed that the integrated system presented a stable and highly efficient performance. The effluent concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, biochemical oxygen demand , NH4+ nitrogen and total nitrogen were 12, 4, 0.3, 0.5 and 2.9 mg L−1. gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric results showed that the organic composition in each process of the IC‐AO‐UF‐RO system varied significantly. Acute biological toxicity was obviously reduced, with an effluent toxic unit value of 3.11. The results of particle size distribution indicated that anaerobic granular sludge (around 3 mm) was formed in an IC reactor. Anaerolinea, Propioniciclava and Thauera were the main contributors to pollutant removal. Advanced treatment by the UF‐RO system achieved complete removal of suspended solids, silt density index and turbidity with little hardness and conductivity in the final effluent, which allowed for reclamation of paper‐making wastewater.CONCLUSIONWater reuse and energy recycling were successfully realized in the built‐up IC‐AO–membrane reactor system. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Brain tissue volumes at term‐equivalent age are associated with early motor behavior in very preterm infants
Authors: Katušić Ana , Raguž Marina , Žunić Išasegi Iris 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPreterm birth is associated with a wide range of adverse developmental outcomes, including sensory, motor, cognitive and language impairments, and behavioral or attention problems. Subtle motor deficits that might emerge in premature infants with no evident or with mild brain injury encompass qualitative and quantitative aspects of motor behavior. This prospective cohort study provided an evaluation of the relationship between brain tissue volumes revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term‐equivalent age and motor behavior in infancy in very preterm infants (total number = 40; mean gestational age = 28 weeks + 4 days; mean birth weight = 1190 g) without evident or with mild brain injury. Infants were recruited at birth and assessed at 12 months corrected age using the tool for qualitative and quantitative assessment of motor behavior, infant motor profile. The brain tissue was segmented first using advanced segmentation techniques and the volumes were measured by summing the volumes of all voxels belonging to a particular tissue class. The associations between volumetric brain MRI measures with motor behavior were explored using linear regression analyses. Results showed that larger total brain volumes were associated with higher motor score. Similar relationships were documented for parietal lobe, deep gray matter, and cerebellum volumes. Volumetric quantitative data of brain structures may serve as biomarkers for subtle motor deficits described in very preterm born infants without or with mild brain lesions apparent on MRI.
Impacts of genesurance considerations on genetic counselors' practice and attitudes
Authors: Thoreson Emily , Murphy Lauren , Lemons Jennifer , Farach Laura , Wilson Kate , Woodson Ashley , Wagner Chelsea 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGenesurance counseling has been identified as an integral part of many genetic counseling sessions, but little is known about the workflow impacts and genetic counselor perceptions of genesurance‐related tasks. In this study, we aimed to characterize how insurance and billing considerations for genetic testing are being incorporated into genetic counselors' practice in the United States, as well as describe current attitudes and challenges associated with their integration. An electronic survey was sent by email to members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC). A total of 325 American Board of Genetic Counselors‐certified genetic counselors who provide direct patient care in the United States for at least 50% of their time were included in data analysis. Results showed that the frequency and timing of various insurance‐ and billing‐related tasks were not consistent among respondents, even those practicing in similar settings. Inadequate training to complete tasks was reported by 64% of respondents, and 47% reported a lack of resources from their employer and/or institution to complete genesurance tasks. Additionally, only 38% of respondents agreed that insurance‐ and billing‐related tasks were within the scope of the genetic counseling practice, and there was little consensus on who respondents believe is the most appropriate person to complete these tasks. When asked how genesurance considerations affected job satisfaction, 85% of respondents reported a negative impact. This study found an inconsistent genesurance workflow among genetic counselors practicing in the United States, a lack of consensus on who should be responsible for genesurance tasks, several challenges associated with completing these tasks, and identifies genesurance considerations as potential risk factors for genetic counselor burnout.
Loneliness of adult and juvenile prisoner influences on psychological affect: Mediation role of control source
Authors: Zhao Xiaojun , Shi Changxiu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPrisoners' affective education is a hot topic in criminal psychology. The lack of the social support for prisoners means that they are more prone to loneliness. The mental health status of the prisoners directly concerns their social adaptation when released. We therefore explored the relationship between loneliness, psychological affect, and control source in 201 prisoners. Prisoners completed the state and trait loneliness scale, the affectal scale, the internal control, powerful others, and chance scale. Mediation effect analysis was conducted to explore the mediation role of the control source from influence of loneliness on psychological affect. State loneliness indirectly affected positive affect through internal control factors. Trait loneliness directly affected negative affect, and trait loneliness indirectly affected negative affect through opportunity factors. Overall, this study uncovers some of the psychological mechanisms underlying emotional state in prisoners, highlights the need for effective psychological correction programmes in the prison system and provides reference for effectual ascension of prisoners out of jail.
Contactless electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for direct detection of analytes in living organisms
Authors: Li Wen , Yao Ya‐Nan , Wu Lin , Wang Lei , Hu Bin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this study, we developed contactless electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) for in vivo analysis of living organisms in different applications. The in vivo sampling and direct analysis processess of living organisms were integrated into an operation that only requires the organism close to MS inlet that was applied to a high voltage. Living plants and animals were directly induced to generate spray ionization. Direct detection and in vivo monitoring of metabolites and chemical residues in various living organisms were successfully demonstrated. Analysis of a single sample could be completed within 30 s. Overall, contactless ESI‐MS provides an attractive in vivo method to straightforward investigation of living organisms.
Volunteer tourism, transformative learning and its impacts on careers: The case of Brazilian volunteers
Authors: Müller Camila Vieira , Scheffer Angela Beatriz Busato , Closs Lisiane Quadrado 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study investigates how volunteer tourism's critical events can elicit reflections about participant's careers and lead to personal/professional. Content analysis of qualitative data obtained from semistructured interviews with 20 Brazilian volunteers suggests that adverse conditions of the destination, unusual situations faced during the program, and culture shock experienced at the host community, triggered transformative learning processes involving changes in social‐linguistic, psychological, and moral‐ethical perspectives, often interwoven. Research also suggests that volunteer tourism contributes to the practitioner's career sustainability and employability, as well as to careers re‐evaluations resulting from new behaviors and worldviews developed during their experience.