bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 in Poland: potential associations with epidemiology, population and healthcare quality
Authors: Orlewska Katarzyna , Klusek Justyna 
Published: August 2020

IntroductionAn attempt to assess basic epidemiological data was made two months after confirming the first case of SARS-CoV-2 in Poland (March 4th, 2020). The aim of the study was to examine which indicators related to epidemiology, population characteristics and health care quality affect COVID-19 incidence, mortality and case fatality in Poland.Material and methodsThe study was based on national data as of May 4th, 2020. For each voivodeship incidence rates, mortality rates, case fatality rates and daily cumulative index (DCI) were calculated. The correlations were examined using Pearson’s and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, with a significance level of p < 0.05 (2-tailed tests).ResultsThe overall COVID-19 incidence rate was 3.65 per 10,000 population, mortality rate 0.18 per 10,000 population and case fatality rate 5%. All three disease indicators were positively correlated with DCI and negatively correlated with the number of hospital beds in infectious diseases wards per 10,000 population. Both incidence and mortality rates were positively correlated with population density and number of cases per COVID-19 designated hospital.ConclusionsThe positive correlation between DCI and both mortality and case fatality suggests that DCI could be considered as an indirect indicator of healthcare burden, compared to incidence rate alone. Our analysis confirms the role of social distancing in reducing viral transmission. The results could be useful for policymakers to plan ahead in order to relieve the risk of healthcare system overload during the current and future epidemics.
Predictors of illness acceptance in women with endometriosis
Authors: Andysz Aleksandra , Merecz-Kot Dorota 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundThe study aimed to identify significant predictors of illness acceptance in women with endometriosis. As poten-tial predictive factors, variables related to the disease (pain frequency, co-morbid infertility, diagnostic delay, years of living with the diagnosis), demographic variables (age, place of residence, education, income, the fact of having children) and psychological variables (pain coping strategies) were taken into account.Participants and procedureThe study participants – 247 women with endometriosis – were recruited in Poland in medical facilities from 6 large voivodship cities and through a patients’ association. The participants filled in the following question-naires: the Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS), Endometriosis Health Profile 30 (EHP-30), and the Coping Strat-egies Questionnaire (CSQ). The data were analysed with the method of stepwise hierarchical regression.ResultsThe final significant model explained 24% of the variance of the AIS score. The model consisted of the follow-ing variables: pain frequency, reinterpreting pain sensations, pain catastrophizing and praying/hoping. Only two variables were significant predictors in this model: pain frequency and pain catastrophizing. Years with diagno-sis, age, diagnostic delay, place of residence, education, income, and the fact of having children were not sig-nificant.ConclusionsThe interventions addressed to patients should support their acceptance of chronic pain and help them to de-velop adaptive pain coping strategies. Due to the co-morbidity of endometriosis-related pain and depression the inclusion of antidepressant pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy based on cognitive techniques is recom-mended.
Apparent diffusion coefficient of different areas of brain in foetuses with intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Moradi Behnaz , Nezhad Zohreh Alibeigi , Saadat Nazanin Seyed , Shirazi Mahboobeh , Borhani Ali , Kazemi Mohammad Ali 
Published: August 2020

IntroductionThis study aimed to compare the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of different brain areas between two groups of intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) foetuses and control cases.Material and methodsA total of 38 foetuses with IUGR and 18 normal control foetuses with similar gestational age were compared using a 3T magnetic resonance scanner. IUGR cases included 23 foetuses with clinical severity signs (group A) and 15 foetuses without clinical severity signs (group B). ADC values were measured in different brain regions and compared among groups. Foetuses with structural brain abnormalities were excluded from the study.ResultsAll foetuses had normal foetal structural brain anatomy. Head circumference (HC) < 5% was more common in IUGR group A compared to IUGR group B (56.5% vs. 13.3%, p < 0.0001). In comparison to the normal group, the ADC values in IUGR foetuses were significantly lower in cerebellar hemispheres (CH) (1.239 vs. 1.280.5  10–3 mm<sup>2</sup>/s, p = 0.045), thalami (1.205 vs. 1.285  10–3 mm<sup>2</sup>/s, p = 0.031) and caudate nucleus (CN) (1.319 vs. 1.394  10–3 mm<sup>2</sup>/s, p = 0.04). However, there were no significant differences in ADC values between IUGR subtypes. Among all brain regions, pons had the lowest ADC values.ConclusionsADC values of thalami, CN, and CH were significantly lower in IUGR than control foetuses, while there was no significant difference among IUGR groups. Further studies are needed to evaluate the prognostic value of ADC changes in IUGR foetuses.
Percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy for pulmonary nodules: a retrospective study of a comparison between C-arm cone-beam computed tomography and conventional computed tomography guidance
Authors: Akkakrisee Surasit , Hongsakul Keerati 
Published: August 2020

PurposeTo evaluate the safety and diagnostic performance of pulmonary nodule biopsies using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) guidance compared with conventional CT (CCT) guidance.Material and methodsPatients who had pulmonary nodules and underwent a transthoracic needle biopsy at the interventional unit from January 1, 2013 to June 30, 2018 were enrolled. CBCT with XperGuide software was used to biopsy 100 nodules, and CCT guidance was used to biopsy 266 nodules. The two techniques were compared in terms of radiation exposure, complications, and diagnostic accuracy. The p values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsThe characteristics of the nodules were similar between CBCT and CCT guidance. The median radiation doses were not significantly different between the two groups (5.6 mGy vs. 5.4 mGy; p = 0.78). All minor, major, and overall complications were insignificant (25% vs. 24.4%, 3% vs. 4.9% and 28% vs. 29.3%, respectively). Although CBCT guidance showed higher sensitivity and accuracy than CCT guidance (93.3% vs. 84.1% and 95.0% vs. 89.9%), both techniques had similar specificity (100% vs. 100%) in the diagnosis of malignancy.ConclusionsCBCT guidance in pulmonary nodule biopsy provided higher diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy than CCT guidance. However, the complication rates and effective radiation doses did not differ between both techniques.
Non-bronchial causes of haemoptysis: imaging and interventions
Authors: Singhal Manphool , Lal Anupam , Prabhakar Nidhi , Yadav Mukesh K. , Vijayvergiya Rajesh , Behra Digamber , Khandelwal Niranjan 
Published: August 2020

IntroductionTo describe non-bronchial causes of haemoptysis on imaging and the role of interventional radiology in their management from cases of haemoptysis archived from our database at a tertiary care, federally funded institution.Material and methodsRetrospective analysis of cases that presented with haemoptysis in our institution from 2008 to 2013 was done, and details of cases in which the bleeding was from a non-bronchial source were archived and details of imaging and treatment were recorded.ResultsRetrospective analysis of patients presenting with haemoptysis yielded 24 (n = 24) patients having haemoptysis from non-bronchial sources. Causes of haemoptysis were: Rasmussen aneurysms (n = 12/24), costocervical trunk pseudoaneurysm (n = 1/24), left internal mammillary artery pseudoaneurysm (n = 1/24), left ventricular aneurysms (n = 3/24), pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) (n = 5/24), and proximal interruption of pulmonary artery (n = 2/24). Imaging and interventional radiology management are described in detail.ConclusionsHaemoptysis can be from non-bronchial sources, which may be either from systemic or pulmonary arteries or cardio-pulmonary fistulas. Bronchial computed tomography angiography (CTBA), if feasible, must always be considered before bronchial artery embolisation because it precisely identifies the source of haemorrhage and vascular anatomy that helps the interventional radiologist in pre-procedural planning. This circumvents chances of re-bleed if standard bronchial artery embolisation is done without CTBA.
Effectiveness of percutaneous microelectrolysis and ultrasound in the decrease of pain in myofascial trigger points: evaluation through algometry and visual analog scale
Authors: Ortiz Hernán Andrés de la Barra , Cancino Jaime Opazo , Peña Fernanda Sánchez , León Fernanda Soto , Donoso Edward Miño , Gaete Valeria Trecanao 
Published: August 2020

IntroductionPercutaneous electrotherapy is a therapeutic alternative in musculoskeletal conditions. Percutaneous micro- electrolysis (MEP) stands out as treatment for tendinopathies and musculoskeletal pain, such as myofascial trigger points (MTrPs), although more studies are needed to support it. The study aimed to investigate MEP effectiveness in reducing pain pressure threshold (PPT) and pain intensity (PI) in MTrPs.MethodsA randomized controlled clinical trial was performed at Physiotherapy Laboratory of Andrés Bello University and in- volved 48 volunteers with MTrPs in upper trapezius muscle, randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. Both groups received baseline ultrasound treatment. In the experimental group, MEP intervention was applied with 3 re-evaluation sessions (on days 1, 3, and 7). Direct current was delivered with an acupuncture needle directly to MTrPs, and PPT and PI were re-evaluated before and after the application. The main outcomes were PPT and PI differences (PPTdiff and PIdiff) between evaluation sessions.ResultsTMEP implied positive changes, increasing PPT (PPTdiff1-1, <i>p</i> = 0.0000; PPTdiff2-1, <i>p</i> = 0.0000; PPTdiff3-1, <i>p</i> = 0.0000) and decreasing PI (PIdiff1-1, <i>p</i> = 0.0001; PIdiff2-1, <i>p</i> = 0.0001; PIdiff3-1, <i>p</i> = 0.0008) in the experimental group. Significant differ- ences were observed in PPT in the second re-evaluation session compared with the control group (PPTdiff2-1, <i>p</i> = 0.0032).ConclusionsMEP is a good analgesic treatment for MTrPs compared with therapeutic ultrasound, although neither of these therapies seems to be better than the other in a long term. They improve PPT and PI, so MEP can be considered effective alter- native treatment for MTrPs pain.
Diagnosing pelvic osteomyelitis in patients with pressure ulcers: a systematic review comparing bone histology with alternative diagnostic modalities
Authors: Chicco Maria , Singh Prashant , Beitverda Younatan , Williams Gillian , Hirji Hassan , Rao Guduru Gopal 
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Accurate diagnosis of osteomyelitis underlying pressure ulcers is
essential, as overdiagnosis exposes patients to unnecessary and prolonged
antibiotic therapy, while failure to diagnose prevents successful treatment.
Histopathological examination of bone biopsy specimens is the diagnostic
gold standard. Bone biopsy can be an invasive procedure, and, for this
reason, other diagnostic modalities are commonly used. However, their
accuracy is questioned in literature. This systematic review aims to assess accuracy of various modalities
(clinical, microbiological and radiological) for the diagnosis of pelvic
osteomyelitis in patients with pressure ulcers as compared to the gold
standard. A systematic literature search was conducted in July 2019 using the MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System – MEDLARS – Online) and
CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) databases. The search terms were “decubitus ulcer”, “pressure ulcer”,
“pressure sore”, “bedsore” and “osteomyelitis”. The inclusion criteria were
original full-text articles in English comparing the results of bone
histology with those of other diagnostic modalities in adult patients with
pelvic pressure ulcers. Six articles were included in the systematic review. Clinical diagnosis was
found to be neither specific nor sensitive. Microbiological examination, and
in particular cultures of bone biopsy specimens, displayed high sensitivity
but low specificity, likely reflecting contamination. Radiological imaging
in the form of X-ray and CT (computed tomography) scans displayed high specificity but low
sensitivity. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), bone scanning and indium-labelled scintigraphy displayed
high sensitivity but low specificity. Our systematic review did not find any diagnostic method (clinical,
microbiological or radiological) to be reliable in the diagnosis of pelvic
osteomyelitis associated with pressure ulcers as compared to bone histology.
مدى تنفيذ الدول المغاربية لأحكام اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لمكافحة الفساد
Authors: جيلالي د.ماينو 
Published: August 2020

مُلخَّص

انضمَّت الدول المغاربية -الجزائر، تونس، المغرب، موريتانيا، ليبيا- إلى اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة
لمكافحة الفساد، فضلًا عن انخراطها ضمن آلية تنفيذ هذه الاتفاقية، التي تُلزم الدول
الأعضاء بتقديم تقارير دورية بشأن مدى تنفيذها والتزامها بما أوردته من أحكام للوقاية من
الفساد ومكافحته، لقد شكَّلت هذه التقارير فرصة لاستعراض وبيان أوجه النجاح والإخفاق
من جهة، وكذا التحديات والصعوبات التي واجهت هذه الدول في سبيل تكييف منظومتها
القانونية مع أحكام اتفاقية الأمم المتحدة لمكافحة الفساد من جهة أخرى.
أوضحت هذه الدراسة جوانب متعددة من عملية الاستعراض القطري الذي قدَّمته الدول
المغاربية بخصوص تنفيذها جوانب متعلقة بالدورة الأولى من الاستعراض التي استهدفت
الفصلين الثالث والخامس من الاتفاقية، مع التركيز على مجالات مواضيعية مرتبطة بالإطار
القانوني والمؤسساتي لمكافحة الفساد، وكذا تجريمه من طرف هذه الدول، فضلًا عن بيان
التدابير المُتَّخذة في مجال حماية الشهود والخبراء والمبلِّغين في قضايا الفساد، بالإضافة
إلى توضيح أهم المستجدات المستحدَثة بعد عرض التقارير القطرية لهذه الدول.
De uitbreiding van de sluitingsbevoegdheid in artikel 174a Gemeentewet en de taak van de burgemeester als sheriff
Authors: van der Vorm B. 
Published: August 2020

De uitbreiding van de sluitingsbevoegdheid in artikel 174a Gemeentewet en de taak van de burgemeester als sheriff
In het verband van de aanpak van ondermijnende misdaad zal de sluitingsbevoegdheid, die is neergelegd in artikel 174a, eerste lid, Gemeentewet, worden uitgebreid met twee nieuwe sluitingsgronden. Op deze wijze kunnen woningen ook worden gesloten indien de openbare orde door ernstig geweld of geweld wordt verstoord. Hoe moet deze uitbreiding worden aangemerkt? Is het vooral een instrument voor de burgemeester als openbare-ordehandhaver of als sheriff? In dit redactioneel wordt betoogd om een wettelijke taak voor de burgemeester in de bestuurlijke aanpak van misdaad te ontwikkelen.
Een analyse aan de hand van het faillissementsstrafrecht van de strafrechtelijke risico’s voor ondernemers ten tijde van de coronacrisis
Authors: Oosterhof S.B. , Dudok van Heel F.A. 
Published: August 2020

Een analyse aan de hand van het faillissementsstrafrecht van de strafrechtelijke risico’s voor ondernemers ten tijde van de coronacrisis
Ondernemers die financieel werden getroffen door de gevolgen van de coronacrisis konden vanaf april 2020 aanspraak maken op diverse financiële steunmaatregelen van de overheid. De regering kondigde direct aan hard te zullen optreden tegen misbruik van deze noodmaatregelen. In dit artikel worden op grond van het faillissementsstrafrecht de risico’s geanalyseerd voor ondernemers en ondernemingen die, ondanks aan hen uitgekeerde noodsteun, failliet worden verklaard.
DISGORGEMENT DAMAGES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT
Authors: Temple Adam 
Published: August 2020

Gain-based damages for breach of contract are often viewed as anomalous, and lacking a clear rational basis. This article seeks to provide a theoretical basis for the requirement to disgorge profits gained through breach of contract. By looking at the core contractual obligation, it can be seen that a contracting party has two ways in which they can fulfil their promises. They can pay damages where they fully compensate the other party, or they can perform. Where damages are inadequate, the contracting party must perform. Failure to perform in such circumstances should be prevented, and it is argued that disgorgement of profits is a suitable deterrent to such contract breakers. It is suggested that the law should act in this way to protect the facilitative institution of contract.
BACK TO THE FUTURE – NOT ROCKET SCIENCE: SOME THOUGHTS ON 20 YEARS OF CONSULTATIONS ON THE FUTURE OF THE BVC AND PUPILLAGE
Authors: Burton Frances 
Published: August 2020

In the last two decades opportunities for exasperation in the vocational legal education constituency have been mounting as paper after paper has been published (and dutifully responded to by the various stakeholders) on reform of the Bar Vocational Course (“BVC”). This has only recently been at least temporarily stemmed by the report of the newly created Bar Standards Board (“BSB”) on Deferral of Call in June 2007,1 albeit immediately followed by the announcement of further reviews of the BVC and pupillage. This is not to mention a plethora of consultations and papers, which have gone before, including those earlier considered by the Standing Committee on Legal Education.
Patchett and another v Swimming Pool & Allied Trades Association Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 717
Authors: Halladay John 
Published: August 2020

SURVIVING A FALL INTO THE DEEP ENDIn spite of the vast increase in contracts entered into over the internet, there are still very few appellant level cases concerning this process. It was therefore of great interest when the Court of Appeal gave its decision in Patchett and another v Swimming Pool & Allied Trades Association Ltd [2009] EWCA Civ 717.
TRAPPED IN LEGAL DISCOURSE: TRANSRACIAL ADOPTION IN THE UNITED STATES AND ENGLAND
Authors: Sargent Sarah 
Published: August 2020

“Making the NABSW the villain of the story, making that group responsible for why black children were disproportionately in the child welfare system, misses that organization’s real and substantial contribution to this debate: it tried to call attention to the ways black single mothers are targeted by the child protection systems, and tried to defend those mothers”.There are large numbers of ethnic minority children in state child care that are awaiting adoptive families. For many, these adoptive families never materialise. This is true in the United States as well as in England. Some argue that the solution is to promote transracial adoption—for white adoptive families to adopt ethnic minority children. The idea of transracial adoption is a highly emotive one, bringing together issues of race and adoption, both of which on their own can bring forth strong visceral reactions
Annulment Funding Co Ltd v Cowey and another [2010] EWCA 711 First Plus Financial Group v Hewett [2010] EWCA Civ 312
Authors: Halladay John 
Published: August 2020

RECENT PROBLEMS IN UNDUE INFLUENCEAfter the flood of litigation at the end of the 20th Century, it was hoped that the House of Lords decisions in O’Brien and Etridge would put an end to the uncertainties facing those wishing to take security over a family home. But as seen in the recent Court of Appeal decisions in Annulment Funding Co Ltd v Cowey and another [2010] EWCA 711 (“Cowey”) and First Plus Financial Group v Hewett [2010] EWCA Civ 312 (“Hewett”), there still remain some interesting questions and potential problems for the unwary lender.
GORDON GOLDBERG
Authors: Edwards Susan 
Published: August 2020

Gordon Goldberg, LLB, MA, Barrister, (1938-2015) former Reader in Law and Master of Moots at the University of Buckingham died on 13 June 2015. The University received many tributes from Alumni and former academic colleagues. We cannot print them all but we are sure our readers would wish to share in some of them.
THE MODEL FOR A PATH FORWARD. A PROPOSAL FOR A MODEL LAW DEALING WITH CYBER-SQUATTING AND OTHER ABUSIVE DOMAIN NAME PRACTICES
Authors: Plotkin James 
Published: August 2020

The internet has revolutionized the way we interact with information and each other. Among the internet’s many applications, e-commerce ranks at the top. Businesses derive significant value from a robust online presence which arguably begins with a strong domain name.Websites are identified by internet protocol (IP) addresses which consist of sets of numbers. The Domain Name System (DNS) is the internet’s address book. Its function is to allow internet users to identify websites with more memorable indicia than a set of numbers such as words, phrases and acronyms. Given that businesses often devote significant resources to growing brand recognition and the goodwill associated with their trademarks, many of them tend to register domain names under those trademarks. Domain names (unlike trademarks) are unique which further increases a trademark holder’s interest in securing ones that consumers would likely associate with its goods or services.Cyber-squatters seek to profit from the DNS by engaging in a form of “online speculation”. They register domain names that are either identical or confusingly similar to trademarks and then attempt to sell the domain name(s) to a legitimate trademark holder for a profit.The current regulatory framework dealing with cyber-squatting comprises of: 1) The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP) and variants thereof; 2) The American Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act (ACPA); and 3) National trademark laws. This paper argues that while partially effective, the current framework is lacking.A review of UDRP panel statistics reveals a steady flow of complaints since 2000 with a marked upswing from 2005 forward. The WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center, the largest UDRP resolution provider, receives between 1700-2600 complaints per year relating to cyber-squatting. Cyber-squatting is therefore clearly an issue that requires further or better regulation.The UDRP, ACPA and trademark statutes all suffer from significant shortcomings. This paper seeks to identify those shortcomings and propose a potential solution: a model law relating to cyber-squatting and other abusive domain name practices. The model law would create specific causes of action for cybersquatting and the abusive practice known as “reverse-domain name hijacking”. It would also comport certain key provisions to aid in the harmonization of an internationally accepted body of “domain name law”.While a model law approach itself suffers from certain shortcomings (most notably the requirement that it be adopted in a significant number of states to become effective), this paper demonstrates that those shortcomings are far outweighed by its benefits.
MONEY LAUNDERING, PUBLIC BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP REGISTERS AND THE BRITISH OVERSEAS TERRITORIES: THE IMPACT OF THE SANCTIONS AND MONEY LAUNDERING ACT 2018 (UK)
Authors: Hatchard John 
Published: August 2020

The revelations from the Panama Papers have highlighted the potential use of off-shore shell and shelf companies based in the British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies to facilitate money laundering, tax evasion, the financing of terrorism and other serious and organised crime. The use of such companies has enabled the natural person(s) who ultimately owned or controlled the company to remain concealed behind a nominee director(s) and nominee shareholder(s). This has led to international interest and pressure to increase the transparency in the beneficial ownership of such companies.