bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Færøernes internationale politik
Authors: Bertelsen Rasmus Gjedssø , Justinussen Jens Christian Svabo 
Published: December 2020

Færøerne har repræsentationer i Reykjavik, København, London, Moskva, Bruxelles og Beijing, og har associeret medlemskab i flere internationale organisationer. Færøernes selvstændige ageren på den internationale arena har i de senere år flere gange fanget mediernes søgelys og rejst flere kontroversielle spørgsmål. Senest med Huawei-sagen, hvor Kinas ambassadør i København blev beskyldt for på et besøg i Tórshavn at have presset Landsstyret til at indgå aftale med Huawei om Færøernes fremtidige G5-net og sat det som en betingelse for en mulig handelsaftale med Kina. Nogle år tidligere havde Færøernes fiskerieksport til Rusland og makrelstriden med EU medført hævede øjenbryn i København og aktualiseret spørgsmålet om Færøernes særstilling i Riget. Denne artikel giver et overblik over færøsk udenrigspolitik og går bagom de aktuelle sager (Huawei, Rusland, makrelstrid og EU-boykot) og forsøger at sætte Færøernes internationale politik i en historisk og geostrategisk ramme.
Combination of circulating miR-145-5p/miR-191-5p as biomarker for breast cancer detection
Authors: Ashirbekov Yeldar , Abaildayev Arman , Omarbayeva Nazgul , Botbayev Dauren , Belkozhayev Ayaz , Askandirova Anel , Neupokoyeva Alena , Utegenova Gulzhakhan , Sharipov Kamalidin , Aitkhozhina Nagima 
Published: December 2020

Background
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide. At present, there is a need to search for new, accurate, reliable, minimally invasive and cheap biomarkers in addition to existing methods for the diagnosis and prognosis of BC. The main goal of this study was to test the diagnostic value of six circulating miRNAs in Kazakh women.

Materials and methods
TaqMan-based miRNA profiling was conducted using plasma specimens from 35 BC women patients and 33 healthy women samples (control group).

Results
The level of all seven miRNAs (including endogenous control) normalized by synthetic cel-miR-39 were significantly elevated in the group of BC patients. Normalization using miR-222-3p as endogenous control reduced differences in level of miRNAs between groups; as a result, only three miRNAs were significantly upregulated in the group of BC patients—miR-145-5p (P = 6.5e−12), miR-191-5p (P = 3.7e−10) and miR-21-5p (P = 0.0034). Moreover, ROC analysis showed that the use of miR-145-5p and miR-191-5p, both individually (AUC = 0.931 and 0.904, respectively) or in combination (AUC = 0.984), allows to accurately differentiate BC patients from healthy individuals.

Conclusions
Two plasma miRNAs—miR-145-5p and miR-191-5p—are potential biomarkers for diagnosis of BC in the Kazakh population. The findings need to be further substantiated using a more representative sample.
Clinical features and prognostic factors of spinal fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumors: a long-term, single-center, retrospective study
Authors: Sun Haitao , He Shaohui , Zhao Yuechao , Ye Chen , Yang Xinghai , Xu Wei , Xiao Jianru 
Published: December 2020

Background
Spinal fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors (FMTs) are extremely rare. Few studies have reported on the features and outcomes of this condition that affects the axial skeleton. We explored the clinical characteristics and factors affecting the prognosis of spinal FMTs.

Methods
We retroactively assessed the survival of 51 patients with spinal FMTs who underwent surgical and adjuvant treatments in our center between April 2006 and September 2018. Factors affecting disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Variables with p value ≤ 0.05 were subjected to multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. A two-sided P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
The mean follow-up period was 50.8 ± 35.6 months (Range 4.2–172.6). Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that the 5-year DFS was 10% (95% CI [31.09-42.56]) and the 5-year OS was 53% (95% CI [61.28–97.20]). Multivariate analysis showed that en bloc excision was associated with better DFS (HR 0.214, 0.011) and OS (HR 0.273, 0.043), radiotherapy negatively affected OS (HR 0.353, 0.033), and the recurrence and Ki-67 index <5% significantly affected DFS (HR 3.008, 0.008 and 2.754, 0.029).

Conclusions
Spinal FMTs are rare. Surgery is the treatment of choice and en bloc excision is strongly recommended to improve outcomes. Disease recurrence and the Ki-67 marker are correlated with the progression of these tumors.
Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Colloidal Nano Silver for Applications in Nano Medicine
Authors: Ignatov Ignat , Drossinakis Christos 
Published: December 2020

Colloidal Silver in European Union is food additive. The aim of the study is to show the common effects of colloidal nano silver and electromagnetic fields. The influence on colloidal nano silver with concentration of 30 ppm was studied using the method of Drossinakis in electromagnetic waves in the range of ν=20 -70 Hz. The research was performed with the methods for spectral analyses Nonequilibrium energy spectrum (NES) and Differential nonequilibrium energy spectrum (DNES). The study was performed with research of parameters of pH and oxidation reduction potential (ORP). The control sample is the sample with colloidal nano silver. The sample was taken after the influence with electromagnetic fields on the sample with colloidal nano silver.
The effect of electromagnetic fields is connected with increasing of the effects of colloidal nano silver. There are proofs with differences between samples and control sample with parameters of
NES, DNES, pH, ORP.
Tunable, Grating‐Gated, Graphene‐On‐Polyimide Terahertz Modulators
Authors: Di Gaspare Alessandra , Pogna Eva Arianna Aurelia , Salemi Luca , Balci Osman , Cadore Alisson Ronieri , Shinde Sachin Maruti , Li Lianhe , di Franco Cinzia , Davies Alexander Giles , Linfield Edmund Harold , Ferrari Andrea Carlo , Scamarcio Gaetano , Vitiello Miriam Serena 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAn electrically switchable graphene terahertz (THz) modulator with a tunable‐by‐design optical bandwidth is presented and it is exploited to compensate the cavity dispersion of a quantum cascade laser (QCL). Electrostatic gating is achieved by a metal grating used as a gate electrode, with an HfO2/AlOx gate dielectric on top. This is patterned on a polyimide layer, which acts as a quarter wave resonance cavity, coupled with an Au reflector underneath. The authors achieve 90% modulation depth of the intensity, combined with a 20 kHz electrical bandwidth in the 1.9–2.7 THz range. The modulator is then integrated with a multimode THz QCL. By adjusting the modulator operational bandwidth, the authors demonstrate that the graphene modulator can partially compensate the QCL cavity dispersion, resulting in an integrated laser behaving as a stable frequency comb over 35% of the operational range, with 98 equidistant optical modes and a spectral coverage ~1.2 THz. This paves the way for applications in the terahertz, such as tunable transformation‐optics devices, active photonic components, adaptive and quantum optics, and metrological tools for spectroscopy at THz frequencies.
Nanomaterials Facilitating Microbial Extracellular Electron Transfer at Interfaces
Authors: Wang Ruiwen , Li Huidong , Sun Jinzhi , Zhang Lu , Jiao Jia , Wang Qingqing , Liu Shaoqin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractElectrochemically active bacteria can transport their metabolically generated electrons to anodes, or accept electrons from cathodes to synthesize high‐value chemicals and fuels, via a process known as extracellular electron transfer (EET). Harnessing of this microbial EET process has led to the development of microbial bio‐electrochemical systems (BESs), which can achieve the interconversion of electrical and chemical energy and enable electricity generation, hydrogen production, electrosynthesis, wastewater treatment, desalination, water and soil remediation, and sensing. Here, the focus is on the current understanding of the microbial EET process occurring at both the bacteria–electrode interface and the biotic interface, as well as some attempts to improve the EET by using various nanomaterials. The behavior of nanomaterials in different EET routes and their influence on the performance of BESs are described. The inherent mechanisms will guide rational design of EET‐related materials and lead to a better understanding of EET mechanisms.
Silicon‐Based Intermediate‐Band Infrared Photodetector Realized by Te Hyperdoping
Authors: Wang Mao , García‐Hemme Eric , Berencén Yonder , Hübner René , Xie Yufang , Rebohle Lars , Xu Chi , Schneider Harald , Helm Manfred , Zhou Shengqiang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSi‐based photodetectors satisfy the criteria of being low‐cost and environmentally friendly, and can enable the development of on‐chip complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS)‐compatible photonic systems. However, extending their room‐temperature photoresponse into the mid‐wavelength infrared (MWIR) regime remains challenging due to the intrinsic bandgap of Si. Here, we report on a comprehensive study of a room‐temperature MWIR photodetector based on Si hyperdoped with Te. The demonstrated MWIR p‐n photodiode exhibits a spectral photoresponse up to 5 µm and a slightly lower detector performance than the commercial devices in the wavelength range of 1.0–1.9 µm. The correlation between the background noise and the sensitivity of the Te‐hyperdoped Si photodiode, where the maximum room‐temperature specific detectivity is found to be 3.2 × 1012 cmHz1/2 W−1 and 9.2 × 108 cmHz1/2 W−1 at 1 µm and 1.55 µm, respectively, is also investigated. This work contributes to pave the way towards establishing a Si‐based broadband infrared photonic system operating at room temperature.
Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) Pandemic: From Diagnosis to Treatment Strategies
Authors: Hadisi Zhina , Walsh Tavia , Dabiri Seyed Mohammad Hossein , Seyfoori Amir , Hamdi David , Mirani Bahram , Pagan Erik , Jardim Armando , Akbari Mohsen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFollowing the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, the world is now combating a third large‐scale outbreak caused by a coronavirus, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). After the rapid spread of SARS‐coronavirus (CoV)‐2 (the virus causing COVID‐19) from its origin in China, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on January 30, 2020. From the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic, a significant number of studies have been conducted to better understand the biology and pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus, and to aid in developing effective treatment regimens, therapeutics, and vaccines. This review focuses on the recent advancements in the rapidly evolving areas of clinical care and management of COVID‐19. The emerging strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease are explored, and the development of effective vaccines is reviewed.
Predicting Vibrational Spectroscopy for Flexible Molecules and Molecules with Non‐Idle Environments
Authors: Kirchner Barbara , Blasius Jan , Esser Lars , Reckien Werner 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFlexible molecules and non‐idle environments can present severe problems in the prediction of vibrational spectra. This work focuses on infrared and vibrational circular dichroism for which the latter is extremely sensitive to such complicated situations. Here two possible ways to perform spectroscopy calculations for such situations are investigated. The first approach is based on static quantum chemical calculations employing cluster‐weighting. The second approach is rooted in ab initio molecular dynamics simulations using the time correlations approach. For the present example ((R)‐butan‐2‐ol), excellent spectra from simulations are obtained for gas and bulk, when the former is averaged over trajectories with all possible starting conformers and these are scaled to match the experimental spectrum. The cluster‐weighted approach is inferior to the simulations but still reaches very good results at much less computational cost. A simplified, but computationally less expensive simulation approach is considered by approximating the electric and magnetic moments, which are input quantities in the correlation function, by classical equations and different populations analysis for the required partial charges. The results are inferior to the full simulations but still give satisfying results at the advantage of being much faster to calculate.
Characterization of the GABRB2‐Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Authors: el Achkar Christelle M. , Harrer Merle , Smith Lacey , Kelly McKenna , Iqbal Sumaiya , Maljevic Snezana , Niturad Cristina E. , Vissers Lisenka E. L. M. , Poduri Annapurna , Yang Edward , Lal Dennis , Lerche Holger , Møller Rikke S. , Olson Heather E. ,   for the GABRB2 Working Group
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveWe aimed to characterize the phenotypic spectrum and functional consequences associated with variants in the gene GABRB2, coding for the γ‐aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor subunit β2.MethodsWe recruited and systematically evaluated 25 individuals with variants in GABRB2, 17 of whom are newly described and 8 previously reported with additional clinical data. Functional analysis was performed using a Xenopus laevis oocyte model system.ResultsOur cohort of 25 individuals from 22 families with variants in GABRB2 demonstrated a range of epilepsy phenotypes from genetic generalized epilepsy to developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Fifty‐eight percent of individuals had pharmacoresistant epilepsy; response to medications targeting the GABAergic pathway was inconsistent. Developmental disability (present in 84%) ranged from mild intellectual disability to severe global disability; movement disorders (present in 44%) included choreoathetosis, dystonia, and ataxia. Disease‐associated variants cluster in the extracellular N‐terminus and transmembrane domains 1–3, with more severe phenotypes seen in association with variants in transmembrane domains 1 and 2 and the allosteric binding site between transmembrane domains 2 and 3. Functional analysis of 4 variants in transmembrane domains 1 or 2 (p.Ile246Thr, p.Pro252Leu, p.Ile288Ser, p.Val282Ala) revealed strongly reduced amplitudes of GABA‐evoked anionic currents.InterpretationGABRB2‐related epilepsy ranges broadly in severity from genetic generalized epilepsy to developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. Developmental disability and movement disorder are key features. The phenotypic spectrum is comparable to other GABAA receptor‐encoding genes. Phenotypic severity varies by protein domain. Experimental evidence supports loss of GABAergic inhibition as the mechanism underlying GABRB2‐associated neurodevelopmental disorders. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:573–586
Quantum Critical Lines in the Ground State Phase Diagram of Spin‐1/2 Frustrated Transverse‐Field Ising Chains
Authors: Fumani F. Khastehdel , Nemati S. , Mahdavifar S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper focuses on the ground state phase diagram of a 1D spin‐1/2 quantum Ising model with competing first and second nearest neighbour interactions known as the axial next nearest neighbour Ising model in the presence of a transverse magnetic field. Here, using quantum correlations, both numerically and analytically, some evidence is provided to clarify the identification of the ground state phase diagram. Local quantum correlations play a crucial role in detecting the critical lines either revealed or hidden by symmetry‐breaking. A non‐symmetry‐breaking disorder transition line can be identified by the first derivative of both entanglement of formation and quantum discord between nearest neighbour spins. In addition, the quantum correlations between the second neighbour spins can also be used to reveal Kosterlitz–Thouless phase transition when their interaction strength grows and becomes closer to the first nearest neighbour one. The results obtained using the Jordan–Wigner transformation confirm the accuracy of the numerical case.
Präbiotische Peptid‐Synthese und spontane Amyloid‐Bildung im Inneren eines protozellulären Kompartiments
Authors: Kwiatkowski Witek , Bomba Radoslaw , Afanasyev Pavel , Boehringer Daniel , Riek Roland , Greenwald Jason 
Published: December 2020

AbstractZelluläres Leben erfordert ein hohes Maß an molekularer Komplexität und Selbstorganisation, von denen einige in einem präbiotischen Kontext entstanden sein müssen. Hier demonstrieren wir, wie beide dieser Eigenschaften in einem plausibel präbiotischen System entstehen können. Wir fanden heraus, dass chemische Gradienten in einfachen Mischungen von aktivierten Aminosäuren und Fettsäuren zur Bildung von amyloidartigen Peptidfibrillen führen können, die innerhalb eines protozellulären Kompartiments lokalisiert sind. Bei diesem Prozess wirken die Fettsäure‐ oder Lipidvesikel sowohl als Filter, der die selektive Passage von aktivierten Aminosäuren ermöglicht, als auch als Barriere, welche die Diffusion der amyloidogenen Peptide blockiert, die sich spontan innerhalb der Vesikel bilden. Diese Synergie zwischen zwei unterschiedlichen Bausteinen des Lebens induziert eine signifikante Zunahme der molekularen Komplexität und räumlichen Ordnung und bietet damit einen Weg für die frühe molekulare Evolution, die zu einer lebenden Zelle führen könnte.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Enantioselective Borylation of Unbiased Methylene C(sp3)−H Bonds at the Position β to a Nitrogen Center
Authors: Du Rongrong , Liu Luhua , Xu Senmiao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractReported herein is the pyrazole‐directed iridium‐catalyzed enantioselective borylation of unbiased methylene C−H bonds at the position β to a nitrogen center. The combination of a chiral bidentate boryl ligand, iridium precursor, and pyrazole directing group was responsible for the high regio‐ and enantioselectivity observed. The method tolerated a vast array of functional groups to afford the corresponding C(sp3)−H functionalization products with good to excellent enantioselectivity.
Physiological‐based pharmacokinetic modeling trends in pharmaceutical drug development over the last 20‐years; in‐depth analysis of applications, organizations, and platforms
Authors: El‐Khateeb Eman , Burkhill Susan , Murby Susan , Amirat Hamza , Rostami‐Hodjegan Amin , Ahmad Amais 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe assess the advancement of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation (M&S) over the last 20 years (start of 2000 to end of 2019) focusing on the trends in each decade with the relative contributions from different organizations, areas of applications, and software tools used. Unlike many of the previous publications which focused on regulatory applications, our analysis is based on PBPK publications in peer‐reviewed journals based on a large sample (>700 original articles). We estimated a rate of growth for PBPK (>40 fold/20 years) that was much steeper than the general pharmacokinetic modeling (<3 fold/20 years) or overall scientific publications (∼3 fold/20 years). The analyses demonstrated that contrary to commonly held belief, commercial specialized PBPK platforms with graphical‐user interface were a much more popular choice than open‐source alternatives even within academic organizations. These platforms constituted 81% of the whole set of the sample we assessed. The major PBPK applications (top 3) were associated with the study design, predicting formulation effects, and metabolic drug–drug interactions, while studying the fate of drugs in special populations, predicting kinetics in early drug development, and investigating transporter drug interactions have increased proportionally over the last decade. The proportions of application areas based on published research were distinctively different from those shown previously for the regulatory submissions and impact on labels. This may demonstrate the lag time between the research applications versus verified usage within the regulatory framework. The report showed the trend of overall PBPK publications in pharmacology drug development from the past 2 decades stratified by the organizations involved, software used, and area of applications. The analysis showed a more rapid increase in PBPK than that of the pharmacokinetic space itself with an equal contribution from academia and industry. By establishing and recording the journey of PBPK modeling in the past and looking at its current status, the analysis can be used for devising plans based on the anticipated trajectory of future regulatory applications.
The modified fuzzy mortality model based on the algebra of ordered fuzzy numbers
Authors: Szymański Andrzej , Rossa Agnieszka 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe new trends in fuzzy analysis are based on the algebraic approach to fuzzy numbers. The essential idea in such an approach is representing the membership function of a fuzzy number as an element of any square‐integrable function space. As a starting point, we consider the Koissi–Shapiro model known as a fuzzy version of the Lee–Carter mortality model, in which triangular membership functions of fuzzy variables are assumed. In our approach, the algebra of ordered fuzzy numbers is used to reformulate the fuzzy Lee–Carter mortality model and to improve the prediction accuracy.
KRAS G12V mutation upregulates PD‐L1 expression via TGF‐β/EMT signaling pathway in human non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Pan Li‐Na , Ma Yun‐Fang , Li Zhen , Hu Jia‐An , Xu Zhi‐Hong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlthough clinical data suggest remarkable promise for targeting programmed cell death protein‐1 (PD‐1) and ligand (PD‐L1) signaling in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC), it is still largely undetermined which subtype of patients will be responsive to checkpoint blockade. In the present study, we explored whether PD‐L1 was regulated by mutant Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), which is frequently mutated in NSCLC and results in poor prognosis and low survival rates. We verified that PD‐L1 levels were dramatically increased in KRAS mutant cell lines, particularly in NCI‐H441 cells with KRAS G12V mutation. Overexpression of KRAS G12V remarkably elevated PD‐L1 messenger RNA and protein levels, while suppression of KRAS G12V led to decreased PD‐L1 levels in NCI‐H441 cells. Consistently, higher levels of PD‐L1 were observed in KRAS‐mutated tissues as well as tumor tissues‐derived CD4+ and CD8+ T cells using a tumor xenograft in B‐NDG mice. Mechanically, both in vitro and in vivo assays found that KRAS G12V upregulated PD‐L1 via regulating the progression of epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, pembrolizumab activated the antitumor activity and decreased tumor growth with KRAS G12V mutated NSCLC. This study demonstrates that KRAS G12V mutation could induce PD‐L1 expression and promote immune escape via transforming growth factor‐β/EMT signaling pathway in KRAS‐mutant NSCLC, providing a potential therapeutic approach for NSCLC harboring KRAS mutations.