bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
System-Level Thermal Management and Reliability of Automotive Electronics: Goals and Opportunities Using Phase-Change Materials
Authors: Nafis Bakhtiyar Mohammad , Iradukunda Ange-Christian , Huitink David 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Electronic packaging for automotive applications are at particular risk of thermomechanical failure due to the naturally harsh conditions it is exposed to. With the rise of electric and hybrid electric vehicles (EVs and HEVs), combined with a desire to miniaturize, the challenge of removing enough heat from electronic devices in automotive vehicles is evolving. This paper closely examines the new challenges in thermal management in various driving environments and aims to classify each existing cooling method in terms of performance. Particular focus is placed upon emerging solutions regarded to hold great potential, such as phase-change materials (PCMs). PCMs have been regarded for some time as a means of transferring heat quickly away from the region with the electronic components and are widely regarded as a possible means of carrying out cooling in large scale from small areas, because of their high latent heat of fusion, high specific heat, temperature stability, and small volume change during phase change, etc. They have already been utilized as a method of passive cooling in electronics in various ways, but their adoption in automotive power electronics, such as in traction inverters, has yet to be fulfilled. A brief discussion is made on some of the potential areas of application and challenges relating to more widespread adoption of PCMs, with reference to a case study using computational model of a commercially available power module used in automotive applications.
Numerical Simulation of the Evacuation Process and Smoke Propagation Due to a Fire in a Road Tunnel With Transverse Ventilation System
Authors: Halawa Taher 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Fire accidents in road tunnels can form a great danger in the life of people if the evacuation process does not happen effectively. This paper introduces a numerical investigation of fire and evacuation analysis in a road tunnel and provides important insights into the conditions that people are exposed to during evacuation. The fire was assumed to originate from a bus with a fire size of 30 MW at the moment corresponding to the peak heat release rate. Results including smoke distribution, visibility distribution, paths of people during evacuation, people existence density, and people speed are presented and analyzed. One of the important findings of this paper is the estimation of the time available for people to evacuate safely before the approach of the smoke layer to the occupation zone causing deterioration of the visibility values. The discussion introduced a clarification of the connection between the time of exposure to smoke, people speed, and smoke propagation speed. Results showed that the time of exposure to smoke during evacuation can be significantly increased if the fire size is increased especially for persons located within 15 m from the fire location and take more than 2 min to take the decision of evacuation.
Field evidence for coal combustion links the 252 Ma Siberian Traps with global carbon disruption
Authors: Elkins-Tanton L.T. , Grasby S.E. , Black B.A. , Veselovskiy R.V. , Ardakani O.H. , Goodarzi F. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Permian-Triassic extinction was the most severe in Earth history. The Siberian Traps eruptions are strongly implicated in the global atmospheric changes that likely drove the extinction. A sharp negative carbon isotope excursion coincides within geochronological uncertainty with the oldest dated rocks from the Norilsk section of the Siberian flood basalts. We focused on the voluminous volcaniclastic rocks of the Siberian Traps, relatively unstudied as potential carriers of carbon-bearing gases. Over six field seasons we collected rocks from across the Siberian platform, and we show here the first direct evidence that the earliest eruptions in the southern part of the province burned large volumes of a combination of vegetation and coal. We demonstrate that the volume and composition of organic matter interacting with magmas may explain the global carbon isotope signal and may have significantly driven the extinction.
The impact of diabetes on the productivity and economy of Bangladesh
Authors: Afroz Afsana , Hird Thomas R , Zomer Ella , Owen Alice , Chen Lei , Ademi Zanfina , Liew Danny , Magliano Dianna J , Billah Baki 
Published: June 2020

AimsTo estimate the impact of type 2 diabetes in terms of mortality, years of life lost (YLL) and productivity-adjusted life years (PALY) lost in Bangladesh.MethodsA life table model was constructed to estimate the productivity of the Bangladeshi population of current working age (20–59 years) with diabetes. Follow-up to 60 years (retirement age) was simulated. The life table analysis was then repeated assuming that the cohort did not have diabetes, with subsequent improvement in productivity. Differences in the results of the two analyses reflected the impact of diabetes on health and productivity. Demographic and the prevalence of diabetes data were sourced from the International Diabetes Foundation estimates for 2017 and mortality data were based on the 2017 Global Burden of Disease study. Relative risk and productivity indices were based on an Indian and Bangladeshi study, respectively. The cost of each PALY was assumed to be equivalent to gross domestic product (GDP) per equivalent full-time worker (US$8763). Future costs and years of life, and PALYs lived were discounted at an annual rate of 3%.ResultsAssuming a follow-up of this population (aged 20–59 years) until age 60 years or death, an estimated 813 807 excess deaths, loss of 4.0 million life years (5.5%) and 9.2 million PALYs (20.4%) were attributable to having diabetes. This was equivalent to 0.7 YLL, and 1.6 PALYs lost per person. The loss in PALYs equated to a total of US$97.4 billion lost (US$16 987 per person) in GDP. The results of the scenario analysis showed that the estimation was robust.ConclusionIn Bangladesh, the impact of diabetes on productivity loss and the broader economy looms large, and poses a substantial risk to the country’s future prosperity. This highlights the critical importance of health strategies aimed at the control of diabetes.
Venous thromboembolism after penetrating femoral and popliteal artery injuries: an opportunity for increased prevention
Authors: Ratnasekera Asanthi , Pulido Odessa , Durgin Sandra , Nichols Sharon , Lozano Alicia , Sienko Danielle , Hanlon Alexandra , Martin Niels D. 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundTrauma patients with penetrating vascular injuries have a higher rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The objective of this study was to determine the risk of VTE formation in penetrating femoral and popliteal vascular injuries and the effects of endovascular management of these injuries.MethodsA retrospective study of Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study registry was conducted during a 5-year period (2013–2017). All adult patients with a penetrating mechanism with femoral/popliteal vascular injuries were studied. Primary outcome was incidence of VTE in patients with isolated arterial injuries versus combined arterial/venous injuries. Secondary endpoints were intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS and mortality. Statistical comparisons were accomplished using Fisher’s exact tests, and parametric two-sample t-tests or non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.ResultsOf the 865 patients with penetrating extremity vascular injuries, 207 had femoral or popliteal artery injuries. Patients with isolated arterial injuries (n=131) had a significantly lower deep venous thrombosis (DVT) rate compared with those with concurrent venous injuries (n=76) (3.1% vs. 13.2%, p=0.008). There were 14 patients in the study who developed DVTs. Among the four patients with isolated femoral or popliteal arterial injuries who had developed DVTs, three had an open repair. Among patients with isolated arterial injuries, those with DVT spend significantly more time on the ventilator (median=2 vs. 0, p=0.0020) compared with patients without DVT. Patients with DVT also had longer stay in the hospital (median=17.5 vs. 8, p=0.0664) and in the ICU (median=3 vs. 1, p=0.0585).ConclusionsRisk of DVT exists in patients with penetrating isolated femoral and popliteal artery trauma. Open repair was associated with significantly higher DVT rates in isolated arterial injuries.Level of evidenceLevel IV therapeutic care/management.
Hygienic macro technology
Authors: Clinger William D. , Wand Mitchell 
Published: June 2020

The fully parenthesized Cambridge Polish syntax of Lisp, originally regarded as a temporary expedient to be replaced by more conventional syntax, possesses a peculiar virtue: A read procedure can parse it without knowing the syntax of any expressions, statements, definitions, or declarations it may represent. The result of that parsing is a list structure that establishes a standard representation for uninterpreted abstract syntax trees.
This representation provides a convenient basis for macro processing, which allows the programmer to specify that some simple piece of abstract syntax should be replaced by some other, more complex piece of abstract syntax. As is well-known, this yields an abstraction mechanism that does things that procedural abstraction cannot, such as introducing new binding structures.
The existence of that standard representation for uninterpreted abstract syntax trees soon led Lisp to a greater reliance upon macros than was common in other high-level languages. The importance of those features is suggested by the ten pages devoted to macros in an earlier ACM HOPL paper, “The Evolution of Lisp.”
However, na'ive macro expansion was a leaky abstraction, because the movement of a piece of syntax from one place to another might lead to the accidental rebinding of a program’s identifiers. Although this problem was recognized in the 1960s, it was 20 years before a reliable solution was discovered, and another 10 before a solution was discovered that was reliable, flexible, and efficient.
In this paper, we summarize that early history with greater focus on hygienic macros, and continue the story by describing the further development, adoption, and influence of hygienic and partially hygienic macro technology in Scheme. The interplay between the desire for standardization and the development of new algorithms is a major theme of that story.
We then survey the ways in which hygienic macro technology has been adapted into recent non-parenthetical languages. Finally, we provide a short history of attempts to provide a formal account of macro processing.
Quantum Leap and Crash
Authors: Hurley-Smith Darren , Hernandez-Castro Julio 
Published: June 2020

Random numbers are essential for cryptography and scientific simulation. Generating truly random numbers for cryptography can be a slow and expensive process. Quantum physics offers a variety of promising solutions to this challenge, proposing sources of entropy that may be genuinely unpredictable, based on the inherent randomness of certain physical phenomena. These properties have been employed to design Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs), some of which are commercially available. In this work, we present the first published analysis of the Quantis family of QRNGs (excluding AIS-31 models), designed and manufactured by ID Quantique (IDQ). Our study also includes Comscire’s PQ32MU QRNG, and two online services: the Australian National University’s (ANU) QRNG, and the Humboldt Physik generator.
Each QRNG is analysed using five batteries of statistical tests: Dieharder, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SP800-22, Ent, Tuftests and TestU01, as part of our thorough examination of their output. Our analysis highlights issues with current certification schemes, which largely rely on NIST SP800-22 and Diehard tests of randomness. We find that more recent tests of randomness identify issues in the output of QRNG, highlighting the need for mandatory post-processing even for low-security usage of random numbers sourced from QRNGs.
Psychiatric Disorders Are Associated with Increased Risk of Sepsis Following a Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Liu Qianwei , Song Huan , Andersson Therese M.-L. , Magnusson Patrik K.E. , Zhu Jianwei , Smedby Karin E. , Fang Fang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Psychiatric disorders and infections are both common comorbidities among patients with cancer. However, little is known about the role of precancer psychiatric disorders on the subsequent risk of sepsis as a complication of infections among patients with cancer. We conducted a cohort study of 362,500 patients with newly diagnosed cancer during 2006–2014 in Sweden. We used flexible parametric models to calculate the HRs of sepsis after cancer diagnosis in relation to precancer psychiatric disorders and the analyses were performed in two models. In model 1, analyses were adjusted for sex, age at cancer diagnosis, calendar period, region of residence, and type of cancer. In model 2, further adjustments were made for marital status, educational level, cancer stage, infection history, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score. During a median follow-up of 2.6 years, we identified 872 cases of sepsis among patients with cancer with precancer psychiatric disorders (incidence rate, IR, 14.8 per 1,000 person-years) and 12,133 cases among patients with cancer without such disorders (IR, 11.6 per 1000 person-years), leading to a statistically significant association between precancer psychiatric disorders and sepsis in both the simplified (HR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.22–1.40) and full (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.18–1.35) models. The positive association was consistently noted among patients with different demographic factors or cancer characteristics, for most cancer types, and during the entire follow-up after cancer diagnosis. Collectively, preexisting psychiatric disorders were associated with an increased risk of sepsis after cancer diagnosis, suggesting a need of heightened clinical awareness in this patient group.

Significance:
These results call for extended prevention and surveillance of sepsis among patients with cancer with psychiatric comorbidities.
Radiotherapy Cooperates with IL15 to Induce Antitumor Immune Responses
Authors: Pilones Karsten A. , Charpentier Maud , Garcia-Martinez Elena , Daviaud Camille , Kraynak Jeffrey , Aryankalayil Joseph , Formenti Silvia C. , Demaria Sandra 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Focal radiotherapy can promote cross-presentation of tumor antigens to T cells, but by itself, it is insufficient to induce therapeutically effective T-cell responses. The common gamma-chain cytokine IL15 promotes and sustains the proliferation and effector function of CD8+ T cells but has limited activity against poorly immunogenic tumors that do not elicit significant spontaneous T-cell responses. Here, we show that radiotherapy and subcutaneous IL15 had complementary effects and induced CD8+ T-cell–mediated tumor regression and long-term protective memory responses in two mouse carcinoma models unresponsive to IL15 alone. Mechanistically, radiotherapy-induced IFN type I production and Batf3-dependent conventional dendritic cells type 1 (cDC1) were required for priming of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells and for the therapeutic effect of the combination. IL15 cooperated with radiotherapy to activate and recruit cDC1s to the tumor. IL15 alone and in complex with a hybrid molecule containing the IL15α receptor have been tested in early-phase clinical trials in patients with cancer and demonstrated good tolerability, especially when given subcutaneously. Expansion of natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells was noted, without clear clinical activity, suggesting further testing of IL15 as a component of a combinatorial treatment with other agents. Our results provide the rationale for testing combinations of IL15 with radiotherapy in the clinic.
Genetic Risk Scores for Complex Disease Traits in Youth
Authors: Xie Tian , Wang Bin , Nolte Ilja M. , van der Most Peter J. , Oldehinkel Albertine J. , Hartman Catharina A. , Snieder Harold 
Published: June 2020

Background:
For most disease-related traits the magnitude of the contribution of genetic factors in adolescents remains unclear.

Methods:
Twenty continuous traits related to anthropometry, cardiovascular and renal function, metabolism, and inflammation were selected from the ongoing prospective Tracking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey cohort in the Netherlands with measurements of up to 5 waves from age 11 to 22 years (n=1354, 47.6% males) and all traits available at the third wave (mean age [SD]=16.22 [0.66]). For each trait, unweighted and weighted genetic risk scores (GRSs) were generated based on significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphisms identified from literature. The variance explained by the GRSs in adolescents were estimated by linear regression after adjustment for covariates.

Results:
Except for ALT (alanine transaminase), all GRSs were significantly associated with their traits. The trait variance explained by the GRSs was highest for lipoprotein[a] (39.59%) and varied between 0.09% (ALT) and 18.49% (LDL [low-density lipoprotein]) for the other traits. For most traits, the variances explained in adolescents were comparable with or slightly smaller than those in adults. Significant increases of trait levels (except ALT) and increased risks for overweight/obesity (odds ratio, 6.41 [95% CI, 2.95–15.56]) and hypertension (odds ratio, 2.86 [95% CI, 1.39–6.17]) were found in individuals in the top GRS decile compared with those at the bottom decile.

Conclusions:
Variances explained by adult-based GRSs for disease-related traits in adolescents, although still relatively modest, were comparable with or slightly smaller than in adults offering promise for improved risk prediction at early ages.
Differential Use and Impact of Bleeding Avoidance Strategies on Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Related Bleeding Stratified by Predicted Risk
Authors: Gluckman Ty J. , Wang Lian , Spinelli Kateri J. , Petersen John L. , Huang Paul , Amin Amit , Messenger John C. , Rao Sunil V. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Procedural anticoagulation with bivalirudin (BIV), trans-radial intervention (TRI), and use of a vascular closure device (VCD) are thought to mitigate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)-related bleeding. We compared the impact of these bleeding avoidance strategies (BAS) for PCIs stratified by bleeding risk.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of PCIs from 18 facilities within one health care system from 2009Q3 to 2017Q4. Bleeding risk was assessed per the National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI bleeding model, with procedures stratified into 6 categories (first, second, third quartiles, 75th–90th, 90th–97.5th, and top 2.5th percentiles). Regression models were used to assess the impact of BAS on bleeding outcome.

Results:
Of 74 953 PCIs, 9.4% used no BAS, 12.0% used BIV alone, 20.8% used TRI alone, 26.8% used VCD alone, 5.4% used TRI+BIV, and 25.6% used VCD+BIV. The crude bleeding rate was 4.4% overall. Only 2 comparisons showed significant trends across all risk strata: VCD+BIV versus no BAS, odds ratio (95% CI) range: first quartile, 0.36 (0.18–0.72) to top 2.5th percentile, 0.50 (0.32–0.78); TRI versus no BAS, odds ratio (95% CI) range: first quartile, 0.15 (0.06–0.38) to top 2.5th percentile, 0.49 (0.28–0.86). TRI had lower odds of bleeding compared with BIV for all risk strata except the top 2.5th percentile. Addition of BIV to TRI did not change the odds of bleeding for any risk strata. Factors potentially limiting use of TRI (renal failure, shock, cardiac arrest, and mechanical circulatory support) were present in ≤10% of procedures below the 90th percentile.

Conclusions:
Among individual BAS, only TRI had consistently lower odds of bleeding across all risk strata. Factors potentially limiting TRI were found infrequently in procedures below the 90th percentile of bleeding risk. For transfemoral PCI, VCD+BIV had lower odds of bleeding compared with no BAS across all risk strata.
Low Reporting of Cointerventions in Recent Cardiovascular Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review
Authors: Moutzouri Elisavet , Adam Luise , Feller Martin , Syrogiannouli Lamprini , Da Costa Bruno R. , Del Giovane Cinzia , Bauer Douglas C. , Aujesky Drahomir , Chiolero Arnaud , Rodondi Nicolas 
Published: June 2020

Background

A cointervention in a randomized clinical trial (
RCT
) is medical care given in addition to the tested intervention. If cointerventions are unbalanced between trial arms, the results may be biased. We hypothesized that cointerventions would be more adequately reported in
RCT
s without full blinding or at risk of bias.

Methods and Results

To describe the reporting of cointerventions and to evaluate the factors associated with their reporting, we did a systematic search of all
RCT
s evaluating pharmacological interventions on cardiovascular outcomes published in 5 high‐impact journals. The reporting of cointerventions, blinding, and risk of bias were extracted and evaluated independently by 2 reviewers (E.M., L.A.). Cointerventions were inadequately reported in 87 of 123
RCT
s (70.7%), with 56 (45.5%) providing no information on cointerventions and 31 (25.2%) providing only partial information. Of the
RCT
s, 52 (42.3%) had inadequate blinding of participants and/or personnel and 63 (51.2%) of the
RCT
s were judged at risk of bias. In univariable analysis, the reporting of cointerventions was not associated with blinding of participants and/or personnel (odds ratio [OR], 1.04; 95%
CI,
0.47–2.27 for adequately versus inadequately blinded trials) or with risk of bias (
OR,
1.47; 95%
CI,
0.67–3.21 for at low risk of bias versus trials at risk of bias). In multivariable analysis, only a follow‐up of <1 month was associated with the adequate reporting of cointerventions (
OR,
3.63; 95%
CI,
1.21–10.91).

Conclusions
More than two‐thirds of recent major cardiovascular trials did not adequately report cointerventions. The quality of reporting was not better among trials that were not fully blinded or at risk for bias.

Registration

URL
:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSP​ERO/
. Unique identifier:
CRD
42018106771.
Neural Mechanisms of Memory Enhancement and Impairment Induced by Visual Statistical Learning
Authors: Otsuka Sachio , Saiki Jun 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Prior research has reported that the medial temporal, parietal, and frontal brain regions are associated with visual statistical learning (VSL). However, the neural mechanisms involved in both memory enhancement and impairment induced by VSL remain unknown. In this study, we examined this issue using event-related fMRI. fMRI data from the familiarization scan showed a difference in the activation level of the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) between structured triplets, where three objects appeared in the same order, and pseudorandom triplets. More importantly, the precentral gyrus and paracentral lobule responded more strongly to Old Turkic letters inserted into the structured triplets than to those inserted into the random triplets, at the end of the familiarization scan. Furthermore, fMRI data from the recognition memory test scan, where participants were asked to decide whether the objects or letters shown were old (presented during familiarization scan) or new, indicated that the middle frontal gyrus and SFG responded more strongly to objects from the structured triplets than to those from the random triplets, which overlapped with the brain regions associated with VSL. In contrast, the response of the lingual gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and cuneus was weaker to letters inserted into the structured triplets than to those inserted into the random triplets, which did not overlap with the brain regions associated with observing the letters during the familiarization scan. These findings suggest that different brain regions are involved in memory enhancement and impairment induced by VSL.