bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between attraction and avoidance: from perfume application to fragrance-free policies
Authors: Klaschka Ursula 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAccording to a national representative survey, 19.9% of the German population describe various adverse effects on personal health upon exposure to fragranced consumer products. This study investigates whether these fragrance-sensitive persons have a higher risk awareness compared to the general public, whether they show a different safety behavior concerning fragrances and whether they reduce exposure and hence risk.ResultsThe presence of fragrances can have a major impact on the participation in public activities. Half of the fragrance-sensitive persons have ever been prevented from going to some place to avoid exposure to fragrances. More than half of them prefer fragrance-free alternatives (products, laundry, hotels, airplanes, health care facilities, or workplaces), while there are also fragrance-sensitive individuals, who indicate to prefer fragranced products and spaces. Half of fragrance-sensitive persons use perfumes to feel themselves more attractive. Furthermore, there is a large number of persons who prefer fragrance-free alternatives without being fragrance-sensitive. Around half of the general population indicate not to use a fragranced product if they know that it emits hazardous air pollutants. This shows that health effects associated with the presence of fragrances proved to be one out of several factors, but not the only one, which influences attitudes towards fragrances and their usage. The answers given reveal the multitude of aspects influencing risk awareness and safety behavior. According to the survey results, 7.4 workdays were lost due to illness from fragranced product exposure in the workplace per person on average, with estimated personal economic costs of 14.5 * 109Euro/year in Germany.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of persons who correlate their health effects with exposure to fragrances shows that existing risk communication instruments are too weak, even for people who are aware of a risk, like fragrance-sensitive persons. The data substantiate how important it is to respect cognitive dissonance, confirmation bias and the inadequacy of the deficit model in risk management. The issue of adverse health effects associated with fragrances has reached a dimension, which requires immediate action: The results of this study are strong supporting arguments in favor of fragrance-free policies.
Precise annotation of tick mitochondrial genomes reveals multiple copy number variation of short tandem repeats and one transposon-like element
Authors: Chen Ze , Xuan Yibo , Liang Guangcai , Yang Xiaolong , Yu Zhijun , Barker Stephen C. , Kelava Samuel , Bu Wenjun , Liu Jingze , Gao Shan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
In the present study, we used long-PCR amplification coupled with Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to obtain complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes of individual ticks and unprecedently performed precise annotation of these mt genomes. We aimed to: (1) develop a simple, cost-effective and accurate method for the study of extremely high AT-content mt genomes within an individual animal (e.g. Dermacentor silvarum) containing miniscule DNA; (2) provide a high-quality reference genome for D. silvarum with precise annotation and also for future studies of other tick mt genomes; and (3) detect and analyze mt DNA variation within an individual tick.

Results
These annotations were confirmed by the PacBio full-length transcriptome data to cover both entire strands of the mitochondrial genomes without any gaps or overlaps. Moreover, two new and important findings were reported for the first time, contributing fundamental knowledge to mt biology. The first was the discovery of a transposon-like element that may eventually reveal much about mechanisms of gene rearrangements in mt genomes. Another finding was that Copy Number Variation (CNV) of Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) account for mitochondrial sequence diversity (heterogeneity) within an individual tick, insect, mouse or human, whereas SNPs were not detected. The CNV of STRs in the protein-coding genes resulted in frameshift mutations in the proteins, which can cause deleterious effects. Mitochondria containing these deleterious STR mutations accumulate in cells and can produce deleterious proteins.

Conclusions
We proposed that the accumulation of CNV of STRs in mitochondria may cause aging or diseases. Future tests of the CNV of STRs hypothesis help to ultimately reveal the genetic basis of mitochondrial DNA variation and its consequences (e.g., aging and diseases) in animals. Our study will lead to the reconsideration of the importance of STRs and a unified study of CNV of STRs with longer and shorter repeat units (particularly polynucleotides) in both nuclear and mt genomes.
Study protocol: older people in retirement villages. A survey and randomised trial of a multi-disciplinary invention designed to avoid adverse outcomes
Authors: Peri K. , Broad J. B. , Hikaka J. , Boyd M. , Bloomfield K. , Wu Z. , Calvert C. , Tatton A. , Higgins A-M , Bramley D. , Connolly M. J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
There is increasing interest among older people in moving into retirement villages (RVs), an attractive option for those seeking a supportive community as they age, while still maintaining independence. Currently in New Zealand there is limited knowledge of the medical, service supports, social status and needs of RV residents. The objective of this study is to explore RV facilities and services, the health and functional status of RV residents, prospectively study their healthcare trajectories and to implement a multidisciplinary team intervention to potentially decrease dependency and impact healthcare utilization.

Methods
All RVs located in two large district health boards in Auckland, New Zealand were eligible to participate. This three-year project comprised three phases: The survey phase provided a description of RVs, residents’ characteristics and health and functional status. RV managers completed a survey of size, facilities and recreational and healthcare services provided in the village. Residents were surveyed to establish reasons for entry to the village and underwent a Gerontology Nurse Specialist (GNS) assessment providing details of demographics, social engagement, health and functional status. The cohort study phase examines residents’ healthcare trajectories and adverse outcomes, over three years. The final phase is a randomised controlled trial of a multidisciplinary team intervention aimed to improve health outcomes for more vulnerable residents.
Residents who triggered potential unmet health needs during the assessment in the survey phase were randomised to intervention or usual care groups. Multidisciplinary team meetings included the resident and support person, a geriatrician or gerontology nurse practitioner, GNS, pharmacist and General Practitioner. The primary outcome of the randomised controlled trial will be first acute hospitalization. Secondary outcomes include all acute hospitalizations, long-term care admissions, and all-cause mortality.

Discussion
This paper describes the study protocol of this complex study. The study aims to inform policies and practices around health care services for residents in retirement villages. The results of this trial are expected early 2020 with publication subsequently.

Trial registration
Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12616000685415. Registered 25.5.2016.
Universal Trial Number (UTN): U111–1173-6083.
Cerebral hemodynamic response to short-term maternal hyperoxygenation in fetuses with borderline small left hearts
Authors: Zeng Shi , Zhou Jiawei , Peng Qinghai , Deng Wen , Zhou Qichang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Hypoxia delays brain maturation and contributes to neurodevelopmental morbidity in fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHDs). Maternal hyperoxygenation (MH) can, in theory, promote oxygen/nutrient delivery to the fetal brain, owing to an improved heart structure/function and increased fetal oxygen content. We aimed to determine whether MH alters fetal cerebral hemodynamics in fetuses with CHD.

Methods
Twenty-eight fetuses with borderline small left hearts and 28 age-matched normal fetuses were enrolled and subdivided by gestational age (GA): 23+ 0 ~ 27+ 6 weeks and 28+ 0 ~ 36+ 6 weeks. The middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (MCA-PI), vascular index (VI), flow index (FI) and vascular/flow index (VFI) were measured with baseline room air, after 10 min of MH and after 10 min of recovery for all subjects.

Results
MCA-PI, VI, FI and VFI did not differ with MH in the normal fetuses. In fetuses with borderline small left hearts, MCA-PI increased and VI, FI and VFI significantly decreased during the 3rd trimester (from 1.44 ± 0.27, 3.19 ± 0.87, 56.91 ± 9.19, and 1.30 ± 0.33 at baseline to 1.62 ± 0.15, 2.37 ± 0.37, 45.73 ± 4.59, and 0.94 ± 0.15 during MH, respectively, P < 0.05), but this response was not apparent during mid-gestation (p > 0.05). These parameters returned to the baseline levels during the recovery phase. The change in cerebral perfusion depended on the baseline MCA-PI and increased the combined cardiac index (CCOi).

Conclusions
MH alters the cerebral hemodynamics of fetuses with borderline small left hearts during the third trimester. Further investigation is needed to determine whether MH may benefit brain growth and neurodevelopment in this high-risk population.
Associations between alcohol intake and diabetic retinopathy risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Chen , Sun Zhaojun , Xu Weigang , Tan Jun , Li Dan , Wu Yiting , Zheng Ting , Peng Derong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundSome previous studies have reported inconsistent results on the association between alcohol intake and diabetic retinopathy (DR) risk. This study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of alcohol intake on subsequent DR risk using a meta-analytic approach.MethodsThree electronic databases (PubMed, EmBase, and the Cochrane library) were systematically searched for observational studies from their inception till November 2019. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were applied for the summary effect estimate using a random-effects model.ResultsA total of 15 studies (5 cohort studies, 4 case-control studies, and 6 cross-sectional studies) with 37,290 participants and 12,711 DR cases were selected for the final meta-analysis. The pooled OR indicated no significant association between alcohol intake and DR risk (OR: 0.91; 95%CI: 0.78–1.06;P = 0.225), irrespective of the studies being pooled cohort (OR: 0.95; 95%CI: 0.66–1.36;P = 0.761), case-control (OR: 0.97; 95%CI: 0.77–1.23;P = 0.818), or cross-sectional (OR: 0.86; 95%CI: 0.69–1.08;P = 0.190) ones. However, this association might have been affected by the type of diabetes mellitus and the adjusted status.ConclusionThe results of this study showed that the potential impact of alcohol intake on DR risk may differ according to the type of diabetes mellitus and adjusted status. Further large-scale, prospective cohort studies should be conducted to verify the findings of this study and to evaluate DR risk in relation to the dose and type of alcohol intake.
Quality of life and the prevalence of urinary incontinence after surgical treatment for gynecologic cancer: a questionnaire survey
Authors: Nakayama Noriko , Tsuji Tetsuya , Aoyama Makoto , Fujino Takafumi , Liu Meigen 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Although there have been a number of reports on urinary voiding symptoms associated with surgical interventions for gynecologic cancer and post-voiding symptoms, there have been few reports on urinary storage symptoms such as urinary incontinence (UI) and overactive bladder (OAB). The purpose of this study was to examine the rates and impact on quality of life (QOL) of urinary storage symptoms after gynecologic cancer surgery.

Methods
A questionnaire survey, including Japanese-language versions of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF), Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS), and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire-7 (IIQ-7), was distributed to gynecologic cancer patients who underwent hysterectomy between 2008 and 2013.

Results
Of the 145 patients analyzed, 49 (33.8%) had UI pre-surgery, and 76 (52.4%) had UI post-surgery, including 34 (35.4%) first-time UI patients, with a significant difference between pre- and post-surgery. Of the 49 subjects with UI pre-surgery, 43 (87.7%) had stress incontinence, while of the 76 patients with UI post-surgery, 44 (57.1%) had stress incontinence, and 24 (31.2%) had mixed incontinence. Seven (4.8%) subjects had OAB pre-surgery, whereas 19 (13.1%) had OAB symptoms post-surgery (including 15 first-time OAB patients), with a significant difference between pre- and post-surgery. IIQ-7 scores were markedly higher for patients with mixed incontinence post-surgery than for those with stress incontinence, indicating a lower QOL. Logistic regression analysis identified the number of Cesarean sections and days of urinary bladder catheterization as risk factors for postoperative UI.

Conclusions
UI and OAB rates were higher after gynecologic cancer surgery than in the general female population. The mixed incontinence rate was markedly higher post-surgery; QOL was low for such patients due to the combination of urge and stress incontinence. Multiple Cesarean sections and urinary bladder catheterization post-surgery were risk factors for post-surgical UI.
Implementing a community model of early pregnancy care
Authors: Cox Rebecca , Khalid Somia , Brierly Gemma , Forsyth Annie , McNamara Ruth , Heppell Victoria , Granne Ingrid 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
In the UK Early Pregnancy Assessment Units (EPAUs) are usually situated alongside hospital maternity and gynaecology services. In June 2018, the Oxford EPAU relocated from the John Radcliffe Hospital to a community clinic. This is to our knowledge, the UK’s first community-based EPAU. This change was inspired by our patient feedback describing the co-location of the EPAU with maternity services as distressing.

Methods
Following the introduction of the community EPAU we developed a database to capture information on the patients seen in the clinic. This is a retrospective observational study of a single cohort of patients attending the clinic over an 8 month period. Data was collected from 1st July 2018 to 28th February 2019. This data included clinical, safety and patient experience outcomes.

Results
Two thousand nine hundred and twenty patient episodes were recorded, 1,932 were new patients. Mean waiting time to be seen in clinic was 1.3 days. When miscarriage was confirmed 48.6% chose conservative management, 19.9% chose medical management, and 31.5% chose surgical management. The mean rate of ambulance transfers to hospital was 3.1 per month. Of all patients seen in EPAU 32 had unplanned admissions, which accounted for 2.7% of all patients seen in EPAU. Patient feedback questionnaires have been consistently positive.

Conclusion
The development of a community EPAU has improved services to allow care closer to home in an environment separate from maternity care. Our data shows that a community EPAU can deliver timely, good quality patient care, is safe, and a service valued by patients. Further research is indicated to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of community EPAUs and the long term safety and effectiveness of care.
Optimized real-time fluorescence PCR assay for the detection of porcine Circovirus type 3 (PCV3)
Authors: Yuan Lin , Liu Yingyi , Chen Yana , Gu Xiaoxue , Dong Hao , Zhang Shuo , Han Tao , Zhou Zhi , Song Xiaohui , Wang Chuanbin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) has been an emerging porcine virus spread around the world. The conserved DNA sequence of PCV3 enabled good performance in molecular biological assays.

Result
In this study, we developed a real-time fluorescence PCR assay for the detection of PCV3. The conserved region within Capsid genome of PCV3 was selected for the design of primer pairs and probes. After optimizing, a primer pair and probe was screened, providing high sensitivity (10 copies/μL) and specificity (no cross reaction with other porcine viruses or common bacterium). In addition, this method was applied in the detection of 110 clinical samples, and the performance was compared with other previously reported PCR and real-time PCR methods. This method provided higher detection rate.

Conclusion
A real-time fluorescence PCR assay has been developed for the detection of PCV3, with high sensitivity and specificity, exhibiting good performance in detecting clinical samples.
Neurotoxicity of bupivacaine and liposome bupivacaine after sciatic nerve block in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice
Authors: Markova Liljana , Umek Nejc , Horvat Simon , Hadžić Admir , Kuroda Max , Pintarič Tatjana Stopar , Mrak Vesna , Cvetko Erika 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundLong-acting local anaesthetics (e.g. bupivacaine hydrochloride) or sustained-release formulations of bupivacaine (e.g. liposomal bupivacaine) may be neurotoxic when applied in the setting of diabetic neuropathy. The aim of the study was to assess neurotoxicity of bupivacaine and liposome bupivacaine in streptozotocin (STZ) - induced diabetic mice after sciatic nerve block. We used the reduction in fibre density and decreased myelination assessed by G-ratio (defined as axon diameter divided by large fibre diameter) as indicators of local anaesthetic neurotoxicity.ResultsDiabetic mice had higher plasma levels of glucose (P < 0.001) and significant differences in the tail flick and plantar test thermal latencies compared to healthy controls (P < 0.001). In both diabetic and nondiabetic mice, sciatic nerve block with 0.25% bupivacaine HCl resulted in a significantly greater G-ratio and an axon diameter compared to nerves treated with 1.3% liposome bupivacaine or saline (0.9% sodium chloride) (P < 0.01). Moreover, sciatic nerve block with 0.25% bupivacaine HCl resulted in lower fibre density and higher large fibre and axon diameters compared to the control (untreated) sciatic nerves in both STZ-induced diabetic (P < 0.05) and nondiabetic mice (P < 0.01). No evidence of acute or chronic inflammation was observed in any of the treatment groups.ConclusionsIn our exploratory study the sciatic nerve block with bupivacaine HCl (7 mg/kg), but not liposome bupivacaine (35 mg/kg) or saline, resulted in histomorphometric indices of neurotoxicity. Histologic findings were similar in diabetic and healthy control mice.
Several Plasmodium vivax relapses after correct primaquine treatment in a patient with impaired cytochrome P450 2D6 function
Authors: Martin Ramírez Alexandra , Lombardia González Carlos , Soler Maniega Tamara , Gutierrez Liarte Ángela , Domingo García Diego , Lanza Suárez Marta , Bernal Fernández María Josefa , Rubio José Miguel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundPlasmodium vivaxmalaria is characterized by the presence of dormant liver-stage parasites, called hypnozoites, which can cause malaria relapses after an initial attack. Primaquine, which targets liver hypnozoites, must be used in combination with a schizonticidal agent to get the radical cure. However, relapses can sometimes occur in spite of correct treatment, due to different factors such as a diminished metabolization of primaquine.Case presentationIn January 2019, a 21 years old woman with residence in Madrid, returning from a trip to Venezuela with clinical symptoms compatible with malaria infection, was diagnosed with vivax malaria. Chloroquine for 3 days plus primaquine for 14 days was the elected treatment. Two months later and after a second trip to Venezuela, the patient presented a secondP. vivaxinfection, which was treated as the previous one. A thirdP. vivaxmalaria episode was diagnosed 2 months later, after returning from a trip to Morocco, receiving chloroquine for 3 days but increasing to 28 days the primaquine regimen, and with no more relapses after 6 months of follow up. The genotyping ofP. vivaxin the three malaria episodes revealed that the same strain was present in the different relapses. Upon confirmation of correct adherence to the treatment, non-description of resistance in the infection area and the highly unlikely re-infection on subsequent trips or stays in Spain, a possible metabolic failure was considered.CYP2D6encodes the human cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 2D6 (CYP2D6), responsible for primaquine activation. The patient was found to have aCYP2D6*4/*1 genotype, which turns out in an intermediate metabolizer phenotype, which has been related toP. vivaxrelapses.ConclusionsThe impairment in CYP2D6 enzyme could be the most likely cause ofP. vivaxrelapses in this patient. This highlights the importance of considering the analysis of CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms in cases ofP. vivaxrelapses after a correct treatment and, especially, it should be considered in any study of dosage and duration of primaquine treatment.
Regulatory T cells in tumor microenvironment: new mechanisms, potential therapeutic strategies and future prospects
Authors: Li Chunxiao , Jiang Ping , Wei Shuhua , Xu Xiaofei , Wang Junjie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRegulatory T cells (Tregs) characterized by the expression of the master transcription factor forkhead box protein p3 (Foxp3) suppress anticancer immunity, thereby hindering protective immunosurveillance of tumours and hampering effective antitumour immune responses in tumour-bearing hosts, constitute a current research hotspot in the field. However, Tregs are also essential for the maintenance of the immune tolerance of the body and share many molecular signalling pathways with conventional T cells, including cytotoxic T cells, the primary mediators of tumour immunity. Hence, the inability to specifically target and neutralize Tregs in the tumour microenvironment without globally compromising self-tolerance poses a significant challenge. Here, we review recent advances in characterizing tumour-infiltrating Tregs with a focus on the functional roles of costimulatory and inhibitory receptors in Tregs, evaluate their potential as clinical targets, and systematically summarize their roles in potential treatment strategies. Also, we propose modalities to integrate our increasing knowledge on Tregs phenotype and function for the rational design of checkpoint inhibitor-based combination therapies. Finally, we propose possible treatment strategies that can be used to develop Treg-targeted therapies.
“Oil-soluble” reversed lipid nanoparticles for oral insulin delivery
Authors: Wang Tao , Shen Liao , Zhang Yadan , Li Haiyan , Wang Yongan , Quan Dongqin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
In this study, we aimed to design a novel oral insulin delivery system, named “oil-soluble” reversed lipid nanoparticles (ORLN), in which a hydrophilic insulin molecule is encapsulated by a phospholipid (PC) shell and dissolved in oil to prevent the enzymatic degradation of insulin. ORLN was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering.

Results
In vitro enzymatic stability studies showed higher concentrations of insulin in cells incubated with ORLN-encapsulated insulin than in those incubated with free insulin solution in artificial intestinal fluid (pH 6.5). The protective effect of ORLN was attributed to its special release behavior and the formulation of the PC shell and oil barrier. Furthermore, an in vivo oral efficacy study confirmed that blood glucose levels were markedly decreased after ORLN administration in both healthy and diabetic mice. In vivo pharmacokinetic results showed that the bioavailability of ORLN-conjugated insulin was approximately 28.7% relative to that of the group subcutaneously administered with an aqueous solution of insulin, indicating enhanced oral absorption.

Conclusions
In summary, the ORLN system developed here shows promise as a nanocarrier for improving the oral absorption of insulin.