bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of synonymous codon usage of transcriptome database inRheum palmatum
Authors: Huo Xiaowei , Liu Sisi , Li Yimin , Wei Hao , Gao Jing , Yan Yonggang , Zhang Gang , Liu Mengmeng 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundRheum palmatumis an endangered and important medicinal plant in Asian countries, especially in China. However, there is little knowledge about the codon usage bias forR. palmatumCDSs. In this project, codon usage bias was determined based on theR. palmatum2,626 predicted CDSs from R. palmatum transcriptome.MethodsIn this study, all codon usage bias parameters and nucleotide compositions were calculated by Python script, Codon W, DNA Star, CUSP of EMBOSS.ResultsThe average GC and GC3 content are 46.57% and 46.6%, respectively, the results suggested that there exists a little more AT than GC in theR. palmatumgenes, and the codon bias ofR. palmatumgenes preferred to end with A/T. We concluded that the codon bias inR. palmatumwas affect by nucleotide composition, mutation pressure, natural selection, gene expression levels, and the mutation pressure is the prominent factor. In addition, we figured out 28 optimal codons and most of them ended with A or U. The project here can offer important information for further studies on enhancing the gene expression using codon optimization in heterogeneous expression system, predicting the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms inR. palmatum.
Limited effect of a highway barrier on the genetic structure of a gypsum soil specialist
Authors: Martín-Rodríguez Irene , Escudero Adrián , García-Fernández Alfredo 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundGypsum ecosystems are edaphic islands surrounded by a matrix that is inhospitable to gypsum soil plant specialists. These naturally fragmented landscapes are currently exacerbated due to man-made disturbances, jeopardising their valuable biodiversity. Concomitant action of other fragmentation drivers such as linear infrastructures may increase the already high threat to these specialists. Although some evidence suggest that gypsophytes are not evolutionary dead-ends and can respond to fragmentation by means of phenotypic plasticity, the simultaneous action of barriers to genetic flow can pose a severe hazard to their viability. Here, we evaluated the effect of a highway with heavy traffic on the genetic flow and diversity in the speciesLepidium subulatum, a dominant Iberian shrubby gypsophyte.MethodsWe tested the possible existence of bottlenecks, and estimated the genetic diversity, gene flow and genetic structure in the remnant populations, exploring in detail the effect of a highway as a possible barrier.ResultsResults showed variability in genetic diversity, migrants and structure. The highway had a low impact on the species since populations can retain high levels of genetic diversity and genetic parameter, likeFSTandFIS, did not seem to be affected. The presence of some level of genetic flow in both sides along the highway could explain the relatively high genetic diversity in the habitat remnants.DiscussionNatural fragmentation and their exacerbation by agriculture and linear infrastructures seem to be negligible for this species and do not limit its viability. The biological features, demographic dynamics and population structures of gypsum species seem to be a valuable, adaptive pre-requisite to be a soil specialist and to maintain its competitiveness with other species in such adverse stressful conditions.
Soluble expression and purification of Bluetongue Virus Type 1 (BTV1) structure protein VP2 in Escherichia coli and its immunogenicity in mice
Authors: Wang Aiping , Yin Jiajia , Zhou Jingming , Ma Hongfang , Chen Yumei , Liu Hongliang , Qi Yanhua , Liang Chao , Liu Yankai , Li Jinge , Zhang Gaiping 
Published: January 2021

Background
The VP2 on the surface of the virus particle is the main structural protein of BTV, which can induce the host to produce neutralizing antibodies and play an important role in the antiviral immunity process. This study aimed to obtain the soluble VP2 and analyze its immunogenicity.

Methods
The gene encoding the full-length VP2 of BTV1 was amplified by PCR. The products from restriction enzyme digestion and ligase reaction between VP2 and vector pET-28a were transformed into E.coli DH5α. After PCR and sequencing detection, the positive plasmid PET28a-VP2 was transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3) and Rosetta(DE3) competent cells, expression induced by IPTG. The fusion protein was expressed in the optimized conditions with the induction of IPTG, purified by affinity chromatography and identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. A total of 5 Balb/c mice aged 6–8 weeks were immunized with the fusion protein at a dose of 30 µg per mouse. Each mouse was immunized three times at an interval of 3 weeks.

Results
The recombinant plasmid PET28a-VP2 was successfully constructed. The expression strains were induced by 0.4 mmol/L IPTG at 16 °C for 10 h, and BTV1 VP2 was expressed in a soluble form. The purity of the recombinant VP2 protein (∼109 kDa) was about 90% in the concentration at 0.2 mg/ml afterpurification. The purified VP2 had good immunoreactivity with BTV1 positive serum. Taken together, thisstudy offered a route for producing soluble BTV VP2, which retains activity and immunogenicity, to bebeneficial to the research on developing BTV vaccine, and lay the foundation for further research on BTV.
Recombinant Coat Protein of Banana Bract Mosaic Virus as a Potential Antigen for Serological Detection of the Virus
Authors: Dilip Darsana , Louis Vimi , Sabharwal Pallavi , Savithri H. S. , Namitha P. M. , Cherian K. Anita 
Published: January 2021

Banana bract mosaic disease caused by Banana bract mosaic potyvirus (BBrMV) is reported to instigate heavy loss in banana and plantain across Asia. Almost all the cultivars of banana succumb to the disease resulting in malformed bunches weighing less than half of normal ones. In the current study the coat protein (CP) gene segment present at the 3’ terminal region of the viral genome amplified by RT-PCR was cloned into expression vectors, pRSET-C and pGEX-4T-2 to use it for raising polyclonal antiserum which in turn will aid in developing assays to detect the virus. Recombinant BBrMV CP (rCP) in pRSET-C when expressed was insoluble whereas, it was in the soluble fraction when expressed from pGEX-4T-2. The GST-fusion protein was purified by GSH sepharose affinity column chromatography and western blot analysis was performed using anti GST antibodies. 360 µg/ml of protein was purified from 1 l of culture. The GST tag was cleaved from the purified protein by incubation with thrombin at 25°C overnight. The rCP was characterized using ultracentrifugation, fluorescence spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The tagless monomer failed to assemble to virus like particles (VLPs) in vitro which was substantiated by fluorescence spectroscopy. This study will be first step towards deciphering structure and functions of Banana bract mosaic virus coat protein.
Factors Associated with Attitudes towards the Preferred Method of Delivery in Medical and Non-Medical Female Students
Authors: Abdi Sakineh , Kenarsari Fatemeh Jafarzadeh- , Khalesi Zahra Bostani- , Leili Ehsan Kazemnejad- 
Published: January 2021

Aims: In order to reduce the rate of cesarean section (CS), it is necessary to be aware of attitudes of women to predict their preferred method of delivery and its related factors. This study aimed to compare attitudes of medical and non-medical female students regarding the preferred method of delivery and its related factors in 2019.
Study Design: cross sectional-analytical study.
Place and Duration of Study: Medical and non-medical undergraduate female students of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, were randomly selected between October 2019 and November 2019.
Methodology: We included 1040 students (873 non-medical, 167 medical students; mean age 20.90 ± 1.54 years). The data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential (Chi Square, Fisher's exact test, Kruskal–Wallis, Mann-Whitney and multiple regression) statistics (P =.05).
Results: In general, 71.50% of subjects in both groups had a neutral attitude. For group comparison, the medical and non-medical groups (24% and 12.40%) had a positive attitude towards CS and (11.40% and 14.80%) had a positive attitude towards normal vaginal delivery (NVD), respectively. Attitude score according to the university (P =.002), the school (P =.002), the academic year (P =.001), age (P =.031), ethnicity (P =.001), child rank (P =.042), father education (P =.007), mother education (P =.006), childbirth method of the mothers in other children (P =.007), and delivery method of the relatives (P =.05) was significant.
Conclusion: Although non-medical students had more possitive attitude towards NVD, in general, in both groups, the majority of them had a neutral attitude towards the mode of delivery. It seems necessary to develop the educational-counseling interventions to form a positive attitude towards NVD in all students and youngs.
PoMo, Collage and Citation: Notes Towards an Etiology of Chunkiness
Authors: Carpo Mario 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThere is an arc of ‘chunkiness’ (collage, montage and assemblage) which runs through much art and architecture, pulling together art practices and eras that at first seem very different from each other. Mario Carpo, Reyner Banham Professor of Architectural Theory and History at the Bartlett, University College London and Professor of Architectural Theory at the University of Applied Arts in Vienna, eloquently takes us along its path.
More with Less: Responding to Austerity
Authors: Stewart Catrina , McEwen Hugh 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLondon's Office S&M, formed by Catrina Stewart and Hugh McEwen just after the 2008 financial crash, has been honed in a decade of austerity. The practice has garnered a reputation for the innovative use of materials and a formal dexterity. By giving each project a narrative, they are able to deliver more with less.
Exploring, Building, Completing: Context and Craft
Authors: Taha Amin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAmin Taha is Chairman of London architectural office Groupwork and is no stranger to architectural controversy. The practice's buildings are often highly original and predicated on a thorough historical, contextual and collaborative research approach that goes far beyond the simple binary logics of ill‐conceived planning dogma. New design protocols are developed for each project and these evolve organically as the scheme progresses.
Taking Joy Seriously: An Interview with Artist and Designer Camille Walala
Authors: Hopkins Owen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCo‐Guest‐Editor of this edition of AD Owen Hopkins interviews artist and designer Camille Walala, exploring her work, her design process and her admiration for the 1980s Italian design group Memphis. Walala brings wild colourful exuberance to drab urban spaces and also develops invigorating, almost psychedelic interiors.
Perceiving Postmodernism: Learning from London's Marshlands
Authors: Kohn David 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDavid Kohn, director of London‐based David Kohn Architects and diploma tutor at the Architectural Association, takes us on an almost psychogeographic dérive along the River Thames and into its marshy hinterland, picking up nuances, his own buildings and high points of the postmodern past. Along the way he explains what is important and inspiring for him and his practice.
Remembering in Colour: In Conversation with Artist/Designer Yinka Ilori
Authors: McKellar Erin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCo‐Guest‐Editor of this AD Erin McKellar interviews multidisciplinary artist/designer Yinka Ilori and discovers that behind his arresting patterned work of bold bright colours are his Nigerian‐British heritage and a yearning to experience as much of human cultures as possible. This expansive embracing of cultural difference and its joys is facilitated by Ilori's imperative to collaborate inclusively.
ICAM‐1 Activates Platelets and Promotes Endothelial Permeability through VE‐Cadherin after Insufficient Radiofrequency Ablation
Authors: Kong Jian , Yao Changyu , Dong Shuying , Wu Shilun , Xu Yangkai , Li Ke , Ji Liang , Shen Qiang , Zhang Qi , Zhan Rui , Cui Hongtu , Zhou Changping , Niu Haigang , Li Guoming , Sun Wenbing , Zheng Lemin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often leads to aggressive local recurrence and increased metastasis, and vascular integrity and platelets are implicated in tumor metastasis. However, whether interactions between endothelial cells and platelets induce endothelial permeability in HCC after insufficient RFA remains unclear. Here, significantly increased CD62P‐positive platelets and sP‐selectin in plasma are observed in HCC patients after RFA, and tumor‐associated endothelial cells (TAECs) activate platelets and are susceptible to permeability after heat treatment in the presence of platelets in vitro. In addition, tumors exhibit enhanced vascular permeability after insufficient RFA in mice; heat treatment promotes platelets‐induced endothelial permeability through vascular endothelial (VE)‐cadherin, and ICAM‐1 upregulation in TAECs after heat treatment results in platelet activation and increased endothelial permeability in vitro. Moreover, the binding interaction between upregulated ICAM‐1 and Ezrin downregulates VE‐cadherin expression. Furthermore, platelet depletion or ICAM‐1 inhibition suppresses tumor growth and metastasis after insufficient RFA in an orthotopic tumor mouse model, and vascular permeability decreases in ICAM‐1−/− mouse tumor after insufficient RFA. The findings suggest that ICAM‐1 activates platelets and promotes endothelial permeability in TAECs through VE‐cadherin after insufficient RFA, and anti‐platelet and anti‐ICAM‐1 therapy can be used to prevent progression of HCC after insufficient RFA.
Chemotherapy‐Enriched THBS2‐Deficient Cancer Stem Cells Drive Hepatocarcinogenesis through Matrix Softness Induced Histone H3 Modifications
Authors: Ng Kai‐Yu , Shea Queenie T. , Wong Tin‐Lok , Luk Steve T. , Tong Man , Lo Chung‐Mau , Man Kwan , Yun Jing‐Ping , Guan Xin‐Yuan , Lee Terence K. , Zheng Yong‐Ping , Ma Stephanie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe physical microenvironment is a critical mediator of tumor behavior. However, detailed biological and mechanistic insight is lacking. The present study reveals the role of chemotherapy‐enriched CD133+ liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) with THBS2 deficiency. This subpopulation of cells contributes to a more aggressive cancer and functional stemness phenotype in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM) through the regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, collagen degradation, and matrix stiffness. The local soft spots created by these liver CSCs can enhance stemness and drug resistance and provide a route of escape to facilitate HCC metastasis. Interestingly, a positive feed‐forward loop is identified where a local soft spot microenvironment in the HCC tumor is enriched with CD133 expressing cells that secrete markedly less ECM‐modifying THBS2 upon histone H3 modification at its promoter region, allowing the maintenance of a localized soft spot matrix. Clinically, THBS2 deficiency is also correlated with low HCC survival, where high levels of CSCs with low THBS2 expression in HCC are associated with decreased collagen fiber deposits and an invasive tumor front. The findings have implications for the treatment of cancer stemness and for the prevention of tumor outgrowth through disseminated tumor cells.
Disorder of sex development associated with a novel homozygous nonsense mutation in COG6 expands the phenotypic spectrum of COG6‐CDG
Authors: Lugli Licia , Bariola Maria Carolina , Ferri Lorenzo , Lucaccioni Laura , Bertucci Emma , Cattini Umberto , Torcetta Francesco , Morrone Amelia , Iughetti Lorenzo , Berardi Alberto 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCongenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are an expanding group of metabolic disorders that result from abnormal protein glycosylation. A special subgroup of CDG type II comprises defects in the Conserved Oligomeric Golgi Complex (COG). In order to further delineate the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of COG complex defect, we describe a novel variant of COG6 gene found in homozygosity in a Moroccan patient with severe presentation of COG6‐CDG (OMIM #614576). We compared the phenotype of our patient with other previously reported COG6‐CDG cases. Common features in COG6‐CDG are facial dysmorphism, growth retardation, microcephaly, developmental disability, liver or gastrointestinal disease, recurrent infections, hypohidrosis/hyperthermia. In addition to these phenotypic features, our patient exhibited a disorder of sexual differentiation, which has rarely been reported in COG6‐CDG. We hypothesize that the severe COG6 gene mutation interferes with glycosylation of a disintegrin and metalloprotease family members, inhibiting the correct gonadal distal tip cells migration, fundamental for the genitalia morphogenesis. This report broadens the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of COG6‐CDG and provides further supportive evidence that COG6‐CDG can present as a disorder of sexual differentiation.
Inversely Tuning the CO2Electroreduction and Hydrogen Evolution Activity on Metal Oxide via Heteroatom Doping
Authors: Wang Jiajun , Wang Guangjin , Zhang Jinfeng , Wang Yidu , Wu Han , Zheng Xuerong , Ding Jia , Han Xiaopeng , Deng Yida , Hu Wenbin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTuning the electronic states near the Fermi level can effectively facilitate the reaction kinetics. However, elucidating the role of a specific electronic state of metal oxide in simultaneously regulating the CO2electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) and competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is still rare, making it difficult to accurately predict the practical CO2RR performance. Herein, replacing the Zn site by heteroatoms with different outer electrons (Mo and Cu) is found to tune both occupied and unoccupied orbitals near the Fermi level of ZnO. Moreover, the different electronic states significantly modulate both CO2RR and HER activity with a totally inverse trend, thus dramatically tuning the practical CO2RR performance. In parallel, the correlation between electronic states, reaction free energies and practical activity is demonstrated. This work provides a possibility for engineering efficient CO2RR eletrocatalysts through tunable composition and electronic structures.
Effect of previsualization technique on different types of veneering porcelain
Authors: Saleh Omnia , EL‐Etreby Amr , Salah Tarek 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMatching a porcelain restoration is a difficult task for both the dentist and the dental technician. In order to improve communication, it was suggested that a new previsualization technique with a new modeling liquid could be introduced. This study investigates the effect of this modeling liquid on color, translucency, and biaxial flexure strength on different types of veneering porcelain. A total of 42 samples were tested for IPS e.max veneered discs, feldspathic discs and the porcelain fused to metal discs. Twenty‐one were prepared with the manufacture liquid, while the other 21 were prepared with Visual‐Eyes modeling liquid. The porcelain powder was prepared for the Visual‐Eyes liquid by removing the food dyes with a specific firing cycle recommended by the manufacture. The porcelain mixes were layered using standardized Teflon molds of different thicknesses. The color and translucency and the biaxial flexure strength were tested. The results revealed statistical significance in the translucency between the liquids in all types of veneering porcelain. The manufacturer's liquid showed higher translucency than Visual‐Eyes liquid; however, the color difference and the biaxial flexure strength were similar between the two liquids. The use of the Visual‐Eyes liquid is indicated in specific cases of complicated build‐ups. This study has targeted a material that has never been investigated before. The material was invented several years ago and updated to the new liquid, but its effect on porcelain is still unknown.
FATM: A failure‐aware adaptive fault tolerance model for distributed stream processing systems
Authors: Akber Syed Muhammad Abrar , Chen Hanhua , Jin Hai 
Published: January 2021

SummaryDistributed Stream Processing Systems (DSPS) are very popular to process unbounded data streams in real‐time. Low processing latency is a fundamental requirement for DSPS applications to maintain the real‐time response. This requirement of low processing latency for DSPS is badly affected due to inevitable failures in computing systems. Generally, DSPS grapple with these inevitable failures by triggering periodic checkpoints. The periodic checkpoints pessimistically persist the application state so that the execution may be resumed after the failure. These periodic checkpoints incur high overheads due to the high frequency of checkpoints triggering, which increases the overall execution time. On the other hand, failure occurrences in real‐world systems are not periodic. This sharp contrast between the periodic checkpoints and failure distributions in the real‐world systems makes the periodic checkpoints inefficient. We propose a failure‐aware adaptive fault tolerance model called FATM which triggers the checkpoints inline with the underlying failure rate. Further, we design a model for utility factor and checkpoint overheads to evaluate the performance of fault tolerance models for DSPS. We implement the FATM atop Apache Flink and perform a series of experiments. To validate the effectiveness of FATM, experiment results are compared with the existing checkpoint‐based models of DSPS. The results show that the FATM significantly reduces the checkpoint frequency, increases the utility factor, and reduces the checkpoint overheads by 28%.
Operation and design analysis of an interleaved high step‐up DC–DC converter with improved harnessing of magnetic energy
Authors: Sabahi Mehran , Tarzamni Hadi , Kolahian Pouya 
Published: January 2021

SummaryIn this paper, a new interleaved DC–DC converter based on a coupled and a single input inductor is proposed. The suggested high step‐up converter utilizes various inductive and capacitive methods to transfer magnetic energy more efficiently. The output voltage is regulated with the switches' duty cycle and the coupled inductor (CI) turns ratio, which provide a wide output voltage range. Interleaving improves the converter reliability, employs both the first and third areas of CI's B‐H plane, cancels DC component of the CI, and reduces the input current ripple of the proposed converter with twice switching frequency. Utilization of two output ports for voltage stress and ripple reduction in each port, recycling the stored energy of inductances in both forward and flyback mechanisms, alleviation of switch voltage spikes, operation without circulating current, high power density, independency of switch voltage stress to the CI turns ratio, and continuous input current can be mentioned as other features. In this paper, continuous and discontinuous conduction modes' steady‐state analytics, power loss calculations, and design procedure of the proposed converter are followed with comprehensive comparisons to evaluate the capabilities. Eventually, experimental results are presented to validate theoretical calculations.
Illuminating the immunopathology of SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Saksena Suraj , Chattopadhyay Pratip 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOver a remarkably short period of time, a great deal of knowledge about severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV2) infection has been acquired, through the focused and cooperative effort of the international scientific community. Much has become known about how the immune response is coordinated to fight infection, and how it becomes dysregulated in severe disease. In this review, we take an in‐depth look at the many immune features associated with the host response to SARS‐CoV2, as well as those that appear to mark severe disease.