bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of New Airfoils for Small Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
Authors: Canale Thiago , Ismail Kamal A. R. , Lino Fatima A. M. , Arabkoohsar Ahmad 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The high cost and poor performance of small wind turbines make them not widely used. In an attempt to meliorate this situation, the authors propose to investigate alternative airfoils with different chord and pitch angle distributions that permit low manufacturing, installation and maintenance costs, as well as high efficiency. To achieve these goals, two airfoil sections, Gottingen and Joukowski, together with different chord and pitch angle distributions were simulated by using a validated numerical code based on the blade element momentum (BEM) method. The chord geometry includes constant, linear, and elliptic distributions while the twist angle includes constant and linear distributions. The results reveal that the linear pitch distribution reduces the thrust in the intermediate region of the blade and the bending moment at the root and reduces the power coefficient for both rotors. Rotors with elliptic chord distribution show increased forces in the intermediate region. Joukowski based blades with elliptic chord distribution show lower thrust compared with those with linear chord distribution. The linear chord distribution increases the thrust in the intermediate region and reduces it at the tip and root regions. Blades with multiple airfoils show marginal improvement. The Gottingen and Joukowski based rotors have similar annual energy production (AEP). The Joukowski based rotor with linear pitch and linear chord distribution shows better performance at low velocities and easy to manufacture which makes it a good candidate for small power wind turbines.
Neonatal early onset sepsis in Middle Eastern countries: a systematic review
Authors: Khalil Nadim , Blunt Heather B , Li Zhongze , Hartman Tyler 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundEarly onset neonatal sepsis (EOS) accounts for a significant portion of neonatal mortality, which accounts for 46% of global under five child mortality.ObjectiveThis systematic review studies the bacterial aetiology of EOS in the Middle East, susceptibility patterns to recommended empirical antibiotic therapy and whether this differs between high-income and middle-income countries in the region.MethodsArticles were collected from Medline, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library and Index Medicus for the Eastern Mediterranean Region. The articles included in our systematic review met the following criteria: published after January 2000, data relevant to the Middle East, data specific for early onset sepsis, no language restriction. Data on aetiology and susceptibility were extracted from prospective and retrospective studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. This study focused on EOS but does include data regarding neonatal late-onset sepsis antibiotic susceptibility. The data regarding coagulase-negativeStaphylococcusspecies were excluded from final analysis, as possible contaminants. The protocol for this systematic review was registered on PROSPERO: CRD42017060662.Results33 articles from 10 countries were included in the analysis. There were 2215 cases of culture-positive EOS, excluding coagulase-negativeStaphylococcus. In middle-income countries,Klebsiellaspecies (26%),Staphylococcus aureus(17%) andEscherichia coli(16%) were the most common pathogens, in contrast to group BStreptococcus(26%),E. coli(24%) andKlebsiella(9%) in high-income countries. Overall susceptibility to ampicillin/gentamicin and third-generation cephalosporin were 40% and 37%, respectively, in middle-income countries versus 93% and 91%, respectively, in high-income countries.ConclusionsEOS in middle-income countries was more likely to be due to Gram-negative pathogens and less likely to be susceptible to empirical antibiotic therapy. This has important public health implications regarding neonatal mortality in the Middle East region.
Impact of sociodemographic and clinical factors on offer and parental consent to postmortem following stillbirth or neonatal death: a UK population-based cohort study
Authors: Evans Margaret J , Draper Elizabeth S , Smith Lucy K 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveTo identify factors associated with the offer of and consent to perinatal post-mortem.DesignNational population-based cohort studySettingThe UK.Population26 578 perinatal deaths born between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2017.Main outcome measuresPostmortem offer by clinical staff; parental consent to post-mortem.ResultsPostmortem offer rates were high but varied significantly with time of death from 97.8% for antepartum deaths to 88.4% for neonatal deaths following neonatal admission. Offer rates did not significantly vary by gestation, year of birth, mother’s socioeconomic deprivation, ethnicity or age. Only 44.5% of parents consented to a postmortem. Mothers from the most deprived areas were less likely to consent than those from the least deprived areas (relative risk (RR)=0.76, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.80). Consent rates were similar for mothers of white, mixed, Asian Indian, black Caribbean and black African ethnicity (43%–47%), but significantly lower for mothers of Asian Pakistani (20%) and Asian Bangladeshi (18%) ethnicity. Consent increased with increasing gestation (p<0.001) and was lower for deaths following neonatal unit admission than for antepartum death (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.75).ConclusionsThe current profile of cause of perinatal deaths in the UK is likely to be biased with less postmortem information available for babies dying in the neonatal period and those born to mothers from deprived areas and of Asian Pakistani or Asian Bangladeshi ethnicity. Such bias severely limits the design of effective strategies for reducing mortality in these high-risk groups. These findings have implications for high-income countries seeking to explore and improve the understanding of perinatal deaths.
Occipital encephalocele in a neonate: a case successfully managed by excision and formation of a reverse visor scalp flap
Authors: Tan Elizabeth , Makaranka Stanislau , Mohamed Nusrat , Cavale Naveen 
Published: January 2020

Encephaloceles are one form of neural tube defect and are associated with partial absence of skull bone fusion, with an incidence of 1–4 cases for every 10 000 live births. We report the case of a neonate born at term, with an antenatal diagnosis of occipital encephalocele, which was successfully managed with excision and formation of a reverse visor scalp flap on day 2 of life.Surgery was performed in a single stage, involving a multidisciplinary approach between neurosurgery and plastic surgery teams, with wider management involving neonatal intensive care, paediatric, obstetric and anaesthetic teams.The patient had no early postoperative complications, and we use this case report to demonstrate that a reverse visor scalp flap is a good option to cover full-thickness defects in patients with encephaloceles.Furthermore, we advocate early repair and a multidisciplinary approach to minimise the morbidity associated with occipital encephaloceles.
How large should a cause of death be in order to be included in mortality trend analysis? Deriving a cut-off point from retrospective trend analyses in 21 European countries
Authors: Mitratza Marianna , Kardaun Jan W P F , Kunst Anton E 
Published: January 2020

ObjectivesThe International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) distinguishes a large number of causes of death (CODs) that could each be studied individually when monitoring time-trends. We aimed to develop recommendations for using the size of CODs as a criterion for their inclusion in long-term trend analysis.DesignRetrospective trend analysis.Setting21 European countries of the WHO Mortality Database.ParticipantsDeaths from CODs (3-position ICD-10 codes) with ≥5 average annual deaths in a 15-year period between 2000 and 2016.Primary and secondary outcome measuresFitting polynomial regression models, we examined for each COD in each country whether or not changes over time were statistically significant (with α=0.05) and we assessed correlates of this outcome. Applying receiver operating characteristicROC curve diagnostics, we derived COD size thresholds for selecting CODs for trends analysis.ResultsAcross all countries, 64.0% of CODs had significant long-term trends. The odds of having a significant trend increased by 18% for every 10% increase of COD size. The independent effect of country was negligible. As compared to circulatory system diseases, the probability of a significant trend was lower for neoplasms and digestive system diseases, and higher for infectious diseases, mental diseases and signs-and-symptoms. We derived a general threshold of around 30 (range: 28–33) annual deaths for inclusion of a COD in trend analysis. The relevant threshold for neoplasms was around 65 (range: 61–70) and for infectious diseases was 20 (range: 19–20).ConclusionsThe likelihood that long-term trends are detected with statistical significance is strongly related to COD size and varies between ICD-10 chapters, but has no independent relation to country. We recommend a general size criterion of 30 annual deaths to select CODs for long-term mortality-trends analysis in European countries.
Availability and quality of publicly available health workforce data sources in Australia: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Gillam Marianne , Leach Matthew , Muller Jessica , Gonzalez-Chica David , Jones Martin , Muyambi Kuda , Walsh Sandra , May Esther 
Published: January 2020

IntroductionThe health workforce is an integral component of the healthcare system. Comprehensive, high-quality data on the health workforce are essential to identifying gaps in health service provision, as well as informing future health workforce and health services planning, and health policy. While many data sources are used in Australia for these purposes, the quality of the data sources with respect to relevance, accessibility and accuracy is not clear.Methods and analysisThis scoping review aims to identify and appraise publicly available data sources describing the Australian health workforce. The review will include any data source (eg, registry, administrative database and survey) or document reporting a data source (eg, journal article, report) on the Australian health workforce, which is publicly available and describes the characteristics of the workforce. The search will be conducted in 10 bibliographic databases and the grey literature using an iterative process. Screening of titles and abstracts will be undertaken by two investigators, independently, using Covidence software. Any disagreement between investigators will be resolved by a third investigator. Documents/data sources identified as potentially eligible will be retrieved in full text and reviewed following the same process. Data will be extracted using a customised data extraction tool. A customised appraisal tool will be used to assess the relevance, accessibility and accuracy of included data sources.Ethics and disseminationThe scoping review is a secondary analysis of existing, publicly available data sources and does not require ethics approval. The findings of this scoping review will further our understanding of the quality and availability of data sources used for health workforce and health services planning in Australia. The results will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and presented at conferences targeted at health workforce and public health topics.
1 Hyperglycaemia in T1DM and pancreatitis related diabetes
Authors: Amin Omar , Cartwright Douglas , Azharuddin Mohammed 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Introduction
With the introduction of blood ketone testing, it is now possible to quantify the level of ketosis prior to the patient developing life threatening diabetic keto-acidosis (DKA). Administering correction doses of short acting insulin based on ketone level, similar to that for diabetic sick day rules, may avoid critical care admissions, use of variable rate insulin infusions and reduce hospital admissions.
Testing is not without its challenges in particular cost, risk of inappropriate testing in type 2 diabetics (T2DM) and misdiagnosis alternative causes of ketosis. We describe here the experience of introducing ketone testing to A+E and acute wards at a district general hospital.

Methods
Blood ketone testing was introduced to A+E, 2 medical wards and 2 surgical wards together with training for ward staff and a written guideline. Ketone testing was triggered if a type 1 diabetic (T1DM) or pancreatitis related diabetic had a BM &gt;14 mmol/L. Based on the ketone level the guideline prompted either no action, correction dose of short acting insulin followed by repeat testing or arterial blood gas analysis. A retrospective analysis was performed after 8 months to investigate compliance with the protocol and effect of the protocol on the incidence of inpatient DKA. Patients were identified through search of the laboratory information management system followed by a review of electronically scanned medical records.

Results
910 ketone tests were carried out representing 116 patients. 395 tests had no patient identifier and were therefore untraceable. Over half of patients (51%) had type 2 diabetes. Of the patients with T1DM/pancreatitis related diabetes 9 patients presented with DKA on admission. Nearly three quarters (73%) resolved with additional subcutaneous insulin as per protocol and 23% were started on a Variable Rate Insulin Infusion. 1 patient developed DKA during an inpatient admission and the protocol had not been followed in this case. The main reasons for deviation from the protocol was lack of documentation and repeat BM testing.

Conclusions
The protocol itself is very effective when used correctly. It clearly helps to identify patients at risk of deteriorating, and clearly outlines what steps should be taken. While the guideline is intended for patients with T1DM and Pancreatic Related Diabetes, there were many occasions where the ketone testing was used inappropriately on patients with T2DM. In response to this the protocol was updated to include additional guidance on management of hyperglycaemia in T2DM. Documentation and lack of patient identification information was another key issue.
Erector spinae plane versus paravertebral nerve blocks for postoperative analgesia after breast surgery: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Swisher Matthew W , Wallace Anne M , Sztain Jacklynn F , Said Engy T , Khatibi Bahareh , Abanobi Maryann , Finneran IV John J , Gabriel Rodney A , Abramson Wendy , Blair Sarah L , Hosseini Ava , Dobke Marek K , Donohue Michael C , Ilfeld Brian M 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundParavertebral nerve blocks (PVBs) are frequently used to treat pain during and following breast surgery, but have various undesirable risks such as pneumothorax. The erector spinae plane block (ESPB) also provides perioperative breast analgesia, but is purported to be easier to administer with a favorable safety profile. However, it remains unknown if the new ESPB provides comparable analgesia as the decades-old PVB technique.MethodsSubjects undergoing unilateral or bilateral non-mastectomy breast surgery were randomized to a single-injection ESPB or PVB in a subject-blinded fashion (ropivacaine 0.5% with epinephrine; 20 mL unilateral or 16 mL/side for bilateral). We hypothesized that (1) analgesia would be non-inferior in the recovery room as measured on a Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) with ESPB, and (2) opioid consumption would be non-inferior in the operating and recovery rooms with ESPB.ResultsBoth pain scores and opioid consumption were higher in subjects with ESPBs (n=50) than PVBs (n=50; median NRS 3.0 vs 0; 95% CI −3.0 to 0; p=0.0011; and median morphine equivalents 2.0 vs 1.5 mg; 95% CI −1.2 to −0.1; p=0.0043). No block-related adverse events occurred in either group.ConclusionsPVBs provided superior analgesia and reduced opioid requirements following non-mastectomy breast surgery. To compare the relatively rare complications between the techniques will require a sample size 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than the current investigation; however, without a dramatic improvement in safety profile for ESPBs, it appears that PVBs are superior to ESPBs for postoperative analgesia after non-mastectomy breast surgery.Trial registration numberNCT03549234.
Thermodynamics conditions of matter in the neutrino decoupling region during neutron star mergers
Authors: Endrizzi Andrea , Perego Albino , Fabbri Francesco M. , Branca Lorenzo , Radice David , Bernuzzi Sebastiano , Giacomazzo Bruno , Pederiva Francesco , Lovato Alessandro 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this work we investigate the thermodynamics conditions at which neutrinos decouple from matter in neutron star merger remnants by post-processing results of merger simulations. We find that the matter density and the neutrino energies are the most relevant quantities in determining the decoupling surface location. For mean energy neutrinos ($$\sim $$∼ 9, 15 and 24 MeV for $$\nu _e$$νe, $$\bar{\nu }_e$$ν¯e and $$\nu _{\mu ,\tau }$$νμ,τ, respectively) the transition between diffusion and free-streaming conditions occurs around $$10^{11}\mathrm{g}~\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$$1011gcm-3 for all neutrino species. Weak and thermal equilibrium freeze-out occurs deeper (several $$10^{12}\mathrm{g}~\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$$1012gcm-3) for heavy-flavor neutrinos than for $$\bar{\nu }_e$$ν¯e and $$\nu _e$$νe ($$\gtrsim 10^{11}\mathrm{g}~\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$$≳1011gcm-3). Decoupling temperatures are broadly in agreement with the average neutrino energies, with softer equations of state characterized by $$\sim $$∼1 MeV larger decoupling temperatures. Neutrinos streaming at infinity with different energies come from different remnant parts. While low-energy neutrinos ($$ \sim 3~\mathrm{MeV}$$∼3MeV) decouple at $$ \rho \sim 10^{13}\mathrm{g}~\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$$ρ∼1013gcm-3, $$T \sim 10~\mathrm{MeV}$$T∼10MeV and $$Y_e \lesssim 0.1$$Ye≲0.1 close to weak equilibrium, high-energy ones ($$ \sim 50~\mathrm{MeV}$$∼50MeV) decouple from the disk at $$\rho \sim 10^{9}\mathrm{g}~\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$$ρ∼109gcm-3, $$T \sim 2~\mathrm{MeV}$$T∼2MeV and $$Y_e \gtrsim 0.25$$Ye≳0.25. The presence of a massive NS or a BH influences the neutrino thermalization. While in the former case decoupling surfaces are present for all relevant energies, the lower maximum density ($$\lesssim 10^{12}\mathrm{g}~\mathrm{cm}^{-3}$$≲1012gcm-3) in BH-torus systems does not allow softer neutrinos to thermalize and diffuse.
Non-commutative deformation of Chern–Simons theory
Authors: Kupriyanov Vladislav G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe problem of the consistent definition of gauge theories living on the non-commutative (NC) spaces with a non-constant NC parameter $$\Theta (x)$$Θ(x) is discussed. Working in the $$\hbox {L}_{\infty }$$L∞ formalism we specify the undeformed theory, 3d abelian Chern–Simons, by setting the initial $$\ell _1$$ℓ1 brackets. The deformation is introduced by assigning the star commutator to the $$\ell _2$$ℓ2 bracket. For this initial set up we construct the corresponding $$\hbox {L}_{\infty }$$L∞ structure which defines both the NC deformation of the abelian gauge transformations and the field equations covariant under these transformations. To compensate the violation of the Leibniz rule one needs the higher brackets which are proportional to the derivatives of $$\Theta $$Θ. Proceeding in the slowly varying field approximation when the star commutator is approximated by the Poisson bracket we derive the recurrence relations for the definition of these brackets for arbitrary $$\Theta $$Θ. For the particular case of su(2)-like NC space we obtain an explicit all orders formulas for both NC gauge transformations and NC deformation of Chern–Simons equations. The latter are non-Lagrangian and are satisfied if the NC field strength vanishes everywhere.
Gravitational instability of exotic compact objects
Authors: Addazi Andrea , Marcianò Antonino , Yunes Nicolás 
Published: January 2020

AbstractExotic compact objects with physical surfaces a Planckian distance away from where the horizon would have been are inspired by quantum gravity. Most of these objects are defined by a classical spacetime metric, such as boson stars, gravastars and wormholes. We show that these classical objects are gravitationally unstable because accretion by ordinary and dark matter, and by gravitational waves, forces them to collapse into a black hole by the Hoop conjecture. To avoid collapse, either their surface must be a macroscopic distance away from the horizon, or they must violate the null energy condition.
Bounds on spinning particles in their innermost stable circular orbits around rotating braneworld black hole
Authors: Nucamendi Ulises , Becerril Ricardo , Sheoran Pankaj 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe study the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) of a spinning test particle moving in the vicinity of an axially symmetric rotating braneworld black hole (BH). We start with the description of the event horizon, static limit surface and ergosphere region of such BH and bring out the effect of tidal charge parameter on ergosphere. It is found that the ISCO of rotating braneworld BH is very sensitive to braneworld BH parameter $$ C $$C (also known as tidal charge parameter) in addition to its rotation parameter. We further discovered that the orbital radius of the spinning test particles changes non-monotonously with the braneworld BH tidal charge parameter. It is found that for rotating brane-world BH the allowed range of the particle spin grows as the tidal charge parameter $$ C $$C decreases, in contrast with the Kerr–Newman BH. We also found the similar behavior of the particle’s spin for the braneworld Reissner–Nordstr$$\ddot{o}$$o¨m ($$ C <0$$C<0) BH in contrast with its counterpart having ($$ C >0$$C>0).
The Hawking effect and the bounds on greybody factor for higher dimensional Schwarzschild black holes
Authors: Barman Subhajit 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this work, we have considered a n-dimensional Schwarzschild–Tangherlini black hole spacetime with massless minimally coupled free scalar fields in its bulk and 3-brane. The bulk scalar field equation is separable using the higher dimensional spherical harmonics on $$(n-2)$$(n-2)-sphere. First, using the Hamiltonian formulation with the help of the recently introduced near-null coordinates we have obtained the expected temperature of the Hawking effect, identical for both bulk and brane localized scalar fields. Second, it is known that the spectrum of the Hawking effect as seen at asymptotic future does not correspond to a perfect black body and it is properly represented by a greybody distribution. We have calculated the bounds on this greybody factor for the scalar field in both bulk and 3-brane. Furthermore, we have reaffirmed that these bounds predict a decrease in the greybody factor as the spacetime dimensionality n increases and also reaffirmed that for a large number of extra dimensions the Hawking quanta is mostly emitted in the brane.
Two-fluid scenario in Bianchi type-I universe
Authors: Goswami G. K. , Mishra Meena , Yadav Anil Kumar , Pradhan Anirudh 
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we study a Bianchi type-I model of universe filled with barotropic and dark energy (DE) type fluids. The present values of cosmological parameters, such as Hubble constant [Formula: see text], DE and anisotropy energy parameters [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and Equation of State (EoS) parameter for DE [Formula: see text], are statistically estimated in two ways by taking 38 point data set of Hubble parameter [Formula: see text] and 581 point data set of distance modulus of supernovae in the range [Formula: see text]. It is found that the results agree with the Planck result [Planck Collab. (P. A. R. Ade et al.), Astron. Astrophys. 594, A14 (2016)] and more latest result obtained by Amirhashchi and Amirhashchi [H. Amirhashchi and S. Amirhashchi, arXiv:1811.05400v4]. Various physical properties such as age of the universe, deceleration parameter, etc. have also been investigated.