bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facing a blind alley - Experiences of stress-related exhaustion: a qualitative study
Authors: Alsén Sara , Ali Lilas , Ekman Inger , Fors Andreas 
Published: September 2020

IntroductionMental illness is a major concern in many countries. In Sweden, stress-related mental illness is currently the most frequent reason for sick leave.ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore patients’ experiences of stress-related exhaustion.DesignA qualitative study with interview data analysed using a phenomenological hermeneutic method.SettingParticipants were selected from public primary healthcare centres in a larger city in western Sweden.ParticipantsSeven women and five men on sick leave from work due to stress-related exhaustion were included in the study.FindingsStress-related exhaustion was experienced as a loss of access to oneself and one’s context and feelings of being trapped and lost in life. The condition had a significant impact on personal identity, raised existential issues and was interpreted as facing a blind alley. Participants described a mistaken direction in life, being forced to stop, change direction and act differently.ConclusionStress-related exhaustion is a challenging, life-changing existential experience that involves a crisis with an opportunity for new insights. Careful consideration of patients’ narratives together with the expertise of healthcare professionals can be combined to improve health and optimise recovery based on individual’s situation.
Patient education materials for non-specific low back pain and sciatica: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Furlong Bradley , Aubrey-Bassler Kris , Etchegary Holly , Pike Andrea , Darmonkow Georgia , Swab Michelle , Hall Amanda 
Published: September 2020

IntroductionLow back pain accounts for more disability than any other musculoskeletal condition and is associated with severe economic burden. Patients commonly present with negative beliefs about low back pain and this can have detrimental effects on their health outcomes. Providing evidence-based, patient-centred education that meets patient needs could help address these negative beliefs and alleviate the substantial low back pain burden. The primary aim of this review is to investigate the effectiveness of patient education materials on immediate process, clinical and health system outcomes.Methods and analysisThe search strategy was developed in collaboration with a librarian and systematic searches will be performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus. We will also search trial registries and grey literature through the OpenGrey database. Study selection will include a title and abstract scan and full-text review by two authors. Only randomised controlled trials will be included in this review. Trials must include patients with low back pain or sciatica and investigate educational interventions with at least one of the following contrasts: (1) education alone versus no intervention; (2) education alone versus another intervention; (3) education in addition to another intervention versus the same intervention with no education. Data extraction, risk of bias and grading of the quality of evidence will be performed independently by two reviewers. Risk of bias will be assessed using the PEDro scale, and the quality of evidence will be assessed with the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. A random-effects model will be used for each contrast, and results will be pooled if the participants, interventions, and outcomes are homogeneous. If heterogeneity is high (I2>75%), we will evaluate the magnitude and direction of the differences in effect sizes across studies to determine if it remains reasonable to pool the results. Analyses of acute and subacute low back pain (less than 12 weeks duration) will be performed separately from chronic low back pain (12 weeks or greater duration). Likewise, analyses of short-term (less than 6 months) and long-term (6 months or greater) follow-up will be performed separately. Subgroup analyses will be performed on non-specific low back pain, sciatica and mixed populations.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for this review. This study, along with its results, will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
Care-pathways for patients presenting to emergency ambulance services with self-harm: national survey
Authors: Zayed Mohammed Gaber , Williams Victoria , Glendenning Alexander Charles , Bulger Jenna Katherine , Hewes Tom , Porter Alison , Snooks Helen , John A 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundSelf-harm is among the top five causes of acute hospital admissions and ambulance clinicians are often the first point of contact. However, the Emergency Department (ED) may not be the most appropriate place of care and little is known about the existence or nature of alternative pathways available to UK ambulance services. This survey describes the current management pathways used by ambulance services for patients who have self-harmed.MethodsA structured questionnaire was sent to all UK ambulance services by email and followed up by telephone in 2018. Three independent researchers (two clinical) coded responses which were analysed thematically.ResultsAll 13 UK ambulance services responded to the survey: nine by email and four by telephone interview. Two services reported a service-wide protocol for managing people presenting with self-harm, with referral to mental health crisis team available as an alternative to conveyance to ED, following on-scene psychosocial assessment. Four services reported local pathways for managing mental health patients which included care of patients who had self-harmed. Four services reported being in the process of developing pathways for managing mental health patients. Six services reported no service-wide nor local pathways for managing self-harm patients. No robust evaluation of new care models was reported.ConclusionPractice in ambulance services in the UK is variable, with a minority having a specific clinical pathway for managing self-harm, with an option to avoid ED. New pathways for patients who have self-harmed must be evaluated in terms of safety, clinical and cost-effectiveness.
Using a new socioepidemiological questionnaire to analyse associations between intergenerational upward social mobility and body fat distribution: a pilot study with the Oxford BioBank cohort
Authors: Eli K , Karpe F , Ulijaszek S 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundAs measured through body mass index (BMI), obesity is more prevalent among upwardly mobile adults than among adults born into middle-class families. Although BMI reflects general adiposity, health risks are more strongly associated with abdominal adiposity. It is therefore important to investigate associations between upward mobility and fat distribution.MethodsA socioepidemiological questionnaire was developed, qualitatively validated and piloted with Oxford BioBank participants. Sex-specific analyses of variance (ANOVA) investigated associations between participant occupational class and adiposity, paternal occupational class and adiposity, and upward occupational mobility and adiposity. The main aim was to observe whether the expected directional effect of adiposity in relation to paternal occupational class would emerge.Results280 participants (166 women, 114 men; age 32–67 years) completed the questionnaire. Men with fathers of occupational class 2 or 3 had higher mean BMI, total body fat percentage, android fat mass and android-to-gynoid fat mass ratio than men with fathers of occupational class 1. Women with fathers of occupational class 2 or 3 had higher mean BMI, total body fat percentage, android fat mass and gynoid fat mass than women with fathers of occupational class 1. Among men, upward mobility was not associated with adiposity. Among women, upward mobility was associated with higher total body fat percentage, android fat mass and gynoid fat mass.ConclusionThe expected directional effect was found, thereby supporting the questionnaire’s use. Upward mobility did not appear to change associations between paternal occupational class and participant adiposity. Future research using the socioepidemiological questionnaire should investigate associations between gender, educational mobility, adiposity and health.
The Landau problem and nonclassicality
Authors: Petronilo G. X. A. , Ulhoa S. C. , Araújo K. V. S. , Paiva R. A. S. , Amorim R. G. G. , Santana A. E. 
Published: September 2020

Exploring the concept of the extended Galilei group [Formula: see text]. Representations for field theories in a symplectic manifold have been derived in association with the method of the Wigner function. The representation is written in the light-cone of a de Sitter space–time in five dimensions. A Hilbert space is constructed, endowed with a symplectic structure, which is used as a representation space for the Lie algebra of [Formula: see text]. This representation gives rise to the spin-0 Schrödinger (Klein–Gordon-like) equation for the wave functions in phase space, such that the dependent variables have the content of position and linear momentum. This is a particular example of a conformal theory, such that the wave functions are associated with the Wigner function through the Moyal product. We construct the Pauli–Schrödinger (Dirac-like) equation in phase space in its explicitly covariant form. In addition, we analyze the gauge symmetry for spin-1/2 particles in phase space and show how implement the minimal coupling in this case. We applied to the problem of an electron in an external field, and we recovered the nonrelativistic Landau levels. Finally, we study the parameter of negativity associated with the nonclassicality of the system.
Scotland’s Named Person Scheme
Authors: Black Gillian 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Scottish Government’s proposal to introduce a “Named Person” scheme was intended to improve child protection and wellbeing in Scotland, by allocating an identified Named Person to every child in Scotland. The scheme was met by considerable concern from a range of parties, and was challenged in the courts on the basis that the data sharing provisions infringed the data protection and Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (echr) privacy rights of children and parents. As a result of the complexities of introducing lawful data sharing provisions, the scheme has now been scrapped, without ever being introduced. However, at no point was there any sustained analysis of the impact of Article 5 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (uncrc) on the Named Person scheme: to what extent would the Scottish Government proposals have helped parents meet their obligations under Article 5? Or would they in fact have infringed parents’ and children’s rights? This article provides a case study of Article 5 in practice, by setting out the background to the now-defunct Named Person scheme, before going on to analyse its interaction – and compliance – with the State Party’s obligations under Article 5.
Regional Climate Responses in East Asia to the Black Carbon Aerosol Direct Effects from India and China in Summer
Authors: Chen Huimin , Zhuang Bingliang , Liu Jane , Li Shu , Wang Tijian , Xie Xiaodong , Xie Min , Li Mengmeng , Zhao Ming 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBlack carbon (BC) aerosol is a significant and short-lived climate forcing factor. Here, the direct effects of BC emissions from India (IDBC) and China (CNBC) are investigated in East Asia during summer using the state-of-the-art regional climate model RegCM4. In summer, IDBC and CNBC account for approximately 30% and 46% of the total BC emissions in Asia, respectively. The total BC column burden from the two countries and corresponding TOA effective radiative forcing are 1.58 mg m−2and +1.87 W m−2in East Asia, respectively. The regional air temperature increases over 0.3 K at maximum and precipitation decreases 0.028 mm day−1on average. Individually, IDBC and CNBC each can bring about rather different effects on regional climate. IDBC can result in a cooling perturbation accompanied by a substantially increased cloud amount and scattering aerosol loading, resulting in a complex response in the regional precipitation, while CNBC can lead to regional warming, and further induce a local flood in northern China or drought in southern China depending on the opposite but significant circulation anomalies. CNBC plays a dominant role in modulating the regional climate over East Asia due to its higher magnitude, wider coverage, and stronger climate feedback. The direct effect of the total BC from both countries is not a linear combination of that of IDBC and CNBC individually, suggesting that the regional climate responses are highly nonlinear to the emission intensity or aerosol loading, which may be greatly related to the influences of the perturbed atmospheric circulations and climate feedback.
A Regime-Oriented Approach to Observationally Constraining Extratropical Shortwave Cloud Feedbacks
Authors: McCoy Daniel T. , Field Paul , Bodas-Salcedo Alejandro , Elsaesser Gregory S. , Zelinka Mark D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe extratropical shortwave (SW) cloud feedback is primarily due to increases in extratropical liquid cloud extent and optical depth. Here, we examine the response of extratropical (35°–75°) marine cloud liquid water path (LWP) to a uniform 4-K increase in sea surface temperature (SST) in global climate models (GCMs) from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and variants of the HadGEM3-GC3.1 GCM. Compositing is used to partition data into periods inside and out of cyclones. The response of extratropical LWP to a uniform SST increase and associated atmospheric response varies substantially among GCMs, but the sensitivity of LWP to cloud controlling factors (CCFs) is qualitatively similar. When all other predictors are held constant, increasing moisture flux drives an increase in LWP. Increasing SST, holding all other predictors fixed, leads to a decrease in LWP. The combinations of these changes lead to LWP, and by extension reflected SW, increasing with warming in both hemispheres. Observations predict an increase in reflected SW over oceans of 0.8–1.6 W m−2per kelvin SST increase (35°–75°N) and 1.2–1.9 W m−2per kelvin SST increase (35°–75°S). This increase in reflected SW is mainly due to increased moisture convergence into cyclones because of increasing available moisture. The efficiency at which converging moisture is converted into precipitation determines the amount of liquid cloud. Thus, cyclone precipitation processes are critical to constraining extratropical cloud feedbacks.
Assessing the Impact of Changes in Land Surface Conditions on WRF Predictions in Arid Regions
Authors: Temimi Marouane , Fonseca Ricardo , Nelli Narendra , Weston Michael , Thota Mohan , Valappil Vineeth , Branch Oliver , Wizemann Hans-Dieter , Kondapalli Niranjan Kumar , Wehbe Youssef , Al Hosary Taha , Shalaby Abdeltawab , Al Shamsi Noor , Al Naqbi Hajer 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA thorough evaluation of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is conducted over the United Arab Emirates, for the period September 2017–August 2018. Two simulations are performed: one with the default model settings (control run), and another one (experiment) with an improved representation of soil texture and land use land cover (LULC). The model predictions are evaluated against observations at 35 weather stations, radiosonde profiles at the coastal Abu Dhabi International Airport, and surface fluxes from eddy-covariance measurements at the inland city of Al Ain. It is found that WRF’s cold temperature bias, also present in the forcing data and seen almost exclusively at night, is reduced when the surface and soil properties are updated, by as much as 3.5 K. This arises from the expansion of the urban areas, and the replacement of loamy regions with sand, which has a higher thermal inertia. However, the model continues to overestimate the strength of the near-surface wind at all stations and seasons, typically by 0.5–1.5 m s−1. It is concluded that the albedo of barren/sparsely vegetated regions in WRF (0.380) is higher than that inferred from eddy-covariance observations (0.340), which can also explain the referred cold bias. At the Abu Dhabi site, even though soil texture and LULC are not changed, there is a small but positive effect on the predicted vertical profiles of temperature, humidity, and horizontal wind speed, mostly between 950 and 750 hPa, possibly because of differences in vertical mixing.
On the Nonlinear Mapping of an Ocean Wave Spectrum into a New Polarimetric SAR Image Spectrum
Authors: Zhang Yanmin , Wang Yunhua , Xu Qiaohui 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA new nonlinear transformation relation is derived to describe the mapping of a two-dimensional ocean wave spectrum into a new polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image spectrum. It is a further expansion and improvement of Hasselmann’s work. First, the nonlinear mapping relation proposed is derived on the basis of a new polarimetric SAR image instead of the conventional single-polarization SAR image. Second, the nonlinear mapping relation no longer includes the complex hydrodynamic modulation transfer function (MTF). Third, the traditional tilt MTF, which is not accurate enough for the retrieval of sea wave spectrum, is replaced by an empirical tilt MTF derived on the basis of the C-band geophysical model function [i.e., C-band synthetic aperture radar (CSAR) normalized radar cross section (NRCS) model]. A sea wave spectrum retrieval algorithm is then proposed that is based on the new nonlinear mapping and the empirical tilt MTF. The retrieved spectra from C-band polarizedRADARSAT-2SAR images are compared with the results obtained by the ECMWF Ocean Wave Model (ECWAM) and buoy measurements.
Management of appendicitis during COVID-19 pandemic; short-term outcomes
Authors: Ganesh Radhakrishnan , Lucocq James , Ekpete Neville Ogbonnia , Ain Noor Ul , Lim Su Kwan , Alwash Al , Bibi Saira , Alijani Afshin 
Published: September 2020

Background and aim COVID-19 pandemic has predisposed patients undergoing surgery to post-operative infection and resultant complications. Appendicitis is frequently managed by appendicectomy. After the onset of the pandemic, selected cases of appendicitis were managed with antibiotics which is a recognised treatment option. Our objective was to compare the management of appendicitis and post-operative outcomes between pre- and post-COVID-19. Methods Ninety-six patients were identified from before the onset of the pandemic (November 2019) to after the onset of the pandemic (May 2020). Data were collected retrospectively from electronic records including demographics, investigations, treatment, duration of inpatient stay, complications, readmissions and compared between pre- and post-COVID-19 groups. Results One hundred percent underwent surgical treatment before the onset of pandemic, compared with 56.3% from the onset of the pandemic. A greater percentage of patients were investigated with imaging post-COVID-19 (100% versus 60.9%; p < 0.00001). There was no significant difference in the outcomes between the two groups. Conclusion CT/MRI scan was preferred to laparoscopy in diagnosing appendicitis and conservative management of uncomplicated appendicitis was common practice after the onset of pandemic. Health boards can adapt their management of surgical conditions during pandemics without adverse short-term consequences. Long term follow-up of this cohort will identify patients suitable for conservative management.
Negative emotions and their management in Chinese convalescent cervical cancer patients: a qualitative study
Authors: Ji Juan , Zhu Hui , Zhao Ju-zhen , Yang Yi-qun , Xu Xiao-ting , Qian Ke-yan 
Published: September 2020

Objective The aim of the study was to understand the experience of negative emotions and coping styles of patients with cervical cancer during the rehabilitation period. Methods A descriptive qualitative research method was used. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 cervical cancer patients and the data were analysed using content analysis. Results The analysis identified three relevant themes. Theme 1: Negative emotions in convalescent cervical cancer patients mainly comprised fear of recurrence, worries about sex and feelings of inferiority. Theme 2: Patients used positive and negative coping styles to manage negative emotions. Theme 3: Patients expressed a strong need for rehabilitation information. Conclusions Patients with cervical cancer exhibited negative emotions during the rehabilitation period. To help these patients, medical staff should develop an understanding of their needs by communicating more with patients and providing them with targeted care to help them return to society more quickly.
Transcriptome sequencing identifies genes associated with invasion of ovarian cancer
Authors: Peng Xiandong , Yu Min , Chen Jiazhou 
Published: September 2020

Objective To identify key genes in ovarian cancer using transcriptome sequencing in two cell lines: MCV152 (benign ovarian epithelial tumour) and SKOV-3 (ovarian serous carcinoma). Methods Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between SKOV-3 and MCV152 were identified. Candidate genes were assessed for enrichment in gene ontology function and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes pathway. Candidate gene expression in SKOV-3 and MCV152 cells was validated using Western blots. Results A total of 2020 upregulated and 1673 downregulated DEGs between SKOV3 and MCV152 cells were identified that were significantly enriched in the cell adhesion function. Upregulated DEGs, such as angiopoietin 2 ( ANGPT2), CD19 molecule ( CD19), collagen type IV alpha 3 chain ( COL4A3), fibroblast growth factor 18 ( FGF18), integrin subunit beta 4 ( ITGB4), integrin subunit beta 8 ( ITGB8), laminin subunit alpha 3 ( LAMA3), laminin subunit gamma 2 ( LAMC2), protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit Bgamma ( PPP2R2C) and spleen associated tyrosine kinase ( SYK) were significantly involved in the extracellular matrix-receptor interaction pathway. Downregulated DEGs, such as AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 ( AKT3), collagen type VI alpha 1 chain ( COL6A1), colony stimulating factor 3 ( CSF3), fibroblast growth factor 1 ( FGF1), integrin subunit alpha 2 ( ITGA2), integrin subunit alpha 11 ( ITGA11), MYB proto-oncogene, transcription factor ( MYB), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2, mitochondrial ( PCK2), placental growth factor ( PGF), phosphoinositide-3-kinase adaptor protein 1 ( PIK3AP1), serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 ( SGK1), toll like receptor 4 ( TLR4) and tumour protein p53 ( TP53) were involved in PI3K-Akt signalling. Expression of these DEGs was confirmed by Western blot analyses. Conclusion Candidate genes enriched in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix–receptor interaction and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways were identified that may be closely associated with ovarian cancer invasion and potential targets for ovarian cancer treatment.