bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The efficacy of drug treatments for dysthymia:
a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: DE LIMA M. S. , HOTOPH M. , WESSELY S. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Dysthymia is a common mental disorder, associated with considerable disability and
high co-morbidity. This review assessed the role of pharmacological treatment.Methods. All randomized-controlled trials that compared active drug versus placebo for dysthymic
patients were included. Pooled relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were
calculated with the Random Effect Model method. Where possible, number needed to treat and
number needed to harm were estimated.Results. Fifteen trials were included for the main comparisons. Similar results were obtained in
terms of efficacy for different groups of drugs, such as tricyclic (TCA), selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRI), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) and other drugs (sulpiride, amineptine,
and ritanserin). The pooled RR treatment response was 0·68 (95% CI 0·59–0·78) for TCA, 0·64
(95% CI 0·55–0·74) for SSRIs, 0·59 (95% CI 0·48–0·71) for MAOIs. Other drugs (amisulpride,
amineptine and ritanserin) showed similar results. Patients treated on TCA were more likely to
report adverse events, compared with placebo. There were no differences in response to active
treatment when dysthymia was compared to either dysthymia plus major depression or briefer non-major depressive states.Conclusions. Drug treatment appears to be effective in the short-term management of dysthymic
disorder. The choice of drug should take into account specific side-effects profile of each drug.
Quantitative MRI of the hippocampus and amygdala in severe depression
Authors: MERVAALA E. , FÖHR J. , KÖNÖNEN M. , VALKONEN-KORHONEN M. , VAINIO P. , PARTANEN K. , PARTANEN J. , TIIHONEN J. , VIINAMÄKI H. , KARJALAINEN A.-K. , LEHTONEN J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. There is little evidence to support possible structural changes in the amygdala and
hippocampus of patients with severe depression.Methods. Quantitative MRI of the amygdala and hippocampus, as well as proton spectroscopy
(MRS) of mesial temporal structures were studied in 34 drug-resistant in-patients with major
depression and compared with 17 age-matched controls. Volumetric MRI data were normalized for
brain size.Results. The volume of the left hippocampus was significantly smaller in the patients compared
with the controls. Both groups exhibited similar significant hippocampal asymmetry (left smaller
than right). The patients, but not the controls, had significant asymmetry of the amygdalar volumes
(right smaller than left). No differences were observed between the patients and controls in the T2
relaxation times for the hippocampus and amygdala. Mesial temporal lobe MRS revealed a
significantly elevated choline/creatine ratio in the patients compared with the controls.Conclusions. This quantitative MRI study provides support for a possible association between
structural and biochemical substrates and severe drug-resistant major depression.
Social phobia subtypes in the general population revealed by cluster analysis
Authors: FURMARK T. , TILLFORS M. , STATTIN H. , EKSELIUS L. , FREDRIKSON M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Epidemiological data on subtypes of social phobia are scarce and their defining
features are debated. Hence, the present study explored the prevalence and descriptive characteristics
of empirically derived social phobia subgroups in the general population.Methods. To reveal subtypes, data on social distress, functional impairment, number of social fears
and criteria fulfilled for avoidant personality disorder were extracted from a previously published
epidemiological study of 188 social phobics and entered into an hierarchical cluster analysis.
Criterion validity was evaluated by comparing clusters on the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and the
Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS). Finally, profile analyses were performed in which
clusters were compared on a set of sociodemographic and descriptive characteristics.Results. Three clusters emerged, consisting of phobics scoring either high (generalized subtype),
intermediate (non-generalized subtype) or low (discrete subtype) on all variables. Point prevalence
rates were 2·0%, 5·9% and 7·7% respectively. All subtypes were distinguished on both SPS and
SIAS. Generalized or severe social phobia tended to be over-represented among individuals with
low levels of educational attainment and social support. Overall, public-speaking was the most
common fear.Conclusions. Although categorical distinctions may be used, the present data suggest that social
phobia subtypes in the general population mainly differ dimensionally along a
mild–moderate–severe continuum, and that the number of cases declines with increasing severity.
How do people with schizophrenia explain the
behaviour of others? A study of theory of mind and
its relationship to thought and speech disorganization
in schizophrenia
Authors: SARFATI YVES , HARDY-BAYLÉ MARIE-CHRISTINE 
Published: July 2002

Background. This paper examines the attribution of mental states to others in schizophrenia and its
links with thought and speech disorganization.Methods. Two groups of schizophrenic subjects (15 with and 10 without thought and speech
disorganization) were compared with 10 manic subjects and 15 normal controls on their pattern of
answers to 14 theory of mind comic strips.Results. Schizophrenic subjects with disorganization and a more severe general psychopathology
exhibited more unadaptated interpretations of others' mental states than those without
disorganization or the manic or normal controls. Their explanation of other people's behaviour
tended to be influenced by the frequency of their actions rather than their mental states.Conclusions. The disorganization pattern in schizophrenia may be associated with a specific deficit
of the cognitive ability referred to as theory of mind, and this deficit could be a state rather than
a trait variable. Patients with thought and speech disorders may be more likely to understanding
other people's mental states in unambiguous and common situations.
Psychosocial adjustment after traumatic brain injury:
what are the important variables?
Authors: TATE R. L. , BROE G. A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The common legacy of severe degrees of traumatic brain injury is varying degrees and
types of impairments, which impact significantly upon the individual's resumption of pre-morbid
psychosocial roles. Yet there are few data to indicate the relative contribution of these and other
non-injury related variables.Methods. Seventy individuals with varying levels of disability after severe traumatic brain injury
were examined neurologically and neuropsychologically, on average at 6 years post-trauma. A
range of biographical, injury, impairment and psychological variables were examined with multiple
regression analyses to identify those that contributed to successful psychosocial reintegration.Results. Severity of injury and impairments, along with chronicity and level of self-esteem were
significant predictors of psychosocial adjustment. Further analyses revealed that within the
neuropsychological domain, the variable measuring behavioural regulation of abilities was the most
significant. Examination of specific domains of psychosocial functioning (occupational activities,
interpersonal relationships and independent living skills) revealed different patterns of significant
predictor variables, in addition to indices of the severity of initial injury: neurophysical impairments
and memory functioning predicted successful occupational activities; chronicity, cognitive speed
and behavioural regulation predicted success in interpersonal relationships; and neurophysical
impairments, behavioural regulation and memory functioning predicted independent living skills. Conclusions. These results reinforce the overriding importance of injury severity and neurological
factors (both neurophysical as well as neuropsychological) in predicting psychosocial adjustment
after traumatic brain injury. Support for the contribution of non-neurological factors was also
found.
Mid-sagittal anatomy in late-onset schizophrenia
Authors: SACHDEV PERMINDER S. , BRODATY HENRY 
Published: July 2002

Background. Of the midline brain structures, abnormalities have been demonstrated in the corpus
callosum and cerebellum in young schizophrenic patients. Whether similar abnormalities are also
present in late-onset schizophrenia (LOS) is not known.Methods. The mid-sagittal cross-sectional areas of brain regions, in particular the corpus callosum
and cerebellum, on magnetic resonance imaging were examined in a group of patients with late-onset schizophrenia (N=25) and contrasted with two comparison groups – early-onset schizophrenia
(EOS) (N=2524) and healthy volunteers (NC) (N=2530) matched for age and gender.Results. While the mean corpus callosum area in the LOS group was smaller than in the EOS (by
10·2%) and NC (by 6·2%) groups, the three groups did not differ statistically in the corpus callosum
area or the corpus callosum to cerebrum ratios. The cross-sectional cerebellar areas or the
cerebellum: cerebrum ratios also did not differ across the groups. The brainstem was smaller in the
schizophrenic groups because of smaller cross-sectional areas of the pons, a statistically significant
difference which could not be accounted for by any gross lesions on visual inspection.Conclusion. We found no abnormality in the mid-sagittal area of the corpus callosum and
cerebellum in our early- or late-onset schizophrenia subjects. The significance of the finding of a
smaller pontine cross-sectional area is unclear and speculation on it awaits independent replication
using a volumetric measure.
Noise in a minimal regulatory network: plasmid copy number control
Authors: Paulsson Johan , Ehrenberg Måns 
Published: July 2002

1. Introduction 22. Plasmid biology 32.1 What are plasmids? 32.2 Evolution of CNC: cost and benefit 42.3 Plasmids are semi-complete regulatory networks 62.4 The molecular mechanisms of CNC for plasmids ColE1 and R1 62.4.1 ColE1 72.4.2 R1 72.5 General simplifying assumptions and values of rate constants 93. Macroscopic analysis 113.1 Regulatory logic of inhibitor-dilution CNC 113.2 Sensitivity amplification 123.3 Plasmid control curves 133.4 Multistep control of plasmid ColE1: exponential control curves 143.5 Multistep control of plasmid R1: hyperbolic control curves 163.6 Time-delays, oscillations and critical damping 184. Mesoscopic analysis 204.1 The master equation approach 204.2 A random walker in a potential well 234.3 CNC as a stochastic process 244.4 Sensitivity amplification 264.4.1 Single-step hyperbolic control 264.4.2 ColE1 multistep control can eliminate plasmid copy number variation 284.4.3 Replication backup systems – the Rom protein of ColE1 and CopB of R1 294.5 Time-delays 304.5.1 Limited rate of inhibitor degradation 304.5.2 Precise delays – does unlimited sensitivity amplification always reduce plasmid losses? 324.6 Order and disorder in CNC 334.6.1 Disordered CNC 344.6.2 Ordered CNC: R1 multistep control gives narrowly distributed interreplication times 344.7 Noisy signalling – disorder and sensitivity amplification 374.7.1 Eliminating a fast but noisy variable 384.7.2 Conditional inhibitor distribution: Poisson 394.7.3 Increasing inhibitor variation I: transcription in bursts 404.7.4 Increasing inhibitor variation II: duplex formation 414.7.5 Exploiting fluctuations for sensitivity amplification: stochastic focusing 444.7.6 A kinetic uncertainty principle 454.7.7 Disorder and stochastic focusing 464.7.8 Do plasmids really use stochastic focusing? 474.8 Metabolic burdens and values of in vivo rate constants 485. Previous models of copy number control 495.1 General models of CNC 495.2 Modelling plasmid ColE1 CNC 495.3 Modelling plasmid R1 CNC 526. Summary and outlook: the plasmid paradigm 537. Acknowledgements 568. References 56This work is a theoretical analysis of random fluctuations and regulatory efficiency in genetic
networks. As a model system we use inhibitor-dilution copy number control (CNC) of the
bacterial plasmids ColE1 and R1. We chose these systems because they are simple and well-characterised but also because plasmids seem to be under an evolutionary pressure to reduce
both average copy numbers and statistical copy number variation: internal noise.
‘Where are we going?’ International Relations and the voice from below
Authors: HILL CHRISTOPHER 
Published: July 2002

They tell us that the Pharoahs built the pyramids. Well, the Pharoahs didn't lift their little fingers. The pyramids were built by thousands of anonymous slaves . . . and it's the same thing for the Second World War. There were masses of books on the subject. But what was the war like for those who lived it, who fought? I want to hear their stories.Writing about international relations is in part a history of writing about the people. The subject sprang from a desire to prevent the horrors of the Great War once again being visited upon the masses and since then some of its main themes have been international cooperation, decolonisation, poverty and development, and more recently issues of gender.
Infant feeding practices and infant mortality in England, 1900–1919
Authors: FILDES VALERIE 
Published: July 2002

Studies of infant mortality in both historical and modern populations
from around the world have shown that the most important single factor
affecting the infant mortality rate (IMR) is the way in which babies are
fed. When methods of infant feeding are unsatisfactory or dangerous,
mortality is high; when improvements are made in feeding practices,
mortality falls, often dramatically, in a short period of time. The degree
to which changes in infant feeding alone can affect IMRs depends on
other factors in the population concerned, primarily the health and
nutritional status of the mother; sanitary conditions both within the
household and in the surrounding environment; levels of endemic and
epidemic diseases; the degree of wealth, education and sophistication of
the population; and, if women are employed outside the home, the
provision made for infant feeding and care by the child's family and
by
society.This article examines infant feeding practices in England during the
first
two decades of the twentieth century, arguably the most important 20
years in the fall in that nation's IMR between 1870 and 1920. The
1900s
and 1910s saw many major changes in the ways in which infants were fed
in all sections of society. Instigated by government, local Medical Officers
of Health and their staff and voluntary organizations, the effect of the
infant welfare movement in England in this period was that infants and
their mothers were significantly better fed, cared for and able to resist
disease in 1919 than in 1900.
Feedback from Users of Electronic Chart
Technology
Authors: Edmonds David 
Published: July 2002

This paper was presented at the Third Electronic Chart Technology
Conference,
SASMEX International, Brighton, 22–23 April 1998.Electronic Chart Systems have been used by mariners across the entire
user spectrum without
official standards or specifications for 10 years. In the last three years,
the debate has centred
on chart data and the merits of differing cartographic technologies. There
is little new that
can be said for or against raster or vector technologies except what actual
users might say
to support the requirements of their day-to-day operations. Today, we approach
a new stage
as ENCs start to become available but only for limited areas. This in turn
means that ENCs
are capable of supporting the only approved electronic chart system, ECDIS,
in a limited
way. There is an urgent need for alternatives to ECDIS to cover those areas
where ENCs will
continue to be unavailable for the foreseeable future. This paper therefore
summarizes a
feedback from users of RCDS and ECDIS-type systems to demonstrate the benefits
which
can be secured from official recognition of RCDS systems as the legal equivalent
of paper
chart navigation.
Vegetation change in the Astrakhanskiy Biosphere Reserve (Lower Volga Delta, Russia) in relation to Caspian Sea level fluctuation
Authors: BALDINA E.A. , DE LEEUW J. , GORBUNOV A.K. , LABUTINA I.A. , ZHIVOGLIAD A.F. , KOOISTRA J.F. 
Published: July 2002

During the twentieth century the level of the Caspian Sea dropped from -26 m (1930) to -29 m (1977) below global sea level and subsequently rose again to -26.66 m in 1996. We aimed to describe responses of the vegetation in the lower Volga Delta to these substantial sea-level changes using an analysis of historic vegetation maps produced by aerial photography and satellite imagery.The sea level drop in the earlier part of the century was followed by rapid progression of the vegetation. The subsequent rapid sea-level rise in the 1980s did however not result in similarly rapid regression of the vegetation. This partial irreversibility of the vegetation response to sea-level change is explained by the wide flooding tolerance of the major emergent species, namely Phragmites australis. Floating vegetation increased in extent, most likely due to the increased availability of more favourable conditions, particularly for Nelumbo nucifera, a tropical plant reaching its northernmost distribution in the Volga Delta. This species increased in distribution from 3.5 ha in the 1930s throughout the entire Volga Delta to several thousands of hectares in the Astrakhanskiy Biosphere Reserve alone in the 1980s. The reported sea-level changes swept the ecosystems in the Astrakhanskiy Biosphere Reserve back and forth within the Reserve boundaries. At longer time scales, ten-fold greater sea-level change has been reported. The ecosystems for which the Reserve is renowned might be pushed completely out of the Reserve under these conditions. We therefore question whether the current Reserve will be sufficiently large to guarantee conservation of the biota in the lower Volga Delta at longer time scales.
Reality brings excitement to engineering education
Authors: LEIFER LARRY , SHEPPARD SHERI 
Published: July 2002

The intellectual content and social activity of
engineering product development are a constant source of
surprise, excitement, and challenge for engineers. When
our students experience product-based-learning (PBL), they
experience this excitement (Brereton et al., 1995). They
also have fun and perform beyond the limits required for
simple grades. We, their teachers, experience these things
too. Why, then, are so few students and faculty getting
the PBL message? How, then, can we put the excitement back
in engineering education? In part, we think this is because
of three persistent mistakes in engineering education:1. We focus on individual students.2. We focus on engineering analysis versus communication
between engineers.3. We fail to integrate thinking skills in engineering
science and engineering practice.
Lack of evidence for increased risk of hepatitis A infection in
homosexual men
Authors: CORONA R. , STROFFOLINI T. , GIGLIO A. , COTICHINI R. , TOSTI M. E. , PRIGNANO G. , DI CARLO A. , MAINI A. , MELE A. 
Published: July 2002

In 1997, prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection were evaluated in
146 homosexual and 286 heterosexual men attending a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
Clinic in Rome, Italy. Total HAV antibody (anti-HAV) was detected in 60·3% of homosexuals
and 62·2% of heterosexuals. After adjustment for the confounding effects of age, years of
schooling, number of sexual partners, use of condoms, and history of STD, homosexuals were
not found to be at increased risk of previous HAV exposure than heterosexuals (OR 1·1; 95%
CI 0·7–1·9). Independent predictors of the likelihood of anti-HAV seropositivity among
homosexuals and heterosexuals were: age older than 35 years and positive syphilis serology
which is likely a proxy of lifestyles that increase the risk of faecal–oral infections.These findings do not support a higher risk in homosexual men but could suggest a role for
the vaccination of susceptible patients attending STD clinics.
A permanent marking method to identify individual small rodents from birth to sexual maturity
Authors: Leclercq Gwenaëlle C. , Rozenfeld Francine M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis note presents plantar micro‐tattooing (subcutaneous injection of Chinese ink) as a good alternative to toe‐clipping, which is often used to identify individual rodents. The method was tested under laboratory conditions on voles Microtus arvalis from birth to sexual maturity. This easy, harmless and inexpensive technique could be used in the field, and not only on pups but also on adults of different species.
Influence of papillae on post‐ruminal regulation of ingesta passage in moose (Alces alces L.)
Authors: Nygrén Kaarlo F. A. , Lechner‐Doll Matthias , Hofmann Reinhold R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe variable keratin appendages of the forestomach epithelium on both sides of the reticulo‐omasal orifice, emerging in early summer and disappearing towards the winter in the moose Alces alces L. were studied. During the study period, droppings of the free‐ranging moose were collected randomly for faecal particle size distribution analysis. The morphological distribution, size and abundance of keratin end caps was recorded in moose that had died of various causes, and it correlated with the particle size distribution observed in faeces. The fusiform keratin filter of the reticulo‐omasal orifice seems to reflect the forage quality and use. It is suggested that this filter prevents the passage of non‐fragmented foliage and twig fragments of excessive size during the period of rapid and non‐selective intake of high‐quality mature forage and it disappears before the short growing season of easily available succulent vegetation with a high nutrient content.
Editorial
Authors: Buckton Seb 
Published: July 2002

Bird Conservation International fills an important niche in the scientific literature by providing a forum for applied
research of high utility to conservation biologists, often from research carried out as part of conservation projects. As
such, it provides an outlet for research which might otherwise remain in the ‘grey’ literature. This is largely thanks to
a cosmopolitan list of contributors, both amateur and professional, including academics and those working for conser
vation organisations, from all corners of the globe. To anyone reading this who is working in bird conservation
research, I hope BCI is near the top of the list of journals you would like to publish your work in.BCI's remit is to cover ‘subjects relevant to the conservation of birds’, allowing an eclectic mix of topics while
maintaining a focus on bird conservation. In Volume 10 alone, 17 papers were studies of individual bird species, of
which 15 are listed as globally threatened or near-threatened by BirdLife International (2000). A further nine papers
were studies of habitats or regions. The focus of papers in the journal is diverse, and last year topics included baseline
surveys, comparisons of bird communities in natural and disturbed habitats, conservation management advice, morpho
logical variation, and molecular systematics. Additionally, regular ‘Opinion’ papers provide a forum for the discussion
of conservation issues of the day. In covering such a wide range of subjects, every issue should include information
of value to those involved or interested in conservation, not only of birds. The journal also has a truly international
flavour: papers in Volume 10 resulted from studies in 17 different countries, from six of the world's seven continents,
and were contributed by authors based in 14 different countries.