bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexually transmitted infections (STI) and antenatal care (ANC) clinics in Malawi: effective platforms for improving engagement of men at high HIV risk with voluntary medical male circumcision services
Authors: Msungama Wezi , Menego Geoffrey , Shaba Frackson , Flowers Nicole , Habel Melissa , Bonongwe Abigail , Banda Masford , Shire Steven , Maida Alice , Auld Andrew , Phiri Sam John Peter , Dumbani Kayira , Buono Nicole , Luhanga Mishek , Kapito Martin , Gibson Hannah , Laube Catey , Toledo Carlos , Kim Evelyn , Davis Stephanie Marie 
Published: January 2021

IntroductionVoluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC), an effective HIV prevention programme for men, is implemented in East and Southern Africa. Approximately 50% of VMMC clients are aged below 15 years. More targeted interventions to reach older men and others at higher short-term HIV risk are needed.MethodsWe implemented a quality improvement project testing the effectiveness of an active referral-based VMMC recruitment approach, targeting men attending STI clinics and those escorting partners to antenatal care (ANC) clinics, at Bwaila Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. We compared the proportions aged older than 15 years among men who received VMMC following referral from STI and ANC clinics with those among men referred from standard community mobilisation. We also analysed referral cascades to VMMC.ResultsIn total, 330 clients were circumcised after referral from STI (242) and ANC (88) clinics, as compared with 3839 other clients attributed to standard community mobilisation. All clients from ANC and STI clinics were aged over 15 years, as compared with 69% from standard community mobilisation. STI clinics had a higher conversion rate from counselling to VMMC than ANC (12% vs 9%) and a higher contribution to total circumcisions performed at the VMMC clinic (6% vs 2%).ConclusionsIntegrating VMMC recruitment and follow-up in STI and ANC clinics co-located with VMMC services can augment demand creation and targeting of men at risk of HIV, based on age and STI history. This approach can be replicated at least in similar health facilities with ANC and STI services in close proximity to VMMC service delivery.
Online self-sampling kits to screen multipartner MSM for HIV and other STIs: participant characteristics and factors associated with kit use in the first 3 months of the MemoDepistages programme, France, 2018
Authors: Rahib Delphine , Delagreverie Heloïse , Gabassi Audrey , Le Thi Thanh-Thuy , Vassel Eleonore , Vodosin Pierre , Leveau Benjamin , Pisoni Amandine , Tuaillon Edouard , Digne Julien , Icard Vinca , Delaugerre Constance , Lydié Nathalie 
Published: January 2021

Objectives
In 2017, to reduce the proportion of men who have sex with men (MSM) in the undiagnosed HIV population in France (38%), HIV screening is advised each 3 months and STI screening is advised each year in multipartner MSM. Despite the range of testing solutions, over 40% of MSM were not tested for HIV and over 50% for STIs in the past year. Based on international experiments that offer screening solutions via online advertising, the French National Health Agency launched a programme (MemoDepistages) to provide a free self-sampling kit (SSK) for HIV and STIs. This article analyses the sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics of MSM in terms of kit acceptance and sample return.

Methods
Participants were registered for the programme online after ordering an SSK. The study included men aged over 18 years, living in one of the four selected French regions, and willing to disclose their postal and email address; they had health insurance, acknowledged more than one male partner in the past year, indicated a seronegative or unknown HIV status and were not taking medically prescribed pre-exposure prophylaxis drugs. Samples were collected by users and posted directly to the laboratory. Characteristics associated with kit acceptance and sample return were analysed using logistic regression.

Results
Overall, 7158 eligible MSM were offered to participate in the programme, with 3428 ordering the kit (47.9%) and 1948 returning their sample, leading to a return rate of 56.8% and an overall participation rate of 27.2%. Acceptance and return rates were strongly associated with sociodemographic characteristics, mainly education level but not with behavioural characteristics. Non-college graduates had lower acceptance (44.2%) and return rates (47.7%).

Conclusion
The programme rapidly recruited a large number of MSM. It removed geographical inequalities related to screening access.
Small biased body size of salmon fry preyed upon by piscivorous fish in riverine and marine habitats
Authors: Hasegawa Koh , Honda Kentaro , Yoshiyama Taku , Suzuki Kengo , Fukui Sho 
Published: January 2021

Predator–prey interactions must be considered when aiming to enhance populations by releasing artificially reared individuals into natural environments. Released individuals create an abundance of prey for predators, and a basic hypothesis of predator–prey interactions suggests that predators select large prey due to the high caloric content. An alternative hypothesis is that small individuals are vulnerable to predation due to their poor predator avoidance. This study tested these hypotheses using stocked chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and masu (Oncorhynchus masou) salmon fry and piscivorous salmonids in marine and riverine habitats in Hokkaido, Japan. Stomach contents were sampled from predators, and fork length of prey fry was measured. Then, their fork length was compared with whole stocked fry (range of mean fork length (±SD): 45.8 ± 2.55 to 49.2 ± 2.76 mm) for each habitat. As a result, prey fry were ∼3%–6% smaller than whole stocked fry, even under a prey-abundant condition (i.e., just after hatchery reared salmon fry were stocked). Piscivorous salmonids pursue schooling fry, and small fry may be easily caught due to their slow speed in avoiding predators.
The historical footprint and future challenges of water-energy-food nexus research: a bibliometric review towards sustainable development
Authors: Han Xinxueqi , Zhao Yong , Gao Xuerui , Wang Yubao , Jiang Shan , Zhu Yongnan , An Tingli 
Published: January 2021

The water–energy–food (WEF) nexus has emerged as a frontier issue in interdisciplinary research and is one of the most complex sustainability challenges that the world is faced with today. In this review, we ask: (i) how can the interdependent relationships among water, energy, and food resources be identified? (ii) what methods have been applied to understand these relationships? and (iii) what are the future opportunities and challenges for the WEF nexus development? To answer these questions, we provide a critical assessment of the relevant literature from Web of Science database on WEF nexus published between 2008 and 2019 using a bibliometric analysis. Using the resulting 396 published articles, we systematically reviewed the concept and the bibliometric characteristics of the WEF nexus research to assess the development footprint. Based on the most popular topics and research methods found in these publications, we discussed the major research limitations as well as future opportunities and challenges for WEF research. An examination of internal and external relationships among topics showed that the three most recent hot areas of WEF nexus research include (i) water, energy, and food, (ii) policy-making and resource management, and (iii) system models and methods. Specifically, considering that no one method can solve all problems, we innovatively summarized the application scope and the advantages and disadvantages of each method, with a particular focus on the WEF nexus models. This was undertaken to support readers in choosing a scientific method to analyze the specific WEF nexus related issues. We anticipate that complex interdependence mechanisms, data uncertainty, analytical model development, and in-depth policy implementation will pose the greatest challenges for future WEF nexus research; however, these challenges will also generate better research opportunities. This bibliometric review highlights that to increase understanding of complex WEF systems and formulating optimal strategies to manage them is of great significance for environmental and social sustainability.
𝜆ₛ: computable semantics for differentiable programming with higher-order functions and datatypes
Authors: Sherman Benjamin , Michel Jesse , Carbin Michael 
Published: January 2021

Deep learning is moving towards increasingly sophisticated optimization objectives that employ higher-order functions, such as integration, continuous optimization, and root-finding. Since differentiable programming frameworks such as PyTorch and TensorFlow do not have first-class representations of these functions, developers must reason about the semantics of such objectives and manually translate them to differentiable code.

We present a differentiable programming language, λ

S

, that is the first to deliver a semantics for higher-order functions, higher-order derivatives, and Lipschitz but nondifferentiable functions. Together, these features enableλ

S

to expose differentiable, higher-order functions for integration, optimization, and root-finding as first-class functions with automatically computed derivatives. λ

S

’s semantics is computable, meaning that values can be computed to arbitrary precision, and we implement λ

S

as an embedded language in Haskell.

We use λ

S

to construct novel differentiable libraries for representing probability distributions, implicit surfaces, and generalized parametric surfaces – all as instances of higher-order datatypes – and present case studies that rely on computing the derivatives of these higher-order functions and datatypes. In addition to modeling existing differentiable algorithms, such as a differentiable ray tracer for implicit surfaces, without requiring any user-level differentiation code, we demonstrate new differentiable algorithms, such as the Hausdorff distance of generalized parametric surfaces.
Asynchronous effects
Authors: Ahman Danel , Pretnar Matija 
Published: January 2021

We explore asynchronous programming with algebraic effects. We complement their conventional synchronous treatment by showing how to naturally also accommodate asynchrony within them, namely, by decoupling the execution of operation calls into signalling that an operation’s implementation needs to be executed, and interrupting a running computation with the operation’s result, to which the computation can react by installing interrupt handlers. We formalise these ideas in a small core calculus, called λ
æ
. We demonstrate the flexibility of λ
æ
using examples ranging from a multi-party web application, to preemptive multi-threading, to remote function calls, to a parallel variant of runners of algebraic effects. In addition, the paper is accompanied by a formalisation of λ
æ
’s type safety proofs in Agda, and a prototype implementation of λ
æ
in OCaml.
Modeling and analyzing evaluation cost of CUDA kernels
Authors: Muller Stefan K. , Hoffmann Jan 
Published: January 2021

General-purpose programming on GPUs (GPGPU) is becoming increasingly in vogue as applications such as machine learning and scientific computing demand high throughput in vector-parallel applications. NVIDIA's CUDA toolkit seeks to make GPGPU programming accessible by allowing programmers to write GPU functions, called kernels, in a small extension of C/C++. However, due to CUDA's complex execution model, the performance characteristics of CUDA kernels are difficult to predict, especially for novice programmers.
This paper introduces a novel quantitative program logic for CUDA kernels, which allows programmers to reason about both functional correctness and resource usage of CUDA kernels, paying particular attention to a set of common but CUDA-specific performance bottlenecks. The logic is proved sound with respect to a novel operational cost semantics for CUDA kernels. The semantics, logic and soundness proofs are formalized in Coq. An inference algorithm based on LP solving automatically synthesizes symbolic resource bounds by generating derivations in the logic. This algorithm is the basis of RaCuda, an end-to-end resource-analysis tool for kernels, which has been implemented using an existing resource-analysis tool for imperative programs. An experimental evaluation on a suite of CUDA benchmarks shows that the analysis is effective in aiding the detection of performance bugs in CUDA kernels.
Extrapolating Prognostic Factors of Primary Curative Resection to Postresection Recurrences Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatable by Radiofrequency Ablation
Authors: Ma Hui , Li Zhongchen , Yuan Jia , Zhang Lan , Xie Xiaoying , Yin Xin , Chen Rongxin , Ren Zhenggang 
Published: January 2021

Objective. Recurrence after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of death from this disease. Factors of primary curative resection are available and potential in the prognosis of follow-up treatment. Our aim was to assess the prognostic significance of primary curative resection factors in recurrent HCC patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation therapy (RFA). Methods. In this retrospective study, we assessed 235 patients who underwent limited RFA of HCC recurrences (

tumors
≤
5

cm

;

nodules
≤
3

) after primary curative resection. Factors of primary curative resection were collected, and overall survival and recurrence-free survival were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify significant prognostic factors. Results. After a median follow-up of 36 months, 54 patients died, and 128 patients had hepatic recurrence. On univariate analyses, patients whose primary tumors were less differentiated (

p
=
0.032

and

p
=
0.048

) and required less time to recur (

p
=
0.013

and

p
=
0.001

) after curative resection displayed poorer overall survival and higher recurrence rates following RFA. On multivariate analyses, the pathologic tumor grade (

p
=
0.026

and

p
=
0.038

) and recurrence-free survival after primary curative resection (

p
=
0.028

and

p
<
0.001

) emerged as independent risk factors of survival and HCC recurrence. Conclusions. Primary tumor differentiation and time to recurrence after curative resection are viable prognostic factors of overall survival and further recurrence risk in patients undergoing RFA of recurrent HCC.
Risk Factors for Hydrocephalus in Neonatal Purulent Meningitis: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Chen Bin , Zhai Qian , Ooi Kokwin , Cao Yun , Qiao Zhongwei 
Published: January 2021

Objective: Hydrocephalus is a potentially lethal complication of neonatal purulent meningitis. Early detection of hydrocephalus helps to determine optimal treatment, improve prognosis, and reduce financial burden. We aimed to analyze the risk factors for hydrocephalus in neonates with purulent meningitis and discuss the characteristics of the disease. Methods: The records of neonatal purulent meningitis admitted to the Children Hospital of Fudan University from January 2013 to September 2019 were retrospectively included in the study cohort. The data of clinical, laboratory, and cranial magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were collected and analyzed (except discharge data) by univariate analysis, and P values <.05 were further analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Results: A total of 197 children who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study cohort. Overall, 39.6% (78/197) of the patients had positive pathogen cultures, and 60.4% (119/197) of patients had clinical diagnosis of meningitis with negative pathogen cultures. Among 197 children, 67 of them experienced hydrocephalus, and the factors that were significantly associated with hydrocephalus in multivariate analysis were female sex, cerebrospinal fluid glucose <2 mmol/L, periventricular leukomalacia, punctate white matter lesions, and pyogenic intraventricular empyema. Children with hydrocephalus had a lower cure rate of meningitis (31.3% vs 75.4%), and poor discharge outcomes. In addition, they had longer length of hospital stay and higher hospital cost. Conclusions: Female sex, cerebrospinal fluid glucose <2 mmol/L, periventricular leukomalacia, punctate white matter lesions, and pyogenic intraventricular empyema were identified as risk factors for hydrocephalus in neonatal purulent meningitis. Children with hydrocephalus had poor discharge outcomes and increased financial burden on their families.
Neutropenia in Children Treated With Ketogenic Diet Therapy
Authors: Munro Kristen , Keller Anne E. , Lowe Helen , Ferrara Enza , Whitney Robyn , Liu Christiana Y. M. , Zak Maria , Chan Valerie , Kobayashi Jeff , Donner Elizabeth J. 
Published: January 2021

Objectives: The objectives were to investigate the relationship between ketogenic diet therapy and neutropenia in children with epilepsy. Methods: A retrospective chart review of children who initiated ketogenic diet at the Hospital for Sick Children between January 1, 2000, and May 1, 2018 was performed. Factors associated with the development of neutropenia during ketogenic diet therapy were evaluated and the relationship between development of a significant or suspected infection and neutrophil count was analyzed. Results: One hundred two children met inclusion criteria and were followed on the diet for up to 24 months. Thirteen of 102 (13%) children were neutropenic at diet initiation. In the remaining 89 children, 27 developed neutropenia. Developing neutropenia was significantly associated with the ketogenic diet at 6 (13%), 12 (23%), and 24 (25%) months follow-up. Developing neutropenia was associated with higher urinary ketones (OR = 4.26, 95% CI: 1.27, 14.15) and longer duration of ketogenic diet therapy (OR = 3.29, 95% CI: 1.42, 7.96). There was no significant association between development of a clinically significant infection and neutropenia. Conclusion: Ketogenic diet therapy is associated with neutropenia in children with epilepsy, however, it does not have a significant clinical impact. Concern regarding neutropenia should not discourage the use of the ketogenic diet in children.
Value of sonography in assessing parametrial endometriotic involvement: Preliminary results
Authors: Bazot Marc , Delaveau Marie-Charlotte , Daraï Emile , Bendifallah Sofiane 
Published: January 2021

Objectives: The aims of the study were to evaluate ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis of parametrial endometriosis compared with surgical-pathological findings, and to define an optimal cut-off of lesion size for correlation between torus/uterosacral ligaments (USL) or rectosigmoid and parametrial involvement by deep endometriosis. Methods: Longitudinal study of 60 patients referred for surgical management of pelvic endometriosis, who underwent sonography performed by an experienced sonographer. The presence of parametrial endometriosis shown by US was compared with surgical and histologic findings. The presence of endometrial cysts, deep endometriotic locations, and their potential association with parametrial endometriosis was assessed by US. The sensitivity, specificity, predictive values (PV), accuracy, and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR) of US for predicting parametrial endometriosis and other pelvic endometriotic locations were assessed. Descriptive analysis, optimal cut-off analysis, categorical (Fisher’s exact test) and non-categorical variables (Mann—Whitney) were calculated. Results: Parametrial, ovarian, and deep endometriosis were found by surgery in respectively 30 (50%), 21 (35%), and 59 (98.63%) of the 60 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, accuracy, PLR, and NLR of US for the sonographic diagnosis of parametrial endometriosis were 40%, 96.7%, 92.3%, 61.7%, 68.3%, 12, and 0.62 respectively. In patients with parametrial involvement, a relation with rectosigmoid ( p = 0.005) and USL ( p = 0.0074) endometriosis was noted. For isolated torus/USL and rectosigmoid endometriosis, optimal cut-offs suggesting parametrial involvement by DE were 11 mm and 30 mm, respectively. Conclusions: US has low sensitivity but high specificity to diagnose parametrial endometriosis and could be used to rule in diagnosis before surgery.
Early use of nitazoxanide in mild COVID-19 disease: randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Rocco Patricia R.M. , Silva Pedro L. , Cruz Fernanda F. , Melo-Junior Marco Antonio C. , Tierno Paulo F.G.M.M. , Moura Marcos A. , De Oliveira Luís Frederico G. , Lima Cristiano C. , Dos Santos Ezequiel A. , Junior Walter F. , Fernandes Ana Paula S.M. , Franchini Kleber G. , Magri Erick , de Moraes Nara F. , Gonçalves José Mário J. , Carbonieri Melanie N. , Dos Santos Ivonise S. , Paes Natália F. , Maciel Paula V.M. , Rocha Raissa P. , de Carvalho Alex F. , Alves Pedro Augusto , Proença-Módena José Luiz , Cordeiro Artur T. , Trivella Daniela B.B. , Marques Rafael E. , Luiz Ronir R. , Pelosi Paolo , Lapa e Silva Jose Roberto 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundNitazoxanide is widely available and exerts broad-spectrum antiviral activityin vitro. However, there is no evidence of its impact on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.MethodsIn a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, adult patients presenting up to 3 days after onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms (dry cough, fever and/or fatigue) were enrolled. After confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection using reverse transcriptase PCR on a nasopharyngeal swab, patients were randomised 1:1 to receive either nitazoxanide (500 mg) or placebo, three times daily, for 5 days. The primary outcome was complete resolution of symptoms. Secondary outcomes were viral load, laboratory tests, serum biomarkers of inflammation and hospitalisation rate. Adverse events were also assessed.ResultsFrom June 8 to August 20, 2020, 1575 patients were screened. Of these, 392 (198 placebo, 194 nitazoxanide) were analysed. Median (interquartile range) time from symptom onset to first dose of study drug was 5 (4–5) days. At the 5-day study visit, symptom resolution did not differ between the nitazoxanide and placebo arms. Swabs collected were negative for SARS-CoV-2 in 29.9% of patients in the nitazoxanide armversus18.2% in the placebo arm (p=0.009). Viral load was reduced after nitazoxanide compared to placebo (p=0.006). The percentage viral load reduction from onset to end of therapy was higher with nitazoxanide (55%) than placebo (45%) (p=0.013). Other secondary outcomes were not significantly different. No serious adverse events were observed.ConclusionsIn patients with mild COVID-19, symptom resolution did not differ between nitazoxanide and placebo groups after 5 days of therapy. However, early nitazoxanide therapy was safe and reduced viral load significantly.