bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food Insecurity Predicts Urban Gun Violence
Authors: Smith Randi N. , Williams Keneeshia N. , Roach Robert M. , Tracy Brett M. 
Published: August 2020

Introduction Food insecurity (FI), defined as inadequate access to affordable and quality nutrition, has negative health consequences. FI and violence share similar root causes. The aim of this study was to determine the association of FI with gunshot injury (GSI) incidence. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients from 2012 to 2018 who sustained a GSI. Food access data was abstracted from the US Department of Agriculture. We analyzed the impact of FI, low food access (LA), and low food access with no vehicle (LANV) on the incidence of GSI using Poisson regression. We also compared high-risk zip codes for GSI, FI, LA, and LANV using geospatial analysis. Results There were 1700 patients in our cohort from 33 different zip codes. The median incidence of GSI per zip code was 142 (85-164); 5 zip codes comprised 50% of all GSI events. FI (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 4.05, 95% CI 3.98-4.13, P < .0001), LA (IRR 2.97, 95% CI 2.92-3.03. P < .0001), and LANV (IRR 2.58, 95% CI 2.55-2.62, P < .0001) were significant predictors of GSI incidence. The FI model was superior to the LA and LANV models. Geospatial analysis demonstrated that both FI ( P < .0001) and LANV ( P < .0001) were significantly associated with GSI, while LA was not ( P > .05). Conclusion FI is an independent risk factor for GSI incidence. Additionally, a majority of GSI events occur in a minority of communities. These data provide a novel opportunity for social services to guide future violence prevention strategies.
A Distracted Scientist: The Life and Contributions of John Senders
Authors: Hancock P. A. , Crichton-Harris Ann , Sellen Abigail , Sheridan Thomas B. , Hancock Gabriella M. 
Published: August 2020

Objective To provide an evaluative and personal overview of the life and contributions of Professor John Senders and to introduce this Special Issue dedicated to his memory. Background John Senders made many profound contributions to HF/E. These various topics are exemplified by the range of papers which compose the Special Issue. Collectively, these works document and demonstrate the impact of his many valuable research works. Method The Special Issue serves to summarize Senders’ collective body of work as can be extracted from archival sources. This introductory paper recounts a series of remembrances derived from personal relationships, as well as the products of cooperative investigative research. Results This collective evaluative process documents Senders’ evident and deserved status in the highest pantheon of HF/E pioneers. It records his extraordinary life, replete with accounts of his insights and joie de vivre in exploring and explaining the world which surrounded him. Applications Senders’ record of critical contributions provides the example, par excellence, of the successful and fulfilling life in science. It encourages all, both researchers and practitioners alike, in their own individual search for excellence.
Environmental Information Required by Individuals with Visual Impairments Who Use Orientation and Mobility Aids to Navigate Campuses
Authors: Papadopoulos Konstantinos , Charitakis Konstantinos , Koustriava Eleni , Kouroupetroglou Georgios , Stiefelhagen Rainer , Stylianidis Efstratios , Gumus Suad Sakalli 
Published: August 2020

Introduction: This study investigated the user requirements of individuals with visual impairments regarding the information to be included in orientation and mobility (O&M) aids in order for optimally useful audio-tactile maps of campuses to be developed. In addition, this study aimed at investigating the importance (usefulness) that individuals with visual impairments attribute to environmental information of campuses. Methods: The researchers listed 213 pieces of environmental information concerning campuses and address them in survey by conducting a respective questionnaire. Participants were asked to evaluate the information, regarding the importance or usefulness of the information in regard to safety, location of services, and orientation and wayfinding during movement. Through convenience sampling 115 adults (aged from 18 to 64 years) with visual impairments from four countries (Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, and Germany) took part in the research. Results: Pieces of environmental information, sorted in descending order starting with the most useful ones, have been listed. A repeated measures analysis of variance yielded a significant main effect for the type of information (safety, location of services, and wayfinding and orientation): F(2, 228) = 70.868, p < .001. Discussion: This study resulted in the specification of the most significant or useful information that should be included in O&M aids of campuses for individuals with visual impairments. Implications for practitioners: The results of this study will hold the interest of developers of O&M aids, O&M practitioners, rehabilitation teachers, and instructors who design and construct O&M aids. Moreover, the context for appropriately designed tactile or audio-tactile maps for campuses is provided, and campuses around the world could rely on this study for the creation of a valuable accessibility aid.
Implementation and Evaluation of a Virtual Elective in Otolaryngology in the Time of COVID‐19
Authors: Steehler Andrew J. , Pettitt‐Schieber Brian , Studer Matthew B. , Mahendran Geetha , Pettitt Barbara J. , Henriquez Oswaldo A. 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo develop and evaluate a virtual otolaryngology medical student elective created during the COVID‐19 crisis with the intention of teaching the basic tenets of otolaryngology and increasing exposure to the specialty.Study DesignCross‐sectional survey.SettingEmory University School of Medicine.MethodsA 1‐week virtual otolaryngology curriculum was offered to third‐ and fourth‐year medical students that centered on the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation’s handbook Primary Care in Otolaryngology (fourth edition). The course covered a variety of topics and was conducted remotely via online video conferencing software. We applied multiple teaching modalities and surveyed students regarding the effectiveness of the course. Mixed methods analysis was employed to analyze the course data.ResultsTwelve students participated; 67% reported their baseline precourse understanding of otolaryngology in the “poor‐fair” range. After the course, 92% of students reported increased understanding, with 42% and 58% reporting “good” and “very good” understanding, respectively. Following completion of the course, posttest scores on summative assessments were significantly higher than pretest scores (P <. 001). Ninety‐two percent of students reported either “increased” or “greatly increased” interest in otolaryngology postcourse. Qualitative survey results revealed students’ appreciation of course organization, formative assessments, and case‐based learning.ConclusionsAn otolaryngology elective administered through a virtual format can be effective at providing an educational experience and garnering interest in the field. Positive exposure to otolaryngology can increase medical students’ interest in pursuing the specialty and expand their general knowledge of consultation, diagnosis, and management in otolaryngology.
Survival and predictors of mortality in patients after the Fontan operation
Authors: Sethasathien Saviga , Silvilairat Suchaya , Kraikruan Hathaiporn , Sittiwangkul Rekwan , Makonkawkeyoon Krit , Pongprot Yupada , Woragidpoonpol Surin 
Published: August 2020

Background As a result of the surgical techniques now being employed, the survival rate in patients after undergoing the Fontan operation has improved. The aims of this study were focused on determining the survival rate and predictors of early mortality. Methods In a retrospective cohort study, 117 consecutive patients who underwent the Fontan operation were recruited. Multivariate Cox proportional regression analysis was used to assess the predictors of early mortality, defined as death within 30 days after the Fontan operation. Results The median follow-up time was 6.1 years. The median age at the time of the Fontan operation was 5.7 years. Survival rates in the patients at 5, 10, and 15 years postoperatively were 92%, 87% and 84%, respectively. Using univariate Cox regression analysis, the predictors of early mortality were found to be postoperative mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥23 mm Hg (hazard ratio 26.0), renal failure (hazard ratio 9.5), heterotaxy syndrome (hazard ratio 5.3), and uncorrected moderate or severe atrioventricular valve regurgitation (hazard ratio 9.4). After adjusting for confounding factors using multivariate Cox regression analysis, the predictors of early mortality were found to be postoperative mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥23 mm Hg (hazard ratio 23.2) and uncorrected moderate or severe atrioventricular valve regurgitation (hazard ratio 8.2). Conclusions Uncorrected moderate or severe atrioventricular valve regurgitation and postoperative mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥23 mm Hg are independent predictors of early mortality after the Fontan operation. Patients with these factors should undergo aggressive management to minimize morbidity and mortality.
Antenatal Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in a Tertiary Hospital in South India
Authors: Jyothi Kantipudi Suvarna , Kannan GK , Viswanathan Sushma , Ranganathan Sumathi , Menon Jayakumar , Ramanathan Sathianathan 
Published: August 2020

Background: Antenatal depression is associated with several adverse maternal outcomes, perinatal outcomes, lower academic achievements in adolescence, and future mental health problems for the mothers. Early identification and effective treatment of depression in antenatal women can also improve perinatal outcomes. Aim: This study aims to understand the prevalence of antenatal depression and anxiety disorder, along with associated factors, among antenatal women attending the outpatient clinic of the obstetrics department in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed for determining the prevalence, while a case-control framework was used for analysis of the associated factors. Semi-structured sociodemographic pro forma, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) Tamil version, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) Tamil version were administered to antenatal women after obtaining informed consent. Those who scored above 10 points on the PHQ-9 or above 9 points on the GAD-7 were interviewed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) diagnostic interview schedule, by a psychiatrist, for confirming the diagnosis. Results: In our sample, 22% of the participants were diagnosed with depression, and 23% with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Twenty-eight participants (13.4%) had both depression and GAD. Antenatal depression was associated with alcohol use in the spouse (P < 0.015), physical violence (P < 0.026), low perceived social support from the in-laws (P < 0.039), and pressure to have a male child (0.001). Antenatal GAD was associated with low perceived social support from the in-laws (P < 0.039) and pressure to have a male child (P < 0.041). Conclusion: The occurrence of depression and generalized anxiety disorder is high in antenatal women. Our study identified relevant psychosocial factors that may be potential targets to develop effective interventions.
Theory of Mind Deficits and Their Influence on Functional Impairment in Remitted Phase of Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Palaniappan Pradeep , Easwaran Krishnapriya 
Published: August 2020

Background: Functional impairment has been convincingly established in the euthymic/ remitted phase of bipolar disorder (BD). Though deficits in social cognition, especially theory of mind (ToM), predict functional impairment, the association has not been consistently proven. Methods: Thirty remitted subjects with BD (as per DSM 5) and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were screened for eligibility and the sociodemographic details and ToM scores, that is, first-order ToM, second-order ToM, and Faux pas, were collected. In subjects with BD, functioning was assessed using Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) and illness variables were collected. Results: No significant difference was found in occupation or education between the groups. Remitted subjects with BD had statistically significant deficits in all domains of ToM, that is, first-order ToM ( r = 0.65), second-order ToM ( r = 0.69), and Faux pas ( r = 0.75). Significant correlations existed between first-order ToM and FAST total score, as well as second-order ToM and FAST total score, but the correlations dropped after controlling for duration of illness and number of depressive episodes. Quantile regression analysis showed that the only factors which predicted global functional impairment was a higher number of episodes ( βτ= –0.45, SE = 3.51, t = 0.13, P = 0.04), while all other illness variables and ToM failed to predict the global functioning. Conclusion: Though there seems to be an association between ToM and functioning, only illness variables predicted functional impairment in subjects with BD. We need prospective studies to delineate the contributors to functional impairment.
Intimate Partner Violence, Lifetime Victimization, and Sociodemographic and Clinical Profile of Women with Psychiatric Illness at a Tertiary Care Psychiatric Hospital in India
Authors: Narasimha Vranda Mysore , Naveen Kumar Channaveerachari , Muralidhar Dalibonia , Janardhana Navaneetham , Thangaraju Sivakumar Palanimuthu 
Published: August 2020

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is one of the major public health problems. Little is known about the extent of violence experienced, its severity, or history of childhood abuse or exposure to intergenerational family violence in women with mental illness. Methods: One hundred women seeking in-patients (IP) or out-patients (OP) services at a tertiary care psychiatric setting were recruited using consecutive sampling. IPV Questionnaire and Danger Assessment Questionnaire were administered. Results: The data revealed a moderate level of IPV experienced by the women. In their childhood, more than one-third had undergone physical abuse by their fathers and witnessed violence by fathers toward mothers. Conclusion: Screening for intimate violence is essential in women attending mental health settings.
Alternative technique of long acting cardioplegia delivery results in less hemodilution
Authors: Ong Geok Seen , Guim Goh Si , Lim Qi Xuan , Chay-Nancy Huang Shoo , Jaafar Nurdiyana Binte , Lim Clara Anne , Clement Chew Kai Hong , Sazzad Faizus , Kofidis Theo 
Published: August 2020

Background: Preparation of del-Nido cardioplegia and its delivery technique can cause significant hemodilution. The resultant effects from hemodilution are largely proportionate to the use of a dual circuit. We opted for a custom-disposable single cardioplegia circuit instead of a dual circuit. Methods: We describe an alternative technique of del-Nido cardioplegia delivery and initial clinical experience with it at National University Hospital, Singapore. This is a retrospective analysis of data from January 2017 to April 2019, comprising of 177 patients of heart surgery and reflecting a single center database survey under the National Health Care Group. Results: Of the 177 patients who underwent surgery with del-Nido cardioplegia, 76 (42.9%) were valve-only procedures and 5 (2.8%) were coronary artery bypass graft–only procedures. Ultrafiltration was utilized in 132 (62.6%) patients, whereas filtrate volume was 2200 [150-9500] mL. The alternative technique of del-Nido cardioplegia delivery adopted by National University Hospital advocates for a single pump, single circuit system. The retrospective institutional data highlighted safe delivery of del-Nido cardioplegia using this technique in a range of procedures. Conclusion: Besides the safe delivery of del-Nido cardioplegia, the National University Hospital Technique reduces hemodilution and provides other technical benefits including a steeper temperature gradient, modification of circuit configuration to deliver another cardioplegia while on bypass, as well as re-configuration of clamps to spike the base solution.
Ultrasound assessment of normal liver, spleen, and kidney dimensions in southwest Nigerian children: a bedside formula for sonologists
Authors: Akinlade Folasade T , Asaleye Christianah M , Ayoola Oluwagbemiga O , Aremu Ademola A 
Published: August 2020

Background Knowledge of the normal sizes of the liver, spleen, and kidneys is important to radiologists when assessing for pathology using ultrasound scan. The need for a local determination of a easy-to-use formula for estimating the expected normal sonographic dimensions of these organs in children in order to serve as baseline when assessing them for pathology cannot be over emphasized. Purpose To determine ultrasonographic sizes of the liver, spleen, and kidneys among primary school children in southwestern Nigeria and correlate these with anthropometric measures to provide local reference data and an easy-to-use formula for assessing these organs for pathology in clinical practice. Material and Methods This is an observational, cross-sectional study using 1000 public primary school children in Ogbomoso. Sonographic dimensions of their liver, spleen, and both kidneys with anthropometric parameters were obtained and correlated. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results The liver span was higher in boys than in girls ( P = 0.048) while the left lobe of the liver was higher in girls than in boys ( P = 0.003). The spleen length was higher in boys than in girls ( P = 0.011). There was no gender difference in kidney dimensions ( P > 0.05). All anthropometric measures correlated significantly ( P < 0.001) with organ dimensions. Body surface area is the strongest predictor of the liver and kidney sizes ( P < 0.001) and height for spleen size ( P < 0.001). Conclusion Nomograms for the liver, spleen, and kidneys and regression equations for estimating the dimensions of these organs were formulated based on the best multivariate correlates.
Effects of statins on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Zeenny Rony M. , Mansour Hanine , Kabbara Wissam K , Chamoun Nibal , Audi Myriam , Yared Yasmina , Salameh Pascale 
Published: August 2020

Objective We evaluated the effect of chronic use of statins based on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and hospital length of stay (LOS) in patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods We conducted a retrospective study over 12 months at a teaching hospital in Lebanon comparing patients with CAP taking chronic statins with patients not taking statins. Included patients with CAP were older than age 18 years and had two CRP level measures during hospitalization. CURB-65 criteria were used to assess the severity of pneumonia. A decrease in CRP levels on days 1 and 3, LOS, and normalization of fever were used to assess the response to antibiotics. Results Sixty-one patients were taking statins and 90 patients were not taking statins. Patients on statins had significantly more comorbid conditions; both groups had comparable CURB-65 scores. In both groups, no statistically significant difference was seen for the decrease in CRP level on days 1 and 3 and LOS. No difference in days to normalization of fever was detected in either group. Conclusion No association was found between the chronic use of statins and CRP levels, LOS, or days to fever normalization in patients with CAP.
COVID-19 Pandemic in Rajasthan: Mathematical Modelling and Social Distancing
Authors: Gupta Shiv Dutt , Jain Rohit , Bhatnagar Sunil 
Published: August 2020

Background: Mathematical modelling of epidemics and pandemics serves as an input to policymakers and health planners for preparedness and planning for the containment of infectious diseases and their progression in the population. The susceptible–exposed–infectious/asymptomatic–recovered social distancing (SEIAR-SD) model, an extended application of the original Kermack–McKendrick and Fred Brauer models, was developed to predict the incidence of the COVID-19 pandemic and its progression and duration in the state of Rajasthan, India. Objective: The study aimed at developing a mathematical model, the SEIAR-SD model, of the COVID-19 pandemic in the state of Rajasthan, for predicting the number of cases, progression of the pandemic and its duration. Materials and methods: The SEIAR-SD model was applied for different values of population proportion, symptomatic and asymptomatic cases and social distancing parameters to evaluate the effect of variations in the number of infected persons, size of the pandemic and its duration, with value of other parameters fixed in the model. Actual reported cases were plotted and juxtaposed on the prediction models for comparison. Results: Social distancing was the crucial determinant of the magnitude of COVID-19 cases, the progression of the pandemic and its duration. In the absence of any proven treatment or vaccine, effective social distancing would reduce the number of infections and shorten the peak and duration of the pandemic. Loosening social distancing will increase the number of cases and lead to a heightened peak and prolonged duration of the pandemic. Conclusions: In the absence of an effective treatment or a vaccine against COVID-19, social distancing (lockdown) and public health interventions—case detection with testing and isolation, contact tracing and quarantining—will be crucial for the prevention of the spread of the pandemic and for saving lives.
Impact of Migration of Labour Force due to Global COVID-19 Pandemic with Reference to India
Authors: Khanna Anoop 
Published: August 2020

This article discussed some of the important issues regarding the effect of epidemics like COVID-19 on the migrant population. These impacts are most troubling for low-income households, which are less well positioned to cope with earnings losses during a recession, have no alternative earnings and have no social security available. Most of these workers earn little more than a subsistence wage and have no other means to protect their incomes if they lose their jobs. Migrant workers constitute quite a large proportion of such vulnerable population. Millions of migrant workers are anticipated to be left unemployed in India due to the lockdown and subsequent fear of recession. Many of the migrant workers have returned to their villages, and many more are just waiting for the lockdown to be lifted. The risk is particularly higher for those who are working in unorganised sectors, and those who do not have writer contracts, or those whose contracts are at the verge of completion. The lockdown and the subsequent recession are likely to first hit contract workers across many of the industries. On the one hand, lockdowns and social distancing measures are drying up jobs and incomes, whereas they are likely to disrupt agricultural production, transportation systems, and supply chains on the other. This poses a challenge of ensuring food security and controlling already rampant malnutrition, particularly among children, which is likely to result in increased infant and child mortality. There is a need to relook at the national migration policies, which should accommodate the assistance and protection of migrants arriving from, or faced with the prospect of returning to, areas affected by health crises. Also, there is a need to establish resilient food systems that could reduce food insecurity and the pressure to return to origin among migrants.