bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From head to tail: regionalization of the neural crest
Authors: Rocha Manuel , Beiriger Anastasia , Kushkowski Elaine E. , Miyashita Tetsuto , Singh Noor , Venkataraman Vishruth , Prince Victoria E. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
The neural crest is regionalized along the anteroposterior axis, as demonstrated by foundational lineage-tracing experiments that showed the restricted developmental potential of neural crest cells originating in the head. Here, we explore how recent studies of experimental embryology, genetic circuits and stem cell differentiation have shaped our understanding of the mechanisms that establish axial-specific populations of neural crest cells. Additionally, we evaluate how comparative, anatomical and genomic approaches have informed our current understanding of the evolution of the neural crest and its contribution to the vertebrate body.
Sensitivity of RT-PCR testing of upper respiratory tract samples for SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalised patients: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Williams Thomas C. , Wastnedge Elizabeth , McAllister Gina , Bhatia Ramya , Cuschieri Kate , Kefala Kallirroi , Hamilton Fiona , Johannessen Ingólfur , Laurenson Ian F. , Shepherd Jill , Stewart Alistair , Waters Donald , Wise Helen , Templeton Kate E. 
Published: October 2020

Background: This study aimed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) testing of upper respiratory tract (URT) samples from hospitalised patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), compared to the gold standard of a clinical diagnosis. Methods: All URT RT-PCR testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in NHS Lothian, Scotland, United Kingdom between the 7th of February and 19th April 2020 (inclusive) was reviewed, and hospitalised patients were identified. All URT RT-PCR tests were analysed for each patient to determine the sequence of negative and positive results. For those who were tested twice or more but never received a positive result, case records were reviewed, and a clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 allocated based on clinical features, discharge diagnosis, and radiology and haematology results. For those who had a negative RT-PCR test but a clinical diagnosis of COVID-19, respiratory samples were retested using a multiplex respiratory panel, a second SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR assay, and a human RNase P control. Results: Compared to the gold standard of a clinical diagnosis of COVID-19, the sensitivity of a single upper respiratory tract RT-PCR for COVID-19 was 82.2% (95% confidence interval 79.0-85.1%). The sensitivity of two upper respiratory tract RT-PCR tests increased sensitivity to 90.6% (CI 88.0-92.7%). A further 2.2% and 0.9% of patients who received a clinical diagnosis of COVID-19 were positive on a third and fourth test; this may be an underestimate of the value of further testing as the majority of patients 93.0% (2999/3226) only had one or two URT RT-PCR tests. Conclusions: The sensitivity of a single RT-PCR test of URT samples in hospitalised patients is 82.2%. Sensitivity increases to 90.6% when patients are tested twice. A proportion of cases with clinically defined COVID-19 never test positive on URT RT-PCR despite repeat testing.
Performance of baited traps for integrated management of Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) in a conilon coffee crop in Rondônia State, Brazil
Authors: De Souza Moisés Santos , Costa José Nilton Medeiros , Espindula Marcelo Curitiba , Silva Alexandre de Almeida e 
Published: October 2020

Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) is an important pest worldwide. Methods of monitoring and control using baited traps are not yet established in coffee plantations in the Brazilian Amazon. The objective of this work was to record, for the first time, results of the use of baited traps in coffee plantation located in Rondônia, in favor of the control and pest monitoring. Two areas were delineated: i) with use of the traps baited with ethanol/methanol (1:1), treatment; ii) without use of traps (control). For comparison of results, two factors were considered: damaged fruits (damage by H. hampei) and infested (H. hampei inside of fruits). It was observed higher levels of damaged fruits per plants in the control area compared to the area where traps were used. The density of the pest population per plants found on infested fruits was also higher in the control area compared to the trapping area. These results suggest that traps baited with ethanol/methanol (1:1) are an effective alternative for population control of pest also in the coffee plantations in Rondônia, where there is no such management with this tool. Use of the baited traps to monitor the insect accurately revealed that the flight stimulus of the colonizing females is influenced by values of the environmental variables. According to the results, colonizing females are more active in the afternoon. Therefore, in order to achieve more efficient control of H. hampei, the best time to apply control agents is between 2:00 pm and 6:00 pm.
Diagnostic accuracy among trainees to safely confirm peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) placement using bedside ultrasound
Authors: Furlong-Dillard Jamie , Aljabari Salim , Hirshberg Ellie 
Published: October 2020

Background Real-time utilization of ultrasound to confirm peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) placement improves efficacy and reduces patient radiation exposure. We evaluated if novice ultrasound users could accurately confirm appropriate PICC tip location via ultrasound assessment. Methodology A prospective data collection study was conducted in an academic center with an established PICC team. Novice ultrasonography users performed 2 echocardiographic views (subcostal and apical 4 chamber) and noted position of visible wire. The presence of central bubbles (visualized in the heart) after a saline infusion, as well as time to bubbles (push-to-bubbles) seen in all patients, was also recorded. Image quality and confidence in imaging acquisition was also recorded. Results Twenty-eight patients between ages 0 and 18 were enrolled over the study period with mean patient age of 10 years and median weight of 34 kg. The quality of image acquisition was rated as great only 34–44%. The wire was visualized only 25% of the time. The median push-to-bubble time when the PICC was later confirmed to be in appropriate positioning was 1.5 seconds with a delay of greater than 3 seconds 40% of the time when the line was malpositioned. The overall positive predictive value of ultrasound identifying malpositioned lines in this study was 43%. Conclusions With this PICC placement technique, ultrasound confirmation of PICC placement by novice ultrasound users was not superior to confirmation with chest radiograph. There may remain potential for future ultrasound protocols, with pediatric-specific technology or echogenic catheter tips, to reduce radiation exposure from chest radiograph during PICC line positioning verification.
Survey of ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous practices: a report of supply usage and variability between clinical roles and departments
Authors: Moureau Nancy , Gregory E. Gilbert 
Published: October 2020

Background The purpose of this study was to investigate ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous (UGPIV) supply usage practices by clinicians working in vascular access, in emergency departments (EDs), or in other roles. Methodology In 2019, a voluntary cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted via SurveyMonkey. Data collected included demographics, practice-oriented information, procedural activities, and supplies used for UGPIV insertions. Frequency distributions and results of Fisher's exact test and one-way analysis of variance were reported using R v.3.5.2. Results A total of 26,649 surveys were distributed with a response rate of 5.5% (n = 1475). Forty-eight percent of respondents (n = 709) indicated that they worked in a vascular access role, 310 (21%) worked in an ED, and 455 (31%) categorized their role as other. Clinically meaningful differences existed in all variables for UGPIV procedures and supplies between departments (P < 0.0001) and in all care settings. Using an investigatorconstructed overall metric of supplies used, important differences were demonstrated between personnel supply use in vascular access roles and other roles (P < 0.0001) and personnel in EDs and other roles (P < 0.0001). Conclusions Use of supplies for UGPIV insertions varies by department. The variability in supply usage for UGPIV insertions revealed by this survey suggests a need for clinical education on guideline application and evaluation of compliance with policies to promote standardization of supplies for UGPIV insertion.
SECUREment bundles to prevent peripheral intravenous catheter failure—the SECURE-PIVC trial: study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Corley Amanda , Ullman Amanda J , Marsh Nicole , Emily N. Larsen , Mihala Gabor , Harris Patrick N. A. , Rickard Claire M. 
Published: October 2020

IntroductionPeripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are widely used, but failure is unacceptably common with up to 69% failing before treatment is complete. PIVC securement reduces failure, but the optimal way to achieve this is unclear. Tapes and supplementary securement products are widely used, however rigorous testing of these to reduce PIVC failure remains unexplored.Methods and analysisIn adult medical-surgical wards at a tertiary hospital, this pilot randomized controlled trial tests standard care (bordered polyurethane dressing plus nonsterile tape over the extension tubing) against two securement interventions (intervention one: standard care plus two sterile tape strips over the PIVC hub; intervention two: intervention one plus a tubular bandage). Patients >18 years of age requiring a PIVC for >24 hours are eligible. Patients with laboratory-confirmed positive blood cultures within 24 hours of screening, known allergy to study products, current or high-risk of skin tear, or non-English speaking without interpreter are excluded. Sample size is 35 per trial arm, and central randomization is computer-generated with allocation concealed until entry. Patients and clinical staff cannot be blinded to treatment allocation. However, infection outcomes are assessed by a blinded investigator. Primary outcome is study feasibility. Secondary outcomes (PIVC failure, dwell time, skin adverse events, PIVC colonization, and cost) are compared between groups. Feasibility outcomes are reported descriptively.Ethics and trial commencementEthical approvals were received from Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (HREC/18/QRBW/44571) and Griffith University (2018/1000). Trial commencement was May 2019. Trial registration: ACTRN12619000026123.
Glenoid fractures of the shoulder
Authors: Ström Peter 
Published: October 2020

Glenoid fractures of the shoulder are uncommon. Any scapular fracture involving the glenoid should be scrutinized carefully for a surgical treatment option. Classification is helpful in deciding the surgical tactic.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:620-623. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190057
Dynamic Adjustment of Center Pivot Nozzle Height: An Evaluation of Center Pivot Water Application Pattern and the Coefficient of Uniformity
Authors: Al-agele Hadi A. , Mahapatra D. M. , Prestwich Clarence , Higgins Chad W 
Published: October 2020

Abstract.This study assesses the potential of dynamic nozzle height adjustment for overhead irrigation systems. This system would maintain the nozzle or emitter a constant distance above the crop canopy throughout the growing season and would dynamically respond to variability in canopy height across the field. Within such systems, nozzle height would no longer be fixed in space and time. Nozzle heights would instead vary across space and time. This dynamic system response may therefore have adverse impacts on water application uniformity. The impact of DESA on application uniformity was assessed in three steps. First, changes in individual sprinkler patterns for pressure, nozzle type, flow rate, and nozzle height were measured in controlled experiments. Next, parametrized equations of the individual sprinkler patterns and how they are altered by nozzle height are developed. Next, the Center Pivot Evaluation and Design software was used to simulate theoretical uniformity, and these simulations were tested against field measurements of the coefficient of uniformity. Finally, we use the parameterized equations within the Center Pivot Evaluation and Design software to simulate the coefficient of uniformity for pivots with constant nozzle heights with a random distribution of nozzle heights, which simulate a dynamic elevation system. It was found that the uniformity coefficient decreased by 4-6% as the distribution of heights throughout the pivot become more variable, due to localized dynamic height adjustment. Systems equipped with nozzles with triangular spray patterns were less impacted than systems equipped with nozzles with elliptical spray patterns. Keywords: Keyword. Center pivot, Center Pivot Elevation and Design (CPED), Nozzle height, Sensor, Sprinkler pattern, Uniformity coefficient.
Field Test and Economic Analysis of Energy-Saving Renovation for an Old Nursery Pig Building in Beijing, China
Authors: Zhao Wanying , Wang Meizhi , Li Hao , Li Guoming , Shi Zhengxiang 
Published: October 2020

HighlightsAn old nursery pig building was retrofitted to potentially improve envelope insulation capacity.A mathematical theory based on coal consumption was established to evaluate energy efficiency of insulation renovation for a nursery pig building.The heat loss of the nursery pig house with 90-mm-thick extruded polystyrene boards was 60% lower than that without the materials.Ground source heat pump and air source heat pump are economical and environmental-friendly heating systems.Abstract. Appropriate renovation of old buildings is critical for energy-efficient pig production. Currently, energy consumption, especially coal consumption, keeps on rising in the production. Therefore, it is essential to develop energy-saving renovation methods for old nursery pig buildings and use cleaner heating energies. A mathematical theory based on coal consumption was established to evaluate energy efficiency of insulation renovation. Two nursery pig houses were tested in this experiment. One was the retrofitted house with the 90-mm-thick extruded polystyrene boards embedded onto outer walls, and the other one was served as a control house without those insulation materials. The results show that the air temperature and inside surface temperature of the retrofitted house were significantly higher than those of the control house in winter. Therefore, though adding insulation layers to walls, the envelope insulation capacity was improved. Meanwhile, the heat loss of the retrofitted house was 60% lower than that of the control house (11.08 W m-2 vs. 27.93 W m-2), when the theoretical ventilation rate was 1560 m3 h-1. In addition, with the prohibition of the coal usage in forseeable future of China, the ground source heat pump and air source heat pump can be economical solutions for heating systems with clean and renewable energy. Keywords: Air source heat pump, Extruded polystyrene board, Ground source heat pump, Heating, Thermal insulation.
Transport and Retention of Cadmium in Biochar-Amended Sand Porous Media
Authors: Xiao Lurui , Wang Daojing , Sang Wenjing , Ji Mengyuan , Zhou Lei , Xu Shihong , Zhang Yalei 
Published: October 2020

HighlightsBatch experiment indicated that sorption of Cd on biochar was highly pH-dependant.The main mechanism of Cd-biochar sorption were surface precipitation and ion exchange.Biochar affected the transportation of the attached Cd.At the same ionic strength, the transportation is faster in the presence of Ca2+ than Na+.Abstract. Cadmium (Cd) is toxic to plants and animals, leaching of Cd through soil profiles can affect its accumulation and pollute the ground-water. In this study, we performed batch and column experiments to study the effect of biochar on the retention and transport of Cd in saturated porous media under different solution chemistry. Specific factors were considered including pH, ionic strength, and biochar dosages. The results of batch experiment indicated that sorption of Cd on biochar was highly pH-dependant, but ionic strength had negligible effect on the adsorption of Cd to biochar. The mechanism of the adsorption process of biochar for Cd mainly involves surface precipitation and ion exchange. In the column experiment, the increase in pH and biochar dosages made the Cd more stable, whereas the increase in ionic strength improved the migration of Cd. The increased retention time of Cd was related to the greater retarded coefficient value (R) based on two-site kinetic retention model. The decrease of partitioning coefficient (ß) and fraction of instantaneous sorption sites (f) were in favor of the continuous and dynamic adsorption under column conditions. This study will provide a theoretical and scientific basis for the rational assessment of cadmium-related risks in biochar-modified environments. Keywords: Adsorption, Biochar, Cadmium, Porous media, Transport.
Realization of strong coupling between 2D excitons and cavity photons at room temperature
Authors: Zhao Xinchao , Yan Yanhong , Cui Zhuangzhuang , Liu Feng , Wang Shaowei , Sun Liaoxin , Chen Yuwei , Lu Wei 
Published: October 2020

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors of graphene, as well as transition–metal dichalcogenides, have performed strong interaction with light. Here the strong light–matter interaction between monolayer tungsten disulphide (

W
S

2

) excitons and microcavity photons at room temperature is well studied by the introduction of a gain material embedded dielectric optical microcavity structure. A Rabi splitting of about 36 meV is observed in angle-resolved reflectance spectra at room temperature, which agrees well with the theoretical results simulated by using the transfer matrix method. Since the cavity structures and 2D semiconductors can be prepared, the cavity and the gain materials, respectively, can be optimized separately in this platform. An all-dielectric Fabry–Pérot microcavity provides a simple but effective way to study the room temperature strong coupling between cavity photons and 2D excitons.
Modeling epistasis in mice and yeast using the proportion of two or more distinct genetic backgrounds: Evidence for “polygenic epistasis”
Authors: Rau Christoph D. , Gonzales Natalia M. , Bloom Joshua S. , Park Danny , Ayroles Julien , Palmer Abraham A. , Lusis Aldons J. , Zaitlen Noah 
Published: October 2020

Background
The majority of quantitative genetic models used to map complex traits assume that alleles have similar effects across all individuals. Significant evidence suggests, however, that epistatic interactions modulate the impact of many alleles. Nevertheless, identifying epistatic interactions remains computationally and statistically challenging. In this work, we address some of these challenges by developing a statistical test for polygenic epistasis that determines whether the effect of an allele is altered by the global genetic ancestry proportion from distinct progenitors.

Results
We applied our method to data from mice and yeast. For the mice, we observed 49 significant genotype-by-ancestry interaction associations across 14 phenotypes as well as over 1,400 Bonferroni-corrected genotype-by-ancestry interaction associations for mouse gene expression data. For the yeast, we observed 92 significant genotype-by-ancestry interactions across 38 phenotypes. Given this evidence of epistasis, we test for and observe evidence of rapid selection pressure on ancestry specific polymorphisms within one of the cohorts, consistent with epistatic selection.

Conclusions
Unlike our prior work in human populations, we observe widespread evidence of ancestry-modified SNP effects, perhaps reflecting the greater divergence present in crosses using mice and yeast.
Optimization of Pancreatic Juice Collection: A First Step Toward Biomarker Discovery and Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Levink Iris J. M. , Nesteruk Kateryna , Visser Dido I. , Sieuwerts Anieta M. , Fernandes Celio J.C. , Jansen Maurice P.H.M. , van Driel Lydi M.J.W. , Poley Jan-Werner , Peppelenbosch Maikel P. , Cahen Djuna L. , Fuhler Gwenny M. , Bruno Marco J. 
Published: October 2020

INTRODUCTION:
Imaging-based surveillance programs fail to detect pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma at a curable stage, creating an urgent need for diagnostic biomarkers.

METHODS:
Secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice (PJ) was collected from the duodenal lumen during endoscopic ultrasound. The yield of biomarkers and organoids was compared for 2 collection techniques (endoscope suction channel vs catheter-based) and 3 periods (0–4 vs 4–8 vs 8–15 minutes).

RESULTS:
Collection through the endoscope suction channel was superior to collection with a catheter. Collection beyond 8 minutes reduced biomarker yield. PJ-derived organoid culture was feasible.

DISCUSSION:
The optimal protocol for secretin-stimulated PJ collection is through the endoscope suction channel for 8 minutes allowing biomarker detection and organoid culture.
Achalasia Is Associated With Atopy in Patients Younger Than 40 Years of Age
Authors: King Dominic , Thomas Tom , Chandan Joht Singh , Bhala Nij , Adderley Nicola J. , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah , Trudgill Nigel 
Published: October 2020

INTRODUCTION:
Case reports describe individuals with achalasia features subsequently diagnosed with eosinophilic esophagitis (an atopic disorder). We have examined associations between achalasia and atopic and autoimmune conditions.

METHODS:
This is a UK cohort study of 2,593 subjects with achalasia matched to 10,402 controls.

RESULTS:
At diagnosis, achalasia was associated with autoimmune conditions (odds ratio 1.39; 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.90) and atopic conditions (1.40; 1.00–1.95) in those aged younger than 40 years.

DISSCUSSION:
Our findings support an autoimmune etiology in achalasia but also suggest a possible atopic etiology in younger subjects.
Long-Term Incidence and Mortality of Colorectal Cancer After Endoscopic Biopsy With Normal Mucosa: A Swedish-Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Song Mingyang , Emilsson Louise , Hultcrantz Rolf , Roelstraete Bjorn , Ludvigsson Jonas F. 
Published: October 2020

INTRODUCTION:
Endoscopic screening reduces colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality. Individuals with a negative result are recommended to undergo rescreening within a 10-year interval, but evidence supporting this advice is limited.

METHODS:
We performed a matched cohort study using prospectively collected data from 88,798 individuals in Sweden with normal mucosa at the first colorectal biopsy (aged ≥50 years) in the nationwide gastrointestinal epidemiology strengthened by histopathology reports (ESPRESSO) (1965–2016) and 424,150 matched reference individuals from the general population. Cox proportional hazards regression estimated multivariable hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of CRC incidence and mortality of incident CRCs up to 44 years of follow-up.

RESULTS:
In the normal biopsy and reference groups, respectively, the 20-year incidences of CRC were 3.03% and 4.53% and the 20-year mortalities of incident CRC were 0.89% and 1.54%. The multivariable hazard ratio comparing the normal biopsy and reference groups was 0.62 for CRC incidence (95% CI = 0.58–0.66, P < 0.001) and 0.56 for mortality of incident CRC (95% CI = 0.49–0.64, P < 0.001). When assessed by time interval after biopsy, lower CRC incidence and mortality were observed throughout the follow-up. The association seemed weaker for proximal colon cancer than for rectal and distal colon cancer.

DISCUSSION:
A normal colorectal biopsy was associated with lower CRC incidence and mortality for at least 20 years after the examination. Our findings confirm previous data and suggest that the screening intervals after a normal colonoscopy could be longer than the commonly recommended 10 years. It may be time to open the discussion for a revision of the international guidelines.