bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manometric demonstration of duodenal/jejunal motor function consistent with the duodenal brake mechanism
Authors: Dent John , Deloose Eveline , Dinning Philip , Corsetti Maura , Rommel Nathalie , Tack Jan , Wiklendt Lukasz , Papageorgiou Anthony William , Arkwright John William 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundHigh‐resolution manometric studies below the stomach are rare due to technical limitations of traditional manometry catheters. Consequently, specific motor patterns and their impact on gastric and small bowel function are not well understood. High‐resolution manometry was used to record fed‐state motor patterns in the antro‐jejunal segment and relate these to fasting motor function.MethodsAntro‐jejunal pressures were monitored in 15 healthy females using fiber‐optic manometry (72 sensors at 1 cm intervals) before and after a high‐nutrient drink.Key ResultsPostprandial motility showed a previously unreported transition point 18.8 cm (range 13‐28 cm) beyond the antro‐pyloric junction. Distal to the transition, a zone of non‐propagating, repetitive pressure events (11.5 ± 0.5 cpm) were dominant in the fed state. We have named this activity, the duodeno‐jejunal complex (DJC). Continuous DJC activity predominated, but nine subjects also exhibited intermittent clusters of DJC activity, 7.4 ± 4.9/h, lasting 1.4 ± 0.55 minutes, and 3.8 ± 1.2 minutes apart. DJC activity was less prevalent during fasting (3.6 ± 3.3/h; P = .04). 78% of fed and fasting state propagating antro‐duodenal pressure events terminated proximally or at the transition point and were closely associated with DJC clusters.Conclusions and InferencesHigh‐resolution duodeno‐jejunal manometry revealed a previously unrecognized transition point and associated motor pattern extending into the jejunum, consistent with the duodenal brake previously identified fluoroscopically. Timing suggests DJC activity is driven by chyme stimulating duodenal mucosal chemosensors. These findings indicate that the duodenum and proximal jejunum consists of two major functional motor regions.
High‐fat diet–induced alterations to gut microbiota and gut‐derived lipoteichoic acid contributes to the development of enteric neuropathy
Authors: Nyavor Yvonne , Brands Catherine R. , May George , Kuther Sydney , Nicholson Jessica , Tiger Kathryn , Tesnohlidek Abigail , Yasuda Allysha , Starks Kiefer , Litvinenko Diana , Linden David R. , Bhattarai Yogesh , Kashyap Purna C. , Forney Larry J. , Balemba Onesmo B. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundHigh‐fat diet, microbial alterations and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are thought to cause enteric diabetic neuropathy and intestinal dysmotility. However, the role of the gut microbiota, lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Gram‐positive bacteria and short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the development of diabetic enteric neuropathy and intestinal dysmotility is not well understood. Our aim was to examine the role of the gut microbiota, LTA and SCFAs in the development of diabetic enteric neuropathy and intestinal dysmotility.MethodsWe fed germ‐free (GF) and conventionally raised (CR) mice either a high‐fat (HFD) or standard chow diet (SCD) for 8 weeks. We analyzed the microbial community composition in CR mice using 16S rRNA sequencing and damage to myenteric neurons using immunohistochemistry. We also studied the effects of LPS, LTA, and SCFAs on duodenal muscularis externa contractions and myenteric neurons using cultured preparations.Key ResultsHigh‐fat diet ingestion reduced the total number and the number of nitrergic myenteric neurons per ganglion in the duodenum of CR but not in GF‐HFD mice. GF mice had fewer neurons per ganglion compared with CR mice. CR mice fed a HFD had increased abundance of Gram‐positive bacteria. LTA and LPS did not affect the frequency of duodenal muscularis contractions after 24 hours of cultured but reduced the density of nitrergic myenteric neurons and increased oxidative stress and TNFα production in myenteric ganglia. SCFAs did not affect muscularis contractions or injure myenteric neurons.Conclusions & InferencesGut microbial alterations induced increase in Gram‐positive bacterial LTA may contribute to enteric neuropathy.
Natural variation in the promoter of TGW2 determines grain width and weight in rice
Authors: Ruan Banpu , Shang Lianguang , Zhang Bin , Hu Jiang , Wang Yuexing , Lin Hai , Zhang Anpeng , Liu Chaolei , Peng Youlin , Zhu Li , Ren Deyong , Shen Lan , Dong Guojun , Zhang Guangheng , Zeng Dali , Guo Longbiao , Qian Qian , Gao Zhenyu 
Published: March 2020

Summary

Understanding the genetic basis of natural variation in grain size among diverse rice varieties can help breeders develop high‐yielding rice cultivars.

Here, we report the discovery of qTGW2, a new semidominant quantitative trait locus for grain width and weight. The corresponding gene, TGW2, encodes CELL NUMBER REGULATOR 1 (OsCNR1) localized to the plasma membrane.

A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation 1818 bp upstream of TGW2 is responsible for its different expression, leading to alteration in grain width and weight by influencing cell proliferation and expansion in glumes. TGW2 interacts with KRP1, a regulator of cell cycle in plants, to negatively regulate grain width and weight. Genetic diversity analysis of TGW2 in 141 rice accessions revealed it as a breeding target in a selective sweep region.

Our findings provide new insights into the genetic mechanism underlying grain morphology and grain weight, and uncover a promising gene for improving rice yield.
Time to Surgery Reduction in Hip Fracture Patients on an Integrated Orthogeriatric Unit: A Comparative Study of Three Healthcare Models
Authors: Pablos‐Hernández Carmen , González‐Ramírez Alfonso , da Casa Carmen , Luis Maria Margarida , García‐Iglesias María Aránzazu , Julián‐Enriquez Jose Miguel , Rodríguez‐Sánchez Emiliano , Blanco Juan F 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical efficacy of three different healthcare models (Traditional Model, Geriatric Consultant Model, and Orthogeriatric Unit Model) consecutively applied to a single academic center (University Hospital of Salamanca, Spain) for older hip fracture patients.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study, including 2741 hip fracture patients older than 64 years, admitted between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2014 to the University Hospital of Salamanca. Patients were divided into three groups according to the healthcare model applied. There were 983 patients on the Traditional Model, 945 patients on the Geriatric Consultant Model, and 813 patients on the Orthogeriatric Unit Model. We recorded age and gender of patients, functional status at admission (Barthel Index, Katz Index, and Physical Red Cross Scale), type of fracture, and intervention, and we analyzed the length of stay, time to surgery, post‐surgical stay, and in‐hospital mortality according to the healthcare model applied.ResultsHip fractures are much more frequent in women, and an increase in the average age of patients was observed along with the study (P < 0.001). The most common type of fracture in the three models studied was an extracapsular fracture, for which the most common surgical procedure used was osteosynthesis. On the functional status of patients, there were no differences on the ambulatory ability previous to fracture, measured by the Physical Red Cross Scale, and the percentage of patients with a slight dependence determined by the Barthel Index (>60) was similar in both groups, but considering the Katz Index, the percentage of patients with a high degree of independence (A‐B) was significantly higher for the group of patients treated on the Orthogeriatric Unit Model period (56%, P = 0.009).The Orthogeriatric Unit Model registered the greatest percentage of patients undergoing surgery (96.1%, P < 0.001) and the greatest number of early surgical procedures (<24 h) (24.8%, P < 0.001). The orthogeriatric unit model showed the shortest duration of stay (9 days median), decreasing by one day in respect of each of the other models studied (P < 0.001). Time to surgery was also significantly reduced with the Orthogeriatric Unit Model (median of 3 days, P < 0.001). With regard to in‐hospital follow‐up, there was a reduction in in‐hospital mortality during the study period. We observed differences among the three healthcare models, but without statistical significance.ConclusionsThe healthcare model based on an Orthogeriatric Unit seems to be the most efficient, because it reaches a reduction in time to surgery, with an increased number of patients surgically treated on in the first 24 h, and the greatest frequency of surgically‐treated patients.
Pharmacokinetics of an intravenous bolus dose of clonidine in children undergoing surgery
Authors: Nielsen Bettina N. , Anderson Brian J. , Falcon Lars , Henneberg Steen W. , Lauritsen Torsten , Lomstein Erik , Ydemann Mogens , Afshari Arash 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundClonidine is used off‐label in children but only limited pediatric pharmacokinetic data are available for intravenously administered clonidine.ObjectivesTo determine pharmacokinetic parameter estimates of clonidine in healthy children undergoing surgery and to investigate age‐related differences. Furthermore, to investigate possible pharmacokinetic differences of clonidine between this group of children and a cohort with cardiac diseases.MethodsIn a randomized placebo‐controlled trial (The PREVENT AGITATION trial), blood samples for clonidine pharmacokinetic analysis were collected in a proportion of the enrolled patients. Healthy children with ASA score 1‐2 in the age‐groups 1 to <2 years and 2‐5 years were randomized for blood sampling. Clonidine was administered as a single intravenous bolus of 3 µg/kg intraoperatively. Blood samples were drawn at baseline, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60 minutes after dosing and additionally every hour until discharge from the PACU. Clonidine analysis was performed on liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry.ResultsData form eighteen children were available for pharmacokinetic analysis (ASA I; male/female: 17/1; age: 1‐5 years; weight 8.7‐24 kg). Population parameter estimates for the 2‐compartment model were similar to previous published data for children who underwent cardiac surgery. A pooled analysis including data from 59 children indicated clearance of 14.4 L h−1 70 kg−1 and volume of distribution of 192.6 L 70 kg−1. No age‐related pharmacokinetic differences and no difference in time from administration of study medication to awakening were found. Children 1 to <2 years had a shorter PACU stay than children 2‐5 years (mean difference 17% 95% CI:3%‐34%, P = .02).ConclusionPharmacokinetic parameter estimates were similar for children undergoing general surgery and cardiac surgery given a single dose of intravenous clonidine. These results indicated that no dose reduction is needed in children aged 1 to <2 years compared with those 2‐5 years, which was supported by pharmacodynamic observations.
Arachis hypogaea gene expression atlas for fastigiata subspecies of cultivated groundnut to accelerate functional and translational genomics applications
Authors: Sinha Pallavi , Bajaj Prasad , Pazhamala Lekha T. , Nayak Spurthi N. , Pandey Manish K. , Chitikineni Annapurna , Huai Dongxin , Khan Aamir W. , Desai Aarthi , Jiang Huifang , Zhuang Weijian , Guo Baozhu , Liao Boshou , Varshney Rajeev K. 
Published: March 2020

SummarySpatio‐temporal and developmental stage‐specific transcriptome analysis plays a crucial role in systems biology‐based improvement of any species. In this context, we report here the Arachis hypogaea gene expression atlas (AhGEA) for the world's widest cultivated subsp. fastigiata based on RNA‐seq data using 20 diverse tissues across five key developmental stages. Approximately 480 million paired‐end filtered reads were generated followed by identification of 81 901 transcripts from an early‐maturing, high‐yielding, drought‐tolerant groundnut variety, ICGV 91114. Further, 57 344 genome‐wide transcripts were identified with ≥1 FPKM across different tissues and stages. Our in‐depth analysis of the global transcriptome sheds light into complex regulatory networks namely gravitropism and photomorphogenesis, seed development, allergens and oil biosynthesis in groundnut. Importantly, interesting insights into molecular basis of seed development and nodulation have immense potential for translational genomics research. We have also identified a set of stable expressing transcripts across the selected tissues, which could be utilized as internal controls in groundnut functional genomics studies. The AhGEA revealed potential transcripts associated with allergens, which upon appropriate validation could be deployed in the coming years to develop consumer‐friendly groundnut varieties. Taken together, the AhGEA touches upon various important and key features of cultivated groundnut and provides a reference for further functional, comparative and translational genomics research for various economically important traits.
Dynamics of sun‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence and reflectance to detect stress‐induced variations in canopy photosynthesis
Authors: Pinto Francisco , Celesti Marco , Acebron Kelvin , Alberti Giorgio , Cogliati Sergio , Colombo Roberto , Juszczak Radosław , Matsubara Shizue , Miglietta Franco , Palombo Angelo , Panigada Cinzia , Pignatti Stefano , Rossini Micol , Sakowska Karolina , Schickling Anke , Schüttemeyer Dirk , Stróżecki Marcin , Tudoroiu Marin , Rascher Uwe 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPassive measurement of sun‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (F) represents the most promising tool to quantify changes in photosynthetic functioning on a large scale. However, the complex relationship between this signal and other photosynthesis‐related processes restricts its interpretation under stress conditions. To address this issue, we conducted a field campaign by combining daily airborne and ground‐based measurements of F (normalized to photosynthetically active radiation), reflectance and surface temperature and related the observed changes to stress‐induced variations in photosynthesis. A lawn carpet was sprayed with different doses of the herbicide Dicuran. Canopy‐level measurements of gross primary productivity indicated dosage‐dependent inhibition of photosynthesis by the herbicide. Dosage‐dependent changes in normalized F were also detected. After spraying, we first observed a rapid increase in normalized F and in the Photochemical Reflectance Index, possibly due to the blockage of electron transport by Dicuran and the resultant impairment of xanthophyll‐mediated non‐photochemical quenching. This initial increase was followed by a gradual decrease in both signals, which coincided with a decline in pigment‐related reflectance indices. In parallel, we also detected a canopy temperature increase after the treatment. These results demonstrate the potential of using F coupled with relevant reflectance indices to estimate stress‐induced changes in canopy photosynthesis.
Outcome after pediatric liver transplantation for staged abdominal wall closure with use of biological mesh—Study with long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Gül‐Klein Safak , Dziodzio Tomasz , Martin Friederike , Kästner Anika , Witzel Christian , Globke Brigitta , Jara Maximilian , Ritschl Paul Viktor , Henning Stephan , Gratopp Alexander , Bufler Philip , Schöning Wenzel , Schmelzle Moritz , Pratschke Johann , Öllinger Robert 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAbdominal wall closure after pediatric liver transplantation (pLT) in infants may be hampered by graft‐to‐recipient size discrepancy. Herein, we describe the use of a porcine dermal collagen acellular graft (PDCG) as a biological mesh (BM) for abdominal wall closure in pLT recipients. Patients <2 years of age, who underwent pLT from 2011 to 2014, were analyzed, divided into definite abdominal wall closure with and without implantation of a BM. Primary end‐point was the occurrence of postoperative abdominal wall infection. Secondary end‐points included 1‐ and 5‐year patient and graft survival and the development of abdominal wall hernia. In five out of 21 pLT recipients (23.8%), direct abdominal wall closure was achieved, whereas 16 recipients (76.2%) received a BM. BM removal was necessary in one patient (6.3%) due to abdominal wall infection, whereas no abdominal wall infection occurred in the no‐BM group. No significant differences between the two groups were observed for 1‐ and 5‐year patient and graft survival. Two late abdominal wall hernias were observed in the BM group vs none in the no‐BM group. Definite abdominal wall closure with a BM after pLT is feasible and safe when direct closure cannot be achieved with comparable postoperative patient and graft survival rates.
A Joint Confidence Region for an Overall Ranking of Populations
Authors: Klein Martin , Wright Tommy , Wieczorek Jerzy 
Published: March 2020

SummaryNational statistical agencies lack statistical methodology to express uncertainty in their released estimated overall rankings. For example, the US Census Bureau produced an ‘explicit’ ranking of the states based on observed sample estimates during 2011 of mean travel time to work. Current literature provides measures of uncertainty in estimated individual ranks, but not a direct measure of uncertainty for the estimated overall ranking. We construct and visualize a joint confidence region for the true unknown overall ranking that provides a measure of uncertainty in the estimated overall ranking.
Does educational inequality predict exercise of users' choice? Survey evidence from domiciliary care services among elderly in Oslo, Norway
Authors: Trætteberg Håkon S. , Fladmoe Audun 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe traditional goal of equality in services remains at the heart of the Scandinavian welfare model; however, in recent decades, policymakers have also placed increased emphasis on user influence over services. Voice and choice are two channels to achieve this goal. The possibility to give feedback and voicing dissatisfaction to service providers (voice) is a well‐established channel of service users' influence, however it is increasingly supplemented by user choice schemes (choice), where one can choose between different public and private service providers. We use the case of domiciliary care for the elderly to examine how the traditional goal of user equality is associated with the growing emphasis on user influence through voice and choice. The analyses are based on user surveys carried out by the municipality in the city of Oslo, which is arguably the only municipality in Norway where user choice plays a significant role in elderly care. Since the municipality subsidizes the private providers, individual economic resources should have less relevance. However, voicing dissatisfaction and choosing between different providers may anticipate cognitive resources that are not equally distributed among the users. The survey data indicate that there is an association between level of education and propensity to exploit all channels of user influence. Expanding user influence by introducing user choice thus confirms the differences between highly educated and less educated.
The rice/maize pathogen Cochliobolus spp. infect and reproduce on Arabidopsis revealing differences in defensive phytohormone function between monocots and dicots
Authors: Völz Ronny , Park Ju‐Young , Kim Soonok , Park Sook‐Young , Harris William , Chung Hyunjung , Lee Yong‐Hwan 
Published: March 2020

SUMMARYThe fungal genus Cochliobolus describes necrotrophic pathogens that give rise to significant losses on rice, wheat, and maize. Revealing plant mechanisms of non‐host resistance (NHR) against Cochliobolus will help to uncover strategies that can be exploited in engineered cereals. Therefore, we developed a heterogeneous pathosystem and studied the ability of Cochliobolus to infect dicotyledons. We report here that C. miyabeanus and C. heterostrophus infect Arabidopsis accessions and produce functional conidia, thereby demonstrating the ability to accept Brassica spp. as host plants. Some ecotypes exhibited a high susceptibility, whereas others hindered the necrotrophic disease progression of the Cochliobolus strains. Natural variation in NHR among the tested Arabidopsis accessions can advance the identification of genetic loci that prime the plant’s defence repertoire. We found that applied phytotoxin‐containing conidial fluid extracts of C. miyabeanus caused necrotic lesions on rice leaves but provoked only minor irritations on Arabidopsis. This result implies that C. miyabeanus phytotoxins are insufficiently adapted to promote dicot colonization, which corresponds to a retarded infection progression. Previous studies on rice demonstrated that ethylene (ET) promotes C. miyabeanus infection, whereas salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) exert a minor function. However, in Arabidopsis, we revealed that the genetic disruption of the ET and JA signalling pathways compromises basal resistance against Cochliobolus, whereas SA biosynthesis mutants showed a reduced susceptibility. Our results refer to the synergistic action of ET/JA and indicate distinct defence systems between Arabidopsis and rice to confine Cochliobolus propagation. Moreover, this heterogeneous pathosystem may help to reveal mechanisms of NHR and associated defensive genes against Cochliobolus infection.
SNPeffect: identifying functional roles of SNPs using metabolic networks
Authors: Sarkar Debolina , Maranas Costas D. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryGenetic sources of phenotypic variation have been a focus of plant studies aimed at improving agricultural yield and understanding adaptive processes. Genome‐wide association studies identify the genetic background behind a trait by examining associations between phenotypes and single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Although such studies are common, biological interpretation of the results remains a challenge; especially due to the confounding nature of population structure and the systematic biases thus introduced. Here, we propose a complementary analysis (SNPeffect) that offers putative genotype‐to‐phenotype mechanistic interpretations by integrating biochemical knowledge encoded in metabolic models. SNPeffect is used to explain differential growth rate and metabolite accumulation in A. thaliana and P. trichocarpa accessions as the outcome of SNPs in enzyme‐coding genes. To this end, we also constructed a genome‐scale metabolic model for Populus trichocarpa, the first for a perennial woody tree. As expected, our results indicate that growth is a complex polygenic trait governed by carbon and energy partitioning. The predicted set of functional SNPs in both species are associated with experimentally characterized growth‐determining genes and also suggest putative ones. Functional SNPs were found in pathways such as amino acid metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, and cellulose and lignin biosynthesis, in line with breeding strategies that target pathways governing carbon and energy partition.
A Nonlinear Mechanics Model of Zigzag Cellular Substrates for Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Zhao Shiwei , Zhu Feng , Yan Zhengang , Li Daochun , Xiang Jinwu , Huang Yonggang , Luan Haiwen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe use of cellular elastomer substrates not only reduces its restriction on natural diffusion or convection of biofluids in the realm of stretchable electronics but also enhances the stretchability of the electronic systems. An analytical model of “zigzag” cellular substrates under finite deformation is established and validated in this paper. The deformed shape, nonlinear stress–strain curve, and Poisson’s ratio–strain curve of the cellular elastomer substrate calculated using the reported analytical model agree well with those from finite element analysis (FEA). Results show that lower restriction on the natural motion of human skin could be achieved by the proposed zigzag cellular substrates compared with the previously reported hexagonal cellular substrates, manifesting another leap toward mechanically “invisible” wearable, stretchable electronic systems.