bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Is Health?
Authors: Sterling Peter 
Published: August 2020

An argument that health is optimal responsiveness and is often best treated at the system level.
Medical education centers on the venerable “no-fault” concept of homeostasis, whereby local mechanisms impose constancy by correcting errors, and the brain serves mainly for emergencies. Yet, it turns out that most parameters are not constant; moreover, despite the importance of local mechanisms, the brain is definitely in charge. In this book, the eminent neuroscientist Peter Sterling describes a broader concept: allostasis (coined by Sterling and Joseph Eyer in the 1980s), whereby the brain anticipates needs and efficiently mobilizes supplies to prevent errors.
Allostasis evolved early, Sterling explains, to optimize energy efficiency, relying heavily on brain circuits that deliver a brief reward for each positive surprise. Modern life so reduces the opportunities for surprise that we are driven to seek it in consumption: bigger burgers, more opioids, and innumerable activities that involve higher carbon emissions. The consequences include addiction, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and climate change. Sterling concludes that solutions must go beyond the merely technical to restore possibilities for daily small rewards and revivify the capacities for egalitarianism that were hard-wired into our nature.
Sterling explains that allostasis offers what is not found in any medical textbook: principled definitions of health and disease: health as the capacity for adaptive variation and disease as shrinkage of that capacity. Sterling argues that since health is optimal responsiveness, many significant conditions are best treated at the system level.
German Philosophy
Authors: Badiou Alain , Nancy Jean-Luc 
Published: August 2020

Two eminent French philosophers discuss German philosophy—including the legacy of Kant, Hegel, Nietzsche, Adorno, Fichte, Marx, and Heidegger—from a French perspective.
In this book, Alain Badiou and Jean-Luc Nancy, the two most important living philosophers in France, discuss German philosophy from a French perspective. Written in the form of a dialogue, and revised and expanded from a 2016 conversation between the two philosophers at the Universität der Künste Berlin, the book offers not only Badiou's and Nancy's reinterpretations of German philosophers and philosophical concepts, but also an accessible introduction to the greatest thinkers of German philosophy. Badiou and Nancy discuss and debate such topics as the legacies of Kant, Hegel, and Marx, as well as Nietzsche, Adorno, Fichte, Schelling, and the unavoidable problem of Heidegger and Nazism. The dialogue is contentious, friendly, and often quotable, with strong—at times passionate—positions taken by both Badiou and Nancy, who find themselves disagreeing over Kant, for example, and in unexpected agreement on Marx, for another.
What does it mean, then, to conduct a dialogue on German philosophy from a French perspective? As volume editor Jan Völker observes, “German philosophy” and “French philosophy” describe complex constellations that, despite the reference to nation-states and languages, above all encompass shared concepts and problems—although these take a range of forms. Perhaps they can reveal their essential import only in translation.
Response of grassland productivity to climate change and anthropogenic activities in arid regions of Central Asia
Authors: Bi Xu , Li Bo , Zhang Lixin , Nan Bo , Zhang Xinshi , Yang Zihan 
Published: August 2020

Background
Quantitative evaluations of the relative impacts of climate change and anthropogenic activity on grasslands are significant for understanding grassland degradation mechanisms and controlling degraded grasslands. However, our knowledge about the effects of anthropogenic activities and climate change on the grassland in a mountain basin system in arid regions of Central Asia is still subject to great uncertainties.

Methods
In this research, we have chosen the net primary productivity (NPP) as an index for revealing grassland dynamics processes. Moreover, the human appropriation of net primary production (NPPH), which was calculated as the potential NPP (NPPP) minus the actual NPP (NPPA), was applied to distinguish the relative influences of climate change and human activities on the grassland NPP variations in a mountain basin system of Central Asia from 2001–2015.

Results
The results indicated that the grassland NPPA showed an increasing trend (35.88%) that was smaller than the decreasing trend (64.12%). The respective contributions of human activity, climate change and the two together to the increase in the NPPA were 6.19%, 81.30% and 12.51%, respectively. Human activity was largely responsible for the decrease in the grassland NPPA, with the area experiencing human-induced decreases accounting for 98.21% of the total decreased area, which mainly occurred during spring/autumn pasture and winter pasture. Furthermore, the average grazing pressure index (GPI) values of summer pastures, spring/autumn pasture and winter pastures were 1.04, 3.03 and 1.83, respectively, from 2001–2015. In addition, negative correlations between the NPP and GPI occupied most of the research area (92.41%).

Discussion
Our results indicate that: (i) anthropogenic activities were the primary cause of the reduction in the grassland NPP, especially grazing activities. (ii) For areas where the grassland NPP has increased, precipitation was the dominant climatic factor over temperature in controlling the grassland NPP changes in the study area. (iii) The findings of the current research indicate that some measures should be taken to reduce livestock pressure, and artificial grasslands can be built along the Irtysh River and the Ulungur River to relieve grazing pressure on spring/autumn pastures and winter pastures. Our results could provide reliable information for grassland management and the prevention of grassland degradation in arid regions of Central Asia.
Mechanical properties of a thoracic spine mannequin with variable stiffness control*
Authors: Owens Edward F. , Hosek Ronald S. , Russell Brent S. 
Published: August 2020

Objective
To test the posterior-to-anterior stiffness (PAS) of a new thoracic spine training simulator under different conditions of “fixation.”

Methods
We constructed a thoracic spine model using plastic bones and ribs mounted in a wooden box, with skin and soft tissue simulated by layers of silicone and foam. The spine segment could be stiffened with tension applied to cords running through the vertebrae and ribs. We tested PAS at 2 tension levels using a custom-built device to apply repetitive loads at the T6 spinous process (SP) and over adjacent soft tissue (TP) while measuring load and displacement. Stiffness was the slope of the force-displacement curve from 55 to 75 N.

Results
Stiffness in the unconstrained (zero tension) condition over the SP averaged 11.98 N/mm and 6.72 N/mm over the TP. With tension applied, SP stiffness increased to 14.56 N/mm, and TP decreased to 6.15 N/mm.

Conclusion
Thoracic model compliance was similar to that reported for humans. The tension control system increased stiffness by 21.3% only over the SP. Stiffness over the TP was dominated by the lower stiffness of the thicker foam layer and did not change. The mannequin with these properties may be suitable for use in manual training of adjusting or PAS testing skills.
Factors Associated with Child Labor and Students’ Educational Participation: A Case Study of Public Elementary Schools of Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia
Authors: Syoum Metasebia Lemma , Thuo Mary , Menza Solomon Kebede 
Published: August 2020

Aim: The study assessed factors associated with child labor and students’ education participation in public elementary schools of Wolaita Zone.
Design: The study employed a descriptive survey research design.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in four divisions and one administrative town in Wolaita zone from November 2018 to April 2019.
Methodology: Data were obtained from 150 household heads purposively selected to respond to a household survey. Additionally, eight focus group discussions were held with 84, 3rd and 4th grade teachers. Data were analyzed using both descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and Multiple linear regression using SPSS software version 20.0.
Results: Findings revealed that child-labor is still common in Wolaita Zone. Results indicated that over three quarters of the sampled households engage their children in paid or unpaid work. The correlation analysis revealed that younger household heads and those with better education, higher income and formal employment were less likely to let their children engage in child labor. The regression analysis found that education participation of 3rd and 4th graders increased with the number of children attending school per household, and on the perception of the household head regarding household needs. The decision to send a child to school or not were also based on; households’ economic standing, health care needs, employment opportunities, and being an orphan or having divorced/separated parents.
Conclusion: The study concluded that policies that protect children’s rights and those that increase participation in school should be enforced within the study area. As a policy recommendation, community involvement in protection of children welfare is required to support the long-run investment in human capital development.
The Characterization of Local Clay from Anambra State Nigeria for Its Potential Applications in the Production of Ceramic Whitewares
Authors: Nnaneme F. O. , Onuegbu T. U. , Agbo S. C. , Okwute E. S. 
Published: August 2020

Local clay deposits from Ukpor in Nnewi South Local Government Area of Anambra State were characterized for its potential applications in the production of ceramics whitewares. XRF analysis of the clay revealed that it has high silica and alumina contents with some flux oxides. XRD analysis also revealed that of all the minerals present in the clay, quartz has the highest constituent followed by kaolinite and rutile. FT-IR analysis revealed that the bands corresponds to 3500 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 indicating the presence hydroxyl groups (OH) and Si-O symmetry vibration stretch at 1206.207 cm-1 which confirmed the kaolinite structure of the clay. The SEM study showed a finely distributed uniform surface with isolated patches of granulated texture which explained the physical behaviour of the clay. The EDS spectrum of the formulated fired Ukpor clay indicated the presence of O, Al, K, Ca, K, Fe, and Si. The study revealed that an increase in the firing temperature and feldspar contents of the clay increases its bulk density, while the apparent density decreases with increase in temperature. Apparent porosity showed that there was a decrease from 25% to 3%, and the water absorption increases with increase in the silica content and decreases with temperature and feldspar increase. The shrinkage increases with the increase in temperature. The results concluded that the clay sample could be utilized as an industrial raw materials for the production of ceramic whitewares.
Rapid Assessment of Mosquito Larvae Distribution in Three Micro Habitats in Port Harcourt Metropolis Using Geospatial Methods
Authors: Omoye Nwabuoku , John Onwuteaka , Nwabueze Ebere , Nnaemeka Okeke 
Published: August 2020

The technique of Geographic Information System (GIS) was used in the rapid assessment of the abundance and distribution of mosquito larvae in three micro habitats (stagnant drainage, transient puddles and transient water in tyre) in Port-Harcourt metropolis in 2018. Mosquito larvae were collected over a period of four months in 7 zones (21 stations), reared to adult stage; identified up to species level and their abundance recorded. A total of 830 mosquito larvae were caught, belonging to three genera and five species. A GIS mapping showed a spatial variation in the abundance of the five species of mosquito which varied significantly, Culex quinquefasciatus had the highest mean abundance (15.5), followed by Anopheles gambiae (10.3), Aedes aegypti (7.5), Aedes albopictus (4.42) and Culex tigripes (2.41). Mosquito larvae species abundance was highest in stagnant drainage (51%), followed by transient puddles (30%) and then transient water in tyre (19%). All the mosquito genera have the capacity to occur as the only species within the microhabitats chosen for this study even as the microhabitats are in different landuse classes. Culex and the Anopheles genera occurred together in combinations as dominants and co-dominants within two (stagnant drainage and transient puddles) out of the three microhabitats. Aedes genus occurred insignificantly in combination with Anopheles only in the water-in-tyre microhabitat and with Culex and Anopheles in transient puddle microhabitat.
A GIS modeling based on maximum Anopheles mosquito flight distance (9km) was used to develop a surface hazard model of mosquito infestation. Spatial results produced individual hazard assessments from different cardinal points. Combined results of the individual hazard assessments confirmed a composite multi-hazard risk assessment where the distribution of risk was not based on the environmental attributes of the land use class. Provided the potential capacity to predict the health vulnerability of the population within each composite hazard class. This study offer insight on the promising nature of GIS-based models in a data scarce environment to help in a meaningful way extrapolate evidence-based mitigation planning and resource allocation in mosquito control programmes.
Opportunities and Constraints Faced by the Rural Shital Pati Weaver for Sustainable Livelihood
Authors: Maity Biman , Das Tarun Kumar , Sarkar Victor , Das Kshouni , Adhikary Ankur , Pradhan Kausik , Ganguly Bablu 
Published: August 2020

The migration of villagers is very much predominant in developing country like India in search of the remunerative enterprise. At present, many farmers are not satisfied with their agriculture production. The villagers struggle to get rid of subsistence livelihood. The shital pati / cool mat weaving is to be one of the potential enterprises for sustainable livelihood generation in the Cooch Behar district of West Bengal. In this perspective, the study was conducted in Dholuabari, Deochorai, Barokodali, Dhalpal villages of Cooch Behar district in West Bengal in December 2019 to January 2020 know the perception of cool mat weaver related to cool mat weaving entrepreneurship. Randomly 100 respondents who were engaged in cool mat production were selected for the study, and from each village 25, of respondents are taken. An interview schedule was designed to collect the primary information where secondary data were collected from panchayat pradhan, mediators, literature, research papers and internet. The study revealed that many farmers were engaged in this enterprise to get more remuneration from secondary agriculture and thereby improve their socio-economic status in a sustainable way.
Comparative Study of Extraction Methods on the Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Vegetable Oil from the Seeds of Ricinus communis
Authors: Nguedap Richard Daris Tegaboue , Tchuifon Donald Raoul Tchuifon , Conde Mariam Asseng , Mengounou Ghislain Mengata , Ndom Jean Claude , Azebaze Anatole Guy Blaise 
Published: August 2020

This paper carries out the effects of the extraction methods on the quantities and qualities of vegetable oil from Ricinus communis. The same initial quantities of Ricinus communis were used to extract oil by the physical methods, hot and cold hydraulic press, and screw press; and the chemical method of solvent extraction using various solvents at the same temperature. The resulting oils were characterized to obtain the acid index, saponification index, iodine index, peroxide index, water content, specific density, kinematic viscosity at 40°C, color, hydrogen potential (pH), refractive index, the fatty acid profile of the oils by gas chromatography (GC) and the density at 15°C; in accordance with the ASTM standard specification. The results obtained show that, quantitatively, the hydraulic press has the best yield (46.25%) and qualitatively, the screw press extract has the best properties on a wide range of properties. This result allows us to conclude that the extraction methods depend on the use or application of the vegetable oil.
Antimicrobial Evaluation of the Extract/Fractions of the Millettia aboensis (Leguminosae) Stem against Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Ajaegbu Eze E. , Ezugworie Flora N. , Dieke Adaobi J. , Ezeh Ukachukwu C. , Ikuesan Adeniran J. , Onuora Adaora L. , Nduka Florence O. , Izekor Ese S. , Tunde Aduloju A. , Bassey Nnyeneime U. , Ewa-Elechi Jennifer N. 
Published: August 2020

Aims: Millettia aboensis (Hook.f.) Baker belongs to the Leguminosae family, known locally as nduezi in Igbo, erurumesi in Edo, and Òdúdū in Efik. Millettia aboensis stem is a rich source of flavonoids, phenolic acid, alkaloids, and steroids, hence with medicinal and physiological potentials. It is used in traditional medicine for general healing of diseases including ulcers and laxatives. The present study was aimed at evaluating the antibacterial potential of the extract/fractions of the stem of M. aboensis against Streptococcus mutans – dental caries causative organism and detection of its principles.
Methodology: Cold maceration in methanol and liquid-liquid fractionation techniques using hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol as solvents were utilized for the extraction and fractionation processes respectively. Some phytochemicals from the fractions were suspected using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD). The crude methanol stem extract/fractions were screened to analyze its antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans.
Results: The results showed for the fractions that aqueous fraction extract had the highest percentage yield (57.73%), followed by ethyl acetate (16.79%), butanol (12.17%), hexane (9.48%), while the percentage yield of the methanol extract is 2.98%. The HPLC-DAD analysis detected the following phytochemical constituents from the stem fractions: pestalotioprolide C - 1, corynesidone D - 2, enniatin B - 3, dipiperamide E - 4, isopranetin 8-C-glucoside - 5, genistein 8-C-glucoside - 6, genistein 6-C-glucoside - 7, and peniciaculin B - 8. In relatively low and high concentrations (6.25 – 50 mg/ml), the extract/fractions of M. aboensis were found ineffective against Streptococcus mutans.
Conclusion: The plant – M. aboensis with its phytochemicals present could be an excellent source of novel biologically active compounds with pharmaceutical and industrial importance.
Knowledge, Attitude and Utilization of School Health Services among Senior Secondary School Students in Egor Local Government Area, Benin City, Edo State
Authors: Osian Eunice Amaechi , Ehwarieme Timothy Aghogho , Igbinoba Osagumwenro 
Published: August 2020

Background: The knowledge of school health services among all students in various schools are essential in ensuring that students are equipped with the expected benefits and right attitude of utilizing the services.
Aim: The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude and utilization of school health services among senior secondary school students in Egor local government area, Edo State.
Methods: Using a multistage sampling two secondary schools were selected from the thirteen public secondary schools in the Egor LGA and a sample size of 274 using Taro Yamane formula. A self-structured questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.82 which show that the instrument was reliable. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and hypotheses were tested using Pearson Correlation Coefficient at 5% significant level.
Results: Findings showed that majority 150(57.6%) of the respondents have good knowledge of school health services, 80(30.5%) have fair knowledge while 31(11%) have poor knowledge. All the respondents have a positive attitude toward school health services with an average grand mean of 3.078±0.428. However, 113.2(43.4%) have poor utilization of the school health services, 40(15.3%) have moderate while 107.8(41.3%) have high utilization. Positive correlation (p =0.01) was found between knowledge and utilization of school health services. Significant difference was found (p= 0.002; ˂0.05) in the utilization of school health services between male and female students.
Conclusion: Government should ensure adequate provision of facilities, inspection and supervision of the school health services. Sensitization/Awareness campaign of school health services should be made available to all school children in the state.
Available Sulphur Status in Soybean Growing Areas of Northern Telangana Zone
Authors: Venugopal G. , Sharma S. Harish Kumar , Qureshi Abdul Aziz , Sagar G. E. Ch. Vidya 
Published: August 2020

The black soils of Adilabad and Nizamabad districts of Northern Telangana zone most prominent for the cultivation of soybean. From this region of soils, sixty soil samples were collected and analysed for available sulphur and its fractions. The results indicated that available sulphur content ranged from 5.9 mg kg-1 to 52.6 mg kg-1 with a mean of 13.8 mg kg-1. The available sulphur content was low to medium in status. The extent of sulphur deficiency of soybean growing areas of Adilabad and Nizamabad are 50 and 43.4 per cent respectively. The water-soluble sulphur ranged from 5.4 mg kg-1 in rural samples of Nizamabad to 7.3 mg kg-1 in sonala soils of Adilabad district. Whereas KH2PO4 and Heat soluble sulphur content ranged from 19.2, 29.6 mg kg-1 in Armoor village to 28.7, 37.3 mg kg-1 in Sonala village respectively. The highest total sulphur content was recorded in soils of Adilabad district.
Effectiveness of Fortified Liquid Organic Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on the Growth, Physiological and Pesticidal Response of African Nightshade (Solanum scabrum)
Authors: Tellen Valantine Asong , Mbiseh Stephanie 
Published: August 2020

Aims: To assess the effectiveness of fortified liquid organic manure, zero fertilizer applications and urea on the growth, physiological and pesticidal response of Solanum scabrum.
Study Design: Complete randomized block experimental design.
Place and Duration of Study: The green house facility and agricultural research farm at the Pan African Institute for Development – West Africa (PAID-WA), Buea, Cameroon, from August to November 2017.
Methodology: Four experimental units with 4 treatments including: two fortified liquid organic manure (T1 and T2,) control (T3) and urea (T4), were established using 96 planting pots. The quantity and application rates for the liquid manure and urea were 4000 L/ha, once and twice a week, and 200 kg/ha, respectively. Leaf colour, leaf size, number of leaves per plant, plant height, stem collar diameter and growth rate were measured. Two plots with three soil beds each, was also established to record pesticide treatment response by counting the number of leaves eaten by insects
Results: T2 had darker green leaves, tallest plants (27.57±11.87 cm), highest number of leaves (27.65±25.46 units), largest leaf size (38.56±21.96 cm2), biggest stem collar diameter (1.54±0.41 cm) and highest growth rates (2.54±1.02, 5.18±3.40, and 0.11±0.03 cm/week for height, number of leaves and stem collar diameter, respectively). T2 effects differed significantly (P = 0.00) from T3 and T4. T2 and T1 also reduced pest attacks on leaves significantly (P = 0.00) compare to T3.
Conclusion: Liquid extracts concoctions of biomass and pesticidal botanicals prove useful towards the development of effective bio-repellent organic fertilizers. These can contribute to reducing the use of synthetic agro-chemicals, hence decreasing residual environmental and human health hazards.