bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
52 Effects of an energy or protein supplement on forage dry matter intake for steers grazing summer native range
Authors: Husz Taylor C , Beck Paul A , Foote Andrew P , Reuter Ryan R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementation level and type on forage intake of steers grazing a high-quality native range. This study was conducted in late May through the end of June. On d 0, steers (n=16, initial BW = 193.7 kg ± 14.3 kg) were randomly assigned to one of 5 dietary treatments, fed once daily in individual stalls for 28 d. Treatments were control (no supplement, n=4), or supplemented with either cottonseed meal or dry rolled corn, each at either 0.45 kg or 1.81 kg as-fed/d (n=3 for each combination). Beginning on d 7, steers were orally administered titanium dioxide boluses (10 g/steer) once daily for 21 d. Fecal samples were collected from the rectum once daily for 14 d, analyzed for Ti concentration via a handheld X-ray fluorescence analyzer, and total fecal output was estimated. Diet digestibility was estimated after a 288-h in situ incubation of forage and fecal samples to determine indigestible NDF. Some steers had orts, therefore actual mean supplement intake was used in analysis. Results were analyzed with regression, with animal as the experimental unit. Mean estimated forage DMI of unsupplemented animals was 1.6% BW. Contrary to expectation, corn supplemented steers exhibited greater forage DMI as a percentage of BW than cottonseed meal supplemented steers (P = 0.01; 1.5 vs. 1.1, respectively).
124 Polyclonal Antibody Preparations from Avian Origin Increased Fiber Digestibility of Beef Cattle Receiving a Backgrounding Diet
Authors: da Silva Gleise Medeiros , Schulmeister Tessa M , Tarnonsky Federico , Podversich Federico , Garcia-Ascolani Mariana Eloisa , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study investigated the effects of feeding an avian-derived polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP; CAMAS, Inc.) against Streptococcus bovis, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and lipopolysaccharides (40, 35, and 25% of the preparation, respectively) on plasmatic haptoglobin and glucose concentrations (Exp. 1), and apparent total tract digestibility (Exp. 2) of beef cattle consuming a backgrounding diet. In Exp. 1, Angus crossbreed heifers and steers (n = 90; 373 ± 62 kg BW) were randomly assigned to receive a common ad libitum diet (76% TDN, 15.9% CP, DM basis) with the addition of 1 (PAP1), 3 (PAP3), or 0 g (CON) of PAP daily. Plasmatic concentrations of glucose and haptoglobin were measured on d 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56. In Exp. 2, 25 Angus crossbreed steers (390 ± 65 kg BW) were used in a completely randomized design. Steers were housed in 3 pens to receive the same diet and treatments from Exp. 1. Feed intake was measured using GrowSafe feed bunks, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber was used as the internal marker. In Exp. 1, a day effect was detected for plasmatic haptoglobin and glucose concentrations (P ≤ 0.04). In Exp. 2, no difference in DMI was observed (P = 0.88). Dry matter, organic matter, and acid detergent fiber digestibility in the total tract were reduced (P ≤ 0.05), whereas CP digestibility tended to decrease (P ≤ 0.07) in steers receiving PAP3 vs. CON and PAP1. Apparent total tract starch digestibility was increased (P ≤ 0.02) for PAP1 vs. PAP3. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for PAP1 vs. CON and PAP3. Feeding 1 g/d of a PAP against Streptococcus bovis, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and lipopolysaccharides increased fiber digestibility in backgrounding diets; however, further research is needed to understand the impaired responses on nutrient digestibility when greater doses are provided.
157 The effect of sample handling methodology on ruminal redox potential measured in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Rivera Madeline E , Norris Aaron B , Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Anaerobic metabolism in a biological system, such as the rumen, depends largely on the reducing power of the bacterial population present. For that reason, it is crucial to understand the relationship between redox potential (Eh) and fermentative activity. The diverse microbial profile is characterized by enzyme systems capable of maintaining a constant, yet ever-evolving rumen environment. Variation in Eh is a result of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including measurement procedure, diet, temperature, and animal. Because Eh is sensitive to oxygen contamination, the objective of this study was to assess different procedures for post-collection rumen inoculum to determine Eh. Four hours after feeding, ten rumen fistulated steers (267.9 ± 8.4 kg), receiving a grower diet, had rumen inoculum (600 mL per animal) extracted using a vacuum suction device and Eh was measured in vivo simultaneously. One subset of samples was incubated in a 39°C water bath (Procedure 1), while the second subset of samples was placed in an ice bath (Procedure 2). Redox potential and temperature were measured at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes for both Procedures. For Procedures 1 and 2, Eh values ranged from -235.4 to -313.1 mV and -198.0 to -293.4 mV, respectively. Data were analyzed using orthogonal contrasts with animal within-day and day as random effects in the statistical model. There was no effect for Procedure × Time (P = 0.273) or Time (P = 0.396), but there were differences between Procedures (P &lt; 0.001). Polynomial contrasts indicated quadratic tendencies for Procedure 1 and the interaction of Procedure x Time (P = 0.051 and P = 0.0776, respectively). This study concluded that Procedure 2 more accurately represents in vivo Eh values, likely due to the reduced rate of fermentation associated with samples preserved on ice.
85 Evaluation of methane concentration sampling methods of gas produced from in vitro fermentation
Authors: D’Souza Genevieve M , Norris Aaron B , Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Sampling methods of methane concentration (CH4) of gas produced from in vitro fermentation (IVGP) were evaluated to assess their determination efficacy. The original protocol recommends directly placing fermented bottles on ice (0°C) for 30 minutes to stop fermentation (D). An alternate protocol recommends placing the fermented bottles into the refrigerator (4–6°C) to slow fermentation (S). This experiment evaluated the previous methods against direct sampling of the gas after 48 h of fermentation at 39°C (I). Rumen inoculum was pulled from four rumen cannulated steers and filtered through fiberglass wool. Ground alfalfa was used as the fermentable substrate and total gas production was recorded for 48 h of fermentation. After fermentation, each bottle followed a randomly assigned protocol. The pressure and volume of gas in the bottle were recorded, 12 mL of gas from the headspace was placed into an evacuated exetainer for (CH4) sampling via gas chromatography, and the temperature of the fermented fluid was recorded. Eight bottles from D and eight bottles from S were randomly selected to follow the exetainer protocol, while the remaining bottles had (CH4) directly measured from their headspace. Statistical analysis was completed using a random coefficients model. Methane concentration was higher for I than D (P = 0.0286) and S (P = 0.0070). There was no difference in (CH4) between D and S (P = 0.5286). There was no difference in (CH4) in D exetainers and bottles (P = 0.5744), but there was a difference in (CH4) in S exetainers and bottles (P = 0.0229). Pressure, volume, and temperature were different among all protocols (P ≤ 0.0311). Based upon the data, protocol I provides the best estimate of (CH4). Further research is required to understand the discrepancy of (CH4) among the protocols relative to temperature, pressure, and volume.
108 Influence of Cow Body Weight Changes on Calf Growth during the Summer Grazing Period
Authors: Harrelson Flint W , Fraley Joseph , Harrelson Patricia L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In spring calving beef herds, the summer grazing period allows the mature cow to recuperate prior to the next calving season. Cow body weight changes during the summer can vary from minimal to extreme, which may also alter calf growth rates. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of cow body weight changes on calf growth during the summer grazing season. Cows and calves were weighed at the beginning, mid-point and end of the summer grazing season with the end-point being weaning. Based on these weights, cows were categorized into one of four groups: low (LO), medium (MED), high (HI), and extreme (EXT). Groups were determined based on the percent body weight gained across the season with LO being less than 4.99%; 5–9.99% as MED; 10–14.99% as HI, and above 15% as EXT. Data were collected over a 3-yr period utilizing a total of 52 mature Angus cows and 102 Angus calves. Cows were rotationally grazed on mixed grass pastures containing tall fescue and supplemented with corn silage for part of the grazing season. Cows were managed in two groups, but all pastures were grazed by all cows during the season. Calves were provided ad libitum access to creep feed for the entire grazing season. All calves were treated similarly and bulls were left intact until weaning. Data were analyzed in the MIXED procedure of SAS with year and group effects with age of dam as a covariate. Calves had the lowest early ADG in LO cows compared to all other groups (P = 0.01). Overall calf ADG tended to be different between groups as LO cows had slower growing calves compared to EXT or HI dams (P = 0.09). Generally, cows that gained the least amount of weight over the grazing season had slower growing calves.
127 Predicting Dry Matter Intake of Gestating and Lactating Beef Cows
Authors: Gross Megan A , Andresen Claire , Holder Amanda , Moehlenpah Alexi , Goad Carla , Freetly Harvey C , Beck Paul A , DeVuyst Eric A , Lalman David L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In 1996, the NASEM beef cattle committee developed and published an equation to estimate cow feed intake using results from studies conducted or published between 1979 and 1993 (Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle). The same equation was recommended for use in the most recent version of this publication (2016). The equation is sensitive to cow weight, diet digestibility and milk yield. Our objective was to validate the accuracy of this equation using more recent published and unpublished data. Criteria for inclusion in the validation data set included projects conducted or published within the last ten years, direct measurement of forage intake, adequate protein supply, and pen feeding (no tie stall or metabolism crate data). The validation data set included 29 treatment means for gestating cows and 26 treatment means for lactating cows. Means for the gestating cow data set was 11.4 ± 1.9 kg DMI, 599 ± 77 kg BW, 1.24 ± 0.14 Mcal/kg NEm per kg of feed and lactating cow data set was 14.5 ± 2.0 kg DMI, 532 ± 116.3 kg BW, and 1.26 ± 0.24 Mcal NEm per kg feed, respectively. Non intercept models were used to determine equation accuracy in predicting validation data set DMI. The slope for linear bias in the NASEM gestation equation did not differ from 1 (P = 0.07) with a 3.5% positive bias. However, when the NASEM equation was used to predict DMI in lactating cows, the slope for linear bias significantly differed from 1 (P &lt; 0.001) with a downward bias of 13.7%. Therefore, a new multiple regression equation was developed from the validation data set: DMI= (-4.336 + (0.086427 (BW^.75) + 0.3 (Milk yield)+6.005785(NEm)), (R-squared=0.84). The NASEM equation for gestating beef cows was reasonably accurate while the lactation equation underestimated feed intake.
79 Evaluation of extended release eprinomectin efficacy on multiparous beef cow performance
Authors: Zammit Laine , Powell Jermey G , Cauble Reagan N , Lester Toby D , Lichtenwalter Callan , Herring Ellen , McGuire Clay , Pickett Autumn T , Wray Eva , Tucker Christopher 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Internal parasitism inevitability prompts economic loss in beef cattle production by decreasing growth performance and reproductive traits. Previous studies have conflicting results on the macrocyclic lactones (ML) efficacy against internal parasitism. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of milbeymycin and avermectin sub groups of ML on cow performance. Multiparous fall calving, crossbred beef cows (n = 106) were allocated randomly to 1 of 3 anthelmintic treatments: 1) Negative control (CON), in which cows did not receive an anthelmintic, 2) Injectable moxidectin (MOX) and 3) Injectable extended release eprinomectin (ERE). Body weights (BW), body condition scores (BCS), and fecal egg counts (FEC) were taken throughout the duration of the calving season to weaning on d0, d80, d162, and d217, with weaning occurring on d217. Performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures of SAS, and pregnancy data were analyzed using the GENMOD procedures of SAS. Significance was fixed at P &lt; 0.05 and tendencies were established from 0.05 ≤ P ≤ 0.10. There was no effect of anthelmintic treatment on cow BW (P ≥ 0.57) or cow BCS (P ≥ 0.22) during the 217 d study; however, CON cows tended to have lower BCS (P = 0.08) throughout the duration of the study. Cows treated with ERE had fewer FEC compared to MOX and CON groups (P ≤ 0.001), and tended to improve pregnancy rates (c2 = 0.0546). Calf weaning weight was similar among treatments averaging 216, 225, and 223 kg regarding CON, MOX, and ERE cow treatments, respectively.
102 Impact of weaning strategy on beef cow-calf behavior and activity
Authors: Alexander Molly , Pickworth Carrie L , Moore Mikayla , Poore Matt H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of three weaning strategies on cow and calf behavior and activity. Research has shown that weaning imposes stress on both the cow and the calf that can alter behavior, activity, and growth performance. Angus-based cow-calf pairs (n = 147) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups, abrupt weaning on d0 (Abrupt, n=50), fence-line contact for 7 days and then relocation of the cow on d7 (Fence, n=50), and late weaning by abrupt separation on d84 (Late, n = 47). Both cow and calf behaviors were observed over 7d prior to weaning and 7d post weaning activity for each treatment group. A single observer recorded activity and vocalizations for each animal twice in morning and evening on observation days. Calf activity was also continuously measured using accelerometers secured to collars worn by five calves per treatment group. Observation and activity data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Significance was determined at P &lt; 0.05 and a tendency at 0.05&lt; P ≤0.10. The average activity units per day (AU/d) prior to weaning were similar among treatment groups. On d1 of weaning, Fence calves, who still had a visual contact with their dam, tended to have greater AU/d (P = 0.09) than the Abrupt calves and maintained a higher level of activity through d14 (P &lt; 0.001). Late calves tended to have greater AU/d (P = 0.10) than Abrupt or Fence on d0-1 after their weaning. No difference in vocalizations (P = 0.41) by calves 7d post weaning were observed (1% Abrupt, 0% Fence, and 4% Late). More cows on Fence paced (1%) than Abrupt (0%) or Late (0%) (P &lt; 0.05) in the 7d of fenceline contact. Late cows (2%) vocalized more than Abrupt (1%) or Fence (0%) when their calves were still with them (P &lt; 0.05), but not after (P &gt; 0.05) when no vocalizations were recorded. These results differ from the previous year study; therefore, further investigation of the impact of weaning strategy on cow-calf behavior and activity is warranted.
117 Organic and conventional pasture systems for lamb production in Southeastern U.S
Authors: Burke Joan M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Little is known about U.S. organic production of ruminant livestock. Objective was to examine growth, gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infection, and eligibility of organic certification between conventional (CON) and organic (ORG) management (Mgt) up to 150 d of age. Katahdin lambs (ORG, n = 240; CON, n = 690) were born in fall (Oct–Dec) or winter (Jan–Mar) between 2014 and 2019 in Booneville, AR. Intact male and female lambs were fence line weaned ~90 d of age, grazed tall fescue and/or mixed forages and were supplemented (corn/soybean meal) when forage quality became limiting. Organic sheep and pastures were certified by NICS. Body weight was determined at birth and approximately 60, 90, 120, and 150 d of age. Blood and feces were collected for packed cell volume (PCV) and fecal egg counts (FEC) at 90, 105, 120, 135, and 150 d of age. Lambs were selectively dewormed based on Five Point Check and incidence recorded. Data were analyzed by Proc GLM or Mixed with repeated measures (SAS) and included Mgt, sex, season, yr, d of measurement and interactions; age of lamb was included as covariate if needed. Birth weight was usually greater in fall born ORG and less in winter born than CON (mgt x season x yr, P &lt; 0.001), and varied between ORG and CON over time (mgt x season x yr x d, P &lt; 0.001). A similar 4-way interaction occurred for FEC and PCV (P &lt; 0.001). Incidence of deworming was similar between ORG and CON (ranged between 0 and 3 times/lamb, and 3.2% to 151% over season and yr). Because copper oxide wire particles were used for most ORG deworming, between 50 and 92% of lambs were eligible for organic certification by 150 d of age (mgt x season x yr, P = 0.03). Comparisons between farming systems are complex and should consider factors such as varietal and seasonal changes in forages.
194 Carcass and Meat Quality of Pasture-raised Lamb and Goat
Authors: Lee Jung 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Various trials have been proceeded to develop forage feeding systems that meet nutritional requirements for meat producing sheep and goats under the SCC-81 project: Sustainable Small Ruminant Production in the Southeastern United States. Small ruminants are fed most of their required nutrients from forages to increase the profit to the livestock producers. However, pasture-based production systems have a limitation because of seasonal variation of nutrient contents in pastures. This often means pasture alone does not always provide adequate nutrition for fast growing animals. Furthermore, different forms and energy levels of diets influence carcass composition and meat properties in food animals. Meat animal carcasses vary in composition through genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors. In general, dressing percentages of sheep and goats ranged from around 40% to 60%, and their shoulder and leg cuts represent more than half of their entire carcass weight. Pasture-based systems of meat production have sustained low live weight gains relative to those achieved with intensive grain-based systems. Subsequently, sheep and goats finished at pasture have produced lighter carcasses with a low fat content, which is rich in beneficial fatty acids such as alpha-linolenic and conjugated linoleic acids. Meat-producing sheep and goats with high-energy intake generally increased the juiciness, tenderness, and texture of their meat, but the consumer acceptability was lower because of higher content of fat in their meat than those from sheep and goats finished on forage diets. A brief overview of the recent works in the SCC-81 project will be presented in order to illustrate the impacts of newly developed forage feeding systems on carcass characteristics and meat quality of sheep and goats.
21 Comparison of Savanna, Kiko, and Spanish Sires for Meat Goat Doe-Kid Traits
Authors: Stevens Lauren , Hayes Emily G , Khanal Piush , Thomas Shaneqwa , Byars Mozell , Browning Richard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Savanna sires were evaluated for kid preweaning and doe reproductive traits over six years. Savanna (n = 17) and Kiko (n = 13) sires were bred to Kiko-base does producing 600 kids. Savanna (n = 17) and Spanish (n = 11) sires were bred to Spanish-base does producing 456 kids. Doe traits were evaluated on 536 Kiko and 441 Spanish doe exposures. Kids were weighed at birth and when weaned at 3 mo of age. Non-genetic factors sex and litter size influenced (P &lt; 0.05) kid performance traits as expected. Birth weights of kids from Kiko does were heavier (P &lt; 0.01) for Savanna sires than Kiko sires (3.11 vs. 2.83 ± 0.08 kg). Birth weights of kids from Spanish does were heavier (P &lt; 0.01) for Savanna sires than Spanish sires (3.05 vs. 2.76 ± 0.09 kg). Sire breed did not affect (P &lt; 0.05) weaning weight from Kiko does (15.0 vs 14.8 ±0.6 kg). Savanna sires generated heavier (P &lt; 0.05) weaning weights than Spanish sires (14.2 vs. 13.3 ± 0.6 kg) from Spanish does. Sire breed did not affect ADG or kid survival rates in either doe group. Non-genetic factors litter size and age of dam affected (P &lt; 0.05) doe performance traits in both doe groups. Savanna sires produced heavier litters (P &lt; 0.01) at birth compared to Kiko sires on Kiko does (10.7 vs. 9.7 ± 0.4 kg) and compared to Spanish sires on Spanish does (9.4 vs. 8.3 ± 0.5 kg). Service sire breed did not affect kidding or weaning rate, number of kids born or weaned, or litter weaning weight in either doe group. Savanna sires consistently increased birth weight values. Sire breed did not consistently affect weaning weight values and did not influence other preweaning kid traits or doe reproductive traits.
45 Effect of terminal sire breed on grazing performance, parasitism, and market grade of crossbred lambs: year 2
Authors: Patton Curtis , Maierle Camren l , Weaver Andrew R , Greiner Scott P , Bowdridge Scott A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Improvements in growth and carcass conformation through terminal sire crossbreeding systems may improve lamb value in a pasture-based system. Therefore, the aim of this study was to replicate the previous model of this experiment and compare the effects of different terminal sires on parasitism, growth, composition and marketability of grazing lambs and lambs at weaning. Suffolk SU (n = 2) and Texel TX (n = 3) sires were mated to commercial ewes at the WVU Organic Farm. April-born lambs were managed as one group until weaning in mid-June. One group containing TX (n = 28) and SU (n = 22) was sold at weaning, the other group was sorted into 3 replicates per sire breed. Lambs were rotationally grazed for 62-d with paddock movements every 10-d. Lambs were supplemented at a rate of 2% of bodyweight with a 16% CP corn-soybean meal supplement. Weights and FAMACHA were collected at weaning and then weekly for the duration of the study. Fecal egg counts (FEC) and packed cell volumes (PCV) were collected bi-weekly. Lambs were dewormed when FAMACHA score was a 3 or greater. Ultrasound measures of rib eye area (REA) and fat depth were obtained at study conclusion and lambs were marketed at the same graded auction as the group sold at weaning. There was no significant difference in FEC and PCV data values during project duration (P = 0.32) (P = 0.19). Fewer deworming treatments were necessary in TX-sired lambs at 19% (7/36) whereas SU-sired lambs required 42% (15/36) (P = 0.04). REA and fat depth measurements were not significant between sired breeds (P = 0.21) (P = 0.50). Texel-sired lambs received a $0.26/Kg greater premium than the SU-sired lambs at weaning. Texel-sired lambs received a $0.29/Kg greater premium than the SU-sired lambs after the conclusion of grazing. These data demonstrate that Texel-sired lambs required fewer dewormer treatments and received premiums when marketed at a graded auction.