bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Enzymatic Glutamate Sensor Based on Nickel Oxide Nanoparticle
Authors: Jamal Mamun , Chakrabarty Sumon , Shao Han , McNulty David , Yousuf Mohammad A. , Razeeb Kafil M. 
Published: February 2020

L-glutamate is one of the 20 standard amino acids used by all organisms. It plays an important role in clinical applications and in food processing and well known as a flavor enhancer commonly found in various foods. The excessive intake of this flavor enhancer can cause toxic effect to the human health. Therefore, development of sensors or biosensors for the determination of glutamate has been of great interest over the past two decades owing to its importance in food and biomedical industries1-4.
In this work, a sensitive and enzymeless glutamate sensor has been constructed using highly dispersed NiO nanoparticle modified glassy carbon electrode (NiO/GCE). The NiO nanoparticle is synthesized using sol-gel method and has been characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electron microscopy analysis showed that the particles have an average diameter of 40 nm (Fig. 1(a-c)) and the selected area diffraction analysis confirmed the particles are polycrystalline (Fig. 1(d)). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometry were used to investigate the electrochemical behavior and catalytic properties of the assembled sensor for glutamate electro-oxidation in alkaline media. Nanoparticle modified electrode showed high electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of glutamate in 0.1 M NaOH solution. At an applied potential of +0.55 V, it gives a fast response time (<5 s) and a linear dependency (R = 0.997) for the glutamate concentration from 1.0 to 8.0 mM with a high sensitivity of 11 µA/mM/cm2 and a detection limit of 272 μM. Compared to glutamate, the interference study for the ascorbic acid, uric acid and glucose on the NiO/GCE yielded current response ranging from 6-13%. It allows a sensitive, simple and fast amperometric sensing of glutamate, which is promising for the development of a non-enzymatic glutamate sensor.

Acknowledgment

Authors acknowledge financial supports from the Ministry of Science & Technology, Bangladesh funded project “FACSens” under the special allocation to science & technology activity programme; and Science Foundation Ireland funded project “SweatSens” under the grant agreement No. 14/TIDA/2455.

Corresponding authors email addresses: mamun.jamal@chem.kuet.ac.bd and kafil.mahmood@tyndall.ie

Reference

M. Jamal, M. Hasan, A. Mathewson, and K. M. Razeeb, Biosens. and Bioelectron., 40, 213 (2013).

G. Hughes, R. M. Pemberton, P. R. Fielden, and J. P. Hart, Trends in Anal. Chem., 79, 106 (2016).

R. E. Özel, C. I, M. Ganesana, J. C. Leiter, S. Andreescu, Biosens. Bioelectron., 52, 397 (2014).

B. Batra, and C. S. Pundir, Biosens. Bioelectron., 47, 496 (2013).

Figure 1.(a, b) SEM images of NiO nanoparticles at different magnifications; (c) TEM images of NiO nanoparticles, (d) corresponding selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern.

Figure 1
Functionalized Deoxynucleotides and DNA Primers for Electrochemical Diagnostics of Disease Predispostions
Authors: Debela Ahmed Mehdi 
Published: February 2020

Redox-labeled nucleotides are of increasing interest for next generation molecular tools and should meet requirements of being thermally stable, sensitive, and compatible with polymerase-mediated incorporation whilst also being electrochemically discriminable. We are reporting the labelling of deoxy and dideoxy nucleotides (dNTPs) and DNA primers for use in electrochemical array based primer extension for the detection of early dispositions for diseases. polyoxometalates (POMs), Organometalics, and organic molecules have been used to functionalize DNAs and investigate their potential use in diagnostics. POMs, which are inorganic metal oxido clusters, to DNA strands to obtain functional labeled DNA primers and their potential use in electrochemical detection have been investigated. Activated monooxoacylated polyoxotungstates [SiW11O39{Sn(CH2)2CO}]8− and [P2W17O61{Sn(CH2)2CO}]6− have been used to link to a 5′-NH2 terminated 21-mer DNA forward primer through amide coupling. The functionalized primer was characterized by using a battery of techniques, including electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, as well as IR and Raman spectroscopy. The functionality of the POM-labeled primers was demonstrated through hybridization with a surface-immobilized probe. The labeled primers were successfully used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the PCR products were characterized by using electrophoresis.Inaddtion to this POM-deoxynucleotide (POM-dNTP) bioconjugates linked through 7 deaza modified purines is also studied. The modified POM-dNTPs were used for polymerase based amplification of a DNA sequence specific for Yersinia Pestis and the amplified DNA detected via an electrochemical DNA sensor. This highlights the potential of polyoxometalates as thermally stable, sensitive and polymerase-compatible redox labels for exploitation in bioanalytical applications.
Impact of Different Graphite Anodes on the Performance of Lithium-Ion Cells with Ni-Rich NMC Cathodes
Authors: Mao Chengyu , Wood Marissa , Ruther Rose Emily , David Lamuel , Sheng Yangping , Wood David L 
Published: February 2020

The development of nickel-rich NMC cathodes (LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 with x > 0.5) is among the most promising routes to deliver lithium-ion cells with energy densities exceeding 250 Wh/kg. Achieving this ambitious target will require cycling cells to higher voltage (>4.35 V) and developing new strategies to mitigate undesirable side-reactions like electrolyte oxidation and cathode surface reconstruction. Since the cathode has long been considered the limiting factor in developing high-energy, high-voltage cells, the impact of the graphite anode has been largely ignored. In this contribution, we show that the choice of graphite significantly impacts both the rate capability and long-term cycling stability of cells with Ni-rich NMC cathodes. Six commercially-available natural and synthetic graphites were tested in full cells with NMC 811 cathodes (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2). The variations in cell performance were correlated with the chemical, morphological, and mechanical properties of the different graphite anodes. Surface chemistry was systematically investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), while electron microscopy and mercury porosimetry were used to understand how electrode structure impacts the electrochemical performance. Peel tests were used to identify the importance of mechanical adhesion of different graphites to the current collector. In-depth electrochemical studies including impedance spectroscopy further shed light on the nature of capacity fading. Our study illustrates the important role of the graphite anode in developing high-energy, high-voltage Li-ion batteries. This work serves as a guide to select the appropriate graphite to optimize performance of Ni-rich NMC cells.
Acknowledgement: This research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725, was sponsored by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) (Deputy Director: David Howell) Applied Battery Research subprogram (Program Manager: Peter Faguy).
The Effect of the Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Additives in Carbon Electrode for Lithium-Air Battery
Authors: Jang Yoonhee , Choi Yusong , Kim Jiyeon , Cho Janghyeon , Seo Ilsung 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-air batteries(LAB) utilize oxygen from the air as a cathode active material and pure metal lithium as an anode. Recently, LAB have attracted much interest due to their high theoretical energy density over lithium-ion batteries. However, most of the R&Ds are in their early stages. The main obstacle of LAB for real-life application is cathode, which commonly use carbon materials such as super-P, carbon black. Super-P, among the carbonaceous cathode materials for LAB, reported good performances in specific energy density because of its unique meso porous structure.
In this study, the effect of the transition metal dichalcogenide(TMDC) additives in carbon electrode on th electrochemical performances of LAB is evaluated. On a LAB during discharge, the lithium in the anode is oxidized to lithium ions(Li+). Li+ are transported through the electrolyte to catode and react with oxygen. The oxygen combines with metal ions from TMDC, that prevent generating of lithium Oxide(Li2O) and lithium peroxide(Li2O2) in the cathode.
In this research, TMDC additives(e.g. MoS2, WS2) in carbon black cathode were prepared and then assembled into coin cell(CR2032). The discharge performances according to the weight percentage of TMDC in carbon black were investigated. Microstucture and electrochemical characteristics of the discharged cathode and pristine cathode were analyzed by XRD,SEM and EDS.
Precursor Chemistry of Lithium Phosphorus Oxynitride Film for Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Yoshii Naoki , Fujibayashi Takashi 
Published: February 2020

In this study, precursor chemistry of lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) film is investigated for metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). As a solid-electrolyte, LiPON film is widely used for all solid state thin film batteries. All solid state thin film batteries can provide as much power as conventional coin batteries, but is small enough to be used to provide power to semiconductor-related chips. The battery is safer, thinner and has faster charge and discharge current rate than conventional liquid batteries. It offers the prospect of supplying micro systems with long lasting, environmentally friendly and sustainable electrical power.
In general, a sputtering method is applied to deposit LiPON film. LiPON film deposited by sputtering methods has some problems such as the generation of pin-holes, poor coverage and low deposition rates. These problems lead to higher cost and inferior properties of all solid state thin film batteries. In order to overcome these problems, we investigated the possibility of LiPON film deposited by MOCVD. A variety of Li precursors such as lithium tert-butoxide (LiOtBu), lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato lithium (LiTMHD) shown in the table on the left below, were used in our experiments. Regarding P precursor, tris(dimethylamino)phosphine (TDMAP) was used in our experiments. We found the appropriate Li and P precursor chemistry for depositing LiPON films. In addition, as shown in the figure on the right below, it was confirmed that N atom concentration in all LiPON films is precisely controlled due to NH3 and O2 gas chemistry.
In summary, we concluded that NH3 and O2 gas chemistry, and the combination of LiOtBu as Li precursor and TDMAP as P precursor, are critical factors for depositing LiPON film using MOCVD.

Figure 1
Thermal Behavior and Heat Generation Modeling of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Stroe Daniel Ioan , Knap Vaclav , Swierczynski Maciej , Schaltz Erik 
Published: February 2020

In the past years a lot of research has been carried out in order to develop batteries with very high energy density levels and improved safety, which could fulfill the requirements of next generation electrical vehicle and military applications. This is the case of Lithium-Sulfur (LiS) batteries, which are characterized at present by very high theoretical specific capacity (i.e., 1675 mAh/g) and energy density (2600 Wh/kg) as well as improved safety levels (1). However, their market penetration at a large scale is prevented by their inherent polysulfide shuttle mechanism, which causes fast capacity fade and poor coulombic efficiency (2).
Several aspects regarding the behavior of LiS batteries have been studied and are presented in literature. For example, in (3), the authors have analyzed the self-discharge behavior of the Li-S batteries, while in (4), Stroe et al, have performed an in-depth electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characterization of a LiS pouch battery cell. In this work, we fully characterize the thermal behavior of a pre-commercial 3.4 Ah LiS battery cell by performing extended capacity (Figure 1), internal resistance (Figure 2), entropic heat coefficient, heat capacity and emissivity measurements. Based on the obtained results, a model which is able to accurately estimate the reversible and irreversible heat generation is proposed.

P. G. Bruce, L. J. Hardwick, and K. M. Abraham, MRS Bulletin, 36(7), 506-512 (2011).

Z. Deng et al., J. Electrochem.
Soc., 160(4), A553 (2013).

V. Knap et al., J. Electrochem.
Soc., 163(6), A911 (2016).

D.-I. Stroe et al., ECS Trans.,
72(12), 13-22 (2013)

Figure 1
Novel Approach for the Determination of Active Lithium Loss in Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Holtstiege Florian , Wilken Andrea , Winter Martin , Placke Tobias 
Published: February 2020

Lithium consuming parasitic reactions which induce active lithium loss (ALL) are a major reason for capacity fading in lithium ion batteries (LIBs).[1, 2] As a consequence of capacity fading, the usable energy density is reduced. Typically, the ALL is set equal to the accumulated irreversible capacity (sum of the differences between charge and discharge capacity in each cycle, AIC). However, regarding the AIC it is known that it includes all parasitic reactions which generate a parasitic current. Hence, the AIC cannot be directly equated with ALL. Due to this, we proposed a novel approach in the following named as IRLC method, which is based on the remaining active lithium content of the cell, in order to determine the ALL with a higher accuracy. Therefore, a cell with a three electrode set-up is cycled and afterwards the positive electrode is de-lithiated with help of the former reference electrode in order to obtain the remaining active lithium content. Finally, the ALL can be calculated by using the remaining and the initial active lithium content. In order to evaluate the IRLC method we investigated different anode materials. It can be shown that within the first cycles the ALL can be described moderately well with help of AIC. However, with increasing cycle number the difference between ALL and AIC increases, most likely attributed to the fact that the impact of SEI formation and repair becomes smaller in comparison to other parasitic reactions which do not consume lithium. Furthermore, one additional advantage of the IRLC method is that it allows a statement whether the reduction of lithium content is crucial for capacity fading or whether the fading is related to host material losses or other degradation mechanisms e.g. a higher charge transfer resistances due to a growing SEI film.
1. Krueger, S., et al., How Do Reactions at the Anode/Electrolyte Interface Determine the Cathode Performance in Lithium-Ion Batteries? Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2013. 160(4): p. A542-A548.
2. Vetter, J., et al., Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 2005. 147(1-2): p. 269-281.
(Invited) Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes in a Micellar Environment
Authors: Delport Géraud , Orcin-Chaix Lucile , Campidelli Stephane , Voisin Christophe , Lauret Jean-Sébastien 
Published: February 2020

A key issue for the use of colloidal nanoobjects concerns their solubility, especially in water. Indeed, they tend to aggregate, resulting in the deterioration of their intrinsic properties. In order to overcome this bottleneck, many strategies have been developed. As far as carbon nanotubes are concerned, the best way to solubilize them in water while preserving their pristine properties is to use a micellar environment. One consequence is that the chemistry of carbon nanotubes in micelles is currently developing. For instance, people have doped nanotubes with diazonium, have grafted photoswitches on the wall of nanotubes, or even performed polymerization around nanotubes in micelles [1-4].
In this presentation, we will show how a simple mixing technique can lead to the functionalization of carbon nanotubes with free base tetraphenyl porphyrins. The role of the stability of the micelles containing the molecules will be investigated. Moreover, we will see how the control of the stability of the micelles can lead to a full control of the kinetics of the functionalization process [5]. Finally, we will discuss the possibility of extending the functionalization of nanotubes in micelles to other molecules with the aim, for instance, of building core-shell nanostructures [6].

References

[1] AJ. Hilmer et al. Langmuir 28(2), 1309-1321 (2012)
[2]S. Kreft et al., J.Phys.Chem.C,119.27 (2015): 15731-15734
[3] G. Clavé, et al, Chem. of Mat. 25.13 (2013): 2700-2707
[4] Y. Tsutsumi RSC Advances 4, 6318 (2014)
[5] G. Delport et al, submitted
[6] L. Orcin-Chaix et al, in preparation
(Invited) Autonomous Experimentation Applied to Carbon Nanotube Synthesis
Authors: Maruyama Benji , Decker Kevin , Nikolaev Pavel , Krein Michael , Poleski Jason , Barto Rick 
Published: February 2020

Carbon nanotubes have an exciting array of applications which span mechanical, electrical, thermal and chemical/sensing. However, full exploitation is slowed by a lack of control over synthesis. Despite the two decades since the explosion of work in the area, progress in controlled production of nanotubes is impeded by our lack of understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of nucleation and growth. Our group has endeavored to develop a method that addresses the critical bottlenecks impeding the speed of research by taking advantage of advances in robotics, artificial intelligence, data sciences and in-situ/in-operando characterization.
Our Autonomous Research System, ARES, is capable of designing, executing and evaluating its own CNT growth experiments. Artificial intelligence module based on random tree / genetic algorithm statistical approach analyses experimentally obtained kinetic parameters (rate, time constant, etc.) and proposes new experiments to achieve user-defined objective. These are then executed by ARES automatically and without human intervention, and fed back into the AI module to ensure machine learning.
Recent experiments utilized maximum growth rate as an objective. The normalized difference between the objective and experimentally observed growth rates behaves in a fashion similar to what is typically seen in the control systems, with experimentally observed growth rate oscillating around the target. The convergence can be expressed via cumulative root mean square (RMS) of the rate difference. RMS increases initially (divergence), followed by consistent decrease after ~50 experiments, indicating convergence. That is, after some unsuccessful experimentation, ARES was better able to supply experimental conditions that achieved the objective growth rate. We take this as a clear demonstration of autonomous AI learning: convergence on the objective via closed-loop iterative experimentation without human intervention.
(Invited) Recent Progress Toward Single Crystals of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Gao Weilu , Kono Junichiro 
Published: February 2020

Despite many years of worldwide efforts, there is presently no established method for producing large-area single-domain films of highly aligned, densely packed, and chirality-enriched single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). If developed, such a method can eventually lead to the realization of a SWCNT crystal – i.e., a 3D object consisting of a period array of SWCNTs that maintains the extraordinary properties of individual nanotubes. Here, we report a new, promising method for achieving this long-standing goal. Utilizing spontaneous alignment that occurs during vacuum filtration, we have produced a wafer-scale (i.e., inch-size) film of aligned SWCNTs [1]. This method is universally applicable to SWCNTs synthesized by different methods and can be scaled up in all three dimensions. We characterized the produced large-area films using a variety of microscopy, spectroscopy, and electronic transport techniques, demonstrating nearly perfect global alignment with a single domain. The strikingly high degree of alignment of our films with a nematic order parameter of ~ 1 and a thickness of ~100 nm distinguishes our method from previously reported 2D and 3D postgrowth assembly techniques. We investigated the mechanisms underlying the observed global spontaneous alignment, based on a proposed model of 2D confinement induced phase transitions. We discuss how the degree of alignment depends on the filtration speed, the SWCNT concentration, the surfactant concentration, the hydrophilicity of the filter membrane surface, the SWCNT length, and the SWCNT diameter.
1. X. He, W. Gao, L. Xie, B. Li, Q. Zhang, S. Lei, J. M. Robinson, E. H. Hároz, S. K. Doorn, R. Vajtai, P. M. Ajayan, W. W. Adams, R. H. Hauge, and J. Kono, “Wafer-Scale Monodomain Films of Spontaneously Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes,” Nature Nanotechnology 11, 633 (2016).
(Battery Division Student Research Award Address) A Guide to Ethylene Carbonate-Free Electrolyte Making for Li-ion Cells
Authors: Ma Lin , Petibon Remi , Dahn Jeff R 
Published: February 2020

The next generation of lithium ion cells for electric vehicles (EVs) requires longer lifetime and higher energy density. The use of electrolyte additives is one of the most effective ways of improving cell performance1–3. In this work, Li[Ni0.42Mn0.42Co0.16]O2 (NMC442)/graphite pouch cells demonstrate superb performance at high voltage when ethylene carbonate (EC)-free electrolytes, using a solvent mixture that is > 95% ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and between 2 and 5% of an “enabler”, are used.
The “enablers”, required to passivate graphite during formation, can be vinylene carbonate (VC), methylene-ethylene carbonate (MEC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) or difluoro ethylene carbonate (DiFEC) among others. In order to optimize the amount of “enabler” added to EMC, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to track the consumption of “enabler” during the formation step. Storage tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), ultrahigh precision coulometry (UHPC), long-term cycling, differential voltage analysis and isothermal microcalorimetry were used to determine the optimum amount of enabler to add to the cells. It was found that the graphite negative electrode cannot be fully passivated when the amount of “enabler” is too low resulting in gas production and capacity fade. Using excess “enabler” can cause large impedance and gas production in most cases. The choice of “enabler” also impacts cell performance.
Figures 1a and 1b show the amount of enabler left and the percentage of EMC trans-esterification as a function of the initial enabler content after the first cycle (formation) of cells at 40°C with a current of C/20 up to 4.4 V. The dashed blue line in Figure 1a is a line of slope 1. Comparing the data for cells with FEC in Figure 1a to the dashed blue line shows that only 2% FEC was consumed during formation even if the initial FEC content was 3, 4 or 5%. By contrast when MEC is used, the amount of MEC consumed increases with the initial MEC content, since only about 0.5% MEC is left when the initial MEC content was 5%. Figure 1b shows the percentage of EMC that underwent trans-esterification producing dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) 4,
5. The presence of lithium alkoxides caused by the reduction of linear alkyl carbonates results causes these trans-esterification reactions. Therefore, when trans-esterification of EMC occurs it is a signal that EMC was reduced at the graphite negative electrode during formation.
References:
1. M. Nie, J. Xia, L. Ma, and J. R. Dahn, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, A2066–A2074 (2015).
2. D. Aurbach, K. Gamolsky, B. Markovsky, Y. Gofer, M. Schmidt, and U. Heider, Electrochimica Acta, 47, 1423–1439 (2002).
3. K. Xu, Chem. Rev., 114, 11503–11618 (2014).
4. J.-Y. Eom, I.-H. Jung, and J.-H. Lee, J. Power Sources, 196, 9810–9814 (2011).
5. K. Kumai, H. Miyashiro, Y. Kobayashi, K. Takei, and R. Ishikawa, J. Power Sources, 81–82, 715–719 (1999).

Figure 1