bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Mulch Type for Turfgrass Establishment within a Refined Wood Fiber Mat over Plastic
Authors: Sorochan J.C. , Rogers J.N. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The germination and establishment of perennial ryegrass and supina bluegrass within a refined wood fiber mat (Ecomat®) placed on plastic sheeting was evaluated using seven mulches and a control with no mulch. Percent turfgrass cover (0–100%) was visually estimated as a measure of seedling density at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after seeding. Three field experiments were initiated on July 3, 1995, September 29, 1995, and July 5, 1996. The three seeding dates were chosen to show the effects of mulches under optimal and suboptimal growing conditions for cool season turfgrasses. The seven mulches consisted of hydrated fiber mulch, copolymer of sodium acrylamide, crumb rubber, straw, fine grade compost, pelletized fiber mulch, and a native Capac loam soil. Percent turfgrass cover differed among species for the seven mulch treatments and the control, and the three seeding dates. Overall, perennial ryegrass achieved 25% greater cover than supina bluegrass. The straw, pelletized fiber mulch, and hydrated fiber mulch resulted in the greatest turfgrass cover regardless of seeding date. Crumb rubber performed equal to these mulches only during the 29 September 1995 seeding trial. In summary, the use of a particular mulching material will enhance turfgrass cover during seed germination.
Growth Regulation of Sub-Tropical Perennials by Photoselective Plastic Films
Authors: Wilson Sandra B. , Rajapakse Nihal C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Plant response to photoselective plastic films with varying spectral distribution properties was tested using three sub-tropical perennials: golden shrimp plant (Pachystachys lutea), Persian shield (Strobilanthes dyerianus), and cat whiskers (Orthosiphon stamineus). Films were designated YXE-10 [far-red (FR) light-absorbing film] and SXE-4 [red (R) light absorbing film]. Light transmitted through YXE-10 films reduced plant height (stem length) of golden shrimp plant and cat whiskers by 10 and 20%, respectively. Light transmitted through SXE-4 films increased plant height by 9% for golden shrimp plant but did not significantly increase stem length of Persian shield and cat whiskers species. Chlorophyll, leaf area, and mean days to flower generally were not affected by photoselective films, with the exception that cat whisker plants grown under YXE-10 films had reduced leaf area when compared to plants grown under SXE-4 or control films. As compared to the control film, light transmitted through YXE-10 films reduced leaf dry weight by 22–31% and stem dry weight by 19–28%, depending on the plant species. Root dry weight was not affected by spectral films.
Growth Responses of Chemically Root-pruned Cork Oak Seedlings in the Nursery
Authors: Pardos M. , Pardos J.A. , Montero G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings of two Iberian provenances (PA-SR and SM-Lp) were grown for one growing season in non-treated containers or in containers treated on their interior surfaces with white exterior latex paint containing 80 g CuCO3/liter. Copper carbonate-treated containers effectively prevented root deformation and decreased the amount of circled, kinked and matted roots formed at the container wall-medium interface. Root morphology was altered by the copper coating, so elongation of lateral roots contacting CuCO3-treated surfaces was more reduced than that of the tap root (82.7% vs 1.5%). These lateral roots showed higher branching frequency than roots contacting untreated container walls. CuCO3 treatment decreased root collar diameter, but did not influence seedling height, leaf area and tap root length. No sign of copper toxicity was observed in any seedling treated with CuCO3. Provenance had a significant effect on height, root collar diameter, tap root length and root weight per unit length; these results may reflect differences in growth habit of the two provenances. Other growth parameters measured were affected by a copper × provenance interaction. Seedlings of the PA-SR provenance produced less root and plant dry wt when grown in CuCO3-treated than in control containers, but shoot:root ratio was not influenced.
Influence of Mulch Characteristics on Sporulation by the Artillery Fungus Sphaerobolus stellatus
Authors: Brantley Elizabeth A. , Davis Donald D. , Kuhns Larry J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The artillery fungus (Sphaerobolus stellatus) is a common, white-rotting wood decay fungus that grows on landscape mulch. During colonization, the fungus produces dark-brown, sticky spore masses (gleba) that it shoots from the mulch towards a source of light or light-colored objects. The gleba adhere tightly to surfaces such as the sides of houses or cars. Twenty-five landscape mulches were evaluated in the field and laboratory to determine which mulches supported or inhibited the artillery fungus. Although the artillery fungus eventually grew on most types of mulch, some mulches supported more sporulation than others. The artillery fungus did not grow or sporulate well on mulches made from large pine bark nuggets, Atlantic white-cedar, or cypress. We recommend these mulches for use in areas having an existing or potential artillery fungus problem. However, even these mulches should be replaced with new mulch on a regular basis.
Soil Applied Paclobutrazol Affects Root Growth, Shoot Growth, and Water Potential of American Elm Seedlings
Authors: Watson Gary W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Paclobutrazol (PBZ), a gibberrellin biosynthesis inhibiting plant growth regulator, was applied as a soil drench to potted American elm (Ulmus americana L.) seedlings in three greenhouse experiments. All plants were grown for one season in a #SP5 container and then transplanted to a larger #5 container before PBZ application in order to simulate planting in the landscape. In a test of the effects of PBZ on growth, a rate of 1.0 mg per plant reduced new shoot weight, shoot extension, and root weight (75, 38 and 63 percent, respectively) compared to controls, but new root elongation was unaffected. Root pruning, similar to that which occurs when transplanting fieldgrown nursery stock, resulted in a greater decrease in shoot growth from PBZ treatment at the moderate rate of 1.0 mg per plant, but for a shorter period of time, compared to non-root pruned, PBZ-treated plants. Shoot growth on all plants was unaffected by 0.5 mg PBZ, per plant. Shoot growth was greatly reduced on both root pruned and non-root pruned plants at 2.0 mg PBZ per plant. After 10 weeks of drought stress, stem water potential of elms treated with 1.0 mg PBZ per plant was the same as that of the well watered controls, whereas the stem water potential of drought-stressed elms lacking a PBZ treatment was significantly lower (more negative). These effects of PBZ may be able to aid in the establishment of newly planted trees.
Factors Influencing Revenues of the Landscape and Lawn Care Companies
Authors: Anil S. K. , Florkowski W. J. , Epperson J. E. , Landry G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of key factors influencing the landscape maintenance and lawn care industry (LM/LC) sales or gross revenue as well as partial net revenue (gross revenue less labor cost). A single-equation framework was applied for the estimation of gross and partial net revenue models. Analysis showed a positive influence of labor cost on gross revenue. In comparison to individually owned firms, corporations can expect larger revenue increases. Companies with extended business experience (measured by the number of years in operation) could expect not only greater gross revenue but also greater partial net revenue. The level of education of supervisory personnel was specifically important for partial net revenue. Offers of price discounts for services enhanced gross revenue but not partial net revenue. Price discounting may help in the management of labor and cash flow in the short run, but the LM/LC company must recover overhead costs to stay in business. Population density continues to play a major role in improving the revenues of LM/LC companies.
Evaluation of Asian, European, and North American Elm (Ulmus spp.) Biotypes To Feeding by Spring and Fall Cankerworms
Authors: Miller Fredric , Malmquist Kimberly , Ware George 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nearly 40 different Asian elm (Ulmus spp.) biotypes, growing at The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, were evaluated in laboratory bioassays and in the field for suitability and feeding preference of the spring cankerworm Paleacrita vernata (Peck) and the fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria (Harris). No-choice and multiple-choice laboratory feeding studies, and field defoliation surveys revealed that U. castaneifolia, U. changii, U. chenmoui, U. davidiana, U. elongata, U. gaussenii, U. glaucescens var. lasiophylla, U. japonica, U. lamellosa, U. lanceaefolia, U. macrocarpa, U. parvifolia, U. propinqua, U. propinqua var. suberosa, U. prunifolia, U. pseudopropinqua, U. taihangshanensis, U. wallichiana, U. wilsoniana, U. wilsoniana-98, and the simple and complex hybrids U. davidiana x U. japonica, U. davidiana x U. propinqua, U. japonica x U. ‘Morton’-Accolade™, U. ‘Morton’-Accolade™ x U. japonicapumila, U. ‘Morton Glossy’-Triumph™, and U. ‘Morton Plainsman’-Vanguard™ x U. davidiana, were less suitable for larval development and pupation and less preferred by spring and fall cankerworm larvae. Ulmus americana, U. glaucescens, U. szechuanica, and the simple and complex hybrids U. davidiana x U. ‘Morton’-Accolade™, U. szechuanica x U. japonica, U. ‘Morton’-Accolade™, U. ‘Morton Red Tip’-Danada Charm™ and U. ‘Morton Plainsman’-Vanguard™ were more suitable for and more preferred by spring and fall cankerworm larvae. Rankings for larval development time were highly correlated with larval longevity, but the proportion of larvae pupating was correlated neither with larval longevity nor with larval development time. Pupal fresh weights also were correlated neither with larval longevity nor with larval development time. Mean fecal pellet weights were correlated with the proportion of larvae pupating, but were not correlated with pupal fresh weights. Ulmus chenmoui, U. glaucescens var. lasiophylla, U. lamellosa, U. macrocarpa, U. propinqua, U. prunifolia, and U. pseudopropinqua all showed medium to heavy leaf pubescence and were less suitable and less preferred by spring and fall cankerworms. Asian elms were least preferred by cankerworm larvae, followed in order of increasing preference by European and North American elms.
A Water and Nutrient Management Planning Process for Container Nursery and Greenhouse Production Systems in Maryland
Authors: Lea-Cox John D. , Ross David S. , Teffeau K. Marc 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Many states throughout the United States are now concerned about the impact of non-point source pollution on the declining quality of water in their watersheds. In 1998, the state of Maryland adopted one of the toughest nutrient management planning laws in the nation, requiring virtually all agricultural operations to write and implement nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) based management plans by December 31, 2002. The nursery and greenhouse industries are faced with a complicated task to write these nutrient management plans, since these operations grow a large number of plant species utilizing a range of fertilization and irrigation strategies. A nutrient management planning strategy has been identified that will provide an assessment of nutrient loss potential from a wide variety of production scenarios, identify the specific factors that contribute most to nutrient leaching and runoff, and enable targeted best management practices to be implemented to reduce the risk of nutrient run-off.
Growth, Dry Weight and Nitrogen Distribution of Red Oak and ‘Autumn Flame’ Red Maple Under Different Fertility Levels
Authors: Larimer Jill , Struve Daniel 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings and ‘Autumn Flame’ red maple (Acer rubrum L.) rooted cuttings were grown under different fertility levels: 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg/liter N from 20N–8.6P–17K water soluble fertilizer applied daily in two, 45-minute irrigation events. At one-month intervals from June to October, seedlings were harvested, and dry weights and N content of leaves, stems and roots determined. In October, red oak dry weight increased up to 400 mg N/liter fertigation. Red maple dry weight was greatest between 200 and 400 mg N/liter fertigation. For both species, as N fertigation level increased, relative stem dry weight increased while relative root dry weight decreased. There was little change in relative leaf dry weight. For both species, percent N in leaf, stem and root tissues increased with increasing N fertigation. N distribution in leaf, stem and root tissues was similar to relative dry weight accumulation. Red maple plants had greater morphological adjustment to increasing N fertigation than did red oak plants. At the highest fertigation levels, red maple plants could be N loaded, increasing N tissue concentrations without an increase in plant dry weight. Red oak plants did not exhibit N loading.
A Geographic Assessment of the Risk of Naturalization of Non-native Woody Plants in Iowa
Authors: Widrlechner Mark P. , Iles Jeffery K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether patterns of native distributions of naturalized woody plants and their relationships to climatic analogs can serve as a sound basis to help identify high-and low-risk regions from which to introduce new woody plants to Iowa. We compared the native ranges of 28 non-native species naturalized in Iowa with those of 72 different, non-native species widely cultivated in Iowa, but with no record of naturalization. From this comparison, we tested two related hypotheses: (1) regions with the highest number of native species that have naturalized in Iowa have a significantly higher proportion of naturalizing species than predicted by the overall ratio of the number of naturalizing species to the total number of non-native species studied; and (2) regions identified as climatic analogs to Iowa conditions, based on important determinants of woody plant adaptation, have a significantly higher proportion of naturalizing species than predicted by the overall ratio of naturalizing species to the total number of non-native species studied. We discovered that the two regions with the highest number of naturalizing species (in southeastern Europe and northeastern China) have a significantly higher proportion of naturalizing species than would be predicted by chance alone. Two of the five regions identified as climatic analogs to Iowa conditions (in northeastern and central Asia) also displayed significantly higher proportions of naturalizing species, while a third (in southeastern Europe) was statistically significant only at the 10% level.
Production Techniques for Highrise™ and Seedling Live Oak
Authors: Gilman Edward F. , Stodola Ann , Marshall Michael D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cutting propagated Quercus virginiana ‘QVTIA’ Highrise™ PP #11219 and seedling live oak required the same amount of time to prune to a dominant leader in the nursery. Highrise™ live oaks were more uniform in caliper, height and root ball characteristics than the seedling crop. Finished seedling trees had larger caliper than cutting propagated Highrise™ but height was similar. Root pruning horizontal roots alone or in combination with placing root pruning fabric under the liner at planting reduced dry weight of roots in the root ball by reducing large-diameter root weight and increasing small-diameter root weight. Trees produced by both methods of root pruning survived the digging process better than non root-pruned trees in the summer digging season. Seedlings had more root weight in the root ball and a higher root: shoot ratio than Highrise™ live oak. But Highrise™ had a 45% greater small diameter root: shoot ratio than seedling live oak, and more Highrise™ survived the digging process than seedlings. Highrise™ may not need root pruning during production if dug in the dormant season.
Effect of Tree Shelters on Growth and Gas Exchange of Four Tree Species Under Field and Nursery Conditions
Authors: West D.H. , Chappelka A.H. , Tilt K.M. , Ponder H.G. , Williams J.D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
One-year-old seedlings of sawtooth oak, white oak, green ash and flowering dogwood were evaluated to determine the effect of tree shelters on survival, growth and gas exchange. Trees were grown under both field and container nursery conditions. Shelters had a significant impact on survival of field-grown trees, but not on containerized, nursery-grown seedlings. Overall survival was approximately 75 and 40% for sheltered and non-sheltered, field-grown trees, respectively. Sheltered plants had approximately a 90% survival rate and non-sheltered trees exhibited approximately 80% survival in a nursery situation. In the field, sheltered trees had greater height growth and biomass production than non-sheltered trees. However, sheltered plants exhibited a decrease in total biomass in the nursery study, the majority of which was reflected in an overall 62% reduction in root production in the sheltered trees. Photosynthesis of sheltered trees averaged 65% of non-sheltered trees and internal leaf CO2 was approximately 11% greater in sheltered trees. Shelters appear to benefit field-planted seedlings by providing physical protection and shade therefore, enabling the tree to better survive stresses from ambient conditions. In nursery situations, shelters may only be helpful in training attractive trees with less labor.
Growth of Several Tree spp. in Containers in Response to N Loading, Fertilizer Type and Substrate
Authors: Struve Daniel K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two studies were conducted to determine if Comtil, a composted municipal sewage sludge, could be used as a substrate component and a slow release N source in a containerized whip production system and to determine the growth potential of nine tree species not widely grown in the industry. Also, in the second study the effects of fertilizer type on five oak species were studied. In the first study, total N from Comtil was estimated to be 64 gm per No. 3 nursery container, representing between 48 and 100% of the N loading. Despite the potential high N loading from Comtil, tree height was unaffected. No simple fertilizer treatment consistently produced the tallest plants for the four species studied. Fertilizer type affect growth of only two species (Q. macrocarpa and Q. muehlenbergii) and then only in the first year of the two year study. There were significant differences in height growth among the six Q. alba sources. The nine tree species in this study could be grown in 3:1 (by vol) pine bark: coir and pine bark: Comtil substrates.
Flowering Performance of 21 Hydrangea macrophylla Cultivars
Authors: Reed S.M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The flowering performance of 21 Hydrangea macrophylla cultivars was evaluated for three years at two locations. Ten plants of each cultivar were planted during 1997 in field plots at McMinnville, TN (USDA hardiness Zone 6b), and New Franklin, MO (USDA hardiness Zone 5b). The number of inflorescences was recorded every two weeks from May through September in 1999, 2000 and 2001. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures were recorded from October 1998 through September 2001. Differences among cultivars were found all three years at McMinnville and in 1999 and 2000 in New Franklin. While rankings of cultivars for number of inflorescences differed among years and locations, ‘All Summer Beauty’ and ‘Nikko Blue’ were consistently among the best performing cultivars. ‘Blauer Prinz’, ‘Blue Wave’, ‘Mariesii’ and ‘Todi’ flowered poorly all 3 years at both locations. No cultivar flowered reliably all three years of the study. Although some cultivars flowered sporadically throughout the summer, no remontant cultivars were identified. Poor flowering performance during the study appeared to be related to damage to aboveground portions of plants from a combination of early fall freezes, low winter temperatures and late spring freezes.
Timing of Low Pressure Irrigation Affects Plant Growth and Water Utilization Efficiency
Authors: Warren Stuart L. , Bilderback Ted E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Pine bark based substrates, commonly used in the southeastern United States for container nursery crop protection, have low moisture retention properties; therefore, daily irrigation during the growing season is required to maximize plant growth. Current guidelines state that irrigation should occur during the early morning hours (before 1000 HR). However, limited research indicated that multiple application of water each day resulted in significantly more growth compared to early morning application. The objective of these studies was to evaluate the effects of irrigation timing on plant growth, photosynthesis, water utilization efficiency, and substrate temperature. In experiment 1, the daily total volume of irrigation required to maintain 0.4 leaching fraction (LF) in the early morning application (0300, 0500, and 0700 HR) was divided into three equal parts and applied at the following times: 0300, 0500, and 0700 HR; 1200, 1500, and 1800 HR; 0900, 1200, and 1500 HR; and 0500, 1200, and 1900 HR. In experiment 2, the daily total volume of irrigation to maintain 0.15 LF within each timing was divided into three equal parts and applied at the following times: 0200, 0400, and 0600 HR; 0600, 0900, and 1200 HR; 1200, 1500, and 1800 HR; and 0600, 1200, and 1800 HR. Irrigation applied at 1200, 1500, and 1800 HR produced 57% and 69% greater total plant dry weight in experiments 1 and 2, respectively, compared to plants irrigated during early morning hours. Root: top ratio was unaffected by irrigation timing. In both experiments, irrigation applied at 1200, 1500, and 1800 HR had higher water utilization efficiency compare to irrigation applied at 0300, 0500, and 0700 HR or 0600, 0900, and 1200 HR. In experiment 2, plants irrigated at 1200, 1500, and 1800 HR maintained higher rates of net CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance, and lower substrate temperatures from 1800 to 2200 HR compared to plants irrigated at 0300, 0500, and 0700 HR or 0600, 0900, and 1200 HR.
Stem and Leaf Hardiness of 12 Abelia Taxa
Authors: Scheiber S.M. , Robacker Carol D. , Lindstrom Orville M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Twelve taxa of Abelia were evaluated using laboratory procedures to determine maximum stem and leaf hardiness and to evaluate timing of acclimation and deacclimation over a two-year period. Among the 12 Abelia taxa evaluated, ‘John Creech’ was among the hardiest taxa for both stems and leaves on the majority of test dates. Stems and leaves of ‘John Creech’ survived to at least −26C (−15F) and −21C (−6F), respectively, in January 2001. ‘Edward Goucher’ and ‘Confetti’ had the least hardy stems and leaves, respectively. Stems of ‘Edward Goucher’ survived to at least −16C (3F) in January 2000, and ‘Confetti’ leaves survived to only −14C (7F) in December 2000. Abelia × grandiflora consistently ranked among the first to attain cold hardiness in the fall and among the last to lose cold hardiness in the spring in both test seasons. Stems were equal in hardiness or hardier than leaves on the majority of test dates in both test seasons. Laboratory results were consistent with field observations, but often differed from published hardiness ratings. Differences in lowest survival temperatures and attainment and retention of cold hardiness closely followed temperature fluctuations just prior to sampling dates.