bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Analyses of the Number of Backflow Vortices on an Axial Pump or Compressor
Authors: Ito Yu , Sato Yuhei , Nagasaki Takao 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Backflow vortices occasionally occur in the annular mixing zone between the main and axially reverse whirling flows from the impeller tip clearance on an axial pump or compressor. A number (N) of tornado-like backflow vortices rotate around themselves and revolve around the casing axis with a diameter (d) and a revolving angular velocity (ω). To investigate the factors determining N and the movement of the backflow vortices, theoretical analyses are performed. Each backflow vortex is generated in the mixing zone; the core region of each backflow vortex is considered to be a forced vortex, while the outer region is considered to be a free vortex. The ratio (f) of the forced vortex to the distance between the backflow-vortex center and the casing is defined. Each backflow vortex has a circulation and induces movements of all the other backflow vortices depending on the distance between the vortices. The casing restricts the movements of all the backflow vortices, and imaginary image vortices are considered on the other side of the casing. Consequently, for d, ω, N, and f, any parameter can be determined if the other three parameters are specified. As an application of the present theory to an inducer representing an axial pump or compressor, the number (Ncav) of “backflow-vortex cavitations,” which occur around the backflow-vortex center, is predicted. Cavitation is visible; therefore, Ncav is quantitatively measurable. In the parameter ranges studied for the tested inducer, the predicted value of N accurately agrees with the experimentally measured value of Ncav.
Effect of Eccentric Mass Distribution on the Motion of Spherical Particles in Shear Flows
Authors: Tanaka Mitsuru , Tajiri Kyohei , Nishida Hidetoshi , Yamakawa Masashi 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A particle-resolved direct numerical simulation is performed on the motion of spherical particles with an eccentric internal mass distribution in lateral linear shear flow, which is oriented in the vertical direction and sheared in a horizontal direction. We examine the effect of mass eccentricity on the two-way interactions of particles with both laminar and turbulent shear flows. A spherical shell/hollow particle with an inner spherical core is focused on as a typical example of mass eccentric particles. The Navier–Stokes equations and the Newton–Euler equations are solved for the fluid phase and the particles, respectively. An immersed boundary method is adopted to represent the shell particle. The Newton–Euler equations are solved using the body-fixed coordinate system and four quaternion parameters, considering the deviation of the center of mass from the center of the spherical shell particle. Simulations are performed at a relatively low particle volume fraction of 0.4%. In turbulent flows, the Taylor-microscale Reynolds number reached about 49 at the end of the simulations. Numerical results show that shear-induced particle rotation is suppressed by the torque due to gravity. It is found that the lateral migration of mass eccentric particles becomes less vigorous in both laminar and turbulent flows since the effect of the Magnus lift force is also weakened for mass eccentric particles. It is also found that the evolution of fluid kinetic energy is significantly affected by the mass eccentricity of particles in laminar flows.
Sports Dietitians Australia Position Statement: Nutrition for Exercise in Hot Environments
Authors: McCubbin Alan J. , Allanson Bethanie A. , Caldwell Odgers Joanne N. , Cort Michelle M. , Costa Ricardo J.S. , Cox Gregory R. , Crawshay Siobhan T. , Desbrow Ben , Freney Eliza G. , Gaskell Stephanie K. , Hughes David , Irwin Chris , Jay Ollie , Lalor Benita J. , Ross Megan L.R. , Shaw Gregory , Périard Julien D. , Burke Louise M. 
Published: December 2019

It is the position of Sports Dietitians Australia (SDA) that exercise in hot and/or humid environments, or with significant clothing and/or equipment that prevents body heat loss (i.e., exertional heat stress), provides significant challenges to an athlete’s nutritional status, health, and performance. Exertional heat stress, especially when prolonged, can perturb thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. Heat acclimation or acclimatization provides beneficial adaptations and should be undertaken where possible. Athletes should aim to begin exercise euhydrated. Furthermore, preexercise hyperhydration may be desirable in some scenarios and can be achieved through acute sodium or glycerol loading protocols. The assessment of fluid balance during exercise, together with gastrointestinal tolerance to fluid intake, and the appropriateness of thirst responses provide valuable information to inform fluid replacement strategies that should be integrated with event fuel requirements. Such strategies should also consider fluid availability and opportunities to drink, to prevent significant under- or overconsumption during exercise. Postexercise beverage choices can be influenced by the required timeframe for return to euhydration and co-ingestion of meals and snacks. Ingested beverage temperature can influence core temperature, with cold/icy beverages of potential use before and during exertional heat stress, while use of menthol can alter thermal sensation. Practical challenges in supporting athletes in teams and traveling for competition require careful planning. Finally, specific athletic population groups have unique nutritional needs in the context of exertional heat stress (i.e., youth, endurance/ultra-endurance athletes, and para-sport athletes), and specific adjustments to nutrition strategies should be made for these population groups.
Induction of Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-5 Expression in Mast Cells Is Inhibited by Glucocorticoids
Authors: Sewell William A. , Scurr Lyndee L. , Orphanides Helen , Kinder Simon , Ludowyke Russell I. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTInflammation in asthma and other allergic diseases is characterized by excessive production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and the influx of leukocytes, especially eosinophils. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-5 are essential for IgE production and eosinophilia, respectively, and are produced by mast cells in allergic conditions, for which glucocorticoids are widely used therapeutically. We assessed the effect of glucocorticoids on IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA production by the RBL-2H3 cell line, an analog of mucosal mast cells. IL-4 and IL-5 mRNAs were induced by an antigen that is used to cross-link receptor bound IgE, by calcium ionophore, or by ionophore with phorbol ester and were markedly inhibited by dexamethasone. In cells activated with ionophore and phorbol ester, 10−6M dexamethasone reduced the IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA levels to only 12.8 and 5.7%, respectively, of those in cells without dexamethasone, and 10−9M dexamethasone caused reductions to 27 and 56%, respectively. Hydrocortisone at 10−6and 10−7M almost completely inhibited IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA production. Dexamethasone was markedly inhibitory even if it was added after the cells were activated, provided that it was present in the cultures for at least 1.5 h. These studies indicate that the expression of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNAs by mast cells is highly sensitive to glucocorticoids. The data suggest that these inhibitory effects may contribute to the clinical efficacy of glucocorticoids in the therapy of allergic diseases.
Antibody to
Pneumocystis carinii
Protects Rats and Mice from Developing Pneumonia
Authors: Bartlett Marilyn S. , Angus William C. , Shaw Margaret M. , Durant Pamela J. , Lee Chao-Hung , Pascale Juan M. , Smith James W. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Well-proven mouse and rat models were used to show that polyclonal antisera to
Pneumocystis carinii
protect against
P. carinii
pneumonia. Antibodies were obtained from animals that were allowed to recover from severe
P. carinii
pneumonia after immunosuppression had been stopped and which then were given a booster injection of
P. carinii
from the same animal species. Mice immunosuppressed with corticosteroids or antibodies to L3T4
+
lymphocytes (which are comparable to CD4 cells of humans) and transtracheally inoculated with mouse
P. carinii
did not develop
P. carinii
pneumonia if they were passively immunized with antiserum, while mice immunosuppressed and inoculated by identical procedures but not given antibodies developed severe infections. Rats immunosuppressed with corticosteroids and inoculated with rat
P. carinii
had less severe infections if they were given rat anti-
P. carinii
antisera. The polyclonal antisera developed in mice provided greater protection for the mice than the polyclonal rat antisera did for the rats; however, the potencies and compositions of the antisera were not quantitated and probably differed. Since both rats and mice can be protected from
P. carinii
infections with polyclonal antisera, it may be possible to develop vaccines that will elicit protective antibodies in humans.
Immunofluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometry Characterization of Chemical Induction of Latent Epstein-Barr Virus
Authors: Jenson Hal B. , Grant George M. , Ench Yasmin , Heard Patty , Thomas Charles A. , Hilsenbeck Susan G. , Moyer Mary Pat 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

The effects of chemical induction of latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with 12-
O
-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and
n
-butyrate on cell viability and induction of latent EBV in Raji and X50-7 B lymphocytes, indicated by expression of the diffuse component of the EBV early antigen (EA-D), were measured by visual immunofluorescence microscopy (of both viable and nonviable cells) and fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) flow cytometry (of viable cells only). Cell viability at 4 days decreased moderately for treated Raji cells (9 to 37%, compared to 55 to 69% for untreated cells) and markedly for X50-7 cells (1-32% compared to 35-44% in untreated cells). The highest EA-D levels in viable cells occurred in Raji cells treated with both TPA and
n
-butyrate and untreated X50-7 cells. TPA and
n
-butyrate acted synergistically to induce latent EBV, resulting in increased levels of EA-D production in Raji cells and cell death in X50-7 cells. Methodological differences including the ability to detect antigen in only viable cells by FACS flow cytometry accounted for the higher levels of EA-D observed by FACS analysis compared to the levels observed by immunofluorescence microscopy. FACS analysis may be more objective and reproducible than immunofluorescence microscopy for the detection of EBV induction and also permits viral protein expression to be distinguished in the subpopulation of viable cells.
The Different Binding Patterns of Two Immunoglobulin M Monoclonal Antibodies toCryptococcus neoformansSerotype A and D Strains Correlate with Serotype Classification and Differences in Functional Assays
Authors: Cleare Wendy , Casadevall Arturo 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTCryptococcus neoformansvar.neoformansstrains have historically been divided into serotypes A and D on the basis of reactivity with rabbit sera. Previously, we noted that two murine immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the capsular glucuronoxylomannan produced different indirect immunofluorescence (IF) patterns, described as annular and punctate, when bound toC. neoformanscells from different strains. In this study, we examined the reactivity of these two MAbs, known as 12A1 and 13F1, with 20C. neoformansvar.neoformansstrains, of which 13 were serotype A and 7 were serotype D. For all strains, MAb binding was studied by IF and agglutination assays. In addition, we blindly tested the IF patterns of 22C. neoformansvar.neoformansstrains. For selected strains, MAb binding was studied by flow cytometry (FACScan) and phagocytosis assays. The epitopes recognized by MAbs 12A1 and 13F1 were found in all of the strains. MAb 12A1 binding produced an annular IF pattern with all of the strains, irrespective of the serotype classification. MAb 13F1 binding produced annular binding with all of the serotype A strains and punctate binding with 19 of 20 serotype D strains. In general, the punctate IF pattern was associated with lower fluorescence intensity, a requirement for higher antibody concentrations to produce yeast cell agglutination, and lower opsonic efficacy. Our results provide strong support for the existing classification of two serological types for strains assigned to varietyneoformansand indicate qualitative and quantitative antigenic differences among serotype A and D strains.
Evaluation of an Immunoglobulin G Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Pertussis Toxin and Filamentous Hemagglutinin in Diagnosis of Pertussis in Senegal
Authors: Simondon François , Iteman Isabelle , Preziosi Marie Pierre , Yam Abdoulaye , Guiso Nicole 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTThe enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is widely employed for the serological diagnosis of pertussis. It is generally concluded that a significant increase in specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) or IgA against the pertussis toxin (PT) or against filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) in paired sera correlates withBordetella pertussisinfection. However, this type of diagnosis of pertussis has mainly been applied to unvaccinated children, with timely sampling of acute- and convalescent-phase sera. In current practice and in epidemiological studies, such criteria are not always fulfilled. The aim of this study was to analyze the significance of decreases in IgG antibody titers against PT and FHA between paired sera observed in suspected cases of pertussis infection. Serological results from paired sera were available for 460 children experiencing at least 8 days of cough. An anti-PT IgG decrease was observed in 25% of the children, more frequently than the anti-FHA IgG decrease. Fourteen percent of the serologic decreases were observed in children with culture-confirmed infection, and 59% of the decreases were observed in children with confirmation criteria according to World Health Organization recommendations. Most of the decreases were observed when serum samples were collected according to a standard recommended schedule. Serologic decreases were observed more frequently among vaccinated children than among unvaccinated children. This difference, which was highly significant (P< 0.00001), was explained by the different kinetics of the antibody responses between vaccinated and unvaccinated children. The importance of the antibody response for the evaluation of vaccine efficacy, namely a bias toward higher absolute vaccine efficacy when this response is not taken into account, is discussed. This study supports an earlier recommendation that a significant decrease in PT or FHA should be added to the diagnostic criteria for pertussis.
vacA
Genotypes and Genetic Diversity in Clinical Isolates of
Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Han Shan-Rui , Schreiber Hans-Joachim , Bhakdi Sucharit , Loos Michael , Maeurer Markus J. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Genetic diversity in
Helicobacter pylori
strains may affect the function and antigenicity of virulence factors associated with bacterial infection and, ultimately, disease outcome. In this study, DNA diversity of
H. pylori
isolates was examined by analysis of
vacA
genotypes and by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of
H. pylori
-associated genes (
vacA
,
cagA
,
flaA
,
ureAB
, and
ureCD
). Thirty-seven
H. pylori
isolates from 26 patients were successfully classified into distinct
vacA
allelic genotypes. The signal sequence allele s1 (31 of 37) predominated over the s2 allele (6 of 37) and was significantly associated with the occurrence (past or present) of gastric ulcers. A novel midregion allele, designated as m3, has been identified in two
H. pylori
isolates which could not be typed with midregion allele m1- or m2-specific primers. Additionally, significant nucleotide diversity yielding different amino acid sequences was demonstrated by DNA sequencing of
vacA
fragments from clinical isolates of
H. pylori
. Furthermore, RFLP analysis of 45
H. pylori
isolates (including 15 paired isolates) obtained from antrum and corpus biopsy specimens from 30 individual patients showed remarkably high interhost diversity (one patient, one
H. pylori
strain) and intrahost identity in gene sequences coding for VacA, CagA, flagellin, and urease. Only in a single patient was a minor genotypic variation at different anatomic sites within the stomach identified. These data warrant the detailed analysis of the effect of genetic diversity on the function and antigenicity of
H. pylori
-associated virulence factors.
Rapid Detection of Antigenic Diversity of Akabane Virus Isolates by Dot Immunobinding Assay Using Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Yoshida Kazuo , Tsuda Tomoyuki 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Akabane (AKA) virus is an arthropod-borne virus belonging to the Simbu group of the genus
Bunyavirus
. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against AKA virus were prepared, and the neutralizing epitopes of the virus were defined by competitive binding assay. Five distinct antigenic domains were identified and were designated A, B, C, D, and E. Domains A and C consisted of two epitopes each. It was demonstrated that seven neutralizing epitopes exist on the G1 glycoprotein of AKA virus. Dot immunobinding assays (DIAs) were performed with MAbs which recognize these seven neutralizing epitopes. The results were similar to those obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. DIAs were performed using two Australian strains, one isolate from Taiwan, and isolates from Japan collected between the years 1959 and 1994, for a total of 63 isolates. The MAb response patterns were divided into five groups: the OBE-1 strain, the JaGAr39 strain, the Iriki strain, a group which consisted of features between those of the JaGAr39 strain and Iriki strain groups, and a group which did not belong to any of these patterns. The isolates which showed patterns similar to that of the JaGAr39 strain were found mostly among the isolates collected in 1974 and 1990, and isolates with patterns of MAb responses similar to the pattern of the Iriki strain were found mostly in the 1985 isolates. Those showing patterns in between were found mostly around 1977, 1987, and 1994. The results show that DIA can be used to effectively compare the antigenicities of AKA virus isolates within a few hours, even with lesser amounts of virus culture than is required for other assays.
Involvement of Antilipoarabinomannan Antibodies in Classical Complement Activation in Tuberculosis
Authors: Hetland Geir , Wiker Harald G. , Høgåsen Kolbjørn , Hamasur Beston , Svenson Stefan B. , Harboe Morten 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTWe examined alternative and classical complement activation induced by whole bacilli ofMycobacterium bovisBCG andMycobacterium tuberculosisproducts. After exposure to BCG, there were higher levels of the terminal complement complex in sera from Indian tuberculosis patients than in sera from healthy controls. The addition of BCG with or without EGTA to these sera indicated that approximately 70 to 85% of the total levels of the terminal complement complex was formed by classical activation. Sera from Indian tuberculosis patients contained more antibody to lipoarabinomannan (LAM) than sera from healthy Indians. Levels of anti-LAM immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2), but not anti-LAM IgM, correlated positively with classical activation induced by BCG in the sera. By flow cytometry, deposition of C3 and terminal complement complex on bacilli incubated with normal human serum was demonstrated. The anticomplement staining was significantly reduced in the presence of EGTA and EDTA. Flow cytometry also revealed the binding of complement to BCG incubated with rabbit anti-LAM and then with factor B-depleted serum. This indicates that classical activation plays a major role in complement activation induced by mycobacteria and that anti-LAM IgG on the bacilli can mediate this response. Classical complement activation may be important for the extent of phagocytosis ofM. tuberculosisby mononuclear phagocytes, which may influence the course after infection.
A Simple Whole-Blood Test for Detecting Antibodies to Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Schramm Willfried , Wade Stephen E. , Angulo Gustavo Barriga , Torres Patricia Castillo , Burgess-Cassler Anthony 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
We developed an immunochromatographic whole-blood test (WBT) which detects antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) from fingerstick blood. The sensitivity and specificity of the WBT were 99.41% (1,018 confirmed positive patients) and 99.89% (941 uninfected patients), respectively (enzyme immunoassay [EIA] on serum or plasma as a reference). WBT performance was comparable to those of licensed EIAs and Western blotting, using 18 HIV-2 sera, 23 HIV-1 seroconversion panels, and a low-titer performance panel (in lieu of whole blood).
Serotype Specificity of the Neutralizing-Antibody Response Induced by the Individual Surface Proteins of Rotavirus in Natural Infections of Young Children
Authors: Menchaca Griselda , Padilla-Noriega Luis , Méndez-Toss Martha , Contreras Juan F. , Puerto Fernando I. , Guiscafré Hector , Mota Felipe , Herrera Ismael , Cedillo Roberto , Muñoz Onofre , Ward Richard , Hoshino Yasutaka , López Susana , Arias Carlos F. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
The relative contribution of the rotavirus surface proteins, VP4 and VP7, to the induction of homotypic as well as heterotypic neutralizing antibodies (NtAbs) in natural infections was studied. The NtAb titers of paired sera from 70 infants with serologically defined primary rotavirus infections were determined with a panel of rotavirus reassortants having one surface protein from a human rotavirus (serotypes G1 to G4 for VP7 and P1A and P1B for VP4) and the other surface protein from a heterologous animal rotavirus strain. A subset of 37 children were evaluated for epitope-specific antibodies to the two proteins by an epitope-blocking assay. The infants were found to seroconvert more frequently to VP4 than to VP7 by both methods, although the titers of the seroconverters were higher to VP7 than to VP4. Both proteins induced homotypic as well as heterotypic NtAbs. G1 VP7 frequently induced a response to both G1 and G3 VP7s, while G3 VP7 and P1A VP4 induced mostly homotypic responses.