bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Om læringsmål i yrkesutdanninger som forutsetter fysiske ferdigheter
Authors: Andreassen Svein-Erik 
Published: September 2020

I artikkelen studeres nasjonale føringer for formulering av læringsutbyttebeskrivelser for fagskoler. Formålet med studien er å vise hvilke konsekvenser disse føringene får for lokalt arbeid med utvikling av studieplaner for yrker som forutsetter fysiske ferdigheter.
I studien er det anvendt to metoder. Den ene er kvalitativ tekstanalyse av relevante nasjonale styrings- og veiledningsdokumenter, og av originallitteratur om Blooms taksonomi. Den andre metoden er feltsamtaler med personale som utvikler studieplan for toårig fagskole i Brann, redning og samfunnssikkerhet.
Et av studiens funn er at nasjonale utdanningsmyndigheter kan ha tolket Blooms taksonomi på en uhensiktsmessig måte. Dette kan ha medført en unødvendig kompleksitet i kriterier for formulering av læringsutbyttebeskrivelser. Dette kan også ha medført at tyngdepunktet av lærings-utbyttebeskrivelser er på kognitive ferdigheter, på bekostning av psykomotoriske ferdigheter, også i utdanninger for yrker som forutsetter fysisk arbeid.
No Mow May lawns have higher pollinator richness and abundances: An engaged community provides floral resources for pollinators
Authors: Del Toro Israel , Ribbons Relena R. 
Published: September 2020

No Mow May is a community science initiative popularized in recent years that encourages property owners to limit their lawn mowing practices during the month of May. The goal of No Mow May is to provide early season foraging resources for pollinators that emerge in the spring, especially in urban landscapes when few floral resources are available. We worked with the city council of Appleton, Wisconsin, USA. to allow No Mow May to take place in May 2020. Four hundred and thirty-five property owners registered for No Mow May in Appleton. We measured floral and bee richness and abundance in the yards of a subset of homes (N = 20) located near regularly mowed urban parks (N = 15) at the end of the month. We found that homes that participated in No Mow May had more diverse and abundant flora than regularly mowed green spaces throughout the city. No Mow May homes had three times higher bee richness and five times higher bee abundances than frequently mowed greenspaces. Using generalized linear models, we found that the best predictor of bee richness was the size of the designated unmowed area, and the best predictors of bee abundances were the size of the unmowed area as well as floral richness. While our findings cannot conclusively attribute increases in bee abundances and richness to the No Mow May efforts, our data does show that bee pollinators make use of no mow spaces as key floral resources during early spring in the upper midwestern United States. A post-No Mow May survey revealed that the participants were keen to increase native floral resources in their yards, increase native bee nesting habitat, reduce mowing intensities, and limit herbicide, pesticide, and fertilizer applications to their lawns. The No Mow May initiative educated an engaged community on best practices to improve the conservation of urban pollinators in future years.
What Makes Employees Productive and Have High Performance? Human Capital Investment in Universities
Authors: Nurmahmudah Fitri , Putra Eka Cahya Sari 
Published: September 2020

The study describes the evaluation results concerning the improvement of the education levels among the employees of a university in Indonesia by making an investment in education. The study is aimed at investigating the employees’ productivity and performance after making an investment in education. This study with evaluation method using discrepancy model. The sample of the study consisted of 255 non-academic university employees. Data were collected by way of a questionnaire on Guttmann scale. The questionnaire was validated by using logical and empirical validation by a Pearson correlation technique and reliability by KR-20 technique. The data analysis with descriptive. To calculate the capital human investment, the human capital investment formula was used for finding payback period, benefit/cost ration, return-on-investment, net-present-value, and internal-rate-of-return. The results of the study showed that the employees who made human capital investment in education were able to increase their productivity and performance as their insights, knowledge, and skills improved. The research findings were able to give insights to leaders in high-level institutions or government institutions that investing in education is truly essential, needs more attention, and needs to be done by employees.
Diversification Strategies among Rural Farm Family Households in Different Agro-climatic Zones of J&K Union Territory, India
Authors: Nanda Rakesh , Singh A. K. , Peshin Rajinder , Sharma L. K. , Sharma Parvani 
Published: September 2020

Aims: The diversification of a portfolio is an alternative strategy for households to minimize their income variability and to ensure a minimum level of income.
Study Design: Multi-stage sampling, binary logistic regression and logit regression design were used for the study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Jammu & Kashmir State (Union Territory) in the year of 2016-17 with a total sample size of 630 farming families drawn from the four agro-ecological zones.
Methodology: From each selected villages, 15 farming families were drawn randomly without replacement and out of 15 farm families only 10 families were retained for analysis.
Results: An average gross income from on-farm enterprise was Rs. 77,623 per annum and from off-farm activities the average income was Rs. 1,17,643 per annum. Education, size of family members and fragmented land holdings were the push factors which motivated the farming family households to diversify towards other activities.
Conclusion: The study further suggested that there is a need to develop education and skill development training among the farm family households, as it will surely provide a positive impact on the ability to diversify their other livelihood options.
Influence of Crop Rotation and Soil Fertility Management Strategies on Water Use Efficiency of Wheat in a Changing Climate in Njoro Sub-County in Kenya
Authors: Ooro P. A. , Birech R. J. , Malinga J. N. , Thuranira E. , Digo C. , Taiy R. 
Published: September 2020

Aims: The study determined the effect of soil fertility management (inorganic and organic N sources) and short term crop rotation (cereal – legumes cropping systems) on water use efficiency of wheat in high potential areas.
Study Design: A randomized complete block design was used with split-split-plot arrangement replicated three times. Three factors evaluated included water harvesting (WH), crop rotation (CR) and soil fertility management (SFM). The data obtained were subjected to an analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Genstat statistical package while the mean separation was performed using least significance differences (P =.05).
Place and Duration of Study: The trial was conducted at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) fields based in Njoro for three years between 2014 and 2016 during rainy seasons.
Methodology: Water harvesting was evaluated at consisted of flat beds (WH1) and tied ridges (WH2), crop rotation was tested at four levels comprising of Wheat- Dolichos lablab (Lablab purpureum)-Wheat- L. purpureum (CR1); Wheat-Greenpea (P. sativum) –Wheat (Triticum aestivum L)- P. sativum (CR2); T. aestivum L-potato- P. sativum –Potato (Solanum tuberosum) (CR3); and Wheat-Wheat-Wheat-Wheat) (CR4). Six different soil fertility management (SFM) strategies evaluated included SFM1 = untreated control; SFM2 = Farm Yard Manure at 5 t ha-1; SFM3 = Green manure (L.eucaena triachandra) at 2.5 mt ha-1; SFM4 = Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) at 25 kg N ha-1; SFM5 = Calcuim Ammonium Nitrate at 50 kg N ha-1; and SFM6 = Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) at 75 kg N ha-1. The Water harvesting (WH) and SFM were fixed on the same plot at the form and rate for the entire period of the study while crops were rotated between seasons. Water use efficiency was derived as a ratio of water use and grain yield and biomass.
Results: Results revealed significant (P =.05) effect of crop rotation and soil fertility management on water use efficiency. However, water harvesting did not influence. While interaction of CR and SFM significantly (P =.05) influenced WUE and grain yield. Significant influence was also observed on WUE due to an interaction between WH and SFM. Dolichos lablab (L. purpureum) and green pea as pre-crops resulted in higher yield than when potato was the pre-crop and continuous wheat. Use of inorganic N fertilizer with L. purpureum as a pre-crop resulted in higher grain yield than all other soil fertility management strategies evaluated. In conclusion, the use of green pea as a pre-crop during the short rain followed by wheat in long rains is a beneficial crop rotation systems and a climate smart strategy. In addition, organic N sources should be recommended for sustainable wheat production because it will positively influence the accumulation and slow release of soil moisture for increased water use efficiency.
Associating dose–volume characteristics with theoretical radiobiological metrics for rapid Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery plan evaluation
Authors: Tien Christopher J. , Bond James E. , Chen Zhe (Jay) 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPurposeTo examine general dose–volume characteristics in Gamma Knife (GK) plans which may be associated with higher tumor control probability (TCP) and equivalent uniform dose (EUD) using characteristic curve sets.MethodsTwo sets of dose–volume histograms (DVHs) were exported alongside an analytical purpose‐generated DVH: (a) single‐shot large collimator (8 or 16 mm) emulated with multiple shots of 4 mm collimator. (b) shot‐within‐shot (SWS) technique with isodose lines (IDLs) of 40–75%. TCP, average dose, EUD in single‐fraction (EUDT) and 2 Gy fractionated regimens (EUDR) were examined for trends with cumulative DVH (cDVH) shape as calculated using a linear‐quadratic cell survival model (α/β = 10.0 Gy, N0 = 1 × 106) with both α = 0.20 Gy−1 and α = 0.23 Gy−1.ResultsUsing α = 0.20 Gy−1 (α = 0.23 Gy−1), plans in the analytical set with higher shoulder regions had TCP, EUDT, EUDR increased by 180%, 5.9%, 10.7% (11.2%, 6.3%, 10.0%), respectively. With α = 0.20 Gy−1 (α = 0.23 Gy−1), plans with higher heels had TCP, EUDT, EUDR increased by 4.0%, <1%, <1% (0.6%, <1%, <1%), respectively. In emulating a 16 (8) mm collimator, 64 (12) shots of the small collimators were used. Plans based on small collimators had higher shoulder regions and, with α = 0.20 Gy−1 (α = 0.23 Gy−1), TCP, EUDT, EUDR was increased up to 351.4%, 5.0%, 8.8% (270.4%, 5.0%, 6.8%) compared with the single‐shot large collimator. Delivery times ranged from 10.2 to 130.3 min. The SWS technique used 16:8 mm collimator weightings ranging from 1:2 to 9.2:1 for 40–75% IDL. With α = 0.20 Gy−1 (α = 0.23 Gy−1), the 40% IDL plan had the highest shoulder with increased TCP, EUDT, EUDR by 130.7%, 9.6%, 17.1% (12.9%, 9.1%, 16.4%) over the 75% IDL plan. Delivery times ranged 6.9–13.8 min.ConclusionsThe magnitude of the shoulder region characteristic to GK cDVHs may be used to rapidly identify superior plan among candidates. Practical issues such as delivery time may require further consideration.
Humidity‐Responsive Blue Phase Liquid‐Crystalline Film with Reconfigurable and Tailored Visual Signals
Authors: Hu Wei , Sun Jian , Wang Qian , Zhang Lanying , Yuan Xiaotao , Chen Feiwu , Li Kexuan , Miao Zongcheng , Yang Dengke , Yu Haifeng , Yang Huai 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLiquid‐crystalline polymers have been applied to a wide variety of stimuli‐responsive materials; however, the inevitable mesogenic alignment or extra complicated preparation hinders their further application and large‐scale fabrication. Here, fabrication of free‐standing blue phase liquid‐crystalline (BPLC) film is reported by using one well‐designed system composed of specially designed hydrogen‐bonded mesogenic precursors, which can spontaneously self‐assemble into 3D nanostructures without additional orientation treatment. Upon corrosion in alkaline solution, the BPLC film shows reversible humidity‐responsive behaviors by manipulating their lattice parameters of the nanostructures. The unique stimuli‐responsive behaviors originate from tunable 3D periodic nanostructures of soft materials are reprogrammable, reconfigurable, and visual, showing their potentials for advanced applications as sensor, display, and anticounterfeiting.
Hybrid Low‐Dimensional Carbon Allotropes Formed in Gas Phase
Authors: Ahmad Saeed , Mustonen Kimmo , McLean Ben , Jiang Hua , Zhang Qiang , Hussain Aqeel , Khan Abu Taher , Ding Er‐Xiong , Liao Yongping , Wei Nan , Monazam Mohammad R. A. , Nasibulin Albert G. , Kotakoski Jani , Page Alister J. , Kauppinen Esko I. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGraphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes are the basic set of low‐dimensional carbon allotropes. The latter two arise from the former by selective removal and addition of carbon atoms. Nevertheless, given their morphological disparities, the production of each is typically devised from entirely different starting points. Here, it is demonstrated that all three allotropes can nucleate from (pseudo‐)spherical, nanometer‐sized transition metal clusters in a gas‐suspension when the chemical conditions are favorable. The experimental results indicate that graphitic carbon embryos nucleate on the catalyst particles and sometimes transform into 2D graphene flakes through chain polymerization of carbon fragments forming in the surround gas atmosphere. It is further shown that hydrogenation reactions play an essential role by stabilizing the emerging flakes by mitigating the pentagon and heptagon defects that lead into evolution of fulleroids. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show that the ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the reaction is a key growth parameter. Since structural formation takes place in a gas‐suspension, graphene accompanied by fullerenes and single‐walled CNTs can be deposited on any surface at ambient temperature with arbitrary layer thicknesses. This provides a direct route for the production and deposition of graphene‐based hybrid thin films for various applications.
Programmable Delivery of Synergistic Cancer Drug Combinations Using Bicompartmental Nanoparticles
Authors: Gregory Jason V. , Vogus Douglas R. , Barajas Alexandra , Cadena Melissa A. , Mitragotri Samir , Lahann Joerg 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDelivery of multiple therapeutics has become a preferred method of treating cancer, albeit differences in the biodistribution and pharmacokinetic profiles of individual drugs pose challenges in effectively delivering synergistic drug combinations to and at the tumor site. Here, bicompartmental Janus nanoparticles comprised of domains are reported with distinct bulk properties that allow for independent drug loading and release. Programmable drug release can be triggered by a change in the pH value and depends upon the bulk properties of the polymers used in the respective compartments, rather than the molecular structures of the active agents. Bicompartmental nanoparticles delivering a synergistic combination of lapatinib and paclitaxel result in increased activity against HER2+ breast cancer cells. Surprisingly, the dual drug loaded particles also show significant efficacy toward triple negative breast cancer, even though this cancer model is unresponsive to lapatinib alone. The broad versatility of the nanoparticle platform allows for rapid exploration of a wide range of drug combinations where both their relative drug ratios and temporal release profiles can be optimized.
Organic Semiconductors Processed from Synthesis‐to‐Device in Water
Authors: Rahmanudin Aiman , Marcial‐Hernandez Raymundo , Zamhuri Adibah , Walton Alex S. , Tate Daniel J. , Khan Raja U. , Aphichatpanichakul Suphaluk , Foster Andrew B. , Broll Sebastian , Turner Michael L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOrganic semiconductors (OSCs) promise to deliver next‐generation electronic and energy devices that are flexible, scalable and printable. Unfortunately, realizing this opportunity is hampered by increasing concerns about the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly toxic halogenated solvents that are detrimental to the environment and human health. Here, a cradle‐to‐grave process is reported to achieve high performance p‐ and n‐type OSC devices based on indacenodithiophene and diketopyrrolopyrrole semiconducting polymers that utilizes aqueous‐processes, fewer steps, lower reaction temperatures, a significant reduction in VOCs (>99%) and avoids all halogenated solvents. The process involves an aqueous mini‐emulsion polymerization that generates a surfactant‐stabilized aqueous dispersion of OSC nanoparticles at sufficient concentration to permit direct aqueous processing into thin films for use in organic field‐effect transistors. Promisingly, the performance of these devices is comparable to those prepared using conventional synthesis and processing procedures optimized for large amounts of VOCs and halogenated solvents. Ultimately, the holistic approach reported addresses the environmental issues and enables a viable guideline for the delivery of future OSC devices using only aqueous media for synthesis, purification and thin‐film processing.
All‐Oxide Transparent Thin‐Film Transistors Based on Amorphous Zinc Tin Oxide Fabricated at Room Temperature: Approaching the Thermodynamic Limit of the Subthreshold Swing
Authors: Lahr Oliver , Bar Michael S. , von Wenckstern Holger , Grundmann Marius 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThin‐film transistors (TFTs) based on transparent amorphous oxide semiconductors (TAOSs) have become essential building blocks for a broad range of electronics, since TAOSs facilitate large‐scale fabrication at moderate temperatures and hence feature compatibility with flexible substrates. An emerging indium‐free alternative to the widely commercially exploited indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) is amorphous zinc tin oxide (ZTO); however, according to previous reports, achieving acceptable performance of ZTO‐based devices fabricated at temperatures below 300 °C is still challenging to date. Here, key properties of the first all‐oxide and fully transparent metal‐semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MESFETs), metal‐insulator‐semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MISFETs) and junction field‐effect transistors (JFETs) based on amorphous ZTO are compared, employing PtOx, HfOy, and p‐type NiO as gate, respectively. All individual layers have been deposited exclusively at room temperature and do not require any additional postdeposition annealing to obtain sufficient device functionality. Demonstrated TFTs exhibit reasonable current on/off ratios of over six orders of magnitude with subthreshold swings as low as 61 mV dec–1 at room temperature. Transistor characteristics have been recorded for several weeks to study performance consistency over time and are further investigated regarding their stability under bias stress.
Explorations into the Effect of meso‐Substituents in Tricarbocyanine Dyes: A Path to Diverse Biomolecular Probes and Materials
Authors: Exner Rüdiger M. , Cortezon‐Tamarit Fernando , Pascu Sofia I. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPolymethine cyanine dyes have been widely recognized as promising chemical tools for a range of life science and biomedical applications, such as fluorescent staining of DNA and proteins in gel electrophoresis, fluorescence guided surgery, or as ratiometric probes for probing biochemical pathways. The photophysical properties of such dyes can be tuned through the synthetic modification of the conjugated backbone, for example, by altering aromatic cores or by varying the length of the conjugated polymethine chain. Alternative routes to shaping the absorption, emission, and photostability of dyes of this family are centered around the chemical modifications on the polymethine chain. This Minireview aims to discuss strategies for the introduction of substituents in the meso‐position, their effect on the photophysical properties of these dyes and some structure–activity correlations which could help overcome common limitations in the state of the art in the synthesis.
Revealing Isolated M−N3C1 Active Sites for Efficient Collaborative Oxygen Reduction Catalysis
Authors: Li Feng , Han Gao‐Feng , Bu Yunfei , Noh Hyuk‐Jun , Jeon Jong‐Pil , Shin Tae Joo , Kim Seok‐Jin , Wu Yuen , Jeong Hu Young , Fu Zhengping , Lu Yalin , Baek Jong‐Beom 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSingle atom catalysts (SACs) are of great importance for oxygen reduction, a critical process in renewable energy technologies. The catalytic performance of SACs largely depends on the structure of their active sites, but explorations of highly active structures for SAC active sites are still limited. Herein, we demonstrate a combined experimental and theoretical study of oxygen reduction catalysis on SACs, which incorporate M−N3C1 site structure, composed of atomically dispersed transition metals (e.g., Fe, Co, and Cu) in nitrogenated carbon nanosheets. The resulting SACs with M−N3C1 sites exhibited prominent oxygen reduction catalytic activities in both acidic and alkaline media, following the trend Fe−N3C1 > Co−N3C1 > Cu−N3C1. Theoretical calculations suggest the C atoms in these structures behave as collaborative adsorption sites to M atoms, thanks to interactions between the d/p orbitals of the M/C atoms in the M−N3C1 sites, enabling dual site oxygen reduction.
Phase morphology evolution and thermally conductive networks of immiscible polymer blends
Authors: Zhang Yang , Xie Hao , Zhang Xuan , Zhang Xianlong , Guo Shaoyun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe selective distribution of fillers in multi‐phase polymer blends was dramatically studied to deal with thermal management fields issues. Concerning thermodynamic and kinetic effects of fillers on immiscible polymer blends, the compatibilization of fillers on phase morphology evolution and final construction of thermal conductive pathways were rarely discussed. In this work, BN fillers and polar dispersed phase were introduced into PE through various processing methods. The result showed that filler‐coated shell was formed around the larger‐sized dispersed phase, thereby forming more thermal conductivity network with other fillers in the two‐step processing composites. When the BN content was 20 phr, the thermal conductivity was 0.8271 W/(m·K) for PE/PA6/BN‐two steps composites, which was 95.48% higher than that of PE/PA6 composites. From the perspective of the regulation of the morphological structure of the dispersed phase, this study can provide methods and basic data for improving the thermal conductivity of incompatible polymer blends.