bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impaired automatic but intact volitional inhibition in primary tic disorders
Authors: Rawji Vishal , Modi Sachin , Latorre Anna , Rocchi Lorenzo , Hockey Leanne , Bhatia Kailash , Joyce Eileen , Rothwell John C , Jahanshahi Marjan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The defining character of tics is that they can be transiently suppressed by volitional effort of will, and at a behavioural level this has led to the concept that tics result from a failure of inhibition. However, this logic conflates the mechanism responsible for the production of tics with that used in suppressing them. Volitional inhibition of motor output could be increased to prevent the tic from reaching the threshold for expression, although this has been extensively investigated with conflicting results. Alternatively, automatic inhibition could prevent the initial excitation of the striatal tic focus—a hypothesis we have previously introduced. To reconcile these competing hypotheses, we examined different types of motor inhibition in a group of 19 patients with primary tic disorders and 15 healthy volunteers. We probed proactive and reactive inhibition using the conditional stop-signal task, and applied transcranial magnetic stimulation to the motor cortex, to assess movement preparation and execution. We assessed automatic motor inhibition with the masked priming task. We found that volitional movement preparation, execution and inhibition (proactive and reactive) were not impaired in tic disorders. We speculate that these mechanisms are recruited during volitional tic suppression, and that they prevent expression of the tic by inhibiting the nascent excitation released by the tic generator. In contrast, automatic inhibition was abnormal/impaired in patients with tic disorders. In the masked priming task, positive and negative compatibility effects were found for healthy controls, whereas patients with tics exhibited strong positive compatibility effects, but no negative compatibility effect indicative of impaired automatic inhibition. Patients also made more errors on the masked priming task than healthy control subjects and the types of errors were consistent with impaired automatic inhibition. Errors associated with impaired automatic inhibition were positively correlated with tic severity. We conclude that voluntary movement preparation/generation and volitional inhibition are normal in tic disorders, whereas automatic inhibition is impaired—a deficit that correlated with tic severity and thus may constitute a potential mechanism by which tics are generated.
The Determination of Thiamine in Small Amounts of Whole Blood and Serum by a Simplified Thiochrome Method
Authors: Myint Than , Houser Harold B 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This simplified thiochrome method for the determination of thiamine eliminates deproteinization, sample dilution (other than reagent), and purification by adsorption column; pH need not be adjusted as it is automatically controlled. The method depends upon the hydrolysis of whole blood and serum with N HCI, N/10 HCI, and diastase enzyme. Reproducibility was good; the mean differences (± S.D.) between duplicate blood and serum samples were 2.36 ± 2.87 and 1.5 ± 1.70 mµg./ml., respectively. Recovery of added thiamine ranged from 94 to 104% with a mean of 99.5 ± 3.41%. Storage of hydrolysates for 30 days did not change the results, and low serum concentrations could be measured in serum. Whole blood and serum values of thiamine in 44 healthy adults ranged from 11.3 to 47.8 mµg./ml. (mean, 29.3) and from trace amounts to 20.5 mµg./ml. (mean, 10.2), respectively.
Automated and Manual Direct Methods for the Determination of Blood Urea
Authors: Marsh Walton H , Fingerhut Benjamin , Miller Henry 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Automated and manual direct methods for the determination of urea in blood or serum are described. These methods determine urea by the colored product formed when urea, in relatively weak acid solution, reacts with diacetyl monoxime in the presence of thiosemicarbazide and ferric ion. Results are compared with those obtained by urease conversion of urea to ammonia and measurement of the ammonia by nesslerization.
An Automated Fluorometric Method for Determination of Lactic Dehydrogenase in Serum
Authors: Brooks Lewis , Olken Harry G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A simple automated method for the determination of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in serum by the forward lactate → pyruvate reaction is presented. Enzyme activity is determined by measuring the fluorescence of DPNH formed after a fixed incubation time. Detailed studies of various parameters of the reaction, reproducibility, and recovery data, and a comparison with two manual methods for LDH are presented.
A New Method for the Continuous Monitoring of Blood Glucose by Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen
Authors: Kadish Arnold Henry , Hall David A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Glucose concentration may be determined enzymatically by a glucose-oxidase procedure in which the amount of oxygen depletion from a solution saturated with oxygen is observed. The difference between the initial and final oxygen levels as detected by a polarographic oxygen analyzer is a measure of glucose concentration. Blood is sampled continuously by means of a double-lumen catheter inserted into an arm vein and connected to the flow system. A peristaltic proportioning pump then propels glucose-oxidase reagent and the blood-heparin mixture through a dialyzer. The reagent-dialysate mixture passes through a 1-min. delay coil before passing to the polarographic oxygen sensor. Glucose concentration is proportional to the oxygen depletion in the mixture flowing past the sensor. The studies outlined in this paper describe work directed towards the development of a miniature system intended for continuous monitoring and control of blood-glucose level.
Use of Constant Temperature and Sodium Borohydride in the Trihydroxyindole Method for Catecholamines
Authors: Gerst Elizabeth Carlsen , Steinsland Odd S , Walcott William W 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Small temperature variations during fluorescent analysis with the trihydroxyindole method can introduce significant errors in the measurement of 15µg./L. or less of epinephrine or norepinephrine. To minimize temperature differences, we have devised a simple, constant-temperature system for the Farrand fluorometer.
Decomposition of ascorbic acid prior to and during analysis also must be prevented. Sodium borchydride was found to be an effective stabilizing agent that contributes negligible fluorescence.These modifications minimize or eliminate much of the difficulty previously encountered in the use of the trihydroxyindole method.
A Quantitative Procedure for the Determination of Nitrofurantoin in Whole Blood and Plasma
Authors: Conklin John D , Hollifield Richard D 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A rapid, quantitative procedure for the determination of nitrofurantoin in 0.5 ml. of whole blood and plasma is presented. The method has a sensitivity of 2 mg./L., with recoveries of 95-100%. The absorbance-concentration curve is linear to 60 mg./L.
Light Sensitization and Peroxides in Sweat
Authors: Seutter E , Sutorius Annelies H M , Govaert F J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Mucopolysaccharides which can be described as relatively stable peroxides were isolated from the sweat of 2 light-sensitive patients. The mucopolysaccharides have been characterized by infrared absorbance in KBr at 867 cm.-1 Upon grinding of the Pellet, this absorbance disappears and gives a stronger one at 848 cm.-1
Determination of Iron in Serum or Plasma by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Authors: Rodgerson Denis O , Helfer Ray E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The determination of serum iron has been shown to be feasible by the use of a modified single-beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The effect of interfering substances is eliminated by the use of standards prepared in physiological concentrations of protein. Average percentage recovery of added iron was 97.9 with an over-all coefficient of variation of 1.6%. Disparities between samples due to the effect of unequal viscosities and flow rates were overcome by the integration of the record curve generated by a measured volume of sample. Comparison between the method presented and a colorimetric procedure gave a higher mean value and normal range for plasma quantitated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Investigation of a Potential Source of Difficulty in the Use of the AutoAnalyzer
Authors: Davis H A , Sterling Rex E , Wilcox Alan A , Waters William E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An investigation of the deleterious action of alkaline ferricyanide on the glass heating coil of the AutoAnalyzer showed not only an increase in fragility of the coil with use but a substantial increase in coil volume, a change which can cause standard readings to exceed acceptable limits.
Osmolality of Normal Human Saliva at Body Temperature
Authors: Sawinski Vincent J , Goldberg Allen Fred , Loiselle Raymond J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Osmotic pressure of unstimulated mixed saliva from young adult males was measured by a vapor pressure osmometer. Results on 92 fresh samples showed a normal range of 21-77 mosm./L., whereas 90 frozen samples had a normal range of 0-76 mosm./L. A significant difference (p &lt; 0.001) existed between the 2 groups.
Urinary Chorionic Gonadotrophin Determination
Authors: Watson Derek 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Successful laboratory tests for early pregnancy utilize the endogenous production and excretion of chorionic gonadotrophin (CG). There is wide variation in sensitivity and specificity of various biological and commercially available immunochemical methods for determining urinary CG levels. Normal values for immunochemically reactive CG during the first trimester of pregnancy are given.
Serial determinations of CG have diagnostic value in assessing various abnormal pregnancy states. An abnormally increased urinary output of CG is observed in some neoplasms—e.g., chorionepithelioma, and a rapidly rising CG level is strongly suggestive of molar pregnancy. Urinary CG levels falling below the normal range mayindicate an ectopic pregnancy or an inevitable, incomplete, or "missed" abortion.
The immunochemical CG determination also offers a sensitive, simple, and convenient routine method for following patients who have been treated for hydatidiformmole or chorionepithelioma.
Determination of Uric Acid
Authors: Nishi H Harold 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Archibald colorimetric procedure for determination of uric acid has been adapted for automation. The major differences from the original manual procedure after sodium hydroxide treatment of the serum sample are neutralization with hydrochloric acid and dialysis of the serum instead of precipitation to remove protein. At the rate of 40 samples per hour, the automated procedure shows good correlation with the manual procedure.
Urinary Coproporphyrin Isomer Distribution in the Dubin-Johnson Syndrome
Authors: Koskelo Pentti , Toivonen Ilkka , Adlercreutz Herman 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Urinary coproporphyrin isomer distribution was studied in 13 patients suffering from the Dubin-Johnson syndrome and several control groups. In patients with the Dubin-Johnson syndrome the isomer distribution was quite the reverse to that of normal persons. The urinary isomer distribution was in the normal range in patients with Gilbert's syndrome, hemolytic jaundice, and fatty liver. In many patients with different acute and chronic liver diseases, a clear deviation from the normal urinary isomer distribution was seen. There was, however, no overlapping with the Dubin-Johnson syndrome. Even the fecal coproporphyrin isomer distribution deviated significantly from the normal in favor of Isomer I.
Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes
Authors: Krieg Arthur F , Rosenblum Lawrence J , Henry John B 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Five lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes are normally observed in human serum: H4 (LDH1), H3M (LDH2), H2M2 (LDH3), HM3 (LDH4), and M4 (LDH5). This study presents evidence that these isoenzymes vary in the ratio of LDH activity (pyruvate → lactate) to LDH activity (lactate → pyruvate).
Rapid Enzymatic Measurement of Blood Lactate and Pyruvate
Authors: Marbach Edward P , Weil Max Harry 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A modification of enzymatic technics for measurement of concentrations of lactate and pyruvate in blood is described. A common protein-free filtrate is prepared by adding blood directly to cold 5% metaphosphoric acid. Theoretical yields are obtained. Recoveries for lactate range from 98 to 102% and for pyruvate from 97 to 104%. Assay of both lactate and pyruvate is simplified and has a high order of reliability. Since both analyses are completed within a period of 20 mm., the method is especially valuable in the emergent clinical situation in which measurements of lactate and pyruvate are obtained for assessment of the severity of shock and other forms of cardiorespiratory failure.
Recalibration of the Gilford Absorbance Indicator
Authors: Collier H Bruce 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Gilford Absorbance Indicator was recalibrated, for absolute absorbance readings, with (1) a U. S. Bureau of Standards calibrated cobalt-blue glass standard; (2) a standard cobalt ammonium sulfate solution at 512 mµ (3) standard potassium chromate solutions at 373 mµ These three standards agreed with 1%. Readings on the indicator's absorbance scale had decreased by about 7% over 2 years.
Structure of Sickle Cell Hemoglobin and Molecular Mechanism of the Sickling Phenomenon
Authors: Murayama Makio 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Precision scale models of sickle cell hemoglobin molecules indicate that the genetic substitution of valine for glutamic acid at the sixth position in the two beta chains allows an intramolecular hydrophobic bond to form. This changes the conformation in such a way as to allow molecular stacking. Results of subjection of Hb S solution to temperature change, to high hydrostatic pressure, and to propane are consistent with the presence of such a bond. Examination of sickled erythrocytes in a magnetic field and in polarized light indicates that the Hb S molecules are aligned in situ. Filaments interpreted as hollow cables of six Hb S monofilaments have been demonstrated by electron microscopy.
An Improved Extraction Procedure for the Determination of Triglycerides and Cholesterol in Plasma or Serum
Authors: Ryan Will G , Rasho Oshana M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A simple method of preparing extracts of plasma or serum suitable for determination of both triglycerides and cholesterol is described. Its chief advantage over present procedures is in a considerable saving of time and labor involved in the preparation of large numbers of samples. The method appears to give a more complete extraction of glycerides and compares favorably with existing methods of extracting cholesterol.
A Simple Method for the Determination of Lipoprotein Lipase
Authors: Stutman Leonard J , Dolliver Marilyn 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A rapid method for determining the in-vivo effect of small amounts of intravenous heparin utilizing thin-layer chromatography is presented. A dense band of stainable fatty acids appears and represents nonesterified acids after the fatty acid esters have been hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase and determines, therefore, whether the enzyme is activated by heparin.
Effects of Age and Rearing Conditions of Macacca mulatta on Blood Proteins and Protein-Bound Carbohydrates
Authors: Beasley John W , Seal Ulysses S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Measurements of blood constituents were made on monkeys, Macacca mulatta, reared in conditions of severe social isolation which are known to lead to behavioral deficits in adult life. Alterations were found in the levels of hemoglobin, total plasma protein, and haptoglobin, while the levels of fibrinogen and protein-bound carbohydrates were identical with controls. Differences among the deprived monkeys did not resemble differences found among human schizophrenic patients. An effect of age on some of these measures in the rhesus monkey also was noted.
The Use of a Reagent Gel To Locate LDH Isoenzymes Separated on Cellulose Acetate Membranes
Authors: Myers R C , Van Remortel H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In a technic for locating the isoenzymes of LDH following electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes, the membrane is laid on an agar gel containing all of the necessary reagents.
A New and Rapid Method for the Determination of Glucose by Measurement of Rate of Oxygen Consumption
Authors: Kadish Arnold Henry , Litle Robert L , Sternberg James C 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Glucose levels in serum, plasma, and urine are determined rapidly and conveniently by a new glucose oxidase method employing a polarographic oxygen sensor with a circuit modified to record the rate of oxygen consumption. The maximum apparent rate of oxygen consumption relative to the rate obtained with a glucose standard provides a direct measure of the glucose level in the sample; results are obtainable within 20 sec. after sample (100 µl.) addition and within 3 min. after a blood sample is withdrawn from a patient. Interferences associated with prior colorimetric glucose oxidase methods are avoided by measuring oxygen consumption instead of hydrogen peroxide formation. The method is described and results are presented showing a standard deviation of less than 1.5% on replicate determinations and a bias of 1% with respect to data obtained on the same samples by the automated ferricyanide method.
Recovery of Uric Acid from Serum
Authors: Fales Frank W 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Uric acid added to serum is incompletely recovered in tungstic acid filtrates of serum. Contrary to previous views, the poor recovery is not the result of the adsorption of uric acid upon the precipitated protein, nor is it the result of the presence in the filtrates of inhibitors of the color-forming reaction between the sodium carbonate and phosphotungstic acid reagents, and the uric acid. Evidence is presented which implicates adsorption on filter paper as the cause of the poor recovery of uric acid from acid filtrates. Excellent recoveries are obtained when the protein precipitated by tungstic acid is removed by centrifugation.
Micromethod for Tocopherol Determination in Blood Serum
Authors: Fabianek J , Defilippi J , Rickards T , Herp A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An improved microprocedure for the determination of tocopherol in blood serum is reported. Tocopherol is oxidized by ferric chloride and the pink complex of ferrous ions with 4,7-diphenyl-10,10-phenanthroline (bathophenanthroline) is determined spectrophotometrically. The test is more sensitive than colorimetric methods using 2,2',2''-tripyridine,2,2'-bipyridine (bipyridyl) or 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine. The use of phosphoric acid prevents the photochemical reduction of ferric chloride and also reduces interference of carotene to a minimum. The amount of carotene oxidized by ferric chloride in the first 5 min. is negligible in the presence of bathophenanthroline. As its further oxidation is stopped by phosphoric acid, the contribution of carotene to the ferrous-bathophenanonthroline complex is insignificant.
A Shortened Method for the Fluorometric Determination of Phenylalanine
Authors: Ambrose John A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
As a result of a study of the classic ninhydrin reaction with amino acids (which results in the production of Ruhemann’s purple), and the fluorescence reaction occurring between ninhydrin and phenylalanine in the presence of a dipeptide, the initial incubation period in the fluorescence reaction was shortened from 2 hr. to 16 min. This improvement in the fluorometric method for the determination of phenylalanine was accomplished by (1) decreasing the initial incubation pH from 5.8 to 5.0, and (2) increasing the incubation temperature from 60° to 85°. A study of the effect of pH on the fluorescence level in both the acid and alkaline reactions demonstrated the presence of fluorescence pH plateaus. These plateaus indicate that the fluorescence level was relatively unaffected by a change in pH within specified ranges. A study of the specificity led to the discovery that the inclusion of a peptide control was necessary to correct for one type of nonspecific fluorescence. To make this correction, it was necessary to add the reading of the serum blank to that of the reagent blank, and to subtract this total from the sample reading.
A Single Column Method for the Determination of Urinary δ-Aminolevulinic Acid
Authors: Sun Mu-Wan , Stein Edward , Gruen Frances W 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A simple method for determination of urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid is described. Its advantage over procedures now in use is in the utilization of a single ion-exchange column instead of two ion-exchange columns, with resulting saving of time, labor, and material. The method is accurate and useful in screening for lead poisoning.
A Simple Nonchromatographic Determination of Glycerophosphatide in Serum
Authors: Rosenthal Arthur F , Han Stella Ching-Hsien 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Glycerophosphatide phosphorus is determined in ether-methanol extracts of blood serum by a nondigestive procedure which utilizes a sulfuric-periodic acid reagent. Sphingomyelin phosphorus is not liberated. The method shows good agreement with the sum of lecithin, cephalin, and lysolecithin phosphorus when the lipids are separated by thin-layer chromatography. Lecithin in an artificial lipid mixture is determined readily. The ether-methanol extraction gives results comparable to that of a standard chloroform-methanol extract.
Oxygen Flask Decomposition of Blood Serum: Application To PBI Determination
Authors: Zaroda Ray A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A novel approach is presented for converting organically bound iodide of blood serum into the corresponding inorganic state for protein-bound iodine measurement. The technic consists of oven-drying 1 ml resin-treated serum in a collodion-impregnated filter paper holder, burning the dried sample in a Schoniger oxygen flask, and absorbing the decomposition products in a suitable absorbing medium. The extract is then submitted to an automated, analytic, photometric assay method based on the iodide-iodine catalysis of the cerium-arsenic reaction. The procedure eliminates the possibility of cross-contamination because each sample is handled in a separate, sealed reaction flask. The method yields reproducible results which compare favorably with PBI technics currently in existence. The investigation represents the first known instance of the Schoniger process being applied to iodine determinations in the 1-10 [Lg/100 ml range.
An Automated Method for the Measurement of Plasma Hemoglobin
Authors: Spiegel Herbert E , Tonchen Alice E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An automated method for the determination of hemoglobin concentrations normally present in plasma is described. The method was developed from the manual technics of Crosby and Furth, and Hanks (2, 7). The procedure is based on the development of a green chromogen which results when hemoglobin reacts with benzidine and hydrogen peroxide. The results of the automated method compared well with the manual procedure. In addition, there was good precision over the concentration range of 1-5 mg/100 ml. Normals were found to range between 0.8 to 4.6 mg/100 ml with a mean of 2.4 mg/100 ml.