bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inequal Responses of Drylands to Radiative Forcing Geoengineering Methods
Authors: Park Chang‐Eui , Jeong Su‐Jong , Fan Yuanchao , Tjiputra Jerry , Muri Helene , Zheng Chunmiao 
Published: November 2019

AbstractClimate geoengineering has the potential to reduce global warming. However, the nonlinear responses of Earth's large‐scale circulation to climate geoengineering can exacerbate regional climate change, with potential inequality risks. We show noticeable inequality in the responses of drylands when three radiative forcing geoengineering (RFG) methodologies—cirrus cloud thinning (CCT), marine sky brightening (MSB), and stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI)—individually reduce the radiative forcing of the representative concentration pathway 8.5 scenario using a set of the Norwegian Earth system model (NorESM1‐ME) experiments. In North America, CCT and SAI alleviate drylands expansion, whereas drylands expand further under MSB. CCT induces significantly wetter conditions over the western Sahel. Wetting over Australia is enhanced and prevented by MSB and SAI, respectively. Our results suggest spatially inequal distributions of benefits and harms of individual RFGs on the projected distribution of drylands, which should be considered before any real‐world application of such RFGs.
Constraining the Magnitude of Climate Extremes From Time‐Varying Instellation on a Circumbinary Terrestrial Planet
Authors: Haqq‐Misra Jacob , Wolf Eric T. , Welsh William F. , Kopparapu Ravi Kumar , Kostov Veselin , Kane Stephen R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPlanets that revolve around a binary pair of stars are known as circumbinary planets. The orbital motion of the stars around their center of mass causes a periodic variation in the total instellation incident upon a circumbinary planet. This study uses both an analytic and numerical energy balance model to calculate the extent to which this effect can drive changes in surface temperature on circumbinary terrestrial planets. We show that the amplitude of the temperature variation is largely constrained by the effective heat capacity, which corresponds to the ocean‐to‐land ratio on the planet. Planets with large ocean fractions should experience only modest warming and cooling of only a few degrees, which suggests that habitability cannot be precluded for such circumbinary planets. Planets with large land fractions that experience extreme periodic forcing could be prone to changes in temperature of tens of degrees or more, which could drive more extreme climate changes that inhibit continuously habitable conditions.
Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene Variability of the REE and Nd Isotope Composition of Caribbean Bottom Water: A Record of Changes in Sea Level and Terrestrial Inputs During the Final Stages of Central American Seaway Closure
Authors: Osborne Anne H. , Hathorne Ed C. , Böning Philipp , Groeneveld Jeroen , Pahnke Katharina , Frank Martin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe isotopic composition of neodymium dissolved in seawater consists of a distal, advected component that reflects water mass mixing and circulation but near land can also contain a large local component originating from terrestrial sources such as aeolian or fluvial material. In order to use Nd isotopes to reconstruct paleocirculation, it is important to detect any local influences on the seawater signal recorded in deep sea sediments. Here we present rare earth element (REE) and Nd isotope (εNd) records from the deep Caribbean for two well‐studied time intervals in the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. We measured trace element and REE compositions of weakly cleaned foraminifera to investigate if the Nd isotope signal from the same samples contained a local component. We find distinct changes in REE compositions across glaciations that are consistent with increases in the supply of local terrestrial material to the basin likely the results of glacially driven changes in sea level. Despite these larger terrestrial inputs, the Ce anomaly (Ce/Ce*) became more pronounced during glaciations indicating a better deep Caribbean ventilation. Short negative Nd isotope excursions occurred during three of the four studied glaciations, independently of any other proxy indicators for changes in ocean circulation suggesting that inputs from local terrigenous sources of Nd controlled the signal. We recommend that studies that aim to use εNd as a paleocirculation tracer routinely measure REE compositions of the authigenic phase to identify any possible terrestrial influence on the signal.
Loss of work-related income impoverishes people with SCI and their families in Bangladesh
Authors:   on behalf of the CIVIC Trial Collaboration, Hossain Mohammad Sohrab , Harvey Lisa A. , Islam Md. Shofiqul , Rahman Md. Akhlasur , Liu Hueiming , Herbert Robert D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Study design
Cross-sectional study.

Objectives
To determine the degree of impoverishment of people with spinal cord injury (SCI) and their families in Bangladesh caused by loss of work-related income following injury.

Setting
Spinal cord injury centre, Bangladesh.

Methods
A total of 410 wheelchair-dependent people with recent SCI about to be discharged from a hospital in Bangladesh were interviewed to determine the size of their families, their incomes from paid work prior to injury and the incomes of their family members. These data were used to calculate income per family unit and per family member prior to and immediately after injury.

Results
Ninety percent of the participants were men, 98% were from rural areas of Bangladesh and 58% were manual labours prior to injury. Median (interquartile range, IQR) family size was 5 (4–6) people. Prior to injury, 74% of participants were the main income earners for their families and 50% provided the only source of income for their families. Participants’ median (IQR) monthly income prior to injury was US$106 (US$60–US$180) per person and family members’ income was US$30 (US$19–US$48) per person. After injury, the median income (IQR) of each family member dropped to US$0 (US$0–US$18) placing 91% of families below the extreme poverty line of US$37.50 per person per month (equivalent to US$1.25 per day).

Conclusion
In Bangladesh, SCI have profound financial implications for individuals and their families and causes extreme poverty. This is because those most often injured are young and the main income earners for their families.
Long-term monitoring data from a naturally ventilated office building
Authors: Schweiker Marcel , Kleber Michael , Wagner Andreas 
Published: November 2019

AbstractData was collected in the field, from an office building located in Frankfurt, Germany, over the period of 4 years. The building was designed as a low-energy building and featured natural ventilation for individual control of air quality as well as buoyancy-driven night ventilation in combination with a central atrium as a passive cooling strategy. The monitored data include in total 116 data points related to outdoor and indoor environmental data, energy related data, and data related to occupancy and occupant behaviour. Data points representing a state were logged with the real timestamp of the event taking place, all other data points were recorded in 10 minute intervals. Data were collected in 17 cell offices with a size of ~20 m2, facing either east or west). Each office has one fixed and two operable windows, internal top light windows between office and corridor (to allow for night ventilation into the atrium) and sun protection elements (operated both manually and automatically). Each office is occupied by one or two persons.
Short echo-time Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in ALS, simultaneous quantification of glutamate and GABA at 3 T
Authors: Blicher J. U. , Eskildsen S. F. , Stærmose T. G. , Møller A. T. , Figlewski K. , Near J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCortical hyperexcitability has been found in early Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and is hypothesized to be a key factor in pathogenesis. The current pilot study aimed to investigate cortical inhibitory/excitatory balance in ALS using short-echo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). Patients suffering from ALS were scanned on a 3 T Trio Siemens MR scanner using Spin Echo Full Intensity Acquired Localized (SPECIAL) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in primary motor cortex and the occipital lobe. Data was compared to a group of healthy subjects. Nine patients completed the scan. MRS data was of an excellent quality allowing for quantification of a range of metabolites of interest in ALS. In motor cortex, patients had Glutamate/GABA and GABA/Cr- ratios comparable to healthy subjects. However, Glutamate/Cr (p = 0.002) and the neuronal marker N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA/Cr) (p = 0.034) were low, possibly due to grey-matter atrophy, whereas Glutathione/Cr (p = 0.04) was elevated. In patients, NAA levels correlated significantly with both hand strength (p = 0.027) and disease severity (p = 0.016). In summary SPECIAL MRS at 3 T allows of reliable quantification of a range of metabolites of interest in ALS, including both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. The method is a promising new technique as a biomarker for future studies on ALS pathophysiology and monitoring of disease progression.
Porosity Measurement of Low Permeable Materials Using Gas Expansion Induced Water Intrusion Porosimetry (GEIWIP)
Authors: Jarrahi Miad , Ruth Douglas W. , Bassuoni Mohamed T. , Holländer Hartmut M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPorosity measurement is a key factor to identify the hydraulic performance of low permeable porous materials (e.g. rock or concrete). Porosimetry tests such as Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), or Gas Expansion (GE) are cost-prohibitive, use hazardous materials, or are incapable of accessing all inter-connected pores. An alternative Gas Expansion Induced Water Intrusion Porosimetry (GEIWIP) method was developed to measure the porosity of a low permeable porous medium using a gas/water intrusion apparatus. This method overcomes the previously mentioned porosimetry drawbacks by using distilled de-aired water (DDW) as a hazard-free liquid which is a wetting fluid to intrude the porous structure and fill the pores. As the DDW has the tendency to fill all inter-connected pores, no back-up pressure is required. This method has lower cost and needs less preparation time comparing to MIP test. Additionally, the GEIWIP set-up, the gas/water intrusion apparatus, can be moved to the field site and provide mobile measurement feasibility. The reliability of the test results was obtained by a repetitive testing process. The porosity of concrete samples with different mixtures was obtained and compared to those of MIP and NMR tests.
Wolves and dogs recruit human partners in the cooperative string-pulling task
Authors: Range Friederike , Kassis Alexandra , Taborsky Michael , Boada Mónica , Marshall-Pescini Sarah 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn comparison to non-human animals, humans are highly flexible in cooperative tasks, which may be a result of their ability to understand a partner’s role in such interactions. Here, we tested if wolves and dogs could flexibly adjust their behaviour according to whether they needed a partner to solve a cooperative loose string-pulling paradigm. First, we presented animals with a delay condition where a human partner was released after the subject so that the animal had to delay pulling the string to enable coordinated pulling with the human partner. Subsequently, we investigated whether subjects would recruit a partner depending on whether they could operate the apparatus alone, or help from a partner was required. Both wolves and dogs successfully waited in the delay condition in 88% of the trials. Experimental subjects were also successful in recruiting a partner, which occurred significantly more often in the cooperation trials than in the solo pulling condition. No species differences were found in either experiment. These results suggest that both wolves and dogs have some understanding of whether a social partner is needed to accomplish a task, which enables behavioural coordination and cooperation.
DeNTNet: Deep Neural Transfer Network for the detection of periodontal bone loss using panoramic dental radiographs
Authors: Kim Jaeyoung , Lee Hong-Seok , Song In-Seok , Jung Kyu-Hwan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this study, a deep learning-based method for developing an automated diagnostic support system that detects periodontal bone loss in the panoramic dental radiographs is proposed. The presented method called DeNTNet not only detects lesions but also provides the corresponding teeth numbers of the lesion according to dental federation notation. DeNTNet applies deep convolutional neural networks(CNNs) using transfer learning and clinical prior knowledge to overcome the morphological variation of the lesions and imbalanced training dataset. With 12,179 panoramic dental radiographs annotated by experienced dental clinicians, DeNTNet was trained, validated, and tested using 11,189, 190, and 800 panoramic dental radiographs, respectively. Each experimental model was subjected to comparative study to demonstrate the validity of each phase of the proposed method. When compared to the dental clinicians, DeNTNet achieved the F1 score of 0.75 on the test set, whereas the average performance of dental clinicians was 0.69.
Caesarean section, but not induction of labour, is associated with major changes in cord blood metabolome
Authors: Marchioro Linda , Shokry Engy , Geraghty Aisling A. , O’Brien Eileen C. , Uhl Olaf , Koletzko Berthold , McAuliffe Fionnuala M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe physiology of how prelabour caesarean section (PCS) and induction of labour (IOL) in comparison to spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) has not been fully clarified yet. We measured 201 cord blood (CB) phospholipids and energy metabolites via LC/MS-MS in 109 newborns from the ROLO Kids study; metabolites were compared across the three parturition groups via linear mixed models with correction for multiple testing. In comparison to SVD, PCS babies had lower non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), including sum of NEFA (p < 0.001), and trends for lower acylcarnitines. The lack of hormonal stimuli, especially catecholamines and cortisol, may underlie the metabolic changes involving gluconeogenesis from fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in PCS born infants. IOL and SVD infants showed no significant differences in metabolites, but ratios estimating carnitine palmitoyltrasferase 1 activity (precursor for FAO) were slightly higher in IOL than in SVD. Thus, IOL does not induce metabolic disadvantage when compared to SVD, though post-natal gluconeogenesis might start earlier due to the artificial solicitation in IOL. These data shed light on the physiology of parturition and may contribute to understand how mode of delivery might modulate future metabolic risks.
Effective reconstruction of functional organotypic kidney spheroid for in vitro nephrotoxicity studies
Authors: Kang Hyun Mi , Lim Jung Hwa , Noh Kyung Hee , Park Dongmin , Cho Hyun-Soo , Susztak Katalin , Jung Cho-Rok 
Published: November 2019

AbstractStable and reproducible kidney cellular models could accelerate our understanding of diseases, help therapeutics development, and improve nephrotoxicity screenings. Generation of a reproducible in vitro kidney models has been challenging owing to the cellular heterogeneity and structural complexity of the kidney. We generated mixed immortalized cell lines that stably maintained their characteristic expression of renal epithelial progenitor markers for the different lineages of kidney cellular compartments via the BMP7 signaling pathway from a mouse and a human whole kidney. These cells were used to generate functional and matured kidney spheroids containing multiple renal lineages, such as the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubules, and podocytes, using extracellular matrix and physiological force, named spheroid-forming unit (SFU). They expressed all apical and basolateral transporters that are important for drug metabolism and displayed key functional aspects of the proximal tubule, including protein endocytosis and increased gamma-glutamyltransferase activity, and cyclic AMP responded to external cues, such as parathyroid hormone. Following exposure, cells fluxed and took up drugs via proximal tubule-specific apical or basolateral transporters, and displayed increased cell death and expression of renal injury marker. Here, we developed a new differentiation method to generate kidney spheroids that structurally recapitulate important features of the kidney effectively and reproducibly using mixed immortalized renal cells, and showed their application for renal toxicity studies.
Deconvolution of light sheet microscopy recordings
Authors: Becker Klaus , Saghafi Saiedeh , Pende Marko , Sabdyusheva-Litschauer Inna , Hahn Christian M. , Foroughipour Massih , Jährling Nina , Dodt Hans-Ulrich 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe developed a deconvolution software for light sheet microscopy that uses a theoretical point spread function, which we derived from a model of image formation in a light sheet microscope. We show that this approach provides excellent blur reduction and enhancement of fine image details for image stacks recorded with low magnification objectives of relatively high NA and high field numbers as e.g. 2x NA 0.14 FN 22, or 4x NA 0.28 FN 22. For these objectives, which are widely used in light sheet microscopy, sufficiently resolved point spread functions that are suitable for deconvolution are difficult to measure and the results obtained by common deconvolution software developed for confocal microscopy are usually poor. We demonstrate that the deconvolutions computed using our point spread function model are equivalent to those obtained using a measured point spread function for a 10x objective with NA 0.3 and for a 20x objective with NA 0.45.
Floquet-state cooling
Authors: Diermann Onno R. , Holthaus Martin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe demonstrate that a periodically driven quantum system can adopt a quasistationary state which is effectively much colder than a thermal reservoir it is coupled to, in the sense that certain Floquet states of the driven-dissipative system can carry much higher population than the ground state of the corresponding undriven system in thermal equilibrium. This is made possible by a rich Fourier spectrum of the system’s Floquet transition matrix elements, the components of which are addressed individually by a suitably peaked reservoir density of states. The effect is expected to be important for driven solid-state systems interacting with a phonon bath predominantly at well-defined frequencies.
Discriminative biogeochemical signatures of methanotrophs in different chemosynthetic habitats at an active mud volcano in the Canadian Beaufort Sea
Authors: Lee Dong-Hun , Lee Yung Mi , Kim Jung-Hyun , Jin Young Keun , Paull Charles , Niemann Helge , Kim Ji-Hoon , Shin Kyung-Hoon 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSeveral mud volcanoes are active in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. In this study, we investigated vertical variations in methanotrophic communities in sediments of the mud volcano MV420 (420 m water depth) by analyzing geochemical properties, microbial lipids, and nucleic acid signatures. Three push cores were collected with a remotely operated vehicle from visually discriminative habitats that were devoid of megafauna and/microbial mats (DM) to the naked eye, covered with bacterial mats (BM), or colonized by siboglinid tubeworms (ST). All MV420 sites showed the presence of aerobic methane oxidation (MOx)- and anaerobic methane oxidation (AOM)-related lipid biomarkers (4α-methyl sterols and sn-2-hydroxyarchaeol, respectively), which were distinctly different in comparison with a reference site at which these compounds were not detected. Lipid biomarker results were in close agreement with 16S rRNA analyses, which revealed the presence of MOx-related bacteria (Methylococcales) and AOM-related archaea (ANME-2 and ANME-3) at the MV420 sites. 4α-methyl sterols derived from Methylococcales predominated in the surface layer at the BM site, which showed a moderate methane flux (0.04 mmol cm−2 y−1), while their occurrence was limited at the DM (0.06 mmol cm−2 y−1) and ST (0.01 mmol cm−2 y−1) sites. On the other hand, 13C-depleted sn-2-hydroxyarchaeol potentially derived from ANME-2 and/or ANME-3 was abundant in down-core sediments at the ST site. Our study indicates that a niche diversification within this mud volcano system has shaped distinct methanotrophic communities due to availability of electron acceptors in association with varying degrees of methane flux and bioirrigation activity.
Differences in high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation over the motor hotspot versus the premotor cortex on motor network excitability
Authors: Lefebvre Stephanie , Jann Kay , Schmiesing Allie , Ito Kaori , Jog Mayank , Schweighofer Nicolas , Wang Danny J. J. , Liew Sook-Lei 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) placed over the motor hotspot (thought to represent the primary motor cortex (M1)) to modulate motor network excitability is highly variable. The premotor cortex—particularly the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd)—may be a promising alternative target to reliably modulate motor excitability, as it influences motor control across multiple pathways, one independent of M1 and one with direct connections to M1. This double-blind, placebo-controlled preliminary study aimed to differentially excite motor and premotor regions using high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) with concurrent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). HD-tDCS applied over either the motor hotspot or the premotor cortex demonstrated high inter-individual variability in changes on cortical motor excitability. However, HD-tDCS over the premotor cortex led to a higher number of responders and greater changes in local fMRI-based complexity than HD-tDCS over the motor hotspot. Furthermore, an analysis of individual motor hotspot anatomical locations revealed that, in more than half of the participants, the motor hotspot is not located over anatomical M1 boundaries, despite using a canonical definition of the motor hotspot. This heterogeneity in stimulation site may contribute to the variability of tDCS results. Altogether, these preliminary findings provide new considerations to enhance tDCS reliability.
First-principles investigation of the ferroelectric, piezoelectric and nonlinear optical properties of LiNbO3-type ZnTiO3
Authors: Zhang Jing , Xu Bin , Wang Yu-Sheng , Qin Zhen , Ke San-Huang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe newly synthesized LN-type ZnTiO3 (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 2748) contains cations with the electronic configurations nd10 (Zn2+: 3d10) along with second-order Jahn-Teller (SOJT) nd0 (Ti4+: 3d0) cations. This is different from traditional ferroelectrics with the electric configurations of d0 transition metal ions or/and lone pair electrons of ns2. Using a first-principles approach based on density functional theory, we investigate the electronic structure, zone-center phonon modes, piezoelectric and nonlinear optical properties of the LiNbO3-type ZnTiO3. The electronic structure indicates that this compound is a wide direct-band-gap insulator. The results reveal that this compound is a good ferroelectric material with a large spontaneous polarization of 90.43μC/cm2. The Raman scattering peaks of A1 and E modes are assigned to their zone-center optical modes. Additionally, the large piezoelectric and nonlinear optical susceptibilities reveal that LiNbO3-type ZnTiO3 is a high-performance lead-free piezoelectric and nonlinear optical crystal.