bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved susceptibility‐weighted imaging for high contrast and resolution thalamic nuclei mapping at 7T
Authors: Jorge João , Gretsch Frédéric , Najdenovska Elena , Tuleasca Constantin , Levivier Marc , Maeder Philippe , Gallichan Daniel , Marques José P. , Bach Cuadra Meritxell 
Published: February 2020

PurposeThe thalamus is an important brain structure and neurosurgical target, but its constituting nuclei are challenging to image non‐invasively. Recently, susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI) at ultra‐high field has shown promising capabilities for thalamic nuclei mapping. In this work, several methodological improvements were explored to enhance SWI quality and contrast, and specifically its ability for thalamic imaging.MethodsHigh‐resolution SWI was performed at 7T in healthy participants, and the following techniques were applied: (a) monitoring and retrospective correction of head motion and B0 perturbations using integrated MR navigators, (b) segmentation and removal of venous vessels on the SWI data using vessel enhancement filtering, and (c) contrast enhancement by tuning the parameters of the SWI phase‐magnitude combination. The resulting improvements were evaluated with quantitative metrics of image quality, and by comparison to anatomo‐histological thalamic atlases.ResultsEven with sub‐millimeter motion and natural breathing, motion and field correction produced clear improvements in both magnitude and phase data quality (76% and 41%, respectively). The improvements were stronger in cases of larger motion/field deviations, mitigating the dependence of image quality on subject performance. Optimizing the SWI phase‐magnitude combination yielded substantial improvements in image contrast, particularly in the thalamus, well beyond previously reported SWI results. The atlas comparisons provided compelling evidence of anatomical correspondence between SWI features and several thalamic nuclei, for example, the ventral intermediate nucleus. Vein detection performed favorably inside the thalamus, and vein removal further improved visualization.ConclusionAltogether, the proposed developments substantially improve high‐resolution SWI, particularly for thalamic nuclei imaging.
Secure attachments predict prosocial behaviors: A moderated mediation study
Authors: Shi Xiaoxuan , Wang Beiyi , He Tingting , Wu Lili , Zhang Jianxin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPrevious research has shown that secure attachment promotes prosocial behavior. However, the mechanism underlying the link between attachment and prosocial behavior has received relatively little attention. The current study examined the mechanism underlying the link between attachment and prosocial behavior by specifically focusing on the potential mediating role of moral disengagement and whether this mediation effect is moderated by moral identity. Self‐report questionnaires designed to measure attachment, moral identity, moral disengagement, and prosocial behavior were administered to Chinese students (n = 395; 250 females; Mage = 23.38 years). Results showed that secure attachment (maternal attachment, paternal attachment, and peer attachment) was associated with prosocial behavior. In addition, moral disengagement was found to mediate the association between secure attachment and prosocial behavior. Moreover, the mediation effect was moderated by moral identity; specifically, the mediation effect was stronger for individuals with a high level of moral identity than their low‐level moral identity counterparts. The present results suggest that morality could explain the association between attachment and prosocial behaviors.
Indefinitely active aqueous cationic polymerizations, part I: Low cost, recyclable initiator systems
Authors: Lewis Stewart P. , Richards Jeffrey A. , Damodaran Krishnan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article describes the first example of an aqueous cationic polymerization that utilizes a low cost, safe, and highly recyclable initiator system (phosphotungstic acid) that retains its activity indefinitely. Quantitative yields of low to medium molecular weight polymers of p‐methoxystyrene and N‐vinylcarbazole are obtained within minutes to hours. Polymerization is first order in both monomer and phosphotungstic acid. Negatively charged surfactants suppress polymerization; whereas, nonionic soaps increase the reaction rate and reduce both polymer molecular weight and polydispersity index. Herein, the discovery of a new form of aqueous cationic polymerization involving the condensation of the alcoholic derivative of p‐methoxystyrene, 1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)ethanol, is also disclosed.
Investigation of the swelling behavior of hydrogels derived from high‐molecular‐weight poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline)
Authors: Segiet Dominik , Jerusalem Robert , Katzenberg Frank , Tiller Joerg C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThermoresponsive hydrogels are of great importance as smart materials. They are usually composed of cross‐linked polymers with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Although much is known about networks of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide), all other polymers are somewhat neglected. In this work, the temperature‐dependent swelling behavior of differently cross‐linked thermoresponsive poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) (PEtOx) hydrogels were investigated with regard to varying parameters of the network composition. It was found that the degrees of swelling of the hydrogels converge for a certain polymer/solvent system at a distinct temperature independent of its degree of cross‐linking. Furthermore, this temperature correlates with the LCST of the respective starting PEtOx. Its net chain molecular weight Mc only affects the maximum degree of swelling and thus, the swelling–deswelling rate of the hydrogel. The fundamental structure/property relations found in this study could be useful to predict the behavior of other thermoresponsive hydrogels.
A well‐observed polar low analysed with a regional and a global weather‐prediction model
Authors: Stoll Patrick J. , Valkonen Teresa M. , Graversen Rune G. , Noer Gunnar 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe capability of a regional (AROME‐Arctic) and a global (ECMWF HRES) weather‐prediction model are compared for simulating a well‐observed polar low (PL). This PL developed on 3–4 March 2008 and was measured by dropsondes released from three flights during the IPY‐THORPEX campaign. Validation against these measurements reveals that both models simulate the PL reasonably well. AROME‐Arctic appears to represent the cloud structures and the high local variability more realistically. The high local variability causes standard error statistics to be similar for AROME‐Arctic and ECMWF HRES. A spatial verification technique reveals that AROME‐Arctic has improved skills at small scales for extreme values. However, the error growth of the forecast, especially in the location of the PL, is faster in AROME‐Arctic than in ECMWF HRES. This is likely associated with larger convection‐induced perturbations in the former than the latter model. Additionally, the PL development is analysed. This PL has two stages, an initial baroclinic and a convective mature stage. Sensible heat flux and condensational heat release both contribute to strengthen the initial baroclinic environment. In the mature stage, latent heat release appears to maintain the system. At least two conditions must be met for this stage to develop: (a) the sensible heat flux sufficiently destabilises the local environment around the PL, and (b) sufficient moisture is available for condensational heat release. More than half of the condensed moisture within the system originates from the surroundings. The propagation of the PL is “pulled” towards the area of strongest condensational heating. Finally, the sensitivity of the PL to the sea‐surface temperature is analysed. The maximum near‐surface wind speed connected to the system increases by 1–2 m·s−1 per K of surface warming and a second centre develops in cases of highly increased temperature.
Evaluation of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in global climate models for the SPARC QBO‐initiative
Authors: Bushell A. C. , Anstey J. A. , Butchart N. , Kawatani Y. , Osprey S. M. , Richter J. H. , Serva F. , Braesicke P. , Cagnazzo C. , Chen C.‐C. , Chun H.‐Y. , Garcia R. R. , Gray L. J. , Hamilton K. , Kerzenmacher T. , Kim Y.‐H. , Lott F. , McLandress C. , Naoe H. , Scinocca J. , Smith A. K. , Stockdale T. N. , Versick S. , Watanabe S. , Yoshida K. , Yukimoto S. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractQuasi‐biennial oscillations (QBOs) in thirteen atmospheric general circulation models forced with both observed and annually repeating sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are evaluated. In most models the QBO period is close to, but shorter than, the observed period of 28 months. Amplitudes are within ±20% of the observed QBO amplitude at 10 hPa, but typically about half of that observed at lower altitudes (50 and 70 hPa). For almost all models, the oscillation's amplitude profile shows an overall upward shift compared to reanalysis and its meridional extent is too narrow. Asymmetry in the duration of eastward and westward phases is reasonably well captured, though not all models replicate the observed slowing of the descending westward shear. Westward phases are generally too weak, and most models have an eastward time mean wind bias throughout the depth of the QBO. The intercycle period variability is realistic and in some models is enhanced in the experiment with observed SSTs compared to the experiment with repeated annual cycle SSTs. Mean periods are also sensitive to this difference between SSTs, but only when parametrized non‐orographic gravity wave (NOGW) sources are coupled to tropospheric parameters and not prescribed with a fixed value. Overall, however, modelled QBOs are very similar whether or not the prescribed SSTs vary interannually. A portrait of the overall ensemble performance is provided by a normalized grading of QBO metrics. To simulate a QBO, all but one model used parametrized NOGWs, which provided the majority of the total wave forcing at altitudes above 70 hPa in most models. Hence the representation of NOGWs either explicitly or through parametrization is still a major uncertainty underlying QBO simulation in these present‐day experiments.
Chennat‐Type Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyridine Derivatives in Water: Role of a Hydrogen‐Bonding Network
Authors: Isomura Shigeki , Anzai Mayu , Kobayashi Chieka , Okuno Yoshinori , Miyamoto Kazunori , Uchiyama Masanobu , Sato Yasuo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAn environmentally benign Chennat‐type synthesis of 4‐aryl‐1,4‐dihydropyridine‐3,5‐dicarboxylic acid dimethyl esters was achieved by heating aldehyde, methyl propiolate and an amine salt in water. Excess amine salt accelerated the reaction, while stoichiometric amounts of reagents resulted in lower yield. Various 1,4‐dihydropyridine (1,4‐DHP) derivatives, some of which would be difficult to synthesize in organic solvents, could be obtained in up to 74 % isolated yield. The reaction utilizes a hydrogen‐bonding network with water to accelerate hydroxyl group elimination from the reaction intermediate. Free amine and protons in water might be act as a nucleophile and electrophilic catalyst, respectively.
Facile Synthetic Route for Direct Access of Perylenediimide Single Crystals in High Yield through In Situ Crystallization
Authors: Pitchaimani Jayaraman , Kundu Anu , Anthony Savarimuthu Philip , Moon Dohyun , Madhu Vedichi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSynthetic protocol for direct growth of perylenediimides (PDIs) single crystals in high yield via temperature‐driven in situ crystallization has been established. Single crystal analysis confirmed the formation of 1D column of PDIs that are stabilized by π‐π stacking and C−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonding interactions. The influence of reaction temperature on the crystallization, absorption and fluorescence properties of PDIs has been studied.
Simple, Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Phenylarsine Oxide in Drinking Water Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance: A Novel Surface Functionalization Technique
Authors: Keser Kübra , Mıhçıokur Hamdi , Çağrı Soylu Mehmet 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA simple, inexpensive, rapid and label‐free detection of phenylarsine oxide (PAO) in the field is a significant and unmet need because of its fatally acute and chronic effects on human health. A chemically easy and applicable surface modification procedure can fill this deficiency. In order to determine the cheaper, simpler and rapid surface functionalization technique, gold surface of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor was modified with ethanol‐dependent (3‐mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPS) coating at pH=4.5 first, and then seconder ethanol‐dependent linker layers, which contain (3‐mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPS), dimercaprol (BAL) or 2‐mercaptoethanol (ME), were tested at pH=9.0, respectively. QCM measurements were performed to analyze the stability of each layer in deionized water (DIW) and drinking water for both negative control and arsenic detection performance. Among those examined procedures, the procedure with acidic MPS + basic ME resulted in the best stability in aqueous mediums with a frequency change nearly zero and sensitivity with a frequency shift of 180 (±22) Hz for a concentration of 100 ng/mL PAO in DIW. By using the optimum surface functionalization method, the minimum PAO with a concentration of 1 ng/mL in drinking water was measured as a frequency of 33 (±9) Hz. Besides, this surface modification technique can be applied to the more readily available and cheaper sensor platforms, such as impedimetric electrochemical sensors.
Synthesis Strategies of Porous Carbon for Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Yin Jian , Zhang Wenli , Alhebshi Nuha A. , Salah Numan , Alshareef Husam N. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSupercapacitors (SCs) have experienced a significant increase in research activity and commercialization during the past few decades. As the primary and most important electrode active material for commercial SCs, porous carbon is produced at an industrial‐scale through traditional carbonization‐activation strategies. Nevertheless, commercial porous carbon materials have some disadvantages such as high production cost, corrosion of equipment, and emission of toxic gases and byproduct pollutants during production. In recent years, huge efforts have been made to develop novel synthesis strategies for porous carbon materials. This review focuses on the pore formation mechanisms in traditional carbonization‐activation methods, emerging activation methods, template methods, self‐template methods, and novel emerging methods for the synthesis of porous carbons for SCs. Strategies developed so far for the synthesis of porous carbon materials are summarized. The mechanisms and recent advances for each strategy are reviewed. Furthermore, future directions and synthesis strategies for porous carbons are proposed.
Subsystem distance after a local operator quench
Authors: Zhang Jiaju , Calabrese Pasquale 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We investigate the time evolution of the subsystem trace distance and Schatten distances after local operator quenches in two-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT) and in one-dimensional quantum spin chains. We focus on the case of a subsystem being an interval embedded in the infinite line. The initial state is prepared by inserting a local operator in the ground state of the theory. We only consider the cases in which the inserted local operator is a primary field or a sum of several primaries. While a nonchiral primary operator can excite both left-moving and right-moving quasiparticles, a holomorphic primary operator only excites a right-moving quasiparticle and an anti-holomorphic primary operator only excites a left-moving one. The reduced density matrix (RDM) of an interval hosting a quasiparticle is orthogonal to the RDM of the interval without any quasiparticles. Moreover, the RDMs of two intervals hosting quasiparticles at different positions are also orthogonal to each other. We calculate numerically the entanglement entropy, Rényi entropy, trace distance, and Schatten distances in time-dependent states excited by different local operators in the critical Ising and XX spin chains. These results match the CFT predictions in the proper limit.
A testable hidden-sector model for Dark Matter and neutrino masses
Authors: Gehrlein Julia , Pierre Mathias 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We consider a minimal extension of the Standard Model with a hidden sector charged under a dark local U(1)′ gauge group, accounting simultaneously for light neutrino masses and the observed Dark Matter relic abundance. The model contains two copies of right-handed neutrinos which give rise to light neutrino-masses via an extended seesaw mechanism. The presence of a stable Dark-Matter candidate and a massless state naturally arise by requiring the simplest anomaly-free particle content without introducing any extra symmetries. We investigate the phenomenology of the hidden sector considering the U(1)′ breaking scale of the order of the electroweak scale. Confronting the thermal history of this hidden-sector model with existing and future constraints from collider, direct and indirect detection experiments provides various possibilities of probing the model in complementary ways as every particle of the dark sector plays a specific cosmological role. Across the identified viable parameter space, a large region predicts a sizable contribution to the effective relativistic degrees-of-freedom in the early Universe that allows to alleviate the recently reported tension between late and early measurements of the Hubble constant.
„Prächtiges Menschenmaterial“ – Anthropometrische Konstitutionsforschung auf der Suche nach dem statistischen Normalkörper (1914–1922)
Authors: Metzger Nadine 
Published: February 2020

ZusammenfassungIm Zentrum der vorliegenden Arbeit steht das anthropometrische Forschungsprogramm der Konstitutionslehre während des Ersten Weltkrieges und die davon angestoßenen Reihenuntersuchungen der Internisten Theodor Brugsch, Hermann Rautmann und Max Berliner, deren Vorstöße in die Variabilitätsstatistik sowie die anschließende konstitutionspathologische Debatte um die Definition einer körperlichen Norm.Um der Konstitutionslehre eine Datengrundlage für den „Normkörper“ zu schaffen, unternahm im Umfeld des Ersten Weltkrieges eine Reihe junger deutscher Internisten umfassende anthropometrische Studien und nutzte dabei die Gelegenheit, die ihnen der Krieg zu Reihenuntersuchungen an Soldaten bot, ohne vorher über Messmethoden, Vergleichs- und Auswertungsmöglichkeiten zu reflektieren. Dies änderte sich jedoch in der Folgezeit und führte nicht nur zu einem starken Zuwachs an methodischer sondern auch an mathematisch-statistischer Kompetenz. Zudem problematisierte das konstitutionspathologische Projekt den Normbegriff, was in der intensiven Normdebatte der 1920er Jahre mündete. Damit stellen die wenigen Jahre nach Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs bis 1922 für die Konstitutionslehre nicht nur einen Drehpunkt hinsichtlich des reflektierten Methodengebrauchs dar, sondern leiteten auch eine Neuausrichtung ihrer Forschungsfragen ein: weg vom „Normkörper“ hin zur Individualität.
The role of refugee status and mental disorders regarding subsequent labour market marginalisation: a register study from Sweden
Authors: Niederkrotenthaler Thomas , Mittendorfer-Rutz Ellenor , Saboonchi Fredrik , Helgesson Magnus 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to assess the role of refugee status and specific mental disorders regarding subsequent labour market marginalisation.

Methods
Prospective cohort study of all refugees (n = 216,930) and Swedish-borns (n = 3,841,788), aged 19–60 years, and resident in Sweden in 2009. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for long-term unemployment (> 180 days) and disability pension (DP) were calculated with Cox regression analyses.

Results
Mental disorders were more prevalent in refugees compared to Swedish-born individuals, with greatest differences seen for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD; refugees 1.3%; Swedish-born individuals 0.1%). Regarding long-term unemployment, refugees without a mental disorder had an adjusted HR (aHR) of 2.68 (95% CI 2.65–2.71) compared to Swedish-born individuals without mental disorders, which was above the aHR of refugees (aHR 2.33, 95% CI 2.29–2.38) and Swedish-born individuals (aHR 1.44, 95% CI 1.43–1.45) with mental disorders. Regarding DP, compared to Swedish-born individuals without mental disorders, the aHRs were 1.44 (95% CI 1.34–1.54) for refugees without, but 6.11 (95% CI 5.84–6.39) for refugees with mental disorders. Swedish-born individuals with mental disorder had an aHR of 3.96 (95% CI 3.85–4.07). With regard to specific disorders, the aHRs for refugees, as compared to Swedish-born individuals without mental disorders, were markedly increased for all disorders (e.g. PTSD: long-term unemployment aHR: 2.03 (95% CI 1.89–2.18); DP 7.07 (95% CI 6.42–7.78).

Conclusion
Mental disorders are more prevalent in refugees than in Swedish-born individuals but do not appear to increase their risk of long-term unemployment. Refugee status and mental disorders strongly contribute to the risk of DP, indicating that factors beyond medical considerations contribute to their granting of DP.
Prospects for Therapies in Osteoarthritis
Authors: Ghouri Asim , Conaghan Philip G. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, debilitating disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Management of OA involves pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Conventional pharmacological treatments have limited efficacy and are associated with a number of side-effects, restricting the number of patients who can use them. New pharmacological therapies for managing OA are required and a number have been developed targeting different tissues in OA: bone and cartilage, synovium and nerves. However, there has been overall limited success. Disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) are a putative class of therapies aimed at improving OA structural pathologies and consequent symptoms. Recent DMOAD studies have demonstrated some promising therapies but also provided new considerations for future trials.
Application of hot-film anemometry to resolve the unsteady boundary layer transition of a laminar airfoil experiencing limit cycle oscillations
Authors: Braune Marc , Koch Stefan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe unsteady boundary layer behavior of a supercritical laminar airfoil model, which undergoes limit cycle oscillations in pitch, is investigated by the application of hot-film anemometry. The data basis is a 2D flutter experiment under transonic flow conditions. The laminar airfoil model was elastically mounted with a single degree of freedom in pitch and performed self-excited limit cycle oscillations at a Mach number of$${\text {Ma}}=0.73$$Ma=0.73and a Reynolds number of$${\text {Re}}\approx 2\times 10^6$$Re≈2×106. An analysis of the hot-film signals on the basis of the quasi-wall shear stress is carried out, with which the boundary layer state for steady and unsteady flow is resolved. An algorithm is presented which allows an automated detection of the transition position, so that a correlation between airfoil motion and transition location movement can be quantified. A sudden movement of the boundary layer transition is observed at the upper and lower reversal points of the limit cycle oscillation, while in parts of the up- and downstroke of the laminar airfoil a shock-induced transition occurs. During the limit cycle oscillation, a delayed response of the boundary layer occurs, resulting in a significant phase lag between the movement of the boundary layer transition and the motion of the laminar airfoil.