bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐definition transcranial direct current stimulation dissociates fronto‐visual theta lateralization during visual selective attention
Authors: Spooner Rachel K. , Eastman Jacob A. , Rezich Michael T. , Wilson Tony W. 
Published: December 2019

Key points
Visual attention involves discrete multispectral oscillatory responses in visual and ‘higher‐order’ prefrontal cortices.
Prefrontal cortex laterality effects during visual selective attention are poorly characterized.
High‐definition transcranial direct current stimulation dynamically modulated right‐lateralized fronto‐visual theta oscillations compared to those observed in left fronto‐visual pathways.
Increased connectivity in right fronto‐visual networks after stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex resulted in faster task performance in the context of distractors.
Our findings show clear laterality effects in theta oscillatory activity along prefrontal–visual cortical pathways during visual selective attention.
AbstractStudies of visual attention have implicated oscillatory activity in the recognition, protection and temporal organization of attended representations in visual cortices. These studies have also shown that higher‐order regions such as the prefrontal cortex are critical to attentional processing, but far less is understood regarding prefrontal laterality differences in attention processing. To examine this, we selectively applied high‐definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD‐tDCS) to the left or right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). We predicted that HD‐tDCS of the left versus right prefrontal cortex would differentially modulate performance on a visual selective attention task, and alter the underlying oscillatory network dynamics. Our randomized crossover design included 27 healthy adults that underwent three separate sessions of HD‐tDCS (sham, left DLPFC and right DLPFC) for 20 min. Following stimulation, participants completed an attention protocol during magnetoencephalography. The resulting oscillatory dynamics were imaged using beamforming, and peak task‐related neural activity was subjected to dynamic functional connectivity analyses to evaluate the impact of stimulation site (i.e. left and right DLPFC) on neural interactions. Our results indicated that HD‐tDCS over the left DLPFC differentially modulated right fronto‐visual functional connectivity within the theta band compared to HD‐tDCS of the right DLPFC and further, specifically modulated the oscillatory response for detecting targets among an array of distractors. Importantly, these findings provide network‐specific insight into the complex oscillatory mechanisms serving visual selective attention.
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in pollution: a heart‐breaking matter
Authors: Marris C. R. , Kompella S. N. , Miller M. R. , Incardona J. P. , Brette F. , Hancox J. C. , Sørhus E. , Shiels H. A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAir pollution is associated with detrimental effects on human health, including decreased cardiovascular function. However, the causative mechanisms behind these effects have yet to be fully elucidated. Here we review the current epidemiological, clinical and experimental evidence linking pollution with cardiovascular dysfunction. Our focus is on particulate matter (PM) and the associated low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as key mediators of cardiotoxicity. We begin by reviewing the growing epidemiological evidence linking air pollution to cardiovascular dysfunction in humans. We next address the pollution‐based cardiotoxic mechanisms first identified in fish following the release of large quantities of PAHs into the marine environment from point oil spills (e.g. Deepwater Horizon). We finish by discussing the current state of mechanistic knowledge linking PM and PAH exposure to mammalian cardiovascular patho‐physiologies such as atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmias, contractile dysfunction and the underlying alterations in gene regulation. Our aim is to show conservation of toxicant pathways and cellular targets across vertebrate hearts to allow a broad framework of the global problem of cardiotoxic pollution to be established. AhR; Aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Dark lines indicate topics discussed in this review. Grey lines indicate topics reviewed elsewhere.
image
In Vitro
Activity of Eravacycline against Gram-Negative Bacilli Isolated in Clinical Laboratories Worldwide from 2013 to 2017
Authors: Morrissey Ian , Olesky Melanie , Hawser Stephen , Lob Sibylle H. , Karlowsky James A. , Corey G. Ralph , Bassetti Matteo , Fyfe Corey 
Published: December 2019

Eravacycline is a novel, fully synthetic fluorocycline antibiotic developed for the treatment of serious infections, including those caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Here, we evaluated the
in vitro
activities of eravacycline and comparator antimicrobial agents against a global collection of frequently encountered clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacilli. The CLSI broth microdilution method was used to determine MIC data for isolates of
Enterobacterales
(
n
= 13,983),
Acinetobacter baumannii
(
n
= 2,097),
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(
n
= 1,647), and
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
(
n
= 1,210) isolated primarily from respiratory, intra-abdominal, and urinary specimens by clinical laboratories in 36 countries from 2013 to 2017.
Role of internal limiting membrane peeling in the prevention of epiretinal membrane formation following vitrectomy for retinal detachment: a randomised trial
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Dubey Devashish , Kumawat Devesh , Markan Ashish , Chandra Parijat , Chandra Mahesh , Kumar Atul 
Published: December 2019

Aim
To study the role of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in the prevention of macular epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation following pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).

Methods
In a randomised trial, patients with macula-off RRD (duration ≤3 months) with proliferative vitreoretinopathy grade ≤C1 and absence of pre-existing maculopathy were recruited from June 2016 to May 2018. Patients were randomised into two groups: group 1 (conventional treatment) underwent PPV alone, while group 2 underwent PPV with macular ILM peeling. The main outcome measures were macular ERM formation (detected on optical coherence tomography), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), retinal attachment and central macular thickness (CMT) at last follow-up (minimum 6 months).

Results
Sixty patients (30 in each group) completed the required follow-up. The two groups were comparable in sex distribution, age, duration of RRD, baseline CDVA and duration of follow-up (median 15.5 vs 14 months). Macular ERM developed in 20% (n=6) and 0% of eyes in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p=0.002). Retinal reattachment was attained in all eyes. There was no statistical difference in final CDVA between the groups (p=0.43). Dissociated optic nerve fibre layer (DONFL) was found in 0% and 40% (n=12) of eyes in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p=0.0001). However, DONFL did not significantly affect the final CDVA (p=0.84). The final CMT was 266.0±37.5 µm and 270.0±73.7 µm in groups 1 and 2, respectively, with no statistical difference (p=0.62).

Conclusions
ILM peeling prevents macular ERM formation following PPV for RRD but provides similar visual outcomes as compared with conventional treatment.

Trial registration number
CTRI2018/04/012978.
Association between the number of board-certified cardiologists and the risk of in-hospital mortality: a nationwide study involving the Japanese registry of all cardiac and vascular diseases
Authors: Yoneyama Kihei , Kanaoka Koshiro , Okayama Satoshi , Nishimura Kunihiro , Nakai Michikazu , Matsushita Kunihiro , Miyamoto Yoshihiro , Kida Keisuke , Ishibashi Yuki , Izumo Masaki , Watanabe Makoto , Soeda Tsunenari , Okura Hiroyuki , Harada Tomoo , Yasuda Satoshi , Murohara Toyoaki , Ogawa Hisao , Saito Yoshihiko , Akashi Yoshihiro J 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesAlthough there are 14 097 board-certified cardiologists in Japan, it is unknown whether the number of institutional board-certified cardiologists is related to the prognosis of cardiovascular disease patients.DesignCross-sectional analysis.SettingData were collected from the nationwide database of acute care hospitals in Japan (2371 hospitals) between 2012 and 2013.ParticipantsA total of 1 422 703 consecutive patients were initially included in this study, but 518 610 patients were excluded due to age <18 years, missing data or prior hospitalisations; therefore, 896 171 patients comprised the final sample population.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcome was in-hospital mortality due to any cause. For the per-hospital analysis, Poisson regression models were used to estimate the association of board-certified cardiologists with in-hospital mortality, adjusted for hospital facilitation. For the per-patient analysis, hierarchical logistic regression models were used to estimate the ORs of the number of institutional board-certified cardiologists, adjusted for patient demographics, diagnoses, therapies and hospital facilities.ResultsThe regression model of the per-hospital analysis indicated that the number of board-certified cardiologists was associated with a lower rate ratio of in-hospital mortality (rate ratio, 0.988; 95% CI 0.983 to 0.993; p<0.01). The per-patient analysis indicated that the median age was 73 years and the in-hospital mortality rate was 11.7%. The regression model indicated that the presence of more board-certified cardiologists was associated with a lower risk of in-hospital mortality (OR, 0.980; 95% CI 0.975 to 0.986; p<0.01) after adjustments for hospital facilities, patient characteristics and treatments.ConclusionsAmong cardiovascular disease patients admitted to acute care hospitals in Japan, the presence of more board-certified cardiologists was associated with a lower risk of in-hospital mortality. These results have implications for national and institutional strategies for determining the required number of board-certified cardiologists.
Protocol for an economic evaluation alongside a cluster randomised controlled trial: cost-effectiveness of Learning Clubs, a multicomponent intervention to improve women’s health and infant’s health and development in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Trang , Sweeny Kim , Tran Thach , Luchters Stanley , Hipgrave David B , Hanieh Sarah , Tran Tuan , Tran Ha , Biggs Beverley-Ann , Fisher Jane 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionEconomic evaluations of complex interventions in early child development are required to guide policy and programme development, but a few are yet available.Methods and analysisAlthough significant gains have been made in maternal and child health in resource-constrained environments, this has mainly been concentrated on improving physical health. The Learning Clubs programme addresses both physical and mental child and maternal health. This study is an economic evaluation of a cluster randomised controlled trial of the impact of the Learning Clubs programme in Vietnam. It will be conducted from a societal perspective and aims to identify the cost-effectiveness and the economic and social returns of the intervention. A total of 1008 pregnant women recruited from 84 communes in a rural province in Vietnam will be included in the evaluation. Health and cost data will be gathered at three stages of the trial and used to calculate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios per percentage point improvement of infant’s development, infant’s health and maternal common mental disorders expressed in quality-adjusted life years gained. The return on investment will be calculated based on improvements in productivity, the results being expressed as benefit–cost ratios.Ethics and disseminationThe trial was approved by Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee (Certificate Number 2016–0683), Australia, and approval was extended to include the economic evaluation (Amendment Review Number 2018-0683-23806); and the Institutional Review Board of the Hanoi School of Public Health (Certificate Number 017-377IDD- YTCC), Vietnam. Results will be disseminated through academic journals and conference presentations.Trial registration numberACTRN12617000442303.
Optimization of Fetal Biometry With 3D Ultrasound and Image Recognition (EPICEA): protocol for a prospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Ambroise Grandjean Gaëlle , Hossu Gabriela , Banasiak Claire , Ciofolo-Veit Cybele , Raynaud Caroline , Rouet Laurence , Morel Olivier , Beaumont Marine 
Published: December 2019

ContextVariability in 2D ultrasound (US) is related to the acquisition of planes of reference and the positioning of callipers and could be reduced in combining US volume acquisitions and anatomical structures recognition.ObjectivesThe primary objective is to assess the consistency between 3D measurements (automated and manual) extracted from a fetal US volume with standard 2D US measurements (I). Secondary objectives are to evaluate the feasibility of the use of software to obtain automated measurements of the fetal head, abdomen and femur from US acquisitions (II) and to assess the impact of automation on intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility (III).Methods and analysis225 fetuses will be measured at 16–30 weeks of gestation. For each fetus, six volumes (two for head, abdomen and thigh, respectively) will be prospectively acquired after performing standard 2D biometry measurements (head and abdominal circumference, femoral length). Each volume will be processed later by both a software and an operator to extract the reference planes and to perform the corresponding measurements. The different sets of measurements will be compared using Bland-Altman plots to assess the agreement between the different processes (I). The feasibility of using the software in clinical practice will be assessed through the failure rate of processing and the score of quality of measurements (II). Interclass correlation coefficients will be used to evaluate the intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility (III).Ethics and disseminationThe study and related consent forms were approved by an institutional review board (CPP SUD-EST 3) on 2 October 2018, under reference number 2018–033 B. The study has been registered inhttps://clinicaltrials.govregistry on 23 January 2019, under the numberNCT03812471. This study will enable an improved understanding and dissemination of the potential benefits of 3D automated measurements and is a prerequisite for the design of intention to treat randomised studies assessing their impact.Trial registration numberNCT03812471; Pre-results.
Professionals’ perspectives on factors affecting GP trainees’ patient mix: results from an interview and focus group study among professionals working in Dutch general practice
Authors: de Bever Sarah , van Rhijn Suzanne C , van Dijk Nynke , Kramer Anneke , Visser Mechteld R M 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionSeeing and treating patients in daily practice forms the basis of general practitioner (GP) training. However, the types of patients seen by GP trainees do not always match trainees’ educational needs. Knowledge about factors that shape the mix of patient types is limited, especially with regard to the role of the professionals who work in the GP practice.AimWe investigated factors affecting the mix of patients seen by GP trainees from the perspective of professionals.Design and settingThis qualitative study involved GP trainees, GP supervisors, medical receptionists and nurse practitioners affiliated with a GP Specialty Training Institute in the Netherlands.MethodsTwelve focus groups and seven interviews with 73 participants were held. Data collection and analysis were iterative, using thematic analysis with a constant comparison methodology.ResultsThe characteristics of patients’ health problems and the bond between the doctor and patient are important determinants of GP trainees’ patient mix. Because trainees have not yet developed bonds with patients, they are less likely to see patients with complex health problems. However, trainees can deliberately influence their patient mix by paying purposeful attention to bonding with patients and by gaining professional trust through focused engagement with their colleagues.ConclusionTrainees’ patient mix is affected by various factors. Trainees and team members can take steps to ensure that this mix matches trainees’ educational needs, but their success depends on the interaction between trainees’ behaviour, the attitudes of team members and the context. The findings show how the mix of patients seen by trainees can be influenced to become more trainee centred and learning oriented.
Patients’ experiences of early postoperative cognition and its relation to cognitive decline and inflammatory responses: a protocol for a mixed-methods study
Authors: Nilsson Ulrica , Liander Karin , Rooyackers Olav , Eriksson Lars I 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionIn the early weeks after surgery, patients may experience cognitive changes and impaired memory and concentration—changes commonly referred to as postoperative cognitive decline. It is often the patient and/or a relative that initially detects a change in cognitive capacity after surgery, typically when resuming daily activities. We lack information about how patients experience early postoperative cognition (delayed neurocognitive recovery) and if these experiences can be reflected in biochemical pattern of inflammatory signalling molecules, cognitive function as well as on quality of postoperative recovery.Methods and analysisThe study has a mixed-methods design that is integration of qualitative and quantitative data within a single investigation. Participants included will be patients aged ≥60 years that are undergoing major elective joint replacement surgery (n=40) and their relative. Patient’s experience of his/her early cognition will be captured by interviews on postoperative day 13–16 during the follow-up visit. A relative will also be interviewed on the same day or the day after. Cognitive function will be measured preoperatively and on postoperative day 13–16 using the International Study Group of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction test battery. Symptoms/discomfort will be measured preoperatively and postoperatively (on postoperative day 1 and 2 and at the follow-up visit day 13–16) by the Swedish version of Quality of Recovery and by a visual analogue scale assessing pain intensity. Biomarkers will also be collected at the same time points. The findings from the interviews will be sorted out depending on group stratification (no delayed neurocognitive recovery and delayed neurocognitive recovery). The qualitative and quantitative findings will be compared to seek for similarities and differences.Ethics and disseminationThe project has been approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (2019–02968) and will follow the principles outlined in the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Results from this study will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals, scientific conferences and in social media.
Effect of tobacco control policies on the Swedish smoking quitline using intervention time-series analysis
Authors: Zhou Xingwu , Crippa Alessio , Danielsson Anna-Karin , Galanti Maria R , Orsini Nicola 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesTo coherently examine the responsiveness of the Swedish National Tobacco Quitline (SNTQ) to different types of anti-smoking policies over an extended period of calendar time.DesignQuasi-experimental design with an intervention time-series analysis based on 19 years series of data collected between January 1999 and August 2017 (224 months). Statistical inference on calling rates and rate ratios was obtained using intervention time-series models (Poisson regression and transfer functions).ParticipantsA total of 179 851 phone calls to the SNTQ.InterventionsRecent application of the 2014/40/ European Union (EU) Tobacco Products Directive in 2016. Historical interventions such as a campaign on passive smoking in January 2001; introduction of larger text warnings on cigarette packages since September 2002; banning smoking in restaurants since June 2005; and tobacco tax increase by 10% since January 2012.Outcome measureCalling rates to the SNTQ expressed per 100 000 smokers.SettingSweden.ResultsThe introduction of large pictorial warnings together with text warnings on cigarette packages (May 2016) was associated with a 35% increase in SNTQ calling rate (95% CI 1.16 to 1.57). The campaign on passive smoking (Jan 2001) was associated with a 61% higher calling rate (95% CI 1.06 to 2.45). Larger text warnings on cigarette packs (Sept 2002) conferred a 28% increment in the calling rate (95% CI 1.15 to 1.42); and prohibition to smoke in restaurants (Jun 2005) was associated with a 15% increase in the calling rate (95% CI 1.01 to 1.30). The 10% tobacco tax increase (Jan 2012) was associated with a 3% higher calling rate (95% CI 0.90 to 1.19).ConclusionsWithin an overall decreasing trend of daily smoking in Sweden, we found that the recent introduction of pictorial warnings together with text warnings and referral text had a discernible positive impact on the calling rates to the smoking quitline. We were also able to detect a likely impact of earlier nationwide interventions.
Effect of fluocinolone acetonide 0.2 μg/day implant on the decision to drive in patients with diabetic macular oedema: a report from the FAME study
Authors: Grewal Dilraj S , Fletcher Donald C , Hariprasad Seenu M , Suner Ivan J 
Published: December 2019

ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine whether treatment with the 0.2 µg/day fluocinolone acetone implant (FAc; ILUVIEN, Alimera Sciences) and the associated improvements in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central subfield thickness (CST) demonstrated in the Fluocinolone Acetonide in Diabetic Macular Edema (FAME) study have an impact on the patient’s decision to drive as measured by the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire-25 (NEI-VFQ-25).MethodsThis was a post hoc analysis of up to 3 years of NEI-VFQ-25 data collected during the phase III FAME trial. Patients were divided into four quartiles according to baseline NEI-VFQ-25 driving subscale (DSS) score. Patients who had never driven were excluded. Patients received either the 0.2 µg/day FAc implant or sham (dummy injection). Change in the DSS score of the NEI-VFQ-25 questionnaire over 3 years in FAc-treated versus sham-treated patients was analysed by BCVA, CST and baseline DSS score.ResultsThe proportion of patients achieving BCVA≥20/40 was similar between the FAc and sham groups throughout the study, while improvements in CST were significantly greater in the quartile of FAc-treated patients with the lowest baseline DSS score (quartile 1; p=0.04). Significant improvements in DSS score were also observed in quartile 1 (p=0.024), while numerical—but not significant—improvements in DSS score were observed in the full cohort.ConclusionThis post hoc analysis demonstrates a significant association between clinical outcomes in diabetic macular oedema and improvement in quality of life measures following a single FAc implant.