bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Invited) Highly Proton Conducting Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Applications
Authors: Herring Andrew M , Motz Andrew R , Kuo Mei-Chen , Nguyen Vinh 
Published: February 2020

There is still a need for membranes that operate in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells at hotter and drier conditions than can be achieved with current materials, >100°C and <50%RH. One approach pursued by us is the use of inorganic super acids as the heteropoly acids (HPAs) r zirconium phosphonates. HPAs are a sub group of the large class of metal oxygen clusters known as polyoxometalates in which a central heteroatom is surrounded by a number of W or Mo oxygen octahedra. For proton conductivity it is desirable that a strong negative charge be delocalized across the whole anion so that the proton will be as dissociated as possible. This limits the choice of HPA to the spherical tungsten based Keggin anion with as light as possible a heteroatom. This limit is reached with Si as the P based HPA is known to decompose in the presence of peroxide and the electron deficient nature of B renders the spherical Keggin anion unstable. Many fundamental studies have been undertaken on solid state HPA systems. These studies indicated that despite the original report in the early 80’s that HPA had the highest proton conductivity reported at that time, that when dry there proton conductivity was disappointingly low at moderate temperatures.
We have doped both PFSA and PBI polymers with HPA and shown that both approaches lead to membrnes with much improved properties for proton cnduction under higher an drier conditions. The HPA/PBI/phosphorics acid system that we have developed may be used to investigate direct fuel cells with a number of fuels beyond hydrogen as the membranes can opearte at temperatues >160°C. Our most ambitious approach is to make monomers from HPA and immobilize the HPA by polymerization into hybrid systems. In order to functionalize the Keggin anion one W oxygen octahedra is removed and a Si or P based organic functionality introduced that may be a monomer or a tether to a functionalized polymer backbone. Our first generation materials based on divinyl functionalized HPA and acrylate chemistry produced films with impressive conductivities, >100 mS cm-1 T >80°C and 50% RH. This model system contained ester linkages that we think may be hydrolysed under the harsh conditions of fuel cell operation and so we attached HPA via phosphonate linkages to perfluorinated polymers. Very recently we have fully perfected this chemistry and can now produce large area thin high loaded HPA films that have demonstrated high performance fuel cell operation. We will show performance data in both hot and dry fuel cell operation and also durability data that shows the materials pass the DOE tests. These membranes are currently being investigated as seperators in redox flow batteries using a large number of redox couples.
One-Step Synthesis of Nanostructured Co3O4 Film on Nickel Foam As Electrode for Supercapacitor Application
Authors: Wang Yang , Roller Justin , Maric Radenka 
Published: February 2020

In recent years, supercapacitors have drawn considerable interest from researchers as an alternative energy storage device to secondary batteries. They offer advantages such as high power density, high columbic efficiency and long cycling life [1, 2]. Among the transition metal oxides investigated for redox reaction based supercapacitors (pseudocapacitors), Co3O4 is of special interest due to its high theoretical specific capacitance (up to 3560 F g-1) and relatively low cost [3, 4]. However, low rate capability and poor cycling performance as a result of relatively low electrical conductivity limits its practical application in supercapacitors. Development of nanostructured Co3O4 materials offers a promising solution to this challenge as the transport pathways of electrons and ions are inherently short.
Nanostructured Co3O4 film deposited on nickel foam has been prepared by an economical and scalable flame combustion method in one step, namely reactive spray deposition technology (RSDT). The microstructure of the electrode is investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The nanostructured electrode provides high specific surface area and improves the kinetics of redox reaction [5]. The porous structure facilities the penetration of electrolyte and shortens the diffusion path of ions [6]. Electrochemical performance of the as-prepared Co3O4/Ni electrodes is evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in coin-type (CR2032) half-cells.
References:

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C.Z. Yuan, J.Y. Li, L.R. Hou, X.G. Zhang, L.F. Shen, X.W. Lou, Adv. Funct. Mater., 22 (2012) 4592.
Durability and Reliability of EV Batteries Under Electric Utility Grid Operations Bidirectional Charging Impact Analysis
Authors: Devie Arnaud , Baure George , Dubarry Matthieu 
Published: February 2020

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) strategies are often cited as promising approaches to mitigate the intermittency of renewable energy on electric power grids. However, their impact on the vehicle battery degradation has not been investigated in detail.
The aim of this work was to understand the impact of bidirectional charging on commercial Li-ion cells used in electric vehicles today. The influence of V2G and G2V strategies and calendar aging on capacity loss, resistance increase, and rate capability for commercial graphite / LiNixCo1-x-yAlyO2batteries were studied.
Results showed that additional cycling to discharge vehicle batteries to the power grid, even at constant power, was detrimental to cell performance. A V2G step once a day was found to accelerate the capacity loss by 33% and the resistance increase by 5%. This step twice a day increased the capacity loss by 75% and the resistance by 10%. In contrast, delaying the charge (G2V) over immediate charging had no significant effect (< 1%) on the capacity retention and a limited impact on the resistance (< 5%) at room temperature. Charging twice per day resulted in 5% less capacity loss and similar resistance increase compared to charging just once daily. In the calendar aging experiments, the capacity loss as a function of time, SOC, and temperature was modeled using a quadratic equation. Of the factors investigated, storage temperature was found to have the biggest impact on capacity loss and rate capability; while, the SOC had the most deleterious effect on the resistance.
Our study concluded that EVs using similar cells should not be left fully charged in warmer climates. Moreover, predictions based on the measurements indicated that V2G implementation would decrease the lifetime of the battery packs below 5 years. The impact of delaying the charge in order to reduce the impact on the power grid, was found to be negligible at room temperature, but could be significant in warmer climates.
(Battery Division Research Award Address) Developments of New Ionic Conductors and Their Application to All-Solid-State Batteries
Authors: Kanno Ryoji 
Published: February 2020

All-solid-state is an ideal form of battery. The all-solid-state battery offers an attractive option owing to their potential in improving the safety and achieving both high power and high energy densities. Despite extensive research efforts, the development of all-solid-state batteries still falls short of expectation largely because of the lack of suitable candidate materials for the electrolyte required for practical applications. Among the electrolytes proposed, the sulphide system is a candidate because of its high ionic conductivity1). The Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS) exhibits high bulk conductivity of over 10-
2 S cm-1 at room temperature and is promising for applications requiring batteries with high power and energy densities2). On the other hand, material variations may provide suitable combinations of the electrodes and the electrolyte. Specifically, new LGPS-type superionic conductors exhibit extremely high conductivity (25 mS cm-1, Li-Si-P-S-Cl system) and high stability (~0 V vs Li metal, Li-P-S system), which enable the generation of high power and ultrafast charging of all-solid-state cells with high energy densities3). The present study reviews the materials varieties and the materials design concepts of the solid electrolytes with the LGPS-type structures. The effects of conductivities and electrochemical stabilities of the electrolytes on the battery characteristics will be discussed.
References
1) R. Kanno, et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 148, (7), A742-A746 (2001).
2) N. Kamaya, et al., A. Mitsui, Nature Materials, 10, 682 (2011).
3) Y. Kato, et al., Nature Energy, 1, 201630, (2016).
(Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award Address, sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation) The Solvation Structure of Active Cations in Next-Generation Battery Electrolytes
Authors: See Kimberly A , Gewirth Andrew A 
Published: February 2020

Next-generation batteries offer the promise of higher performance using materials that are less expensive and more abundant than those in convention Li-ion cells. From a fundamental point-of-view, the new chemistries involved in these also systems allow for exploration of the unknown and generation of new, fundamental knowledge. To that end, this talk will explore the local structure of the active cations in electrolyte solutions for Li-S and Mg batteries and the effect of this structure on the charge storage reactions and ultimately on the battery metrics.
The first part of the talk will discuss the emerging solvate electrolytes as possible electrolyte solutions for Li-S batteries. The solvate electrolytes are characterized by extremely high quantities of salt resulting in interesting electrochemistry at the S cathode. Because the behavior of the electrolyte solution is governed by the complexes in the solution, we will explore the local solvation structure of the active cation, Li+, and how it is affected by the addition of what are commonly thought to be innocuous cosolvents. The addition of the cosolvents to the solvate electrolyte results in subtle but important changes in the Li+ solvation structure that affect the kinetics of the S reduction.
The second part of the talk will focus on electrolytes for Mg batteries. We will explore the local structure of Mg2+ in the seemingly simple MgCl2 + AlCl3 in THF electrolyte known as the magnesium aluminum chloride complex (MACC) electrolyte. The importance of Mg speciation in active electrolytes and the effect these complexes have on the charge transfer processes at the electrode-electrolyte interface will be addressed. We will also explore the role of chloride in facilitating the electrodeposition of divalent Mg2+ and the implications of using halogenated electrolytes in full cells.

Figure 1
Primary Batteries for Emerging Deep Space Exploration Missions
Authors: Brandon Erik J. , Billings Keith J. , Ratnakumar Bugga V. , Chin Keith B. , Jones John-Paul , Jones Simon C. , Krause Frederick C. , Ontiveros Raymond A. , Pasalic Jasmina , Smart Marshall C. , West William C. 
Published: February 2020

Primary batteries have played a critical role in past deep space planetary exploration missions, providing power to spacecraft such as the Galileo and Huygens Probes [1,2]. Most of these missions were of relatively short duration (Huygens lasted 2.5 hours), and relied on primary battery power alone to execute mission profiles. Future missions planned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn) and their moons (Europa, Enceladus, Titan) will require more advanced primary batteries to provide bus power for days or even weeks. These batteries may be stored for several years during an initial cruise period, followed by operation in temperature extremes coupled with exposure to high radiation doses.
The requirement for primary batteries with very high specific energy, low self-discharge/long calendar life performance, wide temperature operation and radiation tolerance has prompted the evaluation by NASA of commercially available options, as well as the development of new components and cell designs. This includes higher specific energy battery chemistries such as Li/CFx and Li/CFx-MnO2, which provide for a higher capacity per unit mass at moderate rates, relative to Li/SO2 and Li/SOCl2 chemistries used in previous missions. Current efforts to evaluate the effects of radiation and storage on these primary battery chemistries will be discussed in relation to future NASA needs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The work described here was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

L.M. Hofland, E.J. Stofel, R.K. Taenaka, Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine IEEE, 11, 14 (1996).

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(Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award Address, sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation) K-Ion Battery for a Next-Generation Energy Storage System
Authors: Kim Haegyeom , Kim Jae Chul , Seo Dong-Hwa , Bo Shou-Hang , Kwon Deok-Hwang , Shi Tan , Ceder Gerbrand 
Published: February 2020

Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have succeeded in powering small portable electric devices and are currently expanding to large scale applications (i. e. electric vehicles and grid-level energy storage systems). However, it is still debatable whether Li reserves can meet the increasing demand on such emerging applications. In fact, cost performance becomes the most important factor in the large scale applications. In this respect, K-ion batteries (KIBs) and Na-ion batteries (NIBs) are considered alternative energy storage systems due to the natural abundance of K and Na reserves. KIB technology is particularly interesting because K has a lower standard redox potential than Na in non-aqueous carbonate-based electrolytes that are commonly used for NIBs,1-3 indicating that KIBs can potentially have a higher cell voltage than NIBs. More importantly, graphite, which has been used as a standard anode for LIBs because of low production cost as well as high density, can intercalate K ions reversibly while it cannot accommodate Na intercalation.3,4

To realize practical KIBs, it is of primary importance to develop novel positive electrodes. In this study, we develop new cathode materials with layered-structure (i. e. KxTMO2, TM = Co and Mn)5, 6 for KIBs and investigate K-storage properties and underlying K-storage mechanism in them by in-situ diffraction and electrochemical characterization combined with theoretical first-principles calculations.

References

1. Eftekhari, A. et al. Potassium Secondary Batteries. ACS Appl. Mater. Sci., 9, 4404. (2016).
2. Marcus, Y. Thermodynamic functions of transfer of single ions from water to non-aqueous and mixed solvents: Part 3 - Standard potentials of selected electrodes. Pure and Applied Chemistry 57, 1129. (1985).
3. Komaba, S. et al. Potassium intercalation into graphite to realize high-voltage/high-power potassium-ion batteries and potassium-ion capacitors. Electrochem. Commun. 60, 172. (2015).
4. Jian, Z., et al. Carbon Electrodes for K-Ion Batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 137, 11566. (2015).
5. Kim, H. et al. K-Ion Batteries Based on a P2-Type K0.6CoO2 Cathode. Adv. Energy Mater. 1700098. (2017)
6. Kim, H. et al. Investigation of potassium storage in layered P3-type K0.5MnO2 cathode. Adv. Mater. Under revision. (2017)
Advancing Sodium-Based Batteries for Grid-Scale Energy Storage
Authors: Spoerke Erik D. , Small Leo J. , Lamb Joshua , Clem Paul , Ingersoll David , Bhavaraju Sai , Eccleston Alexis 
Published: February 2020

Development of safe, low-cost, grid-scale electrical energy storage remains a national priority, critical to agile, reliable energy distribution, transformative renewable energy integration, effective emergency response, and even successful national defense initiatives. Viable candidate energy storage systems must be able to reliably provide the high capacity and power needed to meet evolving electrical demands while remaining cost-effective and safe. With current large scale battery technologies challenged by high cost, limited cyclability, and potentially hazardous runaway reaction behaviors, there is a clear need to develop alternative battery technologies. Here, I will describe a new generation of intermediate temperature molten sodium-based batteries, enabled by the solid state electrolyte NaSICON (Na Super Ion CONductor). NaSICON provides exceptional low-to-intermediate temperature sodium ion conductivity, exhibits excellent chemical and mechanical stability, and can be produced in a range of form factors on an industrial scale. Integrating molten sodium anodes, NaSICON solid state electrolytes, and AlCl3-based molten salt catholytes, we create high performance, all-inorganic battery constructs that operate below 200oC and avoid hazards associated with runaway exothermic reactions, polymer separators, and organic electrolytes used in other batteries. I will describe the design and scalable performance (up to 250Wh) of several emerging intermediate temperature molten salt technologies including Na-NiCl2 and Na-I2. These promising, intermediate temperature technologies boast coulombic efficiencies near 100% and energy efficiencies >80% through months of stable electrochemical cycling. Moreover, accelerated rate calorimetry verifies the inherent safety of these molten salt chemistries, revealing neither the runaway exothermic reactions nor hazardous pressurized gas generation that plague other large-scale battery systems. The encouraging performance of these intermediate temperature molten salt battery systems promises new opportunities to meet the need for reliable, safe, and cost-effective solutions to growing national challenges in grid-scale electrical energy storage.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.
Beyond Li-Ion Chemistry for High Energy Aqueous Battery
Authors: Yang Chongyin , Wang Chunsheng , Suo Liumin , Wang Fei 
Published: February 2020

Leveraging the most recent success in expanding electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes, we applyed a few new aqueous chemistries of both high energy density and safety. We show that in the super-concentrated aqueous electrolyte, these electrochemistry couples can exhibit high capasity and high voltage, which depend on thermodynamically phase-separations from the super-concentrated aqueous electrolyte. Meanwhile, fast reaction kinetics and negligible active material dissolution are also shown. The aqueous Li-ion/sulfur full cell delivers record-high energy densities up to 200 Wh/(kg of total electrode mass) for >1000 cycles at ~100% coulombic efficiency. The aqueous Li-ion/graphite full cell is heading the 300 Wh/kg target. These performances already approaches that of commercial LIBs using non-aqueous electrolyte, along with intrinsic safety not possessed by the latter. The excellent performance of this new aqueous battery chemistry significantly promotes the practical possibility of aqueous LIBs in large-format applications.
(Invited) Solid State Electrolytes for Beyond Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Thangadurai Venkataraman 
Published: February 2020

At present, lithium batteries conquer much attention because of their widespread applications ranging from portable electronics to transportation and grid storage. The next-generation safe and robust lithium batteries require highly conducting solid electrolytes with excellent chemical stability with elemental Li and high voltage cathodes. Garnet-type metal oxides such as Li5La3Ta2O12, Li6La2BaTa2O12, and Li7La3Zr2O12 are promising candidates because of their high bulk ionic conductivity, low electronic conductivity and high electrochemical stability (up to 6V/Li).1-3 It is critical to understand the ion transport mechanism in these garnet-type oxides with respect to change in lithium content and temperature to further develop highly conducting practical solid electrolytes for next generation Li batteries. The present study reports effect of Y-doping for Ta in Li5La3Ta2O12 on structural, chemical, morphological and electrical properties. Analysis of crystal structure and electrical properties are performed using powder X-ray diffraction, NMR, and ac impedance spectroscopy to understand the Li ion migration pathways in Li5+2xLa3Ta2-xYxO12 (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.75).4,5 The x = 0.75 member of Li5+2xLa3Ta2-xYxO12 exhibits the highest conductivity of 10-4 Scm-1 at 23 ºC. In addition, high stability in aqueous solution makes Li5+2xLa3Ta2-xYxO12 suitable to use as Li protection layer in lithium-aqueous batteries.3

References
1.V.Thangadurai, H. Kaack, and W. Weppner, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.,
86, 437 (2003).
2. R. Murugan, V. Thangadurai and W. Weppner, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 46, 7778 (2007).
3. V. Thangadurai, S. Narayanan, and D. Pinzaru, Chem. Soc. Rev.
43, 4714 (2014).
4. S. Narayanan, F. Ramezanipour, and V. Thangadurai, Inorg. Chem.
54, 6968 (2015).
5. A.K. Baral, S. Narayanan, F. Ramezanipour, and V. Thangadurai, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16
, 11356 (2014).