bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ability of Older Adults to Report Elder Abuse: An Emergency Department–Based Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Richmond Natalie L. , Zimmerman Sheryl , Reeve Bryce B. , Dayaa Joseph A. , Davis Mackenzie E. , Bowen Samantha B. , Iasiello John A. , Stemerman Rachel , Shams Rayad B. , Haukoos Jason S. , Sloane Philip D. , Travers Debbie , Mosqueda Laura A. , McLean Samuel A. , Platts‐Mills Timothy F. 
Published: January 2020

OBJECTIVESTo characterize assessments of a patient's ability to report elder abuse within the context of an emergency department (ED)–based screen for elder abuse.DESIGNCross‐sectional study in which participants were screened for elder abuse and neglect.SETTINGAcademic ED in the United States.PARTICIPANTSPatients, aged 65 years and older, presenting to an ED for acute care were assessed by trained research assistants or nurses.MEASUREMENTSAll patients completed the four‐item Abbreviated Mental Test 4 (AMT4), then completed a safety interview (using the Emergency Department Senior Abuse Identification tool) designed to detect multiple domains of elder abuse and received a physical examination. Based on the cognitive assessment and safety interview, assessors ranked their confidence in the patient's ability to report abuse as absolutely confident, confident, somewhat confident, or not confident. To assess interrater reliability, two assessors independently rated confidence for a subset of patients.RESULTSAssessors suspected elder abuse in 18 of 276 patients (6.5%). Assessors were absolutely confident in the patient's ability to report abuse for 95.7% of patients, confident for 2.5%, somewhat confident for 1.5%, and not confident for 0.3%. Among patients with an AMT4 of 4 (n = 249), assessors were confident or absolutely confident in 100% of patients. Among patients with an AMT4 of less than 4 (n = 27), they were confident or absolutely confident in the patient's ability to report abuse for 81% of patients, including 11 of 12 patients with mild cognitive impairment and 7 of 11 patients with severe cognitive impairment. For patients receiving paired evaluations (n = 131), agreement between assessors regarding patient ability to report abuse was 97% (κ = 0.5).CONCLUSIONSIn this sample of older adults receiving care in an ED, research assistants and nurses felt that the vast majority were able to report elder abuse, including many patients with cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:170–175, 2019
Older Adults Hospitalized for Pneumonia in the United States: Incidence, Epidemiology, and Outcomes
Authors: Arnold Forest W. , Reyes Vega Andrea M. , Salunkhe Vidyulata , Furmanek Stephen , Furman Christian , Morton Laura , Faul Anna , Yankeelov Pam , Ramirez Julio A. 
Published: January 2020

OBJECTIVESTo define the current incidence, epidemiology, and mortality of older adult patients hospitalized with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Louisville, KY and thus estimate the burden of CAP in the older adult population of the United States. To define risk factors associated with early and late outcomes.DESIGNThis was a secondary analysis of older adults (aged ≥65 years) from the University of Louisville Pneumonia Study, a prospective population‐based cohort study of all hospitalized adults with CAP between June 1, 2014, and May 31, 2016.SETTINGThe study took place in all nine acute care hospitals for adults in Louisville, KY.PARTICIPANTSResidents in the city of Louisville, KY, who were diagnosed with CAP between the inclusion dates were included and who were aged 65 years or older.MEASUREMENTSIncidence of CAP and outcomes were measured. A total of nine risk factors were also assessed for any potential association with time to clinical stability, length of stay (LOS), and mortality.RESULTSDuring the 2‐year study, from a Louisville population of 102 264 adults aged 65 years or older, 4760 were hospitalized with CAP. The incidence of older adults hospitalized with CAP was 2093 per 100 000 population. This corresponds to 967 470 older adults in the United States hospitalized per year with CAP. The median time to clinical stability was 2 days, and the median LOS was 6 days. The 30‐day all‐cause mortality was 17%. The 1‐year all‐cause mortality was 38% (829 patients), which corresponds to 361 982 deaths in the United States with CAP in older adults.CONCLUSIONThe estimated burden of CAP in older adults is substantial in the United States. Nearly 1 million older adults are hospitalized for CAP, and over a third of those die within 1 year. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1007–1014, 2020
Advances in the neurophysiology of magnocellular neuroendocrine cells
Authors: Tasker Jeffrey G. , Prager‐Khoutorsky Masha , Teruyama Ryoichi , Lemos José R. , Amstrong William E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHypothalamic magnocellular neuroendocrine cells have unique electrical properties and a remarkable capacity for morphological and synaptic plasticity. Their large somatic size, their relatively uniform and dense clustering in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, and their large axon terminals in the neurohypophysis make them an attractive target for direct electrophysiological interrogation. Here, we provide a brief review of significant recent findings in the neuroplasticity and neurophysiological properties of these neurones that were presented at the symposium “Electrophysiology of Magnocellular Neurons” during the 13th World Congress on Neurohypophysial Hormones in Ein Gedi, Israel in April 2019. Magnocellular vasopressin (VP) neurones respond directly to hypertonic stimulation with membrane depolarisation, which is triggered by cell shrinkage‐induced opening of an N‐terminal‐truncated variant of transient receptor potential vanilloid type‐1 (TRPV1) channels. New findings indicate that this mechanotransduction depends on actin and microtubule cytoskeletal networks, and that direct coupling of the TRPV1 channels to microtubules is responsible for mechanical gating of the channels. Vasopressin neurones also respond to osmostimulation by activation of epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC). It was shown recently that changes in ENaC activity modulate magnocellular neurone basal firing by generating tonic changes in membrane potential. Both oxytocin and VP neurones also undergo robust excitatory synapse plasticity during chronic osmotic stimulation. Recent findings indicate that new glutamate synapses induced during chronic salt loading express highly labile Ca2+‐permeable GluA1 receptors requiring continuous dendritic protein synthesis for synapse maintenance. Finally, recordings from the uniquely tractable neurohypophysial terminals recently revealed an unexpected property of activity‐dependent neuropeptide release. A significant fraction of the voltage‐dependent neurohypophysial neurosecretion was found to be independent of Ca2+ influx through voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels. Together, these findings provide a snapshot of significant new advances in the electrophysiological signalling mechanisms and neuroplasticity of the hypothalamic‐neurohypophysial system, a system that continues to make important contributions to the field of neurophysiology.
An empirical examination of shift‐share instruments
Authors: Broxterman Daniel A. , Larson William D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBartik's (1991, 1993) approach to identifying shocks in demand to regional economies has been used extensively for nearly 30 years. We chronicle the development of Bartik‐type shift‐share instruments and examine the empirical performance of alternative versions that use different combinations of national shift and local share variables in their construction. We offer three main findings. First, instruments constructed from shares that omit employment in nontraded sectors empirically dominate versions that include total employment. Second, industrial sectors with high average shares and low variation across areas are more likely to be nontraded and endogenous. This suggests placing large weights on nontraded sector shares worsens both relevance and potential endogeneity. Finally, we demonstrate national shifters other than employment, such as prices and wages, can be used to construct instruments with unique and relevant explanatory power.
Perceived fatigue in children and young adults with neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Vassallo Grace , Mughal Zulf , Robinson Louise , Weisberg Daniel , Roberts Stephen A , Hupton Eileen , Eelloo Judith , Burkitt Wright Emma MM , Garg Shruti , Lewis Lauren , Evans D Gareth , Stivaros Stavros M 
Published: January 2020

AimThis study describes the prevalence and severity of perceived fatigue in a young neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) population.MethodsEthical approval was obtained and NF1 affected Individuals aged 2–18 years from the Manchester's NF1 clinic invited along with any unaffected siblings. The PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale Parental and child report was used. This validated measure explores cognitive, physical and sleep/rest domains on a 0–100 scale. Higher scores indicate less fatigue. Fatigue scores in affected children were compared to unaffected siblings after adjusting for age, sex and Index of Multiple Deprivation and with published population standards using z‐scores.ResultsA total of 286 families were invited and 75 affected and 16 siblings participated. There were significant differences between NF1 and controls in the aggregated fatigue core (child report 55 ± 19 vs. 75 (14), P < 0.001; parent 54 ± 20 vs. 73 ± 18, P = 0.001) and the three sub‐domains: cognitive (child 48 ± 27 vs. 75 ± 23, P < 0.001), physical (child 59 ± 19 vs. 82 ± 14, P < 0.001) and sleep/rest (child 59 ± 19 vs. 71 ± 15, P = 0.018). Similar differences were seen when compared with published controls (aggregated child z‐score −1.9 ± 1.4, P < 0.001; parent −3.2 ± 1.8, P < 0.001). Prevalence of severe fatigue indicated by scores <2 standard deviation below published means for healthy controls were also higher for children with NF on both parent and child reports. Agreement between child and parent reports were limited as is frequently seen in the literature.ConclusionThis study suggests that children with NF1 are affected by perceived fatigue when compared with healthy children who do not have NF1.
Analysis of HrpG regulons and HrpG‐interacting proteins by ChIP‐seq and affinity proteomics in Xanthomonas campestris
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Yu , Wei Jin‐Wei , Qian Wei , Deng Chao‐Ying 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGamma‐proteobacteria Xanthomonas spp. cause at least 350 different plant diseases among important agricultural crops, which result in serious yield losses. Xanthomonas spp. rely mainly on the type III secretion system (T3SS) to infect their hosts and induce a hypersensitive response in nonhosts. HrpG, the master regulator of the T3SS, plays the dominant role in bacterial virulence. In this study, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP‐seq) and tandem affinity purification (TAP) to systematically characterize the HrpG regulon and HrpG interacting proteins in vivo. We obtained 186 candidate HrpG downstream genes from the ChIP‐seq analysis, which represented the genomic‐wide regulon spectrum. A consensus HrpG‐binding motif was obtained and three T3SS genes, hpa2, hrcU, and hrpE, were confirmed to be directly transcriptionally activated by HrpG in the inducing medium. A total of 273 putative HrpG interacting proteins were identified from the TAP data and the DNA‐binding histone‐like HU protein of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (HUxcc) was proved to be involved in bacterial virulence by increasing the complexity and intelligence of the bacterial signalling pathways in the T3SS.
Relationship between bile salts, bacterial translocation, and duodenal mucosal integrity in functional dyspepsia
Authors: Beeckmans Dorien , Farré Ricard , Riethorst Danny , Keita Åsa V. , Augustijns Patrick , Söderholm Johan D. , Vanuytsel Tim , Vanheel Hanne , Tack Jan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundFunctional dyspepsia (FD) is a complex disorder, in which multiple mechanisms underlie symptom generation, including impaired duodenal barrier function. Moreover, an altered duodenal bile salt pool was recently discovered in patients with FD. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between bile salts, bacterial translocation, and duodenal mucosal permeability in FD.MethodsDuodenal biopsies from patients with FD and healthy volunteers (HV) were mounted in Ussing chambers to measure mucosal resistance and bacterial passage in the absence and presence of fluorescein‐conjugated Escherichia coli and glyco‐ursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) exposure. In parallel, duodenal fluid aspirates were collected from patients and bile salts were analyzed.Key resultsThe transepithelial electrical resistance of duodenal biopsies from patients was lower compared with HV (21.4 ± 1.3 Ω.cm2 vs. 24.4 ± 1.2 Ω.cm2; P = .02; N = 21). The ratio of glyco‐cholic and glyco‐chenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) to tauro‐ and GUDCA correlated positively with transepithelial electrical resistance in patients. Glyco‐ursodeoxycholic acid slightly altered the mucosal resistance, resulting in similar values between patient and healthy biopsies (22.1 ± 1.0 Ω.cm2 vs. 23.0 ± 1.0 Ω.cm2; P = .5). Bacterial passage after 120 minutes was lower for patient than for healthy biopsies (0.0 [0.0‐681.8] vs. 1684.0 [0.0‐4773.0] E coli units; P = .02). Glyco‐ursodeoxycholic acid increased bacterial passage in patient biopsies (102.1 [0.0‐733.0] vs. 638.9 [280.6‐2124.0] E coli units; P = .009). No correlation was found between mucosal resistance and bacterial passage.Conclusions & inferencesPatients with FD displayed decreased duodenal mucosal resistance associated with bile salts, however, not associated with bacterial passage in vitro. In addition, the hydrophilic bile salt glyco‐ursodeoxycholic acid abolished differences in mucosal resistance and bacterial passage between patient and control group.
Boosting autophagy in sexual reproduction: a plant perspective
Authors: Li Shanshan , Yan He , Mei Wei‐Ming , Tse Yu Chung , Wang Hao 
Published: January 2020

SummaryThe key process of sexual reproduction is the successful fusion of the sperm and egg cell. Distinct from dynamic and flagellated animal sperm cells, higher flowering plant sperm cells are immotile. Therefore, plants have evolved a novel reproductive system to achieve fertilization and generate progenies. Plant sexual reproduction consists of multiple steps, mainly including gametophyte development, pollen–pistil recognition, pollen germination, double fertilization and postfertilization. During reproduction, active production, consumption and recycling of cellular components and energy are critically required to achieve fertilization. However, the underlying machinery of cellular degradation and turnover remains largely unexplored. Autophagy, the major catabolic pathway in eukaryotic cells, participates in regulating multiple aspects of plant activities, including abiotic and biotic stress resistance, pathogen response, senescence, nutrient remobilization and plant development. Nevertheless, a key unanswered question is how autophagy regulates plant fertilization and reproduction. Here, we focus on comparing and contrasting autophagy in several key reproductive processes of plant and animal systems to feature important distinctions and highlight future research directions of autophagy in angiosperm reproduction. We further discuss the potential crosstalk between autophagy and programmed cell death, which are often considered as two disconnected events in plant sexual reproduction.
A tradeoff between tolerance and resistance to a major fungal pathogen in elite wheat cultivars
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexey , McDonald Bruce A. 
Published: January 2020

Summary

Tolerance and resistance represent two strategies that hosts evolved to protect themselves from pathogens. Tolerance alleviates the reduction in host fitness due to infection without reducing a pathogen's growth, whereas resistance reduces pathogen growth. We investigated the tolerance of wheat to the major fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici in 335 elite wheat cultivars.

We used a novel digital phenotyping approach that included 11 152 infected leaves and counted 2069 048 pathogen fruiting bodies.

We discovered a new component of tolerance that is based on the relationship between the green area remaining on a leaf and the number of pathogen fruiting bodies. We found a negative correlation between tolerance and resistance among intolerant cultivars, presenting the first compelling evidence for a tradeoff between tolerance and resistance to plant pathogens. Surprisingly, the tradeoff arises due to limits in the host resources available to the pathogen and not due to metabolic constraints, contrary to what ecological theory suggests.

The mechanism underlying this tradeoff may be relevant for many plant diseases in which the amount of host resources available to the pathogen can limit the pathogen population. Our analysis indicates that European wheat breeders may have selected for tolerance instead of resistance to an important pathogen.
Salivary microbiota and inflammation‐related proteins in patients with psoriasis
Authors: Belstrøm Daniel , Eiberg Josefine Maria , Enevold Christian , Grande Maria Anastasia , Jensen Claus Antonio Juel , Skov Lone , Hansen Peter Riis 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to characterize the composition of the salivary microbiota and quantify salivary levels of inflammation‐related proteins (neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin [NGAL] and transferrin) in patients with psoriasis and compare data to those obtained in patients with periodontitis and orally healthy controls, respectively.Materials and methodsStimulated saliva samples from patients with psoriasis (n = 27), patients with periodontitis (n = 58), and orally healthy controls (n = 52) were characterized by means of next‐generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Salivary levels of NGAL and transferrin were quantified using immunoassays.ResultsLinear discriminant effect size analysis showed that 52 (22 psoriasis‐associated and 30 periodontitis‐associated) and 21 (8 psoriasis‐associated and 13 orally healthy control‐associated) bacterial taxa differentiated the salivary microbiota in patients with psoriasis from that of patients with periodontitis and orally healthy controls, respectively. Significantly lower mean salivary levels of NGAL (psoriasis: 996 [std. error 320], periodontitis: 2,072 [295], orally healthy controls: 2,551 [345] ng/ml, p < .0001) and transferrin (psoriasis: 4.37 [0.92], periodontitis: 7.25 [0.88], orally healthy controls: 10.02 [0.94] ng/ml, p < .0001) were identified in patients with psoriasis.ConclusionsPsoriasis associates with characteristics of the salivary microbiota and salivary levels of inflammation‐related proteins, which are different from characteristics in patients with periodontitis and orally healthy controls, respectively.
The risk of vision loss in contact lens wear and following LASIK
Authors: Wu Yvonne Tzu‐Ying , Ho Arthur , Naduvilath Thomas , Lim Chris , Carnt Nicole , Keay Lisa J , Edwards Katie P , Stapleton Fiona 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPurposeTo compare the risk of vision loss following contemporary laser‐assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) with different types and modality of use of contact lenses.MethodsData from a previously published study were used to derive the incidence of vision loss (≥ 2 line loss of best corrected spectacle acuity) following microbial keratitis for different contact lens types and wearing modality, stratified by duration of lens wear. A literature search on vision loss following LASIK was performed between 2003 and 2019. The prevalence of vision loss at six months post‐surgery was captured from clinical trials published after 2003. A proportion meta‐analysis was applied to derive the prevalence of vision loss following LASIK. A least‐squares fitting of cumulative vision loss (P, /10 000 wearers) over time (t, years) using an exponential model estimated the years of contact lens wear to which the risk of vision loss with LASIK was equivalent.ResultsVision loss following LASIK occurred in 66 (95% confidence interval [CI] 34–108) per 10 000 wearers. As a conservative estimate based on the lower confidence interval of the estimated equivalent years of contact lens wear, daily wear contact lenses and extended overnight silicone wear hydrogel contact lens need to be worn for 103 (95% [CI] 103–391) and 25 (95% [CI] 25‐79) years respectively, to equal the rate of vision loss equivalent to a one‐off LASIK procedure.ConclusionsThe risk of vision loss to the individual is low with either contact lens wear or refractive surgery. Contact lens wear does not pose a higher risk of vision loss than LASIK surgery for the most common wear modalities.
High‐resolution expression profiling of selected gene sets during plant immune activation
Authors: Ding Pingtao , Ngou Bruno Pok Man , Furzer Oliver J. , Sakai Toshiyuki , Shrestha Ram Krishna , MacLean Dan , Jones Jonathan D. G. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryThe plant immune system involves detection of pathogens via both cell‐surface and intracellular receptors. Both receptor classes can induce transcriptional reprogramming that elevates disease resistance. To assess differential gene expression during plant immunity, we developed and deployed quantitative sequence capture (CAP‐I). We designed and synthesized biotinylated single‐strand RNA bait libraries targeted to a subset of defense genes, and generated sequence capture data from 99 RNA‐seq libraries. We built a data processing pipeline to quantify the RNA‐CAP‐I‐seq data, and visualize differential gene expression. Sequence capture in combination with quantitative RNA‐seq enabled cost‐effective assessment of the expression profile of a specified subset of genes. Quantitative sequence capture is not limited to RNA‐seq or any specific organism and can potentially be incorporated into automated platforms for high‐throughput sequencing.
The (un)desirability of immortality
Authors: Pereira Felipe , Timmerman Travis 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhile most people believe the best possible life they could lead would be an immortal one, so‐called “immortality curmudgeons” disagree. Following Bernard Williams, they argue that, at best, we have no prudential reason to live an immortal life, and at worst, an immortal life would necessarily be bad for creatures like us. In this article, we examine Bernard Williams' seminal argument against the desirability of immortality and the subsequent literature it spawned. We first reconstruct and motivate Williams' somewhat cryptic argument in three parts. After that, we elucidate and motivate the three best (and most influential) counterarguments to Williams' seminal argument. Finally, we review, and critically examine, two further distinct arguments in favor of the anti‐immortality position.