bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Interfacial Fatigue Strength of Hard Coating by Using Repeated Laser Shock Adhesion Test
Authors: Kanamori Kohei , Saito Yusaku , Yonezu Akio 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the adhesion strength and durability of hard coatings in a non-contact manner by using Laser Shock Adhesion Test (LaSAT). Both heat-treated and as-plated (non-heat-treated) Ni-P coatings deposited on carbon steel substrate by electroless plating method were prepared as specimens for this study. LaSAT uses strong elastic waves induced by pulsed laser irradiation in order to apply tensile stress to the coating/substrate interface so that interface delamination occurs. The out-of-plane displacement is also measured simultaneously by using a laser ultrasonic interferometer, and the interface delamination is detected by the change of the out-of-plane displacement waveform. Furthermore, computation of the elastic wave propagation using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) is carried out to estimate the interfacial tensile stress. In addition, the adhesion durability is investigated by repetitive pulsed laser irradiation, and the relationship between the adhesion strength and the number of laser irradiation cycles until delamination was obtained. Finally, we discussed the effects of heat treatment on the adhesion strength and durability. This method of LaSAT is a quick measurement for the adhesion durability, and then it may shed some light on quality control of surface coating.
Numerical Analysis of the Performance of an Adjustable Thermoacoustically-Driven Thermo-Acoustic Refrigerator
Authors: Alcock A. C. , Balonji S. , Tartibu L. K. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Thermo-acoustic refrigeration could potentially become an alternative option to current traditional refrigeration systems provided that the issue related to its efficiency is addressed. One of the incentives for developing this technology is the opportunity it establishes with respect to the use of a sustainable heat source to induce cooling. Many existing works have pointed out the relationship between the geometrical configuration of the device and its performance. Mainly, the stack geometry and position have been the focus of these previous works. In this work, a standing-wave ThermoAcoustically-Driven Thermo-Acoustic Refrigerator with an adjustable resonator has been developed. Hence the device is made of two portions, joined with an adjustable duct, namely a simple standing-wave thermo-acoustic engine that converts heat into a sound wave and a simple thermo-acoustic refrigerator where heat pumping takes place. The Design Environment for Low-amplitude ThermoAcoustic Energy Conversion (DELTAEC) was used to model and analyze the influence of the adjustment of the resonator on the cooling performance. Parameters like the temperature difference across the stack, the frequency of the acoustic sound wave generated, the cooling power and the coefficient of performance have been studied. The initial results reported in this study show the possibility to change the performance of practical TADTAR by adjusting the resonator length.
Predictive Shimming of Frame-Panel Assemblies Using FEM and Laser Scanning
Authors: Ospina-Aldana Gustavo , Hassan Ali Mohamed I. , Odendaal Hendrik , Abusafieh Abdelqader A. , Woon Wei 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a predictive shimming methodology based on finite element analysis modeling (FEM) and laser scanning metrology. The aim of the predictive shimming methodology is to provide the geometry of the necessary shims for an assembly beforehand, so the shims can be manufactured in advance and placed on the exact location reducing ergonomic harmful conditions for plant personnel, improving accuracy, reducing the components assembly time and lowering manufacturing cost.
The case study for the predictive shimming method is an aircraft torque box assembly (TBA). The interface of interest is the mating surface of the skin and the rib shear ties. A FEM model of the skin was developed to calculate the skin deformation under prescribed displacements at the shimming locations. The FEM model was successfully verified and validated. Using the FEM deformation data, the geometry of the shims needed for an assembly can be calculated. Laser scanning metrology is used to get a point cloud of the assembly, fine-tuning the shims geometry.
How Variations in Downstream Computational Fluid Dynamics Turbulence Studies Can Be Impacted When Employing Commonly Used Initial Set-Up Configuration Parameters for Airfoils
Authors: Al-Qarishey Hussein , Fletcher Robert 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Upstream wind turbine turbulence can negatively impact the aerodynamic performance of downstream wind turbines. It is important to understand and evaluate the characteristic nature of this inflowing turbulence. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a foundational analytical tool used to help predict and describe both boundary layer behavior and the resulting downstream turbulence for both these upstream turbines and the impacted downstream turbines. Increasing the predication accuracy of turbulence models, particularly at the higher Reynolds number regimes, commonly encountered at the outer radius of wind turbine blades, remains a fundamental consideration in such CFD analysis.
The work discussed here focuses on understanding how CFD simulations can be impacted by basic CFD approaches and configurations. Commonly use unstructured grids and incremental positive angles of attack around the well-studied NACA0012 airfoil were used to assess how these basic set-up parameters can influence CFD turbulence results. Navier-Stokes equations were solved for incompressible flow to assess downstream turbulence using the SST k-ω (two equation) turbulence model within ANSYS Fluent (SIMPLE solution method). Two airfoil configurations with respect to angle of attack (α) were of interested and studied, with one configuration defined as “fixed-position” and the second configuration defined as “changed-position”. Fixed-position refers to a single common airfoil/grid configuration and changing incoming ux, vy velocity vectors to yield different angle of attack (α) values. Changed-position refers to a utilizing a single ux velocity vector and physically rotating the impacted airfoil in the computational field to yield different angles of attack.
A two-dimensional unsteady state SST k-ω turbulence model was used at a Reynolds of 3.0 × 106. The resulting data from the system setup models studied here (fixed and changed-positions) were successfully validated by comparing the computed lift and drag coefficients at these varying α values to common values found in literature. Downstream pressure contours, along with Ux and Vy, and net-velocity contours at various distances from 1.5 cord lengths up to 12.0 cord lengths from the leading edge of the airfoil at incremental angles of attack were studied. The authors review how such variations in rudimentary approaches impact the CFD downstream output results.
Important Educational Factors for Computational Fluid Dynamics When Teaching New Users How to Apply Commonly Employed Initial Set-Up Configuration Parameters for Airfoils
Authors: Al-Qarishey Hussein , Fletcher Robert 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Inflowing turbulence influences aerodynamic behaviors of the impacted geometries, and are important considerations for systems such as sailing vessels, wind turbines, ground vehicles, and aircraft. It is important to understand and evaluate the characteristic nature of this turbulence. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is now a foundational analytical instructional tool used to help educate both undergraduate and graduate engineering students on how predict and describe both boundary layer behavior and the resulting downstream turbulence. Increasing the predication accuracy of turbulence models, particularly at higher Reynolds number regimes remains a fundamental consideration in CFD analysis.
The work discussed here focuses on understanding how CFD simulations can be impacted by basic CFD approaches and configurations. Commonly use unstructured grids and incremental positive angles of attack around the well-studied NACA0012 airfoil were used to assess how these basic set-up parameters can influence CFD turbulence results. Navier-Stokes equations were solved for incompressible flow to assess downstream turbulence using the SST k-ω (two equation) turbulence model within ANSYS Fluent (SIMPLE solution method). Two airfoil configurations with respect to angle of attack (α) were of interested and studied, with one configuration defined as “fixed-position” and the second configuration defined as “changed-position”. Fixed-position refers to a single common airfoil/grid configuration and changing incoming Ux, Vy velocity vectors to yield different angle of attack (α) values. Changed-position refers to a utilizing a single Ux velocity vector and physically rotating the impacted airfoil in the computational field to yield different angles of attack.
A two-dimensional unsteady state SST k-ω turbulence model was used at a Reynolds number of 3.0 × 106. The resulting data from the system setup models studied here (fixed and changed-positions) were successfully validated by comparing the computed lift and drag coefficients at these varying α values to common values found in literature. Downstream pressure contours, along with Ux and Vy net-velocity contours at various distances from 1.5 cord lengths up to 12.0 cord lengths from the leading edge of the airfoil at incremental angles of attack were studied. The authors review how such variations in rudimentary approaches can impact the CFD downstream output results.
Integration of Vibration Absorbers in Milling Chucks
Authors: Joshi Mihir , Weigold Matthias , Schoell Michael 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The use of cutting tool systems with a high slenderness ratio is encountered in the machining of deep cavities in the mechanical engineering industry, especially in the manufacturing of tools and dies. Cutting tool systems with a large slenderness ratio, owing to their dynamic compliance, are prone to vibrations during machining processes. These vibrations affect the quality of the machining process and the life of machine components. Integration of a vibration absorber in the cutting tool system helps in the reduction of machining vibrations. The reduction in vibrations is due to a shift in the resonance frequency of the modified system. This experimental study presents the identification of design possibilities of a vibration absorber for integration in the cutting tool system. The mass and geometry of the vibration absorber are varied and its integration in the milling chuck is explored. Firstly, experimental modal analysis is conducted to determine the effects of the dynamic vibration absorber on the frequency response function of the modified cutting tool system. Secondly, the effects of the dynamic vibration absorber on the machining process for a range of technology parameters are illustrated. During the machining process, the cutting forces are measured using a three-component dynamometer in time domain. Finally, the results are evaluated based on process quality, i.e. surface roughness and analysis of cutting force signal in the frequency domain. This study provides an understanding of the relationship between the mass and the geometry of the vibration absorber integrated in the cutting tool system and their influence on process stability.
Gas Turbine Combustor Liner Wall Heat Load Characterization for Different Gaseous Fuels
Authors: Ramakrishnan Kishore Ranganath , Ahmed Shoaib , Wahls Benjamin , Singh Prashant , Aleman Maria A. , Granlund Kenneth , Ekkad Srinath , Liberatore Federico , Ho Yin-Hsiang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The knowledge of detailed distribution of heat load on swirl stabilized combustor liner wall is imperative in the development of liner-specific cooling arrangements, aimed towards maintaining uniform liner wall temperatures for reduced thermal stress levels. Heat transfer and fluid flow experiments have been conducted on a swirl stabilized lean premixed combustor to understand the behavior of Methane-, Propane-, and Butane-based flames. These fuels were compared at different equivalence ratios for a matching adiabatic flame temperature of Methane at 0.65 equivalence ratio. Above experiments were carried out a fixed Reynolds number (based on the combustor diameter) of 12000, where the pre-heated air temperature was approximately 373K. Combustor liner in this setup was made from 4 mm thick quartz tube. An infrared camera was used to record the inner and outer temperatures of liner wall, and two-dimensional heat conduction model was used to find the wall heat flux at a quasi-steady state condition. Flow field in the combustor was measured through Particle Image Velocimetry. The variation of peak heat flux on the liner wall, position of peak heat flux and heat transfer, and position of impingement of flame on the liner have been presented in this study. For all three gaseous fuels studied, the major swirl stabilized flame features such as corner recirculation zone, central recirculation zone and shear layers have been observed to be similar. Liner wall and exhaust temperature for Butane was highest among the fuel tested in this study which was expected as the heat released from combustion of Butane is higher than that of Methane and Propane.
Joining of Q235 Low-Carbon Steel Plates by Friction Stir Welding With AA2A12 Strip As an Auxiliary Solder
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zhao Shengdun , Dong Peng , Wang Yongfei , Chen Chao , Meng Dean 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This article proposed a novel friction stir welding process to weld high melting point alloy plates with low melting point alloy strip as auxiliary solder to reduce the wear of the friction stir welding tool and extend its service life, and feasibility of this process was evaluated. An AA2A12 strip was clamped to the gap between two Q235 low-carbon steel plates as an auxiliary solder before welding, then a joint with excellent surface quality and smooth weld edge transition was obtained by friction stir welding process in which the tool was made of low-cost material tungsten-carbide. Macrostructure, microstructure and fracture surface of the joints were investigated by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The tensile tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the joint at rotational speed of 800 r/min, traverse speed of 50 mm/min, with plunge depth and probe offset of 0.1 mm. The tensile strength of the joint was 108.9 MPa at room temperature what proved the feasibility of the novel way we proposed. The micro-hardness value of the cross section of the welded joint is M-shaped from the AS to the RS, and gradually decrease from the top plane to the bottom plane. There is a certain relationship between the welding process parameters and the macroscopic morphology, micro-hardness and mechanical properties of the welded joint. Hence, the method we proposed has high innovation, and economy, high value of scientific research and industrial application, and provides a new idea about friction stir welding of high melting point alloys.
A Compared Approach on How Deep Learning May Support Reverse Engineering for Tolerance Inspection
Authors: Bici Michele , Mohammadi Saber Seyed , Campana Francesca 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Reverse Engineering (RE) may help tolerance inspection during production by digitalization of analyzed components and their comparison with design requirements. RE techniques are already applied for geometrical and tolerance shape control. Plastic injection molding is one of the fields where it may be applied, in particular for die set-up of multi-cavities, since no severe accuracy is required for the acquisition system. In this field, RE techniques integrated with Computer-Aided tools for tolerancing and inspection may contribute to the so-called “Smart Manufacturing”. Their integration with PLM and suppliers’ incoming components may set the information necessary to evaluate each component and die.
Intensive application of shape digitalization has to front several issues: accuracy of data acquisition hardware and software; automation of experimental and post-processing steps; update of industrial protocol and workers knowledge among others. Concerning post-processing automation, many advantages arise from computer vision, considering that it is based on the same concepts developed in a RE post-processing (detection, segmentation and classification). Recently, deep learning has been applied to classify point clouds, considering object and/or feature recognition. This can be made in two ways: with a 3D voxel grid, increasing regularity, before feeding data to a deep net architecture; or acting directly on point cloud. Literature data demonstrate high accuracy according to net training quality.
In this paper, a preliminary study about CNN for 3D points segmentation is provided. Their characteristics have been compared to an automatic approach that has been already implemented by the authors in the past. VoxNet and PointNet architectures have been compared according to the specific task of feature recognition for tolerance inspection and some investigations on test cases are discussed to understand their performance.
Consideration and Impact Assessment of Measurement Uncertainty in the Context of Tolerance Analysis
Authors: Heling Björn , Müller Andreas Michael , Schleich Benjamin , Hausotte Tino , Wartzack Sandro 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Virtual product validation ensures that products fulfil their function under different varying conditions. Within the framework of virtual product validation, variation simulation represents the specific area that deals with the consequences of geometric part variations on functional key characteristics. In addition to the nominal geometry of the parts, the permissible part deviations in the form of tolerances, the joining sequence and process variations during assembly are required to simulate the effects of geometrical part deviations on assembly or product key characteristics. If the required quality targets are not achieved, the part tolerances usually have to be tightened, which goes hand in hand with increased production costs.
The achievable part tolerances depend, among other things, on the material used, the workpiece dimensions, the manufacturing process, but also on the interaction between these factors. Therefore, the prediction of specific manufacturing process dependent deviations is hardly possible. However, if predictions should be made as exactly as possible, there is also the possibility to integrate measurement data directly or indirectly into the tolerance analysis. This has the advantage that material- and production-specific deviations can be considered in the best possible way for a certain part geometry. However, if measurement data is integrated into tolerance analysis, the problem arises that, in addition to the actual component deviation, the measurement uncertainty as part of the measurement result, must be implicitly determined in order to also be taken into account. Conversely, the tolerance analysis results are also influenced by the measurement uncertainty.
To tackle this issue a novel procedure is presented which allows the quantification of the influence of the measurement uncertainty on the result of the tolerance analysis. In addition, it is shown how the measurement uncertainty is determined, whereby in particular the single point measurement uncertainty is dealt with. Since the measurement uncertainty can be different for each measuring point, Skin Model Shapes are used for tolerance analysis in order to have the possibility for defining point specific information.
The developed procedure is then applied to a suitable case-study. CT measurements are used as the measurement method for determination of the single point measurement uncertainties. Finally, different scenarios for the tolerance analysis are compared in order to quantify the influence of the measurement uncertainty in the best possible way.
Mechanical Properties of Interlocking Cell Structure for Soft Exoskeleton Suits
Authors: Lee Dongchan , Yang Chulho 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper presents design considerations of an adjustable flexible auxetic structure used in soft wearable suits with a Cross Chiral Honeycomb (CCH) structure. In order to design a macro-auxetic structure with elastic flexibilities in the soft wearable suit, it is important to develop an auxetic unit cell with adjustability of stiffness. Airbag inflation and deflation mechanisms on the adjustable stiffness pads with auxetic foam play key roles in either the protection of the human body or the assistance of human motion through the reversible configurations of the structure. Periodic cellular structures used in auxetic foam were first considered in the field of lightweight construction due to their high specific stiffness, damping, and energy absorbing properties. The development of new manufacturing processes, especially the development of modern 3D-printers, has allowed the creation of 3D auxetic structures. Experiments of several specimens were conducted to verify mechanical structural characteristics of a CCH structure. Through this approach, valid geometric parameters of the macro-auxetic structure used in the soft wearable suit could be designated.
Adaptive Mesh Refinement of the Solidification Front in Continuous Caster Simulations
Authors: Zhou Xiang , Moore Matthew T. , Ma Haibo , Silaen Armin K. , Zhou Chenn Q. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A better understanding of the complex phenomena that occur along the solidification front in a continuous casting process is a fundamental necessity for reliably evaluating whether specific casting conditions inherently influence defect generation rates. Due to the intrinsic nature of the casting process, engineers are restricted in their ability to obtain accurate measurements of the shell development during casting operations. Through the end of the 20th century and up to the present, significant progress has been made in overcoming these limitations through the development of numerical models capable of accurately replicating the behavior of targeted phenomena that occur during the casting process. Continual revisions to these models have produced notable results; however, these approaches have primarily implemented predefined mesh representations of a system for simulation. The mesh utilized in any numerical simulation directly influences the results the model can generate. Developing an appropriate mesh capable of replicating the complex behavior of a system can require significant consideration of various factors involved in the construction of the mesh, the physics of the process being modeled, along with the solvers utilized in evaluating the system. Inadequate mesh construction may yield insufficient refinement for capturing desired aspects of a system or generating large areas of unneeded refinement. This article discusses characteristic behaviors and limitations of a select grouping of meshing algorithms currently available, as well as potential methods for avoiding mesh-driven solutions when simulating the solidification process in a continuous caster. Particular emphasis is placed on incorporating adaptive mesh refinement to lessen the potential for mesh-driven solutions and to reduce unnecessarily high cell-counts of the mesh through the restructuring of the mesh in accordance with the active simulation results. A numerical model was developed using the Simcenter™ STAR-CCM+™ software, and using Eulerian multiphase VOF melting and solidification models for steady-state simulations. Casting conditions and measurement data (provided by an industrial collaborator) were employed in defining boundary conditions, as well as for the model validation. The predicted shell profiles demonstrated good agreement with shell-thickness measurements obtained from the quarter-mold location of a recovered break-out shell segment.