bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSII-16 Comparative digestibility of polysaccharide-complexed zinc and zinc sulfate in diets for gestating and lactating sows
Authors: Holen Julia P , Johnston Lee , Urriola Pedro E , Garrett Jack E , Shurson Gerald C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We hypothesized that digestibility of a zinc polysaccharide complex (PSZn) is greater than zinc sulfate when sows consume high fiber diets containing dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Gilts and sows (n = 32) were blocked according to parity and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments. Treatments were: 1) Control (ConZnSO4) – corn-soybean meal based diet + 100 ppm Zn from ZnSO4; 2) Control PSZn (ConPSZn) – corn-soybean meal based diet + 100 ppm Zn from PSZn; 3) DDGS/ZnSO4 – corn-soybean meal-40% DDGS gestation and 30% DDGS lactation diet, each containing 100 ppm Zn from ZnSO4; 4) DDGS/PSZn – corn-soybean meal-40% DDGS gestation and 30% DDGS lactation diet, each containing 100 ppm Zn from PSZn. Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker to evaluate digestibility of nutrients and Zn. Quantitative urine collection was used to calculate retention of Zn in the four dietary treatments. The statistical model included fixed effects of diet, Zn source, and their interaction, and random effects of parity. Endogenous losses of Zn were estimated in sows fed a corn-soybean meal diet without added Zn. There were no differences in Zn concentrations of urine, plasma, colostrum, or milk samples among treatments at any time of the experiment (P &gt; 0.05; data not shown). Gestating sows fed DDGS/PSZn had improved (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD, TTTD, and overall retention of Zn compared to Control treatments (Table 1). Lactating sows consuming diets without DDGS and supplemented PSZn had the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD, TTTD, and retention of Zn, which were opposite to responses observed in gestation. Furthermore, ATTD, TTTD, and Zn retention for lactating sows consuming DDGS/PSZn were less (P &lt; 0.05) than all other treatments. Zinc digestibility of ZnSO4 and PSZn appears to be differentially influenced by stage of the reproductive cycle and presence of dietary fiber from DDGS.
PSIV-15 Determining the effects of increasing levels of xylanase in nutrient adequate diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Kerkaert Hayden R , DeRouchey Joel M , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Calderon Cartagena Hilda I , Lahaye Ludovic 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A total of 1,944 mixed sex growing-finishing pigs (PIC; 337×1050; initial BW of 22.5±0.53 kg) were used in a 131-d growth trial to determine the effects of increasing levels of xylanase in adequate diets on grow-finish pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. The 6 dietary treatments consisted of corn, soybean meal, and dried distillers grains with solubles with added xylanase (Belfeed B 1100 MP; Jefo Nutrition Inc., Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec) formulated to: 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 75 of enzymatic activity for xylanase (IU/kg) with 27 pigs per pen and 12 replicates per treatment. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using lmer function in lme4 package in R with pen considered as the experimental unit, body weight as blocking factor, and treatment as a fixed effect. From d 0 to 70, there was a tendency (quadratic, R=0.068) for average daily gain (ADG) to decrease and then increase with increasing added xylanase, but there was no evidence (R &gt;0.10) of differences for average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed efficiency (G/F). From d 70 to 131 and overall, there was no evidence of difference (R &gt;0.10) observed for ADG, ADFI, and F/G. There was no evidence for difference (R &gt;0.10) between treatments for number of pigs receiving injectable treatments or mortalities. For carcass traits, increasing xylanase increased then decreased (quadratic, R=0.010) percentage carcass yield. Also, as xylanase increased, percentage lean decreased (linear, R=0.038) and backfat marginally increased (linear, R=0.066). In conclusion, adding increasing levels of xylanase in nutrient adequate diets did not influence growth performance or mortality but did improve carcass yield when intermediate levels were fed.
PSIX-9 Effects of Conditioning Temperature on Pellet Quality of Nursery Pig Diets
Authors: Nichols Gage E , Stark Charles R , Ogles Aundria , Dunmire Kara M , Paulk Chad B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of conditioning temperature on pellet durability index (PDI) and pellet hardness. A nursery pig diet was formulated to contain 25% spray-dried whey. Treatments consisted of three different conditioning temperatures: 54, 63, and 71°C. Diets were steam conditioned (245 mm × 1397 mm Wenger twin staff pre-conditioner, Model 150) for approximately 30 sec and pelleted using a 1-ton 30-horsepower pellet mill (1012-2 HD Master Model, California Pellet Mill) with a 4.8 mm × 31.8 mm pellet die (L:D 6.7). The production rate was set at 900 kg/h. Treatments were pelleted at 3 separate time points to provide 3 replicates per treatment. Samples were collected directly after discharging from the pellet mill and cooled in an experimental counterflow cooler. Samples were analyzed for PDI using the Holmen NHP 100 for 60 sec (TekPro Ltd, Norfolk, UK). Pellet hardness was determined by evaluating the peak amount of force applied before the first signs of fracture. Although conditioning temperature was increased in a linear fashion, a quadratic increase (P &lt; 0.002) in hot pellet temperature (HPT) was observed. The HPT were 68, 72, and 74°C for diets conditioned to 54, 63 and 71°C, respectively. Increasing conditioning temperature resulted in increased (linear, P &lt; 0.045) PDI and pellet hardness. As conditioning temperature increased from 54, to 71°C PDI increased from 87% to 92% and the force required to crush pellets increased from 13.5 to 15.9 kg. There was a tendency for a correlation (P &lt; 0.076, r = 0.618, r2 = 0.382) between pellet hardness and PDI. Overall, increasing the conditioning temperature increased pellet hardness and pellet durability.
PSIX-11 Effects of Spray-Dried Lactococcus-Based Fermentation Products on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Dunmire Kara M , Braun Michaela B , Nichols Gage E , Evans Caitlin E , Saensukjaroenphon Marut , Truelock Courtney N , Woodworth Jason C , Callura Jarred , Paulk Chad B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A total of 720 barrows (initially 5.9 kg; Line 200 × 400; DNA, Columbus, NE) were used in a 42-d growth trial to test the effects of spray-dried Lactococcus-based fermentation products on nursery pig performance. There were 24 replications per treatment with pen randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. The positive control (PC) diet included zinc oxide (ZnO; phase 1), ZnO + chlortetracycline (CTC; phase 2) while the negative control (NC) diet did not include ZnO or CTC. Treatment diets included the negative control + 1 of 4 fermentation products (C, D, E, or F) added at 5% of the diet. Phase 3 diets contained a common control diet fed to all pigs plus treatment diets with fermentation products. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit and barn within group as the blocking factor using PROC-GLIMMIX in SAS. From d 0 to 20, there was an overall treatment effect (P = 0.001) where pigs fed PC had increased (P &lt; 0.05) d 20 BW, ADG, ADFI, and improved G:F compared to those fed the NC and NC + fermentation product. Overall, there was a treatment effect (P = 0.03) for pigs fed the PC having improved (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F compared to the NC and NC + fermentation product. In addition, pigs fed the NC had improved (P &lt; 0.05) G:F compared to those fed additive D, E, and F. In conclusion, pigs fed the PC (zinc + CTC) diet had improved performance compared to pigs fed the NC with or without fermentation product. Adding fermentation products to the NC diet did not improve nursery pig performance.
PSVIII-3 Can the fermentation of insoluble corn fiber be improved in the pig? – An investigation into the in vivo mode of action of xylanase
Authors: Petry Amy , Koester Lucas , Schmitz-Esser Stephan , Huntley Nichole , Bedford Mike , Patience John 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Xylanase may improve fermentability of corn co-products through the alteration of hemicellulose, but the mode of action (MOA) is incompletely understood. The experimental objective was to investigate the in vivo MOA of xylanase in growing pigs fed insoluble fiber. Sixty gilts (25.4 ± 0.9 kg BW; L337 X Camborough), were blocked by weight, housed individually, and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a low-fiber control (LF; 8.45% NDF), a 30% corn bran high-fiber control (HF; 24.5% NDF), HF + 100 mg of xylanase/kg (HF+XY; Econase XT 25P; AB Vista, Marlborough, UK), and HF + 50 mg of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide/kg (HF+AX; 3-7 degrees of polymerization). Gilts were fed ad libitum for 36 d, followed by 10-d of metabolism crate housing and limit feeding (80% of average ad libitum intake). On d 46, pigs were necropsied and ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta were collected for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) analysis, and 16s rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Data were analyzed as a mixed model with random effects of replicate and block, and fixed effect of treatment. Differences in individual operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were compared using Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size. Acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFA in the ileum did not differ (P &gt;0.05), but HF+XY had 10 significantly different OTUs compared to HF in the ileum (P&lt; 0.05). In the cecum, compared to LF, HF reduced total SCFA concentration (91.7 vs. 82.8 mM/L; P&lt; 0.01). However, HF+XY and HF+AX increased total SCFA concentration by 23% and 12% over HF, respectively (P&lt; 0.05). This is likely due to increased cecal acetate concentration (54.0, 53.2, 74.4, 61.2 mM/L for LF, HF, HF+XY, and HF+AX, respectively; P&lt; 0.01). Total colonic SCFA concentration did not differ (P=0.72), but xylanase increased molar proportions of butyrate (P&lt; 0.01). One MOA of xylanase could be the release of fermentable substrates from insoluble fiber.
PSVIII-2 Dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis altered metabolites in the intestine of weaned pigs
Authors: He Yijie , Kim Kwangwook , Jinno Cynthia , Li Xunde , Liu Yanhong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis probiotics on metabolites in the intestines of weaned pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). Forty-eight weaned pigs (6.17 ± 0.36 kg BW) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments: negative control (NC, control diet without E. coli challenge), positive control (PC, control diet with E. coli challenge), and supplementation of 50 mg/kg of carbadox or 500 mg/kg of Bacillus subtilis probiotics. The experiment lasted 28 days with 7 days before and 21 days after the first E. coli inoculation. The F18 E. coli were given to pigs at 1010 CFU/3 mL dose for three consecutive days. At the end of the experiment, all pigs were euthanized to collect ileal mucosa and colon digesta for the analysis of metabolomic profiles by gas chromatography time of flight-mass spectrometer (GCTOF-MS). All data were analyzed by an online MetaboAnalyst tool (https://www.metaboanalyst.ca/). Statistical significance was declared at P &lt; 0.05 and the false discovery rate–adjusted P value (q value) &lt; 0.20. A total of 282 (141 identified and 121 unidentified) and 196 (127 identified and 69 unidentified) metabolites were detected in ileal mucosa and colon digesta, respectively. Forty-nine identified metabolites in ileal mucosa significantly differed among experimental groups (P &lt; 0.05; q &lt; 0.20). The most impacted metabolic pathways were galactose metabolism, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, fructose and mannose degradation, pentose phosphate pathway, and urea cycle. However, in colon digesta, only 7 identified metabolites differed among experimental groups (P &lt; 0.05; q &lt; 0.20) and the majority of them were involved in purine metabolism. Results of metabolomics indicated that supplementation of Bacillus subtilis or antibiotics altered metabolites in the intestines of weaned pigs. In particular, more treatment impacts were observed in the metabolite profiles in ileal mucosa compared with colon digesta.
PSVI-16 Effects of feeding spices on heifer gains and potential as tick management
Authors: Farney Jaymelynn 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Alternative methods to antibiotics/chemical usage in cattle production has been of interest in recent years and essential oils/spices have been promoted to fill this niche. The purpose of this research was to evaluate effect of feeding spices on heifer gains and as control method for ticks. Eight bromegrass pastures were stocked (March to November) with four heifers per pasture to compare control mineral (CON) to mineral containing spices (SPICE; garlic + proprietary blend of 4 spices). Mineral (113.4 g/hd/d) was blended in dried distillers grains (DDGs) and total blend was supplemented daily at 0.5% of BW. Heifers were weighed on two consecutive days at the start and end of the study and every 28 d. Weekly (1st 10 weeks), ticks were counted and removed from every heifer. Gains evaluated using MIXED (SAS 9.4) as completed randomized design with subsampling where pasture was experimental unit and heifer within pasture as subsample. Ticks/heifer was evaluated similarly using GLIMMIX with binomial distribution. Average daily gain was increased by 0.7 kg/d with the SPICE mineral (P = 0.04) and heifers on SPICE gained 15 kg more over the entire grazing period (P = 0.04) than heifers on CON. The gain advantage for SPICE was observed within the first 28 d (P = 0.05). Overall, these pastures had a low tick population (137 total ticks collected). Even so, there was a tendency (P = 0.09) for a treatment x week interaction, where in weeks 2 and 3, SPICE heifers tended (P = 0.12) to have more ticks/heifer than CON heifers, yet at weeks 8 and 10 SPICE heifers tended (P = 0.07) to have less ticks/heifer than CON. SPICE in a mineral blended with DDGs increase heifer gains and appear, after a minimum of 4 weeks of consumption, to show some repellent effects to ticks.
PSVI-17 Effects of increasing doses of trenbolone acetate and estradiol on sera metabolites following implantation during the finishing phase in beef steers
Authors: Smerchek Dathan , Smith Zachary K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Continental × English crossbred beef steers (n = 240; allotment BW = 365 kg [SD 22.5]) were used in a randomized complete block design feedlot study designed to evaluate the effects that increasing doses of trenbolone acetate (TBA) and estradiol-17β (E2) have on sera urea-N (SUN) and sera insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Steers were allotted to 30 pens (n = 8 steers/pen) at the Ruminant Nutrition Center (RNC) in Brookings, SD; and were then assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) No implant (NI), 2) Synovex Choice [100 mg TBA + 10 mg E2; CH], or 3) Synovex Plus [200 mg TBA + 20 mg E2; PL] administered 124 days before harvest. This study was part of a factorial experiment that included bedding application. No interactions were detected (P ≥ 0.26). Blood samples were collected and harvested as sera during the weighing process on d 1, 28, 56, and 84 prior to feeding from sentinel steers (n = 2 steers/pen) and pen served as the experimental unit. An implant × day interaction (P = 0.05) was noted for SUN. On d 28, NI cattle had the greater SUN (P = 0.05) compared to PL and CH was intermediate to NI and PL. No implant × day interaction (P = 0.52) was detected for sera IGF-I. However, sera IGF-I was increased (P = 0.01) 14.7% and 18.7% for CH and PL respectively compared to NI. Sera IGF-I also increased as days on feed increased (P = 0.01). Increasing doses of TBA and E2 resulted in increased anabolism as indicated by a reduction in SUN 28 d after implantation and increased sera IGF-I post-implantation.
PSVI-23 Effects of a vitamin and mineral supplement and an energy supplement on concentrations of glucose and non-esterified fatty acids in artificially inseminated beef heifers up to d 84 post-insemination
Authors: Sauer Laura I , Neville Tammi L , Kassetas Cierrah J , Baumgaertner Friederike , Kirsch James D , Dorsam Sheri T , Borowicz Pawel , Reynolds Lawrence P , Ward Alison K , Christopher Forcherio J , Scott Ronald , McCarthy Kacie L , Dahlen Carl R , Caton Joel S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives were to determine the influence of a vitamin and mineral supplement (VTM), an energy supplement (NRG), and day post-artificial insemination (DPAI) on concentrations of glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in beef heifers. Cross-bred heifers (n = 72; initial weight = 351.2 kg) were assigned to 4 treatments arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with main factors of VTM and NRG supplement. Treatments were: 1) control (no VTM or NRG), 2) VTM (initiated 71 to 106 before breeding) only, 3) NRG (initiated at breeding) only, and 4) VTM and NRG. Heifers were synchronized then bred via artificial insemination on d 0. Blood was drawn on d -9, 14, 28, and 42 from all heifers and on d 56, 70, and 84 from pregnant heifers (n = 31). Plasma samples were analyzed for concentrations of glucose and NEFA. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS. There were no interactions between VTM, NRG, or DPAI (P &gt; 0.05). In addition, pregnancy status did not influence concentrations of glucose or NEFA (P &gt; 0.05). There were no effects (P &gt; 0.35) of VTM on glucose or NEFA concentrations. Energy supplementation increased (P = 0.012) glucose and decreased (P = 0.013) NEFA concentrations. Glucose concentrations were greatest at d -9, decreased through d 42, and then, on d 70 and 84 increased to levels similar to d -9 (81.9, 76.1, 73.6, 73.7, 74.3, 76.2, and 78.4 ± 2.97 for d -9, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84, respectively). Concentrations of NEFA were greater (P &lt; 0.01) at d -9 compared with 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70, and concentrations on d 84 were greater (P &lt; 0.01) than all other days. In conclusion, glucose and NEFA were affected by NRG and DPAI, but not VTM.
PSVI-19 Evaluating the addition of an alpha-amylase enzyme to two bulk-flake density weights of corn fed to beef finishing steers
Authors: Lockard Caleb , Lockard Cathy , Smith Wyatt , Campbell Brian , Jennings Jenny 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An alpha-amylase enzyme has the potential to increase starch digestibility, thus improving feedlot cattle performance and efficiency. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the addition of an alpha-amylase enzyme on two steam-flaked bulk densities and subsequent performance of finishing beef steers. Forty-eight crossbred steers (325 ± 19 kg), were used in a complete randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment design. Factors were corn processing and enzyme addition. Dietary treatments were steam-flaked corn-based diets with two bulk-flake density weights of corn (0.32 kg/L vs. 0.39 kg/L). Experimental treatments were 1) 0.32 kg/L with no enzyme (32NE), 2) 0.39 kg/L with no enzyme (39NE), 3) 0.32 kg/L with enzyme (32E), and 4) 0.39 kg/L with enzyme (39E) on a DM basis. The enzyme was applied at 0.50 kg/T of steam-flaked corn (As-fed basis). Data were analyzed using a mixed model with fixed effects of flake weight, enzyme, and flake weight × enzyme interaction. Throughout the feeding period, starch availability for 0.32 kg/L and 0.39 kg/L corn averaged 60.7% and 42.2%, respectively. Steers receiving the alpha-amylase enzyme had no differences in BW (P ≥ 0.62), ADG (P ≥ 0.55), and DMI (P ≥ 0.56) compared to NE steers. Furthermore, carcass characteristics did not differ (P ≥ 0.26) between E and NE steers. Feeding an alpha-amylase enzyme to finishing cattle had no detrimental effects on performance or carcass characteristics. Overall, a more highly processed corn was observed to decrease dry matter intake and increase the potential for digestive upsets. This may limit the use of the alpha-amylase enzyme to a lesser processed corn.
PSVI-14 Effect of Dietary Nitrates and Sulfates on Enteric Methane Mitigation in Finishing Cattle
Authors: Abdelmoteleb Mohamed , Knoell Allie , Fernando Samodha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effect of nitrate and sulfate supplementation on cattle performance and methane emissions in finishing diets and to identify the effect of nitrate and sulfate addition on rumen microbiota composition and function. One hundred and thirty one day feeding trial was conducted using 24 head of cattle (initial BW = 918 lb; SD = 79 lb) where the cattle received one of four treatments no supplementation (CON), 2.0% dietary nitrate (NT), 0.54% dietary sulfate (SF) or both (COMBO), with 6 steers per treatment. Performance, volatile fatty acid (VFAs) profile and CH4:CO2 emissions data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS. Rumen samples were collected and analyzed through amplicon sequencing targeting the 16S rDNA gene V4 region. Microbiome richness and composition were analyzed using Qiime2. Microbial genes involved in pathways linked to methanogenesis, nitrate, and sulfate metabolism were identified with metagenomic sequencing. Gene prediction, functional profile and pathway mapping were conducted using KEGG database. In diets with only sulfate or nitrate, diet had no impact on CH4:CO2 emissions, but nitrate and sulfate in combination decreased CH4:CO2. However, a reduction in dry matter intake (DMI) (P &lt; 0.01), average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.07) and gain:feed (G:F) (P = 0.09) was also recorded. Significant increase in bacterial genera with H2 utilization capability e.g. propionate, lactate forming bacteria e.g. Prevotella, Bacteroides, Megasphaera, Selenomonas, Lactobacillus; nitrate and sulfate reducing bacteria e.g. Selenomonas, Desulfovibrio was observed in COMBO diet. Differential gene abundance in metabolic pathways illustrated decrease of enzymes linked to methanogenesis in COMBO diet. This study provides evidence that methane yield is linked to diet type and differential gene abundance in the cattle rumen microbiome.