bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stem Bromelain Proteolytic Machinery: Study of the Effects of its Components on Fibrin (ogen) and Blood Coagulation
Authors: Azarkan Mohamed , González Mariana Marta , Esposito Rafaèle Calvo , Errasti María Eugenia 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Antiplatelet, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activities of stem bromelain
(EC 3.4.22.4) are well described, but more studies are still required to clearly define its usefulness
as an antithrombotic agent. Besides, although some effects of bromelain are linked to its proteolytic
activity, few studies were performed taking into account this relationship.

Objective:
We aimed at comparing the effects of stem bromelain total extract (ET) and of its major
proteolytic compounds on fibrinogen, fibrin, and blood coagulation considering the proteolytic
activity.

Methods:
Proteolytic fractions chromatographically separated from ET (acidic bromelains, basic
bromelains, and ananains) and their irreversibly inhibited counterparts were assayed. Effects
on fibrinogen were electrophoretically and spectrophotometrically evaluated. Fibrinolytic activity
was measured by the fibrin plate assay. The effect on blood coagulation was evaluated by the prothrombin
time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) tests. Effects were compared
with those of thrombin and plasmin.

Results:
Acidic bromelains and ananains showed thrombin-type activity and low fibrinolytic activity,
with acidic bromelains being the least effective as anticoagulants and fibrinolytics; while basic
bromelains, without thrombin-like activity, were the best anticoagulant and fibrinolytic proteases
present in ET. Procoagulant action was detected for ET and its proteolytic compounds by the
APTT test at low concentrations. The measured effects were dependent on proteolytic activity.

Conclusion:
Two sub-populations of cysteine proteases exhibiting different effects on fibrin
(ogen) and blood coagulation are present in ET. Using well characterized stem bromelain regarding
its proteolytic system is a prerequisite for a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the
bromelain action.
Schizophrenia; A Review on Promising Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Bülbül Ece Ö. , Karantas Ioannis D. , Okur Mehmet E. , Siafaka Panoraia I. , Okur Neslihan Ü. 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Schizophrenia belongs to mental illnesses affecting 1% of the worldwide population. Its
therapy is still unmet; thus, researchers aimed to develop new pharmacological molecules which can improve its
management.

Methods:
Moreover, the current typical and atypical antipsychotics should be formulated in more efficacious
systems that can deliver the drug in the brain with as few side effects as possible. Further, the development of
long-acting efficient drug delivery systems could be significant in minimizing frequent dosing which is nonpreferred
to schizophrenics.

Results:
Herein, authors focused on current developments of antipsychotic medications used in schizophrenia
management. Various studies, which include the use of first and second-generation antipsychotics, were analyzed
according to their efficacy. In fact, in this review, oral, injectable, transdermal and intranasal formulations entrapped
antipsychotics are presented to be valuable guidance for scientists to formulate more effective drug delivery
systems for schizophrenic patients.

Conclusions:
This review aimed to assist researchers working on schizophrenia management by summarizing
current medications and newly synthesized drug delivery systems recently found in the literature.
Insect Cuticular Chitin Contributes to Form and Function
Authors: Muthukrishnan Subbaratnam , Mun Seulgi , Noh Mi Y. , Geisbrecht Erika R. , Arakane Yasuyuki 
Published: May 2020

:Chitin contributes to the rigidity of the insect cuticle and serves as an attachment matrix for other cuticular proteins. Deficiency of chitin results in abnormal embryos, cuticular structural defects and growth arrest. When chitin is not turned over during molting, the developing insect is trapped inside the old cuticle. Partial deacetylation of cuticular chitin is also required for proper laminar organization of the cuticle and vertical pore canals, molting, and locomotion. Thus, chitin and its modifications strongly influence the structure of the exoskeleton as well as the physiological functions of the insect.:Internal tendons and specialized epithelial cells called “tendon cells” that arise from the outer layer of epidermal cells provide attachment sites at both ends of adult limb muscles. Membrane processes emanating from both tendon and muscle cells interdigitate extensively to strengthen the attachment of muscles to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Protein ligands that bind to membrane-bound integrin complexes further enhance the adhesion between muscles and tendons. Tendon cells contain F-actin fiber arrays that contribute to their rigidity. In the cytoplasm of muscle cells, proteins such as talin and other proteins provide attachment sites for cytoskeletal actin, thereby increasing integrin binding and activation to mechanically couple the ECM with actin in muscle cells. Mutations in integrins and their ligands, as well as depletion of chitin deacetylases, result in defective locomotion and muscle detachment from the ECM. Thus, chitin in the cuticle and chitin deacetylases strongly influence the shape and functions of the exoskeleton as well as locomotion of insects.
Role of Chromatograph-based Analytical Techniques in Quantification of Chiral Compounds: An Update
Authors: Gunjal Pradnya , Singh Sachin Kumar , Kumar Rajesh , Kumar Rajan , Gulati Monica 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Chiral purity is a critical quality attribute of pharmaceutical materials as chiral
compounds are known to exhibit different pharmacological and toxicological properties as compared
to those of their enantiomers (or diastereomers for molecules with multiple chiral centers). It is
important to note that about 40% of the synthetic drugs are chiral, 60% of all pharmaceuticals are
chiral and 45% chiral drugs are sold as racemates. The objective of the current review is to discuss
various chromatographic techniques used for the separation of chiral compounds.

Methods:
Various bibliographic databases of previously published peer-reviewed research papers
were explored and systematic data has been compiled in terms of various chromatographic techniques
used for chiral compounds’ separation. A comparison of different techniques as well as their
advantages is also discussed.

Results:
A comprehensive review of 130 papers including both, research and review articles, was
carried out. The analytical techniques have been discussed in detail. Apart from chromatographic
techniques, other techniques such as circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance, UV-visible
spectroscopy using cyclodextrin derivatives have also been highlighted.

Conclusion:
The pharmaceutical industries need analytical methods to conclude enantiomeric concentration
and obtain a drug with a single stereo configuration. Sensitive techniques such as HPLC,
GCMS and LCMS, etc. are used for identification and quantification of single enantiomers, specifically
in drug discovery and development.
Analysis of Quinolones in Biological Materials by Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Gök Elif Damla , Kır Sedef , Nemutlu Emirhan 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Quinolones are an important group of synthetic antibiotics with bactericidal
action. The antibacterial activity of these compounds has been shown to result from selective inhibition
of bacterial DNA synthesis. It is a preferable option in clinical use because of its efficacy, reliability
and wide antibacterial spectrum. The identification and quantification of quinolones in various
biological tissues and fluids are needed.

Methods:
Numerous techniques have been developed for their analysis of biological materials and
pharmaceutical dosage forms. In this review, the chromatographic methods published in the last ten
years for the analysis of quinolones, using for the treatment of an infection in a human, were reviewed.

Results:
The analysis methods of quinolones as single or simultaneous in biological materials were
summarized according to sample preparation, chromatographic conditions, validation parameters and
applicability of the methods. The pH effect on the chromatographic behaviors of quinolones was discussed.
Moreover, multivariate analysis was performed for the summarized published methods based
on the method parameters.

Conclusions:
Many rapid and efficient separation methods have been developed for individual or
simultaneous determination of quinolone. In this study, a comprehensive review is presented for the
analysis of quinolone developed in the last decade.
Evaluation of type II Toxin-Antitoxin Systems, Antibiotic Resistance Profiles, and Biofilm Quorum Sensing Genes in Acinetobacter Baumannii Isolates in Iraq
Authors: Al Marjania Mohammed F. , Kouhsari Ebrahim , Ali Fatima S. , Authman Sawsan H. 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Bacterial Toxin-Antitoxin (TAs) systems are extensive two-component elements
in the bacterial genome, which are involved in many key biological functions, including
growth arrest, survival, biofilm formation, plasmid maintenance, defense against phages, persistence,
and virulence.

Aim:
This study aimed to assess the molecular determinants involved in TAs, biofilm quorum sensing,
and antibiotic resistance profiles in Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from Baghdad’s hospitals
in Iraq.

Methods:
A total of 127 A. baumannii isolates were collected from 2160 different clinical samples.
The antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the disk diffusion test. All isolates were
characterized for molecular determinants involved in TAs and biofilm formation using the wellknown
PCR-based sequencing assay.

Results:
A high multi-drug resistant (MDR) (96.06%; 122/127) and imipenem resistance (84.25%;
107/127) rates were observed from A.baumannii isolates. Results showed the presence of rhlIR
gene in three isolates (2.36%), and lasIR gene appeared in two isolates (1.57%) isolates, whilst,
mazEF, ccdAB, and relBE genes have not been detected among any of the isolates.

Conclusion:
A high MDR and imipenem resistance rates within a low prevalence of rhlIR, and
lasIR genes could be found in clinical A. baumannii isolates from some of the Iraqi hospitals.
Endodontic Treatment in Pregnancy: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Dentists and Interns in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Aboalshamat Khalid , Abdulrahman Somaya , Alowadi Jameelah , Al-Mutairy Najwa , Fairak Mysam , Alraithi Noufah , Alsolami Amani , Alshahrani Asma , Almansouri Wejdan 
Published: May 2020

Aim:Pregnant women require special consideration in dental treatment due to physiological changes during their pregnancy. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dentists and dental interns in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, regarding endodontic treatment during pregnancy.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted using validated self-report questionnaires completed by 450 dental interns and dentists who treat pregnant women in governmental and private dental clinics in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire measured participants’ knowledge, beliefs, and actual practices regarding behavioral counseling and the treatment of pregnant patients. Descriptive statistics were generated, and significance was set at 0.05.Results:A total of 86.4% of the participants acknowledged the importance of endodontic treatment for pregnant patients and responded that most endodontic procedures are considered safe during the second trimester, including periapical radiographs (67.11%), endodontic treatment (81.11%), local anesthesia with and without epinephrine (70.67%), open access (83.78%), drainage of abscesses (76.89%), prescribing acetaminophen (75.56%), and prescribing antibiotics (61.11%). In addition, 57.8% knew that Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are contraindicated. However, 69.33% considered panoramic radiographs contraindicated. Knowledgeable participants were significantly more likely to practice appropriate endodontic procures. The majority (70.9%) were interested in more education about pregnant patients.Conclusion:Dental interns and dentists in Saudi Arabia have fair levels of knowledge about endodontic treatment of pregnant patients, and need to improve their knowledge, especially regarding radiographs and NSAIDs.
Evidence-based Review of Periarticular Injections and Peripheral Nerve Blocks in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Gaukhman Alexander , Garceau Simon , Schwarzkopf Ran , Slover James 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Recently, post-operative pain management after Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) has focused on a multimodal approach for reducing opioid requirements, promoting early rehabilitation, and expediting discharge from hospital. Regional anesthesia, in the form of Periarticular Injections (PAI) and Peripheral Nerve Blocks (PNB), has shown promise as adjunctive therapy to oral analgesics.

Objective:
To review the current literature surrounding regional anesthesia for TKA.

Discussion:
PNBs provide effective analgesia after TKA. Historically, femoral nerve blocks (FNB) have been commonly employed. FNBs, however, lead to the significant motor blockade to the quadriceps musculature, which can dampen early rehabilitation efforts and increase the risk of post-operative falls. Adductor Canal Blocks (ACB) have shown excellent results in reducing post-operative pain while minimizing motor blockade. Periarticular injections (PAI), and infiltration between the popliteal Artery and Capsule of the Knee (IPACK) have similarly helped in reducing patient discomfort after TKA and providing analgesia to the posterior capsular region of the knee.

Conclusion:

PAIs, and PNBs are important elements in many multimodal postoperative pain management protocols after TKA. Current evidence appears to suggest that a combination of an ACB supplemented by posterior capsular analgesic coverage through PAI or IPACK may provide optimal results.
Reducing Life Dissatisfaction by Ecological Intelligence: Psychological and Psychopathological Implications
Authors: Caponnetto Pasquale , Inguscio Lucio , Riolo Maria , Maglia Marilena , Lai Carlo 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Our planet’s recent ecologic perturbation solicited the researchers to deepen their analysis of environmental impacts. The concept of Life Satisfaction (LS) described as the degree to which a person positively evaluates the overall quality of his/her life as-a-whole.

Objective:
This study examined the relationship between ecological intelligence and perceived life satisfaction.

Materials and Methods:
1025 adult males and females were selected for the study through an online announcement. The research was carried out in a single phase and participants completed Life Satisfaction and Ecological Intelligence questionnaires.

Results:
A statistically meaningful and satisfying outcome emerged from the relationship between Life Satisfaction and Ecological Intelligence. Additional important final results marked a positive relationship between Ecological Intelligence and the education level.

Conclusion:
The conclusions of statistical interpretation of the data highlight the urge to revitalize the citizens’ sense of respect of the environment, in order to reach two fundamental aims of mankind life: to love our own planet and to feel calm along one’s own life path.
Fault Tolerance in WSN Through Uniform Load Distribution Function
Authors: Mohapatra Hitesh , Rath Amiya Kumar 
Published: May 2020

Aim:
The existing cluster-based energy-efficient models such as Low Energy Adaptive
Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Stable Election Protocol (SEP) unable for the distribution of
sensor nodes uniformly during cluster formation. The non-uniform cluster distribution structure
leads to rapid energy depletion and high energy consumption. So, this paper aims to create uniform
load-based cluster formation.

Background:
This proposed idea is generated from the famous saying "If a Fault is Handling Another
Fault Then That's not a Fault". Designing of energy-efficient and fault-tolerant model is indeed
wireless sensor network deployments. The involvement of WSN's is not only limited to domestic
purposes but also applied in a harsh and hostile environment.

Objective:
In this paper, we focus on the energy depletion-based fault occurrence and its tolerance.
Here, we propose a Uniform Load Distribution Function (ULDF) with two objectives. The
first one is to form equilibrium energy level clusters, and the second one is to avoid the frequent
involvement of SNs in cluster formation. The proposed function is compared against the performance
of both homogeneous LEACH and heterogeneous SEP protocols.

Methods:
Efficient clustering through equal distribution of SNs based on their current residual energy.

Results:
Our analysis concludes with the results where the proposed ULDF perform better than
LEACH and SEP and reduces SNs involvement in cluster formation, which indirectly implies
minimum energy consumption.

Conclusion:
Energy saving through uniform load distribution.
Deep Learning Approach for Imputation of Missing Values in Actigraphy Data: Algorithm Development Study
Authors: Jang Jong-Hwan , Choi Junggu , Roh Hyun Woong , Son Sang Joon , Hong Chang Hyung , Kim Eun Young , Kim Tae Young , Yoon Dukyong 
Published: May 2020

Background
Data collected by an actigraphy device worn on the wrist or waist can provide objective measurements for studies related to physical activity; however, some data may contain intervals where values are missing. In previous studies, statistical methods have been applied to impute missing values on the basis of statistical assumptions. Deep learning algorithms, however, can learn features from the data without any such assumptions and may outperform previous approaches in imputation tasks.

Objective
The aim of this study was to impute missing values in data using a deep learning approach.

Methods
To develop an imputation model for missing values in accelerometer-based actigraphy data, a denoising convolutional autoencoder was adopted. We trained and tested our deep learning–based imputation model with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data set and validated it with the external Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the Korean Chronic Cerebrovascular Disease Oriented Biobank data sets which consist of daily records measuring activity counts. The partial root mean square error and partial mean absolute error of the imputed intervals (partial RMSE and partial MAE, respectively) were calculated using our deep learning–based imputation model (zero-inflated denoising convolutional autoencoder) as well as using other approaches (mean imputation, zero-inflated Poisson regression, and Bayesian regression).

Results
The zero-inflated denoising convolutional autoencoder exhibited a partial RMSE of 839.3 counts and partial MAE of 431.1 counts, whereas mean imputation achieved a partial RMSE of 1053.2 counts and partial MAE of 545.4 counts, the zero-inflated Poisson regression model achieved a partial RMSE of 1255.6 counts and partial MAE of 508.6 counts, and Bayesian regression achieved a partial RMSE of 924.5 counts and partial MAE of 605.8 counts.

Conclusions
Our deep learning–based imputation model performed better than the other methods when imputing missing values in actigraphy data.
Entrevista al Doctor Juan Antonio García Amado
Authors: Uscanga Barradas Abril 
Published: May 2020

Juan Antonio García Amado es Licenciado y Doctor en Derecho por la Universidad de Oviedo. Catedrático de Filosofía del Derecho de la Universidad de León desde 1994. Recibió el Premio de Investigación en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales con ocasión del XXV aniversario de la Universidad de León. Posee la Orden del Congreso de Colombia en el Grado de Cruz de Caballero. Doctor honoris causa por varias universidades latinoamericanas. Miembro del comité editorial o el comité científico de revistas como Rechtstheorie, Doxa, Droit et Société, Derechos y libertades y numerosas publicaciones jurídicas y filosóficas de América Latina. Autor de más de dos centeneras de artículos en libros colectivos y revistas españolas y extranjeras, así como artículos traducidos al portugués, el francés y el alemán. Ha publicado sobre temas de Filosofía y Teoría del Derecho, Filosofía política, Derecho penal, Derecho constitucional, Derecho civil, Derecho administrativo, Derecho laboral, Derecho y cine, Derecho y literatura, etc.
Entre sus libros de encuentran: Teorías de la tópica jurídica (Civitas, 1988 y Palestra Editores, 2019); Hans Kelsen y la norma fundamental (Marcial Pons, 1996); La filosofía del Derecho de Habermas y Luhman (Universidad Externado de Colombia, 1997) Escritos de Filosofía del Derecho (1999); Ensayos de filosofía jurídica (Temis, 2003); La Lista de Schindler. Abismos que el Derecho difícilmente alcanza (Tirant lo Blanch, 2003); Delito político (2007); Un debate sobre ponderación (con Manuel Atienza, Palestra, 2012); El Derecho y sus circunstancias (Universidad Externado de Colombia, 2010); Iusmoralismo(s). Dworkin, Alexy, Nino (Cevallos Editora Jurídica, 2015); Teoría de la decisión judicial. Subsunción, argumentación, ponderación (Ediciones Nueva Jurídica, 2016); Filosofía política para juristas. Doctrinas, debates y cuestiones prácticas (Ediciones Doctrina y Ley, 2017), Ponderación judicial. Estudios críticos (Zela, 2019), Razonamiento jurídico y argumentación (Eolas, 2020, segunda edición ampliada; Zela, 2019), entre otros.Ha editado o coordinado libros colectivos como El Derecho en la teoría social. Diálogo con catorce propuestas actuales (Dykinson, 2001); Torturas en el cine (editor junto con Manuel Paredes Castañón, Tirant lo Blanch, 2005); Filosofía del Derecho penal (editor junto con Miguel Díaz y García Conlledo, Universidad Externado de Colombia, 2006); Prueba y razonamiento probatorio en Derecho. Un debate sobre abducción (con Pablo Bonorino, Editorial Comares, 2014); La responsabilidad civil por daños en las relaciones familiares (Bosch, 2017); Conflictos de derechos. Problemas teóricos y supuestos prácticos (Tirant lo Blanch, 2019), etc.Redacta el blog Dura Lex (www.garciamado.blogspot.com), de temática jurídica, política y social y colabora habitualmente con el blog jurídico almacendederecho.org.Director del Máster Online en Argumentación Jurídica impartido por convenio entre la Universidad de León y Tirant Formación.
Self-Emulsifying Formulations: A Pharmaceutical Review
Authors: Agubata Chukwuma 
Published: May 2020

The oral route of drug delivery is commonly utilized for administration of medicines and is particularly preferred for the treatment of many chronic diseases which require continuous ingestion over a reasonably prolonged period of time. However the oral delivery of lipophilic drugs presents a major obstacle because of their low aqueous solubility. The aqueous solubility of a drug is a crucial determinant of its dissolution rate, absorption and bioavailability. Drugs with relatively high intrinsic lipophilicity can be dissolved in appropriate mixtures of oils/lipids, surfactants, cosolvents which can rapidly form oil-in-water (o/w) fine emulsions when dispersed in aqueous phase under mild agitation or mixing. These isotropic self-emulsifying formulations or self-emulsifying drug delivery systems are effective for delivery of poorly soluble, lipophilic drugs by dispersing the drugs within fine oil droplets in emulsions and this solubilization of drugs can then improve its absorption, bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. The present paper reviews the concept, design, formulation, characterization and applications of self-emulsifying formulations.
Keywords: Self-Emulsifying Formulations, lipophilicity, emulsions