bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy‐Efficient Ultrafast SOT‐MRAMs Based on Low‐Resistivity Spin Hall Metal Au0.25Pt0.75
Authors: Zhu Lijun , Zhu Lujun , Shi Shengjie , Ralph Daniel C. , Buhrman Robert A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMany key electronic technologies (e.g., large‐scale computing, machine learning, and superconducting electronics) require new memories that are at the same time fast, reliable, energy‐efficient, and of low‐impedance, which has remained a challenge. Nonvolatile magnetoresistive random access memories (MRAMs) driven by spin–orbit torques (SOTs) have promise to be faster and more energy‐efficient than conventional semiconductor and spin‐transfer‐torque magnetic memories. It is reported that the spin Hall effect of low‐resistivity Au0.25Pt0.75 thin films enables ultrafast antidamping‐torque switching of SOT‐MRAM devices for current pulse widths as short as 200 ps. If combined with industrial‐quality lithography and already‐demonstrated interfacial engineering, an optimized MRAM cell based on Au0.25Pt0.75 can have energy‐efficient, ultrafast, and reliable switching, for example, a write energy of <1 fJ (<50 fJ) for write error rate of 50% (<10−5) for 1 ns pulses. The antidamping torque switching of the Au0.25Pt0.75 devices is ten times faster than expected from a rigid macrospin model, most likely because of the fast micromagnetics due to the enhanced nonuniformity within the free layer. The feasibility of Au0.25Pt0.75‐based SOT‐MRAMs as a candidate for ultrafast, reliable, energy‐efficient, low‐impedance, and unlimited‐endurance memory is demonstrated.
Stabile Calciumcarbonat‐Pränukleationscluster bestimmen die Flüssig‐flüssig‐Phasenseparation
Authors: Avaro Jonathan T. , Wolf Stefan L. P. , Hauser Karin , Gebauer Denis 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFlüssig‐flüssig‐Phasenseparation (liquid‐liquid phase separation, LLPS) ist eine Zwischenstufe während der Fällung von Calciumcarbonat und man vermutet, dass sie eine entscheidende Rolle in Biomineralisationsprozessen spielt. In diesem Artikel stellen wir ein Modell vor, in dem die Flüssig‐flüssig‐Mischungslücke im wässrigen Calciumcarbonatsystem durch die Thermodynamik der Ionenassoziation in der homogenen Phase bestimmt wird, was experimentell durch potentiometrische Titrationen und kinetische Studien mittels ATR‐FTIR‐Spektroskopie bestätigt wird. Der vorgeschlagene Mechanismus erklärt die variable Löslichkeit von amorphen Calciumcarbonaten und räumt Widersprüche in Literaturdaten aus. Da flüssig‐flüssig amorphe Polymorphie berücksichtigt wird, liefert das Modell Hinweise zum Mechanismus der Polymorphselektion. Es ist allgemein und sollte für andere Systeme als Calciumcarbonat überprüft werden. Ausgehend von stabilen Pränukleationsclustern anstelle von in‐ oder metastabilen Fluktuationen ergibt sich ein neuer Blickwinkel auf die physikalische Chemie der Flüssig‐flüssig‐Phasenseparationen in Biomineralisationsprozessen und darüber hinaus.
Interaction of carbon nanotubes with curcumin: Effect of temperature and pH on simultaneous static and dynamic fluorescence quenching of curcumin using carbon nanotubes
Authors: Youssef Lucia , Patra Digambara 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCurcumin (Cur) has medicinal properties, undergoes hydrolysis, and has low water solubility that limits its bioavailability and industrial usage. Different host molecules such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) can be useful in improving solubility and stabilizing Cur, therefore understanding the interaction of Cur with host molecules such as CNT is crucial. In this study, UV–visible light absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques have been applied to reveal the interaction of Cur with CNT. Visible light absorption of Cur increases with CNT concentration, whereas fluorescence intensity of Cur is quenched in the presence of CNT. The obtained results confirm that fluorescence reduction is due to both static and dynamic quenching and is a result of the ground state and excited‐state complex formation. The pH environment influences the quenching rate due to deprotonation of Cur at higher pH; excess OH‐ ion concentration in the solution further discourages electrostatic interaction between the deprotonated form of Cur with CNT. It is found that at lower temperatures (<35°C) dynamic quenching is much more dominant and at higher temperatures (45°C) static quenching is more dominant. The interaction is further supported using X‐ray diffraction patterns and Fourier transform infrared spectra in the solid state, and suggests encapsulation of curcumin within the CNT. It is further evident that fluorescence quenching of Cur using CNT is further enhanced in the presence of several salts, as increase in ionic strength of the solution pushes the hydrophobic Cur molecule towards the CNT core by increasing the proximity between them.
Versatile 3′ Functionalization of CRISPR Single Guide RNA
Authors: Palumbo Cody M. , Gutierrez‐Bujari Jeton M. , O'Geen Henriette , Segal David J. , Beal Peter A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSpecific applications of CRISPR/Cas genome editing systems benefit from chemical modifications of the sgRNA. Herein we describe a versatile and efficient strategy for functionalization of the 3′‐end of a sgRNA. An exemplary collection of six chemically modified sgRNAs was prepared containing crosslinkers, a fluorophore and biotin. Modification of the sgRNA 3′‐end was broadly tolerated by Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 in an in vitro DNA cleavage assay. The 3′‐biotinylated sgRNA was used as an affinity reagent to identify IGF2BP1, YB1 and hnRNP K as sgRNA‐binding proteins present in HEK293T cells. Overall, the modification strategy presented here has the potential to expand on current applications of CRISPR/Cas systems.
Notch receptor expression in Trypanosoma cruzi‐infected human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with benznidazole or simvastatin revealed by microarray analysis
Authors: Campos‐Estrada Carolina , González‐Herrera Fabiola , Greif Gonzalo , Carillo Ileana , Guzmán‐Rivera Daniela , Liempi Ana , Robello Carlos , Kemmerling Ulrike , Castillo Christian , Maya Juan Diego 
Published: January 2020

AbstractChagas disease is a vector‐borne disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Current therapy involves benznidazole. Benznidazole and other drugs can modify gene expression patterns, improving the response to the inflammatory influx induced by T. cruzi and decreasing the endothelial activation or immune cell recruitment, among other effects. Here, we performed a microarray analysis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with benznidazole and the anti‐inflammatory drugs acetylsalicylic acid or simvastatin and infected with T. cruzi. Parasitic infection produces differential expression of a set of genes in HUVECs treated with benznidazole alone or a combination with simvastatin or acetylsalicylic acid. The differentially expressed genes were involved in inflammation, adhesion, cardiac function, and remodeling. Notch1 and high mobility group B1 were genes of interest in this analysis due to their importance in placental development, cardiac development, and inflammation. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmation of these two genes indicated that both are upregulated in the presence of benznidazole.
Dual‐Strategy to Construct Aqueous‐Based Symmetric Supercapacitors with High Volumetric Energy Density
Authors: Zhang Li , Wu Dandan , Ma Quanhu , Wang Gaowei , Liu Ziqiang , Chang Meixia , Yan Xingbin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCarbon‐based supercapacitors have been widely used in electric vehicles because of their high‐power density, long cycle life and fast charge/discharge rates. However, low volumetric energy density severely limits their application for miniaturized electronic devices. Here, we have demonstrated a carbon‐based symmetric supercapacitor by using a three‐dimensional porous graphene with high density as the electrode material and a 17 M NaClO4 water‐in‐salt electrolyte with a 2.1 V electrochemical stability window. The device exhibited high specific capacitance (145.3 F cm−3 at 0.5 A g−1), excellent rate performance (70.0 % capacitance retention even at 50 A g−1), high volumetric energy density (22.3 Wh L−1 at 333.4 W L−1 based on the total mass of active materials) and excellent cycle stability with 99.1 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 5 A g−1. The performance of this device was superior to the most current supercapacitors based on carbon materials. This effective dual‐strategy of simultaneously regulating capacitance and potential window can greatly promote the further development of aqueous carbon‐based supercapacitors.
Electroreduction of Oxygen on Carbide‐Derived Carbon Supported Pd Catalysts
Authors: Lüsi Madis , Erikson Heiki , Sarapuu Ave , Merisalu Maido , Rähn Mihkel , Treshchalov Alexey , Paiste Päärn , Käärik Maike , Leis Jaan , Sammelselg Väino , Kaljuvee Tiit , Tammeveski Kaido 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPd catalyst was deposited onto various carbide‐derived carbons (CDC) that were prepared from TiC, Mo2C and SiC. Specific surface area and pore size distribution of the Pd/CDC materials were measured. Microwave plasma assisted atomic emission spectroscopy was carried out to give information about the amount of Pd deposited. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies revealed that CDC was uniformly covered by fine Pd particles, the size of which was further analysed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on Pd/CDC catalysts was studied in KOH and HClO4 solutions. These electrocatalysts showed higher specific activities for ORR as compared to the commercial Pd/C catalyst.
Charge‐Assisted Chalcogen Bonds: CSD and DFT Analyses and Biological Implication in Glucosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Galmés Bartomeu , Juan‐Bals Aida , Frontera Antonio , Resnati Giuseppe 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study reports a combined Cambridge Structural Database and theoretical DFT study of charge assisted chalcogen bonds involving sulfonium, selenonium, and telluronium cations. The chalcogen bond has been recently defined by IUPAC as thenet attractive interaction between an electrophilic region associated with a chalcogen atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophilic region in another, or the same, molecular entity. Divalent chalcogen atoms typically have up to two σ‐holes and forms up to two ChBs; the same holds for tetravalent chalcogens which adopt a seesaw arrangement. In sulfonium, selenonium, and telluronium salts chalcogen atoms form three covalent bonds, three σ‐holes are located opposite to these bonds, and up to three charge assisted ChBs can be formed between these holes and the counterions. The covalent bond arrangement around these chalcogen atoms is similar to trivalent pnictogen atoms and translates into a similar pattern of noncovalent interactions. We have found and studied this type of charge‐assisted chalcogen bonds in various sulfonium ion‐containing inhibitors of glucosidase, for example, salacinol and kotalanol.
Process monitoring method based on correlation variable classification and vine copula
Authors: Cui Qun , Li Shaojun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractChemical processes are becoming increasingly complicated, leading to an increase in process variables and more complex relationships among them. The vine copula has a significant advantage in portraying the dependence of high‐dimensional variables. However, as the dimensions increase, the vine copula model incurs a high computational load; such pressure greatly reduces model efficiency. Relationships among variables in the industrial process are complex. Different variables may be strongly or weakly associated or even independent. This paper proposes a process monitoring method based on correlation variable classification and vine copula. The weighted correlation measure is first used to divide variables into a correlated subspace and weakly correlated subspace. Then, two vine structures, C‐vine and D‐vine, are applied to the correlated and weakly correlated subspaces, respectively. This method takes advantage of C‐vine for correlated variables and the flexibility of D‐vine for weakly correlated variables. Finally, comprehensive statistics are established based on different subspaces. Monitoring results of the numerical system and the Tennessee Eastman process demonstrate the effectiveness and validity of the proposed method.
Comparing between second‐generation cryoballoon vs open‐irrigated radiofrequency ablation in elderly patients: Acute and long‐term outcomes
Authors: Chen Chao‐feng , Zhong Yi‐gang , Jin Chao‐lun , Gao Xiao‐fei , Liu Xiao‐hua , Xu Yi‐zhou 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundLimited comparative data are available regarding catheter ablation (CA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) using second‐generation cryoballoon (CB‐2) vs radiofrequency (RF) ablation in elderly patients (>75‐year‐old).HypothesisCB‐2 ablation may demonstrate different outcomes compared with that using RF ablation for elderly patients with AF.MethodElderly patients with symptomatic drug‐refractory AF were included in the study. Pulmonary vein isolation was performed in all patients.ResultsA total of 324 elderly patients were included (RF: 176, CB‐2:148) from September 2016 to April 2019. The CB‐2 was associated with shorter procedure time and left atrial dwell time (112.9 ± 11.1 vs 135.1 ± 9.9 minutes, P < .001; 53.7 ± 8.9 vs 65.1.9 ± 9.0 minutes, P < .001), but marked fluoroscopy utilization (22.1 ± 3.3 vs 18.5 ± 3.6 minutes, P < .001). Complications occurred in 3.3% (CB‐2) and 6.2% (RF) of patients with no significant different (P = .307). The length of stay after ablation was shorter, but the costs were higher in the CB‐2 group (1.94 vs 2.53 days, P < .001 and 91 132.6 ± 3723.5 vs 81 149.4 ± 6824.1 CNY, P < .001) compared to the RF group. Additionally, the rate of early recurrence of atrial arrhythmia was lower in the CB‐2 group (14.2 vs 23.3%, P = .047), but the long‐term success rate was similar between two groups.ConclusionsCB‐2 is associated with shorter procedure time, left atrial dwell time, and length of stay after ablation, but its costs and fluoroscopy time are greater than the RF group. Moreover, the rate of complications and long‐term success are similar between the two groups.
Gelless Secondary Growth of Zeolitic Aluminophosphate Membranes on Porous Supports with High Performance in CO2/CH4 Separation
Authors: Le Quang Thanh , Nguyen Duy Hoai‐Phuong , Nguyen Nha Minh , Nguyen Duy Phuc‐Hoang , Nguyen Ty Minh , Nguyen Tung Ngoc , Pham Tung Cao‐Thanh 
Published: January 2020

AbstractZeolitic aluminophosphate, a three‐dimensional microporous material, with an average pore size of 0.38 nm is good candidate for molecular sieve application in CO2 gas separation. The separation of CO2/CH4 gas mixtures for precombustion processes is desirable from the standpoint of both environmental concerns and energy efficiency. This study concerns an environmentally friendly method to synthesize zeolitic aluminophosphate thin films on various configurations and low‐cost kaolin porous substrates with high performance in the separation of CO2/CH4 mixtures. The membranes are prepared by a gelless seed growth method that uses lower amounts of chemicals, forms no liquid gel, chemical waste, or byproducts and generates no washing water. The obtained membranes show very high selectivity for CO2 with a CO2/CH4 separation factor above 1000 in the separation of CO2/CH4 gas mixtures.
Comparison of two cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet configurations in argon
Authors: Jõgi Indrek , Talviste Rasmus , Raud Sirli , Raud Jüri , Plank Toomas , Moravský Ladislav , Klas Matej , Matejčík Štefan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe present study compares the operation of two cold atmospheric plasma jet (CAPJ) configurations: needle‐to‐cylinder electrode configuration (CAPJ I) and single high‐voltage cylinder electrode around the quartz tube (CAPJ II). The CAPJs were operated in argon flowing through a quartz capillary with 0.5‐mm inner diameter into the ambient air, and the plasma was generated by sinusoidal kHz frequency AC power supplies. The main emphasis of the study was on the mechanism of the initiation of ionization waves for these two configurations. For both CAPJs, there appeared several ionization waves during one half‐period of the applied voltage waveform, and the number of ionization waves increased at higher voltage amplitudes. However, we discovered marked differences in the initiation of the ionization waves for two different CAPJ configuration. The applied voltage controlled the initiation of consecutive ionization waves, which propagated from the grounded electrode towards the tube orifice in CAPJ I. In the case of CAPJ II, certain time had to pass for the initiation of a new ionization wave, and subsequent ionization waves within the same half‐period started at the tube orifice. In addition to the differences in the initiation of the ionization waves, we observed that the CAPJ I was ignited and sustained at lower voltages, while CAPJ II produced a longer plasma jet. The observed advantages and deficiencies of investigated CAPJ configurations point out their potential in different applications.
Multiattribute‐based routing for lifetime maximization in opportunistic mobile social networks
Authors: M Syed Rabiya , Ramar Ramalakshmi 
Published: January 2020

SummaryWith the advancement in wireless technology and portable devices, smart phones have become one of the belongings of human being. People share their data online, but it has limitations due to transmission range and mobility. Yet opportunistic mobile social network enables users to share data online even if there is no connected path between source and destination. The widespread use of mobile phones equipped with WiFi, Bluetooth, and several other components and contact opportunities among humans bridge the gap between internet available and nonavailable area. In this paper, we have proposed a new routing approach which utilizes both spatial and temporal attributes of user such as probability to meet a particular location and remaining intercontact time between two nodes to select better relay nodes. Generally, users visit different locations such as sports stadium and mall, with varying probability. Users with similar interest form group, and each user has different intercontact time with other users according to their point of interest and visiting pattern. By utilizing multiattributes, different forwarding strategies have been devised for both inter and intragroup routing. The proposed work “point of interest (PoI)‐based routing” is implemented in Opportunistic Network Environment simulator, and the performance is analysed in terms of delivery rate, latency, overhead, goodput, and energy consumed. The simulation results show that PoI diminishes 23% of overhead and yields 24% improvement in goodput over the state‐of‐the‐art protocol. Thus, the simulation results reveal that our proposed work provides the balance between routing performance and resource consumption.
Definitions and criteria for diabetic foot disease
Authors: van Netten Jaap J. , Bus Sicco A. , Apelqvist Jan , Lipsky Benjamin A. , Hinchliffe Robert J. , Game Frances , Rayman Gerry , Lazzarini Peter A. , Forsythe Rachael O. , Peters Edgar J.G. , Senneville Éric , Vas Prashanth , Monteiro‐Soares Matilde , Schaper Nicolaas C. ,   on behalf of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot
Published: January 2020

AbstractMultiple disciplines are involved in the management of diabetic foot disease, and a common vocabulary is essential for clear communication. Based on the systematic reviews of the literature that form the basis of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) Guidelines, the IWGDF has developed a set of definitions and criteria for diabetic foot disease. This document describes these definitions and criteria. We suggest these definitions be used consistently in both clinical practice and research to facilitate clear communication between professionals.
Active Porous Electrodes Prepared by Ultrasonic‐bath and their Application in Glucose/O2 Electrochemical Reactions
Authors: Caneppele Gabriella L. , Reis Diogo D. , Goncalves Alem‐Mar B. , Da Silva Gabriel C. , Martins Cauê A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMost of the practical applications in electrocatalysis require porous electrodes, built by dispersing the nanoparticles (NPs) on a gas diffusion layer, as carbon paper (CP). The lack of correlation between classic measurements in clean, controlled surfaces and thin films with those of porous electrodes, used in practical application, is largely neglected. Since catalysis depends on the area available, it is clear that the distribution of the NPs on the porous material is pivotal to the efficiency of the catalyst. Here we show a low‐cost method to disperse NPs on CP assisted in ultrasonic bath. Such method improves the Pt/C NPs distribution over the CP compared to the immersion method. As proof‐of‐concept, we show an increase in output current by using Pt/C/CP for 10 mM glucose electrooxidation and O2 eletroreduction in buffered solution at 37 °C, which is ascribed to the increase in collision factor. Furthermore, the cathodic reaction is facilitated compared to electrodes prepared by immersion, yielding an unprecedented open circuit voltage of 800 mV for the coupled reaction. The glucose/oxygen reaction is also investigated in passive flow in an H‐type cell to produce power. This concept shows promising application to build any kind of porous electrodes with improved area utilization.
Inferring sediment transfers and functional connectivity of rivers from repeat topographic surveys
Authors: Calle Mikel , Calle Javier , Alho Petteri , Benito Gerardo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHigh‐resolution topographic models have revolutionized monitoring of river changes by comparing sequential river topographic surveys (i.e. change detection). Nevertheless, much more may be obtained from this innovative quantification of changes. In this paper, we enhance the interpretation of geomorphic processes by presenting a new method for understanding of sources and sinks of sediment, river sediment transfers and functional sediment connectivity. Repeat digital elevation models (DEMs) obtained by photogrammetry were used to quantify topographic change after two floods by creating a DEM of difference (DoD) of a 6.5 km‐long reach of Rambla de la Viuda stream, an ephemeral gravel‐bed river in eastern Spain. The proposed method involved dividing the channel into 10 m‐long longitudinal strips that were used to systematically draw boundaries between the erosional and depositional areas of the DoD. The analysis objectively: (i) drew a series of erosional and depositional segments, from 120 to 1360 m in length; (ii) estimated ranges of source‐to‐storage sediment transport distances, 320–670 m in the upstream and middle reaches and up to 2030 m in the lower reach; and (iii) obtained values of functional connectivity (i.e. the ratio between the sediment exported (erosion) and retained (deposition), ranging from 103 to 10−3). The variability in these three parameters along the river was found to be related to the level of channel disturbance by in‐stream mining during the 1990s and 2000s. Additionally, this method indicates that the main process responsible for self‐adjustment of the present morphosedimentary conditions is intra‐reach erosion of banks and channel beds. Thus, this study proposes a new methodology to characterize morphological change, sediment transfer and connectivity that may serve as environmental indicators of the hydromorphological integrity of rivers with potential application to the European Water Framework Directive. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.