bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which feature influences on-eye power change of soft toric contact lenses: Design or corneal shape?
Authors: Doll Tamsin , Moore Joshua , Shihab Ahmad H. , Lopes Bernardo T. , Eliasy Ashkan , Maklad Osama , Wu Richard , White Lynn , Jones Steve , Elsheikh Ahmed , Abass Ahmed 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThis study investigates how both the peripheral zone design and corneal shape affect the behaviour of soft contact lenses on-eye.MethodsIn this study, soft contact lenses of varying nominal cylindrical powers and peripheral zone designs—a single-prism gravity-based stabilised lens (G1P), two-prism blink-based stabilised lens (B2P) and four-prism blink-based stabilised lens (B4P)—were generated as finite element models. The on-eye simulation results were analysed to identify the impact of each peripheral zone design (Each with different volume ratios) on the effective power change (EPC) when worn by a subject. Topographies of three eyes of varying average simulated anterior corneal curvature (flat, average & steep) were used in this study.ResultsThe volume of the lens’s peripheral zone as a ratio of the total lens volume (Vp) recorded very weak correlations with the effective power change (EPC) among the three investigated designs when they were fitted to the flat eye (R = -0.19, -0.15 & -0.22 respectively), moderate correlations with the average eye (R = 0.42, 0.43 & 0.43 respectively) and strong correlations with the steep eye (R = 0.91, 0.9 & 0.9 respectively). No significant differences were noticed among the three investigated designs and none of the cylindrical lenses designed with axis 90° recorded EPC values outside the acceptance criteria range (ACR) of ±0.25 D. No significant differences in EPC were recorded among the three designs G1P, B2P and B4P (p>0.6) when they were designed with three axes at 90°, 45° and 0°. Moving the toric lens axis away from 90° dragged the EPC to the negative side and most of the investigated lenses with axes at 45° and 0° recorded EPCs outside the ±0.25D range.ConclusionsIn all cases, the shape of the cornea had a more dominant effect on EPC when compared to the peripheral zone design. Corneal shape influences the soft toric contact lens’s on-eye power change more than the lens design.
Patient and health-care worker perspectives on the short-course regimen for treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan
Authors: Horter Shona , Achar Jay , Gray Nell , Parpieva Nargiza , Tigay Zinaida , Singh Jatinder , Stringer Beverley 
Published: November 2020

Introduction
Standard multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment is lengthy, toxic, and insufficiently effective. New drugs and a shorter treatment regimen (SCR) are now recommended. However, patient and health-care worker (HCW) perspectives regarding the SCR are unknown. We aimed to determine the views and experiences of patients with MDR-TB and HCW regarding the SCR in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan.

Methods
In a qualitative study, we conducted 48 in-depth interviews with 24 people with MDR-TB and 20 HCW, purposively recruited to include those with a range of treatment-taking experiences and employment positions. Data were analysed thematically using Nvivo 12, to identify emergent patterns, concepts, and categories. Principles of grounded theory were drawn upon to generate findings inductively from participants’ accounts.

Results
All patients viewed the SCR favourably. The SCR was seen as enabling an expedited return to work, studies, and “normality”. This reduced the burden of treatment and difficulties with treatment fatigue. The SCR appeared to improve mental health, ease difficulties with TB-related stigma, and foster improved adherence. While patients wanted shorter treatment, it was also important that treatment be tolerable and effective. However, HCW doubted the appropriateness and effectiveness of the SCR, which influenced their confidence in prescribing the regimen.

Conclusion
The SCR was said to benefit treatment completion and patients’ lives. HCW concerns about SCR appropriateness and effectiveness may influence who receives the regimen. These are important considerations for SCR implementation and MDR-TB treatment developments, and dissonance between patient and HCW perspectives must be addressed for successful implementation of shorter regimens in the future.
Introducción
Authors: Scarfi Juan Pablo 
Published: November 2020

Los artículos que integran este dossier ofrecen una puerta de entrada a la historia global del derecho internacional desde América Latina y en general a estas discusiones interdisciplinarias, y resaltan los efectos historiográficos y conceptuales de esta renovación. Este dossier ofrece dos caminos para abordar la relación entre América Latina y el giro histórico en el derecho internacional. Por un lado, propone globalizar el derecho internacional y por lo tanto extender los efectos del giro histórico hacia la región de América Latina como marco de exploración. Por otro lado, propone provincializar el derecho internacional como un modo de examinar las condiciones que hicieron posible la formación de una idea regional del derecho internacional latinoamericano
Relationships among Distress, Appraisal, Self-Management Behaviors, and Psychosocial Factors in a Sample of Rural Appalachian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Carpenter Roger D , Theeke Laurie A , Mallow Jennifer A , Theeke Elliott , Gilleland Diana 
Published: November 2020

Background: Diabetes contributes to the development of multiple chronic conditions including cardiovascular disease, stroke, blindness, kidney disease, and lower-limb amputations. Currently, it is known that the Appalachian Region is an area of significant disparity in the occurrence of Diabetes. Persons with Diabetes can develop high levels of cognitive stress related to the experience of living with Diabetes.Method: This paper presents the results of a descriptive study guided by the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (TMSC), aiming to enhance understanding of the relationships among diabetes-related distress, appraisal, and self-management in a sample of 102 adults who were living rurally in Appalachia.Findings: The majority of the study sample were low-income, obese, and had mean A1C levels above the goal for adequate diabetes control. Over one-third of the sample had a high likelihood or possibility of limited literacy Participants reported adhering to medication on over 6 days of the week but adhering to diet and exercise on fewer days per week. Overall, the sample had a lower level of distress related to the diagnosis of diabetes. Participants perceived diabetes as more of a challenge than a threat, harm, or benign stressor. Diabetes related distress was inversely correlated to challenge appraisals and benign appraisals, but positively correlated to threat and harm appraisals. Anxiety and depression were significantly positively related to diabetes related distress, threat appraisals, and harm appraisals and significantly negatively correlated with challenge and benign appraisals.Conclusions: Recommendations for future research include the development and testing of targeted interventions that address the study findings including health literacy level, challenge appraisals, and the interrelationships of psychological and physical health variables. Knowing that diabetes is appraised as a challenge enhances the likelihood that it may be amenable to intervention. The interrelatedness of anxiety and depression to self-management further informs future intervention design.Keywords: Psychosocial Factors, Rural, Diabetes, Adults, Self Management, Cognitive appraisal, DistressDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v17i1.446
An Appalachian Perspective of Alzheimer’s disease: A Rural Health Nurse Opportunity
Authors: Wiese Lisa Kirk , Williams Christine L. 
Published: November 2020

Predictions of the devastating impact of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are heightened in disadvantaged rural populations, yet studies investigating AD in this population are limited. Other researchers have shown that when rural Appalachian people are aware of their risk for a chronic illness, they are more willing to adopt healthy behaviors (Della, 2011; Schoenberg et al. 2011), suggesting that educational programs to increase knowledge and perception of risk are needed. The purpose of this article is to report findings from exploring knowledge of Alzheimer’s disease in a southern rural West Virginia community of residents (N = 193) and a sample of caregivers (n = 20) using cognitive interview techniques of “Think-aloud” and “Laddering”. The cultural fit and relevance of the “Knowledge of Alzheimer’s Disease scale or KAD (Jang, Kim, Hansen, & Chiriboga, 2010) was also examined. Findings from the KAD included that an updated AD measure appropriate for use in rural settings is needed. Findings from the cognitive interview included that instead of fatalistic attitudes toward Alzheimer’s disease, residents often viewed AD as something potentially preventable through healthier living, use of herbs as children, and eventual discovery of more effective treatment regimens. The themes that emerged were “preventing AD” and “personal knowing of AD”. Considering cultural perceptions and determining knowledge gaps in the communities by rural providers is an important component of changing stigma regarding routine cognitive screening for rural older adults at increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v17i1.469
Retrofitting unreinforced masonry by steel fiber reinforced mortar coating: uniaxial and diagonal compression tests
Authors: Lucchini Sara S. , Facconi Luca , Minelli Fausto , Plizzari Giovanni 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThin layers of mortar reinforced with steel fibers can be applied on one or both sides of bearing walls as an effective seismic strengthening of existing masonry buildings. To assess the effectiveness of this technique, an experimental study on masonry sub-assemblages was carried out at the University of Brescia. This paper summarizes and discusses the main results of the investigation, which included mechanical characterization tests on masonry and its components as well as on the Steel Fiber Reinforced Mortar (SFRM) used to retrofit the masonry samples. Uniaxial and diagonal compression tests were carried out on both unstrengthened wallets and masonry samples retrofitted with 25 mm thick SFRM coating. Both single-sided and double-sided retrofitting configurations for application on wall surfaces were considered. The results highlighted the ability of the technique to improve the compressive and the shear behavior of masonry, even in case of single-sided strengthening. Moreover, no premature debonding of coating was observed. Lastly, the manuscript presents the results of a numerical investigation that was performed both to simulate the diagonal compression tests described in the first part of the paper and to predict the response of panels with different strengthening configurations.
Re-probing Causes in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstructions
Authors: URFALIOGLU Selma , ÖZDEMİR Gökhan , GÜLER Mete , DUMAN Gamze , EVGİN İsmail , ÇALIŞIR Feyza 
Published: November 2020

Objective: It was aimed to show the factors leading to failure of first probing, necessitating second probing application.
Materials and Methods: In this retrospective case series, patients diagnosed with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) between January 2010 and December 2019 and treated with a nasolacrimal duct (NLD) probe were included. The files of patients diagnosed with CNLDO and treated with NLD probing between these years at XX University were reviewed. Patients characteristics including sex, age, consultation notes, operation records, re-probing number and existence of systemic disease were recorded.
Results: A total of 110 patients were recruited into the study finally. The mean age of patients was 17.55±5.40 (9-34) months and 46 female (41.8%), 64 male (58.2%). While the ninety three patients (84.5%) showing improvement of symptoms after the first probing considered successful, 17 patients (15.5%) having smilar symptoms regarded failed probing. Grouping patients with age less than ≤18 months or more had similar success rates with regard to probing success (p=0.250). No difference in success rate was found for gender (p=0.953) and laterality (p=0.116). Local diseases (nasal cavity problems, canalicular narrowing, anatomical variation etc.) were detected in 14 patients, who have been planned for secondary probing.
Conclusion: Our study is in congruity with other studies claiming no effect of sex, age or laterality on probing success. If first probing fails, a thorough management plan including also exploration and handling of reasons underlying the first failure should be implemented before second probing.
Seismic Site Condition of Mainland China from Geology
Authors: Chen Guihua , Magistrale Harold , Rong Yufang , Cheng Jia , Ahmet Binselam Sait , Xu Xiwei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe use geology as a proxy to produce a site condition map of mainland China for seismic hazard assessment. The geology is from a 1:1,000,000-scale digital database and a 1:2,500,000-scale Quaternary map. We use the lithological descriptions and ages to assign the site condition for each geologic unit. Published site condition data are used to evaluate our mapping results. Our results agree well for the strong-motion stations in Gansu–Sichuan area, except in the mountainous area. There, the mismatches are due to our geological map scales missing narrow river terrace deposits. Our results also match well in the Shandong and Beijing Plain areas, except in thin fluvial and alluvial deposits fringing bedrock mountains. Our site-response categories match well-published average VS–depth profiles from microzonation studies of 14 major urban areas.
A Critical Assessment of Canadian Earthquake Monitoring and Alerting Practice versus the Initial Challenges of the 2020 COVID-19 Experience
Authors: McCormack David A. , Bent Allison L. , Van Brabant Reid , McKee Lorne 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We describe the regular pre-COVID mode of operations for the Canadian National Seismograph Network and the associated monitoring, alerting, and analysis for earthquakes in Canada; we describe how the current operational posture evolved and discuss the ways in which the posture was and was not suitable to respond to the challenges and constraints of the COVID-19 situation in Canada. We find that many of the design and operation decisions that have been taken over the last several decades for earthquake monitoring in Canada, collectively driven largely by considerations of resilience and cost-effectiveness and further refined after the experience of the H1N1 pandemic, resulted in a system that continued to function effectively under lockdown conditions. There were many earthquakes in Canada that required seismologist response during the lockdown, all of which were handled remotely without issue. Specific challenges and lessons learned from the first few months of the pandemic are noted.
Various treatment options of early carcinoma buccal mucosa involving commissure: a tertiary care centre experience of six years
Authors: Shanmugam Subbiah , Susikar Sujay , Hussain Syed Afroze , Robert Kenny 
Published: November 2020

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Carcinoma of the buccal mucosa is the most common cancer of the oral cavity in India and involvement of commissure poses unique challenge in reconstruction after surgery. Aim was to analyse the demographics, presentations and various treatment options of early carcinoma buccal mucosa involving oral commissure.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A retrospective review from clinical case records at our institution between 2014 and 2019 were analysed. All the cases recruited were analysed based on patient characteristics, clinical presentation, surgical and adjuvant therapy rendered. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 20 software. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 40 patients of primary carcinoma buccal mucosa with T1 to T3 disease involving commissure were analysed. Median age of presentation was 51 years with male preponderance (24:16). 32 patients were offered surgery as the initial line of management and 8 received definitive radiotherapy. The estimated 5-year survival was around 30%. Two patients with clinically T2 disease were upstaged in the postoperative histopathology to T3 and T4a respectively one due to depth of invasion &gt;10 mm and the other owing to commissural skin involvement detected only in the final HPE.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Early carcinoma of the buccal mucosa clinically extending from commissure poses unique challenges in choosing treatment modalities. In view of the location of the tumour it poses a small chance of upstaging of early disease in the final histopathology.</p>
Can mode of anaesthesia interfere with the discharge in patients undergoing day care ureteroscopic surgeries? A randomized control trial comparing general with spinal anaesthesia
Authors: B Gayathri , L N Sundaram , S Aishwarya , Ravi Saravanan 
Published: November 2020

Improvement in Surgical and Anaesthetic techniques allows even complex surgeries to be performed as day care cases. The objective of the study is to compare the recovery parameters of patients undergoing anaesthesia for ambulatory surgeries under General or Spinal Anaesthesia.After approval by IEC, this study was performed in 60 patients undergoing elective ureteroscopic procedures. Patients were Randomized to receive either General anaesthesia (Group GA: n=30) or Spinal Anaesthesia (Group GA: n=30). GA was induced using standard protocols with airway maintained spontaneously using LMA. In group SA patients received 1.5 ml 0.75% Isobaric Ropivacaine for providing anaesthesia. Vitals were recorded in both the groups throughout the procedure. In addition to intra operative haemodynamics, the onset of duration and percentage of patients achieving complete sensory & motor block was also recorded in SA group. Patients were kept in phase I recovery till score of Aldrete 9 was reached. In phase II recovery (PACU) the percentage of patients sitting at 180 min, standing at 300 min and walking at 360 min were recorded. The psychomotor skills of patients were assessed using digit symbol substitution test (DSST) before discharging from phase II recovery. The main criteria for discharging patients from phase II recovery was Post Anaesthesia Discharge scoring (PADSS). Patients were discharged from phase II recovery on reaching PADSS &#60;10. Seventy three patients were enrolled and 60 patients completed the study. The onset of sensory and motor block in Group SA was 6.61±0.83 min and the onset of motor block was 9.48±0.91 min. Percentage of patients achieving complete sensory & motor block was 71%. The duration of sensory block was 208± 17.95 min and the duration of motor block was 182.07±15.98. Patients in group GA took 221.07± 4.97 and Group SA took 110.72± 7.04 min to reach Aldrete score of 10 (p value &#60;0.05). At 180 min only 22.33% patients in group GA were able to sit, while in Group SA it was 70 (p value &#60;0.05). The comfort score assessed by surgeon was excellent in group GA (4/4) and was only satisfactory (2/4) in Group SA. There was no difference in pain perception or PADSS at 360 min or psychomotor skills tested by Digital symbol substitution test (DSST).The technique of Anaesthesia doesn’t interfere with readiness of patients to discharge home in terms of maintain stable vitals, pain or side effects. Isobaric Ropivacaine was found to be a poor choice for providing spinal anaesthesia due to slow onset of sensory block, inability to achieve complete motor block thus providing difficulty to operating surgeon.
A prospective study to compare haemodynamic and respiratory parameters using proseal laryengeal mask airway and endotracheal intubation in children undergoing videoendoscopic surgery
Authors: H Ruparel Dipakumar , Wankhede Amit M , Usha G 
Published: November 2020

Proseal laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) is being used increasingly apart from its gold standard alternative endotracheal tube (ETT) in airway management during paediatric laparoscopy. Limited data is available on effects of carboperitoneum on hemodynamics and pulmonary mechanics in paediatric patients. We aimed to assess effect of carboperitoneum on hemodynamics and pulmonary mechanics in paediatric patients undergoing video-endoscopic surgeries when PLMA and ETT are used. After ethics committee approval and consent, 60 patients aged 1-10 years scheduled for laparoscopic surgeries were included in study and randomly allocated to two groups of 30 each. Airway maintained with PLMA in first group and ETT in group II. Hemodynamic parameters and ventilatory parameters were recorded at different time intervals from prior to insertion of airway device till deflation of carboperitoneum. Statistically significant increased heart rate, systolic, diastolic, mean blood pressure was observed in ETT group as compared to PLMA group during airway insertion and during rest of study period changes were analogous in both groups. Ventilatory parameters saturation, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), plateau pressure (PP) and ETCO2 were comparable in both groups except during post deflation period where PP, PIP and ETCO2 remained elevated. Proseal-LMA can be equally good option in paediatric laparoscopy with better hemodynamic stability and ventilatory parameters as degree of changes caused by carboperitoneum in PLMA group was insignificant compared to ETT.
Analgesic effect provided by femoral nerve block versus intravenous fentanyl prior to positioning for sub arachnoid block in patients with fracture femur- An open label, prospective, clinical study
Authors: Dhimar Aditi A , George Ivy , Upadhyay M R 
Published: November 2020

Pain during positioning in patients with fracture femurresults in improper position and makes subarachnoid block difficult. The aim of our study was to evaluate femoral nerve block and intravenous fentanyl for positioning the patient for subarachnoid block. This open labelled prospective, clinical study was carried out in 60 patients aged 18-70 years of either sex, of ASAPS/ EASAPS – I, II and III, posted for fracture femur surgery under subarachnoid block and likely to have pain while positioning and who understand VAS score. Patients with contraindications to subarachnoid block, allergy to study drugs, history of drug or alcohol abuse, patient with multiple fractures and unable to understand VAS score were excluded from the study. Patients were assigned into two groups alternately in Group FNB(femoral nerve block was given) and Group FENT (intravenous Fentanyl 1µg/kg was given) for positioning before subarachnoid block. Assessment of pain was done using VAS score before and after positioning, time taken to achieve position, quality of position, patient acceptance and additional doses of fentanyl requirement during positioning. Patients were also observed for sedation score, pulse rate, NIBP and oxygen saturation.VAS score 10 minutes after giving analgesia and during positioning was less in group FNB (1.97±0.56) as compared to group FENT (2.87±0.35), which was statistically very highly significant (P &#60; 0.0001). None of the patient required additional dose in either group.FNB provides adequate analgesia, hence satisfactory positioning for sub arachnoid block with stable hemodynamics as compared to intravenous fentanyl.