bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Pipe Seam Toughness via Frictional Sliding
Authors: Rizwan I Haque Intisar , Lacy Ryan , Bellemare Simon 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Several operators have increased the number of pipe cutouts and associated laboratory toughness testing for vintage assets to fill gaps in material records. Original testing certificates did not include fracture toughness, a property that the legacy version of the manufacturing specification did not require. This paper provides a non-destructive evaluation (NDE) approach to pipe seam toughness that can reduce the need for these disruptive pipe cutouts and increase the available dataset for the pipe toughness of specific assets. The NDE approach is currently specific to electric resistance welded (ERW) pipes, but data is provided from a limited proof-of-concept for Electro Flash Welded (EFW) pipes. The current process first estimates the seam’s 85% shear transition temperature in the CVN impact energy vs. temperature curve using the machine learning (ML) model. The predicted transition temperatures are shifted based on American Petroleum Institute (API) API 1176 to account for the difference in strain rate between a CVN test (impact) and fracture initiation (quasi-static). This shifted transition temperature is then compared to the minimum operating temperature. If the operating temperature is higher than the transition temperatures, the pipe material is confirmed to be in the upper shelf region of the CVN impact energy vs. temperature curve. If upper shelf values are applicable, a distribution of CVN toughness values for like samples is used to determine a conservative toughness estimate. A secondary machine learning model can provide an actual estimate of the toughness value.
A Framework for Calculating Life Safety and Environmental Reliability Benchmarks for Highly Volatile Liquid (HVL) Pipelines
Authors: Bandstra Daryl , Dessein Thomas , Moritz Jason , Schwing Aaron 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The pipeline industry is increasingly utilizing reliability methods as a basis for decision-making when managing the integrity of pipeline systems. Life-safety reliability thresholds for onshore natural gas pipelines and environmental thresholds for low vapor pressure (LVP) pipelines have been published in pipeline standards (e.g. CSA Z662-23, ISO 16708-2006), however limited precedent exists for defining reliability benchmarks for highly volatile liquids (HVL) pipelines which constitute around one third of U.S. hazardous liquids transmission pipeline infrastructure. To address this gap, Flint Hills Resources (FHR) and Integral Engineering (Integral) developed a framework for calculating reliability benchmarks for onshore HVL transmission pipelines to enable FHR to evaluate the performance of their pipelines relative to their industry peers in support of continuous improvement consistent with FHR’s Pipeline Safety Management System implementation. Separate thresholds were developed to address life-safety and environmental considerations. This paper describes the framework and methodology for calculating both life safety and environmental benchmarks at Average and Top Quartile industry historical performances levels.
Elements of the life-safety benchmark framework that will be discussed in this paper include the development of risk benchmarks from PHMSA failure data, the use of a product-specific event tree to consider the potential for different hazardous outcomes, the incorporation of detailed hazard area analysis modelling results, and the use of location-specific geospatial analyses to consider population density and surface conditions.
For the environment benchmarks, this paper describes a statistical analysis of PHMSA hazardous liquids incident data where costs including property damage, emergency response, and environmental remediation were analyzed along with release volume for both LVP and HVL releases. This analysis was used to relate the impact of an LVP release to an equivalent HVL release by adjusting the expected release volume and relative impact per barrel. In addition, the impact ratio, which is a measure of the relative impact of a barrel release in an HCA vs. a Non-HCA location was obtained using the analysis of PHMSA LVP and HVL release cost data.
The result of this study is a framework to calculate Average and Top Quartile HVL life safety reliability benchmarks which consider both individual and societal risk, and HVL environmental reliability benchmarks which consider the relative severity of an HVL release compared to an LVP release.
Mechanical Properties of API 5L X65 Linepipe and Girth Welds Under High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas Environment
Authors: Kisaka Yuji , Kiyokawa Yuki , Kimura Fumiaki , Kawai Yasuhiro , Manabe Keigo , Fujita Shusuke , Shoji Hiroto , Ohata Mitsuru 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
As the world strives to achieve carbon neutrality, hydrogen is potentially expected to become one of the major energy sources. Pipelines can be an efficient method for transporting large quantities of gaseous hydrogen, although the choice of appropriate transport methods depends on the conditions of the hydrogen and the distance of transportation. Some researchers have mentioned that carbon steels, commonly used as linepipe in natural gas pipelines, degrade significantly in a high-pressure gaseous hydrogen environment. On the other hand, it has been reported that in a low-pressure hydrogen environment, the reduction in ductility remains at a practically acceptable level. Furthermore, while some papers discuss the properties of linepipes and longitudinal welds, few papers mention results regarding girth welds. Thus, there is a need to investigate the influence of hydrogen on girth welds. In this study, mechanical properties for API 5L X65 pipes and the girth welds produced by the mechanized gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process were investigated through slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests and JIC tests under gaseous hydrogen pressure levels of 10, 20, and 90MPa. Then, the critical weld flaw size was assessed by failure assessment diagram (FAD) in accordance with API 1104.
The SSRT test results show that 0.2% proof stress and ultimate tensile stress did not influence by hydrogen pressure, while elongation and reduction of area decreased at the range of 0 to 20MPa significantly with increasing hydrogen pressure. In addition, K value, calculated from J values obtained by JIC tests were higher than the specified 55MPa • m1/2, value of ASME B31.12. Moreover, the results of the FAD analysis indicate that even if the weld flaw assumed the workmanship flaw size which is 3mm depth and 25mm length exists at the root area of the weld the pipeline should not be failure.
Predictive Analytics Model for Natural Gas Transportation Consumption
Authors: Miranda Rachel , Pedrassani Rafaela , Nogueira Marcus , Arruda Wallthynay , Rodrigues Leticia , Paes Rafael 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In the current natural gas transportation, operational scheduling heavily relies on daily volume nominations submitted by shippers. However, inaccuracies in these nominations pose significant challenges, leading to imprecise planning and complicating transportation operations.
With the advancement of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, driven by automation and artificial intelligence (AI), revolutions are expected across various industries, promising significant improvements in efficiency, safety, and quality. This study focuses on predicting daily consumption in a natural gas distribution network, utilizing statistical techniques such as time series analysis and regression models. Additionally, advanced Machine Learning algorithms, such as XGBoost, are incorporated to refine predictive capabilities.
The prediction algorithms were developed using the Python programming language. Historical data spanning three years underwent rigorous preprocessing before model training and testing. Key metrics such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) were employed to assess the model’s performance, showcasing its superior accuracy in predicting consumption volumes at delivery points compared to the initial nominations received from shippers.
The algorithm encompasses operational data point analysis, outlier handling, hyperparameter optimization, and model tuning. This is followed by integration into the operational engineering and logistics workflow for ongoing operational evaluation. These findings underscore the potential of advanced analytics and machine learning to tackle operational challenges and enhance efficiency and reliability in natural gas transportation.
A Practical Approach to Manage Hard Spot Threat
Authors: Wang Jing , Young Paul S. , Adamski Patrick , Locks Zach , Schulz Lauren , Packard Marc 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper aims at offering a practical, step by step, easy to implement approach to manage hard spot threat in the vintage pipeline system. The approach is the extract of experience and knowledge from daily integrity threat management of hard spot, combining with statistical review of failure data, latest industry new findings, recent PRCI studies and advancement of technology in detection and in-ditch NDE investigation. Quite several leading researchers and scholars have published in-depth study of hard spot, detailed in Research Compendium – Pipe Hard Spot Management PRCI catalog PR-00-22COMP-R02. This paper intends to supplement the past studies with hands-on practice from a ground soldier perspective of how to apply what the industry has known to the daily management.
A hard spot was defined by RIN2 as steel pipe material with a minimum dimension greater than 2 inches (50.8 mm) in any direction with hardness greater than or equal to Rockwell 35 HRC, Brinell 327 HB, or Vickers 345 HV10. It’s been observed that an elevated hardness has often been called and regarded as a hard spot, which could result in reduced efficiency and effectiveness in hard spot management. The priority should be laser-focused on why certain hard spots fail and how to manage them. This paper will share learnings of whether and when reassessment or reanalysis of ILI is required, CP change effect to hard spot stability, soil impact to crack initiation with hard spot, latest ILI tool advancement and field NDE techniques. Recommendation will be provided with regarding continuous improvement and holistic approach to assess hard spot through interactive feature evaluation.
Advanced Surface Loading Stress Analysis Using CEPA Model
Authors: Zhang Shenwei , Yan Zijian (Jason) , Law Jonathan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper presents methodologies to use CEPA model for conducting advanced analysis of stress on pipelines subject to surface loading under road crossings. The objective of this paper is to address the frequently asked questions (FAQs) including methodology of creating a generic surface loading condition (as opposed to one single wheeled or tracked vehicle), numerical methodology of constructing the live load pressure field using Boussinesq equations for a given generic surface loading condition, methodology of determining the live load pressure on the pipeline at a given crossing angle, automatic methodology of identifying the critical live load pressure from the live load pressure field that develop the most critical stress (i.e., identify the critical location of vehicle with respect to the centerline of pipeline at a given crossing angle), and the methodology of conducting fatigue analysis for girth weld and seam weld under crossing using CEPA model and API 1102. The reported methodology enables better understanding of surface loading stress analysis using CEPA model and benefit pipeline operators to facilitate pipeline integrity management program under road crossings.
A Data-Driven Process to Determine CVN Value Considering Comparable Pipe Attributes
Authors: Zhang Shenwei , Xiang Wei , Maier Clifford , Myden Kyle , SanJuan Riverol Elvis 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a data-driven process to determine the statistical (i.e., probabilistic) characteristics and characteristic value of CVN. The derived probabilistic characteristics and characteristic value of CVN can be used as the input for probabilistic and deterministic crack assessment, respectively. The objective of this paper is two-fold. Firstly, it provides an interpretation of “comparable pipe” specified by 49 CFR § 192.712 e(2)(i)(A) and demonstrates the key pipe attributes for defining comparable pipe. Secondly, it describes the process of determining the characteristic value of CVN as well as the statistical characteristics of CVN using CVN data from “comparable pipe”. To that end, a four-tier protocol to collect CVN data samples from “comparable pipe” is established. For the crack assessment of a particular pipeline segment, the CVN values selected from “comparable pipe” following this protocol embeds necessary conservatism that ensures equivalent or higher safety than the approaches relying on limited CVN data points obtained from that specific segment. The proposed method explicitly considers data variability, reduces statistical bias in determining the characteristic value and is flexible to incorporate learnings from new research as a supplement to this approach. The proposed methodology will facilitate the integrity management program of pipeline with cracks.
Optimized ILI-based Corrosion Management Program Towards a High Reliability Industry
Authors: Zhang Shenwei , Yan Zijian (Jason) , Tse Vincent , SanJuan Riverol Elvis 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper presents the optimization of in-line inspection (ILI) based corrosion management program. Corrosion is often the dominant threat on existing energy pipelines built with low performance coating. ILI-based threat management program is the most successful path to manage time-dependent threats. It has proven to reduce industry wide failure rates but has not always prevented all post ILI failures.
ILI-based corrosion management programs can give very different failure performance and mitigation results depending on the input of key program elements including sizing error of ILI tools, growth rate of corrosion, burst pressure models, safety factors, and assessment methodologies. All these program elements drive higher reliability, cost efficiency through unnecessary cost avoidance, and thus a more efficient program that avoid failures with reduced costs. This paper discusses the optimization of each program element and how these program elements integrate into a system to provide a system optimization that is impactful both on safety and economy.
The improvements made by prudently optimizing each of these program elements is demonstrated through program performance monitoring process and data analytics, which will be beneficial to pipeline industry.
Guidelines for Effective Management of Corrosion Coincident With Seam Welds
Authors: Turnquist Michael , Miglis Yohann , Li Yanping 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper summarizes an 18-month-long research project funded by the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) with the primary objective to clarify what analysis methodologies are appropriate to assess corrosion coincident with a pipeline longitudinal seam weld and to support the development of recommended guidelines to effectively manage these types of features.
A critical factor in determining the remaining strength of a corrosion feature intersecting a longitudinal seam weld (LSW) is whether the corrosion is preferential to the weld (often referred to as selective seam weld corrosion or SSWC) or coincident with weld yet no preferential attack of the bondline is occurring. SSWC is a form of corrosion that most often occurs in the bondline of electric resistance welded (ERW) and electric flash welded (EFW) pipe and typically has the appearance of a V-shaped groove. Past research supports that if no preferential attack of the LSW bondline is occurring and the weld has adequate ductility, the presence of the LSW does not reduce the remaining strength of the feature when compared to features not intersecting the LSW, and that industry accepted corrosion assessment models are suitable.
The overall project scope included the execution of destructive testing of corrosion features intersecting an LSW, material property testing of LSWs produced by multiple manufacturing methods, detailed engineering analysis, and a literature review of all past relevant research. This document summarizes each of the above items, as well as the identification of guidelines and criteria to effectively manage corrosion intersecting an LSW.
In addition to the learnings from the project tasks discussed herein, the final guidelines for effective management of corrosion coincident with LSWs consider the susceptibility of the affected pipeline to SSWC and the capability of different inspection technologies (ILI and in-ditch) to effectively identify and characterize potential SSWC. These guidelines will also serve as the basis for recommendations to revise the language of CFR 195.452 and API RP 1176.
The work presented in this paper is part of the PRCI project EC-02-13 “Response to Corrosion Interacting with the Longitudinal Seam in Liquid Pipelines.” This work is being executed in parallel with sibling projects EC-02-12 “Evaluation of Selective Seam Weld Corrosion Susceptibility.” NDE-4-13 “Selective Seam Weld Corrosion Detection with In-line Inspection Technologies.” IM-3-03 “Comprehensive Review and Assessment Guidelines for SSWC,” IM-1-08 “Pragmatic Application of MegaRule RIN 1 - 192.712 Toughness Values,” and NDE-2-15 “SSWC Identification, Sizing, and Measuring Grooving Ratio in the Ditch.”
Two-Phase CO2 Flow Behavior in Horizontal Piping
Authors: Supak Kevin , Bai Fuqaio , Hoffman Eugene , Lu Yingda , Noonan Heath , Witt Kaitlyn 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technology relies on the cost-effective transport of CO2 between capture and storage/utilization sites in pipeline networks. The presence of anthropogenic impurities can shift the critical point of the mixture and variation in the ambient temperature can significantly alter the transport behavior, including generating multiphase flow. A flow loop was used to gather pressure drop, liquid holdup, and phase distribution of two-phase CO2 in horizontal 3-inch piping. The data were used to compare to industry flow pattern maps and to validate a drift-flux two-phase CO2 model that predicts behaviors of CO2 flow in pipelines. Only stratified, stratified-churn, and dispersed flow patterns were observed for mass flow rates up to 18 lb/s and void fractions up to 50%. The validation results show that the drift flux model has good agreement in both liquid holdup and pressure drop.
Verification of Internal Corrosion Through ILI and Non-Destructive Testing: Lessons Learned
Authors: Westwood Stephen , Ganapathy Bala , Spoering Paul , Zhou Michael , Bolgachenko Taras 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Verification of In line Inspection results is often challenging for pipelines with internal corrosion, especially in areas of extensive corrosion and/or areas with challenging corrosion morphologies such as pinhole corrosion (as defined by the Pipeline Operators Forum [1]). The most reliable method which many operators choose is to rely on cut-outs for the purpose of both mitigation and ILI verification. However, depending on the diameter and the criticality of the pipeline, verification of internal corrosion features from in line inspection may be based exclusively on ultrasonic (UT) non-destructive examination (NDE). These ultrasonic inspection techniques can range from hand-held pencil probes to automated scanning systems. The output from these methods does vary both in quantity and quality which can and does impact the potential tool validation as per API 1163 [2].
This paper outlines the results from these different inspection techniques and then compares it to laser scan and pit gauge measurements once the inner surface of the pipe wall is available.
This work was done across multiple pipeline diameters and various internal corrosion mechanisms. It reviews the strengths and weakness of the individual NDE measurements and compares them to the original Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) inspections from the perspective of validating the inline inspection. An output from this study is a series of guidelines that should be used when verifying internal corrosion that both operators and tool providers can use to determine tool performance. These guidelines help to verify both the ILI tool performance as well as the relevant non-destructive method.
Enhancing Multiphase Flow Computational Performance: A Robust Approach Incorporating Phase Transition Modeling and Dynamic Simulation
Authors: Li Yunchao , Song Shangfei , Kang Qi , Shi Guoyun , Shi Bohui , Wu Haihao , Gong Jing 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In this study, we enhance the stability of flow prediction in multiphase pipelines by integrating modified source term calculations into the widely used SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations) algorithm. We address the challenges faced by traditional two-fluid models, particularly in accurately representing physical processes during operational disruptions such as terrain changes. By incorporating corrective measures into the two-fluid equations, including the continuity equation and momentum conservation equation, we refine the accuracy of flow predictions and mitigate disparities between simulated and actual flow behaviors. Furthermore, we systematically examine and investigate the flow behaviors of multiphase pipelines by amalgamating with the classical two-fluid model. Drawing from practical flow conditions and the foundational principles of conservation laws, we formulate a more universally applicable and theoretically robust mechanistic model. Our approach also involves proposing an innovative method for handling the inter-phase exchange term within the mass conservation equation. The Multiphase Flow Calculation Program (MFCP) is developed as a result of these efforts, enabling comprehensive computational simulations. Through comparative analysis with a commercial multiphase flow software simulator, we validate the computational results, demonstrating computational errors remaining under the 10% threshold. These findings affirm the efficacy of the enhanced SIMPLE algorithm and the theoretical advancements introduced through modified source term calculations and mechanistic modeling. Our study not only contributes to the progression of multiphase flow simulation techniques within the offshore oil and gas industry but also addresses the challenges posed by the rigorous marine environment. By fortifying the stability of flow prediction algorithms and enhancing the efficiency and safety of offshore oil and gas transportation systems, our research facilitates better decision-making in pipeline design, operation, and maintenance. Ultimately, this work underscores the importance of integrating theoretical advancements with practical considerations to advance the understanding and management of multiphase flow dynamics in complex offshore environments.