bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fossil record of spiders revisited: implications for calibrating trees and evidence for a major faunal turnover since the Mesozoic
Authors: Magalhaes Ivan L. F. , Azevedo Guilherme H. F. , Michalik Peter , Ramírez Martín J. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTStudies in evolutionary biology and biogeography increasingly rely on the estimation of dated phylogenetic trees using molecular clocks. In turn, the calibration of such clocks is critically dependent on external evidence (i.e. fossils) anchoring the ages of particular nodes to known absolute ages. In recent years, a plethora of new fossil spiders, especially from the Mesozoic, have been described, while the number of studies presenting dated spider phylogenies based on fossil calibrations increased sharply. We critically evaluate 44 of these studies, which collectively employed 67 unique fossils in 180 calibrations. Approximately 54% of these calibrations are problematic, particularly regarding unsupported assignment of fossils to extant clades (44%) and crown (rather than stem) dating (9%). Most of these cases result from an assumed equivalence between taxonomic placement of fossils and their phylogenetic position. To overcome this limitation, we extensively review the literature on fossil spiders, with a special focus on putative synapomorphies and the phylogenetic placement of fossil species with regard to their importance for calibrating higher taxa (families and above) in the spider tree of life. We provide a curated list including 41 key fossils intended to be a basis for future estimations of dated spider phylogenies. In a second step, we use a revised set of 23 calibrations to estimate a new dated spider tree of life based on transcriptomic data. The revised placement of key fossils and the new calibrated tree are used to resolve a long‐standing debate in spider evolution – we tested whether there has been a major turnover in the spider fauna between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. At least 17 (out of 117) extant families have been recorded from the Cretaceous, implying that at least 41 spider lineages in the family level or above crossed the Cretaeous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary. The putative phylogenetic affinities of families known only from the Mesozoic suggest that at least seven Cretaceous families appear to have no close living relatives and might represent extinct lineages. There is no unambiguous fossil evidence of the retrolateral tibial apophysis clade (RTA‐clade) in the Mesozoic, although molecular clock analyses estimated the major lineages within this clade to be at least ∼100 million years old. Our review of the fossil record supports a major turnover showing that the spider faunas in the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic are very distinct at high taxonomic levels, with the Mesozoic dominated by Palpimanoidea and Synspermiata, while the Cenozoic is dominated by Araneoidea and RTA‐clade spiders.
Light and electron microscopy of chlorpromazine‐induced hyperpigmentation
Authors: Calheiros Talita , de Almeida Hiram L. , Jorge Valéria M. , de Almeida Antônia L. , Motta Luis 
Published: November 2019

AbstractChlorpromazine may induce abnormal skin hyperpigmentation in exposed areas, described as slate‐gray, purple, or blue‐grayish discoloration. A 58‐year‐old man with schizophrenia, had been taking chlorpromazine for 5 years, and his sun‐exposed skin areas exhibited a blue‐grayish color. Large deposits of brown pigment and granular basophilic material were seen in the dermis with light microscopy. HMB‐45 and anti‐Melan‐A antibody immunostaining labeled some pigment in the dermis. Transmission electron microscopy identified deposits among dermal collagen bundles collagen in both transverse and longitudinal sections. In the latter, an arboriform aspect of deposits was quite clear, and some melanophages were also seen. The three‐dimensional examination of the dermis with scanning electron microscopy also identified deposits, which at higher magnification demonstrated an appearance in the shape of leaves, grass‐like, interspersed with normal collagen. These results suggest a complex pathogenic mechanism, including deposition of dermal melanin together with drug itself and potentially additional unknown metabolites.
The value of BRCA‐1‐associated protein 1 expression and cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 2A deletion to distinguish peritoneal malignant mesothelioma from peritoneal location of carcinoma in effusion cytology specimens
Authors: Althakfi Wajd , Gazzo Sophie , Blanchet Marine , Isaac Sylvie , Piaton Eric , Villeneuve Laurent , Glehen Olivier , Gilly François‐Noel , Brevet Marie 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveDiffuse malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (DMPM), represents 30% of all malignant mesothelioma, and is characterised by a difficult diagnosis and different presentations. Immunohistochemistry has improved the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in the differential diagnosis between metastatic adenocarcinoma and malignant mesothelioma, and loss of BRCA‐1‐associated protein 1 (BAP1) expression is correlated with BAP1 somatic or constitutional genetic defects. Furthermore, cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) is frequently lost in DMPM. In the present study, we assessed the value of integrating BAP1 in the panel of antibodies used for the diagnosis of DMPM in cytological samples. Since p16 fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) assay could constitute an additional useful adjunct, results of BAP1 immunostaining and p16 FISH assays have been compared.MethodsForty‐eight DMPM patients and 71 peritoneal carcinomatosis patients were included. BAP1 immunohistochemical and CDKN2A FISH techniques were performed on tissue specimens of DMPM (n = 48) and peritoneal carcinomatosis (n = 71) then on cell‐block of DMPM (n = 16), peritoneal carcinomatosis (n = 25) and peritoneal benign effusion (n = 5).ResultsLoss of BAP1 expression was observed in 56.3% of DMPM while none of the peritoneal carcinoma specimens showed BAP1 loss of expression. CDKN2A loss was observed in 34.9% DMPM and 2.1% peritoneal carcinoma. Although BAP1 immunostaining was successful in 100% of cytological DMPM samples, CDKN2A deletion status could be obtained for 75% of DMPM cases.ConclusionBAP1 immunostaining represents an objective and reproducible diagnostic biomarker for peritoneal mesothelioma in effusion cytology specimens and should be preferred to CDKN2A FISH analysis on these precious samples.
The effect of enamel fractures on oral health‐related quality of life in adolescents
Authors: Feldens Carlos Alberto , Senna Rita Azevedo , Vargas‐Ferreira Fabiana , Braga Vanessa Simas , Feldens Eliane Gerson , Kramer Paulo Floriani 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackground/AimEnamel fractures are the most common type of traumatic dental injury (TDI) in children and adolescents. Recognizing the impact of these fractures on oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) could contribute to the establishment of treatment protocols. The aim of this study was to assess and quantify the impact of enamel fractures on overall OHRQoL and domain scores in adolescents.Materials and MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted with 775 adolescents aged 11 to 14 years in the city of Santo Ângelo in southern Brazil. Sociodemographic variables were collected from parents/caregivers using a structured questionnaire. The adolescents answered the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11‐14). Physical examinations were performed by an examiner who had undergone training and calibration exercises for the investigation of TDI (Andreasen criteria), dental caries (WHO criteria), and malocclusion (Dental Aesthetic Index). Data analysis involved Poisson regression with robust variance.ResultsThe prevalence of TDI was 11.9% and enamel fractures accounted for 79.3% of all injuries. In the multivariate analysis, adolescents with enamel fractures had 29% higher CPQ11‐14 scores (worse OHRQoL) than those without TDI, even after adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical variables (mean ratio = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.09‐1.53; P = .003). Enamel fractures exerted a negative impact on the functional limitation, emotional well‐being, and social well‐being domains.ConclusionsEnamel fractures exert a negative impact on the OHRQoL of adolescents, suggesting that subjective measures should be incorporated in the evaluation of patients with this traumatic injury.
Chronological age and reservoir characteristics as predictors of trait composition in Neotropical reservoir fish assemblages
Authors: Muniz Carolina M. , dos Santos Natália C. L. , Baumgartner Matheus T. , Agostinho Angelo A. , Gomes Luiz C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOne of the main impacts on aquatic environments is the alteration of flow regime, usually caused by dam construction. This impact changes the dynamics and functioning of the environment. We aimed to evaluate changes in the composition of functional traits of fish assemblages from 29 reservoirs of different chronological ages. We assessed if there were any alterations in trophic state of these reservoirs according to their ages (chronological variable). Then, we evaluated the relationship between functional traits and environmental/chronological variables. Results showed that reservoir age is a predictor of fish assemblage functional traits composition. In older reservoirs, there was a predominance of omnivorous species, with multiple spawning and parental care. However, herbivorous species, with total spawning and medium size, had their abundance reduced. Also, it was possible to identify the influence of depth and water retention time on the composition of functional traits. By showing that although age has an influence on composition, the intrinsic characteristics of each reservoir are very important in evaluating the impacts of these projects. Therefore, the findings presented provide insights into what may happen to functional traits of fish assemblages with ageing of reservoirs.
Habitat associations of the Threatened pugnose minnow (Opsopoeodus emiliae) at the northern edge of the species range
Authors: Lamothe Karl A. , Drake D. Andrew R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPugnose minnow (Opsopoeodus emiliae) is a small, reclusive species that is widespread in North America, but is one of the rarest fishes in Canada, found in less than 12 known localities in southwestern Ontario. In contrast to most pugnose minnow populations across the global range, Canadian populations are primarily found in turbid systems, potentially indicating persistence in suboptimal conditions. We used data from a multi‐gear species and habitat survey in the Canard River, Ontario, a system dominated by agricultural inputs and the best‐known capture site of the species in Canada, to parameterise multi‐gear occupancy models for understanding the relationship between pugnose minnow occupancy and microhabitat features, including the role of turbidity. Almost 300 pugnose minnow were captured, representing the largest single collection of the species in Canadian history. The best occupancy model indicated that the probability of pugnose minnow occupancy was highest in the deepest sites with the lowest water clarity (i.e. high turbidity); however, competing models suggested that occupancy was highest at sites with wild celery (Vallisneria americana) and higher water clarity, signifying that habitats with low turbidity may be utilised if sufficient physical cover exists. Together, our results suggest that Canadian pugnose minnow populations occupy and potentially favour turbid conditions, possibly to avoid visual predators in clearer habitats. It remains uncertain whether this abiotic association represents a long‐term, viable, local adaptation or whether persistence of pugnose minnow in the Canard River is at risk unless significant water quality improvements can be made.
The role of iron repletion in adult iron deficiency anemia and other diseases
Authors: Elstrott Benjamin , Khan Lubna , Olson Sven , Raghunathan Vikram , DeLoughery Thomas , Shatzel Joseph J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent and treatable form of anemia worldwide. The clinical management of patients with IDA requires a comprehensive understanding of the many etiologies that can lead to iron deficiency including pregnancy, blood loss, renal disease, heavy menstrual bleeding, inflammatory bowel disease, bariatric surgery, or extremely rare genetic disorders. The treatment landscape for many causes of IDA is currently shifting toward more abundant use of intravenous (IV) iron due to its effectiveness and improved formulations that decrease the likelihood of adverse effects. IV iron has found applications beyond treatment of IDA, and there is accruing data about its efficacy in patients with heart failure, restless leg syndrome, fatigue, and prevention of acute mountain sickness. This review provides a framework to diagnose, manage, and treat patients presenting with IDA and discusses other conditions that benefit from iron supplementation.
Parents’ Experiences of Their Child’s Disclosure of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: McElvaney Rosaleen , Nixon Elizabeth 
Published: November 2019

A child’s disclosure of sexual victimization is a difficult experience for parents and has been associated with traumatization, disbelief, denial, self‐blame, and clinical difficulties. To date, most studies on parents’ responses have been quantitative assessments of the psychological impact of disclosure on parents. A paucity of research has qualitatively explored mothers’ experiences of their child’s disclosure of child sexual abuse (CSA) and fathers’ experiences have been even further neglected. The current study seeks to characterize parents’ experiences of their child’s disclosure of CSA and to uncover the process‐oriented nature of parental responses. This qualitative study, using a grounded theory approach to analysis, involved interviews with 10 mothers and four fathers whose children (3–18 years) had experienced sexual abuse. Three themes emerged from the analysis. The first theme—making sense of the abuse in retrospect—captured the process through which parents sought to make sense of their child’s disclosure, focusing on why their child had not disclosed the abuse to them earlier, and how they had noticed something was wrong but misattributed their child’s behavior to other factors. The second theme—negotiating parental identity as protector—reflected how parents’ identity as a protector was challenged, their perception of their world had been forever altered, and they now experienced themselves as hypervigilant and overprotective. The final theme—navigating the services—pertained to parents’ struggle in navigating child protection and police services, and feelings of being isolated and alone. These findings highlight the need for empathy and parental support following child disclosure of sexual victimization.
Who still dies young in a rich city? Revisiting the case of Oxford
Authors: Brimblecombe Nicola , Dorling Danny , Green Mark 
Published: November 2019

There are substantial inequalities in mortality and life expectancy in England, strongly linked to levels of deprivation. Mortality rates among those who are homeless are particularly high. Using the city of Oxford (UK) as a case study, we investigate ward‐level premature standardised mortality ratios for several three‐year and five‐year periods between 2002 and 2016, and explore the extent to which the mortality of people who become homeless contributed to any rise or fall in geographical inequalities during this period. Age–sex standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for people aged under 65 years old, with and without deaths among the homeless population, were calculated using Office for National Statistics Death Registration data for England and Wales 2002−2016. Individuals who were homeless or vulnerably housed were identified using records supplied by a local Oxford homeless charity. We found that in an increasingly wealthy, and healthy, city there were persistent ward‐level inequalities in mortality, which the city‐wide decrease in premature mortality over the period masked. Premature deaths among homeless people in Oxford became an increasingly important contributor to the overall geographical inequalities in health in this city. In the ward with the highest SMR, deaths among the homeless population accounted for 73% of all premature deaths of residents over the whole period; in 2014–2016 this proportion rose to 88%. Homelessness among men (the vast majority of the known homeless population) in this gentrifying English city rose to become the key explanation of geographical mortality patterns in deaths before age 65 across the entire city, particularly after 2011. Oxford reflects a broader pattern now found in many places across England of increasing homeless deaths, widening geographical inequalities in life expectancy, and sharp increases in all‐age SMRs. The answer to the question, “Who dies young in a rich, and in fact an even richer, place?” is – increasingly – the homeless.
Effect of carbodiimide and chlorhexidine on the bond strength longevity of resin cement to root dentine after radiation therapy
Authors: Lopes F. C. , Roperto R. , Akkus A. , de Queiroz A. M. , Francisco de Oliveira H. , Sousa‐Neto M. D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effect of carbodiimide (EDC) and chlorhexidine (CHX) on the bond strength (BS) of resin cement to root dentine of teeth submitted to radiotherapy.MethodologyOne hundred and twenty extracted maxillary canines were selected and assigned to 2 groups (n = 60): nonirradiated and irradiated (30 cycles of 2 Gy, total 60 Gy). Roots lengths were standardized, and canals were prepared and filled. Post spaces were then prepared, and the samples were redistributed according to dentine treatment (n = 20): saline solution (SF); CHX 2%; or EDC 0.5M. After drying the post space, fibreglass posts were cemented. Cross‐sectioned slices were obtained, and in half of the specimens of each subgroup (n = 10), the analysis was performed immediately; the others (n = 10) were stored for 10 months before analyses. The most cervical slice of each third was subjected to a push‐out test and failure pattern analysis (n = 10), and the most apical slice submitted to the analysis of the adhesive interface by SEM (n = 5). The bond strength data were submitted toanovaand Tukey tests, the adhesive interface adaptation was submitted to Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's tests, and the Chi‐square test was used to evaluate the type of failure.ResultsThe irradiated specimens had significantly lower bond strength (13.8 ± 4.3) than the nonirradiated (18.1 ± 3.1;P < 0.001). For the irradiated teeth, the bond strengths were significantly lower in the SF and CHX groups (P < 0.001). Also, the bond strengths reduced significantly after 10 months in the SF and CHX groups (P < 0.001). Cohesive failures occurred in dentine for irradiated specimens. Poorer interface adaptation, dentine fractures and microfractures were observed in irradiated specimens, and better adaptation was observed for specimens after EDC treatment.ConclusionsRadiotherapy was associated with lower bond strength and worse interface adaptation. Dentine treatment with EDC contributed to adhesive interface longevity during the cementation of glass fibre posts in nonirradiated and irradiated teeth.
The expression of miR‐125b in Nrf2‐silenced A549 cells exposed to hyperoxia and its relationship with apoptosis
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyue , Chu Xiaoyun , Gong Xiaohui , Zhou Huilin , Cai Cheng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that affects the quality of life of infants. At present, premature exposure to hyperoxia for extended periods of time is believed to affect the development of lung tissue and vascularity, resulting in BPD. The oxidative stress caused by hyperoxia exposure is an important risk factor for BPD in premature infants. Nuclear factor E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important regulator of antioxidant mechanisms. As a microRNA, microRNA‐125b (miR‐125b) plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Although the Nrf2/ARE pathway has been extensively studied, little is known about the regulatory role of microRNAs in Nrf2 expression. In this study, the expression levels of Nrf2 and miR‐125b in the lung tissues of premature Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and A549 cells exposed to hyperoxia were detected by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), and the apoptosis of A549 cells was detected by flow cytometry. The results showed that Nrf2 and miRNA‐125b in the lung tissues of premature rats increased significantly upon exposure to hyperoxia and played a protective role. Nrf2 was suppressed by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in A549 cells, miR‐125b was similarly inhibited, and apoptosis was significantly increased. These results suggest that miR‐125b helps protect against BPD as a downstream target of Nrf2.
Patient's companions as a vulnerable group in Turkish hospitals: A descriptive study
Authors: Akpinar Aslihan , Özcan Muesser , Ülker Toygar Deniz 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn Turkish hospitals, in addition to health care professionals, there are people who are also a significant part of the health care services; even though they are not professionals. In Turkey, these people are known as refakatçi (a patient's companion).ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to identify and describe the concept of the patient's companion from their own perspective and to evaluate the concept of the patient's companion in terms of biomedical ethics.MethodsThis was a descriptive study. Personal interviews were conducted via a structured questionnaire containing open‐ended questions with the patients' companions. Thematic text analysis method was used to analyze the open‐ended questions. The study was conducted at a University Research and Training Hospital in the Aegean Region of Turkey.ResultsA total of 118 patient companions participated in the study. These patient companions stayed with the patients because of their concerns about trusting the health care professionals in caring for the patients. During their stay, the companions encountered several problems, including staying in ward‐type rooms and resting in a single armchair, as well as staying for a mean time span of 4 days, primarily for 24 consecutive hours in each day. Despite these conditions, most of the companions surprisingly declared their satisfaction with their stays.ConclusionsPatients' companions should be defined as bioethical subjects; more specifically, they should be defined as vulnerable subjects and should not be taken advantage of. The description of patient companions as a vulnerable group allows for the ethical evaluation of similar systems, such as those in Israel, Greece, Korea, and Iran, and could allow for the development of a common solution for these systems. Moreover, such a definition provides an important basis for social, ethical, or legal studies on the health care systems in all of these countries.