bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability in the size of the retroperitoneal oblique corridor: A magnetic resonance imaging-based analysis
Authors: Boghani Zain , Steele William III , Barber Sean M. , Lee Jonathan J. , Sokunbi Olumide , Blacklock J. Bob , Trask Todd , Holman Paul 
Published: March 2020

Background:
A minimally invasive approach to the L2-S1 disc spaces through a single, left-sided, retroperitoneal oblique corridor has been previously described. However, the size of this corridor varies, limiting access to the disc space in certain patients. Here, the authors retrospectively reviewed lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 300 patients to better define the size and variability of the retroperitoneal oblique corridor.

Methods:
Lumbar spine MRI from 300 patients was reviewed. The size of the retroperitoneal oblique corridor from L2-S1 was measured. It was defined as the (1) distance between the medial aspect of the aorta and the lateral aspect of the psoas muscle from L2-L5 and (2) the distance between the midpoint of the L5-S1 disc and the medial aspect of the nearest major vessel on the left at L5-S1. In addition, the rostral-caudal location of the iliac bifurcation was measured.

Results:
The size of the retroperitoneal oblique corridor at L2/3, L3/4, L4/5, and L5/S1 was, respectively, 17.3 ± 6.4 mm, 16.2 ± 6.3 mm, 14.8 ± 7.8 cm, and 13.0 ± 8.3 mm. The incidence of corridor size <1 cm at L2/3, L3/4, L4/5, and L5/S1 was 10.3%, 16.0%, 30.0%, and 39.3%, respectively. The iliac bifurcation was most commonly found behind the L4 vertebral body (n = 158, 52.67%) followed by the L4/5 disc space (n = 74, 24.67%).

Conclusion:
The size of the retroperitoneal oblique corridor diminishes in a rostral-caudal direction, often limiting access to the L4/5 and L5/S1 disc spaces.
Treatment of unusually located traumatic intracranial aneurysms and severe vasospasm following a gunshot wound to the head: A case report
Authors: Akbik Omar Saleh , Voronovich Zoya A. , Carlson Andrew P. 
Published: March 2020

Background:
Traumatic intracranial aneurysms (TICAs) represent up to 1% of all intracranial aneurysms. They can be the result of non-penetrating and penetrating brain injury (PBI). Approximately 20% of TICA are caused by PBI. Endovascular treatments as well as surgical clipping are reported in the literature. Other vascular complications of PBI include vasospasm although the literature is lacking on this topic.

Case Description:
The authors present a unique case of multiple TICAs after a PBI in a 15-year-old patient who sustained a gunshot wound to the head. The patient sustained injury through the middle cranial fossa and was taken emergently for a right-sided decompressive hemicraniectomy. Diagnostic cerebral angiogram (DCA) identified multiple TICAs along the right internal carotid artery (ICA) terminus and right middle cerebral artery as well as severe vasospasm. The patient was taken for clipping of those aneurysms and intraoperative treatment of vasospasm. Intraoperative blood flow measurements were taken before and after administration of intracisternal papaverine and arterial soft tissue dissection showing a significant increase in blood flow and improvement of vasospasm.

Conclusion:
While the literature has shifted towards endovascular treatment for TICAs, surgery still offers a safe and efficacious treatment strategy especially when TICAs present at large vessel bifurcation points where parent vessel sacrifice and stent assisted coiling are less favorable strategies. Severe flow limiting vasospasm can be seen in post-traumatic setting specifically PBI. Vasospasm can be treated during open surgery with intracisternal papaverine and arterial soft dissection as confirmed in this case report with intraoperative micro-flow probe measurements.
Precision of preoperative diagnosis in patients with brain tumor – A prospective study based on “top three list” of differential diagnosis for 1061 patients
Authors: Arita Kazunori , Miwa Makiko , Bohara Manoj , Moinuddin FM , Kamimura Kiyohisa , Yoshimoto Koji 
Published: March 2020

Background:
Accurate diagnosis of brain tumor is crucial for adequate surgical strategy. Our institution follows a comprehensive preoperative evaluation based on clinical and imaging information.

Methods:
To assess the precision of preoperative diagnosis, we compared the “top three list” of differential diagnosis (the first, second, and third diagnoses according to the WHO 2007 classification including grading) of 1061 brain tumors, prospectively and consecutively registered in preoperative case conferences from 2010 to the end of 2017, with postoperative pathology reports.

Results:
The correct diagnosis rate (sensitivity) of the first diagnosis was 75.8% in total. The sensitivity of the first diagnosis was high (84–94%) in hypothalamic-pituitary and extra-axial tumors, 67–75% in intra-axial tumors, and relatively low (29–42%) in intraventricular and pineal region tumors. Among major three intra-axial tumors, the sensitivity was highest in brain metastasis: 83.8% followed by malignant lymphoma: 81.4% and glioblastoma multiforme: 73.1%. Sensitivity was generally low (≦60%) in other gliomas. These sensitivities generally improved when the second and third diagnoses were included; 86.3% in total. Positive predictive value (PPV) was 76.9% in total. All the three preoperative diagnoses were incorrect in 3.4% (36/1061) of cases even when broader brain tumor classification was applied.

Conclusion:
Our institutional experience on precision of preoperative diagnosis appeared around 75% of sensitivity and PPV for brain tumor. Sensitivity improved by 10% when the second and third diagnoses were included. Neurosurgeons should be aware of these features of precision in preoperative differential diagnosis of a brain tumor for better surgical strategy and to adequately inform the patients.
Review of Toyoda K, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy using cilostazol for secondary prevention in patients with high-risk ischemic stroke in Japan. Lancet Neurol. 2019 Jun;18(6):539-548
Authors: Lo Benjamin W. Y. , Miyawaki Satoru , Fukuda Hitoshi , Koyanagi Masaomi 
Published: March 2020

Background:
Prior meta-analyses showed that treatment with cilostazol, with or without aspirin, significantly reduced the incidence of recurrent ischemic stroke, occurrence of hemorrhagic stroke, and frequency of other serious vascular adverse events.

Methods:
This review highlights the value of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) by Toyoda et al. entitled, “Dual antiplatelet therapy using cilostazol for secondary prevention in patients with high-risk ischemic stroke in Japan: a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial.” Here, dual therapy consisting of cilostazol and another antiplatelet agent was used to prevent secondary ischemic stroke in high-risk Japanese patients.

Results:
Patients on dual therapy consisting of cilostazol/aspirin or cilostazol/clopidogrel had significantly lower frequencies of recurrent stroke. However, there were significant differences in the incidence of attendant hemorrhagic complications utilizing mono or dual therapy.

Conclusion:
This RCT demonstrated the safety of dual therapy, consisting of cilostazol/aspirin or cilostazol/ clopidogrel, in preventing secondary ischemic stroke in a high-risk Japanese population. Further studies are required to generalize these findings to other patient populations worldwide.
The Invisible Women: Migrant and Immigrant Sex Workers and Law Reform in Canada
Authors: Liew Jamie Chai Yun 
Published: March 2020

This article examines how migrant and immigrant sex workers have been rendered invisible before the courts and parliament in the reform of laws regarding sex work in Canada. A discourse analysis of the expansive legal record in the Bedford case and the transcripts of Parliamentary debates and testimony before Standing Committees confirm the lack of nuanced discussion on how criminal law reform could impact migrant and immigrant sex workers. As such, while the case of Bedford and the resulting change in the law made by Parliament have been celebrated as a win for some sex workers as an acknowledgment, recognition and judicial validation of experiences by legal institutions of sex workers, a sub-group of women – migrant and immigrant sex workers – remain in the shadows. This article examines how law excludes migrant and immigrant sex workers; it is a starting point for research on how migrant and immigrant sex workers may participate in future legal reform.
The effect of soil deepening on soybean yield by using various sowing machines
Authors: Epifantsev V. V. , Panasyuk A. N. , Osipov Ya. A. , Vaytekhovich Yu. A. 
Published: March 2020

The inﬂuence of agricultural methods and soil and climatic conditions on soybean cultivation in the southern regions of the Amur Region was researched. Schemes of two-factor experiments to study the effectiveness of deepening the arable layer of soil during crop cultivation in 2014–2016 included the following options. Factor A – tillage: autumn – disk plowing or cultivation; spring disk plowing or cultivation; summer – inter-row cultivation with or without para-plowing. The options were combined in different ways, whereby the option of soil tillage with a disc harrow in autumn and spring was taken as control. Factor B: sowing with seeders SZ-5.4 and SP-3.6 L with row spacing (options – 15, 45 and 60 cm) with various tillage systems. In 2017–2018 experiments were carried out according to the following schemes. Factor A – tillage: in autumn tillage depth at 0.12 m with a disc harrower PM-8; in spring, before sowing – at 0.10 m (cultivator Case Tiger Mate 225 – control); autumn – tillage depth at 0.28 m (cultivator Lemken Karat 9/400); spring, before sowing – at 0.10 m (Case Tiger Mate 225). Factor B – seeding units included Amazon DMC 9000 (control); Amazon DMC 1200, Case Pro Disk 500 AFS, John Deer 1890, Lemken Solitair 12, Horsch Pronto 9 DC, Tom’ 12, SP-3.6 L. Deep autumn cultivation, in contrast with disk plowing, ensures a more favorable waterair regime for plants and an increase in soybean yield. Seeding units Case Pro Disk 500 AFS, John Deer 1890, Amazon DMC 9000 and SP-3.6 L used in combination with Lemken Karat 9/400 + Case Tiger Mate 255 machines for deepening the arable layer provided an increase in soybean yield by 25.0–38.3% compared to soil tillage with discs. It is recommended to use wide-span seeding units for soybean cultivation in large and medium-sized farms in ﬁelds with subdued relief in accordance with high-intensity technology. It is advisable to use SP-3.6 L seeder with a seed shoe for organic crop production in small-scale agricultural enterprises.
Evaluation of ecological stability of common hop varieties
Authors: Osipova Yu. S. , Ivanova I. Yu. , Leontieva V. V. 
Published: March 2020

The results of the research into the yield of common hop varieties (Humulus lupulus L.) in the conditions of the southern part of VolgaVyatka region are presented. The study of adaptive potential and yield variation coefficient (V) was carried out on 250 hop samples from various regions of Russia and 17 foreign countries. The experiment was carried out in three layouts in 1989, 2004, 2018 (third year of life) and in 1990, 2005, 2019 (fourth year of life) in a collection nursery in Chuvash Republic. The plantations of the hop variety collection were located on the dark-grey forest heavy loamy soil with an average level of fertility. The soil of the nursery was weakly acidic, the feeding area was 2.5 × 1.2 m. The collection of hop varieties consists only of female plants and is kept in the live form. Weather conditions in the vegetation season of the growth and development of hop plants during the research period varied from year to year. The most favorable meteorological data for crop cultivation was recorded in 2019. The hop cultivation technology recommended in the region was used in the collection nursery. The study of varieties by ripeness groups was carried out as compared with the standard variety Podvyazny (Russia). Among the hop samples studied in three layouts, it was found that the mid-ripening variety Kruglyak-Seryak (Ukraine) (1.76) has the maximum adaptability, and Serebryanka Kalistovskaya (Russia) in the fourth year of life (V = 1.70%) has the best stability. These samples are recommended for breeding of environmentally sustainable varieties of hops.
Conceptual model of land agroecological properties
Authors: Kalichkin V. K. , Koryakin R. A. , Maksimovich K. Yu. , Sigitov A. A. , Galimov R. R. 
Published: March 2020

In order to solve the problem of the land agroecological estimation (natural resources potential) automation and artificial information system development, it is necessary to make the domain knowledge (DK) conceptualization, or conceptual modelling. The unified modelling language (UML) was chosen as a descriptive system. Three abstract objects (class, attribute and relationship) were selected to describe 33 concepts for land plot basic natural characteristics and 13 significant nature process aspects regulating changes of those characteristics. For 6 DK concepts abstract object “class” was chosen, for 27 DK concepts – “attribute”, for 13 nature process aspects – “relationship”. Class “land plot” is a central one interacting with the other 5 classes: “relief”, “agrometeorological resource”, “soil”, “erosion”, “vegetation”. All classes and attributes interdependencies are described by relationship classification of 3 types. The first type is dependency relationship showing on UML diagrams a directed connection between two classes towards the main class, which means that changing the main class properties implies changing the dependant class properties; the second type is association relationship, which is any relationship showing connection characterized by almost any verb of the Russian language; the third type is composition relationship showing connection between composite and its part and is always directed to the composite, where deletion of the composite class implies deletion of all parts. Optimization of the DK conceptual model described by means of UML diagram is a permanent process, thus new classes and concepts can be added to the model throughout the time.
Plateau Loops and Hybrid Tonics in Recent Pop Music
Authors: Duinker Ben 
Published: March 2020

This paper investigates harmonic progressions built around two major chords and one minor chord, all related by step. In many pop/rock songs, these chords can be analyzed as Aeolian progressions—VI, VII, and i—(Moore 1992; Biamonte 2010; Richards 2017a). Recent songs by Bon Iver, The Chainsmokers, and others, however, use chord loops where the harmonies can be interpreted as IV, V, and vi, which I call theplateau loopfor its plateau-like activity: a constant hovering above Roman numeral I or i tonic chords, while retaining an overall consistent pitch-based topography. I interrogate the tonality of these songs, advancing the notion of ahybrid tonic. Hybrid tonics occur when a song or song section lacks a salient Ionian or (less often) Aeolian tonic on which both the harmony and melody concur. Instead, IV or (less often) VI or vi chords can function rhetorically as tonic, especially when the chords sound simultaneously with a melodic ".fn_scaledegree(1)." and occur in a metrically strong position, or initiate a plateau loop.The paper defines plateau loops and hybrid tonics, and explains the theoretical framework that supports them, consulting work by Harrison (1994), Nobile (2016), and Doll (2017) that decouples scale degree from harmonic function. Song examples by The Chainsmokers, Bon Iver, Jónsi, Astrid S., and M83 show how hybrid tonicity operates in varying degrees of prominence in popular music, and can also be contextualized with Spicer’s (2017) theory of fragile, emergent, and absent tonics. By building on prior scholarship, this paper aims to stimulate further inquiry into how tonal structures of recent popular music subtly differentiate themselves from conventions of common-practice tonality.
Storm surges in the water level variation in the New Port (gulf of Ob)
Authors: Piskun A. A. , Voinov G. N. 
Published: March 2020

The processing of 6-hourly intervals level measurements at the New Port polar station was previously difficult due to poor data quality and the lack of methodology for assessing them and bringing observations into uniform rows. Therefore, since the second half of the 20th century, no research of wind-induced water has been carried out. In 2015, for the first time, the authors formed a base of residual levels (observations minus forecasting) for 1977–2012 on 6-hourly intervals observations of water level at the New Port station using the method of tide calibration. In the present work, a period of observations with relatively reliable data for 1977–1991 was selected for the research of the storm surges in the water level fluctuations. Surges are considered in comparison with the 5 % probability, and ranges with 95 % probability. The annual distribution of the number of surges and ranges showed an average of 12.4 surges and 11.2 ranges per year. The maximum number of surges and ranges was observed in 1981 and was 21 surges and 27 ranges. In the time course of fluctuations of residual levels during the above period, the maximum with the value of 634 cm was noted in 1987 and occurred during the autumn period (ice composition). The length of the surges varied between 0.25 days and 13.5 days. Most of the surges occurred in the period June-October (78.8 %) with the largest number in September (22,8 %). In the period January-May the number of surges decreases to 7.6 % and is zero in April. The lowest ranges residual level was observed in 1986 (343 cm above zero fasting). The total fluctuation of the residual level in New Port during the period of 6-hourly intervals level observations in 1977–1991 was 291 cm. This is 23 cm more than was recorded at the Cape Kamenny station. The length of the ranges varied from 1 day to 8 days. The majority of the intra-annual distribution of the number of ranges over a multi-year period was observed in July–October (83.7 %) with the maximum number in September (28.1 %). A small number of ranges were observed in January and March, and their total absence in April and May. The duration of surges and ranges is inversely dependent on their growth rate. Thus, the highest growth rate of the residual level at the deposit of 5.1 cm/hour corresponds to the duration of the deposit of 0.25 days. The greatest duration of growth of the surge level (9.25 days) corresponds to a speed of 0.14 cm/h. The drop in the level during the range occurred at the highest speed of 11.6 cm/h, the rise from the minimum residual level – at the speed of 6.97 cm/h. Corresponding to these rates, the duration of the decline and rise of the range level was 0.15 cm/h. The highest rise time of the residual range level was 5.25 days at an intensity of 0.44 cm/h.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Spatial location of ice edge in August – September in the Russia’s eastern seas in early 21st century
Authors: Egorov A. G. 
Published: March 2020

The goal of the present paper is to analyze the spatial-temporal variability of ice edge location in the Eastern Arctic seas of Russia (the Laptev, East-Siberian and Chukchi Seas) in late summer (August-September) during the period from 1981 to 2018, as well as to estimate the multi-year changes taking place in the 21st century. The special archive containing the information on latitude position of ice edge at the meridians between the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago and Alaska was developed; the data of AARI (Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute) specialized observations and satellite images were used.The inter-annual variability of ice edge position in the total area shows that the entire period 1981–2018 consists of two significantly different parts: the interval from 1981 to 2001 with southern ice edge position (mean latitude in September comprised 74,9° N), and the interval from 2002 to 2018 with northern ice edge position (mean latitude 78,7° N). The difference between the extreme values of ice edge latitude at some meridians reached 9 degrees of latitude (about 1000 km).During the period from 2002 to 2018, the area of mostly active northward displacement of ice edge moved generally from east to west. From 2002 to 2010, the maximum northward displacement of ice edge was observed in the East-Siberian and Chukchi Seas; in 2007 the extreme northern position of ice edge was registered to the east of the New Siberia Archipelago (mean latitude comprised 84,0° N). However, during 2011–2018, the maximum northward displacement of ice edge was observed in the Laptev Sea; in 2014 the extreme northern position of ice edge was registered to the west of the New Siberia Archipelago (mean latitude comprised 84,5° N).Typologically, the displacement of ice edge from south to north during the period from 2001–2018 looks like a wave; its crest and sole drift from the Chukchi Sea toward the Laptev Sea. Within the period from 2007 to 2010, the ice edge displacement reached its maximum, and after this, during 2011–2015, the reverse motion from north to south began. One can forecast that within the nearest coming years the ice edge oscillatory southward drift would continue, and by the end of 2020-s one can expect the ice edge to have the position typical for the period 2002–2006.The author declares that he has no competing interests.
Tides in the southern area of the Kara Sea in the vicinity of the Belyi island
Authors: Voinov G. N. , Morozova O. A. , Nesterov A. V. , Kornishin K. A. , Yefimov Ya. O. 
Published: March 2020

A number of promising hydrocarbon deposits are known in the south-western part of the Kara Sea. A safe development of these deposits requires hydrometeorological support, including sea-level observations. The paper deals with sea-level data of autonomous anchored buoy station. The period of observation is about 2 years, and the observation dataset is divided into 2 periods due to the displacement of the buoy station. The coordinates of the first position of the buoy station are known but they had been changed after the displacement (possibly due to the action of the ice ridge keels).Data from two time series of observations are studied by harmonic analysis, using the method of least squares by AARI version. According to the average monthly and mean annual values of the main tides it is found that the data includes two independent series. It is determined that the second series may be considered uniform. In order to locate of the anchored buoy station we calculated new coordinates using the empirical tidal charts of the M2 wave.As a result, the harmonic constants of the eight main tidal waves for the Belyi Island area are presented for the first time. The new data confirms the amphidromic system in tides O1 and Q1 , between the Zhelaniya Cape and the Belyi Island. According to the new data the maximum seasonal variation in the range of M2 tide was observed in June, and the minimum of the phase angle was observed in July. This unusual seasonal variation of the M2 tide corresponds to previous observations data from the Uedinenia Island.The authors have no competing interests.