bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La especificidad conductual de la violencia filio-parental
Authors: Cortina Helena , Martín Ana M. 
Published: September 2020

La violencia filio-parental (VFP) es un tipo de violencia intrafamiliar que ha cobrado visibilidad social y científica en los últimos años. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar distintas formas de VFP y su relación con dos grupos de variables. Por un lado, el género, la edad, la estructura familiar, el curso, el rendimiento académico, el consumo de drogas, la frecuencia de dicho consumo y el diagnóstico de psicopatología. Por otro lado, la exposición a la violencia, el calor parental, el autoconcepto, el sexismo, el narcisismo y la psicopatía. Los participantes fueron 225 estudiantes de instituto, de 14 a 20 años, el 54.7% chicas. Las tasas de VFP fueron inferiores a las de estudios españoles previos pero semejantes a las de otros países. La mayoría de los participantes realizaron una sola conducta, insultar, y la conducta de pegar nunca apareció sola, sino en combinación con al menos otras dos conductas. El análisis de los datos mostró que la capacidad de las variables estudiadas para predecir la VFP varía para cada conducta específica. Los resultados se discuten proponiendo que los estudios futuros consideren la VFP como un problema social que trasciende la relación padres-hijos.
Child-to-parent violence (CPV) is a type of domestic violence that has gained social and scientific visibility in recent years. The objective of this study is to analyze different forms of CPV and their relationship with two groups of variables. The first group includes gender, age, family structure, school year, academic performance, drug use, frequency of drug use and diagnosis of psychopathology. The second analyzes exposure to violence, parental warmth, self-concept, sexism, narcissism and psychopathy. The participants were 225 high school students from 14 to 20 years old, 54.7% of them girls. The CPV rates were lower than those of previous Spanish studies but similar to those in other countries. Most participants engaged in only one behavior, insulting, and hitting never appeared alone, but in combination with at least two other behaviors. The analysis of the data showed that the ability of the variables under study to predict CPV varies for each specific behavior. The results are discussed by proposing that future studies consider CPV as a social problem that goes beyond parent-child relations.
Gender differences in child to parent violence risk factors
Authors: Loinaz Ismael , Barboni Lucía , Ma de Sousa Ava 
Published: September 2020

La violencia filio-parental (VFP) ha suscitado un enorme interés académico. Pese a ello, pocos estudios comparan los factores de riesgo de chicos y chicas implicados en estas agresiones a sus progenitores. El presente trabajo compara 56 chicos y 35 chicas agresores evaluados con la Guía para la Valoración del Riesgo de Violencia Filio-Parental (RVFP). Las chicas provenían de forma significativa de contextos más problemáticos (con bidireccionalidad de la violencia, violencia entre los progenitores, problemas de convivencia y problemas en los progenitores) y tenían significativamente menos autoestima. Los chicos presentaron significativamente más historial de problemas de abusos de sustancias y mayor escalada en la violencia. En conjunto, ambos sexos presentaban prevalencias similares en la mayoría de las variables, su violencia era comparable (aunque las lesiones a los padres fueron exclusivas de los chicos) y las familias eran más problemáticas en ellas. La predicción de las lesiones a la madre con la puntuación del RVFP fue significativa en el caso de los varones (AUC = ,842) pero no en el caso de ellas (AUC = ,660). Los resultados justifican el uso de tratamientos y herramientas comunes en chicos y chicas implicados en VFP, aunque se discuten desarrollos aún necesarios en la materia.
Child-to-parent violence (CPV) has attracted enormous academic interest. Despite this, few studies compare the risk factors between female and male perpetrators of this abuse toward parents. This paper compares 56 male and 35 female CPV offenders, evaluated with the Child-to-Parent Violence Risk assessment tool (CPVR). Results show that girls came from significantly more problematic contexts (with bidirectionality of violence, violence between parents, cohabitation problems and personal problems of parents, and had significantly lower self-esteem. Boys had significantly more histories of substance abuse issues and greater rates of escalation of violence. Overall, both sexes had similar prevalence rates for most variables, the type of violence committed was comparable (although injuries toward fathers were only perpetrated by boys), and female perpetrators had more problematic families than their male counterparts. CPVR scores significantly predicted injuries toward the mother for male offenders (AUC = .842), but not for female offenders (AUC = .660). These results support the use of common treatments and tools for female and male CPV offenders. Future steps and developments in the field are also discussed.
A comparison of common metrics used to quantify the effectiveness of conservation interventions
Authors: Khorozyan Igor 
Published: September 2020

Background
Evidence-based conservation is urgently needed to identify, apply and promote effective interventions for mitigation of threats and recovery of the natural environment. Estimation of intervention effectiveness is subject to robust study design and statistical analysis, and much progress is documented in these fields. In contrast, little is understood about the accuracy and biases (underestimation and overestimation) of different effectiveness metrics and how they are affected by sample size.

Methods
In this study, a dataset (n = 500 cases) consisting of random, positive, integer numbers was simulated to produce frequency input data for the 2 × 2 contingency table. For each case, three metrics of the relative risk, odds ratio and the magnitude of change were calculated, their disparity was estimated and the characteristics of treatment (with intervention) and control (without intervention) samples significantly affecting this disparity were studied by means of linear regression. Further, four case studies from different conservation interventions are provided to support the results.

Results
The study has shown that the relative risk and the magnitude of change produce identical estimates of intervention effectiveness only when treatment and control samples are equal, or when the number of target outcomes (e.g., number of livestock killed by predators) in treatment sample reaches zero. In other situations, the magnitude of change gives overestimates or underestimates, depending on relationships between treatment and control sample sizes. The table summarizing the conditions of equalities and biases between these two metrics is provided. These conditions are valid for both reduction-aimed interventions reducing negative target outcomes (e.g., livestock protection to reduce livestock losses to predators) and for addition-aimed interventions increasing positive target outcomes (e.g., establishment of protected areas to increase species presence). No significant effects on the odds ratio were found.

Conclusion
Researchers should set equal treatment and control sample sizes so that to produce identical estimates of intervention effectiveness by the relative risk and the magnitude of change. Otherwise, these estimates are biased if produced by the magnitude of change and the relative risk should be used instead. As setting equal treatment and control samples can be impractical, I encourage researchers and practitioners to use the relative risk in estimation of intervention effectiveness. This will not take additional efforts as both metrics are calculated from the same contingency table. Treatment and control sample sizes, along with their sub-samples affected and not by an intervention, should be explicitly reported by researchers to allow independent evaluation of intervention effectiveness. This approach can help obtain more accurate information on intervention effectiveness for making better decisions in conservation actions.
Evaluation of Nutritional Fact and Study of Various Physico-chemical Parameters of Black, Green and Red Grapes Samples in the Local Fruit Market
Authors: N. Patil Pandurang , Aamri Amani Ahmaed Al- , Rubkhi Zahra Abdullah Al- , Abri Aida Salim Al 
Published: September 2020

Aims: Aim of our study was to analyze various nutritional fact of three types of grape fruits and compare their facts in terms of consumption. The grape is one of the most edible fruit with high amount of nutritional and medicinal properties.
Study Design: Physico-chemical analysis by using various chemical analysis and instrumental methods for analysis of various grape samples.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Applied Sciences, Chemistry section, University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Muscat, Oman. The study was performed during the May 2018 – December 2018.
Methodology: We have selected three different grapes samples from the local market for the analysis (Green grapes, Red grapes and Black grapes). Our research study includes testing of various physico-chemical parameters for nutritional fact of fruit, such as water, carbohydrates, proteins, fat, vitamin C, and different minerals. We analyzed various physic-chemical parameters.
Results: We found that pH in the range of 3.775 – 4.14, conductivity 1.39 MS/cm – 1.553 MS/cm, titratable acidity was measured in terms of tartaric acid was found 0.712 g/100ml - 1.065 g/100ml and Brix% value 9.5% - 15.5%. Amount of water in berry was 77.964 % – 80.146 %, Ash in the range of 0.72 – 3.911 %. Protein 6.245 g/100ml – 7.928 g/100ml, Fiber content 1.112 % – 1.143% and good amount of potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc.
Conclusion: Analysis of three types of grapes we found, acidity of green grapes was highest. It might be depending upon ripening stage of berry. That are correlated to sugar (0Brix). Fiber value was very close to each other. Iron was highest in red grapes and then green grapes. Potassium, magnesium, calcium and zinc was found to higher in green grapes. Based on this green grape looks batter nutritional value.
Histopathological Evaluation of the Methanol Extract of Napoleonae imperialis Leaves against Methotrexate-Induced Renal Damage in Albino Rats
Authors: Mba O. J. , Odo C. E. , Chikezie P. C. , Edward U. I. 
Published: September 2020

Aim: This study was aimed at investigating the effect of methanol extract of Napoleonae imperialis leaves against methotrexate renal histology in albino rats.
Methodology: Thirty (30) male albino rats of mean weight 130 g were used for this study. The animals for the study were grouped into five (5) of six (6) rats each. Group A received feed and water only and Group B was induced with methotrexate without treatment. Groups (C and D) were orally given 250 mg and 500 mg/kg b.wt of leaves extract, and group E was orally given the extract only (500 mg/kg b.wt) respectively for 28 days. All the rats used in this study were initially subjected to renal damage using 0.5 ml/kg of methotrexate except the normal control group. The rats were sacrificed after 28 days, and the kidney were carefully dissected from the abdominal region. They were fixed in normal saline for 72 hours and sliced into a thickness of 2.1mm samples of and processed for histopathological examination.
Results: The photomicrographs result showed that in group A, (normal control group) evenly distributed glomeruli of smaller size, with normal mesangial cellularity. In group B, (positive control group) there is a significant pathology and mild interstitial inflammation. In groups (C and D) (tests group that received 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt of the extract) there is no significant pathology, in group E, there is no significant pathology.
Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the leaves extract may have exerted nephroprotective effects in albino rats, and may also be used pharmacologically in the management of organ toxicity.
Biorational Management of Pulse Beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.) in Gram Seed
Authors: Hasan Md. Al-Mehedi , Sultana Sonia , Akter Keya , Wara Tasnia Ummul , Hasan Mehedi , Uddin Mohammad Mahir 
Published: September 2020

The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis is one of the major pests in stored pulse causes 40-50% losses of pulses in storage. Experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of some selected biorational insecticides on percent mortality of beetle, percent weight loss of seeds, no. of eggs laid per female, percent hatchability, larval duration, pupal period and adult longevity of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis under laboratory condition. Among the different botanicals, neem oil (77%) was found the most effective showing 78% mortality of pulse beetle in direct method followed by Mahogany oil (69%) and karanja oil (62%). In case of indirect method, the highest percent mortality was recorded from karanja oil (37%) which was followed by Neem oil (33%) and Mahogany oil (33%). Among different microbial derivatives, Libsen was found most effective considering mortality followed by Suspend 5SG and Ambush 1.8EC. The highest percentage of weight reduction was observed in Karanja oil (15%) and the lowest (14%) was in Mahogany oil. The highest percentage of weight reduction was obtained from Ambush 1.8EC (16%) and the lowest percentage of weight reduction was obtained from Suspend 5SG (13%). No. of eggs laid per female was the highest in mahogany oil (24) and lowest in Libsen (19). Percent of hatchability was highest in mahogany oil (21%) and lowest in Libsen (16%). Larval duration was the highest in mahogany oil (16 days) and the lowest was in Suspend 5SG(13days). Pupal period highest in neem oil (7 days) and the lowest was in (6 days). The highest adult longevity (22 days) from the seeds treated with karanja oil. The lowest adult longevity (18 days) from seeds treated with Libson. Thus, Karanja, Neem and Mahogany oil, Libsen, Ambush 1.8EC and Suspend 5SG were found effective against pulse beetle in storage. Therefore, these biorationals might be included in the development of IPM packages for the management of pulse beetle in the storage.
Phytochemical Characterization of Herbal Tea from Oranges Peels (Citrus sinensis var Blonde) Marketed in Abidjan
Authors: Assamoa Koffi Kouame , Yao Assa Rebecca Rachel Epse , Yvette Fofie N’Guessan Bra 
Published: September 2020

Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) is the most widely consumed citrus fruit in Côte d'Ivoire. They are rich in bioactive compound. Also, their peels or flavedo rejected during consumption have a high content of polyphenols, flavonoids, and essential oils. However, in Côte D'Ivoire, studies are limited to the characterization of orange peel (Citrus sinensis). Our study therefore aims to determine the phytochemical composition of herbal teas obtained from the orange peel (Citrus sinensis) in order to contribute to their valorisation as herbal teas. The Citrus sinensis zests were collected in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) in Adjamé community. An herbal tea was produced and subjected to phytochemical and physicochemical tests. The results showed that the moisture content of the different batches varies from 14.13±0.41 to 7.2%±0.2; the oven-dried batches showed the lowest value. In addition, the ash content remains statistically different between batches. The herbal teas studied had an average ash content of 6.53%. The pH values negatively correlated to acidity range from 3.92±0.2 to 3.21±0.15. Also, these herbal teas contain several secondary metabolites such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. This study shows that herbal teas made from orange peel contain several phytochemicals including antioxidants. In addition, their high ash content suggests a high mineral content. Therefore, orange peels can be used in the form of herbal teas as a dietary supplement.
Cyanide Complexes of the Transition Metals
Authors: DeGroot Henry P. , Hanusa Timothy P. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Cyano metal complexes contain one or more bound cyanide ligands, CN
−
, and constitute one of the largest and longest‐known classes of compounds in inorganic chemistry. Like carbon monoxide, the cyanide ion can function as a π‐acid ligand, but because of its negative charge, the cyanide ion can also form strong sigma bonds. This bifunctional behavior allows CN
−
to stabilize both high and low oxidation states of metals. The cyanide ion can bind to metals in both terminal and bridging (MCNM′) modes; the bridges are commonly linear and are present in Prussian Blue and many other polymeric metal cyanides. Framework solids with high degrees of void space can be formed with bridging cyanide ligands. Cyano metal complexes undergo a variety of oxidation–reduction reactions, but owing to the strong sigma‐donor properties of CN
−
, only a few ligands are capable of directly replacing metal‐bound cyanide. For most substitution reactions, photochemically induced dissociation of one or more of the CN
−
ligands is needed. Cyano complexes are used as pigments and dyes and are being increasingly employed as electroactive, zeolitic, and chemical sensing materials.
Structure–Function Relationships of the NsrR and RsrR Transcription Regulators
Authors: Volbeda Anne , Crack Jason C , Brun Nick E Le , Fontecilla‐Camps Juan C 
Published: September 2020

AbstractProtein‐coordinated iron–sulfur clusters play multiple crucial functions in biological processes. One of these functions is the response to effectors that regulate gene expression. This response can be very variable. Several members of the Rrf2 family of bacterial transcriptional regulators contain [FeS] clusters that perform a variety of sensing roles, including those involved in controlling cellular iron levels (RirA), controlling [FeS] cluster synthesis (IscR), responding to nitrosative stress (NsrR), and monitoring and possibly regulating the redox status of the cell (RsrR). Cluster ligation and composition varies significantly, and, with the exception of RsrR, DNA binding is regulated by effector‐dependent either partial or total cluster disassembly. Our own recent work has concentrated on the structure–function relationships of NsrR and RsrR, which coordinate [4Fe4S] and [2Fe2S] clusters, respectively. The reaction of nitric oxide with the NsrR [4Fe4S] cluster is progressive and modulates NsrR binding to different promotors. One consequence of cluster disassembly is the disruption of a key salt bridge that, in turn, causes a conformational change in the helix‐turn‐helix DNA‐binding domain of NsrR. The case of RsrR is especially interesting because its DNA binding depends on a one‐electron cluster redox change. This reduction causes the protonation of a neighboring His residue, which is followed by the generation of a protein cavity and the rotation of a tryptophan residue into it. Like in the case of NsrR, this rotation provokes a conformational change in the helix‐turn‐helix DNA‐binding domain of the protein.
Poly(aminoborane)s and Poly(iminoborane)s
Authors: Beweries Torsten , Helten Holger 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The field of so‐called inorganic polymers has seen significant advances in recent years. Poly(aminoborane)s and poly(iminoborane)s represent examples for compounds of this type, possessing a polymer main chain that exclusively contains boron and nitrogen. These structures are of fundamental and application‐oriented interest in the context of BN/CC isosterism. This article summarizes the historic background, properties, synthetic aspects as well as new developments in the fields of poly(aminoborane)s and poly(iminoborane)s.
Solid‐State NMR in Well‐Defined Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Rodriguez Jessica , Conley Matthew P. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Characterization of sites on surfaces is challenging. Many spectroscopic methods are available to surface science, though few provide the detailed molecular level information as solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. This entry describes selected examples showing some of the features of solid‐state NMR spectra that give detailed information about structure, dynamics, and speciation on surfaces. This entry describes applications of spin ½ and quadrupolar nuclei.
Recent Developments in Low‐Valent Aluminum Chemistry
Authors: Weetman Catherine , Xu Huihui , Inoue Shigeyoshi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The past decade has seen some remarkable advances in the development of low‐coordinate and/or oxidation state aluminum chemistry. With efforts striving to find more economical and environmentally benign methods for bond activations and catalysis, aluminum presents itself as an ideal candidate owing to its low cost and high natural abundance. Concerning low‐valent aluminum chemistry, these complexes have been shown to act like transition‐metal mimics with Al(I) species undergoing facile oxidative addition with a series of strong σ bonds. This represents the first step in a redox‐active catalytic cycle, with the challenge still remaining to undergo reductive elimination from the stable Al(III) species. In this regard, efforts have focused on reversible bond activations as well as the development of alternate methodologies to enhance the reactive aluminum center. The ambiphilic nature of Al(I) chemistry has largely been dictated by the vacant p‐orbital and as such its electrophilicity. Recent advances have made it possible to amplify the nucleophilic character of Al(I), and as such the first examples highlighting aluminum's nucleophilic behavior have been reported. In addition, isolation of the first neutral aluminum multiple bond has also aided our understanding of the bonding properties of aluminum while also allowing for further advances in bond activations and catalysis. These recent advances in the chemistry of low‐valent aluminum are discussed in the following sections, along with the fundamental concepts that have aided the development of this field.
Push–Pull Activation of N
2
: Coordination of Lewis Acids to Dinitrogen Complexes
Authors: Coffinet Anaïs , Simonneau Antoine , Specklin David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

This article gathers, as of 2020, examples of (hetero)dinuclear dinitrogen complexes that are formed by Lewis acid (LA)–base interaction thanks to dative bonding between an electron‐deficient s‐, p‐, or d‐block species and the electron‐rich terminal nitrogen of a neutral end‐on dinitrogen complex. LA coordination to the dinitrogen ligand results in a higher level of activation (i.e. polarization) according to a push–pull mechanism: electron depletion induced by LA coordination amplifies electron back‐donation. The magnitude of such phenomenon will depend on various factors that will be highlighted here, as well as the mean to measure it. In some instances, key reactivities that LA coordination has lent to the dinitrogen complex, or how their combination has allowed the discovery of original reactions will be discussed. This article is organized in three main sections according to which block of the periodic system the LA component of the complexes discussed belongs to. In a final section, pieces of work issued from main group chemistry and relevant in the context of N
2
push–pull activation will be presented.