bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Furani Khaled 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter outlines the basic premises underlying—as well as the origins of—the book’s argument: anthropology has had a complex and potentially vital relationship with its other, theology. Reviewing the ways anthropology has comprised an ethical quest—responding to and constituting a crisis of theistic proportions (“death of God”)—this chapter advances the utility of applying an anthropological exercise on anthropology: regarding itself from the standpoint of an other, reflected in a theological “mirror.” It also justifies the book’s method of mining anthropology’s biographical register for understanding the discipline’s complex secular making and concludes with an itinerary of the book’s chapters.
A Conversation with Research Ethics Boards About Inclusive Research with Persons with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Cobigo Virginie , Potvin Lynne A. , Fulford Casey , Chalghoumi Hajer , Hanna Mariam , Plourde Natasha , Taylor Whitney D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) have the right to participate in research with dignity and respect. Information about persons with IDD is often acquired from third parties; however, they are capable of, and want to be included in, research. Nevertheless, current practices to protect persons with IDD from harm may preclude them from participating in research. Therefore, inclusive research requires ethical and practical considerations to ensure that persons with IDD are treated fairly. In this chapter, experiences and recommendations in four aspects of ethical research with persons with IDD are shared: (1) accessibility, (2) consent, (3) confidentiality, and (4) research participation risks. Interactions with research ethics boards are used to illustrate the complexity of these ethical considerations and the need for guidelines.
Ongoing Consent for the Inverse Problematic to Loss of Capacity
Authors: Courchesne Caitlin , Illes Judy 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Patient vulnerability exists at both ends of the age spectrum. While Sankary and Ford consider in Chapter 1 the ethical challenges present in clinical research with patients at risk of cognitive decline, the inverse quandary is explored in this chapter: child and adolescent patients whose capacity to consent, clinical preferences, and health-related goals develop and change over time. We explore the pediatric clinical trial landscape through the example of treatment refractory epilepsy, a condition for which a variety of neurotechnologies have been developed to improve seizure management. Just as Sankary and Ford demonstrate with cognitively vulnerable patient populations, ongoing consent procedures that reflexively involve researchers, sponsors, caregivers, and youth-aged study participants can allow for clinical trials that respect research design integrity, and maximize participant autonomy.
Drawing Distinctions Among Different Types of Research on Persons with Autism
Authors: Barnbaum Deborah R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This commentary engages two aspects of Kenneth A. Richman’s chapter “Autism, Autonomy, and Research” (Chapter 5). First, several excellent points made in the chapter are discussed. Second, a distinction is introduced among types of research on persons with autism, a distinction that would strengthen his discussion. Drawing distinctions among the ways in which informed consent is confounded by symptoms of autism, as well as among types of research on autism, would further strengthen an already compelling chapter.
Repurposing Ethnography to Assess Consent Capacity
Authors: Wright Megan S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter comments on the use of ethnographic methods to assess prospective research participants’ capacity to consent to research. While repurposing ethnography provides a valuable tool to assess consent capacity for persons with chronic mental illness by observing such persons in different settings and over a period of time, which can provide a fuller picture of capacity, there are limitations to this use. First, in some jurisdictions, an ethics review board may not permit a researcher to engage in ethnography without the consent of those being observed, which means this method would not be of use. Second, a researcher may not have appropriate methodological training to employ this method of assessing consent capacity. Third, the method may be limited to institutional settings. Finally, this method may only be appropriate for low-risk research.
“Caught Between the Suffering and the Good”
Authors: Park Melissa , Fogelberg Donald 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A focus on social accountability and responsibility in public and private sectors raises questions about if and how social scientists should act upon the concerns of those with whom they conduct research. Leonardo Campoy argues that anthropologists should be empowered to intervene in the clinical situations they study rather than being limited to actions associated with participant observation. Although his reflections raise issues pertinent to the ethical practices of many researchers, we situate our response in conversation with the historical shifts in ethnographic interest that, most recently, has moved from the suffering subject towards an anthropology of the good. Grounding our reflections in medical anthropology, we discuss the challenge of appropriating positivist–scientific terms to propose the utility of research and, more specifically, of how research results could be used to think through and, thus, guide how researchers respond to—enact and embody—the care required in the ethical conduct of research.
Suicide Tourism
Authors: Sperling Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This book explores the phenomenon of ‘suicide tourism’. Freedom of movement creates problems with policies constrained by national boundaries and, as more countries contemplate regulating assisted suicide, there is now a pressing need for a theoretical investigation of the issues that provides a thorough appraisal of the global situation. Switzerland is no longer the only country where a person can find assistance for legal suicide. A similar law has been passed in Croatia, and Dutch and Belgian laws do not prohibit assisted suicide for non-residents. Few states in the US provide for physician-assisted suicide for state residents but US citizens from elsewhere can take simple steps to overcome this restriction. As more countries legally permit assisted suicide, suicide tourism will become a larger and more complex global practice. The book sets out the parameters for future debate, first contextualizing the practice and casting light on how it is treated under international and domestic law. It then analyses the ethical ramifications, and considers where the state’s responsibility should lie in dealing with accompanying persons and in regulating contractual agreements. It also contains a sociological and cultural analysis of suicide tourism, a review of policy and media reports on the topic, and interviews with various stakeholders (including policymakers, and medical and patients’ organizations) in Switzerland, Germany, France, Italy, and the UK. The book concludes with a summary of the legal, ethical, political, and sociological dimensions of suicide tourism, offering recommendations for how professionals and policymakers might respond to this evolving phenomenon.
Probability and random variables
Authors: Edge M. D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter considers the rules of probability. Probabilities are non-negative, they sum to one, and the probability that either of two mutually exclusive events occurs is the sum of the probability of the two events. Two events are said to be independent if the probability that they both occur is the product of the probabilities that each event occurs. Bayes’ theorem is used to update probabilities on the basis of new information, and it is shown that the conditional probabilities P(A|B) and P(B|A) are not the same. Finally, the chapter discusses ways in which distributions of random variables can be described, using probability mass functions for discrete random variables and probability density functions for continuous random variables.
Properties of random variables
Authors: Edge M. D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this chapter, the behavior of random variables is summarized using the concepts of expectation, variance, and covariance. The expectation is a measurement of the location of a random variable’s distribution. The variance and its square root, the standard deviation, are measurements of the spread of a random variable’s distribution. Covariance and correlation are measurements of the extent of linear relationship between two random variables. The chapter also describe two important theorems that describe the distribution of means of samples from a distribution. As the sample size becomes larger, the distribution of the sample mean becomes bunched more tightly around the expectation—this is the law of large numbers—and the distribution of the sample mean approaches the shape of a normal distribution—this is the central limit theorem. Finally, a model describing a linear relationship between two random variables is considered, and the properties of those two random variables are analyzed.
Properties of point estimators
Authors: Edge M. D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPoint estimation is the attempt to identify a value associated with some underlying process or population using data. The unknown number that is the target of estimation is called an estimand. An estimator is a function that takes in data and produces an estimate. In this chapter, estimators are evaluated according to a number of criteria. An unbiased estimator is one whose expected value is equal to the estimand—in lay terms, it is accurate. Low-variance estimators, which are precise, are also evaluated. Consistent estimators converge to the estimand as the number of data collected approaches infinity. Mean squared error is the expected squared difference between the estimator and the estimand. Efficient estimators are those that converge to the estimand relatively quickly—i.e., fewer data are necessary to get close to the right answer. An optional section discusses statistical decision theory, which is a general framework for evaluating estimators. Finally, some ideas of robustness are discussed. A robust estimator is one that can still provide useful information even if the model is not quite right or the data are contaminated.
Semiparametric estimation and inference
Authors: Edge M. D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNonparametric and semiparametric statistical methods assume models whose properties cannot be described by a finite number of parameters. For example, a linear regression model that assumes that the disturbances are independent draws from an unknown distribution is semiparametric—it includes the intercept and slope as regression parameters but has a nonparametric part, the unknown distribution of the disturbances. Nonparametric and semiparametric methods focus on the empirical distribution function, which, assuming that the data are really independent observations from the same distribution, is a consistent estimator of the true cumulative distribution function. In this chapter, with plug-in estimation and the method of moments, functionals or parameters are estimated by treating the empirical distribution function as if it were the true cumulative distribution function. Such estimators are consistent. To understand the variation of point estimates, bootstrapping is used to resample from the empirical distribution function. For hypothesis testing, one can either use a bootstrap-based confidence interval or conduct a permutation test, which can be designed to test null hypotheses of independence or exchangeability. Resampling methods—including bootstrapping and permutation testing—are flexible and easy to implement with a little programming expertise.
Bayesian estimation and inference
Authors: Edge M. D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBayesian methods allow researchers to combine precise descriptions of prior beliefs with new data in a principled way. The main object of interest in Bayesian statistics is the posterior distribution, which describes the uncertainty associated with parameters given prior beliefs about them and the observed data. The posterior can be difficult to compute mathematically, but computational methods can give arbitrarily good approximations in most cases. Bayesian point and interval estimates are features of the posterior, such as measures of its central tendency or intervals into which the parameter falls with specified probability. Bayesian hypothesis testing is complicated and controversial, but one relevant tool is the Bayes factor, which compares the probability of observing the data under a pair of distinct hypotheses.
Introduction
Authors: Roselaar Saskia T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets out the main issues discussed in this book regarding the position of the Italians in the Republican period. It summarizes earlier scholarly views on integration and identity and presents the most recent theories regarding these concepts. In doing so, it reviews earlier literature on the much-debated issue of Romanization. It also introduces economic theories that will be applied in the book, such as New Institutional Economics. Furthermore, the chapter gives a basic overview of the various legal statuses that existed in Republican Italy. Finally, this chapter gives an introduction into the sources and methodology used in this study.
Explanatory perspectives
Authors: Mackenbach Johan P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 (‘Explanatory perspectives’) provides a digest of the vast amounts of explanatory research on health inequalities that has been conducted over the past three decades. It introduces recent methodological advances, such as the counterfactual approach to causality, quasi-experimental study designs, and mediation analysis. It reviews the scientific evidence that education, occupational class and income have a causal effect on health. It introduces life-course models, summarizes current understanding of the role of six groups of contributing factors (genetics, childhood environment, material living conditions, social and psychological factors, health-related behaviours, and health care), and describes the biological mechanisms of ‘embodiment’ of social inequality. It also discusses the merits of nine overarching theories of health inequalities: ‘social selection’, ‘diffusion of innovations’, ‘cultural capital’, ‘inverse equity’, ‘inverse care law’, ‘neo-materialism’, ‘psychosocial environment’, ‘fundamental causes’ and ‘political economy of health’.
W. T. Stead
Authors: Brown Stewart J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
W. T. Stead (1849–1912), newspaper editor, author, social reformer, advocate for women’s rights, peace campaigner, spiritualist, was one of the best-known public figures in late Victorian and Edwardian Britain. This a religious biography of Stead, giving particular attention to Stead’s conception of journalism, in an age of growing mass literacy, as a means to communicate religious truth and morality, and his view of the editor’s desk as a modern pulpit from which the editor could preach to a congregation of tens of thousands. The book explores how his Nonconformist Conscience and sense of divine calling infused his newspaper crusades, most famously his ‘Maiden Tribute’ campaign against child prostitution, and it considers his efforts, through forms of participatory journalism, to create a ‘union of all who love in the service of all who suffer’ and a ‘Civic Church’. The book considers his growing interest in spiritualism and the occult as he searched for the evidence of an afterlife that might draw people of an increasingly secular age back to faith. It discusses his imperialism and his belief in the English-speaking peoples of the British Empire and American Republic as God’s new chosen people for the spread of civilization, and it considers how his growing understanding of other faiths and cultures, but more especially his moral revulsion over the South African War of 1899–1902, brought him to question those beliefs. Finally, it assesses the influence of religious faith on his campaigns for world peace and the arbitration of international disputes.
Persistence Explained
Authors: Williams Neil E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractChapter 8 offers an account of object persistence in terms of the exercising of causal powers. It is argued that there are a number of problems of persistence, and that the question of how persistence is explained (here called the problem of ‘pluck’) is frequently ignored. A solution to the problem of pluck is offered. The aim is that of providing a powers-based solution in terms of a neutral notion of object-stages that can be applied equally to three- and four-dimensional frameworks, and thus can be adopted by endurantists, perdurantists, and stage-theorists alike. Applications to further problems of persistence are discussed.
Deification in the Greek Patristic Era
Authors: Coates Ruth 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores the meaning of deification in the Eastern Orthodox tradition as a metaphor for salvation, comparing this with the metaphor of redemption with which the ‘Western’ denominations are more familiar. Departing from the notion of the structural significance of deification for Orthodox theology, it sets out its importance for Greek patristic anthropology, Christology, and eschatology. Following Norman Russell (2004), it distinguishes between a ‘realistic’ approach to deification through participation, notably in the sacramental life of the church, and an ‘ethical’ approach, through imitation of Christ’s virtues. The two approaches are combined in contemplative monasticism, where mystical union comes to be understood as participation in the grace or energies of God. In conclusion, the chapter identifies aspects of Greek patristic deification that prove most important to Russian religious philosophers in the inter-revolutionary period.
Deification and Political Theology
Authors: Coates Ruth 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 analyses the essay collection Tsar and Revolution (1907) as a collective project aimed at establishing the historical origins and enduring contemporary relevance of the Russian autocracy’s religious mystique for the purpose of arguing that the Russian revolution must be religious in nature if it is to succeed in countering and overcoming the religious underpinnings of tsarism. By engaging their analysis with the work of the Russian semioticians Lotman, Uspensky, and Zhivov on the sacralization of the Russian tsar, the chapter demonstrates the soundness of the Merezhkovskys’ grasp of the phenomenon. It shows how they view this through the prism of deification, specifically the illegitimate form of self-apotheosis that was condemned by Russian Old Belief and later by Dostoevsky and Soloviev: true deification, for the Merezkovskys, means the deification of the whole people of Christ in the millennium that the Revolution will inaugurate, overthrowing the false tsar-god.
Deification and Creativity
Authors: Coates Ruth 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 analyses Nikolai Berdiaev’s first philosophical statement The Meaning of Creativity (1916) in the context of the theosophy of Jakob Boehme. It is shown how Berdiaev adopts the deification narrative primarily as expressed by Boehme rather than in the Orthodox theological tradition, and the ways in which the two narratives diverge are analysed. Berdiaev tends towards a Gnostic attitude to the material world and the body and an Origenistic view of the pre-existence of the soul. Most importantly, his reading of human–divine synergy in the task of transfiguring the universe emphasizes the superiority of human over divine agency after the Incarnation. The chapter goes on to set the work in the context of Berdiaev’s critique of the Russian Orthodox Church and of Russian Symbolism. His contemporaries’ response to the work is drawn on to suggest that Berdiaev’s Nietzschean persona opens him to the charge of illegitimate self-apotheosis.
Deification and Economics
Authors: Coates Ruth 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 analyses Sergei Bulgakov’s The Philosophy of Economy (1912) in the context of the philosophy of F. W. J. Schelling and the theology of Maximus the Confessor. Bulgakov elaborates an original theory of human economic activity as the instrument by which the material world is divinized. The work is Bulgakov’s first attempt creatively to bring together categories from German metaphysical idealism with elements of Orthodox doctrine: here, the chapter argues, the doctrine of deification as participation in the divine. It is shown how Bulgakov’s deification narrative broadly conforms to the religious philosophy of late Schelling, including its elaboration of Sophia as the divine humanity in which all concrete humans participate. Maximus and the Greek patristic tradition is engaged to show how Bulgakov has assimilated important elements of deification doctrine, as well as how his attempted synthesis is ultimately expressed more in a Schellingian philosophical than an Orthodox theological idiom.
Speaking When You’re Spoken To
Authors: Morgan Oliver 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with what Harvey Sacks has called ‘the speaker sequencing problem’—how a group of people (or fictional characters) is able to decide which of them should speak next. It examines the model of speaker-sequencing now standard in conversation analysis and asks what this model has to offer for the student of dialogue. For literary critical purposes, it concludes, we will need a radically simplified approach. Happily, this is not difficult to achieve. We need only make a single, very reasonable, assumption—that the basic rule which underpins all conversational sequencing is ‘speak when you’re spoken to’. The implications of this assumption for the analysis dramatic dialogue are explored in Chapter 2.
Aposiopesis and the Comforts of Rhetoric
Authors: Morgan Oliver 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between turn-taking and syntax by studying Shakespeare’s use of aposiopesis in 1 Henry IV. More specifically, it questions how adequately this term describes what happens when Hotspur dies part way through a sentence at the Battle of Shrewsbury (5.4). The chapter reviews what a sixteenth-century schoolboy is likely to have understood by ‘aposiopesis’ and argues that, although the term is inadequate, its inadequacy is instructive. We can use it to develop a more precise vocabulary with which to talk about the relationship between syntax and turn-taking. Three new terms are proposed for this purpose (suspension, completion, and addition) and the chapter ends by showing how they can be used to arrive at a more nuanced reading of Hotspur’s final moments.
The Play of Line and Turn
Authors: Morgan Oliver 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how the timing of a transition between two turns at talk can be metrically loaded—can be made to sound early or late depending on its position in the line. Its central claim is that there is a ‘play of line and turn’ at work in Shakespeare’s dialogue every bit as important as the ‘play of phrase and line’ described by George T. Wright. The chapter examines how this works in two short exchanges: Antony attempting to tell Cleopatra that he is leaving for Rome (Antony and Cleopatra, 1.3), and Iago attempting to reason with an enraged Othello (Othello, 3.3). What the two exchanges have in common is that they each depict a conversation in which one character can barely get a word in edgeways. Metrically, however, they are handled quite differently, and these differences have profound implications for the ways in which we read them.