bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genesis of the Bagenheigeqier Pb–Zn skarn deposit in Inner Mongolia, NE China: constraints from fluid inclusions, isotope systematics and geochronology
Authors: Cai Wen-yan , Wang Ke-yong , Li Jian , Fu Li-juan , Li Shun-da , Yang He , Konare Yassa 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMost skarns are found near the pluton or in lithologies containing at least some limestone. However, recent research has shown that neither a pluton nor limestone is necessarily required to form a skarn deposit. The newly discovered Bagenheigeqier Pb–Zn skarn deposit is located in NE China. The skarn and Pb–Zn orebodies occur in volcanic lithologies of the Baiyin’gaolao Formation and are controlled by NE–SW-trending faults. The nearest pluton is a granite porphyry, at a distance of 20–250 m from the orebodies. Five paragenetic stages at Bagenheigeqier are recognized: (I) skarn; (II) oxide; (III) early sulphide; (IV) late sulphide; and (V) late quartz–calcite. The fluid inclusions from stages II to V homogenized at temperatures of 402–452, 360–408, 274–319 and 167–212°C, respectively. The hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions (δ18OH2O, –12.4‰ to +9.3‰; δDH2O, –156.5‰ to –99.1‰) indicate that the ore-fluids were primarily of magmatic origin, with the proportion of meteoric water increasing during the progression of ore formation. Sulphur isotope values (δ34SVCDT, 1.4–5.5‰), lead isotope values (206Pb/204Pb, 18.184–18.717;207Pb/204Pb, 15.520–15.875;208Pb/204Pb, 37.991–38.379) and the initial187Os/188Os ratios of the pyrite (0.307 ± 0.06) suggest that the ore metals were derived from the granite porphyry and Baiyin’gaolao Formation. Re–Os dating of pyrite intergrown with galena and sphalerite yielded a well-constrained isochron age of 151.2 ± 4.7 Ma, which is coeval with the laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry zircon U–Pb age of 154 ± 1 Ma for the granite porphyry. The deposit was therefore formed during Late Jurassic time.
What has contributed to the large sex differentials in lifespan variation and life expectancy in South Korea?
Authors: Singh Akansha , Kim Younga 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo date, research on sex differentials in lifespan variation and life expectancy has mainly been conducted in Western countries and there is a dearth of data from South Korea. This study aimed to further the understanding of mortality transition and life expectancy in South Korea, and the associated trajectories of age-at-death variation, through an analysis of life disparity by gender. Using complete life tables for South Korea for 1970–2015, sex differentials (female–male differences) in life disparity and life expectancy at birth were estimated, and sex differentials in life expectancy were decomposed by age and cause of death. The results showed that sex differentials in life expectancy at birth have not reduced significantly in the last 45 years (1970: 7.1 years; 2015: 6.2 years). Life disparity has reduced more rapidly for females than males, and the difference increased from −0.1 year in 1981 to −1.6 years in 2015. Sex differentials in life expectancy and life disparity in South Korea were higher during 1970–2015 than in several Western countries with high life expectancy. The elderly age group (60 and above) contributed 50% of the total sex difference in life expectancy at birth in 1970, and this increased to 70% in 2015. The contribution of the age group 15–59 years reduced significantly over the period. Decomposition of life expectancy at birth by cause revealed that diseases of the circulatory system (2.2 years), followed by external causes (1.3 years), were the most important causes of the sex differences in life expectancy at birth in 1983, and in 2015 neoplasms (2.2 years) and external causes (1.1 years) explained half of the total sex differences. There has been a significant shift in the age-specific pattern of the contribution towards each cause of death. Overall, sex differentials in life disparity and life expectancy at birth have remained significant in South Korea in the last 45 years.
Funding Liquidity Risk and the Dynamics of Hedge Fund Lockups
Authors: Aiken Adam L. , Clifford Christopher P. , Ellis Jesse A. , Huang Qiping 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe exploit the expiring nature of hedge fund lockups to create a new measure of funding liquidity risk that varies within funds. We find that hedge funds with lower funding risk generate higher returns, and this effect is driven by their increased exposure to equity-mispricing anomalies. Our results are robust to a variety of sampling criteria, variable definitions, and control variables. Further, we address endogeneity concerns in various ways, including a placebo approach and regression discontinuity design. Collectively, our results support a causal link between funding risk and the ability of managers to engage in risky arbitrage.
Machine learning-based analyses support the existence of species complexes for Strongyloides fuelleborni and Strongyloides stercoralis
Authors: Barratt Joel L. N. , Sapp Sarah G. H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHuman strongyloidiasis is a serious disease mostly attributable to Strongyloides stercoralis and to a lesser extent Strongyloides fuelleborni, a parasite mainly of non-human primates. The role of animals as reservoirs of human-infecting Strongyloides is ill-defined, and whether dogs are a source of human infection is debated. Published multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) studies attempt to elucidate relationships between Strongyloides genotypes, hosts, and distributions, but typically examine relatively few worms, making it difficult to identify population-level trends. Combining MLST data from multiple studies is often impractical because they examine different combinations of loci, eliminating phylogeny as a means of examining these data collectively unless hundreds of specimens are excluded. A recently-described machine learning approach that facilitates clustering of MLST data may offer a solution, even for datasets that include specimens sequenced at different combinations of loci. By clustering various MLST datasets as one using this procedure, we sought to uncover associations among genotype, geography, and hosts that remained elusive when examining datasets individually. Multiple datasets comprising hundreds of S. stercoralis and S. fuelleborni individuals were combined and clustered. Our results suggest that the commonly proposed ‘two lineage’ population structure of S. stercoralis (where lineage A infects humans and dogs, lineage B only dogs) is an over-simplification. Instead, S. stercoralis seemingly represents a species complex, including two distinct populations over-represented in dogs, and other populations vastly more common in humans. A distinction between African and Asian S. fuelleborni is also supported here, emphasizing the need for further resolving these taxonomic relationships through modern investigations.
Long-term behavioural rewriting of maladaptive drinking memories via reconsolidation-update mechanisms
Authors: Gale Grace , Walsh Katie , Hennessy Vanessa E. , Stemerding L. E. , Ni Koa Sher , Thomas Emily , Kamboj Sunjeev K. , Das Ravi K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlcohol use disorders can be conceptualised as a learned pattern of maladaptive alcohol-consumption behaviours. The memories encoding these behaviours centrally contribute to long-term excessive alcohol consumption and are therefore an important therapeutic target. The transient period of memory instability sparked during memory reconsolidation offers a therapeutic window to directly rewrite these memories using targeted behavioural interventions. However, clinically-relevant demonstrations of the efficacy of this approach are few. We examined key retrieval parameters for destabilising naturalistic drinking memories and the ability of subsequent counterconditioning to effect long-term reductions in drinking.MethodsHazardous/harmful beer-drinking volunteers (N = 120) were factorially randomised to retrieve (RET) or not retrieve (No RET) alcohol reward memories with (PE) or without (No PE) alcohol reward prediction error. All participants subsequently underwent disgust-based counterconditioning of drinking cues. Acute responses to alcohol were assessed pre- and post-manipulation and drinking levels were assessed up to 9 months.ResultsGreater long-term reductions in drinking were found when counterconditioning was conducted following retrieval (with and without PE), despite a lack of short-term group differences in motivational responding to acute alcohol. Large variability in acute levels of learning during counterconditioning was noted. ‘Responsiveness’ to counterconditioning predicted subsequent responses to acute alcohol in RET + PE only, consistent with reconsolidation-update mechanisms.ConclusionsThe longevity of behavioural interventions designed to reduce problematic drinking levels may be enhanced by leveraging reconsolidation-update mechanisms to rewrite maladaptive memory. However, inter-individual variability in levels of corrective learning is likely to determine the efficacy of reconsolidation-updating interventions and should be considered when designing and assessing interventions.
The role of collective action for the emergence and consolidation of democracy
Authors: Li Donni Paolo , Marino Maria 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe role of citizens' collective action for the emergence and consolidation of democracy is generally analysed within bottom-up theories. However, top-down theories show that elites might impede or promote both democracy and collective action through a set of strategies which are often unobserved and vary over time. Democratic persistence and change require then to be assessed in a dynamic framework which considers both citizens and elites' strategies. For such reason, on a large sample of countries in the period 1971–2014, we jointly estimate the probability of collective action and democracy using a Structural Dynamic Model. This allows us to account for the dynamic nature of the two political phenomena under investigation by controlling for their persistence, for initial conditions and time-varying unobserved heterogeneity. We find that collective action matters for the emergence of democracy but not for its consolidation which seems to be related to more structural economic factors.
Blockchain and institutional complexity: an extended institutional approach
Authors: Frolov Daniil 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFrom a modern institutional economics viewpoint, blockchain is an institutional technology that minimizes transaction costs and greatly reduces intermediation. Through an analysis of blockchain, I demonstrate the possibilities of extended institutional approach – a new generation of complexity-focused methodologies and theories of institutional analysis that complement and expand the standard institutional paradigm. By using the theory of transaction value, I argue blockchain technologies not only will lead to a significant reduction in transaction costs but will also reorient intermediaries toward improving the quality of transactions and expanding the offer of additional transaction services. The theory of institutional assemblages indicates it is impossible to form a homogeneous system of blockchain-based institutions associated exclusively with the principles of decentralization, transparency, and openness. Blockchain-based institutions will be of a hybrid and conflicting nature, combining elements of opposing institutional logics – regulatory and algorithmic law, Ricardian and smart contracts, private and public systems, and uncontrollability and arbitration.
Implementing shared decision-making on acute psychiatric wards: a cluster-randomized trial with inpatients suffering from schizophrenia (SDM-PLUS)
Authors: Hamann J. , Holzhüter F. , Blakaj S. , Becher S. , Haller B. , Landgrebe M. , Schmauß M. , Heres S. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Aims
Although shared decision-making (SDM) has the potential to improve health outcomes, psychiatrists often exclude patients with more severe mental illnesses or more acute conditions from participation in treatment decisions. This study examines whether SDM is facilitated by an approach which is specifically adapted to the needs of acutely ill patients (SDM-PLUS).

Methods
The study is a multi-centre, cluster-randomised, non-blinded, controlled trial of SDM-PLUS in 12 acute psychiatric wards of five psychiatric hospitals addressing inpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. All patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were consecutively recruited for the trial at the time of their admission to the ward. Treatment teams of intervention wards were trained in the SDM-PLUS approach through participation in two half-day workshops. Patients on intervention wards received group training in SDM. Staff (and patients) of the control wards acted under ‘treatment as usual’ conditions. The primary outcome parameter was the patients' perceived involvement in decision-making at 3 weeks after study enrolment, analysed using a random-effects linear regression model.

Results
In total, 161 participants each were recruited in the intervention and control group. SDM-PLUS led to higher perceived involvement in decision-making (primary outcome, analysed patients n = 257, mean group difference 16.5, 95% CI 9.0–24.0, p = 0.002, adjusted for baseline differences: β 17.3, 95% CI 10.8–23.6, p = 0.0004). In addition, intervention group patients exhibited better therapeutic alliance, treatment satisfaction and self-rated medication compliance during inpatient stay. There were, however, no significant improvements in adherence and rehospitalisation rates in the 6- and 12-month follow-up.

Conclusions
Despite limitations in patient recruitment, the SDM-PLUS trial has shown that the adoption of behavioural approaches (e.g. motivational interviewing) for SDM may yield a successful application to mental health. The authors recommend strategies to ensure effects are not lost at the interface between in- and outpatient treatment.
Trial registration: The trial was registered at Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien (DRKS00010880).
Higher Anxiety Is Associated with Lower Cardiovascular Autonomic Function in Female Twins
Authors: Nas Zeynep , Riese Harriëtte , van Roon Arie M. , Rijsdijk Frühling V. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAnxiety symptoms co-occur with cardiovascular health problems, with increasing evidence suggesting the role of autonomic dysfunction. Yet, there is limited behavior genetic research on underlying mechanisms. In this twin study, we investigated the phenotypic, genetic and environmental associations between a latent anxiety factor and three cardiovascular autonomic function factors: interbeat interval (IBI, time between heart beats), heart rate variability (HRV, overall fluctuation of heart-beat intervals) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS, efficiency in regulating blood pressure [BP]). Multivariate twin models were fit using data of female twins (N= 250) of the Twin Interdisciplinary Neuroticism Study (TWINS). A significant negative association was identified between latent anxiety and BRS factors (r= −.24, 95% CI [−.40, −.07]). Findings suggest that this relationship was mostly explained by correlated shared environmental influences, and there was no evidence for pleiotropic genetic or unique environmental effects. We also identified negative relationships between anxiety symptoms and HRV (r= −.17, 95% CI [−.34, .00]) and IBI factors (r= −.13, 95% CI [−.29, .04]), though these associations did not reach statistical significance. Findings implicate that higher anxiety scores are associated with decreased efficiency in short-term BP regulation, providing support for autonomic dysfunction with anxiety symptomatology. The baroreflex system may be a key mechanism underlying the anxiety–cardiovascular health relationship.
Alternative performance targets for integrating cover crops as a proactive herbicide-resistance management tool
Authors: Bunchek Jess M. , Wallace John M. , Curran William S. , Mortensen David A. , VanGessel Mark J. , Scott Barbara A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntensified cover-cropping practices are increasingly viewed as a herbicide-resistance management tool but clear distinction between reactive and proactive resistance management performance targets is needed. We evaluated two proactive performance targets for integrating cover-cropping tactics, including (1) facilitation of reduced herbicide inputs and (2) reduced herbicide selection pressure. We conducted corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] field experiments in Pennsylvania and Delaware using synthetic weed seedbanks of horseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist] and smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.) to assess winter and summer annual population dynamics, respectively. The effect of alternative cover crops was evaluated across a range of herbicide inputs. Cover crop biomass production ranged from 2,000 to 8,500 kg ha−1 in corn and 3,000 to 5,500 kg ha−1 in soybean. Experimental results demonstrated that herbicide-based tactics were the primary drivers of total weed biomass production, with cover-cropping tactics providing an additive weed-suppression benefit. Substitution of cover crops for PRE or POST herbicide programs did not reduce total weed control levels or cash crop yields but did result in lower net returns due to higher input costs. Cover-cropping tactics significantly reduced C. canadensis populations in three of four cover crop treatments and decreased the number of large rosettes (>7.6-cm diameter) at the time of preplant herbicide exposure. Substitution of cover crops for PRE herbicides resulted in increased selection pressure on POST herbicides, but reduced the number of large individuals (>10 cm) at POST applications. Collectively, our findings suggest that cover crops can reduce the intensity of selection pressure on POST herbicides, but the magnitude of the effect varies based on weed life-history traits. Additional work is needed to describe proactive resistance management concepts and performance targets for integrating cover crops so producers can apply these concepts in site-specific, within-field management practices.
Morphodynamic Evolution of a Fringing Sandy Shoal: From Tidal Levees to Sea Level Rise
Authors: Elmilady H. , van der Wegen M. , Roelvink D. , van der Spek A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntertidal shoals are vital components of estuaries. Tides, waves, and sediment supply shape the profile of estuarine shoals. Ensuring their sustainability requires an understanding of how such systems will react to sea level rise (SLR). In contrast to mudflats, sandy shoals have drawn limited attention in research. Inspired by a channel‐shoal system in the Western Scheldt Estuary (Netherlands), this research investigates governing processes of the long‐term morphodynamic evolution of intertidal estuarine sandy shoals across different timescales. We apply a high‐resolution process‐based numerical model (Delft3D) to generate a channel‐shoal system in equilibrium and expose the equilibrium profile to variations in wave forcing and SLR. Combined tidal action and wave forcing initiate ridge formation at the seaward shoal edge, which slowly propagates landward until a linear equilibrium profile develops within 200 years. Model simulations in which forcing conditions have been varied to reproduce observations show that the bed is most dynamic near the channel‐shoal interface. A decrease/increase in wave forcing causes the formation/erosion of small tidal levees at the shoal edge, which shows good resemblance to observed features. The profile recovers when regular wave forcing applies again. Sandy shoals accrete in response to SLR with a long (decades) bed‐level adaptation lag eventually leading to intertidal area loss. This lag depends on the forcing conditions and is lowest near the channel and gradually increases landward. Adding mud makes the shoal more resilient to SLR. Our study suggests that processes near the channel‐shoal interface are crucial to understanding the long‐term morphodynamic development of sandy shoals.
Observations of Electron Vortex at the Dipolarization Front
Authors: Jiang K. , Huang S. Y. , Yuan Z. G. , Deng X. H. , Xu S. B. , Wei Y. Y. , He L. H. , Zhang J. , Zhang Z. H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDipolarization front (DF), embedded in fast plasma flow, is a sharp structure with the increase of Bz in a short time and plays an important role in the energy dissipation and particle accelerations in the magnetotail. However, detailed physics at the small scales is still unclear in the DF due to the limitation of the previous mission. In the present study, an electron‐scale plateau in Bz is observed at the DF by Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. By analyzing the velocity of the electrons, we find that the electron‐scale plateau is surrounded by a sub‐ion‐scale electron vortex, which is the first observation of electron vortex at the DF as far as we know. The magnetic field generated by the electron vortex cancels parts of the increase of Bz and causes the plateau. Strong asymmetric electric field and demagnetization of electrons and ions are observed at the boundary of the electron vortex. These results shed new light on that small‐scale structures can develop within the ion‐scale DF and affect the evolution and kinetic effects at the DF.
Recovering From Bias: A Call for Further Study of Underrepresented Tropical and Low‐Nutrient Estuaries
Authors: Vieillard A. M. , Newell S. E. , Thrush S. F. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEstuaries are some of the most dynamic of Earth's ecosystems and are also some of the most heavily impacted by anthropogenic activities. Coastal nutrient pollution has been identified as one of the greatest threats facing these valuable systems worldwide. As a result, a strong literature bias has developed toward heavily eutrophied estuaries in the Northern Hemisphere, with relatively little data available from tropical and low‐nutrient systems. Here we discuss the implications of this bias and argue for a need for further work in a larger variety of systems. Further understanding of these underrepresented systems is vital to future estuarine management.
Differential therapeutic effects of PARP and ATR inhibition combined with radiotherapy in the treatment of subcutaneous versus orthotopic lung tumour models
Authors: Tran Chau Vanessa , Liu Winchygn , Gerbé de Thoré Marine , Meziani Lydia , Mondini Michele , O’Connor Mark J. , Deutsch Eric , Clémenson Céline 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Subcutaneous mouse tumour models are widely used for the screening of novel antitumour treatments, although these models are poor surrogate models of human cancers.

Methods
We compared the antitumour efficacy of the combination of ionising radiation (IR) with two DNA damage response inhibitors, the PARP inhibitor olaparib and the ATR inhibitor AZD6738 (ceralasertib), in subcutaneous versus orthotopic cancer models.

Results
Olaparib delayed the growth of irradiated Lewis lung carcinoma (LL2) subcutaneous tumours, in agreement with previous reports in human cell lines. However, the olaparib plus IR combination showed a very narrow therapeutic window against LL2 lung orthotopic tumours, with nearly no additional antitumour effect compared with that of IR alone, and tolerability issues emerged at high doses. The addition of AZD6738 greatly enhanced the efficacy of the olaparib plus IR combination treatment against subcutaneous but not orthotopic LL2 tumours. Moreover, olaparib plus AZD6738 administration concomitant with IR even worsened the response to radiation of head and neck orthotopic tumours and induced mucositis.

Conclusions
These major differences in the responses to treatments between subcutaneous and orthotopic models highlight the importance of using more pathologically relevant models, such as syngeneic orthotopic models, to determine the most appropriate therapeutic approaches for translation to the clinic.