bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re-evaluation of the structure of the atrioventricular node and its connections with the atrium
Authors: Anderson Robert H , Sanchez-Quintana Damian , Mori Shumpei , Cabrera Jose Angel , Back Sternick Eduardo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Aims
The anatomic substrates for atrioventricular nodal re-entry remain enigmatic, but require knowledge of the normal arrangement of the inputs and exist from the atrioventricular node. This knowledge is crucial to understand the phenomenon of atrioventricular nodal re-entry.

Methods and results
We studied 20 human hearts with serial sections covering the entirety of the triangle of Koch and the cavotricuspid isthmus. We determined the location of the atrioventricular conduction axis and the connections between the specialized cardiomyocytes of the conduction axis and the adjacent working atrial myocardium. The atrioventricular node was found at the apex of the triangle of Koch, with entry of the conduction axis to the central fibrous body providing the criterion for distinction of the bundle of His. We found marked variation in the inferior extensions of the node, the shape of the node, the presence or absence of a connecting bridge within the myocardium of the cavotricuspid isthmus, the connections between the compact node and the myocardium of the atrial septum, the presence of transitional cardiomyocytes, and the ‘last’ connection between the working atrial myocardium and the conduction axis before it became the bundle of His.

Conclusion
The observed variations of the inferior extensions, combined with the arrangement of the ‘last’ connections between the atrial myocardium and the conduction axis prior to its insulation as the bundle of His, provide compelling evidence to support the concept for atrioventricular nodal re-entry as advanced by Katritsis and Becker.
Joint inversion of two-dimensional magnetotelluric and surface wave dispersion data with cross-gradient constraints
Authors: Wu Pingping , Tan Handong , Lin Changhong , Peng Miao , Ma Huan , Yan Zhengwen 
Published: January 2020

SUMMARY
Multiphysics imaging for data inversion is of growing importance in many branches of science and engineering. Cross-gradient constraint has been considered as a feasible way to reduce the non-uniqueness problem inherent in inversion process by finding geometrically consistent images from multigeophysical data. Based on OCCAM inversion algorithm, a direct inversion method of 2-D profile velocity structure with surface wave dispersion data is proposed. Then we jointly invert the profiles of magnetotelluric and surface wave dispersion data with cross-gradient constraints. Three synthetic models, including block homogeneous or heterogeneous models with consistent or inconsistent discontinuities in velocity and resistivity, are presented to gauge the performance of the joint inversion scheme. We find that owning to the complementary advantages of the two geophysical data sets, the models recovered with structure coupling constraints exhibit higher resolution in the classification of complex geologic units and settle some imaging problems caused by the separate inversion methods. Finally, a realistic velocity model from the NE Tibetan Plateau and its corresponding resistivity model calculated by empirical law are used to test the effectiveness of the joint inversion scheme in the real geological environment.
Intervention development for exercise promotion at active charity events in the UK
Authors: Jones Bethany Alice , Munir Fehmidah , Harris Philine S , Bhatnagar Prachi , Stevinson Clare 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This study used the Intervention Mapping protocol to design an evidence-based intervention package for organizers of active charity events to support their participants in remaining or becoming regular exercisers. A mixed-methods approach following the Intervention Mapping protocol was used to develop intervention components. A needs assessment was initially performed to identify the behavioural and environmental determinants of exercise for charity event participants (Step 1). Next, the intended intervention outcomes, and performance and change objectives were specified (Step 2). Theory-based change methods were selected and matched with practical strategies (Step 3). This resulted in the design of the first iteration of the intervention which underwent pre-testing with former event participants and feasibility testing at an active charity event (Step 4). The evidence-based interventions included components to implement at events (e.g. an activity and information zone, and exercise planner), along with elements pre- and post-event (e.g. social media). Pre-testing indicated high acceptability of the planned components, but feasibility testing suggested low engagement with the intervention. Despite developing the intervention package through the systematic process of Intervention Mapping, preliminary data suggest that further development and testing is needed to refine the intervention before implementation.
Prenatal Exposure to Ketamine Leads to Anxiety-Like Behaviors and Dysfunction in Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis
Authors: Sun Jing , Lin Jianbang , Feng Xiaolong , Lu Zhonghua , Liu Taian , Lin Li , Chen Yefei , Hu Yu , Li Yuantao , Xu Shiyuan , Guo Hongbo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Both the clinical and preclinical studies have suggested embryonic or infant exposure to ketamine, a general anesthetic, pose a great threat to the developing brain. However, it remains unclear how ketamine may contribute to the brain dysfunctions.

Methods
A mouse model of prenatal exposure to ketamine was generated by i.m. injection and continuous i.p. infusion of pregnant mice. Open field test and elevated plus maze test were used to analyze the behavioral alterations induced by ketamine. Immunostaining by c-Fos was used to map the neuron activity. Chemogenetic modulation of the neurons was used to rescue the abnormal neuron activity and behaviors.

Results
Here we show that mice prenatally exposed to ketamine displayed anxiety-like behaviors during adulthood, but not during puberty. C-Fos immunostaining identified abnormal neuronal activity in Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis, the silencing of which by chemogenetics restores the anxiety-like behaviors.

Conclusions
Taken together, these results demonstrate a circuitry mechanism of ketamine-induced anxiety-like behaviors.
Respiratory Failure and Death in Vulnerable Premature Children With Lower Respiratory Tract Illness
Authors: Ofman Gaston , Pradarelli Brad , Caballero Mauricio T , Bianchi Alejandra , Grimaldi Luciano Alva , Sancilio Andrea , Duenas Karina , Rodriguez Andrea , Ferrero Fernando , Ferretti Adrian , Coviello Silvina , Ferolla Fausto M , Acosta Patricio L , Bergel Eduardo , Libster Romina , Polack Fernando P 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundEfforts to better understand the risk factors associated with respiratory failure (RF) and fatal lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in premature children in developing countries are necessary to elaborate evidenced-based preventive interventions. We aim to characterize the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) LRTI in premature children and determine risk factors for RF and fatal illness in a vulnerable population.MethodsThis is a prospective, population-based, cross-sectional study. Subjects with severe LRTI were enrolled during respiratory season. Risk factors for RF and death in premature infants were investigated.ResultsA total of 664 premature children participated. Infant’s hospitalization rate due to LRTI was 82.6/1000 (95% confidence interval [CI], 68.6–96.7/1000). Infant’s RSV and hMPV rates were 40.9/1000 (95% CI, 36.3–45.6/1000) and 6.6/1000 (95% CI, 3.9–9.2/1000), respectively. The RF rate was 8.2/1000 (95% CI, 4.9–11.5/1000). The LRTI mortality was 2.2/1000 (95% CI, 0.7–3.7/1000); for RSV, the rate was 0.8/1000 (95% CI, 0–1.7/1000) with a case-fatality ratio of 1.8%. Never breastfeeding, malnutrition, younger than 6 months, congenital heart disease, and lower hematocrit were risk factors for RF. Experiencing pneumonia, pneumothorax, sepsis, or apnea were clinical determinants of poor outcomes.ConclusionsPremature children under 2 years old in vulnerable environments experience RF and death more often than term counterparts. Modifiable risk factors associated with poor outcomes should prompt evidence-based interventions.
Transnational Ties and Support for Foreign Aid
Authors: Prather Lauren 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Although globalization and international migration have increased personal connections across national borders, we know little about how these connections affect attitudes toward foreign policy. This study examines how transnational ties affect support for foreign aid in donor countries. It argues that transnational ties increase support for foreign aid via two mechanisms: group interests and cosmopolitanism. An original survey experiment embedded in a national survey of one thousand Latino Americans shows that Latinos vary significantly in the strength of their transnational ties, which is strongly correlated with support for foreign aid. The findings from the experiment, which varies the location of an American foreign aid program, demonstrate that, although group interests explain some of this effect, cosmopolitanism is also an important mechanism. Indeed, Latinos with transnational ties equally support aid to Africa and Latin America. A test of the generalizability of the findings to other racial and ethnic groups in the United States and United Kingdom reveal that group interests may be a more powerful mechanism outside of the Latino American community. This study encourages further work on the relationship between transnational ties and foreign policy attitudes and provides insight into the emerging link between international migration and foreign aid.
Identification of the novel tigecycline resistance gene tet(X6) and its variants in Myroides, Acinetobacter and Proteus of food animal origin
Authors: Liu Dejun , Zhai Weishuai , Song Huangwei , Fu Yulin , Schwarz Stefan , He Tao , Bai Li , Wang Yang , Walsh Timothy R , Shen Jianzhong 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To report a novel tigecycline resistance gene, tet(X6), and its variants in four bacterial species isolated from chickens and pigs in China.

Methods
WGS was conducted to identify the suspected resistance genes in the tigecycline-resistant Myroides phaeus 18QD1AZ29W. Functional cloning, homology modelling and molecular docking were performed to compare the function with other Tet(X) variants. Retrospective screening for tet(X6) was conducted for 80 isolates in our WGS data collection, and all genomic environments of tet(X6)-positive isolates were analysed.

Results
The tigecycline-resistant M. phaeus 18QD1AZ29W isolated from a pig farm in Shandong in 2018 was positive for tet(X2) and a novel tet(X) gene, designated tet(X6). Tet(X6) could increase the MICs of all tested tetracyclines/glycylcyclines for Escherichia coli only 2- to 4-fold, which was possibly due to a lower tetracycline binding capacity of Tet(X6) compared with that of other Tet(X) variants. Retrospective screening showed that seven other isolates (7/80, 8.8%), comprising four Proteus spp. and three Acinetobacter spp. from chickens and pigs in Shandong and Guangdong, were positive for three different variants of tet(X6). The analysis of the genomic environment revealed that two tet(X6)-positive isolates from M. phaeus and Proteus cibarius, respectively, contained ISCR2, which may play a role in tet(X6) transmission.

Conclusions
This study identified a novel type of tigecycline resistance gene, tet(X6), in Myroides, Acinetobacter and Proteus from chickens and swine. Tet(X6) conferred lower tetracycline/glycylcycline MICs than other Tet(X) variants, and ISCR2 may play a role in the transmission of tet(X6).
MicroRNA-191 regulates endometrial cancer cell growth via TET1-mediated epigenetic modulation of APC
Authors: Yang Chiujung , Ota-Kurogi Natsuki , Ikeda Kazuhiro , Okumura Toshiyuki , Horie-Inoue Kuniko , Takeda Satoru , Inoue Satoshi 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is a common gynecological malignancy with relatively favourable prognosis, although alternative diagnostic and therapeutic options remain to be explored for advanced disease. Recent studies enabled to apply microRNAs (miRs) to clinical cancer management as promising diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. We here aimed to identify proliferation-associated miRNAs and characterize their functions in EC cells. Our small RNA-sequencing analysis showed that miR-191 is abundantly expressed in HEC-1A and Ishikawa EC cells along with the high expression of miR-182, which was previously characterized as an EC proliferation-related miRNA in EC. We showed that miR-191 was upregulated in EC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues and its knockdown repressed EC cell proliferation. In silico miRNA target screening identified that ten–eleven translocation 1 (TET1) is one of the putative miR-191 targets. TET1 expression could be downregulated by miR-191 through the mRNA–miRNA interaction in the 3′-untranslated region of TET1. In line with TET1 functions as a methylcytosine dioxygenase, which removes genome-wide DNA methylation marks, decreased TET1 expression resulted in hypermethylation in the promotor region of tumour suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli. Taken together, miR-191 could function as an oncogenic miRNA in EC and serve as a prospective diagnostic and therapeutic target for advanced disease.
Efficacy of Sulfuryl Fluoride Against Fourth-Instar Pecan Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Pecans for Quarantine Security
Authors: Cottrell Ted E , Aikins Michael J , Thoms Ellen M , Phillips Thomas W 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The efficacy of sulfuryl fluoride was evaluated for control of fourth-instar pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn), at 25°C for a 24-h exposure. Larvae, collected as they naturally emerged from pecans, were used to artificially infest pecan nuts. Infested nuts were fumigated with six concentration by time (CT) treatment dosages of sulfuryl fluoride (0–750 g-h/m3) within air-tight, glass containers. The sulfuryl fluoride concentration in each fumigation container was analyzed 30 min after sulfuryl fluoride introduction and just prior to termination of the experiment. Mean sulfuryl fluoride CT dosages were calculated from sulfuryl fluoride measurements and were used for probit analysis. The lethal accumulated dosage (LAD99) of sulfuryl fluoride for pecan weevil was 1052.0 g-h/m3 with a 95% C.I. of 683.21–2,573.0 g-h/m3. For the confirmatory trial, we used two sulfuryl fluoride CT dosage treatments, 1,100 and 1,300 g-h/m3, and a nonfumigated control. All larvae were dead in both fumigation treatments by 14-d postfumigation. Due to higher mortality in the nonfumigated control in the confirmatory trial compared to that of the dose–response trial, 1300 g-h/m3 was selected as the sulfuryl fluoride CT dosage for a proposed quarantine treatment schedule. Fumigating pecans with sulfuryl fluoride can control larval pecan weevil infestations in commercially traded nuts and maintain compliance with quarantine regulations both within and outside the United States.
Knockdown of TRPV Genes Affects the Locomotion and Feeding Behavior of Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
Authors: Zhu Jinghua , Liu Xiaoqing , Zhu Kunmiao , Zhou Hanyu , Li Liang , Li Zengxin , Qin Weiwei , He Yueping 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The vanilloid-type transient receptor potential (TRPV) channel is reported to be the molecular target of the commercial insecticide pymetrozine, which specifically disrupts the feeding of plant sap-sucking insects. However, the functions of TRPV channels in plant sap-sucking insects have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, RNA interference was used to investigate the effects of the knockdown of TRPV genes (Nan and Iav) on the mortality, locomotion, and feeding behavior of an important plant-feeding insect pest in rice, the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Injecting dsRNA of Nan and Iav into fourth-instar nymphs significantly knocked down the target genes. The injection of dsNan or dsIav did not affect any morphological phenotype (including leg extension) of N. lugens nymphs and adults. Knockdown of Nan or Iav resulted in significantly decreased climbing activity against top plants but did not influence the leg-griping strength of adults. Knockdown of Nan resulted in a significantly elevated mortality of N. lugens in the observation period of 7 d after injection, whereas no significant difference in survival rates 7 d after injection was found between dsIav-injected and dsGFP-injected insects. Electropenetrographic (EPG) recordings indicated that knockdown of Nan and Iav reduced the ingestion activity in the rice phloem tissues of N. lugens. Knockdown of Nan and Iav significantly reduced the amount of honeydew excreted by N. lugens. Our findings indicated a relationship between TRPV and N. lugens locomotion and feeding behavior, which may help to fully elucidate the functions of TRPV in insects.
A revision of Neusticomys peruviensis (Rodentia: Cricetidae) with the description of a new subspecies
Authors: Pacheco Víctor , Sánchez-Vendizú Pamela , Loaiza Salazar Christian R , Pino Kateryn , Medina César , Vivas-Ruiz Dan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Neusticomys peruviensis is a poorly known sigmodontine rodent of the tribe Ichthyomyini, represented in collections by only five specimens collected in five localities from lowland forests of central and southern Peru. Recent expeditions in Llanchama, in northern Peru, north of the Río Amazonas, and near Allpahuayo Mishana Natural Reserve (Loreto, Peru), were successful in obtaining three specimens of Neusticomys. Based on morphological and meristic data, we found the population at Llanchama is distinct from the allopatric populations of N. peruviensis, and other species of Neusticomys. A species distribution model also shows the population at Llanchama is not highly predicted by the set of variables of the known localities of N. peruviensis. However, sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene indicate that genetic distinctiveness is low. Because intraspecific variability is important to understand evolutionary and biogeographic processes, and in concordance with the polytypic species concept, we interpret the population at Llanchama to represent a new subspecies of N. peruviensis that we describe in this paper.
Overcoming Opposition at the UNSC: Regional Multilateralism as a Form of Collective Pressure
Authors: Recchia Stefano 
Published: January 2020

AbstractResearch suggests that military interveners often seek endorsements from regional international organizations (IOs), in addition to approval from the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), to reassure international and domestic audiences. Toward that end, interveners should seek the endorsement of continent-wide regional IOs with the broadest and most diverse membership, which are most likely to be independent. In practice, however, interveners often seek endorsements from subregional IOs with narrow membership and aggregate preferences similar to their own. This should weaken the reassurance/legitimation effect significantly. I argue that such narrower regional endorsements are sought not so much to reassure skeptical audiences, as to pressure reluctant UNSC members to approve the intervention by putting those members’ relations with regional partners at stake. To illustrate this argument and probe its plausibility, I reconstruct France's successful efforts to obtain UNSC approval for its interventions in Côte d'Ivoire (2002–2003) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2003) at a time when the United States was hesitant to support France because of the two countries’ falling-out over the Iraq War. For evidence I rely on original interviews with senior French and US officials.
Role and mechanisms of callose priming in mycorrhiza-induced resistance
Authors: Sanmartín Neus , Pastor Victoria , Pastor-Fernández Julia , Flors Victor , Pozo Maria Jose , Sánchez-Bel Paloma 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Mycorrhizal plants display enhanced resistance to several pathogens. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR) are still elusive. We aim to study the mechanisms underlying MIR against Botrytis cinerea and the role of callose accumulation during this process. Mycorrhizal tomato plants inoculated with Rhizoglomus irregularis displayed callose priming upon B. cinerea infection. The callose inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose abolished MIR, confirming the relevance of callose in the bioprotection phenomena. While studying the mechanisms underlying mycorrhiza-induced callose priming, we found that mycorrhizal plants display an enhanced starch degradation rate that is correlated with increased levels of β-amylase1 transcripts following pathogen infection. Starch mobilization in mycorrhizal plants seems coordinated with the increased transcription of sugar transporter and invertase genes. Moreover, the expression levels of genes encoding the vesicular trafficking proteins ATL31 and SYP121 and callose synthase PMR4 were higher in the mycorrhizal plants and further boosted by subsequent pathogen infection. All these proteins play a key role in the priming of callose accumulation in Arabidopsis, suggesting that callose priming is an induced resistance mechanism conserved in different plant species. This evidence highlights the importance of sugar mobilization and vesicular trafficking in the priming of callose as a defence mechanism in mycorrhiza-induced resistance.
Mutations of two FERONIA-like receptor genes enhance rice blast resistance without growth penalty
Authors: Yang Zhuhong , Xing Junjie , Wang Long , Liu Yue , Qu Jianing , Tan Yang , Fu Xiqin , Lin Qinlu , Deng Huafeng , Yu Feng 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Genes that provide resistance to fungi and/or bacteria usually reduce plant growth and ultimately affect grain yield. Thus, crop breeding programs need to find genetic resources that balance disease resistance with growth. The receptor kinase FERONIA regulates cell growth and survival in Arabidopsis. Here, we investigate, in rice, the role of members of the FERONIA-like receptor (FLR) gene family in the balance between growth and the response to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (Pyricularia oryzae), which causes the most devastating disease in rice. We carried out genome-wide gene expression and functional screenings in rice via a gene knockout strategy, and we successfully knocked out 14 FLR genes in rice. Using these genetic resources, we found that mutations in the FLR2 and FLR11 genes provide resistance to rice blast without a profound growth penalty. Detailed analyses revealed that FLR2 mutation increased both defense-related gene expression and M. oryzae-triggered production of reactive oxygen species. Thus, our results highlight novel genetic tools for studying the underlying molecular mechanisms of enhancing disease resistance without growth penalty.