bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
222RN EXHALATION FLUX RATE AND 226RA IN THE SOILS OF A COPPER-MINERALISED AREA
Authors: Mishra Asheesh , Sharma S K , Panigrahi D C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Uranium-series radionuclides exist in trace quantities in all soils and rocks on earth in variable concentrations. Among these, 222Rn gas exhaled by the soil of a geological location is the main contributor to the environmental radioactivity. A 222Rn exhalation flux study was carried out in the heavily mineralised area of the Singhbhum Copper Belt of Jharkhand, India. A significant seasonal variation in the soil gas exhalation was observed, which is attributable to the seasonal atmospheric parameters of the study area. The average 222Rn exhalation flux from the soil was estimated to be in the range of 4.5–$20.1\ \mathrm{Bq}\ {\mathrm{m}}^{-2}\ {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ with a mean of $10.1\pm 3.9\ \mathrm{mBq}\ {\mathrm{m}}^{-2}\ {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ and geometric mean (GM) of $9.5\ \mathrm{mBq}\ {\mathrm{m}}^{-2}\ {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$. Also, 20 soil samples collected from the study area were analysed by the emanometric method, which estimated the 226Ra specific activity in the soils in the range of 9–$63\ \mathrm{Bq}\ \mathrm{k}{\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$ and a mean value of $39\pm 16\ \mathrm{Bq}\ \mathrm{k}{\mathrm{g}}^{-1}$.
Epigenetic Age Acceleration Was Delayed in Schizophrenia
Authors: Wu Xiaohui , Ye Junping; , Wang Zhongju , Zhao Cunyou 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious neuropsychiatric disorder with abnormal age-related neurodevelopmental (or neurodegenerative) trajectories. Although an accelerated aging hypothesis of schizophrenia has been proposed, the quantitative study of the disruption of the physiological trajectory caused by schizophrenia is inconclusive. In this study, we employed 3 “epigenetic clock” methods to quantify the epigenetic age of a large sample size of whole blood (1069 samples from patients with schizophrenia vs 1264 samples from unaffected controls) and brain tissues (500 samples from patients with schizophrenia vs 711 samples from unaffected controls). We observed significant positive correlations between epigenetic age and chronological age in both blood and brain tissues from unaffected controls and patients with schizophrenia, as estimated by 3 methods. Furthermore, we observed that epigenetic age acceleration was significantly delayed in schizophrenia from the whole blood samples (aged 20–90 years) and brain frontal cortex tissues (aged 20–39 years). Intriguingly, the genes regulated by the epigenetic clock also contained schizophrenia-associated genes, displaying differential expression and methylation in patients with schizophrenia and involving in the regulation of cell activation and development. These findings were further supported by the dysregulated leukocyte composition in patients with schizophrenia. Our study presents quantitative evidence for a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia from the perspective of a skewed “epigenetic clock.” Moreover, landmark changes in an easily accessible biological sample, blood, reveal the value of these epigenetic clock genes as peripheral biomarkers for schizophrenia.
HbCOI1 perceives jasmonate to trigger signal transduction in Hevea brasiliensis
Authors: Chen Juan , Yang Haitao , Ma Sui , Yao Ruifeng , Huang Xi , Yan Jianbin , Xie Daoxin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Natural rubber, a strategically essential raw material used in manufacturing throughout the world, is produced from coagulated and refined latex of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). It is known that phytohormone jasmonate (JA) plays an essential role in regulating latex biosynthesis. However, it is unclear how the JA signal is sensed in a rubber tree. Here, we showed that H. brasiliensis CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE 1 (HbCOI1) acts as a receptor that perceives JA to recruit H. brasiliensis JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN1 (HbJAZ1) for signal transduction. We found that HbCOI1 restores male sterility and JA responses of the coi1-1 mutant in Arabidopsis. The identification of a JA receptor in the rubber tree is essential for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying JA-regulated latex biosynthesis. Our results elucidate the mechanism of JA perception in H. brasiliensis and also provide an efficient strategy to identify JA receptors in woody plants.
The OHADA Company Law and de facto companies
Authors: Ndangoh Medret Lekunga 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The propagation of de facto companies in the Organization for the Harmonization of Corporate Law in Africa’s (OHADA) Uniform Act on Company Law is so evident that it cannot be neglected. Some are permitted by the legislator (joint ventures) and others impose themselves (sociétés de fait and sociétés créées de faits). Contrary to other fields of law that reject factual situations, the OHADA Uniform Act on Company Law receives de facto companies and submits them to rules naturally meant for legal companies or legal entities. The purpose of this article is to determine the position of the OHADA Company Law with regard to the invasion of company law by de facto companies. A study of the Uniform Act on Company Law has revealed that de facto companies are recognized and treated as legal entities. We believe that the essence of this recognition is linked to the OHADA legislator’s desire to attain his or her objectives—namely, to secure business relations that can only be possible through the protection of the business, the interest of its partners, and even the interest of third parties.
Powering Bias and Clinically Important Treatment Effects in Randomized Trials of Critical Illness*
Authors: Abrams Darryl , Montesi Sydney B. , Moore Sarah K. L. , Manson Daniel K. , Klipper Kaitlin M. , Case Meredith A. , Brodie Daniel , Beitler Jeremy R. 
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
Recurring issues in clinical trial design may bias results toward the null, yielding findings inconclusive for treatment effects. This study evaluated for powering bias among high-impact critical care trials and the associated risk of masking clinically important treatment effects.

Design, Setting, and Patients:
Secondary analysis of multicenter randomized trials of critically ill adults in which mortality was the main endpoint. Trials were eligible for inclusion if published between 2008 and 2018 in leading journals. Analyses evaluated for accuracy of estimated control group mortality, adaptive sample size strategy, plausibility of predicted treatment effect, and results relative to the minimal clinically important difference. The main outcome was the mortality risk difference at the study-specific follow-up interval.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Of 101 included trials, 12 met statistical significance for their main endpoint, five for increased intervention-associated mortality. Most trials (77.3%) overestimated control group mortality in power calculations (observed minus predicted difference, –6.7% ± 9.8%; p < 0.01). Due to this misestimation of control group mortality, in 14 trials, the intervention would have had to prevent at least half of all deaths to achieve the hypothesized treatment effect. Seven trials prespecified adaptive sample size strategies that might have mitigated this issue. The observed risk difference for mortality fell within 5% of predicted in 20 trials, of which 16 did not reach statistical significance. Half of trials (47.0%) were powered for an absolute risk reduction greater than or equal to 10%, but this effect size was observed in only three trials with a statistically significant treatment benefit. Most trials (67.3%) could not exclude clinically important treatment benefit or harm.

Conclusions:
The design of most high-impact critical care trials biased results toward the null by overestimating control group mortality and powering for unrealistic treatment effects. Clinically important treatment effects often cannot be excluded.
Adjuvant Trastuzumab Emtansine (T-DM1) and Concurrent Radiotherapy for Residual Invasive HER2-positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Zolcsák Zita , Loirat Delphine , Fourquet Alain , Kirova Youlia M. 
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
The treatment of nonmetastatic HER2-positive breast cancer with residual invasive disease using concurrent Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and radiotherapy appears to be an effective option. Our aim was to evaluate the acute side effects of this treatment regime.

Methods:
Fourteen patients were treated between March 2019 and April 2020 concurrent T-DM1 and radiotherapy. Left ventricular ejection fraction was assessed at baseline, before and after radiotherapy. All toxicities were evaluated using Common Terminology Criteria of Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 3.0.

Results:
The median age was 55 years (range 36 to 72). All patients received total dose of 50 Gy for the breast/ chest wall, 10 patients got lymph node irradiation, 4 patients received an additional tumor bed boost. The most common side effect was grade 1 radiodermatitis. A reversible grade 2 left ventricular ejection fraction decrease occurred in 2 patients. During our examination 3 patients showed alanine aminotransferases increase after the cycle 4 of T-DM1, 1 patient had grade 1, 1 patient grade 2, and 1 patient grade 3 alanine aminotransferase increases.

Conclusions:
The acute toxicity rate especially focusing on skin and cardiac toxicity were assumed acceptable in our cohort. To safely administer this concomitant treatment, further examination and prospective data are needed.
Changing dietary approaches to prevent cardiovascular disease
Authors: Nestel Paul J. , Beilin Lawrence J. , Mori Trevor A. 
Published: October 2020

Purpose of review
We have focused on recent research relevant to effects of dietary patterns and major food groups on cardiovascular outcomes, taking into account guidelines and position statements from expert authorities, with an emphasis on important changes in recommendations, some of which remain controversial.

Recent findings
Major findings include: refocusing on qualitative patterns of food consumption replacing quantitative prescriptive advice on nutrients; increasing intake of plant foods; substituting saturated fats with polyunsaturated and monounsaturated oils; reducing salt intake; regular consumption of fish with a focus on omega-3 enrichment; not restricting dairy foods, other than butter and cream, with encouragement of some fermented products; reducing cholesterol intake for those at increased cardiovascular risk and diabetes, allowing 7-eggs weekly; restricting processed meats and allowing moderate lean meat consumption; preference for fiber-rich complex carbohydrates and reduced sugar intake; maintaining healthy bodyweight; and although water is the preferred beverage, allowing moderate alcohol consumption to national guidelines and avoiding alcohol in specific cardiovascular disorders.

Summary
The new approach that focuses on healthier patterns of food intake is more readily understood by health practitioners and translatable to consumers and patients.
Radiation exposure in modified barium swallow studies
Authors: Bonilha Heather Shaw , Martin-Harris Bonnie , O’Rourke Ashli K. , Tipnis Sameer V. 
Published: October 2020

Purpose of review
The modified barium swallow study (MBSS) is an X-ray examination of swallowing used to detect the presence and type impairment, aspiration risk, and to develop intervention plans. In this review, we will cover the use of ionizing radiation in MBSSs and review recent literature concerning radiation exposure and cancer risks to patients undergoing MBSSs. Lastly, we will discuss the clinical implications of these findings.

Recent findings
Recent literature confirms that the MBSS is a low-dose examination and that reducing pulse rate negatively impacts diagnostic accuracy. Importantly, cancer risks to adults undergoing MBSSs were also reported to be low.

Summary
An adult undergoing MBSS using a standardized, valid protocol, like the Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile (MBSImP), has low-radiation exposure and very low associated cancer risks. MBSSs should be used whenever relevant to adult patient care without undue concern regarding radiation exposure. Children also have low radiation exposure from MBSSs; however, cancer risks from that exposure remain unknown. Best practices in radiation safety must always be followed. Reducing pulse rates in the adult or pediatric population to reduce radiation exposure is not a valid strategy because of the resulting reduction in diagnostic accuracy.
Pediatric tracheostomy care updates
Authors: Smith Matthew M. , Benscoter Dan , Hart Catherine K. 
Published: October 2020

Purpose of review
The aim of this review is to provide an update on the management of pediatric tracheostomies.

Recent findings
Recent literature has focused on optimization of care for children with tracheostomies including prevention and management of skin breakdown, timing of tracheostomy tube changes, the role of multidisciplinary and team-based approaches to education and management of tracheostomy patients, ideal timing of surveillance endoscopy, and the emerging role of telemedicine in the care of tracheostomy patients.

Summary
A focus on quality improvement and a systematic, team-based approach to care has the potential to improve the quality of care for pediatric tracheostomy patients.
Can we prevent allergic disease? Understanding the links between the early life microbiome and allergic diseases of childhood
Authors: Petersen Charisse , Turvey Stuart E. 
Published: October 2020

Purpose of review
The microbiome and immune system are intrinsically linked, and during infancy these crucial biological systems undergo a concurrent and expansive maturation process. As these maturation processes progress, some children develop a sequence of IgE-mediated immune disorders termed the ‘Allergic March’, and unfortunately the prevalence of these lifelong and burdensome allergic conditions has increased over the past half century. Our current treatment strategies are unable to prevent or cure components of the Allergic March. However, recent discoveries have enhanced our mechanistic understanding of early-life microbiota–immune interactions with exciting implications for preventing these allergic disorders.

Recent findings
The current review will detail recent literature regarding perinatal factors (e.g. birth mode, antibiotic exposure, breastmilk seeding of the microbiota, built environment) that shape the infant gut microbiota composition. Furthermore, we will discuss new findings that have highlighted immune cells which are particularly sensitive to microbial influences in utero and during the early-life window of development.

Summary
As our understanding of the dynamic relationship between the developing infant microbiota and immune system grows, a priority toward preserving critical early-life interactions may provide life-long protection to these diseases in the future.
Long-Term Outcome of PICU Patients Discharged With New, Functional Status Morbidity
Authors: Pollack Murray M. , Banks Russell , Holubkov Richard , Meert Kathleen L. 
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
To determine the long-term (> 6 mo) functional status of PICU patients with significant new functional morbidities at hospital discharge.

Design:
Longitudinal cohort followed-up using structured chart reviews of electronic health records.

Setting:
Electronic health records of former PICU patients at seven sites.

Patients:
Randomly selected patients from the Trichotomous Outcome Prediction in Critical Care study discharged from the hospital with new functional status morbidity who had sufficient electronic health record data to determine functional status.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Long-term functional status was measured with the Functional Status Scale and categorized by comparison to hospital discharge Functional Status Scale. Improvement or new morbidity was based on a change in Functional Status Scale of greater than or equal to 2 in a single domain. Overall, 56% (n = 71) improved, 15% (n = 19) did not change, 9% (n = 11) developed a new morbidity, and 21% (n = 26) died. The shortest median follow-up time from PICU discharge was 1.4 years for those who died and the longest was 4.0 years for those improved. Functional status at baseline (pre-acute illness) was different among the outcome groups with those that improved having the highest frequency of baseline normal status or only mild dysfunction. Of the long-term survivors with improvement, 82% (n = 58) improved to normal status or mild dysfunction, 11% (n = 8) improved to moderate dysfunction, and 7% (n = 5) improved to severe dysfunction. Trauma patients improved and cancer patients died more frequently than other diagnoses. The long-term outcome groups were not associated with hospital discharge functional status.

Conclusions:
A majority of PICU survivors discharged with significant new functional morbidity with follow-up after 6 or more months improved, many to normal status or only mild dysfunction, while 29% died or developed new morbidity. Of the long-term survivors, 70% had significant improvement after a median follow-up time of 4.0 years.
Integrase Inhibitors Use and Cytomegalovirus Infection Predict Immune Recovery in People Living With HIV Starting First-Line Therapy
Authors: Fabbiani Massimiliano , Borghetti Alberto , Squillace Nicola , Colafigli Manuela , Taramasso Lucia , Lombardi Andrea , Rossetti Barbara , Ciccullo Arturo , Colella Elisa , Picarelli Chiara , Berruti Marco , Latini Alessandra , Montagnani Francesca , Sambo Margherita , Di Biagio Antonio , Gori Andrea , Di Giambenedetto Simona , Bandera Alessandra 
Published: October 2020

Background:
We explored predictors of CD4/CD8 ratio improvement and optimal immunological recovery (OIR) after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in naive people living with HIV (PLWH).

Methods:
Retrospective multicenter study including naive PLWH starting ART with 2 nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors + 1 integrase strand transfer inhibitor (InSTI) or non-NRTI or protease inhibitor (PI). PLWH were followed from the time of ART initiation (baseline) to the discontinuation of first-line regimen, virological failure, death, or loss to follow-up. Estimated incidence and predictors of time to CD4/CD8 ratio normalization (defined as ≥1) and OIR (defined as CD4/CD8 ratio ≥ 1 plus CD4 ≥ 500 cells/µL plus CD4% ≥ 30%) were explored by Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression analysis.

Results:
Overall, 1428 PLWH (77.8% males, median age 39 years, 55.1% with positive cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies, median HIV-RNA 4.80 log copies/mL, median CD4 323 cells/µL, median CD4/CD8 ratio 0.32) were included, of which 21.5% (n = 307), 44.5% (n = 636), and 34% (n = 485) treated with InSTI-, PI-, and NNRTI-based regimens, respectively. The estimated proportion of CD4/CD8 normalization and OIR at 36 months was 38.6% and 32.9%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that InSTI-based regimens had a higher probability of CD4/CD8 ratio normalization and OIR both in the total population (P < 0.001 versus PI) and in advanced naive PLWH (P ≤ 0.001 versus PI and NNRTI). Moreover, subjects with positive CMV serology showed a lower probability of CD4/CD8 ratio normalization and OIR (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
InSTI-based regimens showed a better immune recovery, suggesting that the type of first-line ART can influence immune reconstitution. PLWH with positive CMV serology showed an increased risk of suboptimal immune recovery.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak After Septoplasty in Crouzon Syndrome
Authors: Demir Berat , Abuzaid Ghazi , Binnetoglu Adem 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Crouzon syndrome presents with craniofacial deformities due to early fusion of cranial sutures. Deviation of the nasal septum could be seen clinically in Crouzon syndrome. Cerebrospinal fluid leaks (CSF) after septoplasty are extremely rare and typically present with simple rhinorrhea, meningitis, and pneumocephalus. Herein, we report an adult patient with Crouzon syndrome who experienced CSF complication after septoplasty surgery.
Supplemental Video: CSF leak repair operation, http://links.lww.com/SCS/B930
Radiological Findings of Nontraumatic Thrombosed Temporal Artery Aneurysm Mimicking Parotid Gland Mass
Authors: Polat Gökhan , Sade Recep , Pirimoglu Berhan , Yalcin Ahmet 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A 54-year-old male patient had preauricular swelling mimicking parotid gland mass. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings were showed a connection with the temporal artery. There wasn’t a trauma history. The aneurysm wall showed contrast enhancement. The patient was diagnosed with true temporal artery aneurysm. The aneurysm was excised.
Is chemotherapy alone an option as initial treatment for low-grade oligodendrogliomas?
Authors: Rudà Roberta , Touat Mehdi , Soffietti Riccardo 
Published: October 2020

Purpose of review
The management of low-grade (grade II) oligodendrogliomas is still controversial, due to their rarity and long-term survival. According to recent WHO 2016 Classification of central nervous system tumors oligodendrogliomas are defined by the coexistence of molecular alterations, such as isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1/2 mutations and 1p/19q codeletion. These tumors have better outcome and higher response to chemotherapy compared with diffuse astrocytomas.

Recent findings
The association of radiotherapy and procarbazine, lomustine (CCNU), vincristine chemotherapy in low-grade oligodendrogliomas is definitely superior over radiotherapy alone, and yields median progression-free survival and overall survival values exceeding by far 10 years. Chemotherapy alone yields results that are inferior compared with radiotherapy + procarbazine, CCNU, vincristine but may better preserve cognitive functions from radiotherapy-induced damage. Chemosensitivity of oligodendrogliomas is related to a high percentage of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase methylation and low expression of DNA repair genes. Recurrent defects in mismatch repair pathways may induce hypermutation and secondary resistance to temozolomide, but not to nitrosoureas.

Summary
Reoperation at progression following initial chemotherapy is increasingly adopted, thus allowing a further delay of radiotherapy. In the future targeting IDH1/2 mutations following incomplete surgery may represent a new innovative option.
Variola virus genome sequenced from an eighteenth-century museum specimen supports the recent origin of smallpox
Authors: Ferrari Giada , Neukamm Judith , Baalsrud Helle T. , Breidenstein Abagail M. , Ravinet Mark , Phillips Carina , Rühli Frank , Bouwman Abigail , Schuenemann Verena J. 
Published: October 2020

Smallpox, caused by the variola virus (VARV), was a highly virulent disease with high mortality rates causing a major threat for global human health until its successful eradication in 1980. Despite previously published historic and modern VARV genomes, its past dissemination and diversity remain debated. To understand the evolutionary history of VARV with respect to historic and modern VARV genetic variation in Europe, we sequenced a VARV genome from a well-described eighteenth-century case from England (specimen P328). In our phylogenetic analysis, the new genome falls between the modern strains and another historic strain from Lithuania, supporting previous claims of larger diversity in early modern Europe compared to the twentieth century. Our analyses also resolve a previous controversy regarding the common ancestor between modern and historic strains by confirming a later date around the seventeenth century. Overall, our results point to the benefit of historic genomes for better resolution of past VARV diversity and highlight the value of such historic genomes from around the world to further understand the evolutionary history of smallpox as well as related diseases.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules’.