bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability in fig tree–fig wasp mutualisms: how to be a cooperative fig wasp
Authors: Dunn Derek W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Fig tree–fig wasp mutualisms are diverse and underpin much biodiversity. The wasps (Agaonidae) are the sole pollinators of the trees (Ficus). Figs are enclosed inflorescences, each of which contains many small flowers. Female wasps (foundresses) enter receptive figs to spread pollen and to lay their eggs individually into fig flowers. As they oviposit, wasps also inject chemicals that transform individual flower ovaries into galls that will feed and house wasp offspring. For fig tree–fig wasp mutualisms to persist, the trees must set seed; therefore, the wasps have both to pollinate and to fail to gall all flower ovaries. However, wasps that avoid pollination costs and/or gall all flowers are predicted to outcompete more cooperative conspecifics, resulting in destabilisation of the mutualism. Here, I review the literature on why wasps pollinate by focusing on how trees reduce investment to unpollinated figs, resulting in ‘sanctions’ to wasps that fail to pollinate via reduced production of offspring. I also review the mechanisms that prevent wasps from galling all flowers, mainly those in monoecious Ficus, that also result in wasps predominantly galling longer flowers whilst leaving shorter flowers to become seeds. I make suggestions for future work and conclude by reaffirming why multiple processes promote stability in fig tree–fig wasp mutualisms.
Successful percutaneous occlusion of a large left circumflex coronary artery fistula draining into the coronary sinus using a ventricular septal defect occluder: a case report
Authors: Egorova Anastasia D , Ewert Peter , Hadamitzky Martin , Eicken Andreas 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Coronary artery fistula (CAF) is a congenital anomaly of the coronaries that can lead to significant intracardiac shunting and myocardial ischaemia.

Case summary
We describe the case of a 15-year-old male with an incidentally documented precordial cardiac murmur. An evidently dilated coronary sinus (CS) on transthoracic echocardiography prompted further investigation. A computed tomography (CT) revealed the presence of a large CAF from the left circumflex coronary artery to the CS. No other structural heart defects were detected. A haemodynamically significant intracardiac shunt was confirmed during cardiac catheterization, and it was decided to close the fistula. This was successfully performed using a ventricular septal defect (VSD) occluder (Konar 10-8, Lifetech Scientific) that was deployed through a 6 Fr right coronary guiding catheter. A partial thrombotic occlusion of the CS behind the closure device was noted during follow-up which led to anticoagulation in a higher target INR range and concomitant start of low dose carbasalate calcium to reduce further retrograde thrombus extension. Patient is doing well at over 1 year of follow-up, and no further thrombotic extension into the CS was seen on a recent CT.

Discussion
This report illustrates the diagnostic workup and a percutaneous treatment strategy of a CAF using a VSD occluder. We also describe a not previously reported complication, thrombotic CS occlusion. Improving transcatheter techniques and marketing of novel devices with a broad spectrum of applications can offer new opportunities for treating CAF and avoiding surgical correction often involving cardiopulmonary bypass, reserving this option for patients with complex anatomy or failed transcatheter closure.
Extensive reading and class readers: the case for no choice
Authors: Ramonda Kris 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The benefits of extensive reading (ER) are well known, yet integrating ER into curricula has been problematic. One factor is the adherence to the principle that students should freely choose what to read, which complicates connecting out-of-class reading with in-class content. Class readers, however, can more easily tie in book content with classroom activities, thereby allowing students to discuss their shared knowledge in a way that might foster motivation for reading and add legitimacy to ER as part of the curriculum. To investigate this further, in the current study, 137 undergraduate Japanese students of English were assigned six class readers and then freely chose six more graded readers. Using a mixed methods approach, student perceptions were collected, coded, and analysed. Contrary to expectations, many learners indicated a preference for class readers for numerous reasons. These findings suggest that class readers should not be discounted in ER programs.
Genomic analyses reveal distinct genetic architectures and selective pressures in buffaloes
Authors: Sun Ting , Shen Jiafei , Achilli Alessandro , Chen Ningbo , Chen Qiuming , Dang Ruihua , Zheng Zhuqing , Zhang Hucai , Zhang Xiaoming , Wang Shaoqiang , Zhang Tao , Lu Hongzhao , Ma Yun , Jia Yutang , Capodiferro Marco Rosario , Huang Yongzhen , Lan Xianyong , Chen Hong , Jiang Yu , Lei Chuzhao 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
The domestic buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is an essential farm animal in tropical and subtropical regions, whose genomic diversity is yet to be fully discovered.

Results
In this study, we describe the demographic events and selective pressures of buffalo by analyzing 121 whole genomes (98 newly reported) from 25 swamp and river buffalo breeds. Both uniparental and biparental markers were investigated to provide the final scenario. The ancestors of swamp and river buffalo diverged ~0.23 million years ago and then experienced independent demographic histories. They were domesticated in different regions, the swamp buffalo at the border between southwest China and southeast Asia, while the river buffalo in south Asia. The domestic stocks migrated to other regions and further differentiated, as testified by (at least) 2 ancestral components identified in each subspecies. Different signals of selective pressures were also detected in these 2 types of buffalo. The swamp buffalo, historically used as a draft animal, shows selection signatures in genes associated with the nervous system, while in river dairy breeds, genes under selection are related to heat stress and immunity.

Conclusions
Our findings substantially expand the catalogue of genetic variants in buffalo and reveal new insights into the evolutionary history and distinct selective pressures in river and swamp buffalo.
Simulation testing a new multi-stage process to measure the effect of increased sampling effort on effective sample size for age and length data
Authors: Thorson James T , Bryan Meaghan D , Hulson Peter-John F , Xu Haikun , Punt André E 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOcean management involves monitoring data that are used in biological models, where estimates inform policy choices. However, few science organizations publish results from a recurring, quantitative process to optimize effort spent measuring fish age. We propose that science organizations could predict the likely consequences of changing age-reading effort using four independent and species-specific analyses. Specifically we predict the impact of changing age collections on the variance of expanded age-composition data (“input sample size”, Analysis 1), likely changes in the variance of residuals relative to stock-assessment age-composition estimates (“effective sample size”, Analysis 2), subsequent changes in the variance of stock status estimates (Analysis 3), and likely impacts on management performance (Analysis 4). We propose a bootstrap estimator to conduct Analysis 1 and derive a novel analytic estimator for Analysis 2 when age-composition data are weighted using a Dirichlet-multinomial likelihood. We then provide two simulation studies to evaluate these proposed estimators and show that the bootstrap estimator for Analysis 1 underestimates the likely benefit of increased age reads while the analytic estimator for Analysis 2 is unbiased given a plausible mechanism for model misspecification. We conclude by proposing a formal process to evaluate changes in survey efforts for stock assessment.
Acoustic scattering by a semi-infinite angular sector with impedance boundary conditions, II: the far-field asymptotics
Authors: Lyalinov Mikhail A 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis work is a natural continuation of our recent study devoted to the scattering of a plane incident wave by a semi-infinite impedance sector. We develop an approach that enables us to compute different components in the far-field asymptotics. The method is based on the Sommerfeld integral representation of the scattered wave field, on the careful study of singularities of the integrand and on the asymptotic evaluation of the integral by means of the saddle point technique. In this way, we describe the waves reflected from the sector, diffracted by its edges or scattered by the vertex as well as the surface waves. Discussion of the far-field in the so-called singular directions (or in the transition zones) is also addressed.
CRISPRpic: fast and precise analysis for CRISPR-induced mutations via

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Authors: Lee HoJoon , Chang Howard Y , Cho Seung Woo , Ji Hanlee P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Analysis of CRISPR-induced mutations at targeted locus can be achieved by polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by parallel massive sequencing. We developed a novel algorithm, named as CRISPRpic, to analyze the sequencing reads for the CRISPR experiments via counting exact-matching and pattern-searching. Compare to the other methods based on sequence alignment, CRISPRpic provides precise mutation calling and ultrafast analysis of the sequencing results. Python script of CRISPRpic is available at https://github.com/compbio/CRISPRpic.
‘Or’ in Paradise Lost: the Poetics of Incertitude Reconsidered
Authors: Leonard John 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Several Miltonists, beginning with Virginia Mollenkott in 1974, have identified ‘or’ as a key word in Paradise Lost because it is the word most associated with choice. In recent years, Peter C. Herman has made the bolder claim that ‘or’ is the poem’s key word because it refuses to choose. Herman argues that Paradise Lost is characterized by a ‘poetics of incertitude’ calculated to frustrate the reader. Whilst agreeing with earlier critics that ‘or’ is a key word in the poem, this essay challenges the claim that it always refuses (or even consistently offers) choices. A series of close readings demonstrates that Milton frequently uses ‘or’ to affirm, not waver. In ‘cletic’ (summoning) hymns, epic catalogues, and oratorical speeches, ‘or’ most often signals certainty, not incertitude. In the debate in Hell, every orator uses ‘or’ to pressure his audience to assent, not vacillate. The present essay is not, however, an attempt to replace Herman’s ‘poetics of incertitude’ with a rival ‘poetics of certainty’. The emphasis is on the diversity of ‘or’ in Paradise Lost. ‘Or’ sometimes signals uncertainty, but Milton never values incertitude for its own sake. The essay concludes by examining the poem’s cautious ventures into theology and astronomy, where Milton does keep his options open with ‘or’, but even in these cases he sometimes hints at a preference between the choices he declines to make.
Work-Hour Trajectories and Associated Socioeconomic Characteristics among Single-Mother Families
Authors: Wu Chi-Fang , Chang Yu-Ling , Rhodes Emily , Musaad Salma , Jung Woojin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAlthough social work research has paid substantial attention to employment patterns among low-income single mothers after welfare reform, little is known about their work-hour trajectories over time. This study uses group-based trajectory modeling to analyze the work-hour trajectories among low-income single mothers in the United States (N = 870). Only approximately two-fifths (41.9 percent) of participants in the sample had stable employment. About 18 percent did not work throughout the study period. Yet several groups experienced changes in working patterns over time: increasing hours (20.7 percent), decreasing then increasing hours (11.3 percent), and decreasing hours (8.4 percent). This study uses a generalized linear mixed model to determine the factors associated with change in work hours over time. Significant factors include marital status, high school completion, race, citizenship, homeownership, child care arrangement, income support program participation, work disability, age of youngest child, age of the mother, state unemployment rate, and state minimum wage. These findings have important policy implications for targeting supports to diverse needs of low-income single-mother families to promote employment stability and economic improvement.
A qualitative study of patient preferences for prompts and reminders for a direct-mail fecal testing program
Authors: Davis Melinda M , Schneider Jennifer L , Gunn Rose , Rivelli Jennifer S , Vaughn Katherine A , Coronado Gloria D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Programs that directly mail fecal immunochemical tests (FIT) to patients can increase colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, especially in low-income and Latino populations. Few studies have explored patient reactions to prompts or reminders that accompany such programs. As part of the Participatory Research to Advance Colon Cancer Prevention pilot study, which tested prompts and reminders to a direct-mail FIT program in a large, urban health center, we conducted telephone interviews among English- and Spanish-speaking participants who were assigned to receive a series of text message prompts, automated phone call reminders, and/or live phone call reminders. We analyzed interviews using a qualitative content analysis approach. We interviewed 41 participants, including 25 responders (61%) and 16 nonresponders (39%) to the direct-mail program. Participants appreciated program ease and convenience. Few participants recalled receiving prompts or automated/live reminders; nevertheless, the vast majority (95%, n = 39) thought reminders were acceptable and helpful and suggested that 2–3 reminders delivered starting 1 week after the mailed FIT would optimally encourage completion. Prompts and reminders used with mailed-FIT programs are accepted by patients, and my help boost response rates.
Reproduction, DNA Methylation, and Biological Age
Authors: Kresovich Jacob K. , Harmon Quaker E. , Xu Zongli , Nichols Hazel B. , Sandler Dale P. , Taylor Jack A. 
Published: February 2020

(Abstracted from Hum Reprod 2019;34:1965–1973)
Metabolic demands of pregnancy result in physiological systematic changes and increases in oxidative stress to the mother that may accelerate senescence and biological aging. Epigenetic clocks are a new tool designed to estimate biological age beyond measurement of telomeres alone and may provide more robust estimates for the impact of pregnancy on biological age.
Contribution of COMT and BDNF Genotype and Expression to the Risk of Transition From Acute to Chronic Low Back Pain
Authors: Baumbauer Kyle M. , Ramesh Divya , Perry Mallory , Carney Katherine B. , Julian Thomas , Glidden Nicole , Dorsey Susan G. , Starkweather Angela R. , Young Erin E. 
Published: February 2020

Objectives:
A number of factors, including heritability and the environment, contribute to risk of transition from acute low back pain to chronic low back pain (CLBP). The aim of this study was to (1) compare somatosensory function and pain ratings at low back pain (LBP) onset between the acute low back pain and CLBP conditions and (2) evaluate associations between BDNF and COMT polymorphisms and expression levels at LBP onset to acute and chronic pain burden and risk for transition to the chronic pain state.

Methods:
In this longitudinal study, 220 participants were enrolled following recent onset of LBP and data were collected until the LBP resolved or until the end of the study at 6 months. Forty-two participants’ pain resolved before 6 weeks from onset and 42 participants continued to have pain at 6 months. Patient-reported pain burden, somatosensory function (quantitative sensory testing), and blood samples were collected at each study visit.

Results:
CLBP is associated with greater pain burden and somatosensory hypersensitivity at the time of LBP onset. COMT rs4680 genotype (GG) was associated with acute cold pain sensitivity and with the risk for transition to CLBP while COMT expression was independently associated with risk for transition.

Discussion:
CLBP was characterized by higher reported pain burden and augmented hypersensitivity at LBP onset. COMT expression and genotype were associated with acute pain burden and likelihood of transition to CLBP.
Hypervigilance for Bodily Sensations in the Back During a Movement Task in People With Chronic and Recurrent Low Back Pain
Authors: Clauwaert Amanda , Schouppe Stijn , Van Oosterwijck Jessica , Danneels Lieven , Van Damme Stefaan 
Published: February 2020

Objectives:
The current study assessed the role of hypervigilance for bodily sensations in the back in long-term low back pain problems.

Methods:
People with chronic low back pain, recurrent low back pain, and no low back pain were compared on the extent to which they attended to somatosensory stimuli on the back during a movement task. To measure hypervigilance, somatosensory event-related potentials (SEPs) to task-irrelevant tactile stimuli on the back were measured when preparing movements in either a threatening or a neutral condition, indicated by a cue signaling possible pain on the back during movement or not.

Results:
Results showed stronger attending to stimuli on the back in the threat condition than in the neutral condition, as reflected by increased amplitude of the N96 SEP. However, this effect did not differ between groups. Similarly, for all 3 groups the amplitude of the P172 was larger for the threatening condition, suggesting a more general state of arousal resulting in increased somatosensory responsiveness. No significant associations were found between somatosensory attending to the back and theorized antecedents such as pain catastrophizing, pain-related fear, and pain vigilance.

Discussion:
The current study confirmed that individuals preparing a movement attended more toward somatosensory stimuli at the lower back when anticipating back pain during the movement, as measured by the N96 SEP. However, no differences were found between participants with chronic low back pain or recurrent low back pain, or the pain-free controls.
Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Fang Xiang , Patel Chilvana , Gudesblatt Mark 
Published: February 2020

Abstract:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The disease affects more women than men and often is diagnosed during a woman’s childbearing years. Typical clinical presentations of the disease are extensive and variable, with symptoms that include dysregulated mood, fatigue, vision problems, weakness, tremor, imbalance, abnormal sensations, bladder dysfunction, and heat sensitivity. If a woman aged 15–50 years experiences these neurologic symptoms in isolation or combination, and the symptoms are not explained by other underlying medical conditions, MS should be suspected. Multiple sclerosis can be divided into four clinical subtypes: 1) relapsing-remitting MS, 2) secondary progressive MS, 3) primary progressive MS, and 4) clinically isolated syndrome. Relapsing-remitting MS at the time of onset is the most common form and accounts for approximately 80% of all cases of MS. Relapsing-remitting MS does not affect life expectancy. However, because of the neurodegenerative and progressive course of the disease, patients accumulate physical and cognitive disabilities over time that result in impaired ability to work, increased financial burden, and slightly increased mortality. A variety of possible risk and prognostic indicators have been identified that may predict the course of disease, particularly the extent of relapses and disability. Multiple sclerosis currently is incurable, but many disease-modifying therapies are available that can reduce the frequency of clinically evident exacerbations and accumulation of disease burden as defined by the number of lesions identified on magnetic resonance imaging. The choice of disease-modifying therapies, contraception use, and treatment of symptoms should be individualized based on age at onset and disease activity and, during pregnancy, the gestational age. Proactive management of MS across the woman’s life cycle reduces morbidity, improves maternal and fetal health during pregnancy and the postpartum period, and increases quality-of life-measures for patients and their families.
Management of Neglected Traumatic Hip Dislocation in Children
Authors: Gardner Richard O.E. , Worku Nardos , Nunn Timothy R. , Zerfu Tewodros T. , Kassahun Mesfin E. 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Neglected traumatic hip dislocation in children is uncommon and there is no consensus on appropriate management. Previous studies report varied operative management with high rates of avascular necrosis and postoperative subluxation/dislocation. We report a series of 7 consecutive cases who underwent operative reduction after neglected hip dislocation and describe our technique for treatment.

Methods:
All 7 children sustained posterior dislocations and had no treatment before presentation at our institution. An associated marginal acetabular fracture was present in 2 cases. One additional patient was excluded from the study due to complete loss of articular cartilage that precluded open reduction. The mean time before surgical intervention was 13.1 months (4 to 36 mo) with a mean age of 7 years (5.3 to 10.8 y). All children underwent preoperative skeletal traction for 10 to 14 days. A postero-lateral approach was used in all cases. The acetabulum was cleared of scar tissue and a femoral shortening performed as required (5 cases). Minor erosion of the articular cartilage of the posterior aspect of the femoral head was noted in 3/6 cases. After reduction, a posterior capsulorrhaphy was performed and the patient immobilized in a hip spica for 6 to 12 weeks.

Results:
The mean follow-up was 44 months (33 to 56 mo). The majority of children (86%) could walk and run without a limp, could squat, and had no pain. One child had mild pain and a limp. Mean Harris Hip Score was 98.9. No hip subluxed or dislocated postoperatively. The radiographs at latest follow-up showed no evidence of growth disturbance in 29% of cases, coxa magna in 57%, and partial femoral head collapse in 1 case (14%). Of note, those patients managed within 8 months of injury had none or minimal evidence of growth disturbance.

Conclusions:
At medium-term follow-up, open reduction with a postero-lateral approach, posterior capsulorrhaphy, and femoral shortening (as required) produces a satisfactory outcome with a stable, congruent reduction. Good clinical function can be expected with a low incidence of avascular necrosis.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.