bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equine duodenal motility, assessed by ultrasonography, as a predictor of reflux and survival following colic surgery
Authors: Lawson A. L. , Sherlock C. E. , Mair T. S. 
Published: November 2019

SummaryIntestinal dysmotility following equine colic surgery contributes negatively to financial and prognostic outcomes. This study assessed duodenal contractility as a predictor of post‐operative reflux and survival to discharge in horses following colic surgery. Duodenal contractility was assessed using daily transabdominal ultrasound examinations in 49 horses for up to 7 days (Day 1 scan performed between 6 and 36 h post‐surgery and sequential daily scans performed between 08.00 and 20.00 h) following colic surgery (September 2014–April 2017). The duodenum was visualised ventral to the right kidney, and duodenal contractions were measured over 2 min. The signalment of each horse and surgical findings were noted. Outcomes were defined as horses that refluxed (>5 L/24 h beyond 24 h) or did not reflux post‐operatively and those that were survivors or were nonsurvivors. A significant difference in duodenal contractions at Day 1 post‐operatively was identified between horses that refluxed (n = 8) and those who did not reflux (n = 32; P = 0.013) but not between those who were nonsurvivors (n = 7) and survivors (n = 32; P = 0.113). Horses in the reflux group had reduced duodenal contractility comparatively. There were no significant differences in duodenal contractions in the sequential days after the Day 1 scan or between duodenal contractions and surgical findings. A significant association was identified between duodenal contractions and survivors (P = 0.039; odds ratio 1.88). The main study limitations were the single centre design with consequent small numbers of horses included. The study did not account for other factors that may contribute to alterations in motility such as drug administration or stages of re‐feeding. This preliminary study indicates that Day 1 (6–36 h post‐operatively) duodenal contractions may predict reflux (>5 L/24 h beyond 24 h) and that increased duodenal contractions are associated with survival. However, there was no clear distinction or cut‐off between groups. Future studies with greater numbers of horses yielding better statistical power are required.
Desert breath—How fog promotes a novel type of soil biocenosis, forming the coastal Atacama Desert’s living skin
Authors: Jung Patrick , Baumann Karen , Lehnert Lukas W. , Samolov Elena , Achilles Sebastian , Schermer Michael , Wraase Luise M. , Eckhardt Kai‐Uwe , Bader Maaike Y. , Leinweber Peter , Karsten Ulf , Bendix Jörg , Büdel Burkhard 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Atacama Desert is the driest non‐polar desert on Earth, presenting precarious conditions for biological activity. In the arid coastal belt, life is restricted to areas with fog events that cause almost daily wet–dry cycles. In such an area, we discovered a hitherto unknown and unique ground covering biocenosis dominated by lichens, fungi, and algae attached to grit‐sized (~6 mm) quartz and granitoid stones. Comparable biocenosis forming a kind of a layer on top of soil and rock surfaces in general is summarized as cryptogamic ground covers (CGC) in literature. In contrast to known CGC from arid environments to which frequent cyclic wetting events are lethal, in the Atacama Desert every fog event is answered by photosynthetic activity of the soil community and thus considered as the desert's breath. Photosynthesis of the new CGC type is activated by the lowest amount of water known for such a community worldwide thus enabling the unique biocenosis to fulfill a variety of ecosystem services. In a considerable portion of the coastal Atacama Desert, it protects the soil from sporadically occurring splash erosion and contributes to the accumulation of soil carbon and nitrogen as well as soil formation through bio‐weathering. The structure and function of the new CGC type are discussed, and we suggest the name grit–crust. We conclude that this type of CGC can be expected in all non‐polar fog deserts of the world and may resemble the cryptogam communities that shaped ancient Earth. It may thus represent a relevant player in current and ancient biogeochemical cycling.
Towards a macroscope: Leveraging technology to transform the breadth, scale and resolution of macroecological data
Authors: Dornelas Maria , Madin Elizabeth M. P. , Bunce Michael , DiBattista Joseph D. , Johnson Mark , Madin Joshua S. , Magurran Anne E. , McGill Brian J. , Pettorelli Nathalie , Pizarro Oscar , Williams Stefan B. , Winter Marten , Bates Amanda E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe problemEarth‐based observations of the biosphere are spatially biased in ways that can limit our ability to detect macroecological patterns and changes in biodiversity. To resolve this problem, we need to supplement the ad hoc data currently collected with planned biodiversity monitoring, in order to approximate global stratified random sampling of the planet. We call this all‐encompassing observational system ‘the macroscope’.The solutionWith a focus on the marine realm, we identify seven main biosphere observation tools that compose the macroscope: satellites, drones, camera traps, passive acoustic samplers, biologgers, environmental DNA and human observations. By deploying a nested array of these tools that fills current gaps in monitoring, we can achieve a macroscope fit for purpose and turn these existing powerful tools into more than the sum of their parts.An appealBuilding a macroscope requires commitment from many fields, together with coordinated actions to attract the level of funding required for such a venture. We call on macroecologists to become advocates for the macroscope and to engage with existing global observation networks.
Performing and counter‐performing organic food markets in East Asia: The role of ahimsa, scientific knowledge and faith groups
Authors: Wang Chi‐Mao 
Published: November 2019

AbstractInspired by Japanese faith groups, organic food production has witnessed surprising growth in East Asian countries, such as Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea, over the past two decades. The rapid expansion of East Asian trans‐national organic food production networks is closely linked with religious practices and beliefs, such as ahimsa (non‐killing). The complexities of transnational organic production networks in East Asia cannot be adequately captured by the existing literature on “conventionalisation of organic agriculture,” which repeatedly debates the extent to which capitalism intrudes on the social and biophysical dimensions of farming. I argue that this simplified and binary debate tends to treat the organic market as an unquestioned, stabilised, and universalised artefact. Less attention has been paid to questions such as, how do alternative food markets come into being, stabilise or get crushed? Inspired by the social studies of economisation and marketisation (SSEM) approach, this paper urges scholars to move beyond the conventionalisation debate and draws attention to the organic food market‐making practices. Taking inspiration from SSEM thinking, I propose that more emphasis needs to be placed on the performation struggles, which refers to the confrontations between different economic programmes and actors. By drawing attention to the organic market performation struggles in Japan and Taiwan, this paper argues that organic food market‐making is a global heterogeneous assemblage, in which all human and non‐human actants across multi‐scalar geographies, such as trans‐local religious/scientific knowledge, believers, and so on, can contribute to the making and remaking of markets. With reference to qualitative interviews with organic distributors and practitioners, this paper deepens the knowledge of the geographies of marketisation in a global‐relational context.
Transnational marriages in Yiwu, China: tensions over money
Authors: SHA HEILA 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this article, I explore the role of transnational marriages in the activities and strategies of trading networks, through the lens of money and uncertainty in marriage. I argue that uncertainty in spousal relations challenges the durability of such unions and hence the effectiveness of their role in trading activities. These uncertainties are shaped by intertwined factors, including especially the embedded relationship between commercial and social networks (for example, business partners, kinship, friendship) and spousal relations, the differing cultural values and practices of the partners to such unions, stereotypes, varying forms and degrees of trust and mistrust, and the dynamics of global markets and state policy. Uncertainties driven by these factors exacerbate mistrust in both marriages and trading relations; they also shape shifting orientations toward future life. Therefore, I argue that the role of marriage in trading activities should be neither simplified nor romanticized.
Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adult Patients With Episodic or Chronic Migraine Treated With Galcanezumab: Data From Three Phase 3, Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled EVOLVE‐1, EVOLVE‐2, and REGAIN Studies
Authors: Oakes Tina M. , Kovacs Richard , Rosen Noah , Doty Erin , Kemmer Phebe , Aurora Sheena K. , Camporeale Angelo 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveBlood pressure (BP), pulse, electrocardiogram (ECG), and clinical cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patients with episodic or chronic migraine treated for up to 6 months with galcanezumab compared to placebo were evaluated.BackgroundCalcitonin gene‐related peptide, a potent microvascular vasodilator, has a hypothesized protective role in CV health. Increased CV risks have been reported in patients with migraine.MethodsIn 2 similarly designed episodic migraine 6‐month studies and 1 chronic migraine 3‐month study, data from patients randomized (1:1:2) to subcutaneous injection of galcanezumab 120 mg/month (following initial 240 mg loading dose) or 240 mg/month or placebo were pooled. Treatment comparisons for cardiovascular treatment‐emergent adverse events (CV TEAE) and categorical and mean changes in BP, pulse, and ECG were evaluated using the Cochran‐Mantel‐Haenszel test. Mean changes from baseline in BP, pulse, and ECG were evaluated using the analysis of covariance model.ResultsOverall, among galcanezumab 120 mg (n = 705) and 240 mg (n = 730), and placebo (n = 1451) groups, the percentage of patients reporting ≥1 CV TEAE was low and was similar between the galcanezumab 120 mg (2.6%; odds ratio [OR] = 0.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.5,1.5) and galcanezumab 240 mg (3.3%; OR = 1.1; 95% CI: 0.7,1.9), and placebo (2.9%) groups. The frequency of any individual CV TEAE, broad or narrow term, was ≤1.4%. The CV‐related serious adverse events that occurred in the galcanezumab 240 mg group (n = 3; acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and transient ischemic attack) and placebo group (n = 3; pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, and myocardial infarction) were not considered treatment related. Four placebo‐ and 1 galcanezumab‐treated patient discontinued due to a CV TEAE. Least squares mean and categorical changes from baseline in BP, pulse, and QT interval corrected using Fridericia’s correction were similar across treatment groups.ConclusionsIn this 6‐month treatment trial, the percentages of galcanezumab‐ and placebo‐treated patients that reported CV TEAEs or serious adverse events were low and similar between groups with few discontinuations. Thus, no clinically meaningful treatment group differences were observed for changes in BP, pulse, or ECG parameters. Additional longer‐term studies in a broader and larger cohort are required to better characterize CV safety.
Clinical utility of the Liver Frailty Index for predicting muscle atrophy in chronic liver disease patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Hirota Keisuke , Kawaguchi Takumi , Koya Shunji , Nagamatsu Ayu , Tomita Manabu , Hashida Ryuki , Nakano Dan , Niizeki Takashi , Matsuse Hiroo , Shiba Naoto , Torimura Takuji 
Published: November 2019

AimMuscle atrophy is a prognostic factor for patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The Liver Frailty Index (LFI) is a simple physical function test; however, an association between LFI and muscle mass remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the utility of LFI for predicting muscle atrophy in CLD patients with HCC.MethodsWe enrolled 138 CLD patients with HCC (aged 77 years, female/male 34.8%/65.2%). Muscle mass was assessed by skeletal muscle index, and patients were classified into the muscle atrophy group (n = 109) or the non‐muscle atrophy group (n = 29). Physical frailty was assessed by LFI. The optimal cut‐off value of LFI for predicting muscle atrophy was identified by receiver operating characteristic analysis.ResultsIn the muscle atrophy group, the prevalence of pre‐frail/frail was significantly higher than the non‐muscle atrophy group (87.2% vs. 58.6%, P = 0.0005). In the logistic regression analysis, being female and pre‐frail/frail were identified as independent factors associated with muscle atrophy (pre‐frail/frail; OR 3.601, 95% CI 1.381–9.400, P = 0.0088). In patients with normal grip strength, 71.1% of patients were pre‐frail/frail, in which 82.8% of patients showed muscle atrophy. Receiver operating characteristic statistics provided an area under the curve of 0.74, and an LFI cut‐off value of 2.94 for predicting muscle atrophy (sensitivity 88.06%, specificity 52.17%, accuracy 77.91%).ConclusionsWe showed that pre‐frail/frail was an independent factor for muscle atrophy in CLD patients with HCC. Furthermore, LFI predicted muscle atrophy with high sensitivity, even in patients with normal grip strength. Thus, LFI might be a useful screening tool for muscle atrophy in CLD patients with HCC.
Association between diabetes and the outcome of root canal treatment in adults: an umbrella review
Authors: Nagendrababu V. , Segura‐Egea J. J. , Fouad A. F , Pulikkotil S. J. , Dummer P. M. H. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundDiabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder amongst dental patients. The association between the diabetes and the outcome of root canal treatment is unclear.AimTo conduct an umbrella review to determine whether there is an association between diabetes and the outcome of root canal treatment.Data sourceThe protocol of the review was developed and registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42019141684). Four electronic databases (PubMed, EBSCHOhost, Cochrane and Scopus databases) were used to perform a literature search until July 2019.Study eligibility criteria, participants and interventionsSystematic reviews with or without meta‐analyses published in English assessing any outcomes of root canal treatment comparing diabetic and nondiabetic patients were included. Two reviewers were involved independently in study selection, data extraction and appraising the reviews that were included. Disagreements were resolved with the help of a third reviewer.Study appraisal and synthesis methodsThe quality of the reviews was assessed using the AMSTAR tool (A measurement tool to assess systematic reviews), with 11 items. Each AMSTAR item was given a score of 1 if the criterion was met, or 0 if the criterion was not met or the information was unclear.ResultsFour systematic reviews were included. The AMSTAR score for the reviews ranged from 5 to 7, out of a maximum score of 11, and all the systematic reviews were classified as ‘medium’ quality.LimitationsOnly two systematic reviews included a meta‐analysis. Only systematic reviews published in English were included.Conclusions and implications of key findingsDiabetes mellitus is associated with the outcome of root canal treatment and can be considered as a preoperative prognostic factor.
Conductive mechanism of reduced lead silicate glass for micro‐channel plate
Authors: Huang Yonggang , Shi Pan , Zhou You , Wang Yun , Fu Yang , Wang Jiuwang , Jia Jinsheng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLead silicate glasses reduced by hydrogen have the characteristics of conductivity like semiconductors and surface secondary electron emission. Therefore, lead silicate glass is the important material of microchannel plate (MCP) for electron multiplier element. The change of bulk resistance (BR) of lead silicate glass (LSG) with hydrogen reducing time and temperature, and hydrogen flow was investigated. The effect of various hydrogen‐reducing parameters on BR is firstly decreasing, then keeping level, and finally increasing. The tendency presents V‐shaped curve. By analyzing the surface composition and morphology of LSG, it is found that the quantity and aggregation state of lead and bismuth are the key factors determining the conductivity of LSG. It is indicated that the electrical conduction is derived from ions and electrons of LSG. The conductive mechanism, however, is different in different stages in the V‐shaped curve. The discovery of V‐shape curve and the conduction mechanism at different stages have important theoretical guiding significance for the fabrication of microchannel plates.
The Duality of an Atypical Leader in Diversity Management: The Legitimization and Delegitimization of Diversity Beliefs in Organizations
Authors: Samdanis Marios , Özbilgin Mustafa 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAn atypical leader is often celebrated as an individual who is likely to support workforce diversity in organizations. Yet the verity of the assumption that an atypical leader will invariably promote workforce diversity remains underexplored. In this paper, we question this assumption and demonstrate the dualities of an atypical leader in legitimizing and delegitimizing workforce diversity. We define and examine the concept of atypicality among leaders, in terms of how they emerge, who they are (dispositions), what they say (discourses) and what they do (performative acts). We introduce a conceptual framework that maps out the emergence and constitution of an atypical leader, as well as their impact on diversity management within an organization. Our analysis incorporates the concept of habitus (class‐specific and reflexive), in order to reveal the dualities of an atypical leader which determine the management of diversity within an organization and cause continuity and change in diversity beliefs.
Reframing the World: Toward an Actual Christian Doctrine of Creation
Authors: James Jennings Willie 
Published: November 2019

AbstractChristian theologies of creation are in crisis. They have become overly determined by questions of human origins and interaction with evolutionary theorization. They have also focused myopically on ecological concerns without thinking ecologically and holistically about the built environment in relation to racial and gender formation and multispecies connectivity and relationality. These and other problems stem from a twofold failure. We have failed to take seriously the loss of our gentile positionality in relation to reading the world as creation and we have also failed to grasp the fundamental transformation of the world with the emergence of modern colonialism. This article suggests the possibility of a reframing of a doctrine of creation to address this crisis.
Impaired B‐cell tolerance checkpoints promote the development of autoimmune diseases and pathogenic autoantibodies
Authors: Meffre Eric , O'Connor Kevin C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA role for B cells in autoimmune diseases is now clearly established both in mouse models and humans by successful treatment of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis with anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibodies that eliminate B cells. However, the underlying mechanisms by which B cells promote the development of autoimmune diseases remain poorly understood. Here, we review evidence that patients with autoimmune disease suffer from defects in early B‐cell tolerance checkpoints and therefore fail to counterselect developing autoreactive B cells. These B‐cell tolerance defects are primary to autoimmune diseases and may result from altered B‐cell receptor signaling and dysregulated T‐cell/regulatory T‐cell compartment. As a consequence, large numbers of autoreactive naive B cells accumulate in the blood of patients with autoimmune diseases and may promote autoimmunity through the presentation of self‐antigen to T cells. In addition, new evidence suggests that this reservoir of autoreactive naive B cells contains clones that may develop into CD27−CD21−/lo B cells associated with increased disease severity and plasma cells secreting potentially pathogenic autoantibodies after the acquisition of somatic hypermutations that improve affinity for self‐antigens.
Spatial and temporal variation in the diet of the sandy beach gastropod Olivella minuta
Authors: Corte Guilherme N. , Yokoyama Leonardo Q. , Checon Helio H. , Turra Alexander 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMarine gastropods exert a strong influence on the structure of marine ecosystems through their foraging activities, yet little is known about how environmental differences in space and time may affect their feeding behavior. To enhance the knowledge about the trophic ecology of coastal benthic species, we investigated temporal and spatial variations in the diet of the sandy beach gastropod Olivella minuta. We collected individuals of O. minuta seasonally, over 1 year, at two sandy beaches with different morphodynamic characteristics (Araçá Bay, an ultra‐dissipative tidal flat, and Barequeçaba Beach, a dissipative beach) and analyzed the stomach contents of specimens of O. minuta. We identified approximately 15,000 food items, which we grouped into 14 categories. Thirteen food categories were found at each area, but significant differences in diet were observed between sites and sampling periods. Individuals from Araçá consumed an overall larger quantity and diversity of food items, which consisted mainly of foraminiferans, polychaetes, and crustaceans. At Barequeçaba, diatoms were the most important item, followed by crustaceans and polychaetes. Temporal variation depended on sites: the number of food items in the stomachs of individuals of O. minuta and dietary composition was roughly constant over time at Araçá, whereas larger variations were observed at Barequeçaba. Although O. minuta has been previously characterized as a carnivore/scavenger, our results show that the diet of this species varies in space and time and comprises a large variety of food resources. The species thus plays a role in the cycling of both vegetal and animal organic matter. This generalist behavior may allow individuals to shift their diet according to habitat alterations and food availability, thereby enhancing the persistence and resilience of O. minuta in different environments or future climate change scenarios.
Dakin's solution in the treatment of severe diabetic foot infections
Authors: Duarte Bruno , Formiga Ana , Neves José 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAcute necrotising diabetic foot (DF) infections are common, costly, and do not infrequently result in debilitating major lower‐extremity amputations. Dakin's solution is a long‐standing topical antiseptic that has shown benefit in this clinical setting, but its use is undermined by a presumed risk of cytotoxicity. In this single‐centre case series, we retrospectively evaluated 24 patients with severe necrotising DF infections treated with a cyclical instillation of Dakin's solution at a referral multidisciplinary DF unit. Most patients achieved favourable outcomes in infection control and limb salvage, with only one patient (4.2%) requiring a major (at or above‐the‐ankle) amputation. The mean time to complete or near‐complete wound granulation was 5.4 weeks. Of the 12 patients who completed 12 or more months of longitudinal follow up, only 2 (12.2%) had a wound recurrence. In this severe DF infection patient cohort, Dakin's solution led to a clinically meaningful improvement. No remarkable impairment in the wound‐healing process was observed.