bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of Aerosol Concentrations During Endonasal Instrumentation in the Clinic Setting
Authors: Murr Alexander T. , Lenze Nicholas R. , Gelpi Mark W. , Brown William C. , Ebert Charles S. , Senior Brent A. , Thorp Brian D. , Kimple Adam J. , Zanation Adam M. 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveRecent anecdotal reports and cadaveric simulations have described aerosol generation during endonasal instrumentation, highlighting a possible risk for transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) during endoscopic endonasal instrumentation. This study aims to provide a greater understanding of particle generation and exposure risk during endoscopic endonasal instrumentation.Study DesignProspective quantification of aerosol generation during office‐based nasal endoscopy procedures.MethodsUsing an optical particle sizer, airborne particles concentrations 0.3 to 10 microns in diameter, were measured during 30 nasal endoscopies in the clinic setting. Measurements were taken at time points throughout diagnostic and debridement endoscopies and compared to preprocedure and empty room particle concentrations.ResultsNo significant change in airborne particle concentrations was measured during diagnostic nasal endoscopies in patients without the need for debridement. However, significant increases in mean particle concentration compared to preprocedure levels were measured during cold instrumentation at 2,462 particles/foot3 (95% CI 837 to 4,088; P = .005) and during suction use at 2,973 particle/foot3 (95% CI 1,419 to 4,529; P = .001). In total, 99.2% of all measured particles were ≤1 μm in diameter.ConclusionWhen measured with an optical particle sizer, diagnostic nasal endoscopy with a rigid endoscope is not associated with increased particle aerosolization in patient for whom sinonasal debridement is not needed. In patients needing sinonasal debridement, endonasal cold and suction instrumentation were associated with increased particle aerosolization, with a trend observed during endoscope use prior to tissue manipulation. Endonasal debridement may potentially pose a higher risk for aerosolization and SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission. Appropriate personal protective equipment use and patient screening are recommended for all office‐based endonasal procedures.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 131:E1415–E1421, 2021
Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Imaging in the Identification of Parathyroid Glands in Thyroidectomy
Authors: Takahashi Takeshi , Yamazaki Keisuke , Ota Hisayuki , Shodo Ryusuke , Ueki Yushi , Horii Arata 
Published: October 2020

Objectives/HypothesisTo assess the ability of near‐infrared fluorescence imaging (NIFI) to identify parathyroid glands (PGs) among histologically proven PG/non‐PG specimens compared with a surgeon's visual acumen, and to determine NIFI sensitivity in detecting incidentally resected PGs from thyroidectomy specimens, compared to the surgeon's visual inspection.Study DesignProspective study.MethodsWith mean age of 61 years, 36 patients with various thyroid diseases were enrolled. Possible PGs (n = 28) and lymph nodes (n = 32) were identified by the experienced surgeon's visual inspection. Using NIFI, 15 PGs were further identified from thyroidectomy specimens. For these 75 specimens, the surgeon's judgments (PG vs. non‐PG) were recorded. Histological evaluation was performed after examining the NIFI auto‐fluorescence of each specimen.ResultsThere were no significant differences in sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value between the surgeon's visual inspection and NIFI in identifying PGs, with values of 100%/97.1%, 85.0%/87.5%, 85.4%/87.2%, and 100%/97.2%, respectively. The sensitivity of NIFI (82.9%) for detection of PGs from thyroidectomy specimens was significantly higher than that of the surgeon's visual inspection (61.0%). False negative specimens contained bleeding/congestion and/or encapsulation by thick tissues, whereas false positive specimens contained electrocoagulated tissues.ConclusionsNIFI showed results comparable to the experienced surgeon's visual inspection in identifying PGs. This could benefit novice surgeons. NIFI may be useful for experienced surgeons to locate incidentally resected PGs within thyroidectomy specimens for auto‐transplantation. Prevention of intra‐gland bleeding and congestion, careful removal of thick capsules, and bloodless surgeries without electrocoagulation are important for reducing false positive and false negative results. Laryngoscope, 131:1188–1193, 2021
Under‐ice mesocosms reveal the primacy of light but the importance of zooplankton in winter phytoplankton dynamics
Authors: Hrycik Allison R. , Stockwell Jason D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFactors that regulate planktonic communities under lake ice may be vastly different from those during the open‐water season. Expected changes in light availability, ice cover, and snowfall associated with climate change have accelerated the need to understand food web processes under ice. We hypothesized that light limitation (bottom‐up control) outweighs zooplankton grazing (top‐down control) influence on phytoplankton biovolume and community structure under ice in a north temperate lake. Using in situ under‐ice mesocosm experiments, we found that light had stronger effects on phytoplankton abundance than zooplankton, as expected. Specifically, low light limited growth of diatoms, cryptophytes, and chrysophytes. Zooplankton, however, also significantly affected some individual phytoplankton groups by decreasing diatoms and cryptophytes, in contrast to the common assumption that zooplankton grazing has negligible effects under ice. Ammonium and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) were lowest in high light treatments presumably through uptake by phytoplankton, whereas ammonium and SRP were highest in high zooplankton treatments, likely a result of zooplankton excretion. In situ experimental studies are commonly applied to understand food web dynamics in open‐water conditions, but are extremely rare under ice. Our results suggest that changes in the light environment under ice have significant, rapid effects on phytoplankton growth and community structure and that zooplankton may play a more active role in winter food webs than previously thought. Changes in snow and ice dynamics associated with climate change may alter the light environment in ice‐covered systems and significantly influence community structure.
Determination of eddy dissipation rate by Doppler lidar in Reykjavik, Iceland
Authors: Yang Shu , Petersen Guðrún Nína , von Löwis Sibylle , Preißler Jana , Finger David C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe temporal and spatial scale of atmospheric turbulence can be highly dynamic, requiring sophisticated methods for adequate detection and monitoring with high resolution. Doppler light detection and ranging (lidar) systems have been widely used to observe and monitor wind velocity and atmospheric turbulence profiles as Doppler lidar systems can provide continuous information about wind fields. The use of lidars in the subarctic region is particularly challenging as aerosol abundance can be very low, leading to weak backscatter signals. In the present study, we analysed data collected with a Leosphere Windcube 200S lidar system stationed in Reykjavik, Iceland, to estimate the eddy dissipation rate (EDR) as an indicator of turbulence intensity. For this purpose, we retrieved radial wind velocity observations from velocity–azimuth display scans and computed the EDR based on the Kolmogorov theory. We compared different noise filter thresholds, scan strategies and calculation approaches during typical Icelandic weather conditions to assess the accuracy and the uncertainty of our EDR estimations. The developed algorithm can process raw lidar observations, retrieve EDR and determine the qualitative distribution of the EDR. The processed lidar observations suggest that lidar observations can be of high importance for potential end‐users, for example air traffic controllers and aviation safety experts. The work is an essential step towards enhanced aviation safety in Iceland where aerosol concentration is in general low and severe turbulence occurs regularly.
Optimization of pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling for renal perfusion imaging
Authors: Echeverria‐Chasco Rebeca , Vidorreta Marta , Aramendía‐Vidaurreta Verónica , Cano David , Escalada Javier , Garcia‐Fernandez Nuria , Bastarrika Gorka , Fernández‐Seara María A. 
Published: October 2020

PurposeTo evaluate labeling efficiency of pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) and to find the gradient parameters that increase PCASL robustness for renal perfusion measurements.MethodsAortic blood flow was characterized in 3 groups: young healthy volunteers (YHV1), chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients (CKDP), and healthy controls (HCO). PCASL inversion efficiency was evaluated through numeric simulations considering the measured pulsatile flow velocity profiles and off‐resonance effects for a wide range of gradient parameters, and the results were assessed in vivo. The most robust PCASL implementation was used to measure renal blood flow (RBF) in CKDP and HCO.ResultsAortic blood velocities reached peak values of 120 cm/s in YHV1, whereas for elderly subjects values were lower by approximately a factor of 2. Simulations and experiments showed that by reducing the gradient average (Gave) and the selective to average gradient ratio (Gmax/Gave), labeling efficiency was maximized and PCASL robustness to off‐resonance was improved. The study in CKDP and HCO showed significant differences in RBF between groups.ConclusionAn efficient and robust PCASL scheme for renal applications requires a Gmax/Gave ratio of 6‐7 and a Gave value that depends on the aortic blood flow velocities (0.5 mT/m being appropriate for CKDP and HCO).
Optimal output feedback control for discrete‐time Markov jump linear system with input delay and packet losses
Authors: Liu Yue , Han Chunyan , Wang Xiaohong , Wang Wei 
Published: October 2020

SummaryThis article investigates the optimal output feedback control problem for discrete‐time Markov jump linear system (MJLS) with input delay and packet losses in finite horizon. There are three main contributions. First, we assume that the state variable and the jump variable are available to the controller, and then we propose a new version of stochastic maximum principle. Based on the new proposed tool, an optimal state feedback controller is obtained by solving a set of delayed coupled difference Riccati equations. Second, under the condition that the state variable is unavailable to the controller, it is desired to design a dynamic Markovian jump controller such that the closed‐loop system minimizes the performance index. Thus, an optimal Markovian jump linear filter is proposed for MJLS with input delay and packet losses. Finally, based on the optimal filter, we prove that the separation principle holds for this case and then an optimal output feedback controller is presented. Some numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed approach.
Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of Ramucirumab in Combination with FOLFOX4 in Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Nonrandomized, Open-Label, Phase Ib Study
Authors: Lin Chia-Chi , Yang Tsai-Sheng , Yen Chia-Jui , Cheng Rebecca , Liu Junjun , Hsu Chiun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLessons LearnedThe combination of ramucirumab (8 mg/kg intravenous, day 1 every 2 weeks) and FOLFOX4 as first-line treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was not sufficiently tolerated. Preliminary efficacy data suggest that the combination may provide clinical benefit to patients with HCC. Dose modification and patient selection should be considered for the future development of ramucirumab plus FOLFOX chemotherapy for advanced HCC.BackgroundThe objective of this study was to investigate the safety, preliminary efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of ramucirumab plus FOLFOX4 as first-line treatment in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsPatients received ramucirumab (8 mg/kg) intravenously (IV) on day 1, followed by FOLFOX4 (oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 IV on day 1, folinic acid 200 mg/m2 IV, bolus fluorouracil [5-FU] 400 mg/m2, and a continuous infusion of 5-FU 600 mg/m2 over 22 hours, on days 1 and 2) every 2 weeks. The primary endpoint was to assess the safety and tolerability of the combination therapy.ResultsEight patients (6 men, 2 women) were treated; all eight patients experienced at least one treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE) of grade ≥3. Dose-limiting toxicities occurred in three patients (37.5%): hepatic hemorrhage (grade 4), blood bilirubin increased (grade 3), and febrile neutropenia (grade 3). Two patients discontinued study because of hepatic hemorrhage (grade 4) and blood bilirubin increase (grade 3). Six deaths occurred due to progressive disease, and no deaths due to TEAEs.ConclusionThere were no unexpected safety findings with ramucirumab plus FOLFOX4 based on the known safety and toxicity of this regimen. The combination was not sufficiently tolerated in patients with advanced HCC at the specified dose and schedule.
Evaluation of cardiac function in the recipient twin in successfully treated twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome using a novel fetal speckle‐tracking analysis
Authors: Harbison Anna L. , Pruetz Jay D. , Ma Stephen , Sklansky Mark S. , Chmait Ramen H. , DeVore Greggory R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionThis study was designed to evaluate ventricular size, shape, and function in recipient twins following laser therapy for twin‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), using novel speckle‐tracking techniques.MethodsThis retrospective study enrolled patients that underwent fetal laser surgery for TTTS and had fetal echocardiograms (FE) performed pre‐ and post‐operatively (op), with adequate resolution in the 4‐chamber view for analysis, using a speckle‐tracking software, to compute the size, shape, and function of both the right (RV) and left (LV) ventricles. Values were indexed to published normal values. Pre‐ and post‐laser Z‐score values for each of the measurements were compared using the Student's t‐test, with significance defined as P < 0.05.ResultsFifteen TTTS candidate pregnancies that underwent laser therapy between 2010 and 2017, with adequate pre‐ and post‐op FE, were selected for the analysis. Post‐op FE at 28.5 ± 8.3 days showed a significant decrease in RV base dimension, increased LV base dimension, and improvements in many functional measurements: LV global and free wall strain, LV fractional area change, LV basal‐apical fractional change, and LV and RV 24‐segment fractional shortening (FS) of the basal segments.ConclusionsCardiac remodeling, following laser surgery in TTTS recipient twins, was demonstrated in the basal portion of both the RV and LV with improved biventricular function.
Are anticholinergic medications used for overactive bladder associated with new onset depression? A population‐based matched cohort study
Authors: Welk Blayne , McArthur Eric 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPurposePrior research has suggested that anticholinergic medications used for overactive bladder are associated with depression. Our objective was to test this hypothesis by comparing rates of new onset depression among anticholinergic medication users and those who were prescribed an alternative class of overactive bladder medication.MethodsWe used administrative data records from the province of Ontario, Canada and a matched cohort design. We matched patients who were newly prescribed an oral anticholinergic to those prescribed a beta‐3 agonist medication in a 2:1 ratio which included a propensity score that incorportated 75 baseline characteristics. The primary outcome of depression was measured using a validated definition, and the at‐risk period for our outcome of interest was between the initial date the prescription was filled, and up to 3 months after the end of continuous usage of that medication. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsWe matched 23 622 beta‐3 agonist users (mirabegron) to 47 324 anticholinergic users (most commonly tolterodine, oxybutynin, and solifenacin). The rate of depression was similar among beta‐3 agonist users (11.2 per 1000 patient‐years) and anticholinergic users (11.9 per 1000 patient‐years). In our primary analysis, the risk of depression among anticholinergic users was not significantly different compared to beta‐3 agonist users (HR 1.08 [95% CI 0.92‐1.28, P = .35]).ConclusionContrary to a previous report, overactive bladder anticholinergic medications do not appear to be associated with new onset depression.
Toxicity Assessment of Energetic Materials by Using the Luminescent Bacteria Inhibition Test
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Scharf Regina , Stierstorfer Jörg , Unger Cornelia C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe luminescent bacteria inhibition test using Aliivibrio fischeri is a well‐established method to determine the aquatic toxicity of soluble chemicals. More precisely, the effective concentration (EC50) after 15 and 30 min is determined in this test. The inhibition of natural bioluminescence of these bacteria gives a first idea of the toxicity of compounds towards some aquatic organisms. It is a cost and time efficient experimental method, which does not involve animals. In this contribution, the experimental set up, comparability with other measurements, and results of recently described compounds is presented. Different types of energetic materials such as coordination (e. g. [Cu(dtp)3](ClO4)2 and [Fe(MTZ)6](ClO4)2), neutral (e. g. azidoethanol, 1‐ and 2‐aminotetrazole) and ionic (e. g. polynitropyrazolates and PETNC salts) compounds were investigated and compared to commonly used materials, like RDX, ammonium perchlorate (AP) and azide salts. Furthermore, different substitution patterns and energetic functionalities such as azido‐, nitro‐ and nitramino‐groups were investigated.
Anchoring Positively Charged Pd Single Atoms in Ordered Porous Ceria to Boost Catalytic Activity and Stability in Suzuki Coupling Reactions
Authors: Tao Xueqin , Long Ran , Wu Di , Hu Yangguang , Qiu Ganhua , Qi Zeming , Li Benxia , Jiang Ruibin , Xiong Yujie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSingle‐atom (SA) catalysis bridging homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis offers new opportunities for organic synthesis, but developing SA catalysts with high activity and stability is still a great challenge. Herein, a heterogeneous catalyst of Pd SAs anchored in 3D ordered macroporous ceria (Pd‐SAs/3DOM‐CeO2) is developed through a facile template‐assisted pyrolysis method. The high specific surface area of 3DOM CeO2 facilitates the heavily anchoring of Pd SAs, while the introduction of Pd atoms induces the generation of surface oxygen vacancies and prevents the grain growth of CeO2 support. The Pd‐SAs/3DOM‐CeO2 catalyst exhibits excellent activity toward Suzuki coupling reactions for a broad scope of substrates under ambient conditions, and the Pd SAs can be stabilized in CeO2 in long‐term catalytic cycles without leaching or aggregating. Theoretical calculations indicate that the CeO2 supported Pd SAs can remarkably reduce the energy barriers of both transmetalation and reductive elimination steps for Suzuki coupling reactions. The strong metal‐support interaction contributes to modulating the electronic state and maintaining the stability of Pd SA sites. This work demonstrates an effective strategy to design and synthesize stable single‐atom catalysts as well as sheds new light on the origin for enhanced catalysis based on the strong metal‐support interactions.
Engineering the Low Coordinated Pt Single Atom to Achieve the Superior Electrocatalytic Performance toward Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Song Zhongxin , Zhu Ya‐Nan , Liu Hanshuo , Banis Mohammad Norouzi , Zhang Lei , Li Junjie , Doyle‐Davis Kieran , Li Ruying , Sham Tsun‐Kong , Yang Lijun , Young Alan , Botton Gianluigi A. , Liu Li‐Min , Sun Xueliang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractConfiguring metal single‐atom catalysts (SACs) with high electrocatalytic activity and stability is one efficient strategy in achieving the cost‐competitive catalyst for fuel cells’ applications. Herein, the atomic layer deposition (ALD) strategy for synthesis of Pt SACs on the metal–organic framework (MOF)‐derived N‐doped carbon (NC) is proposed. Through adjusting the ALD exposure time of the Pt precursor, the size‐controlled Pt catalysts, from Pt single atoms to subclusters and nanoparticles, are prepared on MOF‐NC support. X‐ray absorption fine structure spectra determine the increased electron vacancy in Pt SACs and indicate the Pt–N coordination in the as‐prepared Pt SACs. Benefiting from the low‐coordination environment and anchoring interaction between Pt atoms and nitrogen‐doping sites from MOF‐NC support, the Pt SACs deliver an enhanced activity and stability with 6.5 times higher mass activity than that of Pt nanoparticle catalysts in boosting the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Density functional theory calculations indicate that Pt single atoms prefer to be anchored by the pyridinic N‐doped carbon sites. Importantly, it is revealed that the electronic structure of Pt SAs can be adjusted by adsorption of hydroxyl and oxygen, which greatly lowers free energy change for the rate‐determining step and enhances the activity of Pt SACs toward the ORR.
The Dynamics of an Oscillating Enzymatic Reaction Network is Crucially Determined by Side Reactions
Authors: Pogodaev Aleksandr A. , Lap Tijs T. , Huck Wilhelm T. S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSynthetic complex chemical systems are often subject to perturbations in reaction conditions. To ensure robust functioning of these systems in real‐world applications, a better understanding is required of how resilience to perturbations could be included in the design of these systems. In order to develop such an understanding we need a deeper insight into how chemical systems respond to perturbations. Here, we study the effect of spiking concentrations in an oscillating enzymatic reaction network. We identify that a different magnitude of a perturbation triggers two distinctive responses: obtaining sustained oscillations and causing the loss of the amplitude. We rationalise our findings based on non‐linear dynamics and identify that non‐essential side reactions crucially tailor the observed behaviour.
Decolonizing Beginning Literacy Instruction: Views From Ugandan Teachers
Authors: Beach Sara Ann (Sally) , Nyirumbe Sr. Rosemary , Monk David , Pia Okecha Sr. Esther 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe International Literacy Association is a global advocacy organization, and literacy is viewed as a human right worldwide. This department highlights research and research‐to‐practice at the international level to bring global best teaching practices to the forefront. Topics may include best practices for literacy instruction in Europe or other continents/countries, partnership and collaborative projects between international schools/teachers, and advocacy.