bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integration of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with an Absorption Chiller for Dynamic Generation of Combined Cooling and Power for a Residential Application
Authors: Asghari Maryam , McVay Derek , Brouwer Jack 
Published: February 2020

Our novel idea is a highly efficient, zero emission solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system that can be dynamically dispatched to produce electricity, hydrogen fuel, and cooling in various amounts to meet energy and power demands of a single residence. Although SOFC systems exhibit high electrical efficiency, in practical applications almost half of the fuel energy is converted to heat. The SOFC high temperature (high quality) heat can be used as the primary thermal energy source to supply cooling or heating or to produce extra electricity through a bottoming cycle. In this study the waste heat from the fuel cell is captured and processed through an absorption chiller (AC) to provide cooling for meeting the cooling demand of a single residence. High purity hydrogen gas can also be produced by the SOFC system as an energy co-product using the tri-generation concept of lower fuel utilization followed by hydrogen separation from the anode off-gas. Hydrogen as an energy carrier can be stored for later use, as fuel for transportation use in a fuel cell electric vehicle. The integration of an absorption chiller and hydrogen separation unit with an SOFC could create a highly dispatchable system that can meet the dynamics of measured residential power and cooling while producing hydrogen fuel for fuel cell electric vehicle demand. Dynamic dispatch and control strategies are needed to safely operate such an SOFC system, keep it within the required operating envelope, and avoid premature degradation.
A spatially resolved dynamic model was developed in Matlab/Simulink to simulate the dynamic operating characteristics of an SOFC system. A commercially available 1.5 kW SOFC system was selected and acquired for model verification and performance evaluation. Preliminary results from the dynamic model of the SOFC show that the SOFC exhaust retains sufficient quality heat for use in an absorption chiller. A dynamic absorption chiller model is developed to study the dynamic characteristics and the performance of the combined co-generation system. Actual dynamic data from a single residential house located in Irvine California is used as an input to evaluate the dynamic operation of the SOFC-AC model. The integrated Tri-generation system was then evaluated in terms of efficiency, capacity, dynamic operation and control to meet the measured power, cooling, and fuel demands of the residence. The proposed system may offer a high efficiency and low emissions conversion solution that meets the dynamic demands for residential power, cooling, and transportation end-uses.
Structure-Electrochemical Property Relationships of Lipons Thin-Films Electrolytes for All Solid-State Microbatteries
Authors: Morin Pierrick , Le Van-Jodin Lucie , Benayad Anass , Bouchet Renaud 
Published: February 2020

All-solid-state microbatteries have interested many researchers and companies for the last decade, in order to supply in electrical energy small sensors and connected object. In these systems, Lithium Phosphorus Oxy-Nitride (LiPON) is generally used as solid-state electrolyte since its discovery in the early 1990s by Bates et al. [1]. However, LiPON presents a quite low ionic conductivity around 10-6 S/cm at room temperature. To increase this value, Sulfur can be added to the LiPON structure [2,3]. The present work focuses on the deposition of LiPONS thin-film electrolytes, and their chemical, structural, and electrochemical properties.
LiPONS glassy films were deposited by reactive radio-frequency magnetron sputtering from a pure Li3PO4 target at room temperature in a mixed N2:H2S plasma, with H2S gas flow varying from 0 to 5% to fine tune the S concentration in the LiPONS thin films. LiPOS materials were also obtained by sputtering the same target under a Ar:H2S plasma. Constant power, pressure and deposition time were used. Potentiostatic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (PEIS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were performed to probe the changes in morphology and composition, and understand the structure-electrochemical property relationships.
Whereas an improvement of the electrochemical properties of LiPON with the addition of Sulfur was expected, the opposite occurred (Fig. 1). In order to correlate the chemical structure to the ionic conductivity and identify the causes for the performance degradation, the electronic structure of LiPONS and LiPOS materials will be discussed based on XPS core level and valence band structure analyses, and compared with the classical LiPON electronic structure.
The observed decrease in ionic conductivity when the S content in the LiPONS thin-films increases from 0 to 15 at% (Fig. 1) can be related with the appearance of two groups of species in the High-resolution S2p XPS spectra (Fig 2). For low S concentrations, doublets from 160 to 164 eV assigned to S-P structures are dominant whereas signals from 165 to 168 eV, corresponding to more oxidized S species that can originate from reactions between Sulfur and Nitrogen, become non-negligible at higher S-contents and may be the cause of the electrochemical properties degradation.
[1] J. B. Bates, N. J. Dudney, G. R. Gruzalski et al, Solid State Ionics, vol. 53–56, pp. 647–654, 1992.
[2] J. B. Bates, “Thin film battery and electrolyte therefor,” US 6,818,356 B1, 2004.
[3] N. Mascaraque, H. Takebe, G. Tricot et al, J. Non.
Cryst. Solids, vol. 405, pp. 159–162, Dec. 2014.

Figure 1
Development of Electrolyte for Negative-Limited LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 / Li4Ti5O12 Li Ion Cells
Authors: Gogyo Yuma , Fukuta Ryuichiro , Onuma Takamitsu , Nishimura Takuya , Kojima Katsunori 
Published: February 2020

Spinel Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) is an attractive candidate for negative electrode materials of lithium ion battery because the LTO anode shows the high rate capability, long cycle life, outstanding safety characteristics, and a flat insertion/extraction potential of at 1.5 V vs. Li+/Li. The 4V-class cathode (such as LiCoO2, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, and LiMn2O4) / LTO battery has a low working voltage of about 2.5 V, leading to its low energy density. Some researchers have studied the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) / LTO battery system, because LNMO cathode offers a high operating potential at 4.7 V, which increases the working voltage of the battery using the LTO anode to 3.1 V [1] [2] [3]. Amine et al. reported that the negative limited LNMO / LTO cell showed a high rate capability and long cycle life at room temperature [1].
However, we found that the negative-limited LNMO /LTO battery showed a poor cycle characteristic at 50 ℃ (figure1-a). In this presentation, we aim to clarify the degradation mechanism of the negative-limited LNMO / LTO battery in order to improve the cycle life at a high temperature.
For this purpose, we disassembled the LNMO / LTO cells after the cycle test at 50 ℃ and extracted the electrodes and electrolyte. The extracted LNMO / Li-metal half-cell and the extracted LTO / Li-metal half-cell were assembled and tested. It was found that the capacity of the LNMO electrode did not decrease. On the other hand, the capacity of the LTO electrode decreased. It is revealed that the degradation of the negative-limited LNMO/LTO battery was caused by the decline of the LTO anode capacity. The XPS spectra of the LTO electrode indicated that LiF covered around the LTO materials and caused its capacity degradation.
To reveal the generation pathway of LiF, the extracted electrolyte was analyzed by GC-MS, LC-MS/MS and 19F-NMR. The results revealed that the reduction reaction of the chain-like carbonate such as dimethyl carbonate and the ring-opening reaction of the cyclic carbonate such as ethylene carbonate caused the LiF generation. Especially, the lithium alkoxide generated by the ring-opening reaction of the cyclic carbonate accelerated the LiF generation reaction.
The use of the electrolyte containing only chain-like carbonate as a solvent significantly improved the cycle characteristics at 50 ℃ (figure1-b).
References
[1] H. M. Wu, I. Belharouak, H. Deng, A. Abouimrane, Y.-K. Sun, and K. Amine, J. Electrochem. Soc., 156(12)　A1047 (2009)
[2] S. R. Li, C. H. Chen, X. Xia and J. R. Dahn J. Electrochem. Soc., 160(9)　A1524 (2013)
[3] Burak Aktekin, Reza Younesi, Wolfgang Zipprich, Carl Tengstedt, Daniel Brandell,
and Kristina Edstr¨om J. Electrochem. Soc., 164(4) A942 (2017)

Figure 1
Electrochemical Plating/Stripping Behavior of Metallic Zn on Carbon Film Current Collector
Authors: Li Wei , Wang Kangli , Cheng Shijie , Jiang Kai 
Published: February 2020

Aqueous batteries are promising as cheap, safe and green energy storage technologies. In the family of aqueous batteries, Zinc-based alkaline batteries are attractive candidates due to their low cost and high capacity compared with lead-acid and nickel-metal hydride batteries.1-3 However, the long-term durability of Zinc-based alkaline batteries is hampered by the Zn dendrite formation, which easily causes the internal short of batteries. In order to address this obstacle, a carbon film is developed to serve as flexible current collector for the plating/stripping of Zn. By virtue of this carbon film current collector, Zn can be reversibly plated/stripped at 1 mA cm-2 at 1 mAh cm-2 for 100 cycles with the coulombic efficiency over 97% without the formation of Zn dendrite.
Figure1a shows the cycling performance and coulombic efficiency of Zn plating and stripping on carbon film at a current density of 1mA cm-2 with an areal capacity of 1mAh cm-2. During each cycle, Zn is deposited on the carbon film at 1 mA cm-2 for 1 h and then stripped at 1 mA cm-2 until the potential reaching 0.5 V (vs. Zn2+/Zn). The coulombic efficiency is defined as the ratio of Zn removed from carbon film to that deposited during the same cycle. As can be seen, Zn can be stable deposited on and stripped from the carbon film within 100 cycles without short circuit. The initial coulombic efficiency of is 92.6% but it quickly roses up to 97.3% in the 3rd cycle and is stabled over 97% within 100 cycles. Moreover, from the plating and stripping profiles of Zn in Figure 1b, the potential hysteresis (defined as the difference of stripping/plating average potential in the same cycle) between the plating and stripping is less than 200 mV, indicating a fast electrochemical reaction kinetics. This result demonstrates that this low cost, fast kinetics and high efficiency carbon film shows potential as current collector for aqueous zinc-based batteries.
Acknowledges: The authors greatly acknowledge the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51622703), and the National Thousand Talents Program of China.
References

F. Parker, C. N. Chervin, I. R. Pala, et al., Science, 2017, 356, 415.

Pan, Y. Shao, P. Yan, et al., Nature Energy, 2016, 1, 16039.

Kundu, B. D. Adams, V. Duffort, et al., Nature Energy, 2016, 1, 16119.

Figure 1
Investigations of the Structural and Electrochemical Properties of Overcharged Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Torres-Castro Loraine , Lamb Joshua , Steele Leigh Anna M , Quintana Genaro 
Published: February 2020

Traditional monitoring of electrochemical cells and batteries has been limited to observation of voltage and temperature of the cell or cells. While this monitoring can be very robust, there are limits to how predictive voltage and temperature behavior can be prior to a thermal runaway event. Ultimately, voltage and temperature changes are often lagging symptoms of battery failure, and by the time a noticeable change is detected it is too late to arrest cell failure with intervention or maintenance. Further, instantaneous voltage and temperature monitoring are often inadequate to determine the state of a battery at rest, particularly if the battery has been previously subjected to an abusive condition. Knowledge of the level of stability of a damaged battery would allow for both safer and more efficient handling of the abused battery.
This work examines the application of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Differential Capacity calculations (dQ/dV) as tools for determining the state of stability (SOS) of an electrochemical cell or battery. The cells used for this study were commercial 10 Ah NMC cells and 10Ah LFP cells subjected to electrical abuse coupled with EIS monitoring. This aims to not only provide a deeper understanding of how abused cells and batteries fail, but also form the technical basis of a tool that could ultimately be used to interrogate cells of an unknown stability and even monitor active cells for early signs of damage or failure. Fast impedance monitoring hardware previously developed at Idaho National Laboratory is used to provide not only monitoring after an abusive battery test but also look for changes in the cell while abusive conditions are applied. Differential capacity calculations are explored both before tests and after moderate levels of overcharge to explore any observable changes that may be monitored during charge and discharge operations. Lastly, X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on the cathode/anode before and after the abuse test to understand the effect of overcharge in the structural changes. Figure 1 presents the measurements for the NMC cells that were partially abused from 20-60% OC. These three markers could then be potentially applied to cross-examine batteries of an unknown stability as well as provide the basis for an active diagnostic method as part of a battery management system.

Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc. for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

Figure 1
Widened Voltage Window for Aqueous Li-Ion Batteries with Low Electrolyte Concentrations
Authors: Lin Yu-Hsiang , Luo Jing , Wu Nae-Lih 
Published: February 2020

Nowadays, most of commercial Li-ion batteries use organic-based electrolytes, but the organic components are encountering several safety and environmental concerns. For example, ester based solvents are highly flammable and reactive with electrodes. These safety concerns are hindering the development of energy storage devices for high energy applications, such as electric vehicles and grid storage. Aqueous-based electrolytes may alleviate these safety concerns with several additional potential advantages, such as high conductivity and low cost. Nevertheless, aqueous-based electrolyte systems suffer from narrow operation voltage window (1.23 V), as aqueous-based electrolytes due to water-splitting reaction at both the high potential (3.7 V versus Li/Li+, oxygen evolution reaction) and low potential (2.5 V versus Li/Li+, hydrogen evolution reaction). New approaches based on water-in-salt concept, which involves very high slat concentrations (e.g., 21m LiTFSI(aq)) to reduce water decomposition reactions, have recently been proposed for widening the voltage window. The extremely high salt concentrations used in these new approaches impose serious cost and new safety concerns. In this work, a new method using electrode surface modification to reduce the salt concentrations needed for widened voltage windows is explored. The surface modification is shown to be effective in reducing water reduction toward the lower end of the voltage window. As a result, a significantly widened operation voltage window can be achieved with salt concentrations that are substantially lower than those typically reported in the water-in-salt methods.
Figure 1: Cyclic voltammetry test of Ti current collectors with or without surface modification in 1m LiTFSI(aq).

Figure 1
Studying Break-in Phenomena in Lithium-Ion Batteries through Acoustic and Impedance Measurements
Authors: Hodson Thomas , Knehr Kevin William , Steingart Daniel A 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-Ion Batteries (LiBs) have become ubiquitous in modern technologies, such as in the burgeoning electric vehicle and consumer electronics markets. After manufacturing the LiB, a period of “break-in” occurs wherein the battery experiences rapid changes in properties, such as capacity [1] and stress [2], before leveling off to a stable value. Most research in LiBs analyze the full cycle life of the battery and have little regard for the initial break-in period. However, understanding and controlling break-in conditions could determine future performance of the cell. In this study, we use electrochemical acoustic and impedance spectroscopy measurements to analyze break-in of LiBs. We further analyze how break-in conditions, such as varying the rate of current, affect the overall performance of the battery.
[1] Hong, Jong‐Sung, et al. "Electrochemical‐calorimetric studies of lithium‐ion cells." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 145.5 (1998): 1492
[2] Liu, Xinyi M., and Craig B. Arnold. "Effects of Cycling Ranges on Stress and Capacity Fade in Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 163.13 (2016): A2501-A2507.
Quinone-Based Aqueous Redox Flow Battery with Record Temporal Capacity Retention Rate
Authors: Lin Kaixiang , Kwabi David G. , Goulet Marc-Antoni , Kerr Emily , Pollack Daniel , Gordon Roy G. , Aziz Michael J. 
Published: February 2020

The use of quinone/hydroquinone couples in aqueous redox flow batteries is a promising pathway toward cost-effective stationary electrical energy storage [1]-[4]. A major remaining challenge is long-term molecule stability. We previously reported a record capacity-retention rate in a flow battery utilizing substituted viologens and ferrocenes [5]; however, the open-circuit voltage was only about 0.7 V. Here we report a novel quinone-based aqueous redox flow battery with an open circuit voltage of 1.0 V and a capacity-retention rate that sets new records for cycling in the absence of rebalancing procedures. At the time this abstract is being submitted, capacity fade extrapolates to roughly 2%/year while cycling for days at approximately 110 cycles/day.
[1] B. Huskinson, M.P. Marshak, C. Suh, S. Er, M.R. Gerhardt, C.J. Galvin, X. Chen, A. Aspuru-Guzik, R.G. Gordon and M.J. Aziz, “A metal-free organic-inorganic aqueous flow battery”, Nature
505, 195 (2014).
[2] K. Lin, Q. Chen, M.R. Gerhardt, L. Tong, S.B. Kim, L. Eisenach, A.W. Valle, D. Hardee, R.G. Gordon, M.J. Aziz and M.P. Marshak, "Alkaline Quinone Flow Battery", Science
349, 1529 (2015).
[3] L. Hoober-Burkhardt, S. Krishnamoorthy, B. Yang, A. Murali, A. Nirmalchandar, G.K. Surya Prakash, and S.R. Narayanan, "A New Michael-Reaction-Resistant Benzoquinone for Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries", Journal of the Electrochemical Society
164, A600 (2017).
[4] Z. Yang, L. Tong, D.P. Tabor, E.S. Beh, M.-A. Goulet, D. De Porcellinis, A. Aspuru-Guzik, R.G. Gordon, and M.J. Aziz, "Alkaline benzoquinone aqueous flow battery for large-scale storage of electrical energy” Advanced Energy Materials
7, in press (2017).
[5] E.S. Beh, D. De Porcellinis, R.L. Gracia, K.T. Xia, R.G. Gordon, and M.J. Aziz, "A Neutral pH Aqueous Organic–Organometallic Redox Flow Battery with Extremely High Capacity Retention", ACS Energy Letters
2, 639 (2017).
Improving a Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Matrix Strength By Fiber Reinforcing
Authors: Milewski Jaroslaw , Wejrzanowski Tomasz , Fung Kuan-Zong , Liu Bernard Hao-Chih , Szabłowski Łukasz , Baron Robert , Szczęśniak Arkadiusz , Tsai Shu-Yi , Ni Chung-Ta , Tang Jhih-Yu 
Published: February 2020

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell matrix which is made of LiAlO2 has tendence to cracking, which reduces the performance and durability of the MCFC due to electrolyte loss and gas crossover [1--5]. In this paper we propose testing different types of fibers in order to reduce the brittleness of the matrix during the start-up and operation of the MCFC. Reducing LiAlO2 matrix brittleness can be done the addition of ceramic fibers or by using highly porous ceramic paper infiltrated by LiAlO2.
Two types of LiAlO2 reinforcement are tested. The first---short fibers, and the second---high porous ceramic paper. Short fibers will be added to the slurry and the green tape will be obtained by the tape casting method. The second method will be based on infiltration of ceramic paper by LiAlO2 suspension.
Acknowledgments
The project is coefinanced by Polish National Center for
Research and Development of Polish-Taiwanese/Taiwanese-
Polish Joint Research Call granted by decision number DZP/
PL-TWIII/16/2016.
References
[1] Cheng, L. Guo, S. Xu, and R. Zhang: 2014: The Optimization of Matrix Preparation Process and Performance Testing for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell, Journal of Chemistry 2014, 1-7, 2014.
[2] J.-E. Kim, K. Y. Patil, J. Han, S.-P. Yoon, S.-W. Nam, T.-H. Lim, S.-A. Hong, H. Kim, and H.-C. Lim: Using aluminum and Li2CO3 particles to reinforce the a-LiAlO2 matrix for molten carbonate fuel cells, International journal of hydrogen energy 34(22), 9227–9232, 2009.
[3] J.-J. Lee, H.-J. Choi, S.-H. Hyun, and H.-C. Im: Characteristics of aluminum reinforced g-LiAlO2 matrices for molten carbonate fuel cells, Journal of Power Sources 179(2), 504–510, 2008.
[4] H. Nirasawa, T. Kawachi, T. Ogawa, M. Hori, N. Tomimatsu, K. Nakagawa, H. Ohzu, and Y. Yamazaki: Stabilized matrix for molten carbonate fuel cell, Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 1996. IECEC 96., Proceedings of the 31st Intersociety, Vol. 2, 1132–1137, 1996.
[5] K.Y. Patil, S. P. Yoon, J. Han, T.-H. Lim, S. W. Nam, and I.-H. Oh: The effect of lithium addition on aluminum-reinforced a-LiAlO2 matrices for molten carbonate fuel cells, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36(10), 6237–6247, 2011