bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hopelessness Among Middle-Aged and Older Blacks: The Negative Impact of Discrimination and Protecting Power of Social and Religious Resources
Authors: Mitchell Uchechi A , Gutierrez-Kapheim Melissa , Nguyen Ann W , Al-Amin Nadia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesHopelessness—a state of despair characterized by a negative outlook towards the future and a belief in insurmountable challenges—is a risk factor for major depression, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality among older adults. It is also an understudied consequence of discrimination. Older blacks disproportionately report experiencing discrimination and, as a result, may be at greater risk of feeling hopeless. However, social and religious resources may protect against the adverse effects of discrimination. The current study examines whether social support, social engagement, religious attendance, and religiosity buffer the effects of self-reported everyday discrimination on hopelessness among a nationally representative sample of blacks.Research Design and MethodsUsing data from the 2010/2012 psychosocial assessment of the Health and Retirement Study, we regressed hopelessness on everyday discrimination, stratifying by 2 age groups, ages 51–64, representing middle-age (n = 1,302), and age 65 and older, representing old age (n = 887). Interaction terms tested whether each resource moderated the discrimination–hopelessness relationship controlling for depressive symptoms, socioeconomic status, and demographic characteristics.ResultsGreater reports of everyday discrimination were associated with higher levels of hopelessness for middle-aged and older blacks. For middle-aged blacks, the resources did not moderate the discrimination–hopelessness relationship; rather, higher levels of support (b = −0.294, p &lt; .01), religiosity (b = −0.297, p &lt; .001), religious attendance (b = −0.218, p &lt; .05) were independently and inversely associated with hopelessness. For older blacks, higher levels of religiosity moderated the discrimination–hopelessness relationship (b = −0.208, p &lt; .05) and higher levels of support (b = −0.304, p &lt; .05) and social engagement (b = −0.236, p &lt; .05) were independently and inversely associated with hopelessness.Discussion and ImplicationsFindings suggest that self-reported everyday discrimination increases hopelessness among middle-aged and older blacks but social and religious resources may counterbalance its effects, in age-specific ways, to protect against hopelessness. Religiosity may be especially important for older blacks as a buffer against the negative consequences of discrimination on hopelessness.
Membrane-bound mucins of the airway mucosal surfaces are densely decorated with keratan sulfate: revisiting their role in the Lung’s innate defense
Authors: Carpenter Jerome , Kesimer Mehmet 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Understanding the basic elements of the airway mucosal surfaces and how they form a functional barrier is essential in understanding disease initiation, progression, pathogenesis and ultimately treating chronic lung diseases. Using primary airway epithelial cell cultures, atomic force microscopy (AFM), multiangle light scattering and quartz crystal micro balance with dissipation monitoring techniques, here we report that the membrane bound mucins (MBMs) found in the periciliary layer (PCL) of the airway surface are densely decorated with keratan sulfate (KS). AFM and immunoblotting show that the KS sidechains can be removed enzymatically with keratanase II (KII) treatment, and the antibody accessibility for B2729 (MUC1), MUCH4 (MUC4) and OC125 (MUC16) was substantially enhanced. Light scattering analysis confirmed that KII treatment removed ~40% of the mass from the mucin fractions. Surface binding experiments indicated that MBMs were able to pack into a tighter conformation following KS removal, suggesting that negatively charged KS sidechains play a role in mucin–mucin repulsion and contribute to “space filling” in the PCL. We also observed that soluble filtrate from the common airway pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is capable of stripping KS from MBMs. Altogether, our findings indicate that KS glycosylation of MBMs may play an important role in the integrity of the airway mucosal barrier and its compromise in disease.
From specimens to commodities: the London nursery trade and the introduction of exotic plants in the early nineteenth century*
Authors: Alcorn Keith 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Nursery owners played a critical role in transforming imported plants and trees from scientific specimens into commodities that became widespread in British gardens in the first half of the nineteenth century. This article uses rare surviving business records of London nurserymen to investigate the scale and structure of the nursery trade and its business practices between 1800 and 1850 and how nursery businesses innovated to meet the needs of an emerging middle class.
Global trend of aetiology-based primary liver cancer incidence from 1990 to 2030: a modelling study
Authors: Liu Zhenqiu , Xu Kelin , Jiang Yanfeng , Cai Ning , Fan Jiahui , Mao Xianhua , Suo Chen , Jin Li , Zhang Tiejun , Chen Xingdong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundPredictions of primary liver cancer (PLC) incidence rates and case numbers are critical to understand and plan for PLC disease burden.MethodsData on PLC incidence rates and case numbers from 1990 to 2017 were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease database. The estimated average percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to quantify the trends of PLC age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs). Bayesian age-period-cohort models were constructed to project PLC incidence rates and case numbers through 2030.ResultsGlobally, the PLC case number doubled from 472 300 in 1990 to 953 100 in 2017. The case number will further increase to 1 571 200 in 2030, and the ASR will increase from 11.80 per 100 000 in 2018 to 14.08 per 100 000 in 2030. The most pronounced increases are observed in people afflicted by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and in older people. The trends of PLC incidence rates between 1990 and 2030 are heterogeneous among countries and can be summarized as five scenarios: (i) 46 countries that have and will continue to experience a persistent increase (e.g. Australia); (ii) 21 countries that experienced an initial decrease (or remained stable) but are predicted to increase (e.g. China); (iii) 7 countries that experienced an initial increase but are predicted to remain stable (e.g. USA); (iv) 29 countries that experienced an initial increase but are predicted to decrease (e.g. Egypt); and (v) 82 countries that have and will continue to experience a persistent decrease (e.g. Japan).ConclusionPLC incidence rates and case numbers are anticipated to increase at the global level through 2030. The increases in people afflicted by NASH and among older people suggest a dearth of attention for these populations in current prevention strategies and highlight their priority in future schedules for global control of PLC.
Dealing with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a rapid response team operation in Brazil: Quality in practice
Authors: Rocha Hermano Alexandre Lima , Alcântara Antonia Célia de Castro , Netto Fernanda Colares de Borba , Ibiapina Flavio Lucio Pontes , Lopes Livia Amaral , Rocha Sabrina Gabriele Maia Oliveira , Leite Elias Bezerra 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Quality problem or issue
Up to 13 July 2020, &gt;12 million laboratory-confirmed cases of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) infection have been reported worldwide, 1 864 681 in Brazil. We aimed to assess an intervention to deal with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the operations of a rapid response team (RRT).

Initial assessment
An observational study with medical record review was carried out at a large tertiary care hospital in Fortaleza, a 400-bed quaternary hospital, 96 of which are intensive care unit beds. All adult patients admitted to hospital wards, treated by the RRTs during the study period, were included, and a total of 15 461 RRT calls were analyzed.

Choice of solution
Adequacy of workforce sizing.

Implementation
The hospital adjusted the size of its RRTs during the period, going from two to four simultaneous on-duty medical professionals.

Evaluation
After the beginning of the pandemic, the number of treated cases in general went from an average of 30.6 daily calls to 79.2, whereas the extremely critical cases went from 3.5 to 22 on average. In percentages, the extremely critical care cases went from 10.47 to 20%, with P &lt; 0.001. Patient mortality remained unchanged. The number of critically ill cases and the number of treated patients increased 2-fold in relation to the prepandemic period, but the effectiveness of the RRT in relation to mortality was not affected.

Lessons learned
The observation of these data is important for hospital managers to adjust the size of their RRTs according to the new scenario, aiming to maintain the intervention effectiveness.
Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics Are Associated With Biologic Therapy Use in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Sherlock Mary E , Zachos Mary , Issenman Robert M , Mulder Daniel J 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Biologic agents are a highly useful class of medications for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Limited evidence exists to guide initiation of biologic therapy, especially in pediatric patients. It is unclear if disease severity is connected to biologic response. We hypothesized that the clinical, biochemical and radiographic characteristics of pediatric IBD at diagnosis were associated with subsequent initiation of biologic therapy.

Methods
We performed a retrospective analysis of the charts of all pediatric patients diagnosed with IBD at our centre over 14 years. Kaplan–Meier curves evaluated patient characteristics at diagnosis with time to initiation of biologic therapy. A Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate characteristic analysis.

Results
A total of 198 patients were included, 57.6% had Crohn’s disease, 27.8% had ulcerative colitis and 14.6% had IBD type unclassified. Mean follow-up time was 47.8 months. About 55.5% of the patients received a biologic medication, the mean time to biologic initiation was 21.5 months. Earlier initiation of biologic therapy was frequently associated with older age, higher disease activity index and lower serum albumin.

Conclusions
Older pediatric patients with more severely active disease and lower serum albumin levels at the time of IBD diagnosis were more likely to initiate biologic therapy when considering biologic initiation, even many years after diagnosis. Identification of these characteristics may help inform decisions to initiate biologic therapy earlier in the IBD disease course.
Signatures of Introgression across the Allele Frequency Spectrum
Authors: Martin Simon H , Amos William 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The detection of introgression from genomic data is transforming our view of species and the origins of adaptive variation. Among the most widely used approaches to detect introgression is the so-called ABBA–BABA test or D-statistic, which identifies excess allele sharing between nonsister taxa. Part of the appeal of D is its simplicity, but this also limits its informativeness, particularly about the timing and direction of introgression. Here we present a simple extension, D frequency spectrum or DFS, in which D is partitioned according to the frequencies of derived alleles. We use simulations over a large parameter space to show how DFS carries information about various factors. In particular, recent introgression reliably leads to a peak in DFS among low-frequency derived alleles, whereas violation of model assumptions can lead to a lack of signal at low frequencies. We also reanalyze published empirical data from six different animal and plant taxa, and interpret the results in the light of our simulations, showing how DFS provides novel insights. We currently see DFS as a descriptive tool that will augment both simple and sophisticated tests for introgression, but in the future it may be usefully incorporated into probabilistic inference frameworks.
The Bgee suite: integrated curated expression atlas and comparative transcriptomics in animals
Authors: Bastian Frederic B , Roux Julien , Niknejad Anne , Comte Aurélie , Fonseca Costa Sara S , de Farias Tarcisio Mendes , Moretti Sébastien , Parmentier Gilles , de Laval Valentine Rech , Rosikiewicz Marta , Wollbrett Julien , Echchiki Amina , Escoriza Angélique , Gharib Walid H , Gonzales-Porta Mar , Jarosz Yohan , Laurenczy Balazs , Moret Philippe , Person Emilie , Roelli Patrick , Sanjeev Komal , Seppey Mathieu , Robinson-Rechavi Marc 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Bgee is a database to retrieve and compare gene expression patterns in multiple animal species, produced by integrating multiple data types (RNA-Seq, Affymetrix, in situ hybridization, and EST data). It is based exclusively on curated healthy wild-type expression data (e.g., no gene knock-out, no treatment, no disease), to provide a comparable reference of normal gene expression. Curation includes very large datasets such as GTEx (re-annotation of samples as ‘healthy’ or not) as well as many small ones. Data are integrated and made comparable between species thanks to consistent data annotation and processing, and to calls of presence/absence of expression, along with expression scores. As a result, Bgee is capable of detecting the conditions of expression of any single gene, accommodating any data type and species. Bgee provides several tools for analyses, allowing, e.g., automated comparisons of gene expression patterns within and between species, retrieval of the prefered conditions of expression of any gene, or enrichment analyses of conditions with expression of sets of genes. Bgee release 14.1 includes 29 animal species, and is available at https://bgee.org/ and through its Bioconductor R package BgeeDB.
Structural basis of the XPB helicase–Bax1 nuclease complex interacting with the repair bubble DNA
Authors: He Feng , DuPrez Kevin , Hilario Eduardo , Chen Zhenhang , Fan Li 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) removes various DNA lesions caused by UV light and chemical carcinogens. The DNA helicase XPB plays a key role in DNA opening and coordinating damage incision by nucleases during NER, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we report crystal structures of XPB from Sulfurisphaera tokodaii (St) bound to the nuclease Bax1 and their complex with a bubble DNA having one arm unwound in the crystal. StXPB and Bax1 together spirally encircle 10 base pairs of duplex DNA at the double-/single-stranded (ds–ss) junction. Furthermore, StXPB has its ThM motif intruding between the two DNA strands and gripping the 3′-overhang while Bax1 interacts with the 5′-overhang. This ternary complex likely reflects the state of repair bubble extension by the XPB and nuclease machine. ATP binding and hydrolysis by StXPB could lead to a spiral translocation along dsDNA and DNA strand separation by the ThM motif, revealing an unconventional DNA unwinding mechanism. Interestingly, the DNA is kept away from the nuclease domain of Bax1, potentially preventing DNA incision by Bax1 during repair bubble extension.
OptimalTTF-1: Enhancing tumor treating fields therapy with skull remodeling surgery. A clinical phase I trial in adult recurrent glioblastoma
Authors: Korshoej Anders Rosendal , Lukacova Slavka , Lassen-Ramshad Yasmin , Rahbek Christian , Severinsen Kåre Eg , Guldberg Trine Lignell , Mikic Nikola , Jensen Mette Haldrup , Cortnum Søren Ole Stigaard , von Oettingen Gorm , Sørensen Jens Christian Hedemann 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Preclinical studies suggest that skull remodeling surgery (SR-surgery) increases the dose of tumor treating fields (TTFields) in glioblastoma (GBM) and prevents wasteful current shunting through the skin. SR-surgery introduces minor skull defects to focus the cancer-inhibiting currents toward the tumor and increase the treatment dose. This study aimed to test the safety and feasibility of this concept in a phase I setting.

Methods
Fifteen adult patients with the first recurrence of GBM were treated with personalized SR-surgery, TTFields, and physician’s choice oncological therapy. The primary endpoint was toxicity and secondary endpoints included standard efficacy outcomes.

Results
SR-surgery resulted in a mean skull defect area of 10.6 cm2 producing a median TTFields enhancement of 32% (range 25–59%). The median TTFields treatment duration was 6.8 months and the median compliance rate 90%. Patients received either bevacizumab, bevacizumab/irinotecan, or temozolomide rechallenge. We observed 71 adverse events (AEs) of grades 1 (52%), 2 (35%), and 3 (13%). There were no grade 4 or 5 AEs or intervention-related serious AEs. Six patients experienced minor TTFields-induced skin rash. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.6 months and the PFS rate at 6 months was 36%. The median overall survival (OS) was 15.5 months and the OS rate at 12 months was 55%.

Conclusions
TTFields therapy combined with SR-surgery and medical oncological treatment is safe and nontoxic and holds the potential to improve the outcome for GBM patients through focal dose enhancement in the tumor.
Normal Respiratory Flora as a Cause of Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Musher Daniel M , Jesudasen Sirus J , Barwatt Joseph W , Cohen Daniel N , Moss Benjamin J , Rodriguez-Barradas Maria C 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Intensive studies have failed to identify an etiologic agent in &gt;50% cases of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Bacterial pneumonia follows aspiration of recognized bacterial pathogens (RBPs) such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus after they have colonize the nasopharynx. We hypothesized that aspiration of normal respiratory flora (NRF) might also cause CAP.

Methods
We studied 120 patients hospitalized for CAP who provided a high-quality sputum specimen at, or soon after admission, using Gram stain, quantitative sputum culture, bacterial speciation by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight, and viral polymerase chain reaction. Thresholds for diagnosis of bacterial infection were ≥105 colony-forming units (cfu)/mL sputum for RBPs and ≥106 cfu for NRF.

Results
Recognized bacterial pathogens were found in 68 of 120 (56.7%) patients; 14 (20.1%) of these had a coinfecting respiratory virus. Normal respiratory flora were found in 31 (25.8%) patients; 10 (32.2%) had a coinfecting respiratory virus. Infection by ≥2 RBPs occurred in 10 cases and by NRF together with RBPs in 13 cases. Among NRF, organisms identified as Streptococcus mitis, which share many genetic features of S pneumoniae, predominated. A respiratory virus alone was found in 16 of 120 (13.3%) patients. Overall, an etiologic diagnosis was established in 95.8% of cases.

Conclusions
Normal respiratory flora, with or without viral coinfection, appear to have caused one quarter of cases of CAP and may have played a contributory role in an additional 10.8% of cases caused by RBPs. An etiology for CAP was identified in &gt;95% of patients who provided a high-quality sputum at, or soon after, the time of admission.
Ralstonia solanacearum Type III Effector RipAC Targets SGT1 to Suppress Effector-Triggered Immunity
Authors: Nakano Masahito , Ichinose Yuki , Mukaihara Takafumi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum injects type III effectors into host cells to cause bacterial wilt in Solanaceae plants. To identify R. solanacearum effectors that suppress effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in plants, we evaluated R. solanacearum RS1000 effectors for their ability to suppress a hypersensitive response (HR) induced by the avirulence (Avr) effector RipAA in Nicotiana benthamiana. Out of the 11 effectors tested, 4 suppressed RipAA-triggered HR cell death. Among them, RipAC contains tandem repeats of the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motif, which serves as the structural scaffold for a protein–protein interaction. We found that the LRR domain of RipAC was indispensable for the suppression of HR cell death during the recognition of RipAA and another Avr effector RipP1. By yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified N. benthamiana SGT1, an adaptor protein that forms a molecular chaperone complex with RAR1, as a host factor of the RipAC target. RipAC interacted with NbSGT1 in yeast and plant cells. Upon the formation of the molecular chaperone complex, the presence of RipAC markedly inhibits the interaction between NbSGT1 and NbRAR1. The RipAA- and RipP1-triggered HR cell deaths were not observed in NbSGT1-silenced plants. The introduction of RipAC was complementary to the reduced growth of the R. solanacearum mutant strain in N. benthamiana. These findings indicate that R. solanacearum uses RipAC to subvert the NbSGT1-mediated formation of the molecular chaperone complex and suppress ETI responses during the recognition of Avr effectors.
Anti-$\mathcal{PT}$ symmetry for a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian
Authors: Maamache Mustapha , Kheniche Linda 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Anti-$\mathcal{PT}$ symmetry, $(\mathcal{PT})H=-H(\mathcal{PT})$, is a plausible variant of $\mathcal{PT}$ symmetry. Of particular interest is the situation when all the eigenstates of an anti-$\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric non-Hermitian Hamiltonian $H$ are also eigenstates of the $\mathcal{PT}$ operator; then, the quasi-energies are purely imaginary, which implies that the Hermitian conjugate $H^{+}=-H$, and thus they are connected via the relation $(\mathcal{PT})H=H^{+}\mathcal{PT}$, similar to the quasi-Hermiticity relation. Therefore, the eigenfunctions of the anti-$\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric $H$ form a complete orthonormal set with positive definite norms, and moreover the time evolution is unitary.
STUDY OF POLONIUM-210 IN PERSIAN CIGARETTE AND TOBACCO CROPS
Authors: Ghanbar-Moghaddam Behnaz , Fathivand Aliasghar 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Alpha radiation from Polonium-210 (210Po) is considered to be an important agent of bronchial cancer in smokers. Besides reexamination of the radionuclide in domestic and imported cigarette brands separately, the radioactive contamination was also followed during the cigarette-producing procedure in Gilan as one of the major regions of tobacco cultivation in Iran. The activity level of 210Po in Iranian domestic and imported cigarettes averaged 38.4 ± 6% and 20.0 ± 7% mBq g−1, respectively. Drying in direct contact with fumes of fossil fuel seems like one of the main excessive sources of 210Po in Persian cigarettes.
The hyperopia of wealth: the cultural legitimation of economic inequalities by top earners
Authors: Kuusela Hanna 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The article explores the attitudes and perceptions of those at the top of the income scale toward economic inequalities. Through a qualitative case study, it presents how a group of top 0.1% of earners in Finland—one of the most equal countries in the world—perceive and legitimize economic disparities in an era of rising inequalities. By drawing together studies of economic inequality with the sociology of elites, the article analyzes the cultural repertoires through which the top earners make sense of inequality. As its key finding, it introduces the concept of hyperopia of wealth to describe the discursive blindness that the wealthy respondents have toward the structural conditions of economic disparities. The results indicate that top earners have a tendency to either ignore or approve the existing inequalities while disregarding the role of the wealthy and wealth in the dynamics. This blindness is named as hyperopia of wealth, analogous to a condition in which one cannot see things that are close clearly.