bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personal Narrative: Let Girls Be Girls—My Journey into Forced Womanhood
Authors: Sawo Musu Bakoto 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Musu Bakoto Sawo takes readers through her personal journey as a former child bride. In demonstrating the relationship between menarche and child marriage, she explains how parents deny girls their right to education by sending them to their marital homes prematurely. Sawo explores the factors that contribute to the high prevalence of child marriage in The Gambia and identifies mechanisms that support curbing it. The chapter then moves to drawing attention to her activism and work in debunking social norms that prevent girls from reaching their potentials. Sawo concludes by sharing her optimism in the eradication of harmful traditional practices in The Gambia and her dream for Gambian women and girls: empowering, uplifting, and safe spaces.
Rare two-body decays of the top quark into a bottom meson plus an up or charm quark
Authors: d’Enterria David , Shao Hua-Sheng 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Rare two-body decays of the top quark into a neutral bottom-quark meson plus an up- or charm-quark: $$ t\to {\overline{B}}^0+u,\kern0.5em c;t\to {\overline{B}}_s^0+c,\kern0.5em u $$
t
→

B
¯

0

+
u
,

c
;
t
→

B
¯

s
0

+
c
,

u
; and t → ϒ(nS) + c, u, are studied for the first time. The corresponding partials widths are computed at leading order in the non-relativistic QCD framework. The sums of all two-body branching ratios amount to $$ \mathrm{\mathcal{B}}\left(t\to {\overline{B}}^0+\mathrm{jet}\right)\approx \mathrm{\mathcal{B}}\left(t\to {\overline{B}}_s^0+\mathrm{jet}\right)\approx 4.2\cdot {10}^{-5} $$
ℬ

t
→

B
¯

0

+
jet

≈
ℬ

t
→

B
¯

s
0

+
jet

≈
4.2
⋅

10

−
5

and ℬ(t → ϒ(nS) + jet) ≈ 2 ⋅ 10−9, respectively. The feasibility to observe the $$ t\to {\overline{B}}_{(s)}^0+ $$
t
→

B
¯

s

0

+
jet decay is estimated in top- pair events produced in proton-proton collisions at $$ \sqrt{s} $$

s

= 14, 100 TeV at the LHC and FCC, respectively. Combining many exclusive hadronic $$ {\overline{B}}_{(s)}^0 $$

B
¯

s

0

decays, with J/ψ or D0,± final states, about 50 (16 000) events are expected in 3 (20) ab−1 of integrated luminosity at the LHC (FCC), after typical selection criteria, acceptance, and efficiency losses. An observation of the two-body top-quark decay can also be achieved in the interesting t → b(jet) + c(jet) dijet final state, where the $$ {\overline{B}}_{(s)}^0 $$

B
¯

s

0

decay products are reconstructed as a jet, with 5 300 and 1.4 million signal events above backgrounds expected after selection criteria at the LHC and FCC, respectively. Such unique final states provide a new direct method to precisely measure the top-quark mass via simple 2-body invariant mass analyses.
Probing New Physics in b → d transitions
Authors: Rusov Aleksey V. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recent experimental data on several observables in semileptonic B-meson decays are found to be in tension with the corresponding Standard Model predictions. Most of these deviations are related to b → c and b → s flavour changing transitions. In this work, we estimate possible New Physics effects in b → dμ+μ− flavour changing neutral currents. We parametrize NP contributions in a model-independent way and determine the allowed ranges of corresponding Wilson coefficients from the data on the exclusive B±→ π±μ+μ− decays measured recently by the LHCb collaboration. Afterwards, we investigate the impact of these results on other b → d processes such as the leptonic B0→ μ+μ− decays and B0−$$ {\overline{B}}^0 $$

B
¯

0

mixing. As an example, we consider a simplified Z′ model that is found to be consistent with current b → d data in the certain regions of the NP parameter space. In addition, we estimate the correlations between the partial decay widths of B → πμ+μ− and B → K μ+μ− processes to be used for an independent determination of CKM matrix elements as well as for a combined New Physics analysis of both b → d and b → s transitions.
Cosmological bounds on sub-GeV dark vector bosons from electromagnetic energy injection
Authors: Coffey John , Forestell Lindsay , Morrissey David E. , White Graham 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
New dark vector bosons that couple very feebly to regular matter can be created in the early universe and decay after the onset of big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) or the formation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at recombination. The energy injected by such decays can alter the light element abundances or modify the power and frequency spectra of the CMB. In this work we study the constraints implied by these effects on a range of sub-GeV dark vectors including the kinetically mixed dark photon, and the B − L, Le− Lμ, Le− Lτ , and Lμ− Lτ dark U(1) bosons. We focus on the effects of electromagnetic energy injection, and we update previous investigations of dark photon and other dark vector decays by taking into account non-universality in the photon cascade spectrum relevant for BBN and the energy dependence of the ionization efficiency after recombination in our treatment of modifications to the CMB.
Heating neutron stars with GeV dark matter
Authors: Keung Wai-Yee , Marfatia Danny , Tseng Po-Yan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
An old neutron star (NS) may capture halo dark matter (DM) and get heated up by the deposited kinetic energy, thus behaving like a thermal DM detector with sensitivity to a wide range of DM masses and a variety of DM-quark interactions. Near future infrared telescopes will measure NS temperatures down to a few thousand Kelvin and probe NS heating by DM capture. We focus on GeV-mass Dirac fermion DM (which is beyond the reach of current DM direct detection experiments) in scenarios in which the DM capture rate can saturate the geometric limit. For concreteness, we study (1) a model that invokes dark decays of the neutron to explain the neutron lifetime anomaly, and (2) a framework of DM coupled to quarks through a vector current portal. In the neutron dark decay model a NS can have a substantial DM population, so that the DM capture rate can reach the geometric limit through DM self-interactions even if the DM-neutron scattering cross section is tiny. We find NS heating to have greater sensitivity than multipion signatures in large underground detectors for the neutron dark decay model, and sub-GeV gamma-ray signatures for the quark vector portal model.
Differential Topological Aspects in Octonionic Monogenic Function Theory
Authors: Kraußhar Rolf Sören 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper we apply a homologous version of the Cauchy integral formula for octonionic monogenic functions to introduce for this class of functions the notion of multiplicity of zeroes anda-points in the sense of the topological mapping degree. As a big novelty we also address the case of zeroes lying on certain classes of compact zero varieties. This case has not even been studied in the associative Clifford analysis setting so far. We also prove an argument principle for octonionic monogenic functions for isolated zeroes and for non-isolated compact zero sets. In the isolated case we can use this tool to prove a generalized octonionic Rouché’s theorem by a homotopic argument. As an application we set up a generalized version of Hurwitz theorem which is also a novelty even for the Clifford analysis case.
Embeddedness of Timelike Maximal Surfaces in $$(1+2)$$-Minkowski Space
Authors: Paxton E. Adam 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe prove that if$$\phi :\mathbb {R}^2 \rightarrow \mathbb {R}^{1+2}$$ϕ:R2→R1+2is a smooth, proper, timelike immersion with vanishing mean curvature, then necessarily$$\phi $$ϕis an embedding, and every compact subset of$$\phi (\mathbb {R}^2)$$ϕ(R2)is a smooth graph. It follows that if one evolves any smooth, self-intersecting spacelike curve (or any planar spacelike curve whose unit tangent vector spans a closed semi-circle) so as to trace a timelike surface of vanishing mean curvature in$$\mathbb {R}^{1+2}$$R1+2, then the evolving surface will either fail to remain timelike, or it will fail to remain smooth. We show that, even allowing for null points, such a Cauchy evolution will be$$C^2$$C2inextendible beyond some singular time. In addition we study the continuity of the unit tangent for the evolution of a self-intersecting curve in isothermal gauge, which defines a well-known evolution beyond singular time.
On the regularity of very weak solutions for linear elliptic equations in divergence form
Authors: La Manna Domenico Angelo , Leone Chiara , Schiattarella Roberta 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper we consider a linear elliptic equation in divergence form $$\begin{aligned} \sum _{i,j}D_j(a_{ij}(x)D_i u )=0 \quad \hbox {in } \Omega . \end{aligned}$$

∑

i
,
j

D
j

(

a

ij

(
x
)

D
i

u
)

=
0

in

Ω
.

Assuming the coefficients $$a_{ij}$$

a

ij

in $$W^{1,n}(\Omega )$$

W

1
,
n

(
Ω
)

with a modulus of continuity satisfying a certain Dini-type continuity condition, we prove that any very weak solution $$u\in L^{n'}_\mathrm{loc}(\Omega )$$

u
∈

L
loc

n
′

(
Ω
)

of (0.1) is actually a weak solution in $$W^{1,2}_\mathrm{loc}(\Omega )$$

W
loc

1
,
2

(
Ω
)

.
Monitoring von Immuntherapien
Authors: Schneider Hannah , Illert Anne-Lena , Bamberg Fabian , Eisenblätter Michel 
Published: July 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Immuntherapien spielen in der Behandlung fortgeschrittener onkologischer Erkrankungen eine zunehmende Rolle. Bei einigen Patienten birgt die radiologische Diagnostik durch atypische, immuntherapieinduziete Therapieverläufe neue Herausforderungen.

Ziel der Arbeit
Dieser Beitrag soll einen Überblick über die bildgebenden Methoden des Monitorings von Immuntherapien geben, die assoziierten Phänomene Pseudoprogress und Hyperprogress erörtern sowie die Evaluationskriterien iRECIST vorstellen, welche sich als Evaluationsstandard für klinische Studien anbieten. Zusätzlich werden die radiologisch wichtigsten Nebenwirkungen und ihre bildmorphologischen Charakteristika beschrieben.

Material und Methoden
Für diesen Übersichtsartikel wurden Studienergebnisse und Reviews seit 2009 ausgewertet. Die Literaturrecherche erfolgte mittels PubMed, die Suchbegriffe enthielten „immunotherapy“, „checkpoint inhibitor“, „pseudoprogression“, „iRECIST“ und „immune related adverse events“.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion
Mit einer Inzidenz von bis zu 10 % ist der Pseudoprogress insgesamt selten; aktuell ist die Differenzierung von einem echten Progress nur durch eine Beobachtung des zeitlichen Verlaufs möglich. Die 2017 erschienenen iRECIST-Kriterien enthalten daher die neuen Kategorien unbestätigter (immune unconfirmed progressive disease iUPD) und bestätigter Progress (immune confirmed progressive disease iCPD). Bisher konnte keine evidenzbasierte Empfehlung bezüglich des Zeitintervalls zwischen den Untersuchungen gegeben werden. Als radiologisch wichtigste Nebenwirkungen sind die Hypophysitis und die Pneumonitis zu nennen. Letztere kann sich in verschiedenen Mustern der interstitiellen Pneumonie präsentieren. Die Differenzierung zwischen Pneumonitis, Infektion und Tumorprogress kann diagnostische Schwierigkeiten mit sich bringen.
The spectrum of simplicial volume
Authors: Heuer Nicolaus , Löh Clara 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNew constructions in group homology allow us to manufacture high-dimensional manifolds with controlled simplicial volume. We prove that for every dimension bigger than 3 the set of simplicial volumes of orientable closed connected manifolds is dense in $$\mathbb {R}_{\ge 0}$$

R

≥
0

. In dimension 4 we prove that every non-negative rational number is the simplicial volume of some orientable closed connected 4-manifold. Our group theoretic results relate stable commutator length to the $$l^1$$

l
1

-semi-norm of certain singular homology classes in degree 2. The output of these results is translated into manifold constructions using cross-products and Thom realisation.
Magnetic resonance parkinsonism indices and interpeduncular angle in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Ugga Lorenzo , Cuocolo Renato , Cocozza Sirio , Pontillo Giuseppe , Elefante Andrea , Quarantelli Mario , Vicidomini Caterina , De Pandis Maria Francesca , De Michele Giovanna , D’Amico Alessandra , de Divitiis Oreste , Brunetti Arturo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The clinical presentation of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) may overlap with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). The Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index (MRPI), MRPI 2.0, and the interpeduncular angle (IPA) have been investigated to differentiate PSP from healthy controls (HC) and other parkinsonisms. We aimed to assess equivalences and differences in MRPI, MRPI 2.0, and IPA in iNPH, PSP, and HC groups.

Methods
We retrospectively recruited 99 subjects (30 iNPH, 32 PSP, 37 HC) from two institutions. MRI exams, acquired on either 1.5 T or 3 T scanners, included 3D T1-weighted images to measure MRPI, MRPI 2.0, and IPA. Inter- and intra-rater reliability was investigated with the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), and the two one-sided t tests (TOST) procedure was used to assess these markers in iNPH, PSP, and HC.

Results
For all the three measures, intra-rater and inter-rater ICC were excellent (range = 0.91–0.93).
In the comparison of iNPH and PSP with HC, differences for MRPI and MRPI 2.0 (p < 0.01 in all cases) and no equivalence (p = 1.00 in all cases) were found at TOST. iNPH and PSP MRPI showed no difference (p = 0.06) and no equivalence (p = 0.08). MRPI 2.0 was not equivalent (p = 0.06) and not different (p = 0.09) in the same two populations. PSP and HC IPA proved equivalent (p < 0.01) while iNPH IPA was different (p < 0.01) and not equivalent (p = 0.96 and 0.82) from both PSP and HC.

Conclusion
MRPI and MRPI 2.0 significantly overlap in iNPH and PSP, with risk of misdiagnosis, and for this reason may not be helpful in the differential diagnosis.
Change in Dynamic Hyperinflation After Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction in Patients with Emphysema
Authors: van Dijk Marlies , Klooster Karin , Hartman Jorine E. , ten Hacken Nick H. T. , Slebos Dirk-Jan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background and Purpose
In patients with severe emphysema, dynamic hyperinflation is superimposed on top of already existing static hyperinflation. Static hyperinflation reduces significantly after bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR). In this study, we investigated the effect of BLVR compared to standard of care (SoC) on dynamic hyperinflation.

Methods
Dynamic hyperinflation was induced by a manually paced tachypnea test (MPT) and was defined by change in inspiratory capacity (IC) measured before and after MPT. Static and dynamic hyperinflation measurements were performed both at baseline and 6 months after BLVR with endobronchial valves or coils (treatment group) or SoC (control group).

Results
Eighteen patients underwent BLVR (78% female, 57 (43–67) years, FEV1 25(18–37) %predicted, residual volume 231 (182–376) %predicted). Thirteen patients received SoC (100% female, 59 (44–74) years, FEV1 25 (19–37) %predicted, residual volume 225 (152–279) %predicted. The 6 months median change in dynamic hyperinflation in the treatment group was: + 225 ml (range − 113 to + 803) (p < 0.01) vs 0 ml (− 1067 to + 500) in the control group (p = 0.422). An increase in dynamic hyperinflation was significantly associated with a decrease in residual volume (r = − 0.439, p < 0.01).

Conclusion
Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction increases the ability for dynamic hyperinflation in patients with severe emphysema. We propose this is a consequence of improved static hyperinflation.
Protective effect of the extremolytes ectoine and hydroxyectoine in a porcine organ culture
Authors: Tsai Teresa , Mueller-Buehl Ana M. , Satgunarajah Yathavan , Kuehn Sandra , Dick H. Burkhard , Joachim Stephanie C. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Hypoxic damage to the retina is a relevant component of neurodegenerative pathologies such as glaucoma or retinal ischemia. In porcine retina organ cultures, hypoxic damage can be induced by applying cobalt chloride (CoCl2). The aim of our study was to investigate possible neuroprotective effects of the extremolytes ectoine and hydroxyectoine in this hypoxia-damaged retina model.

Methods
To simulate hypoxia, porcine retina organ cultures were damaged with 300 μM CoCl2 for 48 h starting on day 1 (n = 8–9/group). In order to investigate the possible neuroprotective effects of ectoine and hydroxyectoine, 0.5 mM of each extremolyte was added to the culture at the same time as the stressor and for the same duration. On day 8, the retina organ cultures were taken for (immuno)-histochemical examinations. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), macroglia, and apoptotic and hypoxic cells were detected with appropriate markers followed by cell counts and group comparisons.

Results
Treatment with ectoine resulted in RGC protection (p < 0.05) and reduced rate of apoptosis (p < 0.001) in hypoxia-treated retina organ cultures. However, the macroglia area and the amount of hypoxic, HIF-1α+ cells were unaffected by the ectoine treatment (p = 0.99). Treatment with hydroxyectoine also protected RGCs (p < 0.01) by inhibiting apoptosis (p < 0.001). In addition, the number of hypoxic, HIF-1α+ cells could be significantly reduced by treatment with hydroxyectoine (p < 0.05). The macroglia area on the other hand was unchanged after CoCl2 and treatment with hydroxyectoine.

Conclusion
Both extremolytes had a protective effect on CoCl2-induced hypoxia in the porcine retina organ culture. Regarding the reduction of hypoxic stress, hydroxyectoine appears to be more effective. Thus, both extremolytes represent an interesting potential new therapeutic approach for patients with ocular diseases in which hypoxic processes play a significant role.
Further existence results for elliptic–parabolic and forward–backward parabolic equations
Authors: Paronetto Fabio 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe give an existence result for first order evolution equation of the type $$\mathcal {R}u' + \mathcal {A}u = f$$

R

u
′

+
A
u
=
f

where $$\mathcal {R}$$
R
may be a function depending also on time assuming positive, null and negative sign, then the equation may be elliptic–parabolic, both forward and backward. The result is given in an abstract setting with Banach spaces depending on time (the functions u are defined in an interval [0, T] and $$u(t) \in X(t)$$

u
(
t
)
∈
X
(
t
)

for a.e. t) and $$\mathcal {R}$$
R
which is in fact a linear operator. We also extend a previous existence result for the equation $$(\mathcal {R}u)' + \mathcal {A}u = f$$

(
R
u
)

′

+
A
u
=
f

to the setting of moving Banach spaces. We also give a time regularity result in a particular case and give many examples of different possible choices of $$\mathcal {R}$$
R
.
Material characterization of polyamide 12 and related agents used in the multi-jet fusion process: complementary application of high-resolution mass spectrometry and other advanced instrumental techniques
Authors: Scherer Beate , Kottenstedde Ingo Leonard , Matysik Frank-Michael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The powder bed-based 3D printing process called multi-jet fusion from HP is used in various industries for different applications. A polymer powder, the so-called fusing and detailing agents, and an IR source are needed. These novel materials offer some challenges for analytical characterization. High-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with a data base search was used as a tool for comprehensive characterization of the agents, the methanol extract of new polyamide 12 powder, and the methanol extract of a grinded 3D printed part. In addition, thermogravimetric studies were carried out. Besides biocides and substances containing ethoxy units, 2-pyrrolidone and triethylene glycol were identified as organic solvents in the agents. The detailing agent contained 3.7% of 2-pyrrolidone and 11.1% of triethylene glycol. The fusing agent contained 18.7% of 2-pyrrolidone and 8.4% of triethylene glycol. Based on the agents’ different functionalities, the water content of the detailing agent was 18% higher as compared to the fusing agent. In addition, the fusing agent contained a carbon black amount of 5.2%. The methanol extract of new polyamide 12 powder contained remaining monomer and oligomer compounds, as well as the oxidation stabilizer Irganox 1098. In the methanol extract of the grinded 3D printed part the cyclic and linear monomer, oligomers, and oxidation stabilizer were found. Moreover, ingredients of the agents were detected. Residues of 2-pyrrolidone, triethylene glycol, 3-benzisothiazolinone, and substances containing ethoxy units were identified in the methanol extract of the grinded 3D printed part. In contrast, no 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one was observed.

Graphical abstract
Novel approach to determination of Fe(II) using a flow system with direct-injection detector
Authors: Paluch Justyna , Kościelniak Paweł , Molęda Iwona , Machowski Karol , Kalinowski Sławomir , Koronkiewicz Stanisława , Kozak Joanna 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a novel, automatic, simple approach to stop-flow photometric determination of Fe(II) in wastewater and wine samples using a multi-pumping flow system with a direct-injection detector. The basis for the determination was the reaction of Fe(II) with 1,10-phenanthroline, which was carried out in the reaction chamber of the direct-injection detector. The research included a selection of appropriate parameters of the proposed analytical procedure and method validation. Under optimized conditions, linear calibration curves were obtained in two concentration ranges of Fe(II) 0.07–1.00 and 1.00–7.00 mg/dm3, with the quantification limit of 0.07 mg/dm3. The procedure was validated by studying the accuracy (8.2%, RE) and precision (9.6 and 14.8%, RSD, for higher and lower concentration range, respectively). The proposed method was successfully employed in Fe(II) determination in spiked wastewater and wine samples with recovery of 95.8–104.5%. Using the procedure, time of a single analysis (for three independently measured signals) was about 300 s and sample and reagent consumptions were 240 and 60 mm3, respectively.

Graphic abstract
Poly-3-thienylboronic acid: a chemosensitive derivative of polythiophene
Authors: Efremenko Yulia , Mirsky Vladimir M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPoly-3-thiopheneboronic acid was synthesized by electrochemical polymerization from 3-thienylboronic acid dissolved in the mixture of boron trifluoride diethyl etherate and acetonitrile. Cyclic voltammetry during electropolymerization shows oxidative and reductive peaks growing in each next cycle. An investigation by scanning electron microscopy displayed the polymer layer like a highly flexible film of 110 nm thick with grains of 60–120 nm in size. Strong negative solvatochromic effect was observed. Optical spectra of poly-3-thienylboronic acid at different potentials and pH were studied. Potential cycling leads to a well reversible electrochromic effect. At pH 7.4, the increase of potential leads to the decrease in the absorption band at 480 nm and to the rise in the absorption band at 810 nm with an isosbestic point at 585 nm. Spectroelectrochemical behavior of poly-3-thienylboronic acid and polythiophene was compared. Binding of sorbitol at fixed electrode potential leads to an increase in the absorbance in the shortwave band and to the decrease in the longwave band; the effect depends on the electrode potential and pH. Perspectives of application of poly-3-thienylboronic acid as new chemosensitive material are discussed.