bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wool sheep and purple snails—Long‐term continuity of animal exploitation in ancient Meninx (Jerba/Tunisia)
Authors: Trixl Simon , Ben Tahar Sami , Ritter Stefan , Peters Joris 
Published: July 2020

AbstractArchaeological research at the ancient city of Meninx in Jerba, Tunisia, carried out by the Institut National du Patrimoine Tunisie and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) produced more than 10,000 faunal specimens and shed light on subsistence activities spanning from the fourth century BCE until the seventh century CE. Despite its highly diverse fauna totalling at least 69 species of mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and molluscs, domestic livestock formed the mainstay of the economy at Meninx. Throughout site occupation and compared with contemporaneous sites in coastal Tunisia and Libya, sheep were of prime importance at Meninx. Diachronic demographic profiling illustrates an emphasis on the production of wool for making textiles. Together with the ubiquitous presence of crushed banded dye‐murex (Hexaplex trunculus) shells implying exploitation of purple dyes, we assume that both activities were integrated into a single chaîne opératoire for making purple‐dyed fabrics that were traded across the Mediterranean from Punic until Late Roman times. Zooarchaeological findings also suggest that during the Byzantine Period, this major economic activity came to a standstill, with people returning to more self‐sufficient subsistence strategies. An intersite comparison furthermore revealed that high proportions of ovicaprines are a typical feature of Punic–Roman sites in Jerba. But even at the height of Roman power in the region, autochthonous husbandry traditions continued to exist on the island, as illustrated by the fauna from Henchir Bourgou.
Causal Pathways from Body Components and Regional Fat to Extensive Metabolic Phenotypes: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Si Shucheng , Tewara Marlvin Anemey , Li Yunxia , Li Wenchao , Chen Xiaolu , Yuan Tonghui , Liu Congcong , Li Jiqing , Wang Bojie , Li Hongkai , Hou Lei , Wang Qing , Xue Fuzhong 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the causal effects and pathways from body components to extensive metabolic phenotypes.MethodsSummarized data including 24 metabolic phenotypes from 10 consortiums were used to perform univariate, multivariable, and bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis based on the network design.ResultsFor metabolically related biomarkers, a 1‐SD increase in body fat mass (BFM) was robustly associated with increased fasting insulin, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and urate and decreased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. For metabolically related diseases, the odds ratios and 95% CIs of a 1‐SD increase in BFM were 1.76 (1.37 to 2.25) for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 1.11 (1.09 to 1.13) for hypertension, 1.40 (1.25 to 1.57) for coronary artery disease, 1.41 (1.25 to 1.59) for myocardial infarction, 1.25 (1.12 to 1.40) for ischemic stroke, and 1.62 (1.02 to 2.57) for gout. The effects of body fat on diseases were mediated by extensive intermediate biomarkers, including blood pressure, lipids, glycemic traits, and urate. Regional fats had a similar effect with body fat in both absolute and relative scales, whereas fat‐free components increased only the risk of T2DM 1.73 (1.11 to 2.68) and chronic kidney disease 1.51 (1.11 to 2.06).ConclusionsSeveral potential pathways were found and confirmed the tremendous benefits of fat‐lowering measures, including lowering of various regional fats. Future policies or interventions should focus more on the role of body fat.
Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Hispanic Infant Weight Gain in the First 6 Months
Authors: Berger Paige K. , Plows Jasmine F. , Jones Roshonda B. , Alderete Tanya L. , Yonemitsu Chloe , Ryoo Ji Hoon , Bode Lars , Goran Michael I. 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine whether human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) at 1 month predicted infant weight gain at 6 months and whether associations varied by HMO secretor status.MethodsParticipants were 157 Hispanic mother‐infant pairs. Human milk samples were collected at 1 month. Nineteen individual HMOs were analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography, and secretor status was determined by the presence of 2′‐fucosyllactose or lacto‐N‐fucopentaose (LNFP) I. Infant weight was measured at 1 and 6 months. Path analysis was used to test effects of HMO composition on infant weight gain, adjusting for maternal age, prepregnancy BMI, and infant age, sex, and birth weight.ResultsIn the total sample, higher LNFPII predicted lower infant weight gain (g1 = −4.1,P = 0.004); this was observed in both nonsecretor (g1 = −3.0,P = 0.006) and secretor groups (g1 = −4.7,P = 0.014). In the nonsecretor group, higher lacto‐N‐neotetraose (g1 = 7.6,P = 0.011) and disialyllacto‐N‐tetraose (g1 = 14.3,P = 0.002) predicted higher infant weight gain. There were no other associations in the secretor group.ConclusionsOur data suggest that higher LNFPII in human milk may decrease obesity risk across all infants, whereas higher lacto‐N‐neotetraose and disialyllacto‐N‐tetraose may increase obesity risk in infants of nonsecretors only.
A descriptive analysis of medicines safety advisories issued by national medicines regulators in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States ‐ 2007 to 2016
Authors: Perry Lucy T. , Bhasale Alice , Fabbri Alice , Lexchin Joel , Puil Lorri , Joarder Maisah , Mintzes Barbara 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPurposeTo determine the frequency and characteristics of safety advisories issued by medicines regulatory agencies in Australia, Canada, United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US).MethodsThis retrospective analysis examines medicines safety warnings issued by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Health Canada (HC), the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) from January 1, 2007 until December 31, 2016. A database of warnings obtained from regulators' websites was developed and warnings were classified by communication type, drug, or therapeutic class focus, and the risk discussed. Advisories identifying the same drug or therapeutic class and risk were combined into groups termed “drug‐risk issues” for comparisons between regulators.ResultsOver this 10‐year period, 1441 advisories were identified, with the MHRA issuing the most advisories (MHRA = 469, FDA = 382, HC = 370 TGA = 220). Seventy two percent focussed on single drugs (1034/1441) and 58.7% were alerts (846/1441) posted on the regulators' websites. Diabetes drugs, smoking cessation drugs and immunomodulatory agents were the individual drug types most often subject to safety advisories, while antidepressants, antipsychotics, and proton‐pump inhibitors were the top three therapeutic classes. Of 680 identified drug‐risk issues, 3.8% (26/680) described a risk of death. By body system, cardiac effects were the most frequent: 10.4% (71/680).ConclusionWe found considerable differences in the use of advisories including frequency, communication type, and focus. Disparities in communication about emergent evidence on risks may mean that clinicians and patients in some countries are less well informed about medicine safety concerns than others.
Mechanical and flame‐resistance properties of polyurethane‐imide foams with different‐sized expandable graphite
Authors: Xiong Weiwen , Liu Hongtao , Tian Huafeng , Wu Jiali , Xiang Aimin , Wang Chaoyang , Ma Songbai , Wu Qiangxian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPolyurethane‐imide (PUI) composite foams with expandable graphite (EG) of different sizes were prepared by a polyimide prepolymer method. EG particles were treated with a silane coupling agent to improve compatibility with the foam. The effect of EG particle size on cell morphology, thermal degradation, flame‐resistance and mechanical properties of PUI foams was investigated. Results showed that the mean cellular diameter of foams with EG particle was much higher than that of foams with surface‐modified EG particle at the same filler loading. When filler particle diameter increased from 20 to 90 μm, the compressive strength, density and closed‐cell ratio of foams increased, and then decreased when filler particle diameter further increased from 90 to 150 μm. Thermal stability of foams increased with the increasing filler particle diameter from 20 to 50 μm, and decreased with the increasing filler particle diameter from 50 to 90 μm. The limited oxygen index (LOI) value of foams with surface‐modified EG increased from 24.8% to 32.1% when EG particle diameter was below 90 μm. Foams with surface‐modified EG exhibited enhanced mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame resistance than foams with neat EG at the same loading.
Spectroscopic characterization for new complexes with 2,2′‐(5,5‐dimethylcyclohexane‐1,3‐diylidene)bis(azan‐1‐yl‐1‐ylidene)dibenzoic acid
Authors: Mohamed Wannas Noor , Al‐Hamdani Abbas Ali Salih , Al Zoubi Wail 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNew series of metal ions complexes have been prepared from the new ligand [2,2′‐(5,5‐dimethylcyclohexane‐1,3‐diylidene)bis(azan‐1‐yl‐1‐ylidene)dibenzoic acid] derived from 5,5‐dimethylcyclohexane‐1,3‐dione and 2‐aminobenzoic acid. Accordingly, mono‐nuclear Ni(II), Pd(II), Re (II), and Pt(IV) complexes were prepared by the reaction of previous ligand with NiCl2.6H2O, PdCl2, ReCl5, and H2PtCl6.6H2O, respectively. The compounds have been characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), mass, H1‐, and C13‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) curve, Bohr magnetic (B.M.), elemental microanalyses, metal ions, chloride containing, and molar conductance. These reviews uncovered octahedral geometries for the Re(V) and Pt (IV) complexes and tetrahedral for Ni (II) complex and square planer for Pd (II) complex. The investigation of complexes development by means at molar proportion and occupation strategy in DMF solution has been researched, and results were reliable to those found in the solid complexes with a proportion of (M:L) as (1:1).
Lung ultrasound scoring in invasive mechanically ventilated children with severe bronchiolitis
Authors: Ingelse Sarah A. , Pisani Luigi , Westdorp Marloes H. A. , Almakdase Mariam , Schultz Marcus J. , van Woensel Job B. M. , Bem Reinout A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveLung ultrasound (LUS) is an emerging tool that may be used in the diagnosis and follow‐up of children with viral bronchiolitis. In this study, we describe LUS abnormalities in children receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) for severe bronchiolitis in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Our aim was to semiquantify the loss of aeration and examine the association between serial LUS scores and oxygenation anomaly, as a marker of disease severity.DesignProspective, observational study in a single‐center PICU.MethodsLUS was performed by multiple observers using two different LUS scoring systems (counting B‐lines and aeration score) in 17 patients in the PICU, generating 320 images. Oxygen saturation index (OSI) was the primary outcome marker to describe the severity of oxygenation anomaly.ResultsPulmonary aeration was moderately impaired with a homogeneous anterolateral pattern. LUS scores worsened after 24 hours, to improve in subsequent days. Both LUS scores were positively correlated with OSI on the first day of IMV (counting B‐lines P = .034, r = .52 and LUS aeration score P = .017, r = .57), but not thereafter. There was considerable variability in the LUS scores despite moderate to high agreement between the observers.ConclusionsIn children receiving IMV for severe bronchiolitis, pulmonary aeration is moderately impaired. LUS scores positively correlate with severity of oxygenation anomaly only in the acute phase of disease. We speculate that with the progression of disease other factors affect LUS patterns (eg, fluid overload, atelectasis), which may complicate the interpretation of LUS in follow‐up of this specific cohort in the PICU.
Functional characteristic analysis of three odorant‐binding proteins from the sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius) in the perception of sex pheromones and host plant volatiles
Authors: Hua Jinfeng , Pan Chao , Huang Yongmei , Li Yanqing , Li Huifeng , Wu Cuirong , Chen Tianyuan , Ma Daifu , Li Zongyun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius, is the most serious pest of sweet potato worldwide. The molecular mechanism of sex pheromone recognition in C. formicarius has not been reported. Odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs) play a critical role in selectively binding and transporting pheromones or other odors to the surface of olfactory receptor neurons through the aqueous sensillar lymph, therefore the function of sweet potato OBPs is worth studying.ResultsHerein, the CforOBP1‐3 genes encoding three classical OBPs were cloned in C. formicarius by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CforOBP1‐3 were homologous genes, but the relationship between CforOBP2 and CforOBP3 was closest among the three genes. In addition, real‐time quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) assays demonstrated that the expression of CforOBP1 was higher in the antennae and legs of female and male insects, while CforOBP2 and CforOBP3 were mainly expressed in the antennae of male insects. The fluorescent competitive binding assay results indicated that CforOBP1‐3 had strong binding affinities to sex pheromones and other tested ligands. Finally, the mRNA expression of CforOBP1‐3 was successfully inhibited by RNA interference, and in vivo behavioral experiments showed that CforOBP1‐3‐deficient C. formicarius was partly anosmic and lost some of its ability to locate sex pheromones and host plant volatiles.ConclusionThese results suggested that CforOBP1 was shown to be involved in the process of weevils feeding and finding sweet potato, and CforOBP2‐3 were mainly involved in the mating behavior of adult male weevils.
Stable nitrogen and oxygen isotope fractionation during precipitation of nitrate salt from saturated solutions
Authors: Welsh Hannah , Gueorguieva Gloria‐Alexandra , Kounaves Samuel , Amundson Ronald 
Published: July 2020

RationaleNitrate is an oxyanion similar to CO3− and thus should undergo stable N and O isotope fractionation during dissolution or precipitation. This process should dominate abiotic soil nitrate processes in hyperarid regions of Earth and possibly Mars.MethodsThe N and O isotope fractionations during the precipitation of nitrate salt from saturated solutions at ~20°C were determined by two methods: rapid precipitation by antisolvent crystallization and slow uninhibited precipitation in a desiccator. In the antisolvent crystallization procedure, increasing volumes of acetone were added to samples of saturated sodium and strontium nitrate solutions to instantaneously precipitate nitrate salt. In the slow procedure (requiring weeks), slow evaporative water loss drove the process.ResultsThere was little difference between the two procedures. Using a Rayleigh model, the calculated N fractionation (15εproduct–residual) ranged from 1.69‰ to 2.77‰, whereas for O, the 18εproduct–residual values were between 1.27‰ and 4.61‰. The N isotope fractionation between NO3− and the metal solid is similar to that between C in dissolved CO3−2 and carbonates. We found that O versus N isotope plots of soil nitrate in a cold/dry Antarctic chronosequence had slopes similar to those from the experiments, revealing abiotic transport. In the Atacama Desert, where the soil nitrates are a mix of biological and tropospheric nitrate, there is an inverse relationship between soil N and O isotopes. These two relationships were compared with the isotope composition of nitrate from Martian meteorite EETA79001.ConclusionsWhile the N and O isotope composition of the Martian nitrate is remarkably similar to that of the present Atacama Desert, the interpretation of the slope of the O versus N isotopes remains ambiguous due to the limited number of samples. Additional NO3 samples from Martian meteorites are needed to address the question of abiotic versus biotic alteration of NO3− on Mars.
Janus kinase inhibitors suppress cancer cachexia‐associated anorexia and adipose wasting in mice
Authors: Arora Gurpreet K. , Gupta Arun , Guo Tong , Gandhi Aakash Y. , Laine Aaron , Williams Dorothy L. , Ahn Chul , Iyengar Puneeth , Infante Rodney E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundCachexia, a syndrome of muscle atrophy, adipose loss, and anorexia, is associated with reduced survival in cancer patients. The colon adenocarcinoma C26c20 cell line secretes the cytokine leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), which induces cachexia. We characterized how LIF promotes cachexia‐associated weight loss and anorexia in mice through Janus kinase (JAK)‐dependent changes in adipose and hypothalamic tissues.MethodsCachexia was induced in vivo with the heterotopic allotransplanted administration of C26c20 colon adenocarcinoma cells or the intraperitoneal administration of recombinant LIF in the absence or presence of JAK inhibitors. Blood, adipose, and hypothalamic tissues were collected and processed for cytokine/adipokine enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, immunoblot analysis, and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Cachexia‐associated lipolysis was induced in vitro by stimulating differentiated adipocytes with recombinant LIF or interleukin (IL)‐6 in the absence or presence of lipase or JAK inhibitors. These adipocytes were processed for glycerol release into the media, immunoblot analysis, and RT‐PCR.ResultsTumour‐secreted LIF induced changes in adipose tissue expression and serum levels of IL‐6 and leptin in a JAK‐dependent manner influencing cachexia‐associated adipose wasting and anorexia. We identified two JAK inhibitors that block IL‐6 family‐mediated adipocyte lipolysis and IL‐6 induction using an in vitro cachexia lipolysis assay. JAK inhibitors administered to the in vivo C26c20 cancer cachexia mouse models led to (i) a decrease in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation in hypothalamic and adipose tissues, (ii) a reverse in the cachexia serum cytokine/adipokine signature, (iii) a delay in cancer cachexia‐associated anorexia and adipose loss, and (iv) an improvement in overall survival.ConclusionsJAK inhibitors suppress LIF‐associated adipose loss and anorexia in both in vitro and in vivo models of cancer cachexia.
Promoting Reversible Redox Kinetics by Separator Architectures Based on CoS2/HPGC Interlayer as Efficient Polysulfide‐Trapping Shield for Li–S Batteries
Authors: Hu Qianqian , Lu Jiqun , Yang Chun , Zhang Congcong , Hu Jinlong , Chang Shiyong , Dong Haiyong , Wu Chunyu , Hong Ye , Zhang Lingzhi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMain obstacles from the shuttle effect and slow conversion rate of soluble polysulfide compromise the sulfur utilization and cycling life for lithium sulfur (Li–S) batteries. In pursuit of a practically viable high performance Li–S battery, a separator configuration (CoS2/HPGC/interlayer) as efficient polysulfide trapping barrier is reported. This configuration endows great advantages, particularly enhanced conductivity, promoted polysulfide trapping capability, accelerated sulfur electrochemistry, when using the functional interlayer for Li–S cells. Attributed to the above merits, such cell shows excellent cyclability, with a capacity of 846 mAh g−1 after 250 cycles corresponding to a high capacity retention of 80.2% at 0.2 C, and 519 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 1C (1C = 1675 mA g−1). In addition, the optimized separator exhibits a high initial areal capacity of 4.293 mAh cm−2 at 0.1C. Moreover, with CoS2/HPGC/interlayer, the sulfur cell enables a low self‐discharge rate with a very high capacity retention of 97.1%. This work presents a structural engineering of the separator toward suppressing the dissolution of soluble Li2Sn moieties and simultaneously promoting the sulfur conversion kinetics, thus achieving durable and high capacity Li–S batteries.
Nanosized Phase‐Changeable “Sonocyte” for Promoting Ultrasound Assessment
Authors: Xu Yurui , Lu Qiangbing , Sun Lei , Feng Shujun , Nie Yuanyuan , Ning Xinghai , Lu Minghui 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDespite the ability of microbubble contrast agents to improve ultrasound diagnostic performance, their application potential is limited due to low stability, fast clearance, and poor tissue permeation. This study presents a promising nanosized phase‐changeable erythrocyte (Sonocyte), composed of liposomal dodecafluoropentane coated with multilayered red blood cell membranes (RBCm), for improving ultrasound assessments. Sonocyte is the first RBCm‐functionalized ultrasound contrast agent with uniform nanosized morphology, and exhibits good stability, systemic circulation, target‐tissue accumulation, and even ultrasound‐responsive phase transition, thereby satisfying the inherent requirement of ultrasound imaging. It is identified that Sonocyte displays similar sensitivity as microbubble SonoVue, a clinical ultrasound contrast agent, for effectively detecting normal parenchyma and hepatic necrosis. Importantly, compared with SonoVue lacking of ability to detect tumors, Sonocyte can identify tumors with high sensitivity and specificity due to superior tumor accumulation and penetration. Therefore, Sonocyte exhibits superior capabilities over SonoVue, endowing with a great clinical application potential.
Establishing a criminal justice cyber lab to develop and enhance professional and educational opportunities
Authors: Nodeland Brooke , Belshaw Scott 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLaw enforcement agencies face increasing backlogs in their digital evidence processing. Most agencies utilize federal or private companies to process this evidence, however, recently, universities have begun to establish their own cyber forensics labs to aid law enforcement in reducing the time it takes for them to obtain digital evidence. Specifically, examiners in these labs use digital investigation and analysis techniques to determine what could be legally permissible evidence on devices ranging from computers to cell phones to cameras. This paper is the first to provide a general overview of one university's experience in building a cyber‐forensics lab from the ground up for the purpose of providing services to community partners as well as educational and training opportunities. We utilize data obtained from 59 Texas law enforcement agencies to explore the needs and abilities of law enforcement in processing digital evidence as a supporting argument for the development of a university cyber‐lab.