bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic field and TGF-β enhance the compensatory plasticity after sensory nerve injury in cockroach Periplaneta americana
Authors: Jankowska Milena , Klimek Andżelika , Valsecchi Chiara , Stankiewicz Maria , Wyszkowska Joanna , Rogalska Justyna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Recovery of function after sensory nerves injury involves compensatory plasticity, which can be observed in invertebrates. The aim of the study was the evaluation of compensatory plasticity in the cockroach (Periplaneta americana) nervous system after the sensory nerve injury and assessment of the effect of electromagnetic field exposure (EMF, 50 Hz, 7 mT) and TGF-β on this process. The bioelectrical activities of nerves (pre-and post-synaptic parts of sensory path) were recorded under wind stimulation of the cerci before and after right cercus ablation and in insects exposed to EMF and treated with TGF-β. Ablation of the right cercus caused an increase of activity of the left presynaptic part of the sensory path. Exposure to EMF and TGF-β induced an increase of activity in both parts of sensory path. This suggests strengthening effects of EMF and TGF-β on the insect ability to recognize stimuli after one cercus ablation. Data from locomotor tests proved electrophysiological results. The takeover of the function of one cercus by the second one proves the existence of compensatory plasticity in the cockroach escape system, which makes it a good model for studying compensatory plasticity. We recommend further research on EMF as a useful factor in neurorehabilitation.
Use and Function of Multi-Articulator Versus Multi-Sensory Acts in the Close-Range Communication of Orang-Utans
Authors: Fröhlich Marlen , Bartolotta Natasha , Fryns Caroline , Wagner Colin , Momon Laurene , Jaffrezic Marvin , Setia Tatang Mitra , Noordwijk Maria van , Schaik Carel van 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
From early infancy, human face-to-face communication is “multimodal”, comprising a plethora of interlinked articulators and sensory modalities. Although there is also growing evidence for this in nonhuman primates, the functions of integrating articulators (i.e. multiplex or multi-articulator acts) and channels (i.e. multimodal or multi-sensory acts) remain poorly understood. Here, we studied close-range social interactions within and beyond mother-infant pairs of Bornean and Sumatran orang-utans living in wild and captive settings, to examine to what extent species, setting and recipient-dependent factors affected the use of and responses to multi-sensory as well as multi-articulator communication. Results showed that both multi-sensory and multi-articulatory acts were more effective at eliciting responses (i.e. “apparently satisfactory outcomes”) than their respective uni-component parts, and generally played a larger role in wild populations. However, only multi-articulator acts were used more when the presumed goal did not match the dominant outcome for a specific communicative act, and were more common among non-mother-infant dyads and Sumatrans across settings. We suggest that communication through multiple sensory channels primarily facilitates effectiveness, whereas a flexible combination of articulators is relevant when social tolerance and interaction outcomes are less predictable. These different functions underscore the importance of distinguishing between these forms of multi-component communication.
Instability of Hydromagnetic Hybrid Flow Fe2O3-Fe3O4 /H2O of Thermocapillary Layers of Shear-Thinning Nanofluids
Authors: Ali Mehboob 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Nanofluids have inordinate uses in industries due to their high rate of heat transformation. The enhancement of heat transfer rates, an advanced type of nanofluids called “Hybrid nanofluid” is discovered. Hybrid nanofluids are created by the suspension of two or more type of nano sized atoms in base fluid such as water, oil etc. In current work, the instability of Hydromagnetic Poiseuille flow of thermocapillary layers of liquid of shear thinning hybrid nanofluid of Fe2O3-Fe3O4 in water based fluid is investigated. The transverse magnetic field is imposed on the flow. The solution of obtained ODEs for current problem is found using a numerical method called “cheybeshev collocation method”. The eigenvalue problem from generalized Orr-sommerfeld equations is solved using the algorithm of “QZ” abbreviated as (Qualitat and Zuverlassigkeit). The instability of water based hybrid nanofluids for variation of different parameters are analyzed and discussed through graphs. It has been found that Reynolds number and prandtl number has destabilizing effect on the flow while wave number and magnetic parameter has stabilizing impact on the fluid flow
In suit activation–graphitization strategy to fabricate hierarchical porous graphitic carbon for supercapacitor
Authors: Zhao Yanling , Zhang Xiaohua 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In suit activation–graphitization method based on the atomically dispersed K and Fe in organic salts is developed to synthesize hierarchical porous graphitic carbon by directly pyrolysis potassium citrate and iron citrate. Moreover, (NH4)2C2O4 is also employed as both N dopant and porogen to open up internal structure and regulate pore structure. The inside-out activation leads to the homogeneous reaction and interconnected hierarchical porous structure with few dead pores. Accompanied by high SBET, appropriate pore distribution, good conductivity, and N/O functional groups, the sample exhibits high capacitance of 322.6 F g− 1 at 0.5 A g− 1, good rate capability, and excellent cycling stability with 101.3% capacitance retention after 10000 cycles. The supercapacitor shows an energy density of 21.3 W h kg− 1 at 456.7 W kg− 1 in 1 M Na2SO4. Easy synthesis, cost-effective, and environmentally benign, the work provides a promising strategy to produce hierarchical porous graphitic carbon applied in energy storage.
Effect of Stimulation of Subthalamic Nucleus onbeta Oscillations and Thalamus Tremor Activity in aComputational Model of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Alavi Seyed-Mojtaba , Mirzaei Amin , Valizadeh Alireza , Ebrahimpour Reza 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with abnormal b band oscillations (13-30 Hz) in the cortico-basal ganglia circuits.Abnormally increased striato-pallidal inhibition and strengthening the synaptic coupling between subthalamic nucleus (STN)and globus pallidus externa (GPe), due to the loss of dopamine, are accounted as the potential sources of b oscillations in thebasal ganglia. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the basal ganglia subregions is known as a way to reduce the pathological boscillations and motor deficits related to PD. Despite the success of the DBS, its underlying mechanism is poorly understoodand, there is controversy about the inhibitory or excitatory role of the DBS in the literature. Here, we utilized a computationalnetwork model of basal ganglia which consists STN, GPe, globus pallidus interna (GPi), and thalamus neuronal population.This model can capture healthy and pathological b oscillations as what has been observed in experimental studies. Using thismodel, we investigated the effect of DBS to understand whether its effect is excitatory or inhibitory. Our results show that theexcitatory DBS (EDBS) is able to quench the pathological synchrony and b oscillations, while, applying inhibitory DBS (IDBS)failed to quench the PD signs. In addition, the EDBS ameliorated the thalamic activity related to tremor in the model, while,the IDBS outperformed. However, with the help of the model results, we conclude that the effect of the DBS on its target isexcitatory
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy After Endoscopic Trans-papillary Gallbladder Stenting for Acute Cholecystitis
Authors: Kawano Fumihiro , Yoshioka Ryuji , Gyoda Yu , Ichida Hirofumi , Mizuno Tomoya , Ishii Shigeto , Fujisawa Toshio , Imamura Hiroshi , Mise Yoshihiro , Isayama Hiroyuki , Saiura Akio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) is indicated for patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) who are not indicated for urgent surgery, but external tubes reduce quality of life (QOL) while waiting for elective surgery. The objective of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of laparoscopic cholecystectomy after endoscopic trans-papillary gallbladder stenting (ETGBS) comparing with after PTGBD.Methods: Intraoperative and postoperative outcomes of patients with ETGBS and PTGBD were retrospectively compared.Results: Eighteen ETGBS and ten PTGBD patients were compared. Differences in the duration of ETGBS and PTGBD [median 209 minutes (range, 107–357) and median 161 minutes (range, 130–273), respectively, P = 0.10], median blood loss [ETGBS 2 (range, 2–180 ml) and PTGBD 24 (range, 2–100 ml), P = 0.89], switch to laparotomy (ETGBS 11% and PTGBD 20%, P = 0.52), and median postoperative hospital stay [ETGBS 8 (range, 4–24 days) and ETGBS 8 (range 4–16 days), P = 0.99]. Thickening of the cystic duct that occurred in 60% of the ETGBS patients and none of the PTGBD patients (P = 0.005) interfered with closure of the duct by clipping. No obstruction occurred in ETGBS patients.Conclusion: ETGBS did not make laparoscopic cholecystectomy less feasible than after PTGBD.
Rubus Suavissimus Alleviates High-fat Diet-induced Lipid Metabolism Disorder via Modulation of the PPAR / SREBP Pathway in Syrian Golden Hamsters
Authors: Jiang Man-jing , Huang Shuai , Li Li , Huang Wan-fang , Qu Xiao-Sheng , FAN Lanlan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Rubus suavissimus S. Lee (RS), a sweet plant distributed in southwest of China and used as beverage and folk medicine, has been reported to improve the obesity phenotype and hyperlipidemia. However, the exact molecular mechanism remains unknown.Aim of the study: In this study, we aimed to investigate the preventive effects of RS in lipid metabolism disorder golden hamsters caused by high-fat diet and elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms.Method: Five groups of male LVG Syrian golden hamsters were compared: normal diet group (ND), high-fat diet group (HFD), Xuezhikang Cap group (140 mg/kg; HFD+XZK), low dose of RS group (3.6 g/kg; HFD+RSL), high dose of RS group (7.2 g/kg; HFD+RSH). After eight weeks, biochemical and pathological analyses were conducted to evaluate the preventive eﬀect of RS on lipid metabolism. RT-qPCR, and western blotting analysis were used to explore the potential mechanism underlying.Results: Supplementation of a high-fat diet with RS prevented the symptoms of lipid metabolism disorder of golden hamsters and alleviated liver injury. RS upregulated the expression of the PPAR pathway mediators PPARγ and PPARα as well as its downstream targets CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), glucose transporter 4 (Glut4), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and fatty acid binding protein 4 (aP2). Also, RS downregulated the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and its downstream targets acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), and fatty acid synthase (FAS).Conclusions: Our data suggest that RS prevents lipid metabolism disorder golden hamsters in high-fat diet and alleviates liver injury through the regulation of the SREBP/PPAR signaling pathway.
Analysis of the Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Annexin A1 in Multibacillary Leprosy and Reactional Episodes
Authors: Damazo Amilcar Sabino , Silva Stephanni Figueiredo da , Cavalcante Leticia Rossetto da Silva , Junior Ezequiel Angelo Fonseca , Silva Joselina Maria da , Lopes José Cabral 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Patients have distinct clinical forms, and host´s immunological response regulate those manifestations. In this work, the presence of the myeloid-derived suppressor cell and the regulatory protein annexin A1 is described in patients with multibacillary leprosy and with type 1 and 2 reactions. Methods: Patients were submitted to skin biopsy for histopathological analysis to obtain bacilloscopic index. Immunofluorescence was used to detect myeloid-derived suppressor cells and annexin A1.Results: The data demonstrated that the presence of granulocytic and monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells in leprosy patients. The high number of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells were observed in lepromatous leprosy and type 2 reactional patients with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination scar. The presence of annexin A1 was observed in all myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In particularly, the monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell in the lepromatous patients has higher levels of this protein when compared to the reactional patients. This data suggest that the higher expression of this protein may be related to regulatory response against a severe infection, contributing to anergic response. In type 1 reactional patients, the expression of annexin A1 was reduced. Conclusions: Myeloid-derived suppressor cell are present in leprosy patients and annexin A1 might be regulated the host response against Mycobacterium leprae.
On-Site Processing of Single Chromosomal DNA Molecules Using Optically Driven Microtools on A Microfluidic Workbench
Authors: Masuda Akihito , Takao Hidekuni , Shimokawa Fusao , TERAO KYOHEI 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We developed optically driven microtools for processing single biomolecules using a microfluidic workbench composed of a microfluidic platform that functions under an optical microscope. The optically driven microtools have enzymes immobilized on their surfaces, which catalyze chemical reactions for molecular processing in a confined space. Optical manipulation of the microtools enables them to be integrated with a microfluidic device for controlling the position, orientation, shape of the target sample. Here, we describe the immobilization of enzymes on the surface of microtools, the microfluidics workbench, including its microtool storage and sample positioning functions, and the use of this system for on-site cutting of single chromosomal DNA molecules. We fabricated microtools by UV lithography with SU-8 and selected ozone treatments for immobilizing enzymes. The microfluidic workbench has tool-stock chambers for tool storage and micropillars to trap and extend single chromosomal DNA molecules. The DNA cutting enzymes DNaseI and DNaseII were immobilized on microtools that were manipulated using optical tweezers. The DNaseI tool shows reliable cutting for on-site processing. This pinpoint processing provides an approach for analyzing chromosomal DNA at the single-molecule level. The flexibility of the microtool design allows for processing of various samples, including biomolecules and single cells.
Contrasting Altitude and Long-term Geographical Isolation Shaped Phylogeography of Himalrandia lichiangensis, an Endemic Species from the Dry Hot Valley of Southwest China
Authors: Qiao Yaomei , Liu Jian , Gong Xun 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: The eastern Sino-Himalayan region of southwest China, as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, has undergone dramatic geomorphological and climatic changes during the Late Tertiary/Quaternary. The dry-hot valleys in southwest China is overlapping with the Hengduan Mountains. However, when this endemism was assembled in dry-hot valleys and how the climatic oscillations and/or tectonic movements influence their phylogeographical patterns remained largely unknown. Himalrandia lichiangensis is a shrub of Rubiaceae, endemically distributes in dry-hot valleys of southwest China. By integrating evidences from phylogeography, population dynamic and ecological niche modelling, we are aiming to trace the evolutionary history and explain the origin of biodiversity and endemism in the dry-hot valleys of southwest China. Results: Based on sequencing four chloroplastic non-coding regions (psbM-trnD, trnD-trnT, atpB-rbcL and accD-psaI) and two single-low copy nuclear genes CAMX (Calmodulin) and ITS of 423 individuals from 23 populations, we found high genetic variation mainly existed between the populations (cpDNA: 89.80％, ITS: 84.55％, CAMX: 95.68％). Haplotypes in different river basins showed significant phylogeographical structure. The geographical distribution of haplotypes indicated that there is a high degree of genetic differentiation and this differentiation is associated with altitude discrepancy. BARRIER analysis detects a strong geographic barrier between the Nanpan River and Jinsha River. The MaxEnt result shows that the suitable distribution area was the largest in the LGM. The future climate warming will lead to the niche expansion for H. lichiangensis but will also cause fragmented distribution.Conclusions: Our study highlighted the importance of altitude in explaining the genetic differentiation. The current phylogeographical pattern of H. lichiangensis may be shaped by long-term geographical isolation resulted from the uplifting of Himalaya, which gives rise to the barriers from the Hengduan Mountain or multiple river systems, and the vertical altitude discrepancies that both limited gene flow among regions. The Middle Jinsha River valley is most likely to be a main refuge for H. lichiangensis till now, and the glaciation retreat may account for the high endemism of plants in the dry-hot valleys of southwest China.
"Strong Teeth" – an Early-phase Study to Assess the Feasibility of an Oral Health Intervention Delivered by Dental Teams to Parents of Young Children
Authors: Giles Erin , Gray-Burrows Kara , Bhatti Amrit , Rutter Lucy , Purdy Jayne , Zoltie Tim , Pavitt Sue , Marshman Zoe , West Robert , Day Peter 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Tooth decay (caries) is a significant health burden in young children. There is strong evidence for the benefits of establishing appropriate home-based oral health behaviours in early childhood. Dental teams are well placed to provide this information and there is clear advice on what oral health information should be given to parents. However, research has shown that there is limited guidance, training and resources on how dental teams should deliver this advice. "Strong Teeth" is a complex oral health intervention, using evidence-based resources and training underpinned by behaviour change psychology, to support behaviour change conversations in dental practice. This early phase evaluation aims to assess the feasibility of this intervention, prior to a full-scale trial.Methods: The study recruited 15 parents of children aged 0-2-years-old and 21 parents of children aged 3-5 years old, from five NHS dental practices across West Yorkshire. Participant demographics, self-reported brushing behaviours, dietary habits, a dental examination and three objective measures of toothbrushing were collected in a home-setting at baseline, then at 2-weeks and 2-months post-intervention. Recruitment, retention and intervention delivery were analysed as key process outcomes. Brushing habits were compared to national toothbrushing guidelines – the Delivering Better Oral Health toolkit (Public Health England).Results: Strong Teeth was feasible to deliver in a General Dental Practice setting in 94% of cases. Feasibility of recruitment (37%) exceeded progression criterion, however retention of participants (75%) was below the progression criterion for the 0-2 age group. More than half of children recruited aged 3-5-years had caries experience (52%). Total compliance to toothbrushing guidance at baseline was low (28%) and increased after the intervention (52%), an improvement that was statistically significant. Dietary habits remained largely unchanged. Plaque scores significantly decreased in the 3-5-year-olds and toothbrushing duration increased in all age groups. Conclusion: "Strong Teeth" intervention delivery and data collection in the home setting was feasible. There was a positive indication of impact on reported toothbrushing behaviours. Some amendments to study design, particularly relating to the inclusion of the 0-2-year-old group, should be considered before progression to a full trial. Trial Registration: ISRCTN Register: ISRCTN10709150
Suppressing HMGB1-TLR4-Mediated Neuroinflammation Alleviates Morphine Tolerance via Inhibiting AMPK-HO-1 Pathway in The Spinal Cord of Mice
Authors: Lin Tong-Tong , Sheng Lei , Wan Li , Ji Lu-Lu , Li Jin-Can , Sun Xiao-Di , Pan Yin-Bing , Xu Chen-Jie , Hu Liang , Wu Xue-Feng , Han Yuan , Jiang Chun-Yi , Liu Wen-Tao 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background and objectives: A major unresolved issue in treating pain is the analgesic tolerance produced by opioids. Neuroinflammation was thought to be important in the development of morphine tolerance. The role of High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) in morphine tolerance is elusive. Methods: ICR mice were used for tail-flick test to evaluate morphine tolerance. SD rats were used to collect the CSF to investigate whether morphine could induce the efflux of HMGB1 into extracellular environment. The neural cell line SH-SY5Y and the microglial cell line BV-2 were used to investigate the pharmacological effects and the mechanism of morphine-induced neuroinflammation. The activation of microglia was assessed by immunofluorescence staining. Neuroinflammation-related cytokines were measured by western blot and real-time PCR. The level of HMGB1 and related signaling pathway were evaluated by western blot and immunofluorescence staining.Results: Morphine induces the release of HMGB1 from neurons. The released HMGB1 activated microglia and triggered TLR4-mediated inflammatory response, leading to the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 and the upregulation of IL-1β. The secretion of HMGB1 was under the control of AMPK-HO-1 pathway. AMPK inhibitor and HO-1 inhibitor inhibited the release of HMGB1 and suppressed HMGB1-TLR4 mediated neuroinflammation.Conclusion: Our study indicated that morphine-induced extracellular HMGB1 was critical for morphine tolerance. The release of HMGB1 was regulated by AMPK-HO-1 pathway. Our findings may represent a bright prospect for the improvement of morphine tolerance with HMGB1 inhibitor and/or the inhibitors for AMPK-HO-1 axis.
Changes in Particle Size Distribution in Hydroponic Lagoons Working as A Third Stage of Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Bawiec Aleksandra , Pawęska Katarzyna , Pulikowski Krzysztof , Marek Kinga 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The aim of research was to evaluate changes in the particle size distribution in two hydroponic lagoons working as a third stage of wastewater treatment where purification processes are based on plants and algae activity. Wastewater samples were taken during the winter and summer half of the year. In the samples taken from analyzed hydroponic lagoons the range of particles size was very wide (0.01 – 1000.0 μm). In both of the research facilities, the fractal dimension (Df) of particles was close to 2.0 what decides about developed surface of the particles. The results may indicate the predominance of algae cells in the total amount of suspensions. This information may pay a key role in determination the impact of discharged particles on the receiving water bodies quality as well as can be the main factor that allows to improve the system of suspended solids removal.