bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WITTGENSTEIN’S ELIMINATION OF IDENTITY FOR QUANTIFIER-FREE LOGIC
Authors: LAMPERT TIMM , SÄBEL MARKUS 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOne of the central logical ideas in Wittgenstein’sTractatus logico-philosophicusis the elimination of the identity sign in favor of the so-called “exclusive interpretation” of names and quantifiers requiring different names to refer to different objects and (roughly) different variables to take different values. In this paper, we examine a recent development of these ideas in papers by Kai Wehmeier. We diagnose two main problems of Wehmeier’s account, the first concerning the treatment of individual constants, the second concerning so-called “pseudo-propositions” (Scheinsätze) of classical logic such as$a=a$or$a=b \wedge b=c \rightarrow a=c$. We argue that overcoming these problems requires two fairly drastic departures from Wehmeier’s account: (1) Not every formula of classical first-order logic will be translatable into asingleformula of Wittgenstein’s exclusive notation. Instead, there will often be a multiplicity of possible translations, revealing the original “inclusive” formulas to beambiguous. (2) Certain formulas of first-order logic such as$a=a$will not be translatable into Wittgenstein’s notation at all, being thereby revealed as nonsensical pseudo-propositions which should be excluded from a “correct” conceptual notation. We provide translation procedures from inclusive quantifier-free logic into the exclusive notation that take these modifications into account and define a notion of logical equivalence suitable for assessing these translations.
Military Technology and Sample Selection Bias
Authors: Fourie Johan , Inwood Kris , Mariotti Martine 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMilitary enlistment is highly selective for reasons of both labor demand and supply. An early-twentieth-century evolution of military technology that shifted the demand for workers of different stature illustrates the importance of labor demand beyond the commonly discussed influences originating with labor supply. English-born soldiers in the Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902) were taller, on average, than those of World War I (1914–18), yet these differences cannot be attributed to standard of living or business cycle influences on the labor market. Rather, we argue, the mechanization and bureaucratization of warfare increased the relative value of shorter people permitting a decline in the average height of soldiers. Technological change over the period of these two wars affected labor demand in a way that must be recognized before using this evidence to test hypotheses about changes in population health.
Slow Earthquakes Illuminating Interplate Coupling Heterogeneities in Subduction Zones
Authors: Baba Satoru , Takemura Shunsuke , Obara Kazushige , Noda Akemi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSlow earthquakes are mainly distributed in the vicinity of seismogenic zones of megathrust earthquakes and relationships between both types of earthquakes are expected. We examined the activity of very low frequency earthquakes (VLFEs), classified as one type of slow earthquake, around Japan because they have the potential to clarify detailed spatiotemporal slip behaviors at the plate boundaries. The distribution of the shallow VLFE activity rate is heterogeneous along trench axes and exhibits an anticorrelation relationship with the spatial distribution of the interplate coupling ratio, whereas deep VLFEs are distributed only in weakly coupled areas, and the spatial variation of the activity rate is small. Furthermore, VLFEs are mainly hosted by low seismic velocity anomalies. Thus, slow earthquakes can be triggered by decreased effective stress due to the high pore fluid pressure within regions with weak interplate coupling, and their activity can be an indicator of interplate slip behavior.
The Reversal Indian Ocean Waters
Authors: Liang Linlin , Xue Huijie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Reversal Indian Ocean Waters (RIOWs), carried by flows in a direction opposite to the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF), is investigated in the Lagrangian framework using the simulative results of a high‐resolution western Pacific and northern Indian Oceans Model (PIOM). The results suggest that the RIOWs have two sources: They are the Australian Northwest Shelf Inflow linking with the Leeuwin UnderCurrent (LUC) along with the previously identified South Java Coastal Undercurrent (SJCU). After entering the Indonesian seas, the RIOWs mix with other water masses and tend to make waters in the Indonesian seas cooler, saltier, and denser. Ultimately, about half of the RIOWs return to the Indian Ocean by joining the ITF, and the other half enter the Pacific Ocean and contribute to the North Equatorial CounterCurrent (NECC) and the North Intermediate CounterCurrent (NICC).
Volcano‐Wide Deformation After the 2017 Erta Ale Dike Intrusion, Ethiopia, Observed With Radar Interferometry
Authors: Xu Wenbin , Xie Lei , Aoki Yosuke , Rivalta Eleonora , Jónsson Sigurjón 
Published: June 2020

AbstractErta Ale Volcano erupted on 16 January 2017 in a difficult‐to‐access terrain in the Erta Ale volcanic range in Ethiopia. Like many other rifting ridge volcanoes, little is known about the properties of the deep magma plumbing system. Here, we analyze interferometric synthetic aperture radar data from different satellites between late January 2017 and May 2019 to study the ground deformation after the start of the intrusion to infer the possible geometry and volume change of the magma reservoir that fed the eruption. We identified volcano‐wide subsidence of up to 9 cm and horizontal contraction of up to ~5 cm that extend from Erta Ale to neighboring volcanoes. The modeling results suggest that an off‐rift NE‐SW elongated mid‐crustal source is required to explain the observed volcano‐wide deformation, but the depth is poorly constrained and the shape is complex. We suggest the presence of vertical interactions between stacked mid‐crustal magma sources. Our study demonstrates that a considerable volume of melt could have been stored in mid‐crustal magma reservoirs within the slow‐spreading Erta Ale Ridge to facilitate recent volcanic activity.
Impact of Shoaling Ocean Surface Waves on Wind Stress and Drag Coefficient in Coastal Waters: 1. Uniform Wind
Authors: Chen Xuanyu , Hara Tetsu , Ginis Isaac 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of shoaling wind waves on the drag coefficient in coastal waters. The shoaling wave spectrum is simulated using the WAVEWATCH III (WW3) model with shallow water physics. The high‐frequency part (spectral tail), which is unresolved in the wave model, is empirically parameterized as a function of wind speed. The full wave spectrum is then used to estimate the sea‐state‐dependent wind stress and drag coefficient. Shoaling wind waves are simulated on a sloped bottom under the idealized steady uniform wind. Experimental wind speed spans from 10 to 65 m/s, and the bottom slope is varied from 1:100 to 1:2,000. Our results show that as water depth decreases, the drag coefficient increases gradually to a peak value and then rapidly reduces compared to the deep water value. The maximum Cd value occurs roughly where depth‐induced wave breaking starts. The magnitude of Cd enhancement is more significant on a steeper slope and can reach 40%. This Cd enhancement is mainly due to steepening of waves and reduction of the wave phase speed during the shoaling. Our results also suggest significantly larger variability of Cd at a given wind speed in finite‐depth waters than in deep water.
The Southern Hemisphere Minor Sudden Stratospheric Warming in September 2019 and its Predictions in S2S Models
Authors: Rao Jian , Garfinkel Chaim I. , White Ian P. , Schwartz Chen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA minor sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) happened in September 2019 in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) with winds at 10 hPa, 60°S reaching their minimum value on 18 September. Using multiple data sets and real‐time predictions from 11 subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) models, the evolution, favorable conditions, and predictability for this SSW event are explored. The September 2019 SSW happened during several favorable conditions, including easterly equatorial quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) winds at 10 hPa, solar minimum, positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) sea surface temperatures (SST), warm SST anomalies in the central Pacific, and a blocking high near the Antarctic Peninsula. With these favorable initial and boundary conditions, the predictive limit to this SSW is around 18 days in some S2S models, and more than 50% of the ensemble members forecast the zonal wind deceleration in reforecasts initialized around 29 August. A vortex slowdown is evident in some initializations from around 22 August, but with a forecast‐reanalysis pattern correlation %3C0.5, while initializations later than 29 August capture the wavelike pattern in the troposphere and the subsequent stratospheric evolution. The ensemble spread in the magnitude of the vortex deceleration during the SSW is mainly explained by the ensemble spread in the magnitude of upward propagation of waves in the troposphere and in the stratosphere, with an underestimated tropospheric wave amplitude leading to a too‐small deceleration of the vortex. The September 2019 SH SSW did not show a near‐instantaneous downward impact on the tropospheric southern annular mode (SAM) in late September and early October 2019. The Australian drought and hot weather in September possibly associated with the positive IOD might have been exacerbated by the negative SAM in October and later months due to the weak stratospheric polar vortex. However, models tend to forecast a near‐instantaneous tropospheric response to the SSW.
On the Regional Variability of dB/dt and Its Significance to GIC
Authors: Dimmock A. P. , Rosenqvist L. , Welling D. T. , Viljanen A. , Honkonen I. , Boynton R. J. , Yordanova E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFaraday's law of induction is responsible for setting up a geoelectric field due to the variations in the geomagnetic field caused by ionospheric currents. This drives geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) which flow in large ground‐based technological infrastructure such as high‐voltage power lines. The geoelectric field is often a localized phenomenon exhibiting significant variations over spatial scales of only hundreds of kilometers. This is due to the complex spatiotemporal behavior of electrical currents flowing in the ionosphere and/or large gradients in the ground conductivity due to highly structured local geological properties. Over some regions, and during large storms, both of these effects become significant. In this study, we quantify the regional variability of dB/dt using closely placed IMAGE stations in northern Fennoscandia. The dependency between regional variability, solar wind conditions, and geomagnetic indices are also investigated. Finally, we assess the significance of spatial geomagnetic variations to modeling GICs across a transmission line. Key results from this study are as follows: (1) Regional geomagnetic disturbances are important in modeling GIC during strong storms; (2) dB/dt can vary by several times up to a factor of three compared to the spatial average; (3) dB/dt and its regional variation is coupled to the energy deposited into the magnetosphere; and (4) regional variability can be more accurately captured and predicted from a local index as opposed to a global one. These results demonstrate the need for denser magnetometer networks at high latitudes where transmission lines extending hundreds of kilometers are present.
Generalized Sub‐Gaussian Processes: Theory and Application to Hydrogeological and Geochemical Data
Authors: Siena Martina , Guadagnini Alberto , Bouissonnié Arnaud , Ackerer Philippe , Daval Damien , Riva Monica 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe start from the well‐documented scale dependence displayed by the probability distribution and associated statistical moments of a variety of hydrogeological and soil science variables and their spatial or temporal increments. These features can be captured by a Generalized Sub‐Gaussian (GSG) model, according to which a given variable, Y, is subordinated to a (typically spatially correlated) Gaussian random field, G, through a subordinator, U. This study extends the theoretical framework originally proposed by Riva et al. (2015, 10.1002/2015WR016998) to include the possibility of selecting a general form of the subordinator, thus enhancing the flexibility of the GSG framework for data interpretation and modeling. Analytical expressions for the GSG process associated with lognormal, Pareto, and Gamma subordinator distributions are then derived. We demonstrate the ability of the GSG modeling framework to capture the way key features of the statistics associated with two data sets transition across scales. The latter correspond to variables, which are typical of a geochemical and a hydrogeological setting, that is, (i) data characterizing the micrometer‐scale surface roughness of a crystal of calcite, collected within a laboratory‐scale setting, resulting from induced mineral dissolution, and (ii) a vertical distribution of decimeter‐scale porosity data, collected along a deep kilometer‐scale borehole within a sandstone formation and typically used in hydrogeological and geophysical characterization of aquifer systems. The theoretical developments and the successful applications of the approach we propose provide a unique framework within which one can interpret a broad range of scaling behaviors displayed by a variety of Earth and environmental variables in various scenarios.
Amyloid, tau, and astrocyte pathology in autosomal-dominant Alzheimer’s disease variants: AβPParc and PSEN1DE9
Authors: Lemoine Laetitia , Gillberg Per-Göran , Bogdanovic Nenad , Nennesmo Inger , Saint-Aubert Laure , Viitanen Matti , Graff Caroline , Ingelsson Martin , Nordberg Agneta 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAutosomal-dominant Alzheimer’s disease (ADAD) may be associated with atypical amyloid beta deposits in the brain. In vivo amyloid imaging using 11C-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) tracer has shown differences in binding between brains from ADAD and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (sAD) patients. To gain further insight into the various pathological characteristics of these genetic variants, we performed large frozen hemisphere autoradiography and brain homogenate binding assays with 3H-PiB, 3H-MK6240-3H-THK5117, and 3H-deprenyl for detection of amyloid fibrils, tau depositions, and activated astrocytes, respectively, in two AβPParc mutation carriers, one PSEN1ΔE9 mutation carrier, and three sAD cases. The results were compared with Abeta 40, Abeta 42, AT8, and GFAP immunostaining, respectively, as well as with Congo red and Bielschowsky. PiB showed a very low binding in AβPParc. A high binding was observed in PSEN1ΔE9 and in sAD tissues but with different binding patterns. Comparable 3H-THK5117 and 3H-deprenyl brain homogenate binding was observed for AβPParc, PSEN1ΔE9, and sAD, respectively. Some differences were observed between 3H-MK6240 and 3H-THK5117 in ADAD. A positive correlation between 3H-deprenyl and 3H-THK5117 binding was observed in AβPParc, while no such correlation was found in PSEN1ΔE9 and sAD. Our study demonstrates differences in the properties of the amyloid plaques between two genetic variants of AD and sAD. Despite the lack of measurable amyloid fibrils by PiB in the AβPParc cases, high regional tau and astrocyte binding was observed. The lack of correlation between 3H-deprenyl and 3H-THK5117 binding in PSEN1ΔE9 and sAD in contrast of the positive correlation observed in the AβPParc cases suggest differences in the pathological cascade between variants of AD that warrant further exploration in vivo.
Axitinib plus immune checkpoint inhibitor: evidence- and expert-based consensus recommendation for treatment optimisation and management of related adverse events
Authors: Grünwald Viktor , Voss Martin H. , Rini Brian I. , Powles Thomas , Albiges Laurence , Giles Rachel H. , Jonasch Eric 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWith the recent approval of the combinations of axitinib with the immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) pembrolizumab or avelumab for first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma, guidance on how to distinguish between immune-related adverse events (AEs) caused by ICI versus axitinib-related AEs is necessary to optimise therapy with axitinib–ICI combinations. The recommendations here are based on (1) systematic review of published evidence, (2) discussion among experts in the field and (3) a survey to obtain expert consensus on specific measures for therapy management with the combinations axitinib/avelumab and axitinib/pembrolizumab. The experts identified areas of AEs requiring unique management during treatment with axitinib–ICI combinations that were not covered by current recommendations. Diarrhoea, hepatic toxicity, fatigue and cardiovascular AEs were found to be applicable to such specialised management. Triage between immune-suppressive and supportive measures is a key component in therapy management. Clinical monitoring and experience with both classes of agents are necessary to manage this novel therapeutic approach. We focused on AEs with an overlap between axitinib and ICI therapy. Our recommendations address AE management of axitinib–ICI combinations with the aim to improve the safety of these therapies.
Control of fibroblast shape in sequentially formed 3D hybrid hydrogels regulates cellular responses to microenvironmental cues
Authors: Liu Han , Wu Mian , Jia Yuanbo , Niu Lele , Huang Guoyou , Xu Feng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCell shape plays important roles in regulating cell behavior; however, independently controlling cell shape in three dimensions is a challenging undertaking, and how cell shape affects cellular responses to mechanical and biochemical cues in three dimensions remains unclear. Here, we present a hydrogel-based platform to control cell shape in three dimensions by using sequentially formed hybrid hydrogels consisting of collagen and alginate. By adjusting the cross-linking time of the alginate, we fixed the shape of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts at different spreading states. Then, we explored the influence of cell shape on the cell responses to microenvironmental cues by using cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) as model cells. We found that the spreading state of the CFs influences their responses to both mechanical (i.e., matrix stiffness) and biochemical (i.e., transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)) cues in three dimensions. Additional experiments revealed that integrin β1 in focal adhesions and Smad2/3 are involved in mediating the cell shape-dependent responses of CFs to matrix stiffness and TGF-β1 cues, respectively. This work represents the first step in understanding how cell shape influences cell responses to mechanical and biochemical cues in three dimensions and can be instructive for developing novel approaches to target cell shape regulation for treating fibrosis and other diseases.
Parity-time symmetry in wavelength space within a single spatial resonator
Authors: Zhang Jiejun , Li Lingzhi , Wang Guangying , Feng Xinhuan , Guan Bai-Ou , Yao Jianping 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe show a parity-time (PT) symmetric microwave photonic system in the optical wavelength space within a single spatial resonator, in which the gain and loss modes can perfectly overlay spatially but are distinguishable in the designated parameter space. To prove the concept, a PT-symmetric optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) in the optical wavelength space is implemented. The OEO has a single-loop architecture, with the microwave gain and loss modes carried by two optical wavelengths to form two mutually coupled wavelength-space resonators. The operation of PT symmetry in the OEO is verified by the generation of a 10-GHz microwave signal with a low phase noise of −129.3 dBc/Hz at 10-kHz offset frequency and small sidemodes of less than −66.22 dBc/Hz. Compared with a conventional spatial PT-symmetric system, a PT-symmetric system in the wavelength space features a much simpler configuration, better stability and greater resilience to environmental interferences.
Macromolecular and electrical coupling between inner hair cells in the rodent cochlea
Authors: Jean Philippe , Anttonen Tommi , Michanski Susann , de Diego Antonio M. G. , Steyer Anna M. , Neef Andreas , Oestreicher David , Kroll Jana , Nardis Christos , Pangršič Tina , Möbius Wiebke , Ashmore Jonathan , Wichmann Carolin , Moser Tobias 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInner hair cells (IHCs) are the primary receptors for hearing. They are housed in the cochlea and convey sound information to the brain via synapses with the auditory nerve. IHCs have been thought to be electrically and metabolically independent from each other. We report that, upon developmental maturation, in mice 30% of the IHCs are electrochemically coupled in ‘mini-syncytia’. This coupling permits transfer of fluorescently-labeled metabolites and macromolecular tracers. The membrane capacitance, Ca2+-current, and resting current increase with the number of dye-coupled IHCs. Dual voltage-clamp experiments substantiate low resistance electrical coupling. Pharmacology and tracer permeability rule out coupling by gap junctions and purinoceptors. 3D electron microscopy indicates instead that IHCs are coupled by membrane fusion sites. Consequently, depolarization of one IHC triggers presynaptic Ca2+-influx at active zones in the entire mini-syncytium. Based on our findings and modeling, we propose that IHC-mini-syncytia enhance sensitivity and reliability of cochlear sound encoding.
Unlocking the passivation nature of the cathode–air interfacial reactions in lithium ion batteries
Authors: Zou Lianfeng , He Yang , Liu Zhenyu , Jia Haiping , Zhu Jian , Zheng Jianming , Wang Guofeng , Li Xiaolin , Xiao Jie , Liu Jun , Zhang Ji-Guang , Chen Guoying , Wang Chongmin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIt is classically well perceived that cathode–air interfacial reactions, often instantaneous and thermodynamic non-equilibrium, will lead to the formation of interfacial layers, which subsequently, often vitally, control the behaviour and performance of batteries. However, understanding of the nature of cathode–air interfacial reactions remain elusive. Here, using atomic-resolution, time-resolved in-situ environmental transmission electron microscopy and atomistic simulation, we reveal that the cathode–water interfacial reactions can lead to the surface passivation, where the resultant conformal LiOH layers present a critical thickness beyond which the otherwise sustained interfacial reactions are arrested. We rationalize that the passivation behavior is dictated by the Li+-water interaction driven Li-ion de-intercalation, rather than a direct cathode–gas chemical reaction. Further, we show that a thin disordered rocksalt layer formed on the cathode surface can effectively mitigate the surface degradation by suppressing chemical delithiation. The established passivation paradigm opens new venues for the development of novel high-energy and high-stability cathodes.