bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of Drill Cuttings Management Options Through Modeling, Monitoring and Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Puiseux Aurélien , Guillou Anaïs , Merzi Thomas 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Drilling operations produces drill cuttings, which need to be managed to minimize their potential environmental impacts. Nowadays, legislation worldwide moves towards limiting discharge at sea to decrease impacts on ocean. But cuttings must still be managed, and alternatives are not necessarily more environment friendly.
In this article, three approaches of cutting management environmental impacts were compared. Modeling studies were compared to field data, to assess the relevance of these modeling studies in the evaluation of drilling discharge acceptability. The results of monitoring campaigns conducted on three offshore field in Myanmar, Congo and Angola were collected and analyzed. Lastly, a comparative attributional life cycle analysis (or LCA) of drill cuttings management options was conducted, comparing discharge at sea, reinjection into a disposal well, onshore landfill containment and onshore thermo-desorption.
Environmental risk calculation through discharge modeling is robust and constitutes a good tool to evaluate the drilling discharge strategy, but it focuses on the sole discharge at sea option. Results from monitoring campaigns shows that fifteen to twenty years after drilling operations, decreasing trends are observed for drill cutting tracers. For other metals, concentration levels are similar to those of the baseline. Slight impacts on benthic macrofauna community keep on being observed, and processes of initial diversity recovery are in progress locally. At the scale of the entire fields, biodiversity has recovered almost similar levels as initially. With current practices, impacts can be estimated to last around ten years. The LCA was hampered by a lack of standardized indicators for marine compartment impacts and poor characterization of some drilling muds additives in LCA reference databases. Considering these limitations, the results and their interpretations state a higher impact of onshore management with thermo-desorption on most indicators. Discharge at sea has the biggest initial impact on marine ecotoxicity. Onshore landfill has the biggest impact on freshwater eutrophication, freshwater ecotoxicity, human carcinogenic toxicity and land use.
This study shows that given current practices, impacts of drill cuttings discharge at sea are well predicted and last around 10 years. Alternative management options have impacts as well, mainly on human health, land use and non-marine environmental compartments. Decision-makers must balance the impacts on each compartment to choose the better management option given the context they face.
This study highlights the interest of using life cycle analyses to compare management options rather than focusing on the impacts of only one option. To be able to do so, there is a need of developing LCA methodology on marine compartments.
Sagari Project: Towards a Strategy for Sustainable Environmental Management
Authors: Gutierrez Mesías Fernando , Changano Guevara Humberto Felipe , Díaz Venero Carlos Alfonso , Garcia Espinoza Alan Marlon , Zorrilla Salazar Ruth Celina , Ahumada Morales Carlos 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Repsol Exploración Perú (Repsol) develops its operations in accordance with its integrated policy and incorporates the criteria of safety, health and environment in all activities. In compliance with this policy, Repsol develops environmental management strategies (EMA) for its projects. The EMA prepared for the Environmental Impact Study of the Sagari Field Development Project - Block 57 is based on the mitigation hierarchy. This hierarchy proposes measures to avoid, mitigate, restore or compensate for the negative challenges identified for the project in its planning, construction, operation and abandonment stages. This project includes the completion of a well in Sagari BX, the drilling and completion of 2 development wells in Sagari AX, the drilling of an injector well, and the construction and operation of an 18.7 km conduit that joins the new facilities of production and connections to the affected facilities in Kinteroni. The project is located in an area of high biodiversity and overlaps the buffer zones of the Machiguenga Communal Reserve and Otishi National Park. This document has two objectives: The first is to show the mitigation measures incorporated into the project, which meet the highest industry standards. The second objective is to serve as a guide and reference during the planning of similar hydrocarbon exploration and development projects in the Amazon.
A First-Of-Its-Kind Framework for Commercializing Associated Gas
Authors: Berg B. Van , Bamji Z.. , Sucre F.. , Murphy-McGreevey C.. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Gas flaring, the practice of burning off gas associated with oil production, is a significant waste of a valuable resource, and a major contributor to global emissions. Nigeria is one of the highest gas flaring countries in the world, with 178 flare sites and 7.4 billion cubic meters of gas flared in 2018. The country has taken ambitious steps to reduce gas flaring, with the Ministry of Petroleum Resources, the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), the World Bank-managed Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFR) and other international agencies working to design and implement a regulatory programme that creates value through associated gas commercialization.
Limited resources and often competing priorities, portfolios, and assets restrict the oil industry to provide adequate, conclusive and fast track solutions to reach Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 (defined as: not routinely flare associated gas in new oil field developments and ending existing (legacy) flaring as soon as possible and no later than 2030). The paper demonstrates how Nigeria is creating an enabling and compulsory environment to monetize associated gas and utilize it for energy use, primarily for the domestic market, and substituting diesel, heavy fuel oil and other higher cost (often imported) fuels. Going further, the paper asserts that the government must take ownership and control of gas flaring reduction, where the industry can or will not put in place solutions to achieve this goal. The paper concludes that monetizing associated gas brings multiple benefits, including reduced emissions, a lower cost energy mix, greater energy sovereignty and a stronger "license to operate" for international oil companies operating in the country.
The Role of Health in Building a Culture of Care in Projects During Construction
Authors: Sanchez Marcos , Bhojani Faiyaz 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this review, the role of the Health function is examined in relation to Safety, Security, Environment, and Social Performance in selected Shell capital projects over the previous ten years. The Health function has been identified as a critical enabler of a "Culture of Care" which contributed to additional value attributed to the function beyond its role of promotion and implementation of a healthy workplace. In the projects reviewed here, the intentional strategy to deploy Health function elements, activities and interventions incorporated into the framework of a "Care Strategy" was strongly associated with excellence in project performance and business outcomes. Measures for the assessment, including workforce engagement, participation in wellness activities, perceived level of care, total recordable case frequency (TRCF), and productivity expressed as hands on tools time average (HoTT) which all demonstrated a positive impact of Care Strategies. This finding supports the experience of Shell that when the Health function became a true project-business partner it contributes a positive impact on behaviors, communication, psychological safety and interaction with community.
Upstream Industry Collaboration Delivers Refreshed Life-Saving Rules
Authors: Walker Kirsty , Carvalho Mariana , Skar Olav , Pedersen Knut Ørjan , Adeogun Odunlami , Lawrie Graeme 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) is a global upstream focused forum in which member companies identify and share best practices to achieve improvements in many areas including safety. In 2017, the IOGP launched an initiative called Project Safira with the aim of eliminating fatalities. One of the work streams within this project was to refresh, simplify and reduce the number of industry Life-Saving Rules to encourage industry standardization.
The development of the original IOGP eight core and ten supplemental Life-Saving Rules was based on an analysis of thousands of fatal and high potential events. An industry team of subject matter experts, HSE, and operations professionals formed as a task force. This group conducted a comprehensive analysis of the latest 10 years of fatality data and developed an updated set incorporating the latest thinking on human performance and lessons learned from member companies’ experiences in implementation.
From 2008 to 2017, 376 workers lost their lives in incidents that may have been prevented by following one of the new nine IOGP Life-Saving Rules. With the benefit of having an additional seven years of data and feedback from member companies on their adoption of the previous set of Life-Saving Rules, the IOGP has streamlined the original 18 rules down to nine, while retaining the level of applicability in fatality prevention.
The Life-Saving Rules are not intended to replace company HSE management systems, but are rather aimed at complementing existing organizational processes and procedures. The rules provide simple actions in the form of ‘I statements’ which can provide a final barrier that individuals have control over, and by their own actions can prevent fatalities.
Having the largest database of safety performance and fatality data in the upstream oil and gas industry, the IOGP has the ability to analyze trends and build on learning from fatal incidents on an industry-wide basis.
A Risk-Based Approach to Mechanical Lifting
Authors: Walker Kirsty , Pert Aimee 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper describes the approach taken by an oilfield services company to prevent mechanical lifting incidents by implementing industry best practice in the form of fundamental and risk-based controls throughout the company.
The risk-based approach to mechanical lifting operations allows locations to focus on controlling specific operational risks. The risk-based controls supplement a set of fundamental controls describing company requirements which are mandatory at all locations. The fundamental controls include the introduction of a designated lifting crew, Country Mechanical Lifting Champion and Country Mechanical Lifting Procedure. A lift categorization questionnaire was developed to identify the risk level associated with mechanical lifting operations which also enables consistent identification of the required risk-based controls.
The introduction of Country Mechanical Lifting Procedures and Champions has allowed applicable local regulations to be clearly identified to enable compliance in accordance with the revised company standard. Site Mechanical Lifting Champions have been assigned to support implementation of the updated standard at local level by developing and maintaining a site specific Mechanical Lifting and DROPS Procedure. This has allowed the workforce to have a local point of contact for specific mechanical lifting queries and compliance information. To monitor implementation, an internal compliance audit tool was revised to ensure every location with mechanical lifting operations is assessed for compliance with the company fundamental and risk-based controls, as well as local regulatory requirements.
In addition to the documentation and roles created, new training and innovative materials were developed to communicate the company expectations for the control of mechanical lifting operations. These tools have been designed to engage personnel in a memorable and interactive manner in using the principles of spaced learning.
The risk-based company standard and associated innovative training and communications materials provide personnel with a clear understanding of the control measures required to prevent mechanical lifting incidents.
Reuse of Produced Water in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Gray Madeleine 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Oil and gas operations handle and manage large volumes of produced water. In recent years, the increased demand for and natural variability of water resources have driven interest by policy makers, regulators and society in the potential opportunities for its reuse. Such reuse may include the beneficial utilization of produced water with or without treatment to meet the requirements for use within oil and gas operations, or by external users. In recognition of the need to gain a full understanding of produced water management and the potential for reuse, IPIECA conducted an internal survey of 14 IPIECA member companies, interviews with selected external stakeholders covering a range of sectors and geographic regions and a literature review of readily available information regarding this subject. The external stakeholders were identified from the membership survey as well as from IPIECA and consultant's experience with the aim to learn from, and build on, existing work on produced water reuse. Numerous factors can influence the practicability of implementing the reuse of produced water either within the oil and gas industry or by external users. Based on the local circumstances of an operation, the same factors can provide either opportunities and/or constraints, with associated risks. Four main aspects have been identified for considering the reuse of produced water: Economic, Regulatory – Permits, Social and Corporate Policy and Infrastructure.
Aligning Responsibilities Between Operator and Contractor Community Liaison Teams in a Mature Oilfield in the Latin American Region
Authors: Pérez Benítez Marcelo , Zambrano Celly John J. , Vallejo Gabriela , Paz Manuel , Abrahams Nicholas 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper explores the collective actions operators and oilfield services companies can take with local communities to promote long-term operational stability using a case study from a mature oilfield in the Latin American region.
When the current operator became the license holder, it also took ownership of all community-facing responsibilities. In the years that followed, the company signed a long-term commercial agreement to co-manage three blocks with specific project management responsibilities for the preparation of the field development plan, drilling campaigns, and facilities construction.
Following social due diligence during the business development phase, the company prioritized allocating time for analysis and planning to establish its own community liaison team. The priority was to align responsibilities and interfaces with the operator, while establishing structured long-term plans for community engagement, local content, and social investment.
With an operational footprint covering over 1200 km2 and over 80 indigenous and settler communities with a diversity of backgrounds, operational activities had to be managed sensitively.
In creating its own community liaison team, with limited responsibilities for direct interface with communities, the company focused on implementing fundamental and risk-based controls from its social management system.
The company focused on building a culture of respect for communities, mapping areas of potential sensitivity, managing tier 2 contractors’ social and environmental performance, optimizing local content by prioritizing local supplier participation and development and ensuring worker hiring processes are perceived as fair and transparent, and implementing a strategic social investment program along with the operator. Collaboration between the operator and company can lead to improved community well-being, operational stability and improved business performance.
The paper highlights the importance of social performance integration across the oil and gas industry value-chain. It provides insights into the practical application of the 2018 IPIECA community liaison officers’ team building and management guidance from a company perspective.
Hurricane Response: A Case Study on the Innovative use of IT Communication Tools for Crisis Management
Authors: Englehardt Eric , LaBelle Scott 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A core component of crisis response management is delivering clear and consistent communication to those affected by the event. This paper describes a crisis communication strategy implemented by an oilfield service company in response to hurricane devastation of an area where over 12,000 employees live and work.
A key component of the company's crisis management process includes a well prepared communication strategy that can be deployed pre-crisis, during a crisis, and post-crisis. The communication plan includes recommendations on the content and frequency of messaging, stakeholder targeting, and use of multiple communication channels and tools. Communication tools include mass email distribution and text alert messaging with receipt confirmation, company intranet, 24-hour emergency call center, internal social media, and standard IT tools. Effective execution of the communication plan was enabled by a communication committee responsible for the deployment of the strategy.
Utilizing established company communication tools, such as email distribution lists, text message alerts and dynamic intranet pages, the company delivered timely and reliable information to employees. The updates included the ongoing status of the hurricane and its impact, how to access resources and the actions the company was taking to address hurricane-related issues. Within days of the storm making landfall, a 24-hour emergency call center was established to connect those employees unable to access the internet or email with local aid. This also accelerated assistance for employees most impacted by the event. Another key communication channel was the company's internal social media platform. This was the first time this tool had been utilized as part of a crisis management communication strategy. Incorporating internal social media into the crisis response enabled employees to become active participants in the hurricane recovery by providing peer-to-peer information and connecting employees with colleagues in close proximity who required or could provide assistance.
The use of a crisis management communication committee ensured effective execution of the hurricane response communication plan. The innovative use of well-established communication tools was the key factor to dispatching employee assistance during and after the hurricane.
Estimation of Effective Permeability, Fracture Spacing, Drainage Area, and Incremental Production from Field Data in Gas Shales with Nonnegligible Sorption
Authors: Eftekhari B. , Marder M. , Patzek T. W. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryIn a previous work, we introduced a three-parameter scaling solution that models the long-term recovery of dry gas from a hydrofractured horizontal well far from other wells and the boundaries of a shale reservoir with negligible sorption. Here, we extend this theory to account for the contribution of sorbed gas and apply the extended theory to the production histories of 8,942 dry-gas wells in the Marcellus Shale. Our approach is to integrate unstructured big data and physics-based modeling. We consider three adsorption cases that correspond to the minimum, median, and maximum of a set of measured Langmuir isotherms. We obtain data-driven, independent estimates of unstimulated shale permeability, spacing between hydrofractures, well-drainage area, optimal spacing between infill wells, and incremental gas recovery over a typical well life. All these estimates decrease to varying extents with increasing sorption. We find that the average well with median adsorption has a permeability of 250 nd, fracture spacing of 16 m, 30-year drainage length of 79 m, and a 30-year incremental recovery of 67%.
Multimineral Modeling and Estimation of Brittleness Index of Shaly Sandstone in Upper Assam and Mizoram Areas, India
Authors: Gogoi Triveni , Chatterjee Rima 
Published: March 2020

SummaryThe brittleness index (BI) has major implications for hydraulic fracture studies and production toward optimized recovery in unconventional reservoirs. The paucity of brittleness studies in Mizoram and Upper Assam, located in northeastern India, motivates us to take up multimineral modeling and estimation of BI. Two commonly used BI estimation approaches, mineralogical and geomechanical, have been implemented to characterize the shaly sandstone in the study area. Laboratory analyses of the available drill-cutting samples and crossplots from well log data along with previous literature confirm the types of minerals present in the study area. With this mineralogical information, a new approach of BI log estimation from multimineral modeling is suggested here using conventional log data in the absence of core/drill cutting samples. A multimineral model for Mizoram and Upper Assam is developed by using bulk density (ρ), compressional sonic velocity (Vp), shear sonic velocity (Vs), lithodensity, and acoustic impedance (AI) logs to calculate volumetric percentage of minerals. Estimated mineralogical BI from well log data using four established models are compared and calibrated with X-ray diffraction (XRD)-derived BI to validate the proposed procedure. Most brittle zones having a BI ≥ 66% are demarcated for high Young’s modulus (Y ≥ 60 GPa) and low Poisson’s ratio (ν ≤ 0.25) values in the Y vs. ν crossplot for the study area. The presence of brittle minerals estimated from both XRD and the multimineral model suffices the reason for the high brittleness of shaly sandstone in Mizoram compared with Upper Assam.