bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing sequestered carbon in forest offset programs: balancing accounting stringency and participation
Authors: Wise Lindsey , Marland Eric , Marland Gregg , Hoyle Jason , Kowalczyk Tamara , Ruseva Tatyana , Colby Jeffrey , Kinlaw Timothy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background
Although there is broad agreement that negative carbon emissions may be required in order to meet the global climate change targets specified in the Paris Agreement and that carbon sequestration in the terrestrial biosphere can be an important contributor, there are important accounting issues that often discourage forest carbon sequestration projects. The legislation establishing the California forest offset program, for example, requires that offsets be “real, additional, quantifiable, permanent, verifiable, and enforceable”. While these are all clearly desirable attributes, their implementation has been a great challenge in balancing complexity, expense, and risk. Most forest offset protocols carry similar accounting objectives, but often with different details, (e.g. Richards and Huebner in Carbon Manag 3(4):393–410, 2012 and Galik et al. in Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 14:677–690, 2009). The result is that the complexity, expense, and risk of participation discourage participation and make it more difficult to achieve climate mitigation goals. We focus on the requirements for accounting and permanence to illustrate that current requirements disproportionately disadvantage small landowners.

Results
The simplified 1040EZ filing system for U.S. income taxes may provide insight for a protocol model that balances reward, effort, and risk, while still achieving the overall objectives of standardized offset protocols. In this paper, we present initial ideas and lay the groundwork behind a “2050EZ” protocol for forest carbon sequestration as a complement to existing protocols.

Conclusion
The Paris Agreement states that “Parties should take action to conserve and enhance, as appropriate, sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases.” The Paris Agreement also refers to issues such as equity, sustainable development, and other non-carbon benefits. The challenge is to provide incentives for maintaining and increasing the amount of carbon sequestered in the biosphere. Monitoring and verification of carbon storage need to be sufficient to demonstrate sequestration from the atmosphere while providing clear incentives and simple accounting approaches that encourage participation by diverse participants, including small land holders.
Clinical and genetic characteristics of Chinese patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis
Authors: Tao Qing-Qing , Zhang Yun , Lin Hui-Xia , Dong Hai-Lin , Ni Wang , Wu Zhi-Ying 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundCerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare inborn lipid-storage disease caused by mutations in the sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) gene with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. To date, only 19 CTX patients from 16 families have been reported in the Chinese population.ResultsThree novel likely pathogenic mutations (c.368_374delCCAGTAC, c.389 T > A and c.571C > T) and 7 previously reported pathogenic mutations (c.379C > T, c.435G > T, c.1016C > T, c.1214G > A, c.1263 + 1G > A, c.1420C > T and c.1435C > T) were identified. In addition, we summarized the genotypes and phenotypes of reported Chinese CTX patients. The most predominant mutations inCYP27A1were c.410G > A and c.379C > T, and the most common clinical manifestations were pyramidal signs, xanthomatosis, cerebellar ataxia, and cognitive impairment.ConclusionOur study broadens the genetic and clinical spectrum of CTX and provides insightful information to help better diagnose and understand the disease.
Developmental hypomyelination in Wolfram syndrome: new insights from neuroimaging and gene expression analyses
Authors: Samara Amjad , Rahn Rachel , Neyman Olga , Park Ki Yun , Samara Ahmad , Marshall Bess , Dougherty Joseph , Hershey Tamara 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWolfram syndrome is a rare multisystem disorder caused by mutations in WFS1 or CISD2 genes leading to brain structural abnormalities and neurological symptoms. These abnormalities appear in early stages of the disease. The pathogenesis of Wolfram syndrome involves abnormalities in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial dynamics, which are common features in several other neurodegenerative disorders. Mutations in WFS1 are responsible for the majority of Wolfram syndrome cases. WFS1 encodes for an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein, wolframin. It is proposed that wolframin deficiency triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway resulting in an increased ER stress-mediated neuronal loss. Recent neuroimaging studies showed marked alteration in early brain development, primarily characterized by abnormal white matter myelination. Interestingly, ER stress and the UPR pathway are implicated in the pathogenesis of some inherited myelin disorders like Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, and Vanishing White Matter disease. In addition, exploratory gene-expression network-based analyses suggest that WFS1 expression occurs preferentially in oligodendrocytes during early brain development. Therefore, we propose that Wolfram syndrome could belong to a category of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by ER stress-mediated myelination impairment. Further studies of myelination and oligodendrocyte function in Wolfram syndrome could provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms of the Wolfram syndrome-associated brain changes and identify potential connections between neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegeneration.
A post-translational modification signature defines changes in soluble tau correlating with oligomerization in early stage Alzheimer’s disease brain
Authors: Ercan-Herbst Ebru , Ehrig Jens , Schöndorf David C. , Behrendt Annika , Klaus Bernd , Gomez Ramos Borja , Prat Oriol Nuria , Weber Christian , Ehrnhoefer Dagmar E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTau is a microtubule-binding protein that can receive various post-translational modifications (PTMs) including phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitration, sumoylation and truncation. Hyperphosphorylation of tau is linked to its aggregation and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). While more than 70 phosphorylation sites have been detected previously on NFT tau, studies of oligomeric and detergent-soluble tau in human brains during the early stages of AD are lacking. Here we apply a comprehensive electrochemiluminescence ELISA assay to analyze twenty-five different PTM sites as well as tau oligomerization in control and sporadic AD brain. The samples were classified as Braak stages 0–I, II or III–IV, corresponding to the progression of microscopically detectable tau pathology throughout different brain regions. We found that soluble tau multimers are strongly increased at Braak stages III–IV in all brain regions under investigation, including the temporal cortex, which does not contain NFTs or misfolded oligomers at this stage of pathology. We additionally identified five phosphorylation sites that are specifically and consistently increased across the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and temporal cortex in the same donors. Three of these sites correlate with tau multimerization in all three brain regions, but do not overlap with the epitopes of phospho-sensitive antibodies commonly used for the immunohistochemical detection of NFTs. Our results thus suggest that soluble multimers are characterized by a small set of specific phosphorylation events that differ from those dominating in mature NFTs. These findings shed light on early PTM changes of tau during AD pathogenesis in human brains.
Mosaic PTEN alteration in the neural crest during embryogenesis results in multiple nervous system hamartomas
Authors: Goldenberg Alice , Marguet Florent , Gilard Vianney , Cardine Aude-Marie , Hassani Adnan , Doz François , Radi Sophie , Vasseur Stéphanie , Bou Jacqueline , Branchaud Maud , Houdayer Claude , Baert-Desurmont Stéphanie , Laquerriere Annie , Frebourg Thierry 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe contribution of mosaic alterations to tumors of the nervous system and to non-malignant neurological diseases has been unmasked thanks to the development of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies. We report here the case of a young patient without any remarkable familial medical history who was first referred at 7 years of age, for an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) of Asperger type, not associated with macrocephaly. The patient subsequently presented at 10 years of age with multiple nodular lesions located within the trigeminal, facial and acoustic nerve ganglia and at the L3 level. Histological examination of this latter lesion revealed a glioneuronal hamartoma, exhibiting heterogeneous PTEN immunoreactivity, astrocyte and endothelial cell nuclei expressing PTEN, but not ganglion cells. NGS performed on the hamartoma allowed the detection of a PTEN pathogenic variant in 30% of the reads. The presence of this variant in the DNA extracted from blood and buccal swabs in 3.5 and 11% of the NGS reads, respectively, confirmed the mosaic state of the PTEN variant. The anatomical distribution of the lesions suggests that the mutational event affecting PTEN occurred in neural crest progenitors, thus explaining the absence of macrocephaly. This report shows that mosaic alteration of PTEN may result in multiple central and peripheral nervous system hamartomas and that the presence of such alteration should be considered in patients with multiple nervous system masses, even in the absence of cardinal features of PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome, especially macrocephaly.
Recent advances in melanin-like nanomaterials in biomedical applications: a mini review
Authors: Park Jihyo , Moon Haeram , Hong Seonki 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
Melanins are a group of biopigments in microorganisms that generate a wide range of colorants. Due to their multifunctionality, including ultraviolet protection, radical scavenging, and photothermal conversion, in addition to their intrinsic biocompatibility, natural melanins and synthetic melanin-like nanomaterials have been suggested as novel nano-bio platforms in biomedical applications.

Main body
Recent approaches in the synthesis of melanin-like nanomaterials and their biomedical applications have briefly been reviewed. Melanin-like nanomaterials have been suggested as endogenous chromophores for photoacoustic imaging and radical scavengers for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The photothermal conversion ability of these materials under near-infrared irradiation allows hyperthermia-mediated cancer treatments, and their intrinsic fluorescence can be an indicator in biosensing applications. Furthermore, catechol-rich melanin and melanin-like nanomaterials possess a versatile affinity for various functional organic and inorganic additives, allowing the design of multifunctional hybrid nanomaterials that expand their range of applications in bioimaging, therapy, theranostics, and biosensing.

Conclusion
Melanin-like natural and synthetic nanomaterials have emerged; however, the under-elucidated chemical structures of these materials are still a major obstacle to the construction of novel nanomaterials through bottom-up approaches and tuning the material properties at the molecular level. Further advancements in melanin-based medical applications can be achieved with the incorporation of next-generation chemical and molecular analytical tools.
Ictal semiology, functional anatomy and multimodal diagnostic in patients with insular epilepsies
Authors: Stefan Hermann , Gollwitzer Stephanie 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe insula is a hidden part in the cerebral cortex. Insular epilepsy is underrecognized and it bears a special risk for misdiagnosis with regard to nonepileptic seizures or wrong localization of epileptic seizures.Case presentationsThe manuscript describes 2 cases with ictal semiology of paresthesia and pain followed by hyperkinetic movements, noninvasive findings of source localization and/or invasive SEEG exploration.ConclusionMagnetic source imaging, ictal SPECT as noninvasive and invasive recordings with depth electrodes (SEEG) can provide important preoperative information for the involvement of insular and periinsular regions in focal pharmacoresistant epilepsies. The optimal use of these methods presupposes extensive knowledge of ictal semiology and other clinical characteristics. The clinical localization hypothesis can be optimally proofed by SEEG exploration.
Genome-Wide Analysis Identifies Two Susceptibility Loci for Positive Thyroid Peroxidase and Thyroglobulin Antibodies
Authors: Matana Antonela , Boutin Thibaud , Torlak Vesela , Brdar Dubravka , Gunjača Ivana , Kolčić Ivana , Boraska Perica Vesna , Punda Ante , Polašek Ozren , Barbalić Maja , Hayward Caroline , Zemunik Tatijana 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntroductionThyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (Tg) are main components of the thyroid gland and play an essential role in thyroid hormone synthesis. The development of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin (TgAb) is the major diagnostic hallmark and early indicator of autoimmune thyroid disease. TPOAb and TgAb are under strong genetic influence; however, genetic factors that determine thyroid antibody positivity are largely unknown.Materials and MethodsTo identify novel loci associated with TPOAb and/or TgAb positivity, we performed a genome-wide meta-analysis in a total of 2613 individuals from Croatia. Participants with elevated plasma TPOAb and/or TgAb were defined as cases (N = 619) and those with TPOAb and TgAb within reference values were defined as controls (N = 1994).ResultsWe identified 2 novel loci, of which 1 is located within the YES1 gene (rs77284350, P = 1.50 × 10–8), and the other resides within the IRF8 gene (rs16939945, P = 5.04 × 10–8).ConclusionsAlthough the observed variants were associated with TPOAb and TgAb positivity for the first time, both YES1 and IRF8 were previously linked to susceptibility to other autoimmune diseases, and represent plausible biological candidates. This study adds to the knowledge of genetics underlying thyroid antibodies and provides a good basis for further research.
Latest developments in in-vivo imaging for proton therapy
Authors: Parodi Katia 
Published: December 2019

Owing to the favorable physical and biological properties of swift ions in matter, their application to radiation therapy for highly selective cancer treatment is rapidly spreading worldwide. To date, over 90 ion therapy facilities are operational, predominantly with proton beams, and about the same amount is under construction or planning.
Over the last decades, considerable developments have been achieved in accelerator technology, beam delivery and medical physics to enhance conformation of the dose delivery to complex shaped tumor volumes, with excellent sparing of surrounding normal tissue and critical organs. Nevertheless, full clinical exploitation of the ion beam advantages is still challenged, especially by uncertainties in the knowledge of the beam range in the actual patient anatomy during the fractionated course of treatment, thus calling for continued multidisciplinary research in this rapidly emerging field.
This contribution will review latest developments aiming to image the patient with the same beam quality as for therapy prior to treatment, and to visualize in-vivo the treatment delivery by exploiting irradiation-induced physical emissions, with different level of maturity from proof-of-concept studies in phantoms and first in-silico studies up to clinical testing and initial clinical evaluation.
La búsqueda de la eficacia de derechos humanos: un análisis de los objetivos del milenio de la ciudad de Aquiraz (Ceará, Brasil)
Authors: Alves Veira De Melo Renato 
Published: December 2019

El objetivo de este artículo es ayudar a comprender y conocer la coyuntura actual de los Objetivos del Milenio dando especial énfasis a la pobreza y la educación en el municipio de Aquiraz. Con ese fin, este trabajo muestra la implantación de las estrategias seguidas por el municipio para alcanzar los Objetivos del Milenio, con el foco puesto, específicamente, en la reducción de la pobreza y en la educación fundamental, mostrando las herramientas utilizadas por el estado de Ceará y el municipio de Aquiraz para alcanzar sus objetivos de crecimiento económico, probando los avances conseguidos y lo que todavía falta para alcanzar y cumplir las metas de los ODM. El planeta ya no soporta el uso intensivo de los recursos naturales insostenibles y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible necesitan concretar el camino en dirección a un modelo de desarrollo sostenible, partiendo de los consensos establecidos entre los países en la Conferencia para el Desarrollo Sostenible del 2012, Río+ 20.
Los Sertones, o la construcción del Brasil en la obra de Euclides da Cunha
Authors: Bautista Lucca Juan 
Published: December 2019

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo central recuperar la lectura de uno de los principales exponentes del ensayismo brasileño (Euclides da Cunha) a partir de su obra nodal (“Los sertones”) para desentrañar la morfología que adquiere la construcción de la nación brasileña en el viraje del siglo XIX y XX en la pluma de uno de los principales literatos de la naciente República Federativa de Brasil. A tal fin, la propuesta analítica de este escrito radica en desandar dos dimensiones para abordar la complejidad de la propuesta del periodista: por un lado, tomar en cuenta las aristas que ofrece el texto para construir un espacio-tiempo con densidad antropológica y política que el autor llama Sertón; y, por el otro, analizar la múltiple y extensa intertextualidad que ofrece esta obra en sí, pero también como la producción de Da Cunha reverbera en otros exponentes de la literatura como D. F. Sarmiento, J. Guimarães Rosa, M. Vargas Llosa o G. Freyre.
La escritura de Raduan Nassar: palabra rígida, palabra maleable
Authors: De Sousa ElesbÃo Juliane 
Published: December 2019

En esta investigación, nos acercaremos a la escritura de Raduan Nassar, fijándonos en el modus operandi del escritor. Teniendo en cuenta la prosa-poética, nos adentraremos en el tejido textual de la novela Lavoura Arcaica, publicada en 1975, con el fin de entender cómo se generaron los temas elegidos en un lenguaje lírico ambientado en la prosa, así como de analizar la ambivalencia de los discursos de los protagonistas de esta obra tan poco conocida. De ese modo, el objetivo de esta investigación es conocer algo más la creación literaria nassariana, cuya escritura artística y literaria tiene en cuenta temas densos y claves para el ser humano, a través de un lenguaje lírico-poético muy fuerte y en constante diálogo con otros discursos.
P009 Characterization of Health Services That Provide Nursing Care for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients in Brazil
Authors: Barros Jaqueline , Ramdeen Madhoor , Baima Julio , Alencar Rubia , Saad-Hossne Rogerio , Sassaki Ligia 
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND:
Nursing care in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is essential to the success of the treatment. IBD patients need continuous and specialized care and the characterization of health services is necessary to identify the deficiencies for further resolution in the future. The aim of the study is to identify the characteristics of health services that provide nursing care for IBD patients in Brazil.

METHODS:
A descriptive study was performed. Participants were nurses who treat IBD patients. The identification of nurses was performed through: analysis of national curricula registered with the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development in Brazil, access to the Brazilian IBD Study Group records and referral by colleagues. A specific online survey questionnaire consisting of 37 questions was developed.

RESULTS:
74 nurses were identified. Health services are located in the following Brazilian regions: Southeast (66.22%), Northeast (13.51%), South (9.46%), North (6.76%) and Midwest (4.05%). The most frequent services were public hospital (45.95%), IBD outpatient clinic (25.68%), private clinic (21.62%) and infusion center (10.81%). In the infusion centers were identified emergency trolley (45.95%), bathroom for the patient (43.24%), refrigerator for storing medications (43.24%), comfortable chair for infusion (43.24%) and post nursing (40.54%). Health services are integrated with endoscopic dilation service (40.54%), magnetic resonance imaging (52.70%), pathology department (54.05%), urgency and emergency room (58.11%), endoscopy (70.27%), computed tomography (59.46%), surgical inpatient unit (67.57%) and clinical inpatient unit (72.97%). The services have telephone consultation (28.38%) and communication by email (20.27%). The team is composed of nurses (71.62%), coloproctologist (64.86%), gastroenterologist (58.11%), dietician (56.76%), psychologist (41.89%) and stomatherapist (40.54%).

CONCLUSION(S):
Most health services are located in the southeast region; the type of service provided is public with access to specific tests. Infusion centers have the minimum required resources recommended. Some health services feature telemedicine service. The multidisciplinary team is present in most services. These findings suggest the need for prompt expansion and improvement to the delivery of services and care for all IBD patients across the nation.