bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recollection and consistency of intrusions for normal, MCI and impaired adults on a word list recall task
Authors: Kruczek Katherine , Voccia Pamela 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundA word list recall test was administered to subjects ages 48‐100 for the purposes of prescreening for Alzheimer’s research. The test involved the presentation of 10 words with an immediate recall task, a reviewed recall task, and a delayed recall task.MethodThe test was administered to 3612 subjects who were divided into three groups based on cognitive scores: Healthy Memory (n=2341), MCI (n=1066), and Impaired (n=205). Number of intrusions were analyzed for each of the immediate recall task (Healthy=125, MCI=83, Impaired=25), reviewed recall task (Healthy=68, MCI=81, Impaired=28), and delayed recall task (Healthy=114, MCI=117, Impaired=25). Repetition of intrusions were compared in the delayed recall task.ResultsThe MCI group was more statistically likely to have intrusions than the healthy group (tcrit=1.65,tstat=6.70) and the impaired group was more likely to have intrusions than the MCI group (tcrit=1.65, tstat=1.70). On the delayed task, 31.68% of the healthy subjects repeated intrusions from their immediate or reviewed recall trials, while 40.17% of the MCI subjects repeated intrusions from their earlier recall trials. In the Impaired group, 44% of the intrusions were novel words that were not recalled during the immediate or review sessions. Rate of intrusions was also analyzed between the immediate and reviewed recall, with the finding that intrusions drop from 5.33% to 2.90% in the Healthy group, while rate of intrusions remains constant with the MCI group (7.79% and 7.60%) and the Impaired group (12.20% and 13.66%).ConclusionThese findings indicate that subjects with healthy memory have a lower instance of repeating intrusions after the second presentation (review) of the word list than subjects with mild cognitive impairment. It may be inferred that subjects with healthy memory are better able to recognize, after review, that their initial intrusion was not accurate and to store this information for the delayed trial. MCI subjects not only had a higher incidence of including intrusions following the review, they also had a higher instance of repeating earlier intrusions during delayed recall than the healthy memory or the impaired groups.
Memory cafe in the Brazilian context and in a pandemic scenario
Authors: Bram Jessyka Maria de França , Carvalho Claudia Lopes 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe WHO estimates by 2050 the proportion of people over 60 will be 22% of the world’s population. This scenario does not differ in Brazil. The elderly represent the fastest growing population segment, with estimates of average increase over the next ten years of more than 1 million elderly per year, which is worrying because epidemiological data show that one third of elderly Brazilians are affected by neuropsychiatric disorders. It is important to consider some conditions can represent risk factors for the development of cognitive decline. Therefore, attention to these disorders is necessary as they bring important social and economic impacts. Thus, the development of projects in this area may provide not only a reduction in public spending, but also more years of life with autonomy and independence. Based on all of these data and on our knowledge about gerontology and dementia, we decided to bring the Memory Cafe philosophy to Sao Paulo, Brazil.MethodsWe initiated the Memory Café Brasil (MCBr) in December 2019 and realized three face‐to‐face meetings (FFM) until February and four online meetings (OM) until 23rd May 2020, due to COVID‐19. All of them were guided according Memory Cafe Directory guidelines. Cognitive stimulation was performed during all meetings.Results30 people have participated in the meetings so far, 14 of whom answered the online questionnaire with open‐ended questions to evaluate the MCBr. Of the 14 participants (mean 56 years old; 19SD), 78.6% were women. Ten of them participated more than once in the meetings and five participated in both types of meetings. The FFM were attended by 6 people (70yo; SD9), while the OM were attended by 13 people (57yo; 19,6DS). Most of them reported that OM helped in a positive way to alleviate loneliness during social isolation as well as making it possible to improve cognitive functions. Subjective complaints of cognitive decline was reported by 4 participants.ConclusionsMCBr is recent in Brazil and is looking for ways to increasingly include people with congenital and/or acquired cognitive decline in society, as well as their caregivers, by promoting well‐being and cognitive stimulation.
Base rates of errors made by healthy older adults on the clock drawing and verbal fluency tests
Authors: Lin Shayne S‐H , Gurnani Ashita S. , Gavett Brandon E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn the realm of neuropsychological assessment, the Boston Process Approach is a method to analyze the errors made along the process that individuals take to the solution. Considering the clinical utility of base rates in estimating the probability of an individual being cognitively normal or impaired, the present study aimed at reporting the base rates of errors on the verbal fluency test and the Clock Drawing Test.MethodData of 88 cognitively normal elder participants performing the Animal Fluency, the Letter Fluency, the Clock Command, and the Clock Copy were pulled from a larger data set and coded based on the Boston Process Approach.ResultAs shown on table 1, it was found that, on verbal fluency test, repetition error was frequently made among cognitively healthy older adults while perseverative error and set‐loss error was relatively rare. On the Clock Drawing test, on the other hand, as shown on table 2, conceptual error was quite common whereas stimulus‐bound error was quite rare.ConclusionAs illustrated in Gavett (2015), base rate data regarding errors made on neuropsychological tests from cognitively healthy older adults are crucial to construct and estimate the probability of an individual being cognitively impaired when number of errors made on a test is known. Therefore, the current data provides valuable information for the purpose of dementia diagnosis.
Dementia care at a distance: The balance between health and safety and human rights
Authors: Troxel David A , Anzelmo Nancy A Schier , Bell Virginia M 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundHealth practices to fight the transmission of Covid‐19 in long‐term care settings are now well established with staff being continually reminded to wash hands and sanitize surfaces. Seeking to reduce risk, long term care communities are also: ending group dining and group activities, prohibiting family visits, turning to dedicated staffing for the memory care neighborhood, and assuring that staff wear PPE even as residents typically won’t keep masks on or necessarily respect social distancing. The CDC has issued its recommendations relating to safety in memory care settings related to Covid‐19 here and supports many of these practices, but that also calls for ongoing activity programming. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019‐ncov/hcp/memory‐care.html.While health and safety concerns are of great urgency, “dementia care at a distance” raises concerns for the emotional well‐being of people living with dementia. Sam Fazio and his colleagues write eloquently about the importance of person centered care and therapeutic environments (including meaningful engagement and caring relationships) in The Fundamentals of Person‐Centered Care, Gerontologist, 2018, Vol. 58, No. S1, S10–S19 https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx122. Without disease modifying medication, this presentation will argue that socialization, in many ways, is the “treatment” for Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia. With innovative thinking, “social distancing” can become “sociable distancing.” This session will offer strategies for maintaining person centered approaches in long‐term care settings during this challenging time. Innovations include: staff training focused on caring approaches and the benefits of short moments of engagement throughout the day; the importance of unplugging from negative news in order to support positive emotion; activities that can be safely conducted in small groups (6 feet apart) and one‐on‐one; ways to make personal care more of a social experience; strategies to utilize the resident’s social history or life story to make connection and provide needed clues and cues; and innovative uses of technology to keep the resident connected with friends and family. The presentation will end with some further techniques for resident care during the Covid‐19 pandemic and argue that the medical model and social model must both be present to provide quality of life for persons living with dementia.
Functional study and transcriptomic signatures confirm an application of induced microglia cellular model for studying Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Banerjee Atoshi , Lu Yimei , Do Kenny , Wu Xiaogang , Mize Travis , Chen Jingchun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundMicroglia are specialized immune cells of the brain that maintains brain homeostasis. Amyloid protein accumulation due to inefficient microglial phagocytosis or neuroinflammation due to microglia polarization has been linked to Alzheimers disease (AD) progression. However, the lack of human microglia or microglial cellular model makes it difficult to understand the exact microglial functions underlying the disease.MethodWe established in vitro cellular model of induced microglia‐like cells (iMGLCs) from human peripheral blood monocytes. The iMGLCs were first characterized by morphology and microglial markers. Functional study specific to microglia was established by phagocytic capacity and polarization properties. Further RNA‐Seq was performed to determine the consistency of microglia signatures with brain‐resident microglia.ResultiMGLCs exhibited ramified morphology (a typical shape of resting microglia from brain) and expressed unique microglial markers such as TMEM119 and P2RY12. Functional study showed that iMGLCs could phagocytose amyloid beta protein and polarized to M1 (proinflammation) or M2 (anti‐inflammation) state upon specific stimulation. RNA‐Seq analysis indicated that iMGLCs were distinguished from monocytes but closely clustered with induced macrophages and brain‐resident microglia. TREM2 and APOE were two genes among the most differentially regulated genes in iMGLCs that participate in pathways related to immune response and cholesterol metabolism.ConclusionOur data highlights the functions and transcriptomic signatures of iMGLC model which can be further delineated for studying neuroinflammation in AD and discovery of new targets for treatments.
From genes to cognition: Octodon degus, an animal model for AD translational research
Authors: Mugnaini Matias , Deacon Robert , Sampieri Guido , Vanderklish Peter , Angione Claudio , Kropff Emilio , Cogram Patricia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundOctodon degus (O. degus), a long‐lived rodent, provides us with a unique opportunity to search for molecular pathways that are associated with enhanced longevity in mammals. This rodent from Chile spontaneously develops an analog of sporadic AD at behavioral and neurobiological levels. It is a diurnal rodent that makes wide use of spatial memory to find and hide food. This cognitive ability is thought to be rooted in what is commonly known as the GPS of the mammalian brain, a collection of structures centred around the hippocampus and neighbouring cortical areas. A fraction of the aged O. degus population not only exhibits amyloid‐beta oligomers, tau hyperphosphorylation, neurofibrillary tangle formation, cell death and cognitive decline but also several other conditions comorbid to AD like diabetes mellitus type 2, macular and retinal degeneration and atherosclerosis.MethodIn this study, we used the Octodon degus.
Behavioural assessment of a population (N = 150) of degu was performed using the tests of daily living (burrowing test, marble burying and nesting), Novel Object Recognition and the Open Field. All Degus were chronically implanted with a four‐tetrode microdrive, which was originally developed for mice (Versadrive‐4, Neuralynx, USA).ResultThese model features call for research efforts to be put on studying the degu GPS from both the basic and applied science perspectives, with a multilaboratory and multidisciplinary perspective. In response to this, we here present the first multidisciplinary study including i) Recording 69 CA1 principal cells while O. degus explored a 1 m wide square environment, finding that O. degus exhibited extreme place cell behaviour. ii)We performed a genome‐wide association study in O. degus and report the identification of SNVs in genes associated with AD (APP, BACE1, MAPT, Psen1 and Psen2, grn and SORL1. iii) Some of the variants identified in AD associated genes showed significant association with behavioural performance in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium.ConclusionAll together these findings provide an important path toward the understanding how AD related mutations in the O. degus prove this model to be an important translational tool for aging and Alzheimer’s research.
Efficacy and safety of AXS‐05, a novel oral NMDA receptor antagonist with multimodal activity in agitation associated with Alzheimer’s disease: Results from ADVANCE‐1 — A phase 2/3, double‐blind, active and placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: O'Gorman Cedric , Jones Amanda , Cummings Jeffrey L. , Tabuteau Herriot 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAXS‐05 (dextromethorphan/bupropion modulated delivery tablet) is a novel, oral, non‐competitive NMDA receptor antagonist with activity on other neurotransmitter systems (sigma‐1, serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) which have been implicated in the cognitive and behavioral abnormalities of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Up to 70% of patients with AD experience agitation. AD agitation is associated with accelerated cognitive decline, early institutionalization, increased mortality, and increased caregiver burden. There are no approved pharmacological treatments for AD agitation.MethodThe ADVANCE‐1 trial was a Phase 2/3, randomized, double‐blind, controlled, 5‐week study of AXS‐05 in AD agitation. Patients were randomized to treatment with AXS‐05, placebo, or bupropion. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in the Cohen Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI). The modified Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study‐Clinical Global Impression of Change for Agitation (mADCS‐CGIC) was a key secondary endpoint.Result366 AD patients with clinically significant agitation were randomized to AXS‐05 (n=159), bupropion (n=49), and placebo (n=158). On the primary endpoint, AXS‐05 significantly relieved agitation, demonstrating a change from baseline in the CMAI total score of 15.4 compared to 11.5 for placebo (p=0.010) and 10.0 for bupropion (p<0.001). These results represent a mean percentage reduction from baseline of 48% for AXS‐05 versus 38% for placebo. AXS‐05 was numerically superior to placebo starting at Week 2, achieving statistical significance at Week 3 (p=0.007) only one week after full dosing with AXS‐05. AXS‐05 demonstrated clinical response (≥30% improvement on the CMAI) in 73% of patients compared to 57% for placebo (p=0.005). AXS‐05 demonstrated statistically significant improvements in agitation as compared to placebo on the mADCS‐CGIC (p=0.036). The most commonly reported AEs with AXS‐05 were somnolence (8.2% AXS‐05, 4.1% bupropion, 3.2% placebo), dizziness (6.3%, 10.2%, 3.2%, respectively), and diarrhea (4.4%, 6.1%, 4.4%, respectively). There was no evidence of cognitive decline or sedation with AXS‐05.ConclusionIn the ADVANCE‐1 Phase 2/3 trial, AXS‐05 rapidly, substantially, and significantly improved agitation in patients with AD as compared to placebo. AXS‐05 was well tolerated and not associated with cognitive decline or sedation.
A General Organocatalytic System for Enantioselective Radical Conjugate Additions to Enals
Authors: Le Saux Emilien , Ma Dengke , Bonilla Pablo , Holden Catherine M. , Lustosa Danilo , Melchiorre Paolo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHerein, we report a general iminium ion‐based catalytic method for the enantioselective conjugate addition of carbon‐centered radicals to aliphatic and aromatic enals. The process uses an organic photoredox catalyst, which absorbs blue light to generate radicals from stable precursors, in combination with a chiral amine catalyst, which secures a consistently high level of stereoselectivity. The generality of this catalytic platform is demonstrated by the stereoselective interception of a wide variety of radicals, including non‐stabilized primary ones which are generally difficult to engage in asymmetric processes. The system also served to develop organocatalytic cascade reactions that combine an iminium‐ion‐based radical trap with an enamine‐mediated step, affording stereochemically dense chiral products in one‐step.
Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Spirooxindoles by Oxidative Rearrangement of Indoles
Authors: Qian Chenxiao , Li Pengfei , Sun Jianwei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOxidative rearrangement of indoles to access oxindoles has been used as a key step in complex molecule synthesis. We report a catalytic enantioselective variant of this transformation by chiral phosphoric acid catalysis, providing rapid access to a range of enantioenriched spirooxindoles. The high enantioselectivity is controlled by dynamic kinetic resolution.
Embedment of Quantum Dots and Biomolecules in a Dipeptide Hydrogel Formed In Situ Using Microfluidics
Authors: Li Yue , Männel Max J. , Hauck Nicolas , Patel Himanshu P. , Auernhammer Günter K. , Chae Soosang , Fery Andreas , Li Junbai , Thiele Julian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAs low‐molecular‐weight hydrogelators, dipeptide hydrogel materials are suited for embedding multiple organic molecules and inorganic nanoparticles. Herein, a simple but precisely controllable method is presented that enables the fabrication of dipeptide‐based hydrogels by supramolecular assembly inside microfluidic channels. Water‐soluble quantum dots (QDs) as well as premixed porphyrins and a dipeptide in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were injected into a Y‐shaped microfluidic junction. At the DMSO/water interface, the confined fabrication of a dipeptide‐based hydrogel was initiated. Thereafter, the as‐formed hydrogel flowed along a meandering microchannel in a continuous fashion, gradually completing gelation and QD entrapment. In contrast to hydrogelation in conventional test tubes, microfluidically controlled hydrogelation led to a tailored dipeptide hydrogel regarding material morphology and nanoparticle distribution.
Artificial hair filaments with improved flame retardancy
Authors: Youn Chulmin , Gong Da Jeong , Yeo Sang Young 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn recent decades, the flame retardancy of wigs has improved by combining polymer fibers and flame retardants. Halogen‐based retardants suppress combustion through a radical trap; however, they are harmful to humans and to the environment. Thus, in this study, black wigs were prepared by polysulfone (PSU)‐based fibers through melt spinning process and were compared to that prepared by poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)‐based fibers. Different types and amounts of carbon black added during the melt spinning process to produce its color were also investigated to assess its effects on the manufactured wig. The flame retardancy of PSU and PET fibers was evaluated using limited oxygen index (LOI) measurement. The LOI of PET fiber was 24%, while that of PSU fiber was 29%, confirming its highly flame‐retardant behavior. Based on its mechanical properties (tenacity and elongation), PSU fibers (1.5 g/den) are more suitable for artificial human hair due to its higher tenacity than PET fibers (0.8 g/den). The addition of a small amount of carbon black (<0.5 wt%) did not negatively affect the produced wig; thus, a highly flame‐retardant black wig with superior mechanical properties was obtained.
Multi stimuli‐responsive HPC‐PAA/Eu(AA)3Phen complex nanogels and their decoration with 3‐APBA for detecting glucose
Authors: Liu Ben , Song Qiusheng , Wang Zirui , Ma Haihong , Zhao Chengyan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this paper, novel multi stimuli‐responsive complex nanogels of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC)‐PAA/Eu(acrylic acid [AA])3Phen were synthesized by radical polymerization method with HPC, rare earth complex (Eu(AA)3Phen) and AA as raw materials, and the 3‐aminophenylboronic acid (3‐APBA) decorated nanogels (HPC‐PAAPBA/Eu(AA)3Phen) were fabricated via condensation of 1‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐3‐ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride with 3‐APBA. The microstructure, morphology and diameter of the nanogel were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, UV–Visible spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscope, dynamic light scattering. Moreover, the fluorescence responsive performance of complex nanogels to temperature, pH value and glucose concentration was investigated by photoluminescence spectroscopy. The results showed that both of the as‐prepared nanogels were uniform in size and had good monodispersity. The temperature and pH value had significant effects on the particle size and the fluorescence emission intensity of the HPC‐PAA/Eu(AA)3Phen complex nanogels; after decoration with 3‐APBA, the obtained HPC‐PAAPBA/Eu(AA)3Phen nanogels showed excellent stimulus‐response to glucose concentration.
Multiple survey methods reveal greater abundance of endangered pupfish in restored habitats
Authors: Acre Matthew R. , Perkin Joshuah S. , Bean Megan G. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Freshwater organisms inhabiting arid ecosystems are imperilled by human alterations to water‐limited landscapes. This is especially true among desert‐dwelling cyprinodontid fishes, 90% of which are imperilled by habitat destruction within limited or shrinking ranges. Constructing habitats that mimic natural habitat form and function may provide a tool for species conservation, especially within freshwater protected areas. However, pupfish population assessments within degraded compared with restored habitats are infrequent, and few comparisons among survey methods exist.

Density estimates were developed for Endangered Comanche Springs pupfish Cyprinodon elegans throughout altered and restored habitats in a freshwater protected area by using mark–recapture and N‐mixture models fitted to data collected using minnow trap and visual count survey methods. This allowed comparison of habitats, survey methods, and statistical methods commonly used to generate population size estimates for imperilled pupfish.

Population estimates varied across major habitat types and were largest among habitats constructed to mimic naturally occurring ciénegas. Estimates using visual counts were higher than estimates from minnow traps where water was deeper and where macroalgae cover was highest. N‐mixture models generally estimated higher abundances than mark–recapture and were not limited by recapture ability.

The results provide strong evidence that restored habitats house greater abundances of pupfish, but survey and statistical methods commonly used to detect these differences have trade‐offs in performance according to the habitats surveyed. This work benefits the field of conservation biology by providing guidance for existing and emerging monitoring programmes assessing abundance‐based fish responses to habitat improvements.