bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing environment‐friendly chromium‐free Spinel‐Periclase‐Zirconia refractories for Ruhrstahl Heraeus degasser
Authors: Mandal Somnath , Dileep Kumar C. J. , Kumar Devendra , Syed Komal , Van Ende Marie‐Aline , Jung In‐Ho , Finkeldei Sarah C. , Bowman William J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRuhrstahl Heraeus (RH) degassers are globally used to manufacture vacuum‐treated steel for automotive and railroad applications. The state‐of‐the‐art environment‐friendly chromium‐free alternatives for direct‐bonded magnesia‐chrome refractories used in RH degassers are expensive, and the scientific literature lacks direct correlation between materials chemistry, processing, and functional properties. We have designed a novel spinel‐periclase‐15 wt% ZrO2 composition containing 14 wt% in situ spinel which exhibited 7.2 MPa hot modulus of rupture (1500℃), exceeding all reported Cr‐free refractories for RH degasser applications. Investigation with scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS) attributed this improvement to a reduction in interparticle Ca and Si content which forms low‐melting phases, as supported by FactSage thermodynamic simulations. The spinel‐periclase composition SP exhibited superior thermal shock resistance because thermal shock‐induced cracks were stopped by fracture porosity around MgO particles, formed due to thermal expansion mismatch. SEM‐EDS analysis of the SP composition corroded by RH slag at 1650°C revealed that Fe is the most corrosive element followed by Ca and Si. Contradicting the consensus, it was observed that corrosion resistance of fused MgO was better than that of ZrO2. The cubic ZrO2 phase reduced FeOx penetration locally by incorporating CaO from the RH slag into a solid solution and forming a CaZrO3 phase creating a “slag barrier”. Lastly, pore size was found to greatly exacerbate slag penetration following the Washburn percolation model.
Assessment of suitable antihypertensive therapies: Combination with high‐dose amlodipine/irbesartan vs triple combination with amlodipine/irbesartan/indapamide (ASAHI‐AI study)
Authors: Nakagawa Naoki , Sato Nobuyuki , Saijo Yasuaki , Morimoto Hideo , Koyama Satoshi , Ogawa Yuji , Uekita Kazumi , Maruyama Junichi , Ohta Takafumi , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Takeuchi Toshiharu , Hasebe Naoyuki ,   the ASAHI‐AI investigators
Published: August 2020

AbstractAngiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) plus calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are a widely used combination therapy for hypertensive patients. In order to determine which combination was better as the next‐step therapy for standard‐dose combination of ARBs and CCBs, a combination with high‐dose CCBs or a triple combination with diuretics, the authors conducted a prospective, randomized, open‐label trial to determine which of the following combination is better as the next‐step treatment: a combination with high‐dose CCBs or a triple combination with diuretics. Hypertensive outpatients who did not achieve their target blood pressure (BP) with usual dosages of ARBs and amlodipine 5 mg were randomly assigned to treatment with irbesartan 100 mg/amlodipine 10 mg (Group 1: n = 48) or indapamide 1 mg in addition to ARBs plus amlodipine 5 mg (Group 2: n = 46). The primary end point was changes in the systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) after the 12‐week treatment period, while secondary end points were changes in BP after the 24‐week treatment period and laboratory values. At 12 weeks, the SBP/DBP significantly decreased from 152.1/83.4 mm Hg to 131.5/76.1 mm Hg in Group 1 and 153.9/82.1 mm Hg to 132.7/75.9 mm Hg in Group 2. Although both groups produced a similar efficacy in reducing the SBP/DBP (−19.2/‐9.2 mm Hg in Group 1 and −21.6/‐8.8 mm Hg in Group 2; SBP P = .378, DBP P = .825), high‐dose CCBs combined with ARBs controlled hypertension without elevation of serum uric acid. These results will provide new evidence for selecting optimal combination therapies for uncontrolled hypertensive patients.
Parental viewpoints and experiences of therapeutic hypothermia in a neonatal intensive care unit implemented with Family‐Centred Care
Authors: Nassef Sari Kokkonen , Blennow Mats , Jirwe Maria 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAims and objectivesTo explore parental experiences of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) in their newborn infant suffering from hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia.BackgroundSince more than a decade, newborn infants are treated with TH following perinatal asphyxia to reduce mortality and disabilities and to improve neurological outcome. The infants’ body temperature is lowered to 33.5°C for 72 hr, and the infant is usually cared for in an open incubator. The parents are not able to hold their infant skin to skin, which risks causing emotional reactions in parents and a loss of normal parent–infant bonding.DesignA qualitative descriptive design using semi‐structured interviews.MethodsUp to 7 months after the event, interviews were conducted with 14 parents of seven infants who had received TH in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Sweden. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using framework approach. Findings were reported following the Standard for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) checklist.ResultsFrom the interviews, an overall theme was found: Transition through a life‐altering time, and three categories: (a) trepidation about prognosis, (b) transitioning into parenthood supported by the caring philosophy of family‐centred care (FCC) and (c) rewarming as a milestone.ConclusionsParental experiences of TH are based on the immediate emotions and stress of uncertainty of the infant's prognosis. The values of FCC in the NICU append a natural transitioning into parenthood by parental involvement in nursing care and decisions. The rewarming of the infant is seen as a restart to more or less normal circumstances from the critical period of delivery and TH.Relevance for clinical practiceThe management of NICUs should update the awareness of and deepen knowledge about FCC. The emphasis ought to be on adequate information about TH and the values of FCC to parents in the NICU context.
Access to electric light is associated with delays of the dim‐light melatonin onset in a traditionally hunter‐gatherer Toba/Qom community
Authors: Casiraghi Leandro P. , Plano Santiago A. , Fernández‐Duque Eduardo , Valeggia Claudia , Golombek Diego A. , de la Iglesia Horacio O. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractKey to the transition of humans from nomadic hunting‐gathering groups to industrialized and highly urbanized societies was the creation of protected and artificially lit environments that extended the natural daylight hours and consolidated sleep away from nocturnal threats. These conditions isolated humans from the natural regulators of sleep and exposed them to higher levels of light during the evening, which are associated with a later sleep onset. Here, we investigated the extent to which this delayed timing of sleep is due to a delayed circadian system. We studied two communities of Toba/Qom in the northern region of Argentina, one with and the other without access to electricity. These communities have recently transitioned from a hunting‐gathering subsistence to mixed subsistence systems and represent a unique model in which to study the potential effects of the access to artificial light on sleep physiology. We have previously shown that participants in the community with access to electricity had, compared to participants in the community without electricity, later sleep onsets, and shorter sleep bouts. Here, we show they also have a delayed dim‐light melatonin onset (DLMO). This difference is present during the winter but not during the spring when the influence of evening artificial light is likely less relevant. Our results support the notion that the human transition into artificially lit environments had a major impact on physiological systems that regulate sleep timing, including the phase of the master circadian clock.
Complexity in Multilingualism (Research)
Authors: Beisbart Claus 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDoes complexity make multilingualism special? Since there is no unequivocal notion of complexity on which researchers agree, several characteristics that have been considered crucial for complexity are brought to bear on multilingualism. While multilingualism is fairly complex in some senses, for instance, because it requires that many variables be studied, it is less clear whether multilingualism becomes special in this way. The most salient possible way in which multilingualism might be special due to its complexity is that qualitatively new features emerge as we move from mono‐ or bilingualism to multilingualism. While research in mathematics and physics has shown examples in which novel features emerge at a certain level, related results are not easily transferred to multilingualism. This is shown by analyzing the application of dynamic systems theory to multilingualism by Herdina and Jessner. It is ultimately a matter of empirical research whether there are suitable novel features that make multilingualism special.
Stomatal density and mechanics are critical for high productivity: insights from amphibious ferns
Authors: Westbrook Anna S. , McAdam Scott A. M. 
Published: August 2020

Summary

Angiosperm dominance in terrestrial landscapes is partially attributable to high photosynthetic capacities. Angiosperms benefit from diverse anatomical and physiological adaptations, making it difficult to determine which factors may have been prerequisites for the evolution of enhanced photosynthetic rates in this group.

We employed a novel approach to this problem: comparisons between angiosperms and Marsileaceae, a family of semi‐aquatic ferns that are among the only land plants to match angiosperm photosynthetic rates.

We found that Marsileaceae have very high stomatal densities and, like angiosperms but unlike all other ferns previously studied, exhibit wrong‐way stomatal responses to excision.

These results suggest that stomatal density and a little‐studied angiosperm trait, the capacity for lateral displacement of guard cells into neighboring epidermal cells, are crucial for facilitating high rates of gas exchange. Our analysis also associates these adaptations in Marsileaceae with an increased risk of excessive water loss during drought. Our findings indicate that evolution in stomatal physiology was a prerequisite for high photosynthetic capacities in vascular plants and a key driver of the abrupt Cretaceous rise of the angiosperms.
A novel SPINK5 mutation and successful subcutaneous immunoglobulin replacement therapy in a child with Netherton syndrome
Authors: Zelieskova Maria , Banovcin Peter , Kozar Marek , Kozarova Andrea , Nudzajova Zuzana , Jesenak Milos 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe report a 2‐year‐old patient with Netherton syndrome presenting with generalized exfoliative erythroderma, ichthyosiform dermatitis, trichorrhexis invaginata, hypernatremic dehydration, failure to thrive, and recurrent respiratory infections. Molecular analysis of SPINK5 identified a novel mutation (c.1530CA). Our case report also verifies and supports the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous immunoglobulin substitution in chronic generalized skin disorders associated with primary immunodeficiencies such as Netherton syndrome.
The “bumpy” adolescent nose: Acne associated angiofibroma‐like nasal papules
Authors: Roman Jorge , Krueger Loren D. , Young Trevor K. , Rieder Evan A. , Rothman Lisa R. , Lakdawala Nikita , Nagler Arielle R. , Meehan Shane A. , Orlow Seth J. , Oza Vikash S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground/ObjectivePapular scars are a recently described clinical phenotype of acne scarring characterized by papules occurring on the nose and chin. We have observed a similar presentation of nasal papules among patients seen in our clinic for acne and sought to further characterize the clinical and histopathological characteristics of this entity.MethodsIn this single‐site case series, a retrospective review of electronic medical records of patients with nasal papules in association with acne vulgaris between April 2018 and April 2019 was performed. Clinical and histopathologic findings were recorded.ResultsWe identified 20 patients who presented with a similar clinical phenotype of predominantly skin‐colored, dome‐shaped papules concentrated on the nose and chin in association with a history of more classic facial acne vulgaris. Papular lesions were seen predominately in adolescent Hispanic males. Concomitant acne on other areas of the face was identified in 18 patients at presentation while two patients had a history of adolescent acne. Biopsies were performed for five patients. Histopathologic examination demonstrated features of fibrosis and dilated thin‐walled blood vessels, typical of angiofibromas.ConclusionWe present a series of adolescent patients with large, flesh‐colored to erythematous papules seen predominantly on the nose. These lesions are histologically indistinguishable from angiofibromas and may represent an under‐recognized yet disfiguring sequela of acne that may disproportionately affect adolescents with skin of color.
Postdisaster Housing Stages: A Markov Chain Approach to Model Sequences and Duration Based on Social Vulnerability
Authors: Sutley Elaina J. , Hamideh Sara 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHousing recovery is an unequal and complex process presumed to occur in four stages: emergency shelter, temporary shelter, temporary housing, and permanent housing. This work questions the four‐stage typology and examines how different types of shelter align with multiple housing recovery stages given different levels of social vulnerability. This article also presents a Markov chain model of the postdisaster housing recovery process that focuses on the experience of the household. The model predicts the sequence and timing of a household going through housing recovery, capturing households that end in either permanent housing or a fifth possible stage of failure. The probability of a household transitioning through the stages is computed using a transition probability matrix (TPM). The TPM is assembled using proposed transition probability models that vary with the social vulnerability of the household. Monte Carlo techniques are applied to demonstrate the range of sequences and timing that households experience going through the housing recovery process. A set of computational rules are established for sending a household to the fifth stage, representing a household languishing in unstable housing. This predictive model is exemplified on a virtual community, Centerville, where following a severe earthquake scenario, differences in housing recovery times exceed four years. The Centerville analysis results in nearly 5% of households languishing in unstable housing, thereby failing to reach housing recovery. These findings highlight the disparate trajectories experienced by households with different levels of social vulnerability. Recommendations are provided at the end for more equitable postdisaster recovery policies.
The unequal distribution of administrative burden: A framework and an illustrative case study for understanding variation in people's experience of burdens
Authors: Chudnovsky Mariana , Peeters Rik 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated that administrative burdens often reinforce existing social inequalities. However, less attention has been paid to explaining which factors cause variation in people's experience of administrative burden. This article builds upon an emerging body of literature on citizen factors to make two contributions. First, a theoretical framework is constructed to provide a coherent overview of existing economic (cost–benefit analyses and poverty costs) and behavioural explanations (human capital and decision‐making bias) for the unequal distribution of administrative burden. Furthermore, policy feedback is suggested as a possible intermediating variable to understand variations in people's capacity and willingness to engage in state‐citizen interactions and the bigger bite of administrative burden in low‐trust contexts. Second, a mixed method case study of non‐participation in Argentina's conditional cash transfer program is used to illustrate the relevance of the identified explanations prior to state‐citizen interaction.
Development aid and international migration to Italy: Does aid reduce irregular flows?
Authors: Clist Paul , Restelli Gabriele 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn recent years, donors have claimed to tackle the root causes of migration from low‐income countries using aid. While others have studied the effects of aid on regular migration, we test whether aid deters irregular migration to Italy using two innovative dependent variables: asylum applications and apprehensions at border. For asylum applications, the largest significant effect implies we should expect one extra application for an additional $162,000 in bilateral aid. For border crossings, the only significant effect implies the marginal cost in bilateral aid is $1.8 million per deterred migrant. The conclusion that effect sizes are small is robust to different types of aid, measures of migration and various controls. We find robust evidence that irregular migration flows are significantly affected by conflict, poverty and the pre‐existing stocks from that country. Comparing our results to the existing aid–migration literature, we find similar effect sizes. The cost per deterred (regular) migrant is in the range $4–7 million. Statistically significant estimates for the effect of aid on regular migration are only found for sub‐samples or specific specifications. In short, aid does not deter regular or irregular migration and so should be used for other purposes.
Low Cost High-Accuracy Compound Parabolic Concentrator System—A Manufacturing Methodology
Authors: Carrillo J. G. , Peña-Cruz M. I. , Terron-Hernandez Miguel , Valentín Luis 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
One of the problems of designing a solar compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) is related to its manufacturing shape accuracy. The complexity of curving and holding the CPC profile in place is indeed a challenging issue, especially because there are no standardized molds and the process is typically handmade. It is very easy to provoke misalignment on the CPC surface and in consequence, divert the solar incident rays, affecting significantly the optical efficiency of the system. This work presents a novel, inexpensive methodology to manufacture a CPC with accuracy by using basic tools. The design starts with the acquisition of a pair of medium-density fiberboard wooden templates of the CPC profile that are used later to make a Styrofoam CPC mold and then cut with a hot-wire technique. A high-reflectance anodized aluminum sheet is curved to approximate the CPC shape and is then coupled with the temporary Styrofoam mold. The last part consists of the elaboration of a housing system to contain the parts. This is consolidated by a polyurethane resin that expands and fills all enclosure cavities, offering stiffness and stability. A photogrammetry analysis was implemented for the validation of the surface shape accuracy. The results from the optical analysis show that this technique achieved a high degree of accuracy and homogeneity on the CPC surface shape.
Three-Dimensional Torus Breakdown and Chaos With Two Zero Lyapunov Exponents in Coupled Radio-Physical Generators
Authors: Stankevich Nataliya V. , Shchegoleva Natalya A. , Sataev Igor R. , Kuznetsov Alexander P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Using an example a system of two coupled generators of quasi-periodic oscillations, we study the occurrence of chaotic dynamics with one positive, two zero, and several negative Lyapunov exponents. It is shown that such dynamic arises as a result of a sequence of bifurcations of two-frequency torus doubling and involves saddle tori occurring at their doublings. This transition is associated with typical structure of parameter plane, like cross-road area and shrimp-shaped structures, based on the two-frequency quasi-periodic dynamics. Using double Poincaré section, we have shown destruction of three-frequency torus.
Investigation of Pathophysiological Aspects of Aortic Growth, Remodeling, and Failure Using a Discrete-Fiber Microstructural Model
Authors: Mahutga Ryan R. , Barocas Victor H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Aortic aneurysms are inherently unpredictable. One can never be sure whether any given aneurysm may rupture or dissect. Clinically, the criteria for surgical intervention are based on size and growth rate, but it remains difficult to identify a high-risk aneurysm, which may require intervention before the cutoff criteria, versus an aneurysm than can be treated safely by more conservative measures. In this work, we created a computational microstructural model of a medial lamellar unit (MLU) incorporating (1) growth and remodeling laws applied directly to discrete, individual fibers, (2) separate but interacting fiber networks for collagen, elastin, and smooth muscle, (3) active and passive smooth-muscle cell mechanics, and (4) failure mechanics for all three fiber types. The MLU model was then used to study different pathologies and microstructural anomalies that may play a role in vascular growth and failure. Our model recapitulated many aspects of arterial remodeling under hypertension with no underlying genetic syndrome including remodeling dynamics, tissue mechanics, and failure. Syndromic effects (smooth muscle cell (SMC) dysfunction or elastin fragmentation) drastically changed the simulated remodeling process, tissue behavior, and tissue strength. Different underlying pathologies were able to produce similarly dilatated vessels with different failure properties, providing a partial explanation for the imperfect nature of aneurysm size as a predictor of outcome.
Reliability Evaluation of Flexible Hybrid Electronics Systems Considering Degradation Behavior Under Multistress Operating Conditions
Authors: Davila-Frias Alex , Limon Shah , Marinov Val , Yadav Om Prakash 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPredicting the reliability is an important task of product life cycle analysis, especially during the product development stages. The uncertainty in the operating conditions and the presence of multistress factors makes this reliability prediction more difficult. In this work, a probabilistic reliability prediction framework is proposed using the linear damage accumulation and degradation modeling for multistress conditions. The multistress-life (S-L) curve for corresponding multistress has been developed using the equivalent stress. The multi S-L model allows extrapolating the expected life product under given operating or test conditions as well as provides input to estimate the reliability as a function of time for both a single multistress factor level and a sequence of multistress-factor levels. The proposed methodology has been demonstrated with newly developed flexible hybrid electronics products.