bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVIII-29 Analysis of genotype by environment interaction across time for Nile tilapia reared in different production systems
Authors: Fernandes Arthur Francisco Araujo , Alvarenga Erika R de , Alves Gabriel F O , Manduca Ludson G , Toral Fabio L B , Valente Bruno D , Silva Martinho A , Turra Eduardo M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Nile tilapia is the second most important freshwater fish for human consumption worldwide and it is produced under many different conditions. Even though genotype by environment interaction (GEI) can arise due to many factors, most studies with tilapia have focused on water quality on pond and cage systems. Therefore, the objective of the current work was to evaluate GEI on body weight (BW) of Nile tilapia raised in biofloc technology (BFT), Cage, and recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) from 100 to 350 days of age. A Bayesian multi-trait random regression model (MTRRM) with age as random regression covariable was employed to evaluate the temporal trend of GEI. Estimated genetic correlations between BFT and RAS were above 0.7 for almost any combination of ages evaluated (Figure 1). However, genetic correlations between Cage at ages below 150 days with either BFT or RAS at any other age were positive but below 0.5. The posterior means of heritability for BW were found to reach peaks of 0.40, 0.38 and 0.29 around 230 days for RAS, BFT, and Cage respectively (Figure 2). Conversely, the ratio between common family environment and phenotypic variances presented an overall decreasing trend with minimums around 0.22, 0.15 and 0.10 at 230 days for Cage, RAS, and BFT, respectively. The MTRRM has shown to be a powerful statistical tool to assess changes across time for genetic parameters of interest. In conclusion, GEI was found to be dynamic across time, with stronger effects between Cage and both BFT and RAS if selection is promoted prior to 150 days. However, GEI is negligible for most of the situations considered if selection is performed after 200 days of age in either BTF or RAS, with the possibility of achieving better indirect selection results if selection is performed around 230 days.
PSIII-24 True nutrient and amino acid digestibility of commercial pork-based extruded dog foods using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay
Authors: Oba Patricia M , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Pork-based dog foods are increasing in popularity, but there has been a lack of research conducted on these diets, including information about their digestibility. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine the true nutrient and amino acid (AA) digestibilities of commercial pork-based extruded dog foods using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. Four commercial extruded diets were tested in this study, including three pork formulas (PF1; PF2; PF3) with varying levels of legume content, and a multi-protein formula (MPF), all provided by Champion Petfoods (Alberta, Canada). A precision-fed rooster assay utilizing cecectomized roosters was conducted to determine the true nutrient digestibility and standardized AA digestibilities of the diets tested. All animal procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee prior to experimentation. 16 cecectomized roosters (4 roosters/substrate) were randomly assigned to test substrates. After 24h of feed withdrawal, roosters were tube-fed 30g of test substrates. Following crop intubation, excreta (urine and feces) were collected for 48h. Endogenous corrections for AA were made using 5 additional cecectomized roosters. All data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4. There were no significant differences in true macronutrient digestibilities among diets tested. For most of the indispensable AA, digestibilities were greater than 80%, with some being greater than 90%. For the majority of indispensable and dispensable AA, MPF had higher (P &lt; 0.05) AA digestibilities than the other diets tested. For the majority of indispensable AA, PF1 had the lowest AA digestibilities. In general, the diet containing a mixed protein source had the greatest AA digestibilities, but all diets including those based on pork protein performed well.
PSIII-26 True nutrient and amino acid digestibility of black soldier fly larvae fed different forms and concentrations of calcium using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay
Authors: Do Sungho , Koutsos Elizabeth , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is an alternative protein source for animals, including dogs and cats. The larval diet may affect their nutrient composition and overall nutritional value. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) are common Ca sources, but differ in solubility (CaCO3 is insoluble; CaCl2 is soluble), so their intestinal absorption may differ. In addition, the Ca form and concentration may decrease mineral utilization and nitrogen digestibility, thereby affecting feed conversion efficiency. Our objective was to determine the effects of different forms and concentrations of Ca on true nutrient and amino acid (AA) digestibility of BSFL intended for use in animal feeds using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. All animal procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee prior to experimentation. 16 cecectomized roosters (4 roosters/substrate) were randomly assigned to test substrates. All contained 0.2% Ca in the commercial diet and additional Ca in these amounts and forms: BSFLA: 1.33% CaCl2; BSFLB: 1.0% CaCO3; BSFLC: 0.6% CaCO3; BSFLD: 0.5% CaCO3 + 0.7% CaCl2. After 24h of feed withdrawal, roosters were tube-fed 20g of test substrates. Following crop intubation, excreta was collected for 48h. Endogenous corrections for AA were made using 5 additional cecectomized roosters. All data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. True macronutrient and AA digestibilities were not different among substrates. Digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS)-like values were calculated to determine protein quality according to AAFCO and NRC recommended allowances for dogs and cats. Although AA digestibilities did not differ among groups, those containing CaCO3 generally had higher DIAAS-like values than the diet containing CaCl2 alone (BSFLA). Threonine, methionine, and arginine were often the first-limiting AA. Our results suggest that Ca source fed to BSFL did not affect AA digestibility and protein quality, despite affecting total calcium content of the BSFL.
PSIII-38 Pepsin-pancreatin protein digestibility of various protein sources intended for pet food
Authors: Morts Megan E , Silva Ingrid 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Pet food companies need quality protein ingredients to offer new and different options for pet owners. Evaluating these proteins with animal feeding trials are time consuming and expensive. An in vitro (benchtop) method could provide detailed information about protein quality for novel ingredients. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to develop a pepsin-pancreatin digestibility assay and determine the appropriate incubation time for enzyme hydrolysis to approximate results from animal studies. Ingredients evaluated were faba beans, navy beans, spray-dried granulated egg, chick pea, pea protein concentrate (72% CP and 50% CP), green field peas, and sunflower meal. One gram of test ingredient was mixed with an HCl-pepsin solution and then incubated for 3 or 6 hours at 37°C before NaOH was added, stopping the pepsin reaction. Phosphate buffer with pancreatin was then added and the tubes were incubated for an additional 18 hours. Samples were then centrifuged, washed, filtered, and dried at 105°C overnight. Residual protein was determined with a modified Kjeldahl assay and was used to calculate protein digestibility. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure for mixed models (SAS v 9.4, SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC). There was no interaction between test ingredient and time (P = 0.63). Incubation time did not influence protein digestibility (P = 0.69). Test ingredient did impact protein digestibility. Spray-dried granulated egg, faba bean, green field pea, and pea protein concentrate (50% CP) did not differ with digestibilities above 97% (P &lt; 0.0001). Navy bean had a digestibility of 93%. The lowest digestibilities were sunflower meal and pea protein concentrate (72% CP). Overall, the crude protein digestibility was higher than expected. This data would suggest other factors, such as the amount and activity of the enzyme used, should be altered to obtain digestibility values that are consistent with reported values from animal studies.
PSI-7 Effects of sustained hyperprolactinemia in late gestation on mammary development of gilts
Authors: Caron Anouk , Hovey Russ C , Palin Marie-France , Cohen Julia R , Laforest Jean-Paul , Farmer Chantal 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This project sought to determine the effects of sustained hyperprolactinemia on mammary development in late-pregnant gilts. Gilts were divided into 3 groups on day 90 of gestation to receive i.m. injections of: 1) canola oil (CTL, n = 18) until day 109 of gestation, 2) domperidone (dopamine receptor antagonist) until day 96 (T7, n = 17) or, 3) domperidone until day 109 (T20, n = 17). Treated gilts also received domperidone orally from days 90 to 93. Blood was sampled on days 97 and 110 for prolactin and IGF-1 assays. Mammary glands were collected at necropsy on day 110 for compositional and cell proliferation analyses. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used for statistical analyses. On day 97 of gestation, prolactin concentrations were greater for T20 and T7 than CTL gilts (19.0, 18.9 and 6.0 ± 1.6 ng/mL, respectively, P &lt; 0.001), and were also greater for T20 than T7 and CTL gilts on day 110 (21.7, 8.9 and 10.0 ± 1.5 ng/mL, respectively, P &lt; 0.001). Concentrations of IGF-1 were greater for T7 and T20 than CTL gilts on day 97, and were greater for T20 vs T7 and CTL gilts on day 110 (P &lt; 0.05). There were no effects of treatment (P &gt; 0.1) on parenchymal or extraparenchymal tissue weights, or on cellular proliferation by immunohistochemistry for Ki67. Treatments did not alter concentrations of DM, fat or DNA (P &gt; 0.1) in parenchyma, while concentrations of protein (P &lt; 0.01) and RNA (P &lt; 0.05) as well as total protein, RNA and DNA in parenchyma (P &lt; 0.05) were lower in T20 than T7 or CTL gilts. Increasing prolactin concentrations for 7 or 20 d in late gestation had no beneficial effects on mammary composition, where sustained exposure for 20 d reduced metabolic activity.
PSVII-11 Monensin and supplementation level effects on ruminal parameters and in-situ disappearance of steers receiving bermudagrass
Authors: Sousa Jhone de , Vendramini Joao , Moriel Philipe , Silva Hiran da , Sanchez Joao , Sousa Luciano de 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of monensin and supplementation level on bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) in situ disappearance and ruminal parameters. The experiment was conducted in Ona, FL. Treatments were the factorial arrangement of 2 supplementation levels [0.4 (low) or 4 kg/d (high)] and 2 monensin levels (20 mg/kg of the DM intake or no monensin) distributed in a latin square design. Four rumen-cannulated steers were used with 10-d adaptation and 3-d incubation and collection periods. Samples were incubated in the rumen with nylon bags and analyzed for DM, CP, and NDF disappearance. Rumen fluid was collected for 3 d during the incubation period and analyzed for pH, ammonia, propionate, lactate, and butyrate. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of monensin on potential DM, CP, and NDF disappearance; however, greater supplementation level increased (P &lt; 0.03) potential DM disappearance (64 vs. 61%) and NDF disappearance (60 vs. 57%). Steers receiving greater supplementation level had greater (P = 0.01) total DMI (1.4 vs. 1.0% BW) but there was no difference in forage DMI (P = 0.72, mean = 1.0 ± 0.1% BW). There was a monensin × supplementation level interaction on ruminal propionate concentration. The interaction occurred because there was no effect (P = 0.64) of monensin with low supplementation (mean = 12 ± 1.2 mol/100 mol); however, monensin increased propionate on high supplementation from 15 to 19 mol/100 mol. There was an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in ruminal ammonia (from 1.9 to 4.4 mg/100 ml) and lactate (from 60 to 64 mol/100 mol) from low to high supplementation. Rumen pH and butyrate were not affected by monensin or supplementation (P &gt; 0.12). Monensin did not change forage disappearance parameters but increased ruminal propionate production in steers receiving greater amount of concentrate.
PSVIII-16 Effects of an aggressive implant strategy on fabrication yields of Jersey steers
Authors: Wesley Kaitlyn , Kirkpatrick Tylo J , Pillmore Sierra L , Cooper Kimberly , Tennant Travis , Lawrence Ty 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Jersey steers (n = 12) were used to evaluate the effects of an aggressive implant strategy aimed to improve value in historically low-value, dairy steers. Steers were fed for 420d after being randomly allocated to one of two treatments: IMP (Revalor-200 administered at d0-d70-d140-d210-d280-d350) or CON (negative control). Steers were harvested after 420d and were fabricated after chilling into primals, subprimals, and trimmed lean, fat, and bone components. Data were analyzed via independent t-test. Primals from IMP cattle were a greater percentage of round (P = 0.02; 22.93 vs 21.55%) whereas CON cattle were a greater percentage of rib (P = 0.01; 9.56 vs 8.81%) and plate (P = 0.06; 9.51 vs 8.43%). Subprimals were greater for IMP than CON in the brisket (P &lt; 0.01; 2.55 vs 2.03%), bottom sirloin tri-tip (P = 0.04; 0.75 vs 0.64%), bottom round (P &lt; 0.01; 3.23 vs 2.74%), and eye of round (P &lt; 0.01; 1.35 vs 1.04%), with tendencies for differences in knuckle (P = 0.09; 3.01 vs 2.78%) and heel meat (P = 0.08; 1.20 vs 1.09%). Muscle to bone ratio was similar (P = 0.31) between CON (2.34:1) and IMP (2.54:1), whereas muscle to fat ratios were greater (P = 0.02) in IMP (4.05:1) than CON (2.68:1). Total carcass fat was greater in CON than IMP (P = 0.03; 20.19 vs 15.07%), total red meat yield was numerically larger in IMP than CON (P = 0.13; 59.02 vs. 53.88%), yet total bone was similar between treatments (P = 0.94; 22.97 vs 22.83%) cattle. These data indicate an aggressive implant strategy on Jersey steers can increase muscle to fat ratio and fabrication yields in the round and brisket, while reducing total carcass fat.
PSVIII-17 In vitro and in vivo investigations of effects of natural phytogenic compounds on muscle cell gene expressions and growth performance and carcass composition of finishing pigs
Authors: Kim Y-J , Kim J-H , Kim J-W , Kim S-H , Eun J -S , Hong S-M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
For lean meat production in swine industry, some synthetic compounds have been applied as feed additives in finishing swine feeds. However, this practice raises public concern due to potential imbalance of innate hormones coupled with a possible residue of the synthetic compounds in meat products after ingestion. In this study, we investigated natural phytogenic compounds (NPC) from fruit peel consisted of mainly ursolic and maslinic acids to enhance muscle development but decrease fat deposition in swine. To test effects on cell line, NPC was treated in the porcine primary cell line obtained from muscle tissue of piglets at approximately 6.5 kg of body weight and NIH-3T3-L1 cell line from mouse adipose tissue cell (Experiment 1). In the porcine primary cell line, immunofluorescence measurement indicated that myogenin expression increased at 20%, while the genes responsible for muscle development increased RNA abundance in MyoD at 20%, Mrf4 at 31%, PAX3 at 19%, and PAX7 at 16% observed in myotube development from myoblast when treated with NPC (P &lt; 0.05). In NIH-3T3L1 cell, NPC treatment increased suppression on lipid accumulation at 40% (P &lt; 0.05). In a follow-up in vivo investigation in a completely randomized design (Experiment 2), the same NPC tested in Experiment 1 at 0.53% dry matter (DM) did not affect intake of DM, whereas it tended to increase average daily gain compared with control without NPC supplementation (1.03 vs. 0.99; P = 0.08), leading to a tendency to increase gain-to-feed ratio (0.338 vs. 0.316; P = 0.12). While NPC supplementation did not influence hot carcass weight, animals treated with NPC decreased backfat thickness compared to those fed control (23.5 vs. 24.8 mm; P &lt; 0.01). In summary, NPC from fruit improved growth performance and carcass trait due to their impacts on muscle cell development and fat deposition.
PSVII-40 Influence of mare body fat measures on colostrum composition
Authors: Carillo Brianna , Leatherwood Jessica , Latham Christine , Dickson Emily , Vogelsang Martha 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Sixteen Quarter Horses (mean±SEM; 12±5 yr; 5.1±1.0 BCS; 579±9 kg BW) were used to test the hypothesis that mare body fat was related to colostrum composition. Mares received a commercial concentrate to meet NRC (2007) requirements and to maintain a BCS between 5 and 7. Horses were group-housed in dry lots with ad libitium access to coastal Bermudagrass hay. Within 1 wk of expected foaling date, ultrasound images were obtained to determine rump fat, intramuscular fat (IMF), and longissimus dorsi area and fat thickness (LDF) at the 13th/14th and 17th/18th ribs. At parturition, colostrum was collected by hand and evaluated for Brix%, immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations by commercial ELISA, and concentrations of protein, fat, lactose, somatic cell count, urea nitrogen, and non-fat solids (NFS) by a commercial laboratory. Correlations were determined using PROC CORR in SAS (v9.4). Significant correlations are presented in Table 1. Overall, mare LDF was correlated with protein, lactose, and NFS but was not related to Ig concentrations. Further, the common on-farm test for colostrum quality (Brix%) positively correlated with Ig, protein, and NFS levels.
PSIV-B-23 Late-Breaking: Detection of dietary external markers using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for estimation of digestibility in beef cattle
Authors: Sarturi Jhones O , Sandes Michael D , Hoffmann Carly A , Henry Darren D , Weindorf David , Ramirez-Ramirez Hugo , Dias Evandro , Bouyi Legrand , Manahan Jeff , Hinds Jordan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The use of portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry to detect dietary external markers on processed or unprocessed bovine fecal specimens to estimate apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) was evaluated. Seven beef crossbred, ruminally-cannulated steers (BW = 520 ± 30 kg) were used in a completely randomized design. Steers were individually fed a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet ad libitum for 21-d. Degradable gel capsules containing 7.5 g of titanium dioxide and chromic oxide were placed inside the rumen through the ruminal-cannulae twice daily, throughout the experiment. Fecal samples were collected twice daily from d 14–21, stored frozen (-20oC), and thawed on d-21 to make a composite sample per steer/day. Wet chemistry analyses of fecal samples included atomic absorption for Cr and spectrophotometry for TiO2 and were compared with PXRF to determine the concentration of these markers on three types of fecal specimens: fresh (average 22.5 % DM), dried (60oC, 72 h), or dried/ground (1 mm). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedures of SAS with collection day as a repeated measure. Delta between ATTD estimated by wet chemistry and PXRF was not different from zero when using fresh fecal specimens analyzed for Cr (P = 0.40) or Ti (P = 0.14), while for dried or dried/ground specimens it differed (P ≤ 0.04), in which ATTD was underestimated by 3.6 and 1.1 percent units for Cr and Ti, respectively, when using PXRF. Concentration of Ti in fecal specimens was similar (P = 0.39) between analytical methodologies regardless of sample preparation. However, concentration of Cr was underestimated (P &lt; 0.01) by 13% when PXRF was used in dried or dried/ground fecal samples compared to wet chemistry. Detection of Cr and Ti in fresh fecal samples with PXRF spectrometry seems to be a viable alternative to wet chemistry for estimating ATTD for finishing steers.
PSIV-B-31 Late-Breaking: The effects of iron overload on growth performance and iron metabolism in nursery piglets born at different sizes of development
Authors: Doan Nicole , Wang Elaine , Lönnerdal Bo , Ji Peng 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Either iron excess or iron deficiency may adversely affect growth of pigs. This study assessed the effect of dose of iron supplement on growth and iron metabolism in nursing piglets born small (SGA) or appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Eight SGA piglets (BW=1.18 kg) and 16 AGA piglets (BW=1.73 kg) were enrolled on postnatal day (PD) 1. The SGA piglets orally received high iron supplementation (15 mg/kg·d; SGAH), and AGA piglets orally received either high (15 mg/kg·d; AGAH, n = 6) or low iron supplementation (1 mg/kg·d; AGAL, n = 6) from PD 2 to 21. Body weight was recorded every third day. Blood samples were collected on PD 1, 7, 14, and 21. Liver and duodenal mucosa samples were collected on PD 21 to analyze the mRNA and protein expressions of iron transporters and regulators. All data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the PROC MIXED of SAS. The SGA piglets had lower hematocrit and hemoglobin than AGA piglets on PD1 (P &lt; 0.05). The dose of iron supplement did not affect the growth trajectory of nursing piglets. In comparison with AGAL group, high iron increased (P &lt; 0.05) hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma iron, transferrin saturation, and iron load in duodenal mucosa (DM) and liver on PD 21 regardless of birth BW. High iron reduced the DMT1 and TFRC and increased FTL in DM (P &lt; 0.05). High iron decreased TFRC and increased HAMP in liver (P &lt; 0.05). Hepatic expression of H-ferritin were increased (P &lt; 0.05) by high iron. Despite drastic induction of HAMP in liver, protein expression of ferroportin in DM were unaffected by high iron intake. In conclusion, iron transporters and regulators in liver and gut were coordinately regulated to prevent iron overload, but the hepcidin-ferroportin axis was unresponsive to dietary iron intake.