bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Air Stable Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals@Polymer Nanofibers and Waveguide Lasing
Authors: Wang Zhe , He Haiyong , Liu Sheng , Wang Hong , Zeng Qingsheng , Liu Zheng , Xiong Qihua , Fan Hong Jin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOrganic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have been considered as promising gain materials for lasing. Despite previous reports of lasing from nanocrystals, thin films and single crystals, the stability of perovskite lasers has been a challenge for its practical applications. Herein, a scalable strategy to prepare ultrastable perovskite@polymer hybrid fibers by employing a facile emulsion electrospinning approach is demonstrated. During the electrospinning process, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) first solidifies into an outer shell layer. Meanwhile, emulsion drops containing poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and perovskite precursor are pushed inward and evolve into perovskite nanocrystals covered by PVDF. The PMMA with smooth surface benefits the light transport and the water‐resistant PVDF blocks the moisture. The methylammonium lead bromide perovskite‐embedded fibers can emit intensive light after storage in humid ambient environment (relative humidity >60%) or even in water. Amplified spontaneous emissions from the fibers network and waveguide lasing from chopped single fiber is demonstrated.
Identifying Carrier Behavior in Ultrathin Indirect‐Bandgap CsPbX3 Nanocrystal Films for Use in UV/Visible‐Blind High‐Energy Detectors
Authors: Xin Bin , Alaal Naresh , Mitra Somak , Subahi Ahmad , Pak Yusin , Almalawi Dhaifallah , Alwadai Norah , Lopatin Sergei , Roqan Iman S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHigh‐energy radiation detectors such as X‐ray detectors with low light photoresponse characteristics are used for several applications including, space, medical, and military devices. Here, an indirect bandgap inorganic perovskite‐based X‐ray detector is reported. The indirect bandgap nature of perovskite materials is revealed through optical characterizations, time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL), and theoretical simulations, demonstrating that the differences in temperature‐dependent carrier lifetime related to CsPbX3 (X = Br, I) perovskite composition are due to the changes in the bandgap structure. TRPL, theoretical analyses, and X‐ray radiation measurements reveal that the high response of the UV/visible‐blind yellow‐phase CsPbI3 under high‐energy X‐ray exposure is attributed to the nature of the indirect bandgap structure of CsPbX3. The yellow‐phase CsPbI3‐based X‐ray detector achieves a relatively high sensitivity of 83.6 μCGyair−1 cm−2 (under 1.7 mGyair s−1 at an electron field of 0.17 V μm−1 used for medical diagnostics) although the active layer is based solely on an ultrathin (≈6.6 μm) CsPbI3 nanocrystal film, exceeding the values obtained for commercial X‐ray detectors, and further confirming good material quality. This CsPbX3 X‐ray detector is sufficient for cost‐effective device miniaturization based on a simple design.
Flexural capacity and ductility of lightweight concrete T‐beams
Authors: Yang Keun‐Hyeok , Mun Ju‐Hyun , Hwang Seung‐Hyeon , Song Jin‐Kyu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe present study aims to estimate the flexural capacity and ductility of lightweight concrete T‐beams prepared using the expanded bottom ash and dredged soil granules (LWAC‐BS beams). Eight full‐scale beams were prepared under the main parameters including the unit weight and compressive strength of concrete and amount of longitudinal tensile reinforcement. The moment capacities and displacement ductility ratios measured for the present specimens were compared with those compiled from normal‐weight concrete (NWC) beams and lightweight concrete beams made using the expanded clay and fly ash granules (LWAC‐CF beams) with respect to the longitudinal reinforcement index (ωs). The coefficients for the equivalent rectangular stress block to assess the ultimate moment capacity of LWAC beams were formulated from the actual stress–strain curve of the concrete. The test results showed that the effect of the type of artificially expanded lightweight granules on the normalized cracking and ultimate moment capacities of LWAC beams was insignificant, whereas LWAC‐BS beams exhibited lower displacement ductility ratios than LWAC‐CF beams at the same ωs value. The maximum amount of longitudinal tensile reinforcement specified in ACI 318‐14 provision for preventing brittle failure of the beam needs to be lowered for LWAC beams. When determining the coefficients of the equivalent stress block for LWAC members, the concrete unit weight deserves consideration as a primary factor together with the compressive strength of the concrete.
Lists in Flux, Lives on Hold? Technologies of Waiting in Liver Transplant Medicine
Authors: Rehsmann Julia 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines waiting in liver transplant medicine, a field characterized by immediacy, urgency and delay. By taking a close look at waiting lists, allocating algorithms and mobile phones, it engages with the technological and material features that generate, shape and mediate waiting and hope when livers fail. Based on ethnographic research in Germany, I analyse the powerful workings of ephemeral waiting lists and discuss how these lists in flux put the lives of those looking for an organ on hold. By doing so, I contribute to understandings of how immobilities are produced and their affective dimensions. I approach waiting lists for liver transplants as part of transplant medicine’s invisible digital infrastructure and contend that the mobile phone becomes a critical feature therein, significantly affecting those waiting for a transplant. Firstly, I discuss the wait list as bureaucratic technology, marker of eligibility and symbol for patients’ chances to receive live-saving treatment. I then show, secondly, how complex algorithms create these ephemeral lists. Thirdly, I turn in more detail to the experiences of a patient listed for a transplant. I demonstrate how, in this time of waiting-in-uncertainty, the mobile phone becomes an extension and tangible manifestation of this ephemeral list as well as a reminder of one’s dependency on medical care. I show how the mobile phone transforms from a mere communication tool to an ambivalent marker of people’s simultaneous mobility and immobility during their wait.
What Is the “Middle Income Trap”?
Authors: Zhou Shaojie , Hu Angang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn 2007, Indermit Gill and Homi Kharas (2007), two World Bank economists, published a report titled An East Asian Renaissance: Ideas for Economic Growth, which suggested that East Asia would soon develop into a middle-income region and proposed the concept of the “middle income trap”. It should be noted that the report did not provide an in-depth interpretation of the concept, nor did it offer a clear income range for the “middle income trap”. In 2011, Homi Kharas and Harinder Kohli (2011) further elaborated on the concept, specifying that when a country escapes the poverty trap in the low-income development stage and enters into the middle-income development phase, the country may face growth stagnation and inability to further move up the ladder into the high-income range.
Will China Fall into the “Middle Income Trap”?
Authors: Zhou Shaojie , Hu Angang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAs the 2008 financial crisis unfurled with its impact on global trade and economy, China also saw a transition. The country’s high (even super high) speed growth, which peaked at 14.2% in 2007, slackened to medium-to-high growth, thus entering the new normal era of economic development. In response, international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank began to adjust downward projections of Chinese economic growth. In some international media, the prevailing sentiment toward China’s economic development was one of pessimism.
Generalized dualities and higher derivatives
Authors: Codina Tomas , Marqués Diego 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Generalized dualities had an intriguing incursion into Double Field Theory (DFT) in terms of local O(d, d) transformations. We review this idea and use the higher derivative formulation of DFT to compute the first order corrections to generalized dualities. Our main result is a unified expression that can be easily specified to any generalized T-duality (Abelian, non-Abelian, Poisson-Lie, etc.) or deformations such as Yang-Baxter, in any of the theories captured by the bi-parametric deformation (bosonic, heterotic strings and HSZ theory), in any supergravity scheme related by field redefinitions. The prescription allows further extensions to higher orders. As a check we recover some previously known particular examples.
Optimierung der mikrobiellen Diagnostik durch Einführung einer Standard Operating Procedure „Blutkulturen“ in der zentralen Notaufnahme
Authors: Orth H. M. , Al Agha S. , Kempe M. , Mackenzie C. , Michael M. , Bernhard M. , Jensen B. -E. O. 
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung
Zentrale Notaufnahmen stellen die Eintrittspforte für viele stationär aufzunehmende Patienten in einem Krankenhaus dar und sind häufig der Ausgangspunkt für die antiinfektive Diagnostik und Therapie von Notfallpatienten. In dieser retrospektiven Untersuchung soll der Frage nachgegangen werden, wie die Etablierung einer Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) „Blutkulturen“ und deren Schulung die mikrobielle Diagnostik in einer zentralen Notaufnahme verbessern kann.

Methodik
In einer Vorher-und-nachher-Untersuchung wurde über einen jeweils 3‑monatigen Zeitraum (11/2017 bis 01/2018 und 11/2018 bis 01/2019) die Anzahl der abgenommenen Blutkulturen, die Rate an Blutkulturen/1000 Fälle, die Anzahl positiver Blutkulturen und die Häufigkeit typischer Hautkeime analysiert. Im Zeitraum zwischen den evaluierten Zeitabschnitten wurde eine SOP „Blutkulturen“ in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Antibiotic-Stewardship(ABS)-Teams und der zentrale Notaufnahme entwickelt, implementiert und geschult. Ein positives Votum der Ethikkommission der Heinrich-Heine-Universität (2019-392-RetroDEuA) lag vor.

Ergebnisse
Die pflegerischen und ärztlichen Mitarbeiter wurden zu 92 % bzw. 93 % geschult. Die Anzahl der abgenommenen Blutkulturen stieg von 1757 auf 2872 um 64 % ebenso wie die Anzahl der Blutkulturen/1000 Fälle von 287 auf 481 (68 %). Die Anzahl der positiven Blutkulturen reduzierte sich von 18,6 auf 13,7 % (p < 0,05). Typische Hautkeime fanden sich in 34,4 % und 26,4 % der Fälle (p < 0,05).

Interpretation
Die durch Schulungen begleitete Einführung einer SOP „Blutkulturen“ in der zentralen Notaufnahme kann einen relevanten Beitrag zur antimikrobiellen Diagnostik leisten und sowohl die Quantität als auch die Qualität erhöhen.
Efficient abrasive water jet milling for near-net-shape fabrication of difficult-to-cut materials
Authors: Uhlmann Eckart , Männel Constantin , Braun Thomas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe utilization of materials with high strength to density ratio enables efficiency improvements and is therefore demanded for many applications, particularly in the aerospace and other mobility sectors. However, the machining of these typically difficult-to-cut materials poses a challenge for conventional manufacturing technologies due to the high tool wear. Abrasive water jet (AWJ) machining is a promising alternative manufacturing technology for machining difficult-to-cut materials, since the tool wear is low and material independent. However, AWJ machining is limited regarding the producible geometries when conducting cuts through a material. This limitation can be resolved with AWJ milling operations which on the other hand are time-consuming. To approach this challenge, an enhanced AWJ milling operation is presented and investigated in this paper with the aim to expand the producible geometries. This operation consists of two kerfs, inserted from different sides of the workpiece, which intersect at their kerf ground. Consequently, a piece of material is separated without the cut material being entirely chipped. Thus, the operation possesses a high aggregated material removal rate. The investigations presented in this paper show and evaluate the effects that occur during the milling of kerfs with variable depths on titanium aluminide TNM-B1. Furthermore, a method to compensate these effects is introduced and thus the producible geometries for effective AWJ milling could be enhanced.
Is there a gender effect in polycythemia vera?
Authors: Palandri Francesca , Mora Barbara , Gangat Naseema , Catani Lucia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn recent times, there has been a growing interest in understanding the impact of gender on disease biology and clinical outcomes in Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Among those, polycythemia vera (PV) is characterized by increased thrombotic risk, systemic symptoms, and overall reduced survival. Here, we aim to summarize data on whether and to what extent female sex can affect PV biology and outcome. To this end, we will discuss the latest acquisitions in terms of pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology, clinical presentation and symptoms burden, thrombotic risk and related treatment strategies, and prognosis in female patients affected by PV.
Transkulturelle Kompetenz: Spezialkompetenz oder psychotherapeutische Kernkompetenz?
Authors: Steinhäuser Theresa , von Agris Anna-Sophie , Büssemeier Clara , Schödwell Steffen , Auckenthaler Anna 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungHintergrundEs existieren zahlreiche theoretische Überlegungen dazu, was unter transkulturellen Kompetenzen von Psychotherapeuten zu verstehen ist. Die Frage, was sich jedoch Psychotherapeuten und Patienten selbst unter transkultureller Kompetenz vorstellen, ist bislang nicht untersucht worden. Unklar ist auch, inwiefern es sich bei transkultureller Kompetenz um eine Spezialkompetenz oder um eine Teilkomponente allgemeiner psychotherapeutischer Kernkompetenzen handelt.Ziel der ArbeitDie Studie geht der Frage nach, was sich Patienten und Psychotherapeuten unter transkultureller Kompetenz vorstellen, und ob es sich bei dieser Kompetenz um eine Spezialkompetenz oder um eine Teilkomponente allgemeiner psychotherapeutischer Kernkompetenzen handelt.Material und MethodenZwölf problemzentrierte Interviews wurden leitfadengestützt mit Patienten mit Migrationshintergrund und Psychotherapeuten geführt und mithilfe der inhaltlich-strukturierenden qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse (Mayring 2008) ausgewertet.ErgebnisseAus Sicht von Psychotherapeuten und Patienten bilden sich transkulturelle Kompetenzen in allgemeinen psychotherapeutischen Kernkompetenzen ab. Insbesondere das Eingehen auf die individuellen Anliegen der Patienten wurde als transkulturell kompetentes Handeln beschrieben.SchlussfolgerungFür die Entwicklung transkultureller Kompetenz bedarf es langfristiger Reflexionsprozesse und unmittelbarer Behandlungserfahrungen mit Patienten mit Migrationshintergrund. Diese Aspekte sollten in Konzeptionen für eine verbesserte Psychotherapeuten-Ausbildung berücksichtigt werden.
Pipe flow: a gateway to turbulence
Authors: Eckert Michael 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPipe flow has been a challenge that gave rise to investigations on turbulence—long before turbulence was discerned as a research problem in its own right. The discharge of water from elevated reservoirs through long conduits such as for the fountains at Versailles suggested investigations about the resistance in relation to the different diameters and lengths of the pipes as well as the speed of flow. Despite numerous measurements of hydraulic engineers, the data could not be reproduced by a commonly accepted formula, not to mention a theoretical derivation. The resistance of air flow in long pipes for the supply of blast furnaces or mine air appeared even more inaccessible to rational elaboration. In the nineteenth century, it became gradually clear that there were two modes of pipe flow, laminar and turbulent. While the former could be accommodated under the roof of hydrodynamic theory, the latter proved elusive. When the wealth of turbulent pipe flow data in smooth tubes was displayed as a function of the Reynolds number, the empirically observed friction factor served as a guide for the search of a fundamental law about turbulent skin friction. By 1930, a logarithmic “wall law” seemed to resolve this quest. Yet pipe flow has not been exhausted as a research subject. It still ranks high on the agenda of turbulence research—both the transition from laminar to turbulent flow and fully developed turbulence at very large Reynolds numbers.
A model ensemble generator to explore structural uncertainty in karst systems with unmapped conduits
Authors: Fandel Chloé , Ferré Ty , Chen Zhao , Renard Philippe , Goldscheider Nico 
Published: October 2020

AbstractKarst aquifers are characterized by high-conductivity conduits embedded in a low-conductivity fractured matrix, resulting in extreme heterogeneity and variable groundwater flow behavior. The conduit network controls groundwater flow, but is often unmapped, making it difficult to apply numerical models to predict system behavior. This paper presents a multi-model ensemble method to represent structural and conceptual uncertainty inherent in simulation of systems with limited spatial information, and to guide data collection. The study tests the new method by applying it to a well-mapped, geologically complex long-term study site: the Gottesacker alpine karst system (Austria/Germany). The ensemble generation process, linking existing tools, consists of three steps: creating 3D geologic models using GemPy (a Python package), generating multiple conduit networks constrained by the geology using the Stochastic Karst Simulator (a MATLAB script), and, finally, running multiple flow simulations through each network using the Storm Water Management Model (C-based software) to reject nonbehavioral models based on the fit of the simulated spring discharge to the observed discharge. This approach captures a diversity of plausible system configurations and behaviors using minimal initial data. The ensemble can then be used to explore the importance of hydraulic flow parameters, and to guide additional data collection. For the ensemble generated in this study, the network structure was more determinant of flow behavior than the hydraulic parameters, but multiple different structures yielded similar fits to the observed flow behavior. This suggests that while modeling multiple network structures is important, additional types of data are needed to discriminate between networks.
Evolution of national climate adaptation agendas in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia: the role of national leadership and international donors
Authors: Pardoe Joanna , Vincent Katharine , Conway Declan , Archer Emma , Dougill Andrew J. , Mkwambisi David , Tembo-Nhlema Dorothy 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we use an inductive approach and longitudinal analysis to explore political influences on the emergence and evolution of climate change adaptation policy and planning at national level, as well as the institutions within which it is embedded, for three countries in sub-Saharan Africa (Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia). Data collection involved quantitative and qualitative methods applied over a 6-year period from 2012 to 2017. This included a survey of 103 government staff (20 in Malawi, 29 in Tanzania and 54 in Zambia) and 242 interviews (106 in Malawi, 86 in Tanzania and 50 in Zambia) with a wide range of stakeholders, many of whom were interviewed multiple times over the study period, together with content analysis of relevant policy and programme documents. Whilst the climate adaptation agenda emerged in all three countries around 2007–2009, associated with multilateral funding initiatives, the rate and nature of progress has varied—until roughly 2015 when, for different reasons, momentum slowed. We find differences between the countries in terms of specifics of how they operated, but roles of two factors in common emerge in the evolution of the climate change adaptation agendas: national leadership and allied political priorities, and the role of additional funding provided by donors. These influences lead to changes in the policy and institutional frameworks for addressing climate change, as well as in the emphasis placed on climate change adaptation. By examining the different ways through which ideas, power and resources converge and by learning from the specific configurations in the country examples, we identify opportunities to address existing barriers to action and thus present implications that enable more effective adaptation planning in other countries. We show that more socially just and inclusive national climate adaptation planning requires a critical approach to understanding these configurations of power and politics.
An Evolutionary Approach to the History of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Cultivation in the Canary Islands
Authors: Hagenblad Jenny , Morales Jacob 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Canary Islands are an archipelago that lies about 100 km west of North Africa. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) has been continuously cultivated since the colonization of the islands. To investigate the agricultural history of the islands, the DNA from multiple individuals of six extant landraces of barley was sequenced, and the resulting data were analyzed with ABC modeling. Estimates of separation times of barley populations on the different islands and the mainland were congruent with archaeological dating of the earliest settlements on the islands. The results of the genetic analyses were consistent with the continuous cultivation of barley on Lanzarote island since it was first colonized, but suggested cultivation was carried out at a smaller scale than on Gran Canaria and Tenerife. Contrary to archaeological evidence and early written historical sources, the genetic analyses suggest that barley was cultivated on a larger scale on Tenerife than on Gran Canaria. The genetic analysis of contemporary barley added support to the dating of the colonization of the islands and pointed to the need for more archaeological data concerning barley cultivation on Tenerife.
Peripheral Blood S100B Levels in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zheng Zhen , Zheng Peng , Zou Xiaobing 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe S100 calcium-binding protein beta subunit (S100B) protein, which mostly exists in the central nervous system, is commonly noted as a marker of neuronal damage. We conducted the first systematic review with meta-analysis to compare peripheral blood S100B levels in individuals with ASD with those in healthy controls. A systematic search was carried out for studies published before May 5, 2020. In total, this meta-analysis involved ten studies with 822 participants and 451 cases. The meta-analysis revealed that individuals with ASD had higher peripheral blood S100B levels than healthy controls [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.97, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.41–1.53; p < 0.001]. Peripheral blood S100B levels may have potential as a useful biomarker for ASD.