bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal X-ray micro-CT image based methods for porosity and permeability quantification in heterogeneous sandstones
Authors: Callow Ben , Falcon-Suarez Ismael , Marin-Moreno Hector , Bull Jonathan M , Ahmed Sharif 
Published: June 2020

Summary
3-D X-ray micro-CT (XCT) is a non-destructive 3-D imaging method, increasingly used for a wide range of applications in Earth Science. An optimal XCT image-processing workflow is derived here for accurate quantification of porosity and absolute permeability of heterogeneous sandstone samples using an assessment of key image acquisition and processing parameters: image resolution, segmentation method, representative elementary volume (REV) size and fluid-simulation method. XCT image-based calculations obtained for heterogeneous sandstones are compared to two homogeneous standards (Berea sandstone and a sphere pack), as well as to the results from physical laboratory measurements. An optimal XCT methodology obtains porosity and permeability results within ±2 per cent and vary by one order of magnitude around the direct physical measurements, respectively, achieved by incorporating the clay fraction and cement matrix (porous, impermeable components) to the pore-phase for porosity calculations and into the solid-phase for permeability calculations. Two stokes-flow finite element modelling (FEM) simulation methods, using a voxelized grid (Avizo) and tetrahedral mesh (Comsol) produce comparable results, and similarly show that a lower resolution scan (∼5 µm) is unable to resolve the smallest intergranular pores, causing an underestimation of porosity by ∼3.5 per cent. Downsampling the image-resolution post-segmentation (numerical coarsening) and pore network modelling both allow achieving of a REV size, whilst significantly reducing fluid simulation memory requirements. For the heterogeneous sandstones, REV size for permeability (≥1 mm3) is larger than for porosity (≥0.5 mm3) due to tortuosity of the fluid paths. This highlights that porosity should not be used as a reference REV for permeability calculations. The findings suggest that distinct image processing workflows for porosity and permeability would significantly enhance the accurate quantification of the two properties from XCT.
Pharmacogenomics meets precision cardio-oncology: is there synergistic potential?
Authors: Hockings Jennifer K , Castrillon Jessica A , Cheng Feixiong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAn individual’s inherited genetic makeup and acquired genomic variants may account for a significant portion of observable variability in therapy efficacy and toxicity. Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is the concept that treatments can be modified to account for these differences to increase chances of therapeutic efficacy while minimizing risk of adverse effects. This is particularly applicable to oncology in which treatment may be multimodal. Each tumor type has a unique genomic signature that lends to inclusion of targeted therapy but may be associated with cumulative toxicity, such as cardiotoxicity, and can impact quality of life. A greater understanding of therapeutic agents impacted by PGx and subsequent implementation has the potential to improve outcomes and reduce risk of drug-induced adverse effects.
What Does it Mean to be a Woman in Sports? An Analysis of the Jurisprudence of the Court of Arbitration for Sport
Authors: Holzer Lena 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
This article explores the definition of ‘sportswoman’ as put forward in the Caster Semenya case (2019) and the Dutee Chand case (2015) before the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). It analyses the structural and discursive factors that made it possible for the CAS to endorse a definition that reduces sex and gender to a matter concerning testosterone. By relying on the concept of intersectionality and analytical sensibilities from Critical Legal Studies, the article shows that framing the cases as a matter of scientific dispute, instead of as concerning human rights, significantly influenced the CAS decisions. Moreover, structural elements of international sports law, such as the lack of knowledge of human rights among CAS arbitrators and a history of institutionalising gendered and racialised body norms through sporting regulations, further aided the affirmation of the ‘testosterone rules’.
IL-37d Negatively Regulates NLRP3 Transcription via Receptor-mediated Pathway and Alleviates DSS-induced Colitis
Authors: Li Yuan , Chu Hongxia , Zhao Mingsheng , Li Chaoze , Guan Yetong , Guo Chun , Li Yan , Wang Qun , Shi Yongyu , Zhu Faliang , Zhang Lining 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Interleukin-37 (IL-37) is a new negative immune regulator. It has 5 splicing forms, IL-37a–e, and most research mainly focuses on IL-37b functions in diverse diseases. Our previous research found that IL-37d inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in endotoxemia through a mechanism different from that of IL-37b. However, whether IL-37d plays a role in colitis and the underlying mechanisms is still obscure. Herein, we identified whether IL-37d regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activity and determined its effect on colitis.

Methods
NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages from IL-37d transgenic (IL-37dtg) and control wild type (WT) mice were activated by lipopolysaccharide and adenosine 5′-triphosphate. The expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components and its downstream effector, IL-1β, were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and ELISA. The models of alum-induced peritonitis and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis were used to investigate the function of IL-37d on regulating the activity of NLRP3 inflammasome in vivo.

Results
Our results showed that the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophage and alum-induced peritonitis was inhibited by IL-37d. Strikingly, IL-37d suppressed NLRP3 expression at the priming step via inhibiting NF-κB activation by transcriptional profiling. Moreover, the recombinant protein IL-37d attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the production of IL-1β, which could be reversed by IL-1R8 knockdown. Finally, IL-37d transgenic mice resisted DSS-induced acute colitis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Conclusion
Interleukin-37d inhibits overactivation of the NLRP3 inflammasome through regulating NLRP3 transcription in an IL-1R8 receptor-mediated signaling pathway.
Port-Hamiltonian model of two-dimensional shallow water equations in moving containers
Authors: Cardoso-Ribeiro Flávio Luiz , Matignon Denis , Pommier-Budinger Valérie 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The free surface motion in moving containers is an important physical phenomenon for many engineering applications. One way to model the free surface motion is by employing shallow water equations (SWEs). The port-Hamiltonian systems formulation is a powerful tool that can be used for modeling complex systems in a modular way. In this work, we extend previous work on SWEs using the port-Hamiltonian formulation, by considering the two-dimensional equations under rigid body motions. The resulting equations consist of a mixed-port-Hamiltonian system, with finite and infinite-dimensional energy variables and ports. 2000 Math Subject Classification: 34K30, 35K57, 35Q80, 92D25
Isogenies Between K3 Surfaces Over
Authors: Yang Ziquan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We generalize Mukai and Shafarevich’s definitions of isogenies between K3 surfaces over ${\mathbb{C}}$ to an arbitrary perfect field and describe how to construct isogenous K3 surfaces over $\bar{{\mathbb{F}}}_p$ by prescribing linear algebraic data when $p$ is large. The main step is to show that isogenies between Kuga–Satake abelian varieties induce isogenies between K3 surfaces, in the context of integral models of Shimura varieties. As a byproduct, we show that every K3 surface of finite height admits a CM lifting under a mild assumption on $p$.
Utility of MALDI-TOF MS for differentiation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with dissimilar azithromycin susceptibility profiles
Authors: Pham Cau D , Pettus Kevin , Nash Evelyn E , Liu Hsi , St. Cyr Sancta B , Schlanger Karen , Papp John , Gartin Jarrett , Dorji Tandin , Akullo Kaidee , Kersh Ellen N ,   the AR Lab Network Working Group for GC, Soge Olusegun O , Hardin Henrietta , Baldwin Tamara , Soge Olusegun O , Hardin Henrietta , Baldwin Tamara 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Antibiotic-resistant gonorrhoea has been a chronic public health burden since the mid-1930s. Recent emergence of isolates resistant to the current recommended antibiotics for gonorrhoea further magnifies the threat of untreatable gonorrhoea. The lack of new, effective antibiotics highlights the need for better understanding of the population structure of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in order to provide greater insight on how to curtail the spread of antimicrobial-resistant N. gonorrhoeae.

Objectives
To explore a potential application of MALDI-TOF MS to differentiate N. gonorrhoeae displaying different levels of susceptibility to the antibiotic azithromycin.

Methods
We conducted MALDI-TOF MS using the Bruker Biotyper on 392 N. gonorrhoeae isolates collected through the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project (GISP) and/or the Strengthening the United States Response to Resistant Gonorrhea (SURRG) project. The MALDI-TOF MS spectra were visually analysed to assess the presence of distinctive peak(s). Statistical analysis was performed to assess the relationship between gonococcal isolates with the distinct protein peak and antibiotic susceptibility.

Results
In this study, we were able to differentiate N. gonorrhoeae isolates into two distinct subpopulations using MALDI-TOF MS. Isolates were distinguished by the presence or absence of a spectral peak at 11 300 Da. Notably, these two groups exhibited different levels of susceptibility to azithromycin.

Conclusions
We have shown that in addition to its ability to identify N. gonorrhoeae, MALDI-TOF MS could also be used to differentiate gonococcal isolates with different levels of susceptibility to azithromycin.
Dose recommendations for gentamicin in the real-world obese population with varying body weight and renal (dys)function
Authors: Smit Cornelis , van Schip Anne M , van Dongen Eric P A , Brüggemann Roger J M , Becker Matthijs L , Knibbe Catherijne A J 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
The impact of weight on pharmacokinetics of gentamicin was recently elucidated for (morbidly) obese individuals with normal renal function.

Objectives
To characterize the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in real-world obese patients, ultimately to develop dose recommendations applicable across the entire obese population.

Methods
In two large Dutch hospitals, all admitted patients with BMI ≥25 kg/m2 with at least one gentamicin administration, at least one gentamicin and at least one creatinine serum concentration measurement were included. Data from one hospital, obtained from electronic health records, combined with prospective data of non-obese and morbidly obese people with normal renal function, served as the training dataset, and data from the second hospital served as the external validation dataset.

Results
In the training dataset [1187 observations from 542 individuals, total body weight (TBW) 52–221 kg and renal function (CKD-EPI) 5.1–141.7 mL/min/1.73 m2], TBW was identified as a covariate on distribution volume, and de-indexed CKD-EPI and ICU stay on clearance (all P &lt; 0.001). Clearance was 3.53 L/h and decreased by 0.48 L/h with each 10 mL/min reduction in de-indexed CKD-EPI. The results were confirmed in the external validation (321 observations from 208 individuals, TBW 69–180 kg, CKD-EPI 5.3–130.0 mL/min/1.73 m2).

Conclusions
Based on the study, we propose specific mg/kg dose reductions with decreasing CKD-EPI values for the obese population, and extension of the dosing interval beyond 24 h when CKD-EPI drops below 50 mL/min/1.73 m2. In ICU patients, a 25% dose reduction could be considered. These guidelines can be used to guide safe and effective dosing of gentamicin across the real-world obese population.
Characterizing the non-linear pharmacokinetics of miltefosine in paediatric visceral leishmaniasis patients from Eastern Africa
Authors: Palić Semra , Kip Anke E , Beijnen Jos H , Mbui Jane , Musa Ahmed , Solomos Alexandra , Wasunna Monique , Olobo Joseph , Alves Fabiana , Dorlo Thomas P C 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Conventional miltefosine dosing (2.5 mg/kg/day) for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is less effective in children than in adults. A higher allometric dose (median 3.2 mg/kg/day) was therefore investigated in paediatric VL patients in Eastern Africa. Results of this trial showed an unforeseen, lower than dose-proportional increase in exposure. Therefore, we performed a pooled model-based analysis of the paediatric data available from both dosing regimens to characterize observed non-linearities in miltefosine pharmacokinetics (PK).

Methods
Fifty-one children with VL were included in this analysis, treated with either a conventional (n = 21) or allometric (n = 30) miltefosine dosing regimen. PK data were analysed using non-linear mixed-effects modelling.

Results
A two-compartment model following first-order absorption and linear elimination, with two separate effects on relative oral bioavailability, was found to fit these data best. A 69% lower bioavailability at treatment start was estimated, presumably due to initial malnourishment and malabsorption. Stagnation in miltefosine accumulation in plasma, hampering increased drug exposure, was related to the increase in cumulative dose (mg/kg/day). However, the allometric regimen increased exposure 1.7-fold in the first treatment week and reduced the time to reach the PK target by 17.4%.

Conclusions
Miltefosine PK in children suffering from VL are characterized by dose-dependent non-linearities that obstruct the initially expected exposure levels. Bioavailability appeared to be affected by the cumulative dose, possibly as a consequence of impaired absorption. Despite this, allometric dosing led to a faster target achievement and increased exposure compared with conventional dosing.
Demography of Cacopsylla chinensis (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Reared on Four Cultivars of Pyrus bretschneideri (Rosales: Rosaceae) and P. communis Pears With Estimations of Confidence Intervals of Specific Life Table Statistics
Authors: Wei Mingfeng , Chi Hsin , Guo Yongfu , Li Xianwei , Zhao Longlong , Ma Ruiyan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe psyllid Cacopsylla chinensis (Yang & Li) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is a serious pest of pears in China. To determine and contrast the fitness of the psyllid on two endemic cultivars of Pyrus bretschneideri (i.e., BHXS and BSL) and two introduced cultivars of Pyrus communis (i.e., CB and CRB), we analyzed data on the development, survival, and fecundity from C. chinensis individuals reared on the four cultivars. The age-stage, two-sex life table theory was used in order to enable the inclusion of males in the analysis as well as a means of identifying the variation in developmental durations among individuals. Results indicated that C. chinensis can successfully develop and reproduce on all four pear cultivars. However, based on the lower preadult survival rate, longer preadult duration, longer total preoviposition period (TPOP), and lower fecundity that occurred on both cultivars of P. communis, these two cultivars are less favorable hosts for C. chinensis than the P. bretschneideri cultivars. The lower intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproduction rate (R0) on CB and CRB pears showed these two introduced cultivars are more resistant to C. chinensis than the endemic BHXS and BSL pears. These resistant cultivars would be appropriate candidates for managing C. chinensis. We used the bootstrap technique to estimate the uncertainty of the population parameters (r, λ, R0, etc.), while also demonstrating that it can be used for estimating the 0.025 and 0.975 percentile confidence intervals of the age of survival rate.
Cost of Living Inequality During the Great Recession
Authors: Argente David , Lee Munseob 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We construct income-specific price indexes for the period from 2004 to 2016. We find substantial differences across income groups that arise during the Great Recession. The difference in annual inflation between the lowest quartile of the income distribution and the highest quartile was 0.22 percentage points for 2004–2007, 0.85 percentage points for 2008–2013, and 0.02 percentage points for 2014–2016. We find that product quality substitution and changes in the shopping behavior, margins mostly available to richer households, explain around 40% of the gap. Our evidence shows that not accounting for these differences in price indexes could lead to significant biases in the calculation of consumption and income inequality.
Quantifying range decline and remaining populations of the large marsupial carnivore of Australia’s tropical rainforest
Authors: Uzqueda Adriana , Burnett Scott , Bertola Lorenzo V , Hoskin Conrad J 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Large predators are particularly susceptible to population declines due to large area requirements, low population density, and conflict with humans. Their low density and secretive habits also make it difficult to know the spatial extent, size, and connectivity of populations; declines hence can go unnoticed. Here, we quantified decline in a large marsupial carnivore, the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus gracilis), endemic to the Wet Tropics rainforest of northeast Australia. We compiled a large database of occurrence records and used species distributional modeling to estimate the distribution in four time periods (Pre-1956, 1956–1975, 1976–1995, 1996–2016) using climate layers and three human-use variables. The most supported variables in the distribution models were climatic, with highly suitable quoll habitat having relatively high precipitation, low temperatures, and a narrow annual range in temperature. Land-use type and road density also influenced quoll distribution in some time periods. The modeling revealed a significant decline in the distribution of D. m. gracilis over the last century, with contraction away from peripheral areas and from large areas of the Atherton Tablelands in the center of the distribution. Tests of the change in patch availability for populations of 20, 50, and 100 individuals revealed a substantial (17–32%) decline in available habitat for all population sizes, with a particular decline (31–40%) in core habitat (i.e., excluding edges). Six remaining populations were defined. Extrapolating capture–recapture density estimates derived from two populations in 2017 suggests these populations are small and range from about 10 to 160 individuals. Our total population estimate sums to 424 individuals, but we outline why this estimate is positively skewed and that the actual population size may be &lt; 300 individuals. Continued decline and apparent absence in areas of highly suitable habitat suggests some threats are not being captured in our models. From our results, we provide management and research recommendations for this enigmatic predator.
The Utility of Elevated Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase in Current Clinical Practice
Authors: Krishnamurthy Kritika , Medina Ana Maria , Howard Lydia 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
Because of its wide tissue distribution, elevation of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LD) is a nonspecific finding. Although serum LD is still included in the prognosis and staging of metastatic melanoma and germ cell tumors, its nonspecificity has led to decreased usefulness.

Methods
In this study, we analyzed the serum LD assays performed in a 726-bed hospital during a 1-year period and reviewed charts of patients with serum LD of &gt;3 standard deviations (SD).

Results
Of 312 patients with elevated serum LD, only 9 were patients with melanoma and germ cell tumors. The other 303 patients had other malignancies, chronic conditions, and sepsis.

Conclusion
Elevated serum LD (even &gt;3 SD) is an extremely nonspecific finding that does not contribute to clinical management in a majority of patients. As such, serum LD testing should be retired from routine clinical order sets and restricted in use.
Risk of Secondary Traumatic Stress in Treating Traumatized Military Populations: Results from the PTSD Clinicians Exchange
Authors: Penix Elizabeth A , Clarke-Walper Kristina M , Trachtenberg Felicia L , Magnavita Ashley M , Simon Erica , Ortigo Kile , Coleman Julia , Marceau Lisa , Ruzek Josef I , Rosen Raymond C , Wilk Joshua E 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Introduction
This study examined risk factors for secondary traumatic stress (STS) in behavioral health clinicians and whether access to the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Clinicians Exchange website mitigated STS risk.

Methods
A diverse sample of clinicians (N = 605) treating traumatized military populations in Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Department of Defense, and community practice settings were randomized to a newsletter-only control group or the exchange group. The exchange website included resources for treating PTSD and promoting clinician well-being. Online surveys were administered at 0-, 6-, and 12-months postrandomization. Regression analyses were used to examine the link among risk factors, exchange access, and STS.

Results
Baseline clinician demographics, experience, total caseload, appeal of evidence-based practices (EBPs), and likelihood of adopting EBPs if required were not linked with STS at the 12-month assessment period. Providing care at the VA, more burnout, less compassion satisfaction, greater trauma caseload, less openness to new EBPs, and greater divergence from EBP procedures were linked with greater STS. Only burnout and divergence were associated with STS after accounting for other significant STS risk factors. Exchange and control group clinicians reported similar STS levels after accounting for burnout and divergence.

Conclusions
Given that burnout was linked with STS, future intervention may use techniques targeting burnout and STS (eg, emotion regulation strategies). Research exploring the link between divergence from EBPs and STS may inform EBP dissemination efforts and STS interventions. Finally, results highlight the need for research optimizing STS intervention efficacy among clinicians treating military populations.
Abnormal scattering event in the direction to the pulsar B0834+06
Authors: Smirnova T V , Shishov V I , Andrianov A S , Burgin M S , Fadeev E N , Popov M V , Rudnitskii A G , Soglasnov V A , Zuga V A 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Analysis of Space-VLBI observations of the pulsar B0834+06 conducted with RadioAstron at 324 MHz shows that in some cases one of the scattering screens could be located very close to the pulsar (about 10 pc from the pulsar), and it has a strong influence on the secondary spectra. For this case, the vertices of inverted arcs are aligned along the main parabolic arc and their width is inversely proportional to the scattering time. The shape of the main arc is determined by another scattering screen that is located at a distance of about 210 pc from the pulsar. The position of this screen is observed to be stable during 19 yr and its spatial scale is larger than 5.6 × 1015 cm. We found that the scattering disc may be approximated by an ellipse with a 2.5 axial ratio and with the position angle of the major axis of about −8○. A small-scale structure with a size of 0.1 au located at the close to observer screen and very high electron density of tens to a few thousand cm−3 for different models can be responsible for arclets in a secondary spectra. Additionally, angular refraction exists in the direction towards the pulsar. That suggests the presence of the cosmic prism. We have estimated the angle of refraction to be θref &gt; 2 mas and the distance from prism to the observer D &lt; 160 pc.