bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Road Traffic Accident Analysis and Identification of Black Spot Locations on Highway
Authors: Iqbal Asad , Rehman Zia Ur , Ali Shahid , Ullah Kaleem , Ghani Usman 
Published: December 2020

Road safety is the main problem in developing countries. Every year, millions of people die in road traffic accidents, resulting in huge losses of humankind and the economy. This study focuses on the road traffic accident analysis and identification of black spots on the Lahore-Islamabad Highway M-2. Official data of road traffic accidents were collected from National Highway and Highway Police (NH & MP) Pakistan. The data was digitized on MS Excel and Origin Pro. The accident Point weightage (APW) method was employed to identify the black spots and rank of the top ten black spots. The analysis shows that the trend of road traffic accidents on M-2 was characterized by a high rate of fatal accidents of 35.3%. Human errors account for 66.8% as the major contributing factors in road traffic accidents, while vehicle errors (25.6%) and environmental factors (7.6%) were secondary and tertiary contributing factors. The main causes of road traffic accidents were the dozing on the wheel (27.9%), the careless driving (24.6%), tyre burst (11.7%), and the brakes failure (7.4%). Kallar Kahar (Salt Range) was identified as a black spot (223 km, 224 km, 225 km, 229 km, and 234 km) due to vehicle brake failure. The human error was a major contributory factor in road traffic accidents, therefore public awareness campaign on road safety is inevitable and use of the dozen alarm to overcome dozing on the wheel. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091629 Full Text: PDF
Evaluación de la acción inmunomoduladora del Extracto Dializable Leucocitario de Caballo con actividad de Factor de Transferencia en Hipersensibilidad tipo I en roedores
Authors: Alarcón-Bonilla Jesús , Rodríguez-Meléndez Israel Jesús , Cerón-Montes Genaro Iván 
Published: December 2020

Las reacciones de hipersensibilidad tipo I o alergias se distinguen por presentar una respuesta inmune a antígenos ambientales. Están implicadas células secretoras de citocinas tipo 2 (linfocitos Th2 e ILC2), eosinófilos, linfocitos B productores de IgE que se unen a receptores en mastocitos y basófilos, liberando mediadores que aumentan la permeabilidad vascular, vasodilatación, contracción del musculo liso bronquial y visceral e inflamación, siendo la manifestación sistémica más grave el choque anafiláctico. Una alternativa de tratamiento regulador de la respuesta a alérgenos es el Factor de Transferencia (FT), el cual se consigue a partir de un Extracto Dializable Leucocitario (EDL) obtenido del lisado de células linfoides, que contiene al menos 200 diferentes moléculas entre 1 a 12 kDa. De ellas a la fracción de péptidos con pesos moleculares (PM) entre 3.5 y 5 kDa se les denomina FT, con actividad inmunomoduladora interespecífica. El FT está compuesto por péptidos hidrofílicos polares, con partes ácidas y dos regiones: una variable y una constante. Debido a su baja probabilidad de transmisión de zoonosis se seleccionó al caballo para la obtención del EDL y purificación del FT. Su obtención se llevó a cabo a partir de la lisis de células sanguíneas, ultra filtración e identificación de péptidos. El FT así obtenido tuvo un 51.3% de incremento en concentración comparado con el FT humano comercial con un patrón electroforético similar. A partir del FT de caballo purificado se evalúo su efecto en el control de reacciones alérgicas en cobayo previamente sensibilizado con ovoalbúmina. Cuatro grupos de cobayos fueron estudiados: un grupo control sensibilizado con ovovalbúmina, uno al que se le administró el FT humano, otro que se le dosificó FT de caballo y un cuarto grupo que no se le administró FT como control negativo. El FT de caballo registró un efecto inmunomodulador sobre las reacciones alérgicas equivalente al presentado con el FT humano, por tanto es una alternativa para el tratamiento de alergias en humanos.
Pelapisan Calsium Carbida Permukaan Baja Karbon Rendah Dengan Pack Carburizing Energizer Serbuk Cangkang Kerang Mutiara
Authors: Darmo Sujita , Sugiman Sugiman , Salman Salman , Catur Agus Dwi , Setyawan Paryanto Dwi 
Published: December 2020

The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Material Mechanics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mataram University. The purpose of this researchÃÂ ÃÂ determinedÃÂ the effect of the Pack CarburizingÃÂ parameters (temperature, soakinÃÂ time and carburizer media composition) on the thicknessÃÂ of calsium carbida layerÃÂ (CaC), which is formed on the surface of low carbon steel. The thickness of the calcium carbonate layer affects the surface hardness numberÃÂ of low carbon steel. This research used low carbon steelÃÂ grade SS400 as the specimen. Carburizer media is a mixture of corncob charcoal powder and Pinctada maxima shellsÃÂ powder (PMSP).ÃÂ Packs Carburizing was carried out at various temperatures: 875 0C, 900 0C, soakingÃÂ time: 1,2,3 hours and the percentage of PMSP on the carburizer media: 10%, 20%, 30%. The results of the research show that the temperature carburizing , soaking time and the addition of PMSPÃÂ affect the thickness of the calcium carbide layer on the surface of SS400 steel which is subjected to pack carburizing process. This is indicated by an increase in the surfaceÃÂ hardness number of 421%, the wear resistance 62,2 %. ÃÂ the thickness of the calcium carbide layer 1050 ÃÂµm, the formation of pearlite structure, at the carburizing temperature of 900 0C,ÃÂ soaking time 3 hours and 30% addition of PMSP.
Perinteinen ja paikallinen tieto maankäytön suunnittelussa – esimerkkinä Enontekiö
Authors: Markkula Inkeri , Turunen Minna Tuulikki , Tuulentie Seija , Nikula Ari 
Published: December 2020

Maankäyttö- ja rakennuslaki edellyttää vuorovaikutteisuutta ja paikallisten ihmisten osallistamista maankäytön suunnittelussa. Kokemusperäisen paikallistiedon ja perinteisen tiedon tuominen osaksi suunnitteluprosesseja edistää vuorovaikutteisuutta ja parantaa osallistamista. Biologista monimuotoisuutta koskeva yleissopimus edellyttää perinteisen tiedon huomioimista maankäytön suunnittelussa Suomen saamelaisalueella. Sopimuksen velvoitteiden täyttämiseksi Metsähallitus on ensimmäisenä maailmassa ottanut käyttöön vapaaehtoiset Akwé: Kon -ohjeet. Tarkastelemme tässä tutkimuksessa Akwé: Kon -ohjeiden soveltamiseen liittyviä kokemuksia, sekä kartoitamme kokemusperäisen paikallisen ja perinteisen tiedon sisällyttämiseen maankäytön suunnittelussa liittyviä haasteita. Koska paikallista ja perinteistä tietoa enenevässä määrin kerätään paikkatietomenetelmiä käyttäen, pohdimme myös erityiskysymyksiä, joita osallistavien paikkatietomenetelmien käyttöön saamelaisalueella liittyy. Tutkimus pohjautuu vuosina 2016–2018 Enontekiöllä tehtyyn paikkatietokyselyyn sekä maankäytön parissa toimivien virkamiesten ja paikallisten saamelaisten poronhoitajien haastatteluihin. Paikallisen kokemusperäisen ja perinteisen tiedon sisällyttämiseen osaksi maankäytön suunnitteluprosesseja liittyy edelleen haasteita. Saamelaiset informantit toivat ilmi, että poronhoitolaki ei suojaa riittävästi saamelaista poronhoitoa ja siihen liittyvää ylisukupolvista tietoa. Metsähallituksen suunnittelijat toivat esiin paikallistiedon tarkan paikantamisen tarpeen sekä ongelmat, joita syntyy, kun kokemusperäistä paikallista ja perinteistä tietoa sisällytetään suunnittelujärjestelmiin. Osallistavat paikkatietomenetelmät voivat tarjota toimivan työkalun perinteisen tiedon dokumentointiin, mutta saamelaiseen kulttuuriperintöön ja nautinta-alueisiin liittyy sellaisia ratkaisemattomia kysymyksiä, jotka tekevät tiedon paikantamisen kartoille haasteelliseksi.
Development and Validation of a Biolayer Interferometry Method for Determination of Human Anti-PD-1 Monoclonal Antibody Concentration in Cynomolgus Serum
Authors: Ulyanova K. V. , Kazarov A. A. , Pantyushenko M. S. , Olenev A. A. , Lyagoskin I. V. , Simonov V. M. 
Published: December 2020

Some types of immunotherapy of malignant tumours are aimed at restoration of T-cells’ ability to recognize and eliminate cancer. Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) overexpression is characteristic of many human tumours and is associated with poor prognosis for patients. The development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for PD-L1 or PD-1 is a promising area of immunotherapy of malignant tumours. However, before a therapeutic antibody-based product enters the market, it is necessary to ensure its safety and efficacy, i.e. perform a full scope of preclinical and clinical studies.The aim of the study was to develop and validate a bioanalytical method that does not require additional labeling and that could be used for determination of mAbs specific for human PD-L1 in the blood serum of a biological test system during preclinical studies.Materials and methods: an antigen in the form of a dimer of PD-1 extra-cellular domain covalently bonded to the Fc-fragment of human IgG (R&D Systems, USA) was used in the study. The antigen was immobilised on Dip and Read™ Protein A biosensors (Fortebio, USA). The therapeutic anti-PD-1 antibody GNR-051 was developed and produced by IBC “Generium” (Russia). The healthy cynomolgus monkey serum samples used as matrix were obtained from the Research Institute of Medical Primatology (Sochi, Russia). The assessment of binding was performed using Octet® QKe interferometer (Fortebio, USA) by real-time analysis of the dose-dependent rate of the antigen-antibody complex formation.Results: the paper presents experimental data on the development and validation of the test method for determination of the therapeutic PD-1-binding mAb concentration in cynomolgus monkey serum in the antibody concentration range from 2 to 2500 µg/mL. The authors assessed the calibration curve reliability, between-run and within-run precision and accuracy, dilution linearity, specificity and selectivity of the test method.Conclusions: the authors developed and validated the biolayer interferometry-based method for determination of therapeutic mAbs concentration. The method was shown to comply with the Eurasian Economic Union’s regulatory requirements in terms of the main validation parameters: analytical range, accuracy, precision, and selectivity.
Theoretical and Experimental Substantiation of Alternative Methods for Quality Control of Live Anthrax Vaccine
Authors: Kasina I. V. , Alekseeva S. A. , Nemirovskaya T. I. 
Published: December 2020

Preventive immunisation against anthrax is carried out in accordance with the national Immunisation Schedule for Epidemic Settings. The vaccination is performed using a live vaccine—a freeze-dried suspension of Bacillus anthracis STI-1 vaccine strain spores in a stabilizing media. Improvement of the quality control of immunobiological medicines is a pressing issue and an integral part of the quality management system.The aim of study was to streamline quality control of live anthrax vaccine in terms of the following test parameters: identification and specific activity (total spore concentration).Materials and methods: identification and specific activity (total spore concentration) tests were performed for samples of live anthrax vaccine, batch 266, produced by the 48 Central Scientific Research Institute. The identification test was performed using the B. anthracis immunochromatography test kit for express detection and identification of anthrax pathogen spores produced by the State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (Obolensk). The specific activity (total spore concentration) was assessed by the visual method and calculated in the Goryaev chamber using the industry reference standard of bacterial suspension turbidity equivalent to 10 IU—OSO 42-28-85 (by the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products). The number of live spores in live anthrax vaccine was determined by the microbiological method (by inoculating media). The statistical processing of the results was performed using Excel and Statistica 10.0.Results: the authors provided theoretical and experimental substantiation to support the feasibility of using immunochromatography as an alternative identification test method for live anthrax vaccine. Test samples dilutions of 108 microbial cells per millilitre and 109 microbial cells per millilitre are used in the test. The authors developed a test procedure for determination of the total spore concentration (specific activity) in live anthrax vaccine using an industry reference standard of turbidity equivalent to 10 IU, and proposed a formula for calculation of the total spore concentration.Conclusions: the developed test procedures could be recommended for inclusion in the live anthrax vaccine specification files as alternative methods of quality control.
Clinical Profile and Outcomes in Patients with Acute Pancreatitis attending a Teaching Hospital at Gandaki Province, Nepal
Authors: Bhattarai Subash , Gyawali Merina 
Published: December 2020

Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is inflammatory process of pancreas presenting with acute abdominal pain.The majority of patients have mild disease. Some patients develop local and systemic complications with increased morbidity and mortality. This study was undertaken to describe the clinical profile and outcomes in patients with acute pancreatitis.

Methods: A cross-sectional hospital based study comprising of 62 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis were enrolled between Jan 2019 to August 2020. Clinical profile at admission, complications and clinical outcomes including mortality were studied. Patients were classified into mild, moderately severe and severe acute pancreatitis based on revised Atlanta classification and modified CT severity index. Data entry was done in Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences version 20.
Results: The mean age of study subjects was 44±10.87 years with 43 (56%) males and 19 (44%) females (M:F=2.1:1). The commonest etiology of pancreatitis was alcohol (53.2%) followed by biliary pancreatitis (37.1%) The most common presentation was abdominal pain (100%). The most common complication was pancreatic necrosis (21%) followed by acute kidney injury (19.4%) and pleural effusion (17.3%). Majority( 72.6%) was mild and 17.7% had severe acute pancreatitis. Mortality was seen in 6.5% patients. Mortality was observed in patients with persistent complications, organ failure, low serum calcium and high modified CT severity index.

Conclusions: Alcohol and gallstones were the two main etiologies of acute pancreatitis and were common in males, and in middle age groups. Majority presented with mild severity. Mortality was observed in some patients with severe acute pancreatitis.

Keywords: alcohol; biliary; CT severity index; mortality; outcome; pancreatitis
A Sonographic Study of Kidney Dimensions Among Nepalese Children
Authors: Mansur Dil Islam , Karki Subindra , Shrestha Pragya , Maskey Sunima 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Any variations in shape or size of either one or both kidneys may indicate sign of its pathology. The study was aimed to determine normal values for renal dimensions among Nepalese children.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of the renal dimensions among 211 children. The length, breadth and thickness of kidneys were measured by computerised in built calliper in centimetre by using ultrasound and volume of the kidney was calculated.
Results: The mean values of length, breadth, thickness and volume were 7.05 ± 1.80 cm, 2.95 ± 0.48 cm, 1.35 ± 0.15 cm and 15.09 ± 5.91 cc for right kidneys respectively; and 7.36 ± 1.89 cm, 2.98 ± 1.89 cm, 1.35 ± 0.18 cm and 15.98 ± 6.44 cc for left kidneys respectively. The mean values for length, breadth, thickness and volume of right kidney was 7.57 ± 1.99 cm, 3.11 ± 0.46 cm, 1.38 ± 0.14 cm and 17.38 ± 6.20 cc among boys respectively; and 6.50 ± 1.39 cm, 2.78 ± 0.44 cm, 1.31 ± 0.17 cm and 12.69 ± 4.43 cc among girls respectively. Similarly, these values for length, breadth, thickness and volume of left kidneys were 7.91 ± 2.04 cm, 3.13 ± 0.49 cm, 1.39 ± 0.18 cm and 18.46 ± 6.89 cc among boys respectively; and 6.78 ± 1.52 cm, 2.83 ± 0.45 cm, 1.31 ± 0.17 cm and 13.38 ± 4.73 cc among girls respectively.
Conclusions: It was concluded that mean values for renal length and volume was found to be higher on left side than right side in all age groups. These values for renal breadth and thickness were observed almost same on both sides in all age groups. All measurements of renal dimensions were found significantly higher among boys than girls on both sides. This study has provided the reference values for renal sizes among Nepalese children.
Study On Skin Fold Thickness in Newborns as an Index of Foetal Nutritional Assessment
Authors: Kafle Raju , Gupta Ruchi , Gupta Binod Kumar , Gupta Badri Kumar 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Skin fold thickness is a measure of adiposity and is a validated method of assessing malnutrition in older children. The present study was undertaken to see the role of skin fold thickness measurement in neonates as an index of foetal nutritional assessment and to compare between CAN (Clinical Assessment of Nutrition) score and other anthropometric indicators in foetal malnutrition (FM).
Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in postnatal ward of Universal College of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital for a duration of six months. Three hundred seventy term newborns were assessed by CAN score and anthropometry recorded. The CAN score was determined and those with scores < 25 was classified as having foetal malnutrition. Skin fold thickness using the Slim Guide skin fold caliper was taken at the triceps, biceps, sub scapular, supra iliac and quadriceps locations for each neonate. Two readings were taken at every site and the mean was recorded. All the skin fold thickness measurements were correlated with the CAN score and statistical comparisons were made.
Results: Incidence of FM was 18.38%. The mean (SD) for sum of all skin-fold thickness at all sites for males and females were 4.3 ± 1.61 and 4.18 ± 0.72 mm respectively. All the skin-fold thickness measurements correlated significantly with the CAN score, but the sum of the five had the best correlation. The mean (SD) of anthropometric data of babies and sum of all comparing foetal malnutrition versus without foetal malnutrition using nutritional status CAN score was statistically significant (p-value < 0.001).
Conclusions: The sum of all five skin-fold measurements might be a useful screening tool for FM in view of its objectivity, convenience and simplicity, but it is not sufficiently sensitive or specific to replace the CAN score in the identification of FM in neonates.
7. Multiple Liminalitites in Early Anglo-Saxon England: Age, Gender and Religion
Authors: Cave Christine , Oxenham Marc 
Published: December 2020

Liminalities and ambiguities can be useful in identifying complex patterns in many areas of study. This paper examines two elderly burials from the Anglo-Saxon cemetery of Mill Hill, Deal, Kent in England. These two individuals display multiple liminalities, particularly with respect to their advanced age, gendered identities and in their potential religious beliefs. Their advanced age suggests they spent the last years of their lives in the knowledge that they were close to the ultimate transition: death. Moreover, being quite elderly has likely affected their gendered identities, rendering them muted, altered and/or de-gendered. The combination of their elderly status, their physical position in the cemetery and the phasing of their graves suggests they were the last two individuals buried at Mill Hill, possibly some considerable time after it had gone out of general use. Their graves are dated to the Final Phase or Conversion Period of Early Anglo-Saxon England when, among other changes, Christianity begins to become the dominant religion; this and the presence of an unexcavated cemetery nearby, with goods pointing to a later date than this one, suggests the possibility that these two individuals were the last pagans in their community. These are all factors which point to the multiple liminalities of the two individuals.
Toronto School of Theology: Global Connections—Past and Present with Reflections for the Next Fifty Years
Authors: Gordon Dorcas 
Published: December 2020

[Figure: see text] This article focuses on celebrating the global connectedness of the Toronto School of Theology (TST) and its member colleges with some reflections on the next fifty years. Global connections within the member schools initially connected to the missionary endeavours of their founding denominations or orders. More recently, with church support for theological education reduced, the TST member colleges have established their own partnerships and educational initiatives in many parts of the world so that increasingly, the global context, with its questions about the meaning of diversity at TST, has been viewed as an integral part of their mission. With the recent approval of redeveloped educational standards by The Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada, more than ever, global awareness and engagement needs to be demonstrated in all areas of a school’s work, including its mission, faculty hiring and development, student assessment, and its use of human and financial resources. This will require TST, as it enters its second semi-millennium, not only to reflect on how it will live out this commitment but, more importantly, in light of a past that has included ethnocentrism and colonialism, to assess how much it is willing to challenge deeply held assumptions and commit to those qualities needed for a respectful and humble engagement with other articulations of theological education.
Dry storage modeling activities at PSI: implementation and testing of a creep model for dry storage
Authors: Konarski P. , Cozzo C. , Khvostov G. , Ferroukhi H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
According to the Swiss waste management policy, spent nuclear fuel is planned to be disposed in a deep underground repository. Prior to final disposal, spent nuclear fuel is stored at reactor sites and in a centralized dry storage facility. Since the operation dates of the final repository are unknown, extended periods of interim storage have to be considered. A research program to investigate the fuel rod integrity during long-term dry storage has recently been launched at Paul Scherrer Institute. In the context of the project, fuel rod performance simulations will be carried out with the code Falcon. Until now, an extensive literature survey concerning current trends in dry storage modelling has been written and first developments of Falcon’s capabilities towards dry storage modeling have been made. In this work, Falcon has been modified by implementing a long-term cladding creep model. The original and upgraded versions of Falcon have been used to simulate a demonstration case consisting of the base irradiation, wet storage, drying and dry storage. Results obtained with both versions have shown an important difference in the cladding hoop creep which justifies implementation of the new creep model.