bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and characterisation of mango bark and mango leaf nanoparticles
Authors: Lau Tze Chen James , Azizuddin A A , Oumer A N , At-Tasneem M A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Nanoparticles are the simplest form of structures with sizes in the nanometre range (<100 nm). Suspended nanoparticles (non-bio) in base fluids (nanofluids) increase the heat transfer properties of the base fluids. However, addition of nanoparticles to the base fluid increases viscosity as well as pressure drop. It is also expensive to produce non-bio nanoparticles. Thus, mango barks and leaves were used to produce bio nanoparticles due to their natural characteristics that might lower viscosity of the nanofluid. The mango bark and mango leaf were collected and dried under hot sun to remove moisture content until constant weight achieved. Then, the materials were crushed and sieved to obtain finest powder followed by wet grinding for 1 hour at 800 rpm using FRTSCH Planetary Micro Mill PULVERISETTE 7 premium line. The particles size was determined using FESEM and particle size analyser machine. The bulk density of the nanoparticles was determined by experiment. The obtained results showed that the mango barks have lost total weight of 504g (63%) after 8 days of drying. Meanwhile, mango leaves have lost total weight of 606g (78%). The bulk density of mango bark nanoparticles is 2505.00kg/m3 and mango tree leaf nanoparticles is 2108. 00kg/m3. From image analysis using FESEM, the average size of mango bark nanoparticles is around 102 nm and mango leaf nanoparticles was around 132 nm. From particle size analyser, the average fineness of mango bark nanoparticles measured by intensity was 125.5nm and mango leaf nanoparticles was 206.1nm. In conclusion, the mango bark and mango leaf nanoparticles can be synthesised by wet grinding method.
U.V light effect on the mechanical behaviour of HDPE/Carbon black composites
Authors: Sahu Alok K , Sudhakar K , Sarviya R M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Energy is one of the most essential parts of our universe. Energy has come to be known as a ‘strategic commodity’ and any uncertainty about its supply can threaten the functioning of the entire economy. Sun is the plentiful source of energy freely & enormously available throughout the world. Solar energy is considered to be one of the more encouraging energy alternatives due to its ubiquity and sustainability. In solar energy floating solar power system is a revolutionary step as it can solve the perennial problem of land. In floating solar structure, floats made of HDPE material are used. The Ultra Violet (UV) rays present in the natural environment degrades HDPE materials. In the present study, the composite of HDPE material with concentration of 1%, 2% & 3% carbon black is used for making composites. The carbon black acts as UV stabilizer. The mechanical behaviour of the HDPE/Carbon black composite floats are analysed before and after U.V exposure. Properties like Tensile Strength, Breakpoint, Flexural Strength, Flexural Modulus, Impact Resistance, Hardness, are evaluated with different percentage of loadings. Incorporation of carbon does not show any major effect in the properties before and after U.V exposure, but a significant effect is observed at 2% loading of carbon black while compared to 1% and 3%.Further increase in carbon black percentage (more than 3%) will reduce the mechanical properties due to the development of stress concentration and crack propagation.
Simulation of the ignition mechanisms of low and high octane number blended fuels in HCCI engine
Authors: Jamil Munthanna , Adnin Hamidi Mohd , Fitri Yusop Ahmad , Anas Abdul Aziz Muhammad , Fathin Hamidi Mohamad , Sundram Tatchineswaranpillai 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) is an alternative combustion concept for in reciprocating engines which offers significant benefits in terms of its high efficiency and low emissions. HCCI is the most commonly used name for the auto-ignition of various fuels and one of the most promising alternatives to SI and CI combustion. This study focus on the ignition reactions of low and high octane number of fuel blends through comprehensive simulation. This study was carried out by using n-heptane as a base fuel and toluene as a sub fuel use as a fuel mixture in this simulation. Furthermore, for numerical analysis, MATLAB Software has been used to design simplified model of reaction mechanism for n-heptane. The simplified model has been discussed in this study. The highest value of hydroxyl radicals OH was achieved at approximately 0.23 at NTF 10 (Toluene mixture 10%) and the line decreased until 0 This value is gradually decreased when the mixture of toluene (NTF) as sub fuel is elevated until NTF60 Due to the content percentage of toluene added 10% consecutively, HCHO production increased as well. It is because HCHO consumes OH and at the same time affects the amount of OH. By doing this method (mixing n-heptane with toluene), the ignition delay of the fuel becomes longer is described. It is also shows that the simplified model constructed with a consideration of the property of reaction happen in nheptane (base fuel) added with toluene (sub fuel) in which OH reproduction and fuel + OH reaction plays important role. The purpose of this study is to figure out the reaction mechanism of compression ignition at Low Temperature Oxidation (LTO) and design the simplified model of reaction mechanism for n-heptane + toluene (NTF).
Analysis of high-speed broadband flame chemiluminescence imaging in a SI engine
Authors: Shawal S , Meon M S , Saedon J B , Remeli M F , Mohamad Nor N H , Kaiser S A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study investigates the characteristics of flame propagation in a gasoline S.I engine through a combined thermodynamic and optical approach. Two high-speed CMOS camera were used together with an endoscopic system to visualize the early flame in a spark-ignited engine. An unintensified high-speed (20 kHz) imaging of early flame kernel formation and turbulent flame propagation for hundreds of consecutive combustion cycles has been analysed and compared to pressure-derived heat release rates and mass fraction burn (MFB) profiles. At very low light levels, the patterned read-out noise on the detector becomes significant. Filtering in the Fourier domain was effective in suppressing this noise component to acceptable levels. In this paper, a previously-developed algorithm with automatic dynamic thresholding was used to separately detect spark ignition and flame kernel in the image sequences. The detected flame boundary was post-processed to compute basic flame characteristics such as flame area and turbulent flame speed based on spherical flame propagation assumption. Ignition and flame propagation are compared for fast combustion cycles and slow combustion cycles based on the optical flame speed and crank angle resolved mass fraction burned profile. The good burn (fast) cycles show higher spark stretch caused by local tumble flow-field, greater early flame growth rate, and nearly spherical flame propagation at the center of combustion chamber. In contrast, the poor (slow) cycles show slower flame kernel growth rate, and mostly asymmetric flame propagation near the spark-plug and pent-roof of the combustion chamber. The analysis shows a good correlation between thermodynamics and optical data.
Diesel and various blending nanoparticles based diesel, fuel properties study
Authors: Norhafana M , Noor M M , Hagos F Y , Hairuddin A A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In recent years, many researches have been performed to find suitable alternative fuels to petroleum products. In the present investigation, an experimental work has been carried out to examine the fuel properties test for pure diesel, diesel blended with silicon oxide nano, diesel blended with titanium oxide nano and diesel blended with graphene nanoplate which are namely as D, DS5, DT5 and DG5 respectively. The results indicated that the pure diesel fuel density is higher than DT5 by about 1%. However, this value is reduced to about 1% for DG5 and DS5 respectively compared to diesel fuel due to the blending effects. Meanwhile, in calorific value test, DS5 fuel energy content is lower than diesel by about 1.5%. However, this value is reduced to about 1.43% and 1.37% for DG5 and DT5 respectively compared to diesel fuel due to the blending effects.
Wingsail technology as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuel
Authors: Ariffin N I B , Hannan M A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Since 3000 BC, wind sailing has been a means of travelling for the humankind. However, the objective of wind propulsion technology research these days is to ensure efficient, sustainable energy source for propulsion which will help to reduce the harmful impact of fossil fuel to the environment. Wingsail is one of such wind propulsion technologies widely studied these days. Although wingsail is mostly used in yacht, surfing and racing boats; this paper reports the findings of a feasibility study on using such technology in commercial vessels. ANSYS Fluent is used to perform this simulation-based study. A particular oil tanker of length 228 m is chosen, and it is found that wingsail can help to save around 2.6% of fuel per voyage for this particular ship on a particular route.
Prediction of maximum in-cylinder pressure by adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system method
Authors: Jaliliantabar Farzad , Najafi Gholamhassan , Mamat Rizalman , Ghobadian Barat 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A widely used method to substituting expensive experimental method in order to optimizing different parameters of technological application of equipment is using of modelling these phenomena by intelligent techniques. Hence, in this paper, an ANFIS (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system architecture) model has been used to predict one of the most important of the diesel engine which is cylinder pressure. Measurement of this parameter requires expensive and time consuming methods. Therefore, application of the mathematical method to prediction of this parameter is necessary. The inputs of this model are injection time, engine speed and engine load. The testing performance of the proposed ANFIS model revealed a good predictive capacity to yield acceptable error measures with, R2=0.99 and MSE=6.8. This model is not developed based on complicated mathematical formula and is easy to use. The result of study recommends that the ANFIS model can be successfully used to perdition of cylinder pressure according to effective parameters.
Kinematic and thermodynamic operational analysis of rhombic-drive Stirling engine prototype
Authors: Farid Zainudin Mohd , Abu Bakar Rosli , Kadirgama Kumaran a/l , Leong Ming Gan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This operational analysis is aimed for the next development of rhombic-drive beta-configuration Stirling engine prototype. The kinematic analysis focused on the adjustment of crank radius and connecting rod length, for achieving optimum phase angle setting and suitable eccentricity ratio based on geometrical constraints. The isothermal thermodynamic analysis is carried out to predict the engine performance between the baseline and proposed design parameters. The reciprocating displacement of moving pistons, volumetric displacement, cyclic pressure, energy produced and thermal efficiency are derived and solved. The results show that the reduction of crank radius increases the eccentricity ratio, while both reduction of connecting rod length and crank radius increase the phase angle setting. It is found that as the phase angle setting increase, the engine power output and thermal efficiency increase. The magnitudes of engine power and thermal efficiency may be elevated by modifying the geometrical design and operating condition.
Aerodynamic analysis and car body optimalization of saving energy “WARAK” using software Ansys Fluent R15.0
Authors: Basit Abdul , Septian Hidayatuloh Rikza , Royana Mutia 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Designing vehicle prototype saving energy is a thing should be seriously calculated, which is purpose to produce design are aerodynamic and streamline, also it drag force coefficient and less lift force to minimize the big engine work because the fraction cause of air so it could be saving the fuels. In the laboratory simulations, it test using scale as same as actual is 1:1. The yield of simulation gives coefficient value of drag in Warak is 0,09 as we want to be gained less than 0,1. In this simulation also present coefficient testing average value of lift about 0,17. From this, we can conclude that is very aerodynamic.
The dynamic behavior investigation of electric power wheelchair during the obstacle avoidance
Authors: Sollehudin bin Ibrahim Mohammad , Heerwan bin Peeie Mohamad 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The increment of the People with Disabilities (PWDs) keep increasing in each year and an urge of assisting these PWDs is demanding. Commercial manual wheelchair eases the mobility of the PWDs but there is side effect for the manual wheelchair users that is pain on shoulder area due to extensive daily propulsion of manual wheelchair for mobility. Therefore, this paper presents an approach towards the autonomous wheelchair whereas concerning the PWDs that have disabilities from upper to lower limbs. These paper investigates the dynamic behavior of the autonomous wheelchair during the obstacle avoidance. The experiment conducted on the Electric Power Wheelchair (EPW) and several participants divided base on gender and age for this particular investigation. This experiment uses the EPW as a first step before taking next step towards self-navigation system in order to understand the behavior of the autonomous wheelchair by using the intervention of human input on EPW. The participants will maneuver the EPW via joystick with several speed justifications that is determined during the pre-experimental set-up. This study focused on the changes in speed of both left and right tires and yaw angle during the obstacle avoidance. The data will be used as a reference for the autonomous wheelchair during the obstacle avoidance. The data that maneuvered manually by the participants also serve as the human-machine relationship whereas the data will be interpreted into the control systems that will be developed for the autonomous wheelchair. Based on the results, the changes of velocity could be seen from both left and right tires during the obstacle avoidance base on gender is different but the trend of the results significantly same for both male and female.
Design and construction of mobile Biochar Kiln for small farmers
Authors: Kiong Kong Kew , Sing Sii How 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Biomass is a renewable energy that attracted the global attention. Biochar is a product of pyrolysis of agricultural biomass under limited oxygen condition and the fire is lit at the top of the biomass. There was a variety of method or technique to produce biochar. A simple, practical and affordable unit of pyrolysis kiln was designed and fabricated to ease the small farmer to produce the biochar efficiently at low cost. Biochar samples were prepared from the pyrolysis process by using waste wood from the harvest site. Furthermore, pH level, surface area and other biochar characterization had been studies through laboratory test. Surface area of biochar observed through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Gas emission was observed during the trial run of the pyrolysis kiln. The portable biochar kiln can be constructed easily by the small farmer by using available metal. This is one of the methods which utilises the biomass efficiently and use it as soil nutrient supplement. This approach is more environmental friendly compare to open burning of waste wood at the harvest site. The general performance of the portable biochar kiln is satisfactory and is suitable for burning the waste biomass to produce biochar.
Design and development of small-scale oil palm waste shredder for achieving technical, economic and environmental sustainability
Authors: Djun Lee Man , Chuong Ting Kee , Jong Ngu Heng , Abu Hassan Norhasmillah 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper presents the design and development of an economically and technically feasible small-scale oil palm waste shredder. Oil palm waste management has always been a serious issue for palm oil industry in South East Asia. Poor waste management contributes to environmental problem and hence reducing consumers’ confidence in palm oil products. It was found that most available oil palm waste shredders are unaffordable due to high initial investment cost, large, heavy and unportable, which have been the drawbacks for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to participate in oil palm waste management industry. To rectify the situation, a low cost and small-scale oil palm waste shredder is introduced in this paper. Based on Quality Function Deployment (QFD) results, the main design concept deduced is to compromise acceptable efficiency with affordable price by integrating all mandatory components of oil palm waste shredder into a comparatively small and portable support structure. The innovations made in the modified design are: 2 to 3 multiples of size reduction, adoption of double-shafts cutters with 7 jaws technology, installation of oil palm fibre and waste juice collecting system and deployment of a portable machinery base equipped with caster wheels. Preliminary calculations supported the conceptual design which consists of torque generated from 5.5kW electric motor connected to a ZQ500 reducing gearbox. The cutting force produced is expected up to 19.45kN, which has a safety factor of 4.5 as compared to the maximum compression strength of oil palm fronds (OPFs) which is only 4.351kN. This conceptual design is expected to be able to handle other oil palm wastes like empty fruit bunches (EFBs) as oil palm fronds (OPF) are generally harder than other oil palm wastes.
Effects of heat transfer based water for three square multilayer absorber solar collector
Authors: Amiruddin Fikri Mohd , Fatihah Asri Fatin , Mohd Faizal Wan , Karimah Adli Hasyiya , Mamat Rizalman , Azmi W.H. , Ramadhan A. I. , Yusaf Talal 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Solar energy is one of the best sources of renewable energy with minimal environmental impact. In this study, the effect of absorber solar collector on the performance of the solar water heating system has been experimentally investigated. This study is aimed to obtain the output of temperature for absorber solar collector based on water moving to the system. In the solar water heating system, volume flow rate with 2, 3 and 4 liters per minute for each solar radiation for 300, 500 and 700 W/m2 respectively. The result indicates at higher temperature output at 700 W/m2 of solar radiation within 30 minutes during charging and discharging process at volume flow rate 4 l/m is 36.9 °C. A little bit difference for 300 and 500 W/m2 which are 36 °C and 36.6 °C respectively. Solar water heating systems, in difference collectors have long distance, have temperature increases based on water medium in the system. Heat transfer performance with different radiation intensities of 300, 500 and 700 W/m2. The heat transfer performance for radiation of 700 W/m2 shows the highest followed by 500 W/m2. The lowest heat transfer performance is seen at 300 W/m2.
Efficiency of photovoltaic technology for Citronella oil distillation
Authors: Safitri N , Rihayat T , Suryani  , Riskina S , Jazuli M , Siregar J P , Jaafar J , Cionita T , Fitria  
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Utilization of solar rays is currently very intensively carried out as renewable energy by utilizing endless energy due to its use, namely sunlight. Solar Cell or commonly called Photovoltaic system is a module that is used to absorb heat which is exposed to sunlight which is converted into electrical energy. The magnitude of the potential of sunlight that can be absorbed depends on the cell size and absorption of a solar cell against sunlight. In order to optimize the use of solar panels, a control system is needed that can control the position of the solar panel to always follow the direction and position of the sun automatically. Using modules (solar panels) with a capacity of 100 Wp can absorb heat converted to electricity as much as 100 watts/hour. This is a big advantage if it is able to be applied as a conventional electric substitute. In Southeast Asia in Aceh especially the sun shines from 09.00 a.m. until 15.00 a.m. this is a big advantage, by using a solar cell that has a capacity of 100 Wp for ± 5 hours a day when exposure to sunlight can produce power of 650 Watts/day. If the solar cell is used as many as 48 units of solar cells, then in a day can produce as much as 24,000 watts of electrical energy. This potential electrical energy can commonly use to facilitate the distillation of essential oils.
The effect of basin geometry on gravitational vortex hydropower
Authors: Warjito  , Budiarso  , Christopher C R , Adanta D 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study aims to determine the shape of the conical basin that is suitable to be applied to the gravitational vortex hydropower (GVHP) by observing the shifting location of the core of water vortex. Three types of basin that will be observed are: a basin with cylindrical height of 20 mm (type A); a basin with conical height of 20 mm and cone angle of 60° (type B); and a basin with conical diameter of 50 mm, conical height of 20 mm, and cone angle of 45° (type C). There are two methods which were used, the analytical method was used to determine geometric parameters which affect water vortex formation, and then the numerical method was performed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with multiphase, transient-SST, and steady-state condition. Highest velocity was achieved with conical basin type B which will form a strong water vortex formation. If the velocity gets higher, the pressure will also drop. Velocity gets higher gradually until it reaches the outlet, which in turn causing pressure to drop gradually as well. This will create pressure differences which will cause a suction effect and form a strong water vortex. Thus, the conical basin (type B) was concluded to be a basin which creates a good water vortex formation.