bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopic localization versus percutaneous CT‐guided localization for thoracoscopic resection of small pulmonary nodules
Authors: Yang Yan‐Long , Li Zi‐Zhe , Huang Wei‐Chao , Zhuang Jia , Lin Dai‐Ying , Zhong Wen‐Zhao , Lan Bin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundIdentification of small pulmonary nodules is challenging in a limited intrathoracic field during minimally invasive video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), and preoperative localization is required. Various techniques have been reported with some failure and complications. Here, we compare the feasibility and safety between electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopic marking and computed tomography (CT)‐guided percutaneous marking using indocyanine green (ICG) and iopamidol.MethodsA total of 47 patients with small‐sized pulmonary nodules, scheduled to undergo video‐assisted thoracoscopic limited resection, were enrolled in this study. A mixture of diluted ICG and iopamidol was injected into the lung parenchyma as a marker, using CT‐guided percutaneous or electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopic injection techniques and the results were examined and compared.ResultsA total of 35 and 12 patients underwent preoperative marking by percutaneous injection and electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopic injection, respectively, in which a marker was detected in 33/35 (94.3%) and 12/12 (100%) patients. No combination of these procedures was performed in any patient. All markers were successfully detected in three patients who underwent injection marking at two different lesion sites. Pneumothorax occurred in five patients (14%) in the percutaneous marking group, which was relieved in all patients without the necessity for chest tube drainage. No other complication was observed in this study.ConclusionsElectromagnetic navigation bronchoscopic injection techniques using indocyanine green fluorescence plus iopamidol are safe and effective, and comparable with CT‐guided localization. Furthermore, a bronchoscopic approach enables marking of multiple lesion areas without increasing patient risk, especially for puncture‐related pneumothorax.Key pointsSignificant findings of the study
Either computed tomography (CT)‐guided percutaneous or electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopic injection techniques can be used for preoperative marking of pulmonary nodules with indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence.
What this study adds
Indocyanine green (ICG) is a safe and easily detectable fluorescent marker for video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS).
A bronchoscopic injection approach enables marking of multiple lesion areas without increasing the risk of pneumothorax.
The effectiveness of corporate governance hybrid models in emerging markets: The case of the Issuer Recognition program
Authors: González Maximiliano , Guzmán Alexander , Téllez Diego , Trujillo María‐Andrea 
Published: January 2021

AbstractResearch question/issueWhat is the Issuer Recognition (IR) program, and what has been its impact as a new and replicable corporate governance hybrid form used in the Colombian Securities Exchange (CSE)?Research findings/insightsWe find that the IR program has significantly increased the information disclosure level of the adopting firms. This set of firms that were among the opaquest businesses in the region in 2010 ranked at the top in terms of disclosure in 2017. In addition, using as a benchmark the rate of implementation of the Colombian Country Code (soft law), we are able to show that the IR program serves as a strong signaling mechanism in the Colombian capital market.Theoretical/academic implicationsThe literature is not conclusive on the effectiveness of hard law and soft law regulations in the emerging markets. In this paper, we show that hybrid models, such as the innovative Colombian's IR, might serve as a solution for the effective implementation of good corporate governance practices at the country level.Practitioner/policy implicationsThe advantages and impacts of hybrid models are relatively unknown for policymakers, stock exchange promoters, and agency surveillance bodies, given the lack of empirical evidence of their application's effects. This paper seeks to increase the awareness of these models and call for their development and implementation, especially in emerging markets.
Care partner–assisted intervention to improve oral health for older adults with cognitive impairment: A feasibility study
Authors: Wu Bei , Anderson Ruth A. , Pei Yaolin , Xu Hanzhang , Nye Kathleen , Poole Patricia , Bunn Melanie , Lynn Downey Christine , Plassman Brenda L. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesOlder adults with cognitive impairment often experience poor oral health outcomes due to inadequate oral hygiene practices. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a care partner–assisted intervention to improve the oral hygiene of community‐dwelling older adults with cognitive impairment.Material and MethodsThe 6‐month intervention included 25 older adults with mild dementia or mild cognitive impairment, who were randomly assigned to Treatment Group 1 or Treatment Group 2. Treatment Group 1 (n = 7) received an educational booklet. Treatment Group 2 (n = 18) received a booklet, a tailored care plan for the participants with cognitive impairment and the care partner received four coaching sessions to learn to facilitate good oral hygiene. Both groups received electric toothbrushes. The study consisted of a 3‐month active intervention and 3‐month maintenance phase. The outcomes of gingival index, plaque index and overall oral health status based on the Oral Health Assessment Tool were measured at baseline, 3 months (end of active intervention) and 6 months of the study.ResultsThis study had very low dropout rate. Participants’ oral hygiene improved in this study. In comparison to Treatment Group 1, participants in Treatment Group 2 had a greater reduction in plaque level and gingival inflammation, and greater improvement in overall oral health status.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the feasibility of this intervention designed to improve the oral health of persons with cognitive impairment and it lays the foundation for using this protocol in a future large randomised clinical trial.
Detection of browning of fresh‐cut potato chips based on machine vision and electronic nose
Authors: Hongyang Tu , Daming Huang , Xingyi Huang , Aheto Joshua Harrington , Yi Ren , Yu Wang , Ji Liu , Shuai Niu , Mengqi Xu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study explored the feasibility of achieving rapid nondestructive detection of browning in potatoes from a visual and olfactory perspective. In five grades, 15 pieces were taken out from each batch, respectively, and tested for browning characteristics using Chroma meter (CM), machine vision (MV), and electronic nose (E‐nose). Linear discriminant analysis, support vector machine (SVM), K‐Nearest Neighbor, and Back Propagation Artificial Neuron Network were used to classify the samples. The discriminant accuracy of the MV and E‐nose datasets was 0.960 and 0.813, respectively, and this increased to 1,000 after data fusion. Partial least squares regression and SVM regression were also used to investigate the correlation between two data sets and CM data. The MV results for L*, a*, and b* were 0.864, 0.966, and 0.992, with variances of 1.062, 0.575, and 0.123, respectively, indicating a very strong correlation. The predicted result of E‐nose for a* reached 0.705, and the variance was 1.815, which also showed a high correlation. The data fusion models for L*, a*, and b* yielded 0.883, 0.968, and 0.997, with variances of 1.264, 0.633, and 0.083, respectively. These results indicated that MV and E‐nose can be used as nondestructive detection tools for detecting browning in potatoes.Practical ApplicationsPotato products are popular among consumers because of its rich nutrition and processing characteristics. However, enzymatic reactions during peeling and processing of fresh‐cut potato results in color defects which compromise the quality of the final products. Therefore, it is an inevitable requirement for the development of the industry to adopt appropriate methods to detect and prevent browning in fresh‐cut potatoes as a means of strengthening quality management. The present study explored the feasibility of rapid nondestructive detection of browning in potato from the visual and olfactory aspects. A new idea for the application of machine vision and electronic nose in the field of nondestructive detection of agricultural products was proposed. At the same time, this article has certain reference value to the quality management of potato and other fruit and vegetable processing industry.
State of the evidence: a survey of global disparities in clinical trials
Authors: Marshall Iain James , L'Esperance Veline , Marshall Rachel , Thomas James , Noel-Storr Anna , Soboczenski Frank , Nye Benjamin , Nenkova Ani , Wallace Byron C 
Published: January 2021

IntroductionIdeally, health conditions causing the greatest global disease burden should attract increased research attention. We conducted a comprehensive global study investigating the number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published on different health conditions, and how this compares with the global disease burden that they impose.MethodsWe use machine learning to monitor PubMed daily, and find and analyse RCT reports. We assessed RCTs investigating the leading causes of morbidity and mortality from the Global Burden of Disease study. Using regression models, we compared numbers of actual RCTs in different health conditions to numbers predicted from their global disease burden (disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)). We investigated whether RCT numbers differed for conditions disproportionately affecting countries with lower socioeconomic development.ResultsWe estimate 463 000 articles describing RCTs (95% prediction interval 439 000 to 485 000) were published from 1990 to July 2020. RCTs recruited a median of 72 participants (IQR 32–195). 82% of RCTs were conducted by researchers in the top fifth of countries by socio-economic development. As DALYs increased for a particular health condition by 10%, the number of RCTs in the same year increased by 5% (3.2%–6.9%), but the association was weak (adjusted R2=0.13). Conditions disproportionately affecting countries with lower socioeconomic development, including respiratory infections and tuberculosis (7000 RCTs below predicted) and enteric infections (9700 RCTs below predicted), appear relatively under-researched for their disease burden. Each 10% shift in DALYs towards countries with low and middle socioeconomic development was associated with a 4% reduction in RCTs (3.7%–4.9%). These disparities have not changed substantially over time.ConclusionResearch priorities are not well optimised to reduce the global burden of disease. Most RCTs are produced by highly developed countries, and the health needs of these countries have been, on average, favoured.
The effects of short-term low energy availability, achieved through diet or exercise, on cognitive function in oral contraceptive users and eumenorrheic women
Authors: Martin Dan , Papageorgiou Maria , Colgan Hannah , Bandelow Stephan , Greeves Julie , Tang Jonathan C. Y. , Fraser William , Cooper Simon B. , Sale Craig , Elliott-Sale Kirsty J 
Published: January 2021

To date, no research has explored the effects of low energy availability (EA) on cognitive performance using dietary and exercise regimens relevant to athletes. Twenty female participants (10 eumenorrheic, 10 oral contraceptive [OC] users) completed three, 3-day conditions: 1) controlled-balanced EA without exercise (BAL; 45 kcal·kg·LBM-1·day-1), 2) diet-induced low EA without exercise (DIET; 15 kcal·kg·LBM-1·day-1) and 3) exercise-induced low EA (EX; 15 kcal·kg·LBM-1·day-1, including 30 kcal·kg·LBM-1·day-1 treadmill running at 70% V̇O2max). A cognitive test battery was completed before and after each 3-day condition. Mental rotation test accuracy improved in the BAL condition, but there was a decline in accuracy in the EX condition (BAL, +2.5%; EX, -1.4%; P = 0.042, d = 0.85). DIET (+1.3%) was not different to BAL or EX (P > 0.05). All other measures of cognitive performance were not affected by condition (P > 0.05) and OC use did not affect cognitive responses (P > 0.05). Accuracy in the mental rotation test was impaired when low EA was induced through increased exercise energy expenditure. All other aspects of cognition were unaffected by three days of low EA through diet or exercise. OC use did not mediate the effect of low EA on cognition. Novelty bullets • Cognitive function was not affected by 3 days diet-induced low energy availability (EA). • Only spatial awareness was impaired during 3 days exercise-induced low EA. • Reproductive hormones affected spatial awareness independent of EA.
The Survival of the Unfit
Authors: Dimock Wai Chee 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Is there room for weaklings in Darwin's theory of evolution? The “survival of the fittest”–that muscular phrase taken from Herbert Spencer–would seem to suggest not. A more nuanced and counterintuitive picture emerges, however, when fitness is remapped: as a form of mutuality between the human and the nonhuman, rather than an exclusively human attribute vested in a single individual. I explore that possibility in the contemporary novel, a genre evolving steadily away from its Victorian antecedent, and circling back to the epic to reclaim an elemental realism, alert to the reparative as well as destructive forces of the nonhuman world. In Barbara King-solver's The Poisonwood Bible and Richard Powers's The Overstory, these nonhuman forces turn the novel into a shelter for disabled characters, granting them a testing ground and a future all the more vital for being uncertain.
Organic Reformations in Richard Powers's The Overstory
Authors: Stewart Garrett 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Richard Powers takes the literary concept of “organic form” to new exploratory lengths–and satellite heights–in his latest ecofiction. In particular, the novelist who has proselytized voice-recognition software for the dictation of novelistic prose offers with that advice an unexpected leverage on the structuring “understory” (the botanical term) for his Pulitzer Prize–winning novel The Overstory (2018). In both textual phonetics and mapped thematic links, marked patterns of recurrence are to prose, here as elsewhere, what rhyme and meter are to poetry. In a novel that seeks to attune us to the secret “semaphores” of forest life, such elicited traces of nonhuman signaling articulate a vital terrestrial network evoked through a scale of decoded pattern that, in developing its own stylistic echosystem, answers to the environing field of narrative action, and forest activism, across eight different biographical plotlines in the novel's convergent cast of characters.
Video Games & the Novel
Authors: Hayot Eric 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the last sixty years, the video game industry has grown from quite literally nothing to a behemoth larger than the film or television industries. This enormous change in the shape of cultural production has failed to make much of an impact on the study of culture more generally, partly because video games seem so much less culturally important than novels. No one has ever imagined the Great American Video Game. But video games have more in common with novels than you might think, and vice versa. Anyone trying to understand the combination of neoliberal individualism and righteous murderousness that characterizes our world today will do well to pay them some attention.
Predicting the Ease of Human Category Learning Using Radial Basis Function Networks
Authors: Roads Brett D. , Mozer Michael C. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Our goal is to understand and optimize human concept learning by predicting the ease of learning of a particular exemplar or category. We propose a method for estimating ease values, quantitative measures of ease of learning, as an alternative to conducting costly empirical training studies. Our method combines a psychological embedding of domain exemplars with a pragmatic categorization model. The two components are integrated using a radial basis function network (RBFN) that predicts ease values. The free parameters of the RBFN are fit using human similarity judgments, circumventing the need to collect human training data to fit more complex models of human categorization. We conduct two category-training experiments to validate predictions of the RBFN. We demonstrate that an instance-based RBFN outperforms both a prototype-based RBFN and an empirical approach using the raw data. Although the human data were collected across diverse experimental conditions, the predicted ease values strongly correlate with human learning performance. Training can be sequenced by (predicted) ease, achieving what is known as fading in the psychology literature and curriculum learning in the machine-learning literature, both of which have been shown to facilitate learning.
Marcionism and Luke 3:22
Authors: Patel Shaily Shashikant 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
One of the most intriguing textual variants in the New Testament occurs at Luke 3:22, the scene depicting the heavenly voice at Jesus’s baptism. This particular variant has broad consequences for how scholars understand the place of Luke’s Gospel within the Christological controversies that dominated the 2nd and 3rd centuries. Considering external, intrinsic, and transcriptional evidence, this article argues that perceived fears about Marcionism in proto-orthodox circles precipitated the textual corruption at Luke 3:22, prompting a theological redactor to introduce a reading that compounds Christological notions of messiah, prophet, and king in an attempt to strengthen Jesus’s links to Jewish history.
Is it Possible to Define the Impossible – What is a ‘Community’ for Purposes of Section 235 of the Constitution of South Africa?
Authors: De Villiers Bertus 
Published: January 2021

The Constitution of South Africa contains the promise in Section 235 that any community that shares a common language and cultural heritage may be granted self-determination. The Constitution does not give any guidance about who the communities are that qualify for this self-determination. Terms such as minority, nationality and peoples have been notoriously difficult to define. The term ‘community’ has now been added to this list. In this article, consideration is given to international law and state constitutional law to ascertain how the term ‘community’ can be applied in South Africa; whether the term ‘culture’ should be used to expand or restrict the composition of the language community; and whether the community should be organised at a national level or whether local and regional communities could also qualify for a form of self-determination.
Can a Language be Islamic?
Authors: Versteegh Kees 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In a number of publications Alessandro Bausani employed the label ‘Islamic/Muslim language’ to characterize languages that were profoundly influenced by Arabic and/or Persian. In this paper I investigate the analytical usefulness of such a label from a linguistic perspective. In particular, I deal with loanwords from Arabic and the use of Arabic script for other languages and compare the interaction between religion and language in the Islamic world with that in Jewish languages. I conclude that what Bausani was actually referring to was the deep sense of religio-cultural relationship between speakers of diverse languages who had adopted Islam. Labels such as ‘Islamic/Muslim’ should therefore be applied to these speakers, rather than to their languages.
Lightning Frequency in an Idealized Hurricane-Like Vortex from Initial to Steady-State Using a Coupled Meteorological and Explicit Bulk Lightning Model
Authors: Sato Yousuke , Miyamoto Yoshiaki , Tomita Hirofumi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe dependence of lightning frequency on the life cycle of an idealized tropical cyclone (TC) was investigated using a three-dimensional meteorological model coupled with an explicit lightning model. To investigate this dependence, an idealized numerical simulation covering the initial state to the steady state (SS) of an idealized TC was conducted. The simulation was consistent with the temporal evolution of lightning frequency reported by previous observational studies. Our analyses showed that the dependence originates from changes in the types of convective cloud with lightning over the life cycle of the TC. Before rapid intensification (RI) and in the early stage of RI, convective cloud cells that form under high-convective available potential energy (CAPE) conditions are the main contributors to lightning. As the TC reaches the late stage of RI and approaches SS, the secondary circulation becomes prominent and convective clouds in the eyewall region alongside the secondary circulation gradually become the main contributors to the lightning. In the convective cloud cells formed under high-CAPE conditions, upward velocity is strong and large charge density is provided through noninductive charge separation induced by graupel collisions. This large charge density frequently induces lightning in the clouds. On the other hand, the vertical velocity in the eyewall is weak, and it tends to contribute to lightning only when the TC reaches the mature stage. Our analyses imply that the maximum lightning frequency that occurs before the maximum intensity of a TC corresponds to the stage of a TC’s life cycle in which convective cloud cells are generated most frequently and moisten the upper troposphere.
Beyond Strictly Proper Scoring Rules: The Importance of Being Local
Authors: Du Hailiang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe evaluation of probabilistic forecasts plays a central role both in the interpretation and in the use of forecast systems and their development. Probabilistic scores (scoring rules) provide statistical measures to assess the quality of probabilistic forecasts. Often, many probabilistic forecast systems are available while evaluations of their performance are not standardized, with different scoring rules being used to measure different aspects of forecast performance. Even when the discussion is restricted to strictly proper scoring rules, there remains considerable variability between them; indeed strictly proper scoring rules need not rank competing forecast systems in the same order when none of these systems are perfect. The locality property is explored to further distinguish scoring rules. The nonlocal strictly proper scoring rules considered are shown to have a property that can produce “unfortunate” evaluations, particularly the fact that the continuous rank probability score prefers the outcome close to the median of the forecast distribution regardless of the probability mass assigned to the value at/near the median raises concern to its use. The only local strictly proper scoring rule, the logarithmic score, has direct interpretations in terms of probabilities and bits of information. The nonlocal strictly proper scoring rules, on the other hand, lack meaningful direct interpretation for decision support. The logarithmic score is also shown to be invariant under smooth transformation of the forecast variable, while the nonlocal strictly proper scoring rules considered may, however, change their preferences due to the transformation. It is therefore suggested that the logarithmic score always be included in the evaluation of probabilistic forecasts.