bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient and Public Involvement in doctoral research: Reflections and experiences of the PPI contributors and researcher
Authors: Dawson Shoba , Ruddock Angela , Parmar Veena , Morris Rebecca , Cheraghi-sohi Sudeh , Giles Sally , Campbell Stephen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) has received considerable attention in the last two decades and working in partnership and co-design have now become a prerequisite in health services research in the UK. However, there is a lack of evidence and consistency in recording PPI and related activities. Researchers and PPI contributors are encouraged to record and reflect on the impact of PPI on research. There is significant variation in the way PPI contributors are involved, and it is often limited to some stages of the research cycle than others, without any reflections on the decision-making process for such involvement or any transferable learning. This paper aims to highlight how PPI was embedded in a doctoral research project, the PPI contributors and researcher’s reflections and key recommendations for involving people in doctoral research specifically, but also health services research generally.Methods A reflective approach was taken using data from PPI contributor and researcher notes, e-mail correspondence, meeting notes. Data is presented narratively to reflect on the experiences of involvement throughout the research cycle.Results Undertaking PPI enhanced the quality and relevance of the doctoral research, contributed to the recruitment of study participants, data analysis and dissemination. Building trust and relationships with PPI contributors was key to continued involvement throughout the life of the project and beyond. There is a need to adopt flexible approaches rather than a one-size-fits-all model when working with PPI contributors. Reflections by PPI contributors and the researcher emphasises that involvement was a rewarding experience.Conclusions This paper contributes to the wider literature by providing an exemplar of how PPI can be embedded in doctoral research and demonstrates the value of PPI to the research process and the individuals involved. We also present recommendations on how PPI can be incorporated by doctoral and postdoctoral researchers when planning PPI in their research project.
Multiplex PCR for simultaneous genotyping of kdr mutations V410L, V1,016I and F1,534C in Aedes aegypti (L.)
Authors: Villanueva-Segura Karina , Ponce-Garcia Gustavo , Lopez-Monroy Beatriz , Mora-Jasso Esteban de J. , Perales Lucia , Gonzalez-Santillan Francisco J. , Ontiveros-Zapata Kevin , Davila-Barboza Jesus A. , Flores Adriana E 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
BackgroundKnock down resistance (kdr) is the main mechanism that confers resistance to pyrethroids and DDT. This is a product of nonsynonymous mutations in the he voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene, these mutations produce a change of a single amino acid which reduces the affinity of the target site for the insecticide molecule. In Mexico, V410L, V1,016I and F1,534C mutations are common in pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti (L.) populations.MethodsA multiplex PCR was developed to detect the V410L, V1,016I and F1,534C mutations in Ae. aegypti. The validation of the technique was carried out using wild populations previously characterized for the three mutations through allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) and with different levels of genotypic frequencies.ResultsThe standardized protocol for multiplex endpoint PCR was highly effective in detecting 12 genotypes in five wild Ae. aegypti populations from Mexico. A complete concordance with AS-PCR was found for the simultaneous detection of the three kdr mutations.Conclusions﻿Our diagnostic method is highly effective for the simultaneous detection of V410L, V1,016I and F1,534C, when they co-occur. This technique represents a viable alternative to complement and strengthen current monitoring and resistance management strategies against Ae. aegypti.
Identification of Cryptosporidium species, Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes, and Giardia duodenalis assemblages in birds in Henan, China
Authors: Dong Haiju , Cheng Ru , Li Xinmiao , Li Junqiang , Chen Yuancai , Ban Chaoping , Zhang Xiangqian , Liu Fang , Zhang Longxian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
BackgroundDomesticated, wild, and migratory birds have been known to transmit diseases such as diarrhea in humans and other animals, but studies specifically on the zoonotic pathogens Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis in birds in Henan Province, China are lacking. Hence, this study sought to characterize the prevalence of these pathogens, and to identify the different species of Cryptosporidium and their phylogenetic relationships, the genotypes of E. bieneusi, and the assemblages of G. duodenalis, in birds in the province. MethodsFresh fecal samples were collected from birds in parks and pet shops in Henan, China and were screened for the presence of the pathogens using nest-PCR amplification of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene. ResultsA total of 1,005 fecal samples were collected from 32 species of birds. 21 fecal samples (2.09%) were found positive for Cryptosporidium spp., 45 (4.48%) for E. bieneusi, and 33 (3.28%) for G. duodenalis. This study identified five Cryptosporidium species: C. baileyi (10 out of 21 fecal samples, 47.62%) in crested myna (Acridotheres cristatellus), Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora), Chinese hwamei (Garrulax canorus), common quail (Coturnix coturnix), and Chinese grosbeak (Eophona migratoria); C. galli (5/21, 23.81%) in Chinese blackbird (Turdus mandarinus), zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), and white-eyes (Zosterops sp.); C. andersoni (1/21, 4.76%) in a white-eye for the first time; C. meleagridis (4/21, 19.05%) in parrots and crested myna; and C. parvum (1/21, 4.76%) in a pigeon. Two E. bieneusi genotypes: Peru6 and PtEb I were found in pigeons and European turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur). The G. duodenalis assemblage E was detected in parrots, common hill myna, crested myna, Java sparrow, white-eyes, black-throated laughingthrush, and other birds. ConclusionsOur findings indicate that the aforementioned species of birds in Henan, China could be a source of zoonotic pathogens, such as C. meleagridis, C. andersoni, C. parvum, E. bieneusi genotype Peru6, and G. duodenalis assemblage E, that cause diseases in humans.
Development of Sarcophaga dux (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) at constant temperatures and differential gene expression for age estimation of intrapuparial
Authors: Zhang Xiangyan , Li Yi , Shang Yanjie , Ren Lipin , Chen Wei , Wang Shiwen , Guo Yadong 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
BackgroundSarcophaga dux (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is a necrophagous flesh fly with potential forensic value in estimating minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). The basic developmental data and precise intrapuparial age estimates are significant for PMImin estimationof application entomological data in legal medicine.MethodsThe development parameters of S. dux at seven constant temperatures from 16°C to 34°C were investigated by rearing using pig lung in the artificial climate box. The appropriate reference genes and intrapuparial differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of S. dux at constant temperatures 34, 25 and 16°C were selected and analyzed using RT-qPCR for more precisely age estimations. ResultsThe developmental durations of S. dux at 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31 and 34°C from larviposition to adult eclosion were 1478.6±18.3, 726.1±15.8, 538.5±0.9, 394.1±9.5, 375.6±10.8, 284.1±7.3, and 252.5±6.1 h, respectively. The thermal summation constant of S. dux was 5341.71±249.29 degree hours, and the developmental threshold temperature was 12.266±0.35°C. The most reliable reference genes under intrapuparial and different temperature in our study were: GST1 and 18S rRNA for 34°C group, GST1 and RPL49 for 25 °C group, and 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA for 16 °C group，the four differential expression genes (Hsp60, A-alpha, ARP, RPL8) can be used to more precisely intrapuparial age estimation of S. dux. ConclusionsThe basic developmental data of S. dux at constant temperatures, such as body length changing of the larva period, accumulated degree hours and duration of development, to establish developmental models that can be used to estimate the PMImin. The selection and evaluation of appropriate reference genes at different experimental conditions are primary with RT-qPCR. The differentially expressed gene can contribute to more accuracy age estimations of S. dux intrapuparial. The result from this study can make contributes to the use of S.dux for estimating PMImin.
Hypercapnia promotes microglial pyroptosis via inhibiting mitophagy: implication in neuroinflammation in hypoxemic adult rats
Authors: Ding Hong-Guang , Li Xu-Sheng , Liu Xin-Qiang , Wang Kang-Rong , Li Ya , Wen Miao-Yun , Zeng Hong-Ke 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background: Hypoxemia is a typical symptom of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Ventilations are always needed for correcting hypoxemia. To avoid pulmonary morbidity, low tidal volume ventilation is often applied. The ventilation strategy will certainly result in hypercapnia. Our previous study found that hypercapnia could induce IL-1β overproduction in hypoxia-activated microglia. However, the underlying mechanism has remained unclear. This study aimed to explore whether hypercapnia would promote microglial pyroptosis via inhibiting mitophagy in adult rats with hypoxemia. Methods: Cerebral oxygen extraction ratio (CERO2), partial pressure of brain tissue oxygen (PbtO2), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in brain tissue in a rat model of hypercapnia/hypoxemia were evaluated. Along with this, the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and ROS production of BV-2 microglial cells were evaluated after 15% CO2/0.2% O2 treatment. Mitophagy was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The protein expression level of LC3-II/I, p62, caspase-1, gasdermin D-N domains (GSDMD-N), IL-1β and IL-18 in microglial cells were detected before and after application of a ROS scavenger in vivo and in vitro. Results: PbtO2 level was elevated by hypercapnia in the hypoxemic rats in the first 1.5 h, but it was significantly decreased 2 h after ventilation. This was further evident by the increased levels of CERO2 at 3 h after ventilation. Besides, a high concentration of CO2 treatment could increase the levels of OCR in hypoxic BV-2 microglial cells in vitro. Expression levels of LC3-II were reduced, while those of p62 were increased by hypercapnia in the hypoxic hippocampus and BV-2 microglia. Autophagosomes could be seen in hypoxia treated microglial cells under TEM, while those were rarely observed in hypercapnia + hypoxia treated microglia. Hypercapnia markedly increased the production of ROS and the expression of caspase-1, GSDMD-N, IL-1β, and IL-18 in hypoxia-activated microglia both in vivo and in vitro. Pharmacological scavenging ROS inhibited microglial pyroptosis and expression of IL-1β and IL-18.Conclusion: Hypercapnia-induced mitophagy inhibition may promote pyroptosis and enhance IL-1β and IL-18 release in hypoxia-activated microglia.
Effect of Electro-acupuncture (EA) and Manual Acupuncture (MA) on Markers of Inflammation in knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Shi Guang-Xia , Wang Tian-Qi , Yang Jing-Wen , Tu Jian-Feng , Wang Li-Qiong , Lin Lu-Lu , Wang Yu , Li Yong-Ting , Liu Cun-Zhi 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background Inflammation plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Although both Electro-acupuncture (EA) and Manual Acupuncture (MA) are known to influence systemic inflammation, little is known about the potential changes in inflammation as a working mechanism of EA and MA in KOA.Methods Data from the Acupuncture for Knee Osteoarthritis Trial (ATKOA) were used. Serum concentrations of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL-4, IL-10,IL-13,IL-15, IL-17, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), CC­chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), and cartilage degradation biomarkers (matrix metalloproteinase-1 MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13 and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein COMP) were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of treatment. Clinical outcomes were valid and reliable self-reported pain and function measures for osteoarthritis using the Western Ontario and McMasters osteoarthritis index questionnaire (WOMAC) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at baseline and post-treatment.Results Both 8-weeks EA and MA significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β) and cartilage degradation biomarkers (MMP-3, MMP-13), significantly increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-13 compared with pre-treatment (p<0.05). Further, the reduction of TNF-α were more significant in EA when compared to MA (p=0.046). While, there was no significant difference between groups in cytokines IL-1β (p=0.102), MMP-3(p=0.113), MMP-13(p=0.623) or IL-13(p=0.935). Moreover, in both EA and MA the effect of acupuncture on the VAS and WOMAC function scale after 8 weeks is clinically important, although no significant differences were found between groups.Conclusions 8 weeks of both EA and MA seem to provide improvement in pain relief and function among individuals with mild to moderate knee OA. This benefit is partly mediated by changes of major inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-13.
Better efficacy in differentiating WHO grade II from III oligodendrogliomas with machine-learning than radiologist’s reading from conventional T1 contrast-enhanced and fluid attenuated inversion recovery images
Authors: Zhao Sha-Sha , Feng Xiu-Long , Hu Yu-Chuan , Han Yu , Tian Qiang , Sun Ying-Zhi , Zhang Jie , Ge Xiang-Wei , Cheng Si-Chao , Li Xiu-Li , Mao Li , Shen Shu-Ning , Yan Lin-Feng , Cui Guang-Bin , Wang Wen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background: The medical imaging to differentiate World Health Organization (WHO) grade II (ODG2) from III (ODG3) oligodendrogliomas still remains a challenge. We investigated whether combination of machine leaning with radiomics from conventional T1 contrast-enhanced (T1CE) and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offered superior efficacy. Methods: Thirty-six patients with histologically confirmed ODGs underwent T1CE and 33 of them underwent FLAIR MR examination before any intervention from January 2015 to July 2017 were retrospectively recruited in the current study. The volume of interest (VOI) covering the whole tumor enhancement were manually drawn on the T1CE and FLAIR slice by slice using ITK-SNAP and a total of 1072 features were extracted from the VOI using 3-D slicer software. Random forest (RF) algorithm was applied to differentiate ODG2 from ODG3 and the efficacy was tested with 5-fold cross validation. The diagnostic efficacy of radiomics-based machine learning and radiologist’s assessment were also compared. Results: Nineteen ODG2 and 17 ODG3 were included in this study and ODG3 tended to present with prominent necrosis and nodular/ring-like enhancement (P < 0.05). The AUC, ACC, sensitivity, and specificity of radiomics were 0.798, 0.735, 0.672, 0.789 for T1CE, 0.774, 0.689, 0.700, 0.683 for FLAIR, as well as 0.861, 0.781, 0.778, 0.783 for the combination, respectively. The AUCs of radiologists 1, 2 and 3 were 0.700, 0.687, and 0.714, respectively. The efficacy of machine learning based on radiomics was superior to the radiologists' assessment. Conclusions: Machine-learning based on radiomics of T1CE and FLAIR offered superior efficacy to that of radiologists in differentiating ODG2 from ODG3.
Agronomic Practices Affecting Nicotine Concentration in Flue‐Cured Tobacco: A Review
Authors: Henry Josh B. , Vann Matthew C. , Lewis Ramsey S. 
Published: December 2019

Proposed regulations mandating lower nicotine concentrations in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) products will likely require changes in tobacco production to reduce nicotine while maintaining yield and quality. The agronomic practices used for tobacco production have a significant impact on the synthesis and accumulation of nicotine in flue‐cured tobacco. Nicotine is the primary alkaloid in flue‐cured tobacco and is one of the main reasons for its commercial production. Most agronomic practices that improve plant health and yield have a positive effect on nicotine production and accumulation. Some of the most important factors that affect nicotine concentrations are N fertilization, planting density, topping practices, sucker control, and harvesting practices. The amount of N available to the plant has a substantial effect on nicotine, as N is a primary component of the nicotine molecule. Factors leading to higher N uptake lead to higher nicotine concentrations. Plant and leaf densities within the field also have a significant effect on nicotine, where increasing densities leads to lower nicotine concentrations. Flowering and sucker production are both significant sinks of energy and other resources. Eliminating the inflorescence via topping and controlling suckers lead to higher nicotine concentrations. In fact, substantial nicotine synthesis and accumulation occurs in the days and weeks following topping. This comprehensive review discusses the agronomic factors affecting alkaloid production in flue‐cured tobacco, and how these factors can be adjusted to manipulate the ultimate nicotine concentration.Core Ideas

Proposed regulations may require lower tobacco nicotine concentrations.
Production practices and timing significantly influence nicotine and leaf quality.
Nitrogen fertility, crop density, growth regulation, and harvesting are paramount.
Low density, high N, and increased maturity enhance nicotine accumulation.
Flowers and axillary shoots are sinks that limit foliar nicotine concentrations.
Occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in river water and sediment of the Mahakam River
Authors: Hadibarata Tony , Kristanti Risky Ayu , Mahmoud Ahmed Hossam 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The study was performed to examine the occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including four steroid estrogens, one plasticizer, and three preservatives in the Mahakam River, Indonesia. The physicochemical analysis of river water and sediment quality parameters were determined as well as the concentration of EDCs. The range of values for pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, and oil/grease in river water and sediment were higher than recommended limits prescribed by the World Health Organization's Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (GDWQ). Bisphenol A (BPA) was the most widely found EDC with the highest concentration level at 652 ng/L (mean 134 ng/L) in the river water and ranged from ND (not detected) to 952 ng/L (mean 275 ng/L) in the sediment. Correlation analysis to investigate the relationship between the EDCs' concentrations in water and sediment also revealed a significant correlation (R2 = 0.93) between the EDCs' concentrations. High concentrations of EDCs are found in urban and residential areas because these compounds are commonly found in both human and animal bodies, resulting in the disposal of EDCs into canals and rivers in urban and suburban areas, as well as livestock manure and waste that is generated from intensive livestock farming around the suburban area.
Research Situation Analysis of On-line Detection Technology for Power Transformer Winding Deformation
Authors: Li Zhenhua , Jiang Weihui , Qiu Li , Li Zhenxing , Xu Yanchun 
Published: December 2019

Background:
Winding deformation is one of the most common faults in power transformers,
which seriously threatens the safe operation of transformers. In order to discover the hidden
trouble of transformer in time, it is of great significance to actively carry out the research of
transformer winding deformation detection technology.

Methods:
In this paper, several methods of winding deformation detection with on-line detection
prospects are summarized. The principles and characteristics of each method are analyzed, and the
advantages and disadvantages of each method as well as the future research directions are expounded.
Finally, aiming at the existing problems, the development direction of detection method
for winding deformation in the future is prospected.

Results:
The on-line frequency response analysis method is still immature, and the vibration detection
method is still in the theoretical research stage.

Conclusion:
The ΔV − I1 locus method provides a new direction for on-line detection of transformer
winding deformation faults, which has certain application prospects and practical engineering
value.
Pelatihan Pemasaran Produk Olahan Telo Ungu Di Desa Wonosari Kecamatan Wonosari Gunung Kawi Kabupaten Malang
Authors: Kumala Farida Nur , Hudha Muhammad Nur , Aji Sudi Dul 
Published: December 2019

Tujuan program kemitraan masyrakat ini adalah melakukan pelatihan pemasaran produk olahan telo ungu di desa Wonosari Kecamatan Wonosari Kabupaten Malang. Sebelumnya telah dilakukan pelatihan tentang pengolahan dan produksi telo ungu menjadi beberapa produk diantaranya brownies, bakpia dan stik Telo ungu. Namun dari kegiatan tersebut terdapat kendala yakni pemasaran yang masih bersifat sederhan dan dalam lingkup yang sempit. Metode yang digunakan pada kegiatan kemitraan pada masyarakat ini dilakukan melalui tiga tahapan yakni persiapan, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi program. Program kemitraan pada masyarakat ini diikuti oleh 20 orang warga desa Wonosari Kecematan Wonosari Kabupaten Malang. Pelatihan dilakukan melalui pemasaran secara online dan offline. Hasil pelatihan didapatkan program pemasaran secara online dan offline. Pemasaran secara online dilakukan melalui media social seperti Instragram, Facebook dan Whatsapp.