bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of areas of grading difficulties in prostate cancer and comparison with artificial intelligence assisted grading
Authors: Egevad Lars , Swanberg Daniela , Delahunt Brett , Ström Peter , Kartasalo Kimmo , Olsson Henrik , Berney Dan M. , Bostwick David G. , Evans Andrew J. , Humphrey Peter A. , Iczkowski Kenneth A. , Kench James G. , Kristiansen Glen , Leite Katia R. M. , McKenney Jesse K. , Oxley Jon , Pan Chin-Chen , Samaratunga Hemamali , Srigley John R. , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Tsuzuki Toyonori , van der Kwast Theo , Varma Murali , Zhou Ming , Clements Mark , Eklund Martin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) hosts a reference image database supervised by experts with the purpose of establishing an international standard in prostate cancer grading. Here, we aimed to identify areas of grading difficulties and compare the results with those obtained from an artificial intelligence system trained in grading. In a series of 87 needle biopsies of cancers selected to include problematic cases, experts failed to reach a 2/3 consensus in 41.4% (36/87). Among consensus and non-consensus cases, the weighted kappa was 0.77 (range 0.68–0.84) and 0.50 (range 0.40–0.57), respectively. Among the non-consensus cases, four main causes of disagreement were identified: the distinction between Gleason score 3 + 3 with tangential cutting artifacts vs. Gleason score 3 + 4 with poorly formed or fused glands (13 cases), Gleason score 3 + 4 vs. 4 + 3 (7 cases), Gleason score 4 + 3 vs. 4 + 4 (8 cases) and the identification of a small component of Gleason pattern 5 (6 cases). The AI system obtained a weighted kappa value of 0.53 among the non-consensus cases, placing it as the observer with the sixth best reproducibility out of a total of 24. AI may serve as a decision support and decrease inter-observer variability by its ability to make consistent decisions. The grading of these cancer patterns that best predicts outcome and guides treatment warrants further clinical and genetic studies. Results of such investigations should be used to improve calibration of AI systems.
Aquaporin 1 affects pregnancy outcome and regulates aquaporin 8 and 9 expressions in the placenta
Authors: Luo Hui , Liu Yi , Song Yizuo , Hua Ying , Zhu Xueqiong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo explore the effects of aquaporin (AQP) 1 on pregnancy outcome and the association between expression of AQP1 and other AQPs in the placenta and foetal membranes, the rate of copulatory plugs and pregnancy, amniotic fluid (AF) volume, osmolality and composition were determined in AQP1-knockout (AQP1−/−) mice at different gestational days (GD). The expression and location of AQP1 and other AQPs in the placenta and foetal membranes of AQP1−/− mice, AQP1-siRNA transfected WISH cells and oligohydramnios patients were also detected. Compared to control mice, AQP1−/− mice exhibited reduced copulation plug and successful pregnancy rates, but these effects were accompanied by a larger AF volume and lower AF osmolality at late gestation. AQP9 expression was significantly decreased in the placenta and foetal membranes of AQP1−/− mice, while AQP8 level was elevated in the foetal membranes of AQP1−/− mice. Moreover, AQP9 expression was suppressed in WISH cells after AQP1 downregulation. Furthermore, AQP9 expression was associated with AQP1 level in the placenta and foetal membranes in oligohydramnios. AQP1 may play a critical role in regulating pregnancy outcome and maternal-foetal fluid homeostasis. Changes in AQP1 expression may lead to compensatory alterations in AQP8 and AQP9 expression in the placenta.
Development and validation of a screening model for diabetes mellitus in patients with periodontitis in dental settings
Authors: Su Naichuan , Teeuw Wijnand J. , Loos Bruno G. , Kosho Madeline X. F. , van der Heijden Geert J. M. G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To identify predictors in patient profiles and to develop, internally validate, and calibrate a screening model for diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients with periodontitis in dental settings

Materials and methods
The study included 204 adult patients with periodontitis. Patients’ socio-demographic characteristics, general health status, and periodontal status were recorded as potential predictors. The diabetic status was considered the outcome, classified into no DM, prediabetes (pre-DM), or DM. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to develop the model. The performance and clinical values of the model were determined.

Results
Seventeen percent and 47% of patients were diagnosed with DM and pre-DM, respectively. Patients’ age, BMI, European background, cholesterol levels, previous periodontal treatment, percentage of the number of teeth with mobility, and with gingival recession were significantly associated with the diabetic status of the patients. The model showed a reasonable calibration and moderate to good discrimination with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.67 to 0.80. The added predictive values for ruling in the risk of DM and pre-DM were 0.42 and 0.11, respectively, and those for ruling it out were 0.05 and 0.17, respectively.

Conclusions
Predictors in patient profiles for screening of DM and pre-DM in patients with periodontitis were identified. The calibration, discrimination, and clinical values of the model were acceptable.

Clinical relevance
The model may well assist clinicians in screening of diabetic status of patients with periodontitis. The model can be used as a reliable screening tool for DM and pre-DM in patients with periodontitis in dental settings.
Immune suppression in gliomas
Authors: Grabowski Matthew M. , Sankey Eric W. , Ryan Katherine J. , Chongsathidkiet Pakawat , Lorrey Selena J. , Wilkinson Daniel S. , Fecci Peter E. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Introduction
The overall survival in patients with gliomas has not significantly increased in the modern era, despite advances such as immunotherapy. This is in part due to their notorious ability to suppress local and systemic immune responses, severely restricting treatment efficacy.

Methods
We have reviewed the preclinical and clinical evidence for immunosuppression seen throughout the disease process in gliomas. This review aims to discuss the various ways that brain tumors, and gliomas in particular, co-opt the body’s immune system to evade detection and ensure tumor survival and proliferation.

Results
A multitude of mechanisms are discussed by which neoplastic cells evade detection and destruction by the immune system. These include tumor-induced T-cell and NK cell dysfunction, regulatory T-cell and myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion, M2 phenotypic transformation in glioma-associated macrophages/microglia, upregulation of immunosuppressive glioma cell surface factors and cytokines, tumor microenvironment hypoxia, and iatrogenic sequelae of immunosuppressive treatments.

Conclusions
Gliomas create a profoundly immunosuppressive environment, both locally within the tumor and systemically. Future research should aim to address these immunosuppressive mechanisms in the effort to generate treatment options with meaningful survival benefits for this patient population.
Alcohol and Placebo: The Role of Expectations and Social Influence
Authors: Bodnár Vivien , Nagy Krisztina , Cziboly Ádám , Bárdos György 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe placebo effect is frequently present in our lives when an expectation, associated with any psychoactive material, leads to subjective and physiological changes. The present work studies the role of expectancies associated with ethanol/alcohol in changes to the subjective state. In experimental situations, we examine how these expectations—with or without social influences—affect participants when consuming alcoholic, pseudo-alcoholic, or non-alcoholic cocktails. Psychological and physical changes can, to a significant extent, arise from an expectation-driven placebo effect. We suggest that expectations of inebriation formed by socialization and experiences can explain most of the behavioural changes following alcohol consumption. These effects seem to be stronger if the alcohol consumption happens in a social context and weaker if it is individually. Regarding the information effect, we suppose that the expectations will positively affect the drunkenness, i.e. toward the placebo “direction”: those who believe they are consuming a non-alcoholic cocktail will be less inebriated than those who know their drink contains alcohol. In this study, we successfully demonstrate the expectation-induced classical placebo effect in the misinformed participants who were, in fact, consuming non-alcoholic drinks. The “social” alcohol consumption further enhances the true or believed effects of the alcohol, and thus the participants reported their subjective feelings in lines with their manipulated expectations. As regards the effect of the alcohol, therefore, many other factors contribute in addition to the alcohol itself, the most important of which seem to be group effect, suggestions and expectations.
Die Deutsche Frage und der Brexit. Eine außenpolitische Exemplifizierung, warum Deutschland die Auslösung von Artikel 50 nicht erwägt
Authors: Odrowski Simon 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungWährend der Brexit nicht zuletzt mit der Wiederherstellung britischer Unabhängigkeit in der Außenpolitik begründet wurde, befürwortet Deutschland die tiefere Integration Europas in diesem sensiblen Bereich nationaler Souveränität. Das Beispiel des EAD zeigt, wie dasselbe Motiv – die Wahrung des nationalen Interesses – diese miteinander kontrastierenden europapolitischen Ansätze erklärt. Außenpolitisch veranschaulicht der EAD damit das generelle Verhältnis zwischen dem europäischen Einigungsprozess und der Deutschen Frage – und wieso Deutschland dem britischen Beispiel eines EU-Austritts nicht folgt.
Karst Types and Their Karstification
Authors: Veress Márton 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEighty-one karst types and their main characteristics are described in this study, including the conditions of their development, the main characteristics of their karstification and their characteristic features. The classification includes the karst types of the Earth, a concise description of each karst type and the possibilities of belonging to several types of various karst areas. The classification of types is hierarchical in terms of groups, subgroups, types and subtypes. Karst can be classified according to their momentary state (the group of static karst types) and to their development (group of dynamic karst types). The group of static karst types has the azonal and zonal subgroups. zonal karst types may be situated under any climate. These karst types are categorized according to their geological characteristics (age of karstification, constituting rock, extent of coveredness, structure), their elevation, expansion, the morphology of their surface, hydrology and to the effects occurring on the karst. Taking the above mentioned factors into consideration, the author distinguishes various types and describes their characteristics. Zonal karst types are also described (tundra karst, temperate karst, subtropical karst, tropical karst), karst types that can be distinguished based on their geomorphic evolution are identified and their characteristics are presented.
GIS-based sub-watershed prioritization through morphometric analysis in the outer Himalayan region of India
Authors: Sharma Swati , Mahajan A. K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe study indicates the viability of geographic information system and remote sensing data for the analysis as well as estimation of the stage and the rate of erosional processes in a Himalayan watershed for improved planning and management. The Gaj watershed lies in the outer Himalayan region of Himachal Pradesh, India, which has been characterized in to nine sub-watersheds for studying the geomorphological evolution of each separately for comparative assessment irrespective of any scale issue. The method involves the use of 30 m Cartosat (digital elevation model) for operative and time-saving data extraction of morphometric and hypsometric parameters. The estimated hypsometric integral values and the shape of the hypsometric curves reveal varying degree of erosional stages of the sub-watersheds demanding attention over the denudation activities. The results have helped in the qualitative discussions and prioritizing the sub-watershed for sustainable soil–water conservation and management, which can be useful for controlling the erosional activities at right locations in the study area.
Characteristics of low-rank coal reservoir and exploration potential in Junggar Basin: new frontier of low-rank CBM exploration in China
Authors: Yu Yuanjiang , Wang Yonghua 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLow-rank coal reservoirs of Badaowan Formation and Xishanyao Formation are mainly developed in Junggar Basin. This paper discussed their features and coalbed methane (CBM) exploration potential based on geological survey, coal samples testing and mathematical fitting analysis. The pores are mainly small-micro- and large pores, and the porosity is 3.25–27.4% with an average of 9–10.51%; and macro-cracks and micro-fissures are well developed leading to a great variation of the permeability. The shallow coal reservoirs are mostly undersaturated, and the gas saturation tends to increase toward the deep coalbed. The J2x has a stronger methane adsorption and storage capacity than that of J1b and better physical properties, making CMB recovery easier. The coalbed reservoirs in middle-east of southern margin, eastern part and hinterland of Junggar Basin reach methane-rich to extremely methane-rich coalbeds and have strong ability to adsorb and store CBM. Coal seam gas shows generally, and the measured gas-bearing property is good. Low-rank CBM accounts for the majority of CBM resources in the basin. According to Langmuir volume, the gas provinces are classified into four types of blocks, i.e., CBM-poor (< 8 m3/t), CBM-bearing (8–15 m3/t), relatively CBM-rich (15–20 m3/t) and CBM-rich (> 20 m3/t). The relatively CBM-rich blocks cover block of well Qing 1 to Qi 8, Changji–Urumqi–Fukang area and slope belt of northwest margin to basin hinterland; while the CBM-rich blocks include most of eastern Junggar Basin. Since 2005, a series of special exploration and research of CBM have been carried out successively, and significant progress has been made in exploration of deep and shallow combination, conventional (gas) and unconventional (gas) combination. Recently shallow CBM exploration has achieved gas extraction at Dahuangshan coal mine, industrial gas flow wells in western Baiyanghe, and breakthrough of deep CBM exploration in Baijiahai area has been made, which confirmed the great development potential of low-rank CBM. The southern margin and the east of Junggar Basin have become the new frontier of low-rank CBM exploration in China.
Short-term effects of biochar on soil CO2 efflux in boreal Scots pine forests
Authors: Zhu Xudan , Zhu Tingting , Pumpanen Jukka , Palviainen Marjo , Zhou Xuan , Kulmala Liisa , Bruckman Viktor J. , Köster Egle , Köster Kajar , Aaltonen Heidi , Makita Naoki , Wang Yixiang , Berninger Frank 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Key message

During the first summer, wood biochar amendments increased soil temperature, pH, and soil CO2effluxes in a xeric boreal Scots pine forest. The increase of soil CO2efflux could be largely explained by increases in by soil temperature. Higher biochar application rates (1.0 vs 0.5 kg m−2) led to higher soil CO2efflux while the pyrolysis temperature of biochar (500 or 650 °C) had no effect on soil CO2efflux.

Context
Using biochar as a soil amendment has been proposed to increase the carbon sequestration in soils. However, a more rapid soil organic matter turnover after biochar application might reduce the effectiveness of biochar applications for carbon sequestration. By raising the pyrolysis temperature, biochar with lower contents of labile carbohydrates can be produced.

Aims
To better understand the effects of biochar on boreal forest soil, we applied two spruce biochar with different pyrolysis temperatures (500 °C and 650 °C) at amounts of 1.0 and 0.5 kg m−2 in a young xeric Scots pine forest in southern Finland.

Methods
Soil CO2, microbial biomass, and physiochemical properties were measured to track changes after biochar application during the first summer.

Results
Soil CO2 increased 14.3% in 1.0 kg m−2 treatments and 4.6% in 0.5 kg m−2. Soil temperature and pH were obviously higher in the 1.0 kg m−2 treatments. Differences in soil CO2 among treatments disappear after correcting by soil temperature and soil moisture.

Conclusion
Biochar increased soil CO2 mainly by raising soil temperature in the short term. Higher biochar application rates led to higher soil CO2 effluxes. The increase in soil CO2 efflux may be transient. More studies are needed to get the optimum biochar amount for carbon sequestration in boreal forest.
Die Auswahl zukünftiger Kinder
Authors: Tarkian Tatjana 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungWie ist die Auswahl zukünftiger Kinder in moralischer Hinsicht zu beurteilen? Der Beitrag untersucht diese Frage auf der Basis eines liberalen Prinzips der reproduktiven Freiheit, welches Handlungsspielräume und Privatsphäre in Fragen der Fortpflanzung verteidigt, wenn nicht gewichtige moralische Gründe aufgezeigt werden können, welche den Handlungen der beteiligten Personen Grenzen setzen. Er beschränkt sich auf die negative Auswahl, d. h. die Auswahl von (möglichen) gesunden Kindern anstelle von zukünftigen Kindern mit Behinderung oder gesundheitlicher Beeinträchtigung. Erörtert werden selektionsbefürwortende Überlegungen, welche das Wohlergehen des zukünftigen Kindes in den Fokus rücken, und zwei grundsätzlich selektionskritische Argumente. Das erste verweist auf parentale Tugenden, welche mit der Auswahl zukünftiger Kinder unvereinbar wären. Bei dem zweiten handelt es sich um den Einwand der Diskriminierung von Menschen mit Behinderung. Das Ergebnis der Diskussion ist, dass es zukünftigen Eltern in den meisten Fällen freisteht, die Entscheidung über die Auswahl ihrer Kinder im Licht ihrer Ziele und Werte zu treffen.
Preconceptional Maternal Vegetable Intake and Paternal Smoking Are Associated with Pre-implantation Embryo Quality
Authors: Hoek Jeffrey , Schoenmakers Sam , Baart Esther B. , Koster Maria P. H. , Willemsen Sten P. , van Marion Eva S. , Steegers Eric A. P. , Laven Joop S. E. , Steegers-Theunissen Régine P. M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInadequate nutrition and lifestyle behaviors, particularly during the periconception period, are associated with a negative impact on embryonic and subsequent fetal development. We investigated the associations between parental nutritional and lifestyle factors and pre-implantation embryo development. A total of 113 women and 41 partners, with a corresponding 490 embryos, who underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment subscribed to the mHealth coaching platform “Smarter Pregnancy.” At baseline, nutrition and lifestyle behaviors (intake of fruits, vegetables, folic acid, and smoking and alcohol use) were identified and risk scores were calculated. A lower risk score represents healthier behavior. As outcome measure, a time-lapse morphokinetic selection algorithm (KIDScore) was used to rank pre-implantation embryo quality on a scale from 1 (poor) to 5 (good) after being cultured in the Embryoscope™ time-lapse incubator until embryonic day 3. To study the association between the nutritional and lifestyle risk scores and the KIDScore in men and women, we used a proportional odds model. In women, the dietary risk score (DRS), a combination of the risk score of fruits, vegetables, and folic acid, was negatively associated with the KIDScore (OR 0.86 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.98),p = 0.02). This could mainly be attributed to an inadequate vegetable intake (OR 0.76 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.96),p = 0.02). In men, smoking was negatively associated with the KIDscore (OR 0.53 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.85),p < 0.01). We conclude that inadequate periconceptional maternal vegetable intake and paternal smoking significantly reduce the implantation potential of embryos after ICSI treatment. Identifying modifiable lifestyle risk factors can contribute to directed, personalized, and individual recommendations that can potentially increase the chance of a healthy pregnancy.
Oleic Acid Counters Impaired Blastocyst Development Induced by Palmitic Acid During Mouse Preimplantation Development: Understanding Obesity-Related Declines in Fertility
Authors: Yousif Maisoon D. , Calder Michele D. , Du Jin Tong , Ruetz Kelsey N. , Crocker Kylie , Urquhart Brad L. , Betts Dean H. , Rafea Basim Abu , Watson Andrew J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObesity is associated with altered fatty acid profiles, reduced fertility, and assisted reproductive technology (ART) success. The effects of palmitic acid (PA), oleic acid (OA), and their combination on mouse preimplantation development, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway gene expression, lipid droplet formation, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) were characterized. Two-cell stage mouse embryos collected from superovulated and mated CD1 females were placed into culture with KSOMaa medium, or PA alone or in combination with OA for 46 h. PA significantly reduced blastocyst development in a concentration-dependent manner, which was prevented by co-treatment with OA. PA and OA levels in mouse reproductive tracts were assessed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). LC-MS indicated higher concentrations of PA in the mouse oviduct than the uterus. Transcript analysis revealed that PA alone groups had increased ER stress pathway (ATF3, CHOP, and XBP1 splicing) mRNAs, which was alleviated by OA co-treatment. OA co-treatment significantly increased lipid droplet accumulation and significantly decreased mitochondrial ROS from PA treatment alone. PA treatment for only 24 h significantly reduced its impact on blastocyst development from the 2-cell stage. Thus, PA affects ER stress pathway gene expression, lipid droplet accumulation, and mitochondrial ROS in treated preimplantation embryos. These mechanisms may serve to offset free fatty acid exposure effects on preimplantation development, but their protective ability may be overwhelmed by elevated PA.
The Role of Collective Food Identity in Local Food Demand
Authors: Moreno Francisco , Malone Trey 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDespite a proliferation of articles focused on consumer willingness-to-pay for locally produced foods, few studies have systemically considered the role of food identity in the price premium of local foods. This article uses primary and secondary data to fill that gap. Using data from 9,329 U.S. households, we identify what foods each state considers a part of their collective food identity. We then compare each state's collective food identity to the actual production within the state. Finally, we utilize a discrete choice experiment (N = 484) focused on a state with one such collective food identity to test whether a consumer's preference for local foods is a function of the collective food identity within the state. Results from the open-ended survey suggest that each state connects with their food production in unique ways and that not all state identities are consistent with actual agricultural production. Results from the discrete choice experiment suggest that consumers are more willing to pay a premium for the local food that is a part of their local food identity than for a similar product that is not a part of their local food identity. Our findings imply that future research on consumer preferences for local food systems should consider the relationship between food culture and geography.