bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation of Positional Isomers of Organic Acids and Dyestuff Food Additives by Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Razee Saeid , Tamura Atsushi , Masujima Tsutomu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The merits of capillary electrophoresis in pure organic solvents were investigated for the separation of closely related positional isomers of dinitrobenzoic acid and isomeric pairs of dyestuff food additives, amaranth-new coccine and light green SF yellowish-brilliant blue. Instead of ordinary buffer salts, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), in methanol or methanol-acetonitrile, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), in methanol-ethanol, were the media used for the separation, in which a complete resolution of the tested compounds was achieved in a relatively short time. Both nonaquøous systems showed low levels of generated electric current, especially SDS in methanol-ethanol, which showed submicro ampere levels. As a result of low-joule heating and diminished adsorption of solutes on the capillary wall, a relative standard deviation of &lt;0.4% was obtained for the migration times without use of temperature control and a washing step between runs. Addition of urea to the CTAB/methanol system was used for manipulation of electroosmotic flow, analysis time, and resolution. Although elution of the tested compounds in CTAB/acetonitrile was very fast, methanol-acetonitrile was found to be better for optimizing separation and analysis time. For the CTAB/methanol system, the separation pattern was independent of the sample matrix because of the opposite directions of the electroosmotic flow and the electrophoretic mobility of the anionic organic acid isomers. This caused removal of samples constituents including neutral and positively charged species from the capillary after the start of the electrophoretic run.
Separation of Arsenic and Selenium Species by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis in a Coated Capillary
Authors: Vanifatova Natalia G , Spivakov Boris Y , Mattusch Juergen , Wennrich Rainer 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A capillary zone electrophoresis method was developed for the determination of 8 arsenic and selenium species in a polymer-coated capillary. Large-volume stacking with matrix removal was used for sensitivity enhancement. The entire analysis time was only a few minutes. The experimental sensitivity enhancement for 7 species was found to be near its theoretical value. Coating capillaries for long-term stability in alkaline buffer electrolytes was also investigated.
Formation of SMBH seeds in Population III star clusters through collisions: the importance of mass loss
Authors: Alister Seguel P J , Schleicher D R G , Boekholt T C N , Fellhauer M , Klessen R S 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
Runaway collisions in dense clusters may lead to the formation of supermassive black hole (SMBH) seeds, and this process can be further enhanced by accretion, as recent models of SMBH seed formation in Population III star clusters have shown. This may explain the presence of SMBHs already at high redshift, z &gt; 6. However, in this context, mass loss during collisions was not considered and could play an important role for the formation of the SMBH seed. Here, we study the effect of mass loss, due to collisions of protostars, in the formation and evolution of a massive object in a dense primordial cluster. We consider both constant mass-loss fractions as well as analytic models based on the stellar structure of the collision components. Our calculations indicate that mass loss can significantly affect the final mass of the possible SMBH seed. Considering a constant mass loss of 5 per cent for every collision, we can lose between 60–80 per cent of the total mass that is obtained if mass loss were not considered. Using instead analytical prescriptions for mass loss, the mass of the final object is reduced by 15–40 per cent, depending on the accretion model for the cluster we study. Altogether, we obtain masses of the order of $10^4\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$, which are still massive enough to be SMBH seeds.
Changes in Cigarettes per Day and Biomarkers of Exposure Among US Adult Smokers in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study Waves 1 and 2 (2013–2015)
Authors: Rostron Brian L , Corey Catherine G , Chang Joanne T , van Bemmel Dana M , Miller Mollie E , Chang Cindy M 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroductionSome studies have found some reduction in tobacco exposure and tobacco-related disease risk with decreased numbers of cigarettes smoked per day (CPD), but biomarker of exposure estimates by change in CPD are generally unavailable for the US population.MethodsWe analyzed biomarker of exposure data by smoking status from over 1100 adult exclusive daily cigarette smokers in Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study who were either exclusive daily smokers or had quit tobacco use entirely at Wave 2. Wave 1 smoking categories consisted of “very light” (1–4 CPD), “light” (5–9 CPD), “moderate” (10–19 CPD), and “heavy” (20+ CPD), and Wave 2 categories were “quitters” (stopped smoking entirely), exclusive cigarette “reducers” (CPD decreased ≥ 50%), “maintainers” (CPD within 50%–150% of Wave 1 value), and “increasers” (CPD increased ≥ 50%).ResultsComplete quitters had significantly lower levels of TNE-2, NNAL, NNN, 2-Fluorene, HPMA, CYMA, and MHB3 at Wave 2 for all Wave 1 CPD categories, and decreases were often large. Moderate “reducers” had lower levels of NNAL and 1-Hydroxypyrene at Wave 2, and heavy “reducers” had lower levels of NNAL, 2-Fluorene, and MHB3. Light “increasers” had higher levels of TNE-2, NNAL, 2-Fluorene, CYMA, and cadmium at Wave 2, and heavy “increasers” had higher levels of NNAL and HPMA.ConclusionsSmoking “reducers” and “increasers” had changes in some biomarker of tobacco exposure levels, but reductions were much greater and more consistent for complete quitters.ImplicationsPATH longitudinal cohort study data show that some exclusive daily cigarette smokers increase or decrease CPD over time. These differences may result in moderate changes in the levels of some biomarkers such as NNAL. Even so, however, reductions in biomarker levels are much greater with complete smoking cessation.
Efficacy and safety of upadacitinib in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (SELECT-SUNRISE): a placebo-controlled phase IIb/III study
Authors: Kameda Hideto , Takeuchi Tsutomu , Yamaoka Kunihiro , Oribe Motohiro , Kawano Mitsuhiro , Zhou Yijie , Othman Ahmed A , Pangan Aileen L , Kitamura Susumu , Meerwein Sebastian , Tanaka Yoshiya 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate upadacitinib efficacy and safety dose response in Japanese patients with active RA and an inadequate response to conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs).

Methods
This was a multicentre, phase IIb/III, dose-ranging study conducted in Japan, in which patients on previously stable csDMARDs were randomized to receive upadacitinib 7.5, 15 or 30 mg once daily or matching placebo for a 12-week double-blind period. The primary endpoint was a 20% improvement in ACR criteria (ACR20) response at week 12 using non-responder imputation. Key secondary endpoints included ACR50, ACR70 and 28-joint DAS with CRP (DAS28-CRP) remission and low disease activity. Adverse events were also assessed.

Results
Of 197 patients treated, 187 completed the double-blind period. At week 12, more patients receiving upadacitinib 7.5, 15 or 30 mg vs placebo met the ACR20 response (75.5%, 83.7%, 80.0% vs 42.9%; P &lt; 0.001), with significant differences observed as early as week 1. Stringent responses, including ACR50, ACR70 and DAS28-CRP &lt;2.6, were achieved by significantly higher proportions of patients on upadacitinib than placebo and by numerically higher proportions on upadacitinib 15 or 30 mg vs upadacitinib 7.5 mg. Adverse events and infections (serious infections, opportunistic infections and herpes zoster) were more common with upadacitinib vs placebo and numerically highest with upadacitinib 30 mg. There were no venous thromboembolic events reported.

Conclusion
Efficacy of upadacitinib was demonstrated in this population of Japanese patients with RA and an inadequate response to csDMARDs. Safety and tolerability were consistent with other upadacitinib RA studies. The 15 mg dose of upadacitinib showed the most favourable benefit–risk profile.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02720523.
PERSISTENT REMNANTS OF DEXAMETHASONE INTRAVITREAL IMPLANT (OZURDEX)
Authors: Kim Jee Taek , Lee Seok Hyun , Choi Sang Uk 
Published: February 2020

Purpose:
To describe persistent remnants of dexamethasone intravitreal implant (DEX implant) and evaluate the risk factors for remnant persistence in patients who received a DEX implant.

Methods:
This retrospective observational study involved a retrospective chart review of 133 eyes from 129 patients who received DEX implant injection.

Results:
Seventeen eyes of 17 patients (12.78%) exhibited remnant persistence >1 year after DEX implant injection; eight eyes (13.33%) were diagnosed with branching retinal vein occlusion, three eyes (14.28%) were diagnosed with central retinal vein occlusion, and six eyes (35.3%) were diagnosed with diabetic macular edema. The number of intravitreal DEX implant injections and triamcinolone acetonide injections administered to eyes with remnant persistence was significantly higher than that administered to the eyes without remnant persistence (P < 0.001 and P = 0.024, respectively). Remnants caused symptomatic floaters in 11.7% (2/17 eyes) of the patients with remnants and in 1.5% (2/133) of the entire patient cohort.

Conclusion:
DEX implant was not completely dissolved in the eyes that received multiple DEX implant or triamcinolone acetonide injections.
Could Soluble Cluster of Differentiation 163 Be Useful as Prognostic Biomarker in Patients With Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections?
Authors: Dimitrov Evgeni , Halacheva Krasimira , Enchev Emil , Minkov Georgi , Yovtchev Yovcho 
Published: February 2020

Introduction
Early prognostic evaluation and timely treatment are crucial for the final outcome in patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs). Over the years, different biomarkers for early prognosis were explored, and yet none has shown ideal characteristics. This review aimed to assess the potential application of soluble cluster of differentiation 163 (sCD163) as outcome predictor in patients with cIAIs.

Methods
We have searched in PubMed database the literature relating the prognostic performance of sCD163 in patients with cIAIs and/or sepsis. Our search terms were soluble CD163, sCD163, intra-abdominal infections, complicated intra-abdominal infections, IAIs, cIAIs, sepsis, prognostic, outcome, and mortality.

Results
A total of 8 studies with 2308 patients met our inclusion criteria. Six studies showed significant prognostic value of sCD163 levels, and 2 showed no association between sCD163 and mortality.

Conclusions
This review found association between sCD163 levels and mortality. We concluded that sCD163 could be a reliable and meaningful mortality predictor in septic patients with cIAIs. Nevertheless, more large prospective studies with surgical patients only are needed before the final evaluation of this biomarker.
The Clinical Impact of 16S Ribosomal RNA Polymerase Chain Reaction Bacterial Sequencing in Infectious Endocarditis
Authors: El-Dalati Sami , Riddell James , Fagan Christopher , Owczarczyk Anna B. , Fukuhara Shinichi , Wasylyshyn Anastasia , Patel Twisha , Cinti Sandro 
Published: February 2020

Introduction
Cases of possible and/or culture-negative endocarditis continue to be a diagnostic challenge. Performing bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA polymerase chain reaction (16S rRNA PCR) sequencing on cardiac valves allows providers to acquire microbiologic information that was previously unobtainable. However, few publications address how the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results impact clinical management in endocarditis patients.

Methods
Between July 1, 2014, and December 31, 2018, we reviewed the results of all 16S rRNA PCR bacterial sequencing tests collected from cardiac valves at the University of Michigan. Each patient's chart was then evaluated by 2 independent infectious diseases physicians to determine whether the medical plans were impacted by the results.

Results
Forty-one patients were identified with associated 16S rRNA PCR testing from 165 explanted cardiac valves. Eighteen samples (43.9%) were positive, and 5 (12.2%) of 41 patients had their management plans changed based on the PCR findings. In 23 (56.1%) of 41 cases, the PCR result was never referenced by any medical provider in the electronic medical record. There were 7 cases (17.1%) where patients received 6 weeks of antibiotics despite presenting with possible culture-negative endocarditis, noninfectious operative findings, and negative valve PCRs, which were not reviewed.

Conclusions
16S rRNA PCR sequencing is a useful tool for obtaining a microbiologic diagnosis in cases of possible or culture-negative endocarditis. The test has potential to impact patient care and in a subset of cases could be used to deescalate antibiotic therapy. However, testing delays and cumbersome resulting methods impede bacterial sequencing from reaching its full potential as a diagnostic modality.
Exotic Pets as a Vector for Leptospirosis
Authors: Lacombe Valentin , Landais Mickaël , Urbanski Geoffrey , Callahan Jean-Christophe 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Leptospira propagate via urine shedding by carrier animals with chronic renal infestation, particularly rodents. The growing trend of exotic pet ownership may increase the incidence of leptospirosis and lead to a new mode of transmission. We report a case of human leptospirosis whose highly suspected vector was a domestic ferret. Careful questioning did not reveal any recent usual context of leptospirosis transmission in our patient, and the only vector found was his pets, which had been in contact with rodents in previous years. Urinary sampling is technically difficult in ferrets, and the bacterial shedding is intermittent, so the evidence of chronic carriage in exotic pets is rarely reported. To be aware that exotic pets are a potential source of infection is important to suspect this polymorphic disease. The exposure to contaminated water or rodents by the pet, even several years prior, should lead to suspect leptospirosis.
Disseminated Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection Associated With an Intrauterine Device
Authors: Roberts Scott C. , Quinlan Maura P. , Galvin Shannon R. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common pathogen afflicting a wide variety of disease in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Presentation can be variable in initial symptomatology, leading to difficulties in diagnosis and management. We present a case of septic shock due to S. pneumoniae associated with an intrauterine device in an immunocompromised patient.
Apneic Oxygenation for Emergency Intubations in the Pediatric Emergency Department—A Quality Improvement Initiative
Authors: Pek Jen Heng , Tan Hui Cheng , Shen Germac , Ong Yong-Kwang Gene 
Published: February 2020

Introduction:
Emergency airway management of critically ill children in the Emergency Department (ED) is associated with the risk of intubation-related desaturation, which can be minimized by apneic oxygenation. We evaluated the use of apneic oxygenation in the pediatric ED and reported a quality improvement initiative to incorporate apneic oxygenation as a routine standard of care during rapid sequence intubations (RSIs).

Methods:
A baseline period from June 2016 to April 2017 highlighted the practice gaps. Quality improvement interventions were subsequently developed and implemented as a care bundle consisting of a pre-intubation checklist, placing reminders and additional oxygen source in resuscitation bays, incorporating into the responsibilities of the airway doctor and the airway nurse (copiloting), education during airway workshops and simulation training for doctors and nurses, as well as enhancing documentation of the intubation process. We monitored a post-intervention observation period from May 2017 to April 2018 for the effectiveness of the care bundle.

Results:
Apneic oxygenation was not performed in all 22 RSIs during the baseline period. Among 25 RSIs in the post-intervention observation period, providers performed apneic oxygenation in 17 (68%) cases. There was no significant difference in the utilization of apneic oxygenation among emergency physicians and pediatric anesthetists performing RSIs in the pediatric ED.

Conclusions:
We successfully implemented a care bundle targeted at incorporating apneic oxygenation as a routine standard of care during emergency intubations performed in ED. This method could be adopted by other pediatric EDs to improve airway management in critically ill children.
Inhibitory CD200-receptor signaling is rewired by type I interferon
Authors: van der Vlist Michiel , Pascoal Ramos M. Inês , van den Hoogen Lucas L. , Hiddingh Sanne , Timmerman Laura , de Hond Titus A.P. , Kaan Ellen D. , van der Kroef Maarten , Lebbink Robert Jan , Peters Florence M.A. , Khoury-Hanold William , Fritsch-Stork Ruth , Radstake Timothy , Meyaard Linde 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCD200 Receptor 1 (CD200R) is an established inhibitory immune receptor that inhibits TLR-induced cytokine production through Dok2 and RasGAP. RasGAP can be cleaved under certain conditions of mild cellular stress. We found that in the presence of cleaved RasGAP, CD200R loses its capacity to inhibit rpS6 phosphorylation. Furthermore, IFNα pre-stimulation of human mononuclear cells results in increased amounts of cleaved RasGAP. Coherently, upon pretreatment with increasing concentrations of IFNα, CD200R gradually shifts from an inhibitor to a potentiator of TLR7/8-inducedIFNGmRNA production. In peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients, a prototypic type I IFN disease, we found an increased proportion of cleaved RasGAP compared to healthy controls. In line with this, in subsets of SLE patients the inhibitory function of CD200R is lost or converted to a potentiating signal forIFNGmRNA production. Thus, our data show that type I IFN rewires CD200R signaling and suggest that this cell-extrinsic regulation of signaling could contribute to perpetuation of inflammation in SLE.
Model-based detection of putative synaptic connections from spike recordings with latency and type constraints
Authors: Ren Naixin , Ito Shinya , Hafizi Hadi , Beggs John M. , Stevenson Ian H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDetecting synaptic connections using large-scale extracellular spike recordings presents a statistical challenge. While previous methods often treat the detection of each putative connection as a separate hypothesis test, here we develop a modeling approach that infers synaptic connections while incorporating circuit properties learned from the whole network. We use an extension of the Generalized Linear Model framework to describe the cross-correlograms between pairs of neurons and separate correlograms into two parts: a slowly varying effect due to background fluctuations and a fast, transient effect due to the synapse. We then use the observations from all putative connections in the recording to estimate two network properties: the presynaptic neuron type (excitatory or inhibitory) and the relationship between synaptic latency and distance between neurons. Constraining the presynaptic neuron’s type, synaptic latencies, and time constants improves synapse detection. In data from simulated networks, this model outperforms two previously developed synapse detection methods, especially on the weak connections. We also apply our model toin vitromultielectrode array recordings from mouse somatosensory cortex. Here our model automatically recovers plausible connections from hundreds of neurons, and the properties of the putative connections are largely consistent with previous research.New & NoteworthyDetecting synaptic connections using large-scale extracellular spike recordings is a difficult statistical problem. Here we develop an extension of a Generalized Linear Model that explicitly separates fast synaptic effects and slow background fluctuations in cross-correlograms between pairs of neurons while incorporating circuit properties learned from the whole network. This model outperforms two previously developed synapse detection methods in the simulated networks, and recovers plausible connections from hundreds of neurons inin vitromultielectrode array data.
Pantoea ananatisdefeatsAlliumchemical defenses with a plasmid-borne virulence gene cluster
Authors: Stice Shaun P. , Thao Kyle K. , Khang Chang Hyun , Baltrus David A. , Dutta Bhabesh , Kvitko Brian H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOnion (Allium. cepaL), garlic (A. sativumL.), and other members of theAlliumgenus produce volatile antimicrobial thiosulfinates upon cellular damage. Allicin has been known since the 1950s as the primary antimicrobial thiosulfinate compound and odorant produced by garlic. However, the roles of endogenous thiosulfinate production in host-bacterial pathogen interactions have not been described. The bacterial onion pathogenPantoea ananatis, which lacks both the virulence Type III and Type II Secretion Systems, induces necrotic symptoms and extensive cell death in onion tissues dependent on a proposed secondary metabolite synthesis chromosomal gene cluster. We found strong correlation between the genetic requirements forP. ananatisto colonize necrotized onion tissue and its capacity for tolerance to the thiosulfinate allicin based on the presence of an eleven gene, plasmid-borne, virulence cluster of sulfur/redox genes. We have designated them ‘alt’ genes forallicin tolerance. We show that allicin and onion thiosulfinates restrict bacterial growth with similar kinetics. Thealtgene cluster is sufficient to confer allicin tolerance and protects the glutathione pool during allicin treatment. Independentaltgenes make partial phenotypic contributions indicating that they function as a collective cohort to manage thiol stress. Our work implicates endogenous onion thiosulfinates produced during cellular damage as mediators of interactions with bacteria. TheP. ananatis-onion pathosystem can be modeled as a chemical arms race of pathogen attack, host chemical counter-attack, and pathogen resistance.Significance StatementAlliums (e.g. onion and garlic), after sustaining cellular damage, produce potent antimicrobial thiosulfinates that react with cellular thiols. The bacterial onion pathogenPantoea ananatis, which lacks the virulence Type III and Type II Secretion Systems, induces cell death and necrotic symptoms on onions. We have identified a plasmid-borne cluster of sulfur/redox virulence genes that 1) are required forP. ananatisto colonize necrotized onion tissue, 2) are sufficient for tolerance to the thiosulfinates, and, 3) protect the glutathione pool during thiosulfinate treatment. We propose that the thiosulfinate production potential ofAlliumspp. governsAllium-bacterial interaction outcomes and that theP. ananatis-onion pathosystem can be modeled as a chemical arms race of attack and counterattack between the pathogen and host.