bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Different Colour Shading on Seedling Growth, Fruit Morphology and Phytochemical Properties of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. var KWR)
Authors: Dissanayake P. K. , Wekumbura W. G. C. 
Published: July 2020

Context: Producing high quality and chemical free tomato would favorably enhance consumer preference. There are most promising findings available on growth and quality attributes of tomato and other plants under different light spectrum in closed house conditions using different light sources. Installment of light emitting devices and running cost with high power consumption might not favorable for commercial cultivators and small scale growers.
Aim: In present study we used colour transparent sheets such as colourless (control), red, blue, green and yellow as shading material to transmit respective spectrum of light on tomato plants to study the effect.
Methodology: Tomato seed germination study was done under different colour shading in petri plates. Seedling and plant growth parameters and phytochemical properties of tomato plants grown under different transparent colour shadings were studied such as number of leaves, leaf area, weight of shoot and root, chlorophyll content, ascorbic acid content of fruits, lycopene contents of fruits, fruit physical parameters and flowering.
Results: Seed germination was significantly high under yellow, colourless and red shading over blue and green. Seedling growth was significantly high under yellow shading. Fruit Ascorbic acid content was positively enhanced by yellow, green and colourless shading, whereas chlorophyll and lycopene content significantly high under green and red. Number of flower setting per plant was high under green shading (40±5.77), whereas lowest under yellow shading (22.33±6.38). Fruit setting significantly high under yellow shading (14±2) and lowest was red (9±1). Blue shading showed significantly high effect on fruit morphological traits such as pericarp thickness and fruit size.
Conclusion: Yellow colour shading enhances seedling growth and fruit setting of tomato, while green having positive impact on fruit morphology. However, different characters of tomato were differently affected by different colour shading in greenhouse condition and for the better effect appropriate colour shading should be selected at particular stage of growth.
Brain Evolution and Comparative Neuroanatomy
Authors: Napoli Amalia J , Powers Alice S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Evolution shapes the brain, as it does the body, to allow an organism to adapt to its ecological niche by building upon inherited, conserved traits and developing new, divergent ones. Recently, some investigators have proposed that brains may not have evolved from a single common ancestor, but rather may have evolved more than once. Therefore, molecules, cells and genes that evolved earlier for other purposes may have been co‐opted for use in building nervous systems independently. Prior to the emergence of bilaterians, invertebrate nervous systems displayed radial symmetric nerve net formations, but the beginnings of nervous system condensation were there. In bilaterian nervous systems we see great variety; invertebrates of this group display simple ganglion/nerve cord formations as well as highly elaborated brains. Vertebrates have the most elaborated brains of all metazoans with complex subdivisions, some of which are highly conserved and others highly variable.

Key Concepts

Brains have evolved to enable organisms to compete successfully in different environmental niches, and the adaptations they show reflect the demands of those environments.

Recently, some investigators have proposed that brains may not have evolved from a single common ancestor, but rather may have evolved more than once.

In this view, which is controversial, the common ancestor of all invertebrates did not have a nervous system, and the nervous system developed separately in Ctenophora, on the one hand, and Cnidaria and Bilateria on the other.

Some evidence suggests that, even within Bilateria, nervous systems may have evolved separately in different groups.

Attempts to understand the origins of the nervous system must take into account the possibility that similar characteristics in present‐day nervous systems are not homologous as derivatives of a structure in the common ancestor, but rather, they have arisen separately in different lineages because of exaptation of pre‐existing traits in a common ancestor.

Invertebrate brains show a wide variety of structures from nerve nets to condensed ganglia to fully elaborated brains.

All vertebrates have the same subdivisions of the brain: the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain. The hindbrain is relatively conservative, retaining a recognisable structure in spite of many variations, whereas the forebrain shows more variability among vertebrate groups.

Elaborate nervous systems and the capacity for complex learning have developed independently in some molluscs, arthropods and vertebrates.

The presence of elaborated brains in disparate groups illustrates that evolution of the brain has not shown a trend from simple to complex across metazoan taxa, but rather has occurred as a result of diverse environmental pressures that have led to the same elaborate structures more than once.
Sexual Reproduction and Immunity
Authors: Barribeau Seth M , Otti Oliver 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Sexual reproduction is a highly complicated process shaped in part by the need to optimise reproductive investment, which can differ and evolve antagonistically between the sexes. Sexual reproduction is also intimately linked with immunity through a variety of means. Combining these seemingly disparate biological functions has led to the emergence of the new field of reproductive immunity. One striking parallel between reproduction and immunity is the detection of ‘other’. Failure to detect pathogens results in disease. Failure to ignore self causes autoimmunity. Similarly, individuals, as well as gametes, must choose appropriate partners avoiding interspecific mating on one extreme or reproducing with kin to avoid inbreeding, on the other. The relationship between reproduction and immunity is likely affected by the mating system and the degree of sexual conflict. Reproduction and immunity seem connected in three ways by resource trade‐offs among life‐history traits, by disease reduction due to mate choice of healthy mates and protective genes for the offspring and by mating‐induced immunity to reduce infection risk.

Key Concepts

Mating and sexual reproduction can be linked to immunity in three ways:

Reproduction and immunity can trade‐off.

Choosing a healthy partner can result in protection for the actor and its offspring.

Mating can directly result in immune responses.

This immune activation may be a much older association between the immune system and sexual reproduction.

Both immune activation and sexual reproduction involve recognising self from nonself.

Immune responses upon mating can serve to protect females from infection and play a role in sperm selection.

Mating system likely dictates the intensity and costs of these immune responses on mating.
Fluorinated Chitosan Microgels to Overcome Internal Oxygen Transport Deficiencies in Microtissue Culture Systems
Authors: Patil Pritam S. , Mansouri Mona , Leipzig Nic D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPoor oxygen transport is a major obstacle currently for 3D microtissue culture platforms, which at this time cannot be grown large enough to be truly physiologically relevant and replicate adult human organ functions. To overcome internal oxygen transport deficiencies, oxygenating microgels are formed utilizing perfluorocarbon (PFC) modified chitosan and a highly scalable water‐in‐oil miniemulsion method. Microgels that are on the order of a cell diameter (≈10 µm) are formed allowing them to directly associate with cells when included in 3D spheroid culture, while not being internalized. The presence of immobilized PFCs in these microgels allows for enhancement and tuning of oxygen transport when incorporated into cultured microtissues. As such, it is demonstrated that incorporating oxygenating microgels at ratios ranging from 50:1 to 400:1 (# of cells:# of microgels) into dense human fibroblast‐based spheroids facilitated the growth of larger human cell‐based spheroids, especially at the highest incorporation percentages (50:1), which lacked defined hypoxic cores. Quantification of total double‐stranded (ds)‐DNA, a measure of number of live cells, demonstrated similar results to hypoxia quantification, showing more ds‐DNA due incorporation of oxygenating microgels. Finally, oxygen concentrations are measured at different depths within spheroids directly and confirmed higher oxygen partial pressures due to chitosan‐PFC microspheres.
Bioinspired Microstructured Materials for Optical and Thermal Regulation
Authors: Dou Shuliang , Xu Hongbo , Zhao Jiupeng , Zhang Ke , Li Na , Lin Yipeng , Pan Lei , Li Yao 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPrecise optical and thermal regulatory systems are found in nature, specifically in the microstructures on organisms’ surfaces. In fact, the interaction between light and matter through these microstructures is of great significance to the evolution and survival of organisms. Furthermore, the optical regulation by these biological microstructures is engineered owing to natural selection. Herein, the role that microstructures play in enhancing optical performance or creating new optical properties in nature is summarized, with a focus on the regulation mechanisms of the solar and infrared spectra emanating from the microstructures and their role in the field of thermal radiation. The causes of the unique optical phenomena are discussed, focusing on prevailing characteristics such as high absorption, high transmission, adjustable reflection, adjustable absorption, and dynamic infrared radiative design. On this basis, the comprehensive control performance of light and heat integrated by this bioinspired microstructure is introduced in detail and a solution strategy for the development of low‐energy, environmentally friendly, intelligent thermal control instruments is discussed. In order to develop such an instrument, a microstructural design foundation is provided.
Enhanced and Balanced Charge Transport Boosting Ternary Solar Cells Over 17% Efficiency
Authors: Li Danqin , Zhu Lei , Liu Xianjie , Xiao Wei , Yang Jianming , Ma Ruru , Ding Liming , Liu Feng , Duan Chungang , Fahlman Mats , Bao Qinye 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTernary architecture is one of the most effective strategies to boost the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, an OSC with a ternary architecture featuring a highly crystalline molecular donor DRTB‐T‐C4 as a third component to the host binary system consisting of a polymer donor PM6 and a nonfullerene acceptor Y6 is reported. The third component is used to achieve enhanced and balanced charge transport, contributing to an improved fill factor (FF) of 0.813 and yielding an impressive PCE of 17.13%. The heterojunctions are designed using so‐called pinning energies to promote exciton separation and reduce recombination loss. In addition, the preferential location of DRTB‐T‐C4 at the interface between PM6 and Y6 plays an important role in optimizing the morphology of the active layer.
Wafer‐Scale High‐Quality Microtubular Devices Fabricated via Dry‐Etching for Optical and Microelectronic Applications
Authors: Saggau Christian N. , Gabler Felix , Karnaushenko Dmitriy D. , Karnaushenko Daniil , Ma Libo , Schmidt Oliver G. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMechanical strain formed at the interfaces of thin films has been widely applied to self‐assemble 3D microarchitectures. Among them, rolled‐up microtubes possess a unique 3D geometry beneficial for working as photonic, electromagnetic, energy storage, and sensing devices. However, the yield and quality of microtubular architectures are often limited by the wet‐release of lithographically patterned stacks of thin‐film structures. To address the drawbacks of conventionally used wet‐etching methods in self‐assembly techniques, here a dry‐release approach is developed to roll‐up both metallic and dielectric, as well as metallic/dielectric hybrid thin films for the fabrication of electronic and optical devices. A silicon thin film sacrificial layer on insulator is etched by dry fluorine chemistry, triggering self‐assembly of prestrained nanomembranes in a well‐controlled wafer scale fashion. More than 6000 integrated microcapacitors as well as hundreds of active microtubular optical cavities are obtained in a simultaneous self‐assembly process. The fabrication of wafer‐scale self‐assembled microdevices results in high yield, reproducibility, uniformity, and performance, which promise broad applications in microelectronics, photonics, and opto‐electronics.
Coupling a Sponge Metal Fibers Skeleton with In Situ Surface Engineering to Achieve Advanced Electrodes for Flexible Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Liu Bo , Zhang Yan , Wang Zilin , Ai Changzhi , Liu Sufu , Liu Ping , Zhong Yu , Lin Shiwei , Deng Shengjue , Liu Qi , Pan Guoxiang , Wang Xiuli , Xia Xinhui , Tu Jiangping 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are regarded as promising next‐generation energy storage systems, however, the uncontrollable dendrite formation and serious polysulfide shuttling severely hinder their commercial success. Herein, a powerful 3D sponge nickel (SN) skeleton plus in situ surface engineering strategy, to address these issues synergistically, is reported, and a high‐performance flexible LSB device is constructed. Specifically, the rationally designed spray‐quenched lithium metal on the SN matrix (solid electrolyte interface (SEI)@Li/SN), as dendrite inhibitor, combines the merits of the 3D lithiophilic SN skeleton and the in situ formed SEI layer derived from the spray‐quenching process, and thereby exhibits a steady overpotential within 75 mV for 1500 h at 5 mA cm−2/10 mA h cm−2. Meanwhile, in situ surface sulfurization of the SN skeleton hybridizing with the carbon/sulfur composite (SC@Ni3S2/SN) serves as efficient lithium polysulfide adsorbent to catalyze the overall reaction kinetics. COMSOL Multiphysics simulations and density functional theory calculations are further conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms. As a proof of concept, the well‐designed SEI@Li/SN||SC@Ni3S2/SN full cell shows excellent electrochemical performance with a negative/positive ratio in capacity of ≈2 and capacity retention of 99.82% at 1 C under mechanical deformation. The novel design principles of these materials and electrodes successfully shed new light on the development of flexible LSBs.
Smartphone‐Based Luminescent Thermometry via Temperature‐Sensitive Delayed Fluorescence from Gd2O2S:Eu3+
Authors: Katumo Ngei , Gao Guojun , Laufer Felix , Richards Bryce S. , Howard Ian A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThermal images generated from infrared radiation are useful for monitoring many processes; however, infrared cameras are orders of magnitude more expensive than their visible counterparts. Methods that allow visible cameras to capture thermal images are therefore of interest. In this contribution, thermal images of a surface coated with an inexpensive inorganic micropowder phosphor are generated from the analysis of a video taken with a smartphone camera. The phosphor is designed to have a temperature‐dependent emission lifetime that is long enough to be determined from the analysis of a 30 frames‐per‐second video recording. This proof‐of‐principle work allows temperatures in the 270–320 K range to be accurately determined with a precision better than 2 K, even in the presence of bright background illuminance up to 1500 lm m−2. In the broader context, this inspires further development of phosphors to bring time‐resolved sensing techniques into lifetime long enough ranges to allow smartphone‐based detection.
Fully Exploited Oxygen Redox Reaction by the Inter‐Diffused Cations in Co‐Free Li‐Rich Materials for High Performance Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lee Junghwa , Dupre Nicolas , Jeong Mihee , Kang ShinYoung , Avdeev Maxim , Gong Yue , Gu Lin , Yoon Won‐Sub , Kang Byoungwoo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTo meet the growing demand for global electrical energy storage, high‐energy‐density electrode materials are required for Li‐ion batteries. To overcome the limit of the theoretical energy density in conventional electrode materials based solely on the transition metal redox reaction, the oxygen redox reaction in electrode materials has become an essential component because it can further increase the energy density by providing additional available electrons. However, the increase in the contribution of the oxygen redox reaction in a material is still limited due to the lack of understanding its controlled parameters. Here, it is first proposed that Li‐transition metals (TMs) inter‐diffusion between the phases in Li‐rich materials can be a key parameter for controlling the oxygen redox reaction in Li‐rich materials. The resulting Li‐rich materials can achieve fully exploited oxygen redox reaction and thereby can deliver the highest reversible capacity leading to the highest energy density, ≈1100 Wh kg−1 among Co‐free Li‐rich materials. The strategy of controlling Li/transition metals (TMs) inter‐diffusion between the phases in Li‐rich materials will provide feasible way for further achieving high‐energy‐density electrode materials via enhancing the oxygen redox reaction for high‐performance Li‐ion batteries.
Low‐Dimensional Hybrid Perovskites for Field‐Effect Transistors with Improved Stability: Progress and Challenges
Authors: Liang Yuhang , Li Feng , Zheng Rongkun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHybrid perovskites have attracted considerable attention due to their excellent optoelectronic properties and facile processing. Beyond their wide usage in various energy‐related devices and optoelectronic applications, in particular photovoltaic cells, these materials have also been employed as active candidates in field‐effect transistors (FETs). However, the low stability of these materials is still a substantial challenge for their applications and commercialization. Low‐dimensional (two‐ or quasi‐two‐) perovskites, which are formed by introducing larger organic amine groups into the perovskite structure, not only offer great potential for the development of high stability devices, but also achieve higher field‐effect mobility due to the low ion migrations at room temperature. To date, the emerging low‐dimensional perovskite FETs have already gained unprecedented developments. This review mainly summarizes and evaluates the recent progress on low‐dimensional perovskite FETs and proposes solutions for the possible challenges. First, along with the detailed comparisons, the advantages of low‐dimensional perovskites that can overcome the demerits of conventional 3D perovskites for FETs are presented in detail. Thereafter, the achievements and development of low‐dimensional perovskite‐based FETs are briefly reviewed, followed by the discussion of field‐effect mobility and other challenges and opportunities of low‐dimensional perovskites for FETs. Finally, a summary and outlook are given.
Complementary Lateral‐Spin–Orbit Building Blocks for Programmable Logic and In‐Memory Computing
Authors: Zhang Nan , Cao Yi , Li Yucai , Rushforth Andrew W. , Ji Yang , Zheng Houzhi , Wang Kaiyou 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCurrent‐driven switching of nonvolatile spintronic materials and devices based on spin–orbit torques offer fast data processing speed, low power consumption, and unlimited endurance for future information processing applications. Analogous to conventional complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductors technology, it is important to develop complementary spin–orbit devices with differentiated magnetization switching senses as elementary building blocks for realizing sophisticated logic functionalities. Various attempts using external magnetic field or complicated stack/circuit designs have been proposed; however, plainer and more feasible approaches are still strongly desired. Here it is shown that a pair of two locally laser annealed perpendicular Pt/Co/Pt devices with opposite laser track configurations and thereby inverse field‐free lateral spin–orbit torques (LSOTs) induced switching senses can be adopted as such complementary spin–orbit building blocks. By electrically programming the initial magnetization states (spin down/up) of each sample, Boolean logic gates of AND, OR, NAND, and NOR as well as a spin–orbit half adder containing an exclusive‐OR gate are obtained. Moreover, various initialization‐free programmable stateful logic operations, including material implication gate, are also demonstrated by regarding the magnetization state as a logic input. The complementary LSOT building blocks provide a potentially applicable way toward future efficient spin logics and in‐memory computing architectures.
The effect of age on the relative risk of lung cancer mortality in a cohort of chromium production workers
Authors: Gibb Herman , Wang Jing , O'Leary Keri , Chen Chao , Bateson Thomas F. , Kopylev Leonid 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundHexavalent chromium has been found to increase the risk of lung cancer in occupational studies. It has been suggested that the relative risk of lung cancer may vary by age.MethodsThe cohort examined is the Baltimore cohort of chromium production workers. The effect of age on the lung cancer risk from hexavalent chromium exposure was examined using a conditional Poisson regression modeling approach of Richardson and Langholz (R&L) and Cox models with interaction terms of age and cumulative hexavalent chromium exposure.ResultsThe inclusion of multiple age groups in the R&L approach suggests the existence of an age effect that is also supported by a Cox proportional hazard analysis. The hazard ratio in Cox models with age‐cumulative exposure interaction terms was significantly elevated for the youngest age group and significantly decreased for the oldest age group.ConclusionsOur analyses are consistent with the observation that younger chromium production workers have a greater lung cancer risk than older workers.
Mortality among workers employed in the mining industry in the United States: A 29‐year analysis of the National Health Interview Survey—Linked Mortality File, 1986‐2014
Authors: Arif Ahmed A. , Adeyemi Oluwaseun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundWorking in the mining industry increases the risk of chronic diseases and mortality. We investigated overall and cause‐specific mortality rates among workers employed in the mining sector in the United States.MethodsWe pooled 29 years of National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) public‐use data from 1986 to 2014, with mortality follow‐up until 31 December 2015. We grouped respondents into the mining and nonmining sectors based on the responses given at the time of the NHIS interview. We compared the overall and cause‐specific mortality rates using standardized mortality ratios (SMR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) adjusted for the competing cause of death.ResultsFrom 1986 to 2014, an estimated 14 million deaths were recorded among subjects eligible for mortality follow‐up. Of these, an estimated 50,000 deaths occurred among those working in the mining sector. A significantly higher overall mortality (SMR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.17‐1.36), and mortality from heart diseases (adjusted SMR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.31‐1.83), cancer (adjusted SMR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.14‐1.48) and unintentional injuries (adjusted SMR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.03‐1.85) were observed among those employed in the mining sector. When the analyses were restricted to men, only the SMRs for heart disease and cancer remained statistically significant. No elevated SMR for deaths from chronic lower respiratory disease was observed in the study.ConclusionWorkers employed in the mining sector have a significantly increased total death rate and death rates from heart disease, cancer, and unintentional injuries.