bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A challenge for predictive coding: Representational or experiential diversity?
Authors: Vilas Martina G. , Melloni Lucia 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
To become a unifying theory of brain function, predictive processing (PP) must accommodate its rich representational diversity. Gilead et al. claim such diversity requires a multi-process theory, and thus is out of reach for PP, which postulates a universal canonical computation. We contend this argument and instead propose that PP fails to account for the experiential level of representations.
Other and other waters in the river: Autism and the futility of prediction
Authors: Belmonte Matthew K. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Autism has been described as a neural deficit in prediction, people with autism manifest low perceptual construal and are impaired at traversing psychological distances, and Gilead et al.'s hierarchy from iconic to multimodal to fully abstract, socially communicated representations is exactly the hierarchy of representational impairment in autism, making autism a natural behavioural and neurophysiological test case for the prediction–abstraction relationship.
Shared reality and abstraction: The social nature of predictive models
Authors: Rossignac-Milon Maya , Pinelli Federica , Higgins E. Tory 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We propose that abstraction is an interpersonal process and serves a social function. Research on shared reality shows that in communication, people raise their level of abstraction in order to create a common understanding with their communication partner, which can subsequently distort their mental representation of the object of communication. This work demonstrates that, beyond building accurate models, abstraction also functions to build socially shared models – to create a shared reality.
Above and beyond “Above and beyond the concrete”
Authors: Gilead Michael , Trope Yaacov , Liberman Nira 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The commentaries address our view of abstraction, our ontology of abstract entities, and our account of predictive cognition as relying on relatively concrete simulation or relatively abstract theory-based inference. These responses revisit classic questions concerning mental representation and abstraction in the context of current models of predictive cognition. The counter arguments to our article echo: constructivist theories of knowledge, “neat” approaches in artificial intelligence and decision theory, neo-empiricist models of concepts, and externalist views of cognition. We offer several empirical predictions that address points of contention and that highlight the generative potential of our model.
Efficient and Safe Motion Planning for Quadrotors Based on Unconstrained Quadratic Programming
Authors: Li Yanhui , Liu Chao 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARYAn autonomous motion planning framework is proposed, consisting of path planning and trajectory generation. Primarily, a spacious preferred probabilistic roadmap algorithm is utilized to search a safe and short path, considering kinematics and threats from obstacles. Subsequently, a minimum-snap and position-clearance polynomial trajectory problem is transformed into an unconstrained quadratic programming and solved in a two-step optimization. Finally, comparisons with other methods based on statistical simulations are implemented. The results show that the proposed method achieves computational efficiency and a safe trajectory.
COMPREHENSION OF FOCUS-TO-ACCENTUATION MAPPING IN SENTENCES WITHONLYBY ADVANCED CANTONESE LEARNERS AND DUTCH LEARNERS OF ENGLISH
Authors: Ge Haoyan , Chen Aoju , Yip Virginia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study investigates L2 comprehension of focus-to-accentuation mapping in English sentences with focus particleonlyby advanced learners of English whose L1 was either Cantonese or Dutch. Two experiments were conducted to examine (a) whether L2 learners could map accentuation to focus; and (b) whether they could perceive accentuation in English sentences. Results show that accentuation played little role in Cantonese learners’ comprehension of focus, whereas it affected how accurately and quickly Dutch learners and native controls comprehended focus. Dutch learners were even more efficient than native controls in comprehending focus-to-accentuation mapping. Furthermore, both L2 groups could successfully perceive accentuation in English sentences. These findings suggest that multiple interfaces might not be equally problematic for L2 learners with different L1s, and convergence at multiple interfaces in L2 is possible. The comprehension difficulty observed in Cantonese learners can be attributed to their less detailed representation of focus-to-accentuation mapping in L2.
Measurement and Reduction of Radiation Damage in Frozen Hydrated
Crystalline Specimens
Authors: Glaeser R.M. , Hayward S.B. 
Published: June 2020

Highly ordered or crystalline biological macromolecules become severely
damaged and structurally disordered after a brief electron exposure.
Evidence that damage and structural disorder are occurring is clearly given
by the fading and eventual disappearance of the specimen's electron
diffraction pattern. The fading and disappearance of sharp diffraction spots
implies a corresponding disappearance of periodic structural features in the
specimen. By the same token, there is a oneto- one correspondence between
the disappearance of the crystalline diffraction pattern and the
disappearance of reproducible structural information that can be observed in
the images of identical unit cells of the object structure.
The electron exposures that result in a significant decrease in the
diffraction intensity will depend somewhat upon the resolution (Bragg
spacing) involved, and can vary considerably with the chemical makeup and
composition of the specimen material.
Reconstruction of the Structure of Enzymes from their Images
Authors: Kiselev N.A. 
Published: June 2020

Electron microscopic studies on proteins require solution of the following problems: 1/ when preparing the samples one strives for preservation of structure and its better revelation by staining; 2/ elect ron microscopy at maximal resolution and with minimal radiation damages; 3/ interpretation of images, their processing through optical and mathematical methods. All these problems are inseparably linked with one another, therefore, while concentrating attention on point 3, we shall also touch upon the first two.Until now, negative staining has been the most effective method for enhancing contrast of protein molecules and protecting structure during drying. For the sake of simplicity, the molecule images on micrographs may be regarded as patterns of stain distribution around the structure. In reality, the fine details around the edges of protein molecules can be lost in the depths of stain.
The Imaging of Crystal Structures and Crystal Defects
Authors: Cowley J.M. 
Published: June 2020

The problem of "understandinq" electron microscope imaqes becomes more
acute as the resolution is improved. The naive interpretation of an imaqe as
representinq the projection of an atom density becomes less and less
appropriate. We are increasinqly forced to face the complexities of coherent
imaqinq of what are essentially phase objects.
Most electron microscopists are now aware that, for very thin weakly
scatterinq objects such as thin unstained bioloqical specimens, hiqh
resolution imaqes are best obtained near the optimum defocus, as prescribed
by Scherzer, where the phase contrast imaqe qives a qood representation of
the projected potential, apart from a lack of information on the lower
spatial frequencies. But phase contrast imaqinq is never simple except in
idealized limitinq cases.
Structure and Assembly of the Escherichia coli Ribosome
Authors: Wittman H.G. , Nierhaus K.H. , Sieber G. , Stoffler G. , Tesche B. , Tischendorf G.W. , Wittman-Liebold B. 
Published: June 2020

Biosynthesis of proteins takes place on ribosomes which are multi-component particles occurring in all organisms. There are two classes of ribosomes in nature: the 80S ribosomes present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and the 70S ribosomes in prokaryotes. Ribosomes in chloroplasts and mitochondria are related to the prokaryotic ribosomes, although their sedimentation coefficients differ in many cases from 70S.ComponentsThe best known ribosome is that of the bacterium E. coli. It consists of two subunits of unequal size (30S and 50S). Besides three RNA molecules (5S, 16S and 23S) there are many ribosomal proteins. Their number was first determined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis.
Preparatory Procedures for Electron Microscopic Analysis at the Molecular
Level of Resolution
Authors: Sjostrand F.J. 
Published: June 2020

In the 1940's and 1950's electron microscopy conferences were attended
with everybody interested in learning about the latest technical
developments for one very obvious reason. There was the electron microscope
with its outstanding performance but nobody could make very much use of it
because we were lacking proper techniques to prepare biological specimens.
The development of the thin sectioning technique with its perfectioning in
1952 changed the situation and systematic analysis of the structure of cells
could now be pursued.
Since then electron microscopists have in general become satisfied with
the level of resolution at which cellular structures can be analyzed when
applying this technique. There has been little interest in trying to push
the limit of resolution closer to that determined by the resolving power of
the electron microscope.
Age-Friendly Communities and Cultural Pluralism: Examining Saskatoon’s Chinese-Canadian Social Enclave
Authors: Herman Lindsay , Walker Ryan , Rosenberg Mark 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTThis article uses findings from qualitative interviews to examine the experiences of members of Saskatoon’s Chinese-Canadian older-adult community in terms of their realities of aging and access to important geriatric resources. Promoting an understanding of both group experience and a broader conceptualization of age-friendly development, we argue that the notion and implications of a spatial ethnic enclave are replaced in the Saskatoon context by asocial enclave.This network of social support is evident in Chinese-Canadian older adults’ access to housing, recreation, transportation, and health services. The article concludes with lessons learned that would help enhance culturally pluralistic age-friendly development. This work underlines the significance of social capital development within more marginalized older-adult communities, both as a reaction to outside discrimination, and as a means of ensuring healthy and inclusive community aging.
The Scramble for Africa Reloaded? Portugal, European Colonial Claims and the Distribution of Colonies in the 1930s
Authors: Gonçalves Márcia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSituating itself at the crossroads of colonial history, international history and European history, this article examines the movement for colonial appeasement and the redistribution of African colonies in the 1930s from a frequently overlooked viewpoint: Portugal and its empire. Even though Portugal was not a principal actor in the discussion of colonial redistribution, the Portuguese empire was placed at the centre of these debates as a subject to be discussed. The article demonstrates that the great powers’ perception of Portugal as an inadequate colonial power was central to their strategy of colonial redistribution in an international context that espoused guarantees of territorial integrity to great and small states alike. In addition, it shows how Portugal entered the debate on colonial appeasement to promote a rhetoric of victimisation and bolster support for the dictatorship.
Influence of pre-schooler and parent nutrition education on carotenoid levels of Mexican-heritage children
Authors: Horowitz Marcel , Kaiser Lucia L. , Manzo Rosa D , Aguilera Albert , Diaz Rios L. Karina , Macias Karina 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:To determine the mediating effect of direct preschool and parent nutrition education on changes in skin carotenoids scores over 2 years in children of Mexican heritage.Design:In a quasi-experimental, community-based study, two school districts were randomly assigned to either a comparison group (parent workshops unrelated to nutrition) or a childhood obesity prevention intervention group which included nutrition education at family nights for parents and at school for children. Changes in skin carotenoid intensity scores (diffCAROT, year 2015 minus 2013) were measured in children as a proxy for fruit and vegetable consumption using Resonance Raman Spectroscopy.Setting:Two rural, low-income, school districts from a county in California’s Central Valley.Participants:316 Mexican heritage families with children aged 3–8 years.Results:Intervention group children improved over 2 years in skin carotenoid scores relative to comparison group children (diffCAROT mean +1419 (sd 9540) v. –3473 (sd 9272), P = 0·0001). Parent attendance at nutrition education classes partially mediated the intervention effect on diffCAROT (P = 0·02). Controlling for child’s age and other covariates, participation in preschool during the study had a significant positive effect on diffCAROT among intervention children compared with controls (P < 0·03), whereas no significant difference by group was observed among those not enrolled in preschool or already enrolled in elementary school.Conclusions:Programmes that combine direct parent and preschool nutrition education may be effective in low-income Mexican heritage families to improve children’s intake of fruit and vegetables.
Reconstruction of Chitin-Protein Complexes Using Correlation Averaging
Methods: Ovipositor of the Ichneumon Fly

Megarhyssa
Authors: Germinario L. T. , Blackwell J. , Frank J. 
Published: June 2020

This report describes the use of digital correlation and averaging
methods 1,2 for the reconstruction of high dose
electron micrographs of the chitin-protein complex from
Megarhyssa ovipositor.
Electron microscopy of uranyl acetate stained insect cuticle has
demonstrated a hexagonal array of unstained chitin monofibrils, 2.4−3.0 nm
in diameter, in a stained protein matrix3,4. Optical
diffraction Indicated a hexagonal lattice with a = 5.1-8.3
nm3 A particularly well ordered complex is found in
the ovipositor of the ichneumon fly
Megarhyssa: the small angle x-ray data
gives a = 7.25 nm, and the wide angle pattern shows that the protein
consists of subunits arranged in a 61 helix, with an
axial repeat of 3.06 nm5.
A Temperature-Controlled High Resolution Stage
Authors: Listvan M. , Crewe A.V. , Mankawich W. 
Published: June 2020

A high resolution temperature controlled stage capable of maintaining
temperatures in the range of +100°C has been designed and constructed for
the 100 keV scanning transmission electron microscope
(STEM)1. This work will facilitate the continuing
studies of the motion of atoms on surfaces. The interaction of atoms with
surfaces can then be studied by directly observing their motion as a
function of temperature to measure the diffusion coefficients and activation
energies. Some preliminary measurements have been made, but more work should
be done in this area.
Some operating features of the thermal stage are:

It is designed as a heating or cooling stage with a
temperature range of ±100°C accessible by a simple adjustment of
the external heat exchanger.

The specimen stage is designed to compensate for thermal
drift.

A non-magnetic thermocouple is attached to the specimen
stage to permit dynamic temperature measurement.

The thermal block does not mechanically couple to the
present high resolution room temperature specimen stages,
insuring independent checks on the stability of the instrument
and the thermal stage.
Progress in the Development of a Field Ionization Scanning Transmission
Ion Microscope
Authors: Levi-Setti R. , Fox T. R. , Lam K. 
Published: June 2020

The construction of a Scanning Transmission Ion Microscope (STIM) using
a field ionization (FI) source of H ions was initiated in 1971 by R.
Levi-Setti at the University of Chicago. A demonstration of feasibility was
reported in 1974 [1]. The basic imaging capabilities of the Chicago STIM and
its use for non-destructive imaging were demonstrated at a resolution
approaching 100 nm [2-5]. Subsequent development of the STIM concentrated on
the exploration of new contrast mechanisms and its use as a quantitative
instrument for physics and biology.
The present STIM is describe in [6,7]. An electrostatic gun lens
accelerates the field-ionized ions to 50-70 keV and images the point source
into a small probe in the specimen plane. A ratio of 9 between the probe
voltage and the ionization voltage will focus the beam 10 cm from the lens
exit. An exit aperture of 30 μm defines a beam semiangle of 0.15 mrad at the
specimen. The theoretical minimum probe radius is limited by chromatic
aberration to (6.5-e△V) nm, where e△V is the energy spread of the source in
eV. We use an electrostatic scanning and stigmator system. The gun and
specimen chambers are differentially pumped. A 90° sector double-focussing
magnetic spectrometer is used to analyze the transmitted beam. Its
acceptance semiangle is 10 mrad, and the energy resolution is 0.1%.
Field Emission Sem Using Strongly Excited Objective Lens
Authors: Tamura N. , Saito H. , Ohyama J. , Aihara R. , Kabaya A. 
Published: June 2020

To observe surface details of the specimen without charge-up and damage,
low accelerating voltage is suitable. When the accelerating voltage is
lowered, the probe diameter becomes large due to the decrease of the
brightness of the electron source and to the increase of the lens aberration
effect.
In this study, we conbined the high brightness electron source and the
low aberration lens. Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of the electron
optical column.
Validity and Accuracy of Quantitative Elemental Measurements with Core
Loss Signals in EELS
Authors: Trebbia P. , Colliex C. 
Published: June 2020

The basic formula for quantitative elemental measurements by use of core
loss signals in EELS has been proposed by Egerton and a rather complete
discussion can be found in : Sc (α,Δ) =
N.Io (α,Δ).σc(α,Δ)
This formula enables to measure the partial cross section for a given
edge when applied to standards of known composition and thickness, and the
results are to be compared with a priori calculations of the corresponding
oscillator strengths in atomic models. With the knowledge of these data, one
can then estimate the number of atoms contained within the probed volume,
which are responsible of the occurrence of the signal. The above formula
constitutes in fact an approximation to take into account multiple
scattering events which partially transfer the characteristic signal
distribution outside the angular α and energetic Δ parameters of
collection.
The Use of an Array Processor for Calculation of High Resolution
Images
Authors: Rez P. 
Published: June 2020

Computer simulation of high resolution images is often necessary to
determine the effects of different model structures on the image and to
check that images show the correct behaviour with defocus.
To calculate the image of a defect, periodic continuation must be
used.1,2 The scattering from the defect is then
sampled by a large number of beams and a slice method is optimal for
calculating these Images. The multislice method has proven to be popular for
these applications and the algorithm for generating the beam amplitudes at t
+ Δt is 3
Analytical Electron Microscopy of (W,Ti)C
Authors: Shinde Subhash L. 
Published: June 2020

Addition of titanium to tungsten carbide changes its structure from
hexagonal to NaCl type in the single phase region of the W-Ti-C ternary.
This results in a change of the slip systems active during deformation. It
Is thus possible to improve the mechanical properties of WC (especially
toughness) by the alloying addition of Ti. The purpose of this study is to
identify the appropriate deformation mechanisms, using TEM
techniques.
The present report deals with investigations on deformed and undeformed
single phase ternary carbides. The bulk (W,Ti)C samples were obtained by arc
melting presintered pellets of mechanically mixed WC and TiC powders with a
nominal composition of 22.5% W, 32.5% Ti, and 45% C (atomic). Three
millimeter dia. discs of 100 μm thickness were obtained from these samples
by spark cutting and further mechanical grinding. The deformation was
introduced by creating a square array of micro-indentations. The discs were
then ion-beam thinned.
Collection and Analysis of Sem and Tem Data Using a Random Access Video
Frame Store
Authors: Harland C.J. , Venables J. A. 
Published: June 2020

We have investigated the possibility of using a large random access
video frame store (VFS) for the collection, storage and analysis of SEM and
TEM data. Here we describe how such a store can be used to enhance the
microanalytical facilities in our laboratory, and we show some preliminary
results to demonstrate its power.
A block diagram of the proposed system is shown in fig. 1. The store is
arranged so that data can be collected, displayed and randomly accessed by
the computer, all independently and asynchronously. The VFS can be addressed
either from an external source or addressing can be software generated, with
the computer also controlling the source timing. The computer has access to
any part of the VFS and can thus remove, modify and replace any stored data
at any time allowing simple processing routines to be performed in
real-time, or more complex operations on 'frozen' images. Standard computer
peripherals are used for operator interaction for program storeage and for
hard-copy recording of graphs and numerical data. Synchronous read and write
operations on the VFS allow noise-reduction of TV rate images by
time-averaging or recursive filtering. This is of particular advantage over
long lime-constant SEM and SAM imaging as it enables one to observe the
image continuosly while greatly reducing the effects of 1/f noise.
Asynchronous operations enable the VFS to be used for scan-conversion of SEM
slow-scan inputs into good quality TV rate images for display and video
recording.
Analysis of Sputtered Zinc Oxide Films
Authors: Emma T. A. , Singh M. P. 
Published: June 2020

Optical quality zinc oxide films have been characterized using
reflection electron diffraction (RED), replication electron microscopy
(REM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Significant microstructural differences were observed between rf sputtered
films and planar magnetron rf sputtered films.
Piezoelectric materials have been attractive for applications to
integrated optics since they provide an active medium for signal processing.
Among the desirable physical characteristics of sputtered ZnO films used for
this and related applications are a highly preferred crystallographic
texture and relatively smooth surfaces. It has been found that these
characteristics are very sensitive to the type and condition of the
substrate and to the several sputtering parameters: target, rf power, gas
composition and substrate temperature.