bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stratospheric impact on the Northern Hemisphere winter and spring ozone interannual variability in the troposphere
Authors: Liu Junhua , Rodriguez Jose M. , Oman Luke D. , Douglass Anne R. , Olsen Mark A. , Hu Lu 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. In this study we use ozone and stratospheric ozone tracer
simulations from the high-resolution (0.5∘×0.5∘)
Goddard Earth Observing System, Version 5 (GEOS-5), in a replay mode to study
the impact of stratospheric ozone on tropospheric ozone interannual
variability (IAV). We use these simulations in conjunction with ozonesonde
measurements from 1990 to 2016 during the winter and spring seasons. The
simulations include a stratospheric ozone tracer (StratO3) to aid in
the evaluation of the impact of stratospheric ozone IAV on the IAV of
tropospheric ozone at different altitudes and locations. The model is in good
agreement with the observed interannual variation in tropospheric
ozone, except for the post-Pinatubo period (1992–1994) over the region
of North America. Ozonesonde data show a negative ozone anomaly in 1992–1994
following the Pinatubo eruption, with recovery thereafter. The simulated
anomaly is only half the magnitude of that observed. Our analysis suggests
that the simulated stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) flux deduced from
the analysis might be too strong over the North American (50–70∘ N) region after the Mt. Pinatubo eruption in the early
1990s, masking the impact of lower stratospheric ozone concentration on
tropospheric ozone. European ozonesonde measurements show a similar but
weaker ozone depletion after the Mt. Pinatubo eruption, which is fully
reproduced by the model. Analysis based on the stratospheric ozone tracer identifies differences in strength and vertical extent of
stratospheric ozone impact on the tropospheric ozone interannual variation
(IAV) between North America and Europe. Over North American stations, the
StratO3 IAV has a significant impact on tropospheric ozone from the
upper to lower troposphere and explains about 60 % and 66 % of the
simulated ozone IAV at 400 hPa and ∼11 % and 34 % at 700 hPa in winter and spring, respectively. Over European stations, the influence
is limited to the middle to upper troposphere and becomes much smaller at
700 hPa. The Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and
Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2), assimilated fields exhibit strong
longitudinal variations over Northern Hemisphere (NH) mid-high latitudes,
with lower tropopause height and lower geopotential height over North
America than over Europe. These variations associated with the relevant
variations in the location of tropospheric jet flows are responsible for the
longitudinal differences in the stratospheric ozone impact, with stronger
effects over North America than over Europe.
Understanding and improving model representation of aerosol optical properties for a Chinese haze event measured during KORUS-AQ
Authors: Saide Pablo E. , Gao Meng , Lu Zifeng , Goldberg Daniel L. , Streets David G. , Woo Jung-Hun , Beyersdorf Andreas , Corr Chelsea A. , Thornhill Kenneth L. , Anderson Bruce , Hair Johnathan W. , Nehrir Amin R. , Diskin Glenn S. , Jimenez Jose L. , Nault Benjamin A. , Campuzano-Jost Pedro , Dibb Jack , Heim Eric , Lamb Kara D. , Schwarz Joshua P. , Perring Anne E. , Kim Jhoon , Choi Myungje , Holben Brent , Pfister Gabriele , Hodzic Alma , Carmichael Gregory R. , Emmons Louisa , Crawford James H. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. KORUS-AQ was an international cooperative air quality
field study in South Korea that measured local and remote sources of air
pollution affecting the Korean Peninsula during May–June 2016. Some of the
largest aerosol mass concentrations were measured during a Chinese haze
transport event (24 May). Air quality forecasts using the WRF-Chem
model with aerosol optical depth (AOD) data assimilation captured AOD during
this pollution episode but overpredicted surface particulate matter
concentrations in South Korea, especially PM2.5, often by a factor of 2
or larger. Analysis revealed multiple sources of model deficiency related to
the calculation of optical properties from aerosol mass that explain these
discrepancies. Using in situ observations of aerosol size and composition as
inputs to the optical properties calculations showed that using a low-resolution size bin representation (four bins) underestimates the efficiency
with which aerosols scatter and absorb light (mass extinction efficiency).
Besides using finer-resolution size bins (8–16 bins), it was also necessary
to increase the refractive indices and hygroscopicity of select aerosol
species within the range of values reported in the literature to achieve
better consistency with measured values of the mass extinction efficiency
(6.7 m2 g−1 observed average) and light-scattering enhancement factor (f(RH))
due to aerosol hygroscopic growth (2.2 observed average). Furthermore, an
evaluation of the optical properties obtained using modeled aerosol properties
revealed the inability of sectional and modal aerosol representations in
WRF-Chem to properly reproduce the observed size distribution, with the
models displaying a much wider accumulation mode. Other model deficiencies
included an underestimate of organic aerosol density (1.0 g cm−3 in the
model vs. observed average of 1.5 g cm−3) and an overprediction of
the fractional contribution of submicron inorganic aerosols other than
sulfate, ammonium, nitrate, chloride, and sodium corresponding to mostly dust
(17 %–28 % modeled vs. 12 % estimated from observations). These results
illustrate the complexity of achieving an accurate model representation of
optical properties and provide potential solutions that are relevant to
multiple disciplines and applications such as air quality forecasts, health
impact assessments, climate projections, solar power forecasts, and aerosol
data assimilation.
Ability of an Australian reanalysis dataset to characterise sub-daily precipitation
Authors: Acharya Suwash Chandra , Nathan Rory , Wang Quan J. , Su Chun-Hsu , Eizenberg Nathan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. The high spatio-temporal variability of precipitation is often difficult to characterise due to limited measurements.
The available low-resolution global reanalysis datasets inadequately represent the spatio-temporal variability of precipitation relevant to catchment hydrology. The Bureau of Meteorology Atmospheric high-resolution Regional Reanalysis for Australia (BARRA) provides a high-resolution atmospheric reanalysis dataset across the Australasian region. For hydrometeorological applications, however, it is essential to properly evaluate the sub-daily precipitation from this reanalysis. In this regard, this paper evaluates the sub-daily precipitation from BARRA for a period of 6 years (2010–2015) over Australia against point observations and blended radar products. We utilise a range of existing and bespoke metrics for evaluation at point and spatial scales. We examine bias in quantile estimates and spatial displacement of sub-daily rainfall at a point scale. At a spatial scale, we use the fractions skill score as a spatial evaluation metric. The results show that the performance of BARRA precipitation depends on spatial location, with poorer performance in tropical relative to temperate regions. A possible spatial displacement during large rainfall is also found at point locations. This displacement, evaluated by comparing the distribution of rainfall within a day, could be quantified by considering the neighbourhood grids. On spatial evaluation, hourly precipitation from BARRA is found to be skilful at a spatial scale of less than 100 km (150 km) for a threshold of 75th percentile (90th percentile) at most of the locations. The performance across all the metrics improves significantly at time resolutions higher than 3 h. Our evaluations illustrate that the BARRA precipitation, despite discernible spatial displacements, serves as a useful dataset for Australia, especially at sub-daily resolutions. Users of BARRA are recommended to properly account for possible spatio-temporal displacement errors, especially for applications where the spatial and temporal characteristics of rainfall are deemed very important.
Skill of large-scale seasonal drought impact forecasts
Authors: Sutanto Samuel J. , van der Weert Melati , Blauhut Veit , Van Lanen Henny A. J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Forecasting of drought impacts is still lacking in drought early-warning systems (DEWSs), which presently do not go beyond hazard forecasting. Therefore, we developed drought impact functions using machine learning approaches (logistic regression and random forest) to predict drought impacts with lead times up to 7 months ahead. The observed and forecasted hydrometeorological drought hazards – such as the standardized precipitation index (SPI), standardized precipitation evaporation index (SPEI), and standardized runoff index (SRI) – were obtained from the The EU-funded Enhancing Emergency Management and Response to Extreme Weather and Climate Events (ANYWHERE) DEWS. Reported drought impact data, taken from the European Drought Impact Report Inventory (EDII), were used to develop and validate drought impact functions. The skill of the drought impact functions in forecasting drought impacts was evaluated using the Brier skill score and relative operating characteristic metrics for five cases representing different spatial aggregation and lumping of impacted sectors. Results show that hydrological drought hazard represented by SRI has higher skill than meteorological drought represented by SPI and SPEI. For German regions, impact functions developed using random forests indicate a higher discriminative ability to forecast drought impacts than logistic regression. Moreover, skill is higher for cases with higher spatial resolution and less lumped impacted sectors (cases 4 and 5), with considerable skill up to 3–4 months ahead. The forecasting skill of drought impacts using machine learning greatly depends on the availability of impact data. This study demonstrates that the drought impact functions could not be developed for certain regions and impacted sectors, owing to the lack of reported impacts.
Norwegian Atlantic Slope Current along the Lofoten Escarpment
Authors: Fer Ilker , Bosse Anthony , Dugstad Johannes 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Observations from moored instruments are analyzed to describe the Norwegian Atlantic Slope Current at the Lofoten Escarpment (13∘ E, 69∘ N). The data set covers a 14-month period from June 2016 to September 2017 and resolves the core of the current from 200 to 650 m depth between the 650 and 1500 m isobaths. The along-isobath current, vertically averaged between 200 and 600 m depth, has an annual cycle amplitude of 0.1 m s−1, with the strongest currents in winter, and a temporal average of 0.15 m s−1. Higher-frequency variability is characterized by fluctuations that reach 0.8 m s−1, lasting for 1 to 2 weeks, and extend as deep as 600 m. In contrast to observations in Svinøy (2∘ E, 63∘ N), the slope current is not barotropic and varies strongly with depth (a shear of 0.05 to 0.1 m s−1 per 100 m in all seasons). Within the limitations of the data, the average volume transport of Atlantic Water is estimated at 2.0±0.8 Sv (1 Sv =106 m3 s−1), with summer and winter averages of 1.6 and 2.9 Sv, respectively. The largest transport is associated with the high temperature classes (>7 ∘C) in all seasons, with the largest values of both transport and temperature in winter. Calculations of the barotropic and baroclinic conversion rates using the moorings are supplemented by results from a high-resolution numerical model. While the conversion from mean to eddy kinetic energy (e.g., barotropic instability) is likely negligible over the Lofoten Escarpment, the baroclinic conversion from mean potential energy into eddy kinetic energy (e.g., baroclinic instability) can be substantial, with volume-averaged values of (1–2)×10-4 W m−3.
New observations of the distribution, morphology and dissolution dynamics of cryogenic gypsum in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Wollenburg Jutta E. , Iversen Morten , Katlein Christian , Krumpen Thomas , Nicolaus Marcel , Castellani Giulia , Peeken Ilka , Flores Hauke 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. To date, observations on a single location indicate that cryogenic gypsum
(Ca[SO4]⚫2H2O) may constitute an efficient but hitherto
overlooked ballasting mineral enhancing the efficiency of the biological
carbon pump in the Arctic Ocean. In June–July 2017 we sampled cryogenic
gypsum under pack ice in the Nansen Basin north of Svalbard using a plankton
net mounted on a remotely operated vehicle (ROVnet). Cryogenic gypsum
crystals were present at all sampled stations, which suggested a persisting
cryogenic gypsum release from melting sea ice throughout the investigated
area. This was supported by a sea ice backtracking model, indicating that
gypsum release was not related to a specific region of sea ice formation.
The observed cryogenic gypsum crystals exhibited a large variability in
morphology and size, with the largest crystals exceeding a length of 1 cm.
Preservation, temperature and pressure laboratory studies revealed that
gypsum dissolution rates accelerated with increasing temperature and
pressure, ranging from 6 % d−1 by mass in polar surface water (−0.5 ∘C) to 81 % d−1 by mass in Atlantic Water (2.5 ∘C at 65 bar). When testing the preservation of gypsum in formaldehyde-fixed
samples, we observed immediate dissolution. Dissolution at warmer
temperatures and through inappropriate preservation media may thus explain
why cryogenic gypsum was not observed in scientific samples previously.
Direct measurements of gypsum crystal sinking velocities ranged between 200
and 7000 m d−1, suggesting that gypsum-loaded marine aggregates could
rapidly sink from the surface to abyssal depths, supporting the hypothesized
potential of gypsum as a ballasting mineral in the Arctic Ocean.
Publisher's Comment
Authors: Schnitz Gary 
Published: June 2020

Welcome to the Journal of Biocommunication issue 44-1. The issue represents our first issue of 2020 and our eighth issue designed for our new mixed publishing format that offers our authors traditional publishing as well as open access options.
Our Journal is dedicated to the dissemination of high-quality research, and we accept manuscripts, which are of interest to the broader bioscience community. We welcome authors reporting on their high-impact discoveries, cutting-edge research, and new imaging methodologies. Our professional organizations and the Journal are critical for generating open access content of scholarly, intellectual, and creative merit.
Stabilisatie van het schuldenprobleem is niet genoeg
Authors: Baan Ad , Berkhout Bram 
Published: June 2020

Stabilization of the debt problem is not sufficient
In the Dutch debt counseling system, a close collaboration between two trajectories, being voluntary debt settlements and debt settlements imposed by a judge, is vital for the overall success of the system. This article shows that this crucial collaboration is in fact poor, and negatively impacts the success of the debt counseling system. One of the underlying factors is the poor performance of the system as a whole. Although there is a common interest in reducing debts, the involved parties also have their own conflicting interests. The current system fails however to accomplish a tighter collaboration, and even sometimes seems to do the opposite. The authors conclude that a redesign of the Dutch system is necessary to organize a better and more coherent playing field.
De onbenutte kracht van schuldpreventie
Authors: Madern Tamara 
Published: June 2020

The untapped power of debt prevention
Problematic debt has a large impact on people’s lives and tends to escalate quickly, making early detection and debt prevention crucial. Debt prevention is a mix of measures, activities and provisions aimed at ensuring that people acquire financial skills and that they are capable and actually behave financially sound, so that their finances are and remain in order. So people have to be financially literate and have financial skills, but they also have to be able to act at the right time in the right way. There is currently not enough attention for these three elements in legislation and regulations.
Uitdagingen voor het ondernemingsrecht; op weg naar een echt ondernemingsrecht?
Authors: Timmerman L. 
Published: June 2020

Uitdagingen voor het ondernemingsrecht; op weg naar een echt ondernemingsrecht?
De auteur zet uiteen hoe de verhouding tussen onderneming en vennootschap zich vanaf 1900 heeft ontwikkeld. De auteur verwacht dat de invloed van de politiek op de onderneming en vennootschap in de komende jaren zal toenemen. Aan het slot van zijn beschouwing maakt de auteur een paar opmerkingen over de invloed van digitalisering op het vennootschapsrecht.‘The future is unknowable, but the past should give us hope.’Uitspraak toegeschreven aan Winston Churchill.
Earn-out-perikelen – over de inspanningsverplichting van de koper gedurende de earn-out-periode
Authors: Colenbrander A.G. 
Published: June 2020

Earn-out-perikelen – over de inspanningsverplichting van de koper gedurende de earn-out-periode. Beschouwingen bij Rb. Amsterdam 19 november 2019, ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2019:8689
Als een overnamecontract een earn-out-structuur bevat, kan koper verplicht zijn om na afronding van de overname rekening te blijven houden met het belang van verkoper bij het verschuldigd worden van de earn-out. Deze bijdrage behandelt wanneer deze verplichting bestaat en hoe hier in de praktijk invulling aan wordt gegeven.
Interest Representation in Belgium
Authors: Willems Evelien , Beyers Jan , Heylen Frederik 
Published: June 2020

Interest Representation in Belgium
This article assesses the size and diversity of Belgium’s interest group population by triangulating four data sources. Combining various sources allows us to describe which societal interests get mobilised, which interest organisations become politically active and who gains access to the policy process and obtains news media attention. Unique about the project is the systematic data collection, enabling us to compare interest representation at the national, Flemish and Francophone-Walloon government levels. We find that: (1) the national government level remains an important venue for interest groups, despite the continuous transfer of competences to the subnational and European levels, (2) neo-corporatist mobilisation patterns are a persistent feature of interest representation, despite substantial interest group diversity and (3) interest mobilisation substantially varies across government levels and political-administrative arenas.
VALIDATION OF A TYPOLOGY OF NOVICE TEACHERS’ SUPPORT NEEDS AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BASED ON SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Carpentier Genevieve , Mukamurera Joséphine , Leroux Mylène , Lakhal Sawsen 
Published: June 2020

The first years of teaching are challenging. Knowledge of the kind of support new teachers require is essential. Existing typologies date back from the 1980s and the early 2000s. The aim of this article is twofold: 1) to validate a typology of novice teachers’ support needs using confirmatory factor analysis and 2) to compare these needs in relation to different sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age, employment status, teaching level, and field of study). The quantitative data were drawn from a survey (N = 156) of new teachers. The validated typology highlights five types of support needs. Some key differences emerge from the comparative analyses based on respondents’ age, employment status, and field of study. The results presented could help serve as a framework for better targeting the support to be offered to beginning teachers.
Response of Foliar Applied Growth Regulators on Yield and Quality Traits of Basmati Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Prajapati Laxmi , Kushwaha S. P. , Bharose Ram 
Published: June 2020

Growth regulators is a chemical compound, which is either synthesized by the plants or exogenously applied. It affects the growth and metabolic rate thus affecting the yield and quality ofcrop. In this investigation, the Basmati rice plants were foliar sprayed with growth regulators (IAA, Kinetin, CCC, SADH and Ascorbic Acid) at tillering and before anthesis stage. Results showed a conspicuous increase in yield and quality traits in treated plants. The yield attributing traits like grain weight per plant,straw weight/plant, 1000 grain weight/test weight and Harvest Index (HI) was improved by the treatment of IAA. The quality trait viz. Grain Starch and Uncoocked and cooked grain size were significantly improved by IAA, while Grain Protein content was by Kinetin.
Black Phosphorus and Carbon Nitride Hybrid Photocatalysts for Photoredox Reactions
Authors: Zheng Yun , Chen Yilin , Gao Bifen , Lin Bizhou , Wang Xinchen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe development of metal‐free photocatalysts with high efficiency, stability, and broadband solar absorption is a major challenge to realize green and sustainable chemical development. Recently, metal‐free nanohybrids (BP/CN) composed of black phosphorus (BP) and polymeric carbon nitride (CN) are emerged as photocatalytic hybrids with broadband light‐harvesting capabilities and higher photocatalytic performance. Herein, the latest progress of BP/CN hybrids for multifarious photoredox reactions is summarized. The different heterojunction types of BP/CN hybrid photocatalysts, including type I, type II, and multicomponent heterojunctions, are illustrated. Furthermore, the relevant applications of BP/CN hybrid photocatalysts for photocatalytic water splitting, CO2 photoreduction, N2 fixation, H2O2 production, pollutant decomposition, and bacterial inactivation are discussed. An overview of the challenge in this area and the directions for the future is presented.
Inorganic and Hybrid Interfacial Materials for Organic and Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Palilis Leonidas C. , Vasilopoulou Maria , Verykios Apostolis , Soultati Anastasia , Polydorou Ermioni , Argitis Panagiotis , Davazoglou Dimitris , Mohd Yusoff Abd. Rashid bin , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs organic solar cells (OSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) move closer to commercialization, further efforts toward optimizing both cell efficiency and stability are needed. As interfaces strongly affect device performance and degradation processes, interfacial engineering by employing various materials as hole transport layers (HTLs) and electron transport layers (ETLs) has been a very active field of research in OSCs and PVSCs. Among them, inorganic materials exhibit significant advantages in promoting device performance due to their excellent charge transporting properties and intrinsic thermal and chemical robustness. In this review, an extensive overview is provided of inorganic semiconductors such as copper‐based ones with emphasis on copper iodide and copper thiocyanate, transition metal chalcogenides, nitrides and carbides as well as hybrid materials based on these inorganic compounds that have been recently employed as HTLs and ETLs in OSCs and PVSCs. Following a short discussion of the main optoelectronic and physical properties that interfacial materials used as HTLs and ETLs should possess, the functionalities of the aforementioned materials as interfacial, charge transport, layers in OSCs and PVSCs are discussed in depth. It is concluded by providing guidelines for further developments that could significantly extend the implementation of these materials in solar cells.