bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SCFV-6HIS Bioengineered for High Fidelity Labeling.
Authors: Malecki Marek , Tiongco Lea , Hsu Annie , Takeuchi Nina 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In life sciences, the essential part of the functional molecular analysis is the unambiguous identification of biochemical composition of the observed structures. This analysis is expected to create a bridge between functional data pouring from biochemistry and molecular biology laboratories with the molecular architecture data available from ultrastructural images. This goal can be attained by application of various ultrastructural tags (See: Albrecht et al. 1992).
A new promising approach for high fidelity labeling is offered by molecular cloning and expression of molecules containing metal binding sites making them suitable for electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) (Malecki 1995). A truly enormous potential of ESI relies in its ability for mapping of various elements within the same sample. Interactions of electrons with an atom result in the electrons specific energy loss. Based upon these energy losses distribution of the elements within the sample can be mapped.
The Morphology of Widmanstatten Cementite Laths
Authors: Fonda R W , Kral M V 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The proeutectoid precipitation of Widmanstatten cementite has recently been shown to occur in two morphologies, either as broad monolithic plates or as aggregates of narrow laths, in a Fe-13 wt% Mn-1.3 wt% C steel, see Figure 1. Each of these morphologies correlates to a specific orientation of the cementite crystal within the austenite matrix; precipitates with a Pitsch orientation relationship adopt the monolithic plate morphology while precipitates with a Farooque-Edmonds orientation relationship develop as laths. In this paper, we examine the morphology and interfacial structure of these Widmanstatten cementite laths.
The typical three-dimensional morphology of Widmanstatten cementite laths can be revealed by etching with a 10% nitric acid solution in methanol. This procedure selectively etches the austenite matrix without affecting the cementite precipitates (see Figure 1). By similarly etching an electropolished thin foil TEM sample, the three-dimensional morphology and internal structure of entire electron transparent cementite precipitates can be examined.
Precipitation Behavior of Melt Spun Mg-1.5wt%Ca-6wt%Zn Alloys
Authors: Jardim PM , Solórzano IG , Vander Sande JB , You BS 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
For over five decades considerable attention has been given to magnesium-based alloys, primarily from the physical metallurgy point of view. The driving force for this effort has been the potential applications of Mg alloys in light weight structural components, namely in the automotive and aircraft industries. However, the processing of these alloys through conventional casting technologies have not succeed in reaching a high level of formability and ductility while preserving high specific strength. The combination of rapid solidification and consolidation techniques has arisen as a promising approach to overcome these limitations[l,2]. On the other hand, rapid solidification technologies are opening a wide field for fundamental studies, since different sets of thermodynamic (stability), kinetic and structural conditions are established to control a variety of solid-state phase transformations. The present work reports the applications of electron microscopy techniques to the characterization of the precipitation behavior in the rapidly solidified Mg-based alloys we are investigating.
Translation Order Domains of Coherent Particles in Ni Alloys During Coarsening.
Authors: Calderon H A , Calzado L , Mori T 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Coarsening of particles involves a reduction of the total energy of the system. In fluids, the tendency for larger particles to grow at the expense of smaller ones is driven by the reduction of the total surface energy. In solids, the elastic strain energy Eel also needs to be considered. Reduction of Eel gives rise to particle alignment along elastically soft directions and changes of morphology as the particle volume increases. In addition according to several authors, reduction of Eel produces the splitting of particles that reach a critical size. Regular arrays of two, four and eight particles have been observed and explained in terms of splitting. However, splitting is unlikely from a micromechanical standpoint or as a consequence of the elastic interaction between particles. This investigation deals with the determination of translation order domains in coherent γ′ particles.
The Determination of Carbide Types in Thin-Film Specimens of Low Alloy Steels.
Authors: Papworth AJ , Watanabe M , Williams DB 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The introduction of “clean steels” was thought to have cured the problem of temper embrittlement in low alloy steels. However, even these steels exhibit temper embrittlement at services temperature above 400°C. Initial studies of temper embrittlement of clean steels used Auger electron spectrometry of fracture surfaces. The failure was found to occur along the prior austenite grain boundaries (PAGBs) where P segregation was found. It has been reported that the concentration of segregants changes along individual PAGB facets, as well as between the facets of different PAGBs. It was proposed that different elements segregate to different PAGBs, depending on their orientation. Differences in segregation along individual PAGBs were attributed to precipitation during thermal exposure, as identified by AEM. The cause of temper embrittlement is still unknown, as there are doubts about the role of precipitation. This implies that each PAGB may have a different chemistry.
EFTEM Elemental Mapping of α-α′ Interconnected Isotropic Nanostructures Formed by Spinodal Decomposition of Ferrite in Aged CF8 Cast Duplex Steel
Authors: Bentley J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Phase separation by spinodal decomposition of body centered cubic Fe-Cr binary alloys to form isotropic fully interconnected nanostructures of Fe-rich α and Cr-enriched α′ phases typically on a scale of 2 to 10 nm is scientifically intriguing and technologically important. In aged dual-phase steels, it is the decomposition of the ferrite to form such α-α′ composition modulations that is primarily responsible for the increased ferrite hardness that contributes to embrittlement. The α′ structures are isotropic since the lattice constants of the two phases are almost identical and consequently the strain energy is small. In other spinodal systems larger strain energy leads to triaxially modulated structures aligned along &lt;100&gt; in cubic materials. A review of TEM characterization of spinodal alloys revealed that aligned structures had received the most attention, because they are more common and their characterization by TEM is more tractable.
Spinodal Decomposition in Fe(1-X)O-Fe3o4 Sintered Ceramics.
Authors: Huerta A , Calderon H A , Umemoto M , Brito M E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ceramic materials in the system FeO-Fe3o4 have been produced by means of mechanical milling and sintering for application of their physical properties. Starting from powder mixtures of Fe and Fe3o4 or Fe and Fe2o4, as well as pure Fe3o4, a metastable solid solution of Fe and O has been produced. The amount of Fe dissolved varies according to the milling time and its initial content in the mixture. A protective Ar atmosphere is used in all stages of the milling process in order to avoid contamination. X-ray diffraction patterns show a clear displacement of the intensity maxima as a function of the milling time, suggesting the formation of a solid solution from the initial mixture. Use of Mossbauer spectroscopy reveals an increasingly higher amount of metastable wustite (Fe(1-X) as a function of milling time i.e., 500 h and 1000 h of milling produce 67 and 74 mol % Fe(1-X)O, respectively.
A Microstructural Study of the Al-Cr-Ru System
Authors: Compton DN , Cornish LA , Witcomb MJ 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Work undertaken on the Al-Cr-Ru system has shown excellent oxidation resistance in air up to 1500°C for compositions between Al20:Cr60:Ru20 and Al35:Cr32:Ru33 (at.%). Since no phase diagram data for the Al-Cr-Ru system have been published to date, an investigation was initiated. This part of the investigation is to identify the phases which form on solidification, and to derive the liquidus surface for alloys containing in excess of 50 at. % aluminium.
Samples were prepared as arc-melted buttons from 99.9% pure elements, and were analysed in the as-cast state in the SEM using EDS with elemental standards, and by X-ray diffraction.
The B2 phase, based on AlRu, extends to at least 25 at. % Cr. The Al3Ru2 phase has not been identified, except perhaps as a thin peritectic layer which was too fine to analyse. This is not surprising, since it exhibits very limited extension in other Al- Ru-X ternary systems, and in the Al-Ru binary system reacts peritectically forming AlRU2, and also subsequently decomposes at lower temperatures.
Interdiffusion and Phase Behavior in a Vanadium / Polysynthetically Twinned Tial Diffusion Couple
Authors: Pan Ling , Luzzi David E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Polysynthetically twinned (PST) TiAl, which has a two phase lamellar structure composed of multiply oriented lamellae of the TiAl phase (γ, with ordered tetragonal L10 structure) with a low density of interspersed layers of the Ti3Al phase (α2, with ordered D019 hexagonal structure), has attracted a large amount of interest in the past decade for its potential as a high temperature structural material. The strongly crystallographic twins and pseudo-twins between the lamellae of the PST TiAl crystal provide an ideal system to study interface diffusion. In this paper, we describe early results on the interrelationships between phase and interface structure, bulk and interface diffusion and phase equilibrium in the diffusion- bonded system PST TiAl and vanadium.
A PST TiAl “single crystal” was grown in an optical floating zone furnace by zone-melting and directional solidification of a polycrystalline as-cast TiAl rod. Within the “single crystal”, all the lamellar interfaces are parallel.
Microstructural Response of DS Nb-Silicide In-Situ Composites During High-Temperature Creep Testing
Authors: Bewlay BP , Sitzman SD 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Directionally solidified (DS) in-situ composites based on (Nb) and Nb silicides, such as Nb5Si3 and Nb3Si, are being investigated for high-temperature structural applications. The use of alloying additions, such as Hf, Ti and Mo, to these silicides is required to enhance their properties. The present paper describes the microstructural response of a DS Nb-silicide based composite to creep testing.
The composites investigated were directionally solidified from a molten alloy using the Czochralski method as described previously. Creep tests were conducted at 1200°C to strains of up 50%. Microstructure and microtexture characterizations were performed using scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), and electron backscatter diffraction pattern analysis (EBSP).
Microstructures of the longitudinal section of a DS composite generated from a Nb-12.5Hf-33Ti- 16Si alloy are shown in Figure 1 in the as-DS (left hand side) and the DS+creep tested conditions (right hand side).
Nanostructure-Nanomechanical Properties of Enamel Rods in Mouse Incisor
Authors: Fong Hanson , Sarikaya Mehmet , Snead Malcolm L , White Shane N 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The understanding of detailed structures and properties of enamel is essentia for designing new implant materials that faithfully resemble enamel structure or to regenerate enamel through biomimetics using proteins as templates. As part of a greater effort in enamel biomimetics, this work focused on nanostructures and mechanical properties of individual enamel rods using the mause as a test animal.
A mature mouse incisor consists of two layers - dentin and enamel. In order to perform its normal masticatory function, the incisor must have sufficiently high flexural strength, toughness, and wear resistance. Enamel, which is highly mineralized (∼100%) with a knitted micro-architecture, satisfies the mechanical property requirements. It is known that elongated hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals mineralize in bundles, i.e., enamel rods, and organize in a 3-D cross pattern. [1,2] However the organizations of HAP crystals within and between rods are not well understood.
“Special Boundaries” in Silicon Nitride With High Thermal Conductivty
Authors: Brito M E , Watari K , Hirao K , Toriyama M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Significant improvements in the fracture resistance, fracture toughness and thermal properties of silicon nitride ceramics are obtained by tailoring the microstructure. Combined use of seeding and tape casting techniques allowed the production of highly anisotropic microstructures. The seeded silicon nitrides exhibited a distinct bimodal microstructure, with large elongated β-Si3N4 grains, grown from seeds, dispersed within a fine-grained matrix. These large grains in the seeded silicon nitrides lie in the casting planes and self-align along the casting direction during tape forming process. It is here, when due to the high degree of alignment that “special boundaries” without the, otherwise, ubiquitous amorphous phase occurs. These “special” boundaries, hardly seen in three dimensionally random microstructures, are the object of the present study.
Silicon nitride with high thermal conductivity of up to 120 W/mK (ref. 3) is produced by hot-pressing at 1800 °C for 2 h. powders with the following nominal composition: α-Si3N4 ;5 wt% Y203; 5 vol.% (β-Si3N4 seeds.
Silicate Glass and Evaporation from Sapphire Surfaces
Authors: Ravishankar N , Barry Carter C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ceramic materials are processed at high temperatures where different mechanisms of mass transport are operative. The liquid-phase sintering (LPS) process involves the formation of a silicate liquid at the sintering temperature. In this case, mass transport takes place at the solidliquid, solid-vapor and liquid-solid interfaces. The mechanism and kinetics of these processes controls the microstructure. The silicate phase, which is usually the sintering additive, may influence the evaporation from and of the ceramic. The importance of the evaporation process has been clearly brought out in previous studies on the dewetting of silicates on a ceramic substrate. The present study considers the influence of a silicate phase (celsian) on evaporation from a ceramic (sapphire) substrate.
Pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) has been used to deposit thin films (∼100 nm thick) of celsian (BaAl2Si2O8) on sapphire single-crystals of basal orientation. In the present study, the film/substrate assembly has been annealed at high temperatures (1750°C to 1850°C) in a vacuum furnace.
Combined CBED/Alchemi Analysis of Crystallography and Cation Distributions in the Transparent Conductive Oxide Cd1+XIn2-2XSnxO4
Authors: Brewer LN , Kammler DR , Mason TO , Dravid VP 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Transparent conductive oxide materials (TCO) are currently under development for use as electrodes in optical systems such as photovoltaics and flat panel displays. Indium-tin based oxides and cadmium-tin based oxides have been investigated in the past but have received more attention recently due to their high electron mobilities. The mechanisms for conduction in these systems are not fully understood, but the distribution of cations within the lattice is thought to be of importance. We are currently studying the Cd1+xIn2-2xSnxO4 system for use as a TCO material. In particular, we are interested in the effect of the crystallography and cation distributions in this material upon its electro-optical properties.
The investigation of cation distributions in this spinel system presents special challenges to purely diffraction based methods. X-ray diffraction cannot be used to assess the cation distribution for this system due to the similar x-ray atomic scattering factors for the cations involved.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies of Natural Nanomaterials from the Solar System
Authors: Dai Z R , Bradley J P , Snow T P , Wang Z L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It is widely appreciated that the study of (man-made) nanomaterials is a new frontier in materials science, but it is not well appreciated that (natural) nanomaterials represent a new frontier in meteoritics and planetary science [1]. During the next decade the nanogram to microgram quantities of extraterrestrial materials will be returned to Earth from a variety of solar system bodies including comets [2]. Studies of cometary interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) collected in the stratosphere, as well as mass spectrometry data from grains analyzed in-situ at comet Halley, suggest that the returned comet samples will be heterogeneous on a scale of nanometers [3, 4]. (A single 5-10μm diameter IDP may contain &gt;106 individual grains and many different minerals (metal, carbonaceous phases, silicates, sulfides, etc.)). More recent observations of dust around stars, in interplanetary space, and at comet Hale-Bopp indicate that the predominant astronomical grain size is in the nanometer to submicrometer size range [5,6].
Microscopy of Airborne Particulates from Opencast Coal Pits.
Authors: Jones T P , Reynolds L J , BéruBé K A , Richards R J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the UK, ambient levels of PM10 are approximately 20-30 micrograms/m3 but may increase 10-fold during pollution episodes. There have been concerns expressed about the possible detrimental health effects of breathing particulates generated by opencast coal mining in the United Kingdom (e.g. Glyneath in Wales, 1997). However these fears have not been confirmed due to lack of adequate monitoring, characterisation, and source apportionment of PM10. We have collected airborne particulates from several sites within ‘Park Slip West’ coal opencast pit, which is situated in the south of Wales, UK. This collection constitutes the first half of a project to collect and characterise particles, followed by an assessment of their bioreactivity. The characterisation includes Field Emission SEM, SEM-EDAX, TEM-EPXMA, ICPMS and Image Analysis.
Particles were collected using high-volume air samplers operating at pre-calibrated flow rates of 30L/minute, attached to PM10 selective-inlet heads.
High-Resolution TEM Investigation of Halloysite
Authors: Ma Chi , Eggleton Richard A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Halloysite has long been regarded as being highly-disordered or even turbostratic structurally. TEM study of halloysite in the past showed little detail in the basal fringes due to rapid beam damage. Most TEM images of halloysite with various morphologies reported in recent literature are at low-magnification. In this study, tubular halloysites from six localities in Australia and New Zealand were intensely examined with HRTEM and electron diffraction using a JEOL 200CX. The results are presented in this paper.
Tubular halloysite (Fig. la) HRTEM images recorded show a 7-Å fringe spacing (Fig. lb), which suggests that halloysite has lost its all interlayer water and has collapsed under the high-vacuum conditions in the TEM. The 7-A lattice fringes revealed on the walls of halloysite tubes are similar to those of kaolinite stacks, and exhibit relatively straight layers with fewer defects compared with smectite fringes.
Microstructure and Thermal Conductivity of AlN(Y2O3) Ceramics
Authors: Bailey GW , McKernan S , Price RL , Walck SD , Charest P-M , Gauvin R , Yu Y D , Hundere A M , Høier R , Einarsrud M -A , Dunin-Borkowski R E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Aluminum nitride (AIN) with high thermal conductivity has been considered as a potential substrate material for microelectronics. However, the thermal conductivity of polycrystalline AIN ceramics, prepared by liquid-phase sintering, is significantly lower than that of AIN single crystal. It has been shown that the thermal conductivity of AIN is inversely proportional to the oxygen content dissolved in the AIN lattice. Furthermore, the microstructure of AIN can also influence the thermal conductivity considerably. In the present study, we investigated the effect of grain boundaries and secondary phase distributions on thermal conductivity of two selected high density samples which contained similar oxygen content but showed different thermal conductivities.
Experimental details and selected properties of Samples A and B are shown in Table 1. Sample A with 0.8 wt% Y2O3 additive was embedded in an AIN powder bed in a BN crucible covered by a BN lid (not gas tight) during sintering, while Sample B with 3.9 wt% Y2O3 was embedded in an AIN powder bed in an open graphite crucible.
Coal Slag Reaction with High Chrome Refractories
Authors: Collins W K , Rawers J C , Peck L M , Hunt A H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
ABSTRACT: Coal gasifiers are required to operate at very high temperatures, &gt;1600°C, for long periods of time, &gt; 13 months (10,000 hours) Fig.1. Under these conditions the refractory lining of choice is high chrome refractory. During operation coal contaminants form a liquid slag that run down the chamber walls which can react with the refractory walls. Albany Research Center has designed a series of experiments to understand the slag-refractory interactions, with the intent of eventually being able to reduce or minimize the problem and thereby extending the gasifier operation time before relining. To understand the slag-refractory interaction, elemental components of the slag have been allowed to react with the refractory under simulated gasifying conditions. The interactions have been characterized using X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, elemental x-ray mapping, and quantitative microanalysis.
Interfacial Microstructure and Crystallographic Orientations of Thick YBa2Cu3O7 Films Deposited on CeO2/LaAlO3 Substrate
Authors: Wu Lijun , Zhu Yimei , Suenaga M , Solovyov VF , Wiesmann HJ , Sabatini RL 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The development of YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) thick films on a flexible, textured, metallic substrate has recently attracted considerable scientific and technical interest. It is well known that the interfacial microstructure plays an important role on the formation and alignment of the YBCO films. Thus, understanding the evolution of the phases near the substrate interface will help us to improve the quality of the films. In this study, BaF2, Cu, and Y were deposited on the (001) CeO2/LaAlO3 substrates without external heating in vacuum. Subsequently, a series of these films were annealed at 735°C for preselected time periods and then quenched. Similar to YBCO films on SrTiO3 substrates, (Ba, Y, Cu)(F,O)2 (precursor) and Cu2O phases were formed after annealing for 10 minutes. After 12 hours annealing, the formation of YBCO film was completed.
Epitaxial Platinum Films on (0001) Sapphire: a Microstructural Study
Authors: Ramanathan S , Clemens BM , Mclntyre PC , Dahmen U 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Epitaxial platinum films are used as seed layers in a number of magnetic and ferroelectric devices. It is hence very important to understand the microstructure of the seed layer to control the subsequent multilayer growth. Previous studies of epitaxial Pt films have focused on AFM, XRD and RHEED measurements. However, there has been no detailed analysis of the microstructure as of yet. In this paper, we present results of a systematic study of the microstructure of epitaxial Pt films using conventional and high resolution transmission electron microscopy.
Platinum films were grown by sputtering in an UHV chamber at 500°C on (0001) sapphire. Figure 1 shows a plan view bright field image of a Pt film with the inset showing the &lt;111&gt; diffraction pattern. The spot pattern confirms the epitaxial nature of the film.