bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Full automation of spinal stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy treatment planning using Varian Eclipse scripting
Authors: Teruel Jose R. , Malin Martha , Liu Elisa K. , McCarthy Allison , Hu Kenneth , Cooper Bejamin T. , Sulman Erik P. , Silverman Joshua S. , Barbee David 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this feasibility study is to develop a fully automated procedure capable of generating treatment plans with multiple fractionation schemes to improve speed, robustness, and standardization of plan quality. A fully automated script was implemented for spinal stereotactic radiosurgery/stereotactic body radiation therapy (SRS/SBRT) plan generation using Eclipse v15.6 API. The script interface allows multiple dose/fractionation plan requests, planning target volume (PTV) expansions, as well as information regarding distance/overlap between spinal cord and targets to drive decision‐making. For each requested plan, the script creates the course, plans, field arrangements, and automatically optimizes and calculates dose. The script was retrospectively applied to ten computed tomography (CT) scans of previous cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine SBRT patients. Three plans were generated for each patient — simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) 1800/1600 cGy to gross tumor volume (GTV)/PTV in one fraction; SIB 2700/2100 cGy to GTV/PTV in three fractions; and 3000 cGy to PTV in five fractions. Plan complexity and deliverability patient‐specific quality assurance (QA) was performed using ArcCHECK with an Exradin A16 chamber inserted. Dose objectives were met for all organs at risk (OARs) for each treatment plan. Median target coverage was GTV V100% = 87.3%, clinical target volume (CTV) V100% = 95.7% and PTV V100% = 88.0% for single fraction plans; GTV V100% = 95.6, CTV V100% = 99.6% and PTV V100% = 97.2% for three fraction plans; and GTV V100% = 99.6%, CTV V100% = 99.1% and PTV V100% = 97.2% for five fraction plans. All plans (n = 30) passed patient‐specific QA (>90%) at 2%/2 mm global gamma. A16 chamber dose measured at isocenter agreed with planned dose within 3% for all cases. Automatic planning for spine SRS/SBRT through scripting increases efficiency, standardizes plan quality and approach, and provides a tool for target coverage comparison of different fractionation schemes without the need for additional resources.
Walking Disabilities in Association With Tenosynovitis at the Metatarsophalangeal Joints: A Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Early Arthritis
Authors: Dakkak Yousra J. , Wouters Fenne , Matthijssen Xanthe M. E. , Reijnierse Monique , van der Helm‐van Mil Annette H. M. 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveThe relationship between functional disability and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) inflammation has been studied for the hands, but has not been well established for the feet, even though walking difficulties are common. Therefore, our objective was to study whether walking difficulties were associated with MRI inflammation at metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in early arthritis patients, at diagnosis and during 24 months of follow‐up.MethodsA total of 532 consecutive patients presenting with early arthritis reported on the presence and severity of walking difficulties (Health Assessment Questionnaire question 4a, scale 0–3), and underwent unilateral contrast‐enhanced MRI of MTP joints 1–5 at baseline. In total, 107 patients had clinical and MRI data at follow‐up (4, 12, and 24 months). MRI inflammation (synovitis, tenosynovitis, and osteitis) was scored in line with the Rheumatoid Arthritis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scoring system. At baseline, the association of walking disability with MRI inflammation was assessed using regression. Longitudinally, the association between a change in walking disability with a change in MRI inflammation was studied with linear mixed models.ResultsAt baseline, 81% of patients with walking disabilities had MRI inflammation at MTP joints, versus 68% without walking disabilities (P < 0.001). Total MRI inflammation (i.e., the sum of tenosynovitis, synovitis, and osteitis) was associated with severity of walking disability (β = 0.023, P < 0.001). Studying the MRI features separately, tenosynovitis, synovitis, and osteitis were all univariably associated with severity of walking disability (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.014, respectively). In multivariable analysis, the association was strongest for tenosynovitis. During follow‐up, a decrease in MTP inflammation was associated with a decrease in walking disability (β = 0.029, P = 0.001); in multivariable analyses only, tenosynovitis was independently associated (β = 0.073, P = 0.049).ConclusionOf the different inflamed tissues in MTP joints, predominantly MRI‐detected tenosynovitis was associated with walking disabilities. Likewise a reduction in tenosynovitis related to a decrease in walking disabilities. These results increase our understanding of the involvement of tenosynovitis in walking disabilities in early arthritis.
High‐Performance Circularly Polarized Light‐Sensing Near‐Infrared Organic Phototransistors for Optoelectronic Cryptographic Primitives
Authors: Han Hyemi , Lee Yoo Jin , Kyhm Jihoon , Jeong Jae Seung , Han Jae‐Hoon , Yang Min Kyu , Lee Kyung Min , Choi Yeongyu , Yoon Tae‐Hoon , Ju Hyunsu , Ahn Suk‐kyun , Lim Jung Ah 
Published: September 2020

AbstractChiral photonics has emerged as a key technology for future optoelectronics, such as quantum information and encryption, by making use of photonic waves from enantiomeric structures. An inevitable challenge for realizing such chiral optoelectronics is the development of near‐infrared circularly polarized (NIR CP) light‐sensing photodetectors that convert optical power and circular polarization direction into distinguishable electrical signals. Herein, a simple and promising strategy for high‐performance NIR CP light‐sensing organic phototransistors (NIR CPL‐OPTRs) applicable to highly secure optoelectronic encryption is proposed. By directly assembling a standalone cholesteric liquid‐crystal network film in a thin‐film NIR CPL‐OPTR, remarkable responsivity and distinguishability are achieved. The synergetic effect of amplification of the photocurrent signal by the applied electric field and improved light absorption by the reduced reflection in the multilayered structure leads to high responsivity. As a proof‐of‐concept, the chiral phototransistor arrays are demonstrated as a physically unclonable function device and exhibit enhanced cryptographic characteristics.
NIR Light‐Driven Bi2Se3‐Based Nanoreactor with “Three in One” Hemin‐Assisted Cascade Catalysis for Synergetic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Niu Xiaoyan , Liu Yang , Li Xiaomin , Wang Wei , Yuan Zhi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPhotocatalytic semiconductor‐based nanoreactors, that convert nontoxic molecules into toxic ones for cancer therapy, have attracted great interest. However, its therapeutic efficiency is limited by the fast electron–hole recombination within a narrow bandgap, low oxidative damage of H2O2, and tumor hypoxia. Herein, aggregation‐limited hemin is introduced onto Bi2Se3 nanoparticles for successively solving these problems. The nanoreactor (Bi2Se3@hemin‐(G‐H)‐HA NPs) is obtained through adamantane modified hemin and β‐cyclodextrin modified hyaluronic acid complexing and wrapping on Bi2Se3 NPs via host–guest and electrostatic interaction. Once irradiated by NIR light, the hemin assists Bi2Se3 to separate electron–hole pairs and catalyze endogenous H2O to generate vast H2O2, resulting in a 3.9‐fold higher H2O2 generation than that of individual Bi2Se3. Subsequently, H2O2 is catalyzed by aggregation‐limited hemin to generate highly toxic •OH and •O2−, which improves the total reactive oxygen species generation of Bi2Se3@hemin‐(G‐H)‐HA by 10.8‐fold compared to that of Bi2Se3 NPs. Importantly, the cytotoxicity result exhibits a death rate of HepG2 cells of above 90%, even though in a simulated hypoxic environment. Additionally, the in vivo result indicates this nanoreactor realizes an synergetic anticancer effect with a tumor inhibition rate of 92.3%. Overall, such a nanoreactor with hemin‐assisted cascade catalysis is a promising candidate for improving therapeutic efficacy.
High‐Throughput Tumor‐on‐a‐Chip Platform to Study Tumor–Stroma Interactions and Drug Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Chi Chun‐Wei , Lao Yeh‐Hsing , Ahmed A. H. Rezwanuddin , Benoy Elizabeth C. , Li Chenghai , Dereli‐Korkut Zeynep , Fu Bingmei M. , Leong Kam W. , Wang Sihong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDrug screening in oncology, especially for triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC), has high demand but remains unsatisfactory. Currently available models are either nonrepresentative of the complex tumor microenvironment or only suitable for low throughput screening, resulting in a low‐yield success for drug development. To tackle these issues, the L‐TumorChip system is developed in this study. It is a three‐layered microfluidic tumor‐on‐a‐chip platform integrating tumor microvasculature and tumor–stromal microenvironment with high throughput screening capability. Its layered and modular design is readily scalable through simple integration of multiple units. Here, L‐TumorChip is validated with a TNBC model. The L‐TumorChip system emulates certain tumor–stroma complexities and tumor–endothelium interactions, including TNBC invasion through the leaky microvasculature and angiogenesis. Additionally, with this L‐TumorChip, the influence of different stromal cells, including normal fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAF), on cancer cell growth as well as the stromal effects on drug responses to doxorubicin treatment is investigated. The presence of CAF delays drug pharmacokinetics, while apoptotic responses indicated by caspase‐3 activities are higher in coculture with normal fibroblasts. Collectively, the L‐TumorChip system represents a translational high‐throughput screening toolkit that enables drug screening with a scenario closer to the in vivo conditions. This potential use may therefore facilitate development of new cancer drugs.
Electromagnetically Transparent Graphene Respiratory Sensors for Multimodal Small Animal Imaging
Authors: Tweedie Martin E. P. , Kersemans Veerle , Gilchrist Stuart , Smart Sean , Warner Jamie H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) imaging with X‐rays are crucial diagnostic techniques in medicine, especially in oncology for evaluating the response to treatment. Body movement causes image blurring and synchronized gating to the respiratory and cardiac cycles is required. Degradation of MRI and CT imaging by the presence of metal in electronic respiratory sensors has limited their use, with a preference for pressure balloons for detecting respiration, but these are cumbersome and insensitive. Here, graphene's role is studied as an electromagnetically transparent electrode in a piezoelectric graphene respiratory sensor (GRS) device designed specifically for dual gated MRI and CT imaging of small animals. The GRS is integrated into a 3D‐printed cradle with all‐carbon‐based device life support (heating pad) and monitoring of small animals (electrocardiogram), enabling both heartbeat and respiration detection, significant improvements to throughput and reproducibility, and reduced animal suffering. This shows graphene's potential for a wide range of electromagnetic transparent electronics for medical imaging and diagnostics, beyond conventional metal electrodes.
Chelation Crosslinking of Biodegradable Elastomers
Authors: Chen Ying , Miller Paula G. , Ding Xiaochu , Stowell Chelsea E. T. , Kelly Katie M. , Wang Yadong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWidely present in nature and in manufactured goods, elastomers are network polymers typically crosslinked by strong covalent bonds. Elastomers crosslinked by weak bonds usually exhibit more plastic deformation. Here, chelation as a mechanism to produce biodegradable elastomers is reported. Polycondensation of sebacic acid, 1,3‐propanediol, and a Schiff‐base (2‐[[(2‐hydroxyphenyl) methylene]amino]‐1,3‐propanediol) forms a block copolymer that binds several biologically relevant metal ions. Chelation offers a unique advantage unseen in conventional elastomer design because one ligand binds multiple metal ions, yielding bonds of different strengths. Therefore, one polymeric ligand coordinated with different metal ions produces elastomers with vastly different characteristics. Mixing different metal ions in one polymer offers another degree of control on material properties. The density of the ligands in the block copolymer further regulates the mechanical properties. Moreover, a murine model reveals that Fe3+ crosslinked foam displays higher compatibility with subcutaneous tissues than the widely used biomaterial—polycaprolactone. The implantation sites restore to their normal architecture with little fibrosis upon degradation of the implants. The versatility of chelation‐based design has already shown promise in hydrogels and highly stretchy nondegradable polymers. The biodegradable elastomers reported here would enable new materials and new possibilities in biomedicine and beyond.
Mesoporous Nanoarchitectures for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Yan Yuxing , Chen Guangrui , She Peihong , Zhong Guiyuan , Yan Wenfu , Guan Bu Yuan , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMesoporous materials have attracted considerable attention because of their distinctive properties, including high surface areas, large pore sizes, tunable pore structures, controllable chemical compositions, and abundant forms of composite materials. During the last decade, there has been increasing research interest in constructing advanced mesoporous nanomaterials possessing short and open channels with efficient mass diffusion capability and rich accessible active sites for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Here, the synthesis, structures, and energy‐related applications of mesoporous nanomaterials are the main focus. After a brief summary of synthetic methods of mesoporous nanostructures, the delicate design and construction of mesoporous nanomaterials are described in detail through precise tailoring of the particle sizes, pore sizes, and nanostructures. Afterward, their applications as electrode materials for lithium‐ion batteries, supercapacitors, water‐splitting electrolyzers, and fuel cells are discussed. Finally, the possible development directions and challenges of mesoporous nanomaterials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage are proposed.
Experimental Observation of Intrinsic Light Localization in Photonic Icosahedral Quasicrystals
Authors: Sinelnik Artem D. , Shishkin Ivan I. , Yu Xiaochang , Samusev Kirill B. , Belov Pavel A. , Limonov Mikhail F. , Ginzburg Pavel , Rybin Mikhail V. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOne of the most intriguing problems of light transport in solids is the localization that has been observed in various disordered photonic structures. The light localization in defect‐free icosahedral quasicrystals has recently been predicted theoretically without experimental verification. Herein, the fabrication of submicron‐size dielectric icosahedral quasicrystals is reported and the results of detailed studies of the photonic properties of these structures are demonstrated. The first direct experimental observation of intrinsic light localization in defect‐free quasicrystals is presented. This result is obtained in time‐resolved measurements at different laser wavelengths in the visible. The localization is linked with the aperiodicity of the icosahedral structure, which leads to uncompensated scattering of light from an individual structural element over the entire sphere, providing multiple scattering inside the sample and, as a result, the intrinsic localization of light.
High‐Speed Transmission Control in Gate‐Tunable Metasurfaces Using Hybrid Plasmonic Waveguide Mode
Authors: Lee Yohan , Yun Jeongse , Kim Sun‐Je , Seo Minjee , In Sungjun , Jeong Hee‐Dong , Lee Seung‐Yeol , Park Namkyoo , Chung Taek Dong , Lee Byoungho 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDynamic control of light based on gate‐tunable metasurfaces has revolutionized traditional optoelectronic devices due to its unprecedented compactness and versatile functionalities. However, these devices are typically based on metal‐insulator‐metal geometries that enable field‐effect modulation of only reflected light. Transmittance modulation techniques based on dielectric metasurfaces, despite their large modulation depth, have a disadvantage of low modulation speed due to high resistance of dielectric materials. Here, a high‐efficiency transmittance modulator that enables high switching speed, as well as large modulation depth, is demonstrated using indium‐tin‐oxide‐based metasurfaces. To realize these devices, the hybrid plasmonic waveguide mode is used which allows electromagnetic energy storage within the nanoscale permittivity‐tunable region between metal and high‐refractive dielectric layers. Experimental measurements reveal a change in the transmittance (≈33%) by applying 6 V gate bias, and a fast modulation speed (≈826 kHz of 3 dB cut‐off frequency). This work provides a promising avenue for developing ultracompact optical components such as dynamic holograms, lenses with active focal lengths, or spatial light modulators.
Dual‐Functioning Molecular Carrier of Superoxide Radicals for Stable and Efficient Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Bae Youngjoon , Song Hyelynn , Park Hyeokjun , Lim Hee‐Dae , Kwon Hyuk Jae , Ko Youngmin , Huynh Chi , Ovalle‐Robles Raquel , Kim Yong Hyup , Im Dongmin , Kang Kisuk 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLow round‐trip efficiency and poor cycle stability remain the major challenges associated with lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) batteries. These issues are primarily triggered by or correlated to the radical species produced during the operation of Li–O2 cells, which lead to significant deterioration of the electrolytes and air electrodes. Regulation of the reactivity of these radical species would thus open up opportunities to suppress such side reactions. Herein, a dual‐functioning molecule that is capable of mitigating the reactivity of radical species produced in a Li–O2 cell by reversibly forming stable intermediate complex during both the discharge and charge processes is introduced. Specifically, 5,5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrroline N‐oxide (DMPO) is exploited, which has been widely used as a chemical agent to detect oxygen radicals, to induce the reversible formation of an intermediate complex, DMPO–O2−, in the presence of superoxide radicals. It is demonstrated that DMPO mediates the O2−‐involved electrochemical reaction, leading to significant suppression of side reactions and a remarkably improved oxygen efficiency. Unexpectedly, it is also observed that upon charging, DMPO actively scavenges the superoxides from the surface of discharge products, thus substantially lowering the charging overpotential. The combined radical mediation and scavenging of superoxides result in cycle stability of a practical Li–O2 cell over 200 cycles with a specific capacity of 1000 mAh g−1. The findings indicate the importance of controlling the reactivity of radical species and suggest a new pathway toward the realization of stable and efficient Li–O2 batteries.
Limitations of Charge Transfer State Parameterization Using Photovoltaic External Quantum Efficiency
Authors: Armin Ardalan , Zarrabi Nasim , Sandberg Oskar J. , Kaiser Christina , Zeiske Stefan , Li Wei , Meredith Paul 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFree carrier photogeneration in bulk‐heterojunction solar cells composed of blends of acceptor and donor organic semiconductors proceeds via intermolecular charge transfer (CT) states. Non‐adiabatic Marcus theory has proven valid to explain the absorption and emission of these sub‐gap states which have extremely weak emission probabilities and absorption cross sections making them difficult to probe directly using optical spectroscopy. Therefore, the CT state parameters involved in the Marcus model are often extracted from fittings on the photovoltaic external quantum efficiency (EQEPV) and electroluminescence. These two spectra are (ideally) interrelated via the so‐called reciprocity principle. In this paper, the limitations of such an approach are demonstrated, in particular the impact of simple low finesse cavity interference effects acting as an uneven spectral filter for emission and absorption. This can produce almost spurious CT state parameterization with, for example, relative errors as large as 90% in absorption coefficients obtained from EQEPV. It is shown how these limitations can be partially lifted using an iterative transfer matrix approach applied to the EQEPV.
Rice yield response to potassium: An economic analysis
Authors: Popp Michael P. , Slaton Nathan A. , Norsworthy Jacob S. , Dixon Bruce 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPotassium fertilizer represents a non‐trivial input cost in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production and its rate recommendation is often based on yield and K deficiency observations alone. However, profit‐maximizing fertilizer‐K rate not only hinges on the yield response to both initial available soil K and applied fertilizer K, but also the crop value and fertilizer cost. To that end, K application rate studies for rice, performed across 91 site‐years from 2001 to 2018, allowed estimation of a generic yield response curve to calculate profit‐maximizing K rates for producers in the mid‐southern United States. To determine whether those calculation efforts are justified, we compared profit‐maximizing fertilizer‐K rates to those currently recommended. Using rice prices and yields, fertilizer‐K cost, and a range of initial soil‐test K values, as observed over the last 10 yr, we find that current fertilizer‐K rate recommendations are too high. Profit‐maximizing rates added from US$0.88 ha−1 at initial Mehlich‐3 K availability values of 75 mg K kg−1 to $28.19 ha−1 at 105 mg K kg−1 on average. The corresponding fertilizer‐K reductions were 0.35 and 56 kg K ha−1, respectively, resulting in attendant yield penalties of only 4 kg ha−1 and 105 kg ha−1. Hence, performing soil tests and using decision support software to obtain profit‐maximizing fertilizer‐K rates is expected to enhance producer profit at rice yield penalties that are smaller than fertilizer cost savings. While profit‐maximizing rate recommendations do vary in a field with varying available soil K, using the mid‐range estimate rather than variable‐rate technology was deemed most feasible.
Photo isomerization of cis‐cyclooctene to trans‐cyclooctene: Integration of a micro‐flow reactor and separation by specific adsorption
Authors: Shahbazali Elnaz , Billaud Emilie M. F. , Fard Arash Sarhangi , Meuldijk Jan , Bormans Guy , Noel Timothy , Hessel Volker 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLiquid‐phase adsorption has hardly been established in micro‐flow, although this constitutes an industrially vital method for product separation. A micro‐flow UV‐photo isomerization process converts cis‐cyclooctene partly into trans‐cyclooctene, leaving an isomeric mixture. Trans‐cyclooctene adsorption and thus separation was achieved in a fixed‐bed micro‐flow reactor, packed with AgNO3/SiO2 powder, while the cis‐isomer stays in the flow. The closed‐loop recycling‐flow has been presented as systemic approach to enrich the trans‐cyclooctene from its cis‐isomer. In‐flow adsorption in recycling‐mode has hardly been reported so that a full theoretical study has been conducted. This insight is used to evaluate three process design options to reach an optimum yield of trans‐cyclooctene. These differ firstly in the variation of the individual residence times in the reactor and separator, the additional process option of refreshing the adsorption column under use, and the periodicity of the recycle flow.