bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Sensitivity and the Direct Effect of Carbon Dioxide in a Limited-Area Cloud-Resolving Model
Authors: Romps David M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEven in a small domain, it can be prohibitively expensive to run cloud-resolving greenhouse gas warming experiments due to the long equilibration time. Here, a technique is introduced that reduces the computational cost of these experiments by an order of magnitude: instead of fixing the carbon dioxide concentration and equilibrating the sea surface temperature (SST), this technique fixes the SST and equilibrates the carbon dioxide concentration. Using this approach in a cloud-resolving model of radiative–convective equilibrium (RCE), the equilibrated SST is obtained as a continuous function of carbon dioxide concentrations spanning 1 ppmv to nearly 10 000 ppmv, revealing a dramatic increase in equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) at higher temperatures. This increase in ECS is due to both an increase in forcing and a decrease in the feedback parameter. In addition, the technique is used to obtain the direct effects of carbon dioxide (i.e., the rapid adjustments) over a wide range of SSTs. Overall, the direct effect of carbon dioxide offsets a quarter of the increase in precipitation from warming, reduces the shallow cloud fraction by a small amount, and has no impact on convective available potential energy (CAPE).
Exploring Wind-Driven Subsurface Water Flow with an Acoustic Doppler Velocity Profiler
Authors: Chemin Rémi , Luneau Christopher , Caulliez Guillemette 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this study, we report on experiments carried out in a large wind-wave tank to investigate the potential of the acoustic Doppler velocity profiler for determining the structure of the subsurface water boundary layer. This flow located just beneath the air–water interface forms whenever wind blows. The profiler is first tested for a steady flow generated by pumps beneath a flat water surface. Measurements of the velocity field at different stages of development of the wind-induced shear flow, from laminar to fully turbulent, are then analyzed. The best way to obtain reliable data under these flow conditions is thoroughly examined. Despite the inherent difficulty of seeding acoustic tracers homogeneously in such a boundary layer, the profiler has the major advantage of providing records of the instantaneous profiles of the subsurface velocity field referenced to surface elevation. This feature makes it possible to estimate statistical properties of the water motions at various scales in a wave-following coordinate system, and thus greatly increases the physical significance of the measured quantities. The variation with fetch of the main characteristics of the mean drift current, orbital wave motions, and turbulent flow disturbances estimated in this coordinate system is then presented and discussed in detail.
Improving Hurricane Analyses and Predictions with TCI, IFEX Field Campaign Observations, and CIMSS AMVs Using the Advanced Hybrid Data Assimilation System for HWRF. Part II: Observation Impacts on the Analysis and Prediction of Patricia (2015)
Authors: Lu Xu , Wang Xuguang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Diverse observations, such as the High Definition Sounding System (HDSS) dropsonde observations from the Tropical Cyclone Intensity (TCI) program, the Tail Doppler Radar (TDR), Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR), and flight-level observations from the Intensity Forecasting Experiment (IFEX) program, and the atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) from the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) simultaneously depicted the three-dimensional (3D) structure of Hurricane Patricia (2015). Experiments are conducted to understand the relative impacts of each of these observation types on Patricia’s analysis and prediction using the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI)-based ensemble-variational data assimilation system for the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) Model. In comparing the impacts of assimilating each dataset individually, results suggest that 1) the assimilation of 3D observations produces better TC structure analysis than the assimilation of two-dimensional (2D) observations; 2) the analysis from assimilating observations collected from platforms that only sample momentum fields produces a less improved forecast with either short-lived impacts or slower intensity spinup as compared to the forecast produced after assimilating observations collected from platforms that sample both momentum and thermal fields; and 3) the structure forecast tends to benefit more from the assimilation of inner-core observations than the corresponding intensity forecast, which implies better verification metrics are needed for future TC forecast evaluation.
A Dynamical-Statistical-Analog Ensemble Forecast Model: Theory and an Application to Heavy Rainfall Forecasts of Landfalling Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Ren Fumin , Ding Chenchen , Zhang Da-Lin , Chen Deliang , Ren Hong-li , Qiu Wenyu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCombining dynamical models with statistical algorithms is an important way to improve weather and climate prediction. In this study, a concept of a perfect model, whose solutions are from observations, is introduced, and a dynamical-statistical-analog ensemble forecast (DSAEF) model is developed as an initial-value problem of the perfect model. This new analog-based forecast model consists of the following three steps: (i) construct generalized initial value (GIV), (ii) identify analogs from historical observations, and (iii) produce an ensemble of predictands. The first step includes all appropriate variables, not only at an instant state but also during their temporal evolution, that play an important role in determining the accuracy of each predictand. An application of the DSAEF model is illustrated through the prediction of accumulated rainfall associated with 21 landfalling typhoons occurring over South China during the years of 2012–16. Assuming a reliable forecast of landfalling typhoon track, two different experiments are conducted, in which the GIV is constructed by including (i) typhoon track only; and (ii) both typhoon track and landfall season. Results show overall better performance of the second experiment than the first one in predicting heavy accumulated rainfall in the training sample tests. In addition, the forecast performance of both experiments is comparable to the operational numerical weather prediction models currently used in China, the United States, and Europe. Some limitations and future improvements as well as comparisons with some existing analog ensemble models are also discussed.
Mental health during and after protests, riots and revolutions: A systematic review
Authors: Ni Michael Y , Kim Yoona , McDowell Ian , Wong Suki , Qiu Hong , Wong Irene OL , Galea Sandro , Leung Gabriel M 
Published: January 2020

Objectives: Protests, riots and revolutions have long been a part of human history and are increasing globally, yet their impact on mental health remains largely unknown. We therefore systematically reviewed studies on collective actions and mental health. Method: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO and CINAHL Plus for published studies from their inception until 1 January 2018. Study quality was rated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results: We identified 52 studies ( n = 57,487 participants) from 20 countries/regions. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder ranged from 4% to 41% in riot-affected areas. Following a major protest, the prevalence of probable major depression increased by 7%, regardless of personal involvement in the protests, suggestive of community spillover effects. Risk factors for poorer mental health included female sex, lower socioeconomic status, exposure to violence, interpersonal conflicts, frequent social media use and lower resilience and social support. Nevertheless, two studies suggested that collective actions may reduce depression and suicide, possibly due to a collective cathartic experience and greater social cohesion within subpopulations. Conclusion: We present the first systematic review of collective actions and mental health, showing compelling evidence that protests even when nonviolent can be associated with adverse mental health outcomes. Health care professionals therefore need to be vigilant to the mental and psychological sequelae of protests, riots and revolutions. Further research on this emerging sociopolitical determinant of mental health is warranted.
Absence of DOA Effect but No Proper Test of the Lumberjack Effect: A Reply to Jamieson and Skraaning (2019)
Authors: Wickens Christopher D. , Onnasch Linda , Sebok Angelina , Manzey Dietrich 
Published: January 2020

Objective The aim was to evaluate the relevance of the critique offered by Jamieson and Skraaning (2019) regarding the applicability of the lumberjack effect of human–automation interaction to complex real-world settings. Background The lumberjack effect, based upon a meta-analysis, identifies the consequences of a higher degree of automation—to improve performance and reduce workload—when automation functions as intended, but to degrade performance more, as mediated by a loss of situation awareness (SA) when automation fails. Jamieson and Skraaning provide data from a process control scenario that they assert contradicts the effect. Approach We analyzed key aspects of their simulation, measures, and results which we argue limit the strength of their conclusion that the lumberjack effect is not applicable to complex real-world systems. Results Our analysis revealed limits in their inappropriate choice of automation, the lack of a routine performance measure, support for the lumberjack effect that was actually provided by subjective measures of the operators, an inappropriate assessment of SA, and a possible limitation of statistical power. Conclusion We regard these limitations as reasons to temper the strong conclusions drawn by the authors, of no applicability of the lumberjack effect to complex environments. Their findings should be used as an impetus for conducting further research on human–automation interaction in these domains. Applications The collective findings of both Jamieson and Skraaning and our study are applicable to system designers and users in deciding upon the appropriate level of automation to deploy.
Adopting microblogging solutions for interaction with government: survey results from Hunan province, China
Authors: Homburg Vincent , Moody Rebecca , Yang Qiaomei , Bekkers Victor 
Published: January 2020

Authorities in the People’s Republic of China communicate with citizens using an estimated 600,000 Sina Weibo microblogs. This study reports on a study of Chinese citizens’ adoption of microblogs to interact with the government. Adoption results from trust and peer pressure in smaller-network ties (densely knit, pervasive social networks surrounding individual citizens). Larger-network ties (trust in institutions at large, such as the Chinese Communist Party, executive organizations, the judicial system, the media, etc.) are not associated with the adoption of microblogging. Furthermore, higher levels of anxiety are correlated with lower levels of use intention, and this finding underlines the impact of the Chinese authority’s surveillance and control activities on the lives of individual Chinese citizens. Based on these findings, we outline a theory of why citizens use microblogs to interact with the government and suggest avenues for further research into microblogs, state–citizen communication patterns and technology adoption. Points for practitioners Our research identifies trust in individual civil servants, citizens’ anxiety and peer pressure as drivers of Chinese citizens’ intentions to use the Weibo microblogging platform to interact with the Chinese government. This insight allows practitioners to better understand citizens’ drivers and obstacles in the use of social media in state–citizen relations in China.
Effectiveness of an Advanced Airway Training “Boot Camp” for Family Medicine Physician Trainees
Authors: Marvin Kastley , Bowman Paige , Keller Matthew W. , Ambrosio Art A. 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveThis course was designed to characterize the impact of a curriculum for training family medicine physicians in advanced airway techniques with respect to intubation performance and learner confidence.MethodsA training course was introduced into the curriculum in a single‐group pretest‐posttest model at a community family medicine residency program. Training consisted of a didactic teaching session on airway management and hands‐on skill session with direct laryngoscopy (DL) and video‐assisted laryngoscopy (VAL) on normal and difficult airway simulators. Participants were scored with the Intubation Difficulty Scale and completed surveys before and after the training.ResultsTwenty‐eight residents of all levels participated. The mean time to successful intubation was significantly decreased after training from 51.96 to 23.71 seconds for DL and from 27.89 to 17.07 seconds for VAL. Participant scores with the Intubation Difficulty Scale were also significantly improved for DL and VAL. All participants rated their comfort levels with both techniques as high following training.DiscussionAdvanced airway management is a critical skill for any physician involved in caring for critically ill patients, though few trainees receive formal training. Addition of an airway training course with simulation and hands‐on experience can improve trainee proficiency and comfort with advanced airway techniques.Implications for PracticeTraining on airway management should be included in the curriculum for trainees who require the requisite skills and knowledge necessary for advanced airway interventions. This introductory project demonstrates the efficacy and feasibility of a relatively brief training as part of a family medicine residency curriculum.
Histogram analysis in predicting the grade and histological subtype of meningiomas based on diffusion kurtosis imaging
Authors: Chen Xiaodan , Lin Lin , Wu Jie , Yang Guang , Zhong Tianjin , Du Xiaoqiang , Chen Zhiyong , Xu Ganggang , Song Yang , Xue Yunjing , Duan Qing 
Published: January 2020

Background Presurgical grading is particularly important for selecting the best therapeutic strategy for meningioma patients. Purpose To investigate the value of histogram analysis of diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) maps in the differentiation of grades and histological subtypes of meningiomas. Material and Methods A total of 172 patients with histopathologically proven meningiomas underwent preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were classified into low-grade and high-grade groups. Mean kurtosis (MK), fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean diffusivity (MD) histograms were generated based on solid components of the whole tumor. The following parameters of each histogram were obtained: 10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th percentiles, mean, median, maximum, minimum, and kurtosis, skewness, and variance. Comparisons of different grades and subtypes were made by Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, ROC curves analysis, and multiple logistic regression. Pearson correlation was used to evaluate correlations between histogram parameters and the Ki-67 labeling index. Results Significantly higher maximum, skewness, and variance of MD, mean, median, maximum, variance, 10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th percentiles of MK were found in high-grade than low-grade meningiomas (all P < 0.05). DKI histogram parameters differentiated 7/10 pairs of subtype pairs. The 90th percentile of MK yielded the highest AUC of 0.870 and was the only independent indicator for grading meningiomas. Various DKI histogram parameters were correlated with the Ki-67 labeling index ( P < 0.05). Conclusion The histogram analysis of DKI is useful for differentiating meningioma grades and subtypes. The 90th percentile of MK may serve as an optimal parameter for predicting the grade of meningiomas.
Professional Advancement and Performance of Amateur Baseball Players Selected in the Major League Baseball Draft With Previous Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Porter Anthony , Yang Shawn , Chauhan Aakash , Early Samuel , Challa Sravya , D’Angelo John , Keefe Daniel , Hoenecke Heinz , Fronek Jan 
Published: January 2020

Background: The effect that an anterior cruciate ligament injury requiring reconstructive surgery has on the professional advancement and performance of amateur baseball players selected in the Major League Baseball draft is not known. Return to sports after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) in professional athletes has been shown to be high, but mixed results with regard to performance and return to preinjury level have been demonstrated in other sports. Purpose: To (1) investigate the highest level of professional advancement among Major League Baseball draftees with a history of ACLR before entering the draft, (2) examine how much time these players spent on the disabled list (DL) and determine if it was related to the knee, and (3) compare the batting and pitching performance of these players against healthy matched controls. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Predraft medical records of all players selected in the Major League Baseball draft from 2004 to 2008 were reviewed. Players with a documented anterior cruciate ligament injury treated with ACLR before the draft were included. For each study player, 3 controls were identified. Data were accumulated from the time when players were drafted through the 2015 season. Outcome variables included highest professional level of advancement, DL time, and batting and pitching performance. Results: Forty draftees with a history of ACLR (22 pitchers, 18 position players) were identified and matched to 120 controls (66 pitchers, 54 position players). The difference in the highest level of professional advancement between the groups was not statistically significant ( P = .488). The mean total number of times and the mean total number of days on the DL were similar between the groups (1.83 vs 1.47, P = .297; 121.54 vs 109.62, P = .955); however, the mean number of times on the DL because of a knee injury was significantly different (0.28 vs 0.11, P = .004), as was the mean number of days on the DL because of a knee injury (17.36 vs 7.72, P = .009). Among pitchers, there were no differences in performance. Similarly, there were no differences among position players in batting performance. Conclusion: There was no difference between draftees with a history of ACLR and their controls in terms of advancement from the minor to the major leagues. Additionally, pitching and batting performance were similar. Although the 2 groups spent similar time on the DL, the ACLR group spent more time on the DL because of a knee injury than the control group.
Are Elite Soccer Teams’ Preseason Training Sessions Associated With Fewer In-Season Injuries? A 15-Year Analysis From the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Elite Club Injury Study
Authors: Ekstrand Jan , Spreco Armin , Windt Johann , Khan Karim M. 
Published: January 2020

Background: Preseason training develops players’ physical capacities and prepares them for the demands of the competitive season. In rugby, Australian football, and American football, preseason training may protect elite players against in-season injury. However, no study has evaluated this relationship at the team level in elite soccer. Purpose/Hypothesis: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the number of preseason training sessions completed by elite soccer teams was associated with team injury rates and player availability during the competitive season. It was hypothesized that elite soccer teams who participate in more preseason training will sustain fewer injuries during the competitive season. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: We used the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) injury dataset to analyze 44 teams for up to 15 seasons (total, 244 team-seasons). Separate linear regression models examined the association between the number of team preseason training sessions and 5 in-season injury measures. Injury-related problems per team were quantified by totals of the following: (1) injury burden, (2) severe injury incidence, (3) training attendance, (4) match availability, and (5) injury incidence. Results: Teams averaged 30 preseason training sessions (range, 10-51). A greater number of preseason training sessions was associated with less injury load during the competitive season in 4 out of 5 injury-related measures. Our linear regression models revealed that for every 10 additional preseason training sessions that the team performed, the in-season injury burden was 22 layoff days lower per 1000 hours ( P = .002), the severe injury incidence was 0.18 severe injuries lower per 1000 hours ( P = .015), the training attendance was 1.4 percentage points greater ( P = .014), and the match availability was 1.0 percentage points greater ( P = .042). As model fits were relatively low (adjusted R2 = 1.3%-3.2%), several factors that contribute to in-season injury outcomes were unaccounted for. Conclusion: Teams that performed a greater number of preseason training sessions had “healthier” in-season periods. Many other factors also contribute to in-season injury rates. Understanding the benefit of preseason training on in-season injury patterns may inform sport teams’ planning and preparation.
α1-Acid glycoprotein and seminal parameter in chronic hemodialysis patients
Authors: Pereira Silva Gilmar , Grangeiro Vitor Pereira Xavier , de Oliveira Carmelita Félix Dantas , Neto Francisco Lima , Barroso Daniel Holanda 
Published: January 2020

Introduction: To find out the changes in seminal quality of hemodialysis chronic renal patients, we investigated the possible relationship between seminal parameter and seminal α1-acid glycoprotein levels in chronic hemodialysis patients. Methods: Prospective study of prevalence realized in the Hemodialysis Sector of the University Hospital of the University of Brasília, between July 2016 and December 2016. Men aged 18–60 years grouped into case groups (n = 81) represented by chronic hemodialysis patients and control group (n = 20) of healthy men without clinical or laboratory signs of infection and eugonadic. We performed a spermogram, hormonal profile, and assessment of leukocytes and seminal α1-acid glycoprotein level in the semen. The most appropriate statistical test was applied to verify differences and correlations between the studied variables. Results: The age in case and control is similar (49.47 ± 5.55 years vs 50.53 ± 4.24 years; p = 0.060). Mean level of α1-acid glycoprotein in human seminal plasma were not significantly different between case and control (48.52 ± 4.90 mg/L vs 46.33 ± 4.29 mg/L; p = 0.10) and between normosperm and oligosperm (47.76 ± 5.15 mg/L vs 49.48 ± 4.49 mg/L; p = 0.19). Mean level of α1-acid glycoprotein in human seminal plasma in the case group, which were classified into severe, moderate, mild, and normosperm, were similar to each other (p = 0.27) and did not correlate (p > 0.05) with the analyzed seminal parameters. All participants presented normal hormonal profile. Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that the seminal α1-acid glycoprotein levels do not help in the initial evaluation of patients with seminal parameter changes.