bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Giant Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in Rashba superlattices
Authors: Ham Woo-Seung , Pradipto Abdul-Muizz , Yakushiji Kay , Kim Kwangsu , Rhim Sonny , Nakamura Kohji , Shiota Yoichi , Kim Sanghoon , Ono Teruo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) is considered as one of the most important energy for specific chiral texture such as magnetic skyrmions. The key of generating DMI is absence of structural inversion symmetry and exchange energy with spin-orbit coupling. Therefore, a vast majority of researches about DMI is mainly limited to heavy metal/ferromagnet bilayer systems, only focusing on their interfaces. Here, we report that asymmetric band formation in an artificial superlattice arises from inversion symmetry breaking in stacking order of atomic layers, resulting in bulk DMI. Such bulk DMI is more than 300% larger than simple sum of interfacial contribution. Moreover, the asymmetric band is largely affected by strong spin-orbit coupling, showing crucial role of a heavy metal even in the non-interfacial origin of DMI. Such Rashba superlattices can be a new class of material design for spintronics applications.
Evaluation of 18F-FDG PET/CT Images Acquired with a Reduced Scan Time Duration in Lymphoma Patients using the Digital Biograph Vision
Authors: Weber Manuel , Jentzen Walter , Hofferber Regina , Herrmann Ken , Fendler Wolfgang Peter , Rischpler Christoph , Umutlu Lale , Conti Maurizio , Costa Pedro Fragoso , Sra Miriam , Kersting David 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: The superior accuracy and sensitivity of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in comparison to morphological imaging alone leads to an upstaging in up to 30 % of lymphoma patients. Novel digital PET/CT scanners might enable to reduce administered tracer activity or scan time duration while maintaining diagnostic performance; this might allow for a higher patient throughput or a reduced radiation exposure, respectively. In particular, the radiation exposure reduction is of interest due to the often young age and high remission rate of lymphoma patients.Methods: Twenty patients with (suspected) lymphoma (6 for initial staging, 12 after systemic treatment, 2 in suspicion of recurrence) sequentially underwent 18F-FDG-PET/CT examinations on a digital PET/CT (Siemens Biograph Vision) with a total scan time duration of 15 minutes (reference acquisition protocol) and 5 minutes (reduced acquisition protocol) using continuous-bed-motion. Both data sets were reconstructed using either standalone time of flight (TOF) or in combination with point spread function (PSF), each with 2 and 4 iterations. Lesion detectability by blinded assessment (separately for supra- and infradiaphragmal nodal lesions and for extranodal lesions), lesion image quantification, and image noise were used as metrics to assess diagnostic performance. Additionally, Deauville Score was compared for all patients after systemic treatment.Results: All defined regions were correctly classified in the images acquired with reduced emission time, and therefore, no changes in staging were observed. Lesion quantification was acceptable, that is, mean absolute percentage deviation of maximum and peak standardized uptake values were 6.8% and 6.4% (derived from 30 lesions). A threefold reduction of scan time duration led to an increase in image noise from 7.1% to 11.0% (images reconstructed with 4 iterations) and from 4.7% to 7.2% (images reconstructed with 2 iterations). No deviations in Deauville Score were observed.Conclusion: These results suggest that scan time duration or administered tracer activity can be reduced threefold without compromising diagnostic performance. Especially a reduction of administered activity might allow for a lower radiation exposure and better health economics. Larger trials are warranted to confirm our results.
A National Survey of attitudes to COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: O'Callaghan Michael Edmund , Buckley Jim , Fitzgerald Brian , Johnson Kevin , Laffey John , McNicholas Bairbre , Nuseibeh Bashar , O'Keeffe Derek , O'Keeffe Ian , Razzaq Abdul , Rekaner Kaavya , Richardson Ita , Simpkin Andrew , Storni Cristiano , Tsvyatkova Damyanka , Walsh Jane , Welsh Thomas , Glynn Liam 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: Contact tracing remains a critical part of controlling the spread of COVID-19. Many countries have developed novel software applications (Apps) in an effort to augment traditional contact tracing methods. Aim: To conduct a national survey of the Irish population to examine barriers and levers to the use of a contact tracing App.Methods: Adult participants were invited to respond via an online survey weblink sent via email and messaging Apps and posted on our university website and on popular social media platforms. Results: A total of 8,088 responses were received, with all 26 counties of the Republic of Ireland represented. 54% of respondents said they would definitely download a contact tracing App, while 30% said they would probably download a contact tracing App. 95% of respondents identified at least one reason for them to download the App, with the most common reasons being the potential for the App to help family members and friends and a sense of responsibility to the wider community. 59% identified at least one reason not to download the App, with the most common reasons being fear that technology companies or the government might use the App technology for greater surveillance after the pandemic.Conclusion: Irish citizens surveyed express high levels of willingness to download a public health-backed App to augment contact tracing. Concerns raised regarding privacy and data security will be critical if the App is to achieve the large-scale adoption and ongoing use required for its effective operation.
Promote social distancing and prevent panic buying during the epidemic of COVID-19: The contributions of people’s psychological and behavioural factors
Authors: Zhang Yaping , Zhou Ronggang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Objectives COVID-19 disease has progressed to the level of a global pandemic. This study aimed to investigate people’s psychological and behavioural responses to the COVID-19 epidemic and explore the predictors for social distancing and panic buying.Methods A 17-item questionnaire was developed and distributed randomly to people using social media. Descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA were used to assess people’s psychological and behavioural responses. Hierarchical regression was conducted to investigate the predictive effects of psychological and behavioural variables on reports of social distancing and panic buying, respectively.Results Respondents reported a low degree of risk perception and risk beliefs towards being outside and had moderate psychological stress and positive guarding behaviours for being outside. Respondents reported high concern regarding COVID-19 and tended to keep social distancing during the epidemic. They would panic-purchase food and supplies. In addition, psychological stress emerged as a very strong predictor for reporting COVID-19 concerns and panic buying. Furthermore, reported concerns of COVID-19 information sharing had a significant predictive influence on panic buying of food. Guarding behaviours for being outside had a significant predictive effect on respondents reported social distancing of cancelling outings. Reported concerns of COVID-19 were stronger predictors for reported social distancing.Conclusion It is important to relieve people’s psychological stress and reduce information sharing to control panic buying. In addition, we should promote adoption of guarding behaviours for being outside and increase the concerns of COVID-19 to encourage people keep social distancing. Measures should be implemented according to the characteristics of the population.
Do lifestyle choices influence the development of overweight and obesity in the South African Air Force?
Authors: Haasbroek Carina , Lategan-Potgieter Ronette , Rooyen Cornel Van , Jordaan Marizeth 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: An increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity has been reported globally amongst the general public as well as military populations around the world. No information about the prevalence of overweight and obesity as well as the lifestyle choices that influence the development is available for the South African military population. The aim of this study was too determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity at Air Force Base Bloemspruit in Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa, as well as the dietary and lifestyle factors and physical activity which may play a role in the development thereof. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on active military personnel, by taking anthropometric measurements and collecting data using a self-administered questionnaire. Results: A high prevalence of overweight (38.6%) and obesity (36.1%) was identified in the study population. No significant associations were detected between lifestyle factors or physical activity and body mass index (BMI). The majority of participants (59.6%) consumed three meals per day. Meal frequency did not differ between different BMI categories, and no associations were found between meal frequency and being overweight or obese. Inadequate intakes of fruit and vegetables were observed. Conclusion: A high prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed in this study, which calls for urgent intervention. No associations were, however found between dietary and lifestyle factors and the presence of overweight and/or obesity. Further investigation is required to identify the causes of overweight and obesity and effective ways to address this health challenge.
Obesity as a risk factor for unfavourable outcomes in critically ill patients affected by Covid-19 related respiratory failure: clinical relevance and potential pathophysiological mechanism.
Authors: Rossi Andrea P , Gottin Leonardo , Donadello Katia , Schweiger Vittorio , Nocini Riccardo , Taiana Matteo , Zamboni Mauro , Polati Enrico 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background/Objectives: Recent studies show that obesity is a risk factor for hospital admission and for critical care need in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).The aim was to determine whether obesity is a risk factor for unfavourable health outcomes in patients affected by COVID-19 admitted to ICU and to compare the observed trend of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK), as potential pathophysiological mechanisms linking disease severity with Body Mass Index (BMI).Subjects/Methods: 95 consecutive patients with COVID-19 (78 males and 18 females) were admitted to ICU and included in the study. Height, weight, BMI, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores, CRP, CPK, as well as ICU and hospital length of stay and comorbidities were evaluated. Results: Participants with obesity had a lower 28 day survival rate from ICU admission than normal weight subjects. Cox proportional hazard model-derived estimates, adjusted for age, gender and comorbidity, confirmed the results of the survival analysis (HR:5.30,95%C.I.1.26-22.34). In the full adjusted model, age was independently associated with mortality (HR:1.13,95%C.I:1.05-1.21).Obese subjects showed longer hospital and ICU stay as compared with normal weight counterpart.Subjects with obesity showed significantly higher CRP and CPK levels than normal weight subjects.Conclusions: Our study shows that in COVID-19 subjects admitted to ICU obesity is a risk factor for unfavourable health outcomes with higher mortality and longer hospital stay. The increase in CRP and CPK levels observed in this population could at least in part explain the unfavourable outcomes observed in individuals with obesity. In those subjects, careful management of any medical signs or symptoms and prompt intervention in case of suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection is necessary to prevent the progression of the disease towards severe outcomes and the increase of hospital treatment costs.
Insight into the secret of how indigo naturalis works: in vitro and in vivo validation of the critical role of bile­
Authors: Xu xiaorong , Ran Fei , He Yanan , Gou Huamei , Liao Wei , Wang Fang , Yang Ming , Han Li , Zhang Dingkun 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: Indigo Naturalis (IN) has positive therapeutic effects on cancer, leukemia, colitis, psoriasis, fever and other diseases that seriously endanger human health. It contains 10% organic matter and 90% inorganic matter with extremely hydrophobic. However, the clinical usage of IN is mainly by oral administration. And how IN exerts its effect after oral administration is still a secret remained to be discovered. Methods: In this study, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed. The vitro experiments simulate the in vivo process of IN by different digestive fluid and the effects of a small amount and normal amount of bile on the organic and inorganic matter release of IN were compared. And the surface morphology and elements of IN in different solutions were also observed. In addition, 2, 4-dinitrophenol-induced fever rat model was also used to investigate the intervention effect of IN on the fever of normal rats and bile duct ligation rats. Results: It was found that bile plays an important role in promoting the carrier dissolution and release of inorganic and organic matters from IN. And IN had better antipyretic effect on normal rats than on bile duct ligation rats, which further proved that bile is important to the curative effect of IN. Conclusions: The results indicate that the calcium carbonate carrier translates into a slightly soluble state in the acidic simulated gastric fluid. And a small amount of organic matter was released from the calcium carbonate carrier. When IN entering the simulated intestinal fluid which mixed with bile, a large amount of carrier dissolved, and organic substances such as indirubin dissolved out in large quantities, thereby being absorbed into the blood and exerting therapeutic effect. The above findings have certain guiding significance for the clinical application of IN. For patients with insufficient bile secretion such as cholangiotomy, oral IN may have poor curative effect and even doesn't work.
Photo-driven CO2 Reduction to Hydrocarbons: Carbon Flux and Energy Transforming by Marine Microbial Community
Authors: Xia Wenjie , Chen Rui , Li Yang , Ma John , Tang Yongchun , Ma Ting 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: Microbial activities play a crucial role in the carbon and energy cycle of the ocean. Microbial communities in the MCP has been proposed the function of transforming carbon, yet the potential for direct CO 2 reduction to the organic carbon is rarely considered in the carbon cycle and energy transforming. Results: Here we showed a naturally inherent photo-driven bioprocess of CO 2 reduction producing C 1 -C 6 alkanes/alkenes by the marine microbial community with CO 2 consumption rate of 100.87 uM day -1 . Upon the metabolite profiles and metagenomic sequencing analysis, we revealed the mechanism of CO 2 conversion to hydrocarbons that CO 2 fixation was dominantly completed with the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and Wood-Ljungdahl cycle, while nitrogenases, aldehyde decarbonylase and carboxylic acid reductase played the crucial roles on the hydrocarbon formations. As these insights, the pathway of CO 2 to hydrocarbons was proposed. Isolated microorganisms from the enriched community, including Pseudomonas sp. , Serratia sp. , Candidatus sp. , Clostridium sp. , Enterococcus sp ., Salmonella sp. , Rhodospirillum sp. , Thalassospira sp. , Thioclava sp. , Stenotrophomonas sp. and Desulfovibrio sp., were tentatively integrated for validating the hypothesized process. Results exhibited that the improved performance of CO 2 reduction to hydrocarbons was achieved by this group. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a natural microbial CO 2 reduction process contributing to the carbon and energy cycle in the ocean, and could provide a microbial “CO 2 -hydrogenation process” or “fischer-tropsch process” for industrial application.
Efficacy of treatment of extensive drug resistant tuberculosis in patients with different genotypes in the biotransformation enzyme genes of <i>CYP2B6</i> and <i>NAT2</i>
Authors: Yunusbаevа M. M. , Borodinа L. Ya. , Bilаlov F. S. , Shаripov R. A. , Nаsibullin T. R. , Yunusbаev B. B. 
Published: July 2020

The objective of the study: to evaluate the efficacy of treatment of extensive drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) in patients with different genotypes in the biotransformation system NAT2 (rs1041983, rs1799930, rs1799931, rs1801280) and CYP2B6 genes (rs3745274).Subjects and methods. The study involved patients undergoing in-patient treatment at Republican Clinical TB Dispensary in Ufa from 2016 to 2018. XDR TB group included 210 people; the control group included 343 healthy donors. Molecular genetic analysis was performed on DNA samples isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes. Genotyping of polymorphic loci was carried out by kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP).Results. It was revealed that polymorphic loci rs1799931 of NAT2 gene and rs3745274 of CYP2B6 gene were associated with the risk of developing XDR TB. Regression analysis detected combinations of the predictor genotypes of rs1799931*G/A × rs3745274*G/T and rs1799931*G/G × rs37455274*(G/G+T/T), that significantly reduce efficacy of XDR TB treatment.
Composição e moralidade do melhor dos mundos em Leibniz
Authors: Chagas Ferreira de Souza André 
Published: July 2020

O objetivo deste artigo é abordar a filosofia de Leibniz a respeito do processo que culminou na sua tese sobre o melhor dos mundos elaborado por Deus. Na sua fase de juventude, o filósofo considerou que a construção da obra divina se deu a partir da combinação de partes elementares, denominadas requisitos. Todavia, esse simples modelo de arquitetura aproximava Leibniz perigosamente do espinosismo, de modo que o fato de Deus ser a sede e onde se daria a combinação dos requisitos de maneira exclusiva o colocavam como única fonte da realidade e de todos os fatos no mundo, inclusive daquilo que existe de mal. Evitar esse problema teológico motivou Leibniz na elaboração de uma ontologia mais sofisticada, fazendo com que surgisse a noção das substâncias individuais, dotadas de certa independência ontológica, ainda que precisassem de Deus para se tornarem reais. Essa nova concepção de seres criados permitiu não apenas a distinção entre as ações de Deus e de suas criaturas, mas também realizou a mudança na concepção de Leibniz sobre quais seriam as unidades últimas da obra divina e na forma de ele pensar a combinação entre as partes desse plano.
Palavras-chave: Mundo; Razão; Causa; Vontade.
Returns on the federal public banks versus the opportunity cost of funds invested by the National Treasury
Authors: Cristiano Rocha Campos  , José Alves Dantas  , Carlos André de Melo Alves  
Published: July 2020

Objective: The aim of this study is to assess whether the yields earned by the federal public banks remunerate the National Treasury to a enough degree, to cover the opportunity cost of the capital invested by the Federal Government, which is defined as the benchmark Selic base interest rate.
Methodology: This involved using four different metrics for the return on economic capital invested by the Treasury, on the basis of the balance sheets of the Banco do Brasil (BB), Caixa Econômica Federal (CEF), Banco Nacional do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES) [National Bank of Economic and Social Development], Banco do Nordeste do Brasil (BNB) and Banco da Amazônia (BASA), from 2002 to 2018.
Results: The empirical comparison of parametric and nonparametric tests revealed that, on the whole, the federal public banks offered economic returns that were higher than the fundraising costs of the National Treasury. On the other hand, when examined individually, the results were as follows: i) the BB and CEF, that have retailing practices, achieve results that are consistently better than Selic; ii) despite their higher nominal returns, BNDES and BNB, did not record a statistically significant difference; and iii) BASA recorded returns that were lower than the opportunity cost.
Contributions made by this study: The results of this study have led to a better understanding of the relations between the National Treasury, and public financial institutions, with the reservation that they are not restricted to the economic/financial factors of this relationship and do not cover making inferences or dimensional testing such as efficiency or priority claims in the application of public funds.
A UTILIZAÇÃO DA APRENDIZAGEM BASEADA EM PROBLEMA (ABP) NA FORMAÇÃO EM SAÚDE:UM RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA
Authors: Bezerra Isaac Newton Machado , Luiz do Nascimento Jânio , Raiane Silva Vieira Natália , Priscila Carvalho da Silva Rafaela , Costa Maia Monteiro Vinícius , Ramalho Silverio Zacarias , Wágner Holanda Lima Mariel , Da Conceição Lima Alves Maria , Christiane de Azevedo Machado Flávia , Cybele Santos Lima Jônia 
Published: July 2020

Introdução: Em contra ponto ao pregado por Flexner, nos últimos anos tem se evidenciado a necessidade e o desafio da implementação de novas metodologias no ensino, que consigam responder as mudanças tecnológicas, sociais e culturais. Neste cenário, as metodologias ativas vêm se destacando ao colocar o discente no centro do aprendizado, tornando-o parte integral e essencial desse processo. Dentre essas metodologias, está a Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas. Essa metodologia busca o ensino a partir da solução de problemas, mediante análise em grupo, utilizando-se de conhecimentos previamente adquiridos, facilitando a retenção do conhecimento e a valorização do trabalho em equipe. Objetivo: Relatar a experiência de discentes de cursos da área da saúde no desenvolvimento de um caso e sua aplicação no formato de uma Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas. Método: Trata-se de estudo descritivo, tipo relato de experiência, com a construção e execução de um caso utilizando a metodologia da Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas por alunos de cursos da saúde da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte-UFRN na disciplina de Teoria Geral das Organizações. Resultados: Durante a criação e execução do caso, os alunos puderam fazer uso de diversas técnicas para construir em conjunto ações de enfrentamento ao caso apresentado, como a técnica de Braisntorming, o Diagrama de Causa-Efeito, construção de critérios utilizando materiais do Ministério da Saúde, consultando profissionais do serviço em busca de estratégias viáveis para esses profissionais como forma de validação. Conclusões: A criação e execução desse caso foram de extrema importância para o desenvolvimento de uma visão crítica de forma ampliada pelos discentes envolvidos, sendo consenso que a fixação do conteúdo estudado foi maior que se utilizada uma metodologia tradicional de ensino, de acordo com o que foi encontrado na literatura que trata sobre a utilização de metodologias ativas e da própria Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas.