bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abuse of Rights in International Arbitration
Authors: El Far Ahmed 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In recent years, international arbitration has become plagued by different forms of substantive and procedural abuse. For example, we have witnessed a rise in cases where parties restructure their investments in an abusive manner by altering one of its features purely to gain access to ICSID arbitration. Similarly, the increasingly common practice of initiating parallel arbitral proceedings in order to maximise a party’s chances of success, and the possibility of inconsistent decisions pose a risk to standards of fairness. Abusive practices designed by parties to prejudice their opponents may undermine the fair resolution of disputes and frustrate the administration of arbitral justice. There are pre-existing tools and legal rules that can be utilised to prevent abuse. However, these tools are inherently rigid in their application and fail to remedy all forms of abuse. Abuse of Rights in International Arbitration introduces the principle of abuse of rights and considers its application as a general principle of law to prevent different forms of substantive and procedural abuse in international arbitration. The virtue of a single theory with a wide scope and an overarching premise is that it is a principle, which involves equity considerations, enjoys the flexibility of general principles of law, and can address different abusive behaviours. The author carefully examines the legal basis and core elements of abuse of rights and analyses the relevant case law to address how the principle may affect administration of arbitral justice. Arguing for the application of abuse of rights as a general principle of law, the author expertly examines how it could apply in both international commercial and investment arbitration to tackle procedural misconduct and different abusive practices.
Abuse of Rights in National Legal Systems and International Law
Authors: El Far Ahmed 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the principle of abuse of rights and its application in national legal systems and in international law. To determine if abuse of rights constitutes a general principle of law, its recognition must first be examined in the different legal systems in order to establish its generality and then subsequently one must distil the concept to its essential elements. This is necessary to determine if there is a need to modify its conditions of application in order to make it suitable for the particularities of international arbitration. The chapter then looks at the application of the principle in civil legal systems: mainly in French law, German law, Swiss law, Louisiana Law, and Egyptian law. It also considers the recognition, or lack thereof, of abuse of rights in the common law legal systems and in international law. The omnipresence of the principle of abuse of rights in civil legal systems is evident. However, the ubiquity of the principle does not necessarily reflect a uniform legal basis of the principle’s existence, or a uniform method of how it is utilized to prevent an abuse of right.
Individual resource games and resource redistributions
Authors: Troquard Nicolas 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
To introduce agent-based technologies in real-world systems, one needs to acknowledge that the agents often have limited access to resources. They have to seek after resource objectives and compete for those resources. We introduce a class of resource games where resources and preferences are specified with the language of a resource-sensitive logic. The agents are endowed with a bag of resources and try to achieve a resource objective. For each agent, an action consists in making available a part of their endowed resources. All the resources made available can be used towards the agents’ objectives. We study three decision problems, the first of which is deciding whether an action profile is a Nash equilibrium: when all the agents have chosen an action, it is a Nash Equilibrium if no agent has an incentive to change their action unilaterally. When dealing with resources, interesting questions arise as to whether some equilibria can be eliminated or constructed by a central authority by redistributing the available resources among the agents. In our economies, division of property in divorce law exemplifies how a central authority can redistribute the resources of individuals and why they would desire to do so. We thus study two related decision problems: (i) rational elimination: given an action profile’s outcome, can the endowed resources be redistributed so that it is not the outcome of a Nash equilibrium? (ii) Rational construction: given an action profile’s outcome, can the endowed resources be redistributed so that it is the outcome of a Nash equilibrium? Among other results, we prove that all three problems are $\mathsf{PSPACE}$-complete when the resources are described in the very expressive language of the propositional multiplicative and additive linear logic. We also identify a new modest fragment of linear logic that we call MULT, suitable to represent multisets and reason about the inclusion and equality of bags of resources. We show that when the resources are described in MULT, the problem of deciding whether a profile is a Nash equilibrium is in $\textsf{PTIME}$.
The e-MERGE Survey (e-MERLIN Galaxy Evolution Survey): overview and survey description
Authors: Muxlow T W B , Thomson A P , Radcliffe J F , Wrigley N H , Beswick R J , Smail Ian , McHardy I M , Garrington S T , Ivison R J , Jarvis M J , Prandoni I , Bondi M , Guidetti D , Argo M K , Bacon David , Best P N , Biggs A D , Chapman S C , Coppin K , Chen H , Garratt T K , Garrett M A , Ibar E , Kneib Jean-Paul , Knudsen Kirsten K , Koopmans L V E , Morabito L K , Murphy E J , Njeri A , Pearson Chris , Pérez-Torres M A , Richards A M S , Röttgering H J A , Sargent M T , Serjeant Stephen , Simpson C , Simpson J M , Swinbank A M , Varenius E , Venturi T 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We present an overview and description of the e-MERGE Survey (e-MERLIN Galaxy Evolution Survey) Data Release 1 (DR1), a large program of high-resolution 1.5-GHz radio observations of the GOODS-N field comprising ∼140 h of observations with enhanced-Multi-Element Remotely Linked Interferometer Network (e-MERLIN) and ∼40 h with the Very Large Array (VLA). We combine the long baselines of e-MERLIN (providing high angular resolution) with the relatively closely packed antennas of the VLA (providing excellent surface brightness sensitivity) to produce a deep 1.5-GHz radio survey with the sensitivity (${\sim}1.5\, \mu$ Jy beam−1), angular resolution (0.2–0.7 arcsec) and field-of-view (∼15 × 15 arcmin2) to detect and spatially resolve star-forming galaxies and active galactic nucleus (AGN) at $z$ ≳ 1. The goal of e-MERGE is to provide new constraints on the deep, sub-arcsecond radio sky which will be surveyed by SKA1-mid. In this initial publication, we discuss our data analysis techniques, including steps taken to model in-beam source variability over an ∼20-yr baseline and the development of new point spread function/primary beam models to seamlessly merge e-MERLIN and VLA data in the uv plane. We present early science results, including measurements of the luminosities and/or linear sizes of ∼500 galaxies selected at 1.5 GHz. In combination with deep Hubble Space Telescope observations, we measure a mean radio-to-optical size ratio of re-MERGE/rHST ∼ 1.02 ± 0.03, suggesting that in most high-redshift galaxies, the ∼GHz continuum emission traces the stellar light seen in optical imaging. This is the first in a series of papers that will explore the ∼kpc-scale radio properties of star-forming galaxies and AGN in the GOODS-N field observed by e-MERGE DR1.
Maximum entropy estimation of the Galactic bulge morphology via the VVV Red Clump
Authors: Coleman B , Paterson D , Gordon C , Macias O , Ploeg H 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
The abundance and narrow magnitude dispersion of Red Clump (RC) stars make them a popular candidate for mapping the morphology of the bulge region of the Milky Way. Using an estimate of the RC’s intrinsic luminosity function, we extracted the three-dimensional density distribution of the RC from deep photometric catalogues of the VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) survey. We used maximum entropy-based deconvolution to extract the spatial distribution of the bulge from Ks-band star counts. We obtained our extrapolated non-parametric model of the bulge over the inner 40° × 40° region of the Galactic centre. Our reconstruction also naturally matches on to a parametric fit to the bulge outside the VVV region and inpaints overcrowded and high extinction regions. We found a range of bulge properties consistent with other recent investigations based on the VVV data. In particular, we estimated the bulge mass to be in the range $[1.3,1.7]\times 10^{10} \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, the X-component to be between 18 per cent and 25 per cent of the bulge mass, and the bulge angle with respect to the Sun–Galactic centre line to be between 18° and 32°. Studies of the FermiLarge Area Telescope (LAT) gamma-ray Galactic centre excess suggest that the excess may be traced by Galactic bulge distributed sources. We applied our deconvolved density in a template fitting analysis of this Fermi–LAT GeV excess and found an improvement in the fit compared to previous parametric-based templates.
Galaxy optical variability of Virgo cluster: new tracer for environmental influences on galaxies
Authors: Yang Fan , Long Richard J , Shan Su-Su , Ge Jun-Qiang , Guo Rui , Zhang Bo , Gao Jing-Hua , Ji Xiang , Liu Ji-Feng 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigate the relationship between the optical variability of galaxies and their distances from the centre of the Virgo cluster using Palomar Transient Factory data. We define the ratio between the standard deviation of the galaxy brightness and the mean value of the standard deviation as a measure of a galaxy’s optical variability. A sample of 814 Virgo galaxies with 230 263 observations shows a monotonically decreasing trend of optical variability with increasing clustercentric distance. The variability level inside the cluster is 3.2σ higher than the level outside. We fit the variability with a linear function and find that the data reject a distance-independent model. We examine 217 background galaxies for comparison and find no significant trend in galaxy variability. We assess the relation with Monte Carlo simulation by rebuilding the brightness of each galaxy. The simulation shows a monotonically decreasing relation for member galaxy variability and a distance-independent relation for background galaxies. Our result is consistent with the theory that the cold gas flowing inwards the cluster centre fuels AGN activity. This work is a new implementation of the method using optical variability to investigate the relation between galaxies evolution and their environment.
New insights into the potential mechanisms of spermatogenic failure in patients with idiopathic azoospermia
Authors: Cai Zhonglin , Zhang Jianzhong , Xiong Jian , Ma Chengquan , Yang Bin , Li Hongjun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Idiopathic azoospermia (IA) refers to azoospermia without a clear aetiology. Due to the unclear aetiology and pathological mechanism of IA, there is no effective treatment for IA. The development of assisted reproductive and microsperm extraction technologies has brought hope to patients with IA with fertility problems. However, there are still many patients with IA whose testes lack healthy sperm, causing infertility. Therefore, it is key to identify how testicular spermatogenic failure can be reversed to promote spermatogenesis in patients with IA to resolve fertility problems; these goals are a great challenge in reproductive medicine. The underlying genetic factors seem to be important pathological factors of IA. Understanding the role of genetic factors in the pathological mechanism of spermatogenic failure in patients with IA is of great value for future studies and treatments and is also an important reference for the reproductive health of males and their offspring. A method combining sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis is an important means to understand the genetic pathological mechanisms. We used bioinformatics analysis to study the public human IA dataset. We found that the pathogenic mechanism of IA may be related to abnormal ciliary structure and function and disrupted RNA metabolism in spermatogenic cells. Disrupted m6A regulation of spermatogenesis may be an important pathological mechanism of IA and warrants attention. Finally, we screened for key genes and potential therapeutic drugs to determine future research directions.
Evidence for oxygenation of Fe-Mg oxides at mid-mantle conditions and the rise of deep oxygen
Authors: Liu Jin , Wang Chenxu , Lv Chaojia , Su Xiaowan , Liu Yijin , Tang Ruilian , Chen Jiuhua , Hu Qingyang , Mao Ho-Kwang , Mao Wendy L 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
As the reaction product of subducted water and the iron core, FeO2 with more oxygen than hematite (Fe2O3) has been recently recognized as an important component in the D” layer just above the Earth's core-mantle boundary. Here, we report a new oxygen-excess phase (Mg, Fe)2O3+δ (0 &lt; δ &lt; 1, denoted as ‘OE-phase’). It forms at pressures greater than 40 gigapascal when (Mg, Fe)-bearing hydrous materials are heated over 1500 kelvin. The OE-phase is fully recoverable to ambient conditions for ex situ investigation using transmission electron microscopy, which indicates that the OE-phase contains ferric iron (Fe3+) as in Fe2O3 but holds excess oxygen through interactions between oxygen atoms. The new OE-phase provides strong evidence that H2O has extraordinary oxidation power at high pressure. Unlike the formation of pyrite-type FeO2Hx which usually requires saturated water, the OE-phase can be formed with under-saturated water at mid-mantle conditions, and is expected to be more ubiquitous at depths greater than 1000 km in the Earth's mantle. The emergence of oxygen-excess reservoirs out of primordial or subducted (Mg, Fe)-bearing hydrous materials may revise our view on the deep-mantle redox chemistry.
Vancomycin-Nonsusceptible Enterococci Mediated by vanC at a Large Children’s Hospital: Prevalence, Susceptibility, and Impact on Care of Enterococcal Bacteremia
Authors: Dodson Daniel S , Dominguez Samuel R , MacBrayne Christine E , Williams Manon C , Parker Sarah K 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Enterococcus gallinarum and casseliflavus have inherent vancomycin resistance and, though known as pathogens, have not been well characterized in pediatric patients. We identified a significant prevalence of these enterococcal species among immunocompromised patients at a large pediatric institution and describe the impact on patient care, antibiotic stewardship, and infection control.
The Impact of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms on Outcomes in Patients With Diabetic Foot Infections
Authors: Henig Oryan , Pogue Jason M , Martin Emily , Hayat Umar , Ja’ara Mahmoud , Kilgore Paul E , Cha Raymond , Dhar Sorab , Kaye Keith S 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundMultidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are important diabetic foot infection (DFI) pathogens. This study evaluated the impact of DFIs associated with MDRO pathogens (DFI-MDRO) on clinical outcomes.MethodsAdults admitted to Detroit Medical Center from January 2012 to December 2015 with culture-positive DFI were included. Associations between outcomes and DFI-MDRO (evaluated as a single group that included methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA], vancomycin-resistant enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third-generation cephalosporin [3GCR-EC], Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were analyzed. Outcomes included above- and below-knee lower extremity amputation (LEA), readmissions, and mortality within a year after DFI. A propensity score predicting the likelihood of having DFI-MDRO was computed by comparing patients with DFI-MDRO with patients with DFI with non-MDRO pathogens (DFI-non-MDRO). Using conditional logistic regression, DFI-MDRO was analyzed as an independent variable after patients in the MDRO and non-MDRO groups were matched by propensity score.ResultsSix hundred forty-eight patients were included, with a mean age ± SD of 58.4 ± 13.7. Most patients in the cohort presented with chronic infection (75%). DFI-MDRO occurred in greater than one-half of the cohort (n = 364, 56%), and MRSA was the most common MDRO (n = 224, 62% of the DFI-MDRO group). In propensity-matched analyses, DFI-MDRO was not associated with 1-year LEA or readmissions, but was associated with recurrent DFI episodes (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.38–3.21).ConclusionsDFI-MDRO was associated with a 2-fold increased risk of recurrent DFI compared with patients with DFI-non-MDRO.
The Psychology of Creative Processes in Music
Authors: Clarke Eric F. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In contrast to cerebral or mentalistic psychological accounts of creative processes, this chapter argues for an approach based within the frameworks of ecological theory and 4E cognition—the idea that psychological functioning is embodied, extended, embedded, and enacted. The chapter considers “everyday” and exceptional notions of the creative process and reviews cognitive models of musical creativity as a form of decision-making, as well as the tension between individualistic and social perspectives. As an alternative, it offers an account that recognizes the reciprocal relationship between materials (instruments, notations, tuning systems, recording/playback systems) and human minds and bodies conceived individually and collectively, drawing attention to four important features of musical creating: (1) the different scales at which it takes place, (2) its temporality, (3) its distributed and collaborative character, and (4) its intimate entanglement with environmental affordances.
Meditation and the Post-Secular Condition
Authors: Bazzano Manu 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the links between meditation practice and the post-secular turn in the wider domain of culture. The latter is a multifaceted phenomenon, and the chapter focuses on one of these—namely the assertion of immanence over transcendence. This calls for a reinterpretation of the habitual opposition between secularism and religion. Meditation is often embedded in either a religious or secular framework, with contemporary forms increasingly of the latter kind. A third way is suggested, in favor of a meditation practice that acknowledges the post-secular turn. This is particularly called for at a time when secularist forms of meditation such as mindfulness have been decontextualized to the extent of undermining the ethical context of meditation.
Negation and Opposition
Authors: Horn Laurence R. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe treatment of negation has long been linked to the treatment of opposition between propositions (or sentences) and between terms (or subsentential constituents). The primary types of opposition, usefully displayed on the post-Aristotelian Square of Opposition, are contradiction (two contradictories always differ in truth value) and contrariety (two contraries can both be false, but not both be true). The law of non-contradiction governs both oppositions, while the law of excluded middle applies only to contradictories. In principle, Aristotle’s semantic category of contradictory opposition lines up with the syntactic category of sentence (vs. constituent) negation, but in practice matters are more complicated, and while Klima’s diagnostics are helpful they are often not decisive. These complications are illustrated by the distribution of affixal negation, the phenomenon of logical double negation, the interaction of negation with quantifiers and modals, and the tendency for formal contradictory negation to be pragmatically strengthened to contrariety.
Modals and Negation
Authors: Francis Naomi , Iatridou Sabine 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter investigates the interaction of negation with modals. In many—though not all—languages, modals have a fixed scope with respect to negation, which does not always reflect the overt linear order of the two elements. The modal flavor and strength are sometimes predictors of the scopal relations, but sometimes not. This complex distribution of patterns has received a certain amount of attention in the literature. The chapter divides the proposals into three major camps, and discusses some strengths and weaknesses of each type of approach.
Negation in Non-Standard Varieties
Authors: Tortora Christina , Blanchette Frances 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses the relevance of data from non-standard varieties to our understanding of natural language negation, and in particular, to theories which seek to model and explain natural language properties. The chapter focuses specifically on the different types of Negative Concord exhibited in non-standard Englishes, in West Flemish, and in Romance varieties, showing that in relation to Standard English, Standard Dutch, and Standard French, these non-standard languages exhibit much more intricate points of syntactic variation. The theoretical relevance of subject/non-subject asymmetries, the lexical nature of postverbal negative constituents, and intra-speaker variability in the expression of negation are discussed. The syntactic structures examined reveal that when non-standard languages serve as the main reference point in linguistic theory, this extends the hypothesis space in crucial ways, and more fruitful and revealing cross-linguistic comparisons can be made.
The Role of Pragmatics in Negation Change
Authors: Larrivée Pierre 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe long tradition of relating changes in the form and meaning of negation to pragmatics raises the questions of what precise pragmatic notions are involved, and under what conditions they relate to (stages of) evolution. Emerging clausal negators (and possibly Negative Concord Items, NCIs) introducing a new stage of the Jespersen Cycle (Dahl 1979) are categorically found in explicitly discourse-old value clauses, to lose that value at quantifiable rates of usage. Emphasis characterizes NCIs when they contain a scalar marker, compete with another synonymous NCI, or enter a clausal negative construction. The pragmatic value of declining negative markers is still unclear. Markers from other grammatical categories relating to veridicality, such as interrogations and Verum Focus markers, also associate to a categorical discourse-old value in their initial stages of evolution. By identifying known knowns but also known unknowns, the chapter encourages systematic research into the relation between pragmatics and grammatical change.
Neg-raising
Authors: Horn Laurence R. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNeg-raising is “the strong tendency in many languages to attract to the main verb a negative which should logically belong to the dependent nexus [=clause]”: a speaker uttering I don’t believe that p is typically taken to have conveyed ‘I believe that not-p’. Such lower-clause understandings of higher-clause negations are possible across certain predicates (believe, think, want) but not others (realize, regret, deny) in English and other languages. Grammatical theories of Neg-raising posit a movement rule based on evidence from the interaction of higher negation with strict negative polarity items, negative inversion, negative parentheticals, and syntactic islands. Semantic and pragmatic approaches cite the relation of Neg-raising to other processes involving contrary negation in contradictory form, the availability of excluded middle presuppositions (I believe that p v I believe that not-p), the Neg-first conspiracy, and the role of politeness or euphemism in motivating Neg-raising.