bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Ternstroemia gymnanthera
Authors: Conden Peter J. , Warren Stuart L. , Blazich Frank A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rooted stem cuttings of Japanese ternstroemia (Ternstroemia gymnanthera Thunb.) were grown in 3.8 liter (#1) plastic containers utilizing a substrate of pine bark: sand (8: 1 by vol) amended with micronutrients and dolomitic limestone. Plants were fertilized every other day with a solution consisting of P (K2H2PO4) at a constant rate of 30 mg/liter (ppm), K (K2SO4 and K2H2PO4) at a constant rate of 60 mg/liter (ppm), and a variable rate of N (NH4NO3) at 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, or 320 mg/liter (ppm). Leaf area and shoot (stems and leaves) dry weight increased with increasing N application rate (NAR) until a plateau was reached at 117 mg/liter (ppm). Root: shoot ratio was 0.8 in non-fertilized plants, and decreased to ≈0.1 with N ≥ 104 mg/liter (ppm). Root dry weight and root area increased in response to increasing NARs, reaching a plateau with N at 86 and 70 mg/liter (ppm), respectively. Leaf weight ratio (leaf dry weight ÷ total plant dry weight) increased from 0.2 with N at 0 mg/liter (ppm) to a plateau of ≈0.6 with N ≥ 109 mg/liter (ppm). Stem weight ratio (stem dry weight ÷ total plant dry weight) was 0.4 with N at 0 mg/liter (ppm) then leveled off at ≈0.3 with N ≥ 52 mg/liter (ppm). Root weight ratio (root dry weight ÷ total plant dry weight) decreased steadily from 0.4 with N at 0 mg/liter (ppm) to ≈0.1 with N ≥ 117 mg/liter (ppm). Shoot N, P, K, and S concentrations increased with increasing NARs, reaching plateaus at 117, 23, 124, and 183 mg/liter (ppm), respectively, while Mg was unaffected by NAR. Calcium concentrations increased to 0.75% with a NAR of 40 mg/liter (ppm), and decreased to 0.6 % with N ≥ 107 mg/liter (ppm). Root mineral nutrient concentrations of N, P, K, and S increased with increasing NARs, reaching plateaus of 287, 53, 39, and 195 mg/liter (ppm) respectively, whereas Ca and Mg were not affected by NAR.
Modeling the Effectiveness of Bifenthrin for Reducing Populations of Japanese and Oriental Beetle Larvae in Nursery Containers
Authors: Cowles Richard S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Preplant potting mix incorporation of Talstar 0.2G (bifenthrin) can prevent root weevil and white grub infestations in container-grown nursery crops. Analysis of bifenthrin residues from potting media aged under northern nursery conditions indicated that this insecticide has a half-life of at least 3 years, irrespective of medium composition. Dose-response tests of bifenthrin for controlling Japanese and oriental beetle larvae indicated that the LD50 for these species is approximately 1.1 and 1.7 parts per million (ppm), respectively. These data suggest that &gt;95% larval mortality of these scarab species can be expected up to three years following treatment of media with 10 ppm bifenthrin, and &gt;99.9% larval mortality is expected for at least three years following treatment of media with 20 ppm bifenthrin.
Effect of Cyclic Irrigation on Growth of Magnolias Produced Using Five In-ground Systems
Authors: Beeson R. C. , Keller K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Five in-ground systems were evaluated based on shoot growth and marketability for the production of 2.17 m (7 ft) tall and 5.08 cm (2 in) trunk diameter Magnolia grandiflora cv. ‘Symmes Select’. Systems evaluated were Root Control Bags, Geo-Cell bags, and #25 containers in pot-in-pot in Experiment 1, and Agro-liners in socket pots and directly in-ground in Experiment 2. Each system was either cyclically irrigated or given a single irrigation event daily. In Experiment 1, cyclic irrigation increased the rate of height growth and trunk diameter compared to a single irrigation. Trees in Root Control Bags and pot-in-pot grew at a similar rate and faster than those in Geo-Cell bags. Faster growth rates with cyclic irrigation resulted in earlier marketability compared to single irrigation daily, except for pot-in-pot. In Experiment 2, cyclic irrigation increased the rate of trunk diameter growth, and Agro-liners in pots had greater height and trunk diameter growth rates than those directly in ground. Trees grown in the in-ground pot systems, whether in Agro-liners or black polyethylene containers, grew similarly to trees in Root Control Bags. Trees grown in Geo-cells or Agro-liners in-ground had significantly slower growth than the other treatments.
Time of Pruning Effects on Cold Hardiness of Butterfly Bush
Authors: Warr Jennifer C. , Keever Gary J. , Findley Douglas A. , Raymond Kessler J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted over a two-year period to determine how time of pruning affects cold hardiness of butterfly bush (Buddleia davidii (Franchet) ‘Royal Red’). Plants were pruned in November, January, or March, and pruned and non-pruned plants were exposed to six freezing temperatures two weeks after pruning treatments were applied. In addition, plants pruned in previous seasons were included in subsequent freezing treatments. Plants were rated for injury 2 or 3 weeks after treatment (WAT), and for mortality at 6 WAT. In fall 2001, at −6C (21.2F), injury ratings were higher in pruned than non-pruned plants. At all other treatment temperatures, injury to pruned and non-pruned plants was similar. In fall 2001, mortality increased with decreasing temperatures and was higher in pruned plants than in non-pruned controls, regardless of treatment temperature. In winter and spring 2002, injury and mortality increased with decreasing temperatures, but were not affected by pruning treatments. In fall 2002, temperature decreased as injury rating and mortality increased, regardless of pruning treatment and pruned plants had a higher injury rating and mortality than non-pruned across all temperatures. In winter 2003, injury rating and mortality increased with decreasing temperatures and pruning did not affect either. Spring 2003 plants, which had deacclimated prior to freeze treatment, were not affected by pruning or freezing treatments.
Artillery Fungus Sporulation on 27 Different Mulches — A Field Study
Authors: Davis Donald D. , Kuhns Larry J. , Akina Kristen , Harpster T. L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
During the last decade, the ‘artillery fungus’ has emerged from an interesting mycological curiosity that grows in landscape mulch to a problem of major financial concern to homeowners, insurance companies, mulch producers, and landscape contractors. This common inhabitant of landscape mulch produces sticky spore masses (gleba) that it shoots towards the light or towards reflective objects such as light-colored automobiles or house siding. We evaluated 27 different mulches in the field to determine their ability to support growth and sporulation of the artillery fungus. Each mulch type was inoculated in 1998 with the artillery fungus and the amount of sporulation (number of spore masses on targets) determined annually until 2002, approximately 4 years after inoculation. We grouped the 27 mulches into nine general categories that had common characteristics: mulches that originated from large piles of bark and wood mixtures, mulches blended with 5% compost, cedar mulch, mulches commercially designated as ‘bark’ but containing considerable wood, dyed wood chips, non-dyed wood chips, cypress mulch, large bark nuggets, and 100% spent mushroom substrate. The mulches obtained from large piles shredded blends of bark and wood supported significantly greater levels of artillery fungus sporulation than did other mulches. Such highly susceptible mulches should be avoided if the artillery fungus is to be minimized. In contrast, large bark nuggets, cypress mulch, and 100% spent mushroom substrate supported less artillery fungus. Other mulches supported intermediate levels of sporulation. All wood/bark landscape mulches will eventually support the artillery fungus over extended time periods (i.e., 34 years), and even more tolerant mulches should be replaced or covered with a fresh layer of mulch on a regular basis.
Assessing the Infectivity of Commercial Mycorrhizal Inoculants in Plant Nursery Conditions
Authors: Corkidi Lea , Allen Edith B. , Merhaut Donald , Allen Michael F. , Downer James , Bohn Jeff , Evans Mike 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The infectivity of ten commercial mycorrhizal inoculants was examined in nursery conditions. Corn plants were grown in a soil-based medium and in two different soilless substrates, a potting mix prepared with redwood bark, pine sawdust, calcined clay and sand, and the commercial Sunshine #5 mix, mainly composed of Canadian sphagnum peat moss. The percentage of mycorrhizal colonization obtained with the different mycorrhizal inoculants ranged from 0 to 50%. This variation might reflect the presence or absence of viable propagules, the difference in the recommended rates applied as well as the difference in the content and type of infective propagules of each product. However, the infectivity of each mycorrhizal inoculant was also influenced by the growing media. Two products promoted higher values of mycorrhizal colonization in the Sunshine mix, three in the nursery mix and one in the soil-based medium. Mycorrhizal colonization did not enhance plant growth. Only the plants inoculated with the products that did not promote mycorrhizal colonization increased their growth relative to the non-inoculated controls, suggesting the presence of other growth promoters in the inoculum products. Based on these results, nurseries should conduct preliminary tests to determine which inoculants will perform in their potting mixes to assure the best fit of inoculum with their particular conditions.
Effects of Magnesium-Sulfate on Leaf Chlorosis, Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Camellia sasanqua ‘Shishi Gashira’
Authors: Merhaut Donald J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A ‘V’-pattemed chlorosis of older leaves is frequently observed on specific cultivars of container-grown Camellia sasanqua. Symptoms are expressed during the flowering period and as the first vegetative flush of the season develops in early spring. Symptomatic leaves eventually senesce and subsequent vegetative flushes appear healthy. In the following study, container-grown Camellia sasanqua ‘Shishi Gashira’ were fertilized with 500 ml of nutrient solution containing one of five treatments: 0.0, 4.0, 10, 20, or 40 g/liter magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4·7H2O) per 19-liter container every two weeks for nine months to determine if chlorosis could be prevented. Nutrient analyses were conducted on all plant organs to determine if there was a correlation between nutrient partitioning to different organs and the expression of leaf chlorosis. Supplemental MgSO4·7H2O fertilization increased the Mg concentration in the roots, stems, leaves and flowers, and increased the sulfur concentration only in the leaves and stems. Calcium concentration in all organs decreased and potassium concentration in the leaves and stems decreased with increased fertilization rates. Fertilization with MgSO4·7H2O prevented the development of ‘V’-patterned chlorosis but did not affect plant dry weight.
Auxins and Water-Retaining Polymer Root Dips Affect Survival and Growth of Newly Transplanted Bare-Rooted European Beech and Silver Birch
Authors: Percival G.C. , Barnes S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The influence of two commercially available auxin products (IBA talc, IBA:NAA solution) in combination with a water-retaining polymer applied to the root system of two transplant-sensitive tree species, silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) under field conditions was investigated. The efficacy of the auxins on growth was quantified by recording root and shoot growth and survival rates at week 8 and 20 after bud break. Improvements in tree vitality were assessed by measurement of leaf photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content. Application of an IBA talc improved growth and vitality of beech but had little beneficial effects on birch. A combination of liquid IBA:NAA (50:1 dilution) and a water-retaining polymer at transplanting proved most effective for root regeneration, growth and tree vitality of both species compared to other treatments. Regardless of species, applications of a water-retaining polymer alone had no significant effect on tree survival rates or tree vitality. However, growth of birch was significantly reduced compared to controls indicating a detrimental effect of polymer application alone on this species. Results show that commercially available auxin products in combination with a water-retaining polymer can be used to reduce transplant losses and improve tree vitality and growth over a growing season in two difficult-to-transplant species. Selection of an appropriate auxin(s), however, is important as effects on growth and vitality can vary between tree species.
Establishment and Persistence of Field Sown North American Prairie Grasses in Southern England in Response to Mulching and Extensive Weed Management
Authors: Hitchmough James , Reid Emily , Dourado Anna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Establishment and management of North American prairie grasses by field sowing was investigated at the Royal Horticultural Society Garden at Wisley, Surrey, in Southern England. Untreated seed of little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash); indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash); and prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis (A.Gray) A.Gray.) was sown in May 1997 at 550 seeds/m2 onto topsoil plots (control), topsoil with charcoal mulch, and topsoil covered with transparent, perforated crop polyethylene post sowing. Highest percentage emergence was recorded in the clear polyethylene mulch followed by the charcoal mulch. Weed competition was managed by cutting to 75 mm (≅ 3 in) above the soil surface. Dry weight of prairie grass seedlings in October 1997 was strongly negatively correlated with percentage weed cover in June 1997. Despite the weed competition, on plots where sufficient seedlings survived, Schizachyrium and Sorghastrum were eventually able to dominate Agrostis stolonifera, the most abundant weed, when burnt annually in April. No regeneration of prairie grasses from self-sown seed was observed within the experimental treatments over an 8 year period. The application of this research to more sustainable horticultural practice in urban landscapes is discussed.
Monolithic Slag as a Substrate for Rooting and Bare- Rooting Stem Cuttings
Authors: Blythe Eugene K. , Sibley Jeff L. , Tilt Ken M. , Zinner Bertram 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem cuttings of Hydrangea paniculata Sieb., Rosa L. ‘Red Cascade’, Salvia leucantha Cav., and Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd ‘Roseo’ were inserted into six rooting substrates: monolithic slag, sand, perlite, vermiculite, Fafard 3B, or fine pine bark. Rooting, initial shoot growth, and ease of dislodging substrate particles from root systems upon bare-rooting by shaking and washing cuttings rooted in monolithic slag were compared to cuttings rooted in the five other substrates. Rooting percentage, number of primary roots per rooted cutting, and total root length per rooted cutting for cuttings rooted in monolithic slag were generally similar to the five other substrates. Particles of monolithic slag were dislodged more readily from root systems by shaking than were the other substrates. Gentle washing removed almost all particles of monolithic slag and sand from the root systems of all taxa and removed almost all particles of pine bark from all taxa except S. scutellarioides ‘Roseo’. Monolithic slag had a bulk density similar to sand, retained less water than the other substrates, and was similar to perlite, vermiculite, and pine bark in particle size distribution.
Container Size and Initial Trunk Diameter Effects Growth of Acer rubrum L. During Production
Authors: Fare Donna C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two studies were conducted to determine container size and liner (young bare root trees) trunk diameter effects on growth of Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’, Red Sunset™ red maple. In experiment 1, maples liners with initial mean trunk diameters of 12.2 mm (0.5 in), 15.9 mm (0.6 in), and 22.3 mm (0.9 in) were potted in 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) containers and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Height and trunk diameter growth at the end of each growing season were affected by both the initial liner trunk diameter and container size. During year 1, liners with an initial trunk diameter of 12.2 mm (0.5 in) increased 28 and 70% more in height growth compared to liners initially 15.9 mm (0.6 in) and 22.3 mm (0.9) in trunk diameter, respectively. Twenty three percent more height growth occurred with maples in 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. Trunk diameter growth increased 50% more with 12.2 mm (0.5 in) liners compared to 22.3 mm (0.9 in) liners. A 25% increase in trunk diameter growth occurred with liners potted in 56.8 liter (#15) compared to 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At the end of the second growing season, final tree size was similar with liners that were initially 12.2 mm (0.5 in) and 15.9 mm (0.6 in) liners in trunk diameter to those initially 22.3 mm (0.9 in) when potted into 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers. In experiment 2, maple liners with trunk diameters 17.5 mm (0.7 in), 20.5 mm (0.8 in), and 29.0 mm (1.1 in) were potted in container sizes 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Liners grown in 56.8 liter (#15) containers had 92% more height growth and 48% more trunk diameter growth than with liners in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At termination, the shoot dry weight was 41% larger with maples in 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those grown in 26.5 liter (#7) containers.
Growth and Flowering Response of Container Grown Passion Flower Cultivars to Fertilizer and Paclobutrazo
Authors: Berberich Stephen , Snyder John , Geneve Robert , Williams Mark A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effects of fertilizer and paclobutrazol applications on growth and flowering in four container grown passion flower cultivars (Passiflora ‘Amethyst’, Passiflora ‘Blue Bouquet’, Passflora ‘Fledermouse’, and Passflora ‘Lady Margaret’) were evaluated. A four month production system was used that included propagating cuttings in late winter, followed by greenhouse liner production in early spring, and finally by two months of outdoor container production. Shoot growth was increased by increasing fertilizer rates and the response was highly cultivar dependent. Fertilizer rates resulting in the highest levels of growth for each cultivar were generally higher than those required for most container grown nursery crops, ranging between 3.2 and 5.3 g/liter (0.44 and 0.73 oz/gal) of Osmocote 14N–6.0P–11.6K (14–14–14). Paclobutrazol reduced overall plant size without increasing the number of nodes or flowers. Cultivars were chosen based on cold tolerance and vigor and cultivar appeared to be the most significant independent variable. Of the cultivars evaluated ‘Lady Margaret’ was most suitable for the four month production system.
Consumer Purchasing Habits of Environmental Horticulture Products in Florida
Authors: Satterthwaite Loretta N. , Haydu John J. , Hodges Alan W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A garden center exit survey examining consumer purchasing habits of environmental horticulture products was conducted in Florida in 2002. A total of 910 surveys were completed with information on why a particular store was chosen for shopping, the items planned for purchase and whether or not the final purchase matched the intentions of the buyer. Convenience/location was the most important reason for shopping at a particular store, followed by price, quality, service, information and miscellaneous other reasons. Most respondents were shopping for non-plant (hardgood) items, but when shopping for plants, flowering plants for the outdoors were the most sought after. Seasonal shopping habits were identified with nearly every respondent shopping at least once during the spring and fewer respondents shopping at least once during each of the other seasons. Information was also collected on gender, age, education level, and annual income of respondents, as well as location and type of store (chain or independent). Respondents who reported having college level education, an annual income greater than $50,000 or were shopping at an independent garden center, also indicated convenience/location as their primary reason for selecting a particular garden center; however, unlike other respondents, price was not their second reason for shopping at a particular store.
Rooting Softwood Cuttings of Leyland Cypress Outdoors Under Shade
Authors: Hinesley L. Eric , Blazich Frank A. , Derby Scott A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem cuttings of Leyland cypress [x Cupressocyparis leylandii (A.B. Jacks. & Dallim.) Dallim. & A.B. Jacks], were rooted to determine the effect of A) date of collection, rooting substrate, and mist frequency, B) auxin formulation and concentration, C) rooting substrate, D) substrate fertility, and E) type of cutting and auxin concentration. Results were best for misting intervals of 5 to 7 min during the day, but 10 min was also adequate. Rooting was comparable for softwood cuttings collected in late May or late June. Powder and liquid auxin formulations, which both contained indolebutyric acid (IBA), yielded similar results. Cuttings that were more lignified (light tan color) at the bases benefited the most from higher concentrations [≈ 8000 ppm (0.8%)] of IBA in talc, whereas less mature cuttings (green at the bases) rooted in highest percentages with lower concentrations [≈ 3000 ppm (0.3%)]. Rooting was similar in substrates with a peat:perlite ratio (v/v) of 1:1, 1:2, or 1:4, whereas results were less satisfactory in 100% perlite. Controlled release fertilizer [1.8 kg/m3 (4 lb/yd3)] in the rooting substrate did not affect rooting percent, but greatly increased root mass and quality of rooted cuttings. Doubling the rate resulted in little additional improvement. Rooting was comparable for vigorous side shoots (1st-order laterals) and tips from vigorous upright branches (primary axes) of similar maturity.
Cold Hardiness of the Rare Dirca occidentalis: Comparisons to Dirca palustris from Disparate Provenances
Authors: Graves William R. , Schrader James A. , Sharma Jyotsna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We determined the cold hardiness of Dirca occidentalis (western leatherwood) within its restricted natural distribution in northern California and made comparisons to Dirca palustris (eastern leatherwood) from northern (Iowa) and southern (Florida) provenances. Stems of western leatherwood were sampled twice while all or some plants were dormant (October 27 and December 8, 2004, respectively) and again on January 19, 2005, when flowering and incipient vegetative shoot growth of most plants had begun. Stems of D. palustris were sampled on the same schedule and on March 2, 2005 (Iowa and Florida) and April 13, 2005 (Iowa) such that the last sampling date coincided with flowering and incipient vegetative shoot growth. Lowest survival temperature was determined based on visual assessments of the viability of cambium and phloem of stems exposed to progressively lower temperatures in a freezer. Lowest survival temperature of western leatherwood was −6 to −3C (21 to 27F) regardless of date. Eastern leatherwood accrued hardiness through mid-winter and then deacclimated; minimal lowest survival temperature of eastern leatherwood was −33C (−27F) in Iowa and −17C (1F) in Florida. The minimal cold hardiness of western leatherwood is consistent with its natural distribution in specialized niches within a Mediterranean climate. Unless western leatherwood accrues increased hardiness when planted where winters are harsh, its horticultural use will be restricted to areas with mild winters. In contrast, widespread use of eastern leatherwood is feasible if production challenges are resolved and selections from climatically appropriate provenances are used.