bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV Screening Among Gonorrhea-Diagnosed Individuals; Baltimore, Maryland; April 2015 to April 2019
Authors: Williford Sarah L. , Humes Elizabeth , Greenbaum Adena , Schumacher Christina M. 
Published: August 2020

Background
Individuals diagnosed with gonorrhea are at elevated risk for HIV. Per US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline, individuals being evaluated for gonorrhea should be screened for HIV concurrently. There is limited information on HIV screening among gonorrhea-diagnosed individuals across different health care settings. Our objective was to identify potential gaps in HIV screening among gonorrhea-diagnosed individuals in Baltimore City, Maryland.

Methods
We used Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Network project data collected on a random sample of all gonorrhea diagnoses reported to the health department between April 2015 and April 2019. Individuals with known HIV diagnoses were excluded. HIV screening was confirmed through surveys administered to the gonorrhea-diagnosing provider. HIV screening across groups was assessed using Poisson regression models with robust SEs. We examined those with and without recent (≤12 months) sexually transmitted infection (STI) history separately.

Results
Among 2830 gonorrhea-diagnosed individuals with completed Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Network provider surveys, less than half (35.2% with and 44.8% without recent STI history) received concurrent HIV screening. HIV screening was 73% less prevalent among those diagnosed in emergency departments/urgent care centers/hospitals versus sexual health clinics (with and without recent STI history: adjusted prevalence ratio, 0.27 [95% confidence interval, 0.19–0.39]; adjusted prevalence ratio, 0.27 [0.23–0.33]), controlling for diagnosis year, sex, race/ethnicity, age, infection site, and insurance.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest a considerable gap in HIV screening among individuals at elevated risk for HIV acquisition in Baltimore City, particularly among those diagnosed in emergency departments/urgent care centers/hospital settings. Future work should focus on identifying provider-level barriers to concurrent HIV/STI screening to inform provider education programs.
Time to Scale Up Preexposure Prophylaxis Beyond the Highest-Risk Populations? Modeling Insights From High-Risk Women in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Grant Hannah , Gomez Gabriela B. , Kripke Katharine , Barnabas Ruanne V. , Watts Charlotte , Medley Graham F. , Mukandavire Zindoga 
Published: August 2020

Objectives
New HIV infections remain higher in women than men in sub-Saharan Africa. Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective HIV prevention measure, currently prioritized for those at highest risk, such as female sex workers (FSWs), for whom it is most cost-effective. However, the greatest number of HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa occurs in women in the general population. As countries consider wider PrEP scale-up, there is a need to weigh the population-level impact, cost, and relative cost-effectiveness to inform priority setting.

Methods
We developed mathematical models of HIV risk to women and derived tools to highlight key considerations for PrEP programming. The models were fitted to South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Kenya, spanning a range of HIV burden in sub-Saharan Africa. The impact, cost, and cost-effectiveness of PrEP scale-up for adolescent girls and young women (AGYW), women 25 to 34 years old, and women 35 to 49 years old were assessed, accounting for differences in population sizes and the low program retention levels reported in demonstration projects.

Results
Preexposure prophylaxis could avert substantially more infections a year among women in general population than among FSW. The greatest number of infections could be averted annually among AGYW in South Africa (24-fold that for FSW). In Zimbabwe, the greatest number of infections could be averted among women 25 to 34 years old (8-fold that for FSW); and in Kenya, similarly between AGYW and women 25 to 34 years old (3-fold that for FSW). However, the unit costs of PrEP delivery for AGYW, women 25 to 34 years old, and women 35 to 49 years old would have to reduce considerably (by 70.8%–91.0% across scenarios) for scale-up to these populations to be as cost-effective as for FSW.

Conclusions
Preexposure prophylaxis has the potential to substantially reduce new HIV infections in HIV-endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa. This will necessitate PrEP being made widely available beyond those at highest individual risk and continued integration into a range of national services and at community level to significantly bring down the costs and improve cost-effectiveness.
Acceptability of a Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Intravaginal Ring for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Sexually Active Women
Authors: Dobkin April , McWalters Jessica , Barnett Rebecca , Ray Laurie L. , Espinoza Lilia , McGinn Aileen P. , Atrio Jessica M. , Keller Marla J. 
Published: August 2020

Introduction
Vaginal ring delivery of antiretroviral drugs may provide protection against acquisition of HIV-1 when used as Pre-Exposure prophylaxis. As part of a randomized placebo-controlled safety trial of a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) intravaginal ring (IVR), we assessed product acceptability through surveys of women after continuous ring use.

Methods
Sexually active, HIV-negative women were enrolled to investigate the safety and pharmacokinetics of 3 months of continuous TDF IVR use. The study was designed to include 40 US participants randomly assigned (3:1) to a TDF or placebo IVR. Twelve were randomized to TDF and 5 to the placebo group before the study was electively discontinued because of the development of vaginal ulcerations in 8 women in the TDF group. Acceptability data were gathered via self-administered, computer-based questionnaires.

Results
The average age of the 17 participants was 31 years (range, 18–42 years). Sixteen participants (94%) completed all questions at 2 study visits. When asked about ring likeability after 1 month of ring use, 12 (75%) of 16 reported overall liking the ring, including 6 (75%) of 8 who developed ulcerations. In addition, 10 (83%) of 12 who had their menses during the first month of ring use were not bothered by the ring, and 11 (69%) of 16 stated that the ring was not bothersome with use during sex.

Conclusions
Despite unanticipated ulcers, TDF and placebo IVRs were acceptable to some women, even when used with menses and during sex, which is promising for continued development of IVRs for HIV prevention.
Factors Associated With the Recurrence, Persistence, and Clearance of Asymptomatic Bacterial Vaginosis Among Young African American Women: A Repeated-Measures Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Coudray Makella S. , Sheehan Diana M. , Li Tan , Cook Robert L. , Schwebke Jane , Madhivanan Purnima 
Published: August 2020

Background
Although risk factors of recurrent and persistent bacterial vaginosis (BV) have been explored in the literature, the longitudinal incidence patterns of BV remain elusive.

Methods
We conducted a secondary analysis of longitudinal data from a randomized clinical trial of metronidazole treatment for asymptomatic BV. Repeated-measures latent class analysis was used to identify distinct longitudinal patterns of incident BV cases. Multinomial regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of class membership. The multivariable model included age, last BV treatment, douching frequency, birth control, sexual risk behavior, and assignment to treatment arm.

Results
A total of 858 African American women who were asymptomatic for BV were included in the analysis. Three emergent patterns of BV for 12 months were identified by repeated-measures latent class analysis: persistent (55.9%), recurrent (30.5%), and clearance (13.5%). Participants who had douched at least once had significantly lower odds to be in the recurrent class versus the clearance class (adjusted odds ratio [adjOR], 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18–0.63). Women who had sex with women had significantly lower odds of belonging to the persistent class versus the clearance class (adjOR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.22–0.68) and the recurrent class (adjOR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.23–0.81). Those who were assigned to the treatment arm had significantly increased odds of being in the recurrent class versus the clearance class (adjOR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.22–3.03). Women older than 21 years were significantly more likely to be in the recurrent class (adjOR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.17–3.00) than in the clearance class.

Conclusions
Assessment of BV cases revealed distinct patterns of recurrence and persistence of BV, which were significantly associated with douching, being in the treatment arm, and being a woman who had sex with women.
Accommodative Behavior, Hyperopic Defocus, and Retinal Image Quality in Children Viewing Electronic Displays
Authors: Sah Raman Prasad , Ramasubramanian Viswanathan , Reed Olivia , Meyer Dawn , Bradley Arthur , Kollbaum Pete S. 
Published: August 2020

SIGNIFICANCEThe prevalence of myopia and use of electronic displays by children has grown rapidly in recent years. We found that children viewing electronic displays, however, experience hyperopic defocus levels similar to those previously reported for other stimuli.PURPOSEThis study aimed to compare accommodative behavior of nonmyopic and myopic children viewing a computer screen or mobile phone.METHODSAccommodative behavior was examined in 11 nonmyopic and 8 myopic children (11.32 ± 2.90 and 14.13 ± 2.30 years, respectively;P= .04; refractions, +0.51 ± 0.51 and −2.54 ± 1.29, respectively) using an open-field autorefractor (Grand Seiko) at target vergences from −0.25 to −5.95 D. Different size (scaled or nonscaled) and type (text or movie) stimuli were presented on an LCD monitor (distant) or an iPhone (near), with subjects viewing monocularly or binocularly in an illuminated or dark room.RESULTSAt the typical reading distances (16.8 and 29.8 cm), all 19 children exhibited some amount of accommodative lag. Stimulus type had little impact on accommodation. However, slightly but statistically significant lower slopes were observed (Bonferroni-corrected significance level ofP≤ .01) for low room lighting (0.80 vs. 0.76;ttest,t= 3.88;P= .003), nonscaled targets (0.83 vs. 0.77;ttest,t= 4.28;P= .001), and monocular viewing (0.83 vs. 0.74;ttest,t= 4.0;P= .002) in the nonmyopic group only. When viewing nonscaled stimuli binocularly (natural viewing), the means and standard deviations of accommodative lags (averaged across room lights on and off, and text and movie) were generally larger for the nonmyopes at all distances and were largest at 16.8 cm (1.31 ± 0.32 D for the nonmyopes and 1.11 ± 0.35 for the myopes;ttest,t= 2.62;P= .01).CONCLUSIONSGenerally small (mostly <1.00 D) amounts of hyperopic defocus are present in children binocularly viewing handheld electronic devices (nonmyopes slightly more than myopes). Modern electronic devices do not expose children to unusually high levels of hyperopic defocus.
The Effect of Retinal Illuminance on the Subjective Amplitude of Accommodation
Authors: Lara Francisco , Del Águila-Carrasco Antonio J. , Marín-Franch Iván , Riquelme-Nicolás Resurrección , López-Gil Norberto 
Published: August 2020

SIGNIFICANCEWe show that the amplitude of accommodation decreases with retinal illumination even under photopic reading conditions and a constant pupil size. This result provides a basis for clinical approaches that are not based on an optical explanation.PURPOSEWe investigated the effect of retinal illuminance on the amplitude of accommodation while the pupil of the eye remained constant.METHODSThe amplitudes of accommodation of 10 young subjects (from 20 to 38 years of age) and that of 10 presbyopic subjects (from 45 to 54 years of age) were measured subjectively through an artificial pupil of 5 mm using a Badal optometer and for four values of retinal illuminance: 222, 821, 2138, and 5074 trolands. Phenylephrine was instilled to all the subjects to ensure that their natural pupil was greater than the artificial one in all experimental runs. Linear mixed-effects model for repeated measures with age and log luminance as covariates were used to check whether changes in amplitude of accommodation with retinal illumination were statistically significant.RESULTSIn the range of illuminances tested, the amplitude of accommodation decreased on average from 6.34 to 4.35 D in the young subjects and from 1.69 to 1.04 D in the presbyopic subjects. Illuminance was associated with the amplitude of accommodation in both young and presbyopic groups, withP< .01.CONCLUSIONSThe reduction in the amplitude of accommodation with target illumination (a phenomenon namednight presbyopia) under photopic light conditions is not only due to a reduction in the depth of focus as a consequence of pupil dilation; it is strongly affected by the decrease of retinal illumination.
Case Report: Transient Myopic Shift and Other Sequelae in Response to Adverse Reaction to Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim
Authors: Whorff John S. 
Published: August 2020

SIGNIFICANCEThere are several isolated reports of systemic medications or medical conditions that can cause acute transient myopic shifts along with other ocular sequelae, but rarely has this been reported for the combination antibiotic sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim.PURPOSEThis case illustrates a rarely seen condition that may result from treatment with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and result in serious, vision-threatening conditions. These can be treated by immediate discontinuation of the drug, steroids, ocular hypertensive medication, and cycloplegia, depending on the circumstances.CASE REPORTA 20-year-old woman presented complaining of blindness upon waking. She had been experiencing fever, malaise, and significant abdominal pain for weeks. Blood culture revealed infection withStaphylococcus aureusandEscherichia colifor which she was prescribed sulfamethoxazole (800 mg) and trimethoprim (160 mg) twice daily. After a week of treatment, she awoke unable to see. Examination revealed narrowed angles, bilateral 6-D myopic shift, macular folding with scattered microaneurysms, and intraretinal hemorrhages with mild macular edema and field defects. The condition resolved with discontinuation of the drug and use of steroids, ocular hypertensive, and cycloplegic agents. Her visual acuity returned to near normal within 3 days. Resolution of macular edema, field defects, and hemorrhages followed.CONCLUSIONSAn adverse reaction possibly caused by sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim is described causing ciliochoroidal effusion resulting in acute myopic shift and other sequelae. Successful treatment is demonstrated, and implications are discussed.
Field-wide Quantification of Aniseikonia Using Dichoptic Localization
Authors: Willeford Kevin T. , Butera Marianna , LeBlanc Jeffrey , Sample Alina 
Published: August 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
We validated a novel paradigm to measure aniseikonia across the visual field and used a mathematical approach that is able to describe the magnitude and shape of aniseikonia in a concise, clinically meaningful fashion.

PURPOSE
The measurement of aniseikonia has been performed clinically for more than half a century; however, amalgamation of field-wide local variations in binocular spatial localization into clinically applicable global metrics has yet to be attempted. Thus, the goal of the current study was twofold: first, to measure field-wide aniseikonia and second, to compare how local and global metrics each capture optically induced aniseikonia.

METHODS
Twelve visually normal observers performed a dichoptic localization task at 24 locations in the visual field. This was done in four conditions: (A) while wearing red-green filters, (B) while wearing green-red filters, (C) while wearing a monocular 5% overall size lens, and (D) while wearing a monocular 6% meridional size lens. The physical settings at perceptual equality were then used to compute both local (relative magnification) and global (coefficients for Zernike terms) descriptors of aniseikonia.

RESULTS
The comparison of each lens condition to the baseline condition confirmed predicted shifts in both the sign and magnitude of aniseikonia at both the local and global levels; however, the intraobserver levels of precision were moderate, and systematic underestimations were present across all locations in conditions C and D.

CONCLUSIONS
Local and global analyses derived from dichoptic localization data were both able to capture optically induced changes in binocular spatial perception; however, solutions that address the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with this paradigm are needed before clinical implementation can proceed.
A Novel Automated Visual Acuity Test Using a Portable Head-mounted Display
Authors: Ong Sze Chuan , Pek Li Cheng (Ivy) , Chiang Tsuey Ling (Carol) , Soon Hock Wei , Chua Kuang Chua , Sassmann Chanakarn , Razali Muhammad Azri Bin , Koh Teck Chang (Victor) 
Published: August 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
We developed a head-mounted display (HMD) as an automated way of testing visual acuity (VA) to increase workplace efficiency. This study raises its potential utility and advantages, analyzes reasons for its current limitations, and discusses areas of improvement in the development of this device.

PURPOSE
Manual VA testing is important but labor-intensive in ophthalmology and optometry clinics. The purpose of this exploratory study is to assess the performance and identify potential limitations of an automated HMD for VA testing.

METHODS
Sixty patients from National University Hospital, Singapore, were enrolled in a prospective observational study. The HMD was constructed based on the Snellen chart, with single optotypes displayed at a time. Each subject underwent VA testing of both eyes with the manual Snellen chart tested at 6 m from the subject and the HMD.

RESULTS
Fifty-three subjects were included in the final analysis, with an incompletion rate of 11.7% (n = 7). The mean difference in estimated acuity between the HMD and Snellen chart was 0.05 logMAR. However, 95% limits of agreement were large at ±0.33 logMAR. The HMD overestimated vision in patients with poorer visual acuities. In detecting VA worse than 0.30 logMAR (6/12), sensitivity was 63.6% (95% confidence interval, 0.31 to 0.89%), and specificity was 81.0% (95% confidence interval, 0.66 to 0.91%). No significant correlation existed between mean difference and age (r = −0.15, P = .27) or education level (r = 0.04, P = .76).

CONCLUSIONS
Advantages of our novel HMD technology include its fully automated nature and its portability. However, the device in its current form is not ready for widespread clinical use primarily because of its low accuracy, which is limited by both technical and user factors. Future studies are needed to improve its accuracy and completion rate and to evaluate for test-retest reliability in a larger population.
Thoracic Cardiovascular Complications of Tuberculosis
Authors: Restrepo Carlos S. , Gonzalez Tomas V. , Brar Rahat , Ocazionez Daniel , Velasco Marta Lucia , Reyna Lopez Rolando A. , Arias Liliana , Baxi Ameya J. , Carrillo Jorge 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Mycobacterium infection remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although rare, thoracic cardiovascular complications are associated with devastating consequences if not promptly diagnosed using computed tomography. Intrapulmonary complications include tuberculous aortitis, Rasmussen aneurysms, involvement of bronchial and nonbronchial systemic arteries, and thromboembolic events. Extrapulmonary complications include pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis, involvement of coronary arteries, annular-subvalvular left ventricle aneurysms and mediastinal fibrosis. This article will review these complications and their computed tomography features.
Radiation Dose Reduction for Computed Tomography Localizer Radiography Using an Ag Additional Filter
Authors: Nomura Keiichi , Fujii Keisuke , Goto Takahiro , Tsukagoshi Shinsuke , Ota Hiroyuki , Iwabuchi Yuto , Suzuki Hidenobu , Muramatsu Yoshihisa , Kobayashi Tatsushi 
Published: August 2020

Objective
This study aimed to assess the potential of an Ag additional filter attached to the bow tie filter of a computed tomography (CT) scanner to reduce the radiation dose in CT localizer radiography.

Methods
Radiation doses in CT localizer radiography with Cu and Ag additional filters were evaluated based on dose measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. Image quality evaluations of an adult torso phantom were performed, and the automatic exposure control performance was evaluated in terms of the water-equivalent thickness estimated from CT localizer radiographs.

Results
With the Ag additional filter, effective doses were approximately 72% to 75% lower than those with the Cu additional filter. The image quality and water-equivalent thickness with the Ag additional filter were similar to those with the Cu additional filter.

Conclusions
The Ag additional filter helped significantly reduce radiation doses in CT localizer radiography while maintaining image quality and performance.
John Couch Adams: mathematical astronomer, college friend of George Gabriel Stokes and promotor of women in astronomy
Authors: Krajnović Davor 
Published: August 2020

John Couch Adams predicted the location of Neptune in the sky, calculated the expectation of the change in the mean motion of the Moon due to the Earth’s pull, and determined the origin and the orbit of the Leonids meteor shower which had puzzled astronomers for almost a thousand years. With his achievements Adams can be compared with his good friend George Stokes. Not only were they born in the same year but were also both senior wranglers, received the Smith’s Prizes and Copley medals, lived, thought and researched at Pembroke College, and shared an appreciation of Newton. On the other hand, Adams’ prediction of Neptune’s location had absolutely no influence on its discovery in Berlin. His lunar theory did not offer a physical explanation for the Moon’s motion. The origin of the Leonids was explained by others before him. Adams refused a knighthood and an appointment as Astronomer Royal. He was reluctant and slow to publish, but loved to derive the values of logarithms to 263 decimal places. The maths and calculations at which he so excelled mark one of the high points of celestial mechanics, but are rarely taught nowadays in undergraduate courses. The differences and similarities between Adams and Stokes could not be more striking. This volume attests to the lasting legacy of Stokes’ scientific work. What is then Adams’ legacy? In this contribution, I will outline Adams’ life, instances when Stokes’ and Adams’ lives touched the most, his scientific achievements and a usually overlooked legacy: female higher education and support of a woman astronomer.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (part 2)’.