bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hominoid Cranial Evolution
Authors: Schroeder Lauren , von Cramon‐Taubadel Noreen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractExtant hominoid cranial variability, although marked, represents only a remnant of a temporally and geographically expansive evolutionary history. Attempts to reconstruct the evolutionary processes that have played a role in the morphological divergence of this superfamily have been complicated by a sparse hominoid fossil record, and ambiguity related to phylogenetic relationships. Moreover, morphological variation in the cranium is influenced by a complex combination of functional, developmental and architectural constraints, complicating our ability to tease apart specific evolutionary pressures. However, due to advances in the field of evolutionary quantitative genetics, recent studies of extant hominoid taxa have reconstructed the potential evolutionary processes that have generated cranial diversity. Collectively, these studies have shown that directional selection, although identified in the evolutionary path to hominins, was not the major driving force behind this divergence. Rather, it is a combination of genetic drift and stabilising selection that characterises the evolution of the hominoid cranium.Key ConceptsMorphological diversity in the hominoid cranium is extensive.Cranial diversity is influenced by evolutionary, developmental, functional, structural forces and constraints.Extant hominoids are a small fraction of all hominoids that have ever lived.The hominoid fossil record is fragmentary and phylogenetic relationships are ambiguous.Quantitative genetic analyses indicate a combination of evolutionary processes have shaped the hominoid cranium.
Providing worked examples for learning multiple principles
Authors: Schalk Lennart , Roelle Julian , Saalbach Henrik , Berthold Kirsten , Stern Elsbeth , Renkl Alexander 
Published: March 2020

SummaryWorked examples support learning. However, if they introduce easy‐to‐confuse concepts or principles, specific ways of providing worked examples may influence their effectiveness. Multiple worked examples can be introduced blocked (i.e., several for the same principle) or interleaved (i.e., switching between principles), and can be sequentially or simultaneously presented. Crossing these two factors provides four ways of presenting worked examples: blocked/sequential, interleaved/sequential, blocked/simultaneous, and interleaved/simultaneous. In an experiment with university students (N = 174), we investigated how these two factors influence the acquisition of procedural and conceptual knowledge about different, but closely related (thus, easy‐to‐confuse) stochastic principles. Additionally, we assessed the ability of students to discriminate between principles with verification tasks. Simultaneous presentation benefitted procedural knowledge whereas, interleaved presentation benefitted conceptual knowledge. No significant differences were found for verification tasks. The results suggest that it is worthwhile to adapt the presentation of the worked examples to the learning goals.
Workplace indoor environmental quality and asthma‐related outcomes in healthcare workers
Authors: Rollins Steven M. , Su Feng‐Chiao , Liang Xiaoming , Humann Michael J. , Stefaniak Aleksandr B. , LeBouf Ryan F. , Stanton Marcia L. , Virji Mohammed A. , Henneberger Paul K. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundAsthma‐related health outcomes are known to be associated with indoor moisture and renovations. The objective of this study was to estimate the frequency of these indoor environmental quality (IEQ) factors in healthcare facilities and their association with asthma‐related outcomes among workers.MethodsNew York City healthcare workers (n = 2030) were surveyed regarding asthma‐related symptoms, and moisture and renovation factors at work and at home during the last 12 months. Questions for workplace moisture addressed water damage (WD), mold growth (MG), and mold odor (MO), while for renovations they addressed painting (P), floor renovations (FR), and wall renovations (WR). Regression models were fit to examine associations between work and home IEQ factors and multiple asthma‐related outcomes.ResultsReports of any moisture (n = 728, 36%) and renovations (n = 1412, 70%) at work were common. Workplace risk factors for asthma‐related outcomes included the moisture categories of WD by itself, WD with MO (without MG), and WD with MG and MO, and the renovation category with the three factors P, FR, and WR. Reports of home IEQ factors were less frequent and less likely to be associated with health outcomes. Data analyses suggested that MG and/or MO at work and at home had a synergistic effect on the additive scale with a symptom‐based algorithm for bronchial hyperresponsiveness.ConclusionsThe current study determined that moisture and renovation factors are common in healthcare facilities, potentially putting workers at risk for asthma‐related outcomes. More research is needed to confirm these results, especially prospective studies.
A new tool for urban governance or just rhetoric? The case of participatory budgeting in Taipei City
Authors: Kuo Nai‐Ling , Chen Ting‐Yu , Su Tsai‐Tsu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIncreasing interest in participatory budgeting has been observed in local governments around the world. This paper stresses direct citizen participation in the budgeting process leads to good governance, deepens democracy and improves social justice, while also highlighting some challenges in its efficiency and effectiveness. Unlike participatory budgeting, the Sub‐borough Chiefs Forum is a community‐based representative democratic mechanism; it could be regarded as a form of participatory budgeting in a broad sense. If so, then did the Taipei programme simply duplicate the goals of the Forum or lead to a better governance by making up for the inadequacies of the Chiefs Forum? To find out whether the Taipei participatory budgeting programme made a difference, we carried out qualitative and quantitative comparisons of projects passed under the participatory budgeting process and at the Forum. We also interviewed several participatory budgeting participants and sub‐borough chiefs. The findings suggested that participatory budgeting and the Forum generated different proposals and budget requests, and the Taipei programme supplemented the shortcomings of the Forum and therefore led to deeper civic engagement and better urban governance.
Principles of Aggregation‐Induced Emission: Design of Deactivation Pathways for Advanced AIEgens and Applications
Authors: Suzuki Satoshi , Sasaki Shunsuke , Sairi Amir Sharidan , Iwai Riki , Tang Ben Zhong , Konishi Gen‐ichi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTwenty years ago, the concept of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) was proposed, and this unique luminescent property has attracted scientific interest ever since. However, AIE denominates only the phenomenon, while the details of its underlying guiding principles remain to be elucidated. This minireview discusses the basic principles of AIE based on our previous mechanistic study of the photophysical behavior of 9,10‐bis(N,N‐dialkylamino)anthracene (BDAA) and the corresponding mechanistic analysis by quantum chemical calculations. BDAA comprises an anthracene core and small electron donors, which allows the quantum chemical aspects of AIE to be discussed. The key factor for AIE is the control over the non‐radiative decay (deactivation) pathway, which can be visualized by considering the conical intersection (CI) on a potential energy surface. Controlling the conical intersection (CI) on the potential energy surface enables the separate formation of fluorescent (CI:high) and non‐fluorescent (CI:low) molecules [control of conical intersection accessibility (CCIA)]. The novelty and originality of AIE in the field of photochemistry lies in the creation of functionality by design and in the active control over deactivation pathways. Moreover, we provide a new design strategy for AIE luminogens (AIEgens) and discuss selected examples.
Carbene‐Stabilized Disilicon as a Silicon‐Transfer Agent: Synthesis of a Dianionic Silicon Tris(dithiolene) Complex
Authors: Wang Yuzhong , Tope Cynthia A. , Xie Yaoming , Wei Pingrong , Urbauer Jeffrey L. , Schaefer Henry F. , Robinson Gregory H. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractReaction of carbene‐stabilized disilicon (1) with the lithium‐based dithiolene radical (2.) affords the first dianionic silicon tris(dithiolene) complex (3). Notably, the formation of 3 represents the unprecedented utilization of carbene‐stabilized disilicon (1) as a silicon‐transfer agent. The nature of 3 was probed by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, and DFT computations.
PdII‐Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp3)–H Arylation of Cyclobutyl Ketones Using a Chiral Transient Directing Group
Authors: Xiao Li‐Jun , Hong Kai , Luo Fan , Hu Liang , Ewing William R. , Yeung Kap‐Sun , Yu Jin‐Quan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe use of chiral transient directing groups (TDGs) is a promising approach for developing PdII‐catalyzed enantioselective C(sp3)−H activation reactions. However, this strategy is challenging because the stereogenic center on the TDG is often far from the C−H bond, and both TDG covalently attached to the substrate and free TDG are capable of coordinating to PdIIcenters, which can result in a mixture of reactive complexes. We report a PdII‐catalyzed enantioselective β‐C(sp3)−H arylation reaction of aliphatic ketones using a chiral TDG. A chiral trisubstituted cyclobutane was efficiently synthesized from a mono‐substituted cyclobutane through sequential C−H arylation reactions, thus demonstrating the utility of this method for accessing structurally complex products from simple starting materials. The use of an electron‐deficient pyridone ligand is crucial for the observed enantioselectivity. Interestingly, employing different silver salts can reverse the enantioselectivity.
Surface modification of aramid fibers with CaCl2 treatment and secondary functionalization of silane coupling agents
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Shi Zhenyu , Cui Peng , Duan Ningmin , Li Xin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAramid fibers have excellent mechanical properties as the main reinforcing filler in high‐performance composites. However, the adhesion properties between fibers and most polymer matrices were poor. In this study, aramid fiber (AF) was modified by KH550 through surface coating based on the treatment with CaCl2 solution. The new surface treated with complexing agents could act as an active platform for secondary reactions for further modification. The surface morphology and composition of the treated aramid fibers were tested by scanning electron spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the interlaminar shear strength and the tensile strength of aramid fiber‐reinforced polymer (AFRP) of were evaluated. The results showed that the silane coupling agent KH550 was successfully grafted onto the surface of aramid fibers after treatment with CaCl2. Interlayer shear strength is greatly improved and the tensile strength of AFRP through further grafting with KH550 on the surface treated with CaCl2 was improved by 48.7%, compared with untreated aramid fiber. In the current scenario, this study is of immense importance because it validates the possibility of secondary modification after fiber complexation modification and useful modification methods, and provides a new direction for the modification of AF.
Preparation of hybrid PU/PCL fibers from steviol glycosides via electrospinning as a potential wound dressing materials
Authors: Mehteroğlu Ezgi , Çakmen Ayşe B. , Aksoy Büşra , Balcıoğlu Sevgi , Köytepe Süleyman , Ateş Burhan , Yılmaz İsmet 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this study, the synthesis and application of biocompatible steviol glycosides based polyurethane/poly (ε‐caprolactone) (PU/PCL) fibers was performed by electrospinning as a potential wound dressing materials that can be used for the closure of nonhealing wounds. During electrospinning, steviol glycoside‐based polyurethane structures were used in blend formation with poly (ε‐caprolactone) for easy producibility. Steviol glycosides are a natural abundant and easily accessible source as the main component of the wound dressing material due to their free hydroxyl groups, high biocompatibility, and hydrophilicity. The structure of steviol glycosides is composed of saccharide units and the free OH groups. Thus, steviol glycosides act as a crosslinker within the polyurethane structure and provides mechanical strength. For the production of steviol glycosides based PU/PCL fibers first, the steviol glycosides as a monomer were isolated from the stevia rebudiana. Then, polyurethane structures containing stevia glycoside were synthesized with hexamethylene diisocyanate, lactose and PEG‐200 by solution polymerization technique. PCL was added to the prepared polyurethanes in a ratio of 1:2 and formation of nanofiber structure. The prepared wound dressing material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscope techniques. Swelling degree, water content and oxygen permeability assay of the steviol glycosides based PU/PCL wound dressing material was determined. In biocompatibility test, cell viability value of PU/PCL fibrous materials in indirect cytotoxicity test was determined as 86.9% and cell adhesion on hybrid PU/PCL fibers was showed as morphological. In accordance with this target, the steviol glycosides based PU/PCL wound dressing material can be produced easily and low cost. As a result, the wound dressing materials obtained with their high biocompatibility and low costs will be an effective and fast method for the healing of open wounds of diabetics.
Coastal breeding aggregations of threatened stingrays and guitarfish in the Levant
Authors: Chaikin Shahar , Belmaker Jonathan , Barash Adi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Stingrays and guitarfish are globally threatened by overexploitation, particularly so in the Mediterranean Sea. Nevertheless, very little information is known about their ecology, behaviour, and taxonomy in the Mediterranean, and especially in the Levant, where water temperature, salinity, and the impact of invasive species are relatively high.
Although it has been suggested that some species may aggregate in the Levant, this has not been formally documented and the scale of this phenomenon, the taxonomic composition, and the temporal dynamics are unknown.
Visual surveys were conducted, which allowed the documentation of stingrays and guitarfish behaviour, and which was not available from data based on fishery catches. The census took place within a marine protected area over a period of 3 years.
Altogether, we documented 675 batoid observations. One of the observed species is Endangered (Glaucostegus cemiculus) and one is Vulnerable (Dasyatis pastinaca), whereas the others are classed as Least Concern (Torpedo torpedo and Torpedo marmorata), Data Deficient (Taeniurops grabatus), non‐assessed within the Mediterranean (Dasyatis chrysonota), and Not Evaluated (Himantura uarnak). Results show clear seasonal patterns, with dense aggregations recorded during spring and early summer, when densities reached 85 observations per kilometre. In addition, there were clear indications of breeding behaviour in D. pastinaca and D. chrysonota, including the first recorded documentation of D. pastinaca courtship in the Mediterranean.
Large seasonal stingrays and guitarfish aggregations in shallow waters have not, to our knowledge, been documented in the Mediterranean Sea previously. This highlights the importance of conserving shallow habitats as potential breeding grounds. As these sites are easily reached while both snorkelling and diving, the aggregation of these charismatic species can serve as potential ecotourism sites. Finally, this study shows the benefits of using simple visual census, as opposed to catch‐based methods, to record both the diversity and the behaviour of batoids.
Colonic transit in patients after anterior resection: prospective, comparative study using single-photon emission CT/CT scintigraphy
Authors: Ng K-S , Russo R , Gladman M A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Bowel dysfunction after anterior resection is well documented, but its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. No study has assessed whether postoperative variation in colonic transit contributes to symptoms. This study measured colonic transit using planar scintigraphy and single-photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT in patients after anterior resection, stratified according to postoperative bowel function.

Methods
Symptoms were assessed using the low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) score. Following gallium-67 ingestion, scintigraphy was performed at predefined time points. Nine regions of interest were defined, and geometric centre (GC), percentage isotope retained, GC velocity index and colonic half-clearance time (T½) determined. Transit parameters were compared between subgroups based on LARS score using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses.

Results
Fifty patients (37 men; median age 72·6 (range 44·4–87·7) years) underwent planar and SPECT scintigraphy. Overall, 17 patients had major and nine had minor LARS; 24 did not have LARS. There were significant differences in transit profiles between patients with major LARs and those without LARS: GCs were greater (median 5·94 (range 2·35–7·72) versus 4·30 (2·12–6·47) at 32 h; P = 0·015); the percentage retained isotope was lower (median 53·8 (range 6·5–100) versus 89·9 (38·4–100) per cent at 32 h; P = 0·002); GC velocity indices were greater (median 1·70 (range 1·18–1·92) versus 1·45 (0·98–1·80); P = 0·013); and T½ was shorter (median 38·3 (17·0–65·0) versus 57·0 (32·1–160·0) h; P = 0·003). Percentage tracer retained at 32 h best discriminated major LARS from no LARS (area under curve (AUC) 0·828).

Conclusion
Patients with major LARS had accelerated colonic transit compared with those without LARS, which may help explain postoperative bowel dysfunction in this group. The percentage tracer retained at 32 h had the greatest AUC value in discriminating such patients.
p210BCR‐ABL1‐ Chronic myeloid leukemia presents with monocytosis
Authors: Wang Xiaofei , Wang Fei , Wang Zie , Li Yuantang , Wang Devin , Wu Huanling , Zhang Bingchang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRare cases of CML present with monocytosis as well as morphologic dysplasia and harbor p210BCR‐ABL1. Cytogenetic and molecular studies must be performed to confirm the diagnosis of this kind of CML.
Surface Modification for Promoting Durable, Efficient, and Selective Electrocatalysts
Authors: Lenne Quentin , Leroux Yann R. , Lagrost Corinne 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntensive research into the design of catalysts involved in energy conversion and fuel cell technologies has allowed great progress in the field. However, durable, efficient and selective electrocatalytic systems for the activation of fuel molecules at the lowest cost are still needed. The most developed strategies consist of tailoring the shape, size and composition of metallic nanomaterials. Yet, deliberate surface modification of the catalysts should be considered as a promising alternative approach. The functionalization of metallic catalysts with organic ligands has been recently demonstrated to promote high catalytic activity. This Review focuses on the functionalization of metallic or alloy catalysts with organic ligands, showing the impact of the surface modification for different materials and different reactions. Hybrid systems based on this alternative strategy could contribute to the elaboration of cutting‐edge systems for electrocatalysis.
Recruiting, selecting, retaining, and monitoring successful investment managers: A review of a scattered literature
Authors: Furnham Adrian 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis article attempts a comprehensive and multi‐disciplinary review of a scattered literature on the characteristics of successful investment managers. It considers nonpeer reviewed papers and reports written by organizations and human resource experts but also empirical papers from those in disciplines such as business studies, economics, finance, psychology, and psychiatry. It focuses on three issues: Ability, personality, and motivation. Most of the studies have concentrated on motivation and various themes are apparent suggesting that it is possible to profile successful investment managers.
Fluorogenic Bifunctional trans‐Cyclooctenes as Efficient Tools for Investigating Click‐to‐Release Kinetics
Authors: de Geus Mark A. R. , Maurits Elmer , Sarris Alexi J. C. , Hansen Thomas , Kloet Max S. , Kamphorst Kiki , ten Hoeve Wolter , Robillard Marc S. , Pannwitz Andrea , Bonnet Sylvestre A. , Codée Jeroen D. C. , Filippov Dmitri V. , Overkleeft Herman S. , van Kasteren Sander I. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe inverse electron demand Diels–Alder pyridazine elimination reaction between tetrazines and allylic substituted trans‐cyclooctenes (TCOs) is a key player in bioorthogonal bond cleavage reactions. Determining the rate of elimination of alkylamine substrates has so far proven difficult. Here, we report a fluorogenic tool consisting of a TCO‐linked EDANS fluorophore and a DABCYL quencher for accurate determination of both the click and release rate constants for any tetrazine at physiologically relevant concentrations.
Engineering Lithium Ions Embedded in NiFe Layered Double Hydroxide Lattices To Activate Laminated Ni2+ Sites as High‐Efficiency Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts
Authors: Sun Zemin , Yuan Mengwei , Shi Kefan , Liu Yuhui , Wang Di , Nan Caiyun , Li Huifeng , Sun Genban , Yang Xiaojing 
Published: March 2020

AbstractNiFe layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been denoted as benchmark non‐noble‐metal electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, for laminates of NiFe LDHs, the edge sites are active, but the basal plane is inert, leading to underutilization as catalysts for the OER. Herein, for the first time, light and electron‐deficient Li ions are intercalated into the basal plane of NiFe LDHs. The results of theoretical calculations and experiments both showed that electrons would be transferred from near Ni2+ to the surroundings of Li+, resulting in electron‐deficient properties of the Ni sites, which would function as “electron‐hungry” sites, to enhance surface adsorption of electron‐rich oxygen‐containing groups, which would enhance the effective activity for the OER. As demonstrated by the catalytic performance, the Li−NiFe LDH electrodes showed an ultralow overpotential of only 298 mV at 50 mA cm−2, which was lower than that of 347 mV for initial NiFe LDHs and lower than that of 373 mV for RuO2. Reasonable intercalation adjustment effectively activates laminated Ni2+ sites and constructs the electron‐deficient structure to enhance its electrocatalytic activity, which sheds light on the functional treatment of catalytic materials.