bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The United Nations at Seventy-Five: Passing the COVID Test?
Authors: Özler Ş. İlgü 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe complex issues of the twenty-first century cannot be addressed by disparate actors in the global arena. This has become even more apparent in 2020, as we celebrate the seventy-fifth anniversary of the UN and have witnessed the outbreak of the global COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has put the UN system to the test, demonstrating weaknesses in regard to peace and security, sustainable socioeconomic development, and human rights, the three core mission areas of the organization. The underlying tensions between the ideals of liberalism associated with the UN's human rights and socioeconomic-development agendas and the institution of sovereignty, under nationalist strongman leaders throughout the world, stood in the way of an effective response. This is especially true as powerful states are able to thwart collective action in favor of their own perceived national interests. While the UN and its affiliated agencies, such as the World Health Organization, are still able to foster cooperation, their success is limited by the organization's inability to establish some form of authority and command.
Seed enhancement technologies to improve germination and emergence of Australian native Poaceae
Authors: Beveridge Fernanda Caro , Williams Alwyn , Adkins Steve W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUsing seeds to restore natural ecosystems has a greater chance of success if the seeds used are ready to germinate given appropriate environmental conditions. For Australian native Poaceae species, seed quality and dormancy can impose constraints on restoration success. In this study, germination biology of three Australian native Poaceae species, such asCymbopogon refractus,Capillipedium spicigerumandBothriochloa bladhii, was investigated. The seeds were exposed to different germination-enhancing chemicals (GECs, namely smoke water (SW), potassium nitrate (KNO3) or a combination (SW + KNO3)) and treated with three different seed enhancement technologies (SETs, namely seed priming, seed coating or seed cookies) then sown into two contrasting soil types (sodosol or black vertisol). Laboratory germination percentages achieved were <50% for all species, limited by dormant seeds. Incorporating GECs together with seed priming or seed coating treatment significantly increased seedling emergence rates and promoted earlier emergence as compared to the untreated control. ForC. refractusandC. spicigerum, priming and/or coating with KNO3+ SW had the highest cumulative emergence. ForB. bladhii, total seedling emergence was the highest (36% in both soils) for primed seeds with KNO3. Seedling emergence from seed cookies was low in all three species (<15%). Generally, soil type did not influence emergence rates for either GEC or SET. Understanding the environmental requirements needed for seed germination, together with an appropriate pre-treatment before sowing, can speed up seedling emergence and increase total emergence when using native Poaceae species for seed-based restoration.
The comparison between CBT focused on perfectionism and CBT focused on emotion regulation for individuals with depression and anxiety disorders and dysfunctional perfectionism: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mahmoodi Mohammad , Bakhtiyari Maryam , Masjedi Arani Abbas , Mohammadi Abolfazl , Saberi Isfeedvajani Mohsen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground:There is considerable evidence indicating that similar aetiological and maintenance processes underlie depressive and anxious psychopathology. According to the literature, perfectionism and emotion regulation are two transdiagnostic constructs associated with symptoms of emotional disorders.Aims:This study is the first randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy for perfectionism (CBT-P) and the unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders (UP).Method:Seventy-five participants with a range of depressive and anxiety disorders and elevated perfectionism were randomized to three conditions: CBT-P, UP or a waitlist control (WL).Results:Repeated measures ANOVA indicated that the treatment groups reported a significantly greater pre–post reduction in the severity of symptoms of disorders, as well as a significantly greater pre–post increase in quality of life, all with moderate to large effect sizes compared with the WL group. Treatment gains were maintained at 6-month follow-up. The CBT-P group reported a significantly greater pre–post reduction in perfectionism compared with UP, and the UP group reported a significantly greater pre–post improvement in emotion regulation compared with CBT-P.Conclusions:Findings support CBT for perfectionism and regard UP as efficacious treatments for individuals with depression and anxiety disorders who also have dysfunctional perfectionism. It appears that perfectionism cannot be a serious obstacle to UP. As this is a preliminary study and has some limitations, it is recommended that further research be conducted.
Coronavirus, the Courts and Case Information
Authors: Magrath Paul 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe coronavirus pandemic has had a profound effect on the conduct of legal business generally, but nowhere perhaps more drastically than on the conduct of litigation in the courts. This article by Paul Magrath considers how the judiciary, court services and practitioners of England and Wales have been working together to continue to administer justice in spite of the restrictions necessitated by the pandemic, and the challenges that have been faced in managing court information and reporting court proceedings.
Low‐Latitude Whistler‐Mode and Higher‐Latitude Z‐Mode Emission at Jupiter Observed by Juno
Authors: Menietti J. D. , Averkamp T. F. , Imai M. , Kurth W. S. , Clark G. B. , Allegrini F. , Groene J. B. , Faden J. B. , Bolton S. J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWhistler‐mode chorus emission is important in the scattering and acceleration of electrons and filling of the radiation belts at Jupiter. In this work whistler mode magnetic intensity levels at Jupiter are comprehensively binned and parameterized. The frequency range of whistler mode under study extends from the proton cyclotron frequency, fcH, to fceq/2, where fceq is the cyclotron frequency mapped to the magnetic equator. Parametric dependence of magnetic plasma wave intensity is obtained versus frequency, latitude, and M‐shell, as determined using a current magnetic field model based on Juno data. The results extend similar analyses of Jupiter whistler‐mode emission obtained by the Galileo spacecraft, particularly on the nightside, and provide better coverage in latitude. Peaks in whistler‐mode emission occur near M ∼ 8–9, similar to previous studies, with average peak intensities approaching 10−2 nT2, as also found by Galileo on the dayside. Auroral hiss and probably Z‐mode are observed at higher latitudes. Jovian chorus emissions near an equatorial source region are more broad‐banded than terrestrial chorus, and are coincident with a broad‐banded electron distribution of free energy and strong electron scattering to large pitch angles. Intense whistler mode within a young plasma injection region is also observed, similar to injections in Saturn's magnetosphere. Future study of wave particle interactions within the chorus source region will be important. Possible Z‐mode emission at significant intensity levels is observed in Jupiter's inner magnetosphere, more intense, but not unlike Z‐mode observed at Saturn.
Pantoprazole impairs fracture healing in aged mice
Authors: Menger Maximilian M. , Bremer Philipp , Scheuer Claudia , Rollmann Mika F. , Braun Benedikt J. , Herath Steven C. , Orth Marcel , Später Thomas , Pohlemann Tim , Menger Michael D. , Histing Tina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractProton pump inhibitors (PPIs) belong to the most common medication in geriatric medicine. They are known to reduce osteoclast activity and to delay fracture healing in young adult mice. Because differentiation and proliferation in fracture healing as well as pharmacologic actions of drugs markedly differ in the elderly compared to the young, we herein studied the effect of the PPI pantoprazole on bone healing in aged mice using a murine fracture model. Bone healing was analyzed by biomechanical, histomorphometric, radiological and protein biochemical analyses. The biomechanical analysis revealed a significantly reduced bending stiffness in pantoprazole-treated animals when compared to controls. This was associated with a decreased amount of bone tissue within the callus, a reduced trabecular thickness and a higher amount of fibrous tissue. Furthermore, the number of osteoclasts in pantoprazole-treated animals was significantly increased at 2 weeks and decreased at 5 weeks after fracture, indicating an acceleration of bone turnover. Western blot analysis showed a lower expression of the bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4), whereas the expression of the pro-angiogenic parameters was higher when compared to controls. Thus, pantoprazole impairs fracture healing in aged mice by affecting angiogenic and osteogenic growth factor expression, osteoclast activity and bone formation.
Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in renal damage after myocardial infarction
Authors: Delgado-Valero Beatriz , de la Fuente-Chávez Lucía , Romero-Miranda Ana , Visitación Bartolomé María , Ramchandani Bunty , Islas Fabián , Luaces María , Cachofeiro Victoria , Martínez-Martínez Ernesto 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with renal alterations resulting in poor outcomes in patients with MI. Renal fibrosis is a potent predictor of progression in patients and is often accompanied by inflammation and oxidative stress; however, the mechanisms involved in these alterations are not well established. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a central role in protein processing and folding. An accumulation of unfolded proteins leads to ER dysfunction, termed ER stress. Since the kidney is the organ with highest protein synthesis fractional rate, we herein investigated the effects of MI on ER stress at renal level, as well as the possible role of ER stress on renal alterations after MI. Patients and MI male Wistar rats showed an increase in the kidney injury marker neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) at circulating level or renal level respectively. Four weeks post-MI rats presented renal fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation accompanied by ER stress activation characterized by enhanced immunoglobin binding protein (BiP), protein disulfide-isomerase A6 (PDIA6) and activating transcription factor 6-alpha (ATF6α) protein levels. In renal fibroblasts, palmitic acid (PA; 50-200 µM) and angiotensin II (Ang II; 10−8 to 10−6M) promoted extracellular matrix, superoxide anion production and inflammatory markers up-regulation. The presence of the ER stress inhibitor, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA; 4 µM), was able to prevent all of these modifications in renal cells. Therefore, the data show that ER stress mediates the deleterious effects of PA and Ang II in renal cells and support the potential role of ER stress on renal alterations associated with MI.
Three-dimensional continuum radiative transfer of polarized radiation in exoplanetary atmospheres
Authors: Lietzow M. , Wolf S. , Brunngräber R. 
Published: December 2020

Context.Polarimetry is about to become a powerful tool for determining the atmospheric properties of exoplanets. For example, recent observations of the WASP-18 system allowed the polarized flux resulting from scattering in the atmosphere of WASP-18b to be constrained. To provide the basis for the interpretation of such observational results and for predictive studies to guide future observations, sophisticated analysis tools are required.Aims.Our goal is to develop a radiative transfer tool that contains all the relevant continuum polarization mechanisms for the comprehensive analysis of the polarized flux resulting from the scattering in the atmosphere of, on the surface of, and in the local planetary environment (e.g., planetary rings, exomoons) of extra-solar planets. Furthermore, our goal is to avoid common simplifications such as locally plane-parallel planetary atmospheres, the missing cross-talk between latitudinal and longitudinal regions, or the assumption of either a point-like star or plane-parallel illumination.Methods.As a platform for the newly developed numerical algorithms, we use the 3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer code POLARIS. The code is extended and optimized for the radiative transfer in exoplanetary atmospheres. We investigate the reflected flux and its degree of polarization for different phase angles for a homogeneous cloud-free atmosphere and an inhomogeneous cloudy atmosphere. Our results are compared with already existing results to verify the implementations. To take advantage of the 3D radiative transfer and to demonstrate the potential of the code, the impact of an additional circumplanetary ring on the reflected polarized flux is studied. Therefore, a simple ring model with water-ice particles is used and various inclination angles, optical depths and viewing angles are investigated.Results.The considered test cases show a good agreement with already existing results. The presence of a circumplanetary ring consisting of small water-ice particles has a noticeable impact on the reflected polarized radiation. In particular, the reflected flux strongly increases at larger phase angles if the planetary orbit is seen edge-on because the considered particles tend to scatter forwards. In contrast, the degree of polarization decreases at these phase angles.Conclusions.We present a polarization radiative transfer tool in which all relevant contributions to the reflected polarized continuum flux are considered. In a case study, we investigated the impact of a planetary ring on the net polarization signal.
Digitalisierung in der curricularen Lehre: Erfahrungen mit dem Freiburger HNO-Lernprogramm
Authors: Lang Friederike , Everad Ben , Knopf Andreas , Kuhn Sebastian , Offergeld Christian 
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Der Stellenwert curricularer Online-Lehre steigt kontinuierlich an, nicht zuletzt gefördert durch die Notwendigkeit digitaler Lehrinhalte während der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie. An der Universitäts-HNO-Klinik Freiburg bestehen bereits seit 2018 Erfahrungen mit einer interaktiven Lernplattform (HNO-Lernprogramm).
Ziel der Arbeit Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Einblick in Aufbau und Funktionen des HNO-Lernprogramms. Zudem sollen Nutzung und Nutzen des Programms subjektiv und objektiv evaluiert werden.
Material und Methoden Zur Ermittlung von Nutzen und Nutzung führten wir zunächst eine subjektive Befragung mit 116 Studierenden durch. Zur Objektivierung der Ergebnisse zählten wir anschließend die tatsächlichen Zugriffe und führten eine randomisierte Lernkontrollstudie (n = 47) durch.
Ergebnisse Das Lernprogramm wurde von 97 % der befragten Studierenden genutzt. Über 80 % stimmten zu, dass es ihre Prüfungsvorbereitung verbessert, sie zum Lernen motiviert und ihr Interesse am Fach HNO verstärkt habe. In einem Jahr wurden fast 90 000 Zugriffe auf das Programm gezählt. Die Lernkontrollstudie zeigte zudem ein signifikant besseres Testergebnis bei den Teilnehmern, die zusätzlich das Lernprogramm genutzt hatten.
Diskussion Das HNO-Lernprogramm ist ein vielversprechendes E-Learning-Tool, welches in dieser Form ein Alleinstellungsmerkmal aufweist. Interuniversitäre Kooperationen könnten den Ausbau und die Nutzung des Programms auf nationaler Ebene ermöglichen.
Accidental Puncture of a Dialysis Catheter into the Brachiocephalic Trunk
Authors: Md Noh Mohamad Syafeeq Faeez 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA 22-year-old male with underlying end-stage renal failure was referred to our center for a malpositioned dialysis catheter. Imaging showed the tip of the catheter to be placed in the brachiocephalic trunk; the patient was, however, asymptomatic. Surgical removal of the malpositioned catheter followed, with no postoperative complications.
Biomarcadores radiológicos en RM para una aproximación al diagnóstico molecular en gliomas IDH-mutados (grado II y III)
Authors: Darakdjian Maximiliano , Osa Sanz Emilia , Hernández Pinzón Jairo , Carnevale Martín , Diebel Alfonsina , Arakaki Naomi , Martinetto Horacio Enrique , Sevlever Gustavo , Yáñez Paulina 
Published: December 2020

Resumen
Objetivo Analizar características por resonancia magnética (RM) de gliomas IDH-mutados (grado II y III) en base a parámetros cualitativos, a fin de valorar el rendimiento del signo del mismatch T2-FLAIR y otras características morfológicas de los tumores, en predecir el estado del 1p/19q y su reproducibilidad interobservador.
Métodos Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y analítico sobre una cohorte de 53 gliomas IDH-mutados (grado II y III) y molecularmente definidos respecto al 1p/19q, seleccionados a partir de la base de datos de la institución, durante el periodo 2014–2019. Dos neuroradiólogos evaluaron características imagenológicas de forma independiente y enmascarada al diagnóstico: mismatch T2-FLAIR, localización tumoral, bordes, señal, infiltración cortical e inhomogeneidad en T2*. Los casos discordantes fueron evaluados por un tercer neuroradiólogo de mayor experiencia.
Resultados Treinta de 53 (56,6%) gliomas fueron no codelecionados, y 23/53 (43,4%) codelecionados. El signo del mismatch T2-FLAIR fue positivo en 16/53 (30,18%) pacientes, 15/16 (93,75%) no codelecionados y 1/16 (6,25%) codelecionado (Exacto de Fisher p= <,0001). Los dos evaluadores demostraron una concordancia interobservador casi perfecta para ese signo, κ =,907 (95% CI, 0,781 a 1,0). La especificidad y el valor predictivo positivo del signo para predecir la ausencia de la codeleción fue de un 95,7% y un 93,8% respectivamente.
Discusión La reciente actualización en la clasificación de los gliomas los clasifica acorde a su perfil molecular. En los últimos años, varios investigadores han estudiado características morfológicas por RM de los tumores con la intención de predecir las características moleculares de los mismos.
Conclusión En nuestra población, el signo del mismatch T2-FLAIR es el único biomarcador radiológico que muestra asociación estadísticamente significativa en predecir la ausencia de codeleción en los gliomas IDH-mutados (grado II y III), con una alta especificidad y un alto valor predictivo positivo.
Research Trends in Anticoagulation Therapy over the Last 25 Years
Authors: Mian Mustafa K. , Sreedharan Subhashaan , Limaye Neeraj S. , Hogan Chris , Darvall Jai N. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA large volume of literature has become available to practitioners prescribing anticoagulants. The aim of this study was to analyze the bibliometric characteristics of the top 100 most cited articles related to anticoagulation over the past 25 years, with special consideration to impact of direct or “nonvitamin K antagonist” oral anticoagulants (NOACs) compared with vitamin K antagonists. A bibliometric analysis of the 100 most cited journal articles related to anticoagulants published between 1994 and 2019 was performed in April 2019. The top 100 articles by citation count were analyzed to extract bibliometric data related to journal title, impact factor, year of publication, place of publication, anticoagulant studied, indication for anticoagulation, study design, and conflicts of interest. The median (interquartile range) number of citations per article was 806 (621–1,085). The anticoagulant most frequently researched was warfarin (37%). NOAC publications (21%) grew at a relative rate of 3.4 times faster compared with all publications. The indication most commonly researched was venous thromboembolism (26%). Eighty articles constituted level I or II evidence, with randomized controlled trials the most common type of study (74). A financial conflict of interest was declared in 87% of articles with private, for-profit organizations the most common source of funding (26%). In summary, top research related to anticoagulation is highly impactful but may be at risk of sponsorship bias. High-level evidence for NOACs continues to expand across a range of indications with citation metrics likely to soon approach or surpass that of older drugs.
Proton strings and rings in atypical nucleation of ferroelectricity in ice
Authors: Lasave J. , Koval S. , Laio A. , Tosatti E. 
Published: December 2020

Significance
In pure crystalline ice, the ferroelectric (FE) low-temperature state expected from the third law of thermodynamics is famously elusive, an anomaly which even led researchers to hunt, unsuccessfully, for fossil FE ice in frozen Antarctica. Experimentally, reaching FE ice usually needs dopants such as metal hydroxide KOH. Theoretically, ice rule constraints historically defied attempts to simulate and understand the FE evolution of both clean and doped bulk ice. Adequate Monte Carlo strategies applied to a lattice model inclusive of ice rules and dipole–dipole interactions overcome these difficulties, demonstrating both the equilibrium FE transition of clean ice and the singular FE nucleation by dopant-originated proton strings, which compare successfully with the slow and incomplete FE evolution observed by neutron diffraction.
Cutting out the cosmological middle man: general relativity in the light-cone coordinates
Authors: Mitsou Ermis , Fanizza Giuseppe , Grimm Nastassia , Yoo Jaiyul 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Analytical computations in relativistic cosmology can be split into two sets: time evolution relating the initial conditions to the observer’s light-cone and light propagation to obtain observables. Cosmological perturbation theory in the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) coordinates constitutes an efficient tool for the former task, but the latter is dramatically simpler in light-cone-adapted coordinates that trivialize the light rays toward the observer world-line. Here we point out that time evolution and observable reconstruction can be combined into a single computation that relates directly initial conditions to observables. This is possible if one works uniquely in such light-cone coordinates, thus completely bypassing the FLRW ‘middle-man’ coordinates. We first present in detail these light-cone coordinates, extending and generalizing the presently available material in the literature, and construct a particularly convenient subset for cosmological perturbation theory. We then express the Einstein and energy–momentum conservation equations in these coordinates at the fully non-linear level. This is achieved through a careful 2 + 1 + 1 decomposition which leads to relatively compact expressions and provides good control over the geometrical interpretation of the involved quantities. Finally, we consider cosmological perturbation theory to linear order, paying attention to the remaining gauge symmetries and consistently obtaining gauge-invariant equations. Moreover, we show that it is possible to implement statistical homogeneity on stochastic fluctuations, despite the fact that the coordinate system privileges the observer world-line.