bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylated and O-GlcNAc Modified IRS-1 (Ser1101) and -2 (Ser1149) Contribute to Human Diabetes Type II
Authors: Kaleem Afshan , Javed Sabahat , Rehman Nayab , Abdullah Roheena , Iqtedar Mehwish , Aftab Mohammad Nauman , Hoessli Daniel C. , Haq Ikram-Ul 
Published: August 2020

Background:The prevalence of the chronic metabolic disorder Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing steadily, and has even turned into an epidemic in some countries. T2DM results from defective responses to insulin and obesity is a major factor behind insulin resistance in T2DM. Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins are adaptor proteins in the insulin receptor signalling pathway. The insulin signalling is controlled through tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and IRS-2, and dysregulation of IRS proteins signalling may lead to glucose intolerance and eventually insulin resistance.Objective:In this work, we suggest that both glycosylation (O-GlcNAc modification) and phosphorylation of IRS-1 and -2 are involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM.Methods:Phosphorylation and O-GlcNAc modifications (Ser1101 in IRS-1 and Ser1149 in IRS-2) proteins were determined experimentally by sandwich ELISA with specific antibodies and with bioinformatics tools.Results:When IRS-1 (on Ser1101) and IRS-2 (Ser1149) become glycosylated following an increase in UDP-GlcNAc pools, it may contribute to insulin resistance. Whereas when the same (IRS-1 on Ser1101 and IRS-2 on Ser1149) are phosphorylated, the insulin signalling is inhibited.Discussion:In this work OGlcNAc-modified proteins were specifically detected using O-Glc- NAc-specific antibodies, suggesting that elevated levels of O-GlcNAc-modified proteins are found, independently of their possible involvement in Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs).Conclusion:This study suggests a mechanism, which is controlled by posttranslational modifications, and may contribute to the pathogenesis of type II diabetes.
Behavioral Tasks Evaluating Schizophrenia-like Symptoms in Animal Models: A Recent Update
Authors: Ang Mary Jasmin , Lee Sueun , Kim Jong-Choon , Kim Sung-Ho , Moon Changjong 
Published: August 2020

Background:
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects more than 21 million
people worldwide. Both genetics and the environment play a role in its etiology and pathogenesis.
Symptoms of schizophrenia are mainly categorized into positive, negative, and cognitive. One major
approach to identify and understand these diverse symptoms in humans has been to study behavioral
phenotypes in a range of animal models of schizophrenia.

Objective:
We aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the behavioral tasks commonly used
for measuring schizophrenia-like behaviors in rodents together with an update of the recent study
findings.

Methods:
Articles describing phenotypes of schizophrenia-like behaviors in various animal models
were collected through a literature search in Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus,
with a focus on advances over the last 10 years.

Results:
Numerous studies have used a range of animal models and behavioral paradigms of schizophrenia
to develop antipsychotic drugs for improved therapeutics. In establishing animal models
of schizophrenia, the candidate models were evaluated for schizophrenia-like behaviors using several
behavioral tasks for positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms designed to verify human symptoms
of schizophrenia. Such validated animal models were provided as rapid preclinical avenues
for drug testing and mechanistic studies.

Conclusion:
Based on the most recent advances in the field, it is apparent that a myriad of behavior
tests are needed to confirm and evaluate the congruency of animal models with the numerous
behaviors and clinical signs exhibited by patients with schizophrenia.
Cost-minimization Analysis of Drugs Used in the Treatment of Asthma and COPD Diseases in India
Authors: Payal Billu , Kumar Anoop , Saxena Harsh 
Published: August 2020

Background:
Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) are well
known respiratory diseases affecting millions of people in India. In the market, various branded
generics, as well as generic drugs, are available for their treatment and how much cost will be saved
by utilizing generic medicine is still unclear among physicians. Thus, the main aim of the current
investigation was to perform cost-minimization analysis of generic versus branded generic (high
and low expensive) drugs and branded generic (high expensive) versus branded generic (least expensive)
used in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine of Era Medical University, Lucknow for
the treatment of asthma and COPD.

Methods:
The current index of medical stores (CIMS) was referred for the cost of branded drugs,
whereas the cost of generic drugs was taken from the Jan Aushadi scheme of India 2016. The
percentage of cost variation, particularly to Asthma and COPD regimens on substituting available
generic drugs, was calculated using standard formula and costs were presented in Indian Rupees
(as of 2019).

Results:
The maximum cost variation was found between the respules budesonide high expensive
branded generic versus least expensive branded generic drugs and generic versus high expensive
branded generic. In combination, the maximum cost variation was observed in the montelukast and
levocetirizine combination.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, this study inferred that substituting generic antiasthmatics and COPD
drugs can bring potential cost savings in patients.
COVID-19: Pathogenesis and Pharmacological Basis for Use of Passive Antibody Therapy
Authors: Ojha Smriti , Chadha Hina , Mahor Seema 
Published: August 2020

Background:
Coronaviruses (CoVs), having enveloped RNA of positive strand, are
mainly responsible for enzootic infections in mammals. The mortality of CoVs has been proved as
they can cross the species barrier very easily and infect humans. Most recently, the outbreak of
coronavirus induced COVID-19 emerged in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province of China and became
the third highly pathogenic coronavirus infecting nearly 230 countries.

Objective:
To review the literature available about pathogenic Coronavirures with emphasis on
pathogenesis of COVID-19, and passive antibody therapy prospective.

Methods:
This study reviewed relevant published literature to provide (1) structural similarities
between coronaviruses and therapeutic methodologies used on SARS-CoV, MERS treatment which
might help scientists in understanding novel COVID-19 infection, (2) understanding COVID-19
pathogenesis that may help in identification of appropriate therapeutic targets to develop specific
and effective anti-viral drugs as well as immunizing agents against this novel emerging pathogen
and (3) to discuss existing knowledge on the passive immune therapy against similar coronaviruses
SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV with emphasis on COVID-19 pandemic treatment.

Conclusion:
COVID 19 coronavirus has shown resemblance to viral infections like SARS-CoV,
MERS infection. Historically, it has been proved that the prevention of disease, when exposed to a
biological system, is mainly a function of the immune response of that infected individual. To fight
against these infections, passive antibody therapy is the only available countermeasure that could
provide immediate immunity against infection. Passive antibody results in protection irrespective of
the immune status of the host. This therapy can be advantageous in countering the biological attack,
post exposure preventions, low toxicity and peculiar activity.
Micellization Behaviour of Cationic Surfactants in the Presence of Food Additives: Conductance and Spectroscopic Investigations
Authors: Arti Sonika , Aggarwal Neha 
Published: August 2020

Aim:
The micellization behavior of cationic surfactants has been studied in the
presence of food additives.

Objectives:
Micellization behaviour of cationic surfactants, Cetyltrimethylammonium
Bromide (CTAB) and Tetradecyltrimethylammonium Bromide (TTAB) has been studied
in water and in various concentrations of salts (food additives) L-glutamic acid, sodium
propionate, sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate and disodium tartrate dihydrate at (298.15,
308.15 and 318.15) K.

Methods:
Two methods used in the present study are specific conductance measurements
and spectroscopy (NMR) studies.

Results:
From the specific conductance(κ), various parameters such as Critical Micelle
Concentration (CMC), degree of ionization of micelle (α), standard Gibbs free energy
(ΔG°m), enthalpy (ΔH°m), and entropy (ΔS°m) of micellization have also been calculated.
Thermodynamic parameters related to the micellization process were also analyzed
through NMR studies.

Conclusion:
The CMC values are influenced by the presence of food additive. The magnitude
of CMC values increases with an increase in the concentration of food additive. In all
the cases, enthalpy of micellization, ΔH°m values are found to be negative, whereas entropy
of micellization, ΔS°m values are positive, which indicates that hydrophobic interactions
play a major role in the micellization process. Moreover, NMR studies reveal that tartrate
and citrate are more hydrated than glutamic acid and propionate, resulting in a more downfield
shift.
Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic as a New Solvent for Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Its Potential Application in Ligandless Extraction of Cu (II)
Authors: Sazali Nur Hidayah , Jie Tham Wei , Rahim Nurul Yani 
Published: August 2020

Background:
The cost-effective and environmentally benign solvent of hydrophobic
deep eutectic (DES) was prepared for the removal of Cu (II) from aqueous solution. Hydrophobic
DES has been gaining increasing attention from researchers for the replacement of hazardous solvent
consumption in liquid-liquid extraction (LLE).

Objectives:
To synthesize the hydrophobic DES and optimize the parameters for ligandless LLE using
DES, and LLE with DES-LIG, respectively.

Materials and Methods:
The fatty acid-based DES was prepared using a mixture of capric acid
(C10) and lauric acid (C12) as a potential solvent for the extraction of Cu (II). The DES was characterized
via FT-IR, NMR, and TGA. The removal percentage of Cu (II) was compared between ligandless
LLE and other conventional LLE techniques. DES was used as the solvent in the ligandless
LLE, while 1,10-phenanathroline ligand with DES (DES-LIG) was used in the conventional
LLE techniques. The optimized parameters such as pH, initial concentration, and contact time for
Cu (II) removal were studied and analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).

Results and Discussion:
The ligandless LLE with DES demonstrated the highest removal percentage
of Cu (II) at optimum conditions of pH 8, initial concentration of 80 μg mL-1, and contact time
of 45 minutes.

Conclusion:
The removal of Cu (II) was more effective in ligandless LLE using DES.
COVID-19: The Unprecedented Malady- A Holistic Review
Authors: Chawla Viney , Chawla Pooja A. 
Published: August 2020

Background:
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly at an unprecedented
scale across continents and has emerged as the single biggest risk the world has faced in modern times.
Some scientists are comparing it to Spanish flu that created havoc around a century ago. The fear of
death by COVID-19 looms large in the world today. The disease has reached devastating proportions
since its first reports in December 2019. Doctors are having a difficult time dealing with this challenge
and the microbiologists are having sleepless nights to bring about an effective vaccine for this disease.
Methods: A number of research and review articles have been exhaustively reviewed. The collected data
has been meticulously analyzed and documented.

Conclusion:
This paper reviews the different types of coronaviruses, the structure of SARS-CoV-2 responsible
for COVID-19, its transmission, and virulence. Further, the article discusses the diagnosis,
signs and symptoms like fever, breathlessness, cough, potential loss of taste or smell, sneezing, runny
nose, fatigue, headache, sore throat and different treatment approaches including drug repurposing being
tried by doctors around the globe that may come handy in the management of disease symptoms. The
article describes the use of remdesivir, ribavarin, lopinavir, favipiravir, hydoxychloroquine, chloroquine,
and tocilizumab among others in treating COVID-19.
Perfil nutricional y productivo de especies arbustivas en trópico bajo, Antioquia (Colombia)
Authors: Argüello-Rangel Jeraldyn , Mahecha-Ledesma Liliana , Angulo-Arizala Joaquín 
Published: August 2020

Los suelos destinados a ganadería en la región del Bajo Cauca (Antioquia, Colombia) se caracterizan por presentar pH ácido, baja fertilidad, erosión, compactación y sobrepastoreo. Debido a esto, presentan deficiencias en calidad nutricional y producción de biomasa, especialmente en épocas secas. Por lo anterior, se requiere evaluar el uso de recursos forrajeros adaptables a la zona de interés. Para comparar el perfil nutricional y productivo de las especies Crescentia cujete, Gliricidia sepium y Tithonia diversifolia, se establecieron en la hacienda La Candelaria parcelas experimentales en un diseño por bloques completamente aleatorizado con un arreglo factorial. Se evaluó altura de las plantas, rendimiento de forraje verde y materia seca (MS), y contenido de materia seca (MS %), fibra detergente neutro (FDN %), fibra detergente ácido (FDA %) y proteína cruda (PC %). Se realizó análisis de varianza y prueba de Tukey y se obtuvieron diferencias significativas (p ≤ 0,05) para el rendimiento de materia seca, con una producción anual proyectada de 13,87 t/ha para Crescentia cujete, 23,2 t/ha para Gliricidia sepium y 18,47 t/ha para Tithonia diversifolia. Hubo diferencias significativas para FDN (p = 0,0349), FDA (p < 0,0001) y PC (p = 0,0037). Crescentia cujete presentó el mayor contenido de FDN (46,5 %) y FDA (25,1 %), mientras Tithonia diversifolia registró los valores más bajos (32,6 % en FDN y 14,4 % en FDA). El contenido de PC fue de 25,2 % en T. diversifolia, 24,3 % en G. sepium y 15,0 % en C. cujete. Los resultados sugieren el potencial de estas especies en sistemas ganaderos con suelos pobres.
24-Month Outcomes of Primary Care Web-Based Depression Prevention Intervention in Adolescents: Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Van Voorhees Benjamin , Gladstone Tracy R G , Sobowale Kunmi , Brown C Hendricks , Aaby David A , Terrizzi Daniela A , Canel Jason , Ching Eumene , Berry Anita D , Cantorna James , Eder Milton , Beardslee William , Fitzgibbon Marian , Marko-Holguin Monika , Schiffer Linda , Lee Miae , de Forest Sarah A , Sykes Emily E , Suor Jennifer H , Crawford Theodore J , Burkhouse Katie L , Goodwin Brady C , Bell Carl 
Published: August 2020

Background
Adolescent depression carries a high burden of disease worldwide, but access to care for this population is limited. Prevention is one solution to curtail the negative consequences of adolescent depression. Internet interventions to prevent adolescent depression can overcome barriers to access, but few studies examine long-term outcomes.

Objective
This study compares CATCH-IT (Competent Adulthood Transition with Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic and Interpersonal Training), an internet-based intervention, to a general health education active control for depression onset at 12 and 24 months in adolescents presenting to primary care settings.

Methods
A 2-site randomized trial, blinded to the principal investigators and assessors, was conducted comparing Competent Adulthood Transition with Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic and Interpersonal Training to health education to prevent depressive episodes in 369 adolescents (193 youths were randomly assigned to Competent Adulthood Transition with Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic and Interpersonal Training and 176 to health education) with subthreshold depressive symptoms or prior depressive episodes. Participants were recruited from primary care settings in the United States. The primary outcome was the occurrence of a depressive episode, determined by the Depression Symptom Rating. The secondary outcome was functioning, measured by the Global Assessment Scale.

Results
In intention-to-treat analyses, the adjusted hazard ratio favoring Competent Adulthood Transition with Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic and Interpersonal Training for first depressive episode was not statistically significant at 12 months (hazard ratio 0.77, 95% CI 0.42-1.40, P=.39) and 24 months (hazard ratio 0.87, 95% CI 0.52-1.47, P=.61). Competent Adulthood Transition with Cognitive Behavioral Humanistic and Interpersonal Training provided preventive benefit for first depressive episode for those with mild hopelessness or at least moderate paternal monitoring at baseline. Global Assessment Scale scores improved comparably in both groups (intention-to-treat).

Conclusions
A technology-based intervention for adolescent depression prevention implemented in primary care did not have additional benefit at 12 or 24 months. Further research is necessary to determine whether internet interventions have long-term benefit.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01893749; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01893749.
Usability and Practicality of a Novel Mobile Attachment for Aural Endoscopy (endoscope-i): Formative Usability Study
Authors: Williams Rowena , Lee Jonathan Daw Ern , Muzaffar Jameel , Clutton-Brock Tom , Coulson Chris 
Published: August 2020

Background
Our aims were to determine the usability and practicality of the endoscope-i system, a novel mobile attachment for aural endoscopy. This incorporated assessing the ease of use of the endoscope-i for different professionals, and ultimately improving the system by receiving constructive feedback.

Objective
Our objectives were to assess the ease of the endoscope-i system in conducting an aural examination and to assess its feasibility for integrating its use into clinical practice. We looked to assess its ease, effectiveness, and efficiency; to compare this to current practices with otoscopes; and to determine whether participants perceived the system to be able to produce an image of sufficient quality to make a clinical assessment. Finally, we wanted to assess the usefulness of the current training given for using the system, and we sought to gain feedback for the product from the differing specialists.

Methods
A formative usability study of the endoscope-i system was conducted with 5 health care professionals. Each session lasted 40 minutes and involved audio/video consent, a hands-on session, a private semistructured interview, and an option to discuss the device with a company representative.

Results
All participants found the endoscope-i system easy to use. The image quality was perceived to be greater than that achieved by current otoscopes. The ability to record images and view them retrospectively was also seen as a positive.

Conclusions
This study has not identified any significant issues relating to the design, functionality, or application of the endoscope-i. Participants perceived the system as superior to current options with a directly positive impact on their clinical practice.
The Active Brains Digital Intervention to Reduce Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: Protocol for a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Smith Kirsten Ailsa , Bradbury Katherine , Essery Rosie , Pollet Sebastien , Mowbray Fiona , Slodkowska-Barabasz Joanna , Denison-Day James , Hayter Victoria , Kelly Jo , Somerville Jane , Zhang Jin , Grey Elisabeth , Western Max , Ferrey Anne E , Krusche Adele , Stuart Beth , Mutrie Nanette , Robinson Sian , Yao Guiqing Lily , Griffiths Gareth , Robinson Louise , Rossor Martin , Gallacher John , Griffin Simon , Kendrick Tony , Rathod Shanaya , Gudgin Bernard , Phillips Rosemary , Stokes Tom , Niven John , Little Paul , Yardley Lucy 
Published: August 2020

Background
Increasing physical activity, improving diet, and performing brain training exercises are associated with reduced cognitive decline in older adults.

Objective
In this paper, we describe a feasibility trial of the Active Brains intervention, a web-based digital intervention developed to support older adults to make these 3 healthy behavior changes associated with improved cognitive health. The Active Brains trial is a randomized feasibility trial that will test how accessible, acceptable, and feasible the Active Brains intervention is and the effectiveness of the study procedures that we intend to use in the larger, main trial.

Methods
In the randomized controlled trial (RCT), we use a parallel design. We will be conducting the intervention with 2 populations recruited through GP practices (family practices) in England from 2018 to 2019: older adults with signs of cognitive decline and older adults without any cognitive decline. Trial participants were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 study groups: usual care, the Active Brains intervention, or the Active Brains website plus brief support from a trained coach (over the phone or by email). The main outcomes are performance on cognitive tasks, quality of life (using EuroQol-5D 5 level), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, and diagnoses of dementia. Secondary outcomes (including depression, enablement, and health care costs) and process measures (including qualitative interviews with participants and supporters) will also be collected. The trial has been approved by the National Health Service Research Ethics Committee (reference 17/SC/0463).

Results
Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at conferences, and shared at public engagement events. Data collection was completed in May 2020, and the results will be reported in 2021.

Conclusions
The findings of this study will help us to identify and make important changes to the website, the support received, or the study procedures before we progress to our main randomized phase III trial.

Trial Registration
International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number 23758980; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN23758980

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
DERR1-10.2196/18929