bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of domestic violence against women in informal settlements in Mumbai, India: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Daruwalla Nayreen , Kanougiya Suman , Gupta Apoorwa , Gram Lu , Osrin David 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesDomestic violence against women harms individuals, families, communities and society. Perpetrated by intimate partners or other family members, its overlapping forms include physical, sexual and emotional violence, control and neglect. We aimed to describe the prevalence of these forms of violence and their perpetrators in informal settlements in Mumbai.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingTwo large urban informal settlement areas.Participants5122 women aged 18–49 years.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrevalence and perpetrators in the last year of physical, sexual and emotional domestic violence, coercive control and neglect. For each of these forms of violence, responses to questions about individual acts and composite estimates.ResultsIn the last year, 644 (13%) women had experienced physical domestic violence, 188 (4%) sexual violence and 963 (19%) emotional violence. Of ever-married women, 13% had experienced physical or sexual intimate partner violence in the last year. Most physical (87%) and sexual violence (99%) was done by partners, but emotional violence equally involved marital family members. All three forms of violence were more common if women were younger, in the lowest socioeconomic asset quintile or reported disability. 1816 women (35%) had experienced at least one instance of coercive control and 33% said that they were afraid of people in their home. 10% reported domestic neglect of their food, sleep, health or children’s health.ConclusionsDomestic violence against women remains common in urban informal settlements. Physical and sexual violence were perpetrated mainly by intimate partners, but emotional violence was attributed equally to partners and marital family. More than one-third of women described controlling behaviours perpetrated by both intimate partners and marital family members. We emphasise the need to include the spectrum of perpetrators and forms of domestic violence—particularly emotional violence and coercive control—in data gathering.Trial registration numberISRCTN84502355; Pre-results.
Antimicrobial use across six referral hospitals in Tanzania: a point prevalence survey
Authors: Seni Jeremiah , Mapunjo Siana G , Wittenauer Rachel , Valimba Richard , Stergachis Andy , Werth Brian J , Saitoti Samir , Mhadu Noel H , Lusaya Edgar , Konduri Niranjan 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo delineate the prevalence and factors associated with antimicrobial use across six referral hospitals in Tanzania using WHO point prevalence survey (PPS) methodology to inform hospital-specific antimicrobial stewardship programmes.DesignCross-sectional analytical study.SettingSix referral hospitals in Tanzania.ParticipantsPatients irrespective of age and gender (n=948) admitted in the six referral hospital wards before 8:00 hours on each day of the survey were included in December 2019. Using the WHO PPS methodology, data on hospitals, wards, patients, antibiotics, and indications for antibiotics were collected.Outcome measuresWe analysed the prevalence of antibiotic use by referral hospital, ward, indication and patient characteristics as the main outcomes. We also described adherence to the Tanzania Standard Treatment Guidelines (STG) and WHO’s AWaRe categorisation of antibiotics.ResultsApproximately 62.3% of inpatients were prescribed antibiotics, predominantly from the Access group of antibiotics (ceftriaxone, metronidazole or ampicillin–cloxacillin). The overall adherence of antibiotic prescriptions to the Tanzania STG was high (84.0%), with the exception of Sekou Toure Regional Referral Hospital (68.0%) and Maweni Regional Referral Hospital (57.8%). The most common indication for antibiotic prescriptions was community-acquired infections (39.8%). Children less than 2 years of age (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.92, p=0.039); admission to surgical wards (OR 4.90, 95% CI 2.87 to 8.36, p <0.001); and admission to paediatric wards (OR 3.93, 95% CI 2.16 to 7.15, p <0.001) were associated with increased odds of antibiotic use. Only 2 of 591 patients were prescribed antibiotics based on culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results.ConclusionsEmpirical use of antibiotics is common, and the Access group of antibiotics is predominantly prescribed in children less than 2 years and patients admitted to surgical and paediatric wards. Lack of utilisation of antimicrobial susceptibility testing services in these hospitals requires urgent interventions. Routine monitoring of antibiotic use is recommended to be part of antibiotic stewardship programmes in Tanzania.
Detailing sexual outcomes after treatment of localised prostate cancer with focal therapy using various energy sources: protocol for a mixed-methods study
Authors: Fiard Gaelle , Kelly Daniel , Yap Tet , Emberton Mark 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionFocal therapy has emerged as a promising treatment option for men with localised prostate cancer. However, most of the evaluation of postoperative function has taken place at a relatively high, non-granular level. Most of the data we use to provide informed consent for our patients is obtained from retrospective series, or derived from prospective studies whose primary outcome was oncological. Finally, most studies have focused on erectile function and overlooked other, presumably important, elements of male sexual function. The present study aims at studying in-depth the sexual consequences of focal therapy with various energy sources.Methods and analysisThis will be a mixed-methods research study based on a retrospective and prospective cohort, recruited in parallel. The retrospective cohort will consist of patients treated with focal irreversible electroporation, and the prospective cohort of patients treated with three focal therapy energies. Participants will be recruited from two UK urology centres, one National Health Service and one private. On consent, patients will fill in self-administered validated questionnaires (International Index of Erectile Function-15 (IIEF-15), Male Sexual Health Questionnaire-Ejaculatory Dysfunction-Short Form (MSHQ-EjD-SF)) and semistructured interviews will be organised to collect patients’ expectations and postoperative changes in domains such as erection, ejaculation, orgasm, libido/sexual desire, masculinity/virility, penile morphology, pain or discomfort, regret, shame, cancer-related stress, overall impact and partner satisfaction. An exploratory thematic analysis will be performed to detail recurring themes that will be grouped into clusters of experiences. We will then be able to find clusters of agreement and disagreement that will be illustrated using exemplar patient quotations.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained (Regional Ethics Committee reference 20/NW/0335), as well as Health Research Authority approval. Results will be published in open-access peer-reviewed journals. Findings will also be translated into patient information resources (leaflets, online information sheets).Trial registration numberISRCTN11634296; Pre-results.
Effects of a single bout of walking on postprandial triglycerides in men of Chinese, European and Japanese descent: a multisite randomised crossover trial
Authors: Nagayama Chihiro , Burns Stephen F , Stensel David J , Thackray Alice E , Takahashi Masaki , Miyashita Masashi 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionElevated non-fasting triglyceride (TG) concentrations are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases but can be reduced after acute exercise. Ethnic-based differences in the magnitude of postprandial lipaemia and the extent that acute exercise reduces postprandial TG are poorly characterised across some ethnicities including those of East Asian origin. This paper describes the protocol of a multisite randomised crossover study comparing the effect of acute walking on postprandial TG in two groups of East Asian men with European men.Methods and analysisTwenty Japanese, 20 Singaporean Chinese and 20 white British healthy men (21–39 years) recruited from Japan, Singapore and the UK, respectively, will complete two, 2-day trials. Fasted and postprandial venous blood samples and arterial blood pressure measurements will be taken over 6 hours the day after either: (1) 60-min treadmill walking; or (2) a rest day of normal living. The primary outcome is the difference in postprandial TG among ethnic groups after rest and walking. Secondary outcomes include cholesterol, glucose, insulin, ketone bodies, preheparin lipoprotein lipase, C-reactive protein and systolic/diastolic blood pressure.Ethics and disseminationThe study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee on Research with Human Subjects of Waseda University and the Nanyang Technological University Institutional Review Board. Relevant approval will be obtained from the UK site. Research findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal publication and health conferences.Trial registration numberUMIN000038625.
Exercise intervention and sexual function in advanced prostate cancer: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Galvão Daniel A , Taaffe Dennis R , Chambers Suzanne K , Fairman Ciaran M , Spry Nigel , Joseph David , Newton Robert U 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesTreatments for prostate cancer such as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), surgery and radiation therapy can adversely affect sexual, urinary and bowel function. Preliminary research has demonstrated the efficacy of exercise to preserve sexual function in men with localised prostate cancer receiving ADT, though this has yet to be investigated in a metastatic setting. We examined the effects of a 12-week exercise programme comprising resistance, aerobic and flexibility training on sexual health and function in men with advanced prostate cancer.MethodsPatients with prostate cancer (70.0±8.4 year; body mass index 28.7±4.0 kg/m2) with bone metastases (rib/thoracic spine, 66.7%; lumbar spine, 43.9%; pelvis, 75.4%; femur, 40.4%; humerus, 24.6%; other sites, 70.2%) were randomly assigned to supervised exercise 3 days/week (n=28) or usual care (n=29). Sexual health and function were assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function, the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite and the EORTC-PR25 at baseline and 12 weeks.ResultsPatients attended 89% of planned sessions and there were no adverse events. After adjusting for baseline values, there was no significant difference between groups for any measure of sexual function and activity (p>0.05). Additionally, there was no significant difference between groups for urinary and bowel function assessed by the EORTC-PR25 (p>0.05).ConclusionsA short-term programme of supervised exercise does not appear to enhance indices of sexual health and function in men with advanced prostate cancer. Limitations of the intervention included the conservative modular exercise programme, which deliberately avoided loading bone metastatic sites.Trial registration numberACTRN12611001158954.
A distributed interpolative sigma-delta interface for fluxgate sensor
Authors: Dong Changchun , Chen Yanbo , Jiang Zhanpeng , Ren Mingyuan , Lu Xuebin , Han Xiaowei 
Published: December 2020

This paper presents a sigma-delta interface for fluxgate sensor based on a single-loop high-order modulation. A feedforward summation loop structure can reduce the linearity overload in integrators and the swing of integration signals. A Local feedback branch is proposed to realize the zero of noise transfer function (NTF) optimization and enhance noise shaping performance within signal band. The interface is fabricated in a standard 0.5 [Formula: see text]m CMOS process and the active circuit area is about 13 mm2. The chip consumes 120 mW from a 10 V supply with a sampling clock of 250 k Hz. The average noise floor of the digital fluxgate is about −115 dBV/Hz[Formula: see text] over a 100 Hz bandwidth.
Modeled Reductions in Late-stage Cancer with a Multi-Cancer Early Detection Test
Authors: Hubbell Earl , Clarke Christina A. , Aravanis Alexander M. , Berg Christine D. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background:
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, with many cases detected at a late stage when prognosis is poor. New technologies enabling multi-cancer early detection (MCED) may make “universal cancer screening” possible. We extend single-cancer models to understand the potential public health effects of adding a MCED test to usual care.

Methods:
We obtained data on stage-specific incidence and survival of all invasive cancers diagnosed in persons aged 50–79 between 2006 and 2015 from the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, and combined this with published performance of a MCED test in a state transition model (interception model) to predict diagnostic yield, stage shift, and potential mortality reductions. We model long-term (incident) performance, accounting for constraints on detection due to repeated screening.

Results:
The MCED test could intercept 485 cancers per year per 100,000 persons, reducing late-stage (III+IV) incidence by 78% in those intercepted. Accounting for lead time, this could reduce 5-year cancer mortality by 39% in those intercepted, resulting in an absolute reduction of 104 deaths per 100,000, or 26% of all cancer-related deaths. Findings are robust across tumor growth scenarios.

Conclusions:
Evaluating the impact of a MCED test that affects multiple cancer types simultaneously requires modeling across all cancer incidence. Assuming MCED test metrics hold in a clinical setting, the aggregate potential to improve public health is significant.

Impact:
Modeling performance of a MCED test in a representative population suggests that it could substantially reduce overall cancer mortality if added to usual care.
Gut Microbiome Directs Hepatocytes to Recruit MDSCs and Promote Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Zhang Qianfei , Ma Chi , Duan Yi , Heinrich Bernd , Rosato Umberto , Diggs Laurence P. , Ma Lichun , Roy Soumen , Fu Qiong , Brown Zachary J. , Wabitsch Simon , Thovarai Vishal , Fu Jianyang , Feng Dechun , Ruf Benjamin , Cui Linda L. , Subramanyam Varun , Frank Karen M. , Wang Sophie , Kleiner David E. , Ritz Thomas , Rupp Christian , Gao Bin , Longerich Thomas , Kroemer Alexander , Wang Xin Wei , Ruchirawat Mathuros , Korangy Firouzeh , Schnabl Bernd , Trinchieri Giorgio , Greten Tim F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGut dysbiosis is commonly observed in patients with cirrhosis and chronic gastrointestinal disorders; however, its effect on antitumor immunity in the liver is largely unknown. Here we studied how the gut microbiome affects antitumor immunity in cholangiocarcinoma. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) or colitis, two known risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma which promote tumor development in mice, caused an accumulation of CXCR2+ polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSC). A decrease in gut barrier function observed in mice with PSC and colitis allowed gut-derived bacteria and lipopolysaccharide to appear in the liver and induced CXCL1 expression in hepatocytes through a TLR4-dependent mechanism and an accumulation of CXCR2+ PMN-MDSCs. In contrast, neomycin treatment blocked CXCL1 expression and PMN-MDSC accumulation and inhibited tumor growth even in the absence of liver disease or colitis. Our study demonstrates that the gut microbiome controls hepatocytes to form an immunosuppressive environment by increasing PMN-MDSCs to promote liver cancer.Significance:MDSCs have been shown to be induced by tumors and suppress antitumor immunity. Here we show that the gut microbiome can control accumulation of MDSCs in the liver in the context of a benign liver disease or colitis.See related commentary by Chagani and Kwong, p. 1014.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 995
MNK Inhibition Sensitizes KRAS-Mutant Colorectal Cancer to mTORC1 Inhibition by Reducing eIF4E Phosphorylation and c-MYC Expression
Authors: Knight John R.P. , Alexandrou Constantinos , Skalka George L. , Vlahov Nikola , Pennel Kathryn , Officer Leah , Teodosio Ana , Kanellos Georgios , Gay David M. , May-Wilson Sebastian , Smith Ewan M. , Najumudeen Arafath K. , Gilroy Kathryn , Ridgway Rachel A. , Flanagan Dustin J. , Smith Rachael C.L. , McDonald Laura , MacKay Craig , Cheasty Anne , McArthur Kerri , Stanway Emma , Leach Joshua D. , Jackstadt Rene , Waldron Joseph A. , Campbell Andrew D. , Vlachogiannis Georgios , Valeri Nicola , Haigis Kevin M. , Sonenberg Nahum , Proud Christopher G. , Jones Neil P. , Swarbrick Martin E. , McKinnon Heather J. , Faller William J. , Le Quesne John , Edwards Joanne , Willis Anne E. , Bushell Martin , Sansom Owen J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

KRAS-mutant colorectal cancers are resistant to therapeutics, presenting a significant problem for ∼40% of cases. Rapalogs, which inhibit mTORC1 and thus protein synthesis, are significantly less potent in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer. Using Kras-mutant mouse models and mouse- and patient-derived organoids, we demonstrate that KRAS with G12D mutation fundamentally rewires translation to increase both bulk and mRNA-specific translation initiation. This occurs via the MNK/eIF4E pathway culminating in sustained expression of c-MYC. By genetic and small-molecule targeting of this pathway, we acutely sensitize KRASG12D models to rapamycin via suppression of c-MYC. We show that 45% of colorectal cancers have high signaling through mTORC1 and the MNKs, with this signature correlating with a 3.5-year shorter cancer-specific survival in a subset of patients. This work provides a c-MYC–dependent cotargeting strategy with remarkable potency in multiple Kras-mutant mouse models and metastatic human organoids and identifies a patient population that may benefit from its clinical application.

Significance:
KRAS mutation and elevated c-MYC are widespread in many tumors but remain predominantly untargetable. We find that mutant KRAS modulates translation, culminating in increased expression of c-MYC. We describe an effective strategy targeting mTORC1 and MNK in KRAS-mutant mouse and human models, pathways that are also commonly co-upregulated in colorectal cancer.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 995
CHANGES IN CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM AND ADIPOCYTOKINES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER IN COMBINATION WITH OBESITY USING ADAMETHIONINUM AND ARGININE GLUTAMATE
Authors: Matkovska N. R. 
Published: December 2020

Introduction. Alcohol-related liver cirrhosis is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and disability in patients with gastrointestinal disease.
The aim of the study – to learn the effectiveness of treatment of patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) combined with obesity depending on the stage of decompensation using ademethionine and arginine glutamate.
Research Methods. 215 patients, diagnosed with ALC, took part in the study, including 66 women and 149 men. 109 people had ALC with obesity and 106 people had ALC without obesity. Patients were divided into subgroups depending on the stage of decompensation according to Child-Pugh. Depending on the treatment protocol (b protocol – basic therapy, h protocol – basic therapy in combination with ademethionine and arginine glutamate), all patients were divided into subgroups.
Results and Discussion. In this study, the values of carbohydrate metabolism, adiponectin and leptin were used to evaluate the effectiveness of a three-month treatment regimen with ademethionine and arginine glutamate in patients with ALC in combination with obesity. Obese patients with ALC have a more severe course of the disease, accompanied by more pronounced clinical manifestations, impaired carbohydrate metabolism and imbalance of leptin and adiponectin levels. The inclusion of ademethionine and arginine glutamate in the treatment regimen for 3 months allowed to improve the general condition of patients, their clinical and laboratory parameters and reduce the rate of disease progression, which is reflected in improved carbohydrate metabolism, leptin and adiponectin and reduced indicators of the severity scale according to Child-Pugh and the 3-month MELD mortality score.
Conclusions. Inclusion of ademethionine and arginine glutamate in the complex treatment of patients with ALC in combination with obesity helps to reduce insulin resistance, improve leptin and adiponectin. In patients with ALC in combination with obesity, the inclusion in the complex treatment of ademethionine and arginine glutamate helps to improve the course of the disease according to the indicators of the severity scale using the Child-Pugh and MELD scales.
Genetic Association Between Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Cardiomyopathies
Authors: Theis Jeanne L. , Hu Jessie J. , Sundsbak Rhianna S. , Evans Jared M. , Bamlet William R. , Qureshi M. Yasir , O’Leary Patrick W. , Olson Timothy M. 
Published: December 2020

Background:

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) with risk of poor outcome has been linked to
MYH6
variants, implicating overlap in genetic etiologies of structural and myopathic heart disease.

Methods:
Whole genome sequencing was performed in 197 probands with HLHS, 43 family members, and 813 controls. Data were filtered for rare, segregating variants in 3 index families comprised of an HLHS proband and relative(s) with cardiomyopathy. Whole genome sequencing data from cases and controls were compared for rare variant burden across 56 cardiomyopathy genes utilizing a weighted burden test approach, accounting for multiple testing using a Bonferroni correction.

Results:

A pathogenic
MYBPC3
nonsense variant was identified in the first proband who underwent cardiac transplantation for diastolic heart failure, her father with left ventricular noncompaction, and 2 fourth-degree relatives with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A likely pathogenic
RYR2
missense variant was identified in the second proband, a second-degree relative with aortic dilation, and a fourth-degree relative with dilated cardiomyopathy. A pathogenic
RYR2
exon 3 in-frame deletion was identified in the third proband diagnosed with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia and his father with left ventricular noncompaction and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. To further investigate HLHS-cardiomyopathy gene associations in cases versus controls, rare variant burden testing of 56 genes revealed enrichment in
MYH6
(
P
=0.000068). Rare, predicted-damaging
MYH6
variants were identified in 10% of probands in our cohort—4 with familial congenital heart disease, 4 with compound heterozygosity (3 with systolic ventricular dysfunction), and 4 with
MYH6
–
FLNC
synergistic heterozygosity.

Conclusions:
Whole genome sequencing in multiplex families, proband-parent trios, and case-control cohorts revealed defects in cardiomyopathy-associated genes in patients with HLHS, which may portend impaired functional reserve of the single-ventricle circulation.