bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forage legumes in grass pastures in tropical Brazil and likely impacts on greenhouse gas emissions: A review
Authors: Boddey Robert M. , Casagrande Daniel Rume , Homem Bruno G. C. , Alves Bruno J. R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBeef cattle producers seldom use fertilizers for their pastures in tropical regions of Brazil. Slowly, this is changing but because of the need for repeated applications, N fertilizer is rarely applied. The introduction of a forage legume is an appropriate solution for this problem, but until recently adoption has been very low as the legumes generally have not persisted in the sward. We report research on how grazing management can affect the persistence of stoloniferous legumes in pastures of Brachiaria spp. and the problems of establishing and maintaining crown‐forming legumes such as Stylosanthes spp. With suitable management, milk or bovine carcass yields can be equal or greater from mixed than from grass‐alone pastures fertilized with 120 or 150 kg Nha‐1 year−1. In addition to savings in CO2 emissions from fossil fuels for the production and distribution of N fertilizers, nitrous oxide emissions from cattle excreta and legume residues are lower than those from N‐fertilized brachiaria grass monocultures. Other studies indicate that enteric methane emissions from cattle may be mitigated when forage legumes are included in their diet. The use of forage legumes in mixed pastures for tropical regions is emerging as a feasible strategy to keep meat and milk production at acceptable levels with reduced greenhouse gas emission rates.
Pharmacist-led cardiovascular risk prevention in Western Canada: a qualitative study
Authors: Kapanen Anita I , Conklin Annalijn I , Gobis Barbara , Leung Larry , Yuen Jamie , Zed Peter J 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Preventing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is a public health and policy priority, including for employers. A novel CVD risk management programme that included medication management was delivered by pharmacists to employees of a Canadian university. This qualitative study describes the experiences and perceptions of participants who received individual health consultations in this programme.

Methods
A qualitative study design using free-text responses was adopted. Data (5658 words) came from evaluation surveys completed by 119 programme participants were iteratively coded and thematically analysed.

Key findings
We identified four themes characterising participant experiences of pharmacist-led CVD prevention. Theme one was labelled self-efficacy because personalised health information and advice on CVD risk factor management empowered participants to make improvements for their health. Participants expressed a range of positive responses about the longer consultations, supportive communication and safe setting of their pharmacist-led encounters; hence, Theme two is labelled pharmacists’ interpersonal skills. The wider context of the programme included a number of enabling factors (Theme three) that either supported or limited participant engagement in the programme. A number of changes to behaviour and health measures were identified and participant suggestions to expand and continue the programme further contributed to perceptions of positive programme impact (Theme four).

Conclusions
This study raises questions about how external resources and broader determinants might enable, or hinder, future programme success and sustainability. It also highlights the need for greater understanding and communication of the importance of primary prevention and the role of pharmacists in CVD risk reduction and workplace health promotion.
Silencing miR‐20a‐5p inhibits axonal growth and neuronal branching and prevents epileptogenesis through RGMa‐RhoA‐mediated synaptic plasticity
Authors: Feng Yanyan , Duan Chaojun , Luo Zhaohui , Xiao Wenbiao , Tian Fafa 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEpileptogenesis is a potential process. Mossy fibre sprouting (MFS) and synaptic plasticity promote epileptogenesis. Overexpression of repulsive guidance molecule a (RGMa) prevents epileptogenesis by inhibiting MFS. However, other aspects underlying the RGMa regulatory process of epileptogenesis have not been elucidated. We studied whether RGMa could be modulated by microRNAs and regulated RhoA in epileptogenesis. Using microRNA databases, we selected four miRNAs as potential candidates. We further experimentally confirmed miR‐20a‐5p as a RGMa upstream regulator. Then, in vitro, by manipulating miR‐20a‐5p and RGMa, we investigated the regulatory relationship between miR‐20a‐5p, RGMa and RhoA, and the effects of this pathway on neuronal morphology. Finally, in the epilepsy animal model, we determined whether the miR‐20a‐5p‐RGMa‐RhoA pathway influenced MFS and synaptic plasticity and then modified epileptogenesis. Our results showed that miR‐20a‐5p regulated RGMa and that RGMa regulated RhoA in vitro. Furthermore, in primary hippocampal neurons, the miR‐20a‐5p‐RGMa‐RhoA pathway regulated axonal growth and neuronal branching; in the PTZ‐induced epilepsy model, silencing miR‐20a‐5p prevented epileptogenesis through RGMa‐RhoA‐mediated synaptic plasticity but did not change MFS. Overall, we concluded that silencing miR‐20a‐5p inhibits axonal growth and neuronal branching and prevents epileptogenesis through RGMa‐RhoA‐mediated synaptic plasticity in the PTZ‐induced epilepsy model, thereby providing a possible strategy to prevent epileptogenesis.
The European Union: From a Complex Adaptive System to a Policy Interpreter
Authors: Serban Ileana Daniela 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe current article builds on complexity theory and offers a new perspective on EU actorness in external policies. It does so by looking at the EU as a complex adaptive system and by adding new instances to previous analyses on EU agency. More concretely, the article critically assesses the idea that the EU becomes a policy interpreter when external actors start to interact following new policy practices. This entails examining how external actors enable EU institutional learning, and, through this, new forms of EU actorness. The argument is illustrated by using the case of triangular cooperation as a recent policy practice helping the EU to fulfil its commitments to aid effectiveness.
Pregnant women's preferences for prenatal genetic testing: A single‐center study in Japan
Authors: Shibata Megumi , Akaishi Rina , Sasaki Aiko , Ogawa Kohei , Nishiyama Miyuki , Wada Seiji , Ozawa Nobuaki , Sago Haruhiko 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimTo evaluate how many pregnant women would prefer to undergo prenatal genetic testing (GT) if they received adequate information during early gestation.MethodsWe examined the preferences for prenatal GT among pregnant women visiting our general outpatient clinic before 16 weeks' gestation between September 2014 and September 2017. We provided them with informational brochures about prenatal GT at their first visit. Women always received genetic counseling (GC) before undergoing GT of their own choice.ResultsAmong 5700 pregnant women, 2077 (36.4%) received GC, and 1983 (34.8%) underwent some form of prenatal GT. The percentage undergoing GT was 9.4% (50/531) for women <30 years old, 19.0% (309/1623) for those 30–34 years old, 43.1% (989/2294) for those 35–39 years old, and 50.7% (635/1252) for those ≥40 years old. Older pregnant women tended to receive GC and GT more often than younger women (P < 0.001). The most common reason for receiving GC was advanced maternal age (79.7%). The most common prenatal GT was noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) (50%), followed by the combined test (29.0%) and quadruple test (11.2%). Pregnant women ≥35 years old tended to choose NIPT (60.5%), while those <35 years old tended to choose the combined test (52.9%).ConclusionAbout one‐third of the pregnant women preferred to receive prenatal GT by their own choice. Women's preferences for prenatal GT increased with maternal age; however, half of pregnant women with an advanced maternal age preferred not to undergo GT, even if they were well informed.
Covid‐19 pandemic and pregnancy
Authors: Hayakawa Satoshi , Komine‐Aizawa Shihoko , Mor Gil G. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAt the end of 2019, a new coronavirus disease, COVID‐19, emerged and quickly spread around the world. Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the causative virus of this disease, belongs to the β‐coronavirus family, together with SARS and middle east respiratory syndrome, and has similar biological characteristics to these viruses. For obstetricians, the susceptibility and prognoses of pregnant women and the effects of the infection on the fetus have been the focus of attention; however, at present, the seriousness of the disease in pregnant women is not apparent, and COVID‐19 does not increase the rate of miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm labor or teratogenicity. Even so, carriers might transmit SARS‐CoV‐2 to pregnant women. Thus, we must keep in mind that all medical personnel must understand and maintain standard precautions in their clinical and laboratory practices.
Collocational Processing in L1 and L2: The Effects of Word Frequency, Collocational Frequency, and Association
Authors: Öksüz Doğuş , Brezina Vaclav , Rebuschat Patrick 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of individual word frequency, collocational frequency, and association on L1 and L2 collocational processing. An acceptability judgment task was administered to L1 and L2 speakers of English. Response times were analyzed using mixed‐effects modeling for 3 types of adjective–noun pairs: (a) high‐frequency, (b) low‐frequency, and (c) baseline items. This study extends previous research by examining whether the effects of individual word and collocation frequency counts differ for L1 and L2 speakers’ processing of collocations. This study also compared the extent to which L1 and L2 speakers’ response times are affected by mutual information and log Dice scores, which are corpus‐derived association measures. Both groups of participants demonstrated sensitivity to individual word and collocation frequency counts. However, there was a reduced effect of individual word frequency counts for processing high‐frequency collocations compared to low‐frequency collocations. Both groups of participants were similarly sensitive to the association measures used.
Irreversible habitat specialization does not constrain diversification in hypersaline water beetles
Authors: Villastrigo Adrián , Arribas Paula , Ribera Ignacio 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSpecialization to extreme environments is often considered an evolutionary dead‐end, leading to irreversible adaptations and reduced evolvability. There is, however, mixed evidence for this macroevolutionary pattern, and limited data from speciose lineages. Here, we tested the effect of habitat specialization to hypersaline waters in the diversification rates of aquatic beetles of the genusOchthebius(Coleoptera, Hydraenidae), using a molecular phylogeny with more than 50% of the 546 recognized species, including representatives of all but one of the nine recognized subgenera and 17 species groups. Phylogenies were built combining mitochondrial and nuclear genes, with the addition of 42 mitochondrial genomes. Using Bayesian methods of character reconstruction, we show that hypersaline tolerance is an irreversible ecological specialization that arose multiple times. Two lineages ofOchthebiusexperienced a significant increase in diversification rates, one of them inhabiting hypersaline waters, but there was no overall correlation with habitat or any significant decrease in diversification rates despite the irreversibility of hypersaline tolerance. Our study tested for the first time the impact of hypersaline habitat specialization on diversification rates, finding no support for it to be an evolutionary dead‐end. On the contrary, multiple and ancient lineages fully adapted to these extreme osmotic conditions have persisted and diversified over a long evolutionary timescale.
Individualization of the three‐piece base arch mechanics according to various periodontal support levels: A finite element analysis
Authors: Gameiro Gustavo Hauber , Bocchiardo Jorge Eugenio , Dalstra Michel , Cattaneo Paolo Maria 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe orthodontic correction of periodontally compromised dentitions constitutes a huge challenge in the clinical practice of adult orthodontics. The biological and physical distinct features of these conditions require a carefully designed mechanical plan for the successful treatment of these complex cases.Setting and Sample PopulationA segment of a human maxilla containing the central and lateral incisors, obtained from autopsy, was scanned with microcomputed tomography, and a finite element (FE) model was generated to represent an intact periodontal dentition. Based on this model, three additional models simulating a mild, moderate and severe bone alveolar loss were created as well.Materials and MethodsTwo loading scenarios for the application of intrusive and retraction mechanics with a three‐piece base arch appliance were evaluated in a series of FE analyses. The tooth displacements and strains in the periodontal ligament (PDL) were calculated and compared for the four FE models.ResultsThe periodontal reduced dentitions exhibited a similar axis of resistance for intrusive mechanics, but the axis of resistance for retraction movements was significantly dependent on the degree of alveolar bone loss. The tooth displacements and PDL loads were higher in the reduced dentitions for both intrusive and retraction mechanics.ConclusionsA reduction in the force levels applied to periodontal reduced dentitions is indicated, and a customized selection of appropriate points of force application is needed according to the specific amount of alveolar bone loss.
Alveolar bone changes in maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth during orthodontic treatment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Guo Runzhi , Zhang Liwen , Hu Menglong , Huang Yiping , Li Weiran 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe association between tooth movement and remodelling of surrounding bone is controversial. To analyse the effect of tooth movement on alveolar bone changes in maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth by cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT). The Embase, Cochrane Library and Medline databases were searched without any language restrictions. Longitudinal studies using CBCT to observe alveolar bone changes of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth during orthodontic treatment were included. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection, data extraction and methodological quality assessment. A total of 26 studies were included in this review, 14 of which were eligible for quantitative synthesis. In extraction cases, meta‐analysis showed vertical bone loss on the labial (0.36 mm) and lingual (0.94 mm) sides of maxillary incisors, and lingual bone thickness decreased significantly at the cervical level (0.57 mm). In non‐extraction cases, vertical alveolar bone loss was significant on the labial side (0.97 mm) and lingual side (0.86 mm) of mandibular incisors. Subgroup analysis for skeletal class III patients indicated that vertical alveolar bone loss was 1.16 mm on the labial side and 0.83 mm on the lingual side of mandibular incisors. The absence of high‐quality studies and the high heterogeneity of the included studies were limitations of this systematic review and meta‐analysis. Based on limited evidence, alveolar bone height and thickness, especially at the cervical level, decreased during both labial and lingual movement of anterior teeth.
Outcomes of outborn very-low-birth-weight infants in Japan
Authors: Hirata Katsuya , Kimura Takeshi , Hirano Shinya , Wada Kazuko , Kusuda Satoshi , Fujimura Masanori 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundOutcomes of prenatal covariate-adjusted outborn very-low-birth-weight infants (VLBWIs) (≤1500 g) remain uncertain.ObjectiveTo compare morbidity and mortality between outborn and inborn VLBWIs.DesignObservational cohort study using inverse-probability-of-treatment weighting.SettingNeonatal Research Network of Japan.PatientsSingleton VLBWIs with no major anomalies admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit from 2012 to 2016.MethodsInverse-probability-of-treatment weighting with propensity scores was used to reduce imbalances in prenatal covariates (gestational age (GA), birth weight, small for GA, sex, maternal age, premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, preeclampsia, maternal diabetes mellitus, antenatal steroids and caesarean section). The primary outcome was severe intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH). The secondary outcomes were outcomes at resuscitation, other neonatal morbidities and mortality.ResultsThe full cohort comprised 15 842 VLBWIs (668 outborns). The median (IQR) GA and birth weight were 28.9 (26.4–31.0) weeks and 1128 (862–1351) g for outborns and 28.7 (26.3–30.9) weeks and 1042 (758–1295) g for inborns. Outborn VLBWIs had a higher incidence of severe IVH (8.2% vs 4.1%; OR, 3.45; 95% CI 1.16 to 10.3) and pulmonary haemorrhage (3.7% vs 2.8%; OR, 5.21; 95% CI 1.41 to 19.2). There were no significant differences in Apgar scores, oxygen rates at delivery, intubation ratio at delivery, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, IVH of any grade, periventricular leukomalacia, chronic lung disease, oxygen at discharge, patent ductus arteriosus, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotising enterocolitis, sepsis or mortality.ConclusionOutborn delivery of VLBWIs was associated with an increased risk of severe IVH.
Relationship between peripapillary vessel density and visual field in glaucoma: a broken-stick model
Authors: Song Min Kyung , Shin Joong Won , Jo Younhye , Won Hun Jae , Kook Michael S 
Published: August 2020

Background/AimsTo determine the tipping point at which peripapillary vessel density (pVD), measured using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A), is associated with detectable visual field (VF) loss in cases of open-angle glaucoma (OAG).MethodsPeripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) thickness and pVD were measured using OCT and OCT-A in 166 healthy participants, those with suspected glaucoma and patients with early-stage OAG. All participants were Koreans. A broken-stick model was used to determine the tipping points below which pRNFL thickness (pRNFLT) or pVD reduction was associated with significant VF loss. The slopes were computed above and below the tipping points for the relationship between pVD, pRNFLT and VF sensitivity (VFS).ResultsTipping points were detected for pRNFLT globally and in the inferior and superior quadrants, at which there were significant differences between the slopes above and below the tipping points. The slopes above the tipping points were approximately zero. However, no tipping point was found for pVD in the global area or regional sectors.ConclusionThe relationship between pVD and VFS does not show a tipping point. This suggests that the correlation between pVD-VFS may be linear and stronger than that of pRNFLT-VFS, even at the early stage of glaucoma.
Ultra-wide-field scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography in FEVR: findings and its diagnostic ability
Authors: Zhang Ting , Wang Zhirong , Sun Limei , Li Songshan , Huang Li , Liu Chengxi , Chen Chonglin , Luo Xiaoling , Yu Bilin , Ding Xiaoyan 
Published: August 2020

Background/Aims
To describe some novel vitreoretinal microstructural findings in patients with mild familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) on ultra-wide-field scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (UWF-SLO) and UWF optical coherence tomography (UWF-OCT) and to evaluate their clinical significance.MethodsA total of 32 patients and 32 healthy controls were studied. An additional independent 40 FEVR patients, 44 patients with non-FEVR retinopathies and 40 healthy controls participated in a diagnostic test to validate the abilities of novel findings in FEVR screening.ResultsA novel anatomic change, named Temporal Mid-Peripheral Vitreoretinal Interface Abnormality (TEMPVIA), was found on UWF-SLO in 88.3% of FEVR patients and in none of the healthy controls. The clinical significance of TEMPVIA was further validated by a diagnostic test in new independent cases, with satisfying sensitivity (91.5%) and specificity (98.8%) and Youden Index 0.90. In addition to foveal hypoplasia, some previously unrecognised, novel clinical changes in FEVR, for instance, retinoschisis, focal retinal thickening, sudden thinning of the retina and retinal ridge, were identified using UWF-OCT.ConclusionThe results of this study have led to an update of the clinical spectrum of FEVR and have improved our understanding of its pathogenesis. TEMPVIA is therefore suggested to be a useful biomarker in the screening strategy for mild FEVR.
Heritability of macular ganglion cell inner plexiform layer thickness as determined by optical coherence tomography: the Healthy Twin Study
Authors: Kong Mingui , Hwang Sungsoon , Ko Hyeonyoung , Lee Ga-In , Kang Moonil , Sung Joohon , Song Yun-Mi , Ham Don-Il 
Published: August 2020

PurposeTo evaluate genetic influence on macular ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness.MethodsMacular GCIPL thickness was measured with optical coherence tomography in nine macular subfields defined by the E TDRS. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of GCIPL thickness by different types of family relationships were estimated to assess intrafamilial resemblance. Then, heritability of GCIPL thickness was estimated.ResultsThree hundred and sixty-one Korean adults from 89 families with normal healthy eyes were included. GCIPL thickness was highest in inner subfields and lowest in fovea. Monozygotic twin pairs showed significantly higher ICCs of GCIPL thickness in all subfields compared to those in parent–offspring pairs and sibling pairs. GCIPL thickness was highly heritable in the centre (0.71) and outer subfields but moderate to highly heritable in inner subfields. Heritability of GCIPL thickness in outer subfields was 0.69, 0.67, 0.72 and 0.68 for superior, inferior, temporal and nasal fields, respectively. Heritability of GCIPL thickness in inner subfields was 0.55, 0.56, 0.75 and 050 for superior, inferior, temporal and nasal subfields, respectively.ConclusionMacular GCIPL thickness is significantly influenced by genetic factors. It varies according to subfields with moderate to high heritability in all subfields.