bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apoptosis And Resistance To Anti-Microtubule Agents
Authors: Willingham M C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Several clinically important anti-cancer agents exert their effects on tumor cells through interference with the function of microtubules. In addition to the Vinca alkaloids, such as vinblastine and vincristine, the taxanes, such as paclitaxel (Trade Name: Taxol), kill tumor cells through a microtubular target. Treatment with taxol leads to the inability of microtubules to depolymerize, leading to the formation of large intracellular microtubular bundles. In tumor cells that progress through the cell cycle, this leads to the inability of these cells to disassembly interphase microtubule networks and a failure to form functional mitotic spindles. These cells arrest in M phase, from which they eventually progress, either by the induction of apoptotic cell death, or by micronucleation and the formation of tetraploid cells. There is also the possibility that taxol has other effects on the regulation of genes or other systems to enhance cell killing, perhaps through lowering the threshold of cells to the induction of apoptotic cell death.
Applications of Correlative Microscopy in Diagnostic and Investigative Pathology
Authors: Howell D N , Miller S E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Correlative microscopy is employed in a great variety of settings by both diagnostic and investigative pathologists. Combinations of conventional light microscopy (LM), immunohistology, and electron microscopy (EM) are used in a wide range of diagnostic settings, including the analysis of tumors, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. Valuable diagnostic information is also frequently obtained by simultaneous or sequential examination of exfoliated or aspirated cell suspensions (cytopathology) and tissue sections (histopathology) from the same lesion. An even wider range of correlative microscopic methods is employed by pathologists in basic and clinical research. The rationales for using correlative techniques are many and varied, but in most cases fall within a limited number of categories.
Pathologists frequently use a second microscopic or preparative technique to improve on the resolution afforded by an initial technique. Electron microscopy is often used to refine the analysis of features initially detected by routine LM or immunohistology.
Immune System Activation After Cisplatin or “Poly-Plat” Treatment: An in Vivo Study
Authors: Telgen D J , Aggarwal S K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Cisplatin (cw-diamminedichloroplatinum II; CDDP) is a broad spectrum anti-cancer agent with severe toxic side effects. New platinum based chemotherapeutic agents with similar properties are in constant development. Poly-plat (Poly-[(teans-l,2-diaminocyclohexane) platinum]-carboxyamylose), a novel second generation platinum chemotherapeutic agent, has been shown to be less toxic compared to CDDP. The purpose of this paper was to examine the morphological changes in the Kupffer cells in the liver after poly-plat treatment in rats and compare the results obtained after CDDP. Peripheral blood was also examined for levels of circulating leukocytes.
Wistar rats (120-160 g) were given intraperitoneal injections of either CDDP (9 mg/kg in 0.9% sodium chloride) or poly-plat (10 mg/kg in 0.9% sodium chloride) over a five day period. Controls were treated with equal amounts of the vehicle of injection. Peripheral blood was collected via tail vein beginning 1 day prior to treatment and continuing 10 days after treatment.
Negative Stain Electron Microscopy…a Valuable Diagnostic Method in a Molecular Probe Diagnostic World
Authors: Humphrey C D , Monroe S S , Glass R I 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Endemic and epidemic viral gastroenteritis are major causes of morbidity worldwide and are frequently a major cause of death in the developing world. Rotavirus, adenovirus, calicivirus, astrovirus, and the Norwalk virus family are the viruses most often associated with gastroenteritis. Of these, the major cause of epidemic viral gastroenteritis in the US is Norwalk-like viruses. Gastroenteritis caused by this virus group is responsible for such outbreaks in settings such as cruise ships, schools, camps, hospitals, day-care and extended care facilities, football games and festivals.
As early as the 1950s and 1960s electron microscopy (EM), including negative stain EM, was established as a diagnostic tool for identifying viruses. Negative stain EM is especially useful for identifying viruses that are difficult or impossible to culture (eg. viruses in the Norwalk family). The first Norwalk virus was identified in the 1969 by immune-negative stain EM. Many antigenic types were identified soon afterward that did not cross-react with the prototype Norwalk virus.
Microvascular Architecture of the Lingual Papillae in Rabbits.
Authors: Masuko T S , König B , Schmidt BR 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The comparative morphology of the tongue microvasculature has been studied in different animals, such as in man (Okada et al, 1993, Matsukawa and Okada, 1994), rats (Nagato et al., 1989, Ohshima, et al, 1990, Selliseth and Slvig, 1993), dogs (Kishi et al, 1986, Kishi et al 1988), goats(Scala et al, 1992), monkeys (Patterson, et al, 1992, Okada et al, 1993, Matsukawa and Okada, 1994), marmosets (Okada et al, 1993, Matsukawa and Okada, 1994) and shrews (Okada et al, 1993, Matsukawa and Okada, 1994), but apparently none in rabbits. The disposition of the blood vessels of the rabbit's lingual papillae were studied by injecting them with Mercox resin and posterior corrosion, thus obtained microcorrosion casts were observed in the scanning electron microscope.
Male and adult rabbits were used to obtain our models. After perfusion with heparin 0,1M, pH 7.4 and glutaraldehyde, both in the same buffer, the vessels were filled as reported above.
Prevention of changes in Endothelial Cells Cultured in High Glucose
Authors: Taylor CA , Imdad Z , Puchalski J , Lemley-Gillespie S , Mandal AK 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The vascular endothelium is the interface with hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and its complications, including nephropathy, myocardial infarction, blindness, and gangrene. To mimic the vascular endothelium in a controlled experimental situation, we use the endothelial cell line (CRL 1998) obtained from The American Type Culture Collection. Cells are grown to confluency in Media 199 containing 10% fetal calf serum and gentamicin (50mg/ml). The growth media is replaced with experimental media containing high glucose (30mM), insulin (20 Units/ml), or heparin (500 Units/ml) either separately or in combinations. Cells are briefly trypsinized, pelleted, embedded, and sectioned with a Diatome diamond knife for TEM or for SEM, grown on 0.45um filters, followed by fixation and air-drying in situ: this approach to culture allows cells to obtain a polar, more natural phenotype than monolayers on glass or plastic.
Incubation in high glucose results in loss of confluency, production of intercellular gaps, and fewer mitotic figures.
Pericyte Ultrastructural Pathology in Autoimmune Inflammatory Myopathies
Authors: Finol HJ , Marquez A , Pulido-Mendez M , Muller B , Montes de Oca I , Tonino P 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ultrastructural Pathology of capillary endothelial cells in autoimmune inflammatory myopathies has been intensively investigated in the last two decades, but much less is known about the alterations of capillary pericytes. In other diseases as diabetes and arterial hypertension perycites abnormalities have been reported. In this work we report the pericyte ultrastructural pathology in autoimmune inflammatory myopathies.
Patients admitted to the study were attending the rheumatology clinics at the Caracas University Hospital. Diagnoses were systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, and muscle paraneoplastic phenomenon.
Needle muscle biopsies were processed with routine techniques for transmission electron microscopy and observed in a Hitachi H-500 electron microscope.
Two different processes were observed, pericyte hypertrophy and cell degeneration. In the first one cytoplasmic proliferation is evident (Fig. 1). Some capillaries embraced by the pericyte were found (Fig. 2). In the second one cytoplasmic vacuolation and capillary necrosis (Fig. 3) were evident. Usually, pericyte and endothelial degeneration were concomitant.
Ultrastructural Localization of CD34 in Soft Tissue Tumors
Authors: Minda J M , Lawton T J , Rijn M van de 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The CD34 antigen is a single chain, heavily glycosylated transmembrane protein originally identified in hematopoietic stem cells. Subsequently it was found to be expressed in cells of normal endothelium and a variety of soft tissue tumors, including: epithelioid sarcoma, solitary fibrous tumor,’ gastrointestinal stromal tumor and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. Using paraffin immunohistochemistry, membranous and cytoplasmic staining for CD34 can be seen in these lesions, with most showing a combination of both. The findings of cytoplasmic staining is unexpected, as CD34 is a transmembrane cell surface protein. We analyzed the ultrastructural localization of CD34 on two soft tissue tumors with membranous and combined membranous and cytoplasmic staining.
Biopsy specimens were fixed with a mixture of 4% paraformaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M sodium cacodylate buffer, pH = 7.4 for 1-2 hours, and embedded in Poly/Bed 812 with osmium tetroxide post-fixation, or in LR White without osmication. The immunogold method was performed on ultrathin sections placed on Nickel grids,
Tissue Response to Bone Substitute Materials Supporting Dental Implants
Authors: Krizan K E , Lew D , Rubey T , Keller J C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biological response of a bone substitute material placed around Ti dental implants surgically positioned in tooth extraction sites of canine mandible. Under general anesthesia six adult mongrel canine had bilateral extractions of the fourth premolarbicuspid. Each extraction site was modeled into a 4 wall defect with box-like dimensions (1.0 mm vertically x 1.2 mm horizontally x 0.75 mm laterally). Utilizing the Branemark technique, screwtype implants with healing screws (10 mm x 4 mm), were placed in the prepared sites. A synthetic hydroxyapatite bone cement (HAC) [BoneSource®, Howmedica Laboratories, Inc.] was prepared and filled in around each implant. As controls, three canine had HAC placed in prepared sites without implants. Prior to periodontal flap suture closure a n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate biodegradable tissue adhesive [Histoacryl®], was placed over implants and HAC. One canine each was euthanized at one month (m), two m, and three m postop.
Ultrastructural Distribution of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor-Like Molecules in Peripheral Nerves
Authors: Kayton Robert J , Aktas Ranan Gulhan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) is a multifunctional polypeptide which has been shown to play a pivotal role in the survival and differentiation of nerve cells. Several trophic and non-trophic functions of this protein have been suggested in peripheral nerves. In spite of ample information about the distribution and effects of bFGF in central nervous system, few data are available concerning the localization of this protein in peripheral nerves. In view of the role of bFGF in regulation of trophic and non-trophic functions, we particularly focused on the presence and precise location of bFGF in peripheral nerves at the electron microscope level.
Spurr's resin embedded ultrathin sections from adult rats’ sural nerves were labeled with either polyclonal (F3393-Sigma) or monoclonal antibodies (F6162-Sigma, C3316-Zymogenetics) specific for bFGF using two-step immunogold labeling method. Control samples were treated with either an equivalent volume of blocking solution (omitting the primary antibody) or an irrelevant antibody (Factor VIII, VGF, anti-histamine, anti-fibroblast 5B5).
Ciliogenesis and Axonemal Dynein Expression in Human Airway Epithelium Cultured in an Air/Liquid Interface Environment
Authors: Carson J L , Reed W , Brighton Luisa , Gambling Todd M , Collier Albert M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Axonemal dynein is a high molecular weight Mg2+-ATPase which occurs across the eukaryotic phylogenetic spectrum and interacts with the microtubular doublets of ciliary axonemes to effect ciliary beating. Unlike cytoplasmic dyneins which serve intracellular functions and are relatively ubiquitous in all cells, axonemal dynein is expressed exclusively in mature and nascent ciliated cells. Ciliated cells figure prominently in mucociliary clearance, a primary defense mechanism of the mammalian respiratory airways. Acting in concert with mucus secreting cells, the mucociliary escalator maintains virtual sterility in the airways and lung. Although ciliated cells are the predominant cell type in the airways and serve a critical function in respiratory health, they also are particularly vulnerable to injury. The strategic functional importance of the ciliated cell as well as its susceptibility to injury by infectious agents and irritants has led to development of epithelial cell culture systems which facilitate epithelium-specific studies of injury.
Microwave-Assisted Immunoelectron Microscopy of Skin
Authors: Petrali John P , Mills Kenneth R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Microwave energy (MWE) as a method of rapid tissue processing is gaining increasing support as an alternative to routine chemical processing in diagnostic laboratory environments. Chemical fixatives and conventional fixation times used for standardized preservation of tissues can result in serious alterations in morphology as a consequence of solubilization and conformational changes of proteins and lipids. These untoward changes typically result in compromised antigenicity of many tissue proteins. With MWE processing, tissue antigens can be distinctly better preserved, antigen retrieval made more replicate and histochemical and immunochemical reactions made ultrafast. The present study had two objectives: to compare MWE processed skin to conventionally processed skin for ultrastructural integrity; to compare MWE expression of antigenicity of selected skin proteins which are usually sensitive to conventional chemical processing. Skin proteins selected were bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPA) and laminin.
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy of Hamster Cerebellum using FM4-64 as Intracellular Staining
Authors: Castejón O , Sims P 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy is an excellent method to study nerve cell morphology and the three-dimensional distribution and interrelationship of dentrites and axons in the central nervous system. The cerebellum has been taking as a model of a gray center.
The FM4-64, a member of the family of fluorescent dyes, has been applied to the cerebellar cortex to evaluate its properties as an intracellular stain and intracortical tracer. Slabs of hamster cerebellum,5 mm thick, were incubated in 10,30 and 100 μm solutions of FM4-64 in sodium phosphate buffer and observed in a slow scan confocal laser scanning microscope. Mossy and climbing fibers were traced in the cerebellar white and gray substances.They exhibited high fluorescence signal at the level of myelin sheath.
Mossy fibers were identified in the granular layer by their typical rosette formation and dichotomous bifurcation pattern. Climbing fibers bundles were observed crossing the granular layer and giving collateral branches around Golgi cell bodies.
Integrated Microscopy of Extracellular Adhesives of the Marine Biofouling Alga Achnanthes Longipes (Bacillariophyceae)
Authors: Wang Y , Wustman B A , Chen Y , Lavin C , Gretz M R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
An integrated approach including TEM, SEM and LM was utilized to investigate adhesives produced by the marine fouling diatom Achnanthes longipes. Extracellular adhesive secretion during sequential attachment in living diatom cells was examined using video microscopy. A suite of cryotechniques including high pressure freezing (HPF), freeze-substitution (FS) and high resolution cryo-field-emission SEM (cryo-FESEM) were required for preservation and structural investigation of the hydrophilic polymers synthesized by A. longipes that promote attachment to ship hulls, oil rigs and other submerged structures.
Living cells and associated extracellular biocomposites were rapidly cryo-immoblized and observed using a Hitachi S-900 FESEM equipped with a cryo-stage. This technique allowed resolution of details of polymer organization within the pad, shaft and collar portions of the major adhesive structure termed a stalk (Fig. 1,2). This stalk has been demonstrated to consist mainly of polysaccharide cross-linked by O-linked polypeptides. In addition to permanently adhering the diatom to the substratum, the stalk elevates A. longipes, possibly enhancing the ability to successfully compete with other biofilm dwellers.
EM Study of Isopod Hemocytes
Authors: Vernon G M , Rappa E J , Murray W C , Witkus R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Crustacean hemocytes have been characterized on the basis of cell size and nature of cytoplasmic granules. Based on light microscopic morphological analysis and cytochemistry, investigators variously named the hemocyte types (agranular, small-granule, large granule, undifferentiated, hyaline cells, non-explosive, explosive granulocytes, etc.). In his study of the isopod Armadillidium vulgare Faso adopted the terminology of Benjamin and James and referred to the hemocytes as hyaline cells, semi-granulocytes and granulocytes.
In the present investigation we have studied the hemocytes of two isopods, Oniscus asellus and Armadillidium nasatum, using transmission electron microscopy. Hemolymph was collected by penetrating the posterior dorsal exoskeleton of 20 animals of each genus with a microcapillary pipette and drawing 3-5μL per isopod. The samples were processed following a standard technique. Thin sections were collected on 300 mesh copper grids, counterstained with 2% aqueous uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and viewed with a JEOL 1010 electron microscope.
Ultrastructure of Haustoria of Plant Pathogenic Fungi
Authors: Mims C W , Richardson E A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Most plant pathogenic fungi that are obligate parasites produce haustoria which are thought to be involved in nutrient absorption. A haustorium is a specialized hyphal branch that penetrates the host cell wall and invaginates the host cell plasma membrane. The host plasma membrane ensheathing the haustorium is termed the extrahaustorial membrane. This presentation provides examples of different types of haustoria produced by plant pathogenic fungi. Species considered here are 1) Cronartium quercuum f. sp.fusiforme, the cause of fusiform gall rust of pine, 2) Puccinia arachidis, the cause of peanut rust1, 3) Uncinuliella australiana, the cause of powdery mildew of crape myrtle, 4) Exobasidium camelliae, a pathogen of Camellia sasanqua2, and 5) Cercosporidium personatum, the cause of late leaf spot of peanut.
Rust fungi typically require two different host species to complete their life cycles. The dikaryotic phase of the rust life cycle consists of intercellular hyphae that give rise to specialized haustoria known as D-haustoria which are remarkably similar from one species to the next.
Identification of Papilloma-Like Virus Particles in Cell Lines Derived from Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia Mydas) With Fibropapilloma
Authors: Lu Yuanan , Nerurkar Vivek R , Weatherby Tina M , Yanagihara Richard 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The near epidemic occurrence of fibropapilloma in green sea turtle (Chelonia my das) (Figure 1) significantly threatens the survival of this species which is protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Although collective evidence suggests a viral etiology, the causative virus of green sea turtle fibropapilloma has not been isolated. To facilitate the isolation and characterization of the causative virus(es), we established 13 cell lines from multiple organs/tissues (tumor, kidney, lung, heart, gall bladder, testis, and skin) of green sea turtles with fibropapilloma. Serial subcultivation of cell lines derived from lungs, testis, eye soft tissues and tumors resulted in the formation of tumor-like aggregates, which attained sizes of 1-2 mm in diameter within two weeks (Figure 2). Media from such cultures, when inoculated onto cells derived from healthy turtle embryos, produced similar tumor-like aggregates, suggesting the presence of a transmissible agent.
High Resolution Immuno-Electron Microscopy Reveals That Fetal Skin Contains Microfibrils which are Heteropolymers of Fibrillin-1 and Fibrillin-2
Authors: Keene DR , Charbonneau NL , Dzamba BJ , Reinhardt DP , Ridgway CC , Ono RN , Sakai LY 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Immunolocalization studies of neonate and older human tissues have previously demonstrated that fibrillin-1 is a component of elastin and non-elastin associated microfibrils. In sections taken from fixed, dehydrated and embedded tissue, microfibrils appear in the transmission electron microscope as hollow rods, 6-8 nm in diameter. When isolated from tissue by homogenization and observed following negative staining or rotary shadowing, microfibrils appear as beaded strings with a degree of extendibility. Recently, a closely related glycoprotein, fibrillin-2, has been described, which is expressed in early fetal development, prior to fibrillin-1, but then disappears in most tissues just prior to birth. We demonstrate here the characterization monoclonal antibodies specific for fibrillin-2. The antibodies are shown by ELISA and immunoblots to be fibrillin-2 specific. The matrix from a variety of tissues, including aorta, tendon, and eye are shown to contain fibrillin-2 by immunofluorescence in a pattern similar to that of fibrillin-1.
2G Alters the Utricular Macula of Chick Embryos
Authors: Hara Hirotaka , Fermin César D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chick embryos (Gallus domesticus) exposed continuously from day one until 18 days of incubation to a 2G acceleration (hyperG chicks) force hatched with altered macular epithelia. Fertile eggs were placed in an incubator and exposed to 2G on a centrifuge by the original apparatus until 18 days of incubation. Effective 2G loads were obtained by rotating the apparatus at a constant velocity of 327.5 degree/sec with the incubator mounted at 55 cm from the center axis [1]. The vestibules of the newly hatch chicks were dissected and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde. The utricles were rinsed in phosphate buffer, postfixed with 2% osmic acid and dehydrated in graded ethanol and embedded in plastic. Semithin sections were examined under Light microscopy with computerized video imaging system [2] and ultrathin sections were examined under TEM.
Unusual Mitochondrial Aggregation with Virus in Infected Transgenic Plants
Authors: Zhang L , Langenberg W G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Viruses grouped in the family Potyviridaeare long flexious rod-shaped viruses and cause the most damage of all plant vims groups. They possess a single stranded positive sense RNA genome that encodes a single polyprotein product which yields eight or more proteins by secondary processing. Considerable efforts have been made to transform plants with DNA or RNA sequences of these proteins in hopes of obtaining pathogen-derived resistant plants. Hull has suggested that a close assessment of the risks involved in field release of transformed plants would be desirable. However, to our knowledge, there have been no published reports regarding properties of viruses that do infect some transformed plants. We describe here an ultrastructural appearance of transgenic plant cells infected by potato virus Y (PVY) (ATCC PV No. 50; PVY-50) and unusual mitochondrial aggregation with the virus.