bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A standardised bioassay method using a bench‐top spray tower to evaluate entomopathogenic fungi for control of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum
Authors: Spence Eleanor L , Chandler David , Edgington Steve , Berry Shaun D , Martin Gareth , O'Sullivan Christine , Svendsen Claus , Hesketh Helen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDBioassays evaluating entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) isolates for effective microbial control of whitefly are a fundamental part of the screening process for bioprotectants, but development of repeatable, robust bioassays is not straightforward. Currently, there is no readily available standardised method to test the efficacy of EPF on whitefly.Here, we describe the calibration and use of a spray tower to deliver a standardised protocol to assess EPF activity; the method was validated using 18 EPF from four genera in tests against greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood).RESULTSAt 138 kPa, the sprayer delivered 0.062 mL mm−2 (620 L ha−1) and an even deposition of spray across the central 1590 mm2 of the spray area.Average conidial deposition for all EPF was 252 conidia mm−2 and equivalent to 2.5 × 1012 conidia ha−1 at an application concentration of 1 × 107 conidia mL−1. Conidial deposition of a test Beauveria bassiana suspension increased with increasing application concentration.Egg laying by T. vaporariorum adults was restricted to 177 mm2 using clip cages specifically designed to ensure that third‐instar T. vaporariorum received a uniform spray coverage. Nymphs occupied 373 ± 5 mm2 of the leaf after migrating during the first instar.Average T. vaporariorum mortality totaled 8–89% 14 days after application of 1 × 107 conidia mL−1 of each EPF isolate.CONCLUSIONCombining the calibrated sprayer and bioassay method provides a reliable, standardised approach to test the virulence of EPF against whitefly nymphs. This laboratory‐based assay is affordable, replicable and allows the user to alter the dose of conidia applied to the target.
Resistance assessment for SYP‐14288 in Phytophthora capsici and changes in mitochondria electric potential‐associated respiration and ATP production confers resistance
Authors: Wang Zhiwen , Peng Qin , Hou Yanhua , Gao Xiang , Zhong Shan , Fang Yuan , Liu Changling , Liu Xili 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDPhytophthora capsici is a destructive plant oomycete pathogen that could lead to devastating losses in food production. Fungicide application is the main way to control plant disease caused by P. capsici. SYP‐14288, a novel fungicide with a unique mode of action, could be used to control a broad range of plant diseases. Here, the potential for SYP‐14288 resistance in P. capsici and the resistance mechanism involved were evaluated.RESULTSBaseline sensitivities of 133 isolates to SYP‐14288 were determined and found to conform to a unimodal curve with a mean half‐maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 0.625 μg mL−1. In total, 21 stable SYP‐14288‐resistant mutants were generated by fungicide adaptation in three sensitive isolates. The fitness of all the mutants was found to be lower than that of the parental isolates. Otherwise, downregulation of various ATPases may confer different resistance levels in P. capsici. Finally, multiple biochemical studies strongly suggest that both ATP content and electric potential were reduced in SYP‐14288‐resistant mutants, and as a compensatory mechanism, respiration was facilitated to make up for the energy defect in mutants.CONCLUSIONThe low fitness of SYP‐14288‐resistant mutants suggests that the resistance risk of P. capsici to SYP‐14288 is low. Resistance may be led by a permeability change in the mitochondrial inner membrane in SYP‐14288‐resistant isolates, and lower ATP consumption lifestyles may be key to the SYP‐14288 resistance generated in P. capsici. The current study could benefit the registration and application of the novel fungicide SYP‐14288. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
The zinc finger transcription factors Bbctf1α and Bbctf1β regulate the expression of genes involved in lipid degradation and contribute to stress tolerance and virulence in a fungal insect pathogen
Authors: Wang Zheng‐Liang , Pan Hai‐Bo , Huang Jue , Yu Xiao‐Ping 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo initiate insect infection, entomopathogenic fungi produce diverse cuticle‐degrading enzymes. Of those, lipolytic enzymes participate in epicuticular lipid hydrolysis and thus facilitate fungal penetration through the outermost cuticular barrier of the insect host. The Far/CTF1‐type zinc finger transcription factors play an important role in the regulation of lipolytic activity and fungal pathogenicity in plant pathogens but remain functionally unknown in fungal insect pathogens.RESULTSTwo Far/CTF1‐type transcription factor Bbctf1α and Bbctf1β, which are essential for differential expression of genes involved in the fungal lipid degradation, were identified and functionally characterized in a fungal entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana. Disruption of each gene led to drastic losses of extracellular lipolytic activities under lipidic substrate‐inducing conditions, followed by remarkable phenotypic defects associated with the fungal biocontrol potential. These defects mainly included severe impairments of mycelial growth and conidium formation, and drastic losses of tolerance to the stresses of oxidation and cell wall perturbation during colony growth under either normal or induction conditions. Bioassays showed that the virulence of each disruption mutant on the greater wax moth was remarkably attenuated in topical immersion. However, there was no significant difference in intrahemolymph injection when the cuticle penetration process was bypassed.CONCLUSIONSBbctf1α and Bbctf1β are multifunctional transcription factors that play vital roles in the regulation of fungal lipid utilization and contribute to the vegetative growth, sporulation capacity, environmental fitness and pest control potential in B. bassiana. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Cinmethylin controls multiple herbicide‐resistant Lolium rigidum and its wheat selectivity is P450‐based
Authors: Busi Roberto , Dayan Franck E , Francis Ian , Goggin Danica , Lerchl Jens , Porri Aimone , Powles Stephen B , Sun Ci , Beckie Hugh J 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDMultiple‐herbicide resistance in Lolium rigidum and other weed species is increasingly exerting pressure on herbicide discovery research for solutions against resistance‐prone weeds. In this study we investigate: (i) the responses of L. rigidum populations and wheat to the new herbicide cinmethylin in comparison with other pre‐emergence herbicides, (ii) the effect of seed burial depths on cinmethylin efficacy and crop selectivity, and (iii) the basis of cinmethylin selectivity in wheat.RESULTSCinmethylin at 400 g ha−1 controls herbicide‐susceptible and multiple‐resistant L. rigidum, with a reduction of >85% in plant emergence and 90% in aboveground biomass. Cinmethylin provides effective control of a large number of field populations of L. rigidum with evident resistance to trifluralin. When the wheat seed is buried ≥1 cm below the cinmethylin‐treated soil surface, the emergence of crop seedlings is not different from the untreated control. The organophosphate insecticide phorate synergizes cinmethylin toxicity in wheat, with an LD50 of 682 g ha−1 in the absence of phorate versus 109 g ha−1 in the presence of phorate (84% reduction). The synergistic effect of phorate with cinmethylin on herbicide‐susceptible L. rigidum appears smaller (a 44% reduction in the LD50 of cinmethylin).CONCLUSIONSCinmethylin is effective in controlling multiple‐resistant L. rigidum and appears safe for wheat when the seed is separated at depth from the herbicide applied to the soil surface. The basis of this metabolism‐based selectivity is likely regulated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Severe clopidogrel‐induced DRESS with eosinophilic pneumonia associated with Epstein–Barr virus reactivation
Authors: Inagaki Yuji , Tachibana Kazunobu , Inoue Yasushi , Kasai Takahiko , Inoue Yoshikazu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDrug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a type of hypersensitivity drug reaction. Here, we report the case of a 78‐year‐old man who presented with a rash, fever, dry cough, and swollen parotid glands who had been prescribed clopidogrel for one year. Computed tomography showed consolidation and interlobular septal thickening with enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. As oxygen therapy was ineffective, the patient was intubated and bronchoalveolar lavage cellular analysis showed an increase in eosinophils. Clopidogrel was discontinued and the parotid biopsy revealed periductal lymphocytic infiltration. High doses of corticosteroids were administered, and his symptoms improved. However, his symptoms recurred when clopidogrel was restarted. Skin biopsy showed mild lymphocytic infiltration in the upper dermis with vasculitis, and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) DNA was detected in his blood and lymph node tissue. On the basis of the pathology and disease manifestations, the patient was diagnosed with DRESS. Once clopidogrel treatment ceased, his symptoms never recurred.
Scheduling flows over LEO constellations on LMS channels
Authors: Tauran Bastien , Lochin Emmanuel , Lacan Jérôme , Arnal Fabrice , Gineste Mathieu , Kuhn Nicolas 
Published: February 2020

SummarySatellite systems typically use physical and link layer reliability schemes to compensate the significant channel impairments, especially for the link between a satellite and a mobile end‐user. These schemes have been introduced at the price of an increase in the end‐to‐end delay, high jitter, or out‐of‐order packets. This is shown to have a negative impact both on multimedia and best‐effort traffic, decreasing the Quality of Experience (QoE) of users. In this paper, we propose to solve this issue by scheduling data transmission as a function of the channel condition. We first investigate existing scheduling mechanisms and analyze their performance for two kinds of traffic: VoIP and best‐effort. In the case of VoIP traffic, the objective is to lower both latency and jitter, which are the most important metrics to achieve a consistent VoIP service. We select the best candidate among several schedulers and propose a novel algorithm specifically designed to carry VoIP over LEO constellations. We then investigate the performance of the scheduling policies on internet‐browsing traffic carried by TCP, where the goal is now the maximize the users' goodput and select the best candidate in this case.
Glycyrrhizic‐Acid‐Based Carbon Dots with High Antiviral Activity by Multisite Inhibition Mechanisms
Authors: Tong Ting , Hu Hongwei , Zhou Junwei , Deng Shuangfei , Zhang Xiaotong , Tang Wantao , Fang Liurong , Xiao Shaobo , Liang Jiangong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWith the gradual usage of carbon dots (CDs) in the area of antiviral research, attempts have been stepped up to develop new antiviral CDs with high biocompatibility and antiviral effects. In this study, a kind of highly biocompatible CDs (Gly‐CDs) is synthesized from active ingredient (glycyrrhizic acid) of Chinese herbal medicine by a hydrothermal method. Using the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) as a model, it is found that the Gly‐CDs inhibit PRRSV proliferation by up to 5 orders of viral titers. Detailed investigations reveal that Gly‐CDs can inhibit PRRSV invasion and replication, stimulate antiviral innate immune responses, and inhibit the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by PRRSV infection. Proteomics analysis demonstrates that Gly‐CDs can stimulate cells to regulate the expression of some host restriction factors, including DDX53 and NOS3, which are directly related to PRRSV proliferation. Moreover, it is found that Gly‐CDs also remarkably suppress the propagation of other viruses, such as pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), suggesting the broad antiviral activity of Gly‐CDs. The integrated results demonstrate that Gly‐CDs possess extraordinary antiviral activity with multisite inhibition mechanisms, providing a promising candidate for alternative therapy for PRRSV infection.
Li‐Ion Cooperative Migration and Oxy‐Sulfide Synergistic Effect in Li14P2Ge2S16−6xOx Solid‐State‐Electrolyte Enables Extraordinary Conductivity and High Stability
Authors: Zhang Bingkai , Weng Mouyi , Lin Zhan , Feng Yancong , Yang Luyi , Wang Lin‐Wang , Pan Feng 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCritical to the development of all‐solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries technology are novel solid‐state electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and robust stability under inorganic solid‐electrolyte operating conditions. Herein, by using density functional theory and molecular dynamics, a mixed oxygen‐sulfur‐based Li‐superionic conductor is screened out from the local chemical structure of β‐Li3PS4 to discover novel Li14P2Ge2S8O8 (LPGSO) with high ionic conductivity and high stability under thermal, moist, and electrochemical conditions, which causes oxygenation at specific sites to improve the stability and selective sulfuration to provide an O‐S mixed path by Li‐S/O structure units with coordination number between 3 and 4 for fast Li‐cooperative conduction. Furthermore, LPGSO exhibits a quasi‐isotropic 3D Li‐ion cooperative diffusion with a lesser migration barrier (≈0.19 eV) compared to its sulfide‐analog Li14P2Ge2S16. The theoretical ionic conductivity of this conductor at room temperature is as high as ≈30.0 mS cm−1, which is among the best in current solid‐state electrolytes. Such an oxy‐sulfide synergistic effect and Li‐ion cooperative migration mechanism would enable the engineering of next‐generation electrolyte materials with desirable safety and high ionic conductivity, for possible application in the near future.
Bottom‐Up Assembly of Functional Intracellular Synthetic Organelles by Droplet‐Based Microfluidics
Authors: Staufer Oskar , Schröter Martin , Platzman Ilia , Spatz Joachim P. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBottom‐up synthetic biology has directed most efforts toward the construction of artificial compartmentalized systems that recreate living cell functions in their mechanical, morphological, or metabolic characteristics. However, bottom‐up synthetic biology also offers great potential to study subcellular structures like organelles. Because of their intricate and complex structure, these key elements of eukaryotic life forms remain poorly understood. Here, the controlled assembly of lipid enclosed, organelle‐like architectures is explored by droplet‐based microfluidics. Three types of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs)‐based synthetic organelles (SOs) functioning within natural living cells are procedured: (A) synthetic peroxisomes supporting cellular stress‐management, mimicking an organelle innate to the host cell by using analogous enzymatic modules; (B) synthetic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as intracellular light‐responsive calcium stores involved in intercellular calcium signalling, mimicking an organelle innate to the host cell but utilizing a fundamentally different mechanism; and (C) synthetic magnetosomes providing eukaryotic cells with a magnetotactic sense, mimicking an organelle that is not natural to the host cell but transplanting its functionality from other branches of the phylogenetic tree. Microfluidic assembly of functional SOs paves the way for high‐throughput generation of versatile intracellular structures implantable into living cells. This in‐droplet SO design may support or expand cellular functionalities in translational nanomedicine.
Minimum Information in In Vivo Research
Authors: Voehringer Patrizia , Nicholson Janet R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractData quality, reproducibility and reliability are a matter of concern in many scientific fields including biomedical research. Robust, reproducible data and scientific rigour form the foundation on which future studies are built and determine the pace of knowledge gain and the time needed to develop new and innovative drugs that provide benefit to patients. Critical to the attainment of this is the precise and transparent reporting of data. In the current chapter, we will describe literature highlighting factors that constitute the minimum information that is needed to be included in the reporting of in vivo research. The main part of the chapter will focus on the minimum information that is essential for reporting in a scientific publication. In addition, we will present a table distinguishing information necessary to be recorded in a laboratory notebook or another form of internal protocols versus information that should be reported in a paper. We will use examples from the behavioural literature, in vivo studies where the use of anaesthetics and analgesics are used and finally ex vivo studies including histological evaluations and biochemical assays.
Classifying and constraining local four photon and four graviton S-matrices
Authors: Chowdhury Subham Dutta , Gadde Abhijit , Gopalka Tushar , Halder Indranil , Janagal Lavneet , Minwalla Shiraz 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We study the space of all kinematically allowed four photon and four graviton S-matrices, polynomial in scattering momenta. We demonstrate that this space is the permutation invariant sector of a module over the ring of polynomials of the Mandelstam invariants s, t and u. We construct these modules for every value of the spacetime dimension D, and so explicitly count and parameterize the most general four photon and four graviton S-matrix at any given derivative order. We also explicitly list the local Lagrangians that give rise to these S-matrices. We then conjecture that the Regge growth of S-matrices in all physically acceptable classical theories is bounded by s2 at fixed t. A four parameter subset of the polynomial photon S-matrices constructed above satisfies this Regge criterion. For gravitons, on the other hand, no polynomial addition to the Einstein S-matrix obeys this bound for D ≤ 6. For D ≥ 7 there is a single six derivative polynomial Lagrangian consistent with our conjectured Regge growth bound. Our conjecture thus implies that the Einstein four graviton S-matrix does not admit any physically acceptable polynomial modifications for D ≤ 6. A preliminary analysis also suggests that every finite sum of pole exchange contributions to four graviton scattering also violates our conjectured Regge growth bound, at least when D ≤ 6, even when the exchanged particles have low spin.
Electrical stimulation in bone tissue engineering treatments
Authors: Leppik Liudmila , Oliveira Karla Mychellyne Costa , Bhavsar Mit Balvantray , Barker John Howard 
Published: February 2020

AbstractElectrical stimulation (EStim) has been shown to promote bone healing and regeneration both in animal experiments and clinical treatments. Therefore, incorporating EStim into promising new bone tissue engineering (BTE) therapies is a logical next step. The goal of current BTE research is to develop combinations of cells, scaffolds, and chemical and physical stimuli that optimize treatment outcomes. Recent studies demonstrating EStim’s positive osteogenic effects at the cellular and molecular level provide intriguing clues to the underlying mechanisms by which it promotes bone healing. In this review, we discuss results of recent in vitro and in vivo research focused on using EStim to promote bone healing and regeneration and consider possible strategies for its application to improve outcomes in BTE treatments. Technical aspects of exposing cells and tissues to EStim in in vitro and in vivo model systems are also discussed.
Qualitative investigation on VOC-emissions from spruce (Picea abies) and larch (Larix decidua) loose bark and bark panels
Authors: Kain Günther , Stratev Daniel , Tudor Eugenia , Lienbacher Bernhard , Weigl Martin , Barbu Marius-Catalin , Petutschnigg Alexander 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTree bark is an interesting source for various building and furniture materials. It holds a high number of volatile components—resulting in emissions whose effects on building residents have to be considered. Spruce and larch barks were dried using different methods and prepared as loose particles and panels. The VOC (volatile organic compound) emissions after 3 and 14 days were measured in a small chamber using gas chromatography and coupled mass spectroscopy. The influence of bark type, drying method, hot pressing and time on the emissions was quantified. The total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) emissions from spruce bark were higher than those from larch bark. High-temperature treatment and time significantly decrease TVOC emissions from the investigated barks. Terpenes, aldehydes and acids were analysed in the emitting gases. The high temperatures whilst pressing panels are problematic due to furfural constitution. Its emissions and partly those of 2-octenal and acetic acid are relevant for present and upcoming evaluation schemes. Aldehydes are the critical substance when using bark in the interior and must be controlled in product development.
The effect of offspring value on variation of nest defense intensity in gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis)
Authors: Redmond Lucas J. , Eroh Craig , Haq Jordan I. , Varra Dominique 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Nest defense is an adaptive strategy used by adults to increase survival of independent young. However, the risk adults face by defending young from predators represents an important trade-off and parental investment theory predicts adults will modulate nest defense based on the value of offspring. We used a model of a black rat snake, a potential nest predator on our study site, to quantify nest defense in a population of gray catbirds in eastern Pennsylvania during the breeding seasons of 2017 and 2018. Specifically, we evaluated (1) the difference in nest defense between male and female parents, (2) the relationship between nest defense and nest success, and (3) how variation in nest defense was related to factors associated with offspring value. Although male catbirds tend to be larger than females, they did not defend their nests more aggressively than female catbirds. Response to the model predator we used was also not different between individuals whose nests were successful compared with individuals that failed. Although nests that contained more and older young were not defended more aggressively, our analyses did show that adult catbirds defended young that were laid earlier in the season more intensely than those laid later in the breeding season. In birds, earlier clutch initiation is associated with an increased chance of recruitment into the breeding population. Catbirds, therefore, follow predictions of parental investment theory because they defended offspring of higher value more aggressively.

Significance statement
Defense of young from predators is an important component of parental care. Nest defense represents a trade-off because although it should increase reproductive success by increasing offspring survival, it presents a risk to adults, thus lowering their survival. We studied variation in nest defense of gray catbirds in relation to offspring value. Although nest defense was not related to nest success, we did find that adult catbirds defended nests that were produced earlier in the year more aggressively than later nests. In birds, the timing of reproduction is linked to prospects of juvenile survival in such a way that offspring produced early in the breeding season are more likely to survive and recruit into the breeding population. As predicted by parental investment theory, catbirds defended young that represented a higher increase in fitness more aggressively.