bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing absolute stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation using a risk factor-based approach
Authors: Lee Christina J -Y , Toft-Petersen Anne Pernille , Ozenne Brice , Phelps Matthew , Olesen Jonas Bjerring , Ellinor Patrick T , Gislason Gunnar , Lip Gregory Y H , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Gerds Thomas Alexander 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Aim
To assess the risk of stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) based on risk factor combinations of the CHA2DS2-VASc score.

Methods and results
Using nationwide Danish registries, patients with AF were included from 1997 to 2015 in this retrospective observational study. A multiple logistic regression, including interactions of history of stroke with age at AF, calendar year of AF, and the CHA2DS2-VASc score risk factors (congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, vascular disease, and female sex) were used to predict the personalized risks of stroke within 1 year. A total of 147 842 patients with AF were included in the study cohort (median age 76 years, range 20–100 years, 51% females). Within the first year, 6% of the cohort were diagnosed with stroke. The predicted personalized 1-year absolute risk of stroke varied widely within each CHA2DS2-VASc score. To estimate the personalized risk of stroke an online calculator was created, the Calculator of Absolute Stroke Risk (CARS), which allows calculation of all the possible combinations of the CHA2DS2-VASc score (https://hjerteforeningen.shinyapps.io/riskvisrr/).

Conclusion
Calculation of the individual risk using a risk factor-based approach as opposed to using average risk for a particular CHA2DS2-VASc score can improve risk estimates. Furthermore, CARS can assist in the communication of the stroke risk for a more evidence-based shared decision-making of whether to initiate oral anticoagulation therapy.
QRS complex axis deviation changing in catheter ablation of left fascicular ventricular tachycardia
Authors: Zhou Genqing , Lu Xiaofeng , Nie Zhenning , Chen Songwen , Wei Yong , Cai Lidong , Xu Juan , Ding Yu , Peng Shi , Wu Xiaoyu , Wang Zulu , Liu Shaowen 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Aims
The mechanisms of the QRS complex axis deviation changing of idiopathic left fascicular ventricular tachycardia (FVT) during or after radiofrequency catheter ablation were investigated in this study, which were still not well defined.

Methods and results
In the index procedure, FVTs characterized by right bundle branch block configuration and left-axis deviation (LAD-FVT) were ablated at the VT exit site guided by the earliest ventricular activation with fused presystolic Purkinje potential (PP) in 234 consecutive patients. A new type of FVT characterized by right-axis deviation (RAD-FVT) was identified after successful elimination of the LAD-FVT in 12 patients, including 9 patients during the index procedure and 3 patients during follow-up. The QRS duration of RAD-FVT was shorter than that of LAD-FVT (115.3 ± 15.2 vs. 125.3 ± 16.4 ms, P = 0.006). The RAD-FVTs showed an earliest ventricle activation site localized at anterior fascicle area in 11 patients and anterior-median fascicle area in 1. However, the earliest PP during the RAD-FVT was still identified within the posterior fascicular network. Elimination of the RAD-FVTs was successfully achieved by applying radiofrequency current at a more proximal site within the left posterior fascicular network guided by the earliest PP. After a mean of 1.6 ± 0.8 ablation procedures and median follow-up of 132 (range 19–216) months since the last procedure, no recurrence was observed in any patients.

Conclusion
The axis deviation changing of QRS complex in FVT may be attributed to the different exit sites of the reentry.
Anxiety and depression symptoms in Danish patients with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: prevalence and association with indication and sex up to 2 years of follow-up (data from the national DEFIB-WOMEN study)
Authors: Frydensberg Vivi Skibdal , Johansen Jens Brock , Möller Sören , Riahi Sam , Wehberg Sonja , Haarbo Jens , Philbert Berit Thornvig , Jørgensen Ole Dan , Larsen Mogens Lytken , Nielsen Jens Cosedis , Pedersen Susanne S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Aims
To investigate (i) the prevalence of anxiety and depression and (ii) the association between indication for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation and sex in relation to anxiety and depression up to 24 months’ follow-up.

Methods and results
Patients with a first-time ICD, participating in the national, multi-centre, prospective DEFIB-WOMEN study (n = 1496; 18% women) completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at baseline, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Data were analysed using linear mixed modelling for longitudinal data. Patients with a secondary prophylactic indication (SPI) had higher mean anxiety scores than patients with a primary prophylactic indication (PPI) at baseline, 3, and 12 months and higher mean depression scores at all-time points, except at 24 months. Women had higher mean anxiety scores as compared to men at all-time points; however, only higher mean depression scores at baseline. Overall, women with SPI had higher anxiety and depression symptom scores than men with SPI. Symptoms decreased over time in both women and men. From baseline to follow-up, the prevalence of anxiety (score ≥8) was highest in patients with SPI (13.3–20.2%) as compared to patients with PPI (range 10.0–14.7%). The prevalence of depression was stable over the follow-up period in both groups (range 8.5–11.1%).

Conclusion
Patients with a SPI reported higher anxiety and depression scores as compared to patients with PPI. Women reported higher anxiety scores than men, but only higher depression scores at baseline. Women with SPI reported the highest anxiety and depression scores overall.
Culture and application of conditionally reprogrammed primary tumor cells
Authors: Zhong Mengjun , Fu Liwu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCancer is still a major public-health problem that threatens human life worldwide and further study needs to be carried out in the basic and preclinical areas. Although high-throughput sequencing technology and individualized precise therapy have made breakthroughs over the years, the high failure rate of clinical translational research has limited the innovation of antitumor drugs and triggered the urgent need for optimal cancer-research models. The development of cancerous cell lines, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, and organoid has strongly promoted the development of tumor-biology research, but the prediction values are limited. Conditional reprogramming (CR) is a novel cell-culture method for cancer research combining feeder cells with a Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, which enables the rapid and continuous proliferation of primary epithelial cells. In this review, we summarize the methodology to establish CR model and overview recent functions and applications of CR cell-culture models in cancer research with regard to the study of cancer-biology characterization, the exploration of therapeutic targets, individualized drug screening, the illumination of mechanisms about response to antitumor drugs, and the improvement of patient-derived animal models, and finally discuss in detail the major limitations of this cell-culture system.
Education in the genomics era: Generating high-quality genome assemblies in university courses
Authors: Prost Stefan , Winter Sven , De Raad Jordi , Coimbra Raphael T F , Wolf Magnus , Nilsson Maria A , Petersen Malte , Gupta Deepak K , Schell Tilman , Lammers Fritjof , Janke Axel 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Recent advances in genome sequencing technologies have simplified the generation of genome data and reduced the costs for genome assemblies, even for complex genomes like those of vertebrates. More practically oriented genomic courses can prepare university students for the increasing importance of genomic data used in biological and medical research. Low-cost third-generation sequencing technology, along with publicly available data, can be used to teach students how to process genomic data, assemble full chromosome-level genomes, and publish the results in peer-reviewed journals, or preprint servers. Here we outline experiences gained from 2 master's-level courses and discuss practical considerations for teaching hands-on genome assembly courses.
Application of high-rate GPS for earthquake rapid response and modelling: a case in the 2019 Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake
Authors: Fang Jin , Xu Caijun , Zang Jianfei , Wen Yangmao , Song Chuang , Li Yanyan 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARYThe 2019 Mw 7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake opens an opportunity to investigate how soon we can produce a reliable fault geometry and subsequently a robust source model based on high-rate Global Positioning System (GPS) data. In this study, we conduct peak ground displacement (PGD) magnitude scaling, real-time centroid moment tensor (CMT) calculation and rapid kinematic slip inversion. We conclude that a four-station PGD warning with a magnitude of Mw 7.03 can be issued at 24 s after initiation of the rupture. Fast CMT inversion can initially recover the correct nodal planes at 30 s. The kinematic slip model reveals that the Mw 7.1 earthquake is a predominant dextral strike-slip event with both normal and thrust components resolved. The earthquake shows a bilateral rupture with a low propagation speed of ∼2.1 km s−1 and a slip maxima of ∼4 m. The total moment is 5.18 × 1019 N m (Mw 7.11). We further suggest that a reasonable source model will be available in a simulated real-time mode within 30 s after the earthquake occurring, without using full high-rate GPS waveforms. This research highlights the significance of high-rate GPS for rapid earthquake response and modelling of kinematic rupture, which is also generalized by the hypothetical real-time GPS analysis for the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikoura earthquake and the 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake.
High-resolution palaeomagnetic record from Sea of Marmara sediments for the last 70 ka
Authors: Makaroğlu Özlem , Nowaczyk Norbert R , Eriş Kadir K , Çağatay M Namık 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARYMagnetostratigraphic and geochemical analyses were performed on two sediment cores recovered from the Sea of Marmara to investigate geomagnetic field variations over the last 70 ka. A chronology for each of the two cores was developed from eight AMS 14C datings, tephrochronology, and tuning of Ca concentrations with stadials and interstadials observed in Greenland ice core oxygen isotope data. Based on the age models, cores MD01–2430 and MRS-CS19 reach back to 70 and 32 ka, respectively. High average sedimentation rates of 43 cm kyr–1 for core MD01–2430 and 68 cm kyr–1 for core MRS-CS19 allow high-resolution reconstruction of geomagnetic field variations for the Sea of Marmara. Mineral magnetic properties are sensitive to glacioeustatic sea level changes and palaeoclimate variations in this region, reflecting the variable palaeoenvironmental conditions of the Sea of Marmara during last 70 ka. Despite the impairment of the palaeomagnetic record in some stratigraphic intervals due to early diagenesis, relative palaeointensity variations in the Sea of Marmara sediments correlate well with similar records derived from other regions, such as the nearby Black Sea and the GLOPIS-75 stack. The directional record derived from the Sea of Marmara cores exhibits typical palaeosecular variation patterns, with directional anomalies at 41 and 18 ka, representing the Laschamps and postulated Hilina Pali excursions, respectively. Both directional anomalies are also associated with palaeointensity minima. A further palaeointensity minimum at 34.5 ka is likely related to the Mono Lake excursion, with no directional deviation documented in the Sea of Marmara palaeomagnetic record so far.
Toward a more robust competition policy regime for Hong Kong
Authors: Lin Ping , Ross Thomas W 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
After years of debate, Hong Kong’s new competition law, the Competition Ordinance (CO), took effect in December 2015. Laying out rules to support competitive markets and creating the institutions to administer and enforce those rules, the CO is a modern competition law in many respects, following many best-practices and respecting recent learning in competition economics. This article argues, however, that—at least from an economist’s perspective—in its drafting a series of decisions were made that weaken the law. None is that unusual or critical on its own, however collectively they leave the law less powerful than competition enthusiasts might desire in a modern market economy. We discuss the implications of these decisions and go on to consider some other more unique aspects of the law that might need reconsideration at some point. Finally, we document and discuss the early activities of the Competition Commission of Hong Kong. We conclude that Hong Kong is off to a good start with its new law and its enforcement but that several reforms have the potential to bring a more robust competition policy regime.
Nocturnal Mosquitoes of Pará State in the Brazilian Amazon: Species Composition, Habitat Segregation, and Seasonal Variation
Authors: de Araújo Walter Santos , Vieira Thallyta Maria , de Souza Guilherme Antunes , Bezerra Isaque Clementino , Corgosinho Paulo Henrique Costa , Borges Magno Augusto Zazá 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are one of the most important disease vector species in the world. Many species have a high degree of anthropophilia and are often found in human habitations. In the present study, we have inventoried the nocturnal mosquito assemblage in intra-, peri-, and extradomicile environments in four municipalities in Pará, Brazil. At each municipality, a residence was selected and the mosquitoes were sampled using the protected human attraction capture and Shannon trap methods in April (rainy season) and August 2018 (dry season). We have collected a total of 696 mosquito specimens belonging to 8 genera and 17 species. The most abundant species were Mansonia (Mansonoides) titillans (Walker) (366/696, 52.6%), Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis Lynch-Arribálzaga (97/696, 13.9%), and Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say (93/696, 13.4%). Mosquito richness, abundance, and composition did not differ between intra-, peri-, and extradomicile environments suggesting limited habitat segregation among the different species. However, mosquito species richness and mosquito species abundance were significantly higher during the rainy season than during the dry season, suggesting increased mosquito activity during the rainy season. We detected several important vector species of human diseases including Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus), Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root, Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (Dyar and Shannon), Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) venezuelensis (Theobald), and Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus which are the main transmitters of dengue, malaria, yellow fever, mayaro, and oropouche fever, respectively. As inventories of disease-carrying mosquitoes in the region are very scarce, mainly in residential environments, our results suggest high potential for mosquito-borne disease transmission in Pará State.
Openness and Integrity in Antitrust
Authors: Makris Stavros 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Reasonable disagreements are pervasive in antitrust, yet the leading antitrust systems function in a broadly effective and consistent manner. How can we explain this paradox? The tentative reply to this question is that the two main antitrust jurisdictions have managed to do so by adopting the features of ‘responsive law’ (RL). Therefore, antitrust institutions could further benefit if they adopt the RL framework to understand and deal with reasonable disagreements.
To support this argument, I contend that reasonable disagreements are endogenous in antitrust systems, as they derive from antitrust’s fuzzy mandate, conceptually elastic vocabulary, and rules and standards mode of analysis. In a nutshell, reasonable disagreements are the by-product of two complementary yet antithetical forces of antitrust: openness and integrity. Nonetheless, conventional wisdom has it that such disagreements are temporary indeterminacies that will eventually be eradicated. This view stems from a conceptualization of antitrust as a form of ‘autonomous law’. However, this model of law does not take reasonable disagreements seriously and as a result offers an inadequate modus operandi for dealing with them. The ‘RL’ model, on the contrary, recognizes the endogeneity of reasonable disagreements and the underlying forces that generate them. Instead of attempting to eliminate them, therefore, the RL model suggests that antitrust institutions should seek to tame and exploit them. For this purpose, this model proposes a legal-institutional modus operandi for calibrating the eliciting forces of reasonable disagreements, that is, openness and integrity. The hallmarks of this approach are constructive teleological interpretation, experimentalist network-based enforcement by postbureaucratic enforcers, and courts operating as catalysts.
Associations of Serum Pepsinogens and Helicobacter Pylori Infection with High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Medical Examination Population
Authors: Liu Huixing , Fei Chunrong , Zhang Jun 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
This study aimed to clarify the distribution characteristics of serum pepsinogen (PG) and Helicobacter pylori in the medical examination population and to explore the relationships of PG level and H. pylori infection status with the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) level and their significance in health examination.

Methods
We detected H. pylori infection by C13 urea breath test, the serum pepsinogen I (PGI) and pepsinogen II (PGII) contents were measured by chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay, and the PGI/PGII ratio was calculated. In addition, the serum hsCRP level was determined by the Abbott C16000 automatic biochemical analyzer.

Results
The PGI and hsCRP levels were significantly higher in men than in women, and the PGII level was slightly higher in men than in women (both P &lt;.05). The PGI, PGII, and hsCRP levels were positively correlated with age (r = 0.210, 0.287, and 0.133, respectively; P &lt;.05), whereas the PGI/PGII ratio was negatively correlated with age (r = –0.190; P &lt;.05). The positive H. pylori infection rate was 30.2% among the patients in this study; H. pylori infection was not related to sex (P &gt;.05), and the difference in age stratification was not statistically significant (P &gt;.05). The abnormal PGI/PGII ratio in the medical examination population was not correlated with sex (P &gt;.05). In the H. pylori positive infection group, the proportion of PGI/PGII ratio &lt;3, the PGI and PGII levels were significantly higher than those in the H. pylori negative infection group, and the PGI/PGII ratio was significantly lower than that in the negative group (both P &lt;.05). The hsCRP level was not associated with H. pylori infection (P &gt;.05), and it was significantly higher in the PGI/PGII ratio &lt;3 group than in the PGI/PGII ratio ≥3 group (P &lt;.05).

Conclusion
The PGI and PGII levels and the PGI/PGII ratio are correlated with H. pylori infection. The abnormal PGI/PGII ratio is closely related to H. pylori infection and hsCRP level. Therefore, H. pylori infection status and hsCRP level should be considered when determining atrophic gastritis by the PGI/PGII ratio.
Introduction
Authors: Croskerry Pat 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Medical error is one of the leading causes of death, and most of these errors appear to occur in the ways that practitioners’ thoughts and feelings impact their decision making. Major gains have been made in the cognitive sciences in the past few decades that have provided a model for understanding how decisions are made—dual process theory. It is an excellent platform on which to examine the different ways decisions are made. Importantly, it allows for the examination of the pervasive influence of cognitive and affective biases on clinical decision making. Current medical training appears to fall short of what is needed to produce rational decision makers, due to what has been referred to as a mindware gap. Practitioners need to move from routine expertise to a higher level of expertise that will close this gap. A clear difficulty lies in finding ways of understanding and teaching the clinical decision-making process that do not violate the ecological characteristics of real-time clinical practice. By preserving as much as possible the rich clinical detail that makes up clinical medicine, this book attempts to offer important insights into the process.
The Blind Leading the Blindable
Authors: Croskerry Pat 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this case, a middle-aged patient is referred to a tertiary referral eye hospital by an ophthalmologist for the diagnostic assessment of a pigmented lesion on the sclera of his left eye. Ostensibly, the referral is to rule out malignant melanoma. The patient has a history of a penetrating injury to his left eye from a high-velocity metallic object 10 years earlier. He is seen by multiple ophthalmologists who ruled out melanoma, concluding the lesion is a metallic foreign body exterior to the globe that did not require removal. However, an obvious and important detail is missed by all but one ophthalmologist.
A Tale of Two Cycles
Authors: Croskerry Pat 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Two cases are presented here, both involving traumatic injuries resulting from cycle accidents. Significant X-ray findings are missed by the emergency physicians (EPs) but picked up by radiologists in both cases. These are good demonstrations of the common search satisficing error. The first case also demonstrates a significant interference from factors that tend to push decision making into Type 1 processing—cognitive loading, fatigue, and dysphoria. The second case is an example of error due to the EPs’ routine being disrupted by a corridor consultation and authority gradient effects.
Misleading Mydriasis
Authors: Croskerry Pat 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this case, a middle-aged male presents to an emergency department (ED) with eye pain, visual blurring, and photophobia following trauma to the eye the previous day. It is some time before the patient is seen because the ED is extremely busy. Some drops are instilled in the eye for pain relief. When the physician finally gets to see the patient, he finds that the pupil of the affected eye is fixed and dilated—ominous signs but not consistent with the trauma the patient reports. After further investigation, it is determined that the patient had earlier received the wrong medication. Several biases can be identified in the case, as well as the likely error-producing condition rapid task switching.
Double Trouble
Authors: Croskerry Pat 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this case, a middle-aged female presents to the emergency department in a state of agitation and distress, having taken the contents of a bottle of aspirin with the intent to end her life. Her salicylate level confirms that she has taken a significant overdose, and she shows signs of toxicity. Treatment is initiated for a salicylate toxidrome. Later, in talking to the patient’s partner, the emergency physician realizes the situation is more complex than initially imagined. Although she initially shows some signs of improvement, subsequently she critically deteriorates and requires intubation. The patient is eventually transferred to the intensive care unit. The case powerfully illustrates the consequences of the cognitive biases anchoring, search satisficing, and confirmation bias.