bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A numerical study of pumping effects on flow velocity distributions in Mosul Dam reservoir using the HEC‐RAS model
Authors: Mohammad Mohammad E. , Al‐Ansari Nadhir , Knutsson Sven , Laue Jan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWater flow direction and velocity affect and controls erosion, transport and deposition of sediment in rivers, reservoirs and different hydraulic structures. One of the main structures affected is pumping stations within the dams wherein the velocity distribution near the station intake is disturbed. The two‐dimensional (2‐D) HEC‐RAS 5.01 model was utilized to study, analyse and evaluate the effects of pumping rates and flow depth on the flow velocity distribution, flow stream power and their effects in the Mosul Dam reservoir. The pumping station was considered as a case study. The station is suffering from sediment accumulation around, and in, its intake and suction pipes. The main inflow sources to the reservoir are the Tigris River and run‐off from the valleys within its basin. The reservoir was divided into two parts for the present study, including the upper part near the pumping station (analysed as a two‐dimensional zone), while the lower part was analysed as a one‐dimensional flow to reduce the simulation period computation time (1986–2011). Different operation plans (i.e. pumping rate and water depth) were considered. The results of the depth‐averaged velocity model indicated that when the pumping station was working at a range from the designed full capacity (100% to 25% of its full capacity), the maximum flow velocity increased from 75 to 4 times the normal velocity when there is no pumping dependent on pumping rate and flow depth. For the same operation plans, the flow stream power varied from around zero values to 400 times at full pumping capacity and low flow depth. For sediment routing along the reservoir, the considered statistical criteria indicated the model performance in estimating the total sediment load deposition and invert bed level is much better than in the case of erosion and deposition areas for different considered bed sections of the reservoir.
Acid invertase confers heat tolerance in rice plants by maintaining energy homoeostasis of spikelets
Authors: Jiang Ning , Yu Pinghui , Fu Weimeng , Li Guangyan , Feng Baohua , Chen Tingting , Li Hubo , Tao Longxing , Fu Guanfu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHeat stress impairs both pollen germination and pollen tube elongation, resulting in pollination failure caused by energy imbalance. Invertase plays a critical role in the maintenance of energy homoeostasis; however, few studies investigated this during heat stress. Two rice cultivars with different heat tolerance, namely, TLY83 (heat tolerant) and LLY722 (heat susceptible), were subjected to heat stress. At anthesis, heat stress significantly decreased spikelet fertility, accompanied by notable reductions in pollen germination on stigma and pollen tube elongation in ovule, especially in LLY722. Acid invertase (INV), rather than sucrose synthase, contributed to sucrose metabolism, which explains the different tolerances of both cultivars. Under heat stress, larger enhancements in NAD(H), ATP, and antioxidant capacity were found in TLY83 compared with LLY722, whereas a sharp reduction in poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity was found in the former compared with the latter. Importantly, exogenous INV, 3‐aminobenzamide (a PARP inhibitor), sucrose, glucose, and fructose significantly increased spikelet fertility under heat stress, where INV activity was enhanced and PARP activity was inhibited. Therefore, INV can balance the energy production and consumption to provide sufficient energy for pollen germination and pollen tube growth under heat stress.
Genomic sequencing indicates non‐random mating ofVenturia inaequalisin a mixed cultivar orchard
Authors: Passey Thomas A. J. , Armitage Andrew D. , Sobczyk Maria K. , Shaw Michael W. , Xu Xiangming 
Published: January 2020

AbstractApple scab is one of the most economically important diseases of apples worldwide. The disease is caused by the haploid ascomyceteVenturia inaequalis. Growing apples in cultivar mixtures may reduce disease severity. To determine how the pathogen population structure is affected by host mixtures we studied 24 V.inaequalisisolates sampled from three different apple cultivars (Bramley, Cox, and Worcester) growing in a mixed orchard approximately 50 years old. The isolates were aligned against a reference genome and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were called between the isolates. The populations isolated from Bramley and Worcester were distinct, while Cox isolates were an admixture. This supports previous tests of the ability of isolates to cross‐infect hosts, and molecular comparisons using simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Genotype‐specific allele (GSA) loci were not distributed randomly across contigs in proportion to contig length, but were clustered. Clustered GSA loci were observed in almost all contigs. This indicates population differentiation across the whole genome, presumably due to lack of crossing‐over events between Bramley and Worcester isolates. This lack is probably due to physical separation effects: sexual mating is more likely to take place and succeed between isolates from lesions on the same leaf than from contact between independently infected leaves in leaf litter on the orchard floor. This would especially be the case if sexual reproduction is initiated before leaf‐fall.
Determination of the Intrinsic Gasification Kinetics of a Bituminous Coal Including Product Gas Inhibition and Char Deactivation Under Entrained Flow Conditions
Authors: Netter Tobias , Geißler Andreas , Spliethoff Hartmut 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This work provides experimentally obtained data concerning the gasification of bituminous coal under entrained-flow conditions. The main focus lies on the determination of reaction kinetics with and without product gas inhibition as well as on thermal deactivation behavior. For this reason, experiments were carried out in a pressurized high-temperature entrained-flow reactor. The reactor is designed for temperatures of up to 1800 °C and pressures of up to 50 bar. In this study, char samples with different residence times at temperatures between 1200 °C and 1600 °C and a pressure of 10 bar were obtained. Pyrolysis experiments were performed in pure nitrogen, while an O/C ratio of one was selected for the gasification. In addition to ultimate, proximate, and structural analyses of the char samples, e.g., to calculate conversion according to the ash tracer method, intrinsic reaction kinetics of the pyrolysis chars with carbon dioxide and steam were determined in a high-pressure thermogravimetric analyzer. The influence of carbon monoxide inhibition on carbon dioxide gasification and of hydrogen on steam gasification was quantified using the Langmuir–Hinshelwood equation. Further, the deactivation behavior of the pyrolysis chars was analyzed by measuring their reactivities under constant reaction conditions and plotting them as a function of residence time. The presented results give an overview about factors like temperature, pressure, gas composition, and residence time affecting fuel conversion. Furthermore, constants describing the reaction behavior of the fuel were determined, which can be used for future simulation of gasification processes.
Comparative Analysis Between Different Configurations in a Biomass Gasifier and a Genset for Electrical Energy Production
Authors: da Silva Jandemarques Alexandre Soares , de Luna Francisco Everton Tavares , Filho Vicente de Vasconcelos Claudino , Freitas Merques do Nascimento 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The effect of different gensets coupled to a downdraft, fixed bed gasifier was investigated, pruning residue from five different tree species was used. This gasifier was designed to power a dual (produced gas/diesel) engine, with a maximum power electric generation of 20 kWe. This engine was first replaced by a four-cylinder engine, and later by a six-cylinder diesel engine, which underwent a conversion process for the Otto cycle; it was thus possible to operate the genset only with produced gas. This modification allowed an increase in the produced electric power from 20 kWe to 32 kWe. To operate this engine only with the produced gas, without harming its capacity to generate electric power, it required many modifications, as an increase in motor supply pipe diameter. Also, due to excessive accumulation of ash on the grate that separates the reactor core from the ash deposit, a mechanical system that clears this grate has been installed. This device allows gases produced in the gasification to have a continuous flow through the grate, being manually operated whenever required. In order to evaluate the viability of this new set gasifier/genset, some parameters such as consumption, power output, and system efficiency were studied, and a comparison was made with the data generated by works previously done by the same laboratory team and using the same gasifier.
Correlation between Broth Microdilution and Disk Diffusion Results when Testing Ceftazidime-Avibactam against a Challenge Collection of
Enterobacterales
Isolates: Results from a Multilaboratory Study
Authors: Sader Helio S. , Rhomberg Paul R. , Chandrasekaran Sukantha , Trejo Marisol , Fedler Kelley A. , Boyken Linda D. , Diekema Daniel J. 
Published: January 2020

We assessed the ceftazidime-avibactam disk diffusion breakpoints that provide the lowest discrepancy error rates by testing an
Enterobacterales
isolate collection with ceftazidime-avibactam MIC values near the breakpoints. Isolates (
n
= 112) were susceptibility tested by broth microdilution and disk diffusion methods in 3 laboratories. Current disk diffusion breakpoints (≥21/≤20 mm for susceptible/resistant) provided the lowest error rates, but confirmatory MIC testing is indicated for isolates with inhibition zones of 20 to 22 mm.
Effect of blood flow occlusion on corticospinal excitability during sustained low-intensity isometric elbow flexion
Authors: Copithorne D. B. , Rice C. L. , McNeil C. J. 
Published: January 2020

Blood flow occlusion (BFO) has been used to study the influence of group III/IV muscle afferents after fatiguing exercise, but it is unknown how BFO-induced activity of these afferents affects motor cortical and motoneuronal excitability during low-intensity exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the acute effect of BFO on peripheral [maximal M wave (Mmax)], spinal [cervicomedullary motor evoked potential (CMEP) normalized to Mmax], and motor cortical [motor evoked potential (MEP) normalized to CMEP] excitability. Nine healthy men completed a sustained isometric contraction of the elbow flexors at 20% of maximal force under three conditions: 1) contractile failure with BFO, 2) a time-matched trial without restriction [free flow (FFiso)], and 3) contractile failure with free flow (FFfail). Time to failure for BFO (and FFiso) were ~80% shorter than that for FFfail ( P < 0.05). For FFfail and FFiso, Mmax area decreased ~17% and ~7%, respectively ( P < 0.05), with no change during BFO. CMEP/Mmax area increased ~226% and ~80% during BFO and FFfail, respectively ( P < 0.05), with no change during FFiso ( P > 0.05). The increase in normalized CMEP area was greater for BFO and FFfail compared with FFiso and for BFO compared with FFfail. MEP/CMEP area was not different among the protocols ( P > 0.05) and increased ~64% with time ( P < 0.05). It is likely that group III/IV muscle afferent feedback to the spinal cord modulates the large increase in motoneuronal excitability for the BFO compared with FFfail and FFiso protocols. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have observed how blood flow occlusion modulates motor cortical, spinal, and peripheral excitability during and immediately after a sustained low-intensity isometric elbow flexion contraction to failure. We conclude that blood flow occlusion causes a greater and more rapid increase in motoneuronal excitability.
A Novel GUCY2C-CD3 T-Cell Engaging Bispecific Construct (PF-07062119) for the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers
Authors: Mathur Divya , Root Adam R. , Bugaj-Gaweda Bozena , Bisulco Stephanie , Tan Xingzhi , Fang Wei , Kearney Jessica C. , Lucas Justin , Guffroy Magali , Golas Jonathan , Rohde Cynthia M. , Stevens Chad , Kamperschroer Cris , Kelleher Kerry , Lawrence-Henderson Rosemary F. , Upeslacis Erik , Yao Johnny , Narula Jatin , LaVallie Edward R. , Fernandez Diane R. , Buetow Bernard S. , Rosfjord Edward , Bloom Laird , King Lindsay E. , Tchistiakova Lioudmila , Nguyen Anhco , Sapra Puja 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Purpose:
Gastrointestinal cancers remain areas of high unmet need despite advances in targeted and immunotherapies. Here, we demonstrate potent, tumor-selective efficacy with PF-07062119, a T-cell engaging CD3 bispecific targeting tumors expressing Guanylyl Cyclase C (GUCY2C), which is expressed widely across colorectal cancer and other gastrointestinal malignancies. In addition, to address immune evasion mechanisms, we explore combinations with immune checkpoint blockade agents and with antiangiogenesis therapy.

Experimental Design:
PF-07062119 activity was evaluated in vitro in multiple tumor cell lines, and in vivo in established subcutaneous and orthotopic human colorectal cancer xenograft tumors with adoptive transfer of human T cells. Efficacy was also evaluated in mouse syngeneic tumors using human CD3ϵ transgenic mice. IHC and mass cytometry were performed to demonstrate drug biodistribution, recruitment of activated T cells, and to identify markers of immune evasion. Combination studies were performed with anti–PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-VEGF antibodies. Toxicity and pharmacokinetic studies were done in cynomolgus macaque.

Results:
We demonstrate that GUCY2C-positive tumors can be targeted with an anti-GUCY2C/anti-CD3ϵ bispecific, with selective drug biodistribution to tumors. PF-07062119 showed potent T-cell–mediated in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy in multiple colorectal cancer human xenograft tumor models, including KRAS- and BRAF-mutant tumors, as well as in the immunocompetent mouse syngeneic tumor model. PF-07062119 activity was further enhanced when combined with anti–PD-1/PD-L1 treatment or in combination with antiangiogenic therapy. Toxicity studies in cynomolgus indicated a monitorable and manageable toxicity profile.

Conclusions:
These data highlight the potential for PF-07062119 to demonstrate efficacy and improve patient outcomes in colorectal cancer and other gastrointestinal malignancies.
Current Perspectives on Circulating Tumor DNA, Precision Medicine, and Personalized Clinical Management of Cancer
Authors: Oliveira Kelly C.S. , Ramos Iago Barroso , Silva Jessica M.C. , Barra Williams Fernandes , Riggins Gregory J. , Palande Vikrant , Pinho Catarina Torres , Frenkel-Morgenstern Milana , Santos Sidney E.B. , Assumpcao Paulo P. , Burbano Rommel R. , Calcagno Danielle Queiroz 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCirculating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has recently emerged as a minimally invasive “liquid biopsy” tool in precision medicine. ctDNA-genomic DNA fragments that are released into the bloodstream after the active secretion of microvesicles or tumor cell lysis reflects tumor evolution and the genomic alterations present in primary and/or metastatic tumors. Notably, ctDNA analysis might allow the stratification of patients, the monitoring of the therapeutic response, and the establishment of an opportunity for early intervention independent of detection by imaging modalities or clinical symptoms. As oncology moves towards precision medicine, the information in ctDNA provides a means for the individual management of the patient based on their tumor's genetic profile. This review presents current evidence on the potential role for ctDNA in helping to guide individualized clinical treatment decisions for patients with melanoma, castration-resistant prostate cancer, breast cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer, and non–small cell lung cancer.
TRPV6 as a Putative Genomic Susceptibility Locus Influencing Racial Disparities in Cancer
Authors: Francis-Lyon Patricia A. , Malik Fahreen , Cheng Xiaoyun , Ghezavati Alireza , Xin Feihan , Cai Rafiki 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
It is well established that African Americans exhibit higher incidence, higher mortality, and more aggressive forms of some cancers, including those of breast, prostate, colon, stomach, and cervix. Here we examine the ancestral haplotype of the TRPV6 calcium channel as a putative genomic factor in this racial divide. The minor (ancestral) allele frequency is 60% in people of African ancestry, but between 1% and 11% in all other populations. Research on TRPV6 structure/function, its association with specific cancers, and the evolutionary-ecological conditions that impacted selection of its haplotypes are synthesized to provide evidence for TRPV6 as a germline susceptibility locus in cancer. Recently elucidated mechanisms of TRPV6 channel deactivation are discussed in relation to the location of the allele favored in selection, suggesting a reduced capacity to inactivate the channel in those who have the ancestral haplotype. This could result in an excessively high cellular Ca2+, which has been implicated in cancer, for those in settings where calcium intake is far higher than in their ancestral environment. A recent report associating increasing calcium intake with a pattern of increase in aggressive prostate cancer in African-American but not European-American men may be related. If TRPV6 is found to be associated with cancer, further research would be warranted to improve risk assessment and examine interventions with the aim of improving cancer outcomes for people of African ancestry.
Risk of Prostate Cancer–related Death Following a Low PSA Level in the PLCO Trial
Authors: Landy Rebecca , Houghton Lauren C. , Berg Christine D. , Grubb Robert L. , Katki Hormuzd A. , Black Amanda 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLonger-than-annual screening intervals have been suggested to improve the balance of benefits and harms in prostate cancer screening. Many researchers, societies, and guideline committees have suggested that screening intervals could depend on the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) result. We analyzed data from men (N = 33,897) ages 55–74 years with a baseline PSA test in the intervention arm of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening trial (United States, 1993–2001). We estimated 5- and 10-year risks of aggressive cancer (Gleason ≥8 and/or stage III/IV) and 15-year risks of prostate cancer–related mortality for men with baseline PSA ≤ 0.5 ng/mL (N = 4,862), ≤1 ng/mL (N = 15,110), and 1.01–2.5 ng/mL (N = 12,422). A total of 217 men died from prostate cancer through 15 years, although no men with PSA ≤ 1 ng/mL died from prostate cancer within 5 years [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.00%–0.03%]. The 5-year incidence of aggressive disease was low (0.08%; 95% CI, 0.03%–0.12%) for men with PSA ≤ 1 ng/mL, and higher for men with baseline PSA 1.01–2.5 ng/mL (0.51%; 95% CI, 0.38%–0.74%). No men aged ≥65 years with PSA ≤ 0.5 ng/mL died from prostate cancer within 15 years (95% CI, 0.00%–0.32%), and their 10-year incidence of aggressive disease was low (0.25%; 95% CI, 0.00%–0.53%). Compared with white men, black men with PSA ≤ 1 ng/mL had higher 10-year rates of aggressive disease (1.6% vs. 0.4%; P &lt; 0.01). Five-year screening intervals may be appropriate for the 45% of men with PSA ≤ 1 ng/mL. Men ages ≥65 years with PSA ≤ 0.5 ng/mL could consider stopping screening. Substantial risk disparities suggest appropriate screening intervals could depend on race/ethnicity.
Description of a new species of the genus Lampropsephus Fleutiaux, 1928 (Coleoptera: Elateridae: Elaterinae: Dicrepidiini) from Konkan, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Patwardhan Amol , Khot Rahul 
Published: January 2020

Lampropsephus sulcatus sp. nov. is described from the Konkan region of Maharashtra, India. A note to transfer Propsephus assamensis from Propsephus Candeze, 1859 to Sephilus Candeze, 1878 is included.
Status, distribution, threats, and conservation of the Ganges River Dolphin Platanista gangetica (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Cetacea) in Nepal
Authors: Shah Deep Narayan , Poudyal Amit , Sharma Gopal , Levine Sarah , Subedi Naresh , Dhakal Maheshwor 
Published: January 2020

The Ganges River Dolphin Platanista gangetica has been classified as Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The IUCN changed its status from ‘Vulnerable’ to ‘Endangered’ in 1996 as the species population was declining in its entire distribution range. It is, however, classified as ‘Critically Endangered’ in Nepal. Historically, the freshwater cetacean has been documented in the Karnali, Koshi, Narayani, and Mahakali basins. With their population and distribution range in decline, the Ganges River Dolphin (GRD) is no longer found in the Mahakali River system, which demarcates and traverses the Western border of India and Nepal. This study examines the status and distribution of the GRD in the river systems of Nepal during the monsoon of 2016. The national dolphin population survey was conducted in the three largest river basins in Nepal—Karnali, Narayani, and Koshi. Each of the three basins represent the extreme upstream limit of the GRD distribution in Ganges River basin. The national population survey included both a boat-based survey and shore-based synchronized counting in each of the three river systems. Fifty-two (Best-High-Low: 52-61-50) dolphins were counted during the entire nationwide survey, conducted in July–August, 2016. Researchers gathered social-data from locals residing alongside the observed basin, giving priority to artisanal fishers and those subsisting to some degree from the rivers known to host the river dolphin. A questionnaire survey of ninety-two residents from riparian villages adjacent to the GRD hotspots sheds light on the local perspectives towards dolphin conservation coupled with an assessment of their socio-economic status; artisanal fishing practices; and their awareness of dolphin conservation. According to the survey, notable threats to dolphin conservation are prey depletion; non-availability of suitable habitat; habitat fragmentation and a low level of awareness. Based on the counting outcomes and social survey, recommendations have been put forward for the conservation of this species.
Two new records of gilled mushrooms of the genus Amanita (Agaricales: Amanitaceae) from India
Authors: Verma R.K. , Pandro V. , Rao G. Rajeshwar 
Published: January 2020

Two new records of Amanita constricta and Amanita velosa from India are reported for the first time from sal Shorea robusta forest of central India. Earlier Amanita constricta was reported from USA and Canada, while A. velosa was reported from USA and Mexico. The reported species are edible but they should be taken with caution as at least two deadly Amanitas with saccate type volvas are known. A. velosa grows in open areas.