bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Home gardening and associations with fruit and vegetable intake and BMI
Authors: Kegler Michelle C , Prakash Radhika , Hermstad April , Williamson Dana , Anderson Kate , Haardörfer Regine 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:To understand who engages in home gardening and whether gardening is associated with fruit and vegetable intake and weight status.Design:A national cross-sectional survey.Setting:Online survey panel in the USA.Participants:Adults aged 18–75 years representing the US population with respect to gender, age, race/ethnicity, income and geographic region (n 3889).Results:Approximately 30 % of survey respondents reported growing edible plants in a home garden. Gardeners were more likely to be White or Asian, employed, have higher income, be married, have children in the household and live in rural areas. Gardeners were less likely to be obese and more likely to meet US dietary recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption. In multivariable analyses, home gardens remained associated with fruit and vegetable intake and BMI when controlling for a range of socio-demographic characteristics and level of rurality.Conclusions:The current study identifies who is gardening in the USA and provides useful information for public health efforts to increase gardening as a nutrition intervention. Future research should examine the benefits of home gardening and interventions to increase home gardening using more rigorous designs.
Polarization Modulation Differential Interference Contrast (Pol Mod Dic) Microscopy: An Improvement for Video Microscopy
Authors: Stromgren Allen N , Moxley D , Collings D , Holzwarth G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Differential interference contrast (DIC) light microscopy, particularly when coupled with digital image processing, is a powerful tool for the high-resolution microscopy of unstained, transparent biological specimens and can equally well be applied to semiconductor measurements. We show analytically, and with images of diatoms, plant cells and protoplasts, that switching the polarization of the incident light by 90 degrees, changes the image highlights found in conventional DIC images into shadows and vice versa (1). Using a ferroelectric liquid-crystal modulator, this switching can be done at frame rates, synchronized to the camera. By subtracting alternate frames, a stream of difference DIC images is created. We call this technique Pol Mod DIC. Subtraction of alternate images is carried out efficiently by frame buffer operations and amounts to massively parallel synchronous detection. A similar method has been applied to confocal microscopy (2).
Microcalorimeter EDS Measurements of Chemical Shifts in Fe Compounds
Authors: Wollman D A , Newbury Dale E , Hilton G C , Irwin K D , Dulcie L L , Bergren N F , Martinis John M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We report measurements of chemical shifts in the Fe-L x-ray lines of different Fe compounds from xray emission spectra acquired using a microcalorimeter energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The observed changes in peak position and relative intensity of the Fe-L x-ray lines are in agreement with measurements obtained using a wavelength dispersive spectrometer (WDS), demonstrating the usefulness of microcalorimeter EDS for high-energy-resolution x-ray microanalysis.
Chemical shifts result from changes in electron binding energies with the chemical environment of atoms. In x-ray spectra, chemical shifts lead to changes in x-ray peak positions, relative peak intensities, and peak shapes. These chemical bonding effects can be significant (with x-ray peak shifts on the order of 1 eV), particularly for x-ray lines resulting from transitions involving valence electrons of light elements such as B and C.
Measuring Performance of EDX Systems
Authors: Statham Peter 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
There are no “absolutes” in terms of performance and wherever possible, performance measures need to reflect conditions similar to those in the intended application. Unfortunately, measurements are frequently constrained by practical and economic considerations. For example, the most convenient radiation source for testing EDX systems is the Fe55 radioactive source which produces Mn Kα radiation at 5.9keV and can be used with an air path between source and detector. However, the fwhm resolution at 5.9keV is a rather poor measure of what the resolution will be for x-ray energies below 0.5 keV. Furthermore, “P/B”, the ratio of Mn Kα peak height to background level at IkeV, is only a crude indication of incomplete charge collection ICC, and does not reveal problems that may give rise to shift and broadening of the C Kα peak for example.
Microscopy in Pharmaceutical Development
Authors: Carlton R A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Many different microscopic techniques are utilized in the development of new pharmaceuticals. For that reason, pharmaceutical companies have supported microscopy and microscopists even in the face of retrenchments in many other industries. Microscopy has the following three major uses in pharmaceutical development: 1) solid-state characterization of drug substance; 2) particle size analysis; 3) contaminant identification. Microscopy is also an important component of the study of the biological activity of drugs but that subject will not be discussed here.
The analysis of the solid-state properties of new drug candidates is probably the most important and challenging subject of study for pharmaceutical microscopists.1 The primary objective of these studies is identification of the most suitable solid-state form (i.e. polymorph, solvate, hydrate) of the drug substance for development. Polarized light microscopy (PLM), thermal microscopy (TM), infrared microspectroscopy (IR), and Raman microspectroscopy (RM) are all utilized in these studies. Both PLM and TM are used to discover new polymorphs and solvates of the chemical.
Industrial Applications of Scanning Probe Microscopy
Authors: Magonov S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The evolution of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) into atomic force microscopy (AFM) have led to a family of scanning probe techniques which are widely applied in fundamental research and in industry. Visualization of the atomic- and molecular-scale structures and the possibility of modifying these structures using a sharp probe were demonstrated with the techniques on many materials. These unique capabilities initiated the further development of AFM and related methods generalized as scanning probe microscopy (SPM). The first STM experiments were performed in the clean conditions of ultra-high vacuum and on well-defined conducting or semi-conducting surfaces. These conditions restrict SPM applications to the real world that requires ambient-condition operation on the samples, many of which are insulators. AFM, which is based on the detection of forces between a tiny cantilever carrying a sharp tip and a sample surface, was introduced to satisfy these requirements. High lateral resolution and unique vertical resolution (angstrom scale) are essential AFM features.
Tutorial: Tem Specimen Preparation in the Physical Sciencestripod Polishing and Ion Milling
Authors: Anderson Ron 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Over the past few decades, the demands of modern analytical electron microscopy have increased the need for TEM specimen preparation techniques with a minimum of misleading artifacts in terms of chemical microanalysis. At the same time, the demands of modern industrial materials, be they semiconductor, polymeric or composite in nature, call for speed, flexibility and high spatial resolution as well. The response from the electron microscopy community, especially that portion in the private sector, have been to devise (or advocate) radically different forms of TEM thin specimen preparation from that of classic replication, electropolishing and ion thinning.
This tutorial sets forth the goals of TEM specimen preparation, and the requirements for a "good" TEM specimen. The strategic choices governing which technique to use for preparing a wide variety of specimens will be covered. A TEM Specimen Preparation Flow Chart will be used to plot a course that makes optimum use of the preparation techniques available as a function of the type of specimen to be prepared.
Molecular Pathologic Studies on the Echanisms of Radiation-Induced Hematopoietic Cells Apoptosis and the Recovery in Mouse Bone Marrow
Authors: Wang DW , Peng RY , Xiong CQ 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
There have rarely been reported on radiation induced hematopoietic cells apoptosis and the recovery,the expression and significance of oncogenes, tumor suppresser genes, hematopoietic grouth factors and their receptors in bone marrow.
By meams of routine pathology, specific stainning, electron microscope, immunocytochemistry, image analysis, in situ hybridization, in situ terminal end labelling, in situ PCR and DNA electrophoresis, The machanisms of hematopoietic cells apoptosis and then recovery in mouse bone marrow were studies through LAC A mouse total body irradiation with 60Co γ -rays.
The results showed: The bone marrow in each radiated group appeared obvious injury and then recovery, and the lessions were the most typical in 5.5Gy irradiation group, the pathologic changes were divided into four phases: namely the phase of hematopoietic cells apoptosis,bone marrow at 6hours after radiation. Furthermore, the higher radiation dose, the more the apoptotic cells were(table l).
Visualization of the Transport Pathways of High Density Lipoproteins Across the Endothelial Cells in the Rat Arteries
Authors: Lin H H , Chao W T , Yang V C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
An elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the plasma is the most recognized risk factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. On the other hand, the concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL), is inversely correlated with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. The transport pathways of LDL across the arterial wall has been well established. However, little is known about the transport mechanism(s) of HDL across the arterial wall. In this study, HDL was conjugated to colloidal gold for investigation of the ultrastructural aspects of binding and uptake of HDL by aortic endothelium.
High density lipoproteins were isolated from fresh rat plasma by sequential ultracentrifugation. HDL-colloidal gold conjugates were prepared according to the modified method of Kao et al. Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and the vasculature was cleared of blood by perfusion with oxygenated PBS supplemented with 1 mM CaCl2 and 14 mM glucose at 37 °C through the abdominal aorta using the vena cava as an outlet.
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) Study of Sea Urchin Embryos after Deciliation with Chloral Hydrate
Authors: Schatten Heide , Chakrabarti Amitabha 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy has opened up the potential to study biological events in their native occurence. While still in the early stages of exploration, the ability to view samples in their native state with the resolution provided by scanning electron microscopy is highly desirable and will provide insights in dynamic processes which previously had only been possible by interpretation with indirect methods or by static images obtained with transmission electron microscopy.
In preliminary experiments to explore the potential of studying native events with the ESEM we have investigated sea urchin embryos after deciliation with chloral hydrate. The Philips XL-30 ESEM instrument was used to obtain images of lightly fixed (0.1% glutaraldehyde in sea water), lightly coated embryos that had been treated as follows. Chloral hydrate was added at a concentration of 0.1% to blastulae of Lytechinus pictus at 24 hours after fertilization. Observation with light microscopy indicates that cilia become gradually shed into the sea water within 10 to 20 hours after chloral hydrate application.
Development and validation of an instrument for measuring competencies on public health informatics of primary health care worker (PHIC4PHC) in Indonesia
Authors: Rachmani Enny , Hsu Chien-Yeh , Chang Peter WuShou , Fuad Anis , Nurjanah Nurjanah , Shidik Guruh Fajar , Ningrum Dina Nur Anggraini , Lin Ming-Chin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBecause of the increasing adoption and use of technology in primary health care (PHC), public health informatics competencies (PHIC) are becoming essential for public health workers. Unfortunately, no studies have measured PHIC in resource-limited setting. This paper describes the process of developing and validating Public Health Informatics Competencies for Primary Health Care (PHIC4PHC), an instrument for measuring PHC workers’ competencies in public health informatics. Method: This study developed a questionnaire that had three stages: the Delphi technique, a pretest, and field test. Eleven academicians from a university and 13 PHC workers joined 2 rounds of group discussion in the first stage. The second stage comprised two pilot studies with 75 PHC workers in Semarang Municipality. The third stage involved validating the questionnaire with 462 PHC workers in Kendal District. This study used Pearson’s product-moment correlation for the validity check and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for determining the internal consistency. This study used the K-means algorithm for clustering the results of the PHIC4PHC questionnaire. Results and Conclusion: PHIC4PHC is the first comprehensive PHIC questionnaire administered in a resource-limited setting, consisting of 11 indicators and 42 measurement items concerning knowledge of health information systems, skills required for health data management, ethical aspects of data sharing and health information literacy. The final results of PHIC4PHC were clustered into three classes based on the K-means algorithm. Overall, 45.7% PHC workers achieved medium competency, whereas 25.6% and 27.7% achieved low and high competency, respectively. Men had higher competency than women. The higher the worker’s level of education, the higher the PHIC level; the longer the worker’s work experience, the lower the PHIC score; and the greater the worker’s age, the lower the PHIC score. Measuring and monitoring PHIC is vital to support successful health IT adoption in PHC.
THE POWER OF NAIVE TRUTH
Authors: FIELD HARTRY 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNonclassical theories of truth that take truth to be transparent have some obvious advantages over any classical theory of truth (which must take it as nontransparent on pain of inconsistency). But several authors have recently argued that there’s also a big disadvantage of nonclassical theories as compared to their “external” classical counterparts: proof-theoretic strength. While conceding the relevance of this, the paper argues that there is a natural way to beef up extant internal theories so as to remove their proof-theoretic disadvantage. It is suggested that the resulting internal theories are preferable to their external counterparts.
On the Factors That Determine Boundary Layer Albedo
Authors: Rampal Neelesh , Davies Roger 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the factors that control marine boundary layer cloud albedo measured by the Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) over domains of (200 km)2. We use three key metrics to investigate domain albedo: cloud fraction, cloud heterogeneity, and cloud morphology. Cloud heterogeneity is quantified at the domain level with a unified heterogeneity index. Cloud morphology is determined from a cloud classification algorithm using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to classify each domain into one of four categories: (i) closed‐cell Mesoscale Cellular Convection (MCC); (ii) open‐cell MCC; (iii) disorganized MCC; and (iv) No MCC. These different types of MCC are usefully defined as low clouds of different morphologies. Classifications from the ANN are also combined with the satellite observations of MISR to develop relationships between cloud morphology, domain albedo, cloud fraction, and cloud heterogeneity. Cloud morphology is found to play an essential role in modulating these relationships. The cloud fraction‐albedo relationships are found to be directly a function of cloud morphology. Relationships between domain albedo and cloud heterogeneity are also found to be a function of MCC type. Our results indicate that the albedo has a strong dependence on cloud morphology and cloud heterogeneity. Understanding both the physical properties and the meteorological controls on MCC has important implications for understanding low cloud behavior and improving their representation in General Circulation Models.
Can Grain Size Reduction Initiate Transform Faults?—Insights From a 3‐D Numerical Study
Authors: Schierjott Jana C. , Thielmann Marcel , Rozel Antoine B. , Golabek Gregor J. , Gerya Taras V. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOceanic transform faults formed at mid‐ocean ridges are intrinsic features of modern plate tectonics. Nevertheless, numerical mantle convection models typically struggle to reproduce the strike‐slip movement observed along transform faults on Earth. Instead, mantle convection models tend to produce mostly convergent and divergent plate boundaries. Based on regional visco‐(elasto)‐plastic thermomechanical models it has been demonstrated that a strong strain‐induced weakening of rocks has to be assumed in order to initiate and stabilize the characteristic orthogonal ridge‐transform spreading patterns. However, the physical origin of such intense rheological weakening remains unclear. Considering that in nature oceanic transform faults show a strongly reduced grain size, a potentially strong influence of grain size reduction processes on the rheological strength of these structures can be assumed. Employing 3‐D thermomechanical visco‐plastic models, we study the effect of grain size reduction on oceanic transform fault initiation. Our results show that ductile weakening induced by grain size reduction indeed results in sufficient localization to initiate a transform fault. Without any additional weakening mechanisms, transform faults in our models remain stable up to 2 Myr. We identify parameters that affect stability and longevity of the transform fault during the initiation phase, such as the grain damage formulation and grain growth prefactor. In our models, transform faults initiate in the brittle crust and propagate downward, thus indicating a top‐down initiated localization process. The observed grain size, rheology, and strain rate inside the shear zone of our models agree well with observations in nature; however, the longevity of natural examples cannot be reached.
Dual‐Permeability Model Improvements for Representation of Preferential Flow in Fractured Clays
Authors: Aguilar‐López Juan P. , Bogaard Thom , Gerke Horst H. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDual‐permeability models assume that the complete porous media system can be represented by two different interacting subsystems: the matrix and the fracture pore domain. For some soils like fractured clays, the fracture domain may be empty, which makes its physical behavior differ significantly from capillary flow. Our main hypothesis is that this kind of preferential flow systems can be represented as a dual‐permeability porous media by adapting the 2‐D formulation and initial conditions of the fracture domain and the mass exchange function. The performance of the dual‐permeability finite element solution was evaluated by comparing it to its equivalent 2‐D explicit fracture single‐permeability finite element model. The results of the numerical experiments show that the 2‐D dual‐permeability concept allows to simulate preferential flow in soils with fractures. This was achieved by improving the parameterization of the Mualem‐van Genuchten soil water retention curve of the fractured domain and the hydraulic conductivity exchange function for the first‐order mass exchange term for fractured soils. The exchange term hydraulic conductivity evaluated at the minimum value of the pressure heads of the two domains considerably improved the results as compared to using the well‐established arithmetic average of the hydraulic conductivity values from both domains. These two improvements of the dual‐permeability model approach are especially useful in cases where preferential flow systems consist mostly of relatively large, noncapillary fractures and macropores.
[18F]THK5317 imaging as a tool for predicting prospective cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Chiotis Konstantinos , Savitcheva Irina , Poulakis Konstantinos , Saint-Aubert Laure , Wall Anders , Antoni Gunnar , Nordberg Agneta 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCross-sectional studies have indicated potential for positron emission tomography (PET) in imaging tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, its prognostic utility remains unproven. In a longitudinal, multi-modal, prognostic study of cognitive decline, 20 patients with a clinical biomarker-based diagnosis in the AD spectrum (mild cognitive impairment or dementia and a positive amyloid-beta PET scan) were recruited from the Cognitive Clinic at Karolinska University Hospital. The participants underwent baseline neuropsychological assessment, PET imaging with [18F]THK5317, [11C]PIB and [18F]FDG, magnetic resonance imaging, and in a subgroup cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling, with clinical follow-up after a median 48 months (interquartile range = 32:56). In total, 11 patients declined cognitively over time, while 9 remained cognitively stable. The accuracy of baseline [18F]THK5317 binding in temporal areas was excellent at predicting future cognitive decline (area under the receiver operating curve 0.84–1.00) and the biomarker levels were strongly associated with the rate of cognitive decline (β estimate −33.67 to −31.02, p < 0.05). The predictive accuracy of the other baseline biomarkers was poor (area under the receiver operating curve 0.58–0.77) and their levels were not associated with the rate of cognitive decline (β estimate −4.64 to 15.78, p > 0.05). Baseline [18F]THK5317 binding and CSF tau levels were more strongly associated with the MMSE score at follow-up than at baseline (p < 0.05). These findings support a temporal dissociation between tau deposition and cognitive impairment, and suggest that [18F]THK5317 predicts future cognitive decline better than other biomarkers. The use of imaging markers for tau pathology could prove useful for clinical prognostic assessment and screening before inclusion in relevant clinical trials.