bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Modification and Cultural Alignment in Police Services: An Empirical Analysis of Select Variables
Authors: Aryasri A. Ramachandra , Jitender  , P. Mahapatra Gopal 
Published: May 2020

Police forces, traditionally, were tacitly assumed to be rule-bound, legalistic, bureaucratic organisations, in which top-down policies prevailed through a quasi-militaristic rank hierarchy and strict discipline code ( Reiner,2016 ). The profile of the police organisations has been radically transforming, in view of the wider politico-economic and cultural context of re-emerging conflicts and social divisions in the recent past. Because of loose ends in the legal powers and processes, police officers at the operational level were characterised by the extent of discretion on how to behave or misbehave ( Newburn & Reiner, 2012 ). An empirical study was carried out in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh using Convenience sampling on 680 (340 respondents from police from different cadres and public each through separate structured questionnaires for each category of respondents), covering three variables, namely police beat, patrolling and responding to public calls. This article presents how Visakhapatnam Police could focus on the beat and patrolling, responding to public calls as part of aligning its working processes and bring in the cultural change not only in the Police Organisation as a whole, but also among the stakeholders. The Visakha Police is today known to be more citizen-friendly, tech-savvy and relatively fast in addressing and resolving issues.
Factors associated with prolonged viral shedding and impact of lopinavir/ritonavir treatment in hospitalised non-critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Yan Dan , Liu Xiao-Yan , Zhu Ya-nan , Huang Li , Dan Bi-tang , Zhang Guo-jun , Gao Yong-hua 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundThe duration of viral shedding is central to the guidance of decisions about isolation precautions and antiviral treatment. However, studies regarding the risk factors associated with prolonged shedding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the impact of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) treatment on viral shedding remain scarce.MethodsData were collected from all SARS-CoV-2 infected patients who were admitted to isolation wards and had reverse transcription PCR conversion at the No. 3 People's Hospital of Hubei province, China, between 31 January and 9 March 2020. We compared clinical characteristics and SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding between patients initiated with LPV/r treatment and those without. Logistic regression analysis was employed to evaluate the risk factors associated with prolonged viral shedding.ResultsOf 120 patients, the median age was 52 years, 54 (45%) were male and 78 (65%) received LPV/r treatment. The median duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection from symptom onset was 23 days (interquartile range 18–32 days). Older age (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00–1.05; p=0.03) and the lack of LPV/r treatment (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.10–5.36; p=0.029) were independent risk factors for prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding. Patients who initiated LPV/r treatment within 10 days from symptom onset, but not initiated from day 11 onwards, had significantly shorter viral shedding duration compared with those without LPV/r treatment (median 19 daysversus28.5 days; log-rank p<0.001).ConclusionOlder age and the lack of LPV/r treatment were independently associated with prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Earlier administration of LPV/r treatment could shorten viral shedding duration.
Day-to-day variability of forced oscillatory mechanics for early detection of acute exacerbations in COPD
Authors: Zimmermann Sabine C. , Huvanandana Jacqueline , Nguyen Chinh D. , Bertolin Amy , Watts Joanna C. , Gobbi Alessandro , Farah Claude S. , Peters Matthew J. , Dellacà Raffaele L. , King Gregory G. , Thamrin Cindy 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundTelemonitoring trials for early detection of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) have provided mixed results. Day-to-day variations in lung function measured by the forced oscillation technique (FOT) may yield greater insight. We evaluated the clinical utility of home telemonitoring of variability in FOT measures in terms of 1) the relationship with symptoms and quality of life (QoL); and 2) the timing of variability of FOT measures and symptom changes prior to AECOPD.MethodsDaily FOT parameters at 5 Hz (resistance (R) and reactance (X); Resmon Pro Diary, Restech Srl, Milan, Italy), daily symptoms (COPD Assessment Test (CAT)) and 4-weekly QoL data (St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ)) were recorded over 8–9 months from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Variability of R and X was calculated as the standard deviation (sd) over 7-day running windows and we also examined the effect of varying window size. The relationship of FOTversusCAT and SGRQ was assessed using linear mixed modelling, daily changes in FOT variability and CAT prior to AECOPD using one-way repeated measures ANOVA.ResultsFifteen participants with a mean±sdage of 69±10 years and a % predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) of 39±10% had a median (interquartile range (IQR)) adherence of 95.4% (79.0–98.8%). Variability of the inspiratory component of X (indicated by the standard deviation of inspiratory reactance (SDXinsp)) related to CAT and weakly to SGRQ (fixed effect estimates 1.57, 95% CI 0.65–2.49 (p=0.001) and 4.41, 95% CI −0.06 to 8.89 (p=0.05), respectively). SDXinspchanged significantly on the same day as CAT (1 day before AECOPD, both p=0.02) and earlier when using shorter running windows (3 days before AECOPD, p=0.01; accuracy=0.72 for 5-day windows).ConclusionsSDXinspfrom FOT telemonitoring reflects COPD symptoms and may be a sensitive biomarker for early detection of AECOPD.
Power analysis for RNA-Seq differential expression studies using generalized linear mixed effects models
Authors: Yu Lianbo , Fernandez Soledad , Brock Guy 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Power analysis becomes an inevitable step in experimental design of current biomedical research. Complex designs allowing diverse correlation structures are commonly used in RNA-Seq experiments. However, the field currently lacks statistical methods to calculate sample size and estimate power for RNA-Seq differential expression studies using such designs. To fill the gap, simulation based methods have a great advantage by providing numerical solutions, since theoretical distributions of test statistics are typically unavailable for such designs.

Results
In this paper, we propose a novel simulation based procedure for power estimation of differential expression with the employment of generalized linear mixed effects models for correlated expression data. We also propose a new procedure for power estimation of differential expression with the use of a bivariate negative binomial distribution for paired designs. We compare the performance of both the likelihood ratio test and Wald test under a variety of simulation scenarios with the proposed procedures. The simulated distribution was used to estimate the null distribution of test statistics in order to achieve the desired false positive control and was compared to the asymptotic Chi-square distribution. In addition, we applied the procedure for paired designs to the TCGA breast cancer data set.

Conclusions
In summary, we provide a framework for power estimation of RNA-Seq differential expression under complex experimental designs. Simulation results demonstrate that both the proposed procedures properly control the false positive rate at the nominal level.
MtOrt: an empirical mitochondrial amino acid substitution model for evolutionary studies of Orthoptera insects
Authors: Chang Huihui , Nie Yimeng , Zhang Nan , Zhang Xue , Sun Huimin , Mao Ying , Qiu Zhongying , Huang Yuan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Amino acid substitution models play an important role in inferring phylogenies from proteins. Although different amino acid substitution models have been proposed, only a few were estimated from mitochondrial protein sequences for specific taxa such as the mtArt model for Arthropoda. The increasing of mitochondrial genome data from broad Orthoptera taxa provides an opportunity to estimate the Orthoptera-specific mitochondrial amino acid empirical model.

Results
We sequenced complete mitochondrial genomes of 54 Orthoptera species, and estimated an amino acid substitution model (named mtOrt) by maximum likelihood method based on the 283 complete mitochondrial genomes available currently. The results indicated that there are obvious differences between mtOrt and the existing models, and the new model can better fit the Orthoptera mitochondrial protein datasets. Moreover, topologies of trees constructed using mtOrt and existing models are frequently different. MtOrt does indeed have an impact on likelihood improvement as well as tree topologies. The comparisons between the topologies of trees constructed using mtOrt and existing models show that the new model outperforms the existing models in inferring phylogenies from Orthoptera mitochondrial protein data.

Conclusions
The new mitochondrial amino acid substitution model of Orthoptera shows obvious differences from the existing models, and outperforms the existing models in inferring phylogenies from Orthoptera mitochondrial protein sequences.
Deep vein thrombosis due to May-Thurner syndrome: a case report
Authors: Meng Yan , Qin Hao , Ma Qiang , Zhang Junbo , Zhang Bo , Pang Honggang , Yin Qian , Tian Hongyan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
May-Thurner syndrome (MTS) or Cockett’s syndrome is a rare clinical syndrome, which refers to the compression of the left common iliac vein (LCIV) by right common iliac artery and vertebral body. Complications of MTS include deep vein thrombus formation and even life-threatening pulmonary embolism.

Case presentation
Here, we report the case of a 60-year-old female patient with a complaint of swelling in the left lower limb and pain for 5 days. Computed tomography angiography indicated MTS, and thrombus formation of left external iliac vein and femoral vein. The patient was diagnosed with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and MTS. The patient underwent ascending venography from the lower extremity to inferior vena cava (IVC) and then to the pulmonary artery with IVC filter implantation, left iliac vein balloon plasty, and stent placement. The patient visited the hospital for the removal of IVC filter, 28 days after the operation. After the interventional therapy, the patient had no in-stent restenosis and had remission during the 2-year follow-up.

Conclusions
This case presents a successful management of MTS in presence of DVT. Although clinicians are rarely aware, the presence of unilateral lower limb swelling and thrombosis may be the manifestations of MTS.
Ion-Channel modulator TH1177 reduces glomerular injury and serum creatinine in chronic mesangial proliferative disease in rats
Authors: Cove-Smith Andrea , Sharpe Claire C. , Shattock Michael J. , Hendry Bruce M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
T-type calcium channels (TTCC) are involved in mesangial cell proliferation. In acute thy-1 nephritis in the rat TTCC inhibition reduces glomerular damage and cell proliferation. This work is extended here by a study of the non-selective TTCC inhibitor TH1177 in a chronic model of proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) including late treatment starting after the initial inflammation has resolved. The objective was to determine the effects of TH1177 in a model of chronic mesangioproliferative renal disease.

Methods
Chronic GN was induced in WKY rats by unilateral nephrectomy (day − 7) followed by day 0 injection of Ox7 thy-1 mAb. Treatment with TH1177 (10–20 mg/Kg daily IP) was started on day 2 (early treatment) or on day 14 (late treatment) and compared to vehicle-treated controls until sacrifice at day 42. Glomerular disease was assessed with a damage score, fibrosis assay, cellular counts and renal function measured by serum creatinine.

Results
Treatment with TH11777 was associated with reduced serum creatinine, less glomerular damage, reduced fibrosis and reduced glomerular cellularity. The results for early and late TH1177 treatments were essentially the same and differed significantly from vehicle.

Conclusions
The ion-channel modulator TH1177 is capable of improving glomerular outcome in chronic rat GN even when treatment starts 14 days after initiation of the disease. These data are discussed in the context of the possible targets of TH1177 including TTCC, TRP family, Stim/Orai group and other cation channels. The work supports the use of genetic models to examine the roles of individual cation channels in progressive glomerulonephritis to further define the targets of TH1177.
Paternal violent criminality and preterm birth: a Swedish national cohort study
Authors: Liu Can , Långström Niklas , Ekéus Cecilia , Frisell Thomas , Cnattingius Sven , Hjern Anders 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Fathers may affect expectant mothers’ daily living situations, which in turn might influence pregnancy outcomes. We investigated the association between paternal violent criminality and risk of preterm birth (≤36 weeks).

Methods
We conducted a register-based study with all live singleton births in the Swedish Medical Birth Register from 1992 to 2012, linked with records of paternal violent crime convictions from the National Crime Register from 1973 to 2012.

Results
Paternal violent criminality was associated with increased risk of preterm birth and lower gestational age. The association was especially pronounced among infants of reoffenders: men convicted of three or more violent crimes (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.23 [95% CI 1.17, 1.29]). Maternal half sibling-comparisons, an analytic approach controlling for maternal factors stable across pregnancies, also suggested increased risk of preterm birth and lower gestational age when exposed to a violently reoffending father compared to a father without violent criminal convictions (aOR 1.30 [0.99, 1.72], adjusted mean difference − 1.07 [− 1.78, − 0.36]).

Conclusions
Persistent paternal violent criminality was associated with increased risk of preterm birth, even after controlling for maternal characteristics that did not change between pregnancies.
Why women chose unassisted home birth in Malaysia: a qualitative study
Authors: Ahmad Tajuddin Nur Amani Natasha , Suhaimi Julia , Ramdzan Siti Nurkamilla , Malek Khasnur Abd , Ismail Ilham Ameera , Shamsuddin Nurainul Hana , Abu Bakar Ahmad Ihsan , Othman Sajaratulnisah 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Incidences of unassisted home birthing practices have been increasing in Malaysia despite the accessibility to safe and affordable child birthing facilities. We aimed to explore the reasons for women to make such decisions.

Methods
Twelve women participated in in-depth interviews. They were recruited using a snowballing approach. The interviews were supported by a topic guide which was developed based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour and previous literature. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis.

Results
Women in this study described a range of birthing experiences and personal beliefs as to why they chose unassisted home birth. Four themes emerged from the interviews; i) preferred birthing experience, ii) birth is a natural process, iii) expressing autonomy and iv) faith. Such decision to birth at home unassisted was firm and steadfast despite the possible risks and complications that can occur. Giving birth is perceived to occur naturally regardless of assistance, and unassisted home birth provides the preferred environment which health facilities in Malaysia may lack. They believed that they were in control of the birth processes apart from fulfilling the spiritual beliefs.

Conclusions
Women may choose unassisted home birth to express their personal views and values, at the expense of the health risks. Apart from increasing mothers’ awareness of the possible complications arising from unassisted home births, urgent efforts are needed to provide better birth experiences in healthcare facilities that resonate with the mothers’ beliefs and values.
Mother’s satisfaction with the existing labor and delivery care services at public health facilities in West Shewa zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia
Authors: Bulto Gizachew Abdissa , Demissie Dereje Bayissa , Tasu Tefera Likasa , Demisse Getu Alemu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundMothers’ satisfaction with care during childbirth is indicators of the quality care which affects skilled birth attendance. Negative client’s experiences at health facilities cause them to delay or avoid seeking care, which highlights services providers should consider and act on the expectations and experiences of women and their families. Though there are few studies conducted in Ethiopia on maternal satisfaction with Labor and Delivery (LAD) services, there is no study conducted in the study area. Therefore the study aims to assess the mother’s satisfaction with existing LAD services and associated factors at all levels of health care in the West Shewa zone.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted at public health facilities in West Shewa zone, Central Ethiopia. A systematic sampling technique was used to select 560 respondents by using their delivery registration number and data were collected through face to face interview. Mothers were considered satisfied if they responded satisfied/very satisfied with 75% or more of the questions assessing satisfaction. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify associated factors.ResultsThe overall proportion of mothers who were satisfied with the current LAD care services were 60.8%. The main areas of dissatisfaction were; accessibility and cleanness of toilets/shower 72.6%, overall cleanness of the facility/including waiting-area 40.1% and presence of support a person during birth 38.0%. The presence of cultural practices (AOR = 2.5), discussion on the place of delivery with health worker during ANC (AOR = 1.75), providers asks for consent before procedure (AOR = 2.77), encouraging companion to remain with mother (AOR = 2.22), never leave mother alone or unattended (AOR = 2.56), giving periodic updates on status and progress of labor (AOR = 2.04) and explaining what is being done and to expect during LAD (AOR = 2.20) were factors identified to be significantly associated with satisfaction on LAD services.ConclusionThe overall satisfaction of mothers with LAD services at public health facilities in the West-Shewa zone was relatively low.Presence of cultural practices, discussion on the place of delivery, asking for consent before the procedure, encouraging companion to remain with mothers and explaining what is being done were factors identified. Therefore, all stakeholders have to emphatically work on those identified factors to improve mothers’ satisfaction with LAD services.
Sex-specific impact of patterns of imageable tumor growth on survival of primary glioblastoma patients
Authors: Whitmire Paula , Rickertsen Cassandra R. , Hawkins-Daarud Andrea , Carrasco Eduardo , Lorence Julia , De Leon Gustavo , Curtin Lee , Bayless Spencer , Clark-Swanson Kamala , Peeri Noah C. , Corpuz Christina , Lewis-de los Angeles Christine Paula , Bendok Bernard R. , Gonzalez-Cuyar Luis , Vora Sujay , Mrugala Maciej M. , Hu Leland S. , Wang Lei , Porter Alyx , Kumthekar Priya , Johnston Sandra K. , Egan Kathleen M. , Gatenby Robert , Canoll Peter , Rubin Joshua B. , Swanson Kristin R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Sex is recognized as a significant determinant of outcome among glioblastoma patients, but the relative prognostic importance of glioblastoma features has not been thoroughly explored for sex differences.

Methods
Combining multi-modal MR images, biomathematical models, and patient clinical information, this investigation assesses which pretreatment variables have a sex-specific impact on the survival of glioblastoma patients (299 males and 195 females).

Results
Among males, tumor (T1Gd) radius was a predictor of overall survival (HR = 1.027, p = 0.044). Among females, higher tumor cell net invasion rate was a significant detriment to overall survival (HR = 1.011, p < 0.001). Female extreme survivors had significantly smaller tumors (T1Gd) (p = 0.010 t-test), but tumor size was not correlated with female overall survival (p = 0.955 CPH). Both male and female extreme survivors had significantly lower tumor cell net proliferation rates than other patients (M p = 0.004, F p = 0.001, t-test).

Conclusion
Despite similar distributions of the MR imaging parameters between males and females, there was a sex-specific difference in how these parameters related to outcomes.
Functionally validated imaging endpoints in the Alabama study on early age-related macular degeneration 2 (ALSTAR2): design and methods
Authors: Curcio Christine A. , McGwin Gerald , Sadda Srinivas R. , Hu Zhihong , Clark Mark E. , Sloan Kenneth R. , Swain Thomas , Crosson Jason N. , Owsley Cynthia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of irreversible vision impairment in the United States and globally, is a disease of the photoreceptor support system involving the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch’s membrane, and the choriocapillaris in the setting of characteristic extracellular deposits between outer retinal cells and their blood supply. Research has clearly documented the selective vulnerability of rod photoreceptors and rod-mediated (scotopic) vision in early AMD, including delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation (RMDA) and impaired rod-mediated light and pattern sensitivity. The unifying hypothesis of the Alabama Study on Early Macular Degeneration (ALSTAR2) is that early AMD is a disease of micronutrient deficiency and vascular insufficiency, due to detectable structural changes in the retinoid re-supply route from the choriocapillaris to the photoreceptors. Functionally this is manifest as delayed rod-mediated dark adaptation and eventually as rod-mediated visual dysfunction in general.

Methods
A cohort of 480 older adults either in normal macular health or with early AMD will be enrolled and followed for 3 years to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between structural and functional characteristics of AMD. Using spectral domain optical coherence tomography, the association between (1) subretinal drusenoid deposits and drusen, (2) RPE cell bodies, and (3) the choriocapillaris’ vascular density and rod- and cone-mediated vision will be examined. An accurate map and timeline of structure-function relationships in aging and early AMD gained from ALSTAR2, especially the critical transition from aging to disease, will identify major characteristics relevant to future treatments and preventative measures.

Discussion
A major barrier to developing treatments and prevention strategies for early AMD is a limited understanding of the temporal interrelationships among structural and functional characteristics while transitioning from aging to early AMD. ALSTAR2 will enable the development of functionally valid, structural biomarkers for early AMD, suitable for use in forthcoming clinical trials as endpoint/outcome measures. The comprehensive dataset will also allow hypothesis-testing for mechanisms that underlie the transition from aging to AMD, one of which is a newly developed Center-Surround model of cone resilience and rod vulnerability.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04112667, October 7, 2019.