bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Organization of Nervous Systems
Authors: Purves Dale 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Nervous systems employ some or all of the senses to convert energy at the level of receptor cells into neural information. This conversion generates electrochemical signals carried centrally that, via a series of additional neurons, determine behavior. The most obvious behaviors are those mediated by skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands. But motor responses are members of a longer list that includes attention, perception, emotion, memory, thought, motivation, and others. How to describe these additional “systems,” and how to decipher what the relevant circuits do and how they do it, are unanswered questions. This chapter describes the main features of neural processing, asking whether the principle of neural function is simply to make associations that lead to useful behaviors.
Neural Associations
Authors: Purves Dale 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
If the operating principle of nervous systems is making trial-and-error associations among neurons by accumulated learning over evolutionary and individual time, a next step is to define “associations” more exactly and to review the ways they are created. Neurobiologists have generally focused on the cellular mechanisms that alter synaptic structure, physiology, and biochemistry as a result of individual experience (“neural plasticity”), while psychologists have approached neural associations from the perspective of behavior. Neuroscientists of all stripes agree, however, that associations are based on the connections among neurons and neuronal populations. This chapter examines more specifically how neural connectivity evolves, how it arises during development, and how it is modified over animal lifetimes.
Evidence from Lightness and Color
Authors: Purves Dale 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
What, then, is the evidence that sensory systems link stimulus inputs to useful responses empirically as a means of generating successful behavior in a physical world that the senses cannot measure? This chapter focuses on evidence derived from studies of lightness and color in vision, the brain system that has been most extensively studied in this regard. The argument here, and in the following chapters that consider other perceptual qualities and systems, is that evolved circuitry based on accumulated experience with frequency of occurrence of biologically useful stimuli accomplishes this feat. This strategy, called empirical ranking theory, explains why the qualities we perceive are always at odds with physical measurements.
Memory Reconsolidation as a Common Change Process
Authors: Goldman Rhonda , Fredrick-Keniston Alyssa 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Memory reconsolidation is considered as a common change process that exists across the major individual therapeutic modalities that are aimed at promoting and sustaining long- term, enduring change. The integrative memory model is reviewed in terms of how it may provide the field of psychotherapy integration with a description of a process that all individual therapies seek to achieve. First, the change mechanisms underlying each of the major therapeutic approaches including behavioral, cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic and emotion-focused therapies are examined to determine the degree to which they describe a memory reconsolidation process. Next, some of the newer, modern integrative therapeutic approaches are reviewed to consider whether they too are promoting a memory reconsolidation process, although not necessarily naming it as such. The memory reconsolidation model and its constituent elements are then examined in depth to determine the degree to which the various therapy models promote and encourage relative aspects of the memory reconsolidation process. Finally, a potentially clarifying definition of terms is proposed and future research is suggested that would help the field determine the degree to which memory reconsolidation is a common change process and if so, how it can best be promoted.
Grandstanding: A Field Guide
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Drawing on empirical research from psychology, this chapter shows what grandstanding looks like in public discourse and why it often takes the forms it does. When grandstanders pile on, they contribute to public moral discourse to proclaim agreement with something that has already been said or to join in a shaming brigade. When grandstanders ramp up, they make increasingly strong claims about the matter under discussion to impress others with their moral qualities. Grandstanders trump up when they try to show off their moral credentials by making up moral problems that don’t really exist. Grandstanders use expressions of strong emotions such as moral outrage to show off how good they are. Finally, grandstanders are often dismissive of others’ views, treating disagreement as a sign of moral disorder. The chapter concludes by explaining why there is no simple, foolproof way to tell whether someone is grandstanding.
The Social Costs of Grandstanding
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents some consequentialist considerations against moral grandstanding. Grandstanding contributes to group polarization. Relatedly, grandstanding leads people to hold false beliefs, and to be overconfident about their beliefs. Grandstanding also threatens to undercut the effectiveness of moral talk. It makes people increasingly cynical about moral discourse, and it may cause outrage exhaustion—an insensitivity to expressions of outrage by others, and an inability to muster outrage oneself. When grandstanding becomes too common in public discourse, moderates avoid discussions of morality and politics. In spite of these costs, the possibility that grandstanding may be socially beneficial is also considered.
Politics as Morality Pageant
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that grandstanding contributes to significant problems for politics in democracies. Politicians are notorious for grandstanding, likely because they have strong incentives to do so. Many voters choose candidates for their perceived character traits, so politicians grandstand to give the people what they want. Because people associate morality with taking unyielding stands, politicians who grandstand have strong incentives not to compromise with the opposing party. If they do, voters will treat them as flip-floppers. The same is true for activists, who risk being seen as having a weak commitment to the cause by other activists. Political grandstanders also tend to support expressive or symbolic policies, which seem to straightforwardly address a problem, but are actually ineffective. Finally, grandstanders sometimes have reason not to solve social problems at all, as doing so may eliminate opportunities to advance their interests.
Limitless Frontiers, Spaceship Earths, and Higher Humanities
Authors: Deudney Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The heart of space expansionism is habitat expansion and Lebensraum visions, first developed by the Russian thinker Tsiolkovsky a century ago. The Tsiolkovsky programs extend a long line of infrastructure futurism. A seven-step ladder begins with “Fuller Earth” proposals to enclose and industrialize Earth, followed by massive orbital solar collectors, sun shields, and giant fabricated habitats, envisioned by Bernal, Glaser, and O’Neill. Then Mars and asteroids will be colonized, according to Zubrin and Cole. Distant comets and ice worlds will be colonized by genetically altered life, according to Dyson. Ultimately expansion across interstellar space will fill the galaxy with life. The politics of Earth-analog spaceships are likely to be ship-like technocratic authoritarian. Humans, ill-suited to space, will be altered by genetic engineering and cyborg augmentations, filling space with intelligent posthuman species. Tsiolkovskians believe life expands or dies and that humanity and its space technology have special destinies to play in life’s cosmic expansion.
Superpower Restraints, Planetary Security, and Earth Identity
Authors: Deudney Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A third, often-overlooked, space agenda, the Clarke-Sagan and Whole Earth Security programs, aims to close the gap between the territorial state system and technologies and spaces of planetary scope without world government. It extends into space environmentalist, arms control, and globalist approaches. Its ladder includes superpower arms control, space cooperation and satellites for information, science, and Earth habitability. It supports strengthening the Outer Space Treaty, currently under assault. It fears space debris degrading orbital space. It anticipates viewing Earth from space will help support terrapolitan Whole Earth political identities, supplanting parochial nationalities. Its advocates debate asteroid deflection dilemmas, some fearing intentional bombardment, others proposing international planetary defense consortia. How can the great debate between the Clarke-Sagan and von Braun programs be resolved? Clarke and Sagan, uniquely among prominent space expansionists, prioritized nuclear arms control but also embraced Tsiolkovskian visions, posing the question: Are their criticisms of the von Braun military programs applicable to solar space expansion?
Introduction
Authors: Kant Tanya 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The introduction provides an overview of current debates and problems associated with the intervention of personalization algorithms into web users’ everyday life. It proposes that platforms’ attempts to algorithmically anticipate users’ identities demand an approach that goes beyond both privacy debates and filter bubble theory normally associated with data tracking and web personalization. The chapter overviews the author’s methodological approach and findings, arguing that it is by analyzing the accounts of web users themselves that it becomes possible to unpack the complexities of algorithmic intersection with contemporary formations of the self. Finally the chapter introduces the primary historical and critical analyses, as well as empirical research studies, that constitute the remainder of the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Kant Tanya 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter draws together some of the core findings of this book: the epistemic uncertainties that algorithmic personalization creates for users that emerge at times as trust or anxiety; the struggle for autonomy that users must negotiate with algorithms that seek to co-constitute their sense of self; and the performative implications of personalization that impose models of identity that are inherently in tension. The author proposes that it is in approaching personalization algorithms through the lens of the everyday that one can most productively interrogate identity as co-constituted both inside and outside of the algorithm. This means looking beyond calls for more user consent over data tracking to instead consider users’ power as algorithmic tacticians capable of deploying algorithmic capital. Algorithmic personalization must be approached in and through the situated subjectivities of everyday web use if one is to productively understand its increasingly invisible place in algorithmic culture.
The New Era of Toxic Politics
Authors: Drutman Lee 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the new era of toxic politics, when a fully-nationalized, fully-sorted two-party system emerged, divided over increasingly existential questions over the fate of American national identity. American national politics is so dysfunctional because it has two disciplined, non-overlapping parties, each constantly seeking to win a narrow majority. The institutions are set up to require compromise and coalition-building. However, electoral politics now push against compromise and coalition-building. Parties have no incentive to work together. And voters, increasingly convinced the fate of the nation is at stake with every election, now actively punish compromise. The result is toxic politics and political disaster. Though these trends have been building for decades, it was only in the 2010s that they reached their full expression. It was in the 2010s that political opposition fully became political obstructionism, and that political opponents became political enemies. Finally, the 2010s marked the completion of the half-century partisan realignment that began with the civil rights revolution, with one party (the Democrats) fully becoming the party of diversity and cosmopolitan values, and one party (the Republicans) fully becoming the party of white, Christian America and traditionalist America. This is the kind of political conflict that can destroy democracy.
Exit from Above
Authors: Cooley Alexander , Nexon Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Russia and China are engaged in substantial efforts to contest existing international architecture while building alternative infrastructure. A desire for greater influence and status drives some of these efforts. At the same time, a number of autocratic regimes, including Russia and China, now consider international political liberalism—especially when supported by the United States—as a direct threat to their security. Moscow and Beijing first developed ways of insulating themselves against liberalizing pressure. They next turned to contesting and reversing that international political liberalism. This chapter traces specific ways that Moscow and Beijing have “exited from above,” such as via the New Development Bank, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. It shows how such efforts have already transformed the ecology of international order, creating a parallel “world without the West” and disrupting the jurisdictions and functions of existing, more liberal, international government organizations.
Exit Made in America
Authors: Cooley Alexander , Nexon Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Donald Trump and Trumpism are less the cause of the current crisis in the American system than a symptom and accelerant of underlying trends. This chapter examines the continuities and differences between Trump foreign policy and that of his predecessors. It demonstrates that Trump is, in fact, unusual in the scope and scale of his dismissal of multilateralism, ability to raise doubts about American alliance commitments, and rejection of liberal internationalism. These policies magnify the longer-term tendency of the United States to adopt policies that undermine its geopolitical position, such as fiscally irresponsible tax cuts, underinvestment in domestic infrastructure and human capital, democratic backsliding, and overreliance on military instruments. In short, even if Trump had never been elected the United States would still face the erosion of its leadership from inevitable shifts in relative power, and still be failing to pursue domestic policies that might mitigate those shifts.
Comic Forms
Authors: Costanzo William V. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Why does comedy take the form of satire, slapstick, parody, burlesque, or comedy of manners? Chapter 2 examines the bewildering profusion of comic genres and sub-genres: how they have evolved, where and when they thrive, how they distinguish themselves from or merge with one another. It shows what the word’s great repertoire of comic movie genres and subgenres owes to earlier traditions of Greek theatre, satirical Roman verse, Italian commedia dell’arte, French stage farce, Sanskrit parodies, the Kyogen skits of Japan, and the English novel. Each cinematic form has developed its own set of traits and serves a distinctive purpose. Some forms, like “crisis slapstick,” push old genres in new directions that are still testing the limits of humor and acceptable behavior.
British Film Comedy
Authors: Costanzo William V. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The English reputation for dry, reserved expressions of “humour” is the starting point for an exploration of the sub-genres that typify Britain’s comic legacy. This chapter reviews the history of British comedies from the early clown-based films that sprang from vaudeville through the Ealing Studios and Carry On cycles of the 1940s and 1950s, to the Monty Python parodies and multicultural satires of the 1960s and 1970s, the regional and romantic comedies of the 1980s and 1990s, and beyond. An important focus of this chapter is how a country that shares a common language with the United States comes to distinguish its film industry from Hollywood, building on its own unique history and cultural traditions.
Film Comedy in Africa
Authors: Costanzo William V. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The rich oral traditions of storytelling in Black Africa have evolved into cinematic forms, adapting social satire and political humor to the realities of modern life. After a brief history of the region and its early encounters with the medium of motion pictures, this chapter introduces concepts like négritude, the griot storyteller, pan-Africanism, and Afropolitanism to explain how African beliefs and sub-Saharan cinema differ from others in the world and how African filmmakers like Ousmane Sembène and Djibril Diop Mambéty, Jean-Pierre Bekolo and Adama Drabo, Henri Duparc and Benoît Lamy, Flores Gomes and Fanta Régina Nacro have fashioned a cinema that reflects the way Africans see themselves and their place in the world.
Film Comedy in East Asia
Authors: Costanzo William V. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Informed by centuries of Daoist, Buddhist, Shinto, and Confucian thought as well as the particularities of Eastern languages and customs, film comedy in China, Korea, and Japan offers fascinating new viewpoints for Westerners. In contrast to the Greek distinction between comedy and tragedy, laughter in East Asia tends to be allied with equilibrium, an integral part of a balanced state and state of mind. This chapter highlights major figures and trends associated with humor in Japan (Yasujiro Ozu, Juzo Itami, Toshiro Mifune), Korea (Jee-won Kim, Sang-jin Kim), Hong Kong (Jackie Chan, Stephen Chow), Taiwan (Chun Han Wang, Ang Lee), and the People’s Republic of China (Zhang Yimou, Xiaogang Feng).
Reconstruction in an Era of Revolution
Authors: Scott Gregory Adam 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Buddhist monastery reconstructions during the period from the 1890s to the 1920s, a time of internal disorder and revolution, during which religious property came under threat in a rapidly changing China. Chinese Buddhists and other religious communities had to actively defend their rights to their own property, as political and educational elites sought to seize it for use as public schools. Tianning Monastery in Changzhou and Qixia Monastery near Nanjing are examined in detailed focus studies. Both were shaped by pressures that emerged during this period of revolution, undertaking monastery reconstructions in socially, politically, and economically challenging environments, at a time in which the very livelihood of religious institutions in China was under threat.
The Craft of the Rural Cinema Operator
Authors: Goode Ian 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The UNESCO report of 1949 that surveyed the use of mobile cinema and radio vans in education around the world documents the use of the 16 mm apparatus on a scale that is not reflected by film history, where the substandard gauge is regarded as a useful, essentially secondary cinema to the permanent cinema of 35 mm. This post-war moment of film history captured by the report was, arguably, the apex of the 16 mm gauge and depended on the work of the cinema operator/projectionist to deliver film programmes to audiences in non-theatrical spaces. The report’s references to the UK describe 16 mm exhibition in the British Colonies and to ‘the Western Isles of Scotland where a highly efficient pioneer service, assisted from public funds, has been developed under the Highlands and Islands Film Guild to surmount the barriers of distance of rural isolation’. This chapter outlines the work of the cinema operators in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland and considers the significance and specificities of their role in the improvised exhibition spaces of rural cinema-going. It suggests that the non-theatrical space typically shared by the film apparatus and its audience represents one of the distinct features of this overlooked cinema that provided many remote populations with their first experience of film. This intimate, communal spatial formation made possible by the operators is fondly remembered by surviving communities in the Highlands and Islands. The operator’s role is notable for its particular combination of craft and sociability that defined the experience of rural non-theatrical cinema.
Solar-Powered Cinema and Sustainable Projections
Authors: Haritou Stefania 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Drawing on ecomedia studies, this chapter sheds light on Ecocinema, an itinerant project of film exhibition that is powered by solar energy. This ecological initiative, with origins in the Netherlands and the project Solar Cinema, started operating in 2008 in Uruguay and soon after in other countries of Latin America. By using vans with solar panels mounted to their rooftops, which operate a 100 per cent solar-powered screening system, Ecocinema travels to places and sites where cinema does not exist. Through the presentation of this project, this chapter looks at the genealogy of itinerant cinemas in Latin America and traces the themes related to alternate models of exhibition. Providing an alternative of green practices, within an industry whose processes of production, distribution, and exhibition are largely ecologically unsustainable, Ecocinema seeks to reach sustainability and moreover to raise awareness about the environmental crisis and educate about ecological means of energy production and consumption. Furthermore, the chapter reflects on the practice of cinema projection and its inextricable relationship with light, in the case of solar-powered projection with sunlight. It concludes by contemplating environmental politics and justice within the context of Latin America and the possibilities of greening cinema practices and responding creatively to the emerging contemporary ecological problems.
Reinventing Performance Management at Gogo, the Inflight Internet Company
Authors: Glickman Heidi M. , Fisk Emily 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Gogo, the inflight Internet company, recently underwent significant transformation. The ecosystem for business operation had shifted rapidly. These changes required the company to quickly adapt elements of its business strategy to increase focus on both innovation of new technology and mature operational practices in order to grow and scale the business globally. To enable these changes, the way employees worked together inside the organization also needed to be transformed. This was the impetus to change the PM process. At its core, the philosophy driving Gogo’s changes to PM centered on building a culture of agility. Internal research in partnership with leaders, people managers, and individual contributors was conducted along with external research. Based on the findings from this research, PM practices were redesigned to focus on changes in four key areas: (1) creating a feedback-rich environment; (2) ensuring focus and alignment on meaningful goals; (3) building a cadence for reflection and planning at both the organization and group levels and between employees and their managers; and (4) enabling a culture of development. This case provides insight into the first 2 years of Gogo’s journey—beginning with the discovery process and continuing through the design, implementation, and evaluation (inclusive of ongoing adaptation). Throughout the process, significant time and energy were invested in stakeholder engagement, which was imperative for making significant cultural change stick.