bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Associations of Non-cigarette Tobacco Product Use With Subsequent Initiation of Cigarettes in US Youths
Authors: Stokes Andrew C , Wilson Anna E , Lundberg Dielle J , Xie Wubin , Berry Kaitlyn M , Fetterman Jessica L , Harlow Alyssa F , Cozier Yvette C , Barrington-Trimis Jessica L , Sterling Kymberle L , Benjamin Emelia J , Blaha Michael J , Hamburg Naomi M , Bhatnagar Aruni , Robertson Rose Marie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Understanding which non-cigarette tobacco products precede smoking in youth across different racial/ethnic groups can inform policies that consider tobacco-related health disparities.

Methods
We used nationally representative, longitudinal data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study waves 1–4. The sample was a dynamic cohort of cigarette-naïve youth aged 12–17 years. Mixed-effects models were used to assess non-cigarette product (e-cigarette, cigar product, or other product) use with cigarette use over 1-year intervals.

Results
Of the 28 788 observations pooled across waves 1–4, respondents were 48.7% non-Hispanic white, 13.9% non-Hispanic black, and 23.1% Hispanic. Odds of cigarette initiation over 1-year follow-up were higher among youth with prior use of e-cigarettes (odds ratio [OR], 2.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.21–3.45), cigars (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.42–2.80), or other products (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.28–2.14) compared to never users. At the population level, 20.6% of cigarette initiation was attributable to e-cigarette use among white youth and 21.6% among Hispanic youth, while only 3.5% of cigarette initiation was attributable to e-cigarette use among black youth. In contrast, 9.1% of cigarette initiation for black youth was attributable to cigar use compared to only 3.9% for both white and Hispanic youth.

Conclusions
Prior use of e-cigarettes, cigars, and other non-cigarette products were all associated with subsequent cigarette initiation. However, white and Hispanic youth were more likely to initiate cigarettes through e-cigarette use (vs. cigar or other product use), while black youth were more likely to initiate cigarettes through cigar use (vs. e-cigarette or other product use).

Implications
Our findings suggest that previous studies on effects of non-cigarette tobacco products may overlook the critical role of cigar products as a pathway into cigarette smoking among US youth, particularly black youth. While our data support the importance of e-cigarette use as a pathway into smoking, regulatory actions aimed at addressing youth e-cigarette use alone may contribute to disparities in black versus white tobacco use and further exacerbate inequities in tobacco-related disease. Thus, contemporary policy development and discourse about the effects of non-cigarette tobacco products on cigarette initiation should consider cigar and other non-cigarette products as well as e-cigarettes.
E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury: Looking Back, Moving Forward
Authors: King Brian A , Jones Christopher M , Baldwin Grant T , Briss Peter A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Implications
In this commentary, we describe the evidence-based approach used to identify the primary cause of EVALI and to curb the 2019 outbreak. We also discuss future research opportunities and public health practice considerations to prevent a resurgence of EVALI.
National nutrition policy in high-income countries: is health equity on the agenda?
Authors: Zorbas Christina , Browne Jennifer , Chung Alexandra , Baker Phillip , Palermo Claire , Reeve Erica , Peeters Anna , Backholer Kathryn 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective
Equity-oriented policy actions are a key public health principle. In this study, how equity and socioeconomic inequalities are represented in policy problematizations of population nutrition were examined.

Data Sources
We retrieved a purposive sample of government nutrition-policy documents (n = 18) from high-income nations.

Data Synthesis
Thematic analysis of policy documents was informed by a multitheoretical understanding of equitable policies and Bacchi’s “What’s the Problem Represented to be?’ analysis framework. Despite common rhetorical concerns about the existence of health inequalities, these concerns were often overshadowed by greater emphasis on lifestyle “problems” and reductionist policy actions. The notion that policy actions should be for all and reach everyone were seldom backed by specific actions. Rhetorical acknowledgements of the upstream drivers of health inequalities were also rarely problematized, as were government responsibilities for health equity and the role of policy and governance in reducing socioeconomic inequalities in nutrition.

Conclusion
To positively influence health equity outcomes, national nutrition policy will need to transition toward the prioritization of actions that uphold social justice and comprehensively address the upstream determinants of health.
Cannabis use and work-related injuries: a cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Zhang J C , Carnide N , Holness L , Cram P 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Although the association of cannabis use with automobile accidents has been well-studied, the impact of cannabis on workplace safety and injuries is less clear.

Aims
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between work-related injury and cannabis use in the past year.

Methods
We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey (2013–16) of working individuals. We used multiple logistic regression modelling to calculate the odds of experiencing a work-related injury (defined as non-repetitive strain injury) among workers who reported using cannabis more than once during the prior 12 months as compared to non-users. We repeated the analysis among participants working in high injury risk occupational groups only.

Results
Among the 136 536 working participants, 2577 (2%) had a work-related injury in the last 12 months. Of these 2577 who had a work-related injury, 4% also reported being a cannabis user in the same period. We found no association between past-year cannabis use and work-related injury (odds ratio for work injury among users 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.66–0.99). The association was unchanged in the subgroup analysis limited to high injury risk occupational groups.

Conclusions
We found no evidence that cannabis users experienced higher rates of work-related injuries. While awaiting prospective studies, occupational medicine practitioners should take a risk-based approach to drafting workplace cannabis policies.
What Really Drives Team Effectiveness? (And Getting the Most Out of This Book)
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a high-level overview of what really drives team effectiveness—the science of teamwork. It describes what is and is not a team; defines a highly effective team as one that demonstrates sustained performance, team resilience, and vitality; and introduces the seven drivers of team effectiveness. The model contains seven evidence-based drivers: capability, cooperation, coordination, communication, cognition, coaching, and conditions, each of which are explored in detail in their own chapter later in the book. The chapter concludes with advice about how to get the most out of the book, including how to use it as a team leader, team member, senior leader, or consultant.
Busting a Few Teamwork Myths
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
There are many opinions about what makes teams work, most of which are pure conjecture. Fortunately, there is a growing body of research that reveals what really drives team effectiveness. This chapter debunks five myths including (a) focusing on teamwork is a distraction from real work; (b) if team members like each other and maintain harmony the team will be successful; (c) being a team player means suppressing individual excellence; (d) teamwork can overcome a significant lack of talent; and (e) teams are always the answer. Evidence is provided that collaboration requirements are increasing and teamwork is a business imperative. As each team experience can make a person more or less eager to be on teams, it is important to create successful experiences. The chapter concludes with an example that illustrates that behind most individual displays of excellence are subtle teamwork contributions that made it possible.
Conditions
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
No team works in a vacuum. Some conditions may encourage collaboration, while others can act as constraints or inhibitors. This chapter examines “conditions,” the context or environment in which a team operates. Some conditions exhibit strong situational strength that greatly influence expected behaviors; others offer only hints or nudges about collaboration. Tangible elements such as organizational policies and practices (e.g., that guide compensation and promotion decisions), resources (e.g., are enough people assigned to the team, does the team have the information it needs), and less tangible elements such as senior leader support and organizational culture are all relevant for promoting teamwork. This chapter highlights six organizational practices and three senior leadership behaviors that can influence many teams, as well as four local team-specific conditions (i.e., resource availability, time availability, authority levels, and mission). The implications of working in a broader cultural context is also considered, as behavioral norms vary around the world.
Applying to Industrial-Organizational Master’s Programs
Authors: Stone Nancy J. , Sanders Adriane M. F. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains the competitive process of admission into industrial-organizational (I-O) master’s programs, beginning with a discussion of how to determine if an I-O psychology master’s degree is the best career path. The authors give advice on how to locate, evaluate, and analyze I-O master’s programs of interest. Special attention is given to the distinction between traditional brick-and-mortar and newer online types of programs in terms of lectures and seminars, testing, applied experiences, interaction with faculty, time commitment, and other factors. The application process for I-O master’s programs is reviewed. Finally, the authors discuss how to accept an offer from one of these programs. Following the steps suggested in this chapter should enhance students’ chances of entering a quality I-O master’s program that meets their career goals.
Challenging Institutional Resistance
Authors: Gautier Arlette , Déroff Marie-Laure , Prigent Pierre-Guillaume , Hellégouarch Sophie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Numerous cases of sexual harassment in French higher education institutions led to the creation in 2002 of a student association dedicated to anti-sexist action against sexual harassment in higher education (Collectif de Lutte Anti-Sexiste Contre le Harcèlement Sexuel dans l’Enseignement Supérieur, also known as CLASCHES). More recently, the French minister for higher education introduced a policy requiring universities to take steps to eradicate sexual harassment and commissioned a survey of violence and gender relations in universities. Focusing on one of the universities where the survey was conducted, this chapter presents key findings from the survey and discusses the university’s responses. Although the university governing body set up a Victim Support Unit and organized activities annually to mark the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women, it has not used the survey to develop a specific policy but has, in fact, tried to obscure the results. Students criticize the university’s governing body’s discourses for blaming victims and making perpetrators invisible.
Introduction
Authors: Sommar Mary E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter introduces the question and considers some methodological issues.
The New Testament and Slavery
Authors: Sommar Mary E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter provides an overview of ancient Roman and Hebrew slavery and discusses slavery as it is mentioned in the New Testament.
Reformed Resurgence
Authors: Vermurlen Brad 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
One of the biggest movements in American Christianity, especially among younger Evangelicals, is a groundswell of interest in the Reformed tradition. In Reformed Resurgence, Vermurlen provides a comprehensive sociological account of this New Calvinist phenomenon—and what it entails for the broader Evangelical landscape in the United States. Vermurlen’s explanation of the Reformed resurgence develops a new theory for understanding how conservative religion can be strong and thriving in the hypermodern Western world. It is a paradigm using and expanding on strategic action field theory, a recent framework proposed for the study of movements and organizations but rarely applied to religion. This approach to religion moves beyond market dynamics and cultural happenstance and instead shows how religious strength can be fought for and won as the direct result of religious leaders’ strategic actions and conflicts. But the battle comes at a cost. In the same storyline by which conservative Calvinistic belief experiences a resurgence in its field, present-day American Evangelicalism has turned in on itself. Because a field-theoretic model of strength is premised upon an underlying current of disunity and conflict, it has baked into it a concomitant element of significant overall religious weakness. The vision of Evangelicalism in the United States, in the end, consists of pockets of subcultural and local strength within a broader framework of secularization as “cultural entropy,” as religious meanings and coherence fall apart.
Commercial approach and river-related conflicts in South Asia
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 uses the experience of South Asia to illustrate how the Commercial approach leads to conflicts among co-riparian countries. It notes that river basins were fragmented in South Asia by borders that were drawn based on political considerations and not physical geography. While greater cooperation among South Asian countries was necessary to protect the river basins, adoption of the Commercial approach led to more conflicts than cooperation. India, which lies at the center of the region, has borders with most South Asian countries, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, and Pakistan and finds itself in conflict with all of them. The chapter focuses on the most serious and numerous conflicts, which are with Bangladesh, and center on such major water diversionary barrages as the Farakka Barrage and the Gajoldoba Barrage. It notes that India’s proposed River Linking Project is only likely to aggravate these conflicts. The chapter also reviews India’s conflicts with Nepal and Bhutan regarding sharing the costs and benefits of the dams that it has constructed under joint ventures as well as conflicts with Pakistan over sharing the Indus River. Finally, the chapter notes the burgeoning conflicts with China regarding the Brahmaputra River.
Ecological approach as part of greater environmental awareness
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 shows that the emergence of the Ecological approach to rivers is a part of the broader process of greater recognition of the importance of protection of environment, in general. The huge increase in population and production following the Industrial Revolution led to breaches in planetary boundaries, putting the earth and human civilization in a jeopardy. Since the 1970s there has been growing recognition of this mortal danger, and various initiatives were begun along different directions to confront this danger, many focused on protection of rivers and waterbodies. Among these are the Ramsar Convention of 1971, UN Convention on International Rivers of 1997, and formation and report of the World Commission on Dams in 2000. The rise of the Ecological approach to rivers is a continuation of this process.
Rivers, policies, and interests
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 13 examines the determinants of river-related policies and considers ways of making further progress toward the Ecological and Open approaches to rivers. It shows that there are broadly two types of obstacles impeding adoption of the Ecological and Open approaches. These are, first, paucity of required knowledge, and, second, vested interests favoring the Commercial and Cordon approaches. External influence from developed countries, until now, has mostly favored the Commercial and Cordon approaches in developing countries. Informing and engaging the public is the main way in which both the obstacles of paucity of knowledge and vested interests can be overcome. Moving the discussion of river policies to the public arena is therefore important.
Deformed Beauty?
Authors: Grey Thomas 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The last of Felix Mendelssohn’s series of popular and influential concert overtures, the Overture to the Tale of the Fair Melusina of 1835 remains the least familiar of these works. It is also the most unusual with regard to formal design in its purposeful confounding of introduction and sonata-form elements alongside the dialogic relation of clearly gendered thematic materials. Such calculated ‘deformation’ of classic and early Romantic sonata form has been understood as a means of generating a kind of musical-narrative content, though the precise relation of formal experiment to such narrative content has remained elusive. This chapter reconsiders the problematic relation of experimental formal procedure to the narrative dimension and the role this may have played in the composer’s subsequent abandonment of the quasi-programmatic concert overture genre, despite his unparalleled artistic success in the field.
Mendelssohn and the Idea of the North
Authors: Waltz Sarah Clemmens 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter re-evaluates Felix Mendelssohn’s ‘Scottish’ works by placing them in the context of the early-nineteenth-century North German view of Scotland, especially as channelled through Mendelssohn’s mentors Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Carl Friedrich Zelter. Such interest in Scotland was undergirded by a belief in a shared German-Celtic past and a sense that Scottish culture was not exotic but rather essentially German. Figures in Mendelssohn’s circle participated in deliberate attempts to claim a general northern antiquity for German culture, using arguments concerning the relationship of climate, race, and character. A recontextualization of Scotland as representing a lost German past may signal additional reinterpretations of Mendelssohn’s anticipations of travel, his travel experiences, and his statements concerning folk song, as well as his Fantasy, Op. 28, originally titled Sonate écossaise.
Sacred Sound and Secular Space in Mendelssohn’s Instrumental Music
Authors: Kramer Lawrence 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines instances in Felix Mendelssohn’s oeuvre in which religious music arises in an otherwise secular context, specifically in the slow movement of the ‘Italian’ Symphony and the finale of the C minor Piano Trio. In Mary Douglas’s famous definition, dirt is matter out of place, but what is spirit out of place? Why, in these two movements by Mendelssohn, does it lose its place? The answer turns on the idea that each movement, in its own way, transfers the value of the sacred from its ‘own’ place to a foreign one—in one case, literally so, to an Italian landscape that even in its material form appears in nostalgic quotation marks, and in the other case, to the music (or a certain historically emergent music) itself. Both instances suggest an ecumenical change in the very category of the sacred, its absorption into a repertoire of expressive acts not limited to the articulation of creed.
Reassessing Mendelssohn’s Song Aesthetic through the Lens of Religion
Authors: Ronyak Jennifer 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Felix Mendelssohn’s ‘Entsagung’, Op. 9 No. 11, sets a text by Johann Gustav Droysen that is influenced by Protestant practice, although the song is not sacred in the traditional sense and was published in the context of a secular song collection. Scholars have long been interested in the role of Protestantism in Mendelssohn’s music; however, they have seldom addressed the issue with respect to his solo lieder, having focused instead on his larger-scale sacred works. This chapter examines this unusual lied in order to explore how Protestant thought found its place in Mendelssohn’s lieder. In so doing, it also shows how aesthetic problems particular to religious lieder presented challenges to Mendelssohn’s philosophy of song composition.
Changes of Pace
Authors: Krebs Harald 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Felix Mendelssohn’s lieder were subjected to severe criticism during the late nineteenth century, with his supposedly ‘sloppy declamation’ often criticized against an aesthetic ideal drawn from Hugo Wolf. Mendelssohn’s own song aesthetic was, however, quite different. This chapter investigates Mendelssohn’s text setting, examining the stress patterns of the poetry from which he constructs his vocal melodies. Covering both early and later songs, the chapter incorporates analyses of Mendelssohn’s song autographs, which reveal that declamation was the focus of a considerable amount of care by the composer. Distortions of the poetic rhythm (such as accelerations or decelerations) that occur in his mature songs can often be explained as deliberate expressive effects responding to the deeper meaning of the poem.