bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stable oxygen isotope reconstruction of temperature exposure of the Icelandic cod (Gadus morhua) stock over the last 100 years
Authors: von Leesen Gotje , Ninnemann Ulysses S , Campana Steven E 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIncreasing water temperatures are predicted around the globe, with high amplitudes of warming in Subarctic and Arctic regions where Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) populations currently flourish. We reconstructed oxygen isotope and temperature chronologies from Icelandic cod otoliths, one of the largest cod stocks in the world, to determine if cod moved or migrated over the last 100 years to avoid increasing water temperatures. For δ18Ootolith analysis, individual annual growth increments from immature and mature life history stages were micromilled from adult otoliths, which were collected in southern Iceland. Linear mixed-effect models confirmed that stable oxygen isotope time series of immature and mature cod differ significantly between both life stages (p &lt; 0.001). Overall, cod otolith δ18O was significantly correlated with water temperature (sea surface temperature: p &lt; 0.001, temperature at 200 m depth: p &lt; 0.01), indicating that Atlantic cod were exposed to fluctuating water temperatures during the past 100 years and did not move as a response to increasing ocean temperatures. All of the alternate physical factors that were considered for the isotope-based variation in the temperature exposure of Icelandic cod were rejected.
Late cardiovascular complication after varicose vein endovascular ablation
Authors: Fiore Antonio , Piscitelli Mariantonietta , Radu Costin , Folliguet Thierry 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Venous insufficiency of the lower limbs is one of the most common vascular disorders affecting millions of people worldwide. Endovascular techniques are considered by current guidelines as simple, safe and effective. Persistence or even migration of foreign bodies after varicose vein endovascular surgery is a rare and unfeared complication. Herein, we present the case of a 39-year-old woman who underwent endoluminal treatment of varicose veins &gt;2 years ago and she was admitted to our department for late cardiovascular complication caused by catheter or guidewire rupture and the dissemination of its fragments in the inferior vena cava, right heart chambers, liver and pulmonary arteries. A systematic verification of the length and integrity of the devices should be performed at the end of every endovascular procedure.
Role for Maternal Asthma in Severe Human Metapneumovirus Lung Disease Susceptibility in Children
Authors: Libster Romina , Esteban Ignacio , Bianchi Alejandra , Alva Grimaldi Luciano , Dueñas Karina , Sancillo Andrea , Rodriguez Andrea , Ferrero Fernando , Stein Katherine , Acosta Patricio L , Ferolla Fausto M , Bergel Eduardo , Caballero Mauricio T , Polack Fernando P ,   for the INFANT Respiratory Network, Pellegrino Gustavo , Gago Guadalupe Fernandez , Pozzolo Cecilia , Castro Laura , Almeida Rodrigo Egues , Rebec Beatriz , Gonzalez Mariela , Calvo Mariel , Henrichsen Julieta , Nocito Celina , Barbero Guillermo , Ves Losada Juan , Bonina Angel , Flamenco Edgardo , Perez Alberto Rodriguez , Kobylarz Alicia , Raggio Mirta , Schavlosky Graciela , Caria Adriana , Barboza Edgar , Sastre Gustavo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Severity of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) lower respiratory illness (LRTI) is considered similar to that observed for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). However, differences in severity between these pathogens have been noted, suggesting the degree of illness may vary in different populations. Moreover, a potential association between hMPV and asthma also suggests that hMPV may preferentially affect asthmatic subjects.

Methods
In a population-based surveillance study in children aged &lt;2 years admitted for severe LRTI in Argentina, nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested by RT-PCR for hMPV, RSV, influenza A, and human rhinovirus.

Results
Of 3947 children, 383 (10%) were infected with hMPV. The hospitalization rate for hMPV LRTI was 2.26 per 1000 children (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.04–2.49). Thirty-nine (10.2%) patients infected with hMPV experienced life-threatening disease (LTD; 0.23 per 1000 children; 95% CI, .16–.31/1000), and 2 died (mortality rate 0.024 per 1000; 95% CI, .003–.086). In hMPV-infected children birth to an asthmatic mother was an increased risk for LTD (odds ratio, 4.72; 95% CI, 1.39–16.01). We observed a specific interaction between maternal asthma and hMPV infection affecting risk for LTD.

Conclusions
Maternal asthma increases the risk for LTD in children &lt;2 years old hospitalized for severe hMPV LRTI.
Impact of first-line antiretroviral therapy regimens on the restoration of the CD4/CD8 ratio in the CNICS cohort
Authors: Herrera Sabina , Fernandez-Felix Borja M , Hunt Peter W , Deeks Steven G , Sainz Talía , Heath Sonya L , Achenbach Chad J , Rodríguez Benigno , Mathews Christopher , Christopoulos Katerina , Mayer Kenneth , Napravnik Sonia , Moreno Santiago , Serrano-Villar Sergio 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
The CD4/CD8 ratio is an indicator of immunosenescence and a predictor of all-cause mortality in HIV-infected patients. The effects of different ART regimens on CD4/CD8 ratio recovery remain unclear.

Methods
Clinical cohort study of ART-treated patients from the CFAR Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS). We included ART-naive adults with HIV infection who achieved undetectable HIV RNA during the first 48 weeks of treatment and had additional follow-up 48 weeks after virological suppression (VS). Primary endpoints included increase in CD4/CD8 ratio at both timepoints and secondary endpoints were CD4/CD8 ratio recovery at cut-offs of ≥0.5 or ≥1.0.

Results
Of 3971 subjects who met the study criteria, 1876 started ART with an NNRTI, 1804 with a PI and 291 with an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI). After adjusting for age, sex, race, year of entry, risk group, HCV serostatus, baseline viral load and baseline CD4/CD8 ratio, subjects on an NNRTI showed a significantly greater CD4/CD8 ratio gain compared with those on a PI, either 48 weeks after ART initiation or after 48 weeks of HIV RNA VS. The greater CD4/CD8 ratio improvement in the NNRTI arm was driven by a higher decline in CD8 counts. The INSTI group showed increased rates of CD4/CD8 ratio normalization at the ≥1.0 cut-off compared with the PI group.

Conclusions
NNRTI therapy was associated with a greater increase in the CD4/CD8 ratio compared with PIs. NNRTI- and INSTI-based first-line ART were associated with higher rates of CD4/CD8 ratio normalization at a cut-off of 1.0 than a PI-based regimen, which might have clinical implications.
NuSTAR and Parkes observations of the transitional millisecond pulsar binary XSS J12270–4859 in the rotation-powered state
Authors: de Martino D , Papitto A , Burgay M , Possenti A , Coti Zelati F , Rea N , Torres D F , Belloni T M 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We report on the first NuSTAR observation of the transitional millisecond pulsar binary XSS J12270–4859 during its current rotation-powered state, complemented with a 2.5 yr-long radio monitoring at Parkes telescope and archival XMM–Newton and Swift X-ray and optical data. The radio pulsar is mainly detected at 1.4 GHz displaying eclipses over $\sim 40{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the 6.91 h orbital cycle. We derive a new updated radio ephemeris to study the 3–79 keV light curve that displays a significant orbital modulation with fractional amplitude of $28\pm 3{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, a structured maximum centred at the inferior conjunction of the pulsar and no cycle-to-cycle or low–high-flaring mode variabilities. The average X-ray spectrum, extending up to ∼70 keV without a spectral break, is well described by a simple power law with photon index Γ = 1.17 ± 0.08 giving a 3–79 keV luminosity of $\rm 7.6_{-0.8}^{+3.8} \times 10^{32}\, erg\, s^{-1}$ for a distance of 1.37$_{-0.15}^{+0.69}$ kpc. Energy resolved orbital light curves reveal that the modulation is not energy dependent from 3 to 25 keV and is undetected with an upper limit of ${\sim} 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ above 25 keV. Comparison with previous X-ray XMM–Newton observations in common energy ranges confirms that the modulation amplitudes vary on time-scales of a few months, indicative of a non-stationary contribution of the intrabinary shock (IBS) formed by the colliding winds of the pulsar and the companion. A more detailed inspection of energy resolved modulations than previously reported gives hints of a mild softening at superior conjunction of the pulsar below 3 keV, likely due to the contribution of the thermal emission from the neutron star. The IBS emission, if extending into the MeV range, would be energetically capable alone to irradiate the donor star.
An evaluation of a veterinary-specific mental health service
Authors: McKenzie A , Allister R , Humphrey D , Moore K , Greenberg K , Greenberg N 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Veterinary professionals are at increased risk of suicide and mental health difficulties compared to the general population. Vetlife Health Support (VHS) is a mental health case management service for veterinarians with mental health difficulties.

Aims
To evaluate the VHS case management service from the service user’s perspective.

Methods
Service users (n = 98) completed questionnaires assessing their experience with VHS and current mental health status using the Kessler-6 Scale. A sub-sample was interviewed and the data qualitatively analysed (n = 14).

Results
The results show that 97% (n = 95) reported a positive experience with VHS and 98% (n = 96) reported VHS staff respected and listened to them. Participants reported significant improvements in relationships with others after VHS (P &lt; 0.001) and were significantly more likely to be in receipt of formal mental health care after VHS than before (P &lt; 0.01). The main emergent themes from the qualitative interviews were (i) positive communication between clinician and service users, (ii) veterinary-specific mental health services were regarded as important to understanding service users’ circumstances, (iii) knowing someone is supporting them positively impacted wellbeing and (iv) confusion with discharge status.

Conclusions
Most participants reported positive experiences with VHS. Quantitatively, data showed that participants reported significant improvements in relationships and access to formal mental health care after contact with VHS. Interviews with service users revealed that they felt speaking to a mental health professional with veterinary-specific knowledge was beneficial for their wellbeing. Further evaluation assessing whether VHS leads to a measurable impact on psychological wellbeing is recommended.
DIY Fraud Investigation and Access to Justice: A Case Study
Authors: Shepherd David 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Access to justice for fraud victims remains an enduring problem in the UK. Law enforcement agencies have limited capacity and capabilities for delivering criminal justice. Civil justice is so expensive that it is only an option for those with deep pockets or lucky enough to find competent professionals who are willing to work under a conditional fee arrangement (no-win-no-fee). This article describes the progress of a fraud case from a victim’s perspective through both the criminal and civil justice systems in the UK. The experiences describe incompetence in law enforcement, dishonesty and incompetence amongst lawyers and other professionals, and fractured, self-centred justice systems that poorly serve the public in England and Wales.
On the Connection Between Step Approximations and Depth-Averaged Models for Wave Scattering by Variable Bathymetry
Authors: Porter R 
Published: January 2020

SummaryTwo popular and computationally inexpensive class of methods for approximating the propagation of surface waves over two-dimensional variable bathymetry are ‘step approximations’ and ‘depth-averaged models’. In the former, the bathymetry is discretised into short sections of constant depth connected by vertical steps. Scattering across the bathymetry is calculated from the product of $2 \times 2$ transfer matrices whose entries encode scattering properties at each vertical step taken in isolation from all others. In the latter, a separable depth dependence is assumed in the underlying velocity field and a vertical averaging process is implemented leading to a second-order ordinary differential equation (ODE). In this article, the step approximation is revisited and shown to be equivalent to an ODE describing a depth-averaged model in the limit of zero-step length. The ODE depends on how the solution to the canonical vertical step problem is approximated. If a shallow water approximation is used, then the well-known linear shallow water equation results. If a plane-wave variational approximation is used, then a new variant of the mild-slope equations is recovered.
Testamentary trusts and capricious testators
Authors: Pawlowski Mark 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The notion that a trust may fail because it serves no useful purpose, or reflects merely the whim or fancy of the testator, seems to fly in the face of testamentary freedom and, in particular, the testator’s right to dispose of his estate in whatever manner he chooses subject only to the court’s control over illegal or immoral conditions and the making of reasonable financial provision for his family and dependants. So how have the courts grappled with these two competing aspects of public policy? The tension between these two competing aspects of public policy forms the subject matter of this article.
Snakebite envenomation in the Brazilian Amazon: a cost-of-illness study
Authors: Magalhães Samara Freire Valente , Peixoto Henry Maia , de Almeida Gonçalves Sachett Jacqueline , Oliveira Sâmella S , Alves Eliane Campos , dos Santos Ibiapina Hiochelson Najibe , Monteiro Wuelton Marcelo , de Oliveira Maria Regina Fernandes 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Snakebites account for significant morbidity and mortality. Their occurrence in the Brazilian Amazon warrants an analysis that will enable better understanding of their economic impact and thus contribute to their management and prevention. This study aimed to estimate the cost of snakebite envenomation in the Brazilian Amazon in 2015.

Methods
We conducted a cost-of-illness study of snakebite in the Brazilian Amazon in 2015 based on official surveillance data to estimate burden from a societal, patient and public health system perspective. Direct medical costs were estimated via a top-down approach. Loss of productivity was estimated by a human capital approach.

Results
The study included 11 503 cases and 56 deaths. The estimated cost to the health system was US$3.115.861,28. The estimated cost due to premature death caused by snakebite was US$3031 300.38. The cost attributed to the loss of productivity due to absence from work was US$1539 518.62. The estimated cost from the patient's perspective was US$268 914.18. Therefore the total cost of snakebite in the Brazilian Amazon was estimated to be almost than US$8 million in 2015.

Conclusions
The economic burden of snakebite in Brazilian Amazon is notably high. Snakebites cause loss of productivity through inpatient treatment or deaths.
Linking influenza virus evolution within and between human hosts
Authors: Xue Katherine S , Bloom Jesse D 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Influenza viruses rapidly diversify within individual human infections. Several recent studies have deep-sequenced clinical influenza infections to identify viral variation within hosts, but it remains unclear how within-host mutations fare at the between-host scale. Here, we compare the genetic variation of H3N2 influenza within and between hosts to link viral evolutionary dynamics across scales. Synonymous sites evolve at similar rates at both scales, indicating that global evolution at these putatively neutral sites results from the accumulation of within-host variation. However, nonsynonymous mutations are depleted between hosts compared to within hosts, suggesting that selection purges many of the protein-altering changes that arise within hosts. The exception is at antigenic sites, where selection detectably favors nonsynonymous mutations at the global scale, but not within hosts. These results suggest that selection against deleterious mutations and selection for antigenic change are the main forces that act on within-host variants of influenza virus as they transmit and circulate between hosts.
Phylogenetic relationships and classification of the Chloropinae of the world (Diptera: Chloropidae)
Authors: Riccardi Paula Raile , Amorim Dalton De Souza 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Chloropidae is a species-rich family of flies with about 3000 species in four subfamilies. The Chloropinae is the second most species-rich subfamily with almost 1000 described species in 75 accepted genera. There is agreement about the monophyly of the subfamily; however, the relationships among the genera are still poorly understood and some genera are clearly paraphyletic. Thus, the interpretation of the evolution of morphological traits, such as male terminalia sclerites, remains challenging. This is the first phylogenetic study of the Chloropinae using a formal analytical approach, including representatives of 73 genera of the subfamily and 124 morphological characters. The monophyly of the Chloropinae is corroborated. Chloropella is sister to the remainder of the subfamily. Slightly different analytical procedures show stable clades and rogue taxa. We propose a system for the subfamily with ten tribes, three of which are newly proposed here—Chloropellini trib. nov., Chloropini, Chloropsinini trib. nov., Diplotoxini, Eurinini stat. nov., Lasiosinini, Mepachymerini, Meromyzini, Mindini and Pseudothaumatomyini. Eight genera are kept incertae sedis and two new genera are erected. There is compelling evidence that Chlorops and Ectecephalina are paraphyletic.
The parallelism motifs of genomic data analysis
Authors: Yelick Katherine , Buluç Aydın , Awan Muaaz , Azad Ariful , Brock Benjamin , Egan Rob , Ekanayake Saliya , Ellis Marquita , Georganas Evangelos , Guidi Giulia , Hofmeyr Steven , Selvitopi Oguz , Teodoropol Cristina , Oliker Leonid 
Published: January 2020

Genomic datasets are growing dramatically as the cost of sequencing continues to decline and small sequencing devices become available. Enormous community databases store and share these data with the research community, but some of these genomic data analysis problems require large-scale computational platforms to meet both the memory and computational requirements. These applications differ from scientific simulations that dominate the workload on high-end parallel systems today and place different requirements on programming support, software libraries and parallel architectural design. For example, they involve irregular communication patterns such as asynchronous updates to shared data structures. We consider several problems in high-performance genomics analysis, including alignment, profiling, clustering and assembly for both single genomes and metagenomes. We identify some of the common computational patterns or ‘motifs’ that help inform parallelization strategies and compare our motifs to some of the established lists, arguing that at least two key patterns, sorting and hashing, are missing.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Numerical algorithms for high-performance computational science’.
A Refined View of Airway Microbiome in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease at Species and Strain-levels
Authors: Wang Zhang , Liu Haiyue , Wang Fengyan , Yang Yuqiong , Wang Xiaojuan , Chen Boxuan , Stampfli Martin R. , Zhou Hongwei , Shu Wensheng , Brightling Christopher E. , Liang Zhenyu , Chen Rongchang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLittle is known about the species and strain-level diversity of the airway microbiome, and its implication in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Here we report the first comprehensive analysis of the COPD airway microbiome at species and strain-levels. The full-length 16S rRNA gene was sequenced from sputum in 98 stable COPD patients and 27 age-matched healthy controls, using the ‘third-generation’ Pacific Biosciences sequencing platform.Individual species within the same genus exhibited reciprocal relationships with COPD and disease severity. Species dominant in health can be taken over by another species within the same genus in GOLD IV patients. Such turnover was also related to enhanced symptoms and exacerbation frequency.Ralstonia mannitolilytica, an opportunistic pathogen, was significantly increased in COPD frequent exacerbators. There were inflammatory phenotype-specific associations of microbiome at the species-level. One group of four pathogens includingHaemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis, were specifically associated with sputum mediators for neutrophilic inflammation. Another group of seven species, includingTropheryma whipplei, showed specific associations with mediators for eosinophilic inflammation. Strain-level detection uncovered three non-typeableH. influenzaestrains PittEE, PittGG and 86-028NP in the airway microbiome, where PittGG and 86-028NP abundances may inversely predict eosinophilic inflammation. The full-length 16S data augmented the power of functional inference and led to the unique identification of butyrate-producing and nitrate reduction pathways as significantly depleted in COPD.Our analysis uncovered substantial intra-genus heterogeneity in the airway microbiome associated with inflammatory phenotypes and could be of clinical importance, thus enabled a refined view of the airway microbiome in COPD.“Take-home” messageThe species-level analysis using the ‘third-generation’ sequencing enabled a refined view of the airway microbiome and its relationship with clinical outcome and inflammatory phenotype in COPD.