bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovative technology for complex processing of plants of different cucurbits species
Authors: Donchenko L V , Sobol I V , Rodionova L Ya , Vlaschik L V , Vnukova T N 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Global environmental degradation in almost all regions of the world dictates the need for expansion of a range of specialized products with powerful detoxification properties. Another equally urgent problem is an increasing output of competitive products per one unit of processed agricultural products. Pectic substances are effective plant-based sorbents. Cucurbit crops, such as desert gourd and watermelon, present promising raw materials for pectin production. Due to high pectin content, pulp and juice of their fruits, in particular desert gourds, have high viscosity and special consistency. Here we show the results of analysis of the total content of pectin substances and their fractional composition (mass fraction of protopectin and hydrated pectin). The results obtained formed the basis for development of an innovative technology for desert gourd and watermelon processing with production of pectin products. To evaluate fields of their applications, basic analytical characteristics of pectin’s were studied: content of free and methoxylated carboxyl groups, degree of esterification, methoxyl and acetyl moieties, and complexing ability. A characteristic of isolated pectin’s allowed us to evaluate the feasibility of cucurbit crop processing for expansion of the range of pectin-containing foods and increase of their production volumes. We also show data on the global and Russian food markets of pectin-containing foods.
Mathematical modelling of heart rhythm in dairy cattle
Authors: Emelyanova A S , Stepura E E , Gerasimov M A , Emelyanov S D 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The article discusses the issues of mathematical modeling and processing of cardiointervalogramms of cows with different vegetative regulation. An analysis of the sinus rhythm with subsequent mathematical processing of statistical parameters is presented. The work examines the variational pulsograms of an experimental group of animals, using correlation rhythmography, analyzes the scattergrams, autocorrelation clouds in cows with different levels of vegetative regulation. Studies of heart rate variability indicators for Jersey breed cows are relevant. This is a unique method that allows one to take into account the breed characteristics of cattle, predict milk productivity and increase the period of economic use. The stress index is an indicator that most fully informs about the degree of tension of the body's compensatory mechanisms, as well as about the level of functioning of the central circuit of the regulation of heart rhythm. Based on the stress index, the initial vegetative tone was calculated.
Development of an adjustable safety lock with glass and plastic rods used for a reversable plow
Authors: Kudzaev A B , Tsgoev A E , Tsgoev D V , Korobeinik I A , Kalagova R V 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The article deals with a design of the adjustable lightweight safety device made from composite materials and used for reversible plows. Initially, a design scheme was developed. It was theoretically and experimentally investigated. Research was conducted by the Department of Tractors and Agricultural Machines of the Gorsky State Agrarian University. As a result, software was developed. It is used to determine rational values of the main parameters of the safety lock. The following values of the parameters were obtained: the diameter of fiberglass rods dr = 16 mm; the rod length lr = 0.85 m; the number of rods nr = 16 (8 in each spring); the height of the center of the stop e = 0.15 m; the radius of the crank rr = 0.12 m; the rod length lr = 0.25 m; the initial value of the angle of crank rotation acro = 30 … 700. During the laboratory experimental studies, using the strain gauging method, we studied a change in the traction resistance of a section when it is deepened, and reliability of obstacles of various heights. The traction resistance was 7800 … 11600N, which is sufficient to ensure reliable operation of the plow section in the North Caucasus region. In all experiments, a decrease in the traction resistance was observed when the section returned after deepening to its original position, which was caused by the gravity section and hysteresis losses in the composite rods. Field tests of the upgraded model of the reversible plow PON-3 confirmed high efficiency of the safety lock design.
Pilot installation for applying protective coating on the surface of the agricultural equipment
Authors: Ushanev A I , Uspensky I A , Yukhin I A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Agricultural machinery is operated in difficult conditions and severe environment. Due to contact with road surfaces, soil, plants, fuels and lubricants, as well as fertilizers and pesticides, when changing temperature conditions and under the influence of a number of other factors, surfaces of agricultural machinery become old and corroded, which reduces their performance and worsens some of its parameters. Most agricultural machines are operated from 10-15 to 55-60 days during the year, and for the remaining time, they are subject to high-quality storage. During long-term storage, the dimensions of parts change due to corrosion, as well as the quality of their material decreases due to structural transformations and residual deformations caused by the machine’s own weight. Efficiency and its service life can increase by 10-15% due to the application of a protective coating on the surface of agricultural machines, which reduces the influence of external factors on their safety. The use of a developed spray gun in the design of a hydraulic installation for applying a protective coating on the surface of agricultural machinery allows one to reduce unit costs by 13.8% and electricity costs by 12.3%. The economic effect of using a hydraulic coating system with the developed spray gun will amount to 75,539.3 rubles per year when processing 124.9 m2 of agricultural machinery surface.
Technological Challenges & Environmental Mitigation via Bio-oil Production from Biomass Resources
Authors: Ibrahim M D , -Gopakumar S T , Abakr Y A , Yakub M I , Zwalnan S J 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Biomass is among the most promising energy source in the twenty-first century amidst the energy scenario in the global community as a carbon-neutral fuel. Climate change is a global threat to the ecosystem and will be minimized by the introduction of renewable energy into the stream of the world energy projects. This study focuses on drawbacks and prospects of the thermochemical technology such as bubbling fluidized bed, circulating fluidized bed, conical spouted bed, rotary cone, auger and ablative reactors. The challenges are complexities in scale-up of the technologies, sustainability of non - food crop and biomass residues supply, bulkiness and high moisture content, transport network to a centralized storage facility and deoxygenated catalysts development for a higher purity of bio-oil yield and stability. However, the bio-oil yield for BFB, CFB, CSB, RC, A-R and AbR are at an average of 3.52-60, 45.2-75, 9.93–70, 14.27–51.8, 21.7-53.6, 50–70 wt.% respectively. The BFB & CFB are often used, while the AbR shows the highest bio-oil yield. The most promising technology is the AbR with a high propensity of more than 70wt.% bio-oil yield. Therefore, a techno-economic analysis of the technologies of specific capacity across board be employed for equipment selection, simplified process plant; higher yield with cost-effective operation and maintenance cost etc. Global biodiesel production has been projected from (36 to 39) bln L between 2017-2027 [1] when achieved will go a long way in curtailing the effect of climate change.
A Study of Indoor Carbonaceous Aerosols and the Socio-Economic Parameters in a Rural Area of Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Verma Kopal , Kulshrestha Umesh 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Solid Biomass Fuel (SBF) burning is one of major reasons for the indoor air pollution and high disease burden in rural areas of India. This study has made an effort to find out the association of carbonaceous aerosol (CA) emissions with the socio-economic factors in the households of a rural village, Baggi in Himachal Pradesh, India. Also, the emissions of Organic Carbon (OC) and Elemental Carbon (EC) were evaluated for different types and combination of fuel combustion for cooking and heating purposes. Enhanced average concentrations of OC (240 μg/m3) and EC (118.4 μg/m3) were found with sole biomass burning (wood) on the Chullah (traditional low-budget cookstoves) due to inefficient and incomplete combustion. Although, there was a significant reduction of 53% and 41% in OC and EC respectively when a combination of biomass and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) was used for cooking. With LPG, the concentrations of OC and EC significantly declined to as low as 38.1 μg/m3 and 31.6 μg/m3 respectively. Also, an excellent inter-relationship was identified between the socio-economic parameters such as the kitchen’s ventilation, education, financial status, etc. and CA emissions. In the house with very good ventilation (2 wide windows), the total CA emissions were as low as 86.7μg/m3. Also, the family members were educated and financially affluent. On the other hand, the total CA emissions were escalated by a significant 75.9% where the ventilation facility was extremely poor (small window and slit in the roof), the family was limitedly educated, and financial status lied below poverty line. On an average, the women in this village were found to spend 5 hours per day in the kitchen area. The socio-economic parameters are necessarily important towards the mitigation indoor air pollution and hence carbonaceous aerosols.
Comparison of measured and simulated NO2 integral content in the lower troposphere in Moscow region
Authors: Postylyakov O , Borovski A , Kirsanov A , Vasileva A , Elansky N 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We presented preliminary results of a comparison of the NO2 integral contents (IC) measured by the DOAS technique and simulated by the COSMO-Ru7-ART chemical transport model at Zvenigorod Scientific Station (ZSS) located in 38 km west from Moscow. The comparison covers January and July of 2014 when background and polluted by Moscow air masses were observed at ZSS. The measured NO2 IC in the atmospheric boundary layer observed at ZSS does not exceed 0.5 × 1016 molec × cm−2 in background conditions of the atmosphere when non-east wind direction dominated. It grows up to 5.4 × 1016 molec × cm−2 when polluted air masses come from Moscow megacity. Simulated NO2 IC has similar behaviour. As a whole, a good agreement between measured and simulated datasets is observed. Some overestimation of the NO2 emission presents for sources located to the south and north-east from ZSS. Underestimation of the NO2 emission presents for sources located inside of Moscow megacity and located to south-west from ZSS.
Morphology and photoluminescence of nano-porous anodic alumina membranes obtained in oxalic acid at different anodization potentials
Authors: Ramana Reddy P , K M Ajith , Udayashankar N K 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Porous Anodic alumina (PAA) with highly ordered pore geometry serves as an ideal template for future development of nanodevices. In the present work, PAA was prepared by varying anodization potential from 10 to 50 V in oxalic acid at 8 °C with a constant electrolyte concentration of 0.3 M. The influence of anodization potential on the structural and photoluminescence (PL) properties of PAA has been studied. The effect of anodization potential on the main pore characteristics of PAA such as pore diameter, interpore distance, pore density, porosity and circularity was studied. It was observed that circularity of PAA was nearly equal to one in the case of anodization potential of 40 V. Highest regularity ratio (RR) obtained for PAA formed in 40 V and it was calculated by WSxM software. It was noticed that with increasing anodization potential there is a slight change in PL spectra of PAA and shows a strong PL peak in blue region.
Globalization in history
Authors: Steger Manfred B. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Is globalization a new phenomenon, and is it fundamentally different from the centuries-old process of modernization? ‘Globalization in history’ explores the spatial expansion of social relations and the corresponding rise of the global imaginary, recognizing them as gradual processes with deep historical roots. Following the settling of prehistoric tribes, the premodern period saw technological advances which formed the foundations of many of today’s innovations. The early modern period saw the birth of capitalism and the modern period brought about industrialization and a population explosion. Our current period is described as ‘the great convergence’, in which different and widely spaced people and connections can come together more rapidly than ever.
Loyalty and Disclosure in Legal Ethics
Authors: Zipursky Benjamin C 
Published: May 2020

Abstract:
As fiduciaries, lawyers owe duties of loyalty to their clients, and such duties are widely understood to entail strong duties of confidentiality. This article addresses the question of whether loyalty-based duties of confidentiality preclude the legal system from imposing on lawyers duties to disclose that their clients have been engaging in financial fraud. It distinguishes two possible bases for such duties of disclosure: alleged duties of care to investors who will suffer financial harm if these frauds are not revealed, and legislative mandates requiring lawyers to report evidence of legal violations to a government institution. The latter—driven by a “gatekeeping” rationale, and illustrated here by a (failed) proposal of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission—is different in substance and structure from the former, “duty-of-care” rationale. The article argues that, while there may be good arguments based on a lawyer’s role-based duty of loyalty to a reject a duty-of-care based rationale for disclosure duties, these arguments do not defeat the gatekeeping, legislative-mandate rationales for disclosure duties. While a stringent duty of loyalty to a client may indeed conflict with the structure of duties of care to third parties, it need not conflict with a positive mandate to report legal violations.
Detectable Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Human Breast Milk of a Mildly Symptomatic Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Authors: Tam Patrick C K , Ly Kathleen M , Kernich Max L , Spurrier Nicola , Lawrence Diana , Gordon David L , Tucker Emily C 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus and causative pathogen to the pandemic illness COVID-19. Although RNA has been detected in various clinical samples, no reports to date have documented SARS-CoV-2 in human milk. This case report describes an actively breastfeeding patient with COVID-19 infection with detectable viral RNA in human milk.
Clinical Outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 With Evidence-based Supportive Care
Authors: Larson Derek T , Sherner John H , Gallagher Kia M , Judy Cynthia L , Paul Madison B , Mahoney Alexandra M , Weina Peter J 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Calls for adherence to evidence-based medicine have emerged during the initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic but reports of outcomes are lacking. This retrospective study of an institutional cohort including 135 patients with confirmed COVID-19 demonstrates positive outcomes when organizational standards of care consist of evidence-based supportive therapies.
Surveillance of neo-squamous epithelium after ablation of Barrett’s esophagus: is it better to use jumbo over standard biopsy forceps?
Authors: Duvvuri Abhiram , Desai Madhav , Srinivasan Sachin , Chandrashekar Viveksandeep Thoguluva , Vennelaganti Sreekar , Vennalaganti Prashanth , Jani Bhairvi , Lim Diego , Ciscato Camilla , Spaggiari Paola , Consolo Pierluigi , Porter Jaime , Ferrara Elisa , Kennedy Kevin , Gupta Neil , Mathur Sharad , Sharma Prateek , Repici Alessandro 
Published: May 2020

Summary
Background and Aims: As obtaining adequate tissue on biopsy is critical for the detection of residual and recurrent intestinal metaplasia/dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus (BE) patients undergone Barrett’s endoscopic eradication therapy (BET), we decided to compare the adequacy of biopsy specimens using jumbo versus standard biopsy forceps. Methods: This is a two-center study of patients’ post-radiofrequency ablation of dysplastic BE. After BET, jumbo (Boston Scientific©, Radial Jaw 4, opening diameter 2.8 mm) or standard (Boston Scientific©, Radial Jaw 4, opening diameter 2.2 mm) biopsy forceps were utilized to obtain surveillance biopsies from the neo-squamous epithelium. Presence of lamina propria and proportion of squamous epithelium with partial or full thickness lamina propria was recorded by two experienced gastrointestinal pathologists who were blinded. Squamous epithelial biopsies that contained at least two-thirds of lamina propria were considered ‘adequate’. Results: In a total of 211 biopsies from 55 BE patients, 145 biopsies (29 patients, 18 males, mean age 61 years, interquartile range [IQR] 33–83) were obtained using jumbo forceps and 66 biopsies (26 patients, all males, mean age 65 years, IQR 56–76) using standard forceps biopsies. Comparing jumbo versus standard forceps, the proportion of specimens with any subepithelial lamina propria was 51.7% versus 53%, P = 0.860 and the presence of adequate subepithelial lamina propria was 17.9% versus 9.1%, P = 0.096 respectively. Conclusions: Use of jumbo forceps does not appear to have added advantage over standard forceps to obtain adequate biopsy specimens from the neo-squamous mucosa post-ablation.
The Case of Female Perpetrators of International Crimes: Exploratory Insights and New Research Directions
Authors: Ferizović Jasenka 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Although conflicts are often considered to be an exclusively male domain, historical records of conflicts throughout the 20th century show that women also actively participate in warfare – not only as peace activists, humanitarian workers, health care providers, politicians and soldiers but also as perpetrators of crimes. Nevertheless, the participation of women in the commission of international crimes, such as war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, has long been considered an anomaly that falls beyond the ‘normal’ scope of conflict-related criminality. Consequently, this topic has been deemed marginal in scholarly circles and, until recently, has remained significantly under-researched. This article contributes to the existing research by presenting an original analysis of the characteristics of conflict-related criminality among women and of criminal prosecutions of female perpetrators of international crimes in modern conflicts, primarily focusing on World War II, and the wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. It further offers a first systematic overview and analysis of domestic trials of women prosecuted for international crimes before the courts in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia.
New gravity data and 3-D density model constraints on the Ivrea Geophysical Body (Western Alps)
Authors: Scarponi M , Hetényi G , Berthet T , Baron L , Manzotti P , Petri B , Pistone M , Müntener O 
Published: May 2020

SUMMARY
We provide a high-resolution image of the Ivrea Geophysical Body (IGB) in the Western Alps with new gravity data and 3-D density modelling, integrated with surface geological observations and laboratory analyses of rock properties. The IGB is a sliver of Adriatic lower lithosphere that is located at shallow depths along the inner arc of the Western Alps, and associated with dense rocks that are exposed in the Ivrea-Verbano Zone (IVZ). The IGB is known for its high seismic velocity anomaly at shallow crustal depths and a pronounced positive gravity anomaly. Here, we investigate the IGB at a finer spatial scale, merging geophysical and geological observations. We compile existing gravity data and we add 207 new relative gravity measurements, approaching an optimal spatial coverage of 1 data point per 4–9 km2 across the IVZ. A compilation of tectonic maps and rock laboratory analyses together with a mineral properties database is used to produce a novel surface rock-density map of the IVZ. The density map is incorporated into the gravity anomaly computation routine, from which we defined the Niggli gravity anomaly. This accounts for Bouguer Plate and terrain correction, both considering the in situ surface rock densities, deviating from the 2670 kg m–3 value commonly used in such computations. We then develop a 3-D single-interface crustal density model, which represents the density distribution of the IGB, including the above Niggli-correction. We retrieve an optimal fit to the observations by using a 400 kg m–3 density contrast across the model interface, which reaches as shallow as 1 km depth below sea level. The model sensitivity tests suggest that the ∼300–500 kg m–3 density contrast range is still plausible, and consequently locates the shallowest parts of the interface at 0 km and at 2 km depth below sea level, for the lowest and the highest density contrast, respectively. The former model requires a sharp density discontinuity, the latter may feature a vertical transition of densities on the order of few kilometres. Compared with previous studies, the model geometry reaches shallower depths and suggests that the width of the anomaly is larger, ∼20 km in west–east direction and steeply E–SE dipping. Regarding the possible rock types composing the IGB, both regional geology and standard background crustal structure considerations are taken into account. These exclude both felsic rocks and high-pressure metamorphic rocks as suitable candidates, and point towards ultramafic or mantle peridotite type rocks composing the bulk of the IGB.
Gestational weight gain, birthweight and early-childhood obesity: between- and within-family comparisons
Authors: Badon Sylvia E , Quesenberry Charles P , Xu Fei , Avalos Lyndsay A , Hedderson Monique M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Associations of excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) with greater birthweight and childhood obesity may be confounded by shared familial environment or genetics. Sibling comparisons can minimize variation in these confounders because siblings grow up in similar environments and share the same genetic predisposition for weight gain.

Methods
We identified 96 289 women with live births in 2008–2014 at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Fifteen percent of women (N = 14 417) had at least two births during the study period for sibling analyses. We assessed associations of GWG according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations with birthweight and obesity at age 3 years, using conventional analyses comparing outcomes between mothers and sibling analyses comparing outcomes within mothers, which control for stable within-family unmeasured confounders such as familial environment and genetics. We used generalized estimating-equations and fixed-effects models.

Results
In conventional analyses, GWG above the IOM recommendations was associated with 88% greater odds of large-for-gestational age birthweight [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.80, 1.97] and 30% greater odds of obesity at 3 years old (95% CI: 1.24, 1.37) compared with GWG within the IOM recommendations. In sibling analyses, GWG above the IOM recommendations was also associated with greater odds of large-for-gestational age [odds ratio (OR): 1.36; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.54], but was not associated with obesity at 3 years old (OR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.84, 1.15).

Conclusions
GWG likely has a direct impact on birthweight; however, shared environmental and lifestyle factors within families may play a larger role in determining early-childhood weight status and obesity risk than GWG.