bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Money Laundering and Central Bank Governance in The European Union
Authors: Demetriades Panicos , Vassileva Radosveta 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Dirty money is often a by-product or a symptom of political corruption in the jurisdictions in which it originates. It can also spread corruption and erode democracy on its journey to its final destination. This typically involves multiple jurisdictions and is the reason why it is so hard to detect. Recently, a series of money laundering scandals have highlighted weaknesses in the anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing (AML/CFT) framework of the European Union (EU), the implementation of which remains the responsibility of Member States. The paper argues that EU’s defences against money laundering have been weakened partly reflecting a little-known erosion in the independence of Member State central banks, which are often the AML supervisors. It puts forward a number of new proposals to strengthen the governance and AML/CFT implementation in the EU.
Boolean negation and non-conservativity III: the Ackermann constant
Authors: Øgaard Tore Fjetland 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
It is known that many relevant logics can be conservatively extended by the truth constant known as the Ackermann constant. It is also known that many relevant logics can be conservatively extended by Boolean negation. This essay, however, shows that a range of relevant logics with the Ackermann constant cannot be conservatively extended by a Boolean negation.
Estimating Loss Given Default from CDS under Weak Identification
Authors: Liu Lily Y 
Published: April 2020

AbstractExisting reduced-form default intensity models that jointly estimate probability of default (PD) and loss given default (LGD) from credit default swaps (CDSs) produce dissimilar results, and there is little guidance on which time series specification to choose. This article develops a model of CDS term structure without parametric time series restrictions for PD and uses weak-identification robust methods to investigate whether separate identification of PD and LGD is still possible. Consistent with intuition about the identification strategy, the model is not globally identified. However, in my empirical application, LGD is precisely estimated for half of the firm-months under study, with resulting values much lower than conventional values. This implies that the risk-neutral PD and the risk premia on PD are underestimated when LGD is set to conventional values.
Adverse Birth Outcomes in Botswana Among Women With Vertically or Horizontally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Fennell Christina , Seage George R , Zash Rebecca , Phiri Kelesitse , Diseko Modiegi , Mayondi Gloria , Lockman Shahin , Sekoto Tumalano , Mmalane Mompati , Makhema Joseph , Shapiro Roger 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Women with vertically acquired HIV (VHIV) may have a greater risk of adverse birth outcomes than women with horizontally acquired HIV (HHIV).

Methods
The Tsepamo study performed birth outcomes surveillance at 8 government delivery sites in Botswana from July 2014 through March 2019. Pregnant women diagnosed with HIV before their 11th birthday received VHIV status, and other women had HHIV. Small for gestational age (SGA), preterm delivery (PTD), stillbirth, and neonatal death were compared using χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests. Log-binomial regression models determined risk ratios (RRs).

Results
VHIV women (n = 402) aged 15–27 years were identified over 4 years of surveillance and compared with HHIV women (n = 8465) of the same age. VHIV women were more likely to use nevirapine (NVP)-based antiretroviral treatment (ART) in pregnancy and to have SGA and very SGA infants, but less likely to have very PTD infants. In unadjusted analyses, VHIV women had a higher risk of any adverse birth outcome combined (RR = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–1.36). After adjusting for potential confounders, particularly use of NVP-based regimens, the risk of adverse birth outcomes among VHIV and HHIV women was similar.

Conclusions
NVP-based ART is a primary and modifiable risk factor for adverse birth outcomes. Updating ART regimens could improve birth outcomes for women with HIV.
Arabidopsis K+ transporter HAK5-mediated high-affinity root K+ uptake is regulated by protein kinases CIPK1 and CIPK9
Authors: Lara Alberto , Ródenas Reyes , Andrés Zaida , Martínez Vicente , Quintero Francisco J , Nieves-Cordones Manuel , Botella M Angeles , Rubio Francisco 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The high-affinity K+ transporter HAK5 is the major contributor to root K+ uptake from dilute solutions in K+-starved Arabidopsis plants. Its functionality is tightly regulated and its activity is enhanced under K+ starvation by the transcriptional induction of the AtHAK5 gene, and by the activation of the transporter via the AtCBL1–AtCIPK23 complex. In the present study, the 26 members of the Arabidopsis CIPK protein kinase family were screened in yeast for their capacity to activate HAK5-mediated K+ uptake. Among them, AtCIPK1 was the most efficient activator of AtHAK5. In addition, AtCIPK9, previously reported to participate in K+ homeostasis, also activated the transporter. In roots, the genes encoding AtCIPK1 and AtCIPK9 were induced by K+ deprivation and atcipk1 and atcipk9 Arabidopsis KO mutants showed a reduced AtHAK5-mediated Rb+ uptake. Activation of AtHAK5 by AtCIPK1 did not occur under hyperosmotic stress conditions, where AtCIPK1 function has been shown to be required to maintain plant growth. Taken together, our data contribute to the identification of the complex regulatory networks that control the high-affinity K+ transporter AtHAK5 and root K+ uptake.
Gene regulatory networks controlled by FLOWERING LOCUS C that confer variation in seasonal flowering and life history
Authors: Madrid Eva , Chandler John W , Coupland George 
Published: April 2020

AbstractResponses to environmental cues synchronize reproduction of higher plants to the changing seasons. The genetic basis of these responses has been intensively studied in the Brassicaceae. The MADS-domain transcription factor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) plays a central role in the regulatory network that controls flowering of Arabidopsis thaliana in response to seasonal cues. FLC blocks flowering until its transcription is stably repressed by extended exposure to low temperatures in autumn or winter and, therefore, FLC activity is assumed to limit flowering to spring. Recent reviews describe the complex epigenetic mechanisms responsible for FLC repression in cold. We focus on the gene regulatory networks controlled by FLC and how they influence floral transition. Genome-wide approaches determined the in vivo target genes of FLC and identified those whose transcription changes during vernalization or in flc mutants. We describe how studying FLC targets such as FLOWERING LOCUS T, SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE 15, and TARGET OF FLC AND SVP 1 can explain different flowering behaviours in response to vernalization and other environmental cues, and help define mechanisms by which FLC represses gene transcription. Elucidating the gene regulatory networks controlled by FLC provides access to the developmental and physiological mechanisms that regulate floral transition.
A Case of Scabies Presenting as Chronic Urticaria
Authors: Muller Imelda , Brinker Alyson 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Scabies outbreaks are relatively common worldwide, particularly in communal living settings such as military barracks. The infestation is caused by the parasite Sarcoptes Scabiei and is easily treated once properly diagnosed. Classic symptoms include pruritus around the waist, wrists, and ankles.1 On physical examination, linear burrows visualized in finger web spaces is a typical finding.1 It is not uncommon, however, for scabies to present with a variety of other dermatologic manifestations, which can lead to a delayed or missed diagnosis. This case highlights a delayed diagnosis of scabies, initially presenting as urticaria in a 26-year-old active duty male living in military barracks where multiple previous outbreaks were identified. Providers should be aware of the oftentimes-elusive diagnosis of scabies and the many nonclassic dermatologic manifestations. A thorough skin examination with skin scrapings and examination of the finger web spaces should be considered in those with ambiguous skin rashes who are particularly at risk for scabies infection, such as military recruits, submariners, and other service members living in communal settings. Timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment is crucial to prevent reinfection and spread of scabies throughout these communal living settings.
Geochemical Evolution of Arc and Slab Following Subduction Initiation: a Record from the Bonin Islands, Japan
Authors: Ishizuka Osamu , Taylor Rex N , Umino Susumu , Kanayama Kyoko 
Published: April 2020

AbstractVolcanism following the initiation of subduction is vital to our understanding of this specific magma-generation environment. This setting is represented by the first development of the Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc system as subduction commenced along the Western Pacific margin in the Eocene. A new collection of volcanic rocks recovered from the islands and exposed crustal sections of the Bonin Ridge spans the first 10 Myr of arc evolution. An elemental and radiogenic isotope dataset from this material is presented in conjuction with new 40Ar/39Ar ages and a stratigraphic framework developed by a detailed mapping campaign through the volcanic sections of the Bonin Islands. The dating results reveal that both the locus and type of magmatism systematically changed with time in response to the progressive sinking of the slab until the establishment of steady-state subduction at around 7–8 Ma. Following initial mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-like spreading-related basalt magmatism, volcanic centres migrated away from the trench and changed from high-Si boninite to low-Si boninite or high-Mg andesite, then finally tholeiitic or calcalkaline arc magma. Subducting pelagic sediment combined with Pacific-type igneous ocean crust dominates the slab input to the shallow source of high-Si boninites at 49 Ma, but high-precision Pb isotope data show that this sediment varies in composition along the subducting plate. At around 45 Ma, volcanism switched to low-Si boninite and the pelagic sediment signature was almost entirely replaced by volcanic or volcaniclastic material originating from a HIMU ocean island source. These low-Si boninites are isotopically consistent with a slab component comprising variable proportions of HIMU volcaniclastic rocks and Pacific MORB. In turn, this signature was replaced by a Pacific MORB-dominated flux in the post 45 Ma tholeiite and calcalkaline volcanic rocks. Notably, each change in slab-derived flux coincided with a change in the magma type. Fluctuations in the slab-derived geochemical signature were superimposed on a change in the mantle wedge source from highly depleted harzburgite to a depleted MORB-type mantle-type source. In turn, this may correspond to the increasing depth of the leading edge of the slab through this 5 Myr period.
The Effectiveness of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection for the Treatment of Suspected Sacroiliac Joint Complex Pain; a Systematic Review
Authors: Burnham Taylor , Sampson Josh , Speckman Rebecca A , Conger Aaron , Cushman Daniel M , McCormick Zachary L 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) for the treatment of suspected sacroiliac joint complex (SIJC) pain.DesignSystematic review.SubjectsPersons aged ≥18 with suspected SIJC pain.ComparisonSham, placebo procedure, or active standard of care treatment.OutcomesThe primary outcome was ≥50% pain improvement, and the secondary outcome was functional improvement of ≥30% at three or more months after the treatment intervention.MethodsPublications in PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Databases were reviewed up to April 3, 2019. Randomized or nonrandomized comparative studies and nonrandomized studies without internal controls were included. The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system and the joint consensus American Academy of Orthopedic Surgery/National Institutes of Health recommendations were used for quality assessment and reporting standards.ResultsQuery identified 151 publications; three were appropriate for inclusion. There were no studies of BMAC that met inclusion criteria. There were three eligible PRP studies: one randomized comparative trial (RCT) and two case series. In the single RCT comparing ultrasound-guided PRP with corticosteroid injection for suspected SIJC pain, the PRP group had a significantly increased likelihood of achieving ≥50% improvement of pain at three months (adjusted odds ratio = 37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.65–298.69). Pooled pain outcomes from two studies showed that 28/30, 93% (95% CI = 93–100%), experienced ≥50% pain improvement at three months.ConclusionsThe literature supporting the effectiveness of PRP for SIJC pain is very low-quality according to the GRADE system. Well-designed RCTs and large cohort studies with consistent selection protocols and reporting characteristics are needed to determine the effectiveness of PRP and BMAC for the treatment of SIJC pain.
Block Extensions, Local Categories and Basic Morita Equivalences
Authors: Coconeţ Tiberiu , Marcus Andrei , Todea Constantin-Cosmin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Let $(\mathcal{K},\mathcal{O},k)$ be a $p$-modular system where $p$ is a prime and $k$ algebraically closed, let $b$ be a $G$-invariant block of the normal subgroup $H$ of a finite group $G$, having defect pointed group $Q_\delta$ in $H$ and $P_\gamma$ in $G$ and consider the block extension $b\mathcal{O}G$. One may attach to $b$ an extended local category $\mathcal{E}_{(b,H,G)}$, a group extension $L$ of $Z(Q)$ by $N_G(Q_\delta )/C_H(Q)$ having $P$ as a Sylow $p$-subgroup, and a cohomology class $[\alpha ]\in H^2(N_G(Q_\delta )/QC_H(Q),k^\times )$. We prove that these objects are invariant under the $G/H$-graded basic Morita equivalences. Along the way, we give alternative proofs of the results of Külshammer and Puig (1990), and Puig and Zhou (2012) on extensions of nilpotent blocks. We also deduce by our methods a result of Zhou (2016) on $p^{\prime}$-extensions of inertial blocks.
Gene expression analysis in the mouse brainstem identifies Cart and Nesfatin as neuropeptides coexpressed in the Calbindin-positive neurons of the Nucleus papilio
Authors: Girard Franck , von Siebenthal Michelle , Davis Fred P , Celio Marco R 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Study Objectives: The brainstem contains several neuronal populations, heterogeneous in terms of neurotransmitter/neuropeptide content, which are important for controlling various aspects of the rapid eye movement (REM) phase of sleep. Among these populations are the Calbindin (Calb)-immunoreactive NPCalb neurons, located in the Nucleus papilio, within the dorsal paragigantocellular nucleus (DPGi), and recently shown to control eye movement during the REM phase of sleep. Methods: We performed in-depth data mining of the in situ hybridization data collected at the Allen Brain Atlas, in order to identify potentially interesting genes expressed in this brainstem nucleus. Our attention focused on genes encoding neuropeptides, including Cart (Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcripts) and Nesfatin 1. Results: While nesfatin 1 appeared ubiquitously expressed in this Calb-positive neuronal population, Cart was coexpressed in only a subset of these glutamatergic NPCalb neurons. Furthermore, an REM sleep deprivation and rebound assay performed with mice revealed that the Cart-positive neuronal population within the DPGi was activated during REM sleep (as measured by c-fos immunoreactivity), suggesting a role of this neuropeptide in regulating some aspects of REM sleep. Conclusions: The assembled information could afford functional clues to investigators, conducive to further experimental pursuits.
Identifying and Characterizing Stress Pathways of Concern for Consumer Safety in Next-Generation Risk Assessment
Authors: Hatherell Sarah , Baltazar Maria T , Reynolds Joe , Carmichael Paul L , Dent Matthew , Li Hequn , Ryder Stephanie , White Andrew , Walker Paul , Middleton Alistair M 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMany substances for which consumer safety risk assessments need to be conducted are not associated with specific toxicity modes of action, but rather exhibit nonspecific toxicity leading to cell stress. In this work, a cellular stress panel is described, consisting of 36 biomarkers representing mitochondrial toxicity, cell stress, and cell health, measured predominantly using high content imaging. To evaluate the panel, data were generated for 13 substances at exposures consistent with typical use-case scenarios. These included some that have been shown to cause adverse effects in a proportion of exposed humans and have a toxicological mode-of-action associated with cellular stress (eg, doxorubicin, troglitazone, and diclofenac), and some that are not associated with adverse effects due to cellular stress at human-relevant exposures (eg, caffeine, niacinamide, and phenoxyethanol). For each substance, concentration response data were generated for each biomarker at 3 timepoints. A Bayesian model was then developed to quantify the evidence for a biological response, and if present, a credibility range for the estimated point of departure (PoD) was determined. PoDs were compared with the plasma Cmax associated with the typical substance exposures, and indicated a clear differentiation between “low” risk and “high” risk chemical exposure scenarios. Developing robust methods to characterize the in vitro bioactivity of xenobiotics is an important part of non-animal safety assessment. The results presented in this work show that the cellular stress panel can be used, together with other new approach methodologies, to identify chemical exposures that are protective of consumer health.
Comparison of Early Definitive Fusion and Traditional Growing Rods in Early-onset Dystrophic Scoliosis in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Tauchi Ryoji , Kawakami Noriaki , Suzuki Teppei , Uno Koki , Yamaguchi Toru , Yanagida Haruhisa , Yamamoto Takuya , Murakami Hideki , Demura Satoru , Kotani Toshiaki 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Early definitive spinal fusion (EF) has been widely recommended to avoid spinal deformity progression for early-onset scoliosis (EOS) with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1). In contrast, growing rod (GR) procedure has recently been recommended for EOS associated with the dystrophic type NF-1. However, no studies have compared the surgical outcomes between EF and GR procedure for EOS with NF-1. The purpose of this study was to compare the surgical outcomes of EF versus GR for early onset and dystrophic scoliosis with NF-1.

Methods:
This was a retrospective multicenter study; 26 EOS patients with dystrophic type of NF-1 who underwent EF (16 patients) or GR (10 patients) were investigated. We compared age at first surgery, fused levels, total number of surgeries, coronal major curve, complication rates, spinal height (T1-T12 and T1-S1 length), and forced vital capacity between the 2 groups.

Results:
The mean age at first surgery was 7.3 years in the EF and 5.8 years in the GR (P<0.05). The mean follow-up period was 12.8 and 10.5 years, respectively. The 2 groups did not show significant differences in preoperative major Cobb angle (75.1 vs. 83.1 degrees), complication rate (53% vs. 60%), and increase rate of T1-T12 (20.0% vs. 30.4%). However, significant differences (P<0.05) were recognized in fusion segments (13.9 vs. 15.8), total numbers of surgery (2.6 vs. 10.1), correction rate of major curve (59.0% vs. 40.6%), increase rate of T1-S1 (19.0% vs. 33.9%), body height at final follow-up (151 vs. 142 cm), and forced vital capacity at final follow-up (2.23 vs. 1.46 L).

Conclusions:
Early fusion is still a viable option for progressive EOS with dystrophic type of NF-1 even in the growth-friendly era. Surgeons should consider the best procedure for each patient taking into account the severity of dystrophic change when treating EOS with NF-1.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
30-Day Recurrence, Readmission Rate, and Clinical Outcome After Emergency Lumbar Discectomy
Authors: Reito Aleksi , Kyrölä Kati , Pekkanen Liisa , Paloneva Juha 
Published: April 2020

Study Design.
A retrospective cohort study.

Objective.
To investigate the 30-day recurrence rate after emergency lumbar discectomy. Secondary aims were to investigate the factors affecting the 30-day recurrence and readmission rates and clinical outcome.

Summary of Background Data.
Excluding cauda equine syndrome (CES) due to massive intervertebral disc herniation, emergency surgery for lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is rarely required. The operation may, however, be performed for other reasons such as persistent or progressive motor paresis associated with radiculopathy or uncontrolled pain. Literature on these topics is scarce.

Methods.
All patients admitted for inpatient care after a visit to the emergency department (ED) due to acute low back pain and who had subsequently undergone an emergency lumbar discectomy during the 4-year study period were included in the study. Patients attending the ED who subsequently had a delayed discectomy formed the control group. Recurrence and readmission rates were analyzed and clinical outcome at 30 days post-surgery was assessed with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the visual analog pain scale (VAS).

Results.
One hundred thirty patients were admitted to the hospital after visiting the ED and underwent an emergency discectomy after a median of 1.0 days from admittance. Six patients in the study group [4.6% (95% CI: 2.1–9.7)] had recurrent LDH and nine patients in total [6.9% (95% CI: 3.9–12.6)] were readmitted within 30 days. None of the baseline variables clearly predicted recurrence. Mean ODI difference between the study group and controls was 8.1 (95% CI: –6.7–23.2). BMI and surgery by a non-spine surgeon were associated with higher ODI values.

Conclusion.
An emergency discectomy is associated with a higher rate than expected of both recurrent LDHs and 30-day readmissions. Surgeon experience and patient-related factors had minor effects on the 30-day clinical outcome.

Level of Evidence: 4