bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular and immunological paradigms of hepatocellular carcinoma: Special reference to therapeutic approaches
Authors: Kabashima Ayano , Shimada Shu , Shimokawa Masahiro , Akiyama Yoshimitsu , Tanabe Minoru , Tanaka Shinji 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a multistep process with a complex interaction of various genetic backgrounds and the tumor microenvironment. In addition to the development of rational approaches to epidemiologic research, early detection, and diagnosis, considerable progress has been made in systemic treatment with molecular‐targeted agents for patients with advanced HCC. Moreover, encouraging reports of recent clinical trials of combination therapy with immune‐checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has raised high hopes. Each HCC is the result of a unique combination of somatic alterations, including genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and metabolic events, leading to conclusive tumoral heterogeneity. Recent advances in comprehensive genetic analysis have accelerated molecular classification and defined subtypes with specific characteristics, including immune‐associated molecular profiles reflecting the immune reactivity in the tumor. In considering the development of therapeutic strategies in combination with immunotherapy, proper interpretation of molecular pathological characterization could lead to effective therapeutic deployment and enable individualization of the management of HCC. Here, we review distinctive molecular alterations in the subtype classification of HCC, current therapies, and representative clinical trials with alternative immune‐combination approaches from a molecular pathological point.
Application of chemometric methods for the determination of fading and age determination of blue ballpoint inks
Authors: Łydżba‐Kopczyńska Barbara , Czaja Tomasz , Cieśla Rafał , Rusek Grzegorz 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study presents preliminary results for applicability of micro‐Raman and VIS–NIR reflectance spectroscopy in age determination of blue ballpoints inks containing phthalocyanine and crystal violet. Based on chemometric methods, 74 different random blue pens were classified to various types of inks. Then handwritten samples stored in different light conditions were subjected to the analysis. The first set of samples was stored for 7 years at room temperature in an envelope without direct exposure to the light, whereas the second set of samples was aged by exposing them to natural light cycle for 85 days. The L, a, b values were determined on the basis of recorded Raman and VIS–NIR spectra and then used for chemometric calculation. Based on those values, partial least squares models were built, allowing to obtain correlations between ∆E and Raman and reflectance spectra. Relative standard errors of prediction RSEP(%) for obtained models were calculated in the range 1.97–5.13 and 1.20–2.27 for Raman and VIS–NIR spectra, respectively. The proposed nondestructive method allows to estimate the age of daylight exposed samples.
Determination of Optimal Separation Times for Dual‐Pulse SWEEPS Laser‐Assisted Irrigation in Different Endodontic Access Cavities
Authors: Lukač Matjaž , Olivi Giovanni , Constantin Mihnea , Lukač Nejc , Jezeršek Matija 
Published: December 2020

Background and ObjectivesThe purpose of this ex vivo study is to investigate whether it is possible to pre‐determine and set the optimal separation times for the SWEEPS Er:YAG laser pulses pair during laser‐assisted irrigation of endodontic root canals based on known lateral dimensions of the endodontic access cavities of different types of teeth.Study Design/Materials and MethodsAs the optimal SWEEPS laser pulse pair separation for enhanced shockwave generation depends on the life‐cycle of a single‐pulse bubble, measurements of the oscillation time T
B of the Er:YAG laser‐generated bubble were made in 23 different endodontic access cavities of different types of teeth progressively widened in three different steps, into larger cavities, for a total of 69 cavities of different shapes and sizes. Different fiber‐tip geometries (flat and radial), laser pulse energies (10 mJ and 20 mJ) and depth of fiber‐tip insertion (2 mm and 4 mm) were also investigated. The obtained data were then analyzed using the reported relationship between the bubble oscillation time and the diameter of a cylindrically shaped cavity.ResultsA good fit to the relation analogue for ideal cylindrical cavities was found by taking the characteristic diameter of the access cavity to be represented by the cavity diameter either in the mesiodistal (D
min) or buccolingual (D
max) direction, or alternatively by the average of the two diameters (D
ave). The best fit was obtained for D
min (R
2 = 0.73) followed in order by D
ave (R
2 = 0.71) and D
max (R
2 = 0.63).ConclusionIn spite of the endodontic cavities being non‐cylindrical and of varied shape and size, the bubble oscillation time T
B and the corresponding optimal SWEEPS separation time can be well predicted using a single characteristic dimension of the access cavity. This finding enables a simple and practical method for determining optimal conditions for shock wave generation and enhanced photodynamic streaming in differently shaped and sized root canals, leading to improved treatment efficacy and safety of root canal irrigation. Lasers Surg. Med. 2020. © 2020 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC
Vascularity and Thickness Changes in Immature Hypertrophic Scars Treated With a Pulsed Dye Laser
Authors: Deng Huan , Tan Teresa , Luo Gaoxing , Tan Jianglin , Li‐Tsang Cecilia W.P. 
Published: December 2020

Background and ObjectivesGrowth of capillaries is an essential process after a dermal injury. An immature scar with robust growth of capillaries tends to be hypertrophic. Pulsed dye laser (PDL) causes damage to microvascular structures and is increasingly used for early erythematous scars to limit scar growth. To have a better understanding of the impact of PDL on scar vascularity and to optimize the clinical use of PDL for managing hypertrophic scars, this study aimed to explore changes in scar erythema, blood perfusion, and thickness of immature hypertrophic scars in Asian patients who received PDL treatments at an early stage.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThis was a 3‐month, assessor‐blinded, clinical study. There were two groups of patients, the PDL group and the control group, who had hypertrophic scars less than 1‐year post‐injury. Patients in the PDL group received three PDL sessions at 4‐week intervals. A total of three assessments were performed, at baseline, 1 and 3 months, consisting of the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) and objective measurements of scar erythema, blood perfusion, and scar thickness.ResultsA total of 45 patients were enrolled, 22 in the PDL group and 23 in the control group. After the 3‐month treatment, parameters of scar vascularity (P = 0.003), pigmentation (P = 0.026), color (P < 0.001), thickness (P < 0.05), and overall scores (P < 0.01) on the POSAS significantly decreased in the PDL group. Moreover, objective measurements of scar erythema and blood perfusion showed significant improvements in the PDL group (P = 0.009 and P = 0.022, respectively) but not in the control group (P = 0.296 and P = 0.115, respectively). A stable scar thickness was maintained in the PDL group from baseline to 3 months (0.21 cm vs. 0.22 cm, P > 0.05), whereas scar thickness significantly increased in the control group (0.22 cm vs. 0.32 cm, P < 0.01).ConclusionUse of PDL at an early stage controls vascularity of immature hypertrophic scar by improving its poor blood perfusion that further limits scar thickness growth and promotes scar maturation. Lasers Surg. Med. 00:00–00, 2020. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
The corrosion of mild and stainless steel in alkaline anaerobic conditions representing the Belgian “supercontainer” concept and the Swiss L/ILW repository
Authors: Senior Nicholas A. , Martino Taylor , Gaggiano Roberto , Diomidis Nikitas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDeep geological repositories for radioactive waste contain metallic materials, either used to construct disposal canisters or as low‐/intermediate‐level waste (L/ILW). The safety relevance of corrosion is linked to canister lifetime in the former case and gas generation in the latter. More specifically, the Belgian “supercontainer” concept envisages mild steel for the used fuel disposal canister, and in the case of the Swiss L/ILW repository, mild steels are the largest metallic waste component due to the decommissioning of civilian power‐generating facilities. For these circumstances, the corrosion environment is dominated by the chemistry of cement, which is used as buffer or backfill material. The corrosion behaviour of mild steel in anoxic environments was studied through the analysis of the hydrogen end‐product. Hydrogen analysis was conducted by periodically purging the cell head‐space and analysing the gas using a solid‐state hydrogen sensor. While this method is limited to providing only uniform corrosion rates averaged over periods of time, ranging from weeks to months, it provides excellent resolution and sensitivity. The test cell environments were matched against the anticipated Belgian high‐level waste and Swiss L/ILW repository environments, and also against experiments that have been conducted by other researchers for comparative purposes. Samples were exposed to synthetic cement pore waters, representing fresh and degraded cement. In young cement waters, the formation of initial corrosion products resulted in steel wire corrosion rates of the order of µm/year, which, at 80°C rapidly declined to ∼10 nm/year. In contrast, SA516 grade 70 steel plate corroded much more slowly under similar conditions. In aged cement waters, initial corrosion rates were higher but declined faster towards a longer‐term rate of ∼10 nm/year. 316L stainless steel, embedded in cementitious material, corroded at a rate of <1 nm/year at 50°C.
CHEMICAL REACTION MONITORING BY AMBIENT MASS SPECTROMETRY
Authors: Sun Jianghui , Yin Yiyan , Li Weixiang , Jin Ouyang , Na Na 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChemical reactions conducted in different media (liquid phase, gas phase, or surface) drive developments of versatile techniques for the detection of intermediates and prediction of reasonable reaction pathways. Without sample pretreatment, ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) has been applied to obtain structural information of reactive molecules that differ in polarity and molecular weight. Commercial ion sources (e.g., electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and direct analysis in real‐time) have been reported to monitor substrates and products by offline reaction examination. While the interception or characterization of reactive intermediates with short lifetime are still limited by the offline modes. Notably, online ionization technologies, with high tolerance to salt, buffer, and pH, can achieve direct sampling and ionization of on‐going reactions conducted in different media (e.g., liquid phase, gas phase, or surface). Therefore, short‐lived intermediates could be captured at unprecedented timescales, and the reaction dynamics could be studied for mechanism examinations without sample pretreatments. In this review, via various AMS methods, chemical reaction monitoring and mechanism elucidation for different classifications of reactions have been reviewed. The developments and advances of common ionization methods for offline reaction monitoring will also be highlighted.
WR‐1.5 (500–750 GHz) waveguide bandpass filter fabricated using high precision computer numerically controlled machining
Authors: Wang Daxin , Lancaster Michael J. , Wang Yi , Shum Keeson M. , Zhang Qingfeng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this paper, a WR‐1.5 band (500–750 GHz) 3rd order waveguide bandpass filter has been designed and fabricated using high precision computer numerically controlled metal micromachining. The filter has been measured with a 7.29% (48.7 GHz) bandwidth at the center frequency of 667.5 GHz. The minimum passband insertion loss is measured to be 0.87 dB and the measured return loss is better than 10 dB across the whole passband. A yield percentage is analysed and estimated based on the fabrication tolerance.
Patente:Teilen und profitieren
Authors: Kramer Thomas , Manthey Christian , Joachim Björn 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEin Anbieter textiler Verstärkungsmaterialien und ein Reifenhersteller haben im Februar den Patentpool Cokoon gestartet. Damit haben sie einen neuen Ansatz zur Kooperation entwickelt, ohne dass es zu Konflikten mit den Schutzrechten kam. Solche Pools gab es bisher vor allem in der Informationstechnik.
A relative study of the effect of static and dynamic vulcanization upon shape memory nature of thermally actuated peroxide crosslinked polyolefinic blends
Authors: Chatterjee Tuhin , Bhattacharya Asit Baran , Pal Sanjay , Naskar Kinsuk 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThermally actuated peroxide crosslinked shape memory polyolefinic blends of EOC and EPDM has been developed. Effect of static and dynamic vulcanization process on the shape memory character has been pursued in detail. Shape memory properties study at 60°C reveals that statically vulcanized blend and dynamically vulcanized blend are superior in terms of shape fixity character and shape recovery behavior, respectively. Breakage of lower percentage of crystalline structure gives higher percentage of shape fixity for the statically vulcanized blend. In a parallel way, statically vulcanized blend shows better stress–strain properties also. On the other hand, higher degree of crosslinked network structure results higher shape recovery percentage for the dynamically vulcanized blend. Similar to shape recovery characteristics, dynamically vulcanized blend shows better thermal stability and higher percentage of gel content.
Adaptive actuator failure compensation for a class of nonlinear systems with full state constraints
Authors: Ouyang Hupo , Lin Yan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this article, an adaptive compensation scheme is proposed for controlling a class of Brunovsky form systems with unknown parameters and possible actuator failures such that the full state constraints can be achieved. Compared with the previous research, the main advantage of the scheme is that by selecting a set of parameters related to the barrier Lyapunov functions, virtual control signals can be constrained within required boundaries. As a result, the full state constraints and tracking performance constraints can be achieved simultaneously even in the presence of actuator failures. It is shown that with this scheme, all the closed‐loop signals are bounded and the tracking error converges to a residue set that can be made arbitrarily small
Performance of Copper‐Graphite‐Polytetrafluoroethylene Composites Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering and Hydrothermal Impregnation
Authors: Jiang Dafa , Jiang Zhongcheng , Zhang Jun , Lin Ping , Peng Baolin , Zhang Haifeng , Liao Jiapeng , Li Wang , Zou Jianpeng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCopper‐graphite composites prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) were used as raw material to synthesize copper‐graphite‐polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites via the hydrothermal impregnation of a PTFE emulsion. The microstructure, hydrophobic performance, friction property and interface behavior were systematically studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), a surface science comprehensive tester and a friction tester combined with various characterization methods, such as X‐ray diffraction (XRD), a laser particle size analyzer and metallographic microscopy. The results revealed that the copper‐coated graphite was consistent with the diffraction patterns of copper and graphite, and the coated‐copper had uniformly covered the graphite surface with good interface combination. The interface combination worsened with a decrease of the mass fraction of copper in the composites. Moreover, the water contact angle of the copper‐graphite‐PTFE composite of 50 wt. % Cu after PTFE impregnation reached 160°, and was hence superhydrophobic, while the copper‐graphite‐PTFE composite of 45 wt. % Cu exhibited the optimal performance with a friction coefficient, wear rate and resistivity of 0.112, 3.25×10−3 mm3/(N m), and 12×10−7 Ω m, respectively. PTFE impregnation improved the hydrophobicity and friction‐and‐wear properties of the copper‐graphite composites, and the resulting conductivity could meet the requirements of practical applications. Our results indicated that the content of copper played a crucial part in determining the comprehensive property of copper‐graphite‐PTFE composites.
Nitric‐Acid‐Catalyzed Aerobic Conversion of Benzyl Ethers to Benzaldehydes at Room Temperature
Authors: Shen Zhenpeng , Zhao Zhe , Ren Yun‐Lai , Liu Wenbo , Tian Xinzhe , Zheng Xin , Zhao Bo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA practical and mild method was developed for aerobic conversion of benzyl ethers to benzaldehydes with inexpensive HNO3 as the catalyst at room temperature. Various benzyl ethers were transformed to the desired products in low to high yields, and the overoxidation to benzoic acids hardly ever occurred.
Plasmonic Assemblies for Real‐Time Single‐Molecule Biosensing
Authors: Armstrong Rachel E. , Horáček Matěj , Zijlstra Peter 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTheir tunable optical properties and versatile surface functionalization have sparked applications of plasmonic assemblies in the fields of biosensing, nonlinear optics, and photonics. Particularly, in the field of biosensing, rapid advances have occurred in the use of plasmonic assemblies for real‐time single‐molecule sensing. Compared to individual particles, the use of assemblies as sensors provides stronger signals, more control over the optical properties, and access to a broader range of timescales. In the past years, they have been used to directly reveal single‐molecule interactions, mechanical properties, and conformational dynamics. This review summarizes the development of real‐time single‐molecule sensors built around plasmonic assemblies. First, a brief overview of their optical properties is given, and then recent applications are described. The current challenges in the field and suggestions to overcome those challenges are discussed in detail. Their stability, specificity, and sensitivity as sensors provide a complementary approach to other single‐molecule techniques like force spectroscopy and single‐molecule fluorescence. In future applications, the impact in real‐time sensing on ultralong timescales (hours) and ultrashort timescales (sub‐millisecond), time windows that are difficult to access using other techniques, is particularly foreseen.
Effects of coral sand powder and corrosion inhibitors on reinforcement corrosion in coral aggregate seawater concrete in a marine environment
Authors: Wang Nan , Yu Hongfa , Bi Wanli , Zhu Haiwei , Gong Wei , Diao Yitong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of coral sand powder (CSP) and corrosion inhibitors (SBT®‐ZX(V), SBT®‐RMA(II)) on reinforcement corrosion in coral aggregate seawater concrete (CASC) in a marine environment. A reasonable time‐variation model for reinforcement corrosion in CASC is proposed and verified. Based on the time‐variation model and chloride diffusion model, the cracking time and service life of CASC are predicted. The results show that the replacement of cementitious materials by 5% CSP can improve the corrosion resistance of steel bar in CASC. Both SBT®‐ZX(V) and SBT®‐RMA(II) can reduce the corrosion rate of steel bar in CASC, and this effect of SBT®‐RMA(II) is more effective than that of SBT®‐ZX(V). Among all CASC, CASC containing 5% CSP and SBT®‐RMA(II) possesses the best corrosion resistance. The results also reveal that the corrosion current density of steel bar in CASC increases firstly and then decreases over time. The ascending segment of the fitting curves for reinforcement corrosion in CASC conforms to the logarithmic‐type time‐variation model, and the descending segment of the fitting curves for reinforcement corrosion in CASC conforms to the exponential‐type time‐variation model. The cracking time and service life of CASC containing 5% CSP and SBT®‐RMA(II) will reach more than 10 years when the thickness of protective layer is 30 mm.
Differential equations in data analysis
Authors: Dattner Itai 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDifferential equations have proven to be a powerful mathematical tool in science and engineering, leading to better understanding, prediction, and control of dynamic processes. In this paper, we review the role played by differential equations in data analysis. More specifically, we consider the intersection between differential equations and data analysis in the light of modern statistical learning methodologies.This article is categorized under:Data: Types and Structure > Time Series, Stochastic Processes, and Functional DataStatistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Nonparametric MethodsStatistical Models > Nonlinear Models
Correction to: NASA Formal Methods
Authors: Lee Ritchie , Jha Susmit , Mavridou Anastasia , Giannakopoulou Dimitra 
Published: December 2020

The original versions of this book and Chapter 14 were revised. The following was corrected:Dimitra Giannakopoulou, the General Chair of the NFM 2020 conference, was inadvertently forgotten and, therefore, added as a volume editor.Chapter 14 was retrospectively made available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com.
Two Years After: A Scoping Review of GDPR Effects on Serious Games Research Ethics Reporting
Authors: Jost Patrick , Lampert Marisa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOn May 25th, 2018, the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into force. Recognised as a comprehensive regulation for improving privacy and data protection, a substantial impact on data processing disciplines such as Serious Games (SG) research was expected.By conducting a scoping review, this paper explores the effects of GDPR on reporting of ethics approval, informed consent, ethics guidelines and data protection in SG studies. Five scientific databases were searched for research between 2016 and 2020 addressing Serious Games, Exergames and Applied Games. A total of 2146 full-text studies split into equal collections before and after GDPR were included. Lexicometric and keyword-in-context analysis were conducted and comparatively evaluated regarding ethics reporting and trends.Results unexpectedly show that GDPR so far hardly left a mark. While a slight increase of 12% in general ethics reporting can be observed, less than 6% of the studies after GDPR coming-into-force report on data protection. Ethics procedures remained consistent with most researchers reporting the approval from their home university committee and stating the Declaration of Helsinki as followed guidelines. Overall, the verifiable impact of GDPR was found negligibly small, with only 0.5% of studies referring to the regulation in the two years after introduction. Conclusively, further research is suggested to focus on integrating ethics and data protection guided on GDPR from an early conceptual stage to the reporting of the findings.