bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology‐Controllable Synthesis and Growth Mechanism of 3D‐Hierarchical Pd/SnO2/Ni Foam (NF) as the Cathode for Al‐H2O2 Semi‐Fuel Cell
Authors: Sun L. , Li S. , He W. , Wen F. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA hierarchical 3D composite cathode (Pd/SnO2/NF) was designed and synthesized via electrode positing Pd nanoparticles on the nanoarrays consisting of SnO2 nanorods grown upright on the surface of Ni foam (NF). The influence of the adding rate of alcohol and the standing time of precursor on the morphology of SnO2 nanostructures was investigated. The growth mechanism of SnO2 nanorods was investigated and the influences of the morphology of SnO2 nanomaterials on the size and electrochemical properties of Pd catalysts were also discussed. The morphology of SnO2 nanomaterials changes from nanoclusters to nanorods, and both the diameters of the nanorods and Pd nanospheres decrease gradually with decreasing the adding rate of alcohol and prolonging the standing time of precursor. When the adding rate of alcohol is 0.022 mL s−1 and standing precursor for 15 min, the SnO2 nanorods with a rutile structure are vertically grown on the surface of Ni foam apart, and Pd nanospheres are electrodeposited on the top of SnO2 nanorods. The formation of hierarchical 3D structure is benefitting for fully exposing the active site of the Pd catalyst and increasing the specific surface area of the electrode, further improving the performance of the Al‐H2O2 semi‐fuel cell.
Effects of Compression on the Removal of Water Droplet from GDLs of PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Shojaeefard M. H. , Molaeimanesh G. R. , Moqaddari M. R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractProton‐exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) with a sound potential for employing in the propulsion systems of green vehicles are currently at a high stage of development. However, appropriate water management is crucial for further development of PEMFCs. In the current investigation, the role of gas diffusion layer (GDL) compression and wettability on the removal of a water droplet from different GDLs with dissimilar levels of compression (0%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) and wettability (contact angles of 80°, 105°, and 150°) is inspected by numerous 3D lattice Boltzmann simulations. The results of this study demonstrate that by increasing of compression level, the droplet ejection will be more probable. Besides, for hydrophobic GDLs (i.e., contact angles of 105° and 150°) adding compression will help the removal process, regardless of the compression amount. However, for the hydrophilic GDLs (contact angle of 80°) adding compression is not necessarily helpful.
Empirisches Prognosemodell zur Bestimmung der Festigkeitsentwicklung von Spritzbeton
Authors: Hammer Anna‐Lena , Thewes Markus , Galler Robert 
Published: December 2019

AbstractShotcrete is an essential support element in tunnelling. From the start of the hydration of shotcrete, it resists stresses and deformation. Therefore its time‐dependent material properties, in particular the strength development and stiffness development, are significant. With time, the early strength can affect the progress of rock pressure and the support resistance. In order to describe its mechanical material properties, there are models, mostly validated with data from dry‐mix shotcrete or older shotcrete mix designs. Continuous further development in additive technology has however considerable improved the performance of shotcrete in recent years. In this article, data from more recent test series and from practical projects are evaluated. Building on the evaluation of the strength curves, an empirical forecasting model is presented, which can be used for the qualitative estimation of shotcrete strength development.
Elektrische Erdung bei untertägigen Infrastrukturprojekten
Authors: Pichler Moritz , Fürnschuß Martin , Friedl Katrin , Schürhuber Robert , Schmautzer Ernst 
Published: December 2019

AbstractElectrical earthing (grounding) is necessary for the proper operation of electrical systems, machines and electronic equipment in the event of a fault, for protection against lightning and personal injury, and for reasons of electromagnetic compatibility. Earthing is understood as ”making an electrical connection between a given point in a system or in an installation or in equipment and a local earth“. Electrical grounding systems are designed according to national and international standards, with some of these standards occupying a significant place in the legal hierarchy in Austria and being binding. Simple structures are designed using approximate formulas given in the literature and standards; more complex arrangements use programs with analytical or numerical models for the calculation and design of grounding systems. Underground infrastructure projects require additional considerations. Starting with the technical and legal requirements, the typical process steps for the design of electrical grounding systems are shown.
Wechselwirkungen zwischen tiefliegendem Tunnelvortrieb und bestehendem Tunnel im Bereich von Störzonen – Modellierung versus Realität
Authors: Cordes Tobias , Weifner Tassilo , Unteregger David , Bergmeister Konrad 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe influence of a tunnel drive on an existing tunnel is primarily the result of the tunnel geometries, the relative location of the two tunnels, the geological‐geomechanical conditions and the associated primary stress state. During construction of the Brenner Base Tunnel, there are constructionally relevant interactions in some places between the running tunnels and the exploratory tunnel (EKS) running centrally and 12 m deeper. The rock mass stress as a result of driving the running tunnels here leads to deformations of the previously driven exploratory tunnel. Due to the high loading on the outer linings of deep tunnels and the high stiffness of the already hardened shotcrete support, slight deformation can cause local cracking in the support layer. This article compares the observed deformations in a fault zone intersecting at a flat angle with numerical simulations, which enables investigation of the geomechanical problems. Comparison of the calculation results with the real deformation behaviour permits the validation of the numerical simulations and the reliability and limits of such analyses.
Finite element method solution of mixed convection flow of Williamson nanofluid past a radially stretching sheet
Authors: Ibrahim Wubshet , Gamachu Dachasa 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis computation reports the mixed convection flow of Williamson fluid past a radially stretching surface with nanoparticles under the effect of first‐order slip and convective boundary conditions. The coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are obtained from the partial differential equations, which are derived from the conservation of momentum, energy, and species. Then, utilizing suitable resemblance transformation, these ODEs were changed into dimensionless form and then solved numerically by means of a powerful numerical technique called the Galerkin finite element method. The effect of different parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles is inspected and thrashed out in depth by graphs and tables. The upshots exhibit that the velocity profile augments as the values of concentration buoyancy and mixed convection parameters are engorged. Also, the results demonstrated that both temperature and concentration profiles are improved with an enhancement in values of thermophoresis parameters. The outcomes also indicate that for finer values of magnetic field parameter and thermophoresis parameter, the numerical value of local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers is reduced.
Concentration versus streamflow trends of major ions and tritium in headwater streams as indicators of changing water stores
Authors: Cartwright Ian , Morgenstern Uwe , Hofmann Harald 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDocumenting the processes that control the variations in stream geochemistry at different streamflows is important for being able to use chemical tracers to understand catchment functioning. The concentrations of most solutes, including reactive cations (e.g., Na, Ca, K, and Mg) and anions that are primarily derived from precipitation (Cl and Br), in five headwater streams from southeast Australia vary little with streamflow and are close to being chemostatic. By contrast, NO3 and SO4 concentrations are higher at high streamflows. There is also a systematic increase of 3H activities from as low as 1.1 to as high as 2.6 TU with increasing streamflow. The changes in geochemistry cannot be explained solely by increased mineral dissolution at high streamflows or enhanced baseflow driven by hydraulic loading. They are best explained by an increased baseflow input augmented by water mobilized from shallower stores as the catchments wet up. The mean transit times of the water sustaining streamflow varies from 35 to 70 years at low streamflows to <7 years at high streamflows. The use of a range of geochemical tracers, including radioactive isotopes, allows the different possible causes of chemostatic behaviour to be assessed and improves our understanding of catchment functioning.
Components of obstetric violence in health facilities in Quito, Ecuador: A descriptive study on information, accompaniment, and position during childbirth
Authors: Meijer Magriet , Brandão Thais , Cañadas Sofía , Falcon Kirsten 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo describe three factors of obstetric violence in health centers that attend births in Quito, Ecuador: information; accompaniment; and free position.MethodA cross‐sectional descriptive study of 388 women was conducted, focusing on the analysis of three factors of obstetric violence. This study forms part of a larger study that explores the experiences of women in childbirth in Quito between July 1, 2016 and July 1, 2017.ResultsOf all procedures, the performance of episiotomies and the application of fundal pressure during the second stage of labor (Kristeller) stand out, as more than 35% of the women were not informed about them. In total, 121 (46.9%) women who gave birth vaginally were not given the opportunity to be accompanied by someone of their choice, neither in labor nor during delivery. While in the cases of cesarean deliveries, this increased to 116 (92.1%) women. A total of 119 (37.2%) women did not have the opportunity to choose their birthing position (or they did not know they could choose). During delivery, 138 (53.5%) women indicated the same.ConclusionObstetric violence is seen in all three components: information; accompaniment; and free position.
Single‐walled carbon nanohorns modulate tenocyte cellular response and tendon biomechanics
Authors: Ekwueme Emmanuel C. , Rao Rohit , Mohiuddin Mahir , Pellegrini Michael , Lee Yong S. , Reiter Mary P. , Jackson James , Freeman Joseph W. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSubfailure ligament and tendon injury remain a significant burden to global healthcare. Here, we present the use of biocompatible single‐walled carbon nanohorns (CNH) as a potential treatment for the repair of sub‐failure injury in tendons. First, in vitro exposure of CNH to human tenocytes revealed no change in collagen deposition but a significant decrease in cell metabolic activity after 14 days. Additionally, gene expression studies revealed significant downregulation of collagen Types I and III mRNA at 7 days with some recovery after 14 days of exposure. Biomechanical tests with explanted porcine digitorum tendons showed the ability of CNH suspensions to modulate tendon biomechanics, most notably elastic moduli immediately after treatment. in vivo experiments demonstrated the ability of CNH to persist in the damaged matrix of stretch‐injured Sprague Dawley rat Achilles tendon but not significantly modify tendon biomechanics after 7 days of treatment. Although these results demonstrate the early feasibility of utility of CNH as a potential modality for tendon subfailure injury, additional work is needed to further validate and ensure clinical efficacy.
Co‐immobilization of cellulase and glucose oxidase on graphene oxide by covalent bonds: a biocatalytic system for one‐pot conversion of gluconic acid from carboxymethyl cellulose
Authors: Zhang Han , Hua Shao‐Feng , Zhang Lei 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this research was to use a step‐by‐step method to prepare a novel biocatalytic system (GO‐CEL‐E/N‐GA‐GOD): ‐OH and ‐COOH on the surface of graphene oxide (GO) were used to immobilize cellulase (CEL) and glucose oxidase (GOD), respectively, which may be easier to control the loading of enzymes with different kinds, to achieve the one‐pot conversion of gluconic acid from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC).RESULTSThe loadings capability of CEL and GOD on GO‐CEL‐E/N‐GA‐GOD were 49.07 ± 7.47 mg g−1 and 10.22 ± 2.03 mg g−1, respectively. The multi‐enzyme systems had shallow temperature and pH optima of 40 °C and 5.0. The kinetic constants of GO‐CEL‐E/N‐GA‐GOD (of CEL‐GOD) were Km = 0.15 ± 0.02 (0.43 ± 0.09) mmol L−1, Vmax = 0.18 ± 0.01 (0.21 ± 0.07) μmol L−1 s−1, and kcat/Km = 24.12 ± 0.52 (17.74 ± 0.85) s−1 mmol−1 L. Nearly 65% of the initial activity of GO‐CEL‐E/N‐GA‐GOD could be retained after seven cycles. Notably the conversion of gluconic acid was able to reach 63.82 ± 8.03% within 2 h.CONCLUSIONStep‐by‐step immobilization method made full use of different functional groups on GO, avoiding the competition for fixed sites between CEL and GOD in the immobilization processes. The results reflected the feasibility of the strategy to build bio‐microsystem as CEL and GOD immobilized on GO by covalent bonds to achieve the conversion from CMC to gluconic acid in one‐step. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Early detection of lysosomal diseases by screening of cases of idiopathic splenomegaly and/or thrombocytopenia with a next‐generation sequencing gene panel
Authors: Muñoz Gloria , García‐Seisdedos David , Ciubotariu Crina , Piris‐Villaespesa Miguel , Gandía Marta , Martín‐Moro Fernando , Gutiérrez‐Solana Luis G. , Morado Marta , López‐Jiménez Javier , Sánchez‐Herranz Antonio , Villarrubia Jesús , del Castillo Francisco J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLysosomal diseases (LD) are a group of about 70 rare hereditary disorders (combined incidence 1:5000) in which diverse lysosomal functions are impaired, impacting multiple organs and systems. The first clinical signs and symptoms are usually unspecific and shared by hundreds of other disorders. Diagnosis of LD traditionally relies on performing specific enzymatic assays, if available, upon clinical suspicion of the disorder. However, the combination of the insidious onset of LD and the lack of awareness on these rare diseases among medical personnel results in undesirable diagnostic delays, with unchecked disease progression, appearance of complications and a worsened prognosis. We tested the usefulness of a next‐generation sequencing‐based gene panel for quick, early detection of LD among cases of idiopathic splenomegaly and/or thrombocytopenia, two of the earliest clinical signs observed in most LD. Our 73‐gene panel interrogated 28 genes for LD, 1 biomarker and 44 genes underlying non‐LD differential diagnoses. Among 38 unrelated patients, we elucidated eight cases (21%), five with LD (GM1 gangliosidosis, Sanfilippo disease A and B, Niemann‐Pick disease B, Gaucher disease) and three with non‐LD conditions. Interestingly, we identified three LD patients harboring pathogenic mutations in two LD genes each, which may result in unusual disease presentations and impact treatment. Turnaround time for panel screening and genetic validation was 1 month. Our results underline the usefulness of resequencing gene panels for quick and cost‐effective screening of LDs and disorders sharing with them early clinical signs.
Dengue proteins with their role in pathogenesis, and strategies for developing an effective anti‐dengue treatment: A review
Authors: Nasar Sitara , Rashid Naeem , Iftikhar Saima 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDengue virus is an arbovirus belonging to class Flaviviridae Its clinical manifestation ranges from asymptomatic to extreme conditions (dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome). A lot of research has been done on this ailment, yet there is no effective treatment available for the disease. This review provides the systematic understanding of all dengue proteins, role of its structural proteins (C‐protein, E‐protein, prM) in virus entry, assembly, and secretion in host cell, and nonstructural proteins (NS1, NS2a, NS2b, NS3, NS4a, NS4b, and NS5) in viral assembly, replication, and immune evasion during dengue progression and pathogenesis. Furthermore, the review has highlighted the controversies related to the only commercially available dengue vaccine, that is, Dengvaxia, and the risk associated with it. Lastly, it provides an insight regarding various approaches for developing an effective anti‐dengue treatment.
Six‐month post‐surgical elevations in cartilage T1rho relaxation times are associated with functional performance 2 years after ACL reconstruction
Authors: Li Alan K. , Pedoia Valentina , Tanaka Matthew , Souza Richard B. , Ma C. Benjamin , Li Xiaojuan 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTThe current study looks to: (i) investigate postural stability following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, as assessed by Y‐Balance Test, by comparing single‐leg balance of the injured limb against those of controls and the uninjured limb; (ii) analyze the relationship between postural stability symmetry with localized cartilage matrix changes and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Bilateral knee MRI of 36 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction were performed before surgery, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years, postoperatively. Postural stability was evaluated based on Y‐Balance Test at 1 and 2 years. ACL patients were also split into three groups based on postural stability symmetry at 2 years and symmetry thresholds associated with elevated risks of lower extremity injury. Voxel‐based relaxometry employing analysis of covariance was used to analyze localized differences in cartilage composition at all time‐points (using quantitative magnetic resonance [MR] T1ρ and T2 mapping) between the three groups. The ACL patients displayed no significant deficits in postural stability. Compared with symmetric patients, those with asymmetric postural stability at 2 years had significantly prolonged cartilage T1ρ—indicating deterioration of the cartilage matrix—specifically in the injured knee's medial tibia as early as 6‐month post‐reconstruction. Prolonged T1ρ in asymmetric patients persisted up to 2 years, where the group also reported worse KOOS. Our results demonstrate an association between early stages of cartilage matrix deterioration and postural stability symmetry that may manifest in elevated lower extremity injury risk and worse patient‐reported outcomes. Quantitative MR, in combination with local analysis performed with voxel‐based relaxometry, is a tool to further study this relationship. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:1132‐1140, 2020
A sensitive electrochemical sensor modified with multi‐walled carbon nanotubes doped molecularly imprinted silica nanospheres for detecting chlorpyrifos
Authors: Huang Weihong , Zhou Xiaohua , Luan Yu , Cao Yunfei , Wang Ningwei , Lu Yi , Liu Tianshu , Xu Wanzhen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA highly sensitive and convenient electrochemical sensor, based on surface molecularly imprinted polymers and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, was successfully developed to detect chlorpyrifos in real samples. In order to solve the problems like uneven shapes, poor size accessibility, and low imprinting capacity, the layer of the molecularly imprinted polymer was prepared on the surface of silica nanospheres. Moreover, the doping of multiwalled carbon nanotubes greatly improved the electrical properties of developed sensor. Under the optimal conductions, the electrochemical response of the sensor is linearly proportional to the concentration of chlorpyrifos in the range of 5.0 × 10−12‐5.0 × 10−8 mol/L with a low detection limit of 8.1 × 10−13 mol/L. The prepared sensor exhibited multiple advantages such as low cost, simple preparation, convenient use, excellent selectivity, and good reproducibility. Finally, the prepared sensor was successfully used to detect chlorpyrifos in vegetable and fruit.
Why organizations join voluntary sustainable tourism associations: Implications for membership and sustainability monitoring systems
Authors: Peters Scott , Font Xavier , Bonilla‐Priego Maria Jesus 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWith the use of institutional theory, we study why organizations join a voluntary sustainable tourism association and how the organization–association dynamics change over time. We find a disconnection between the joining and monitoring motivations for the association and its members that leads to conflicting forces and confusion, resulting in goal misalignment and loss of monitoring data. Voluntary associations need to accommodate for organizations' need of social identity, the desire to learn from each other and the sense of belonging from membership (mimetic forces), with the desire to institutionalize the members to behave in increasingly standardized way (normative and eventually coercive forces).
Effect of germination and roasting on the proximate composition, total phenolics, and functional properties of black chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
Authors: Kumar Yogesh , Sharanagat Vijay Singh , Singh Lochan , Mani Saravanan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGerminated and microwave roasted black chickpea were evaluated for physical, proximate, pasting, functional, and antioxidant properties. A significant variation was observed in quality of grain upon germination and roasting. The effect of germination and roasting on functional groups was analyzed using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that germination improved the physical and pasting properties, whereas roasting enhanced the functional properties. The lightness of germinated grains significantly improved as compared with dark colored roasted sample. The germinated sample was found rich in protein, whereas carbohydrates and fiber content increased in roasted sample. Water and oil absorption content were reduced by 7.14% and 5.13% in germination as compared with control. However, roasting significantly improved the water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity by 69.51% and 6.41% as compared with control.