bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
19 Effects of glutathione on growth performance and intestinal health of piglets
Authors: Ma Xianyong , Tian Zhimei , Cui Yiyan , Liu Zhichang , Lu Huijie 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Object: The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of different levels of glutathione (GSH) on growth performance and intestinal health of piglets. Methods: A total of 180 piglets of 21-day-old (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) were randomly divided into 5 groups. The control group was fed a standard diet based on NRC 2012. The treatment group 1 - 4 was supplemented with 50, 100, 200 and 400mg/kg GSH. The experiment lasted 28 days. Results: Compared with the control group, 50mg/kg GSH significantly increased the piglet’s skin and gross color, average daily gain (ADG) and decreased feed gain ratio (F/G) (P &lt; 0.05), while the effect of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg GSH was contrary. The supplementation of 50mg/kg GSH significantly increased the mucosal villi height, the ratio of villous height to crypt depth (VH/CD) and decreased the crypt depth (P &lt; 0.05) in duodenum, jejunum and ileum (P &lt; 0.05), while the effect of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg GSH was contrary; The supplementation of 50mg/kg GSH decreased the concentration of triglyceride in plasma (P &lt; 0.05); The supplementation of 50, 100, 200, 400mg/kg GSH had no effect on the antioxidative indexes of blood, but 400mg/kg GSH increased the activities of T-AOC, GSH, SOD and decreased MDA content in jejunum and ileum; 400mg/kg GSH increased the content of T-SOD in liver (P &lt; 0.05), while 50mg/kg GSH had no effect on SOD, GSH-PX, GSH-SOD in intestine and liver (P &gt; 0.05). 50mg/kg GSH significantly increased T-AOC activity and decreased MDA content in muscle (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Supplementation of 50mg/kg GSH in piglets` diet was the most appropriate and it could significantly improve skin and gross color, growth performance and intestinal mucosal morphology, it also increased the antioxidation ability in muscle of piglets.
42 Carcass quality of cattle raised in tropical/subtropical environments
Authors: Smith Stephen B 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Cattle raised in tropical/subtropical environments typically are Bos indicus full blood or crossbred cattle. While they are ideally suited for reproductive performance in hot and humid climates, they frequently produce carcasses with lesser marbling scores than Bos taurus cattle. Early research from our laboratory compared subcutaneous (s.c.) and intramuscular (i.m.) adiposity and lipogenic capacity in Angus and Santa Gertrudis and Angus and Braford steers.; cattle with predominantly Bos indicus has lower marbling scores and smaller i.m. adipocytes. These and other studies suggested that genetic differences in adipose tissue metabolism between B. taurus and B. indicus breed types were expressed only when there were visible differences in marbling score and adjusted fat thickness (AFT). A subsequent study suggested that fatty acid Δ9 desaturase enzyme activity [stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)] was greater in adipose tissue from Bos indicus cattle than in Bos taurus cattle, thereby resulting in a greater proportion of oleic acid (18:1n-9). We recently reported a comprehensive study comparing three-fourths Brahman progeny to three-fourths Angus progeny, in which progeny were raised to a constant age and constant AFT. Subcutaneous adipocyte cell was similar between Brahman and Angus progeny (276 vs 288 pL) but i.m. adipocytes were smaller in Brahman progeny than in Angus progeny (170 vs 207 pL). This was consistent with the lower marbling scores of the Brahman progeny. There was no difference between the proportions of stearic acid (18:0) and oleic acid between Brahman and Angus progeny; nor was there a difference in s.c. or i.m. adipose tissue SCD activity. We conclude that time on feed and/or animal age has a greater impact on fatty acid than genetics (Brahman vs Angus). However, research has demonstrated consistently that i.m adipose tissue in Bos indicus cattle does not develop to the same extent as in Bos taurus cattle.
236 Determination of amino acid requirements of lysine and tryptophan of &gt;14 wk old growing Labrador retriever puppies using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique
Authors: Coon Craig N , Varney Jessica L , Fowler Jason W , Weil Jordan T , Boggess Mary Ann 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
As the pet food industry develops products aimed to supply the nutrients necessary for the wellness and longevity of canines, it is important to understand the amino acid requirements needed for such health and growth. In this experiment, a total of six growing Labrador retriever puppies were studied during each testing period in order to determine their individual amino acid requirements through the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique. To do this, the puppies were supplied with constant dietary Phe in the control and test diets. Excluding the control diet, a total of six diets with varying levels of the amino acid of interest were utilized in this experiment. The control diet was fed for two days, followed by a day in which the test diet was fed, a tracer amino acid was supplied, and breath samples were collected. On test day, a priming dose of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.) based on the subject’s body weight was first supplied, followed by [1-13C]Phe doses every thirty minutes, spanning a four hour period. A respiration mask was placed on each subject every thirty minutes (Oxymax, Columbus Instruments), 13CO2 was collected, and enrichment was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results for IRMS were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using a broken-line model of best fit (JMP Pro 14.1). Through the segmented line regression of 13Phe oxidation, it was shown that lysine and tryptophan mean requirements were 0.627 and 0.204%, respectively. A 95% confidence interval was calculated as 0.627 ± 0.180 and 0.204 ± 0.182% (mean ± 2SD) for lysine and tryptophan, respectively, representing the population’s safe requirements. The determination of the amino acid requirements found in this study proves useful as the industry develops nutrient profiles specific to the needs of varying age groups and growing Labradors.
75 Evaluating the in vitro release of essential oils from microparticles in simulated swine gastric and intestinal fluids and the essential oil stability in microparticles during feed pelleting process
Authors: Choi Janghan , Wang Lucy , Gong Joshua , Lahaye Ludovic , Liu Song , Nyachoti Martin , Yang Chengbo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Essential oils are defined as plant-derived natural bioactive compounds with positive effects on animal growth and health due to their antimicrobial and antioxidative properties. However, essential oils are very volatile, can evaporate rapidly and be rapidly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract. In addition, due to their labile nature, the stability of essential oils during feed processing is often questionable, leading to variable final concentrations in feeds. Micro-encapsulation has become one of the most popular methods to deliver essential oils into the lower gut. The objective of the present study was double: 1) to validate and demonstrate the slow release of essential oils, such as thymol, micro-encapsulated in combination with organic acids in a matrix of triglycerides, in simulated swine gastric and intestinal fluids and 2) to evaluate the essential oil stability in the microparticles during feed pelleting process. In the in vitro release experiments, the microparticles were incubated in simulated gastric fluids for 2 hours and then the samples were incubated in simulated intestinal fluids for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 hours at 39°C. In the pelleting experiment, a wheat-corn basal diet with 2 kg of micro-encapsulated product was formulated and pelleted. The thymol content in the samples was analyzed by gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection. The results showed that 27.65% thymol was released in simulated gastric fluids and the rest of thymol was progressively released in intestinal fluids until completion, which was achieved by 24 hours. The thymol concentration was not significantly different between the mash feeds and pelleted feeds (P &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, the micro-encapsulated organic acid and essential oil product was able to maintain the stability of thymol under a commercial pelleting process and allow a slow and progressive release of its active ingredients as thymol in simulated digestive fluids.
107 Identifying extension programming areas in response to an Arkansas beef industry assessment
Authors: Gadberry Shane , Robinson Julie 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify Extension programming areas in response to an industry assessment. In 2018, an assessment revealed Arkansas beef industry’s strengths, limitations, opportunities, and threats. In January 2019, Arkansas Extension agents were given the opportunity to complete an online survey specific to assessment issues categorized under limitations and opportunities. For each issue, agents were asked to rank their confidence that Extension 1) can address the issue and 2) has the physical and personnel support resources to address the issue. Rank was based on a 6 point scale with 1 = extremely confident and 6 = extremely unsure. Items listed under question 1 were not presented in the same order for question 2. The survey recipient list contained 119 email addresses; however, a maximum response rate of 75 was assumed based on Arkansas’s number of counties. Thirty-three responses were received. Forty-nine percent had less than 11 years of experience while 43% had greater than 15. The response to the 2 confidence questions were highly correlated (r = 0.94, P &lt; 0.001). There were no issues that agents were confident that Extension played a role in addressing but did not have the physical and personnel support to be able to address the issue. The top issues that shared greatest confidence to address included soil fertility, economical supplementation, record keeping, adopting pregnancy blood test, disease prevention and treatment, implementing research, value added programs (preconditioning), and genetic improvement. Agents were also provided a list of 69 knowledge areas covering management to consumer issues. Agents ranked their comfort level with addressing these knowledge areas. Rank tended to differ by agent years of experience for 27 of 69 knowledge areas (P ≤ 0.11). This information will help Extension respond to the industry assessment and create training to fill agent knowledge gaps.
133 Porcine in vitro degradation and fermentation characteristics of heat-pretreated and multi-enzyme-supplemented soybean hulls
Authors: Boss Cienna J , Lee Jung Wook , Patterson Rob , Woyengo Tofuko A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine effects of pretreating and supplementing soybean hulls with multi-enzyme on porcine in vitro digestion and fermentation characteristics. Treatments were untreated and heat-pretreated (160 °C and 70 psi for 20 min) soybean hulls without or with multi-enzyme in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The multi-enzyme supplied 2,800 U of cellulase, 1,800 U of pectinase, 400 U of mannanase, 1,000 U of xylanase, 600 U of glucanase, and 200 U of protease/kilogram of feedstuff. Feedstuffs were subjected to in vitro digestion with porcine pepsin and pancreatin, followed by in vitro fermentation for 72 h. Accumulated gas production was recorded and modeled to estimate kinetics of gas production. On DM basis, untreated and pretreated soybean hulls contained 10.4 and 10.6% CP, and 63.2 and 49.5% ADF, respectively. Pretreatment and multi-enzyme supplementation did not interact on in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDDM). Untreated and pretreated soybean hulls did not differ in IVDDM (24.8 vs. 25.7%). Multi-enzyme increased (P &lt; 0.05) IVDDM of soybean hulls by a mean of 45.5%. Pretreatment and multi-enzyme unaffected total gas production. Pretreatment and multi-enzyme interacted (P &lt; 0.05) on fractional rate of degradation such that the fractional rate of degradation for pretreated soybean hulls was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that of untreated soybean hulls when soybean hulls were supplemented with multi-enzyme (0.045 vs. 0.062 h-1), but not when soybean hulls were unsupplemented with multi-enzyme (0.053 vs. 0.059 h-1). In conclusion, multi-enzyme supplementation increased IVDDM, implying that the multi-enzyme used in the study can be used to enhance utilization of soybean hulls. Heat pretreatment increased the rate of fermentation of multi-enzyme-supplemented soybean hulls, implying that the rate of fermentation of soybean hulls in the hindgut of pigs can be enhanced by a combination of heat pretreatment and multi-enzyme supplementation.
287 Effect of lauric acid based additives on weaning piglets
Authors: Sol Cinta , Puyalto Mónica , Lindenbeck Mario , Mallo Juan José , Zentek Jürgen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Effect of feed additives based on lauric acid (LA) on performance and faecal score in piglets. A total of 192 piglets were distributed in 24 pens from 25 to 66d of age (42d feeding period). The study was divided into two feeding phases; starter (25 to 38d) and grower period (39 to 66d). Treatments were: CON-, diet without additives nor antibiotics; CON+, diet with Doxycycline (0.25g/kg and 0.13g/kg in starter and grower diets); DIC, CON- diet plus sodium salt of coconut fatty acids distillate (DICOSAN) at 3kg/t and 1kg/tn in starter and grower diets; MON, CON- diet plus monolaurine at 2.1kg/t and 0.7kg/tn in starter and grower diets. The dosage of both products was made at same level of LA (0.96kg LA/t starter and 0.32kg LA/t grower). All parameters were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA via SPSS, with pen as the experimental unit. At 38d, CON+ and DIC piglets had significantly lower FCR than CON- (1.534a, 1.353b, 1.380b and 1.526ab, for CON-, CON+, DIC and MON, P = 0.021). At 66d, CON+ tended to have lower FCR than CON- (1.613x, 1.541y, 1.560xy and 1.605xy, for CON-, CON+, DIC and MON, P = 0.054). For the overall period, DIC and CON+ piglets had significantly lower FCR than CON- (1.603a, 1.514b, 1.537b and 1.589ab, for CON-, CON+, DIC and MON, P = 0.003), there was also a tendency to lower daily weight gain in MON treatment when compared with CON+ (443xy, 468y, 449xy and 440x g/d, for CON-, CON+, DIC and MON, P = 0.079). Finally, the faecal score showed higher values for DIC and CON+, meaning more consistent faeces (3.71a, 3.93b, 3.84b and 3.82ab, for CON-, CON+, DIC and MON, P = 0.001). The results demonstrated that DICOSAN, administered in feed at the same dosage of lauric acid, achieved better results than monolaurine and CON- and without significant differences with CON+.
355 Growth performance, organ weights, thyroid hormone levels, and hindgut pH of nursery pigs fed diets containing cold-pressed canola cake without or with resistant starch
Authors: Lee Jung Wook , Woyengo Tofuko A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine effects of reducing cecal and colonic pH through dietary inclusion of high-amylose cornstarch (HA-starch) on growth performance, organ weights, and blood parameters of nursery pigs fed cold-pressed canola cake (CPCC). A total of 240 pigs (initial BW = 7.1 kg) were housed in 40 pens (6 pigs/pen) and fed 4 diets (10 pens/diet) in a randomized complete block design for 28 d. Four diets were a basal diet with CPCC at 0 or 40%, and with HA-starch at 0 or 40% in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Diets were fed in 2 phases of 14 d each. At the termination of the experiment, one pig per pen was euthanized for determining organ weights, blood parameters, and hindgut pH of pigs. Dietary CPCC reduced (P &lt; 0.05) overall average daily gain (ADG) by 15%; increased (P &lt; 0.05) liver and thyroid gland weights relative to BW by 27 and 64%, respectively; and reduced (P &lt; 0.05) serum tetraiodothyronine (T4) level from 30.3 to 17.8 ng/mL. Dietary HA-starch reduced (P &lt; 0.05) overall ADG, thyroid gland weight relative to BW, cecal and colonic pH; but increased (P &lt; 0.05) colon weight and tended to increase (P = 0.062) serum T4 level. Dietary CPCC and HA-starch interacted (P = 0.024) on the thyroid gland weight relative to BW such that dietary CPCC increased (P &lt; 0.05) thyroid gland weight of pigs fed HA-starch-free diet (120 vs. 197 mg/kg of BW), but not of pigs fed HA-starch-containing diet (104 vs. 130 mg/kg of BW). In conclusion, dietary CPCC reduced growth performance, increased metabolic activities of liver and interfered with thyroid gland functions of nursery pigs. However, the negative effects of dietary CPCC on thyroid gland functions of pigs were alleviated by dietary HA-starch.
299 Treatment with prostaglandin F2α and an intravaginal progesterone insert in advance of gonadotropin-releasing hormone enhances response to estrus synchronization in mature beef cows
Authors: Bonacker Rachael C , Stoecklein Katy S , Ketchum Jaclyn N , Knickmeyer Emma R , Locke James William C , Poock Scott E , Thomas Jordan M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
An experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of treatments in advance of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH; 100μg gonadorelin) administered at the start of estrus synchronization. We hypothesized that administration of prostaglandin F2α (PG; 500μg cloprostenol) followed by treatment with an intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert (CIDR; 1.38g progesterone) would result in increased follicle size at GnRH, thereby enhancing response to GnRH and overall response to estrus synchronization. Postpartum suckled beef cows (n = 183) in two locations were assigned to one of five treatments based on age, days postpartum, and body condition score. Treatments (Figure 1) were designed as a two-by-two factorial with a control (Treatment 1). Treatments 2–5 received a CIDR insert from Day -17 to Day -10, with (Treatments 2 and 3) or without (Treatments 4 and 5) administration of PG coincident with CIDR insertion on Day -17. Coincident with GnRH administration on Day -10, CIDR inserts were either removed (Treatments 2 and 4) or remained in place until Day -3 (Treatments 3 and 5). On Day -3, estrus detection aids were applied and a representative subset of cows in each treatment were fitted with estrus detection transmitters. Blood samples were collected on Days -27, -17, -10, -3, and 0 for determination of serum estradiol and/or progesterone concentrations via radioimmunoassay. For a representative subset of cows (n = 111), transrectal ovarian ultrasound was performed to assess ovarian follicle size and presence of corpora lutea on Days -17, -10, -3, and 0. Treatment with PG and CIDR in advance of GnRH resulted in improvements (P &lt; 0.05) in several response variables, including follicle size on Day -17 and estrous response prior to AI. Results support the hypothesis that administration of PG and treatment with a CIDR for 7 d prior to GnRH improves likelihood of GnRH response and enhances response of mature cows to estrus synchronization.
451 Late-Breaking: Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii stimulates immunoglobulin A production in the gut of neonate dairy calves
Authors: Villot Clothilde , Guan Leluo , Skidmore Andrew , Chevaux Eric , Steele Michael A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Calves are born with a naïve immune system at birth and undergo rapid changes in terms of immunity. This study focused on evaluating the effect of S. boulardii CNCMI-1079 (SCB) supplementation from birth on immunoglobulin A (IgA) production in the gut of neonate dairy calves. Holstein bull calves (n = 20) were delivered naturally and immediately removed from the dam, and housed in individual straw-bedded pens with a random assignment to a treated group (supplementation with SCB: 10 × 109 CFU/d in each morning meal) or a control group (no supplementation). All the calves received two first meals of a standardized colostrum at 2 h and 12 h after birth followed by two meals per day of milk replacer (7.5% of birth BW; 260 g/kg CP; 160 g/kg crude fat, at 150g/L). Calves were euthanized at 7 d of age and samples from jejunum, ileum and colon were collected. The concentration of IgA and the gene expressions of polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) and a receptor of plasma B cells (CD79α) were compared between the two groups and among the locations. The expression of CD79α was up-regulated in the ileum compared to jejunum and colon tissues (P &lt; 0.01), whereas pIgR down-regulated in the ileum compared to jejunum and colon (P &lt; 0.01). The supplementation of SCB increased the IgA concentration in the ileum and colon of treated calves compared to the control calves (respectively 1.98 ± 0.09 vs 1.18 ± 0.15 mg/g DM of ileum content, and 1.45 ± 0.14 vs 0.59 ± 0.06 mg/g DM of colon content, P &lt; 0.001). The results suggest that one of the mechanisms by which SCB exerts an immunoprotective effect in the gut is by stimulation of IgA’s secretion which may play a major role in mucosal protection in neonatal calves.
154 Awardee Talk – Tares among the wheat: sericea lespedeza invasion of native tallgrass prairie
Authors: Olson K C 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
North-American tallgrass prairie provides an array of ecosystem services including carbon sequestration, biodiversity preservation, and forage for grazing livestock. Once covering 68 million ha, only 4% remains today. The largest remnant (~1.5 million ha) lies in the Kansas Flint Hills, home to ~1.3 million yearling cattle and ~90,000 beef cows annually. Unfortunately, the functionality of this ecosystem is threatened by an exotic invader - sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata). Known colloquially as sericea, it is a perennial forb with prodigious capacity to proliferate. Sericea selection by grazing cattle is poor; condensed-tannin concentrations in wild-type sericea approach 20% of plant DM. Total-tract N digestibility by steers consuming sericea-contaminated tallgrass-prairie hay was documented at &lt; 0%. Sericea control has been attempted using herbicides. This has not limited proliferation and has resulted in collateral damage to non-target lifeforms. Attempts to naturalize sericea to the ecosystem via enhanced herbivory were evaluated. Supplementation of beef cow diets with tannin-binding feedstuffs resulted in ≥29% increases in sericea selection compared with non-supplemented cows. Co-grazing beef cows and goats was associated with &gt;20% more defoliation of sericea than beef-cow grazing alone. Sequential grazing of yearling steers followed by mature ewes resulted in &gt;92% defoliation of sericea compared with &lt; 2% in pastures grazed by steers alone. Unfortunately, widespread adoption of these techniques by the ranching community hasn’t occurred because of costs or logistical constraints. More recently, prescribed fire as a low-cost means of control was evaluated. Prescribed fires in late summer greatly diminished sericea proliferation compared with prescribed fires in spring (i.e., traditional prescribed-fire season). No changes in peak forage biomass or C4 grass-species abundance were observed; moreover, native legumes and nectar-producing forbs increased ≥2-fold in response to summer fire. Cultural acceptability of prescribed fire in the region is high; significant adoption by the ranching community has been observed.