bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dose–response relationship between protein intake and muscle mass increase: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Tagawa Ryoichi , Watanabe Daiki , Ito Kyoko , Ueda Keisuke , Nakayama Kyosuke , Sanbongi Chiaki , Miyachi Motohiko 
Published: August 2020

AbstractContextLean body mass is essential for health, yet consensus regarding the effectiveness of protein interventions in increasing lean body mass is lacking.ObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the dose–response relationship of the effects of protein intake on lean body mass.Data SourcesThe PubMed and Ichushi-Web databases were searched electronically, and reference lists of the literature included here and in other meta-analyses were searched manually.Study SelectionRandomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of protein intake on lean body mass were included.Data ExtractionTwo authors independently screened the abstracts; 5 reviewed the full texts.ResultsA total of 5402 study participants from 105 articles were included. In the multivariate spline model, the mean increase in lean body mass associated with an increase in protein intake of 0.1 g/kg of body weight per day was 0.39 kg (95%CI, 0.36–0.41) and 0.12 kg (95%CI, 0.11–0.14) below and above the total protein intake of 1.3 g/kg/d, respectively.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that slightly increasing current protein intake for several months by 0.1 g/kg/d in a dose-dependent manner over a range of doses from 0.5 to 3.5 g/kg/d may increase or maintain lean body mass.Systematic Review RegistrationUMIN registration number UMIN000039285.
Scalar scattering amplitude in the Gaussian wave-packet formalism
Authors: Ishikawa Kenzo , Nishiwaki Kenji , Oda Kin-ya 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe compute an $s$-channel $2\to2$ scalar scattering $\phi\phi\to\Phi\to\phi\phi$ in the Gaussian wave-packet formalism at the tree level. We find that wave-packet effects, including shifts of the pole and the width of the propagator of $\Phi$, persist even when we do not take into account the time boundary effect for $2\to2$ proposed earlier. An interpretation of the result is that a heavy scalar $1\to2$ decay $\Phi\to\phi\phi$, taking into account the production of $\Phi$, does not exhibit the in-state time boundary effect unless we further take into account in-boundary effects for the $2\to2$ scattering. We also show various plane-wave limits.
Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: an update
Authors: Frost F , Walshaw M J , Nazareth D 
Published: August 2020

Summary
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-threatening inherited condition in the Caucasian population, where mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator gene result in a multifactorial syndrome, with pulmonary disease representing the largest contributor to morbidity and mortality. Life expectancy has improved and the recent development of disease-modifying CF transmembrane conductance regulator modulator therapies is likely to further improve survival. However, increasing life expectancy brings new challenges related to the complications of a chronic disease including an increasing prevalence of CF-related diabetes, itself associated with increased morbidity and early mortality. This review provides an update as regards the underlying mechanisms, investigation and management of CF-related diabetes.
Understanding and evaluating the impact of integrated problem-oriented research programmes: Concepts and considerations
Authors: Belcher Brian M , Hughes Karl 
Published: August 2020

AbstractResearchers and research organizations are under increasing pressure to demonstrate that their work contributes to positive change and helps solve pressing societal challenges. There is a simultaneous trend towards more engaged transdisciplinary research that is complexity-aware and appreciates that change happens through systems transformation, not only through technological innovation. Appropriate evaluation approaches are needed to evidence research impact and generate learning for continual improvement. This is challenging in any research field, but especially for research that crosses disciplinary boundaries and intervenes in complex systems. Moreover, evaluation challenges at the project scale are compounded at the programme scale. The Forest, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) research programme serves as an example of this evolution in research approach and the resulting evaluation challenges. FTA research is responding to the demand for greater impact with more engaged research following multiple pathways. However, research impact assessment in the CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) was developed in a technology-centric context where counterfactual approaches of causal inference (experimental and quasi-experimental) predominate. Relying solely on such approaches is inappropriate for evaluating research contributions that target policy and institutional change and systems transformation. Instead, we propose a multifaceted, multi-scale, theory-based evaluation approach. This includes nested project- and programme-scale theories of change (ToCs); research quality assessment; theory-based outcome evaluations to empirically test ToCs and assess policy, institutional, and practice influence; experimental and quasi-experimental impact of FTA-informed ‘large n’ innovations; ex ante impact assessment to estimate potential impacts at scale; and logically and plausibly linking programme-level outcomes to secondary data on development and conservation status.
All Bark, No Bite: Section 11 of India’s Animal Welfare Legislation
Authors: Banyal Aakarsh , Shelke Atmaram 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Speciesism is a bias that causes humans to accord themselves moral superiority in their dealings with non-humans. When speciesism permeates legislative thought, it leads to statutes that sacrifice the interests of non-humans to those of humans. The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 (‘PCA Act’) is no exception. Section 11 of this Act enumerates specific instances that qualify as animal cruelty and prescribes punishment for the same. However, this section is riddled with statutory flaws, some owing their origin to speciesism: inadequate and sweeping punishments, the defective incorporation of the ‘Doctrine of Necessity’, and the limited recognition of cruel acts. This article seeks to analyse each of the aforementioned faults and prescribe solutions which would strengthen the animal welfare regime as a whole. While stressing on broadening the scope of punishable acts under section 11, along with the need for statutory language to reflect ‘severity’ of punishment, the article also argues for differentiated punishment drawn from a consequence-based model which acknowledges the trauma and suffering of the animal. The intention is to prompt a discourse on the ideal drafting of animal welfare legislation.
Clinical syndromes associated with Viperidae family snake envenomation in southwestern Colombia
Authors: Cañas Carlos A , Castro-Herrera Fernando , Castaño-Valencia Santiago 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn southwestern Colombia there is a notable variety of snakes that belong to the Viperidae family (vipers). The particular clinical manifestation related to species is poorly reported.MethodsBased on a prospective study about envenomation caused by vipers from 2011 to 2019 at the Fundación Valle del Lili Hospital, Cali, in southwest Colombia, we selected cases of admitted patients in which the snakes responsible were fully identified. They were cataloged by clinical syndrome according to prevalent signs (edema-inducing, necrotizing, blister-inducing, procoagulant, anticoagulant or myotoxic) and were related to the species that caused the envenomation.ResultsFrom a cohort of 53 patients, 21 patients (16 males [72.7%]) with an average age of 35 (3–69) y were included. The syndromes associated with envenomation were anticoagulant and necrotizing effects of Bothrops asper (five patients [22.7%]), blister-inducing and anticoagulant effects of Bothrops rhombeatus (five [22.7%]), anticoagulant effects of Bothrops punctatus (three patients [13.6%]), edema-inducing and anticoagulant effects of Bothriechis schlegelii (five [22.7%]), edema-inducing and myotoxic effects of Bothrocophias colombianus (one [4.5%]), edema-inducing and myotoxic effects of Bothrocophias myersi (one [4.5%]) and edema-inducing effects of Porthidium nasutum (one [4.5%]).ConclusionIn southwestern Colombia there is notable variety in species of snakes belonging to the family Viperidae (vipers) whose envenomation causes various clinical syndromes.
XIII The Victorian Period
Authors: Pond Kristen , Parker Elizabeth , Burke Lois , Garza Ana Alicia , Williams Helen , Radcliffe Caroline , Baker William 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter has six sections: 1. General and Prose; 2. The Novel; 3.Poetry; 4. Periodicals and Publishing History; 5. Drama; 6. Miscellaneous and Cross-Genre. Section 1 is by Kristen Pond with the assistance of Elizabeth Parker; section 2 is by Lois Burke with the assistance of Ana Alicia Garza, who writes on Dickens; section 3 is by Ana Alicia Garza; section 4 is by Helen Williams; section 5 is by Caroline Radcliffe; section 6 is by William Baker. In a departure from previous years, and in order to avoid confusion as to who has contributed what to this chapter, section 6 contains material on George Borrow, Thomas and Jane Welsh Carlyle, and Richard Jefferies previously found in the General and Prose section, and on Wilkie Collins, George Eliot, George Henry Lewes, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Gissing, Meredith, Thackeray, Anthony Trollope, and Walter Pater previously found in other sections. Also included in section 6 are miscellaneous and cross-genre items and additional items that arrived too late to be included elsewhere in this chapter. Thanks for assistance with this chapter must go to Dominic Edwards, Nancy S. Weyant, the bibliographer of Mrs Gaskell, and Patrick Scott.
GLYCEMIC VARIABILITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH TREATMENT REQUIRING RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
Authors: Jagła Mateusz , Szymońska Izabela , Starzec Katarzyna , Kwinta Przemko 
Published: August 2020

Purpose:To assess the association between glycemic variability (GV) and Type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in infants with birth weights of less than 1,251 g.Methods:A case–control study of infants with birth weights of less than 1,251 g who developed Type 1 ROP (n = 20) was conducted. Controls had a less severe ROP or no eye disease and were individually matched for gestational age and birth weight (n = 40). Odds ratios of ROP were calculated based on multiple factors including oxygen exposure, respiratory support, incidence of hyperglycemia, and GV. For glucose measurements, a continuous glucose monitoring system was used.Results:There were no significant differences in gender, antenatal steroid administration, severity of illness, and Apgar score. Univariate analyses suggest increased risk for the development of Type 1 ROP based on incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage Grade 3 or 4 (P= 0.048), duration of oxygen exposure (P= 0.003), incidence of hyperglycemia over 150 mg/dL (P= 0.01), and GV according to significantly higher SD (P= 0.002), coefficient of variation (P= 0.001), and mean amplitude of glucose excursion (P= 0.008). Using a multiple regression model, increased risk of Type 1 ROP was only found to be associated with duration of oxygen exposure and higher GV.Conclusion:Our study demonstrates a relationship between GV and the development of severe ROP.
EARLY SPECTRAL-DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY BIOMARKERS TO CONFIRM FELLOW EYE CHANGES IN ASYMMETRIC TYPE-2 MACULAR TELANGIECTASIA
Authors: Alex Divya , Giridhar Anantharaman , Gopalakrishnan Mahesh , Manayath George , Amar Sreelakshmi , Raman Rajiv , Sreenivasan Ramya , Ayachit Apoorva , Sivaprasad Sobha 
Published: August 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate the earliest spectral-domain optical coherence tomography markers in fellow eyes of asymmetric Type-2 macular telangiectasia (MacTel).

Methods:
A multicentered case–control study of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images captured on Spectralis Heidelberg Engineering, Germany, comparing features of fellow eyes of patients with asymmetric clinical presentation of MacTel with 50 age-matched control subjects.

Results:
Of 649 patients, 28 (4.3%) with MacTel presented with asymmetric features. The mean age of the MacTel patients was 63.5 (12.4) years with female predilection (4:1). Mean best-corrected visual acuity of the unaffected eye was 0.2 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (20/32 Snellen equivalent). The mean central subfoveal thickness in the unaffected MacTel eyes was 194 (SD, 38) µm, and the temporal retinal thickness was 204 (SD, 43) µm. These parameters were significantly thinner than those of control subjects in whom mean central subfoveal thickness was 273 (SD, 26) µm (P = 0.001). Presence of hyperreflective outer retinal dots was found in 92.8% of the unaffected MacTel eyes. These hyperreflective dots were scattered, punctate, nonconfluent, and confined to the outer retinal layers of foveal and parafoveal region.

Conclusion:
Although these cases presented with advanced presentation of MacTel features in only one eye, temporal retinal thinning and presence of hyperreflective outer retinal dots in the fellow eye can be considered as the earliest signs of MacTel.
Lifestyle Modification Improves Insulin Resistance and Carotid Intima‐Media Thickness in a Metabolically Healthy Obese Prepubescent Population
Authors: Gallardo‐Escribano Cristina , Vargas‐Candela Antonio , Vilches‐Perez Alberto , Muñoz‐Melero Maite , Ruiz‐Moreno M. Isabel , Benitez‐Porres Javier , Romance‐Garcia Angel Ramon , Rodriguez‐Ortega Rocío , Rosa‐López Andrés , Rosales‐Jaime Antonio , Diaz‐Ruiz Juan , Tinahones Francisco J. , Gómez‐Huelgas Ricardo , Bernal‐Lopez M. Rosa 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of this study was to analyze effects of a 12‐month lifestyle modification that involved a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and physical activity (PA) program in a population of metabolically healthy obese children (MHOCh).Methods:We included a population of MHOCh with ≤1 of the following criteria: waist circumference and blood pressure ≥90 percentile, triglycerides >150 mg/dL, high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐c) <40 mg/dL, or impaired fasting glucose. After 12 months of intensive lifestyle modification, anthropometric measurements, glycemic and lipid profiles, adherence to the MedDiet, energy intake, PA, body composition, and carotid intima‐media thickness (cIMT) were analyzed.Results:One hundred thirty‐one MHOCh (70 boys and 61 girls; P = 0.65, age: 7.9 ± 1.3 years, body mass index [BMI]: 24.7 ± 3.5 kg/m2) were included. After 12 months of intervention, a significant decrease in standard deviation (SD) units of body weight (−0.5 ± 0.1; P < 0.001) and BMI (−0.5 ± 0.1; P < 0.001) were observed in the total population. A significant improvement in adherence to the MedDiet (+2 points) and a significant reduction in protein, fatty acids, total fat, and cholesterol intake in the entire population were observed. All participants did more moderate‐vigorous PA, which led to a significant increase in lean and total mass and decrease in total fat. Significant improvements in the glycemic profile (insulin levels [−6.6 μIU/mL, P < 0.001] and HOMA index [−1.2, P < 0.001]) were observed. Participants with pathological cIMT values reduced this cardiovascular predictor to normal values.Conclusions:A 12‐month lifestyle modification intervention involving weight loss with MedDiet and PA in MHOCh yielded improvements in MedDiet adherence, lipid intake, moderate‐vigorous PA, body composition, insulin resistance, and cIMT.
Factors Associated With Nonadherence in an Emergency Department‐based Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of a Probiotic in Children With Acute Gastroenteritis
Authors: Schnadower David , Roskind Cindy G. , VanBuren John M. , Powell Elizabeth C. , Norris Jesse G. , Tarr Phillip I. , Sapien Robert E. , O’Connell Karen J. , Chun Thomas H. , Rogers Alexander J. , Bhatt Seema R. , Mahajan Prashant , Gorelick Marc H. , Vance Cheryl , Dean J. Michael , Freedman Stephen B. ,   Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN)
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTNonadherence in clinical trials affects safety and efficacy determinations. Predictors of nonadherence in pediatric acute illness trials are unknown. We sought to examine predictors of nonadherence in a multicenter randomized trial of 971 children with acute gastroenteritis receiving a 5‐day oral course of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG or placebo. Adherence, defined as consuming all doses of the product, was reported by the parents and recorded during daily follow‐up contacts. Of 943 patients with follow‐up data, 766 (81.2%) were adherent. On multivariate analysis, older age (OR 1.19; 95% CI: 1.00–1.43), increased vomiting duration (OR 1.23; 95% CI: 1.05–1.45), higher dehydration score (OR 1.23, 95% CI: 1.07–1.42), and hospitalization following ED discharge (OR 4.16, 95% CI: 1.21‐‐14.30) were factors associated with nonadherence; however, those with highest severity scores were more likely to adhere (OR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.80–0.95). These data may inform strategies and specific targets to maximize adherence in future pediatric trials.
Chlorhexidine Bathing Strategies for Multidrug-Resistant Organisms: A Summary of Recent Evidence
Authors: Gall Elizabeth , Long Anna , Hall Kendall K. 
Published: August 2020

Objective
The aim of the study was to summarize the latest evidence for patient bathing with a 2% to 4% chlorhexidine gluconate solution to reduce multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) transmission and infection.

Methods
We searched 3 databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Cochrane) for a combination of the key words “chlorhexidine bathing” and MeSH terms “cross-infection prevention,” “drug resistance, multiple, bacterial,” and “drug resistance, microbial.” Articles from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2018, were included, as well as any key articles published after December 31.

Results
Our findings focused on health care–associated infections (HAIs) and 3 categories of MDROs: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Chlorhexidine bathing reduces MRSA acquisition and carriage, but not all studies found significant reductions in MRSA infections. Several studies found that chlorhexidine bathing reduced VRE acquisition and carriage, and one study showed lower VRE infections in the bathing group. Two studies found that bathing reduced CRE carriage (no studies examined CRE infections). Two very large studies (more than 140,000 total patients) found bathing significantly reduced HAIs, but these reductions may be smaller when HAIs are already well controlled by other means.

Conclusions
There is a high level of evidence supporting chlorhexidine bathing to reduce MDRO acquisition; less evidence is available on reducing infections. Chlorhexidine bathing is low cost to implement, and adverse events are rare and resolve when chlorhexidine use is stopped. There is evidence of chlorhexidine resistance, but not at concentrations in typical use. Further research is needed on chlorhexidine bathing’s impact on outcomes, such as mortality and length of stay.
Improving Team Performance and Patient Safety on the Job Through Team Training and Performance Support Tools: A Systematic Review
Authors: Costar Dana Milanovich , Hall Kendall K. 
Published: August 2020

Introduction
Efforts to improve teamwork in health care have received considerable attention. The current systematic review was conducted to identify recent studies that implemented practices to improve teamwork and were associated with positive improvements on the job.

Methods
Electronic searches of 2 databases (i.e., CINAHL and MEDLINE) were conducted to identify relevant articles published between 2008 and 2018.

Results
Twenty articles were selected for inclusion in this review. The studies most often used quasiexperimental designs and interventions were applied in a variety of hospital settings including labor and delivery, operating rooms, and emergency departments. Across studies, measures assessing teamwork skills on the job were most often collected and showed sustained improvements up to 12 months. Moreover, evidence of improved clinical processes (e.g., compliance with guidelines and efficiency) and increased patient safety (e.g., reduction in adverse events) was found in both studies of team training interventions, as well as in those that introduced performance support tools (e.g., checklist).

Conclusions
The results of the current review are consistent with previous research and add to the evidence base on the practices to improve teamwork within hospital settings. Although efforts to improve teamwork have spread to other health care settings such as office-based care, published studies are lagging behind.
Using Deprescribing Practices and the Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions Criteria to Reduce Harm and Preventable Adverse Drug Events in Older Adults
Authors: Earl Tara R. , Katapodis Nicole D. , Schneiderman Stephanie R. , Shoemaker-Hunt Sarah J. 
Published: August 2020

Objectives
Approximately 98% of older Americans are simultaneously taking 5—or more—medications to manage at least 2 chronic conditions. Polypharmacy and the use of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) are a concern for older adults because they pose a risk for adverse drug events (ADEs), which are associated with emergency department visits and hospitalizations and are an important patient safety priority. We sought to review the evidence of patient safety practices aimed at reducing preventable ADEs in older adults, specifically (i) deprescribing interventions to reduce polypharmacy and (ii) use of the Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions (STOPP) to reduce PIMs.

Methods
We conducted a systematic review of literature published between 2008 and 2018 that studied examined the effect of these interventions to reduce preventable ADEs in older adults.

Results
Twenty-six studies and 1 systematic review were included (14 for deprescribing and 12 for STOPP and the systematic review). The deprescribing interventions involved decision support tools, educational interventions, and medication reviews by pharmacists and/or providers. Deprescribing studies primarily examined the effect of interventions on process outcomes and observed reductions in polypharmacy, often significantly. A few studies also examined clinical and economic outcomes. Studies of the use of the STOPP screening criteria most commonly reported changes in PIMs, as well as some economic outcomes.

Conclusions
Deprescribing interventions and interventions using the STOPP criteria seem effective in reducing polypharmacy and PIMs in older adults, respectively. Future research on the effectiveness of these approaches on clinical outcomes, the comparative effectiveness of different multicomponent interventions using these approaches, and how to most effectively implement them to improve uptake and evidence-based care is needed.