bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of scatter in the galaxy UV luminosity to halo mass relation on Ly α visibility during the epoch of reionization
Authors: Whitler Lily R , Mason Charlotte A , Ren Keven , Dijkstra Mark , Mesinger Andrei , Pentericci Laura , Trenti Michele , Treu Tommaso 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
The reionization of hydrogen is closely linked to the first structures in the Universe, so understanding the timeline of reionization promises to shed light on the nature of these early objects. In particular, transmission of Lyman alpha (Ly α) from galaxies through the intergalactic medium (IGM) is sensitive to neutral hydrogen in the IGM, so can be used to probe the reionization timeline. In this work, we implement an improved model of the galaxy UV luminosity to dark matter halo mass relation to infer the volume-averaged fraction of neutral hydrogen in the IGM from Ly α observations. Many models assume that UV-bright galaxies are hosted by massive dark matter haloes in overdense regions of the IGM, so reside in relatively large ionized regions. However, observations and N-body simulations indicate that scatter in the UV luminosity–halo mass relation is expected. Here, we model the scatter (though we assume the IGM topology is unaffected) and assess the impact on Ly α visibility during reionization. We show that UV luminosity–halo mass scatter reduces Ly α visibility compared to models without scatter, and that this is most significant for UV-bright galaxies. We then use our model with scatter to infer the neutral fraction, $\overline{x}_{\mathrm{ H}\,{\small I}}$, at z ∼ 7 using a sample of Lyman-break galaxies in legacy fields. We infer $\overline{x}_{\mathrm{ H}\,{\small I}} = 0.55_{-0.13}^{+0.11}$ with scatter, compared to $\overline{x}_{\mathrm{ H}\,{\small I}} = 0.59_{-0.14}^{+0.12}$ without scatter, a very slight decrease and consistent within the uncertainties. Finally, we place our results in the context of other constraints on the reionization timeline and discuss implications for future high-redshift galaxy studies.
CRISPR–Cas12a system in fission yeast for multiplex genomic editing and CRISPR interference
Authors: Zhao Yu , Boeke Jef D 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe CRISPR–Cas12a is a class II, type V clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system with both RNase and DNase activity. Compared to the CRISPR–Cas9 system, it recognizes T-rich PAM sequences and has the advantage of multiplex genomic editing. Here, in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we successfully implemented the CRISPR–Cas12a system for versatile genomic editing and manipulation. In addition to the rrk1 promoter, we used new pol II promoters from endogenous coding genes to express crRNA for Cas12a and obtained a much higher editing efficiency. This new design expands the promoter choices for potential applications in fission yeast and other organisms. In addition, we expressed a gRNA array using a strong constitutive pol II promoter. The array transcript is processed by Cas12a itself to release multiple mature crRNAs. With this construct, multiplex genomic editing of up to three loci was achieved from a single yeast transformation. We also built a CRISPR interference system using a DNase-dead Cas12a to significantly repress endogenous gene expression. Our study provides the first CRISPR-Cas12a toolkit for efficient and rapid genomic gene editing and regulation in fission yeast.
FGviewer: an online visualization tool for functional features of human fusion genes
Authors: Kim Pora , Yiya Ke , Zhou Xiaobo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAmong the diverse location of the breakpoints (BPs) of structural variants (SVs), the breakpoints of fusion genes (FGs) are located in the gene bodies. This broken gene context provided the aberrant functional clues to study disease genesis. Many tumorigenic fusion genes have retained or lost functional or regulatory domains and these features impacted tumorigenesis. Full annotation of fusion genes aided by the visualization tool based on two gene bodies will be helpful to study the functional aspect of fusion genes. To date, a specialized tool with effective visualization of the functional features of fusion genes is not available. In this study, we built FGviewer, a tool for visualizing functional features of human fusion genes, which is available at https://ccsmweb.uth.edu/FGviewer. FGviewer gets the input of fusion gene symbols, breakpoint information, or structural variants from whole-genome sequence (WGS) data. For any combination of gene pairs/breakpoints to be involved in fusion genes, the users can search the functional/regulatory aspect of the fusion gene in the three bio-molecular levels (DNA-, RNA-, and protein-levels) and one clinical level (pathogenic-level). FGviewer will be a unique online tool in disease research communities.
The Parliamentarisation of Security in the UK and Australia
Authors: Neal Andrew W 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This article examines the parliamentarisation of security through four decades of committee activity in the UK and Australia. Security governance has expanded since the Cold War from defence and secret intelligence to an array of problematisations that could arise in almost any policy area. This has driven parliamentary activity, with the effect that a much wider range of committees have done substantive work on security issues. The UK and Australia display similar levels of security parliamentarisation but of a different character due to differences in executive/legislative relations, party discipline, parliamentary rules and geopolitical circumstance.
Maintaining High-Quality Multidisciplinary Pain Medicine Fellowship Programs: Part I: Innovations in Pain Fellows’ Education, Research, Applicant Selection Process, Wellness, and ACGME Implementation During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Kohan Lynn , Moeschler Susan , Spektor Boris , Przkora Rene , Sobey Christopher , Brancolini Scott , Wahezi Sayed , Anitescu Magdalena 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Pain fellowship programs are facing unique challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Restrictions from state governments and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have resulted in a rapidly changing and evolving learning environment for todays’ fellows. Innovative solutions must be sought to guarantee that proper education is maintained and to ensure the well-being of our trainees.

Methods
We assembled a panel of pain program directors who serve as officers/board members of the Association of Pain Program Directors to provide guidance and formulate recommendations to pain fellowship directors nationally. This guidance is based on reviewing current changes to the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and American Board of Anesthesiology policies and best available evidence and expert opinion on the use of remote educational activities, research endeavors, and trainee wellness.

Conclusions
The country is in the midst of an unprecedented pandemic. The impact on pain management fellowships has been severe and will likely last for months, resulting in extraordinary challenges to the administration of pain fellowship programs and the education of our fellows. Understanding revisions to ACGME policies, using technology to promote remote learning opportunities, and providing trainees with opportunities to alleviate their anxiety and encourage mental health are beneficial strategies to implement. Together, we can implement innovative solutions to help overcome these challenges.
Foreign trusts in the Czech Republic: mostly recognized and (sometimes) registered
Authors: Ronovská Kateřina , Pihera Vlastimil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In connection with the recodification of private law in effect from 2014, several innovations have appeared in the Czech legal system. Among them were trust funds, i.e. Czech trust-like instruments, as well as rules for recognizing foreign trust structures. Although their position has significantly improved as a result, the operation of foreign trust structures in the Czech Republic still gives rise to some questions to which the current Czech law does not have any clear answers. Drawing attention to those issues, the aim of this article is to suggest some measures that can be taken in order to limit the risks arising in relation to foreign trusts.
Respirometric Screening and Characterization of Mitochondrial Toxicants Within the ToxCast Phase I and II Chemical Libraries
Authors: Hallinger Daniel R , Lindsay Hayley B , Paul Friedman Katie , Suarez Danielle A , Simmons Steven O 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMitochondrial toxicity drives several adverse health outcomes. Current high-throughput screening assays for chemically induced mitochondrial toxicity typically measure changes to mitochondrial structure and may not detect known mitochondrial toxicants. We adapted a respirometric screening assay (RSA) measuring mitochondrial function to screen ToxCast chemicals in HepG2 cells using a tiered testing strategy. Of 1042 chemicals initially screened at a singlemaximal concentration, 243 actives were identified and rescreened at 7 concentrations. Concentration-response data for 3 respiration phases confirmed activity and indicated a mechanism for 193 mitochondrial toxicants: 149 electron transport chain inhibitors (ETCi), 15 uncouplers and 29 adenosine triphosphate synthase inhibitors. Subsequently, an electron flow assay was used to identify the target complex for 84 of the 149 ETCi. Sixty reference chemicals were used to compare the RSA to existing ToxCast and Tox21 mitochondrial toxicity assays. The RSA was most predictive (accuracy = 90%) of mitochondrial toxicity. The Tox21 mitochondrial membrane potential assay was also highly predictive (accuracy = 87%) of bioactivity but underestimated the potency of well-known ETCi and provided no mechanistic information. The tiered RSA approach accurately identifies and characterizes mitochondrial toxicants acting through diverse mechanisms and at a throughput sufficient to screen large chemical inventories. The electron flow assay provides additional confirmation and detailed mechanistic understanding for ETCi, the most common type of mitochondrial toxicants among ToxCast chemicals. The mitochondrial toxicity screening approach described herein may inform hazard assessment and the in vitro bioactive concentrations used to derive relevant doses for screening level chemical assessment using new approach methodologies.
Burnout and satisfaction with work-life integration among PAs relative to other workers
Authors: Dyrbye Lotte N. , West Colin P. , Halasy Michael , O'Laughlin Danielle J. , Satele Daniel , Shanafelt Tait 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To evaluate burnout and satisfaction with work-life integration among physician assistants (PAs) compared with other US workers.

Methods:
We surveyed PAs and a probability-based sample of US workers. The survey included the Maslach Burnout Inventory and an item on satisfaction with work-life integration.

Results:
Overall, 41.4% of PAs had burnout symptoms and 65.3% were satisfied with their work-life integration. In multivariable analysis, working in emergency medicine and dissatisfaction with control of workload and work-life integration were independently associated with having higher odds of burnout. PAs were more likely to have burnout than other workers but did not have greater struggles with work-life integration.

Conclusion:
Findings from this study suggest burnout and dissatisfaction with work-life integration are common. PAs appear at higher risk for burnout than workers in other fields.
Prospective Comparison of Patient-selected Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment of Scheuermann Kyphosis
Authors: Green Connor , Brown Kaitlyn , Caine Heather , Dieckmann Rebecca J. , Rathjen Karl E. 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Scheuermann kyphosis (SK) can be managed operatively or nonoperatively. Few studies compare the effect of operative versus nonoperative treatment on patient health-related quality of life. We compare 2-year radiographic and the Scoliosis Research Society-22 questionnaire (SRS-22) results of patients who self-selected either conservative or surgical treatment.

Methods:
Single institution review of prospectively collected data for patients presenting with SK from 2006 to 2014. Forty-five of 55 patients returned for 2-year follow-up. Patients were divided into operative (n=27) or nonoperative (n=18) groups based upon their self-selected method of treatment. Radiographic data and SRS-22 scores were collected at initial presentation and 2-year follow-up.

Results:
Operatively treated patients had larger initial sagittal Cobb angles and lower SRS-22 scores in the pain and appearance domains. Two years postoperatively, surgically treated patients had smaller Cobb angles and improved scores in these SRS-22 domains. Nonoperatively treated patients did not deteriorate over time.

Conclusions:
Patients who elect to receive operative treatment for SK have improved radiographic and SRS-22 parameters at 2-year follow-up compared with patients who elect nonoperative treatment. Not surprisingly, patients selecting surgical treatment had greater sagittal Cobb angles and greater levels of pain and dissatisfaction with their appearance. However, at 2-year follow-up, surgical patients experience greater (and significant) change on all parameters; exhibiting smaller Cobb angles, less pain, and greater satisfaction with their outcomes. Nonoperatively treated patients do not deteriorate over 2 years.

Level of Evidence:
Level II—prognostic study.
Does Hypothyroidism Increase Complications, Lengths of Stay, Readmissions, and Costs Following Primary 1- to 2-Level Lumbar Fusion?
Authors: Vakharia Rushabh M. , Ehiorobo Joseph O. , Mahmood Bilal , Roche Martin W. , Mont Michael A. , Razi Afshin E. 
Published: April 2020

Study Design:
Level III—retrospective review.

Objective:
To evaluate the impact of hypothyroidism in patients undergoing 1- to 2-level lumbar fusion (1–2LF).

Summary of Background Data:
Hypothyroidism is a common cause of morbidity and mortality following surgery. Studies have demonstrated the effects of hypothyroidism following orthopedic surgery, but not 1–2LF.

Materials and Methods:
Patients undergoing 1–2LF with hypothyroidism were identified within the Medicare population, and served as the study group. Study group patients were randomly matched to controls in a 1:5 ratio by age, sex, and medical comorbidities. Primary outcomes analyzed included in-hospital lengths of stay (LOS), 90-day readmission rates, 90-day medical complications, and costs of care. Pearson χ2 tests were used to compare patient demographics. Logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) for medical complications and readmissions. Welch t test was used to test for significance in cost between the cohorts. An α value <0.002 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
The query yielded 417,483 patients who underwent 1–2LF with (n=69,584) and without (n=347,899) hypothyroidism. Hypothyroid patients had significantly longer in-hospital LOS (8 vs. 4 d; P<0.0001) compared with controls. In addition, study group patients had significantly higher incidence and odds of 90-day readmissions (20.22% vs. 17.62%; OR, 1.18; P<0.0001) and 90-day medical complications (6.38% vs. 1.89%; OR, 3.53; P<0.0001) compared with controls. Study group patients had higher day of surgery costs ($97,304.01 vs. $95,168.35; P=0.014) and 90-day costs of care ($113,514.15 vs. $108,860.60; P=0.0001) compared with controls.

Conclusions:
After adjusting for age, sex, and medical comorbidities, the study demonstrates patients who have hypothyroidism have longer in-hospital LOS and higher rates of readmissions, complications, and costs. The study is vital as it can allow orthopedic surgeons to adequately counsel and educate these patients of the potential complications that may occur following their procedure.
The Viral Infection and Respiratory Illness Universal Study (VIRUS): An International Registry of Coronavirus 2019-Related Critical Illness
Authors: Walkey Allan J. , Kumar Vishakha K. , Harhay Michael O. , Bolesta Scott , Bansal Vikas , Gajic Ognjen , Kashyap Rahul ,   for the Society of Critical Care Medicine Discovery, Critical Care Research Network
Published: April 2020

Objectives:
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has disproportionally strained intensive care services worldwide. Large areas of uncertainly regarding epidemiology, physiology, practice patterns, and resource demands for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 require rapid collection and dissemination of data. We describe the conception and implementation of an intensive care database rapidly developed and designed to meet data analytic needs in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic—the multicenter, international Society of Critical Care Medicine Discovery Network Viral Infection and Respiratory Illness Universal Study.

Design:
Prospective cohort study and disease registry.

Setting:
Multinational cohort of ICUs.

Patients:
Critically ill patients with a diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Within 2 weeks of conception of the Society of Critical Care Medicine Discovery Network Viral Infection and Respiratory Illness Universal Study, study leadership was convened, registry case report forms were designed, electronic data entry set up, and more than 250 centers had submitted the protocol for institutional review board approval, with more than 100 cases entered.

Conclusions:
The Society of Critical Care Medicine Discovery Network Viral Infection and Respiratory Illness Universal Study provides an example of a rapidly deployed, international, pandemic registry that seeks to provide near real-time analytics and information regarding intensive care treatments and outcomes for patients with coronavirus disease 2019.
Acquired Resistance to Colistin via Chromosomal And Plasmid-Mediated Mechanisms in Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Berglund Björn 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The increasing prevalence of resistance to the last-resort antibiotics carbapenems is leading to increasing difficulties in treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae. The situation has led to the reintroduction of a drug previously discontinued for use in humans - colistin. Colistin is a cationic polypeptide which binds to the negatively charged lipid A of the lipopolysaccharide on the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, causing membrane destabilization, cell leakage and death. Although colistin can be used to successfully treat infections caused by carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae, colistin resistance is known to be inducible during colistin treatment and can be engendered via mutations and genetic alterations in chromosomal genes involved in the regulatory network controlling chemical modifications of the lipid A moiety on the lipopolysaccharide, reducing the negative charge of lipid A and its affinity for colistin. Furthermore, the recent discovery of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance via the mcr-genes, and the potential for plasmid-mediated resistance determinants to rapidly disseminate between strains, has given rise to concerns regarding the future usefulness of colistin as a last-resort antibiotic. This review describes the known colistin resistance mechanisms in K. pneumoniae and the epidemiology of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance determinants in association to the species.
Determination of Fusidic Acid Susceptibility of Multidrug-resistant Gonococcal Isolates from China
Authors: Yang Fan , van der Veen Stijn 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The currently recommended gonococcal therapies are rapidly losing efficacy and; therefore, novel options for treatment are urgently required to ensure future treatment remains available. Here we investigated the susceptibility of 379 contemporary clinical Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from China for susceptibility to fusidic acid. These isolates include numerous multidrug-resistant strains with resistance or reduced susceptibility against ceftriaxone and/or azithromycin, antimicrobials that are currently recommended as a first-line dual therapy. Although official susceptibility breakpoints have not been established, all gonococcal isolates appeared to be susceptible to fusidic acid, with the majority of isolates displaying a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.25 or 0.5 mg/L. Overall, the MIC90 was 0.5 mg/L, with a MIC range of 0.08–2 mg/L. Importantly, no correlation between fusidic acid susceptibility and susceptibility to ceftriaxone or azithromycin was observed. Further analysis of gonococcal survival curves indicated that fusidic acid was only mildly bactericidal at the highest tested concentrations (4× MIC). In conclusion, fusidic acid displayed consistent antimicrobial activity against N. gonorrhoeae and, given the absence of cross-resistance with ceftriaxone and azithromycin, might be interesting for further evaluation of single or dual antimicrobial therapies in combination with ceftriaxone or azithromycin.
Dysbiosis of Gut Microbiota Contributes to the Development of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Lu Jian , Ma Kun Ling , Ruan Xiong Zhong 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Accumulating evidence has revealed that the composition of gut microbiota in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) varies compared to those with healthy controls. The abnormal production and releases of metabolites derived from microbiota into the blood circulation contribute to the development of DM through the activation of multiple metabolic pathways, including trimethylamine N-oxide, short-chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide, aromatic amino acids, and their related metabolites. Therefore, the modulation of gut microbiota through dietary intervention, probiotics, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation could be a potential therapeutic approach for DM. This review mainly summarized the complicated interactions of gut microbiota through its metabolites with DM.
Dermoscopy Features of Trichofolliculoma: A Case Report
Authors: Gan Lu , Chen Hao , Zhang Wei , Sun Jian-Fang 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Introduction:
Trichofolliculoma characterized clinically by the presence of acentral dilated pore with tufted hairs and corresponds histologically to a central primary follicle and many secondary vellus hair follicles originating from it. Thus far, dermoscopy description of trichofolliculoma has been lacking.
Here, we describe a typical case of trichofolliculoma, particularly the special manifestation under the dermoscopy.

Case presentation:
A 29-year-old man complained a five-year history of a nodule containing a central whitish hair plug on his left tempus. Dermoscopic examination revealed a well-defined, yellow macule with a central whitish hair plug surrounded by dilated capillaries, and histopathological analysis was consistent with trichofolliculoma.

Discussion:
The findings of dermoscopy were also vary, which may be affected by the origin of the disease, various phases of the hair cycle, depth of the lesion, and even external stimulus.

Conclusion:
Diagnosis of trichofolliculoma is sometimes difficult because the presence of the central crater and visible hairs is low, and dermoscopy examination may be a potentially useful diagnostic tool.