bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Too noisy to sleep safely?—An observational study of noise levels and distractions during critical phases of pediatric anesthesia
Authors: Monaghan Myles , Abdelaal Ahmed Mahmoud M. Alkhatip Ahmed , Holmes Chris 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundNoise and distraction are recognized as contributing factors in critical incidents associated with surgery and anesthesia. In addition, excessive noise exposure can have negative effects on patients and staff members in these environments.AimsWe aimed to quantify noise exposure of the anesthesiology team and patients in pediatric operating theaters, comparing them to adult studies, internationally recognized standards, and identifying factors contributing to noise and/or distraction.MethodsWe measured noise levels during three phases of anesthesia (pre‐induction, induction, and postinduction/maintenance) and recorded additional environmental sources of distraction and noise.ResultsWe included 49 theater cases. The median and interquartile range (IQR) of mean noise levels during pre‐induction, induction, and maintenance were 61 (59.7‐63.5), 61.9 (60.6‐63.3), and 61.6 (60.4‐63.7) dB, respectively, while the median (IQR) of maximal noise levels was 81.4 (77.3‐86.8), 83.7 (78.5‐87.4), and 86.3 (84.6‐90.4), respectively. There was an average of 8.3 people present in the room during induction. In 23 cases, there were additional unnecessary conversations occurring within the room at induction. We noted the maintenance phase was the noisiest phase of anesthesia. We recorded frequent potential sources of distraction during pre‐induction and induction, though no significant correlations between these distractions and recorded noise levels.ConclusionsWe documented noise levels well above recommended levels during all phases of pediatric anesthesia. We highlighted factors with potential to contribute to noise and distraction but found no statistically significant correlation with noise levels.
Inner bark as a crucial tissue for non‐structural carbohydrate storage across three tropical woody plant communities
Authors: Rosell Julieta A. , Piper Frida I. , Jiménez‐Vera Cipatli , Vergílio Paula C. B. , Marcati Carmen R. , Castorena Matiss , Olson Mark E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNon‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) are crucial for forest resilience, but little is known regarding the role of bark in NSC storage. However, bark's abundance in woody stems and its large living fraction make it potentially key for NSC storage. We quantified total NSC, soluble sugar (SS) and starch concentrations in the most living region of bark (inner bark, IB), and sapwood of twigs, trunks and roots of 45 woody species from three contrasting tropical climates spanning global extremes of bark diversity and wide phylogenetic diversity. NSC concentrations were similar (total NSC, starch) or higher (SS) in IB than wood, with concentrations co‐varying strongly. NSC concentrations varied widely across organs and species within communities and were not significantly affected by climate, leaf habit or the presence of photosynthetic bark. Starch concentration tended to increase with density, but only in wood. IB contributed substantially to NSC storage, accounting for 17–36% of total NSC, 23–47% of SS and 15–33% of starch pools. Further examination of the drivers of variation in IB NSC concentration, and taking into account the substantial contribution of IB to NSC pools, will be crucial to understand the role of storage in plant environmental adaptation.
Five‐year survey uncovers extensive diversity and temporal fluctuations among fusarium head blight pathogens of wheat and barley in Brazil
Authors: Pereira Carolina B. , Ward Todd J. , Del Ponte Emerson M. , Mara Moreira Gláucia , Busman Mark , McCormick Susan P. , Feksa Heraldo R. , De Almeida Juliano L. , Tessmann Dauri J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe conducted a five‐year survey (2011–2015) of barley and wheat fields in Paraná state, Brazil, obtaining 754 Fusarium isolates from spikes with fusarium head blight (FHB)‐symptoms. Multilocus genotyping and TEF‐1α gene sequence analyses confirmed the dominance of the F. graminearum species complex (FGSC, 75.7%), but F. poae (11.5%), as well as F. avenaceum and related members of the F. tricinctum species complex (FTSC, 8.1%) appeared as substantial contributors to FHB. Within the FGSC, F. graminearum of the 15‐ADON genotype was dominant (63%), followed by F. meridionale of the NIV genotype (23.1%), F. cortaderiae of the NIV (7%) or 3‐ADON (2.6%) genotypes, and F. austroamericanum (3.8%) of the 3‐ADON genotype. Substantial variation in pathogen composition was observed across years, with F. poae and F. meridionale frequencies significantly elevated in some years. Most F. poae strains produced DAS, diANIV, and butenolide, but not neosolaniol, T‐2, or HT‐2. All FTSC species produced moniliformin. Enniatin production was widespread among FTSC species, with the single F. acuminatum strain found to be the strongest producer of enniatins. Our findings confirm FGSC as a major contributor to FHB and expand considerably our knowledge of the presence, frequency, and conditions under which other pathogens may emerge, altering the spectrum of toxins that may accumulate in grain.
Brassinosteroids trigger tolerance to iron toxicity in rice
Authors: Tadaiesky Lorene B. A. , da Silva Breno R. S. , Batista Bruno Lemos , Lobato Allan K. da S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIron (Fe) toxicity is one of the most frequent abiotic stresses in rice, as it affects from 15% to 30% of the total production. Brassinosteroids (BRs), including 24‐epibrassinolide (EBR), regulate ion homeostasis and improve the antioxidant system. The aim of this research was to determine whether EBR can contribute to the tolerance of rice plants exposed to Fe toxicity and to evaluate the possible effect on anatomical characteristics, nutrient concentrations, the antioxidant system, and gas exchange. The experiment was randomized with four treatments, two with different concentrations of Fe (250 and 6250 μM, control and toxicity, respectively) and these were either supplied with EBR or not (0 and 10 nM EBR, described as −EBR and +EBR, respectively). Treating plants grown under Fe toxic conditions with EBR caused an 70% increase in root aerenchyma area, compared to plants without steroid treatment. Our results revealed that EBR treatment could mitigate the deleterious effects of Fe toxicity in rice plants, by modulating the aerenchyma area, which contributes to the formation of an oxidative barrier and reduce the Fe mobilization at the root surface. Plants that were exposed to Fe toxic concentrations and treated with EBR showed (1) an increase in the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase, (2) mitigation of oxidative damage and (3) increased scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Finally, EBR alleviated the negative impacts induced by excess Fe on the net photosynthetic rate and the instantaneous carboxylation efficiency. These benefits were directly related to higher electron transport and stomatal density and indirectly linked to the protection mechanism exercised by the antioxidant enzymes on photosynthetic machinery. We conclude that EBR is able to confer tolerance to Fe toxicity in rice plants.
Bacillus pumilus improved drought tolerance in Glycyrrhiza uralensis G5 seedlings through enhancing primary and secondary metabolisms
Authors: Zhang Xinhui , Xie Zhicai , Lang Duoyong , Chu Yuankui , Cui Gaochang , Jia Xiaoxia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIt has been reported that drought stress adversely affects the growth and yield of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Chinese liquorice, in agricultural production. Bacillus pumilus, an important plant growth‐promoting bacterium, play a significant role in improving plant tolerance to abiotic stress. However, the role of Bacillus pumilus G5 in resisting drought stress is largely unknown. In the present study, we found that drought stress significantly inhibited the growth and reduced the biomass of G. uralensis seedlings by restraining C‐ and N‐metabolism, while this could be effectively reversed by B. pumilus G5 inoculation. Specifically, B. pumilus G5 significantly increased the content of primary metabolites such as soluble sugar, soluble protein, and free amino acids by regulating the C and N metabolic processes in G. uralensis seedlings. Moreover, B. pumilus G5 increased the content of glycyrrhizic acid, one of the important secondary metabolites, likely mediated through the increased content of primary metabolites and by recovering the expression of three key enzymes, HMGR, SQS, and β‐AS, in the biosynthesis of glycyrrhizic acid. Interestingly, the regulating effect of B. pumilus G5 inoculation on promoting the accumulation of glycyrrhizic acid and increasing the expression of synthesis‐related genes is spatially selective. In summary, our findings suggest that B. pumilus G5 could alleviate adverse effects induced by drought stress on the growth of G. uralensis seedlings by regulating C‐ and N‐metabolisms that further triggered the accumulation of secondary metabolites, and this finally improved the drought tolerance of cultivated G. uralensis seedlings.
HbWRKY82, a novel IIc WRKY transcription factor from Hevea brasiliensis associated with abiotic stress tolerance and leaf senescence in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kang Guijuan , Yan Dong , Chen Xiaoli , Yang Lifu , Zeng Rizhong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWRKY group transcription factors of model plants and major crops are confirmed to play essential roles in stress responses, senescence, secondary metabolism processes and hormone signal transduction. Previous studies have identified 81 HbWRKY genes from Hevea brasiliensis (the Pará rubber tree), but the functions of HbWRKYs in response to abiotic stresses and leaf senescence are unclear. In this study, one novel group IIc WRKY transcription factor named HbWRKY82 was identified and characterized as a stress‐associated WRKY in rubber tree. Transient expression and transcriptional activation analyses indicated that HbWRKY82 encoded a nuclear protein and functioned as a transcription activator. The transcription levels of HbWRKY82 were induced by exogenous Ethrel (ET) (ethylene releaser) and abscisic acid (ABA) stimulations, down‐regulated in tapping panel dryness rubber trees, and also exhibits significant decrease during the progression of leaf senescence. Overexpression of HbWRKY82 in Arabidopsis improved the tolerance to dehydration and salinity, and decreased the sensitivity to exogenous ABA. Moreover, real‐time quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated that HbWRKY82 regulated the transcriptional expression of several stress‐responsive genes (DREB1A, ERD10, HKT1, P5CS, RD22, RD29B, SKOR), leaf senescence marker genes (EIN3, WRKY53, NAP), ROS‐related genes (RbohD, CSD1, CSD2, FSD3) and hormone signaling genes (EIN3, ABF3, ABF4). Collectively, our findings suggested that HbWRKY82 might function as an important transcriptional regulator in ET‐ and ABA‐mediated leaf senescence and abiotic stress responses, and also be involved in tapping panel dryness, latex flow and regeneration processes of rubber trees via participating in the ET and reactive oxygen species signaling pathways.
Functional characterization and expression profiling of glyoxalase III genes in date palm grown under abiotic stresses
Authors: Jana Gerry A. , Krishnamurthy Pannaga , Kumar Prakash P. , Yaish Mahmoud W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMethylglyoxal (MG), a by‐product of various metabolic processes, including glycolysis, is a highly reactive cytotoxic metabolite. The level of MG in the cell is maintained at a non‐toxic level via MG detoxification pathways such as the universal glyoxalase system, including glyoxalase I/II/III enzymes. Glyoxalase III (DJ‐1) can breakdown MG to d‐lactate in a single step without reducing glutathione (GSH). Elucidating the function of the DJ‐1 gene family may provide further knowledge about its role in plants under abiotic stresses. Here, we characterize four glyoxalase III genes (PdDJ‐1B1, PdDJ‐1B2, PdDJ‐1C, and PdDJ‐1D) encoding the conserved DJ‐1 domain in the genome of the date palm, a crop with high drought and salinity tolerance. The expression level of the PdDJ‐1 genes increased in date palm leaves upon salinity treatment. In addition, overexpression of PdDJ‐1 genes in Escherichia coli and the complementation in yeast hsp31Δ knockout mutant cells enhanced their growth rate and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under MG and oxidative stress conditions as shown by the flow cytometry assay. Subcellular localization using confocal microscopy revealed the accumulation of PdDJ‐1B1, PdDJ‐1C, and PdDJ‐1D in the chloroplast, whereas PdDJ‐1B2 was localized to the cytosol. Remarkably, constitutive expression of the PdDJ‐1C gene in Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia (Col‐0) resulted in the generation of non‐viable albino plants implying that PdDJ‐1C plays a critical function in chloroplast development. These findings suggest that PdDJ‐1 protein has an important function in MG‐detoxification and maintaining the redox balance in date palm plants under abiotic stress conditions.
Mortgage lending, monetary policy, and prudential measures in small euro‐area economies: Evidence from Ireland and the Netherlands
Authors: Everett Mary , de Haan Jakob , Jansen David‐Jan , McQuade Peter , Samarina Anna 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper examines whether the increased use of macroprudential policies since the global financial crisis has affected the impact of (euro‐area and foreign) monetary policy on mortgage lending in Ireland and the Netherlands, which are both small open economies in the euro area. Using quarterly bank‐level data on domestic lending in both countries for 2003–2018, we find that restrictive euro‐area monetary policy shocks reduce the growth of mortgage lending. We find evidence that stricter domestic prudential regulation mitigates this effect in Ireland, but not so in the Netherlands. There is some weak evidence for an international bank lending channel that can be mitigated by stricter lender‐based domestic prudential regulation.
Decomposing episodes of large growth in international trade
Authors: Malloy Brandon 
Published: October 2020

AbstractI use bilateral trade data from a variety of countries to decompose the patterns of trade growth across various goods classifications during episodes of rapid growth in bilateral trade. I find that bilateral trade growth during these episodes is fragmented—less than 5% of goods classifications account for over 65% of overall bilateral trade growth. I quantitatively assess whether “Melitz‐style" trade models, with heterogeneous productivity firms, CES demand and fixed and variable costs of exporting, can match the observed fragmentation of bilateral trade growth. I find the standard model generates less than 40% of the observed fragmentation in the data, as measured by the share of total trade growth accounted for by various quantiles of goods classifications. However, by incorporating heterogeneous tariff and productivity changes imputed from US production and export data, I find that the model generates approximately 90% of the magnitude of fragmentation of trade growth across goods as in the data.
Coalitional Architecture of Climate Change Litigation Networks in the United States
Authors: Holm Federico , Berardo Ramiro 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUnderstanding how coalitions battle to advance or slow down regulatory efforts to address climate change is critical to assess the likelihood that regulatory approaches can succeed in curbing the emission of greenhouse gases. This requires a thorough examination of how coalitions form and are structured. We focus our analysis on the Obama administration's “Climate Action Plan,” aimed to tackle greenhouse gas emissions from the operation of oil and gas facilities, transportation, and electricity generation. We focus on coalitional behavior when actors litigate either in favor or against each of these rules and reconstruct the comprehensive network of stakeholder relations across court cases by recreating the network of cosigners of documents submitted during the litigation process. We identify two main coalitions of pro‐ and anti‐regulation actors and assess their coalitional strategies. We use descriptive statistics, baseline models, and community detection algorithms to explore participation patterns related to level of participation, cross‐regulation activity, clustering, and homophily based subcoalitions.
Regional citrate anticoagulation vs no‐anticoagulation for CRRT in hyperlactatemia patients with increased bleeding risk: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Li Lu , Bai Ming , Yu Yan , Li Yangping , Zhao Lijuan , Sun Shiren 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThere are controversial opinions on the use of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in hyperlactatemia patients with increased bleeding risk. Patients with hyperlactatemia and increased bleeding risk who accepted RCA or no‐anticoagulation CRRT in our center were retrospectively included. Eighty patients who underwent RCA‐CRRT and 47 patients received no‐anticoagulation CRRT were included. Filter lifespan was significantly longer in the RCA group than the no‐anticoagulation group (44.5 hours [2‐89] vs 24.5 hours [1.5‐70], P < .001). The adjusted results demonstrated that patients in the no‐anticoagulant group had significantly higher risk of filter failure (HR = 4.765, 95% CI 2.703‐8.4, P ＜ .001). Bleeding episodes occurred in 19 (24.1%) and 22 (46.8%) patients in the RCA and no‐anticoagulation group, respectively (P = .012). The overall citrate accumulation (CA) rate was 5% in the RCA group. Patient mortality was associated with the comorbidity of hypertension, increased serum lactate level, and increased SOFA score. After matching, the filter lifespan was significantly longer in the RCA group than the no‐anticoagulation group. With careful monitoring and timely adjustment, RCA most likely was safe and effective for CRRT in hyperlactatemia patients with increased bleeding risk.
Petrogenesis of Ordovician granitoids in Western Kunlun, NW Tibetan Plateau: Insights into the evolution of the Proto-Tethys Ocean
Authors: Wang Peng , Zhao Guochun , Han Yigui , Liu Qian , Yao Jinlong , Li Jianhua 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Granitoid rocks are universal in continental crust and are of special significance in understanding tectonic settings. This paper presents detailed zircon U-Pb dating, Hf isotope, whole-rock geochemistry, and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope analyses, and mineralogy of two Ordovician granitoid intrusions and one quartz diorite intrusion in Western Kunlun, NW Tibetan Plateau. The Yutian Complex is composed of diverse rock suites, including monzogabbros, quartz monzodiorites, monzogranites, and monzodioritic enclaves. These suites have similar rock formation ages (447–440 Ma) and minerals, e.g., amphibole grains from different suites belonging to pargasite. Moreover, they exhibit geochemical similarities, such as broadly parallel trace-element patterns characterized by enrichments in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements, and depletions in high field strength elements, which are typical features of arc rocks. Furthermore, the studied samples display homogeneous zircon Hf values, e.g., εHf(t) = −1 to −3, and whole-rock isotopic compositions, e.g., εNd(t) = −4 to −6. Thus, they were most likely derived from a mantle wedge enriched by subducted sediments and fluids, which then evolved into different suites through fractional crystallization of hornblende and plagioclase. The ca. 440 Ma North Yutian quartz diorite intrusion, with an average of εHf(t) value of −6, was a product of the partial melting of mafic lower crust through slightly fractional crystallization of hornblende. In contrast, the ca. 470 Ma Aqiang granodiorite intrusion has εHf(t) values varying from −5 and −2, but it has heterogeneous petrological and geochemical features. It is considered to be a product of the partial melting of the overriding mantle wedge modified by fluids derived from the subducted Proto-Tethys slab and some mixed crustal materials. The Aqiang samples belong to the slightly fractionated I-type series, but they have variable alumina saturation index (ASI = molar Al2O3/[CaO – 3.33 × P2O5 + Na2O + K2O]) values (0.74–1.03) due to variable peraluminous biotite contents. The different suites in the Yutian Complex display low ASI values (&lt;1) controlled by sources and fractional crystallization. The Yutian Complex and the North Yutian intrusion were emplaced during the southward subduction of the Proto-Tethys oceanic lithosphere, and the Aqiang intrusion was emplaced in response to the northward subduction.
T and genetic variations between Asian and Caucasian polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
Authors: Jordan-Yu Janice Marie , Teo Kelvin , Fan Qiao , Gana Jose Carlos , Leopando Anna Karina , Nunes Sandrina , Farinha Cláudia , Barreto Patricia , Melo Joana Barbosa , Carreira Isabel , Murta Joaquim Neto , Silva Rufino , Cheung Chui Ming Gemmy 
Published: October 2020

PurposeTo compare phenotypic and genetic variations in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) between Caucasian and Asian patients.MethodsWe analysed phenotypic and genotypic data from two sites, Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Portugal and Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore. Baseline fundus photography, spectral domain-optical coherence tomography, indocyanine green and fluorescein angiography scans were analysed by respective reading centres using a standardised grading protocol. Single nucleotide polymorphisms across 8 PCV loci were compared between cases and controls selected from each population.ResultsOne hundred and forty treatment-naïve PCV participants (35 Portuguese and 105 Singaporean) were included. The Portuguese cohort were older (72.33±8.44 vs 68.71±9.40 years, p=0.043) and were comprised of a lower proportion of males (43% vs 71%, p=0.005) compared with the Singaporean cohort. Differences in imaging features include higher prevalence of soft drusen (66% vs 30%, p=0.004), lower prevalence of subretinal haemorrhage (14% vs 67%, p<0.001), smaller polypoidal lesion (PL) area (0.09±0.09 vs 0.76±0.93 mm2, p<0.001), lower ratio of PL to branching vascular network area (3% vs 38%, p<0.001) and lower central retinal thickness (346.48±93.74 vs 493.16±212.92 µm, p<0.001) in the Portuguese cohort. CETP rs3764261 (OR 2.467; 95% CI 1.282 to 4.745, p=0.006) in the Portuguese population was significantly associated with PCV and CFH rs800292 (OR 1.719; 95% CI 1.139 to 2.596, p=0.010) in the Singaporean population, respectively.ConclusionAmong Asian and Caucasian patients with PCV, there are significant differences in the expression of phenotype. We also identified different polymorphisms associated with PCV in the two populations.