bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production Microscopy: A New Paradigm
Authors: Lee Richard J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
During the past twelve months RJ Lee Group has manually collected and published over one hundred thousand composite SEM images consisting of three components: a low magnification image, a high magnification image, and an x-ray spectrum. In addition, about one and one-half million discrete features have been automatically located and compositionally/morphologically characterized, with about one-fourth of those features then having ancillary images collected automatically based upon characterization criteria. Finally between ten and twenty thousand images have been collected for the production of image montages. The output of this effort has been systematically entered into networked databases where it is accessed for post-processing, analysis, and report generation.
Population Studies of Titanium-Bearing Inclusions in AISI 316l using Automated Image Analysis with Scanning Electron Microscopy/Electron Dispersion Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS)
Authors: Collins S R , Plishka M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Titanium is used in the manufacture of AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel as a deoxidizer. Titanium is considered a residual element, and limits are often not specified. As a residual element, titanium most often appears in complex oxide inclusions, usually in conjunction with aluminum and other deoxidizers. Titanium-bearing inclusions have been found to initiate pitting during electropolishing. The present work was performed to evaluate the acceptable upper limit for titanium as a residual element in AISI 316L.
Metallographic specimens were prepared from seven commercial heats of AISI 316L (Table 1) with titanium contents varying from 0.003 % to 0.014 %. A quantitative metallographic analysis of each specimen was performed using an SEM/EDS system with an automated stage. Operating parameters are given in Table 2. Data was obtained with the system in the backscatter (BS) mode, producing a high-contrast image based on differences in chemical composition. Once each inclusion was identified by its difference in gray scale, it was also analyzed by EDS for elements present.
Microanalysis of Thermal-Sprayed Titanium Anodes for Cathodic Protection of Reinforced Concrete Bridges
Authors: Collins W K , Cramer S D , Covino B S , Holcomb G R , Bullard S J , Govier R D , Wilson R D , McGill G E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper addresses the microanalysis techniques used to characterize thermal sprayed Ti coatings on concrete surfaces as anodes in impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems. Thermal sprayed Ti anodes on concrete were electrochemically aged in laboratory studies of anode performance and service life. A thermal sprayed catalyzed Ti anode was installed on the Depoe Bay Bridge on the Oregon Coast in a field demonstration of the ICCP system. Both air and N were used as the atomizing gases during the study. Thermal sprayed Ti coatings are typically applied in an inert atmosphere or vacuum using shrouds or chambers to prevent reactions with the atmosphere. This was not possible with a structure as large as a bridge.
Microanalysis of Ti and N together is difficult and the effects of O add to the complexity of the analysis. The ternary Ti-O-N system has not be well studied.
Low Energy X-Ray Transmission Images by using a Microfocus X-Ray Tube and a be-Window X-Ray Image Intensifier(XRII)
Authors: Konuma H , Kuroki K , Kurosawa K , Saitoh N 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Photographs of x-ray transmission images by x-ray films have been used for observing the inside nondestructively. Further, Imaging Plates(IP) are used for precise measurements of x-ray diffraction patterns. But, these integrating area detectors are not suitable for real time nor time resolved measurements. For real time and time resolved measurements, the X-Ray Image Intensifier(XRII, a large image tube that converts an x-ray image into a visible image) is used for biological x-ray TV systems, x-ray nondestructive inspection systems etc. These TV x-ray image systems require high energy x-rays, x-ray tube voltage of 30 to 150 kV, and show faint contrast for x-ray images of light element substances owing to its low absorption coefficients. However, light elements have intense x-ray absorption coefficients in a low energy x-ray region, x-ray tube voltage of 5 to 20 kV, and give fine contrast for x-ray images of light element substances.
Examination of the Surface of a Maldi-Ftms Probe Tip using SEM and Determination of Detection Limits for Poly(Ethylene Glycol)
Authors: Wood Sylvia H , Pastor Salvador J , Wilkins Charles L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Exploratory synthetic strategies may yield limited quantities of sample. Characterization of such limited-quantity samples is facilitated by the use of sensitive analytical methods and smart sample preparation. Polymers may be analyzed by mass spectrometry for molecular weight distributions, structural information (such as endgroups), and impurities. However, polymer research using mass spectrometry has not focused on detection limits; in some work the amount of polymer used is not even mentioned. Studies to determine detection limits of polymers and studies that characterize sample preparation techniques can provide valuable information.
Examination of the sample surface on a probe tip, generated by the use of an aerospray technique for sample deposition, was accomplished by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Aerospraying the polymer and matrix solutions allowed signal averaging of mass spectra from up to 400 shots on the same sample spot. SEM images showed the surface of the probe to have a fairly uniform coating of the sample and matrix.
Binding of Polychlorinated Biphenyls to Sediment
Authors: Tivol William F , Casey Ann C , Liu Xuemei , Bush Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Transport, cleanup, and bioremediation properties of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) bound to sediments depend on the specific components to which the PCBs are bound. Analysis of the sediment from Contaminant Cove on the St. Lawrence River by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector shows that the sediment contains 600 ppm PCBs. Previous work showed that there were both weak and strong binding of PCBs to sediment components, but gave no indication of which components were responsible for the binding.2 The average content of PCBs is below the limit of detectability by energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDX) for CI, but constituents which bind large quantities of PCBs could be detected. Sediment which is not contaminated with PCBs contains no detectable chlorine.
EDX analysis was performed on a JEOL JEM-4000FX, using a cryo-stage (operated at -160° C) and a Tracor TN5500 system.
Raman Microprobe Study of the Visible and Near-Infrared Excited Fluorescence Spectra of Glasses Examined as Potential Raman Intensity Calibration Standards
Authors: Etz Edgar S , Choquette Steven J , Hurst Wilbur S , Blackburn Douglas H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In previous work with the Raman microprobe, we have examined the fluorescence emissions of rareearth (RE) bearing glasses to study the phenomena of structural resonances in the spectra of glass microspheres and the energy upconversion processes for RE ions in such glasses that give rise to anti- Stokes fluorescence emission. Presently, we are revisiting these same fluorescent glasses to study their laser excited emissions as potential radiometric sources for the calibration of Raman spectral intensities. Many of the rare earth ions produce interesting fluorescence spectra on laser excitation depending on the type of ordered or disordered (solid) host matrix. These fluorescence spectra, depending on RE concentration and quenching effects, can be intense and may consist of either narrow-band (or line) emissions or broad-band spectra covering a wide spectral range. These spectra, acquired at laser wavelengths from the ultraviolet (UV) to the near-infrared (NIR), provide a practical means for the calibration of Raman instrumentation for both Raman frequency and intensity.
Relationship between TEM Microstructures of Al Films and Reflectance in Color Display Tubes
Authors: Lee S J , Hwang ES , Dolukhanyan T , Sung C M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Al films have been deposited on the inside of the Color Display Tube (CDT) panel on which black matrix carbon and RGB phosphors were coated to improve brightness with the prevention of voltage down and less ion impact to phosphors. The characteristics of Al films have a close relationship with the deposition variables such as base pressure and deposition rate causing changes in Al film microstructures and differences in the reflectance. It is generally known that the reflectance is affected by the thickness, grain size, and surface roughness of the Al film: The grain size of the Al film tends to decrease when base pressure is poor due to the presence of residual gas. The reflectance of Al alloys was reported to be increased with the larger grain size.
The purpose of this study is to understand the relationship between the reflectance and the microstructures of Al films as a function of base pressure in a CDT manufacturing to optimize deposition conditions for improved reflection properties.
Solidification Behavior of a 319 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Donlon W T , Godlewski LA , Zindel J W 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
319 aluminum (6.5-8.5% Si, 3.0-4.0%Cu, 0.2-0.45%Mg, 0.8%max.Fe, 0.5%max.Mn) is utilized by the automobile industry for engine block and cylinder head applications. Detailed understanding of the solidification behavior is critical to optimizing the “as-cast” microstructure and the physical properties of this alloy. Samples were generated by allowing a 50 gram sample of molten alloy to partially solidify at a slow cooling rate (0.34 °C/sec). During cooling, the temperature of the alloy was monitored by a thermocouple in the center of the sample to generate a cooling curve (Fig. 1). At various locations along this cooling curve the normal cooling was interrupted by plunging the cup into an iced- brine quench. In addition to optical and SEM examination, detailed TEM analysis was performed on three quenched samples as well as one sample allowed to cool uninterrupted to room temperature. TEM sample preparation consisted of standard grinding and dimpling procedures followed by ion milling at liquid nitrogen temperature using a gun voltage of 4keV.
Nucleation of the α / γ Massive Phase Transformation in Titanium- 48at% Aluminum
Authors: Wittig JE , Hofmeister WH 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Massive phase transformations exhibit a change in crystal structure without a change in composition. Nucleation and growth of this difTUsionless transformation has been studied in numerous systems including Cu-Zn, Ag-Zn and Ag-Al. There is general agreement that heterogeneous grain boundary nucleation occurs with a rational orientation relationship with at least one of the parent grains, although growth of the massive product can often occur with a partially coherent interface.
The typical Ti-48at%Al microstructure is a lamellar structure of hexagonal α2 (DO19 superlattice) and the ordered tetragonal γ phase (Ll0 with c/a = 1.01). Water or ice brine quenching of the high temperature disordered α phase results in a partial massive transformation of a into γ. Electron beam melting has been used to further suppress the equilibrium transformations. However, the current study uses rapid solidification by electromagnetic levitation and twin anvil splat quenching (cooling rates &gt; 106 K/s) to capture earlier stages of the transformation.
Characterization of Corrosion Scales on Fe-13Cr Stainless Steel
Authors: Subramanian S , Ling S , Ramanarayanan T A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Fe-13Cr stainless steel is a corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) that is widely used in oil and gas production for equipment such as tubes in wells. The high temperature, high CO2 and H2S partial pressures of typical production environments and the significant amounts of Cl- containing water that is produced along with the hydrocarbons affects the corrosion processes. Fe-13Cr is used for tubes since it exhibits passivity and low corrosion rates in production environments. But, during production operations, it is often necessary to pump strong acids into the underground rock formation through the tubes to stimulate the field and increase productivity. This is done in order to dissolve deposits that clog pores in the rock formation, thus improving permeability and facilitating the flow of hydrocarbons. This is expected to significantly degrade the passivity and lead to increased corrosion. Therefore, there is a concern about the corrosion rate during the operation and the rate at which the alloy repassivates when production is resumed.
Statics and Dynamics of “Charged” Interfaces in Electroceramics
Authors: Lin Xiwei , Murray Conal , Dravid Vinayak P 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A large number of electroceramics derive their technologically useful and scientifically appealing properties via electrically active (charged) interfaces.[l] These interfaces can be simple grain boundaries in, for example, varistors, to complicated domain configuration in ferroelectric thin films. Several common issues relate to virtually all electrically active interfaces. The electrical activity of such interfaces is usually a consequence of trapping of charged electronic and/or ionic defects. Such trapping leads to compensating charge of opposite sign across the interfaces, viz. space-charge region. Collectively, they influence and often dominate a wide variety of phenomena, ranging from formation of Schottky barriers to impedence to domain boundary motion.
While bulk measurements, either electrical (e.g. P-E, C-V, I-V), optical (e.g. Raman) or resonance (e.g. EPR) have contributed significantly to the understanding of charged interfaces, there are very few direct observations of electrical activity of interfaces at a length-scale which is essential (i.e. 1- 10 nm).
Interpreting Uranyl Mineral Diffraction Patterns
Authors: Buck Edgar C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Secondary phases that form during the corrosion of nuclear waste forms may influence both the rate of waste form dissolution and the release of radionuclides [1]. The identification of these phases is critical in developing models for the corrosion behavior of nuclear waste forms. In particular, the secondary uranyl (VI) minerals that form during waste form alteration may control uranium solubility and release of radionuclides incorporated into these phases [2].
The U6+ cation in uranyl minerals is almost always present as a linear (UO2)2+ ion [3]. This uranyl (Ur) ion is coordinated by four, five, or six anions (ϕ) in the equatorial plane resulting in the formation of square (Urϕ4), pentagonal (Urϕ5), and hexagonal (Urϕ6) bipyramids, respectively [3]. These bipyramid polyhedra may polymerize to form complex infinite sheet structures. The linking of Urϕ5 is observed in a number of uranyl minerals formed during waste glass and spent fuel corrosion [2,4], such as weeksite [Na,K(UO2)2(Si205)3*4H2O] and β-uranophane [Ca[(UO2)(SiO3OH)]2*5H2O].
Microstructural Characterization of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Laminated Matrix Composites of Silicon Carbide and Carbon
Authors: Appiah K A , Wang Z L , Lackey W J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Silicon carbide composites are known for high-temperature strength retention, creep resistance, high elastic modulus and light weight. Laminated matrix composites (LMC's) with a matrix of alternating layers of silicon carbide (SiC) and carbon (C) with carbon fiber reinforcements possess added toughness in addition to the desirable properties of SiC composites mentioned above. The improved toughness results from both the laminated matrix, which offers a tortuous path to crack propagation, and the energy expended in fiber debonding during fracture. Microstructural analyses of LMC's are necessary to help the processing effort to achieve structures with the desired properties. In this work, a preliminary examination of the microstructure of the laminated matrix composite is undertaken using TEM.
Specimens for TEM examination were prepared by cutting slices from a bulk sample of ∼ 1 mm thickness with a low-speed diamond saw. The slices were then ground to no less than 200 μm thickness to prevent the slices from breaking.
Characterization of Intergranular Phases in Tetragonal and Cubic Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia
Authors: Evans ND , Imamura PH , Bentley J , Mecartney ML 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Achieving superplasticity in fine-grained ceramics is a potential method to lower energy costs associated with ceramic manufacturing via net shape forming. Superplasticity is intrinsic in 3-mol%- yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y-TZP), and can be enhanced by addition of glass to form intergranular phases which are thought to both limit grain growth and promote grain boundary sliding during processing (sintering and hot isostatic pressing). This permits processing at lower temperatures. However, superplasticity has not been observed in 8-mol%-yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia (8Y-CSZ), ostensibly due to its larger grain size and high grain growth rates.3,4 As part of a larger study, high-spatial-resolution energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) has been performed on 3Y-TZP and 8Y-CSZ specimens doped with various glassy phases to characterize intergranular compositions.
Zirconia powders were mixed with glass to produce specimens having either 1 wt % lithiumaluminum- silicate, 1 wt % barium-silicate, or 1 wt % borosilicate. Some specimens were prepared without added glass.
Polytypic Constraints for Solid-State Layer Silicate Transformation Mechanisms Via Atomic-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: J.F. Banfield , T. Kogure 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Layer silicates are important and abundant minerals. Polytypic details can be determined directly from atomic-resolution images recorded down [010] of layer silicates such as chlorite (Fig. 1), serpentine, and micas using a transmission electron microscope with a point resolution of ∼ 0.2 nm. For chlorite, this involves determination of whether octahedral slants in the brucite-like interlayers and octahedral sheet of the tetrahedral - octahedral-tetrahedral (TOT) layers are the same or opposed, the (3 angle, and how the octahedral cations in the brucite-like interlayer are positioned relative to the tetrahedral cations in the TOT layer (Fig. 1). Images must be recorded from the thinnest areas in order to distinguish slant of the brucite-like interlayer (composition dependent, but always &lt; 0.7 nm sample thickness; 1). Polytype analysis is aided significantly by rotational filtering of images from thin areas to remove the amorphous contribution (2). All six of the common, semi-randomly stacked chlorite polytypes can be distinguished (1).
Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy Studies of Individual Dislocations in Relaxed GeSi Films
Authors: Hsu Julia W P , Gray M H , Xu Q 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Due to the submicron size of crystallographic defects, characterization of dislocations has been done. mostly by electron microscopy techniques. Transmission electron microscopy has generated invaluable structural information at the atomic scale. However, the influence of these electrically active defects on carrier transport can only be learned from lower resolution (∼ 1 μm) techniques such as electron beam induced current (EBIC) and photocurrent measurements. Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) is a novel optical technique that circumvents the diffraction limit. In this talk, we will present the application of NSOM to perform near-field photocurrent (NPC) measurements on strain-relaxed GeSi films on Si substrates to study the electrical activity of individual threading dislocations. Photoexcited carriers are generated locally by NSOM light and are collected by the builtin p-n junctions in the sample resulting in an external photocurrent. As the tip moves across the sample, topographic and NPC images were acquired simultaneously.
Holography Measurement of Mean Inner Potential of Germanium
Authors: Li Jing , McCartney MR , Dunin-Borkowski RE , Smith David J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
There is increasing interest in the quantitative characterization of nanometer-scale semiconductor alloy layers, such as those of SiGe or AlGaAs. Electron holography, which has the ability to detect small changes in mean inner potential Vo, can in principle provide information about local changes in composition. However, the measurement of absolute values of Vo is not always straightforward and values for only a few materials are known with confidence. In this study, we measure Vo for Ge using electron holography, and we compare our experimental data with calculations. The holographic approach that we use to measure Vo is described in the paper of Gajdardziska-Josifovska et al. The Ge samples were nominally 90° cleaved wedges from a &lt;100&gt; wafer. Holograms were recorded on a Philips CM200 FEG equipped with a Gatan 794 CCD camera, and data were obtained for several crystal tilts (determined from diffraction patterns) to assess dynamical contributions to the phases.
Electronic Structure and Conductivity Mechanism in Manganite Thin Films Exhibiting Colossal Magnetoresistance
Authors: Krishnan Kannan M , Ju Honglyoul , Nelson C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Perovskite manganites, which have the the general formula R1-xAxMnO3 (R = La, Pr, or Nd and A = Ca, Sr, Ba, or Pb), have generated much recent interest because they exhibit “colossal magnetoresistance” (CMR), i.e. a small change in an applied magnetic field dramatically changes the electrical resistance of the material. Materials that exhibit this effect are being developed for various field-sensing applications but currently, the mechanism by which CMR occurs is not known. Conduction in these materials is explained by the “double exchange” mechanism, where the conductivity is attributed to electrons hopping back and forth between neighboring manganes ions. Such hopping is a maximum when the magnetic moments of the magnese ions are aligned parallel and a minimum when they are aligned antiparallel. In short, these materials show metallic conductivity when they are ferromagnetic and insulating behavior when they are antiferromagnetic. Moreover, they change from metallic to insulating behavior as a function of temperature.
Inversion Domain Boundaries in Ain and GaN Thin Films
Authors: Dovidenko K , Oktyabrsky S , Narayan J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), multislice image simulation and multiple dark field TEM imaging techniques have been used to investigate the structure of extended defects in AlN and GaN thin films grown on (0001) α-Al2O3 by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). AlN layers were grown directly on the (0001) sapphire. In the case of GaN thin films, 300-500 Å AlN buffer was deposited first.
Cross-sectional TEM revealed the presence of domain boundaries in these Ill-nitride films. In this study we investigated these defects by multiple dark field imaging technique and proved some of them to be IDBs lying in planes. The multiple dark field images of several adjacent domains of AlN film are shown in Fig. 1 (a, b). The images were obtained exactly in [110] zone of AlN using (0002) and (000) reflections.