bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promoting Global Health
Authors: Hassoun Nicole 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The third chapter presents the book’s new proposal for addressing the access to medicines problem. It suggests that by collecting and analyzing data on global health, people can come up with new ways to improve poor people’s access to essential drugs and technologies. It suggests utilizing information about medicines’ global health impact (organized by drug, disease, country, and company) to create incentives for positive change. One possibility is to give pharmaceutical companies with the most impactful drugs a Global Health Impact label to use on all their products. Highly rated companies will have an incentive to use the label to get a larger share of the market. Further, socially responsible investment companies could include Global Health Impact companies in their portfolios. Finally, having a Global Health Impact certification system for pharmaceutical companies would open the door to all kinds of fruitful social activism. One possibility is a Global Health Impact licensing campaign. Pharmaceutical companies rely, to a large extent, on university research and development. So, if universities allow only certified companies to benefit from their technology, companies will have an incentive to abide by Global Health Impact standards.
Individual Responsibility for Promoting Global Health
Authors: Hassoun Nicole 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
If Global Health Impact labeling is successful, it will give companies a reason to produce drugs that will save millions of lives. One might wonder, however, whether consumers have any moral obligation to purchase goods from Global Health Impact–certified companies or whether purchasing these goods is even morally permissible. The fourth chapter suggests that, if the proposal is implemented, there is reason to purchase goods from Global Health Impact–certified companies. It defends something along the lines of this argument: (1) pharmaceutical companies violate rights and (2) do not do enough to address the access to medicines issue, so (3) if the Global Health Impact initiative helps rectify these problems, people should generally purchase goods from certified companies.
Consumption and Social Change
Authors: Hassoun Nicole 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
How should consumers think about their basic economic powers? The fifth chapter defends positive change consumption: under just institutions people should be free to consume as they like as long as they respect the institutions’ rules. In the absence of such institutions, there are significant moral constraints on consumption. Against recent critics, the fifth chapter argues that it is legitimate to aim at democratic change but that doing so is not always required. It argues that if democracy is too central, it can prevent truly positive change; but, at the same time, we must recognize the importance of democracy for bringing about such change.
Beyond Experimental Political Philosophy
Authors: Hassoun Nicole 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The sixth chapter suggests that examining the prospects for a Global Health Impact labeling and certification campaign might expand the domain of traditional philosophical inquiry in an important way. It presents a proposal for testing consumers’ willingness to make decisions based on a Global Health Impact label. The basic idea is to put a Global Health Impact label on a few over-the-counter products and to collect data on changes in consumers’ willingness to purchase these products compared to otherwise similar generic versions of the products from sales. The chapter explains how carrying out this test might provide an example of a new kind of experimental philosophy. Although most experimental philosophy has focused on individuals’ intuitions and is modeled on the psychological literature, there is a lot of empirical work in other disciplines, and many useful methods are available for answering important questions experimental philosophers might want to address.
In Defense of Politicization of Human Rights
Authors: Domínguez-Redondo Elvira 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
International human rights mechanisms’ efficiency is normally linked to the work of independent experts keen to push the boundaries of accountability, against recalcitrant states determined to defend their sovereignty. As a corollary, progress in this field is associated with the creation and maintenance of political free spaces. Another common presumption, rather than fact, is a belief in a differentiated “North” versus “South” approach to the promotion and protection of human rights, that finds solid ground within the prevalent human rights discourses repeated by governmental and non-governmental actors. Through the lenses of the UN Special Procedures, In Defense of Politicization of Human Rights: The UN Special Procedures challenges these and other presumptions informing doctrinal studies, policies, and strategies to advance international human rights. In seeking to debunk commonly held views about the role of politics in human rights at the international level, this book constitutes the first comprehensive study of the Special Procedures as a system covering their history, methods of work, institutional status, and relationship with other politically driven organs and processes affecting their development. The perspective chosen to analyze the human rights mechanisms most vulnerable to political decisions determining their creation, renewal, and operationalization casts a new light on the extent to which these remain the cornerstone of global accountability in protecting the inherent dignity and worth of individuals as well as groups.
Creation, Institutionalization, and Development of Public and Confidential Special Procedures
Authors: Domínguez-Redondo Elvira 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The history of how Special Procedures were first envisaged, considered, mooted, negotiated, and created impacted the evolution of the internationalization of human rights under the auspices of the UN Commission on Human Rights. The trajectory of these mechanisms provides key insights into both the overall direction and the conduct of politics concerning not only human rights but also development and issues concerned with peace and security at the United Nations. They correspondingly serve as a backdrop to many contemporary global concerns in how they are articulated, defended, and responded to by multilateral organizations. This chapter outlines the key events leading to the birth of the first public and confidential Special Procedures as a positive outcome of what was a highly politicized process. The first section explains the rationale underpinning the polar change of direction of the Commission on Human Rights, from a position where it initially denied its own competence to address human rights violations, to its decision to create subsidiary fact-finding bodies with exactly such purpose. The ad hoc nature of their establishment—from which their derive their denomination as “Special”—against political realities of the time led to a non-linear history that explains many of their current features.
Shuttling between Diplomacy and Expertise in Developing Methods of Work
Authors: Domínguez-Redondo Elvira 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the influence of political factors in providing both freedom for diverse approaches to implementation of methods of work and explicit or implicit limits determining the operationalization of mandates. The chapter focuses on the challenges associated with the public nature of the activities of Special Procedures and the tendency of mandate holders to perform different roles, which may not be always compatible. Mandate holders have developed methods of work that have consolidated the Special Procedures as direct interlocutors with governments, intergovernmental, and non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders. Contemporary Special Procedures constitute a regular system of monitoring state behavior through the treatment of alleged cases of human rights violations under their competence; visits on the grounds; analytical studies of specific issues influencing the situation of human rights in a concerned territory or worldwide; and the generation of an enormous volume of data on recorded violations over time. They have shed light, clarified, and at times contributed to the applicable international and national legal frameworks. They have played an activist role beyond the realm of individual cases, using their expertise to mediate or intervene in legal and political disagreements within and outside formal mechanisms of dispute settlement. They raise awareness of, highlight, and promote best practices to improve the situation of human rights around the globe, as well as the circumstances that propitiate human rights violations, including their link with the development and security agenda.
Final Remarks
Authors: Domínguez-Redondo Elvira 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This final chapter situates the analysis of the role of politics in the development of the Special Procedures within the heated debate over the future of the international human rights agenda as articulated by a growing number of scholars. It suggests that the alleged failures of international human rights may be a reflection of the rigidity of the Westphalian edifice in accommodating the struggles of individuals and communities beyond the human rights framework. Only human rights mechanisms have demonstrated enough flexibility, accompanied by political will, to open access for non-state actors to the transnational space. This accessibility has not been accompanied by an acknowledgment of the conceptual, normative, institutional, and practical problems inherent in the attempt to combine agendas that are not always compatible, as illustrated in the relationship between development, security, and human rights issues. This important gap is compounded by the myth this book seeks to discredit, namely, the presumption that politicization of human rights should be eliminated and that some groups of states are rigidly associated with preconceived political alignments.
Taming Sino-American Rivalry
Authors: Lebow Richard Ned , Zhang Feng 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Competition between America and China has intensified since 2009, creating even greater risks of conflict. Why is this so, and what can be done about it? Feng Zhang and Ned Lebow identify the mistakes China and America made in their mutual relations and explain their causes and consequences. Drawing on international relations theory and historical lessons they develop a holistic approach to conflict management and resolution based on a sophisticated staging of deterrence, reassurance, and diplomacy. Minimal deterrence combined with multiple forms of reassurance and sustained diplomatic efforts to reduce or finesse key areas of conflict offer a promising pathway for America and China to enhance their security and buttress their self-esteem.
Thinking Differently about Conflict Management
Authors: Zhang Feng , Lebow Richard Ned 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Competition between America and China has intensified since 2009. The authors contend that there are two underlying causes of conflict: Sino-American competition is more a clash of egos than of interests, and the faulty conceptions leaders and intellectuals in both countries use to understand one another’s motives and foreign policies ratchet up tensions. The authors challenge many of the principal strategies the two countries have pursued, not only the way in which they have been applied. Some of these strategies are based on superficial learning and false historical lessons. This chapter lays the foundation for an alternative set of conceptions that are more appropriate to Sino-American relations and whose application would make it possible for both nations to buttress their self-esteem in less confrontational ways.
Diplomacy
Authors: Zhang Feng , Lebow Richard Ned 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Diplomacy is the third leg of a holistic strategy we propose for managing conflict between America and China. Some general conditions help to make it effective, although its specific operation is always context-dependent. Leadership commitment is often necessary for launching major diplomatic initiatives. Leadership commitment is often the result of internal or external incentives, reinforced by catalysts that highlight pressing challenges and the imperative of diplomacy. Effective diplomacy also requires sound strategic conceptions. A smooth decision-making process capable of coordinating disparate policy preferences and implementing supportive policies is also critical to effective diplomacy. Diplomacy has had major successes and regrettable failures in managing the Sino-American relationship in the past. Looking ahead, it faces both opportunities and constraints in managing competition between the two countries.
Conclusions
Authors: Zhang Feng , Lebow Richard Ned 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Good analysis must meet three conditions: it must ask questions that have policy relevance; it must build on a plausible set of assumptions about how the world works; and it must recognize the determining nature of context. These conditions inform the book’s proposal for a holistic strategy of conflict management and resolution based on a judicious combination of deterrence, reassurance, and diplomacy. The uncertainty about foreign policy motives makes analysis more difficult, but also creates opportunities for policymakers. To the extent they free themselves from simple mindsets regarding others’ motives and recognize their complexity, they will become increasingly sensitive to the need to understand what motives are at play in any given situation. They will further recognize the possibility of positively influencing the motives of their adversary by reassurance and diplomacy. These strategies have the potential to reduce hostility and pave the way for rapprochement or accommodation.
Devalorization
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows that the process of primitive accumulation or direct appropriation is and must be internal to Marx’s theory of value. This is the case for precisely the methodological reasons Marx describes in his postface to the second edition of Capital. The core concepts in the “mode of presentation” (use-value, exchange-value, and value) describe the strictly immanent conditions or core “logic of capitalism” but are also derived from the historical “mode of inquiry.” Since primitive accumulation is part of the historical mode of inquiry, there must be a conceptual place for primitive accumulation in the mode of presentation itself. If not, then the mode of presentation is strictly speaking inadequate to the mode of inquiry—something that any dialectician, and Marx himself, must reject.
The Patriarchy of Value
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter closely reads the third section of Capital chapter one as a crucial and illuminating foundation to Marx’s theory of value: the appropriation of women’s labor. This brief introductory section, found right before the start of Marx’s kinetic theory of value, thus links the first two sections of chapter one to the third section by indicating that it is precisely the twofold nature of the devalorization and value creation process immanent to the commodity that shapes the patterns of motion that occur in the exchange relations of commodities. To understand value in motion, it is first necessary to see how the source of motion itself is “home-baked” in the patriarchy of value. This is the aim and argument of this chapter.
Fetishism and the Form of Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The argument of this chapter is that there is one final feature of value: domination. The threefold movement of the birth of value involves devalorization, appropriation, and domination. These are not developmental stages but all occur at the same time, as three aspects of the same process of value creation. Domination, in particular, occurs when a single part of the value generating process turns back against the whole process itself as if this single product were the cause of the very process that produced it. Marx calls this radical inversion “the fetishism of the commodity.”
Conclusion
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes the main arguments of the book, their limitations, and the direction of future research. Marx did not hold a labor theory of value. He never used this term, not even once. Primitive accumulation did not happen just once or first in sixteenth-century England but is a constitutive process of all value creation. Primitive accumulation is the becoming of value itself. Marx did not believe in fixed developmental laws of nature and society, or at least held incompatible views on this topic. This book has tried to show that Marx’s theory of kinetic dialectics, from his doctoral dissertation to Capital, offers instead an open and pedetic view of nature and history. Marx was not a crude, mechanistic, or reductionistic materialist and certainly not an atomist, as his doctoral dissertation makes explicit. His theories of value, alienation, and exploitation are neither humanist nor anthropocentric concepts.
America
Authors: Harrison Graham 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter sets out a detailed account of America’s capitalist transformation from the early 1700s. It shows how homestead and plantation agriculture generated a colonial economy. It stresses the importance of independence and then the civil war to the construction of a state and a nation. The chapter looks in detail at the varied forms of production throughout the territory and highlights the centrality of frontier expansion and dispossession. It discusses the role of plantation slavery and its abolition in capitalist growth. It then goes on to look at the ‘gilded age’ as one of developmentalism: forging a national economy, promoting industry, and conflating security issues with economic growth. It notes the slow social progress and crisis-prone nature of capitalist development, arguing that this is in the nature of capitalist transformation. It concludes by noting that the world of ‘late’ development is constructed by Britain and America’s capitalist transformations.
Taiwan and Israel
Authors: Harrison Graham 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter reviews the transformation successes in Taiwan and Israel. It starts Taiwan’s account with the colonization by Japan and the investments in industry. It then emphasizes the insecurities generated by occupation by the exiled Chinese government. This was intensified by a very rivalrous geopolitical regionalism. Taiwan’s sovereignty was doubtful and under threat. The chapter looks at the considerable efforts to promote agricultural development and then industrialization. Industrialization was motivated by a need to ensure legitimacy and security for a quasi-sovereign state. In relation to Israel, the chapter starts in the Mandate period and shows how Israel’s statehood was based on occupation, economic growth, and nationalism. It highlights the severe existential threat to the country and the response of the government to promote agricultural growth and industrialization. It shows how Israel faced repeated severe crises and that the government eventually found a way through these crises through capitalist transformation.
Libertarians I
Authors: Pierson Christopher 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of what we mean by libertarianism. I explore the ways in which the forerunners of contemporary libertarianism came to justify a regime of minimally constrained individual private property, (often) grounded in natural rights and instantiating the maximum of personal freedom. Key thinkers in this respect are Herbert Spencer, Ludwig von Mises, Milton Friedman, and Friedrich Hayek. Murray Rothbard is a figure who belongs more unambiguously to modern libertarianism. The chapter ends with a substantial discussion of the debate that has surrounded the work of Robert Nozick in Anarchy, State and Utopia. I suggest that Nozick is a much more ambivalent figure for libertarianism than is usually supposed.
‘A new spirit of dissention and disturbance’
Authors: Leng Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the involvement of the Merchant Adventurers in the political disputes of mid-seventeenth-century England. It shows that the Company’s overseas residences were deeply divided over questions of religion and political allegiance. These divisions also became bound up with the social changes that were reconfiguring relationships between the different residences of the Company. The chapter surveys three contests which involved questions about the nature of the Merchant Adventurers as a merchant community, and the distribution of power within it. Each centred on a controversial deputy governor—Edward Misselden at Delft in the 1630s, and Joseph Avery and Richard Bradshaw at Hamburg in the 1640s and 1650s respectively. The chapter shows how the changing social structure of the Company’s trade had disturbed corporate politics.
Europe's Crisis of Legitimacy
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Eurozone crisis has generated not only a crisis of economics and politics but also of legitimacy. The European Union’s decision to ‘govern by rules and rule by numbers’ at the inception of the crisis in 2010, by mandating austerity and structural reform, undermined Euro member-states’ economic performance while increasing political volatility. The remedy beginning two years later, centered on reinterpreting the rules and recalibrating the numbers ‘by stealth,’ by not publicly admitting to increasing flexibility, may have improved performance. But it did nothing to change the suboptimal rules and only further contributed to politicization at EU and national levels as well as to citizens’ divided perceptions of EU actors, including the Council, the European Central Bank, the Commission, and the European Parliament. Moreover, although general acknowledgement of rules reinterpretations came as of 2015, the damage had been done. Using the lens of legitimacy, Europe’s Crisis of Legitimacy analyzes all aspects of the Eurozone crisis, including governance processes, political economy, and politics. In evaluating Eurozone crisis governance, the book adds the concept of ‘throughput’ legitimacy, encompassing procedural efficacy, accountability, transparency, inclusiveness and openness, to the long-standing legitimizing mechanisms of output legitimacy, defined as policy effectiveness and economic performance, and input legitimacy, as political representation and responsiveness. In addition to theorizing about democracy and legitimacy in the EU, the book uses the analytic framework of discursive institutionalism to highlight actors’ legitimating ideas and discourse during the Eurozone crisis. It concludes by suggesting ways to move beyond the Eurozone crisis through deeper integration balanced out by more decentralized and democratized governance.