bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mob and rotational grazing influence pasture biomass, nutritive value, and species composition
Authors: Billman Eric D. , Williamson Jessica A. , Soder Kathy J. , Andreen Danielle M. , Skinner R. Howard 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMob grazing, which uses very high stocking densities for short durations followed by a relatively long rest period, was designed to mimic bison (Bison bison) grazing in western U.S. grassland. This project assessed the suitability of mob grazing for livestock production in the Northeast. Objectives were to compare the effects of mob and rotational grazing on dry matter (DM) mass, nutritive value, and botanical composition across four grazing seasons. Eight, 0.10‐ha paddocks were established in 2014 as a randomized complete block with four replications, and seeded with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), narrowleaf plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), and tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort]. Mob‐grazed (MOB) paddocks were grazed by yearling beef cattle twice each year, (70–90–day interval), and rotationally grazed (ROT) paddocks were grazed four to six times each year (when sward height reached 25 cm). Cumulative pre‐grazing forage biomass (PGFM) of ROT was greater than MOB in three of four years. At the final grazing, the PGFM of ROT exceeded MOB by 2,500 kg ha−1. Within year, PGFM of ROT was more consistent, varying by only 1,000–1,400 kg DM ha−1 compared with 1,800–2,800 kg DM ha−1 for MOB. Grazing strategy altered botanical composition; ROT favored grasses while MOB favored alfalfa. Forage fiber content was consistently lower in ROT than MOB paddocks, indicating superior nutritive value. Results suggest rotational grazing is likely suitable for more consistent forage production of greater nutritive value in temperate, cool‐season grass‐legume pastures of the northeastern United States.
Proinflammation, profibrosis, and arterial aging
Authors: Wang Mingyi , Monticone Robert E. , McGraw Kimberly R. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAging is a major risk factor for quintessential cardiovascular diseases, which are closely related to arterial proinflammation. The age‐related alterations of the amount, distribution, and properties of the collagen fibers, such as cross‐links and degradation in the arterial wall, are the major sequelae of proinflammation. In the aging arterial wall, collagen types I, II, and III are predominant, and are mainly produced by stiffened vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) governed by proinflammatory signaling, leading to profibrosis. Profibrosis is regulated by an increase in the proinflammatory molecules angiotensin II, milk fat globule‐EGF‐VIII, and transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) signaling and a decrease in the vasorin signaling cascade. The release of these proinflammatory factors triggers the activation of matrix metalloproteinase type II (MMP‐2) and activates profibrogenic TGF‐β1 signaling, contributing to profibrosis. The age‐associated increase in activated MMP‐2 cleaves latent TGF‐β and subsequently increases TGF‐β1 activity leading to collagen deposition in the arterial wall. Furthermore, a blockade of the proinflammatory signaling pathway alleviates the fibrogenic signaling, reduces profibrosis, and prevents arterial stiffening with aging. Thus, age‐associated proinflammatory‐profibrosis coupling is the underlying molecular mechanism of arterial stiffening with advancing age.
Limitations of exome sequencing in detecting rare and undiagnosed diseases
Authors: Burdick Kendall J. , Cogan Joy D. , Rives Lynette C. , Robertson Amy K. , Koziura Mary E. , Brokamp Elly , Duncan Laura , Hannig Vickie , Pfotenhauer Jean , Vanzo Rena , Paul Michael S. , Bican Anna , Morgan Thomas , Duis Jessica , Newman John H. , Hamid Rizwan , Phillips John A. ,   Undiagnosed Diseases Network
Published: March 2020

AbstractWhile exome sequencing (ES) is commonly the final diagnostic step in clinical genetics, it may miss diagnoses. To clarify the limitations of ES, we investigated the diagnostic yield of genetic tests beyond ES in our Undiagnosed Diseases Network (UDN) participants. We reviewed the yield of additional genetic testing including genome sequencing (GS), copy number variant (CNV), noncoding variant (NCV), repeat expansion (RE), or methylation testing in UDN cases with nondiagnostic ES results. Overall, 36/54 (67%) of total diagnoses were based on clinical findings and coding variants found by ES and 3/54 (6%) were based on clinical findings only. The remaining 15/54 (28%) required testing beyond ES. Of these, 7/15 (47%) had NCV, 6/15 (40%) CNV, and 2/15 (13%) had a RE or a DNA methylation disorder. Thus 18/54 (33%) of diagnoses were not solved exclusively by ES. Several methods were needed to detect and/or confirm the functional effects of the variants missed by ES, and in some cases by GS. These results indicate that tests to detect elusive variants should be considered after nondiagnostic preliminary steps. Further studies are needed to determine the cost‐effectiveness of tests beyond ES that provide diagnoses and insights to possible treatment.
The evolution of pair‐living, sexual monogamy, and cooperative infant care: Insights from research on wild owl monkeys, titis, sakis, and tamarins
Authors: Fernandez‐Duque Eduardo , Huck Maren , Van Belle Sarie , Di Fiore Anthony 
Published: March 2020

Abstract“Monogamy” and pair bonding have long been of interest to anthropologists and primatologists. Their study contributes to our knowledge of human evolutionary biology and social evolution without the cultural trappings associated with studying human societies directly. Here, we first provide an overview of theoretical considerations, followed by an evaluation of recent comparative studies of the evolution of “social monogamy”; we are left with serious doubts about the conclusions of these studies that stem from the often poor quality of the data used and an overreliance on secondary sources without vetting the data therein. We then describe our field research program on four “monogamous” platyrrhines (owl monkeys, titis, sakis, and tamarins), evaluate how well our data support various hypotheses proposed to explain “monogamy,” and compare our data to those reported on the same genera in comparative studies. Overall, we found a distressing lack of agreement between the data used in comparative studies and data from the literature for the taxa that we work with. In the final section, we propose areas of research that deserve more attention. We stress the need for more high‐quality natural history data, and we urge researchers to be cautious about the uncritical use of variables of uncertain internal validity. Overall, it is imperative that biological anthropologists establish and follow clear criteria for comparing and combining results from published studies and that researchers, reviewers, and editors alike comply with these standards to improve the transparency, reproducibility, and interpretability of causal inferences made in comparative studies.
Clinical data analysis reveals the role of OGR1 (GPR68) in head and neck squamous cancer
Authors: Zhang Wenlong , Han Yong , Li Weisha , Cao Lin , Yan Libo , Qin Chuan , Gao Ran 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundHead and neck squamous cancer (HNSC) frequently occurs in the clinic. Revealing the role of the genes that correlate with cancer cell outgrowth will contribute to potential treatment target identification and tumor inhibition.MethodsThe gene expression profiles and gene ontology of the proton‐sensing G‐protein‐coupled receptor OGR1 were analyzed using the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database. The effects of sex, age, race, and degree of malignancy on HNSC were investigated, and the survival times of HNSC patients with high or low/medium expression levels of OGR1 were compared. Methylation of the OGR1 promoter CpG sites was also investigated and OGR1‐related genes were analyzed using gene set enrichment analysis.ResultsOGR1 is overexpressed in HNSC patients. However, compared with the low/median expression group, the high OGR1 expression group did not have different survival rates. The OGR1 expression level differed across sex, age, race, and degree of malignancy, while the methylation of the OGR1 promoter CpG sites was maintained at a similar level. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that OGR1 was positively correlated with head and neck cancer, cisplatin resistance, hypoxia, angiogenesis, cell migration, and TGF‐β.ConclusionThe expression of OGR1 correlated with HNSC progression and survival and thus can serve as a potential treatment target and prognostic marker.
Überwindung von Vancomycinresistenzen durch Modifikation mit polykationischen Peptiden
Authors: Umstätter Florian , Domhan Cornelius , Hertlein Tobias , Ohlsen Knut , Mühlberg Eric , Kleist Christian , Zimmermann Stefan , Beijer Barbro , Klika Karel D. , Haberkorn Uwe , Mier Walter , Uhl Philipp 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDie zunehmende Prävalenz von Resistenzen bei Bakterien gegen Glykopeptid‐Antibiotika macht auch vor Vancomycin nicht halt. Um die ursprünglich hohe Effektivität gegen diese resistenten Bakterien wieder zu erzielen, wurden hier polykationische Peptide an Vancomycin gekuppelt. Mithilfe einer regioselektiven Konjugationsstrategie wurden zahlreiche Derivate synthetisiert, welche die Peptidmodifikation an vier unterschiedlichen Anknüpfungsstellen des Antibiotikums tragen. Die hierbei erhaltenen wirksamsten Verbindungen zeigten eine bis zu 1000‐fach erhöhte antimikrobielle Aktivität und konnten alle wichtigen Formen an Vancomycinresistenzen überwinden. Ein Kompetitions‐Assay unter Verwendung des d‐Ala‐d‐Ala‐Motivs ergab, dass ein Wirkmechanismus abseits der bekannten Hemmung der Zellwandsynthese vorliegen muss. Die antimikrobielle Aktivität der Leitsubstanz FU002 konnte in einer In‐vivo‐Wirksamkeitsstudie in Mäusen nachgewiesen werden. Bildgebungs‐ und Bioverteilungsstudien ergaben, dass durch diese Konjugationsstrategie die Pharmakokinetik optimiert und detailliert gesteuert werden kann.
Rare‐Earth Single Erbium Atoms for Enhanced Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Ji Shufang , Qu Yang , Wang Tao , Chen Yuanjun , Wang Guofeng , Li Xue , Dong Juncai , Chen QiuYu , Zhang Wanying , Zhang Zedong , Liang Shiyou , Yu Rong , Wang Yu , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe solar‐driven photocatalytic reduction of CO2 (CO2RR) into chemical fuels is a promising route to enrich energy supplies and mitigate CO2 emissions. However, low catalytic efficiency and poor selectivity, especially in a pure‐water system, hinder the development of photocatalytic CO2RR owing to the lack of effective catalysts. Herein, we report a novel atom‐confinement and coordination (ACC) strategy to achieve the synthesis of rare‐earth single erbium (Er) atoms supported on carbon nitride nanotubes (Er1/CN‐NT) with a tunable dispersion density of single atoms. Er1/CN‐NT is a highly efficient and robust photocatalyst that exhibits outstanding CO2RR performance in a pure‐water system. Experimental results and density functional theory calculations reveal the crucial role of single Er atoms in promoting photocatalytic CO2RR.
An Electrochemophysiological Microarray for Real‐Time Monitoring and Quantification of Multiple Ions in the Brain of a Freely Moving Rat
Authors: Zhao Fan , Liu Yuandong , Dong Hui , Feng Shiqing , Shi Guoyue , Lin Longnian , Tian Yang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHerein, we present an electrochemophysiological microarray (ECPM) for real‐time mapping and simultaneous quantification of chemical signals for multiple ions in the deep brain of a freely moving rat, in which microelectrode arrays were developed for direct determination of multiple ions using open‐circuit potentiometry. Specific recognition ionophores were synthesized and optimized for determination of K+, Ca2+, Na+ and pH. A reference electrode was also developed to avoid interferences in the brain. The microarrays were successfully applied in real‐time monitoring and quantification of ions in a live brain. The extra current‐free potentiometry allowed mapping and biosensing of chemical signals, together with recording of electrical signals in the whole brain without cross‐talk, for the first time. Furthermore, the ECPM provided a platform for real‐time monitoring of the dynamic changes of multiple ions in the deep brain of freely moving rat during a seizure.
Optimization of the Degumming Process for Aqueous‐Extracted Wild Almond Oil
Authors: Nekouei Niloufar , Rezaei Karamatollah 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWild almond (Amygdalus scoparia) oil is rich in oleic acid and, considering both nutritional and stability points of view, it can be utilized for future food applications. In the current study, acid degumming was investigated based on a method by response surface methodology using four degumming parameters, namely the amount of phosphoric acid (0.0–0.2%, w/w), the amount of water (1.0–5.0%, w/w), degumming temperature (30–70 °C), and degumming time (10–50 min). Optimum conditions for the minimum phosphorus level in the oil were found to be 0.15% phosphoric acid, 3.0% water, 40 °C degumming temperature, and 28 min degumming time, resulting in an almost complete removal of phosphorus. The final degummed wild almond oil had less than 1 mg kg−1 phosphorus (reduced from an original value of 206 mg kg−1). The experimental value of phosphorus reduction at optimum conditions agreed well with that predicted by the model. Peroxide value, anisidine value, iron, copper, and lead contents, phytosterols, unsaponifiable matter, and color of the oil decreased significantly during the degumming process; however, the fatty acid composition did not change. Also, degumming did not significantly impact the free fatty acid level, refractive index, density, iodine value, and the saponification value of the oil. However, tocopherols and the oxidative stability of the oil increased during degumming. Crude wild almond oil contained a trace level of amygdalin, which was completely eliminated during the degumming process.
Improving interfacial compatibility by a micro–nano synergetic structure for high‐performance epoxy composites
Authors: Li Song , Wang Cong , Wang Tingmei , Wang Qihua , Zhang Xinrui 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA multiscale functional filler of micro–nano synergetic structure was successfully prepared via in‐situ growth of silica (SiO2) on biomimetic dopamine modified carbon fiber (CF) surface. The CF‐SiO2 hybrid as a reinforcement possessed lubricating and reinforcing effect to enhance tribological performance, thermal stability and thermomechanical property of epoxy (EP) composites. The micro–nano synergetic structure was of great importance for ameliorating the compatibility and interfacial adhesion between CF and EP matrix, which was conductive to transferring stress from matrix to fiber and alleviating stress concentration. It was concluded that the friction coefficient and wear rate of EP/CF‐SiO2 were 0.382 and 1.12 × 10−5 mm3/N·m, that is, a decline of 58% and 2.5 times, respectively, compared to EP/CF. The CF‐SiO2 hybrid exhibited excellent friction‐reducing and anti‐wear performance.
Two‐step route polycondensation for polynaphthalimides synthesis through high molar mass soluble precursors: A kinetic study
Authors: Moretti Passos Heloisa , Felisberti Maria Isabel 
Published: March 2020

AbstractResearch of polynaphthalimides (PNI) frequently reports difficulties over synthesis and processing due to insolubility. In this work, we present a novel comprehensive study on the effects of time, temperature and catalyst on the synthesis of soluble PNI precursors—polyamic acids (PAAs)—, as well as a novel synthetic procedure for the synthesis of PNI using mild conditions. Kinetic studies concerning the monomer conversion and the degree of premature imidization were performed through proton nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography for temperature ranging from 25 to 100°C. High temperatures (above 60°C) entail extensive premature imidization and insolubility. The use of triethylamine also catalyzes imidization. At the optimal condition, soluble PAA precursors for PNI of 72 kDa could be obtained at 40°C in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone solution (30 wt%) after 5 hr polymerization.
Dynamics of energy technology diffusion under uncertainty
Authors: Li Li , Liu Junqi , Zhu Lei 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe carbon emissions trading scheme combined with feed‐in tariff policy is viewed as a feasible policy mix to promote the energy system transferring to low or near‐ zero‐carbon emissions. To investigate the interaction between such policy mix and the diffusion of energy technologies, we establish a stochastic programming model to describe the technology choice between renewable and fossil energy technologies. The uncertain carbon price and “merit order” effect have been introduced in our model. The Kuhn‐Tucker Lagrangian is adopted to derive the model solution and we present several integrals of uncertain carbon prices to analyze the patterns of technologies diffusion, as well as how the electricity price be determined with “merit order” effect. With the model we demonstrated, in a deregulated electricity market with the uncertain carbon price, the diffusion of renewables follows an S‐shaped pattern that is related to the tariff and carbon price levels, and a negative electricity price is possible once the renewables come to dominate the entire market supply. Although there exists a choice related to the low‐carbon technology for the system planner, the room for such technology diffusion can be eliminated as the technology progress of renewables.
Economic assessment of a small‐scale plant for production of sulforaphane‐rich broccoli flour in Chile
Authors: Quintero Julián , Román Daniela , Salazar José Luis , Mahn Andrea 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBroccoli offers several health benefits due to its high content of bioactive compounds, especially sulforaphane – a promising anticancer compound. In Chile, the broccoli crop is expanding rapidly, creating opportunities to industrialize this vegetable and exploit its functional properties. Various processes have been studied with the aim of maximizing the sulforaphane content in processed broccoli using different dehydration methods. These have shown large differences in terms of recovery and cost. This work shows an economic feasibility study of a small‐scale plant for the production of sulforaphane‐rich broccoli flour considering three drying alternatives: tray drying (TD), pulsed fluidized‐bed drying, and freeze‐drying (FD). Freeze drying resulted in the highest sulforaphane content in the broccoli flour; however, this process entails the highest production cost. Tray drying showed the lowest production cost and a comparatively high sulforaphane content in the final product. Pulsed fluidized bed drying (PFBD) resulted in the highest sulforaphane loss. Although the three drying technologies resulted in positive net present values (NPV), the internal rate of return (IRR) was the lowest for freeze drying as a result of the high investment – over 20% higher than the investment required by the other alternatives. The NPV was practically independent of the drying technology when the sulforaphane content was considered in the estimation of the selling price. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Dosage Sensing, Threshold Responses, and Epigenetic Memory: A Systems Biology Perspective on Random X‐Chromosome Inactivation
Authors: Mutzel Verena , Schulz Edda G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractX‐chromosome inactivation ensures dosage compensation between the sexes in mammals by randomly choosing one out of the two X chromosomes in females for inactivation. This process imposes a plethora of questions: How do cells count their X chromosome number and ensure that exactly one stays active? How do they randomly choose one of two identical X chromosomes for inactivation? And how do they stably maintain this state of monoallelic expression? Here, different regulatory concepts and their plausibility are evaluated in the context of theoretical studies that have investigated threshold behavior, ultrasensitivity, and bistability through mathematical modeling. It is discussed how a twofold difference between a single and a double dose of X‐linked genes might be converted to an all‐or‐nothing response and how mutually exclusive expression can be initiated and maintained. Finally, candidate factors that might mediate the proposed regulatory principles are reviewed.
Regional pancreatoduodenectomy versus standard pancreatoduodenectomy with portal vein resection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with portal vein invasion
Authors: Oba A , Ito H , Ono Y , Sato T , Mise Y , Inoue Y , Takahashi Y , Saiura A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) with portal vein resection (PVR) is a standard operation for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with portal vein (PV) invasion, but positive margin rates remain high. It was hypothesized that regional pancreatoduodenectomy (RPD), in which soft tissue around the PV is resected en bloc, could enhance oncological clearance and survival.

Methods
This retrospective study included consecutive patients who underwent PD with PVR between January 2005 and December 2016 in a single high-volume centre. In standard PD (SPD) with PVR, the PV was skeletonized and the surrounding soft tissue dissected. In RPD, the retropancreatic segment of the PV was resected en bloc with its surrounding soft tissue. The extent of lymphadenectomy was similar between the procedures.

Results
A total of 268 patients were included (177 SPD, 91 RPD). Tumours were more often resectable in patients undergoing SPD (60·5 per cent versus 38 per cent in those having RPD; P = 0·014), and consequently they received neoadjuvant therapy less often (7·9 versus 25 per cent respectively; P &lt; 0·001). R0 resection was achieved in 73 patients (80 per cent) in the RPD group, compared with 117 (66·1 per cent) of those in the SPD group (P = 0·016), although perioperative outcomes were comparable between the groups. Median recurrence-free (RFS) and overall (OS) survival were 17 and 32 months respectively in patients who had RPD, compared with 11 and 21 months in those who had SPD (RFS: P = 0·003; OS: P = 0·004).

Conclusion
RPD is as safe and feasible as SPD, and may increase the survival of patients with PDAC with PV invasion.
Mitigation of Diclofenac Pollution in Aqueous Media by Adsorption
Authors: Ighalo Joshua O. , Adeniyi Adewale George 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDiclofenac is an acidic pharmaceutically active compound and one of the most frequently detected ones in wastewater. This review discusses the research progress and innovations made in recent years on the mitigation of diclofenac from aqueous media by adsorption. It was observed that activated carbon by intense physical activation, metal organic frameworks, and chitosan‐cellulose polymeric adsorbents were the best adsorbents for diclofenac removal. Diclofenac sorption follows mainly pseudo‐second order kinetics and was best fit to either Freundlich or Langmuir isotherms. Recent research trends involved the investigation of column and continuous experiments, competitive adsorption, and adsorption with photo‐catalytic degradation. Whilst numerous types of adsorbents have been explored, there is still need for mechanistic studies.