bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transient Response of Inductrack Systems for Maglev Transport: Part II—Solution and Dynamic Analysis
Authors: Wang Ruiyang , Yang Bingen 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In Part I of this two-part paper, a new benchmark transient model of Inductrack systems is developed. In this Part II, the proposed model, which is governed by a set of non-linear integro-differential governing equations, is used to predict the dynamic response of Inductrack systems. In the development, a state-space representation of the non-linear governing equations is established and a numerical procedure with a specific moving circuit window for transient solutions is designed. The dynamic analysis of Inductrack systems with the proposed model has two major tasks. First, the proposed model is validated through comparison with the noted steady-state results in the literature. Second, the transient response of an Inductrack system is simulated and analyzed in several typical dynamic scenarios. The steady-state response results predicted by the new model agree with those obtained in the previous studies. On the other hand, the transient response simulation results reveal that an ideal steady-state response can hardly exist in those investigated dynamic scenarios. It is believed that the newly developed transient model provides a useful tool for dynamic analysis of Inductrack systems and for in-depth understanding of the complicated electro-magneto-mechanical interactions in this type of dynamic systems.
Predictors of selective laser trabeculoplasty success in open angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension: does baseline tonography have a predictive role?
Authors: Alaghband Pouya , Galvis Elizabeth Angela , Daas Arij , Nagar Anindyt , Beltran-Agulló Laura , Khawaja Anthony P , Goyal Saurabh , Lim Kin Sheng 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundThe determinants of success of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) in treatment-naïve patients with open angle glaucoma (OAG) and ocular hypertension (OHT) have not been understood fully. Therefore, we have conducted this study to explore the predictors of success.MethodsThis is a retrospective review of a pre-existing database of patients who had received primary SLT at St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK. Patients with OAG and OHT who had received primary 360° SLT treatment and had reliable baseline tonographic outflow facility (TOF) with minimum of 1 year of follow-up were included. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to find the determinants of success.ResultsOne hundred and seventy-four patients between August 2006 and February 2010 had received primary 360° SLT treatment and had baseline TOF measurement. Of these, 72 subjects fulfilled the eligibility criteria. In multivariate regression analysis, the only variable associated with success was baseline intraocular pressure (IOP) (R2=0.32, beta=−0.51, p<0.001, 95% CI −2.02 to −0.74).ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the only study investigating the pretreatment TOF (measured with electronic Shiøtz tonography) and IOP as determinants of success 12 month’s post-360° SLT in treatment-naïve patients with OAG and OHT. This study demonstrated that pretreatment IOP (and not TOF) is the only determinant of success after primary SLT therapy.
Superior socioeconomic status in patients with type 2 diabetes having gastric bypass surgery: a case-control analysis of 10 642 individuals
Authors: Sundbom Magnus , Franzén Stefan , Ottosson Johan , Svensson Ann-Marie 
Published: January 2020

IntroductionThe incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing, in parallel with the epidemic of obesity. Although bariatric surgery, which profoundly affects T2DM, has increased 10-fold since the millennium, only a fraction of diabetics is offered this treatment option.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between clinical and socioeconomic factors in selecting patients with T2DM for bariatric surgery in a publicly financed healthcare system.Research design and methodsCohort study using prospectively registered data from two nationwide quality registers, the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry (SOReg) and the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR), and data from two government agencies. An age, gender and body mass index-matched case-control analysis containing 10 642 patients with T2DM was performed.ResultsPatients with T2DM having bariatric surgery had a higher education level (upper secondary school or college level, OR 1.42% and 95% CI (1.29 to 1.57) and 1.33 (1.18 to 1.51), respectively) as well as a higher income (OR 1.37 (1.22 to 1.53) to 1.94 (1.72 to 2.18) for quartile 2–4) than non-operated patients. Operated patients were more often married or had been married (OR 1.51 (1.37 to 1.66) and 1.65 (1.46 to 1.86), respectively) as well as natives (OR 0.84 (0.73 to 0.95) if born in the rest of Europe). Groups did not differ regarding relevant laboratory data and present medication, nor in former in-patient diagnoses.ConclusionDespite similar clinical data, superior socioeconomic status was associated with increased rate of bariatric surgery in patients with T2DM. We believe that this warrants actions, for example concerning referral patterns.
Effect of a dementia education intervention on the confidence and attitudes of general practitioners in Australia: a pretest post-test study
Authors: Mason Ron , Doherty Kathleen , Eccleston Claire , Winbolt Margaret , Long Marita , Robinson Andrew 
Published: January 2020

ObjectivesThis study assessed the impact of a Dementia Education Workshop on the confidence and attitudes of general practitioner (GP) registrars (GPR) and GP supervisors (GPS) in relation to the early diagnosis and management of dementia.DesignPretest post-test research design.SettingContinuing medical education in Australia.Participants332 GPR and 114 GPS.InterventionsRegistrars participated in a 3-hour face-to-face workshop while supervisors participated in a 2-hour-modified version designed to assist with the education and supervision of registrars.Main outcome measuresThe General Practitioners Confidence and Attitude Scale for Dementia was used to assess overall confidence, attitude to care and engagement. A t-test for paired samples was used to identify differences from preworkshop (T1) to postworkshop (T2) for each GP group. A t-test for independent samples was undertaken to ascertain differences between each workshop group. A Cohen’s d was calculated to measure the effect size of any difference between T1 and T2 scores.ResultsSignificant increases in scores were recorded forConfidence in Clinical Abilities,Attitude to CareandEngagementbetween pretest and post-test periods. GPR exhibited the greatest increase in scores forConfidence in Clinical AbilitiesandEngagement.ConclusionsTargeted educational interventions can improve attitude, increase confidence and reduce negative attitudes towards engagement of participating GPs.
Early-life social and health determinants of adult socioeconomic position: associations and trends across generations
Authors: Hossin Muhammad Zakir , Björk Jonas , Koupil Ilona 
Published: January 2020

Background
Social and biological circumstances at birth are established predictors of adult socioeconomic position (SEP). This study aims to assess the trends in these associations across two generations and examine the effects of parental early-life characteristics on descendants’ adult SEP.

Methods
We studied men and women born in the Uppsala University Hospital 1915–1929 (G1) and their offspring born 1932–1960 (G2). Data were collected in archives and routine registers. Adult SEP was assessed as an aggregate measure combining education and occupation. The exposures were family SEP, mother’s marital status, mother’s parity, mother’s age, standardised birth weight, gestational length and birth multiplicity. Linear regression was used to examine the associations across generations.

Results
The difference in adult SEP between low and high family SEP at birth was 15.8 (95% CI: 13.3 to 18.3) percentage points smaller in G2 compared with G1, although a considerable difference was still evident in G2. The associations of adult SEP with small birth weight for gestational age, post-term birth and high parity were stable between the generations: the generational differences in adjusted coefficients were 1.5 (95% CI: −1.1 to 4.1), 0.6 (–1.7 to 2.9) and 1.8 (–0.2 to 3.8) percentage points, respectively. The association between grandparental and grandchildren’s SEPs was largely explained by parental socioeconomic conditions. Father’s preterm birth was independently associated with offspring’s SEP.

Conclusion
The stability of the associations between early-life biological disadvantages and adult SEP and the persistent, although attenuated, association between early-life and adult SEPs necessitates increased policy attention to both social and health conditions at birth.
The new physics reach of null tests with $$D \rightarrow \pi \ell \ell $$ and $$D_s \rightarrow K \ell \ell $$ decays
Authors: Bause Rigo , Golz Marcel , Hiller Gudrun , Tayduganov Andrey 
Published: January 2020

Abstract$$|\Delta c|=|\Delta u|=1$$

|
Δ
c
|
=
|
Δ
u
|
=
1

processes are unique probes of flavor physics in the up-sector within and beyond the Standard Model (SM). SM tests with rare semileptonic charm meson decays are based on an approximate CP–symmetry, a superior GIM–mechanism, angular distributions, lepton-universality and lepton flavor conservation. We analyze the complete set of null test observables in $$D \rightarrow \pi \ell \ell ^{(\prime )}$$

D
→
π
ℓ

ℓ

(
′
)

and $$D_s \rightarrow K \ell \ell ^{(\prime )}$$

D
s

→
K
ℓ

ℓ

(
′
)

decays, $$\ell ^{(\prime )}=e, \mu $$

ℓ

(
′
)

=
e
,
μ

, and find large room for new physics safely above the SM contribution. We identify signatures of supersymmetry, leptoquarks and anomaly-free $$U(1)^\prime $$

U

(
1
)

′

–models with generation-dependent charges, for which we provide explicit examples. $$Z^\prime $$

Z
′

–effects in $$c \rightarrow u \ell \ell ^{(\prime )}$$

c
→
u
ℓ

ℓ

(
′
)

transitions can be sizable if both left-handed and right-handed couplings to quarks are present.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk Steadily Persists over Time Despite Long-Term Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis B: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Kim Seung Up , Seo Yeon Seok , Lee Han Ah , Kim Mi Na , Lee Eun Ju , Shin Hye Jung , Lee Yu Rim , Lee Hye Won , Park Jun Yong , Kim Do Young , Ahn Sang Hoon , Han Kwang-Hyub , Um Soon Ho , Tak Won Young , Kweon Young Oh , Kim Beom Kyung , Park Soo Young 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background:
Long-term antiviral therapy (AVT) for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We assessed the temporal trends in the incidence of HCC over time during long-term AVT among Asian patients with CHB.

Methods:
Patients with CHB receiving entecavir/tenofovir (ETV/TDF) as a first-line antiviral were recruited from four academic hospitals in the Republic of Korea. We compared the incidence of HCC during and after the first 5 years of ETV/TDF treatment.

Results:
Among 3,156 patients, the median age was 49.6 years and males predominated (62.4%). During the follow-up, 9.0% developed HCC. The annual incidence of HCC per 100 person-years during the first 5 years (n = 1,671) and after the first 5 years (n = 1,485) was statistically similar (1.93% vs. 2.27%, P = 0.347). When the study population was stratified according to HCC prediction model, that is, modified PAGE-B score, the annual incidence of HCC was 0.11% versus 0.39% in the low-risk group (&lt;8 points), 1.26% versus 1.82% in the intermediate-risk group (9–12 points), and 4.63% versus 5.24% in the high-risk group (≥13 points; all P &gt; 0.05). A Poisson regression analysis indicated that the duration of AVT did not significantly affect the overall trend of the incidence of HCC (adjusted annual incidence rate ratio = 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.66–1.11; P = 0.232).

Conclusions:
Despite long-term AVT, the risk of HCC steadily persists over time among patients with CHB in the Republic of Korea, in whom HBV genotype C2 predominates.

Impact:
Careful HCC surveillance is still essential.
Local Intracerebral Immunomodulation Using Interleukin-Expressing Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Glioblastoma
Authors: Mohme Malte , Maire Cecile L. , Geumann Ulf , Schliffke Simon , Dührsen Lasse , Fita Krystian , Akyüz Nuray , Binder Mascha , Westphal Manfred , Guenther Christine , Lamszus Katrin , Hermann Felix G. , Schmidt Nils Ole 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Purpose:
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show an inherent brain tumor tropism that can be exploited for targeted delivery of therapeutic genes to invasive glioma. We assessed whether a motile MSC-based local immunomodulation is able to overcome the immunosuppressive glioblastoma microenvironment and to induce an antitumor immune response.

Experimental Design:
We genetically modified MSCs to coexpress high levels of IL12 and IL7 (MSCIL7/12, Apceth-301). Therapeutic efficacy was assessed in two immunocompetent orthotopic C57BL/6 glioma models using GL261 and CT2A. Immunomodulatory effects were assessed by multicolor flow cytometry to profile immune activation and exhaustion of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Diversity of the tumor-specific immune response as analyzed using T-cell receptor sequencing.

Results:
Intratumoral administration of MSCIL7/12 induced significant tumor growth inhibition and remission of established intracranial tumors, as demonstrated by MR imaging. Notably, up to 50% of treated mice survived long-term. Rechallenging of survivors confirmed long-lasting tumor immunity. Local treatment with MSCIL7/12 was well tolerated and led to a significant inversion of the CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio with an intricate, predominantly CD8+ effector T-cell–mediated antitumor response. T-cell receptor sequencing demonstrated an increased diversity of TILs in MSCIL7/12-treated mice, indicating a broader tumor-specific immune response with subsequent oligoclonal specification during generation of long-term immunity.

Conclusions:
Local MSC-based immunomodulation is able to efficiently alter the immunosuppressive microenvironment in glioblastoma. The long-lasting therapeutic effects warrant a rapid clinical translation of this concept and have led to planning of a phase I/II study of apceth-301 in recurrent glioblastoma.
BRAF and DIS3 Mutations Associate with Adverse Outcome in a Long-term Follow-up of Patients with Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Boyle Eileen M. , Ashby Cody , Tytarenko Ruslana G. , Deshpande Shayu , Wang Hongwei , Wang Yan , Rosenthal Adam , Sawyer Jeffrey , Tian Erming , Flynt Erin , Hoering Antje , Johnson Sarah K. , Rutherford Michael W. , Wardell Christopher P. , Bauer Michael A. , Dumontet Charles , Facon Thierry , Thanendrarajan Sharmilan , Schinke Carolina D. , Zangari Maurizio , van Rhee Frits , Barlogie Bart , Cairns David , Jackson Graham , Thakurta Anjan , Davies Faith E. , Morgan Gareth J. , Walker Brian A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Purpose:
Copy-number changes and translocations have been studied extensively in many datasets with long-term follow-up. The impact of mutations remains debated given the short time to follow-up of most datasets.

Experimental Design:
We performed targeted panel sequencing covering 125 myeloma-specific genes and the loci involved in translocations in 223 newly diagnosed myeloma samples recruited into one of the total therapy trials.

Results:
As expected, the most commonly mutated genes were NRAS, KRAS, and BRAF, making up 44% of patients. Double-Hit and BRAF and DIS3 mutations had an impact on outcome alongside classical risk factors in the context of an intensive treatment approach. We were able to identify both V600E and non-V600E BRAF mutations, 58% of which were predicted to be hypoactive or kinase dead. Interestingly, 44% of the hypoactive/kinase dead BRAF-mutated patients showed co-occurring alterations in KRAS, NRAS, or activating BRAF mutations, suggesting that they play a role in the oncogenesis of multiple myeloma by facilitating MAPK activation and may lead to chemoresistance.

Conclusions:
Overall, these data highlight the importance of mutational screening to better understand newly diagnosed multiple myeloma and may lead to patient-specific mutation-driven treatment approaches.
Knowledge of Potential Harms and Benefits of Tamoxifen among Women Considering Breast Cancer Preventive Therapy
Authors: Thorneloe Rachael Jane , Hall Louise Hazel , Walter Fiona Mary , Side Lucy , Lloyd Kelly Elizabeth , Smith Samuel George 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Tamoxifen reduces breast cancer incidence in women at increased risk, but may cause side effects. We examined women's knowledge of tamoxifen's potential harms and benefits, and the extent to which knowledge reflects subjective judgments of awareness and decision quality. After a hospital appointment, 408 (55.7%) women at increased risk of breast cancer completed a survey assessing objective knowledge about the potential benefit (risk reduction) and harms (endometrial cancer, thromboembolic events, and menopausal side effects) of tamoxifen, and subjective tamoxifen knowledge and decisional quality. Two hundred fifty-eight (63.2%) completed a 3-month follow-up survey. Sixteen percent (15.7%) of participants recognized the potential benefit and three major harms of using tamoxifen. These women were more likely to have degree-level education [vs. below degree level; OR, 2.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11–4.55] and good numeracy (vs. poor numeracy; OR, 5.91; 95% CI, 1.33–26.19). Tamoxifen uptake was higher in women who recognized all harms and benefits (vs. not recognizing; OR, 2.47; 95% CI, 0.94–6.54). Sixty-six percent (65.8%) of tamoxifen users were unaware of its potential benefit and harms. Most (87.1%) women reported feeling informed about tamoxifen, and subjective decisional quality was high [Mean (SD), 17.03 (1.87), out of 18]. Knowledge regarding the potential harms and benefit of tamoxifen is low in women considering prevention therapy, and they may need additional support to make informed decisions about tamoxifen preventive therapy.
Dropsonde Observations of the Ageostrophy within the Pre-Cold-Frontal Low-Level Jet Associated with Atmospheric Rivers
Authors: Demirdjian Reuben , Norris Joel R. , Martin Andrew , Ralph F. Martin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The pre-cold-frontal low-level jet (LLJ) is an important contributor for water vapor transport within atmospheric rivers, though its dynamics are not completely understood. The present study investigates the LLJ using dropsonde observations from 24 cross-atmospheric river transects taken during the CalWater-2014, 2015 and the AR-Recon 2016, 2018 field campaigns. It is found that the LLJ, located at ~1-km elevation ahead of the cold front, has an average maximum wind speed of 30 m s−1 and is strongly supergeostrophic with an average ageostrophic component of 6 m s−1. The alongfront ageostrophy occurs within the atmospheric layer (750–1250 m) known to strongly control orographic precipitation associated with atmospheric rivers. The ERA5 reanalysis product is used to both validate the observed geostrophic winds and investigate the supergeostrophic jet dynamics. The comparison demonstrates that there is no systematic bias in the observed geostrophic wind but that the ERA5 LLJ total wind field is generally biased low by an amount consistent with the observed ageostrophy. One of the few cases in which the ERA5 produces an ageostrophic LLJ occurs on 13 February 2016, which is used to investigate the dynamical processes responsible for the ageostrophy. This analysis demonstrates that the isallobaric (pressure tendency) term serves to accelerate the ageostrophic jet, and the Coriolis torque and advective tendency terms serve to propagate the jet normal to the LLJ. Therefore, if a model is to accurately represent the LLJ, it must adequately resolve processes contributing toward the pressure tendencies along the cold front.
Classifying Convective Storms Using Machine Learning
Authors: Jergensen G. Eli , McGovern Amy , Lagerquist Ryan , Smith Travis 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe demonstrate that machine learning (ML) can skillfully classify thunderstorms into three categories: supercell, part of a quasi-linear convective system, or disorganized. These classifications are based on radar data and environmental information obtained through a proximity sounding. We compare the performance of five ML algorithms: logistic regression with the elastic-net penalty, random forests, gradient-boosted forests, and support-vector machines with both a linear and nonlinear kernel. The gradient-boosted forest performs best, with an accuracy of 0.77 ± 0.02 and a Peirce score of 0.58 ± 0.04. The linear support-vector machine performs second best, with values of 0.70 ± 0.02 and 0.55 ± 0.05, respectively. We use two interpretation methods, permutation importance and sequential forward selection, to determine the most important predictors for the ML models. We also use partial-dependence plots to determine how these predictors influence the outcome. A main conclusion is that shape predictors, based on the outline of the storm, appear to be highly important across ML models. The training data, a storm-centered radar scan and modeled proximity sounding, are similar to real-time data. Thus, the models could be used operationally to aid human decision-making by reducing the cognitive load involved in manual storm-mode identification. Also, they could be run on historical data to perform climatological analyses, which could be valuable to both the research and operational communities.
Batch Informed Trees (BIT*): Informed asymptotically optimal anytime search
Authors: Gammell Jonathan D , Barfoot Timothy D , Srinivasa Siddhartha S 
Published: January 2020

Path planning in robotics often requires finding high-quality solutions to continuously valued and/or high-dimensional problems. These problems are challenging and most planning algorithms instead solve simplified approximations. Popular approximations include graphs and random samples, as used by informed graph-based searches and anytime sampling-based planners, respectively. Informed graph-based searches, such as A*, traditionally use heuristics to search a priori graphs in order of potential solution quality. This makes their search efficient, but leaves their performance dependent on the chosen approximation. If the resolution of the chosen approximation is too low, then they may not find a (suitable) solution, but if it is too high, then they may take a prohibitively long time to do so. Anytime sampling-based planners, such as RRT*, traditionally use random sampling to approximate the problem domain incrementally. This allows them to increase resolution until a suitable solution is found, but makes their search dependent on the order of approximation. Arbitrary sequences of random samples approximate the problem domain in every direction simultaneously, but may be prohibitively inefficient at containing a solution. This article unifies and extends these two approaches to develop Batch Informed Trees (BIT*), an informed, anytime sampling-based planner. BIT* solves continuous path planning problems efficiently by using sampling and heuristics to alternately approximate and search the problem domain. Its search is ordered by potential solution quality, as in A*, and its approximation improves indefinitely with additional computational time, as in RRT*. It is shown analytically to be almost-surely asymptotically optimal and experimentally to outperform existing sampling-based planners, especially on high-dimensional planning problems.