bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of IL-6, TNF-α, and VDR in Inhibiting the Growth of Salmonella Typhi: in vivo Study
Authors: Febriza Ami , Natzir Rosdiana , Hatta Mochammad , As'ad Suryani , Budu . , Kaelan Cahyono , Kasim Vivien Novarina , Idrus Hasta Handayani 
Published: April 2020

Background and aim:
The prevalence of typhoid fever is reportedly high, especially in Asia. When a pathogen enters the human body, there are markers in the form of molecules that will be known by the innate immune system. Specific molecular markers of gram negative bacteria, which are Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and Toll-Like receptors-4 will interact with LPS. The binding between LPS and TLR-4 will give rise to activation signals that will activate innate immune cells. Immune cells will release a number of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6. While Vitamin D Receptors (VDR) are expressed in large amounts in tumor tissue and infected cells. This study aimed to prove the role of IL-6, TNF-α, and VDR in inhibiting bacterial growth in mice that have been induced by S.Typhi.

Methods:
This research was a real experimental pre-post test design to investigate the level of IL-6, TNF-α and VDR in suppressing the growth of bacteria in the peritoneal fluid of S. Typhi, male, mice BALB/c. Mice were divided into three groups comprised of 10 mice each. All mice in groups A and B were intraperitoneally inoculated with S. Typhi strain Thy1 in study day 0. Group A was treated with antibiotic Levofloxacine, on study day 4th. Another study group, group B, was used as a placebo and received aquades on study day 4th. While group C as a control was not inoculated with S. Typhi. Blood samples from three groups for the calculation of serum Il-6, TNF-α, and VDR were collected. This examination was taken four times; at baseline, 4th day, 10th day, and 30th day. For the calculation of bacterial colony, peritoneal fluid retrieval was collected three times, which is on 4th day, 10th day, and 30th day.

Results:
A repeated measure ANOVA in group A (antibiotic) and group B (placebo) group showed that mean IL-6, TNF-α, and VDR level differed statistically significant between times (p-value 0.000). There was a strong negative correlation between bacterial colony count and VDR level, which was statistically significant in both groups (group A; r = -0.875, p-value = 0.000 vs group B; r = -0.470, p-value = 0.002). IL-6 and TNF-α didn't give significant statistical correlation with bacterial colony count.

Conclusion:
VDR, IL-6, and TNF-α play an important role in killing bacteria. From the results of this study, IL-6 level is related to the number of bacterial colonies, the lower the IL-6 level, the less the number of bacterial colonies. Similarly, TNF-α levels have a positive correlation with the number of bacterial colonies. While VDR levels are also related to the number of bacterial colonies, the higher the VDR level, the lower the number of bacterial colonies.
The Factors Predicting the Health-Related Quality of Life Among Persons with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Public Health Region 4, Thailand: A Mixed-Methods Study
Authors: Wangsom Atchanat , Othaganont Pranom , Ladores Sigrid 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Health-Related Quality Of Life (HRQOL) is an important consideration for persons with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This convergent parallel mixed-methods study aimed to examine the factors predicting HRQOL and to explore a comprehensive in-depth understanding of the factors associated with HRQOL in persons with COPD.

Methods:
For the quantitative arm, simple random sampling consisted of 240 persons with COPD in Public Health Region 4, Thailand and self-reported questionnaires were employed and analyzed by using SPSS version 22.0 software. For the qualitative arm, purposive sampling consisted of 30 participants that were interviewed and the transcripts analyzed using content analysis. Subsequently, a side-by-side joint display table was used to merge the data.

Results:
Social support was the strongest predictor of HRQOL, followed by nutritional status, pulmonary function, and functional performance with R2 = 0.801, p = 0.00. The participants perceived that social support can create encouragement, build convenience, and offer good recommendations. They also reported that the effects of COPD included poor nutritional status, deteriorating lung function, and activity limitations resulting in inadequate self-care in people living with COPD. Although age and gender were not found to be significant predictors of HRQOL, the participants perceived that differences in age and gender did not predict the prognosis of the disease.

Conclusion:
Four factors were seen to be significant predictors of HRQOL and potential explanations for the identification of the factors predicting HRQOL. Nurses and healthcare teams can modify the predicting factors and implement appropriate care leading to increased HRQOL in persons with COPD.
Maternal AIDS Orphans and the Burden of Parenting in Youth-headed Households; Implications for Food Security in Impoverished Areas of South Africa
Authors: Sebola Ephodia , Ntuli Busisiwe , Madiba Sphiwe 
Published: April 2020

The increasing number of AIDS orphans has led to an increase in child and youth headed households. Adjusting to the parenting role with no support from their extended family is a source of distress for orphans heading households. This study explored the parenting experiences of orphaned youth heading households in resource constraints environments.

Methods:
The participants were purposely selected from Youth-Headed Households (YHHs) located in informal settlements in the City of Tshwane, South Africa. The data analysis was inductive and followed the thematic approach.

Results:
Thirteen females and five males aged between 15-24 years were interviewed. The phenomenon of YHHs occured in impoverished informal settlements partly due to orphans being forcefully removed from their parents’ homes after the death of their mothers. The household heads felt morally obliged to care for their siblings, experienced parenting as burdensome, and the role adjustment from being a child to a parent difficult and demanding. The inability to provide adequate food to feed their siblings was a source of emotional stress. In an attempt to fulfil their parenting roles, they dropped out of school to find employment.

Conclusion:
Although the child support and foster grant are widely recognised for improving children's access to food, education, and basic services in South Africa, the lack thereof contributed to the economic hardships and vulnerability to food insecurity and hunger among orphans in YHHs. There is a need for multi-sectoral interventions to address food insecurity and, in so doing, improve the psychosocial wellbeing of orphans in YHHs.
Machine Learning Algorithms in Cardiology Domain: A Systematic Review
Authors: Dudchenko Aleksei , Ganzinger Matthias , Kopanitsa Georgy 
Published: April 2020

Background:It could be seen in the previous decades that Machine Learning (ML) has a huge variety of possible implementations in medicine and can be of great use. Nevertheless, cardiovascular diseases cause about a third of the total global deaths.Does ML work in the cardiology domain and what is the current progress in this regard? To answer this question, we present a systematic review aiming at 1) identifying studies where machine learning algorithms were applied in the domain of cardiology; 2) providing an overview based on the existing literature about the state-of-the-art ML algorithms applied in cardiology.Methods:For organizing this review, we adopted the PRISMA statement. We used PubMed as the search engine and identified the search keywords as “Machine Learning”, “Data Mining”, “Cardiology”, and “Cardiovascular” in combinations. Scientific articles and conference papers published between 2013-2017 reporting about implementations of ML algorithms in the domain of cardiology have been included in this review.Results:In total, 27 relevant papers were included. We examined four aspects: the aims of ML systems, the methods, datasets, and evaluation metrics. The major part of the paper was aimed at predicting the risk of mortality. A promising branch of Machine Learning, the ‘Reinforcement Learning’, was also never proposed in the observed papers. Tree-based ensembles are common and show good results, whereas deep neural networks are poorly represented. Most papers (20 of 27) have used datasets that are hardly available for other researchers,e.g. unpublished local registries. We also identified 28 different metrics for model evaluation. This variety of metrics makes it difficult to compare the results of different researches.Conclusion:We suppose that this systematic review will be helpful for researchers developing medical machine learning systems and for cardiology in particular.
Assessment of Cardiovascular Disease Risk among Qatari Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Attending Primary Health Care Centers, 2014
Authors: Al-yafei Anees , Osman Sherif O. , Selim Nagah , Alkubaisi Noora , Singh Rajvir 
Published: April 2020

Background:
The accumulated knowledge on the development of cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients due to clustering and synergistic interaction of multiple risk factors leads to the establishment of cardiovascular disease 10-year risk prediction tools. The management of patients based on their total risk prediction is an effective way to reduce disease burden. The behavior of such tools varies based on population and their risk profile.

Objective:
To estimate the total 10-year cardiovascular disease risk using General Framingham Risk Prediction Score and World Health Organization /International Society for Hypertension (WHO/ISH) Risk Prediction Chart on Qatari diabetic patients.

Methods:
Cross-sectional design was used. A total of 532 Qatari diabetic patients attending primary healthcare were enrolled. Data were collected using an interview administered questionnaire, anthropometric & blood pressure measurement, and medical records. The total 10-year cardiovascular disease risk was assessed using the WHO/ISH risk prediction chart and Framingham score.

Results:
The former categorized (81.6%) of participants as low risk and only (3.8%) as in high and very high risk. While the later categorized (12.2%) of participants as low risk and (57.6%) as in high and very high risk. No agreement between both tools in assessment of cardiovascular disease risk (κ = - 0.019, p-value = 0.216). All risk factors used by both tools illustrated a statistically significant relation with risk categories, except ‘anti-hypertensive medications intake’ in the Framingham score.

Conclusion:
Encouraging assessment of patients based on total risk rather than single risk factor and further study of total risk prediction can help to establish a national tool for Qatar.
The Flavonoid Compounds from Zanthoxylum leprieurii Guill. et Perr (Rutaceae) Extracts and their Antioxidant Activity against ABTS•+
Authors: TINE Yoro , DIALLO Alioune , NDOYE Idrissa , YANG Yin , RENUCCI Franck , Guèye Rokhya Sylla , Baldé Mamadou , Diédhiou Adama , Fall Djibril , Seck Matar , Desjobert Jean-Marie , COSTA Jean , WELE Alassane , PAOLINI Julien 
Published: April 2020

Screening of flavonoid compounds in fruit, leaf, stem and root bark extracts of Z. leprieurii was achieved by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS2). Among the 186 reference compounds tested, four flavonoids were identified in one or other of the organ extracts from each plant (fruit, leaf, root barks and stem): neodiosmin and hesperidin were identified in all extracts. The presence of datiscin was reported only in leaves while that of rutin was identified in fruits and leaves. Of these four flavonoids, three (neodiosmin, datiscin and rutin) are detected for the first time in Z. leprieurii. The antioxidant properties of different extracts were tested regarding their scavenging activities on ABTS•+ radical. Fruit, leaf and stem extracts had low antioxidant potential and root bark extracts exhibited very low antioxidant activity.
Keywords: Zanthoxylum leprieurii, flavonoids, LC-MS/MS and antioxidant activity.
Assessment of Medication Adherence Barriers in COPD Patients in A Secondary Care Teaching Hospital
Authors: Philip Aneena Annu , Mohanan Manisha , Shine Merine , Benny Sherin Sara , Ashok Poornima 
Published: April 2020

Background: COPD is characterised by persistent airway obstruction in which better clinical outcome can be attained by appropriate management of disease. Adherence to COPD medication is poorly understood due to chronic nature of the disease. It is crucial to identify the barriers of non-adherence to build up and execute policies and interventions to upgrade medication adherence. Objective: To identify the predisposing barriers of medication adherence and to find the association between medication adherence and variables. Methods: A descriptive analytical study was conducted and data was collected from COPD outpatients. The Morisky Medication Adherence Scale was used to measure adherence and self-assessed questionnaire was employed to identify the predictors of poor adherence. Chi square test was carried out to find the relationship between medication adherence and variables such as age, gender, literacy, socioeconomic class, polypharmacy, delivery device and climate. Results: A total of 403 patients were involved in the study where 68% reported lower adherence. The most common adherence barriers found were forgetfulness (88%), intentional stoppage of medicines when symptoms improve (83%) and negligence towards medication (82%).A significant association was found between gender, literacy, socioeconomic class, polypharmacy, delivery device and climate. Conclusion: Adherence to medication regimen in COPD patients is poor, even though it is a preventable and a treatable disease. Well-structured education, training, counseling is required to overcome medication adherence particularly among illiterate and low socioeconomic class patients. The combined interventions should be used such as video clips demonstrations of inhaler technique should be given.
Keywords: COPD, Morisky medication adherence scale, Chi square test.
Blood Pressure Variability and Risk of Heart Failure in ACCORD and the VADT
Authors: Nuyujukian Daniel S. , Koska Juraj , Bahn Gideon , Reaven Peter D. , Zhou Jin J. 
Published: April 2020

OBJECTIVE
Although blood pressure variability is increasingly appreciated as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, its relationship with heart failure (HF) is less clear. We examined the relationship between blood pressure variability and risk of HF in two cohorts of type 2 diabetes participating in trials of glucose and/or other risk factor management.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data were drawn from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial and the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT). Coefficient of variation (CV) and average real variability (ARV) were calculated for systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) along with maximum and cumulative mean SBP and DBP during both trials.

RESULTS
In ACCORD, CV and ARV of SBP and DBP were associated with increased risk of HF, even after adjusting for other risk factors and mean blood pressure (e.g., CV-SBP: hazard ratio [HR] 1.15, P = 0.01; CV-DBP: HR 1.18, P = 0.003). In the VADT, DBP variability was associated with increased risk of HF (ARV-DBP: HR 1.16, P = 0.001; CV-DBP: HR 1.09, P = 0.04). Further, in ACCORD, those with progressively lower baseline blood pressure demonstrated a stepwise increase in risk of HF with higher CV-SBP, ARV-SBP, and CV-DBP. Effects of blood pressure variability were related to dips, not elevations, in blood pressure.

CONCLUSIONS
Blood pressure variability is associated with HF risk in individuals with type 2 diabetes, possibly a consequence of periods of ischemia during diastole. These results may have implications for optimizing blood pressure treatment strategies in those with type 2 diabetes.
On Solutions of Fractional order Telegraph Partial Differential Equation by Crank-Nicholson Finite Difference Method
Authors: Modanli Mahmut , Akgül Ali 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The exact solution is calculated for fractional telegraph partial differential equation depend on initial boundary value problem. Stability estimates are obtained for this equation. Crank-Nicholson difference schemes are constructed for this problem. The stability of difference schemes for this problem is presented. This technique has been applied to deal with fractional telegraph differential equation defined by Caputo fractional derivative for fractional orders α = 1.1, 1.5, 1.9. Numerical results confirm the accuracy and effectiveness of the technique.
The Comparison Study of Hybrid Method with RDTM for Solving Rosenau-Hyman Equation
Authors: Arslan Derya 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the hybrid method (differential transform and finite difference methods) and the RDTM (reduced differential transform method) are implemented to solve Rosenau-Hyman equation. These methods give the desired accurate results in only a few terms and the approach procedure is rather simple and effective. An experiment is given to demonstrate the efficiency and reliability of these presented methods. The obtained numerical results are compared with each other and with exact solution. It seems that the results of the hybrid method and the RDTM show good performance as the other methods. The most important part of this study is that these methods are suitable to solve both some linear and nonlinear problems, and reduce the size of computation work.
The Numerical Study of a Hybrid Method for Solving Telegraph Equation
Authors: Arslan Derya 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this study, a robust hybrid method is used as an alternative method, which is a different method from other methods for the approximate of the telegraph equation. The hybrid method is a mixture of the finite difference and differential transformation methods. Three numerical examples are solved to prove the accuracy and efficiency of the hybrid method. The reached results from these samples are shown in tables and graphs.
ANALISIS KAPASITAS PUNTIR ELEMEN BALOK BETON MUTU TINGGI DENGAN SUBSTITUSI ADITIF, AGREGAT HALUS SERTA AGREGAT KASAR (PENGGUNAAN FLY ASH BATU BARA, PASIR POZZOLAN DAN CANGKANG SAWIT)
Authors: Nastitip Geminingsih , Aulia Teuku Budi , Muttaqin Muttaqin 
Published: April 2020

Along with the construction development which is not symmetrical and both the column and the beam made small then the torsion load highly affect the building structure. The torsion load often occurs in the building components such as beam, column and the joint of column and beam. The loads of floor plates and small beam will create a torsion moment on the certain beam. Earthquake can cause dangerous torsion force in all elements of building constructions. Like the load outside the center of the mass in which the torsion stress can be very high. This research aims to find out the torsion capacity on hybrid high performance concrete beam element in which the hybrid high performance concrete using additive alternative materials, by using 7 test objects variations, the size of the test objects used is 20 x 25 x 120 cm3 and the test done for 28 days of concrete period. From the test output obtained that the highest torsion moment found out in Test object number 6 (BU6) using pozzolanic fly Ash (10%) + fine aggregate of the sand pozzolan (10%) + coarse aggregate of palm kernel shell (40%) + Nano material filler of iron ore as 10.4 kNm. The highest torsion angle is also created on BU6 as 0,0246 rad. The concrete performance highly affects the torsion strength, the highest concrete performance is found out from BU6 which is 59,48 MPa.
PERENCANAAN KEBUTUHAN RUANG PARKIR DI KAWASAN TAMAN SARI KOTA BANDA ACEH
Authors: Wahida Nur , Anggraini Renni , Isya Muhammad 
Published: April 2020

Parking lot is a necessity for vehicles owner who whant their vehicle parking at the place that is easy to reach, one of which is parking on the road. Parking on the road can cause decreased in road capacity, delayed traffic flow, and the use of the road becomes ineffective. High land prices become a problem for urban areas, which indirectly impact on parking arrangements. Off street parking is highly efficient parking applied in a place with high level activity. Road segment of Tgk. Abdullah Ujong Rimba and Tgk. Abu Lam U which located in the center of the old town in taman Sari area, do not have parking on street parking facilities. The existence of green open area (Taman Sari) which is the center of the city and often used for religious, festival, exhibition, local tourists tours, culutural, politics and other activites, are not supported with adequate parking area (off street parking), so the visitors parking in the street (on-street parking). This research is planning parking area needs for parking facility in the form of parking building. From the results of analysis and parking building facility design, which refers to Planning Guideliness and The operation of Parking facilities issued by (Director General of Land Transportation) in 1998, known that the needs of parking space in green open area and offices area (Taman Sari) is 543 unit of parking space ( 348 unit of parking space four-wheeled and195 unit of parking space two-wheeled).the result is 2 Floor Parking building design with 880 unit of parking space (360 unit of parking space four-wheeled and 520 two-wheeled. (337 unit of parking space is Surplus (12 unit of parking space four-wheeled and 325 unit of parking space two-wheeled).
PENGARUH FILLER ABU AMPAS TEBU (AAT) DENGAN BAHAN PENGIKAT ASPAL PEN 60/70 PADA CAMPURAN LASTON AC-WC
Authors: Kurniasari Febrina Dian , M. Saleh Sofyan , Sugiarto Sugiarto 
Published: April 2020

Cause of occurrence damage and decrease of road pavement strength is low strength and durability in a mixed layer (AC-WC). To overcome this problem, it is necessary to improve the quality of road pavement in aggregate, filler, and asphalt composition. Filler serves to isolate the cavities between the aggregate particles so as to increase the density of the mixture. In general, the filler of stone ash has been used. However, it is important to find for other alternative materials which utilizing waste materials such as dregs of bagasse. The content of silica (SiO2) in ashes of bagasse is very high, 42.47%, thus it is expected to improve the quality of asphalt mixture. This study aims to determine the effect of using ashes of bagasse over the characteristics of mixed laston layer (AC-WC) with the addition of bagasse ash from 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. This study refers to the 2010 Bina Marga Specification Revision 3 Year 2014. The results show that the addition of ash of bagasse has increased stability value. In general, the characteristic values that meet the requirements are found in the composition of 50% filler ash of bagasse asphalt at 5.87%, VIM value of 4.61%, VMA 18.41%, flow 3.17 mm and stability is 1344 , 04 kg.