bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Arbitral Legal Order
Authors: Gaillard Emmanuel 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the three representations of international arbitration, which attempt to explain which state, or states, provides the relevant source of legitimacy and validity for the arbitration agreement, the arbitral process, and the ensuing award. Under the first representation, the source of legitimacy and validity of arbitration lies in a single national order, that of the seat of the arbitration. The second representation anchors international arbitration in a plurality of national legal orders where recognition or enforcement of an award is sought. Finally, the third representation recognizes an autonomous character to international arbitration, viewed as having generated an authentic and independent legal order: the arbitral legal order. The chapter then explains the basic principles underlying each of the three representations of international arbitration, as well as the consequences of each. It also analyses the evolution of the rules governing the conduct of the arbitral proceeding and the rules applicable to the merits of the dispute from a monolocal view to a transnational view. Despite attempts to deny the existence or convenience of an arbitral legal order, its existence as a transnational legal order—autonomous from all national legal orders—is being increasingly acknowledged.
Epistemic Communities in International Arbitration
Authors: Bianchi Andrea 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at epistemic communities in international arbitration. Epistemic communities are an explanatory key to classifying and understanding the behaviour of different groups of professionals operating in this area of the law. They are used to understand how ideas and their underlying values are formed and circulated in the field of international arbitration, and to show how the boundaries of this legal regime are designed, how knowledge is formed within the field, and how the varying perception by their members of their role as arbitrators may affect their practice. As such, epistemic communities may provide a new lens through which one can productively look at the operation of international dispute settlement mechanisms, and may even help determine why different types of adjudicators seem to come from different planets. The chapter then argues that international arbitrators should take no offence at epistemic communities having become a common way of looking at them as a group. If not the ultimate evidence of moral probity, membership in an ‘epistemic community’ certainly attests to a higher degree of respectability and acceptance by contemporary social standards.
Arbitration in its Psychological Context
Authors: Cole Tony , Ortolani Pietro , Wright Sean 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter presents a program for a more ‘contextual’ approach to the application of psychology to arbitration than has been adopted within arbitration scholarship thus far. It specifically examines the area of Contextual Behavioral Science (CBS), which focuses on the ‘act in context’, treating behaviour as inseparable from the circumstances that surround it. Such a context-sensitive approach allows new light to be shed on the psychology of arbitration, while also unifying the existing literature within a new epistemic framework that offers the advantage of not only predicting but also of potentially influencing the behaviour of interest in arbitration. While psychology can be applied to arbitration in many ways, the chapter focuses on arbitrator reasoning. It addresses the professional context of arbitration, scrutinizing how individual conceptions of the role of the arbitrator can influence reasoning. The chapter also considers the social context of arbitration, analysing the relations between the hierarchical character of the arbitration community and the existence of cognitive biases.
The ominous fate of exomoons around hot Jupiters in the high-eccentricity migration scenario
Authors: Trani Alessandro A , Hamers Adrian S , Geller Aaron , Spera Mario 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
All the giant planets in the Solar system host a large number of natural satellites. Moons in extrasolar systems are difficult to detect, but a Neptune-sized exomoon candidate has been recently found around a Jupiter-sized planet in the Kepler-1625b system. Due to their relative ease of detection, hot Jupiters (HJs), which reside in close orbits around their host stars with a period of a few days, may be very good candidates to search for exomoons. It is still unknown whether the HJ population can host (or may have hosted) exomoons. One suggested formation channel for HJs is high-eccentricity migration induced by a stellar binary companion combined with tidal dissipation. Here, we investigate under which circumstances an exomoon can prevent or allow high-eccentricity migration of a HJ, and in the latter case, if the exomoon can survive the migration process. We use both semi-analytic arguments, as well as direct N-body simulations including tidal interactions. Our results show that massive exomoons are efficient at preventing high-eccentricity migration. If an exomoon does instead allow for planetary migration, it is unlikely that the HJ formed can host exomoons since the moon will either spiral on to the planet or escape from it during the migration process. A few escaped exomoons can become stable planets after the Jupiter has migrated, or by tidally migrating themselves. The majority of the exomoons end up being ejected from the system or colliding with the primary star and the host planet. Such collisions might none the less leave observable features, such as a debris disc around the primary star or exorings around the close-in giant.
Detection and analysis of cluster–cluster filaments
Authors: Pereyra Luis A , Sgró Mario A , Merchán Manuel E , Stasyszyn Federico A , Paz Dante J 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTIn this work, we identify and analyse the properties of cluster–cluster filaments within a cosmological simulation assuming that they are structures connecting maxima of the density field defined by dark matter haloes with masses $M \, \ge 10^{14}\, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{M_{\odot }}$. To extract these filaments we develop an identification algorithm based on two standard tools: the Minimal Spanning Tree and the friends-of-friends algorithm. Focusing our analysis on the densest dark matter filaments, we found that the radial density profile, at scales around $1\, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{Mpc}$, approximately follow a power-law function with index −2. Without making any assumption about the velocity field, our algorithm finds that the saddle point arises as a natural characteristic of the filamentary structure. In addition, its location along the filament depends on the masses of the haloes at the filament ends. We also found that the infall velocities follow a cross-pattern near the saddle point, being perpendicular to the filament spine when approaching from low-density regions, and parallel away from the saddle point towards the ends of the filament. Following theoretical prescriptions, we estimate the linear density from the transverse velocity dispersion, finding a good correspondence with the measured mass per unit length of our filaments. Our results can be applied to observational samples of filaments in order to link the saddle point location and the mass per unit length with measurements obtained from observations such as cluster masses and the velocity dispersion of galaxies.
PHL 417: a zirconium-rich pulsating hot subdwarf (V366 Aquarid) discovered in K2 data
Authors: Østensen R H , Jeffery C S , Saio H , Hermes J J , Telting J H , Vučković M , Vos J , Baran A S , Reed M D 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
The Kepler spacecraft observed the hot subdwarf star PHL 417 during its extended K2 mission, and the high-precision photometric light curve reveals the presence of 17 pulsation modes with periods between 38 and 105 min. From follow-up ground-based spectroscopy, we find that the object has a relatively high temperature of 35 600 K, a surface gravity of $\log g / {\rm cm\, s^{-2}}\, =\, 5.75$ and a supersolar helium abundance. Remarkably, it also shows strong zirconium lines corresponding to an apparent +3.9 dex overabundance compared with the Sun. These properties clearly identify this object as the third member of the rare group of pulsating heavy-metal stars, the V366-Aquarii pulsators. These stars are intriguing in that the pulsations are inconsistent with the standard models for pulsations in hot subdwarfs, which predicts that they should display short-period pulsations rather than the observed longer periods. We perform a stability analysis of the pulsation modes based on data from two campaigns with K2. The highest amplitude mode is found to be stable with a period drift, $\dot{P}$, of less than 1.1 × 10−9 s s−1. This result rules out pulsations driven during the rapid stages of helium flash ignition.
Two human menopausal gonadotrophin (hMG) preparations display different early signaling in vitro
Authors: Casarini Livio , Riccetti Laura , Paradiso Elia , Benevelli Riccardo , Lazzaretti Clara , Sperduti Samantha , Melli Beatrice , Tagliavini Simonetta , Varani Manuela , Trenti Tommaso , Morini Daria , Falbo Angela , Villani Maria Teresa , Jonas Kim C , Simoni Manuela 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Commercial hMG drugs are marketed for the treatment of infertility and consist of highly purified hormones acting on receptors expressed in target gonadal cells. Menopur® and Meriofert® are combined preparation of FSH and hCG and are compared in vitro herein. To this purpose, the molecular composition of the two drugs was analyzed by immunoassay. The formation of FSH receptor and LH/hCG receptor (FSHR; LHCGR) heteromer, intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP activation, β-arrestin 2 recruitment and the synthesis of progesterone and estradiol were evaluated in transfected HEK293 and human primary granulosa lutein cells treated by drugs administered within the pg-mg/ml concentration range. Molecular characterization revealed that Meriofert® has a higher FSH:hCG ratio than Menopur® which, in turn, displays the presence of LH molecules. While both drugs induced similar FSHR-LHCGR heteromeric formations and intracellular Ca2+ increase, Meriofert® had a higher potency than Menopur® in inducing a cAMP increase. Moreover, Meriofert® revealed a higher potency than Menopur® in recruiting β-arrestin 2, likely due to different FSH content modulating the tridimensional structure of FSHR-LHCGR-β-arrestin 2 complexes, as evidenced by a decrease in bioluminescence resonance energy transfer signal. This drug-specific activation of intracellular signaling pathways is consistent with the molecular composition of these preparations and impacts downstream progesterone and estradiol production, with Menopur® more potent than Meriofert® in inducing the synthesis of both the steroids. These findings are suggestive of distinct in-vivo activities of these preparations, but require cautious interpretation and further validation from clinical studies.
High resolution biosensor to test the capping level and integrity of mRNAs
Authors: Moya-Ramírez Ignacio , Bouton Clement , Kontoravdi Cleo , Polizzi Karen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
5′ Cap structures are ubiquitous on eukaryotic mRNAs, essential for post-transcriptional processing, translation initiation and stability. Here we describe a biosensor designed to detect the presence of cap structures on mRNAs that is also sensitive to mRNA degradation, so uncapped or degraded mRNAs can be detected in a single step. The biosensor is based on a chimeric protein that combines the recognition and transduction roles in a single molecule. The main feature of this sensor is its simplicity, enabling semi-quantitative analyses of capping levels with minimal instrumentation. The biosensor was demonstrated to detect the capping level on several in vitro transcribed mRNAs. Its sensitivity and dynamic range remained constant with RNAs ranging in size from 250 nt to approximately 2700 nt and the biosensor was able to detect variations in the capping level in increments of at least 20%, with a limit of detection of 2.4 pmol. Remarkably, it also can be applied to more complex analytes, such mRNA vaccines and mRNAs transcribed in vivo. This biosensor is an innovative example of a technology able to detect analytically challenging structures such as mRNA caps. It could find application in a variety of scenarios, from quality analysis of mRNA-based products such as vaccines to optimization of in vitro capping reactions.
Global Substance Registration System: consistent scientific descriptions for substances related to health
Authors: Peryea Tyler , Southall Noel , Miller Mitch , Katzel Daniel , Anderson Niko , Neyra Jorge , Stemann Sarah , Nguyễn Ðắc-Trung , Amugoda Dammika , Newatia Archana , Ghazzaoui Ramez , Johanson Elaine , Diederik Herman , Callahan Larry , Switzer Frank 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) have collaborated to publish rigorous scientific descriptions of substances relevant to regulated products. The FDA has adopted the global ISO 11238 data standard for the identification of substances in medicinal products and has populated a database to organize the agency's regulatory submissions and marketed products data. NCATS has worked with FDA to develop the Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) and produce a non-proprietary version of the database for public benefit. In 2019, more than half of all new drugs in clinical development were proteins, nucleic acid therapeutics, polymer products, structurally diverse natural products or cellular therapies. While multiple databases of small molecule chemical structures are available, this resource is unique in its application of regulatory standards for the identification of medicinal substances and its robust support for other substances in addition to small molecules. This public, manually curated dataset provides unique ingredient identifiers (UNIIs) and detailed descriptions for over 100 000 substances that are particularly relevant to medicine and translational research. The dataset can be accessed and queried at https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/app/substances.
In Vitro Hollow-Fiber Studies Assessing Antibacterial Activity of Ceftolozane/Tazobactam Against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Authors: Carr Donna , Zhang Zufei , Si Qian , Racine Fred , Xiao Jing Chen , Katwaru Ravi , Wismer Michael K , Johnson Matthew G , Feng Hwa-Ping , Young Katherine , Rizk Matthew L , Motyl Mary 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Our hollow-fiber infection model simulated the projected steady-state pharmacokinetics of ceftolozane and tazobactam in lung epithelial lining fluid of patients with pneumonia receiving 3 g of ceftolozane/tazobactam every 8 hours. Results confirmed the previously established in vitro activity of ceftolozane/tazobactam at and above approved breakpoints against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, regardless of Pseudomonas-derived cephalosporinase allele.
Global and Regional Security Multilateralism in Japan’s Foreign Policy
Authors: Midford Paul 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Japan’s experience with, and motivations for participating in, security multilateralism. It considers the historical legacies of a lack of multilateral interaction when international relations in East Asia were governed by the Sinocentric tributary system, the security multilateralism of the Washington system of the 1920s, Japan’s failed multilateral Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere during the Pacific War, as well as Tokyo’s security isolationism during the Cold War, before turning to Japan’s pivot from 1991 toward embracing regional security multilateralism. It argues that Japan’s promotion of security multilateralism since 1991 is part of a broader shift away from security isolationism and toward global and regional security engagement on bilateral and multilateral levels. Japan’s 1992 decision to begin participating in UN peacekeeping and its promotion of the ASEAN Regional Forum’s creation through the 1991 Nakayama proposal are examples of Japan’s post–Cold War security multilateralism. The chapter argues that Japan’s embrace of security multilateralism after the Cold War, like its embrace of security isolationism during the Cold War, has been driven by its reassurance strategy of convincing other East Asian nations that Japan can be trusted as a military power that will not repeat its pre-1945 expansionism. Moderating its alliance security dilemma vis-à-vis the US is another motivation for Japan’s promotion of security multilateralism. Since 2000 Japan has promoted the creation of other regional security multilateral forums, including the counter-piracy ReCAAP organization, the East Asian Summit, the ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting Plus Dialogue Partners, and the Expanded ASEAN Maritime Forum.
Digitalization and Omnichannel Retailing
Authors: Li Xi , Zhao Huazhong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The technology trend is rapidly reshaping the retail industry. With digitalization, some traditional business rules have been altered, removing many physical barriers while at the same time adding more challenges. This chapter first discusses the fundamental changes brought by the digital trend. To begin, it investigates traditional business wisdom and the underlying mechanisms of traditional business operations. The chapter examines the barriers to retailers in the traditional business world. Then, it focuses on how the digitalization trend can transform the realization of those mechanisms in order to remove the barriers and how retailers can best adjust to the changes. The implications of digitalization apply to both current and future marketing operations. When facing the new opportunities and challenges created by the digitalization trend, retailers cannot rely only on the traditional offline channel; they also need to seek omnichannel retailing. However, merging into omnichannel retailing from a traditional offline mode is not easy. The second part of the chapter thus discusses several specific risks that omnichannel retailers must tackle.
Reverse Logistics
Authors: Chen Haozhe , Cotter Lisa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
As more companies are engaging in reverse logistics activities, it is imperative to develop a better understanding of this important concept. This chapter covers fundamental issues related to reverse logistics. After introducing a definition of reverse logistics, a discussion is provided on its importance and contrasts with forward logistics. Returns reduction, closed-loop supply chain, and circular economy are identified as important topics related to reverse logistics. Examples are then used to explain the economic value recovery as well as the strategic and operational value of reverse logistics. After delineating the key processes in reverse logistics, this chapter identifies reverse logistics challenges and best practices. Last, the status of reverse logistics research is discussed along with a list of future research topics.
Nuclear Weapons and Peaceful Change
Authors: Smetana Michal 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter aims to identify key aspects of the nuclear revolution that are pertinent to the problem of power transition and peaceful change in international affairs. To this end, it elaborates on five primary institutions of global nuclear order: nuclear deterrence, nuclear arms control, nuclear nonproliferation, nuclear nonuse, and nuclear disarmament. The chapter then unpacks the conceptual logic of these five institutions in the context of peaceful and violent change in world politics and explores their mutual linkages and conflicts. It highlights both the limits of these institutions and their inherent incompatibilities, mindful of the extraordinary violence nuclear war can cause and the underlying fear that prevents nuclear powers from engaging in reckless behavior.
Status Quest and Peaceful Change
Authors: Pu Xiaoyu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses various mechanisms and approaches regarding how states could promote peaceful change while seeking status on the world stage. While status competition is often viewed as a source of international conflict, the quest for status can also promote peaceful change. Even if status politics is often competitive, it is not always a zero-sum game. As status is ultimately social and cultural, states could seek it through social creativity, which will help them avoid confrontation with other states. The quest for status could also encourage states to pursue prosocial behaviors. In particular, states could seek higher status through the provision of international public goods. However, to promote a maximalist peaceful change, leading powers must reconstruct norms and criteria for status symbols and implement a more moral foreign policy.
China’s Peaceful Rise
Authors: He Kai , Liu Feng 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
China proposed its “peaceful rise” strategy in 2003 as a signal to the world of its peaceful intentions during its rising process. The strategy is not only a discursive response to the “China threat” theory of the 1990s but also a rational policy choice based on both domestic economic needs and international conditions. In practice, China’s “peaceful rise” strategy highlights four priorities in its foreign policy: major powers, neighboring states, developing countries, and international institutions. Although this strategy is rooted in Deng Xiaoping’s “keeping-a-low-profile” policy principle, it has also experienced necessary adjustments along with China’s increasing power capabilities, as evidenced by China’s assertive turn in diplomacy after 2008. China’s “peaceful rise” strategy will face two challenges in the future. Domestically, the country’s economic growth model and political and social uncertainties might change the direction of its foreign policy. Internationally, the outside world can shape China’s rise as much as China can shape the world.
Liberalism and Peaceful Change
Authors: Gheciu Alexandra 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter opens with a historical exploration that examines the emergence of ideas of peaceful change in the writings of classical liberal philosophers—particularly Immanuel Kant—and analyzes the ways in which liberal strategies for change entail both domestic and international transformations. It proceeds with brief historical illustrations of how liberal ideas began to influence policy prescriptions for peaceful change, then moves on to explore the ambitious policies aimed at creating a multilateral liberal order in the post-1945 period. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some of the contemporary challenges to the multilateral liberal order, long regarded as key to long-lasting peace and prosperity.
History of Religion
Authors: Grabbe Lester L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses (1) the general discipline of the History of Religions; then, in line with the focus of the volume as a whole, (2) it moves to developments in the study of the History of Ancient Israel; finally, (3) it gives a short overview of the History of Ancient Israelite Religion. The History of Religions movement is traced through the 19th and 20th centuries, especially as it influenced study on the History of Ancient Israelite Religion. The changing methods and results of the History of Israelite Religion in different periods of study are noted, culminating in the general approach of the present generation. Some of the main writers, works, and influences are mentioned and their contributions (whether positive or negative) are briefly summarized. The contribution of the social sciences is brought in.