bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S46. IMPAIRED ERROR-PROCESSING IN PATIENTS WITH FIRST-EPISODE PSYCHOSIS: AN EVENT-RELATED POTENTIAL STUDY
Authors: Park Jihye , Kim Minah , Jeong Hwang Wu , Soo Kwon Jun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Impaired error/conflict monitoring as reflected in the event-related potentials (ERPs) has consistently reported in patients with schizophrenia. However, whether this impairment exist from the early phase of psychosis such as first-episode psychosis (FEP) is not yet been clearly reported. To investigate the presence of error/conflict monitoring deficit in early psychosis, we examined the error-related negativity (ERN), error-related positivity (Pe), and correct-response negativity (CRN) during the Go/Nogo task in the patients with FEP.

Methods
25 patients with and 25 age, sex matched healthy controls (HCs) were participated in electroencephalographic recording during the Go/Nogo task. Trials with error response was analyzed to define ERN at Fz electrode site and Pe at Pz electrode site. Trials with correct response was used for CRN analysis at Fz electrode site. Independent samples t-test was used to compare the amplitudes of ERP components between FEP and HC groups. Pearson’s correlation analysis was performed to reveal the relationship of altered ERP component with symptomatic severity in patients with schizophrenia.

Results
FEP patients showed significantly smaller ERN amplitude at Fz electrode site compared to HCs (t=-3.294, p=0.002). However, there was no difference of CRN (t=0.017, p=0.986) and Pe (t=1.806, p=0.077) amplitudes between FEP and HC groups. There was no significant correlation of symptomatic severity and ERN amplitude at Fz electrode site in FEP patients.

Discussion
These findings suggest that impairments in error/conflict monitoring as reflected by ERN amplitude exist from the early course of psychotic disorder. Future study with larger sample size and subjects at earlier phase such as clinical high risk for psychosis would be needed to confirm the findings of current study.
S81. METAMEMORY IMPAIRMENT ACROSS THE PSYCHOSIS TRAJECTORY: ASSOCIATIONS WITH SYMPTOM SEVERITY
Authors: Seabury Rashina , Bearden Carrie E , Ventura Joseph , Subotnik Kenneth L , Nuechterlein Keith H , Cannon Tyrone 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a deficit in reality testing, most often manifest in the form of delusions and hallucinations. Because differentiating real from imagined experiences is critically dependent on episodic and associative memory, deficits in mnemonic processes could be involved in the genesis of impaired reality testing. Prior work has shown that individuals with psychosis exhibit impairment in metamemory, or, awareness and knowledge of one’s own memory and memory processes, and that these impairments may be relevant to the emergence and/or maintenance of psychotic symptoms.

Methods
In the present study, we used a verbal associative memory paradigm incorporating subject confidence ratings to examine differences in metamemory processes in three separate samples: patients with chronic schizophrenia (CHR; n = 34), patients with recent-onset (first-episode) psychosis (n = 49), and individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (n = 29) compared to control groups (n = 24, n = 26, and n = 22, respectively). We used an analysis of variance design to examine group differences in confidence gap and knowledge corruption between patients and controls. We further assessed the association of both of these metrics to symptom severity in each patient sample.

Results
We found that both chronic and first-episode patients displayed significantly decreased confidence gap compared to healthy controls, with patients being more confident in incorrect memory retrievals and less confident in correct memory retrievals as compared to healthy controls. Additionally, compared to healthy controls, chronic patients and first-episode patients showed significantly increased knowledge corruption (the proportion of confident incorrect memory retrievals compared to all confident retrievals). While there were no group differences in confidence gap and knowledge corruption between CHR subjects and healthy controls, decreased confidence gap was significantly correlated with positive symptom severity in CHR subjects, as well as in first-episode subjects.

Discussion
These findings suggest that underlying deficits in metamemory processes may possibly reflect mechanisms involved in the development and/or maintenance of disrupted reality testing in those with and at risk for psychosis.
Investigating Cognitive and Clinical Predictors of Real-Life Functioning, Functional Capacity, and Quality of Life in Individuals at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis
Authors: Glenthøj Louise Birkedal , Kristensen Tina Dam , Wenneberg Christina , Hjorthøj Carsten , Nordentoft Merete 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A substantial proportion of individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis show long-term functional impairments, which may have profound consequences for the individual and society. Finding predictors of these functional impairments is critical to inform on the individual’s functional prognosis and potentially develop targeted interventions. This study used data from 91 UHR individuals participating in a randomized, clinical trial, that were followed up at 12 months, to elucidate on clinical, neuro- and social-cognitive predictors of UHR individuals’ functional outcome in the domains of social- and role functioning, quality of life, and functional capacity. The proportion of UHR individuals showing a poor social- and role outcome at 12-month follow-up was 50% and 63%, respectively. Worse social outcome was predicted by higher levels of negative symptoms, reduced processing speed, and impaired baseline social functioning explaining 52% of the variance. Worse role outcome was predicted by impaired role functioning at baseline, explaining 25% of the variance. Quality of life impairments were predicted by better theory of mind explaining 4% of the variance, and functional capacity social skills deficits were predicted by impaired baseline social skills explaining 20% of the variance. Our findings indicate that processing speed and negative symptoms may contribute to social- and role-functioning deficits, and while aspects of social cognition may also relate to social- and role functioning, baseline-functional impairments seem to be a strong contributor to persistent impairments in functioning and quality of life. If replicated, our findings suggest the need for future studies investigating the effect of pro-functional interventions targeting baseline functioning and targeted cognitive domains in UHR.
A quality-improvement optimization pilot of BariFit, a mobile health intervention to promote physical activity after bariatric surgery
Authors: Klasnja Predrag , Rosenberg Dori E , Zhou Jing , Anau Jane , Gupta Anirban , Arterburn David E 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity (body mass index &gt;40), helping individuals lose, on average, 25%–29% of their body weight over the first year. However, many patients begin to plateau and regain weight within 12–24 months, and 20% of patients begin to regain weight within 6 months postsurgery. As physical activity (PA) is an important predictor of weight loss and maintenance postsurgery, there is a need for scalable, effective lifestyle interventions to help bariatric patients increase PA in order to maximize their weight loss and maintenance. To assess feasibility of using mobile health (mHealth) tools to support PA postsurgery, we conducted a quality-improvement optimization pilot of BariFit, an mHealth intervention that combines commercial devices and custom text messages. Fifty-one bariatric patients enrolled in a 16-week optimization pilot of BariFit. To assess feasibility, pre–post changes in PA were assessed using activPAL. In addition, the pilot randomized, using a 2 × 2 factorial design, two adaptive approaches to daily step goals (variable and 60th percentile goals) and provision of rest days (yes/no), and microrandomized provision of SMS-delivered activity suggestions five times a day for each participant. Adherence to using study equipment was over 95% at 16 weeks. Participants increased PA by 1,866 steps from baseline to end-of-study (p &lt; .007). Participants who received variable step goals averaged 1,141 more steps per day (p = .096) than those who received 60th percentile goals. Activity suggestions had no effect. mHealth interventions are feasible for supporting PA postbariatric surgery.
Strategies of community engagement in research: definitions and classifications
Authors: Sanders Thompson Vetta L , Ackermann Nicole , Bauer Kyla L , Bowen Deborah J , Goodman Melody S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Engagement activities are defined along a continuum that analyzes and represents nonacademic stakeholder activities and interactions with academic researchers. Proposed continua begin with none to limited stakeholder inclusion and input into research and continue with descriptions of increasing presence, input, and participation in decision-making. Despite some agreement in the literature, development of consistent terminology and definitions has been recommended to promote the common understanding of strategies in engaged research. This paper sought to develop and understand classifications and definitions of community-engaged research that can serve as the foundation of a measure of engaged research that permits comparisons among engagement strategies and the outcomes that they produce in health- and healthcare-related research studies. Data on academic and stakeholder perceptions and understandings of classifications and definitions were obtained using Delphi process (N = 19) via online and face-to-face survey and cognitive response interviews (N = 16). Participants suggested the need for more nuanced understanding of engagement along portions of the continuum, with active involvement and decision-making as engagement progressed. Cognitive interview responses suggested that outreach and education is a more advanced level of engagement than previously discussed in the literature and viewed consultation negatively because it required work without guaranteeing community benefit. It is possible to define a continuum of patient- and community-engaged research that is understood and accepted by both academic researchers and community members. However, future research should revisit the understanding and depiction of the strategies that are to be used in measure development.
Proposal for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Management
Authors: Downs John B. , Weled Barry , Räsänen Jukka , Haines Krista L. , Vidyasagar Dharmapuri , Stock M. Christine , Habashi Nader 
Published: May 2020

Setting:
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has raised fear throughout the nation. Current news and social media predictions of ventilator, medication, and personnel shortages are rampant.

Patients:
Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 are presenting with early respiratory distress and hypoxemia, but not hypercapnia.

Interventions:
Patients who maintain adequate alveolar ventilation, normocapnia, and adequate oxygenation may avoid the need for tracheal intubation. Facemask continuous positive airway pressure has been used to treat patients with respiratory distress for decades, including those with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Of importance, protocols were successful in protecting caregivers from contracting the virus, obviating the need for tracheal intubation just to limit the spread of potentially infectious particles.

Conclusions:
During a pandemic, with limited resources, we should provide the safest and most effective care, while protecting caregivers. Continuous positive airway pressure titrated to an effective level and applied early with a facemask may spare ventilator usage. Allowing spontaneous ventilation will decrease the need for sedative and paralytic drugs and may decrease the need for highly skilled nurses and respiratory therapists. These goals can be accomplished with devices that are readily available and easier to obtain than mechanical ventilators, which then can be reserved for the sickest patients.
What constitutes a syndemic? Methods, contexts, and framing from 2019
Authors: Mendenhall Emily , Singer Merrill 
Published: May 2020

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to describe what methods were used for 60 articles on HIV syndemics in 2019, where they took place, what syndemic clusters emerged, and why this matters.

Recent findings
Most articles published in 2019 used regression analyses, and fewer used higher level modeling techniques, frequencies and descriptive, longitudinal cohort study, and social network analysis. Some employed ethnography, qualitative interviews, or were simply reviews. Most syndemic co-factors were substance abuse, risky sexual behavior, depression, intimate partner violence, stigma, sexually transmitted infections, and trauma and non-communicable diseases. Half of the studies were conducted in the United States and mostly in urban areas. Other contexts were Canada, Kenya, Uganda, Liberia, Nigeria, South Africa, and Botswana, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, India, Indonesia, China, Peru, and Romania.

Summary
Most recommendations suggested that people living with HIV need interventions that address other factors situated within their life, such as their mental health, social stigma, experiences of trauma and intimate partner violence, and social stigma and sexual risk taking. Many took an intersectoral approach and emphasized the need to consider the various factors that shape experiences with HIV, from sex, sexuality, class, race and ethnicity, and past trauma.
The role of brown adipose tissue and the thermogenic adipocytes in glucose metabolism: recent advances and open questions
Authors: Chondronikola Maria 
Published: May 2020

Purpose of review
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the thermogenic adipocytes in white adipose tissue (WAT) are considered emerging targets against obesity-related metabolic perturbations given their high capacity for thermogenesis and glucose and lipid disposal. This manuscript summarizes and critically evaluates the recent advances on the role of BAT and thermogenic adipocytes in glucose homeostasis in humans.

Recent findings
Recent studies support that BAT has high capacity for glucose disposal not only during cold but during rewarming and thermoneutrality as well. Moreover, BAT is now considered a metabolic sink for the disposal of branched-chain amino acids improving whole-body glucose metabolism in rodents and, potentially, in humans. β3 adrenergic agonism and glucagon-like peptide 1 increase BAT metabolic activity for glucose and/or induce the browning of WAT. Finally, recent findings support the association of glucose disposal in BAT with subclinical atherosclerosis and the reproducibility of two advanced medical imaging methods for the assessment of BAT using a glucose radiotracer.

Summary
Recent studies provide new insights on the role of human BAT and thermogenic adipocytes in glucose metabolism. However, further research is needed to unequivocally establish the clinical significance of BAT and the thermogenic adipocytes in glucose homeostasis in humans.
Trends in Costs of Care and Utilization for Medicaid Patients With Diabetes in Accountable Care Communities
Authors: Moin Tannaz , Harwood Jessica M. , Mangione Carol M. , Jackson Nicholas , Ho Sam , Ettner Susan L. , Duru O. Kenrik 
Published: May 2020

Background/Objectives:
Medicaid beneficiaries with diabetes have complex care needs. The Accountable Care Communities (ACC) Program is a practice-level intervention implemented by UnitedHealthcare to improve care for Medicaid beneficiaries. We examined changes in costs and utilization for Medicaid beneficiaries with diabetes assigned to ACC versus usual care practices.

Research Design:
Interrupted time series with concurrent control group analysis, at the person-month level. The ACC was implemented in 14 states, and we selected comparison non-ACC practices from those states to control for state-level variation in Medicaid program. We adjusted the models for age, sex, race/ethnicity, comorbidities, seasonality, and state-by-year fixed effects. We examined the difference between ACC and non-ACC practices in changes in the time trends of expenditures and hospital and emergency room utilization, for the 4 largest categories of Medicaid eligibility [Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, Supplemental Security Income (without Medicare), Expansion, Dual-Eligible].

Subjects/Measures:
Eligibility and claims data from Medicaid adults with diabetes from 14 states between 2010 and 2016, before and after ACC implementation.

Results:
Analyses included 1,200,460 person-months from 66,450 Medicaid patients with diabetes. ACC implementation was not associated with significant changes in outcome time trends, relative to comparators, for all Medicaid categories.

Conclusions:
Medicaid patients assigned to ACC practices had no changes in cost or utilization over 3 years of follow-up, compared with patients assigned to non-ACC practices. The ACC program may not reduce costs or utilization for Medicaid patients with diabetes.
Early Kidney Allograft Failure After Simultaneous Liver-kidney Transplantation: Evidence for Utilization of the Safety Net?
Authors: Cullaro Giuseppe , Verna Elizabeth C. , Emond Jean C. , Orandi Babak J. , Mohan Sumit , Lai Jennifer C. 
Published: May 2020

Background.
With the implementation of the “Safety Net,” we aimed to determine the impact of simultaneous liver-kidney transplantation (SLKT), as compared to kidney transplant after liver transplant (KALT), on kidney allograft failure (KF).

Methods.
An analysis of the UNOS database for all adult patients who received either an SLKT or KALT from 2002 to 2017. The outcomes were 90-day KF and 1-year KF (as reported to UNOS, at 90- and 365-day postkidney transplant, respectively). We compared the following groups of patients: SLKT <25 (SLKT with final model for end-stage liver disease [MELD] <25), SLKT25/35 (MELD ≥25/<35), and SLKT35 (MELD ≥35) to KALT.

Results.
Of the 6276 patients, there were 1481 KALT, 1579 SLKT <25, 1832 SLKT25/35, and 1384 SLKT ≥35. The proportion of patients with 90-day and 1-year KF increased significantly among the KALT, SLKT <25, SLKT25/35, and SLKT ≥35 groups (P < 0.001; test for trend): 90-day KF: 3.3% versus 5.5% versus 7.3% versus 9.3% and 1-year KF: 5.1% versus 9.4% versus 12.3% versus 14.7%. After adjustment and compared with KALT, beginning at an MELD ≥25 those undergoing SLKT had significantly higher risk of 90-day and 1-year KF: 90-day KF: SLKT25/35: hazard ratio, 1.6(1.0-2.3); SLKT ≥35: 2.1(1.3-3.3); 1-year KF: SLKT25/35: hazard ratio, 1.7(1.2-2.4); SLKT ≥35: 2.1(1.5-3.0).

Conclusions.
As compared to KALT recipients, SLKT recipients with an MELD ≥25 had significantly higher risk of early KF. Given the now well-established “Safety Net,” KALT may serve as an opportunity to improve kidney outcomes in patients with an MELD ≥25.
Finding a signal hidden among noise: how can predators overcome camouflage strategies?
Authors: Galloway James A. M. , Green Samuel D. , Stevens Martin , Kelley Laura A. 
Published: May 2020

Substantial progress has been made in the past 15 years regarding how prey use a variety of visual camouflage types to exploit both predator visual processing and cognition, including background matching, disruptive coloration, countershading and masquerade. By contrast, much less attention has been paid to how predators might overcome these defences. Such strategies include the evolution of more acute senses, the co-opting of other senses not targeted by camouflage, changes in cognition such as forming search images, and using behaviours that change the relationship between the cryptic individual and the environment or disturb prey and cause movement. Here, we evaluate the methods through which visual camouflage prevents detection and recognition, and discuss if and how predators might evolve, develop or learn counter-adaptations to overcome these.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests'.
Rapid implementation of real-time SARS-CoV-2 sequencing to investigate healthcare-associated COVID-19 infections
Authors: Meredith Luke W. , Hamilton William L. , Warne Ben , Houldcroft Charlotte J. , Hosmillo Myra , Jahun Aminu S. , Curran Martin D. , Parmar Surendra , Caller Laura G. , Caddy Sarah L. , Khokhar Fahad A. , Yakovleva Anna , Hall Grant , Feltwell Theresa , Forrest Sally , Sridhar Sushmita , Weekes Michael P. , Baker Stephen , Brown Nicholas , Moore Elinor , Popay Ashley , Roddick Iain , Reacher Mark , Gouliouris Theodore , Peacock Sharon J. , Dougan Gordon , Török M. Estée , Goodfellow Ian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe burden and impact of healthcare-associated COVID-19 infections is unknown. We aimed to examine the utility of rapid sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 combined with detailed epidemiological analysis to investigate healthcare-associated COVID-19 infections and to inform infection control measures.MethodsWe set up rapid viral sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 from PCR-positive diagnostic samples using nanopore sequencing, enabling sample-to-sequence in less than 24 hours. We established a rapid review and reporting system with integration of genomic and epidemiological data to investigate suspected cases of healthcare-associated COVID-19.ResultsBetween 13 March and 24 April 2020 we collected clinical data and samples from 5191 COVID-19 patients in the East of England. We sequenced 1000 samples, producing 747 complete viral genomes. We conducted combined epidemiological and genomic analysis of 299 patients at our hospital and identified 26 genomic clusters involving 114 patients. 66 cases (57.9%) had a strong epidemiological link and 15 cases (13.2%) had a plausible epidemiological link. These results were fed back to clinical, infection control and hospital management teams, resulting in infection control interventions and informing patient safety reporting.ConclusionsWe established real-time genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in a UK hospital and demonstrated the benefit of combined genomic and epidemiological analysis for the investigation of healthcare-associated COVID-19 infections. This approach enabled us to detect cryptic transmission events and identify opportunities to target infection control interventions to reduce further healthcare-associated infections.