bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constraining the coherence scale of the interstellar magnetic field using TeV gamma-ray observations of supernova remnants
Authors: Pais Matteo , Pfrommer Christoph , Ehlert Kristian , Werhahn Maria , Winner Georg 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) are believed to be accelerated at supernova remnant (SNR) shocks. In the hadronic scenario, the TeV gamma-ray emission from SNRs originates from decaying pions that are produced in collisions of the interstellar gas and CRs. Using CR-magnetohydrodynamic simulations, we show that magnetic obliquity-dependent shock acceleration is able to reproduce the observed TeV gamma-ray morphology of SNRs such as Vela Jr and SN1006 solely by varying the magnetic morphology. This implies that gamma-ray bright regions result from quasi-parallel shocks (i.e. when the shock propagates at a narrow angle to the upstream magnetic field), which are known to efficiently accelerate CR protons, and that gamma-ray dark regions point to quasi-perpendicular shock configurations. Comparison of the simulated gamma-ray morphology to observations allows us to constrain the magnetic coherence scale λB around Vela Jr and SN1006 to $\lambda _B \simeq 13_{-4.3}^{+13}$ pc and $\lambda _B \gt 200_{-40}^{+50}$ pc, respectively, where the ambient magnetic field of SN1006 is consistent with being largely homogeneous. We find consistent pure hadronic and mixed hadronic-leptonic models that both reproduce the multifrequency spectra from the radio to TeV gamma-rays and match the observed gamma-ray morphology. Finally, to capture the propagation of an SNR shock in a clumpy interstellar medium, we study the interaction of a shock with a dense cloud with numerical simulations and analytics. We construct an analytical gamma-ray model for a core collapse SNR propagating through a structured interstellar medium, and show that the gamma-ray luminosity is only biased by 30 per cent for realistic parameters.
Swift J004427.3−734801 – a probable Be/white dwarf system in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Coe M J , Kennea J A , Evans P A , Udalski A 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Swift J004427.3−734801 is an X-ray source in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) that was first discovered as part of the Swift S-CUBED programme in 2020 January. It was not detected in any of the previous 3 yr worth of observations. The accurate positional determination from the X-ray data has permitted an optical counterpart to be identified that has the characteristics of an O9V−B2III star. Evidence for the presence of an infrared excess and significant I-band variability strongly suggests that this is an OBe-type star. Over 17 yr worth of optical monitoring by the OGLE (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment) project reveals periods of time in which quasi-periodic optical flares occur at intervals of ∼21.5 d. The X-ray data obtained from the S-CUBED project reveal a very soft spectrum, too soft to be that from accretion on to a neutron star or black hole. It is suggested here that this is a rarely identified Be star–white dwarf binary in the SMC.
Hierarchically porous materials and green chemistry—an interview with Ming-Yuan He
Authors: Chen Li-Hua 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Many examples of hierarchies are present in nature, such as water transport in leaf vein systems, the respiratory system, the blood circulatory system, etc. Hierarchically structuring a material over different length scales by mimicking natural systems can provide an opportunity to render the material suitable for a variety of functions. Tremendous research over the past decade has focused on the synthesis and applications of hierarchically structured porous materials. This rapidly evolving field has attracted great interest from both academia and industry. China is at the forefront of this field, and a scientific leader of this research is Professor Ming-Yuan He of East China Normal University. Professor He was elected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1995, and he received the Prize for Scientific and Technological Progress from the Ho Leung Ho Li Foundation in 2001. He also won the National Catalysis Achievement Award of China in 2012 and the National Zeolite Lifetime Achievement Award of China in 2019. Professor He's research interests focus on new catalytic materials and oil-refining catalysts and processes. He is a pioneer in the area of green chemistry in China and actively promotes the development of green chemistry and chemical engineering.
NSR recently interviewed Professor He about the current achievements and future prospects of hierarchically structured porous materials. This interview is dedicated to Professor He on the occasion of his 80th birthday, in recognition of his distinguished contributions to many aspects in the field of catalytic science and technology.
Dietary recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: de Faria Coelho-Ravagnani Christianne , Corgosinho Flavia Campos , Sanches Fabiane La Flor Ziegler , Prado Carla Marques Maia , Laviano Alessandro , Mota João Felipe 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Optimal nutrition can improve well-being and might mitigate the risk and morbidity associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This review summarizes nutritional guidelines to support dietary counseling provided by dietitians and health-related professionals. The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system. Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected. There was no convincing evidence that food or food packaging is associated with the transmission of COVID-19, but good hygiene practices for handling and preparing foods were recommended. No changes to breastfeeding recommendations have been made, even in women diagnosed with COVID-19.
Tobacco and alcohol content in soap operas broadcast on UK television: a content analysis and population exposure
Authors: Barker Alexander B , Britton John , Thomson Emily , Murray Rachael L 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundExposure to tobacco and alcohol content in media is a risk factor for smoking and alcohol use in young people. Our previous research suggested that tobacco and alcohol imagery is common in soap operas. We now report an analysis of tobacco and alcohol content in a sample of soap operas broadcast in the UK.MethodsWe used 1-minute interval coding to quantify tobacco and alcohol content in all episodes (including advertisement breaks) of six soap operas broadcast on UK television during three separate weeks in November and December 2018 and January 2019.ResultsWe coded 2222 intervals from 87 episodes and 360 intervals from 77 advertisement breaks. Tobacco content was rare, occurring in 4% of all intervals across 30% of episodes, the only tobacco appearances in adverts appeared in anti-smoking advertising. Alcohol occurred in 24% of intervals across 95% of episodes and in 13% of advertisement intervals. The programmes delivered ~381.28 million tobacco and 2.1 billion alcohol gross impressions to the UK population, including 18.91 million tobacco and 113 million alcohol gross impressions to children.ConclusionWhilst tobacco was rare, alcohol content was common, resulting in billions of viewer impressions. Soap operas represent a potential driver of alcohol consumption in young people.
Dual brain stimulation enhances interpersonal learning through spontaneous movement synchrony
Authors: Pan Yafeng , Novembre Giacomo , Song Bei , Zhu Yi , Hu Yi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Social interactive learning denotes the ability to acquire new information from a conspecific—a prerequisite for cultural evolution and survival. As inspired by recent neurophysiological research, here we tested whether social interactive learning can be augmented by exogenously synchronizing oscillatory brain activity across an instructor and a learner engaged in a naturalistic song-learning task. We used a dual brain stimulation protocol entailing the trans-cranial delivery of synchronized electric currents in two individuals simultaneously. When we stimulated inferior frontal brain regions, with 6 Hz alternating currents being in-phase between the instructor and the learner, the dyad exhibited spontaneous and synchronized body movement. Remarkably, this stimulation also led to enhanced learning performance. These effects were both phase- and frequency-specific: 6 Hz anti-phase stimulation or 10 Hz in-phase stimulation, did not yield comparable results. Furthermore, a mediation analysis disclosed that interpersonal movement synchrony acted as a partial mediator of the effect of dual brain stimulation on learning performance, i.e. possibly facilitating the effect of dual brain stimulation on learning. Our results provide a causal demonstration that inter-brain synchronization is a sufficient condition to improve real-time information transfer between pairs of individuals.
Online Social Cognition Training in Schizophrenia: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Multi-Site Clinical Trial
Authors: Nahum Mor , Lee Hyunkyu , Fisher Melissa , Green Michael F , Hooker Christine I , Ventura Joseph , Jordan Joshua T , Rose Annika , Kim Sarah-Jane , Haut Kristen M , Merzenich Michael M , Vinogradov Sophia 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Social cognition (SC), the mental operations underlying social functioning, are impaired in schizophrenia. Their direct link to functional outcome and illness status have made them an important therapeutic target. However, no effective treatment for these deficits is currently applied as a standard of care. To address this need, we have developed SocialVille—an online, plasticity-based training program that targets SC deficits in schizophrenia. Here we report the outcomes of a double-blind, controlled, randomized, multi-site clinical trial of SocialVille. Outpatients with schizophrenia were randomized to complete 40 sessions of either SocialVille (N = 55 completers) or active control (computer games; N = 53 completers) from home. The a priori co-primary outcome measures were a social cognitive composite and a functional capacity outcome (UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment [UPSA-2]). Secondary outcomes included a virtual functional capacity measure (VRFCAT), social functioning, quality of life, and motivation. Linear mixed models revealed a group × time interaction favoring the treatment group for the social cognitive composite (b = 2.81; P &lt; .001) but not for the UPSA-2 measure. Analysis of secondary outcome measures showed significant group × time effects favoring the treatment group on SC and social functioning, on the virtual functional capacity measure and a motivation subscale, although these latter findings were nonsignificant with FDR correction. These results provide support for the efficacy of a remote, plasticity-based social cognitive training program in improving SC and social functioning in schizophrenia. Such treatments may serve as a cost-effective adjunct to existing psychosocial treatments.
Trial Registration: NCT02246426.
The Epidemiology of Respiratory Failure in the United States 2002–2017: A Serial Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Kempker Jordan A. , Abril Maria K. , Chen Yunyun , Kramer Michael R. , Waller Lance A. , Martin Greg S. 
Published: June 2020

Objectives:
Respiratory failure with mechanical ventilation is a limited labor-intensive resource that is associated with high mortality. Understanding the longitudinal national epidemiology is essential for the organization of healthcare resources.

Design:
Serial cross-sectional study.

Setting:
The 2002–2017 Healthcare Utilization Project’s National Inpatient Sample datasets.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements:
We use six diagnosis codes and five procedural codes from International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification, and 19 diagnosis codes and 15 procedures codes from International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification to examine national epidemiology of different case definitions for respiratory failure.

Results:
In the United States in 2017, there were an estimated 1,146,195 discharges with a diagnosis of respiratory failure and procedural code for mechanical ventilation, with an average length of stay of 10.5 days and hospital charge of $158,443. Over the study period, there was an 83% increase in incidence from 249 to 455 cases per 100,000 adults with a 48% decrease in hospital mortality from 34% to 23%. Exploring a case definition that captures only diagnosis codes for respiratory failure, there was a 197% increase in annual incidence, from 429 to 1,275 cases per 100,000 adults with a 57% decrease in hospital mortality from 28% to 12%. For invasive mechanical ventilation without a requisite diagnosis code, there was no change in incidence over the study period, with the 2017 incidence at 359 cases per 100,000 adults, but a 19% decrease in hospital mortality from 37% to 30%. For the noninvasive mechanical ventilation procedural codes, there was a 437% increase in incidence from 41 to 220 cases per 100,000 adults, with a 38% decrease in hospital mortality from 16% to 10%.

Conclusions:
Examining different case definitions for respiratory failure, there was a large increase in the population incidence and decrease in the hospital mortality for respiratory failure diagnosis codes with more modest changes procedural codes for invasive mechanical ventilation. There was a large increase in incidence of noninvasive mechanical ventilation.
Short- and Long-Term Outcome of Chronic Dialyzed Patients Admitted to the ICU and Assessment of Prognosis Factors: Results of a 6-Year Cohort Study
Authors: Trusson Rémi , Brunot Vincent , Larcher Romaric , Platon Laura , Besnard Noémie , Moranne Olivier , Barbar Saber , Serre Jean-Emmanuel , Klouche Kada 
Published: June 2020

Objectives:
Data about end-stage kidney disease patients admitted to the ICU are scarce, dated, and mostly limited to short-term survival. The aim of this study was to assess the short- and long-term outcome and to determine the prognostic factors for end-stage kidney disease patients admitted to the ICU.

Design:
Prospective observational study.

Setting:
Medical ICUs in two university hospitals.

Patients:
Consecutive end-stage kidney disease patients admitted in two ICUs between 2012 and 2017.

Intervention:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Renal replacement therapy variables, demographic, clinical, and biological data were collected. The requirement of mechanical ventilation and vasopressive drugs were also collected. In-ICU and one-year mortality were estimated and all data were analyzed in order to identify predictive factors of short and long-term mortality. A total of 140 patients were included, representing 1.7% of total admissions over the study period. Septic shock was the main reason for admission mostly of pulmonary origin. Median Simplified Acute Physiology Score II and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score were at 63 and 6.7, respectively. In-ICU, hospital, and 1-year mortality were 41.4%, 46.4%, and 63%, respectively. ICU mortality was significantly higher as compared with ICU control group non-end-stage kidney disease (25% vs 41.4%; p = 0.005). By multivariate analysis, the short-term outcome was significantly associated with nonrenal Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and with the requirement of mechanical ventilation or/and vasoconstrictive agents during ICU stay. One-year mortality was associated with increased dialysis duration (> 3 yr) and phosphatemia (> 2.5 mmol/L), with lower albuminemia (< 30 g/L) and nonrenal Sequential Organ Failure Assessment greater than 8.

Conclusions:
End-stage kidney disease patients presented frequently severe complications requiring critical care that induced significant short- and long-term mortality. ICU and hospital mortality depended mainly on the severity of the critical event reflected by Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and the need of mechanical ventilation and/or catecholamines. One-year mortality was associated with both albuminemia and phosphatemia and with prior duration of chronic dialysis treatment, and with organ failure at ICU admission.
Surfactant lavage for neonatal meconium aspiration syndrome—An updated meta-analysis
Authors: Hui Rong , Jing-Jing Pan , Yun-Su Zou , Xiao-Yu Zhou , Xiao-Qing Chen , Yang Yang 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Surfactant lavage seems to have a good application prospect both in experimental models and patients with meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). Data regarding the effect of surfactant lavage on pulmonary complications of MAS are conflicting. In view of these uncertainties, an updated meta-analysis including the latest literatures is performed.

Methods:
A search was conducted by two investigators involved in this research in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases for studies in English and other languages, in Wanfang, VIP, and Cnki databases for Chinese studies (all last launched on December 18, 2018). Ultimately, we identified 11 original studies, including the surfactant lavage group (n = 189) and the control group (n = 204). Odds ratio and weighted mean difference were calculated using a random effects or fixed effects model, depending on the data type and heterogeneity of the included studies.

Results:
The comparison of effectiveness on MAS: (1) With respect to oxygen index at 48 hours stage and 72 hours stage, data showed significant difference between surfactant lavage/control groups (we/ighted mean difference [WMD] = −3.37, 95% confidence interval [CI], −5.68 ~ −1.06; p = 0.004 and 95% CI, −5.03 ~ −2.37; p < 0.00001). (2) With respect to days on mechanical ventilation, the analysis showed that there was significant difference between surfactant lavage group and control group (WMD = −1.12, 95% CI, −1.40 ~ −0.84; p < 0.00001). (3) Regarding the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, days of oxygen therapy, and hospital stay, no significant differences were found. The comparison of possible complications of MAS: (1) Regarding pneumothorax, the analysis showed there was significant difference between surfactant lavage and control groups (odds ratio [OR] = 0.46, 95% CI, 0.24 ~ 0.85; p = 0.01). (2) With respect to mortality, persist pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary hemorrhage, the results showed no difference between the two groups.

Conclusion:
With respect to oxygen index and days on mechanical ventilation, surfactant lavage is significantly effective compared with control group, though didn’t eventually shorten days of oxygen therapy and hospital stay. In addition, our meta-analysis showed that surfactant lavage does not increase the risk of complications.
2020 Consensus of Taiwan Society of Cardiology on the pharmacological management of patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Chiang Chern-En , Ueng Kwo-Chang , Chao Ting-Hsing , Lin Tsung-Hsien , Wu Yih-Jer , Wang Kang-Ling , Sung Shih-Hsien , Yeh Hung-I , Li Yi-Heng , Liu Ping-Yen , Chang Kuan-Cheng , Shyu Kou-Gi , Huang Jin-Long , Tsai Cheng-Dao , Hung Huei-Fong , Liu Ming-En , Chao Tze-Fan , Cheng Shu-Meng , Cheng Hao-Min , Chu Pao-Hsien , Yin Wei-Hsian , Wu Yen-Wen , Chen Wen-Jone , Lai Wen-Ter , Lin Shing-Jong , Yeh San-Jou , Hwang Juey-Jen 
Published: June 2020

The global incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes have been escalating in recent decades. The total diabetic population is expected to increase from 415 million in 2015 to 642 million by 2040. Patients with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). About two-thirds of patients with type 2 diabetes died of ASCVD. The association between hyperglycemia and elevated cardiovascular (CV) risk has been demonstrated in multiple cohort studies. However, clinical trials of intensive glucose reduction by conventional antidiabetic agents did not significantly reduce macrovascular outcomes.
In December 2008, U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a mandate that every new antidiabetic agent requires rigorous assessments of its CV safety. Thereafter, more than 200,000 patients have been enrolled in a number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). These trials were initially designed to prove noninferiority. It turned out that some of these trials demonstrated superiority of some new antidiabetic agents versus placebo in reducing CV endpoints, including macrovascular events, renal events, and heart failure. These results are important in clinical practice and also provide an opportunity for academic society to formulate treatment guidelines or consensus to provide specific recommendations for glucose control in various CV diseases.
In 2018, the Taiwan Society of Cardiology (TSOC) and the Diabetes Association of Republic of China (DAROC) published the first joint consensus on the “Pharmacological Management of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases.” In 2020, TSOC appointed a new consensus group to revise the previous version. The updated 2020 consensus was comprised of 5 major parts: (1) treatment of diabetes in patients with multiple risk factors, (2) treatment of diabetes in patients with coronary heart disease, (3) treatment of diabetes in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease, (4) treatment of diabetes in patients with a history of stroke, and (5) treatment of diabetes in patients with heart failure. The members of the consensus group thoroughly reviewed all the evidence, mainly RCTs, and also included meta-analyses and real-world evidence. The treatment targets of HbA1c were finalized. The antidiabetic agents were ranked according to their clinical evidence. The consensus is not mandatory. The final decision may need to be individualized and based on clinicians’ discretion.
Recent pubertal timing trends in Northern Taiwanese children: Comparison with skeletal maturity
Authors: Chow Jeffrey C. , Chou Ting Ywan , Tung Tao-Hsin , Yuh Yeong-Seng 
Published: June 2020

Background:
International studies have reported an early age of onset of puberty in girls and boys. However, the current situation of puberty onset in Taiwanese children is unknown. In this study, the timing of menarche and pubertal change in testicular volume (TV) in Taiwanese children was examined, and bone age (BA) was used as an internal somatic maturity scale and compared with the chronological age (CA) at pubertal timing.

Methods:
Clinical data from October 1, 2010, to March 31, 2018, were retrospectively collected from a general hospital in Taipei. The data of patients who were diagnosed with endocrine/genetic disorders were excluded. Clinical data included CA, timing of menarche, and X-ray images of TV and BA. BA was determined by a senior pediatrician and a senior pediatric radiologist. The reliability and validity of BA readings were tested. Collected data were analyzed statistically.

Results:
Overall, TV records of 241 boys and the menarche timing data of 98 girls were collected from 1823 children. CA for menarche was 11.35 ± 1.06 years (mean ± SD), and BA for menarche was 12.95 ± 0.80 years. CA and BA at TV = 15 mL in male puberty was 12.32 ± 1.22 and 13.46 ± 0.68 years, respectively. A stronger correlation was observed between TV and BA than between TV and CA during the pubertal period.

Conclusion:
The secular trend of earlier puberty timing continues. The decline rate of menarche timing was approximately 0.43 years per decade in the past 30 years. Among boys, an advance of more than 1 year in pubertal timing age was observed over the past 20 years. BA and TV showed high correlation during puberty.