bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diaspora-Building and Cultural Diplomacy: The Greek Community of Jerusalem in Late Ottoman Times and the Mandate
Authors: Papastathis Konstantinos 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the history of the Greek diasporic community of Jerusalem in late Ottoman times and the formative years of the British Mandate. It focuses on the creation of the Greek Colony and its central community institution, the so-called Greek Club, as well as the role of Greek cultural diplomacy both with the Greek community and with Arabs of the Greek Orthodox denomination, in its development. It addresses the establishment and development of the Jerusalem Greek diaspora; its relation to the Greek state; and its links to the Orthodox Patriarchate. Overall, the chapter suggests that Greece could influence, but not control, the decision-making process within the community. The Greek diaspora was excluded from systematic influence in Church administration, lacking power over communal education, and hence politically dependent on the Church.
The Palestine Society: Cultural Diplomacy and Scholarship in Late Tsarist Russia and the Soviet State
Authors: Gerd Lora 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the role of Russian institutions in Palestine before, during and after WWI. The task of the first Russian mission was the control over the distribution of Russian donations, supporting Orthodoxy against Catholic and Protestant proselytisation and organising pilgrimages. Being founded with both political and philanthropic aims, the Russian organisations in Palestine supported the local Orthodox Arab population. Along with the traditional colonial modes of “soft power” in Palestine and Greater Syria (acquiring land and organising schools), on the eve and during WWI more flexible trends appear, providing a dialogue and cooperation with both the Greek Patriarchate and the Arab party. After the revolution of 1917 the Russian presence in Palestine was reduced to a few institutions of the Russian Church Abroad, and lost its political significance.
Orthodox Clubs and Associations: Cultural, Educational and Religious Networks Between Palestine and Transjordan, 1925–1950
Authors: Neveu Norig 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSince the late nineteenth century, Orthodox Arab laymen had organised themselves into associations starting in the main cities of Palestine, a dynamic which quickly spread to Transjordan, leading to the creation of local Orthodox committees in most parishes. This chapter considers the history of the Greek Orthodox associations in Transjordan from 1925 to 1950 and the influence of regional networks in the structuration of religious, social and intellectual life in Amman and more generally Transjordan. By approaching cultural diplomacy “from below”, this chapter highlights the pivotal role of Orthodox laity in promoting cultural, intellectual and political production in Transjordan. Through those activities they could negotiate local sovereignty but also political and communal space, away from the influence of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem.
Sound Power: Musical Diplomacy Within the Franciscan Custody in Mandate Jerusalem
Authors: Rioli Maria Chiara , Castagnetti Riccardo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAlthough often underestimated or barely quoted by historical studies, music plays a crucial role in the cultural agenda of Church institutions and missionary congregations. Among the Catholic actors, the Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land was a central one connecting two of their main goals: evangelisation and education. These two tasks were strictly linked: music was a central element in the liturgies celebrated in the parishes and in the Holy Places and at the same time a pedagogical tool, taught in the schools ruled by the Friars. Music reveals also the complex process of encounter of Palestinian and Western patterns in modern Palestine. In this way the music sung and taught in the St Saviour also contributed to shape the soundscape of Jerusalem. The chapter discusses various sources related to Augustine Lama, at that time the director of theschola cantorumof St Saviour.
Middle Powers in International Development Cooperation: Assessing the Roles of South Korea and Turkey
Authors: Baydag R. Melis 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter analyses the foreign aid discourses of South Korea and Turkey in international development cooperation under the framework of middle-power theory. Korea and Turkey make use of their middle-power identity with the aim of increasing their presence around the globe, where foreign aid is used as an important foreign policy tool. They claim to be like-minded peers playing a bridging role between the developed and developing worlds. Despite opting for similar results in global politics, they show divergent strategic and ideational pathways in foreign aid. This creates significant implications for cooperation at the global level, especially because it questions the role of middle-power collaboration in facilitating possible rapprochement between traditional and emerging donors as well as within the Southern providers.
Partnerships with the Private Sector: Success Factors and Levels of Engagement in Development Cooperation
Authors: Pérez-Pineda Jorge A. , Wehrmann Dorothea 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPartnerships with private-sector actors are widely considered crucial for achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, but the ways of how to engage best with actors from the private sector in development cooperation are contested. Often it is feared that influential companies will hijack unregulated partnership initiatives for their own benefits. This chapter investigates different levels of engagement for partnerships with private-sector actors and discusses how they can be more successful. We show that it matters whether it is envisioned to incentivise and regulate private-sector engagement at the global or at the country level. The chapter’s main findings support context-specific approaches and emphasise the need to strengthen national development agencies as focal points for private-sector engagement in development cooperation.
Structure, Dynamics and Function of the 26S Proteasome
Authors: Mao Youdong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe 26S proteasome is the most complex ATP-dependent protease machinery, of ~2.5 MDa mass, ubiquitously found in all eukaryotes. It selectively degrades ubiquitin-conjugated proteins and plays fundamentally indispensable roles in regulating almost all major aspects of cellular activities. To serve as the sole terminal “processor” for myriad ubiquitylation pathways, the proteasome evolved exceptional adaptability in dynamically organizing a large network of proteins, including ubiquitin receptors, shuttle factors, deubiquitinases, AAA-ATPase unfoldases, and ubiquitin ligases, to enable substrate selectivity and processing efficiency and to achieve regulation precision of a vast diversity of substrates. The inner working of the 26S proteasome is among the most sophisticated, enigmatic mechanisms of enzyme machinery in eukaryotic cells. Recent breakthroughs in three-dimensional atomic-level visualization of the 26S proteasome dynamics during polyubiquitylated substrate degradation elucidated an extensively detailed picture of its functional mechanisms, owing to progressive methodological advances associated with cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Multiple sites of ubiquitin binding in the proteasome revealed a canonical mode of ubiquitin-dependent substrate engagement. The proteasome conformation in the act of substrate deubiquitylation provided insights into how the deubiquitylating activity of RPN11 is enhanced in the holoenzyme and is coupled to substrate translocation. Intriguingly, three principal modes of coordinated ATP hydrolysis in the heterohexameric AAA-ATPase motor were discovered to regulate intermediate functional steps of the proteasome, including ubiquitin-substrate engagement, deubiquitylation, initiation of substrate translocation and processive substrate degradation. The atomic dissection of the innermost working of the 26S proteasome opens up a new era in our understanding of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and has far-reaching implications in health and disease.
Trade-Offs and Turnstiles as the Main Drivers of the Transformation Process Towards Sustainability
Authors: Hernandez Ariel Macaspac 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter is a major pillar of the theoretical framework and reiterates how this book understands the intricacies of decision-making in the context of transformation towards sustainability. It looks at how power, identities, path dependence, emotions, norms, institutions and paradigms can promote or inhibit effective decision-making. This understanding aims not only to achieve the ‘deconstruction’ of paradigmatically ‘given’ terms, which are widespread within and across disciplines, but, equally importantly, to also develop and/or refine decision tools to address complexity and uncertainty.
Berücksichtigung der globalen Entwicklung
Authors: Prettenthaler Franz , Gössling Stefan , Damm Andrea , Neger Christoph , Köberl Judith , Haas Willi 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungDer österreichische Tourismus ist in hohem Maß von Auslandsmärkten abhängig. Dies gilt umso mehr, als rund die Hälfte der Reisen der Österreicherinnen und Österreicher ins Ausland erfolgt (Statistik Austria 2018a). In dieser Hinsicht ist eine umfassende Abschätzung der zukünftigen Entwicklung des Sektors nur unter Berücksichtigung von Veränderungen auf globaler und europäischer Ebene möglich. Das vorliegende Kapitel bietet daher einen Überblick über Studien, die sich mit dieser Thematik befassen, sowohl mit den direkten Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf den europäischen Tourismus (insbesondere aufgrund von Temperatur- und Niederschlagsänderungen) als auch mit übrigen Einflussfaktoren auf die internationalen Touristenströme (z. B. demografische und ökonomische Entwicklungen, geopolitische Risiken, allgemeine Trends). Generell ist die vorliegende Thematik noch mit großen Unsicherheiten verbunden, unter anderem in Hinblick darauf, wie hoch die globale Erwärmung in bestimmten Zeitabschnitten sein wird. Wichtig ist dabei auch, inwieweit es gelingen wird, die anthropogenen Treibhausgasemissionen zu senken und herauszuarbeiten, inwieweit der Tourismus hierzu beitragen könnte. Daher beschäftigt sich der zweite Abschnitt des Kapitels mit Studien, die versuchen, den Anteil des Tourismus an den Emissionen zu berechnen, zuerst auf globaler Ebene und dann auch hinsichtlich der österreichischen Reisenden und der heimischen Tourismuswirtschaft.
Städte, denkmalgeschützte Anlagen und kulturelles Erbe
Authors: Jiricka-Pürrer Alexandra , Brandenburg Christiane , Pröbstl-Haider Ulrike , Allex Brigitte 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungNeben dem Gesundheitstourismus ist auch die Nachfrage nach Städtereisen1 in den letzten zehn Jahren im österreichischen Sommertourismus konstant gestiegen (Fleischhacker 2019). Die verstärkte Nachfrage nach Städtereisen spiegelt den Gesamttrend zur kurzfristigen flexibleren Urlaubsplanung (Zellmann und Mayrhofer 2015, 2017) sowie zu mehrmaligen Kurzurlauben (Wirtschaftskammer Tirol 2018; WKO 2018) wider. In der ganzjährigen Betrachtung machen Kultur‑, Besichtigungs- und Städteurlaube knapp 10 % der Reisearten in Österreich aus (Statistik Austria 2016, 2017). Für Wien, als größte österreichische Stadtdestination, zeigen die Ankünfte einen positiven Trend in den letzten zehn Jahren (MA 23 Dezernat Statistik Wien 2018a). Bei den Herkunftsmärkten ist Deutschland das wichtigste Land. Bei den Gästen aus dem Inland, die den zweitwichtigsten Herkunftsmarkt für den Wientourismus darstellen, zeigen die aktuellsten Statistiken aus 2018 ein deutliches Plus von 6 % bei den Nächtigungen im Vergleich zu 2017. Mit größerem Abstand finden sich danach die USA als Herkunftsmarkt auf Platz drei für Wienreisen (MA 23 Dezernat Statistik Wien 2018b).
Anders denken und handeln – Bewusstsein für das Klima
Authors: Fritsch Sabine , Thiem Carolin , Sartori Oliver 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungJede und jeder Einzelne kann einen Beitrag zu einer zukunftsfähigen und nachhaltigen Entwicklung unseres Planeten leisten und den eigenen CO2-Fußabdruck durch klimafreundliche Verhaltensweisen reduzieren. Warum nur fällt das so schwer? Mangelt es am Bewusstsein?
Herausforderungen einer klimafreundlichen Energieversorgung
Authors: Kleemann Janine , Neumann Kirsten , Zehm Antje 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungSucht man nachhaltige Lösungen zur Begrenzung des globalen, anthropogenen Temperaturanstiegs, ist eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der Energieversorgung unablässig. In Deutschland wurde in einem ersten Schritt der Energiewende der Ausbau erneuerbarer Energien massiv forciert. Es zeigt sich, dass mit einer Vielzahl ausgereifter Technologien die Versorgungssicherheit gewährleistet werden kann.
Hack the School: A Creative Toolkit to Transform School Spaces
Authors: Sasot Sílvia , Belvis Esther 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe ‘Hack the School’ project provides school communities a guided experience to support the transformation of their learning spaces. The aim is to foster change through a comprehensive and co-creative approach facilitating the transition from traditional uses of space to innovative ones with the concept of wellbeing as primary agency. A conceptual framework based on seven principles—welcome, belonging, communication, cooperation, diversity, movement and transduction—and an applied creative toolkit equip the process and provide a unique and novel perspective to the topic of innovative learning environments. Thus, the project channels the emerging needs regarding educational spaces challenging the current regulations that the public administration applies in Spain and initiates a dialogical collaboration between the field of education and architecture. The challenge open to all schools and funded by the Jaume Bofill Foundation received over 170 proposals in the Catalan context, where 30 schools were selected and are now becoming effective ‘hackers’.
School Change: Emerging Findings of How to Achieve the “Buzz”
Authors: French Raechel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores emerging findings from the research question, “What characterizes a successful transition of a school from traditional classrooms to an innovative learning environment in the context of the design and construction process?” Many schools today are trading in their identical classroom model for activity-driven, technology-infused spaces and envision a future in which teaching, culture, and space align seamlessly resulting in the intangible “buzz” of engaged learning. However, research and experience show many of these schools fail to supplement the design and construction process with initiatives to align teaching practices, organizational structures, and leadership with the intended vision. This often results in a misalignment between the pedagogical goals of the building and its subsequent use. To provide a research-based course of action for transitioning schools and a basis for future Ph.D. study, exploratory case studies were completed of schools operating in new buildings and having achieved this “buzz”. Emerging best-practice processes and tools are shared.
The cardiovascular determinants of physical function in patients with end-stage kidney disease on haemodialysis
Authors: Adenwalla Sherna F. , Billany Roseanne E. , March Daniel S. , Gulsin Gaurav S. , Young Hannah M. L. , Highton Patrick , Churchward Darren C. , Young Robin , Careless Alysha , Tomlinson Clare L. , McCann Gerry P. , Burton James O. , Graham-Brown Matthew P. M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPatients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are often sedentary and decreased functional capacity associates with mortality. The relationship between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and physical function has not been fully explored. Understanding the relationships between prognostically relevant measures of CVD and physical function may offer insight into how exercise interventions might target specific elements of CVD. 130 patients on haemodialysis (mean age 57 ± 15 years, 73% male, dialysis vintage 1.3 years (0.5, 3.4), recruited to the CYCLE-HD trial (ISRCTN11299707), underwent cardiovascular phenotyping with cardiac MRI (left ventricular (LV) structure and function, pulse wave velocity (PWV) and native T1 mapping) and cardiac biomarker assessment. Participants completed the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) and sit-to-stand 60 (STS60) as field-tests of physical function. Linear regression models identified CV determinants of physical function measures, adjusted for age, gender, BMI, diabetes, ethnicity and systolic blood pressure. Troponin I, PWV and global native T1 were univariate determinants of ISWT and STS60 performance. NT pro-BNP was a univariate determinant of ISWT performance. In multivariate models, NT pro-BNP and global native T1 were independent determinants of ISWT and STS60 performance. LV ejection fraction was an independent determinant of ISWT distance. However, age and diabetes had the strongest relationships with physical function. In conclusion, NT pro-BNP, global native T1 and LV ejection fraction were independent CV determinants of physical function. However, age and diabetes had the greatest independent influence. Targeting diabetic care may ameliorate deconditioning in these patients and a multimorbidity approach should be considered when developing exercise interventions.
Measuring the presence of organized crime across Italian provinces: a sensitivity analysis
Authors: Bernardo Giovanni , Brunetti Irene , Pinar Mehmet , Stengos Thanasis 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe existing literature identifies different indicators to construct organized crime indices and places equal importance to different concepts of organized crime. This paper examines the sensitivity of organized crime across Italian provinces when different set of indicators and weights are used to combine crime indicators. Our findings suggest that there is a remarkable variation in the distribution of organized crime across Italian provinces based on the choice of indicators and the importance given to different crime indicators. It is also found that the relationship of organized crime with socioeconomic and political factors varies depending on the normative choices made in the construction of an organized crime index.
The Role of Children’s Dietary Pattern and Physical Activity in the Association Between Breastfeeding and BMI at Age 5: The GECKO Drenthe Cohort
Authors: Vinke Petra Corianne , Tigelaar Carolien , Küpers Leanne Karen , Corpeleijn Eva 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Breastfeeding is protective against childhood obesity, but the role of childhood lifestyle in this association is unclear. We investigated whether physical activity and dietary pattern at age 5 differed between breastfed and non-breastfed children, and how they relate to Body Mass Index (BMI) Z-scores.

Methods
1477 children of the Dutch GECKO Drenthe birth cohort were included. At one month, children were categorized as breastfed (receiving breast milk exclusively or in combination with formula milk) or non-breastfed (receiving formula milk exclusively). At age 5, height and weight were objectively measured, physical activity was measured by ActiGraph GT3x and dietary patterns were assessed with a parent-reported food pattern questionnaire, assessing the consumption frequency of selected food items at seven occasions over the day.

Results
Non-breastfed children had higher BMI Z-scores (0.36 ± 0.90 vs. 0.20 ± 0.80 SD, p = 0.002), more frequently consumed sugar-sweetened beverages (25.0 ± 10.5 vs. 22.5 ± 9.71 times per week, p < 0.001), and consumed relatively less whole-wheat or brown bread (p = 0.007). Differences in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption were most pronounced during main meals. Total fruit consumption, sedentary time and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels did not differ between the groups. Multivariable adjusted linear regression analyses showed that the differences in BMI-z score between non-breastfed and breastfed children were not explained by the differences in sugar-sweetened beverages or type of bread consumed.

Conclusions
Infant breastfeeding itself is indicative of healthy dietary behaviors in early life, and is also more likely to be followed by a favorable dietary pattern at toddler age. However, the differences in dietary habits between breastfed and non-breastfed children did not explain the difference in BMI Z-score at the age of 5.
Thermodynamic Prediction and Experimental Verification of Multiphase Composition of Scale Formed on Reheated Alloy Steels
Authors: Osei Richard , Lekakh Simon , O’Malley Ronald 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe structure, phase, and composition of scale formed on a continuously cast steel slab during reheating depend on intrinsic factors (steel chemistry, microstructure, and as-cast surface condition) and extrinsic parameters (temperature, time, composition, and velocity of combustion gas atmosphere). The scale that forms on a slab normally has several layers with differing compositions and phases and knowledge of this scale structure is important in subsequent descaling and hot rolling processing steps. Formation of multiphase scale structures on steel during high temperature oxidation in reheat furnace proceeds according to a local thermodynamic equilibrium, while thickness of layers depends on kinetic conditions (mostly by diffusion). In this study, the local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions through the scale layer were simulated using different oxygen/steel ratios, which mimicked the conditions for scale formation at the external, internal, and sublayer oxide region at metal/scale boundary. Experiments were performed in a simulated combustion atmosphere using typical industrial reheat time/temperature conditions. The phases that developed in layered scale structure were documented using SEM/EDX and Raman spectroscopy. The predicted scale compositions and phases were in good agreement with the experimental results for studies with Mn and Si-alloyed carbon steel, Cr-alloyed ferritic, and Cr, Ni-alloyed austenitic steels.
Targeting the alternative bile acid synthetic pathway for metabolic diseases
Authors: Jia Wei , Wei Meilin , Rajani Cynthia , Zheng Xiaojiao 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe gut microbiota is profoundly involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, in part by regulating bile acid (BA) metabolism and affecting multiple BA-receptor signaling pathways. BAs are synthesized in the liver by multi-step reactions catalyzed via two distinct routes, the classical pathway (producing the 12α-hydroxylated primary BA, cholic acid), and the alternative pathway (producing the non-12α-hydroxylated primary BA, chenodeoxycholic acid). BA synthesis and excretion is a major pathway of cholesterol and lipid catabolism, and thus, is implicated in a variety of metabolic diseases including obesity, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Additionally, both oxysterols and BAs function as signaling molecules that activate multiple nuclear and membrane receptor-mediated signaling pathways in various tissues, regulating glucose, lipid homeostasis, inflammation, and energy expenditure. Modulating BA synthesis and composition to regulate BA signaling is an interesting and novel direction for developing therapies for metabolic disease. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings on the role of BA synthetic pathways, with a focus on the role of the alternative pathway, which has been under-investigated, in treating hyperglycemia and fatty liver disease. We also discuss future perspectives to develop promising pharmacological strategies targeting the alternative BA synthetic pathway for the treatment of metabolic diseases.