bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial Neural Network Surrogate Reservoir Proxy Modeling for Generating Pressure and Gas Saturation at the Grid–Block Level in Shale Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Maula Azman , Rofieq Shodiq , Sabila Tsani , Lestariono Yuli 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Core reservoir management studies involving sensitivity, history matching, predictive forecast, optimization and uncertainty tasks require hundreds of numerical simulations. To enhance reservoir descriptions; more data acquisition, computational power and complex models are engineered. This creates an unstainable time consuming, computationally expensive cyclical process to which the industry could not yet realize the true potential of such full-field reservoir models [1].
In line with the upcoming fourth paradigm shift involving data driven science, this study aims to use data mining and artificial intelligence to investigate the conceptual framework, development and feasibility of data-driven approach in Artificial Neural Network based Grid-block Surrogate Reservoir Model (GSRM) Smart Proxy. The Smart Proxy model is applied for unconventional shale gas reservoirs with dynamic property response prediction output of grid-block pressure and gas saturation.
The GSRM Smart Proxy was developed based on data mining and artificial intelligence technique using VBA programming language in Excel and MATLAB Neural Network Toolbox. Validation of the Smart Proxy model is conducted against commercial simulator unconventional benchmark model in Computer Modelling Group (CMG). Data gathering of the benchmark numerical shale gas model was first conducted followed by the sensitivity analysis of parameters. Most sensitive parameters were identified and brought forward to the design of experiment task to generate a total of 58 datasets covering the solution space. The datasets were run, and simulator output results of grid gas saturation were extracted and deconvoluted using Excel VBA program. The scenarios database is then utilized in MATLAB Neural Network Toolbox to construct GSRM Smart Proxy through data science tasks such as feature engineering, neural net architecture design, model training, validation and testing.
Results of the developed GSRM Smart Proxy test predictions of grid-block pressure and grid-block gas saturation neural network models were compared to have a sufficiently acceptable match accuracy and validated to the benchmark numerical reservoir model solution with R2of 0.947 and R2of 0.934 respectively, also with MSE of 2.52E-03 and MSE of 2.55E-03 respectively for the test sets. GSRM outputs are found to be obtained with minimal computation power and runtime (seconds).
Fatigue Analysis of Flexible Riser Using Hybrid Machine Learning
Authors: Bhowmik Subrata 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a novel hybrid machine learning methodology for evaluating the fatigue life of a flexible riser on long term environmental loading. Flexible risers are multi-layered structures made of several layers including pressure armour and tensile armour layers, out of which tensile armour layer is more prone to fatigue damage of flexible riser on long term environmental loading. The evaluation of stresses on the tensile armour layer is a complicated method due to friction acting between the internal layers. The friction coefficients between layers are calculated using analytical method proposed by Saevik [1] and used as a training data set for the Artificial Neural Network(ANN) model. Hybrid Machine Learning (Back Propagation Neural Network + Generic Algorithm) is used in the proposed fatigue damage estimation method.
Global fatigue analysis of a flexible riser has been performed with environmental loading. The effective tension and bending moments are evaluated in the global analysis and used as inputs to the proposed Hybrid Machine Learning model to calculate the stresses in the tensile armour layer. The fatigue life of the riser based on the predicted stresses is computed using the rainflow counting method. A case study is described for a 12" diameter flexible riser with from turret moored FPSO with typical north-sea environmental loading is applied for demonstrating the methodology.
The proposed hybrid method is a nonlinear parametric model where the parameters are optimised based on Genetic Algorithm based ANN model and the to predict stress on tensile armour from two primary input; bending moment and effective tension. The hybrid model is quite useful to evaluate the fatigue damage prediction on tensile armour layer. Comparing the fatigue life calculated from the proposed hybrid method and the analytical approach focuses on a nonlinear, friction coefficient dependent model [1], it is clearly visible that there is good agreement between both results. The proposed method is a Machine Learning based predictive model and can be used as an alternative tool for predicting fatigue damage in the flexible riser
Advanced Pipeline Isolation Solutions to Enhance Valve Change Outs Minimizing Downtime
Authors: Lie Rolf Gunnar , Anderson Gary , Liao Jane , Rong Chang Roger Ren 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In order to stabilize the supply of gas to its domestic market, China Petroleum Corporation (CPC), Taiwan, the sole natural gas supplier, has established an integrated gas distribution network in the western part of Taiwan with an inland transmission trunk line, offshore transmission trunk line and regional transmission loops. CPC's gas pipeline planning is based on the concept of forming a ring-shaped gas transmission network along the island. The 36-inch diameter Yung-An to Tung-Hsiao offshore pipeline (Figure 1) is the largest and longest transmission pipeline in the entire network, delivering gas from southern Taiwan to northern Taiwan, where the dominant gas market is located. It was discovered that the emergency shutdown valves (ESDV) at both the Yung-An LNG terminal and the Tung-Hsiao gas transfer station, which are connected by a 237.7-km (147.7-mi), 36-inch offshore pipeline, required replacement or maintenance so that
CPC could resume operational pigging of the pipeline and carry out regular in-line inspection (ILI), as required by regulations.
Methods, Procedures, Process: For this project, CPC decided to apply advanced isolation technology known as SmartPlug® in-line isolation and hot tapping and STOPPLE® isolation technology to isolate the pipeline pressure at 60 bar (870 psi) before executing the repair work. The isolation enabled the operator to avoid depressurizing and purging their entire 237.7-km (147.7-mile) gas export pipeline while mitigating safety concerns associated with defective ESDVs and corroded components. This paper describes the steps taken from planning, to site visit and engineering, to safely and successfully executing the isolation.
Novel/Additive Information: Continued operation with defective pipeline isolation valves and corroded components would have been highly undesirable and would have caused many safety concerns for the pipeline's owner. Using SmartPlug with hot tapping and STOPPLE technology allowed the operator to avoid depressurizing and purging the entire gas export line, which would have meant flaring venting a large quantity of natural gas, a huge business opportunity loss and an event of significant environmental impact. It would have taken several days to fully depressurize and flare the entire pipeline, and several more days to reintroduce hydrocarbons into the pipeline before gas deliveries could resume. The project schedule allowed for only seven days of work during the 2019 Chinese New Year holidays, when energy consumption in Taiwan is lower than usual. While the 36-inch pipeline was isolated, CPC also took the opportunity to replace some leaking valves at both the launching and receiving ends of the pipeline.
Study on Viscosity Reduction Mechanism for Offshore Heavy Oil Under the Synergistic Action of Nanocatalyst and Ultrasound
Authors: Li Hanyong , Wang Yunlong , Qin Shouqiang , Cao Shuofang , Yu Bo , Sun Dongliang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Heavy oil resources are abundant all over the world, but its content of resin and asphaltene is high. Heavy oil has high viscosity and poor fluidity at room temperature, which brings great difficulties to heavy oil recovery and pipeline transportation. At present, the commonly used technologies of heavy oil pipeline transportation are heating transportation, emulsification viscosity reduction transportation and heavy oil mixed with dilute transportation, which have the shortcomings of high energy consumption and poor stability. In this paper, the structure and properties of a blank oil sample from offshore heavy oil and the oil samples dealt with the optimal experimental parameters were characterized by using the methods of ultrasonic alone, nano catalyst alone and synergistic action of nano catalyst and ultrasonic respectively. By means of four-component separation, elemental analysis and full two-dimensional gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy analysis of light components, the changes of the contents of resins, asphaltenes, trace elements and light components as well as the types of functional groups in oil samples were measured. The results showed that the content of macromolecule such as resin and asphaltene in heavy oil was almost unchanged under the action of ultrasonic alone and the synergistic action of nano catalyst and ultrasonic. The content of saturated hydrocarbon in small molecule decreased to a certain extent, while the content of aromatic component decreased by 5.27% and 6.22% respectively. The peak values of infrared spectra changed slightly under three treatment modes. Among them, the peak values on the left side of the oil sample under the synergistic action of nano catalyst and ultrasonic decreased by 0.24 cm−1, and the peak values on the middle peak changed the most and increased by 0.95 cm−1 under the action of ultrasonic alone. Elemental analysis showed that the sulfur content of oil samples disappeared under the synergistic action of nano catalyst and ultrasonic and the action of ultrasonic alone, and the H/C increased most under the synergistic action of nano catalyst and ultrasonic, from 0.1310 to 0.1457. Two-dimensional gas chromatography showed that aromatic hydrocarbon content decreased, while alkanes (including C7-C40) and holosterols content increased under the synergistic action of nano catalyst and ultrasonic. It could be concluded that the viscosity reduction effect of heavy oil was the best under the synergistic action of nano catalyst and ultrasonic, and the viscosity reduction rate could reach 49.64%.
The above experimental results revealed to some extent the mechanism of viscosity reduction of heavy oil under the synergistic action of nano catalyst and ultrasonic, and provided reliable data reference and theoretical basis for submarine heavy oil pipeline transportation technology.
Delivering Best-in-Class Shallow Water Wellhead Platform, and Beyond
Authors: Loh Khian Aik , Chow Wan Han , Ngiam Shih Ming 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
While industrial revolution 4.0 transforming the manufacturing industry with the adoption of computers and enhanced with smart and autonomous system that comes with big data and machine learning capability, operators in oil and gas industry also embarked on its evolution, advancing in end-to-end project delivery efficiency through simplification and transformation, with the objective to deliver best-in-class project in a consistent manner.
This paper demonstrates a few key changes implemented by Civil, Structural and Offshore Engineering discipline to support the project delivery evolution by referring to a recent wellhead platform project Shell delivered. The principles of simplification and transformation were embraced since the early front end development phase, started from competitive scoping through the development of an intent/requirements-based technical requirements tailored to the project, considered all the key and relevant lessons learnt from respective operator combined with widely referred industry specifications. An intend-based design driven by efficient execution strategy has also shorten the fabrication and installation duration where early Mechanical Completion can be achieved by carefully bringing forward certain scope to front-end loading (FEL) with contractor's commitment to work within a stretched, proper-defined boundaries.
Another key change project implemented is through the enhancement in supply chain model that aims to accelerate the delivery schedule. Contractors were empowered and took full accountability under the EPC contract, after alignment of project intent, goals and owner/contractor interest. Cross-organization collaboration between operating units also allow project and/or sub-systems across projects to approach market in a joint campaign, benefits all parties from economy of scale.
The ultimate purpose of having efficient project delivery is to drive CAPEX down, enable more marginal fields development become economically feasible. Through the standardization of design requirements and smart replication, this will become the new baseline (in term of cost and schedule) to deliver future standard wellhead platform and transforming wellhead platform delivery to something like block manufacturing industry.
Extreme Ocean Current Profiles Classification in South China Sea
Authors: Loh Weitian , David Daniel , Anokhin Vadim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to derive representative vertical extreme current profiles for a location offshore Borneo continental shelf using statistical methods. Firstly, 95th percentile was used on one-year through the water column current measurements in 140 m of water to identify extreme current profiles. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was then applied to the extremes to retain fundamental modes of the current dataset. The statistical approach was followed by K-means clustering analysis to objectively group the extreme current profiles. Lastly, actual weather and sea state conditions are examined to validate and explain each extreme current profile. Extreme currents are typically observed during the Northeast monsoon in South China Sea (boreal winter). From the statistical analysis, there are two prominent ocean current profiles observed at the location, (1) sheared profile with strong surface currents and (2) mid-depth current maxima. Type 1 profile is typically observed during strong winds, which lead to the formation of a wind-driven sheared profile with maxima at the surface. In contrast, Type 2 current profile has relatively weak near sea surface currents, while strong currents are observed at 60-100 m water depth. This profile is accompanied by a formation of mixing layer within a thermocline region and might be associated with the formation of basin-wide Kelvin wave in response to north-easterly monsoon.
Innovative Asset Integrity Management to Drive Operational Effectiveness
Authors: Constantinis Danny , Davies Peter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The floating Gas industry is growing rapidly. As with all sectors in boom times, the focus is firmly on output. We need to ensure safety, compliance and profitability of what are high value, complex assets some of which operate close to high population densities.
The speed of growth must be matched by an equivalent effort to maintain asset integrity while continuing production. Put simply, existing inspection and maintenance methods are not fit for purpose.
This paper describes a joint industry approach for addressing these challenges that has proved successful for FPSOs.
The industry needs to operate with high levels of asset integrity, with a programme of continuous improvement and with a long-term planning view. Effective Asset Integrity programmes are a key part of the strategy, and it is widely agreed that better use of data and robotics will help reduce unnecessary work and human risk.
The HITS (Hull Inspection Techniques and Strategy) JIP, part of the FPSO Forum, has a membership made up of oil majors, service providers, classification societies and regulators. It has encouraged the development of new technologies, which have significantly improved safety and reduced operational costs.
Drawing on experiences of other industries, the HITS JIP has driven innovation; safer, more cost-effective, more efficient technology, which has led to less impact on core operations of floating production assets: these include:
The gas industry provided a means of placing nuclear industry miniature cameras into sea chests and isolation valves so that they can be inspected without affecting operations; Hull inspections were improved using deck launched, remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) adapted to carry out cavitation cleaning of sea chest inlet grids, impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) anodes and points of structural interest, such as bilge keel end connections; The forestry industry provided the idea for chain crawlers for inspection and repair of deep-water moorings; From the Nuclear industry, robotic inspections using high performance cameras, adapted to be inserted through Butterworth hatches or purpose-fitted ports in the deck enabling general and close visual inspection to meet regulatory requirement without the need for confined space entry; To protect the hull, diverless ICCP systems, deploying retractable anodes through the hull; and For pressure systems, using data more effectively; inputting inspection data to confirm fitness for service to an agreed level of confidence.
This paper describes a joint industry approach for addressing these challenges that has proved successful for FPSOs.
It will describe the steps that have already been taken to create an industry wide group including operators, class, regulators and service providers, to agree the primary challenges and to encourage development of solutions in a cost-efficient way.
It will describe how innovations developed and proven in the FPSO and other sectors can be successfully introduced to this sector.
Innovative Analysis Approach for Installation of Flow–Line End Termination Structure in Rough Weather
Authors: Shahyarfar Shahreyar , Sinha Ritesh Kumar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The installation of subsea structures in deep water comes with a variety of associated challenges. These installation operations usually weathered sensitive. One of the important factors for project success is to have an allowable weather window (to carry out the operation safely) as wide as possible. TechnipFMC installed two rigid pipelines and four FLETs (Flowline end termination structure) for a project offshore North West of Australia. Installation of the pipeline and structures were carried out by DP2 pipelay vessel "Global 1201". The weather in North West Australian waters is known for high swells with long period and cyclones throughout the year. It leaves a limited time window for operations and demands a robust and efficient installation methodology.
This paper presents the innovative installation techniques and analysis approach adopted to overcome the challenges faced for the installation of the FLETs (Flowline end termination structure) in rough weather conditions.
Floating LNG 1 Relocation: Another World's First
Authors: Jais Muhammad Fakhruddin , Wan Hashim Wan Mahsuri , Ayadali Ariff Azhari , Idrus Aishah 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) allows for the processing of LNG to be done offshore, hundreds of kilometers away from land. Its versatility enables the unlock the gas reserves in remote and stranded fields that were previously uneconomical to explore, making it possible to monetize those fields far out at sea. In order to fast track the project, an evaluation of the new feed gas composition and modification of both upstream and FLNG facilities was conducted. The identified Long Lead Items (LLI) initiated and studies being conducted in-house to secure the items. An integrated upstream facilities and FLNG team had been established for the execution of the project. In March 2019, the floating LNG unit embarks to fulfill its technological life cycle and was relocated to monetize another stranded field some 450km away from its original location. The overall journey of the relocation took 13 months to complete, right from the inception of the idea to the first drop of LNG in Sabah waters. This paper serves to share Petronas experience in overcoming the challenges of the facility's relocation, starting from selecting the new field until the loading of LNG at the new location.
Directional Casing While Drilling : Challenges and Constraints in Drilling into Carbonate Reservoir through a Dual Splitter Wellhead System
Authors: Majid Allapitchai M Shahril , Wong Han Sze 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Casing while drilling is seen as a cutting edge technology which enables operators to save time and successfully deliver a well's objective. The reliability of the system often results in the technology to be deployed in challenging environments. In this campaign, operator encountered an unforeseen layer of carbonate (thief zone) during the first well of the campaign which resulted in a change of direction in the well planning and engineering of subsequent 2 wells which were drilled through a dual splitter wellhead system. This paper will discuss on the strategies, challenges and operational steps taken to successfully drill through and cased off the said carbonate formation, by using Directional Casing while Drilling (DCwD) in dual splitter wellhead system.
Casing while drilling has shown high reliability in combating top hole section drilling with fluid losses and hole stability issues. However, there are only a handful of cases worldwide where DCwD has been deployed in managing severe losses conditions such as total loss. The presented case took place in a matured development field where severe losses occurred after unexpectedly penetrating a carbonate formation in top hole section which was not experienced in any of the nearby offset wells. To mitigate the wellbore issues, DCwD was utilized for the subsequent wells.
Several different approaches were taken in completing both wells in a dual splitter wellhead system. The engineering design, drilling practices, cementing strategies and best practices which were refined over time based on lessons learnt during the campaign will be shared in this paper. This information is coupled with analysis and reasoning behind each procedure that were used to complete these wells.
Both wells were successfully drilled and cased off, with less time spent to combat formation related challenges compared to conventional drilling. Intended top of cement in the annulus was achieved by improving the cementing strategy which minimizes time and cost to seal the thief zone. A few new challenges emerged during the execution and these challenges are discussed and addressed in this paper.
Even though there are numerous challenges in completing both wells, it can be concluded that DCwD is a viable technology in helping to mitigate wellbore issues (total loss carbonate section). The change of strategies to deploy DCwD has proven to be viable with 2 wells successfully drilled and cased off under splitter wellhead system. The concept, challenges and best practices presented in this paper will help to provide valuable reference as well as a guideline for future similar operations.