bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’« effet Derrida » en Afrique du Sud: Jacques Derrida, Verne Harris et la notion d’archive(s) dans l’horizon post-apartheid
Authors: Fouéré Marie-Aude 
Published: October 2020

RésumésCet article interroge la rencontre entre le monde des archives de l’État sud-africain et la philosophie de Jacques Derrida par l’intermédiaire de l’archiviste Verne Harris. Il apporte plus largement un éclairage original sur la fortune de l’ouvrageMal d’archiveet de la notion derridienne d’« archive », au singulier, au sein du tournant archivistique et dans l’espace intellectuel internationalisé contemporain. Son objectif est d’élucider les conditions de possibilité du transfert et de la réinterprétation de la notion d’« archive », telle qu’exposée dansMal d’archive, afin d’élaborer un outil épistémologique de refondation des archives sud-africaines. Au-delà, il s’est agi, pour les passeurs d’« archive », de tenter de réinventer la nation sud-africaine au moment historique de la sortie de l’apartheid dans les années 1990. Dans un pays aux prises avec des archives qui documentent avant tout les politiques d’un État raciste, « sinistre boursouflure sur le corps du monde » selon Derrida, l’« archive » paraissait à même de raccorder des champs habituellement dissociés – l’archivistique, la politique et l’éthique. Les liens que Derrida tisse entre archive(s), savoir, pouvoir et mémoire et l’engagement politique précoce du philosophe contre l’apartheid expliquent l’attention portée àMal d’archiveà l’horizon des enjeux de mémoire, de réconciliation et de pardon, mais aussi d’oubli, auxquels l’Afrique du Sud était alors confrontée.
Archives et histoire : dépasser les tournants
Authors: Poncet Olivier 
Published: October 2020

RésumésLes publications et les programmes de recherche qui portent sur l’histoire des archives, de leurs acteurs, de leurs méthodes et de leur signification sociale, politique et culturelle se sont beaucoup multipliés ces dernières années. Ces préoccupations posent à nouveau la question de la pertinence du couple formé par les archives et l’histoire depuis au moins l’époque moderne. Deux mouvements, qualifiés de « tournants » semblent en réalité se développer sans toujours se rencontrer : le « tournant archivistique », qui serait plutôt le fait du monde des archivistes (et des anthropologues), et le « tournant documentaire » des chercheurs historiens qui ne considèrent plus seulement les pièces et les fonds d’archives comme des matériaux, mais comme des objets historiques à part entière, producteurs de sens social, politique ou culturel. L’archivistique, entendue au sens très large, revendique parfois une rupture avec la science historique pour gagner une véritable reconnaissance académique dans le paysage contemporain des sciences sociales, tandis que le « tournant documentaire », essentiellement européen, porte plus volontiers sur les époques médiévales et modernes. L’analyse de la production récente développée dans ces deux directions conduit à souhaiter leur mutuelle hybridation et, plus spécialement pour les historiens, à approfondir une contextualisation et une historicisation des fondements archivistiques sur lesquels repose une partie de nos connaissances historiques.
Comparativism and Colonizing Thinking in International Law
Authors: D’ASPREMONT JEAN 
Published: October 2020

AbstractComparison is a very common tool for international lawyers. In fact, international law is built around, and draws upon, constructions necessitating an exercise of comparison. In recent years, however, calls have been made to turn the familiar tool of comparison into a central way to engage with international law. This is the idea of those spearheading the rise of a new field called comparative international law. This article critically examines the promotion of comparison as a central mode of engagement with international law and scrutinizes some of the main features of the comparativist project. It particularly shows that the comparativist project, far from laying bare the plurality of international legal thought and practice, enables a thought-colonizing enterprise. The article ends with some reflective observations on the possibility of limiting colonizing thinking in international legal studies. In doing so, it argues that it must remain possible for international lawyers to engage with alterity in a way that does not unilaterally manufacture the “other,” silence it, and speak on its behalf. This approach is called counter-comparability.
“America First” and the Return of Economic Isolationism and Nationalism to the United States: A Historic Turning Point for International Trade Law
Authors: DUFOUR GENEVIÈVE , DUCASSE DELPHINE 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAmerican trade policy under the Trump administration can be summed up in one expression, “America First,” which the US president himself has repeated many times. Driven by a rejection of multilateralism, the United States has adopted numerous measures designed to maintain or stimulate domestic industry or to tighten economic policies both domestically and towards foreign trading partners. Reflecting isolationist and nationalist economic theories, these measures are the anchor for a return of economic frontiers to the United States. Yet the United States is at the heart of globalization and cannot completely isolate itself without risking an economic meltdown. This is all the more true since it has been the driving force behind the creation of the multilateral trading system since the end of the Second World War. This change of economic vision by one of the world’s greatest powers can only be a turning point in the recent history of international economic relations. As such, one may wonder whether America First and the set of measures adopted in its name also foreshadow a phase of retreat for international trade law or whether, on the contrary, they are an opportunity for reform of an area of the law that has been struggling to evolve for several decades.
Monitoring the Impact of Air Quality on the COVID-19 Fatalities in Delhi, India: Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Sethi Jasleen Kaur , Mittal Mamta 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTObjective:The focus of this study is to monitor the effect of lockdown on the various air pollutants due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and identify the ones that affect COVID-19 fatalities so that measures to control the pollution could be enforced.Methods:Various machine learning techniques: Decision Trees, Linear Regression, and Random Forest have been applied to correlate air pollutants and COVID-19 fatalities in Delhi. Furthermore, a comparison between the concentration of various air pollutants and the air quality index during the lockdown period and last two years, 2018 and 2019, has been presented.Results:From the experimental work, it has been observed that the pollutants ozone and toluene have increased during the lockdown period. It has also been deduced that the pollutants that may impact the mortalities due to COVID-19 are ozone, NH3, NO2, and PM10.Conclusions:The novel coronavirus has led to environmental restoration due to lockdown. However, there is a need to impose measures to control ozone pollution, as there has been a significant increase in its concentration and it also impacts the COVID-19 mortality rate.
Self-Quarantine Noncompliance During the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea
Authors: Ryu Sukhyun , Hwang Youngsik , Yoon Hongbi , Chun Byung Chul 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:In South Korea, many individuals were self-quarantined for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after the quarantine criteria were extended to all overseas travelers. This study was conducted to identify the noncompliance rate of self-quarantine for COVID-19 cases and assess the impact of a 1-strike out policy and an increased amount of penalty for the violating self-quarantine in South Korea.Methods:The self-quarantine noncompliance rate for COVID-19 was examined using publicly available data. We collected the daily number of quarantine and quarantine violation cases from March 22 to June 10, 2020. A Poisson regression analysis was conducted to identify the impact of additional sanctions for the quarantine violation.Results:The median number of individuals quarantined per day was 36,561 (interquartile range, 34,408-41,961). The median number of daily self-quarantine violations was 6 (range, 0-13). The median rate of self-quarantine violations was 1.6 per 10,000 self-quarantined individuals (range, 0.0-8.0 per 10,000 self-quarantined individuals). The additional sanction has no significant impact on the number of violations among quarantine individuals (P = 0.99).Conclusions:The additional sanction for the violation of quarantined individuals did not reduce the self-quarantine violations. Further studies are warranted to strengthen the compliance of self-quarantine for future pandemics.
Changes in Preventive Behavior During the First 3 Months of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Iran
Authors: Shamsalinia Abbas , Mohammadi Sepideh , Ghaffari Fatemeh , Arazi Tajmohammad 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:Iran is facing a big challenge controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, and it is unclear to how individuals are engaging in preventive behaviors. This study aimed to investigate changes in preventive behaviors during the first 3 mo of the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran.Method:This cross-sectional survey was conducted on 1477 adults aged 18 y and older in 31 provinces of Iran. Data were collected by an anonymous online questionnaire.Result:Overall, engagement in preventive behaviors was relatively acceptable, and more than 45% of subjects always carried out all preventive behaviors. Engaging in all preventive behaviors had a peak in the second month and obviously declined during third month. Engagement in some preventive behaviors, such as “wearing a face mask” and “keeping a safe distance from others,” was observed less than other behaviors. There was a statistically significant difference in the engagement in preventive behaviors by gender and occupation (P < 0.001).Conclusions:Although engagement in preventive behaviors was relatively acceptable for the first 2 mo of the outbreak, it has declined gradually. This is a warning for public health decision makers. COVID-19 is still a crucial issue in Iran, and it is necessary that government decision be based on the fact that Iranian people must live with a coronavirus for months, with full caution and compliance toward all preventive care protocols.
One for Everyone: A Study of User Satisfaction Among Health-Care Providers Regarding Extended Use of N95 Masks During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Sharma Nishant , Gupta Anant , Killedar Makhdoom , Bindra Ashish , Patil Asmita , Gupta Surabhi , Gopathoti Paavan , Kumar Parmeshwar 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTObjective:This study was conducted to assess the feasibility of extended use of N95 masks in our hospital during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We also studied the use pattern, user satisfaction, and issues faced during extended use of the mask.Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted among health-care providers in a large tertiary care teaching hospital in northern India from April 1 to May 31, 2020. A list was prepared from the institute’s register, and participants were chosen by random sampling. The data collected from the physical forms were transferred to excel sheets.Results:A total of 1121 responses were received. The most common problem stated with reuse of N95 masks was loss of fit followed by damage to the slings, highlighted by 44.6% and 44.4% of the participants, respectively. A total of 476 (42.5%) participants responded that they would prefer “cup-shaped N95 mask with respirator”. The median scores regarding the satisfaction with the quality of masks and their fit was also 4 each.Conclusions:It was concluded that the extended use of N95 masks was acceptable, with more than 96% of the participants using these masks.
The historical origins of old-age pension schemes
Authors: Grünewald Aline 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOld-age pensions are the most widespread social security programmes around the world. While many case studies have focused on the historical origins of old-age pensions, global and comparative studies are limited mainly due to missing data. To address this shortcoming, this article introduces the novel PENLEG dataset (Pension Legislation around the World, 1880–2010), which comprises data on: (1) the timing of the first pension introductions; (2) the pension design; (3) the mode of financing; (4) eligibility criteria; (5) benefit generosity and (6) coverage rates for all independent countries. Additionally, the article describes global pension patterns and highlights case evidence. It shows that economic development strategies, political incentives to bind citizens to the state, administrative reasons as well as colonial legacies and the Soviet model of social security have strongly affected the origins of old-age pensions.
The wicked problem of measuring real-world research impact: Using sustainable development goals (SDGs) and targets in academia
Authors: Chapman Geoffrey R. , Cully Ashley , Kosiol Jennifer , Macht Stephanie A. , Chapman Ross L. , Fitzgerald Janna Anneke , Gertsen Frank 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper proposes that the United Nation's sustainable development goals (SDGs) and associated targets form an effective framework for determining real-world research impact. Existing bibliometrics that assess the quality of academic work are usually quantitative and self-referential, reducing the focus on real-world issues. The same measurements are often adopted by funding bodies, pressuring researchers to increase compliance, and further reducing integrity and real-world impact. A series of world cafés were conducted, collecting data on how researchers, their institutions, and network organisations can contribute to, and measure research aligned with the SDGs and targets. The results showed that participants were generally positive towards using the SDGs and targets to measure impact and quality of academic research. Suggestions to assist greater adoption of the SDGs and targets as a measure of impact included: aligning governmental and institutional funding; changing key performance indicators; increasing cross-disciplinary work; aligning mission/vision statements; and legitimising SDG-focused projects at conferences.
Co-worker ostracism and promotive voice: a self-consistency motivation analysis
Authors: Jahanzeb Sadia , Newell William 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study utilizes self-consistency motivational theory to investigate the association between employees' experience of co-worker ostracism and their promotive voice, while also examining the mediating role of organization-based self-esteem (OBSE) and the moderating effect of emotional stability. We collected three-wave data from personnel in North American organizations and found that social exclusion by co-workers hinders employees' expression of constructive views about work-related matters as it dampens their OBSE. We observed that this mediating role of OBSE is mitigated to the extent to which employees have emotional stability, a dispositional feature that helps them control emotions, discipline impulses, and handle challenges. Overall, our study identifies a key mechanism, employees' belief about their self-esteem and proficiency as an organizational member, through which co-worker exclusion hampers promotive voice, and it reveals how their emotional stability might contain this process.
Deep multi-scale learning for automatic tracking of internal layers of ice in radar data
Authors: Rahnemoonfar Maryam , Yari Masoud , Paden John , Koenig Lora , Ibikunle Oluwanisola 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this study, our goal is to track internal ice layers on the Snow Radar data collected by NASA Operation IceBridge. We examine the application of deep learning methods on radar data gathered from polar regions. Artificial intelligence techniques have displayed impressive success in many practical fields. Deep neural networks owe their success to the availability of massive labeled data. However, in many real-world problems, even when a large dataset is available, deep learning methods have shown less success, due to causes such as lack of a large labeled dataset, presence of noise in the data or missing data. In our radar data, the presence of noise is one of the main obstacles in utilizing popular deep learning methods such as transfer learning. Our experiments show that if the neural network is trained to detect contours of objects in electro-optical imagery, it can only track a low percentage of contours in radar data. Fine-tuning and further training do not provide any better results. However, we show that selecting the right model and training it on the radar imagery from the start yields far better results.
Institutional Change in Constrained Circumstances: Gender, Resistance, and Critical Actors in the Chilean Executive
Authors: Staab Silke , Waylen Georgina 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTBecause gender equality actors rarely have sufficient power to create new institutions, this article asks how they can achieve positive gender change in constrained circumstances when the creation of new rules is not possible. Building on a feminist institutionalist approach to analyzing gendered institutional dynamics, power, and resistance, we open the “black box” of one executive: Michelle Bachelet’s first presidency in Chile (2006–10). Using theory-guided process tracing and primarily qualitative data, we examine key reforms in three policy areas—health, pensions, and childcare—that were central to Bachelet’s first program. By analyzing how efforts to incorporate positive gender change fared differently in each area, this study shows how far utilizing, subverting, or converting existing rules—more “hidden” forms of change, often away from legislatures—can be effective, if limited, strategies when gender equality advocates face resistance.
Skipping breakfast is associated with the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents: Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents – ERICA
Authors: de Souza Marielly Rodrigues , Neves Morgana Egle Alves , Souza Amanda de Moura , Muraro Ana Paula , Pereira Rosangela Alves , Ferreira Márcia Gonçalves , Rodrigues Paulo Rogério Melo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBreakfast is considered as the most important meal of the day. The habit of skipping this meal in adolescence tends to remain until adulthood and has been associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. The present study estimated the prevalence of skipping breakfast and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors. This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), with a nationally representative sample of 36 956 Brazilian adolescents, aged 12–17 years, enrolled in public and private schools. The outcomes were excess body weight (BMI), central obesity (waist circumference and waist:height ratio), lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and TAG) and glycidic profile (fasting glycaemia, fasting insulin and glycated Hb). The association between skipping breakfast and each outcome was estimated using multiple Poisson regression models (prevalence ratio (PR) and 95 % CI). Prevalence of skipping breakfast was 68·7 % and, after adjustments, it was associated with excess body weight (PR = 1·30; 95 % CI 1·18, 1·43), central obesity both by waist circumference (PR = 1·27; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·61) and by waist:height ratio (PR = 1·32; 95 % CI 1·13, 1·54) and high fasting glucose levels (PR = 1·54; 95 % CI 1·09, 2·18), fasting insulin (PR = 1·64; 95 % CI 1·21, 2·22), glycated Hb (PR = 1·16; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·31) and total cholesterol (PR = 1·14; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·27). Skipping breakfast was associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence. In this context, the school environment is an ideal space to promote healthy eating habits, favouring the implementation of food and nutrition education activities to make adolescents aware of the importance of consuming breakfast daily.
The Promise of Peacekeeping: Protecting Civilians in Civil Wars
Authors: Carnegie Allison , Mikulaschek Christoph 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDo peacekeepers protect civilians in civil conflict? Securing civilian safety is a key objective of contemporary peacekeeping missions, yet whether these efforts actually make a difference on the ground is widely debated in large part because of intractable endogeneity concerns and selection bias. To overcome these issues, we use an instrumental variables design, leveraging exogenous variation in the rotation of African members of the United Nations Security Council and looking at its effects on African civil wars. We show that states that wield more power send more peacekeepers to their preferred locations, and that these peacekeepers in turn help to protect civilians. We thus demonstrate the robustness of many existing results to a plausible identification strategy and present a method that can also be applied to other diverse settings in international relations.
‘Buddhism Has Been Insulted. Take Immediate Steps’: Burmese fascism and the origins of Burmese Islamophobia, 1936–38
Authors: BOWSER MATTHEW J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn light of the current Rohingya crisis in Myanmar, this article investigates the emergence of Islamophobia in colonial Burma. Focusing on the under-examined Islamophobic riots that broke out countrywide in 1938, my research reveals that a nascent fascist movement used Muslims as a scapegoat for political and economic crisis. The colonial agribusiness economy had collapsed during the Great Depression, while the vast contract labour system of the Indian Ocean had brought millions of low-wage Indian migrants to Burma, causing a glut in the labour market. Burmese socialism provided a popular response to these issues. To compete, Burmese fascism emerged to appeal to a rising sense of nationalism, racially scapegoating Indians and the religion of Islam as the exploiters, colonizers, and invaders behind Burma's problems. Using the racialized termkalato conflate the ideas of colonizer, Indian, and Muslim, Burmese fascists inflamed hatred against Indian Muslims, Indian Hindus, and even indigenous Muslims, such as the Rohingya. By revealing the origins of this racialization, this article both deconstructs the lasting Burmese perception of the Rohingya as ‘Bengali immigrants’ and provides a generalizable case study into how races and racisms develop from specific historical factors and political movements. It also argues that the British amplified fascist ideas in Burma by focusing repression on movements that directly challenged their material control, such as socialism and communism. Therefore, it highlights how ruling classes often prefer nationalistic movements because they redirect popular unrest from the project of overthrowing structural factors to that of eliminating scapegoated minorities.