bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The number of fillers may not matter as long as they all match the description: The effect of simultaneous lineup size on eyewitness identification
Authors: Wooten Alex R. , Carlson Curt A. , Lockamyeir Robert F. , Carlson Maria A. , Jones Alyssa R. , Dias Jennifer L. , Hemby Jacob A. 
Published: February 2020

SummaryAccording to the Diagnostic Feature‐Detection (DFD) hypothesis, the presence of fillers that match the eyewitness's description of the perpetrator will boost discriminability beyond a showup, and very few fillers may suffice to produce the advantage. We tested this hypothesis by comparing showups with simultaneous lineups of size 3, 6, 9, and 12. Participants (N = 10,433) were randomly assigned to one of these conditions, as well as target‐present (TP) versus target‐absent (TA) lineup. As predicted by the DFD hypothesis, lineups were superior to showups, and there was no advantage with increased lineup size beyond a 3‐member lineup. The confidence‐accuracy (CA) relationship held a similar pattern. The only effect of increased lineup size was a lower likelihood of choosing a suspect (guilty or innocent). We conclude that police should focus more on the quality rather than quantity of fillers.
A Glial‐Silicon Nanowire Electrode Junction Enabling Differentiation and Noninvasive Recording of Slow Oscillations from Primary Astrocytes
Authors: Saracino Emanuela , Maiolo Luca , Polese Davide , Semprini M. , Borrachero‐Conejo Ana Isabel , Gasparetto Jacopo , Murtagh Stefano , Sola Margherita , Tomasi Lorenzo , Valle Francesco , Pazzini Luca , Formaggio Francesco , Chiappalone Michela , Hussain Saber , Caprini Marco , Muccini Michele , Ambrosio Luigi , Fortunato Guglielmo , Zamboni Roberto , Convertino Annalisa , Benfenati Valentina 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe correct human brain function is dependent on the activity of non‐neuronal cells called astrocytes. The bioelectrical properties of astrocytes in vitro do not closely resemble those displayed in vivo and the former are incapable of generating action potential; thus, reliable approaches in vitro for noninvasive electrophysiological recording of astrocytes remain challenging for biomedical engineering. Here it is found that primary astrocytes grown on a device formed by a forest of randomly oriented gold coated‐silicon nanowires, resembling the complex structural and functional phenotype expressed by astrocytes in vivo. The device enables noninvasive extracellular recording of the slow‐frequency oscillations generated by differentiated astrocytes, while flat electrodes failed on recording signals from undifferentiated cells. Pathophysiological concentrations of extracellular potassium, occurring during epilepsy and spreading depression, modulate the power of slow oscillations generated by astrocytes. A reliable approach to study the role of astrocytes function in brain physiology and pathologies is presented.
Cooperatively pursuing a target unmanned aerial vehicle by multiple unmanned aerial vehicles based on multiagent reinforcement learning
Authors: Wang Xiaoqiang , Xuan Shuzhe , Ke Liangjun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article considers a pursuit‐evasion problem, in which multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (multi‐UAVs) are required to cooperatively pursue a moving target UAV. The dynamics of the three‐dimensional partially unknown environment makes it hard to deal with this problem. A multiagent reinforcement learning approach is proposed. This algorithm is extended from cooperative double Q‐learning by taking into account of the characteristics of the studied pursuit problem. To study the performance, a simulator is developed, which concerns the dynamic nature of the environment and flight constraints of UAV. Compared with several state‐of‐the‐art reinforcement learning algorithms, the proposed algorithm provides better policy such that the pursuing multi‐UAVs can effectively chase the moving target UAV.
Designer Biomaterials to Model Cancer Cell Invasion In Vitro: Predictive Tools or Just Pretty Pictures?
Authors: Bahlmann Laura C. , Smith Laura J. , Shoichet Molly S. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMetastasis is the leading cause of mortality in cancer patients. Underlying this process is the invasion and colonization of cancer cells into healthy tissues. Engineered hydrogel models of tumor microenvironments present an opportunity to understand the microenvironmental determinants of cellular invasion. The biochemical and mechanical cues, presented in the form of adhesion sites, degradable cues, matrix stiffness, and architecture, have significant effects on the extent of cancer cell migration, and the mechanisms employed by these cells to move through their matrix. Coculture with stromal cells such as cancer associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells that are associated with poor prognosis demonstrate that these cells exacerbate cancer cell invasion. With these models, researchers aim not only to recapitulate known cancer cell behaviors in a dish, but also to uncover new insights into mechanisms underlying these phenomena, paving the way for novel treatment strategies. In this perspective, the design of engineered models that are used to study cancer cell invasion and metastasis in vitro is discussed. To this end, the authors seek to understand and put into perspective: do these models reveal relevant mechanisms of cancer cell migration, or are they simply pretty pictures with little biological translatability?
Tailoring Multilevel‐Stable Remanence States in Exchange‐Biased System through Spin‐Orbit Torque
Authors: Yun Jijun , Bai Qiaoning , Yan Ze , Chang Meixia , Mao Jian , Zuo Yalu , Yang Dezheng , Xi Li , Xue Desheng 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMultilevel remanence states have potential applications in ultra‐high‐density storage and neuromorphic computing. Continuous tailoring of the multilevel remanence states by spin‐orbit torque (SOT) is reported in perpendicularly magnetized Pt/Co/IrMn heterostructures. Double‐biased hysteresis loops with only one remanence state can be tuned from the positively or negatively single‐biased loops by SOT controlled sign of the exchange‐bias field. The remanence states associated with the heights of the sub‐loops are continually changed by tuning the ratio of the positively and negatively oriented ferromagnetic domains. The multilevel storage cells are demonstrated by reading the remanent Hall resistance through changing the sign and/or the magnitude of current pulse. The synaptic plasticity behaviors for neuromorphic computing are also simulated by varying the remanent Hall resistance under the consecutive current pulses. This work demonstrates that SOT is an effective method to tailor the remanence states in the double‐biased heavy metal/ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic system. The multilevel‐stable remanence states driven by SOT show potential applications in future multilevel memories and neuromorphic computing devices.
Earnings, Wages, and Poverty Outcomes of US Farm and Low‐Skill Workers
Authors: Barham Bradford L. , Melo Ana P. , Hertz Thomas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe American Community Survey supports rich comparisons of welfare outcomes across low‐skill workers, including the native‐born and immigrants, in farm and nonfarm occupations. Evidence from 2016–17 suggests that farm and nonfarm labor markets are integrated, especially for immigrants. Although US‐born workers typically earn higher wages than immigrants, in some occupations, immigrants have higher wages and/or earnings. Immigrant farmworkers receive somewhat lower wages than citizens do but work more hours and generate similar earnings. Household poverty rates are above the national average for an array of low‐skill workers, especially among immigrants. The most substantial welfare difference is in health insurance access, where coverage is much higher for US‐born workers. Labor market and social policy implications of these findings are explored.
Farmer cooperation in agro‐clusters: Evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Wardhana Dadan , Ihle Rico , Heijman Wim 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCollective action in geographically concentrated farming regions can lead to improvements in farmer income. We model farmer cooperation inside such agro‐clusters as a two‐stage decision process. From 1,151 completely filled‐in questionnaires, we find that being located in an agro‐cluster increases farmers' likelihood to cooperate as well as enhances their income. Farmers' attitude towards cooperation is positively influenced by being male, having more assets, and operating a larger farm, but negatively affected if the farmer reports that her household is food vulnerable. The number of hours worked by farmers on the farm and the frequency of face‐to‐face meetings also raise the probability of engaging in cooperation. A higher density of agro‐clusters, higher crop diversity and being located farther away from urban centers are found to increase on average the income level of a farmer. Hence, the promotion of agro‐clusters also in rural regions remains a promising initiative for increasing farmer income.
Neoadjuvant treatment for resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma: What is the best protocol?
Authors: Motoi Fuyuhiko , Unno Michiaki 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAlthough upfront surgery has been the gold standard for pancreatic adenocarcinoma that is planned for resection, it should be compared with the alternative strategy of neoadjuvant therapy. Despite the many reports of the efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy, most of them were not comparative. Recently Prep‐02/JSAP05 study clearly demonstrated the significant survival benefit of neoadjuvant chemotherapy over upfront surgery for pancreatic adenocarcinoma that is planned for resection. These findings opened a new chapter of neoadjuvant therapy. Ongoing trials are expected to confirm the evidence. This review summarizes the past, present, and future perspectives of neoadjuvant therapy and its optimization.
Ecological niche differences between two polyploid cytotypes ofSaxifraga rosacea
Authors: Decanter Lucile , Colling Guy , Elvinger Nora , Heiðmarsson Starri , Matthies Diethart 
Published: February 2020

PremiseDifferent cytotypes of a species may differ in their morphology, phenology, physiology, and their tolerance of extreme environments. We studied the ecological niches of two subspecies ofSaxifraga rosaceawith different ploidy levels: the hexaploid Central European endemic subspeciessponhemicaand the more widely distributed octoploid subspeciesrosacea.MethodsFor both cytotypes, we recorded local environmental conditions and mean plant trait values in populations across their areas of distribution, analyzed their distributions by niche modeling, studied their performance at two transplant sites with contrasting conditions, and experimentally tested their cold resistance.ResultsMean annual temperature was higher in hexaploid than in octoploid populations and experiments indicated that frost tolerance of the hexaploid is lower than that of the octoploid. Reproduction of octoploids from Central Europe was higher than that of hexaploids at a transplant site in subarctic Iceland, whereas the opposite was true in temperate Luxembourg, indicating adaptation of the octoploids to colder conditions. Temperature variables were also most important in niche models predicting the distribution of the two cytotypes. Genetic differences in survival among populations were larger for the octoploids than for the hexaploids in both field gardens, suggesting that greater genetic variability may contribute to the octoploid's larger distributional range.ConclusionsOur results support the hypotheses that different cytotypes may have different niches leading to spatial segregation, and that higher ploidy levels can result in a broader ecological niche and greater tolerance of more extreme conditions.
BN‐Embedded Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Oligomers: Synthesis, Aromaticity, and Reactivity
Authors: Chen Yijing , Chen Weinan , Qiao Yanjun , Lu Xuefeng , Zhou Gang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBN‐embedded oligomers with different pairs of BN units were synthesized by electrophilic borylation. Up to four pairs of BN units were incorporated in the large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Their geometric, photophysical, electrochemical, and Lewis acidic properties were investigated by X‐ray crystallography, optical spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The B−N bonds show delocalized double‐bond characteristics and the conjugation can be extended through the trans‐orientated aromatic azaborine units. Calculations reveal the relatively lower aromaticity for the inner azaborine rings in the BN‐embedded PAH oligomers. The frontier orbitals of the longer oligomers are delocalized over the inner aromatic rings. Consequently, the inner moieties of the BN‐embedded PAH oligomers are more active than the outer parts. This is confirmed by a simple oxidation reaction, which has significant effects on the aromaticity and the intramolecular charge‐transfer interactions.
Regioselective Arene C−H Alkylation Enabled by Organic Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Holmberg‐Douglas Natalie , Onuska Nicholas P. R. , Nicewicz David A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractExpanding the toolbox of C−H functionalization reactions applicable to the late‐stage modification of complex molecules is of interest in medicinal chemistry, wherein the preparation of structural variants of known pharmacophores is a key strategy for drug development. One manifold for the functionalization of aromatic molecules utilizes diazo compounds and a transition‐metal catalyst to generate a metallocarbene species, which is capable of direct insertion into an aromatic C−H bond. However, these high‐energy intermediates can often require directing groups or a large excess of substrate to achieve efficient and selective reactivity. Herein, we report that arene cation radicals generated by organic photoredox catalysis engage in formal C−H functionalization reactions with diazoacetate derivatives, furnishing sp2–sp3 coupled products with moderate‐to‐good regioselectivity. In contrast to previous methods utilizing metallocarbene intermediates, this transformation does not proceed via a carbene intermediate, nor does it require the presence of a transition‐metal catalyst.
Chiral Aluminum Complex Controls Enantioselective Nickel‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Indenes: C−CN Bond Activation
Authors: Zhang Tao , Luan Yu‐Xin , Zheng Su‐Juan , Peng Qian , Ye Mengchun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA chiral aluminum complex controlled, enantioselective nickel‐catalyzed domino reaction of aryl nitriles and alkynes proceeding by C−CN bond activation was developed. The reaction provides various indenes, bearing chiral all‐carbon quaternary centers, under mild reaction conditions in yields of 32 to 91 % and ee values within the 73–98 % range. The reaction mechanism and aspects of stereocontrol were investigated by DFT calculations.
Light‐Induced Chiral Iron Copper Selenide Nanoparticles Prevent β‐Amyloidopathy In Vivo
Authors: Zhang Hongyu , Hao Changlong , Qu Aihua , Sun Maozhong , Xu Liguang , Xu Chuanlai , Kuang Hua 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe accumulation and deposition of β‐amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the brain is considered a potential pathogenic mechanism underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD). Chiral l/d‐FexCuySe nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated that interfer with the self‐assembly of Aβ42 monomers and trigger the Aβ42 fibrils in dense structures to become looser monomers under 808 nm near‐infrared (NIR) illumination. d‐FexCuySe NPs have a much higher affinity for Aβ42 fibrils than l‐FexCuySe NPs and chiral Cu2−xSe NPs. The chiral FexCuySe NPs also generate more reactive oxygen species (ROS) than chiral Cu2−xSe NPs under NIR‐light irradiation. In living MN9D cells, d‐NPs attenuate the adhesion of Aβ42 to membranes and neuron loss after NIR treatment within 10 min without the photothermal effect. In‐vivo experiments showed that d‐FexCuySe NPs provide an efficient protection against neuronal damage induced by the deposition of Aβ42 and alleviate symptoms in a mouse model of AD, leading to the recovery of cognitive competence.
Chemo‐ and Magnetotaxis of Self‐Propelled Light‐Emitting Chemo‐electronic Swimmers
Authors: Salinas Gerardo , Dauphin Alice L. , Colin Camille , Villani Elena , Arbault Stéphane , Bouffier Laurent , Kuhn Alexander 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMiniaturized autonomous chemo‐electronic swimmers, based on the coupling of spontaneous oxidation and reduction reactions at the two poles of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), are presented as chemotactic and magnetotactic devices. In homogeneous aqueous media, random motion caused by a bubble‐induced propulsion mechanism is observed. However, in an inhomogeneous environment, the self‐propelled devices exhibit positive chemotactic behavior, propelling themselves along a pH or ionic strength gradient (∇pH and ∇I, respectively) in order to reach a thermodynamically higher active state. In addition, the intrinsic permanent magnetic moment of the LED allows self‐orientation in the terrestrial magnetic field or following other external magnetic perturbations, which enables a directional motion control coupled with light emission. The interplay between chemotaxis and magnetotaxis allows fine‐tuning of the dynamic behavior of these swimmers.
Reaction Mechanisms of Layered Lithium‐Rich Cathode Materials for High‐Energy Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhao Shuoqing , Yan Kang , Zhang Jinqiang , Sun Bing , Wang Guoxiu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLayered lithium‐rich cathode materials have attracted extensive interest owing to their high theoretical specific capacity (320–350 mA h g−1). However, poor cycling stability and sluggish reaction kinetics inhibit their practical applications. After many years of quiescence, interest in layered lithium‐rich cathode materials is expected to revive in answer to our increasing dependence on high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries. Herein, we review recent research progress and in‐depth descriptions of the structure characterization and reaction mechanisms of layered lithium‐rich manganese‐based cathode materials. In particular, we comprehensively summarize the proposed reaction mechanisms of both the cationic redox reaction of transition‐metal ions and the anionic redox reaction of oxygen species. Finally, we discuss opportunities and challenges facing the future development of lithium‐rich cathode materials for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries.
Total Synthesis of a Mycolic Acid from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Tahiri Nabil , Fodran Peter , Jayaraman Dhineshkumar , Buter Jeffrey , Witte Martin D. , Ocampo Tonatiuh A. , Moody D. Branch , Van Rhijn Ildiko , Minnaard Adriaan J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycolic acids and their glycerol, glucose, and trehalose esters (“cord factor”) form the main part of the mycomembrane. Despite their first isolation almost a century ago, full stereochemical evaluation is lacking, as is a scalable synthesis required for accurate immunological, including vaccination, studies. Herein, we report an efficient, convergent, gram‐scale synthesis of four stereo‐isomers of a mycolic acid and its glucose ester. Binding to the antigen presenting protein CD1b and T cell activation studies are used to confirm the antigenicity of the synthetic material. The absolute stereochemistry of the syn‐methoxy methyl moiety in natural material is evaluated by comparing its optical rotation with that of synthetic material.
Environment‐friendly synthesis of sustainable chitosan‐based nonisocyanate polyurethane: A biobased polymeric film
Authors: Das Munmi , Mandal Bishnupada , Katiyar Vimal 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSustainable, biobased nonisocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) films having excellent water absorption characteristics were synthesized by a green‐chemistry approach, eliminating the use of any toxic component. An environment‐friendly bulk polyaddition reaction was carried out between a natural amine‐containing polysaccharide, chitosan, and carbonated soybean oil (CSBO) to prepare the NIPUs. Epoxidized soybean oil was reacted with carbon dioxide to obtain CSBO and the conversion was confirmed by Fourier transform infra‐red and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. NIPUs synthesized via this method did not involve the use of any curing agent and the crosslinking density of the polymer could be varied by altering the amine content. NIPUs with higher chitosan content showed better thermal and chemical properties, and superior water absorption characteristics. FTIR studies confirmed the typical linkages of polyurethane and the swelling behavior justified its enhanced resistance to organic solvents. Karl Fischer titration study proved the excellent water‐absorption capacity by absorbing ~90% moisture from toluene. These properties enable NIPUs to have diverse probable applications in the fields of chemical‐resistant coating, sealant, and also as an inorganic plant growth substrate because of its high water holding capacity.
Recent Advances in the Application of Selectfluor as a “Fluorine‐free” Functional Reagent in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Yang Ke , Song Mengjie , Ali Ahmed I. M. , Mudassir Syed M. , Ge Haibo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSelectfluor, [1‐chloromethyl‐4‐fluoro‐1,4‐diazoniabicyclo‐[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate)], is not only an important electrophilic fluorinating agent but also a facile and efficient “fluorine‐free” functional reagent in other organic reactions. In this Minireview, we will present a brief history of Selectfluor as a transition metal oxidant, fluorine cation and radical initiator in “fluorine‐free” functionalizations over the last five years.
Ableitung von thermischen Materialkennwerten für Beton unter Naturbrandbeanspruchung anhand von experimentellen Untersuchungen
Authors: Lyzwa Jan , Zehfuß Jochen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDie brandschutztechnische Bemessung von Beton‐ und Stahlbetonbauteilen wird in Eurocode 2‐1‐2 (EC) geregelt. Die hierin enthaltenen Bemessungsvorschriften und Materialeigenschaften basieren auf Versuchsdaten, die auf Grundlage einer thermischen Beanspruchung gemäß der Einheits‐Temperaturzeitkurve (ETK) ermittelt wurden. Die aktuelle Normengeneration gestattet neben dieser Normbeanspruchung die Anwendung von Naturbrandmodellen. Hierbei besteht der grundlegende Unterschied darin, dass die ETK durch eine stetig ansteigende logarithmische Funktion beschrieben wird, während natürliche Brände durch eine Aufheiz‐ und Abkühlphase gekennzeichnet sind.In diesem Beitrag wird die experimentelle Ermittlung der thermischen Materialeigenschaften in der Abkühlphase von Normal‐, hochfestem und ultrahochfestem Beton beschrieben. Exemplarisch werden aufbauend auf den Versuchsergebnissen Materialkennwerte für die Abkühlphase von Bränden abgeleitet. Diese dienen wiederum als Eingangsparameter für durchgeführte numerische Berechnungen.