bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Solid Biomass Fuel for Some Iraqi Agricultural Wastes Using Proximate and Ultimate Analyses
Authors: Alhwayzee Mohammed H , Imran Amer Matrood , Nassrullah Karrar S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this study, the characterizations of some Iraqi biomass agricultural residues have been investigated utilizing proximate, ultimate and caloric value analyses. This provides a preliminary evaluation for these types of solid biomass in terms of their potential for use directly or indirectly as fuels, especially for thermo-chemical processes such as combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis processes. For this work, five different types of Iraqi agricultural waste materials, namely Dodona trees, kernels of dates, corn silk-husk, sunflower seed husks, and reeds were studied. These materials are abundant wastes in Iraq, especially in the central and southern regions. The proximate analysis of moisture content, volatile matters, ash content, and fixed carbon tests were experimentally conducted for those five biomass materials, according to the British Standards Institution. In contrast, ultimate analysis was primarily represented by elements analysis. Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), and Sulfur (S) were calculated theoretically using highly accurate correlations. These correlations depended mainly on proximate analysis element results. A similar procedure of calculations was followed for the caloric value estimation. The results of this study show that for moisture content, Dodona tree and reed stalks have highest percentage. whilst the other biomass materials fall within the typical standard analysis 6–10 %. A good result was obtained for ash content. It shows a low weight percentage, which ranged from 0.77 to 3.5%. Given a high percentage of volatile matters for all materials except Dodona tree, these materials can be considered have high reactivity. The results for the important characteristic, higher heating values (HHV) for all biomass materials, were located in a typical range, 16–20 MJ/kg. In general, the results show that most of these interesting biomass materials have positive potential for fuel energy utilization.
Investigating New Thermal Insulators Based on Cheap Natural Organic and Waste Materials: Part 1
Authors: Alhabeeb Baqer A , Mohammed Hayder N 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Thermal insulation is a very important way to save energy in buildings or any other thermal application. For buildings, thermal insulation minimizes the heat transfer rate between a conditioning zone and its surroundings. For thermal applications, such as thermal storage tanks, it keeps heat or cold stored for later use. The current study is part of a project investigating thermal insulators made from cheap natural, organic and waste materials. The thermal conductivity of six different specimens of thermal insulator, made from used water cotton filter, chicken feather, walnut shell, sunflower seed husk, sawdust and ash, was measured experimentally. Industrial white glue was used as a binder to prepare the specimens. The sawdust and ash, of which the thermal conductivities are known, were chosen to validate the geometry of the specimens as well as the measurements of the testing device. The results showed that all types provide good thermal resistance performance. In particular, the insulator made from used water cotton filter was the best. It provided 0.0277 W/m k, which is a very practical value of the thermal conductivity in thermal insulation applications. This study will contribute significantly to sustainability by recycling wastes or using abundant natural and cheap materials in thermal insulators.
Investigation of Material Properties Effect on the Ovalization Phenomenon in the Tube Bending Produced by RDB
Authors: Hassan Hassan Raheem , Abdulgaffar S. M. , Mohsen Kadim Karim , Egab Karim 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Rotating draw twisting (RDB) is among the best-known techniques utilized for cylinder shaping. Twisting profiles are utilized in most mechanical fields, including car design, aeronautic design, plant building, fluid transport, heat exchangers and many other sectors. Ovalization affects the nature of cylinder bowing. It occurs in the cross segment of the cylinder in the wake of bowing when the cylinder has twisted without a mandrel, or with a change of mandrel structure. This paper examines the ovalization phenomenon in cylinder bowing with turning draw twisting procedure and utilizing distinctive material properties (types of material: 1.4301(2x40), 1.0036(2x40), 6060T7(2.5x40), 1.4301(4x40), 1.0038(4x40), 1.5415(7.1x51) and 1.7380(7.1x51)). The finite element method (FEM) and experimental tests are applied to compute the ovalization proportions. This investigation helps to distinguish the impact of the material properties.
Experimental study of a PCM storage system integrated with a thermal solar collector
Authors: Shareef A S , Al-Mousawi F. N. , Sachit H. S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Recently, phase change materials (PCM) have become widely used in thermal storage systems for both industrial and domestic applications. These materials have good thermal properties, like thermal capacity and phase change temperature, however low thermal conductivity and high viscosity limits their heat transfer coefficient. This paper experimentally investigates the execution of a water-PCM storage system integrated with a flat plate solar collector. Paraffin wax is used as the PCM material and is packed in small cylindrical aluminum containers and accommodated in a hot water tank. In this study, an experimental test facility was designed and built and experiments were carried out in the City of Kerbala in Iraq. The study includes two different heat source types, namely a flat-plate solar collector and an electrical heater element. Experimental results show that the proposed configuration with the PCM material can produce hot water with up to 9.5 °C higher than that of the basic warm water storage system. In the case of the flat plate solar collector, the water remained hot, at about 28.5 °C more than the surrounding temperature during the solar system tests. This study highlights the potential of using PCM materials in heat storage systems and thermal solar energy.
Improving combustion chamber heat transfer correlation of an HCCI engine in order to achieve a more accurate thermodynamic model
Authors: Qasemian A , Rezaei M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An appropriate heat transfer rate prediction for an internal combustion engine is important from many perspectives. This study investigates the appropriate coefficients of heat transfer correlation and provides a new method for calculating the convective heat transfer coefficient of combustion chamber walls of an HCCI engine. Therefore, a thermodynamic code including the combustion and heat transfer processes, which are coupled with an optimization algorithm, is used to estimate P-θ behavior of an HCCI engine. Double-Wiebe function and Woschni correlations are applied for combustion and heat transfer respectively in a single-zone model. The results show that the use of heat transfer correlation without improvement in coefficients and exponents for different engines, leads to significant errors in the prediction of in-cylinder pressure. Comparison of computational results with the experimental data shows that original Woschni correlation in the single-zone model cannot predict in-cylinder pressure appropriately. Modifications made in this paper resulted in a change of more than 40% in some coefficients of the existing heat transfer correlation, to provide accurate prediction of the engine thermodynamic behavior of an HCCI engine.
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer and Flow Characteristics in Different Inlet Subcooled Flow Boiling in Microchannel
Authors: Mohammed Suha A. , Fayyadh Ekhlas M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The current experimental study considered the heat transfer and pressure drop for subcooled flow boiling of deionized water in a microchannel heat sink. The heat sink consisted of a single microchannel, 300μm wide and 300μm in height with a hydraulic diameter of 300μm. The heat sink was formed of oxygen-free cooper with 72mm length and 12mm width. Experimental operation conditions spanned the heat flux 78-800 kW/m2, mass flux 1700 and 2100kg/m2.s and at 21, 31 K subcooled inlet temperature. Boiling heat transfer coefficient was measured and compared with existing correlations. Also, the experimental pressure drop was measured and compared with micro scale pressure drop correlations. The results show that higher mass flux leads to a higher boiling heat transfer coefficient and the dominant mechanism is convective boiling. Also, the experimental pressure drop decreases with increasing heat flux in a single phase region, while it increases in a two-phase region. The heat transfer coefficient increase with increasing the inlet subcooled. When compared the experimental results in the experimental condition range, it was found that an existing correlation provides satisfactory prediction of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop.
Mechanical behavior of friction stir welded high-density polyethylene sheets
Authors: Abdulkadhum Hazim H. , Abdul-Khider Sajed , Hamza Sanaa A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In the present work, sheets of high-density polyethylene, reinforced with strips of polypropylene using a friction stir welding technique were executed. Welding was carried out using a friction stir welding tool of 20 mm shoulder diameter and 5 mm for both pin diameter and pin length with zero tilt angle, the percentages of polypropylene added to the welding zone were 15, 20, 25, 30% (as a percentage of the added polypropylene to the welding zone), the recommended high tool rotation speed and low tool travel speed (520 rpm, 20 mm/min, respectively) were applied in all tests, the plunge depth was 0.5 mm (the penetration depth of tool shoulder from workpiece surface), dwell time at the event of submerging the pin into the faying surfaces and before initiating the tool travel speed was 45 seconds. Mechanical tests, represented by flexural and impact tests, exhibited an improvement in the mechanical properties of the welded specimens for the case of 25% added polypropylene. Friction stir welding has extraordinary potential to create imperfection-free joints and to initiate a high-quality weldment of high-density polyethylene sheets reinforced by polypropylene strips.
Compression and Creep Indices of Organic Clayey Soil
Authors: Hameedi Mudhafar K. , Al Omari Raid R. , Fattah Mohammed Y. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
For construction of structures on soft clay layers, engineers must have to consider the consolidation behaviours of such soil. Due to the viscosity of clayey soils, their organic content strongly influences on consolidation behaviours as well effecting on vertical stress. Laboratory studies on soft soil have offered better understanding and thus better prognosis of these behaviour, and several related tests are performed and presented in this research. Two odometer tests were done, the first being a conventional odometer test for three soil types to find their compressibility parameters, while the second consisted of a series of long term odometer tests to find the creep coefficient for each type of soil. Seven incremental consolidation pressures were applied to each soil sample with different organic content (25 kPa, 50 kPa, 100 kPa, 200 kPa, 400 kPa, 800 kPa and 1600 kPa). A detailed study of the results obtained from this incremental loading was then undertaken. From the consolidation test, the values of different parameters such as the compression index (Cc) and secondary compression index (Cα) were obtained, and it was found that Cc and Cα values increased with increased organic content in the soil. The study also found that, generally, Cα decreases with incremental loading.
Speed Control of a Wheelchair Prototype Driven by a DC Motor Through Real EEG Brain Signals
Authors: Fadheel Bashar Abbas , Mahdi Ali Jafer , Jaafar Hussain Fadhel , Nazir Muhammad Shahzad , Obaid Muntaha Sattar , Musa Sarah Hussein 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
For some disabled people, Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are used to interpret brain thinking to drive machines by creating interface between the human brain and such machines. EEG signals are naturally varied due to human thinking process, and can be manipulated to drive a wheelchair based DC motors in real-time without any muscular efforts. In this paper, EEG signals are used to control DC motors using a Brain Computer Interface (BCI) that includes an EEG sensor headset to capture brain signals. The extracted EEG signals are considered as reference signals and transmitted to a microcontroller via Bluetooth. An intelligent wheelchair (IW) with an EEG sensors is connected to an Arduino, that drives two DC motors, to control movement references to the specific EEG signals. For the proposed IW based EEG, life cycle cost (LCC), over 5 year lifetime, is about 2674$ compared with a manufactured passive wheelchair, which its LCC is 3957$. The experimental tests suggest that the proposed design of IW is efficient and low cost as well as allowing disabled people to more easily control their wheelchairs and to lead independent lives.
The effect of magnetic field direction on thermoelectric and thermomagnetic coefficients of undoped single crystalline InSb at room temperature
Authors: Al-Baghdadi M , Kheralla Al-Kadumi A , Altayyar I K , Anayi K F , Min G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic coefficients were calculated for n-type undoped InSb single crystals through a temperature range from 10°C up to 80°C and magnetic fields from -0.6T to 0.6T. The thermoelectric Seebeck coefficient varied only with the temperature gradient, while the thermomagnetic Nernst coefficient varied with both the temperature gradient and the magnetic field. This paper also investigated the effects of the incident angle of magnetic field on the InSb sample surface with regard to the values of thermoelectric and thermomagnetic coefficients; the results showed that thermoelectric and thermomagnetic coefficients were independent of magnetic field direction.
Characteristics of Earth Electrodes Under High Frequency Conditions: Numerical Modelling
Authors: Hasan H A , Hameed S M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The earthing segments of electrical power systems play an important role in ensuring human safety. A core function of these earthing systems is to maintain reliable operation and ensure safety for personnel and apparatus during fault conditions. Earthing electrodes can be buried in the soil to dissipate lightning and fault currents into the earth and limit the effect of any magnitude of voltage and current generated between different contact points to earth structures that may be occupied by people or sensitive electrical equipment. In order to obtain the best design of an electrical system to protect power system installations and ensure human safety against abnormal conditions, it is useful to clarify the behaviour of earthing systems subjected to variable frequency currents. In this paper, a numerical study is thus implemented to investigate the behaviour of earthing electrodes subjected to variable frequency current using the computational software program HIFREQ/FFTSESCDEGS with a uniform equivalent soil model. The effect of soil resistivity and permittivity on the behaviour of earthing electrodes is thus obtained, and the relationship between the length of earthing electrodes and their earthing responses over a wide range of frequencies from DC up to 1MHz is identified.
Modelling of Mobile Electromagnetics Wave Effects on the Human Head
Authors: Swadi Husham L. , Abduljabar Ali A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The effects on the heads of human of the electromagnetic waves produced by mobile antenna are presented in this paper. The interactions between electromagnetic energy and the human head are modelled using a COMSOL simulation and the distributions of the produced electric field and resultant temperature inside the human head are obtained. A planar Inverted-F antenna (PIFA) was adopted in this modelling. Three levels of transmitted power (0.6, 1, and 1.5 Watt) were applied in the simulation to determine any increases in temperature in the brain due to microwave radiation from the mobile antenna.
A Wrapper-based Feature Selection Approach for Accurate Fault Detection of Rotating Diode Rectifiers in Brushless Synchronous Generators
Authors: Mohammad-Alikhani A , Vahedi A , Rahnama M , Barzegari Bafghi M H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Fast and accurate fault detection is a vital issue for all engineering systems, especially for those which generate power for sensitive applications. To achieve rapid and accurate fault detection, an appropriate signal must be measured and the best features of that signal should be extracted. In this paper, an approach is proposed to detect the healthy and faulty states of a rotating diode rectifier in a brushless synchronous generator by using three-phase terminal voltage. There is not any direct access to the rectifier, and therefore, fault detection must be performed using signals from the machine itself. In order to extract the correct voltage signal, fast Fourier analysis is performed on the signal, and to select the best frequency to reduce redundancy and increase classification accuracy, a wrapper-based feature selection approach is utilised. In this approach, the best frequency is selected from among the frequencies generated according to the accuracy of the classifier, a Support Vector Machine (SVM). The other frequencies are then added one by one according to their accuracy in each step, and the best subset, that is, the one with the best accuracy for the classifier, is selected. The proposed approach is then evaluated using experimental data.
Design and Implementation of a Smart Baby Crib
Authors: Shahadi H I , Muhsen D H , Haider H T , Taherinia A H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Many people are so busy that they face additional difficulties with everyday life. Parents in particular may have many responsibilities, yet babies and infants continue to need special care. This paper proposes a smart baby crib to help both parents and baby in several ways by providing numerous services in two modes, manual and automatic. In manual mode, the user can control the crib’s swing and start music playing wirelessly using an application installed on a smart phone. In automatic mode, the crib starts swinging automatically when the baby cries, and swings continuously until the baby stops crying alongside playing music to make a baby be quit and sleep. In addition, if the motion and music do not calm the baby, the crib messages the designated parent’s mobile phone using Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) technology to seek immediate attendance. The system is implemented using a microcontroller, a D.C motor, a sound transducer, an h-bridge, and a rechargeable battery, and this has been tested in real time environments. Experimental results show its efficiency and simplicity.
Cross Dipole Antenna Based Glass Substrate for Ambient Energy Harvesting
Authors: Kod Muayad S , AlSalim Ali M , Farhan Hameed R , Kamarudin Saidatul Izyanie 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this paper, a crossed dipole antenna based on Pyrex Glass substrate is proposed for dual bands, GSM 900 MHz and Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz. Each dipole is placed on a side of the substrate with the antennas oriented perpendicular to each other. Both antennas participate in an omnidirectional radiation pattern in perpendicular planes to form a radiation pattern similar to the isotropic. The realised gain for each dipole and the total radiation efficiency are 1.46 dB and 88% respectively. The glass substrate provides a reduction in the antenna size of about 36% compared with typical individual elements in free space.
Continuous online task planning and plan acting in a deterministic robot environment
Authors: Al-Moadhen Ahmed A , Khayeat Ali R , AlMayli Maysam J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In a deterministic environment, continuity in planning robot tasks and acting upon the generated plans is essential. This aspect does not commit the planner to generate all the required actions in advance, however; instead, the robot planner can generate the necessary abstract actions, then make the actor responsible for refining these actions into commands. Such commands are executed directly by the robot platform. In this paper, the planning and acting framework, known as RosPlanAct, is modified by including a temporal model that deals with the time interval for each action in the plan. Thus, a chronicle is associated with the abstract actions during the planning phase to act as a base for refining these actions into more detailed activities. The extended framework also has the ability to postpone the execution of any action that requires more details and to activate the monitoring function to compare what was observed with predicted results. This framework was tested in simulation and in real environments. The simulation environment was ROS, with a smart robot car used as a real testing environment. The results showed high performance in accomplishing the specified tasks with an increasing rate of success in executing the actions in the determined period of time and a low rate of failed execution. Throughout this paper, the actor was supported by being given the ability to avoid failure by online interactions between planning and acting sections in order to trigger the executing platform to perform the given task in a deterministic environment. The robot can thus refine the actions in the plan, re-planning as required in order to handle events arising.
Control and traffic signal warrant assessment of intersection sites
Authors: Imran Muneeb Salam , Ewadh Hussein Ali 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Frequent evaluations are required to upgrade mobility and safety at intersections. This thus paper proposes a typical scenario to identify suitable controls for installing appropriate traffic signals.
Five individual intersections were studied within the Babylon province, of Iraq, and graphical methods were used to identify suitable controls. Three graphs were adopted based on recommendations from the Institute of Highway Transportation (IHT), Department of Transportation (DoT) and the Iraqi Highway Design Manual (SORB). In addition, warrants for traffic signal installation according to the Manual Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) regulations were checked with HCS 2010 software.
According to IHT recommendations, three of the five intersections should be of a priority type and the others should take on a grade separation and a roundabout or a similar signal type. According to DoT, three of five intersections should be roundabouts and the rest Ghost Islands. The SORB recommends that all intersections should be controlled or altered to interchanges. Optimisation of suitable controls for each site should thus take all three methods into account in view of restrictions on area and budget. According to MUTCD, all of the intersections justify the installation of traffic signals, though further evaluation complementary to the proposed scenario would be useful.