bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presentation outside office hours does not negatively influence treatment times for reperfusion therapy for acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Groot A. E. , de Bruin H. , Nguyen T. T. M. , Kappelhof M. , de Beer F. , Visser M. C. , Zwetsloot C. P. , Halkes P. H. A. , de Kruijk J. , van der Meulen W. D. M. , van der Ree T. C. , Kwa V. I. H. , van Schaik S. M. , Hani L. , van den Berg R. , Sprengers M. E. S. , Roosendaal S. D. , Emmer B. J. , Nederkoorn P. J. , Majoie C. B. L. M. , Roos Y. B. W. E. M. , Coutinho J. M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Treatment outside office hours has been associated with increased workflow times for intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Limited data suggest that this “off-hours effect” also exists for endovascular treatment (EVT). We investigated this phenomenon in a well-organized acute stroke care region in the Netherlands.

Methods
Retrospective, observational cohort study of consecutive patients with AIS who received reperfusion therapy in the Greater Amsterdam Area, consisting of 14 primary stroke centers and 1 comprehensive stroke center (IVT: 2009–2015, EVT: 2014–2017). Office hours were defined as presentation during weekdays between 8 AM and 5 PM, excluding National Festive days. Primary outcome was door-to-treatment time (door-to-needle [DNT] for IVT, door-to-groin [DGT] for EVT). For DGT, we used the door time of the first hospital. Other outcomes were in-hospital mortality, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 90 days and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH). We performed multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses and used multiple imputation to account for missing values.

Results
In total, 59% (2450/4161) and 61% (239/395) of patients treated with IVT and EVT, respectively, presented outside office hours. Median DNT was minimally longer outside office hours (32 vs. 30 min, p = 0.024, adjusted difference 2.5 min, 95% CI 0.7–4.2). Presentation outside office hours was not associated with a longer DGT (median 130 min for both groups, adjusted difference 7.0 min, 95% CI − 4.2 to 18.1). Clinical outcome and sICH rate also did not differ.

Conclusion
Presentation outside office hours did not lead to clinically relevant treatment delays for reperfusion therapy in patients with AIS.
Plant diversity influenced gross nitrogen mineralization, microbial ammonium consumption and gross inorganic N immobilization in a grassland experiment
Authors: Lama Soni , Velescu Andre , Leimer Sophia , Weigelt Alexandra , Chen Hongmei , Eisenhauer Nico , Scheu Stefan , Oelmann Yvonne , Wilcke Wolfgang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGross rates of nitrogen (N) turnover inform about the total N release and consumption. We investigated how plant diversity affects gross N mineralization, microbial ammonium (NH4+) consumption and gross inorganic N immobilization in grasslands via isotopic pool dilution. The field experiment included 74 plots with 1–16 plant species and 1–4 plant functional groups (legumes, grasses, tall herbs, small herbs). We determined soil pH, shoot height, root, shoot and microbial biomass, and C and N concentrations in soil, microbial biomass, roots and shoots. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that increasing plant species richness significantly decreased gross N mineralization and microbial NH4+ consumption rates via increased root C:N ratios. Root C:N ratios increased because of the replacement of legumes (low C:N ratios) by small herbs (high C:N ratios) and an increasing shoot height, which was positively related with root C:N ratios, with increasing species richness. However, in our SEM remained an unexplained direct negative path from species richness to both N turnover rates. The presence of legumes increased gross N mineralization, microbial NH4+ consumption and gross inorganic N immobilization rates likely because of improved N supply by N2 fixation. The positive effect of small herbs on microbial NH4+ consumption and gross inorganic N immobilization could be attributed to their increased rhizodeposition, stimulating microbial growth. Our results demonstrate that increasing root C:N ratios with increasing species richness slow down the N cycle but also that there must be additional, still unidentified processes behind the species richness effect potentially including changed microbial community composition.
Everyday geographies in the changing city: subjective photo-routes in Mandalay, Myanmar
Authors: Puttilli Matteo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis work upholds the importance of questioning young people to find out their point of view on urban transformation and grasp their perception and representation of the changes. Hence, the paper presents the methodology and results of an autophotography activity, and more specifically photo-routing organized in March 2018 with a group of young undergraduates at Mandalay University, Myanmar. In the sphere of this activity, the participants were asked to reflect on their relationship with the urban space and to use a camera to capture significant places and situations in their everyday experience of the city, with the goal of exploring their personal point of view on the changes occurring in it, both from a tangible and intangible perspective, in addition to how they are reflected in the everyday practice of the city. The idea at the basis of the research-intervention is that the focus on everyday life through qualitative and visual investigation techniques enables the emergence of some of the—both conscious and not—more-than-representational ways in which people—a group of young adults in this specific case—perceive and live the processual nature of the city. Results show that the photo-route tool proved to be particularly effective in stimulating a critical gaze on the city and the changes underway, to acquire awareness of the constantly in-becoming nature of the places and reflect in an introspective manner on their own life course in relation to the city. Thus, the paper provides a contribution “from below” to the reflections on urban transformations going on in Southeast Asian cities and, more precisely, in Myanmar.
The photopic negative response (PhNR): measurement approaches and utility in glaucoma
Authors: Prencipe Matteo , Perossini Tommaso , Brancoli Giampaolo , Perossini Mario 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Visual electrophysiological testing continues to generate interest among glaucoma experts because of its potential help in clarifying disease pathophysiology and promoting early detection of glaucomatous damage. The photopic negative response (PhNR) is a slow negative component of the full-field electroretinogram that has been shown to provide specific information about retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) activity. The purpose of this article is to review the literature to explore the currently available measurement methods and the utility of PhNR in glaucoma diagnostic process.

Methods
We gathered publications related to the origins, types of stimuli used, measurements methods and applications of the PhNR of ERG in animal models and humans through a search of the literature cited in PubMed. Search terms were: “PhNR”, “photopic negative response”, “glaucoma”, “glaucomatous optic neuropathy”, “ERG”, “electroretinogram”.

Results
The most reliable PhNR measurements are obtained using a red stimulus on a blue background, without requiring refractive correction, fixation monitoring, or ocular media transparency. Given its direct correlation with RGCs response, the PhNR measured as baseline-to-trough (BT) represents the most reliable parameter of evaluation. Glaucoma patients with evident perimetric defects show pathologic PhNR values. Even though the PhNR is promising in detecting early RGCs impairment, distinguishing between healthy subjects and suspect patients at risk of developing glaucomatous damage still remains challenging.

Conclusion
The PhNR is a useful additional tool to explore disorders that affect the innermost retina, including glaucoma and other forms of optic neuropathy. In particular, comparing reports of the standard examinations (optic disc assessment, OCT RNFL measurement, standard automated perimetry) with the results of electrophysiological tests may be helpful in solving clinical diagnostic and management dilemmas. On the one hand, the PhNR of the ERG can examine the parvocellular pathways; on the other hand, the steady-state pattern ERG optimized for glaucoma screening (PERGLA) can explore the magnocellular pathways. This could give ophthalmologists a useful feedback to identify early RGCs alterations suggestive of glaucoma, stratify the risk and potentially monitor disease progression.
An exploratory study of technological knowledge when pupils are designing a programmed technological solution using BBC Micro:bit
Authors: Cederqvist Anne-Marie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTechnology educators often provide activities where pupils design programmed technological solutions (PTS) with various programming materials for developing pupils’ technological knowledge related to PTS and digital technology. However, few studies have investigated how pupils experience these activities. To fill this gap in knowledge, this phenomenographic study explores how pupils experience designing a PTS using BBC Micro:bit and identifies the technological knowledge these pupils need, in terms of critical aspects (i.e., aspects necessary to discern), to successfully solve a real world task—the design and coding of a burglar alarm. The data were gathered from sketches, interviews, and video-recordings of pupils aged 10 and 14. This study shows that the pupils struggled with two intertwined phenomena during the activity: the dual nature of the PTS (i.e., the structure and function) and the BBC Micro:bit material. The findings indicated that the pupils needed to understand what components to use based on their function and how to organise these components so they interacted with a code that used feedback control. That is, the pupils needed to code a conditional statement by combining blocks in the BBC Micro:bit editor. To produce working code, the pupils needed to know what the blocks represent, where to find the blocks in the editor, and how to interpret the shapes of the blocks. The results have implications for teaching technological knowledge, suggesting an importance of addressing these phenomena and critical aspects with respect to developing pupils’ conceptual and procedural knowledge related to designing PTS with BBC Micro:bit.
Simulating Strong Practical Proof Systems with Extended Resolution
Authors: Kiesl Benjamin , Rebola-Pardo Adrián , Heule Marijn J. H. , Biere Armin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractProof systems for propositional logic provide the basis for decision procedures that determine the satisfiability status of logical formulas. While the well-known proof system of extended resolution—introduced by Tseitin in the sixties—allows for the compact representation of proofs, modern SAT solvers (i.e., tools for deciding propositional logic) are based on different proof systems that capture practical solving techniques in an elegant way. The most popular of these proof systems is likely DRAT, which is considered the de-facto standard in SAT solving. Moreover, just recently, the proof system DPR has been proposed as a generalization of DRAT that allows for short proofs without the need of new variables. Since every extended-resolution proof can be regarded as a DRAT proof and since every DRAT proof is also a DPR proof, it was clear that both DRAT and DPR generalize extended resolution. In this paper, we show that—from the viewpoint of proof complexity—these two systems are no stronger than extended resolution. We do so by showing that (1) extended resolution polynomially simulates DRAT and (2) DRAT polynomially simulates DPR. We implemented our simulations as proof-transformation tools and evaluated them to observe their behavior in practice. Finally, as a side note, we show how Kullmann’s proof system based on blocked clauses (another generalization of extended resolution) is related to the other systems.
Iterative Grossone-Based Computation of Negative Curvature Directions in Large-Scale Optimization
Authors: De Leone Renato , Fasano Giovanni , Roma Massimo , Sergeyev Yaroslav D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe consider an iterative computation of negative curvature directions, in large-scale unconstrained optimization frameworks, needed for ensuring the convergence toward stationary points which satisfy second-order necessary optimality conditions. We show that to the latter purpose, we can fruitfully couple the conjugate gradient (CG) method with a recently introduced approach involving the use of the numeral calledGrossone. In particular, recalling that in principle the CG method is well posed only when solving positive definite linear systems, our proposal exploits the use of grossone to enhance the performance of the CG, allowing the computation of negative curvature directions in the indefinite case, too. Our overall method could be used to significantly generalize the theory in state-of-the-art literature. Moreover, it straightforwardly allows the solution of Newton’s equation in optimization frameworks, even in nonconvex problems. We remark that our iterative procedure to compute a negative curvature direction does not require the storage of any matrix, simply needing to store a couple of vectors. This definitely represents an advance with respect to current results in the literature.
Roadmap for Effective School-Based Practices to Support Expectant and Parenting Youth: Lessons from the New Heights Program in Washington, DC
Authors: Asheer Subuhi , Zief Susan , Neild Ruth 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Introduction
New Heights is a voluntary school-based program that provides a well-defined system of supports for expectant and parenting students in Washington, DC, and was found to be effective at improving educational outcomes. This study explores the program elements and practices that, when used together, improved academic outcomes for New Heights participants and define a possible roadmap for service providers interested in replicating the program’s success.

Methods
The study team collected data through site visits, key informant interviews, staff surveys, program observations, case files, and program materials.

Results
The core design and implementation elements of the New Heights program are (1) placing a trained staff member in the school to provide advocacy, case management, education, and in-kind incentives; (2) bringing community-based service providers into the school; (3) giving trained staff autonomy and a strong grounding in local context; and (4) using a highly collaborative process to hire and support school-based coordinators.

Discussion
Staff and funders interested in improving outcomes for young parents in school could use the experience of New Heights and the key practices that were critical to its success as a guide: (1) ensure that the program is well defined but can be tailored to the needs of schools and students, (2) engage community partners to bring services to participants, (3) hire and train the right staff who are committed to “do whatever it takes,” (4) actively cultivate a culture of collaboration among program staff, and (5) develop buy-in with school staff and illustrate program value.
Adjustability of exposed elements by updating their capacity for resistance after a damaging event: application to an earthquake–tsunami cascade scenario
Authors: Negulescu Caterina , Benaïchouche Abed , Lemoine Anne , Le Roy Sylvestre , Pedreros Rodrigo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami remind us once again that these types of cascade event can occur and cause considerable damage. The scientific community realizes the need for rapid theoretical and practical progress on cascade events to provide field teams with the necessary tools and information for action during these types of events. The earthquake damage scenario for Martinique and Guadeloupe islands (French West Indies) has already been performed within the framework of French governmental projects, but these areas, in the vicinity of the French West Indies subduction zone, are also subject to tsunami events. In this study, we propose to perform a combined scenario in which an earthquake is followed by a tsunami, as it could arrive one day, considering the seismic characteristics and potential of such a subduction zone. The vulnerability of the buildings is defined considering local specific information based on several years of field inventories and inspections and is later classified into one of the 36 model building types of HAZUS. The calculation of the damages due to tsunamis follows the HAZUS methodologies. The main novelty of our study is the calculation of damage due to the two phenomena occurring one after the other, not in parallel, as is calculated in the existing literature. Therefore, for the calculation of the damages due to the second event (i.e. the tsunami), the vulnerability characteristics of the initial structure are reduced, considering the damage state of the construction after the first event (i.e. the earthquake). Hence, in our case, this calculation approach allows us to update the number of exposed elements and their changed vulnerabilities considering the damages due to the earthquake, since certain structures are already damaged by the earthquake before the arrival of the tsunami wave. The results coming from our study and our manner of treating the cascading hazards are putting into perspective with the Hazus method for combining damages coming from earthquake and the damages coming from consequently tsunami. The results expressed as the sum of the damages in both most damaged states, Extensive and Complete, are more or less in the same range of values for both studies (our study and HAZUS 2017). However, a trend of having more percentage of complete damages (and hence, less the Extensive damages) with our method than the ones obtained with the Hazus combination can be important information for crisis managing. This is a first result for the French West Indies territory, but anyway, more studies should be carried out in order to check this trend and eventually to confirm and validate this issue for others territories with others bathymetries, vulnerabilities and seismological features.
Solvent-Assisted Secondary Drying of Spray-Dried Polymers
Authors: Shepard Kimberly B. , Dower April M. , Ekdahl Alyssa M. , Morgen Michael M. , Baumann John M. , Vodak David T. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this work is to introduce solvent-assisted secondary drying, a method used to accelerate the residual solvent removal from spray dried materials. Spray-drying is used to manufacture amorphous solid dispersions, which enhance the bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with low aqueous solubility. In the spray-drying process, API and excipients are co-dissolved in a volatile organic solvent, atomized into droplets through a nozzle, and introduced to a drying chamber containing heated nitrogen gas. The product dries rapidly to form a powder, but small amounts of residual solvent (typically, 1 to 10 wt%) remain in the product and must be removed in a secondary-drying process. For some spray-dried materials, secondary drying by traditional techniques can take days and requires balancing stability risks with process time.

Methods
Spray-dried polymers were secondary dried, comparing the results for three state-of-the-art methods that employed a jacketed, agitated-vessel dryer: (1) vacuum-only drying, (2) water-assisted drying, or (3) methanol-assisted drying. Samples of material were pulled at various time points and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and Karl Fischer (KF) titration to track the drying process.

Results
Model systems were chosen for which secondary drying is slow. For all cases studied, methanol-assisted drying outperformed the vacuum-only and water-assisted drying methods.

Conclusions
The observation that methanol-assisted drying is more effective than the other drying techniques is consistent with the free-volume theory of solvent diffusion in polymers.
Sample size in bibliometric analysis
Authors: Rogers Gordon , Szomszor Martin , Adams Jonathan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhile bibliometric analysis is normally able to rely on complete publication sets this is not universally the case. For example, Australia (in ERA) and the UK (in the RAE/REF) use institutional research assessment that may rely on small or fractional parts of researcher output. Using the Category Normalised Citation Impact (CNCI) for the publications of ten universities with similar output (21,000–28,000 articles and reviews) indexed in the Web of Science for 2014–2018, we explore the extent to which a ‘sample’ of institutional data can accurately represent the averages and/or the correct relative status of the population CNCIs. Starting with full institutional data, we find a high variance in average CNCI across 10,000 institutional samples of fewer than 200 papers, which we suggest may be an analytical minimum although smaller samples may be acceptable for qualitative review. When considering the ‘top’ CNCI paper in researcher sets represented by DAIS-ID clusters, we find that samples of 1000 papers provide a good guide to relative (but not absolute) institutional citation performance, which is driven by the abundance of high performing individuals. However, such samples may be perturbed by scarce ‘highly cited’ papers in smaller or less research-intensive units. We draw attention to the significance of this for assessment processes and the further evidence that university rankings are innately unstable and generally unreliable.
Reactivity and Stability of Ultrathin VOx Films on Pt(111) in Catalytic Methanol Oxidation
Authors: von Boehn Bernhard , Scholtz Lena , Imbihl Ronald 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe growth of ultrathin layers of VOx (< 12 monolayers) on Pt(111) and the activity of these layers in catalytic methanol oxidation at 10−4 mbar have been studied with low-energy electron diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, rate measurements, and with photoemission electron microscopy. Reactive deposition of V in O2 at 670 K obeys a Stranski–Krastanov growth mode with a (√3 × √3)R30° structure representing the limiting case for epitaxial growth of 3D-VOx. The activity of VOx/Pt(111) in catalytic methanol oxidation is very low and no redistribution dynamics is observed lifting the initial spatial homogeneity of the VOx layer. Under reaction conditions, part of the surface vanadium diffuses into the Pt subsurface region. Exposure to O2 causes part of the V to diffuse back to the surface, but only up to one monolayer of VOx can be stabilized in this way at 10−4 mbar.