bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
¿Cuán preparados están los jefes técnicos para ejercer un liderazgo efectivo? Estudio de opinión a partir del Marco para la Buena Dirección y el Liderazgo Escolar
Authors: Yañez Teresa , Rivero Rosario 
Published: July 2020

International evidence situates school leadership as the second most important factor for student learning. Educational national policies and research have given increased attention to school principals, evidenced by the creation of a national framework for good governance and school leadership, known in Spanish as the Marco para la Buena Dirección y el Liderazgo Escolar (MDBLE). However, there is a dearth of national research about school leadership from the perspective of the instructional coaches.Â In this context, this article evaluates the degree of preparation of these middle leaders to exercise an effective leadership derived from the MDBLE, based on a survey of 300 instructional coaches. The results reveal that less than 50% of these middle leaders have a solid understanding of the framework. Furthermore, while overall they consider themselves moderately prepared, there is heterogeneity in their perceptions of how well prepared they are to implement the framework, while most consider themselves highly prepared for some components and thematic dimensions, only 10% perceive themselves to be highly prepared for all components and dimensions of the framework. This evidence points out challenges for the improvement of school leadership through a strengthening of principal competences and better articulation between educational policies and the framework.
Representaciones sociales de duplas psicosociales sobre las acciones profesionales realizadas en establecimientos municipalizados, Chillán, Chile
Authors: Jarpa-Arriagada Carmen Gloria , Escobar Constanza , Guiñez Laura , Salazar Karla 
Published: July 2020

The article analyzes the social representations of psychosocial pairs of municipal schools and discusses the definition and objective of this intervention device, which enters Chilean schools as one of the measures of social inclusion. We affirm that the school, as a space for human development, must assume responsibility for the inequities that prevent the most vulnerable children from becoming fully integrated into school life. However, the mere installation of the psychosocial duo in schools does not seem sufficient. Through group interviews, we approach the representation of psychosocial pairs to understand their work and how they are integrated into the school space. The results indicate that the process of insertion into schools has been difficult and excessively depends on the peculiarities and specific demands of each school. Teachers demonstrate resistance to theÂ pairsâ€™ actions, and ask them to carry out low-skill activities. The findings indicate a wide variability in functions and an excessive burden of administrative functions. Thus, the work of educational inclusion is co-opted by a variety of administrative obligations that divert the pairâ€™s attention from the main purpose of working on educational inequality and inequity.
Interculturalidad y prácticas docentes en clases de Historia, Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, en escuelas con alto porcentaje de alumnos migrantes de la comuna de Santiago
Authors: Valledor Laura , Garcés Luis , Whipple Pablo 
Published: July 2020

This article presents an exploratory study of four teachersâ€™ teaching practices in the subject of History, Geography and Social Sciences, in schools with a high immigrant enrollment, in the district of Santiago. The purpose of this research was to explore how teachers respond to the challenge of teaching students with diverse cultural and historical backgrounds. The study uses a qualitative approach with a Grounded Theory focus, in order to generate knowledge from the practices themselves. The results indicate that teachers essentially apply two strategies in the classroom: (1) comparisons between the characteristics of Chilean events, historical processes or topics, with those of the immigrant studentsâ€™ countries of origin, and (2) the use of analogies between the experiences of immigrant students and the curriculumâ€™s Â mandatory content. Although these strategies coincide with some principles of an intercultural teaching approach, they coexist with explanations related to an essentialist idea of national identity and narratives of cultural superiority. These findings can guide future continuing education and support programs and help teachers to improve the practices they are currently using and to deepen the understanding of interculturality in the teaching of History and Social Sciences.
Pseudarthrosis in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with a self-locking, stand-alone cage filled with hydroxyapatite: a retrospective study with clinical and radiological outcomes of 98 levels with a minimum 2-year follow-up
Authors: Iunes Eduardo A. , Barletta Enrico A. , Belsuzarri Telmo A. B. , Onishi Franz J. , Aihara André Y. , Cavalheiro Sergio , Joaquim Andrei F. 
Published: July 2020

OBJECTIVEThe goal of this study was to evaluate the incidence of pseudarthrosis after the treatment of cervical degenerative disc disease (CDDD) with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) in which self-locking, stand-alone intervertebral cages filled with hydroxyapatite were used.METHODSThe authors performed a retrospective cohort study of 49 patients who underwent 1- to 3-level ACDF with self-locking, stand-alone intervertebral cages without plates, with a minimum 2 years of follow-up. The following data were extracted from radiological and clinical charts: age, sex, time and type of pre- and postoperative signs and symptoms, pain status (visual analog scale [VAS]), functional status (Neck Disability Index [NDI]), history of smoking, bone quality (bone densitometry), and complications. Pseudarthrosis was diagnosed by a blinded neuroradiologist using CT scans. Clinical improvement was assessed using pre- and postoperative comparison of VAS and NDI scores. The Wilcoxon test for paired tests was used to evaluate statistical significance using a p value of < 0.05.RESULTSThree patients (6%) developed symptomatic pseudarthrosis requiring reoperation, with only 1 patient showing clinical worsening due to pseudarthrosis, while the other 2 with pseudarthrosis had associated disc disease at an adjacent level. The rate of symptomatic pseudarthrosis according to the number of operated levels was 0% for 1 level, 8.7% (2/23 patients) for 2 levels, and 7.7% (1/13 patients) for 3 levels. The total pseudarthrosis rate (including both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients) was 16.4%. Considering the clinical outcomes, there was a significant improvement of 75.6% in neck pain and 95.7% in arm pain, as well as a 64.9% improvement in NDI scores. Complications were observed in 18.4% of patients, with adjacent-level degenerative disease being the most prevalent at 14.3%.CONCLUSIONSACDF with self-locking, stand-alone cages filled with a hydroxyapatite graft can be used for the surgical treatment of 1- to 3-level CDDD with clinical and radiological outcomes significantly improved after a minimum 2-year follow-up period. Comparative studies are necessary.
An Overview of Risk Management Planning
Authors: Gillen Martie , Pierre Beatrice 
Published: July 2020

As risks evolve and diversify, approaches to conducting business require a targeted focus on risk management, particularly in agriculture. This new 3-page document explores risk in agriculture, the need to understand risk, formation of strategies to manage risk, and government programs that exist to help growers and producers manage risk. Written by Martie Gillen and Beatrice Pierre, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, May 2019. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fy1482
A Study on the Relationship of Middle School Students’ Vocabulary Breadth Knowledge and Listening Comprehension
Authors: Yang Ting 
Published: July 2020

This study took 37 junior students who were from an institution of Nanchong as research objects. In this study, SPSS was used for making quantitative analysis on the collected data, intending to explore the relationship of middle school students’ vocabulary breadth knowledge and listening comprehension. The results show: (1) The current vocabulary breadth level of middle school students accounted for 80.86% of the overall requirements, and their listening comprehension level reached 85.87% of the general requirements, both of which were in an upper level; (2) Students’ vocabulary breadth and listening comprehension level in different gender didn’t have a significant difference; (3) There was a significant positive correlation between middle school students’ vocabulary breadth and listening comprehension. This study has some guiding significance on the listening teaching of primary and secondary schools.
Secrets, puzzles and mysteries of macroamylasemia
Authors: Gubergrits N. B. , Byelyayeva N. V. , Lukashevich G. M. , Mozhyna T. L. 
Published: July 2020

Physiological features of amylase synthesis and excretion are considered in the article, presence of other sources of amylase synthesis different from pancreas and salivary glands is emphasized. Definitions of hyperenzymemia and macroamylasemia (MAE) are given. MAE is a state characterized by presence of circulating complexes of normal serum amylase with protein or carbohydrates in blood. There are 3 types of MAE: first — classical (constant hyperamylasemia, decreased amylase level in urine, high blood concentration of macroamylase complexes); second — hyperamylasemia with slightly decreased amylase activity in urine, macroamylase/normal amylase ratio is less than in the first type; third — normal blood and urine amylase activity, low macroamylase/normal amylase ratio. Pathogenesis is explained by connection of blood amylase and acute phase protein in different inflammatory, infectious diseases, malabsorption. MAE clinical manifestations could be absent, sometimes abdominal pain is possible. Hyperamylasemia and reduced urine amylase activity are typical. MAE diagnostics means determination of macroamylase complexes in blood (chromatography, calculation of the clearance ratio of amylase and creatinine). The article presents clinical cases describing extra-pancreatic MAE in women with malignant ovarian lesions. The question of expediency of thorough diagnostic examination in asymptomatic MAE is raised, which may turn out to be a symptom of cancer. The lack of specific treatment for MAE is emphasized.
Risk factors and prediction score for chronic pancreatitis: a nationwide population-based cohort study
Authors: Lin Yen-Chih , Kor Chew-Teng , Su Wei-Wen , Hsu Yu-Chun 
Published: July 2020

Aim
To explore the risk factors of developing chronic pancreatitis (CP) in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) and develop a prediction score for CP.
Methods
Using the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan, we obtained large, population-based data of 5971 eligible patients diagnosed with AP from 2000 to 2013. After excluding patients with obstructive pancreatitis and biliary pancreatitis and those with a follow-up period of less than 1 year, we conducted a multivariate analysis using the data of 3739 patients to identify the risk factors of CP and subsequently develop a scoring system that could predict the development of CP in patients with AP. In addition, we validated the scoring system using a validation cohort.
Results
Among the study subjects, 142 patients (12.98%) developed CP among patients with RAP. On the other hand, only 32 patients (1.21%) developed CP among patients with only one episode of AP. The multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of recurrent AP (RAP), alcoholism, smoking habit, and age of onset of < 55 years were the four important risk factors for CP. We developed a scoring system (risk score 1 and risk score 2) from the derivation cohort by classifying the patients into low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk categories based on similar magnitudes of hazard and validated the performance using another validation cohort. Using the prediction score model, the area under the curve (AUC) (95% confidence interval (CI)) in predicting the 5-year CP incidence in risk score 1 (without the number of AP episodes) was 0.83 (0.79, 0.87), whereas the AUC (95%CI) in risk score 2 (including the number of AP episodes) was 0.84 (0.80, 0.88). This result demonstrated that the risk score 2 has somewhat better prediction performance than risk score 1. However, both of them had similar performance between the derivation and validation cohorts.
Conclusion
In the study, we identified the risk factors of CP and developed a prediction score model for CP.
Core tip In this large number, nationwide population-based cohort study, we concluded that the presence of recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP), along with alcohol consumption, age of onset, and smoking habit are 4 important risk factors of chronic pancreatitis (CP). We developed a novel prediction score model for CP with excellent discrimination and successfully validated this model in our study. Using this scoring system, a clinician can predict the outcome of a patient with AP episode easily and arrange further examination such as pancreatic functional test or endoscopic ultrasound after the acute stage for the high-risk category to diagnose CP as early as possible (incidence rate of CP about 31 per 1000 person-years in high-risk group, based on our study) since CP is an important risk factor of pancreatic cancer.
Drug-induced liver injury and liver injury during pregnancy: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Tsymmerman Ya. S. , Vologzhanina L. G. 
Published: July 2020

This article is a literature review on drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The authors revealed the role of liver tissue in biotransformation of drugs, and the mechanisms of hepatocytes injury under the influence of their metabolites (direct lesion of hepatocytes structure and idiosyncratic hypersensitivity). Separation of drugs into true and facultative hepatotoxins is explained. Opinion of patients and doctors of various majors about the most hepatotoxic drugs is presented. DILI classification depending on the dominant pathogenetic mechanism is given. Nuances of clinical and laboratory diagnostics and drug treatment of DILI are revealed. Advantages of ademetionine, ursodeoxycholic acid and glucocorticoids prescription are analyzed, indications for their application are listed, and the optimal therapeutic dosages of these drugs are given. Expediency of prescribing plant hepatoprotector chophytol and myotropic spasmolytic hymecromone is considered.
Pathogenesis of liver injury during pregnancy is described, occurrence of hepatological pathology in this cohort of patients is briefly characterized, nuances of diagnostics and course of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, acute fatty liver dystrophy of pregnancy, HELLP-syndrome are considered. Peculiarities of the course of pregnancy on the background of the previous liver disease (viral hepatitis A, B, C, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, Wilson’s disease) are revealed. The most effective conservative (ademetionine, ursodeoxycholic acid) and operative techniques (early delivery) of correction of liver injury of pregnancy are listed.
Chronic pancreatitis: pancreatic cancer risk factors
Authors: Gubergrits N. B. , Byelyayeva N. V. , Tsys A. V. , Mozhyna T. L. , Lukashevich G. M. , Fomenko P. G. 
Published: July 2020

The article discusses the known risk factors for pancreatic cancer (PC) in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP), starting with the hypothesis expressed by the German pathologist Rudolph Virchow at the end of the 19th century, to modern worldviews. The difficulties of timely PC diagnosis and the short life expectancy of patients with CP who have PC are noted. According to modern concepts, the transformation of the inflammatory process in the pancreatic tissue into a neoplastic formation is caused not only by the features of the ordinary diet and well-known bad habits, but also by the effects of a number of chemical compounds, the presence of a concomitant pathology and genetic predisposition. The article shows the average period of time required for the neoplastic transformation of acinar or ductal epithelial cells in a state of chronic inflammation. The results of clinical studies and meta-analysis showing the correlation between different types of CP and the development of PC are presented. It is emphasized that the total risk of PC in patients with confirmed CP is less than 5%, which indirectly indicates a lack of sensitivity and specificity of non-invasive procedures in screening for neoplastic pancreatic lesions. The probability of developing PC in patients with hereditary pancreatitis, carriers of the mutant K-ras gene, as well as in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis is considered. Emphasis is placed on the need for further development of biological tests and biomarkers, which make it possible to differentiate CP and PC. The exclusion of known risk factors in patients with recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis, CP will reduce the risk and prevent the occurrence of PC.
Metabolic tandem: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and pancreatic steatosis; therapeutic significance of probiotics (clinical case)
Authors: Bondarenko O. O. , Sorochka M. I. 
Published: July 2020

Non-communicable diseases are a serious global problem for humanity. Metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and their complications lead to increased mortality and reduce quality of patients’ life. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently recognized as one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. Current scientific evidence suggests that there is a close relationship between the gut microbiota and chronic pathologies. The results of studies have established the existence of cause and effect relations between impaired microbiocenosis of the intestine, imbalance of the immune system, as well as in one of the key pathogenetic roles in the development and progression of NAFLD, pancreatic steatosis, increasing intestinal permeability, reducing the protective properties of mucosa, enhancing translocation of microorganisms into the systemic circulation. As no conventional approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with NAFLD and metabolic syndrome have been developed at present, the therapy of such patients should be directed, first of all, to factors that contribute to their development and progression. Considering the latest research findings, the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome is justified. The use of techniques affecting this correlation is substantiated. A promising method of treating such diseases is the prescription of pre- and probiotics to modify the gut microbiota.
This article analyzes the case of a patient with NAFLD, pancreatic steatosis, who used a therapy that had an effect on the patient’s microbiota. The article contains system analysis, bibliosemantics, and case analysis of a specific patient. The sources were obtained from the scientific and statistical database of medical information. This clinical case highlights the relevance of this problem in medical practice and the feasibility of further research in this field. The impact of microbiome on human body is significant, and correcting disorders can reduce the risk of associated diseases. Therefore, preventing and correcting early-stage pathologies will reduce mortality rate and improve patients’ quality of life.
Evaluation of Pooled Sample Analysis Strategy for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Tests in Diagnosis and Screening of COVID-19
Authors: Giti Susane , Hoque Md Monirul , Khan Arif Ahmed , Shourov Md Mehedhi Hasan 
Published: July 2020

Introduction: The recent outbreak of COVID-19 is a serious global concern. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 led to a current pandemic of unprecedented levels. Early detection of the infection and prompt isolation of the cases are fundamental for containment of such outbreak. By this time, healthcare systems are facing shortages of reagents for diagnosing this disease. In this context, sample pooling can be an effective strategy to overcome this situation. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sample pooling strategy for RT-PCR tests for diagnosing and screening of COVID- 19 in mass population.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed at the COVID-19 laboratory of Armed Forces Institute of Pathology of Bangladesh to evaluate the efficacy of sample pooling technique for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this laboratory, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were taken for the RT-PCR test to diagnose COVID-19. For each patient, both nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal samples were taken and then mixed to make a single sample. Pooling was performed from the samples collected from 1 April 2020 to 30 April 2020. Total 350 samples were distributed randomly in 70 pools, so that each pool contains 5 samples. Positive pools were deconvulated and each sample was tested separately. Screening was performed by using RT-PCR targeting the ORF-1ab Region and N-gene.
Results: Out of 70 pools 16 (22.85%) were found positive. Eighty samples of these 16 pools were tested individually and 21 (21/80, 26.25%) samples were found positive. All the positive pools were reproducible with testing of the individual samples of that pool (100%).
Conclusion: Strategies of using pooled samples for screening may facilitate detection of early community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and enable timely implementation of appropriate infection control measures to reduce spread.
J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2020; 38(0): 16-20
HRCT Chest Evaluation of COVID-19 Patients: Experience in Combined Military Hospital Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Alam Syed Zoherul , Muid SMA Al , Akhter Afroza , Rahman AKM Sharifur , Emran Md Al , Mostakim Md Tarif Al 
Published: July 2020

Background: HRCT Chest is an important tool in both diagnosis and management of COVID-19 patient, as well as it is an important complement to the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess different patterns of manifestation in HRCT chest in COVID-19 infection & to grade the severity by observing a sample of 128 after the symptoms began.
Method: From 11 April 2020 to 27 May 2020, 128 patients who were admitted in Combined Military Hospital Dhaka and underwent both HRCT chest and RT-PCR for COVID- 19 were included. Distribution and patterns of pulmonary lesions like ground glass opacity (GGO), consolidation, reverse halo sign, crazy paving, thickened vascular marking, lymphadenopathy and pleural effusion were evaluated.
Result: Total 128 patients diagnosed (RT-PCR Positive) with COVID-19 were included. Among them, 112(87.5%) patients had fever, and 58(45.31%) patients had fatigability. The most frequent CT abnormality was ground glass opacity in 123(96.09%) cases. Amongst them 81(63.28%) cases had GGO plus consolidation and ground glass opacity alone were 42(32.81%) cases. Crazy-paving pattern was in 65(50.78%) cases. Most patients had multiple lesions and involved all the 5 lobes in 96(75.00%) cases. The lesions were mostly peripheral (123,96.09%) and posterior (103,80.47%) and in 65(50.78%) cases the distribution were diffuse but predominantly peripheral. Most commonly involved lobe is right lower lobe (120,93.75%) and left lower lobe(117,91.41%).
Conclusion: HRCT chest can play an important role in the early diagnosis and prompt management of this global health emergency.
J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2020; 38(0): 21-28