bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Through a Glass Darkly: The Teaching and Assessment of Drawing Skills in the UK Post‐16 Art & Design Curriculum
Authors: Owen Chris 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article investigates the ways in which drawing is taught and assessed in post‐16 UK schools and colleges, with a particular focus on A Level art and design courses. Through an historical survey of the development of syllabi and assessment methods, it traces how the role of drawing in the curriculum has changed over the past sixty years. From a series of prescribed observational drawing exercises, the A level exam has evolved into a holistic exploration of each student’s creative process, and drawing is now seen mainly as an integral part of that process. The article demonstrates how the art history element of the syllabus has also been gradually integrated into practice, and thus into the drawing process itself. Questions are raised about how these changes have influenced the nature of the portfolios which students entering higher education bring to interview. In short, this article seeks to answer the question: do we now teach and assess observational drawing skills ‘through a glass darkly’, obscured by other considerations within the art educational curriculum?
A systematic review and meta‐analysis: Vinegar consumption on glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Cheng Ling Jie , Jiang Ying , Wu Vivien Xi , Wang Wenru 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimTo systematically review the effectiveness of vinegar consumption in improving glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.DesignA systematic review and meta‐analysis.Review sourcesThe CINAHL, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Medline, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases were searched in April 2019. Interventional studies published in the English language, from inception to 15 April 2019, were included.Review methodsTwo investigators independently assessed the quality of the studies, discussed their findings to reach consensus and complied with the standards of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Random‐effects meta‐analysis was conducted in Review Manager 5.3.5 to assess the effect size. A series of subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the causes of heterogeneity. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.ResultsA total of six relevant studies, including 317 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, were selected from 356 studies identified through electronic searches and reference lists. The meta‐analysis showed significantly better fasting blood glucose and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level. In secondary analyses, there was a remarkable reduction in total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein postintervention.ConclusionVinegar content varied across the studies, and the sample sizes in the included studies were relatively small. Therefore, caution should be exercised when trying to extrapolate the results to a larger population.ImpactExisting reviews are limited to narrative synthesis, lacking critical appraisal, heterogenous outcomes, nor any report of fasting blood glucose and HbA1c. This meta‐analysis review extends the evidence on the beneficial effects of vinegar on glycaemic control as measured by HbA1c and fasting blood glucose. Clinicians could incorporate vinegar consumption as part of their dietary advice for patients with diabetes.
Heart rate increase after pulmonary vein isolation predicts freedom from atrial fibrillation at 1 year
Authors: Goff Zackary D. , Laczay Balint , Yenokyan Gayane , Sivasambu Bhradeev , Sinha Sunil K. , Marine Joseph E. , Ashikaga Hiroshi , Berger Ron D. , Akhtar Tauseef , Spragg David D. , Calkins Hugh 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIntroductionAblation of atrial vagal ganglia has been associated with improved pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) outcomes. Disruption of vagal reflexes results in heart rate (HR) increase. We investigated the association between HR change after PVI and freedom from atrial fibrillation (AF) at 1 year.Methods and ResultsPatients who underwent PVI for paroxysmal AF were identified from the Johns Hopkins Hospital AF registry. Electrocardiograms taken pre‐PVI and post‐PVI were used to determine the change in HR. Patients followed‐up at 3, 6, and 12 months. Of 257 patients (66% male, age 59+/‐11 years), 134 (52%) remained free from AF at 1 year. The average HR increased from 60.6 ± 11.3 beats per minute (bpm) pre‐PVI to 70.7 ± 12.0 bpm post‐PVI. Patients with recurrence of AF had lower post‐PVI HR than those who remained free from AF (67.8 ± 0.2 vs 73.3 ± 13.0 bpm; P <.001). The probability of AF recurrence at 1‐year decreased as the change in HR increased (estimated odds ratio [OR], 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI, 0.74‐0.93]; P = .002). HR increase more than 15 bpm was associated with the lowest odds of AF recurrence (estimated OR, 0.39; 95% [0.17‐0.85]; P = .018) compared to HR decrease.ConclusionsResting HR was found to increase after PVI. Increase in HR more than 15 bpm has a positive association with remaining free from atrial fibrillation at 1 year.
Extensive chondroid bone in juvenile duck limbs hints at accelerated growth mechanism in avian skeletogenesis
Authors: Prondvai Edina , Witten P. Eckhard , Abourachid Anick , Huysseune Ann , Adriaens Dominique 
Published: October 2019

AbstractModern altricial birds are the fastest growing vertebrates, whereas various degrees of precocity (functional maturity) result in slower growth. Diaphyseal osteohistology, the best proxy for inferring relative growth rates in fossils, suggests that in the earliest birds, posthatching growth rates were more variable than in modern representatives, with some showing considerably slow growth that was attributed to their assumed precocial flight abilities. For finding clues how precocial or altricial skeletogenesis and related growth acceleration could be traced in avian evolution, as a case study we investigated the growing limb diaphyseal histology in an ontogenetic series of ducks which, among several other avian taxa, show a combination of altricial wing and precocial leg development. Here we report the unexpected discovery that chondroid bone, a skeletal tissue family intermediate between cartilage and bone, extensively contributes to the development of limb bone shaft in ducks up to at least 30 days posthatching age. To our knowledge, chondroid bone has never been reported in such quantities and with an ontogenetically extended deposition period in post‐embryonic, non‐pathological periosteal bone formation of any tetrapod limb. It shows transitional cellular/lacunar morphologies and matrix staining properties between cartilage and woven bone and takes a significant part in the diametric growth of the limb bone shaft. Its amount and distribution through duckling ontogeny seems to be associated with the disparate functional and growth trajectories of the altricial wings vs. precocial legs characteristic of duck limb development. The presence of isogenous cell groups in the periosteal chondroid bone implies that cartilage‐like interstitial growth took place before matrix mineralization complementing appositional bone growth. Based on these characteristics and on its fast formation rate in all previously reported normal as well as pathological cases, we suggest that chondroid bone in ducks significantly accelerates diametric limb bone growth. Related to this growth acceleration, we hypothesize that chondroid bone may be generally present in the growing limb bones of modern birds and hence may have key skeletogenic importance in achieving extreme avian growth rates and placing birds among the fastest growing vertebrates. Thus, we encourage future studies to test this hypothesis by investigating the occurrence of chondroid bone in a variety of precocial and altricial bird species, and to explore the presence of similar tissues in the growing limbs of other extant and extinct tetrapods in order to understand the evolutionary significance of chondroid bone in accelerated appendicular skeletogenesis.
Causes of distraction leading to supervision lapses in cases of fatal drowning of children 0–4 years in Australia: A 15‐year review
Authors: Peden Amy E , Franklin Richard C 
Published: October 2019

AimSupervision is a strategy for preventing drowning among children. However, supervision lapses continue to be a contributory factor in child drowning. This study aims to identify, describe and analyse the causes of distraction leading to lapses in supervision in child drowning.MethodsA total population survey of all fatal unintentional drownings among children aged 0–4 years between 1 July 2002 and 30 June 2017 was undertaken using data from the Australian National Coronial Information System. Among closed coronial cases, causes of distraction leading to lapses in supervision were collected as free text from closed case documentation and subsequently thematically grouped into categories. Univariate and χ2 analysis was undertaken (P < 0.01).ResultsA total of 447 children drowned during the study period (62.0% male; 66.9% aged 1–2 years; 53.3% swimming pools; 79.4% falls into water). Of the 426 (95.3%) closed cases, common supervision lapses were due to indoor household duties (27.6%), outdoor household duties (12.6%) and talking/socialising (11.9%).ConclusionsThis study has identified common scenarios for distractions leading to supervision lapses including the link between indoor household duties and bathtub drowning deaths and talking/socialising for deaths in swimming pools and at rivers. Challenges include medical issues impacting sole carers. The 7% of cases where a supervision lapse occurred due to miscommunication are opportunities to further reinforce the need for a designated supervisor, particularly with two or more adults present. Study findings on distraction causes, and strategies to minimise them, should be incorporated into national public awareness campaigns aimed at parents and care givers of this at‐risk group.
Disentangling the lifespans of hepatitis C virus‐infected cells and intracellular vRNA replication‐complexes during direct‐acting anti‐viral therapy
Authors: Cardozo Erwing Fabian , Ji Dong , Lau George , Schinazi Raymond F. , Chen Guo‐feng , Ribeiro Ruy M. , Perelson Alan S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe decay rate of hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected cells during therapy has been used to determine the duration of treatment needed to attain a sustained virologic response, but with direct‐acting anti‐virals (DAA), this rate has been difficult to estimate. Here, we show that it is possible to estimate it, by simultaneously analysing the viral load and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) kinetics during combination DAA therapy. We modelled the HCV RNA and ALT serum kinetics in 26 patients with chronic HCV genotype 1b infection, under four different sofosbuvir‐based combination treatments. In all patients, ALT decayed exponentially to a set point in the normal range by 1‐3 weeks after initiation of therapy. The model indicates that the ALT decay rate during the first few weeks after initiation of therapy reflects the death rate of infected cells, with an estimated median half‐life of 2.5 days in this patient population. This information allows independent estimation of the rate of loss of intracellular replication complexes during therapy. Our model also predicts that the final ALT set point is not related to the release of ALT by dying HCV‐infected cells. Using ALT data, one can separately obtain information about the rate of ‘cure’ of HCV‐infected cells versus their rate of death, something not possible when analysing only HCV RNA data. This information can be used to compare the effects of different DAA combinations and to rationally evaluate their anti‐viral effects.
Employment Adjustments Following Rises and Reductions in Minimum Wages: New Insights From a Survey Experiment
Authors: Bossler Mario , Oberfichtner Michael , Schnabel Claus 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe effects of large minimum wage increases are still unknown. Our survey experiment randomly assigns increases or decreases in minimum wages to German establishments and asks about employers’ expectations concerning employment adjustments. The larger the increase in the minimum wage is, the larger the expected reduction in employment. The reduction is stronger in plants that are more strongly affected by the current national minimum wage and in plants that have neither collective agreements nor a works council. In contrast, employment expectations do not increase if the minimum wage is reduced. This mainly reflects that few plants would cut wages.
The neonatal period: A missed opportunity for the prevention of iron deficiency and its associated neurological consequences?
Authors: McCarthy E. K. , Kiely M. E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIron deficiency is the most common micronutrient deficiency worldwide. Iron is essential for the development of multiple organ systems, most especially the developing brain. Iron deficiency, particularly during sensitive periods of brain development, such as in early childhood, is associated with long‐lasting adverse consequences for cognition, motor function and behaviour. Little consideration has been given to iron deficiency in newborn infants and its potential health consequences. Fetal iron accretion is compromised by pregnancy complications such as pre‐term birth and gestational diabetes mellitus, and our work has identified an increased risk of low iron stores at birth from maternal lifestyle factors such as smoking and obesity. Early‐life events, including Caesarean section delivery, further add to the cumulative risk of neonatal iron deficiency, which can persist throughout infancy into early childhood. While investigations into the long‐term neurological consequences of neonatal iron deficiency are limited, there is evidence of poorer memory, motor function and language ability in children born iron deficient. Recently, we also identified significant behavioural consequences of neonatal deficiency persisting from 2 to 5 years of age, with effects particularly apparent in ‘high‐risk’ children born to obese or smoking mothers or delivered by Caesarean section. Interventions targeting the fetal/neonatal period could therefore represent a key opportunity for the prevention of iron deficiency and its associated long‐term health consequences. A dual approach is required, comprising public health strategies targeting prevention, to improve health in women of reproductive age, and the development of screening strategies for the early detection of iron deficiency in newborn infants.
Factors influencing nurses' intention to care for patients with emerging infectious diseases: Application of the theory of planned behavior
Authors: Lee Jiyeon , Kang Sook Jung 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEmerging infectious diseases have caused many health problems and have been identified as a major health issue worldwide. The aim of this descriptive, cross‐sectional survey study was to investigate nursing intention among nurses caring for emerging infectious disease patients in Korea and to describe factors influencing nurses' intention to care by applying the theory of planned behavior. A total of 147 Korean nurses were included and data accrued using an online questionnaire. Among the independent variables, perceived behavioral control, attitudes toward the behavior, and sex significantly influenced nursing intention. These variables explained 55.1% of nursing intention to care for patients with emerging infectious diseases, and perceived behavioral control (confidence or self‐efficacy in caring for patients) was the strongest predictor. These findings showed the usefulness of the theory of planned behavior in predicting nurses' intention to care for patients with emerging infectious diseases. Providing an educational program on caring for patients with pandemic diseases would also increase self‐confidence and reduce concerns. In addition, institutional support, such as compensation payments and recognition from administrators, would also strengthen positive attitudes among nurses.
Grief reactions and coping strategies of Muslim nurses dealing with death
Authors: Betriana Feni , Kongsuwan Waraporn 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundAn intensive care unit (ICU) features high mortality rates. Witnessing subsequent deaths may affect nurses psychologically and spiritually. Islam has an influence on Muslims' life and death. Nevertheless, little is known about Muslim intensive care nurses' experiences of grief in dealing with the deaths of patients.Aim and objectivesThis study aimed to describe the grief reactions and coping strategies of Muslim nurses in dealing with the death of patients.DesignThis is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach.MethodsSemi‐structured individual interviews were conducted. Fourteen participants from an ICU in an Indonesian tertiary public hospital participated in this study. Data were analysed by thematic analysis. Trustworthiness was established by Lincoln and Guba's criteria.ResultsThe findings identified four reactions of grief, four factors influencing reactions of grief, and three coping strategies used in dealing with death in an ICU. The reactions of nurse's grief were crying, being sad, feeling disappointed, and feeling guilty. These reactions were related to several factors including the circumstances of the patient's death, nurse's expectation of patient's recovery, relationships with the patient, and the reactions of family. Coping management strategies used by nurses in dealing with their grief comprised: sharing with colleagues, avoiding dying and death situations, and engaging in spirituality.ConclusionsThe Muslim ICU nurse participants experienced their grieving through a variety of psychological reactions influenced by several factors. Personal coping strategies were revealed in dealing with their grief. However, avoiding dying and death situations affected their duty.Relevance to Clinical PracticeAttention to nurses' grief should be paid to maintain their psychological well‐being and quality of end‐of‐life care. Providing formal support to enhance grief management is recommended.
THE SOCIAL PRODUCTION OF IRON IN FIRST MILLENNIUM BC IRELAND
Authors: Garstki Kevin 
Published: October 2019

SummaryArchaeological data available for reconstructing the Irish Iron Age have expanded rapidly due to the large number of excavations conducted in recent decades as part of large infrastructure projects. This article interprets iron‐production sites dating to the first millennium BC, many of which were discovered as part of those projects, as representing discrete but overlapping communities of ironworking practice. Through a synthesis of recent excavation data, I outline the evidence for different modes of iron production that range from very small scale to ironworking specialists attached to high‐status persons. Developing a socially‐driven reconstruction of this technology provides insight into various aspects of Iron Age society as embedded in local, regional, and pan‐regional communities.
The global value chain under imperfect capital markets
Authors: Choi Jaerim 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper develops a model to study how suppliers' financial constraint interact with suppliers' position in a global value chain. I embed financial frictions into the property‐rights model of the global value chain, as in Antràs and Chor (Econometrica, 2013, 81, 2127), to derive the optimal allocation of ownership rights along the global value chain. The model predicts that multinational firms are more likely to integrate downstream intermediate input suppliers in countries with weak financial institutions when the production process is sequential complements. Using US intrafirm trade data for the years 2000–10, together with a triple‐interaction term between "downstreamness" of an industry, demand elasticity of an industry and financial development of a country, I provide empirical evidence that supports the key prediction of the model.
Antibacterial effect of N‐acetylcysteine in combination with antimicrobials on common canine otitis externa bacterial isolates
Authors: May Elizabeth R. , Ratliff Brette E. , Bemis David A. 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundApproved treatments for canine otitis externa are limited in variety and may contain ototoxic ingredients. With bacterial resistance an ongoing concern, it would be ideal if non‐ototoxic agents combined with antibiotics resulted in a synergistic effect, requiring lower antibiotic concentrations to treat infections. Evidence of synergism and antagonism between N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) and various antibiotic classes has been reported; the present research group was interested in examining these interactions.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo determine if NAC, an otoprotective and antimicrobial compound, has synergistic activity when combined with enrofloxacin or gentamicin in vitro against bacterial isolates causing canine otitis externa.AnimalsTwenty‐two isolates from canine clinical cases of otitis externa were identified and tested, including seven Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, 12 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and three Corynebacterium spp. isolates.Methods and materialsEach isolate was grown on blood agar for 24 h and transferred to Mueller–Hinton broth (MHB), with a final concentration of 5 × 105 cfu/mL. Each well was inoculated with 50 μL of bacterial suspension. N‐acetylcysteine was diluted in MHB to a starting concentration of 160 mg/mL. Enrofloxacin and gentamicin were diluted to 64 μg/mL. Individual and checkerboard serial microdilution assays were performed in triplicate with negative controls for all isolates tested.ResultsInteractions observed for NAC and enrofloxacin were synergistic (4.5%), indifferent (77.3%) or antagonistic (18.2%). Interactions observed for NAC and gentamicin were synergistic (4.5%), indifferent (45.5%) or antagonistic (50%).Conclusions and Clinical relevanceMost interactions between NAC and enrofloxacin or gentamicin were indifferent or antagonistic at the concentrations tested in vitro.
An Analytical Framework for Resilience Exemplified With a Real-Time Operational Center
Authors: Ose Grethe O. , Steiro Trygve J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Integrated operations (IO) is an ongoing change process in the oil and gas industry. New technological opportunities enable working in new ways that involve an integration of onshore and offshore personnel. This paper analyzes the results of two rounds of data gathering in an onshore drilling support center, in terms of the development of resilience. The first round took place in 2004/2005 and the second in 2012. This study presents a framework for the analysis of resilience and has used the case company as a mean of testing the framework. Our findings indicate that the support center has taken a huge step in the direction of becoming more resilient. The drilling company has tested a number of designs and sizes of support centers, each of which has different pros and cons. For the drilling discipline to develop resilience, it is essential that the number of rigs supported by a center is not too large, as they must not become involved in too many rigs and drilling operations. Our findings also indicate that the suggested framework provides a good overall picture of the development of resilience in the case company.