bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sovereignty under the League of Nations Mandates: The Jurists’ Debates
Authors: Smith Leonard V. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The mandate system took shape at an inflexion point in the evolution from an international system based on rule over territories to one based on rule over peoples. Political compromises made at the Paris Peace Conference resulted in the creation of a new political agent, the League of Nations Mandate, with no clear sovereign. In seeking to systematize this political outcome, jurists located sovereignty with the victorious Great Powers, the League itself, and with the peoples of the mandate territories. Yet they never achieved a consensus, which created an absence at the centre of the mandate system that politics would have to fill throughout the interwar period.
Language and Power: The Dragoman as a Link in the Chain Between the Law of Nations and the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Muslu Zülâl 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The paper attempts to take a different look into the Law of Nations through the role of dragomans (official translators) in the making of modern International law. Addressing the power of language above its mere linguistic meaning, also considering the way it is taught, socially shaped, productive and lasting, this paper intends to illustrate the general epistemic framework governing dragomans as an original social and professional body in order to better understand their unforeseen impact on the Ottoman understanding of and integration into modern international law. The paper argues that legal transformations are also the result of legal translations, which intrinsically imply the cultural and social backgrounds of the translators. It discusses how the progressive formation of the cosmopolitan professional body of dragomans led to both develop a bolted technicality and contribute to the uniformization of legal thought and language by the nineteenth century.
Closing Gaps of Fuel Use Regulation of Arctic Shipping
Authors: Sun Zhen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Evidence-based forecasting and estimation indicate that Arctic shipping will grow in volume and diversify over the coming years, and associated challenges need to be met without compromising too much either the growing demand for shipping or the sustainability of the Arctic environment. Various initiatives have been put forward by the shipping industry, States and international regulatory bodies to reduce the negative impact of the use of marine fuels on the marine environment in the Arctic. This article examines the current regulatory regime concerning use of marine fuels in the Arctic; discusses how to apply legal principles and approaches to close regulatory gaps and harmonise existing efforts to prevent, reduce and control marine pollution from fuel use; and analyses the underlining architecture for designing a regulatory regime, from a technical perspective, for the use of marine fuels by Arctic shipping.
Arctic Climate Interventions
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , Hunt Hugh 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The melting of the Arctic poses enormous risks both to the Arctic itself and to the global climate system. Conventional climate change policies operate too slowly to save the Arctic, so unconventional approaches need to be considered, including technologies to refreeze Arctic ice and slow the melting of glaciers. Even if one believes that global climate interventions, such as injecting aerosols into the stratosphere to scatter sunlight, pose unacceptable risks and should be disqualified from consideration, Arctic interventions differ in important respects. They are closer in kind to conventional mitigation and adaptation and should be evaluated in similar terms. It is unclear whether they are feasible and would be effective in saving the Arctic. But given the importance of the Arctic, they should be investigated fully.
Preparing Scientists for Science Diplomacy Requires New Science Policy Bridges
Authors: Gore Meredith L. , Nichols Elizabeth S. , Lips Karen R. 
Published: August 2020

Summary
Differences between the outputs of academic science and those of science policy contribute to a critical science-policy challenge — the inability of academia to sufficiently value either the outputs of the policy process as comparable to academic outputs, or the expertise required to maintain and develop policy. Few colleges and universities in the United States adequately prepare students to become scientists with expertise operating in science-policy spaces. Consequently, most academic scientists lack sufficient training in the policy process, exposure to science diplomacy and capacity to deliver science advice. Science-policy relationships are more than the dichotomised paradox of politicisation of science and the scientisation of politics. Adjustments in how scientists teach, research and engage with policy and policy-makers are necessary to better prepare future generations to address global problems. This article describes currency variances used in these two ecosystems and identifies opportunities to better support science-policy collaborations for more effective research, teaching and service.
What Is a Science Diplomat?
Authors: Melchor Lorenzo 
Published: August 2020

Summary
The COVID-19 crisis has shown how countries initially responded to a global challenge on their own, instead of relying on a multilateral science diplomacy — based response. Although, science diplomacy has received great attention for the past decade, its meaning and the nature of the diverse practitioners involved remain elusive. Science diplomacy is a transboundary field sitting across national borders, policy frameworks and stakeholders of all natures and professional backgrounds. But what is a science diplomat? What science diplomacy roles formally exist? Who can become a science diplomat? What knowledge and skills are required? This practitioner’s essay proposes a typology of science diplomacy practitioners who bring science, technology, innovation, foreign policy and the international political system altogether closer in either institutionalised or non-institutionalised roles, and it also provides guidance for pursuing a career in science diplomacy. These science diplomats may promote national competitiveness but also facilitate multilateral responses to global challenges.
The Sensationalist Discourse of Science Diplomacy: A Critical Reflection
Authors: Flink Tim 
Published: August 2020

Summary
For almost twenty years, the concept of science diplomacy has gained momentum in a public discourse that brings together science policy and international affairs. While some policy actions were newly established and others got into the stride of science diplomacy, the public discourse kept proliferating and has greatly enlarged the concept’s meaning. Reviewing one of its most common definitions, this contribution critically reflects on the sensational promises made by advocates and endorsers of science diplomacy. Their framing bears on a popular and romantic image of science that would hold salutary capacities to solve problems no matter how complex and that goes into rhapsodies about scientists as cosmopolitans who would eagerly collaborate with kindred spirits regardless of national and cultural contexts. Apart from the fact that science tends to get instrumentalised for particularistic purposes, these reveries are problematic, as they overbook expectations about science and foreign politics that can hardly be fulfilled.
Science Diplomacy and Its Engine of Informed Decisionmaking: Operating through Our Global Pandemic with Humanity
Authors: Berkman Paul Arthur 
Published: August 2020

Summary
Science diplomacy is an international, interdisciplinary and inclusive (holistic) process, involving informed decisionmaking to balance national interests and common interests for the benefit of all on Earth across generations. Informed decisions operate across a ‘continuum of urgencies’, which extends from security to sustainability time scales for peoples, nations and our world. The COVID-19 pandemic is the ‘most challenging crisis we have faced since the Second World War’, as noted in March 2020 by UN Secretary-General António Guterres, when survival is once again a common interest at local-global levels. This essay introduces common-interest-building strategies with science diplomacy to operate short term to long term, before-through-after the ‘inflection point’ of our global pandemic, as the next step in the evolution of our globally interconnected civilisation.
The League of Nations and the Power of “Experiment Narratives” in International Institutional Law
Authors: d’Aspremont Jean 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article engages with the image of the League of Nations as an experiment in international law and the law of international institutions. This image populates international legal literature of the second half of the 20th century and of the 21st century. It corresponds to what is called here the “experiment narrative” about the League. Many of the claims made about international institutional law, collective security and international institutions in international legal discourses are informed by this specific narrative. Drawing on the “experiment narratives” about the League, this article shows that “experiment narratives” in international law constitute a common tool for international lawyers to uphold a progressive and linear global history and to organize their discourses.
The League of Nations and the International Law of State Responsibility
Authors: Berkes Antal 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The League of Nations set up The Hague codification conference that focused, among three specific agendas, on the responsibility of states for damage caused in their territory to the person or property of foreigners. Scholarship has dominantly ignored or considered the work of the League of Nations in the law of state responsibility as a failure, starting the story of the codification with the International Law Commission. This article proposes to rethink the dominant view and claims that the League of Nations’ codification process not only initiated, but substantially contributed to the codification of the law of state responsibility, leading to lasting methods, concepts, principles and norms that have been integrated in the contemporary canon of the rules of state responsibility.
Oceans, IUU Fishing, and Climate Change: Implications for International Law
Authors: Voigt Christina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing poses a significant threat to marine fisheries and biodiversity only outpaced by the projected impacts of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions. Ocean warming might affect fish stocks, their health and migratory routes. Ocean acidification and de-oxygenation are another two phenomena that might affect certain marine species as well as entire marine ecosystems. Rebuilding of overexploited and depleted fisheries and managing fisheries sustainably will require comprehensive governance structures for port, flag, coastal and market states, which also address the causes and impacts of climate change. Addressing those concerns could open for opportunities for comprehensive and synergetic regulation. This article addresses potential synergies between oceans and climate governance; focusing on the role of oceans in addressing climate change and its adverse impacts. Suggestions to this end include (i) increasing ocean-based renewable energy, (ii) decarbonizing ocean-based transport, and (iii) pursuing integrated management of fisheries and aquaculture.
Reflections on the Implications of Environmental Norms for Fishing: The Link between the Regulation of Fishing and the Protection of Marine Biological Diversity
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The aim of this article is to examine the implications of environmental norms for fishing by analysing the South China Sea and Chagos Marine Protected Area cases. In so doing, the article considers the link between the regulation of fishing and the protection of marine biological diversity. Specifically, three issues are to be examined: (1) the implications of Articles 192 and 194(5) of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea for the regulation of environmentally harmful fishing, (2) the implications of Article 194 of the Convention for the fishing rights of a state, and (3) balance between environmental considerations and the fishing rights of a state. In this connection, the article argues that environmentally harmful fishing can be regarded as a key concept when considering the regulation of fishing from the viewpoints of marine environmental protection.
IUU Fishing as a Disputed Concept and Its Application to Vulnerable Groups: A Case Study on Arctic Fisheries
Authors: Fitzmaurice Malgosia , Rosello Mercedes 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study is a brief reflection upon the features of the Central Arctic Ocean Fisheries Agreement with regard to indigenous stakeholders, and the potential effects of their uncritical inclusion in the broad interpretive and compliance paradigm known as illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Developed from a vulnerability perspective, the study highlights the need to take into account interdependencies between fragile ecosystems and vulnerable human communities. The authors formulate a normative pathway for the regulation of Arctic fisheries that explicitly integrates legal frameworks established for the protection of indigenous peoples and their rights, promoting a nuanced, legally informed and inclusive understanding of the IUU fishing paradigm.
Negotiation and Dispute Prevention in Global Cooperative Institutions: International Community Interests, IUU Fishing, and the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Negotiation
Authors: Payne Cymie R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In areas beyond national jurisdiction communitarian interests are vulnerable to a weak legal order, evidenced by the prevalence of IUU fishing. The negotiation of an agreement for conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) and the still-evolving jurisprudence for erga omnes obligations present opportunities to strengthen them through global cooperative institutions by empowering states and non-state actors. BBNJ bodies designed to lead effective cooperation with other regimes should be considered strengthening, not undermining, to the legal order of the ocean, as economic interests emphasized in other instruments may be enhanced in the long-term by the BBNJ agreement’s planning, transparency, capacity building and technology transfer provisions. International courts have found that individual states have standing to represent community interests; non-state actors could also be recognized to have standing to access judicial fora when existential interests of humanity are at stake.
International Co-operation as a Key Tool to Prevent IUU Fishing and Disputes over It
Authors: Hutniczak Barbara , Meere Frank 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper highlights three major concerns pertaining to legal frameworks aimed at elimination of IUU fishing across the globe. First, gaps persist even among developed countries and there is room for improvement at national level and scope for cross-country exchange of experiences. Second, to avoid undermining its own efforts directed towards sustainable exploitation of marine resources, all states should be interested in supporting their counterparts in closing regulatory gaps in fisheries regulations. International collaboration can result in improved management of fishery resources in developing countries. Third, the adoption of best practices at a national level does not necessarily go hand in hand with introducing state-of-the-art measures at the regional level. States with well-developed national legal frameworks have an opportunity to have a positive impact on the development of conservation and management measures at the regional level, but the move towards best practice is slow.
The Snow Crab Dispute on the Continental Shelf of Svalbard: A Case-Study on Options for the Settlement of International Fisheries Access Disputes
Authors: Schatz Valentin J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Disputes concerning access to fisheries within national jurisdiction can be drivers of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. International courts and tribunals may play an important role in settling certain categories of fisheries access disputes and in clarifying the applicable legal framework. This article explores international dispute settlement options for the dispute between the European Union (EU) and Norway over access to the snow crab fishery in Svalbard’s waters as an example of a complex fisheries access dispute. In doing so, it considers the potential and limits of: 1) the compulsory dispute settlement mechanism under Section 2 of Part XV of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and 2) litigation before the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
Not Like the Others? The Position of Associated States and Dependent Territories in Fishing Disputes
Authors: Benatar Marco 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Fisheries are of vital concern to associated states and dependent territories located in diverse regions ranging from the Pacific to the Atlantic. The special characteristics of these actors have led to innovative international law-making, including the terms that have been agreed within regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to facilitate representation of non-metropolitan territories’ interests. The question may be raised whether similar innovations can be found in the field of international dispute resolution. The aim of this brief article is to consider some linkages between associated states and dependent territories on the one hand and international dispute settlement concerning fishing on the other. Four such connections will be examined in turn: access to court, representation in proceedings, applicable law in proceedings, and the territorial exclusion of disputes.
The Saffarid Yaʿqub b. Layth and the Revival of Persian Kingship
Authors: Rahmati Mohsen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The sparse historical data suggest that Yaʿqub b. Layth was the first Iranian ruler following the Arab-Islamic conquests to make significant efforts to revive Persian kingship. This article seeks to clarify, as far as possible, Yaʿqub’s actions and goals, as well as the context for his efforts. This interpretation of the sources argues that the Saffarid ruler’s government faced a crisis of social legitimacy owing to the tense relations that developed between Yaʿqub and the caliph on the one hand, and the nobles of Khorasan on the other. In this context, only in the last four years of his rule was Yaʿqub, in an effort to legitimate his power, forced to turn away from dependence on caliphal investiture and to appeal instead to a revival of Persian kingship (without the official use of the title “king”).
The Pentimenti Principle
Authors: Van Hulle Dirk 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Considering deleted passages in a manuscript as a draft’s “draff,” this article investigates the status of such cancelled passages. Since they did not make it into the published text, are they still part of that work, or where do they belong? The proposed pentimenti model suggests a possible answer to this question by comparing cancelled passages to what in the visual arts are the visible traces of earlier painting beneath the top layer. The manuscripts of Beckett’s Fin de partie / Endgame in the recent digital genetic edition of the Beckett Digital Manuscript Project serve as a case study to illustrate this pentimenti model.
“Occasional extinction or more likely occultation”
Authors: Davies William 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article analyses Samuel Beckett’s unpublished prose piece “Long Observation of the Ray” (UoR MS 2909; 1975–1976) and considers the formal, thematic, and intertextual aspects of the text in order to reflect on its ‘abandoned’ status. By drawing attention to possible sources for the linguistic and descriptive choices that Beckett makes throughout the manuscript, the article argues that the text represents a partial return to the author’s abiding interest in calculations of light and distance first prompted by his study of astronomy, a return which he uses to further his experimentation with form and structure in “Long Observation of the Ray” and beyond.
Namelessness from Artaud to Beckett
Authors: Slote Sam 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
After a period of electroshock therapy, Antonin Artaud claimed to have been able to regain his name and sense of self. The dehiscence of name and identification is reprised in Artaud’s final work, the radio play Pour en finir avec le jugement de Dieu. This consists of five texts, read by four people. Each text is followed by unintelligible, glossolalic screams performed by Artaud, as if Artaud were reacting against the speech acts performed by others in his name. The structure of this play suggests the predicament of Beckett’s Unnamable: an entity reacting in pain to its attempts to articulate itself in a language that is not his, but theirs.
“To talk alone”
Authors: Ryan Xander 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article gives a close-reading of Beckett’s letters to Barbara Bray, focusing on the years between their first meeting in 1956 and Bray’s move to Paris in May 1961. In this correspondence Beckett grappled with the difficulties of “human conversation”, as the letters raised questions regarding the construction of the self in dialogue and the (in)ability of language to bridge distance between two individuals. I propose that Happy Days, written between October 1960 and June 1961, emerged from this fraught epistolary process, and that the play can be read as a dramatization of the letter writer’s address to their absent interlocutor. The connection is supported by Beckett’s use of draft fragments of the play-text within the letter exchange itself.
Dewey After the End of Art
Authors: Dreon Roberta 
Published: August 2020

This article explores the significance of Hegel’s aesthetic lectures for Dewey’s approach to the arts. Although over the last two decades some brilliant studies have been published on the “permanent deposit” of Hegel in Dewey’s mature thought, the aesthetic dimension of Dewey’s engagement with Hegel’s heritage has not yet been investigated.
This inquiry will be developed on a theoretical level as well as on the basis of a recent discovery: in Dewey’s Correspondence traces have been found of a lecture on Hegel’s Aesthetics delivered in 1891 within a summer school run by a scholar close to the so-called St. Louis Hegelians. Dewey’s deep and long-standing acquaintance with Hegel’s Aesthetics supports the claim that in his mature book, Art as Experience, he originally appropriated some Hegelian insights. First, Dewey shared Hegel’s strong anti-dualistic and anti-autonomistic conception of the arts, resisting post-Kantian sirens that favored instead an interpretation of art as a separate realm from ordinary reality. Second, they basically converged on an idea of the arts as inherently social activities as well as crucial contributions to the shaping of cultures and civilizations, based on the proximity of the arts to the sensitive nature of man. Third, this article argues that an original re-consideration of Hegel’s thesis of the so-called “end of art” played a crucial role in the formulation of Dewey’s criticism of the arts and of the role of aesthetic experience in contemporary society. The author suggests that we read Dewey’s criticism of the removal of fine art “from the scope of the common or community life” (lw 10, 12) in light of Hegel’s insight that the experience of the arts as something with which believers or citizens can immediately identify belongs to an irretrievable past.