bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taking Measure of the UN's Legacy at Seventy-Five
Authors: Malone David M. , Day Adam 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOver the past seventy-five years, the UN has evolved significantly, often in response to geopolitical dynamics and new waves of thinking. In some respects, the UN has registered remarkable achievements, stimulating a wide range of multilateral treaties, promoting significant growth of human rights, and at times playing a central role in containing and preventing large-scale armed conflict. As part of the special issue on “The United Nations at Seventy-Five: Looking Back to Look Forward,” this essay argues that the organization has been the most impactful in three areas: producing, shaping, and driving key ideas, particularly on development and rights; generating such effective operational agencies as UNICEF and the World Food Program; and, especially in the immediate post–Cold War period, addressing major conflict risks through the Security Council. Since then, however, the UN has struggled to meet emerging challenges on many fronts and been increasingly hampered by internal ossification and institutional sprawl as well as internecine dysfunction. The twenty-first century has confronted the UN with further challenges relating most notably to climate change; to risks arising from new technologies; and to the increasingly fraught relationships between China, Russia, and the United States. If the past seventy-five years can offer one lesson, it is that new thinking and new ideas will need to drive the organization to evolve still further and faster, or else risk irrelevance.
Fighting Fire with a Thermometer? Environmental Efforts of the United Nations
Authors: Ivanova Maria 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEnvironmental problems were not among the core issues for the United Nations at its creation in 1945. In the 1970s, however, they created a crescendo of public concern as the threats posed by toxic chemicals, large-scale destruction of natural ecosystems, and the loss of species became visible and were obviously linked to human activity. Pollution, it was clear, did not stop at national borders and solutions required common effort. As part of the special issue on “The United Nations at Seventy-Five: Looking Back to Look Forward,” this essay explores how, as the only institution equipped to identify global problems and generate collective action toward their resolution, the UN became the platform for creating multilateral environmental agreements, convening global conferences, and mobilizing national and international effort through a progressively larger number of institutions at the national and international level to guide decisions and influence behavior. We have moved the environmental needle in terms of information, institutions, and awareness. Yet, many environmental problems persist, some are getting worse, and new challenges and, indeed, crises are emerging.
A Guardian of the UN Charter: The UN Secretary-General at Seventy-Five
Authors: Ravndal Ellen J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOver the past seventy-five years, the UN secretary-general has come to occupy a highly visible position in world politics. While the UN Charter describes the post merely as the “chief administrative officer” of the organization, today it is widely recognized that the secretary-general also plays a central role in political matters. What makes the role of the UN secretary-general special? Where does the office's authority come from? As part of the special issue on “The United Nations at Seventy-Five: Looking Back to Look Forward,” this essay looks back at the tenures of previous UN secretaries-general and applies ideas from sociological institutionalism to argue that the UN secretary-general holds the position of a “guardian” of the UN Charter. The UN secretary-general, more than anyone else within the UN system, represents the UN overall. From this flows great responsibilities and challenges, as the UN secretary-general is often expected to step in when other parts of the UN are unable or unwilling to act, and to take the blame when things go wrong. But this special position also endows the office with a substantial degree of authority, which future holders of the office can use to shape policies and mobilize support as the UN seeks to address urgent global challenges.
LAS JARRAS EFIGIE DEL SUR DE LA CUENCA DE MÉXICO: UN ANÁLISIS SOBRE SU CONTENIDO Y SU FUNCIONALIDAD
Authors: Jiménez-González Rocío Berenice , Acosta-Ochoa Guillermo , Cervantes-Rosado Juan , Ortiz-Butrón Agustín , Cruz-Palma Jorge Ezra 
Published: October 2020

RESUMENEn las unidades domésticas de las comunidades chinamperas en Xochimilco del posclásico tardío, han sido localizadas un tipo de jarras que tienen como característica principal una aplicación en la parte frontal de la pieza que posiblemente representa una deidad. Con el propósito de entender su función y establecer elementos que permitan identificar estos objetos y su uso en otros contextos, proponemos estudiar estas piezas mediante métodos diferentes a los de los análisis formales tradicionales. Este trabajo expone los resultados de los estudios de residuos químicos impregnados en materiales porosos (spot test) y análisis de gránulos de almidón de 27 muestras obtenidas en 26 ejemplares de jarras efigie procedentes de tres sitios al sur de la cuenca de México. Los resultados indican que fueron enriquecidas con fosfatos, residuos proteicos, carbohidratos, y ácidos grasos, mientras que los almidones recuperados indican una presencia importante de maíz, y en menor medida, de camote, chile, y dioscórea. Basado en lo anterior, en sus contextos de procedencia y en la identificación de las deidades representadas, proponemos que estas jarras contenían bebidas de maíz y que fueron utilizadas en ceremonias domésticas dedicadas a la agricultura—como la fiesta de Huey Tozoztli, entre otras—del calendario mexica.
Predictors of patterns of weight change 1 year after delivery in a cohort of Mexican women
Authors: Soria-Contreras Diana Cristina , Téllez-Rojo Martha María , Cantoral Alejandra , Pizano-Zárate María Luisa , Oken Emily , Baccarelli Andrea A , Just Allan C , Orjuela Manuela A , Ramírez-Silva Ivonne , Wright Robert O , Trejo-Valdivia Belem , López-Ridaura Ruy 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the associations of pregestational BMI, gestational weight gain (GWG) and breast-feeding at 1 month postpartum with four patterns of weight change during the first year after delivery: postpartum weight retention (PPWR), postpartum weight gain (PPWG), postpartum weight retention + gain (PPWR + WG) and return to pregestational weight.Design:In this secondary analysis of a prospective study, we categorised postpartum weight change into four patterns using pregestational weight and weights at 1, 6 and 12 months postpartum. We evaluated their associations with pregestational BMI, GWG and breast-feeding using multinomial logistic regression. Results are presented as relative risk ratios (RRR) and 95 % CI.Setting:Mexico City.Participants:Women participating in the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment and Social Stressors pregnancy cohort.Results:Five hundred women were included (53 % of the cohort). Most women returned to their pregestational weight by 1 year postpartum (57 %); 8 % experienced PPWR, 14 % PPWG and 21 % PPWR + WG. Compared with normal weight, pregestational overweight (RRR 2·5, 95 % CI 1·3, 4·8) and obesity (RRR 2·2, 95 % CI 1·0, 4·7) were associated with a higher risk of PPWG. Exclusive breast-feeding, compared with no breast-feeding, was associated with a lower risk of PPWR (RRR 0·3, 95 % CI 0·1, 0·9). Excessive GWG, compared with adequate, was associated with a higher risk of PPWR (RRR 3·3, 95 % CI 1·6, 6·9) and PPWR + WG (RRR 2·4, 95 % CI 1·4, 4·2).Conclusions:Targeting women with pregestational overweight or obesity and excessive GWG, as well as promoting breast-feeding, may impact the pattern of weight change after delivery and long-term women’s health.
Displacement Accumulation and Sampling of Paleoearthquakes on Active Normal Faults of Crete in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Nicol Andrew , Mouslopoulou Vasiliki , Begg John , Oncken Onno 
Published: October 2020

AbstractActive normal faults on the Mediterranean island of Crete form prominent limestone scarps together with basin and range topography. These faults mainly strike E‐ESE and N‐NNE in southern and northern Crete, respectively, with fault sets commonly intersecting and northerly trending faults being a factor of 3 more abundant. Lengths, displacements, and displacement rates have been analyzed for 84 active faults sampled over 2 ± 0.5 Ma (long‐term) and 16.5 ± 2 ka (short‐term) time‐intervals, with half showing no resolvable short‐term activity. Active faults record earthquake processes on timescales of thousands to million years and constrain sampling biases, which can lead to under and over estimates of fault parameters. The available data provide no evidence for fault propagation and support a model in which fault lengths were established early in the development of the fault system. Short‐term displacement rates (0.09–1.2 mm/year) are generally higher than long‐term rates (0.002–0.7 mm/year), with a factor of 4 disparity in the average recurrence intervals for the two time periods (∼2.5 Kyr vs. ∼11 Kyr). We attribute these differences to “clustering” of surface‐rupturing (e.g., >Mw6) earthquakes on individual faults over millennial timescales, and to preferential sampling of the most seismically active faults during the short‐term. Displacement rates are comparable when averaged for each time interval on the longest faults (>10 km), indicating that for these faults earthquake “clustering” spans time‐intervals of <∼16.5 Kyr. Paleoerthquakes > Mw6 on Crete are at least three times more frequent than historical earthquakes since ∼1920, possibly because multi‐fault surface‐rupturing earthquakes are double counted in the paleo‐record.
Changing Brine Inputs Into Hydrothermal Fluids: Southern Cleft Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge
Authors: Wheat C. Geoffrey , Zierenberg Robert A. , Paduan Jennifer B. , Caress David W. , Clague David A. , Chadwick William W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn 2016, temperature recorders were recovered, temperatures were measured, and fluid samples were collected from Vent 1, a high temperature (338°C) hydrothermal discharge site on the southern Cleft Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Coupled with previous sampling efforts, this collection represents a 32‐year record of discharge from a single chimney structure, the longest record to date. Remarkably, the fluid has remained brine‐dominated for more than three decades. This brine formed during phase separation and segregation prior to initial observations in 1984. Although the chloride concentration of the discharging fluid has decreased with time, the fluid temperature has remained nearly constant for at least 3.3 years and probably for 15 or even 22 years. Compositions of the discharging fluids are consistent with inputs from a deep‐sourced brine, which was last equilibrated at >400°C at a depth consistent with the base of the sheeted dikes and the brittle‐ductile transition. This brine mixed (diffusion or dispersion) with a likely non‐phase‐separated, hydrothermal fluid prior to discharge. A survey of hydrothermal endmember fluids with chlorinities in excess of 700 mmol/kg shows, with the exception of Fe, a single trend between major ion concentrations and chlorinity even though data are from a range of crustal compositions, spreading rates, and water and magma depths. Calculated deep‐sourced brines from hydrothermal fluid data are similar to data based on fluid inclusions and estimates of brine assimilation in magmas. A better understanding of brines is required given their potential duration of discharge and capacity for mobilizing metals.
Irregular BSR: Evidence of an Ongoing Reequilibrium of a Gas Hydrate System
Authors: Colin F. , Ker S. , Riboulot V. , Sultan N. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGas hydrate (GH) systems constitute methane sinks sensitive to environmental changes such as pressure, temperature, and salinity. It remains a matter of debate as to whether the large GH system of the Black Sea has reached a steady state since the last glacial maximum (LGM). We report on an irregular free gas distribution in specific sediment layers marking an irregular bottom‐simulating reflector (BSR). This anomalous free gas distribution revealed by very high resolution seismic images, acquired by a deep‐towed multichannel seismic system, might be evidence of an ongoing migration of the base of the GH stability zone (GHSZ). We show that the reequilibrium is not occurring homogeneously as overpressure from hydrate dissociation slows their decomposition in specific sedimentary layers. The Black Sea example highlights that dissociation and the associated methane release in the water column or even in the atmosphere could be largely delayed by overpressure accumulation.
Can a Combination of Convective and Magmatic Heat Transport in the Mantle Explain Io's Volcanic Pattern?
Authors: Steinke T. , van Sliedregt D. , Vilella K. , van der Wal W. , Vermeersen B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTidal dissipation makes Jupiter's moon Io the most volcanically active body in the solar system. Most of the heat generated in the interior is lost through volcanic activity. In this study, we aim to answer the questions: Can convection and melt migration in the mantle explain the spatial characteristics of Io's observed volcanic pattern? And, if so, what constraints does this place on the viscosity and thickness of the convective layer? We examine three different spatial characteristics of Io's volcanic activity: (i) The presence of global volcanism, (ii) the presence of large‐scale variations in Io's volcanic activity, and (iii) the number of Io's volcanic systems. Our study relies on the assumptions that melt in the mantle controls Io's global volcanism, that the large‐scale variations of Io's volcanic activity are caused by nonuniform tidal heating, and that the spatial density of volcanoes correlates with the spatial density of convective anomalies in the mantle. The results show that the observed small and large‐scale characteristics of Io's volcanic pattern can be explained by sublithospheric anomalies influenced and caused by convective flow. Solutions that allow for active volcanism and Io's specific large‐scale variations in volcanic activity range from a thick mantle of a high viscosity ( Pa s) to a thin asthenosphere of a low viscosity ( Pa s). Provided that Io's volcanoes are induced by convective anomalies in the mantle, we find that more than 80% of Io's internal heat is transported by magmatic processes and that Io's upper mantle needs to be thicker than 50 km.
PROSWIFT Bill and the 2020 Space Weather Operations and Research Infrastructure Workshop From the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Authors: Lugaz Noé 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Space Weather Research and Forecasting Act (PROSWIFT) passed the U.S. Senate in July 2020 and the House of Representative on 16 September; it directs NOAA to capture remote images of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) with the Space Weather Follow‐On at L1 (SWFO‐L1) mission. A workshop organized by an ad hoc committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine had its second part held in 9–11 September 2020 to discuss future space weather operations and research infrastructure in the medium term. Discussions included low‐Earth orbit (LEO) constellations, measurements of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) and future cislunar and interplanetary measurements.
Ancient dog diets on the Pacific Northwest Coast: zooarchaeological and stable isotope modelling evidence from Tseshaht territory and beyond
Authors: Hillis Dylan , McKechnie Iain , Guiry Eric , St. Claire Denis E. , Darimont Chris T. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDomestic dogs are frequently encountered in Indigenous archaeological sites on the Northwest Coast of North America. Although dogs depended on human communities for care and provisioning, archaeologists lack information about the specific foods dogs consumed. Previous research has used stable isotope analysis of dog diets for insight into human subsistence (‘canine surrogacy’ model) and identified considerable use of marine resources. Here, we use zooarchaeological data to develop and apply a Bayesian mixing model (MixSIAR) to estimate dietary composition from 14 domestic dogs and 13 potential prey taxa from four archaeological sites (2,900–300 BP) in Tseshaht First Nation territory on western Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Two candidate models that best match zooarchaeological data indicate dogs predominantly consumed salmon and forage fish (35–65%), followed by nearshore fish (4–40%), and marine mammals (2–30%). We compared these isotopic data to dogs across the Northwest Coast, which indicated a pronounced marine diet for Tseshaht dogs and, presumably, their human providers. These results are broadly consistent with the canine surrogacy model as well as help illuminate human participation in pre-industrial marine food webs and the long-term role of fisheries in Indigenous economies and lifeways.
Self-reported sleepiness and not the apnoea hypopnoea index is the best predictor of sleepiness-related accidents in obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Philip P. , Bailly S. , Benmerad M. , Micoulaud-Franchi J. A. , Grillet Y. , Sapène M. , Jullian-Desayes I. , Joyeux-Faure M. , Tamisier R. , Pépin J. L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTo evaluate the value of apnoea + hypopnoea index versus self-reported sleepiness at the wheel in anticipating the risk of sleepiness-related accidents in patients referred for obstructive sleep apnoea. A cross-sectional analysis of the French national obstructive sleep apnoea registry. 58,815 subjects referred for a suspicion of obstructive sleep apnoea were investigated by specific items addressing sleepiness at the wheel and sleepiness-related accidents. Apnoea + hypopnoea index was evaluated with a respiratory polygraphy or full polysomnography. Subjects had a median age of 55.6 years [45.3; 64.6], 65% were men, with a median apnoea + hypopnoea index of 22 [8; 39] events/h. Median Epworth sleepiness scale score was 9 [6; 13], 35% of the patients reported sleepiness at the wheel (n = 20,310), 8% (n = 4,588) reported a near-miss accident and 2% (n = 1,313) reported a sleepiness-related accident. Patients reporting sleepiness at the wheel whatever their obstructive sleep apnoea status and severity exhibited a tenfold higher risk of sleepiness-related accidents. In multivariate analysis, other predictors for sleepiness-related accidents were: male gender, ESS, history of previous near-miss accidents, restless leg syndrome/periodic leg movements, complaints of memory dysfunction and nocturnal sweating. Sleep apnoea per se was not an independent contributor. Self-reported sleepiness at the wheel is a better predictor of sleepiness-related traffic accidents than apnoea + hypopnoea index.
Time-correlated single molecule localization microscopy enhances resolution and fidelity
Authors: Hermon Kobi , Schidorsky Shachar , Razvag Yair , Yakovian Oren , Sherman Eilon 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSingle-molecule-localization-microscopy (SMLM) enables superresolution imaging of biological samples down to ~ 10–20 nm and in single molecule detail. However, common SMLM reconstruction largely disregards information embedded in the entire intensity trajectories of individual emitters. Here, we develop and demonstrate an approach, termed time-correlated-SMLM (tcSMLM), that uses such information for enhancing SMLM reconstruction. Specifically, tcSMLM is shown to increase the spatial resolution and fidelity of SMLM reconstruction of both simulated and experimental data; esp. upon acquisition under stringent conditions of low SNR, high acquisition rate and high density of emitters. We further provide detailed guidelines and optimization procedures for effectively applying tcSMLM to data of choice. Importantly, our approach can be readily added in tandem to multiple SMLM and related superresolution reconstruction algorithms. Thus, we expect that our approach will become an effective and readily accessible tool for enhancing SMLM and superresolution imaging.
Meiotic analyses show adaptations to maintenance of fertility in X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5Y5 system of amazon frog Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Laurenti, 1768)
Authors: Noronha Renata Coelho Rodrigues , de Almeida Bruno Rafael Ribeiro , da Costa Marlyson Jeremias Rodrigues , Nagamachi Cleusa Yoshiko , Martins Cesar , Pieczarka Julio Cesar 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHeterozygous chromosomal rearrangements can result in failures during the meiotic cycle and the apoptosis of germline, making carrier individuals infertile. The Amazon frog Leptodactylus pentadactylus has a meiotic multivalent, composed of 12 sex chromosomes. The mechanisms by which this multi-chromosome system maintains fertility in males of this species remain undetermined. In this study we investigated the meiotic behavior of this multivalent to understand how synapse, recombination and epigenetic modifications contribute to maintaining fertility and chromosomal sexual determination in this species. Our sample had 2n = 22, with a ring formed by ten chromosomes in meiosis, indicating a new system of sex determination for this species (X1Y1X2Y2X3Y3X4Y4X5Y5). Synapsis occurs in the homologous terminal portion of the chromosomes, while part of the heterologous interstitial regions performed synaptic adjustment. The multivalent center remains asynaptic until the end of pachytene, with interlocks, gaps and rich-chromatin in histone H2A phosphorylation at serine 139 (γH2AX), suggesting transcriptional silence. In late pachytene, paired regions show repair of double strand-breaks (DSBs) with RAD51 homolog 1 (Rad51). These findings suggest that Rad51 persistence creates positive feedback at the pachytene checkpoint, allowing meiosis I to progress normally. Additionally, histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 27 in the pericentromeric heterochromatin of this anuran can suppress recombination in this region, preventing failed chromosomal segregation. Taken together, these results indicate that these meiotic adaptations are required for maintenance of fertility in L. pentadactylus.
A structure-based computational workflow to predict liability and binding modes of small molecules to hERG
Authors: Kalyaanamoorthy Subha , Lamothe Shawn M. , Hou Xiaoqing , Moon Tae Chul , Kurata Harley T. , Houghton Michael , Barakat Khaled H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOff-target interactions of drugs with the human ether-à-go-go related gene 1 (hERG1) channel have been associated with severe cardiotoxic conditions leading to the withdrawal of many drugs from the market over the last decades. Consequently, predicting drug-induced hERG-liability is now a prerequisite in any drug discovery campaign. Understanding the atomic level interactions of drug with the channel is essential to guide the efficient development of safe drugs. Here we utilize the recent cryo-EM structure of the hERG channel and describe an integrated computational workflow to characterize different drug-hERG interactions. The workflow employs various structure-based approaches and provides qualitative and quantitative insights into drug binding to hERG. Our protocol accurately differentiated the strong blockers from weak and revealed three potential anchoring sites in hERG. Drugs engaging in all these sites tend to have high affinity towards hERG. Our results were cross-validated using a fluorescence polarization kit binding assay and with electrophysiology measurements on the wild-type (WT-hERG) and on the two hERG mutants (Y652A-hERG and F656A-hERG), using the patch clamp technique on HEK293 cells. Finally, our analyses show that drugs binding to hERG disrupt and hijack certain native—structural networks in the channel, thereby, gaining more affinity towards hERG.