bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2020/17 Capping of redundancy allowance in view of (future) entitlement to early retirement pension (NL)
Authors: Veldman Albertine 
Published: October 2020

2020/17 Capping of redundancy allowance in view of (future) entitlement to early retirement pension (NL)
The Supreme Court of the Netherlands has quashed a verdict of the Court of Appeal that held that a social plan provision stipulating the capping of a redundancy allowance in view of an entitlement to early retirement pension was invalid because of age discrimination. According to the Supreme Court, a more marginal justification test should have been applied to a social plan. The Court of Appeal, moreover, did not consider all the legitimate aims it specified and should also have taken additional social plan measures as well as pension measures from the past into account. By not doing so, it was not properly examined whether the social plan constituted age discrimination.
2020/19 Relationship between time of notification of collective redundancies and time of notice of termination (GE)
Authors: Bertz Marcus 
Published: October 2020

2020/20 Relationship between time of notification of collective redundancies and time of notice of termination (GE)
The notice of collective redundancies required to be given to an employment agency pursuant to Section 17(1) of the German Protection Against Unfair Dismissal Act (Kündigungsschutzgesetz, ‘KSchG’) can only be effectively submitted if the employer has already decided to terminate the employment contract at the time of its receipt by the employment agency. Notices of termination in collective redundancy proceedings are therefore effective – subject to the fulfilment of any other notice requirements – if the proper notice is received by the competent employment agency before the employee has received the letter of termination.
2020/21 Employer not liable for misuse of personal data by ‘rogue’ employee (UK)
Authors: Lister Richard 
Published: October 2020

2020/22 Employer not liable for misuse of personal data by ‘rogue’ employee (UK)
The Supreme Court has allowed an appeal by one of the UK’s major supermarket chains, overturning a finding that it was vicariously liable for a rogue employee’s deliberate disclosure of payroll data related to some 100,000 co-workers, of whom 10,000 brought a group claim for damages.
2020/24 Transfer of actual control decisive for a transfer of undertaking, despite limited transfer of assets (NL)
Authors: Even Zef , Poutsma Eva 
Published: October 2020

2020/26 Transfer of actual control decisive for a transfer of undertaking, despite limited transfer of assets (NL)
Within the context of a transfer of undertaking in an asset reliant group of companies, the court should not just focus on whether the assets have been transferred between the two separate group companies, but also on whether one group company had actual control over the operation of the other group company.
2020/25 The Supreme Court in Plenary Session breaks away from its own established case law and rules that an employee is entitled to paid annual leave and annual leave allowance, even in a case where they were on long-term sick leave (GR)
Authors: Mitsopoulou Effie 
Published: October 2020

2020/27 The Supreme Court in Plenary Session breaks away from its own established case law and rules that an employee is entitled to paid annual leave and annual leave allowance, even in a case where they were on long-term sick leave (GR)
The Greek Supreme Court in Plenary Session, in a long-awaited decision, has ruled that an employee who has not been able to exercise his right to annual leave due to long-term sick leave is still entitled to his paid annual leave as well as to annual leave allowance.
Symbolic Implementation of Cultural Participation Programmes
Authors: Nevache Claire , Stanziola Javier 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
THE MOST COMMON CONCEPT OF SUCCESS IN CULTURAL PROGRAMMES IS COLOURED BY DIEHARD RATIONAL ECONOMIC NARRATIVES. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESSES, HOWEVER, HAPPEN WITHIN A SET OF INSTITUTIONS THAT GUIDE THE ACTIONS OF AGENTS WITH SOMETIMES CONFLICTING INTERESTS. IN SOME CASES, THE PURPOSE OF THE PROGRAMME COULD BE DEFINING THESE RULES AND ALLOWING ACCESS TO NEW AGENTS. THIS IS THE CASE IN CULTURAL PARTICIPATION PROJECTS THAT ADDRESS COMPLEX SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DILEMMAS. IN THIS PAPER, WE REFLECT ON OUR EXPERIENCES AS BOTH DESIGNERS AND EVALUATORS OF PANAMA’S 500-YEAR FUND, AN INITIATIVE TO COMMEMORATE THE FOUNDATION OF PANAMA CITY IN 1519. WE EXPLORE HOW THE EXISTING INSTITUTIONS AND AGENTS IN PANAMA CITY’S CULTURAL SECTOR CAME INTO CONTACT WITH PROFESSIONALS DEALING WITH ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ISSUES, AND COMMUNITY PARTICIPANTS. WE ARGUE THAT THERE WAS A SYMBOLIC IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS FUND. THIS FACILITATED A RESOURCE-INTENSIVE PROCESS TO REDUCE AMBIGUITY ABOUT GOALS AND WAYS OF WORKING.
Green Aspirations and (Un)Sustainable Detours
Authors: Holm Ditte Vilstrup 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
THE PARTICIPATORY, PUBLIC ART PROJECT ISTEDGADE GREEN SPOTS AND SUSTAINABLE DETOURS WANTED TO ENGAGE SEVERAL HUNDRED LOCAL RESIDENTS TO TAKE PART IN CO-DESIGNING, IMPLEMENTING AND SUSTAINING MULTIPLE GREEN OASES IN AND AROUND THE STREET ISTEDGADE IN CENTRAL COPENHAGEN. THIS ARTICLE CONSTITUTES A QUALITATIVE, REFLEXIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESSES OF DEVELOPING THE ARTWORK WITH A PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON THE REASONS WHY IT FAILED TO DEVELOP THE AMBITIOUS PROJECT IT ORIGINALLY ENVISIONED. THE ARTICLE DISCUSSES THE PROJECT THROUGH THE LENS OF THE NEW NORMS FOR ARTISTIC PRACTICE THAT HAVE EVOLVED WITHIN SOCIAL PRACTICE ART, A FIELD OF ART WITH A PARTICULAR SENSITIVITY TOWARDS ISSUES OF INVISIBILITIES, INEQUALITIES AND INJUSTICES AND A STRONG ACTIVIST DIMENSION. WHILE HIGHLIGHTING TWO KEY CHALLENGES AFFECTING THE SUCCESS OF THE PROJECT, THE ARTICLE ALSO RAISES THE QUESTION OF WHETHER THE SHORT-TERM EVALUATION OF THE PROJECT CONSTITUTES AN ADEQUATE MEASURE FOR THIS TYPE OF INTERVENTION INTO URBAN DEVELOPMENT.
Too Big to Fail?
Authors: Rimmer Mark 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTHIS ARTICLE ENGAGES WITH QUESTIONS OF FAILURE IN CULTURAL PARTICIPATION THROUGH A REFLECTION UPON MATTERS OF INTERPRETATION AND MEANING. THAT IS, RATHER THAN CONSIDERING THE WAYS OR EXTENT TO WHICH CULTURAL PARTICIPATION PROGRAMMES MIGHT ACHIEVE THEIR STATED GOALS, THE DISCUSSION CENTRES UPON THE CRUCIAL ROLE OF REPRESENTATIONS AND PERCEPTIONS IN RELATION TO QUESTIONS OF ‘FAILURE’/‘SUCCESS’. THE DISCUSSION CENTRES UPON ONE CASE STUDY INITIATIVE, ENGLAND'S VERSION OF THE VENEZUELAN EL SISTEMA PROGRAMME, IN HARMONY, AND EMPLOYS FRAME ANALYSIS TO EXPLORE THE WAYS PRESS COVERAGE AND RELEVANT POLICY DOCUMENTS CULTIVATE AN IMAGE OF PROGRAMME ‘SUCCESS’. IN ORDER TO HELP REVEAL SOME OF THE PROBLEMATIC ASSUMPTIONS EMBEDDED IN DOMINANT ACCOUNTS, THE ARTICLE ALSO DRAWS ON ORIGINAL INTERVIEW DATA IN EXPLORING THE MARGINALISED PERSPECTIVES OF PROGRAMME PARTICIPANTS. THE FINDINGS WHICH EMERGE SUGGEST THE NEED FOR PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO THE SYMBOLIC DIMENSIONS OF CULTURAL PARTICIPATION POLICIES IN RELATION TO QUESTIONS OF ‘FAILURE’/‘SUCCESS’.
Cultural Participation
Authors: Jancovich Leila , Stevenson David 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
THIS EDITORIAL INTRODUCES A SPECIAL EDITION OF CONJUNCTIONS THAT EXPLORES HOW CULTURAL PARTICIPATION POLICIES, PROJECTS, AND PRACTICES COULD BE IMPROVED THROUGH RECOGNISING THE PERVASIVENESS OF PAST FAILURES. IT INTRODUCES CURRENT POLICY DEBATES ON CULTURAL PARTICIPATION AND POSITS THAT THE DOMINANT FOCUS ON ‘CULTURAL DEFICITS’ AND ‘NON-PARTICIPANTS’ RATHER THAN ON HOW ACTIVITIES ARE CURRENTLY FUNDED HAS RESULTED IN A FAILURE TO INCREASE THE NUMBER AND DIVERSITY OF PEOPLE PARTICIPATING IN STATE SUBSIDISED CULTURAL ACTIVITIES. IT FURTHER SUGGESTS THAT A CULTURE OF EVALUATING SUCCESS, RATHER THAN CRITICALLY REFLECTING ON FAILURE, RESULTS IN CULTURAL PARTICIPATION POLICIES AND PROJECTS THAT REPLICATE PAST FAILURES AND MAINTAIN AN INEQUITABLE STATUS QUO.
THIS SPECIAL EDITION ATTEMPTS TO CHALLENGE EXISTING NARRATIVES OF UNQUALIFIED SUCCESS BY OFFERING ALTERNATIVE NARRATIVES THAT CONSIDER FAILURE FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES AND AT DIFFERENT POINTS IN THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CULTURAL PARTICIPATION POLICIES AND PROJECTS. IN DOING SO IT HIGHLIGHTS THE EXTENT TO WHICH SUCCESS AND FAILURE COEXIST AND THE RICHNESS OF INSIGHT THAT COMES FROM CONSIDERING BOTH. THIS MATTERS BECAUSE IT IS ONLY SUCH OPEN AND HONEST CRITICAL REFLECTION THAT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO FACILITATE THE SOCIAL LEARNING NEEDED FOR THOSE WHO CAN EXERT THE MOST POWER IN THE CULTURAL SECTOR TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE EXTENT OF THE STRUCTURAL CHANGE REQUIRED FOR CULTURAL PARTICIPATION TO BE SUPPORTED MORE EQUITABLY.
The Politics of Participation in Cultural Policy Making
Authors: Lechelt Elysia , Cunningham Malaika 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
RECENT ATTEMPTS BY LOCAL GOVERNMENTS TO ENGAGE IN PARTICIPATORY POLICY-MAKING HINT AT A WILLINGNESS FOR A MORE DEMOCRATICALLY INCLUSIVE APPROACH TO POLICY. HOWEVER, THERE IS OFTEN A GAP BETWEEN THE RHETORIC OF CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT AND THE ACTUAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THESE POLICY-MAKING INITIATIVES. THERE IS CONCERN THAT, IN CERTAIN INSTANCES, THE TERMS ‘CO-PRODUCTION’ AND ‘PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY’ HAVE BEEN ADOPTED WHILST THE PARTICIPATORY NATURE OF POLICY-MAKING PROCEDURES HAS, IN REALITY, REMAINED VERY LIMITED. THIS ARTICLE AIMS TO CONTRIBUTE TO THESE BROADER DISCUSSIONS AND DEBATES AROUND THE DEMOCRATIC NATURE OF ‘CO-PRODUCED’ POLICY PRACTICES. THIS ARTICLE CONSIDERS CALGARY’S RECENT ‘CO-PRODUCED’ CULTURAL PLAN AS A POTENTIAL EXAMPLE OF PARTICIPATORY POLICY-MAKING. USING A FRAMEWORK BASED ON KEY CONCEPTS WITHIN THE DEMOCRATIC THEORY, INCLUDING WORKS BY ARNSTEIN (1969), RAWLS (1971) AND PATEMAN (1970, 2012), WE CONSIDER HOW THE STRATEGY ADOPTS PARTICIPATORY POLICY-MAKING PROCESSES, AND QUESTION HOW THE PLAN’S DEVELOPMENT PROCESS HAS SUCCEEDED AND FAILED IN CREATING MEANINGFUL PARTICIPATION.
Croton zambesicus Root Extract Exert Laxative Effect in Rats
Authors: Okokon Jude E. , Bassey Augustine I. L. , Nyong Emmanuel E. , Edem Utibe A. 
Published: October 2020

Background: Croton zambesicus Muell Arg. (Euphorbiaceace) is a medicinal plant used traditionally in the treatment of some ailments.
Aim: The root extract of Croton zambesicus was evaluated for effect on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
Materials and Methods: The root extract of C. zambesicus (27-81 mg/kg) was investigated for laxative effect in rats using different experimental models to study its effect on the GIT.
Results: The extract was found to significantly increase the frequency and output of faecal matters in rats in all the experimental models studied.
Conclusion: The findings of this study show that the root extract of C. zambesicus has a significant laxative effect and this supports its use in ethnomedicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract disorders.
Genetic Relationship and Structural Variation of Root Growth Angle for Deep Rooting in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Arulmozhi R. , Joel A. John , Bama K. Sathiya , Boominathan P. , Suresh R. 
Published: October 2020

Breeding for drought tolerance revolves around selection of genotypes with desirable root characters. Root pattern studies in rice have shown significant relationship with drought tolerance. In order to understand the effects of deep rooting pattern and root growth angle in relation to water stress was assessed following basket method. The Backcross inbred lines (BILs) of ADT (R) 45*1/Apo and ADT (R) 45*1/Wayrarem with drought QTLs viz., qDTY1.1, qDTY3.1, qDTY4.1 and qDTY12.1 were evaluated for various root traits. Out of 20 BILs and three parental lines studied four BILs showed high values for root growth at deep angle 65-90 °and yield under drought stress. Based on association studies among the root traits positive and significant correlation was observed between yield and root traits viz., root dry weight, root growth at deep angle 65-90° (RA4), ratio of deep rooting and root length. Clustering of BILs and parents have grouped deep rooting BILs and drought tolerant donors into one cluster and drought susceptible ADT (R) 45 into a separate cluster II which clearly indicates, the importance of deep rooting and yield under drought stress. Strong association of root traits and drought tolerance clearly shows the importance in utilization of these traits as selection criteria for drought tolerance in rice.
Effect of Foliar Application of Growth Regulators on Vegetative and Physiological Growth Parameters in Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L. Sprague)
Authors: Reddy Y. Rajasekhara , Ramanandam G. , Subbaramamma P. , Dorajeerao A. V. D. 
Published: October 2020

A field experiment was carried out during rabi season of 2018-2019, at college farm, College of Horticulture, Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University, Venkataramannagudem, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh. The experiment was laidout in a Randomised Block Design with eleven treatments (viz., T1- NAA @ 50 ppm, T2-NAA @ 100 ppm, T3-GA3 @ 50 ppm, T4-GA3 @ 100 ppm, T5-Thiourea @ 250 ppm, T6-Thiourea @ 500 ppm, T7-28-Homobrassinolide @ 0.1 ppm, T8-28-Homobrassinolide @ 0.2 ppm, T9-Triacontinol @ 2.5 ppm, T10-Triacontinol @ 5 ppm, T11-(Control) Water spray) and three replications. The treatments were imposed at 30 and 45 DAT in the form of foliar spray. Foliar application of GA3@ 100 ppm (T4) had recorded the maximum plant height (108.20 cm), leaf area (9.53 cm2) and leaf area index (0.74). Foliar application of thiourea @ 250 ppm (T5) had recorded the maximum values with respect to number of primary branches (15.03 plant-1), number of secondary branches (83.40 plant-1), plant spread (1793 cm2 plant-1), fresh weight (376.29 g plant-1), dry weight (103.54 g plant-1) and number of leaves plant-1((298.8). The same treatment (T5) had recorded the highest values with respect to crop growth rate (1.44 gm-2d-1), chlorophyll-a (1.40 mg g-1), chlorophyll-b (0.076 mg g-1) and total chlorophyll contents (1.48 mg g-1) in the leaves.
High‐grade serous peritoneal cancer follows a high stromal response signature and shows worse outcome than ovarian cancer
Authors: Jacob Francis , Marchetti Rosa Lina , Kind André B. , Russell Kenneth , Schoetzau Andreas , Heinzelmann‐Schwarz Viola A. 
Published: October 2020

In the era of personalized medicine, where transition from organ‐based to individualized genetic diagnosis takes place, the tailoring of treatment in cancer becomes increasingly important. This is particularly true for high‐grade, advanced FIGO stage serous adenocarcinomas of the ovary (OC), fallopian tube (TC), and peritoneum (PC), which are currently all treated identically. We analyzed three independent patient cohorts using histopathologically classified diagnosis and various molecular approaches (transcriptomics, immunohistochemistry, next‐generation sequencing, fluorescent and chromogenic in situ hybridization). Using multivariate Cox regression model, we found that PC is more aggressive compared with advanced‐stage OC independent of residual disease as shown by an earlier relapse‐free survival in two large cohorts (HR: 2.63, CI: 1.59–4.37, P < 0.001, and HR: 1.66, CI: 1.04–2.63, P < 0.033). In line with these findings, transcriptomic data revealed differentially expressed gene signatures identifying PC as high stromal response tumors. The third independent cohort (n = 4054) showed a distinction between these cancer types for markers suggested to be predictive for chemotherapy drug response. Our findings add additional evidence that ovarian and peritoneal cancers are epidemiologically and molecularly distinct diseases. Moreover, our data also suggest consideration of the tumor‐sampling site for future diagnosis and treatment decisions.
Color‐Stable, Efficient, and Bright Blue Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cell Using Ionic Exciplex Host
Authors: Bai Rubing , Meng Xianwen , Wang Xiaoxiang , He Lei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe lack of high‐performance blue light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) has remained a formidable challenge for fabricating white LECs for lighting applications. Here, a ionic exciplex host is used for color‐stable, efficient, and bright blue LECs by taking advantage of its facilitated carrier injection, bipolar charge‐transport, and efficient energy transfer to the guest dopant. A cationic donor molecule, 1‐(3‐(3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl)‐3‐methyl‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium hexafluorophosphate (tbuCAZ‐ImMePF6), and a cationic acceptor molecule, 1‐(3‐(4,6‐diphenyl‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl)phenyl)‐3‐ethyl‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium hexafluorophosphate (TRZ‐ImEtPF6), are developed to form the ionic exciplex host. The mixed film of tbuCAZ‐ImMePF6 and TRZ‐ImEtPF6 affords blue exciplex with fast reverse intersystem crossing and thermally activated delayed fluorescence. For the film doped with a blue‐emitting iridium complex, energy is efficiently transferred from the exciplex to the complex. Host‐guest LECs using the doped film as the active layer show stable blue emission color and high current efficiencies of up to 25.8 cd A−1. More importantly, they attain simultaneously high efficiency and high brightness (14.1/17.4/16.8 cd A−1 at 705/872/1680 cd m−2), which are the most efficient and bright host‐guest blue LECs reported so far. The primary host‐guest LEC also exhibits promising operational stability. The work reveals that the use of an ionic exciplex host is a promising avenue toward high‐performance blue LECs.
Preparation of Photoresponsive Film via Electrodeposition Approach for Ready‐to‐Use Solar Thermal Fuel Device
Authors: Zhao Ruiyang , Zhang Yunchao , Mu Jiahui , Yu Chunyan , Pan Yuyu , Zhao Jia , Wang Qizhen , Zhang Shitong , Yang Bing , Liu Fusheng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAzobenzene and its derivatives are proposed as promising solar thermal fuel (STF) candidates due to the unique photoinduced trans–cis isomerization. However, the routinely processed azobenzene/inorganic–nonmetal nanocomposite‐based STF usually encounters the problems of close‐packed structure and the poor penetration of UV light, which need a solvent pretreatment charging process before STF application. Electrochemical deposition (ED) is widely used in the preparation of photoelectric functional devices because of its unique polymerization and deposition process. Here, an azobenzene‐based cross‐linking film is successfully prepared from a new functionalized azobenzene derivative, BCz‐BO‐Azo, by ED approach to develop a ready‐to‐use STF film without any pretreatments. The energy density of BCz‐BO‐Azo is 101 J g−1, and the energy storage half‐life of BCz‐BO‐Azo ED film is extended by 750% compared with that of pristine BCz‐BO‐Azo solid. The charged BCz‐BO‐Azo ED film also can release thermal energy to heat up itself quickly under a certain external stimulus. Due to the fast charging process, long energy storage half‐life, and quick stimulated release of the BCz‐BO‐Azo ED film, this kind of ready‐to‐use STF has distinct superiority in daily use, such as self‐defrosting glasses, building wall insulation, and solar energy transport.
Laser‐Annealing of Thermoelectric CuFe0.98Sn0.02O2 Films Produced by Powder Aerosol Deposition Method
Authors: Nazarenus Tobias , Kita Jaroslaw , Moos Ralf , Exner Jörg 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPowder aerosol deposition (PAD) is a unique coating method that allows the fabrication of dense ceramic films on a variety of substrates at room temperature. This spraying process can produce film thicknesses of several micrometers within minutes without the use of binders or other liquids. Although the functional properties of the well‐adhering films are already present in the as‐deposited state, the functional film properties are often reduced by several orders of magnitude. To recover bulk‐like values, the samples are typically thermally post‐deposition‐treated in a furnace. In contrast, in this work, the films are locally annealed by a frequency‐tripled Nd:YAG laser (λ = 355 nm). A thermoelectric material, doped copper delafossite, is sprayed via PAD and the influence of frequency‐tripled Nd:YAG laser irradiation on the electronic and morphological film properties is investigated in detail. A very thin, glass‐like surface layer forms whose electronic conductivity is three orders of magnitude higher than in the as‐deposited state. This is proven by electrical impedance spectroscopy, microscopic images, and FEA‐simulations.
Metal‐Ion Induced Surface Modification for Durable Hydrophobic Wood
Authors: Song Lian , Zhang Xiong‐Fei , Wang Zhongguo , Bai Yunhua , Feng Yi , Yao Jianfeng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractStable and durable hydrophobic wood surfaces hold great potential in the wood industry. However, wood tends to absorb water due to the abundant surface hydroxyl groups. A facile and effective approach is proposed here to construct hydrophobic and damage‐tolerant wood surface by coordinating the hydroxyl groups with metal ions. By immersing the pristine wood blocks into salt solutions and followed by drying, the modified wood surface exhibits a hydrophobic behavior. In particular, the surface of Zr4+ ion modified wood (Zr‐Wood) demonstrates the most dramatic modification effects. The surface vertical to wood growth direction has a water contact angle of 145°, while the surface along the wood growth shows a water contact angle of 139°. Moreover, the wear resistance and durability are explored and the results prove that Zr‐Wood possesses good tolerances against sandpaper abrasions and corrosive solutions. The hydrophilic to hydrophobic transition is ascribed to the formation of metal complexes between ions and hydroxyl groups. Such method is promising for wood preservation and can extend the use of wood.
Amphiphilic Functionalized Oligomers: A Promising Strategy for the Postfabrication Functionalization of Liposomes
Authors: Wölk Christian , Nawaz Hafiz Awais , Maqsood Iram , Strati Fabio , Brezesinski Gerald , Hause Gerd , Schulz‐Siegmund Michaela , Hacker Michael C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLiposomes are promising drug carriers already used in clinical practice, but feasible methods for surface modifications are needed to enhance the application spectrum. This work describes the establishment of the first representative of amphiphilic functionalized oligomers as universal tool for the tuning of liposome characteristics based on a flexible building block strategy. The oligomer binds to liposomes composed of different lipids and modifies the surface characteristics. The charge of neutrally and even negatively charged liposomes is switched to a positive surface charge by grafting liposomes with the novel oligomer to create hybrid vesicles while integrity and structure of liposomes is not affected. The role of the alkyl chain anchors of the oligomer as driving force for formation of hybrid vesicles is demonstrated. The oligomer modification of liposomes is utilized to enhance the biological behavior of the vesicles demonstrated by an enhanced uptake in fibroblasts.