bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Obstruction on DISE in Adults With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Change With BMI
Authors: Wong Stephanie J. , Luitje Martha E. , Karelsky Sveta 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesWe describe drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) obstruction patterns in adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) based on body mass index (BMI). We also evaluate subgroups of patients with clinically significant obstruction patterns at the velopharynx and oropharynx.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.MethodsSingle‐institution, retrospective chart review of adults with OSA who underwent DISE with dexmedetomidine sedation from 2016 to 2018. Endoscopic findings were graded using VOTE (Velum, Oropharynx, Tongue base, Epiglottis) classification. Oropharyngeal obstruction was additionally graded with the modifier T when due to palatine tonsil tissue. Findings in patients who had BMI < 25, 25 ≤ BMI < 30, and BMI ≥ 30 were compared.ResultsOne hundred and eleven patients (1 underweight, 23 normal weight, 56 overweight, and 31 obese) were reviewed. Patients with lower BMI were more likely to have more severe obstruction at the level of the tongue base (χ2 = 11.52, P = .021) and epiglottis (χ 2 = 10.56, P = .032). Conversely, patients with higher BMI were more likely to have complete concentric (grade 2C) velum obstruction (χ 2 = 16.04, P < .001) and more severe oropharyngeal obstruction (χ 2= 9.65, P = .046). Patients with grade 2 oropharyngeal obstruction without tonsil obstruction had more severe concurrent velum obstruction compared to subjects with grade 2 T oropharyngeal obstruction (P = .009).ConclusionIn adults with OSA, BMI categories have significantly distinct obstruction patterns at all airway levels on DISE, and there appear to be distinct subgroups associated with certain velum and oropharynx collapse patterns. These findings may have important implications for positive airway pressure–alternative treatment.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 131:224–229, 2021
Cost‐Effectiveness of Depression Screening for Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Residents
Authors: Kligerman Maxwell P. , Devine Erin E. , Bentzley Jessica P. , Megwalu Uchechukwu C. 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesThis study aims to determine the cost‐effectiveness of screening and treating otolaryngology–head and neck surgery residents for depression.MethodsA Markov model was built using TreeAgePro, version 2019 (TreeAge Software Inc.; Williamstown, MA) to assess the cost‐effectiveness of five potential treatment algorithms: 1) treat all residents with psychotherapy, 2) screen and treat depressed residents with psychotherapy, 3) screen and treat depressed residents with pharmacotherapy, 4) screen and treat depressed residents with combination psychotherapy/pharmacotherapy, and 5) no intervention. A Monte Carlo probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA), consisting of 1 thousand simulations over a cumulative 5‐year period, was performed to evaluate both base case values and a range of values for model variables.ResultsScreening residents for depression and treating with combination psychotherapy/pharmacotherapy was cost‐effective and the optimal strategy at a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of $50 thousand per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY). This option demonstrated an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of $27,578 per QALY for base case values. PSA confirmed these results and demonstrated that screening residents for depression and treating with either combination pharmacotherapy/psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy alone, or psychotherapy alone were cost‐effective options in 94.9% of simulations.ConclusionDepression and burnout remain crucial issues among resident physicians. This study demonstrates that actively screening residents for depression is cost‐effective. Based on these results, residency programs may consider trialing standardized depression screening protocols.Level of EvidenceI and II. Laryngoscope, 131:502–508, 2021
Development of degraded ravine lands of Western India using Sapota (Achras zapota) plantation with terracing vs. trenching‐on‐slope‐based conservation measures
Authors: Kumar Raj , Bhardwaj Ajay Kumar , Rao Battu Krishna , Vishwakarma Anand Kumar , Bhatnagar Pratap Ray , Patra Sridhar , Kumar Gopal , Kakade Vijaysinha , Dinesh Dhakshanamoorthy , Pande Vinod Chandra , Singh Gaurav , Dobhal Sneha , Sharma Narinder Kumar 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGlobally, ravine landscapes are considered among the world's most degraded ecosystems. Restoring ravines is considered a high priority item in the conservation programmes, and tree establishment augmented with appropriate soil and water conservation measures is the most sought‐after restoration strategy. This study examined the impact of terracing and trenching on runoff, soil loss, and soil properties along with Sapota (Achras zapota) growth, fruit yield, biomass and carbon stock during 6 years (2010–2015) in a degraded ravine land of Western India. The four soil and water conservation strategies tested were (1) bench terracing + Sapota (Bt), (2) bench terracing + Sapota with crop cultivation (BtCr), (3) continuous slope + Sapota (Sl), and (4) continuous slope + Sapota with trenches (SlTr). All conservation techniques increased Sapota height (Bt: 54%; BtCr: 27%; SlTr: 35%) and basal diameter (Bt: 36%; BtCr: 18%; StCr: 22%) compared to Sl. Biomass and carbon stock of Sapota were in the order of Bt > SlTr > BtCr > Sl. During the droughtperiod, fruit yield was highest in Bt followed by BtCr, SlTr, and least in Sl. The treatment SlTr and Bt reduced runoff by 16–34% and soil loss by 15–25%, compared to Sl. The growth and biomass were strongly correlated with soil loss. The findings suggested that bench terracing is the best soil and water conservation measure for restoring highly degraded ravines of Western India. Under circumstances where terracing is not feasible, trenching could be a significant step along with Sapota plantation to restore these ravines.
Silicon Photonics Optical Frequency Synthesizer
Authors: Singh Neetesh , Xin Ming , Li Nanxi , Vermeulen Diedrik , Ruocco Alfonso , Magden Emir Salih , Shtyrkova Katia , Ippen Erich , Kärtner Franz X. , Watts Michael R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe knowledge of the exact frequency of an optical source has always been one of the ultimate goals in optics. Since the discovery of the laser, complex systems have been developed to address this challenge. That effort reached a significant milestone with the advent of the femtosecond laser frequency comb that reduced the system size from an entire lab down to the bench‐top. That spurred interest in the development of integrated optical frequency synthesizers that can generate precisely different optical frequencies on demand and can be deployed widely. In this work, such an optical frequency synthesizer using supercontinuum waveguide and second harmonic generator on silicon photonics platform is demonstrated. Integrated silicon photonics based tunable continuous wave laser is phase‐locked to a microwave reference, to synthesize absolute optical frequencies in the telecom band. A relative frequency instability of 1 × 10−12 at 1 s level is achieved by utilizing an integrated self‐referencing scheme that exploits the strong 3rd order and electric‐field‐induced 2nd order nonlinearities of silicon waveguides. With this work, an all on‐chip silicon photonics based frequency synthesizer seems promising for mass production of next generation broad‐band coherent optical communication systems, spectroscopic, detection, and ranging systems and future integrated quantum systems with Hz‐level precision.
Tilted‐Pulse‐Front Schemes for Terahertz Generation
Authors: Wang Lu , Tóth György , Hebling János , Kärtner Franz 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHigh energy single‐ to few‐cycle terahertz pulses enable the exploration of electron acceleration, strong‐field physics, and nonlinear terahertz spectroscopy. One important method of generating such terahertz pulses is using the tilted‐pulse‐front (TPF) technique. However, the needed angular dispersion leads to a spatial and temporal break‐up of the optical pump, reducing the generation efficiency and the electric field quality of the terahertz pulses. To decrease the effects caused by angular dispersion, multiple schemes with discrete pulse‐front‐tilt are suggested. Based on a 2D+1 numerical model, a systematic comparative study of the conventional TPF scheme, three discrete TPF schemes, and a scheme with spatio‐temporally chirped (STC) optical pulses is performed. Smaller optimal interaction lengths and conversion efficiencies are predicted compared to 1D models. For small pump beam sizes, it is concluded that the STC scheme delivers spatially homogeneous terahertz pulses with the highest conversion efficiency, and for short interaction lengths, the discrete TPF schemes cannot outperform the continuous ones. However, for large pump sizes, the nonlinear echelon slab delivers the spatially most homogeneous terahertz beams and has the unique potential of generating high energy terahertz pulses. In general, this work gives guidance to choose the most appropriate setup for a given terahertz experiment.
USP53 promotes apoptosis and inhibits glycolysis in lung adenocarcinoma through FKBP51‐AKT1 signaling
Authors: Zhao Xinmin , Wu Xianghua , Wang Huijie , Yu Hui , Wang Jialei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDespite an overall decline in the incidence of new cases, lung adenocarcinoma continues to be a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Due to lack of gene expression signatures for risk and prognosis stratification of lung adenocarcinoma, identifying novel molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets may potentially improve lung adenocarcinoma prognosis and treatment. In the current study, we investigate the role of USP53 in lung adenocarcinoma. Bioinformatics analysis, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot were employed to examine patterns of gene expression in human lung adenocarcinoma database, patient samples, and cancer cell lines. Stable cell lines were produced by transducing with USP53 overexpression vector or short hairpin RNA targeting USP53 in the presence and absence of AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002. Functional assays were carried out to examine the impact of USP53 and AKT pathway on lung adenocarcinoma cell viability, apoptosis, and glycolysis in vitro, as well as tumor growth in vivo. The correlation between USP53 and FKBP51 was measured by coimmunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assay. Decreased USP53 levels are a reliable marker of lung adenocarcinoma across published datasets, clinical samples, and cell culture lines. Low USP53 expression is linked to decreased apoptosis and increased metabolic activity, suggesting it acts as a tumor suppressor. USP53 regulates cell apoptosis and glycolysis through the AKT1 pathway. Mechanistically, USP53 deubiquitinates FKBP51, which in turn dephosphorylates AKT1, and ultimately inhibits tumor growth in lung adenocarcinoma. Taken together, our study establishes USP53 as a novel regulator of AKT1 pathway with an important role in tumorigenesis in lung adenocarcinoma.
Myopathies featuring early or prominent dysphagia
Authors: Triplett James D. , Pinto Marcus V. , Hosfield Emily A. , Milone Margherita , Liewluck Teerin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundLimited data exist regarding myopathies with early or prominent dysphagia.MethodsA retrospective study was performed (January 2003 to August 2019) to identify myopathy patients in whom dysphagia was the initial symptom or was disproportionately severe compared with limb weakness.ResultsThirty‐two patients were identified. The median age at diagnosis was 65 y (range, 36–80 y). Inclusion body myositis (IBM) (n = 15), immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) (n = 5), and oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (n = 4), were the most common diagnoses. In 4 patients (3 IMNM and 1 nonspecific myositis) dysphagia evolved rapidly. At evaluation, 21 patients required diet alterations, 5 required feeding tubes, and 8 had aspiration pneumonia. Follow‐up data were available for 20 patients (median, 24 mo). Eight patients received immunosuppressive therapies with improvement in 7, including 3 of 4 with rapidly progressive dysphagia.ConclusionsIBM and IMNM accounted for approximately two‐thirds of patients with early or prominent dysphagia at our institution. Rapidly progressive dysphagia may predict immunotherapy responsiveness.
Mathematical modeling to design public health policies for Chikungunya epidemic using optimal control
Authors: Gonzalez‐Parra Gilberto , Díaz‐Rodríguez Miguel , Arenas Abraham J. 
Published: June 2020

SummaryIn this article, we study the control of a Chikungunya epidemic model solving several optimal control problems. We implement three strategies to control the spread of the Chikungunya virus in the human and vector population. The first control strategy is an educational campaign promoting the use bednets, avoiding water stagnation, wearing long sleeved shirts, among others. The second is treatment of the infected individual, and the third relies on spraying insecticide. The optimal control problem that we solve has a mathematical model for Chikungunya representing the control system. We rely on Pontryagin's maximum principle to solve the optimal control problem. For the mathematical model of the Chikungunya epidemic, we use the incidence data from Colombia corresponding to the year 2015. An additional aim of this study is to investigate which control measures are more efficient and suggest policies to health institutions to reduce the number of infected individuals. Although the mathematical model fits real data of the Colombian case, the policies and insights presented in this article might be extrapolated to different countries.
Sub‐10 nm Radiolabeled Barium Sulfate Nanoparticles as Carriers for Theranostic Applications and Targeted Alpha Therapy
Authors: Reissig Falco , Zarschler Kristof , Hübner René , Pietzsch Hans‐Jürgen , Kopka Klaus , Mamat Constantin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe treatment of cancer patients with α‐particle‐emitting therapeutics continues to gain in importance and relevance. The range of radiopharmaceutically relevant α‐emitters is limited to a few radionuclides, as stable chelators or carrier systems for safe transport of the radioactive cargo are often lacking. Encapsulation of α‐emitters into solid inorganic systems can help to diversify the portfolio of candidate radionuclides, provided, that these nanomaterials effectively retain both the parent and the recoil daughters. We therefore focus on designing stable and defined nanocarrier‐based systems for various clinically relevant radionuclides, including the promising α‐emitting radionuclide 224Ra. Hence, sub‐10 nm barium sulfate nanocontainers were prepared and different radiometals like 89Zr, 111In, 131Ba, 177Lu or 224Ra were incorporated. Our system shows stabilities of >90 % regarding the radiometal release from the BaSO4 matrix. Furthermore, we confirm the presence of surface‐exposed amine functionalities as well as the formation of a biomolecular corona.
The impacts of trust, cost and risk on collaboration in environmental governance
Authors: Bodin Örjan , Baird Julia , Schultz Lisen , Plummer Ryan , Armitage Derek 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Collaborative approaches to environmental governance are drawing increased interest in research and practice. In this article we investigate the structure and functioning of actor networks engaged in collaboration.

We specifically seek to advance understanding of how and why collaborative networks are formed as actors engage in addressing two broad classes of collective action problems: coordination and cooperation. It has been proposed that more risk‐prone cooperative problems favour denser and more cohesive bonding network structures, whereas less risky coordination problems favour sparser and more centralized bridging structures.

Recent empirical findings, however, cast some doubts on these assumptions. In building on previous work we propose and evaluate a set of propositions in order to remedy these ambiguities. Our propositions build on the assumption that bridging structures could, if actors experience sufficient levels of trust in the collaborative process, adequately support both cooperation and coordination problems.

Our empirical investigation of four UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserves gives initial support for our assumptions, and suggests that bridging structures emerge when actors have trust in the collaborative endeavour, and/or when the cost of collaborative failure is deemed low. While caution is warranted due to data limitations, our findings contribute to improved policies and guidelines on how to stimulate and facilitate more effective collaborative approaches to environmental governance.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
UAV‐based imaging platform for monitoring maize growth throughout development
Authors: Tirado Sara B. , Hirsch Candice N. , Springer Nathan M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPlant height (PH) data collected at high temporal resolutions can give insight into how genotype and environmental variation influence plant growth. However, in order to increase the temporal resolution of PH data collection, more robust, rapid, and low‐cost methods are needed to evaluate field plots than those currently available. Due to their low cost and high functionality, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide an efficient means for collecting height at various stages throughout development. We have developed a procedure for utilizing structure from motion algorithms to collect PH from RGB drone imagery and have used this platform to characterize a yield trial consisting of 24 maize hybrids planted in replicate under two dates and three planting densities. PH data was collected using both weekly UAV flights and manual measurements. The comparisons of UAV‐based and manually acquired PH measurements revealed sources of error in measuring PH and were used to develop a robust pipeline for generating UAV‐based PH estimates. This pipeline was utilized to document differences in the rate of growth between genotypes and planting dates. Our results also demonstrate that growth rates generated by PH measurements collected at multiple timepoints early in development can be useful in improving predictions of PH at the end of the season. This method provides a low cost, high throughput method for evaluating plant growth in response to environmental stimuli on a plot basis that can be implemented at the scale of a breeding program.
Improving the extraction and purification of leaf and phloem sugars for oxygen isotope analyses
Authors: Lehmann Marco M. , Egli Melanie , Brinkmann Nadine , Werner Roland A. , Saurer Matthias , Kahmen Ansgar 
Published: June 2020

RationaleThe oxygen isotopic composition (here shown as the δ18O value) of soluble sugars in leaves and phloem tissue holds valuable information about plant functions in response to climatic changes. However, δ18O analysis of sugars is prone to error, and thoroughly tested methods are lacking.MethodsWe performed three experiments to test if sample preparation modifies the δ18O values of sugars. In experiment 1, we tested the effects of oven‐drying versus freeze‐drying, whereas in experiment 2 we focused on the extraction and purification of leaf sugars. In experiment 3, we investigated the exudation and purification of twig phloem sugars as a function of exudation time and different ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) exudation media.ResultsFreeze‐drying produced more consistent δ18O values than oven‐drying for sucrose but not for phloem sugars. The extraction and purification of leaf sugars can be performed without a significant modification of their δ18O values; yet the purified leaf and phloem sugars possessed higher δ18O values than the fraction of water‐soluble compounds. Moreover, the exudation time significantly modulated the δ18O values of phloem sugars, which is probably related to changes in the sugar composition. The addition of EDTA did not improve the determination of the δ18O values of phloem sugars.ConclusionsWe show that the sample preparation of plant sugars for the reliable determination of δ18O values requires a strict protocol, which is described in this paper. For phloem sugar, we recommend a maximum exudation time of 1 h to reduce the degradation of sucrose and minimise oxygen isotope exchange reactions between the resulting hexoses and water.
Cherry‐picking the Sustainable Development Goals: Goal prioritization by national governments and implications for global governance
Authors: Forestier Oana , Kim Rakhyun E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe member states of the United Nations collectively agreed on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as equally important global objectives. Yet the same states seem to prioritize certain SDGs in national implementation. Such cherry‐picking defies the “integrated and indivisible” nature of the SDGs, and could negatively impact overall progress on sustainable development globally. Which SDGs receive more attention than the others in national policies, and what implications can we draw for global governance? We address these questions in two parts. Through a content analysis of the Voluntary National Reviews of 19 countries of varying income levels, we find that SDGs 1 and 8 on poverty eradication and economic growth are by far most widely prioritized. We then look specifically into Bhutan and Vietnam to explore possible explanations for goal prioritization as well as the potential steering effects of international organizations on their national policies. The findings have important policy implications for global governance. We argue that the High‐level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, in particular, has an important role to play to better coordinate international organizations to help mitigate unhealthy goal prioritization.
A High‐Energy and Long‐Life Aqueous Zn/Birnessite Battery via Reversible Water and Zn2+ Coinsertion
Authors: Hou Zhiguo , Dong Mengfei , Xiong Yali , Zhang Xueqian , Ao Huaisheng , Liu Mengke , Zhu Yongchun , Qian Yitai 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAqueous rechargeable Zn/birnessite batteries have recently attracted extensive attention for energy storage system because of their low cost and high safety. However, the reaction mechanism of the birnessite cathode in aqueous electrolytes and the cathode structure degradation mechanics still remain elusive and controversial. In this work, it is found that solvation water molecules coordinated to Zn2+ are coinserted into birnessite lattice structure contributing to Zn2+ diffusion. However, the birnessite will suffer from hydroxylation and Mn dissolution with too much solvated water coinsertion. Through engineering Zn2+ primary solvation sheath with strong‐field ligand in aqueous electrolyte, highly reversible [Zn(H2O)2]2+ complex intercalation/extraction into/from birnessite cathode is obtained. Cathode–electrolyte interface suppressing the Mn dissolution also forms. The Zn metal anode also shows high reversibility without formation of “death‐zinc” and detrimental dendrite. A full cell coupled with birnessite cathode and Zn metal anode delivers a discharge capacity of 270 mAh g−1, a high energy density of 280 Wh kg−1 (based on total mass of cathode and anode active materials), and capacity retention of 90% over 5000 cycles.