bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microanatomy and growth of the mesosaurs &lt;i&gt;Stereosternum tumidum&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Brazilosaurus sanpauloensis&lt;/i&gt; (Reptilia, Parareptilia)
Authors: Klein Nicole , Verrière Antoine , Sartorelli Heitor , Wintrich Tanja , Fröbisch Jörg 
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Histology and microanatomy of vertebrae, ribs, haemal
arch, and humeri and femora of 10 individuals of Stereosternum and two dorsal ribs of
1 individual of Brazilosaurus were studied. All individuals had achieved a body length
of 50 cm (equal to 65 % of the maximum known body length) or larger. All sampled
bones are highly osteosclerotic due to the reduction of medullary cavities
and the filling of medullary regions by endosteal bone. Calcified cartilage
occurs – if at all – only locally in small clusters in the medullary
regions of midshaft and in higher amounts only in non-midshaft sections of
long bones and towards the medio-distal rib shaft, respectively. The primary
bone tissue consists of highly organized parallel-fibred tissue and/or
lamellar tissue, which is in most samples relatively lightly vascularized or
even avascular. If present, vascular canals are mainly longitudinally
oriented; some show a radial orientation. Simple vascular canals as well as
primary osteons occur. Some of the latter are secondarily altered, i.e. widened. Remodelling of the periosteal cortex is only documented by few
scattered erosion cavities and secondary osteons. The tissue is regularly
stratified by lines of arrested growth (LAGs), which usually appear as double or multiple rest lines,
indicating strong dependence on exogenous and endogenous factors. Because of
the inhibition of periosteal remodelling the growth record is complete and
no inner cycles are lost. Individuals of Stereosternum show a poor correlation of body
size and number of growth marks, which might be the result of developmental
plasticity. Brazilosaurus shows a highly organized, avascular lamellar tissue and a high
number of regularly deposited rest lines throughout the cortex of the ribs.
The medullary region in the ribs of Brazilosaurus is distinctly larger when compared to ribs
of Stereosternum. However, strong osteosclerosis is obvious in both taxa, pointing to a
high degree of aquatic adaption. Ribs of Stereosternum, Brazilosaurus, and Mesosaurus are clearly distinguishable
from each other by the distribution of the periosteal and endosteal
territory. Furthermore, Brazilosaurus differs in its growth pattern (i.e. spacing of rest
lines) when compared to Stereosternum and Mesosaurus.
2019/31 Failing to enhance pay for shared parental leave to the level of maternity pay is not sex discrimination (UK)
Authors: Lister Richard 
Published: October 2019

2019/31 Failing to enhance pay for shared parental leave to the level of maternity pay is not sex discrimination (UK)
In two appeal cases considered jointly, the Court of Appeal (CA) has ruled that it is not direct or indirect sex discrimination, nor a breach of equal pay rights, to provide enhanced pay for maternity leave and statutory pay only for shared parental leave (SPL).
2019/34 Reduction of annual leave during parental leave is lawful (GE)
Authors: Stephan Nina , Meyer David 
Published: October 2019

2019/34 Reduction of annual leave during parental leave is lawful (GE)
The Higher Labour Court of Berlin-Brandenburg (Landesarbeitsgericht (LAG)) has held that the pro rata reduction of annual leave depending on the period of parental leave is lawful. In general, statutory holiday entitlement also exists for the period of parental leave. However, the employer has the right to reduce leave pro rata for each full month of parental leave according to Section 17 paragraph 1 sentence 1 of the Federal Parental Allowances and Parental Leave Act (Bundeselterngeld- und Elternzeitgesetz (BEEG)). The proportional reduction is in line with European law.
Anomalie of de aankondiging van een omwenteling?
Authors: van den Brink A. 
Published: October 2019

Anomalie of de aankondiging van een omwenteling? Het EU-stelsel van rechtsbescherming na Rimsevics
In de zaak Rimšēvičs vernietigde het Hof van Justitie voor het eerst een besluit van een nationaal overheidsorgaan. Het ging om het ontslag van de president van de Letse centrale bank. De vernietiging doorbreekt de klassieke bevoegdheidsverdeling tussen het Hof van Justitie en nationale rechters, maar is gebaseerd op een bijzondere bepaling uit het EMU-recht. Betreft het om die reden een geïsoleerd geval, of kan de uitspraak bredere implicaties krijgen?HvJ 26 februari 2019, gevoegde zaken C-202/18 (Rimšēvičs/Letland) en C-238/18 (ECB/Letland), ECLI:EU:C:2019:139.
A systematic review of the potential uses of on-animal sensors to monitor the welfare of sheep evaluated using the Five Domains Model as a framework
Authors: Fogarty ES , Swain DL , Cronin GM , Trotter M 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis systematic review explores the use of on-animal sensors in sheep and their potential application in objective welfare monitoring. The key questions posed were: To what extent can current scientific knowledge inform a sensor-based approach to welfare evaluations? And, how might this knowledge shape development of commercial monitoring systems? These questions were explored through retrospective classification of published sensor applications using The Five Domains (FD) Model as a framework for animal welfare assessment. A total of 71 studies were reviewed. The results indicate studies specifically evaluating the use of sensors for welfare assessment are limited, though many experiments could still be related to some aspect of welfare. The assessment of sensor utilisation revealed the greatest proportion of applications within the ‘Behaviour’ Domain (90.1%; n = 64), and the lowest within the ‘Health’ (25.4%; n = 18) and ‘Mental state’ Domains (25.4%; n = 18). The review also highlights how different sensor types (location, motion or physiological) differ in their applicability for welfare assessment. This paper is the first to classify published sensor applications using the FD Model as a framework and highlights the potential for sensor technology in sheep welfare monitoring. The results suggest that any attempt to create a commercial sensor-based system for objective welfare assessment will require the integration of more than one sensor type, particularly if multiple Domains are to be addressed.
A bibliometric analysis of past and emergent trends in animal welfare science
Authors: Freire R , Nicol CJ 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA bibliometric analysis was undertaken to chart the development of animal welfare (AW) science as a whole, and of the individuals, organisations and countries that have had most academic impact to date. Publication data were collected from the Web of Science for the year range 1968-2017 and by-hand pre-processing of the data was undertaken to identify reviews and original research articles on AW. VOSviewer was used to create bibliometric networks. There has been a 13.3% annual growth in AW publications in the last 50 years with Animal Welfare and Applied Animal Behaviour Science the most frequent publishers of AW publications. Farm animals continue to dominate the subject of AW research and comparison of network visualisations for five key species suggested possible gaps in the research, such as relatively little emphasis on emotion research for some farm animals and little research on inherited disorders in dogs. However, keyword analysis indicated a recent broadening of AW findings to include other international contexts, such as conservation and sustainability. Highly cited review articles were grouped into five clusters with affective state (ie emotions, moods) and fish welfare the most recent topics. Almost all core authors of original research articles study farm animals, though in the last ten years other topics, such as consumer attitudes and wildlife, have emerged as highly cited areas of original research articles. Network analysis of organisations revealed the University of Bristol, UK as the main publisher of original research articles. Citation analysis indicated that many low-cited articles were originating from Germany and were published in German journals, suggesting that many worthwhile results and opinions on AW may be being missed by other researchers due to a language barrier. Several limitations of bibliometric analysis to generate an overview of AW science were identified, including the challenge of how to search and extract all the relevant publications in this discipline. In conclusion, animal welfare science is still in an exponential phase of growth which will bring opportunities, such as for the publication of new journals, but also challenges. The insights generated by this study suggest bibliometric analysis to be a useful addition to other approaches investigating the trends and concepts of animal welfare.
Efficient sampling of shiitake-inoculated oak logs to determine the log-to-mushroom transfer factor of stable cesium
Authors: O’Brien Martin , Hiraide Masakazu , Ohmae Yoshimi , Nihei Naoto , Miura Satoru , Tanoi Keitaro 
Published: October 2019

Background
Stable cesium (133Cs) naturally exists in the environment whereas recently deposited radionuclides (e.g., 137Cs) are not at equilibrium. Stable cesium has been used to understand the long-term behavior of radionuclides in plants, trees and mushrooms. We are interested in using 133Cs to predict the future transfer factor (TF) of radiocesium from contaminated logs to shiitake mushrooms in Eastern Japan. However, the current methodology to obtain a representative wood sample for 133Cs analysis involves mechanically breaking and milling the entire log (excluding bark) to a powder prior to analysis. In the current study, we investigated if sawdust obtained from cutting a log along its length at eight points is as robust but a faster alternative to provide a representative wood sample to determine the TF of 133Cs between logs and shiitake.

Methods
Oak logs with ready-to-harvest shiitake fruiting bodies were cut into nine 10-cm discs and each disc was separated into bark, sapwood and heartwood and the concentration of 133Cs was measured in the bark, sapwood, heartwood, sawdust (generated from cutting each disc) and fruiting bodies (collected separately from each disc), and the wood-to-shiitake TF was calculated.

Results
We found that the sawdust-to-shiitake TF of 133Cs did not differ (P = 0.223) compared to either the sapwood-to-shiitake TF or heartwood-to-shiitake TF, but bark did have a higher concentration of 133Cs (P < 0.05) compared to sapwood and heartwood. Stable cesium concentration in sawdust and fruiting bodies collected along the length of the logs did not differ (P > 0.05).

Discussion
Sawdust can be used as an alternative to determine the log-to-shiitake TF of 133Cs. To satisfy the goals of different studies and professionals, we have described two sampling methodologies (Methods I and II) in this paper. In Method I, a composite of eight sawdust samples collected from a log can be used to provide a representative whole-log sample (i.e., wood and bark), whereas Method II allows for the simultaneous sampling of two sets of sawdust samples—one set representing the whole log and the other representing wood only. Both methodologies can greatly reduce the time required for sample collection and preparation.
Identification of an ancestral haplotype in the mitochondrial phylogeny of the ovine haplogroup B
Authors: Mereu Paolo , Pirastru Monica , Barbato Mario , Satta Valentina , Hadjisterkotis Eleftherios , Manca Laura , Naitana Salvatore , Leoni Giovanni G. 
Published: October 2019

Background
European mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon) has been reintroduced in mainland Europe since the 18th-century sourcing from the Sardinian and Corsican autochthonous mouflon populations. The European mouflon is currently considered the feral descendent of the Asian mouflon (O. orientalis), and the result of first wave of sheep domestication occurred 11,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, and brought to Corsica and Sardinia ca. 6,000 years ago, where they still live as autochthonous populations. However, this phylogeny is based on mitogenome sequences of European mouflon individuals exclusively.

Methods
We sequenced the first complete mtDNA of the long-time isolated Sardinian mouflon and compared it with several ovine homologous sequences, including mouflon from mainland Europe and samples representative of the five known mitochondrial domestic sheep haplogroups. We applied Bayesian inference, Maximum Likelihood and Integer Neighbour-Joining network methods and provided a robust, fully-resolved phylogeny with strong statistical support for all nodes.

Results
We identified an early split (110,000 years ago) of the Sardinian mouflon haplotype from both sheep and mainland European mouflon belonging to haplogroup B, the latter two sharing a more recent common ancestor (80,000 years ago). Further, the Sardinian mouflon sequence we generated had the largest genetic distance from domestic sheep haplogroups (0.0136 ± 0.004) among mouflon species. Our results suggest the Sardinian mouflon haplotype as the most ancestral in the HPG-B lineage, hence partially redrawing the known phylogeny of the genus Ovis.
In vitro Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of the Flower Extracts of Hibiscus vitifolius L
Authors: Prabhakaran D. , Rajeshkanna A. , Senthamilselvi M. M. , Solomon S. 
Published: October 2019

Objective: To determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the solid powder extracted from the ethyl acetate fraction of the flower Hibiscus vitifolius L.
Methods: The flower extract assessed for antioxidant activity using the 1,1–diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazile (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the reduced power assay was performed using the Ferric Reducing Capacity (FRC) assay. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to test the production method of nitric oxide (NO).
Results: The solid powder extracted from the ethyl acetate fraction of the flower Hibiscus vitifolius L showed good antioxidant activity in the scavenging DPPH radicals and the FRC assay compared to the standard sample. This powder sample also showed good anti-inflammatory activity in cell viability (LPS induced PBMC) assay and nitric oxide (NO) assay.
Conclusion: These results suggest that the powder sample extracted from the ethyl acetate fraction of the flower Hibiscus vitifolius L has substantial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
Stability analysis and adaptive control for nonlinear discrete‐time systems with time delays and dead zone via state‐feedback technique
Authors: Zhang Zhiming , Zheng Wei , Xie Ping , Wang Hongbin , Wen Shuhuan , Wang Hongrui 
Published: October 2019

SummaryThis research addresses the stability analysis and adaptive state‐feedback control for a class of nonlinear discrete‐time systems with multiple interval time‐varying delays and symmetry dead zone. The multiple interval time‐varying delays and symmetry dead zone are considered in the nonlinear discrete‐time system. The multiple interval time‐varying delays are bounded by the nonlinear function with unknown coefficients, and the symmetry dead zone is considered without the knowledge of the dead zone parameters. The adaptive state‐feedback controller is designed for the nonlinear discrete‐time systems with multiple interval time‐varying delays and dead zone. The discrete Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional is introduced, such that the solutions of the closed‐loop error system converge to an adjustable bounded region and the state errors can be rendered arbitrarily small by adjusting the adaptive parameters. The designed adaptive state‐feedback controller does not require the knowledge of maximum and minimum values for the characteristic slopes of the dead zone. Finally, three simulation examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Effects of Short‐Axis Alkoxy Substituents on Molecular Self‐Assembly and Photovoltaic Performance of Indacenodithiophene‐Based Acceptors
Authors: Li Xiaojun , Huang He , Angunawela Indunil , Zhou Jiadong , Du Jiaqi , Liebman‐Pelaez Alex , Zhu Chenhui , Zhang Zhanjun , Meng Lei , Xie Zengqi , Ade Harald , Li Yongfang 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe effects of central alkoxy side chain length of a series of narrow bandgap small molecule acceptors (SMAs) on their physicochemical properties and on the photovoltaic performance of the SMA‐based polymer solar cells (PSCs) are systematically investigated. It is found that the ordered aggregation of these SMAs in films is enhanced gradually with the increase of alkoxy chain length. The single‐crystal structures of these SMAs further reveal that small changes in the side chain length can have a dramatic impact on molecular self‐assembly. The short‐circuit current density and power conversion efficiency values of the corresponding PSCs increase with the increase of the side chain length of the SMAs. The π–π coherence length of the SMAs in the active layers is increased with the increase of the side chain length, which could be the reason for the increase of the Jsc in the PSCs. The results indicate that small changes in side chain length can have a dramatic impact on the molecular self‐assembly, morphology, and photovoltaic performance of the PSCs. The structure–performance relationship established in this study can provide important instructions for the side chain engineering and for the design of efficient SMAs materials.
Magneto‐Memristive Switching in a 2D Layer Antiferromagnet
Authors: Kim Hyun Ho , Jiang Shengwei , Yang Bowen , Zhong Shazhou , Tian Shangjie , Li Chenghe , Lei Hechang , Shan Jie , Mak Kin Fai , Tsen Adam W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMemristive devices whose resistance can be hysteretically switched by electric field or current are intensely pursued both for fundamental interest as well as potential applications in neuromorphic computing and phase‐change memory. When the underlying material exhibits additional charge or spin order, the resistive states can be directly coupled, further allowing electrical control of the collective phases. The observation of abrupt, memristive switching of tunneling current in nanoscale junctions of ultrathin CrI3, a natural layer antiferromagnet, is reported here. The coupling to spin order enables both tuning of the resistance hysteresis by magnetic field and electric‐field switching of magnetization even in multilayer samples.
Hot π‐Electron Tunneling of Metal–Insulator–COF Nanostructures for Efficient Hydrogen Production
Authors: Ming Jintao , Liu Ai , Zhao Jiwu , Zhang Pu , Huang Haowei , Lin Huan , Xu Ziting , Zhang Xuming , Wang Xuxu , Hofkens Johan , Roeffaers Maarten B. J. , Long Jinlin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) photosystem based on covalent organic framework (COF) semiconductors was designed for robust and efficient hydrogen evolution under visible‐light irradiation. A maximal H2 evolution rate of 8.42 mmol h−1 g−1 and a turnover frequency of 789.5 h−1 were achieved by using a MIS photosystem prepared by electrostatic self‐assembly of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) insulator‐capped Pt nanoparticles (NPs) with the hydrophilic imine‐linked TP‐COFs having =C=O−H−N= hydrogen‐bonding groups. The hot π‐electrons in the photoexcited n‐type TP‐COF semiconductors can be efficiently extracted and tunneled to Pt NPs across an ultrathin PVP insulating layer to reduce protons to H2. Compared to the Schottky‐type counterparts, the COF‐based MIS photosystems give a 32‐fold‐enhanced carrier efficiency, attributed to the combined enhancement of photoexcitation rate, charge separation, and oxidation rate of holes accumulated in the valence band of the TP‐COF semiconductor.
Modular Assembly of Host–Guest Metal–Phenolic Networks Using Macrocyclic Building Blocks
Authors: Pan Shuaijun , Guo Rui , Bertleff‐Zieschang Nadja , Li Shanshan , Besford Quinn A. , Zhong Qi‐Zhi , Yun Gyeongwon , Zhang Yunti , Cavalieri Francesca , Ju Yi , Goudeli Eirini , Richardson Joseph J. , Caruso Frank 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe manipulation of interfacial properties has broad implications for the development of high‐performance coatings. Metal–phenolic networks (MPNs) are an emerging class of responsive, adherent materials. Herein, host–guest chemistry is integrated with MPNs to modulate their surface chemistry and interfacial properties. Macrocyclic cyclodextrins (host) are conjugated to catechol or galloyl groups and subsequently used as components for the assembly of functional MPNs. The assembled cyclodextrin‐based MPNs are highly permeable (even to high molecular weight polymers: 250–500 kDa), yet they specifically and noncovalently interact with various functional guests (including small molecules, polymers, and carbon nanomaterials), allowing for modular and reversible control over interfacial properties. Specifically, by using either hydrophobic or hydrophilic guest molecules, the wettability of the MPNs can be readily tuned between superrepellency (>150°) and superwetting (ca. 0°).
Re‐evaluating the population size of South American fur seals and conservation implications
Authors: Baylis Alastair M.M. , Orben Rachael A. , Arkhipkin Alexander A. , Barton John , Brownell Robert L. , Staniland Iain J. , Brickle Paul 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) are widely distributed, yet surprisingly little is known about their ecology. In particular, population data are sparse and outdated for many breeding locations, including the Falkland Islands. Data deficiency impedes the development of coherent conservation and management strategies.
To address knowledge gaps, for the first time since 1965 an archipelago‐wide census of South American fur seals breeding at the Falkland Islands was undertaken, which provided the first pup abundance estimate since 1926 – data that are critical for assessing population trends.
In total, 36,425 South American fur seal pups were counted at the Falkland Islands in 2018, a greater than four‐fold increase since the last census, and far greater than the 7,990 pups counted in Uruguay, which was presumed to be the largest South American fur seal population in the world. Hence, based on pup abundance, the Falkland Islands is presently the largest population of South American fur seals, even when considering a correction factor of 3.9 that was applied to pup counts in Uruguay, which yielded an estimated 31,160 pups.
The results redefine South American fur seal abundance, the contribution of breeding locations (Falkland Islands, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile) and the distribution of breeding colonies at the Falkland Islands, which has far reaching implications for conservation and management. In particular, the present study has effectively doubled the Atlantic population size of the species, which is now estimated to comprise about 76,000 pups, of which the Falkland Islands accounts for 48% and Uruguay 41%. Accordingly, changes in the number of South American fur seals breeding at the Falkland Islands will influence the global population trends and conservation status of the species. Monitoring South American fur seals breeding at the Falkland Islands is therefore crucial to understand the impacts of anthropogenic pressures, such as fisheries, and to inform management and conservation policy. The results provide a baseline from which to measure changes in abundance.