bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The promise of public/private sector collaboration in the development of new contraceptives: the experience of CICCR
Authors: Harper M.J.K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Consortium for Industrial Collaboration in Contraceptive Research (CICCR) was established in 1995 with funding from two philanthropic foundations. Now just over 3 years later, it is supported by five foundations and a United Nations agency. Work in three priority areas of male methods, vaginal methods and monthly methods for women is progressing well. Collaboration with 10 industrial entities has been established, and more than 60 contracts with investigators at not‐for‐profit institutions have been funded. It can be concluded that CICCR has provided an efficient and effective mechanism for promoting industrial collaboration in contraceptive R&D, and fills a need not covered by other agencies active in the field.
Dissecting glioma invasion: interrelation of adhesion, migration and intercellular contacts determine the invasive phenotype
Authors: Kaczmarek Elzbieta , Zapf Svenja , Bouterfa Hakim , Tonn Jörg C. , Westphal Manfred , Giese Alf 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe invasive cellular behavior of malignant gliomas is determined by receptor mediated cell–substratum contacts and cell–cell interaction as well as cellular locomotion. This study attempts to break down the complex phenomena of the invasive process into their components of attachment to neighboring cells, aggregate formation, adhesion to matrix substratum, migration and invasion into three‐dimensional cellular aggregates separately analyzed in different in vitro assay systems. Using a panel of 13 glioma cell lines, adhesion to non‐specifically or merosin coated surfaces was correlated to monolayer cell migration and dissemination of tumor cells from aggregates plated on these substrates. The formation kinetics of aggregates were determined and compared to the ability of these cells to rapidly attach and form mechanically stable cell–cell contacts. The motility rates in the different assay systems as well as cell–cell attachment was correlated to invasion of re‐aggregated tumor cells into fetal rat brain.A tight positive correlation was found for substrate adhesion and monolayer migration. In contrast, cell–substratum contacts had little influence on dissemination of cells out of three‐dimensional aggregates and no association between monolayer migration and migration of cells out of aggregates was detected. The ability of glioma cells to rapidly form aggregates was associated with enhanced migration out of aggregates. The capacity to invade fetal rat brain aggregates was correlated with the capacity to form stable intercellular adhesion as measured in a cell–cell adhesion assay. Invasion in this system was not found to be associated with migration in monolayer or with migration out of tumor aggregates. This study highlights that current in vitro assays for invasion only represent isolated aspects of the multi‐cascade process which is involved in tumor cell invasion.
Social integration and the quality of life of schizophrenic patients in different types of complementary care
Authors: Leiße M , Kallert T.W 
Published: July 2002

Following reunification in Germany in 1990 the new states in the Federal Republic faced the task of restructuring and rebuilding the structures of complementary care for the chronically mentally ill. First and foremost, residential facilities had to be established that would correspond to and meet the currently high need for de-hospitalization by making different types of care and care concepts available. Five groups of patients with chronic schizophrenic psychoses (N = 245 patients) who live in different types of psychiatric care facilities (psychiatric nursing home, social therapeutic hostel, sheltered community residence) or at home, either with or without a family network, were studied. In addition to the sociodemographic data, the psychopathology and the extent of social disabilities were also surveyed, as well as data on the living situation and the subjective quality of life with an emphasis on ‘social relationships’, ‘recreation/leisure activities’, and ‘general independence’.The five groups differed with regard to various sociodemographic and disorder-related variables, particularly with regard to the extent of social disabilities. Especially relevant, however, are the differences among the patient groups in the extent of daily social life and recreational/leisure activities that are partially reflected in their statements on the subjective quality of life. Primarily for the two groups of home residents, but also in part for the patients living in sheltered community care, social contacts are more or less limited to the residential situation and patients are more or less otherwise socially isolated. This is due among other things to the fact that patients who have been hospitalized for long periods do not as a rule return to their prior area of residence; thus, the available compensatory mediation of relationships with the social environment does not suffice. Demands for the further development of complementary systems of psychiatric care derive from these findings.
Alcoholism and drug addictions
Authors: Hoes MJAJM 
Published: July 2002

SummaryIn this symposium the nature, epidemiology and extent of psychiatric disorders comorbid with addictions, especially alcoholism, was exposed. Internationally reknown authors from several European countries highlight the diversity and complexity of this problem in particular for depression, anxiety and suicide. The conclusion is that every psychiatrist should be well acquainted with addiction disorders and that no addiction center be allowed to refuse treatment to patients with a psychiatric comorbid disorder. Comorbidity of schizophrenia with addictions should be a future focus of research. Multicultural Europe is an exciting area for further research of the comorbidity problems.
Ideology and ethics. The perversion of German psychiatrists' ethics by the ideology of national socialism
Authors: Singer L 
Published: July 2002

SummaryAs soon as Adolf Hitler came to into power in 1933, four laws on racial segregation and race protection were edicted between 1934 and 1935. Schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychoses, epilepsy and alcoholism were regarded as hereditary mental illnesses. These laws were responsible for the sterilisation of 350,000 individuals who were thought to be at the source of the propagation of hereditary illnesses which might endanger the health and the future of the Aryan Germans. On September 1, 1939, Action T4 was launched: it required that all the mentally ill be exterminated. This action, which was run by the highest level of the Reich's chancellery with the help of psychiatrists coming from all backgrounds including university professors, was supposed to grant a serene death to all the mentally ill considered as untreatable. The death sentences were carried out by the medical staff in psychiatric hospitals specially equipped with gas chambers. Following protests, Action T4 was officially stopped on August 24, 1941, but, in reality, continued until the end of the war. The death sentences were carried out using either lethal doses of medication or food deprivation. One hundred and fifty thousand individuals fell victim to that therapeutic extermination which played an economic role as important as the one deemed to social protection. Many German academics, researchers, psychiatrists, geneticians and anthropologists played and active part in these murders which were carried out in the name of Nazi ideology based upon the supremacy of the Northern Germanic race and the necessity to protect it from miscegenation, especially from Jews. In the final part of this paper, the author gives an explanation of the perversion of ethics carried out by German psychiatrists.
Heart failure in patients seeking medical help at outpatients clinics. Part I. General characteristics
Authors: Rywik Stefan L. , Wągrowska Henryka , Broda Grażyna , Sarnecka Aleksandra , Pytlak Aleksandra , Polakowska Maria , Drewla Joanna , Korewicki Jerzy 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBackgroundDuring the last decade, the beneficial changes in lifestyle and in medical care increased average life expectancy, particularly in patients with chronic diseases such as hypertension and coronary heart disease. Unfortunately this also increased the number of patients, particularly among the elderly, who are susceptible to complications of these conditions such as heart failure. Uncontrolled hypertension is known to be a primary cause of heart failure and is also known to be very prevalent and frequently uncontrolled in the Polish population.AimTo estimate the prevalence and characteristics of heart failure among patients of 65 years and older seeking medical care in outpatient clinics in Poland.MethodsThe study is a cross‐country epidemiological project in which 417 physicians from outpatient clinics were asked to register 50 consecutive patients aged 65 years and above seeking medical care for any cause. Information on case history, physical examination (diagnosis of heart failure, NYHA class, heart failure symptoms), laboratory tests (resting ECG, chest X‐ray, echocardiogram) and data concerning pharmacology management during the 2 weeks prior to the index visit was obtained.ResultsOver 5 months, 19877 eligible patients (7324 men and 12553 women) presented to the 417 participating physicians (90% physicians registered 46–50 patients). Among the patients, 53% were diagnosed with heart failure (3901 men and 6678 women), prevalence did not differ by gender. Among patients with heart failure there were 38% of men in NYHA class III or IV and 34% of women. Coronary heart disease was a predominant cause of heart failure in 87% of men (26% of cases with isolated coronary heart disease, 53% with concomitant hypertension and 8% with other diseases), while percentages for women were 80% (15%, 61% and 4%, respectively). Isolated hypertension was a further cause of heart failure in 8% of men and 13% of women. Cardiac arrhythmia was found in approximately 20% of patients, enlargement of heart size in 32% of patients and peripheral leg edema in 54% of men and 64% of women. These symptoms increased with age. Chest X‐ray revealed cardiomegaly in 68% of men and women and increased cardiothoracic ratio (>50%) in approximately 40% of patients. From resting ECGs, cardiac arrhythmia was recorded in 21% of patients with heart failure, with atrial fibrillation as a predominant disorder (19%). Left ventricular hypertrophy on resting ECG was noted in 42% of men and women and old myocardial infarction or cardiac ischemia was diagnosed in 71% of men and 66% of women.Conclusions(1) Heart failure was diagnosed in over half of outpatients aged 65 and older; in more than a third of these it was NYHA class III and IV. (2) Outpatients with heart failure had a high frequency of co‐existing diseases such as arrhythmia, coronary heart disease and hypertension.
Estimating the maximum sustainable yield of snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) off Tohoku, Japan via a state‐space stock assessment model with time‐varying natural mortality
Authors: Shibata Yasutoki , Nagao Jiro , Narimatsu Yoji , Morikawa Eisuke , Suzuki Yuto , Tokioka Shun , Yamada Manabu , Kakehi Shigeho , Okamura Hiroshi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA maximum sustainable yield (MSY) obtained by maintaining or restoring fish stock levels is a tangible benefit of ecosystem services. Snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) off Tohoku, Japan has been managed by a total allowable catch since 1996, although the abundance has not increased. Surprisingly, there was no increase after 2011, when fishing pressure was greatly reduced because of the Great East Japan earthquake. This implies that some of the crab's biological characteristics, such as recruits, natural mortality coefficient (M) and terminal molting probabilities (p), might have changed. We developed “just another state‐space stock assessment model” to estimate the MSY of the snow crab off Tohoku considering interannual variations in M and p. The multimodel inference revealed that M increased from 0.2 in 1997 to 0.59 in 2018, although it did not vary according to instars, sex or terminal molt. The parameter p also increased by 1.34–2.46 times depending on the instar growth stages from 1997 to 2018. We estimated the MSYs in three scenarios, which changed drastically if M and p were set as they were in the past or at the current values estimated from this study. This result indicated that the MSY of snow crab would also vary with time based on their time‐varying biological characteristics.
A novel prognostic model based on four circulating miRNA in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: implications for the roles of MDSC and Th17 cells in lymphoma progression
Authors: Sun Rui , Zheng Zhong , Wang Li , Cheng Shu , Shi Qing , Qu Bin , Fu Di , Leboeuf Christophe , Zhao Yan , Ye Jing , Janin Anne , Zhao Wei‐Li 
Published: October 2020

MicroRNA (miRNA) have been emerged as prognostic biomarkers in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). To understand the potential underlying mechanisms and translate these findings into clinical prediction on lymphoma progression, large patient cohorts should be evaluated. Here, using miRNA PCR array, we analyzed the miRNA expression profiles in serum samples of 20 DLBCL patients at diagnosis, remission and relapse. Four candidate miRNA were identified and subsequently evaluated for their ability to predict relapse and survival. A prognostic model based on four circulating miRNA (miR21, miR130b, miR155 and miR28) was established and tested in a training cohort of 279 patients and in a validation cohort of 225 patients (NCT01852435). The prognostic value of the 4‐circulating miRNA model was assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses. The novel 4‐circulating miRNA prognostic model significantly predicted clinical outcome of DLBCL, independent of International Prognostic Index in the training cohort [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.83, 95% CI 2.14–3.51, P < 0.001] and in the validation cohort (HR = 2.71, 95% CI 1.91–3.50, P < 0.001). Moreover, DNA‐ and RNA‐sequencing was performed on tumor samples to detect genetic mutations and signaling pathway dysregulation. DNA‐sequencing data showed no significant difference of tumor mutation burden between the low‐risk and the high‐risk groups of the 4‐circulating miRNA model. RNA‐sequencing revealed a correlation between the 4‐circulating miRNA model and aberrant Ras protein signaling transduction. The impact of the miRNA signature on oncogenic signaling and tumor microenvironment was analyzed in vitro and in vivo. In B‐lymphoma cells, modulation of the miRNA regulated IGF1 and JUN expression, thereby altering MDSC and Th17 cells. In DLBCL patients, the high‐risk group presented Ras signaling activation, increased MDSC and Th17 cells, and immunosuppressive status compared with the low‐risk group. In conclusion, the easy‐to‐use 4‐circulating miRNA prognostic model effectively predicted relapse and survival in DLBCL. Moreover, the tumor microenvironment contributes to the role of the 4‐circulating miRNA model in DLBCL progression.
Engineering 2D Multifunctional Ultrathin Bismuthene for Multiple Photonic Nanomedicine
Authors: Wang Yuemei , Feng Wei , Chang Meiqi , Yang Jiacai , Guo Yuedong , Ding Li , Yu Luodan , Huang Hui , Chen Yu , Shi Jianlin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract2D monoelemental nanomaterials (Xenes) have shown tremendous potential for versatile biomedical applications. Bismuth, as a heavy element in pnictogens, has acquired massive research interest due to its unique optical performance, high biocompatibility, stability, and relatively low cost. However, the utilization of 2D bismuthene in nanomedicine has not been achieved because of the difficulty in engineering bismuthene with crucial structural/compositional characteristics for satisfying strict biomedical requirements. Herein, to address this Gordian knot, a facile strategy to intercalate and delaminate Bi bulk for generating mass few‐layered 2D bismuthene with high yield by employing a water molecule mediated freezing–thawing process and sodium borohydride‐triggered reduction treatment is proposed. The resulting 2D bismuthene displays good optical performance in the near‐infrared (NIR) biowindow and can be excited via red light for reactive oxygen species generation, enabling applications in multiple photonic cancer nanomedicine settings, including photothermal hyperthermia and photodynamic therapy. Utilizing the intrinsic desirable optical absorbance and strong X‐ray attenuation of bismuthene, dual photonic therapy can be conducted under the supervision of photoacoustic/computed tomography guided multimodal imaging. This research not only offers a potential mass‐production ready, cost‐effective, and eco‐efficient methodology for engineering 2D Xenes, but also exploits an innovative 2D bismuthene based photonic cancer nanomedicine.
Joint Multi‐Frequency Beam Shaping and Steering via Space–Time‐Coding Digital Metasurfaces
Authors: Castaldi Giuseppe , Zhang Lei , Moccia Massimo , Hathaway Alisa Y. , Tang Wen Xuan , Cui Tie Jun , Galdi Vincenzo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDigital programmable metasurfaces provide a very powerful and versatile platform for implementing spatio‐temporal modulation schemes that are of great interest within the emerging framework of space–time metastructures. In particular, space–time‐coding digital metasurfaces have been successfully applied to advanced wavefront‐manipulations in both the spatial and spectral domains. However, conventional space–time‐coding schemes do not allow the joint syntheses of the transmission/scattering angular responses at multiple frequencies, which are potentially useful in a variety of applications of practical interest. Here, a strategy is put forward to lift this limitation, thereby enabling joint multi‐frequency beam shaping and steering, that is, the independent and simultaneous syntheses of prescribed scattering patterns at given harmonic frequencies. The proposed approach relies on a more sophisticated space–time coding, with suitably designed, and temporally intertwined coding sub‐sequences, which effectively disentangles the joint multi‐frequency syntheses. The power and versatility of the approach are illustrated via a series of representative application examples, including multi‐beam, diffuse‐scattering, and orbital‐angular‐momentum patterns. Theoretical predictions are experimentally validated by means of microwave measurements. The outcomes of this study hold promising potentials for applications to future imaging, information, and mobile‐communication systems.
Direct Current Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Song Yiding , Wang Nan , Wang Yuanhao , Zhang Renyun , Olin Håkan , Yang Ya 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) as a promising energy scavenging technology has been utilized to convert ambient mechanical energy into electric energy for meeting ever‐increasing energy consumption and the need for sustainable energy in modern life. However, the electric energy generated by the conventional TENG based on coupling the contact electrification and electrostatic induction is pulsed alternating current, which requires rectification measures to obtain the direct current (DC) power suitable for storing and driving electronic equipment, resulting in the limitation of its portability and energy utilization efficiency. Through the use of new materials and structures, novel direct current triboelectric nanogenerators (DC‐TENGs) with constant DC output characteristics provide an intelligent solution. Here, the development of DC‐TENG is reviewed, focusing on the working mechanisms of DC‐TENG based on various strategies. The important factors affecting the outputs and the main applications of DC‐TENGs are summarized. Moreover, the possible challenges and future direction for DC‐TENGs are also discussed.
2D Cs2PbI2Cl2 Nanosheets for Holistic Passivation of Inorganic CsPbI2Br Perovskite Solar Cells for Improved Efficiency and Stability
Authors: Yang Shaomin , Liu Weiduan , Han Yu , Liu Zhike , Zhao Wenjing , Duan Chenyang , Che Yuhang , Gu Haoshuang , Li Yuebin , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInorganic CsPbI2Br perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained enormous research interest due to their excellent thermal and light stabilities. However, their unsatisfactory power‐conversion efficiency and poor intrinsic phase stability remain roadblocks to their further development. Herein, Cs2PbI2Cl2 nanosheets (NSs) with the Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) structure are synthesized, and an NSs/CsPbI2Br/NSs heterostructure is employed to enhance both the stability and efficiency of CsPbI2Br solar cells. The novel Cs2PbI2Cl2 NSs can not only passivate the top and bottom surfaces of the perovskite film and top surface of the TiO2 film but also enhance the stability of the perovskite film. Based on the heterostructured NSs/CsPbI2Br/NSs inorganic perovskite film, the efficiency of the CsPbI2Br PSCs is improved from 15.02% to 16.65%. Moreover, the unencapsulated CsPbI2Br devices with the NSs/CsPbI2Br/NSs heterostructure sustain over 90% of their original efficiencies after being exposed to ambient conditions (≈25 °C and ≈35% RH) for 648 h. Both the UV‐light‐soaking stability (100 mW cm−1 365 nm UV light) and thermal stability (T = 85 °C) of the optimized devices are dramatically improved in comparison with their counterparts with only a 3D active layer. Therefore, this work promotes the application of RP inorganic perovskite nanocrystals in a range of perovskite optoelectronic devices.
Heritability and the genotype × environment interaction in soybean
Authors: Bianchi Mariane Cristina , Bruzi Adriano Teodoro , Soares Igor Oliveri , Ribeiro Flaviane De Oliveira , Gesteira Gabriel De Siqueira 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to examine the implication of the genotype × environment interaction (G × E) in the identification of genetically superior soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] progenies; to obtain estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters for agronomic traits in soybean progenies; and to select genetically superior progenies to obtain lineages. Progenies F3:4 were evaluated in the municipalities of Lavras‐MG and Itutinga‐MG, Brazil, in the agricultural year 2016–2017. Progenies F3:5 were evaluated in the summer of 2017–2018 in the municipalities of Lavras‐MG, Itutinga‐MG, and Ijaci‐MG. The traits of days to flowering, days to full maturity, plant height, bottom pod height, lodging, and grain yield were evaluated. The genetic and phenotypic parameters, expected gain from selection, genetic correlation, correlated response, achieved heritability, and frequency distribution of the adjusted means were estimated. The estimates of the components of variance showed the existence of variability among the progenies, enabling the selection of superior genotypes. There was an effect of the G × E interaction for all traits, and most of the interaction was due to complex interaction. From the analysis of genotypic correlation, significant estimates were observed between the traits. The G × E interaction affected the estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters in the soybean, and the achieved heritability is a tool to study this interaction.