bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Under-reported relationship: a comparative study of pharmaceutical industry and patient organisation payment disclosures in the UK (2012–2016)
Authors: Ozieranski Piotr , Csanádi Marcell , Rickard Emily , Mulinari Shai 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesTo examine the under-reporting of pharmaceutical company payments to patient organisations by donors and recipients.DesignComparative descriptive analysis of payments disclosed on drug company and charity regulator websites.SettingUK.Participants87 donors (drug companies) and 425 recipients (patient organisations) reporting payments in 2012–2016.Main outcome measuresNumber and value of payments reported by donors and recipients; differences in reported payments from/to the same donors and recipients; payments reported in either dataset but not the other one; agreement between donor–recipient ties established by payments; overlap between donor and recipient lists and, respectively, industry and patient organisation data.ResultsOf 87 donors, 63 (72.4%) reported payments but 84 (96.6%) were mentioned by recipients. Although donors listed 425 recipients, only 200 (47.1%) reported payments. The number and value of payments reported by donors were 259.8% and 163.7% greater than those reported by recipients, respectively. The number of donors with matching payment numbers and values in both datasets were 3.4% and 0.0%, respectively; for recipients these figures were 7.8% and 1.9%. There were 24 and 3 donors missing from industry and patient organisation data during the entire study period, representing 38.1% and 3.6% of those in the respective datasets. The share of donor–recipient ties in which industry and patient organisation data agreed about donors and recipients was 38.9% and 68.4% in each dataset, respectively. Of 63 donors reporting payments, only 3 (4.8%) had their recipient lists fully overlapping with patient organisation data. Of 200 recipients reporting industry funding, 102 (51.0%) had their donor lists fully overlapping with industry data.ConclusionsBoth donors and recipients under-reported payments. Existing donor and recipient disclosure systems cannot manage potential conflicts of interest associated with industry payments. Increased standardisation could limit the under-reporting by each side but only an integrated donor–recipient database could eliminate it.
Gut microbiota steroid sexual dimorphism and its impact on gonadal steroids: influences of obesity and menopausal status
Authors: Mayneris-Perxachs Jordi , Arnoriaga-Rodríguez María , Luque-Córdoba Diego , Priego-Capote Feliciano , Pérez-Brocal Vicente , Moya Andrés , Burokas Aurelijus , Maldonado Rafael , Fernández-Real José-Manuel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundGonadal steroid hormones have been suggested as the underlying mechanism responsible for the sexual dimorphism observed in metabolic diseases. Animal studies have also evidenced a causal role of the gut microbiome and metabolic health. However, the role of sexual dimorphism in the gut microbiota and the potential role of the microbiome in influencing sex steroid hormones and shaping sexually dimorphic susceptibility to disease have been largely overlooked. Although there is some evidence of sex-specific differences in the gut microbiota diversity, composition, and functionality, the results are inconsistent. Importantly, most of these studies have not taken into account the gonadal steroid status. Therefore, we investigated the gut microbiome composition and functionality in relation to sex, menopausal status, and circulating sex steroids.ResultsNo significant differences were found in alpha diversity indices among pre- and post-menopausal women and men, but beta diversity differed among groups. The gut microbiota from post-menopausal women was more similar to men than to pre-menopausal women. Metagenome functional analyses revealed no significant differences between post-menopausal women and men. Gonadal steroids were specifically associated with these differences. Hence, the gut microbiota of pre-menopausal women was more enriched in genes from the steroid biosynthesis and degradation pathways, with the former having the strongest fold change among all associated pathways. Microbial steroid pathways also had significant associations with the plasma levels of testosterone and progesterone. In addition, a specific microbiome signature was able to predict the circulating testosterone levels at baseline and after 1-year follow-up. In addition, this microbiome signature could be transmitted from humans to antibiotic-induced microbiome-depleted male mice, being able to predict donor’s testosterone levels 4 weeks later, implying that the microbiota profile of the recipient mouse was influenced by the donor’s gender. Finally, obesity eliminated most of the differences observed among non-obese pre-menopausal women, post-menopausal women, and men in the gut microbiota composition (Bray-Curtis and weighted unifrac beta diversity), functionality, and the gonadal steroid status.ConclusionsThe present findings evidence clear differences in the gut microbial composition and functionality between men and women, which is eliminated by both menopausal and obesity status. We also reveal a tight link between the gut microbiota composition and the circulating levels of gonadal steroids, particularly testosterone.
Effects of Short-Term Unilateral Strength Training on Measures of Postural Control When Wearing “Operationally Relevant” Backpack Loads
Authors: Krajewski Kellen T. , Bansbach Heather M. , McLean Lucy , McKenzie Clive , Rawcliffe Alex , Graham Scott M. , Flanagan Shawn D. , Pourmoghaddam Amir , Dettmer Marius , Connaboy Chris 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Krajewski, KT, Bansbach, HM, McLean, L, McKenzie, C, Rawcliffe, A, Graham, SM, Flanagan, SD, Pourmoghaddam, A, Dettmer, M, and Connaboy, C. Effects of short-term unilateral strength training on measures of postural control when wearing “operationally relevant” backpack loads. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2743–2750, 2020—To examine the effects of “operationally relevant” loads on postural stability and to determine the effects of unilateral and bilateral strength training programs on postural stability in healthy, recruit-aged men. Fifteen subjects were randomly assigned to either a unilateral (UL; n = 7) or bilateral (BL; n = 8) strength training group, which performed strength training 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Subjects completed the following pretest and post-test assessments: 1 repetition maximum in bilateral (1RM-BL) and unilateral (1RM-UL) stance positions and bilateral and unilateral balance tasks with eyes open and eyes closed. Balance tasks were performed over 3 loading conditions: body mass (BM), 50% BM, and 70% BM. Sample entropy (SE) and root mean square (RMS) were calculated from the center of pressures collected during each balance assessment. The UL strength training group showed significant improvement after training in both 1RM-UL (p < 0.01) and 1RM-BL (p < 0.01). The BL strength training group only showed significant improvement in 1RM-BL (p = 0.01). There was a significant main effect of load on RMS (p < 0.05) across all balance tasks with RMS increasing with increasing load. Sample entropy was found to decrease with increasing load in the unilateral eyes open and bilateral stance tasks. Significant increases in strength (∼10 to –29%) were observed; however, increased strength alone is not enough to mitigate the effects of load carriage on the postural control, even when training is performed in stance positions that are posturally challenging. Therefore, “operationally relevant” loads negatively impact postural stability in novice load carriers when assessing nonlinear measures.
Política externa e diplomacia brasileira no século XXI: 37 questões em pauta – Entrevista com o Embaixador Paulo Roberto de Almeida
Authors: Axt Gunter 
Published: September 2020

Paulo Roberto de Almeida é Doutor em Ciências Sociais (Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1984), Mestre em Planejamento Econômico (Universidade de Antuérpia, 1977), Licenciado em Ciências Sociais pela Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1975). É diplomata de carreira, por concurso direto, desde 1977. Serviu em diversos postos no exterior e exerceu funções na Secretaria de Estado, geralmente nas áreas de comércio, integração, finanças e investimentos. Foi professor de Sociologia Política no Instituto Rio Branco e na Universidade de Brasília (1986-87) e, desde 2004, é professor de Economia Política no Programa de Pós-Graduação (Mestrado e Doutorado) em Direito do Centro Universitário de Brasília (Uniceub). É editor adjunto da Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, colabora com várias iniciativas no campo das Humanidades e Ciências Sociais, e participa de comitês editoriais de diversas publicações acadêmicas. De agosto de 2016 a março de 2019 foi Diretor do Instituto Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais (IPRI), afiliado à Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão (Funag), do Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Tem diversos livros publicados, sendo os mais recentes Marxismo e socialismo: trajetória de duas parábolas da era contemporânea (Brasília: Edição de Autor, 2019) e Miséria da diplomacia: a destruição da inteligência no Itamaraty (Boa Vista: Editora da UFRR, 2019). Mantém o blog Diplomatizzando. A entrevista, realizada em abril de 2020, discute aspectos da política externa e da diplomacia do Brasil no século XXI, sendo as relações bilaterais com o Canadá contempladas na análise.
CLINICAL FINDINGS AND BLOOD GAS PARAMETERS IN PATIENTS PRESENTED WITH DYSPNEA
Authors: TÜRKER Müge , SAĞLAM GÜRMEN Ekim , BİLGE Adnan , TULAY Cumhur Murat 
Published: September 2020

Amaç: Acil servise dispne şikayet ile başvuran hastalarda, OCS-9 skoru kullanılarak klinik durumu belirlemek.
Gereç- Yöntem: Bu çalışma, solunum sıkıntısı olan 373 hasta retrospektif olarak incelenerek gerçekleştirildi. Dispne ile başvuran hastalarda, 3 önemli kan gazı parametresi kulanılarak (pH, baz açığı, laktat seviyesi) OCS-) değeri hesaplandı. Klinik ve kan gazı parametreleri (OCS-9 skorları), hastaların son durumları ( taburcu, servis yatış, yoğun bakım yatış, ölüm) ile karşılaştırıldı.
Bulgular: Hasta klinik sonuçlandırmalarının istatistiksel karşılaştırmasında, OCS-9 skoru anlamlı olarak bulundu. Servis yatışı olan veya taburcu edilen hastaların OCS-9 skoru, yoğun bakım yatışı yapılan hastalara göre daha yüksekti. OCS-9 skorunun cut-off değeri 1 kabul edildiğinde, yoğun bakım yatış ve ölüm öngörme duyarlılığı %46.9 ve özgüllüğü %77.08 olarak bulundu.
Sonuç: Acil serviste OCS-9 skorunun kullanılması, hasta prognozunu tahmin etmek ve hastanın hastaneye yatırılacağı birimi belirlemek için etkili bir yöntemdir.
FUNGSI TRAFFIC ACCIDENT RESEARCH CENTRE UNTUK MENDUKUNG PROGRAM KESELAMATAN BERLALULINTAS
Authors: Karnavian Muhammad Tito 
Published: September 2020

Road safety is the crisis condition in developing countries such as Indonesia. Based on 2016 data, the dead tolls of road accidents were 26,000, or 10.9 fatalities per 100,000 inhabitants. The majority of victims was between 15 and 29 years old (IRSMS, 2016). This condition shows the human capital lost caused by many dead prematurely on road. The Long Term National Road Safety Plan (RUNK) declareted in 2011 has the main goal is reducing road fatalities by 50% and 80% in 2020 and 2035 respectively. Indonesia National Police (INP) has the main role to coordinate and realize safer road users in the RUNK. Integrated Road Safety Management System (IRSMS) is the road accident data- based application that was developed by INP and it must be the evidence based for decision policies and development action plan activities. Establishment of Traffic Accident Research Centre (TARC) has the main objective to sinergising Indonesia traffic police with academia and researcher to carry out in depth study as well as to develop programmes that able both structural and cultural to construct safety concern society. INP understands that enforcement program solely cannot solve road safety problem. It recognizes that achievement is not possible without understanding the problems and incorporation with all stakeholders in road safety.
Keselamatan di jalan raya adalah sesuatu hal yang kritis di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia. Data kecelakaan pada tahun 2016 menunjukan 26.000 orang, 41.9 orang per 100.000 penduduk meninggal di jalan raya dimana mayoritas korban berusian 15 – 29 (IRSMS, 2016). Kondisi memperlihatkan kehilangan negara atas aset sumber daya yang dimiliki. Rencana Umum Nasional Keselamatan (RUNK) pada tahun 2011bertujuan menurunkan fatalitas di jalan raya. POLRI mempunyai peran utama dalam mengkoordinasi dan menciptakan pengguna jalan yang berkeselamatan. Integrated Road Safety Management System (IRSMS) adalah aplikasi pencatatan data kecelakaan yang dikembangkan oleh POLRI harus dijadikan basis pengambilan keputusan dan aktifitas kampanye keselamatan di jalan raya. Pendirian Traffic Accident Research Centre (TARC) bertujuan menciptakan sinergitas antara KORLANTAS POLRI dan akademisi dalam melakukan in-depth study serta. Penciptaan program yang mampu secara struktur dan kultur menciptakan masyarakat yang berperilaku pengutamaan terhadap keselamat karena melakukan tindakan represif semata-mata tidak dapat menyelesaikan masalah keselamatan jalan.
ANALISIS PERILAKU LALU LINTAS PENGGUNA JALAN DI SEKITAR SIMPANG GENDENGAN
Authors: Hidayati Nurul , Erwanda Agung 
Published: September 2020

This study focused on the behavior of road user (biker/rider), especially around the Gendengan Intersection in Surakarta. This study aims to determine the types of violations, the causes, and effects that occur around the intersection. The primary data used are observation data of violations and questionnaires of 400 respondents. This study also uses data of traffic accidents and violations from the SATLANTAS of Surakarta Police and the IRSMS of KORLANTAS POLRI. The analysis refers to Law No.22 of 2009. Based on the Police data analysis, there are 87.98% of violations in Surakarta related to driver behavior, while using the primary data it was found around 48.32%. Lack of awareness of orderly traffic causes the driver to ignore his safety. This can be seen from the percentage of respondents who answered YES greater than NO happening in almost all violation types. Traffic violations can be a major factor in traffic accidents. Therefore, the implementation of strict rules needs to be done for those who violate, either in the form of fines or imprisonment.
Penelitian ini difokuskan pada perilaku berlalu lintas pengendara di jalan, khususnya di sekitar Simpang Gendengan Surakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tipe-tipe pelanggaran, penyebab dan dampak pelanggaran yang terjadi di sekitar simpang tersebut. Data primer yang digunakan adalah data pengamatan lapangan dan kuesioner dari 400 responden. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan data kecelakaan dan pelanggaran lalu lintas dari Satlantas Polresta Surakarta dan IRSMS KORLANTAS POLRI. Analisis mengacu pada Undang-Undang No.22 Tahun 2009. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data Kepolisian diperoleh 87,98% tipe pelanggaran di Surakarta berkaitan dengan perilaku pengemudi, sedangkan dari data primer diperoleh sebesar 48,32%. Kurangnya kesadaran akan tertib berlalu lintas menyebabkan pengemudi pengabaikan keselamatannya. Hal ini terlihat dari prosentase responden yang menjawab Ya lebih besar dari Tidak terjadi hampir pada semua tipe pelanggaran. Pelanggaran lalu lintas dapat menjadi faktor utama kecelakaan lalu lintas. Oleh karena itu, penerapan aturan yang ketat perlu dilakukan bagi yang melanggar, baik berupa hukuman denda atau penjara.
STUDY ON SPEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF DRIVER’S MOTOR VEHICLES TO TRAFFIC ACCIDENT RISK IN NATIONAL ROAD IN MAKASSAR CITY
Authors: Ramli Muhammad Isran , Yatmar Hajriyanti , Hustim Muralia , Bellani Elvita 
Published: September 2020

The traffic accidents often occur due to the lack of awareness while driving. The variance reason such us undisciplined and unwise to be polite when driving is the main cause of crashes. Road safety is one of the important roles to support and to develop to the commonwealth. This research aims to investigate the potential risk of speeding on a national road in Makassar. The driver performance the speeding is more occurs in the midnight till dawn. The situation of drivers while speeding is conducted to make them arrived early to the destination. The respondents' preferences also show the speed of the vehicle through the national road is around 40 – 60 km/hour. It is still in normal speed requirement at least 60 km/hour.
Potensi kecelakaan akibat ketidaktertiban dalam berlalu lintas dapat terjadi. Penyebab kecelakaan lalu lintas dapat beragam seperti kurangnya kesadaran untuk berkendara secara bijak dan tertib serta penuh tanggung jawab. Pentingnya menjaga ketertiban ketertiban berkendara merupakan salah satu upaya dalam mendukung pembangunan dan integrasi nasional untuk memajukan kesejahteraan umum. Dalam melihat potensi risiko kecelakaan maka dilakukan suatu studi terkait perilaku pengendara kendaraan bermotor yang melampaui batas kecepatan pada ruas jalan di nasional di kota Makassar. Kecenderungan pengendara kendaraan bermotor yang melampaui batas kecepatan maksimum banyak terjadi pada malam hingga dini hari dengan tujuan agar pengendara sampai lebih cepat atau tepat waktu. Hasil wawancara juga menunjukkan bahwa responden mayoritas menggunakan kecepatan pada kisaran 40 – 60 km/jam dan masih masuk dalam kategori kecepatan normal dan tidak melampaui batas maksimum .
The effect of environmental change on sustainable energy in Olkaria geothermal and Kenya power station, Nakuru County, Kenya
Authors: Kipsielei Gideon , Gesimba Paul , Gichuhi David 
Published: September 2020

Energy is one of the most important resources in the growth of an economy. The generation of power is key to the effectiveness of sustainable energy management. Energy production warrants production hence connected to economic development. Environmental change has an impact on the sustainability of renewable energy. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of environmental change on sustainable energy in Olkaria Geothermal and Kenya Power Station, Nakuru County, Kenya. The study was informed by two theories namely; Socio-technical Transitions Approach Theory and Co-evolutionary Approach to Transitions. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population was 359 employees with a stratified sample design. The sample frame was 108 employees being 30% of the total population. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The preliminary data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in the form of tables. Inferential statistics were employed through Pearson’s Correlation analysis and regression analysis was used to test the study hypothesis at a 5% significance level. The findings indicated that was a statistically significant relationship between environmental change and sustainable energy (r=0.286; p=0.005). Further, the study revealed that environmental change has a statistically significant effect on sustainable energy in Olkaria Geothermal and Kenya Power Station, Nakuru County, Kenya (p<0.05). The study recommends that institutional environmental changes should be examined and their influence on sustainable energy management.
Caffeine Intake During Pregnancy and Risk of Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review
Authors: Frayer Natalie C , Kim Yeonsoo 
Published: September 2020

Objective: This paper evaluates the association between caffeine consumption during pregnancy and overweight or obesity in the offspring.
Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a literature search was conducted using MedLine, PubMed, CINAHL-Plus and Google Scholar databases. Inclusion criteria were cohort studies on participants with live singleton births at ?28 weeks gestation who had consumed caffeine during pregnancy. Included were studies reporting both measurement of maternal caffeine intake and offspring anthropometric measurements. Studies reporting serum paraxanthine, a measurement of caffeine intake, were also included.
Results: After final elimination, there were eight studies meeting our inclusion criteria. From these studies, we deduced that caffeine intake during pregnancy between 50 mg and <150 mg/day was associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity by excess fat deposition or increased weight, and elevated BMI per International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria using a reference population. The majority of studies reported the strongest association with maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and overweight and obesity risk beginning at ?300 mg/day.
Conclusions and Global Health Implication: The risk of childhood overweight or obesity was associated with caffeine consumption at 50 mg/day during pregnancy with a stronger association at intakes ?300 mg/day and higher. The current recommendation of <200 mg/day of caffeine during pregnancy is likely associated with lower risk of overweight or obesity in offspring but avoidance of the substance is recommended.
Key words: • Prenatal • Caffeine intake • Pregnancy • Childhood • Obesity • Overweight • Serum paraxanthine • Systematic review

Copyright © 2020 Frayer and Kim. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.
Development and Evaluation of Matrix Type Transdermal Patches of Torasemide
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Kumar Kapil 
Published: September 2020

TDDS manufacture has numerous benefits over other routes like oral delivery. It avoids limitations linked with g.i.t. absorption, enzyme effect, interaction with drug and food. This route is suitable when patient is suffering from vomiting and diarrhea. Torasemide is a loop diuretic; it comes under category of sulfonyl urea. It is prescribed in the treatment of edema, CHF, and hypertension. Whenever it is used by oral route, it is associated with many side effects like vomiting, nausea, anorexia, and increased appetite. All transdermal patches were transparent and free from any particle. Release profile of twelve batches of Torasemide was done by the means of Franz cell for 7 hrs. Maximum release was shown by MTP6 (71.28±0.19) and least in formulations of batch code MTP7(24.47±0.04). In-vitro release data were plotted in 2 different models i.e. first and Korsemeyer peppas. It was observed that release was governed by the diffusion process. On basis of different properties MTP1 batch was found to be optimum. Study concludes that by the means of patches Torasemide can be administered efficiently.
Keywords: Torasemide, transdermal patches, HPMC, in-vitro release, stability studies, TDDS.