bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gap Filling of Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder Data as Applied to Hurricane Warm Core Animations
Authors: Yan Banghua , Liang Ding , Porter Warren , Huang Jingfeng , Sun Ninghai , Zhou Lihang , Zhu Tong , Goldberg Mitch , Zhang Da‐Lin , Liu Quanhua 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAs a microwave radiometer seeing through clouds, Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) observations play a critical role in visually monitoring hurricane warm core structures. However, the presence of orbit gaps within the ATMS observations at low latitudes regions, where hurricanes frequently develop, raises concerns in monitoring hurricanes' spatial variability. To resolve this issue, this study generates gap‐filled ATMS brightness temperature data by using the smoothing algorithm of Penalized Least Square Discrete Cosine Transform. The accuracies of the missing‐filled brightness temperatures for temperature sounding channels are approximately within 1 K. Furthermore, the gap‐filled brightness temperature data from channels 5–12 are utilized to establish a three‐dimensional Hurricane Warm Core Animation System (HWCAS) in near real time (NRT), which helps to visually observe realistic warm core structures of a hurricane system. The information of hurricane warm core over open oceans and coastal areas is derived using a combination of three new regression‐based atmospheric temperature retrieval algorithms, with the averaged error typically within ±1 K at the vertical levels a warm core could occur. Each animation consists of 97 two‐dimensional atmospheric temperature anomaly images at different cross‐sections through hurricane core regions. The retrieved maximum temperature anomalies show well the formation, intensification, weakening, reintensification, and dissipation stages of Hurricane Florence that are similar to those from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analysis. They also show similar weakening and reintensifying stages to those of the maximum sustained winds by the best track data, albeit with some temporal lead/lag. With its strength in NRT hurricane monitoring, the HWCAS demonstrate its great potential in providing meteorologists with timely information of temperature anomaly fields in the inner‐core regions of a hurricane.
Increased Occurrence and Intensity of Consecutive Rainfall Events in the China's Three Gorges Reservoir Area Under Global Warming
Authors: Zheng Yanxin , Li Shuanglin , Ullah Kalim 
Published: August 2020

AbstractConsecutive rainfall events (CREs) are important triggers of geological hazards like landslide downhill and mudslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir area (TGR), China. These hazards are not only potential risks for the effective storage capacity of the reservoir but also threats of the safety of the reservoir's Great Dam. The future changes of CREs' occurrence and intensity are analyzed by using the projection experiments from 20 models attending the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) under three different representative concentration pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5). Spring and fall are focused on, during which CREs are most frequent. Considering a common overestimate of rainy days number in the state‐of‐the‐art models, a new approach is developed to define CREs based on the percentile of rainfall distribution in observations. The approach yields a similar CREs climatology in models to that in observations and thus is used to identify CREs in models. The results based on multiple model ensemble (MME) and model spread comparison suggest a significant increase in spring and an overall decrease in fall in CREs' occurrence under all three scenarios. As for the intensity, it is projected to intensify in both spring and fall. Particularly, the higher the emission scenario, the greater the spring accumulated rainfall amount during a single CRE. These results imply an increasing risk of geological hazards in the TGR in the future.
Quantification of Eruption Dynamics on the North Rift at Axial Seamount, Juan de Fuca Ridge
Authors: Le Saout M. , Bohnenstiehl D. R. , Paduan J. B. , Clague D. A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractQuantifying eruption dynamics in submarine environments is challenging. During the 2015 eruption of Axial Seamount, the formation of hummocky mounds along the north rift was accompanied by tens of thousands of impulsive acoustic signals generated by the interaction of lava and seawater. A catalog of these sounds was integrated with detailed seafloor mapping to better understand eruptive processes in time and space. Mounds grew over a period of 28 days with average extrusion rates of 22 to 45 m3 s−1. The most distant mounds, ~9.5 to 15.5 km down rift from the caldera, grew primarily over the first few days of the eruption. The focus of eruptive activity then retreated ~5 km toward the caldera where it was sustained. Mounds are constructed as a series of superimposed lobes formed through alternating periods of flow inflation, generating up to 30‐m‐thick hummocks, and periods of flow advancement, with <0.02 m s−1 average speeds typically observed.
Well Proximity Governing Stress Drop Variation and Seismic Attenuation Associated With Hydraulic Fracturing Induced Earthquakes
Authors: Yu Hongyu , Harrington Rebecca M. , Kao Honn , Liu Yajing , Abercrombie Rachel E. , Wang Bei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe use broadband seismic data collected within 3 km of a hydraulic fracturing (HF) well in northeast British Columbia, Canada, to estimate the stress drop values of HF‐induced earthquakes and their spatial variation. Applying both spectral ratio and clustered single‐spectra fitting methods to 484 induced earthquakes (M‐1.0 to 3.0), we find that earthquakes close to the injection well have lower stress drop values than those at greater distance. Stress drop values are generally invariant within clusters either proximal (~0.1–1 MPa) or distal (~1–10 MPa) to the well, suggesting that dynamic ruptures in rocks with similar rheological properties tend to have relatively constant stress drop values. Clustered single spectrum fitting also suggests that the seismic quality factor (Q) is lower proximal to the well. We interpret the lower stress drop values and higher seismic attenuation proximal to the well as a result of higher fracture density and/or elevated pore pressure in the rock matrix due to hydraulic stimulation.
Hydromechanical Modeling of Nonplanar Three‐Dimensional Fracture Propagation Using an Iteratively Coupled Approach
Authors: Li Sanbai , Firoozabadi Abbas , Zhang Dongxiao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAccurate numerical modeling of fracture propagation and deflection in porous media is important in the development of georesources. To this end, we propose a novel modeling framework to simulate nonplanar three‐dimensional fracture growth within poroelastic media, using an iteratively coupled approach based on time‐/scale‐dependent fracture stiffness. In this approach, the propagating fractures are explicitly tracked and fitted at each growth step using triangular elements that are independent of the matrix discretized by hexahedral grids. The finite volume/finite element method is employed to solve the hydromechanical system, based on the embedded discrete fracture model. The calculated pressure in fractures and the stress state of the host grid of the embedded fractures constitute the boundary conditions for the boundary element method. The boundary element method module, in turn, renders the evolving fracture stiffness and aperture for the finite volume/finite element method module. Finally, the total stresses and the fracture tip displacements are computed at the end of each time step to estimate the velocity and direction of newly created fractures ahead of the fracture tip. The proposed model is first validated against analytical solutions. Then, in three different examples, results are shown from the fracture's footprint under layered stress conditions, simultaneous propagation of two nonplanar three‐dimensional fractures, and the mechanical interaction of en échelon arrays. This work presents an efficient framework to simulate propagation of nonplanar fractures and establishes the foundation to build an integrated simulator for fracture propagation, proppant transport, and production forecasting in unconventional formations.
Broadband Acoustic Inversion for Gas Flux Quantification—Application to a Methane Plume at Scanner Pockmark, Central North Sea
Authors: Li Jianghui , Roche Ben , Bull Jonathan M. , White Paul R. , Leighton Timothy G. , Provenzano Giuseppe , Dewar Marius , Henstock Timothy J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe release of greenhouse gases from both natural and man‐made sites has been identified as a major cause of global climate change. Extensive work has addressed quantifying gas seeps in the terrestrial setting while little has been done to refine accurate methods for determining gas flux emerging through the seabed into the water column. This paper investigates large‐scale methane seepage from the Scanner Pockmark in the North Sea with a new methodology that integrates data from both multibeam and single‐beam acoustics, with single‐beam data covering a bandwidth (3.5 to 200 kHz) far wider than that used in previous studies, to quantify the rate of gas release from the seabed into the water column. The multibeam data imaged a distinct fork‐shaped methane plume in the water column, the upper arm of which was consistently visible in the single‐beam data, while the lower arm was only intermittently visible. Using a novel acoustic inversion method, we determine the depth‐dependent gas bubble size distribution and the gas flux for each plume arm. Our results show that the upper plume arm comprises bubbles with radii ranging from 1 to 15 mm, while the lower arm consists of smaller bubbles with radii ranging from 0.01 to 0.15 mm. We extrapolate from these estimates to calculate the gas flux from the Scanner Pockmark as between 1.6 and 2.7 × 106 kg/year (272 to 456 L/min). This range was calculated by considering uncertainties together with Monte Carlo simulation. Our improved methodology allows more accurate quantification of natural and anthropogenic gas plumes in the water column.
Microbial Biomass Drives Seasonal Hysteresis in Litter Heterotrophic Respiration in Relation to Temperature in a Warm‐Temperate Forest
Authors: Ataka Mioko , Kominami Yuji , Sato Kai , Yoshimura Kenichi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCO2 efflux from the litter layer, litter heterotrophic respiration, is an important component of the forest carbon cycle. Litter heterotrophic respiration mediated by microorganisms varies in response to seasonal environmental changes, such as temperature and moisture. Here, we aimed to quantify seasonal variation in litter heterotrophic respiration and determine how the microbial biomass influences microbial activity and hence litter heterotrophic respiration in a warm temperate forest. We performed in situ high‐frequency measurements of litter heterotrophic respiration per unit area (R_area), which are able to capture CO2 pulses during rainfall, for over 2 years. Microbial activity, which is the CO2 efflux per unit weight (R_mass) considering the change in the amount of substrate, was calculated based on R_area. In parallel, we measured substrate‐induced respiration (SIR) each month, as an index of microbial biomass. We identified seasonal hysteresis in R_area, which was higher in spring (January to July) than in fall (August to December), despite the temperature being similar in both periods. Of interest, R_mass and SIR also showed similar seasonal hysteresis in relation to temperature. Additionally, potential microbial activity without the effect of temperature and moisture was positively related to SIR. This result indicates that seasonal hysteresis with temperature in microbial activity was driven by microbial biomass seasonality, and thus, it leads to seasonal hysteresis in litter heterotrophic respiration in relation to temperature. Our findings highlight the importance of not only the environmental factors and substrate depletion but also biotic factors for estimating heterotrophic respiration.
Wave Controls on Deltaic Shoreline‐Channel Morphodynamics: Insights From a Coupled Model
Authors: Gao Weilun , Nienhuis Jaap , Nardin William , Wang Zheng Bing , Shao Dongdong , Sun Tao , Cui Baoshan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIt is widely recognized that waves inhibit river mouth progradation and reduce the avulsion timescale of deltaic channels. Nevertheless, those effects may not apply to downdrift‐deflected channels. In this study, we developed a coupled model to explore the effects of wave climate asymmetry and alongshore sediment bypassing on shoreline‐channel morphodynamics. The shoreline position and channel trajectory are simulated using a “shoreline” module which drives the evolution of the river profile in a “channel” module by updating the position of river mouth boundary, whereas the channel module provides the sediment load to river mouth for the “shoreline” module. The numerical results show that regional alongshore sediment transport driven by an asymmetric wave climate can enhance the progradation of deltaic channels if sediment bypassing of the river mouth is limited, which is different from the common assumption that waves inhibit delta progradation. As such, waves can have a trade‐off effect on river mouth progradation that can further influence riverbed aggradation and channel avulsion. This trade‐off effect of waves is dictated by the net alongshore sediment transport, sediment bypassing at the river mouth, and wave diffusivity. Based on the numerical results, we further propose a dimensionless parameter that includes fluvial and alongshore sediment supply relative to wave diffusivity to predict the progradation and aggradation rates and avulsion timescale of deltaic channels. The improved understanding of progradation, aggradation, and avulsion timescale of deltaic channels has important implications for engineering and predicting deltaic wetland creation, particularly under changing water and sediment input to deltaic systems.
Gas Component Transport Across the Soil‐Atmosphere Interface for Gases of Different Density: Experiments and Modeling
Authors: Bahlmann L. M. , Smits K. M. , Heck K. , Coltman E. , Helmig R. , Neuweiler I. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe investigate the influence of near‐surface wind conditions on subsurface gas transport and on soil‐atmosphere gas exchange for gases of different density. Results of a sand tank experiment are supported by a numerical investigation with a fully coupled porous medium‐free flow model, which accounts for wind turbulence. The experiment consists of a two‐dimensional bench‐scale soil tank containing homogeneous sand and an overlying wind tunnel. A point source was installed at the bottom of the tank. Gas concentrations were measured at multiple horizontal and vertical locations. Tested conditions include four wind velocities (0.2/1.0/2.0/2.7 m/s), three different gases (helium: light, nitrogen: neutral, and carbon dioxide: heavy), and two transport cases (1: steady‐state gas supply from the point source; 2: transport under decreasing concentration gradient, subsequent to termination of gas supply). The model was used to assess flow patterns and gas fluxes across the soil surface. Results demonstrate that flow and transport in the vicinity of the surface are strongly coupled to the overlying wind field. An increase in wind velocity accelerates soil‐atmosphere gas exchange. This is due to the effect of the wind profile on soil surface concentrations and due to wind‐induced advection, which causes subsurface horizontal transport. The presence of gases with pronounced density difference to air adds additional complexity to the transport through the wind‐affected soil layers. Wind impact differs between tested gases. Observed transport is multidimensional and shows that heavy as well as light gases cannot be treated as inert tracers, which applies to many gases in environmental studies.
Common genetic risk variants identified in the SPARK cohort support DDHD2 as a candidate risk gene for autism
Authors: Matoba Nana , Liang Dan , Sun Huaigu , Aygün Nil , McAfee Jessica C. , Davis Jessica E. , Raffield Laura M. , Qian Huijun , Piven Joseph , Li Yun , Kosuri Sriam , Won Hyejung , Stein Jason L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder. Large genetically informative cohorts of individuals with ASD have led to the identification of a limited number of common genome-wide significant (GWS) risk loci to date. However, many more common genetic variants are expected to contribute to ASD risk given the high heritability. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 6222 case-pseudocontrol pairs from the Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research for Knowledge (SPARK) dataset to identify additional common genetic risk factors and molecular mechanisms underlying risk for ASD. We identified one novel GWS locus from the SPARK GWAS and four significant loci, including an additional novel locus from meta-analysis with a previous GWAS. We replicated the previous observation of significant enrichment of ASD heritability within regulatory regions of the developing cortex, indicating that disruption of gene regulation during neurodevelopment is critical for ASD risk. We further employed a massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) and identified a putative causal variant at the novel locus from SPARK GWAS with strong impacts on gene regulation (rs7001340). Expression quantitative trait loci data demonstrated an association between the risk allele and decreased expression ofDDHD2(DDHD domain containing 2) in both adult and prenatal brains. In conclusion, by integrating genetic association data with multi-omic gene regulatory annotations and experimental validation, we fine-mapped a causal risk variant and demonstrated thatDDHD2is a novel gene associated with ASD risk.
Miliary breast cancer brain metastasis: a rare and aggressive form of central nervous system metastasis
Authors: Mills Matthew N. , Ahmed Kamran A. 
Published: August 2020

SummaryAlthough breast cancer brain metastasis is an increasingly common occurrence, relatively little is known about miliary brain metastases, a rare subtype that presents unique diagnostic and management challenges. The present study from Bashour et al. proposes the first objective diagnostic imaging criteria, enabling improved future study.
Engineered immunological niches to monitor disease activity and treatment efficacy in relapsing multiple sclerosis
Authors: Morris Aaron H. , Hughes Kevin R. , Oakes Robert S. , Cai Michelle M. , Miller Stephen D. , Irani David N. , Shea Lonnie D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRelapses in multiple sclerosis can result in irreversible nervous system tissue injury. If these events could be detected early, targeted immunotherapy could potentially slow disease progression. We describe the use of engineered biomaterial-based immunological niches amenable to biopsy to provide insights into the phenotype of innate immune cells that control disease activity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Differential gene expression in cells from these niches allow monitoring of disease dynamics and gauging the effectiveness of treatment. A proactive treatment regimen, given in response to signal within the niche but before symptoms appeared, substantially reduced disease. This technology offers a new approach to monitor organ-specific autoimmunity, and represents a platform to analyze immune dysfunction within otherwise inaccessible target tissues.
Ancient genomes in South Patagonia reveal population movements associated with technological shifts and geography
Authors: Nakatsuka Nathan , Luisi Pierre , Motti Josefina M. B. , Salemme Mónica , Santiago Fernando , D’Angelo del Campo Manuel D. , Vecchi Rodrigo J. , Espinosa-Parrilla Yolanda , Prieto Alfredo , Adamski Nicole , Lawson Ann Marie , Harper Thomas K. , Culleton Brendan J. , Kennett Douglas J. , Lalueza-Fox Carles , Mallick Swapan , Rohland Nadin , Guichón Ricardo A. , Cabana Graciela S. , Nores Rodrigo , Reich David 
Published: August 2020

AbstractArchaeological research documents major technological shifts among people who have lived in the southern tip of South America (South Patagonia) during the last thirteen millennia, including the development of marine-based economies and changes in tools and raw materials. It has been proposed that movements of people spreading culture and technology propelled some of these shifts, but these hypotheses have not been tested with ancient DNA. Here we report genome-wide data from 20 ancient individuals, and co-analyze it with previously reported data. We reveal that immigration does not explain the appearance of marine adaptations in South Patagonia. We describe partial genetic continuity since ~6600 BP and two later gene flows correlated with technological changes: one between 4700–2000 BP that affected primarily marine-based groups, and a later one impacting all <2000 BP groups. From ~2200–1200 BP, mixture among neighbors resulted in a cline correlated to geographic ordering along the coast.
Lewis acid-catalyzed asymmetric reactions of β,γ-unsaturated 2-acyl imidazoles
Authors: Kang Tengfei , Hou Liuzhen , Ruan Sai , Cao Weidi , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe investigation of diverse reactivity of β,γ-unsaturated carbonyl compounds is of great value in asymmetric catalytic synthesis. Numerous enantioselective transformations have been well developed with β,γ-unsaturated carbonyl compounds as nucleophiles, however, few example were realized by utilizing them as not only nucleophiles but also electrophiles under a same catalytic system. Here we report a regioselective catalytic asymmetric tandem isomerization/α-Michael addition of β,γ-unsaturated 2-acyl imidazoles in the presence of chiral N,N′-dioxide metal complexes, delivering a broad range of optically pure 1,5-dicarbonyl compounds with two vicinal tertiary carbon stereocenters in up to >99% ee under mild conditions. Meanwhile, stereodivergent synthesis is disclosed to yield all four stereoisomers of products. Control experiments suggest an isomerization process involved in the reaction and give an insight into the role of NEt3. In addition, Mannich reaction and sulfur-Michael addition of β,γ-unsaturated 2-acyl imidazoles proceed smoothly as well under the same catalytic system.
The nucleosome acidic patch and H2A ubiquitination underlie mSWI/SNF recruitment in synovial sarcoma
Authors: McBride Matthew J. , Mashtalir Nazar , Winter Evan B. , Dao Hai T. , Filipovski Martin , D’Avino Andrew R. , Seo Hyuk-Soo , Umbreit Neil T. , St. Pierre Roodolph , Valencia Alfredo M. , Qian Kristin , Zullow Hayley J. , Jaffe Jacob D. , Dhe-Paganon Sirano , Muir Tom W. , Kadoch Cigall 
Published: August 2020

AbstractInteractions between chromatin-associated proteins and the histone landscape play major roles in dictating genome topology and gene expression. Cancer-specific fusion oncoproteins, which display unique chromatin localization patterns, often lack classical DNA-binding domains, presenting challenges in identifying mechanisms governing their site-specific chromatin targeting and function. Here we identify a minimal region of the human SS18-SSX fusion oncoprotein (the hallmark driver of synovial sarcoma) that mediates a direct interaction between the mSWI/SNF complex and the nucleosome acidic patch. This binding results in altered mSWI/SNF composition and nucleosome engagement, driving cancer-specific mSWI/SNF complex targeting and gene expression. Furthermore, the C-terminal region of SSX confers preferential affinity to repressed, H2AK119Ub-marked nucleosomes, underlying the selective targeting to polycomb-marked genomic regions and synovial sarcoma–specific dependency on PRC1 function. Together, our results describe a functional interplay between a key nucleosome binding hub and a histone modification that underlies the disease-specific recruitment of a major chromatin remodeling complex.