bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bile Duct Injury—Classification and Prevention
Authors: Nasa Mukesh , Sharma Zubin Dev , Gupta Mahesh , Puri Rajesh 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIatrogenic bile duct injuries (BDI) are commonly encountered after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Timely recognition of these injuries is important as the outcome depends on the optimal management and there is significant impact on the patient’s quality of life. Therapeutic management is guided by the type and extent of the bile duct injury and availability of expertise, and includes involvement of endoscopic, surgical, and radiological approaches.
Birth influences future: examining discrimination against Chinese deputy mayors with grassroots administration origins
Authors: Wang Ying , Hua Lei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThere is no systematic empirical study to address the unfair political treatment of Chinese officials with grassroots beginnings. This research addresses this gap by conducting theoretical and empirical studies. Drawing on a new biographical database of Chinese deputy mayors of municipal cities, this paper conducts competing risk regression and classical logistic regression modeling to examine the role of career starting level in deputy mayors’ political careers. The empirical analysis provides solid results and demonstrates that the higher the career starting level, the greater the probability of getting promoted and the lower the risk of political downfall, which indicated that deputy mayors who started their careers in grassroots-level governments were associated with the lowest probabilities of promotion and highest risks of falling. The unfair political treatment is the tragedy of grassroots cadres and does not match the importance of grassroots work, which leads to great discontent and may threaten the sustainability of Communist Party rule in the future.
Land use and climate change impacts on global soil erosion by water (2015-2070)
Authors: Borrelli Pasquale , Robinson David A. , Panagos Panos , Lugato Emanuele , Yang Jae E. , Alewell Christine , Wuepper David , Montanarella Luca , Ballabio Cristiano 
Published: August 2020

Significance
We use the latest projections of climate and land use change to assess potential global soil erosion rates by water to address policy questions; working toward the goals of the United Nations working groups under the Inter-Governmental Technical Panel on Soils of the Global Soil Partnership. This effort will enable policy makers to explore erosion extent, identify possible hotspots, and work with stakeholders to mitigate impacts. In addition, we provide insight into the potential mitigating effects attributable to conservation agriculture and the need for more effective policy instruments for soil protection. Scientifically, the modeling framework presented adopts a series of methodological advances and standardized data to communicate with adjacent disciplines and move toward robust, reproducible, and open data science.
Visual experience is not necessary for the development of face-selectivity in the lateral fusiform gyrus
Authors: Ratan Murty N. Apurva , Teng Santani , Beeler David , Mynick Anna , Oliva Aude , Kanwisher Nancy 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Here we show robust face-selectivity in the lateral fusiform gyrus of congenitally blind participants during haptic exploration of 3D-printed stimuli, indicating that neither visual experience, nor fovea-biased input, nor visual expertise is necessary for face-selectivity to arise in its characteristic location. Similar resting fMRI correlation fingerprints in individual blind and sighted participants suggest a role for long-range connectivity in the specification of the cortical locus of face-selectivity.
RNA–protein interaction mapping via MS2- or Cas13-based APEX targeting
Authors: Han Shuo , Zhao Boxuan Simen , Myers Samuel A. , Carr Steven A. , He Chuan , Ting Alice Y. 
Published: August 2020

SignificanceThe biogenesis, processing, function, and degradation of cellular RNAs depend critically on their protein interaction partners. Systematic analysis of the protein interactome of specific RNAs of interest inside living cells can therefore enable a better understanding of many biological processes. We developed two complementary methods for tagging endogenous proteins in the vicinity of specific cellular RNAs, for subsequent identification by mass spectrometry. When applied to the human telomerase RNA, our methods recovered known interaction partners as well as unexpected hits, including an enzyme that catalyzes RNA posttranscriptional modification to influence telomerase activity. The technology introduced by our study should facilitate future investigations into RNA–protein interactions in living cells.
Shape, size, and quantity of ingested external abrasives influence dental microwear texture formation in guinea pigs
Authors: Winkler Daniela E. , Tütken Thomas , Schulz-Kornas Ellen , Kaiser Thomas M. , Müller Jacqueline , Leichliter Jennifer , Weber Katrin , Hatt Jean-Michel , Clauss Marcus 
Published: August 2020

SignificanceDental wear analyses are used for diet reconstruction in (paleo-)biology and (paleo-)anthropology. Whether microscopic traces (microwear) are primarily caused by internal (phytoliths) or external (mineral dust/grit) abrasives is still debated. We fed guinea pigs pelleted diets including mineral abrasives of different mineralogy, size, and amount to assess if resulting microwear differs from that caused by plant diets free of adhering abrasives. Sand-sized quartz and volcanic ash lead to extreme wear exceeding that caused even by phytolith-rich plants. Fine silt-sized quartz has a polishing effect, while clay-sized or larger silt-sized abrasives have no discernible effect. Thus, mineral dust ingestion is not unambiguously identifiable, whereas sand-sized grit causes characteristic microwear, allowing more detailed reconstruction of diet quality (mineral load) and environmental settings.
An empirical study of temporal variables and their correlations in spoken and sign language relay interpreting
Authors: Han Hyun-Hee , Yu Han-Nae 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study describes the temporal aspects of relay interpreting by a mixed team of spoken and sign language interpreters in order to identify the characteristics of spoken and sign language relay interpreting and to help spoken language interpreters better understand the difference between the two types. The study quantitatively analyzes five time variables (speaking time, word count, ear-voice-span (EVS), tail-to-tail span (TTS), and pause), and their correlations. The temporal aspects of spoken and relay interpretation in sign language are as follows: (1) sign language interpretation requires more words to transfer the same amount of information as spoken language interpretation; (2) sign language interpreters have a shorter EVS than spoken language interpreters; (3) the simultaneity of spoken and relay sign language interpretation is more affected by TTS than by EVS, because spoken language TTS has a high correlation with speech time and word count in sign language interpretation; 4) sign language interpreters actively use the pauses between sentences of spoken language interpreters for target language (TL) production; 5) sign language interpreters produce more words for a shorter period of time than spoken language interpreters.
Social perception of the variable realization of /tʃ/ in
Chile
Authors: Boomershine Amanda , Forgash Stephanie 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study uses the matched-guise technique to
measure the attitudes of forty-one Chilean participants towards the
variable realization of the affricate /tʃ/. The present study
analyzes three variants of the phoneme and their relationships with
various characteristics within society. Within the present study,
there is social stratification of the phoneme /tʃ/ in which the
variant [ʃ] is associated with a lower social stratum and the
variants [tʃ] and [ts] are associated with a higher social stratum.
Speakers who employ [ʃ] receive statistically lower ratings for all
of the characteristics, while speakers who employ [tʃ] and [ts]
receive statistically higher ratings in the matched-guise study.
Bad grammar
Authors: Lunn Patricia V. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Although linguists have made great strides in
revealing the internal logic of the Spanish language, as evidenced
by the chapters in this volume, the debate about whether, or how,
grammar is to be taught in Spanish classes has largely ignored the
content of grammar explanations themselves. I explore three
varieties of bad grammar: (1) failure to account for normal usage,
exemplified by conventional explanations of
ser/estar, (2) rules that could not possibly be
acquired by native speakers, exemplified by the “emotion” category
of subjunctive usage, and (3) failure to link usage with meaning,
exemplified by preterite/imperfect rules. In addition, I call for
linguists to contribute their expertise to the formulation of
pedagogical grammar and the linguistic training of future
teachers.
Reactions to second language speech
Authors: Isaacs Talia , Thomson Ron I. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study investigates how Mandarin and Slavic language speakers’ comprehensibility, accentedness, and fluency ratings,
as assigned by experienced teacher-raters and novice raters, align with discrete linguistic measures, and raters’ accounts of influences on
their scoring. In addition to examining mean ratings in relation to rater experience and speaker first language background, we correlated
ratings with segmental, prosodic, and temporal measures. Introspective reports were segmented, coded, enumerated, and submitted to loglinear
analysis to elucidate influences on ratings. Results showed that ratings were strongly correlated with prosodic goodness and moderately
correlated with segmental errors, implying the importance of both segmentals and prosody in L2 speech ratings. Experienced teacher-raters
provided lengthier reports than novice raters, producing more comments for all coded categories where an error was identified except for
pausing (a dysfluency marker). This may be because novice raters observed little else about the speech or struggled to pinpoint or
articulate other features.
El influjo de Séneca en el estilo de escritura de Montaigne
Authors: Luque Amo Álvaro 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This work presents a comparison between the writing styles of Lucius Annaeus Seneca and Michel de Montaigne. Montaigne is influenced by the writing style of the Moral Epistles, which will be a fundamental source for the development of his Essays. From Seneca, Montaigne carries out a poetics based on the honesty; this is related with a textual construction of the subject. Following Foucault, the development of the subject by this narrative style is analyzed. This explains the origin of a contemporary genre such as the Literature of the Self. In this line, one ends up analyzing the influence of senecan style, through Montaigne, in some of the most relevant authors of the autobiographical genres.
Inner ear gene delivery
Authors: Valentini Chris , Szeto Betsy , Kysar Jeffrey W. , Lalwani Anil K. 
Published: August 2020

Objectives
Current treatments for hearing loss offer some functional improvements in hearing, but do not restore normal hearing. The aim of this review is to highlight recent advances in viral and non-viral vectors for gene therapy and to discuss approaches for overcoming barriers inherent to inner ear delivery of gene products.

Data Sources
The databases used were Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Search terms were [(‘cochlea*’ or ‘inner ear’ or ‘transtympanic’ or ‘intratympanic’ or ‘intracochlear’ or ‘hair cells’ or ‘spiral ganglia’ or ‘Organ of Corti’) and (‘gene therapy’ or ‘gene delivery’)]. The references section of resulting articles was also used to identify relevant studies.

Results
Both viral and non-viral vectors play important roles in advancing gene delivery to the inner ear. The round window membrane is one significant barrier to gene delivery that intratympanic delivery methods attempt to overcome through diffusion and intracochlear delivery methods bypass completely.

Conclusions
Gene therapy for hearing loss is a promising treatment for restoring hearing function by addressing innate defects. Recent technological advances in inner ear drug delivery techniques pose exciting opportunities for progress in gene therapy.
Breakdown of primary frequencies used in pediatric hearing screening with distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs)
Authors: Ismail Omneya , Assal Samir 
Published: August 2020

Background
DPOAEs are acoustic energy within the external auditory canal (EAC) arising from the non-linear interaction within the cochlea; of 2 pure tones presented simultaneously; of primary frequencies f1 and f2. DPOAEs are recorded in nearly any normal-hearing subject and in patients with hearing loss up to 50 dBHL while recordings may be deceiving in the presence of severe to profound hearing loss.

Objective
To determine the intensity levels of f1 and f2 at which DPOAEs truly reflect the active metabolic processes within the cochlea.

Setting
University Hospital

Study
Prospective

Methods
One-hundred and forty ears were categorized into three groups; A (n = 50), B (n = 50) and C (n = 40); according to subjects' age (12 to 18, 2 to 12 and <2 years, respectively). A fourth group D was included; which entailed recordings from a dummy cavity simulating a child’s external auditory canal. Each group was further subdivided into two subgroups according to hearing levels; either normal or severe to profound hearing loss. DP-grams were interpreted at 3 points/octave steps for all groups and reviewed as ‘Pass’ or ‘Fail’ according to set criteria. Stimulus levels were adjusted such that L1 exceeded L2 by 10 dB. Start levels for L1 and L2 were 80 and 70 dBSPL. Levels were reduced simultanueously in 5 dB steps for the following recordings; to reach 65 and 55 for the last recording.

Results
Using the higher three stimulation levels, all subgroups had ‘Pass’ DP grams. On using the last and lowest recording level, only subgroups of normal hearing ears had ‘Pass’ DP grams; while subgroups of ears with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) demonstrated ‘Failed’ DP grams at all frequencies.

Conclusions
For audiometric screening purposes, DPOAEs show to be rather insensitive to hearing loss at higher stimulation levels and may reveal false positive results.
Nonlinear Maxwell equations and the Poynting theorem
Authors: Bruce S A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Considering that classical electrodynamics is essentially a covariant theory, we propose a simple heuristic approach to nonlinear Maxwell equations where certain scalar fields are coupled to the electromagnetic (EM) field. This leads us to introduce a new (nonlinear) version of the Poynting theorem. This model seems to have solutions in which coupled scalar fields and EM waves propagate. This work could provide students with a first introduction to the basics of nonlinear electrodynamics within the framework of a new research problem. The content of this article is suitable for advanced graduate students in theoretical particle physics.
Calculating the distributions of number, mass and luminosity of the stars with the help of MS Excel
Ⓡ
Authors: Hohmann Sascha 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Astrophysical topics can be treated with the methods of different areas of physics, mathematics and other natural sciences. The integration of these topics into such areas could improve students’ motivation and strengthen the connections between different fields of the mentioned sciences. In this article, an example of the connection between the physics of the stars and that of their statistical distributions is given. The usage of Microsoft Excel simplifies the mathematical requirements and gives the possibility of seeing the changes of distribution with the growing age of the regarded population of stars. The changes are a direct consequence to the limited lifetime of the stars and the limited age of the considered population of stars.
Infrared visualization of lumped and non-lumped thermal transient processes in an introductory laboratory
Authors: Oss Stefano 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The time dependence of the temperature distribution in cooling/heating bodies is studied with a simple, direct visual measurement of infrared radiation. The adoption of a smartphone thermal camera allows one to verify some essential features of theoretical models which describe the temperature field in a cylindrical symmetric configuration for both lumped (concentrated) and non-lumped (distributed) behaviors. Theoretical results and experimental temperature fields acquired via infrared thermal analysis of cooling solid cylinders compare well. The approach can be adopted to support an introductory route to the study of these classes of processes at very low cost and with a fast and simple laboratory procedure. This scheme is appropriate for undergraduate engineering and physics students.
Experimental demonstration of 3D printed terahertz polarization-insensitive flat devices based on low-index meta-gratings
Authors: Li Xiangjun , Liu Zihao , Yan Dexian , Li Jining , Li Jiusheng , Qiu Guohua , Hou Xiaomei , Cheng Gang 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Dielectric meta-gratings have achieved tremendous success in realizing high-efficiency wavefront control in terahertz range. Here, several efficient, polarization-insensitive, low-cost devices are investigated numerically and experimentally. First, an anomalous deflector based on a low-index polymer acrylonitrile butadiene styrene meta-grating is designed and measured around 0.1 THz. By breaking the distance limitation between the fixed bars and bending the terahertz beam into the T−1 diffraction order through the optimization of quadrumer unit cell, the efficiencies for 37° deflection under normal excitation reach 67.1% (56.4%) with the S-(P-) polarized terahertz wave, which are in good agreement with the simulated 71.8% (63.7%). Next, with regard to the concept of bending light by the proposed meta-grating array, a method for designing a terahertz flat lens is proposed and experimentally demonstrated with long focal length and polarization insensitivity. The proposed flat lens can achieve the measured numerical aperture of 0.604 (collection angle of 37.2°.) and focusing efficiency of 50.3% with normal incident of linear polarized terahertz wave at 0.1 THz. Also, a focal spot with the focusing distance of 65.9 mm is achieved. These designs can be manufactured by 3D printing at low cost, and provide promising applications in imaging, communication, information processing and materials science.
Metrological analysis of the three-dimensional reconstruction based on close-range photogrammetry and the fusion of long-wave infrared and visible-light images
Authors: de Oliveira Bernardo C F , Marcellino Guilherme C , da Rosa Pablo A , Pinto Tiago L F C 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This work proposes evaluating statistically the metrological performance of three-dimensional reconstructions built with fused long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) and visible-light (VL) images. The image fusion procedure was essentially based on two-dimensional wavelet transform and two pixel-level fusion rules: the maximum intensity level, presented in a previous work of the authors, and a new fusion rule, which replaces the VL information with the LWIR information in the region of the measured object on the images. The reconstructions of a translucent cube were performed with a point triangulation-based procedure and its dimension measurements were employed as evaluation criteria. The results show that the fused images have more contrast but also more artifacts. The fusion procedures generated denser reconstructions with at least 34.83% more points. Considering the metrological result, reconstructions with only visible-light images resulted in maximal 89.31% less measurement bias but at least 47.25% more uncertainty than the fusion ones. The new fusion rule provided the best results, with more points in the dense cloud and lower uncertainty. The work is important to provide a metrologically viable alternative for three-dimensional reconstruction of objects in situations of low contrast or poor texture information in the visible spectrum, and in which no target can be applied to the inspected part.
BN cluster-doped graphdiyne as visible-light assisted metal-free catalysts for conversion CO2 to hydrocarbon fuels
Authors: Feng Zhen , Tang Yanan , Chen Weiguang , Li Yi , Li Renyi , Ma Yaqiang , Dai Xianqi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Carbon dioxide electrochemical reduction reaction (CO2RR) under ambient conditions provides an intriguing picture for conversion of CO2 to useful fuels and chemicals. Here by means of density functional theory (DFT) computations, the formation configuration and CO2RR catalytic activity of boron nitrogen cluster-doped graphdiyne (BN-doped GDY) were systematically investigated. The band structure and optical adsorption spectra reveal that BN-doped GDY exhibits semiconductor with the band gap of 0.902 eV and shows photothermal effect under visible and even infrared light irradiation. The BN-doped GDY could act as a hot spot to enhance CO2RR. The adsorption configurations of various reaction intermediates indicate that boron atoms are active sites, which can be further confirmed by charge analysis. Based on thermodynamic analysis, the reaction pathways and onset potentials were studied as compared with Cu(111) surface. For the production of CO, the onset potential for BN-doped GDY (−1.06 V) is higher than that for Cu(111) surface. While for the reduction of CO2 to HCOOH, CH4, CH3OH, and C2H4 on BN-doped GDY, the onset potentials are lower than that on Cu(111) surface, which are −0.57 V, −0.62 V, −0.57 V, and −0.82 V, respectively. Moreover, the onset potential of competitive hydrogen evolution reaction on BN-doped GDY is high to −0.82 V, which shows us a good selectivity towards to CO2RR rather than HER. Our results may pave a new avenue for the conversion of CO2 into high-value fuels and chemicals.
Synchronous versus asynchronous online teaching of physics during the
COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Guo Siming 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study compares synchronous versus asynchronous online teaching in an
introductory calculus-based physics class. Like many schools, our institution
transitioned to online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. We held optional
synchronous online sessions during the original class time, and approximately
half of our students were regular attendees. In the study, we look at how
students’ grades changed after the transition. While students who attended
the synchronous sessions saw an average test grade drop of 3.5%, students who
did not attend saw a drop of 14.5%. The students who attended also saw a larger
gain the standard Force Concept Inventory pre/post assessment: 56% versus 43%.
We also created a survey to gauge the students’ perceptions of the course
difficulty and workload. The survey showed that students who did not attend the
synchronous sessions found the course more difficult and felt they spent more
time on the class than those who attended. These findings lead to our
recommendation that future online offerings should require mandatory synchronous
participation.