bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of seed germination coefficients using functional regression
Authors: Talská Renáta , Machalová Jitka , Smýkal Petr , Hron Karel 
Published: July 2020

PremiseSeed germination over time is characterized by a sigmoid curve, called a germination curve, in which the percentage (or absolute number) of seeds that have completed germination is plotted against time. A number of individual coefficients have been developed to characterize this germination curve. However, as germination is considered to be a qualitative developmental response of an individual seed that occurs at one time point, but individual seeds within a given treatment respond at different time points, it has proven difficult to develop a single index that satisfactorily incorporates both percentage and rate. The aim of this paper is to develop a new coefficient, thecontinuous germination index(CGI), which quantifies seed germination as a continuous process, and to compare the CGI with other commonly used indexes.MethodsTo create the new index, the germination curves were smoothed using nondecreasing splines and the CGI was derived as the area under the resulting spline. For the comparison of the CGI with other common indexes, a regression model with functional response was developed.ResultsUsing both an experimentally obtained wild pea (Pisum sativumsubsp.elatius) seed data set and a hypothetical data set, we showed that the CGI is able to characterize the germination process better than most other indices. The CGI captures the local behavior of the germination curves particularly well.DiscussionThe CGI can be used advantageously for the characterization of the germination process. Moreover,B‐spline coefficients extracted by its construction can be employed for the further statistical processing of germination curves using functional data analysis methods.
Selective breeding in domestic dogs: How selecting for a short face impacted canine neuroanatomy
Authors: Selba Molly C. , Bryson Emily R. , Rosenberg Ciele L. , Heng Hock Gan , DeLeon Valerie B. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe range of cranial morphology seen in domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) is a direct result of thousands of years of selective breeding. This article is the first to investigate how selection for reduced faces in brachycephalic dogs impacted the neuroanatomy of the canine brain through the analysis of endocasts. Previous research has demonstrated global effects on the shape of the bony cranium as the result of these breeding practices; however, these studies have largely focused on the bony structures of the skull and failed to consider the influence of facial reduction on the soft tissues of the brain. We generated endocasts from an existing set of clinically‐obtained CT scans representing a variety of dogs with various cranial morphologies. These dogs represented four breeds as well as a comparative sample of dogs of unknown breed. We recorded three‐dimensional coordinate data for 31 landmarks representing various gyri, sulci, and other neuroanatomical landmarks that allowed us to analyze differences in shape of the endocasts. Through geometric morphometric analyses, we determined that the endocast shape variance in this sample is correlated with cephalic index, and thus the selection for facial reduction has caused a perceivable effect on canine neuroanatomy. Additionally, we found the majority of the shape variance in the sample to be associated with olfactory anatomy; however, the rest of the morphology also correlates with cephalic index. The results of this article indicate that modern breeding practices and the selection for dogs with short faces have significantly influenced canine neuroanatomy.
Gold(I) Complexes Nuclearity in Constrained Ferrocenyl Diphosphines: Dramatic Effect in Gold‐Catalyzed Enyne Cycloisomerization
Authors: Nguyen Tuan‐Anh , Roger Julien , Nasrallah Houssein , Rampazzi Vincent , Fournier Sophie , Cattey Hélène , Sosa Carrizo E. Daiann , Fleurat‐Lessard Paul , Devillers Charles H. , Pirio Nadine , Lucas Dominique , Hierso Jean‐Cyrille 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDi‐tert‐butylated‐bis(phosphino)ferrocene ligands bearing phosphino substituents R (R=phenyl, cyclohexyl, iso‐propyl, mesityl, or furyl) allow tuning the selective formation of Au(I) halide complexes. Thus, dinuclear linear two‐coordinate, but also rare mononuclear trigonal three‐coordinate and tetrahedral four‐coordinate complexes were formed upon tuning of the conditions. Both Au(I) chloride and rarer Au(I) iodide complexes were synthesized, and their X‐ray diffraction analysis are reported. The significance of the control of structure and nuclearity in Au(I) complexes is further illustrated herein by its strong effect on the efficiency and selectivity of gold‐catalysed cycloisomerization. Cationic linear digold(I) bis(dicyclohexylphosphino) ferrocenes outperform other catalysts in the demanding regioselective cycloisomerization of enyne sulphonamides into cyclohexadienes. Conversely, tetrahedral and trigonal cationic monogold(I) complexes were found incompetent for enyne cycloaddition. We used the two‐coordinate linear electron‐rich Au(I) complex 2 b (R=Cy) to extend the scope of selective intramolecular cycloaddition of different 1,6‐enyne sulfonylamines with high activity and excellent selectivity to the endo cyclohexadiene products.
“Second guessing yourself all the time about what they really mean…”: Cognitive differences between autistic and non‐autistic adults in understanding implied meaning
Authors: Wilson Alexander C. , Bishop Dorothy V. M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study investigated cognitive differences between autistic and non‐autistic people in understanding implied meaning in conversation using a novel computerized test, the Implicature Comprehension Test. Controlling for core language ability, autistic participants (N = 66) were over twice as likely to endorse a non‐normative interpretation of an implied meaning and over five times as likely to select “do not know” when asked about the presence of an implied meaning, compared to non‐autistic participants (N = 118). A further experiment suggested that the selection of “do not know” reflected a cognitive preference for certainty and explicit communication, and that the normative inference could often be made when the test format was more constrained. Our research supports the hypothesis that autistic individuals can find it challenging to process language in its pragmatic context, and that cognitive preferences play a role in this.Lay summaryWe investigated differences between autistic and non‐autistic people in understanding implied meanings in conversation. We found that autistic people were more likely to select a different interpretation of implied meanings compared to other people, and also much more likely to avoid processing implied meanings when the task allowed this. Our research supports the view that autistic people can find it challenging to process indirect meanings, and that they tend to prefer explicit forms of communication.
To covet what we see: Autistic traits modulate the relationship between looking and choosing
Authors: Hedger Nicholas , Chakrabarti Bhismadev 
Published: July 2020

Behavioral studies indicate that autistic traits predict reduced gaze toward social stimuli. Moreover, experiments that require participants to make an explicit choice between stimuli indicate reduced preferences for social stimuli in individuals with high autistic traits. These observations, in combination, fit with the idea that gaze is actively involved in the formation of choices—gaze toward a stimulus increases the likelihood of its subsequent selection. Although these aspects of gaze and choice behavior have been well characterized separately, it remains unclear how autistic traits affect the relationship between gaze and socially relevant choices. In a choice‐based eye‐tracking paradigm, we observed that autistic traits predict less frequent and delayed selection of social stimuli. Critically, eye tracking revealed novel phenomena underlying these choice behaviors: first, the relationship between gaze and choice behavior was weaker in individuals with high autistic traits—an increase in gaze to a stimulus was associated with a smaller increase in choice probability. Second, time‐series analyses revealed that gaze became predictive of choice behaviors at longer latencies in observers with high autistic traits. This dissociation between gaze and choice in individuals with high autistic traits may reflect wider atypicalities in value coding. Such atypicalities may predict the development of atypical social behaviors associated with the autism phenotype.Lay SummaryWhen presented with multiple stimuli to choose from, we tend to look more toward the stimuli we later choose. Here, we found that this relationship between looking and choosing was reduced in individuals with high autistic traits. These data indicate that autistic traits may be associated with atypical processing of value, which may contribute to the reduced preferences for social stimuli exhibited by individuals with autism.
One‐Step Synthesis of Porous Ni−Co−Fe−S Nanosheet Arrays as an Efficient Battery‐Type Electrode Material for Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Alitabar Kosar , Zardkhoshoui Akbar Mohammadi , Hosseiny Davarani Saied Saeed 
Published: July 2020

AbstractConstruction of porous nanosheet arrays of transition‐metal sulfides (TMSs) holds great potential for energy storage. Herein, a one‐step hydrothermal process is employed for the construction of porous Ni1.43Fe.5Co.5S.97 nanosheet arrays (NFCS‐NS) on the nickel foam as a proper positive electrode for hybrid supercapacitor. Owing to the appealing structural features, the NFCS‐NS depicts a high capacity of 1156 C g−1 at 2 A g−1, desirable rate capability of 81.1 %, and significant cyclability of 92.9 %. Also, a promising hybrid device (NFCS‐NS//AC) based on NFCS‐NS and activated carbon (AC) represents a reasonable energy density of 57.3 Wh kg−1 at 807.04 W kg−1 and a notable power density of 20000 W kg−1 at 40 Wh kg−1. Therefore, our current research can introduce an effective strategy for the fabrication of high‐performance electrodes with porous architectures.
Solvation of NaPF6 in Diglyme Solution for Battery Electrolytes
Authors: Jensen Anders C. S. , Au Heather , Gärtner Sabrina , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena , Drew Alan J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGlymes present a promising new group of electrolyte solvents for sodium‐ion batteries. Not only do they have excellent electrolyte solvent properties but they also enable the intercalation of sodium into graphite as sodium‐glyme complexes, a reaction which is not possible for sodium in conventional electrolyte solvents. However, little is known about the solution structure of these complexes, especially for sodium salts, and why glymes enable this process while other commonly used electrolyte solvents do not. Here, a combination of neutron total scattering and empirical potential structure refinement was used to characterize the solvent structure around the ions, for a NaPF6 solution in diglyme. This showed that 82 % of the sodium ions are bound as Na+(diglyme)2 complexes, the conformation needed for intercalation into graphite, with the rest forming various contact ion pairs. The model also showed that very weak hydrogen bonding interactions exist between the anion and the diglyme molecules.
Promoting inclusion in ecological field experiences: Examining and overcoming barriers to a professional rite of passage
Authors: Morales Nia , Bisbee O’Connell Kari , McNulty Stacy , Berkowitz Alan , Bowser Gillian , Giamellaro Michael , Miriti Maria N. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractField experiences can provide transformative opportunities for many individuals who eventually pursue ecology, natural resource, and conservation careers. However, some of the same elements of field‐based programs that define and provide pivotal experiences for some represent barriers for others, especially students from underrepresented groups. Barriers may be financial, physical, cultural, or social. Issues of gender, identity, and race/ethnicity, for example, can be isolating or shut down learning during intensive field experiences when group leaders are not prepared to respond to interpersonal challenges. We explore some benefits and barriers presented by field learning experiences as well as some challenges and potential strategies to broaden inclusivity with the hope of encouraging further conversation on diversity and inclusion in field experiences.
Some modest and practical advice for undergraduate researchers
Authors: Chhatre Vikram E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOver twenty million students enroll in undergraduate programs in the United States every year and nearly three quarters of a million graduate with a science or engineering major according to the National Science Board. A large number of these students now engage in scientific research. They are the foundation of the research, development, and education workforce of tomorrow. Early involvement in the process of scientific inquiry will not only boost their future career potential, but also enable them to develop valuable life skills relevant to any professional career of their choice. At a time when scientific facts have come under attack in civic discourse, the importance of understanding how science works is more important than ever for well‐informed citizenship. Students aspiring to do research often have to take the important step of finding an advisor, who can help them choose a suitable research topic and apply for financial support, especially during summer. This involves making several important considerations which can be intimidating for anyone without experience. Some practical advice on the process of finding a research position and being successful in it may be useful and timely. In this article, I discuss a range of issues relevant to aspiring undergraduate researchers and offer practical advice for adopting practices that will help prepare them for the challenges of pursuing scientific inquiry. Although written with natural sciences students in mind, much of this advice is universally applicable and therefore also suitable for those in other disciplines.
Progress and Perspectives in the Development of Lentiviral Vector Producer Cells
Authors: Ferreira Mariana V. , Cabral Elisa T. , Coroadinha Ana Sofia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAfter two decades of clinical trials, gene therapy demonstrated effectiveness in the treatment of a series of diseases. Currently, several gene therapy products are approved and used in the clinic. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are one of the most used transfer vehicles to deliver genetic material and the vector of choice to modify hematopoietic cells to correct primary immunodeficiencies, hemoglobinopathies, and leukodystrophies. LVs are also widely used to modify T cells to treat cancers in immunotherapies (e.g., chimeric antigen receptors T cell therapies, CAR‐T). In genome editing, LVs are used to deliver sequence‐specific designer nucleases and DNA templates. The approval LV gene therapy products (e.g., Kymriah, for B‐cell Acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment; LentiGlobin, for β‐thalassemia treatment) reinforced the need to improve their bioprocess manufacturing. The production has been mostly dependent on transient transfection. Production from stable cell lines facilitate GMP compliant processes, providing an easier scale‐up, reproducibility and cost‐effectiveness. The establishment of stable LV producer cell lines presents, however, several difficulties, with the cytotoxicity of some of the vector proteins being a major challenge. Genome editing technologies pose additional challenges to LV producer cells. Herein the major bottlenecks, recent achievements, and perspectives in the development of LV stable cell lines are revised.
MYC‐activated lncRNA HNF1A‐AS1 overexpression facilitates glioma progression via cooperating with miR‐32‐5p/SOX4 axis
Authors: Wu Jianheng , Li Rong , Li Linfan , Gu Yimian , Zhan Hui , Zhou Changbao , Zhong Chuanhong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMounting literatures have revealed the crucial effects of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) in various cancers, including glioma. HNF1A‐AS1, a novel lncRNA, is reported to modulate tumorigenesis and development of multiple cancers. However, the tumorigenic function of lncRNA HNF1A‐AS1 in glioma remains largely unknown. quantitative reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction and western blot assays were applied to evaluate the expression of relevant mRNAs and proteins. 5‐Ethynyl‐2’‐ deoxyuridine, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling, flow cytometry, and transwell assays were conducted for examining the influence of HNF1A‐AS1 on glioma cell functions. The relationship among RNAs was investigated by mechanical experiments. The results demonstrated that HNF1A‐AS1 was predominantly highly expressed in glioma cell lines compared with nontumor glial epithelial cell, which was associated with the stimulation of transcription factor myelocytomatosis oncogene. Knockdown of HNF1A‐AS1 remarkably inhibited glioma cells proliferation, migration, and invasion, while accelerating cell apoptosis in vitro. Mechanically, HNF1A‐AS1 served as a miR‐32‐5p sponge. Moreover, SOX4 was discovered as a target of miR‐32‐5p. Inhibited miR‐32‐5p or upregulated SOX4 could markedly counteract the inhibitory effects of silencing HNF1A‐AS1 on glioma malignant biological behaviors. HNF1A‐AS1 exerted oncogenic property in glioma progression via upregulating miR‐32‐5p–mediated SOX4 expression, suggesting potential novel therapeutic target for future glioma treatment.
Distinct Mechanisms for Processing Autophagy Protein LC3‐PE by RavZ and ATG4B
Authors: Yang Aimin , Pantoom Supansa , Wu Yao‐Wen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAutophagy is a conserved catabolic process involved in the elimination of proteins, organelles and pathogens in eukaryotic cells. Lipidated LC3 proteins that are conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) play a key role in autophagosome biogenesis. Endogenous ATG4‐mediated deconjugation of LC3‐PE is required for LC3 recycling. However, the Legionella effector RavZ irreversibly deconjugates LC3‐PE to inhibit autophagy. It is not clear how ATG4 and RavZ process LC3‐PE with distinct modes. Herein, a series of semisynthetic LC3‐PE proteins containing C‐terminal mutations or insertions were used to investigate the relationship of the C‐terminal structure of LC3‐PE with ATG4/RavZ‐mediated deconjugation. Using a combination of molecular docking and biochemical assays, we found that Gln116, Phe119 and Gly120 of LC3‐PE are required for cleavage by both RavZ and ATG4B, whereas Glu117(LC3) is specific to cleavage by RavZ. The molecular ruler mechanism exists in the active site of ATG4B, but not in RavZ. Met63 and Gln64 at the active site of RavZ are involved in accommodating LC3 C‐terminal motif. Our findings show that the distinct binding modes of the LC3 C‐terminal motif (116–120) with ATG4 and RavZ might determine the specificity of cleavage site.
Paroxysmal pain as the only presentation of focal epilepsy
Authors: Garcez Daniela , Marques Joana , Fernandes Mariana , Foreid John Peter 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPainful seizures can be the only feature of focal epilepsy. Its localization on a limb favors the epileptic etiology, while abdominal or cephalic paroxysmal pain is not so specific. Painful somatosensory seizures arise from operculo‐insular cortex.
Predicting protein stability and solubility changes upon mutations: data perspective
Authors: Mazurenko Stanislav 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUnderstanding mutational effects on protein stability and solubility is of particular importance for creating industrially relevant biocatalysts, resolving mechanisms of many human diseases, and producing efficient biopharmaceuticals, to name a few. For in silico predictions, the complexity of the underlying processes and increasing computational capabilities favor the use of machine learning. However, this approach requires sufficient training data of reasonable quality for making precise predictions. This minireview aims to summarize and scrutinize available mutational datasets commonly used for training predictors. We analyze their structure and discuss the possible directions of improvement in terms of data size, quality, and availability. We also present perspectives on the development of mutational data for accelerating the design of efficient predictors, introducing two new manually curated databases FireProtDB and SoluProtMutDB for protein stability and solubility, respectively.
Enhanced Bifunctional Catalytic Activity of Cobalt Phosphide Flowers Anchored N‐Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide for Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Veettil Vineesh Thazhe , Vijayakumar Anagha Usha , Purayil Dileep Naduvile , Cheraparambil Haritha , Nambeesan Jyothish , Shaijumon Manikoth M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this work, we demonstrate morphology‐controlled synthesis of flower‐like cobalt phosphide decorated on nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide (NrGO), which act as bifunctional electrocatalysts toward both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The as‐synthesized CoP‐NrGO, formedviahydrothermal reaction followed by gas‐solid reaction, attains an OER current density of 10 mA cm−2at an overpotential of 0.38 V, which is on par with that of its Co(OH)2‐NrGO counterpart and the benchmarked IrO2catalyst. On the other hand, the conversion of Co(OH)2to CoP is seen to improve its HER performance drastically. CoP‐NrGO reached a current density of 10 mA cm−2at an overpotential of 0.184 V which is 0.204 V anodic to Co(OH)2‐NrGO. The improved performance could be attributed to reduced charge transfer resistance following the phosphidation process. From the comparison of the electrocatalytic performance of the catalysts, it can be inferred that phosphidation has a considerable effect only on the cathodic HER.
FeNiSx@MoS2 Heterostructure: A Bioinspired Nonprecious Electrocatalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Acidic and Basic Media
Authors: Bolar Saikat , Shit Subhasis , Murmu Naresh Chandra , Kuila Tapas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFeNiSx@MoS2 (INSMS) heterostructure is designed and developed to achieve a structural and functional analogue with biological enzyme active sites that catalyze hydrogen production. A two‐step synthetic method is applied to develop the heterostructure. As‐prepared INSMS integrates FeNiSx (INS) nanosheets on the surface of the MoS2 nanopetals. The electrocatalyst demonstrates robust hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity due to the selective decoration of INS nanosheets over MoS2, owing to their different solubility product values. Two different phases of INS nanosheets are formed in INSNS due to the topotactic transition of INS nanosheets, as confirmed by the XRD and HR‐TEM analysis. In the HER, INSMS requires overpotentials of 110 and 155 mV at 10 mA cm−2 with Tafel slope values of 34 and 93 mV dec−1 in acidic and alkaline medium, respectively. This improved electrochemical performance is generated by the modification of the electron‐hole separation at the heterostructure interface and interlinked active edge sites at the interface.