bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Bornean peat swamp forest is a net source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
Authors: Tang Angela C. I. , Melling Lulie , Stoy Paul C. , Musin Kevin K. , Aeries Edward B. , Waili Joseph W. , Shimizu Mariko , Poulter Benjamin , Hirata Ryuichi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTropical peat forests are a globally important reservoir of carbon, but little is known about CO2 exchange on an annual basis. We measured CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and tropical peat swamp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia using the eddy covariance technique over 4 years from 2011 to 2014. The CO2 fluxes varied between seasons and years. A small carbon uptake took place during the rainy season at the beginning of 2011, while a substantial net efflux of >600 g C/m2 occurred over a 2 month period in the middle of the dry season. Conversely, the peat ecosystem was a source of carbon during both the dry and rainy seasons in subsequent years and more carbon was lost during the rainy season relative to the dry season. Our results demonstrate that the forest was a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere during every year of measurement with annual efflux ranging from 183 to 632 g C m−2 year−1, noting that annual flux values were sensitive to gap filling methodology. This is in contrast to the typical view of tropical peat forests which must have acted as net C sinks over time scales of centuries to millennia to create the peat deposits. Path analyses revealed that the gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) were primarily affected by vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Results suggest that future increases in VPD could further reduce the C sink strength and result in additional net CO2 losses from this tropical peat swamp forest in the absence of plant acclimation to such changes in atmospheric dryness.
FISCAL CONSOLIDATION PROGRAMS AND INCOME INEQUALITY
Authors: Brinca Pedro , Ferreira Miguel H. , Franco Francesco , Holter Hans A. , Malafry Laurence 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe document a strong empirical relationship between higher income inequality and stronger recessive impacts of fiscal consolidation episodes across time and space. To explain this finding, we develop a life‐cycle economy with uninsurable income risk. We calibrate our model to match key characteristics of several European economies, including inequality and fiscal structures, and study the effects of fiscal consolidation programs. In our model, higher income risk induces precautionary savings behavior, which decreases the proportion of credit‐constrained agents in the economy. These agents have less elastic labor supply responses to fiscal consolidations, which explain the correlation with inequality in the data.
2020 European guideline on the management of genital molluscum contagiosum
Authors: Edwards S , Boffa MJ , Janier M , Calzavara‐Pinton P , Rovati C , Salavastru CM , Rongioletti F , Wollenberg A , Butacu AI , Skerlev M , Tiplica GS 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMolluscum contagiosum is a benign viral epidermal infection associated with high risk of transmission. The guideline is focused on the sexually transmitted molluscum contagiosum. The diagnosis is clinical with characteristic individual lesions, termed ‘mollusca’, seen as dome‐shaped, smooth‐surfaced, pearly, firm, skin‐coloured, pink, yellow or white papules, 2 ‐ 5 mm in diameter with central umbilication. Dermoscopy may facilitate diagnosis. Therapeutic options are numerous, including physical treatments (cautery, curettage and cryotherapy), topical chemical treatments (e.g. podophyllotoxin and imiquimod) or waiting for spontaneous resolution in immunocompetent patients. In pregnancy, it is safe to use physical procedures (e.g. cryotherapy). Immunosuppressed patients develop severe and recalcitrant molluscum lesions that may require treatment with cidofovir, imiquimod or interferon. Patients with molluscum contagiosum infection should be offered to be screened for other sexually transmitted infections.
Isolation, characterization and virulence of Mesanophrys sp. (Ciliophora: Orchitophryidae) in farmed swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) in eastern China
Authors: Liu Xiao , Lei Yuhua , Ren Zhiming , Zhou Suming , Qian Dong , Yu Youbin , Yin Fei , Wang Chunlin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA disease outbreak occurred in swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) farmed in eastern China, with a mortality rate of more than 80%. To further investigate the characteristics and pathogenesis, we reported isolation, characterization and virulence of the causative agent of this disease from 10 sick crabs. Histopathological observation found that multiple tissues, especially haemolymph, contained lots of ciliates. The ciliate was isolated and cultured in vitro, and molecular and morphological studies were done. The results showed that SSU rDNA and LSU rDNA sequences of the ciliate were similar to Mesanophrys ciliates (>96.81%), while ITS1‐5.8s‐ITS2 sequence was similar to Mesanophrys pugettensis (95.37%) and identical to Orchitophrya stellarum (100%). Furthermore, the results of the morphological study confirmed that the ciliate was similar to Mesanophrys ciliates and O. stellarum cultured in supportive media, but different from O. stellarum cultured in living sperm cells of starfish (Leptasterias spp.). Also, the growth of the ciliate did not interfere with light, which was different from O. stellarum. Accordingly, the ciliate was classified as genus Mesanophrys and temporarily named as Mesanophrys sp. In addition, experimental infection confirmed that Mesanophrys sp. was the pathogen that infected farmed crabs. In summary, Mesanophrys sp. was first isolated and characterized in P. trituberculatus.
Evaluation of a Technique for Reducing Chairside Occlusal Adjustment of Crowns
Authors: Altarakemah Yacoub , Akbar Jaber , Akthar Saeed , Qudeimat Muawia A. , Omar Ridwaan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPurposeTo assess whether the occlusion of metal‐ceramic crowns, as received from the laboratory, and the time taken to adjust the occlusion of crowns not deemed acceptable, can be reduced by fabricating the crowns with controlled amounts of infra‐occlusion during the laboratory phase.Material and MethodsAn opposing set of typodonts, articulated in maximum intercuspal position served as the patient in an in vitro simulation. Seventy‐five metal‐ceramic crowns were fabricated for the mandibular right second molar with three different occlusal contact specifications: A, control group had occlusal contacts shared evenly by the crown and the neighboring teeth (n = 25); B, first experimental group had the occlusion relieved until 2 shimstock foils were able to be pulled from between the crown and the opposing tooth without tugging (n = 25); C, second experimental group had the occlusion relieved until 4 shimstock foils were able to be pulled from between the crown and the opposing tooth without tugging (n = 25). The occlusion of each crown, as received from the laboratory, was assessed using one of three categories (Excellent, Acceptable, and Poor). Chi‐square analysis was used to test the differences in occlusal outcomes between the three study groups. For all of those rated “Acceptable,” the time taken to adjust each crown to proper occlusion was recorded. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni tests were carried out to compare the adjustment times across the three study groups.ResultsThe 2‐shim group had the best outcome, with 56% of the crowns rated as “Excellent” (p = 0.001). In addition, there were statistically significant differences in adjustment times between the control group (A) and the 2‐shim (B) and the 4‐shim (C) groups (p = 0.0001), but not between the 2‐shim (B) and 4‐shim (C) groups (p = 0.08).ConclusionsMetal‐ceramic crowns fabricated with controlled interocclusal relief of 2‐ and 4‐shims each required less time for chairside occlusal adjustment than crowns fabricated in the laboratory to conventional occlusal contact. However, the overall superior outcome, in terms of the possibility for immediate insertion as received from the laboratory as well as favorable chairside adjustment time, for the 2‐shim prespacing suggests that this dimension is the preferred option over 4‐shim prespacing to reduce occlusal inaccuracies of indirect restorations.
Investigating the disclosure of ingredient lists impact on consumers' sensory perceptions of red wines produced in Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Hayward Lydia , Finlay Emily , Lafortune Maggie , Strother Heather , Tomchuk Alexis , Selviz Valentina A. , McSweeney Matthew B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWineries have started to state their ingredients list on their bottles of wine; however, they have not considered how this may affect consumers' acceptability and sensory perception. The first objective was to determine the attributes consumers used to describe Nova Scotia (NS) red wines. The second objective was to identify the impact ingredient lists have on consumers' sensory perceptions of wine. In the first trial, 81 participants evaluated NS red wines (n = 8) using projective mapping and ultra‐flash profiling. In the second trial, three red wines were selected to be evaluated with and without an ingredient list. Participants (n = 98) evaluated the wines through a check‐all‐that‐apply questionnaire and 9‐point hedonic scales. Sweet, fruity, and floral attributes were used more frequently to describe the wines with a shorter ingredient list. However, there was no significant difference in the acceptability of wines when they were evaluated blinded and with the ingredient list.Practical applicationsConsumers are asking for more information on to be presented on alcoholic beverages, including ingredients. Understanding which attributes contribute to and the impact of ingredient lists on consumer liking is vital to the wine industry. This study used check‐all‐that‐apply and hedonic scales were used to evaluate how the presence of ingredient lists affected the participants' sensory perception and overall liking of the red wines. It was determined that the presence of ingredient lists did not significantly affect the acceptability or the perceived sensory properties of red wines.
Crazy gamblers or cautious investors? Evidence from a peer‐to‐peer market in China
Authors: Zhao Yingxiu , Zhang Wei , Li Yuelei , Yin Shuxing , Yang Yang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBy data of 10,357 individual investors from Renrendai.com, an established peer‐to‐peer (P2P) lending platform in China over the period of 2011–2014, we examine whether investors’ prior investment outcomes influence their subsequent risk‐taking behavior in the credit market. We find strong evidence that a prior trading loss induces greater subsequent risk‐taking. Specifically, investors decrease their number of bids and the bidding amount; and choose listings with a lower interest rate and higher credit grade. The investors who obtain more prior gains become more cautious and take on less posterior risk. Overall, this study complements the lack of relevant research in the credit market.
Plant protein ingredients with food functionality potential
Authors: Loveday S. M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractProteins play many technological, physicochemical and sensory roles (i.e. functionalities) in foods, including solubility, emulsifying, gelling, foaming and flavour creation. In comparison with animal proteins, plant proteins have different structure, composition and food functionality. This review discusses how protein can be extracted from plant materials to produce protein‐rich ingredients for creating plant‐based foods. It explores the potential for a new generation of semi‐purified plant‐derived ingredients with greater sustainability and health benefits.
Future foods: Is it possible to design a healthier and more sustainable food supply?
Authors: McClements D. J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThere is increasing concern about the negative impact of the modern food system on the health of both us and our planet. As the global population continues to increase, we need to feed everyone without irreparably harming the environment. Moreover, the food produced should be affordable, convenient, safe, nutritious and sustainable. This article reviews some of the recent technological advances being employed to design foods to improve their healthiness and sustainability. In particular, emphasis is placed on how processed foods can be redesigned to make them healthier by altering the nature and structural organisation of their constituents to modulate the way they behave inside our bodies. This includes reducing the levels of undesirable food constituents, such as saturated fat, salt and sugar, as well as incorporating health‐promoting ingredients such as vitamins, minerals, bioactive compounds, prebiotics and probiotics. Moreover, foods are being designed to be masticated and digested more slowly or to release their constituents at particular locations along our gastrointestinal tract, which may help to fight obesity and diabetes by reducing appetite. A focus will also be placed on some of the new technologies being developed to create alternatives to animal products, such as meat, milk and egg, which should reduce the amount of meat consumed and alleviate some of its negative impacts on our environment.
Classical and Bayesian Inference for Income Distributions using Grouped Data
Authors: Eckernkemper Tobias , Gribisch Bastian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe propose a general framework for Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian estimation of income distributions based on grouped data information. The asymptotic properties of the ML estimators are derived and Bayesian parameter estimates are obtained by Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) techniques. A comprehensive simulation experiment shows that obtained estimates of the income distribution are very precise and that the proposed estimation framework improves the statistical precision of parameter estimates relative to the classical multinomial likelihood. The estimation approach is finally applied to a set of countries included in the World Bank database PovcalNet.
Teachers as intercultural bridge‐builders: Rethinking the metaphor of bridge‐building
Authors: Skrefsrud Thor‐André 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe idea that intercultural understanding should be based on in‐depth knowledge about the other continues to capture the imagination of policy makers, practitioners, and researchers. According to this line of thinking, intercultural understanding is about creating a secure way of reducing cultural complexity, aiming to overcome what is perceived as the strangeness of the other. While this approach to intercultural understanding has been highly influential, a growing body of work has raised fundamental questions about its adequacy. This article contributes to this discussion by exploring the metaphorical expression, bridge‐building, as a way to describe teachers' work with intercultural understanding. The article relates the bridge‐building metaphor to the ability to develop and integrate targeted knowledge, skills, and attitudes. It also explores how the bridge‐building metaphor allows us to use our cultural and social experiences to facilitate an understanding of others.
Submucosal enteric neurons of the cavine distal colon are sensitive to hypoosmolar stimuli
Authors: Kollmann Patrick , Elfers Kristin , Maurer Stefanie , Klingenspor Martin , Schemann Michael , Mazzuoli‐Weber Gemma 
Published: September 2020

Key pointsNeurons of the enteric submucous plexus are challenged by osmolar fluctuations during digestion and absorption of nutrients.Central neurons are very sensitive to changes in osmolality but knowledge on that issue related to enteric neurons is sparse.The present study focuses on investigation of osmosensitivity of submucosal neurons including potential molecular mediating mechanisms.Results show that submucosal neurons respond to hypoosmolar stimuli with increased activity which is partially mediated by the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channel.We provided important information on osmosensitive properties of enteric neurons. These data are fundamental to better explain the nerve‐mediated control of the gastrointestinal functions during physiological and pathophysiological (diarrhoea) conditions.AbstractEnteric neurons are located inside the gut wall, where they are confronted with changes in osmolality during (inter‐) digestive periods. In particular, neurons of the submucous plexus (SMP), located between epithelial cells and blood vessels may sense and respond to osmotic shifts. The present study was conducted to investigate osmosensitivity of enteric submucosal neurons and the potential role of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channel (TRPV4) as a mediator of enteric neuronal osmosensitivity. Therefore, freshly dissected submucosal preparations from guinea pig colon were investigated for osmosensitivity using voltage‐sensitive dye and Ca2+imaging. Acute hypoosmolar stimuli (final osmolality reached at ganglia of 94, 144 and 194 mOsm kg‐1) were applied to single ganglia using a local perfusion system. Expression of TRPV4 in the SMP was quantified using qRT‐PCR, and GSK1016790A and HC‐067047 were used to activate or block the receptor, respectively, revealing its relevance in enteric osmosensitivity. On average, 11.0 [7.0/17.0] % of submucosal neurons per ganglion responded to the hypoosmolar stimulus. The Ca2+imaging experiments showed that glia responded to the hypoosmolar stimulus, but with a delay in comparison with neurons. mRNA expression of TRPV4 could be shown in the SMP and blockade of the receptor by HC‐067047 significantly decreased the number of responding neurons (0.0 [0.0/6.3] %) while the TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A caused action potential discharge in a subpopulation of osmosensitive enteric neurons. The results of the present study provide insight into the osmosensitivity of submucosal enteric neurons and strongly indicate the involvement of TRPV4 as an osmotransducer.
Hydrate-Based Carbon Capture Process: Assessment of Various Packed Bed Systems for Boosted Kinetics of Hydrate Formation
Authors: Arora Amit , Kumar Asheesh , Bhattacharjee Gaurav , Balomajumder Chandrajit , Kumar Pushpendra 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The case for developing novel technologies for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture is fast gaining traction owing to increasing levels of anthropogenic CO2 being emitted into the atmosphere. Here, we have studied the hydrate-based carbon dioxide capture and separation process from a fundamental viewpoint by exploring the use of various packed bed media to enhance the kinetics of hydrate formation using pure CO2 as the hydrate former. We established the fixed bed reactor (FBR) configuration as a superior option over the commonly used stirred tank reactor (STR) setups typically used for hydrate formation studies by showing enhanced hydrate formation kinetics using the former. For the various packing material studied, we have observed silica gel with 100 nm pore size to return the best kinetic performance, corresponding to a water to hydrate conversion of 28 mol% for 3 h of hydrate growth. The fundamental results obtained in the present study set up a solid foundation for follow-up works with a more applied perspective and should be of interest to researchers working in the carbon dioxide capture and storage and gas hydrate fields alike.
Field-Testing of Biodiesel (B100) and Diesel-Fueled Vehicles: Part 4—Piston Rating, and Fuel Injection Equipment Issues
Authors: Agarwal Avinash Kumar , Agarwal Deepak 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study investigated the use of biodiesel (B100) and baseline diesel in two identical unmodified vehicles to realistically assess different aspects of biodiesel's compatibility with modern common rail direct injection (CRDI) fuel injection equipment (FIE) and evaluate biodiesel's long-term durability/compatibility with engine components. Two identical vehicles were fueled with biodiesel (B100) and baseline mineral diesel for 30,000 km field-trials on highway under identical operating conditions. Exhaustive experimental results from this series of tests are divided into four segments. The fourth and the last paper of this series compares the effects of long-term usage of biodiesel on piston deposits and FIE components compared to baseline mineral diesel. A key challenge for improving engine performance and fuel economy is the reduction of frictional losses, primarily at the piston ring–liner interface, which accounts for majority of frictional losses. Piston rating was done for the two vehicles after the conclusion of field-trials and it revealed that rating of different piston sections was ∼5–15% superior in case of biodiesel-fueled vehicle compared to that of diesel-fueled vehicle. Performance of FIE components such as fuel filter, fuel injectors, and fuel pump was assessed after the conclusion of field-trials. Pressure drop at different fuel flow-rates across the fuel filter was measured for assessing the fuel filter blockage. Pressure drop across biodiesel filter was ∼30% higher than diesel filter after 10,000 km usage but almost twice after 15,000 km usage. These experimental results indicated that some additional technical measures should be taken by automotive manufacturers to offset these technical challenges before biodiesel is adapted on a large-scale in modern CRDI vehicles.
Coupled Heat Transfer and Hydraulic Modeling of an Experimental Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger Using Finite Element Methods
Authors: Jentz Ian W. , Anderson Mark H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Homogenized Heat Exchanger Thermohydraulic (HHXT) modeling environment has been developed to provide thermodynamic modeling of printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHEs). This finite element approach solves solid conduction and fluid thermohydraulics simultaneously, without the need to mesh the minuscule micro-channels of a PCHE. The model handles PCHE features such as headers, solid side walls, and channel inlet and outlet regions, in addition to the micro-channel core. The HHXT model resolves PCHE thermohydraulics using simple model definitions and minimum computational overhead, making it an ideal design tool. This work introduces the thermohydraulic model at the core of HHXT. The homogenization approach used in the model occupies a medium between simplified linear analyses of heat transfer within a PCHE and the brute force of a fully resolved finite element, or computational fluid dynamics, model. An example problem modeling an experimental PCHE is presented. The ability of the HHXT model to simulate fluid flow through a directional varying micro-channel core of two heat-exchanging streams is demonstrated. The HHXT model is being distributed for free within the research community.