bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microanalysis for Design and Development of Improved High-Temperature Alloys
Authors: Maziasz Philip J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Alloy development can range from purely empirical, trial-and-error efforts to very theoretical, based on either fundamental first-principles calculations or computational-modeling using various kinds of data base inputs. However, “real-world” efforts to improve or optimize complex engineering alloys often cannot afford the time or cost of either extreme approach. in the past 10-15 years, an alloy development and processing optimization methodology has been developed that utilizes strategic microanalytical data (both detailed microstucture and microcompositional information) as the critical input that then enables efficient and effective design of various kinds of alloys for improved high-temperature performance [1-6]. in many cases, first time tests produce outstanding high-temperature creep or creep-rupture results, and enable improvements without trading off one property for another. This invited paper will highlight several examples of significantly improved creep resistance obtained using such microstructural design.
This microstructural design methodology for high-temperature creep-resistance was initially developed for and demonstrated in austenitic stainless steels (Fe-14Cr-16Ni) designed for improved creep-strength and rupture resistance at 700°C and above for superheater and boiler tubing in advanced fossil power plants.
“Real-World” Microanalytical Tools for Accelerated Alloy Development
Authors: Hall Ernest L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Conventional microanalytical tools, particularly analytical electron microscopy (AEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), have been traditionally used in the development of new engineering alloys to determine the identity of phases in new materials, their composition, phase equilibria, and the subsequent effect on properties. Recently, there has been a growing effort in industry to reduce the cycle time (and lower the cost) associated with new material development. This is particularly true for the advanced alloys needed for high-temperature components in power generation and aerospace application. This has led first to the development of more rapid screening methodologies, such as combinatorial approaches, where a large number of compositions can be evaluated in parallel, or the diffusion multiple method, where multi-component phase space is investigated in a single experiment. These new approaches require new analysis tools that can rapidly assess crystal structure and composition in automated fashion.
Characterization of Nanoscale Clusters in Ods Iron-Based Alloys
Authors: Kenik EA , Hoelzer D , Maziasz PJ , Miller MK 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The high temperature application of iron-based ferritic alloys is limited by their rapid decrease of yield strength at temperatures approaching 1000°C. It has been shown that mechanical-alloying (MA) to produce oxide dispersion-strengthened (ODS) ferritic alloys improves their high temperature mechanical properties. Prior characterization of such materials has shown that in certain as-processed alloys the original yttria oxide particles are replaced by nanoscale (2-5 nm diameter) clusters containing Ti, Y and O. As a result of the high density of these fine clusters, dislocation pinning produced a ∼10-fold increase in dislocation density relative to similar ODS materials not exhibiting the nanoscale clustering. The improved creep resistance of the clustered material was attributed both to the higher dislocation density, additional dislocation pinning and resistance to recovery during creep. The current work examines clustering in a related alloy, as well as the effects of high temperature creep on the stability of such clusters.
Microscopy of Industrial Ceramic Materials
Authors: Bateman CA , Kilgore JJ , Smaltz PJ 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The microscopy effort within the Saint-Gobain R&D labs involves working with a wide variety of ceramic materials. Samples vary from routine QC type work, to manufacturing plant emergencies, to failure analysis, to marketing support. A typical sample will require a variety of techniques to provide a solution within a few working days. Working in such an environment it is essential that people are aware of the different analytical tools that can be utilized in a given situation. For the microscopists in our lab this means a working knowledge of the techniques that are close to our core competencies centered around optical microscopy and SEM; these include AFM, XRD, Auger, SIMS, and FTIR, which are all used in a complimentary fashion. The examples shown here are illustrative of the kinds of problems worked on and the interactive nature of the solutions.
XRD of a siliconized silicon carbide material showed that it contained a higher fraction of the beta phase than was expected.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of the Microstructure of Np- Etched CdTe Thin Films
Authors: Jones KM , Yan Y , Hasoon FS , Al-Jassim MM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Polycrystalline CdTe is a promising candidate for solar cells due to its nearly ideal band-gap, high absorption coefficient, and ease of film fabrication. Small-area CdTe/CdS cells with efficiencies of 16.0% have been demonstrated. The structure of a typical CdTe/CdS solar cell (Figure 1) consists of a glass superstrate, on which a thin layer of SnO2 is deposited (front contact), n-type CdS, p-type CdTe, and a back contact. Prior to applying the back contact to the CdTe, etching of the CdTe surface using a mixture of nitric and phosphoric (NP) acids is normally needed. It is known that the etching depletes a crystalline CdTe surface of Cd and creates a Te-rich layer. Two effects of the Te-rich layer has been proposed, namely, forming a Te-CdTe low-series-resistance contact and improving CdTe device stability by the gettering of Cu. Thus, the NP etching is an important process in the CdTe device fabrication. in this paper, we report on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of the microstructure of the surface of NP etched CdTe thin films.
EBIC Measurements of Minority Carrier Diffusion Length in a Gan-based Light Emitting Diode
Authors: Bunker KL , Gonzalez JC , Russell PE 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This study involved the application of the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for the characterization of a GaN-based Light Emitting Diode (LED) by the Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC) method. The diffusion length of the minority carriers in both the p and n-type regions of a GaN-based LED structure was determined with the EBIC technique in the line scan configuration. The diffusion length is a critical physical parameter that directly affects the electrical and optical properties of these devices. This value is generally understood to be a material property of the layers within a device. However, the measured values of the diffusion length are sensitive to the sample design, experimental conditions, measurement technique, and data analysis model and method utilized.
The EBIC measurements were performed at room temperature in a Hitachi S-3200N SEM using a GW Electronics Type 31 Specimen Current Amplifier.
Semiconductor Dopant Profiling by Off-Axis Electron Holography
Authors: Li Jing , McCartney MR , Smith David J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Two-dimensional dopant profiling continues to be a topic of great interest and importance to the semiconductor industry. Off-axis electron holography provides access to the phase of the electron wavefront that has traversed a sample, and it thus enables voltage contrast to be visualized. The technique was used by McCartney et al. (1994) to observe the potential distribution across Si/Si p-n junctions [1], and it was later also used by Rau et al. (1999) to map the two-dimensional electrostatic potential in deep-submicron transistor structures [2]. in this paper, we have used electron holography and a known test structure to demonstrate that accurate voltage profiles can be extracted under carefully controlled sample preparation conditions. Carrier information can be obtained using a simulation program. Experimental factors that affect quantitative measurement are also discussed.
The sample studied was a test structure fabricated at IBM for comparison of various profiling methods [3]. Both p-n junctions and p-p+ regions were available for study.
Quantitative Model-Based Image Analysis of NuMa Distribution Links Nuclear Organization with Cell Phenotype
Authors: Knowles David W , Lelièvre Sophie A , de Solόrzano Carlos Ortiz , Lockett Stephen J , Bissell Mina J , Sudar Damir 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in directing cell behaviour and morphogenesis by regulating gene expression and nuclear organization. Using non-malignant (S1) human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs), it was previously shown that ECM-induced morphogenesis is accompanied by the redistribution of nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA) protein from a diffuse pattern in proliferating cells, to a multi-focal pattern as HMECs growth arrested and completed morphogenesis. A process taking 10 to 14 days.
To further investigate the link between NuMA distribution and the growth stage of HMECs, we have investigated the distribution of NuMA in non-malignant S1 cells and their malignant, T4, counter-part using a novel model-based image analysis technique. This technique, based on a multi-scale Gaussian blur analysis (Figure 1), quantifies the size of punctate features in an image. Cells were cultured in the presence and absence of a reconstituted basement membrane (rBM) and imaged in 3D using confocal microscopy, for fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies to NuMA (fαNuMA) and fluorescently labeled total DNA.
The Role of the Centrosome in Development and Progression of Breast Cancer
Authors: Lingle W , Salisbury J , Barrett S , Negron V , Whitehead C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The centrosome is the major microtubule organizing center in most mammalian cells, and as such it determines the number, polarity, and spatial distribution of microtubules (MTs). Interphase MTs, together with actin and intermediate filaments, constitute the cell's cytoskeleton, which dynamically maintains cell polarity and tissue architecture. Interphase cells begin Gl of the cell cycle with one centrosome. During S phase, the centrosome duplicates concomitantly with DNA replication. Duplicated centrosomes usually remain in close proximity to one another until late G2, at which time they separate and then move during prophase to become the poles that organize the bipolar mitotic spindle. During the G2/M transition, interphase MTs depolymerize and a new population of highly dynamic mitotic MTs are nucleated at the spindle poles. The bipolar mitotic spindle apparatus constitutes the machinery that partitions and separates sister chromatids equally between two daughter cells.
Characterization of Mitochondrial Function During Cell Injury
Authors: Nieminen Anna-Liisa 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Mitochondria play an important role in apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Depending on the stimulus, a variety of mitochondrial dysfunctions can trigger onset of cell death. Assessment of mitochondrial dysfunction in living cells in situis important to understand the sequence of events producing cell injury and death. Laser scanning confocal microscopy, a technique that creates submicron thin optical slices through living cells and tissues, allows us to monitor several mitochondrial events simultaneously in intact single cells over time.
During oxidative stress, we monitored mitochondrial redox status, Ca2+ increase, reactive oxygen species (ROS), the mitochondrial permeability transition, and mitochondrial depolarization in cultured hepatocytes. When an oxidant chemical, t-BuOOH, was added to cultured hepatocytes, oxidation of mitochondrial pyridine nucleotides occurred as visualized directly by ultraviolet confocal microscopy of NAD(P)H autofluorescence. This event was followed by an increase of mitochondrial Ca2+ measured by the Ca2+-indicating fluorophore, Rhod-2.
An Introduction to Flow Cytometry in Correlative Fluorescence Studies
Authors: Smith R W 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the last few years there has been a mild explosion in both microscopy and cytometry. in part, this has been a more sensitive understanding of new fluorescent chemicals or probes as well as the ability to transfect fluorescent proteins into cells. in part, this has also been a case of substantial improvement in instruments, electronics, computers, lasers and sensors. in this session, we hope to examine correlative and comparative methods that may improve the quality of data.
This is an introduction to session 29, Correlative Fluorescent Microscopy and Flow Cytometry Techniques, and the first time the Microscopy Society of America has sponsored a session that involves flow cytometry. Flow cytometry offers several statistical advantages over standard microscopies in evaluating populations of cells. Flow cytometry also facilitates a statistical precision in evaluating fluorescence and fluorescence changes in both chemical probes and transfected fluorescent proteins.
Dual Wavelength Evanescent Field Microscopy of Exocytosis and Endocytosis in Single Cells
Authors: Merrifield C , Feldman M , Almers W 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The plasma membrane defines the outer limit of eukaryotic cells and it is here that cells interact with their environment through receptor proteins. Clearly the management of cell surface receptor concentration is critical for normal cellular function, and this is achieved through two key processes, exocytosis and endocytosis. During exocytosis transport vesicles containing both membrane receptors and soluble cargo fuse with the plasma membrane releasing cargo and delivering receptors to the cell surface. During clathrin mediated endocytosis receptors destined for internalisation become concentrated in clathrin coated pits before coat invagination and membrane fission. Since transferrin receptors are recycled and undergo numerous rounds of exocytosis and endocytosis by labeling transferrin receptor with an appropriate fluorophore it is possible to label both exocytic and endocytic organelles in the same cell. We have exploited this phenomenon to visualise the spatial and temporal organisation of constitutive exocytosis and endocytosis at the surface of single cells using dual wavelength evanescent field microscopy.
Cell Imaging in Drug Discovery and Development
Authors: Keller G-A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
While morphological analysis at both the light and electron microscopical levels has been fully exploited in academic research, its potential in biopharmaceutical industry has only been fully appreciated in recent years. The biotechnology industry has been developing highly specialized therapeutic molecules, particularly proteins and peptides that are directed to specific molecular targets. The pace of the development of new therapeutic molecules is expected to increase dramatically in the close future, as the biopharmaceutical community will capitalize on the new targets identified by the Human Genome Project.
An efficient drug discovery and development effort should not only include the characterization of the tissue and intracellular distribution of potential targets, but also establish unambiguously that the therapeutic entities reach their intended targets. It has become apparent in recent years that a comprehensive view of the pharmacological action of drugs must include not only the pharmacokinetic parameters but also the tissue distribution and the cellular localization.
Digital Microscopy Imaging in Drug Discovery and Development
Authors: Ying Xiaoyou , Sprinkle Cavallo Jean , McCullough Bruce 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Digital microscopy, the integration of digital and microscopy technologies, was initiated for quantitative microscopic image analysis, but it is now for almost all microscopy applications. During the past decade, with the advance of digital technologies, digital microscopy imaging is becoming an indispensable technology in drug discovery.
We started establishing state-of-the-art digital microscopy imaging for drug discovery with the investigation of bioimaging applications at our US research site. Our results shown that all the top 5 bioimaging needs require computer-aided microscopy. Based on this investigation and our review of the microscopy imaging applications in the pharmaceutical industry, we determined four directions for microscopy in drug discovery: multidimensional/multimodal microscopy, digitalization, automation, and bioimage informatics.
Multidimensional/multimodal microscopy imaging is required by the nature of biological research, which is fundamental in drug discovery. From genomic imaging to pathology observation, we require biological details and compound activities at the levels from subcellular organelles to organ tissues, from cellular signaling to anatomical locations of compounds.
Crystal Structure Data for Efavirenz (Sustiva™) by Combined Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction and Electron Microscopy Techniques
Authors: Li Z G , Harlow R L , Marshell W , M. Foris C , Murphy D , Maurin M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Efavirenz (Sustiva™) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) for the treatment of HrV-infected patients and has been in the market since 1998. Efavirenz exists as three different polymorphs (Forms I, II, III) and a nonstochiometric heptane solvate (Form IV). The current synthetic process for Efavirenz yields Form IV which is converted to the desired Form I polymorph by heating. One of the concerns for any drug substance is whether a consistent crystal form is produced in order to insure consistent physical and chemical properties, as well as to safeguard pharmacokinetic profiles. The sensitivity and resolution of single-crystal x-ray diffraction, the traditional method employed to determine unit cell parameters of drug compounds in development, are limited for Efavirenz Form IV because of the small crystallite size of the material. Furthermore, Efavirenz Form IV materials, depending on the process conditions, have slightly different powder diffraction patterns in terms of intensity when collected on standard in-house diffractometers.
Microscopic Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Cultured Cells. I. Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Maleeff Beverly E , Gales Tracy L , Narayanan Padma K , Tirmenstein Mark A , Hart Timothy K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Cellular oxidative stress, a common mechanism of drug-induced toxicity, is a result of the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to chemical stimuli. An endpoint of ROS production is lipid peroxidation, which can in turn lead to disruption of cellular membranes, loss of mitochondrial function, protein oxidation and DNA damage. This toxicity can be organ-specific due to the varying capacities of tissues to handle oxidative events. Liver is particularly sensitive to the effects of oxidative stress, and hepatic toxicity is seen clinically. HepG2 cells are an immortalized human hepatoma cell line used as an in vitro model for mammalian hepatotoxicity studies. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of chemically induced oxidative stress in this cultured cell model.
HepG2 cells were grown to subconfluence in poly-L-lysine coated 4-well LabTek™ II chambered coverglasses (Nalge Nunc International).
Role of Plasmalemmal Vesicles on the HDL-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux in Aortic Endothelial Cells
Authors: Chao W T , Yang V C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It is well-known that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) mediates the transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver through “reverse cholesterol transport” for metabolism. However there is considerable debate about the mechanisms by which HDL removes excess cholesterol from cells. Two different pathways have been suggested: (i) a docking receptor promots cholesterol translocation, or (ii) a receptor mediates intracellular endosomal pathway termed “retroendocytosis“. Our previous studies have indicated that the removal of cholesterol from aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells in the presence of HDL is facilitated by plasmalemmal vesicles. in this study, our emphasis is on the ultrastructural changes of cholesterol-loaded endothelial cells after incubated with HDL at different time intervals. Furthermore, the mechanism of HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux by cultured aortic endothelial cells is investigated by immunoelectrophoresis.
Confluent monolayers of endothelial cells were incubated in cholesterol DMEM medium for 48 hr.
Sulfur Mustard-Induced Apoptosis in Hairless Guinea Pig Skin
Authors: Kan RK , Pleva CM , Hamilton TA , Petralì JP 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Sulfur mustard [bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide; HD] causes incapacitating injuries to the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin. Despite decades of research, the mechanism of toxic action of HD is still poorly understood. One proposed toxicological mechanism that triggers cell death involves DNA damage induced by HD alkylation. According to this hypothesis, HD-induced DNA damage activates NAD+, requiring the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) to initiate DNA repair processes. Overactivation of PARP leads to depletion of NAD+, and, in efforts to resynthesize NAD+, cellular ATP is depleted, and the cell dies from intracellular energy. However, recent studies only partial support this hypothesis. Niacinamide, a substrate for NAD+ synthesis, prevented NAD+ depletion, but did not significantly prevent cell death following HD exposure. These studies suggest cell death occurs independently of depletion of cellular NAD+ with some other pathogenic processes operating in cell death following HD cytotoxicity.
The present study examined the role of apoptosis in basal cell degeneration caused by HD exposure in the hairless guinea pig.
Intraspinal Bronchogenic Cyst: Ultrastructural Study of Abnormal Cilia
Authors: Ho Khang L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Intraspinal cyst formed of tissue proper to the tracheobronchial tract has been referred to as bronchogenic cyst. Six cell types of the cyst epithelium have been identified, i.e., ciliated cells, non-ciliated cells, goblet cells, basal cells, Kulchitsky's cells and undifferentiated cells. This report described the detailed morphological alterations of cilia of the lining epithelium of three cases of intraspinal bronchogenic cyst and compared the findings with the ciliary abnormalities of the tracheobronchial epithelium.
Ultrastructural abnormalities of cilia of the intraspinal bronchogenic cyst could be classified into five categories:
(A) Cilia showing addition, deletion or disorganization of axonemal minotubules. (B) Swollen cilia containing a single axoneme in an excess amount of matrix: (a) normal 9 + 2 axoneme,(b) stretched axoneme bending toward one side, (c) abnormal axonemal pattern. (C) Compound cilia with multiple axonemal microtubules ensheathed by a common ciliary membrane: (a) two or more normal 9 + 2 axonemes, (b) two or more normal 9 + 2 axonemes sharing doublets, (c) giant compound cilia with numerous normal and abnormal axoneme in random orientation, (d) compound cilia containing cytoplasmic organelles, (e) compound cilia with excessive matrix.