bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL-1α released from oral epithelial cells upon candidalysin exposure initiates an early innate epithelial response
Authors: Hanaoka Mariko , Domae Eisuke 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungus that predominantly resides on mucosal surfaces and can cause lethal systemic infection when the host defense is compromised. Candidalysin is a cytolytic peptide toxin produced by C. albicans hyphae that is essential for mucosal tissue damage and is believed to contribute to the establishment of systemic infection and mortality. Candidalysin is also required for the epithelial innate response in which proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are produced and neutrophil recruitment is initiated. It was recently reported that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was essential for the candidalysin-triggered epithelial response. The present study identified IL-1α as another component of candidalysin-mediated initial epithelial activation. We found that human oral epithelial cells released IL-1α rapidly after candidalysin exposure. Blockade of IL-1α/IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling in candidalysin-exposed cells resulted in decreased phosphorylation of IκBα, decreased induction of IκBζ and decreased production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IL-8. Expression of c-Fos, which is induced downstream of EGFR signaling in candidalysin-treated cells, is less affected by IL-1R blockade. Inversely, blockade of EGFR signaling does not affect candidalysin-mediated phosphorylation of IκBα and induction of IκBζ, suggesting that independent signaling pathways contribute to the induction of NF-κB and c-Fos downstream of the candidalysin pore formation site. Consistently, antibody inhibition of both EGFR and IL-1R enhanced the suppressive effect of cytokine production in candidalysin-treated cells. Thus, we identified the immediate release of IL-1α and its synergistic role with EGFR ligands on the initial activation of oral epithelial cells in response to candidalysin.
Stability in Personality After Physical Trauma
Authors: Gauffin Emelie , Willebrand Mimmie , Ekselius Lisa , Öster Caisa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Personality trait stability may be influenced by several factors, there among different life events such as psychological trauma. However, little is known regarding trait stability after physical trauma. Therefore, our primary aim was to assess the extent of stability in personality in burn patients during the first year after injury. Eighty-four burn patients, admitted to a national burn center, were assessed with the Swedish universities Scales of Personality during acute care and 12 months postburn. Personality domain scores remained stable between acute care and 12 months postburn. On the trait level, the only change was seen in personality trait Stress Susceptibility, where burn patients’ scores were lower compared with norm scores during acute care but then increased, and normalized, at 12 months postburn. To conclude, personality scores remained relatively stable during the first year after burn trauma.
Too Hot to Handle? Full-Thickness Burn Injury in a Child Caused by Cyanoacrylate Glue and Cotton—A Case Report and Experimental Study
Authors: Jacques Madeleine , Tran Sonia , Bertinetti Monique , Holland Andrew J A 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDomestic superglue (cyanoacrylate) in the hands of children can have devastating consequences, especially when cotton clothing is involved. When cotton comes into contact with cyanoacrylate, an intense exothermic reaction occurs, creating temperatures high enough to cause significant thermal injury. A literature review found 16 such cases of burns documented (2 adult and 14 pediatric). This article presents a case report of a 4-year-old child sustaining a full-thickness burn injury to her leg requiring skin grafting when superglue was spilt onto cotton pants. She was sitting near a fan heater at the time. An experiment was conducted to replicate the exothermic reaction between superglue and cotton and to determine if the addition of radiant heat would have any significant effect. The maximum temperature reached with one 3-g tube of superglue onto cotton pyjamas was 91°C (196°F) and occurred approximately 90 seconds postapplication. It took more than 3 minutes for the temperature to cool below 40°C (104°F). The addition of radiant heat from a fan heater placed 60 cm from the clothing found that the temperature peak was similarly reached and cooled, but the temperature did not reduce below 52°C (126°F) for over 20 minutes, proving that potential harm may be amplified if first aid is not appropriately sought. Product labeling and the knowledge of potential harm from such mechanism of injury remain inadequate. It is hoped that the reporting of this case contributes to an increase in public education and awareness of such dangers and may contribute to preventing avoidable future incidences.
Sources of Medical Information for Oncology Physicians During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results From a National Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Parsons Helen M , Vogel Rachel I , Blaes Anne H , Lou Emil , Beckwith Heather , Yuan Jianling , Ching Hui Jane Yuet 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Because the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has completely transformed the accepted norms and approaches to cancer care delivery in the United States, we sought to understand the sources of medical information that oncology physicians seek and trust. We recruited 486 oncology physicians to an anonymous cross-sectional online survey through social media from March 27, 2020, to April 10, 2020, with 79.2% reporting their sources of medical information during the COVID-19 pandemic. We found a diverse array of reported sources for COVID-19 information that most commonly included professional societies (90.7%), hospital or institutional communications (88.6%), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (69.9%); however, trust in these sources of information varied widely, with professional societies being the most trusted source. These results highlight the important role that professional societies, hospitals, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention play in ensuring dissemination of consistent, high-quality practice recommendations for oncology physicians.
Supporting Exiles: The Role of Academics for Chile
Authors: Angell Alan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article examines the response to the 1973 coup in Chile. The response was remarkable both in its intensity and duration and in the number of countries which condemned the coup and made efforts to give assistance to those forced into exile. In Britain, the academic community quickly organized to make a sustained effort to give support to those members of Chilean universities who were the victims of the coup. This led to the formation of Academics for Chile, which, thanks to World University Service, led to grants being made to some 900 academics and students from Chile. The development of Latin American studies in several universities in the UK meant that the academic community was well-informed about developments in that country and had close contacts with Chilean academics. Support was widespread amongst universities in the UK and, came not just from the left, but from those who wished to defend academic freedom and democracy.
Suppression of H2-cooling in protogalaxies aided by trapped Lyα cooling radiation
Authors: Wolcott-Green Jemma , Haiman Zoltán , Bryan Greg L 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the thermal evolution of UV-irradiated atomic cooling haloes using high-resolution three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. We consider the effect of H− photodetachment by Lyα cooling radiation trapped in the optically-thick cores of three such haloes, a process that has not been included in previous simulations. Because H− is a precursor of molecular hydrogen, its destruction can diminish the H2 abundance and cooling. We find that the critical UV flux for suppressing H2-cooling is decreased by ∼15–50 per cent in our fiducial models. Previous one-zone modelling found a larger effect, with Jcrit reduced by a factor of a few; we show that adopting a constant halo mass to determine the trapped Lyα energy density, as is done in the one-zone models, yields a larger reduction in Jcrit, consistent with their findings. Our results nevertheless suggest that Lyα radiation may have an important effect on the thermal evolution of UV-irradiated haloes, and therefore on the potential for massive black hole formation.
Subaru/HSC deep optical imaging of infrared sources in the AKARI North Ecliptic Pole-Wide field
Authors: Oi Nagisa , Goto Tomotsugu , Matsuhara Hideo , Utsumi Yousuke , Momose Rieko , Toba Yoshoki , Malkan Matthew , Takagi Toshinobu , Huang Ting-Chi , Kim Seong Jin , Ohyama Youichi 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a five-broad-band (grizy) photometric catalogue of Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) optical imaging observations at around the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) where the AKARI infrared (IR) satellite conducted a large survey (NEP-Wide survey). The observations cover almost all the NEP-Wide survey field down to the depth of 28.1, 26.8, 26.3, 25.5, and 25.0 mag (5σ) at grizy, respectively. The five-band HSC catalogue contains about 2.6 million objects, and 70 959 AKARI NEP-Wide counterpart sources are identified in the catalogue. We added existing supplementary catalogues from the u band to the far-IR band, and estimated photo-z for the AKARI-HSC sources. We achieved σΔz/(1 + zs) = 0.06 and an outlier rate of 13.4 per cent at z = 0.2–1.5. Using the spectral energy distribution (SED) template fitting, we classified the AKARI-HSC galaxies into four categories, namely quiescent, star-forming, Type1 active galactic nucleus (AGN), and Type2 AGN, in each redshift bin. At z &gt; 1, the mean SED of star-forming galaxies in mid-IR (3–10 μm) range is significantly different from that of spiral galaxies in the nearby Universe, indicating that many of star-forming galaxies at z &gt; 1 contain a heat source capable of heating dust to temperatures that radiate thermal emission in the mid-IR range. Furthermore, we estimated the number fraction of AGNs (fAGN) in each bin of redshift and IR luminosity (LIR), and examined the dependence of redshift and LIR. In log(LIR/L⊙) = 11.0–14.0, the fAGN shows a significant increase with increasing redshift, regardless of the LIR bins. In contrast, the fAGN shows a slight increase against LIR at z &lt; 1 and no increase with increasing LIR at z &gt; 1.
Searching for shocks in high-mass starless clump candidates
Authors: Zhu Feng-Yao , Wang Jun-Zhi , Liu Tie , Kim Kee-Tae , Zhu Qing-Feng , Li Fei 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
In order to search for shocks in the very early stage of star formation, we performed single-point surveys of SiO J = 1–0, 2–1, and 3–2 lines and the H2CO 212−111 line towards a sample of 100 high-mass starless clump candidates (SCCs) by using the Korean VLBI Network (KVN) 21-m radio telescopes. The detection rates of the SiO J = 1–0, 2–1, 3–2 lines, and the H2CO line are $31.0$, $31.0$, $19.5,$ and $93.0{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, respectively. Shocks seem to be common in this stage of massive star formation. The widths of the observed SiO lines [full width at zero power (FWZP)] range from 3.4 to 55.1 km s−1. A significant fraction ($\sim 29{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) of the detected SiO spectra have broad line widths (FWZP &gt; 20 km s−1), which are very likely associated with fast shocks driven by protostellar outflows. This result suggests that about one third of the SiO-detected SCCs are not really starless but protostellar. On the other hand, about 40 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the detected SiO spectra show narrow line widths (FWZP &lt; 10 km s−1) probably associated with low-velocity shocks which are not necessarily protostellar in origin. The estimated SiO column densities are mostly 0.31−4.32 × 1012 cm−2. Comparing the SiO column densities derived from SiO J = 1–0 and 2–1 lines, we suggest that the SiO molecules in the SCCs may be in the non-LTE condition. The SiO abundances to H2 are usually 0.20−10.92 × 10−10.
Spectral energy distributions of dust and PAHs based on the evolution of grain size distribution in galaxies
Authors: Hirashita Hiroyuki , Deng Weining , Murga Maria S 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Based on a one-zone evolution model of grain size distribution in a galaxy, we calculate the evolution of infrared spectral energy distribution (SED), considering silicate, carbonaceous dust, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The dense gas fraction (ηdense) of the interstellar medium (ISM), the star formation time-scale (τSF), and the interstellar radiation field intensity normalized to the Milky Way value (U) are the main parameters. We find that the SED shape generally has weak mid-infrared (MIR) emission in the early phase of galaxy evolution because the dust abundance is dominated by large grains. At an intermediate stage (t ∼ 1 Gyr for τSF = 5 Gyr), the MIR emission grows rapidly because the abundance of small grains increases drastically by the accretion of gas-phase metals. We also compare our results with observational data of nearby and high-redshift (z ∼ 2) galaxies taken by Spitzer. We broadly reproduce the flux ratios in various bands as a function of metallicity. We find that small ηdense (i.e. the ISM dominated by the diffuse phase) is favoured to reproduce the 8 $\rm{\mu m}$ intensity dominated by PAHs for both the nearby and the z ∼ 2 samples. A long τSF raises the 8 $\rm{\mu m}$ emission to a level consistent with the nearby low-metallicity galaxies. The broad match between the theoretical calculations and the observations supports our understanding of the grain size distribution, but the importance of the diffuse ISM for the PAH emission implies the necessity of spatially resolved treatment for the ISM.
Resolving the Disc–Halo Degeneracy – II: NGC 6946
Authors: Aniyan S , Ponomareva A A , Freeman K C , Arnaboldi M , Gerhard O E , Coccato L , Kuijken K , Merrifield M 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
The mass-to-light ratio (M/L) is a key parameter in decomposing galactic rotation curves into contributions from the baryonic components and the dark halo of a galaxy. One direct observational method to determine the disc M/L is by calculating the surface mass density of the disc from the stellar vertical velocity dispersion and the scale height of the disc. Usually, the scale height is obtained from near-IR studies of edge-on galaxies and pertains to the older, kinematically hotter stars in the disc, while the vertical velocity dispersion of stars is measured in the optical band and refers to stars of all ages (up to ∼10 Gyr) and velocity dispersions. This mismatch between the scale height and the velocity dispersion can lead to underestimates of the disc surface density and a misleading conclusion of the submaximality of galaxy discs. In this paper, we present the study of the stellar velocity dispersion of the disc galaxy NGC 6946 using integrated star light and individual planetary nebulae as dynamical tracers. We demonstrate the presence of two kinematically distinct populations of tracers that contribute to the total stellar velocity dispersion. Thus, we are able to use the dispersion and the scale height of the same dynamical population to derive the surface mass density of the disc over a radial extent. We find the disc of NGC 6946 to be closer to maximal with the baryonic component contributing most of the radial gravitational field in the inner parts of the galaxy (Vmax(bar) = 0.76(±0.14)Vmax).
Simulations of the Milky Way’s central molecular zone – I. Gas dynamics
Authors: Tress Robin G , Sormani Mattia C , Glover Simon C O , Klessen Ralf S , Battersby Cara D , Clark Paul C , Hatchfield H Perry , Smith Rowan J 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We use hydrodynamical simulations to study the Milky Way’s central molecular zone (CMZ). The simulations include a non-equilibrium chemical network, the gas self-gravity, star formation, and supernova feedback. We resolve the structure of the interstellar medium at sub-parsec resolution while also capturing the interaction between the CMZ and the bar-driven large-scale flow out to $R\sim 5\, {\rm kpc}$. Our main findings are as follows: (1) The distinction between inner (R ≲ 120 pc) and outer (120 ≲ R ≲ 450 pc) CMZ that is sometimes proposed in the literature is unnecessary. Instead, the CMZ is best described as single structure, namely a star-forming ring with outer radius R ≃ 200 pc which includes the 1.3° complex and which is directly interacting with the dust lanes that mediate the bar-driven inflow. (2) This accretion can induce a significant tilt of the CMZ out of the plane. A tilted CMZ might provide an alternative explanation to the ∞-shaped structure identified in Herschel data by Molinari et al. (3) The bar in our simulation efficiently drives an inflow from the Galactic disc (R ≃ 3 kpc) down to the CMZ (R ≃ 200 pc) of the order of $1\rm \, M_\odot \, yr^{-1}$, consistent with observational determinations. (4) Supernova feedback can drive an inflow from the CMZ inwards towards the circumnuclear disc of the order of ${\sim}0.03\, \rm M_\odot \, yr^{-1}$. (5) We give a new interpretation for the 3D placement of the 20 and 50 km s−1 clouds, according to which they are close (R ≲ 30 pc) to the Galactic Centre, but are also connected to the larger scale streams at R ≳ 100 pc.
DEG 15, an update of the Database of Essential Genes that includes built-in analysis tools
Authors: Luo Hao , Lin Yan , Liu Tao , Lai Fei-Liao , Zhang Chun-Ting , Gao Feng , Zhang Ren 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEssential genes refer to genes that are required by an organism to survive under specific conditions. Studies of the minimal-gene-set for bacteria have elucidated fundamental cellular processes that sustain life. The past five years have seen a significant progress in identifying human essential genes, primarily due to the successful use of CRISPR/Cas9 in various types of human cells. DEG 15, a new release of the Database of Essential Genes (www.essentialgene.org), has provided major advancements, compared to DEG 10. Specifically, the number of eukaryotic essential genes has increased by more than fourfold, and that of prokaryotic ones has more than doubled. Of note, the human essential-gene number has increased by more than tenfold. Moreover, we have developed built-in analysis modules by which users can perform various analyses, such as essential-gene distributions between bacterial leading and lagging strands, sub-cellular localization distribution, enrichment analysis of gene ontology and KEGG pathways, and generation of Venn diagrams to compare and contrast gene sets between experiments. Additionally, the database offers customizable BLAST tools for performing species- and experiment-specific BLAST searches. Therefore, DEG comprehensively harbors updated human-curated essential-gene records among prokaryotes and eukaryotes with built-in tools to enhance essential-gene analysis.
Search for Viral Infections in Cerebrospinal Fluid From Patients With Autoimmune Encephalitis
Authors: Perlejewski Karol , Pawełczyk Agnieszka , Bukowska-Ośko Iwona , Rydzanicz Małgorzata , Dzieciątkowski Tomasz , Paciorek Marcin , Makowiecki Michał , Caraballo Cortés Kamila , Grochowska Marta , Radkowski Marek , Laskus Tomasz 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
It has been reported that virus-mediated brain tissue damage can lead to autoimmune encephalitis (AE) characterized by the presence of antibodies against neuronal surface antigens. In the study, we investigate the presence of viruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with AE using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)/PCR and shotgun metagenomics.

Methods
CSF samples collected from 200 patients with encephalitis were tested for the presence of antibodies against antiglutamate receptor (NMDAR), contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2), glutamate receptors (type AMPA1/2), leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1), dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-like protein 6 (DPPX), and GABA B receptor, and those found positive were further analyzed with real-time RT-PCR/PCR for common viral neuroinfections and shotgun DNA- and RNA-based metagenomics.

Results
Autoantibodies against neuronal cells were detected in CSF from 8 individuals (4% of all encephalitis patients): 7 (3.5%) had anti-NMDAR and 1 (0.5%) had anti-GABA B. RT-PCR/PCR identified human herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1; 300 copies/mL) and the representative of Enterovirus genus (550 copies/mL) in 1 patient each. Torque teno virus (TTV) was found in another patient using metagenomic analysis, and its presence was confirmed by specific PCR.

Conclusions
We detected the presence of HSV, TTV, and Enterovirus genus in CSF samples from 3 out of 8 AE patients. These findings support the concept of viral involvement in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Toward 2D materials for flexible electronics: opportunities and outlook
Authors: Glavin Nicholas R , Muratore Christopher , Snure Michael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Two-dimensional nanomaterials exhibit exceptional multifunctional properties including high-electron mobilities/saturation velocities, high surface to volume ratios, unique layered structures and mechanical compliance, positioning the class of materials to be influential in next-generation flexible electronics for applications in wearables and the Internet of things. In this perspective, three key areas of interest are identified that take advantage of the multifunctional nature of these materials including molecular sensing, van der Waals transfer and compliant radio frequency electronics. Significantly more progress needs to be made to realize commercialization of these materials, but the revolutionary accessible properties may reveal themselves in these three key areas of future flexible electronic systems.
4U 1608–52 as a quasi-persistent X-ray source
Authors: Šimon Vojtěch 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
4U 1608–52 is a soft X-ray transient. The analysis presented here of a particular part of its X-ray activity uses observations of RXTE/ASM and Swift/BAT. We show a time segment (MJD 54262–MJD 55090) (828 d) in which 4U 1608–52 behaved as a quasi-persistent X-ray source with a series of bumps, with a complicated relation between the evolution of fluxes in the soft (1.5–12 keV) and the hard (15–50 keV) X-ray regions. We ascribe these bumps to a series of propagations of heating and cooling fronts over the inner disk region without any transitions to the true quiescence. 4U 1608–52 oscillated around the boundary between the dominance of the Comptonized component and the dominance of the multicolor accretion disk in its luminosity. Only some of the bumps in this series were accompanied by a transition from the hard to the soft state; if it occurred, it displayed a strong hysteresis effect. The hard-band emission with the dominant Comptonized component was present for most of this active state and showed a cycle of about 40 d. We argue that the cyclic variations of flux come from the inner disk region, not, e.g., from a jet. We also discuss the observed behavior of 4U 1608–52 in the context of other quasi-persistent low-mass X-ray binaries.