bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transient brightenings in the quiet Sun detected by ALMA at 3 mm
Authors: Nindos A. , Alissandrakis C. E. , Patsourakos S. , Bastian T. S. 
Published: April 2020

Aims. We investigate transient brightenings, that is, weak, small-scale episodes of energy release, in the quiet solar chromosphere; these episodes can provide insights into the heating mechanism of the outer layers of the solar atmosphere.
Methods. Using Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations, we performed the first systematic survey for quiet Sun transient brightenings at 3 mm. Our dataset included images of six 87″ × 87″ fields of view of the quiet Sun obtained with angular resolution of a few arcsec at a cadence of 2 s. The transient brightenings were detected as weak enhancements above the average intensity after we removed the effect of the p-mode oscillations. A similar analysis, over the same fields of view, was performed for simultaneous 304 and 1600 Å data obtained with the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly.
Results. We detected 184 3 mm transient brightening events with brightness temperatures from 70 K to more than 500 K above backgrounds of ∼7200 − 7450 K. All events showed light curves with a gradual rise and fall, strongly suggesting a thermal origin. Their mean duration and maximum area were 51.1 s and 12.3 Mm2, respectively, with a weak preference of appearing at network boundaries rather than in cell interiors. Both parameters exhibited power-law behavior with indices of 2.35 and 2.71, respectively. Only a small fraction of ALMA events had either 304 or 1600 Å counterparts but the properties of these events were not significantly different from those of the general population except that they lacked their low-end energy values. The total thermal energies of the ALMA transient brightenings were between 1.5 × 1024 and 9.9 × 1025 erg and their frequency distribution versus energy was a power law with an index of 1.67 ± 0.05. We found that the power per unit area provided by the ALMA events could account for only 1% of the chromospheric radiative losses (10% of the coronal ones).
Conclusions. We were able to detect, for the first time, a significant number of weak 3 mm quiet Sun transient brightenings. However, their energy budget falls short of meeting the requirements for the heating of the upper layers of the solar atmosphere and this conclusion does not change even if we use the least restrictive criteria possible for the detection of transient brightenings.
Register und Studien in der Gesellschaft für
Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie (GPOH) – Welchen
Beitrag leisten sie zum Fortschritt?
Authors: Klingebiel Thomas , Jürgens Heribert , Glauche Ingmar , Gnekow Astrid , Kandels Daniela , Woessmann Willi , Schneider Dominik T. , Suttorp Meinolf 
Published: April 2020

ZusammenfassungKrebserkrankungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen unter 18 Jahren sind selten; im
Jahr 2017 wurden ca. 2220 Neuerkrankungen in Deutschland an das Deutsche
Kinderkrebsregister gemeldet. Ziel der GPOH war es immer, möglichst alle
betroffenen Patienten standardisiert, am besten in prospektiven, kontrollierten
Studien, zu behandeln. Diese Vorgabe hat auch der Gemeinsame Bundesausschuss in
der Kinderonkologierichtlinie festgeschrieben. In einer Umfrage unter den
Studienleitern der GPOH wurde ermittelt, wie sich nach der geänderten
Arzneimittelgesetzgebung, die Zahl der klinischen Studien verändert hat.
Im Jahr 2002 waren 33 Therapieoptimierungs-studien (TOS) der GPOH
geöffnet. Insgesamt ist ein Rückgang der TOS von 33 im Jahre
2002 auf 2 im Jahre 2017 zu verzeichnen. Die Zahl der Arzneimittelstudien hat
sich bis zum Jahr 2017 auf 16 erhöht (knapp 1100 erfasste Patienten).
Zeitgleich hat sich die Zahl der klinischen Register auf 28 erhöht mit
insgesamt mehr als 1800 dort erfassten Patienten. Diese Beobachtung zeigt, dass
die klinischen Register eine neue Bedeutung in der pädiatrischen
Onkologie bekommen haben. An 3 Beispielen wird dargelegt, welche
Beiträge Register im Verhältnis zu Studien zur Behandlung der
Patienten und zum wissenschaftlichen Fortschritt leisten können.
Zusammengefasst verdeutlichen die bisherigen Erfahrungen aus den diskutierten
Beispielen, dass Studien und Register wechselseitig eine sinnvolle und
notwendige Ergänzung der Studiengruppenstruktur in der Kinderonkologie
darstellen.
Zink und Lebererkrankungen
Authors: Grüngreiff Kurt , Gottstein Thomas 
Published: April 2020

ZusammenfassungZink ist ein essenzielles Spurenelement mit vielfältigen biologischen Wirkungen. Die Leber ist das Hauptorgan des Zinkstoffwechsels und nimmt eine zentrale Stellung bei der Erhaltung der Zinkhomöostase des Körpers ein. Es bestehen enge Wechselbeziehungen zwischen der Leber und Zink. Während ein Zinkmangel zu einer Verschlechterung zahlreicher Leberfunktionen führen kann, finden sich bei Lebererkrankungen Zinkmangelzustände, die zu einer Beeinträchtigung verschiedener Leberfunktionen beitragen. Ein Zinkmangel ist weniger von der Genese, als viel mehr von der Schwere der Leberschädigung – Fibrose oder Zirrhose mit oder ohne portaler bzw. metabolischer Dekompensation – und dem Auftreten von Komplikationen (Aszites, hepatische Enzepalopathie, hepatozelluläres Karzinom, Infektionen) abhängig. Bei Nachweis eines Zinkmangels ist bei jeder Lebererkrankung eine gezielte Zinksubstitution unter Laborkontrolle angezeigt.
Comparative Distalization Effects Of Conventional Pendulum Appliance And Bone Anchored Pendulum Appliance
Authors: Soans Crystal Runa , Shetty Ashutosh , P.S Murali , Mohammed Azhar , Nayak U.S Krishna , Shashidhar Keerthan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Introduction: The introduction of intraosseous screws as temporary orthodontic anchorage devices has proved successful in achieving sufficient molar distalization without major anchorage loss in Class II malocclusions. Bone-anchored pendulum appliance is used to obtain an effective and compliance-free molar distalization without anchorage loss.
Aims And Objectives: This prospective study was designed to evaluate and compare the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects produced by 2 types of pendulum appliance with different anchorage modalities - the Bone anchored pendulum appliance (BAPA) and Conventional pendulum appliance (CPA) in subjects with Angle's ClassII malocclusion.
Materials and Methods: BAPA group consisted of 5 patients with mean age, 16.4±1.5 years. The CPA group consisted of 5 patients with mean age, 16.6±1.1 years. Lateral cephalograms & dental casts were obtained at pre-treatment stage & after achieving Class I molar relation. Dentoalveolar, skeletal, soft tissue measurements and dental cast measurement were recorded & compared between the groups.
Results and Conclusions: Successful distalization was achieved in both groups in a mean period of 6.2 months for BAPA and 5.2 months for CPA. It was concluded that, both theBAPA and CPA were effective for the distalization of maxillary molars. Though the distal molar movements obtained were similar between the BAPA and the CPA groups, anchorage loss was observed with the CPA in the form of premolar mesialization & incisor proclination, whereas absence of anchorage loss, significant spontaneous distal premolar movement, and distal incisor movement was observed with the BAPA, making it a viable choice compared to the CPA.
Knowledge on Health Consequences of Early and Late Marriage among Students at Selected College, East Sikkim
Authors: Shadap Arkierupaia , Devi Thoibi , Sharma Anjana , Sapkota Anu , Sharma Yamuna , Basnett Srijana , Sharma Ashma , Thapa Binita , Bhutia Kesang , Bhutia Pema D. , Bhutia Karma Doma , Bhutia Tashi Lamu , Bhutia Passang Kee , Subba Sunita , Rai Karishma , Sherpa Passang Dikki 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMarriage is the blending together of two lives, two personalities of the opposite sex for as long as two shall live in this world. It is the building law of God and protects the mankind. But early and late marriage may have an adverse health consequence. A study was conducted to assess the knowledge on health consequences of early and late marriage among students at selected college of Sikkim. Investigators adopted the quantitative approach using the descriptive survey research design through convenient sampling technique. Structured knowledge questionnaire on health consequences of early and late marriage were developed and sent for validation to experts before collecting the data. Result shows that majority 84% and 49% has moderate knowledge, 12% and 47% has poor knowledge and 4% each has good knowledge on health consequences of early and late marriage respectively. The study reveals that there was no significant association of knowledge on health consequences of early and late marriage.
A Delphi Approach to Developing a Core Competency Framework for Registered Nurses in Karnataka, India
Authors: R. Hemalatha , Shakuntala B.S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper describes the results of a modified Delphi approach to gain consensus on a core competency framework for entry level nursing graduates in Karnataka. Based on extensive review of literature, A series of semi structured questionnaires were mailed to fifteen experts from nursing education and Practice and after refining and validating the competency statements consensus in core competency framework emerged consisting of nine distinct Domains - Valuing Human Beings, Professional Nursing Practice, Communication and Interpersonal Relationship, Professional, Legal and Ethical framework, Knowledge and application of knowledge, collaborative therapeutic Practice, Research Utilization , Management of Nursing Services, Professional Advancement with accompanying competency elements and Performance Criteria. . This core competency framework based on the Indian Nursing Council's Standards of Nursing Practice was developed as a benchmark to outline the minimum entry level competencies for new nursing graduates. This study finds potential value in standardising the Competencies to be acquired for nursing graduates and also setting the path forward for a Competency Based Assessment.
Protocol for a Systematic Review of Rationing of Nursing Care
Authors: Mandal Lata , Seethalakshmi A. , Babu Anitha Rajendra 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose: To identify and synthesize the findings of studies related to “rationing of nursing care”.
Methods: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta analysis (PRISMA) guidelines will be followed in this review and literature searches will be conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Psyc Info, Web of Science and EMBASE databases. Only quantitative studies meeting the predetermined inclusion criteria, quality standards and credibility will be synthesised using narrative synthesis.
Results: A descriptive synthesis of the findings of the selected studies will be carried out which will be presented in narrative summary with statistical findings incorporated.
Conclusion: This review will provide a synthesis of up to date evidence regarding the rationing of care by nurses. It will also support the hypothesis that rationing of care has effects on patients and nurses and explore relationship of rationing of care with patients and nursing outcome.
Prevalence of Sleep-Related Disordered Breathing among Acromegaly Patients and its Correlation to Cephalometric Parameters: An Indian Perspective
Authors: Sreejith M , Ganie Mohd Ashraf , Goswami Ravinder , Tandon Nikhil , Guleria Randeep , Kandasamy Devasenathipathy 
Published: April 2020

Introduction
Sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea (CSA) are quite common and are the leading causes of mortality in acromegaly. OSA in acromegaly is generally attributed to changes in oropharyngeal soft tissues. Data on OSA in Indian acromegaly are scant, especially cephalometric findings. The aim of this study is to evaluate the burden of SRBDs in acromegaly and its correlation to cephalometric parameters.

Materials and Methods
A total of 32 subjects (20 men and 12 women), diagnosed with acromegaly on the basis of standard clinical, biochemical, and hormonal measurements were recruited. In addition to the above parameters, polysomnography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pharynx were performed in all subjects.

Results
The mean age of the subjects was 42.66 ± 11.13 years (range = 26–66) and mean duration of study after first presentation was 7.6 ± 6.3 years (range = 0.25–32). A total of 28 of 32 (93.3%) subjects had sellar MRI documented macroadenomas while 20 (62.5%) patients were treatment naive at the time of assessment. Twenty-nine (90.6%) patients had evidence of SRBD and all of them had OSA subtype. The Apnea–Hypopnea Index (AHI) indicating severity of OSA (mild 21.8%, moderate 34.4%, and severe 34.4%) correlated positively with tongue length, uvula length, and uvula thickness on MRI. However, AHI had no correlation with the severity of GH excess or disease activity or individual parameters such as weight, body mass index, blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, serum human growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 level.

Conclusion
SRBD, the generally overlooked comorbidity, is highly prevalent in subjects with acromegaly and is almost always due to OSA, the severity of which correlates positively with tongue and uvula size. Well-designed, long-term follow-up study on a large cohort of acromegalic patients is required to improve our understanding on the subject.
Agricultural intensification and land use change: assessing country-level induced intensification, land sparing and rebound effect
Authors: García Virginia Rodríguez , Gaspart Frédéric , Kastner Thomas , Meyfroidt Patrick 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the context of growing societal demands for land-based products, crop production can be increased through expanding cropland or intensifying production on cultivated land. Intensification can allow sparing land for nature, but it can also drive further expansion of cropland, i.e. a rebound effect. Conversely, constraints on cropland expansion may induce intensification. We tested these hypotheses by investigating the bidirectional relationships between changes in cropland area and intensity, using a global cross-country panel dataset over 55 years, from 1961 to 2016. We used a cointegration approach with additional tests to disentangle long- and short-run causal relations between variables, and total factor productivity and yields as two measures of intensification. Over the long run we found support for the induced intensification thesis for low-income countries. In the short run, intensification resulted in a rebound effect in middle-income countries, which include many key agricultural producers strongly competitive in global agricultural commodity markets. This rebound effect manifested for commodities with high price-elasticity of demand, including rubber, flex crops (sugarcane, oil palm and soybean), and tropical fruits. Over the long run, strong rebound effects remained for key commodities such as flex crops and rubber. The intensification of staple cereals such as wheat and rice resulted in significant land sparing. Intensification in low-income countries, driven by increases in total factor productivity, was associated with a stronger rebound effect than yields increases. Agglomeration economies may drive yield increases for key tropical commodity crops. Our study design enables the analysis of other complex long- and short-run causal dynamics in land and social-ecological systems.
The Godbillon–Vey invariant as a restricted Casimir of three-dimensional ideal fluids*
Authors: Machon Thomas 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We show the Godbillon–Vey invariant arises as a ‘restricted Casimir’ invariant for three-dimensional ideal fluids associated to a foliation. We compare to a finite-dimensional system, the rattleback, where analogous phenomena occur.
Skillful seasonal prediction of key carbon cycle components: NPP and fire risk
Authors: Bett Philip E , Williams Karina E , Burton Chantelle , Scaife Adam A , Wiltshire Andrew J , Gilham Richard 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We investigate the skill of the GloSea5 seasonal forecasting system for two carbon cycle processes, which are strong contributors to global CO2 variability: the impact of meteorological conditions on CO2 uptake by vegetation (characterised by net primary productivity, NPP), and on fire occurrences (characterised by fire risk indices). Current seasonal forecasts of global CO2 concentrations rely on the relationship with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), combined with estimated anthropogenic emissions. NPP and fire are key processes underlying that global CO2–ENSO relationship: In the tropics, during El Niño events, CO2 uptake by vegetation is reduced and fires occur more frequently, leading to higher global CO2 levels. Our study assesses the skill of these processes in the forecast model for the first time. We use the McArthur forest fire index, calculated from daily data from several meteorological variables. We also assess a simpler fire index, based solely on seasonal mean temperature and relative humidity, to test the need for additional complexity. For NPP, the skill is high in regions that respond strongly to ENSO, such as equatorial South America in boreal winter, and northeast Brazil in boreal summer. There is also skill in some regions without a strong ENSO response. The fire risk indices show significant skill across much of the tropics, including Indonesia, southern and eastern Africa, and parts of the Amazon. We relate this skill to the underlying meteorological variables, finding that fire risk in particular follows similar patterns to relative humidity. On the seasonal-mean timescale, the McArthur index offers no benefits over the simpler fire index: they show the same relationship to burnt area and response to ENSO, and the same levels of skill, in almost all cases. Our results highlight potentially useful prediction skill, as well as important limitations, for seasonal forecasts of land-surface impacts of climate variability.
Environmental attributes and sedentary behaviours among Canadian adults
Authors: Koohsari Mohammad Javad , Oka Koichiro , Nakaya Tomoki , Shibata Ai , Ishii Kaori , Yasunaga Akitomo , McCormack Gavin R 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The potential of the neighbourhood built environment for reducing sedentary behaviour has been highlighted in the recent research building on the socio-ecological models. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the associations between objectively-measured environmental attributes and domain-specific sedentary behaviours in different geographical locations. Notably, high-quality environmental measures that are less data-dependent and are replicable in and comparable across different contexts are needed to expand the evidence on urban design and public health. We examined associations of environmental attributes and Space Syntax Walkability (SSW) with leisure screen time and car driving in a sample of Canadian adults. A total of 2006 Calgarian adults completed a survey that captured their leisure screen time and car driving. Environmental attributes were population density, intersection density, availability of sidewalks, availability of destinations, and SSW using geographic information systems. Adjusting for covariates, a one standard deviation increase in SSW was associated with 0.43 (95% CI −0.85, −0.02) hours/week decrease in leisure screen time. No other environmental attributes were significantly associated with leisure screen time. All environmental attributes (except the availability of sidewalks) were negatively associated with car driving. The strongest association was observed between SSW with car driving—a one standard deviation increase in SSW was associated with 0.77 (95% CI −0.85, −0.02) hours/week decrease in the car driving. Those who lived in highly populated and more connected areas with a variety of destinations nearby spent less time driving their cars. Further, our findings highlight that the composite measure of SSW is associated with both leisure screen time and car driving. Focusing on a novel environmental aspect (SSW) and an emerging health risk factor (sedentary behaviour) among a relatively large sample of Canadian adults, our study provides unique insights into environmental health research.
Species and sex differences in eye morphometry and visual responsivity of two crepuscular sweat bee species (Megaloptaspp., Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
Authors: Jones Beryl M , Seymoure Brett M , Comi Troy J , Loew Ellis R 
Published: April 2020

AbstractVisually dependent dim-light foraging has evolved repeatedly, broadening the ecological niches of some species. Many dim-light foraging lineages evolved from diurnal ancestors, requiring immense visual sensitivity increases to compensate for light levels a billion times dimmer than daylight. Some taxa, such as bees, are anatomically constrained by apposition compound eyes, which function well in daylight but not in starlight. Even with this constraint, the bee genus Megalopta has incredibly sensitive eyes, foraging in light levels up to nine orders of magnitude dimmer than diurnal relatives. Despite many behavioural studies, variation in visual sensitivity and eye morphometry has not been investigated within and across Megalopta species. Here we quantify external eye morphology (corneal area and facet size) for sympatric species of Megalopta, M. genalis and M. amoena, which forage during twilight. We use electroretinograms to show that males, despite being smaller than females, have equivalent visual sensitivity and increased retinal responsivity. Although males have relatively larger eyes compared with females, corneal area and facet size were not correlated with retinal responsivity, suggesting that males have additional non-morphological adaptations to increase retinal responsiveness. These findings provide the foundation for future work into the neural and physiological mechanisms that interface with morphology to influence visual sensitivity, with implications for understanding niche exploitation.
Setting the stage for the machine intelligence era in marine science
Authors: Beyan Cigdem , Browman Howard I 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Machine learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, offers various methods that can be applied in marine science. It supports data-driven learning, which can result in automated decision making of de novo data. It has significant advantages compared with manual analyses that are labour intensive and require considerable time. Machine learning approaches have great potential to improve the quality and extent of marine research by identifying latent patterns and hidden trends, particularly in large datasets that are intractable using other approaches. New sensor technology supports collection of large amounts of data from the marine environment. The rapidly developing machine learning subfield known as deep learning—which applies algorithms (artificial neural networks) inspired by the structure and function of the brain—is able to solve very complex problems by processing big datasets in a short time, sometimes achieving better performance than human experts. Given the opportunities that machine learning can provide, its integration into marine science and marine resource management is inevitable. The purpose of this themed set of articles is to provide as wide a selection as possible of case studies that demonstrate the applications, utility, and promise of machine learning in marine science. We also provide a forward-look by envisioning a marine science of the future into which machine learning has been fully incorporated.