bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Prices and Eye-Care Providers Prescribing Patterns of Glaucoma Medications in the United States Between 2013 and 2019
Authors: Barayev Edward , Geffen Noa , Nahum Yoav , Gershoni Assaf 
Published: November 2020

Precis:
Brand glaucoma medication prices vastly increased in the United States over the past 7 years, despite a reduction in eye-care providers’ tendency to prescribe brand medications over generics.

Purpose:
Determine the changes in prices of brand and generic glaucoma medications and to identify changes in eye-care providers prescribing patterns since 2013.

Materials and Methods:
The National Average Drug Acquisition Cost (NADAC) database (2013-2019) was used analyze per-unit drug price. Medicare Part D prescriber profile was used to identify eye-care providers prescribing patterns between 2013 and 2017.

Results:
Brand-name medication prices increased by 59% between 2013 and 2019, while generic medications decreased by 22%. Brand-name drugs were 13 to 162 times more expensive than their generic counterparts. Eye-care Providers prescribed 25% less brand name medications in 2017 compared with 2013.

Conclusion:
Brand glaucoma medication prices vastly increased in the United States over the past 7 years, despite a reduction in eye-care providers’ tendency to prescribe brand medications over generics. A change in government policy, allowing Medicare medication prices negotiations, could greatly reduce health expenditure on glaucoma treatment.
Ahmed and Baerveldt Drainage Implants in the Treatment of Juvenile Open-angle Glaucoma
Authors: Le Patrick H. , Nguyen Michelle , Humphrey Kris-Ann , Klifto Meredith R. 
Published: November 2020

Precis:
Ahmed and Baerveldt implants succeed in 90.7% of cases for lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) <21 mm Hg at 1 year when used for the treatment of juvenile open-angle glaucoma.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to report the 1-year outcomes of Ahmed and Baerveldt tubes as the treatment for juvenile open-angle glaucoma at an academic institution.

Patients and Methods:
Patients 18 to 40 years of age at the time of juvenile open-angle glaucoma diagnosis, who had inadequately controlled glaucoma with an IOP of 18 mm Hg or more on maximum tolerated antiglaucoma therapy that underwent tube shunt surgery with at least 6 months of follow-up were eligible for the study. Exclusion criteria included evidence of neovascular, uveitic or inflammatory, steroid-induced or primary congenital glaucoma, or if they did not have light perception vision. Postoperative failure was defined as an IOP, with or without antiglaucoma drops, >21 mm Hg for 2 consecutive visits after 3 months from surgery, <20% decrease in IOP at 1 year, no light perception, or revision of an implant due to high IOP.

Results:
The study population included 32 eyes from 25 patients who underwent tube shunt surgery. The failure rate at 1-year follow-up was 9.3%, and the postoperative complication rate at 1-year follow-up was 9.3%. The average change from baseline to 1 year for IOP was a decrease of 9.8±9.10, for the number of antiglaucoma drops number was a decrease of 0.38±1.06, and for the visual acuity was an increase of 0.03±0.27.

Conclusions:
Ahmed and Baerveldt implantation succeeded in lower IOP in 90.7% of patients at 1 year. Continuation of antiglaucoma drops to maintain the IOP after surgery is likely required.
Impaired short-term visual paired associative plasticity in patients with migraine between attacks
Authors: Abagnale Chiara , Ranieri Federico , Di Renzo Antonio , Parisi Vincenzo , Serrao Mariano , Di Lazzaro Vincenzo , Lisicki Marco , Coppola Gianluca , Pierelli Francesco 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A common experimental neurophysiological method to study synaptic plasticity is pairing activity of somatosensory afferents and motor cortical circuits, so-called paired associative stimulation (PAS). Dysfunctional inhibitory and excitatory PAS mechanisms within the sensorimotor system were described in patients with migraine without aura (MO) between attacks. We have recently observed that the same bidirectional PAS rules also apply to the visual system. Here, we have tested whether dysfunctioning associative plasticity might characterize the visual system of patients with MO. In 14 patients with MO between attacks and in 15 healthy volunteers, we performed a previously validated visual PAS (vPAS) protocol by coupling 90 black-and-white checkerboard reversals with low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation pulses over the occipital cortex at 2 interstimulus intervals of −25/+25 ms around the visual-evoked potential (VEP) P1 latency. We recorded VEPs (600 sweeps) before, immediately after, and 10 min after each vPAS session. We analysed VEP N1-P1 amplitude and delayed habituation. Although vPAS-25 significantly enhanced and vPAS + 25 reduced VEP amplitude habituation in healthy volunteers, the same protocols did not significantly change VEP amplitude habituation in MO between attacks. We provide evidence for lack of habituation enhancing and habituation suppressing visual PAS mechanisms within the visual system in interictal migraine. This finding, in combination with those previously obtained studying the sensorimotor system, leads us to argue that migraine disease-related dysrhythmic thalamocortical activity prevents the occurrence of physiological bidirectional synaptic plasticity induced by vPAS.
Understanding Factors Relevant to Self-Injurious Behavior in a High-Risk Secure Psychiatric Sample: Developing the Theory-Driven Measure of Self-Injurious Behavior Engagement
Authors: Caton Charlotte , Ireland Jane L. , Chu Simon , Ireland Carol A. , Cramer Robert J. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
A measure for the assessment of self-injurious behavior is developed. Commencing with a Delphi composed of 33 experts: detached experts (academics), experts by exposure (staff), and experts by experience (patients), the Theory-driven Measure of Self-Injurious Behavior Engagement is outlined. This is then examined in two samples: high-secure psychiatric male patients (n = 76) and high-secure psychiatric nursing staff (n = 100; 50 men, 50 women). We predicted that all components of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the capacity, belongingness, and burdensomeness elements of the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior would be confirmed as important inclusions. Results initially showed the importance of including intention, perceived behavioral control, affect, capacity, and burdensomeness. The role of environmental and individual factors, such as coping, was captured as additional variables of value. However, the structure of items differed between patients and staff. Being valued consistently represented a core consideration, as did capacity and affect. Directions for future research are indicated.
Physical Activity and Cardiac Self-Efficacy Levels During Early Recovery After Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Jordanian Study
Authors: SHAJRAWI Abedalmajeed , GRANAT Malcolm , JONES Ian , ASTIN Felicity 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT

Background
Regular physical activity is important for patients with established coronary heart disease as it favorably influences their coronary risk profile. General self-efficacy is a powerful predictor of health behavior change that involves increases in physical activity levels. Few studies have simultaneously measured physical activity and self-efficacy during early recovery after a first acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Purpose
The aims of this study were to assess changes in objectively measured physical activity levels at 2 weeks (T2) and 6 weeks (T3) and self-reported cardiac self-efficacy at hospital discharge (T1) and at T2 and T3 in patients recovering from AMI.

Methods
A repeated-measures design was used to recruit a purposive sample of patients from a single center in Jordan who were diagnosed with first AMI and who did not have access to cardiac rehabilitation. A body-worn activity monitor (activPAL) was used to objectively measure free-living physical activity levels for 7 consecutive days at two time points (T2 and T3). An Arabic version of the cardiac self-efficacy scale was administered at T1, T2, and T3. Paired t tests and analysis of variance were used to examine differences in physical activity levels and cardiac self-efficacy scores, respectively.

Results
A sample of 100 participants was recruited, of which 62% were male. The mean age of the sample was 54.5 ± 9.9 years. No statistically significant difference in physical activity levels was measured at 2 weeks (T2) and 6 weeks (T3). Cardiac self-efficacy scores improved significantly between T1, T2, and T3 across subscales and global cardiac self-efficacy.

Conclusions/Implications for Practice
Participants recovering from AMI in Jordan did not increase their physical activity levels during the early recovery phase, although cardiac self-efficacy scores improved. This may be because the increase in cardiac self-efficacy was not matched by the practical skills and knowledge required to translate this positive psychological construct into behavioral change. This study provides a first step toward understanding the complex relationship between cardiac self-efficacy and physical activity in this population. The authors hope that these findings support the design of culturally appropriate interventions to increase physical activity levels in this population.
Early Career Physical Therapist Faculty Connecting With Others for Scholarly Activity: A Grounded Theory Study
Authors: Becker Betsy J. , Shope Ron , Willett Gilbert , Von Essen Susanna , Kennel Victoria 
Published: November 2020

Introduction.
The professional relationships of early career physical therapist (PT) faculty aid in career advancement by supporting scholarly activity. A recent study suggested that a professional network structure that is less interconnected is an effective network for more scholarly activity. However, no studies have addressed the process of how early career PT faculty build their network. The purpose of this study is to develop a theoretical model that explains the process that early career PT faculty use to develop effective networks for scholarly activity.

Methods.
Participants were purposely selected to represent variations in scholarly productivity and effectiveness in their professional network. One-on-one interviews were conducted with 20 early career PT faculty, representing 15 institutions from 12 states. Questions focused on why individuals were included in the network, how they were connected, and examples of the outcomes of the relationships. Conceptual depth for the theory development was determined through conceptual maps, coding trees, axial coding, member checking, and peer debriefing.

Results.
We present a theoretical model of the process early career PT faculty members use to develop effective networks for scholarly activity. Motivations to develop network connections were meeting accreditation standards, job requirements, and a desire to contribute to the knowledge base. Network development strategies included reaching out to previously established connections, making new acquaintances within one's current institution, unplanned “fluke” encounters, and “cold calling.” Outcomes of developing network connections were new opportunities, advancing connections, and receiving feedback. Challenges to this process were a lack of time, funding, individual elements, and institutional factors.

Discussion and Conclusion.
This theory improves our understanding of the process early career faculty use to build professional network connections and use the relationships to generate a scholarly agenda. Traditional introductions, self-initiated contact, and taking advantage of chance encounters can all help early career faculty advance their network connections. Implementing these strategies to develop connections is not only the responsibility of the individual faculty member but also must be encouraged by professional associations and educational institutions. This study underscores the importance of early career faculty connecting with others to be successful in higher education.
The indicative role of markers for liver injury on the severity and prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 patients
Authors: Yang Rongrong , Gui Xien , Ke Hengning , Gao Shicheng , Luo Mingqi , Xiong Yong 
Published: November 2020

Background
Liver injury in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients was poorly understood.

Methods
The markers of liver injury, severity of disease and prognosis among 495 COVID-19 patients in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from 1st January 2019 to 11th March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.

Results
The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (50.1 ± 38.4 vs. 31.4 ± 39.1, P < 0.001), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) (70.3 ± 70.2 vs. 34.1 ± 34.7, P < 0.001) and fibrinogen-to-albumin-ratio (FAR) (13.4 ± 4.0 vs. 10.4 ± 3.4, P < 0.001) were greater than mild COVID-19 patients, whereas the levels of albumin(35.0 ± 6.2 vs. 39.9 ± 3.7, P < 0.001) and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio (1.21 ± 0.24 vs. 1.50 ± 0.31, P < 0.001) were lower in severe COVID-19 patients. By comparing the changes of liver injury markers 7–10 days after hospitalization, the level of albumin deteriorated from 35.0 ± 6.2 to 30.20 ± 5.5 (P < 0.001), A/G ratio from 1.21 ± 0.24 to 1.06 ± 0.25 (P < 0.001), and FAR from 13.4 ± 4.0 to 15.4 ± 2.9(P < 0.001) in severe COVID-19 patients, while the changes of albumin, A/G ratio and FAR showed opposite patterns in mild COVID-19 patients. FAR > 12 [2.566 (1.410–4.670), P = 0.012) on admission and changes of albumin >5g/l [22.489 (6.422–78.757), P = 0.001] were two risk factors for death, and the sensitivity and specificity for the poor prognosis were 80.8% and 64.0%, 82.6% and 76.3%, respectively.

Conclusion
The levels of AST, GGT, albumin and FAR are correlated with disease severity after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. FAR > 12 on admission and changes of albumin > 5 g/l were good predictors for the prognosis of COVID-19 patients.
Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Outpatient Providers in the United States
Authors: Chatterji Pinka , Li Yue 
Published: November 2020

Background:
During the COVID-19 pandemic, there is concern that social distancing, fear of contagion, quarantining of providers, cancellation of elective procedures, media coverage about the pandemic, and other factors drastically reduced physician visits, putting severe financial strain on outpatient providers, and having unknown ramifications for health outcomes.

Objectives:
We estimate the effect of the pandemic on utilization of outpatient services.

Research Design:
Using 2010–2020 data from a national dataset, the Outpatient Influenza-like Illness Surveillance Network, we estimate the difference in outpatient care utilization during the time period of the COVID-19 pandemic versus the same weeks in prior years.

Results:
Our findings indicate that the pandemic started to reduce visits during the week of March 15–21. The effect on visits grew until reaching a peak during the week of April 5–11, 2020, when the pandemic reduced the total number of outpatient visits per provider by 70% relative to the same week in prior years. We find negative effects of the pandemic on visits for non-flu symptoms as well as on visits for flu symptoms, but the magnitudes of these latter effects tended to be larger in magnitude. The pandemic’s impact declined over time, and by the week of June 28 to July 4, 2020, there was no longer any difference in total visits per provider relative to the same week in prior years. Despite the resurgence of COVID-19 in June and July, we still find no effects on total visits when our data end in July 26 to August 1, 2020.

Conclusions:
Our findings show that one by-product of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States is a large decline in the use of outpatient care which peaked around the week of April 5–11. Total outpatient visits rebounded completely and remain stable as of July 26 to August 1, 2020.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Caring Ability of Family Caregivers of Patients With Cancer Scale–Mothers’ Version for the Mothers of Children With Cancer
Authors: Khademi Fatemeh , Rassouli Maryam , Khanali Mojen Leila , Heidarzadeh Mehdi , Shirinabadi Farahani Azam 
Published: November 2020

Background
The experience of caring for cancer patients has adverse outcomes for family caregivers. The ability to care for a sick child is affected by the mother’s health; to empower mothers, it will be necessary to examine their caring ability.

Objective
The aim of this study was to carry out a psychometric evaluation of the Caring Ability of Family Caregivers of Patients With Cancer Scale–Mothers’ Version (CAFCPCS–Mothers’ Version).

Methods
The present study is a psychometric evaluation of the CAFCPCS–Mothers’ Version. The sample consisted of 196 mothers of children in treatment for cancer selected through convenience sampling. The face, content and construct validity, internal consistency, and stability of the scale were measured. Data were analyzed using the software SPSS 19 and LISREL 8.8.

Results
After removing 2 items during confirmatory factor analysis, the values of root-mean-square error of approximation, comparative fit index, and nonnormed fit index were reported to be 0.066, 0.92, and 0.91, respectively. The Cronbach’s α was calculated to be 0.71 and the stability correlation coefficient was 0.75. The final tested scale included 29 items in 5 dimensions: effective role play, fatigue and surrender, trust, uncertainty, and caring ignorance for mothers of children with cancer.

Conclusion
The CAFCPCS–Mothers’ Version has satisfactory content, face, and construct validity and adequate reliability in terms of internal consistency and stability in a sample of mothers of children receiving treatment for cancer.

Implication for Practice
The CAFCPCS–Mothers’ Version can be used to assess the caring ability of Iranian mothers of children with cancer and to determine maternal care needs.
Death in Children After Atractylis gummifera L. Poisoning in Morocco—Report of Three Cases and Review of Literature
Authors: Nya Samir , Abouzahir Hind , Dami Abdellah , Saif Zineb , Najdi Adil , Belhouss Ahmed , Benyaich Hicham 
Published: November 2020

Background

Atractylis gummifera L. is a poisonous thistle plant that grows in the Mediterranean regions especially in northern Africa like Morocco and southern Europe. It has been used frequently to treat some diseases in traditional medicine, and its ingestion is a common cause of fatal poisoning. Here, we report 3 death cases in children after accidental ingestion of the Atractylis gummifer L.

Cases reports
We report 3 cases of death in children after accidental ingestion of the poisonous plant Atractylis gummifer L. The poisoned children were admitted to hospital in deteriorated general state with clinical symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, epigastric, and abdominal pain, diarrhea, followed by coma. However, they died a few hours later. The postmortem investigations were performed, and the diagnosis of Atractylis gummifer L. poisoning was confirmed by toxicological examination (chromatography), the latter showed the presence of atractyloside (potassium atractylate), a toxic compound of the plant Atractylis gummifera L.

Atractylis gummifer L. poisoning was discussed with review through the literature.

Conclusions
Through the presented cases, we show that Atractylis gummifera L. poisoning remains a health problem that involves children in Morocco, where the plant grows spontaneously. Thus, teaching children to recognize dangerous plants will be helpful to prevent accidental ingestion.
Design and Test of a Graphic Medication Dosage Calculator in Paramedic Practice With Children
Authors: Parush Avi , Haim Nitzan , Jaffe Eli , Wacht Oren 
Published: November 2020

Background
Children are more vulnerable to medication errors during prehospital care because of paramedic staff having less experience with pediatric patients. One of the possible solutions to this problem is the use of technologies as cognitive aids to medication dosage calculation.

Objective
Design and empirically test a graphic dosage calculator tailored for pediatric medication calculation in prehospital emergency care.

Methods
The design and development of the calculator followed an iterative user-centered design process. Fourteen novice and 16 experienced paramedics participated in the empirical test of the graphic calculator by running 3 pediatric medication scenarios with both the graphic calculator and a pocket handbook used currently to aid calculations.

Results
It took significantly less time to complete the scenarios with the graphic calculator compared with the handbook. Both novice and experienced paramedics expressed similar levels of confidence with using the graphic calculator. Participants expressed a strong preference for the graphic calculator. Finally, the graphic calculator was scored significantly above a standard usability benchmark.

Discussion
The results show that the graphic calculator was usable, more effective, efficient, and preferred compared with the current dosage calculation method. Technologies such as the graphic calculator designed and tested in this study can help not only with the rare cases, such as pediatrics, but might also mitigate skill decay.
Utility of Computed Tomography Overreading and Abdominal Ultrasound in Children With Suspected Appendicitis and Nondiagnostic Computed Tomography at Community Hospitals
Authors: Keating Elizabeth M. , Orth Robert C. , Bisset George S. , Starke Hannah E. , Cruz Andrea T. 
Published: November 2020

Objective
The aim of the study was to examine the ability of overreading of computed tomography (CT) and right lower quadrant ultrasound (RLQ US) to diagnose appendicitis for children with suspected appendicitis with equivocal CTs at community hospitals.

Methods
This was a retrospective chart review of all children transferred to a children's hospital from community emergency departments with suspected appendicitis over 2 years for whom both CT and RLQ US were performed.

Results
One hundred eighty-four children were included with a median age of 10.8 years, and 57.6% were female. Community hospitals documented that CTs were equivocal for appendicitis in 110 (59.8%), positive in 63 (34.2%), and negative in 11 (6.0%). Ninety-seven CTs (88.1%) designated equivocal at community hospitals were later deemed interpretable by pediatric radiologists: 21 (19.1%) as appendicitis and 76 (69.1%) as normal. In 13 children (11.8%), both the community and children's hospital CT interpretations were equivocal. In equivocal cases, RLQ US was consistent with appendicitis in 6 (46.2%), normal in 5 (41.7%), and nondiagnostic in 2. κ value between CT interpretations at community versus children's hospital was 0.13 (95% confidence interval, 0.05–0.22), and κ value between CT interpretation at the children's hospital and RLQ US was 0.59 (95% confidence interval, 0.48–0.70).

Conclusions
Most CTs deemed equivocal for appendicitis at community hospitals were interpretable by pediatric radiologists. In a few children for whom CTs were designated nondiagnostic, RLQ US provided a definitive diagnosis in almost 90% of cases. The first step in evaluation of children with suspected appendicitis for whom outside CTs are deemed equivocal should be to have the study reinterpreted by a pediatric radiologist.