bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language and the Subject
Authors: Levin Yael 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The chapter focuses on Conrad’s scenes of suspension as sites for an investigation of language and its role in the creation of the modernist subject. Heart of Darkness, Lord Jim, and Victory are read as the serial restaging of an unsolicited encounter with the language of the other. These unwarranted interruptions contribute to an exploration of a particularly passive and fragmented subjectivity that relinquishes the agency and cohesion afforded the Cartesian cogito. The insistence on the oral tradition is thus read not as an attempt to resurrect speech within an essentially silent medium but as a dramatization of the role of language in the evolution of the modernist subject and the narrative that houses him. Those same experimental narrative techniques that are often associated with Conrad’s commitment to an inherently epistemological philosophical inquiry are attributed here to the author’s effort to chart the ontological coordinates of character and narration.
Continuum Mechanics of Solids
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Continuum mechanics of Solids presents a unified treatment of the major concepts in Solid Mechanics for beginning graduate students in the many branches of engineering. The fundamental topics of kinematics in finite and infinitesimal deformation, mechanical and thermodynamic balances plus entropy imbalance in the small strain setting are covered as they apply to all solids. The major material models of Elasticity, Viscoelasticity, and Plasticity are detailed and models for Fracture and Fatigue are discussed. In addition to these topics in Solid Mechanics, because of the growing need for engineering students to have a knowledge of the coupled multi-physics response of materials in modern technologies related to the environment and energy, the book also includes chapters on Thermoelasticity, Chemoelasticity, Poroelasticity, and Piezoelectricity. A preview to the theory of finite elasticity and elastomeric materials is also given. Throughout, example computations are presented to highlight how the developed theories may be applied.
Vectors and tensors: Analysis
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the differentiation of scalar, vector, and tensor fields with respect to position in order to calculate the gradients of such fields. The important differential operators: divergence, curl, and Laplacian are defined. The differentiation of scalar, vector, or tensor-valued functions whose arguments are scalars, vectors, and tensors are also discussed. In addition to these differential operations, integral operations are discussed, and two important integral theorems, namely the divergence theorem, and Stokes' theorem --- which are central to the formulation of the basic laws of continuum mechanics are stated.
Three-dimensional plasticity with isotropic hardening
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to isotropic hardening plasticity models in the three-dimensional small strain setting. The additive decomposition of the strain is introduced along with the concepts of plastic strain and equivalent tensile plastic strain for three-dimensional problems. Plastic flow is discussed and defined, and a complete model of plasticity is formulated with Kuhn-Tucker loading/unloading conditions. Both rate independent and rate dependent (viscoplastic) models are discussed with an emphasis on Mises-Hill type theories which utilizes a Prandtl-Reuss flow rule. A variety of important flow models are presented.
Three-dimensional plasticity with kinematic and isotropic hardening
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to combined isotropic-kinematic hardening plasticity models in the three-dimensional small strain setting. The additive decomposition of the strain is introduced along with the concepts of plastic strain, equivalent tensile plastic strain, and back stress for three-dimensional problems. Plastic flow is discussed and defined, and a complete model of plasticity is formulated with Kuhn-Tucker loading/unloading conditions. The kinematic hardening model is based upon the Armstrong-Fredrick evolution law. Both rate-independent and rate-dependent (viscoplastic) models are discussed.
Fatigue
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces methods for analysing fatigue failure of materials under repeated loads. The notions of defect-free and defect-tolerant failure analysis are discussed. For defect free analysis the notion of S-N curves is introduced and Coffin-Mason low cycle as well as Basquin high cycle relations are discussed. Miner’s rule is also introduced. For a defect-tolerant approach Paris’s law for fatigue crack growth is presented.
Linear viscoelasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the essential elements of linear viscoelastic material behaviour and modeling in one- and three-dimensions. Both relaxation and creep phenomena are introduced and modeled using Boltzmann’s superposition integral. Various common kernel functions are introduced, as is the standard and generalized standard linear model in differential and integral form. The correspondence principle is discussed for the solution of practical problems and to connect relaxation and creep formulations. Storage and loss moduli for oscillatory loadings are discussed, as are loss tangents and dissipation. For the generalized standard linear solid its time integration via the Herrmann-Peterson recursion relation is discussed. Effects of temperature are discussed, and the concept of time-temperature equivalence is introduced.
The Safety of Genicular Nerve Radiofrequency Ablation
Authors: McCormick Zachary L , Patel Jaymin , Conger Aaron , Smith Clark C ,   the Spine Intervention Society’s Patient Safety Committee
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Myth
Genicular nerve radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is not associated with known clinically significant complications.

Fact
Although genicular nerve RFA is generally considered a safe procedure, cases of septic arthritis, pes anserine tendon injury, third-degree skin burn, and clinically significant hematoma and/or hemarthrosis have been reported. As with any emerging procedure, other yet-to-be-reported complications are possible.
Study of muonium emission from laser-ablated silica aerogel
Authors: Beare J , Beer G , Brewer J H , Iijima T , Ishida K , Iwasaki M , Kamal S , Kanamori K , Kawamura N , Kitamura R , Li S , Luke G M , Marshall G M , Mibe T , Miyake Y , Oishi Y , Olchanski K , Olin A , Otani M , Rehman M A , Saito N , Sato Y , Shimomura K , Suzuki K , Tabata M , Yasuda H 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The emission of muonium ($\mu^+e^-$) atoms into vacuum from silica aerogel with laser ablation on its surface was studied with various ablation structures at room temperature using the subsurface muon beams at TRIUMF and Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC). Laser ablation was applied to produce holes or grooves with typical dimensions of a few hundred $\mu$m to a few mm, except for some extreme conditions. The measured emission rate tends to be higher for larger fractions of ablation opening and for shallower depths. More than a few ablation structures reach the emission rates similar to the highest achieved in past measurements. The emission rate is found to be stable at least for a couple of days. Measurements of spin precession amplitudes for the produced muonium atoms and remaining muons in a magnetic field determine a muonium formation fraction of $(65.5 \pm 1.8)$%. The precession of the polarized muonium atoms is also observed clearly in vacuum. A projection of the emission rates measured at TRIUMF to the corresponding rates at J-PARC is demonstrated taking the different beam condition into account reasonably.
Anatomy of Corporate Borrowing Constraints*
Authors: Lian Chen , Ma Yueran 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Macro-finance analyses commonly link firms’ borrowing constraints to the liquidation value of physical assets. For U.S. nonfinancial firms, we show that 20% of debt by value is based on such assets (asset-based lending in creditor parlance), whereas 80% is based predominantly on cash flows from firms’ operations (cash flow–based lending). A standard borrowing constraint restricts total debt as a function of cash flows measured using operating earnings (earnings-based borrowing constraints). These features shape firm outcomes on the margin: first, cash flows in the form of operating earnings can directly relax borrowing constraints; second, firms are less vulnerable to collateral damage from asset price declines, and fire sale amplification may be mitigated. Taken together, our findings point to new venues for modeling firms’ borrowing constraints in macro-finance studies.
Lymphadenopathy in IgG4-related disease: a phenotype of severe activity and poor prognosis, with eotaxin-3 as a new biomarker
Authors: Takanashi Satoshi , Kikuchi Jun , Sasaki Takanori , Akiyama Mitsuhiro , Yasuoka Hidekata , Yoshimoto Keiko , Seki Noriyasu , Sugahara Kunio , Chiba Kenji , Kaneko Yuko , Takeuchi Tsutomu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo clarify relevant proteins and clinical characteristics of a phenotype of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) with lymphadenopathy.MethodsWe enrolled patients newly diagnosed with IgG4-RD in our department between January 2000 and June 2018 and performed proteomic analysis to measure serum concentrations of 1305 proteins. We extracted proteins overexpressed in patients with IgG4-RD with lymphadenopathy by comparing between those with lymphadenopathy, those without lymphadenopathy and healthy controls. We further reviewed all the patients with IgG4-RD in our institution and investigated the characteristics and prognosis of the patients with IgG4-RD with lymphadenopathy.ResultsEighty-five patients with IgG4-RD were enrolled, of which, 55% had lymphadenopathy. Proteomic analysis in 31 patients with IgG4-RD and 6 healthy controls revealed that eotaxin-3 was a potential serum biomarker in the patients with lymphadenopathy versus those without lymphadenopathy and healthy controls. A cohort of 85 patients with IgG4-RD demonstrated that patients with lymphadenopathy showed a significantly higher serum IgG4, IgG4:IgG ratio, IgG4-RD responder index and eosinophilia (P &lt; 0.001 for all), irrelevant of the extent to which organ involvement developed. Patients with lymphadenopathy treated with glucocorticoid alone relapsed with significantly higher rates than those without lymphadenopathy (P = 0.03).ConclusionLymphadenopathy in IgG4-RD represents a phenotype associated with high disease activities, eosinophilia and relapsing disease. Eotaxin-3 is a novel biomarker related to IgG4-RD with lymphadenopathy.
Ten-Year Long-term Results of Modified Cervical Double-door Laminoplasty With C3 Laminectomy Preserving the Semispinalis Cervicis Inserted Into the Axis Compared With Those of Conventional Cervical Laminoplasty
Authors: Kudo Hitoshi , Takeuchi Kazunari , Wada Kanichiro , Kumagai Gentaro , Tanaka Sunao , Asari Toru , Araki Ryo , Yokoyama Toru , Ishibashi Yasuyuki 
Published: September 2020

Study Design:
A retrospective study.

Objective:
To compare long-term clinical and radiologic outcomes between conventional double-door laminoplasty (LP) (group A) and cervical LP with C3 laminectomy (group B).

Summary of Background Data:
Cervical LP with C3 laminectomy preserving the semispinalis cervicis inserted into the axis decreased the patients’ postoperative axial pain and muscle atrophy, prevented interlaminar bony fusion, decreased limitations of daily living activity, including reduced postoperative neck mobility, and maintained the cervical range of motion (ROM) more effectively than conventional cervical LP reattaching the semispinalis cervicis in the short-term.

Materials and Methods:
Group A included 14 patients with an average age of 56.6 years at the time of surgery (follow-up rate 58.1%), and group B included 21 patients with an average age of 56.3 years at the time of surgery (follow-up rate 29.1%). We evaluated the clinical results, which included the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, JOA Cervical Myelopathy Evaluation Questionnaire (JOACMEQ), and radiologic results, including C2–C7 ROM, number of interlaminar bony fusions and presence of new spondylolisthesis at C3.

Results:
There were no significant differences in preoperative and postoperative JOA scores, recovery rate of JOA score, and JOACMEQ. Significantly fewer patients in group B experienced interlaminar bony fusion at C2–C3 compared with those in group A. There was no significant difference in the presence of new spondylolisthesis at C3. In patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy, the rate of decrease of C2–C7 ROM was significantly less in group B than in group A. In patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, there was no significant difference in the rate of decrease of C2–C7 ROM between the groups.

Conclusions:
C3 laminectomy prevented interlaminar bony fusion at C2–C3. C3 laminectomy maintained cervical ROM in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. There were no adverse events due to C3 laminectomy at 10 years postsurgery.
Utility of platelet indices in alcoholic hepatitis: a retrospective study
Authors: Vijayakumar Saravanakumari , Viswanathan Stalin , Jain Dheeraj 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background:
The commonly available platelet indices are platelet distribution width (PDW), plateletcrit (PCT), and mean platelet volume (MPV). They have been used in diagnosis and prognosis of various abdominal disorders. They have never been used to predict severity of alcoholic hepatitis.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis of chronic alcohol consumers presenting with jaundice and deranged liver function tests was performed. Maddrey discriminant function (MDF) and modified end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores were calculated and patients compared between severe and nonsevere alcoholic hepatitis (MDF ≥32 vs MDF <32 and MELD >20 vs MELD ≤20). Logistic regression analysis was performed to find significant predictors. Receiver operating characteristic was used to find the area under the curve. Spearman correlation was performed to discover association between platelet indices and severity scores.

Results:
There were 119 patients in the study. Coexisting illnesses included pancreatitis, cirrhosis, infections, and alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The mean age (years), duration of alcohol consumption (years), and ethanol (g/day) were 45.13 ± 11.53, 18.84 ± 11.40, and 65.61 ± 45.42, respectively. The average MELD and Maddrey scores were 14.13 ± 5.17 and 36.45 ± 29.63, respectively. The mean platelet counts, PDW, MPV, and PCT were 194.01 ± 178.82 × 109/L, 17.10 ± 1.21, 5.99 ± 0.96, and 0.14 ± 0.04, respectively. PDW >18 and MPV had a significant positive correlation with MELD scores. Only bilirubin and prothrombin prolongation were significant predictors of severe alcoholic hepatitis. The area under the curve was highest for PCT at 0.622 (P = .07; confidence interval = 0.500–0.743).

Conclusions:
Platelet indices appear to be significantly altered in alcoholic hepatitis, but they do not predict severe disease. Whether this inability to predict severe alcoholic hepatitis is due to coexisting illnesses such as pancreatitis, cirrhosis, and infection needs to be studied further.
The Utility of the King-Devick Test in Evaluating Professional Ice Hockey Players With Suspected Concussion
Authors: Echemendia Ruben J. , Thelen Joanie , Meeuwisse Willem , Comper Paul , Hutchison Michael G. , Rizos John , Bruce Jared M. 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to (1) examine the diagnostic utility of the King-Devick (KD) in professional ice hockey players and (2) determine whether the KD provides unique variance in predicting a diagnosis of concussion when given in combination with the SCAT-5.

Study Design:
Cohort Study.

Setting:
Primary care.

Patients/Participants:
Professional ice hockey players.

Independent Variables:
Diagnosis versus no diagnosis of concussion.

Main Outcome Measures:
King-Devick and SCAT-5 component scores.

Methods:
In part 1, players suspected of having a concussion were evaluated at baseline and acutely with the KD and either the SCAT-3 or the SCAT-5. Players evaluated and not diagnosed with concussion served as active controls. In part 2, a separate group of players suspected of having a concussion was evaluated acutely with both the KD and SCAT-5.

Results:
In part 1 of this study, 53 concussed players declined in performance on the KD from baseline to acute evaluation, whereas the performance of 76 active controls improved significantly. In part 2 of the study, 75 players were diagnosed with concussion and compared with 80 active controls who were evaluated and not diagnosed with concussion. Concussed players revealed a decline in KD performance from baseline to acute evaluation when compared with controls. However, the KD did not account for significant unique variance in predicting a diagnosis of concussion after accounting for SCAT-5 data.

Conclusions:
The KD is useful in differentiating concussed and not concussed athletes acutely, but the KD does not seem to add additional diagnostic value over and above the SCAT-5.
Pelvic Region Avulsion Fractures in Adolescent Athletes: A Series of 242 Cases
Authors: Moeller James L. , Galasso Lisa 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
The objective of this descriptive study was to evaluate pelvic region avulsion fractures in adolescents, including age of injury, location of injury, activity and mechanism at time of injury, treatments used, duration of treatment, and outcomes.

Design:
This was a retrospective chart review of patients who presented with pelvic region avulsion fracture over a 19-year period.

Setting:
Private practice, primary care sports medicine clinic.

Patients:
All patients younger than 20 years of age diagnosed with an acute pelvic region avulsion fracture.

Interventions:
There was no set intervention protocol. A variety of interventions and combination of interventions were used and determined by the treating physician on a case-by-case basis.

Main Outcome Measures:
Clearance for return toward sport activities.

Results:
Of the 242 cases, 162 were male. Soccer was the most common sport at the time of injury, and running/sprinting was the most common mechanism. Males were generally older at presentation and were more likely than females to have anterior inferior iliac spine injuries, whereas females were more likely to have iliac crest avulsions. Conservative treatment was effective in all cases. Males were treated for a shorter duration than females, but this difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions:
Pelvic avulsion fractures are a rare injury in adolescent athletes. Males are twice as likely to experience these injuries and are older at presentation compared to females. Conservative management leads to successful outcomes in most cases.
Pain management in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease
Authors: Roy Payel J. , Weltman Melanie , Dember Laura M. , Liebschutz Jane , Jhamb Manisha 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review
This review evaluates current recommendations for pain management in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) with a specific focus on evidence for opioid analgesia, including the partial agonist, buprenorphine.

Recent findings
Recent evidence supports the use of physical activity and other nonpharmacologic therapies, either alone or with pharmacological therapies, for pain management. Nonopioid analgesics, including acetaminophen, topical analgesics, gabapentinoids, serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and TCA may be considered based on pain cause and type, with careful dose considerations in kidney disease. NSAIDs may be used in CKD and ESKD for short durations with careful monitoring. Opioid use should be minimized and reserved for patients who have failed other therapies. Opioids have been associated with increased adverse events in this population, and thus should be used cautiously after risk/benefit discussion with the patient. Opioids that are safer to use in kidney disease include oxycodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, methadone, and buprenorphine. Buprenorphine appears to be a promising and safer option due to its partial agonism at the mu opioid receptor.

Summary
Pain is poorly managed in patients with kidney disease. Nonpharmacological and nonopioid analgesics should be first-line approaches for pain management. Opioid use should be minimized with careful monitoring and dose adjustment.
Waiting times in renal transplant candidates with a history of malignancy: time for a change?
Authors: Bojic Marija , Watschinger Clara , Reiter Thomas , Watschinger Bruno 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review
With the aging population of kidney transplant candidates, a history of malignancy is an increasingly prevalent finding. Tumors can constitute a contraindication for transplantation or can lead to a delay of acceptance to the waiting-list. Current waiting time guidelines mainly refer to early data collected nearly 30 years ago, when the knowledge on tumors was, by current standards, still limited.

Recent findings
Today, cancers can usually be divided into many different biological subtypes, according to histological and molecular subclassification and the availability of genetic testing. A more precise stratification and targeted antitumor therapies have led to better therapy outcomes or even cures from certain malignancies and to a better appreciation of tumor risks for the patient.

Summary
Even though transplant patients do have an increased risk for malignancies, it is often overlooked that patients, while on dialysis, are equally prone to develop a tumor. Competing risks (e.g. cardiovascular, mortality risks) through prolonged time on dialysis have to be equally considered, when the decision for acceptance of a patient to the waiting-list is made. Current waiting time suggestions should be critically reconsidered for every patient after a thorough discussion with an oncologist, including new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, as well as novel risk stratifications.