bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Product‐Oriented Environmental Management: Lessons from Total Quality Management
Authors: de Bakker Frank G. A. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryEnvironmental management issues are becoming ever more prominent in business, and their focus is broadening from process orientation toward product orientation. Until now, little attention has been paid to an organizational focus on the environmental performance of products. This article therefore considers product‐oriented environmental management (POEM), an approach to organizing and operating a firm in such a way that improving the environmental performance of its products and processes becomes an integrated part of operations and strategy. First, the POEM concept is introduced. Because this concept addresses some issues similar to those of quality management, the possibilities of using insights from total quality management (TQM) in developing POEM are investigated. Based on an overview of the literature and conceptual studies of TQM, a coherent set of several elements are described that can contribute to the organization of POEM. These elements are grouped in a framework, the POEM matrix, which can be used to guide research within this emerging area of organizing for the environmental characteristics of products. This matrix could also provide guidance to practitioners by delivering an integrated perspective on the organizational elements that are conducive to organizing POEM. An example from case study research in the chemical industry illustrates such an application of the matrix.
ON OTTOMAN JUSTICE: INTERPRETATIONS IN CONFLICT (1600 - 1800)
Authors: Ergene Bogaç 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis essay investigates the ways in which the notion of "justice" was utilized as a mechanism of political legitimization in the early-modern Ottoman Empire. I claim that there existed alternative definitions of justice and that these were instrumental in the struggle between the central government and those official and unofficial power-holders in the administrative and geographical peripheries of the empire. According to the specialized terminology of the Ottoman administrative system, "justice" was the protection of the rural and urban producers against abuses of the military elite. This definition highlighted the personal benevolence of the ruler who claimed to be the sole protector of the weak against oppression. On the other hand, at least some segments of the ruling elite insisted on representing justice as the recognition of the mutual rights and obligations of the sultan and his "servants." Justice, in this context, referred to the protection of privileges and entitlements of those who were thought to deserve them. While using a variety of sources - including treatises on government and ethics composed by the Ottoman literati, documents from regional court records and correspondence between the imperial center and the officials in the provinces - my primary focus is on Evliya Çelebi's seventeenth-century travel-book, Seyahatname, and a well-known seventeenth century chronicle, Tarih-i Naima.
HOW MONOTHEISTIC IS MANI'S DUALISM?
Authors: Scibona Concetta Giuffré 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA passage from the Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis (CMC 66,4) has led to a series of reflections and opinions from scholars on the dualistic or monotheistic nature of the original form of Manichaeism. This essay outlines the status quaestionis and then goes on to examine, on the basis of texts and using the historico-comparative method, the analogies and differences between the historical "types" of monotheism and dualism (Judaeo-Christianity, Mazdaism, gnosticism), and Manichaeism, which is related to them in different ways and in varying degrees. Taking position in this debate between minimalist and maximalist points of view, the author attempts to identify the parameters of this original religious creation, and argues that theological monotheism and ontological dualism were, from its birth, coherent elements in its peculiar gnostic conception of reality.
Beyond Anecdotes: An Empirical Study of "Anthropomorphism"
Authors: Morris Paul , Fidler Margaret , Costall Alan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe status of "anthropomorphic" descriptions of animals in terms of intentions and emotions has been generally regarded as a prescriptive methodological concern. In contrast, in the study of human social psychology the nature of psychological descriptions of other people has been approached as a substantive empirical issue. Following this lead, the present study investigated the nature of people's descriptions of short videotaped episodes of animal behavior. The descriptions obtained were predominantly anthropomorphic and structured according to a limited set of "event units" whose psychological meaning was highly consistent across the observers. In common with many social psychologists we conclude that consistency of anthropomorphic description suggests that meaning is specified within the structure of behavior.
Vocal repertoire and effect of advertisement call intensity on calling behaviour in the West African tree frog, Leptopelis viridis
Authors: Steffen Jan , Grafe T. Ulmar , Stoll Carolin 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe vocal repertoire of the West African tree frog Leptopelis viridis was investigated in the Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast. Leptopelis viridis had a complex vocal repertoire consisting of short clicks, multinote clicks, trills, and soft calls. Most calls produced were short advertisement clicks. Soft calls were emitted during agonistic interactions between males suggesting that they function as aggressive calls. In contrast, multinote calls and trills were emitted when advertisement call rate was high suggesting that these calls are used by males to increase their attractiveness to females. Even at high densities males were spaced widely with a median nearest neighbour distance of 4.8 m. We also examined the effects of increased sound level of advertisement calls on calling behaviour. Playback experiments using synthetic clicks showed that males increased the proportion of aggressive calls as the stimulus intensity was increased. Males typically responded with aggressive calls when playback levels exceeded 82 dB (re 20 μPa). At high playback levels males either aggressively approached the speaker or silently retreated.
A posthatching developmental staging table for the long-toed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum krausei
Authors: Russell Anthony , Watson Sheri 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA posthatching developmental staging table for the larval phase of an ambystomatid salamander is provided for the first time. Stage boundaries are based upon limb development prior to the metamorphic transition and upon gill resorption during metamorphosis. Comparison to other published staging tables for salamanders of other families and anecdotal accounts of other ambystomatids is made, and similarities and differences are noted. These comparative data suggest that limb development may differ between species of Ambystoma in terms of the relative timing of hindlimb and forelimb morphogenesis.
EFFECT OF GREAT SPOTTED CUCKOO PRESENCE ON MAGPIE REJECTION BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Soler Manuel , Soler Juan Jose , Moller Anders Pape 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Soler & Moller (1990) reported that egg rejection of great spotted cuckoo Clamator glandarius eggs by magpies Pica pica varies between populations depending on the duration of sympatry. Here, we test experimentally the idea that differences in ejection rates between areas of presumably different duration of sympatry could be due to a conditional response by magpies to the presence of adult parasites near the nest. The rate of ejection of mimetic cuckoo egg models was identical in both treatment groups, independently of whether or not the cuckoo was presented at the same time as the model egg. Thus, we conclude that the presence of a great spotted cuckoo near the magpie nest does not increase the probability of egg rejection.
DEVELOPMENT OF VOCAL RESPONSES IN INFANT COTTON-TOP TAMARINS
Authors: Castro Nicole , Snowdon Charles 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
To examine the development of production, comprehension and usage of chirp vocalizations in infant cotton-top tamarins, we designed four experimental settings to elicit five of the eight chirp types of adult cotton-top tamarins. We tested non-reproductive adult pairs and family groups before and after the birth of infants. We observed responses of infants in family groups during the first 20 weeks following birth. The five chirp types were rarely given in control conditions, but each type occurred at significant levels among adults and subadults immediately following presentation of an appropriate stimulus. Each chirp type was specific to one experimental manipulation. We found no differences between non-reproductive pairs and families prior to the birth of infants, but two chirp types were produced at significantly lower rates following the birth of infants. Infants produced a form of chirp (prototype chirp) not seen in adults, but infants rarely produced adult forms of chirps. If an adult-appropriate chirp was produced by an infant in one session, there was a low probability of that chirp appearing in subsequent tests with the same infant. Infants used most frequently the form of chirp (D chirp) that was most frequently directed toward them by adults, and infants reduced their rates of prototype chirps following presentation of visual and auditory alarm stimuli. Although infant tamarins under 20 weeks of age appear unable to use adult types of chirps consistently, they did produce chirps with adult form, and they appeared to show some comprehension of chirps produced by adults.
DOMINANCE HIERARCHIES IN FEMALE MOUNTAIN GOATS: STABILITY, AGGRESSIVENESS AND DETERMINANTS OF RANK
Authors: Côté Steeve 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTo investigate the importance of dominance relationships in the social organization of large mammals, I studied the aggressive behaviour of marked adult female mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) during four years in west-central Alberta, Canada. Despite large group size, the 38-45 adult females in the population were organized in a strong and very stable linear hierarchy. Social rank was strongly related to age and did not decrease for the oldest females. The presence of a kid did not affect the aggressive behaviour of females, suggesting that aggressiveness probably did not evolve for offspring defense in mountain goats. Initiators won most encounters, except when the receiver was an older female. When age was accounted for, body mass, horn length, and body size were not related to female rank. A new measure of aggressiveness, controlling for the number of opportunities for interactions, revealed that aggressiveness towards younger adult females increased with both age and social rank. On the other hand, age and social rank did not affect aggressiveness towards other females of the same age or older. Goats interacted more often with individuals of similar ranks than with individuals that were distant in the dominance hierarchy. Social rank of adult daughters was not related to the social rank of mothers. Although central positions in a group may decrease predation risk, dominant females did not occupy central positions more often than subordinates. Because age was the main determinant of rank, the only effective way to increase social rank was to survive.
DUET SINGING AND FEMALE CHOICE IN THE BUSHCRICKET PHANEROPTERA NANA
Authors: Tauber Eran , Cohen Dan , Greenfield Michael , Pener Meir Paul 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
the reliability with which females can assess male song at a distance and potential disadvantages of attracting multiple suitors. Laboratory trials indicated that only males receiving a high female response rate actually approach and mate with the female. Thus, this duet signalling system may be relatively resistant to intraspecific exploitation.
TENURE RELATED CHANGES IN WILD THOMAS'S LANGURS II: LOUD CALLS
Authors: Steenbeek Romy , Assink Peter , Wich Serge 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate how the number and context of male loud calls of Thomas's langurs (Presbytis thomasi) change over a male's tenure, in relation to changes in the intensity of male mate competition and relative male strength. We also investigate how the calls' impact on the behavior of receivers varies over tenure phases. Thomas's langurs live in one-male multi-female groups; only males produce loud calls; both males and females disperse from their natal groups; female secondary dispersal is also common, and infanticide occurs. The life-span of a group is, as a rule, restricted to the tenure of its reproductive male (median tenure length is 72 months). Male tenure in bisexual groups was divided into three phases: the early phase (no infants yet), the stable middle phase, and the late phase (last year). Because AMBs remained after all females had left a male, they were treated as a fourth phase. We hypothesised that the tendency to answer another male's calls decreases with distance because a male will invest less when answering becomes less relevant. The tendency to respond to a loud call by an extra-group male indeed decreased with distance, which suggests that males invested less in (costly) calling behavior when the chance of an interaction with that male was low. Extra-group males seemed to recognise males of new groups: they did not discriminate between medium and far distances in answering calls from (relatively unfamiliar) early tenure males. We further hypothesised that an increase in male mate competition would result in more call bouts per day and a higher tendency to answer calls, which was not found. Males with a relatively low strength were expected to keep signalling their presence, but because this low strength includes a higher risk for females and infants, we expected females to avoid loud calling extra-group males. Males with a declining strength continued to signal their presence, as was expected, but they did reduce participation in dawn call bouts, which might be a particularly sensitive measure of their decreased strength. Extra-group males answered calls by males during their late tenure phase more often at medium and far distances, which shows that males recognised calls from late tenure males. Females' avoidance of calling extra-group males remained constant during the early and middle phase but increased during the late tenure phase, as was expected. AMB males clearly avoided males from bisexual groups: they never participated in dawn call bouts, they rarely started or answered calls and they travelled away from calling males. AMB males only answered a call bout in the case of a betweengroup conflict, when their position was already known. Hence, in Thomas's langurs, loud call behavior influenced male mate competition, and it varied in relation to changes in relative male strength.
THE RED GAPE OF THE NESTLING CUCKOO (CUCULUS CANORUS) IS NOT A SUPERNORMAL STIMULUS FOR THREE COMMON HOSTS
Authors: Noble  , Davies  , Hartley  , McRae  
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The bright red gape of the nestling common cuckoo Cuculus canorus has often been supposed to act as a supernormal stimulus to elicit provisioning from its foster parents. Parents of three main host species were tested for their response to their own nestlings with artificially reddened gapes. Robins, dunnocks and reed warblers allocated no more food to red-mouthed nestlings than to control nestlings in the same nest, and manipulations of the gape colour of whole broods of reed warblers revealed no effect on provisioning rates. Our data do not support the hypothesis that there is a universal parental preference for redder gapes in opennesting passerines, or that the bright red gape of nestling cuckoos has evolved to exploit parental preferences in these three hosts. We suggest that although mouth colour has little influence on the allocation of feeds resulting from sibling competition and begging intensity in these species, it may have a role under certain conditions.
Finding One's Mate in a King Penguin Colony: Efficiency of Acoustic Communication
Authors: Lengagne Thierry , Jouventin Pierre , Aubin Thierry 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In the king penguin, during the three months of incubation and the brooding stage, members of a pair alternate care duties on land with foraging trips. Contrary to most of the species of birds that nest at a fixed location, the king penguin carries its egg on its feet during incubation. This allows the incubating parents to move in the colony. Brooding or incubating parents moved on average 4.4 meters between egg-laying and the end of the brooding stage. This movement in a group of thousands of other birds reduced the reliability of visual cues for recovering the pair mate during the change-over. We showed that the difficulty in relocating the mate was more important during the brooding stage than during incubating. We confirmed earlier findings that acoustic communication was the main mode of communication during a change-over, and showed that the omnidirectional properties of sound allowed birds to reach more than five hundred other birds with each emitted call. Our experiments proved that the communication system is performed at short or medium range. On average, the birds identified their mate at a distance of 8.8 m. Seventy percent of the birds started the acoustic search of their mate when the distance was shorter or equal to this discrimination range, and so acoustic communication is a particularly efficient strategy in the king penguin. Chez le manchot royal (Aptenodytes patagonicus) le male et la femelle participent tous deux a l'incubation et a l'elevage du poussin. Si en general les oiseaux possedent un nid dont la position fixe aide les deux partenaires a se retrouver lors des releves, le manchot royal est une des rares especes sans nid. En effet, l'adulte incube et protege son oeuf ou son poussin sur ses pattes ce qui lui permet de se deplacer dans la colonie. Nous avons mesure un deplacement moyen de 4.4 metres entre le moment de la ponte et la fin de l'elevage individuel. Ce deplacement parmis des milliers d'autres oiseaux morphologiquement semblables rend tous reperes visuels inutilisables lors des releves entre male et femelle. Pour se reconnaitre individuellement, les manchots utilisent une signature acoustique. Nous avons montre que les proprietes omnidirectionelles du son permettent au manchot qui cherche son partenaire de communiquer potentiellement avec plus de 500 oiseaux pour chaque chant emis. La degradation rapide de la signature lors de la propagation du signal dans la colonie ne permet pas une communication a longue distance: les oiseaux identifient le chant de leur partenaires a une distance moyenne de 8.8 metres. La majorite des manchots royaux (70%) commencent a chanter a une distance inferieure ou egale a la portee du signal ce qui revele une strategie de communication particulierement efficace.
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE AMPHIPOD FAMILY BOGIDIELLIDAE S. LAT., AND REVISION OF TAXA ABOVE THE SPECIES LEVEL
Authors: Koenemann Stefan , Holsinger John 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe increasing number of world-wide discoveries of subterranean amphipods, especially during the last two decades, has led to additions of numerous new taxa in the stygobiont family Bogidiellidae s. lat. To date, the family is composed of 23 genera and 11 subgenera, and approximately 110 described species. However, given the uneven quality of generic and subgeneric diagnoses in the literature, there is considerable confusion regarding the status of some of the taxa at these levels. Even the family itself lacks a clear definition. In order to gain a better knowledge of the phylogeny of this group, a cladistic analysis, employing both PAUP 3.0s and MacClade, was performed on the genera and subgenera currently assigned to the Bogidiellidae s. lat. Supported by the results of this analysis, the taxonomic structure of this group is completely revised above the species level. The revision excludes 5 genera from the family, all remaining subgenera are elevated to generic level. Four taxa are split, resulting in 5 new genera. The family Bogidiellidae now consists of 33 genera. Die wachsende Zahl weltweiter Neuentdeckungen von Grundwasser-Amphipoden, insbesondere wahrend der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte, erweiterte die Stygobiontenfamilie Bogidiellidae s. lat., um zahlreiche neue Taxa. Bis heute sind in der Familie etwa 110 beschriebene Arten in 23 Gattungen und 11 Untergattungen zusammengefasst. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Qualitat diagnostischer Beschreibungen herrscht allerdings erhebliche Verwirrung hinsichtlich des taxonomischen Status einiger Gruppen. Sogar die Definition der Familie selbst ist relativ undeutlich. Um neue Einsichten in die Phylogenie der Bogidielliden s. lat., zu erhalten, fuhrten wir eine kladistische Analyse der Gattungen und Untergattungen unter Verwendung der Computerprogramme PAUP 3.0s und MacClade durch. Die Resultate dieser Analyse dienten als hilfreiche Erganzung bei der umfassenden taxonomischen Revision der Gattungen und Untergattungen. Funf Gattungen wurden aus der Familie entfernt und alle Untergattungen zu Gattungen erhoben. Das Aufspalten von vier Taxa resultierte in 5 neuen Gattungen. Die Familie Bogidiellidae besteht somit aus 33 Gattungen.
Description de quatre nouvelles espèces et de quatre populations de Rotylenchus (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae). Proposition d'une clé tabulaire
Authors: Germani Gaetano , Massèse Claude Scotto La 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSummary - Description of four new species and four populations of Rotylenchus (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae). Proposal a tabular key - Four new species from France are described and figured: Rotylenchus ascalpi sp. n., characterised by an annulated, rounded and set off lip region; R. corsicus sp. n., characterised by a rounded, annulated lip region; R. echelimae sp. n., characterised by a truncated, smooth lip region; R. provincialis sp. n., characterised by a conoïd rounded, annulated lip region and an unannulated tail terminus. The measurements, figures and main morphological differences in relation to the original descriptions of four other populations are given: Rotylenchus capensis , R. eximius, R. magnus jaeni and R. magnus magnus. An emended diagnosis of the genus, a list of valid species and species inquirendae vel dubiae and a tabular key to species are proposed. Quatre nouvelles espèces de Rotylenchus sont décrites et figurées: Rotylenchus ascalpi sp. n., caractérisé par une région céphalique arrondie, comportant de cinq à sept anneaux; R. corsicus sp. n. caractérisé par une région céphalique arrondie, annelée; R. echelimae sp. n., caractérisé par une région céphalique tronconique non annelée; R. provincialis sp. n., caractérisé par une région céphalique annelée, conoïde-arrondie et par l'extrémité caudale lisse. Pour des populations de quatre autres espèces, Rotylenchus capensis, R. eximius, R. magnus jaeni, R. magnus magnus, les mensurations, les figures et les différences morphologiques majeures par rapport aux descriptions originales sont données. Une diagnose amendée du genre, la liste des espèces valides et des species inquirendae vel dubiae ainsi qu'une clé tabulaire pour les espèces sont proposées.