bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Elbrus (Caucasus, Russia) ice core record – Part 2: history of desert dust deposition
Authors: Kutuzov Stanislav , Legrand Michel , Preunkert Susanne , Ginot Patrick , Mikhalenko Vladimir , Shukurov Karim , Poliukhov Aleksei , Toropov Pavel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract. Ice cores are one of the most valuable paleo-archives. Records from
ice cores provide information not only about the amount of dust in the
atmosphere, but also about dust sources and their changes in the past. In
2009, a 182 m long ice core was recovered from the western plateau of Mt
Elbrus (5115 m a.s.l.). This record was further extended after a shallow ice
core was drilled in 2013. Here we analyse Ca2+ concentrations, a
commonly used proxy of dust, recorded in these Elbrus ice records over the
time period of 1774–2013 CE. The Ca2+ record reveals quasi-decadal
variability with a generally increasing trend. Using multiple regression
analysis, we found a statistically significant spatial correlation of the
Elbrus Ca2+ summer concentrations with precipitation and soil
moisture content in the Levant region (specifically Syria and Iraq). The
Ca2+ record also correlates with drought indices in North Africa
(r=0.67, p<0.001) and Middle East regions (r=0.71, p<0.001). Dust concentrations prominently increase in the ice core over the
past 200 years, confirming that the recent droughts in the Fertile Crescent
(1998–2012 CE) present the most severe aridity experienced in at least the
past two centuries. For the most recent 33 years recorded (1979–2012 CE),
significant correlations exist between Ca2+ and Pacific circulation
indices (Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Southern Oscillation Index and
Niño 4), which suggests that the increased frequency of extreme El
Niño and La Niña events due to a warming climate has extended their
influence to the Middle East. Evidence demonstrates that the increase in
Ca2+ concentration in the ice core cannot be attributed to human
activities, such as coal combustion and cement production.
Evaluating Novel Markers for Specimen Validity Testing
Authors: Kyle Patrick B. , Kaur Jaswinder 
Published: November 2019

Context.—
Synthetic urine products are commercially marketed for the purpose of specimen substitution for urine drug screens. These products are widely popular because they yield negative drug screen results, meet criteria for specimen validity testing, and are easily accessible and affordable. Current specimen validity criteria are ineffective for detecting these synthetic products, and new markers of specimen validity are required.

Objective.—
To develop and evaluate a multicomponent liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for urine specimen validity testing.

Design.—
A quantitative LC-MS/MS assay was developed for caffeine, cotinine, theobromine, and urobilin in urine. The assay was applied to known synthetic urine products (n = 10) as well as human specimens received for pre-employment testing (n = 500), for-cause workplace testing (n = 100), and medical pain management monitoring (n = 200). Specimens devoid of all 4 validity markers were subjected to follow-up testing that involved microscopic urinalysis and comprehensive gas chromatography mass spectrometry for drugs, pharmaceuticals, hormones, and lipids.

Results.—
Of the experimental groups, 10 of 10 synthetic urine products (100%), 12 of 500 pre-employment specimens (2.4%), and 4 of 200 pain management specimens (2.0%) failed the experimental LC-MS/MS assay. Follow-up testing indicated that each of the failed specimens was nonphysiologic in nature.

Conclusions.—
Simultaneous application of the 4 experimental validity markers appeared to be a robust method for detecting nonphysiologic specimens. New markers of specimen validity must be developed in order to identify commercially available synthetic urine products.
IONOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ZINC IN MILK
Authors: Matyushkina Yulia I. , Shabarin Alexandr A. 
Published: November 2019

The possibility of ionometric determination of zinc in the rhodanide complex form in milk is represented. The indicator electrode was ion-selective electrode (ISE) with solution of tetradecylammonium bromide in nitrobenzene as a membrane. As a complexing agent the potassium thiocyanate with 1.0 mol/l optimal concentration in investigated solutions was selected. The calibration dependence E = f(pCZn(II)) were typical anionic functions. The steepness of the electrode function (29±2 mV/pC), close to the theoretical value for the doubly−charged ions, suggests that the electrochemically active anions are [Zn(NCS)4]2-. The interval of linearity of calibration curves is 1.0 to 5.7 pC, the detection limit is equal to 1∙10-6 mol/l. The selectivity of determination of zinc in the rhodanide complex form was investigated with “The mixed solutions” method in the presence of potassium, calcium, aluminum, iron (III), manganese (II), copper (II) chlorides potassium iodide and nitric acid solutions. The background concentration of extraneous (j) substances in investigated solutions was calculated with usage of published data and corresponds to their maximum content in milk. It was founded that the ionometric determination of zinc is possible in range from 1.0 to 5.0 pC for all investigated j-ions. The technique for different types of milk was developed including preliminary sample preparation, used in special certified laboratories and based on dry mineralization of sample and dissolving in nitric acid solution. The concentrations of zinc-ions in analyzed samples were determined with “limiting solutions” method. The correctness of obtained data was confirmed with “entered-found” scheme. The relative standard deviation was not higher then 0.08.
SPECTROSCOPICALLY AND/OR STRUCTURALLY INTRIGUING PHTHALOCYANINES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. PART 3. DIMERIC SYSTEMS, TETRAMERS, AND CONCLUSIONS
Authors: Kobayashi Nagao 
Published: November 2019

This work is the third part of the review, which presents the properties of a large group of phthalocyanines, which were synthesized and spectroscopically and theoretically studied in works performed under the guidance of the author for the period 2007-2017. Examples of the analysis of spectroscopic data in combination with quantum-chemical calculations of different level are given. As spectroscopic methods, we used the methods of electron absorption, natural and magnetic circular dichroism (CD and MCD) fluorescence, phosphorescence, and electron paramagnetic resonance with time resolution. Based on quantum-chemical calculations, the spectra of (4n + 2) p systems, as well as some 4np antiaromatic systems, were theoretically analyzed. Unlike the first and second parts of the review, this part deals with dimeric and tetrameric systems.
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Two-dimensional multicolor (RGBY) integrated nanocolumn micro-LEDs as a fundamental technology of micro-LED display
Authors: Kishino Katsumi , Sakakibara Naoki , Narita Kazuki , Oto Takao 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The development of high-productivity microLED (μ-LED) pixel panels is crucial as a key technology for next-generation displays. To provide a fundamental approach to this end, in this study, multicolor (red, green, blue, and yellow; RGBY) nanocolumn (NC) μ-LED pixels with 5 × 5 μm2 emission windows were monolithically integrated to exhibit electroluminescence spectra with peak wavelengths of 478, 512, 559, and 647 nm, respectively. The NC μ-LED pixels, which were two-dimensionally arranged with a 10 μm period, were individually driven by the matrix wiring p- and n-electrodes, exhibiting a μ-LED pixel panel arrangement.
A FORACLUSÃO DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS E O MAL-ESTAR REVELADO POR SIGMUND FREUD
Authors: Freire Dercirier 
Published: November 2019

Direito, política e sociedade formam uma tríade inseparável. As legislações são diretamente influenciadas pelas filosofias jurídicas. A filosofia jurídica alemã denominada Direito Penal do Inimigo legitima o extermínio dos rotulados como inimigos e leva à foraclusão dos Direitos Humanos que, por sua vez, culmina em um Direito Louco. Esse cenário político/jurídico é propício ao aparecimento de líderes autoritários. O relacionamento entre os seres humanos é a maior fonte de sofrimento humano apontada por Sigmund Freud no texto “Mal-Estar na Civilização” (1930 [1929]). A dimensão real dos Direitos Humanos mostra sua face ao não ser capaz de impedir que atrocidades sejam cometidas, que sujeitos sejam eleitos inimigos de um Estado e que sejam submetidos a legislações de exceção.
Cyanobacterial Heterocysts
Authors: Muro‐Pastor Alicia M , Maldener Iris 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Cyanobacteria are phototrophic bacteria carrying out oxygen‐producing photosynthesis. Besides showing the capability of building their cellular carbon from carbon dioxide (CO
2
), available in the atmosphere, several strains of cyanobacteria have also acquired the ability to fix molecular dinitrogen (N
2
), a ubiquitous source of nitrogen. As the enzyme responsible for nitrogen fixation (nitrogenase) is highly sensitive to oxygen, nitrogen fixation and oxygenic photosynthesis cannot take place simultaneously in cyanobacterial cells. To solve this problem, some filamentous strains are able to restrict N
2
fixation to a specialised cell type, the heterocyst. Heterocysts are morphologically distinct, terminally differentiated cells that develop, in the absence of alternative sources of combined nitrogen, mostly in a semiregular pattern along the filaments. Thus, a filament containing heterocysts provides division of labour between vegetative cells (photosynthetic CO
2
fixation) and heterocysts (anaerobic N
2
fixation). These cyanobacteria represent true multicellular organisms with profound morphological cell differentiation and sophisticated intercellular communication systems, ultimately orchestrated by complex gene expression patterns.

Key Concepts

Although bacteria, some filamentous cyanobacteria are true multicellular organisms, showing different cell types performing specialised tasks.

When lacking a source of combined nitrogen, these cyanobacteria start a program of cell differentiation resulting in a pattern of semiregularly spaced heterocysts along the filament.

Heterocysts differentiate from vegetative cells, which carry out oxygenic photosynthesis, and provide a microoxic environment for the activity of oxygen‐labile nitrogenase.

Nitrogenase is the enzyme responsible for N
2
fixation and allows the organism to live from sunlight, air (CO
2
and N
2
) and some minerals.

The two cell types rely on each other and exchange metabolites and signalling molecules, via septal junctions mediating cell‐to‐cell contact.

Two transcription factors, HetR and NtcA, regulate the changes in gene expression during heterocyst differentiation.

The pattern of spaced heterocysts is regulated by inhibitor gradients that promote the decay of HetR, confirming mathematical models of two‐dimensional pattern formation in heterocystous cyanobacteria.
Post‐Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression and Human Genetic Disease
Authors: Sterrett Maria C , Corbett Anita H 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Despite the fact that all cells in an organism contain the same genetic information, the cells that comprise any organism have vastly distinct form and function. This diversity of form function is achieved because only a subset of the genetic information is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and translated into protein at any given time in any cell. While this regulation of gene expression occurs at many levels, extensive regulation occurs after an mRNA is produced prior to translation of that mRNA into protein. These regulatory events include nuclear processing to produce a mature mRNA, export to the cytoplasm, and a variety of potential fates in the cytoplasm including translation to protein and, ultimately, decay. All these regulatory events are termed post‐transcriptional regulation. Increasingly mutations in genes that encode components of this carefully orchestrated post‐transcriptional regulatory pathway are being linked to human disease, highlighting the importance of post‐transcriptional processing events.

Key Concepts

While all cells in an organism contain the same genetic material, these cells have vastly distinct forms and functions.

There is extensive post‐transcriptional processing to produce a mature mRNA that occurs post‐transcriptionally.

Numerous regulatory events in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm dictate when, where, and if an mRNA is translated into protein.

Most mature mRNAs are produced through extensive processing steps that occur in the nucleus prior to export to the cytoplasm.

There are many potential fates for an mRNA in the cytoplasm including transport to a specific cellular location, storage in cytoplasmic bodies/granules, translation and destruction.

Turnover/decay of mRNA is a key regulatory step that contributes to the regulation of gene expression.

Numerous mutations have been identified in genes encoding key post‐transcriptional processing factors linking post‐transcriptional processing to a variety of human diseases.

Mutations in genes that encode key post‐transcriptional regulatory factors often cause tissue‐specific pathology.

Many years of effort to define key pathways in post‐transcriptional regulation are starting to come to fruition in the realm of targeting these pathways for drug development.

Gene expression and post‐transcriptional processing events are now the targets of successful therapies to treat some devastating diseases with many more exciting advances on the horizon.
Plant Natriuretic Peptides
Authors: Gehring Chris 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Plant natriuretic peptides (PNPs) belong to a growing number of plant peptide hormones. PNPs were first immuno‐affinity purified from ivy with an antibody against the vertebrate atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and were shown to affect a number of physiological responses, including stomatal movements and abiotic and biotic stress responses. PNPs are secreted into the apoplastic space and are systemically mobile. They act at nanomolar concentrations and in a 3′,5′‐cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)‐dependent manner. The
Arabidopsis thaliana
PNP (AtPNP‐A) is distantly related to expansins, but it does not contain a wall‐binding domain consistent with its systemic mode of action. The first AtPNP‐A receptor (AtPNP‐R1) is a novel leucine‐rich repeat receptor kinase located in the cell membrane and harbours a functional guanylyl cyclase in the cytosolic part essential for cGMP‐dependent responses. Finally, PNPs have also been acquired by several plant pathogens through ancient horizontal gene transfer and interfere with host defences to the detriment of their hosts.

Key Concepts

Most currently established plant hormones are small molecules that can act on the site of synthesis or at a distance from their site of synthesis, within or between plants.

Plant peptide hormones are a new and rapidly expanding class of plant hormones that have important roles in growth, development and responses to the environment and in particular the defence against pathogens.

Plant peptide hormones, including plant natriuretic peptides (PNPs), are systemically mobile and can signal through membrane‐associated receptor kinases some of which harbour functional guanylyl cyclase catalytic centres capable of converting GTP to cGMP.

cGMP, in turn, is a key messenger in plant responses to the environment that enables and modulates downstream responses including cGMP‐dependent protein phosphorylation and the activation of cyclic nucleotide‐gated channels (CNGCs).

Animal natriuretic peptides (ANPs), although not orthologs of PNPs, can trigger similar responses in plants, and both can act as ligands for their membrane‐associated receptors that harbour guanylyl cyclases capable of generating cGMP from GTP.

PNPs have been acquired by some plant pathogens through ancient horizontal gene transfer (HGT). These pathogens make use of the plant peptide hormones to interfere with host defences to their advantage and the detriment of the host.

The use of horizontally acquired PNPs in plant pathogens can afford new insights into host‐pathogen biology and may inform novel approaches to pest control.
Physiology and Genetics of Plant Architecture
Authors: Costes Evelyne 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPlant architecture results from developmental processes occurring throughout the plant life span. In the current article, the processes responsible for the formation of aerial organs and their organization at the whole plant scale, i.e. primary and secondary growth, branching, and flowering are considered, whereas the below‐ground plant organization is not included. This article focuses on the advances made on the comprehension of the physiologic and genetic base of plant architecture initially elucidated in plant models, and which are progressively being deciphered in a large range of species. The current knowledge allows comparisons of the processes among groups and to examine their conservation versus their major differences. However, numerous questions remain especially when regularities in plant structure are observed at coarse scales of plant organization such as annual shoots, axes, or branching systems. Moreover, the overlap of numerous gene functions over several processes leads to pleiotropic effects that make the genetic effects complex to interpret. The evidence of such overlaps opens evo‐devo perspectives.
Arabidopsis Seed Mucilage: A Specialised Extracellular Matrix that Demonstrates the Structure–Function Versatility of Cell Wall Polysaccharides
Authors: Šola Krešimir , Dean Gillian H. , Haughn George W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractArabidopsis seed coat mucilage is a specialised extracellular matrix composed of the same broad classes of polysaccharides found in a primary cell wall (cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose), arranged in a distinct structure with special properties. It is deposited by the seed coat epidermal cells in the apoplast in a polar manner to produce a doughnut‐shaped mucilage pocket on the outside of the cell. Following exposure to water the mucilage extrudes from the outer surface of the cell. A portion of this mucilage remains strongly adherent to the seed. The unique features of mucilage make it amenable to study, and genetic, cytological, and biochemical analyses have been used to determine its composition, synthesis, and structure, and establish how these combine to determine its properties. Lessons learned from these studies strengthen and extend our understanding of plant extracellular matrices, especially the cell wall. In this article, we summarise and contextualise what is currently known about mucilage by focusing on its main features – extrusion and adherence.
Induction Sintering of Silver Nanoparticle Inks on Polyimide Substrates
Authors: Tan Hong Wei , Saengchairat Nitipon , Goh Guo Liang , An Jia , Chua Chee Kai , Tran Tuan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAdditive manufacturing for electronics is one of the world's fastest growing technologies in recent years. This new and upcoming technology has facilitated many innovative applications and high commercialization of metallic nanoparticle inks. A robust and novel induction sintering technique is proposed to solve the major challenges faced by the current existing sintering techniques in sintering metallic nanoparticle inks. The induction sintering process is a noncontact selective sintering process, in which only electrically conductive presintered printed patterns are heated up by alternating electromagnetic field through eddy current losses. It is also more energy‐efficient and effective as compared to thermal sintering since the induction sintering process only heats the electrically conductive printed patterns rather than the entire substrate. The electrical resistivity of the induction‐sintered printed pattern is measured to be 1.98 × 10−8 Ω m, which is ≈81% bulk conductivity of silver. This research breakthrough hence has the potential to overcome the challenges faced in additive manufacturing for electronics, in which printed patterns with high electrical conductivity can be fabricated on flexible substrates.
Bipyridine‐Containing Host Materials for High Performance Yellow Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence‐Based Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Very Low Efficiency Roll‐Off
Authors: Chen Dongyang , Rajamalli Pachaiyappan , Tenopala‐Carmona Francisco , Carpenter‐Warren Cameron L. , Cordes David B. , Keum Chang‐Min , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Gather Malte C. , Zysman‐Colman Eli 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTwo bipolar host materials 3‐CBPy and 4‐mCBPy are reported. These hosts are structural analogs of the common host materials CBP and mCBP wherein the phenyl rings have been replaced with pyridines. The two materials possess deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and shallow lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels along with sufficiently high energy S1 and T1 states that make them suitable hosts for yellow emitters in electroluminescent devices. Yellow‐emitting thermally activated delayed fluorescence organic light‐emitting diodes are fabricated using 2,4,6‐tris (4‐(10H‐phenoxazin‐10‐yl)phenyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (tri‐PXZ‐TRZ) as the dopant emitter with either 3‐CBPy or 4‐mCBPy employed as the host. Their device performance is compared to analogous devices using CBP and mCBP as host materials. The pyridine‐containing host devices show markedly improved external quantum efficiencies (EQE) and decreased roll‐off. The 7 wt% tri‐PXZ‐TRZ‐doped device exhibits very low turn‐on voltage (2.5 V for both 3‐CBPy and 4‐mCBPy) along with maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEmax) reaching 15.6% (for 3‐CBPy) and 19.4% (for 4‐mCBPy). The device using 4‐mCBPy also exhibits very low efficiency roll‐off with an EQE of 16.0% at a luminance of 10 000 cd m−2.
High‐Resolution Patterning of Liquid Metal on Hydrogel for Flexible, Stretchable, and Self‐Healing Electronics
Authors: Xu Chengtao , Ma Biao , Yuan Shuai , Zhao Chao , Liu Hong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSoft, wet, and biocompatible hydrogels have emerged as promising materials for flexible and stretchable electronics owing to their similar properties with biological tissues. However, most existing conductive materials used for hydrogel‐based electronics have drawbacks such as poor biocompatibility, low conductivity, and/or high mechanical mismatch with soft hydrogels. In this work, direct patterning of nontoxic and highly conductive liquid metal (LM) on hydrogels is reported for soft and stretchable electronics without mechanical mismatches. The patterning is achieved by coating LM dispersed with magnetic microparticles on the wet hydrogel surface using a magnet. High‐resolution LM patterns with microscale linewidths can be created with the assistance of a shadow mask fabricated by in situ digital laser cutting. Mechanical and electrical self‐healing are achieved simultaneously by taking advantage of the hydrogen bonds in the polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel network and the merging of LM. A few applications of LM‐based hydrogel electronics for wearable sensing, flexible wireless communication, and soft actuating are also demonstrated.