bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MARKERS OF COGNITIVE RESERVE AND DEMENTIA INCIDENCE IN THE ENGLISH LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF AGEING
Authors: Almeida-Meza Pamela , Almeida-Meza Pamela , Steptoe Andrew , Cadar Dorina 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We investigated a multi-faceted index of cognitive reserve (CR), in relation to dementia incidence over 15 years follow-up in a representative sample of the English population. Data were 12,293 participants aged 50+ from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, dementia-free at baseline. CR was derived as a composite measure of education, occupation and leisure activities using a standardised questionnaire. From the overall sample, 603 participants developed dementia. Higher CR levels were associated with lower dementia risk (medium CR: HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.59-0.88, p=0.002 and high CR: HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.58-0.90, p=0.005) compared with lowest levels. These associations were independent of sex, marital status, wealth, smoking, depressive symptoms and poor physical health. Further individual analyses of CR sub-components showed that leisure activities (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.56-0.91, p=0.007) were linked with reduced dementia risk, contributing to a higher CR and increased overall mental resilience.
Biological reality and parsimony in crop models—why we need both in crop improvement!
Authors: Hammer Graeme , Messina Charlie , Wu Alex , Cooper Mark 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe potential to add significant value to the rapid advances in plant breeding technologies associated with statistical whole-genome prediction methods is a new frontier for crop physiology and modelling. Yield advance by genetic improvement continues to require prediction of phenotype based on genotype, and this remains challenging for complex traits despite recent advances in genotyping and phenotyping. Crop models that capture physiological knowledge and can robustly predict phenotypic consequences of genotype-by-environment-by-management (G×E×M) interactions have demonstrated potential as an integrating tool. But does this biological reality come with a degree of complexity that restricts applicability in crop improvement? Simple, high-speed, parsimonious models are required for dealing with the thousands of genotypes and environment combinations in modern breeding programs utilizing genomic prediction technologies. In contrast, it is often considered that greater model complexity is needed to evaluate potential of putative variation in specific traits in target environments as knowledge on their underpinning biology advances. Is this a contradiction leading to divergent futures? Here it is argued that biological reality and parsimony do not need to be independent and perhaps should not be. Models structured to readily allow variation in the biological level of process algorithms, while using coding and computational advances to facilitate high-speed simulation, could well provide the structure needed for the next generation of crop models needed to support and enhance advances in crop improvement technologies. Beyond that, the trans-scale and transdisciplinary dialogue among scientists that will be required to construct such models effectively is considered to be at least as important as the models.
Physiological, health, lactation, and reproductive traits of cooled dairy cows classified as having high or low core body temperature during the dry period1
Authors: Scanavez Alexandre L A , Voelz Benjamin E , Moraes Joao G N , Green Jonathan A , Mendonça Luis G D 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Primary objectives of this study were to compare concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) before calving, prolactin (PRL) after calving, and energy balance indicators before and after calving in cooled cows classified as having high (HT) or low (LT) core body temperature (CBT) during the dry period. Secondary objectives were to investigate associations between dry-period CBT and likelihood of cows developing health disorders, and compare health, productive and reproductive traits of HT and LT cows. Dry Holstein cows (n = 260) with 250 to 260 d of gestation from three herds were enrolled in the study during summer. Cows were provided evaporative cooling during the dry and lactating period. The vaginal temperature was recorded in 5-min intervals during 7 consecutive days and cows were classified as HT or LT. Blood samples were collected weekly from enrollment until 14 ± 3 d in milk (DIM). Additional blood samples were collected within 12 h postpartum from a subgroup of cows (n = 25) to determine PRL concentration. Cows were monitored for health disorders, productive, and reproductive performance until 13 wk of the subsequent lactation. High temperature cows had shorter (P &lt; 0.01) gestation length (273.9 ± 0.9 vs. 278.2 ± 0.9 d) and greater (P &lt; 0.01) incidence of twinning (19.7 vs. 4.2%) than LT cows. Cows classified as HT had greater (P = 0.02) PAG concentration (134.1 ± 4.9 vs. 117.4 ± 4.9 ng/mL), but postpartum PRL concentration did not (P = 0.55) differ between HT and LT cows. Primiparous HT cows had greater (P = 0.05) prepartum nonesterified fatty acids concentration (135, 95% CI = 102 to 178 vs. 104, 95% CI = 75 to 144 mmol/dL) than primiparous LT cows, but no differences (P = 0.72) were observed between CBT group in multiparous cows. The concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate was greater (P = 0.04) for LT compared with HT cows at 7 ± 3 DIM. The quadratic effect of CBT tended (P = 0.09) to be associated with risk of health disorders within 60 DIM. Milk yield tended (P = 0.10) to be greater for LT compared with HT cows (49.3 ± 1.9 vs. 46.2 ± 1.6 kg). Pregnancy per AI at first service did not (P = 0.64) differ between HT and LT cows. In conclusion, HT cows have distinct concentrations of PAG in late gestation and energy balance indicators during the transition period. In addition, CBT assessment during the dry period may be a useful tool to identify cows expected to have impaired health and milk yield in the subsequent lactation.
Physical properties of the fluorine and neutron-capture element-rich PN Jonckheere 900
Authors: Otsuka Masaaki , Hyung Siek 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
We performed detailed spectroscopic analyses of a young C-rich planetary nebula (PN) Jonckheere 900 (J900) in order to characterize the properties of the central star and nebula. Of the derived 17 elemental abundances, we present the first determination of eight elemental abundances. We present the first detection of the [F iv] 4059.9 Å, [F v] 13.4 μm, and [Rb iv] 5759.6 Å lines in J900. J900 exhibits a large enhancement of F and neutron-capture elements Se, Kr, Rb, and Xe. We investigated the physical conditions of the H2 zone using the newly detected mid-IR H2 lines while also using the previously measured near-IR H2 lines, which indicate warm (∼670 K) and hot (∼3200 K) temperature regions. We built the spectral energy distribution (SED) model to be consistent with all the observed quantities. We found that about 67 per cent of all dust and gas components (4.5 × 10−4 M⊙ and 0.83 M⊙, respectively) exists beyond the ionization front, indicating the critical importance of photodissociation regions in understanding stellar mass loss. The best-fitting SED model indicates that the progenitor evolved from an initially ∼2.0 M⊙ star that had been in the course of the He-burning shell phase. Indeed, the derived elemental abundance pattern is consistent with that predicted by an asymptotic giant branch star nucleosynthesis model for a 2.0 M⊙ star with Z = 0.003 and partial mixing zone mass of 6.0 × 10−3 M⊙. Our study demonstrates how accurately determined abundances of C/F/Ne/neutron-capture elements and gas/dust masses help us understand the origin and internal evolution of the PN progenitors.
Associations of dietary carbohydrate and salt consumption with esophageal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors: Banda Kondwani-Joseph , Chiu Hsiao-Yean , Hu Sophia Hueylan , Yeh Hsiu-Chun , Lin Kuan-Chia , Huang Hui-Chuan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Context
Evidence has shown that essential nutrients are highly correlated with the occurrence of esophageal cancer (EC). However, findings from observational studies on the associations between dietary carbohydrate, salt consumption, and the risk of EC remain controversial.

Objective
The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to confirm the associations of dietary carbohydrate and salt consumption with EC risk.

Data Source
Various electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Chinese Electronic Periodical Services, and China Knowledge Resource Integrated) were searched up until January 31, 2019.

Data Extraction
Data related to patient characteristics and study characteristics were extracted by 2 independent reviewers. The risk ratio reported as relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) was extracted, and random-effects models were performed to estimate the summary risk ratio.

Results
In total, 26 studies were included in this analysis, of which 12 studies, including 11 case-control studies and 1 cohort study, examined dietary carbohydrates, and 18 studies, including 16 case-control studies and 2 cohort studies, examined dietary salt. The pooled OR showed that dietary carbohydrate intake was inversely related to EC risk (OR = 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50–0.77), but positive correlations between dietary salt intake and the risk of EC were supported by the recruited case-control studies (OR = 1.97; 95% CI, 1.50–2.61) and cohort studies (RR = 1.04; 95% CI, 1.00–1.08).

Conclusions
Salt is an essential nutrient for body functions and biochemical processes. Providing health education and management regarding proper use of salt in daily foods and labeling the amount of sodium in manufactured products to reduce the risk of developing EC should be more appropriately performed in the general population.
The Influence of Surgical Intervention and Sagittal Alignment on Frailty in Adult Cervical Deformity
Authors: Segreto Frank A , Passias Peter Gust , Brown Avery E , Horn Samantha R , Bortz Cole A , Pierce Katherine E , Alas Haddy , Lafage Virginie , Lafage Renaud , Smith Justin S , Line Breton G , Diebo Bassel G , Kelly Michael P , Mundis Gregory M , Protopsaltis Themistocles S , Soroceanu Alex , Kim Han Jo , Klineberg Eric O , Burton Douglas C , Hart Robert A , Schwab Frank J , Bess Shay , Shaffrey Christopher I , Ames Christopher P ,   on behalf of the International Spine Study Group
Published: November 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Frailty is a relatively new area of study for patients with cervical deformity (CD). As of yet, little is known of how operative intervention influences frailty status for patients with CD.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate drivers of postoperative frailty score and variables within the cervical deformity frailty index (CD-FI) algorithm that have the greatest capacity for change following surgery.

METHODS
Descriptive analysis of the cohort were performed, paired t-tests determined significant baseline to 1 yr improvements of factors comprising the CD-FI. Pearson bivariate correlations identified significant associations between postoperative changes in overall CD-FI score and CD-FI score components. Linear regression models determined the effect of successful surgical intervention on change in frailty score.

RESULTS
A total of 138 patients were included with baseline frailty scores of 0.44. Following surgery, mean 1-yr frailty score was 0.27. Of the CD-FI variables, 13/40 (32.5%) were able to improve with surgery. Frailty improvement was found to significantly correlate with baseline to 1-yr change in CBV, PI-LL, PT, and SVA C7-S1. HRQL CD-FI components reading, feeling tired, feeling exhausted, and driving were the greatest drivers of change in frailty. Linear regression analysis determined successful surgical intervention and feeling exhausted to be the greatest significant predictors of postoperative change in overall frailty score.

CONCLUSION
Complications, correction of sagittal alignment, and improving a patient's ability to read, drive, and chronic exhaustion can significantly influence postoperative frailty. This analysis is a step towards a greater understanding of the relationship between disability, frailty, and surgery in CD.
The effect of our local motion on the Sandage–Loeb test of the cosmic expansion
Authors: Inoue Takuya , Komatsu Eiichiro , Aoki Wako , Chiba Takeshi , Misawa Toru , Usuda Tomonori 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Redshifts of an astronomical body measured at multiple epochs (e.g., separated by 10 yr) are different due to the cosmic expansion. This so-called Sandage–Loeb test offers a direct measurement of the expansion rate of the Universe. However, acceleration in the motion of the Solar System with respect to the cosmic microwave background also changes redshifts measured at multiple epochs. If not accounted for, it yields a biased cosmological inference. To address this, we calculate the acceleration of the Solar System with respect to the Local Group of galaxies to quantify the change in the measured redshift due to local motion. Our study is motivated by the recent determination of the mass of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), which indicates a significant fraction of the Milky Way mass. We find that the acceleration towards the Galactic Center dominates, which gives a redshift change of 7 cm s−1 in 10 yr, while the accelerations due to the LMC and M 31 cannot be ignored, depending on lines of sight. We create all-sky maps of the expected change in redshift and the corresponding uncertainty, which can be used to correct for this effect.
Locally Adapted Mimulus Ecotypes Differentially Impact Rhizosphere Bacterial and Archaeal Communities in an Environment-Dependent Manner
Authors: Bowsher Alan W. , Kearns Patrick J. , Popovic Damian , Lowry David B. , Shade Ashley 
Published: November 2019

Plant root−microbe interactions influence plant productivity, health, and resistance to stress. Although there is evidence that plant species and even genotypes can alter soil microbial community structure, environmental conditions can potentially outweigh plant genetic effects. Here, we used a reciprocal transplant experiment to understand the contributions of the environment and the host plant to rhizosphere microbiome composition in locally adapted ecotypes of Mimulus guttatus (syn. Erythranthe guttata). Two genotypes of a coastal ecotype and two genotypes of an inland ecotype were planted at coastal and inland sites. After 3 months, we collected rhizosphere and bulk soil and assessed microbial communities by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We found that local environment (coastal versus inland site) strongly influenced rhizosphere communities, at least in part due to distinct local microbial species pools. Host identity played a smaller role: at each site, the ecotypes exhibited remarkably similar composition of microbial communities at the class level, indicating that divergent M. guttatus ecotypes recruit phylogenetically similar rhizosphere communities, even in environments to which they are maladapted. Nevertheless, the two ecotypes significantly differed in community composition at both sites due, in part, to an exclusive set of taxa associated with each ecotype. They also differed in alpha diversity at the inland site. Although this indicates that locally adapted M. guttatus ecotypes are genetically diverged in factors shaping rhizosphere communities, our findings highlight the context-specific interactions between host identity and local environment that shape those communities. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation in children and adolescents with functional constipation
Authors: Rego Rebeca Mayara Padilha , Machado Nilton Carlos , Carvalho Mary de Assis , Graffunder Johann Souza , Ortolan Erika Veruska Paiva , Lourenção Pedro Luiz Toledo de Arruda 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Introduction:
A vast majority of children with functional constipation respond to the standard medical treatment. However, a subset of patients may present with an unsatisfactory response and only minor improvement of symptoms. Transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) involves electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve at the level of the ankle, transcutaneously through electrodes fixated on the overlying skin. Stimulation of the tibial nerve can modulate urinary and defecatory function through the stimulation of sacral nerves. Thus, transcutaneous PTNS can be considered a very promising, noninvasive, and safe method to be used in the pediatric age group. However, there is still no published study that has investigated its use in children for the treatment of intestinal constipation. This is a single-center, prospective, longitudinal, and interventional study designed to assess the applicability and clinical outcomes of transcutaneous PTNS in children with functional intestinal constipation. Children will be submitted to daily sessions of transcutaneous PTNS for a period of 4 weeks. All children will also be invited to participate in semistructured interviews, 1 in each of the 3 assessments: 1 week before the start of the intervention; immediately after the 4 weeks of intervention; and 4 weeks after the end of the intervention period. In these interviews, the aspects related to bowel habits and quality of life will be assessed. This project aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of transcutaneous PTNS in children with functional intestinal constipation and the applicability of this kind of treatment.

Conclusions:
This protocol intended to demonstrate the efficacy of this promising method to increase the number of bowel movements and the stool consistency, to reduce the number of episodes of retentive fecal incontinence, and to indirectly improve the overall quality of life.
Therapeutic effect of kyphoplasty and balloon vertebroplasty on osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture
Authors: Zhu Yi , Cheng Jie , Yin Jichao , Zhang Zhijie , Liu Chunlong , Hao Dingjun 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Introduction:
This study aimed to assess the treatment effects of kyphoplasty (KP) compared with percutaneous vertebroplasty (VP) in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture, based on evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods:
The electronic databases PubMed (from 1966), EmBase (from 1974), and Cochrane Library (including Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Reviews) were searched systematically to identify relevant studies published up to August 31, 2019. Meta-analyses were conducted for subjective pain as measured using visual analogue scale (VAS), disability function as measured by Oswestry disability index (ODI), and cement leakage. For VAS and ODI, mean change from the baseline and standard deviation were used; for cement leakage, numbers of events and patients in each group were used. The random-effects model was applied to summarize the effects across trials.

Results:
Previous reviews and meta-analysis included non-RCTs, which brought (for those studies) a higher risk of bias. Therefore, 6 RCTs involving 1077 patients were included in the meta-analysis. No between-group difference was found. The weighted mean difference was −0.19 (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.39–0.01; P = .057) for VAS and −3.51 (95% CI, −8.70–1.67; P = .184) for ODI. However, KP had numerically lower rates of cement leakage across trials in a consistent fashion (relative risk, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.74–0.94; P = .004).

Conclusions:
Both KP and VP had clinically meaningful beneficial effects on pain and disability, and the effects were stable and similar. KP had significantly fewer cement leakages.
The accuracy of hippocampal volumetry and glucose metabolism for the diagnosis of patients with suspected Alzheimer's disease, using automatic quantitative clinical tools
Authors: Ferrari Bruna Letícia , Neto Guilherme de Carvalho Campos , Nucci Mariana Penteado , Mamani Javier Bustamante , Lacerda Shirley Silva , Felício André Carvalho , Amaro Edson , Gamarra Lionel Fernel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The hippocampus is one of the earliest sites involved in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, we specifically investigated the sensitivity and specificity of hippocampal volume and glucose metabolism in patients being evaluated for AD, using automated quantitative tools (NeuroQuant – magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] and Scenium – positron emission tomography [PET]) and clinical evaluation.
This retrospective study included adult patients over the age of 45 years with suspected AD, who had undergone fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG-PET-CT) and MRI. FDG-PET-CT images were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. In quantitative volumetric MRI analysis, the percentage of the total intracranial volume of each brain region, as well as the total hippocampal volume, were considered in comparison to an age-adjusted percentile. The remaining brain regions were compared between groups according to the final diagnosis.
Thirty-eight patients were included in this study. After a mean follow-up period of 23 ± 11 months, the final diagnosis for 16 patients was AD or high-risk mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Out of the 16 patients, 8 patients were women, and the average age of all patients was 69.38 ± 10.98 years. Among the remaining 22 patients enrolled in the study, 14 were women, and the average age was 67.50 ± 11.60 years; a diagnosis of AD was initially excluded, but the patients may have low-risk MCI. Qualitative FDG-PET-CT analysis showed greater accuracy (0.87), sensitivity (0.76), and negative predictive value (0.77), when compared to quantitative PET analysis, hippocampal MRI volumetry, and specificity. The positive predictive value of FDG-PET-CT was similar to the MRI value.
The performance of FDG-PET-CT qualitative analysis was significantly more effective compared to MRI volumetry. At least in part, this observation could corroborate the sequential hypothesis of AD pathophysiology, which posits that functional changes (synaptic dysfunction) precede structural changes (atrophy).