bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Pre-Diapause Temperature and Body Weight on the Diapause Intensity of the Overwintering Generation of Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Zhou Zhixiong , Dong Xiaolin , Su Qi , Xia Zhenzhou , Wang Zailing , Yuan Jiangjiang , Li Chuanren 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Chinese citrus fruit fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein), is an economically important pest of citrus. The fly has an obligatory pupal diapause in soil from November to March. However, techniques for predicting or determining the emergence of the adult have, thus far, not been well documented. In this study, we investigated the effects of different pre-diapause temperatures (8, 12, 16, and 20°C) and pupal body weight (five groups according to pupal weight: G-58, 55.0–61.0 mg; G-68, 65–71 mg; G-78, 75–81 mg; G-88, 85–91 mg; G-95, 92–98 mg) on pupal period (the indicator of diapause intensity). The pupal period of B. minax larvae pupated at 8°C was 193.41 d, which was significantly shorter than that of larvae incubated at higher temperatures, suggesting that there was a lower diapause intensity for larvae pupated at lower pre-diapause temperatures. There were also significant differences in the pupal periods at different pupal body weights. The pupal period of G-58 was significantly shorter than that of the heavier groups (G-88 and G-95), and the pupal period increased with increasing pupal body weight in the five groups. Moreover, the pupal period of B. minax significantly and positively correlated to pupal body weight. These findings demonstrate that the pre-diapause temperature and pupal body weight are suitable indicators for predicting the pupal period of overwintering individuals, and the results of this study will contribute to the development of new and effective strategies for predicting the occurrence and population dynamics of B. minax adult.
Association between PD-L1 status and immune checkpoint inhibitor response in advanced malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of overall survival data
Authors: Wallis Christopher J D , Lawson Keith , Butaney Mohit , Satkunasivam Raj , Parikh Jigarkumar , Freedland Stephen J , Patel Sandip P , Hamid Omid , Pal Sumanta K , Klaassen Zachary 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Targeting the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway has become standard for many advanced malignancies. Whether PD-L1 expression predicts response is unclear. We assessed the association between PD-L1 expression and immunotherapy response using stratified meta-analysis.

Methods
We performed a systematic review of randomized clinical trials published prior to October 2018 comparing overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced solid organ malignancies treated with immunotherapy or standard treatment. Pooled hazard ratios were calculated among patients with high and low PD-L1 levels independently. Differences between the two estimates were assessed using meta-analysis of study-level differences. Our primary analysis assessed a 1% threshold while secondary analyses utilized 5, 10 and 50%.

Results
14 eligible trials reporting on 8887 patients were included. While there was a significant OS benefit for immunotherapy compared with standard treatment for all patients, the magnitude of benefit was significantly larger among those with high PD-L1 expression (P = 0.006). This finding persisted regardless of threshold used and across subgroup analyses according to PD-L1 assay type, tumor histology, line of therapy, type of inhibitor and study methodology.

Conclusions
PD-L1 levels have important predictive value in determining the response to immunotherapy. However, patients with low PD-L1 levels also experience improved survival with immunotherapy compared with standard treatment.
Does Self-Efficacy Mediate the Link Between Impulse Control and Diabetes Adherence?
Authors: Silva Karol , Miller Victoria A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objective
The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that diabetes self-efficacy mediates the relationship between impulse control and type 1 diabetes (T1D) management from ages 8 to 18 years, using multilevel modeling.

Methods
Participants included 117 youth with T1D and their parents. Youth (aged 8–16 years at baseline) and parents were assessed 5 times over 2 years. Using a cohort sequential design, we first estimated the growth trajectory of adherence from age 8 to 18 years, then specified a multilevel mediation model using impulse control as the main predictor, diabetes self-efficacy as the mediator, and changes in adherence (both within- and between-individuals) as the outcome.

Results
According to youth-reported adherence only, self-efficacy partially mediated the within-person effect of impulse control on adherence. On occasions when youth reported increases in impulse control, they tended to report higher adherence, and this was, in part, due to increases in youths’ perceived self-efficacy. Self-efficacy accounted for approximately 21% of the within-person relationship between impulse control and youth-reported adherence. There was no association between impulse control and adherence between-individuals. Impulse control and self-efficacy were not related to parent-reported adherence.

Conclusion
Environments that enrich youth with confidence in their own diabetes-related abilities may benefit self-care behaviors in youth with T1D, but such increases in youths’ perceived competence do not fully account for, or override, the behavioral benefits of impulse control. Efforts to improve adherence in youth with T1D will benefit from consideration of both impulse control and self-efficacy.
Can the French flag and reaction–diffusion models explain flower patterning? Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the French flag model
Authors: Vadde Batthula Vijaya Lakshmi , Roeder Adrienne H K 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIt has been 50 years since Lewis Wolpert introduced the French flag model proposing the patterning of different cell types based on threshold concentrations of a morphogen diffusing in the tissue. Sixty-seven years ago, Alan Turing introduced the idea of patterns initiating de novo from a reaction–diffusion network. Together these models have been used to explain many patterning events in animal development, so here we take a look at their applicability to flower development. First, although many plant transcription factors move through plasmodesmata from cell to cell, in the flower there is little evidence that they specify fate in a concentration-dependent manner, so they cannot yet be described as morphogens. Secondly, the reaction–diffusion model appears to be a reasonably good description of the formation of spots of pigment on petals, although additional nuances are present. Thirdly, aspects of both of these combine in a new fluctuation-based patterning system creating the scattered pattern of giant cells in Arabidopsis sepals. In the future, more precise imaging and manipulations of the dynamics of patterning networks combined with mathematical modeling will allow us to better understand how the multilayered complex and beautiful patterns of flowers emerge de novo.
Franz Rosenzweig, Adele Alsberg Rosenzweig, and the German-Jewish Family*
Authors: Shevitz Amy Hill , Hillman Susanne 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Jewish family was foundational to philosopher and theologian Franz Rosenzweig’s understanding of Jewish life. This article examines his view of the Jewish family in the light of two memoirs, only recently translated into English, written by his mother, Adele Alsberg Rosenzweig, with whom he had a very close yet contentious relationship. The memoirs illustrate the historical contexts of both Adele’s and Franz’s generations, as well as the personal, familial contexts in which Franz was raised, and are thus a good starting point from which to examine the significance of the Jewish family in his experience and thought.
Classical logic with Mendler induction
Authors: Devesas Campos Marco , Fiore Marcelo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe investigate (co-) induction in classical logic under the propositions-as-types paradigm, considering propositional, second-order and (co-) inductive types. Specifically, we introduce an extension of the Dual Calculus with a Mendler-style (co-) iterator and show that it is strongly normalizing. We prove this using a reducibility argument.
Large-scale dynamo action of magnetized Taylor–Couette flows
Authors: Rüdiger G , Schultz M 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
A conducting Taylor–Couette flow with quasi-Keplerian rotation law containing a toroidal magnetic field serves as a mean-field dynamo model of the Tayler–Spruit type. The flows are unstable against non-axisymmetric perturbations which form electromotive forces defining α effect and eddy diffusivity. If both degenerated modes with m = ±1 are excited with the same power then the global α effect vanishes and a dynamo cannot work. It is shown, however, that the Tayler instability produces finite α effects if only an isolated mode is considered but this intrinsic helicity of the single-mode is too low for an α2 dynamo. Moreover, an αΩ dynamo model with quasi-Keplerian rotation requires a minimum magnetic Reynolds number of rotation of Rm ≃ 2000 to work. Whether it really works depends on assumptions about the turbulence energy. For a steeper-than-quadratic dependence of the turbulence intensity on the magnetic field, however, dynamos are only excited if the resulting magnetic eddy diffusivity approximates its microscopic value, ηT ≃ η. By basically lower or larger eddy diffusivities the dynamo instability is suppressed.
Fast numerical method to generate halo catalogues in modified gravity (part I): second-order Lagrangian perturbation theory
Authors: Moretti C , Mozzon S , Monaco P , Munari E , Baldi M 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a new numerical method to determine second-order Lagrangian displacement fields in presence of modified gravity (MG). We start from the extension of Lagrangian perturbation theory (LPT) to a class of MG models, which can be described by a parametrized Poisson equation. We exploit Fast Fourier transforms to compute the full source term of the differential equation for the second-order Lagrangian displacement field. We compare its mean to the source term computed for specific configurations, for which a k-dependent solution can be found numerically. We choose the configuration that best matches the full source term, thus obtaining an approximate factorization of the second-order displacement field as the space term valid for Λ Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) times a k-dependent, second-order growth factor. Such approximation is used to compute second-order displacements for particles. The method is tested against N-body simulations run with standard and f(R) gravity: we rely on the results of a friends-of-friends code run on the N-body snapshots to assign particles to haloes, then compute the halo power spectrum. We find very consistent results for the two gravity theories: second-order LPT (2LPT) allows to recover the N-body halo power spectrum within ∼10 per cent precision to k ∼ 0.2–0.4 h Mpc−1, as well as halo positions. We show that the performance of 2LPT with MG is the same (within 1 per cent) as the one obtained for standard ΛCDM case. This formulation of 2LPT can quickly generate dark matter distributions with f(R) gravity, and can easily be extended to other MG theories.
Follicular hormone dynamics during the midcycle surge of gonadotropins in women undergoing fertility treatment
Authors: Poulsen L C , Englund A L M , Andersen A S , Bøtkjær J A , Mamsen L S , Damdimopoulou P , Østrup O , Grøndahl M L , Yding Andersen C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Changes in concentrations of intra-follicular hormones during ovulation are important for final oocyte maturation and endometrial priming to ensure reproductive success. As no human studies have investigated these changes in detail, our objective was to describe the dynamics of major follicular fluid (FF) hormones and transcription of steroidogenic enzymes and steroid receptors in human granulosa cells (GCs) during ovulation. We conducted a prospective cohort study at a public fertility clinic in 2016–2018. Fifty women undergoing ovarian stimulation for fertility treatment were included. From each woman, FF and GCs were collected by transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle puncture of one follicle at two specific time points during ovulation, and the study covered a total of five time points: before ovulation induction (OI), 12, 17, 32 and 36 h after OI. Follicular fluid concentrations of oestradiol, progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, anti-Mullerian hormone, inhibin A and inhibin B were measured using ELISA assays, and a statistical mixed model was used to analyse differences in hormone levels between time points. Gene expression of 33 steroidogenic enzymes and six hormone receptors in GCs across ovulation were assessed by microarray analysis, and selected genes were validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR. We found that concentrations of oestradiol, testosterone, progesterone, AMH, inhibin A and inhibin B (P &lt; 0.001) and gene expression of 12 steroidogenic enzymes and five receptors (false discovery rate &lt; 0.0001) changed significantly during ovulation. Furthermore, we found parallel changes in plasma hormones. The substantial changes in follicular hormone production during ovulation highlight their importance for reproductive success.
Tissue sodium concentrations in chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients by lower leg sodium-23 magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Qirjazi Elena , Salerno Fabio R , Akbari Alireza , Hur Lisa , Penny Jarrin , Scholl Timothy , McIntyre Christopher W 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundSodium-23 magnetic resonance imaging (23Na MRI) allows direct measurement of tissue sodium concentrations. Current knowledge of skin, muscle and bone sodium concentrations in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal replacement therapy patients is limited. In this study we measured the tissue sodium concentrations in CKD, hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with 23Na MRI of the lower leg and explored their correlations with established clinical biomarkers.MethodsTen healthy controls, 12 CKD Stages 3–5, 13 HD and 10 PD patients underwent proton and 23Na MRI of the leg. The skin, soleus and tibia were segmented manually and tissue sodium concentrations were measured. Plasma and serum samples were collected from each subject and analyzed for routine clinical biomarkers. Tissue sodium concentrations were compared between groups and correlations with blood-based biomarkers were explored.ResultsTissue sodium concentrations in the skin, soleus and tibia were higher in HD and PD patients compared with controls. Serum albumin showed a strong, negative correlation with soleus sodium concentrations in HD patients (r = −0.81, P &lt; 0.01). Estimated glomerular filtration rate showed a negative correlation with tissue sodium concentrations (soleus: r = −0.58, P &lt; 0.01; tibia: r = −0.53, P = 0.01) in merged control–CKD patients. Hemoglobin was negatively correlated with tissue sodium concentrations in CKD (soleus: r = −0.65, P = 0.02; tibia: r = −0.73, P &lt; 0.01) and HD (skin: r = −0.60, P = 0.04; tibia: r = −0.76, P &lt; 0.01).ConclusionTissue sodium concentrations, measured by 23Na MRI, increase in HD and PD patients and may be associated with adverse metabolic effects in CKD and dialysis.
Predictive and Discriminative Power of Pressure Reactivity Indices in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Riemann Lennart , Beqiri Erta , Younsi Alexander , Czosnyka Marek , Smielewski Peter 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Dysfunctional cerebral blood flow autoregulation plays a crucial role in the secondary damage after traumatic brain injury. The pressure reactivity index (PRx) can be used to monitor dynamic cerebral blood flow autoregulation indirectly.

OBJECTIVE
To test different versions of the long pressure reactivity index (LPRx), which is based on minute-by-minute data and calculated over extended time windows, and to study their predictive ability and examine whether “long” and “short” pressure reactivity indices could improve predictive power.

METHODS
PRx and 3 versions of the LPRx calculated over 20-, 60-, and 240-min time windows were assessed in relation to outcome at 6 mo in 855 patients with traumatic brain injury. Predictive power and discriminative ability of indices were evaluated using area under the operator curves and determination of critical thresholds. PRx and LPR indices were combined to evaluate whether LPR indices could improve outcome prediction by adding information about static components of autoregulation.

RESULTS
Correlation of each LPRx with the PRx decreased with increased time windows. LPR indices performed successively worse in their predictive and discriminative ability from 20-min to 240-min time frames. PRx had a significantly higher predictive ability compared to each LPRx. Combining LPRx and PRx did not lead to an improvement of predictive power compared to the PRx alone.

CONCLUSION
The critical threshold and predictive value of the PRx for unfavorable outcome and mortality have been confirmed in one of the largest so far published patient cohorts. LPRx performed significantly worse, and its discriminative and predictive abilities decreased with an increasing calculation window.
Super-critical column accretion on to strongly magnetized neutron stars in ULX pulsars
Authors: Kawashima Tomohisa , Ohsuga Ken 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We carry out axisymmetric two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamical simulations of super-critical accretion columns on to strongly magnetized neutron stars. The effect of the strong magnetic field is taken into account by inhibiting the fluid motion across the radial magnetic field of the neutron stars. It is found that the high-density matter falls on to the neutron star along the sidewall of the column. Within the column, two high-density inflow regions shaped like a hollow cone are found for the case of extremely high mass accretion rates, ${\dot{M}}/(L_{\rm Edd}/c{\,}^2) \sim 5\times 10^{2}$, where $\dot{M}$, $L_{\rm Edd}$, and $c$ are the mass accretion rate on to the neutron star, the Eddington luminosity, and the speed of light, respectively. The less dense matter in the gap between the high density inflow regions is blown away via the radiative force. The resultant structure of the inflow looks like a triple hollow cone. Matter falls on to the neutron star only through the sidewall for the case of moderately high mass accretion rates, ${\dot{M}}/(L_{\rm Edd}/c{\,}^2)\, {\sim 3 \times 10^1}$. A low-density outflow fills the interior of the column. In this case, the inflow structure looks like a single hollow cone. Although the copious photons are generated in the inflow regions via a shock, the photons escape from the sidewall of the column and the radiation force does not prevent inflow. The resulting luminosity of the sidewall exceeds $\sim\! 30$ times the Eddington luminosity for neutron stars, which is consistent with the observed luminosity of ultra-luminous X-ray pulsars.
Civil Death, Radical Protest and The Theatre of Punishment in the Reign of Alexander II*
Authors: Beer Daniel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Civil executions in Imperial Russia were punitive ceremonies that were staged before crowds and presaged a sentence of penal labour and lifelong exile in Siberia. Intended to underline the absolute supremacy of the autocracy, they choreographed the public humiliation of the criminal and collective condemnation from the crowds who gathered to witness the stripping away of the rights and entitlements that gave civil life in the autocracy its meaning. Many took place without incident, and followed the ritual of debasement and expulsion endorsed by the state. Yet when at the civil executions of revolutionaries during the reign of Alexander II both convicts and spectators departed from the state’s script of public humiliation and orderly opprobrium, the performance of monarchical power and autocratic justice proved liable to subversion. Russian radicals sometimes succeeded in hijacking the ceremony to denounce despotism and proclaim an alternative vision of activism, solidarity, and revolution. In so doing, they contested the autocrat’s position as the source of status, rights and, ultimately, of sovereignty. Building on studies of law, punishment, performance, and the revolutionary movement, this article demonstrates how radicals and their supporters recast “scenarios of power” as “scenarios of rebellion”.
Compression of Cerebellar Functional Gradients in Schizophrenia
Authors: Dong Debo , Luo Cheng , Guell Xavier , Wang Yulin , He Hui , Duan Mingjun , Eickhoff Simon B , Yao Dezhong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Our understanding of cerebellar involvement in brain disorders has evolved from motor processing to high-level cognitive and affective processing. Recent neuroscience progress has highlighted hierarchy as a fundamental principle for the brain organization. Despite substantial research on cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia, there is a need to establish a neurobiological framework to better understand the co-occurrence and interaction of low- and high-level functional abnormalities of cerebellum in schizophrenia. To help to establish such a framework, we investigated the abnormalities in the distribution of sensorimotor-supramodal hierarchical processing topography in the cerebellum and cerebellar-cerebral circuits in schizophrenia using a novel gradient-based resting-state functional connectivity (FC) analysis (96 patients with schizophrenia vs 120 healthy controls). We found schizophrenia patients showed a compression of the principal motor-to-supramodal gradient. Specifically, there were increased gradient values in sensorimotor regions and decreased gradient values in supramodal regions, resulting in a shorter distance (compression) between the sensorimotor and supramodal poles of this gradient. This pattern was observed in intra-cerebellar, cerebellar-cerebral, and cerebral-cerebellar FC. Further investigation revealed hyper-connectivity between sensorimotor and cognition areas within cerebellum, between cerebellar sensorimotor and cerebral cognition areas, and between cerebellar cognition and cerebral sensorimotor areas, possibly contributing to the observed compressed pattern. These findings present a novel mechanism that may underlie the co-occurrence and interaction of low- and high-level functional abnormalities of cerebellar and cerebro-cerebellar circuits in schizophrenia. Within this framework of abnormal motor-to-supramodal organization, a cascade of impairments stemming from disrupted low-level sensorimotor system may in part account for high-level cognitive cerebellar dysfunction in schizophrenia.