bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The palmSyagrus coronataproliferates and structures vascular epiphyte assemblages in a human-modified landscape of the Caatinga dry forest
Authors: Gonçalves Leila J.B. , Santo-Silva Edgar E. , Barros Maria Fabíola , Rito Kátia F. , Leal Inara R. , Tabarelli Marcelo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe proliferation of disturbance-adapted species in human-modified landscapes may change the structure of plant communities, but the response of biodiversity to human disturbances remains poorly understood. We examine the proliferation of the palm,Syagrus coronata, in disturbed forest stands and its impacts on the structure of vascular epiphyte assemblages in a human-modified landscape of Brazilian Caatinga dry forest. First, we comparedS. coronatadensity between old-growth and regenerating forest stands. We then surveyed vascular epiphytes on 680 phorophytes (S. coronataand non-palm/control species) across five habitat types with different disturbance levels. There was an eight-fold increase inS. coronatadensity in regenerating areas compared with in old-growth forest.Syagrus coronotasupported richer epiphyte assemblages at local (i.e. per palm) and landscape (i.e. pooling all palms) scale than control phorophytes, supporting more than 11 times the number of species of control phorophytes at both scales. Epiphyte assemblages were more abundant, species-rich and dominated by abiotically dispersed species in forest sites with intermediate disturbance levels (regenerating forest stands). More than simply operating as an exclusive phorophyte for more than 90% of the epiphyte species we recorded here,S. coronatafavours epiphyte persistence and structures their assemblages across human-modified landscapes of the Caatinga forest.
Brain Reserve in a Case of Cognitive Resilience to Severe Leukoaraiosis
Authors: Szeles Dana M. , Milano Nicholas J. , Moss Hunter J. , Spampinato Maria Vittoria , Jensen Jens H. , Benitez Andreana 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:Leukoaraiosis, or white matter rarefaction, is a common imaging finding in aging and is presumed to reflect vascular disease. When severe in presentation, potential congenital or acquired etiologies are investigated, prompting referral for neuropsychological evaluation in addition to neuroimaging. T2-weighted imaging is the most common magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach to identifying white matter disease. However, more advanced diffusion MRI techniques may provide additional insight into mechanisms that influence the abnormal T2 signal, especially when clinical presentations are discrepant with imaging findings.Method:We present a case of a 74-year-old woman with severe leukoaraoisis. She was examined by a neurologist, neuropsychologist, and rheumatologist, and completed conventional (T1, T2-FLAIR) MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and advanced single-shell, high b-value diffusion MRI (i.e., fiber ball imaging [FBI]).Results:The patient was found to have few neurological signs, no significant cognitive impairment, a negative workup for leukoencephalopathy, and a positive antibody for Sjogren’s disease for which her degree of leukoaraiosis would be highly atypical. Tractography results indicate intact axonal architecture that was better resolved using FBI rather than DTI.Conclusions:This case illustrates exceptional cognitive resilience in the face of severe leukoaraiosis and the potential for advanced diffusion MRI to identify brain reserve.
A BLURRED CASE
Authors: Burns Ashley Brown , Darity William 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMuch of the pivotal debate concerning the validity of affirmative action is situated in a legal context of defending or challenging claims that there may be broad societal gains from increased diversity. Race-conscious affirmative action policies originally advanced legal sanctions to promote racial equity in the United States. Today, increasingly detached from its historical context, defense or rejection of affirmative action is otherwise upheld to achieve diversity. A “diversity” rationale for affirmative action calls for increasing tolerance of the “other,” reducing negative stereotypes, and moderating prejudice as goals—all objectives that deviate from the former aim of race-targeted inclusion intended to resolve racial discrimination in employment and college admissions. Diversity policy provides a tapered defense for affirmative action, one detached from principles of justice and equity. The current article suggests that, despite the fact that the ostensible benefits of “racial inclusion as diversity” may be the remaining legal prop for affirmative action in the U.S., there is a need to consider whether diversity intrinsically can engender the benefits that affirmative action policy seeks to provide.
THE TOLL OF INEQUALITY
Authors: Jackman Mary R. , Shauman Kimberlee A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo take stock of the human toll resulting from racial inequality in the United States, we estimate the number of excess deaths that accumulated among African Americans over the twentieth century as a result of the enduring racial gap in mortality rates. We assemble a wide array of demographic and vital statistics data for all years since 1900 to calculate the number of Black deaths in each half-decade that occurred in excess of what would be projected if Blacks had experienced the same gender- and age-specific mortality rates as Whites. We estimate that there were almost 7.7 million excess deaths among African Americans from 1900 through 1999. Those deaths comprised over 40% of all African American deaths over the century.Excess deaths were highest in the early decades (peaking in 1925–1934), but the only period of sustained decline was 1935–1949. Subsequent reductions in excess deaths were relatively modest and unstable, and in the last decade of the century the percentage of Blacks’ deaths that were excess returned to levels as high as in the first decade. That trajectory is less positive than the trajectory for the racial gap in life expectancy over the century.Excess deaths fell disproportionately among the young in the early twentieth century, but in the succeeding decades they progressively hit harder among older African Americans, many of them in the prime of life when their economic and social pursuits were vital to their families and communities. Excess deaths were also especially heavy among Black women for most of the century.We conclude by discussing the social and policy implications of the excess deaths. We assess trends in the early twenty-first century as we consider the political challenges involved in tackling the continuing excess death toll.
Herbicide systems including linuron for Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) control in sweetpotato
Authors: Moore Levi D. , Jennings Katherine M. , Monks David W. , Boyette Michael D. , Jordan David L. , Leon Ramon G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractField studies were conducted to determine sweetpotato tolerance to and weed control from management systems that included linuron. Treatments included flumioxazin preplant (107 g ai ha−1) followed by (fb) S-metolachlor (800 g ai ha−1), oryzalin (840 g ai ha−1), or linuron (280, 420, 560, 700, and 840 g ai ha−1) alone or mixed with S-metolachlor or oryzalin applied 7 d after transplanting. Weeds did not emerge before the treatment applications. Two of the four field studies were maintained weed-free throughout the season to evaluate sweetpotato tolerance without weed interference. The herbicide program with the greatest sweetpotato yield was flumioxazin fb S-metolachlor. Mixing linuron with S-metolachlor did not improve Palmer amaranth management and decreased marketable yield by up to 28% compared with flumioxazin fb S-metolachlor. Thus, linuron should not be applied POST in sweetpotato if Palmer amaranth has not emerged at the time of application.
Response of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-resistant rice cultivars and advanced lines to florpyrauxifen-benzyl
Authors: Sanders Tameka L. , Bond Jason A. , Lawrence Benjamin H. , Golden Bobby R. , Allen Thomas W. , Famoso Adam , Bararpour Taghi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFlorpyrauxifen-benzyl and quizalofop were available for POST applications in 2018; however, little is known about the response of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)–resistant rice cultivars and advanced lines to POST herbicides. A field study was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at Stoneville, MS, to characterize the response of ACCase-resistant rice cultivars and advanced lines to POST applications of florpyrauxifen-benzyl. The imidazolinone-resistant (IR) rice cultivars ‘CL163’ and ‘CLXL 745’, and ACCase-resistant rice cultivars ‘PVL01’, ‘PVL013’, ‘PVL024-B’, ‘PVL038’, ‘PVL080’, and ‘PVL081’were treated with florpyrauxifen-benzyl at 0 (nontreated control for each cultivar) and 58 g ai ha–1 at the four-leaf to one-tiller (LPOST) growth stage. At 14 d after treatment (DAT), PVL01 was injured 5% to 6% greater than CLXL 745, PVL013, and PVL081; however, injury was ≤10% at that evaluation for all cultivars. Similarly, injury was ≤13% for all cultivars 28 DAT. Mature heights were reduced for all cultivars except PVL013 and PVL081. Rough rice yield was ≥100% of the control for all cultivars except PVL081, PVL013, and CL163. Results suggest that florpyrauxifen-benzyl can safely be applied POST to rice cultivars grown in Mississippi as well as ACCase-resistant cultivars that are currently under development.
Lunar Magnetic Field Models From Lunar Prospector and SELENE/Kaguya Along‐Track Magnetic Field Gradients
Authors: Ravat D. , Purucker M. E. , Olsen N. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe use L1‐norm model regularization of |Br| component at the surface on magnetic monopoles bases and along‐track magnetic field differences alone (without vector observations) to derive high quality global magnetic field models at the surface of the Moon. The practical advantages to this strategy are the following: monopoles are more stable at closer spacing in comparison to dipoles, improving spatial resolution; L1‐norm model regularization leads to sparse models which may be appropriate for the Moon which has regions of localized magnetic field features; and along‐track differences reduce the need for ad‐hoc external field noise reduction strategies. We examine also the use of Lunar Prospector and SELENE/Kaguya magnetometer data, combined and separately, and find that the Lunar Prospector along‐track vector field differences lead to surface field models that require weaker regularization and, hence, result in higher spatial resolution. Significantly higher spatial resolution (wavelengths of roughly 25–30 km) and higher amplitude surface magnetic fields can be derived over localized regions of high amplitude anomalies (due to their higher signal‐to‐noise ratio). These high‐resolution field models are also compared with the results of Surface Vector Mapping approach of Tsunakawa et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JE004785). Finally, the monopoles‐ as well as dipoles‐based patterns of the Serenitatis high amplitude magnetic feature have characteristic textbook patterns of Br and Bθ component fields from a nearly vertically downwardly magnetized source region and it implies that the principal source of the anomaly was formed when the region was much closer to the north magnetic pole of the Moon.
Physical Interpretation of Rainfall Thresholds for Runoff‐Generated Debris Flows
Authors: Berti Matteo , Bernard Martino , Gregoretti Carlo , Simoni Alessandro 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRainfall thresholds for the occurrence of debris flows are commonly defined by Intensity‐Duration curves (IDthresholds). Interestingly, many empiricalIDthresholds show up as straight lines in a log‐log plot and therefore can be expressed by power‐law functions of the formI = α ⋅ Dβ, whereαis the scaling coefficient andβis the exponent of the power function. The different values ofαandβreflect the variability of geological and hydrological conditions in the different areas. In most cases, however, field conditions are so complex that a quantitative interpretation of the empirical rainfall threshold is impossible and the physical meaning ofαandβremains obscure. In this work, we provide a physical interpretation of the rainfall thresholds that characterize an active debris flow catchment in the Eastern Italian Alps (the Dimai Basin, Belluno Province). The catchment is affected by frequent debris flows generated by surface‐water runoff and has been monitored since 2010 to investigate the initiation process. Monitoring data allowed for the detection of two rainfall thresholds: a lower one that identifies the arrival of water in the initiation area (Catchment Outflow Threshold) and an upper one that identifies the initiation of debris flows by channel runoff (Debris Flow Threshold). We demonstrate that these two thresholds can be satisfactorily reproduced by a simple physically based model in which the excess rainfall is routed over the catchment using a kinematic‐wave scheme. This simple analysis provides a sound explanation of the observed thresholds and can be used to develop physically based thresholds for runoff‐generated debris flows.
Storm Track Changes in the Middle East and North Africa Under Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering
Authors: Karami K. , Tilmes S. , Muri H. , Mousavi S. V. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs a potential approach to prevent dangerous climate change, stratospheric aerosol geoengineering (SAG) aims to reflect some incoming solar radiation into space and reduce temperatures. Previous modeling studies suggest that storm tracks will shift poleward due to the increases in the greenhouse gas concentrations. As a consequence of this, the Middle East, North Africa, and Mediterranean regions will most likely experience a strong precipitation decrease, increasing the pressure on the region's vulnerable environment. Our results from an Earth system model indicate that SAG can partially offset the poleward shift of the storm tracks, thus potentially soothing the environmental and water stresses of the region. However, other climatic side effects may occur, hence still motivating ambitious mitigation action to reduce emissions and impacts of global warming. The results presented may have practical implications for ongoing climate policy debates in the region.
On the Frequency of Occurrence of the Ice Phase in Supercooled Southern Ocean Low Clouds Derived From CALIPSO and CloudSat
Authors: Mace Gerald G. , Benson Sally , Hu Yongxiang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSupercooled liquid clouds are an important component of the albedo of the Southern Ocean (SO). While ice phase occurrence in liquid‐dominant clouds (hereafter mixed phase) at temperatures warmer than the homogeneous freezing point is rare in the SO, the processes that create mixed‐phase clouds are not understood. Using data from the CALIPSO lidar, we reconsider the thresholds of layer‐integrated depolarization ratio and layer‐integrated attenuated backscatter that are used to diagnose the phases of fully attenuating cloud layers. We argue that liquid‐only clouds have understood physical bounds to these thresholds allowing for unique identification of layers that are not consistent with the presence of single‐phase liquid tops. Compared to the original phase algorithm the application of these physically constrained thresholds results in a ~70% increase in mixed phase during the annual cycle considered. Combining the CALIPSO data with CloudSat data, mixed‐phase clouds seem to typically cooccur with precipitation implying secondary ice forming processes.
Neuregulin 1: an intriguing therapeutic target for neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Shi Liang , Bergson Clare M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNeurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia (Sz) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are chronic mental illnesses, which place costly and painful burdens on patients, their families and society. In recent years, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family member Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and one of its receptors, ErbB4, have received considerable attention due to their regulation of inhibitory local neural circuit mechanisms important for information processing, attention, and cognitive flexibility. Here we examine an emerging body of work indicating that either decreasing NRG1–ErbB4 signaling in fast-spiking parvalbumin positive (PV+) interneurons or increasing it in vasoactive intestinal peptide positive (VIP+) interneurons could reactivate cortical plasticity, potentially making it a future target for gene therapy in adults with neurodevelopmental disorders. We propose preclinical studies to explore this model in prefrontal cortex (PFC), but also review the many challenges in pursuing cell type and brain-region-specific therapeutic approaches for the NRG1 system.
Prenatal stress causes intrauterine inflammation and serotonergic dysfunction, and long-term behavioral deficits through microbe- and CCL2-dependent mechanisms
Authors: Chen Helen J. , Antonson Adrienne M. , Rajasekera Therese A. , Patterson Jenna M. , Bailey Michael T. , Gur Tamar L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPrenatal stress (PNS) is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders in offspring, including anxiety, depression, and autism spectrum disorders. There is mounting evidence that these behavioral phenotypes have origins in utero. Maternal microbes, inflammation, and serotonergic dysfunction have been implicated as potential mediators of the behavioral consequences of PNS; whether and how these systems interact is unclear. Here, we examine the effects of PNS in utero using late-gestation maternal restraint stress in wild-type (WT), germ-free (GF), and CCL2−/− genetic knock-out (KO) mice. In WT mice, PNS leads to placental and fetal brain inflammation, including an elevation in the chemokine CCL2. This inflammation is largely absent in GF mice, indicating the critical role of maternal microbes in mediating immune processes in utero. Furthermore, PNS in the absence of CCL2 failed to increase pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the fetal brain. PNS offspring also exhibited deficits in sociability and anxiety-like behavior that were absent in CCL2−/− PNS offspring. Tryptophan and serotonin (5-HT) were elevated in the WT PNS placenta, but not in CCL2−/− and GF animals. Altogether, these findings suggest that a complex interaction between maternal microbes, inflammation, and serotonin metabolism regulates the emergence of behavioral abnormalities following PNS.
Alzheimer’s disease-related dysregulation of mRNA translation causes key pathological features with ageing
Authors: Ghosh Anshua , Mizuno Keiko , Tiwari Sachin S. , Proitsi Petroula , Gomez Perez-Nievas Beatriz , Glennon Elizabeth , Martinez-Nunez Rocio T. , Giese K. Peter 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterised by Aβ and tau pathology as well as synaptic degeneration, which correlates best with cognitive impairment. Previous work suggested that this pathological complexity may result from changes in mRNA translation. Here, we studied whether mRNA translation and its underlying signalling are altered in an early model of AD, and whether modelling this deficiency in mice causes pathological features with ageing. Using an unbiased screen, we show that exposure of primary neurons to nanomolar amounts of Aβ increases FMRP-regulated protein synthesis. This selective regulation of mRNA translation is dependent on a signalling cascade involving MAPK-interacting kinase 1 (Mnk1) and the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), and ultimately results in reduction of CYFIP2, an FMRP-binding protein. Modelling this CYFIP2 reduction in mice, we find age-dependent Aβ accumulation in the thalamus, development of tau pathology in entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, as well as gliosis and synapse loss in the hippocampus, together with deficits in memory formation. Therefore, we conclude that early stages of AD involve increased translation of specific CYFIP2/FMRP-regulated transcripts. Since reducing endogenous CYFIP2 expression is sufficient to cause key features of AD with ageing in mice, we suggest that prolonged activation of this pathway is a primary step toward AD pathology, highlighting a novel direction for therapeutic targeting.
KLF5 inhibits STAT3 activity and tumor metastasis in prostate cancer by suppressing IGF1 transcription cooperatively with HDAC1
Authors: Ma Jian-Bin , Bai Ji-Yu , Zhang Hai-Bao , Jia Jing , Shi Qi , Yang Chao , Wang Xinyang , He Dalin , Guo Peng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractKLF5 is frequently deleted and downregulated in prostate cancer, and recently it has been reported that KLF5 loss is enriched in the aggressive branches of prostate cancer evolution. However, why KLF5 loss is associated with prostate cancer aggressiveness is still not clear. Herein, we analyzed KLF5 expression in TCGA and GEO database, as well as prostate cancer tissue microarray, and found that KLF5 expression significantly decreased in prostate cancer accompanying with tumor progression; moreover, KLF5 downregulation was associated with shorter survival of patients. Interestingly, we also found that KLF5 expression was obviously lower in prostate cancer metastases than in localized tissues, indicating that KLF5 downregulation is associated with prostate cancer invasion and metastasis. To assess this effect of KLF5, we knocked down KLF5 in prostate cancer cells and found that KLF5 knockdown promoted invasive ability of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that KLF5 downregulation enhanced the expression of IGF1 and STAT3 phosphorylation, while block of IGF1 with antibody decreased the enhancement of STAT3 activity and prostate cancer cell invasive ability by KLF5 knockdown, indicating that KLF5 inhibits prostate cancer invasion through suppressing IGF1/STAT3 pathway. Mechanistically, we found that KLF5 interacted with deacetylase HDAC1 and KLF5 is necessary for the binding of HDAC1 on IGF1 promoter to suppress IGF1 transcription. Taken together, our results indicate that KLF5 could be an important suppressor of prostate cancer invasion and metastasis, because KLF5 could suppress the transcription of IGF1, a tumor cell autocrine cytokine, and its downstream cell signaling to inhibit cell invasive ability, and reveal a novel mechanism for STAT3 activation in prostate cancer. These findings may provide evidence for the precision medicine in prostate cancer.
Blood circulation of soft nanomaterials is governed by dynamic remodeling of protein opsonins at nano-biointerface
Authors: Abbina Srinivas , Takeuchi Lily E. , Anilkumar Parambath , Yu Kai , Rogalski Jason C. , Shenoi Rajesh A. , Constantinescu Iren , Kizhakkedathu Jayachandran N. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNanomaterials in the blood must mitigate the immune response to have a prolonged vascular residency in vivo. The composition of the protein corona that forms at the nano-biointerface may be directing this, however, the possible correlation of corona composition with blood residency is currently unknown. Here‚ we report a panel of new soft single molecule polymer nanomaterials (SMPNs) with varying circulation times in mice (t1/2β ~ 22 to 65 h) and use proteomics to probe protein corona at the nano-biointerface to elucidate the mechanism of blood residency of nanomaterials. The composition of the protein opsonins on SMPNs is qualitatively and quantitatively dynamic with time in circulation. SMPNs that circulate longer are able to clear some of the initial surface-bound common opsonins, including immunoglobulins, complement, and coagulation proteins. This continuous remodelling of protein opsonins may be an important decisive step in directing elimination or residence of soft nanomaterials in vivo.