bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boys’ advantage on the fractions number line is mediated by visuospatial attention: Evidence for a parietal‐spatial contribution to number line learning
Authors: Geary David C. , Scofield John E. , Hoard Mary K. , Nugent Lara 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe study tested the hypotheses that boys will have an advantage learning the fractions number line and this advantage will be mediated by spatial abilities. Fractions number line and, as a contrast, fractions arithmetic performance were assessed for 342 adolescents, as was their intelligence, working memory, and various spatial abilities. Boys showed smaller placement errors on the fractions number line (d = −0.22) and correctly solved more fractions arithmetic problems (d = 0.23) than girls. Working memory and intelligence predicted performance on both fractions measures, and a measure of visuospatial attention uniquely predicted number line performance and fully mediated the sex difference. Visuospatial working memory uniquely predicted fractions arithmetic performance and fully mediated the sex difference. The results help to clarify the nuanced relations between spatial abilities and formal mathematics learning and the sex differences that often emerge in mathematical domains that have a visuospatial component.
Cytokine dysregulation in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Zareen Zunera , Strickland Tammy , Fallah Lida , McEneaney Victoria , Kelly Lynne , McDonald Denise , Molloy Eleanor J 
Published: November 2020

AimTo examine pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in children with cerebral palsy (CP) at baseline and in response to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), and correlate outcomes compared with age‐matched comparisons, to evaluate their ability to mount an immune response.MethodSerum cytokines were assessed in 12 children (eight males, four females; mean age 10y 1mo [SD 1y 8mo], 6–16y) with CP against 12 age‐matched comparisons (eight males, four females; mean age 9y 1mo [SD 1y 1mo]). Pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines (interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐2, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐8, interleukin‐10, interleukin‐18, tumour necrosis factor [TNF]‐α, TNF‐β, interferon‐γ, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor [GM‐CSF], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], erythropoietin, and interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist) were measured at baseline and in response to in vitro simulation with lipopolysaccharide by multiplex enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsSignificantly higher erythropoietin was found at baseline in children with CP compared with the comparison group. There was a strong response to lipopolysaccharide for interleukin‐8, VEGF, TNF‐α, and GM‐CSF in both children with CP and the comparison group; however, there was significant lipopolysaccharide hyporesponsiveness in children with CP compared with the comparison group for interleukin‐1α, interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐2, and interleukin‐6.InterpretationAltered cytokine responses in children with CP compared with the comparison group demonstrate an altered inflammatory state that may contribute to ongoing sequelae and could be a target for therapy.What this paper adds

Altered inflammatory responses persist in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Erythropoietin is elevated in children with CP compared with the comparison group.

Children with CP have reduced interleukin‐1α, interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐2, and interleukin‐6 inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide.
Clinical tools used in young infants born very preterm to predict motor and cognitive delay (not cerebral palsy): a systematic review
Authors: Caesar Rebecca , Colditz Paul B , Cioni Giovanni , Boyd Roslyn N 
Published: November 2020

AimThis systematic review evaluates the accuracy of clinical tools used at a corrected age of 6 months or younger to predict motor and cognitive delay (not cerebral palsy) at 24 months’ corrected age, in infants born very preterm.MethodSix databases were searched. Quality was evaluated using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool. Predictive analysis included calculation of sensitivity and specificity, inspection of summary receiver operating characteristics curves, and bivariate meta‐analysis.ResultsSix assessments were identified in 10 studies of 992 infants. Overall prevalence of motor delay was 13.8% and cognitive delay was 11.7%. Methodological quality was variable for patient selection, reference standard, flow, and timing. All studies had a low risk of bias for the index test. General Movement Assessment (GMA) predicted motor and cognitive outcomes with good accuracy for mild, moderate, and severe delays (fidgety age: pooled diagnostic odds ratio=12.3 [5.9–29.8]; hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristics curve=0.733). The Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) demonstrated excellent predictive accuracy for severe motor delay (3mo and 6mo; sensitivity 93% [68–100%], specificity 100% [96–100%]) but showed limited ability to predict milder delays.InterpretationIn the population of infants born very preterm, few assessment tools used at 6 months or younger corrected age have proven predictive accuracy for cognitive and motor delay at 24 months’ corrected age. Only the GMA and HINE demonstrated useful predictive validity.What this paper adds

General movements have predictive validity for both motor and cognitive dysfunction in infants born very preterm.

The Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination showed the highest predictive accuracy for severe motor delay.

The General Movement Assessment was the best tool to predict mild‐to‐moderate motor and cognitive delays.
Cardiovascular outcomes and safety with linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor, compared with the sulphonylurea glimepiride in older people with type 2 diabetes: A subgroup analysis of the randomized CAROLINA trial
Authors: Espeland Mark A. , Pratley Richard E. , Rosenstock Julio , Kadowaki Takashi , Seino Yutaka , Zinman Bernard , Marx Nikolaus , McGuire Darren K. , Andersen Knut Robert , Mattheus Michaela , Keller Annett , Weber Maria , Johansen Odd Erik 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimTo compare the cardiovascular (CV) safety of linagliptin with glimepiride in older and younger participants in the CAROLINA trial in both prespecified and post hoc analyses.Materials and MethodsPeople aged 40 to 85 years with relatively early type 2 diabetes, inadequate glycaemic control and elevated CV risk were randomly assigned to linagliptin 5 mg or glimepiride 1 to 4 mg. The primary endpoint was time to first occurrence of three‐point major adverse CV events (MACE: CV death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction, or non‐fatal stroke). We evaluated clinical and safety outcomes across age groups.ResultsOf 6033 participants, 50.7% were aged <65 years, 35.3% were aged 65 to 74 years, and 14.0% were aged ≥75 years. During the 6.3‐year median follow‐up, CV/mortality outcomes did not differ between linagliptin and glimepiride overall (hazard ratio [HR] for three‐point MACE 0.98, 95.47% confidence interval [CI] 0.84, 1.14) or across age groups (interaction P >0.05). Between treatment groups, reductions in glycated haemoglobin were comparable across age groups but moderate‐to‐severe hypoglycaemia was markedly reduced with linagliptin (HR 0.18, 95% CI 0.15, 0.21) with no differences among age groups (P = 0.23). Mean weight was −1.54 kg (95% CI –1.80, –1.28) lower for linagliptin versus glimepiride. Adverse events increased with age, but were generally balanced between treatment groups. Significantly fewer falls or fractures occurred with linagliptin.ConclusionsLinagliptin and glimepiride were comparable for CV/mortality outcomes across age groups. Linagliptin had significantly lower risk of hypoglycaemia and falls or fractures than glimepiride, including in “older‐old” individuals for whom these are particularly important treatment considerations.
Effects of oral semaglutide on energy intake, food preference, appetite, control of eating and body weight in subjects with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Gibbons Catherine , Blundell John , Tetens Hoff Søren , Dahl Kirsten , Bauer Robert , Bækdal Tine 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effect of oral semaglutide on energy intake and appetite in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Materials and MethodsIn this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, two‐period cross‐over trial, 15 subjects with T2D received 12 weeks of treatment with once‐daily oral semaglutide (4‐week dose escalation from 3 to 7 to 14 mg) followed by placebo, or vice versa. Energy intake was measured during an ad libitum lunch, evening meal and snack box after a standard breakfast. Appetite ratings were measured using a visual analogue scale after standard and fat‐rich breakfasts. Other assessments included eating and craving control (using the Control of Eating Questionnaire), and changes in body weight and composition.ResultsFollowing a standard breakfast, total daily ad libitum energy intake was significantly lower (38.9%) with oral semaglutide versus placebo in 13 evaluable subjects (estimated treatment difference, −5096.0 kJ; 95% CI –7000.0, −3192.1; P = .0001). After a fat‐rich breakfast, there were significant differences in favour of oral semaglutide versus placebo for measures of satiety, hunger and for overall appetite score, with no significant differences following a standard breakfast. Fewer food cravings and better eating control were seen with oral semaglutide versus placebo. Overall, mean body weight decreased by 2.7 kg with oral semaglutide and 0.1 kg with placebo, mostly attributable to body fat mass loss.ConclusionAfter 12 weeks of treatment, ad libitum energy intake was lower with oral semaglutide versus placebo, resulting in reduced body fat mass, and was associated with increased satiety and fullness after a fat‐rich breakfast, and improved eating control.Trial registration numberNCT02773381
Association between malocclusion and the severity of dental trauma in primary teeth
Authors: da Silva Rauane Machado , Mathias Fernanda Burkert , da Costa Catiara Terra , da Costa Vanessa Polina Pereira , Goettems Marília Leão 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground/AimsThe literature does not clearly state whether the type of malocclusion is associated with a specific type of trauma and the severity of the injury. Hence, the aim of this retrospective study was to assess the occlusal condition in children with traumatic dental injuries of the primary teeth, and the association between the occlusal characteristics and the type and severity of these injuries.Material and MethodsData were collected from records of children treated at a dental trauma center in Brazil over a period of 16 years. The data included age, gender, etiology of the trauma, place of occurrence, number of affected teeth, type of trauma, and injury severity. The occlusal condition was assessed by a trained dentist using photographs of the patients from their first visit. Chi‐square tests and Poisson regression were used for data analyses.ResultsThis study included 209 patients, and most were aged between 2‐4 years (50.55%). Multivariate regression analysis showed that children with an anterior open bite had a 47% higher prevalence of severe trauma than those who did not have an anterior open bite, and those with class II canines had a 56% higher prevalence of severe trauma than those with class I and III canines. Children with an anterior open bite had a 46% higher prevalence of injuries affecting multiple teeth than those without an anterior open bite.ConclusionsAnterior open bite and class II canine relationship were associated with a higher prevalence of severe traumatic dental injury in primary teeth, and anterior open bite was associated with trauma affecting multiple teeth.
The reproduction of gender differences in early career choices and professional identity of young dentist in Finland
Authors: Karaharju‐Suvanto Terhi , Choroszewicz Marta , Näpänkangas Ritva , Suominen Anna Liisa , Tolvanen Mimmi , Koivumäki Jaakko 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionFor over the last 20 years, approximately 70% of working dentists in Finland have been women. However, there is internal division of the profession along gender lines. Female dentists work more often in the public sector and male dentists in the private sector. The aim of this study was to investigate the gender differences in young dentists’ early career choices, specialization plans, values and perceptions of professional identity.Materials and methodsThe data were taken from a national e‐mail questionnaire study called “Young Dentist,” which was sent to 458 dentists who had received their licence to practise dentistry in 2014‐2016 from all four universities with dental curricula in Finland. A total of 52% young dentists (n = 238) answered the questionnaire.Results and discussionThe results indicated that whereas female dentists were more likely to perceive themselves as comforters, social workers and health promoters, male dentists tended to perceive themselves as technicians. These professional identities were interrelated with early‐stage career choices in which female dentists worked more often in the public than in the private sector when compared to male dentists. There were also clear gender differences in the importance of values and the specialization plans of the young dentists.ConclusionYoung dentists in Finland make career choices and develop professional identity in accordance with the attributes traditionally associated with cultural ideals related to femininity and masculinity.
Gut microbiota and metabolome distinctive features in Parkinson disease: Focus on levodopa and levodopa‐carbidopa intrajejunal gel
Authors: Melis Marta , Vascellari Sarah , Santoru Maria Laura , Oppo Valentina , Fabbri Margherita , Sarchioto Marianna , Murgia Daniela , Zibetti Maurizio , Lopiano Leonardo , Serra Alessandra , Palmas Vanessa , Pisanu Silvia , Perra Daniela , Madau Veronica , Cusano Roberto , Uva Paolo , Mereu Alessandra , Contu Paolo , Morelli Micaela , Atzori Luigi , Melis Maurizio , Manzin Aldo , Cossu Giovanni 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground and purposeRecent data suggest that imbalances in the composition of the gut microbiota (GM) could exacerbate the progression of Parkinson disease (PD). The effects of levodopa (LD) have been poorly assessed, and those of LD‐carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) have not been evaluated so far. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of LD and LCIG, in particular, on the GM and metabolome.MethodsFecal DNA samples from 107 patients with a clinical diagnosis of PD were analyzed by next‐generation sequencing of the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. PD patients were classified in different groups: patients on LCIG (LCIG group, n = 38) and on LD (LD group, n = 46). We also included a group of patients (n = 23) without antiparkinsonian medicaments (Naïve group). Fecal metabolic extracts were evaluated by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.ResultsThe multivariate analysis showed a significantly higher abundance in the LCIG group of Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia, and Serratia compared to the LD group. Compared to the Naïve group, the univariate analysis showed a reduction of Blautia and Lachnospirae in the LD group. Moreover, an increase of Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and a reduction of Firmicutes, Lachnospiraceae, and Blautia was found in the LCIG group. No significant difference was found in the multivariate analysis of these comparisons. The LD group and LCIG group were associated with a metabolic profile linked to gut inflammation.ConclusionsOur results suggest that LD, and mostly LCIG, might significantly influence the microbiota composition and host/bacteria metabolism, acting as stressors in precipitating a specific inflammatory intestinal microenvironment, potentially related to the PD state and progression.
Financial Boundary Ambiguity Among Military Spouses
Authors: McCoy Megan , O'Neal Catherine Walker , Gale Jerry , Goetz Joseph , Mancini Jay A. 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveThe military lifestyle of extended training programs and deployments creates a need to clearly define each partner's roles and responsibilities after each departure and reunion.BackgroundPrevious researchers have discovered that the less ambiguity that occurs when an individual enters or departs the family system, the less likely the family is to experience strain or crisis. One challenging area of boundary definition is finances, as couples tend to avoid talking about money which may contribute to financial boundary ambiguity.MethodsThis study applies the contextual model of family stress to examine financial boundary ambiguity and its association with marital quality in the post‐deployment stage. This article presents a theory‐driven exploration of financial boundary ambiguity using the actor–partner interdependence model and structural equation modeling.ResultsStudy findings indicate that role flexibility, as well as clear and open communication, are related to less financial boundary ambiguity. This, in turn, is related to higher marital quality, although there are differences in the actor and partner effects between financial boundary ambiguity and marital relations.ConclusionTo more fully understand coping and resilience among military couples, the authors applied the contextual model of family stress focused on financial elements to clarify the significance of how the couples navigated their roles and interactions.ImplicationsPrograms focused on financial and relational health should focus on fostering communication around financial roles during periods of transition, such as the deployment cycle. In particular, programs should be oriented around strategies for reducing the stress that surrounds financial uncertainties and strain, in addition to teaching effective financial management.
Grow wider canopies or thicker stems: Variable response of woody plants to increasing dryness
Authors: Ding Jingyi , Travers Samantha K. , Eldridge David J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimWoody plants vary greatly from tall trees to branching shrubs with increasing dryness. Variation in plant allometry is driven by both biotic and abiotic factors, reflecting different plant adaptation strategies in different environments. Here, we explore how aboveground allometry of different woody plants responds to increasing dryness along an extensive aridity gradient.LocationEastern Australia.Time period2018–2019.Major taxa studiedWoody plants.MethodsWe surveyed the aboveground allometry of woody plants (e.g., canopy, height, stem diameter, branches) at 150 sites along a 1,500‐km aridity gradient from humid to arid areas. We used regression analyses and structural equation modelling to explore the variation in woody allometry with increasing aridity, and the abiotic (resource availability) and biotic (aboveground competition) mechanisms driving such changes.ResultsPlant height declined, but branching, canopy width and canopy depth increased with increasing aridity. Woody responses to dryness varied among genera, with increasing aridity associated with wider canopies inEucalyptusandCallitrisspp., thicker stems inAcaciaspp., but no clear differences inAllocasuarinaspp. Biotic and abiotic factors exerted different effects on the allometry of different genera, withEucalyptusandCallitrisspp. constrained by resource availability, whileAcaciaandAllocasuarinaspp. were regulated mainly by aboveground competition.Main conclusionsAs aridity increased, we found genus‐specific responses in allometric changes and driving mechanisms (resource availability cf. aboveground competition). Rather than merely shrinking in size, our results suggest that woody plants allocate resources to either canopies or stems to cope with increasing dryness. Increasing stem or canopy size, and altering branching might be a useful strategy for woody plants to compensate for biomass reduction and maintain functions while growing shorter under hotter and drier climates.
Perceptions of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention on pre‐operative education in China: A qualitative study
Authors: Zhuo Qiqi , Liang Hongmin , Bai Yangjuan , Hu Qiulan , Hanum Ardani Latifah , Yang Mingfang , Wang Yanjiao , Wei Wei , Ding Lan , Ma Fang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo explore the perceptions of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) regarding their pre‐operative health education.MethodsA qualitative study using semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews was conducted in one cardiology unit in China from July 2019 to December 2019. Purposeful sampling of 17 patients undergoing PCI was interviewed about their perceptions of pre‐operative health education. Thematic analysis of the transcribed data was then used to identify the themes.ResultsFour themes emerged from the data:(a) triple roles of pre‐operative education with the categories of relief (reliving fear); burden (leading to stress); and meaningless (changing nothing); (b) family member involvement with the categories of shared responsibility and family members’ duty; (c) facilitators in the process of pre‐operative health education with the categories of emotional support, plain language and individualized pre‐operative education; (d) inhibitors in the process of pre‐operative health education with the categories of contradiction and threatening words.ConclusionsPre‐operative health education for patients undergoing PCI should be aligned with the individual patients’ information‐seeking styles and personal differences, emphasizing individualized patient education. Traditional Chinese philosophy should be considered in the practice of pre‐operative education for patients undergoing PCI, which emphasizes family member involvement; at the same time, patient empowerment and self‐care should also be stressed. In addition, emotional support and plain language from health professionals are important in pre‐operative health education for patients undergoing PCI; contradiction should be avoided, and threatening words should be used with caution and with consideration for cultural variations during pre‐operative education for patients undergoing PCI.
Chronic shift‐lag promotes NK cell ageing and impairs immunosurveillance in mice by decreasing the expression of CD122
Authors: Zeng Xiaokang , Liang Caiying , Yao Jie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLong‐term subjection to shift work increases the risk of cancer. The purpose of the present study was to explore the mechanism by which chronic circadian disruption impairs natural killer (NK) cell immunosurveillance. Mice were subjected to light‐dark reverse every 4 days for 12 weeks to disrupt normal circadian rhythm. NK cell development and function were evaluated by flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein levels of period 1 (per1) and per2 were suppressed, while circadian locomotor output cycle kaput (CLOCK) was increased in the shifted mice, indicating successful generation of the circadian rhythm disruption mouse model. Chronic shift‐lag promoted NK cell ageing, which is likely due to the reduction in Ly49 family receptor expression in shifted NK. We further studied the effects of circadian rhythm disruption on NK cell function. Chronic shift‐lag inhibited NK cell secretion of granular CD107a and interferon gamma. Moreover, chronic shift‐lag attenuated the clearance of MHC‐I–deficient tumour cells by NK cells in vivo and promoted lung metastasis of B16F10 melanomas. Furthermore, chronic shift‐lag reduced NK cell killing function, which may be due to the suppression of Eomes transcription factor expression, which inhibiting the transcription of CD122. In conclusion, our findings suggest that chronic circadian disruption attenuates NK cell cytolytic activity by decreasing the expression of CD122.