bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing river condition: A multiscale approach designed for operational application in the context of biodiversity net gain
Authors: Gurnell Angela M. , Scott Sarah J. , England Judy , Gurnell Dave , Jeffries Richard , Shuker Lucy , Wharton Geraldene 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAssessments of river condition are needed to guide all aspects of river management. Such assessments have evolved over three decades from simply capturing the mosaic of river physical habitats to recognizing that habitat mosaics are dynamic, driven mainly by physical processes and modified by human (indirect) pressures and (direct) interventions. To embrace these broader aspects, riparian as well as in‐stream environments need to be evaluated, going beyond subjective assessments to incorporate observations that support understanding of both physical habitat structure and cause‐effect relationships. This paper reports on an operational approach to assessing the physical condition of rivers, which attempts to bridge the gap between a physical habitat and a geomorphic condition assessment. The approach forms part of Biodiversity Metric 2.0, a habitat‐based methodology for measuring and accounting for biodiversity losses and gains resulting from development or land management change at individual project sites across England. The river condition assessment component adopts a bottom‐up multi‐scale approach that integrates field observations of physical habitats and of features indicative of geomorphic processes to deliver assessments of longer subreaches, whose condition is then evaluated within the context of the reach‐scale geomorphological type of river. By applying the assessment before, immediately after, and following recovery from project implementation, changes in condition and their causes can be evaluated. The assessment method is presented to an international audience, outlining its structure, application and testing, and critically discussing its strengths and weaknesses, because the methodological approach could be helpful for devising methods for application in other environmental contexts.
Precision installation of a highly efficient suicide gene safety switch in human induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Shi Zhong-Dong , Tchao Jason , Wu Ling , Carman Aaron J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and embryonic stem cells, hold great promise for cell-based therapies, but safety concerns that complicate consideration for routine clinical use remain. Installing a “safety switch” based on the inducible caspase-9 (iCASP9) suicide gene system should offer added control over undesirable cell replication or activity. Previous studies utilized lentiviral vectors to integrate the iCASP9 system into T cells and iPSCs. This method results in random genomic insertion of the suicide switch and inefficient killing of the cells after the switch is “turned on” with a small molecule (eg, AP1903). To improve the safety and efficiency of the iCASP9 system for use in iPSC-based therapy, we precisely installed the system into a genomic safe harbor, the AAVS1 locus in the PPP1R12C gene. We then evaluated the efficiencies of different promoters to drive iCASP9 expression in human iPSCs. We report that the commonly used EF1α promoter is silenced in iPSCs, and that the endogenous promoter of the PPP1R12C gene is not strong enough to drive high levels of iCASP9 expression. However, the CAG promoter induces strong and stable iCASP9 expression in iPSCs, and activation of this system with AP1903 leads to rapid killing and complete elimination of iPSCs and their derivatives, including MSCs and chondrocytes, in vitro. Furthermore, iPSC-derived teratomas shrank dramatically or were completely eliminated after administration of AP1903 in mice. Our data suggest significant improvements on existing iCASP9 suicide switch technologies and may serve as a guide to other groups seeking to improve the safety of stem cell-based therapies.
The impact of managerial job security on corporate entrepreneurship: Evidence from corporate venture capital programs
Authors: Cabral Joseph J. , Francis Bill B. , Kumar M. V. Shyam 
Published: July 2020

AbstractResearch SummaryWe examine the role of managerial job security in the adoption of innovative practices and structures. Utilizing state level antitakeover protections as an exogenous shock, we find that when managers are afforded greater job security through these protections they exhibit a higher probability of initiating a Corporate Venture Capital (CVC) program. Furthermore, the positive effect of job security on CVC adoption is stronger when firms are research intensive, and when there are slack financial resources. Our results suggest that providing managers leeway to experiment while ensuring job security is important for corporate entrepreneurship and the willingness to experiment with innovative strategies.Managerial SummaryEntrepreneurial activity often involves identifying opportunities that the rest of the marketplace overlooks. While this risk taking is celebrated as part of entrepreneurial folklore, in pragmatic terms, for managers of public organizations, it requires going against the prevailing wisdom of important stakeholders. Since stakeholders can hold considerable influence over top managers' employment, managers may avoid innovation if they feel experimentation and/or failure could cost them their jobs. This study demonstrates that when top managers have more job security, they are more likely to experiment with new organizational forms and structures by establishing Corporate Venture Capital units. The study demonstrates that job security not only impacts the amount of risk taken within existing operations, but also the willingness to experiment with novel ideas and activities.
Entrepreneurs' socioeconomic status and government expropriation in an emerging economy
Authors: Zhou Jieyu , Ge Lipeng Gary , Li Jiatao , Chandrashekar Subramanya Prasad 
Published: July 2020

AbstractResearch SummaryThis study focuses on a salient challenge for entrepreneurs in emerging economies: government expropriation. Drawing on signaling arguments, we propose that an owner's high socioeconomic status (SES) attracts government attention to her start‐up by conveying information about its resource endowments. The empirical tests based on start‐ups in China support that an owner's high SES increases government expropriation. The effect is stronger for start‐ups in regions with greater income inequality or in those where the legal system is less developed. High‐SES entrepreneurs can mitigate the risk of government expropriation by building political connections.Managerial SummaryInstitutional voids in emerging economies pose a major threat to start‐ups in the form of government expropriation. This research finds that the threat is more severe for start‐ups with high‐SES entrepreneurs because they have strong resource‐mobilization capabilities and easily become expropriation targets. Further, this research suggests that two measures help protect high‐SES entrepreneurs from government expropriation: locating their start‐ups in regions with low income inequality or a well‐developed legal system, and building connections with the government in order to exchange favors with government officials.
Managing dilemmas of resource mobilization throughjugaad: Amulti‐methodstudy of social enterprises in Indian healthcare
Authors: Agarwal Nivedita , Chakrabarti Ronika , Prabhu Jaideep C. , Brem Alexander 
Published: July 2020

AbstractResearch SummaryThis study focuses on the dilemmas that social entrepreneurs encounter and the practices used to manage dilemmas over time. Using a multi‐method approach involving event structure analysis and an inductive multiple case study, we find that four key organizational practices—asset multiplication, leveraging human capital, building social embeddedness, and affordable quality—embody thejugaadelements of frugality and inclusivity. Adding to the social entrepreneurship literature, this study demonstrates that thejugaadapproach is conceptually distinct from bricolage and relevant to the study of social enterprises' resource mobilization processes.Managerial SummaryHow do social enterprises encounter and manage dilemmas over time in emerging markets? The present study responds to this question, finding that social entrepreneurs mobilize resources and overcome dilemmas using the practices ofjugaad, the “Indian method” of problem‐solving. Thesejugaadpractices can be used to build and allocate resources and create trade‐offs among thejugaadelements of frugality and inclusivity. Based on our results, we recommend that social entrepreneurs pay close attention to how to proceduralize human assets, which would allow these entrepreneurs to build training systems that are highly task‐focused and replicated across functions. We also encourage social entrepreneurs to work in rural markets and seek wider resource pools within these markets by building social embeddedness in rural communities.
Facile Synthesis for Anchoring Highly Efficient Superfine Pd Nanoparticles on Carbon: Boosting Catalytic C–C Coupling
Authors: Pang Qingqing , Fan Xizheng 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe facile approach has been found to immobilize superfine palladium nano‐particles (Pd NPs) on the carbon material according to the wet impregnation by weakly‐capping growth function of methanol. The structure and morphology of catalysts are analyzed and verified by characterizations containing XRD, XPS, N2 absorption‐desorption and TEM analysis. Under the effect of methanol possessing the weakly‐capping capacity, the Pd@C nano‐catalyst is bestowed as superfine Pd NPs with an average particle size of 2.7 nm in alkaline environment which can enhance the interaction between the carrier C and Pd ions. Compared with Pd/C (prepared without alkaline environment) and commercial Pd/C catalysts, the smaller size and excellent dispersion of Pd NPs greatly promote the catalytic activity of the Pd@C, providing a higher yield of biphenyl compounds up to 99 % at 40 °C. Moreover, Pd@C catalyst possesses a sustained catalysis performance in Suzuki‐Miyaura reaction, due to easily recycling by centrifugal separation.
Synthesis of New 3‐(2‐Amino‐6‐arylpyrimidin‐4‐yl)‐4‐hydroxyquinolin‐2(1H)‐ones and Their In Vitro Antimicrobial and “DPPH” Scavenging Activity Evaluation
Authors: Krishna Alla. , Vijayakumar V. , Sarveswari S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAn efficient multi component reaction for the synthesis of new 3‐(2‐amino‐6‐arylpyrimidin‐4‐yl)‐4‐hydroxyquinolin‐2(1H)‐ones has been described. Synthesized derivatives were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial and 2, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. Among the tested compounds 3 k, 3 m and 3 r shown better antibacterial properties and have displayed broad spectrum of activity than Neomycin against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella planticola, Escherechia coli, S.aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover 3 r, 3 t and 3 n were found to have potent antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Candida glabrata, Issatchenkia hanoiensis and Candida than the standard Miconazole. Furthermore 3 c, 3 j, 3 d, 3 m, and 3 h showed strong DPPH free radical scavenging activity than Ascorbic acid.
Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Fluorescent Analogues of Abscisic Acid
Authors: González Florenci V. , Bou‐Iserte Lledó , Miguel‐López Borja , de la Hoz‐Rodríguez Sergio , Kersten Christian , Sánchez‐Sarasúa Sandra , Espinosa‐Fernández Verónica , Sánchez‐Pérez Ana María 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA fluorescent analogue of abscisic acid has been prepared by combining (S)‐abscisic acid (ABA) with nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) fluorophore using ethanol amine as a linker. Isomerization of the double bond at the side chain of abscisic acid happened during the synthesis. The resulting fluorophore analogues derived from both isomeric compounds entered cells suggesting a wide applicability of the ABA‐NBD conjugates as fluorescent probes to study ABA mechanism of action. The functional properties of the isomeric ABA‐NBD conjugates were tested in vitro, by measuring TNFα expression and nitrite concentration in LPS‐stimulated macrophages and compared with their non‐fluorescent ABA isomers. Rationalization of the results is given as supported by docking studies of the compounds with LANCL2 and PPARγ targets.
Antimycin A shows selective antiproliferation to oral cancer cells by oxidative stress‐mediated apoptosis and DNA damage
Authors: Yu Tzu‐Jung , Hsieh Che‐Yu , Tang Jen‐Yang , Lin Li‐Ching , Huang Hurng‐Wern , Wang Hui‐Ru , Yeh Yun‐Chiao , Chuang Ya‐Ting , Ou‐Yang Fu , Chang Hsueh‐Wei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe antibiotic antimycin A (AMA) is commonly used as an inhibitor for the electron transport chain but its application in anticancer studies is rare. Recently, the repurposing use of AMA in antiproliferation of several cancer cell types has been reported. However, it is rarely investigated in oral cancer cells. The purpose of this study is to investigate the selective antiproliferation ability of AMA treatment on oral cancer cells. Cell viability, flow cytometry, and western blotting were applied to explore its possible anticancer mechanism in terms of both concentration‐ and exposure time‐effects. AMA shows the higher antiproliferation to two oral cancer CAL 27 and Ca9‐22 cell lines than normal oral HGF‐1 cell lines. Moreover, AMA induces the production of higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and pan‐caspase activation in oral cancer CAL 27 and Ca9‐22 cells than in normal oral HGF‐1 cells, providing the possible mechanism for its selective antiproliferation effect of AMA. In addition to ROS, AMA induces mitochondrial superoxide (MitoSOX) generation and depletes mitochondrial membrane potential (MitoMP). This further supports the AMA‐induced oxidative stress changes in oral cancer CAL 27 and Ca9‐22 cells. AMA also shows high expressions of annexin V in CAL 27 and Ca9‐22 cells and cleaved forms of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase 9, and caspase 3 in CAL 27 cells, supporting the apoptosis‐inducing ability of AMA. Furthermore, AMA induces DNA damage (γH2AX and 8‐oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanosine [8‐oxodG]) in CAL 27 and Ca9‐22 cells. Notably, the AMA‐induced selective antiproliferation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage were partly prevented from N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) pretreatments. Taken together, AMA selectively kills oral cancer cells in an oxidative stress‐dependent mechanism involving apoptosis and DNA damage.
Raw and chemically treated bio‐waste filled (Limonia acidissima shell powder) vinyl ester composites: Physical, mechanical, moisture absorption properties, and microstructure analysis
Authors: Shravanabelagola Nagaraja Setty Vasantha Kumar , Govardhan Goud , Mavinkere Rangappa Sanjay , Siengchin Suchart 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe rapid growth of environmentally sustainable and eco‐friendly materials tends to the utilization of biowastes as filler in polymer matrix composites. The particulate composite with improved wettability of fillers and advanced approach can evolve polymer composites that exhibit promising applications in packaging, automobile, marine, construction, and aerospace. In the present work, one of the biowaste fillers were synthesized from Limonia acidissima shells via a top‐down approach (pulverizing) and the surfaces were chemically modified using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) before they were used as fillers in vinyl ester polymer composites by different weight percentage (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%). The prepared particulate composites were characterized by mechanical properties, moisture absorption behavior, and morphology. At different filler loading the tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength, hardness, density, and moisture intake tests were performed. The results reveal that the properties increased for composites filled with alkaline treated fillers for the same filler loading and found to be higher at filler loading of 15 wt%. The morphological analysis confirms the better interfacial bonding between alkali‐treated particles and matrix due to the removal of non‐cellulose materials from the surface of the particles.
Knee arthrodesis as last resort for persistent knee joint infections
Authors: Zajonz Dirk , Zimmerlich Benedikt , Möbius Robert , Edel Melanie , Przybyl Johanna , Höch Andreas , Fakler Johannes K. M. , Roth Andreas , Ghanem Mohamed 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Knee joint arthrodesis is an established treatment for periprosthetic infections (PPI) providing stability and pain relief. In this study the outcome after arthrodesis of the knee joint for persistent infections was compared and evaluated depending on the surgical procedure (intramedullary vs. extramedullary).

Material and methods
In a retrospective case analysis, all patients who underwent knee joint arthrodesis between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2016 were identified and divided into two groups: IMA and EMA. All patients were examined clinically and radiologically and the patient files were evaluated. In addition, the FIM score, the LEFS, the WHOQOL-BREF and NRS were evaluated.

Results
The median LEFS score for the IMA group was 26 points and in the EMA group 2 points (p = 0.03). The IMA patients showed a median pain scale at rest of 0 and during exercise of 2. The EMA group recorded a pain scale of 3 at rest and 5 during exercise (p = 0.28 at rest; p = 0.43 during exercise). In the IMA group the median postsurgical leg length difference was −2.0 cm and −2.5 cm in the EMA group (p = 0.31). At the end of the follow-up examinations, the FIM score of patients in the IMA group was 74.5 points and 22 points in the EMA group (p = 0.07).

Conclusion
The study showed that no arthrodesis procedure is obviously superior with respect to the postoperative outcome. The IMA combines advantages especially in the early phase after surgery in terms of function as well as patient comfort and is therefore currently the procedure of choice. The attending physician should be familiar with the advantages and disadvantages of the various procedures in order to be able to make an individual decision and thus maximize the chance of treatment success.
Diagnostik der periprothetischen Infektion
Authors: Mühlhofer H. , Renz N. , Zahar A. , Lüdemann M. , Rudert M. , Hube R. , Frommelt L. , Ascherl R. , Perka C. , von Eisenhart-Rothe R. 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDie Behandlung periprothetischer Infektionen (PPI) ist eine der größten Herausforderungen im Bereich der Endoprothetik. Der möglichst sichere Ausschluss oder die Bestätigung einer periprothetischen Infektion ist die Voraussetzung für jede Revisionsoperation und kann für den behandelnden Orthopäden und Unfallchirurgen eine große Herausforderung darstellen. Eine sichere evidenzbasierte präoperative Diagnostik ist im Sinne des Patienten notwendig, um einerseits eine periprothetische Infektion zu erkennen sowie die entsprechende chirurgische und antibiotische Therapie zu planen und andererseits unnötige zweizeitige Wechsel zu vermeiden.Ziel der ArbeitZiel ist es, ein evidenzbasiertes problem- und prioritätenbasiertes Vorgehen zu entwickeln und dies in einem transparenten und standardisierten Algorithmus zusammenzufassen.MethodeDurch systematische Literaturrecherche wurden relevante Arbeiten identifiziert und im Rahmen von Expertenrunden bewertet. Nach Extraktion der Daten erfolgte die Berechnung von Sensitivität, Spezifität, positiver und negativer Likelihood-Ratio sowie positiver und negativer prädiktiver Werte. Im Rahmen von 4 Treffen wurden die entsprechenden Studien der Arbeitsgruppe für implantatassoziierte Infektionen präsentiert und analog zu Standard-Delphi-Runden durch die einzelnen Experten bearbeitet und bewertet. Gemäß der Prioritätenliste der Expertenrunde erfolgte die Entwicklung eines zur ISO (International Organization for Standardisation) konformen Algorithmus.ErgebnisseDer entwickelte Algorithmus ist eine Abfolge von evidenzbasierten Prozessen gemäß der verwendeten ISO-Norm. Gemäß der durch die Expertenrunde priorisierten Haupt- und Nebenkriterien erfolgte die Entwicklung logisch strukturiert und problemorientiert.SchlussfolgerungDer Ausschluss einer periprothetischen Infektion ist von enormer Bedeutung vor einer Revisionsoperation und entscheidet in vielen Fällen über den Erfolg und die Invasivität der Operation. Die Diagnose „periprothetische Infektion“ erfordert eine substanzielle Veränderung der therapeutischen Strategie. Der durch die Arbeitsgruppe entwickelte Algorithmus fasst Positionen aus der aktuellen Literatur und spezielle Expertenmeinungen zusammen, dies ermöglicht einen transparenten diagnostischen Ansatz im Sinne einer Standard Operation Procedure.
Life-long testosterone and antiandrogen treatments affect the survival and reproduction of captive male red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa)
Authors: Alonso-Alvarez Carlos , Cantarero Alejandro , Romero-Haro Ana Ángela , Chastel Olivier , Pérez-Rodríguez Lorenzo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Sexual steroids can play an important role as life-history organizers. In males, high circulating testosterone levels induce physiological/behavioral costs and benefits, leading to trade-offs. However, studies simultaneously testing the impact of these levels in both fitness components (survival and fecundity) during lifetime are scarce and limited to wild birds. To determine the mortality causes or hormonal manipulation impacts on male fertility is, nonetheless, a difficult task in free-ranging animals that could be easier in captivity. We longitudinally monitored captive red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) and exposed males to high exogenous testosterone levels, anti-androgens, or a control treatment during each breeding period throughout their lives. Theory predicts that individuals maintaining high androgen levels should obtain higher fitness returns via reproduction, but suffer reduced longevity. Testosterone-treated male partridges, accordingly, lived shorter compared to controls, since they were more prone to die from a natural bacterial infection. However, the same birds seemed to have a lower capacity to fertilize eggs, probably due to endocrine feedback reducing testicular mass. These results show that exogenous testosterone can exert unpredicted effects on fitness parameters. Therefore, caution must be taken when drawing conclusions from non-fully controlled experiments in the wild. Males treated with the androgen-receptor blocker flutamide did not outlive controls as predicted by the life-history trade-off theory, but their mates laid eggs with higher hatching success. The latter could be due to mechanisms improving sperm quality/quantity or influencing maternal investment in egg quality. Testosterone receptor activity/amount could thus be as relevant to fitness as testosterone levels.

Significance statement
It has repeatedly been hypothesized that high testosterone levels induce a cost in terms of reduced lifetime reproductive success. This can be due to reduced fecundity or via shorter lifespan. This is, however, only supported by a handful of studies, mostly in wild birds. We tested this in captive male red-legged partridges, which allowed us to determine reproductive success and mortality causes. We increased testosterone levels or blocked its action with antiandrogens throughout life. High testosterone levels reduced the survival by making birds more prone to die by infection. The eggs produced by their mates also showed lower hatching success, a probable manipulation artifact that should be considered in avian studies in the wild. Interestingly, the androgen-receptor blocker flutamide increased lifetime hatching success compared to controls, suggesting that androgen receptor amounts/activity are even more relevant to fitness than testosterone levels.