bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progression of diffuse chorioretinal atrophy among patients with high myopia: a 4-year follow-up study
Authors: Li Zhixi , Liu Ran , Xiao Ou , Guo Xinxing , Zhang Jian , Wang Decai , Jong Monica , Sankaridurg Padmaja , Ohno-Matsui Kyoko , He Mingguang 
Published: August 2020

AimsTo investigate the progression pattern of diffuse chorioretinal atrophy (DCA) among Chinese participants with high myopia.MethodsThis is a longitudinal, non-interventional study. Participants with high myopia, defined as ≤−6 diopters spherical power, were included and followed up for 4 years, and underwent cycloplegic autorefraction, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and fundus photography examinations. Newly established DCA, enlargement of existing DCA and development of other lesions of myopic maculopathy were regarded as DCA progression.ResultsOf the 484 participants with a mean age of 21.5±12.7 years (range, 6.8–69.7 years), 68 eyes (14.0%) showed DCA progression, with 88 lesion changes. The first appearance of DCA was identified in 21 eyes (23.9%). Of 88 eyes with DCA at baseline, 47 eyes (53.4%) showed progression, with 67 lesion changes, including 45 eyes (67.2%) with enlargement of DCA, 17 (25.3%) with a first appearance of lacquer cracks, 4 (6.0%) with development of patchy chorioretinal atrophy and 1 (1.5%) with increased numbers of lacquer cracks. Longer axial length (p<0.001), baseline DCA (p=0.005) and baseline DCA closer to the fovea (p=0.013) predicted DCA progression. Eyes had poorer BCVA at the follow-up if DCA was enlarging (p<0.001) or DCA was closer to the fovea at baseline (p=0.028) after adjusting for age,gender and cataract.ConclusionApproximately half of the participants with DCA had progression over a 4-year follow-up. Enlargement and newly developed DCA were common progression patterns. Larger areas of DCA and foveal involvement with DCA could be indicators of a worse BCVA later.
Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of strabismus in a Chinese population-based cohort of preschool children: the Nanjing Eye Study
Authors: Chen Danni , Li Rui , Li Xiaoxiao , Huang Dan , Wang Yue , Zhao Xiaoyan , Zhang Xiaohan , Sun Qigang , Hao Qingfeng , Tong Haohai , Yao Xinyuan , Fan Weixiao , Lu Weijing , Dang Jingsong , Zhu Hui , Liu Hu 
Published: August 2020

AimsTo evaluate the prevalence, incidence and their related risk factors of strabismus among preschool children in China.MethodsChildren born between September 2011 and August 2012 in Yuhuatai District of Nanjing were invited to participate in the Nanjing Eye Study for a comprehensive eye examination annually since 2015. The data presented in this paper were obtained from 2015 to 2017, when these children grew from the age of 3 to 5 years. Eye examinations included visual acuity, anterior segment, posterior segment, refraction, and ocular alignment and motility. Risk factors were evaluated using univariable and multivariable logistic regression models for prevalent and incident strabismus.ResultsIn 2015, a total of 2018 children (87.7% response rate) of 2300 eligible preschoolers completed the baseline eye examination when they were 3 years old. Among the 2018 participants, 50 had strabismus (prevalence rate, 2.48%). In multivariable analysis, prevalent strabismus was independently associated with parental strabismus history (OR=11.60, p<0.001), hyperopia (OR=6.22, p<0.001), prematurity (OR=3.07, p=0.01) and astigmatism (OR=2.15, p=0.04). Among 1766 children followed up for 2 years, 63 developed strabismus (annual incidence rate, 1.78%), of whom 57 had exotropia and 6 had esotropia. In multivariable analysis, incident strabismus was significantly associated with parental strabismus history (OR=5.55, p=0.04) and prematurity (OR=3.77, p<0.001).ConclusionsIn this population-based cohort study, we found a higher incidence of strabismus and a higher exotropia:esotropia ratio than previous studies in preschool children. Parental strabismus history and prematurity were associated with a higher risk for both prevalent and incident strabismus.
Clinical spectrum of non-syndromic microphthalmos, anophthalmos and coloboma in the paediatric population: a multicentric study from North India
Authors: Tibrewal Shailja , Subhedar Ketaki , Sen Pradnya , Mohan Amit , Singh Shivanand , Shah Chintan , Nischal Ken K , Ganesh Suma ,   The Bodhya Eye Consortium
Published: August 2020

AimsTo describe the clinical features, visual acuity and causes of ocular morbidity in children (0–18 years) with microphthalmos, anophthalmos, and coloboma (MAC) from North India.MethodsA retrospective study conducted between October 2017 and September 2018 in three tertiary eye institutes, part of the Bodhya Eye Consortium with consensus led common pro formas. Children with complete clinical data and without syndromic/systemic involvement were included. The clinical phenotype was divided into isolated ocular coloboma (CB), coloboma with microcornea (CBMC), colobomatous microphthalmos (CBMO), non-colobomatous microphthalmos (MO) and anophthalmos (AO).ResultsA total of 532 children with MAC were examined. Seventeen records were excluded due to incomplete data (0.2%). 515 children (845 eyes) were included: 54.4% males and 45.6% females. MAC was unilateral in 36% and bilateral in 64%. CB, CBMC, CBMO, MO and AO were seen in 26.4%, 31%, 22%, 8% and 12.5% of eyes, respectively. Nystagmus was found in 40%, strabismus in 23%, cataract in 18.7% and retinal detachment in 15%. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of <3/60 was seen in 62.4% eyes. Blindness (BCVA <3/60 in better eye) was seen in 42.8% of bilateral patients. Those with microcornea or microphthalmos with coloboma had worse BCVA (p<0.001). There were regional differences in the type of MAC phenotype presenting to the three institutes.ConclusionThe MAC group of disorders cause significant ocular morbidity. The presence of microcornea or microphthalmos with coloboma predicts worse BCVA. The variation of the MAC phenotype with the district of origin of the patient raises questions of aetiology and is subject to further studies.
Longitudinal panretinal microaneurysm dynamics on ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography in eyes treated with intravitreal aflibercept for proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the recovery study
Authors: Babiuch Amy , Wykoff Charles Clifton , Hach Jenna , Srivastava Sunil , Talcott Katherine E , Yu Hannah J , Nittala Muneeswar , Sadda SriniVas , Ip Michael S , Le Thuy , Hu Ming , Reese Jamie , Ehlers Justis P 
Published: August 2020

Background/AimsQuantifying microaneurysms (MAs) turnover may be an objective measure for therapeutic response in diabetic retinopathy. This study assesses changes in MA counts on ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA) in subjects undergoing treatment with intravitreal aflibercept injection (IAI) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in the Intravitreal Aflibercept for Retinal Non-Perfusion in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy(RECOVERY) study using an automated MA detection platform.MethodsRECOVERY is a prospective study that enrolled 40 subjects with PDR randomised 1:1 to receive 2 mg IAI every 4 weeks(q4wk) or every 12 weeks (q12wk). UWFA images were obtained at baseline, 6 months and 1 year. Images were analysed using an automated segmentation platform to detect and quantify MAs. Zones 1, 2 and 3 correspond to the macula, mid-periphery and far-periphery, respectively.ResultsThe q4wk cohort demonstrated a significant decline in MAs in all zones and panretinally at baseline versus month 6, baseline versus year 1, and month 6 versus year 1 (−20.0% to −61.8%; all p<0.001). In the q12wk cohort, baseline versus month 6 showed a significant decline panretinally (mean: −34.2%; p<0.001) and in zone 3 (mean −44.18%; p<0.001). Addiitonally, baseline to year 1 in the q12wk group demonstrated significant decline panretinally (mean: −47.7%; p<0.001) and in zone 3 (mean: −59.8%; p<0.001). All zones demonstrated significantly decline from month 6 to year 1 in the q12wk group.ConclusionTherapy with IAI demonstrates significantly reduced panretinal MA counts in PDR at 1 year in both treatment groups. The use of automated platforms to detect and quantify MAs may provide a novel imaging marker for evaluating disease activity and therapeutic impact.Trial registration numberNCT02863354.
Intra-articular saline injection is as effective as corticosteroids, platelet-rich plasma and hyaluronic acid for hip osteoarthritis pain: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Gazendam Aaron , Ekhtiari Seper , Bozzo Anthony , Phillips Mark , Bhandari Mohit 
Published: August 2020

Objective
Intra-articular (IA) injections represent a commonly used modality in the treatment of hip osteoarthritis (OA). Commonly used injections include corticosteroids (CCS), hyaluronic acid (HA) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP). A network meta-analysis allows for comparison among more than two treatment arms and uses both direct and indirect comparisons between interventions. The objective of this network meta-analysis is to compare the efficacy of the various IA injectable treatments in treating hip OA at up to 6 months of follow-up.

Design
This is a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Bayesian random-effects model was performed to assess the direct and indirect comparisons of all treatment options.

Data sources
PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus and Web of Science, from inception to October 2019.

Eligibility criteria for selected studies
Randomised controlled trials assessing the efficacy of CCS, HA, PRP and placebo in the form of IA saline injection for patients with hip OA.

Results
Eleven randomised controlled trials comprising 1353 patients were included. For pain outcomes at both 2–4 and 6 months, no intervention significantly outperformed placebo IA injection. For functional outcomes at both 2–4 and 6 months, no intervention significantly outperformed placebo IA injection. Regarding change from baseline at 2–4 months and 6 months, pooled data demonstrated that all interventions (including placebo), with the exception of HA+PRP, led to a clinically important improvement in both pain, exceeding the minimal clinically important difference.

Conclusion
Evidence suggests that IA hip saline injections performed as well as all other injectable options in the management of hip pain and functional outcomes.
Community engagement in outbreak response: lessons from the 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone
Authors: Bedson Jamie , Jalloh Mohamed F , Pedi Danielle , Bah Saiku , Owen Katharine , Oniba Allan , Sangarie Musa , Fofanah James S , Jalloh Mohammed B , Sengeh Paul , Skrip Laura , Althouse Benjamin M , Hébert-Dufresne Laurent 
Published: August 2020

Documentation of structured community engagement initiatives and real-time monitoring of community engagement activities during large-scale epidemics is limited. To inform such initiatives, this paper analyses the Community Led Ebola Action (CLEA) approach implemented through the Social Mobilization Action Consortium (SMAC) during the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone. The SMAC initiative consisted of a network of 2466 community mobilisers, >6000 religious leaders and 42 local radio stations across all 14 districts of Sierra Leone. Community mobilisers were active in nearly 70% of all communities across the country using the CLEA approach to facilitate community analysis, trigger collective action planning and maintain community action plans over time. CLEA was complemented by interactive radio programming and intensified religious leader engagement.Community mobilisers trained in the CLEA approach used participatory methods, comprised of an initial community ‘triggering’ event, action plan development and weekly follow-ups to monitor progress on identified action items. Mobilisers collected operational and behavioural data on a weekly basis as part of CLEA. We conducted a retrospective analysis of >50 000 weekly reports from approximately 12 000 communities from December 2014 to September 2015. The data showed that 100% of the communities that were engaged had one or more action plans in place. Out of the 63 110 cumulative action points monitored by community mobilisers, 92% were marked as ‘in-progress’ (85%) or ‘achieved’ (7%) within 9 months. A qualitative examination of action points revealed that the in-progress status was indicative of the long-term sustainability of most action points (eg, continuous monitoring of visitors into the community) versus one-off action items that were marked as achieved (eg, initial installation of handwashing station). Analysis of behavioural outcomes of the intervention indicate an increase over time in the fraction of reported safe burials and fraction of reported cases referred for medical care within 24 hours of symptom onset in the communities that were engaged.Through CLEA, we have demonstrated how large-scale, coordinated community engagement interventions can be achieved and monitored in real-time during future Ebola epidemics and other similar epidemics. The SMAC initiative provides a practical model for the design, implementation and monitoring of community engagement, integration and coordination of community engagement interventions with other health emergency response pillars, and adaptive strategies for large-scale community-based operational data collection.
Time to resolution of genital symptoms for uncomplicated gonorrhoea: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Ayinde Oluseyi , Ross Jonathan D C 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesTo determine the time to resolution of symptoms (TTR) following treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea and to identify factors associated with TTR in a cohort of sexual health clinic attendees.MethodsParticipants were recruited from 14 clinics across England into the ‘Gentamicin for the Treatment of Gonorrhoea (GToG)’ trial between October 2014 and November 2016. We analysed demographic, behavioural and clinical data in a subset of the GToG study cohort presenting with genital discharge and/or dysuria, who subsequently experienced microbiological clearance ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae2 weeks after treatment. Testing for gonorrhoea was performed using a nucleic acid amplification test. The results were expressed as median TTR (IQR) and HRs with 95% CIs for resolution of symptoms.Results216 participants (89% male) with a mean age of 32 years reported genital discharge (204/216 (94%)) or dysuria (173/216 (80%)) at their baseline visit. Symptom resolution occurred in 202/216 (94%) at the 2-week follow-up appointment. The median TTR was 2 days (IQR 1–3 days). 50/216 (23%) patients presented with gonorrhoea–chlamydia coinfection at their baseline attendance and in this group symptom resolution was slower (3 days for gonorrhoea–chlamydia coinfection compared with 2 days for gonorrhoea only, HR 0.68 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.95)). TTR was also longer in women (4 days for females compared with 2 days for males, HR 0.47 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.77)).ConclusionsThe time to resolution of genital symptoms following effective treatment of gonorrhoea is variable, but 90% of patients report symptom resolution within 1 week. Concurrent chlamydia infection and being female were associated with prolonged TTR.
THE FRACTIONAL COMPLEX TRANSFORM: A NOVEL APPROACH TO THE TIME-FRACTIONAL SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION
Authors: AIN QURA TUL , HE JI-HUAN , ANJUM NAVEED , ALI MUHAMMAD 
Published: August 2020

This paper presents a thorough study of a time-dependent nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) differential equation with a time-fractional derivative. The fractional time complex transform is used to convert the problem into its differential partner, and its nonlinear part is then discretized using He’s polynomials so that the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) can be applied powerfully. The two-scale concept is used to explain the substantial meaning of the fractional time complex transform and the solution.
Comparison of Kristjansson Respiratory Score and Wang Respiratory Score in infants with bronchiolitis in a hospital emergency department
Authors: Pinto Frederico Ramos , Correia-Costa Liane , Azevedo Inês 
Published: August 2020

Objective: Several respiratory scores have been created to evaluate bronchiolitis’ severity level, but it is still not clear which is the best score. The aim of this study is to compare the Wang Respiratory Score (WRS) and the Kristjansson Respiratory Score (KRS) in the setting of an emergency room. Methods: We performed a prospective observational study with 60 infants with bronchiolitis admitted to a paediatric emergency department. For both scores, we assessed inter-rater reliability between two different health professionals (physician and physiotherapist), internal consistency, and correlation with SpO2 testing the intraclass-correlation coefficient (ICC), weighted kappa, Cronbach [Formula: see text] coefficient and Spearman tests, respectively. Results: The inter-rater reliability was higher in KRS (ICC 0.79) and the Cronbach [Formula: see text] and weighted kappa had similar values in KRS versus WRS. The correlation between the KRS/WRS and SpO2 was poor/moderate upon admission and discharge for the first observer and the second observer. Conclusions: While the internal consistency was similar in both scores, inter-rater reliability of KRS was higher than WRS, which allows us to conclude that it would have more consistent results when used to assess bronchiolitis’ level of severity by health personnel in a busy hospital emergency room.
Familial Risk for Moyamoya Disease Among First-Degree Relatives, Based on a Population-Based Aggregation Study in Korea
Authors: Ahn Hyeong Sik , Kazmi Sayada Zartasha , Kang Taeuk , Kim Dong-Sook , Ryu Taekyun , Oh Jae Sang , Hann Hoo Jae , Kim Hyun Jung 
Published: August 2020

Background and Purpose:
Genetic factors have been known to play a role in the etiology of moyamoya disease (MMD); however, population-level studies quantifying familial risk estimates are unavailable. We aimed to quantify familial incidence and risk for MMD in first-degree relatives (FDR) in the general population of Korea.

Methods:
By using the Korean National Health Insurance database which has complete population coverage and confirmed FDR information, we constructed a cohort of 21 940 795 study subjects constituting 12 million families with blood-related FDR and followed them for a familial occurrence of MMD from 2002 to 2017. Incidence risk ratios were calculated as MMD incidence in individuals with affected FDR compared with those without affected FDR, according to age, sex, and family relationships.

Results:

Among total study subjects, there were 22 459 individuals with affected FDR, of whom 712 familial cases developed MMD with an incidence of 21.8/10
4
person-years. Overall, the familial risk for MMD was 132-fold higher in individuals with versus without affected FDR. Familial risk (incidence risk ratio; incidence/10
4
person-years) increased with the degree of genetic relatedness, being highest in individuals with an affected twin (1254.1; 230.0), followed by a sibling (212.4; 35.6), then mother (87.7; 14.4) and father (62.5; 10.4). Remarkably, there was no disease concordance between spouses. The risks were age-dependent and were particularly high in younger age groups. Familial risks were similar in males and females, and the risk of disease transmission was higher in same-sex parent-offspring and sibling pairs.

Conclusions:
Our study indicates that genetic predisposition is the predominant driver in MMD pathogenesis, with minimal contribution of environmental factors. These results could be utilized to direct future genetic studies and clinical risk counseling.
Are We Living Longer and Healthier?
Authors: Zheng Yan , Cheung Karen Siu Lan , Yip Paul S. F. 
Published: August 2020

Objective: To examine whether we live healthier as we live longer in Hong Kong, which has one of the highest life expectancies in the world. Methods: Sullivan’s method was used to evaluate the chronic disease–free life expectancy (CDFLE), life expectancy in good self-perceived health (GPHLE), and impairment-free life expectancy (IFLE) among population aged 50 years and older in Hong Kong in 2007–2016. Results: In spite of the marked improvement in life expectancy in Hong Kong, the increase in GPHLE was much smaller, while CDFLE and IFLE even declined for both genders. The situation was more severe among older population. Discussion: People in Hong Kong live longer but with worsening health. The expansion of chronic diseases, self-perceived poor health, and impairments among older adults calls for more fiscal investments, government attention, and public health policies.
Phenobarbital Monotherapy for the Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in Surgical-Trauma Patients
Authors: Ammar Mahmoud A. , Ammar Abdalla A. , Rosen Jordan , Kassab Hagar S. , Becher Robert D. 
Published: August 2020

Background Benzodiazepine is first-line therapy for alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS), and phenobarbital is an alternative therapy. However, its use has not been well validated in the surgical-trauma patient population. Objective To describe the use of fixed-dose phenobarbital monotherapy for the management of patients at risk for AWS in the surgical-trauma intensive care unit. Methods Surgical-trauma critically ill patients who received phenobarbital monotherapy, loading dose followed by a taper regimen, for the management of AWS were included in this evaluation. The effectiveness of phenobarbital monotherapy to treat AWS and prevent development of AWS-related complications were evaluated. Safety end points assessed included significant hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, and need for invasive mechanical ventilation. Results A total of 31 patients received phenobarbital monotherapy; the majority of patients were at moderate risk for developing AWS (n = 20; 65%) versus high risk (n = 11; 35%). None of the patients developed AWS-related complications; all patients were successfully managed for their AWS. Nine patients (29%) received nonbenzodiazepine adjunct therapy for agitation post–phenobarbital initiation. Three patients (10%) experienced hypotension, and 3 (10%) were intubated. None of the patients had clinically significant bradycardia or respiratory depression. Conclusion and Relevance Fixed-dose phenobarbital monotherapy appears to be well tolerated and effective in the management of AWS. Further evaluation is needed to determine the extent of benefit with the use of phenobarbital monotherapy for management of AWS.