bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educational tourism and experiential learning: students’ perceptions of field trips
Authors: Arcodia Charles , Abreu Novais Margarida , Cavlek Nevenka , Humpe Andreas 
Published: June 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate participants’ motivations and perceptions of a field trip. Specifically, this paper examines if and how students’ perceptions change with time and it explores the main factors for ensuring success in an experiential learning tourism program.

Design/methodology/approach
The study gathered and compared data collected in two points in time – immediately at the end of the experience and two months afterward. T-tests for paired samples were used to examine potential differences in perceptions and principal component analysis was used to identify the key factors determining the success of the experience.

Findings
The findings indicate that there are various motivations behind participation and that time barely affects perceptions of the experience. Furthermore, three factors emerged as important for meeting expectations, namely, social and professional connections, learning and traditional yet engaging teaching.

Research limitations/implications
While the outcomes are useful, they need to be thoughtfully applied because of the small data set. It is important to repeat similar investigations to allow more certainty in the propositions formulated. Furthermore, future studies should evaluate a broader variety of outcomes to determine whether perceptions remain constant. The implications are that educators and destination managers can easily apply these conclusions for the benefit and the findings can inform other field trips and broader experiential initiatives.

Originality/value
Despite research on learning outcomes and perceptions of experiential learning having expanded considerably, a fundamental question that remains unanswered is how perceptions of such experiences change and, consequently, when the most appropriate time is to assess participant perceptions.
Predicting medical tourism behavioural intention using social cognition models
Authors: Seow Ai Na , Choong Yuen Onn , Moorthy Krishna , Choong Chee Keong 
Published: June 2020

Purpose
Few studies have adopted social psychology theories to understand the medical tourism decision-making process. The purpose of this study is to fill the said gap by suggesting the adoption of two social cognition models: the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and protection motivation theory (PMT), to predict medical tourism behavioural intention, as well as compare their predictive power by integrating TBP and PMT in a single model.

Design/methodology/approach
A quantitative method has been adopted. There were 265 international tourists from various regions who visited Malaysia (one of the main medical tourism players in Asia), who were asked to complete the survey questionnaire. Data was analysed using the partial least squares structural equation modelling technique.

Findings
The results of this study provided support and validated the well-developed research models of TPB and PMT. Although PMT appears to be a more concrete and specific framework, the TPB model results have a slight advantage. TPB results emphasised the important roles of attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control in developing behavioural intentions, and thus directly linked to the development of pull marketing strategies. PMT results emphasised the important roles of perceived threats and coping appraisal of health care in developing push strategies for medical tourism.

Originality/value
The research illustrates the need for rigorous examination of the ability of behavioural theories. The findings can aid in scrutinising their shortcomings and their readiness to modify, integrate and enhance in a more constructive manner when they address the health-education interventions, especially in a medical tourism context.
‘The Machine Stops’: E. M. Forster's Esoteric Critique of H. G. Wells’ A Modern Utopia
Authors: FLAHERTY SEAMUS 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article argues that E. M. Forster's dystopian science fiction story ‘The Machine Stops’ was conceived as a critique of H. G. Wells’ book, A Modern Utopia. The article shows how Forster responded to Wells’ utopia at almost every level. It demonstrates how the notion of making society function like a machine was an idea posited, if not implemented, by Wells. Forster sought to show how, rather than limiting pain, fear and anxiety, the machine‐society Wells envisaged would exacerbate all three. Forster regarded Wells a poor prognosticator of unintended consequences. On Forster's view, instead of a world of happy, healthy and vigorous citizens, Wells’ utopia foreshadowed a world of ill‐health and frustration. Instead of a world of variety and regular travel, Wells’ utopia foreshadowed a world of uniformity and stasis. Instead of a world of increased intelligence and personal initiative, Wells’ utopia foreshadowed a world of stupidity, credulity and lack of imagination. In ‘The Machine Stops’, Forster parodied Wells’ utopia, attacking Wells’ policy of state intervention in the family, his advocacy of euthanasia, his policy of expulsion and the details of everyday life in Wells’ utopia. In paying sustained attention to Forster's dystopia other scholars will recognise its intrinsic philosophical value. In its remarkable anticipation of technology resembling the internet, more than both Huxley's and Orwell's dystopia's, Forster's ‘The Machine Stops’ speaks directly to twenty‐first‐century predicaments.
Convergent cross‐sectional and longitudinal evidence for gaming‐cue specific posterior parietal dysregulations in early stages of internet gaming disorder
Authors: Yu Fangwen , Sariyska Rayna , Lachmann Bernd , Wang Qianqian , Reuter Martin , Weber Bernd , Trautner Peter , Yao Shuxia , Montag Christian , Becker Benjamin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractExaggerated reactivity to drug‐cues and emotional dysregulations represent key symptoms of early stages of substance use disorders. The diagnostic criteria for (Internet) gaming disorder strongly resemble symptoms for substance‐related addictions. However, previous cross‐sections studies revealed inconsistent results with respect to neural cue reactivity and emotional dysregulations in these populations. To this end, the present fMRI study applied a combined cross‐sectional and longitudinal design in regular online gamers (n = 37) and gaming‐naïve controls (n = 67). To separate gaming‐associated changes from predisposing factors, gaming‐naive subjects were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of daily Internet gaming or a non‐gaming condition. At baseline and after the training, subjects underwent an fMRI paradigm presenting gaming‐related cues and non‐gaming–related emotional stimuli. Cross‐sectional comparisons revealed gaming‐cue specific enhanced valence attribution and neural reactivity in a parietal network, including the posterior cingulate in regular gamers as compared to gaming naïve‐controls. Longitudinal analysis revealed that 6 weeks of gaming elevated valence ratings as well as neural cue‐reactivity in a similar parietal network, specifically the posterior cingulate in previously gaming‐naïve controls. Together, the longitudinal design did not reveal supporting evidence for altered emotional processing of non‐gaming associated stimuli in regular gamers whereas convergent evidence for increased emotional and neural reactivity to gaming‐associated stimuli was observed. Findings suggest that exaggerated neural reactivity in posterior parietal regions engaged in default mode and automated information processing already occur during early stages of regular gaming and probably promote continued engagement in gaming behavior.
Outcomes from intensive care in patients with COVID‐19: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Armstrong R. A. , Kane A. D. , Cook T. M. 
Published: June 2020

SummaryThe emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has led to high demand for intensive care services worldwide. However, the mortality of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with COVID‐19 is unclear. Here, we perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis, in line with PRISMA guidelines, to assess the reported ICU mortality for patients with confirmed COVID‐19. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed and Cochrane databases up to 31 May 2020 for studies reporting ICU mortality for adult patients admitted with COVID‐19. The primary outcome measure was death in intensive care as a proportion of completed ICU admissions, either through discharge from the ICU or death. The definition thus did not include patients still alive on ICU. Twenty‐four observational studies including 10,150 patients were identified from centres across Asia, Europe and North America. In‐ICU mortality in reported studies ranged from 0 to 84.6%. Seven studies reported outcome data for all patients. In the remaining studies, the proportion of patients discharged from ICU at the point of reporting varied from 24.5 to 97.2%. In patients with completed ICU admissions with COVID‐19 infection, combined ICU mortality (95%CI) was 41.6% (34.0–49.7%), I2 = 93.2%). Sub‐group analysis by continent showed that mortality is broadly consistent across the globe. As the pandemic has progressed, the reported mortality rates have fallen from above 50% to close to 40%. The in‐ICU mortality from COVID‐19 is higher than usually seen in ICU admissions with other viral pneumonias. Importantly, the mortality from completed episodes of ICU differs considerably from the crude mortality rates in some early reports.
The type and timing of patent ductus arteriosus treatment was associated with neurodevelopment when extremely preterm infants reached 6.5 years
Authors: Gudmundsdottir Anna , Broström Lina , Skiöld Beatrice , Källén Karin , Serenius Fredrik , Norman Mikael , Aden Ulrika , Bonamy Anna‐Karin Edstedt 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimThis study investigated patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) treatment and neurodevelopmental outcomes when extremely preterm born children reached 6.5 years.MethodOur cohort was 435 children with neonatal PDA treatment data and neurodevelopmental follow‐up data, born in 2004‐2007, who participated in the Extremely Preterm Infants in Sweden Study. Pharmacological or surgical PDA treatment and the age at PDA treatment, were investigated in relation to the risks of moderate to severe neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) and full‐scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) at 6.5 years.ResultsThe children who received PDA drug treatment, including those who also had surgery, had the same risk of moderate to severe NDI or lower FSIQ as untreated children. However, children who had primary PDA surgery faced increased risks of NDI, with an adjusted incidence rate ratio of 1.62 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28‐2.06) and a lower adjusted mean difference FSIQ of −7.1 (95% CI −11 to −3.2). Surgery at less than 10 days of life was associated with a significantly increased risk of moderate to severe NDI and lower FSIQ than surgery after 20 days.ConclusionDrug treatment followed by deferred surgery appeared to be a safer option for extremely preterm infants severely affected by PDA.
The Drosophila septate junctions beyond barrier function: Review of the literature, prediction of human orthologs of the SJ‐related proteins and identification of protein domain families
Authors: Rouka Erasmia , Gourgoulianni Natalia , Lüpold Stefan , Hatzoglou Chrissi , Gourgoulianis Konstantinos , Blanckenhorn Wolf U. , Zarogiannis Sotirios G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe involvement of Septate Junctions (SJs) in critical cellular functions that extend beyond their role as diffusion barriers in the epithelia and the nervous system has made the fruit fly an ideal model for the study of human diseases associated with impaired Tight Junction (TJ) function. In this study, we summarized current knowledge of the Drosophila melanogaster SJ‐related proteins, focusing on their unconventional functions. Additionally, we sought to identify human orthologs of the corresponding genes as well as protein domain families. The systematic literature search was performed in PubMed and Scopus databases using relevant key terms. Orthologs were predicted using the DIOPT tool and aligned protein regions were determined from the Pfam database. 3‐D models of the smooth SJ proteins were built on the Phyre2 and DMPFold protein structure prediction servers. A total of 30 proteins were identified as relatives to the SJ cellular structure. Key roles of these proteins, mainly in the regulation of morphogenetic events and cellular signalling, were highlighted. The investigation of protein domain families revealed that the SJ‐related proteins contain conserved domains that are required not only for cell‐cell interactions and cell polarity but also for cellular signalling and immunity. DIOPT analysis of orthologs identified novel human genes as putative functional homologs of the fruit fly SJ genes. A gap in our knowledge was identified regarding the domains that occur in the proteins encoded by eight SJ‐associated genes. Future investigation of these domains is needed to provide functional information.
Intact vagal gut‐brain signalling prevents hyperphagia and excessive weight gain in response to high‐fat high‐sugar diet
Authors: McDougle Molly , Quinn Danielle , Diepenbroek Charlene , Singh Arashdeep , de la Serre Claire , de Lartigue Guillaume 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimThe tools that have been used to assess the function of the vagus nerve lack specificity. This could explain discrepancies about the role of vagal gut‐brain signalling in long‐term control of energy balance. Here we use a validated approach to selectively ablate sensory vagal neurones that innervate the gut to determine the role of vagal gut‐brain signalling in the control of food intake, energy expenditure and glucose homoeostasis in response to different diets.MethodsRat nodose ganglia were injected bilaterally with either the neurotoxin saporin conjugated to the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), or unconjugated saporin as a control. Food intake, body weight, glucose tolerance and energy expenditure were measured in both groups in response to chow or high‐fat high‐sugar (HFHS) diet. Willingness to work for fat or sugar was assessed by progressive ratio for orally administered solutions, while post‐ingestive feedback was tested by measuring food intake after an isocaloric lipid or sucrose pre‐load.ResultsVagal deafferentation of the gut increases meal number in lean chow‐fed rats. Switching to a HFHS diet exacerbates overeating and body weight gain. The breakpoint for sugar or fat solution did not differ between groups, suggesting that increased palatability may not drive HFHS‐induced hyperphagia. Instead, decreased satiation in response to intra‐gastric infusion of fat, but not sugar, promotes hyperphagia in CCK‐Saporin‐treated rats fed with HFHS diet.ConclusionsWe conclude that intact sensory vagal neurones prevent hyperphagia and exacerbation of weight gain in response to a HFHS diet by promoting lipid‐mediated satiation.
Similar safety and efficacy in previously treated adults with growth hormone deficiency randomized to once‐weekly somapacitan or daily growth hormone
Authors: Otsuka Fumio , Takahashi Yutaka , Tahara Shigeyuki , Ogawa Yoshihisa , Højby Rasmussen Michael , Takano Koji 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveSomapacitan is a long‐acting, reversible albumin‐binding growth hormone (GH) derivative in development. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of once‐weekly somapacitan versus daily GH over 52 weeks in Japanese patients with adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD).DesignPhase 3, multicentre, randomized, parallel‐group, open‐label, active‐controlled trial (NCT03075644).PatientsPreviously GH‐treated Japanese patients with AGHD were randomized 3:1 to somapacitan (n = 46) or daily GH (n = 16) for 20 weeks’ dose titration and 32 weeks’ fixed‐dose treatment.MeasurementsPrimary endpoint was the incidence of adverse events (AEs). Secondary endpoints included change from baseline to week 52 in visceral, subcutaneous and total adipose tissue (VAT, SAT and TAT).ResultsMean (SD) prescribed doses after titration were 1.780 (1.058) mg/week for somapacitan and 0.197 (0.083) mg/day for daily GH. Rate of AEs per 100 patient‐years was similar between arms (somapacitan, 312.7; daily GH, 309.8). Four AEs in the somapacitan arm were serious; none were considered treatment‐related. Mean insulin‐like growth factor‐I standard deviation score (IGF‐I SDS) was maintained from baseline in both arms. No significant differences were observed between arms for change from baseline to week 52 in VAT, SAT or TAT (estimated difference, somapacitan – daily GH [95% CI]: −1.74 [−18.13; 14.66], −11.53 [−35.54; 12.48] and − 12.85 [−47.31; 21.62] cm2, respectively).ConclusionsTreatment in both groups was well tolerated, with no unexpected safety findings. Impact on adipose tissue was similar to somapacitan and daily GH in patients with AGHD. A short visual summary of our work is available at https://bit.ly/3946YNF.
Autonomous vehicles, human agency and the potential of urban life
Authors: Yeo Si Jie Ivin , Lin Weiqiang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractResearch on autonomous vehicles has hitherto been largely concerned with its technological infrastructure, and with the management of smart transport systems in urban space. While there is a growing body of work on the sociological perspectives of autonomous vehicles, it has tended to remain technocentric, focusing on how self‐driving innovations have an effect on cities and urban lives. By thinking through the notions of sensation, action, and encounter, this paper advances a reconceptualisation of autonomous vehicles that better accounts for human agency and sentience in an increasingly automated urban world. More broadly, this paper seeks to illuminate the emergent and creative potential of urban life to unsettle and complicate the taken‐for‐granted power of smart and autonomous technologies in enacting urban transformations.
Going private: Are private prisons cost‐saving options for states?
Authors: White Weston , Pena Anita Alves , Weiler Stephan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs prison populations have increased, states have often turned to private prisons in an effort to save on correctional costs. This paper first considers the trade‐offs between private and public prisons, then assesses the cost‐effectiveness of such strategies across all 50 states over 1999–2015 using a fixed‐effects panel model. We find that private prisons provide no significant systematic cost savings over the period of study, adding econometric clarification to previously inconclusive case study evidence.
Fault Seal Analysis in an Onshore Unconventional Gas Target, North Perth Basin
Authors: Mullen F. , Archer R. , Yielding G. , Boogaerdt H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDuring the 1980s, hydrocarbons were logged in aquifers during drilling of conventional gas wells in the Woodada gasfield. The gasfield is located in the North Perth Basin in Western Australia. Using Fault Seal Analysis Technology, our goal was to test the hypothesis that faults in the Kockatea Shale that are currently being reactivated may be leak prone. Wells proximal to faults with a fracture stability of greater than 5 MPa logged only methane. Wells proximal to faults with a fracture stability ≤5 MPa logged both methane and condensate in aquifers confirming that hydrocarbon leakage is correlated with critically stressed faults. This assessment assumes that fault rocks in the Kockatea Shale, which is a regional source rock and seal, comprise uncemented phyllosilicate rock. For the normal stress case, faults oriented west‐north‐west with moderate dip have the lowest integrity. For the strike slip stress case, faults oriented north‐west and west‐south‐west, with moderate to steep dip have the lowest integrity. If the Kockatea Shale fault rock is assumed to be a cemented phyllosilicate, then the fracture stability increases to 14 MPa for both the normal and strike slip case. In this case, Jurassic‐Permian fault intersections may be contributing to hydrocarbon leakage, however, this would require numerical modeling for confirmation. Based on leak off tests, the increase in pressure required to hydraulically fracture the formation varies between 10.7 and 13.8 MPa. The treatment pressures used during hydraulic fracturing may potentially exacerbate leakage in areas such as the Woodada gasfield.
In vitro wear of dual‐cured bulkfill composites and flowable bulkfill composites
Authors: Roulet Jean‐François , Gummadi Snigdha , Hussein Hind S. , Abdulhameed Nader , Shen Chiayi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study is to test the wear of dual‐cured bulkfill and flowable bulkfill composites.Materials and methodsSix dual‐cured bulkfill composites, Cention, Cention‐Exp, Activa, Fill‐up, Hyperfil Injectafill, and two flowable bulkfill composites Tetric Evoflow BulkFill and G‐aenial Universal Flo were tested in this study (n = 8). Each composite was applied into an aluminum sample holder and cured with a Valo Grand (1230 mW/cm2) or self‐cured according to manufacturer's recommendations, and stored in water for 3 weeks. The samples were subjected to 120 000 load cycles of 49 N (CS‐4) against spherical steatite antagonists and simultaneously subjected to 4440 thermocycles (5°C‐55°C). At intervals between load cycles, polyvinyl siloxane impressions were taken and scanned with a True Definition Laser Scanner. The volumetric wear was calculated using image software (Geomagic). Microscopic images of selected wear facets and their corresponding worn antagonists were obtained using SEM. All data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test for multiple comparison (α = .05; β = .2).ResultsThe load cycles volumetric wear‐increase was linear. Two‐way ANOVA showed significant main effects (material and light‐cured) and significant interactions. Self‐cured materials (mean = 0.38 mm3) showed more wear than light‐cured materials (mean = 0.35mm3).ConclusionsThe bioactive materials except Activa light‐cured showed significantly more wear than the flowable composites.Clinical significanceThis study demonstrated that most of the dual‐cured composites, if light‐cured, showed the same wear as the flowable composites used as control. Therefore, to obtain adequate wear resistance the dual‐cured composites should be routinely light‐cured.
Responses of triacylglycerol synthesis in Skeletonema marinoi to nitrogen and phosphate starvations
Authors: Zhang Mei , Xing Yongze , Wang Fuwen , Mi Tiezhu , Zhen Yu 
Published: June 2020

Skeletonema marinoi is one of the most widespread marine planktonic diatoms in temperate coastal regions and sometimes can form massive blooms. Yet, the molecular mechanisms of triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis in nutrient‐deficient conditions for this species are still unknown. This study aimed to investigate how the TAG biosynthetic pathway of S. marinoi reacts to the culture age and nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) deficiency at molecular levels. Meanwhile, we also described the physiological and biochemical changes of S. marinoi in response to N or P starvation over time. To obtain reliable qRT‐PCR data, six putative reference genes were identified for assessing expression stability using geNorm and BestKeeper software, and Actin exhibited the most stable expression across 45 tested S. marinoi samples. We found that the expression of TAG biosynthesis‐related genes and ACCase enzyme activity varied in response to the different nutrient conditions and culture age. Taken together, we speculated that the capacity of TAG biosynthesis in S. marinoi is induced by N or P stress, and increases with culture age. Furthermore, TAG biosynthesis appears to respond more strongly to P deficiency than to N deficiency. Our study provides important insights into how diatoms regulate the TAG biosynthetic pathway when stressed by nutrient limitation. Besides, the data obtained from this study also provide useful clues for further exploring genes that can be used for metabolic engineering to enhance lipid production.