bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modification
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter explores issues in the syntax and semantics of modification. The main focus is on adjectival modification, since the syntax and semantics of adjectives is fairly complex and illustrates many key issues. Section 13.1 provides an overview of the syntax of adjectival modification, Section 13.2 discusses three semantic classes of adjectives and how their meanings are represented, and Section 13.3 discusses adjectival modification at the syntax-semantics interface within the glue approach introduced in Chapter 8. Section 13.4 addresses problems in defining the semantic contribution of modifiers, which have a straightforward solution within our framework. The chapter concludes with a brief examination of the syntax and semantics of adverbial modification: Section 13.5 discusses the syntax and semantics of manner adverbs and sentential adverbs.
Coordination
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines constructions involving coordination, starting with its analysis in early LFG works. Section 16.1 investigates the syntax of simple clausal coordination. Section 16.2 discusses coordinate structures involving verbs and other argument-taking predicates and the challenges that they present. Section 16.3 discusses f-structure features and their behavior in coordinate structures, with a particular focus on the distinction between distributive and nondistributive features. Section 16.4 presents the theory of nonconstituent coordination, and Section 16.5 discusses unlike coordination. Section 16.6 discusses coordination patterns crosslinguistically. Section 16.7 examines the semantics of clausal, predicate, and verb coordination. Finally, Section 16.8 examines noun phrase coordination and the syntactic and semantic properties of coordinated noun phrases, which may include person, number, and gender features.
Long-distance dependencies
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter explores the analysis of constructions in which a constituent appears in a position other than the one with which its syntactic function is usually associated. Section 17.1 discusses the syntax of long-distance dependencies, including topicalization, left- or right-dislocation constructions, relative clauses, and constituent (“wh”) questions. Section 17.2 discusses constructions in which the displaced phrase is related not to a gap within the clause, but to a resumptive pronoun. Section 17.3 discusses how a long-distance dependency construction may be marked morphologically. Section 17.4 considers evidence for and against traces, with particular attention to the phenomenon of weak crossover. Section 17.5 examines multiple-gap constructions, including “across-the-board” extraction and parasitic gaps. The semantics of constructions involving long-distance dependencies are then considered: relative clauses are discussed in Section 17.6, and constituent (“wh”) questions in Section 17.7.
Last Words
Authors: Sobecki Sebastian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
No medieval text was designed to be read hundreds of years later by an audience unfamiliar with its language, situation, and author. By ascribing to these texts intentional anonymity, we romanticize them and misjudge the social character of their authors. Instead, most medieval poems and manuscripts presuppose familiarity with their authorial or scribal maker. Last Words: The Public Self and the Social Author in Late Medieval England attempts to recover this familiarity and understand the literary motivation behind some of the most important fifteenth-century texts and authors. Last Words captures the public selves of such social authors when they attempt to extract themselves from the context of a lived life. Driven by archival research and literary inquiry, this book will reveal where John Gower kept the Trentham manuscript in his final years, how John Lydgate wished to be remembered, and why Thomas Hoccleve wrote his best-known work, the Series. This book will include documentary breakthroughs and archival discoveries, and will introduce a new life record for Hoccleve, identify the author of a significant political poem, and reveal the handwriting of John Gower and George Ashby. Through its investments in archival study, book history, and literary criticism, Last Words charts the extent to which medieval English literature was shaped by the social selves of their authors.
Intimate Crimes
Authors: Ochoa Rolando 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This book analyses the survival strategies that wealthy people in Mexico City have designed and implemented to protect themselves from kidnapping, with special focus on household employment relationships. This particular crime has demonstrated a particular evolution in the last twenty years that deserves analysis. Once a political crime, it became an economic crime that at first only targeted wealthy individuals and then over time began targeting working-class victims. This book presents a detailed history of the evolution of kidnapping in the period 1968 to 2009. It links this evolution to processes of democratization and liberalization which took place in Mexico since the 1980s. This is followed by an in-depth analysis of the strategies used by potential kidnapping victims to protect themselves from this crime, from the community level to the micro-individual level. Special attention is focused on the hiring process of household employees, namely drivers, as evidence suggests that most kidnappings are organized or facilitated in some way by a close collaborator of the victim. In this case, the book focuses on the hiring of drivers in the household. The hiring process is approached as a problem of trust. Signaling theory is the main framework used for solving this problem, as well as some ideas found in transaction cost economics, namely vertical integration.
Natural Acquaintance
Authors: Coleman Sam 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Notwithstanding its phenomenological appeal, physicalists have tended to shun the notion that we are ‘acquainted’ with our mental states in consciousness, due to the fact that the acquaintance relation seems mysterious, irreducible, and consequently unnatural. I propose a model of conscious experience based on the idea of ‘mental quotation’, and argue that this captures what we want from acquaintance but without any threat to naturalism. More generally the chapter embodies a complaint that reductionists seem unable to look past the representation relation to do the implementing of consciousness, and a call for theorists to investigate other relations to model our connection to our conscious states, like the constitution/part-whole relationship. This mundane relation has what it takes to give us natural acquaintance with our conscious-mental states.
Acquaintance in an Experience of Perception-cum-Action
Authors: Smith David Woodruff 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In everyday perception, we experience a direct acquaintance with things in our surroundings, say, as I see this tennis ball before me. In everyday action, we also experience a direct acquaintance with things, as I grasp and pick up and hit this ball. Moreover, perception and action form a unified phenomenal intentional experience, as I consciously see-and-grasp-and-hit this particular ball. An experience of seeing-and-acting with regard to a particular object is a form of direct acquaintance, a paradigm of what Husserl called ‘intuition’. The phenomenology of perception-cum-action leads into the ontology of direct acquaintance. The structure of this form of embodied intentional experience cuts between internalist and externalist models of perception (and volition in action), clarifies embodiment and activity, and obviates disjunctivist models of perception, while avoiding reducing consciousness in acquaintance to a physical transmission of physical information, say, between my brain, my body, and this ball.
Negative Income Tax Comes to Britain, 1955–1970
Authors: Sloman Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The 1960s witnessed a revival of concern about poverty on both sides of the Atlantic. One of the most fashionable responses to this ‘rediscovery of poverty’ in the United States was the concept of a Negative Income Tax, which Milton Friedman popularized in Capitalism and Freedom (1962). Much of the literature on the US guaranteed income debate presents NIT as a distinctively American phenomenon, but the possibility of integrating tax and benefits in this way was also central to British social policy during the 1960s and 1970s. Both Conservative and Labour governments hoped that NIT could allow them to target benefits on the poor without the stigma of conventional means-testing—focusing first on pensioners, then on working families with children. The idea attracted wide attention inside and outside government, but ran up against both cultural resistance to wage supplements and technical difficulties in paying benefits through the PAYE system.
Descartes and the Ontology of Everyday Life
Authors: Brown Deborah J. , Normore Calvin G. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Far from being the founder of an austere reductionism, Descartes is committed to a rich, multilayered, and complex metaphysics. This book begins by locating Descartes’s work against the ancient and medieval background to which he is reacting. It proceeds to argue that his theory of distinctions requires what he explicitly endorses―that in addition to minds and modes, there are material substances of every size. These substances when appropriately configured form automata, self-sustaining, functionally integrated systems of which animals and human bodies are important sub-classes. Descartes’ conception of function, which is crucial to his characterization of these uniquely organized collections of matter, is shown to be compatible with his rejection of final causes in natural science, and gives him resources to account for composite beings which are not themselves substances. It is argued that besides automata, these composites include individual human beings, which are unions of minds and bodies individuated by minds. The unique modes which characterize the union, in particular, its passions, set the foundation for a social ontology that includes genuine social entities such as families and nation states. Societies are forged by individuals in acts of willing to join in union with others that Descartes takes to be of the essence of love. The result is a picture of Descartes very different from the myths that have come to surround him.
Nietzsche on Magnanimity, Greatness, and Greatness of Soul
Authors: Huddleston Andrew 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter brings Nietzsche into dialogue with the tradition of thinking about the virtue of magnanimity. In a few places in his work, Nietzsche uses the German Großmuth (magnanimity) to pick out a specific character trait. But the more important connection to this tradition of thought lies in his notion of human greatness (particularly greatness of ‘soul’, as he puts it inÂ Beyond Good and Evil). The chapter works through, and comments on, what Nietzsche regards as some of the central marks of this greatness. It then turns to two further reflections: first, it looks at Nietzsche’s relation to Aristotle on this issue, and how similar the AristotelianÂ megalopsychosÂ is to the Nietzschean great individual. Second, the chapter considers the tension that Nietzsche—unlike most figures in this tradition—apparently sees between greatness and moral goodness and how exactly this tension should be understood.
Twenty-First-Century Magnanimity
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Aristotelianism is all the rage in contemporary virtue ethics. Yet given how anachronistic Aristotle’s account of the meta-virtue of megalopsychia seems to be, there is a tendency to pass over it in silence. This chapter argues against such a move and maintain that Aristotle’s ideal can help illuminate a number of contemporary debates. In moral psychology, megalopsychia helps mediate between realist and anti-realist conceptions of selfhood. In moral education, megalopsychia casts light on the levels of moral development to which we can aspire through the cultivation of character, as well as the necessary individualization of education in virtue. In moral philosophy, megalopsychia helps crystallize debates about role moralities and the demands of noblesse oblige; the relationship between objective and subjective well-being; and to what extent contemplation and self-transcendence enter into well-being. This chapter provides a whistle-stop tour of those topics and explains the lessons Aristotle’s account of megalopsychia can teach us about them.
Once Again
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a first detailed discussion of Kant’s late essay on “the end of all things.” The essay has many layers, concerning not only the topic of immortality but also the general notion of an apocalypse. This chapter distinguishes temporal and ethical aspects of Kant’s notion of an “end,” at both individual and global levels, and notes his special stress on the human tendency to keep repeating a concern with this issue, which shows that it is a basic idea of reason. It also offers a first defense of Kant’s complex notion of “noumenal duration,” which is his final attempt to make sense of the combined temporal and non-temporal aspects of the person, especially in light of the doctrine of transcendental idealism.
History, Idealism, and Schelling
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter places Schelling’s philosophy in the context of the general historical turn of German Idealism. It notes the many phases of Schelling’s career and his move from an early highly systematic approach that stresses the non-scientific character of history, toward a later more aesthetic and nuanced teleological approach that shows an appreciation for history, including religion and mythology, precisely because of its open and not entirely rational character. Following the interpretation of Odo Marquard and Dieter Jähnig, the chapter argues for the continuing relevance of Schelling’s philosophical notion of history, and also explains how its idealism in no way undermines its basically objective orientation.
History, Succession, and German Romanticism
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter defends Early German Romanticism, defined by Schlegel and Novalis as “progressive,” “universal,” and “poetic,” as offering an ideal philosophy of history. The elliptical shape of the Romantic account is contrasted favorably with the other alternatives: linear, circular, and chaotic, each of which can be characterized in either simple or complex forms. The chapter explains how the Romantic terms have precise systematic meanings: the “progressive” characteristic concerns democratic ethics, the “universal” characteristic concerns a rational, philosophical approach, and the “poetic” characteristic concerns a way of writing with regard to history that aims at being maximally effective by being broadly aesthetic in style. Hölderlin’s work, and especially his poem, “Celebration of Peace,” is analyzed as an ideal presentation of this conception of history, one that builds on the Kantian notion of a succession of exemplary geniuses as crucial to history’s elliptical progress.
Laughter and Power in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Jones Peter J. A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Towards the end of the twelfth century, powerful images of laughing kings and saints began to appear in texts circulating at the English royal court. At the same time, contemporaries began celebrating the wit, humour, and laughter of King Henry II (r.1154-89) and his martyred Archbishop of Canterbury, Saint Thomas Becket (d.1170). Taking a broad genealogical approach, Laughter and Power in the Twelfth Century traces the emergence of this powerful laughter through an immersive study of medieval intellectual, literary, social, religious, and political debates. Focusing on a cultural renaissance in England, the book situates laughter at the heart of the defining transformations of the second half of the 1100s. With an expansive survey of theological and literary texts, bringing a range of unedited manuscript material to light in the process, the book exposes how twelfth-century writers came to connect laughter with spiritual transcendence and justice, and how this connection gave humour a unique political and spiritual power in both text and action. Ultimately, the book argues that England’s popular images of laughing kings and saints effectively reinstated a sublime charismatic authority, something truly rebellious at a moment in history when bureaucracy and codification were first coming to dominate European political life.
Powerful Laughter in Twelfth-Century Narrative
Authors: Jones Peter J. A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores laughter’s development as a uniquely transformative force in twelfth-century chronicles, histories, and hagiographies. Specifically, the chapter considers three recurring narrative motifs: risus mysticus, a prophetic laughter associated with mystical visions and holy knowledge; risus blasphemus, a type of irreverent laughter for which figures were punished by instant death or disfigurement; and risus regalis, a motif of sovereign laughter in which powerful figures displayed the superiority of their leadership skills through wit and humor. In tracing the development of these types during the mid-1100s, the chapter argues that laughter was transformed from an insignificant marginal detail into an important symbol of power and transcendence in the literary imagination. Crucially, laughter’s power eventually came to be extended to charismatic leadership, with authors connecting the laughter of kings and popes with images of their unassailable authority.
Human and Animal Minds
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The book offers solutions to two related puzzles. One is about the place of phenomenal—or felt—consciousness in the natural order. Consciousness is shown to comprise fine-grained nonconceptual contents that are “globally broadcast” to a wide range of cognitive systems for reasoning, decision making, and verbal report. Moreover, the so-called “hard” problem of consciousness results merely from the distinctive first-person concepts we can use when thinking about such contents. No special non-physical properties—no qualia—need to be introduced. The second puzzle concerns the distribution of phenomenal consciousness across the animal kingdom. Here the book shows that there is, in fact, no fact of the matter. This is because thinking about phenomenal consciousness in other creatures requires us to project our first-person concepts into the mind of another; but such projections fail to result in determinate truth-conditions when the mind of the other is significantly unlike our own. This upshot, however, doesn’t matter. It doesn’t matter for science, because no additional property enters the world as one transitions from creatures that are definitely incapable of phenomenal consciousness to those that definitely are (namely, ourselves). And on many views it doesn’t matter for ethics, either, since concern for animals can be grounded in sympathy, which requires only third-person understanding of the desires and emotions of the animal in question, rather than in first-person empathy
The State and Development
Authors: Evans Peter , Heller Patrick 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the changing role of the state in Asia from Northeast Asia to China to Southeast Asia and to India, and the contributions that the analysis of the Asian state has made to general theoretical understandings of the role states can play in promoting economic and social transformation. The emergence and evolution of the concept of the ‘developmental state’ is a central focus. The relationship of states to the politics of representation and redistribution is a second central concern. The chapter analyses the ways in which development—defined as enhanced well-being and human flourishing—and democracy—defined as accountability to the deliberatively constructed goals of society—have been facilitated or frustrated by state structures and state action. We consider what general lessons the comparative history of the Asian state offers for development theory and policy possibilities.
Industrialization and Development
Authors: Chang Ha-Joon , Zach Kiryl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Industrial transformation of Asia arguably constitutes the most surprising and dramatic change in the global economy in the last fifty years. This chapter provides an outline of some of the most important trends of this development and analyses selected national industrial policies that promoted structural transformation in developing Asia during the period. In the first part, we describe crucial dimensions of industrialization in the region—its extent, its historical trajectory, and the resulting industrial upgrading. In the second part, we use four case studies—Republic of Korea, Malaysia, China, India—to describe some of the strategies that Asian economies used in order to induce industrial development. We argue that more successful cases did not try to implement a golden policy template but rather pragmatically adopted their policies to overcome specific bottlenecks and meet strategic objectives.
Poverty and Inequality
Authors: Wan Guanghua , Wang Chen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter aims to depict the post-Second World War poverty and inequality trends in Asia, its sub-regions, and individual economies. In addition to the provision of poverty and inequality profiles, this chapter addresses three related issues: what were the impacts of growth and inequality on poverty reduction in Asia? What are the drivers of absolute poverty and inequality? And what is the relationship between economic growth and inequality? Efforts are made to explain these trends and explore their interrelationships. Analytical results confirm significant reductions in poverty across the board due to fast growth, although the benign effect of growth on poverty was offset by worsening distribution in many economies. Looking ahead, Asia is expected to eradicate poverty but likely to continue facing high inequality, particularly as major technology breakthroughs such as artificial intelligence and the internet of things replace more and more labour.
Proper Names and Referential Indeterminacy
Authors: Gómez-Torrente Mario 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins with a critique of “causal descriptivist” theories and other theories of necessary and sufficient conditions for the reference of proper names. The main criticism appeals to examples of referential indeterminacy for names and argues that no foreseeable way of complicating a “causal” reference-fixing description or other kinds of necessary and sufficient conditions for reference will be extensionally correct for cases of indeterminacy. This leads to the postulation of a picture of reference fixing for name uses according to which this is governed by a set of roughly sufficient conditions for name reference and reference failure. A number of these conventions are stated, and it is argued that they yield extensionally correct predictions for several examples of name reference and reference failure appealed to earlier in the chapter, and no predictions in the cases of apparent indeterminacy.