bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Azides and Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Li Xuefeng , Zhang Zhenhua , Feng Jiyao , Zhang Zhen 
Published: April 2020

Isocyanates are widely applied in the fields of materials science, drug discovery and chemical industry processes. Palladium-catalyzed carbonylation of azides with carbon monoxide (CO) is reported as a powerful method for simple and efficient access to isocyanates, which are important precursors for preparing structurally meaningful urea, carbamate and amidine derivatives. In this account, we provide an overview on the synthesis of isocyanates and their subsequent reactions to obtain diverse nucleophilic addition products. In addition, with particular emphasis on our mechanistic studies of the Pd-catalyzed carbonylation process, we outline the identification of the actual catalytic species, the possible intermediates and some key factors in the catalytic cycle.1	Introduction2	Palladium-Catalyzed Reaction of Azides with CO and Subsequent Nucleophilic Additions3	Mechanistic Studies on the Palladium-Catalyzed Reaction of Azides with CO3.1	Studies on the Actual Catalytic Species and the Key Intermediates in the Activation and Carbonylation of Acyl Azides3.2	Study of the Sulfonylurea Product Self-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Sulfonyl Azides3.3	Study of the Actual Catalytic Pattern of the Pd/C Catalyst4	Conclusion
Avaliação clínica e radiográfica de pacientes operados pela técnica de Bristow-Latarjet com seguimento mínimo de 20 anos
Authors: Filho Jaime Guiotti , Leite Marcelo Carvalho , Borges Antônio Carlos Wall , de Souza Gabriel Terra , do Prado Otaniel Figueiredo 
Published: April 2020

Resumo
Objetivo Verificar os resultados do procedimento cirúrgico de 27 pacientes operados, durante o período de 1990 a 1997, pela técnica de Bristow-Latarjet para tratamento da instabilidade traumática anterior do ombro, considerando as possíveis complicações, e, principalmente, o aparecimento de artropatia.
Métodos A avaliação clínica subjetiva foi realizada por meio de um questionário respondido pelos pacientes, e a avaliação objetiva foi feita mediante o escore de Rowe et al. A avaliação radiográfica foi realizada usando as incidências anterioposterior (verdadeira), para visualizar a presença de sinais de artrose do ombro, segundo a classificação de Samilson e Prieto, e oblíqua apical e de Bernageau e Patte, para verificar a consolidação do enxerto ósseo, o posicionamento do parafuso, do enxerto, e os sinais de soltura do material de síntese. Estas avaliações foram realizadas por dois examinadores em tempos diferentes, sem interferência entre eles.
Resultados Na avaliação subjetiva dos pacientes, 93% estavam totalmente recuperados, e, na avaliação objetiva, a média foi de 95 pontos na escala de Rowe et al. Não foram encontradas as complicações relativas à colocação do enxerto de coracoide. O grau de artropatia dos ombros, de acordo com a classificação de Samilson e Prieto, apresentou uma média de sete casos suaves, dois casos moderados, e um caso grave. No total, 17 pacientes não apresentaram artropatia.
Conclusão Entre a primeira e a segunda avaliações, não houve alteração quanto à eficácia da técnica de Bristow-Latarjet. A observação cuidadosa dos critérios da técnica foi fundamental para evitar complicações. A ocorrência de artropatia em longo prazo não foi relevante em nossa avaliação. Pelas evidências do presente estudo, somente o procedimento cirúrgico não é a causa do surgimento da artropatia, mas a falha na sua execução.
A rare WHO Grade I Lesion of the Posterior Fossa with Recurrence Biological Behavior - Dysplastic Gangliocytoma of the Cerebellum: Case Report
Authors: de Almeida Leandro Pelegrini , Schiavo Felipe Lourezon , dos Santos Samir Cezimbra , Nesi William Mazzucco , Cambruzzi Eduardo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum (DGC) or Lhermitte-Duclos Disease is a rare lesion (World Health Organization [WHO] grade I) characterized by thickened folia and replacement of the internal granular layer by abnormal ganglion cells. More commonly, the compromised patients are young adults presenting ataxia, seizures, obstructive hydrocephalus, and increased intracranial pressure. Dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum is intimately associated with Cowden syndrome, a hereditary disorder caused by a germline mutation in the PTEN tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 10q23. Large neurons of DCG show vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli. Expansion of the internal granular layer determines vacuolization of the molecular layer and white matter, which can be related to the bright stripes identified on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Herein, the authors report a female patient who developed long- time recurrence of DGC and discuss pathological findings and differential diagnosis of this rare cerebellar lesion.
Incidência de lesões em motociclistas praticantes de trilhas
Authors: Sousa Davi Leal , da Silva Kelson Nonato Gomes , Ferreira Eduardo , Morais Flávio Rogério de Sousa 
Published: April 2020

Resumo
Objetivo Investigar a incidência, os mecanismos, os tipos de lesão, as regiões anatômicas mais acometidas, e os fatores que podem levar a lesões nos motociclistas praticantes de trilhas.
Métodos Trata-se de uma pesquisa observacional do tipo retrospectivo, na qual foi realizada análise com 47 motociclistas praticantes de trilhas. Os dados foram coletados através da aplicação de um inquérito de morbidade referida (IMR), que incluiu informações sobre lesões e seus mecanismos.
Resultados Ao analisar a amostra, verificou-se que os tipos de lesões com maior incidência foram abrasão e contusão. As regiões anatômicas mais acometidas foram o ombro e o joelho, e o mecanismo de lesão mais comum foi a derrapagem ou perda da tração.
Conclusão Os trilheiros estão expostos a fatores de risco e, consequentemente, às quedas, sendo importante desenvolver mais equipamentos de proteção, em especial para o ombro e para o joelho.
Neurosurgical Treatment for Drug Addiction: Systematic Review
Authors: dos Santos Patrícia Leonardo Magalhães , Curti Rafaella Oliveira , da Silva Ledismar José 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSubstance-related disorders are psychiatric conditions that have a worldwide impact. Their multifactorial cycle has been treated pharmacologically and with therapeutic support. However, high refractoriness rates and difficulty to control relapses are among the pitfalls associated with these disorders. Thus, recent studies have shown that deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising treatment, with a direct intervention in the neurocircuitry of addiction. The results of the present systematic review of the use of DBS for the treatment of drug addiction show that this surgical procedure can reduce the desire for the drug, and, in some cases, establish abstinence, improve psychiatric symptoms related to mood and quality of life, and reintroduce the patient into the social and family environments. Nevertheless, this approach is still limited to the academic realm, based mainly on case reports, with ethics and therapeutic protocols still to be defined. Further in-depth scientific investigations are required to recommend its clinical application.
Importance of Vascularity and Selecting the Recipient Vessels of Lower Extremity Reconstruction
Authors: Hong Joon Pio , Park Changsik John , Suh Hyunsuk Peter 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background Successful lower extremity reconstruction using free flaps begins by identifying a good recipient vessel and understanding the surrounding environment of the defect.
Methods One should consider multiple factors when selecting the recipient vessel such as the status of the axial arteries, trying to preserve flow as much as possible, extent and severity of the defect, and ultimately what type of anastomosis will be ideal.
Results Multiple factors of importance are reviewed and show the relevance in decision making and provide an algorithm.
Conclusion In addition to the multiple factors to be considered, the ultimate decision should be made on the table during surgery when the actual artery or vein is exposed and shows signs of good pulsation and flow.
Reconstruction Using Free Flaps for Diabetic Heel Defects: Outcomes and Risk Factor Analysis
Authors: Kim Hyung Bae , Altiparmak Mehmet , Pak Changsik John , Suh Hyunsuk Peter , Hong Joon Pio 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background Overall success rate after diabetic foot reconstruction using free flap has been acceptable, but certain parts of the foot like the heel remains more challenging.
Patients and Methods This retrospective study reviewed 37 patients reconstructed with free flaps for diabetic foot ulcer on the heel region from 2008 to 2017. Flap outcome in addition to various risk factors were analyzed; arterial status on heel, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status, smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, chronic renal failure patient, hemoglobin A1c level, C-reactive protein, and osteomyelitis.
Results Overall flap survival was 73% and resulted in limb salvage and functional ambulation. Total flap loss was 27% and the majority ended up with high-level amputation. Among the risk factors evaluated, the arterial status of the heel and ASA status significantly increased the odds for failure. When both arterial branches to the heel were impaired, the odds of failure were 80 times higher to fail (p< 0.05).
Conclusion The vascularity of the surrounding tissue of the defect plays a critical role in overall success of diabetic heel reconstruction. Aggressive debridement using the angiosome concept is necessary to assure surrounding tissue has a good circulation. Despite the high chance of failure, success will lead to limb salvage and to reasonable functional ambulation whereas failure to salvage the heel will lead to higher level amputation. This warrants microsurgeons to make an effort to perform reconstruction to the heel defect after obtaining maximal vascularity after angioplasty.
Giveas a light verb
Authors: Martínez Caro Elena , Arús-Hita Jorge 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLight Verb Constructions (LVCs) have received widespread attention. Research on these constructions, however, has for the most part focused exclusively on their syntactic and lexical-semantic properties. Additionally, studies devoted to specific LVCs tend to neglect the phrasal-semantic and pragmatic variation brought about by the combination of a light verb with different nominal complements. This paper tries to fill those gaps by means of a quantitative and qualitative corpus-based study of LightgiveConstructions (LgiveCs). The quantitative analysis investigates frequencies of LgiveCs in British English and compares them across spoken and written (fiction) discourse, which reveals a high frequency of this construction in speech, especially in combinations ofgivewitha ring, a kissandan answer. When these combinations are excluded, LgiveCs are significantly more frequent in writing. In a complementary qualitative approach, we highlight the structural and discursive features of the construction and attempt to explore the factors that motivate the frequent use of the LgiveC in British English.
The role of (historical) pragmatics in the use of response particles
Authors: Mosegaard Hansen Maj-Britt 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper studies the synchronic uses and diachronic evolution of a small set of so-called “response particles”
in French, viz. the contemporary forms oui ‘yes’, si ‘yes’, and non ‘no’, and
their historical sources, as well as a by now largely obsolete fourth particle nenni ‘no’. Among current models
of response particle usage, the leading syntactic model is argued to be fundamentally flawed, while the leading semantic model
reveals itself incapable of providing an empirically accurate account of the present-day uses of the French particles. Instead,
(historical) pragmatics is shown to constitute an indispensable component of such an account. This is hypothesized to be true not
just for French, but across languages. In addition, analysis of the French data throws (further) doubt on the explanatory power of
the concept of synchronic functional paradigms.
Negation in complement clauses of fear-verbs
Authors: Dobrushina Nina 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Complement clauses of verbs of fear often contain expletive negation, which is negative marking without negative
meaning. Expletive negation in fear-complements regularly co-occurs with non-indicative moods, such as subjunctive, conjunctive,
or conditional. The aim of this paper is to provide a diachronic explanation for the phenomenon of expletive negation in
complement clauses of fear-verbs. Based on data from various languages, I will show that cases of expletive negation after verbs
of fear can be divided into several groups, each with a different origin. Fear complement clauses can derive from embedded polar
questions, paratactic constructions expressing a wish, or from negative purpose clauses. Complement clauses with polar questions
usually contain an indicative verb form, while clauses based on the expression of a wish often have non-indicative verb forms. The
paper also discusses cases in which expletive negation is lost.
Interpersonal functions of interjections
Authors: Jing Yi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Motivated by the frequent omission of interjections from film subtitles, this study investigates the interpersonal
functions of interjections, and seeks to disentangle their meaning relations. Based on the analysis of interjections
from six English language films under the theoretical framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), the study primarily
classifies the functions of interjections in terms of whether the interjections independently realize moves in exchange. The
function of the interjection which realizes a move on its own is described at the semantic stratum in terms of a minor speech
function, and the function of the interjection which realizes a move together with a clause is described at the lexicogrammatical
stratum in terms of an optional clausal function referred to as a ‘latched function’. The study highlights the distinction between
latched functions and their agnate minor speech functions, and offers more delicate accounts of the functions of interjections. It
proposes a system network of the minor speech functions, which can facilitate a more systematic analysis
of the functions realized by interjections. This study contributes to the SFL description of English interjections, and can offer
methodological insights into further research on the functionality of interjections.
The plateau pika has multiple benefits for alpine grassland ecosystem in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: Zhao Xinquan , Zhao Liang , Xu Tianwei , Xu Shixiao 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

The plateau pika (
Ochotona curzoniae
) has been engaged in pest control for many years based on the logic that the plateau pika is responsible for alpine grassland degradation and competes with livestock for forage resources. However, the plateau pika is an important species which has multiple benefits in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, as it (i) makes burrows that are the primary homes for lizards and a variety of small birds; (ii) creates microhabitat disturbance that promotes the increase of plant species richness; (iii) serves as the principal prey for almost all of the plateau predator species; and (iv) contributes positively to the dynamic equilibrium of alpine ecosystems.
Energy absorption and coupling to electrons in the transition from surface- to volume-dominant intense laser–plasma interaction regimes
Authors: Williamson S D R , Gray R J , King M , Wilson R , Dance R J , Armstrong C , Rusby D R , Brabetz C , Wagner F , Zielbauer B , Bagnoud V , Neely D , McKenna P 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The coupling of laser energy to electrons is fundamental to almost all topics in intense laser–plasma interactions, including laser-driven particle and radiation generation, relativistic optics, inertial confinement fusion and laboratory astrophysics. We report measurements of total energy absorption in foil targets ranging in thickness from 20 μm, for which the target remains opaque and surface interactions dominate, to 40 nm, for which expansion enables relativistic-induced transparency and volumetric interactions. We measure a total peak absorption of ∼80% at an optimum thickness of ∼380 nm. For thinner targets, for which some degree of transparency occurs, although the total absorption decreases, the number of energetic electrons escaping the target increases. 2D particle-in-cell simulations indicate that this results from direct laser acceleration of electrons as the intense laser pulse propagates within the target volume. The results point to a trade-off between total energy coupling to electrons and efficient acceleration to higher energies.
Modulation of bone formation and resorption using a novel zoledronic acid loaded gelatin nanoparticles integrated porous titanium scaffold: an in vitro and in vivo study
Authors: Yang Xiao-jiang , Wang Fa-qi , Lu Chang-bo , Zou Ji-wei , Hu Jin-bo , Yang Zhao , Sang Hong-xun , Zhang Yang 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Osteoporotic bone defects are a major challenge in clinics for bone regeneration. With the condition of osteoporosis, excessive bone absorption and impaired osteogenesis result in unexpectedly long healing procedures for defects. In order to simultaneously enhance bone formation and reduce bone resorption, a polydopamine-coated porous titanium scaffold was designed, to be integrated with anti-catabolic drug zoledronic acid nanoparticles (ZOL loaded gelatin NPs), which was able to achieve a local sustained release of ZOL as expected. The in vitro study demonstrated that extracts of the composite scaffolds would stimulate osteoblast differentiation; they also inhibited osteoclastogenesis at a ZOL loading concentration of 50 μmol l−1. In the subsequent in vivo study, the composite scaffolds were implanted into ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic rabbits suffering from femoral condyles defects. The results indicated that the composite scaffolds without ZOL loaded gelatin NPs only induced callus formation, mainly at the interface margin between the implant and bone, whereas the composite scaffolds with ZOL loaded gelatin NPs were capable of further enhancing osteogenesis and bone growth into the scaffolds. Moreover, the research proved that the promoting effect was optimal at a ZOL loading concentration of 50 μmol l−1. In summary, the present research indicated that a new type of porous titanium scaffold integrated with ZOL loaded gelatin NPs inherited a superior biocompatibility and bone regeneration capability. It would be an optimal alternative for the reconstruction of osteoporosis-related defects compared to a traditional porous titanium implant; in other words, the new type of scaffold offers a new effective and practical procedure option for patients suffering from osteoporotic bone defects.
Late 1980s abrupt cold season temperature change in Europe consistent with circulation variability and long-term warming
Authors: Sippel Sebastian , Fischer Erich M , Scherrer Simon C , Meinshausen Nicolai , Knutti Reto 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Cold season temperatures in Europe have increased rapidly by about 1.2°C in the late 1980s, followed by relatively modest and regionally flat temperature trends thereafter. The abrupt change affected the entire European continent and coincided regionally with abrupt hydroclimatic changes such as a widespread reduction in snow days in Switzerland. However, the drivers and causes of the event are not well understood. Using a dynamical adjustment method based on statistical learning, we find that the continental-scale late 1980s abrupt winter warming and regional decreases in snow days can be attributed to cold conditions in the mid-1980s followed by a few exceptionally warm seasons. Both are caused by random atmospheric circulation variability superimposed upon a long-term and relatively homogenous warming trend, and do not require an external cause or change of the underlying dynamics of the system. This explanation is consistent with simulations from a 21-member regional climate model ensemble, in which four members display comparable abrupt temperature increases regionally driven by circulation and a long-term externally forced response. Overall, our analysis provides an observation-based interpretation of abrupt temperature change at the continental scale, associated hydroclimatic changes regionally, and its drivers. Furthermore, our method might contribute to improved mechanistic understanding of different observed climate phenomena in many regions of the world that experience high variability.
Study on rheological behavior and microstructural evolution of Al-6Mg-0.4Mn-0.15Sc-0.1Zr alloy by isothermal compression
Authors: Lu Liying , Jiang Feng , Liu Jiachen , Zhang Jianjun , Tong Mengmeng , Huang Hongfeng , Xu Pian , Tang Zhongqin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The effects of trace amounts of Sc/Zr on rheological properties and microstructural evolution of the Al-6Mg-0.4Mn-0.15Sc-0.1Zr alloy under different deformation conditions were studied by isothermal compression tests at deformation temperatures of 280 °C ∼ 460 °C and strain rates of 0.001 ∼ 10 s−1. A constitutive model based on the hyperbolic sine function was established. The dependence of the flow stress on strain, strain rate, and deformation temperature was described. Using experimental data and dynamic material model, machining diagrams of the alloy with strains of 0.3 and 0.5 were obtained, and the hot workability of the alloy was verified. The results showed that the deformation temperature and strain rate had significant effects on the deformation behavior of the alloy. The flow stress of the alloy increased with the increase in strain rate and decreased with the increase in deformation temperature. Under high-temperature and low-strain-rate conditions, the alloy tended to undergo dynamic recrystallization, and the volume fraction and grain size increased with the increase in deformation temperature and the decrease in strain rate. Based on the analysis of the microstructural evolution, the construction of the machining diagram, and the solution of the rheological constitutive equation, suitable values of the deformation temperature were determined to be 380 °C ~ 460 °C. Moreover, suitable values of the strain rate were determined to be 0.001 and 0.3 s−1. The deformation activation energy of 161.28 kJ mol−1 was obtained.
Enhancement of mechanical properties for Mg-9Li-1Zn alloy by accumulative roll bonding
Authors: Saufan Akhmad , Yu Ing-Song , Wang Jian-Yih 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The microstructures and mechanical properties of LZ91 alloys by accumulative roll bonding (ARB) were firstly investigated. The results show that the cycle numbers of ARB process and preheating temperatures before ARB process have an impact on the microstructures and mechanical properties of LZ91 alloys. The microstructures of LZ91 sheets after ARB perform two main phases of α and β in the fibrous form. ARB process can drive more numbers of crystallographic planes for α and β phases in LZ91 alloys to proof the grain refinement after ARB. More cycle numbers of ARB on LZ91 sheets makes the fibrous microstructures finer and increases the mechanical properties such as hardness and ultimate tensile strength due to the mechanism of strain hardening and grain refinement.