bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rosmarinus officinialisL. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), a Promising Repellent Plant for Thrips Management
Authors: Li Xiao-Wei , Zhang Zhi-Jun , Hafeez Muhammad , Huang Jun , Zhang Jin-Ming , Wang Li-Kun , Lu Yao-Bin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA number of thrips species are among the most significant agricultural pests globally. Use of repellent intercrop plants is one of the key components in plant-based ‘push–pull’ strategies to manage pest populations. In this study, the behavioral responses of three thrips species, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom), and Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to Rosmarinus officinalis were investigated in Y-tube olfactometer bioassays and cage experiments. In addition, the major volatile compounds from rosemary were identified and the effect of the individual compounds on thrips behavior was evaluated. Females and males of the three thrips species were significantly repelled by the volatiles from cut rosemary leaves. The presence of rosemary plants significantly reduced settlement of females of the three thrips species and eggs laid by F. occidentalis females on target host plants. In total, 47 compounds were identified in the volatiles collected from the cut leaves of rosemary plants. The responses of the three thrips species to 10 major volatile compounds showed significant differences. However, α-pinene, the most abundant volatile, was repellent to F. occidentalis and F. intonsa. Eucalyptol, the second most abundant volatile, showed significant repellent activity to all the three thrips species. Our findings showed that rosemary is a promising repellent plant against the three thrips pests we tested, which could be a good candidate for ‘push’ plants in plant-based ‘push–pull’ strategies. The identified volatile compounds that accounted for the repellent activity could be developed as repellents for sustainable thrips management.
The geography of prescription pharmaceuticals supplied to the USA: levels, trends, and implications
Authors: Shivdasani Yashna , Kaygisiz Neriman Beste , Berndt Ernst R , Conti Rena M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Prescription pharmaceuticals are frequently used consumer products whose manufacturing location is commonly held as a trade secret by firms and US regulatory agencies. Here we use previously non-publicly available data to describe levels and trends in the manufacturing locations of the most commonly used prescription pharmaceuticals, off-patent generic drugs, intended to be consumed by Americans. We find that the base ingredients required for the manufacturing of these prescription drugs are overwhelmingly and increasingly manufactured in non-domestic locations, specifically India and China. The manufacturing of finished prescription drugs for the American market is more equally split between domestic and foreign locations, but is increasingly foreign as well. The American reliance on non-domestic manufacturing of prescription drugs is important for stakeholders to appreciate, given current quality and pricing concerns and their potential susceptibility to interruptions in supply due to natural disasters, pandemics, and international trade negotiations. We discuss implications of these levels and trends for current domestic and international policy discussions.
Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Nymphal Survival and Host-Finding Success in the Eastern United States
Authors: Tufts Danielle M , McClure Max , Diuk-Wasser Maria A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis Say) is the primary vector of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae), the Lyme disease agent in North America. The basic reproduction number (R0) for B. burgdorferi in I. scapularis in the Northeast is highly sensitive to the probability that engorged larvae survive the winter, molt into nymphs, and find a host. These processes are dependent on local environmental variables, including climate, host population size and movement, and tick behavior. A simple model is presented for estimating host-finding success from the ratio of tick abundance in two subsequent years, accounting for overwinter survival and possible differences in host associations between nymphs and larvae. This model was parameterized using data from two sites in mainland Connecticut and two on Block Island, RI. Host abundance and tick burdens were estimated via mark–recapture trapping of the primary host, Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque. Overwintering survival was estimated using engorged larvae placed in field enclosures at each site. Only nymphs were recovered alive, and no significant differences in model parameters were observed between Connecticut and Block Island. Host-finding success was predicted to be high across a wide range of host association patterns at three of four sites. Assuming equivalent host association between larvae and nymphs, R0 was also estimated to be greater than one at three of four sites, suggesting these conditions allow for the persistence of B. burgdorferi. The model output was highly sensitive to differences between nymphal and larval host associations.
Vector Competence of Peruvian Mosquitoes for Two Orthobunyaviruses Isolated From Mosquitoes Captured in Peru
Authors: Turell M J , Dohm D J , Fernandez R , Klein T A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We evaluated the potential for mosquitoes collected in the Amazon Basin, near Iquitos, Peru, to become infected with and transmit Murutucu (MURV) and Itaqui viruses (ITQV) (Order Bunyavirales, Family: Peribunyaviridae, Genus: Orthobunyavirus). Viremia levels in Syrian hamsters peaked 2 d after infection with either virus, and both viruses were highly lethal in hamsters with virtually all hamsters dying prior to 3-d postinfection. For almost all of the mosquito species tested some individuals were susceptible to infection and some developed a disseminated infection after oral exposure to either MURV or ITQV. However, only the Culex species (Culex (Culex) coronator Dyar and Knab [Diptera, Culicidae], Culex (Melanoconian) gnomatos Sallum, Huchings, and Ferreira [Diptera, Culicidae], Culex (Mel.) pedroi Sirivanakarn and Belkin [Diptera, Culicidae], and Culex (Mel.) vomerifer Komp [Diptera, Culicidae]) successfully transmitted virus by bite. However, even among these species, only about 37% of the individuals with a disseminated infection successfully transmitted these viruses, indicating a significant salivary gland barrier. Although little is known about the medical or veterinary importance of many members of the genus Orthobunyavirus, we have demonstrated that Culex spp. (Diptera, Culicidae) could be potential vectors.
Motivators of Inappropriate Ovarian Cancer Screening: A Survey of Women and Their Clinicians
Authors: Macdonald Courtney , Mazza Danielle , Hickey Martha , Hunter Morgan , Keogh Louise A , Investigators kConFab , Jones Sandra C , Saunders Christobel , Nesci Stephanie , Milne Roger L , McLachlan Sue-Anne , Hopper John L , Friedlander Michael L , Emery Jon , Phillips Kelly-Anne 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
This study examined why women and doctors screen for ovarian cancer (OC) contrary to guidelines.

Methods
Surveys, based on the Theoretical Domains Framework, were sent to women in the Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer and family physicians and gynecologists who organized their screening.

Results
Of 1264 Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer women, 832 (65.8%) responded. In the past 2 years, 126 (15.1%) had screened. Most of these (n = 101, 80.2%) would continue even if their doctor told them it is ineffective. For women, key OC screening motivators operated in the domains of social role and goals (staying healthy for family, 93.9%), emotion and reinforcement (peace of mind, 93.1%), and beliefs about capabilities (tests are easy to have, 91.9%). Of 531 clinicians 252 (47.5%) responded; a minority (family physicians 45.8%, gynecologists 16.7%) thought OC screening was useful. For gynecologists, the main motivators of OC screening operated in the domains of environmental context (lack of other screening options, 27.6%), and emotion (patient peace of mind, 17.2%; difficulty discontinuing screening, 13.8%). For family physicians,, the strongest motivators were in the domains of social influence (women ask for these tests, 20.7%), goals (a chance these tests will detect cancer early, 16.4%), emotion (patient peace of mind, 13.8%), and environmental context (no other OC screening options, 11.2%).

Conclusion
Reasons for OC screening are mostly patient driven. Clinician knowledge and practice are discordant. Motivators of OC screening encompass several domains, which could be targeted in interventions to reduce inappropriate OC screening.
Who Is a Political Prisoner?
Authors: Steinert Christoph Valentin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWho is a political prisoner? The classification of inmates as political prisoners has important real-world implications such as deciding over accession to international organizations or triggering international advocacy. However, the concept is ambiguously used in academic studies referring to both theoretically and empirically distinct groups of individuals. Building on a systematic review of the academic literature, I identify that definitions of political prisoners differ primarily with regard to (1) the source of politicization, (2) the timing of politicization, (3) the question of nonviolence, (4) the inclusion of identity prisoners, and (5) the criteria for biased state actions. In order to establish political prisoners as analytically consistent concept, I suggest to reserve it for victims of politically biased trials while remaining agnostic toward prisoners’ political motivations. I introduce explicit criteria grounded in international law to identify politically biased trials in practice. The new conceptualization allows to disentangle political imprisonments from other types of illegitimate and non-illegitimate imprisonments. A disaggregation of the concept further highlights that only a subset of political prisoners is entitled to demands for unconditional releases. Taken together, this article sheds light to the underlying meanings of different actors’ claims about political imprisonments and contributes to the systematic study of this type of human rights abuse.
Strain difference in transgene-induced tumorigenesis and suppressive effect of ionizing radiation
Authors: Dutta Bibek , Asami Taichi , Imatomi Tohru , Igarashi Kento , Nagata Kento , Watanabe-Asaka Tomomi , Yasuda Takako , Oda Shoji , Shartl Manfred , Mitani Hiroshi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Transgenic expression in medaka of the Xiphophorus oncogene xmrk, under a pigment cell specific mitf promoter, induces hyperpigmentation and pigment cell tumors. In this study, we crossed the Hd-rR and HNI inbred strains because complete genome information is readily available for molecular and genetic analysis. We prepared an Hd-rR (p53+/−, p53−/−) and Hd-rR HNI hybrid (p53+/−) fish-based xmrk model system to study the progression of pigment cells from hyperpigmentation to malignant tumors on different genetic backgrounds. In all strains examined, most of the initial hyperpigmentation occurred in the posterior region. On the Hd-rR background, mitf:xmrk-induced tumorigenesis was less frequent in p53+/− fish than in p53−/− fish. The incidence of hyperpigmentation was more frequent in Hd-rR/HNI hybrids than in Hd-rR homozygotes; however, the frequency of malignant tumors was low, which suggested the presence of a tumor suppressor in HNI genetic background fish. The effects on tumorigenesis in xmrk-transgenic immature medaka of a single 1.3 Gy irradiation was assessed by quantifying tumor progression over 4 consecutive months. The results demonstrate that irradiation has a different level of suppressive effect on the frequency of hyperpigmentation in purebred Hd-rR compared with hybrids.
Long-term follow-up of ciliated muconodular papillary tumor of the lung by computed tomography: a case report
Authors: Matsushima Ryohei , Mori Takeshi , Saeki Sho , Hinokuma Hironori , Tanaka Hidekazu , Yokomizo Hiroshi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Ciliated muconodular papillary tumor (CMPT) is an extremely rare pulmonary tumor and the clinical characteristics are still unknown. We report the preoperative long-term clinical course and changes in computed tomography (CT) findings of CMPT. A 60-year-old man underwent lower bilobectomy for squamous cell carcinoma in the right lower lobe 18 years before the surgery for CMPT. Twelve years before the surgery for CMPT, a 4-mm small ground glass nodule arose in the left lower lobe. The nodule gradually grew and became dense over time. Because it became mostly solid with central cavities, the patient underwent wedge resection and the tumor was diagnosed as CMPT. There were no recurrences 20 months after surgery. The preoperative CT findings of CMPT were similar to progressive preinvasive lesion, whereas it followed the benign clinical course. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on long-term preoperative follow-up of CMPT.
The Hercules cluster in X-rays with XMM-Newton and Chandra
Authors: Tiwari Juhi , Singh Kulinder Pal 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a detailed X-ray study of the central subcluster of the nearby ($z\, \sim$0.0368) Hercules cluster (Abell 2151) identified as A2151C that shows a bimodal structure. A bright clump of hot gas with X-ray emission extending to radius $r\, \sim$304 kpc and $L_X = 3.03_{-0.04}^{+0.02}\times 10^{43}$ erg s−1 in the 0.4–7.0 keV energy range is seen as a fairly regular subclump towards the west (A2151C(B)). An irregular, fainter and cooler subclump with radius $r\, \sim$364 kpc is seen towards the east (A2151C(F)) and has LX = 1.13 ± 0.02 × 1043 erg s−1 in the 0.4–7.0 keV energy band. The average temperature and elemental abundance of A2151C(B) are 2.01 ± 0.05 keV and 0.43 ± 0.05 Z⊙, respectively, while these values are 1.17 ± 0.04 keV and 0.13 ± 0.02 Z⊙ for A2151C(F). Low temperature (1.55 ± 0.07 keV) and a short cooling time (∼0.81 Gyr) within the central 15 arcsec region confirm the presence of a cool core in A2151C(B). We identify several compact groups of galaxies within A2151C(F). We find that A2151C(F) is a distinct galaxy group in the process of formation and likely not a ram-pressure stripped part of the eastern subcluster in Hercules (A2151E). X-ray emission from A2151C shows a region of overlap between A2151C(B) and A2151C(F) but without any enhancement of temperature or entropy in the two-dimensional (2D) projected thermodynamic maps that could have indicated an interaction due to a merger between the two subclumps.
The UCSC Genome Browser database: 2021 update
Authors: Navarro Gonzalez Jairo , Zweig Ann S , Speir Matthew L , Schmelter Daniel , Rosenbloom Kate R , Raney Brian J , Powell Conner C , Nassar Luis R , Maulding Nathan D , Lee Christopher M , Lee Brian T , Hinrichs Angie S , Fyfe Alastair C , Fernandes Jason D , Diekhans Mark , Clawson Hiram , Casper Jonathan , Benet-Pagès Anna , Barber Galt P , Haussler David , Kuhn Robert M , Haeussler Maximilian , Kent W James 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
For more than two decades, the UCSC Genome Browser database (https://genome.ucsc.edu) has provided high-quality genomics data visualization and genome annotations to the research community. As the field of genomics grows and more data become available, new modes of display are required to accommodate new technologies. New features released this past year include a Hi-C heatmap display, a phased family trio display for VCF files, and various track visualization improvements. Striving to keep data up-to-date, new updates to gene annotations include GENCODE Genes, NCBI RefSeq Genes, and Ensembl Genes. New data tracks added for human and mouse genomes include the ENCODE registry of candidate cis-regulatory elements, promoters from the Eukaryotic Promoter Database, and NCBI RefSeq Select and Matched Annotation from NCBI and EMBL-EBI (MANE). Within weeks of learning about the outbreak of coronavirus, UCSC released a genome browser, with detailed annotation tracks, for the SARS-CoV-2 RNA reference assembly.
Designing Differently with Dance
Authors: Ritter Julia M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractChapter 2 brings to light the fact that although choreography has been overlooked in discussions of immersive performance, it has in fact long been invisibly operating as a strategy for immersing spectators in these productions. Drawing upon interviews with practitioners of immersive productions, the author examines how the compositional tools of dance are being adapted and combined with tools from other disciplines to create choreographic structures for both dancers and spectators. The chapter also considers the ethical and political implications of creating productions that seemingly offer spectators opportunities to perceive performances as singular and customized when in fact the choreography is functioning as a powerful mechanism to guide experience.
The Last Ghetto
Authors: Hájková Anna 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Last Ghetto is the first in-depth, analytical history of a prisoner society during the Holocaust. Terezín (Theresienstadt in German) was operated by the Nazis between November 1941 and May 1945 as a transit ghetto for Central and Western European Jews before their deportation to be murdered in the East. Rather than depict the world of the prisoners as an atomized state of exception, this book argues that the prisoner societies in the Holocaust are best understood as existing among the many known versions of societies. This book challenges the claims of Holocaust exceptionalism and insists that it be viewed with the same analytical tools as other historical events. The prisoner society Terezín produced its own social hierarchies, but the contents of categories such as class changed radically; seemingly small differences among prisoners could determine whether one ultimately lived or died. During the three and a half years of the ghetto’s existence, prisoners created their own culture and habits, bonded, fell in love, and forged new families. The shared Jewishness of the prisoners was not the basis of their identities; rather, prisoners embraced their ethnic origin. Based on extensive archival research in nine languages, The Last Ghetto is a transnational, cultural, social, gender, and organizational history of Terezín, revealing how human society works in extremis.
Baby, It’s in Your Nature
Authors: Brogaard Berit 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In its new guidelines to help psychologists address male violence, sexism, and misogyny, the American Psychological Association suggests that misogyny stems from the masculinity ideology our culture adheres to. While the masculinity dogma is part of what inspires men to hate women, two other ideologies are needed to explain the misogyny incarnate in contemporary culture: doctrines here called “the feminine ideal” and “the myth of female filth.” It’s imprinted into the minds of little girls that they need to live up to society’s standards of femininity. Women who deviate from traditional gender norms become the targets of misogynistic hatred. The flipside of the feminine ideal is that women’s implicit association with bodily “stuff,” manipulation, and irrationality makes all women prone to misogynistic contempt. Along the way, this chapter shows how sexism differs from hateful and contemptuous misogyny, and why women who belong to multiple marginalized or stigmatized groups are particularly prone to misogynistic attacks.
And Justice for All
Authors: Brogaard Berit 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
There is a strong sentiment in the general population that we need to put an end to the hate crisis in our society. Politicians and policymakers have it in their power to prevent this crisis from escalating further by regulating not only (physical) hate crimes but also hate speech. This has already been done in many European countries, where hate speech typically is considered a form of group libel that defames members of the targeted group. Law professor Jeremy Waldron has offered an argument for this perspective on hate speech. Hate speech, he argues, is criminal group libel. This chapter argues that Waldron’s argument doesn’t accomplish what he says it does, because most hate speech doesn’t make, or imply, any factual claim and therefore fails to be defamatory. The chapter then offers an argument for curtailing hate speech that is premised on the political philosopher Jürgen Habermas’ notion of communicative rationality. Finally, other solutions to the hate crisis are considered.
Political and Civic Institutions
Authors: Worthington Ian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter breaks from the main narrative to discuss and explain various key political and civic institutions, shedding light on how different Athens was politically in the Hellenistic period. There is a survey of Classical Athenian radical democracy to show what the constitution used to be like, followed by a consideration of the restrictions on the constitution and political participation under Macedonian hegemony and Roman rule. There is also a discussion of two major civic institutions: the ephebeia and the guilds.
The End of “Hellenistic” Athens
Authors: Worthington Ian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
With Athens crippled after the Sullan sack, the city suffered greatly afterward and was without the financial means to repair buildings damaged or destroyed by Sulla’s men. Then a series of prominent Romans visited, donating money, which ironically helped to rebuild some things destroyed by the previous Romans. The first was Pompey the Great, who might have helped fund the Tower of the Winds; then Caesar, who gave money for the start of the Roman Agora. But then the Roman Civil War broke out. Athens was not part of it, although after Caesar’s assassination Brutus did spend time in Athens. After Brutus’ and Cassius’ defeats in Greece, the victor, Mark Antony, moved to Athens where the people showered honors on him to earn his favor. He spent time with Cleopatra in Egypt, but made Athens his home. Increasing tension with Octavian, especially over his relationship with Cleopatra, led to the showdown at the battle of Actium and their defeat; the following year Octavian conquered Egypt. Athens thus became subject to another Roman master: Octavian, the future Augustus, at which point the Hellenistic period is commonly seen as ending.
Value
Authors: Kedhar Anusha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 theorizes flexibility in relation to the neoliberal discourse of value through a close reading of the 2013 dance film The Art of Defining Me. Following the 2008 global financial crisis and subsequent austerity measures and budget cuts to the arts, artists had to justify (even more than before) the economic value of their work vis-à-vis their “Unique Selling Point.” While neoliberalism demands that all artists frame their work in economic terms such as cost and profit, multiculturalism layers an added demand on South Asian artists to perform ethnic and racial difference in recognizable and sellable terms. Through the subversive power of satire, the film exposes the neoliberal underpinnings of multicultural arts funding in Britain and brings into sharp focus the economic value of authenticity and exoticism in an increasingly market-driven dance industry that prizes difference insofar as it can be made profitable. Taking a humorous look at the arts funding system in Britain and the complex racialized landscape that British South Asian dance artists must navigate, the film renders visible the absurdity of British multiculturalism and funding demands on South Asian dancers, and the flexible, auto-exoticizing maneuvers they deploy to thrive within it.