bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Volume of the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle in migraine patients: a cross-sectional structural MRI study
Authors: Hvedstrup Jeppe , Amin Faisal Mohammad , Hougaard Anders , Ashina Håkan , Christensen Casper Emil , Larsson Henrik Bo Wiberg , Ashina Messoud , Schytz Henrik Winther 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Neck pain in migraine patients is very prevalent between and during migraine attacks, but the underlying mechanism behind neck pain in migraine is unknown. The neck muscle rectus capitis posterior minor muscle (RCPmi) may be important since it is connected to the occipital dura mater. In this study, we examined the RCPmi volume in migraine patients and compared with controls.

Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional MRI study examining muscle volume in 40 episodic migraine patients and 40 controls in preexisting images from prior studies. Three-dimensional T1 weighted sequences were collected with a 3.0 T MRI Scanner. The volume of RCPmi was examined by manually tracing the muscle circumference with Horos medical image viewer. The observer was blinded to participant information. No information regarding neck pain status during or between migraine attacks were available.

Results
The mean RCPmi volume was 1.22cm3 in migraine patients and 1.17cm3 in controls (p = 0.549). We found no differences in RCPmi volume on the pain side vs. the non-pain side (p = 0.237) in patients with unilateral migraine. There were no association between the muscle volume and years with migraine, headache or migraine frequency, age or BMI.

Conclusions
We found no difference in RCPmi volume between migraine patients and controls, suggesting no structural RCPmi pathology in migraine.
The effect of uric acid and urinary sodium excretion on prehypertension: a nationwide population-based study
Authors: Lee Shina , Choi Kyu Bok , Kim Seung-Jung 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
This study examined the effect of serum uric acid (SUA) level and urinary sodium excretion on blood pressure as well as their combined effect on prehypertension in a Korean population.

Method
Data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for adults (≥ 19 years of age) were used. The participants were classified into two groups, normotension and prehypertension, according to the JNC-7 definition. Logistic regression was carried out and adjusted for traditionally regarded confounders of blood pressure. All analyses considered a complex sampling design. A multivariate analysis was performed on subgroups defined according to their SUA level and urinary sodium excretion.

Results
The 4200 participants were divided into normotension (n = 2646) and prehypertension (n = 1554) groups. In the univariate analysis, patient age, male sex, concurrent comorbidity (diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, stroke, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney disease), uric acid, and urinary sodium excretion were associated with prehypertension. After adjusting for baseline covariates, both the SUA level and urinary sodium excretion were significant predictors of incident prehypertension (SUA, per 1 mg/dL increase, odds ratio [OR] 1.216, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.131–1.309; urinary sodium excretion, per 1 g/day increase, OR 1.067, 95% CI 1.019–1.117). Additionally, simultaneously higher tertiles of SUA and urinary sodium excretion resulted in higher ORs for prehypertension.

Conclusion
Increased SUA is a significant risk marker for the development of prehypertension in normotensives. Simultaneously high SUA and urinary sodium excretion amplified the effect on the development of prehypertension. Our findings suggest that lowering SUA levels and reducing sodium intake will contribute to preventing hypertension.
Efficacy of a single dose versus a multiple dose regimen of Mebendazole against hookworm infections among school children: a randomized open-label trial
Authors: Eshetu Tegegne , Aemero Mulugeta , Zeleke Ayalew Jejaw 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Despite the existence of a population-based control program using single dose albendazole or mebendazole as a preventive chemotherapy, hookworm transmission remains high. It causes a negative impact on the growth and school performance of children. In connection to this preventive chemotherapy, different studies produced conflicting results. This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of single (500 mg) versus multiple doses (100 mg twice a day during three consecutive days) of mebendazole against hookworm infections among school-aged children.

Methods
This randomized open-label clinical trial took place among school-aged children (6–14 years old) in Burie and Debre Elias towns, Northwest Ethiopia. Using simple randomization, eligible hookworm-positive children were allocated (1:1) to either a single or multiple dose treatment arms. Stool samples were collected and processed using McMaster method at baseline and follow-up period (14–21 days after treatment). Only laboratory technicians were blinded. The cure and egg reduction rates were the primary and secondary therapeutic outcome measures against hookworm infections, respectively. An independent t-test was used to compare group means, and logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratio (OR). P-value < 0.05 at 95% CI was considered statistically significant.

Result
One hundred eight children, 54 in each treatment arm had completed baseline data and received allocated treatment. One hundred three children had completed follow-up data records and included for the final efficacy analysis. Cure rate against hookworm was significantly higher in the multiple dose (96.1%) than in the single dose (30.8%) with OR = 55.125; 95% CI: 11.92–254.9; P < 0.001. The egg reduction rate in the multiple dose treatment arm (99.5%) was also significantly higher than in the single dose arm (68.9%) with difference t (101) =5.38; 95% CI 230.95–505.36; P < 0.001.

Conclusion
The single dose regimen of mebendazole for the treatment of hookworm infections showed poor cure and egg reduction rates, while the multiple doses revealed satisfactory. Although multiple dose regimen administration is a bit more complex than the single dose, we strongly encourage replacing it with multiple dose regimen during deworming programs in hookworm endemic areas.

Trial registration
This trial is retrospectively registered in www.pactr.org, number PACTR201911466695052 on November 26, 2019.
Intestinal parasitosis, anaemia and risk factors among pre-school children in Tigray region, northern Ethiopia
Authors: Wasihun Araya Gebreyesus , Teferi Mekonen , Negash Letemichal , Marugán Javier , Yemane Dejen , McGuigan Kevin G. , Conroy Ronan M. , Abebe Haftu Temesgen , Dejene Tsehaye Asmelash 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundIntestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) and anaemia are major health problems. This study assessed the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections, anaemia and associated factors among pre-school children in rural areas of the Tigray region, northern Ethiopia.MethodsA community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 610 pre-school children in rural communities of Northern Ethiopia from June 2017 to August 2017. Stool specimens were examined for the presence of trophozoites, cysts, oocysts, and ova using direct, formal-ethyl acetate concentration, Kato–Katz, and Ziehl-Neelsen techniques. Haemoglobin was measured using a HemoCue spectrometer.ResultsAmong the 610 participating pre-school children in the study, the prevalence of IPIs and anaemia were 58% (95% conference interval (CI): 54.1–61.9%) and 21.6% (95% CI: 18.5–25.1%), respectively. Single, double, and triple parasitic infections were seen in 249 (41, 95% CI: 37–45%), 83 (14, 95% CI: 11–17%), and 22 (3.6, 95% CI: 2.4–5.4%) children, respectively. Of the seven intestinal parasitic organisms recorded from the participants,Entamoeba histolytica/disparwas the most prevalent 220 (36.1%) followed byGiardia lamblia128 (20.1%), andHymenolepis nana102 (16.7%). Mixed infections were common amongG. lamblia, E. histolytica/disparandCryptosporidiumspp. oocyst. Intestinal parasitic infection prevalence increased from 47% in children aged 6–11 months to 66% in those aged 48–59 months; the prevalence ratio (PR) associated with a one-year increase in age was 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02–1.14,p = 0.009). Age-adjusted prevalence was higher in children who had been dewormed (PR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.00–1.4,p = 0.045), and lower in households having two or more children aged under five (PR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.61–0.95,p = 0.015). Anaemia rose from 28% in children aged 6–11 months to 43% in those aged 12–23 months, then fell continuously with age, reaching 7% in those aged 48–59 months. Age adjusted, anaemia was more prevalent in households using proper disposal of solid waste (PR = 1.5, 95% CI: 0.1–2.10,p = 0.009) while eating raw meat (PR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.45–0.54,p = 0.000), any maternal education (PR = 0.64 95% CI: 0.52–0.79, p = 0.000), and household water treatment (PR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.56–1.0,p = 0.044) were associated with lower prevalence of anaemia.ConclusionsMore than half of the children were infected with intestinal parasites, while anaemia prevalence was concentrated in the 12–23 month age group. This study has identified a number of potentially modifiable risk factors to address the significant prevalence of IPIs and anaemia in these children. Improvements in sanitation, clean water, hand hygiene, maternal education could address both short and long-term consequences of these conditions in this vulnerable population.
Prevalence and associated factors of scabies in Ethiopia: systematic review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Azene Abebaw Gedef , Aragaw Abiba Mihret , Wassie Gizachew Tadesse 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Scabies is an infectious disease that affects the skin caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei and it transmitted through close personal contact. Even though it is easily treatable disease, its prevalence is high and continuous as neglected tropical disease of resource-poor settings, and particularly affects young age groups. Despite of these facts, studies conducted in Ethiopia regarding to the prevalence and associated factors for scabies infestation have been highly variable and didn’t well compiled. Due to that, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimates the overall prevalence of scabies and associated factors in all age groups in Ethiopia.

Methods
International databases (PubMed/PMC/Midline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Google and Science Direct) were systematically searched from December 1, 2019, to January 18, 2020. All observational studies noted the prevalence of human scabies and associated factors in Ethiopia were included. Two authors (AG and G.T) independently extracted all necessary data using a standardized data extraction format. The data which is extracted each study were analyzed using STATA Version 14.1. Heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed through the Cochrane Q test statistics and I2 test. Lastly, a random effects meta-analysis model was computed to fix overall prevalence and associated factors of scabies.

Results
Twelve studies were included in this meta-analysis after 410 articles retrieved. Of these, eight studies were analyzed for prevalence estimation. The overall prevalence of scabies infestation was 14.5% (95%CI: 1.5, 27.6%) in Ethiopia. Furthermore, the subgroup analysis revealed the highest prevalence was 19.6% in Amhara region. A person from a large family size (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.76, 5.67), and sharing a bed (OR: 3.59, 95%CI: 2.88, 4.47) were significantly associated with scabies.

Conclusion
This study revealed the prevalence of scabies infestation was 14.5% in Ethiopia which was high. Persons from high family size and any contact with scabies case were factors associated with scabies.
The risk of eating disorder relapse during pregnancy and after delivery and postpartum depression among women recovered from eating disorders
Authors: Makino Mariko , Yasushi Mitsuo , Tsutsui Sueharu 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Studies have shown that women of reproductive age develop eating disorders (EDs). Few studies have examined EDs in women by performing long-term follow-ups during pregnancy and after delivery. Our study aimed to identify relapse of EDs during pregnancy and after delivery as well as postpartum depression in women who had complete remission of EDs.

Methods
Of the 1008 patients with EDs who visited our outpatient clinic between 1994 and 2004, 55 experienced ED remission and pregnancy. Of these, 25 (21 with BN and 4 with AN) consented to participate in this study. Finally, 24 patients were included in this study after 1 patient was excluded owing to a miscarriage. They were interviewed every 2 weeks both during pregnancy and after giving birth. We used the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as reference scales for diagnosing the EDs and the postpartum depression, respectively. We used a two-sided unpaired test for the statistical analysis.

Results
Sixteen participants (67%) experienced ED relapse during pregnancy and twelve (50%) relapsed after birth. Twelve (50%) had postpartum depression, four of whom (33%) had low-birth-weight infants. Among the participants who did not have postpartum depression, there were no low-body-weight infants. There was no significant difference (p = 0.065) in birth weight between the postpartum depression and non-depression groups.

Conclusions
Our study revealed that recurrence of EDs and the occurrence of postpartum depression were higher in this population, indicating the need to closely monitor EDs both during pregnancy and after birth.
Prevalence of pneumonia and its associated factors among under-five children in East Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Beletew Biruk , Bimerew Melaku , Mengesha Ayelign , Wudu Mesfin , Azmeraw Molla 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Pneumonia is defined as an acute inflammation of the Lungs’ parenchymal structure. It is a major public health problem and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in under-five children especially in developing countries. In 2015, it was estimated that about 102 million cases of pneumonia occurred in under-five children, of which 0.7 million were end up with death. Different primary studies in Eastern Africa showed the burden of pneumonia. However, inconsistency among those studies was seen and no review has been conducted to report the amalgamated magnitude and associated factors. Therefore, this review aimed to estimate the national prevalence and associated factors of pneumonia in Eastern Africa

Methods
Using PRISMA guideline, we systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed studies that examined the prevalence and associated factors of pneumonia from PubMed, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar. Heterogeneity across the studies was evaluated using the Q and the I2 test. A weighted inverse variance random-effects model was applied to estimate the national prevalence and the effect size of associated factors. The subgroup analysis was conducted by country, study design, and year of publication. A funnel plot and Egger’s regression test were used to see publication bias. Sensitivity analysis was also done to identify the impact of studies.

Result
A total of 34 studies with 87, 984 participants were used for analysis. The pooled prevalence of pneumonia in East Africa was 34% (95% CI; 23.80–44.21). Use of wood as fuel source (AOR = 1.53; 95% CI:1.30–1.77; I2 = 0.0%;P = 0.465), cook food in living room (AOR = 1.47;95% CI:1.16–1.79; I2 = 0.0%;P = 0.58), caring of a child on mother during cooking (AOR = 3.26; 95% CI:1.80–4.72; I2 = 22.5%;P = 0.26), Being unvaccinated (AOR = 2.41; 95% CI:2.00–2.81; I2 = 51.4%;P = 0.055), Child history of Acute Respiratory Tract Infection (ARTI) (AOR = 2.62; 95% CI:1.68–3.56; I2 = 11.7%;P = 0.337) were identified factors of pneumonia.

Conclusion
The prevalence of pneumonia in Eastern Africa remains high. This review will help policy-makers and program officers to design pneumonia preventive interventions.
Associations between objective measures of physical activity, sleep and stress levels among preschool children
Authors: Eythorsdottir Dagny Y. , Frederiksen Peder , Larsen Sofus C. , Olsen Nanna J. , Heitmann Berit L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundCortisol is often used as a biological marker for stress. When measured in urine or serum, representing a short-term measurement of the hormone, it has been associated with unfavorable sleep characteristics and both low and high physical activity levels. However, cortisol in hair represents a long-term stress measure and has been suggested as a promising new marker for chronic stress. Therefore, we aimed to examine the association between objectively measured sleep, physical activity and hair cortisol levels in preschool children.MethodsIn order to obtain objective measures of physical activity and sleep habits, 54 children aged 2–6 years wore an ActiGraph for 5 consecutive days and nights. For chronic stress measurements of each child, hair was cut from the back of the head close to the scalp for analysis of cortisol levels. Associations between measured sleep quality and quantity and level of physical activity and hair cortisol levels were estimated using linear regression analysis, presented as β. Results were adjusted for sex, age and BMI z-score.ResultsWe found no significant association between log-transformed cortisol (pg/mg) and sleep duration (hours) (β = − 0.0016,p = 0.99), sleep efficiency (β = − 3.1,p = 0.18), sleep latency (β = 0.015,p = 0.16) or physical activity level (100 counts per min) (β = 0.014,p = 0.22). However, sleep latency (min) was directly associated with physical activity (counts per min) levels (β = 35.2,p = 0.02), while sleep duration (hours) (β = − 142.1,p = 0.55) and sleep efficiency (%) (β = − 4087,p = 0.26) showed no significant associations.ConclusionsIn our study, a high physical activity level was associated with poorer sleep habits. Neither sleep quality nor physical activity were related to long term cortisol exposure. These results are among the first to study associations between objectively measured sleep, physical activity and chronic cortisol levels among preschool children. More and larger studies are therefore needed.
Clinical manifestations and associated disorders in children with celiac disease in southern Iran
Authors: Dehbozorgi Mahshid , Honar Naser , Ekramzadeh Maryam , Saki Forough 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Celiac disease (CD) is an immune mediated inflammatory enteropathy, triggered by gluten exposure in HLA-DQ2 and/or –DQ8 genetics. The presentation of celiac disease in children is changing, with increase in non-classical symptoms. We aim to evaluate the clinical presentations of celiac disease amongst children, diagnosed with CD.

Methods
In this cross sectional study, we investigated the clinical features of 130 celiac patients at hospitals affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. We used their hospital charts and conducted an interview with patients and their parents to find out demographic data, symptoms, laboratory, and histopathology findings for Marsh grading.

Results
Celiac disease was detected more amongst females (63.8%). We found that 5.4% of the patients had BMI more than 95th percentile. The most common GI symptoms were abdominal pain, flatulence and constipation. Also, the most common extra intestinal manifestation included bone pain, long term fatigue and anemia. Flatulence, chronic diarrhea, and paresthesia were observed more amongst male participants. The most common comorbidities were type 1 diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism.

Conclusion
The most common gastrointestinal symptoms amongst our patients were abdominal pain, flatulence and constipation. Furthermore, the most common extra intestinal manifestations included bone pain, long term fatigue and anemia. The most associated comorbidities with CD in our children were type 1 diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism.
“The ancient and the new”: is there an interaction between cytomegalovirus and SARS-CoV-2 infection?
Authors: Moss Paul 
Published: May 2020

SummaryThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic represents one of the greatest infectious challenges to humanity in recent history. One of the striking features of infection is the heterogeneous clinical response with worse outcomes observed in older patients and those with underlying health conditions. To date the potential impact of previous infection history has been poorly investigated as a potential determinant of risk. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a persistent herpesvirus infection whose prevalence increases with age, is a major modulator of immune function and several observations suggest that infection might act to influence clinical outcome following SARS-CoV-2 infection. In particular, CMV is associated with the acceleration of immune senescence and has been linked to a range of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. This review addresses mechanisms by which cytomegalovirus infection may act to worsen the clinical outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection, discusses how these potential links could be investigated, and assesses the potential significance of any findings that emerge.
Toxicological evaluation of exhaust emissions from light-duty vehicles using different fuel alternatives in sub-freezing conditions
Authors: Hakkarainen Henri , Aakko-Saksa Päivi , Sainio Maija , Ihantola Tuukka , Rönkkö Teemu J. , Koponen Päivi , Rönkkö Topi , Jalava Pasi I. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundEmissions from road traffic are under constant discussion since they pose a major threat to human health despite the increasingly strict emission targets and regulations. Although the new passenger car regulations have been very effective in reducing the particulate matter (PM) emissions, the aged car fleet in some EU countries remains a substantial source of PM emissions. Moreover, toxicity of PM emissions from multiple new types of bio-based fuels remain uncertain and different driving conditions such as the sub-zero running temperature has been shown to affect the emissions. Overall, the current literature and experimental knowledge on the toxicology of these PM emissions and conditions is scarce.MethodsIn the present study, we show that exhaust gas PM from newly regulated passenger cars fueled by different fuels at sub-zero temperatures, induce toxicological responses in vitro. We used exhaust gas volume-based PM doses to give us better insight on the real-life exposure and included one older diesel car to estimate the effect of the new emissions regulations.ResultsIn cars compliant with the new regulations, gasoline (E10) displayed the highest PM concentrations and toxicological responses, while the higher ethanol blend (E85) resulted in slightly lower exhaust gas PM concentrations and notably lower toxicological responses in comparison. Engines powered by modern diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG) yielded the lowest PM concentrations and toxicological responses.ConclusionsThe present study shows that toxicity of the exhaust gas PM varies depending on the fuels used. Additionally, concentration and toxicity of PM from an older diesel car were vastly higher, compared to contemporary vehicles, indicating the beneficial effects of the new emissions regulations.