bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body mass index trajectories among people with obesity and association with mortality: Evidence from a large Israeli database
Authors: Reges Orna , Dicker Dror , Haase Christiane L. , Finer Nick , Karpati Tomas , Leibowitz Morton , Satylganova Altynai , Feldman Becca 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivePrevious studies using longitudinal weight data to characterize obesity are based on populations of limited size and mostly include individuals of all body mass index (BMI) levels, without focusing on weight changes among people with obesity. This study aimed to identify BMI trajectories over 5 years in a large population with obesity, and to determine the trajectories' association with mortality.MethodsFor inclusion, individuals aged 30–74 years at index date (1 January 2013) with continuous membership in Clalit Health Services from 2008 to 2012 were required to have ≥1 BMI measurement per year in ≥3 calendar years during this period, of which at least one was ≥30 kg/m2. Latent class analysis was used to generate BMI trajectories over 5 years (2008–2012). Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association between BMI trajectories and all‐cause mortality during follow‐up (2013–2017).ResultsIn total, 367,141 individuals met all inclusion criteria. Mean age was 57.2 years; 41% were men. The optimal model was a quadratic model with four classes of BMI clusters. Most individuals (90.0%) had stable high BMI over time. Individuals in this cluster had significantly lower mortality than individuals in the other trajectory clusters (p < 0.01), including clusters of people with dynamic weight trajectories.ConclusionsThe results of the current study show that people with stable high weight had the lowest mortality of all four BMI trajectories identified. These findings help to expand the scientific understanding of the impact that weight trajectories have on health outcomes, while demonstrating the challenges of discerning the cumulative effects of obesity and weight change, and suggest that dynamic historical measures of BMI should be considered when assessing patients' future risk of obesity‐related morbidity and mortality, and when choosing a treatment strategy.
Plant–soil feedback responses of four dryland crop species under greenhouse conditions
Authors: Mushonga Knowledge , Steyn Joachim M. , Swart Wijnand J. , van der Waals Jacquie E. 
Published: December 2020

Why this research MattersPlant–soil feedbacks (PSFs) give a mechanistic understanding on how soil properties established by previous plant species go on to influence the performance of the same or different species in monoculture, intercropping or crop rotation systems. We hypothesized that different dryland crops such as Zea mays L., Helianthus annuus L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., and Glycine max L. (Merr.) will have soil legacies that are related to the crop type. We used a two‐phase experiment to test plant performance in soils previously cultivated with the same or different plant species under greenhouse conditions. The positive plant growth for all species in their own soil microbiota suggests that mutualists had a greater impact on plant performance than pathogens. The consistent positive soil–feedback results of P. vulgaris were strongly associated with their own beneficial soil microbiota, meaning that the conditioning phase legacy of mutualists and decomposers were more significant than pathogens under monoculture. Despite successful nodulation in sterilized and inoculated soils, G. max unexpectedly showed neutral and insignificant positive plant feedbacks, respectively. Helianthus annuus was superior to other crop species in creating active carbon stocks and an enzymatically active soil for the next crop. Microbial biomass results suggest that raising fungal relative to bacterial biomass can be achieved by increasing the frequency of H. annuus in rotation sequences. However, more studies are necessary to evaluate whether these elevated ratios promote or depress plant performance under field conditions. This study showed that relative to other dryland crops, H. annuus seems to have the potential of increasing fungal to bacterial ratios, raising legacies in active carbon stocks and soil microbial activity that may be crucial to successional planting in dryland systems.
A cross‐temporal meta‐analysis review of the personality of Chinese military personnel, 1991–2017
Authors: Su Qian , Liu Guofang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe personality of military personnel is an important factor for their mental health. It has been revealed that military personnel's mental health has changed over the past decades. The objective of the present study was to examine the birth cohort changes in the personality of Chinese military personnel.MethodsTo examine the birth cohort changes in the personality of Chinese military personnel, a cross‐temporal meta‐analysis of 53 studies that measured the personality of Chinese military personnel with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire from 1991 to 2017 was conducted (61 data points, N = 55 708).ResultsThe results showed that during this period, the respondents' personality traits changed significantly. Specifically, their levels of neuroticism and psychoticism decreased by 0.84 and 0.62 standard deviations respectively, and the younger participants exhibited higher levels of extraversion.ConclusionsThis study found that Chinese military personnel showed decreasing neuroticism and psychoticism from 1991 to 2017 and that younger participants exhibited higher levels of extraversion. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanistic study on radiation‐induced grafting into fluorinated polymer solid films using a swelling‐induced detachment of grafted polymers
Authors: Ko Beom‐Seok , Yoshimura Kimio , Hiroki Akihiro , Maekawa Yasunari 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe radiation‐induced graft polymerization (RGP) of styrene into poly(ethylene‐co‐tetrafluoroethylene) films was performed at various monomer concentrations and solvents at 60 °C. The grafted polystyrene (g‐PS) was isolated using the swelling‐induced detachment phenomenon, and the number‐averaged molecular weight (Mn) and the number of g‐PS (Np) were determined using gel permeation chromatography. The Mn increased consistently with an increase in the grafting time up to 2–3 hours, indicating very low termination rates, which was a result of the “gel effect”. This is the first direct evidence of the gradual Mn increase over time using RGP in thermally and chemically stable polymer films such as fluorinated polymers. When the Mn and Np were plotted as a function of the degree of grafting (DOG), sudden Np drops along with rapid Mn increases were observed in the DOG region of 80–90%, indicating negligible initiation and propagation; however, a recombination termination between two propagating g‐PS radicals dominated the later part of the grafting process. Further increases in both Mn and Np were observed subsequently, implying that reinitiation and propagation events were triggered by morphological changes, as observed by small‐ and ultrasmall‐angle X‐ray scattering experiments, which liberated the dormant radicals from the lamellar crystals.
Simultaneous determination of alachlor and its metabolites in beef muscle, liver, milk, and egg by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Takahashi Miki , Yada Maito , Morimoto Koji , Nemoto Satoru , Akiyama Hiroshi , Inoue Koichi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlachlor is a chloroacetanilide herbicide used to control annual grasses in grazing system and has been observed along with its metabolites in animal foodstuffs. Its residue violations in animal foodstuffs are increasing significantly and therefore, useful and efficient assay is required. In this study, a rapid, useful, routine, and sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneously determining and confirming alachlor and its metabolites (2‐chloro‐N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl) acetamide, 2,6‐diethylaniline, and 2‐ethyl‐6‐(1‐hydroxyethyl) aniline) in beef muscle, liver, milk, and egg samples was examined. The proposed method uses a simple extraction with methanol followed by dispersive and solid‐phase extraction cleanup. Observably, absolute calibration curves were linear from the limit of quantification to 100 ng/mL (r2 > 0.999). The recovery values fortified at 0.02 and 0.2 μg/g ranged from 70.4 to 107.6% with a relative standard deviation ≤ 7.1%. Alachlor and its metabolites in applied samples from Japanese markets were undetected using developed method. We examined the useful and efficient method and sample preparation scheme for actual and rational process of alachlor's residue.
AUBI‐äquivalente Anforderungen an die Zähigkeitshochlage aus Versuchen und Schädigungssimulationen
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Citarelli Sandro , Münstermann Sebastian , Könemann Markus 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSeit mehr als zehn Jahren ist der Aufschweißbiegeversuch (AUBI) für eine Reihe von Fällen, insbesondere für Feinkornbaustähle, nicht mehr verpflichtend. Die hierzu durchgeführten Untersuchungen hatten allerdings nur eine empirisch begründete Korrelation mit der Kerbschlagarbeit hervorgebracht. So fehlt nach wie vor eine Klärung der werkstoffmechanischen Zusammenhänge, denen nachzugehen es die Aufgabe der hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen war. Hierzu wurde auf hybride Modelle der Schädigungsmechanik zurückgegriffen, die die numerische Simulation des AUBI unter Berücksichtigung von sowohl Spaltbruch als auch Gleitbruch und damit auch des Übergangsbereichs erlauben. Damit kann der AUBI wesentlich genauer analysiert werden. Man ist so in der Lage, eine werkstofftechnische Korrelation zur Kerbschlagarbeit zu begründen, was die Vorhersage des AUBI‐Versuchs erlaubt. Ein wichtiges Ergebnis ist, dass die resultierenden Anforderungen an die Hochlagenzähigkeit auch bei konstant gehaltenen AUBI‐Biegewinkeln für verschiedene Stahlsorten deutlich unterschiedlich sind. Solche Anforderungen an die Hochlagenzähigkeit werden zur Entfaltung der Grenztraglasten im ULS erforderlich, insbesondere dort, wo mit Anrissen zu rechnen ist, z. B. im Brückenbau.
Psychological Impact of Living with Scars Following Burn Injury
Authors: Van Loey Nancy E. E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLiving with scars in a society that highly values beauty can be challenging for a burn survivor. Particularly in the current society in which there are signals that increasing demands of beauty are becoming normalized, health care providers should be aware of this changing notion of normality that may increase the call for cosmetic and plastic surgery interventions and, at the same time, may decrease the acceptance of visible differences. This chapter describes psychological problems that may occur in burn survivors with visible differences. The adjustment process that follows after burn injury is complex and multifactorial. A changed appearance can elicit diminished self- and body-esteem and can hamper encounters with others. Knowledge on most frequent psychological disorders and its symptoms are reviewed and the multifaceted process of adjusting to visible differences involving personal and societal factors is described. It outlines risk factors for psychological problems associated with burn scars and how psychological problems can influence the perception of the scars. It also briefly describes psychological interventions that can be applied in this field.
Resistances: Austen and Wedderburn
Authors: Haschemi Yekani Elahe 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this chapter the most famous writer of (female) affective individualism, Jane Austen, and her canonical third published novel Mansfield Park featuring her supposedly most unpopular heroine Fanny Price is juxtaposed with orator Robert Wedderburn’s much more obscure pamphlet The Horrors of Slavery. The chapter also revisits Edward Said’s famous theory of counterpoint in his reading of Austen and proposes instead a focus on entanglement. By contrasting the two texts and their relation to the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, readers get a better understanding of how writers used the affective means of prose writing to introduce more resistant entangled tonalities of familial feeling. Austen presents wilful female subjectivity in a family that invested in slavery and Wedderburn, the unruly planter son, claims familiarity with both his enslaved mother and his slave-owning father, challenging the formula of the “horrors of slavery”. Via internal focalization and incendiary rhetoric respectively both texts tonally also create a more intimate familiarity with their readers. They thus aesthetically resist writing conventions and introduce more ambivalent nuance: pushing the limits of the genre of the country-house novel in Austen and refuting the demure tone of abolitionist writing in Wedderburn.
Consolidations: Dickens and Seacole
Authors: Haschemi Yekani Elahe 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDiscussing Charles Dickens’s American Notes for General Circulation and Bleak House in conjunction with Mary Seacole’s Wonderful Adventures of Mrs Seacole in Many Lands this chapter traces a crucial shift in mid-nineteenth-century literature which consolidates British imperialism via “enlightened” differentiation from the United States and culminates in the more paternalistic rhetoric following the 1857 Sepoy Rebellion. While travelling both authors construct conciliatory images of the English home that do not overtly challenge the sensibilities of the British reading audience. In her travel account, Seacole utilises a confident tone often directly addressing her readers more familiarly than the Black authors before her. Dickens too uses excessive overt narrative comment to promote an idea of a shared sense of indignation at lacking American manners in his travelogue and at the misguided international philanthropy of Mrs Jellyby in Bleak House. Both their consolidating tonalities rest less on complex introspection than on an explicit reassuring British familiarity. However, while Dickens increasingly understands British familial feeling as tied to whiteness, Seacole contests such racialised conceptions of national belonging.
Reflexive Participatory Governance for Agroecological Transformations
Authors: Anderson Colin Ray , Bruil Janneke , Chappell M. Jahi , Kiss Csilla , Pimbert Michel Patrick 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this chapter we further discuss the rationale for a participatory and reflexive governance process as the basis for agroecology transformations. We discuss governance and facilitation mechanisms that enable continuous discussions, negotiations, exchange and joint planning between actors. Further, we provide guidance on this ongoing and iterative social learning processes among actors that can enable and ensure governance interventions that both nurture and anchor agroecology. This often requires an expansion of ‘direct’ democracy in decision-making in order to complement, or replace, models of representative democracy that prevail in conventional policy-making. Finally, we articulate the territorial approach to governance which is increasingly seen as the decisive level in fostering agroecological transformations and the scale where reflexive and participatory governance can be effectively implemented.
Domain A: Rights and Access to Nature—Land, Water, Seeds and Biodiversity
Authors: Anderson Colin Ray , Bruil Janneke , Chappell M. Jahi , Kiss Csilla , Pimbert Michel Patrick 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses a seemingly obvious but often underappreciated reality—without secure land tenure as well as access to and control over other elements of natural ecosystems, agroecology specifically, and the sustainable livelihoods of food producers more generally, will be impossible. We review how the access and control over water, ecosystem, cultivated biodiversity, seeds, breeds and soil amongst other aspects of nature enable agroecology. Conversely, we review the disabling conditions in this domain where inadequate and insecure access and tenure rights for various elements of natural ecosystems increase vulnerability, hunger and poverty and undermine agroecology. Insecure rights and access to nature provides little incentive for farmers, communities and territorial networks to invest in long-term agroecological approaches.
Domain B: Knowledge and Culture
Authors: Anderson Colin Ray , Bruil Janneke , Chappell M. Jahi , Kiss Csilla , Pimbert Michel Patrick 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, we examine the role of knowledge processes in the form of local practice, research, innovation and education in agroecology transformations. Knowledge and power are intimately linked; the questions of ‘what knowledge’ and ‘whose knowledge’ is valued are vitally important. We review the informal (outside of institutions) and formal knowledge processes that have been found to support agroecology. These affirm and enable the knowledge systems of agricultural producers, especially those of women and youth. We further discuss how the combination of scientific knowledge with local and traditional knowledge is important in agroecology transformations. Unfortunately, mainstream knowledge systems often disable agroecology because they privilege outside and top-down processes of knowledge transfer that invalidate local, farmer and indigenous knowledges.
Domain C: Systems of Economic Exchange
Authors: Anderson Colin Ray , Bruil Janneke , Chappell M. Jahi , Kiss Csilla , Pimbert Michel Patrick 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this chapter we examine the importance of systems of economic exchange for agroecology. These include the practices and processes by which agricultural products move from producers to various users and by which agri-food producers acquire inputs that cannot be produced on the farm. We review the importance of traditional systems of exchange (such as informal markets and barter systems), subsistence (or family and community self-provisioning) and ‘nested markets’ that are embedded in democratic social relations for agroecology. These markets thicken networks of solidarity and relations of reciprocity in territories. Nested markets value the ecological, social, economic and political functions and outputs of agroecology and support the development of trust-based networks. Regrettably, mainstream food markets favour large volumes and standardization and exclude most agroecological producers.
Domain D: Networks
Authors: Anderson Colin Ray , Bruil Janneke , Chappell M. Jahi , Kiss Csilla , Pimbert Michel Patrick 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this chapter we examine how local organizations, affinity groups and the formal and informal networks they form provide the basis for the collective, coordinated actions needed for agroecological transformation at different scales. Civil society-driven networks are crucial because they facilitate a kind of cooperation that cannot be generated by the market or the state. On the other hand, the absence of appropriate networks can substantially limit agroecological transition, for example where political dynamics undermine or weaken the development of networks for collective action. Another disabling dimension of this domain is the compartmentalization of networks (e.g. by commodity group), which is a contradiction to the holism of agroecology. Perhaps most challenging is the growing individualization of society that is creating a growing barrier to cooperativism.
Strain-induced crystallisation in natural rubber: a thermodynamically consistent model of the material behaviour using a serial connection of phases
Authors: Loos Klara , Aydogdu Ahmet B. , Lion Alexander , Johlitz Michael , Calipel Jérôme 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA thermodynamically consistent concept to model the strain-induced crystallisation phenomenon using a multiphase approach is discussed in Loos et al. (CMAT 32(2):501–526,2020). In this follow-up contribution, the same mechanical framework is used to construct a second model that sets the same three phases in a serial connection, demonstrating an alternative to the former parallel connection of phases. The hybrid free energy is used to derive the constitutive equations. The evaluation of the Clausius–Duhem inequality ensures thermomechanical consistency. The model is based on a one-dimensional derivation that extends with the concept of representative directions to a three-dimensional anisotropic model. After the step-by-step derivation, the performance of the model is analysed in detail, including its comparison to the well-known Flory model, its evaluation for infinite fast and slow excitations, its simulation of uniaxial cycles and its validation via relaxation experiments. Finally, the model is compared comprehensively to the former parallel model showing their equivalent reason for existence.
Recent advances in 2D hexagonal boron nitride (2D-hBN) applied as the basis of electrochemical sensing platforms
Authors: García-Miranda Ferrari Alejandro , Rowley-Neale Samuel J. , Banks Craig E. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract2D hexagonal boron nitride (2D-hBN) is a lesser utilised material than other 2D counterparts in electrochemistry due to initial reports of it being non-conductive. As we will demonstrate in this review, this common misconception is being challenged, and researchers are starting to utilise 2D-hBN in the field of electrochemistry, particularly as the basis of electroanalytical sensing platforms. In this critical review, we overview the use of 2D-hBN as an electroanalytical sensing platform summarising recent developments and trends and highlight future developments of this interesting, often overlooked, 2D material.
Discrepancies between radiological and histological findings in preoperative core needle (CNB) and vacuum-assisted (VAB) breast biopsies
Authors: Jörg Inna , Wieler Jann , Elfgen Constanze , Bolten Kristina , Hutzli Claudia , Talimi Julia , Vorburger Denise , Choschzick Matthias , Moskovszky Linda , Dedes Konstantin , Varga Zsuzsanna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Ultrasound (US)-guided breast biopsy is a routine diagnostic method used to correlate imaging finding to a histological diagnosis which is still the gold standard in preoperative diagnostics. The accuracy of US-guided breast biopsies relies on a precise radiologic-histopathologic correlation, which is discussed amongst an interdisciplinary team of gynecologists, radiologists and pathologists. However, false-negative or non-diagnostic biopsy results occur. Hence, a thorough and honest discussion to clarify the reason for discrepancies and to decide the next diagnostic step between specialists of the different disciplines is warranted. In this retrospective study, we analyzed discrepant findings between imaging and pathology results on preoperative breast biopsies.

Methods
Core and vacuum-assisted breast biopsies from 232 patients were included in this study. Inclusion criteria were (1) non-diagnostic (B1) category on histology independent from imaging category and (2) histological benign (B2) category with a BIRADS 5 (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) rating on imaging. Histological diagnoses were retrieved from all cases. Follow-up data were available in most cases.

Results
138 biopsies were classified as B1, 94 biopsies as B2 category. 51 of 138 B1 cases (37%) underwent re-biopsy. Re-biopsy found malignancy (B5) in 19 of 51 cases, and B3/4 (premalignant) lesions in 3 of 51 cases. All B2 cases underwent second-look imaging-diagnosis, in 57 of 94 cases (66%) consecutive direct surgery or re-biopsy. Of these, malignancy was diagnosed histologically in 26 of 57 cases (45.6%).

Conclusion
Determining imaging-pathology concordance after US-guided breast biopsy is essential. Discrepant cases and further diagnostic steps need to be discussed with an interdisciplinary approach.