bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processing‐Performance Evolution of Perovskite Solar Cells: From Large Grain Polycrystalline Films to Single Crystals
Authors: Haque Md Azimul , Troughton Joel , Baran Derya 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSolution‐processable halide perovskites have emerged as strong contenders for next‐generation solar cells owing to their favorable optoelectronic properties. To maintain the efficiency momentum of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), development of advanced processing techniques, particularly for the perovskite layer, is imperative. There is a close correlation between the quality of the perovskite layer and its photophysical properties: Highly crystalline large grains with uniform morphology of the perovskite layer and their interface with charge transporters are crucial for achieving high performance. Significant efforts have been dedicated to achieve perovskite films with large grains reaching the millimeter‐scale for high‐efficiency PSCs. Recent work showcases a transition from large grain polycrystalline to single‐crystalline (SC) PSCs made possible by the facile growth of perovskite single crystals. In this review, the recent progress of the large grain polycrystalline PSCs and grain boundary‐free SC‐PSCs is reported, particularly focusing on the recent approach of depositing large‐grained perovskite layers and single crystal growth technique, that have been adopted for fabrication of efficient PSCs. In addition, prospects of SC‐PSCs and their further development in terms of efficiency, device design, scalability, and stability are discussed.
3D Porous Pyramid Heterostructure Array Realizing Efficient Photo‐Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Cao Shuyan , Wu Yunzhen , Hou Jungang , Zhang Bo , Li Zhuwei , Nie Xiaowa , Sun Licheng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDirect photo‐electrochemical (PEC) water splitting is of great practical interest for developing a sustainable energy systems, but remains a big challenge owing to sluggish charge separation, low efficiency, and poor stability. Herein, a 3D porous In2O3/In2S3 pyramid heterostructure array on a fluorine‐doped tin oxide substrate is fabricated by an ion exchange–induced synthesis strategy. Based on the synergistic structural and electronic modulations from density functional theory calculations and experimental observations, 3D porous In2O3/In2S3 photoanode by the protective layer delivers a low onset potential of ≈0.02 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), the highest photocurrent density of 8.2 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus RHE among all the In2S3 photoanodes reported to date, an incident photon‐to‐current efficiency of 76% at 400 nm, and high stability over 20 h for PEC water splitting are reported. This work provides an alternative promising prototype for the design and construction of novel heterostructures in robust PEC water splitting applications.
Learner‐centered Survey of Point‐of‐care Ultrasound Training, Competence, and Implementation Barriers in Emergency Medicine Training Programs in India
Authors: Boniface Keith S. , Drake Aaran , Pyle Matthew , Moideen Fabith , Mehta Sanjay , Poovathumparambil Venugopal , Shokoohi Hamid , Douglass Katherine 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundPoint‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) is important to the practice of emergency medicine (EM), but requires training to achieve competence. The purpose of this study was to describe the current state of POCUS practice and perceived barriers to the implementation in EM training programs in India.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey consisting of 28 questions was administered to 378 faculty and residents in postgraduate EM training programs across India.ResultsData were collected from 159 physicians from 16 institutions; 76% of them were EM residents, with a response rate of 42%. Respondents overwhelmingly reported high interest (91%) in learning POCUS topics. Respondents identified highest levels of comfort with the performance and interpretation of trauma ultrasound (US) and echocardiography. Conversely, there was a scarce interest and low levels of competence in performing obstetric US, which may be a result of the practice of triaging these complaints to obstetricians and gynecologists. Lack of US equipment and dedicated training were the highest rated barriers by a significant margin, which 56% of respondents ranked as “very important.”ConclusionsWhile significant interest in POCUS exists among the Indian EM physicians, comfort and competence were limited to trauma and echocardiography applications. Expansion of and comfort with POCUS use in these settings may be sought through improvement of access to US equipment and a dedicated US curriculum.
A Novel Medical Student Assistant Accommodation Model for a Medical Student With a Disability During a Required Clinical Clerkship
Authors: Jauregui Joshua , Strote Jared , Addison Conrad , Robins Lynne , Shandro Jamie 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTBackgroundAs efforts continue to diversify the physician workforce so that it better matches the patient population, the number of medical students with disabilities will increase. U.S. medical schools and emergency medicine (EM) clerkships should be prepared to provide full and meaningful access to learners with disabilities.MethodsWe created a novel means of providing access to a senior medical student with a mobility disability (secondary to a cervical spinal cord injury) to participate in a fourth‐year EM clerkship. We hired four second‐year medical students as intermediaries to perform senior medical student–directed physical examination maneuvers, during his 15 required 8‐hour emergency department shifts. The senior medical student dictated his documentation using Dragon Natural Speaking (Nuance Communications, 2015) voice recognition software.ResultsThe senior medical student successfully completed the required clinical clerkship and earned a honors grade for his work. Both the senior medical student and the second‐year medical student intermediaries gave positive feedback about the experience.ConclusionsGiven the significant prevalence of disability among medical students in U.S. medical schools, medical educators should provide greater access to students with disabilities and opportunities for advanced education for all learners by creating innovative clinical curriculum. The authors recommend the student intermediary model for senior medical students with physical disabilities in required clinical clerkships.
Strong dispersal limitation in postfire regeneration of Baker cypress, a rare serotinous conifer
Authors: McNamara Bret A. , Greene David F. , Kane Jeffrey M. 
Published: November 2019

PremiseDispersal capacity primarily determines the spatial establishment patterns that drive range expansions and contractions in tree species. Seedling establishment in Baker cypress (Hesperocyparis bakeri [(Jeps.) Bartel]) relies predominantly on fire events, due to its cone serotiny, shade intolerance, and small seeds that require the optimal conditions of fire‐exposed, mineral soil seedbeds.MethodsWe quantified the density and spatial distribution of post‐disturbance seedlings following the 2014 Eiler Fire in northern California and compared the observed recruitment to predictions from a mechanistic seed dispersal model.ResultsPostfire recruitment was dense, averaging 11 seedlings/m2, and occurred primarily in the first year after fire. We estimated the mean descent velocity of the wingless seeds as ~4 m/s, the highest value reported for any putatively wind‐dispersed tree species. The rapid seed descent contributed to markedly spatially constrained recruitment. Most seedlings (~81%) established within 5 m of the parent tree, and 94% established within 10 m. The maximum observed dispersal distance was 48.5 m; dispersal distance scaled linearly with canopy height. Distributions of modeled seed dispersal distance and observed seedling establishment in Baker cypress did not differ, demonstrating that wind disperses seeds a short distance because of the lack of a wing, and secondary dispersal appeared to be minimal at this recently burned site.ConclusionsIf seed dispersal is solely reliant on wind, migration in response to rapid climate change will be impeded and potentially present difficulties in sustaining populations of this and other obligate seeder species with equally constrained dispersal.
Water insecurity and urban poverty in the Global South: Implications for health and human biology
Authors: Adams Ellis A. , Stoler Justin , Adams Yenupini 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesOver half of the world's population (4 billion people) experience severe water scarcity at least one month per year, while half a billion people experience severe water scarcity throughout the year. Despite progress from national and global interventions, a staggering proportion of the Global South remains water insecure. Rapid urban growth and associated demographic changes, climate change, and governance failure have also fostered the growth and expansion of urban informal settlements and slums where widespread poverty and environmental hazards exacerbate the impact of water insecurity on health. This article reflects on the interactions between water insecurity and urban poverty in the Global South across four categories of health outcomes: gastrointestinal diseases, mosquito‐borne diseases, injuries, and mental illness. These examples highlight the mechanisms through which urban poverty exacerbates the adverse health effects of water insecurity.MethodsThe four selected health outcomes were chosen a priori to represent two communicable conditions with well‐developed literatures, and two noncommunicable conditions with newer literatures that have emerged over the last decade. We conducted a narrative literature review of scholarly and gray literature appearing between January 2000 and April 2019 using several online scholarly databases.ResultsGastrointestinal diseases, mosquito‐borne diseases, injuries, and mental illness all exemplified the relationship between water insecurity and urban poverty through human biological pathways. For each of the four health categories, we identified frontiers for human biology research contributions to the water‐poverty‐health nexus.ConclusionsWe discuss our findings in the context of three crosscutting themes that merit innovative research approaches: stressor interactions and trade‐offs, exposure thresholds, and intervention efficacy. We reiterate that the global burden of disease associated with water insecurity cannot be addressed in isolation from efforts to alleviate extreme poverty.
International meeting on Wolf‐Hirschhorn syndrome: Update on the nosology and new insights on the pathogenic mechanisms for seizures and growth delay
Authors: Nevado Julián , Ho Karen S. , Zollino Marcella , Blanco Raquel , Cobaleda César , Golzio Christelle , Beaudry‐Bellefeuille Isabelle , Berrocoso Sarah , Limeres Jacobo , Barrúz Pilar , Serrano‐Martín Candela , Cafiero Concetta , Málaga Ignacio , Marangi Giuseppe , Campos‐Sánchez Elena , Moriyón‐Iglesias Tania , Márquez Sorangui , Markham Leah , Twede Hope , Lortz Amanda , Olson Lenora , Sheng Xiaoming , Weng Cindy , Wassman Edward Robert , Newcomb Tara , Wassman Edward Robert , Carey John C. , Battaglia Agatino , López‐Granados Eduardo ,   Wolf‐Hirschhorn Spain's Working Group, Douglas Damien , Lapunzina Pablo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract“An International Meeting on Wolf‐Hirschhorn Syndrome (WHS)” was held at The University Hospital La Paz in Madrid, Spain (October 13–14, 2017). One hundred and twenty‐five people, including physicians, scientists and affected families, attended the meeting. Parent and patient advocates from the Spanish Association of WHS opened the meeting with a panel discussion to set the stage regarding their hopes and expectations for therapeutic advances. In keeping with the theme on therapeutic development, the sessions followed a progression from description of the phenotype and definition of therapeutic endpoints, to definition of genomic changes. These proceedings will review the major points of discussion.
RHAMM inhibits cell migration via the AKT/GSK3β/Snail axis in luminal A subtype breast cancer
Authors: Wang Juan , Li Dan , Shen Wenzhi , Sun Wei , Gao Ruifang , Jiang Pengling , Wang Liang , Liu Yanhua , Chen Yanan , Zhou Wei , Wang Rongrong , Xiang Rong , Stupack Dwayne , Luo Na 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBreast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women. Although the mortality rate of breast cancer has fallen over the past 10 years, effective treatments that reduce the occurrence of breast cancer metastasis remain lacking. In this study, we explored the role of receptor for hyaluronan mediated motility (RHAMM) and the associated signaling pathway in cell migration in luminal A breast cancer. We first examined RHAMM expression levels using human breast tissue microarray and patient breast tissues. We then studied the role of RHAMM in migration in luminal A breast cancer using loss‐of‐function and gain‐of‐function strategies in in vitro models and confirmed these findings in an in vivo model. Finally, we investigated signaling molecules that play a role in cell migration using western blot. Our results demonstrated the following: (a) RHAMM shows high expression levels in malignant breast tissue, (b) RHAMM shows low expression levels in luminal A breast cancer compared to other subtypes of breast cancer, (c) RHAMM inhibits cell migration in luminal A breast cancer, and (d) RHAMM inhibits cell migration via the AKT/GSK3β/Snail axis in luminal A breast cancer. This study demonstrates a novel role of RHAMM in cell migration in luminal A breast cancer and suggests that therapeutic strategies involving RHAMM should be considered for various subtypes of breast cancer.
Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Crinum macowanii bulb extracts and the application of these materials in blood detections at crime scenes
Authors: Khunoana Sewela , Parani Sundarajen , Oluwafemi Oluwatobi Samuel , Ndinteh Derek Tantoh , Pillay Kriveshini 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe here in report the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using a Crinum macowanii bulb water extract. The as‐synthesized AuNPs were characterized using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and a zeta potential‐sizer. The results showed that the as‐synthesized AuNPs were crystalline and mostly spherical in shape with a small mixture of triangular, tetrahedral, hexagonal, octagonal, and diamond shapes. The as‐synthesized AuNPs together with those synthesized by conventional methods were subsequently used as enhancers for the luminol signal in blood detection. It was noted that the AuNPs synthesized from the Crinum macowanii bulb water extract could enhance the chemiluminescence signal for blood detection by luminol to the same extent as AuNPs prepared by conventional methods. Furthermore, both types of AuNPs served as fluorescence enhancers for blood detection when luminol was replaced with the bulb water extract.
Systematic review and narrative synthesis of surgeons' perception of postoperative outcomes and risk
Authors: Dilaver N. M. , Gwilym B. L. , Preece R. , Twine C. P. , Bosanquet D. C. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
The accuracy with which surgeons can predict outcomes following surgery has not been explored in a systematic way. The aim of this review was to determine how accurately a surgeon's ‘gut feeling’ or perception of risk correlates with patient outcomes and available risk scoring systems.

Methods
A systematic review was undertaken in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. A narrative synthesis was performed in accordance with the Guidance on the Conduct of Narrative Synthesis In Systematic Reviews. Studies comparing surgeons' preoperative or postoperative assessment of patient outcomes were included. Studies that made comparisons with risk scoring tools were also included. Outcomes evaluated were postoperative mortality, general and operation-specific morbidity and long-term outcomes.

Results
Twenty-seven studies comprising 20 898 patients undergoing general, gastrointestinal, cardiothoracic, orthopaedic, vascular, urology, endocrine and neurosurgical operations were included. Surgeons consistently overpredicted mortality rates and were outperformed by existing risk scoring tools in six of seven studies comparing area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUC). Surgeons' prediction of general morbidity was good, and was equivalent to, or better than, pre-existing risk prediction models. Long-term outcomes were poorly predicted by surgeons, with AUC values ranging from 0·51 to 0·75. Four of five studies found postoperative risk estimates to be more accurate than those made before surgery.

Conclusion
Surgeons consistently overestimate mortality risk and are outperformed by pre-existing tools; prediction of longer-term outcomes is also poor. Surgeons should consider the use of risk prediction tools when available to inform clinical decision-making.
PACAP27 mitigates an age‐dependent hippocampal vulnerability to PGJ2‐induced spatial learning deficits and neuroinflammation in mice
Authors: Avila Jorge A. , Kiprowska Magdalena , Jean‐Louis Teneka , Rockwell Patricia , Figueiredo‐Pereira Maria E. , Serrano Peter A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundInflammation in the brain is mediated by the cyclooxygenase pathway, which leads to the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandin (PG) D2, the most abundant PG in the brain, increases under pathological conditions and is spontaneously metabolized to PGJ2. PGJ2 is highly neurotoxic, with the potential to transition neuroinflammation into a chronic state and contribute to neurodegeneration as seen in many neurological diseases. Conversely, PACAP27 is a lipophilic peptide that raises intracellular cAMP and is an anti‐inflammatory agent. The aim of our study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of PACAP27 to counter the behavioral and neurotoxic effects of PGJ2 observed in aged subjects.MethodsPGJ2 was injected bilaterally into the hippocampal CA1 region of 53‐week‐old and 12‐week‐old C57BL/6N male mice, once per week over 3 weeks (three total infusions) and included co‐infusions of PACAP27 within respective treatment groups. Our behavioral assessments looked at spatial learning and memory performance on the 8‐arm radial maze, followed by histological analyses of fixed hippocampal tissue using Fluoro‐Jade C and fluorescent immunohistochemistry focused on IBA‐1 microglia.ResultsAged mice treated with PGJ2 exhibited spatial learning and long‐term memory deficits, as well as neurodegeneration in CA3 pyramidal neurons. Aged mice that received co‐infusions of PACAP27 exhibited remediated learning and memory performance and decreased neurodegeneration in CA3 pyramidal neurons. Moreover, microglial activation in the CA3 region was also reduced in aged mice cotreated with PACAP27.ConclusionsOur data show that PGJ2 can produce a retrograde spread of damage not observed in PGJ2‐treated young mice, leading to age‐dependent neurodegeneration of hippocampal neurons producing learning and memory deficits. PACAP27 can remediate the behavioral and neurodegenerative effects that PGJ2 produces in aged subjects. Targeting specific neurotoxic prostaglandins, such as PGJ2, offers great promise as a new therapeutic strategy downstream of cyclooxygenases, to combat the neuronal deficits induced by chronic inflammation.
p65/miR‐23a/CCL22 axis regulated regulatory T cells recruitment in hepatitis B virus positive hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Li Zhi‐Qin , Wang Hong‐Yan , Zeng Qing‐Lei , Yan Jing‐Ya , Hu Yu‐Shu , Li Hua , Yu Zu‐Jiang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundCCL22 played critical roles in Tregs recruitment. The upstream regulators modulating CCL22 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were not clearly understood.MethodsMiR‐23a, p‐p65, p65, CCL22, and Foxp3 levels were monitored by RT‐qPCR and western blotting. Immunofluorescence assay was used to perform the costaining of Foxp3 and CD4 on liver tissues. Transwell assay was applied to evaluate the migration ability of Tregs. Dual‐luciferase assay was performed to determine relationship of miR‐23a/CCL22 and p65/miR‐23a. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was applied to detect the direct binding of p65 to miR‐23a promoter. Xenograft tumor models were developed to investigate the functions of p65 and miR‐23a in vivo.ResultsHBV infection was associated with reduced survival and increased Tregs recruitment in HCC patients. MiR‐23a was decreased, whereas p65, CCL22, and Foxp3 were increased in HBV+ tumors. MiR‐23a was inversely correlated with CCL22 and Foxp3 expression in HCC. MiR‐23a directly targeted CCL22 3’UTR, leading to CCL22 reduction and attenuated Tregs recruitment. Meanwhile, p65 functioned as a transcription repressor of miR‐23a by directly binding to its promoter. Inhibition of p65 induced miR‐23 expression, leading to less CCL22 expression and Tregs recruitment in vitro. CCL22 was the indispensable effector underlying p65/miR‐23a axis and Tregs recruitment. MiR‐23a inhibitor promoted xenografted tumor growth accompanying with upregulation of CCL22, whereas p65 inhibition exerted opposite effects.ConclusionBlockage of p65 disinhibited miR‐23a expression, leading to CCL22 reduction and repress Tregs recruitment. Targeting p65/miR‐23a/CCL22 axis was a novel approach for HBV+ HCC treatment.
Outcomes of a randomized controlled trial assessing a smartphone Application to reduce unmet needs among people diagnosed with CancEr (ACE)
Authors: Livingston Patricia M. , Heckel Leila , Orellana Liliana , Ashley David , Ugalde Anna , Botti Mari , Pitson Graham , Woollett Anne , Chambers Suzanne K. , Parente Phillip , Chirgwin Jacqueline , Mihalopoulos Cathrine , Lavelle Barbara , Sutton Jennifer , Phipps‐Nelson Jo , Krishnasamy Mei , Simons Katherine , Heynsbergh Natalie , Wickramasinghe Nilmini , White Vicki 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundSmartphone technology represents an opportunity to deliver practical solutions for people affected by cancer at a scale that was previously unimaginable, such as information, appointment monitoring, and improved access to cancer support services. This study aimed to determine whether a smartphone application (app) reduced the unmet needs among people newly diagnosed with cancer.MethodsA single blind, multisite randomized controlled trial to determine the impact of an app‐based, 4‐month intervention. Newly diagnosed cancer patients were approached at three health service treatment clinics.ResultsEighty‐two people were randomized (intervention; n = 43 and control; n = 39), average age was 59.5 years (SD: 12.9); 71% female; 67% married or in a de facto relationship. At baseline, there were no differences in participants’ characteristics between the groups. No significant effects, in reducing unmet needs, were demonstrated at the end of intervention (4‐month) or 12‐month follow‐up. Overall, 94% used the app in weeks 1‐4, which decreased to 41% in weeks 13‐16. Mean app use time per participant: Cancer Information, 6.9 (SD: 18.9) minutes; Appointment Schedule, 5.1 (SD: 9.6) minutes; Cancer Services 1.5 minutes (SD: 6.8); Hospital Navigation, 1.4 (SD: 2.8) minutes.ConclusionsDespite consumer involvement in the design of this smartphone technology, the app did not reduce unmet needs. This may have been due to the study being underpowered. To contribute to a meaningful understanding and improved implementation of smartphone technology to support people affected by cancer, practical considerations, such as recruitment issues and access to, and confidence with, apps, need to be considered.Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registration (ACTRN) Trial Registration: 12616001251415; WEF 7/9/2016.