bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endogenous inclusive development of e‐commerce in rural China: A case study
Authors: Gao Ping , Liu Yajun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper advances understanding of the process and mechanism of endogenous inclusive development of information and communications technology (ICT) solutions. We present a case of a bottom of the pyramid (BoP) community in a rural area in China, which has achieved sustainable furniture e‐commerce development independently. The case study demonstrates that e‐commerce development in a disadvantaged area can start from a seed business model targeting a niche market with simple products, which will incur low costs and low skill requirements for entrepreneurs, and is thus able to scale up within local BoP community. In the second stage, BoP entrepreneurs must engage in intensive learning from the seed entrepreneur and other early movers to gain the required capabilities for operating the seed business model. In the last stage, BoP entrepreneurs need to focus on business model innovation and scoping, and form a local value chain and ecosystem for e‐commerce development. Throughout the e‐commerce development process, a seed entrepreneur plays specific critical roles at each stage. Practical implications for the BoP community to take advantage of ICT innovation to achieve sustainable development are given.
Overexpression of neural miRNAs miR‐9/9* and miR‐124 suppresses differentiation to Müller glia and promotes differentiation to neurons in mouse retina in vivo
Authors: Suzuki Fumiko , Okuno Mariko , Tanaka Tomoya , Sanuki Rikako 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to regulate gene expression and modulate cellular differentiation. MicroRNA‐9/9* (miR‐9/9*) and microRNA‐124 (miR‐124) are highly expressed in the central nervous system. In vivo function of miR‐9/9* and miR‐124 has been investigated in detail, whereas there remain some discrepancies regarding neural development. To this end, we electroporated miR‐9/9*, miR‐124 or miR‐9/9*/124 expression plasmids into neonatal retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) in vivo and analyzed the fate of electroporated cells. Both miR‐9/9* and miR‐124 reduced the number of SOX9‐ and GS‐positive cells and increased that of TUBB3‐positive cells in the postnatal day 14 retina. No major effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of the electroporated cells were detected at least postnatal day 3. These indicated that miR‐9/9* and miR‐124 influence the cell fate of glial cells, thereby inducing their differentiation into neurons. Moreover, we found this cell fate modulation was occurred in RPCs indicating high‐level expression of miRNA, but not in the low level. Our results strongly suggest that high‐level miRNA overexpression is essential for directing cell fate by miR‐9/9* and miR‐124 interference.
Review of Laboratory Scale Models of Karst Aquifers: Approaches, Similitude, and Requirements
Authors: Mohammadi Zargham , Illman Walter A. , Field Malcolm 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis review focuses on investigations of groundwater flow and solute transport in karst aquifers through laboratory scale models (LSMs). In particular, LSMs have been used to generate new data under different hydraulic and contaminant transport conditions, testing of new approaches for site characterization, and providing new insights into flow and transport processes through complex karst aquifers. Due to the increasing need for LSMs to investigate a wide range of issues, associated with flow and solute migration karst aquifers this review attempts to classify, and introduce a framework for constructing a karst aquifer physical model that is more representative of field conditions. The LSMs are categorized into four groups: sand box, rock block, pipe/fracture network, and pipe‐matrix coupling. These groups are compared and their advantages and disadvantages highlighted. The capabilities of such models have been extensively improved by new developments in experimental methods and measurement devices. Newer technologies such as 3D printing, computed tomography scanning, X‐rays, nuclear magnetic resonance, novel geophysical techniques, and use of nanomaterials allow for greater flexibilities in conducting experiments. In order for LSMs to be representative of karst aquifers, a few requirements are introduced: (1) the ability to simulate heterogeneous distributions of karst hydraulic parameters, (2) establish Darcian and non‐Darcian flow regimes and exchange between the matrix and conduits, (3) placement of adequate sampling points and intervals, and (4) achieving some degree of geometric, kinematic, and dynamic similitude to represent field conditions.
High‐Resolution Characterization of a Chlorinated Solvent Impacted Aquifer Using a Passive Profiler
Authors: Schneider Haley A. , Jackson W. Andrew , Hatzinger Paul B. , Schaefer Charles E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA direct‐drive high‐resolution passive profiler (HRPP) was developed to quantify and delineate concentrations of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs), geochemical indicators and CVOC‐degrading microorganisms/genes, as well as to perform compound‐specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) of CVOCs and estimate interstitial velocity at <30‐cm resolution. The profilers can be coupled together to provide a continuous sample interval and advanced to depths up to approximately 9 m below‐ground surface (bgs) within saturated media where direct‐push techniques are feasible. The HRPP was field tested in a previous dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zone at the former Naval Air Station in Alameda, CA. HRPP data sets were compared to the following traditional groundwater data sets: CVOC and anion concentrations in standard and multilevel monitoring well water samples, CVOC concentrations in soil core samples, qualitative contaminant profiles delineated with a membrane interface probe (MIP), microbial community and CSIA profiles from Bio‐Traps® deployed in wells, groundwater velocity from passive flux meters (PFMs), lithologic profiles correlated with MIP electrical conductivity (EC), and velocity estimates based on permeability profiles measured with a Geoprobe hydraulic profiling tool (HPT). In some cases, the HRPP data were equivalent to traditional techniques and, in other cases, the HRPP data were more representative of local variability rather than bulk aquifer conditions. Overall the results support the use of the HRPP to provide high‐resolution data on concentrations, velocity, and microbial activity in temporary direct‐push deployments without well installation, providing a new tool to better assess source zones and contaminated groundwater plumes, even in low permeability media, and to increase the fidelity of site transport models.
The origins of the Piast dynasty and its polity in historiographical perspective
Authors: Dalewski Zbigniew 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Piast dynasty has a long history. It ruled Poland for several centuries until the late 14th century and its last male representative died in the late 17th century only. The origins of the Piasts are not, however, clear. Due to scarcity of sources, their earliest history is full of gaps and controversies. The traditional narrative presented the emergence of the Piast polity as a result of a long evolutionary state‐building process going back to the tribal times, a century and half before the information about the Piasts appeared in the written sources in the second half of the 10th century. In the last decades that narrative was seriously questioned. The new analysis of archaeological evidence using the dendrochronological method proved that the Piast polity emerged much later and much faster than thought before.
Polar compound composition of four vegetable oils as affected by tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and chlorophyll during room‐temperature storage
Authors: Chen Jia , Zhang Lingyan , Wen Yuxiu , Li Yonglin , Sun Yiwen , Yu Xiuzhu 
Published: September 2020

SummaryThe interaction of tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) or chlorophyll with the oxidative phenomena involving oils has been previously reported. This study aimed to investigate the effects of TBHQ and chlorophyll on the polar compound composition of four vegetable oils during room‐temperature storage. Samples with different oxidation levels were collected. The results obtained showed that the major changes in polar compounds occurred in oxidised triglyceride (TAG) monomer (OxTG) content, whereas no evident change transpired in other components. The TBHQ‐added and chlorophyll‐added groups caused a decrease in the levels of OxTG in peanut and linseed oils. The chlorophyll‐added group contained high amount of OxTG in rapeseed oil, whereas no such phenomenon occurred in the TBHQ‐added group. This finding can be due to the antioxidant effect of chlorophyll in the dark. Therefore, the role of TBHQ or chlorophyll in TAG oxidation results from different phenomena that occur depending on the system and type of oil.
Standardization of Prothrombin Time/International Normalized Ratio (PT/INR)
Authors: Dorgalaleh Akbar , Favaloro Emmanuel J. , Bahraini Mehran , Rad Fariba 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe prothrombin time (PT) represents the most commonly used coagulation test in clinical laboratories. The PT is mathematically converted to the international normalized ratio (INR) for use in monitoring anticoagulant therapy with vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin in order to provide test results that are adjusted for thromboplastin and instrument used. The INR is created using two major PT ‘correction factors’, namely the mean normal PT (MNPT) and the international sensitivity index (ISI). Manufacturers of reagents and coagulometers have made some efforts to harmonizing INRs, for example, by tailoring reagents to specific coagulometers and provide associated ISI values. Thus, two types of ISIs may be generated, with one being a ‘general’ or ‘generic’ ISI and others being reagent/coagulometer‐specific ISI values. Although these play a crucial role in improving INR results between laboratories, these laboratories reported INR values are known to still differ, even when laboratories use the same thromboplastin reagent and coagulometer. Moreover, ISI values for a specific thromboplastin can vary among different models of coagulometers from a manufacturer using the same method for clot identification. All these factors can be sources of error for INR reporting, which in turn can significantly affect patient management. In this narrative review, we provide some guidance to appropriate ISI verification/validation, which may help decrease the variability in cross laboratory reporting of INRs.
Differential immune responses of immunoglobulin Z subclass members in antibacterial immunity in a zebrafish model
Authors: Ji Jian‐fei , Hu Chong‐bin , Shao Tong , Fan Dong‐dong , Zhang Nan , Lin Ai‐fu , Xiang Li‐xin , Shao Jian‐zhong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractImmunoglobulin Z (IgZ) or its equivalent immunoglobulin T (IgT) is a newly identified immunoglobulin (Ig) class from teleost fish. This Ig class is characterized by its involvement in mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) for mucosal defence against pathogen infection. Recently, several subclass members of IgZ/IgT, such as IgZ, IgZ2, Igτ1, Igτ2 and Igτ3, have been further identified from zebrafish, common carp and rainbow trout. However, the functional diversity and correlation among these subclasses remain uncertain. Here, we explored the differential immune reactions of the IgZ and IgZ2 subclasses in antibacterial immunity in a zebrafish model. IgZ was extensively distributed in the peripheral serum and skin/gill MALTs and showed a rapid induction upon bacterial infection. IgZ2 was specialized in skin/gill MALTs and showed a strong induction following IgZ production. Correspondingly, the IgZ+ B cells had a wider distribution in the systemic primary/secondary lymphoid tissues and MALTs than the IgZ2+ B cells, which were predominant in MALTs. IgZ and IgZ2 exhibited a complementary effect in antibacterial immunity by possessing differential abilities. That is, IgZ is preferentially involved in bactericidal reaction that is in part C1q‐dependent, and IgZ2 participates in neutralization action through bacteria‐coating activity. The production of IgZ largely depended on the αβ T/CD4+ T cells, whereas that of IgZ2 did not, suggesting the different dependencies of IgZ and IgZ2 on systemic immunity. Our findings demonstrate that the functional behaviour and mechanism of the IgZ/IgT family are more diverse than previously recognized and thus improve the current knowledge about this ancient Ig class.
Can children’s oral hygiene and sleep routines be compromised during the COVID‐19 pandemic?
Authors: Baptista Ana Sofia , Prado Ivana Meyer , Perazzo Matheus França , Pinho Teresa , Paiva Saul Martins , Pordeus Isabela Almeida , Serra‐Negra Júnia Maria 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundDuring COVID‐19 pandemic, children are confined at home, with changes in family routines.AimEvaluate sleep disorders among Brazilian and Portuguese children during social distancing, and its association with parental perception of child's oral hygiene.DesignIn this cross‐sectional study, Portuguese and Brazilian parents/caregivers of 3‐ to 15‐year‐old children, practicing social distancing due to COVID‐19 pandemic, answered an online questionnaire, from April 24‐26, 2020, evaluating sociodemographic characteristics, child's school activities online, child's sleep quality during social distancing. Two questions from the questionnaire, developed based on previous studies, evaluated the parental perception of child's oral hygiene quality and routine changes during social distancing. Parents/caregivers answered five domains of the Portuguese‐language version of the Sleep Disturbances Scale for Children, evaluating sleep‐breathing disorders, disorders of arousal, sleep‐wake transition disorders, disorders of excessive somnolence and sleep hyperhidrosis. Descriptive, Linear‐by‐linear association, Kruskal‐Wallis and post hoc analysis were performed (P ≤ .05).ResultsParticipated in the study 253 parents/caregivers, 50.2% from Brazil. Most parents (72.2%) reported changes in child's routine during social distancing. Sleep breathing disorders (P = .019), sleep‐wake transition disorders (P = .022), and disorders of excessive somnolence (P < .001) were associated with poor oral hygiene during social distancing.ConclusionSleep disorders are associated with poor oral hygiene during social distancing.
Silicothermic synthesis of phase‐pure HfB2 fine powder
Authors: Zhang Jinhua , Xiong Si , Wang Jingran , Ni Yue’e , Ke Changming 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPhase pure and nano‐sized hafnium diboride (HfB2) fine powder was prepared via a novel sustainable silicothermic route at 1100°C from inexpensive raw materials HfO2, Na2B4O7 and Si. By introducing sodium oxysalts as source of Na2O into the batch mixtures, the SiO2/ Na2O modulus in the melt were reduced from 5:1 to 2:1, and the original water‐insoluble byproduct SiO2 was taken by the melt at test temperature and converted into water soluble sodium silicate (Na2Si2O5) which was easily removed from the reacted mass via simple hot water washing. Consequently, the aqua sodium silicate could be readily recycled and used as a precursor for preparing many other valuable materials due to absence of foreign salts (eg halides, especially in the molten salt‐assisted synthesis process) in the synthesis process, and the relevant environmental concerns could be alleviated. Using excessive amount of 20 wt% Si and 15 wt% Na2B4O7 as compensation for the evaporation loss of silicon, in the form of SiO (g), and B2O3 in the reduction process, a high reaction extent was achieved and HfO2 and Na2B4O7 were completely converted into HfB2 at 1100°C.
Unravelling the small‐island effect through phylogenetic community ecology
Authors: Matthews Thomas J. , Rigal François , Kougioumoutzis Kostas , Trigas Panayiotis , Triantis Kostas A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimThe small‐island effect (SIE) describes a different relationship between island area and species richness on smaller compared to larger islands. The pattern has recently gained widespread support. However, few studies have attempted to identify the actual mechanisms driving the SIE. Here, we use a phylogenetic community framework to study the SIE, based on the assumption that if the dominant assembly processes differ between small and large islands, patterns of phylogenetic community structure should shift across the area and habitat diversity gradient.LocationThe Aegean Archipelago, Greece.TaxonPlants.MethodsWe used a large dataset of 3,262 vascular plant species distributed across 173 islands, in combination with a species‐level phylogeny. The phylogenetic community structure of each island was calculated using a null modelling framework and was quantified using effect sizes (ES); negative values indicating phylogenetic clustering and positive values overdispersion. Habitat diversity, species richness, phylogenetic diversity (PD) and ES values were regressed against log10‐transformed area and we tested for a SIE using piecewise regression models. We also assessed differences in taxonomic and phylogenetic composition between small and large islands using a beta diversity framework.ResultsWe found evidence of a SIE using species richness, PD and phylogenetic community structure (ES values). Small islands displayed low variation in habitat diversity and tended to be more phylogenetically clustered, while large islands shifted from phylogenetic clustering towards phylogenetic overdispersion with increasing area and habitat diversity. In addition, we showed that phylogenetic composition tended to be more similar between small islands than expected.Main conclusionOverall, our results provide an example of a SIE in the analysis of island phylogenetic community structure, and point to a role of habitat diversity in driving the SIE more generally.
Linking seascape with landscape genetics: Oceanic currents favour colonization across the Galápagos Islands by a coastal plant
Authors: Arjona Yurena , Fernández‐López Javier , Navascués Miguel , Alvarez Nadir , Nogales Manuel , Vargas Pablo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimCoastal plants are terrestrial organisms for which ocean surface currents often act as long‐distance dispersal vectors (thalassochorous species) favouring broad distributions and connecting distant populations. However, few studies have statistically assessed the role of currents in modulating gene flow and species distributions of terrestrial organisms. Here we evaluate the hypothesis that some thalassochorous plants exhibit population connectivity, presumably due to effective seed dispersal driven by sea currents.LocationGalápagos Islands (Ecuador).TaxonSalt bush (Cryptocarpus pyriformis Kunth), a Galápagos native and locally widespread coastal angiosperm.MethodsUsing 1806 SNPs obtained by ddRADseq, we evaluated the genetic structure and differentiation of the Galápagos salt bush. To assess the role of sea currents in modulating inter‐population gene flow, four explicit hypotheses were tested using reciprocal causal modelling and spatial eigenvector analysis: (a) isolation by sea resistance, considering that only sea dispersal is possible; (b) isolation by sea and inland resistance, considering that inland dispersal is also possible; (c) isolation by barrier, considering the sea as an obstacle to seed dispersal; and (d) isolation by geographical distance.ResultsLow differentiation and little genetic structure were detected among populations of C. pyriformis. Pairwise genetic distances between populations from different islands were significantly correlated with cost distances calculated from sea‐current direction and speed. Nonetheless, inland dispersal also accounted for some gene flow within each island.Main conclusionExtensive and frequent seed dispersal by sea has apparently favoured strong inter‐island genetic connectivity within Galápagos. A combination of methods developed for terrestrial and marine domains (landscape and seascape genetics) aids in understanding how landscape features modulate gene flow of coastal plant species, as these terrestrial organisms are highly dependent on the sea for seed dispersal.
Fibroblast growth factor 1 ameliorates adipose tissue inflammation and systemic insulin resistance via enhancing adipocyte mTORC2/Rictor signal
Authors: Zhao Longwei , Fan Miaojuan , Zhao Lijun , Yun Hongyan , Yang Yan , Wang Chen , Qin Di 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObesity‐induced activation and proliferation of resident macrophages and infiltration of circulating monocytes in adipose tissues contribute to adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. These effects further promote the development of metabolic syndromes, such as type 2 diabetes, which is one of the most prevalent health conditions severely threatening human health worldwide. Our study examined the potential molecular mechanism employed by fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) to improve insulin sensitivity. The leptin receptor‐deficient obese mice (db/db) served as an insulin‐resistant model. Our results demonstrated that FGF1‐induced amelioration of insulin resistance in obese mice was related to the decreased levels of pro‐inflammatory adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) and plasma inflammatory factors. We found that FGF1 enhanced the adipocyte mTORC2/Rictor signalling pathway to inhibit C‐C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) production, the major cause of circulating monocytes infiltration, activation and proliferation of resident macrophages in adipose tissues. Conversely, these alleviating effects of FGF1 were substantially abrogated in adipocytes with reduced expression of mTORC2/rictor. Furthermore, a model of adipocyte‐specific mTORC2/Rictor‐knockout (AdRiKO) obese mice was developed to further understand the in vitro result. Altogether, these results demonstrated adipocyte mTORC2/Rictor was a crucial target for FGF1 function on adipose tissue inflammation and insulin sensitivity.