bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of Oxygen Saturation Monitoring in Neonates
Authors: Shiao Shyang-Yun Pamela K. , Ou Ching-Nan 
Published: April 2020

•Background Pulse oximetry is commonly used to monitor oxygenation in neonates, but cannot detect variations in hemoglobin. Venous and arterial oxygen saturations are rarely monitored. Few data are available to validate measurements of oxygen saturation in neonates (venous, arterial, or pulse oximetric).•Purpose To validate oxygen saturation displayed on clinical monitors against analyses (with correction for fetal hemoglobin) of blood samples from neonates and to present the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve for neonates.•Method Seventy-eight neonates, 25 to 38 weeks’ gestational age, had 660 arterial and 111 venous blood samples collected for analysis.•Results The mean difference between oxygen saturation and oxyhemoglobin level was 3% (SD 1.0) in arterial blood and 3% (SD 1.1) in venous blood. The mean difference between arterial oxygen saturation displayed on the monitor and oxyhemoglobin in arterial blood samples was 2% (SD 2.0); between venous oxygen saturation displayed on the monitor and oxyhemoglobin in venous blood samples it was 3% (SD 2.1) and between oxygen saturation as determined by pulse oximetry and oxyhemoglobin in arterial blood samples it was 2.5% (SD 3.1). At a Pao2 of 50 to 75 mm Hg on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, oxyhemoglobin in arterial blood samples was from 92% to 95%; oxygen saturation was from 95% to 98% in arterial blood samples, from 94% to 97% on the monitor, and from 95% to 97% according to pulse oximetry.•Conclusions The safety limits for pulse oximeters are higher and narrower in neonates (95%–97%) than in adults, and clinical guidelines for neonates may require modification.
A Technique for Detecting Moisture Absorption in Printed Circuit Boards
Authors: Craven Jeffery D. , Oldag Ariel R. , Dean Robert N. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Most circuit boards operate in environments that have the potential to be exposed to moisture, either in vapor or liquid form. Because low-cost circuit boards can readily absorb moisture, this can lead to performance issues, reliability issues, and even catastrophic failure. However, it is difficult to detect if moisture absorption has occurred before the circuit board suffers a complete failure. To alleviate this issue, a fringing field capacitor was implemented in printed circuit board (PCB) technology and used to detect the absorption of moisture in the circuit board through the accompanying increase in capacitance. Prototype sensors were fabricated and immersed for 42 d, demonstrating an increase in capacitance of between 14% and 29%. This sensor technology can easily be added to circuit board designs because they use the standard materials and fabrication processes used in commercial PCB construction.
Cu Pillar Bump Development for 7-nm Chip Package Interaction (CPI) Technology
Authors: Fu Lei , Bhagavat Milind , Selvanayagam Cheryl , Leong Ken , Barber Ivor 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Power, performance, and area gains are important metrics driving the complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology from older nodes to newer ones. Over past several decades, a steady downscaling of feature sizes of CMOS technology has been a leading force enabling continual improvement in circuit speeds and cost per functionality. Increase in functionality drives larger number of inputs/outputs (I/Os), and the scaling-driven small intellectual property (IP) block sizes force these larger number of I/Os to be accommodated by reduction of I/O pitches. The result is an unrelenting pressure to reduce bump pitches from one generation of CMOS to another. In contrast to 14-nm/16-nm nodes which used 150-um bump pitch coming out of a die, for 7-nm node, the industry is targeting 130-um bump pitch for high performance devices. With this pitch reduction, conventional tin/silver (SnAg) solder bumps face limitations in terms of bridging. Cu pillar bumps are the best candidate for smaller bump pitches. However, for large die sizes prevalent in high-performance computing (HPC), the Cu pillar bumps will induce higher stress on the silicon resulting in higher risks of extremely low K (ELK) cracking. If copper pillar bumps are not properly developed, then there is a risk of marginal reliability in terms of chip package interaction. The situation becomes even more dire in large die sizes, where coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch between silicon and laminate substrate magnifies the stress. The present article discusses successful development of Cu pillar bumps for 7-nm technology. The development program included a 2-step development path. In the first step, extensive thermomechanical modeling was carried out to find optimal design of copper pillar bump for robustness of interactions with 7-nm back end of line ELK layers. In the second step, a 460-mm2 7-nm Silicon test vehicle was fabricated, and its assembly process was optimized to characterize the copper pillar bumps and prove their extended reliability on 7-nm silicon. As a result of this development, copper pillar technology has been qualified on Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) products. Today, copper pillar is a fully integral part of AMD's ever-growing 7-nm product offering in HPC.
Fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and biogenic sources of fine carbonaceous aerosol in the Carpathian Basin
Authors: Salma Imre , Vasanits-Zsigrai Anikó , Machon Attila , Varga Tamás , Major István , Gergely Virág , Molnár Mihály 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Fine-fraction aerosol samples were collected, and air
pollutants and meteorological properties were measured in situ in the regional
background environment of the Carpathian Basin, a suburban area and central
part of its largest city, Budapest, in each season for a 1-year-long time
interval. The samples were analysed for PM2.5 mass, organic carbon
(OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble OC (WSOC), radiocarbon,
levoglucosan (LVG) and its stereoisomers, and some chemical elements.
Carbonaceous aerosol species made up 36 % of the PM2.5 mass, with a
modest seasonal variation and with a slightly increasing tendency from the
regional background to the city centre (from 32 % to 39 %). A coupled
radiocarbon-LVG marker method was applied to apportion the total carbon
(TC = OC + EC) into contributions of EC and OC from fossil fuel (FF)
combustion (ECFF and OCFF, respectively), EC and OC from biomass
burning (BB) (ECBB and OCBB, respectively), and OC from biogenic
sources (OCBIO). Fossil fuel combustion showed rather constant daily or
monthly mean contributions (of 35 %) to the TC in the whole year in all
atmospheric environments, while the daily contributions of BB and biogenic
sources changed radically (from <2 % up to 70 %–85 %) at all
locations and over the years. In October, the three major sources
contributed equally to the TC in all environments. In January, it was the BB
that was the major source, with a share of 70 % at all sites. The
contributions from biogenic sources in January were the smallest. In April,
FF combustion and biogenic sources were the largest two contributors at all
locations with typical shares of 45 %–50 % each. In July, biogenic sources
became the major source type with a monotonically increasing tendency (from
56 % to 72 %) from the city centre to the regional background. The share of
BB was hardly quantifiable in July. The ECFF made up more than 90 %
of EC in April and July, while in October and January, the contributions of
ECBB were considerable. Biomass burning in winter and autumn offers the
largest and most considerable potential for improving the air quality in cities
as well as in rural areas of the Carpathian Basin.
Characterization of the seismic dynamical state through joint analysis of earthquakes and seismic noise: the example of Ischia Volcanic Island (Italy)
Authors: Cusano Paola , Petrosino Simona , De Lauro Enza , De Martino Salvatore , Falanga Mariarosaria 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. This work is devoted to the study of both earthquakes and background seismic
noise at Ischia Island (Italy) recorded pre and post the Md 4.0 earthquake
occurred on 21 August 2017 (18:57 UTC). We compare and characterize noise
and earthquakes in terms of Independent Component Analysis, energy and
polarization properties. The earthquakes' waveforms and the background noise
are decomposed into a few independent components with two main common
signals peaked around 1–2 and 3–4 Hz, respectively. A slight increase of
the energy of the background seismic noise is observed comparing samples
recorded in 2016 and 2017, whereas no variations are detected in 2017 pre
and post the main earthquake. The polarization analysis, performed in the
frequency bands individuated by Independent Component Analysis and applied
to the background seismic noise, indicates a shallow propagation and the
azimuthal pattern is mainly controlled by the local structural features.
These results suggest that noise and earthquakes are ascribable to a common
phenomenon of fluid-solid interaction in the hydrothermal system of Ischia
Island.
Benthic foraminifera as tracers of brine production in the Storfjorden “sea ice factory”
Authors: Fossile Eleonora , Nardelli Maria Pia , Jouini Arbia , Lansard Bruno , Pusceddu Antonio , Moccia Davide , Michel Elisabeth , Péron Olivier , Howa Hélène , Mojtahid Meryem 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The rapid response of benthic foraminifera to environmental factors
(e.g. organic matter quality and quantity, salinity, pH) and their
high fossilisation potential make them promising bio-indicators for
the intensity and recurrence of brine formation in Arctic seas. Such
an approach, however, requires a thorough knowledge of their modern
ecology in such extreme settings. To this aim, seven stations along
a north–south transect across the Storfjorden (Svalbard archipelago) have been
sampled using an interface multicorer. This fjord is an area of
intense sea ice formation characterised by the production of
brine-enriched shelf waters (BSW) as a result of a recurrent
latent-heat polynya. Living (rose bengal-stained) foraminiferal
assemblages were analysed together with geochemical and
sedimentological parameters in the top 5 cm of the
sediment. Three major biozones were distinguished. (i) The “inner
fjord” zone, dominated by typical glacier proximal calcareous species, which
opportunistically respond to fresh organic matter inputs. (ii) The
“deep basins and sill” zone, characterised by glacier distal agglutinated
fauna; these are either dominant because of the mostly
refractory nature of organic matter and/or the brine persistence that
hampers the growth of calcareous species and/or causes their
dissolution. (iii) The “outer fjord” zone, characterised by typical North
Atlantic species due to the intrusion of the North Atlantic water in
the Storfjordrenna. The stressful conditions present in the deep
basins and sill (i.e. acidic waters and low food quality) result in
a high agglutinated ∕ calcareous ratio (A∕C). This supports the
potential use of the A∕C ratio as a proxy for brine persistence and
overflow in Storfjorden.
The role of spatial dependence for large-scale flood risk estimation
Authors: Metin Ayse Duha , Dung Nguyen Viet , Schröter Kai , Vorogushyn Sergiy , Guse Björn , Kreibich Heidi , Merz Bruno 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Flood risk assessments are typically based on scenarios which
assume homogeneous return periods of flood peaks throughout the catchment.
This assumption is unrealistic for real flood events and may bias risk
estimates for specific return periods. We investigate how three assumptions
about the spatial dependence affect risk estimates: (i) spatially
homogeneous scenarios (complete dependence), (ii) spatially heterogeneous
scenarios (modelled dependence) and (iii) spatially heterogeneous but
uncorrelated scenarios (complete independence). To this end, the model chain
RFM (regional flood model) is applied to the Elbe catchment in Germany,
accounting for the spatio-temporal dynamics of all flood generation processes,
from the rainfall through catchment and river system processes to damage
mechanisms. Different assumptions about the spatial dependence do not
influence the expected annual damage (EAD); however, they bias the risk
curve, i.e. the cumulative distribution function of damage. The widespread
assumption of complete dependence strongly overestimates flood damage of the
order of 100 % for return periods larger than approximately 200 years. On
the other hand, for small and medium floods with return periods smaller than
approximately 50 years, damage is underestimated. The overestimation
aggravates when risk is estimated for larger areas. This study demonstrates
the importance of representing the spatial dependence of flood peaks and
damage for risk assessments.
ANIONIC POLYMERIZATION AND CHAIN-END FUNCTIONALIZATION CHEMISTRY
Authors: Quirk Roderic P. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTAnionic polymerization, especially alkyllithium-initiated polymerization of styrenes and dienes, is a truly living polymerization that proceeds in the absence of the kinetic steps of chain termination and chain transfer. The major discoveries in the science and technology of anionic polymerization are chronicled herein. My introduction to this fascinating science is also described. This includes research and training at Phillips Petroleum Company (1974) with Dr. Henry Hsieh and a sabbatical leave at The University of Akron (1976–1977) with Professors Maurice Morton and Lewis J. Fetters. Also detailed is the initiation of my formal anionic polymerization research career at Midland Macromolecular Institute (MMI) in 1979 with outstanding colleagues Drs. Dale Meier, Karl Solc, and Hans Georg Elias. At MMI, I started research on the use of living, alkyllithium-initiated polymerization to prepare chain-end functionalized polymers. This developed into one of my most important research areas. Based on my research experience and publications at MMI, I was appointed Professor of Polymer Science at The University of Akron in 1983. This was the most significant development in my professional career. The University of Akron offered a graduate polymer research program with outstanding, world-class colleagues and facilities; excellent graduate students; a moderate, primarily graduate teaching responsibility; a supportive university administration; and an international reputation in polymer research and education. As described herein, at The University of Akron I was able to develop a comprehensive research program on anionic polymerization, especially in the area of functionalized elastomers, which was the basis for the American Chemical Society Rubber Division Award of the Goodyear Medal to me. A summary of the many research contributions of my outstanding graduate students, visiting scientists, and postdoctoral associates is included.
Factors Associated With In-Hospital Outcomes of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: 10-year Analysis of the US National Inpatient Sample
Authors: Gao Feng , Chu Hongyu , Chen Liang , Du Liangjie , Yang Mingliang , Li Jun , Yang Degang , Zhang Hong , Li Jianjun , Chan Chetwyn 
Published: April 2020

Introduction:
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-altering event. Motor vehicle accidents and falls are common causes of traumatic SCI, and SCI outcomes may be affected by patients' ages and injury sites. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with unfavorable in-hospital outcomes, focusing on the impact of patients' ages and SCI lesion sites.

Methods:
Data of 25,988 patients hospitalized with traumatic SCI in the US National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2005 to 2014 were extracted and analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with SCI outcomes, including in-hospital deaths, adverse discharge, and prolonged hospital stays.

Results:
Multivariate analysis revealed that the oldest ages (>65 years) were significantly associated with increased in-hospital mortality compared with the youngest ages at all lesion sites (cervical, odds ratio [OR]: 5.474, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.465 to 6.709; thoracic, OR: 5.940, 95% CI: 3.881 to 9.091; and lumbosacral, OR: 6.254, 95% CI: 2.920 to 13.394). Older ages were also significantly associated with increased adverse outcomes at all sites (cervical, OR: 2.460, 95% CI: 2.180 to 2.777; thoracic, OR: 2.347, 95% CI: 1.900 to 2.900; and lumbosacral, OR: 2.743, 95% CI: 2.133 to 3.527). Intermediate ages (35 to 64) were also significantly associated with increased in-hospital death and adverse discharge at cervical and thoracic SCIs, but not at lumbosacral sites.

Discussion:
For hospitalized patients with traumatic SCI, older age independently predicts worse in-hospital outcomes, with greatest effects seen in patients aged 65 years and older. Study findings suggest that extra vigilance and targeted management strategies are warranted in managing SCI patients aged 65 years and older during hospitalization.
Lateralization and Decreased Neck-Shaft Angle Reduces Scapular Notching and Heterotopic Ossification
Authors: Zitkovsky Helen S. , Carducci Michael P. , Mahendraraj Kuhan A. , Grubhofer Florian , Jawa Andrew 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Lateralization of the glenosphere in reverse shoulder arthroplasty likely mitigates scapular notching; however, there is a paucity of data evaluating the effect of heterotopic ossification (HO) at the inferior aspect of the glenoid neck.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed 107 consecutive reverse shoulder arthroplasty patients between April 2013 and April 2016. During the study period, the surgeon switched from a 2.5-mm lateral center of rotation and a 155° neck-shaft angle (NSA) to a 6- or 10-mm lateralized design with a 135° NSA. Preoperative and minimum 2-year postoperative patient-reported outcomes and range of motion were collected. Two-year postoperative radiographs were evaluated for scapular notching and HO.

Results:
The lateralized center of rotation implant was 72% less likely to develop HO and 85% less likely to produce scapular notching than the medialized prosthesis.

Conclusion:
Implants with laterally offset glenospheres and 135° NSA may decrease postoperative HO and scapular notching.

Level of Evidence:
Level III, retrospective cohort study.
Telehealth Utilization in Response to the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic in Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Parisien Robert L. , Shin Max , Constant Michael , Saltzman Bryan M. , Li Xinning , Levine William N. , Trofa David P. 
Published: April 2020

Introduction:
The purpose of this investigation is to assess the current utilization of telehealth capabilities at academic orthopaedic departments in the United States and to determine how practice patterns have been directly influenced by the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods:
Orthopaedic surgery programs participating in the Electronic Residency Application Service were identified. One hundred seventy-five (175) programs were presented with a seven-item questionnaire addressing whether each program is using telehealth services in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results:
Of the 175 Electronic Residency Application Service participant orthopaedic programs, 168 responded for a total response rate of 96%. Of the 106 institutions using telehealth services, 88 (83%) cited the COVID-19 pandemic as the impetus for implementation of telehealth services. Institutions located in the Northeast and South regions were markedly more likely to offer telehealth services. Heat map analysis demonstrates an associative overlap of regional “hot spots” with direct comparison of COVID-19 cases in the United States and orthopaedic departments providing telehealth services.

Discussion:
This study demonstrates the impressive measures academic orthopaedic institutions are taking to meet the needs of our patients by identifying a notable increase in new telehealth offerings throughout the United States with a positive correlation with COVID-19 disease burden.
Squamous Neoplasia in the Esophagus
Authors: Savant Deepika , Zhang Qingzhao , Yang Zhaohai 
Published: April 2020

Context.—
Squamous lesions of the esophagus encompass a spectrum of disorders ranging from reactive changes and benign papilloma to squamous dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma, which may pose diagnostic challenges especially in superficial biopsies.

Objective.—
To provide a review on the typical features of squamous neoplasia in the esophagus, with an emphasis on the key diagnostic features as well as differential diagnosis from mimicking lesions.

Data Sources.—
Data sources include published peer-reviewed literature and personal experiences of the authors.

Conclusions.—
Accurate diagnosis of squamous neoplasia requires adherence to established diagnostic criteria, attention to subtle histologic features, and correlation with clinical and imaging findings. In difficult cases, multiple biopsies may be necessary to reach a definitive diagnosis.
Sensory assessment of meshed skin grafts over free gracilis muscle flaps without nerve coaptation for lower extremity reconstruction
Authors: Tremp Mathias , Waldkircher Natascha J. , Wang Wenjin , Oranges Carlo M. , di Summa Pietro G. , Zhang Yixin , Wang Wei , Schaefer Dirk J. , Kalbermatten Daniel F. 
Published: April 2020

Background Little is known about the sensate recovery of skin grafts over free non-neurotized muscle flaps. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of free gracilis muscle flaps and meshed skin grafts without nerve coaptation.
Methods Thirteen consecutive patients with a median age of 55 years (range, 21–70 years) who underwent lower extremity reconstruction between September 2014 and October 2016 were included. Complications, flap contour, skin perception, and sensate recovery were assessed.
Results All flaps survived completely. In one patient, wound dehiscence and infection occurred 1 month after surgery. After a median follow-up of 14 months (range, 10–51 months), a satisfactory contour and skin perception were achieved. The Semmes-Weinstein (SW) monofilament test (154.8±22 g) and static two-point discrimination (2-PD) (12.6±0.7 mm) showed intermediate recovery compared to the surrounding site (41% and 76%, respectively). There was an intermediate correlation between flap size and sensate recovery (2-PD: r=0.27, P=0.36; SW test: r=0.45, P=0.12). Vibration sensation recovered to 60%, whereas thermal sensation remained poor (19% at 5°C and 25% at 25°C).
Conclusions Finer sensation could be partially restored. However, thermal sensation remained poor.
Staging Tableaux Vivants in the Theatre of the Dutch Golden Age
Authors: Bussels Stijn 
Published: April 2020

Les chercheurs modernes ont trop rapidement pensé que les tableaux vivants sont devenus moins importants durant le Siècle d’or néerlandais. Or, rien ne pourrait être plus faux. Cet article soutient que, durant cette période, la mise en scène de tableaux vivants s’est adaptée de façon particulièrement intéressante à l’influence croissante de la poétique ancienne et que ces tableaux étaient conçus pour occuper différents rôles narratifs et émotionnels dans les pièces dans lesquelles ils apparaissaient. Afin d’établir ceci, je montre d’abord que la tradition des Rhétoriciens en matière de mise en scène de tableaux vivants existait dès le début du XVIIe siècle. Je présente ensuite la performance d’un tableau vivant dans Frères (Gebroeders) de 1641 comme une manière clé pour Joost van den Vondel d’élever le niveau d’émotion à son paroxysme. Enfin, je discute de la pièce la plus populaire du Siècle d’or néerlandais, l’histoire d’une revanche sanglante, Aran et Titus de Jan Vos de la même année, afin de préciser que des façons alternatives d’utiliser le tableau vivant au théâtre étaient également en jeu durant cette période.