bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between HDL-C levels and menopause: a meta-analysis
Authors: Li Hongwei , Sun Runlu , Chen Qian , Guo Qi , Wang Junjie , Lu Liming , Zhang Yuling 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Menopause modifies women’s lipid profiles. However, the fact that it is still unclear whether high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels decrease in postmenopausal women necessitated a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods
The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched and 498 articles published between 1987 and 2020 were retrieved. Studies reporting HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) levels in both postmenopausal and premenopausal populations were included. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cross-Sectional/Prevalence Study Quality tool. The standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using random effects models. A meta-regression analysis and subgroup analysis were performed to identify potential modifiers. Egger’s test and funnel plots were constructed to evaluate publication biases.

Results
Lipid profiles from 18 cross-sectional studies and two cohort studies including 5652 postmenopausal women and 7825 premenopausal women were meta-analyzed. HDL-C levels were not significantly different between the postmenopausal and premenopausal women (SMD = − 0.053, 95% CI − 0.171 to 0.066, p = 0.383) and were not affected by country, publication year, study quality in the meta-regression analysis, or significant publication bias. Higher LDL-C, TC, and TG levels were detected in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal controls.

Conclusion
Unlike increased LDL-C, TC, and TG levels, HDL-C levels in pre- and postmenopausal women were not different in this first meta-analysis of lipid profiles in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Prospective studies with large populations examining HDL-C levels and functions in women with different menopausal statuses are essential in the future.

Trial registration number
None.
Hydrolysis of corn stover pretreated by DESs with carbon-based solid acid catalyst
Authors: Hu Shuanglan , Meng Fei , Huang Dongting , Huang Junsheng , Lou Wenyong 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated two hydrolysis strategies that involve a two-step and a one-pot process for the hydrolysis of cellulose. The two-step process consisted of cellulose pretreatment with deep eutectic solvent, followed by hydrolysis promoted by the carbon-based solid acid catalyst. The obtained results showed that the xylose and glucose yields were 33.9% and 6.9%, respectively, from corn stover based on this two-step strategy with ChCl ·Formic acid used as the pretreatment solvent. For one-pot hydrolysis, side reactions occurred and less glucose accumulated in the reaction system. In this case, the maximum achieved glucose yield was 21.1% for the hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose.

Graphic abstract
The corn stover was pretreated with DES and then hydrolysed by carbon-based solid acid catalyst. Approximately 33.9% of xylose and 6.9% of glucose was recovered from corn stover with ChCl·Formic acid as the pretreatment solvent.
Is energy expenditure reduced in obese mice with mutations in the leptin/leptin receptor genes?
Authors: Trayhurn Paul , Arch Jonathan R. S. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Rodents with mutations in the leptin, or leptin receptor, genes have been extensively used to investigate the regulation of energy balance and the factors that underlie the development of obesity. The excess energy gain of these mutants has long been considered as being due in part to increased metabolic efficiency, consequent to reduced energy expenditure, but this view has recently been challenged. We argue, particularly though not exclusively, from data on ob/ob mice, that three lines of evidence support the proposition that reduced expenditure is important in the aetiology of obesity in leptin pathway mutants (irrespective of the genetic background): (i) milk intake is similar in suckling ob/ob and +/? mice; (ii) ob/ob mice deposit excess energy when pair-fed to the ad libitum food intake of lean siblings; (iii) in several studies mutant mice have been shown to exhibit a lower RMR ‘per animal’ at temperatures below thermoneutrality. When metabolic rate is expressed ‘per unit body weight’ (inappropriately, because of body composition differences), then it is invariably lower in the obese than the lean. It is important to differentiate the causes from the consequences of obesity. Hyperphagic, mature obese animals weighing 2–3 times their lean siblings may well have higher expenditure ‘per animal’, reflecting the costs of being larger and of enhanced obligatory diet-induced thermogenesis resulting from the increased food intake. This cannot, however, be used to inform the aetiology of their obesity.
The under-reporting of sexual harassment in Australian workplaces: are organisational processes falling short?
Authors: MacDermott Therese 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSexual harassment is persistent, prevalent and under-reported in Australian workplaces despite its legal regulation over many decades. The most recent survey data in Australia indicate that the majority of individuals who are subject to sexual harassment at work do not make a formal report or lodge a complaint. The opportunity for voice that organisational processes provide to those who experience sexual harassment at work is a particular focus, given the under-reporting problem. The paper also considers the impact of organisational processes on those who observe the inappropriate behaviour and/or the organisational response. Ultimately, this paper argues that organisations should reduce their reliance on individual complaints by expanding the pathways by which concerns can be raised or observed behaviours addressed that offer alternative voice mechanisms, with an emphasis on problem-solving and early intervention where this is appropriate. The paper also considers different communications strategies, such as approaches to training, the sharing of information about workplace incidents, and leadership on the issue within organisations.
“This Battle Started Long Before Our Days …” The Historical and Political Context of the Russo-Turkish War in Russian Popular Publications, 1877–78
Authors: Parppei Kati 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPopular publications produced in Russia on the events in the Balkans in 1877–78 offer a valuable opportunity to examine how the historical and political background of the Russo-Turkish War was conveyed to common readers, some of whom were potentially involved in the military action, or persuaded to support the cause by other means. The conceptions produced and distributed in these booklets were firmly based on pan-Slavistic ideas of Russians’ duty to help their “Slavic brothers.” The publications presented the reader with propagandistic images of Turkish enemies, which were compared to Islamic enemies of the Russian national narrative. The result was persuasive and simplified imagery leaning on dualistic representations of ethnic groups and graphic depictions of violence, effectively justifying Russia’s involvement in the events and taking a stand in the internal issues concerning Muslim minorities, too.
The impact of acute changes of inflammation on appetite and food intake among older hospitalised patients
Authors: Pourhassan Maryam , Sieske Lars , Janssen Gregor , Babel Nina , Westhoff Timm Henning , Wirth Rainer 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe present study aimed to investigate the effect of acute changes in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) on appetite and food intake among older hospitalised patients. A total of 200 patients (age range 65–94 years, 62·5 % women) participated in this prospective longitudinal observational study. Risk of malnutrition was measured according to the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form. The Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) and Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) were used to evaluate patients’ appetite at the time of hospital admission (baseline) and after 7 d (follow-up). Food intake was measured according to the plate diagram and serum CRP was analysed at baseline and follow-up. At baseline, 30·5 % of the patients had moderate to severe inflammation, 31·0 % were malnourished and 48·0 % had food intake <75 % of the meals offered. Also, 32·5 and 23·5 % reported poor and very poor appetite or severe loss of appetite according to the SNAQ and ESAS, respectively. Of the patients, 40 % displayed a pronounced reduction in median CRP levels by −1·2 mg/dl and 19 % demonstrated an increase in median CRP levels by +1·2 mg/dl. Appetite significantly improved (P = 0·006) in patients with a decrease in CRP level and deteriorated in those with an increase in CRP level (P = 0·032). Changes in CRP levels did not show any significant impact on food intake. In a regression analysis, changes of inflammation were the major independent predictor for changes of patients’ appetite. We conclude that inflammation has a significant impact on appetite and should therefore be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of malnutrition.
Toward a Better Understanding of 3-Dimensional Cell Structure Utilizing High Voltage Electron Microscopy
Authors: Paulin Jerome J. 
Published: June 2020

High voltage microscopy combined with stereoscopic photography of material embedded in epon-araldite and thick sectioned can be effectively utilized in studying complex organellar systems. The spatial distribution of the subpellicular and flagellar microtubules found in species of the Trypanosomatidae (Phylum Protozoa, class Zoomastigophorea) and their unique labyrinthine mitochondrial-kinetoplast complex lend themselves to this analysis.Figure 1 is a stereo-pair of a 0.5μM section (thicknesses are approximations based on interference colors) through the anterior portion of the cell body and flagellum of Trypanosoma equiperdum. Profiles of the subpellicular microtubules in both transverse and longitudinal orientation are observed. The dense plaques which form the attachment sites between the flagellum and cell body can be depicted. The arms on the A microtubules of the flagellar axoneme and a ring of dense bodies around the central pair of axonemal microtubules are resolvable in thick sections. Tilting of the specimen (± 5° from the horizontal axis) reveals the crystalline-like structure of the paraxial rod found in juxtaposition to the flagellar axoneme.
Effect of Short-Term Hypertension on Rat Aortic Endothelial Surface Topography
Authors: Katora M. , Mauer C. , Hollis T. 
Published: June 2020

In recent years many histological and transmission electron microscopic studies have been conducted on aortic tissue of animals rendered hypertensive via many procedures, with the specific intent of examining mechanisms responsible for increased transmural permeability consistently observed in these hypertensive models. To our knowledge, the present investigation represents the first study in which such an investigation has been extended to examination of the endothelial surface of aortas from hypertensive models employing scanning electron microscopy.Male, Wistarrats, 300 g body weight, were rendered hypertensive by complete ligation of the abdominal aorta between origins of the renal arteries. This was accomplished via ventromedial laparotomy performed under ether anesthesia. Sham operated (laparotomy without aortic coarctation) and unoperated control animals were also used. Following a postoperative interval of 2 days, blood pressure was measured through direct carotid artery cannulation, and animals were then sacrificed through ether overdosing.
Crystalloid Inclusions in Hepatocyte Mitochondria and Their Similarity to Cytoplasmic Crystalloids
Authors: Minick Odell T. , Yokoo Hidejiro 
Published: June 2020

Mitochondrial alterations were studied in 25 liver biopsies from patients with alcoholic liver disease. Of special interest were the morphologic resemblance of certain fine structural variations in mitochondria and crystalloid inclusions. Four types of alterations within mitochondria were found that seemed to relate to cytoplasmic crystalloids.Type 1 alteration consisted of localized groups of cristae, usually oriented in the long direction of the organelle (Fig. 1A). In this plane they appeared serrated at the periphery with blind endings in the matrix. Other sections revealed a system of equally-spaced diagonal lines lengthwise in the mitochondrion with cristae protruding from both ends (Fig. 1B). Profiles of this inclusion were not unlike tangential cuts of a crystalloid structure frequently seen in enlarged mitochondria described below.
Some Biological Applications of High Voltage Electron Microscopy
Authors: Ris Hans 
Published: June 2020

The High Voltage Electron Microscope Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin has been in operation a little over one year. I would like to give a progress report about our experience with this new technique. The achievement of good resolution with thick specimens has been mainly exploited so far. A cold stage which will allow us to look at frozen specimens and a hydration stage are now being installed in our microscope. This will soon make it possible to study undehydrated specimens, a particularly exciting application of the high voltage microscope.Some of the problems studied at the Madison facility are: Structure of kinetoplast and flagella in trypanosomes (J. Paulin, U. of Georgia); growth cones of nerve fibers (R. Hannah, U. of Georgia Medical School); spiny dendrites in cerebellum of mouse (Scott and Guillery, Anatomy, U. of Wis.); spindle of baker's yeast (Joan Peterson, Madison) spindle of Haemanthus (A. Bajer, U. of Oregon, Eugene) chromosome structure (Hans Ris, U. of Wisconsin, Madison). Dr. Paulin and Dr. Hanna are reporting their work separately at this meeting and I shall therefore not discuss it here.
Plasma Membrane Biogenesis
Authors: Barrnett Russell J. 
Published: June 2020

This report presents two examples of plasma membrane biogenesis in which the synthesis and assembly of components, phospholipid and enzyme proteins, were studies by a combination of biochemistry, cytochemistry and electron microscopy. These were: the proliferation of Schwann cell plasma membrane during the process of myelination of the trigeminal nerve in neonatal rats and amplification of the plasma membrane at the lateral and basal borders of secretory cells of the ducklings' salt gland as a result of salt stress.In the study concerning myelination a method for the ultrastructural localization of acyltransferase activities (the first two steps in phospholipid synthesis) was applied to the developing rat trigeminal nerve. Determination of acyltransferase levels in the nerve indicated that a peak of activity occurs at the 8th day after birth with gradual declines of activity up to 15 days. This peak coincided with the peak of a-glycerophosphate incorporation into phospholipids in the microsome fraction of the nerve: wheras, no incorporation was noted in the myelin fraction.
Criteria and Methods for Reliable Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction
Authors: Crowther R. A. 
Published: June 2020

The reconstruction of a three-dimensional image of a specimen from a set of electron micrographs reduces, under certain assumptions about the imaging process in the microscope, to the mathematical problem of reconstructing a density distribution from a set of its plane projections.In the absence of noise we can formulate a purely geometrical criterion, which, for a general object, fixes the resolution attainable from a given finite number of views in terms of the size of the object. For simplicity we take the ideal case of projections collected by a series of m equally spaced tilts about a single axis.
The Study of Single Heavy Atom Motion in the STEM
Authors: Langmore J. P. , Isaacson M. S. , Crewe A. V. 
Published: June 2020

The observation of single atoms in the electron microscope has potential application to the localization of chemical sites in biological molecules and to the study of chemisorption. Before such use can be made, however, the interactions among the atoms, the surface and the electron beam must be better understood.Of primary concern is the bond which the single heavy atoms make with the specimen. To what and how strongly are the heavy atoms bound? How may these bonds be disrupted? If the binding energy of an adsorbed atom to a surface is EB, in general the activation energy needed to move it one step along the surface (E*m) is between 0.1 and 0.5 EB.
A Magnetic Spectrometer for a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Kosiara A. , Wiggins J. W. , Beer M. 
Published: June 2020

A magnetic spectrometer to be attached to the Johns Hopkins S. T. E. M. is under construction. Its main purpose will be to investigate electron interactions with biological molecules in the energy range of 40 KeV to 100 KeV. The spectrometer is of the type described by Kerwin and by Crewe Its magnetic pole boundary is given by the equationwhere R is the electron curvature radius. In our case, R = 15 cm. The electron beam will be deflected by an angle of 90°. The distance between the electron source and the pole boundary will be 30 cm. A linear fringe field will be generated by a quadrupole field arrangement. This is accomplished by a grounded mirror plate and a 45° taper of the magnetic pole.
Specimen Observation at Large Tilt Angles with a Top-Entry Goniometer Stage
Authors: Fotino Mircea 
Published: June 2020

In one of the most resourceful applications of million-volt electron microscopy to biological problems, whole cells cultured directly on grids under controlled conditions and maintained unperturbed in vacuo through critical-point drying are viewed stereoscopically for morphological studies.Great advantage would thus be drawn in this regard from high tilting flexibility that would allow specimen observation under larger tilting angles yielding side stereo views, as it were, in addition to the more routine top views.
Diverse Effect of Microtuble Poisons to Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Duodenum, Kidney, Liver and Serum of RAT and Mouse: A Histochemical Study
Authors: Makita T. , Sugiura K. , Hatsuoka M. 
Published: June 2020

A single injection of colchicine(l-3mg/kg) has been reported to cause a remarkable induction of hepatic alkaline phosphatase(ALP ase) in rats.As an extension work of ALPase and calcium in duodenum we compared the degree of ALPase induction with colchicine and vinblastine in duodenum,kidney,liver and serum of rats and mice.Male Wister rats(B.W. 120-160g) and ICR mice(33-35g) were intravenously injected either colchicine(3mg/kg) or vinblastine(lmg/kg) after 5-6hr,10-12hr,or 20-22hr of the injection. ALPase was measured by Bessey-Lowry method using paranitrophenol phosphate as substrate. For electron microscopic histochemistry,tissue blocks were fixed in 2%glutaraldehyde for lhr and cut with Vibratome to be incubated in Mayahara's medium for 20min at 37°C.
Cell Reactivity Pattern of the Guinea Pig Cecal Mucosa Evidenced by the ZIO Technique
Authors: Mora-Galindo Juan , Arauz-Contreras Jorge 
Published: June 2020

The zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) technique is presently employed to study both, neural and non neural tissues. Precipitates depends on cell types and possibly cell metabol ism as well.Guinea pig cecal mucosa, already known to be composed of epithelium with cells at different maturation stages and lamina propria which i s formed by morphologically and functionally heterogeneous cell population, was studied to determine the pat tern of ZIO impregnation. For this, adult Guinea pg cecal mucosa was fixed with buffered 1.2 5% g 1 utara 1 dehyde before incubation with ZIO for 16 hours, a t 4°C in the dark. Further steps involved a quick sample dehydration in graded ethanols, embedding in Epon 812 and sectioning to observe the unstained material under a phase contrast light microscope (LM) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
Sebaceous Basal Cell Carcinoma - An Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Andrews Annette M. , Blackwell Boon-Nam , Hoage Terrell R. , Kadiubar Fred F. 
Published: June 2020

Basal cell carcinoma with sebaceous gland differentiation has been described in mice and humans but spontaneous skin tumors of this type are uncommon in the rat.The tumor specimen was taken from a 26 month old male Wistar rat. Electron microscopy specimens were fixed by immersion in cacodylatebuffered 4% glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated, cleared and embedded by standard procedures. Semi-thin (μm) sections were stained with ethanolic uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate, then examined on a Philips EM201 electron microscope.
“Further Ultrastructure Observations of the Salamander Heart Maintained in Vitro”
Authors: Millhouse Edward W. 
Published: June 2020

Three years ago an initial report from our laboratory demonstrated the morphological changes observed in whole larval salamander (Taricha torosa) hearts maintained in culture for six months. Since then we have examined whole hearts that have been cultured from one to four months. During the culture period all hearts continued and maintained a particular beat with fluctuations in pulsation rates indicating a 24-hour periodicity.This report will deal with the ultrastructure observations of control hearts and one, two, three, and six month cultured hearts. All tissues were fixed initially from 4 to 6 hours at 4°C in 4%, redistilled glutaraldehyde buffered with cacodylate to a pH 7.4. Then the atrium was dissected free and the ventricle cut in half and, using fresh fixative, the fixation was continued for 10 hours. The tissues were washed in cacodylate buffer and stored in the cacodylate buffer containing 7% sucrose for 12 to 24 hours. These tissues were washed in buffer and post-fixed in 2% OsO4 buffered with cacodylate to pH 7.4 for two hours at 4°C. Then the tissues were dehydrated in graded ethanols, embedded in Epon 812, and sectioned on a Porter-Blum ultramicrotome. Sections were stained for 30 minutes in saturated aqueous uranyl acetate and for 15 minutes in lead citrate and viewed in an RCA EMU-3H.
Structural Features of the Bluetongue Virus of Sheep (BT - 8 Strain)
Authors: Ritchie A. E. , Bowne J. G. 
Published: June 2020

The morphology of the BT-Cy strain of Bluetongue virus has been described previously by Studdert, et al. (Virology 29: 509 (1966). Characteristic particles that they observed in negative stain exhibited reovirus symmetry and had diameters averaging about 53 my.We have examined primary lamb kidney cell cultured virus of the common BT-8 strain utilizing both thin-sectioning and negative staining methods. Our results suggest that the architectural design of Bluetongue virus, although based upon reovirus-like symmetries, is more complex than previously suspected. Some forms of BT appear to be morphologically similar to the agent of African Swine Fever described recently by Breese and DeBoer (Virology 28: 420 (1966).
A Micrurgical Method for Preparation of Chromosomes for Electron Microscopy
Authors: Hoskins Godfrey C. 
Published: June 2020

Mammalian cells on coverslips in vitro are used during logarithmic growth phase to obtain many cells in mitosis without the use of mitotic inhibitors.Two short lengths of glass tubing attached by beeswax to a standard microscope slide provide support for the coverslip. The coverslip is placed cell side down to form a chamber with open ends for admission of microneedles and for changing the fluid environment of the cells. This open ended chamber is then filled with a physiologic salt solution such as Hanks or a growth medium such as Eagles.Microneedles governed by deFonbrune micromanipulators are admitted through the open ends of the chamber. A cell in metaphase is located, picked up by microneedle, and carried to a clear area on the coverslip (Fig. 1). The second microneedle may hold the cell while the first is moved sidewise to create an incision in the cell membrane through which the mitotic apparatus may egress.