bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mid-Scale FLNG Production Unit for Marginal Fields
Authors: Tierling Kenneth Shane , Mahdavian Mohammad 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The scale and productive life of associated gas from subsalt production and small offshore gas reservoirs in remote areas, has made economic justification difficult for dedicated onshore processing facilities with associated subsea pipelines. Floating LNG (FLNG) offer freedom from the subsea pipeline, but the biggest have been designed for specific large fields.
Another approach is to build flexibility into the design of the FLNG facility, potentially increasing the initial CAPEX of the unit, instead of targeting a specific field. This approach allows the CAPEX to be amortized across multiple offshore fields, avoiding a stranded investment.
This paper addresses topsides where flexibility in topsides processing units is advantageous for pursuit of multiple marginal fields over the life of the FLNG asset, focusing on the 4.5 to 9 MSm3/day (160 to 330 MMSCFD) of natural gas liquefied to 1 to 2 million tonnes per annum of LNG.
Standardizing modular designs for FLNG processing units, provides opportunities to build or retrofit the FLNG facility in smaller yards and can reduce project schedule and costs associated with the design and construction of the FLNG facility. Considering future relocation of the floating unit to other fields, requires some flexibility in the initial design to reduce future changes, without negatively impacting first field performance.
Using this approach, producing gas from marginal offshore fields could be a viable option by utilizing small or mid-scale FLNG to liquefy gas, using one facility to liquefy serially multiple marginal fields.
Brazilian Regulatory Framework: From the Past to the Expectations About the Future
Authors: Bastos Marcelo Amorim , Bastos Jorge Luiz 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Brazil is one of the most prominent oil and gas offshore market. Recently, investors’ interest has increased, but not only because of the oil price recovery and pre-salt discoveries, but maybe also because of important changes in the regulatory side. Several issues have been discussed by authorities with the industry: local content flexibilization, unitization agreements, multiple fiscal regimes (PSA, Concessions, and Transfer of Rights Agreements), Repetro customs regime, decommissioning regulations, among other topics. To understand this environment is important to look at the changes and the history since the beginning, besides the economic and political forces which influence the decisions. In addition, Brazil 2018 elections have changed the direction and perspectives for this important economic sector. In this paper, the authors describe the evolution of the regulation, the contract models and results of bid rounds in order to tracking the effects of the past decisions. It can help to find clues about which should be the next steps in terms of new regulations for the Brazilian market.
Successful Offshore Coiled-Tubing Permanent Well-Abandonment Operation Uses Downhole Real-Time Parameters to Set Inflatable Packers with Surgical Precision in Cost-Effective Manner
Authors: Guimaraes Cassiano , Delgado Eduardo , Galvao Lucio , Frotte Adriano , Gouveia Manoel , Borges Carlos 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The systematic approach adopted by a service company and a Brazilian National Oil Company (NOC) to achieve the goal of safely abandoning wells with different completion types using light workover vessels is discussed. Having determined the abandonment methodology, the service company personnel developed processes and procedures to reach the objective. These include advances in coiled tubing (CT) rigup procedures and using a real-time telemetry system. This approach facilitated the timely and cost effective abandonment of more than 15 wells since 2017 in a safe and environmentally acceptable manner.
Brazil Oil and Gas Sector Piece De Resistance: The Pre-Salt Play Developments
Authors: De Jesus Delgado Fernanda , Neves Goncalves Pedro Henrique , Chambriard Magda 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The magnitude of the pre-salt projects, most located in Brazil ultra-deep waters, coupled with the enormous potential already auctioned, leads to the following questions: what will be Brazil's share in the world's deep-water development? How should suppliers prepare themselves to assist Brazil in the task of making these opportunities viable?
Since 2013, the country awarded over R$ 43 billion in signing bonuses. Despite the pessimism associated to the oil price drop in 2014, Brazil has gone forward with the development of pre-salt areas and the resume of the bidding rounds, reaching the top 10th position in world's biggest oil producers (BP 2019).
This paper forecasts the oil potential for these areas, as well as the Brazilian oil production for the next 15 years and the demand for facilities to reach that potential. Those forecasts clarify the increasing importance of Brazilian deep-water oil in the global scenario.
Partnerships & Joint Ventures in Brazilian Oil and Gas Markets
Authors: Bastos Marcelo Amorim , Bucheb José Alberto 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Partnerships and JV are quite common in the Oil and Gas industry. In the offshore activity, in order to reduce the risks of capital intensive projects oil companies used cooperate entering into JV agreements. In addition, local content requirements and entry barriers in new markets, are some reasons to create partnerships between international and domestic companies. Brazil is not different. It is a market that has some challenges in which the cooperation with a local partner could reduce the risks for a foreign investor. In the oil companies’ side, Petrobras is the target partner for an international oil company, because of its technical reputation and successful implementation of ultra-deep operations. In other segments, Petrobras, can be the main client, sole supplier or big competitor. Petrobras is subject also to laws and regulations to hire contractors, there are local content requirements regulations, industry-specific tax, fiscal and customs regimes, among other risks and opportunities in which the cooperation with a domestic company could help to solve in a more efficient way. The author of this paper describes the advantages of the partnership for international and domestic companies which want to invest in Brazil in the several perspectives along the oil and gas supply chain.
A Case Study in Production Enhancement Through Installation of Optimum Artificial Lift Technology
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Ali Sharafat , Kalwar Shuaib Ahmed 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The well, Halini X1, was initially tested at an average rate of 1,750 BOPD, with 26-degree API gravity and produced gas at 1.27 MMscfd. The production history showed that the well head parameters were at continous decline due to natural depletion of reservoir. Based on the observation, a complete nodal analysis of multiphase flow was conducted. The results indicated that the natural flow of well will cease when the reservoir pressure decline below 3,000 psig. Therefore, a suitable artificial lift was selected and designed to improve the vertical lift performance of well, making the production sustainbale even at low reservoir pressures.
The high gas content of the reservoir fluid, deep reservoir zone, and adequate bottom hole pressure of Halini X1 favored gas lift to be more viable compared to other ALS methods both technically and economically. The results of the gas lift simulation showed enhancment in production; however by changing the tubing size from 3-1/2 inch to 4-1/2 inch further magnified the performance of gas lift injection in terms of production.
Based on design, gas lift equipment was installed through workover and the well was put on gas lift injection. The detailed comparison was drawn between natural flow and the flow on gas lift. The outcomes were found with remarkable increase in the life span of well over natural flowing period and led to higher recovery of production.
Statistical Analysis of Split Switchboard Operation in Dynamic Positioning Drilling Units
Authors: Passos Ramalhete Marina 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
As the Industry of Oil and Gas advanced in deeper waters exploring, the drilling units positioning technique alternated from anchors to dynamic positioning (DP). Nowadays, even in deep or shallow waters, a large number of DP drilling units has been used. In addition, it was noticed that technology has been improved and was incresead redundancy and hardware in diferentes subsytems of the vessels. No matter how many redundancys a DP drillship contractor can provide to his own vessel, the faults, in the system and subsystem, have been experienced over the years, either for equipment failure or for human errors, and also could lead a of positioning and disconnect from the well.
Taking a deeper look into all DP Petrobras incidents experienced, it was observed that the most of them are related to power system in many differents types of failure. As of knowlodge, there are two main types of switchboards mode: single busbar and split busbar, each of them has yours own vantages and disvantages, but based in its past experienced, few years ago, Petrobras strongly recommended to all its drilling contractors to operate in split busbar instead of a single busbar mode, in order to prevent major failures.
Once that most part of the DP drilling units operating in split switchboards, the worst case failure experienced in the power system, is a partial blackout, but others could be linked a DP incidents. The events assessed, from the Petrobras database DP only, showed that human failures and faults arising from maintenance processes in critical equipment are, currently, the major factors causing DP incidents. Considering the faults occurred, they, usually, do not result in major events, such drift-off and emergency disconnect from the well. In fact, a partial blackout itself does not even lead to a yellow alarm, by Petrobras definitions; even though, knowing the main type and root cause of the failures will help to prevent similar events.
Keeping in mind how importante is to find the root cause of all incidentes, associanting it to a systematic collection and analysis of numerical data helps to investigate the relationships among incidents and to explain and control their occurrence. In other words, a statistical analysis gives a full picture of all incidents and recurrences, also provides substantial informations to estabilished proper barriers to avoid similar ocrurrences; and, especially, when is talking about switchboards modes, adds another decision parameter in the choice which is better.
This is paper will present a statistical analysis of the failures occurred and non productive time during operation in split busbar due to dynamic positioning incidents related to power system failures. Evaluate and compares performance over time of semi-submersible and drillship rigs.
Data-Centrism: A Path to Digital Transformation in Engineering Design Environment
Authors: Diniz Filipe Castello Da Costa Beltrao , Espindola Breno Do Nascimento , Affonso Italo Dourado , Queiroz Jackson Luan , Oliveira Leojaime Queiroz , Barboza Gerson , Pereira Carlos Augusto 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This work aims at describing some initiatives (within the context of new ultra deep-water oil platforms designs using computer aided engineering tools) in order to reach a higher level of information organization, transform the engineering design environment so that it is possible to get more productive processes in order to meet all required deadlines. These initiatives were developed focusing on data structuring, information standardization, redundancy reduction, auditing mechanisms implementation and workflow standardization and automation, allowing Petrobras engineerign design team to get benefits from Industry 4.0.
Combined Data Analytics and Physics-Based Simulation for Optimum Bit, Motor, BHA Combination
Authors: BA Samba , Belov Dmitry , Nobre Daniel , Yin Ling Ling , Johnson Eric 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Today, drill bits and mud motor issues often account for more than half of the reasons for pulling out of hole before total depth (TD) on typical directional drilling wells. In this paper, we present a comprehensive methodology designed for optimally matching drill bits, mud motors, and bottomhole assembly (BHA) components for reduced failure risks and improved drilling performance.
The methodology consists of combining the design characteristics of drill bits, mud motors, and the rest of the BHA. Each crucial component, like the drill bit, the mud motor, or the rotary steerable system, is analyzed with a particular simulation software made for the component itself before combining the components into a system analysis tool that considers all the detailed features. For example, the simulation software for the mud motor and power section optimizes for the type of elastomer, the mud compatibility, and the fit used. Cutter types and geometries, hydraulics, rocks, and the back and side rake angles are all included in the drill bit simulation. A full drillstring and wellbore simulation takes care of the rest of the components and the link to the top drive. The workflow smartly combines physics-based simulation and data analytics to achieve the necessary level of accuracy with reasonable computation time.
The new methodology presented here enables performing joint simulations of performance, durability, and stability for the first time. The performance simulation involved rate of penetration (ROP) prediction, motor power output, and available downhole torque. The durability consists of estimating the motor fatigue life, the bit wear over time, and the fatigue estimation of BHA components. The stability simulation analysis risks of lateral vibration, axial vibration, stick/slip, and bit and BHA whirl. All these are done on a system level with interdependences between different components considered. It enables matching the best bit with the best motor under the best possible BHA. The full workflow was evaluated with the drilling of a typical section in the Permian with significant improvement in both the ROP and reliability.
In summary, this paper describes a collective simulation capability that enables matching the bit, motor, and BHA by evaluating the design characteristics of each component and combining them into a system-level simulation tool. It enables joint evaluation of the ROP capability, bit wear, motor fatigue life, and BHA shock and vibration. At the end, we can perform fast drilling without compromising durability or reliability.
A Flexible Riser System for Ultra-Deepwater
Authors: Hou Yucheng , Yuan Jiabei , Tan Zhimin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
For the application of flexible riser in ultra-deepwater beyond 2000m water depth, one of the technical challenges is the existence of ultra-high-tension loads induced from riser self-weight and amplified by its dynamic responses. The high-tension loads impose additional equipment and operational constrains in riser installation and application. For example, the high-tension loads limit the choice of installation vessel and prohibit the use of disconnectable turret moored system technology, which protects the riser system during extreme weather events. The industry has been developing innovative technologies to mitigate the high-tension loads anticipated in ultra-deepwater riser applications, such as using light weight composite material, buoyancy modules, hybrid riser tower structures, etc.
This paper presents an innovative fully flexible riser solution for deep water application: a step riser configuration and it's variation-patented by BHGE. The technology was evolved from traditional free hanging configuration and based on existing proven reliable technologies. The step riser configuration is characterized by utilizing buoyancy tank/modules arrays to maximize uplifting buoyancy efficiency and exerting the buoyancy force directly to riser midline connections instead on the riser body directly. Extensive numerical simulations were performed to better understand the step riser's dynamic response characteristics, with validation through scale-model tank tests. This paper also includes an alternative buoyancy module and buoyancy system design, for potentially significant savings in fabrication cost and improvements in offshore installation efficiency. The step riser configuration permits various buoyancy designs to suit the capacity of installation vessels and to improve the riser extreme and fatigue performance in service. The technology also enables applicability for disconnectable turret moored systems in ultradeepwater application. It shows that the presented technology is a practical and reliable solution for ultradeepwater applications, with providing potential cost saving opportunity.
Big Data Approach for Assessing Hydraulic Interference Between Wells in Not-Controled Systems
Authors: Silva Victor Costa Da 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
When we are evaluating reservoirs of very high hydraulic communication, as in the case of several Brazilian pre-salt fields, the identification of the effects of a well, be it source or sink, in other observer wells becomes very complex to be observed. It becomes even more difficult when we do not have control of the volumes that are injected in each zone of interest, uncertainty in the reported flows (mainly of the producers) and difficulty to define a perfect observer point. This work proposes to use the large volume of pressure and flow data that we have available to, through a linear optimization process, identify the hydraulic communication index of each well (producer or injector) at each point of observation.
To achieve this objective the author resorts to physical-based data-driven methods, and through linear optimization, reach hydraulical interference coefficients between wells. Those coefficients may delivers relevant, and even unexpected information on how wells are communicated, if there are fractures or vuges unseen by geological methods, and allow the reservoir managing team to anticipates water and/or gas breakthrough, a well is more responsive to which other, etc. Furthermore the methodology may give important information to subsidize the history matching process.
The paper shows that the methodology is widely applicable in reservoirs where either the hydraulical communication or the wells densification is high enough to avoid any conclusive assessments from usual methods and has as greatest advantage a strong physical background behind it, unlike several machine learning data driven methods. It will be presented through several examples, applying both in controlled (obtained by synthetically generated data from reservoir flow models) and uncontrolled systems (hard data obtained from Brazilian pre-salt reservoirs).
Application of Machine Learning to Oil Production Forecast under Uncertainties-The Linear Model
Authors: Kubota Leonardo , Souto Fabio 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we propose an alternative approach to the problem of oil-production forecast based on the most straightforward feature-based machine-learning algorithm: the linear model. The method can be successfully applied to forecast both oil-rate and liquid-rate in oil fields under (i) water injection, (ii) gas injection, and (iii) simultaneous water and steam injection. Our data-driven algorithm learns the underlying reservoir dynamics from 3 sets of time-series, namely, (i) injection-rate, (ii) liquid and oil-rate, and (iii) number of producers. That is all the data we need to make reliable forecasts, no geological model or numerical reservoir simulators were used.
Analysis of Brazilian's Oil and Gas Industry Research Fostering
Authors: Cantuária Marco Aurélio , Peczek Maria Pedrosa 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The present paper tries to understand how ANP Regulation n.° 03/2015 affected the Research and Development (R&D) in Brazil in the Oil and Gas Industry, by identifying the amount of projects, institutions involved, investment executed, companies responsible, and the whole research landscape along with a thorough analysis of the process and main numbers.
Finding New Hydrocarbons in Mature Fields with High Resolution Dielectric Dispersion
Authors: Bustos Ulises Daniel , Chaparro Diana Patricia , Serrano David Alfonso , Chapellin Alvaro Jose , Kovarskiy Egor , Rodriguez Diego Fernando , Cañarete Heliodoro , Ortiz Juan Carlos 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Several fields in Colombia are in the maturity phase. While the efforts are mainly focused on workflows and technology incorporation for either increasing hydrocarbon production and/or minimizing water cut, the combination of variable salinities due to production/waterflood with complex mineralogies and shales distributions, is detrimental to a proper saturation assessment with archie methods. The content of clay, thin laminations and small pore sizes add to the rock an important conductivity component that translates into low resistivity responses when measuring with low frequency conductivity devices (either based on induction or laterolog principles) and low contrast between sand and shales. Such formation evaluation issues are detrimental to achieve representative hydrocarbon saturation computations in many interest zones in this case study.
In this context, we propose a formation evaluation solution based on wireline dielectric dispersion measurements. Using a 1-inch vertical resolution wireline-conveyed device, we polarize the reservoirs with a multi-frequency electromagnetic field and evaluate the formation response to the application of this field. At higher frequencies, the electronic polarization phenomena enable to displace cloud of atoms in the formation where information on low dielectric constant materials (hydrocarbons, matrix) is assessed. At intermediate frequencies, the molecular polarization occurs by rotating-reorienting the dipoles (water molecules) creating a strong attenuation and phase shift of the electromagnetic field; consequently, allowing to measure salinity and resistivity-independent water volume. Lastly, at lower frequencies the predominance of Maxwell-Wagner effects which are related to the electrical charge redistribution at interfaces due to electromagnetic field application, enable to obtain information on rock textural information (tortuosity and cation exchange capacity). By building a petrophysical model with dielectric dispersion and nuclear logs, we then obtain a high-resolution resistivity and salinity-independent formation evaluation that solves for porosity and water vs oil saturation with a single and fast wireline logging run.