bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enteric Methane Emissions of Beef Cows Grazing Tallgrass Prairie Pasture on the Southern Great Plains
Authors: Todd Richard W. , Moffet Corey , Neel James P. S. , Turner Kenneth E. , Steiner Jean L. , Cole N. Andy 
Published: November 2019

HighlightsEnteric methane (CH4) from beef cows on pasture was measured over three seasons using three methods.Methods yielded similar results during the summer grazing season but diverged in autumn and winter seasons.Emission averaged 0.34, 0.27, and 0.29 kg CH4 cow-1 during lactation, mid-gestation, and late gestation, respectively.Annualized enteric methane emission rate for a beef cow herd grazing tallgrass prairie was 0.32 kg d-1 cow-1.Abstract. Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas, and about 20% of the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) greenhouse gases emitted by U.S. agriculture are attributed to enteric CH4 produced by grazing beef cattle. Grazing cattle are mobile point sources of methane and present challenges to quantifying the enteric methane emission rate (MER). In this study, we applied three methods to measure herd-scale and individual-animal MER for a herd of beef cows grazing a native tallgrass prairie: a point source method that used forward-mode dispersion analysis and open-path lasers and cow locations, an open chamber breath analysis system (GreenFeed), and an eddy covariance ratio method that used the ratio of CH4 and CO2 mass fluxes. Three campaigns were conducted during the early season (July), late season (October), and dormant season (February). The point source and GreenFeed methods yielded similar MER (±SD) values during the early season campaign: 0.38 ±0.04 and 0.34 ±0.05 kg d-1 cow-1, respectively. However, the MER values from the two methods diverged in subsequent seasons. The GreenFeed MER decreased through the late and dormant seasons to 0.23 ±0.03 and 0.19 ±0.03 kg d-1 cow-1, respectively. In contrast, the point source MER stayed the same during the late season and increased during the dormant season to 0.41 ±0.07 kg d-1 cow-1. The CH4:CO2 ratio method, which was used only during the dormant season, yielded a MER of 0.29 ±0.05 kg d-1 cow-1. The point source and GreenFeed methods measured different MER (integrated herd-scale versus a subset of individual animals) and likely sampled methane emissions at different times during the day. We conclude that the point source method tended to overestimate emissions, and the GreenFeed method tended to underestimate emissions. Enteric methane emissions from beef cows over the three grazing seasons averaged 0.39 and 0.25 kg d-1 cow-1 as measured by the point source and GreenFeed methods, respectively. An annualized enteric MER for a beef cow herd grazing tallgrass prairie was 0.32 kg d-1 cow-1. Quantifying enteric methane emissions from grazing beef cows remains a challenge because of the mobile, often dispersed behavior of grazing cattle and the dynamic interactions of forage quality, dry matter intake, and changing physiological state of cows during the year. Keywords: Beef cows, Enteric methane, Forage quality, Grazing, Tallgrass prairie.
Avaliação da ecoeficiencia na intermodalidade para o transporte regional de carga – o caso do calcário siderúrgico
Authors: Oliveira Cintia Machado , D' Agosto Marcio De Almeida , Santos Guilherme Anselmo Guimarães dos , Goes George Vasconcelos , Marujo Lino Guimarães , Gonçalves Daniel Neves Schmitz , Costa Mariane Gonzalez da 
Published: November 2019

Objetivou-se propor um procedimento que possibilite a escolha de alternativas para o transporte de produto de baixo valor agregado que apresente desempenho superior à alternativa de transporte especializado. Tal procedimento mostrou-se simples, dependendo apenas da disponibilidade de dados que podem ser obtidos a partir do monitoramento das operações de transporte e da estimativa de fatores de emissão de poluentes atmosféricos e GEE que podem ser obtidos em inventários de emissões produzidos por instituições públicas. A aplicação do procedimento ao caso do transporte de calcário, na Região Sudeste do Brasil, demonstrou que a alternativa de transporte especializado, embora atenda aos requisitos tradicionais do transporte de produtos de baixo valor agregado, por utilizar o transporte ferroviário por cerca de 90% do percurso, apresenta desempenho inferior a duas das alternativas não usuais de transporte. Ao introduzir o aspecto ambiental verificou-se que a melhor escolha seria a alternativa de transporte não usual do tipo rodo-ferro-rodo com container.
Metformin Is Associated With Reduced Odds for Colorectal Cancer Among Persons With Diabetes
Authors: Demb Joshua , Yaseyyedi Armaan , Liu Lin , Bustamante Ranier , Earles Ashley , Ghosh Pradipta , Gutkind J. Silvio , Gawron Andrew J. , Kaltenbach Tonya R. , Martinez Maria Elena , Gupta Samir 
Published: November 2019

INTRODUCTION:
Metformin may be associated with reduced colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, but findings from previous studies have been inconsistent and had insufficient sample sizes to examine whether the association differs by anatomic site. This study examined whether metformin was associated with reduced CRC risk, both overall and stratified by anatomic site, in a large sample of persons with diabetes who underwent colonoscopy.

METHODS:
We performed a case-control study of US Veterans with prevalent diabetes who underwent colonoscopy between 1999 and 2014 using Department of Veterans Affairs electronic health record data. Cases were defined by presence of CRC at colonoscopy, while controls had normal colonoscopy. The primary exposure was metformin use at time of colonoscopy (yes/no). Association of metformin exposure with CRC (further stratified by proximal, distal, or rectal subsite) was examined using multivariable and multinomial logistic regression and summarized by odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS:
We included 6,650 CRC patients and 454,507 normal colonoscopy patients. CRC cases were older and had lower metformin exposure. Metformin was associated with 8% relative reduction in CRC odds (OR: 0.92, 95% CI: 0.87–0.96). By subsite, metformin was associated with a 14% statistically significant reduced rectal cancer odds (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.78–0.94) but no reduced distal or proximal cancer odds.

DISCUSSION:
Metformin was associated with reduced CRC odds—particularly rectal cancer—in a large sample of persons with diabetes undergoing colonoscopy.
The Latin and the Old English Versions of St Augustine’s Prayer in his Soliloquia: A Study and a Rhetorical Synopsis
Authors: Sauer Hans 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A special kind of a short text that is embedded in a larger text is the prayer near the beginning of St Augustine’s Soliloquia, which serves as a kind of introduction to the ensuing dialogue. The relatively independent nature of this prayer was recognized early on, and in addition to its transmission in the manuscripts of the Soliloquia it has also been transmitted as an independent prayer. Something similar happened to the Old English translation. There is a full translation of the entire text, traditionally ascribed to King Alfred (and his learned helpers), but preserved only in a much later manuscript (London, British Library, Cotton Vitellius A.xv); however, a shortened version of the prayer was included in a collection of brief penitential texts in an earlier manuscript (London, British Library, Cotton Tiberius A.iii).
In the present article I look at the structure of the Latin prayer and at its Old English translation, especially the relation of the two manuscript versions and their value for textual criticism and the reconstruction of the original version, their relation to the Latin source, and the rhetoric of the Latin prayer and its Old English translation, including a brief discussion of the binomials used. The Appendix provides a synoptic version of the Latin text and the two manuscript versions of the Old English translation, highlighting their rhetorical structure, something that to my knowledge has never been done for the Old English translation.
Towards an optimization of the formulation of geopolymers in the fresh state: Rheological approach
Authors: Lahlou Nouha , Touhami Mohamed Ouazzani , Hattaf Rabii , Moussa Redouane 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this work, we are interested in describing the evolution of the rheological behavior of geopolymer materials since their elaboration until the start of their kinetics of setting. We considered the case where these materials are obtained from the dissolution of a quantity S of metakaolin in a quantity L of alkaline activation solution (sodium-based). In this context and for all the values of the structural identification parameters P = (% Na2O) and R3 = (L/S) in our experiments, it has been established that the rheological behavior is described by the viscoplastic Herschel-Bulkley model. In particular, we have been able to determine how rheological parameters of the model are affected by variations of P and / or R3. For the considered formulations, this analysis is of importance insofar as it was at the base of the identification of critical values of P and R3. Moreover, we verified that for these values, the setting time is maximum. This result is retained to define the optimized formulation of our materials.
‘Discrete’ and ‘Relational’ Approaches in Implied Contractual Relationships
Authors: Fondrieschi Alba F. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the commercial field, the practice of doing business through a series of fixed-term contracts that are renewed from time to time between the same parties, but not expressed in any framework contract, is a fairly frequent phenomenon – usually known as ‘implied contractual relationships’ or ‘implicit contracts’ – which, however, does not seem to be always recognised in the courtrooms of many legal systems.
It is usually believed that a ‘discrete’ approach to the contract – to recall Macneil’s famous distinction between discrete and relational contracts – can more easily result in the non-recognition of the legal value of implicit contractual relationships, while a ‘relational’ perspective would allow to look more closely at the economic transaction as a whole, thus leading to the acknowledgment of implicit contracts.
In this paper I will try to examine the same issue from the discrete perspective (with reference to the English system), the relational perspective (with reference to the Japanese legal system) and a third perspective taken by the Italian system, in order to show the actual differences between the relational and discrete approaches to the contract and what remedies are most effective.
Contribution of lignin to the stress transfer in compression wood viewed by tensile FTIR loading
Authors: Peng Hui , Salmén Lennart , Jiang Jiali , Lu Jianxiong 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
To achieve efficient utilization of compression wood (CW), a deeper insight into the molecular interactions is necessary. In particular, the role of lignin in the wood needs to be better understood, especially concerning how lignin contributes to its mechanical properties. For this reason, the properties of CW and normal wood (NW) from Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) have been studied on a molecular scale by means of polarized Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, under both static and dynamic loading conditions. Under static tensile loading, only molecular deformations of cellulose were observed in both CW and NW. No participation of lignin could be detected. In relation to the macroscopic strain, the molecular deformation of the cellulose C-O-C bond was greater in NW than in CW as a reflection of the higher microfibril angle and the lower load taken up by CW. Under dynamic deformation, a larger contribution of the lignin to stress transfer was detected in CW; the molecular deformation of the lignin being highly related to the amplitude of the applied stress. Correlation analysis indicated that there was a direct coupling between lignin and cellulose in CW, but there was no evidence of such a direct coupling in NW.
Cross-cultural multimodal politeness: The phonetics of Japanese deferential speech in comparison to Korean
Authors: Idemaru Kaori , Winter Bodo , Brown Lucien 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPragmatic meanings are not only conveyed through words alone, but also through how words are produced phonetically. The current study investigated phonetic features that characterize the distinction between deferential and non-deferential speech style in Japanese. The Japanese data were then compared to previously published Korean data collected through the same methodology. The results revealed striking similarities between the two languages: Deferential voice is quieter and breathier, and has less fluctuation of pitch and loudness. The common strategy appears to sound calm and soft. Whereas Korean deferential speech was additionally low-pitched, Japanese did not show a consistent relationship between deferential meanings and pitch. The results diverge from the long-held view that Japanese polite speech is high-pitched, and they also deviate from the view that polite speech is universally associated with high pitch. The current findings demonstrate the importance of considering politeness as a complex phenomenon communicated via a number of phonetic cues, rather than a single cue (e. g. pitch). On top of a production study, we performed a perception study which showed that Japanese politeness, just as was shown for Korean politeness previously, can be perceived through vocal cues alone. The results also showed that Japanese female speakers do not necessarily do more to sound polite compared to male speakers, also contrary to previous claims.
Determinants of two kinds of matrices whose elements involve sine functions
Authors: Różański Michał 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The presented paper is strictly connected, among others, with the paper On the sum of some alternating series, Comp. Math. Appl. (2011), written by Wituła and Słota. A problem concerning the form of determinants formulated in the cited paper is solved here. Next, the obtained result is adapted to solve some system of linear equations and the description of the sum of alternating series.
A characterization of translational hulls of a strongly right type B semigroup
Authors: Li Chunhua , Xu Baogen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to study the translational hull of a strongly right type B semigroup. Our main result is to prove that the translational hull of a strongly right type B semigroup is itself a strongly right type B semigroup. As an application, we give a proof of a problem posted by Petrich on translational hulls of inverse semigroups in Petrich (Inverse Semigroups, Wiley, New York, 1984) to the cases of some strongly right type B semigroups.
Effect of quantized conductivity on the anomalous photon emission radiated from atomic-size point contacts
Authors: Buret Mickaël , Smetanin Igor V. , Uskov Alexander V. , Colas des Francs Gérard , Bouhelier Alexandre 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We observe anomalous visible to near-infrared electromagnetic emission from electrically driven atomic-size point contacts. We show that the number of photons released strongly depends on the quantized conductance steps of the contact. Counterintuitively, the light intensity features an exponential decay dependence with the injected electrical power. We propose an analytical model for the light emission considering an out-of-equilibrium electron distribution. We treat photon emission as a Bremsstrahlung process resulting from hot electrons colliding with the metal boundary, and find qualitative accord with the experimental data.
Comprehensive utilization of Ganoderma lucidum residues in papermaking
Authors: Sheng Jie , Wang Wei , Ma Qianli , Yang Rendang 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study aimed to fully utilize Ganoderma lucidum (called lingzhi in China, reishi in Japan) residues as raw materials and a sizing agent in the papermaking industry to alleviate their environmental pollution and the shortage of papermaking resources. The refined Ganoderma lucidum residues can be used to replace 30 % of the plant pulps. Moreover, the prepared papers had better physical properties than pure plant fiber papers. After polysaccharide extracting, the tear index and folding endurance increased by 26 % and 34 %, respectively. In addition, the Ganoderma lucidum residues-based resin as a sizing agent achieved a similar effect of alkyl ketene dimer (AKD). The Cobb index reduced from

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The periodic table of chemical elements – history, nature, meaning
Authors: Balarew Christo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
By decision of the UN General Assembly 2019 was declared an International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements. On this occasion, in Bulgaria, an anniversary postage stamp was issued. Search for a link between the properties of the chemical elements and their atomic weight was undertaken before Mendeleev by many chemists. It is characteristic of all these classifications that the observed proximity in the properties of the elements has been attributed to chance. Mendeleev, however, was the only one who perceived that beyond the periodicity of the elements’ properties there is an important natural law. With the discovery of the structure of atoms, the periodic table of chemical elements found its scientific explanation. The periodic table set an important task to chemistry – to look for the relationship between the composition and the properties of the substances, including the disclosure of the regularities which are the basis of the so-called “anomalies”.
Mechanochemical synthesis of zincite doped with cadmium in various amounts
Authors: Kurajica S. , Mandić V. , Matijašić G. , Munda I. K. , Mužina K. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This work investigates the limit of Cd doping in ZnO derived by means of mechanochemical synthesis using CdCl2, ZnCl2 and Na2CO3 as precursors and NaCl as diluent. The prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR ATR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS),N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), while photocatalytic efficiency has been evaluated for methylene blue degradation process. Zn for Cd replacement limits in the crystal lattice of ZnO derived via mechanochemical synthesis were found to be only 2%. For Cd present in a larger portion, CdO and CdCO3 phases appear. Cd doping limits in ZnO were not affected by the milling interval. However, it was observed that Cd doping impairs the nanocrystallinity of ZnO. The morphology and the electronic structure of ZnO and thus photocatalytic activity was inappreciably affected by the Cd doping.
Size-dependent vibration analysis of graphene-PMMA lamina based on non-classical continuum theory
Authors: Zeverdejani Mehran Karimi , Beni Yaghoub Tadi 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper studies the free vibration of polymer nanocomposite reinforced by graphene sheet. In this work, the new size dependent formulation is presented for nanocomposites based on couple stress theory. For this purpose, the first shear deformation theory is applied. The effect of scale parameter is investigated based on anisotropic couple stress theory. Vibration equations of the composite lamina are extracted using Hamilton’s principle. Numerical results are provided for Poly methyl methacrylate/graphene composite.Mechanical properties of the composite are obtained from molecular dynamics simulation. Based on eigenvalue procedure, an analytical solution is obtained for the natural frequency of composite lamina. In the results section, the effect of dimensional and physical parameters are investigated on lamina natural frequency. It is observed that graphene defects caused to diminish the lamina frequency. Furthermore, it is revealed that the increase in graphene volume fraction leads to natural frequency be greater.
Rhetorical Structure Theory and coherence break identification
Authors: Skoufaki Sophia 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article examines the claim of Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) that violations of RST diagram formation principles indicate coherence breaks. In doing so, this article makes a significant contribution to the testing of RST. More broadly, it indicates that examining the coherence-break identification potential of coherence theories could help specify each theory’s purview and, in the long term, lead to the creation of hybrid models of coherence. Moreover, it paves the way for the development of training resources on discourse (in)coherence for language teachers, exam markers and language learners. 84 paragraphs written by Taiwanese learners of English were analysed according to RST and coherence measures were calculated on the basis of this analysis. The results suggest that the violation of any diagram-formation principle indicates coherence breaks, thus corroborating this RST claim. Inter- and intrajudge agreement in terms of both RST coding and coherence measures calculated on the basis of coherence breaks are reported and discussed. The kinds of coherence breaks which are and are not located by RST analysis are discussed and exemplified. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications for pedagogy and future research.
According to the Laws Established by the Gods! A Re-Examination of MDP 23, 321+322
Authors: Badamchi Hossein 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In a recent paper, K. De Graef (2018a) discussed two exceptional seal impressions on tablets from late Sukkalmaḫ Susa and early Kidinuid Haft Tepe. One text carrying the first of the pertinent seals is MDP 23, 321+322, a Susa tablet recording a trial over landed property. Following up De Graef’s study, the present communication re-examines the case and argues that the text deals with a single trial, which most likely was a primary court hearing. Certain exceptional features of the text deserve attention, including the institution of brotherhood, a unique citation of law, and an impressive judicial panel.
Sedentism, pottery and inland fishing in Late Glacial Japan: a reassessment of the Maedakochi site
Authors: Morisaki Kazuki , Oda Noriyoshi , Kunikita Dai , Sasaki Yuka , Kuronuma Yasuko , Iwase Akira , Yamazaki Takeshi , Ichida Naoichiro , Sato Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Load Carriage for Female Military Personnel
Authors: Orr Robin M. , Pope Rodney P. , O'Shea Simone , Knapik Joseph J. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
This article reviews the physiological, biomechanical, and health impacts of load carriage on the female soldier and includes issues impacting on the female athlete and hence female soldier. Physiological factors (e.g., mass, strength, and aerobic endurance) and biomechanical factors (e.g., forward trunk lean and step length) have the potential to increase the energy cost of load carriage and injury risk. Optimal load carriage conditioning guidelines are presented while considering issues specific to the female soldier, including the female athlete triad and pelvic floor muscle dysfunction, which can likewise reduce performance and increase injury risk.