bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical performance of Determine HBsAg 2 rapid test for Hepatitis B detection
Authors: Avellon Ana , Ala Aftab , Diaz Antonio , Domingo Daniel , Gonzalez Rosario , Hidalgo Lorena , Kooner Paul , Loganathan Sabarinathan , Martin Dolores , McPherson Stuart , Munoz‐Chimeno Milagros , Ryder Stephen , Slapak Gabrielle , Ryan Pablo , Valbuena Marta , Kennedy Patrick T. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is estimated to affect 292 million people worldwide, 90% of them are unaware of their HBV status. The Determine HBsAg 2 (Alere Medical Co, Ltd Chiba Japan [Now Abbott]) is a rapid test that meets European Union (EU) regulatory requirements for Hepatitis B surface antigen 2 (HBsAg) analytical sensitivity, detecting the 0.1 IU/mL World Health Organization (WHO) International HBsAg Standard. This prospective, multicentre study was conducted to establish its clinical performance. 351 evaluable subjects were enrolled, 145 HBsAg‐positive. The fingerstick whole blood sensitivity and specificity were 97.2% and 98.5% (15′ reading, reference assay cut‐off 0.05 IU/mL), sensitivity increasing to 97.9% with the prespecified cut‐off 0.13 IU/mL (EU regulations). The venous whole blood, serum and plasma sensitivity was 97.2%, 97.9%, and 98.6%, respectively (15′ reading); reaching 99%, 99.5% and 100% specificity. A testing algorithm following up an initial positive fingerstick test result with plasma/serum test demonstrates 100% specificity. The Determine HBsAg 2 test gives 15‐minute results with high sensitivity and specificity, making it an ideal tool for point‐of‐care testing, with the potential to enable large‐scale population‐wide screening to reach the WHO HBV diagnostic targets. The evaluated test improves the existing methods as most of the reviewed rapid tests do not meet the EU regulatory requirements of sensitivity.
MAPL1:q‐space reconstruction using ‐regularized mean apparent propagator
Authors: Varela‐Mattatall Gabriel , Castillo‐Passi Carlos , Koch Alexandra , Mura Joaquin , Stirnberg Rüdiger , Uribe Sergio , Tejos Cristian , Stöcker Tony , Irarrazaval Pablo 
Published: April 2020

PurposeTo improve the quality of mean apparent propagator (MAP) reconstruction from a limited number ofq‐space samples.MethodsWe implement an‐regularised MAP (MAPL1) to consider higher order basis functions and to improve the fit without increasing the number ofq‐space samples. We compare MAPL1 with the least‐squares optimization subject to non‐negativity (MAP), and the Laplacian‐regularized MAP (MAPL). We use simulations of crossing fibers and compute the normalized mean squared error (NMSE) and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient to evaluate the reconstruction quality inq‐space. We also compare coefficient‐based diffusion indices in the simulations and in in vivo data.ResultsResults indicate that MAPL1 improves NMSE in 1 to 3% when compared to MAP or MAPL in a high undersampling regime. Additionally, MAPL1 produces more reproducible and accurate results for all sampling rates when there are enough basis functions to meet the sparsity criterion for the regularizer. These improved reconstructions also produce better coefficient‐based diffusion indices for in vivo data.ConclusionsAdding anregularizer to MAP allows the use of more basis functions and a better fit without increasing the number ofq‐space samples. The impact of our research is that a complete diffusion spectrum can be reconstructed from an acquisition time very similar to a diffusion tensor imaging protocol.
Clinical characteristics of a case series of children with coronavirus disease 2019
Authors: Zhu Li , Wang Jian , Huang Rui , Liu Longgen , Zhao Haiyan , Wu Chao , Zhu Chuanwu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe reported the clinical characteristics of a case series of 10 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) aged from 1 year to 18 years. Seven patients had contact with confirmed COVID‐19 family members before onset. Fever (4 [40.0%]) and cough (3 [30.0%]) were the most common symptoms. No patient showed leucopenia and lymphopenia on admission. Pneumonia was observed in chest CT images in 5 (50.0%) patients. Five (50.0%) patients received antiviral treatment. No patient had severe complications or developed a severe illness in our study. Our study indicated that COVID‐19 children present less severe symptoms and have better outcomes.
Comparison of fecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in hand‐ versus parent‐reared whooping cranes (Grus americana)
Authors: Brown Megan E. , Torkelson Miranda R. , Olsen Glenn H. , Krisp Ashley , Hartup Barry K. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEndangered whooping cranes (Grus americana) have been produced in captivity for reintroduction programs since the 1980s, using techniques such as artificial insemination, multiple clutching, and captive‐rearing to speed recovery efforts. Chicks are often hand‐reared (HR) by caretakers in crane costumes, socialized into groups and released together, unlike parent‐reared (PR) cranes that are raised individually by a male/female crane pair and released singly. HR cranes historically exhibit greater morbidity rates during development than PR cranes, involving musculoskeletal and respiratory system disease, among others. We hypothesized that HR crane chicks exhibit a higher baseline fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) concentrations during the development compared with PR chicks. Fecal samples were collected between 15 and 70 days of age from HR (n = 15) and PR (n = 8) chicks to test for differences in FGM concentrations using a radioimmunoassay technique following ethanol extraction for steroids. Linear mixed model analysis suggests increasing age of the chick was associated with an increase in FGM (p < .001). Analysis also supported the interaction between rearing strategy and sex of the crane chick (p < .01). Female PR chicks had greater FGM concentrations than all other groups (PR male, p < .01; HR female, p < .001; and HR male, p < .001). This result suggests that there may be an effect of rearing strategy on stress physiology of whooping crane chicks, especially among females. Further research is needed to investigate whether the FGM concentrations are reflective of true differences in stress physiology of young cranes and whether this may impact health and conservation success.
Reward-driven enhancements in motor control are robust to TMS manipulation
Authors: Codol Olivier , Galea Joseph M. , Jalali Roya , Holland Peter J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA wealth of evidence describes the strong positive impact that reward has on motor control at the behavioural level. However, surprisingly little is known regarding the neural mechanisms which underpin these effects, beyond a reliance on the dopaminergic system. In recent work, we developed a task that enabled the dissociation of the selection and execution components of an upper limb reaching movement. Our results demonstrated that both selection and execution are concommitently enhanced by immediate reward availability. Here, we investigate what the neural underpinnings of each component may be. To this end, we aimed to alter the cortical excitability of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and supplementary motor area using continuous theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS) in a within-participant design (N = 23). Both cortical areas are involved in determining an individual’s sensitivity to reward and physical effort, and we hypothesised that a change in excitability would result in the reward-driven effects on action selection and execution to be altered, respectively. To increase statistical power, participants were pre-selected based on their sensitivity to reward in the reaching task. While reward did lead to enhanced performance during the cTBS sessions and a control sham session, cTBS was ineffective in altering these effects. These results may provide evidence that other areas, such as the primary motor cortex or the premotor area, may drive the reward-based enhancements of motor performance.
Cortical myoclonus and epilepsy in a family with a new SLC20A2 mutation
Authors: Coppola Antonietta , Hernandez-Hernandez Laura , Balestrini Simona , Krithika S. , Moran Nicholas , Hale Blake , Cordivari Carla , Sisodiya Sanjay M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIdiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC) or primary familial brain calcification is a rare genetic condition characterized by an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and the presence of bilateral calcifications in the basal ganglia, thalami, cerebellum and cerebral subcortical white matter. The syndrome is genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous. Causal mutations have been identified in four genes: SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB and XPR1. A variety of progressive neurological and psychiatric symptoms have been described, including cognitive impairment, movement disorders, bipolar disorder, chronic headaches and migraine, and epilepsy. Here we describe a family with a novel SLC20A2 mutation mainly presenting with neurological symptoms including cortical myoclonus and epilepsy. While epilepsy, although rare, has been reported in patients with IBGC associated with SLC20A2 mutations, cortical myoclonus seems to be a new manifestation.
“I’m just a long history of people rejecting referrals” experiences of young people who fell through the gap between child and adult mental health services
Authors: Appleton Rebecca , Elahi Farah , Tuomainen Helena , Canaway Alastair , Singh Swaran P. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe paediatric-adult split in mental health care necessitates young people to make a transition between services when they reach the upper end of child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). However, we know that this transition is often poor, and not all young people who require ongoing support are able to continue care in adult mental health services (AMHS). These young people are said to have fallen through the gap between services. This research aimed to explore the reasons why young people fall through the gap between CAMHS and AMHS, and what effect this has had on them and their families. Narrative interviews were conducted with 15 young people and 15 parents, representing 19 unique transition stories. Themes were identified collaboratively using thematic analysis. Reasons for falling through the gap were grouped into systemic problems and problems with the quality of care received. Effects of falling through the gap were grouped into separate themes for young people (feeling abandoned; struggling to manage without continued care; problems with medication) and parents (emotional impact of care ending; parents taking an active role in the young person’s care). To our knowledge, this is the first qualitative study that has focused only on the experiences of young people who have fallen through the gap between services. This research adds novel findings to existing literature regarding barriers to transition and the effects of discontinuity of care.
Declining peatland bird numbers are not consistent with the increasing Common Crane population
Authors: Fraixedas Sara , Lindén Andreas , Husby Magne , Lehikoinen Aleksi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Common Crane (Grus grus) population has experienced an unprecedented increase across Europe during the last decades. Although cranes feed mostly on invertebrates, amphibians and berries during the breeding season, they can also eat eggs and young of other birds. Therefore, conservationists have raised concerns about the potential predatory effect of cranes on wetland avifauna, but the effects of crane predation on bird numbers have so far not been investigated. We here test the relationship between the crane and peatland bird population’ abundances in Finland for five common wader and passerine species, and a set of seven less common waders, using line-transect data spanning from 1987 to 2014. We found that the population densities of two small passerines (Meadow PipitAnthus pratensisand Western Yellow WagtailMotacilla flava) and one wader species (Wood SandpiperTringa glareola) were positively associated with crane numbers, probably related to a protective effect against nest predators. For the two other common species and the set of less common waders, we did not find any significant relationships with crane abundance. None of the species was influenced by the (lagged) effect of crane presence (i.e. years since crane was first observed). Peatland drainage was responsible for most species’ negative densities, indicating the need to protect and restore peatlands to mitigate the loss of peatland bird diversity in Finland. In addition, openness, wetness and area size were important peatland characteristics positively influencing most of the studied bird populations. The development in crane and other mire bird numbers in Europe should be monitored regularly to reveal any possible future predatory effects contributing to the shaping of the peatland bird community.
Caffeine Increases Vertical Jumping Height in Young Trained Males Before But Not After a Maximal Effort Strength Training Session
Authors: Tangen Daniel S. , Nielsen Stian R. , Kolnes Kristoffer J. , Jensen Jørgen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of caffeine on vertical jumping height in rested condition and after a heavy strength training session. Six well-trained young males with experience in jump and strength training were included in this double-blinded, randomised study with cross-over design. Caffeine (3 mg/kg body weight) or placebo were ingested 45 min prior to the jump tests. Jumping was performed on a force platform and vertical jumping height was calculated. After a standardized warm up, participants performed jumping series consisting of three maximal jumps with 30 s rest between jumps followed by five maximal jumps with 7 s rest between jumps. The participants performed a heavy strength training of the leg muscles (leg press: 3 × 15 reps) and the jumping series was repeated immediately after (30 s), and after 5 min and 15 min recovery. Caffeine increased the maximal vertical counter movement jump height (P ≤ 0.05) and mean value of the 5-jump sequence prior to the strength training. Caffeine increased jump height by 2.2 cm ± 0.5 cm at the first jump. Blood lactate after the strength training increased to 6.97 ± 1.20 and 7.77 ± 0.54 mmol/L in PLA and CAF, respectively (P = 0.19). The jump height was reduced by 8 cm after the strength training. There were no differences in jump height after ingestion of caffeine or placebo immediately after the strength training session or in the recovery period, but blood lactate in the recovery period was higher in CAF compared to PLA (ANOVA;P < 0.05). Conclusion: Caffeine increased the vertical jump height in the resting state. However, after a maximal effort strength training session the positive effect of caffeine was no longer significant.
Longitudinal association between callous‐unemotional traits and friendship quality among adjudicated adolescents
Authors: Miron Carly D. , Satlof‐Bedrick Emma , Waller Rebecca 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionYouth with callous‐unemotional (CU) traits show severe and chronic forms of antisocial behavior, as well as deficits in socioaffiliative processes, such as empathy, guilt, and prosocial behavior. Adolescence represents a critical developmental window when these socioaffiliative processes can help to deepen the strength of supportive peer friendships. However, few studies have explored the relationship between CU traits and friendship quality during adolescence. In the current study, we used data from the Pathways to Desistance dataset to examine reciprocal and longitudinal associations between CU traits and friendship quality at three assessment points separated by 6 months each during adolescence.MethodsThe sample included adolescents who had interacted with the justice system (age at baseline, M = 16.04, SD = 1.14; N = 1354; 13.6% female). CU traits were assessed using the callousness scale of the self‐reported Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory and friendship quality using a scale adapted from the Quality of Relationships Inventory. Models accounted for co‐occurring aggression, impulsive‐irresponsible traits, grandiose‐manipulative traits, age, gender, location, and race.ResultsAt every assessment point, CU traits were uniquely related to lower friendship quality. Moreover, we found evidence for reciprocal effects between the first two assessment points, such that CU traits were related to decreases in friendship quality over time, while lower friendship quality simultaneously predicted increases in CU traits across the same period.ConclusionsInterventions for CU traits could benefit from including specific modules that target the social processes associated with adaptive and successful friendships, including empathic listening and other‐orientated thinking.
Immune and central nervous system-related miRNAs expression profiling in monocytes of multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Amoruso Antonella , Blonda Maria , Gironi Maira , Grasso Roberta , Di Francescantonio Valeria , Scaroni Federica , Furlan Roberto , Verderio Claudia , Avolio Carlo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIt is widely recognized that monocytes-macrophages adopt a wide variety of phenotypes, influencing the inflammatory activity and demyelination in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, how the phenotype of human monocytes evolves in the course of MS is largely unknown. The aim of our preliminary study was to analyse in monocytes of relapsing-remitting and progressive forms of MS patients the expression of a set of miRNAs which impact monocyte-macrophage immune function and their communication with brain cells. Quantitative PCR showed that miRNAs with anti-inflammatory functions, which promote pro-regenerative polarization, are increased in MS patients, while pro-inflammatory miR-155 is downregulated in the same patients. These changes may indicate the attempt of monocytes to counteract neuroinflammation. miR-124, an anti-inflammatory marker but also of myeloid cell quiescence was strongly downregulated, especially in progressive MS patients, suggesting complete loss of homeostatic monocyte function in the progressive disease phase. Profiling of miRNAs that control monocyte polarization may help to define not only the activation state of monocytes in the course of the disease but also novel pathogenic mechanisms.
Optimierung der Psychopharmakotherapie im Alter
Authors: Hefner Gudrun 
Published: April 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas Medikamenten-Management wird bei Alterspatienten erschwert u. a. durch Gebrechlichkeit und Multimorbidität, Polypharmazie und Arzneimittelinteraktionen, Non-Adhärenz und die Veränderung pharmakodynamischer und pharmakokinetischer Parameter. Trotz erhöhter Arzneistoff-Blutspiegel im Vergleich mit jüngeren Patienten und einer gesteigerten Rezeptorsensitivität sollten jedoch nicht alle Alterspatienten per se nach dem Dictum „start low, go slow“ therapiert werden, um das Risiko einer Unterdosierung zu vermeiden. Jeder Alterspatient besitzt einen individuellen komplexen pharmakokinetischen und pharmakodynamischen Phänotyp, beeinflusst von multiplen Variablen. Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring (TDM) kann bei einer Psychopharmakotherapie helfen, den individuellen pharmakokinetischen Status und auch Non-Adhärenz zu erkennen, um die maximale effektive und verträgliche Dosis zu finden. Die Erfassung des pharmakodynamischen Status muss individuell klinisch erfolgen. Verschiedene Interventionen wurden erfolgreich entwickelt, um die Medikation bei Alterspatienten zu optimieren.
Einstein synchronisation by quantum teleportation
Authors: Hosoya Akio 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We present a protocol of Einstein’s synchronization of two spatially separated clocks on the basis of quantum teleportation in which the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) state plays a central role. Our scheme does not contain the frame defining problem nor the phase contamination problem for the EPR state which appeared in the quantum clock synchronization (Jozsa et al 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett.
85, 2010).
Deep learning-based extraction of predicate-argument structure (PAS) in building design rule sentences☆
Authors: Song Jaeyeol , Lee Jin-Kook , Choi Jungsik , Kim Inhan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper describes an approach to extracting a predicate-argument structure (PAS) in building design rule sentences using natural language processing (NLP) and deep learning models. For the computer to reason about the compliance of building design, design rules represented by natural language must be converted into a computer-readable format. The rule interpretation and translation processes are challenging tasks because of the vagueness and ambiguity of natural language. Many studies have proposed approaches to address this problem, but most of these are dependent on manual tasks, which is the bottleneck to expanding the scope of design rule checking to design requirements from various documents. In this paper, we apply deep learning-based NLP techniques for translating design rule sentences into a computer-readable data structure. To apply deep learning-based NLP techniques to the rule interpretation process, we identified the semantic role elements of building design requirements and defined a PAS for design rule checking. Using a bidirectional long short-term memory model with a conditional random field layer, the computer can intelligently analyze constituents of building design rule sentences and automatically extract the logical elements. The proposed approach contributes to broadening the scope of building information modeling-enabled rule checking to any natural language-based design requirements.
Maximal Cluelessness
Authors: Mogensen Andreas L 
Published: April 2020

AbstractI argue that many of the priority rankings that have been proposed by effective altruists seem to be in tension with apparently reasonable assumptions about the rational pursuit of our aims in the face of uncertainty. The particular issue on which I focus arises from recognition of the overwhelming importance and inscrutability of the indirect effects of our actions (so-called cluelessness), conjoined with the plausibility of a permissive decision principle governing cases of deep uncertainty, known as the maximality rule. I conclude that we lack a compelling decision theory that is consistent with a longtermist perspective and does not downplay the depth of our uncertainty, while also supporting orthodox effective altruist conclusions about cause prioritization.
Hosting Asylum-Seekers and People Transiting through Milan as an Opportunity for Social Innovation
Authors: Costa Giuliana 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The State is responsible for hosting and protecting asylum-seekers and refugees, while policies and programmes are, instead, implemented at the local level. Local governance of forced migration can either reinforce exclusionist drivers imposed by national laws or effectively shape them through innovative practices, at times overcoming what is perceived as inadequate legislation, to manage the issue inclusively. This article describes Milan’s asylum-seekers and migrants in transit hosting system in 2014–2016 and discusses the extent to which the experience constituted an opportunity for social innovation in local welfare policies. Giving asylum-seekers sanctuary and dealing with the high and rapid inflow of people in transit created a unique approach (for Italy) that is still under-researched, unlike that of cities such as Amsterdam and Barcelona. The components of the “Milan Model” are identified, contextualised, and scrutinised by 46 interviews with key informants, including executives of Milan Municipality, managers of the city’s hosting facilities, social workers, journalists, Italian scholars, national and local social movement leaders, and volunteers and representatives of nationally coordinated associations.