bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using passive and active observations at microwave and sub-millimetre wavelengths to constrain ice particle models
Authors: Ekelund Robin , Eriksson Patrick , Pfreundschuh Simon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Satellite microwave remote sensing is an important tool for determining the distribution of atmospheric ice globally. The upcoming Ice Cloud Imager (ICI) will provide unprecedented measurements at sub-millimetre frequencies, employing channels up to 664 GHz. However, the utilization of such measurements requires detailed data on how individual ice particles scatter and absorb radiation, i.e. single scattering data. Several single scattering databases are currently available, with the one by Eriksson et al. (2018) specifically tailored to ICI. This study attempts to validate and constrain the large set of particle models available in this database to a smaller and more manageable set. A combined active and passive model framework is developed and employed, which converts CloudSat observations to simulated brightness temperatures (TBs) measured by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) and ICI. Simulations covering about 1 month in the tropical Pacific Ocean are performed, assuming different microphysical settings realized as combinations of the particle model and particle size distribution (PSD). Firstly, it is found that when the CloudSat inversions and the passive forward model are considered separately, the assumed particle model and PSD have a considerable impact on both radar-retrieved ice water content (IWC) and simulated TBs. Conversely, when the combined active and passive framework is employed instead, the uncertainty due to the assumed particle model is significantly reduced. Furthermore, simulated TBs for almost all the tested microphysical combinations, from a statistical point of view, agree well with GMI measurements (166, 186.31, and 190.31 GHz), indicating the robustness of the simulations. However, it is difficult to identify a particle model that outperforms any other. One aggregate particle model, composed of columns, yields marginally better agreement with GMI compared to the other particles, mainly for the most severe cases of deep convection. Of the tested PSDs, the one by McFarquhar and Heymsfield (1997) is found to give the best overall agreement with GMI and also yields radar dBZ–IWC relationships closely matching measurements by Protat et al. (2016). Only one particle, modelled as an air–ice mixture spheroid, performs poorly overall. On the other hand, simulations at the higher ICI frequencies (328.65, 334.65, and 668.2 GHz) show significantly higher sensitivity to the assumed particle model. This study thus points to the potential use of combined ICI and 94 GHz radar measurements to constrain ice hydrometeor properties in radiative transfer (RT) using the method demonstrated in this paper.
Machine learning and soil sciences: a review aided by machine learning tools
Authors: Padarian José , Minasny Budiman , McBratney Alex B. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The application of machine learning (ML) techniques in various fields of science has increased rapidly, especially in the last 10 years. The increasing availability of soil data that can be efficiently acquired remotely and proximally, and freely available open-source algorithms, have led to an accelerated adoption of ML techniques to analyse soil data. Given the large number of publications, it is an impossible task to manually review all papers on the application of ML in soil science without narrowing down a narrative of ML application in a specific research question. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the application of ML techniques in soil science aided by a ML algorithm (latent Dirichlet allocation) to find patterns in a large collection of text corpora. The objective is to gain insight into publications of ML applications in soil science and to discuss the research gaps in this topic. We found that (a) there is an increasing usage of ML methods in soil sciences, mostly concentrated in developed countries,
(b) the reviewed publications can be grouped into 12 topics, namely remote sensing, soil organic carbon, water, contamination, methods (ensembles), erosion and parent material, methods (NN, neural networks, SVM, support vector machines), spectroscopy, modelling (classes), crops, physical, and modelling (continuous),
and (c) advanced ML methods usually perform better than simpler approaches thanks to their capability to capture non-linear relationships.
From these findings, we found research gaps, in particular, about the precautions that should be taken (parsimony) to avoid overfitting, and that the interpretability of the ML models is an important aspect to consider when applying advanced ML methods in order to improve our knowledge and understanding of soil. We foresee that a large number of studies will focus on the latter topic.
Prophylaxis for Pediatric Venous Thromboembolism: Current Status and Changes Across Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America From 2011
Authors: Murphy Robert F. , Williams David , Hogue Grant D. , Spence David D. , Epps Howard , Chambers Henry G. , Shore Benjamin J. 
Published: February 2020

Introduction:Pediatric venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a concern for orthopaedic surgeons. We sought to query the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA) members on current VTE prophylaxis practice and compare those results with those of a previous survey (2011).Methods:A 35-question survey was emailed to all active and candidate POSNA members. The survey consisted of questions on personal and practice demographics; knowledge and implementation of various VTE prophylaxis protocols, mechanical and chemical VTE prophylaxis agents, and risk factors; and utilization of scenarios VTE prophylaxis agents for various clinical scenarios. One- and two-way frequency tables were constructed comparing results from the current survey and those of the 2011 survey.Results:Two hundred thirty-nine surveys were completed (18% respondent rate), with most respondents from an academic/university practice reporting one or two partners (>60%). Half were in practice ≥15 years, and >90% reported an almost exclusive pediatric practice. One-third of the respondents reported familiarity with their institution-defined VTE prophylaxis protocol, and 20% were aware of an institutionally driven age at which all patients receive VTE prophylaxis. The most frequently recognized risk factors to guide VTE prophylaxis were oral contraceptive use, positive family history, and obesity. Respondents indicated a similar frequency of use of a VTE prophylaxis agent (either mechanical or chemical) for spinal fusion, hip reconstruction, and trauma (60% to 65%), with lower frequency for neuromuscular surgery (34%) (P< 0.001). One hundred thirty-seven respondents had a patient sustain a deep vein thrombosis, and 66 had a patient sustain a pulmonary embolism. Compared with responses from 2011, only 20 more respondents reported familiarity with their institution VTE prophylaxis protocol (75 versus 55). In 2018, aspirin was used more frequently than in 2011 (52% versus 19%;P< 0.0001) and enoxaparin was used less frequently (20% versus 41%;P< 0.0001).Discussion:Over the past 7 years since the first POSNA survey on VTE prophylaxis, most POSNA members are still unaware of their institution specific VTE prophylaxis protocol. Most respondents agree that either mechanical or chemical VTE prophylaxis should be used for spinal fusion, hip reconstruction, and trauma. The use of aspirin as an agent of chemical VTE prophylaxis has increased since 2011.Level of Evidence:Level IV. Type of evidence: therapeutic
The effect of post-circumcision mucosal cuff length on premature ejaculation
Authors: Ongun Sakir , Dursun Murat , Egriboyun Sedat 
Published: February 2020

Introduction: Circumcision is considered the most common surgical procedure in the world. We aimed to compare the length of mucosal cuff after circumcision in patients with and without a complaint of premature ejaculation (PE).
Methods: Sexually active patients without erectile dysfunction that presented to the urology polyclinic between March 2018 and June 2018 were included in this multicentered, prospective study. The circumcision age of the patients, the person who performed the procedure (surgeon, non-surgeon), penile length, and dorsal and ventral penile measurements were recorded and compared between patients with and without PE.
Results: A total of 208 patients were included in the study. The mean circumcision age of the patients was 5.7±4.2 years, and the mean dorsal and mucosal size was 15.02±4.58 mm and 16.31±4.92 mm, respectively. PE was present in 106 of the participants. There was no statistically significant difference between the PE and non-PE groups in terms of the person who performed the procedure (surgeon, non-surgeon). However, the patients with PE had statistically significantly longer dorsal and ventral mucosal measurements compared to those without PE (p<0.001).
Conclusions: We think that the dorsal and ventral lengths of mucosal tissue left behind after circumcision is a risk factor for PE. Therefore, special attention should be paid not to leave redundant dorsal and ventral mucosal tissue during this procedure.
Peripheral community of shared future and Sino-Mongolian relationship
Authors: Borjigon Khugjilt 
Published: February 2020

The rise of any big country requires a peripheral supporting belt. The rise of China must be realized in sharing development and common progress with the regional countries. The characteristics of the community of shared future for mankind includes: sharing development achievements, achieving cooperation security, and people living in harmony. Building this community requires China to increase investment, and it requires the understanding and cooperation of neighboring countries. It also requires both sides to work hard and operate together. The construction of a Sino-Mongolian community of shared future or a new type of relationship needs to be promoted from the aspects of political mutual trust, economic and trade cooperation, humanities exchange, construction of discourse power and mechanism for further cooperation.
Хөрш орнуудын нийтлэг хувь заяаны үзэл баримтлал хийгээд Хятад, Монголын харилцаа
Хураангуй: Аливаа их гүрний сэргэн мандалт нь түшиг болохуйц хөрш зэргэлдээ дэмжлэг бүсүүдийг шаарддаг. БНХАУ-ын сэргэн мандалт ч мөн бүс нутгийн дэмжлэг, улмаар түүнтэй хөгжлөө хуваалцах, хамтын дэвшлийн үйл явцад сая биеллээ олох учиртай. Хөрш орнуудын нийтлэг хувь заяаны онцлогод хөгжлийн үр дүнгээ хуваалцах, хамтын ажиллагааны аюулгүй байдлаа хангах, иргэд хоорондын эвсэг харилцаа зэргийг хамруулсан байх ёстой. Хөрш орнуудын нийтлэг хувь заяаг байгуулахад Хятадын тал хөрөнгө оруулалтаа нэмэгдүүлэхээс гадна хөрш орнуудын ойлголцол, хамтын ажиллагаа, хамтын хүчин чармайлт дутагдаж болшгүй. Монгол, Хятад хөрш орны нийтлэг хувь заяаны буюу шинэлэг харилцааг төлөвшүүлэн буй болгоход улс төрийн итгэлцэл, худалдаа, эдийн засгийн хамтын ажиллагаа, хүмүүнлэгийн солилцоо, тус үзэл баримтлалын талаарх хамтарсан судалгаа, ажил хэрэгч механизм зэрэг ажлыг эрчимжүүлэх шаардлагатай.
Түлхүүр үг: Хөршүүд, нийтлэг хувь заяа, Хятад, Монголын шинэлэг харилцаа, арга зам
La situación laboral de los jóvenes
Authors: Recio Andreu Albert 
Published: February 2020

En este artículo se revisan las condiciones laborales de los jóvenes. Se muestra
que los cambios ocurridos en el mercado laboral han generado una prolongación en el tiempo
del proceso de inserción laboral. Cambios que no sólo tienen que ver con el mercado laboral,
sino también con las políticas públicas y la vida familiar. Se constata asimismo que las
condiciones laborales tienden a la inseguridad económica y generan dificultades para alcanzar
el grado de autonomía personal que asignamos a la idea de emancipación. También se
muestra la enorme segmentación del mercado laboral juvenil, lo que genera comportamientos y
trayectorias diferentes para jóvenes de diferente sexo, origen social, nivel educativo y
nacionalidad. Segmentación que obliga a una elaboración más compleja de los análisis y las
políticas laborales
The object of this paper is to analyze labour conditions of young people. Changes in labour markets generate the time enlargement of the process of integration to labour market. The situation is influenced by labour market transformations but also by other institutions (public policies, family). Globally, the paper quotes the growth of economic insecurity of young jobs. The final part is devoted to analyze the segmentation of young labour markets and the divergent labour path of young people related with gender, social origin, education and nationality. Segmentation forces to realise a more complex production of both theoretical analysis and labour policies.
En aquest article es revisen les condicions laborals dels joves. Es mostra que els canvis succeïts en el mercat laboral han generat un perllongament en el temps del procés d’inserció laboral. Canvis que no només estan relacionats amb el mercat laboral, també amb les polítiques públiques i la vida familiar. Es constata així que les condicions laborals tendeixen a la inseguretat econòmica i generen dificultats per aconseguir el grau d’autonomia personal que assignem a la idea d’emancipació. També es mostra l’enorme segmentació del mercat laboral juvenil, el qual genera comportaments i trajectòries diferents per a joves de diferent sexe, origen social, nivell educatiu i nacionalitat. Segmentació que obliga a una elaboració més complexa dels anàlisi i les polítiques laborals.
La segregación residencial, un indicador espacial confuso en la representación de la problemática residencial de los inmigrantes económicos: el caso de la Comunidad de Madrid
Authors: Martínez del Olmo Almudena , Leal Maldonado Jesús 
Published: February 2020

A través del contexto madrileño el siguiente artículo analiza la problemática residencial de los
inmigrantes económicos en base a los procesos de exclusión residencial y segregación
espacial con el fin de demostrar hasta que punto ambos llegan a coincidir.
Para ello se aplican indicadores residenciales claves e índices de segregación, obtenidos a
partir de fuentes de análisis secundarias (Encuesta de Estructuras Salariales, Censo de
Población y Viviendas, Padrón de Habitantes) y cuyos resultados conducen a afirmar que
existe un intenso proceso de exclusión residencial que no se ve secundado por un proceso de
segregación espacial. Por tanto la segregación se presenta como un indicador espacial poco
fiable y confuso en la representación de la problemática residencial de la población estudiada.
A través del context madrileny, el següent article analitza la problemàtica residencial dels immigrants econòmics en base als processos d’exclusió residencial i segregació espacial amb la finalitat de demostrar fina a quin punt ambdós arriben a coincidir.

Per aquest motiu s’apliquen indicadors residencials claus i índexs de segregació, obtinguts a partir de fonts d’anàlisi secundàries (Enquesta d’Estructures Salarials, Cens de Població i Habitatges i Padró d’Habitants), els resultats dels quals condueixen a afirmar que existeix un intens procés d’exclusió residencial que no ve seguit d’un procés de segregació espacial. Per tant, la segregació es presenta com un indicador espacial poc fiable i confús en la representació de la problemàtica residencial de la població estudiada
Using Madrid as a case of study in this paper the problems of economical immigrants related to
housing exclusion and spatial segregations are studied in order to explore the communalities of
both processes.
Ethnic segregation and the housing market in two cities in northern and southern Europe: the cases of Amsterdam and Barcelona
Authors: Musterd Sako , Fullaondo Elorduy-Zapaterieche Arkaitz 
Published: February 2020

Uneven urban geographies of different immigrant or ethnic groups have received ample
attention across the world; however in Southern Europe the picture is as yet unclear. Most
Southern European countries recently experienced a new phase in their modern history
because they became net immigrant receivers after having been net ‘deliverers’ of migrants for
many decades. This opens the question what direction this migration will take and what the
implications for the segregation in cities will be. One of the crucial questions in that respect is
what the implications will be for the functioning of the housing market. Will some parallels
develop with what occurred in Northern Europe? Or will there be a development with an own
character. In this article we aim to contribute to answering these questions through a
comparison of the segregation and housing relation in the cities of Amsterdam and Barcelona.
L’estudi de les diferents geografies urbanes de la immigració ha estat àmpliament estudiat al llarg del planeta. En canvi, en el cas del sud d’Europa, la realitat és encara difosa. Molts d’aquests països es troben en una fase en la seva història moderna, fa temps que van deixar de ser països d’emigració i des de fa pocs anys s’han convertit en països d’immigració neta. Aquesta nova realitat reobre diferents qüestions i problemàtiques sobre la implicació de la segregació a les ciutats, com per exemple: Quines seran les implicacions en el funcionament del mercat de l’habitatge? Existeixen paral·lelismes amb el desenvolupament experimentat en dècades anteriors per les ciutats del nord d’Europa? O per el contrari s’està produint un desenvolupament original de l’esmentada problemàtica? El propòsit d’aquest article és donar resposta a aquestes preguntes a través de la comparació de la relació existent entre la segregació i el mercat de l’habitatge a les ciutats d’Amsterdam i Barcelona
El estudio de las diferentes geografías urbanas de la inmigración ha sido ampliamente estudiado a lo largo del planeta sin embargo, en el caso del Sur de Europa, la realidad es aun difusa. Muchos de estos países se encuentran en una nueva fase en su historia moderna, hace tiempo que dejaron de ser países de emigración y desde hace pocos años se han convertido en países de inmigración neta. Esta nueva realidad reabre diferentes cuestiones y problemáticas sobre la implicación de la segregación en las ciudades, como por ejemplo

¿Cuáles serán las implicaciones en el funcionamiento del mercado de la vivienda? ¿Existes paralelismos con el desarrollo experimentado en décadas anteriores por las ciudades del Norte de Europa? O por el contrario se está produciendo un desarrollo original de dicha problemática. El propósito de este artículo es dar respuesta a estas preguntas a través de la comparación de la relación existente entre la segregación y el mercado de la vivienda en las ciudades de Ámsterdam y Barcelona.
Usos y significados del espacio público
Authors: Aramburu Otazu Mikel 
Published: February 2020

Los conflictos sobre el espacio público urbano forman parte de la idiosincrasia de la
convivencia en las ciudades. Así ha sido desde siempre, pero ahora seguramente estamos
asistiendo a un momento de cierta crisis, o percepción de crisis, respecto a la convivencia
en el espacio público urbano. Este malestar respecto al espacio público es evidente en el
contexto español, como atestigua la proliferación, en los últimos años, de ordenanzas
municipales sobre “civismo”, pero esta tendencia también se produce en el contexto
internacional, al menos en las democracias avanzadas occidentales (Fyfe et al 2006). En
este artículo se analiza los principales aspectos de este proceso.
Els conflictes sobre l’espai públic urbà formen part de la idiosincràsia de la convivència a les ciutats. Així ha estat des de sempre, però ara segurament estem assistint a un moment de certa crisi, o percepció de crisi, respecte a la convivència en l’espai públic urbà. Aquest malestar respecte a l’espai públic és evident en el context espanyol, com testifica la proliferació, en els últims anys d’ordenances municipals sobre civisme, però aquesta tendència també es produeix en el context internacional, com a mínim en les democràcies avançades occidentals (Fyfe et al 2006). En aquest article s’analitzaran els principals aspectes d’aquest procés.
The uses of public space are part of idiosyncrasy of coexistence in cities. This process has
been always conflictive; nevertheless we are witnessing a moment of crisis, or crisis
perception, in terms of population coexistence in public spaces. This perceived annoyance
is quite evident in the context of Spanish cities, as it is evidenced by the proliferation of
municipal regulations related to citizens civic conduct, although this tendency is also present
in the international context, at least at advanced occidental democracies (Fyfe et al, 2006).
At the same time that States deregulate economical aspects, the only field where them
reinforce their securitize paper.
The Current State of Communication of Urgent and Significant, Unexpected Diagnoses in Anatomic Pathology
Authors: Staats Paul N. , Parkash Vinita , Otis Christopher N. , Sharma Poonam , Ioffe Olga , Bracamonte Erika R. 
Published: February 2020

Context.—The concept of critical diagnoses in anatomic pathology is relatively recent and rigorous study of the issue is quite limited. The College of American Pathologists and Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology issued a consensus statement in 2012. There has been no multi-institutional study of communication policies since then.Objective.—To survey the policies of anatomic pathology laboratories regarding communication of critical values.Design.—A survey of the Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology membership was performed using a 14-question electronic survey tool.Results.—Responses were received from 38 institutions. Thirty-five of 38 (92%) had a policy on anatomic pathology critical values. Twenty-five of 38 (66%) respondents had read the College of American Pathologists/Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology consensus statement. Twelve of 38 (32%) institutions divided critical values into 2 categories, of which 9 used the College of American Pathologists/Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology terminology; 24 used only a single term, of which 11 used critical value. There was substantial variation in the diagnoses that were considered critical. A direct phone call to the responsible provider was uniformly considered an acceptable means of communication; all other methods had mixed or low support. The most common time frame was same day; many laboratories did not specify a timeframe. Most laboratories document date, time, and person to whom the result was communicated in the final report or an addendum report. Eighteen of 38 (47%) laboratories report an auditing mechanism for communication.Conclusions.—Policies for communication of critical/urgent/significant, unexpected results in anatomic pathology are the norm. However, there remains significant variation between institutions in the details of these policies.