bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ophthalmic artery Doppler in combination with other biomarkers in prediction of pre‐eclampsia at 35–37 weeks' gestation
Authors: Sarno M. , Wright A. , Vieira N. , Sapantzoglou I. , Charakida M. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo examine the potential value of maternal ophthalmic artery Doppler at 35–37 weeks' gestation in combination with the established biomarkers of pre‐eclampsia (PE), including mean arterial pressure (MAP), uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA‐PI), serum placental growth factor (PlGF) and serum soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1), in the prediction of subsequent development of PE.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study in women attending for a routine hospital visit at 35 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation. This visit included recording of maternal demographic characteristics and medical history, ultrasound examination for fetal anatomy and growth, assessment of flow velocity waveforms from the maternal ophthalmic arteries, and measurement of MAP, UtA‐PI, serum PlGF and serum sFlt‐1. The competing‐risks model was used to estimate the individual patient‐specific risks of delivery with PE at any time and at < 3 weeks after assessment by a combination of maternal demographic characteristics and medical history with biomarkers. The area under the receiver‐operating‐characteristics curve and detection rate (DR) of delivery with PE, at a 10% false‐positive rate (FPR), in screening by combinations of maternal factors with ophthalmic artery second to first peak of systolic velocity ratio (PSV ratio), MAP, UtA‐PI, serum PlGF and serum sFlt‐1 were determined. The modeled performance of screening for PE was also estimated.ResultsThe study population of 2287 pregnancies contained 60 (2.6%) that developed PE, including 19 (0.8%) that delivered with PE at < 3 weeks after assessment. The PSV ratio improved the prediction of PE with delivery at any stage after assessment provided by maternal factors alone (from 25.4% to 50.6%), maternal factors and MAP (54.3% to 62.7%), maternal factors, MAP and PlGF (68.3% to 70.8%) and maternal factors, MAP, PlGF and sFlt‐1 (75.7% to 76.7%), at a FPR of 10%. The PSV ratio also improved the prediction of PE with delivery at < 3 weeks after assessment provided by maternal factors alone (from 31.0% to 69.4%), maternal factors and MAP (74.1% to 83.4%), maternal factors, MAP and UtA‐PI (77.1% to 85.0%) and maternal factors, MAP and PlGF (84.8% to 88.6%). The empirical results for DR at a 10% FPR were consistent with the modeled results. Screening by a combination of maternal factors with MAP and PSV ratio also detected 59.4% (95% CI, 58.6–82.5%) of cases of gestational hypertension with delivery at any stage after assessment, and 86.7% (95% CI, 82.4–100%) of those with delivery at < 3 weeks after assessment.ConclusionOphthalmic artery Doppler could potentially improve the performance of screening for PE at 35–37 weeks, especially imminent PE with delivery within 3 weeks after assessment, but further studies are needed to validate this finding. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Gamithromycin in swine: Pharmacokinetics and clinical evaluation against swine respiratory disease
Authors: Hamel Dietmar , Richard‐Mazet Alexandra , Voisin Florian , Böhne Inge , Fraisse Florence , Rauh Renate , Huang Rose , Kellermann Michael , Letendre Laura , Dumont Pascal , Rehbein Steffen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of gamithromycin were evaluated in 26 male castrated and female crossbred swine administered gamithromycin 15% w/v (Zactran®, Boehringer Ingelheim) intravenously at 6 mg/kg bodyweight or intramuscularly at 3, 6 or 12 mg/kg bodyweight. Blood samples were collected up to Day 10 to establish the plasma profile of gamithromycin, bioavailability and dose proportionality. When administered by intramuscular injection at 6 mg/kg BWT, pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: area under the curve until last quantifiable plasma concentration, 5.13 ± 0.957 µg*hours/ml; maximum plasma concentration, 960 ± 153 ng/ml at 5 to 15 min; terminal half‐life of 94.1 ± 20.4 hr. Absolute bioavailability was 92.2%. Increase in systemic exposure was proportional to the gamithromycin dose level over the range 3–12 mg/kg BWT. No gender‐related statistically significant difference in exposure was observed. For clinical evaluation of Zactran® against swine respiratory disease, 305 pigs from six commercial farms in three countries in Europe with signs associated with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and/or Haemophilus parasuis and/or Pasteurella multocida and/or Bordetella bronchiseptica were used. At each site, animals were treated once in a 1:1 ratio with a single intramuscular dose of Zactran® (6 mg gamithromycin/kg bodyweight) or Zuprevo® (4% w/v tildipirosin at 4 mg/kg bodyweight; MSD Animal Health) at the recommended dose respectively. Animals were observed and scored daily for 10 consecutive days for signs of swine respiratory disease (depression, respiration and rectal temperature), and animals presenting signs of clinical swine respiratory disease (Depression Score 3 and/or Respiratory Score 3 associated with Rectal Temperature > 40.0°C) were removed from the study and considered as treatment failure. Animals which remained in the study were individually assessed for ʽtreatment successʼ or ʽtreatment failureʼ (Depression Score ≥ 1 and Rectal Temperature > 40.0°C or Respiratory Score ≥ 1 and Rectal Temperature > 40.0°C). Using a non‐inferiority hypothesis test (non‐inferiority margin = 0.10), the proportion of treatment successes in the Zactran® group (97%) was equivalent to or better than that in the Zuprevo® group (93%).
Climate activism and its effects
Authors: Fisher Dana R. , Nasrin Sohana 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAs activism including climate strikes have become a common occurrence around the world, it is important to consider the growth in climate change‐focused activism and participation in social movements as a specific type of civic engagement. Although studies have analyzed climate activism and the climate movement, there is limited research that integrates it into the broader literature on civic engagement and which considers how these forms of engagement are related to specific climate outcomes. Here, we take a first step in understanding the material outcomes of these efforts. Specifically, we provide an overview of climate‐related activism as a form of civic engagement, paying particular attention to the targets of this activism and its environmental outcomes in terms of greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Then, we focus on one of the most common tactics to gain momentum in recent years: the school strike, which has mobilized a growing number of participants around the world. We discuss how the Coronavirus pandemic has changed the climate movement with much activism moving online. We conclude by discussing the overall state of the knowledge about the outcomes of climate activism, as well as highlighting the need for careful research to measure its effects across scale.This article is categorized under
Policy and Governance > Private Governance of Climate Change
The Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Climate Science and Social Movements
Climate change: What we know and what is to be done
Authors: Levine Mark D. , Steele Robert V. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOur goal in this article is to explain briefly what we believe to be the scientifically confirmed findings of climate change and what actions in our judgment are needed to forestall the worst impacts of a changing climate. Climate change is well documented by data and scientific observation. The global average temperature has already increased by more than 1°C (1.8°F) above preindustrial levels, and the impacts already felt are significant and encompass the entire globe. A 1°C increase in global temperature has resulted in increased melting of glaciers and the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets; higher frequency of more severe hurricanes; greater severity of droughts and forest fires; and extinction of selected species on land and in the sea, among other impacts. These are due largely to the extreme temperatures that accompany the higher mean temperature. There exist policies and cost‐effective technologies today that can achieve large reductions in carbon emissions. There is significant experience with all of the policies and technologies. R&D needs to be carried out on key new zero‐carbon technologies. Foremost among these technologies are electricity storage for large‐scale application in wind and solar power plants, batteries for electric vehicles, and zero‐carbon fuels for vehicles. Other than the (in our view limited but worthwhile) progress achieved through the Conference of the Parties meetings, especially the Paris Agreement, the world has not yet begun addressing climate change sufficiently to avoid very significant impacts. One early sign that the world has become serious about climate change will occur when oil and gas companies reduce and ultimately cease exploring for new resources.This article is categorized under:
Energy and Climate > Climate and Environment
Recent advances in applications of nanoparticles in SERS in vivo imaging
Authors: Du Zhen , Qi Yuchen , He Jian , Zhong Danni , Zhou Min 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSurface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique has been regarded as one of the most important research methods in the field of single‐molecule science. Since the previous decade, the application of nanoparticles for in vivo SERS imaging becomes the focus of research. To enhance the performance of SERS imaging, researchers have developed several SERS nanotags such as gold nanostars, copper‐based nanomaterials, semiconducting quantum dots, and so on. The development of Raman equipment is also necessary owing to the current limitations. This review describes the recent advances of SERS nanoparticles and their applications for in vivo imaging in detail. Specific examples highlighting the in vivo cancer imaging and treatment application of SERS nanoparticles. A perspective on the challenges and opportunities of nanoparticles in SERS in vivo imaging is also provided.This article is categorized under:
Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Lipid Droplets in Cancer
Authors: Petan Toni 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLipid droplets have a unique structure among organelles consisting of a dense hydrophobic core of neutral lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids decorated with various proteins. Often labeled merely as passive fat storage repositories, they in fact have a remarkably dynamic life cycle. Being formed within the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, lipid droplets rapidly grow, shrink, traverse the cytosol, and engage in contacts with other organelles to exchange proteins and lipids. Their lipid and protein composition changes dynamically in response to cellular states and nutrient availability. Remarkably, their biogenesis is induced when cells experience various forms of nutrient, energy, and redox imbalances, including lipid excess and complete nutrient deprivation. Cancer cells are continuously exposed to nutrient and oxygen fluctuations and have the capacity to switch between alternative nutrient acquisition and metabolic pathways in order to strive even during severe stress. Their supply of lipids is ensured by a series of nutrient uptake and scavenging mechanisms, upregulation of de novo lipid synthesis, repurposing of their structural lipids via enzymatic remodeling, or lipid recycling through autophagy. Importantly, most of these pathways of lipid acquisition converge at lipid droplets, which combine different lipid fluxes and control their usage based on specific cellular needs. It is thus not surprising that lipid droplet breakdown is an elaborately regulated process that occurs via a complex interplay of neutral lipases and autophagic degradation. Cancer cells employ lipid droplets to ensure energy production and redox balance, modulate autophagy, drive membrane synthesis, and control its composition, thereby minimizing stress and fostering tumor progression. As regulators of (poly)unsaturated fatty acid trafficking, lipid droplets are also emerging as modulators of lipid peroxidation and sensitivity to ferroptosis. Clearly, dysregulated lipid droplet turnover may also be detrimental to cancer cells, which should provide potential therapeutic opportunities in the future. In this review, we explore how lipid droplets consolidate lipid acquisition and trafficking pathways in order to match lipid supply with the requirements for cancer cell survival, growth, and metastasis.
Prediction of Acoustic Fields Using a Lattice-Boltzmann Method and Deep Learning
Authors: Rüttgers Mario , Koh Seong-Ryong , Jitsev Jenia , Schröder Wolfgang , Lintermann Andreas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Using traditional computational fluid dynamics and aeroacoustics methods, the accurate simulation of aeroacoustic sources requires high compute resources to resolve all necessary physical phenomena. In contrast, once trained, artificial neural networks such as deep encoder-decoder convolutional networks allow to predict aeroacoustics at lower cost and, depending on the quality of the employed network, also at high accuracy. The architecture for such a neural network is developed to predict the sound pressure level in a 2D square domain. It is trained by numerical results from up to 20,000 GPU-based lattice-Boltzmann simulations that include randomly distributed rectangular and circular objects, and monopole sources. Types of boundary conditions, the monopole locations, and cell distances for objects and monopoles serve as input to the network. Parameters are studied to tune the predictions and to increase their accuracy. The complexity of the setup is successively increased along three cases and the impact of the number of feature maps, the type of loss function, and the number of training data on the prediction accuracy is investigated. An optimal choice of the parameters leads to network-predicted results that are in good agreement with the simulated findings. This is corroborated by negligible differences of the sound pressure level between the simulated and the network-predicted results along characteristic lines and by small mean errors.
Brane-jet instabilities
Authors: Bena Iosif , Pilch Krzysztof , Warner Nicholas P. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
With one exception, all known non-supersymmetric AdS4 and AdS5 vacua of gauged maximal supergravities that descend from string and M theory have been shown to have modes with mass below the BF bound. The remaining non-supersymmetric AdS solution is perturbatively stable within gauged maximal supergravity, and hence appears to contradict recent conjectures about the AdS stability based on the weak gravity conjecture. We show that this solution is actually unstable by exhibiting a new decay channel, which is only visible when the solution is uplifted to eleven dimensions. In particular, M2 brane probes at generic locations inside the internal manifold are attracted to the Poincaré horizon, only to be expelled as “brane jets” along certain directions of the internal manifold. Such instabilities can arise in any non-supersymmetric AdS vacuum in any dimension. When a brane-jet instability is present, the force that expels the branes is the same as the force felt by a probe brane whose mass is less than its charge.
The Poincaré and BMS flux-balance laws with application to binary systems
Authors: Compère Geoffrey , Oliveri Roberto , Seraj Ali 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Asymptotically flat spacetimes admit both supertranslations and Lorentz transformations as asymptotic symmetries. Furthermore, they admit super-Lorentz transformations, namely superrotations and superboosts, as outer symmetries associated with super-angular momentum and super-center-of-mass charges. In this paper, we present comprehensively the flux-balance laws for all such BMS charges. We distinguish the Poincaré flux-balance laws from the proper BMS flux-balance laws associated with the three relevant memory effects defined from the shear, namely, the displacement, spin and center-of-mass memory effects. We scrutinize the prescriptions used to define the angular momentum and center-of-mass. In addition, we provide the exact form of all Poincaré and proper BMS flux-balance laws in terms of radiative symmetric tracefree multipoles. Fluxes of energy, angular momentum and octupole super-angular momentum arise at 2.5PN, fluxes of quadrupole supermomentum arise at 3PN and fluxes of momentum, center-of-mass and octupole super-center-of-mass arise at 3.5PN. We also show that the BMS flux-balance laws lead to integro-differential consistency constraints on the radiation-reaction forces acting on the sources. Finally, we derive the exact form of all BMS charges for both an initial Kerr binary and a final Kerr black hole in an arbitrary Lorentz and supertranslation frame, which allows to derive exact constraints on gravitational waveforms produced by binary black hole mergers from each BMS flux-balance law.
Zilch vortical effect, Berry phase, and kinetic theory
Authors: Huang Xu-Guang , Mitkin Pavel , Sadofyev Andrey V. , Speranza Enrico 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Rotating photon gas exhibits a chirality separation along the angular velocity which is manifested through a generation of helicity and zilch currents. In this paper we study this system using the corresponding Wigner function and construct elements of the covariant chiral kinetic theory for photons from first principles. The Wigner function is solved order-by-order in ħ and the unconstrained terms are fixed by matching with quantum field theory results. We further consider the zilch and helicity currents and show that both manifestations of the chirality transport originate in the Berry phase of photons similarly to other chiral effects. Constructing the kinetic description from the Wigner function we find that the frame vector needed to fix the definition of spin of a massless particle is, in fact, the vector of the residual gauge freedom for the free Maxwell theory. We also briefly comment on the possible relation between vortical responses in rotating systems of massless particles and the anomalies of underlying quantum field theory.
Feature-Driven Viewpoint Placement for Model-Based Surface Inspection
Authors: Mosbach Dennis , Gospodnetić Petra , Rauhut Markus , Hamann Bernd , Hagen Hans 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe goal of visual surface inspection is to analyze an object’s surface and detect defects by looking at it from different angles. Developments over the past years have made it possible to partially automate this process. Inspection systems use robots to move cameras and obtain pictures that are evaluated by image processing algorithms. Setting up these systems or adapting them to new models is primarily done manually. A key challenge is to define camera viewpoints from which the images are taken. The number of viewpoints should be as low as possible while still guaranteeing an inspection of the desired quality. System engineers define and evaluate configurations that are improved based on a time-consuming trial-and-error process leading to a sufficient, but not necessarily optimal, configuration. With the availability of 3D surface models defined by triangular meshes, this step can be done virtually. This paper presents a new scalable approach to determine a small number of well-placed camera viewpoints for optical surface inspection planning. The initial model is approximated by B-spline surfaces. A set of geometric feature functionals is defined and used for an adaptive, non-uniform surface sampling that is sparse in geometrically low-complexity areas and dense in regions of higher complexity. The presented approach is applicable to solid objects with a given 3D surface model. It makes camera viewpoint generation independent of the resolution of the triangle mesh, and it improves previous results considering number of viewpoints and their relevance.
Efficient analysis of welding thermal conduction using the Newton–Raphson method, implicit method, and their combination
Authors: Feng Zhongyuan , Ma Ninshu , Li Wangnan , Narasaki Kunio , Lu Fenggui 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFinite element analysis is commonly used to investigate the thermal-mechanical phenomena during welding. To improve the computing efficiency of finite element analysis for welding thermal conduction, a novel Newton–Raphson method (NRM) without the computation of inverse matrix and a hybrid method combing the NRM and conventional implicit method (IMP) were developed. Comparison of computing time between the hybrid method implemented in an in-house software JWRIAN and the IMP used in a commercial software ABAQUS indicated that the computing speed of the former was about 4.5 times faster than that of the latter. Additionally, compared to the conventional IMP, the NRM exhibited higher computing efficiency in the analysis of transient thermal conduction during the welding heating process. Meanwhile, a combined hybrid method of the NRM and IMP was verified to be more efficient in analyzing the welding thermal conduction throughout the heating and cooling processes. Moreover, the thermal cycles computed by the hybrid method were consistent with those from experimental measurement, indicating the high accuracy of the hybrid method. Furthermore, the hybrid method was used to predict the temperature field of the corner boxing fillet joint welded by a low transformation temperature weld metal for generation of compressive residual stress.