bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taste masking of water-soluble drug by solid lipid microspheres: a child-friendly system established by reversed lipid-based nanoparticle technique
Authors: Zhang Yadan , Shen Liao , Wang Tao , Li Haiyan , Huang Ri , Zhang Zhen , Wang Yongan , Quan Dongqin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objectives
A child-friendly taste-masking strategy using solid lipid microsphere (SLM) has been proposed to obscure the undesirable taste of some water-soluble drugs. In this study, the reversed lipid-based nanoparticle (RLBN) technique was used to encapsulate a water-soluble drug to facilitate the preparation of SLM.

Methods
The model drug used was atomoxetine hydrochloride (ATX), and a three-step method was used to prepare ATX-RLBN. Taste-masking microsphere (ATX-RLBN-SLM) was prepared by the spray chilling method. The drug release mechanism was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, in vitro taste evaluation method was established and ATX bioavailability was investigated employing pharmacokinetic studies.

Key findings
The obtained ATX-RLBN-SLM had smooth spherical particles with a size of about 80 μm. The drug encapsulation and loading efficiencies were 98.28% ± 0.59% and 0.89% ± 0.04%, respectively. In vitro drug release studies showed that nearly 96% drug was retained in the microspheres within 10 min at pH 6.8 and a complete release was triggered by lipase, accompanied by variation in the morphology. Taste assessment revealed that ATX-RLBN-SLM could efficiently mask the bitter taste and improved the bioavailability of ATX.

Conclusions
Atomoxetine hydrochloride-reversed lipid-based nanoparticle-solid lipid microsphere exhibited excellent taste-masking effect with negligible leakage in the oral cavity environment and thorough collapse upon lipase stimulation, simultaneously enhancing the bioavailability of ATX. The study paves a new way to efficiently mask the undesirable taste of some water-soluble drugs.
Soil water availability shapes species richness in mid‐latitude shrub steppe plant communities
Authors: Jordan Samuel E. , Palmquist Kyle A. , Bradford John B. , Lauenroth William K. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractQuestionsEcological communities are controlled by multiple, interacting abiotic and biotic factors that influence the distribution, abundance, and diversity of species. These processes jointly determine resource availability, resource competition, and ultimately species richness. For many terrestrial ecosystems in dryland climates, soil water availability is the most frequent limiting resource for plant species. We used field sampling coupled with process‐based soil water balance modeling to explore the relative importance of multiple macroclimatic, ecohydrological, and biotic variables on plant species and functional type richness at the landscape scale in dryland plant communities.LocationDryland plant communities dominated by big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) that span climatic and elevational gradients in Wyoming, USA.MethodsWe quantified species richness at 1,000 m2 and used multiple regression to determine whether mean climatic conditions, multiple metrics of soil moisture from a soil water balance model (SOILWAT2), soil physical and chemical properties, and shrub stand structure (biotic) variables were related to species and functional type richness.ResultsSpecies richness varied between 16 and 54 across sites. We found that species and functional type richness were related to both macroclimate and ecohydrology, but ecohydrology explained slightly more variation than climate. Biotic variables were always secondary to macroclimate and ecohydrology in our models. Variance partitioning revealed that large portions of variability in species (~54%), forb (~47%), and grass (~40%) richness were explained by ecohydrological variables.ConclusionsOur results highlight the importance of the spatial and temporal distribution of soil water for dryland plant species richness and suggest that documenting the ways in which climate, vegetation, and soil properties interact to determine soil water availability is critical for understanding biodiversity patterns in dryland plant communities. This work has relevance for other mid‐latitude, shrub‐dominated dryland plant communities where soil water availability strongly influences ecosystem structure and function.
Functional analyses of small secreted cysteine‐rich proteins identified candidate effectors in Verticillium dahliae
Authors: Wang Dan , Tian Li , Zhang Dan‐Dan , Song Jian , Song Shuang‐Shuang , Yin Chun‐Mei , Zhou Lei , Liu Yan , Wang Bao‐Li , Kong Zhi‐Qiang , Klosterman Steven J. , Li Jun‐Jiao , Wang Jie , Li Ting‐Gang , Adamu Sabiu , Subbarao Krishna V. , Chen Jie‐Yin , Dai Xiao‐Feng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSecreted small cysteine‐rich proteins (SCPs) play a critical role in modulating host immunity in plant–pathogen interactions. Bioinformatic analyses showed that the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae encodes more than 100 VdSCPs, but their roles in host–pathogen interactions have not been fully characterized. Transient expression of 123 VdSCP‐encoding genes in Nicotiana benthamiana identified three candidate genes involved in host–pathogen interactions. The expression of these three proteins, VdSCP27, VdSCP113, and VdSCP126, in N. benthamiana resulted in cell death accompanied by a reactive oxygen species burst, callose deposition, and induction of defence genes. The three VdSCPs mainly localized to the periphery of the cell. BAK1 and SOBIR1 (associated with receptor‐like protein) were required for the immunity triggered by these three VdSCPs in N. benthamiana. Site‐directed mutagenesis showed that cysteine residues that form disulphide bonds are essential for the functioning of VdSCP126, but not VdSCP27 and VdSCP113. VdSCP27, VdSCP113, and VdSCP126 individually are not essential for V. dahliae infection of N. benthamiana and Gossypium hirsutum, although there was a significant reduction of virulence on N. benthamiana and G. hirsutum when inoculated with the VdSCP27/VdSCP126 double deletion strain. These results illustrate that the SCPs play a critical role in the V. dahliae–plant interaction via an intrinsic virulence function and suppress immunity following infection.
Factors influencing eHealth literacy among Korean nursing students: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Kim Sisook , Jeon Jaehee 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSuccessful online learning depends on the supported learner's attitude, motivation, and self‐efficacy, along with their ability to use the flexibility and convenience of digital technology. As information and communications technology is introduced in healthcare, eHealth literacy (eHL) is becoming increasingly essential in nursing education. This study aimed to identify the eHL levels and the factors affecting eHL among nursing students. A survey was conducted among 205 nursing students from two colleges in Korea. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the factors associated with the eHL of nursing students were examined using multiple regression analysis. The eHL of nursing students, measured using the eHealth literacy scale, was found to be higher than in previous studies. Factors affecting eHL of nursing students were academic level, digital literacy toward information and communications technology for learning, and self‐efficacy for online education. These factors accounted for 38.8% of the variability in eHL among nursing students. In order to improve the eHL of nursing students, nursing education should consider a multidimensional approach toward developing digital literacy and self‐efficacy among them.
‘The Problem of the Color Line’: Faculty approaches to teaching Social Justice in Baccalaureate Nursing Programs
Authors: Valderama‐Wallace Claire Paulino , Apesoa‐Varano Ester Carolina 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSocial justice is put forth as a core professional nursing value, although conceptualizations within foundational documents and among nurse educators remain inconsistent and contradictory. The purpose of this study was to explore how faculty teach social justice in theory courses in Baccalaureate programs. This qualitative study utilized constructivist grounded theory methods to examine processes informing participants' teaching. Participants utilize four overarching approaches: fostering engaging classroom climates, utilizing various naming strategies, framing diversity and culture as social justice, and role modeling a critical stance. They deploy specific strategies, varying largely by race, educational background, and nursing specialty. A background in social sciences supports pedagogy that interrogates health inequities rather than merely raising awareness about disparities. Findings also reveal that faculty of color navigate institutional structures predicated upon colorblind racism and problematic views of culture, which many white faculty teaching non‐Community Health Nursing courses described doing. To enact social justice and be answerable to our communities, concerted anti‐oppression efforts are needed across education, research, practice, and policy. This includes sustained commitment to address colonialism and whiteness in every institution that defines, promotes, and claims to advance nursing so that we can fulfill our responsibility to address unjust systems and structures to serve our communities.
Normative values for gastric motility assessed with the 3D‐transit electromagnetic tracking system
Authors: Sutter Nanna , Klinge Mette Winther , Mark Esben Bolvig , Nandhra Gursharan , Haase Anne‐Mette , Poulsen Jakob , Knudsen Karoline , Borghammer Per , Schlageter Vincent , Birch Malcolm , Scott S. Mark , Drewes Asbjørn Mohr , Krogh Klaus 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe Motilis 3D‐Transit system allows ambulatory description of transit patterns throughout the gastrointestinal tract and offers an alternative method for studying gastric motility. We aimed to establish normative values for gastric motility assessed with the method.MethodA total of 132 healthy volunteers ingested the 3D‐Transit capsule for assessment of gastrointestinal transit times. Recordings from 125 subjects were used for definition of normative values. Forty‐six subjects were studied on two consecutive days. Recordings were reanalyzed using newly developed software providing information on gastric emptying (GE) as well as contraction frequency and movement during gastric contractions.ResultsThe median GE time was 2.7 hours (range 0.1‐21.2). In 89% of subjects, the capsule passed the pylorus within a postingestion period of 6 hours. The median frequency of gastric contractions was 3.1 per minute (range 2.6‐3.8). The frequency was higher in women (3.2, range 2.7‐3.8) than in men (3.0, range 2.6‐3.5) and increased with age (0.004 per year) (P < .05). The median amplitudes were 35° (range 4‐85) when based on rotation of the capsule and 11 mm (range 6‐31) when based on capsule change in position. The rotation amplitude was higher in women and decreased with increasing BMI (P < .05). The position amplitude was also higher in women and increased with the amount of calories in the test meal, but decreased with increasing BMI and age (P < .05). Day‐to‐day variation (P > .05) was considerable while inter‐rater variability was small.Conclusion and InferencesWe have established normative values for gastric motility assessed with the 3D‐Transit system.
Intentions, Intending, and Belief: Noninferential Weak Cognitivism
Authors: Clark Philip 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCognitivists about intention hold that intending to do something entails believing you will do it. Noncognitivists hold that intentions are conative states with no cognitive component. I argue that both of these claims are true. Intending entails the presence of a belief, even though the intention is not even partly the belief. The result is a form of what Sarah Paul calls noninferential weak cognitivism, a view that, as she notes, has no prominent defenders.
Reconceptualizing Measurement of Emergency Contraceptive Use: Comparison of Approaches to Estimate the Use of Emergency Contraception
Authors: Larson Elizabeth , Morzenti Antonia , Guiella Georges , Gichangi Peter , Makumbi Fredrick , Choi Yoonjoung 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEstimated use of emergency contraception (EC) remains low, and one reason is measurement challenges. The study aims to compare EC use estimates using five approaches. Data come from Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 surveys from 10 countries, representative sample surveys of women aged 15 to 49 years. We explore EC use employing the five definitions and calculate absolute differences between a reference definition (percentage of women currently using EC as the most effective method) and each of the subsequent four, including the most inclusive (percentage of women having used EC in the past year). Across the 17 geographies, estimated use varies greatly by definition and EC use employing the most inclusive definition is statistically significantly higher than the reference estimate. Impact of using various definitions is most pronounced among unmarried sexually active women. The conventional definition of EC use likely underestimates the magnitude of EC use, which has unique programmatic implications.
Lung function and oxygen saturation after participation in Norseman Xtreme Triathlon
Authors: Stensrud Trine , Rossvoll Øyvind , Mathiassen Maria , Melau Jørgen , Illidi Camilla , Østgaard Hege N. , Hisdal Jonny , Stang Julie 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesTo examine evidence of exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) defined as ≥10% reduction in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and exercise‐induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) defined as ≥4% reduction in oxygen saturation (SpO2) from before to after participation in the Norseman Xtreme Triathlon. Secondarily, to assess whether changes in FEV1 and SpO2 are related to respiratory symptoms, training volume, and race time.MethodsIn this quasi‐experimental non‐controlled study, we included 63 triathletes (50♂/13♀) aged 40.3 (±9.0) years (mean ± SD). Fifty‐seven (46♂/11♀) measured lung function and 54 (44♂/10♀) measured SpO2 before the race, 8‐10 minutes after the race (post‐test 1) and the day after the race (post‐test 2). Respiratory symptoms and training volume were recorded with modified AQUA questionnaire. ANOVA for repeated measures was used to detect differences in lung function and SpO2. Statistical significance was accepted at 0.05 level.ResultsTwenty‐six participants (46%) presented with EIB at post‐test 1 and 16 (28%) at post‐test 2. Lung function variables were significantly reduced from baseline to post‐test 1 and 2. Thirty‐five participants (65%) showed evidence of mild to moderate EIAH. No significant correlations were observed except a weak correlation between maximal reduction in FEV1 and respiratory symptoms (r = 0.35, P = .016).ConclusionOur results demonstrated that 46% of the participants presented with EIB and 65% showed evidence of EIAH after the Norseman Xtreme Triathlon. Changes in FEV1 and SpO2 were not correlated to weekly training hours or race time. We observed a weak correlation between maximal reduction in FEV1 and respiratory symptoms.
Prehospital blunt traumatic arrest resuscitation augmented by whole blood: a case report
Authors: Mapp Julian G. , Manifold Craig A. , Garcia Alberto M. , Aguilar Jason L. , Stringfellow Michael L. , Winckler Christopher J. 
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUNDPrehospital hemorrhagic shock accounts for approximately 25,000 civilian deaths annually in the United States. A balanced, blood‐based resuscitation strategy is hypothesized to be the optimal treatment for these patients. Due to logistical constraints, delivering a balanced, blood‐based resuscitation is difficult in the prehospital setting. A low titer O+ whole blood (LTO+WB) ground ambulance initiative, may help alleviate this capability gap.CASE REPORTA 37‐year‐old female was involved in a motor vehicle collision at approximately 16:30. While she was trapped inside the vehicle, her mental status deteriorated. The patient was successfully extricated at 17:04 and found to be in cardiac arrest. The paramedics and firefighters quickly secured her airway and applied a mechanical CPR device. The first responder team obtained return of spontaneous circulation, but the patientʼs blood pressure was 43/27 mmHg. The paramedics transfused one unit of LTO+WB. Twenty‐one minutes after the initial LTO+WB transfusion, the air ambulance team transfused a second unit of LTO+WB. Upon hospital arrival, the transfusion was completed, and the patientʼs shock index improved to 1.0. The trauma team identified a grade 5 splenic injury with active extravasation. Interventional radiology performed an angiogram and successfully embolized the tertiary branches of the inferior splenic pole. She was extubated on postinjury Day one and discharged to her home neurologically intact on postinjury Day 12.CONCLUSIONThe prehospital availability of LTO+WB may enhance the resuscitation of critically ill trauma patients.
Setup error with and without image guidance using two canine intracranial positioning systems for radiation therapy
Authors: Morimoto Celina Y. , Mayer Monique N. , Sidhu Narinder , Bloomfield Rachel , Waldner Cheryl L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDaily image guidance reduces inter‐fractional variation in patient position for intracranial radiation therapy. However, the ability to detect and correct positioning errors is limited below a certain level. Because of these limitations, the accuracy achieved with a positioning system prior to image guidance may affect the error remaining after image guidance (the residual setup error). The objective of this study was to compare the setup accuracy achieved before and after megavoltage (MV) and cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) guidance between two intracranial positioning systems. Equipment included a four degrees‐of‐freedom couch capable of 1 mm translational moves. Six dog cadavers were positioned 24 times as for clinical treatment in a head re‐positioner (HPS), and the coordinates of five fiducial markers were measured before and after image‐guided correction. The values obtained for the HPS were compared with those previously reported for the standard positioning system (SPS) used at this facility. The mean three‐dimensional distance vector (3DDV) was lower for the HPS than for the SPS when no image guidance was used (P = .019). The mean 3DDV after MV guidance was lower for the HPS than for the SPS (P = .027), but not different after CBCT guidance (P = .231). The 95th percentiles of the 3DDV after MV and CBCT guidance were 2.1 and 2.9 mm, respectively, for the HPS, and 2.8 and 3.6 mm for the SPS. The setup error after MV guidance was lower for the positioning system that achieved a more accurate patient position before image guidance.
Tn and Sialyl‐Tn antigens in canine gastric tissues
Authors: Flores Ana R. , Lemos Isabel , Rema Alexandra , Taulescu Marian , Seixas Fernanda , Reis Celso A. , Gärtner Fátima. , Amorim Irina 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMalignant transformation is often associated with abnormal protein glycosylation expressed, amongst others, by the accumulation of simple mucin‐type carbohydrates namely Tn and Sialyl‐Tn (STn) antigens. These are usually limited in normal tissues and their increased expression has been associated with cancer progression and poor prognosis. This study aims to evaluate the role of Tn and STn antigens in the neoplastic transformation of the canine gastric mucosa and to correlate their putative immunoexpression alterations with some pathological features. Tn and STn antigens expression were immunohistochemically evaluated in canine normal gastric mucosa (n = 3), gastric polyps (n = 9) and gastric carcinomas (n = 25), neoplastic emboli (n = 12) and metastases (n = 8). In normal gastric mucosa, Tn antigen was detected in the gastric epithelial cells, while STn antigen was absent. Similarly, all gastric polyps expressed Tn antigen, but none displayed STn antigen immunostaining. In carcinomas, Tn antigen was expressed in 96% of the cases and STn antigen in 68% of the neoplasms. STn antigen was significantly higher in carcinomas compared with normal mucosa (P < .05). No correlation was found between each antigen and the different subtypes of tumours according to WHO classification, tumour differentiation, lymph vascular invasion or metastasis. All neoplastic emboli expressed both antigens, and the expression score was similar or higher than that displayed by the neoplastic cells of the primary tumour. The high prevalence of STn antigen in gastric carcinomas compared with normal mucosa highlights the cancer‐associated nature of this antigen. Our results link STn antigen expression to neoplastic transformation and suggest that it may be a useful marker of gastric cancer progression in dogs.
Foliar lifespan, phenology and seasonal dynamics of the invasive shrub Schinus terebinthifolia
Authors: Hogg Brian N. , Stokes Keith , Rayamajhi Min B. , Geiger John , Pratt Paul D. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSchinus terebinthifolia is a dioecious tree native to South America that has become an invasive weed in Florida, southern California, southern Arizona, Texas and Hawaii and has been naturalised in over 20 countries. Biological control is considered a viable long‐term control option for S. terebinthifolia because release from natural enemies appears to be at least partly responsible for its success in Florida. We examined leaf phenology of S. terebinthifolia over a period of 15 months at five sites in central and southern Florida to provide information that may help in predicting the impacts of potential biocontrol agents for this weed. We documented leaf lifespan, the seasonality of leaf development and abscission and the survivorship of leaves that emerged during either spring, summer or autumn. Average leaf lifespan was >4.5 months at all sites, and leaf phenology followed the seasons closely. Although S. terebinthifolia possesses leaves throughout the year, leaf production was greatest from April to September, and most leaves were abscised in February and March. Spring‐ and summer‐emerging leaves were also longer‐lived than leaves produced during autumn. These results suggest that leaves of S. terebinthifolia would be most vulnerable to herbivory during the spring and summer months when newly growing leaf tissue is most plentiful. Biocontrol agents capable of damaging these tissues during spring/summer might be an effective means of controlling this invasive weed.
The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Sensorless Control of Electric Power Steering Based on Iterative Fifth-Order Cubature Kalman Filter
Authors: Rongyun Zhang , Changfu Gong , Peicheng Shi , Linfeng Zhao , Changsheng Zheng , Chen Wang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A discrete mathematical model of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is established, then the fifth-order cubature Kalman filter (CKF) algorithm is introduced. A Gauss–Newton iterative method is introduced into the iterative process of the fifth-order CKF algorithm to generate the innovation variance and covariance. Therefore, an iterative fifth-order CKF algorithm is proposed as the basis of a PMSM sensorless control is implemented. Then, a PMSM sensorless control based on the iterative fifth-order CKF algorithm is applied to an electric power steering (EPS) system, whose control system is constructed by adopting the typical assist and return control strategy. Finally, to verify the performance of the proposed PMSM sensorless control method, the EPS system model of the PMSM sensorless control is built by using the common phase-locked loop (PLL), the CKF algorithm, the fifth-order CKF algorithm, and the proposed iterative fifth-order CKF algorithm. The simulation analyses and the experimental tests show that the proposed iterative fifth-order CKF algorithm can estimate the PMSM speed with good accuracy and has a strong resistance to disturbances in the load and speed. The assist and return performances of the EPS system are also improved.