bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causes of Death at Very Old Ages, Including for Supercentenarians
Authors: Meslé France , Vallin Jacques 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe causes of death reported on the death certificates of the oldest old are generally seen as unreliable, and as thus providing little useful information on the process leading to death. However, in advanced countries, a majority of the people who die each year are relatively old, and the level of detail provided on medical certificates about the causes of death among this older population is improving. At the same time, scholars are becoming increasingly interested in studying not just the initial cause of death, but multiple causes of death, thereby taking all of the information reported on the certificate into account. This study demonstrates that in a country like France, the cause-of-death pattern evolves regularly until around age 105. The share of people dying of circulatory diseases tends to be quite stable over the age range, while the share of individuals dying of cancer is declining, and the share of people dying of respiratory/infectious diseases is rising. Furthermore, among people who die at very old ages, a typology of multiple causes of death highlights the growing importance of ill-defined causes, while opening the door to an interesting discussion about the concept of cause of death in the supercentenarian population. Instead of representing an ill-defined cause, senility could be considered an actual cause of death. This suggests that daily care is more crucial to the survival of the oldest old than any conventional medical care or treatment. Supercentenarians tend to be so frail that any minor health event or brief lapse of attention on the part of their caregivers can be lethal.
Supercentenarians and Semi-supercentenarians in France
Authors: Ouellette Nadine , Meslé France , Vallin Jacques , Robine Jean-Marie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study is twofold. Firstly, it attempts to exhaustively identify cases of French supercentenarians and semi-supercentenarians and to validate their alleged age at death. Secondly, it seeks to uncover careful patterns and trends in probabilities of death and life expectancy at very old ages in France. We use three sets of data with varying degrees of accuracy and coverage: nominative transcripts from the RNIPP (Répertoire national d’identification des personnes physiques), death records from the vital statistics system, and “public” lists of individual supercentenarians. The RNIPP stands out as the most reliable source. Based on all deaths registered in the RNIPP at the alleged ages of 110+ for extinct cohorts born between 1883 and 1901, errors are only few, at least for individuals who were born and died in France. For alleged semi-supercentenarians, age validation on a very large sample shows that errors are extremely rare, suggesting the RNIPP data can be used without any verification until age 108 at the minimum. Moreover, a comparison with “public” lists of individual supercentenarians reveals a single missing occurrence only in the RNIPP transcripts since 1991. While the quality of vital statistics data remains quite deficient at very old ages compared to RNIPP, the analytical results show a significant improvement over time at younger old ages. Our RNIPP-based probabilities of death for females appear to level-off at 0.5 between ages 108 and 111, but data becomes too scarce afterwards to assess the trend. Also, we obtain a quite low life expectancy value of 1.2 years at age 108.
Design of Efficient, Dependable SoCs Based on a Cross-Layer-Reliability Approach with Emphasis on Wireless Communication as Application and DRAM Memories
Authors: Weis Christian , Gimmler-Dumont Christina , Jung Matthias , Wehn Norbert 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMany applications show an inherent error resilience due to their probabilistic behavior. This inherent error resilience can be exploited to reduce the design margin for advanced technology nodes resulting in more energy and area efficient implementation. We present in this chapter a cross-layer approach for efficient reliability management in wireless baseband processing with special emphasis on memories since memories are most susceptible to dependability problems. A multiple-antenna (MIMO) system will be used as design example. Further on we focus on DRAMs (Dynamic Random Access Memories). All today’s computing systems rely on dependable DRAMs. In the future DRAM memories will become more undependable due to further scaling. This has to be counterbalanced with higher refresh rates, which leads to a higher DRAM power consumption. Recent research activities resulted in the concept of “approximate DRAM” to save power and improve performance by lowering the refresh rate or disabling refresh completely. Here, we present a holistic simulation environment for investigations on approximate DRAM and show the impact on error-resilient applications.
Power-Aware Fault-Tolerance for Embedded Systems
Authors: Salehi Mohammad , Kriebel Florian , Rehman Semeen , Shafique Muhammad 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPower-constrained fault-tolerance has emerged as a key challenge in the deep sub-micron technology. Multi-/many-core chips can support different hardening modes considering variants of redundant multithreading (RMT). In dark silicon chips, the maximum number of cores that can simultaneously be powered-on (at the full performance level) is constrained by the thermal design power (TDP). The rest of the cores have to be power-gated (i.e., stay “dark”), or the cores have to operate at a lower performance level. It has been predicted that about 25–50% of a many-core chip can potentially be “dark.” In this chapter, a system-level power–reliability management technique is presented. The technique jointly considers multiple hardening modes at the software and hardware levels, each offering distinct power, reliability, and performance properties. Also, a framework for the system-level optimization is introduced which considers different power–reliability–performance management problems for many-core processors depending upon the target system and user constraints.
Implementation of National Approaches to Circular Migration: Entry and Re-entry Conditions for Migrant Workers in Bulgaria and Poland
Authors: Vankova Zvezda 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter brings together the EU and national instruments conducive to circular migration developed in Bulgaria and Poland and assesses their implementation against the backdrop of the study’s benchmarks concerning entry and re-entry conditions for migrant workers. In order to do that, the chapter first presents the national general admission frameworks and the specific instruments identified as favourable to circular migration; as a second step, it focuses on the implementation of EU instruments in the national laws of Bulgaria and Poland. This analysis is complemented by insights into the implementation dynamics of the EU and national instruments on the basis of data collected through focus groups with migrants from Ukraine and Russia as well as interviews conducted with stakeholders and data on permits retrieved from the national administrations of both countries. The chapter ends with an assessment of whether the instruments developed provide options for facilitated entry for migrants from the Eastern partnership countries and Russia, as well as for circulation-friendly policies – for instance, the possibility to grant priority to seasonal workers who have been employed in the territory of a Member State for a significant period over other workers who seek admission to that State.
Flanking Rights in the Context of Circular Migration: Entry and Residence Conditions for Family Members and Recognition of Qualifications for Migrant Workers in Bulgaria and Poland
Authors: Vankova Zvezda 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter focuses on entry conditions for family members and recognition of qualifications that are considered secondary policy areas, yet could still influence migrants’ willingness to engage in circular migration. The chapter commences with an analysis of the transposition of the Family Reunification Directive into Polish and Bulgarian law. It then moves on to explore its implementation dynamics through the eyes of the migrant workers who participated in the focus groups as part of this study. As a second step, the chapter examines national instruments in the field of academic and professional qualifications. It takes physicians and nurses as case studies in order to present the challenges associated with practicing regulated professions in the context of circular migration. The chapter concludes with an assessment of existing instruments against the study’s benchmarks in these two policy areas, namely the conditions for family reunification and for migrant workers to have their diplomas and professional qualifications recognised.
The Fall of a Giant: Greed, Corruption and Abuse of Power Undermining Democracy in Brazil
Authors: Ribeiro Hoffmann Andrea , De Souza Guilherme Bettina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis Chapter explores the impact of the financial crisis on Brazilian democracy. We argue that while Brazil is one among many countries facing systemic effects of the 2008 crisis, domestic factors are also important to understand the level of the crisis, and the fragility of democracy at the present. Domestic factors explain, therefore the differences between Brazil and other countries in Latin America and in Europe.
Venezuela in Crisis: Governability, Equity and Democracy
Authors: Briceño-Ruiz José , Lehmann Kai 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter aims to answer the following questions: What is the nature of the crisis confronted by the country and what are the conditions which led to, and sustain, it? What do these conditions mean for any attempts to address this crisis? Finally, what can be done in practical terms to address this crisis especially considering the country’s increasing isolation not only in the region but in the world?
Comparing the Crises in Europe and Latin America: Causes, Management, Impact and Consequences
Authors: Ribeiro Hoffmann Andrea , De Souza Guilherme Bettina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the findings of the theoretical and analytical chapters, and comparatively assesses the causes of the crises, the crisis management strategies, and their impact in a selection of case studies from the national level – Greece, Portugal and Italy in Europe; and Argentina, Mexico, Brazil and Venezuela in Latin America; and the regional level – the European Union, and regional organizations and regional governance structures in Latin America such as CELAC, Unasur, Mercosur and Alba.
The Systemic Nature of the Global Crisis and Some Principles for Tackling It
Authors: Ghymers Christian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter argues that climate change, the global macroeconomic crisis and the weakening of democracy are all expressions of the same incoherence in the present global economic system, which operates on the basis of major ‘market failures’ that are characterized by the same kind of economic mechanism based on biased relative prices for fossil energies, financial returns and social cohesion. Therefore, the only practical solution is to make sustainable production profitable by first correcting these relative prices in order to re-establish a systemic convergence between private and social returns and between political and economic democracy.
Managing the Crisis in Greece: The Missing Link between External Conditionality and Domestic Political Economy
Authors: Katsikas Dimitris , Bazoti Pery 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe handling of the Greek crisis was not successful. Despite the sacrifices that the Greek people had to endure, the country’s structural problems both in the public sector and the economy have not been resolutely resolved. This chapter offers an explanation for this failure. The main idea is to connect the externally imposed policy conditionality, with the particular characteristics of Greece’s domestic political economy, seeking to integrate an analysis of impediments and opportunities for structural reform. While the literature on external institutional constraints emphasizes the possibility for achieving convergence, the institutionalist literature points towards divergence among national political economies, as institutional change and policy performance are conditioned by crucial intervening variables, namely, aspects of the domestic institutional infrastructure. In this context, Greece is a paradigmatic case of long-delayed or stalled reforms despite external pressures that promoted them. While most attention has been paid to the weaknesses of the EMU, this analysis’ emphasis is on the role of crucial domestic factors. The analysis takes place in three steps: (a) the outline of Greece’s institutional profile and growth trajectory based on an analysis of formal and informal domestic institutions; (b) the description and analysis of the design, implementation and impact of the adjustment programs; and (c) in view of (a) and (b) an assessment of whether the adjustment programs implemented in Greece took into consideration the characteristics of the country’s political economy, and how and to what degree the failure to do so accounts for their results.
The Alpha and Omega of Teacher Education: Organizing Mathematical Activities
Authors: Wittmann Erich Christian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to describe an introductory mathematics course for primary student teachers and to explain the philosophy behind it. The paper is structured as follows: It starts with a general plea for placing the mathematical training of any category of students into their professional context. Then the context of primary education in Germany, with its strong emphasis on the principle of learning by discovery, is sketched.
Structure-Genetic Didactical Analyses—Empirical Research “of the First Kind”
Authors: Wittmann Erich Christian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn mathematics education, theories of teaching and learning based on disciplines different from mathematics (“imported” theories) are widely dominating the field. This imbalance greatly reduces the impact of mathematics education both on teacher education and on the teaching practice. In order to return to a balanced situation it is necessary to pay more attention to theories which are based on mathematics. As an example of such a “homegrown” theory, the paper presents the structure-genetic didactical analysis, the research method of mathematics education conceived of as a “design science”.
Designing Teaching: The Pythagorean Theorem
Authors: Wittmann Erich Christian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHere we consider a fundamental activity of teachers that has to be based on an integrated view of mathematics and pedagogy in order to be successful: namely, the design of teaching. As expressed in the title, a well-known topic of geometry, the Pythagorean theorem, is used for illustrating this integrative approach to student teachers. In other words, the emphasis of the paper is less on the Pythagorean theorem per se but more on general principles of a teacher’s “design kit” that can be applied to other topics as well.
Einfluss des Schulrucksackgewichtes bei Grundschulkindern: Gang, Muskelaktivität, Haltung und Stabilität
Authors: Hell Anna K. , Braunschweig Lena , Grages Birgit , Brunner Reinald , Romkes Jacqueline 
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Das tägliche Tragen eines schweren Schulrucksacks kann möglicherweise Haltungsstörungen hervorrufen, die sich auf das Gangbild und die Standstabilität der Kinder und Jugendlichen auswirken.

Ziel der Arbeit (Fragestellung)
Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, den Einfluss einer Rucksacklast von 4 kg auf das Gangbild und die Standstabilität bei Grundschulkindern zu analysieren.

Material und Methoden
In der prospektiven Arbeit wurde ein Kollektiv von zwölf Grundschulkindern zwischen 7 und 10 Jahren ohne neurologische oder orthopädische Probleme untersucht. Die Messungen beinhalteten eine klinische Untersuchung, eine dreidimensionale Ganganalyse mit elektromyografischen Aufzeichnungen und die Prüfung des ruhigen Stehens auf einer Kraftmessplatte.

Ergebnisse
Die Rucksacklast von durchschnittlich 15 % des Körpergewichts führte zu reduzierter Ganggeschwindigkeit, verkürzter Schrittlänge und verlängerter Doppelunterstützungsphase. Zudem kam es zu einer erhöhten Oberkörpervorneigung, Beckenkippung und Hüftbeugung. Auch die Muskelaktivität und Stabilität der Kinder wurde durch die erhöhte Traglast beeinflusst.

Diskussion
Schulrucksäcke mit einem Gewicht von 4 kg führten bei Grundschulkindern zu Änderungen von Gang, Muskelaktivität, Haltung und Standstabilität. Das Gewicht des Rucksacks verlagert den Körperschwerpunkt nach hinten und führt zur Instabilität. Dies wird beim Gehen durch eine vermehrte Oberkörpervorneigung, Beckenkippung nach vorne und vermehrte Hüftbeugung kompensiert. Die verminderte Paraspinalmuskelaktivität deutet darauf hin, dass der Rucksack passiv getragen wird. Dies könnte sich im Langzeitverlauf negativ auswirken.
Knowledge integration between technical change and strategy making
Authors: Brusoni Stefano , Cassi Lorenzo , Tuna Simge 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper looks at the different strategies that two of the tire industry’s most prominent players, Pirelli and Michelin, deployed to exploit a radical process innovation: robotized, modular manufacturing. This paper argues that Pirelli, originally the technological follower, could develop a more nuanced, complex and ultimately successful strategy thanks to its superior knowledge integration capabilities. Empirically, we examine the structural characteristics and evolution of inventors’ networks in the two companies to reveal their knowledge integration capabilities. We apply the cohesive blocking method developed by White and Harary (Sociol Methodol 31(1):305–359, 2001) to argue that Pirelli, while relying on comparable skills in terms of technical fields, leveraged a more connected, cohesive and structured skills than Michelin. On this basis, it could develop and deploy a more complex strategy that better fit the characteristics of the new process technology. Pirelli’s knowledge network structure enhanced its knowledge integration capabilities and allowed for a more efficient fit between technology and strategy.
Molecularly guided treatment of metastatic parotid gland carcinoma in adults
Authors: Taghizadeh Hossein , Müllauer Leonhard , Mader Robert M. , Füreder Thorsten , Prager Gerald W. 
Published: December 2020

Summary
Background
Advanced therapy-refractory parotid gland carcinomas have a poor prognosis with limited therapy options. We used molecular profiling to offer molecular guided therapies to patients with advanced metastatic parotid gland malignancies.

Methods
In this retrospective analysis we describe the molecular profiling of ten patients diagnosed with therapy-refractory metastatic parotid gland malignancies.

Results
We identified seven genetic aberrations in five patients: two mutations in CDKN2A and one mutation in APC, ATM, TP53, SMARCB1 and FGFR1, respectively. No mutations were detected in five patients. The IHC demonstrated frequent expressions of EGFR and p‑mTOR, as well as PTEN in eight patients. For four fifths (n = 8) of the patients, a targeted therapy was suggested. Eventually, three patients received the targeted therapy recommendation and one patient achieved stable disease for 14 months.

Conclusion
A total of eight therapy recommendations were provided. Based on our observations, molecular-guided therapies may be a feasible treatment approach for this rare disease entity.
What sports activity levels are achieved in long-term survivors with modular endoprosthetic humerus reconstruction following primary bone sarcoma resection?
Authors: Lang Nikolaus W. , Kasparek Maximilian F. , Synak Lukas , Waldstein Wenzel , Funovics Philipp T. , Windhager Reinhard , Hobusch Gerhard M. 
Published: December 2020

Summary
Background
The aim of the study was to assess (1) sports activity, (2) sports involving the upper extremities, (3) functional outcome and (4) sports-related complications of long-term survivors of primary malignant bone tumors of the proximal humerus.

Methods
A total of 18 patients with an endoprosthetic reconstruction for primary malignant bone sarcoma of the proximal humerus (8 male, 10 female, mean age 19.9 ± 8.4 years, range 7.8–37.4 years) with an average follow-up of 18.1 ± 7.4 years (range 6.7–29.8 years) were included. The type of sport, frequency, duration of each sport session and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) activity score were assessed before surgery, at 1 year, 3 years and at the latest follow-up. Functional outcome was assessed by the Toronto extremity salvage score (TESS).

Results
The mean UCLA activity score decreased from 8.0 (±1.3, range 5–9) preoperative to 4.2 (±1.7, range 3–8) at 1‑year follow-up (p < 0.05). After 3 years it increased to 5.1 (±1.75, range 3–8) and further to 7 (±1.8, range 4–9) at the last follow-up. The mean postoperative TESS was 80.8 (±6.4, range 75.7–91.4) at the latest follow-up. Patients who were initially more active without reconstruction including a synthetic mesh were more likely to develop soft tissue complications accompanied by proximal endoprothesis migration.

Conclusion
Patients with a modular endoprosthetic reconstruction of the humerus following primary bone sarcoma resume participation in sports. Regarding the low incidence of periprosthetic infections, utilization of a synthetic mesh for reconstruction to prevent soft tissue complications in active patients should be considered.
Contrasting executive function development among primary school children from Hong Kong and Germany
Authors: Schirmbeck Katharina , Rao Nirmala , Wang Rhoda , Richards Ben , Chan Stephanie W. Y. , Maehler Claudia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPrevious research findings indicate that young children from East Asia outperform their counterparts from Europe and North America on executive function (EF) tasks. However, very few cross-national studies have focused on EF development during middle childhood. The current study assessed the EF performance of 170 children in grades 2 and 4 from Hong Kong (n = 80) and Germany (n = 90) in a cross-sectional design. Children completed tasks assessing the main components of EF, namely inhibition (child-friendly Stroop task), updating (Object Span task), and shifting (Contingency Naming task). Results of multilevel models showed that all three EF measures differentiated well between younger and older children across the full sample. However, contrary to our hypothesis and previous research, we did not find any significant differences in EF performance between children from Hong Kong and Germany at primary school age. Our findings highlight the possibility that issues related to the measurement of EF and features specific to Hong Kong and Germany underlie our results.