bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental methods in chemical engineering: Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy‐EPR/ESR
Authors: Bakker Martin G. , Fowler Benjamin , Bowman Michael K. , Patience Gregory S. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryElectron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, also known as electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR), utilizes absorption of microwave radiation by unpaired electrons in a magnetic field. The interaction between the unpaired electron(s) and nearby magnetic nuclei helps identify paramagnetic species and can provide information about the motion of the molecule and the local polarity, pH, viscosity, concentration, and accessibility to other paramagnetic species. This mini‐review discusses the fundamental underpinnings of EPR needed to correctly interpret EPR spectra. We describe various types of EPR spectra encountered by chemical engineers, and use application examples drawn from the chemical engineering literature to illustrate the information available from the technique. Few chemical engineering departments or even chemistry departments have EPR instruments, which contributes to the significant barrier that prevents this being adopted as a routine measurement technique. However, in 2016 and 2017, Web of Science indexed 7000 articles that applied EPR spectroscopy. A bibliometric map categorized the keywords in four categories based on co‐occurrences: magnetic properties, films, and luminescence; crystal structure, complexes, and ligands; nanoparticles, oxidation, and degradation; and, systems, radicals, and H2O2.
Hemovasculogenic origin of blood vessels in the developing mouse brain
Authors: Gama Sosa Miguel A. , De Gasperi Rita , Perez Gissel M. , Hof Patrick R. , Elder Gregory A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractVascular structures in the developing brain are thought to form via angiogenesis from preformed blood vessels in the cephalic mesenchyme. Immunohistochemical studies of developing mouse brain from E10.5 to E13.5 revealed the presence of avascular blood islands of primitive erythroid cells expressing hemangioblast markers (Flk1, Tal1/Scl1, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, vascular endothelial‐cadherin, and CD34) and an endothelial marker recognized by Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 (IB4) in the cephalic mesenchyme. These cells formed a perineural vascular plexus from which angiogenic sprouts originated and penetrated the neuroepithelium. In addition, avascular isolated cells expressing primitive erythroid, hemangioblast and endothelial makers were visible in the neuroepithelium where they generated vasculogenic and hemogenic foci. From E10.5 to E13.5, these vasculogenic foci were a source of new blood vessel formation in the developing brain. In vitro, cultured E13.5 brain endothelial cells contained hemogenic endothelial cells capable of generating erythroid cells. Similar cells were present in primary cultures of dissociated cells from E10.5 embryonic head. Our results provide new evidence that the brain vasculature, like that of the yolk sac and the eye choriocapillaris and hyaloid vascular systems, develops at least in part via hemovasculogenesis, a process in which vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis occur simultaneously.
Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of 2 Olanzapine Orally Disintegrating Tablet Products in Healthy Chinese Subjects Under Fed and Fasting Conditions
Authors: Fan Lin , Zhang Lizhi , Zheng Hongquan , Cheng Junlin , Hu Yunfang , Liu Jianghui , Fan Hongwei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTo assess the bioequivalence of two 5‐mg olanzapine orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) products, 2 randomized, open‐label, single‐dose, 2‐way crossover studies were carried out under fasting or fed conditions. Blood samples were collected at scheduled times according to the study protocol. Statistical analysis of area under the concentration‐time curve from time 0 to 168 hours (AUC0‐t), area under the curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0‐∞), and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was conducted. Two formulations were considered bioequivalent if the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the geometric mean ratios for AUC0‐t, AUC0‐∞, and Cmax were within the range of 0.80‐1.25. Adverse events were recorded and evaluated throughout the studies. A total of 48 subjects with 24 in each study completed the 2 studies. In fasted subjects, the 90%CIs for the test product versus the reference product were 97.28%‐105.13% for AUC0‐t, 97.57%‐105.54% for AUC0‐∞, and 90.94%‐103.97% for Cmax. In fed subjects, the 90%CIs for AUC0‐t, AUC0‐∞ and Cmax were 99.73%‐122.63%, 99.56%‐121.75%, and 99.46%‐120.46%, respectively. No serious adverse events were reported in the studies. The reference and the test product of 5‐mg olanzapine ODT show comparable pharmacokinetic profiles under both fed and fasted conditions and were considered bioequivalent.
Effect of Opicapone Tablets on Levodopa and 3‐O‐Methyldopa Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Japanese Subjects: Phase 1 Study
Authors: Nomoto Masahiro , Takeda Atsushi , Iwai Katsuaki , Nishimura Akihisa , Hattori Nobutaka 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study evaluated the effect of a small‐tablet formulation of opicapone for use in clinical trials in Japan on the pharmacokinetics of levodopa (l‐dopa) and 3‐O‐methyldopa (3‐OMD). In an open‐label, 3‐period, single‐sequence crossover phase 1 study in 80 healthy Japanese males (aged 20‐45 years; body mass index, 18.5 to <30.0 kg/m2), 10 mg of l‐dopa/carbidopa 100 was administered 3 times daily on day 0 (period 1) and day 12 (period 3), and opicapone tablets (5, 10, 25, or 50 mg; n = 20 each group) were administered once daily for 11 days (period 2). During periods 1 and 3, plasma concentrations of l‐dopa and 3‐OMD were measured and pharmacokinetic parameters (maximum observed plasma concentration, time at which maximum concentration was observed, area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to 5 hours [AUC5h] and from time 0 to 24 hours [AUC24h] following each dose, terminal half‐life) of plasma l‐dopa and 3‐OMD were determined along with the geometric mean ratio (period 3/period 1) of AUC24h for l‐dopa and 3‐OMD. Maximum concentration of l‐dopa for the first, second, or third doses of l‐dopa/carbidopa did not significantly increase with increasing opicapone dose. The AUC of l‐dopa increased with increasing opicapone dose but tended toward a peak plateau with opicapone doses of 25 mg and higher. Geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals) of AUC24h were 5 mg, 1.16 (1.10‐1.21); 10 mg, 1.26 (1.23‐1.30); 25 mg, 1.51 (1.44‐1.57); 50 mg, 1.60 (1.54‐1.66). Opicapone tablets were well tolerated. In Japanese healthy subjects, increases in plasma exposure to l‐dopa appear to level off with opicapone doses of 25 mg and higher, which may be relevant for optimal dosing among Japanese patients with Parkinson disease.
Mesostructured Electroactive Thin Films Through Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly of Redox Surfactants and Polyelectrolytes
Authors: Piccinini Esteban , Ceolín Marcelo , Battaglini Fernando , Azzaroni Omar 
Published: May 2020

AbstractElectroactive thin films are an important element in the devices devoted to energy conversion, actuators, and molecular electronics, among others. Their build‐up by the layer‐by‐layer technique is an attractive choice since a fine control over the thickness and composition can be achieved. However, most of the assemblies described in the literature show a lack of internal order, and their thicknesses change upon oxidation‐state alterations. In this work, we describe the formation of layer‐by‐layer assemblies of redox surfactants and polyelectrolytes that leads to the construction of mesoscale organized electroactive films. In contrast to thin films prepared with traditional redox polymers, here, the redox surfactant does not only allow the control of the film meso‐organization (from 2D hexagonal to circular hexagonal phases) but it also allows the control of the number and position of the redox centers. Finally, these films show high stability and a negligible structural deformation under redox‐state changes.
Posttraumatic stress symptoms of health care workers during the corona virus disease 2019
Authors: Yin Qianlan , Sun Zhuoer , Liu Tuanjie , Ni Xiong , Deng Xuanfeng , Jia Yanpu , Shang Zhilei , Zhou Yaoguang , Liu Weizhi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCorona virus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak has attracted worldwide attention. The COVID‐19 outbreak is unique in its rapid transmission and results in heavy stress for the front‐line health care workers (HCWs). The current study aimed to exam posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs) of HCWs fighting for the COVID‐19 and to evaluate their sleep quality after 1‐month stressful suffering. Three hundred seventy‐seven HCWs working in different provinces of China participated in the survey between February 1 and 5. The demographic information was collected first. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were selected to measure PTSSs and sleep quality. Results showed that 1 month after the outbreak, the prevalence of PTSSs was 3.8% in HCWs. Female HCWs were more vulnerable to PTSSs with hazard ratio of 2.136 (95% CI = 1.388–3.286). HCWs with higher exposure level also significantly rated more hyperarousal symptoms (hazard ratio = 4.026, 95% CI = 1.233–13.140). There was a significant difference of sleep quality between participants with and without PTSSs (z value = 6.014, p < .001) and among different groups with various contact frequencies (chi‐square = 7.307, p = .026). Path analysis showed that there was a significant indirect effect from exposure level to PTSSs through sleep quality (coefficient = 1.750, 95% CI of Boostroop test = 0.543–2.998). In summary, targeted interventions on sleep contribute to the mental recovery during the outbreak of COVID‐19. Understanding the mental health response after a public health emergency might help HCWs and communities prepare for a population's response to disaster.
Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Chloroquine in a Plasmodium vivax Volunteer Infection Study
Authors: Abd‐Rahman Azrin N. , Marquart Louise , Gobeau Nathalie , Kümmel Anne , Simpson Julie A. , Chalon Stephan , Möhrle Jörg J. , McCarthy James S. 
Published: May 2020

Chloroquine has been used for the treatment of malaria for > 70 years; however, chloroquine pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profile in Plasmodium vivax malaria is poorly understood. The objective of this study was to describe the PK/PD relationship of chloroquine and its major metabolite, desethylchloroquine, in a P. vivax volunteer infection study. We analyzed data from 24 healthy subjects who were inoculated with blood‐stage P. vivax malaria and administered a standard treatment course of chloroquine. The PK of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine was described by a two‐compartment model with first‐order absorption and elimination. The relationship between plasma and whole blood concentrations of chloroquine and P. vivax parasitemia was characterized by a PK/PD delayed response model, where the equilibration half‐lives were 32.7 hours (95% confidence interval (CI) 27.4–40.5) for plasma data and 24.1 hours (95% CI 19.0–32.7) for whole blood data. The estimated parasite multiplication rate was 17 folds per 48 hours (95% CI 14–20) and maximum parasite killing rate by chloroquine was 0.213 hour−1 (95% CI 0.196–0.230), translating to a parasite clearance half‐life of 4.5 hours (95% CI 4.1–5.0) and a parasite reduction ratio of 400 every 48 hours (95% CI 320–500). This is the first study that characterized the PK/PD relationship between chloroquine plasma and whole blood concentrations and P. vivax clearance using a semimechanistic population PK/PD modeling. This PK/PD model can be used to optimize dosing scenarios and to identify optimal dosing regimens for chloroquine where resistance to chloroquine is increasing.
FinFET‐based power‐efficient, low leakage, and area‐efficient DWT lifting architecture using power gating and reversible logic
Authors: Subannan Palanisamy Kesavan , Ramachandran Rajeswari 
Published: May 2020

SummaryFor ultra‐low‐power applications, the computing components are smaller in size and consume less energy. In nonstationary signal analysis, the transformation plays an important role. Out of different transformation techniques, the most famous and dominant architecture is the discrete wavelet transform. The building block of the architecture should be optimized by all parameters. In this paper, the optimization was done on the power reduction and leakage current reduction. A new FinFET‐based lifting‐based wavelet architecture was proposed. Power gating and reversible logic methodology are proposed for the FinFET‐based transform to reduce the dynamic power by about 30%. The proposed FinFET‐based processing elements were utilized in the various blocks of the lifting‐based DWT architecture. The implementation was done in 32‐nm CMOS and FinFET technology. From the results, it has been investigated that the FinFET‐based circuits are efficient when compared with CMOS technology. This is due to the second‐order effects happening in CMOS circuits below 45 nm. The proposed design consumes less area and low leakage current and power when compared with the CMOS technology. Future trends of using multigate devices below 14 nm technology are presented finally.
OMIP‐064: A 27‐Color Flow Cytometry Panel to Detect and Characterize Human NK Cells and Other Innate Lymphoid Cell Subsets, MAIT Cells, and γδ T Cells
Authors: Hertoghs Nina , Schwedhelm Katharine V. , Stuart Kenneth D. , McElrath Margaret Juliana , De Rosa Stephen C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis 27‐color flow cytometry panel was developed in order to assess immunological changes over the course of an immunization and challenge regimen in two experimental malaria vaccine trials. The aim of the study was to find correlates of vaccine‐induced protection. Several studies have indicated that protection against malaria appears to involve immune responses at various immunological sites, with liver‐resident responses playing an essential role. As it is not feasible to monitor the immune responses within the liver in humans, this panel is developed with the aim to thoroughly characterize the immune responses over time in blood in addition to detecting changes that might reflect what happens in other immunological sites like the liver. The focus of this panel is to detect several innate lymphoid cell populations, including NK cells and their activation status. Moreover, unconventional T cells like mucosal associated invariant T cells and γδ T cells are assessed in the panel. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Androgen sensitivity gateway to COVID‐19 disease severity
Authors: Wambier Carlos Gustavo , Goren Andy , Vaño‐Galván Sergio , Ramos Paulo Müller , Ossimetha Angelina , Nau Gerard , Herrera Sabina , McCoy John 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this communication, we present arguments for androgen sensitivity as a likely determinant of COVID‐19 disease severity. The androgen sensitivity model explains why males are more likely to develop severe symptoms while children are ostensibly resistant to infection. Further, the model explains the difference in COVID‐19 mortality rates among different ethnicities. Androgen sensitivity is determined by genetic variants of the androgen receptor. The androgen receptor regulates transcription of the transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2), which is required for SARS‐CoV‐2 infectivity. TMPRSS2 primes the Spike protein of the virus, which has two consequences: diminishing viral recognition by neutralizing antibodies and activating SARS‐CoV‐2 for virus‐cell fusion. Genetic variants that have been associated with androgenetic alopecia, prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia and polycystic ovary syndrome could be associated with host susceptibility. In addition to theoretical epidemiological and molecular mechanisms, there are reports of high rates of androgenetic alopecia of from hospitalized COVID‐19 patients due to severe symptoms. Androgen sensitivity is a likely determinant of COVID‐19 disease severity. We believe that the evidence presented in this communication warrants the initiation of trials using anti‐androgen agents.
Therapeutic application of nutraceuticals in diabetic nephropathy: Current evidence and future implications
Authors: Dehdashtian Ehsan , Pourhanifeh Mohammad Hossein , Hemati Karim , Mehrzadi Saeed , Hosseinzadeh Azam 
Published: May 2020

SummaryDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disease which may cause several complications, such as diabetic nephropathy (DN). The routine medical treatments used for DM are not effective enough and have many undesirable side effects. Moreover, the global increased prevalence of DM makes researchers try to explore potential complementary or alternative treatments. Nutraceuticals, as natural products with pharmaceutical agents, have a wide range of therapeutic properties in various pathologic conditions such as DN. However, the exact underlying mechanisms have not been fully understood. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on the effect of nutraceuticals on DN.
Phase I metabolites (organic acids) of gamma‐hydroxybutyric acid–validated quantification using GC–MS and description of endogenous concentration ranges
Authors: Jarsiah Pouria , Roehrich Joerg , Wyczynski Marek , Hess Cornelius 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGamma‐hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a sedative drug used in drug‐facilitated crimes. Its detection window is very short. GHB undergoes intensive phase I metabolism to organic acids (glycolic acid, succinic acid, dihydroxybutyric acids). These could be potential analytical targets to broaden the detection window. The aim of the present study was to enable the detection of endogenous levels of these metabolites in biological samples (blood and urine). A gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric method using liquid–liquid extraction and derivatization with N‐methyl‐N‐tri‐methylsilyltrifluoracetamide was developed for the quantification. Validation results were consistent with international guidelines, and the method was able to quantify endogenous levels of the substances in both urine and blood. Endogenous concentrations were shown to be <0.03–4.92 mg/L for glycolic acid, <0.03–1.28 mg/L for GHB, <0.28–18.1 mg/L for succinic acid, <0.12–1.38 mg/L for 2,4‐dihydroxybutyric acid, and <0.13–2.59 mg/L for 3,4‐dihydroxybutyric acid in serum samples of 101 volunteers. Urinary endogenous concentrations were shown to be 1.30–400 mg/L for glycolic acid, <0.03–1.94 mg/L for GHB, 1.17–2.73 mg/L for succinic acid, 0.72–26.2 mg/L for 2,4‐dihydroxybutyric acid, and 1.88–122 mg/L for 3,4‐dihydroxybutyric acid in urine samples of 132 volunteers. These endogenous concentrations represent a basis to which concentrations after the intake of GHB can be compared to in order to prove the intake of this substance.
Zooplankton invasion on a grand scale: insights from a 20‐yr time series across 38 Northeast Pacific estuaries
Authors: Dexter Eric , Bollens Stephen M. , Cordell Jeffery , Rollwagen‐Bollens Gretchen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe present the first comprehensive analysis of the Pacific Northwest estuaries (PNWE) zooplankton time series, which encompasses 38 estuaries distributed across more than 1000 km of the North American Pacific Coast. With observations spanning more than 20 yr, we here examine biogeographic trends among zooplankton communities, patterns of biological invasion across the region, and environmental correlates with dominant native and invasive taxa. Our results show that some estuaries across the region are invaded by multiple zooplankton species and that the geographic extent of invasion is far greater than previously reported for at least five species of copepods: Pseudodiaptomus inopinus, Pseudodiaptomus forbesi, Oithona davisae, Limnoithona sinensis, Sinocalanus doerrii, and the cladoceran Bosmina coregoni. Some of these species appear to be rapidly spreading across the region, while others have occupied a relatively static geographic range for decades. The copepod, P. inopinus, is by far the most abundant and geographically widespread of these invaders, comprising more than 90% of all zooplankton abundance at some sites. We propose that the geographic distribution of these invaders is strongly constrained by geomorphic characteristics that define the salinity and mixing regimes in these estuaries, reflecting the strong role that physical forces play in structuring estuarine zooplankton communities.
The affordable laboratory of climate change: devices to estimate ectotherm vital rates under projected global warming
Authors: Garcia‐Robledo Carlos , Kuprewicz Erin K. , Dierick Diego , Hurley Sarah , Langevin Abigail 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDetermining organisms’ responses to novel temperatures is relevant from ecological, evolutionary, and conservation perspectives. Here, we have validated designs and included biological examples for three affordable devices to estimate thermal responses of ectotherms: (1) a water bath that can be programmed to increase temperatures to estimate an organismal critical thermal maximum (CTmax), (2) a miniature portable refrigerator to estimate an organism's critical thermal minimum (CTmin), and (3) inexpensive growth chambers that maintain constant temperatures or simulate dynamic environmental temperature patterns. We tested the reliability of the CTmax device at temperature increase rates of 1° and 2°C/min. Observed temperatures deviated 0.01°C and 0.02°C from target temperatures, respectively. The CTmin device easily attained target temperatures via manipulation of the input voltage. The maximum deviation from target temperatures in environmental chambers programmed to maintain constant temperatures between 10°C and 30°C was 0.8°C. Environmental chambers programmed to simulate temperature profiles of tropical rain and montane forests deviated from target temperatures by a maximum of −0.5°C to 0.9°C. Examples of applications show that (1) tropical insects at high elevations are less tolerant to high temperatures than insects in lowland forests, (2) nocturnal ants display lower CTmax and CTmin than diurnal ant species, and (3) experiments in growth chambers show high mortality of high‐elevation insect species when exposed to temperatures that typify lowland forests, and high mortality of lowland insect species when exposed to temperatures that typify high elevations. The devices described in this study can be mass‐produced inexpensively and are currently being used in laboratories in the United States, Mexico, and Costa Rica. The main goal of this project is to encourage the construction of affordable devices and the use of standardized methodologies to create a global network of researchers studying thermal responses in diverse taxa and geographic locations.