bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Healthy Homes
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at how 16 million American children live in poverty, putting them at risk for delayed development, disease, and poor educational outcomes. The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is a pro-work, federal tool that has reduced or eliminated poverty for 13.2 million children. However, 20% of eligible households do not claim this tax credit. To lower the US poverty rate, which has plateaued, how might health systems help families maximize this economic credit? A 2018 program suggests it is possible to connect EITC-eligible families to free tax preparation through physician referral, fliers included with visit reminders, in-clinic advertising, and calls to families with upcoming appointments in the pediatric clinic, offering tax services 15 to 25 hours weekly, including evenings and weekends. The program was associated with increased filing rates, receipt of EITC, and use of free tax preparation, all of which increase money for low-income families. Finding such clever, convenient ways to make better use of federal policies to reduce poverty one family at a time creates a novel community resource.
Making Strides toward Zero
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights how San Francisco has made steady progress toward fulfilling its goals of achieving zero HIV deaths, zero new infections, and zero HIV stigma by 2020. These goals are aligned with the UNAIDS Fast-Track strategy for reaching the three zeros globally. Getting to Zero SF specifically aims to reduce HIV infections and deaths in San Francisco by 90%. The campaign’s strategy includes improving access to PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis), expanding the city’s hubs for RAPID (Rapid Antiretroviral Therapy Program for HIV Diagnoses) participation, and encouraging action to keep patients in care and improve their treatment adherence. Despite the city’s progress, vulnerable groups in San Francisco continue to be heavily affected by HIV. For example, only 31% of the homeless population reached undetectable blood levels of HIV in 2016. In order to reach zero, agencies in San Francisco will have to tackle its housing crisis as a part of its HIV strategy.
Introduction
Authors: Alshanetsky Eli 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In articulating our thoughts, our attention rarely goes to the formulation itself. What we evaluate are not sounds or inscriptions but ways in which other competent users of our language would interpret them. But how do we arrive at words that would elicit precisely the needed interpretation? And why does the other person enter into the picture at all? Why do we need to know what some other person would think we think, and realize that that is, in fact, what we think, to know what we ourselves think? Why do we take the other person’s response into account in trying to come to know our private thoughts? Although these questions span several different areas of philosophy, their most natural home is the subject of self-knowledge. This chapter sketches the territory of the subject from a distinctive perspective and indicates the place of the book’s project in it.
A Puzzle
Authors: Alshanetsky Eli 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The chapter introduces a new puzzle—albeit one that is reminiscent of Meno’s famous puzzle about investigation. The puzzle that Plato formulates challenges the possibility of inquiry in general, whereas this puzzle concerns the special case of inquiry into our thoughts. Our puzzle is that, in the difficult cases of articulation, coming to know what we are thinking seems to require knowing the words that capture our thoughts; yet, at the same time, having the latter knowledge itself seems to require already knowing what we are thinking. After characterizing the cases that give rise to the puzzle and honing its presentation, the chapter addresses several lines of response to it, including the worry that the puzzle simply reduces to Meno’s original paradox and the worry that it does not constitute a genuine philosophical paradox at all.
Deflationism
Authors: Alshanetsky Eli 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Deflationists seek to reinterpret the puzzle cases so that the puzzle never arises. On this type of view, what we do in the difficult cases of articulation does not consist in articulating thoughts already in place, but rather in using language to form new thoughts. A moderate deflationist draws an analogy between what we do in these cases and the elaboration of a plan, whose detailed implementation we work out later, as we go. A radical deflationist denies that we search for any fixed type of formulation at all, arguing that our acceptance of a formulation is either a free choice or a consequence of reaching a natural stopping point in our thinking. Examining a wide range of deflationary views helps bring out many of the key features of the puzzle cases and map out the variety of ways in which we can think in words.
The Implicit/Explicit Strategy
Authors: Alshanetsky Eli 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
On the proposed solution to the puzzle, we recognize the correct formulations of our thoughts by relying on our implicit knowledge of what we are thinking. After discussing an analogous puzzle in the case of basic perceptual classification and constructing a model of implicit knowledge for the simpler case of color recognition, the chapter extends the model to the trickier case of thought. On this model, our implicit knowledge of an item consists in its stored signature—the invariant aspect of experience that its instances share. On the proposed solution, the process that mediates between implicit and explicit knowledge is not itself wholly sub-personal. Instead, it is best understood as straddling the personal/sub-personal divide. A deeper source of the puzzle that emerges from this chapter’s discussion of our involvement in articulation lies in the conflation between two types of freedom (or control) that we may have over a response.
Conclusion
Authors: Alshanetsky Eli 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Once we are done articulating the thought, we can easily articulate it again, using different words with the same meaning. But the thought may become difficult to articulate again, with time. In many such cases (for example, during teaching, job interviews, and exams), our knowledge of the thought does not dissipate altogether, but switches back to an implicit format. We can regain our explicit knowledge by engaging in an effortful process of recollection. The memory process shares the key features of the process of articulation and lends itself to a variant of the initial puzzle. Placing the memory puzzle alongside analogous puzzles in the case of thought and perception brings out the general form of the puzzle that pertains to our knowledge of all foundational facts. Our knowledge of such facts, in all these cases, could be underwritten by our possession of certain bits of implicit knowledge.
Self-Knowledge and Self-Control in Plato’s Charmides
Authors: Kosman Aryeh 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the treatment of self-knowledge in Plato’s Charmides. The chapter argues that Critias’ proposal that temperance is self-knowledge, and its subsequent examination by Socrates, initially offers the reader a picture of self-knowledge as a reflexive self-awareness of the content of mental states. However, the initial discussion between Socrates and Critias presents the reader with a tension between the dual demands placed on self-knowledge in that dialogue. On the one hand, since self-knowledge is directed inward, towards one’s conscious states in acting temperately, it appears to be presented as reflexive. On the other, since, as a kind of knowledge, self-knowledge must be about something, and so dependent on the object it is directed towards, it is presented as exhibiting the characteristic of ‘objective intentionality’. A clue to the tension’s resolution, it is argued, can be found by considering the more standard understanding of temperance as self-control, and in Charmides’ characterization of temperance as a kind of ‘quietude’.
Imperial Power
Authors: Fiore Alessio 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 looks at imperial policies in Italy of Henry III, Henry IV, and Henry V, discussing especially their impact on the political make-up of the countryside. The focus is on how emperors attempted to keep control of their Italian resources and infrastructures (palaces and fiscal patrimony) as opposed to the vicissitudes of the ideological and propaganda struggle with the pope which has received more attention in historiography. Henry IV, in particular, adopted an aggressive policy towards his Italian opponents such as Adelaide of Torino and Matilda of Canossa, refusing to recognize the heirs of the former and deposing the latter. The result in both cases was the destruction of the coherence of two vast regional principalities. The author makes the important point that at first the emperors were not hostile to new emerging city communes and granted them rights in return for support and assistance (though later emperors, most notably Frederick I, would have a total change of mind in this regard). The author sees the moment in which cities began to take full control of the affairs seeing it as occurring during the reign of Henry V (1111–25) rather than in 1140–50, as usually believed.
Territorial Lordship
Authors: Fiore Alessio 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
It traces the emergence and development of the dominates loci as the most important form of organization of space, resources, and people in the countryside at the end of the eleventh century, signalled by the imposition of a whole new range of obligations and claims on these by individuals acting in their own right and no longer as representatives of royal authority. Three case studies are examined to illustrate the changes—Calusco in Lombardy, Casciavola in Tuscany, and Cliviano in Lazio. The new territorial and jurisdictional powers wielded by local territorial lords were invariably more oppressive than those to which the inhabitants of countryside had been subject previously and their imposition is characterized by frequent recourse to violence and extortion. These are referred to in contemporary sources as malus usus or malae consuetudines. These changes were accompanied by construction of larger and more fortified castles in which towers functioned as status symbols. The role of castles and settlements is discussed with the help of archaeological as well as documentary evidence. Fortifications were dense in countryside but absent in immediate vicinity of the cities. Signori also constructed rural borghi such as Biandrate, Tusculum, and Poggibonsi, which were true ‘central places’ for seigneurial power.
Fidelity
Authors: Fiore Alessio 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
It explores changing notions of the concept of fidelity (fidelitas) in the wake of the collapse of central power in Italy at the end of the eleventh century. The author notes that fealty was by no means an inseparable part of the concession of benefices as is shown by the widespread documentation of feudum sine fidelitate in Lombardy. Fidelity appears in other contexts too, for example to give legitimacy to contracts of sale and rent; it is also used when investing individuals in office or authority and presenting them with a standard (vexillum). Oaths of fealty also feature in alliances and pacts. Orality and gesture play an important part in rituals of fidelity. Bonds of fidelity could exist between social equals and did not necessarily imply a relationship of superiority and subordination, but the most common interlocutors are the upper and lower ranks of the aristocracy. Ecclesiastical institutions and proto-communes also made use of fealty to bind individuals to them. The language of fidelity also spreads to the church in formalizing relations of a purely internal and ecclesiastical character, a development that the author ascribes to pope Gregory VII, even if not many examples survive before 1100. Finally it discusses the origins of the oath of fidelity, suggesting that it may go back to Charlemagne’s order that all his subjects should swear loyalty to the emperor.
Conclusions
Authors: Fiore Alessio 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The period 1080–1130 sees the imposition of the signoria as the dominant system of power and control in the countryside of north-central Italy. This process was accompanied by a profound militarization of society evident in the building of castles, the rise of the class of milites, the increasing importance of military service in pacts and contracts, the upsurge in violence. The notion of fidelitas, once the prerogative of the sovereign, came to be used at a local level to underpin relationships between lords and their subject, often sealed by pacts. Whilst this gave an appearance of consent, at the other end of the spectrum lay violence and coercion which were inherent in the system. The imposition of dominatus loci did not inhibit and may actually have stimulated economic growth by extracting agricultural surplus and increasing elite demand for goods and raw materials. It also had demographic effects in that the rural population tended to become more concentrated in nuclear defended settlements and/or displaced to the cities. Finally, the Italian experience of the creation of the territorial lordship is discussed in the framework of trends across western Europe, concluding that Italy is more similar to Catalonia than northern France. Italy’s ‘exceptionality’ is most clearly evidenced in the rise of urban (but also rural) collectivities and the capacity of these to exercise a measure of political control over the surrounding countryside. The author insists on the role of rural collectivities which offered a concrete alternative outcome to the ‘segneurialization’ of power.
Jazzbandism
Authors: Rasula Jed 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A paramount example of “making it new” in the early twentieth century was the unprecedented global phenomenon of jazz. This chapter chronicles the impact of jazz, understood not strictly as music but as agent of American modernity as the implacable engine of the new. During the Twenties a reciprocity between modernism and jazz was taken for granted; jazz was lifestyle modernism. In Europe jazz was welcomed as a vehicle of postwar revitalization. In America it was denounced as a fad or craze, albeit defended by some as a new artform, along with film, comics, vaudeville, and other popular entertainments. Debates about folk authenticity versus commercial exploitation, primitivism versus the ultra-modern, as well as racial and cultural purity swarmed around jazz for more than a decade. It also became a surrogate subject for modernism in music, with Stravinsky held up as avatar of all things progressive and/or regressive—and, it was assumed, a spawn of jazz.
Exploitation at Work
Authors: Collins Jennifer 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The theme of exploitation in work relations has produced an increasingly polarized set of positions ‘for’ or ‘against’ criminalization. For example, it has been argued that the effects of criminalization, deployed in a political environment that welcomes a ‘law and order’ policy agenda, over-bear other areas of law (such as labour law) which are worker-protective in ameliorating labour exploitation. In this chapter I argue that a rigid position ‘for’ or ‘against’ criminalizing exploitation ought to be resisted in favour of a more nuanced regulatory mix. There ought to be a greater focus on the ways in which decisions between regulatory channels are made once an in-principle case for criminalization has been established. This includes appraising criminalization in its wider regulatory context, as well as more nuanced arguments about the appropriateness of criminal law interventions which include ‘regulation plus crime’ measures.
The Duty of Loyalty and the Scope of the Law of Fraud
Authors: Collins Hugh 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of criminal law as an additional sanction against the breach of existing civil obligations in the contract. In the modern context, this chapter examines the ways in which property offences in criminal law might be used to deter contractual breaches. It focuses on the offence of fraud in the Fraud Act 2006, and in particular the role of criminalization where there has been a failure to disclose information. To this end, the chapter examines the current scope of disclosure obligations under the employment contract, focusing on the implied duties of trust and confidence and loyalty. There is considerable uncertainty about the scope and content of disclosure obligations, which raises serious rule of law concerns where these contractual obligations are, in effect, criminalized as instances of fraud. There is also a more general reluctance in English criminal law to criminalize omissions rather than positive acts, and a failure to disclose is an omission.
Sex, Work, and Criminalization
Authors: Dempsey Michelle Madden 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a philosophical examination of the various dimensions of commercial sex as a form of work. It then offers perspectives on the legitimate role of the criminal law in regulating commercial sex, based upon three limiting principles. The first is a principle of ‘minimalism’ such that the criminal law should only be used as a last resort. The second is a principle of ‘modest legal moralism’ such that the criminal law should be reserved as a legal response to public wrongs. Finally, the third principle is a ‘presumption of non-interference’ based in the liberal harm principle, so that state coercion is limited to situations of direct or indirect harm. Given these three limiting principles, the chapter asks if the criminal law has a legitimate role in regulating, restricting, or prohibiting sex work.
The Work of Sex Work
Authors: Cruz Katie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses the legal treatment of sex work, and specifically prostitution, from the perspective of Marxist feminism. Here, the work of sex work must be understood in its wider structural context of gendered and racialized capitalism. The chapter argues that sex work should be understood as work. Furthermore, the features of ‘unfreedom’ associated with sex work do not vitiate its identity as a form of work, and therefore as an activity that warrants the application of protective norms of labour law. This marks an important distinction from the previous chapter’s taxonomy of commercial sex work. In fact, this chapter argues that all work under capitalism is structurally coupled with exploitation and alienation (unfreedom) that ebbs and flows according to the balance of class forces. Given this structural coupling, it is problematic to use the exploitation and alienation in sex work as a basis for excluding it from the domain of personal work relations and for barring sex workers from worker protective laws.
Criminalizing Care Workers
Authors: Hayes LJB 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a critique of the ‘care worker offence’ in section 20 of the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015, which criminalizes ill-treatment or wilful neglect in circumstances of ‘paid work’ by care workers. It argues that this new offence has obscured the political and managerial choices that render care work badly paid and precarious. Judicial narratives are all too often framed around thick moralized judgements of vice and bad character, marginalizing alternative narratives that identify the terrible pressures that precarious workers experience in their working lives. These pressures are being generated by poor management, underinvestment in training, high staff turnover and high rates of sickness absence, and chronic starvation of public resources for social care. In this way, this chapter suggests that we might even regard the section 20 offence as a contemporary variant of 19th-century master and servant laws, using criminal laws to enforce labour discipline and to police the precarious.
The Do Not Track Standard
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The proliferation and persistence of online tracking of consumer behaviour through different technologies for the purpose of collecting information and constructing targeted advertisements based on the profiling of the interests and preferences of users, at surface level, seems relatively harmless. From a marketing perspective, such activity is crucial for both profit and online content. However, the broader impact and implications of such activity is much more wide-ranging, in particular given that much of it lacks transparency and can result in the violation of a plethora of individual rights. This chapter assesses development of the Do Not Track standard (DNT) in the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) as a response to tracking behaviour that has sought to ensure that users have a choice on whether or not they are tracked online. It explains how different interests and stakeholders converged on its conception and diverged in its development with focus on the role of privacy advocates.
How to Free Your Inner Mathematician
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
How to Free Your Inner Mathematician: Notes on Mathematics and Life offers readers guidance in managing the fear, freedom, frustration, and joy that often accompany calls to think mathematically. With practical insight and years of award-winning mathematics teaching experience, DAgostino offers more than 300 hand-drawn sketches alongside accessible descriptions of fractals, symmetry, fuzzy logic, knot theory, Penrose patterns, infinity, the Twin Prime Conjecture, Arrows Impossibility Theorem, Fermats Last Theorem, and other intriguing mathematical topics. Readers are encouraged to embrace change, proceed at their own pace, mix up their routines, resist comparison, have faith, fail more often, look for beauty, exercise their imaginations, and define success for themselves. Mathematics students and enthusiasts will learn advice for fostering courage on their journey regardless of age or mathematical background. How to Free Your Inner Mathematician delivers not only engaging mathematical content but provides reassurance that mathematical success has more to do with curiosity and drive than innate aptitude.
Rely on your reasoning abilities, because folded paper may reach the moon
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Rely on your reasoning abilities, because folded paper may reach the moon” offers an introduction to exponential growth by way of an appealing problem regarding the surprisingly small number of folds necessary for a piece of paper to reach the moon. The discussion references the story of Britney Gallivan, a high-school student in California who set a world record for folding a piece of paper twelve times. The overall discussion is illustrated with numerous hand-drawn sketches, including back-of-the-napkin calculations. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to rely on their reasoning abilities in mathematical and life pursuits. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.