bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refashioning the EU Visa Policy: A New Turn of the Screw to Cooperation on Readmission and to Discrimination?
Authors: Nicolosi Salvatore Fabio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Since the establishment of the Schengen area, border management has been having momentum within the European Union (EU) and, one of its major building blocks is the common policy on visas. This allows to control who can have access to the Schengen area for short stays that do not exceed three months over any six-month period.
This article investigates how the EU visa policy has been influenced by the ever-evolving migratory dynamics towards the EU. Focusing on the latest reform of the Common Code on Visa, which has entered into force in 2020, this article argues that the new approach to conditionality in EU migration law has consolidated the intertwining between the EU visa policy and cooperation on readmission. Over the years, the latter has constituted an incentive for the EU in order to offer visa facilitation regimes or specific visa waivers to nationals of third countries. However, this article criticizes the new mechanism, introduced by the recent reform, and providing the European Commission with the mandate to propose specific restrictive measures related to visa processing and visa fee in case of a lack of cooperation especially on readmission. In an attempt to shed light on the legal concerns raised by this mechanism, the paper concludes that it even emphasises the discriminatory effects of the EU visa policy and, more generally, it impacts on the cooperation with third countries within the EU General Approach to Migration and Mobility.
Neither Holy nor Well: Persistent Sadness in American Catholic Advice Literature
Authors: Sain Barbara 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Statements about sadness in American Catholic advice literature in the 1930s–1950s reveal a mix of emotional experiences, ideals, and strategies. While sadness and grief are recognised as part of ordinary life, deep and persistent sadness is described as incompatible with the hope and cheerfulness expected of a Christian. The recommendations offered show the influence of traditional Catholic anthropology, current medical practice, psychology and a broader cultural emphasis on willpower. The ideas in these texts would have shaped how some readers experienced sadness. For those whose feelings did not match the norm or yield to recommended strategies, the messages may have intensified their interior emotional conflict and complicated their relationships with others. Examining messages about sadness in Catholic advice literature against the backdrop of broader cultural ideas about emotions allows for insight into the emotional experience of early- to mid-twentieth-century American Catholics.
Making Halal Business in Southern Kazakhstan
Authors: Pak Yana 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Through the transformation of solidarity groups in Kazakhstan, and their confessionalization, we will try to see whether ‘Islamic economy’ offers a new framework of socio-economic organization and redistribution of wealth through the mobilization and valuation of private initiative and solidarity. Based on fieldwork in Southern Kazakhstan in 2014–16, this article uses qualitative interviews with Sufi entrepreneurs; it shows them driven not only by market demands and economic opportunities, but also by religious thinking and contest, which lead to the gradual emergence of new forms of socio-economic organization nourished by a specific admixture of Islamic values and Soviet-made norms of morality.
From Alchemy to Science
Authors: Pettit Jonathan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In premodern China, Daoist priests cultivated and traded herbal drugs. Many priests served as doctors for royal and aristocratic families. Given this long history, it is not surprising that Daoist institutions in present-day China have tapped into a demand for traditional healing. Many temples offer clinics for walk-in patients, and some have established research centers devoted to studying traditional medicine. This paper begins with a vignette from a contemporary temple on Mount Yaowang 藥王山 (Mount Pharma-king), where leaders are currently redeveloping an ancient temple into a research center. On the surface, Mount Yaowang merely carries on the traditions of the past. Throughout the multi-acre compound, visitors are greeted with numerous placards, brochures, and exhibitions emphasizing how the knowledge of Mount Yaowang’s past Daoist doctors still lives on today. Beneath this veneer of antiquity, however, a new and different form of Daoist healthcare is emerging. To recognize the new forms of Daoist healing, this paper builds toward a long-range understanding of Daoist healthcare in traditional and twentieth-century China. The author concludes that despite the apparent conservatism of Daoist leaders’ incorporation of the past, it is actually a radical departure.
The cardiac arrest centre for the treatment of sudden cardiac arrest due to presumed cardiac cause – aims, function and structure: Position paper of the Association for Acute CardioVascular Care of the European Society of Cardiology (AVCV), European Association of Percutaneous Coronary Interventions (EAPCI), European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), European Resuscitation Council (ERC), European Society for Emergency Medicine (EUSEM) and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM)
Authors: Sinning Christoph , Ahrens Ingo , Cariou Alain , Beygui Farzin , Lamhaut Lionel , Halvorsen Sigrun , Nikolaou Nikolaos , Nolan Jerry P , Price Susanna , Monsieurs Koenraad , Behringer Wilhelm , Cecconi Maurizio , Van Belle Eric , Jouven Xavier , Hassager Christian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Approximately 10% of patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survive to hospital discharge. Improved management to improve outcomes is required, and it is proposed that such patients should be preferentially treated in cardiac arrest centres. The minimum requirements of therapy modalities for the cardiac arrest centre are 24/7 availability of an on-site coronary angiography laboratory, an emergency department, an intensive care unit, imaging facilities such as echocardiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and a protocol outlining transfer of selected patients to cardiac arrest centres with additional resources (out-of-hospital cardiac arrest hub hospitals). These hub hospitals are regularly treating a high volume of patients and offer further treatment modalities. This consensus document describes the aims, the minimal requirements for therapeutic modalities and expertise, and the structure, of a cardiac arrest centre. It represents a consensus among the major European medical associations and societies involved in the treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.
Long noncoding RNA MIR31HG and its splice variants regulate proliferation and migration: prognostic implications for muscle invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Wu Sheng , Nitschke Katja , Worst Thomas Stefan , Fierek Alexander , Weis Cleo-Aron , Eckstein Markus , Porubsky Stefan , Kriegmair Maximilian , Erben Philipp 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Growing evidence supports the pivotal role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of cancer development and progression. Their expression patterns and biological function in muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) remain elusive.

Methods
Transcript levels of lncRNA miR-31 host gene (MIR31HG) and its splice variants were measured in our MIBC cohort (n = 102) by qRT-PCR, and validated in silico by the TCGA cohort (n = 370). Kaplan-Meier and multiple Cox regression analysis were conducted to evaluate the survival significance of MIR31HG and its splice variants. Functional experiments were performed to examine the proliferation and migration abilities of MIR31HG and its splice variants by knockdown approaches.

Results
In this study, a decreased expression of MIR31HG was found in bladder cancer cells and tissues, except in the basal subtype. Survival analysis showed that high expression of MIR31HG was associated with poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with MIBC of basal subtype. Two splice variants of MIR31HG lacking exon 1 (MIR31HGΔE1) and exon 3 (MIR31HGΔE3) were identified to have specific expression patterns in different molecular subtypes of our MIBC cohort. MIR31HGΔE3 was highly expressed in basal subtype tumors. A high expression of MIR31HGΔE1 and MIR31HGΔE3 was associated with worse OS and DFS in our cohort. In vitro experiments revealed that knockdown of MIR31HG inhibits cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration in bladder cancer. Cell proliferation and migration assays after knockdown of splice variants of MIR31HG showed corresponding roles for the full-length transcript.

Conclusions
Our study demonstrates that MIR31HG and its splice variants could serve as biomarkers for the classification and prognosis prediction of patients with MIBC.
Alpha-beta transition induced by C18-conjugation of polyalanine and its implication in aqueous solution behavior of poly(ethylene glycol)-polyalanine block copolymers
Authors: Park Min Hee , Park Jinkyung , Lee Hyun Jung , Jeong Byeongmoon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
The aqueous solution behavior of thermosensitive PEG-PA block copolymers as well as secondary structure of PA is expected to significantly change through modification of the hydrophobic PA by long chain alkyl (C18) groups with different configurations.

Method
Oleoyl and stearoyl (C18) groups were conjugated to poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(L-alanine) (PEG-PA; EG45A16) diblock copolymers to compare their conjugation effect on nano-assemblies and corresponding aqueous solution behavior of the polymers.

Results
Due to the nature of a hydrophilic PEG block and a hydrophobic PA or C18-modified PA, PEG-PA, oleoyl group-conjugated PEG-PA (PEG-PAO), and stearoyl group-conjugated PEG-PA (PEG-PAS) block copolymers form micelles in water. Compared with PEG-PA, the micelle size of PEG-PAO and PEG-PAS increased. Circular dichroism and FTIR spectra of aqueous polymer solutions showed that β sheet content increased, whereas α helix content decreased by C18 modification of PEG-PA. PEG-PAS showed better performance in ice crystallization inhibition than PEG-PAO. The sol-to-gel transition temperatures of aqueous PEG-PAO solutions were 25–37 °C higher than those of aqueous PEG-PA solutions, whereas aqueous PEG-PAS solutions remained as gels in the temperature range of 0–80 °C. 1H-NMR spectra indicated that the oleoyl groups increased core mobility, whereas stearoyl groups decreased the core mobility of the micelles in water. The difference in micromobility between PAO and PAS interfered or promoted gelation of the aqueous polymer solutions, respectively.

Conclusions
This study suggests that a hydrophobic C18-modification of polypeptide induces α helix-to-β sheet transition of the polypeptide; however, aqueous solution behaviors including ice recrystallization inhibition and gelation are significantly affected by the nature of the hydrophobic molecule.

Graphical abstract
Mammary and extramammary myofibroblastoma: multimodality imaging features with clinicopathologic correlation, management and outcomes in a series of 23 patients
Authors: Wickre Mark , Valencia Elizabeth , Solanki Malvika , Glazebrook Katrina 
Published: December 2020

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to describe the imaging appearance, diagnosis, and management of mammary and extramammary myofibroblastoma (MFB) in a series of 23 patients.

Methods and materials:
Following institutional review board approval, cases were identified by searching for “myofibroblastoma” in radiology reports. Multimodality imaging and pathological features were assessed.

Results:
23 cases of myofibroblastoma were identified in 15 males and 8 females. Most cases were in the breast (20/23, 87%), presenting as a palpable mass or discovered incidentally on mammography in females or chest CT in males. Extramammary MFB lesions (3/23, 13%) presented with symptoms related to mass effect. At imaging, MFB most often demonstrated an oval or irregular mass that was hypoechoic or heterogeneously echogenic with variable margins. MRI showed T2 hyperintensity, diffusion restriction, and plateau kinetics. Extramammary MFB appeared as an enhancing mass with variable fat content and T2 intensity.

Conclusion:
Here we describe imaging and clinicopathological features of mammary and extramammary myofibroblastoma.

Advances in knowledge:
Imaging description of this rare tumor is limited in the literature, and to date this is the largest case series describing the imaging findings.
Palliative care nurses' experiences of clinical supervision: a qualitative evidence synthesis
Authors: Keane Sinéad , Ryan Aoife , Adams Niamh , Dowling Maura 
Published: December 2020

Background: Clinical supervision provides support and facilitates professional and personal development. Aim: To identify and synthesise all available qualitative research on palliative care nurses' experiences of clinical supervision. Methods: Guided by the ‘enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research’ (ENTREQ) statement, eight databases were searched using a systematic search strategy (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, PsycINFO, Medline, Web of Science, ProQuest, Embase, Psychological and Behavioural Sciences). The findings of all included studies were analysed guided by Thomas and Harden's approach. Confidence in the review findings was determined guided by Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research (GRADE-CERQual). Findings: Nine qualitative studies were included in this synthesis and four analytic themes were identified: negative experiences and misunderstandings of clinical supervision; clinical supervision needs structure and clarity; supervisor needs to be a conductor and a producer; finding your ‘inner supervisor’. Conclusion: The review illuminates the benefits of clinical supervision as a renewal process for palliative care (PC) nurses, but also highlights the challenges in its provision. Organisations should provide designated time and opportunities for PC nurses to attend clinical supervision sessions during working hours.
Understanding COVID-19 vaccine demand and hesitancy: A nationwide online survey in China
Authors: Lin Yulan , Hu Zhijian , Zhao Qinjian , Alias Haridah , Danaee Mahmoud , Wong Li Ping 
Published: December 2020

Background
This study attempts to understand coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine demand and hesitancy by assessing the public’s vaccination intention and willingness-to-pay (WTP). Confidence in COVID-19 vaccines produced in China and preference for domestically-made or foreign-made vaccines was also investigated.

Methods
A nationwide cross-sectional, self-administered online survey was conducted on 1–19 May 2020. The health belief model (HBM) was used as a theoretical framework for understanding COVID-19 vaccination intent and WTP.

Results
A total of 3,541 complete responses were received. The majority reported a probably yes intent (54.6%), followed by a definite yes intent (28.7%). The perception that vaccination decreases the chances of getting COVID-19 under the perceived benefit construct (OR = 3.14, 95% CI 2.05–4.83) and not being concerned about the efficacy of new COVID-19 vaccines under the perceived barriers construct (OR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.31–2.09) were found to have the highest significant odds of a definite intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) of WTP for COVID-19 vaccine was CNY¥200/US$28 (IQR CNY¥100–500/USD$14–72). The highest marginal WTP for the vaccine was influenced by socio-economic factors. The majority were confident (48.7%) and completely confident (46.1%) in domestically-made COVID-19 vaccine. 64.2% reported a preference for a domestically-made over foreign-made COVID-19 vaccine.

Conclusions
The findings demonstrate the utility of HBM constructs in understanding COVID-19 vaccination intent and WTP. It is important to improve health promotion and reduce the barriers to COVID-19 vaccination.
Alcohol use and tuberculosis clinical presentation at the time of diagnosis in Puducherry and Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Kan Carolyn K. , Ragan Elizabeth J. , Sarkar Sonali , Knudsen Selby , Forsyth Megan , Muthuraj Muthaiah , Vinod Kumar , Jenkins Helen E. , Horsburgh C. Robert , Salgame Padmini , Roy Gautam , Ellner Jerrold J. , Jacobson Karen R. , Sahu Swaroop , Hochberg Natasha S. 
Published: December 2020

Setting
Alcohol use increases the risk of tuberculosis (TB) disease and is associated with worse outcomes.

Objective
To determine whether alcohol use affects TB severity at diagnosis in a high-burden setting.

Design
Participants were smear-positive people living with TB (PLWTB) in India. Disease severity was assessed as 1) high versus low smear grade, 2) time to positivity (TTP) on liquid culture, 3) chest radiograph cavitation, and 4) percent lung affected. Alcohol use and being at-risk for alcohol use disorders (AUD) were assessed using the AUDIT-C. Univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted.

Results
Of 1166 PLWTB, 691 (59.3%) were drinkers; of those, 518/691 (75.0%) were at-risk for AUD. Drinkers had more lung affected than non-drinkers (adjusted mean difference 10.8%, p<0.0001); this was not significant for those at-risk for AUD (adjusted mean difference 3.7%, p = 0.11). High smear grade (aOR 1.0, 95%CI: 0.7–1.4), cavitation (aOR 0.8, 95%CI 0.4–1.8), and TTP (mean difference 5.2 hours, p = 0.51) did not differ between drinkers and non-drinkers, nor between those at-risk and not at-risk for AUD.

Conclusions
A large proportion of PLWTB were drinkers and were at-risk for AUD. Alcohol drinkers had more lung affected than non-drinkers. Studies are needed to explore mechanisms of this association.
Transcriptomic and proteomic intra-tumor heterogeneity of colorectal cancer varies depending on tumor location within the colorectum
Authors: Árnadóttir Sigrid Salling , Mattesen Trine Block , Vang Søren , Madsen Mogens Rørbæk , Madsen Anders Husted , Birkbak Nicolai Juul , Bramsen Jesper Bertram , Andersen Claus Lindbjerg 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundIntra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) of colorectal cancer (CRC) complicates molecular tumor classification, such as transcriptional subtyping. Differences in cellular states, biopsy cell composition, and tumor microenvironment may all lead to ITH. Here we analyze ITH at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels to ascertain whether subtype discordance between multiregional biopsies reflects relevant biological ITH or lack of classifier robustness. Further, we study the impact of tumor location on ITH.MethodsMultiregional biopsies from stage II and III CRC tumors were analyzed by RNA sequencing (41 biopsies, 14 tumors) and multiplex immune protein analysis (89 biopsies, 29 tumors). CRC subtyping was performed using consensus molecular subtypes (CMS), CRC intrinsic subtypes (CRIS), and TUMOR types. ITH-scores and network maps were defined to determine the origin of heterogeneity. A validation cohort was used with one biopsy per tumor (162 tumors).ResultsOverall, inter-tumor transcriptional variation exceeded ITH, and subtyping calls were frequently concordant between multiregional biopsies. Still, some tumors had high transcriptional ITH and were classified discordantly. Subtyping of proximal MSS tumors were discordant for 50% of the tumors, this ITH was related to differences in the microenvironment. Subtyping of distal MSS tumors were less discordant, here the ITH was more cancer-cell related. The subtype discordancy reflected actual molecular ITH within the tumors. The relevance of the subtypes was reflected at protein level where several inflammation markers were significantly increased in immune related transcriptional subtypes, which was verified in an independent cohort (Wilcoxon rank sum test; p<0.05). Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of the protein data identified large ITH at protein level; as the multiregional biopsies clustered together for only 9 out of 29 tumors.ConclusionOur transcriptomic and proteomic analyses show that the tumor location along the colorectum influence the ITH of CRC, which again influence the concordance of subtyping.
Barriers and enablers to the implementation of protocol-based imaging in pancreatic cancer: A qualitative study using the theoretical domains framework
Authors: Maharaj Ashika D. , Evans Sue M. , Zalcberg John R. , Ioannou Liane J. , Graco Marnie , Croagh Daniel , Pilgrim Charles H. C. , Dodson Theresa , Goldstein David , Philip Jennifer , Kench James G. , Merrett Neil D. , Neale Rachel E. , White Kate , Evans Peter , Leong Trevor , Green Sally E. 
Published: December 2020

Background
Accurate pre-operative imaging plays a vital role in patient selection for surgery and in allocating stage-appropriate therapies to patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer (PC). This study aims to: (1) understand the current diagnosis and staging practices for PC; and (2) explore the factors (barriers and enablers) that influence the use of a pancreatic protocol computed tomography (PPCT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to confirm diagnosis and/or accurately stage PC.

Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with radiologists, surgeons, gastroenterologists, medical and radiation oncologists from the states of New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria, Australia. Interviews were conducted either in person or via video conferencing. All interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, de-identified and data were thematically coded according to the 12 domains explored within the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Common belief statements were generated to compare the variation between participant responses.

Findings
In total, 21 clinicians (5 radiologists, 10 surgeons, 2 gastroenterologists, 4 medical and radiation oncologists) were interviewed over a four-month-period. Belief statements relevant to the TDF domains were generated. Across the 11 relevant domains, 20 themes and 30 specific beliefs were identified. All TDF domains, with the exception of social influences were identified by participants as relevant to protocol-based imaging using either a PPCT or MRI, with the domains of knowledge, skills and environmental context and resources being offered by most participants as being relevant in influencing their decisions.

Conclusions
To maximise outcomes and personalise therapy it is imperative that diagnosis and staging investigations using the most appropriate imaging modalities are conducted in a timely, efficient and effective manner. The results provide an understanding of specialists’ opinion and behaviour in relation to a PPCT or MRI and should be used to inform the design of future interventions to improve compliance with this practice.