bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortical parameters predict bone strength at the tibial diaphysis, but are underestimated by HR‐pQCT and μCT compared to histomorphometry
Authors: Schmidutz Florian , Milz Stefan , Schiuma Damiano , Richards Robert G. , Windolf Markus , Sprecher Christoph M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCortical bone and its microstructure are crucial for bone strength, especially at the long bone diaphysis. However, it is still not well‐defined how imaging procedures can be used as predictive tools for mechanical bone properties. This study evaluated the capability of several high‐resolution imaging techniques to capture cortical bone morphology and assessed the correlation with the bone's mechanical properties. The microstructural properties (cortical thickness [Ct.Th], porosity [Ct.Po], area [Ct.Ar]) of 11 female tibial diaphysis (40–90 years) were evaluated by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), high‐resolution peripheral‐quantitative‐computed‐tomography (HR‐pQCT), micro‐CT (μCT) and histomorphometry. Stiffness and maximal torque to failure were determined by mechanical testing. T‐Scores determined by DXA ranged from 0.6 to −5.6 and a lower T‐Score was associated with a decrease in Ct.Th (p ≤ 0.001) while the Ct.Po (p ≤ 0.007) increased, and this relationship was independent of the imaging method. With decreasing T‐Score, histology showed an increase in Ct.Po from the endosteal to the periosteal side (p = 0.001) and an exponential increase in the ratio of osteons at rest to those after remodelling. However, compared to histomorphometry, HR‐pQCT and μCT underestimated Ct.Po and Ct.Th. A lower T‐Score was also associated with significantly reduced stiffness (p = 0.031) and maximal torque (p = 0.006). Improving the accuracy of Ct.Po and Ct.Th did not improve prediction of the mechanical properties, which was most closely related to geometry (Ct.Ar). The ex‐vivo evaluation of mechanical properties correlated with all imaging modalities, with Ct.Th and Ct.Po highly correlated with the T‐Score of the tibial diaphysis. Cortical microstructural changes were underestimated with the lower resolution of HR‐pQCT and μCT compared to the histological ‘gold standard’. The increased accuracy did not result in an improved prediction for local bone strength in this study, which however might be related to the limited number of specimens and thus needs to be evaluated in a larger collective.
Exploring Sources of Individual Differences in Children's Interest in Science
Authors: Williams Allison J. , Danovitch Judith H. , Mills Candice M. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTEfforts have been made to promote children's interest in science, but little is known about how children's interest in science relates to other characteristics, such as science‐specific curiosity, domain‐general epistemic curiosity, and verbal intelligence. The current study examines how these factors relate to individual differences in children's self‐reported interest in science topics. Children 7‐ to 10‐years‐old (n = 91) rated their interest in science and non‐science topics and completed measures of science‐specific curiosity, domain‐general epistemic curiosity, and verbal intelligence. An additional 94 7‐ to 10‐year‐olds rated their interest in science and non‐science topics and completed the science‐specific curiosity measure. The results suggest that individual differences in children's science interest relate most strongly to scientific curiosity, and specifically to the drive to seek out information and new experiences.
Diagnosis of pulmonary contusions with point‐of‐care lung ultrasonography and thoracic radiography compared to thoracic computed tomography in dogs with motor vehicle trauma: 29 cases (2017‐2018)
Authors: Dicker Samuel A. , Lisciandro Gregory R. , Newell Susan M. , Johnson Justine A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the accuracy of lung ultrasound (LUS) using the Veterinary Bedside Lung Ultrasound Examination (VetBLUE) protocol and 3‐view thoracic radiographs (TXR) compared to thoracic computed tomography (TCT) for diagnosing the presence and quantification of pulmonary contusions (PC).DesignProspective cohort study conducted from February 2017 to June 2018.SettingPrivate emergency and referral center.AnimalsThirty‐two dogs having sustained motor vehicle trauma were consecutively enrolled. Three dogs were excluded from statistical analysis. All dogs survived to hospital discharge.InterventionsWithin 24 hours of sustaining trauma, dogs had LUS, TXR, and TCT performed. Using the VetBLUE protocol, LUS PC were scored according to the presence and number of B‐lines and C‐lines, indicating extravascular lung water. Thoracic radiographs and TCT were scored for PC in a similar topographical pattern to the VetBLUE protocol. Lung ultrasound and TXR were compared to “gold standard” TCT for the presence and quantification of PC.Measurements and Main ResultsOn TCT, 21 of 29 (72.4%) dogs were positive and 8 of 29 (27.6%) dogs were negative for PC. When LUS was compared to TCT, 19 of 21 dogs were positive for PC (90.5% sensitivity) and 7 of 8 dogs were negative (87.5% specificity) for PC. LUS PC score correlated strongly with TCT PC score (R = 0.8, P < 0.001). When TXR was compared to TCT, 14 of 21 dogs were positive for PC (66.7% sensitivity) and 7 of 8 dogs were negative (87.5% specificity) for PC. TXR PC score correlated strongly with TCT PC score (R = 0.74, P < 0.001).ConclusionsIn this population of dogs with motor vehicle trauma, LUS had high sensitivity for diagnosis of PC when compared to “gold standard” TCT. LUS provides reliable diagnosis of PC after trauma. More patients with PC were identified with LUS than with TXR, and additional studies are warranted to determine whether this increased sensitivity is statistically significant.
Characteristic Analysis of Aircraft Glyd-Ring Seal Based on Mixed Lubrication Model
Authors: Wei Wang , Xiao Wenjian , Ouyang Xiaoping , Guo Shengrong , Yang Huayong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Reciprocating seals are vital components in hydraulic systems. As a kind of reciprocating seal, the glyd-ring is commonly used as a piston seal. For the sealing characteristics of aircraft glyd-ring under severe working conditions, systematic research and experimental verification are not sufficient. The liquid-solid coupling model based on mixed lubrication theory is established in order to analyze the characteristics of the glyd-ring seal in the cylinder piston. The contact stress distribution on the glyd-ring under different fluid pressures or temperatures is discussed through finite element analysis. The mechanical analysis of solids and fluids are carried out separately, and the thickness of the fluid film is continuously updated until the results of the deformation analysis converged. According to the calculation results obtained by this model, three characteristics of the glyd-ring seal (static contact pressure, film thickness, friction force) are discussed. As the fluid pressure rises, the contact pressure in the sealing area increases by a rate which is greater than that of the corresponding fluid pressure, the seal length is shortened, the fluid film thickness is reduced, and the frictional force gradually increases, this force increase is proved by test data. As the temperature rises, the contact pressure in the seal area (near the O-ring) increases by a rate which is greater than that of the corresponding fluid pressure, the seal length increases, the oil film thickness decreases, and the frictional force increases significantly.
A 4/3-Way Flat Slide Valve With a Metallic Main Stage
Authors: Aengenheister Stefan , Liu Chao , Figge Felix , Broeckmann Christoph , Schmitz Katharina 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Most proportional directional control valves currently in practical use are piston spool valves. A disadvantage of this type of design is the occurring leakage between spool and sleeve or housing. A second disadvantage is that the service life is limited by wear on the control edges. The ceramic flat slide valve is a promising concept, which allows to reduce the mentioned leakage and to increase service life. In contrast to piston spool valves, the main stage of the flat slide valve consists of three plates. Two control plates and a movable slide plate, which is located in between. An external force is applied to the plates by the so-called pressure compensation, which presses the plates together and thus counteracts a gap expansion and thereby an effective reduction of occurring leakage is accomplished. The plate-by-plate design of the main stage allows the use of technical ceramics, which are more resistance to abrasive wear and can thereby extend the service life of valves. A challenge in the realization of the flat slide valve is the design of the pressure compensation. If the force applied by the pressure compensation is not sufficient to prevent a gap formation between the plates, an increased leakage will occur, which results in a reduction of efficiency. In case the applied force is too high due to the pressure compensation, high frictional forces between the plates occur and an adjustment of the slide plate position through an actuator is no longer possible. Therefore, the design of the pressure compensation is essential for the success of the concept. This contribution presents the results of testing a main stage, which consists out of two metallic control plates and a slide plate made of special brass. The main stage is designed in such a way that a 4/3-way directional control valve with a proportional characteristic can be realized, as it is also achieved by valves currently available on the market. Therefore, in addition to the pressure forces, further influences on the resulting force of the pressure compensation were determined and their influence was estimated based on test bench results. With a program written in MATLAB, the forces prevailing in the valve can be calculated time-efficiently for different geometries and are validated with test bench trials.
Analysis of the Flow Force Compensation in Relief Valves With Conical Poppet
Authors: Fornaciari Andrea , Zardin Barbara , Borghi Massimo , Ceriola Michele 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The paper deals with experimental tests and numerical simulations (3D and 0D fluid-dynamic modelling) of a conical poppet pressure relief valve with flow force compensation.
The aim of the study was to realize a dynamic model of the valve, able to consider the effect of the pressure force, which arises downstream the metering edge and is determined by both the flow forces and the pressure recovery on the flow deflector.
Starting from a 3D-CFD model, it was possible to study the interaction between the poppet opening and the pressure field, in order to evaluate the total pressure force as a function of the poppet displacement.
The contribution of the pressure recovered on the deflector was separated from the traditional flow force and then parametrized as a function of some geometric features.
It was then possible to develop a 0D fluid-dynamic model that is suitable not only for the considered valve but also for valves with similar geometries.
Lastly, the model was validated using experimental data acquired on test bench for three different valves. The comparison of the predicted flow-pressure characteristics with the experimental ones indeed showed a good result matching.
This model can also lead towards design considerations to study the behaviour of a larger number of valve geometries.
On the 0D – 3D Modelling Procedure for the Filling Analysis of the Lubrication System of Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Polastri Marco , Battarra Mattia , Milani Massimo , Storchi Gabriele , Montorsi Luca , Mucchi Emiliano 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The paper focuses on the development of a predictive numerical tool for the assessment of the filling performance of engine lubrication systems. Filling analyzes are typically carried out by means of multi-phase 3-D CFD models but, despite allowing detailed and reliable results, they require very demanding computational requirements. On this basis, a procedure for the lumped parameter modelling of the fluid domain is proposed, allowing the discretization of complex systems that cannot be straightforwardly attributable to elementary submodels. The presented criteria are then applied to the lubrication system of a heavy-duty engine, for which the filling of the circuit plays a fundamental role. Different temperature conditions are simulated, and the predictive capabilities of the numerical model are presented in terms of flow pattern and filling time of the circuit branches. The same simulations are also carried out by means of a 3-D CFD model, permitting a result comparison. The comparative analysis concerns both the overall distribution of the lubricant over time, and the local phenomena within the oil domain, in order to assess the approximation of the lumped parameter approach with respect to the more accurate three-dimensional models.
Design and Numerical Simulation of Piezoelectrically-Driven Single Piston Pump With Distributing Valves
Authors: Xu Nanyue , Wang Bin , Yang Rongfei 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this paper, a piezoelectrically driven single piston pump is designed for high delivery pressure and large displacement. It is composed of a piezoelectric stack, a hydrostatic amplifier and a plunger with two check valves from a radial plunger pump commercially available. Passive check valves instead of active membranes in the pump allow higher pressure delivery, and the hydrostatic amplifier is adopted for larger displacement of the pump. In order to study delivery characteristic of a piezoelectrically driven single piston pump, numerical simulation of unsteady flow inside the pump is conducted by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Moving mesh technique is adopted to characterize the behavior of two check valves for oil distributing. Influences of typical design and operation parameters on delivery performance of the single piston piezo pump are analyzed. The results show that, driving frequency and spring stiffness of the valves and chamber configuration should be properly designed for stable oil delivery with low flow ripple as possible. Numerical simulation is valid to describe the behavior of the pump, on target for theoretical reference to its counterparts used in miniature EHA actuators.
Self-Sensing Design of Proportional Solenoids
Authors: Kramer Thomas , Weber Jürgen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Proportional solenoids are electro-magneto-mechanical transducers, which are widely used as drives for proportional valves in fluid systems. Besides the actuator properties, they exhibit also sensor properties due to air gap-dependent electrical behaviour, e.g. for condition monitoring or position controlling tasks. However, the sensor properties of conventional solenoids are poor due to ambiguities caused by hysteresis effects (magnetic hysteresis, eddy currents) and saturation effects.
This paper deals with self-sensing design of proportional solenoids for achieving clear sensor properties by considering the proportional actuator properties. Based on simulation analyses of the behaviour of conventional proportional solenoids, design measures are derived for improving especially sensor properties. A self-sensing design is proposed and implemented as demonstrator. Measurements on the demonstrator show the improved sensor behaviour by largely maintaining the actuator characteristics.
High-Fidelity Calculation of Effective Thermal Response of Composite Media With Heat Generation Source
Authors: Irick Kevin , Fathi Nima 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The complexity of conductive heat transfer in a structure increases with heterogeneity (e.g., multi-component solid-phase systems with a source of internal thermal heat generation). Any discontinuity of material property — especially thermal conductivity — would warrant a thorough analysis to evaluate the thermal behavior of the system of interest. Heterogeneous thermal conditions are crucial to heat transfer in nuclear fuel assemblies, because the thermal behavior within the assemblies is governed significantly by the heterogeneous thermal conditions at both the system and component levels. A variety of materials have been used as nuclear fuels, the most conventional of which is uranium dioxide, UO2. UO2 has satisfactory chemical and irradiation tolerances in thermal reactors, whereas the low thermal conductivity of porous UO2 can prove challenging. Therefore, the feasibility of enhancing the thermal conductivity of oxide fuels by adding a high-conductivity secondary solid component is still an important ongoing topic of investigation. Undoubtedly, long-term, stable development of clean nuclear energy would depend on research and development of innovative reactor designs and fuel systems. Having a better understanding of the thermal response of the unit cell of a composite that represents a fuel matrix cell would help to develop the next generation of nuclear fuel and understand potential performance enhancements. The aim of this article is to provide an assessment of a high-fidelity computational model response of heterogeneous materials with heat generation in circular fillers. Two-dimensional, steady-state systems were defined with a circular, heat-generating filler centered in a unit-cell domain. A Fortran-based finite element method (FEM) code was used to solve the heat equation on an unstructured triangular mesh of the systems. This paper presents a study on the effects of a heat-generating filler material’s relative size and thermal conductivity on effective thermal conductance, Geff, within a heterogenous material. Code verification using the method of manufactured solution (MMS) was employed, showing a second-order accurate numerical implementation. Solution verification was performed using a global deviation grid convergence index (GCI) method to assess solution convergence and estimate solution numerical uncertainty, Unum. Trend results are presented, showing variable response in Geff to filler size and thermal conductivity.
Association of parental social network diversity with behaviour problems and resilience of offspring in a large population-based study of Japanese children
Authors: Koyama Yuna , Fujiwara Takeo , Isumi Aya , Doi Satomi 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesThe current study aimed to elucidate the impact of parental social network diversity on the behaviour problems and resilience of offspring.DesignWe used cross-sectional data from the Kochi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty study in 2016.Setting and participantsParticipants were first, fifth and eighth grade children living in Kochi prefecture, Japan (N=9653). We calculated parental social network diversity by counting the number of people with whom parents connected on a daily basis (ie, structural social network diversity) and by assessing perceived psychosocial support (ie, functional social network diversity).Primary outcome measuresChild behaviour problems and resilience were respectively assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Child’s Resilient Coping Scale (CRCS), as rated by caregivers.ResultsDiversity in parental structural and functional social networks showed an inverse association with SDQ total difficulties score (B=−0.16 (95% CI −0.25 to −0.07) and −0.20 (95% CI −0.27 to −0.13), respectively), and a positive association with prosocial behaviour score (B=0.11 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.15) and 0.09 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.12), respectively) and CRCS score (B=0.75 (95% CI 0.46 to 1.05) and 1.12 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.35), respectively) in the adjusted model. Parental mental health accounted for 36% and 43% of the total effects of structural and functional social network diversity respectively on the total difficulties score. For prosocial behaviour score, parental involvement accounted for 31% of the effects of functional social network diversity.ConclusionThe results shed light on new strategies to enhance child mental health that do not directly involve children but rather focus on parental social networking.
Violence against women during pregnancy and postpartum period: a mixed methods study protocol
Authors: Sánchez Odette del Risco , Bonás Mariana Kerche , Grieger Isabella , Baquete Aline Geovanna Lima , Nogueira Vieira Daniella Aparecida , Contieri Bozzo Campos Bianca , Guerazzi Pousa Pereira Carla Grazielle , Surita Fernanda G 
Published: October 2020

IntroductionViolence against women is a public health problem that poses serious consequences for victims and their environments. The healthcare system struggles to assess this phenomenon during prenatal and postpartum care because of pregnant and postpartum women’s potential vulnerabilities. The research protocol presents the aims to evaluate the prevalence of violence, the period(s) in which it occurs, aggressors and forms it takes as well as to explore how violence against women is perceived among pregnant and postpartum women.Methods and analysisThis mixed methods study protocol uses an explanatory sequential design and is based on the establishment of meta-inferences that result from the combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. Probabilistic sampling will be used to select the study participants: 584 women attending prenatal and/or postpartum care outpatient services at the University of Campinas Women’s Hospital, Brazil. The quantitative approach will consist of four validated questionnaires, and the qualitative approach will use focus groups that serve to deepen the understanding of participants’ views about the study topic. To create the focus groups, 72 study participants will be invited and divided into 6 groups (3 adolescents and 3 adults) based on age and pregnancy/postpartum condition. Descriptive analysis of sociodemographic characteristics and questionnaire results will be used to identify the prevalence and forms of violence experienced by women during the pregnancy-puerperal cycle, the relationships between women and their aggressors, and the existence of a history of violence. A bivariate and multivariate analysis will be performed to identify the association between sociodemographic factors and violence as an outcome. Qualitative data will be analysed through Grounded Theory to understand women’s perceptions of the phenomenon studied.Ethics and disseminationThe research protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Campinas, Brazil number CAAE: 13426819.1.0000.5404. The results will be disseminated to the health science community.
Case of TB in a sheep caused by Mycobacterium bovis with transmission to another sheep and a steer in the same building
Authors: Konold Timm , Dale James , Spiropoulos John , Simmons Hugh , Godinho Ana 
Published: October 2020

An adult sheep housed indoors developed chronic respiratory tract infection that was unresponsive to treatment and resulted in euthanasia. Granulomas were found in multiple organs and lymph nodes, which contained acid‐fast bacilli identified in Ziehl‐Neelsen stains, and Mycobacterium bovis was cultured from tissues, confirming tuberculosis. Tuberculin skin testing of other animals in the building subsequently identified another sheep as infected, which had been housed with the index case for 46 months, although no visible lesions were seen postmortem. A steer that shared common air space with the sheep in the same building was also identified as test reactor and M bovis was cultured from the retropharyngeal lymph node. Strain typing of the isolates from the index case and the steer revealed the same genotype, suggestive of transmission from sheep to steer. This is the first documented episode of M bovis transmission from sheep to cattle.