bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-objective optimization of groundwater monitoring network using a probability Pareto genetic algorithm and entropy method (case study: Silakhor plain)
Authors: Komasi Mehdi , Goudarzi Hesam 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Optimal groundwater monitoring networks have an important role in water resources management. For this purpose, two scenarios were presented. The first scenario designs a monitoring network and the second scenario chooses optimal wells from the existing ones in the study area of the monitoring network. At the first step, a database including groundwater elevation in potential wells was produced using the Kriging method. The optimal monitoring network in the first scenario was determined by preset conventions and found by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). In the second scenario, the optimal monitoring network was determined by entropy theory through calculating entropy for each of the 29 observation wells. Finally, the first scenario obtained a network with 12 observation stations showing root mean square error (RMSE) value given as 0.61 m. Comparison between entropy of rainfall and groundwater level time series in the first scenario had the same variation. The optimal monitoring network in the first scenario has been able to reduce the number of monitoring stations by 60% in comparison with the existing observation network. The second scenario used entropy theory and calculated the energy of each of the 29 observation wells which obtained a monitoring network with 11 stations.
Benefits and costs of rural sanitation interventions in Ghana
Authors: Radin Mark , Wong Brad , McManus Catherine , Sinha Saumitra , Jeuland Marc , Larbi Eugene , Tuffuor Benedict , Biscoff Noble Kofi , Whittington Dale 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Community-led total sanitation (CLTS) has triggered households around the world to adopt latrines, but evidence suggests that CLTS does not usually lead to universal latrine coverage. Additional interventions, such as subsidies for the poor, may be necessary to eliminate open defecation. While subsidies can improve sanitation-related outcomes, no prior studies have compared the net benefits of CLTS plus subsidies to CLTS-only. This paper presents a comparative analysis for rural Ghana, where efforts to reduce open defecation have had limited success. We analyze the costs and benefits of: (1) a CLTS-only intervention, as implemented in Ghana, and (2) a variant of CLTS that provides vouchers for latrines to the poorest households in high sanitation adoption communities. We find that CLTS-only fails a deterministic benefit-cost test and that only about 30% of 10,000 Monte Carlo trials produce positive net benefits. CLTS plus subsidies satisfy a benefit-cost criterion in the deterministic case, and in about 55% of the Monte Carlo trials. This more favorable outcome stems from high adoption communities passing the threshold needed to generate positive health externalities due to improved community sanitation. The results suggest that a well-targeted CLTS plus subsidies intervention would be more effective in Ghana than CLTS alone.
Recent Advances Towards Drug Design Targeting the Protease of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
Authors: Bano Sehrish , Hameed Abdul , Al-Rashida Mariya , Iftikhar Shafia , Iqbal Jamshed 
Published: October 2020

Background:
The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), also known as coronavirus
2 (SARS-CoV-2) acute respiratory syndrome has recently emerged and continued
to spread rapidly with high mortality and morbidity rates. Currently, no efficacious therapy
is available to relieve coronavirus infections. As new drug design and development
takes time, there is a possibility offindingan effective treatment from existing antiviral
agents.

Objective:
The aim of this study is to find out the relationship between thepossible drug
targets and themechanism of action of antiviral drugs. This review discusses the efforts
indevelopingdrug from known or new molecules.

Methods:
Viruses usually have two structural integrities, proteins and nucleic acids, both
of which can be possible drug targets. Herein, we systemically discuss the structural-functional
relationships of the spike, 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), papain like protease
(PLpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), as these are prominent
structural features of thecoronavirus. Certain antiviral drugs such as Remdesivir are
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitorswiththe ability to terminate RNA replication
by inhibiting ATP.

Results:
It is reported that ATP is involved in synthesis of coronavirus non-structural proteins
from 3CLpro and PLpro. Similarly, mechanisms of action of many other antiviral
agents havebeen discussed in this review. It will provide new insights into the mechanism
of inhibition, and let us develop new therapeutic antiviral approaches against novel
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, this review summarizes recent progress in developing protease inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2.
Spastin Interacts with CRMP2 to Regulate Neurite Outgrowth by Controlling Microtubule Dynamics through Phosphorylation Modifications
Authors: Li Sumei , Zhang Jifeng , Zhang Jiaqi , Li Jiong , Cheng Longfei , Chen Li , Cha Caihui , Guo Guoqing 
Published: October 2020

Aims:
Our work aims to revealing the underlying microtubule mechanism of neurites
outgrowth during neuronal development and also proposes a feasible intervention pathway for reconstructing
neural network connections after nerve injury.

Background:
Microtubule polymerization and severing form the basis for neurite outgrowth and
branch formation. However, the mechanisms that underlie the dynamic instability of microtubules
are unclear. Here, we showed that neurite outgrowth mediated by collapsing response mediator protein
2 (CRMP2) can be enhanced by spastin, which had an effect on the severing of microtubule cytoskeleton.

Objective:
To explore whether neurite outgrowth was mediated by coordination of CRMP2 and
spastin.

Methods:
Hippocampal neurons were cultured in vitro in 24-well culture plates for 4 days before
being used to perform the transfection. Calcium phosphate was used to transfect the CRMP2 and
spastin constructs and their control into the neurons. An interaction between CRMP2 and spastin
was examined by using pull down, CoIP and immunofluorescence colocalization assays. And immunostaining
was also performed to determine the morphology of neurites.

Results:
We first demonstrated that CRMP2 interacted with spastin to promote neurite outgrowth
and branch formation. Then our results identified that CRMP2 interacted with the microtubule-
binding domain of spastin via its C-terminus, and deleting these binding sites inhibited neurite
outgrowth and branch formation. In addition, we confirmed one phosphorylation site at S210
of spastin in hippocampal neurons. Spastin phosphorylation at S210 failed to alter the binding
affinity of CRMP2 but inhibited its binding to microtubules. Further study showed that phosphorylation
spastin at S210 inhibited the neurite outgrowth induced by CRMP2 and spastin interaction
through downregulation of microtubule-severing activity.

Conclusion:
Taken together, our data demonstrated that both CRMP2 and spastin interaction and
the microtubule-severing activity of spastin were required for neurite outgrowth and branch formation.
The Impact of Pretrained Language Models on Negation and Speculation Detection in Cross-Lingual Medical Text: Comparative Study
Authors: Rivera Zavala Renzo , Martinez Paloma 
Published: October 2020

Background
Negation and speculation are critical elements in natural language processing (NLP)-related tasks, such as information extraction, as these phenomena change the truth value of a proposition. In the clinical narrative that is informal, these linguistic facts are used extensively with the objective of indicating hypotheses, impressions, or negative findings. Previous state-of-the-art approaches addressed negation and speculation detection tasks using rule-based methods, but in the last few years, models based on machine learning and deep learning exploiting morphological, syntactic, and semantic features represented as spare and dense vectors have emerged. However, although such methods of named entity recognition (NER) employ a broad set of features, they are limited to existing pretrained models for a specific domain or language.

Objective
As a fundamental subsystem of any information extraction pipeline, a system for cross-lingual and domain-independent negation and speculation detection was introduced with special focus on the biomedical scientific literature and clinical narrative. In this work, detection of negation and speculation was considered as a sequence-labeling task where cues and the scopes of both phenomena are recognized as a sequence of nested labels recognized in a single step.

Methods
We proposed the following two approaches for negation and speculation detection: (1) bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) and conditional random field using character, word, and sense embeddings to deal with the extraction of semantic, syntactic, and contextual patterns and (2) bidirectional encoder representations for transformers (BERT) with fine tuning for NER.

Results
The approach was evaluated for English and Spanish languages on biomedical and review text, particularly with the BioScope corpus, IULA corpus, and SFU Spanish Review corpus, with F-measures of 86.6%, 85.0%, and 88.1%, respectively, for NeuroNER and 86.4%, 80.8%, and 91.7%, respectively, for BERT.

Conclusions
These results show that these architectures perform considerably better than the previous rule-based and conventional machine learning–based systems. Moreover, our analysis results show that pretrained word embedding and particularly contextualized embedding for biomedical corpora help to understand complexities inherent to biomedical text.
Persistent alterations of cortical hemodynamic response in asymptomatic concussed patients
Authors: Memmini Allyssa K , Sun Xin , Xiaosu Hu  , Kim Jessica , Herzog Noelle K , Islam Mohammed N , Weissman Daniel H , Rogers Alexander J , Kovelman Ioulia , Broglio Steven P 
Published: October 2020

Aim: The underlying neurophysiological effects of concussion often result in attenuated cognitive and cortical function. To understand the relation between cognition and brain injury, we investigated the effects of concussion on attentional networks using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Materials & methods: Healthy controls and concussed patients, tested within 72 h from injury (T1) and after symptoms resolved (T2) completed a computerized attention task during fNIRS imaging. Results: T1 patients exhibited slower reaction times and reduced brain activation pattern relative to healthy controls. Interestingly, the cortical oxygenation hemoglobin response at T2 was greater relative to T1 and healthy controls, while reaction time was normative. Conclusion: The exploratory findings of this study suggest once asymptomatic, a compensatory hemodynamic response may support the restoration of reaction time despite ongoing physiological recovery.
Formulation, characterization and evaluation of Tramadol Hydrochloride Hydrogel
Authors: Kumar Vipin , Malviya Kapil , Omray Lavakesh Kumar 
Published: October 2020

The challenge in the formulation of novel systems for TDDS is to identify technologies and formulation excipients which simultaneously optimize drug permeation. Our main goal was to design and evaluate a recent alternative for the administration of tramadol HCl. Performed the preformulation study as different evaluation parameters Physiochemical Studies, Solubility Determination, Partition Coefficient, and Preparation of Calibration Curve simultaneously Preparation & Characterization of Hydrogel Formulation Homogeneity, pH Measurement, Drug Content, Viscosity, Spreadability, In-Vitro Permeation, FT-IR Studies. Results revealed that the present investigation, tramadol was successfully incorporated into different gel formulations. Among all gel formulations, tramadol gel (F13) proved to be the formula of choice, showing good characteristics and controlling the drug release for long period of time. Gel formulation F13 could be very promising and innovative topical alternative for pain management and arthritis and play a vital role in drug efficiency. These findings may open new avenues for the treatment through dermal by local application of tailored gel. However, further preclinical and clinical studies are recommended to support its efficiency claims in humans.
Keywords: Tramadol HCl; In-Vitro Permeation; Hydrogel; FT-IR Studies; Characterization
Creams: A Review on Classification, Preparation Methods, Evaluation and its Applications
Authors: Chauhan Lalita , Gupta Shalini 
Published: October 2020

Creams are considered an important part of cosmetic product as topical preparations from time immemorial due to their ease of application to the skin and also their removal. From cosmetic purposes, Pharmaceutical creams have a variety of applications such as cleansing, beautifying, altering appearance, moisturizing etc. to skin protection against bacterial, fungal infections as well as healing cuts, burns, wounds on the skin. These semi solid preparations are safe to use by the public and society. The human skin is easily vulnerable to injury but it has the capability to heal on its own. However, the natural healing process can take time and there is also risk of infection especially in the early stages of injury. In such cases, medicated creams can be applied to the site of injury to speed up the healing process as well as protect the wound from infection. In this review, we have focused on the use of topical drug delivery system i.e. pharmaceutical creams for wound healing with detailed discussion relating to the wound healing process, suitable methods of preparation of creams, their classification based on their function, their advantages and disadvantages, characteristics and the various types of creams, ingredients used in the formulation of creams and their various evaluation parameters.
Keywords: Creams, Skin, Topical drug delivery system, Wound healing
The Disappearance of Canada: Margaret Atwood’s Transnational Turn and Ustopianism
Authors: Braz Albert 
Published: October 2020

Este artigo analisa a maneira como os romances distópicos recentes de Margaret Atwood, Órix e Crex e O ano do dilúvio, refletem uma virada para o transnacional na sua ficção, que é significante em relação aos seus escritos antigos e à sua imagem pública de nacionalista cultural Canadense.---Artigo em inglês
MOVIMENTOS RETÓRICOS EM PRODUÇÕES ESCRITAS NO EXAME CELPE-BRAS
Authors: Dell'Isola Regina Lúcia Péret , Tosatti Natália Moreira 
Published: October 2020

Este artigo visa a apresentar resultado de pesquisa em que se investigou a execução de uma tarefa específica por meio da qual examinandos que prestaram o Celpe-Bras foram levados a comprovar seu nível de proficiência na variante brasileira da língua portuguesa. Com base na teoria de Swales (1994, 1998) e na concepção de gênero como ação social, tal como propôs Bazerman (1994, 2005), foram analisadas 35 cartas do leitor produzidas pelos examinandos da segunda aplicação do exame Celpe-Bras no ano de 2008. Ao realizarem a tarefa IV que consistia em ler uma reportagem da revista “Istoé” e escrever um texto para ser publicado na seção de cartas do leitor da mesma revista, verificou-se diversidade de modos de produção discursiva. discursiva. Com a finalidade de avaliar a qualidade da produção escrita, foram analisados os movimentos retóricos de cada um dos textos produzidos e verificou-se o nível de conhecimento linguístico discursivo desses examinandos. Constatou-se que, na seção de contato, os examinandos optaram por diferentes formas de abertura em que se observa variedade de níveis de formalidade. No núcleo da carta, muitos optaram pela contextualização seguida de questionamento dos argumentos apresentados e da apresentação de ponto de vista favorável ao uso do telefone celular, em diferentes níveis de proficiência, mas houve uma preocupação geral em todas as cartas do nosso corpus em atender ao comando do enunciado da tarefa. Entretanto, na seção de fechamento, verificou-se que em 15 cartas os examinandos finalizaram com o encerramento, sem o desfecho. Dessas, constatamos que apenas em nove cartas cabia esse procedimento discursivo. Finalmente, em 20 cartas consta encerramento seguido de desfecho. Praticamente todas apresentaram problemas de coerência discursiva, tendo sido empregados diferentes níveis de formalidade entre a abertura e o desfecho. Em poucas cartas verificamos coerência entre os três movimentos retóricos, ou três seções (contato, núcleo e fechamento).
A VOCALIZAÇÃO DA CONSOANTE LATERAL EM CODA SILÁBICA EM UMA VARIEDADE DE PORTUGUÊS BRASILEIRO: ANÁLISE SOCIOLINGUÍSTICA EM TEMPO REAL
Authors: Battisti Elisa , Moras Viviane Tebaldi 
Published: October 2020

A análise de regra variável em tempo real (LABOV, 1972, 1994) da vocalização da consoante lateral /l/ em coda silábica (canal~cana[w], Brasil~Brasi[w]) no português falado em Flores da Cunha (RS) revelou progresso na aplicação da regra entre 1990 e 2008-2009. O incremento na vocalização acompanhou mudanças econômicas e sociais ocorridas no pequeno município, fundado por imigrantes italianos no final do século XIX. O grupo etário jovem mostrou-se condicionador da aplicação da regra, o sexo/gênero feminino completou a aquisição da forma vocalizada. No contexto fonológico seguinte, a tendência a vocalizar passou a ser exercida pelas consoantes altas e vogais posteriores, além das consoantes labiais. Em relação à tonicidade da sílaba, o processo deixou de ter o efeito da sílaba tônica para ser afetado apenas por sílaba átona. A proporção total de vocalização passou de 12% em 1990 a 77% em 2008-2009. O aumento expressivo na aplicação da regra acompanhou o aumento da população urbana e da realização de atividades econômicas nessa área, reduzindo o falar dialetal italiano e seu contato com o português, o que poderia ter refreado a vocalização.
VOCÊ ESTÁ ENTENDENDO? CONTRIBUIÇÕES DOS ESTUDOS DE FALA-EM-INTERAÇÃO PARA A PRÁTICA DO TELEATENDIMENTO
Authors: Schnack Cristiane Maria , Böhm Daiane Baldasso 
Published: October 2020

Livro resenhado: OSTERMANN, A.C.; OLIVEIRA, M. do C. (Orgs.) Você está entendendo? Contribuições dos estudos de fala-em-interação para a prática do teleatendimento. Campinas: Mercado de Letras, 2015. 116p.
Políticas linguísticas e migrações massivas: o caso dos mexicanos nos Estados Unidos e dos turcos na Alemanha
Authors: Tavares de Sousa Socorro Cláudia , Batista de Sousa Emny Nicole 
Published: October 2020

O presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir as políticas linguísticas relacionadas aos processos de migração dos mexicanos nos EUA e dos turcos na Alemanha. Para a realização deste trabalho, adotamos a noção multidimensional de política linguística de Spolsky (2004, 2009, 2013) que a compreende a partir das crenças e ideologias, das práticas e da gestão. Essas dimensões são ilustradas a partir de exemplos provenientes de diferentes domínios sociais, como instituições educacionais, organizações governamentais e não governamentais, dentre outros, que, por sua vez, evidenciam o papel da proficiência linguística no processo de integração dos imigrantes na sociedade acolhedora.--- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a907
A língua do/no Brasil: efeitos da memória e da história
Authors: Schneiders Caroline 
Published: October 2020

No presente estudo, procuramos desenvolver uma reflexão que tem por objetivo compreender a memória constitutiva do discurso sobre a língua do/no Brasil no início do século XX, a partir das obras: A defesa da língua nacional (1920), de Laudelino Freire, e A língua do Brasil (1947), de Gladstone Chaves de Melo. Por meio dessas materialidades discursivas, interessa-nos observar a maneira como a história e a memória afetam e determinam o modo como a língua do/no Brasil é significada em diferentes conjunturas sócio-histórica e ideológica. O referencial teórico em que nos ancoramos vincula-se à perspectiva da História das Ideias Linguísticas, articulada aos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Análise de Discurso de linha pecheuxtiana. --- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a880
Social identity and language ideology: challenging hegemonic visions of English in Brazil
Authors: Windle Joel Austin 
Published: October 2020

This paper seeks to investigate the social identities connected to English in Brazil by connecting these to linguistic ideologies, and reflecting on how they may be challenged. It is based on first-person narration of “critical moments” from the perspective of an English language “native speaker” migrant to Brazil. The reflections identify how race is intimately connected to the “native speaker” category, theorised through the notions of “racial acceptability” and “racial capital”, drawing on a Bourdieusian theoretical framework. The article concludes with examples of challenges to the “native speaker” model in the hybrid linguistic practices of Brazilian youth.--- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a894---Original in English.
A conscientização linguística e a didática do multilinguismo em contextos de contato português-Hunsrückisch
Authors: Pupp Spinassé Karen , Käfer Maria Lidiani 
Published: October 2020

O Hunsrückisch é uma das línguas de imigração de maior abrangência no Brasil, já tendo sido co-oficializada em dois municípios brasileiros (Antônio Carlos, em Santa Catarina, e Santa Maria do Herval, no Rio Grande do Sul). De forma geral, portanto, algumas ações no âmbito das políticas linguísticas e dos direitos linguísticos vêm sendo tomadas, a fim de que a diversidade linguística e cultural das regiões de contato com o Hunsrückisch seja respeitada. Dentre essas ações estão alguns projetos de pesquisa que se ocupam de investigar tanto as práticas de linguagem quanto as atitudes linguísticas presentes nas regiões, buscando colaborar na manutenção da língua e da identidade deixadas de herança pelos antepassados. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo traz alguns resultados de uma pesquisa-ação realizada em duas escolas de diferentes comunidades de fala de Hunsrückisch, que teve como objetivo utilizar a conscientização linguística para despertar a sensibilidade e o respeito a diferentes variedades. O objetivo da pesquisa foi apontar caminhos que contribuam para o desenvolvimento de atitudes positivas do aprendiz diante da diversidade linguística em que se encontra (incluindo, neste caso, as línguas minoritárias), pensando os fundamentos para uma Didática do Multilinguismo que se permita partir das línguas e culturas locais para alcançar o aprendizado de outras línguas que venham a despertar o interesse.---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a898
Pelo ensino do português brasileiro como língua adicional no Egito
Authors: Silva Wagner Rodrigues , Elgebaly Maged Talaat Mohamed Ahmed , Medeiros Ana Lúcia de 
Published: October 2020

Descrevemos a confluência de fatores históricos, econômicos, pedagógicos e subjetivos subjacentes à política de ensino do Português Brasileiro como língua adicional no contexto acadêmico de uma universidade egípcia. Esta pesquisa está situada no campo indisciplinar da Linguística Aplicada e caracteriza-se como um estudo teórico informado pela análise de escritos discentes e observações de campo. Considerando o contexto cultural local, apresentamos um encaminhamento teórico para a elaboração de uma proposta pedagógica crítica, objetivando uma educação libertária.--- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a851