bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond the eternal criminal record: Public support for expungement
Authors: Burton Alexander L. , Cullen Francis T. , Pickett Justin T. , Burton, Velmer S. , Thielo Angela J. 
Published: November 2020

Research SummaryIn The Eternal Criminal Record, James Jacobs detailed how it has become increasingly difficult to escape the mark of a criminal record. One way to “wipe the slate clean” is through the official expungement of criminal records. We assess public views toward this policy using a national sample of American adults (N = 1,000). Public support for expungement is high for persons convicted of property and substance‐related offenses, who stay crime free for 7–10 years, and who “signal” their reform through stable employment and completion of a rehabilitation program. Members of the public are also concerned about unfettered public access to criminal records and want to ensure that any available criminal record information is accurate. The strongest predictor of support for expungement is a belief in redeemability.Policy ImplicationsThere is a growing movement in the United States that seeks to curtail the effects of criminal records through their expungement. In recent years, most states have enacted bills creating, expanding, or streamlining criminal record relief. Public opinion is important in this context, because it can motivate or constrain reform efforts. Our findings show that, when the risk to public safety appears low, the American public favors providing second chances by using expungement to wipe clean the record of a criminal offense committed years previously. Further, knowledge about the public's belief in redeemability may be key to understanding and promoting reform efforts that seek to reintigrate offenders back into society.
Glutathione Protects the Developing Heart from Defects and Global DNA Hypomethylation Induced by Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Authors: Jawaid Safdar , Strainic James P. , Kim Jun , Ford Matthew R. , Thrane Lars , Karunamuni Ganga H. , Sheehan Megan M. , Chowdhury Amrin , Gillespie Caitlyn A. , Rollins Andrew M. , Jenkins Michael W. , Watanabe Michiko , Ford Stephanie M 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundFetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is caused by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), the intake of ethanol (C2H5OH) during pregnancy. Features of FASD cover a range of structural and functional defects including congenital heart defects (CHDs). Folic acid and choline, contributors of methyl groups to one‐carbon metabolism (OCM), prevent CHDs in humans. Using our avian model of FASD, we have previously reported that betaine, another methyl donor downstream of choline, prevents CHDs. The CHD preventions are substantial but incomplete. Ethanol causes oxidative stress as well as depleting methyl groups for OCM to support DNA methylation and other epigenetic alterations. To identify more compounds that can safely and effectively prevent CHDs and other effects of PAE, we tested glutathione (GSH), a compound that regulates OCM and is known as a “master antioxidant.”Methods/ResultsQuail embryos injected with a single dose of ethanol at gastrulation exhibited congenital defects including CHDs similar to those identified in FASD individuals. GSH injected simultaneously with ethanol not only prevented CHDs, but also improved survival and prevented other PAE‐induced defects. Assays of hearts at 8 days (HH stage 34) of quail development, when the heart normally has developed 4‐chambers, showed that this single dose of PAE reduced global DNA methylation. GSH supplementation concurrent with PAE normalized global DNA methylation levels. The same assays performed on quail hearts at 3 days (HH stage 19‐20) of development, showed no difference in global DNA methylation between controls, ethanol‐treated, GSH alone, and GSH plus ethanol‐treated cohorts.ConclusionsGSH supplementation shows promise to inhibit effects of PAE by improving survival, reducing the incidence of morphological defects including CHDs, and preventing global hypomethylation of DNA in heart tissues.
The “Why” of Drinking Matters: A Meta‐Analysis of the Association Between Drinking Motives and Drinking Outcomes
Authors: Bresin Konrad , Mekawi Yara 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundKnowledge of how drinking motives are differentially associated with alcohol use (e.g., frequency, quantity) and drinking problems is critical in understanding risky drinking and the development of alcohol use disorder. The purpose of this paper was to use meta‐analytic techniques to answer 2 overarching questions: (a) Which types of drinking motives (i.e., enhancement, coping, social, conformity) are most strongly associated with alcohol use and drinking problems? and (b) What are the most likely mechanisms (alcohol use or drinking problems) through which motives may be indirectly associated with outcomes?MethodA comprehensive literature search identified 229 studies that met inclusion criteria (254 samples; N = 130,705) with a subset containing longitudinal data (k = 5; N = 6283). Data were analyzed using 2‐stage meta‐analytic structural equation modeling.ResultsResults showed that both enhancement and coping motives were the strongest predictors of drinking problems, but only enhancement motives were the strongest predictor of alcohol use. Enhancement and social motives were indirectly associated with alcohol use through drinking problems and with drinking problems through alcohol use, whereas coping motives were only indirectly associated with alcohol use through drinking problems, although the results differed for cross‐sectional and longitudinal data.ConclusionOverall, findings from this meta‐analysis provide evidence that drinking motives differentially predict alcohol use outcomes through unique direct and indirect pathways.
Vegetation and soil recovery following Eucalyptus grandis removal in Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Ruwanza Sheunesu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSouth African terrestrial ecosystems are invaded by hundreds of alien plant species, and large‐scale clearing based on the passive restoration assumption that cleared areas will recover unaided is underway. This study assessed the recovery of vegetation and soil properties, three years following Eucalyptus grandis clearing using fell‐and‐removal and fell‐and‐stackburn methods at Zvakanaka Farm in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The main aim was to ascertain the extent of vegetation and soil recovery, as well as determining which clearing methods facilitate passive vegetation and soil restoration. Results indicate significantly (p < 0.001) lower native species diversity, cover and composition in cleared than in uninvaded sites. However, the recorded low species diversity and composition in cleared sites were more pronounced in the fell‐and‐stackburn than in the fell‐and‐removal sites. Measured soil physical properties varied, with compaction being higher in fell‐and‐removal, whereas soils were more repellent in fell‐and‐stackburn sites. The study concludes that vegetation and soil recovery, following E. grandis clearing, is complex and involves several interacting factors, which are linked to invasion history and intensity. Therefore, for vegetation and soil properties to recover, following E. grandis removal, the clearing programme should consider active restoration techniques, for example soil manipulation and native plant seeding.
Outpatient surgical management of non‐melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck in a regional centre: an analysis of costs and outcomes
Authors: Nightingale James , Travers Liam , Campbell Jakob , Huang Johnson , Green Megan , Warren Tim , Fitzgerald Garret 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundNon‐melanoma skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in Australia. Lesions of the head and neck are often outside the scope of primary care providers. The challenges of cancer care in regional Australia necessitate careful resource planning. This study presents an outpatient model that minimizes health service cost with local general practitioner follow‐up.MethodsA retrospective review of 105 patients with 122 skin lesions in a dedicated Facial Lesion Assessment Management and Excision clinic was performed from July 2018 to 2019. Clinical outcomes, patient travel and cost analysis/comparison were recorded.ResultsThere were 85 malignant cases with 59 basal cell carcinomas and 25 squamous cell carcinomas. For basal cell carcinoma, clear margins (≥3 mm), close margins (<3 mm) and positive margins were achieved in 24 (48%), 23 (46%) and three (6%) cases, respectively. For squamous cell carcinoma, clear margins (≥5 mm), close margins (<5 mm) and positive margins were achieved in seven (38.8%), 11 (61.1%) and none (0%) of the cases, respectively. Complications included one haematoma and two wound infections. For 37% of patients living >100 km from the department, 72.3% had local general practitioner follow‐up. Inpatient cost was $2870, $5697 and $9300 for primary closure, local flap and full‐thickness skin graft, respectively, and outpatient cost was $746 for a single facial lesion.ConclusionThis study presents a cost‐effective model for the management of non‐melanoma skin cancers with improved departmental efficiency and streamlined patient care in an outpatient skin cancer management model in a regional centre.
Laparoscopic enucleation of pancreatic tumours: a single‐institution experience of 66 cases
Authors: Xu Jianwei , Li Feng , Zhan Hanxiang , Liu Han , Wu Dong , Hu Sanyuan , Wang Lei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundLaparoscopic enucleation of pancreatic tumours is seemingly a simple procedure, but challenging as the tumour is deeply embedded in the pancreatic parenchyma. Our study reports a single‐centre experience for these cases.MethodsCases with a tumour underwent laparoscopic enucleation from January 2014 to March 2020 in our hospital were collected and analysed.ResultsSixty‐six cases were enrolled, including 21 men and 45 women with an average age of 43.6 ± 16.7 years old. The mean size of tumours was 2.7 ± 1.8 cm. The tumours were mainly located at the pancreatic head and neck (63.6%). The most common pathological diagnoses were insulinomas, followed by solid pseudopapillary tumours. Incidences of overall complications and pancreatic fistula (PF, Grade B) were 24.2% and 19.7%, respectively. No patient developed PF (Grade C) or died. Cases were divided into two groups according to whether the tumour was deeply embedded in the pancreas. Compared to the group with a superficial tumour (n = 36), the group with an embedded tumour (n = 30) had a longer operation time and drainage duration and a smaller tumour size (P < 0.05), but did not increase the incidence of complications and PF (Grade B/C).ConclusionLaparoscopic enucleation of tumours that were deeply embedded in the pancreas was technically feasible and safe.
Case report and systematic review suggest that children may experience similar long‐term effects to adults after clinical COVID‐19
Authors: Ludvigsson Jonas F. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimPersistent symptoms in adults after COVID‐19 are emerging and the term long COVID is increasingly appearing in the literature. However, paediatric data are scarce.MethodsThis paper contains a case report of five Swedish children and the long‐term symptoms reported by their parents. It also includes a systematic literature review of the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science databases and the medRxiv/bioRxiv pre‐print servers up to 2 November 2020.ResultsThe five children with potential long COVID had a median age of 12 years (range 9–15) and four were girls. They had symptoms for 6–8 months after their clinical diagnoses of COVID‐19. None were hospitalised at diagnosis, but one was later admitted for peri‐myocarditis. All five children had fatigue, dyspnoea, heart palpitations or chest pain, and four had headaches, difficulties concentrating, muscle weakness, dizziness and sore throats. Some had improved after 6–8 months, but they all suffered from fatigue and none had fully returned to school. The systematic review identified 179 publications and 19 of these were deemed relevant and read in detail. None contained any information on long COVID in children.ConclusionChildren may experience similar long COVID symptoms to adults and females may be more affected.
Suicide prevention in Bangladesh: The current state and the way forward
Authors: Khan Anisur Rahman , Arendse Najuwa , Ratele Kopano 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDespite the World Health Organization's (WHO) call to adopt a national action plan on suicide, Bangladesh is yet to respond proactively to prevent this serious public health problem. The existing government and non‐government prevention interventions are very limited, segmented and almost invisible. Suicide (including attempted suicide) is currently a criminal offense under the Bangladeshi legal framework. The aim of this paper is to propose a framing toward a national suicide prevention action plan in Bangladesh based on a situational analysis of local existing suicide prevention interventions. International policy documents, empirical and review works, and legal documents that speak to suicide interventions were reviewed. Critical analysis of these interventions suggests that Bangladesh should prioritize the adoption of a multi‐sectoral suicide prevention action plan. The issue of decriminalization suicide should be carefully considered and policies harmonized before adopting the plan. Obtaining commitment from the policymakers to launch such intervention may be challenging. Considering the seriousness of the problem, Bangladeshi policymakers should be proactive in adopting a suicide prevention action plan. Neighboring countries provide useful lessons of the implementation measures that may assist with developing a suicide prevention action plan.
Fifteen years of NaV1.7 channels as an analgesic target: Why has excellent in vitro pharmacology not translated into in vivo analgesic efficacy?
Authors: Eagles David A. , Chow Chun Yuen , King Glenn F. 
Published: November 2020

In 2006, humans with a congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) were found to lack functional NaV1.7 channels. In the subsequent 15 years there was a rush to develop selective inhibitors of NaV1.7 channels with the goal of producing broadly effective analgesics without the problems of addiction and tolerance associated with opioids. Pharmacologically, this mission has been highly successful, leading to a number of highly potent and selective inhibitors of NaV1.7 channels. However, there are very few examples where these inhibitors have yielded effective analgesia in preclinical pain models or human clinical trials. In this review, we summarise the role of the NaV1.7 channel in nociception, its history as a therapeutic target and the quest to develop potent inhibitors of this channel. Finally, we discuss possible reasons why the pain‐free state seen in humans with CIP has been so difficult to replicate pharmacologically.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on Structure Guided Pharmacology of Membrane Proteins (BJP 75th Anniversary). To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.14/issuetoc
What is the status of metabolic theory one century afterPütter invented the vonBertalanffy growth curve?
Authors: Kearney Michael R. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTMetabolic theory aims to tackle ecological and evolutionary problems by explicitly including physical principles of energy and mass exchange, thereby increasing generality and deductive power. Individual growth models (IGMs) are the fundamental basis of metabolic theory because they represent the organisational level at which energy and mass exchange processes are most tightly integrated and from which scaling patterns emerge. Unfortunately, IGMs remain a topic of great confusion and controversy about the origins of the ideas, their domain and breadth of application, their logical consistency and whether they can sufficiently capture reality. It is now 100 years since the first theoretical model of individual growth was put forward by Pütter. His insights were deep, but his model ended up being attributed to von Bertalanffy and his ideas largely forgotten. Here I review Pütter's ideas and trace their influence on existing theoretical models for growth and other aspects of metabolism, including those of von Bertalanffy, the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory, the Gill‐Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT) and the Ontogenetic Growth Model (OGM). I show that the von Bertalanffy and GOLT models are minor modifications of Pütter's original model. I then synthesise, compare and critique the ideas of the two most‐developed theories, DEB theory and the OGM, in relation to Pütter's original ideas. I formulate the Pütter, DEB and OGM models in the same structure and with the same notation to illustrate the major similarities and differences among them. I trace the confusion and controversy regarding these theories to the notions of anabolism, catabolism, assimilation and maintenance, the connections to respiration rate, and the number of parameters and state variables their models require. The OGM model has significant inconsistencies that stem from the interpretation of growth as the difference between anabolism and maintenance, and these issues seriously challenge its ability to incorporate development, reproduction and assimilation. The DEB theory is a direct extension of Pütter's ideas but with growth being the difference between assimilation and maintenance rather than anabolism and catabolism. The DEB theory makes the dynamics of Pütter's ‘nutritive material’ explicit as well as extending the scheme to include reproduction and development. I discuss how these three major theories for individual growth have been used to explain ‘macrometabolic’ patterns including the scaling of respiration, the temperature–size rule (first modelled by Pütter), and the connection to life history. Future research on the connections between theory and data in these macrometabolic topics have the greatest potential to advance the status of metabolic theory and its value for pure and applied problems in ecology and evolution.
Indications for, and outcomes of, end ileostomy revision procedures
Authors: Gilshtein Hayim , Ghuman Amandeep , Dawoud Mirelle , Yellinek Shlomo , Kent Ilan , Sharp Stephen P. , Wexner Steven D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimIleostomy complications have been reported in >70% of cases. Older studies have shown ileostomy revision to be required in 23%–38% of patients over a 5–10 year period. There is a paucity of recent data addressing ileostomy revision surgery. We aimed to review end ileostomy revisions in a tertiary centre and analyse indications, procedures performed, outcomes and risks for such surgery.MethodsThis was a retrospective review in a single institution colorectal referral practice. All patients aged >17 years who underwent a revision of an ileostomy at our institution from 2008 to 2019 were included. Indication for ileostomy revision, operative technique (parastomal vs. intra‐abdominal) and outcomes including length of stay, readmission rates, wound complications, medical complications and rate of stoma re‐revision were assessed.ResultsFifty‐three patients who underwent 72 end ileostomy revision procedures were included; 20 (27.8%) were re‐revision procedures. The majority (76.4%) had their original ileostomy created for inflammatory bowel disease. Indications for ileostomy revision were stoma retraction (36.1%), prolapse (22.2%), stenosis (18.1%) and parastomal hernia (29.2%). Of stoma revisions, 55.6% were performed by a parastomal approach vs. 44.4% by an intra‐abdominal approach. Procedures were a combination of laparotomy, laparoscopy or both. The average length of stay was statistically significantly lower in the parastomal approach revision group (2.3 days) compared to the intra‐abdominal approach revision group (10.3 days) (P < 0.001). Readmission and wound complication rates were 6.9% and 15.3%, respectively, in the intra‐abdominal approach group alone. Medical complication rates were 20.8%.ConclusionsEnd ileostomy complications are common and surgical treatment may result in significant morbidity, readmission and reoperation. Patients should be counselled about these possibilities.
Sampling to learn words: Adults and children sample words that reduce referential ambiguity
Authors: Zettersten Martin , Saffran Jenny R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHow do learners gather new information during word learning? One possibility is that learners selectively sample items that help them reduce uncertainty about new word meanings. In a series of cross‐situational word learning tasks with adults and children, we manipulated the referential ambiguity of label‐object pairs experienced during training and subsequently investigated which words participants chose to sample additional information about. In the first experiment, adult learners chose to receive additional training on object‐label associations that reduce referential ambiguity during cross‐situational word learning. This ambiguity‐reduction strategy was related to improved test performance. In two subsequent experiments, we found that, at least in some contexts, children (3–8 years of age) show a similar preference to seek information about words experienced in ambiguous word learning situations. In Experiment 2, children did not preferentially select object‐label associations that remained ambiguous during cross‐situational word learning. However, in a third experiment that increased the relative ambiguity of two sets of novel object‐label associations, we found evidence that children preferentially make selections that reduce ambiguity about novel word meanings. These results carry implications for understanding how children actively contribute to their own language development by seeking information that supports learning.
Concurrent validity of the Warner Initial Developmental Evaluation of Adaptive and Functional Skills and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition
Authors: Peyton Colleen , Msall Michael E , Wroblewski Kristen , Rogers Elizabeth E , Kohn Michael , Glass Hannah C 
Published: November 2020

AimTo determine the concurrent validity of the Warner Initial Developmental Evaluation of Adaptive and Functional Skills (WIDEA‐FS), a criterion‐specified questionnaire that assesses a child's adaptive skills in everyday contexts, and the Bayley Infant and Toddler Scales of Development, Third Edition (Bayley‐III).MethodIn a prospective cohort study, 431 WIDEA‐FS and Bayley‐III assessments were completed among 341 children, aged 10 to 36 months corrected age (158 females, 183 males; median [interquartile range] gestational age at birth 32wks [29–38]), monitored in a high‐risk neonatal intensive care unit follow‐up clinic.ResultsWIDEA‐FS scores were significantly associated with Bayley‐III scores in all domains. Lower scores on the WIDEA‐FS were significantly associated with an increased risk of adverse developmental performance on all Bayley‐III scales. The association was strongest for motor and language Bayley‐III scores when tested at <30 months of age, and for cognitive Bayley‐III scores when tested at ≥30 months of age.InterpretationThe WIDEA‐FS has concurrent validity with the Bayley‐III and may be a useful tool in high‐risk follow‐up settings.What this paper adds

WIDEA‐FS mobility, communication, and social cognition domains are concurrently valid in infants at high‐risk for neurodevelopmental disability.

Bayley‐III motor, language, and cognitive composite scores are concurrently valid in the same group.

The WIDEA‐FS mobility and communication domains may be most clinically useful in children <30 months.