bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Talking about improvisation
Authors: MacDonald Raymond A. R. , Wilson Graeme B. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights that we understand improvisation, largely, through talking about it. Talking about music is a fundamental part of how we make sense of music. This chapter argues that spoken definitions of improvisation serve specific psychological purposes for the speaker in creating, negotiating, and maintaining a particular line of argument, and this line of argument is linked to the musical identities and broader psychological identities of the speaker. Talking about improvising is important not just because it describes improvisation, but also because it constructs musical and social realities for those engaged in the dialogue. This chapter makes the following key points: How improvisers talk about music shapes how they engage with music; musical identities are important aspect of music making; training improvisers to understand and articulate why they value the music they like should be an important part of improvisation pedagogy; and musical identities may be more important for improvisers than for other types of musicians.
A new virtuosity
Authors: MacDonald Raymond A. R. , Wilson Graeme B. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how improvisers’ practice transforms the more they play with each other. It considers how and why one might achieve or progress as an improviser; what one might strive for in individual and collaborative improvising; how improvisational development might be apprehended; how individuals can be supported in developing as improvisers; and how improvising is shaped by the ideas we can form about it, and the range of behaviours we can imagine. We set out theoretical propositions to support the concept of development as an improviser. We also define capacities that might be associated with virtuosic improvising. We discuss the work of psychologist George Kelly, who argued that human beings are constantly testing and reshaping their individual understandings of the world, the better to predict social situations. This theory offers a mechanism to explain how improvising relationships transform over time, and how improvisers can continue to exercise creativity together in real time.
Missions and Ministries
Authors: Levin Jeff 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses the history and scope of Christian (and other) missions that provide medical, surgical, nursing, and dental care and environmental health development through extensive programs of global outreach on six continents. These include partnerships with nongovernmental organizations, government agencies, academic institutions, and secular foundations and philanthropies. The chapter also lays out a historical timeline for the emergence of the pastoral care field, with an emphasis on healthcare chaplaincy. From pioneers such as Richard Cabot and Anton Boisen, in the 1920s and 1930s, through establishment of key organizations and institutions like the Association of Professional Chaplains, the Association for Clinical Pastoral Education, and the HealthCare Chaplaincy Network, this history is traced with an emphasis on clinical, educational, and scholarly developments that have shaped the profession to the present day. Newer professional innovations such as faith-based psychotherapy are also discussed.
Congregations and Communities
Authors: Levin Jeff 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 tells the story of how congregational health promotion and disease prevention programs evolved decades ago. Pioneered by the work of Granger Westberg in the 1970s and earlier efforts in community medicine in apartheid-era South Africa, later programs included collaborations with academic public health professionals, such as work in North Carolina churches focused on eliminating health disparities among African Americans. These programs, targeting underserved populations, have grown into a major feature of public health outreach in the United States, involving partnerships between faith-based and healthcare organizations. This chapter also outlines faith-based community programs involving healthcare and human services professionals that provide outreach to specialized populations. These include primary care clinics, faith community nursing, patient education, hospices, and other programs targeting older adults, mothers and children, the homeless and hungry, the unemployed, substance abusers and the physically and cognitively challenged, and others. Interfaith efforts are highlighted, as well as projects involving community organizing for social change.
Teaching and Training
Authors: Levin Jeff 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 features descriptions of the most established academic institutes, centers, and programs for medical education and research on religion, faith, and spirituality in healthcare and healing. Beginning with the first program, established at Baylor in Houston, in the 1950s, these efforts continue through the present day. Current academic programs are described at leading universities including Duke, Emory, Harvard, Chicago, George Washington, and elsewhere. The specialized emphases and ongoing contributions of these respective programs and their directors, including Harold Koenig, are described in depth. The chapter also relates the key role of Dave Larson and John Templeton in institutionalizing content on religion and spirituality within undergraduate and graduate medical education in the United States.
Policies and Programs
Authors: Levin Jeff 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 details the long-standing history in the United States of official position statements by religious institutions and organizations regarding medical and healthcare issues, legislation, and policies that impact the health and well-being of the broader population. This history is highlighted by the recent national debate on healthcare reform, which was influenced by advocacy reports for or against features of proposed legislation issued by denominations and faith-based organizations across the religious spectrum. This chapter also provides perspectives on the contentious subject of federal faith-based initiatives since the passage of legislation authorizing charitable choice, under President Bill Clinton, which led to establishment of a White House faith-based office in the subsequent three administrations. Programmatic and policy successes of this initiative are described, especially in the areas of community and global health, an example being PEPFAR, the most successful program ever established to address AIDS in the developing world.
Transgenerational Transmission of Collective Victimhood Through a Developmental Intergroup Framework
Authors: Taylor Laura K. , Štambuk Marina , Čorkalo Biruški Dinka , O’Driscoll Dean 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter uses a developmental approach to understand how collective victimhood is transmitted from generation to generation, focusing on the role of the family and drawing on research examples from Vukovar, Croatia, and Northern Ireland. In these two postaccord and divided societies, ethnic socialization in families serves as a major mechanism through which children and youth learn about their group’s history of victimization. The narratives that are shared include both societal narratives of the group’s collective experiences of suffering and individual narratives of family members’ personal experiences. The chapter stresses the active, agentic role of youth in eliciting narratives of collective victimhood when they are often faced with silence. Through the process of developmental provocation, children can stimulate transmission by asking questions, often in response to information received through other socialization agents such as schools or the media.
The Context, Content, and Claims of Humiliation in Response to Collective Victimhood
Authors: Jogdand Yashpal , Khan Sammyh , Reicher Stephen 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of humiliation in experiences of collective victimization. Humiliation is conceptualized as a self-conscious emotion that is distinct from shame, anger, and embarrassment. Humiliation is experienced when dehumanizing and devaluing treatment occurs that is appraised as illegitimate. The chapter discusses the paradox in the literature on humiliation, whereby both action (e.g., cycles of violence) and suppression of action (e.g., demobilization of resistance) have been observed as an outcome of humiliation. Drawing on research on the experience of Dalits in the Hindu caste system, a conceptualization of humiliation is presented that is relational, victim centered, and focused on agency and power relations. Humiliation is conceptualized as a claim, which involves both the appraisal of certain acts of victimization as humiliating, and the political act of communicating resentment to the perpetrator. Overall, humiliation can be used to mobilize or demobilize resistance to oppression.
Studied and Understudied Collective Victim Beliefs
Authors: Szabó Zsolt Péter 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the existing social psychological literature on collective victim beliefs. This mostly includes comparative victim beliefs—above all, competitive victimhood and, to a lesser extent, inclusive victim consciousness. Other collective victim beliefs that have been studied include siege mentality, PIVO and FOV, dangerous ideas, and downward comparisons. The review illustrates that completely opposite intergroup outcomes can occur as a result of collective victimization, depending on how it is construed. However, the existing research so far has mostly been conducted in contexts of intractable conflicts and, therefore, may not generalize to other historical, political, and cultural contexts. For example, drawing on the Central Eastern European context (specifically, Hungary and Poland), this chapter suggests that other relevant collective victim beliefs involve invisibility of collective victimhood by third parties, feelings of betrayal, perceived territorial threat, and pride born of suffering.
In the Aftermath of Historical Trauma
Authors: Klar Yechiel , Schori-Eyal Noa , Tov Lior Yom 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses divergent perceived moral obligations that have been derived in Jewish Israeli society from the ingroup’s experience of collective victimization in the Holocaust. These obligations are to never be a passive victim again, to never forsake ingroup members in need, to never be a passive bystander when others are being harmed, and to never be a perpetrator yourself. These perceived moral obligations result in divergent attitudes and behaviors, ranging from solidarity with other victims to legitimization of violence against perceived enemies. The authors discuss the role of religious narratives (in this case, from the Exodus story in the Bible/Torah) in shaping these lessons of collective victimhood. The chapter briefly reviews empirical research on related collective victim beliefs—perpetual ingroup victimization orientation (PIVO) and fear of victimizing (FOV)—in several different contexts (Israel, Palestine, and Northern Ireland).
A Critical Race Reading of Collective Victimhood
Authors: Perez Michael J. , Salter Phia S. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the cultural psychological processes that contribute to the delegitimization of Black victimhood in the United States. Drawing on a critical race psychology perspective that focuses on societal processes through which racism is maintained and reproduced, the authors examine the precariousness of claims of Black victimhood in the United States. The same mechanisms that maintain racist structures also delegitimize and deny Black victimhood. These processes include individualism and color-blind ideologies, victim blaming, the misrepresentation and dehumanization of Black victims, the assumption of White innocence and Whites’ moral disengagement from responsibility for racism, and claims of victimhood among Whites, especially in response to perceived threats of gains among minority groups. Thus, collective victimhood becomes precarious for Black Americans in that it is used as a tool of further oppression by others, instead of a source of support from third parties. The “benefits” of collective victimhood are not afforded to all groups.
Two Eighteenth-Century Views
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses two viewpoints on rhythm and meter from the eighteenth century. In Der vollkommene Capellmeister (1739), Johann Mattheson systematically develops the concept of die Rhythmik as a means of uniting meter as the division or measuring of time and rhythm as the particular course this measuring takes in melody. To understand this concept, it will be necessary to explore Mattheson’s subtle and, from a twentieth-century perspective, quite unfamiliar terminological distinctions. In his attempt to reconcile what one might think of as rhythm and meter, Mattheson is not concerned with the distinction between measure and “rhythmic pattern,” but rather with the distinction between mensuration and movement and their mysterious union in Rhythmik. The chapter then considers the modern pulse theory that emerged midcentury and was most systematically formulated by Heinrich Christoph Koch in 1787. Koch does not explicitly oppose meter and rhythm, in part because he conceives of metrical grouping as a creative and spontaneous process of one's imaginative faculties. Nevertheless, what one would call “meter” and “rhythm” are opposed implicitly in Koch's theory as an opposition of unity and multiplicity or as the givenness and fixity of pulse against the creative activity of grouping.
Distinctions of Rhythm and Meter in Three Influential American Studies
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the three most widely read books from postwar American studies. A year after the publication of Friedrich Neumann's Die Zeitgestalt (1959), the appearance of Grosvenor Cooper and Leonard B. Meyer's The Rhythmic Structure of Music initiated in the United States an interest in problems of musical rhythm that has resulted in numerous studies. It was followed in 1968 by Edward T. Cone's Musical Form and Musical Performance, a parallel but less systematic interpretation of musical form as rhythm. Both studies are indebted to Hugo Reimann's work, but they go much further in detaching rhythm from counting. Meanwhile, in A Generative Theory of Tonal Music (1983), Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff argue that meter is exclusively measurement and equality, and metrical accent is without duration.
Preliminary Definitions
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that if meter is to be regarded as itself rhythmic, then the duration that is measured and the measuring itself must be related to present experience and to a becoming that is not given and not fully determined. How duration comes to be determined is the question that emerges when one inquires of process. To propose an answer to this question, one must start at the beginning, with a sound that has just begun. The beginning of the sound is a durationless instant from which one can measure duration. The postulation of a durationless now of beginning is required in order to mark the instantaneous transition from not-being to being present. The fact that there is sound, that sound is present, means that sound is “going on” and that there is already duration. That sound is present means that the sound has begun.
Meter as Projection
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the term “projection” in discussing the process in which a mensurally determinate duration provides a definite durational potential for the beginning of an immediately successive event. Projective potential is the potential for a present event's duration to be “reproduced” for a successor. This potential is realized if and when there is a new beginning whose durational potential is determined by the now past first event. Projective potential is not the potential that there will be a successor, but rather the potential of a past and completed durational quantity being taken as especially relevant for the becoming of a present event. The chapter then argues that projection is nothing other than meter—that projection and meter are one.
The Limits of Meter
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the durational limits of meter. If meter and projection are synonymous, the problem is simply that of determining the durational limits of projection. If, nonetheless, “hypermeter” is intended to name a measuring of duration that is distinct from meter and yet meter-like, one might also ask how this measuring is carried out and how it is related to meter proper. To seek the maximum length of projection is to ask how far mensural determinacy can be stretched. Since mensural determinacy is gradually attenuated, evidence of projection or projective potential will, as a rule, become progressively weaker as duration increases. But since mensural determinacy can be enhanced or reduced by any factors that contribute to the particularity of the event, there can be no general or context-free limit to determinacy.
Overlapping, End as Aim, Projective Types
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at several passages from a single composition in which relatively large measures are formed. In the Allegro from the first movement of Beethoven's First Symphony, two large phrases or periods compose the exposition. The first of these is a virtually unbroken gesture. The second period, though more broken, is also a highly continuous gesture. Although there is a sharp break between the two periods, there is little discontinuity between the second period and the repetition of the first. The chapter then considers the concept of “overlapping,” conceived most generally as the joining of ending and beginning. Since tonal continuities and discontinuities play an essential role in overlappings, one needs to study more closely the interaction of tonal and projective potential and the notion of end as goal. The chapter also presents a rudimentary theory of “projective types” or durational patterns that present more or less specific possibilities for overlapping.
The Spatialization of Time and the Eternal “Now Moment”
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter assesses the attribution of spatiality and timelessness to musical events. The novel experiences offered by the New and post-New Music have been the subject of considerable speculation concerning the temporality of postwar compositions and people's experience of “time” in general. These speculations have centered on two characteristics that distinguish the new music from the old: the spatialization of time and the experience of the moment as an autonomous, timeless, or eternal present. These notions already appeared in earlier discussions of structure and of meter conceived as cyclic return. There it was argued that the spatialization of time and the autonomy of a present freed from becoming are products of conceptualization. However, in postwar avant-garde aesthetics, these categories are adamantly applied to perceptual acts.
“That’s the Glory of Love”
Authors: Garrett Greg 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner was produced at a time when a third of American states barred marriage between black and white, making this formally conservative film culturally radical. While the film does not allow its black characters to tell their own stories, they are given prominence and treated with respect. At its heart, the film is less a story about race relations and more about the power of love to transform our own prejudices and biases, with the transformation of Spencer Tracy’s character as its marker. Although the film is clearly situated for white audiences, Sidney Poitier’s presence is a startling corrective, and the character arc of Matt Drayton (Spencer Tracy) invites audiences to realize the power of love.
“The secret to happiness may be unhappiness”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The chapter explores the nature of the good life, articulates the role that happiness, pleasure, and positive emotions play in such a life, and considers the effects of emotional adaptation and emotional diversity on our well-being. By drawing upon both philosophical literature and research in social psychology and cognitive neuroscience, it argues for a broad conception of the good life, one that does not identify the good life simply with the presence of positive experiences and the absence of negative ones. The chapter shows not only that negative experiences aren’t detrimental to our well-being, but that they are often necessary to achieve it.
“I hear you clearly, yet your voice sounds far away—distant and unreal”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
What are emotions? What do they do to us, and in what ways do they contribute to our lives? By discussing real-life examples of individuals either who have lost the ability to experience certain emotions or who have an attenuated capacity to experience or recognize emotions, the chapter offers an accessible presentation into the character and function of human emotions. Three main claims about emotions are presented and defended. First, emotions are powerful and transformative: they change our world and ourselves. Second, emotions reveal to us what matters to us and what does not. Third, emotions do not just allow us to experience the world and others, but they also help us to navigate it. Ultimately, the chapter argues that people need emotions—not just to survive, but to live well and successfully.
“What do you think it’s like being dead?”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The chapter investigates the psychology of the perception of the passage of time and its implications for the good life. Through descriptions of the lives of individuals whose experience of the passage of time has been altered and by considering findings on how emotions affect our perception of time, the chapter argues that the manner in which we experience the passage of time has important consequences for our well-being. The chapter focuses on and articulates the experience of being stuck in the present and shows how such an experience is indicative of the presence of situations that are incongruent to our wishes and goals. Being stuck in the present is thus a sign that we are failing to do what truly matters to us. Because of that, the chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding when and why we become stuck in the present.
“Confined in an invisible bubble that prevents contact with the world”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Drawing upon examples from art, psychology, literature, and philosophy, the chapter offers an introduction to boredom, one that is attentive both to its rich history and to how it is currently understood and studied. The chapter articulates the reasons why boredom has been widely understood to be either trivial or inconsequential. It then counters such a simplistic understanding of boredom by drawing a distinction between two types of boredom and by illuminating the ways in which both kinds of boredom can have serious consequences for one’s well-being. Even though a negative and potentially harmful side of boredom exists and ought to be taken seriously, the chapter concludes by suggesting that there is another, far more positive and beneficial side to boredom that has been largely ignored.