bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Education for Environmental Citizenship: The Pedagogical Approach
Authors: Hadjichambis Andreas Ch. , Paraskeva-Hadjichambi Demetra 
Published: February 2020

AbstractContemporary and urgent environmental problems need to be addressed through Education for Environmental Citizenship. This chapter proposes a specific model of Education for Environmental Citizenship which includes the outputs, dimensions, scales and spheres of Environmental Citizenship. A specific pedagogical approach is elaborated which can promote the Education for Environmental Citizenship Model (EEC Model). The chapter also draws on the pedagogical landscape of Education for Environmental Citizenship and describes the stages and the steps of this integrated and holistic pedagogical approach, namely: Inquiry, Planning actions, Civic participation, Networking & Sharing in Scales, Sustain Environmental & Social Change, and Evaluation & Reflection. The suggested pedagogical approach is one of the possible venues that could promote Education for Environmental Citizenship. Finally, this chapter discusses the need for curriculum and learning materials for fostering Education for Environmental Citizenship. It argues for the crucial role of the educational institutions and of the teachers and teachers’ professional development towards the adequate establishment of Education for Environmental Citizenship.
Economic Dimensions of Environmental Citizenship
Authors: Kaputa Vladislav , Lapin Katharina , Leregger Florian , Gekic Haris 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter introduces economic approaches, studies and contributions to the global discussion on the relationship between economics and the environment. These relations are continuously influenced by the activity of individuals and communities. The social dimension is evident, and mutual interactions between society and environment are investigated in many fields of science. Human decisions and behaviours have consequences for the environment which change in time, and its resulting state impacts subsequent human attitudes and behaviour. Widely applied principles of mainstream economics face criticism from different platforms. This chapter also focuses on the argumentation of mainstream economics that are contrary to the more interdisciplinary economic approaches to environmental issues. The main contradictions in such a debate come from a different value system of individuals. Through diverse stakeholder groups, the economic dimension of Environmental Citizenship stretches from a local to a global level. The transformation of economic systems requires an interdisciplinary approach to overcome political and social barriers.
Societal Issues and Environmental Citizenship
Authors: Šulc Ivan , Morgado Sofia , Đorđević Zorana , Gašparović Slaven , Radović Vesela , Keranova Dilyana 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis chapter investigates the role of Environmental Citizenship within the twenty-first-century societal issues of human activities – urban development, transport systems, tourism, and cultural heritage. The first part of the chapter analyses the relationship between Environmental Citizenship, urban development, and cultural landscapes. Cities are home to the majority of the world’s population and are responsible for most of the resource consumption and waste production, which places them in the focus of Environmental Citizenship discourses. The issues of urbanisation and Environmental Citizenship are followed by issues of sustainable transport that, among others, have a goal of reducing transport disadvantage of marginalized social groups. Cultural heritage is identified as a new fourth pillar of sustainable development (along with environment, economy and society), and its role in Environmental Citizenship is explored. Sustainable tourism is reviewed using new approaches that have adopted elements of Environmental Citizenship and were introduced as a reaction to unsustainable mass tourism. Finally, the chapter presents certain practices of Environmental Citizenship within the investigated fields of expertise that could be promoted and implemented elsewhere.
A mathematical theory of gapless edges of 2d topological orders. Part I
Authors: Kong Liang , Zheng Hao 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This is the first part of a two-part work on a unified mathematical theory of gapped and gapless edges of 2d topological orders. We analyze all the possible observables on the 1+1D world sheet of a chiral gapless edge of a 2d topological order, and show that these observables form an enriched unitary fusion category, the Drinfeld center of which is precisely the unitary modular tensor category associated to the bulk. This mathematical description of a chiral gapless edge automatically includes that of a gapped edge (i.e. a unitary fusion category) as a special case. Therefore, we obtain a unified mathematical description and a classification of both gapped and chiral gapless edges of a given 2d topological order. In the process of our analysis, we encounter an interesting and reoccurring phenomenon: spatial fusion anomaly, which leads us to propose the Principle of Universality at RG fixed points for all quantum field theories. Our theory also implies that all chiral gapless edges can be obtained from a so-called topological Wick rotations. This fact leads us to propose, at the end of this work, a surprising correspondence between gapped and gapless phases in all dimensions.
Oscillations of $$ {B}_s^0 $$ Mesons as a Probe of Decays with Unreconstructed Particles
Authors: Poluektov Anton , Morris Adam 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA new experimental technique to study the decays of$$ {B}_s^0 $$Bs0mesons into final states involving unreconstructable particles is proposed. The method uses a characteristic feature of fast flavour oscillations of$$ {B}_s^0 $$Bs0mesons. Analysis of the oscillation-frequency spectrum of partially reconstructed flavour-tagged$$ {B}_s^0 $$Bs0decays provides information about the mass spectrum of unreconstructed decay products and suppresses any background that does not come from the decays of$$ {B}_s^0 $$Bs0mesons.
Pregnancy outcomes in interferon-beta-exposed patients with multiple sclerosis: results from the European Interferon-beta Pregnancy Registry
Authors:   the European Interferon-beta Pregnancy Study Group, Hellwig Kerstin , Geissbuehler Yvonne , Sabidó Meritxell , Popescu Catrinel , Adamo Alessandra , Klinger Joachim , Ornoy Asher , Huppke Peter 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
Family planning is an important consideration for women with multiple sclerosis (MS), who are often diagnosed during their reproductive years. Currently, limited data are available on pregnancy outcomes in patients exposed to interferon-beta (IFN-beta) before or during pregnancy. Here, we present the cumulative pregnancy exposure data and prevalence of pregnancy and infant outcomes in IFN-beta-exposed pregnant women with MS from the European IFN-beta Pregnancy Registry.

Methods
Using spontaneous and solicited reports, the registry collected data from 26 countries of the European Economic Area, consisting of information on women with MS identifying themselves to one of the Marketing Authorisation Holders (Bayer, Biogen, Merck KGaA, and Novartis) or healthcare professionals as pregnant and exposed to IFN-beta during pregnancy or within 1 month before conception. The outcomes collected by the registry included ectopic pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, elective terminations, live, and stillbirths with or without congenital anomalies. The prevalence of pregnancy outcomes was put in context with those reported in the general population.

Results
Between 2009 and 2017, the registry collected 948 pregnancy reports with a known pregnancy outcome. Overall, 82.0% (777/948) of pregnancies resulted in live birth without congenital anomaly. When comparing IFN-beta-exposed pregnancies with the general population, the prevalence of spontaneous abortions (10.7% vs. 10–21%) and congenital anomalies in live births (2.1% vs. 2.1–4.1%) were found to be within reported ranges.

Conclusions
The data gathered from these pregnancy cases suggest no evidence that IFN-beta exposure before conception and/or during pregnancy adversely increases the rate of congenital anomalies or spontaneous abortions.
On nested infinite occupancy scheme in random environment
Authors: Gnedin Alexander , Iksanov Alexander 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe consider an infinite balls-in-boxes occupancy scheme with boxes organised in nested hierarchy, and random probabilities of boxes defined in terms of iterated fragmentation of a unit mass. We obtain a multivariate functional limit theorem for the cumulative occupancy counts as the number of balls approaches infinity. In the case of fragmentation driven by a homogeneous residual allocation model our result generalises the functional central limit theorem for the block counts in Ewens’ and more general regenerative partitions.
An elaborate behavioural sequence reinforces the decoy effect of ink during predatory attacks on squid
Authors: Hikidi Yuto , Hirohashi Noritaka , Kasugai Takashi , Sato Noriyosi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe characteristic inking behaviour of cephalopods is a secondary defence mechanism that helps them to escape predation. However, although it has been postulated that ink creates a decoy by disrupting the visual information received by the predator, the underlying mechanisms by which ink helps squid to escape from predators remain unknown. Therefore, we observed the inking behaviour of the Japanese pygmy squid (Idiosepius paradoxus). Field observations showed the squid intermittently and linearly ejected ink while rapidly swimming backwards in response to a predator and also changed their bodies to a light colour. This behaviour was then followed by a sudden and sharp change in swimming direction or sometimes a sudden break from swimming with a concurrent change in body colour to black. We also recorded the escape behaviour with inking under captive conditions in response to predatory sculpins, which allowed the successful escape from a predatory attack. Furthermore, the greater the number of ink ejections, the higher the probability that the sculpins would initiate a predatory attack on the ink rather than the squid. Together, these results suggest that squid inking behaviour exhibits a substantial decoy effect on predators and is associated with a series of complex, spatio-temporally regulated behaviours. Digital video images related to the article are available at http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo200107ip01a, http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo200107ip03a, and http://www.momo-p.com/showdetail-e.php?movieid=momo200107ip04a.
Investigation of secondary metabolism in the industrial butanol hyper-producer Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4
Authors: Li Jeffrey S , Barber Colin C , Herman Nicolaus A , Cai Wenlong , Zafrir Ella , Du Yongle , Zhu Xuejun , Skyrud Will , Zhang Wenjun 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (Csa) is a historically significant anaerobic bacterium which can perform saccharolytic fermentations to produce acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE). Recent genomic analyses have highlighted this organism’s potential to produce polyketide and nonribosomal peptide secondary metabolites, but little is known regarding the identity and function of these metabolites. This study provides a detailed bioinformatic analysis of seven biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) present in the Csa genome that are predicted to produce polyketides/nonribosomal peptides. An RNA-seq-based untargeted transcriptomic approach revealed that five of seven BGCs were expressed during ABE fermentation. Additional characterization of a highly expressed nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene led to the discovery of its associated metabolite and its biosynthetic pathway. Transcriptomic analysis suggested an association of this nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene with butanol tolerance, which was supported by butanol challenge assays.
Pearlite in Multicomponent Steels: Phenomenological Steady-State Modeling
Authors: Yan Jia-Yi , Ågren John , Jeppsson Johan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A steady-state model for austenite-to-pearlite transformation in multicomponent steel is presented, including Fe, C, and eight more elements. The model considers not only classic ingredients (formation of ferrite–cementite interface, volume diffusion, boundary diffusion, and optimization of lamellar spacing) but also finite austenite–pearlite interfacial mobility that resolves some previous difficulties. A non-Arrhenius behavior of interfacial mobility is revealed from growth rate and lamellar spacing data. A smooth and physical transition between orthopearlite and parapearlite is realized by optimizing the partitioning of substitutional alloying elements between ferrite and cementite to maximize growth rate or dissipation rate while keeping carbon at equilibrium. Solute drag effect is included, which accounts for the bay in growth rate curves. Grain boundary nucleation rate is modeled as a function of chemical composition, driving force, and temperature, with consideration of grain boundary equilibrium segregation. Overall transformation kinetics is obtained from growth rate and grain boundary nucleation rate, assuming pearlite colonies only nucleate on austenite grain boundaries. Further theoretical and experimental work are suggested for generalization and improvements.
Robustness to adversarial examples can be improved with overfitting
Authors: Deniz Oscar , Pedraza Anibal , Vallez Noelia , Salido Jesus , Bueno Gloria 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDeep learning (henceforth DL) has become most powerful machine learning methodology. Under specific circumstances recognition rates even surpass those obtained by humans. Despite this, several works have shown that deep learning produces outputs that are very far from human responses when confronted with the same task. This the case of the so-called “adversarial examples” (henceforth AE). The fact that such implausible misclassifications exist points to a fundamental difference between machine and human learning. This paper focuses on the possible causes of this intriguing phenomenon. We first argue that the error in adversarial examples is caused by high bias, i.e. by regularization that has local negative effects. This idea is supported by our experiments in which the robustness to adversarial examples is measured with respect to the level of fitting to training samples. Higher fitting was associated to higher robustness to adversarial examples. This ties the phenomenon to the trade-off that exists in machine learning between fitting and generalization.
Strategy for Crack Width Measurement of Multiple Crack Patterns in Civil Engineering Material Testing Using a Monocular Image Sequence Analysis
Authors: Liebold F. , Maas H.-G. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAn image sequence analysis procedure is developed to quantitatively analyze complex multiple crack patterns in tension tests of fiber-reinforced composite specimens. Planar textured surfaces of such specimens can be observed with a monocular image sequence using a camera of suitable spatial and temporal resolution. Due to the narrow crack paths, a dense high-precision displacement vector field is computed applying least-squares image matching techniques. Some uniformly distributed matching points are triangulated into a mesh. To measure deformations, principal strains and crack widths are computed for each face. Stretched triangles presumably containing one or multiple cracks are subdivided into three new triangles to densify the mesh in critical regions. The subdivision is repeated for some iterations. The crack width computation of the triangles requires at least three vertices and its displacements. Due to the dense displacement vector field, there are more points available. In this paper, an algorithm for the crack width computation in a least-squares fit is presented.
Towards the profiling of the atmospheric boundary layer at European scale—introducing the COST Action PROBE
Authors: Cimini Domenico , Haeffelin Martial , Kotthaus Simone , Löhnert Ulrich , Martinet Pauline , O’Connor Ewan , Walden Christopher , Coen Martine Collaud , Preissler Jana 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is the layer closest to the Earth’s surface within which most human activities take place. The vertical profile of atmospheric thermodynamic parameters in the ABL impact weather, air quality and climate. However, surface sensor networks and satellite observations do not provide sufficient information on the high temporal variability and strong vertical gradients that occur in the ABL. Thus, the ABL represents an important but rather under-sampled part of the atmosphere. This observational gap currently hampers progress in numerical weather prediction, air quality forecasting and climate assessment. Due to recent technological and methodological advances, ground-based remote sensing instruments are now able to provide high-quality profiles of ABL parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind, aerosol and cloud properties. However, even though state-of-the-art ABL profilers are deployed at numerous sites in Europe, efficient science and technology networking and coordination is still required to exploit this rich dataset effectively. The current lack of data and procedure harmonization often diminishes the potential societal benefits of the existing ABL profiling data. This paper introduces PROBE, a new initiative funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST), that aims to broaden the bridge between a wide range of user needs and the science and technology expertise residing in industry and academia, while strengthening and harmonizing methods and procedures to yield higher quality ABL observational data. Here, the challenges, objectives and implementation plan for PROBE are described, highlighting some preliminary results that will be further developed into operational applications during the 4-year duration (2019–2023) of this collaborative project.
Political isolation in America
Authors: Lee Byungkyu , Bearman Peter 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study documents historical trends of size and political diversity in Americans’ discussion networks, which are often seen as important barometers of social and political health. Contrasting findings from data drawn out of a nationally representative survey experiment of 1,055 Americans during the contentious 2016 U.S. presidential election to data arising from 11 national data sets covering nearly three decades, we find that Americans’ core networks are significantly smaller and more politically homogeneous than at any other period. Several methodological artifacts seem unlikely to account for the effect. We show that in this period, more than before, “important matters” were often framed as political matters, and that this association probably accounts for the smaller networks.
Natural variants of α-gliadin peptides within wheat proteins with reduced toxicity in coeliac disease
Authors: Japelj Nika , Suligoj Tanja , Zhang Wei , Côrte-Real Beatriz , Messing Joachim , Ciclitira Paul J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe only generally accepted treatment of coeliac disease (CD) is a lifelong gluten-free diet. Wheat gluten proteins include gliadins, low and high molecular weight glutenins. However, we have found significant structural variations within these protein families among different cultivars. To determine which structural motifs might be less toxic than others, we assessed five variants of α-gliadin immunodominant CD-toxic peptides synthesised as 16mers in CD T cell stimulation assays with gluten-sensitive T cell lines generated from duodenal biopsies from CD-affected individuals. The peptides harboured the overlapping T cell epitopes DQ 2.5-glia-α-2 and naturally occurring variants that differed in certain amino acids (AA). The results revealed that introduction of two selected AA substitutions in α-gliadin peptides reduced immunogenicity. A peptide with three AA substitutions involving two glutamic acids (E) and one glutamine residue (G) revealed the peptide was negative in 5:5 samples. We used CD small-intestinal organ culture to assess CD toxicity that revealed two peptides with selected substitution of both glutamic acid (E) and proline (P) residues abrogated evidence of CD toxicity.
FINITENESS OF TOPOLOGICAL ENTROPY FOR LOCALLY COMPACT ABELIAN GROUPS
Authors: DIKRANJAN DIKRAN , GIORDANO BRUNO ANNA , RUSSO FRANCESCO G. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe study the locally compact abelian groups in the class${\mathfrak E_{ \lt \infty }}$, that is, having only continuous endomorphisms of finite topological entropy, and in its subclass$\mathfrak E_0$, that is, having all continuous endomorphisms with vanishing topological entropy. We discuss the reduction of the problem to the case of periodic locally compact abelian groups, and then to locally compact abelianp-groups. We show that locally compact abelianp-groups of finite rank belong to${\mathfrak E_{ \lt \infty }}$, and that those of them that belong to$\mathfrak E_0$are precisely the ones with discrete maximal divisible subgroup. Furthermore, the topological entropy of endomorphisms of locally compact abelianp-groups of finite rank coincides with the logarithm of their scale. The backbone of the paper is the Addition Theorem for continuous endomorphisms of locally compact abelian groups. Various versions of the Addition Theorem are established in the paper and used in the proofs of the main results, but its validity in the general case remains an open problem.
POLICING IN AMERICAN HISTORY
Authors: Brown Robert A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article examines the historical evolution of policing in America with a focus on race. Specifically, it is argued that racial bias has deep roots in American policing, and reforms in policing and American society have not eliminated the detrimental experiences of Blacks who encounter the police. Historical information and contemporary empirical research indicate that, even when legal and other factors are equal, Blacks continue to experience the coercive and lethal aspects of policing relative to their non-Black counterparts.
How should economists analyze institutions? Comments on David Skarbek, ‘Qualitative research methods for institutional analysis’
Authors: Shirley Mary M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDavid Skarbek argues that qualitative research methods can analyze institutions by exploiting complex evidence not accessible through quantitative methods. He suggests that well-done case studies and process tracing can meet some of the same tests of inference as statistical methods. Although Skarbek's critique and proposals mirror those of many other authors, including Ronald Coase, he nonetheless makes an important contribution. The brief, cogent, and instructive way he presents his advice and his defense of qualitative methods as a complement to mainstream methods rather than a confrontation, may be more persuasive than more confrontational arguments. As ‘datafication’ is quickly turning qualitative observations into quantitative data analyzed through machine learning, Skarbek's excellent advice on how to understand what is happening under different institutional settings could not be timelier.