bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A versatile route to edge-specific modifications to pristine graphene by electrophilic aromatic substitution
Authors: Shellard Philippa M. , Srisubin Thunyaporn , Hartmann Mirja , Butcher Joseph , Fei Fan , Cox Henry , McNamara Thomas P. , McArdle Trevor , Shepherd Ashley M. , Jacobs Robert M. J. , Waigh Thomas A. , Flitsch Sabine L. , Blanford Christopher F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis work presents a general method for producing edge-modified graphene using electrophilic aromatic substitution. Five types of edge-modified graphene were created from graphene/graphite nanoplatelets sourced commercially and produced by ultrasonic exfoliation of graphite in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. In contrast to published methods based on Friedel–Crafts acylation, this method does not introduce a carbonyl group that may retard electron transfer between the graphene sheet and its pendant groups. Graphene sulphonate (G–SO3−) was prepared by chlorosulphonation and then reduced to form graphene thiol (G–SH). The modifications tuned the graphene nanoparticles’ solubility: G–SO3− was readily dispersible in water, and G–SH was dispersible in toluene. The synthetic utility of the directly attached reactive moieties was demonstrated by creating a “glycographene” through radical addition of allyl mannoside to G–SH. Chemical modifications were confirmed by FT-IR and XPS. Based on XPS analysis of edge-modified GNPs, G–SO3− and G–SH had a S:C atomic ratio of 0.3:100. XPS showed that a significant amount of carbon sp2 character remained after functionalisation, indicating little modification to the conductive basal plane. The edge specificity of the modifications was visualised on edge-modified samples of graphene produced by chemical vapour deposition (CVD): scanning electron microscopy of gold nanoparticles attached to G–SH samples, epifluorescence microscopy of a glycographene bioconjugate with a fluorescently tagged lectin, and quenched stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (qSTORM) of thiol-reactive fluorophores on CVD G–SH samples. Microelectrochemistry of unmodified CVD graphene and dye-modified CVD G–SH showed no statistically significant difference in interfacial electron transfer rate (k0). This platform synthesis technology can allow pristine graphene, rather than graphene oxide or its derivatives, to be used in applications that require the superior mechanical or electronic properties of pristine graphene, including theranostics and tissue engineering.
Graphical Abstract
Doctors that “doctor” sickness certificates: cunning intelligence as an ability and possibly a virtue among Swedish GPs
Authors: Shutzberg Mani 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe relations of power between healthcare-related institutions and the professionals that interact with them are changing. Generally, the institutions are gaining the upper hand. Consequently, the intellectual abilities necessary for professionals to pursue the internal goods of healthcare are changing as well. A concrete case is the struggle over sickness benefits in Sweden, in which theSwedish Social Insurance Agency(SSIA) and physicians are important stakeholders. The SSIA has recently consolidated its power over the sickness certificates that doctors issue for their patients. The result has been a stricter gatekeeping of sickness benefits. In order to combat the inroads made by state institutions into sickness certification, and into the sphere of medical practice, some doctors have developed cunning “techniques” to maximize the chance to have their sickness certificates accepted by the SSIA. This article attempts to demonstrate that cunning intelligence—the ability of the weak to “outsmart” a stronger adversary—plays an important role in the practice of medicine. Cunning intelligence is not merely a defective form of prudence (phronesis), nor is it simply an instance of instrumental reason (techne), but rather an ability that occupies a distinct place among the intellectual abilities generally ascribed to professionals.
Non-Controlling Minority Shareholdings and Collusion
Authors: de Haas Samuel , Paha Johannes 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article merges theoretical literature on non-controlling minority shareholdings (NCMS) in a coherent model to study the effects of NCMS on competition and collusion. The model encompasses both the case of a common owner holding shares of rival firms as well as the case of cross ownership among rivals. We find that by softening competition, NCMS weaken the sustainability of collusion under a greater variety of situations than was indicated by earlier literature. Such effects exist, in particular, in the presence of an effective competition authority.
Second-personal theodicy: coming to know why God permits suffering by coming to know God himself
Authors: Balfour Dylan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe popularity of theodicy over the past several decades has given rise to a countermovement, “anti-theodicy”, which admonishes attempts at theodicy for various reasons. This paper examines one prominent anti-theodical objection: that it is hubristic, and attempts to form an approach to theodicy which evades this objection. To do so I draw from the work of Eleonore Stump, who provides a framework by which we can glean second-personal knowledge of God. From this knowledge, I argue that we can derive a theodicy which does not utilise the kind of analytic theorising anti-theodicists accuse of intellectual hubris.
Verification of empirical equations describing subsidence rate of peatland in Central Poland
Authors: Oleszczuk Ryszard , Zając Ewelina , Urbański Janusz 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCurrently, due to prolonged soil drought, dehydrated peat soils are particularly exposed to subsidence and, as a consequence, even to disappearance from the natural environment, in which they perform many important functions, e.g. storage of organic carbon and water retention. Therefore, predicting of settlement and disappearance processes of these soils is very important issue. This study was conducted to: (1) determine the degree and rate of subsidence of a drained peatland over 40 years, (2) establish the effect of subsidence on the depth of ditches and a watercourse, (3) verify empirical equations describing the subsidence based on field measurements. The work was carried out on fen in Central Poland which was managed as a grassland until around 2000, and then its use was discontinued. Subsidence rate was estimated from measurements of the peat deposit thickness taken in 11 locations in 1978 and 2018. Fourteen empirical equations used for estimating subsidence rate of drained peatlands were selected to verify the calculations against field data. The average subsidence rate of the studied peatland was relativity low (0.62 cm year−1), which may be associated with abandoning of agricultural use for the last 20 years. Loss of peat thickness varied from 5 to 41% and depended rather on drainage intensity than on its initial depth. In general, six from the verified empirical equations were useful in estimating average subsidence rate. Four equations seemed to be the most useful for deeply drained sites. Estimation of the subsidence solely on the basis of time since drainage may be biased.
A Novel High-Strength Zn-3Ag-0.5Mg Alloy Processed by Hot Extrusion, Cold Rolling, or High-Pressure Torsion
Authors: Wątroba Maria , Bednarczyk Wiktor , Kawałko Jakub , Lech Sebastian , Wieczerzak Krzysztof , Langdon Terence G. , Bała Piotr 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A novel Zn-3Ag-0.5Mg alloy was plastically deformed using 3 processing paths: hot extrusion (HE), HE followed by cold rolling (CR) and high-pressure torsion (HPT). The processed samples consisted of the η-Zn phase, ε-Zn3Ag precipitates within the matrix, and nanometric Zn2Mg precipitates within the Zn11Mg2 phase located at the grain boundaries. Both the η-Zn phase and Mg-rich phases were enriched in Ag. Electron backscattered diffraction was used to examine the effects of grain size and texture on mechanical behavior with tensile tests performed at room temperature (RT) at different strain rates. The coarse-grained (~ 6 µm) samples after HE exhibited high strength with brittleness due to dislocation interaction with dispersed precipitates and, to some extent, with twinning activation. Significant grain refinement and processing at RT gave an increase in elongation to over 50 pct in CR and 120 pct in HPT. Ductile CR samples with an average grain size of ~ 2 µm and favorable rolling deformation texture gave a yield strength of ~ 254 MPa, a tensile strength of ~ 456 MPa, and a reasonable strain rate sensitivity. These values for the CR samples meet the mechanical requirements for biodegradable stents in cardiovascular applications.
Body composition after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation/total body irradiation in children and young people: a restricted systematic review
Authors: Lorenc Ava , Hamilton-Shield Julian , Perry Rachel , Stevens Michael ,   on behalf of the CTYA HSCT Adipose and Muscle Late Effects Working Group, Wootton Stephen , Feelisch Martin , Dragsted Lars O. , Dirks Marlou , Shoaie Saeed , Mardinoglu Adil , Roche Helen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPurposeTo collate evidence of changes in body composition following treatment of leukaemia in children, teenagers and young adults (CTYA, 0–24 years) with allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant and total body irradiation (HSCT+TBI).MethodsPapers were identified by searching Medline and Google Scholar, reference lists/citations and contacting key authors, with no date or language restrictions. Inclusion criteria were as follows: leukaemia, HSCT+TBI, aged ≤ 24 years at HSCT and changes in body composition (total fat, central adiposity, adipose tissue function, muscle mass, muscle function). Quality was assessed using a brief Newcastle–Ottawa scale.ResultsOf 900 papers, 20 were included: seven controlled, five uncontrolled studies and eight case reports. Study quality appeared good. There was little evidence of differences in total fat/weight for HSCT + TBI groups (compared to healthy controls/population norms/short stature controls). There was some evidence of significantly higher central adiposity and differences in adipose tissue function (compared to leukaemic/non-leukaemic controls). Muscle mass was significantly lower (compared to healthy/obese controls). Muscle function results were inconclusive but suggested impairment. Case reports confirmed a lipodystrophic phenotype.ConclusionsEarly remodelling of adipose tissue and loss of skeletal muscle are evident following HSCT + TBI for CTYA leukaemia, with extreme phenotype of overt lipodystrophy. There is some evidence for reduced muscle effectiveness.Implications for Cancer SurvivorsBody composition changes in patients after HSCT + TBI are apparent by early adult life and link with the risk of excess cardiometabolic morbidity seen in adult survivors. Interventions to improve muscle and/or adipose function, perhaps utilizing nutritional manipulation and/or targeted activity, should be investigated.
The Legal Implications and Remedies Concerning Revenge Porn and Fake Porn: A Common Law Perspective
Authors: Mania Karolina 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBased on US and British regulations in force, this article offers an overview of legislation of two Common Law countries in the area of modern forms of law infringements focusing on the notions of revenge porn and fake porn. The first part contains definitions and descriptions of the terms ‘revenge porn’ and ‘fake porn’, pointing out to the context of the relationship between the dynamic technological development and use of artificial intelligence on the one hand and the regulatory framework failing to meet the current needs on the other. Further, examination is conducted of US and British legislation in force divided into civil and criminal law, indicating legislative gaps as well as the inefficiency of the existing legal solutions and presenting a range of proposals of legislative changes. The considerations have been supplemented with the results of the author’s assessment of sociological and statistical research available in source literature carried thus far in the field in question. The following section is dedicated to a comparative assessment of American and British legal solutions based on selected, critical issues. The final parts of the article serve to postulate systemic changes in legislation and is a proposal to introduce out-of-court dispute settlement methods in legal disputes pertaining to the matters discussed herein, and to frame future research directions.
Short-Time Heat Content Asymptotics via the Wave and Eikonal Equations
Authors: Schilling Nathanael 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this short paper, we derive an alternative proof for some known (van den Berg & Gilkey 2015) short-time asymptotics of the heat content in a compact full-dimensional submanifolds S with smooth boundary. This includes formulae like $$\begin{aligned} \int _{S} \exp (t\Delta ) (f \mathbb {1}_{S}) \,\mathrm {d}V= \int _S f \,\mathrm {d}V- \sqrt{\frac{t}{\pi }} \int _{\partial S} f \,\mathrm {d}A+ o(\sqrt{t}),\quad t \rightarrow 0^+, \end{aligned}$$

∫
S

exp

(
t
Δ
)

(
f

1
S

)

d
V
=

∫
S

f

d
V
-

t
π

∫

∂
S

f

d
A
+
o

(

t

)

,

t
→

0
+

,

and explicit expressions for similar expansions involving other powers of $$\sqrt{t}$$

t

. By the same method, we also obtain short-time asymptotics of $$\int _S \exp (t^m\Delta ^m)(f \mathbb {1}_S)\,\mathrm {d}V$$

∫
S

exp

(

t
m

Δ
m

)

(
f

1
S

)

d
V

, $$m \in \mathbb N$$

m
∈
N

, and more generally for one-parameter families of operators $$t \mapsto k(\sqrt{-t\Delta })$$

t
↦
k
(

-
t
Δ

)

defined by an even Schwartz function k.
Compositionality Meets Belief Revision: a Bayesian Model of Modification
Authors: Strößner Corina 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe principle of compositionality claims that the content of a complex concept is determined by its constituent concepts and the way in which they are composed. However, for prototype concepts this principle is often too rigid. Blurring the division between conceptual composition and belief update has therefore been suggested (Hampton and Jönsson 2012). Inspired by this idea, we develop a normative account of how belief revision and meaning composition should interact in modifications such as “red apple” or “pet hamster”. We do this by combining the well-known selective modification model (Smith et al.Cognitive science12(4):485–527 1988) with the rules of Bayesian belief update. Moreover, we relate this model to systems of defeasible reasoning as discussed in the field of artificial intelligence.
Tribological properties of polyimide composites reinforced with fibers rubbing against Al2O3
Authors: Qi Huimin , Zhang Ga , Zheng Zhiqin , Yu Jiaxin , Hu Chao 
Published: May 2020

AbstractReinforcing fillers are of great importance in tribological performance and tribofilm formation of polymeric composites. In this study, the tribological properties of aramid particle (AP) and short carbon fiber (SCF) reinforced polyimide (PI) composites were added to hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and silica (SiO2) nanoparticles sliding against alumina were comprehensively investigated. When sliding occurred with AP-reinforced PI composites, the tribological properties were not closely depended on the pressure × velocity (p × ν) factors and the nanoparticles. The interactions between AP and its counterpart could not induce tribo-sintering of the transferred wear debris. As such, the tribofilm seemed to be in a viscous state, leading to higher friction and wear. However, the inclusion of hard SCF into the PI matrix changed the interfacial interactions with alumina. A robust tribofilm consisting of a high fraction of silica was generated when the SCF-reinforced PI was added to the SiO2 nanoparticles. It exhibited a high load-carrying capability and was easily sheared. This caused a significant decrease in the friction and wear of the PI composite at 8 MPa·1m/s. Moreover, due to their high melting point, few h-BN nanoparticles were observed in the tribofilm of the SCF-reinforced PI when hexagonal boron nitride was added.
The TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway is involved in sIgA-mediated IgA nephropathy
Authors: Zhang Junjun , Mi Yiming , Zhou Ruwen , Liu Zhangsuo , Huang Bo , Guo Ruxue , Wang Panfei , Lu Yanru , Zhou Yali , Quan Songxia 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that secretory IgA (sIgA) was critically involved in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), especially TLR4 which participates in mucosal immunity, may be involved in the pathogenesis of IgAN. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether sIgA and TLR4 interact to mediate kidney damage in IgAN patients. IgAN patients with positive sIgA deposition in renal tissues were screened by immunofluorescence assay. Patient salivary sIgA (P-sIgA) was collected and purified by jacalin affinity chromatography. Salivary sIgA from healthy volunteers was used as a control (N-sIgA). Expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 were detected in the mesangial area of IgAN patients by immunohistochemistry, the expression levels in patients with positive sIgA deposition were higher than that with negative sIgA deposition. Human renal mesangial cells (HRMCs) were cultured in vitro, flow cytometry showed that P-sIgA bound HRMCs significantly better than N-sIgA. HRMCs were cultured in the presence of sIgA (400 μg/mL) for 24 h, compared with cells cultured with N-sIgA, HRMCs cultured in vitro with P-sIgA showed enhanced expression of TLR4, increased secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1, and increased expression of MyD88/NF-κB. TLR4 shRNA silencing and NF-κB inhibition both reduced the ability of HRMCs to synthesize TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1. Our results indicate that sIgA may induce high expression of TLR4 in HRMCs and further activate downstream signalling pathways, prompting HRMCs to secrete multiple cytokines and thereby mediating kidney damage in IgAN patients.
Introducing Summative Progress Testing in Radiology Residency: Little Change in Residents’ Test Results After Transitioning from Formative Progress Testing
Authors: Rutgers D. R. , van Schaik J. P. J. , Kruitwagen C. L. J. J. , Haaring C. , van Lankeren W. , van Raamt A. F. , ten Cate O. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Educational effects of transitioning from formative to summative progress testing are unclear. Our purpose was to investigate whether such transitioning in radiology residency is associated with a change in progress test results.

Methods
We investigated a national cohort of radiology residents (N > 300) who were semi-annually assessed through a mandatory progress test. Until 2014, this test was purely formative for all residents, but in 2014/2015, it was transitioned (as part of a national radiology residency program revision) to include a summative pass requirement for new residents. In 7 posttransitioning tests in 2015–2019, including summatively and formatively tested residents who followed the revised and pre-transitioning residency program, respectively, we assessed residents’ relative test scores and percentage of residents that reached pass standards.

Results
Due to our educational setting, most posttransitioning tests had no residents in the summative condition in postgraduate year 4–5, nor residents in the formative condition in year 0.5–2. Across the 7 tests, relative test scores in postgraduate year 1–3 of the summative resident group and year 3.5–4.5 of the formative group differed significantly (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively, Kruskal-Wallis test). However, scores fluctuated without consistent time trends and without consistent differences between both resident groups. Percentage of residents reaching the pass standard did not differ significantly across tests or between groups.

Discussion
Transitioning from formative to summative progress testing was associated with overall steady test results of the whole resident group in 4 post-transitioning years. We do not exclude that transitioning may have positive educational effects for resident subgroups.
Remote Sensing’s Recent and Future Contributions to Landscape Ecology
Authors: Crowley Morgan A. , Cardille Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe purpose of this article is to review landscape ecology research from the past 5 years to identify past and future contributions from remote sensing to landscape ecology.Recent FindingsRecent studies in landscape ecology have employed advances made in remote sensing. These include the use of reliable and open datasets derived from remote sensing, the availability of new sources for freely available satellite imagery, and machine-learning image classification techniques for classifying land cover types. Remote sensing data sources and methods have been used in landscape ecology to examine landscape structure. Additionally, these data sources and methods have been used to analyze landscape function including the effects of landscape structure and landscape change on biodiversity and population dynamics. Lastly, remote sensing data sources and methods have been used to analyze historical landscape changes and to simulate future landscape changes.SummaryThe ongoing integration of remote sensing analyses in landscape ecology will depend on continued accessibility of free imagery from satellite sources and open-access data-analysis software, analyses spanning multiple spatial and temporal scales, and novel land cover classification techniques that produce accurate and reliable land cover data. Continuing advances in remote sensing can help to address new landscape ecology research questions, enabling analyses that incorporate information that ranges from ground-based field samples of organisms to satellite-collected remote sensing data.