bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classifier‐Guided Visual Correction of Noisy Labels for Image Classification Tasks
Authors: Bäuerle A. , Neumann H. , Ropinski T. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTraining data plays an essential role in modern applications of machine learning. However, gathering labeled training data is time‐consuming. Therefore, labeling is often outsourced to less experienced users, or completely automated. This can introduce errors, which compromise valuable training data, and lead to suboptimal training results. We thus propose a novel approach that uses the power of pretrained classifiers to visually guide users to noisy labels, and let them interactively check error candidates, to iteratively improve the training data set. To systematically investigate training data, we propose a categorization of labeling errors into three different types, based on an analysis of potential pitfalls in label acquisition processes. For each of these types, we present approaches to detect, reason about, and resolve error candidates, as we propose measures and visual guidance techniques to support machine learning users. Our approach has been used to spot errors in well‐known machine learning benchmark data sets, and we tested its usability during a user evaluation. While initially developed for images, the techniques presented in this paper are independent of the classification algorithm, and can also be extended to many other types of training data.
Understanding the Design Space and Authoring Paradigms for Animated Data Graphics
Authors: Thompson J. , Liu Z. , Li W. , Stasko J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCreating expressive animated data graphics often requires designers to possess highly specialized programming skills. Alternatively, the use of direct manipulation tools is popular among animation designers, but these tools have limited support for generating graphics driven by data. Our goal is to inform the design of next‐generation animated data graphic authoring tools. To understand the composition of animated data graphics, we survey real‐world examples and contribute a description of the design space. We characterize animated transitions based on object, graphic, data, and timing dimensions. We synthesize the primitives from the object, graphic, and data dimensions as a set of 10 transition types, and describe how timing primitives compose broader pacing techniques. We then conduct an ideation study that uncovers how people approach animation creation with three authoring paradigms: keyframe animation, procedural animation, and presets & templates. Our analysis shows that designers have an overall preference for keyframe animation. However, we find evidence that an authoring tool should combine these three paradigms as designers’ preferences depend on the characteristics of the animated transition design and the authoring task. Based on these findings, we contribute guidelines and design considerations for developing future animated data graphic authoring tools.
Visual Analysis of the Finite‐Time Lyapunov Exponent
Authors: Sagristà Antoni , Jordan Stefan , Sadlo Filip 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we present an integrated visual analytics approach to support the parametrization and exploration of flow visualization based on the finite‐time Lyapunov exponent. Such visualization of time‐dependent flow faces various challenges, including the choice of appropriate advection times, temporal regions of interest, and spatial resolution. Our approach eases these challenges by providing the user with context by means of parametric aggregations, with support and guidance for a more directed exploration, and with a set of derived measures for better qualitative assessment. We demonstrate the utility of our approach with examples from computation fluid dynamics and time‐dependent dynamical systems.
Augmenting Node‐Link Diagrams with Topographic Attribute Maps
Authors: Preiner R. , Schmidt J. , Krösl K. , Schreck T. , Mistelbauer G. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe propose a novel visualization technique for graphs that are attributed with scalar data. In many scenarios, these attributes (e.g., birth date in a family network) provide ambient context information for the graph structure, whose consideration is important for different visual graph analysis tasks. Graph attributes are usually conveyed using different visual representations (e.g., color, size, shape) or by reordering the graph structure according to the attribute domain (e.g., timelines). While visual encodings allow graphs to be arranged in a readable layout, assessingcontextualinformation such as the relative similarities of attributes across the graph is often cumbersome. In contrast, attribute‐based graph reordering serves the comparison task of attributes, but typically strongly impairs the readability of thestructuralinformation given by the graph's topology. In this work, we augment force‐directed node‐link diagrams with a continuous ambient representation of the attribute context. This way, we provide a consistent overview of the graph's topological structure as well as its attributes, supporting a wide range of graph‐related analysis tasks. We resort to an intuitive height field metaphor, illustrated by a topographic map rendering using contour lines and suitable color maps. Contour lines visually connect nodes of similar attribute values, and depict their relative arrangement within the global context. Moreover, our contextual representation supports visualizing attribute value ranges associated with graph nodes (e.g., lifespans in a family network) as trajectories routed through this height field. We discuss how user interaction with both the structural and the contextual information fosters exploratory graph analysis tasks. The effectiveness and versatility of our technique is confirmed in a user study and case studies from various application domains.
Quantitative Comparison of Time‐Dependent Treemaps
Authors: Vernier E. , Sondag M. , Comba J. , Speckmann B. , Telea A. , Verbeek K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRectangular treemaps are often the method of choice to visualize large hierarchical datasets. Nowadays such datasets are available over time, hence there is a need for (a) treemaps that can handle time‐dependent data, and (b) corresponding quality criteria that cover both a treemap's visual quality and its stability over time. In recent years a wide variety of (stable) treemapping algorithms has been proposed, with various advantages and limitations. We aim to provide insights to researchers and practitioners to allow them to make an informed choice when selecting a treemapping algorithm for specific applications and data. To this end, we perform an extensive quantitative evaluation of rectangular treemaps for time‐dependent data. As part of this evaluation we propose a novel classification scheme for time‐dependent datasets. Specifically, we observe that the performance of treemapping algorithms depends on the characteristics of the datasets used. We identify four potential representative features that characterize time‐dependent hierarchical datasets and classify all datasets used in our experiments accordingly. We experimentally test the validity of this classification on more than 2000 datasets, and analyze the relative performance of 14 state‐of‐the‐art rectangular treemapping algorithms across varying features. Finally, we visually summarize our results with respect to both visual quality and stability to aid users in making an informed choice among treemapping algorithms. All datasets, metrics, and algorithms are openly available to facilitate reuse and further comparative studies.
A Globally Conforming Lattice Structure for 2D Stress Tensor Visualization
Authors: Wang Junpeng , Wu Jun , Westermann Rüdiger 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe present a visualization technique for 2D stress tensor fields based on the construction of a globally conforming lattice. Conformity ensures that the lattice edges follow the principal stress directions and the aspect ratio of lattice elements represents the stress anisotropy. Since such a lattice structure cannot be space‐filling in general, it is constructed from multiple intersecting lattice beams. Conformity at beam intersections is ensured via a constrained optimization problem, by computing the aspect ratio of elements at intersections so that their edges meet when continued along the principal stress lines. In combination with a coloring scheme that encodes relative stress magnitudes, a global visualization is achieved. By introducing additional constraints on the positional variation of the beam intersections, coherent visualizations are achieved when external loads or material parameters are changed. In a number of experiments using non‐trivial scenarios, we demonstrate the capability of the proposed visualization technique to show the global and local structure of a given stress field.
v‐plots: Designing Hybrid Charts for the Comparative Analysis of Data Distributions
Authors: Blumenschein Michael , Debbeler Luka J. , Lages Nadine C. , Renner Britta , Keim Daniel A. , El‐Assady Mennatallah 
Published: July 2020

AbstractComparing data distributions is a core focus in descriptive statistics, and part of most data analysis processes across disciplines. In particular, comparing distributions entails numerous tasks, ranging from identifying global distribution properties, comparing aggregated statistics (e.g., mean values), to the local inspection of single cases. While various specialized visualizations have been proposed (e.g., box plots, histograms, or violin plots), they are not usually designed to support more than a few tasks, unless they are combined. In this paper, we present the v‐plot designer; a technique for authoring custom hybrid charts, combining mirrored bar charts, difference encodings, and violin‐style plots. v‐plots are customizable and enable the simultaneous comparison of data distributions on global, local, and aggregation levels. Our system design is grounded in an expert survey that compares and evaluates 20 common visualization techniques to derive guidelines for the task‐driven selection of appropriate visualizations. This knowledge externalization step allowed us to develop a guiding wizard that can tailor v‐plots to individual tasks and particular distribution properties. Finally, we confirm the usefulness of our system design and the user‐guiding process by measuring the fitness for purpose and applicability in a second study with four domain and statistic experts.
Canis: A High‐Level Language for Data‐Driven Chart Animations
Authors: Ge T. , Zhao Y. , Lee B. , Ren D. , Chen B. , Wang Y. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce Canis, a high‐level domain‐specific language that enables declarative specifications of data‐driven chart animations. By leveraging data‐enriched SVG charts, its grammar of animations can be applied to the charts created by existing chart construction tools. With Canis, designers can select marks from the charts, partition the selected marks into mark units based on data attributes, and apply animation effects to the mark units, with the control of when the effects start. The Canis compiler automatically synthesizes the Lottie animation JSON files [Aira], which can be rendered natively across multiple platforms. To demonstrate Canis’ expressiveness, we present a wide range of chart animations. We also evaluate its scalability by showing the effectiveness of our compiler in reducing the output specification size and comparing its performance on different platforms against D3.
A Survey on Transit Map Layout – from Design, Machine, and Human Perspectives
Authors: Wu Hsiang‐Yun , Niedermann Benjamin , Takahashi Shigeo , Roberts Maxwell J. , Nöllenburg Martin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTransit maps are designed to present information for using public transportation systems, such as urban railways. Creating a transit map is a time‐consuming process, which requires iterative information selection, layout design, and usability validation, and thus maps cannot easily be customised or updated frequently. To improve this, scientists investigate fully‐ or semi‐automatic techniques in order to produce high quality transit maps using computers and further examine their corresponding usability. Nonetheless, the quality gap between manually‐drawn maps and machine‐generated maps is still large. To elaborate the current research status, this state‐of‐the‐art report provides an overview of the transit map generation process, primarily from Design, Machine, and Human perspectives. A systematic categorisation is introduced to describe the design pipeline, and an extensive analysis of perspectives is conducted to support the proposed taxonomy. We conclude this survey with a discussion on the current research status, open challenges, and future directions.
A Survey of Seed Placement and Streamline Selection Techniques
Authors: Sane Sudhanshu , Bujack Roxana , Garth Christoph , Childs Hank 
Published: July 2020

AbstractStreamlines are an extensively utilized flow visualization technique for understanding, verifying, and exploring computational fluid dynamics simulations. One of the major challenges associated with the technique is selecting which streamlines to display. Using a large number of streamlines results in dense, cluttered visualizations, often containing redundant information and occluding important regions, whereas using a small number of streamlines could result in missing key features of the flow. Many solutions to select a representative set of streamlines have been proposed by researchers over the past two decades. In this state‐of‐the‐art report, we analyze and classify seed placement and streamline selection (SPSS) techniques used by the scientific flow visualization community. At a high‐level, we classify techniques into automatic and manual techniques, and further divide automatic techniques into three strategies: density‐based, feature‐based, and similarity‐based. Our analysis evaluates the identified strategy groups with respect to focus on regions of interest, minimization of redundancy, and overall computational performance. Finally, we consider the application contexts and tasks for which SPSS techniques are currently applied and have potential applications in the future.
Gender diversity among ‘boys’ in Papua New Guinea: Memories of sameness and difference in early childhood
Authors: Kelly‐Hanku Angela , Boli‐Neo Ruthy , Aggleton Peter , Robinson Kerry H. , Newland Jamee , Aeno Herick 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChildhood is a time when children begin to constitute themselves as gendered subjects largely according to social norms that are rigidly framed within dominant discourses of heteronormative binary gender. This paper is based on the life histories of 42 sexuality and gender diverse adult men and transgender women conducted in PNG. Findings offer insight into the ways in which boys transgressed gender norms through dress, play, work within the home and in dance. We argue that gender transgression in childhood is not a contemporary phenomena and such childhood experiences of boys in PNG should be recognised as part of the country's rich cultural diversity.
Exposure to dipeptidyl‐peptidase 4 inhibitors and the risk of pneumonia among people with type 2 diabetes: Retrospective cohort study and meta‐analysis
Authors: Morieri Mario Luca , Bonora Benedetta Maria , Longato Enrico , Di Camilo Barbara , Sparacino Giovanni , Tramontan Lara , Avogaro Angelo , Fadini Gian Paolo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimConcerns have been raised that dipeptidyl‐peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP‐4i) may increase the risk of pneumonia. We analysed observational data and clinical trials to explore whether use of DPP‐4i modifies the risk of pneumonia.MethodsWe identified patients with diabetes in the Veneto region administrative database and performed propensity score matching between new users of DPP‐4 inhibitors and new users of other oral glucose‐lowering medications (OGLMs). We compared the rate of hospitalization for pneumonia between matched cohorts using the Cox proportional hazard model. The same analysis was repeated using the database of a local diabetes outpatient clinic. We retrieved similar observational studies from the literature to perform a meta‐analysis. Results from trials reporting pneumonia rates among patients randomized to DPP‐4 inhibitors versus placebo/active comparators were also meta‐analysed.ResultsIn the regional database, after matching 6495 patients/group, new users of DPP‐4 inhibitors had a lower rate of hospitalization for pneumonia than new users of other OGLMs (HR 0.76; 95% CI 0.61‐0.95). In the outpatient database, after matching 867 patients/group, new users of DPP‐4 inhibitors showed a non‐significantly lower rate of hospitalization for pneumonia (HR 0.65; 95% CI 0.41‐1.04). The meta‐analysis of observational studies yielded an overall non‐significant lower risk of hospitalization for pneumonia among DPP‐4 inhibitor users (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.65‐1.01). The meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials showed no overall effect of DPP‐4 inhibitors on pneumonia risk (RR 1.06; 95% CI 0.93‐1.20).ConclusionThe use of DPP‐4 inhibitors can be considered as safe with regard to the risk of pneumonia.
Benefit/risk profile of dapagliflozin 5 mg in the DEPICT‐1 and ‐2 trials in individuals with type 1 diabetes and body mass index ≥27 kg/m2
Authors: Mathieu Chantal , Dandona Paresh , Birkenfeld Andreas L , Hansen Troels Krarup , Iqbal Nayyar , Xu John , Repetto Enrico , Scheerer Markus Florian , Thoren Fredrik , Phillip Moshe 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimThe DEPICT‐1 and ‐2 studies (NCT02268214, NCT02460978) evaluated the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in individuals with type 1 diabetes who were receiving intensive insulin therapy. The DEPICT‐1 and ‐2 studies (NCT02268214, NCT02460978) evaluated the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in individuals with type 1 diabetes. This post‐hoc study investigated the safety and efficacy of dapagliflozin in individuals with BMI ≥27 kg/m2 to assess if the benefit/risk ratio associated with dapagliflozin treatment can be further improved than that observed in the overall DEPICT population.MethodsChanges in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and body weight, percentage change in daily insulin dose and proportion of participants achieving HbA1c reduction ≥0.5% without severe hypoglycaemia were evaluated at weeks 24 and 52. Changes in mean interstitial glucose, mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions and time in target glycaemic range were evaluated at week 24. Safety was assessed until week 56.ResultsWeek‐52 adjusted mean (SE) change from baseline for HbA1c was −0.26% (0.05) with dapagliflozin versus +0.08% (0.05) with placebo and for body weight was −2.74 kg (0.25) with dapagliflozin versus +0.81 kg (0.26) with placebo. Mean (SE) percentage change in daily insulin dose was −10.5% (1.23) with dapagliflozin versus −1.4% (1.36) with placebo. Time spent in target glycaemic range increased by 2.2 h/day versus placebo. Dapagliflozin was well tolerated, with fewer participants experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis (dapagliflozin, 1.7%; placebo, 1.0%) than dapagliflozin 5 mg receiving participants in the pooled DEPICT populations.ConclusionsCompared with the pooled DEPICT population, the benefit/risk profile of adjunct dapagliflozin therapy was more favourable in individuals with type 1 diabetes with body mass index ≥27 kg/m2 because of the reduced risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in this population.
Neural coordination of bilateral power and precision finger movements
Authors: Dietz Volker 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe dexterity of hands and fingers is related to the strength of control by cortico‐motoneuronal connections which exclusively exist in primates. The cortical command is associated with a task‐specific, rapid proprioceptive adaptation of forces applied by hands and fingers to an object. This neural control differs between “power grip” movements (e.g., reach and grasp of a cup) where hand and fingers act as a unity and “precision grip” movements (e.g., picking up a raspberry) where fingers move independently from the hand. In motor tasks requiring hands and fingers of both sides a “neural coupling” (reflected in bilateral reflex responses to unilateral stimulations) coordinates power grip movements (e.g., opening a bottle). In contrast, during bilateral precision movements, such as playing piano, the fingers of both hands move independently, due to a direct cortico‐motoneuronal control, while the hands are coupled (e.g., to maintain the rhythm between the two sides). While most studies on prehension concern unilateral hand movements, many activities of daily life are tackled by bilateral power grips where a neural coupling serves for an automatic movement performance. In primates this mode of motor control is supplemented by a system that enables the uni‐ or bilateral performance of skilled individual finger movements.
Coastal environments shape chemical and microbial properties of forest litters in the Circum‐Mediterranean region
Authors: Borsali Amine Habib , Lerch Thomas Z. , Besbes Rania , Gros Raphaël , Laffont‐Schwob Isabelle , Boudenne Jean‐Luc , Ziarelli Fabio , Pando Anne , Farnet Da Silva Anne Marie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study explores how chemical and microbial properties of litters can be affected by coastal environments across the Mediterranean basin. A litterbag experiment including Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pistacia lentiscus L., collected from both inland and coastal areas, was set up in France, Greece and Algeria. Control litterbags were left in their sampling sites and a transfer of litterbags from inland to coastal areas was performed to test whether the effect of the specific constraints of coastal environments varies according to the country and the litter type. After 10 months, litter chemical composition (CP/MAS 13C‐NMR) and microbial activities (cellulase activity, basal respiration, catabolic diversity using Biolog) and community structure (TRFLP) were analysed. Coastal conditions led to various responses: (i) litter aromaticity differed in the coastal zones depending on the country (high in the Greek coastal area, low in the Algerian coastal zone), (ii) fewer functionally diversified microbial communities were found in the Greek coastal area compared to the French and Algerian coasts, (iii) genetic diversity and richness were strongly impacted after transfer to the coastal zone whatever the country. The type of litter shaped microbial communities: (i) at a local scale (i.e., in either coastal or inland areas) catabolic profiles and cellulase activities varied with the plant species, (ii) at a regional scale, the effect of coastal conditions differed with the plant species (basal respiration, Shannon‐Weaver index, catabolic diversity H′, cellulases and catabolic profiles). Thus, litter microbial properties differed in coastal environments across the Mediterranean basin and plant litter type plays a major role in microbial properties at a large spatial scale.Highlights
The environmental drivers of litter microbial sensitivity to water potential stress were investigated
Litterbag transfers from inland to coastal areas were performed in the Mediterranean.
Soil and land system units conform to long‐tail or heavy tail distributions.
Microbial diversity of inland litters decreased when exposed to coastal conditions
Litter plant species shape microbial functioning even at wide spatial scales.
Coastal areas and plant litter drive microbial responses to water potential stress.