bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of a blue‐blocking screen filter on accommodative accuracy and visual discomfort
Authors: Redondo Beatriz , Vera Jesús , Ortega‐Sánchez Alba , Molina Rubén , Jiménez Raimundo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe prescription of blue‐blocking (B‐B) filters for the management of visual symptoms and signs associated with the use of electronic devices is routinely performed by eye care specialists. However, the utility of B‐B filters is a matter of debate and discussion by the scientific community due to the lack of evidence supporting their use. Here, we aimed to determine the effects of using B‐B filters on the dynamics of the accommodative response and pupil size and perceived levels of visual discomfort, while performing a 30‐min reading task at a close distance in subjects who routinely use electronic devices.MethodsNineteen healthy young adults (22.0 ± 2.7 years) read two 30‐min passages on a computer screen placed at 50 cm, either while using a commercially available B‐B filter or without any filter on two different days. The magnitude and variability of both the accommodative response and pupil size were dynamically measured for 60 s using the WAM‐5500 open field autorefractometer at 4–5, 9–10, 14–15, 19–20, 24–25, and 29–30 min into the trial. The perceived levels of visual discomfort were also obtained.ResultsThe lag and variability of accommodation were insensitive to the blue light level (p = 0.34 and 0.62, respectively). There was a time‐on‐task effect for the variability of accommodation, showing greater instability over time regardless of the blue light level. The use of the B‐B filter was associated with improved reading speed (p = 0.02), with an increase of 16.5 words per minute. However, it was not associated with any significant change in pupil dynamics or the perceived levels of visual discomfort (p> 0.05 in both cases).ConclusionsOur data showed that the use of a B‐B filter had no effect on accommodative dynamics or visual symptomatology. Based on these findings, there is no support for the prescription of B‐B filters to attenuate the visual symptoms and signs associated with the use of electronic devices in healthy young adults.
Finite Element Analysis of Insertion Angle of Absorbable Screws for the Fixation of Radial Head Fractures
Authors: Xu Guang‐ming , Liang Zi‐yang , Li Wei , Yang Zheng‐zhong , Chen Zhi‐bin , Zhang Jie 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveTo investigate the biomechanical effects of different insertion angles of absorbable screws for the fixation of radial head fractures.MethodsThe finite element models used to simulate the fractures were created based on CT scans. Two absorbable screws were used to fix and maintain the stability of the fracture, and the angles between the screws were set to 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°. A downward force of 100 N was applied at the stress point, which was coupled with the surface, and the distal radius was limited to six degrees of freedom. The direction and location of the applied force were the same in each model. The values of the von Mises stress and peak displacements were calculated.ResultsUnder the applied load and different screw angles, the maximum von Mises stress in the screws was concentrated on the surface contacting the fracture surfaces. The maximum von Mises equivalent stress in the screw decreased when the angle increased from 0° (19.54 MPa) to 45° (13.11 MPa) and increased when the angle further increased to 90° (24.63 MPa). The peak displacement decreased as the angle increased from 0° (0.19 mm) to 45° (0.15 mm) and increased when the angle further increased to 90° (0.25 mm).ConclusionThe computational stress distribution showed that fixation with absorbable screws is safe for patients. Moreover, the minimum von Mises stress and displacements were generated when the angle between the screws was 45°; hence, this setting should be recommended for Mason type II radial fractures.
Follicle‐stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone regulate the synthesis mechanism of dihydrotestosterone in sheep granulosa cells
Authors: Duan Hongwei , Xiao Longfei , Ge Wenbo , Yang Shanshan , Jiang Yuting , Lv Jianshu , Hu Junjie , Zhang Yong , Zhao Xingxu , Hua Yongli 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSteroid hormones and receptors play important roles in female reproduction, and their expression patterns affect follicular growth and development. To examine the expression of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) synthases (5α‐reductases (5α‐red1 and 5α‐red2)) and androgen receptor (AR) during follicular development, and the regulation of DHT signalling by follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), we have used enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting to examine DHT synthesis in small (≤2 mm), medium (2–5 mm) and large (≥5 mm) sheep follicles. Expression of 5α‐red1, 5α‐red2 and AR was observed in ovine ovaries, and with the development of follicles, the expressions of 5α‐red1 and 5α‐red2 mRNA and protein increased, but the levels of AR mRNA, protein and DHT level decreased. In addition, granulosa cells were treated with FSH (0.01, 0.1 and 1 international unit (IU)/ml), LH (0.01, 0.1 and 1 IU/ml) and testosterone (T, 10–7 M) to evaluate the effects of FSH and LH on DHT and oestradiol (E2) synthesis and 5α‐red1, 5α‐red2 and AR expression. We found that FSH and LH upregulated 5α‐red1 and 5α‐red2 in sheep granulosa cells, but downregulated the concentration of DHT and expression of AR. Meanwhile, FSH and LH significantly upregulated the expression of aromatase (P450arom) and secretion of E2. This result indicates that although FSH and LH promote the expression of 5α‐red1 and 5α‐red2, T is not transformed into DHT, but E2. This study reveals the reason why DHT concentration is downregulated in large follicles and lays a foundation for further exploring the synthesis mechanism of DHT during follicular development.
Answerable and Unanswerable Questions in Risk Analysis with Open‐World Novelty
Authors: Cox Louis Anthony 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDecision analysis and risk analysis have grown up around a set of organizing questions: what might go wrong, how likely is it to do so, how bad might the consequences be, what should be done to maximize expected utility and minimize expected loss or regret, and how large are the remaining risks? In probabilistic causal models capable of representing unpredictable and novel events, probabilities for what will happen, and even what is possible, cannot necessarily be determined in advance. Standard decision and risk analysis questions become inherently unanswerable (“undecidable”) for realistically complex causal systems with “open‐world” uncertainties about what exists, what can happen, what other agents know, and how they will act. Recent artificial intelligence (AI) techniques enable agents (e.g., robots, drone swarms, and automatic controllers) to learn, plan, and act effectively despite open‐world uncertainties in a host of practical applications, from robotics and autonomous vehicles to industrial engineering, transportation and logistics automation, and industrial process control. This article offers an AI/machine learning perspective on recent ideas for making decision and risk analysis (even) more useful. It reviews undecidability results and recent principles and methods for enabling intelligent agents to learn what works and how to complete useful tasks, adjust plans as needed, and achieve multiple goals safely and reasonably efficiently when possible, despite open‐world uncertainties and unpredictable events. In the near future, these principles could contribute to the formulation and effective implementation of more effective plans and policies in business, regulation, and public policy, as well as in engineering, disaster management, and military and civil defense operations. They can extend traditional decision and risk analysis to deal more successfully with open‐world novelty and unpredictable events in large‐scale real‐world planning, policymaking, and risk management.
Emergency response to COVID‐19 epidemic: One Chinese blood centre's experience
Authors: Hu Ping , Kang Jianxun , Li Ying , Li Xiaochun , Li Meng , Deng Min , Zhao Yuwei , Tian Hao , Li Rui , Zhang Jie , Xi Yan , Li Wen , Gao Jialiang , Shan Hua , Fu Xuemei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe COVID‐19 epidemic has caused a significant global social and economic impact since December 2019. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the emergency response of a Chinese blood centre on maintaining both the safety and the sufficiency of blood supply during large, emerging, infectious epidemics.Materials and MethodsEarly on in the outbreak of COVID‐19, the Chengdu Blood Center developed strategies and implemented a series of measures, including enhanced recruitment efforts, addition of new donation deferral criteria and notification after donation, optimisation of donor experience, development and implementation of a new coronavirus nucleic acid detection technology platform for blood screening and screening all donations for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA to maximumly protect the safety of blood supply during a time of unclear risk.ResultsStarting on February 20, the immediate satisfaction rate of blood product orders in Chengdu city's clinical settings reached 100%, and there was no case of blood transfusion infection.ConclusionThe recent experience during the outbreak of SARS‐CoV‐2 reminded us that improvement in the areas of national and international collaborative programmes for dealing with blood availability and safety concerns during early stages of a disaster and regional and national mechanisms for timely communication with the general public on behalf of blood services should help to better prepare us for future disasters.
The Effects of Texting, Sitting Surface Stability, and Balance Training on Simulated Driving Performance and Perceived Workload in Young and Older Drivers
Authors: Mohammadi Sanjani Faezeh , Bahram Abbas , Bahmani Moslem , Arvin Mina , van der Kamp John 
Published: October 2020

It has been shown that texting degrades driving performance, but the extent to which this is mediated by the driver’s age and postural stability has not been addressed. Hence, the present study examined the effects of texting, sitting surface stability, and balance training in young and older adults’ driving performance. Fifteen young (mean age = 24.3 years) and 13 older (mean age = 62.8 years) participants were tested in a driving simulator with and without texting on a smartphone and while sitting on a stable or unstable surface (i.e., a plastic wobble board), before and after a 30-min sitting balance training. Analyses of variance showed that texting deteriorated driving performance but irrespective of sitting surface stability. Balance training decreased the negative effects of texting on driving, especially in older adults. Perceived workload increased when drivers were texting, and balance training reduced perceived workload. Perceived workload was higher while sitting on the unstable surface, but less so after balance training. Path analyses showed that the effects on driving performance and perceived workload were (indirectly) associated with changes in postural stability (i.e., postural sway). The study confirms that texting threatens safe driving performance by challenging postural stability, especially in older adults. The study also suggests that it is important to further investigate the role balance training can play in reducing these negative effects of texting.
Geotechnical considerations in the design of borehole heat exchangers
Authors: Zymnis Despina M. , Whittle Andrew J. 
Published: October 2020

The use of ground source heat pumps to transfer heat to and from the ground via borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) is among the most energy efficient techniques for space heating and cooling. Broader applications in urban environments require more careful evaluation of hydro-mechanical behavior of soil to ensure their reliable long-term performance and to minimize adverse effects on adjacent structures. An advanced soil model has been integrated within a finite difference (FD) framework, to solve coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) problems in an axisymmetric space. The FD simulator is applied to a prototype project and the ground conditions represent typical stress history profiles found in Geneva, Switzerland. An extensive parametric study is undertaken to study the long-term THM response of clay for a broad range of heat exchanger design parameters. The results show that significant settlements can be induced due to the long-term operation of BHEs (i.e., over periods from 10 to 50 years). The parametric study gives useful guidelines for heat exchanger design and identifies a design space of optimum solutions that meet pre-specified foundation settlement criteria. The study provides a qualitative investigation and a systematic framework for analyzing the long-term THM response of clay to seasonal heating and cooling.
A Modified Law of Heat Conduction of Thermoelasticity with Fractional Derivative and Relaxation Time
Authors: Abouelregal Ahmed E. 
Published: October 2020

(1) In the present work, a new modified thermoelasticity theory with fractional order has been constructed based on fractional calculus and Taylor series expansion of time-fractional order. The models of fractional thermoelasticity proposed by Sherief et al. [H. H. Sherief, A. M. A. El-Sayed and A. M. Abd El-Latief, Int. J. Solids Struct. 47, 269 (2010)], Ezzat [M. A. Ezzat, Phys. B 406, 30 (2011)] and Lord and Shulman with one relaxation time [H. W. Lord and Y. H. Shulman, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 15(5), 299 (1967)] as well as coupled thermoelasticity [M. A. Biot, J. Appl. Phys. 27, 240 (1956)] follow as limiting cases. This modified model is applied to an infinitely long annular cylinder. The inner and outer surfaces of the cylinder are traction free and subjected to known surrounding temperatures. Laplace transform technique will be used to get the solutions of all physical quantities. Some comparisons are shown in figures and tables to assess the effects of the fractional-order parameters in the studied fields. Results of some earlier researchers have been deduced from the current formulation. Finally, a conclusion about the new modified model has been promoted according to the analysis and numerical results.
A Functional Genomic Screen Identifies the Deubiquitinase USP11 as a Novel Transcriptional Regulator of ERα in Breast Cancer
Authors: Dwane Lisa , O'Connor Aisling E. , Das Sudipto , Moran Bruce , Mulrane Laoighse , Pinto-Fernandez Adan , Ward Elspeth , Blümel Anna M. , Cavanagh Brenton L. , Mooney Brian , Dirac Annette M. , Jirström Karin , Kessler Benedikt M. , Ní Chonghaile Tríona , Bernards René , Gallagher William M. , O'Connor Darran P. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Approximately 70% of breast cancers express estrogen receptor α (ERα) and depend on this key transcriptional regulator for proliferation and differentiation. While patients with this disease can be treated with targeted antiendocrine agents, drug resistance remains a significant issue, with almost half of patients ultimately relapsing. Elucidating the mechanisms that control ERα function may further our understanding of breast carcinogenesis and reveal new therapeutic opportunities. Here, we investigated the role of deubiquitinases (DUB) in regulating ERα in breast cancer. An RNAi loss-of-function screen in breast cancer cells targeting all DUBs identified USP11 as a regulator of ERα transcriptional activity, which was further validated by assessment of direct transcriptional targets of ERα. USP11 expression was induced by estradiol, an effect that was blocked by tamoxifen and not observed in ERα-negative cells. Mass spectrometry revealed a significant change to the proteome and ubiquitinome in USP11-knockdown (KD) cells in the presence of estradiol. RNA sequencing in LCC1 USP11-KD cells revealed significant suppression of cell-cycle–associated and ERα target genes, phenotypes that were not observed in LCC9 USP11-KD, antiendocrine-resistant cells. In a breast cancer patient cohort coupled with in silico analysis of publicly available cohorts, high expression of USP11 was significantly associated with poor survival in ERα-positive (ERα+) patients. Overall, this study highlights a novel role for USP11 in the regulation of ERα activity, where USP11 may represent a prognostic marker in ERα+ breast cancer.

Significance:
A newly identified role for USP11 in ERα transcriptional activity represents a novel mechanism of ERα regulation and a pathway to be exploited for the management of ER-positive breast cancer.
Interleukin-12 Message in a Bottle
Authors: Cirella Assunta , Berraondo Pedro , Di Trani Claudia Augusta , Melero Ignacio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
IL12 is a very potent cancer immunotherapy agent, but is difficult to harness safely if given systemically. Local gene transfer aims to confine the effects of IL12 to malignant tissues, thus avoiding toxicity. Lipid-nanoparticle mRNA achieves IL12 expression and efficacy in mouse models, opening the way to an ongoing trial.
See related article by Hewitt et al., p. 6284
TRK xDFG Mutations Trigger a Sensitivity Switch from Type I to II Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Cocco Emiliano , Lee Ji Eun , Kannan Srinivasaraghavan , Schram Alison M. , Won Helen H. , Shifman Sophie , Kulick Amanda , Baldino Laura , Toska Eneda , Arruabarrena-Aristorena Amaia , Kittane Srushti , Wu Fan , Cai Yanyan , Arena Sabrina , Mussolin Benedetta , Kannan Ram , Vasan Neil , Gorelick Alexander N. , Berger Michael F. , Novoplansky Ofra , Jagadeeshan Sankar , Liao Yi , Rix Uwe , Misale Sandra , Taylor Barry S. , Bardelli Alberto , Hechtman Jaclyn F. , Hyman David M. , Elkabets Moshe , de Stanchina Elisa , Verma Chandra S. , Ventura Andrea , Drilon Alexander , Scaltriti Maurizio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

On-target resistance to next-generation TRK inhibitors in TRK fusion–positive cancers is largely uncharacterized. In patients with these tumors, we found that TRK xDFG mutations confer resistance to type I next-generation TRK inhibitors designed to maintain potency against several kinase domain mutations. Computational modeling and biochemical assays showed that TRKAG667 and TRKCG696 xDFG substitutions reduce drug binding by generating steric hindrance. Concurrently, these mutations stabilize the inactive (DFG-out) conformations of the kinases, thus sensitizing these kinases to type II TRK inhibitors. Consistently, type II inhibitors impede the growth and TRK-mediated signaling of xDFG-mutant isogenic and patient-derived models. Collectively, these data demonstrate that adaptive conformational resistance can be abrogated by shifting kinase engagement modes. Given the prior identification of paralogous xDFG resistance mutations in other oncogene-addicted cancers, these findings provide insights into rational type II drug design by leveraging inhibitor class affinity switching to address recalcitrant resistant alterations.

Significance:
In TRK fusion–positive cancers, TRK xDFG substitutions represent a shared liability for type I TRK inhibitors. In contrast, they represent a potential biomarker of type II TRK inhibitor activity. As all currently available type II agents are multikinase inhibitors, rational drug design should focus on selective type II inhibitor creation.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1
Renin–Angiotensin System Blockers and Adverse Outcomes of Influenza and Pneumonia: A Danish Cohort Study
Authors: Christiansen Christian Fynbo , Heide‐Jørgensen Uffe , Rasmussen Thomas Bøjer , Bodilsen Jacob , Søgaard Ole Schmeltz , Maeng Michael , Vistisen Simon Tilma , Schmidt Morten , Pottegård Anton , Lund Lars Christian , Reilev Mette , Hallas Jesper , Johansen Nanna Borup , Brun Nikolai Constantin , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Thomsen Reimar Wernich 
Published: October 2020

Background
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE‐Is) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may worsen the prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019, but any association could be confounded by the cardiometabolic conditions indicating ACE‐I/ARB use. We therefore examined the impact of ACE‐Is/ARBs on respiratory tract infection outcomes.

Methods and Results
This cohort study included all adult patients hospitalized with influenza or pneumonia from 2005 to 2018 in Denmark using population‐based medical databases. Thirty‐day mortality and risk of admission to the intensive care unit in ACE‐Is/ARBs users was compared with nonusers and with users of calcium channel blockers. We used propensity scores to handle confounding and computed propensity score‐weighted risks, risk differences (RDs), and risk ratios (RRs). Of 568 019 patients hospitalized with influenza or pneumonia, 100 278 were ACE‐I/ARB users and 37 961 were users of calcium channel blockers. In propensity score‐weighted analyses, ACE‐I/ARB users had marginally lower 30‐day mortality than users of calcium channel blockers (13.9% versus 14.5%; RD, −0.6%; 95% CI, −1.0 to −0.1; RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93–0.99), and a lower risk of admission to the intensive care unit (8.0% versus 9.6%; RD, −1.6%; 95% CI, −2.0 to −1.2; RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.80–0.87). Compared with nonusers, current ACE‐I/ARB users had lower mortality (RD, −2.4%; 95% CI, −2.8 to −2.0; RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.83–0.87), but similar risk of admission to the intensive care unit (RD, 0.4%; 95% CI, 0.0–0.7; RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.00–1.09).

Conclusions
Among patients with influenza or pneumonia, ACE‐I/ARB users had no increased risk of admission to the intensive care unit and slightly reduced mortality after controlling for confounding.
Response of potato cultivars to the northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, under field conditions in New York State, USA
Authors: Gorny Adrienne M. , Hay Frank S. , Pethybridge Sarah J. 
Published: October 2020

Summary
In New York and the Northeastern USA, the northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla, is an important soil-borne pathogen of potato. The economic threshold for M. hapla in potato production has been 100 second-stage juveniles (J2) (100 g soil)−1, and is often used to dictate the need for prophylactic nematicides. However, the response of newer, popular potato cultivars under field conditions to M. hapla is unknown. The relationships between initial and final M. hapla populations and potato yield components in the popular cultivars ‘Genesee’, ‘Eva’ and ‘Lamoka’ were evaluated in three commercial production fields in New York, in 2016 and 2017. Following manual extraction from soil samples, M. hapla populations were quantified. Additionally, a glasshouse bioassay was performed to estimate M. hapla populations and correlate tuber yield. Populations of M. hapla over both years ranged from 0 to 519 J2 (100 g soil)−1 at the initial sampling, and from 0 to 10 294 J2 (100 g soil)−1 at the final sampling time. No significant correlation was observed between initial M. hapla populations and tuber yield, or between bioassay plant galling severity and tuber yield, among the cultivars included in the study in either year of the study. Yet correlations between bioassay plant galling severity and M. hapla populations were significant in both years, indicating the bioassay was adept at estimating M. hapla populations. These results will aid in directing future investigations into tolerance to M. hapla and nematode management.