bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of women's cognitive status on their understanding of Down syndrome screening
Authors: John Sophie , Kirk Maggie , Tonkin Emma , Stuart-Hamilton Ian 
Published: January 2020

Aim To establish whether women's cognitive status influenced their understanding of Down syndrome screening information, and to determine whether midwives offer the same oral explanation of Down syndrome screening to all women or if information was tailored to each woman based on their cognitive status. Methods Midwives (n=16) and women (n=100) were recruited from a regional NHS unit in the UK. A mixed-methods design encompassed two components; audio-recorded antenatal consultations and quantitative surveys to assess women's cognitive status and their understanding of Down syndrome screening information. Findings While women with abstract reasoning skills and high need for cognition (NfC) could understand information sufficiently, women with more concrete skills and low NfC require further explanation from the midwife to reach an informed decision. Conclusion Midwives did not tailor their communication based on women's cognitive status. This has implications for midwifery education programmes to train midwives to communicate Down syndrome screening information effectively.
Preventing back-to-school asthma attacks
Authors: Dhruve Hetal 
Published: January 2020

A seasonal peak in asthma attacks has been consistently demonstrated. Hetal Dhruve discusses some of the reasons for this peak and how practice nurses can help to prevent asthma attacks in children Asthma is one of the most common long term conditions in the UK, affecting approximately 1.1 million children. Asthma prevalence, related mortality and health-care utilisation in the UK are estimated to be among the highest in the world. A seasonal peak in asthma attacks has been consistently demonstrated following the summer school holiday and in line with the start of the autumn term. This article discusses some of the reasons for this peak and how asthma attacks can be prevented by practice nurses.
Sapphire advanced mitigation process: wet etch to expose sub-surface damage and increase laser damage resistance and mechanical strength
Authors: Suratwala T. , Steele R. , Destino J. , Wong L. , Norton M. , Laurence T. , Aracne-Ruddle C. , Miller P. , Shen N. , Feit M. , Ray N. , Carr W. , Rivers C. , Peters V. , Jeppson S. , Malone D. , Greene W. 
Published: January 2020

A novel, to the best of our knowledge, method of wet chemical etching of sapphire workpieces (such as optics, wafers, windows, and cones), called the sapphire advanced mitigation process (or sapphire AMP), has been developed that exposes sub-surface mechanical damage created during the optical fabrication process and significantly enhances the surface laser damage resistance (

>

2

×

) and mechanical strength (up to

∼

2.6

×

). Sapphire AMP involves first treating the workpiece with a mixture of sulfuric and phosphoric acid

(
[

H

2

S

O

4

]
:
[

H

3

P

O

4

]
=
1
:
3
)

at 220°C, followed with phosphoric acid at 160°C, then with sodium hydroxide base (NaOH) and surfactant at 40°C, and finally with a high-pressure deionized water spray rinse. Sapphire AMP has been demonstrated on both A- and C-plane sapphire workpieces. The mechanism of this etch process involves the reaction of the sapphire

(

A

l

2

O

3

)

surface with sulfuric acid

(

H

2

S

O

4

)

forming aluminum sulfate

[

A
l

2

(

S
O

4

)
3

]

, which has low solubility. The high phosphoric acid content in the first and second steps of sapphire AMP results in the efficient conversion of

A
l

2

(

S
O

4

)
3

to aluminum phosphate

(

A
l
P

O

4

)

, which is very soluble, greatly reducing reaction product redeposition on the workpiece surface. Sapphire AMP is shown to expose sub-surface mechanical damage on the sapphire surface created during the grinding and polishing processes, whose etched morphology has either isotropic or anisotropic evolution depending on the nature of the initial surface damage. Sapphire AMP was also designed to remove the key known surface, laser absorbing precursors (namely, foreign chemical impurities, the fracture surface layer of preexisting sub-surface damage, and reaction product or foreign species redeposition or precipitation). Static and sliding indention induced surface microfractures on sapphire are shown after sapphire AMP to have a significant decrease in the fast photoluminescence intensity (a known metric for measuring the degree of laser damaging absorbing precursors). In addition, the onset of laser damage (at 351 nm 3 ns) on sapphire AMP treated workpieces was shown to increase in fluence from

∼

4

to

>

9

.

5

J

/

c
m

2

. Finally, biaxial ball-on-ring mechanical tests on sapphire disks showed an increase in the failure stress from 340 MPa (with pre-existing 28 µm flaws) to

∼

900

M
P
a

after sapphire AMP, which is attributed to the blunting of the surface microfractures.
Automatic method for segmenting leaves by combining 2D and 3D image-processing techniques
Authors: Itakura Kenta , Hosoi Fumiki 
Published: January 2020

In this study, a method to automatically segment plant leaves from three-dimensional (3D) images using structure from motion is proposed. First, leaves in the 3D images are roughly segmented using a region-growing method in which near points with distances less than 0.2 cm are assigned to the same group. By repeating this process, the leaves not touching each other can be segmented. Then, each segmented leaf is projected onto two-dimensional (2D) images, and the watershed algorithm is executed. This process successfully segments overlapping leaves.
Fully waterproof two-axis galvanometer scanner for enhanced wide-field optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy
Authors: Lee Jaeyul , Han Sangyeob , Seong Daewoon , Lee Junsoo , Park Sungjo , Eranga Wijesinghe Ruchire , Jeon Mansik , Kim Jeehyun 
Published: January 2020

A large field-of-view and fast scanning of photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) relatively have been difficult to obtain due to the water-drowned structure of the system for the transmission of ultrasonic signals. Researchers have widely studied the achievement of a waterproof scanner for dynamic biological applications with a high-resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio. This Letter reports a novel, to the best of our knowledge, waterproof galvanometer scanner-based PAM system with a successfully attainable

9.0

m
m

×

14.5

m
m

scan region, amplitude scan rate of 40 kHz, and spatial resolution of 4.9 µm. The in vivo characterization of a mouse brain in intact-skull microvascular visualization demonstrated its capability in biomedical imaging and is anticipated to be an effective technique for various preclinical and clinical studies.
Generation of (3, 1) vector signals based on optical carrier suppression without pre-coding
Authors: Xiao Jiangnan , Feng Xingxing , Zhou Wen , Liu Bo , Dong Xu , Zhao Chuang , Zuo Jiangli , Zhang Jiao , Zhao Li 
Published: January 2020

We experimentally and numerically demonstrated the generation of a (3, 1) vector signal by a single Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) without pre-coding. The MZM is driven by the (3, 1) modulated signal after photoelectric conversion by the “square law” of a photodetector. Although the phase changes, the corresponding constellation distribution is consistent with that of the regular signal. Our proposed scheme effectively avoids the pre-coding process with a simple architecture. The bit-error-ratio (BER) results indicate that the (3, 1) signal has a better BER performance than the pre-coded quadrature phase shift keying vector signal, and both are below

3.8

×

10

−
3

after 25 km optical fiber transmission.
Wavelength-tunable focusing via a Fresnel zone microsphere
Authors: Zhou Yan , Ji Rong , Teng Jinghua , Hong Minghui 
Published: January 2020

In this Letter, a novel, to the best of our knowledge, structural configuration on a transparent microsphere is proposed to engineer the focusing light field. By patterning a hybrid diffractive Fresnel zone plate structure on a partially milled microsphere using a focused ion beam, wavelength-dependent switching between mono-focal and multi-focal functionalities can be achieved. Generation of on-axis tri-foci and mono-focus light fields under high numerical-aperture (

N
A

>

0.67

) conditions at two working wavelengths (405 nm and 808 nm) have been demonstrated both numerically and experimentally.
Tunable ultra-flat optical-comb-enabled, reconfigurable, and efficient coherent channelized receiver
Authors: Huang Huan , Wang Ruofan , Zhang Chongfu , Chen Yong , Yang Haifeng , Qiu Kun 
Published: January 2020

In this Letter, based on two advanced tunable ultra-flat optical frequency comb generators (T-FOCGs), a coherent channelized receiver with high channelized efficiency and reconfigurability is proposed. In the T-FOCG, the number of 1 dB comb lines increases with the gain, but the optical power of these 1 dB comb lines has almost the constant variance. In the proposed scheme, one optical carrier can support four sub-channels. Meanwhile, the number and bandwidth of sub-channels, as well as the bandwidth and center frequency of an original broadband signal, are all tunable. In this Letter, we verify the feasibility of the coherent channelized receiver by channelizing a 4 GHz signal with a 20 GHz center frequency into four 1 GHz sub-channels, and the reconfigurability is demonstrated by channelizing a 10 GHz signal with frequencies from 18 to 28 GHz into five 2 GHz sub-channels. Moreover, the error-vector magnitude curves of the directly received and the channelized quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal at different amounts of beat noise are compared.
«Mario Benedetti y el ensayo: la práctica discursiva de un intelectual comprometido»
Authors: Correa Lust Constanza Inés 
Published: January 2020

El ensayo, en Latinoamérica, se presenta como discurso textual específico que permite el debate crítico sobre la cultura y las distintas funciones socio-políticas de la literatura. Este género se presenta como un campo discursivo en el cual los intelectuales intervienen asiduamente y, ya en la segunda mitad del siglo xx, representa la forma discursiva predominante (aunque no excluyente) entre los «intelectuales comprometidos». La ensayística de un intelectual uruguayo de amplia repercusión y difusión como Mario Benedetti, nos ofrece la oportunidad para analizar cómo este género se presenta como una práctica discursiva privilegiada para el ejercicio de la función enunciativa de quienes defendieron el compromiso de la literatura como un modo de lucha contra el neocolonialismo. Nos proponemos entonces analizar, mediante el análisis del discurso, cómo la elección de un género específico como el ensayo, tiene una función pragmática que responde a una manera particular de concebir el ejercicio intelectual.
Emil Volek. Despistemes: La teoría literaria y cultural de Emil Volek. Una antología de textos. Andrés Pérez-Simón, ed. y trad. Madrid: Verbum, 2018
Authors: Moreno Vicent 
Published: January 2020

Reseña de la publicación Emil Volek. Despistemes: La teoría literaria y cultural de Emil Volek. Una antología de textos. Andrés Pérez-Simón, ed. y trad. Madrid: Verbum, 2018. 386 páginas, ISBN: 9788490747544.
Характер формирования и численность гарнизонов Колывано-Воскресенского ведомства во второй четверти XVIII в.
Authors: Бобров Денис Сергеевич 
Published: January 2020

Публикация посвящена анализу динамики численности и характера формирования воинских гарнизонов колывано-воскресенских предприятий во второй четверти XVIII в. в контексте регионального освоенческого и административно-политического процессов. Источниковую основу исследования составили подавляющей частью не введенные в научный оборот и во многом уникальные массивы трех фондов Российского государственного архива древних актов.
Автор приходит к выводу о том, что на протяжении второй четверти XVIII в. шло планомерное увеличение численности гарнизонов Колывано-Воскресенских заводов, состоявших как из регулярных, так и иррегулярных частей. Вопрос охраны производств регулировался в рамках управленческого треугольника «гражданские власти – частновладельческие, а затем ведомственные кабинетские структуры – военные власти», где воеводы Кузнецкого уезда односторонне и малорезультативно стремились сохранить свое административное влияние на складывавшееся горное ведомство, а динамика насыщения воинскими подразделениями увязывалась не столько с расширением значимости производственного комплекса, сколько становилась реакцией на военные акции кочевников в приграничной зоне.
PARADIGMA PERUBAHAN SOSIAL PERSPEKTIF CHANGE AGENT DALAM AL-QURAN (Analisis Tematik Kisah Nabi Yusuf as)
Authors: Dianto Icol 
Published: January 2020

Social change can be studied through the classical theory of sociology, which is known as the theory of historical circle. This theory explains that history is a recurring process.Social change is not moving along a straight line but rather it follows a circle. According to the theory, history becomes a decisive factor in the process of social change. Historical events cannot be separated from the actors of history (actor), namely the leaders that ultimately affect the course of changes that occur in society. This paper attempts to present the study of social change perspective of history of a great man, namely the Prophet Yusuf. The success of the Prophet Yusuf inrescuing the Egyptians from the long drought deserves to be studied, both his position as the messenger of Allah and his status as a human being who has its own charm. Using the thematic interpretation method to interpret Quranic verses and fenomenological analysis methods to analyze topics related to the social phenomena contained in the story of Prophet Yusuf, this research founds that the concept of social change in the story of Yusuf lies on three aspects, namely the integrity of solid sturdiness, the concept of clear social change, and the planned process of social change. Perubahan sosial dapat dikaji melalui teori klasik sosiologi yakni teori lingkar sejarah. Teori ini menjelaskan bahwa sejarah merupakan proses yang berulang, perubahan sosial tidak bergerak menurut garis lurus melainkan melingkar. Menurut teori tersebut, sejarah menjadi faktor penentu dalam proses perubahan sosial. Peristiwa sejarah tidak dapat dipisahkan dari pelaku sejarah (actor), yakni profil orang besar yang pada akhirnya mempengaruhi jalannya perubahan-perubahan yang terjadi pada masyarakat. Dalam paper ini penulis berupaya menyajikan kajian perubahan sosial perspektif sejarah orang besar, yakni Nabi Yusuf as. Keberhasilan Nabi Yusuf as menyelamatkan rakyat Mesir dari masa kemarau yang panjang patut untuk dikaji, baik posisinya sebagai utusan Allah dan statusnya sebagai manusia biasa yang memiliki daya tarik tersendiri. Dengan menggunakan metode analisis tafsir tematik untuk menafsir ayat-ayat al-Quran dan metode analisis fenomenologi untuk menganalisis topik yang terkait dengan fenomena sosial yang ada dalam kisah Nabi Yusuf. Penulis mendapatkan konsep perubahan sosial dari kisah Yusuf as atas tiga aspek, yaitu integritas ketokohan yang mantap, konsep perubahan sosial yang jelas dan proses perubahan sosial yang terencana.
PERSEPSI PEDAGANG KAKI LIMA ALUN-ALUN KOTA PASURUAN TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN RELOKASI
Authors: Ramdani Taufiq 
Published: January 2020

The aim of this research is to know how street vendors response to the Relocation Policy at a square city of Pasuruan. This research employs a mixed method. A quantitative approach is the main approach, while qualitative approach is the supporting one (mixing method). To the main approach (quantitative) is represented by survey method using Spearman Rank Correlation Analysis as a tool to analyse factors that affect street vendors’ interpretation to the relocation policy. The supporting approach (qualitative) is represented by “in-depthinterview” using Miles and Huberman interactive analysis as a tool in answering something that be related by emic meaning perspective from research that cannot be explained through quantitative approach alone.The results show that during the introduction stage, the relation of stimulus and street vendors’ response to relocation policy formed negatively. Negative interpretation shows that street vendors at the Pasuruan Town Square see relocation policy as a threat of their businesses. Factors that affect the interpretation tendency are limited knowledge on the policy consequence, hope, ability, service, facility, socialization, and ethnicityPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk menginvestigasi persepsi Pedagang Kaki Lima Alun-Alun Kota Pasuruan terhadap kebijakan relokasi serta factor-faktor yang mempengaruhi persepsi tersebut. Desain penelitian ini adalah Mixing Method. Untuk pendekatan utama (kuantitatif) menggunakan metode survei, menggunakan analisis korelasi Spearman Rank untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi interpretasi PKL terhadap kebijakan relokasi. Sedangkan pendekatan pendukung (kualitatif) diwakili in-depth-interview, menggunakan analisis interaktif Miles&Huberman sebagai perangkat untuk menjawab aspek emik penelitian. Persepsi PKL terhadap kebijakan relokasi adalah negatif. Artinya, mayoritas PKL yaitu 60 orang (89,55 %) memaknai kehadiran kebijakan relokasi sebagai ancaman bagi kelangsungan usaha mereka. Adapun PKL yang mempersepsi positif 4 orang (5,97 %) dengan pemaknaan bahwa kebijakan relokasi merupakan peluang bagi perkembangan usaha. Sedangkan PKL yang menginterpretasi kebijakan relokasi secara ambivalens sebanyak 3 orang (4,47). Artinya PKL memaknai kebijakan relokasi dalam keraguan di antara ancaman dan peluang bagi kelangsungan dan perkembangan usaha. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi interpretasi PKL terhadap Kebijakan Relokasi adalah : (1) Faktor Pengetahuan (pengetahuan tentang konsekuensi dari kebijakan, pengetahaun tentang aturan berdagang di lokasi baru, dan pengetahuan tentang strategi atau cara-cara menyiasati usaha agar dapat bertahan dan berkembang di tengah persaingan ketat di lokasi baru), (2) faktor harapan atau kemauan, (3) faktor kemampuan (kemampuan strategi-teknis, kemampuan ekonomi), (4) faktor pelayanan, (5) faktor fasilitas, (6) faktor sosialisasi, dan (7) faktor etnisitas.
TRADISI NGAJAHUL: Fikih Pemakaman dan Kohesi Sosial Pada Masyarakat Muslim Priangan
Authors: Suryana Yayan 
Published: January 2020

This paper presents an analysis of the death rituals carried out by Muslims in the Priangan region known as ngajahul. Ngajahul is done on the sixth or seventh day after the death. Ritual analysis of the death illustrates that the ritual is not only a spiritual-fiqhiyyah aspect, but also has a role in describing social relations. The graveyard or a cemetery, is not only shows the grave, but also describes the relationship between the deceased, the family and the social environment. This research usesa sociological perspective to produce the concept of relationship between rituals of death and society, especially related to the issue of maintaining social cohesion. This concept illustrates that rituals of thedeath are not as depicted in recitation forums that see the death rituals as a tradition loaded with spiritual nuanced. Ngajahul is a tradition that also produces social interaction and involvement in social life simultaneously Tulisan ini menyajikan sebuah analisis tentang ritual kematian yang dilakukan oleh umat Islam di wilayah Priangan yang dikenal dengan istilah ngajahul. Ngajahul dilakukan pada hari ke enam atau ketujuh setelah kematian. Analisis mengenai ritual kematian menggambarkan bahwa ritual kematian bukan hanya merupakan aspek yang bersifat sipiritual-fiqhiyyah, namun juga memiliki peran dalam menggambarkan relasi sosial. Bangunan kuburan yang terhampar di tempat pemakaman, bukan hanya menunjukkan kuburan an sich, tetapi juga menggambarkan relasi antara orang yang meninggal, keluarga dan lingkungan sosialnya. Penelitian dengan cara pandang normatif-sosiologis ini menghasilkan konsep bahwa ritual kematian dan masyarakat, khususnya masyarakat muslim dalam berbagai aspeknya disebut sebagai mengandung kohesi sosial. Konsep ini memberikan gambaran bahwa ritual kematian tidaklah sebagaimana digambarkan dalam forum-forum pengajian yang melihat ritual kematian sebagai tradisi yang sarat dengan ritual yang bernuansa spiritual. Ngajahul merupakan tradisi yang menghasilkan interaksi sosial dan keterlibatan-keterlibatan dalam kehidupan sosial yang diproduksi secara bersamaan.
LANGUAGE AND DISCOURSE IN NIGERIAN EDUCATION: HISTORIC IMPLICATION OF GENDER ISSUES
Authors: OFFIONG EKWUTOSI ESSIEN 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper examines the influence and power of language in education in Nigeria from the precolonial to colonial and post-colonial times. This is with regards to the effect of language on gender issues within the country. Nigeria, a country on the west coast of Africa is multi-ethnic with over 150 (one hundred and fifty) ethnic groups with their different indigenous languages and cultures. As a colony of the British, the Christian missionaries who first introduced western form of education in Nigeria used the British English language as a medium of communication and subsequently with the establishment of colonial administration in the country, English language was made the official language of the country. This paper contains a critical analysis of the use of English Language in the country and its implications on communication in social and economic interactions of individuals within the various communities across the country. It argues that the proliferation of the English language was through education of which the male gender benefitted more than their female counterparts due to the patriarchal dominance in the country. The data for the study was collated from random interviews and other written sources. The research discovered that the knowledge and ability to speak fluently and write the English language had a direct influence on the socio-political and economic status of individuals within the country. The women who benefitted from this were comparatively fewer than the men due to some prevailing conditions of what could be called in the present the subjugation of women the society. Critical discourse analysis is adopted for this study. It argues that English language dependency by Nigerians shows that forms of the colonial experience is still evident and these were all initiated during the past interactions with west through the transatlantic slave trade and colonial rule. This is because discourse as a social construct is created and perpetuated by the persons who have the language power and means of communication. The Nigerian family being of a conservative orientation derives its power directly from the father who is the patriarch of the family as obtained in the traditional set up of communities and the Nigerian society in general. This has grave effect on the opposite gender
Marathon, Hurdling, or Sprint? The Effects of Exam Scheduling on Academic Performance
Authors: Goulas Sofoklis , Megalokonomou Rigissa 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Would you prefer a tighter or a more prolonged exam schedule? Would you prefer to take an important exam first or last? We exploit quasi-random variation in exam schedules across cohorts, grades and subjects from a lottery to identify distinct effects of the number of days between exams, the number of days since the first exam, and the exam order on performance. Scheduling effects are more pronounced for STEM exams. We find a positive and a negative relationship between STEM scores and exam order (warm-up) and number of days since the first exam (fatigue), respectively. In STEM, warm-up is estimated to outweigh fatigue. Marginal exam productivity in STEM increases faster for boys than for girls. Higher-performing students exhibit higher warm-up and lower fatigue effects in STEM than lower-performing students. Optimizing the exam schedule can improve overall performance by as much as 0.02 standard deviations.