bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combining dependent p-values by gamma distributions
Authors: Chien Li-Chu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Combining correlated p-values from multiple hypothesis testing is a most frequently used method for integrating information in genetic and genomic data analysis. However, most existing methods for combining independent p-values from individual component problems into a single unified p-value are unsuitable for the correlational structure among p-values from multiple hypothesis testing. Although some existing p-value combination methods had been modified to overcome the potential limitations, there is no uniformly most powerful method for combining correlated p-values in genetic data analysis. Therefore, providing a p-value combination method that can robustly control type I errors and keep the good power rates is necessary. In this paper, we propose an empirical method based on the gamma distribution (EMGD) for combining dependent p-values from multiple hypothesis testing. The proposed test, EMGD, allows for flexible accommodating the highly correlated p-values from the multiple hypothesis testing into a unified p-value for examining the combined hypothesis that we are interested in. The EMGD retains the robustness character of the empirical Brown’s method (EBM) for pooling the dependent p-values from multiple hypothesis testing. Moreover, the EMGD keeps the character of the method based on the gamma distribution that simultaneously retains the advantages of the z-transform test and the gamma-transform test for combining dependent p-values from multiple statistical tests. The two characters lead to the EMGD that can keep the robust power for combining dependent p-values from multiple hypothesis testing. The performance of the proposed method EMGD is illustrated with simulations and real data applications by comparing with the existing methods, such as Kost and McDermott’s method, the EBM and the harmonic mean p-value method.
Challenges in evaluating the use of viral sequence data to identify HIV transmission networks for public health
Authors: Kantor Rami , Fulton John P. , Steingrimsson Jon , Novitsky Vladimir , Howison Mark , Gillani Fizza , Li Yuanning , Manne Akarsh , Parillo Zoanne , Spence Matthew , Marak Theodore , Chan Philip , Dunn Casey W. , Bertrand Thomas , Bandy Utpala , Alexander-Scott Nicole , Hogan Joseph W. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Great efforts are devoted to end the HIV epidemic as it continues to have profound public health consequences in the United States and throughout the world, and new interventions and strategies are continuously needed. The use of HIV sequence data to infer transmission networks holds much promise to direct public heath interventions where they are most needed. As these new methods are being implemented, evaluating their benefits is essential. In this paper, we recognize challenges associated with such evaluation, and make the case that overcoming these challenges is key to the use of HIV sequence data in routine public health actions to disrupt HIV transmission networks.
Schillers Theorien des ›tragischen Vergnügens‹ in »Über den Grund des Vergnügens an tragischen Gegenständen« und »Über die tragische Kunst«
Authors: Köppe Tilmann 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In his »Über den Grund des Vergnügens an tragischen Gegenständen« and in »Über die tragische Kunst«, Schiller offers two different explanations of ›tragic pleasure‹, thereby addressing two different explanatory targets. In the first of these writings, Schiller identifies positive aspects in the tragic content that serve as objects of corresponding positive emotions; in the second, he argues that certain aspects of watching tragedy are intrinsically pleasurable. Hence, Schiller’s two writings on tragic pleasure involve two different conceptions of ›pleasure‹: on the one hand, he holds that pleasure is an emotion directed towards a suitably qualified object; on the other hand, he describes ›pleasure‹ as the felt quality (›hedonic tone‹) of a broader range of mental attitudes or states. This article offers a systematic reconstruction of Schiller’s theses that includes showing that the reconstructed theses have been historically available; and it also hints at how Schiller’s theses might be evaluated.
Electrochemical Discharge Grinding of Metal Matrix Composites Using Shaped Abrasive Tools Formed by Sintered Bronze/diamond
Authors: Liu Jiangwen , Huang Qinming , Wu Ming , Zou Zhixiang , Lin Zhibiao , Guo Zhongning , He Junfeng , Chen Xiaolei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is a well-known process for machining of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites (MMCs). However, ECDM process suffers several drawbacks such as the lower material removal rate (MRR), high risks of tool wear rate (TWR) and relatively poor surface quality, etc. This study proposes a kind of electrochemical discharge grinding machining (ECDGM) method which employs a special shaped tool electrode. During the process, not only the can the hybrid action of electrochemical dissolution, spark erosion, and abrasive grinding improve the performance of machining MMCs, but also the special shaped of the tool electrode can be used to discharge the machined debris. And thus a higher machining efficiency and lower TWR can be obtained. The performance of developed process was conducted on machining of SiC particulate reinforced aluminum workpiece. The role of peak curre+nt, pulse duration, duty cycle, rotary speed and abrasive grit size has been investigated on MMR and TWR using the nonabrasive round electrode, abrasive round electrode, and abrasive shaped electrode respectively. The experimental results showed that using the shaped abrasive electrode for machining MMCs can achieve a higher MRR and lower TWR, as compared to the non-abrasive round electrode, abrasive round electrode. Besides, the orthogonal method was employed to analyze the relative importance of the machining parameters on MRR and TWR, it has been observed that MRR is affected by the processing parameters following the order of rotary speed > peak current > duty cycle > pulse duration, and TWR is following the order of peak current > duty cycle > pulse duration > rotary speed.
The origin of editorial images: Recycling, culture, and cognition
Authors: Abdel-Raheem Ahmed 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article investigates the origin of editorial images, with a focus on the mental processes that enable cartoonists and illustrators across cultures to come up with novel ideas. It provides the most compelling evidence to date that recycling, where artists regularly recycle pictorial and compositional ideas they have developed earlier, is the origin of ideas. Recycling theory is thus compatible with a variety of ongoing research programs. Among these are Turner’s work on blending (2014), Musolff’s research on scenarios (2016), Langacker’s ideas on constructional schemas (1991), Johnson’s work on image schemas (1987), and van Dijk’s proposals concerning discourse complexes and intertextuality (2014). More specifically, the present study gives cognitively plausible answers to the perennial questions: To what extent does recycling shape and constrain the human way of thinking? Is it bound to certain cultural traditions? Does it characterize the style of certain artists or artistic movements? How does it contribute to discourse? Are the products of recycling always imaginative and creative? Is it a mode of efficiency? The theoretical insights are applied to 440 editorial images of Egyptian and British origin. This investigation will aid both semiotics scholarship and cognition studies based on multimodal stimuli.
Organisationaler Wandel von Sportverbänden durch Änderungen in Vorstand und Vertretung (§ 26 BGB) – Eine Analyse am Beispiel des Deutschen Handballbundes
Authors: Fahrner Marcel , Lesch Lara 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung
Um Fachkompetenz zu stärken und Verantwortung an Entscheidungskompetenz zu koppeln, haben einige Sportverbände mittlerweile bezahlte Führungskräfte als Vorstand nach § 26 BGB installiert, während ein ehrenamtliches Präsidium im Sinne eines Aufsichtsrats fungiert. Der vorliegende Beitrag zielt darauf ab, das Verständnis für den mit einer solchen Änderung hinsichtlich Vorstand und Vertretung verbundenen organisationalen Wandel zu schärfen und daraus folgende Effekte auf die Verbandsarbeit zu beleuchten. Am Beispiel der DHB-Strukturreform „Perspektive 2020+“ eröffnet die Analyse – basierend auf Dokumentenanalysen und problemzentrierten Interviews – differenzierte Einblicke in organisationalen Wandel von Sportverbänden und Schlussfolgerungen für die praktische Verbandsarbeit.
Hesperidin and eugenol attenuate cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity via regulation of oxidative stress, Bax/Bcl2 and cleaved caspase 3 expression
Authors: Hussein Rasha , Khalaf Marwa , Mohamed Wafaa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that induces nephrotoxicity through stimulating the oxidative stress in kidney cells. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of hesperidin and eugenol on Cd-induced nephrotoxicity and their impact on modulating oxidative stress, Bax/Bcl2 ratio and cleaved caspase 3 level.

Methods
Male Wistar rats were divided into: Normal group; Cd-treated group; hesperidin & Cd-treated group and eugenol & Cd-treated group. Rats received CdCl2 (5 mg/kg body weight/daily) via oral gavage for four weeks to induce kidney toxicity.

Results
The results showed that, both hesperidin & Cd and eugenol & Cd- treated groups exhibited lower serum creatinine and urea levels as well as better kidney tissue integrity compared to the Cd-treated group. Moreover, they could preserve the cellular antioxidants to normal levels as was seen in a significantly lower malondialdehyde content, but significantly higher catalase and superoxide dismutase activities compared to the Cd-treated group. Furthermore, both groups significantly decreased the Cd-induced elevation in Bax/Bcl2 ratio and cleaved caspase 3 level.

Conclusion
Administration of hesperidin or eugenol effectively protected from the structural and functional kidney damage induced by Cd exposure via antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects.
Epitranscriptome of the ventral tegmental area in a deep brain-stimulated chronic unpredictable mild stress mouse model
Authors: Song Nan , Du Jun , Gao Yan , Yang Shenglian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) applied to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) alleviates the depressive symptoms of major depressive disorders. We investigated the mechanism of this effect by assessing gene expression and RNA methylation changes in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) following NAc-DBS in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model of depression. Gene expression and N
6-methyladenosine (m6A) levels in the VTA were measured in mice subjected to CUMS and then DBS, and transcriptome-wide m6A changes were profiled using immunoprecipitated methylated RNAs with microarrays, prior to gene ontology analysis. The expression levels of genes linked to neurotransmitter receptors, transporters, transcription factors, neuronal activities, synaptic functions, and mitogen-activated protein kinase and dopamine signaling were upregulated in the VTA upon NAc-DBS. Furthermore, m6A modifications included both hypermethylation and hypomethylation, and changes were positively correlated with the upregulation of some genes. Moreover, the effects of CUMS on gene expression and m6A-mRNA modification were reversed by DBS for some genes. Interestingly, while the expression of certain genes was not changed by DBS, long-term stimulation did alter their m6A modifications. NAc-DBS-induced modifications are correlated largely with upregulation but sometimes downregulation of genes in CUMS mice. Our findings improve the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying DBS effects on depression.
Multistability and chaotic scenario in a quantum pair-ion plasma
Authors: Pradhan Barsha , Mukherjee Sayan , Saha Asit , Natiq Hayder , Banerjee Santo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Multistability and chaotic scenario of arbitrary amplitude ion-acoustic waves in a quantum plasma consisting of negative ions, positive ions and electrons are investigated. The normalized basic equations are transformed to a four dimensional conservative dynamical system by introducing a travelling wave variable. Stability of the fixed points for the corresponding linearized system is briefly examined. Chaotic and quasi-periodic features of the arbitrary amplitude ion-acoustic waves are discussed using effective tools, viz. phase orientations, time series graph and graphs of Lyapunov exponents. Multistability phenomena is established with the help of phase spaces, largest Lyapunov exponents and cross-section of basins of attraction. The chaotic phenomena is further verified by 0−1 test. Results of this study can be applied in understanding dynamical phenomena of arbitrary amplitude ion-acoustic waves in quantum pair-ion plasmas.
Selective cyclization modes of methyl 3′-heteroarylamino-2′-(2,5-dichlorothiophene-3-carbonyl)acrylates. Synthesis of model (thienyl)pyrazolo- and triazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidines
Authors: Sweidan Nuha I. , El-Abadelah Mustafa M. , Nazer Musa Z. , Voelter Wolfgang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Interaction of methyl 3-ethoxy-2-(2,5-dichloro-3-thenoyl)acrylate (I) with 3-aminopyrazole and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole generated the respective pyrazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidine (4) and triazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidine (7). The formation of 4 entails selective and consecutive displacement of the 3-ethoxy and methoxy (ester) anions in I by 3-NH2 and 1-NH of 3-aminopyrazole. On the other hand, the formation of 7 implies selective displacement of 3-ethoxy in I by the ring-NH followed by cyclocondensation involving the keto group in I and 3-NH2 of aminotriazole. This latter selective displacement sequence is also followed by 3-amino-5-hydroxypyrazole in its reaction with I. The structures of the new compounds are supported by microanalytical and spectral data.
Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesic Priming in Single Nociceptors
Authors: Khomula Eugen V. , Araldi Dionéia , Bonet Ivan J. M. , Levine Jon D. 
Published: November 2020

Clinical µ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists produce hyperalgesic priming, a form of maladaptive nociceptor neuroplasticity, resulting in pain chronification. We have established anin vitromodel of opioid-induced hyperalgesic priming (OIHP), in male rats, to identify nociceptor populations involved and its maintenance mechanisms. OIHP was inducedin vivoby systemic administration of fentanyl and confirmed by prolongation of prostaglandin E2(PGE2) hyperalgesia. Intrathecal cordycepin, which reverses Type I priming, or the combination of Src and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, which reverses Type II priming, both partially attenuated OIHP. Parallelin vitroexperiments were performed on small-diameter (<30 µm) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, cultured from fentanyl-primed rats, and rats with OIHP treated with agents that reverse Type I or Type II priming. Enhancement of the sensitizing effect of a low concentration of PGE2(10 nm), another characteristic feature of priming, measured as reduction in action potential (AP) rheobase, was found in weakly isolectin B4 (IB4)-positive and IB4-negative (IB4–) neurons. In strongly IB4-positive (IB4+) neurons, only the response to a higher concentration of PGE2(100 nm) was enhanced. The sensitizing effect of 10 nmPGE2was attenuated in weakly IB4+ and IB4– neurons cultured from rats whose OIHP was reversedin vivo. Thus,in vivoadministration of fentanyl induces neuroplasticity in weakly IB4+ and IB4– nociceptors that persistsin vitroand has properties of Type I and Type II priming. The mechanism underlying the enhanced sensitizing effect of 100 nmPGE2in strongly IB4+ nociceptors, not attenuated by inhibitors of Type I and Type II priming, remains to be elucidated.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCommonly used clinical opioid analgesics, such as fentanyl and morphine, can produce hyperalgesia and chronification of pain. To uncover the nociceptor population mediating opioid-induced hyperalgesic priming (OIHP), a model of pain chronification, and elucidate its underlying mechanism, at the cellular level, we established anin vitromodel of OIHP. In dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons cultured from rats primed with fentanyl, robust nociceptor population-specific changes in sensitization by prostaglandin E2(PGE2) were observed, when compared with nociceptors from opioid naive rats. In DRG neurons cultured from rats with OIHP, enhanced PGE2-induced sensitization was observedin vitro, with differences identified in non-peptidergic [strongly isolectin B4 (IB4)-positive] and peptidergic [weakly IB4-positive (IB4+) and IB4-negative (IB4–)] nociceptors.
Frontline Farmers: How the National Farmers Union Resists Agribusiness and Creates Our New Food Future
Authors: Ellis Rebecca 
Published: November 2020

This review examines Frontline Farmers: How the National Farmers Union Resists Agribusiness and Creates Our New Food Future, a new book about the activism of the National Farmers Union (NFU) over the past five decades. In this review I highlight the impact of the NFU in campaigns against the corporatization of the food system, their commitment to international and Indigenous solidarity, and the struggles faced by women within the organization. I also question the lack of discussion about solidarity with migrant farmworkers. Overall, this is an important book that is useful for food system activists, students and scholars.
Extraction, separation, and evaluation of antioxidant effect of the different fractions of polyphenols from cocoa beans
Authors: Pico-Hernández Sergio M. , Murillo-Méndez Cristian J. , López-Giraldo Luis J. 
Published: November 2020

Polyphenol Extracts (PE) hold antioxidant properties, which might be related to positive effects on human health. It has been stated that PE, obtained from cocoa beans, contain fractions of flavan-3-ols with different degrees of polymerization (DP). However, it is unknown which of the fractions or their mixture drives the best antioxidant activity. This paper reports the study conducted to elucidate the role of each fraction (with different DP) on Antioxidant Capacity (AC). First, the process of extraction and separation of polyphenols’ fractions in cocoa beans was executed; afterward, AC was determined for each fraction individually and their combinations (monomers, dimers and oligomers). Solid-liquid extraction was made by using a 50% (v/v) ethanol solution and a mass:solvent ratio of 1:120 in an ultrasound bath. PE were separated into monomers, dimers, and oligomers by HPLC using a semipreparative column. The results obtained show that PE contain 95.35, 7.45, and 21.75 mg EE (epicatechin equivalents) / g ds of monomers, dimers, and oligomers, respectively. Finally, the AC of each fraction was evaluated using a complete cubic model mix design. According to the results, the best AC was obtained for dimers. However, when monomers, dimers and oligomers were mixed, an antagonistic effect on AC was observed.
Exohidrolasas fructosílicas y su importancia en el metabolismo de fructanos en Agave tequilana Weber var. azul
Authors: González Díaz Rosa Leonor , Rodríguez Gómez Flor del Carmen , Cortés Romero Celso 
Published: November 2020

Los fructanos son carbohidratos de estructura química diversa distribuidos en diferentes taxa. En las plantas, además de constituir una importante fuente de carbono, han sido asociados con la tolerancia a diferentes tipos de estrés. La biosíntesis de estos compuestos se lleva a cabo por la acción de las enzimas fructosiltransferasas, mientras que su degradación es mediada por las exohidrolasas fructosílicas, ambos tipos forman parte de la familia 32 de las enzimas hidrolasas glicosídicas. Las exohidrolasas fructosílicas son exo-enzimas que liberan secuencialmente residuos de fructosa terminales de los fructanos para hacerlos disponibles como fuente de carbono en diferentes procesos celulares o bien moléculas de señalización. En esta revisión se hace una descripción de los fructanos y las exohidrolasas fructosílicas en algunas plantas importantes para el consumo humano y para el aprovechamiento industrial, con un enfoque particular en el género Agave, específicamente en A. tequilana. Concluimos, que el estudio de las exohidrolasas fructosílicas en agaves podría ser útil en varias aplicaciones biotecnológicas como en la hidrólisis de estructuras de fructanos no digeridos durante la etapa de cocción del agave en el proceso de producción de tequila. Sin embargo, el primer paso es conocer la funcionalidad de estas enzimas, lo que podría facilitar su incorporación en diferentes procesos biotecnológicos.
New Scenario-Based Cumulative Absolute Velocity Models for Shallow Crustal Tectonic Settings
Authors: Macedo Jorge , Abrahamson Norman , Liu Chenying 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Next Generation Attenuation-West2 database is used to derive a new conditional ground-motion model (CGMM) and a set of scenario-based models for estimating cumulative absolute velocity (CAV) for earthquakes in shallow crustal tectonic settings. Random-effects regressions were performed to develop the conditional model, with random effects across different earthquakes. The estimate of CAV is conditioned on the estimated peak ground acceleration (PGA), the time averaged shear-wave velocity in the top 30 m (VS30), the earthquake magnitude (Mw), and the rupture distance (Rrup). By combining the conditional CAV model with ground-motion models (GMM) in shallow crustal earthquake zones for PGA, new scenario-based models are developed for estimating the median CAV and its standard deviation, directly from an earthquake scenario and site conditions. A scenario-based CAV model captures inherently the complex ground-motion scaling effects included in the GMMs for spectral accelerations on which it is based on, such as, sediment-depth effects, soil nonlinearity effects, and regionalization effects. This approach also ensures consistency between the estimated CAV values and a design spectral acceleration response spectrum. The conditional and scenario-based models to estimate CAV are presented, and trends of the developed scenario-based models and previous traditional models for CAV are compared. Interestingly, we found a remarkable consistency between scenario-based and traditional nonconditional CAV models, when the underlain spectral GMM used in the implementation of the scenario-based model is properly constrained. Finally, we provide examples for the use of the conditional and scenario-based models in performance-based earthquake engineering.