bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion of labor standards through supplier–subcontractor networks: An agent‐based model
Authors: Gold Stefan , Chesney Thomas , Gruchmann Tim , Trautrims Alexander 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSubcontracting represents a popular business model in supply chains across industries. In the case of hidden subcontracting, subcontractors are beyond the visible horizon of the (focal) buying firm. Hence, buyers must rely on a cascading effect for diffusing practices such as compliance with labor standards through their supply networks. Motivated by the case of the Bangladeshi garment industry, we constructed an agent‐based model with buyers, first‐tier suppliers, and subcontractors as agents in a supply network in order to study the impact of network characteristics on the diffusion of labor standards. Our model followed a power‐based diffusion rule that emphasized the coercive power that buyers use to pressure their suppliers into adopting labor standards. This rule is a key underlying assumption of compliance‐based supplier management. Hypotheses regarding power asymmetries through centrality and density of specific network components, as well as structural elements of the network, such as complexity and distance, were tested for different industry scenarios. Our analysis demonstrated that network asymmetries have ample negative effects on the adoption of labor standards, whereas complexity plays a minor role. Moreover, the impact of the tested structural determinants for sustainability diffusion was found to be contingent on specific industry types in the garment industry. This paper discusses its findings in light of previous research on subcontracting and multitier supply chain management. Among others, we highlight how subcontracting increases horizontal complexity at each supply chain tier, and how intermediaries such as sustainability nexus suppliers may crucially affect the adoption of labor standards within industries.
Narratives of Gestational Diabetes Provide a Lens to Tailor Postpartum Prevention and Monitoring Counseling
Authors: Gunn Christine , Bernstein Judith , Bokhour Barbara , McCloskey Lois 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionWomen with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a marked increased risk of early onset type 2 diabetes, but less than half initiate postpartum glucose testing or connect with a primary care provider for continued follow‐up after giving birth. This study analyzed women's narratives about their GDM‐affected pregnancies to (1) identify different patterns (narrative archetypes) that capture the GDM experience; (2) explore how these patterns relate to awareness of ongoing risk after pregnancy and affect participation in self‐care, monitoring, and preventive health care going forward; and (3) explore the use of identified patterns to tailor conversations with patients during prenatal and postpartum care to their actual perceptions and concerns about future risk.MethodsOpen‐ended interviews elicited women's experiences and perspectives about GDM and its management. A narrative analysis first identified segments of text related to risk and behaviors and then applied Frank's narrative archetypes (restitution, chaos, quest) as an interpretive lens.ResultsInterviews were completed in English (n = 15), Spanish (n = 7), and Haitian Creole (n = 7). We found distinct patterns: stories of restitution (n = 13), quest (n = 4), chaos (n = 4), and mixed narratives (n = 7). Using these archetypes, we found differences in how women respond to challenges related to disease complexity, treatment, and future risks. These patterns led to marked differences in the steps women took to prevent early onset type 2 diabetes.DiscussionFrank's narrative types provided insight into women's responses to clinical protocols, health care advice, and subsequent prevention actions. A restitution pattern may result in premature closure and lack of awareness of risk. Similarly, a chaos pattern may contribute to a sense of helplessness to implement follow‐up recommendations, despite risk awareness. Understanding these patterns can help clinicians tailor individualized support as women transition from GDM with its focus on a healthy fetus and newborn to preventive self‐care to protect their health.
Physical activity, sitting time and sleep duration before and during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes: A prospective panel study
Authors: Weng Shiue‐Shan , Lee Yu‐Hsiang , Chien Li‐Yin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAims and objectivesTo examine how changes in physical activity, sitting time and sleep duration through pre‐, mid‐ and late pregnancy are in association with Caesarean section, medically indicated Caesarean section and small for gestational age.BackgroundWhile circadian activities could change throughout pregnancy, studies exploring the effect of change in those activities on pregnancy outcomes remain limited.DesignThis study applied a prospective panel design.MethodsA self‐reported questionnaire was used to assess the three activities before and during pregnancy and was administered three times from August 2015–July 2017. Multiple logistic regression models were used. The analysis included 488, 477 and 455 participants in the models for Caesarean section, medically indicated Caesarean section and small for gestational age, respectively. This study followed the STROBE guidelines.ResultsThe mean age of participants was 32.18 years, and more than half (54.90%) were primiparous. Sleep duration of >8 hr/day before pregnancy and experiencing a decrease in mid‐pregnancy was a risk factor for Caesarean section and medically indicated Caesarean section. Sitting ≥8 hr/weekday in pre‐, mid‐ and late pregnancy had a protective effect for Caesarean section and medically indicated Caesarean section. Sitting <8 hr in mid‐pregnancy and experiencing a decrease in late pregnancy was a risk factor for small‐for‐gestational‐age infants. Physical activity was not significantly related to pregnancy outcomes.ConclusionSleep duration of 7–8 hr and sitting time of more than 8 hr/day seem beneficial for women both before and during pregnancy.Relevance to clinical practiceHealth professionals could assess pregnant women or those intending to become pregnant regarding their sleep and sitting behaviour and provide relevant interventions.
7T MPFLAIR versus MP2RAGE for Quantifying Lesion Volume in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Spini Margaret , Choi Seongjin , Harrison Daniel M. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEUse of fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) scans to quantify multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion volume on 7 Tesla (7T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has many downsides, including poor image homogeneity. There are little data about the relative benefit of alternative modalities. The purpose of this paper is to investigate if magnetization‐prepared 2 rapid acquisition gradient echo (MP2RAGE) is a viable alternative to FLAIR for robust lesion volume measurement and disability correlations.METHODSForty‐seven participants with MS underwent annual brain 7T MRIs. Magnetization‐prepared FLAIR (MPFLAIR) and MP2RAGE (both at .7 mm3 isotropic resolution) sequences from a total of 80 MRI scans from 47 subjects were reviewed. White matter lesion (WML) masks were manually constructed from MPFLAIR and T1 maps (from MP2RAGE). Lesion volumes (normalized to intracranial volume) were compared to clinical characteristics and disability scales scores by Pearson or Spearman correlation, as appropriate. Relative correlation strength was compared by Fisher r‐ to z‐transformation.RESULTSNormalized lesion volume was greater in MPFLAIR masks (median .005 [range, .001‐.030]) than from T1 maps (median .003 [range, .000‐.015]). However, lesion volumes between MPFLAIR and T1 maps were highly correlated (rho = .87, P < .001). WML masks from both modalities correlated with most disability measures with no significant difference in the strength of correlation.CONCLUSIONS7T MPFLAIR and MP2RAGE T1 map‐based WML volumes are highly intercorrelated and both correlate with disability. Thus, MP2RAGE may be a viable alternative to FLAIR‐based methods for WML measurement on 7T MRI in MS research.
Determination of textural deterioration in fish meat processed with electrospun nanofibers
Authors: Ceylan Zafer , Meral Raciye , Alav Aslıhan , Karakas Canan Yagmur , Yilmaz Mustafa Tahsin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNano‐applications are named as one of the novel methods, which provide many advantages like a larger contact area on the surface of fish fillets with less material. The goal of the study was to reveal the textural profile changes correlated with TPB growth of fish fillets coated with nanofibers having 2.47 ± 0.68 mV zeta potential value and 172 nm diameter. The difference of TPB count between control (CS) and the fish fillets treated with nanofibers (NG) reached 3.45 log CFU/g (p < .05) on the sixth day. The hardness value of CS was decreased (p < .05) (the decline: 68%) while the hardness of NG was found to be much more stable (the change: 42%). The highest change in springiness for CS and NG samples was determined as ~24 and ~15%, respectively, for 12 days. Cohesiveness values of CS were slightly increased, but those of the fish fillets coated with nanofibers were remarkably decreased. The coefficient of correlation analysis between TPB count and cohesiveness values was determined as “r = −.026 and r = .796” for CS and NG, respectively. Chewiness values of CS were significantly decreased (p < .05). However, chewiness values of the fish fillets coated with nanofibers were found as much more stable (p > .05). The results revealed that nanofiber coating limited the increase of TPB in fish fillets; it also better kept the textural profile of fish fillets as compared to CS stored at 4°C. The study could play a guiding role in further food nanotechnology applications in the industry and food science.
The Long‐Term Proficiency of Early, Middle, and Late Starters Learning English as a Foreign Language at School: A Narrative Review and Empirical Study
Authors: Baumert Jürgen , Fleckenstein Johanna , Leucht Michael , Köller Olaf , Möller Jens 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThroughout Europe, there is a growing trend for students to start learning foreign languages at elementary school. Although policymakers expect early‐start programs to boost second language skills, empirical findings are mixed; recent studies have raised many questions. In this large‐scale study, we aimed to close some of these gaps. We examined the effects of early‐start English on receptive language proficiency in a random sample of 19,858 students from 1,431 Year 9 classes in Germany, comparing the reading and listening comprehension of early starters (English from Year 1), a middle group (Year 3), and late starters (Year 5), and analyzing to what extent foreign language instruction at secondary level builds on students’ existing knowledge. By Year 9, the proficiency levels of the three groups differed only slightly. We provide evidence that this lack of long‐term impact may be attributable to English teaching at secondary level being insufficiently adaptive to students’ prior knowledge.
P2P lending in China: Role and prospects for the future
Authors: Hsu Sara , Li Jianjun , Bao Hong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the early days of development, the Chinese P2P lending industry grew rapidly due to financial constraints faced by small businesses and consumers and expanded under a lax regulatory environment. The industry filled a gap in demand for finance but was accompanied by increasing risks and poor business models. Regulation was put into place piecemeal, but large regulatory action was taken in 2018 to register P2P businesses and then, in 2019 to wind down the industry. The experience of China's P2P lending industry underscores the importance of assessing credit risk reducing operational risk under experienced financial management. Although China's P2P industry is dying away, lessons from the industry have helped to improve the structure of new fintech firms.
High‐pressure metamorphic mineralogy of the Martian crust with implications for density and seismic profiles
Authors: Semprich Julia , Filiberto Justin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHere, we calculate the mineralogy of the Martian lower crust and upper mantle as a function of pressure and temperature with depth using four bulk compositions (average crust, Gusev basalt, olivine‐phyric shergottite, and primitive average mantle). We then use this mineralogy to extract rock properties such as density and seismic velocities, describe their changes with varying conditions and geotherms, and make predictions for the crust–mantle boundary. Mineralogically, all compositions produce garnet, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene in varying proportions at high pressures, with differences in minor minerals (spinel, ilmenite, rutile, and/or K‐feldspar). According to our calculations, the average crust and Gusev basalt compositions have the potential to yield higher densities than the average mantle composition, particularly for thicker crusts and/or colder geotherms. Therefore, recycling of the Martian crust into the mantle could occur through the process of crustal delamination, if not kinetically inhibited. However, our results show that, depending on crustal thickness, the crust may not be easily distinguishable from the mantle in seismic properties.
Candidate gene SNP variation in floodplain populations of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) near the species' southern range margin: Weak differentiation yet distinct associations with water availability
Authors: Temunović Martina , Garnier‐Géré Pauline , Morić Maja , Franjić Jozo , Ivanković Mladen , Bogdan Saša , Hampe Arndt 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPopulations residing near species' low‐latitude range margins (LLMs) often occur in warmer and drier environments than those in the core range. Thus, their genetic composition could be shaped by climatic drivers that differ from those occurring at higher latitudes, resulting in potentially adaptive variants of conservation value. Such variants could facilitate the adaptation of populations from other portions of the geographical range to similar future conditions anticipated under ongoing climate change. However, very few studies have assessed standing genetic variation at potentially adaptive loci in natural LLM populations. We investigated standing genetic variation at single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within 117 candidate genes and its links to putative climatic selection pressures across 19 pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) populations distributed along a regional climatic gradient near the species' southern range margin in southeastern Europe. These populations are restricted to floodplain forests along large lowland rivers, whose hydric regime is undergoing significant shifts under modern rapid climate change. The populations showed very weak geographical structure, suggesting extensive genetic connectivity and gene flow or shared ancestry. We identified eight (6.2%) positive FST‐outlier loci, and genotype–environment association analyses revealed consistent associations between SNP allele frequencies and several climatic variables linked to water availability. A total of 61 associations involving 37 SNPs (28.5%) from 35 annotated genes provided important insights into putative functional mechanisms in our system. Our findings provide empirical support for the role of LLM populations as sources of potentially adaptive variation that could enhance species’ resilience to climate change‐related pressures.
A rare single nucleotide variant in Pm5e confers powdery mildew resistance in common wheat
Authors: Xie Jingzhong , Guo Guanghao , Wang Yong , Hu Tiezhu , Wang Lili , Li Jingting , Qiu Dan , Li Yahui , Wu Qiuhong , Lu Ping , Chen Yongxing , Dong Lingli , Li Miaomiao , Zhang Huaizhi , Zhang Panpan , Zhu Keyu , Li Beibei , Deal Karin R. , Huo Naxin , Zhang Yan , Luo Ming‐Cheng , Liu Sanzhen , Gu Yong Qiang , Li Hongjie , Liu Zhiyong 
Published: June 2020

Summary

Powdery mildew poses severe threats to wheat production. The most sustainable way to control this disease is through planting resistant cultivars.

We report the map‐based cloning of the powdery mildew resistance allele Pm5e from a Chinese wheat landrace. We applied a two‐step bulked segregant RNA sequencing (BSR‐Seq) approach in developing tightly linked or co‐segregating markers to Pm5e. The first BSR‐Seq used phenotypically contrasting bulks of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) to identify Pm5e‐linked markers. The second BSR‐Seq utilized bulks of genetic recombinants screened from a fine‐mapping population to precisely quantify the associated genomic variation in the mapping interval, and identified the Pm5e candidate genes.

The function of Pm5e was validated by transgenic assay, loss‐of‐function mutants and haplotype association analysis. Pm5e encodes a nucleotide‐binding domain leucine‐rich‐repeat‐containing (NLR) protein. A rare nonsynonymous single nucleotide variant (SNV) within the C‐terminal leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain is responsible for the gain of powdery mildew resistance function of Pm5e, an allele endemic to wheat landraces of Shaanxi province of China.

Results from this study demonstrate the value of landraces in discovering useful genes for modern wheat breeding. The key SNV associated with powdery mildew resistance will be useful for marker‐assisted selection of Pm5e in wheat breeding programs.
Phytonematode peptide effectors exploit a host post‐translational trafficking mechanism to the ER using a novel translocation signal
Authors: Wang Jianying , Dhroso Andi , Liu Xunliang , Baum Thomas J. , Hussey Richard S. , Davis Eric L. , Wang Xiaohong , Korkin Dmitry , Mitchum Melissa G. 
Published: June 2020

Summary

Cyst nematodes induce a multicellular feeding site within roots called a syncytium. It remains unknown how root cells are primed for incorporation into the developing syncytium. Furthermore, it is unclear how CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) peptide effectors secreted into the cytoplasm of the initial feeding cell could have an effect on plant cells so distant from where the nematode is feeding as the syncytium expands.

Here we describe a novel translocation signal within nematode CLE effectors that is recognized by plant cell secretory machinery to redirect these peptides from the cytoplasm to the apoplast of plant cells.

We show that the translocation signal is functionally conserved across CLE effectors identified in nematode species spanning three genera and multiple plant species, operative across plant cell types, and can traffic other unrelated small peptides from the cytoplasm to the apoplast of host cells via a previously unknown post‐translational mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) translocation.

Our results uncover a mechanism of effector trafficking that is unprecedented in any plant pathogen to date, andthey illustrate how phytonematodes can deliver effector proteins into host cells and then hijack plant cellular processes for their export back out of the cell to function as external signaling molecules to distant cells.
Atrial fibrillation post central retinal artery occlusion: Role of implantable loop recorders
Authors: Watson Ryan A. , Wellings Jennifer , Hingorani Rittu , Zhan Tingting , Frisch Daniel R. , Ho Reginald T. , Pavri Behzad B. , Sergott Robert C. , Greenspon Arnold J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis study evaluated the risk of subclinical atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) compared to those with cryptogenic stroke using implantable loop recorders (ILR).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of 273 consecutive patients who had ILRs inserted at our institution for either cryptogenic stroke (n = 227) or CRAO (n = 46). Our primary endpoint was a time to event analysis for the new diagnosis of AF by ILR. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the predictors of time‐to‐AF.ResultsA total of 64 patients were found to have newly diagnosed AF by remote monitoring of the ILR. AF was detected in 57 of 227 (25%) cryptogenic stroke patients by the end of a maximum 5.1 years follow‐up and in seven of 46 (15%) CRAO patients by the end of a maximum 3.6 years follow‐up (P = .215, log‐rank test). The Kaplan‐Meier estimates for freedom from AF was 59.4% for CRAO and 66.6% for cryptogenic stroke (P = NS, log‐rank test). Baseline variables predicting AF included older patients, higher CHADS2VASC score, longer PR interval on initial EKG evaluation, and mitral annular calcification on transthoracic echocardiogram.ConclusionsPatients with CRAO are at risk for subclinical AF, similar to those with cryptogenic stroke. Long‐term monitoring to detect AF may lead to changes in pharmacotherapy to reduce the risk for subsequent stroke.
Making Every Vote Count: The Important Role of Managerial Capacity in Achieving Better Election Administration Outcomes
Authors: Kropf Martha , Pope JoEllen V. , Shepherd Mary Jo , Mohr Zachary 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA public agency's capacity to implement policy and achieve valued public outcomes has been a long‐running area of research in public administration. Many articles provide theory and empirics regarding the capacity to implement policy, but relatively few examine multiple types of agency capacity within the same analysis. This article develops a model based on the election administration literature in political science and public administration to examine the effects of managerial capacity, financial capacity, and technology on the election management outcome of the residual vote rate in North Carolina election jurisdictions. The results indicate that higher levels of management capacity and technology significantly reduce problems with voting as measured by the residual vote rate. Financial capacity shows a negative association with the residual vote rate but is not significant. The article concludes by discussing how studying election administration provides an important and uniquely good administrative context for developing administrative theory.
Social Vulnerability and Equity: The Disproportionate Impact of COVID‐19
Authors: Gaynor Tia Sherèe , Wilson Meghan E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs the architect of racial disparity, racism shapes the vulnerability of communities. Socially vulnerable communities are less resilient in their ability to respond to and recover from natural and human‐made disasters compared with resourced communities. This essay argues that racism exposes practices and structures in public administration that, along with the effects of COVID‐19, have led to disproportionate infection and death rates of Black people. Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Social Vulnerability Index, the authors analyze the ways Black bodies occupy the most vulnerable communities, making them bear the brunt of COVID‐19's impact. The findings suggest that existing disparities exacerbate COVID‐19 outcomes for Black people. Targeted universalism is offered as an administrative framework to meet the needs of all people impacted by COVID‐19.
Bronchial thermoplasty: Redefining its role
Authors: Langton David , Lee Pyng 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTIn this review, we trace (i) the origins of bronchial thermoplasty, (ii) the development of a solid evidence base for efficacy and safety, (iii) the emerging understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of action and (iv) the place in therapy today. Future challenges are then discussed.