bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile and Green Synthesis of Carbon-Supported Nanoparticle Catalysts By Physical Vapor Deposition on Soluble Powder Substrate
Authors: Jang Injoon , Park Hee-Young , Park Hyun-Seo , Kim Jin Young , Jang Jong Hyun , Kim Hyoung-Juhn , Sung Yung-Eun , Yoo Sung Jong 
Published: February 2020

Recently, Nanoparticles supported on high surface area carbon (NP/C) have attracted increasing interest for application in electrical energy generation and storage systems. NPs/C can be prepared by the chemical and/or physical reduction of metal ions. Typically, impregnation is widely used for preparing supported NPs. Meanwhile, fine metal NPs have been prepared by the physical vapor deposition (PVD) of corresponding metals, in the absence of metal complexes. PVD on liquid substrates, such as ionic liquids (ILs), vegetable oils, and liquid N2-cooled acetone has been reported for the preparation of NPs with a tunable composition and size distribution. However, these approaches require expensive reagents, such as metal ion complexes, solvents, and stabilizing or reducing agents, which often exhibit potential environmental and biological hazards.
In this study, we present a novel, facile and totally green approach toward the synthesis of NPs/C catalyst by using the α-D-glucose (Glu). This strategy consists of: 1) The deposition of NPs on α-D-glucose powder (NP/Glu) by PVD; and 2) Transfer of the NPs from Glu to carbon supports using a mixture of NP/Glu, high surface area carbon support, and solvent. PVD is employed for the facile preparation of various types of NPs, including noble metals, alloys, and transition-metal oxides. The prepared NPs are expected to exhibit a finite size and narrow size distribution. Moreover, our NPs will not contain surfactants, which often impede catalytic reactions. This strategy can be extended to prepare NPs on a range of supports, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide (GO), and TiO2, thereby demonstrating its generality. As only the target materials and Glu are required in our procedure, it can be considered environmentally friendly, with the NPs being devoid of hazardous chemicals. In this strategy, Glu act as not only carrier for the transport of NPs from the bulk materials to the support materials but also stabilizer through their OH moieties of the Glu surfaces, which prevent the agglomeration of NPs during the synthesis process. Furthermore, the prepared NPs/C exhibited an improvement in activity for various electrochemical reactions, mainly attributed to their high surface area.
Formation of Nanoporous Electrode on Aligned CNT Films Using Dealloying
Authors: Saito Mikiko , Mizuno Jun , Kusunoki Michiko , Nishikawa Hiroshi 
Published: February 2020

Eco-power systems and recyclable energy are in high demand in low-carbon societies for practical applications of power devices. In these power-device fields, there is a requirement for the development of electronic packages for the radiation of heat. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have high thermal conductivities, large electron mean free paths, and large maximum current densities, as compared to metals. For these reasons, the application of CNTs in semiconductor packaging and three-dimensional wires is expected. It is reported that CNTs that have high densities and are well aligned are formed by the surface decomposition of SiC, which is the substrate of the power transistor [1]. However, the contact resistance between the CNTs and the electronic circuit is high. On the other hand, metal nanoparticles have been known to possess various properties that are not present in the bulk and are expected to have applications in various fields such as electronics and biotechnology. Metal nanoparticles have achieved low melting points and high chemical reactivity. Lower temperatures for some processes are expected when using nanosized particles. Au is applied in micro/nano electrochemical systems and in biotechnology applications because it exhibits superior stability and conductivity over other metals. Dealloying is the method used to construct a nanoporous structure by the selective etching of the poor metal from a bimetal consisting of a noble metal and a base metal. We have attempted to form nanoporous structures of Au–Ag films using the electrochemical method and a low-temperature dealloying process [2]. We tried to form metal nanoparticles of Au–Ag on the CNTs to get good contact resistance by dealloying. The purpose of this study is to clarify the initial growth mechanism of the electrodeposited films and nanoporous structures on the aligned CNT films, and to propose an electrode structure with good thermal-emission characteristics.
References
[1] M. Kusunoki, T. Suzuki, T. Hirayama, and N. Shibata, “High-density and well-aligned carbon nanotubes formed by surface decomposition of SiC”, Appl. Phys. Lett., 77, 531-533 (2000).
[2] M. Saito, K. Matsunaga, J. Mizuno, H. Nishikawa, Nano-porous Structure Control under Electrodeposition and Dealloying Conditions for Low-temperature Bonding5th Electronics System-Integration Technology Conference, Category number CFP14TEM-ART; Code 109411. Article number 6962819 (2014).
Advnaced Membrane Technologies to Enable Sustainable Energy
Authors: Herring Andrew M , Motz Andrew R , Sarode Himanshu N , Pandey Tara P , Liu Ye , Divekar Ashutosh , Nguyen Vinh , Kuo Mei-Chen , Horan James L 
Published: February 2020

The polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) is the heart of many low temperature energy conversion devices, such as fuel cell, electrolyzers, and redox flow batterries. The PEM ideally is a perfect separator and facilitates ions to pass to complete the electrochemical reaction and allows water transport either because it is a reactant or for system and materials optimization issues. Water becomes a critical issue; sometimes an ideal PEM should allow ions to move in the absence of water while other applications may require that water move across the membrane at the same rate as the ions. Of course this leads to the realization that new and emerging PEMs will also have great impact on water purification systems. We have been focused on tow systems over the last several years, Proton Exchange Membranes (PrEM) for hotter and drier operation of fuel cells and Anion Exchange Membranes (AEMs) for applications in fuel cells, electrolyzes, and barrier layers.
Our work on PrEMs has focused on making inorganic-hybrid polymers of inorganic super acids by functionalizing them with vinyl groups so that they can be copolymerized with common organic monomers to make hybrid polymers. Both zirconium phosphonates and heteropoly acids have been incorporated into films in this manner. These materials exhibit exceptionally high proton conductivities at 80oC and 95%RH as well as 110oC and 50%RH, making them suitable for incorporation in a wide range of devices. Our work on AEMs, while initially focused on fundamental studies has led to a number of materials with advanced cations that have the chemical stability, high ionic conductivity and mechanical properties to enable the new field of AEM fuel cell and electrolyzers. In this presentation we show the properties that can be obtained and the first device level studies that illustrate the potential of these new materials to solve next generation energy (and water) problems.
Development of Lithium Ion Conducting Glass-Ceramics and Their Properties
Authors: Katoh Takashi , Nakajima Kousuke , Hoffman Brion 
Published: February 2020

Solid lithium ion conducting materials have been developed for their potential applications in high energy density batteries and electrochemical devices.1-2) Recently, solid lithium ion conducting materials based on the LiTi2(PO4)3 formula, which possesses a NASICON-type structure, have shown promise as oxide based solid electrolytes.
We have developed lithium ion conducting glass-ceramics with a NASICON type structure for use as a solid lithium ion electrolyte.3-5) The ionic conductivity of the glass ceramics with a Li1+x+yAlxTi2-yGey(PO4)3 composition shows 1×10-4~10-3 Scm-1 at room temperature. Such ceramics have a very stable in ionic conduction. In addition, the ionic conductivity does not decrease, even if it was soaked in an aqueous of Li salt solution6-7), and does not lose mass after being submerged in boiling distilled-water for 1 hour. This type of electrolyte can protect a lithium metal anode from humid air. As a result, the deterioration of materials in the battery is significantly diminished, leading to a longer battery life.
In this presentation, we will report on the development of solid lithium ion conducting glass-ceramics membranes with high ionic conductivity. and Their properties look promising for use as a separator and an electrolyte in high energy density batteries, such as lithium-air and lithium-water batteries.8) We prepared the solid electrolyte membranes based on the Li1+x AlxTi2- yPO4 crystal phase which is synthesized in the Li2O-Al2O3-TiO2-P2O5 glass system and investigated both the electrochemical properties and chemical stability.
References
1) D.Wang et al., Solid State Ionics 283 (2015) 109
2) J.S.Thokchom et al., J.Electrochem. Soc., 155 (2008) A915
3) J.Fu, Solid State Ionics 96 (1997) 195
4) J.Fu, J.Mater. Sci., 33 (1998) 1549
5) Y.Inda et al., J.Power Sources 174 (2007) 741
6) N.Imanishi et al., J.Power Sources 185 (2008) 1392
7) S.Hasegawa et al., J.Power Sources 189 (2009) 371
8) S.J.Visco et al., J.Solid State Electrochemistry 18 (2014) 1443
(SMEQ XXXI ECS Best Student Paper Award) Electrosyntesis of nNnostructured Poly- 4,7-di (thien-2’-yl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (p-DTBT) on Gold Electrodes
Authors: Hernández-Moreno Gibran , Gutiérrez-Granados Silvia , Frontana-Uribe Bernardo A. , Kuhn A. 
Published: February 2020

The organic solar cell is a device capable to transform sunlight into electricity, these are composed of an anode, a cathode, an active layer, sometimes between the active layer and the electrodes, two layers of conductive buffer or holes and electrons are also used [1]. The active layer is made of two different materials an electron-acceptor and an electron-donor, in recent years, efforts to optimize the heterojunction have been reported using donor-acceeptor copolymers synthesized using benzodithiophene (BDT), dithienosilole (DTS), or indacenodithiophene (IDT) as donor unit and benzothiadiazole (BT), thienopyrroledione (TPD), or thiazolothiazole (TTz) as acceptor units. These materials can be polymerized by electrochemical methods, nevertheless the deposits are irregular.
Langmuir-blodgett technique (LB) allow make deposits highly structured, these can be used like a template in order to create substrate with controlled architecture [2]. In this work we use the LB technique in order to create deposits of pDTBT ordered.
Gold electrodes of 1*2 cm were used as substrate, on these, five layers of silicon spheres were deposited. Cyclic voltammetry was using in order to deposited pDTBT. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 cycles were applied, after this the template was removed using HF 15%. Finally the deposits were analyzed by SEM
In figure 1 a) shows voltammograms deposit, b) shows the SEM image of eight cycles of deposition. It is possible see the regular deposit of pDTBT (half pore).

Figure 1
Effects of Cell Reversal on Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Nemanick E. Joseph , Wang David , Matsumoto James , Ives Neil 
Published: February 2020

Cell reversal in lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries is the condition of the anode electrochemical potential rising above that of the cathode, resulting in a negative voltage measured at the cell level. There are two primary reactions that occur at the anode at high potentials which increase cell impedance: oxidation of copper current collector, and oxidization of the carbonate electrolytes to CO2. At the cathode, the reducing potential can lead to the electrodeposition of copper to form dendrites, which pose a shorting risk if they bridge the anode and cathode. Cell reversal can be caused by poorly matched cells, a failure of the battery management electronics, or a defective cell in a pack. Under these conditions, one or several of the cells can go into reversal causing performance decreases or even a dangerous thermal runaway event. This paper examines a pack of commercial 18650 Li-ion cells in simulated geosynchronous orbit (GEO) test under conditions where one or more cells were forced into reversal.
Panasonic B cells were matched and assembled into a pack to create a virtual cell. Measurements were collected using matched current shunts, and cells were cycled at a 60% DOD, but with only 90% of removed charge replaced each cycle to simulate a battery management system failure. After failure, cells were non-destructively examined using CT X-ray, and then dissected for failure analysis.
The parallel cell pack operated far into reversal, with up to four complete cycles (Fig. 1) completed before all cells shorted. CT X-ray scans of the cells after shorting detectable amounts of copper dendrites in the cell, and demonstrated the first nondestructive test for cell reversal in Li-ion (Fig. 2). Destructive physical analysis of the cells showed extensive copper corrosion at the anode current collector as well as copper dendrites that were found to have fully penetrated the separator in selected areas.
These results show that these cells can operate several cycles into deep reversal without going into thermal runaway, despite the observed growth of copper dendrites which pierce the cell separator. This has strong implications on cell safety and battery management.

Figure 1
Wearable Fiber-Shaped Solid-State Supercapacitors Based on Hierarchical MoS2 for a Self-Powered Photodetecting System
Authors: Wang Bin , Cheng Jianli 
Published: February 2020

Wearable electronics have attracted great attention from both the scientific and industrial areas. To realize real wearable electronics, wearable energy storage devices with high performance, flexibility and safety are required. Solid−State fiber supercapacitors (SCs) meet the requirements for wearable electronics. The bottleneck in this field is how to develop SCs with combined advantages of high specific capacitance, excellent flexibility, lightweight and high conductivity.
In this presentation, we report a novel flexible all−solid−state fiber SC by using Ti/TiO2/MoS2 coaxial fiber electrodes. The coaxial fiber electrodes consist of hierarchical MoS2 microspheres assembled with nanosheets grown on TiO2 modified Ti wires. This unique electrode leads to high capacitance, high rate charge/discharge ability and excellent cycling stability in the resulting fiber SCs. The symmetrical supercapacitor achieved a specific capacitance of 230.2 F/g, an energy density of 3.4 Wh kg−1 and a power density of 1327.4 W kg−1. Remarkably, the flexible and mechanically stable fiber SCs show outstanding processability in well−controlled ways, including assembled into a stretchable, spring−shaped device and knitted into the fabric to lighten light−emitting diodes. In addition, the fiber SCs can be integrated in a self−powered photodetecting system and power the UV photodetector steadily.
(Invited) In Situ Gas Analysis of Carbon Based Supercapacitor Operating in Aqueous Electrolyte
Authors: He Minlong , Fic Krzysztof , Novák Petr , Berg Erik J. , Frackowiak Elzbieta 
Published: February 2020

Carbon based supercapacitors operating in aqueous electrolytes at extended voltage > 1.23 V attract significant attention for next-generation high power, low cost and environmentally friendly energy storage applications. Cell ageing is however markedly pronounced at elevated voltages and results in accelerated overall performance fade and increased safety concerns. On-line electrochemical mass spectrometry, combined with cell pressure analysis, was for the first time used for in situ investigation of degradation mechanisms in aqueous electrolyte/carbon based supercapacitors.
The activated carbon electrodes possess high specific surface area and oxygen-based surface functionalities (mainly phenol, lactone and anhydride groups), which are oxidized already at cell voltage of 0.6 V to provoke the evolution of minor amounts of CO and CO2. Noticeable water decomposition starts at high voltage of 1.6 V with the evolution of H2 on the negative electrode and carbon corrosion on the positive electrode with the generation of CO and CO2. Short-term cycling leads to partly reversible gas evolution/consumption side-reactions giving negligible capacitance. On the other hand, long-term cycling causes irreversible side-reactions, deteriorates the electrochemical performance, and increases the internal pressure of the cell. Repeated galvanostatic cycling (U < 2 V) is confirmed as a more harmful technique for the electrode integrity compared to the voltage holding in a floating test. In situ gas analysis provides valuable insights into electrochemical cell ageing aspects, such as the nature and potential onsets of side reactions. It supplies fundamental understanding of complex reactions and justifying the performance and safety defeat of high energy aqueous supercapacitors.
(Invited) Understanding the Different Steps Occurring during the Charging of Supercapacitors
Authors: Pean Clarisse , Salanne Mathieu , Simon Patrice 
Published: February 2020

Supercapacitors, also known as electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), are powerfull and promising electrochemical storage systems and it is still a key challenge to understand better their action mechanisms at the molecular scale. In this work we use a realistic model [1] to investigate by classical molecular simulations the behaviour of EDLCs: carbon electrodes are made of complex CDCs, in contact with either pure or solvated ionic liquid [BMI][PF6]. In addition, the model allows for the polarization of the electrodes. Compared to experimental studies where it is difficult to get quantitative data on what happens inside the electrodes, molecular simulations allow to analyse finely the processes at the molecular scale, since it provides the position of all the atoms along time. Numerous studies on the equilibrium arrangement of the species inside supercapacitors electrodes have therefore already been carried out in our group [1][2].
We started recently to perform out-of-equilibrium simulations, which allowed us for example to calculate the charging time for corresponding macroscopic devices, by using an equivalent circuit model [3]. Furthermore, the evolution of characteristic quantities, such as number of ions inside the electrodes, number of solvation or degree of confinement of the ions [4] can be monitored with respect to time. A glimpse on the reachable results is shown on the figure bellow: a CDC electrode is mapped from the zones of confinement accessible to the ions, previously identified (from less confined to highly confined) as edge, plane, hollow, pocket, and averaged here over time during the whole charging process. By comparing the behaviour of pure and solvated systems charged at different voltages, we are able to conclude on the effects of solvation and of high potentials on the dynamics of charging.

Figure:

Cartography of a CDC electrode (light blue)
from the zones of confinement accessible to the ions, previously identified (from less confined to highly confined) as edge (red), plane (green), hollow (blue), pocket (yellow),

and averaged here over time during the whole charging process.

References

[1] C.Merlet, B.Rotenberg, P.A.Madden, P.L.Taberna, P.Simon, Y.Gogotsi, M.Salanne, Nature Materials, 2012, 11, 306.
[2] C.Pean, B.Daffos, C.Merlet, B.Rotenberg, P.L.Taberna, P.Simon, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2015, 162, 5091.
[3] C.Pean, C.Merlet, B.Rotenberg, P.A.Madden, P.L.Taberna, B.Daffos, M.Salanne, P.Simon, ACS Nano, 2014, 8, 1576.
[4] C.Merlet, C.Pean, B.Rotenberg, P.A.Madden, B.Daffos, P.L.Taberna, P.Simon, M.Salanne, Nature Communications, 2013, 4, 2701.

Figure 1
Electrochemical Properties of CO2 Laser Radiated Carbon-Based Electrodes for Supercapacitors
Authors: Yu Hye-Ryeon , Choi Yu-Song , Cheong Hae-Won 
Published: February 2020

Supercapacitor have been widely researched in order to apply many fields such as a hybrid electric vehicles, high pulse power sources, and emergency power sources requiring high power instantly. However, supercapacitor has low energy density compared to batteries. In order to increase the energy density of supercapacitor, electrode is the very important. Until now, porous carbons, which have low energy density (5~10 Wh kg-1) are the widely used for electrode materials. Recently, many reports have been released using a surface treated carbon or graphene, RGO and CDC, etc. However, these ways have much time and costs in order to compensate the energy. In this study, the CO2 laser treated carbon electrode is investigated for high-performance supercapacitors. First of all, in order to investigate the effect of CO2 laser radiation on energy density and microstructure, carbon electrode was fabricated as a mixture of active material, conductive material, and PVDF binder. The mixed slurry with NMP was coated onto an aluminum plate and dried at 100 oC for 12h. And then CO2 laser was radiated onto the surface of the carbon electrode. A 2032coin cell was assembled with the TEABF4 as electrolyte and separator. The microstructure difference was investigated with SEM and cyclic voltammetry tests also were carried out in the potential range of 0 to 2.7 V for comparison to CO2 laser radiated and un-radiated carbon electrode.
Three-Dimensional Graphene Sponge with Hierarchically Porous Structure for Electrochemical Supercapacitors
Authors: Shan Changsheng , Wang Hsing-Lin 
Published: February 2020

Supercapacitors is an electrochemical energy storage device typically used as sustainable power supply (such as electric vehicles and mobile electronic devices) due to their higher power density than batteries, higher energy density than conventional dielectric capacitors, and long life cycles. [1,2] Graphene, a two-dimensional (2D) one-atom-thick single layer of sp2-bonded carbon, is considered as an ideal electrode material in supercapacitors because of its superior electrical conductivity and exceptionally large specific surface area. Graphene sheets, unless well separated from each other, tend to form irreversible agglomerates through strong π-π stacking and van der Waals interaction.[3] Meanwhile, the electrochemical binders and additives are normally required to make graphene-based electrodes, which would have an adverse effect on the specific capacitance of the resulting electrodes. To tackle these challenges, three dimensional (3D) graphene networks with highly electrical conductivity and large specific surface area, short diffusion pathways for electrolyte ions and fast transport channels for electrons are very promising supercapacitor materials. To these aims, we have developed ways to synthesize a novel macroporous/nanoporous graphene sponge with tunable pore sizes. This 3D porous graphene sponge has i) an interconnected electrolyte-filled macroporous network that enables increase of contact surface between 3D network and electrolytic solution, and rapid ion transport, ii) short ion and electron transport lengths due to nanoporous structures, iii) a large electrode specific surface area and (iv) high electron conductivity in the electrode assembly. The structure characterization and capacitive properties of the 3D macroporous/nanoporous graphene sponge was investigated and discussed, indicating 3D porous graphene sponge as an ideal electrode materials for supercapacitors.

Keywords：Graphene, 3D porous materials, supercapacitors, electrochemical energy

References:

Li, C.; Zhang, X., Wang, K; Zhang, H. T.; Sun X. Z.; Ma Y. W.; New Carbon Materials, 2015, 30(3): 193–206.

Winter, M.; Brodd. R. J.; Chem Rev, 2004, 104(10): 4245-4269.

Li, D.; Muller, M. B.; Gilje, S.; Kaner, R. B.; Wallace, G. G. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 101–105.