bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of the distance to the central stars of Nebulae by using Expansion methods with Alladin Sky Atlas
Authors: Abdullah Albakri Sundus A. , Hussien Mohamed Naji Abdul , Herdan Huda 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The usual methods of distance determination in Astronomy parallax and Spectroscopic with Expansion Methods are seldom applicable to Nebulae. In this work determination of the distances to individual Nebulae are calculated and discussed. The distances of Nebulae to the Earth are calculated. The accuracy of the distance is tested by using Aladin sky Atlas, and comparing Nebulae properties were derived from these distance made with statistical distance determination. The results showed that angular Expansions may occur in a part of the nebulae that is moving at a velocity different than the observed velocity. Also the results of the comparison of our spectroscopic distances with the trigonometric distances is that the spectroscopic distances are 55% larger. Since using trigonometric parallaxes with large relative measurement errors can introduce systematic errors, we carried out a Monte Carlo simulation of the biases introduced by selection effects and measurement errors. It turns out that a difference between both distance scales of the observed size is expected for the present day data if the underlying distance scales are identical.
Gliding arc discharge for water treatment
Authors: Hameedl T A , Kadhem S J 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The significant shortage of usable water resources necessitated the creation of safe and non-polluting ways to sterilize water and rehabilitate it for use. The aim of the present study was to examine the ability of using a gliding arc discharge to inactivate bacteria in water. Three types of Bacteria satisfactory were used to pollute water which are Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), Staphylococcus aurous (Gram-positive) and salmonella (Gram-negative). A DC power supply 12V at 100 Hz frequency was employed to produce plasma. pH of water is measured gradually during the plasma treatment process. Contaminated water treated by gliding arc discharge at steadying the gas flow rate (1.5 l/min) and changing the exposure time of the polluted water to the plasma during periods of 10, 20 and 30 min.The bacteria which used show different responses when expose to produced plasma, most of them inactivated when treated with plasma for 30minutes.That’s means Survival rate decreased with treatment time. Results show that gliding arc plasma is a powerful and green tool to treatment water without generating any byproducts.
Preparation of Hydroxyapatite/Zirconia Porous Composites via Polymeric Sponge Method and Study the Physical and Bioactivity Properties
Authors: Mohammad M , Taha A , Shahatha S 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this study, Hydroxyapatite/Zirconia porous composites at different ratio were fabricated by polymeric sponge method. HAp were produced via solid state reaction in molar ratio (3:2) between TCP and Ca(OH)2. The crystal structure of the samples were characterized using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the porosity and rheological properties of the samples were also tested. It’s found that the compression strength with the highest value (13.2 MPa) obtained when the composition ratio is (30:70 wt %) and porosity (65.7%). Incubated for 30 days in Simulation Body Fluid, a bone like apatite layer was completely formed on the surface of the porous composite.
Synthesis of copper oxide thin films by electrolysis method based on Porous Silicon for Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Oudah M. H. , Hasan M. H. , Abd A. N. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCopper oxide thin film was successfully prepared by electrolysis method and deposited on glass and porous silicon substrates. The main goal of this paper is to study the properties of copper oxide thin films and prepare a solar cell of low cost and good efficiency. These properties were optimized at annealing temperature (200) °C. The transmission spectrum were studied for the prepared thin film showed good transparency in the visible region. The structure of films was characterized by X-ray diffraction. The average grain size of the thin film from AFM analysis is about 46.3 nm. The energy bandgap is found to be (3.8) eV this wide bandgap is due to the quantum size effect. The solar cell efficiency is found to be (12.9%).
Structural and Morphological Characteristics of Organic and Inorganic Blend Heterojunction NiPcTs/CdS
Authors: Hassan A. S , Shallal I. H , Aboode M. A 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn the present study NiPcTs, CdS thin films, and Blends of NiPcTs/CdS were prepared with 1:2 content mixing ratio of NiPcTs to CdS solutions. Cadmium chloride and thiourea were used as the essential materials for deposition CdS thin films while using organic powder of NiPcTs to deposit NiPcTs nanostructure films. The spin-coating technique was employed to fabricate the NiPcTs, CdS films, and NiPcTs-CdS blend. Structural properties of films have been investigated via X-Ray diffraction, and show that thin films of NiPcTs, and CdS have monoclinic and polycrystalline hexagonal structure respectively while the blend has two polycrystalline structure with cubic and hexagonal phases. Atomic force microscope (AFM) confirmed that the surface of all samples are quite smooth and they have comprised of spherical numerous nanoparticles with diameter less than 70 nm. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)analyzer has been achieved to determine the chemical composition of the molecular materials, which exhibit the existence of all essential elements of thin films and blend heterojunction (BHJ) of NiPcTs -CdS. The preparation of chemical solutions, deposition of NiPcTs, CdS thin films and the blend heterojunction BHJ of NiPcTs–CdS have been characterized.
Study Optical Properties of Copper and Silver for Astronomical Solar Filters Prepared by DC Sputtering Plasma
Authors: Abd Al Kareem S. M. , Yaseen W. I. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study presented a technique to sputter high strength, highly conductive copper and silver astronomical solar filter on glass substrates at room temperature. In this work, the thicknesses of copper are (110 and 230) nm and for silver are (230 and 400) nm using power 25 and 50 W respectively have been sputtered on glass substrate by DC sputtering plasma technique at room temperature. The base pressure of the plasma sputtering system found that it is very good at 0.1 mbar. The thickness and DC power sputter effect on the optical properties were studied by using UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The transmittance for all coated layers is increases rapidly as the wavelength increases in the range of (350-750) nm. The absorbance decreases rapidly at short wavelengths corresponding to the energy gap of the layer and the range of optical band gap values between (2 and 2.6) eV
Study The Structural Properties of Nanostructure (TiO2: Cu) Thin Film Prepared By RF Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Khemkheem Khalowd D , Jubier Najwa J , Elttayef Abdul_Hussain K 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this research, TiO2: Cu thin films deposited on a glass substrate with different thicknesses (100 ) and (200 ) nm by the radio frequency (R.F.) magnetron sputtering process using target TiO2: Cu. The sputtering deposition was performed by using the power of 100 Watt. Crystalline structure, surface morphology, and electronic structure were studied using X - ray difraction(XRD).XRD patterns demonstrate that TiO2 films deposited on a glass substrate at 500 C° are observed to be brookite (orthorhombic) polycrystalline phase with preferred orientation along (111). The average surface roughness (Ra) measured with atomic force microscopy (AFM) was 0.532 nm, and the minimum grain size was 40.5 nm for TiO2 doped 5%Cu.
The role of aluminum doping on structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films prepared by PLD
Authors: Rasheed R A , Alias M F A 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this work, pure and doped ZnO thin films with different Al wt% concentration were prepared using pulsed laser deposition technique on clean glass substrates at room temperature. Then investigate the effect of Al concentration on the structural and optical properties for the as deposited ZnO thin films. The structure of the prepared ZnO powder and thin films were examined by X-ray diffraction, whereas the optical properties of prepared thin films were characterized and investigated using UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer. The structure of powder and prepared pure and doped ZnO thin films were polycrystalline. Powder, pure and Al doped ZnO thin films were synthesized in hexagonal phase and the dominate orientation is (101). The crystallite size for (101) plane is increased with increasing Al wt%. The optical energy gap of doped ZnO thin film increased with increasing doping weight concentration. These make the prepared films as good candidate for gas sensor.
The Role of Tl Substitution on Superconducting Properties for Hg-1223 System
Authors: Alias M.F.A. , Aljurani B. A. , Hermiz G.Y. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
High temperature superconductors with a nominal composition Hg1-xTlxBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ for (0<x<0.4) were prepared by two-step solid state reaction in air. The effect of the substitution of Tl for Hg, oxygen content (δ) and sintering time (20-200h) on the Hg-12223 superconductivity system has been investigated to obtain the optimum conditions for the formation and stabilization of the high critical temperature (Tc).The results showed that the optimum sintering temperature for the prepared samples was equal to 880 °C, whereas the sintering time is equal to 100 h.The quantity of the element content for Hg1-xTlxBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ system were carried out using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed a tetragonal structure with a high Tc phases (1223) as a dominant phase and low Tc phase (1212) addition to exist of some impurity phases for all samples. It was found that the change of the Tl concentrations of prepared samples produced a change in the lattice parameters, density ρm and c/a ratio. The highest Tc for HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ composition was 118 K. The results for the doped samples, represented highest Tc equal to 124 K for Hg1-xTlx Ba2Ca2Cu3O8+δ sample with x=0.4.The oxygen content was not systematic changed but it played a great role in the evaluation of Tc.
Investigation In to Some Electrical Properties of Ytteria – Silicon Carbide, Ceramic Composites
Authors: Mohammed I A. , Ibrahim A A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Ytteria, silicon carbide powders of (99.99) purity having (40) μm grain size were used to form different combinations of the system Y2O3- SiC. Silicon carbide particles was added in weight percent ranging (5,10,15and 20), dry milling were done for all the combinations at 8 hours. Samples of disc shape were fabricated and sintered at different temperature (800,1000,1200, 1400 and 1500) °C, under static air and for three hours as soaking time. Porosity for all sintered samples were measured. SEM after sintering were detected too. Electrical properties were studied to find the dielectric constant, breakdown voltage and the capacitance were don. Improvement in its electrical properties were achieved at all the combinations after adding the dispersed Sic particles. And especially at the combination (Y2O3 80-SiC20)Wt.%, that sintered at1500 °C.
Structural, Morphological and Optical properties of n-type Porous Silicon-effect of Etching Current Density
Authors: Abood H K , Mutlak F A-H 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPorous silicon layers have been prepared from n-type silicon wafers of (111) orientation. XRD, AFM, reflectivity and PL have been used to characterize the structural, morphological, and optical properties of porous silicon. The influence of varying etching current density in the anodizing solution, on structural and optical properties of porous silicon has been investigated. It is observed that pore size increases with etching current density and attain maximum for 56 mA/cm2and then decreases. The PL spectrum peak shifts had been slight towards the higher energy side, which supports the quantum confinement effect in porous silicon. The reflectivity shows that the porous silicon surface lower reflectance which is due to the very thin layer of porous silicon and changed refractive index profile at the interface of the bulk silicon and porous silicon material.
Cobalt substitution effect on the physical properties of (Bi, Pb)-2223 superconductor
Authors: Jassim A K , Abodi S S , Abbas M M , Hussien A A 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
High-temperature superconductors with a nominal composition Bi2Pb0.3Sr2Ca2Cu3-xCoxO10+δ for (0≤x≤3) were prepared by solid-state reaction method. Effects of the Co substitution on Cu sites have been investigated to obtain the optimum concentration for the formation and stabilization of the superconducting samples. The results of electrical resistivity measurements of the samples showed that increasing x substituting Co enhance the superconducting properties except for the samples with x=3 yield semiconductor behavior. The higher critical temperature TC found at 118 K, which is for the composition Bi2Pb0.3Sr2Ca2Cu2.2Co0.8O0+δ, which has the highest value of excess oxygen content 0.315. The X-ray diffraction analysis for all superconducting samples showed an orthorhombic structure with two phases, high-Tc 2223 phase and low-TC 2212 phase. X-ray spectroscopy analysis showed that the compositions with x=0.6 and 0.8 samples did not contaminate during the synthesis processes. The scanning electron microscope has been used to identify the morphology of the superconducting phase. The plate-like grains of the high Bi- 2223 phase appeared in most micrographs of the superconducting samples besides changes morphology of samples with increasing dopant concentration.
Removing atmospheric effects for Multi spectral images (OLI 8) using ATCOR model
Authors: Maher Asmaa , Ghazal Nawal K 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The atmospheric correction of satellite images is an important first step for different remote sensing applications such as estimation of vegetation indices. In atmospheric corrections, most uncertainties arise from temporal and spatial variations in aerosol types and quantities. Thus, considered validation estimate Aerosol is an essential step in the validation atmospheric correction algorithms. In the current study, two models of atmospheric correction algorithms ATCOR (ATCOR 3 and ATCOR 2) were applied to remove atmospheric effects of test sites in Middle part of Iraq. Statistical results of ATCOR 2 was shown to be successful in the urban parts to remove effective type of aerosol which could be chosen to process satellite images in areas under investigation.
Study the effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on Physical properties of Biopolymer blend
Authors: Jawad Mohammed K. , Abid Noor K. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chitosan (CH) / Poly (1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVP-co-VAc) (7:3) blend [CH/(PVP-co-VAc)] reinforced with two types of nanoparticle of titanium oxide TiO2 (type I & II) were prepared by solution casting method. The nanocomposites prepared with different concentrations (1, 2, 3.5, 5, 7.5, and 10) wt%. The tests carried out were AFM, FTIR, Tensile strength, Thermal conductivity measurement, and Weight gain. The results of the AFM test showed that the roughness of the surface decreased with the addition of a small amount of nanoparticles (1 wt.%) to the CH/(PVP-co-VAc) blend. FTIR results for blend film indicates a significant degree of composition between (PVP-co-VAc) and CH molecules. Nanocomposite films indicate that the composition among polymer blends and Nano are associated with changes in intensity, shape, and position of modes. The mechanical properties of chitosan were enhanced by the addition of TiO2 nanoparticle with significant increases in tensile strength (from 47.87 MPa to 64.95 ~ 70 MPa). Because interfacial bonding and homogenous distribution between the nanoparticles and the blend were supportive of markedly improved mechanical strength. The results of thermal conductivity and water absorption showed that the highest values were achieved in the polymer blend (CH/[PVP-co-VAc]), whereas its decrease with the increase of the nanoparticle incorporation.
The effect of polyaniline addition on ZnO for the fabrication of high performance photodetection
Authors: Thbayh Dalal K , Talib Rawnaq A , Ziadan Kareema M 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The effect of PAni loading (5 and 15%) on the properties (PAni-ZnO) composite was investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the hexagonal wurtzite-type ZnO crystal structure, while ZnO peaks’ intensity decreases with increasing PAni content. Field emission scanning microscopy observations indicate, in the absence of PAni, ZnO crystallizes as twinned hexagonal rod nanostructure; the size of crystals of ZnO-15%PAni is shorter along ZnO-5% PAni while the width of the crystals is larger with increasing concentration of PAni. The composites deposited onto glass, PET, and Si substrates revealed interesting characteristics for the fabricated photodetector devices. The photodetector based on ZnO-15%PAni / Si substrate demonstrates the best performance with a high gain of 43 and a sensitivity of 4962.
The Role of New Technologies for Envelops of Buildings In Improving The Internal Environment Of University Buildings
Authors: yehia Luma Mohammed , Alobaidi Maysaa Moffeq , Sameer Ebtesam 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The impact of the progress in the field of technology on the development of engineering sciences, including architecture and provided the modern technologies of the architect designed enormous possibilities in the formation and design of buildings and thus improve the environmental performance of those buildings, providing them with comfort for their occupants, and recent studies have proved the importance of the quality of the internal environment on the scientific performance in the educational buildings from here The importance of research in the role and importance of modern techniques in improving the internal environment of educational buildings, including university, where the research assumes the existence of a range of techniques employed by the designer in the design of building covers to improve internal environmental performance and The research problem was based on a discussion of the factors influencing the quality of the internal environment and a series of studies that dealt with the design of the modern buildings and their environmental impact, in order to derive the main variables and apply them in the study The process, which analyzed a range of contemporary university buildings, led to conclusions and recommendation.
The research on the characteristic of the cutting force while chipping of the Caucasian Fir (Abies Nordmanniana) with a single-shaft wood chipper
Authors: Warguła Ł , Krawiec P 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Waste management in a selective manner requires the collection of waste, among others, also large-scale. In Poland, in January and February, the collection of biodegradable waste is carried out – Christmas trees. This process is carried out by collecting from the real estate the whole trees, and then transporting them to the utilization place, where they undergo chipping processes. The article discusses the subject of estimating the cutting force when chipping a single-shaft wood chipper of the Caucasian Fir (Abies Nordmanniana). The obtained results of the loads characteristics and values of forces will enable the design of effective chipping machines. They can also help improve the efficiency of the selective waste collection process i.e. Christmas trees by developing mobile chipping machines mounted on waste collection vehicles. They will allow to limit the number of operations in the waste treatment process to collect and transport the shredded biodegradable mass to the processing stations.
Biomass cutting tests to determine the lowest value of the process force
Authors: Wilczyński D , Wałęsa K , Berdychowski M , Kukla M 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The paper presents experimental investigations of straw cutting in the form of triticale. The cutting was performed using a specialized testing station adapted for mounting on a MTS Insight 50 kN testing machine. It is allows to change the cutting blade, which made it possible to study the effect of changing the rake angle of its blade and the inclination of the cutting edge on cutting force value. The influence of the linear speed of the knife and the size of the gap between the blade and the counter-blade was also investigated. The results obtained allowed to select the most favorable values of the above-mentioned parameters of the cutting process in terms of obtaining the lowest value of the cutting force, which consequently determines the process energy consumption. Obtained results are not only guidelines for machine design and cutting devices, but these can also be used as input data for multicriteria analysis, which can result in looking for other values of process parameters not taken into account in the presented studies, and key ones in the direction of the next ones.
Determination of the strength of a flat wagon by elastic viscous interaction with tank containers
Authors: Fomin O , Gerlici J , Lovska A , Lack T , Bykovets N , Shatkovska H , Kravchenko K 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The article highlights the peculiarities of the mathematical modelling for dynamic load of the bearing structure of a flat wagon by elastic-viscous interaction with tank containers. It was established that the presence of viscous or elastic-viscous connections between fittings and fitting stops, taking into account the possible movements of tank containers in relation to the frame, provides the dynamic load of the bearing structure of the flat wagon within normal range. The conducted researches will provide efficiency increase of combined transportations and develop recommendations for designing modern constructions of railway rolling stock.
Granulation machines with highly turbulized flows: creation of software complex for technological design
Authors: Artyukhov A , Artyukhova N , Krmela J , Krmelová V 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The article deals with author’s software products review to calculate devices with highly turbulized flows as a part of granulation units. Principal scheme and model of the granulation unit, algorithm of the granulation technical calculation are represented in the work. The complex automated calculation technique of the granulation units is proposed. The proprietary software for calculation of main stages in the granulation process is observed in the research. Short description and functions of main software products to implement basic algorithm are given: Vortex Flow©, Conical Channel©, Conical Granulator©, Multistage Heat Treatment©, Vortex Tray©. As a result of the optimization calculation, the user of programs will get the following information: optimal construction of the vortex granulator’s workspace, necessary number of stages in the multistage shelf drier for granules’ final drying, number and construction of the vortex tray with heat and mass transfer-separation elements for exhaust gases cleaning. All software products enable to export the received data and to exchange these data between each other. The complex algorithm and software products, proposed in the article, let to carry out optimization calculation of the main technological equipment in the granulation unit at its designing stage without expensive multifactorial experiment. The presented granulation units’ calculation algorithm and software products for its realization enable to carry out equipment changeover if raw material characteristics and the productivity of the unit are changed. The automated calculations results give a base to design industrial granulation unit for porous ammonium nitrate production.