bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clonidine as a strategy for discontinuing dexmedetomidine sedation in critically ill patients: A narrative review
Authors: Glaess Shelley S , Attridge Rebecca L , Christina Gutierrez G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Purpose
To review the efficacy and safety of transitioning from dexmedetomidine to clonidine to facilitate weaning of patients from sedation with dexmedetomidine. There is a paucity of data describing dexmedetomidine withdrawal syndrome (DWS) as well as clonidine’s place in therapy for DWS. This review will describe and analyze current literature to provide clinical recommendations.

Summary
A MEDLINE literature search was performed to identify original research articles describing DWS and/or transitioning from dexmedetomidine to clonidine for the purpose of weaning patients from sedation with dexmedetomidine. Four case reports describing DWS, 3 case reports describing the use of clonidine to treat DWS, and 3 observational studies describing the use of clonidine to facilitate dexmedetomidine weaning were identified. The incidence of and risk factors for DWS are unknown; factors including patient age and dexmedetomidine infusion rate, loading dose, and discontinuation strategy have inconsistent associations with DWS. All cases of DWS have been associated with infusion durations greater than 72 hours. While there are limited data describing clonidine use for the treatment of dexmedetomidine withdrawal, clonidine appears to be beneficial for dexmedetomidine weaning and its use for that purpose has been well described. Clonidine dosages that have been assessed for discontinuing dexmedetomidine vary from 0.1 to 0.3 mg orally or enterally every 6 to 8 hours; one study assessed use of transdermal clonidine (100 µg/24 h patch). Patients with extensive cardiac comorbidities may be more susceptible to adverse effects of clonidine, which may limit the drug’s use for DWS intervention.

Conclusion
Despite limited supportive data, clonidine provides a promising option for sedation management in adult ICU patients, with successful transitions from dexmedetomidine reported within 24 hours after clonidine initiation.
‘Shark in the Fish Tank’: Secrets and Stigma in Relational Desistance from Crime
Authors: Gålnander Robin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractProcesses of desistance from crime are intricate and, aside from concrete non-offending, they involve a change in self-perception and an acceptance and recognition of reform by others. A criminalized lifestyle often comes with significant stigma, which together with segregation or exclusion from conventional society can render the procurement of such acceptance and recognition difficult. This article is based on findings from repeated in-depth interviews with desisting women who are just setting out to approach mainstream society. Focusing on the women’s experiences of managing concealable stigma when (re)turning to conventional society, the analysis advances the understanding of individual reform with a focus on relational aspects of desistance from crime.
Developing a measure of information seeking about phishing
Authors: Williams Emma J , Joinson Adam N 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPhishing e-mails are fraudulent e-mails used to gain access to sensitive information or secure computer systems. They persuade users to click on malicious links, download attachments or provide sensitive information, such as usernames or passwords. One approach that aims to reduce people’s susceptibility to phishing is the provision of information to users regarding the phishing threat and the techniques used within phishing e-mails. In line with this, awareness campaigns are often used within organizations and wider society to raise awareness of phishing and encourage people to engage with protective information. However, the potential effectiveness of such approaches in reducing susceptibility remains uncertain. In particular, there is a lack of research investigating (i) whether the propensity to access such information may in itself influence susceptibility to phishing and (ii) the different factors that motivate people to engage with information in the first place. In order to understand how current and future interventions regarding phishing may be consumed by users, as well as their potential impact on phishing susceptibility, it is important to conduct theoretically based research that provides a foundation to investigate these issues. This study provides a first step in addressing this by developing and validating a theoretically based survey measure across two studies centred upon the constructs of protection motivation theory (perceived vulnerability, severity, self-efficacy and response efficacy) to assess the factors that influence whether people choose to keep up to date with protective information about phishing. This survey measure is then used within Study 2 to provide an initial investigation of the role of these constructs in (i) self-reported user intentions to keep up to date with phishing techniques in the future and (ii) phishing discrimination ability, assessed using a phishing quiz. Overall, higher perceived threat severity, self-efficacy and response efficacy were associated with greater intentions, while greater perceived vulnerability was associated with lower intentions. No relationship was found with phishing discrimination ability. By understanding the factors that influence user intention to maintain knowledge and seek information about phishing threats, it will be possible to ensure that, as effective interventions are developed, their potential impact can be maximized.
Host Tree Species Affects Spruce Budworm Winter Survival
Authors: Berthiaume Richard , Hébert Christian , Charest Martin , Dupont Alain , Bauce Éric 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
With current trends in global warming, it has been suggested that spruce budworm outbreaks may spread to northern parts of the boreal forest. However, the major constraints for a northward expansion are the availability of suitable host trees and the insect winter survival capacity. This study aimed to determine the effect of larval feeding on balsam fir, white spruce and black spruce on various spruce budworm life history traits of both the parental and the progeny generations. Results indicated that the weight of the overwintering larval progeny and their winter survival were influenced by host tree species on which larvae of the parental generation fed. White spruce was the most suitable host for the spruce budworm, producing the heaviest pupae and the heaviest overwintering larvae while black spruce was the least suitable, producing the smallest pupae and the smallest overwintering progeny. Overwintering larvae produced by parents that fed on black spruce also suffered higher winter mortality than individuals coming from parents that fed on balsam fir or white spruce. With current trends in global warming, spruce budworm is expected to expand its range to northern boreal forests where black spruce is the dominant tree species. Such northern range expansion might not result in outbreaks if low offspring winter survival on black spruce persist.
Bishop Bateman and Bury St Edmunds: The Two Laws Clash
Authors: McDonald Peter 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Bishop Bateman’s assertion of his authority over the exempt abbey of Bury St Edmunds in 1345 brought him into conflict with a house closely linked to both papacy and Crown, and came at a time of Anglo-papal tensions. Bateman was no anti-papalist but, as a legal rigorist, wanted to satisfy himself about Bury’s claims to exemption and restrain its monks’ extra-mural misbehaviour. He had some basis for this in canon law, but the ensuing lawsuit at the papal curia seemed to be going against him until swept aside by a writ of prohibition. The monastery looked to the Crown as its chief protector, and the English courts asserted royal rights aggressively. They found Bateman and his commissaries in contempt for breaching the prohibition and for asserting that only the pope could confer exemption; the abbey’s papal privileges were only confirmations of royal charters. They confiscated Bateman’s temporalities and imposed massive fines, and the pope was powerless to intervene. This amounted to a repudiation of 250 years of canon law, harking back to the eleventh-century Eigenkirche. But Edward III needed Bateman as a diplomat, and imposed a compromise under which both sides withdrew their suits and he pardoned the bishop. As Anglo-papal relations settled after 1350, the Crown let canon law stand and did not enforce the doctrines developed in this case. Edward was content with bringing his bishops to heel, and the two systems resumed their normal co-operation. Still, the courts had set a new precedent for royal control.
Neck cannulation for bypass in redo sternotomy in children and adults with congenital heart disease
Authors: Mustafa Muhammad R , Neijenhuis Ralph M L , Furci Barbara , Tsang Victor T 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOBJECTIVESPatients with complex congenital heart disease carry an increased risk of damage to retrosternal structures each time they undergo redo sternotomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of neck cannulation for peripheral cardiopulmonary bypass to alleviate the risks in high-risk redo sternotomy patients.METHODSChildren and adults with congenital heart disease undergoing high-risk redo sternotomy were included in this retrospective study. The primary outcome was the safety and efficacy of neck cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass. The secondary outcome was to assess preoperative risk factors as an indication for neck cannulation. The right common carotid artery and right internal jugular vein were cannulated and full cardiopulmonary bypass was initiated with vacuum-assisted venous drainage. Redo sternotomy was performed on a decompressed heart, and bifrontal regional cerebral oxygen saturation was monitored via near-infrared spectroscopy.RESULTSIn total, 35 patients were included. No mortality, neurological or vascular complications occurred postoperatively. Mean left- and right-sided near-infrared spectroscopy were 70.0% (±10.5) and 64.2% (±12.0), respectively, and the mean difference was 5.7% (±6.9). Main preoperative risk factors were; adherent ascending aorta (45.7%), adherent conduit (40%), severely dilated retrosternal right ventricle (17.1%) and skeletal deformations (14.3%).CONCLUSIONSCannulation of the right neck vessels for peripheral cardiopulmonary bypass prior to high-risk redo sternotomy in children and adults with congenital heart disease is a safe and effective strategy. In combination with near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring, adequate cerebral oxygenation can be ensured while the risk of catastrophic haemorrhage is minimized.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Maleic Hydrazide in Tobaccos
Authors: Hoffman I 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Maleic hydrazide (6-hydroxy-3-(2H) pyridazinone) has properties that make it an important regulator for the control of sucker growth in tobacco. The stability and persistence of maleic hydrazide in plants was reviewed by Smith and co-workers (3). Several procedures have been reported for its determination in plant material (1, 2, 4) but these have proved to be unsatisfactory when applied to tobacco. This failure is due primarily to the strong red interfering color which results when tobacco in sodium hydroxide solution is distilled with added zinc. The reported procedures attempt to minimize this interference by the use of empirical constants and absorbance ratio factors. This paper outlines a modified procedure of greatly increased sensitivity which removes the interference entirely, and which is applicable to various types of tobacco tested (flue-cured, cigar, burley, and aromatic)
One-Step Chromatographic Cleanup of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticide Residues in Butterfat. II. Chromatography on Florisil
Authors: Moats William A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The procedure for chromatography on Florisil was modified by using methylene chloride-petroleum ether mixtures to improve separation of insecticides from fat. Combined with paper chromatography, it provides a screening procedure for insecticide residues in dairy products that is comparable in speed and simplicity to total chloride methods but is of superior sensitivity.
Microcoulometric Gas Chromatographic Determination of Thiodan and Tedion in Green Vegetables
Authors: Burke Jerry , Mills Paul A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Thiodan and Tedion are extracted from vegetables by alcohol-hexane, cleaned up on a Florisil column, and determined by microcoulometric gas chromatography. Fractional elution from the Florisil column separates Thiodan from DDT, which has a conflicting GLC retention time. Dieldrin and endrin are eluted with Thiodan from Florisil; their GLC retention times conflict with that of Thiodan. However, if they are present, identification and semiquantitative estimation are possible.
Eluents from the Florisil column are not sufficiently “clean” for GLC when waxy-type vegetables (cole crops) are being analyzed, and additional treatment with the AOAC carbon mixture is utilized.
Rapid Method for Chlorinated Pesticide Residues in Nonfatty Foods
Authors: Mills Paul A , Onley J H , Gaither R A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Portions of several previously reported methods have been combined, condensed, and modified to provide a rapid, simple procedure for determining chlorinated organic pesticide residues in nonfatty foods. The method is believed to be applicable to 21 pesticides in a variety of foods. Results are reported for 5 pesticides in 11 foods.
Recovery of Sulphenone from Agriculturally Treated Crops
Authors: Shuman Harry 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Hexane as a stripping solvent in the first action method for determination of Sulphenone makes possible the direct application of the relatively simple acetonitrile cleanup to an aliquot of strip solution prior to isolation of p-chlorophenyl phenyl sulfone by Magnesol chromatography. Benzene stripping (as in method 24.106(a) for DDT) is superior to the current hexane stripping procedure, 24.146, for Sulphenone residues on apples, but shows no advantage over the hexane procedure for peaches. Pears have not been included in the study but it is reasonable to assume that firm pears (able to withstand tumbling at 75-100 rpm) would be classified with apples. It is proposed that two stripping procedures be included in the method for Sulphenone, based on differences in epidermal characteristics and firmness of the fruit. The stripping efficiency of these procedures should be 95% for apples and firm pears, 90% for peaches, and 80-90% for soft pears.
Programmed Temperature Gas Chromatography (PTGC) and Microcoulometric Detection of Chlorinated Insecticides
Authors: Burke Jerry 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Commercial models of a programmed temperature gas chromatograph and microcoulometric detection system were combined to study programmed temperature gas chromatography (PTGC) of chlorinated insecticides. PTGC permitted the analysis of samples containing materials whose volatilities cover a wide range. PTGC produced better chromatograms and was faster than isothermal gas chromatography. PTGC did not achieve separations which were not possible by isothermal gas chromatography. Operating parameters for a PTGC residue screening operation were determined. Relative retention times at these conditions are given for 22 pesticides. Other advantages of the PTGC instrumentation are noted.
Procedure for Distinguishing Compound OW-9 Residues from Aramite Residues on Citrus Fruits
Authors: Blinn R C , Gunther F A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The acaricide OW-9 is a mixture of two organosulfites closely related in structure to Aramite. Because OW-9 responds to the previously Aramiteselective “ethylene oxide method,” a procedure was designed to distinguish OW-9 residues from those resulting from illegal uses of Aramite. Vapor phase and thin-layer chromatographic techniques have satisfactorily separated Aramite from the OW-9 compounds so that they can be identified by several means.
Comparison of Laboratory Techniques for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Milk
Authors: Henderson J Lloyd 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Of the techniques available for specific pesticide residues, fly bioassay is non-specific and not very sensitive; total organic chloride determination also lacks specificity; the AOAC colorimetric method produces variable results, lacks sensitivity for low levels of residues, and does not cover the range of residues likely to be present in milk. Chromatographic tests are most satisfactory. Microcoulometric gas chromatography has many advantages but requires a skilled analyst. Electron-capture gas chromatography is promising but has not been fully developed. The Mills test, which combines column cleanup with identification by paper chromatography, is a rapid, practical screening test. In a collaborative comparison of the chromatographic procedures, microcoulometry tended to give higher results than the Mills test; electron-capture gave lower results than the other two methods. Details of all tests must be followed closely for good results.
Applications of Oscillographic Polarography to the Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides. II. A Rapid Screening Procedure for the Determination of Parathion in Some Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Gajan Raymond J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid screening technique is described for polarographic determination of less than 0.1 ppm of parathion residues on some fruits and vegetables. Methyl anthranilate does not interfere. Results compare favorably with those by two other procedures. The technique shows promise for use with other pesticides possessing nitro groups.
Determination of Parathion, Methyl Parathion, EPN, and Their Oxons in Some Fruit and Vegetable Crops
Authors: Coffix D E , Mckixley W P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Parathion, methyl parathion, EPN, and their corresponding oxons are extracted from plant material with acetonitrile, cleaned up by elution from polyethylene-coated alumina with a 40% acetonitrile solution, partitioned between chloroform and water, and eluted from magnesol with chloroform. Total content is estimated by a spectrophotometric measurement at 400 mμ of the p-nitrophenol produced by alkaline hydrolysis. They can be separated and identified by paper chromatography. The procedure for quantitative estimation after paper chromatographic separation is suitable for quantities of 2—20 μg. This procedure has been applied to organophosphate standards added to lettuce, apples, and strawberries. Recoveries varied from 84 to 100% of the added compound.
Determination of Glyodin Residues on Pears and Peaches
Authors: Kleinman A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A collaborative study has been made of the recovery of glyodin added to pears and peaches at levels slightly below and slightly above the tolerance. Recoveries of individual collaborators average from 72 to 112% of added amounts of glyodin. The method is recommended as official, first action for apples and peaches. Study should be continued on peaches and extended to include other fruits subject to the tolerance.
Collaborative Study of Maleic Hydrazide Residue Analysis
Authors: Lane J R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
With the Naugatuck Chemical Method G-114-A, an expanded laboratory version of the Lane, Gullstrom, and Newell modification of the original Wood method, five collaborators made distilled standard curves (10—200 μg) with maximum variation of + 10% and—4% from an average laboratory curve obtained over several years and with curves of maleic hydrazide distilled from potatoes with maximum variation of + 14% and—9%. Average recoveries of unknowns of duplicate determinations gave a 9 5% confidence limit of 13.5 μg at the 100 μg level, and 6.4 μg at the 25 μg level.
Determination of Fusel Oil in Distilled Spirits
Authors: Schoeneman Robert L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Mathers-Schoeneman modification of the Komarowsky Reaction for fusel oil, using 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde-3-sulfonic acid, has been collaboratively studied in comparison with the official fusel oil method using p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. Because of certain advantages of the Mathers-Schoeneman fusel oil method, it is recommended that it be adopted as an alternative official, first action method.
Determination of Total Acids in Wines: American Society of Enologists-AOAC Joint Report on Wines
Authors: Guymon J F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The organization of the American Society of Enologists and its activities relative to developing new or improved procedures for analysis of wines are reviewed by its liaison officer to the AOAC. A modification of the official method for acidity in wines has been collaboratively studied and its adoption is recommended.
Fusel Oil Determination by Gas-Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Martin Glenn E , Caggiano Gian , Schlesinger Howard 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method was developed for the determination of fusel oil by gas-liquid chromatography. Separation is effected in a ¼” column containing 20% Ucon polar as the liquid phase, on a solid support of Gas Chrom P at isothermal condition 90° C. The method is simple and expeditious, and the amount of each component alcohol can be determined individually.
Sodium and Potassium in Wines and Distilled Spirits
Authors: Meuron Herman J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The flame photometric method of Pro and Mathers for sodium and potassium in wines and distilled spirits has been studied by 10 collaborators: 4 government laboratories, 1 private laboratory, 1 distiller, and 3 wineries. The method uses simple dilutions without further treatment or ashing for sample preparation. Wines are diluted from 50 to 200 times with water, and distilled spirits are used straight or diluted up to 5 times with 50% ethanol. Standard curves are prepared; water is used for comparison with wines and 50% ethanol is used when determining distilled spirits. The method is rapid and convenient and is adaptable to any type of flame spectrophotometer. The collaborative results indicate that the method is satisfactory within the accuracy needed for use by regulatory and enforcement agencies and by the wine and distilled spirits manufacturers.
Colorimetric Determination of Urea in Feeds
Authors: Potts T J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A collaborative study was undertaken this year on the DMAB method for the colorimetric determination of urea in dry corn samples, which was compared with method 22.023-22.024. The DMAB method uses p-dimethylami-nobenzaldehyde as the color producer for spectrophotometry measurement. Mean values showed excellent recovery by both the official procedure and the DMAB procedure. Over-all standard deviation and coefficient of variation for all three dry corn samples containing urea indicated greater precision and accuracy by the DMAB procedure; collaborators expressed preference for this method. Further work is recommended to finalize the determination of urea in feeds.
Collaborative Study of the Determination of Ethoxyquin in Feeds
Authors: Gordon Richard S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The previously reported method for the determination of Santoquin (ethoxyquin) in feeds yielded highly reproducible results; duplicate determinations varied ± 2.6% from the mean. The use of different fluorometers gave a greater range of background values than previously. However, the average values obtained from all laboratories using the method was 99.9% of the true value over the entire range of Santoquin concentrations (0—200 ppm) studied, and 97.2% of the absolute value in the range of Santoquin concentration (100—150 ppm) ordinarily encountered in mixed feed. The standard deviation from all laboratories in the 100—150 ppm range is about 7.4% of the value observed. It is recommended that the method as previously reported be adopted as official, first action and the task force expanded to include more laboratories with a still greater variety of fluorometers before recommending that the method be adopted as official, final action.