bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Pore‐Scale Upscaling Approach for Laminated Sandstones using Minkowski Maps and Hydraulic Attributes
Authors: Jiang Han , Arns C. H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDigital core analysis offers unprecedented insight into fluid transport mechanisms at the pore scale, yet the integration of this knowledge into standard workflows requires the consideration of larger sample volumes. For hierarchical materials, this can be achieved by appropriate classification schemes and associated upscaling of pore‐scale transport properties to continuum measures. This work introduces a robust upscaling approach based on regional Minkowski measures or Minkowski maps with or without an additional hydraulic attribute. Data clustering of this feature vector field is achieved with a Gaussian mixture model leading to spatially compact rock types capturing the layering of the analyzed laminated sandstone. Other regional attribute fields like pore size, throat size, and volume/surface ratio are analyzed using these partitions. This is followed by a characterization of their transport properties, namely, electrical conductivity and permeability, for which an efficient sampling scheme utilizing spectral methods is introduced. We compare the upscaled transport properties on the basis of homogenization to full‐scale direct pore‐scale simulations for a thinly laminated sandstone and demonstrate very good agreement and large computational speed‐up.
Dual clumped isotope thermometry resolves kinetic biases in carbonate formation temperatures
Authors: Bajnai David , Guo Weifu , Spötl Christoph , Coplen Tyler B. , Methner Katharina , Löffler Niklas , Krsnik Emilija , Gischler Eberhard , Hansen Maximilian , Henkel Daniela , Price Gregory D. , Raddatz Jacek , Scholz Denis , Fiebig Jens 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSurface temperature is a fundamental parameter of Earth’s climate. Its evolution through time is commonly reconstructed using the oxygen isotope and the clumped isotope compositions of carbonate archives. However, reaction kinetics involved in the precipitation of carbonates can introduce inaccuracies in the derived temperatures. Here, we show that dual clumped isotope analyses, i.e., simultaneous ∆47 and ∆48 measurements on the single carbonate phase, can identify the origin and quantify the extent of these kinetic biases. Our results verify theoretical predictions and evidence that the isotopic disequilibrium commonly observed in speleothems and scleractinian coral skeletons is inherited from the dissolved inorganic carbon pool of their parent solutions. Further, we show that dual clumped isotope thermometry can achieve reliable palaeotemperature reconstructions, devoid of kinetic bias. Analysis of a belemnite rostrum implies that it precipitated near isotopic equilibrium and confirms the warmer-than-present temperatures during the Early Cretaceous at southern high latitudes.
Cosmc controls B cell homing
Authors: Zeng Junwei , Eljalby Mahmoud , Aryal Rajindra P. , Lehoux Sylvain , Stavenhagen Kathrin , Kudelka Matthew R. , Wang Yingchun , Wang Jianmei , Ju Tongzhong , von Andrian Ulrich H. , Cummings Richard D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe molecular mechanisms regulating lymphocyte homing into lymph nodes are only partly understood. Here, we report that B cell-specific deletion of the X-linked gene,Cosmc, and the consequent decrease of protein O-glycosylation, induces developmental blocks of mouse B cells. After transfer into wild-type recipient,Cosmc-null B cells fail to home to lymph nodes as well as non-lymphoid organs. Enzymatic desialylation of wild-type B cells blocks their migration into lymph nodes, indicating a requirement of sialylated O-glycans for proper trafficking. Mechanistically,Cosmc-deficient B cells have normal rolling and firm arrest on high endothelium venules (HEV), thereby attributing their inefficient trafficking to alterations in the subsequent transendothelial migration step. Finally,Cosmc-null B cells have defective chemokine signaling responses. Our results thus demonstrate thatCosmcand its effects on O-glycosylation are important for controlling B cell homing.
Nanoscale mechanism of UO2 formation through uranium reduction by magnetite
Authors: Pan Zezhen , Bártová Barbora , LaGrange Thomas , Butorin Sergei M. , Hyatt Neil C. , Stennett Martin C. , Kvashnina Kristina O. , Bernier-Latmani Rizlan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUranium (U) is a ubiquitous element in the Earth’s crust at ~2 ppm. In anoxic environments, soluble hexavalent uranium (U(VI)) is reduced and immobilized. The underlying reduction mechanism is unknown but likely of critical importance to explain the geochemical behavior of U. Here, we tackle the mechanism of reduction of U(VI) by the mixed-valence iron oxide, magnetite. Through high-end spectroscopic and microscopic tools, we demonstrate that the reduction proceeds first through surface-associated U(VI) to form pentavalent U, U(V). U(V) persists on the surface of magnetite and is further reduced to tetravalent UO2 as nanocrystals (~1–2 nm) with random orientations inside nanowires. Through nanoparticle re-orientation and coalescence, the nanowires collapse into ordered UO2 nanoclusters. This work provides evidence for a transient U nanowire structure that may have implications for uranium isotope fractionation as well as for the molecular-scale understanding of nuclear waste temporal evolution and the reductive remediation of uranium contamination.
Antibody-secreting cell destiny emerges during the initial stages of B-cell activation
Authors: Scharer Christopher D. , Patterson Dillon G. , Mi Tian , Price Madeline J. , Hicks Sakeenah L. , Boss Jeremy M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUpon stimulation, B cells assume heterogeneous cell fates, with only a fraction differentiating into antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Here we investigate B cell fate programming and heterogeneity during ASC differentiation using T cell-independent models. We find that maximal ASC induction requires at least eight cell divisions in vivo, with BLIMP-1 being required for differentiation at division eight. Single cell RNA-sequencing of activated B cells and construction of differentiation trajectories reveal an early cell fate bifurcation. The ASC-destined branch requires induction of IRF4, MYC-target genes, and oxidative phosphorylation, with the loss of CD62L expression serving as a potential early marker of ASC fate commitment. Meanwhile, the non-ASC branch expresses an inflammatory signature, and maintains B cell fate programming. Finally, ASC can be further subseted based on their differential responses to ER-stress, indicating multiple development branch points. Our data thus define the cell division kinetics of B cell differentiation in vivo, and identify the molecular trajectories of B cell fate and ASC formation.
Reconfigurable structured light generation in a multicore fibre amplifier
Authors: Lin Di , Carpenter Joel , Feng Yutong , Jain Saurabh , Jung Yongmin , Feng Yujun , Zervas Michalis N. , Richardson David J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractStructured light, with spatially varying phase or polarization distributions, has given rise to many novel applications in fields ranging from optical communication to laser-based material processing. However the efficient and flexible generation of such beams from a compact laser source at practical output powers still remains a great challenge. Here we describe an approach capable of addressing this need based on the coherent combination of multiple tailored Gaussian beams emitted from a multicore fibre (MCF) amplifier. We report a proof-of-concept structured light generation experiment, using a cladding-pumped 7-core MCF amplifier as an integrated parallel amplifier array and a spatial light modulator (SLM) to actively control the amplitude, polarization and phase of the signal light input to each fibre core. We report the successful generation of various structured light beams including high-order linearly polarized spatial fibre modes, cylindrical vector (CV) beams and helical phase front optical vortex (OV) beams.
3D printable tough silicone double networks
Authors: Wallin Thomas J. , Simonsen Leif-Erik , Pan Wenyang , Wang Kaiyang , Giannelis Emmanuel , Shepherd Robert F. , Mengüç Yiğit 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAdditive manufacturing permits innovative soft device architectures with micron resolution. The processing requirements, however, restrict the available materials, and joining chemically dissimilar components remains a challenge. Here we report silicone double networks (SilDNs) that participate in orthogonal crosslinking mechanisms—photocurable thiol-ene reactions and condensation reactions—to exercise independent control over both the shape forming process (3D printing) and final mechanical properties. SilDNs simultaneously possess low elastic modulus (E100% < 700kPa) as well as large ultimate strains (dL/L0 up to ~ 400 %), toughnesses (U ~ 1.4 MJ·m−3), and strengths (σ ~ 1 MPa). Importantly, the latent condensation reaction permits cohesive bonding of printed objects to dissimilar substrates with modulus gradients that span more than seven orders of magnitude. We demonstrate soft devices relevant to a broad range of disciplines: models that simulate the geometries and mechanical properties of soft tissue systems and multimaterial assemblies for next generation wearable devices and robotics.
Dynamics of entomopathogenic nematode foraging and infectivity in microgravity
Authors: Kaplan Fatma , Shapiro-Ilan David , Schiller Karl Cameron 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMicrogravity is a unique environment to elucidate host–parasite biology. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), model parasites, kill host insects with mutualistic bacteria and provide environmentally friendly pest control. It is unknown how microgravity affects a multistep insect invasion by parasites with mutualistic bacteria. EPNs respond directionally to electromagnetic cues and their sinusoidal locomotion is affected by various physical factors. Therefore, we expected microgravity to impact EPN functionality. Microgravity experiments during space flight on the International Space Station (ISS) indicated that EPNs successfully emerged from consumed insect host cadavers, moved through soil, found and infected bait insects in a manner equivalent to Earth controls. However, nematodes that developed entirely in space, from the egg stage, died upon return to Earth, unlike controls in microgravity and on Earth. This agricultural biocontrol experiment in space gives insight to long-term space flight for symbiotic organisms, parasite biology, and the potential for sustainable crop protection in space.
Hemispheric asymmetry of the dayside aurora due to imbalanced solar insolation
Authors: Liou Kan , Mitchell Elizabeth J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUnlike the nightside aurora, which is controlled mainly by magnetic field reconnection in the magnetotail, the dayside aurora is closely associated with magnetic field merging at the dayside magnetopause. About two decades ago, it was discovered that the aurora is also controlled by solar insolation. Because the finding was based on data acquired mainly in the Northern Hemisphere, an outstanding question is if the auroral solar insolation effect also exists in the Southern Hemisphere. The present study addresses this question by studying dayside auroras from both hemispheres. We analyze 6 years’ worth of Earth disk emissions at far ultraviolet wavelengths acquired by the Global UltraViolet Imager on-board the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite from 2002 to 2007. It is found that the solar insolation effect also exists in the Southern Hemisphere. In essence, the energy flux deposited as electron precipitation, is larger when the polar hemisphere is sunlit and is smaller when the polar hemisphere is dark. Because auroras are produced mainly by electron precipitation and because electrons are the main current carrier, this north–south asymmetry is consistent with the previous finding that larger (smaller) field-aligned currents are flowing out of the sunlit (dark) hemisphere. This trend is independent of the solar wind driving, suggesting that it is an effect associated with solar insolation. A small north–south asymmetry in the dayside auroral energy flux was identified. We discuss the asymmetry in the context of magnetospheric current and voltage generators.
PM2.5 diminution and haze events over Delhi during the COVID-19 lockdown period: an interplay between the baseline pollution and meteorology
Authors: Dhaka Surendra K. , Chetna  , Kumar Vinay , Panwar Vivek , Dimri A. P. , Singh Narendra , Patra Prabir K. , Matsumi Yutaka , Takigawa Masayuki , Nakayama Tomoki , Yamaji Kazuyo , Kajino Mizuo , Misra Prakhar , Hayashida Sachiko 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDelhi, a tropical Indian megacity, experiences one of the most severe air pollution in the world, linked with diverse anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions. First phase of COVID-19 lockdown in India, implemented during 25 March to 14 April 2020 resulted in a dramatic near-zeroing of various activities (e.g. traffic, industries, constructions), except the “essential services”. Here, we analysed variations in the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) over the Delhi-National Capital Region. Measurements revealed large reductions (by 40–70%) in PM2.5 during the first week of lockdown (25–31 March 2020) as compared to the pre-lockdown conditions. However, O3 pollution remained high during the lockdown due to non-linear chemistry and dynamics under low aerosol loading. Notably, events of enhanced PM2.5 levels (300–400 µg m−3) were observed during night and early morning hours in the first week of April after air temperatures fell close to the dew-point (~ 15–17 °C). A haze formation mechanism is suggested through uplifting of fine particles, which is reinforced by condensation of moisture following the sunrise. The study highlights a highly complex interplay between the baseline pollution and meteorology leading to counter intuitive enhancements in pollution, besides an overall improvement in air quality during the COVID-19 lockdown in this part of the world.
The molecular insights into protein adsorption on hematite surface disclosed by in-situ ATR-FTIR/2D-COS study
Authors: Barreto Matheus Sampaio C. , Elzinga Evert J. , Alleoni Luís Reynaldo F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractProteins are of ubiquitous interest in the Life Sciences but are of interest in the Geosciences as well because of the significant role these compounds play in the biogeochemical cycling of trace and nutrient elements. Structural changes resulting from the adsorption of proteins onto mineral surfaces may alter protein biological function and other environmental interactions. Iron oxides are major sinks of a range of environmental elements including organic compounds. In this study, the adsorption of the broadly studied model protein BSA onto the hematite mineral surface was characterized as a function of pH, ionic strength, and BSA concentration using in-situ Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. BSA lost the α-helix and gain β-sheets in the secondary structure during adsorption on hematite. BSA adsorption was maximum at pH 5, a value close to the BSA isoelectric point (~ pH 5), and lower at pH 4 and pH 7. Increasing ionic strength decreased to total BSA adsorption. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy analysis of the ATR-FTIR spectra revealed that higher initial BSA concentration and the consequent higher BSA surface loading enhanced BSA adsorption by protein–protein interaction, which less ordered structures changes into more compact forms decrease, hence compacting the structural arrangement and could promoting multilayers/aggregation formation on the mineral surface. The activity of enzymes following adsorption on mineral surfaces requires further study.
C. elegans possess a general program to enter cryptobiosis that allows dauer larvae to survive different kinds of abiotic stress
Authors: Gade Vamshidhar R. , Traikov Sofia , Oertel Jana , Fahmy Karim , Kurzchalia Teymuras V. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAll organisms encounter abiotic stress but only certain organisms are able to cope with extreme conditions and enter into cryptobiosis (hidden life). Previously, we have shown that C. elegans dauer larvae can survive severe desiccation (anhydrobiosis), a specific form of cryptobiosis. Entry into anhydrobiosis is preceded by activation of a set of biochemical pathways by exposure to mild desiccation. This process called preconditioning induces elevation of trehalose, intrinsically disordered proteins, polyamines and some other pathways that allow the preservation of cellular functionality in the absence of water. Here, we demonstrate that another stress factor, high osmolarity, activates similar biochemical pathways. The larvae that acquired resistance to high osmotic pressure can also withstand desiccation. In addition, high osmolarity significantly increases the biosynthesis of glycerol making larva tolerant to freezing. Thus, to survive abiotic stress, C. elegans activates a combination of genetic and biochemical pathways that serve as a general survival program.
Prevalence of HIV infection and bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis among individuals found at bars in Kampala slums, Uganda
Authors: Baluku Joseph Baruch , Anguzu Godwin , Nassozi Sylvia , Babirye Febronius , Namiiro Sharon , Buyungo Robert , Sempiira Mike , Wasswa Amir , Mulwana Rose , Ntambi Samuel , Worodria William , Andia-Biraro Irene 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIndividuals found at bars in slums have several risk factors for HIV and tuberculosis (TB). To determine the prevalence of HIV and TB among individuals found at bars in slums of Kampala, Uganda, we enrolled adults found at bars that provided written informed consent. Individuals with alcohol intoxication were excluded. We performed HIV testing using immunochromatographic antibody tests (Alere Determine HIV-1/2 and Chembio HIV 1/2 STAT-PAK). TB was confirmed using the Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay, performed on single spot sputum samples. We enrolled 272 participants from 42 bars in 5 slums. The prevalence of HIV and TB was 11.4% (95% CI 8.1–15.8) and 15 (95% CI 6–39) per 1,000 population respectively. Predictors of HIV were female sex (aOR 5.87, 95% CI 2.05–16.83), current cigarette smoking (aOR 3.23, 95% CI 1.02–10.26), history of TB treatment (aOR 10.19, 95% CI 3.17–32.82) and CAGE scores of 2–3 (aOR 3.90, 95% CI 1.11–13.70) and 4 (aOR 4.77, 95% CI 1.07–21.35). The prevalence of HIV and TB was twice and four times the national averages respectively. These findings highlight the need for concurrent programmatic screening for both HIV and TB among high risk populations in slums.
Individual and combined effects of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms on colorectal cancer risk: an updated meta-analysis
Authors: Song Liang , Yang Chen , He Xiao-Feng 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background. The presence or absence of glutathione S-transferase M1 gene (GSTM1) and glutathione S-transferase T1 gene (GSTT1) polymorphisms, and their combined effects have been suggested as a risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the results are inconsistent.
Objectives. An updated meta-analysis was performed to solve the controversy.
Methods. Meta-analyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines were used.
Results. Overall, the GSTM1 null genotype was associated with an increased CRC risk in Caucasians (odds ratio (OR) = 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05–1.23), Asians (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.08–1.32), high-quality studies (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.06–1.18). Moreover, the GSTM1 null genotype was also associated with an increased colon cancer risk (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.16–1.51). The GSTT1 null genotype was also associated with an increased CRC risk in Asians (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02–1.15) and Caucasians (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.09–1.41). Moreover, The GSTT1 null genotype was associated with an increased rectal cancer risk (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01–1.27, I2 = 8.3%) in subgroup analysis by tumor location. Last, the GSTM1 null/GSTT1 null genotype was associated with an increased CRC risk in Asians.
Conclusion. This meta-analysis indicates that the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes are associated with increased CRC risk in Asians and Caucasians, and the GSTM1 null/GSTT1 null genotype was associated with increased CRC risk in Asians.
Benigne und maligne Bindehauttumoren in Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: Westekemper Henrike , Manthey Anke , Bechrakis Nikolaos 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungBindehauttumoren betreffen in Diagnostik und Therapie alle Bereiche der augenärztlichen Praxis. Das beginnt mit der klinischen Kontrolle von Bindehautnävi und anderen benignen Tumoren, der Einschätzung von entzündlichen Pseudotumoren und ihrer Abgrenzung zu Präkanzerosen oder vernarbenden Erkrankungen und mündet in der hochspezialisierten und interdisziplinären Führung onkologischer Patienten mit Lymphomen, hochmalignen Melanomen oder invasiven Plattenepithelkarzinomen.
Tumoren und Pseudotumoren der Netzhaut und des Ziliarepithels
Authors: Biewald Eva , Schlüter Sabrina , Kiefer Tobias , Dalbah Sami , Bornfeld Norbert , Bechrakis Nikolaos E. 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Varietät retinaler Tumoren reicht von harmlosen Läsionen über benigne, lokal destruierende Tumoren bis hin zu lebensbedrohlichen Erkrankungen. Nicht immer lassen sie sich einfach voneinander unterscheiden. Die Diagnose sollte nach Möglichkeit klinisch gestellt werden wegen der Gefahr einer Tumorzellverschleppung durch invasive Diagnostik. Jedoch rückt die genetische Charakterisierung der Läsion immer mehr in den Vordergrund. Je nach Entität ist eine Therapie in einem spezialisierten Zentrum notwendig.
Energetische Arbeit im systemischen Feld der Mensch-Tier-Beziehung
Authors: Will-Hofmann Heike 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungAnhand zweier Fallbeispiele – COB beim Pferd und Hauterkrankung beim Hund – wird der holistische Therapieweg dargestellt, der durch die Synergie von Körper, Seele und Geist zur Heilung des Systems führt. Einen entscheidenden Beitrag dabei leistet die Mensch-Tier-Beziehung im Sinne einer Therapie im System.
Medikamentöse Therapie des Glaukoms
Authors: Emrani Elnaz 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungGlaukom ist in Deutschland die zweithäufigste Ursache irreversibler Erblindungen. Es stehen verschiedene therapeutische Ansätze zur Verfügung. Neben der Verbesserung der vaskulären Perfusion und der Reduktion des oxidativen Stresses steht als zentrale Therapieoption nach wie vor die Senkung des Augeninnendrucks im Vordergrund. Dafür kommen verschiedene Wirkstoffklassen mit unterschiedlichem Wirkmechanismus und Nebenwirkungsprofil zur Anwendung.