bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What can we learn about orographic drag parametrisation from high‐resolution models? A case study over the Rocky Mountains
Authors: Vosper Simon B. , van Niekerk Annelize , Elvidge Andrew , Sandu Irina , Beljaars Anton 
Published: December 2019

AbstractComprehensive high‐resolution numerical weather prediction models provide a virtual laboratory for modelling the atmospheric flow over complex mountain ranges. In this study, global and regional simulations with horizontal grid spacing ranging from 2 to 32 km, focused over the northern Rocky Mountains, are used to assess the orographic blocking and gravity wave drag parametrisations employed in the Met Office Unified Model (UM) and the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Integrated Forecasting System (IFS). The total, resolved and parametrised drag components in coarse‐resolution simulations are compared with those in high‐resolution simulations, in which the orographic drag processes are better resolved. The total surface stresses and gravity wave momentum fluxes in the free atmosphere of the global 16 km UM and IFS simulations are shown to compare well with 2 km regional simulations in terms of variability and mean. While the total gravity wave momentum flux is somewhat underestimated by both global models, its vertical distribution is well captured. The “seamlessness” of the parametrisation scheme is then assessed by comparing the total orographic stress – and its components – across several horizontal resolutions of the UM. The surface stress remains relatively constant across resolutions, such that the reduction in resolved orographic stress at coarser resolutions is compensated for by an almost equivalent increase in parametrised orographic stress. However, the parametrised orographic gravity wave momentum flux in the free atmosphere remains almost constant with resolution, failing to compensate for the lack of resolved flux at coarse resolutions. This leads to an underestimation of the total gravity wave drag at coarser resolutions. Further analysis suggests that this underestimation is due to the monochromatic wave assumption made by the gravity wave drag parametrisation scheme.
Which isotopes should we choose? Entropy‐based feature ranking enables evaluation of the information content of stable isotopes in archaeofaunal material
Authors: Göhring Andrea , Mauder Markus , Kröger Peer , Grupe Gisela 
Published: December 2019

RationaleMethods for multi‐isotope analyses are gaining in importance in anthropological, archaeological, and ecological studies. However, when material is limited (i.e., archaeological remains), it is obligatory to decide a priori which isotopic system(s) could be omitted without losing information.MethodsWe introduce a method that enables feature ranking of isotopic systems on the basis of distance‐based entropy. The feature ranking method is evaluated using Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) clustering as well as a cluster validation index (“trace index”).ResultsCombinations of features resulting in high entropy values are less important than those resulting in low entropy values structuring the dataset into more distinct clusters. Therefore, this method allows us to rank isotopic systems. The isotope ranking depends on the analyzed dataset, for example, consisting of terrestrial mammals or fish. The feature ranking results were verified by cluster analysis.ConclusionsEntropy‐based feature ranking can be used to a priori select the isotopic systems that should be analyzed. Consequently, we strongly suggest that this method should be applied if only limited material is available.
Effect of Fe3O4‐Decorated N‐Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid on the Anticorrosion Performance of Epoxy Composite Coating
Authors: Chhetri Suman , Ghosh Souvik , Samanta Pranab , Murmu Naresh Chandra , Kuila Tapas 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe present study explores the synergistic effect of Fe3O4 and heteroatom doped reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanohybrid on anti‐corrosion performance of epoxy composite coating. In this connection, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were decorated over nitrogen doped rGO (Fe3O4‐NRG) and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). This approach to modulating the surface properties of graphene and hence the interaction with polymer matrix were quite distinct from traditional surface functionlization or decoration in a sense that the doped nitrogen atom facilitate the growth of Fe3O4 particles and at the same time augmented the interaction of rGO with polymer matrix. The prepared nanohybrid was dispersed in epoxy matrix through mechanical mixing and coated over mild steel surface via spin coating technique. The potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) study revealed superior anti‐corrosion performance of Fe3O4‐NRG/epoxy coating in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. The corrosion inhibition was found to improve by ∼ 98.5% with 0.5 wt% loading of Fe3O4‐NRG. We believe that this simple solvent free approach to prepare composite coating can be exploit for practical application and thus deserves special attention..
An Overview of Recent Advances in the Applications of Click Chemistry in the Synthesis of Bioconjugates with Anticancer Activities
Authors: Mashayekh Koroush , Shiri Pezhman 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe click chemistry is one of the most powerful C−N bond forming‐reactions towards five‐membered heterocycles. The copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) has widely used in the discovery of anti‐cancer drugs and many articles have been published in this field. This review article aims to review general mechanism aspects and the recent advances (2016–2019) of click chemistry for cancer therapy.
New Approach to the Synthesis of 2‐Sulfonylaminosubstituted Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines via the Cascade Reaction of N‐(1‐aryl‐2,2,2‐trichloroethyl)sulfonamides with 2‐Aminopyridines
Authors: Serykh Valery Yu. , Ushakov Igor A. , Borodina Tatyana N. , Smirnov Vladimir I. , Rozentsveig Igor B. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract2‐Aminopyridines react with N‐(1‐aryl‐2,2,2‐trichloroethyl)arenesulfonamides in the presence of K2CO3 and DABCO to afford previously unknown 2‐sulfonylaminosubstituted imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines. The annulated heterocyclic derivatives are likely formed via dichloroaziridine and α‐chloro imidoylchloride intermediates.
Effect of Content of Cerium Ion on Brönsted‐Acid‐Catalyzed Reaction of Thiophene over CeY Zeolite Studied by In Situ FTIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Mo Zhousheng , Qin Yucai , Zu Yun , Wang Huan , Zhang Xiaotong , Song Lijuan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWith NaY zeolite as the raw material, CeY zeolites with different content of Ce ions were prepared by liquid phase ion exchange (LPIE) method. Their chemical compositions were measured by X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3‐TPD) and FTIR spectra of pyridine (Py‐FTIR) techniques were used to characterize acidity of CeY zeolites. With thiophene (TP, C4H4S) as probe molecule, adsorption and reaction of TP over CeY zeolites were researched by using in situ FTIR spectroscopy. Finally, it can be found that activity of Brönsted(B)‐acid‐catalyzed reaction of TP firstly increases and then has little change with the increase of concentration of Ce(NO3)3 solution (c), while increases with the increase of the exchange times by a combination of adsorption and reaction of TP over CeY zeolite with acidity of CeY zeolite and with location of Ce ion in CeY zeolite. Especially, the sulfur‐metal (S−M) interaction between TP and Ce ion located in the supercage exhibits more influence than B‐acid‐catalyzed reaction of TP on adsorption desulfurization of CeY zeolite.
A Non‐Noble Monometallic Catalyst Derived from Cu–MOFs for Highly Selective Hydrogenation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5‐Dimethylfuran
Authors: Zhang Qingtu , Zuo Jianliang , Peng Feng , Chen Shengzhou , Wang Qiying , Liu Zili 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSelective hydrogenation of biomass 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2, 5‐dimethylfuran (DMF) which is a suitable candidate for liquid fuel has been widely concerned. Developing efficient and economic catalysts for the hydrogenation of HMF to DMF under mild conditions is a crucial issue. Here series monometallic Cu‐based catalysts were synthesized from controlled thermolysis of Cu‐BTC metal‐organic frameworks and characterized by TG, N2 adsorption‐desorption, XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, and H2‐TPR techniques. The CuOx@C catalyst with Cu2O/Cu composites enwrapped in porous carbon matrix derived from Cu‐BTC by two steps thermolysis treatment shows high hydrogenation activity with 100% conversion of HMF and 92% selectivity of DMF at 180 °C under 3 MPa H2 pressure. The oxidation treatment following up the thermolysis of Cu‐BTC under inert atmosphere increases the content of Cu+ in the catalyst and improves the activity of the catalyst, which is mainly owe to the synergetic effect between Cu+ and Cu0.
The Electrochemical Resolution of Ciprofloxacin, Riboflavin and Estriol Using Anionic Surfactant and Polymer‐Modified Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Pushpanjali Pemmatte A. , Manjunatha Jamballi G. , Shreenivas Mellekatte T. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn the current study, a novel electrode was prepared by utilizing electropolymerization as well as immobilization technique for the resolution of antibacterial drug Ciprofloxacin (CFX). Cyclic voltammetric (CV) technique was adopted to explore the properties of poly(Evans blue) sodium dodecyl sulphate doubly modified carbon paste electrode (PEBSDSMCPE). A significant enhancement in the electrochemical activity was observed at modified electrode compared to bare carbon paste electrode (BCPE). The effect of variation in sweep rate was also performed to evaluate the total number of electrons transferred during the oxidation of CFX. The mass transfer process taking place at the electrode surface was also examined and it was found to be controlled by diffusion phenomena. Under optimized circumstances the limit of detection (LOD) and quantification limit (LOQ) were achieved to be 1.83×10−7 M and 6.11×10−7 M respectively. PEBSDSMCPE was successfully utilized for the selective determination of CFX, Riboflavin (RFL) and Estriol (EST). The current proposed method was well adopted for the analysis of real sample.
An Efficient Regioselective Access to (11Z)‐11‐(3‐Aryl‐5,6‐dihydropyrazin‐2(1H)‐ylidene)‐11H‐indeno[1,2‐b]quinoxaline Derivatives via One‐Pot Three‐Component Reaction
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Roosta Atefeh 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHere we reported an efficient one‐pot reaction between 11H‐indeno[1,2‐b]quinoxalin‐11‐one, 1‐phenyl‐2‐(1,1,1‐triphenyl‐λ5‐phosphanylidene)ethan‐1‐one and diamine derivatives to access (11E)‐11‐(3‐aryl‐5,6‐dihydropyrazin‐2(1H)‐ylidene)‐11H‐indeno[1,2‐b]quinoxalines. The reaction allows the formation of the desired products under mild and catalyst‐free conditions with excellent regioselectivity and high yields (85‐95%). All products were characterized by IR, EI‐MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis.
Effect of Tier Surface Structure on Non‐wetting Materials and Robust Superamphiphobic Surface
Authors: Fan Beibei , Wang Tao , Jia Xueying , Ji Lvlv , Lv Chang , Wang Sheng 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSurface structure is a key factor for the non‐wettability, that's because different surface tier structure can catch different numbers of air‐pockets. The weak hierarchical surface structure limits the application of non‐wetting materials. In this work, the different tier structure Te@C, Te@C‐SiO2, SNTs are prepared to characterize the influence of tier structure on the non‐wettability and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms are used to characterize the air‐pockets. The aluminum dihydrogen phosphate is used to strength the robustness of SiO2NTs superamphiphobic surface. The results indicate that the more tiers of surface structure have a higher SBET, higher SBET ensure enough air‐pockets, which can make more contributions to the non‐wettability. The prepared robust superamphiphobic surface shown extreme robustness, and after 50 cycles of sandpaper abrasion, it is still super‐repellent to hexadecane.
Dark matter and naturalness
Authors: Hertzberg Mark P. , Sandora McCullen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Standard Model of particle physics is governed by Poincaré symmetry, while all other symmetries, exact or approximate, are essentially dictated by theoretical consistency with the particle spectrum. On the other hand, many models of dark matter exist that rely upon the addition of new added global symmetries in order to stabilize the dark matter particle and/or achieve the correct abundance. In this work we begin a systematic exploration into truly natural models of dark matter, organized by only relativity and quantum mechanics, without the appeal to any additional global symmetries, no fine-tuning, and no small parameters. We begin by reviewing how singlet dark sectors based on spin 0 or spin$$ \frac{1}{2} $$12should readily decay, while pure strongly coupled spin 1 models have an overabun-dance problem. This inevitably leads us to construct chiral models with spin$$ \frac{1}{2} $$12particles charged under confining spin 1 particles. This leads to stable dark matter candidates that are analogs of baryons, with a confinement scale that can be naturally 𝒪(100)TeV. This leads to the right freeze-out abundance by annihilating into massless unconfined dark fermions. The minimal model involves a dark copy of SU(3)×SU(2) with 1 generation of chiral dark quarks and leptons. The presence of massless dark leptons can potentially give rise to a somewhat large value of ∆Neffduring BBN. In order to not upset BBN one may either appeal to a large number of heavy degrees of freedom beyond the Standard Model, or to assume the dark sector has a lower reheat temperature than the visible sector, which is also natural in this framework. This reasoning provides a robust set of dark matter models that are entirely natural. Some are concrete realizations of the nightmare scenario in which dark matter may be very difficult to detect, which may impact future search techniques.
Symmetry enhancement in 4d Spin(n) gauge theories and compactification from 6d
Authors: Sela Orr , Zafrir Gabi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe consider a known sequence of dualities involving 4d$$ \mathcal{N} $$N= 1 theories with Spin(n) gauge groups and use it to construct a new sequence of models exhibiting IR symmetry enhancement. Then, motivated by the observed pattern of IR symmetries we conjecture six-dimensional theories the compactification of which on a Riemann surface yields the 4dsequence of models along with their symmetry enhancements, and put them to several consistency checks.
Bryophytes and the symbiotic microorganisms, the pioneers of vegetation restoration in karst rocky desertification areas in southwestern China
Authors: Cao Wei , Xiong Yuanxin , Zhao Degang , Tan Hongying , Qu Jiaojiao 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn karst rocky desertification areas, bryophytes coexist with algae, bacteria, and fungi on exposed calcareous rocks to form a bryophyte crust, which plays an irreplaceable role in the restoration of karst degraded ecosystems. We investigated the biodiversity of crust bryophytes in karst rocky desertification areas from Guizhou Province, China. A total of 145 species in 22 families and 56 genera were identified. According to frequency and coverage, seven candidate dominant mosses were screened out, and five drought-resistant indexes of them were measured. Hypnum leptothallum, Racopilum cuspidigerum, and Hyophila involuta have high drought adaptability. We explored the interactions between two dominant mosses (H. leptothallum, H. involuta) and the structure of microbial communities in three karst rocky desertification types. Microbial diversity and function analysis showed that both moss species and karst rocky desertification types affect microbial communities. Moss species much more strongly affected the diversity and changed the community composition of these microbial groups. Bacteria were more sensitive in the microbiome as their communities changed strongly between mosses and drought resistance factors. Moreover, several species of fungi and bacteria could be significantly associated with three drought-resistant indexes: Pro (free proline content), SOD (superoxide dismutase activity), and POD (peroxidase activity), which were closely related to the drought adaptability of mosses. Our results enforced the potential role of moss-associated microbes that are important components involved in the related biological processes when bryophytes adapted to arid habitats, or as one kind of promoters in the distribution pattern of early mosses succession in karst rocky desertification areas.
It’s a thin line: development and validation of Dixon MRI-based semi-quantitative assessment of stress-related bone marrow edema in the wrists of young gymnasts and non-gymnasts
Authors: Kox L. S. , Kraan R. B. J. , Mazzoli V. , Mens M. A. , Kerkhoffs G. M. J. J. , Nederveen A. J. , Maas M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Purpose
To assess reliability and clinical utility of evaluating stress-related metaphyseal water distribution using a semi-quantitative Dixon MRI-based method for early diagnosis of physeal stress injuries in adolescent gymnasts.

Methods
Twenty-four gymnasts with clinically suspected overuse injury of the distal radial physis, 18 asymptomatic gymnasts, and 24 non-gymnast controls aged 12 ± 1.5 years prospectively underwent hand radiographs and 3T MRI of the wrist including coronal T1-weighted and T2-weighted Dixon sequences. Two raters measured metaphyseal water signal fraction in 13 radial and ulnar regions of interest (ROI). Inter- and intrarater reliability, interslice (between 3 middle radial slices), and inter-ROI (between 3 ROIs on same level) reliability were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Water signal fractions and their within-person ratios in distal versus most proximal ROIs were compared between groups using one-way analysis of variance.

Results
Inter- and intrarater ICCs were 0.79–0.99 and 0.94–1.0 for T1-weighted, and 0.88–1.0 and 0.88–1.0 for T2-weighted Dixon. Interslice and inter-ROI ICCs were 0.55–0.94 and 0.95–0.97 for T1-weighted, and 0.70–0.96 and 0.96–0.97 for T2-weighted Dixon. Metaphyseal water signal fraction in symptomatic gymnasts was higher in six distal ROIs compared with asymptomatic gymnasts and in nine ROIs compared with non-gymnasts (p < 0.05). Metaphyseal water score (ratio of distal versus most proximal ROIs) was 1.61 in symptomatic gymnasts and 1.35 in asymptomatic gymnasts on T2-weighted Dixon (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
Semi-quantitative Dixon MRI-based water signal fraction assessment has good to excellent reproducibility and shows increased metaphyseal water scores in symptomatic gymnasts compared with asymptomatic gymnastic peers.

Key Points
• The proposed Dixon MRI-based semi-quantitative method for assessment of metaphyseal bone marrow water content is reliable, with off-the-shelf availability and short scan times.
• The metaphyseal water score allows comparisons between gymnasts using a within-person reference area for unaffected metaphyseal bone.
• As metaphyseal water score was increased in symptomatic gymnasts compared with asymptomatic gymnasts, this semi-quantitative method can potentially be used as an indicator of bone marrow edema in the early diagnosis of gymnastic physeal stress injury.
Qualitative and quantitative comparison of image quality between single-shot echo-planar and interleaved multi-shot echo-planar diffusion-weighted imaging in female pelvis
Authors: An He , Ma Xiaodong , Pan Ziyi , Guo Hua , Lee Elaine Yuen Phin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objectives
To qualitatively and quantitatively compare the image quality between single-shot echo-planar (SS-EPI) and multi-shot echo-planar (IMS-EPI) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in female pelvis

Methods
This was a prospective study involving 80 females who underwent 3.0T pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). SS-EPI and IMS-EPI DWI were acquired with 3 b values (0, 400, 800 s/mm2). Two independent reviewers assessed the overall image quality, artifacts, sharpness, and lesion conspicuity based on a 5-point Likert scale. Regions of interest (ROI) were placed on the endometrium and the gluteus muscles to quantify the signal intensities and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and geometric distortion were quantified on both sequences. Inter-rater agreement was assessed using κ statistics and Kendall test. Qualitative scores were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and quantitative parameters were compared with paired t test and Bland-Altman analysis.

Results
IMS-EPI demonstrated better image quality than SS-EPI for all aspects evaluated (SS-EPI vs. IMS-EPI: overall quality 3.04 vs. 4.17, artifacts 3.09 vs. 3.99, sharpness 2.40 vs. 4.32, lesion conspicuity 3.20 vs. 4.25; p < 0.001). Good agreement and correlation were observed between two reviewers (SS-EPI κ 0.699, r 0.742; IMS-EPI κ 0.702, r 0.789). IMS-EPI showed lower geometric distortion, SNR, and CNR than SS-EPI (p < 0.050). There was no significant difference in the mean ADC between the two sequences.

Conclusion
IMS-EPI showed better image quality with lower geometric distortion without affecting the quantification of ADC, though the SNR and CNR decreased due to post-processing limitations.

Key Points
• IMS-EPI showed better image quality than SS-EPI.
• IMS-EPI showed lower geometric distortion without affecting ADC compared with SS-EPI.
• The SNR and CNR of IMS-EPI decreased due to post-processing limitations.
CAS FGOALS-f3-L Model Datasets for CMIP6 GMMIP Tier-1 and Tier-3 Experiments
Authors: He Bian , Liu Yimin , Wu Guoxiong , Bao Qing , Zhou Tianjun , Wu Xiaofei , Wang Lei , Li Jiandong , Wang Xiaocong , Li Jinxiao , Hu Wenting , Zhang Xiaoqi , Sheng Chen , Tang Yiqiong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System (FGOALS-f3-L) model datasets prepared for the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) Global Monsoons Model Intercomparison Project (GMMIP) Tier-1 and Tier-3 experiments are introduced in this paper, and the model descriptions, experimental design and model outputs are demonstrated. There are three simulations in Tier-1, with different initial states, and five simulations in Tier-3, with different topographies or surface thermal status. Specifically, Tier-3 contains four orographic perturbation experiments that remove the Tibetan–Iranian Plateau, East African and Arabian Peninsula highlands, Sierra Madre, and Andes, and one thermal perturbation experiment that removes the surface sensible heating over the Tibetan–Iranian Plateau and surrounding regions at altitudes above 500 m. These datasets will contribute to CMIP6’s value as a benchmark to evaluate the importance of long-term and short-term trends of the sea surface temperature in monsoon circulations and precipitation, and to a better understanding of the orographic impact on the global monsoon system over highlands.