bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A large amount of diffuse molecular gases in the bar of the strongly barred galaxy NGC 1300: cause of the low star formation efficiency
Authors: Maeda Fumiya , Ohta Kouji , Fujimoto Yusuke , Habe Asao , Ushio Kaito 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
In many barred galaxies, star formation efficiency (SFE) in the bar is lower than those in the arm and bar-end, and its cause has still not been clear. Focusing on the strongly barred galaxy NGC 1300, we investigate the possibility that the presence of a large amount of diffuse molecular gas, which would not contribute to the SF, makes the SFE low in appearance. We examine the relation between the SFE and the diffuse molecular gas fraction (fdif), which is derived using the 12CO(1–0) flux obtained from the interferometer of ALMA 12-m array, which has no sensitivity on diffuse (extended; full width at half-maximum ⪆700 pc) molecular gases due to the lack of ACA, and the total 12CO(1–0) flux obtained from Nobeyama 45-m single-dish telescope. We find that the SFE decreases with increasing fdif. The fdif and SFE are 0.74−0.91 and $0.06\!-\!0.16 ~\rm Gyr^{-1}$ in the bar regions, and 0.28−0.65 and $0.23\!-\!0.96 ~\rm Gyr^{-1}$ in the arm and bar-end regions, respectively. This result supports the idea that the presence of a large amount of diffuse molecular gas makes the SFE low. The suppression of the SFE in the bar has also been seen even when we exclude the diffuse molecular gas components. This suggests that the low SFE appears to be caused not only by a large amount of diffuse molecular gases but also by other mechanisms such as fast cloud–cloud collisions.
Lessons on early structure formation from a mature galaxy cluster observed at cosmic noon
Authors: Liu Boyuan , Schauer Anna T P , Bromm Volker 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We demonstrate a new approach of indirectly constraining both early star and structure formation via mature galaxy clusters at cosmic noon (z ∼ 2), using the cluster XLSSC 122 as an example. With the standard Press Schechter formalism, we infer a rapid evolution of the star formation efficiency (the ratio of stellar to halo mass) from 10−4 to 0.01 during z ∼ 20−13, based on the age distribution of stars in post-starburst galaxies of XLSSC 122, measured by Hubble Space Telescope photometry assuming no dust extinction. Here, we consider all low-mass haloes, including minihaloes, that host the first stars and galaxies ($5\times 10^5\ \rm M_{\odot }\lesssim M_{\rm halo}\lesssim 10^{10}\ \rm M_{\odot }$). We also place new constraints on fuzzy dark matter models of ma ≲ 5 × 10−21 eV/c2 for the ultralight boson mass, from the abundance of galaxies with star formation at z ≳ 13 in XLSSC 122. Our exploratory results are consistent with existing constraints. More comprehensive results will be obtained if our approach is extended to a large sample of clusters or field post-starburst galaxies at cosmic noon, with improved modelling of halo and stellar populations.
Genomic Epidemiology, Evolution, and Transmission Dynamics of Porcine Deltacoronavirus
Authors: He Wan-Ting , Ji Xiang , He Wei , Dellicour Simon , Wang Shilei , Li Gairu , Zhang Letian , Gilbert Marius , Zhu Henan , Xing Gang , Veit Michael , Huang Zhen , Han Guan-Zhu , Huang Yaowei , Suchard Marc A , Baele Guy , Lemey Philippe , Su Shuo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has shown once again that coronavirus (CoV) in animals are potential sources for epidemics in humans. Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging enteropathogen of swine with a worldwide distribution. Here, we implemented and described an approach to analyze the epidemiology of PDCoV following its emergence in the pig population. We performed an integrated analysis of full genome sequence data from 21 newly sequenced viruses, along with comprehensive epidemiological surveillance data collected globally over the last 15 years. We found four distinct phylogenetic lineages of PDCoV, which differ in their geographic circulation patterns. Interestingly, we identified more frequent intra- and interlineage recombination and higher virus genetic diversity in the Chinese lineages compared with the USA lineage where pigs are raised in different farming systems and ecological environments. Most recombination breakpoints are located in the ORF1ab gene rather than in genes encoding structural proteins. We also identified five amino acids under positive selection in the spike protein suggesting a role for adaptive evolution. According to structural mapping, three positively selected sites are located in the N-terminal domain of the S1 subunit, which is the most likely involved in binding to a carbohydrate receptor, whereas the other two are located in or near the fusion peptide of the S2 subunit and thus might affect membrane fusion. Finally, our phylogeographic investigations highlighted notable South-North transmission as well as frequent long-distance dispersal events in China that could implicate human-mediated transmission. Our findings provide new insights into the evolution and dispersal of PDCoV that contribute to our understanding of the critical factors involved in CoVs emergence.
ZKSCAN3 counteracts cellular senescence by stabilizing heterochromatin
Authors: Hu Huifang , Ji Qianzhao , Song Moshi , Ren Jie , Liu Zunpeng , Wang Zehua , Liu Xiaoqian , Yan Kaowen , Hu Jianli , Jing Yaobin , Wang Si , Zhang Weiqi , Liu Guang-Hui , Qu Jing 
Published: May 2020

AbstractZinc finger protein with KRAB and SCAN domains 3 (ZKSCAN3) has long been known as a master transcriptional repressor of autophagy. Here, we identify a novel role for ZKSCAN3 in alleviating senescence that is independent of its autophagy-related activity. Downregulation of ZKSCAN3 is observed in aged human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and depletion of ZKSCAN3 accelerates senescence of these cells. Mechanistically, ZKSCAN3 maintains heterochromatin stability via interaction with heterochromatin-associated proteins and nuclear lamina proteins. Further study shows that ZKSCAN3 deficiency results in the detachment of genomic lamina-associated domains (LADs) from the nuclear lamina, loss of heterochromatin, a more accessible chromatin status and consequently, aberrant transcription of repetitive sequences. Overexpression of ZKSCAN3 not only rescues premature senescence phenotypes in ZKSCAN3-deficient hMSCs but also rejuvenates physiologically and pathologically senescent hMSCs. Together, these data reveal for the first time that ZKSCAN3 functions as an epigenetic modulator to maintain heterochromatin organization and thereby attenuate cellular senescence. Our findings establish a new functional link among ZKSCAN3, epigenetic regulation, and stem cell aging.
The effects of dissolved organic matter from a native and an invasive plant species on juvenile Daphnia survival and growth
Authors: Wilkins Keiko W , Overholt Erin , Williamson Craig 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Shifts in the composition of terrestrial plant communities could have significant effects on freshwater zooplankton due to changes in the quality of inputs of terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter (DOM). Leachate from native red maple (RM) and invasive Amur honeysuckle (AH) were used to explore the effects of DOM source on survival and growth of juvenile Daphnia ambigua. Prior research with both terrestrial and aquatic organisms indicates that AH-derived DOM has negative effects. Comparing bioassays in the presence and absence of algae with no additional DOM, RM- or AH-derived DOM, RM had stronger negative effects on both Daphnia survival and growth while AH only decreased growth. The negative effects seen in the presence and absence of algae provided evidence for both indirect and direct effects due to phytotoxicity and plant secondary compounds, respectively. DOM source may play a key role in regulating consumers in aquatic ecosystems.
The role of percutaneous coronary intervention in managing patients with stable ischemic heart disease
Authors: Herbert Tara , Rizzolo Denise 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
A major outcome of cardiology research over the last 2 decades is the finding that intensive medical management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease is as effective as revascularization procedures in preventing cardiac events and death. This finding has generated management guidelines that often are overlooked because of misplaced enthusiasm for revascularization procedures.
Perceptions of Sexual and Gender Minority Content in Graduate Nursing Curricula
Authors: Lauderdale Jana L. , Fogel Sarah C. , Schorn Mavis N. , Dietrich Mary S. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

AIM
The aim of the study was to evaluate how faculty and nursing students perceive the importance of including sexual and gender minority (SGM) content in graduate curricula.

BACKGROUND
Nurses in education and practice must be culturally sensitive to the unique populations we serve and to the diversity represented in all health care environments.

METHOD
Online secure web-based surveys were distributed to graduate nursing faculty and students in 2015 and 2017 employing a triangulated methodology.

RESULTS
Faculty and students responded that basic content and knowledge of clinical care for SGM populations are important. Thematic analysis of open-ended questions provided suggestions for improvement in curricula and within the learning environment.

CONCLUSION
Continued development of faculty knowledge and application of SGM content in nursing curricula must meet student expectations and health needs of SGM populations.
Being Vulnerable: A Qualitative Inquiry of Physician Touch in Medical Education
Authors: Kelly Martina , Nixon Lara , Rosenal Tom , Crowshoe Lindsay , Harvey Adrian , Tink Wendy , Dornan Tim 
Published: May 2020

Purpose
Effective nonverbal communication is associated with empathic behavior and improved patient outcomes. Touch, as a form of nonverbal communication, is relatively unexplored in medical education. This study sought to gain in-depth insights into physicians’ experiences communicating with touch and to examine how these insights could inform communication skills curricula.

Method
Collaborative inquiry, a form of action research, was used. Six experienced physician–educators from the University of Calgary met 8 times between 2015 and 2018 to critically reflect on their experiences of touch in clinical practice, teaching, and learning. Data comprised meeting transcripts, individual narrative accounts, and digital recordings of role-plays. Interpretative phenomenology, the study of lived experience, guided analysis.

Results
Two themes were identified—touch as presence and touch as risk. Participants used touch to demonstrate presence and a shared humanity with patients, to express “being with” a patient. Risk was not associated with the physical experience of touch but, rather, with its social meaning, interpreted through gender, culture, relationships, and context. Individual experiences were open to many interpretations. Participants expressed tension between their personal experience communicating with touch to express empathy and formal curricular structures. Reflection, role-modeling, and clinical debriefs were suggested as ways to encourage situational awareness and sensitive use of touch.

Conclusions
Touch is a powerful means to communicate with patients but is highly subjective. Rather than avoiding touch for fear of misinterpretation, encouraging dialogue about its complexity could promote a more balanced understanding of touch and its potential to convey empathy and help physicians more effectively manage risk when using touch.
Anticipating the Impact of the USMLE Step 1 Pass/Fail Scoring Decision on Underrepresented-in-Medicine Students
Authors: McDade William , Vela Monica B. , Sánchez J.P. 
Published: May 2020

Three-digit United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 scores have assumed an outsized role in residency selection decisions, creating intense pressure for medical students to obtain a high score on this exam. In February 2020, the Federation of State Medical Boards and the National Board of Medical Examiners announced that Step 1 would transition to pass/fail scoring beginning in 2022.
The authors discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages of the pass/fail scoring change for underrepresented-in-medicine (UiM) trainees. UiM students may benefit from this change because it reduces the effect of an inequitable exam; helps correct for students who attend medical schools with a curriculum heavier on nontested formative elements; and decreases stress, improves quality of life, and undermines imposter syndrome. However, this change may also precipitate unforeseen challenges, such as increased discrimination toward UiM trainees, an increase in high-stakes test failures due to a reduced focus on preparing for standardized exams, or the development of new (e.g., subject exams) or overreliance on existing (e.g., school ranking) metrics that would make UiM residency candidates less competitive.
To enhance UiM representation in the future health care workforce, it is imperative that national organizations (e.g., accrediting, licensing, regulatory, professional, honor, student, and faculty), hospitals, residency programs, and patient advocacy groups undertake a shared, rigorous approach in assessing the impact of the pass/fail scoring change on UiM applicants’ selection to specialty and subspecialty residencies.
Dexmedetomidine 2 ppm Is Appropriate for the Enhancement Effect of Local Anesthetic Action of Lidocaine in Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
Authors: Ouchi Kentaro 
Published: May 2020

Objective:
Local anesthesia is essential for pain management in dentistry. The duration of anesthetic action of the addition of 5.0 and 7.5 ppm of dexmedetomidine (DEX) was significantly longer than the addition of adrenaline, and the mean duration of anesthetic action of the addition of 2.5 ppm DEX was also longer than the addition of adrenaline. We hypothesized that it is possible to safely achieve an equal local anesthesia effect as with 1:80,000 adrenaline, without using adrenaline or felypressin, by the addition of <2.5 ppm DEX to the local anesthetic solution.

Materials and Methods:
Nineteen healthy volunteers were randomly assigned by a computer to receive 1.8 mL of 1 of 3 drug combinations (1.8% lidocaine with 1.0 ppm [1.8 μg] DEX, lidocaine with 2.0 ppm [3.6 μg] DEX or lidocaine with 1:80,000 [22.5 μg] adrenaline), to produce inferior alveolar nerve block. Pulp latency and lower lip numbness (for assessing onset and duration of anesthesia) were tested, and sedation level, blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded every 2 minutes for 10 minutes, every 5 minutes from 10 to 20 minutes, and every 10 minutes from 20 to 60 minutes.

Results:
Pulp latency increased compared with the baseline, from 4 minutes until 60 minutes; there were no significant intergroup differences at any timepoint. Anesthesia onset did not differ between groups. Anesthesia duration did not differ between groups. Blood pressure and heart rate did not change in any group. Sedation score did not indicate deep sedation in any of the groups.

Discussion:
DEX at a concentration of 1.0 to 2.0 ppm enhances the local anesthetic action of lidocaine. DEX at 2.0 ppm produces similar enhancement of local anesthesia effect as the addition of 1:80,000 adrenaline.
The Evolution of an Interdisciplinary Developmental Round in a Surgical Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Griffiths Nadine , James-Nunez Kristen , Spence Kaye , Crowle Cathryn , Pettigrew Jane , Loughran-Fowlds Alison 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Developmentally supportive environments are known to improve medical outcomes for hospitalized neonates and are considered the overarching philosophy for practice in the neonatal setting. Developmental rounds are a strategy incorporated by multidisciplinary teams to support development within and beyond the neonatal unit. Typically, they consist of bedside consultations and individualized developmentally supportive recommendations for families and clinicians. Globally, the use of developmental rounds has been described since the early 1990s. They are viewed as a measure to counter some of the barriers to developmental care implementation while buffering against the effect of an intensive care admission. To date, their use in the surgical neonatal intensive care unit (sNICU) has been minimally reported in literature.

Purpose:
This article describes the focus and work of a developmental round team and strategy in the sNICU.

Method:
A retrospective audit of developmental round key performance criteria undertaken over a 4-year period (2015-2018).

Findings/Results:
More than 300 developmental consults and 2000 individualized developmental recommendations occurred annually. Parental presence during the developmental round increased by 10%, from 48% to 58%, during the audit period.

Implications for Practice/Implications for Research:
Literature has supported the use of developmental round interventions; however, minimal data have been reported to date. This article provides retrospective audit data of a developmental round intervention in the sNICU with a focus on data over 4 years to highlight key areas, including the structure and process, recommended educational standards for team members, and parental engagement, as key markers for developmental round efficacy. Future research should focus on the link between the developmental round intervention and long-term neonatal outcomes.
Cannabinoids for Pain Control During Medical Abortion
Authors: Colwill Alyssa Covelli , Alton Katie , Bednarek Paula H. , Bayer Lisa L. , Jensen Jeffrey T. , Garg Bharti , Beardsworth Kathleen , Edelman Alison 
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate whether prophylactic dronabinol, a synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol, reduces pain during medical abortion.

METHODS:
We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of women undergoing medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol up through 70 days of gestation. All participants received 800 mg of ibuprofen and were randomized to either 5 mg of oral dronabinol or a placebo 30 minutes before misoprostol administration. Participants used a text messaging service to report pain on a numeric rating scale from 0 to 10 (0=no pain, 10=worst pain). The primary outcome was maximum pain experienced during the 24 hours after misoprostol administration. Secondary outcomes were pain scores at 0, 6, and 24 hours after misoprostol administration; maximum anxiety and nausea scores; use of additional pain medication; reported side effects; and satisfaction (yes or no). We needed 68 participants (34 per group) to have 80% power to detect a 2-point difference in maximum pain on a numeric rating scale.

RESULTS:
From November 2018 to May 2019, we randomized 70 women (dronabinol=35, placebo=35). Participants in the study arms had comparable baseline characteristics. We found no difference between groups in the median maximum pain score reported (dronabinol 7 [interquartile range 6–8], placebo 7 [interquartile range 5–8], P=.82) or median pain scores at any timepoint. Groups were also no different in mean maximum anxiety (dronabinol 3.33 [SD 3.06], placebo 3.23 [SD 2.53], P=.88) or nausea scores (dronabinol 2.21 [SD 2.32], placebo 2.72 [SD 2.64], P=.41). Most women were satisfied with their pain management (76% dronabinol, 82% placebo, P=.51).

CONCLUSION:
Dronabinol does not reduce the maximum level of pain experienced by women undergoing medical abortion.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03604341.
Ovarian Cancer After Prophylactic Salpingectomy in a Patient With Germline BRCA1 Mutation
Authors: Lugo Santiago Nicole , Smith Evan , Cox Mary , Wan Carrie S. , Tchabo Nana E. , Awowole Ibraheem , Broach Vance , Chi Dennis S. 
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND:
Women with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations have a lifetime risk of ovarian cancer of up to 46%. Opportunistic salpingectomy has been advocated as a risk-reducing strategy owing to increasing recognition of tubal origin, yet evidence of efficacy in this high-risk population is limited.

CASE:
This is the case of a woman with a BRCA1 mutation who underwent prophylactic mastectomy and bilateral salpingectomy with ovarian retention before the age of 40 years. She did not undergo oophorectomy and subsequently developed stage IV high-grade serous ovarian cancer 4 years after her initial surgery.

CONCLUSION:
More research is needed to determine the role of prophylactic salpingectomy with delayed oophorectomy, optimal timing of completion oophorectomy, and the risks and benefits compared with up-front risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy.
Association of Prior Cesarean Delivery With Early Term Delivery and Neonatal Morbidity
Authors: Forde Braxton , DeFranco Emily A. 
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVE:
To assess whether a history of prior cesarean delivery is associated with an increased risk of earlier delivery timing and resultant neonatal morbidity.

METHODS:
We performed a population-based retrospective cohort study using U.S. birth certificate data, 2012–2016. The study population included women with one or more prior cesarean deliveries compared with a referent group of parous women without prior cesarean delivery. To enrich for a population with minimized risk factors for early delivery, we excluded women with history of preterm birth, pregnancies complicated by multifetal gestation, pregnancy-induced hypertension, anomaly, small for gestational age, or malpresentation. Analyses were limited to births from 35 to 42 weeks of gestation. Women with a vaginal birth after cesarean delivery were excluded. The primary outcome was the risk of birth at each week of gestational age. Secondary outcomes included adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes.

RESULTS:
Patients were stratified by number of prior cesarean deliveries (one, two, three, or four or more) compared with parous patients without prior cesarean delivery. The adjusted relative risk (aRR) of delivery at 35 weeks of gestation was highest in women with four or more prior cesarean deliveries (aRR 2.79, 95% CI 2.74–2.82). Prior cesarean delivery also had a significant influence on neonatal morbidity. As the number of prior cesarean deliveries increased, the risk of composite neonatal morbidity increased, from 8.0% (aRR 1.5, 95% CI 1.48–1.51) with one prior cesarean delivery up to 21.0% (aRR 4.9, 95% CI 4.76–5.04) with four or more prior cesarean deliveries compared with a baseline risk of 5.5% in parous women without prior cesarean delivery.

CONCLUSION:
Prior cesarean delivery is correlated with earlier delivery and increased neonatal morbidity. Advocating trial of labor after cesarean delivery may provide maternal and neonatal benefit.