bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An outlook into the flat land of 2D materials beyond graphene: synthesis, properties and device applications
Authors: McCreary Amber , Kazakova Olga , Jariwala Deep , Al Balushi Zakaria Y 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The field of two-dimensional (2D) and layered materials continues to excite many researchers around the world who are eager to advance and innovate viable routes for large scale synthesis, doping and integration of monolayers and the development of unique characterization approaches for studying and harnessing exotic properties that will enable novel device applications. There has been a large interest in 2D materials beyond graphene, with particular emphasis on monoelemental materials (phosphorene, silicene, tellurene, etc.), 2D compounds (MXenes, oxides, nitrides, carbides and chalcogenides), their alloys and layered van der Waals heterostructures. This is not only indicated by the significant increase in the number of peer reviewed publications each year in this area of research, but also by the surging number of conference sessions focusing on 2D materials beyond graphene. This Perspective article highlights some of the recent advances in the field from a diverse international community of theoretical and experimental researchers who participated in the symposium ‘Beyond Graphene 2D Materials—Synthesis, Properties and Device Applications’ at the Materials Research Society (MRS) Fall 2019 meeting.
Eosinophilia/Hypereosinophilia in the Setting of Reactive and Idiopathic Causes, Well-Defined Myeloid or Lymphoid Leukemias, or Germline Disorders
Authors: Kelemen Katalin , Saft Leonie , Craig Fiona E , Orazi Attilio , Nakashima Megan , Wertheim Gerald B , George Tracy I , Horny Hans-Peter , King Rebecca L , Quintanilla-Martinez Leticia , Wang Sa A , Rimsza Lisa M , Reichard Kaaren K 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo report the findings of the 2019 Society for Hematopathology/European Association for Haematopathology Workshop within the categories of reactive eosinophilia, hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), germline disorders with eosinophilia (GDE), and myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms associated with eosinophilia (excluding entities covered by other studies in this series).MethodsThe workshop panel reviewed 109 cases, assigned consensus diagnosis, and created diagnosis-specific sessions.ResultsThe most frequent diagnosis was reactive eosinophilia (35), followed by acute leukemia (24). Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) received 17 submissions, including chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified (CEL, NOS). Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), MDS/MPN, and therapy-related myeloid neoplasms received 11, while GDE and HES received 12 and 11 submissions, respectively.ConclusionsHypereosinophilia and HES are defined by specific clinical and laboratory criteria. Eosinophilia is commonly reactive. An acute leukemic onset with eosinophilia may suggest core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia, blast phase of chronic myeloid leukemia, BCR-ABL1–positive leukemia, or t(5;14) B-lymphoblastic leukemia. Eosinophilia is rare in MDS but common in MDS/MPN. CEL, NOS is a clinically aggressive MPN with eosinophilia as the dominant feature. Bone marrow morphology and cytogenetic and/or molecular clonality may distinguish CEL from HES. Molecular testing helps to better subclassify myeloid neoplasms with eosinophilia and to identify patients for targeted treatments.
Whipping phytoliths into shape (and size). A Commentary on: ‘Inter- and intraspecific variation in grass phytolith shape and size: a geometric morphometrics perspective’
Authors: Strömberg Caroline A E , Gallaher Timothy J 
Published: October 2020

This article comments on:
Kristýna Hošková, Adéla Pokorná, Jiří Neustupa and Petr Pokorný, Inter- and intraspecific variation in grass phytolith shape and size: a geometric morphometrics perspective, Annals of Botany, Volume 127, Issue 2, 01 February 2021, Pages 191–201, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa102
‘Keep Them on the Straight and Narrow’: Understanding, Selecting and Governing Subjects Through Intensive Supervision Units
Authors: Lecoq Garrett , Ballucci Dale , Spencer Dale 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDrawing from focus groups and semi-structured interviews, this paper examines decision-making practices and monitoring techniques of Canadian Intensive Supervision Units (ISUs) managing high-risk individuals in the community. We argue that ISU subjects are hyper-individualized through their unique conditions of release, contesting notions that actuarial risk assessments have eclipsed individual understandings of dangerousness in risk, correctional and policing literature. Using Foucault’s disciplinary, pastoral and confessional dispositifs, we highlight how ISU agents make subjects active participants in their own punishment. Moreover, we illustrate how dispositifs not only allow ISU agents to understand, select and govern subjects but also, more problematically, transform subjects into ostensibly dangerous entities reifying and necessitating escalating criminal justice interventions under auspices of protecting the community from potential—not guaranteed—harm.
Optimal Contracts with Randomly Arriving Tasks
Authors: Bird Daniel , Frug Alexander 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Workers are rarely assigned to perform the same task throughout their career. Instead, their assignments may change randomly over time to comply with the fluctuating needs of the organisation where they are employed. In this article, we show that this typical randomness in workplaces has a striking effect on the structure of long-term employment contracts. In particular, simple intertemporal variability in the worker’s tasks is sufficient to generate a rich promotion-based dynamics in which, occasionally, the worker receives a (permanent) wage raise and his future work requirements are reduced.
Retentional effects of notetaking instruction in EAP courses
Authors: Siegel Joseph 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPrevious research has shown that explicit notetaking instruction in EAP courses has positive effects on student notetaking. However, many studies limit measurement of notetaking ability to immediately after an intense period of instruction. Thus, the retentional effects of notetaking instruction have yet to be investigated in the longer term. To address this research gap, this paper reports on a study that assessed students’ notetaking performance prior to, immediately after, and then again four months after the notetaking instruction to examine the retentional value of notetaking instruction. Samples of student notes (n = 40) from these three time points were analysed through ‘information units’ to determine any changes. Results indicate that the instruction had a positive and significant effect on performance in the short term and that student performance lessened over time. Pedagogic implications stemming from these findings, including regular notetaking practice and consistently reviewing notetaking strategies, are discussed.
Analysis of binding residues in monoclonal antibody with high affinity for the head domain of the rat P2X4 receptor
Authors: Igawa Tatsuhiro , Kishikawa Shuhei , Abe Yoshito , Tsuda Makoto , Inoue Kazuhide , Ueda Tadashi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
P2X4 receptor is known to be involved in neuropathic pain. In order to detect the expression of P2X4 receptor on microglia at the time of onset of neuropathic pain, one approach consists on the preparation of the monoclonal antibodies with both selective binding and high affinity. We have recently established a monoclonal antibody (named 12-10H) which had high affinity to rat P2X4 receptor expressed in 1321N1 cells. The dissociation constants of the complex between the monoclonal antibodies obtained so far and the head domain (HD) in the rat P2X4 receptor were in the nanomolar range. To improve the affinity by rational mutations, we need to know the precious location of the binding site in these monoclonal antibodies. Here, we have analysed and identified the binding residues in the monoclonal antibody (12-10H) with high affinity for the HD of the rat P2X4 receptor by site-directed mutagenesis.
Strangulated internal hernia due to defect in broad ligament: a case report
Authors: Reyes Nicole , Smith Lauren E , Bruce David 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Small bowel obstruction is a relatively common disease process accounting for up to 16 percent of surgical admissions and more than 300,000 operations annually in the United States. Approximately 5–8 percent of small bowel obstructions can be attributed to internal hernias. A slightly lower percentage, roughly 4–7 percent, of these internal hernias are noted to originate from a defect in the broad ligament of the uterus. A majority of broad ligaments defects causing a small bowel obstruction are not diagnosed preoperatively due to the equivocal imaging findings as well as the infrequency of this etiology. To date, there are very few case reports describing this disease process. This case report describes a 70-year-old female who was found to have a defect in her broad ligament causing a small bowel obstruction leading to subsequent strangulated bowel.
Aetiology of fever in returning travellers and migrants: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Buss Imogen , Genton Blaise , D’Acremont Valérie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundNumerous publications focus on fever in returning travellers, but there is no known systematic review considering all diseases, or all tropical diseases causing fever. Such a review is necessary in order to develop appropriate practice guidelines.ObjectivesPrimary objectives of this review were (i) to determine the aetiology of fever in travellers/migrants returning from (sub) tropical countries as well as the proportion of patients with specific diagnoses, and (ii) to assess the predictors for specific tropical diseases.MethodEmbase, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library were searched with terms combining fever and travel/migrants. All studies focusing on causes of fever in returning travellers and/or clinical and laboratory predictors of tropical diseases were included. Meta-analyses were performed on frequencies of etiological diagnoses.Results10 064 studies were identified; 541 underwent full-text review; 30 met criteria for data extraction. Tropical infections accounted for 33% of fever diagnoses, with malaria causing 22%, dengue 5% and enteric fever 2%. Non-tropical infections accounted for 36% of febrile cases, with acute gastroenteritis causing 14% and respiratory tract infections 13%. Positive likelihood ratios demonstrated that splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia and hyperbilirubinemia were respectively 5–14, 3–11 and 5–7 times more likely in malaria than non-malaria patients. High variability of results between studies reflects heterogeneity in study design, regions visited, participants’ characteristics, setting, laboratory investigations performed and diseases included.ConclusionMalaria accounted for one-fifth of febrile cases, highlighting the importance of rapid malaria testing in febrile returning travellers, followed by other rapid tests for common tropical diseases. High variability between studies highlights the need to harmonize study designs and to promote multi-centre studies investigating predictors of diseases, including of lower incidence, which may help to develop evidence-based guidelines. The use of clinical decision support algorithms by health workers which incorporate clinical predictors, could help standardize studies as well as improve quality of recommendations.
Effects of the chymase inhibitor fulacimstat in diabetic kidney disease—results from the CADA DIA trial
Authors: Rossing Peter , Strand Jorma , Avogaro Angelo , Becka Michael , Kanefendt Friederike , Otto Christiane 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
The protease chymase generates multiple factors involved in tissue remodelling including angiotensin II (Ang II) and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This study investigated the effects of the chymase inhibitor fulacimstat on albuminuria in patients with Type II diabetes mellitus and a clinical diagnosis of DKD.

Methods
In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, patients were on the maximum tolerated dose of either an Ang II receptor blocker or an Ang-converting enzyme inhibitor since at least 3 months before the screening visit. Eligible patients were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to treatment with either 25 mg fulacimstat (n = 99) or placebo (n = 48) twice daily on top of standard of care.

Results
The randomized patients had a mean urine albumin–creatinine ratio (UACR) of 131 mg/g (range: 29–2429 mg) and a mean (standard deviation) estimated glomerular filtration rate of 60.8 ± 16.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 before treatment start. Fulacimstat was safe and well tolerated, and achieved mean total trough concentrations that were ∼9-fold higher than those predicted to be required for minimal therapeutic activity. UACR increased by 27.4% [coefficient of variation (CV) 86%] and 3% (CV 88.9%) after 24 weeks of treatment with placebo or fulacimstat, respectively. Analysis of covariance revealed a least square mean UACR ratio (fulacimstat/placebo) of 0.804 (90% CI 0.627–1.030, P = 0.1477), indicating a statistically non-significant UACR reduction of 19.6% after fulacimstat treatment compared with placebo.

Conclusions
Fulacimstat was safe and well tolerated but did not reduce albuminuria in patients with DKD. These findings do not support a therapeutic role for chymase inhibition in DKD.
Baseline Serum C-Reactive Protein Level Predicts Mortality in Cryptococcal Meningitis
Authors: Chesdachai Supavit , Engen Nicole W , Rhein Joshua , Tugume Lillian , Kiiza Kandole Tadeo , Abassi Mahsa , Ssebambulidde Kenneth , Kasibante John , Williams Darlisha A , Skipper Caleb P , Hullsiek Kathy H , Musubire Abdu K , Rajasingham Radha , Meya David B , Boulware David R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein produced by the liver in response to systemic inflammation. CRP is a helpful surrogate biomarker used for following the progression and resolution of infection. We aimed to determine the association of baseline CRP level and the temporal change in CRP over time with cryptococcal meningitis outcome.

Methods
We reviewed 168 prospectively enrolled HIV-infected Ugandans with confirmed first-episode cryptococcal meningitis. Baseline plasma CRP collected within 5 days of meningitis diagnosis was categorized into quartiles. We compared baseline CRP with 18-week survival using time-to-event analysis.

Results
Of 168 participants, the baseline first quartile of serum CRP was &lt;29.0 mg/L, second quartile 29.0–49.5 mg/L, third quartile 49.6–83.6 mg/L, and fourth quartile &gt;83.6 mg/L. Baseline CD4 count, HIV viral load, and cerebrospinal fluid results did not differ by CRP quartile. Participants with CRP &gt;49.5 mg/L more likely presented with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) &lt;15 (P = .03). The 18-week mortality rate was 55% (46/84) in the highest 2 quartile CRP groups (&gt;49.5 mg/L), 41% (17/42) in the mid-range CRP group (29.0–49.5 mg/L), and 14% (6/42) in the low-CRP group (&lt;29.0 mg/L; P &lt; .001). After adjustment for possible confounding factors including GCS &lt;15, CRP remained significantly associated with mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.084 per 10 mg/L; 95% CI, 1.031–1.139; P = .0016).

Conclusions
Higher baseline CRP is associated with increased mortality in HIV-infected individuals with first-episode cryptococcal meningitis. CRP could be a surrogate marker for undiagnosed coinfections or may reflect immune dysregulation, leading to worse outcomes in persons with advanced AIDS and concomitant cryptococcal meningitis.
Unemployment Insurance and Job Search Behavior
Authors: Marinescu Ioana , Skandalis Daphné 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHow does unemployment insurance (UI) affect unemployed workers’ search behavior? Search models predict that until benefit exhaustion, UI depresses job search effort and increases reservation wages. Over an unemployment spell, search effort should increase up to benefit exhaustion and stay high thereafter. Meanwhile, reservation wages should decrease up to benefit exhaustion and stay low thereafter. To test these predictions, we link administrative registers to data on job search behavior from a major online job search platform in France. We follow over 400,000 workers, as long as they remain unemployed. We analyze the changes in search behavior around benefits exhaustion and take two steps to isolate the individual response to unemployment benefits. First, our longitudinal data allows us to correct for changes in sample composition over the spell. Second, we exploit data on workers eligible for 12–24 months of UI as well as workers ineligible for UI, to control for behavior changes over the unemployment spell that are independent of UI. Our results confirm the predictions of search models. We find that search effort (the number of job applications) increases by at least 50% during the year preceding benefits exhaustion and remains high thereafter. The target monthly wage decreases by at least 2.4% during the year preceding benefits exhaustion and remains low thereafter. In addition, we provide evidence for duration dependence: workers decrease the wage they target by 1.5% over each year of unemployment, irrespective of their UI status.
CGE analysis of R&D investment policy considering trade-offs between economic growth and stability
Authors: Hwang Won-Sik , Yeo Yeongjun , Oh Inha , Hong Chanyoung , Jung Sungmoon , Yang Heewon , Lee Jeong-Dong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study analysed economic growth and industrial structure under different conditions on research and development (R&D) investment. To simulate counterfactual scenarios, we built a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model named as Technology and Economy Modelling for Innovation Policy assessment (TEMIP) that focuses on private and public R&D investments and their net effects from a macroeconomic perspective. The simulation shows gross domestic product increases rapidly in South Korea when a given amount of expenditure is spent on public R&D activities rather than private R&D. Moreover, our simulation results imply that resource allocation for R&D investments should be elaborated through considering whether the ultimate policy goal is oriented towards economic growth or stability.
Distinct Transcriptomic Reprogramming in the Wheat Stripe Rust Fungus During the Initial Infection of Wheat and Barberry
Authors: Zhao Jing , Duan Wanlu , Xu Yiwen , Zhang Ce , Wang Long , Wang Jierong , Tian Song , Pei Guoliang , Zhan Gangming , Zhuang Hua , Zhao Jie , Kang Zhensheng 
Published: October 2020

Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is the causal agent of wheat stripe rust that causes severe yield losses all over the world. As a macrocyclic heteroecious rust fungus, it is able to infect two unrelated host plants, wheat and barberry. Its urediniospores infect wheat and cause disease epidemic, while its basidiospores parasitize barberry to fulfill the sexual reproduction. This complex life cycle poses interesting questions on the different mechanisms of pathogenesis underlying the infection of the two different hosts. In the present study, transcriptomes of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici during the initial infection of wheat and barberry leaves were qualitatively and quantitatively compared. As a result, 142 wheat-specifically expressed genes (WEGs) were identified, which was far less than the 2,677 barberry-specifically expressed genes (BEGs). A larger proportion of evolutionarily conserved genes were observed in BEGs than that in WEGs, implying a longer history of the interaction between P. striiformis f. sp. tritici and barberry. Additionally, P. striiformis f. sp. tritici differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between wheat at 1 and 2 days postinoculation (dpi) and barberry at 3 and 4 dpi were identified by quantitative analysis. Gene Ontology analysis of these DEGs and expression patterns of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici pathogenic genes, including those encoding candidate secreted effectors, cell wall–degrading enzymes, and nutrient transporters, demonstrated that urediniospores and basidiospores exploited distinct strategies to overcome host defense systems. These results represent the first analysis of the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici transcriptome in barberry and contribute to a better understanding of the evolutionary processes and strategies of different types of rust spores during the infection process on different hosts.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Serum Oxytocin Level Among Male Patients With Opioid Dependence and Its Relation to Craving
Authors: Mobasher Maha W. , Eid Heba F. , Soliman Aliaa M. , El-Hanafi Hadeel M. , El-Makawi Shirin M. 
Published: October 2020

Introduction:
Oxytocin (OT), a known hormone and neurotransmitter, has been lately known to be involved in the drug addiction cycle especially during developing tolerance, in relation to craving and during withdrawal.

Objectives:
The aim was to assess serum OT level in patients with active opiate dependency in comparison with abstinent patients and healthy controls, and its relation with craving among patients and abstinent patients.

Materials and Methods:
A consecutive sample of 30 opiate-dependent patients who fully meet the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria for opiate dependence, in addition to 30 patients fulfilling DSM-5 criteria of opiate dependence with at least 6 months of abstinence were assessed regarding serum OT levels, craving levels using immunoassay kit and brief substance craving scale, respectively. They were compared with each other and with a sample of 30 healthy controls matching both groups.

Results:
There was a statistically significant difference between the patient and the control groups in serum OT levels (P<0.05) but not between the other 2 groups, that is, patient versus abstinent and abstinent versus controls. Craving levels showed a statistically significant difference between the patient and the abstinent groups (P<0.001). A negative correlation was found between OT level and craving in the abstinent group (P<0.05).

Conclusions:
The interaction between serum OT levels and craving should be considered when dealing with opiate-dependent patients as they affect and are affected by opiate dependence. Further studies regarding how to implement this during patients treatment should be considered.
Inflammation reduces osteoblast cytotoxicity induced by diclofenac
Authors: Aguirre José , Bonvini John M. , Rupnik Barbara , Camponovo Claudio , Saporito Andrea , Borgeat Alain 
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND
Diclofenac and other NSAIDs are routinely used in the postoperative period. Their effect on fracture healing remains unclear and controversial.

OBJECTIVE
The primary outcome was to assess the potential cytotoxicity of clinically relevant concentrations of diclofenac on human osteoblasts.

DESIGN
Laboratory in vitro study.

SETTING
Institute of Physiology, Zurich, Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich.

MATERIALS
Monolayers of human osteoblasts.

INTERVENTION(S)
Exposure of human osteoblast monolayers to several concentrations of diclofenac, for different periods of time, with and without an artificially induced inflammatory process.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Cell count, cell viability, cell proliferation and apoptosis.

RESULTS
A concentration-mediated, time and exposure dependent cytotoxic effect of diclofenac-mediated apoptosis was observed. Stimulated inflammatory conditions seemed to reduce toxic effects.

CONCLUSION
Cytotoxic effects of diclofenac are exposure, time and concentration dependent. Simulating aspects of inflammatory conditions seems to increase resistance to diclofenac cytotoxicity, especially in the presence of higher concentration and longer exposure time.