bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AI2D-RST: a multimodal corpus of 1000 primary school science diagrams
Authors: Hiippala Tuomo , Alikhani Malihe , Haverinen Jonas , Kalliokoski Timo , Logacheva Evanfiya , Orekhova Serafina , Tuomainen Aino , Stone Matthew , Bateman John A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article introduces AI2D-RST, a multimodal corpus of 1000 English-language diagrams that represent topics in primary school natural sciences, such as food webs, life cycles, moon phases and human physiology. The corpus is based on the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence Diagrams (AI2D) dataset, a collection of diagrams with crowdsourced descriptions, which was originally developed to support research on automatic diagram understanding and visual question answering. Building on the segmentation of diagram layouts in AI2D, the AI2D-RST corpus presents a new multi-layer annotation schema that provides a rich description of their multimodal structure. Annotated by trained experts, the layers describe (1) the grouping of diagram elements into perceptual units, (2) the connections set up by diagrammatic elements such as arrows and lines, and (3) the discourse relations between diagram elements, which are described using Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST). Each annotation layer in AI2D-RST is represented using a graph. The corpus is freely available for research and teaching.
Children’s Resource Shares: Male Versus Female-Headed Households
Authors: Bose-Duker Theophiline , Henry Michael , Strobl Eric 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis is a comparative study of children’s resource shares in male-headed and female-headed households. To this end we estimate a household collective model using a rotating panel of households from the Jamaican Survey of Living Conditions over a period of 21 years (1990–2010). We find that the gender of the household head is important in determining individual resource shares within the household. Our results also indicate that children receive substantially larger resource shares in female-headed households than in male-headed ones and hence children who live in relatively poor female-headed households are not necessarily worse off. Additionally, the effects of household characteristics on the shares of children are shown to vary considerably based on the gender of the household head.
Decellularized tissue-engineered heart valves calcification: what do animal and clinical studies tell us?
Authors: Badria Adel F. , Koutsoukos Petros G. , Mavrilas Dimosthenis 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCardiovascular diseases are the first cause of death worldwide. Among different heart malfunctions, heart valve failure due to calcification is still a challenging problem. While drug-dependent treatment for the early stage calcification could slow down its progression, heart valve replacement is inevitable in the late stages. Currently, heart valve replacements involve mainly two types of substitutes: mechanical and biological heart valves. Despite their significant advantages in restoring the cardiac function, both types of valves suffered from serious drawbacks in the long term. On the one hand, the mechanical one showed non-physiological hemodynamics and the need for the chronic anticoagulation therapy. On the other hand, the biological one showed stenosis and/or regurgitation due to calcification. Nowadays, new promising heart valve substitutes have emerged, known as decellularized tissue-engineered heart valves (dTEHV). Decellularized tissues of different types have been widely tested in bioprosthetic and tissue-engineered valves because of their superior biomechanics, biocompatibility, and biomimetic material composition. Such advantages allow successful cell attachment, growth and function leading finally to a living regenerative valvular tissue in vivo. Yet, there are no comprehensive studies that are covering the performance of dTEHV scaffolds in terms of their efficiency for the calcification problem. In this review article, we sought to answer the question of whether decellularized heart valves calcify or not. Also, which factors make them calcify and which ones lower and/or prevent their calcification. In addition, the review discussed the possible mechanisms for dTEHV calcification in comparison to the calcification in the native and bioprosthetic heart valves. For this purpose, we did a retrospective study for all the published work of decellularized heart valves. Only animal and clinical studies were included in this review. Those animal and clinical studies were further subcategorized into 4 categories for each depending on the effect of decellularization on calcification. Due to the complex nature of calcification in heart valves, other in vitro and in silico studies were not included. Finally, we compared the different results and summed up all the solid findings of whether decellularized heart valves calcify or not. Based on our review, the selection of the proper heart valve tissue sources (no immunological provoking residues), decellularization technique (no damaged exposed residues of the decellularized tissues, no remnants of dead cells, no remnants of decellularizing agents) and implantation techniques (avoiding suturing during the surgical implantation) could provide a perfect anticalcification potential even without in vitro cell seeding or additional scaffold treatment.
Development and Pathology of the Equine Mammary Gland
Authors: Hughes Katherine 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAn understanding of the anatomy, histology, and development of the equine mammary gland underpins study of the pathology of diseases including galactorrhoea, agalactia, mastitis, and mammary tumour development. This review examines the prenatal development of the equine mammary gland and the striking degree to which the tissue undergoes postnatal development associated with the reproductive cycle. The gland is characterised by epithelial structures arranged in terminal duct lobular units, similar to those of the human breast, supported by distinct zones of intra- and interlobular collagenous stroma. Mastitis and mammary carcinomas are two of the most frequently described equine mammary pathologies and have an overlap in associated clinical signs. Mastitis is most frequently associated with bacterial aetiologies, particularlyStreptococcusspp., and knowledge of the process of post-lactational regression can be applied to preventative husbandry strategies. Equine mammary tumours are rare and carry a poor prognosis in many cases. Recent studies have used mammosphere assays to reveal novel insights into the identification and potential behaviour of mammary stem/progenitor cell populations. These suggest that mammospheres derived from equine cells have different growth dynamics compared to those from other species. In parallel with studying the equine mammary gland in order to advance knowledge of equine mammary disease at the interface of basic and clinical science, there is a need to better understand equine lactational biology. This is driven in part by the recognition of the potential value of horse and donkey milk for human consumption, particularly donkey milk in children with ‘Cow Milk Protein Allergy’.
Not just the facts: an index for measuring the information density of political communication
Authors: Rapeli Lauri , Nieminen Sakari , Mäkelä Marko 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMisinformation and biased opinion-formation plague contemporary politics. Fact-checking, the process of verifying accuracy of political claims, is now an expanding reseach area, but the methodology is underdeveloped. While the journalistic practice of fact-checking is by now well-established as an integral part of political news coverage, academic research requires more stringent methods than what journalists thus far have used. In order to advance the scientific study of fact-checking, we propose two variants of an index measuring the information density of verbal political communication. The main index combines three dimensions: (1) factual accuracy of political claims, (2) their relevance and (3) the magnitude of observed communication. In the article, we argue for the significance of each of these components. Depending on the research problem and data, the indices can be used for comparisons of political actors across different contexts such as countries or time points, or in non-comparative situations. Using examples, we demonstrate that the indices produce intuitive results.
Dominant drivers of plant community assembly vary by soil type and time in reclaimed forests
Authors: Trepanier Kaitlyn E. , Pinno Bradley D. , Errington Ruth C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractInformation on plant community assembly mechanisms is limited on forest reclamation sites after mining in the Canadian boreal forest. We assessed the change in plant community composition after Year 2 and Year 5 on species-rich forest floor mineral mix (FFMM) and species-poor peat mineral mix (PMM) reclamation soils by examining assembly mechanisms, i.e., seed bank, seed rain, biotic dispersal, vegetative expansion, and competition. Initial plant cover and diversity were greater on FFMM due to non-native species originating from the seed bank, which had 5× more seeds in the FFMM. By Year 5, both soil types had approximately 40% cover and 80 species richness due to the addition of wind and biotic-dispersed species and were characterized by a shift towards native species. Native forbs using vegetative reproduction expanded up to 2 m from FFMM into PMM. At Year 5 competition does not seem to have a large role in the structuring of the vegetation community. Overall, multiple factors were involved in structuring plant communities on reclamation sites, but we observed a general convergence between plant communities on different soil types in a relatively short period of time.
Unfulfilled Expectations after Surgery for Adult Lumbar Scoliosis Compared with Other Degenerative Conditions
Authors: Mancuso Carol A. , Duculan Roland B. , Cammisa Frank P. , Sama Andrew A. , Hughes Alexander P. , Girardi Federico P. 
Published: December 2020

Background Patients’ expectations influence their decisions to undergo surgery for scoliosis, and fulfillment of expectations is an important patient-centered outcome. Questions/Purposes In a 2-year cohort study, we compared the proportion of expectations fulfilled based on the number of vertebrae involved in surgery between adult lumbar scoliosis patients and controls with other degenerative conditions. Methods Patients pre-operatively completed a valid lumbar surgery expectations survey addressing expected improvements for symptoms, function, and psychosocial well-being (scores from 0 to 100; higher score indicates more expectations). Two years post-operatively, the patients completed another survey, this one recording how much improvement they actually experienced; fulfillment was defined as a proportion (i.e., received improvement/expected improvement). The range was 0 (none fulfilled) to > 1 (expectations surpassed). We further analyzed data according to the number of vertebrae involved in the surgery. Results We included 42 scoliosis patients and 134 controls with similar mean ages (66 vs 64 years, respectively) and pre-operative expectations survey scores (72 vs 70, respectively). When we stratified by < 3 or ≥ 3 vertebrae, we found that the proportion of expectations fulfilled differed for scoliosis patients but not for controls. In multivariable analysis, lower proportion of expectations fulfilled was associated with greater pre-operative expectations, less improvement in pre- to post-operative disability, and the composite interaction of scoliosis and number of vertebrae. Conclusions Compared with controls, scoliosis patients who required surgery to a greater number of vertebrae were more likely to have unfulfilled expectations 2 years post-operatively. Our findings support the importance of addressing expectations pre-operatively with all patients, especially those with scoliosis who require surgery to ≥ 3 vertebrae.
Downy mildew of lavender caused by Peronospora belbahrii in Israel
Authors: Thines Marco , Buaya Anthony , Ploch Sebastian , Naim Yariv Ben , Cohen Yigal 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPeronospora belbahrii is one of the most destructive downy mildew diseases that has emerged throughout the past two decades. Due to the lack of quarantine regulations and its possible seed-borne nature, it has spread globally and is now present in most areas in which basil is produced. While most obligate biotrophic, plant parasitic oomycetes are highly host-specific, there are a few that have a wider host range, e.g. Albugo candida, Bremia tulasnei, and Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Recently, it was shown that Peronospora belbahrii is able to infect Rosmarinus, Nepetia, and Micromeria in Israel in cross-infection trials, hinting an extended host range for also this pathogen. In this study, a newly occurring downy mildew pathogen on lavender was investigated with respect to its morphology and phylogeny, and it is shown that it belongs to Peronospora belbahrii as well. Thus, it seems that Peronospora belbahrii is currently extending its host range to additional members of the tribe Mentheae and Ocimeae. Therefore, it seems advisable to scrutinise all commonly used members of these tribes in order to avoid further spread of virulent genotypes.
Benchmarking of scaling and fouling of reverse osmosis membranes in a power generation plant of paper and board mill: an industrial case of a paper and board mill study
Authors: Zaidi S. Z. J. , Shafeeq A. , Sajjad M. , Hassan S. , Aslam M. S. , Saeed T. , Walsh F. C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe present study reports the characterization of reverse osmosis (RO) technology at water treatment plant Cogen-2 in paper and Board mills, Pakistan. RO is a commonly used process to obtain de-mineralized water for high-pressure boiler operation in thermal power plants. Scaling and fouling in three-stage RO plants is a major challenge in chemical industry due to the use of raw brackish water in the power plant of paper and board mills. In our study, the feed water quality of RO was changed from soft water to raw water to make it economical. The cleaning frequency was increased three times than normal, which was unsafe for operation and it was required to control scaling and fouling to achieve the desired result. Differential pressures behavior of all stages for 2-month data was observed without acid treatment, and the results of Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) control parameters (temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, calcium hardness, and alkalinity) clearly showed the abnormality. To optimize scaling and fouling of RO, the LSI factor was controlled in total reject water for the next 2 months by acid treatment in feed water. Duration of chemical cleaning and membranes’ life has been extended by fouling and scaling control. Understanding the effect of operational parameters in RO membranes is essential in water process engineering due to its broad applications in drinking water, sanitation, seawater, desalination process, wastewater treatment, and boiler feed water operation. The product flow increased from 18.3 to 19.9 m3/h, and this was due to a decrease in the rejection flow from 8.2 to 6.7 m3/h. The total reject stream pressure also increased from 8.1 to 9 bar. A lower value of LSI of 1.6 is obtained in the reject water stream after the acid treatment.
Evaluation of Spin in Abstracts of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Focused on Treatments of Erectile Dysfunction: A Cross-sectional Analysis
Authors: Reddy Arjun K. , Lulkovich Kaley , Ottwell Ryan , Arthur Wade , Bowers Aaron , Al-Rifai Shafiq , Cook Katherine , Wright Drew N. , Hartwell Micah , Vassar Matt 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Introduction
It is predicted that erectile dysfunction will affect around 322 million men worldwide by 2025. Because of the large volume of literature on the topic, physicians often turn to systematic reviews and meta-analyses—and particularly abstracts of such articles—for clinical guidance. Thus, it is crucial that findings are not misrepresented in abstracts. In this study, we evaluated the use of spin (ie, the misreporting of study findings by overstating or selectively reporting efficacy results, minimizing harms, or making unwarranted clinical recommendations) in the abstracts of systematic reviews on erectile dysfunction.

Methods
A search strategy was developed using the MEDLINE and Embase databases to retrieve systematic reviews focused on treatments for erectile dysfunction. 2 investigators independently screened the titles and abstracts from the reviews for study inclusion. Investigators analyzed the included systematic reviews for 9 of the most severe types of spin using a previously developed classification scheme and rated them for methodological quality using the revised A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) in a masked, duplicate manner. Study characteristics for each review were also extracted in duplicate.

Results
Our search returned 2,224 articles, of which 102 systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included in the final analysis. A total of 31.4% (32/102) of systematic reviews contained spin. 8 types of spin were identified in our sample. Type 3 (selective reporting of or overemphasis on efficacy outcomes) and type 5 (conclusion claims beneficial effect despite high risk of bias) were the most common types of spin, each occurring in 10.8% (11/102) of abstracts. There was no significant association between the presence of spin and the extracted study characteristics or methodological quality.

Conclusion
Spin was present in systematic reviews and meta-analyses covering erectile dysfunction treatments. Steps should be taken to improve the reporting quality of abstracts on erectile dysfunction treatment.
A Growing Freshwater Lens in the Arctic Ocean With Sustained Climate Warming Disrupts Marine Ecosystem Function
Authors: Fu Weiwei , Moore J. Keith , Primeau François W. , Lindsay Keith , Randerson James T. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOne of the most robust changes in the hydrological cycle predicted by Earth System Models (ESMs) during the remainder of 21st century is an increase in the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration (P‐E) in arctic and boreal regions. We explore the long‐term consequences of this change for marine ecosystems in the Arctic Ocean using the Community Earth System Model forced with a business as usual scenario of future greenhouse gas concentrations. We find that by the year 2300 increases in freshwater delivery considerably reduce Arctic Ocean surface salinity, creating a freshwater lens that has far‐reaching impacts on marine biogeochemistry. The expanding freshwater lens limits vertical nutrient supply into the euphotic zone by enhancing vertical stratification and accelerating surface lateral mixing with surface waters in the North Atlantic, which become increasingly nutrient depleted from weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The resulting increase in nutrient stress reduces marine export production in the Arctic Ocean by 53% in 2300 relative to the 1990s and triggers a shift in community composition with small phytoplankton replacing diatoms. At the same time, the seasonal timing of export production undergoes a 2‐month forward shift, with the peak advancing from July to May. This suggests that the threat to food webs and higher trophic levels may intensify after the year 2100 as gains in productivity from sea ice loss saturate and freshwater impacts on nutrient stress continue to strengthen. Our analysis highlights the critical importance of changing terrestrial hydrology and land‐ocean coupling as drivers of long‐term biogeochemical change in the Arctic Ocean and the necessity of multi‐century climate change projections.
Scattering of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Waves by a Localized Seismogenic Ionospheric Perturbation: Observation and Interpretation
Authors: Hayakawa M. , Nickolaenko A. P. , Galuk Yu P. , Kudintseva I. G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA significant anomaly in the extremely low frequency (ELF) spectra of Schumann resonance (SR) was discovered for the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake (EQ) in Taiwan as observed in Japan. Similar phenomena were confirmed for other EQs remote from the observer by a few megameters. An additional effect was detected for nearby EQs. The anomalies were explained by ELF radio wave scattering from a seismogenic disturbance. The global thunderstorms serve as the source positioned at the equator, and the localized seismogenic perturbation was placed above the EQ epicenter. We evaluate a seismic impact on SR power spectra using the realistic conductivity profile of atmosphere. The nonuniformity above EQ epicenter is axially symmetric varying along the radius according to Gaussian law whose scale depends on the magnitude. We use the complex characteristic heights relevant to the regular and disturbed cavities. These are substituted into the two‐dimensional telegraph equation (2DTE) for electric and magnetic fields. Deviations from the regular spectra are the seismogenic modifications that depend on the EQ magnitude. Computations indicate that a distant localized seismogenic nonuniformity provides a noticeable impact when the EQ magnitude exceeds the M = 7 threshold. The effect is also modeled of the nearby (up to 500 km) moderate (magnitude 5.5) EQs. The resonance spectra of disturbed fields become elevated as a whole. The distance dependence of field disturbance repeats seismogenic modifications in the characteristic heights above the observer. Model computations are compared with available observations.
Martian Lander Radio Science Data Calibration for Mars Troposphere
Authors: Le Maistre S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe tropospheric propagation effect is one of several sources of error in radio science measurements. Systematically calibrated for the Earth troposphere disturbances, the ranging and Doppler data provided by the Martian landers have not been corrected so far for Mars troposphere effects. These effects were considered negligible because the Mars atmosphere is a hundred times less dense than that of the Earth. The constantly improving lander data accuracy and the challenging science objectives of the InSight‐Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment (RISE) and ExoMars‐2022‐LaRa radio science experiments motivated this work. We propose here a simple model to compute the Mars troposphere errors affecting a radio wave transponded from the surface of Mars. The troposphere zenithal delay is first derived from the surface pressure at the lander location. We use a mapping function to infer the slant delay (range errors) induced by the troposphere of Mars. Being proportional to range rates, the contribution of Mars troposphere to the Doppler measurements is derived from the slant delays. Using our model, an elevation threshold of 15° above the lander is identified, below which the Doppler data should be calibrated for Mars troposphere. When applied to the X‐band Doppler data from Mars surface missions, the model predicts significant Mars troposphere contribution for less than 1% of RISE data, 2% of Opportunity data, and 2.5% of Pathfinder data. Among these tracking passes, some are strongly affected by the troposphere of Mars, with Doppler errors reaching sometimes more than 3 times the nominal noise level (>10 mHz at 60 s integration time).