bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adverse Trends in Premature Cardiometabolic Mortality in the United States, 1999 to 2018
Authors: Shah Nilay S. , Lloyd‐Jones Donald M. , Kandula Namratha R. , Huffman Mark D. , Capewell Simon , O’Flaherty Martin , Kershaw Kiarri N. , Carnethon Mercedes R. , Khan Sadiya S. 
Published: November 2020

Background
Life expectancy in the United States has recently declined, in part attributable to premature cardiometabolic mortality. We characterized national trends in premature cardiometabolic mortality, overall, and by race‐sex groups.

Methods and Results
Using death certificates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide‐Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research, we quantified premature deaths (<65 years of age) from heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus from 1999 to 2018. We calculated age‐adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) and years of potential life lost (YPLL) from each cardiometabolic cause occurring at <65 years of age. We used Joinpoint regression to identify an inflection point in overall cardiometabolic AAMR trends. Average annual percent change in AAMRs and YPLL was quantified before and after the identified inflection point. From 1999 to 2018, annual premature deaths from heart disease (117 880 to 128 832), cerebrovascular disease (18 765 to 20 565), and diabetes mellitus (16 553 to 24 758) as an underlying cause of death increased. By 2018, 19.7% of all heart disease deaths, 13.9% of all cerebrovascular disease deaths, and 29.1% of all diabetes mellitus deaths were premature. AAMRs and YPLL from heart disease and cerebrovascular disease declined until the inflection point identified in 2011, then remained unchanged through 2018. Conversely, AAMRs and YPLL from diabetes mellitus did not change through 2011, then increased through 2018. Black men and women had higher AAMRs and greater YPLL for each cardiometabolic cause compared with White men and women, respectively.

Conclusions
Over one‐fifth of cardiometabolic deaths occurred at <65 years of age. Recent stagnation in cardiometabolic AAMRs and YPLL are compounded by persistent racial disparities.
Blood Pressure Changes in 1610 Subjects With and Without Antihypertensive Medication During Long‐Term Fasting
Authors: Grundler Franziska , Mesnage Robin , Michalsen Andreas , Wilhelmi de Toledo Françoise 
Published: November 2020

Background
We investigated daily blood pressure (BP) changes during fasting periods ranging from 4 to 41 (10.0±3.8) days in a cohort of 1610 subjects, including 920 normotensive, 313 hypertensive nonmedicated, and 377 hypertensive medicated individuals.

Methods and Results
Subjects underwent a multidisciplinary fasting program with a daily intake of ≈250 kcal. Weight and stress scores decreased during fasting, and the well‐being index increased, documenting a good tolerability. BP mean values decreased from 126.2±18.6/81.4±11.0 to 119.7±15.9/77.6±9.8 mm Hg (mean change, −6.5/3.8 mm Hg). BP changes were larger for hypertensive nonmedicated subjects (>140/90 mm Hg) and reduced by 16.7/8.8 mm Hg. This reduction reached 24.7/13.1 mm Hg for hypertensive nonmedicated subjects (n=76) with the highest BP (>160/100 mm Hg). In the normotensive group, BP decreased moderately by 3.0/1.9 mm Hg. Interestingly, we documented an increase of 6.3/2.2 mm Hg in a subgroup of 69 female subjects with BP <100/60 mm Hg. In the hypertensive medicated group, although BP decreased from 134.6/86.0 to 127.3/81.3 mm Hg, medication was stopped in 23.6% of the subjects, whereas dosage was reduced in 43.5% and remained unchanged in 19.4%. The decrease in BP was larger in subjects fasting longer. Baseline metabolic parameters, such as body mass index and glucose levels, as well as age, can be used to predict the amplitude of the BP decrease during fasting with a machine learning model.

Conclusions
Long‐term fasting tends to decrease BP in subjects with elevated BP values. This effect persisted during the 4 days of stepwise food reintroduction, even when subjects stopped their antihypertensive medication.

Registration

URL:
https://www.drks.de/drks_web/
; Unique identifier: DRKS00010111.
Causal Prefrontal Contributions to Stop-Signal Task Performance in Humans
Authors: Yeung Michael K. , Tsuchida Ami , Fellows Lesley K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The frontal lobes have long been implicated in inhibitory control, but a full understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains elusive. The stop-signal task has been widely used to probe instructed response inhibition in cognitive neuroscience. The processes involved have been modeled and related to putative brain substrates. However, there has been surprisingly little human lesion research using this task, with the few existing studies implicating different prefrontal regions. Here, we tested the effects of focal prefrontal damage on stop-signal task performance in a large sample of people with chronic focal damage affecting the frontal lobes (n = 42) and demographically matched healthy individuals (n = 60). Patients with damage to the left lateral, right lateral, dorsomedial, or ventromedial frontal lobe had slower stop-signal RT compared to healthy controls. There were systematic differences in the patterns of impairment across frontal subgroups: Those with damage to the left or right lateral and dorsomedial frontal lobes, but not those with ventromedial frontal damage, were slower than controls to “go” as well as to stop. These findings suggest that multiple prefrontal regions make necessary but distinct contributions to stop-signal task performance. As a consequence, stop-signal RT slowing is not strongly localizing within the frontal lobes.
Scale-Similarity Subgrid-Scale Turbulence Closure for Supercell Simulations at Kilometer-Scale Resolutions: Comparison against a Large-Eddy Simulation
Authors: Sun Shiwei , Zhou Bowen , Xue Ming , Zhu Kefeng 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In numerical simulations of deep convection at kilometer-scale horizontal resolutions, in-cloud subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulence plays an important role in the transport of heat, moisture, and other scalars. By coarse graining a 50 m high-resolution large-eddy simulation (LES) of an idealized supercell storm to kilometer-scale grid spacings ranging from 250 m to 4 km, the SGS fluxes of heat, moisture, cloud, and precipitating water contents are diagnosed a priori. The kilometer-scale simulations are shown to be within the “gray zone” as in-cloud SGS turbulent fluxes are comparable in magnitude to the resolved fluxes at 4 km spacing, and do not become negligible until ~500 m spacing. Vertical and horizontal SGS fluxes are of comparable magnitudes; both exhibit nonlocal characteristics associated with deep convection as opposed to local gradient-diffusion type of turbulent mixing. As such, they are poorly parameterized by eddy-diffusivity-based closures. To improve the SGS representation of turbulent fluxes in deep convective storms, a scale-similarity LES closure is adapted to kilometer-scale simulations. The model exhibits good correlations with LES-diagnosed SGS fluxes, and is capable of representing countergradient fluxes. In a posteriori tests, supercell storms simulated with the refined similarity closure model at kilometer-scale resolutions show better agreement with the LES benchmark in terms of SGS fluxes than those with a turbulent-kinetic-energy-based gradient-diffusion scheme. However, it underestimates the strength of updrafts, which is suggested to be a consequence of the model effective resolution being lower than the native grid resolution.
The Double-Peaked El Niño and Its Physical Processes
Authors: Shin Na-Yeon , Kug Jong-Seong , McCormack F. S. , Holbrook Neil J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRecently, El Niño diversity has been paid much attention because of its different global impacts. However, most studies have focused on a single warm peak in sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs), either in the central Pacific or the eastern Pacific Ocean. Here, we demonstrate from observational analyses that several recent El Niño events show double warm peaks in SSTA—called “double-peaked (DP) El Niño”—that have only been observed since 2000. The DP El Niño has two warm centers, which grow concurrently but separately, in both the central and eastern Pacific. In general, the atmospheric and oceanic patterns of the DP El Niño are similar to those of the warm-pool (WP) El Niño from the development phase, such that the central Pacific peak is developed by the zonal advective feedback and reduced wind speed anomalies. However, a distinctive difference exists in the eastern Pacific where the DP El Niño has a second SSTA peak. In addition, the DP El Niño shows more distinctive anomalous precipitation along the Pacific intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) when compared with the WP El Niño. We demonstrate that the peculiar precipitation anomalies along the Pacific ITCZ play a critical role in enhancing the equatorial westerly wind stress anomalies, which help to develop the eastern SSTA peak by deepening the thermocline in the eastern Pacific.
Emulation of Community Land Model Version 5 (CLM5) to Quantify Sensitivity of Soil Moisture to Uncertain Parameters
Authors: Gao Xiang , Avramov Alexander , Saikawa Eri , Schlosser C. Adam 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLand surface models (LSMs) are limited in their ability to reproduce observed soil moisture partially due to uncertainties in model parameters. Here we conduct a variance-based sensitivity analysis to quantify the relative contribution of different model parameters and their interactions to the uncertainty in the surface and root-zone soil moisture in the Community Land Model 5.0 (CLM5). We focus on soil-texture-related parameters (porosity, saturated matric potential, saturated hydraulic conductivity, shape parameter of soil-water retention model) and organic matter fraction. A Gaussian process emulator is constructed based on CLM5 simulations and used to estimate soil moisture across the five-dimensional parameter space for sensitivity analysis. The procedure is demonstrated for four seasons across various U.S. sites of distinct soil and vegetation types. We find that the emulator captures well the CLM5 behavior across the parameter space for different soil textures and seasons. The uncertainties of surface and root-zone soil moisture are dominated by the uncertainties in porosity and shape parameter with negligible parametric interactions. However, relative importance of porosity versus shape parameter varies with soil textures (sites), depths (surface versus root zone), and seasons. At most of the sites, surface soil moisture uncertainty is attributed largely to shape parameter uncertainty, while porosity uncertainty is more important for the root-zone soil moisture uncertainty. All individual parameter and interaction effects demonstrate less variability across different soil textures and seasons for root zone than for surface soil moisture. These results provide scientific guidance to prioritize reducing the uncertainty of sensitive parameters for improving soil moisture modeling with CLM.
Tidal and Near-Inertial Internal Waves over the Reykjanes Ridge
Authors: Vic Clément , Ferron Bruno , Thierry Virginie , Mercier Herlé , Lherminier Pascale 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInternal waves in the semidiurnal and near-inertial bands are investigated using an array of seven moorings located over the Reykjanes Ridge in a cross-ridge direction (57.6°–59.1°N, 28.5°–33.3°W). Continuous measurements of horizontal velocity and temperature for more than 2 years allow us to estimate the kinetic energy density and the energy fluxes of the waves. We found that there is a remarkable phase locking and linear relationship between the semidiurnal energy density and the tidal energy conversion at the spring–neap cycle. The energy-to-conversion ratio gives replenishment time scales of 4–5 days on the ridge top versus 7–9 days on the flanks. Altogether, these results demonstrate that the bulk of the tidal energy on the ridge comes from near-local sources, with a redistribution of energy from the top to the flanks, which is endorsed by the energy fluxes oriented in the cross-ridge direction. Implications for tidally driven energy dissipation are discussed. The time-averaged near-inertial kinetic energy is smaller than the semidiurnal kinetic energy by a factor of 2–3 but is much more variable in time. It features a strong seasonal cycle with a winter intensification and subseasonal peaks associated with local wind bursts. The ratio of energy to wind work gives replenishment time scales of 13–15 days, which is consistent with the short time scales of observed variability of near-inertial energy. In the upper ocean (1 km), the highest levels of near-inertial energy are preferentially found in anticyclonic structures, with a twofold increase relative to cyclonic structures, illustrating the funneling effect of anticyclones.
Lightning Data Assimilation Scheme in a 4DVAR System and Its Impact on Very Short-Term Convective Forecasting
Authors: Xiao Xian , Sun Juanzhen , Qie Xiushu , Ying Zhuming , Ji Lei , Chen Mingxuan , Zhang Lina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA proof-of-concept method for the assimilation of total lightning observations in the 4DVAR framework is proposed and implemented into the Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System (VDRAS). Its performance is evaluated for the very short-term precipitation forecasts of a localized convective event over northeastern China. The lightning DA scheme assimilated pseudo-observations for vertical velocity fields derived from observed total lightning rates and statistically computed vertical velocity profile from VDRAS analysis data. To reduce representative errors of the derived vertical velocity, a distance-weighted horizontal interpolation is applied to the input data prior to the DA. The case study reveals that although 0–2-h precipitation nowcasts are improved by assimilating lightning data alone compared to CTRL (no radar or lightning) and RAD (radar only), better results are obtained when the lightning data are assimilated with radar data simultaneously. The assimilation of both data sources results in improved dynamical consistency with enhanced updraft and latent heat as well as improved moisture distributions. Additional experiments are conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of the combined DA scheme to varied vertical velocity profiles, radii of horizontal interpolation, binning time intervals, and relationships used to estimate the maximum vertical velocity from lightning flash rates. It is shown that the scheme is robust to these variations with both radar and lightning assimilated data.
Impact of Increasing Horizontal and Vertical Resolution during the HWRF Hybrid EnVar Data Assimilation on the Analysis and Prediction of Hurricane Patricia (2015)
Authors: Feng Jie , Wang Xuguang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAlthough numerous studies have demonstrated that increasing model spatial resolution in free forecasts can potentially improve tropical cyclone (TC) intensity forecasts, studies on the impact of model resolution during data assimilation (DA) on TC prediction are lacking. In this study, using the ensemble-variational DA system for the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) Model, we investigated the individual impact of increasing the model resolution of first guess (FG) and background ensemble (BE) forecasts during DA on initial analyses and subsequent forecasts of Hurricane Patricia (2015). The impacts were compared between horizontal and vertical resolutions and also between the tropical storm (TS) and hurricane assimilation during Patricia. The results show that increasing the horizontal or vertical resolution in FG has a larger impact than increasing the resolution in BE on improving the analyzed TC intensity and structure for the hurricane stage. The result is reversed for the TS stage. These results are attributed to the effectiveness of increasing the FG resolution in intensifying the background vortex for the hurricane stage relative to the TS stage. Increasing the BE resolution contributes to improving the analyzed intensity through the better-resolved background correlation structure for both the hurricane and TS stages. Increasing horizontal resolution has an overall larger effect than increasing vertical resolution in improving the analysis at the hurricane stage and their effects are close for the analysis at the TS stage. Additionally, the more accurately analyzed primary circulation, secondary circulation, and warm-core structures via the increased resolution in DA lead to improved TC intensity forecasts.
The Clinically Important Difference and Patient Acceptable Symptomatic State for Commonly Used Patient-Reported Outcomes After Knee Cartilage Repair
Authors: Chahal Jaskarndip , Lansdown Drew A. , Davey Annabelle , Davis Aileen M. , Cole Brian J. 
Published: November 2020

Background: In patients undergoing cartilage restoration of the knee, limited information is available regarding clinically important difference (CID) and Patient Acceptable Symptomatic State (PASS) estimates for commonly used patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine the CID and PASS in the population with knee cartilage restoration for the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC) score, and the Lysholm score. Study Design: Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Between 2012 and 2017, patients who underwent a cartilage restoration procedure were prospectively enrolled. Patients completed the KOOS, IKDC, and Lysholm, all of which were scored from 0 to 100, and completed relevant anchor questions at baseline and 1 year postoperatively. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were conducted to determine CID and PASS cutoff points. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to determine the effect of age, sex, and baseline score on likelihood of achieving CID and PASS. Results: Of the 113 patients enrolled, 53 (47%) were male, and the mean age was 36 years. The CID values for the PROMs were 10.7 for KOOS Symptoms, 8.3 for KOOS Pain, 8.8 for KOOS Activities of Daily Living (ADL), 30.0 for KOOS Sports and Recreation, 18.8 for KOOS Quality of Life (QOL), 9.2 for IKDC, and 13.0 for Lysholm. The PASS values were 71.5 for KOOS Symptoms, 72.2 for KOOS Pain, 86.8 for KOOS ADL, 43.8 for KOOS Sports and Recreation, 50.0 for KOOS QOL, 62.1 for IKDC, and 70.0 for Lysholm. Patients with higher baseline scores were more likely to achieve PASS for the IKDC (odds ratio, 2.28; P = .03). Baseline score did not have an effect on the likelihood of achieving CID. Younger age was an independent predictor of achieving PASS and CID across all outcomes ( P < .05), but sex did not have such an effect. Conclusion: This study determined CID and PASS values for the KOOS, IKDC, and Lysholm scores among patients treated with knee cartilage restoration. Younger age was a positive prognostic variable, and higher baseline scores implied achieving PASS for the IKDC. The information in this study can be used in designing randomized controlled trials, counseling individual patients as to anticipated outcomes, and conducting responder analyses when evaluating new cartilage technology from a regulatory perspective.
Decellularization of porcine carotid arteries using low-concentration sodium dodecyl sulfate
Authors: Cheng Jin , Li Ji , Cai Zhiwen , Xing Yuehao , Wang Cong , Guo Lianrui , Gu Yongquan 
Published: November 2020

Background: The decellularized scaffold is a promising material for producing tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) because of its complex, native-like three-dimensional structure and mechanical properties. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), one of the most commonly used decellularization reagents, appears to be more effective than other detergents for removing cells from dense tissues. The concentrations of SDS used in previous studies and their effects on decellularization are not consistent. Methods: In this study, porcine carotid arteries were decellularized using detergent-based protocols using Triton X-100 followed by SDS at different concentrations and exposing time. Cell removal efficiency and composition were evaluated by histological analysis, and DNA and collagen quantification. Ultrastructure, mechanical properties, pore size distribution, and in vivo biocompatibility of decellularized arteries were also evaluated. Results: The DNA content of decellularized scaffolds treated with 0.3% SDS for 72 h or 0.5% SDS for 48 h was significantly less than that treated with 1% SDS for 30 h. There was a significant loss of soluble collagen after treatment with 1% SDS relative to native arteries. The extensive loss of elastin and glycosaminoglycans was observed in decellularized arteries treated with 0.5% SDS or 1% SDS. The basement membrane and biomechanics were also damaged by these two protocols. Moreover, decellularized scaffolds became more porous with many large pores after treatment with 0.3% SDS. Conclusion: Low-concentration SDS could be a suitable choice for artery decellularization. Decellularized porcine carotid arteries, prepared using Triton X-100 followed by 0.3% SDS, may be a promising biological scaffold for TEVGs.
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in emergency department: How to treat?
Authors: Gulen Muge , Satar Salim , Acehan Selen , Avci Akkan , Kaya Adem , Sener Kemal , Isikber Cem 
Published: November 2020

Background: The treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) has not been well studied. Many clinicians are indifferent about canalith reposition maneuvers and frequently prefer medical treatments. Objectives: We aimed to detect efficacy of Epley maneuver in relieving symptoms of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo patients diagnosed in emergency department and if medical treatments are useful in patients whose symptoms were not relieved. Methods: The study was conducted as a prospective cohort study in the emergency department of a tertiary hospital. Patients who were over 18 years of age and presented to emergency department with complaints of vertigo symptoms and nausea and had a positive Dix–Hallpike test were included in the study. Patients’ demographic data, possible etiological factors, affected ear, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo diagnosis in the history were recorded on the study data form. The European Evaluation of Vertigo scale and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score of nausea and vertigo symptoms were graded and recorded for each patient before and after treatment. Results: Ninety patients were included in the study in total. Epley maneuver was carried out to all patients. Vertigo symptoms VAS (VASd) score (p < 0.001), nausea and vomiting VAS (VASnv) score (p < 0.001), and European Evaluation of Vertigo scale score (p < 0.001) of all patients showed a statistically significant decrease after Epley maneuver. A combination of dimenhydrinate and metoclopramide helped to reduce VASd (p = 0.048), VASnv (p = 0.031), and European Evaluation of Vertigo scale scores (p = 0.001) at a statistically significant level more than dimenhydrinate treatment alone. Conclusions: Epley maneuver may be applied to every patient with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Dimenhydrinate and/or metoclopramide helps to control patients’ symptoms whose symptoms remain despite Epley maneuver.