bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LOS FERROCARRILES EN EL PERÚ: ¿LA RESPUESTA A LA CAÓTICA SITUACIÓN DEL TRANSPORTE?
Authors: PECEROS VALENCIA MARILIA S. 
Published: December 2020

El artículo aborda la historia de los ferrocarriles en el Perú desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad, describiendo, además, la construcción ferroviaria de los países vecinos como Chile, Argentina y Brasil haciendo hincapié en su evolución y de cómo logaron desarrollar su infraestructura. Se hace un recuento de la normatividad ferroviaria en el Perú y se propone la expansión de la infraestructura ferroviaria como respuesta a la congestión vehicular de las carreteras depenetración, y las principales vías de nuestro país, siendo los trenes la opción más segura y ecoamigable frente al crecimiento económico y junto a ello la demanda de movilidad de personas y carga.
The article discusses the history of railroads in Peru from their origins to the present. It also describes railway construction in the neighboring countries of Chile, Argentina and Brazil, focusing on how our neighbors developed their infrastructure. The article reviews Peruvian railway regulations. It proposes expanding railway infrastructure in response to vehicular congestion in Peru’s main thoroughfares. It argues that trains are the safest and most eco-friendly option to stimulate sustainable economic growth while meeting the freight and human transport needs of the country.
TELEAUDIENCIAS: APUNTES PARA LA REGULACIÓN DE AUDIENCIAS JUDICIALES REMOTAS
Authors: CHAIÑA DURÁN RENZO JOEL , CASTELLANOS TISOC ERIK 
Published: December 2020

El presente artículo constituye un estudio sobre las teleaudiencias. Tiene por objetivo explorar y analizar sus fundamentos y aplicación concreta, así como brindar los alcances necesarios para su eventual regulación abierta. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo, se acudió a la teoría aplicada al tema y se analizó su regulación nacional y extranjera. El artículo inicia desarrollando las bases de las teleaudiencias y su relevancia actual, luego de ello se hace una revisión de la normativa desarrollada en otros países, un análisis de su compatibilidad con los principios procesales y los posibles peligros de su aplicación, para inmediatamente después proponer tres modelos de regulación y finalmente hacer referencia a cómo se vienen desarrollado en el Perú.
The present paper constitutes a study on virtual judicial hearings. Its objective is to explore and analyze its foundations and concrete application, as well as providing the necessary scope for its eventual open regulation. To achieve that objective, the theory applied to the subject has been revised and its national and foreign regulations were analyzed. The paper begins by developing the foundations of virtual judicial hearings and their current relevance, after which a review of the regulation developed in other countries is made, an analysis of their compatibility with procedural principles and the possible dangers of their application, for immediately then propose three regulatory models and finally refer to how they are developing in Peru.
EL DERECHO A PROBAR EN EL PROCEDIMIENTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y SANCIÓN DEL HOSTIGAMIENTO SEXUAL: ¿UNA GARANTÍA RECORTADA?
Authors: BRAVO SENMACHE LUIS MARTÍN 
Published: December 2020

Con base en la teoría general del proceso, la investigación determina que en el Procedimiento de Investigación y Sanción del Hostigamiento Sexual (PISHS)es identificable la estructura del contradictorio, por lo que su naturaleza es la de un proceso. Sin embargo, la revisión del tratamiento normativo que el PISHS ha dedicado al derecho a la prueba de la parte acusada pone en evidencia que, en la estructura de dicho proceso, el contradictorio no ha sido implementado más que parcialmente, dado que su dimensión sustancial (específicamente, el poder de influencia) no ha sido cabalmente asegurada a favor del presunto/a hostigador/a. Dos escenarios se erigen como posible solución al problema: uno a través de la vía de hecho (preferencia del principio del debido proceso) y otro mediante la reforma legislativa del art. 17.2 del reglamento.
Based on the general theory of the process, the investigation determines that in the Investigation and Sanction Procedure for Sexual Harassment (PISHS) the structure of the contradictory is identifiable, so its nature is that of a process. However, the review of the normative treatment that the PISHS has dedicated to the right to proof of the accused party shows that, in the structure of said process, the contradictory has only been partially implemented, given that its substantial dimension (specifically, the power of influence) has not been fully secured in favor of the alleged harasser. Two scenariosare erected as a possible solution to the problem: one through the facto route (preference for the principle of due process of law) and the other through the legislative reform of the art. 17.2 of the reglament.
REFLEXIONES EN TORNO AL PROCESO JUDICIAL POR INFRACCIONES ADUANERAS EN URUGUAY
Authors: VARELA ANDRÉS 
Published: December 2020

El presente artículo pretende hacer foco en algunas cuestiones del proceso judicial por infracciones aduaneras en Uruguay, en particular, se reflexiona en torno al contenido del Derecho Aduanero y a las infracciones aduaneras. Se analiza el contenido, necesidad y finalidad del Proceso Aduanero por Infracciones Aduaneras editado por el Código Aduanero de la República Oriental del Uruguay. Asimismo, mediante un análisis de las características de su contenido, se proponen recalificaciones a su pretendida ubicación como Proceso Civil, reconociéndolo como Proceso “Aduanero”, y con ello, como una categoría dentro de los Procesos Sancionatorios. Se analiza el objeto del Proceso Aduanero y su vinculación con la pretensión, para determinar que el mismo se forma progresivamente hasta su fijación en la Demanda Acusación Fiscal.
This paper focuses on some issues regarding the judicial process for customs offenses in Uruguay, particularly, it reflexes about the content of Customs Law and customs offenses. The content, necessity and purpose of the customs offenses judicial process ruled by the Uruguayan customs code are analyzed. Also, through the assessment of the characteristics of the process, rectifications to its pretended ubication like a civil process are proposed, re-qualifying it as the "customs" process, falling as a category within the sanctionatory process. There is also an analysis of the object of the process, assessing its relationship with the claim, in order to determine if the claim is progressively construed throughout the process until its final determination in the State's representative accusation.
GERALDINE (Google Earth Engine supRaglAciaL Debris INput dEtector): a new tool for identifying and monitoring supraglacial landslide inputs
Authors: Smith William D. , Dunning Stuart A. , Brough Stephen , Ross Neil , Telling Jon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Landslides in glacial environments are high-magnitude,
long-runout events, believed to be increasing in frequency as a paraglacial
response to ice retreat and thinning and, arguably, due to warming
temperatures and degrading permafrost above current glaciers. However, our
ability to test these assumptions by quantifying the temporal sequencing of
debris inputs over large spatial and temporal extents is limited in areas
with glacier ice. Discrete landslide debris inputs, particularly in
accumulation areas, are rapidly “lost”, being reworked by motion and
icefalls and/or covered by snowfall. Although large landslides can be
detected and located using their seismic signature, smaller (M≤5.0)
landslides frequently go undetected because their seismic signature is less
than the noise floor, particularly supraglacially deposited landslides, which
feature a “quiet” runout over snow. Here, we present GERALDINE (Google Earth Engine supRaglAciaL Debris INput dEtector): a new free-to-use tool
leveraging Landsat 4–8 satellite imagery and Google Earth Engine. GERALDINE
outputs maps of new supraglacial debris additions within user-defined areas
and time ranges, providing a user with a reference map, from which large
debris inputs such as supraglacial landslides (>0.05 km2)
can be rapidly identified. We validate the effectiveness of GERALDINE
outputs using published supraglacial rock avalanche inventories, and then
demonstrate its potential by identifying two previously unknown, large
(>2 km2) landslide-derived supraglacial debris inputs onto
glaciers in the Hayes Range, Alaska, one of which was not detected
seismically. GERALDINE is a first step towards a complete global
magnitude–frequency of landslide inputs onto glaciers over the 38 years of
Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery.
Global concentrations of microplastics in soils – a review
Authors: Büks Frederick , Kaupenjohann Martin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Worldwide, microplastics (MPs) have been commonly recognized as a threat to soil ecosystems. Terrestrial soils are widely contaminated by MPs due to the application of sewage sludge and wastewater, plastic mulching, littering, the input of tire wear from roads and atmospheric deposition. Within the last decade, an increasing number of individual studies focused on item counts and masses of MPs in different global soil environments. We reviewed these studies to achieve a representative picture of common degrees of contamination. The majority of the prospected agricultural and horticultural sites were exposed to sewage sludge and mulching film application and showed concentrations of <13 000 items kg−1 dry soil and 4.5 mg kg−1 dry soil. Microplastic concentrations in soils in the vicinity of municipal areas were thereby 10 times larger compared to rural sites. The measurement of masses was generally underrepresented compared to item numbers, and mass data were often generated from microscopic analyses by using shape-to-mass models instead of direct measurements. Extreme values, such as on industrial sites, exceed the common concentrations by 2 to 4 orders of magnitude, which might be attributed not only to the land use but also to the applied methods of measurement. Campaigns that focus on other entry pathways like composts, road dust runoff and littering or land uses like grassland, forest, fallow and wilderness as well as industrial sites and landfills were underrepresented or nonexistent. Background loads, such as atmospheric deposition, were often not excluded from the measurements and, thus, the studies might overestimate the contribution of the analyzed entry pathway to the total load. Other studies focused on light density MP, e.g., from mulching films, and therefore underestimated the amount of soil MP. Despite these limitations, the data give an impression of the spectrum of global MP concentrations and are a good basis for experiments examining the effects of MPs on exposed soils. Based on the collected data, we identified problems of past studies and recommend that future experimentation take into account standardized methods of extraction and quantification, a proper characterization of the sampling sites and their history as well as the exploration of as yet underrepresented entry pathways and land uses.
Poisoning Cases Reported to Poison Information Centre, Ahmedabad, India: A Three Year Observational Study
Authors: Pagdhune Avinash , Kunal Kundan , Patel Kanubhai Amrutlal , Patel Aswin Bhailalbhai , Mishra SukhDev , Palkhade Rajendra , Muhamed Jaseer 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Morbidity and mortality associated with pesticide poisoning is a major public health issue, especially in lower and middle income countries, including India. Timely understanding of poisoning trends is required for improved prevention. The objective of the present study was to analyze the trend of poisoning cases in Ahmedabad, India in the period of 2015-2017.Methods: Detailed history, including demographic data, risk factors, poisoning history, agents involved, and occupational influence were collected for poisoning cases reported to the Poison Information Centre in Ahmedabad. Cholinesterase activity and HPTLC method for detection of sanguinarine in urine were used to investigate the agents of poisoning. Non-parametric tests, such as Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U Test were applied to test statistical significance between the groups. All statistical analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.Results: A total 1373 poisoning cases were investigated. The incidence and fatality rate was found to be higher in males compared to females (M/F ratio 1.89:1). About 91.62% of the poisoning were through the oral route. Erythrocyte cholinesterase activity assay results indicated that 41.29% of the cases were due to organophosphorus/carbamate poisoning. Insecticides were found to be the agent of poisoning in 26.29% cases, and 11.07% of all the cases were agricultural workers. Poisoning with medications, household pesticides and chemicals were also reported. Few cases of food poisoning with sanguinarine were detected.Conclusion: The data presented here suggest that pesticides used for agriculture are the major source of poisonings. Implementation of usage guidelines, educating farmers and vulnerable population, and finding novel alternatives for highly toxic chemicals may be helpful in decreasing the number of poisoning cases.
El modelo de la economía social, solidaria y colaborativa en América Latina como un nuevo modelo de empresa
Authors: Cartagena de Leiva Haydee Beatriz 
Published: December 2020

In a context marked by a COVID-19 pandemic situation, much thought has been given to the current model of companies, where its main axis has been the generation of income at its highest level and the accumulation of capital as the main indicator of success , many times, putting at risk the environment, the dignity of people and the environment that surrounds them; in short, risking the sustainability of life. Faced with this situation, it is important to reflect on the current model not only at the micro level but also at the macro level, which means taking into account aspects such as public policies and the relationships that are established in the value chains in the different areas productive. The social, solidarity and collaborative economy model proposes a new business model, always based on efficiency, productivity and financial sustainability, but with a differentiating element: put in the center of their decisions to people. Many experiences In Latin America and other countries in the world they show us that it is possible, especially because this can contribute to the construction of a new model of sustainable development. In this analysis, the main characteristics that define this proposal will be presented, not only through the existing theoretical approaches, but also through Latin American experiences that have shown positive results, at the level of productive activities and also of the ironment that surrounds them
Realidad Empresarial No. 10, 2020: 79-88
De Concept Leidraad Duurzaamheidsafspraken van de ACM: de ‘tragedy of the commons’ voorbij?
Authors: Jansen Pim , Beeston Sarah 
Published: December 2020

De Concept Leidraad Duurzaamheidsafspraken van de ACM: de ‘tragedy of the commons’ voorbij?
Op 9 juli 2020 heeft de ACM de Concept Leidraad Duurzaamheidsafspraken ter consultatie op haar website gepubliceerd. Hiermee beoogt de ACM te verduidelijken onder welke omstandigheden afspraken met een duurzame doelstelling met artikel 6 Mw en 101 VWEU verenigbaar zijn, inclusief op basis van de in het derde lid vervatte efficiencytoets. In deze bijdrage wordt eerst een historische parallel getrokken met de verhouding tussen de theorie van de ‘tragedy of the commons’ enerzijds en het Nederlandse poldermodel anderzijds. Vervolgens wordt de Leidraad gecontextualiseerd, beschreven en, tot slot, geanalyseerd.
Kwantificering van de voor- en nadelen van duurzaamheidsafspraken onder artikel 6 lid 3 Mededingingswet
Authors: van der Zee Eva 
Published: December 2020

Kwantificering van de voor- en nadelen van duurzaamheidsafspraken onder artikel 6 lid 3 Mededingingswet
Deze bijdrage richt zich op de mogelijkheden en beperkingen om voor- en nadelen van een duurzaamheidsafspraak te kwantificeren onder artikel 6 lid 3 Mededingingswet gebaseerd op de kosten-batenanalyse, de welzijnsanalyse en de capaciteitenbenadering.
Concurrentie en duurzaamheid gaan hand in hand
Authors: van Damme Eric 
Published: December 2020

Concurrentie en duurzaamheid gaan hand in hand
In deze bijdrage belicht de auteur de onderwerpen mededinging, duurzaamheid en klimaatverandering vanuit economisch perspectief en probeer hij te duiden wat de bijdrage van de economische wetenschap aan de discussie over mededinging en duurzaamheid zou kunnen zijn. Zijn belangrijkste stelling is dat mededinging niet slechts een instrument is, maar een publiek belang dat bescherming verdient, dat onze Mededingingswet dit belang onvoldoende beschermt en dat de ACM zich sterker als hoeder van dit belang zou moeten opstellen.
Duurzaamheid en het aanbestedingsrecht: wel toekomstbestendig?
Authors: Janssen Willem 
Published: December 2020

Duurzaamheid en het aanbestedingsrecht: wel toekomstbestendig?
Hoewel het aanbestedingsrecht ten aanzien van niet-economische doelstellingen voorop lijkt te lopen ten opzichte van het mededingingsrecht, laten de in dit artikel besproken denkrichtingen zien dat ook binnen dit rechtsgebied mogelijk ruimte is om de aanbestedingsregels responsiever te maken ten aanzien van de maatschappelijke context waarin aanbestedingen momenteel plaatsvinden in Nederland en de EU.
Mag het licht uit?
Authors: Vedder Hans 
Published: December 2020

De transitie naar duurzame energie: subsidiëring en capaciteitsmechanismen en de rol van markt en overheid in de groenestroommarkt
Dit artikel beschrijft de ontwikkeling naar duurzamere energieopwekking en de technische, economische en juridische impact ervan. Daarbij staat het toezicht op staatssteun centraal en wordt in kaart gebracht hoe de bevoegdheden zijn verdeeld tussen de Europese Unie (EU) en haar lidstaten.
Instituições e sujeitos: saberes e poderes no processo de reorganização/ocupação das escolas públicas do estado de São Paulo
Authors: Gama Anailton De Souza , Souza Roseli Trevisan Marques de 
Published: December 2020

Neste artigo será apresentada uma análise discursiva da entrevista coletada em 2016 sobre o tema “A reorganização e as ocupações das escolas públicas do Estado em 2015”. Cabe informar que no presente texto procuramos resgatar a memória de uma mãe de um estudante que participou juntamente com o filho do movimento estudantil denominado ocupações. Destaca-se que tal registro representa parte da memória da participante. O trabalho analítico que objetiva apresentar alguns sentidos dessa memória está sustentado na abordagem metodológica presente no título Gestos de Leitura: da história do discurso, organizado por Eni Puccinelli Orlandi (2010), o qual, por sua vez, está embasado nos princípios de Análise do Discurso de linha francesa que tem como um dos expoentes Pêcheux (2006).
ZnO Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor for Biosensing: A Review
Authors: Mathiba Jack Ditshego Nonofo 
Published: December 2020

The last 19 years have seen intense research made on zinc oxide (ZnO) material, mainly due to the ability of converting the natural n-type material into p-type. For a long time, the p-type state was impossible to attain and maintain. This chapter focuses on ways of improving the doped ZnO material which acts as a channel for nanowire field-effect transistor (NWFET) and biosensor. The biosensor has specific binding which is called functionalization that is achieved by attaching a variety of compounds on the designated sensing area. Reference electrodes and buffers are used as controllers. Top-down fabrication processes are preferred over bottom-up because they pave way for mass production. Different growth techniques are reviewed and discussed. Strengths and weaknesses of the FET and sensor are also reviewed.
Zionist Organizations in Voronezh
Authors: Viktor Viktorovich Bakhtin , Igor’ Anatol’yevich Ashmarov 
Published: December 2020

The chapter is based on materials from the archives and investigations of the OGPU of the late 1920s and early 1930s. The last years of the XIX century and the first twentieth century became a time of rapid development and strengthening of the Zionist movement in Russia developed rapidly. In 1902, over a thousand disparate Zionist organizations merged into the Russian Zionist Organization (RNO). In this article, we will consider the processes taking place in a separate region of Russia - the Central Black Earth Region (CCO). Voronezh became the center of the Central Council in 1928.
Proporcionalita opatření přijímaných ve výjimečných stavech
Authors: Ondřejek Pavel 
Published: December 2020

O principu proporcionality se právem hovoří jako o klíčovém argumentu při přezkumu ústavnosti zásahu do základních práv. Nedávné události v souvislosti s epidemií nemoci COVID-19 ukázaly, že zásahy do základních práv mohou být dlouhodobé, citelné a značně omezující v porovnání s předchozí praxí. Základní tezí tohoto příspěvku je zdůvodnění potřeby argumentace proporcionalitou při přezkumu ústavnosti opatření přijímaných ve výjimečných stavech. Mimo jiné je argumentováno, že požadavek proporcionality jakožto univerzálního kritéria přezkumu ústavnosti posiluje koherenci práva, a tím i předvídatelnost rozhodnutí týkajících se omezení práv, která není v době výjimečného stavu nižší než mimo něj. Příspěvek rovněž naznačuje specifika aplikace principu proporcionality ve vztahu k opatřením přijatým ve výjimečných stavech, konkrétně zvýšenou míru nejistoty, potřebu zvýšené míry zdrženlivosti, jakož i otázky argumentačního břemene při argumentaci proporcionalitou.
Effect of the Different Ski Length on the Level of Anxiety at Novice Skiers
Authors: Jurečka Jan 
Published: December 2020

An efficient teaching of alpine skiing at the beginning of the teaching process should be the main goal of every ski instructor. In our research we were investigating the influence of different ski length on alpine skiing teaching process efficiency as well as on the level of state anxiety during the alpine skiing at ski novices. The research was conducted on 34 participants (19 men, 15 women). Experimental group had skis of 130cm length and 7m radius from brand Lusti. Skis are specialized for very short and aggressive turning including funcarving. Mean height of participants from the experimental group was 178,07cm (±10,89). Control group had skis of standard length according to a person´s height. Meat height of participants from the control group was 177,33cm (±6,87). Mean length of skis were 158,6cm and 14,05m radius. For our research following data were collected: pre-test, continuous test and post – test of state and trait anxiety. In this presented paper the main intention was to determine the effect of different ski length on state anxiety level at novice skiers. The data were acquired from the questionnaire STAI, which shows the level of anxiety (Künzell, S. & Müler, J., 2008; Koca, 2015). Based on the results we can say that teaching alpine skiing with usage of short skis might be less stressful for novice skiers than with usage of standard length skis.