bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity and phylogenetic analysis of endosymbionts from Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) and its parasitoids in Kenya
Authors: Rasowo Brenda A. , Copeland Robert S. , Khamis Fathiya M. , Aidoo Owusu F. , Ajene Inusa J. , Mohamed Samira A. , Sétamou Mamoudou , Ekesi Sunday , Borgemeister Christian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe African citrus triozid (ACT), Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio), is the primary vector of Candidatus Liberibacter africanus (CLaf), the causative agent of Africa citrus greening disease (ACGD). This study evaluates the diversity of ACT parasitoids and further characterizes endosymbionts associated with both T. erytreae and its parasitoids that could be used as biological control agents of T. erytreae and management of ACGD. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene was used to reconstruct T. erytreae and its parasitoids phylogeny, while 16S rRNA gene was used for the bacterial phylogeny. One well‐supported clade of ACT was detected within the Triozidae phylogeny, while the parasitoid species clustered into four groups within eulophid and encyrtid phylogeny. The phylogenetic result of parasitoids was supported by morphological identification where five different parasitoid species could be identified, that is Tamarixia dryi, Psyllaephagus pulvinatus, Tetrastichus sp., Aphidencyrtus cassatus and Charipine species. Moreover, four eubacterial symbionts (Wolbachia,Rickettsia,Arsenophonus and Candidatus Liberibacter sp.) were detected in T. erytreae and three symbionts (Wolbachia,Rickettsia and Cardinuim) in the parasitoid specimens. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic inferences clustered the identified eubacterial symbionts within α and γ proteobacteria subdivisions. Phylogenetic inferences of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that Wolbachia strains from ACT and the parasitoids did not form a single monophyletic clade; however, both clustered within Supergroup B. The impacts of these parasitoid species and endosymbionts on ACT are still unknown, but their occurrence and broad distribution indicate the possibility of future use for control of T. erytreae.
Influence of delayed umbilical cord clamping on pain during suture of perineal tears: A randomised controlled study
Authors: Li Yue , Zou Yun , Han Cuicun , Liu Xiaowei , Jiang Mei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis study investigated whether the delayed umbilical cord clamping can influence the pain during suturing perineal tears.DesignThis randomised controlled study applied the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement.MethodsThe sample comprised 288 pregnant women who gave birth through vaginal delivery in our hospital from November 2019 to December 2019. They were randomly divided into 2 groups—early umbilical cord clamping (n = 147) and delayed umbilical cord clamping (n = 141)—without severe pregnancy complications. There was no intrauterine infection, neonatal asphyxia or premature birth in the 288 newborns. The pain scores of the Numerical Rating Scale, Visual Analogue Scale, Verbal Rating Scale and Faces Pain Scale‐Revised were used as indicators to evaluate the mothers’ pain. The Mann–Whitney U test was used, and the statistical significance was set to p < .05.ResultAll indicators suggest that perineal suture pain of delayed umbilical cord clamping was lower than that of the control group. For the experience group, the perception of pain for the mothers who received analgesia was less than that for those who did not. For the control group, the Verbal Rating Scale suggests a statistical difference in suturing pain between acceptable and unacceptable labour analgesia. The degree of cooperation of the experience group was higher than that of the control group, but labour analgesia did not affect cooperation degree in both groups.ConclusionDelayed umbilical cord clamping can alleviate maternal pain when suturing perineal tears and improve the delivery experience. Labour analgesia can enhance the pain relief effect. Trial registration was performed on www.chictr.org.cn (ChiCTR1900026797).Relevance to clinical practiceAs a part of perinatal nursing, delayed umbilical cord clamping can help alleviate the pain of perineal suture and improve the experience of parturient. The method is simple and can be used as a routine nursing operation.
Local Crowding‐Out in China
Authors: HUANG YI , PAGANO MARCO , PANIZZA UGO 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTIn China, between 2006 and 2013, local public debt crowded out the investment of private firms by tightening their funding constraints while leaving state‐owned firms' investment unaffected. We establish this result using a purpose‐built data set for Chinese local public debt. Private firms invest less in cities with more public debt, with the reduction in investment larger for firms located farther from banks in other cities or more dependent on external funding. Moreover, in cities where public debt is high, private firms' investment is more sensitive to internal cash flow.
Every Cloud Has a Silver Lining: Fast Trading, Microwave Connectivity, and Trading Costs
Authors: SHKILKO ANDRIY , SOKOLOV KONSTANTIN 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTModern markets are characterized by speed differentials, with some traders being fractions of a second faster than others. Theoretical models suggest that such differentials may have both positive and negative effects on liquidity and gains from trade. We examine these effects by studying a series of exogenous weather episodes that temporarily remove the speed advantages of the fastest traders by disrupting their microwave networks. The disruptions are associated with lower adverse selection and lower trading costs. In additional analysis, we show that the long‐term removal of speed differentials results in similar effects and also increases gains from trade.
Effect of estradiol vaginal gel on vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: A randomized double‐blind controlled trial
Authors: Tanmahasamut Prasong , Jirasawas Titima , Laiwejpithaya Somsak , Areeswate Chatchai , Dangrat Chongdee , Silprasit Kittayaporn 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of 25 μg of estradiol gel on postmenopausal vaginal tissue.MethodsThis randomized double‐blind controlled trial included postmenopausal women with vaginal atrophy who attended our menopause clinic during July 2017–January 2018. Women were randomly assigned to the estradiol gel group or control group (K‐Y® Jelly). Treatment consisted of 2 mL of product applied intravaginally daily for 2 weeks, and two doses per week for the next 6 weeks. The most bothersome symptom (MBS), vaginal health index (VHI), vaginal pH, vaginal maturation index, vaginal maturation value (VMV), female sexual function index (FSFI), serum estradiol level and endometrial thickness were evaluated at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks.ResultsSeventy‐five of 80 women completed the trial. After 8 weeks of treatment, VMV, VHI, vaginal pH and FSFI improved significantly in the estradiol group, with no observed change in the control group. The MBS was decreased in both groups with no significant difference between groups. Serum estradiol level and endometrial thickness were not significantly different between groups at baseline or at week 8.ConclusionEstradiol vaginal gel demonstrated an ability to reverse vaginal atrophy with a high safety profile and low systemic absorption of estradiol.
Increased expression of epithelial cell adhesion molecule and its possible role in epithelial–mesenchymal transition in endometriosis
Authors: Liu Duo , Yang Na , Liang Yanchun , Chen Ming , Yang Fan , Liu Lin , Yao Shuzhong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimTo study the involvement and interrelationship of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in endometriosis.MethodsSamples from 114 patients undergoing endometrial biopsy or operation for endometriosis and 23 premenopausal women undergoing endometrial biopsy for non‐endometriotic benign disease. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect expression level of EpCAM, E‐cadherin and N‐cadherin in endometrium from patients with (n = 24) and without endometriosis (n = 23), and in lesions from bowel (n = 46), peritoneal (n = 20) and ovarian (n = 24) endometriosis.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the expression level of EpCAM, E‐cadherin and N‐cadherin, respectively, between endometrium from women with and without endometriosis (P > 0.05). There was also no significant difference in the expression level of EpCAM, E‐cadherin and N‐cadherin, respectively, among lesions from the bowel, peritoneal and ovarian endometriosis (P > 0.05). We found that the immunoreactivity of endometriotic epithelial cells to EpCAM and N‐cadherin was significantly higher than that of eutopic endometrium, but decreased to E‐cadherin (P < 0.05). According to the expression level of EpCAM, the expression level of E‐Cadherin was significantly lower in endometriotic lesions with EpCAM expression above the mean level compared with that of endometriotic lesions with EpCAM expression below mean level, while the expression level of N‐cadherin was contrary (P < 0.001). EpCAM staining level was negatively correlated with E‐cadherin but positively correlated with N‐cadherin (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThese data suggest that overexpression of EpCAM, accompanied by an EMT, might be involved in endometriosis. EMT may be induced by the overexpression of EpCAM, thus promoting the development of endometriosis, which needs future studies to confirm for the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
Brain MR Spectroscopy Markers of Encephalopathy Due to Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Authors: Tran Thao T. , Wei Ke , Cole Soren , Mena Edward , Csete Marie , King Kevin S. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEIn hepatic encephalopathy (HE), osmotic stressors promoting brain edema result in a compensatory drop in the astrocyte metabolite myo‐inositol (mI). Identifying differences between nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with and without HE and healthy controls using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and evaluating hypoalbuminemia and hyperammonemia as osmotic stressors that predict the reduction of mI allow further understanding of mechanisms that promote brain edema in HE. The aim of this study was to assess brain edema in HE using characteristic MRS markers and serum albumin.METHODSWe evaluated between group differences among 19 NASH cirrhosis without HE (Crhs‐HE) (age = 63 ± 8.7), 9 NASH cirrhosis with HE (Crhs+HE) (age = 63 ± 9.2), and 16 controls (age = 57.8 ± 11.7) using 1H MRS. Glutamine (Gln/tCr) and serum albumin were evaluated as predictors of myo‐inositol (mI/tCr) using linear regression. Statistical significance was set at P < .05 with adjustment for multiple comparisons.RESULTSBrain mI/tCr was decreased, and Gln/tCr increased in Crhs+HE compared to Crhs‐HE and controls in both brain regions (P < .001 for all). Evaluated together as joint predictors, serum albumin but not Gln/tCr significantly predicted mI/tCr in GM (P = .02 and P = .2, respectively) and PWM (P = .01 and P = .1, respectively).CONCLUSIONLow mI/tCr and increased Gln/tCr were characteristics of Crhs+HE. Low serum albumin was the strongest predictor of brain osmotic stress indicated by reduced mI/tCr, with no residual independent association seen for brain Gln/tCr concentration. This suggests that hypoalbuminemia in chronic liver disease may promote brain edema in HE.
World Small Animal Veterinary Association Global Dental Guidelines
Authors: Niemiec B. , Gawor J. , Nemec A. , Clarke D. , McLeod K. , Tutt C. , Gioso M. , Steagall P.V. , Chandler M. , Morgenegg G. , Jouppi R. 
Published: July 2020

Dental, oral, and maxillofacial diseases are some of the most common problems in small animal veterinary practice. These conditions create significant pain as well as localized and potentially systemic infection. As such, the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) believes that un‐ and under treated oral and dental diseases pose a significant animal welfare concern. Dentistry is an area of veterinary medicine which is still widely ignored and is subject to many myths and misconceptions. Effective teaching of veterinary dentistry in the veterinary school is the key to progression in this field of veterinary medicine, and to the improvement of welfare for all our patients globally.These guidelines were developed to provide veterinarians with the information required to understand best practices for dental therapy and create realistic minimum standards of care. Using the three‐tiered continuing education system of WSAVA, the guidelines make global equipment and therapeutic recommendations and highlight the anaesthetic and welfare requirements for small animal patients.This document contains information on common oral and dental pathologies, diagnostic procedures (an easily implementable and repeatable scoring system for dental health, dental radiography and radiology) and treatments (periodontal therapy, extractions). Further, there are sections on anaesthesia and pain management for dental procedures, home dental care, nutritional information, and recommendations on the role of the universities in improving veterinary dentistry. A discussion of the deleterious effects of anaesthesia free dentistry (AFD) is included, as this procedure is ineffective at best and damaging at worst. Throughout the document the negative effects of undiagnosed and/or treated dental disease on the health and well‐being of our patients, and how this equates to an animal welfare issue, is discussed.
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Gun Ownership
Authors: Vegter Abigail , Kelley Margaret 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis question on how religious beliefs shape attitudes about guns has received little attention in the literature. We use the religious concept of supernatural evil, or beliefs about Satan, Hell, Armageddon, and demons, to provide context for ideas about gun ownership and the development of attitudes toward gun policy. While this has been explored quantitatively using national survey data, we argue that an in‐depth qualitative approach provides necessary nuance. As part of an ongoing ethnography in Northeastern Kansas, we conducted interviews with 55 women and 7 men who own and shoot guns. For this paper, we report on a religion module subsample that probes religiosity, spirituality, and gun ownership. Based on the rich contextual information from the interviews, we illuminate a package of beliefs that come together as anethic, a set of moral principles guiding gun ownership for a subset of gun owners. We suggest the spirit of gun ownership is a bundle of duties that guide individual gun owners to stress the need to protect, be diligent, and defend. Moreover, belief in supernatural evil is bound up in policy attitudes that protect or expand gun rights.
High throughput shotgun sequencing of eRNA reveals taxonomic and derived functional shifts across a benthic productivity gradient
Authors: Broman Elias , Bonaglia Stefano , Norkko Alf , Creer Simon , Nascimento Francisco J. A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBenthic macrofauna is regularly used in monitoring programmes, however the vast majority of benthic eukaryotic biodiversity lies mostly in microscopic organisms, such as meiofauna (invertebrates < 1 mm) and protists, that rapidly responds to environmental change. These communities have traditionally been hard to sample and handle in the laboratory, but DNA sequencing has made such work less time consuming. While DNA sequencing captures both alive and dead organisms, environmental RNA (eRNA) better targets living organisms or organisms of recent origin in the environment. Here, we assessed the biodiversity of three known bioindicator microeukaryote groups (nematodes, foraminifera, and ciliates) in sediment samples collected at seven coastal sites along an organic carbon (OC) gradient. We aimed to investigate if eRNA shotgun sequencing can be used to simultaneously detect differences in (i) biodiversity of multiple microeukaryotic communities; and (ii) functional feeding traits of nematodes. Results showed that biodiversity was lower for nematodes and foraminifera in high OC (6.2%–6.9%), when compared to low OC sediments (1.2%–2.8%). Dissimilarity in community composition increased for all three groups between Low OC and High OC, as well as the classified feeding type of nematode genera (with more nonselective deposit feeders in high OC sediment). High relative abundant genera included nematode Sabatieria and foraminifera Elphidium in high OC, and Cryptocaryon‐like ciliates in low OC sediments. Considering that future sequencing technologies are likely to decrease in cost, the use of eRNA shotgun sequencing to assess biodiversity of benthic microeukaryotes could be a powerful tool in recurring monitoring programmes.
Dynamical systems theory in cognitive science and neuroscience
Authors: Favela Luis H. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDynamical systems theory (DST) is a branch of mathematics that assesses abstract or physical systems that change over time. It has a quantitative part (mathematical equations) and a related qualitative part (plotting equations in a state space). Nonlinear dynamical systems theory applies the same tools in research involving phenomena such as chaos and hysteresis. These approaches have provided different ways of investigating and understanding cognitive systems in cognitive science and neuroscience. The ‘dynamical hypothesis’ claims that cognition is and can be understood as dynamical systems. Common consequences for such an approach include rejecting understanding cognition as information processing in nature, including eschewing explanatory roles for computation or representation. Contemporary applications of DST include mouse‐tracking studies in cognitive science and nonrepresentational perspectives on motor control in neuroscience. Such work has philosophical implications concerning the boundaries of cognition, explanation, and representations. DST offers powerful methodology and theories that raise many topics of philosophical significance.
Economic impact of faith‐based residential addiction recovery for the homeless
Authors: Lashley Mary 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the economic and fiscal impact of a faith‐based long‐term residential addiction recovery program for homeless men on the state and local economy.DesignThis descriptive study used entry, within‐program, and exit data to determine the program's fiscal and economic impact.SampleThe population consisted of 5,122 homeless men at an inner‐city mission in Baltimore City from 2006 to 2019.MeasurementsTo compare costs and savings at different program intervals, economists examined program data before, during, and following completion of the program. Data were analyzed using the IMPLAN input‐output model.ResultsThe study revealed that each man who participates in the residential recovery program for 1 year produces a total savings of $14,263 to state and county governments. Each man who successfully completes the program saves state and county governments over $5,000 per year post graduation. Each man who works for 1 year following graduation and reallocates his spending from illicit drugs to goods and services in the economy supports 1.5 jobs and generates over $240,000 in additional revenue and economic output.ConclusionThe findings from this study support the value of this faith‐based residential program in promoting economic productivity in the surrounding state and region.
Spillovers from transport infrastructures onto firm productivity: An analytical and empirical study
Authors: Liu Zheming , Li Bin , Zeng Saixing , Chen Hongquan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAlthough issues about the economic spillovers from transport infrastructure have been discussed and debated for decades, a great deal of controversy concerning the direction and magnitude of the economic effects of transport infrastructure remains, and the empirical evidence of those effects in emerging economies is still insufficient. In this study, based on a sample of Chinese manufacturing firms during the period 1998–2007, we employed a method combining the difference‐in‐differences approach with the propensity scoring matching technique to research the effects of improvements in transport infrastructure on firm productivity. With highways used as a typical example of transport infrastructure, the results suggested that a connection to highways boosted firm productivity by an average of 0.043, or approximately 0.74% of the sample mean. Moreover, this study provided evidence that the effects of improvements in transport infrastructure on firm productivity were stronger in industries producing nondurable goods and driven by an increase in firm innovation. This study’s findings contribute to a reconciliation of the controversy concerning the economic effects of transport infrastructure and enrich the empirical evidence of that effect in emerging economies.
Dribbling speed predicts goal‐scoring success in a soccer training game
Authors: Wilson Robbie S. , Smith Nicholas M. A. , Melo de Souza Nicolau , Moura Felipe Arruda 
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to explore the underlying bases of goal‐scoring ability of junior soccer players. Male players (mean age 17.2 years, SD = 1.3) were recruited from an elite Brazilian football academy. We assessed each individual's dribbling and sprinting speed along five 30 m paths varying in curvature from 0 to 1.37 radians/m. We also quantified each player's ability to dribble the ball through a series of 15 cones using six different techniques. Dribbling, sprinting, and technical dribbling were then compared with an individual's goal‐scoring ability as assessed when competing against one defender and a goalkeeper protecting a full‐sized goal (N = 20‐48 attempts/ individual). Goal‐scoring success was significantly positively associated with their sprint speed (r = .60; P = .014), dribbling speed (r = .81; P < .0001), and technical dribbling (r = .49; P = .022). An individual's percentage of shots saved was only significantly associated with their dribbling speed (r = −.81; P < .001), with faster dribblers less likely to have their shots saved. Based on the full multivariate model for goal‐scoring success (adjusted r2 = .60; P < .001), dribbling speed was the only significant correlate (t = 3.51; P < .001). Our study demonstrates that our metric of dribbling speed, as measured along curved paths, was associated with goal‐scoring success. Future studies should focus on specific training regimes aimed at improving dribbling ability, and measuring any impact on the creation of goal‐scoring opportunities and number of goals scored.