bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does self-reported water collection time differ from observed water collection time? Evidence from the Upper West Region of Ghana
Authors: Dongzagla Alfred , Nunbogu Abraham Marshall , Fielmua Nicholas 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Water collection time is a key indicator in tracking access to drinking water. Over the years, water surveillance agencies have relied on water collectors for information on water collection time to measure progress of water supply. However, emerging evidence shows that water collection times reported by water collectors in developing countries are often imprecise. To contribute to knowledge about the validity or otherwise of self-reported water collection times, this study explored the association between self-reported water collection times and observed water collection times in the Upper West Region of Ghana. Data on water collection times were gathered from 412 water collectors in Daffiama-Issa-Bussie District and Lawra Municipality, first through interviews, and second by observation. From the results, self-reported water collection times were significantly (P &lt; 0.01) lower than observed water collection times. The average round-trip water collection time reported by water collectors (32 minutes) was 8 minutes lower than observed water collection times (40 minutes). This implies that existing statistics on basic water coverage that are largely based on self-reported water collection times are overestimated. Going forward, we call on water surveillance agencies to collect data on water collection times through observation.
This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
Pilot study on nanofiltration membrane in advanced treatment of drinking water
Authors: Li Huiping , Chen Yan , Zhang Jian , Dong Bingzhi 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this study, nanofiltration (NF) was used to further treat the water from the disinfection process of a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). The results indicate that the NF process reduced the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by 92.87%, UV absorbance at 254 nm (UVA254) by 88.68%, conductivity by 94% and total dissolved solids by 94.49%. The removal efficiencies of trihalomethanes (THMs), 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) and trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol (geosmin) were also evaluated for both the DWTP and NF treatment processes. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) analysis, three-dimensional excitation–emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis were applied to characterize the changes in different organic compounds in each process. A correlation analysis was carried out for samples of the raw water, feed water and permeate water to determine the correlations between the maximum fluorescence intensities (Fmax) of the PARAFAC components and the DOC, UVA254 and high specific UV absorbance (SUVA) of the samples. The results showed that a significant correlation (p &lt; 0.01) existed between UVA254 and the Fmax of the three PARAFAC components as well as between DOC and Fmax.
Biodegradation of 2-methylisoborneol by enzyme separated from Pseudomonas mandelii
Authors: Shao Xia , Du Kang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
As a kind of odorous substance, 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) is difficult to be degraded naturally. Some isolated strains of bacteria can degrade 2-MIB effectively. In this study, a strain of bacteria which can remove 2-MIB from drinking water efficiently was obtained from activated carbon in a filter, and was identified to be Pseudomonas mandelii based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Pseudomonas mandelii was not sensitive to the initial concentration of 2-MIB, and could tolerate a rather high concentration of 2-MIB. The best growth conditions for this degrader were 25–35 °C and initial pH of 7. The concentration of 2-MIB in mineral salt medium was reduced from 2 mg/L to 471.9 μg/L by Pseudomonas mandelii in 20 d after incubation. Nineteen bands of degrading enzyme were isolated from Pseudomonas mandelii, one of which was identified as a NAD-dependent dehydratase. It was found that 2-methyl-2-bornene was the metabolite in the presence of both the Pseudomonas mandelii and the isolated enzymes, indicating that NAD-dependent dehydratase might be involved in the biodegradation process or cooperate with other enzymes in the metabolic process to complete the dehydration process of 2-MIB.
Comparison of aerobic processes for olive mill wastewater treatment
Authors: Jaouad Y. , Villain-Gambier M. , Mandi L. , Marrot B. , Ouazzani N. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMembrane bioreactor (MBR) has been proven to be an efficient technology capable of treating various industrial effluents. However, the evaluation of its performances in the case of olive mill wastewater (OMW) over a conventional activated sludge (CAS) have not been determined yet. The present study aims to compare OMW treatment in two laboratory scale pilots: an external ceramic MBR and CAS starting with an acclimation step in both reactors by raising OMW concentration progressively. After the acclimation step, the reactors received OMW at 2 gCOD/L with respect to an organic loading rate of 0.2 and 0.3 kgCOD/kgMLVSS/d for MBR and CAS, respectively. Biomass acclimation occurred successfully in both systems; however, the MBR tolerated more OMW toxicity than CAS as the MBR always maintained an effluent with a better quality. At a stable state, a higher reduction of 95% chemical oxygen demand (COD) was obtained with MBR compared to CAS (86%), but both succeeded in polyphenols removal (80%). Moreover, a higher MLSS elimination from the MBR treated water (97%) was measured against 88% for CAS. Therefore, CAS was suitable for OMW treatment and MBR could be proposed as an alternative to CAS when a better quality of treated water is required.
Characteristics of heavy metal pollution in road runoff in the Nanjing urban area, East China
Authors: Xue Hongqin , Zhao Li , Liu Xiaodong 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
An extensive field survey was conducted in four types of road area to study heavy metals in road runoff. Eleven rainfall events were monitored from February 2011 to March 2012, which were classified into four categories according to the relationship between peak of the rainfall amount, rainfall duration, and average rainfall intensity. Runoff samples were collected from overpass sections, college areas, residential areas, and road sidewalks. Heavy metal concentrations were obtained to investigate the outflow laws governing heavy metals in runoff. The concentration fluctuations of seven heavy metals were monitored to assess the influence of rainfall characteristics on metal concentrations. To estimate the impact of heavy metals on the water environment, the event mean concentrations (EMCs) were determined to describe the overall pollution degree of heavy metal in runoff, and then the EMC values of heavy metals in runoff were compared with surface water environmental quality standard thresholds. The results indicate that the EMC values of heavy metals varied widely in different rainfall fields and under the same rainfall at different sampling points. Average rainfall intensity has a significant impact on the EMC of heavy metal outflow, followed by maximum rainfall intensity and rainfall amount.
Impact of microaeration bioreactor on dissolved sulfide and methane removal from real UASB effluent for sewage treatment
Authors: Cabral C. S. , Sanson A. L. , Afonso R. J. C. F. , Chernicharo C. A. L. , Araújo J. C. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Two bioreactors were investigated as an alternative for the post-treatment of effluent from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating domestic sewage, aiming at dissolved sulfide and methane removal. The bioreactors (R-control and R-air) were operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRT; 6 and 3 h) with or without aeration. Large sulfide and methane removal efficiencies were achieved by the microaerated reactor at HRT of 6 h. At this HRT, sulfide removal efficiencies were equal to 61% and 79%, and methane removal efficiencies were 31% and 55% for R-control and R-air, respectively. At an HRT of 3 h, sulfide removal efficiencies were 22% (R-control) and 33% (R-air) and methane removal did not occur. The complete oxidation of sulfide, with sulfate formation, prevailed in both phases and bioreactors. However, elemental sulfur formation was more predominant at an HRT of 6 h than at an HRT of 3 h. Taken together, the results show that post-treatment improved the anaerobic effluent quality in terms of chemical oxygen demand and solids removal. However, ammoniacal nitrogen was not removed due to either the low concentration of air provided or the absence of microorganisms involved in the nitrogen cycle.
Risk Scores and Prediction Models in Chronic Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Toumpourleka Maria , Patoulias Dimitrios , Katsimardou Alexandra , Doumas Michael , Papadopoulos Christodoulos 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Heart failure affects a substantial proportion of the adult population, with an estimated
prevalence of 1-2% in developed countries. Over the previous decades, many prediction models have been introduced
for this specific population in an attempt to better stratify and manage heart failure patients.

Objective:
The aim of this study is the systematic review of recent, relevant literature regarding risk scores or
prediction models in ambulatory patients with an established diagnosis of chronic heart failure.

Methods:
We conducted a systematic search of the literature in PubMed and CENTRAL from their inception up
till December 2019 for studies assessing the performance of risk scores and prediction models and original research
studies. Grey literature was searched as well. This review is reported in accordance with the Preferred
Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement.

Results:
We included 16 eligible studies in this systematic review. Major heart failure risk scores derived from
large heart failure populations were among the included studies. Due to significant heterogeneity regarding the
main endpoints, a direct comparison of the included prediction scores was inevitable. The majority referred to
patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, while only two out of 16 prediction scores have been
developed exclusively for heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction. Ischemic heart disease was the
most common aetiology of heart failure in the included studies. Finally, more than half of the prediction scores
have not been externally validated.

Conclusion:
Prediction models aiming at heart failure patients with a preserved or mid-range ejection fraction are
lacking. Prediction scores incorporating recent advances in pharmacotherapy should be developed in the future.
Triazavirin - Potential Inhibitor for 2019-nCoV Coronavirus M Protease: A DFT Study
Authors: Shahab Siyamak , Sheikhi Masoome 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Triazavirin (2-methylsulfanyl-6-nitro[1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]
triazin-7(4H)-one, TZV) is an antiviral drug synthesized. TZV is being investigated for
potential application against the Coronavirus 2019-nCoV.

Aim and Objective:
In order to find candidate drugs for 2019-nCoV, we have carried out a
computational study to screen for effective available drug Triazavirin (C5H4N6O3S)
which may work as inhibitor for the Mpro of 2019-nCoV.

Methods:
In the present work, first time the molecular structure of title molecule has
been investigated using Density Functional Theory (DFT/B3LYP/MidiX) in gas phase.

Results:
The molecular HOMO-LUMO, excitation energies and oscillator strengths of
investigated compound have also been calculated and presented. The interaction of
TZV compound with the Coronavirus was performed by molecular docking studies.

Conclusion:
Therefore, TZV can be used for potential application against the
Coronavirus 2019-nCoV.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis about the Effect of Bisphosphonates on the Risk of Skeletal-Related Event in Men with Prostate Cancer
Authors: Wu Congcong , Jiang Hua , Chen Jianghua 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Although the adjuvant therapy of bisphosphonates in prostate cancer is effective in
improving bone mineral density, it is still uncertain whether bisphosphonates could decrease the risk of Skeletal-
Related Event (SRE) in patients with prostate cancer. We reviewed and analyzed the effect of different types of
bisphosphonates on the risk of SRE, defined as pathological fracture, spinal cord compression, radiation therapy
to the bone, surgery to bone, hypercalcemia, bone pain, or death as a result of prostate cancer.

Methods:
A systemic literature search was conducted on PubMed and related bibliographies. The emphasis
during data extraction was laid on the Hazard Ratio (HR) and the corresponding 95% Confidence Interval (CI)
from every eligible Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). HR was pooled with the fixed effects model, and
preplanned subgroup analyses were performed.

Results:
5 RCTs (n = 4651) were included and analyzed finally after screening 51 articles. The meta-analysis of
all participants showed no significant decrease in the risk of SRE when adding bisphosphonates to control group
(HR = 0.968, 95% CI = 0.874 - 1.072, p = 0.536) with low heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0% (d.f. = 4) p = 0.679). There
was no significant improvement on SRE neither in the subgroups with Metastases (M1) or Castration-Sensitive
Prostate Cancer (CSPC) (respectively HR = 0.968, 95% CI = 0.874 - 1.072, p = 0.536, I2 = 0.0% (d.f. = 4)
p = 0.679; HR = 0.954, 95% CI = 0.837 - 1.088, p = 0.484, I2 = 0.0% (d.f. = 3) p = 0.534).

Conclusion:
Our study demonstrated that bisphosphonates could not statistically significantly reduce the risk of
SRE in patients with prostate cancer, neither in the subgroups with M1 or CSPC.
System Design of MEB in M-IWD Model with Heuristic Function on WSN
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed Yasin Noor , Basha M.S. Saleem , Sujatha Pothula 
Published: May 2020

Background:
The Modified Intelligent Water Drop algorithm incorporated with the proposed
heuristic function to enhance the characteristics of randomness, individual diversity to minimize the total
energy required to broadcast the data from each sensor node towards the sink node in a network.

Objective:
The Modified Intelligent Water Drop Algorithm has been designed to achieve the divergence
to find out an optimal Minimum Energy Broadcasting tree in WSN.

Methods:
The proposed variant has been evaluated and compared concerning contemporary Evolutionary
techniques using appropriate performance criteria.

Results:
To achieve optimum result, the proposed Modified Intelligent Water Drop algorithm compared
with existing algorithm along with 20 nodes dataset with 30 instances, 50 nodes dataset with
30 instances and 100 nodes dataset with 30 instances.

Conclusion:
In this perspective, a suitable experimental setup has been designed and experiments
are performed on different classes of Minimum Energy Broadcasting instances obtained from standard
Minimum Energy Broadcasting library [Comopt 2012] to validate the proposed Modified Intelligent
Water Drop Algorithm. The simulation results of MEB for MIWD-HUD with convergence
and divergence is given.
Determining the Relative Gene Expression Level of Hypoxia Related Genes in Different Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Baqlouq Laila , Zihlif Malek , Hammad Hana , Thaib Tuqa M. Abu 
Published: May 2020

Objective:
This study aims to identify the changes in expression of hypoxia-inducible genes in seven different cancer cell
lines that vary in their oxygen levels in an attempt to identify hypoxia biomarkers that can be targeted in therapy. Profiling of hypoxia
inducible-gene expression of these different cancer cell lines can be used as a baseline data for further studies.

Methods:
Human cancer cell lines obtained from the American Type Culture Collection were used; MCF7 breast cancer cells, PANC1 pancreatic cancer cells, PC-3 prostate cancer cells, SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma brain cancer cells, A549 lung cancer cells, and HEPG2
hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, we used MCF10A non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cell line as a normal cell line. The
differences in gene expression were examined using real-time PCR array (PAHS-032Z, Human Hypoxia Signaling Pathway PCR
Array) and analyzed using the ΔΔCt method.

Results:
Almost all hypoxia-inducible genes showed a PO2-dependent up- and down-regulated expression. Noticeable gene expression differences were identified. The most important changes occurred in the HIF1α and NF-KB signaling pathways targeted genes
and in central carbon metabolism pathway genes such as HKs, PFKL, and solute transporters.

Conclusion:
This study identified possible hypoxia biomarkers genes such as NF-KB, HIF1α, HK, PFKL, and PIM1 that were expressed in all hypoxic cells. Pleotropic pathways that play a role in inducing hypoxia directly such as HIF1 α and NF-kB pathways
were upregulated. In addition, genes expressed only in the severe hypoxic liver and pancreatic cells indicate that severe and intermediate hypoxic cancer cells vary in their gene expression. Gene expression differences between cancer and normal cells showed the
shift in gene expression profile to survive and proliferate under hypoxia.
Математическое моделирование нарушений перфузии миокарда, диагностируемых методом однофотонной эмиссионной компьютерной томографии
Authors: Колинко И.П. , Денисова Н.В. , Аншелес А.А. 
Published: May 2020

In this paper the results of studies aimed at the developing of mathematical model of the left ventricle myocardium of the heart in the polar map "bulleye" are presented. Comparison of images obtained as a result of numerical simulation with similar cases in clinical practice made it possible to assess the errors and inaccuracies of reconstruction in the method of SPECT.
Violencia familiar y bajo rendimiento académico de estudiantes adolescentes de secundaria, Montería 2018
Authors: Orozco Gómez Cleiver , Castellón Canabal Yuleidis 
Published: May 2020

La violencia es reconocida como un problema de Salud Pública. De acuerdo con lo definido por la OMS y OPS, es uno de los principales factores que contribuyen a la muerte, la enfermedad y la discapacidad. Objetivo. Determinar el tipo de violencia familiar presente en estudiantes de secundaria con bajo rendimiento académico de una institución académica de Montería, 2018. Materiales y métodos. Descriptivo, transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo, se aclara que el estudio es de naturaleza cualitativa, pero se implementó en la metodología cuantitativa. La muestra fue de 45 estudiantes entre 14 y 18 años, que presentaron bajo rendimiento académico. Resultados. En los tipos de violencia que más presentan los estudiantes podemos observar que la violencia física y la violencia psicológica obteniendo un porcentaje de 45% y 33% respectivamente. Conclusiones. Un porcentaje significativo de la población estudiada presentó violencia física y psicológica, caracterizándose por golpes e insultos, siendo necesario intervenciones a nivel familiar donde se promueva principios y valores, Asimismo, se identificó que la mayoría, cursaban octavo y noveno grado y presentaban bajo rendimiento académico.
Collateral Crises of Gun Preparation and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Infodemiology Study
Authors: Caputi Theodore L , Ayers John W , Dredze Mark , Suplina Nicholas , Burd-Sharps Sarah 
Published: May 2020

Background
In the past, national emergencies in the United States have resulted in increased gun preparation (ie, purchasing new guns or removing guns from storage); in turn, these gun actions have effected increases in firearm injuries and deaths.

Objective
The aim of this paper was to assess the extent to which interest in gun preparation has increased amid the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic using data from Google searches related to purchasing and cleaning guns.

Methods
We fit an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model over Google search data from January 2004 up to the week that US President Donald Trump declared COVID-19 a national emergency. We used this model to forecast Google search volumes, creating a counterfactual of the number of gun preparation searches we would expect if the COVID-19 pandemic had not occurred, and reported observed deviations from this counterfactual.

Results
Google searches related to preparing guns have surged to unprecedented levels, approximately 40% higher than previously reported spikes following the Sandy Hook, CT and Parkland, FL shootings and 158% (95% CI 73-270) greater than would be expected if the COVID-19 pandemic had not occurred. In absolute terms, approximately 2.1 million searches related to gun preparation were performed over just 34 days. States severely affected by COVID-19 appear to have some of the greatest increases in the number of searches.

Conclusions
Our results corroborate media reports that gun purchases are increasing amid the COVID-19 pandemic and provide more precise geographic and temporal trends. Policy makers should invest in disseminating evidence-based educational tools about gun risks and safety procedures to avert a collateral public health crisis.
Comparison of Transmissibility of Coronavirus Between Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Patients: Reanalysis of the Ningbo COVID-19 Data
Authors: Yin Guosheng , Jin Huaqing 
Published: May 2020

Background
Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in December 2019, the coronavirus has spread all over the world at an unprecedented rate. The transmissibility of the coronavirus from asymptomatic patients to healthy individuals has received enormous attention. An important study using COVID-19 data from the city of Ningbo, China, was carried out to estimate and compare the transmission rates of the coronavirus by the symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. However, in the original analysis, the usual chi-square tests were unduly used for some contingency tables with small cell counts including zero, which may violate the assumptions for the chi-square test.

Objective
We reanalyze the data from the city of Ningbo with more appropriate statistical methods to draw more reliable and sound conclusions on the transmission rates of the coronavirus by the symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.

Methods
We excluded the cases associated with the super-spreader and adopted a more appropriate statistical method, including the permutation test and the Fisher exact test, to reanalyze the COVID-19 data from the city of Ningbo.

Results
After excluding the cases related to the super-spreader, the Fisher exact test yields a P value of .84, which indicates stronger evidence of no difference in the transmission rates compared with the original analysis. The odds ratio of the coronavirus transmission rates between the symptomatic and asymptomatic patients is 1.2 with a 95% confidence interval 0.5-2.8.

Conclusions
Through a more in-depth and comprehensive statistical analysis of the Ningbo data, we concluded that there is no difference in the transmission rates of coronavirus between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.