bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studying the effect of doping by Ag on the structural and optical properties of a-As2Te3 thin films
Authors: Sheban Yusif. H. , Shihab Aliyah.A. , Dahham Najat.A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
a-AS2Te3 was made of high purity elements that were productive. Thin film at a thickness (400 nm) was prepared using thermal evaporation techniques on cleaned glass substrates under very low vacuum (2×10−5mbar) with precipitation rate (0.33nm/s). The X-ray diffractometer showed that the pure film structure was amorphous, and the doping sample structure as polycrystalline. The result of optical properties has shown that pure and doping films have allowed a direct optical energy gap, and the energy gap for the pure film is (1.25eV) and decreases whenever we add impurities.
The effects of X-ray on the radii of Red Blood Cells
Authors: Algareb Rawaa Sami , Jaber Al-Ta’ii Hassan M. , Alsaadawi Mohenned , Alnassar Ahmed Waleed Dheyab 
Published: November 2020

AbstractX-ray could be used in different useful purposes either diagnostic or therapeutic. However, the living tissues such as blood can be negatively affected with the ionizing radiation like X-ray when the body was exposed. The irregularly effect can involve the mechanical features of RBCs like shapes and radius which represent the main factors in functional performance of RBCs. Thus, any defect in these characters could lead to lose the RBC roles. Our study aimed to find the morphological changes of RBCs when they exposed to X-ray by measuring the radii using He-Ne laser technique. Three blood groups; O, AB and A, were exposed to different X-ray doses; 60, 80, 100 and 120 Kilo Electron Volt (KeV) for 1 minutes and the radius was checked after applying low power laser beams which was previously used for accurate measurement to the RBC radius compared to biological measuring techniques. The results showed that the radii of fringes (r) of irradiated RBCs for the tested groups were smaller than that of non-radiated RBCs for all X-ray doses. The radii of fringes (r) directly and significantly increase with increase the distance between the slide and screen (D). Radii of the tested RBC (d) groups were significantly altered compared to control groups which could relate to impairment of sodium and potassium pump mechanism which can lead to loss the RBC membrane permeability. Thus, RBCs uptake or loss the materials and liquids resulting in decreasing or increasing their sizes.
Assessment the Heavy elements in Policemen’s Serum using FAAS
Authors: Mohammed Mostafa S. , Tawfiq Nada F. , Aziz Al-Ani Laith Abdul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Determination of lead, cadmium and nickel concentrations in serum samples (n=50), collected from policemen at difference checkpoint in Karbala governorate, was carried out by flam atomic absorption spectrometer. The results show, that the Pb, Cd and Ni mean value were (1.016±0.052)ppb, (0.043±0.007)ppb and (0.212±0.015)ppb respectively. The result also show that the mean values of heavy elements in serum samples were higher in policemen group when compared to control group, where the statistically significantly difference (p<0.05), except for Ni were statistically non- significantly difference (p>0.05).
Perovskite solar cells based on CH3NH3SnI3 Structure
Authors: Tareq Dhuha E. , AbdulAlmohsin Samir M. , Waried Hussein H. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In recent years, organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells have attracted considerable interest in the photovoltaic research community because of its ease of processing, low production costs, super light-harvesting characteristics, and relatively high performance, making it more desirable than other current solar cell materials. Lead-based perovskites (CH3NH3PbX3, X=Cl, I, Br) solar cells have recently achieved high efficiency of ∼19.3 percent, well exceeding most thin-film and organic solar cells’ efficiencies. The presence of lead, toxic material in these solar cells, therefore poses serious challenges to our health and the environment. ‘Tin’ is nontoxic and stands as a replacement to ‘lead’ for commercial purposes. in halide based Perovskites possess a potential for higher quantum efficiency because of their enhanced light absorption capability due to the wide-ranging absorption spectrum in the visible region with a comparatively lower band gap of 1.3 eV than lead-based Perovskites. In this work, we have modeled a tin-based perovskite simulation model with FTO Glass / ZnO / CH3NH3SnI3 / Cu2O / Pt. novel architecture and analyzed using the SCAPS-1D, which is well suited for studying photovoltaic architecture. Use this software method and we analyzed the thickness, fault density, and operating temperature of the model by simulating under various conditions. With the optimize the thickness to be (0.03 μm) corresponding best efficiency among another thickness of perovskites, and other layers, the defect density of absorber layer (1017 cm-3 ) the encouraging result of maximum power conversion efficiency(PCE) reached to 9.27%, the short-circuit current density(Jsc) is 46.569 mA/cm2, and fill factor(FF) is 31.17% and open-circuit voltage(Voc) is 0.637 V is calculated.
Spectroscopic plasma diagnosis of V2O5 at a Variable of Operating Power and Pressure With Radio Frequency Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: salman Ibrahim. Khalaf. , Mohammed Mohammad Shareef 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the basic characteristics of “magnetron sputtering plasma” using the target V2O5. The “magnetron sputtering plasma” is produced using “radio frequency (RF)” power supply and Argon gas. The intensity of the light emission from atoms and radicals in the plasma measured by using “optical emission spectrophotometer”, and the appeared peaks in all patterns match the standard lines from NIST database and employed are to estimate the plasma parameters, of computes electron temperature and the electron density. The characteristics of V2O5 sputtering plasma at multiple discharge provisos are studied at the “radio frequency” (RF) power ranging from 75 - 150 Watt and gas pressure (0.1, 0.08) mbar. One can observe that the intensity of the emission lines increases with increasing the sputtering power. We find that the electron temperature excess drastically from 0.95 eV to 1.11eV when the emptying gas pressure excess of 0.1 to 0.08 mbar. On the other hand the excess electron temperature from 0.9 to 1.01 eV with increasing sputtering power from 100 to 125 Watt, while the electron density decrease from 5.9×1014 to 4.5×1014 cm−3 with increasing sputtering power. and electron density decrease with increasing of pressure from 4.25×1014 to 2.80×1014 cm−3, But the electron density maximum values 5.9×1014 at pressure 0.08 mbar.
Design of Mechanical Multi-Sensor for Contaminated Water Filter Applications
Authors: Sharhan Hussein Inayah , Salim Ali Jabbar , Mohammed Asmaa Hadi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Effect of addition (salts, soil and bacteria) on piezoelectric detecting a signal of a specific liquid like water has been inspected here in the project. Identifying signals (piezoelectric) categorized and accomplished by usage of transducer that conducts a mechanical signal in the direction of the water liquid cell, and then the receptor collects the weakened indications. The quartz cell (contains water solution) embedded between the two piezo crystals and piezo crystals with silver (Ag) nanowire thin film prepared using hydrothermal method. It is clear that the formation of the yield is rope-similar and close to be uniform in width (60 ± 10 nm) whereas the extent is in a moderately wide range (from 0.2 to 4 μm) with an average at 2.5 μm. Four peaks can be recognized in XRD results, it is clear according to the ASTM cards that the film is polycrystalline at which (111), (200) and (220) silver (Ag) respectively. The range of functioning frequencies was (400 kHz - 40MHz), for all specimens, the measurement outcomes that involved reporting the first order resonance frequencies. The data presented shifting the resonance frequency to the higher order frequency for addititive cases (salts+soil+bacteria) of water.
Impact of Natural Plant on characterization of Nano Biomaterial for Blood Toxicology
Authors: Hameed Ekhlas Majeed , Mohammed Asmaa Hadi , Ahmed Baida Mohsen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study, the effect of adding natural plants on the properties of nanomaterial’s to treat blood poisoning caused by exposure to continuous doses of nuclear radiation has been studied. Nanomaterials were prepared in simple, inexpensive physical and chemical methods. The treatment results showed a high efficacy with a short period of time
Power Flux in Cylindrical Waveguide with Metamaterials
Authors: Ghafel Sukaina Tuama , Yasser Hassan Abid , Mahdi salih Abdul-Kareem 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Analytical and numerical analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation in cylindrical waveguides filled with isotropic metamaterial is presented. Emphasis is given to the characteristics of power flux in the waveguide. In the structure of the waveguide, The characteristics equation for the modes in this waveguide is obtained. The behavior of the dispersion curves and the energy flux are examined theoretically. The negative energy flux propagation through the cylindrical waveguide is confirmed.
Effect of solvents on the morphology of TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by microwave method
Authors: Jalawkhan Reda S. , Ouda Aseel Adnan , Abdul-lettif Ahmed M. , Mohamad Alosfur Firas K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) was synthesized using microwave method as rapid, uncostly and effective method. In order to study the effect of the solvent on the morphology of the prepared samples, two different solvents were used. The first solvent was ethylene glycol (EG, 99.8%) and the other was deionized water (DIW), while titanium isopropoxideTi[OCH(CH3)2]4 was used as TiO2 precursor. A commercial microwave oven was used with a power of 750 W and 5 minutes was selected as a duration of time preparation. The prepared specimens were annealed at 400 °C for 1 h. Diverse techniques were used in this study, such as X-Ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to study the structures and morphology of the prepared TiO2. Surface area was measured using Brunaner EmmettTeller (BET) technique. The XRD results revealed that the prepared samples were a pure TiO2 in anataseface.
Noticeably, FESEM results show that the prepared TiO2 samples were nanorods-like shape with a length varied from 2 μm to 30 μm and a diameter varied from 500 nm to 6 μm when EG was used as a solvent. In contrast, spherical agglomerated nanoparticles with average diameters 20 nm were obtained when DIW was used as a solvent. The BET analysis revealed that the surface area of TiO2 nanorods was 151.413 m2/g, while it was 103.365 m2/gfor TiO2 nanoparticles.
Semi – automatic approach for the creation of non - proportional load paths
Authors: Norz R. , Volk W. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Many industrial sheet metal parts experience a non – proportional loading history. The determination of such non – proportional loading paths on a laboratory scale is still very challenging and time - consuming. Most tests require different machines, tools and measurement techniques. Norz and Volk [1] have presented a new approach to create arbitrary non – proportional loading paths by using a cruciform specimen in combination with a draw bead tool. This simple experimental setup lead to a significant reduction in the experimental effort. It allows the generation of arbitrary loading paths by using only one machine, one tool and one specimen geometry without any further processing of the specimen between the forming steps. Nevertheless, the strain path could only be controlled manually after a certain forming step. In this paper, an in-line strain measurement was used to observe the real – time strain path during the experiment. This information was used to create a semi-automatic approach in which the draw bead height is adapted in order to create a prescribed strain path.
Finite Element Study on Pattern of Pins Supporting an Elastic Blankholder Used for Stamping Irregular Shaped Sheet Metal Parts
Authors: Fann K J , Liewald M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Working with individual in-process controllable elements to support an elastic blankholder is the state-of-the-art for stamping irregular shaped sheet metal parts without wrinkles and cracks. It is thus needed to carefully determine the position for each expensive device. This study is therefore aimed to appraise a feasible approach with finite element analysis, in that the blankholder is first modelled as a rigid object instead of an elastic one to evaluate the contact pressure of the blankholder to the blank during the forming process. The sites showing a locally relative high contact pressure, which are usually induced by local thickening of material, can be regarded as the locations of the supporting elements to intently form a local high pressure to control the material flow and thus to eliminate the local thickening there. As a result, since the blankholder force can be efficiently delivered from the supporting elements directly to the blankholder as well as to the blank, it is not only applied to the rectangular box-shaped part but also to a fender-like irregular sheet metal part. Furthermore, the initiated contact pressure can be maintained at locations during the whole stamping process. This is also experimentally validated by stamping a sound fender-like irregular sheet metal part with an elastic blankholder supported by elements located accordingly at those sites suggested by this study.
Influence of a drawbead passage in deep drawing processes on surface values and the tribological system
Authors: Schmid Harald , Merklein Marion 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In recent times, lightweight design and functional integration in metal forming and especially in deep drawing operations lead to complex geometries. These geometries can cause variable defects in production. Especially with modern materials like AHSS or UHSS, deep drawing becomes more challenging. One common way to meet these challenges and manufacture sheet metal parts without defects is the application of drawbeads in the forming tool. Drawbeads are used for an exact control and forecast of the material flow during the deep drawing process. It was already shown, that different material parameters like the tensile strength and the fracture strain are changed significantly after running through a drawbead. In addition, there are various indications that the tribological system in a drawbead passage is also changed significantly and that this has further influence on the ongoing drawing process.
This assumption is examined with an experimental setup derived from industrial deep drawing processes. Therefore, different sheet metal materials are drawn through a drawbead geometry under the same conditions like the blank holder force, the drawing velocity or lubrication. After the drawbead passage, 3D surface parameters are measured and compared to the values in its initial state. Following, conventional strip-drawing tests with preloaded strips are carried out. The variation of the friction coefficient after a drawbead passage is analysed and compared to the initial state. The results are correlated with the surface values. For these investigations, three different materials are used: a conventional deep drawing steel because of its wide application as well as an advanced high strength steel AHSS and an aluminium alloy of the 6xxx series as representatives for modern lightweight materials.
Experimental Investigation of Multi-stage Deep Drawing of IN718 Sheet at Elevated Temperature
Authors: Nayak Kanhu C , Date Prashant P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
IN718 is a nickel-based super alloy that retains its mechanical properties at elevated temperatures and hence has numerous applications in the aerospace industry. In this study, deep drawing of IN718 sheet at elevated temperatures (700-1000°C) has been investigated experimentally. Initially, stress-strain response with failure strain at different temperatures was evaluated by uniaxial tensile tests along different orientations. Subsequently, hot deep drawing and re-drawing tools were designed and fabricated. A circle-grid marked circular blank of 3mm thickness was used in the first draw to form a circular cup followed by re-drawing (2nd draw). The major and minor diameter of the circular grid on the blank after the deep drawing was used to examine the strain distribution in the drawn cup and further used to calculate the thickness strain. These deep drawing operations were carried out at different temperatures with a constant blank holding force. Further, the deep drawing force at different temperatures was examined. The effect of the test temperatures during hot deep drawing and the process parameters on the variation of the thickness strain over the surface of the drawn cup has been studied. Finally, the major and minor strains are plotted in Keeler and Arcelor V9 forming limit curve to examine the formability of IN718 sheets at elevated temperature.
Comparative Investigation on Aluminum Material Modeling with applications to Springback Prediction
Authors: Deng Z 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A comparative investigation on springback prediction of aluminum stampings has been completed using an industry-type “shotgun” die as the benchmark case. 5xxx aluminum alloy at a thickness of 1.5 mm was used for the shotgun die tryout. After stamping tryout, the formed panel was scanned to capture its sprung geometry. The studied aluminum alloy was characterized by means of uniaxial tensile test and hydraulic bulge test to determine the material isotropic hardening behavior and planar anisotropy. In order to determine the material kinematic hardening behavior, the exclusive Yoshida model fitting test was conducted in tension-compression (T-C) and compression-tension (C-T) loading modes with the one-cycle and three-cycle loading schemes. The shotgun benchmark case was simulated using FEA software LS-DYNA®. By comparing the simulation results with the tryout measurements, the accuracy of springback prediction was examined to evaluate the influence of material modeling, loading mode and loading cycle in the Yoshida model fitting test. Based on the current benchmark study, the best practice in springback prediction and compensation of aluminum stampings and in conducting the Yoshida model fitting test of aluminum alloys were summarized for industrial applications.
Mechanical properties and formability of EN AW-7075 in cold forming processes
Authors: Behrens B-A , Hübner S , Vogt H , Golovko O , Behrens S , Nürnberger F 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Due to a low density and high tensile strength, the aluminum alloy EN AW 7075 T6 offers a high lightweight potential for structural components. Since its formability is limited at room temperature in the T6 temper state, the potential of this alloy for automotive bodies is only utilizable by adapted deep drawing processes. In recent years, process chains suited for warm and hot forming have been researched and developed. However, warm and hot forming solutions require additional process steps and a complex tooling system in comparison to cold forming processes. Alternatively, the forming of such blanks at room temperature in the W temper state is favorable since conventional tools can be used. The W temper state is a heat treatment condition achieved after solution heat treatment and subsequent quenching, which is characterized by an increased ductility. However, this condition is unstable, due to the onset of natural ageing. With increasing time after the quenching step, the strength of the material increases, which leads to a reduction of formability. Another phenomenon that occurs after quenching is the Portevin Le-Chatelier effect. This effect causes the formation of flow lines during cold forming and results in a decrease of ductility. Hence, the objective of the investigations was to determine the formability of EN AW 7075 as a function of the natural ageing time after solution heat treatment and quenching. Therefore, tensile tests of various aged samples were carried out. The results show a relation of the formability to the natural ageing time and a dependency on the quenching rate. Furthermore, a heat treatment strategy for EN AW-7075 was developed, that considers manufacturing processes like the cathodic dip coating. The influence of the quenching rate, ageing time and temperature as well as the influence of temperature of the paint baking process after the cathodic dip coating were considered. Therefore, a design of experiments and tensile tests were carried out. Thus, the deep drawing of EN AW-7075 at room temperature is particularly promoted.
The roles of yield function and plastic potential under non-associated flow rule for formability prediction with perturbation approach
Authors: Hu Q , Yoon J W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study, the perturbation approach for predicting material’s forming limit strains under non-associated flow rule (non-AFR) is proposed. The influence of yield function and plastic potential function on the forming limit curve (FLC) evaluated by the perturbation approach are discussed through analyzing the normalized growth rate of a perturbation. In the framework of non-AFR, Hill’48 and Yld2000-2d are chosen for AA5754-O. The results show that the left side of FLCs predicted with the different forms of yield function and plastic potential nearly overlap. Hence, it is concluded that the yield function and plastic potential have a negligible influence on the forming limit strain under a negative strain path. However, the FLC under a positive strain path is principally dependent on the relationship between strain ratio β and stress ratio α, which can be determined by the plastic potential. Additionally, in comparison to the FLC under AFR, an increase in the forming limits strain is observed near the plain strain region, when the derivative of the normalized yield function concerning α is positive and vice versa.
Description of stress-strain response and evaluation of the formability for Al-Cu-Mg alloy under the impact hydroforming
Authors: Chen Da-Yong , Zhang Shi-Hong , Xu Yong , Ma Yan , Song Hong-Wu , Xia Liang-Liang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study aims at investigating on the descriptions of stress-strain response and the assessment of formability for Al-Cu-Mg alloy under impact hydroforming (IHF). IHF process effectively combines the advantages of the flexible liquid and the impact impulse. The formability of low plastic materials can be increased by using IHF process. The elongation of Al-Cu-Mg alloy can even be more than 50 % compared with the quasi-static forming means (27 %∼30 %) if the strain rate was on the level of 5000/s. The stress-strain curve is characterized with S-shape. It is found that the strain hardening rate decreases linearly at the stage III, increases linearly at the stage IV and decreases non-linearly at the stage V. The deformation mechanism is the interaction of dislocation accumulation and dynamic recovery under the transmission from non-sheared to sheared precipitation when the strain rate is on the level of 3000/s∼5000/s. A modified Kocks-Mecking model was established to describe the mechanical property of AA 2B06. In addition, the high strain rate formability was evaluated by the new means which revealed the relationship between the impact energies, deep drawing height ratios and the deep drawing ratios by using the finite element modelling of the solid liquid coupling.