bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon Dioxide in Taal Volcanic Lake: A Simple Gasometer for Volcano Monitoring
Authors: Bernard A. , Villacorte E. , Maussen K. , Caudron C. , Robic J. , Maximo R. , Rebadulla R. , Bornas MA. A. V. , Solidum R. U. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe report here an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in Taal lake during the year preceding the January 2020 eruption. Starting in February 2019, the CO2emissions from the lake increased from background value (700 t day−1) to a flux close to 2,400 t day−1at the time of the eruption. We show that the lake acts as a highly sensitive gasometer where CO2 (aq)reflects the balance between CO2supplied to the lake (by hot springs) and CO2lost by diffusion at air‐water interface. The lake waters are extremely enriched in dissolved carbon dioxide with pCO2values as high as 0.35 atm (350,000 ppmV) equivalent to a CO2(aq)of 9.32 mmol l−1. The residence time of CO2in the lake is around 1 week which allows for fast detection of change in magma degassing and makes carbon dioxide a very promising tool for volcano monitoring.
Rupture Process of the 2020 Caribbean Earthquake Along the Oriente Transform Fault, Involving Supershear Rupture and Geometric Complexity of Fault
Authors: Tadapansawut Tira , Okuwaki Ryo , Yagi Yuji , Yamashita Shinji 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA large strike‐slip earthquake occurred in the Caribbean Sea on January 28, 2020. We inverted teleseismic P waveforms from the earthquake to construct a finite‐fault model by a new method of inversion that simultaneously resolves the spatiotemporal evolution of fault geometry and slip. The model showed almost‐unilateral rupture propagation westward from the epicenter along a 300 km section of the Oriente transform fault with two episodes of rupture at speeds exceeding the local shear‐wave velocity. Our modeling indicated that the 2020 Caribbean earthquake rupture encountered a bend in the fault system associated with a bathymetric feature near the source region. The geometric complexity of the fault system triggered multiple rupture episodes and a complex rupture evolution. Our analysis of the earthquake revealed complexity of rupture process and fault geometry previously unrecognized for an oceanic transform fault that was thought to be part of a simple linear transform fault system.
Water Content of the Dehydration Melting Layer in the Topmost Lower Mantle
Authors: Fei Hongzhan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe water‐rich mantle transition zone and dry lower mantle suggest that a dehydration melting layer can form at the 660‐km depth boundary. However, the water content of the melting layer (), which dominates its gravitational stability and melt fraction, remains poorly constrained. Here, the of hydrous silicate melt by mass balance calculations is investigated and found that significantly decreases with increasing temperature, but is relatively insensitive to chemical composition (FeO and SiO2 contents) and coexisting phases. Melt at 660‐km depth should contain ∼50 wt.% water at 1600 K (slab geotherm) or ∼20 wt.% water at 2000 K (topmost lower mantle geotherm). The density of the hydrous melt is <3.9 g/cm3, which makes it buoyant. With a melt fraction of ≳0.5 vol.%, the melting layer is expected to significantly reduce the viscosity and seismic velocity near slabs, which may cause slab stagnation and prohibit whole mantle convection.
Simultaneous Retrievals of Nighttime O(3P) and Total OH Densities From Satellite Observations of Meinel Band Emissions
Authors: Panka Peter A. , Kutepov Alexander A. , Zhu Yajun , Kaufmann Martin , Kalogerakis Konstantinos S. , Rezac Ladislav , Feofilov Artem G. , Marsh Daniel R. , Janches Diego 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRetrieving the total number density [OH], which is used in the chemical balance equations and is the sum of both ground and excited vibrational state populations, is a challenging problem to such a degree there exist no such estimates from recent space observations. We present a novel retrieval approach to simultaneously and self‐consistently derive both [O(3P)] and total [OH] in the nighttime mesosphere and lower thermosphere which operates with the Meinel band volume emission rates and their ratios. Its application to the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) and Scanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) observations shows a good agreement of the retrieved [O(3P)] taking into account the measurement uncertainties and variation of model inputs used. However, retrieved [OH] show a large discrepancy, mainly above 90 km. SCIAMACHY [OH] is generally in good agreement with WACCM [OH] after accounting for uncertainties, while SABER OH is larger than WACCM [OH] by up to a factor of 2.
Evidence for the Innermost Inner Core: Robust Parameter Search for Radially Varying Anisotropy Using the Neighborhood Algorithm
Authors: Stephenson J. , Tkalčić H , Sambridge M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe model of cylindrical anisotropy in the inner core (IC) states that seismic rays traveling parallel to the Earth's rotational axis travel faster than those parallel to the equator. There have been continuing discrepancies in estimates of the strength and orientation of anisotropy, with some evidence suggesting that such a model may not be supported by available data. Here, we scrutinize the radial dependence of anisotropy within the IC, where the nature of anisotropy has been shown to change anywhere between a 300 and 800 km radius. We use recent travel time data from the International Seismological Centre in conjunction with the neighborhood algorithm to provide a robust means of testing this idea, through examination of an ensemble of models that satisfactorily fit the data. This can be done with no explicit regularization and without the need for subjective choices associated with binning of phase data. In addition, uncertainty bounds are calculated for anisotropic parameters using a likelihood ratio approach. We find evidence to suggest that commonly employed spatial averaging (binning) methods may be detrimental to obtaining reliable results. We conclude that there is no significant change in the strength of anisotropy with depth in the IC. Instead, we find a change in the slow direction of anisotropy to 54° within the innermost IC at an ∼650 km radius with fast direction parallel to the Earth's rotational axis.
Effusion Rate From a Volcanic Conduit Subject to Pressure Oscillations in a Viscoelastic Medium
Authors: Piombo Antonello , Dragoni Michele 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEffusion rate in basaltic eruptions typically depends on time: there is an initial, relatively fast increase followed by a much slower decrease until the eruption vanishes; in addition, changes are observed in the effusion rate having durations much shorter than the total duration of the eruption. For an effusive eruption, we calculate the deformation of the volcanic conduit due to short‐term pressure oscillations. The model considers an elliptical conduit embedded in a viscoelastic medium, described by a Maxwell body. As a consequence of pressure oscillations, the semi axes of the conduit are quasi periodic functions of time with the same period as pressure. For volcanic fissures the viscoelastic rheology entails a remarkable increase in oscillation amplitude of flow rate with respect to the elastic case and a time delay in flow rate oscillation with respect to overpressure oscillation. For a given value of overpressure amplitude, this effect is controlled by the conduit eccentricity and the ratio between overpressure period and Maxwell time; for larger values of this ratio and/or for eccentricity values closer to unity, flow rate oscillates around a value larger than its initial value and can vary from 5% to 30% with respect to it. The model can approximate the in‐situ observations of short‐time fluctuations of flow rate during the 2018 eruption of Kı̄lauea Volcano.
Combining Optical Remote Sensing, McFLI Discharge Estimation, Global Hydrologic Modeling, and Data Assimilation to Improve Daily Discharge Estimates Across an Entire Large Watershed
Authors: Ishitsuka Yuta , Gleason Colin J. , Hagemann Mark W. , Beighley Edward , Allen George H. , Feng Dongmei , Lin Peirong , Pan Ming , Andreadis Konstantinos , Pavelsky Tamlin M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRemote sensing has gained attention as a novel source of primary information for estimating river discharge, and the Mass‐conserved Flow Law Inversion (McFLI) approach has successfully estimated river discharge in ungauged basins solely from optical satellite data. However, McFLI currently suffers from two major drawbacks: (1) existing optical satellites lead to temporally and spatially sparse discharge estimates and (2) because of the assumptions required, McFLI cannot guarantee downstream flow continuity. Hydrological modeling has neither drawback, yet model accuracy is frequently limited by a lack of discharge observations. We therefore combine McFLI and models in a data assimilation framework applicable globally. We establish a daily “ungauged” baseline model for 28,998 reaches of the Missouri river basin forced by recently published global runoff data, which we do not calibrate. We estimate discharge via McFLI using ∼1 million width measurements made from 12,000 Landsat scenes and assimilate McFLI into the model before validating at 403 USGS gauges. Results show that assimilated discharges did not impair already accurate baseline flows and achieved median improvements of 28% normalized root mean square error, 0.50 Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and 0.23 Kling–Gupta efficiency where baseline performance was poor (defined as baseline negative NSE, 225/403 reaches). We ultimately improved flows at 92% of these originally poorly modeled gauges, even though Landsat images only provide McFLI discharges at 1.5% of reaches and 26% of simulated days. Our results suggest that the combination of McFLI and state‐of‐the‐art hydrology models can improve flow estimations in ungauged basins globally.
Nerve fibers in the tumor microenvironment in neurotropic cancer—pancreatic cancer and cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Tan Xiuxiang , Sivakumar Shivan , Bednarsch Jan , Wiltberger Georg , Kather Jakob Nikolas , Niehues Jan , de Vos-Geelen Judith , Valkenburg-van Iersel Liselot , Kintsler Svetlana , Roeth Anjali , Hao Guangshan , Lang Sven , Coolsen Mariëlle E. , den Dulk Marcel , Aberle Merel R. , Koolen Jarne , Gaisa Nadine T. , Olde Damink Steven W. M. , Neumann Ulf P. , Heij Lara R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are both deadly cancers and they share many biological features besides their close anatomical location. One of the main histological features is neurotropism, which results in frequent perineural invasion. The underlying mechanism of cancer cells favoring growth by and through the nerve fibers is not fully understood. In this review, we provide knowledge of these cancers with frequent perineural invasion. We discuss nerve fiber crosstalk with the main different components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), the immune cells, and the fibroblasts. Also, we discuss the crosstalk between the nerve fibers and the cancer. We highlight the shared signaling pathways of the mechanisms behind perineural invasion in PDAC and CCA. Hereby we have focussed on signaling neurotransmitters and neuropeptides which may be a target for future therapies. Furthermore, we have summarized retrospective results of the previous literature about nerve fibers in PDAC and CCA patients. We provide our point of view in the potential for nerve fibers to be used as powerful biomarker for prognosis, as a tool to stratify patients for therapy or as a target in a (combination) therapy. Taking the presence of nerves into account can potentially change the field of personalized care in these neurotropic cancers.
Functional crosstalk between myeloid Foxo1–β-catenin axis and Hedgehog/Gli1 signaling in oxidative stress response
Authors: Li Changyong , Sheng Mingwei , Lin Yuanbang , Xu Dongwei , Tian Yizhu , Zhan Yongqiang , Jiang Longfeng , Coito Ana J. , Busuttil Ronald W. , Farmer Douglas G. , Kupiec-Weglinski Jerzy W. , Ke Bibo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFoxo1 transcription factor is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of cell metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Activation of Hedgehog/Gli signaling is known to regulate cell growth, differentiation, and immune function. However, the molecular mechanisms by which interactive cell signaling networks restrain oxidative stress response and necroptosis are still poorly understood. Here, we report that myeloid-specific Foxo1 knockout (Foxo1M-KO) mice were resistant to oxidative stress-induced hepatocellular damage with reduced macrophage/neutrophil infiltration, and proinflammatory mediators in liver ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Foxo1M-KO enhanced β-catenin-mediated Gli1/Snail activity, and reduced receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and NIMA-related kinase 7 (NEK7)/NLRP3 expression in IR-stressed livers. Disruption of Gli1 in Foxo1M-KO livers deteriorated liver function, diminished Snail, and augmented RIPK3 and NEK7/NLRP3. Mechanistically, macrophage Foxo1 and β-catenin colocalized in the nucleus, whereby the Foxo1 competed with T-cell factor (TCF) for interaction with β-catenin under inflammatory conditions. Disruption of the Foxo1–β-catenin axis by Foxo1 deletion enhanced β-catenin/TCF binding, activated Gli1/Snail signaling, leading to inhibited RIPK3 and NEK7/NLRP3. Furthermore, macrophage Gli1 or Snail knockout activated RIPK3 and increased hepatocyte necroptosis, while macrophage RIPK3 ablation diminished NEK7/NLRP3-driven inflammatory response. Our findings underscore a novel molecular mechanism of the myeloid Foxo1–β-catenin axis in regulating Hedgehog/Gli1 function that is key in oxidative stress-induced liver inflammation and necroptosis.
Calculating the economic burden of presumed microbial keratitis admissions at a tertiary referral centre in the UK
Authors: Moussa George , Hodson James , Gooch Nick , Virdee Jasvir , Penaloza Cristina , Kigozi Jesse , Rauz Saaeha 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Microbial keratitis (MK) is the most common non-surgical ophthalmic emergency admission in the UK. However, few prospective health-economic studies of MK have been performed, and no specific healthcare resources group (HRG) code exists. This study is designed to determine the feasibility of a data collection tool derived from the microbiology ophthalmology group (MOG) clinical record form, to enable quantification of direct costs of inpatient care, as well as prospective capture of epidemiological data relating to outcomes of MK.

Methods
Clinical, demographic and economic data were collected retrospectively between January and December 2013 for 101 consecutive patients admitted with MK, using an adaption of the MOG toolset. The direct cost of admission (COA) was calculated using national reference costs and compared to actual income to generate profit/deficit profiles for individual patients. Indices of multiple deprivation were used to assess effect of deprivation on the COA.

Results
The total income generated through discharge coding was £252,116, compared to a COA of £357,075, yielding a deficit of £104,960 (median: £754 per patient). The cost deficit increased significantly with length of stay (LOS, p < 0.001), whilst patients with short LOS were income generators; cost neutrality occurred at 4.8 days. Greater socioeconomic deprivation was also associated with a significantly higher cost deficit.

Conclusion
LOS is the key driver for COA of care for MK admissions. Protocols should encourage discharge of patients who are able to self-administer treatment after the sterilisation phase. The MOG-derived data collection toolset captures pertinent clinical data for quantification of COA. Further development into a multiuser and multisite platform is required for robust prospective testing, together with expansion to capture indirect costs of disease burden, including impact of treatment, visual morbidity and quality of life.
Tipping the immunostimulatory and inhibitory DAMP balance to harness immunogenic cell death
Authors: Hayashi K. , Nikolos F. , Lee Y. C. , Jain A. , Tsouko E. , Gao H. , Kasabyan A. , Leung H. E. , Osipov A. , Jung S. Y. , Kurtova A. V. , Chan K. S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractInduction of tumor cell death is the therapeutic goal for most anticancer drugs. Yet, a mode of drug-induced cell death, known as immunogenic cell death (ICD), can propagate antitumoral immunity to augment therapeutic efficacy. Currently, the molecular hallmark of ICD features the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by dying cancer cells. Here, we show that gemcitabine, a standard chemotherapy for various solid tumors, triggers hallmark immunostimualtory DAMP release (e.g., calreticulin, HSP70, and HMGB1); however, is unable to induce ICD. Mechanistic studies reveal gemcitabine concurrently triggers prostaglandin E2 release as an inhibitory DAMP to counterpoise the adjuvanticity of immunostimulatory DAMPs. Pharmacological blockade of prostaglandin E2 biosythesis favors CD103+ dendritic cell activation that primes a Tc1-polarized CD8+ T cell response to bolster tumor rejection. Herein, we postulate that an intricate balance between immunostimulatory and inhibitory DAMPs could determine the outcome of drug-induced ICD and pose COX-2/prostaglandin E2 blockade as a strategy to harness ICD.
Segment-specific optogenetic stimulation in Drosophila melanogaster with linear arrays of organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Murawski Caroline , Pulver Stefan R. , Gather Malte C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOptogenetics allows light-driven, non-contact control of neural systems, but light delivery remains challenging, in particular when fine spatial control of light is required to achieve local specificity. Here, we employ organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) that are micropatterned into linear arrays to obtain precise optogenetic control in Drosophila melanogaster larvae expressing the light-gated activator CsChrimson and the inhibitor GtACR2 within their peripheral sensory system. Our method allows confinement of light stimuli to within individual abdominal segments, which facilitates the study of larval behaviour in response to local sensory input. We show controlled triggering of specific crawling modes and find that targeted neurostimulation in abdominal segments switches the direction of crawling. More broadly, our work demonstrates how OLEDs can provide tailored patterns of light for photo-stimulation of neuronal networks, with future implications ranging from mapping neuronal connectivity in cultures to targeted photo-stimulation with pixelated OLED implants in vivo.
Quantifying the influence of mutation detection on tumour subclonal reconstruction
Authors: Liu Lydia Y. , Bhandari Vinayak , Salcedo Adriana , Espiritu Shadrielle M. G. , Morris Quaid D. , Kislinger Thomas , Boutros Paul C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWhole-genome sequencing can be used to estimate subclonal populations in tumours and this intra-tumoural heterogeneity is linked to clinical outcomes. Many algorithms have been developed for subclonal reconstruction, but their variabilities and consistencies are largely unknown. We evaluate sixteen pipelines for reconstructing the evolutionary histories of 293 localized prostate cancers from single samples, and eighteen pipelines for the reconstruction of 10 tumours with multi-region sampling. We show that predictions of subclonal architecture and timing of somatic mutations vary extensively across pipelines. Pipelines show consistent types of biases, with those incorporating SomaticSniper and Battenberg preferentially predicting homogenous cancer cell populations and those using MuTect tending to predict multiple populations of cancer cells. Subclonal reconstructions using multi-region sampling confirm that single-sample reconstructions systematically underestimate intra-tumoural heterogeneity, predicting on average fewer than half of the cancer cell populations identified by multi-region sequencing. Overall, these biases suggest caution in interpreting specific architectures and subclonal variants.
Thymic iNKT single cell analyses unmask the common developmental program of mouse innate T cells
Authors: Harsha Krovi S. , Zhang Jingjing , Michaels-Foster Mary Jessamine , Brunetti Tonya , Loh Liyen , Scott-Browne James , Gapin Laurent 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMost T lymphocytes leave the thymus as naïve cells with limited functionality. However, unique populations of innate-like T cells differentiate into functionally distinct effector subsets during their development in the thymus. Here, we profiled >10,000 differentiating thymic invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells using single-cell RNA sequencing to produce a comprehensive transcriptional landscape that highlights their maturation, function, and fate decisions at homeostasis. Our results reveal transcriptional profiles that are broadly shared between iNKT and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, illustrating a common core developmental program. We further unmask a mutual requirement for Hivep3, a zinc finger transcription factor and adapter protein. Hivep3 is expressed in early precursors and regulates the post-selection proliferative burst, differentiation and functions of iNKT cells. Altogether, our results highlight the common requirements for the development of innate-like T cells with a focus on how Hivep3 impacts the maturation of these lymphocytes.
Light-directed trapping of metastable intermediates in a self-assembly process
Authors: Seo Joonsik , Joung Joonyoung F. , Park Sungnam , Son Young Ji , Noh Jaegeun , Kim Jong-Man 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSelf-assembly is a dynamic process that often takes place through a stepwise pathway involving formation of kinetically favored metastable intermediates prior to generation of a thermodynamically preferred supramolecular framework. Although trapping intermediates in these pathways can provide significant information about both their nature and the overall self-assembly process, it is a challenging venture without altering temperature, concentrations, chemical compositions and morphologies. Herein, we report a highly efficient and potentially general method for “trapping” metastable intermediates in self-assembly processes that is based on a photopolymerization strategy. By employing a chiral perylene-diimide possessing a diacetylene containing an alkyl chain, we demonstrated that the metastable intermediates, including nanoribbons, nanocoils and nanohelices, can be effectively trapped by using UV promoted polymerization before they form thermodynamic tubular structures. The strategy developed in this study should be applicable to naturally and synthetically abundant alkyl chain containing self-assembling systems.