bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFECTO GENOTOXICO DEL AGUA RESIDUAL DE LA CURTIEMBRE SAN FAUSTINO-NORTE DE SANTANDER-COLOMBIA
Authors: Quintero Salamanca Greila Paola , Quijano Parra Alfonso , Melendez Gelvez Ivan 
Published: February 2020

Las industrias curtiembres impactan nocivamente el ecosistema por las considerables cantidades de residuos orgánicos y tóxicos que generan, tales como sales y metales pesados; siendo estos últimos, altamente tóxicos, según la IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) por inducir efectos mutagénicos y genotóxicos en los seres humanos.La problemática se presenta por el mal manejo de los desechos, debido a la falta de cultura en la preservación y cuidado de los recursos naturales, la desinformación y la no concientización de las secuelas que se generan, siendo una de las más relevantes que este recurso hídrico contaminado puede llegar a ser usado indiscriminadamente por la población; por tal motivo se hace necesario estimar el impacto ambiental generado. La importancia de este estudio radica en que los desechos de curtiembres ubicadas en la ciudad de Cúcuta, pueden llegar al río Pamplonita, y contaminarlo con metales pesados, como lo reportan estudios realizados en las aguas de desecho de la curtiembre Tasajero.En este estudio se identificaron los metales pesados (Cr, Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn, Cu) presentes en el agua residual proveniente de la curtiembre San Faustino (Cúcuta), utilizando la técnica de espectroscopia de absorción atómica; encontrándose concentraciones perjudiciales para el ser humano. La mutagenicidad se determninó a través del test de Ames, con las cepas de Salmonella typhimurium TA98 y TA100. Para determinar la genotoxicidad, se usó el ensayo cometa. Se encontró que las aguas de desecho de la curtiembre San Faustino, inducen un incremento en la mutagenicidad en las cepas TA98 y TA100 de Salmonella typhimurium. De igual manera, se encontró que las aguas de desecho de la curtiembre San Faustino, provocan daño al ADN en linfocitos humanos.
OBITUARY: A hard-nosed, hard-case ‘scoop king’
Authors: Stephenson Jon 
Published: February 2020

The death of Warren Berryman, founder and managing editor of The Independent Business Weekly, marks the end of an era in New Zealand journalism. Renowned as a gutsy, no-nonsense journo and ‘the consummate nosy bastard’, he pioneered investigative reporting in this country and earned respect from friend and foe alike.
Pictured: Jenni McManus and Warren Berryman/John McDermott/Metro
The political cartoonist’s right to freedom of expression
Authors: Evans Malcolm 
Published: February 2020

On 11 August 2003, after producing some 1600 cartoons, Malcolm Evans was controversially dismissed from his position as editorial cartoonist at The New Zealand Herald because he had refused to accept that the editor had the right to dictate the subjects he might address. This invited commentary for Pacific Journalism Review is published to further debate. Evans argues: ‘While I have always respected the editor’s right to reject a cartoon, he can never have the right to direct it – an understanding that was mutually agreed as a condition of my hire when I took the Herald job six years earlier. Rejection is an editor’s prerogative – direction is censorship. Although I have moved on personally as a professional cartoonist, I am concerned that the precedent set has the potential to affect the work of others.’
REVIEW: Making sense of the Solomon Islands upheaval
Authors: Field Michael 
Published: February 2020

Review of The Manipulation of Custom: From uprising to Intervention in the Solomon Islands, by Jon FraenkelDr Jon Fraenkel, a senior research fellow at the University of the South Pacific's Governance and Development Institute, has produced a solid and readable account of the [Solomon Island] uprising. He has more than an academic, however, and his own journalism, particularly with the London-based Economist was the among the scraps of evidence that were used to build up Canberra's intervention justification.
Freedom of speech
Authors: Robie David 
Published: February 2020

In spite of the hot air about governments pressuring the media in Pacific countries—and this does happen all too frequently—I believe a greater threat to press freedom comes from a small clique of media veterans, many of whom are of palagi origin, who have disproportionate influence. [Keynote address at the inaugural Pacific Islands Media Association (PIMA) conference in Auckland, 5-6 October 2001.]
EDITORIAL: A timely alternative vision
Authors: King Barry 
Published: February 2020

As many readers will know, Pacific Journalism Review was published for nine years in the Pacific – initially at the University of Papua New Guinea from November 1994, and then most recently at the University of the South Pacific in Fiji. This issue marks the relocation of the journal from Suva to the School of Communication Studies, Auckland University of Technology. The issue following this one, with the theme of ‘Media ownership and democracy’, will mark a decade of publication. Throughout this time the journal has been at the forefront of critical reflections on the role of the media and journalism practices in the Pacific region; a role it will continue to serve in its new location.
Pacific media councils and cultural values: Safety valve or entrenched hegemony?
Authors: Robie David 
Published: February 2020

Two countries in the South Pacific, Fiji and Papua New Guinea, have adopted contrasting media council models to self-regulate the media amid growing political and cultural pressures on the news industry. Projected as promoting media standards and professionalism and a model for the region, the realities have raised questions about whether such bodies are self-regulatory mechanisims genuinely working in the public interst in the Pacific or defending entrenched media and power relationships, some foreign, from pressure by island governments, There are also questions over whether codes of ethics promoted by the council are effective as self-regulatory tools for the media. Exploring case studies such as media coverage of the controversial John Scott double murder case in Fiji, the Speight attempted coup and political crisis in Papua New Guinea, this article exammines thses dilemmas and also whether codes of practice reflect regional 'Pacific way' cutlural values, or are in fact adopted as part of globalisation.
REVIEW: When journalists are reluctant to write about the travails of a troubled trade
Authors: Robie David 
Published: February 2020

Review of Attacks on the Press in 2002, Committee to Protect Journalists, New York, 2003. Freedom of the Press throughout the World, 2003, Reporters Sans Frontières, Paris, 2003. Live News: A survival Guide for journalists, International Federation of Journalists, Brussels, 2003. Dangerous Assignments: covering the Iraq War, Committee to Protect Journalists, New York, 2002.
When the press come under attack, many reporters find themsevles in a dilemma, notes foreign correspondent Serge Schmemann, a member of The New York Times' editorial board. Writing the preface to the annual New York-based Committee to Protect Journalists' Attacks on the Press for volume 2002, he reminds journalists of who knows better than the failings of the press than they do.
Spatial changes in the command and control function of cities based on the corporate centre of gravity model
Authors: Raźniak Piotr , Dorocki Sławomir , Winiarczyk-Raźniak Anna 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to discuss changes in the spatial distribution of cities that perform the command and control function created by the largest corporations, based on the method of gravity centres. The analysis was performed both for individual sectors of the economy as well as for the global scale. A shift occurred in an easterly direction. This also pertains to sector indices, although the centroids of knowledge-based sectors, such as information technology and healthcare, shifted the most in the direction of Asia. At the same time, information technology was the only sector whose centroid shifted to the west in the study period. Moreover, the magnitude of the shift of the centre of gravity of the number of corporate headquarters in the studied cities does not converge to the shift of the centroid based on the value of the financial potential of the companies.
A case of Dubowitz syndrome with growth hormone deficiency
Authors: Sherif Ahmed Gamal , Masoud Ahmed Nageeb , Kotit Susy 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Dubowitz syndrome is a rare multiple congenital syndrome with unknown etiology, characterized primarily by growth retardation, distinctive facial dysmorphism, cutaneous eczema, microcephaly, intellectual deficit, skeletal and genital abnormalities, abnormal hematological and endocrinal findings, and other systemic affections.

Case presentation:
We report the case of a 3-year-old male patient presenting with repeated chest infections, failure to thrive, history of low birth weight, and seasonal skin allergies. Examination revealed abnormal facial features and skeletal and genital abnormalities along with delays in social development. Cardiac echocardiography showed atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect. Blood tests revealed low growth hormone levels, and a clonidine stimulation test confirmed growth hormone deficiency.

Conclusion:
Careful examination of the patient leads to the diagnosis of Dubowitz syndrome and growth hormone deficiency. The combination of these two findings has rarely been reported before, but patients may get the benefit of testing for growth hormone deficiency to receive proper treatment.
LANGUAGE AND POWER IN A WTO DIRECTOR -GENERAL’S SPEECH - A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Authors: Mai Nga Dang Thi 
Published: February 2020

The paper is aimed at exploring ideological power relations of globalization discourse through the analysis of the speech ‘The Backlash against Globalization’ of WTO’ s Director-General Mike Moore based on one of the Discourse Analysis (DA) approaches - Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). At first, the paper sets out the theoretical framework of CDA and the concepts of power and ideology and examines the importance of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) in CDA. Then the paper provides readers with the social context of globalization and analyzes the speech in the light of CD. The findings and the conclusion of the paper prove the assumption that the speech is a tool for Director-General Mike Moore to express his power and ideology in the sense that he is in higher position and confirms that globalization is inevitable and the establishment of WTO is a product of this process helping countries, communities and people face the problems and challenges.
THE ROLE OF LEARNERS’ TEST PERCEPTION IN CHANGING ENGLISH LEARNING PRACTICES: A CASE OF A HIGH-STAKES ENGLISH TEST AT VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI
Authors: Lan Nguyen Thuy , Nga Nguyen Thuy 
Published: February 2020

Among various factors influencing foreign language learning, learners’ perception of a high-stakes language test plays a crucial part, especially when the test serves as a threshold for their university graduation. In this study, the researcher tested a washback effect model by focusing on test-takers’ perception of the high-stakes test VSTEP in terms of test familiarity, test difficulty and test importance. On a sample of 751 Vietnamese learners of English at Vietnam National University, structural equation model was employed to validate the conceptual model. The analytical methods of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were used for analysis. Our empirical findings revealed that VSTEP seems to have had a pervasive impact on the participating students. Senior students’ evaluations of VSTEP acted as the largest factor in constituting the participants’ perception of VSTEP. There are positive links between test pressure and test familiarity with students' goal setting and study planning as well as their selection of learning content and materials. Meanwhile, the pressure from the test had no effect on students’ seeking opportunities to practice with foreigners, and test familiarity did not influence students’ choice of study methods and exam preparing strategies. The emerging patterns from the data also suggested that participating students preferred test-oriented learning content and activities at the cost of interactive English practices for real-life purposes.
NGHIÊN CỨU KHẢ NĂNG KHÁNG VI KHUẨN Vibrio spp. GÂY BỆNH HOẠI TỬ GAN TỤY CẤP (AHPND) TRÊN TÔM CHÂN TRẮNG (Litopenaeus vannamei) CỦA DỊCH CHIẾT TỪ CÂY CHÓ ĐẺ THÂN XANH (Phyllanthus amarus Schum)
Authors: Phương Trần Vinh , Hân Hoàng Thị Ngọc , Long Đặng Thanh , Yến Phạm Thị Hải , Linh Nguyễn Quang 
Published: February 2020

Kết quả nghiên cứu nhằm xác định khả năng kháng khuẩn của dịch chiết từ cây chó đẻ thân xanh (Phyllanthus amarus); nồng độ ức chế tối thiểu (MIC) và nồng độ tiêu diệt tối thiểu (MBC) trên 2 chủng vi khuẩn Vibrio parahaemolitycus (K15) và Vibrio sp. (VT33) ở mật độ 106 CFU/mL gây bệnh hoại tử gan tụy cấp (Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease –AHPND) còn được gọi là hội chứng tôm chết sớm (Early Mortality Syndrome - EMS) trên tôm chân trắng (Litopenaeus vannamei) nuôi tại Thừa Thiên Huế, kết quả ban đầu ghi nhận: dịch chiết được chiết xuất dạng cao từ cây chó đẻ thân xanh (P. amarus) có khả năng kháng cả 2 chủng Vibrio parahaemolitycus (K15) và Vibrio sp. (VT33) thử nghiệm từ nồng độ 250 đến 1.000 mg/mL, thể hiện ở đường kính vòng kháng khuẩn dao động từ 16,60–21,40 mm đối với chủng Vibrio parahaemolitycus (K15) và từ 17,60 – 23,60 mm đối với Vibrio sp. (VT33). Kết quả cũng xác định hiệu quả của dịch chiết trên 2 chủng Vibrio parahaemolyticus (K15) và Vibrio sp. (VT123) thể hiện giá trị MIC và MBC tương ứng đạt 125 mg/mL và 500 mg/mL; 62,5 và 500 mg/mL.
PHÂN LẬP, ĐỊNH DANH VÀ KHẢO SÁT MỘT SỐ TÍNH CHẤT CÓ LỢI CỦA VI KHUẨN LACTIC TỪ TÔM CHUA Ở THỊ XÃ GÒ CÔNG, TỈNH TIỀN GIANG
Authors: Tất Trương Quốc 
Published: February 2020

Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này là phân lập, định danh và khảo sát một số đặc tính có lợi của các dòng vi khuẩn lactic từ tôm chua ở thị xã Gò Công, tỉnh Tiền Giang. Từ 4 mẫu tôm chua, đã phân lập được 18 dòng vi khuẩn lactic, khuẩn lạc của chúng có màu trắng sữa hoặc trắng ngà, bìa nguyên hay bìa răng cưa, mô, Gram dương, catalase và oxydase âm tính. Chúng có khả năng sinh acid lactic cao trong môi trường MRS broth có muối ở các nồng độ 0%, 4%, 6%, 8% (1,12 – 2,19 mg/mL trong 24 giờ nuôi). Trong đó, dòng vi khuẩn GK1 và GH5 có khả năng sinh acid lactic cao hơn các dòng còn lại trong môi trường ở 4 nồng độ muối khác nhau. Khảo sát khả năng chịu môi trường khắc nghiệt, dòng vi khuẩn GK1 biểu hiện một số đặc tính probiotic như chịu được pH thấp, dịch dạ dày nhân tạo (pepsin), muối mật. Vì vậy 2 dòng vi khuẩn này đã được định danh, kết quả định danh cho thấy 2 dòng vi khuẩn GK1 và GH5 có mức tương đồng 99% so với Lactobacillus farciminis và Lactobacillus futsaii nên 2 dòng vi khuẩn này được định danh lần lượt là L. farciminis GK1 và L. futsaii GH5. Việc bổ sung nguồn vi khuẩn khởi động vào quá trình lên men tôm chua giúp rút ngắn thời gian lên men (rút ngắn 37,14% thời gian lên men so với đối chứng), đánh giá cảm quan tôm chua thành phẩm đạt loại khá và đảm bảo các chỉ tiêu vi sinh theo QCVN 8 – 3:2012/BYT.
Penambahan Herba Krokot ( Portulaca oleracea l) pada Pengembangan Siomay Fungsional
Authors: Supriatin Supriatin , Sukainah Andi , Mustarin Amirah 
Published: February 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan herba krokot (Portulaca olerace l) terhadap kualitas dan daya terima siomay fungsional yang dihasilkan. Rancangan percobaan yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Parameter yang diuji adalah kadar air, kadar abu, kadar protein, kadar lemak, kadar karbohidrat dan β-karoten. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siomay krokot yang terbaik dengan penambahan herba krokot ditujukan pada perlakuan penambahan herba krokot 15% lebih disukai panelis dari segi warna, tekstur, rasa, aroma dengan kadar air 48,21%, kadar abu 1,43%, kadar lemak 0,13%, kadar karbohidrat 42,86%, kadar protein 77,43%, dan kadar β-karoten 333 µg/g dan memenuhi syarat mutu (SNI 7756:2013).
Teknik Pembelajaran pada Aspek-aspek Pendidikan Islam dalam Surah Luqman Ayat 13-19
Authors: Mahtum Rohiqi , Fikri Ahmad Rijalul 
Published: February 2020

Pendidikan adalah usaha sadar untuk mewujudkan suasana belajar dan proses pembelajaran agar peserta didik secara aktif mengembangkan potensi dirinya untuk memiliki kekuatan spiritual keagamaan, pengendalian diri, kepribadian, kecerdasan, akhlak mulia, serta ketrampilan yang diperlukan dirinya, masyarakat, bangsa dan negara. Pendidikan sangatlah dibutuhkan pada masa sekarang ini terutama pendidikan yang islami. Pendidikan yang islami maksudnya pendidikan islam yaitu pendidikan yang mengandung aspek-aspek yang ada pada agama Islam. Karena Islam adalah agama yang rahmah disebabkan karena diturunkan melalui nabi yang rahmah yaitu Nabi Muhammad saw. Aspek-aspek pendidikan Islam haruslah diterapkan pada setiap lembaga pendidikan utamanya pendidikan yang barbasic Islam sehingga nampak nyata prinsip pendidikan yang berlandaskan ajaran Islam.
PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN PESANTREN TERHADAP KEDISIPLINAN SISWA KELAS XII MADRASAH ALIYAH MIFATAHUL HUDA
Authors: Inayati Isna Nurul , Albar Melani , Suwargianto Wiwit , Astuti Linda Yuli 
Published: February 2020

Disiplin sekolah merupakan aturan-aturan yang diberlakukan untuk mengatur perilaku siswa di sekolah. Ada sebuah asumsi yang berkembang di masyarakat bahwa siswa yang tinggal di pesantren lebih cenderung melakukan pelanggaran terhadap kedisiplinan di sekolah dibandingkan dengan siswa yang tidak tinggal dipesantren. Hasil observasi awal menunjukkan bahwa siswa yang tinggal dipesantren cenderung lebih sering terlambat sekolah, kerapian dalam penggunaan seragam sekolah tergolong rendah, serta sering tidak menggunakan artibut sekolah yang di wajibkan sekolah. Maka dari itu peneliti mempunyai pandangan bahwa lingkungan pesantren itu sangat berpengaruh terhadap kedisiplinan siswa kelas X Madrasah Aliyah Miftahul Huda. Untuk menguji adanya pengaruh lingkungan pesantren terhadap kedisiplinan siswa kelas X Madrasah Aliyah Miftahul Huda Kepanjen, maka penelitian ini hendak dilakukan.
Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Madrasah Aliyah Miftahul Huda Mojosari Kepanjen Malang pada tahun ajaran 2017/2018. Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis korelasional, sampel penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas X Madrasah Aliyah Miftahul Huda dengan jumlah 30 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah angket, sedangkan dokumentasi dan observasi adalah sebagai pendukung dalam penelitian ini . Data yang sudah terkumpulkan kemudian dianalisis menggunakan korelasi produk moment serta analisis regresi linear sederhana dan kemudian ditarik kesimpulan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Uji Regresi Linear Sederhana diketahui nilai R square sebesar 0,22 menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh lingkungan pesantren terhadap kedisiplinan hanya sebesar 22% sedangkan 78% kedisiplinan siswa dipengaruhi oleh selain lingkungan pesantren. Jadi pengaruh pesantren masih sangat kecil. Sedangkan peneliti menggunakan Uji Korelasi Produk Momentnilai signifikansi sebesar 0,433, hal ini berarti bahwa nilai signifikansi lebih besar dari 0,05 kemudian dari sini dapat diketahui terdapat korelasi tidak signifikan antara variabel lingkungan pesantren (X) dengan kedisiplinan siswa (Y).Dari sini dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwasanya lingkungan pesantren (X) sangat kecil pengaruhnya, dan tidak ada pengaruh yang signifikan dengan kedisiplinan siswa (Y) di Madrasah Aliyah Miftahul Huda
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SEDIMENTATION PATTERN AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE OF SIGELENG RIVER ESTUARY IN RANDUSANGA KULON VILLAGE BREBES DISTRICT
Authors: Barkah Atiyah , Wiyanti Dwi Sri , Laksono Taufik Dwi 
Published: February 2020

Sigeleng River Estuary is located in Brebes Regency. The mouth of Sigeleng River Estuary suffering morphological change that caused by the sand spit that close the mouth of river estuary and creating deflection.
The results of characteristics test of the sediment from the estuary of Sigeleng River shows that the average density is 2.228 kg/l and the average particle diameter (D60) is 0.466 mm. On the other hand the largest result of total suspended solid test of the sediment samples is 1.58 mg/l. According to USDA, the soil texture in B location is Silt Loam and in A and C location are Sandy Loam. SED2D modeling that performed for 720 hours that assumed as 1 year shows a base elevation change that is 11,79%-30,20% in the river estuary mouth at the existing condition
Sediment cumulation that occurred around the mouth of the Sigeleng River Estuary within 5 years is 0.007 m - 2,560 m, while the depth of the Sigeleng River Estuary is only -3.00 m. Therefore, a treatment by dredging the sediment aroud the mouth of Sigeleng River Estuary is needed so that the river estuary is not closed.
Tablet Effervescent dari Ekstrak Daun Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) sebagai Peluruh Batu Ginjal pada Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar (Ratus norvegicus)
Authors: Budiman Arif , Wardani Imas Amalia , Wiharya Dede , Anggrayta Yunanda Sri 
Published: February 2020

Daun alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) merupakan salah satu tanaman obat yang termasuk ke dalam famili Lauraceae. Daun alpukat secara empiris telah dijadikan sebagai obat herbal yang dimanfaatkan sebagai pengobatan batu ginjal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas untuk meluruhkan kalsium pada batu ginjal. Pembuatan tablet effervescent dari ekstrak daun alpukat dilakukan dengan variasi kadar ekstrak pada setiap formula. Variasi kadar ekstrak daun alpukat yang digunakan pada formula 1, 2, dan 3 berturut-turut adalah 35, 65, dan 100 mg. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan kadar ekstrak daun alpukat mempengaruhi efektifitas tablet effervescent. Formula 3 menunjukkan hasil yang lebih signifikan sebagai peluruh batu ginjal dibandingkan formula lainnya.
PEMIKIRAN POLITIK SYEKH MUHAMMAD ARSYAD AL-BANJARI: Dan Relevansinya bagi Pembinaan Politik Hukum
Authors: Al-Audah Abd Rochim 
Published: February 2020

Penelitian ini diawali dari sebuah fakta sejarah bahwa Kitab Sabil Al-Muhtadin, karya Syaikh Arshad Al-Banjari ditulis atas permintaan Sultan Tahmidullah dalam rangka proses Islamisasi dan penerapan syariat Islam. Berangkat dari asumsi bahwa relasi antara agama dan kekuasaan itu saling membutuhkan dan substansinya akan selalu relevan untuk setiap masa meskipun penguasa telah berganti, penelitian ini bertujuan: pertama, untuk mengungkap substansi pemikiran politik hukum Syaikh Arshad Al-Banjari; kedua, kontribusinya bagi proses Islamisasi di Kesultanan Banjar; dan ketiga, relevansinya bagi pembinaan politik hukum. Kontribusi pemikiran politik Syaikh Arshad Al-Banjari bagi Kesultanan Banjar dilakukan dengan cara mengkaji proses penyebaran Kitab Al-Muhtadin dan penerimaan masyarakat terhadap karya Syaikh Arshad Al-Banjari. Juga melihat pada pengaruh Syaikh Arshad Al-Banjari melalui kitab dan pemikirannya terhadap pembentukan struktur hukum. Penelitian menyimpulkan: pertama, bahwa substansi pemikiran politik Syaikh Arshad Al-Banjari adalah tauhid, keadilan, dan kemaslahatan yang meliputi pada taqnin, tathbiq, dan taghyir; kedua, pemikiran politik Syaikh Arshad Al-Banjari memiliki konstribusi yang besar bagi Kesultanan Banjar yang ditandai dengan tersebarnya kitab tersebut, serta terbentuknya struktur hukum; ketiga, pemikiran politik hukum Syaikh Arshad Al-Banjari relevan dengan pembinaan. Penelitian ini menemukan: pertama, bahwa pemikiran politik tumbuh dan berkembang serta diterima oleh masyarakat luas apabila mendapat dukungan penuh dari kekuasaan pada masa itu; kedua, bahwa produk hukum yang dibangun oleh Syaikh Arshad Al-Banjari melalui kitabnya, merupakan produk politik hukum Sultan Tahmidullah Banjar.