bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normalizing the Microenvironment Overcomes Vessel Compression and Resistance to Nano‐immunotherapy in Breast Cancer Lung Metastasis
Authors: Mpekris Fotios , Panagi Myrofora , Voutouri Chrysovalantis , Martin John D. , Samuel Rekha , Takahashi Shinichiro , Gotohda Naoto , Suzuki Toshiyuki , Papageorgis Panagiotis , Demetriou Philippos , Pierides Chryso , Koumas Laura , Costeas Paul , Kojima Motohiro , Ishii Genichiro , Constantinidou Anastasia , Kataoka Kazunori , Cabral Horacio , Stylianopoulos Triantafyllos 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNano‐immunotherapy regimens have high potential to improve patient outcomes, as already demonstrated in advanced triple negative breast cancer with nanoparticle albumin‐bound paclitaxel and the immune checkpoint blocker (ICB) atezolizumab. This regimen, however, does not lead to cures with median survival lasting less than two years. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of resistance to and development of strategies to enhance nano‐immunotherapy in breast cancer are urgently needed. Here, in human tissue it is shown that blood vessels in breast cancer lung metastases are compressed leading to hypoxia. This pathophysiology exists in murine spontaneous models of triple negative breast cancer lung metastases, along with low levels of perfusion. Because this pathophysiology is consistent with elevated levels of solid stress, the mechanotherapeutic tranilast, which decompressed lung metastasis vessels, is administered to mice bearing metastases, thereby restoring perfusion and alleviating hypoxia. As a result, the nanomedicine Doxil causes cytotoxic effects into metastases more efficiently, stimulating anti‐tumor immunity. Indeed, when combining tranilast with Doxil and ICBs, synergistic effects on efficacy, with all mice cured in one of the two ICB‐insensitive tumor models investigated is resulted. These results suggest that strategies to treat breast cancer with nano‐immunotherapy should also include a mechanotherapeutic to decompress vessels.
Advanced Carbon Materials for Sodium‐Ion Capacitors
Authors: Wang Baowei , Gao Xu , Xu Laiqiang , Zou Kangyu , Cai Peng , Deng Xinglan , Yang Li , Hou Hongshuai , Zou Guoqiang , Ji Xiaobo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNonaqueous sodium‐ion capacitors (SICs), as a new type of energy storage cell, can potentially achieve high energy‐power densities, long cycling lifespan, and low cost in one device. Given this, developing suitable carbonaceous electrode materials for carbon‐based SICs is of great significance. Unlike lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs) that have been successfully commercialized, SICs are still at an early stage. As a result, rational electrode material design for SICs is needed to meet the requirements of electrochemical energy‐storage systems. Carbon materials with a wide range of sources and low toxicity deliver significant potential applications in high‐performance SICs, whether as positive or negative parts. Various carbonaceous electrode materials have been explored and investigated for developing SICs over the past years. This Review firstly introduces the classical and widely used configurations and corresponding energy‐storage mechanism in detail for SICs. Then, recent progress on carbonaceous electrode materials, including cathode and anode materials, are summarized. Finally, the challenges and some suggestions on the future development of carbon‐based SICs are proposed.
Understanding disparities in cancer prognosis: An extension of mediation analysis to the relative survival framework
Authors: Syriopoulou Elisavet , Rutherford Mark J. , Lambert Paul C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMediation analysis can be applied to investigate the effect of a third variable on the pathway between an exposure and the outcome. Such applications include investigating the determinants that drive differences in cancer survival across subgroups. However, cancer disparities may be the result of complex mechanisms that involve both cancer‐related and other‐cause mortality differences making it difficult to identify the causing factors. Relative survival, a commonly used measure in cancer epidemiology, can be used to focus on cancer‐related differences. We extended mediation analysis to the relative survival framework for exploring cancer inequalities. The marginal effects were obtained using regression standardization, after fitting a relative survival model. Contrasts of interests included both marginal relative survival and marginal all‐cause survival differences between exposure groups. Such contrasts include the indirect effect due to a mediator that is identifiable under certain assumptions. A separate model was fitted for the mediator and uncertainty was estimated using parametric bootstrapping. The avoidable deaths under interventions can also be estimated to quantify the impact of eliminating differences. The methods are illustrated using data for individuals diagnosed with colon cancer. Mediation analysis within relative survival allows focus on factors that account for cancer‐related differences instead of all‐cause differences and helps improve our understanding on cancer inequalities.
Mindfulness as a way to cope with COVID‐19‐related stress and anxiety
Authors: Weis Robert , Ray Sullivan D. , Cohen Tema A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCOVID‐19 brought significant challenges to college students in Spring 2020. Mindfulness‐based interventions might help students cope with COVID‐19‐related stressors in at least three ways: by cultivating attention that is self‐directed rather than reactive to a rapidly changing situation; by teaching the acceptance and regulation of negative thoughts and feelings; and by encouraging individuals to view adverse events non‐judgementally and as opportunities for growth. The purpose of our study was to determine whether Koru Mindfulness (KM), a four‐week, mindfulness‐based group therapy designed for emerging adults, could help students cope with COVID‐19‐related stress and anxiety. Students were assigned to either KM or waitlist at the beginning of the 2020 Spring semester. Assessment of students’ functioning occurred at baseline before the onset of COVID‐19, mid‐semester at the height of the COVID‐19 crisis on campus, and the end of the semester after students had returned home and transitioned to remote learning. After treatment, KM participants reported greater mindfulness and self‐compassion and less stress, anxiety and sleep problems than controls. KM participants also showed superior functioning on performance‐based measures of attention. Most gains were maintained over time. Increased mindfulness mediated the relationship between KM and reductions in stress and anxiety. KM can help students cope with academic and COVID‐19‐related stressors by improving mindfulness.
Redo mitral valve replacement through minithoracotomy on ventricular fibrillation: Bailout for a nightmare Redo
Authors: Monteiro João Pedro , Costa Sara Simões , Paulo Nelson Santos , Pereira Rodolfo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA 56‐year‐old woman entered the emergency department due to worsening dyspnea. Severe mitral regurgitation and pulmonary artery dilation with flow compatible with fistula were observed by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. The patient had history of an ALCAPA (anomalous left coronary artery from pulmonary artery) syndrome having undergone coronary artery bypass grafting (saphenous venous graft to left anterior descending artery) 30 years before. Coronary angiography and computed tomography revealed patency of the graft, with the dilated vein running across the front of the ascending aorta and being responsible for the perfusion of the left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery. We resent this case for discussion of which surgical strategy/options are available in order to treat the mitral valve and avoid injuring the patent graft.
One‐Step Activation of Anode Materials from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries as High‐Performance Electrodes for Capacitive Deionization
Authors: Weng Jiaze , Wang Shiyong , Wang Gang , Zhang Peixin , Lu Bing , Jiang Jun , Li Changping 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMesophase microporous carbon spheres (MMCS), are the anode materials of spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIB), existing in large amounts on the earth that result in resource wastes and ecological pollution. In order to utilize the above waste resources, a new idea of recycling scrapped LIB anode materials was exploited to apply for capacitive deionization (CDI). Herein, the activated microporous carbon spheres (AMCS) were synthesized by a one‐step KOH activation of mesophase microporous carbon spheres (MMCS). By controlling the weight ratios of KOH to MMCS, the fabricated AMCS with the optimal specific surface area of 2626 m2 g−1 and the pore volume of 0.98 cm3 g−1 were fabricated. The AMCS3‐1 with a weight ratio of KOH to MMCS of 3 : 1 exhibits higher specific capacitance (196.9 F g−1) and lower charge transfer resistance. Importantly, the AMCS3‐1 electrode demonstrates excellent electrosorption capacity of 12.73 mg g−1 and fast salt adsorption rate of 2.64 mg g−1 min−1 at 1.2 V. In addition, the excellent repeatability over 50 regeneration cycles could be obtained for AMCS3‐1 electrode compared with commercial activated carbon electrode. The results reveal that the AMCS3‐1 is a promising candidate as high‐performance electrodes for CDI. The strategy of recycling MMCS from waste LIB anode materials for CDI is desirable, which displays great potential in the removal of sodium chloride (NaCl).
A parametric study through the modelling of hydrothermal gasification for hydrogen production from algal biomass
Authors: Kumar Mayank , Oyedun Adetoyese O. , Kumar Amit 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHydrothermal gasification (HTG) is applicable to high moisture content biomass feedstock such as wet microalgae. The key interests of this thermochemical processing are its ability to use whole algae instead of simply lipid extracts and to use a wide range of algal feedstocks. It employs water in the form of a reaction medium to disintegrate biomass into hydrogen gas. The products' composition and yields are a function of process parameters, namely feed concentration, pressure, and temperature. There is very limited literature available on model development to understand the impacts of various input parameters on the products of HTG. This study presents development of a detailed process model for HTG and the illustration of process parameters on the gas product yields. The approach includes developing the system model, identifying the key process parameters in the reactor setup that affect syngas yield, and understanding the overall process in terms of final product yield. A simulation of hydrothermal gasification based on thermodynamic equilibrium is studied. Based on the developed process model about 52.1 t/day of hydrogen can be produced from 500 t/day of wet algal biomass. This shows the potential of large‐scale hydrogen production through this process for hydrogen economy. The results from this study could be used by the gas processing industry and policymakers to determine the most feasible means of converting biomass‐based resources into gaseous fuels.
Superhydrophobic Flexible Supercapacitors Formed by Integrating Hydrogel with Functional Carbon Nanomaterials
Authors: Wang Peng , Zhang Ximin , Duan Wei , Teng Wei , Liu Yibing , Xie Qing 
Published: December 2020

Main observation and conclusionWith the rapid development of the wearable electronics, the flexible supercapacitor with high energy density has attracted more and more attentions. From the viewpoint of outdoor and underwater application, this research tried to impart the superhydrophobicity to the flexible supercapacitors. The polyvinyl alcohol/HNO3 hydrogel was utilized as the electrolyte, which could achieve self‐healing capability without the freezing/thawing process. Both microscale graphene and nanoscale carbon nanotubes were utilized as the electrode materials. After surface modification, the hydrophobic suspension composed of graphene and carbon nanotubes was sprayed onto the two sides of hydrogel electrolyte to construct superhydrophobic electrode. Hence, the superhydrophobicity endows the supercapacitor with outstanding self‐cleaning performance. The all‐in‐one structure endows the supercapacitor with improved capacitive ability, outstanding flexibility, good anti‐abrasion property, and reliable self‐healing capability. The combination of superhydrophobicity and flexible energy storage might have a broad application for the outdoor and underwater wearable electronics applications.
Linking radial growth patterns and moderate‐severity disturbance dynamics in boreal old‐growth forests driven by recurrent insect outbreaks: A tale of opportunities, successes, and failures
Authors: Martin Maxence , Krause Cornélia , Morin Hubert 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn boreal landscapes, emphasis is currently placed on close‐to‐nature management strategies, which aim to maintain the biodiversity and ecosystem services related to old‐growth forests. The success of these strategies, however, depends on an accurate understanding of the dynamics within these forests. While moderate‐severity disturbances have recently been recognized as important drivers of boreal forests, little is known about their effects on stand structure and growth. This study therefore aimed to reconstruct the disturbance and postdisturbance dynamics in boreal old‐growth forests that are driven by recurrent moderate‐severity disturbances. We studied eight primary old‐growth forests in Québec, Canada, that have recorded recurrent and moderately severe spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) outbreaks over the 20th century. We applied an innovative dendrochronological approach based on the combined study of growth patterns and releases to reconstruct stand disturbance and postdisturbance dynamics. We identified nine growth patterns; they represented trees differing in age, size, and canopy layer. These patterns highlighted the ability of suppressed trees to rapidly fill gaps created by moderate‐severity disturbances through a single and significant increase in radial growth and height. Trees that are unable to attain the canopy following the disturbance tend to remain in the lower canopy layers, even if subsequent disturbances create new gaps. This combination of a low stand height typical of boreal forests, periodic disturbances, and rapid canopy closure often resulted in stands constituted mainly of dominant and codominant trees, similar to even‐aged forests. Overall, this study underscored the resistance of boreal old‐growth forests owing to their capacity to withstand repeated moderate‐severity disturbances. Moreover, the combined study of growth patterns and growth release demonstrated the efficacy of such an approach for improving the understanding of the fine‐scale dynamics of natural forests. The results of this research will thus help develop silvicultural practices that approximate the moderate‐severity disturbance dynamics observed in primary and old‐growth boreal forests.
Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, 1986‐2018
Authors: Saito Tomohiro , Kobayashi Koji , Kobayashi Kisho , Mochizuki Mie , Yagasaki Hideaki , Makino Koichi , Narusawa Hiromune , Watanabe Daisuke , Mitsui Yumiko , Sato Kazumasa , Sano Tomoaki , Ohta Masanori , Yokomichi Hiroshi , Amemiya Shin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionSeveral studies have examined the incidence of childhood T1DM in Japan from the 1970s onwards, but none have been long‐term studies using registration data. We estimate the incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) from 1986 to 2018 in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan.MethodsWe began a population‐based, long‐term study of childhood T1DM in 1986 involving every hospital paediatrics department in Yamanashi Prefecture. In the Prefecture, every child newly diagnosed with T1DM is referred to a hospital, and therefore, almost 100% of new patients aged <15 years are registered. We calculated the incidence of T1DM among children aged <15 years from 1986 to 2018. All cases met the Japan Diabetes Society diagnostic criteria and were tested for T1DM‐related autoantibodies whenever possible.ResultsNinety‐nine patients (44 boys and 55 girls) were newly diagnosed with T1DM. The annual incidence among 5‐ to 9‐year‐olds increased by 5.35% over the study period (95% confidence interval 2.34%‐8.35%, p = .0005), and there was a trend towards increasing 3‐year incidence (15.52% increase, p = .0516). There were also trends towards increasing annual and 3‐year incidence among 0‐ to 14‐year‐olds. However, there were no changes over time in annual or 3‐year incidence in the 0–4 year or 10–14 year age groups.ConclusionsThe incidence of T1DM in Yamanashi Prefecture increased among children aged 0‐14 years over the study period, with the most significant increase occurring among 5‐ to 9‐year‐olds. These data suggest that the number of children aged <15 years with T1DM is gradually increasing in one of the local prefectures in Japan, Yamanashi Prefecture and that the age of onset is decreasing.
Efficacy of environmental DNA sampling to detect the occurrence of endangered coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Mediterranean‐climate streams of California's central coast
Authors: Spence Brian C. , Rundio David E. , Demetras Nicholas J. , Sedoryk Maryna 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAnalysis of environmental DNA (eDNA) has emerged as an important tool for investigating the occurrence and distribution of fish and other species in aquatic environments. However, in lotic systems, uncertainty remains about how environmental factors influence the downstream transport, degradation, and dilution of eDNA, and hence how detection probability varies with distance from the eDNA source. We conducted cage experiments and paired eDNA and snorkel surveys to evaluate the potential for eDNA methods to detect endangered coho salmon in Mediterranean‐climate streams of the Santa Cruz Mountains, California. Juvenile coho salmon at two densities were placed in cages, and water samples were collected and analyzed (qPCR) at seven locations from 10 to 1,000 m downstream. Although we detected coho salmon eDNA up to 1,000 m downstream of the cage, the vast majority of detections were within 200 m, and detections at greater distances occurred only at the higher fish density. In field collections from 21 stream reaches across the Santa Cruz Mountains, eDNA methods and snorkeling produced identical outcomes in terms of reach‐level detection of coho salmon. Probability of occurrence in a water sample and detection in a qPCR replicate both increased with observed fish density; however, even at the lowest densities, a protocol of three water samples and two qPCR replicates resulted in a >90% cumulative probability of detection. Overall, our studies suggest that detection probability decreased rapidly with distance in Santa Cruz Mountain streams, likely because low stream discharges, slow transport velocities, and strong interaction between the water column and stream substrate result in rapid degradation or settling of eDNA. Our findings thus support the use of eDNA methods for detecting rare species, but also indicate that local conditions strongly influence transport dynamics and hence need to be considered when developing survey designs.
Quantifying the effects of long‐duration earthquake ground motions on the financial losses of steel moment resisting frame buildings of varying design risk category
Authors: Hwang Seong‐Hoon , Mangalathu Sujith , Jeon Jong‐Su 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the effect of ground motion duration on risks to life safety and costs associated with low‐to‐medium‐rise reference steel moment resisting frame buildings classified as risk categories II and IV. The ductile steel resisting frame buildings are designed in the downtown area of Seattle, Washington, where long‐duration earthquakes are more likely to occur. For this purpose, two sets of spectrally equivalent long‐ and short‐duration ground motions are employed to perform nonlinear dynamic analyses for two‐dimensional nonlinear structural models of the steel frame buildings. It is shown that the consideration of the effects of long‐duration ground motion significantly increases the collapse risk of the steel frame buildings, by a factor of about 5 on average, in comparison to the short‐duration set. The destabilizing P‐Delta effects are found to increasingly aggravate the influence of long‐duration earthquakes on the risk to life safety of the medium‐rise steel frame buildings. For frequently occurring ground motion intensities, reparable damage to nonstructural components holds most of the total expected economic seismic loss in the reference buildings, regardless of the ground motion set and assigned risk category. The influence of ground motion duration on the economic seismic loss in the steel frame buildings starts to become important for strong ground motions associated with design‐level earthquakes or higher.
Weed colonization‐based performance improvement opportunities in dual‐mixed refrigerant natural gas liquefaction process
Authors: Qyyum Muhammad Abdul , Qadeer Kinza , Khan Mohd Shariq , Naqvi Muhammad , Rehman Ali , Wang Li , Lee Moonyong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDual‐mixed refrigerant (DMR) process is a promising candidate for liquefying the natural gas (LNG) at onshore as well as offshore sites, thanks to its higher liquefaction capacity and flexibility in using full gas turbines. DMR involves two mixed refrigerant cycles to perform precooling and subcooling of natural gas (NG), and these refrigerant compositions need constant tweaking to match the ever‐changing NG cooling curve, as it is obtained from different gas fields. Mismatching of cooling curves often results in suboptimal operation, which ultimately leads to an increase in the overall energy consumption. Thus, this study is aimed at making DMR liquefaction operation close to optimal using the invasive‐weed paradigm. At first, the decision variables for performance improvement were determined using degrees of freedom analysis then through invasive‐weed paradigm the best set of parameters that results in minimal overall energy consumption were obtained. For the given set of conditions, it was found that after optimization, the DMR process can produce LNG using 16.2% less compression power compared to the published optimized DMR process. Taking into account the higher sensitivity of the DMR process against NG feed conditions, the IWO approach was also examined to find the multiple optimal solutions corresponding to different sets of feed conditions. The thermodynamic evaluation revealed that the mixed refrigerant involves in NG subcooling and interstage coolers have the highest level of exergy destruction. After successful performance improvement of the DMR process, it is also found that still, 62% improvement potential (based on avoidable/unavoidable exergy destruction analysis) is available in the DMR process that can be attained through either sole optimization or optimal retrofitting/revamping.