bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evaluation of the correct use and ease‐of use of the ELLIPTA DPI in children with asthma
Authors: Halverson Philip , Liem Joel , Heyes Logan , Preece Andy , Bareille Philippe , Rees Jamie , Jain Renu , Stanford Richard H. , Lenney Warren , Collison Kathryn , Sharma Raj 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRationaleAsthma studies show many children use inhalers incorrectly even after instruction. For two age groups of children with asthma, we determined the proportions who used the once‐daily ELLIPTA dry‐powder inhaler (DPI) correctly, and who found it easy to use.MethodsThis was a multicenter, single‐arm, stratified, open‐label, placebo study (NCT03478657). Children aged 5–7 and 8–11 years were trained in, and required to demonstrate, correct placebo ELLIPTA DPI use at their first clinic visit. The inhaler was used at home once daily for 28 ± 2 days. On returning to the clinic, children were randomized to an age‐appropriate, ease‐of‐use questionnaire that had been developed and validated previously, and which rated the inhaler as “easy” or “hard” to use. Following questionnaire completion, children were then asked to demonstrate correct inhaler use. Correct use and ease‐of use were assessed in each age group (co‐primary endpoints) and overall (secondary endpoints).ResultsOf 222 enrolled children, 221 completed the study. Among children aged 5–7 years, 92% (n = 81/88) demonstrated correct ELLIPTA use on their first attempt, compared with 93% (n = 124/133) aged 8–11 years. Of these children, 98% (5–7 years: n = 79/81; 8–11 years: n = 121/124) rated the inhaler easy to use. Overall, 93% (n = 205/221) demonstrated correct inhaler use on their first attempt, and 98% (n = 200/205) rated it easy to use.ConclusionELLIPTA DPI was used correctly and easily by most children on their first attempt without additional training.
Adolescents' experiences with patient engagement in respiratory medicine
Authors: Groot Barbara , Dedding Christine , Slob Elise , Maitland Henriette , Teunissen Truus , Rutjes Niels , Vijverberg Susanne 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveAdolescent engagement in decision‐making processes in health care and research in the field of chronic respiratory diseases is rare but increasingly recognized as important. The aim of this study was to reflect on adolescents' motives and experiences in the process of establishing an advisory council for adolescents with a chronic respiratory disease.MethodsA qualitative evaluation study was undertaken to assess the process of starting an advisory youth council in a tertiary hospital in the Netherlands. Data collection consisted of observations of council meetings, in‐depth interviews with youth council members, and moderated group discussions. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to explore the experiences of the council members (n = 9, aged 12–18 years, all with a chronic respiratory disease). Two‐hour council meetings took place in the hospital to provide solicited and unsolicited advice to improve research and care.ResultsThree themes were identified as motives for adolescents to engage in an advisory council: (1) experience of fun and becoming empowered by their illness; (2) the value of peer support and contact; and (3) being able to contribute to care and research. The council's output consisted of solicited advice on information leaflets for patients, study procedures, and dietary menu options for hospitalized children. The council struggled to have their unsolicited advice heard within the hospital.ConclusionsCouncil members experienced engagement as beneficial at the individual, group, and organizational levels. However, meaningful youth engagement requires connectedness with, and official support from, officials at all levels within an organization.
Climate change in healthcare: Exploring the potential role of inhaler prescribing
Authors: Starup‐Hansen Joachim , Dunne Henry , Sadler Jonathan , Jones Anna , Okorie Michael 
Published: October 2020

AbstractClimate change has been described as the biggest global health threat of the 21st century. As a result, governments around the world are committing to legislative change in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs). The healthcare sector makes a significant contribution to GHGEs and in line with national legislation in the UK, the NHS has recently committed to achieving net zero emissions by 2050. The management of asthma and COPD largely depends on the prescribing of medications that are delivered through inhalers. In the UK, the use of pressurized metered dose inhalers (pMDIs), which rely on hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) propellants accounts for 3.5% of the NHS’s total carbon footprint. In contrast, dry powder inhalers (DPIs) have a much lower carbon footprint due to the absence of a HFC propellant. Here we review evidence of the impact of inhaler choices across four domains: environmental impact, clinical effectiveness, cost effectiveness and patient preferences. We find that as well as a lower global‐warming potential, DPIs have additional benefits over pMDIs in other domains and should be considered first line where clinically appropriate.
Homogeneous Base‐Free Oxidation of 5‐Hydroxymethyfufural to 2, 5‐Furandicarboxylic Acid over Au/Mg(OH)2 Catalysts
Authors: Cai Chiliu , Xu Jiangong , Wang Haiyong , Xin Haosheng , Zhang Qi , Wang Chenguang , Ma Longlong , Liu Qiying 
Published: October 2020

Abstract2, 5‐Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) obtained from selective 5‐hydroxymethyfufural (HMF) oxidation is an important biodegradable polyester monomer and its production strongly depends on homogeneous base additives. The production of FDCA over solid base catalyst is green and environment‐friendly. Herein, Au/Mg(OH)2 as the metal‐solid base catalyst, was prepared by a simple colloidal method and applied to the oxidation of HMF. Detailed characterizations (XRD, TEM, XPS, TGA, CO2‐TPD, etc.) were performed to uncover the structure‐activity relationship of the catalyst. 92.6 % yield of FDCA was achieved under the optimal reaction condition. Moreover, a plausible mechanism for HMF oxidation over the metal‐solid base catalyst was proposed by combining the surface properties of catalyst with the oxidation reaction results.
Role of smart concrete in strain sensing and structural properties of reinforced concrete beam
Authors: Cholker Arvind Kumar , Tantray Manzoor Ahmad 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPresent work demonstrates the experimental investigation on four large scale reinforced concrete (RC) beams cast with and without smart concrete to study strain and damage sensing properties (for health monitoring), effect of carbon fiber (CF) on ultimate strength, crack pattern, and stiffness response under monotonically increased loading. A total of four beams, one without and three with smart concrete (CF‐based concrete) having similar dimensions, similar percentage of reinforcement, similar aspect ratio, same grade of steel but having variable strengths of concrete were cast and tested for evaluating above said properties. Micro CFs were placed only in mid‐span region for a length of 350 mm and a depth of 55.5 mm at top and bottom surface of the beam from economical point of view for health monitoring. From obtained experimental results, it was found that RC beam embedded with smart concrete can be used for structural health monitoring (SHM) and obtained fractional change in resistance of smart concrete can be corelated with compressive strain in concrete and tensile strain in steel up to good extent. Along with strain and damage sensing properties, the effect of smart concrete on structural properties is also reported and it was found that, apart from showing positive results for SHM, it also increases ultimate strength carrying capacity of the same RC beam. Also the experimentally obtained ultimate strength values were compared with theoretical predicted values using IS456‐2000, ACI 318–11, and CSA A23.3–04 codes.
Impacts of ammonia loading and biofilm age on the prevalence of nitrogen‐cycling microorganisms in a full‐scale submerged attached‐growth reactor
Authors: Zhao Weilun , Vermace Rebecca R. , Mattes Timothy E. , Just Craig 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study reports the impacts of seasonal ammonia load changes and biofilm age on the quantity of biomass and on the prevalence of ammonia‐ and nitrite‐metabolizing organisms within a submerged attached‐growth reactor (SAGR™) following lagoon treatment. Ammonia (NH3) loadings (0.12–3.17 kg/d) in the primary SAGR were measured over 223 days from May to December in 2017. Adjustment of the wastewater flow path on September 1 successfully increased NH3 loading to the primary SAGR, which subsequently caused reactor biomass to increase. The NH3 removal rate in October (0.5 kg/d) was greater than rates in June and July (0.3 and 0.2 kg/d) despite a water temperature decrease from >24 to 15.6°C. This elevated removal rate in October, and the sustained removal rate in December (0.4 kg/d, 5.3°C) were associated with a measured increase in microbial biomass. The relative abundance of the anammox organism C. Brocadia was 5 times greater in the mature biofilm after 686 days of growth, and the genus Pseudomonas increased sevenfold. The presence of Pseudomonas, which contains denitrifying species, and anammox suggests a high potential for removal of total nitrogen in SAGRs.Practitioner points

Pseudomonas prevalence and the presence of anammox suggest a high potential for total nitrogen removal in mature SAGR biofilms.

The abundance of the anammox microorganism C. Brocadia was greater after 686 days of biofilm growth compared with 33 days.

Simple operational changes can increase biomass in the SAGR to maintain, or even increase, NH3 transformation rates during cold weather.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Hungary
Authors: Juhász Gábor 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGiven the recent salience of anti-immigrant propaganda and politics in Hungary, the inclusiveness of the Hungarian social legislation towards individuals in a situation of international mobility is a particularly relevant topic. The first section of this chapter gives an overview of the Hungarian welfare system and the main migration feature in the country. The second section closely examines differences in terms of access of nationals and non-nationals to social security benefits. The third section demonstrates that, despite negative public attitude to migration and anti-migration government measures, the Hungarian social legislation is not particularly restrictive concerning migrants’ entitlement to social security benefits. We conclude that it is probably due to the filtering effect of contributory benefits that dominate the Hungarian welfare system and prevent gaining access to the most essential benefits without work. At the same time, the chapter identifies several obstacles that foreign (and particularly non-EU) residents face when trying to access social security benefits in Hungary.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Italy
Authors: Chiaromonte William 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter presents the main characteristics of the Italian social security system, on the one hand, and Italian migration history and key policy developments, on the other hand, in order to analyze the principal eligibility conditions for accessing social benefits (unemployment, health care, pensions, family benefits and guaranteed minimum resources) for national residents, non-national residents and non-resident nationals.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Latvia
Authors: Kamenska Anhelita , Tumule Jekaterina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses the link between migration and welfare in Latvia. In general, the Latvian social security system may be described as a mixture of elements taken from the basic security (where eligibility is based on contributions or residency, and flat-rate benefits are provided) and corporatist (with eligibility based on labour force participation and earnings-related benefits) models. The country has experienced significant social policy and migration-related changed during the past decades. This chapter focuses on the current Latvian legislation, by closely examining the differential access to social protection benefits of resident nationals, foreigners living in Latvia and Latvian citizens residing abroad across five core policy areas: unemployment, health care, pensions, family benefits and social assistance. Our results show that the Latvian social security benefits are generally based on the principle of employment, social insurance contributions, and permanent residence. Most of the social benefits and services are available to socially insured permanent residents. At the same time, the state offers minimum protection to non-insured permanent residents. Foreigners with temporary residence permits who are not socially insured are the least socially protected group.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Belgium
Authors: Melin Pauline 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAccess to social benefits in Belgium is not conditional upon nationality but rather on periods of insurance to the Belgian social security system. Despite the lack of nationality conditions, a number of social benefits are made conditional upon residence of the beneficiary in Belgium. Consequently, even though the Belgian social security system appears, at first sight, as neutral regarding the migration trajectory of its beneficiaries, it might be more difficult for migrants to access, retain and export social security benefits from Belgium when compared to resident nationals. This chapter thus compares the conditions of access to social benefits for nationals and non-nationals residing in Belgium, as well as Belgian citizens residing abroad. It aims to analyse whether migration decisions impact access to and retention of social security benefits. More particularly, the analysis focuses on access to unemployment benefits, healthcare, old-age pensions, family benefits and guaranteed minimum income. Finally, this chapter also questions whether access to social benefits might have a consequence for the residence status of non-nationals in Belgium.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Croatia
Authors: Špadina Helga 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter focuses on migrants’ access to social protection in Croatia by providing an in-depth analysis of social entitlements in the area of family benefits, pension insurance, unemployment benefits, health care and social welfare benefits. By highlighting the partial harmonization of the national social legislation to the EU acquis, the chapter puts forward the still limited scope of social rights of EU nationals, even several years after Croatia’s accession to the EU. Non-EU nationals have even more limited access to social rights, and they do not enjoy the full scope of family benefits, the right to social housing or other specific social rights, including unemployment benefits and contributory pensions. The chapter also sheds light to on-going discussions on reform of the social system in Croatia, with possible changes of the entitlement to the national pension and family benefits reform.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in the Czech Republic
Authors: Koldinská Kristina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses the Czech social security system from the perspective of migrant workers and their families. The Czech Republic is a central European country whose population is quite homogeneous, so its migration policy is not a very welcoming one. Access to social security benefits for third-country nationals is connected to long-term residence. EU citizens have equal access to social benefits as Czech nationals. The chapter explains basic characteristics of the Czech social protection system (unemployment benefits, health care system, pension insurance, family benefits and social assistance benefits), with a special emphasis on accessibility for migrant workers and their families.
Do EU Member States Care About their Diasporas’ Access to Social Protection? A Comparison of Consular and Diaspora Policies across EU27
Authors: Lafleur Jean-Michel , Vintila Daniela 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDespite the growing literature on sending states’ engagement with their populations abroad, little is known so far about their role in helping the diaspora deal with social risks. As argued in this chapter, this is mainly because past studies on sending states’ policies and institutions for the diaspora have failed to systematically focus on social protection, while also ignoring that regional integration dynamics often constrain domestic responses to the welfare needs of nationals residing abroad. This volume aims to fill this research gap by comparatively examining the type of diaspora infrastructure through which EU Member States address the vulnerabilities faced by populations abroad in five core areas of social protection: health care, pensions, family, unemployment, and economic hardship. Drawing on data from two original surveys with national experts, we operationalize the concepts of descriptive infrastructure for non-residents (i.e. the presence of diaspora-related institutions) and substantive infrastructure (i.e. policies that provide and facilitate access to welfare for nationals abroad) in order to propose a new typology of states’ engagement with their diaspora in the area of social protection.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Finnish Citizens Abroad
Authors: Malin Maili 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWith 1.6 million Finnish-origin individuals abroad, the focus in Finland has traditionally been on Finnish cultural associations and educational programmes over any other type of engagement with this population. This chapter provides an overview of Finland’s diaspora policies, with a focus on social protection. It shows that Finland does not have a specific global policy of supporting Finns abroad, but rather a regional approach with Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden). Similarly, this chapter shows that Finland has a somewhat decentralized approach to diaspora engagement by which its strong network of non-profit organizations abroad perform a role traditionally given to public authorities in the area of social protection and consultation. The diaspora policy of the Finnish Government could be characterised as reactionary, since Finnish missions increasingly help Finnish tourists abroad. A strong Nordic cooperation in the field of social protection has widened after huge immigration of Finnish people to Sweden, and bilateral social agreements have been established with countries where Finns have immigrated historically like the United States and Australia.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for French Citizens Abroad
Authors: Arrighi Jean-Thomas , Lafleur Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhile predominantly a country of immigration, France also counts with a sizeable population of citizens abroad of around three million individuals (4% of the domestic population). This chapter provides a general overview of France’s diaspora institutions, consular policies and social protection policies for citizens abroad. It describes in detail expatriates’ conditions of eligibility and access to welfare in the areas of unemployment, health care, pensions, family benefits and economic hardship. It shows that France, by European standards, has a comparatively strong level of engagement with its expatriates, particularly in the areas of electoral rights, culture and social protection. This must be understood in the light of France’s colonial history, its continued ambition to be a global actor, and its well-developed domestic welfare state that has increasingly become de-territorialised.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Latvian Citizens Abroad
Authors: Lulle Aija 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter shows that Latvia is a country whose diaspora policies are shaped by ethnic identity arguments that introduce some differences of treatment between two categories of individuals residing abroad: citizens and the specific category of Russian-origin “non-citizens”. We show that, because most of diaspora concentrates in Western destination countries with strong welfare states, Latvia has little incentives to act in this area. Social protection policies in Latvia are mainly related to repatriation support. Repatriation is understood as help to return for those, mainly ethnic Latvians, who left the country before 1990s. Support for recent emigrants is limited to consular support, gradual extension of opportunities to vote from abroad, language training, weekend schools. In 2018, the first pilot programme was carried out to provide information support for return migrants under the umbrella of regional development vision in Latvia.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Lithuanian Citizens Abroad
Authors: Gudelis Dangis , Klimavičiūtė Luka 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAlthough the Lithuanian Government has an active programme (Global Lithuania) to engage with citizens residing abroad, there is a lack of social protection policies for non-resident nationals who are facing economic difficulties. This is due to the public opinion that Lithuanians abroad are in a better financial position to contribute rather than benefit from the already limited state budget. Nevertheless, some assistance exists in the area of health care: Lithuanian consulates help Lithuanians abroad with evacuations or if they get into an accident and wish to return to Lithuania. Consulates also assist emigrants with the receipt of pensions and family-related documents.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Dutch Citizens Abroad
Authors: Jansen Joost , Goverts Robbert 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the Dutch diaspora policy infrastructure and key policies (e.g. cultural, economic, and political) implemented in the Netherlands. While presenting some key characteristics of the (history of the) Dutch diaspora, it also discusses a recent controversy over dual citizenship, which provides a relevant context to analyse the architecture of diaspora engagement policies in the Netherlands. Subsequently, we discuss the degree to which the Netherlands implements social protection policies that aim to provide assistance to Dutch nationals residing abroad. Overall, we show that the Netherlands is characterized by a political climate that prioritizes immigration policies over emigration policies and also appeals to individual responsibility whether it concerns Dutch citizens living in the Netherlands or abroad.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Polish Citizens Abroad
Authors: Lesińska Magdalena , Wróbel Izabela 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to case of Polish diaspora and current diaspora policies and social protection of Poles abroad. The first part presents the general overview of Polish diaspora and its diversification. The second part describes the institutional framework, general strategy and concrete activities the Polish state offers its citizens and persons of Polish origin residing abroad, such as voting rights, repatriation and return, and education. The main part of the chapter focuses on diaspora policies and social protection activities in five areas: unemployment, health care, pensions, family benefits and guaranteed minimum resources. Overall, we show that the main goal of Polish diaspora policies is to consolidate the diversified and dispersed Polish communities abroad and strengthen the cultural links with the country of origin. The priority of diaspora policies is thus to maintain national identity and promotion of Polish language and culture among Poles residing in other countries.