bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Subgrain‐Size Piezometer Calibrated for EBSD
Authors: Goddard R. M. , Hansen L. N. , Wallis D. , Stipp M. , Holyoke C. W. , Kumamoto K. M. , Kohlstedt D. L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe calibrate a subgrain‐size piezometer using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data collected from experimentally deformed samples of olivine and quartz. Systematic analyses of angular and spatial resolution test the suitability of each data set for inclusion in calibration of the subgrain‐size piezometer. To identify subgrain boundaries, we consider a range of critical misorientation angles and conclude that a 1° threshold provides the optimal piezometric calibration. The mean line‐intercept length, equivalent to the subgrain‐size, is found to be inversely proportional to the von Mises equivalent stress for data sets both with and without the correction of Holyoke and Kronenberg (2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.08.001). These new piezometers provide stress estimates from EBSD analyses of polymineralic rocks without the need to discriminate between relict and recrystallized grains and therefore greatly increase the range of rocks that may be used to constrain geodynamic models.
Enhanced Meiyu‐Baiu Rainfall in Early Summer 2020: Aftermath of the 2019 Super IOD Event
Authors: Takaya Yuhei , Ishikawa Ichiro , Kobayashi Chiaki , Endo Hirokazu , Ose Tomoaki 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn early summer 2020, the Meiyu‐Baiu rainfall was markedly enhanced, triggering devastating floods in Japan and central China. We examined the underlying processes using a climate model and analysis. The enhanced Meiyu‐Baiu rainfall was reasonably predicted by the climate model initialized at the end of April. The sensitivity experiment indicated that Indian Ocean (IO) warming enhanced the Meiyu‐Baiu rainfall. Moreover, we found that the warm IO condition can be traced back to the super Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) in 2019. The IO warmth was influenced by successive processes: record strong downwelling Rossby waves excited by the IOD and tripole sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical IO‐western Pacific, their arrival to the southwestern IO in spring, and associated modulation of monsoon flow. The results suggest that the seasonal predictability of the Meiyu‐Baiu rainfall in 2020 originated from the super IOD.
Colocated Observations of the E and F Region Thermosphere During a Substorm
Authors: Billett D. D. , McWilliams K. A. , Conde M. G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTwo‐dimensional thermospheric wind fields, at both E and F region altitudes within a common vertical volume, were made using a Scanning Doppler Imager (SDI) at Poker Flat, Alaska, during a substorm event. Coinciding with these observations were F region plasma velocity measurements from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) and estimations of the total downward and upward field‐aligned current density from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE). This combination of instruments gives an excellent opportunity to examine the spatial characteristics of high‐latitude ionosphere‐thermosphere coupling and how a process which is triggered in the magnetosphere (the substorm) affects that coupling at different altitudes. We find that during the substorm growth phase, the F region thermospheric winds respond readily to an expanding ionospheric plasma convection pattern, while the E region winds appear to take a much longer period of time. The differing response timescales of the E and F region winds are likely due to differences in neutral density at those altitudes, resulting in E region neutrals being much more “sluggish” with regard to ion drag. We also observe increases in the F region neutral temperature, associated with neutral winds accelerating during both substorm growth and recovery phases.
Antenatal corticosteroids: a reappraisal of the drug formulation and dose
Authors: Jobe Alan H. , Kemp Matthew , Schmidt Augusto , Takahashi Tsukasa , Newnham John , Milad Mark 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe review the history of antenatal corticosteroid therapy (ACS) and present recent experimental data to demonstrate that this, one of the pillars of perinatal care, has been inadequately evaluated to minimize fetal exposure to these powerful medications. There have been concerns since 1972 that fetal exposures to ACS convey risk. However, this developmental modulator, with its multiple widespread biologic effects, has not been evaluated for drug choice, dose, or duration of treatment, despite over 30 randomized trials. The treatment used in the United States is two intramuscular doses of a mixture of 6 mg betamethasone phosphate (Beta P) and 6 mg betamethasone acetate (Beta Ac). To optimize outcomes with ACS, the goal should be to minimize fetal drug exposure. We have determined that the minimum exposure needed for fetal lung maturation in sheep, monkeys, and humans (based on published cord blood corticosteroid concentrations) is about 1 ng/ml for a 48-h continuous exposure, far lower than the concentration reached by the current dosing. Because the slowly released Beta Ac results in prolonged fetal exposure, a drug containing Beta Ac is not ideal for ACS use.ImpactUsing sheep and monkey models, we have defined the minimum corticosteroid exposure for a fetal lung maturation.These results should generate new clinical trials of antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) at much lower fetal exposures to ACS, possibly given orally, with fewer risks for the fetus.
Examining cognitive change in magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound capsulotomy for psychiatric illness
Authors: Davidson Benjamin , Hamani Clement , Meng Ying , Baskaran Anusha , Sharma Sachie , Abrahao Agessandro , Richter Margaret Anne , Levitt Anthony , Giacobbe Peter , Lipsman Nir , Rabin Jennifer S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMagnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) anterior capsulotomy is a novel treatment option for patients with refractory obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) or major depressive disorder (MDD). However, there is concern that lesional psychiatric surgery procedures may have adverse effects on cognition. In this study, we examined whether MRgFUS capsulotomy causes cognitive decline in patients with psychiatric illness. Ten patients with refractory OCD (n = 5) or MDD (n = 5) underwent MRgFUS capsulotomy. Cognitive functioning was measured at baseline as well as 6 months and 12 months postoperatively, with a battery of neuropsychological tests assessing domains of executive function, memory, and processing speed. Scores were analyzed at the individual-level, and changes ≥2 standard deviations were considered clinically significant. We also examined whether changes in clinical symptoms were associated with changes in cognitive performance. At baseline intellectual functioning was in the average to high-average range for the group. Following MRgFUS capsulotomy, there were no deteriorations in cognition that reached ≥2 standard deviations at 6 or 12 months. Eight out of ten patients demonstrated a ≥2 standard deviation improvement in at least one cognitive score at 6 or 12 months postoperatively. Improvements in clinical symptoms correlated significantly with self-reported improvements in frontal lobe function (p < 0.05), but not with objective measures of cognitive functioning. To summarize, MRgFUS capsulotomy did not result in cognitive decline in this cohort of patients with refractory OCD or MDD, suggesting that this procedure can be offered to patients with a very low risk of cognitive side effects.
Cancer cell metabolic reprogramming: a keystone for the response to immunotherapy
Authors: Cerezo Michaël , Rocchi Stéphane 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBy targeting the tumor microenvironment to stimulate antitumor immunity, immunotherapies have revolutionized cancer treatment. However, many patients do not respond initially or develop secondary resistance. Based on the limited resources in the tumor microenvironment and competition between tumor and immune cells, the field of immune metabolism has produced extensive knowledge showing that targeting metabolism could help to modulate antitumor immunity. However, among all the different potentially targetable metabolic pathways, it remains unclear which have more potential to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Here, we explore metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells, which might inhibit antitumor immunity, and strategies that can be used to favor the antitumor response.
IL-22 ameliorates LPS-induced acute liver injury by autophagy activation through ATF4-ATG7 signaling
Authors: Shao Lujing , Xiong Xi , Zhang Yucai , Miao Huijie , Ren Yuqian , Tang Xiaomeng , Song Jia , Wang Chunxia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUncontrollable inflammatory response acts as a driver of sepsis-associated liver injury (SALI). IL-22 plays an important role in regulating inflammatory responses, but its role in SALI remains unknown. The aim of the study was to assess the association of serum IL-22 with SALI in pediatric patients and to enclose the underlying mechanisms of IL-22 involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - induced acute liver injury (ALI) in mice. Serum IL-22 levels in patients with SALI were significantly lower than in septic patients without liver injury, and the area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of IL-22 for discriminating SALI was 0.765 (95% CI: 0.593–0.937). Pre-administration of recombinant murine IL-22 alleviated LPS-induced ALI in mice, and serum IL-6 levels and the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in livers were decreased in response to IL-22 pre-treatment in mice. More importantly, IL-22 pre-treatment activated hepatic autophagy mediated by activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-autophagy-related gene 7 (ATG7) signaling in vivo and in vitro in response to LPS administration. Moreover, knockdown of ATF4 in mice aggravated LPS-induced ALI, which was associated with suppressed ATG7-related autophagy. In addition, the protective effects of IL-22 on LPS-induced ALI was partially blocked by ATF4 knockdown, which was associated with lower expression of LC3II/I in the livers of ATF4 knockdown (HT or Atf4+/−) mice compared with wild-type mice (WT or Atf4+/+) mice. In conclusion, low serum IL-22 level is associated with SALI occurrence, and IL-22 pre-administration activates autophagy in hepatocytes and protects mice against LPS-induced ALI partially related to ATF4-ATG7 signaling pathway.
MAVS is energized by Mff which senses mitochondrial metabolism via AMPK for acute antiviral immunity
Authors: Hanada Yuki , Ishihara Naotada , Wang Lixiang , Otera Hidenori , Ishihara Takaya , Koshiba Takumi , Mihara Katsuyoshi , Ogawa Yoshihiro , Nomura Masatoshi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMitochondria are multifunctional organelles that produce energy and are critical for various signaling pathways. Mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein essential for the anti-RNA viral immune response, which is regulated by mitochondrial dynamics and energetics; however, the molecular link between mitochondrial metabolism and immunity is unclear. Here we show in cultured mammalian cells that MAVS is activated by mitochondrial fission factor (Mff), which senses mitochondrial energy status. Mff mediates the formation of active MAVS clusters on mitochondria, independent of mitochondrial fission and dynamin-related protein 1. Under mitochondrial dysfunction, Mff is phosphorylated by the cellular energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), leading to the disorganization of MAVS clusters and repression of the acute antiviral response. Mff also contributes to immune tolerance during chronic infection by disrupting the mitochondrial MAVS clusters. Taken together, Mff has a critical function in MAVS-mediated innate immunity, by sensing mitochondrial energy metabolism via AMPK signaling.
The cryo-EM structure of a γ-TuSC elucidates architecture and regulation of minimal microtubule nucleation systems
Authors: Zupa Erik , Zheng Anjun , Neuner Annett , Würtz Martin , Liu Peng , Böhler Anna , Schiebel Elmar , Pfeffer Stefan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe nucleation of microtubules from αβ-tubulin subunits is mediated by γ-tubulin complexes, which vary in composition across organisms. Aiming to understand how de novo microtubule formation is achieved and regulated by a minimal microtubule nucleation system, we here determined the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the heterotetrameric γ-tubulin small complex (γ-TuSC) from C. albicans at near-atomic resolution. Compared to the vertebrate γ-tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC), we observed a vastly remodeled interface between the SPC/GCP-γ-tubulin spokes, which stabilizes the complex and defines the γ-tubulin arrangement. The relative positioning of γ-tubulin subunits indicates that a conformational rearrangement of the complex is required for microtubule nucleation activity, which follows opposing directionality as predicted for the vertebrate γ-TuRC. Collectively, our data suggest that the assembly and regulation mechanisms of γ-tubulin complexes fundamentally differ between the microtubule nucleation systems in lower and higher eukaryotes.
Electrochemical deposition of N-heterocyclic carbene monolayers on metal surfaces
Authors: Amit Einav , Dery Linoy , Dery Shahar , Kim Suhong , Roy Anirban , Hu Qichi , Gutkin Vitaly , Eisenberg Helen , Stein Tamar , Mandler Daniel , Dean Toste F. , Gross Elad 
Published: November 2020

AbstractN-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been widely utilized for the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various surfaces. The main methodologies for preparation of NHCs-based SAMs either requires inert atmosphere and strong base for deprotonation of imidazolium precursors or the use of specifically-synthesized precursors such as NHC(H)[HCO3] salts or NHC–CO2 adducts. Herein, we demonstrate an electrochemical approach for surface-anchoring of NHCs which overcomes the need for dry environment, addition of exogenous strong base or restricting synthetic steps. In the electrochemical deposition, water reduction reaction is used to generate high concentration of hydroxide ions in proximity to a metal electrode. Imidazolium cations were deprotonated by hydroxide ions, leading to carbenes formation that self-assembled on the electrode’s surface. SAMs of NO2-functionalized NHCs and dimethyl-benzimidazole were electrochemically deposited on Au films. SAMs of NHCs were also electrochemically deposited on Pt, Pd and Ag films, demonstrating the wide metal scope of this deposition technique.
Organized cannabinoid receptor distribution in neurons revealed by super-resolution fluorescence imaging
Authors: Li Hui , Yang Jie , Tian Cuiping , Diao Min , Wang Quan , Zhao Simeng , Li Shanshan , Tan Fangzhi , Hua Tian , Qin Ya , Lin Chao-Po , Deska-Gauthier Dylan , Thompson Garth J. , Zhang Ying , Shui Wenqing , Liu Zhi-Jie , Wang Tong , Zhong Guisheng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractG-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play important roles in cellular functions. However, their intracellular organization is largely unknown. Through investigation of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), we discovered periodically repeating clusters of CB1 hotspots within the axons of neurons. We observed these CB1 hotspots interact with the membrane-associated periodic skeleton (MPS) forming a complex crucial in the regulation of CB1 signaling. Furthermore, we found that CB1 hotspot periodicity increased upon CB1 agonist application, and these activated CB1 displayed less dynamic movement compared to non-activated CB1. Our results suggest that CB1 forms periodic hotspots organized by the MPS as a mechanism to increase signaling efficacy upon activation.
TranSPHIRE: automated and feedback-optimized on-the-fly processing for cryo-EM
Authors: Stabrin Markus , Schoenfeld Fabian , Wagner Thorsten , Pospich Sabrina , Gatsogiannis Christos , Raunser Stefan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSingle particle cryo-EM requires full automation to allow high-throughput structure determination. Although software packages exist where parts of the cryo-EM pipeline are automated, a complete solution that offers reliable on-the-fly processing, resulting in high-resolution structures, does not exist. Here we present TranSPHIRE: A software package for fully-automated processing of cryo-EM datasets during data acquisition. TranSPHIRE transfers data from the microscope, automatically applies the common pre-processing steps, picks particles, performs 2D clustering, and 3D refinement parallel to image recording. Importantly, TranSPHIRE introduces a machine learning-based feedback loop to re-train its picking model to adapt to any given data set live during processing. This elegant approach enables TranSPHIRE to process data more effectively, producing high-quality particle stacks. TranSPHIRE collects and displays all metrics and microscope settings to allow users to quickly evaluate data during acquisition. TranSPHIRE can run on a single work station and also includes the automated processing of filaments.
The auxin-inducible degron 2 technology provides sharp degradation control in yeast, mammalian cells, and mice
Authors: Yesbolatova Aisha , Saito Yuichiro , Kitamoto Naomi , Makino-Itou Hatsune , Ajima Rieko , Nakano Risako , Nakaoka Hirofumi , Fukui Kosuke , Gamo Kanae , Tominari Yusuke , Takeuchi Haruki , Saga Yumiko , Hayashi Ken-ichiro , Kanemaki Masato T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractProtein knockdown using the auxin-inducible degron (AID) technology is useful to study protein function in living cells because it induces rapid depletion, which makes it possible to observe an immediate phenotype. However, the current AID system has two major drawbacks: leaky degradation and the requirement for a high dose of auxin. These negative features make it difficult to control precisely the expression level of a protein of interest in living cells and to apply this method to mice. Here, we overcome these problems by taking advantage of a bump-and-hole approach to establish the AID version 2 (AID2) system. AID2, which employs an OsTIR1(F74G) mutant and a ligand, 5-Ph-IAA, shows no detectable leaky degradation, requires a 670-times lower ligand concentration, and achieves even quicker degradation than the conventional AID. We demonstrate successful generation of human cell mutants for genes that were previously difficult to deal with, and show that AID2 achieves rapid target depletion not only in yeast and mammalian cells, but also in mice.
Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in three children of parents with symptomatic COVID-19
Authors: Tosif Shidan , Neeland Melanie R. , Sutton Philip , Licciardi Paul V. , Sarkar Sohinee , Selva Kevin J. , Do Lien Anh Ha , Donato Celeste , Quan Toh Zheng , Higgins Rachel , Van de Sandt Carolien , Lemke Melissa M. , Lee Christina Y. , Shoffner Suzanne K. , Flanagan Katie L. , Arnold Kelly B. , Mordant Francesca L. , Mulholland Kim , Bines Julie , Dohle Kate , Pellicci Daniel G. , Curtis Nigel , McNab Sarah , Steer Andrew , Saffery Richard , Subbarao Kanta , Chung Amy W. , Kedzierska Katherine , Burgner David P. , Crawford Nigel W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCompared to adults, children with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have predominantly mild or asymptomatic infections, but the underlying immunological differences remain unclear. Here, we describe clinical features, virology, longitudinal cellular, and cytokine immune profile, SARS-CoV-2-specific serology and salivary antibody responses in a family of two parents with PCR-confirmed symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and their three children, who tested repeatedly SARS-CoV-2 PCR negative. Cellular immune profiles and cytokine responses of all children are similar to their parents at all timepoints. All family members have salivary anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies detected, predominantly IgA, that coincide with symptom resolution in 3 of 4 symptomatic members. Plasma from both parents and one child have IgG antibody against the S1 protein and virus-neutralizing activity detected. Using a systems serology approach, we demonstrate higher levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody features of these family members compared to healthy controls. These data indicate that children can mount an immune response to SARS-CoV-2 without virological confirmation of infection, raising the possibility that immunity in children can prevent the establishment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Relying on routine virological and serological testing may not identify exposed children, with implications for epidemiological and clinical studies across the life-span.
Review of corrosion interactions between different materials relevant to disposal of high-level nuclear waste
Authors: Guo Xiaolei , Gin Stephane , Frankel Gerald S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis review covers the corrosion interactions between different materials that are relevant to the disposal of high-level nuclear waste, in particular the waste forms and containers. The materials of interest are borosilicate glass, crystalline ceramics, metal alloys, and any corrosion products that might form. The available data show that these interactions depend on the structure, chemistry, thermodynamic history, and proximity of the materials in contact, as well as the environmental attributes, such as temperature, solution chemistry, and radiation. Several key mechanisms that govern these interactions are highlighted. Scientific gaps and open questions are summarized and discussed.
A band-gap database for semiconducting inorganic materials calculated with hybrid functional
Authors: Kim Sangtae , Lee Miso , Hong Changho , Yoon Youngchae , An Hyungmin , Lee Dongheon , Jeong Wonseok , Yoo Dongsun , Kang Youngho , Youn Yong , Han Seungwu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSemiconducting inorganic materials with band gaps ranging between 0 and 5 eV constitute major components in electronic, optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices. Since the band gap is a primary material property that affects the device performance, large band-gap databases are useful in selecting optimal materials in each application. While there exist several band-gap databases that are theoretically compiled by density-functional-theory calculations, they suffer from computational limitations such as band-gap underestimation and metastable magnetism. In this data descriptor, we present a computational database of band gaps for 10,481 materials compiled by applying a hybrid functional and considering the stable magnetic ordering. For benchmark materials, the root-mean-square error in reference to experimental data is 0.36 eV, significantly smaller than 0.75–1.05 eV in the existing databases. Furthermore, we identify many small-gap materials that are misclassified as metals in other databases. By providing accurate band gaps, the present database will be useful in screening materials in diverse applications.