bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluid-gravity correspondence in the scalar-tensor theory of gravity: (in)equivalence of Einstein and Jordan frames
Authors: Bhattacharya Krishnakanta , Majhi Bibhas Ranjan , Singleton Douglas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The duality of gravitational dynamics (projected on a null hypersurface) and of fluid dynamics is investigated for the scalar tensor (ST) theory of gravity. The description of ST gravity, in both Einstein and Jordan frames, is analyzed from fluid-gravity viewpoint. In the Einstein frame the dynamical equation for the metric leads to the Damour-Navier- Stokes (DNS) equation with an external forcing term, coming from the scalar field in ST gravity. In the Jordan frame the situation is more subtle. We observe that finding the DNS equation in this frame can lead to two pictures. In one picture, the usual DNS equation is modified by a Coriolis-like force term, which originates completely from the presence of a non-minimally coupled scalar field (ϕ) on the gravity side. Moreover, the identified fluid variables are no longer conformally equivalent with those in the Einstein frame. However, this picture is consistent with the saturation of Kovtun-Son-Starinets (KSS) bound. In the other picture, we find the standard DNS equation (i.e. without the Coriolis-like force), with the fluid variables conformally equivalent with those in Einstein frame. But, the second picture, may not agree with the KSS bound for some values of ϕ. We conclude by rewriting the Raychaudhuri equation and the tidal force equation in terms of the relevant parameters to demonstrate how the expansion scalar and the shear-tensor evolve in the spacetime. Although, the area law of entropy is broken in ST gravity, we show that the rewritten form of Raychaudhuri’s equation correctly results in the generalized second law of black hole thermodynamics.
Cutting model parameters from frame sawing of natural and impregnated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
Authors: Sinn Gerhard , Chuchała Daniel , Orlowski Kazimierz A. , Taube Piotr 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, absolute and density normalized cutting model parameters of natural and impregnated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) are shown and a method for the calculation of their corresponding material properties in the principal material directions of wood is presented. The parameters were determined from measurements of cutting power on a sash gang saw, and are in detail the fracture toughness and the shear yield strength of wood. The cutting model used for fitting the data and calculating the parameters is based on a minimum energy criterion originally developed to describe an orthogonal single tooth cutting process where the chip of an isotropic material is built by shear. The effects of impregnation on wood are clearly visible in cutting power and model parameters, where for large chips less power is required compared to natural wood. Impregnated pine wood shows a reduced value of shear yield strength compared to natural pine whilst the correlated fracture toughness increased. The observed behavior might be explained by a lower moisture content of the impregnated pine compared to natural wood. Orthotropic fracture toughness and shear yield strength constants of natural and impregnated Scots pine might be used to predict cutting power for other cutting geometries and processes like circular sawing.
Gut microbiota and undigested food constituents modify toxin composition and suppress the genotoxicity of a naturally occurring mixture of Alternaria toxins in vitro
Authors: Crudo Francesco , Aichinger Georg , Mihajlovic Jovana , Dellafiora Luca , Varga Elisabeth , Puntscher Hannes , Warth Benedikt , Dall’Asta Chiara , Berry David , Marko Doris 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMolds of the genus Alternaria produce several mycotoxins, some of which may pose a threat for health due to their genotoxicity. Due to the lack of adequate toxicological and occurrence data, they are currently not regulated. Interactions between mycotoxins, gut microbiota and food constituents might occur after food ingestion, modifying the bioavailability and, therefore, overall toxicity of mycotoxins. The present work aimed to investigate the impact of in vitro short-term fecal incubation on the in vitro DNA-damaging effects exerted by 5 µg/mL of an Alternaria alternata extract, containing, among others, 15 nM alternariol, 12 nM alternariol monomethyl ether, 241 nM altertoxin II and 301 nM stemphyltoxin III, all of which are known as genotoxic. The involvement of microorganisms, undigested food constituents and soluble substances of human fecal samples in modifying the composition and the genotoxicity of the extract was investigated through the application of LC–MS/MS analysis and comet assays in HT-29 cells. Results showed that the potential of the mycotoxins to induce DNA strand breaks was almost completely quenched, even before anaerobic incubation, by contact with the different fractions of the fecal samples, while the potency to induce formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG)-sensitive sites was only slightly reduced. These effects were in line with a reduction of mycotoxin concentrations found in samples analyzed by LC–MS/MS. Although a direct correlation between the metabolic activity of the gut microbiota and modifications in mycotoxin contents was not clearly observed, adsorptive phenomena to bacterial cells and to undigested food constituents might explain the observed modifications.
Arithmetic of p-adic curves and sections of geometrically abelian fundamental groups
Authors: Saïdi Mohamed 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLetXbe a proper, smooth, and geometrically connected curve of genus$$g(X)\ge 1$$g(X)≥1over ap-adic local field. We prove that there exists an effectively computable open affine subscheme$$U\subset X$$U⊂Xwith the property that$${\text {period}}(X)=1$$period(X)=1, and$${\text {index}}(X)$$index(X)equals 1 or 2 (resp.$${\text {period}}(X)={\text {index}}(X)=1$$period(X)=index(X)=1, assuming$${\text {period}}(X)={\text {index}}(X)$$period(X)=index(X)), if (resp. if and only if) the exact sequence of the geometrically abelian fundamental group ofUsplits. We compute the torsor of splittings of the exact sequence of the geometrically abelian absolute Galois group associated toX, and give a new characterisation of sections of arithmetic fundamental groups of curves overp-adic local fields which are orthogonal to$${\text {Pic}}^0$$Pic0(resp.$${\text {Pic}}^{\wedge }$$Pic∧). As a consequence we observe that thenon-geometric(geometrically pro-p) section constructed by Hoshi [3] is orthogonal to$${\text {Pic}}^0$$Pic0.
Theory of mind in users of anabolic androgenic steroids
Authors: Vaskinn Anja , Hauger Lisa E. , Bjørnebekk Astrid 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Rationale
Anabolic androgenic steroids are used to improve physical performance or increase lean muscle mass. About one-third of users develop a dependency syndrome, which is characterized by elevated rates of psychopathology, cognitive impairments, and aggressive and antisocial behaviors. The mechanisms behind these intra- and interpersonal problems are not known.

Objective
To examine theory of mind (ToM), i.e., the ability to infer the mental state of others, in users of anabolic androgenic steroids. Reduced ToM may be one factor underlying the interpersonal problems that have been reported with prolonged use of anabolic androgenic steroids.

Methods
The Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC) was used to assess ToM. Study participants were male/female weightlifters who used anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS, n = 34/9), who were dependent on anabolic androgenic steroids (AASdep, n = 44/7), and a non-using weightlifting comparison group (WLC, n = 69/16).

Results
Analyses of variance showed that the AASdep group performed significantly worse than the WLC group, for all MASC measures (total ToM, cognitive ToM, affective ToM, overmentalizing/undermentalizing errors). Sex and sex x group interaction effects were non-significant.

Conclusions
Male and female weightlifters who were dependent on anabolic androgenic steroids had impaired ToM. Their reduced social cognition may be one contributing factor to the elevated rates of antisocial behavior reported in this population.
Routine metabolism of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in South Georgia waters: absence of metabolic compensation at its range edge
Authors: Tarling Geraint A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRoutine respiration rates in the South Georgia stock of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) were measured to compare with previously published measurements on stocks from colder locations further south. Within the natural temperature range of this species (− 1.8° to 5.5 °C), respiration rate data from both the present and previous studies were adequately fitted by a single Arrhenius regression (Q10 of 2.8), although South Georgia krill showed an upward deviation from this regression between 0° and 2 °C (the lower temperature range at South Georgia). Metabolic compensation (i.e. the comparative lowering of respiration rate) at the high temperatures experienced at South Georgia was not apparent, although the higher than predicted metabolic rates at low temperatures suggests acclimation of South Georgia krill to a warm water lifestyle. Weight-specific respiration rate was significantly higher in sub-adults and adults compared to juveniles, highlighting the metabolic burden of reproduction. South Georgia krill showed no further increase in respiration rate when exposed to acute temperatures (5.5–12.2 °C), indicating that they were already at the limit of aerobic capacity by 5.5 °C. Overall, this study shows that even small degrees of additional warming to South Georgia waters are likely to make conditions there metabolically unsustainable for Antarctic krill.
The Smallpox Epidemics in America in the 1700s and the Role of the Surgeons: Lessons to be Learned During the Global Outbreak of COVID‐19
Authors: Hasselgren Per‐Olof 
Published: July 2020

AbstractToday's COVID‐19 pandemic offers many similarities with previous pandemics hitting our country. In particular, the smallpox epidemics during the 1700s threatened the lives of multitudes and created panic and fear in the society, similar to the situation caused by the coronavirus. Remedies that were instituted, especially inoculations, were met with opposition and even violence when first introduced. The newspapers were filled with headlines reflecting the disputes. There was a “six feet rule” during the smallpox epidemics, although it had a different meaning than today. Politicians and other leaders of the society were engaged in the war against the infection. Boston became involved in the fight against the smallpox by Dr. Zabdiel Boylston's and Rev. Cotton Mather's introduction of inoculations. When George Washington realized the benefits of the procedure and ordered mass inoculations of the Continental Army, it became an important factor in winning not only the fight against smallpox but the Revolutionary War as well. Looking back at history, realizing that we have survived previous outbreaks of devastating diseases, can provide hope during the current pandemic.
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP‐2) and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases (TIMP‐2) in Patients with Inguinal Hernias
Authors: Wang Dianchen , Han Yuqian , Xu Xiuli , Chen Jianmin , Chen Yake 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe development of inguinal hernia might be related with collagen metabolism, which was regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP‐2 and TIMP‐2 in anterior rectus sheath fascia to investigate the function of them in inguinal hernia formation.MethodsThe study enrolled 48 primary inguinal hernia patients: 32 participants had indirect inguinal hernia and 16 patients suffered direct inguinal hernia. Specimens were taken from the anterior rectus sheath fascia. The amounts of MMP‐2 mRNA and TIMP‐2 mRNA were evaluated by real‐time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the protein expression of them.ResultsThe mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP‐2 in direct group were significantly higher than those of control group (P < 0.05) and indirect group (P < 0.05), while the expression levels of TIMP‐2 in direct group were significantly lower than those of control group (P < 0.05) and indirect group (P < 0.05). The ratio of MMP‐2 mRNA/TIMP‐2 mRNA in direct group was significantly higher than that of control group (P < 0.05) and indirect group (P < 0.05), and the ratio of indirect group was significantly higher than that of control group (P < 0.05). According to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, MMP‐2/TIMP‐2 can diagnose direct hernia from controls with area under the curve (AUC) of 0.950 and indirect hernia with AUC of 0.730 effectively.ConclusionsElevated level of MMP‐2 and decreased level of TIMP‐2 may play a role in direct inguinal hernia development. The ratio of MMP‐2/TIMP‐2 may be useful in identification of direct hernia.
Global change of surgical and oncological clinical practice in urology during early COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Dotzauer Robert , Böhm Katharina , Brandt Maximilian Peter , Sparwasser Peter , Haack Maximilian , Frees Sebastian. Karl , Kamal Mohamed Mostafa , Mager René , Jäger Wolfgang , Höfner Thomas , Tsaur Igor , Haferkamp Axel , Borgmann Hendrik 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Objectives
While the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic captures healthcare resources worldwide, data on the impact of prioritization strategies in urology during pandemic are absent. We aimed to quantitatively assess the global change in surgical and oncological clinical practice in the early COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
In this cross-sectional observational study, we designed a 12-item online survey on the global effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical practice in urology. Demographic survey data, change of clinical practice, current performance of procedures, and current commencement of treatment for 5 conditions in medical urological oncology were evaluated.

Results
235 urologists from 44 countries responded. Out of them, 93% indicated a change of clinical practice due to COVID-19. In a 4-tiered surgery down-escalation scheme, 44% reported to make first cancellations, 23% secondary cancellations, 20% last cancellations and 13% emergency cases only. Oncological surgeries had low cancellation rates (%): transurethral resection of bladder tumor (27%), radical cystectomy (21–24%), nephroureterectomy (21%), radical nephrectomy (18%), and radical orchiectomy (8%). (Neo)adjuvant/palliative treatment is currently not started by more than half of the urologists. COVID-19 high-risk-countries had higher total cancellation rates for non-oncological procedures (78% vs. 68%, p = 0.01) and were performing oncological treatment for metastatic diseases at a lower rate (35% vs. 48%, p = 0.02).

Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected clinical practice of 93% of urologists worldwide. The impact of implementing surgical prioritization protocols with moderate cancellation rates for oncological surgeries and delay or reduction in (neo)adjuvant/palliative treatment will have to be evaluated after the pandemic.
Cooperative foraging during larval stage affects fitness in Drosophila
Authors: Dombrovski Mark , Kuhar Rives , Mitchell Alexandra , Shelton Hunter , Condron Barry 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCooperative behavior can confer advantages to animals. This is especially true for cooperative foraging which provides fitness benefits through more efficient acquisition and consumption of food. While examples of group foraging have been widely described, the principles governing formation of such aggregations and rules that determine group membership remain poorly understood. Here, we take advantage of an experimental model system featuring cooperative foraging behavior in Drosophila. Under crowded conditions, fly larvae form coordinated digging groups (clusters), where individuals are linked together by sensory cues and group membership requires prior experience. However, fitness benefits of Drosophila larval clustering remain unknown. We demonstrate that animals raised in crowded conditions on food partially processed by other larvae experience a developmental delay presumably due to the decreased nutritional value of the substrate. Intriguingly, same conditions promote the formation of cooperative foraging clusters which further extends larval stage compared to non-clustering animals. Remarkably, this developmental retardation also results in a relative increase in wing size, serving an indicator of adult fitness. Thus, we find that the clustering-induced developmental delay is accompanied by fitness benefits. Therefore, cooperative foraging, while delaying development, may have evolved to give Drosophila larvae benefits when presented with competition for limited food resources.
Off-the-shelf barrier for emergency intubation in the cardiac catheterization laboratory during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
Authors: Scheller Bruno , Vukadinovic Davor , Ewen Sebastian , Mahfoud Felix 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWith the spread of SARS-CoV-2, it is expected that cases of acute coronary syndrome in the setting of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) develop. As expensive and sophisticated protection devices are not widely available, we have been working on a simple, off-the-shelf protection device for endotracheal intubation of potentially infected patients. For this purpose, we used a large transparent plastic bag (such as the sterile protective cover of the lead glass shield) for protection from airborne infections. The cover is moved over the patient's head from cranial to caudal, covering the catheter table including the torso with no need for patient mobilization. The intubation is done conventionally under direct visual control.
Insights into the choice between intravenous infusion and subcutaneous injection: physician and patient characteristics driving treatment in SLE
Authors: Bell Christopher F. , Lau Matthew , Lee Melody , Poulos Christine 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Introduction/objectives
Multiple modes of administration are available for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) treatments. This study examined patient and physician characteristics associated with the choice of weekly subcutaneous (SC) injection or monthly intravenous (IV) infusion for an unspecified SLE treatment.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional, US web-based survey using a direct elicitation, stated-preference methodology (HO-16-16706). Two hundred patients and 200 physicians were asked to choose between IV or SC administration in a hypothetical scenario. Pairwise and multivariate analyses estimated the odds ratio (OR) for the likelihood of choosing SC over IV for respondent characteristics.

Results
Among patients, taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increased the likelihood of choosing SC injection (OR 3.884), whilst having SLE-related skin problems, a fear of needles or self-injection, and never needing help around the house decreased the likelihood (OR 0.28, 0.13, 0.12, respectively; all p ≤ 0.05). Among physicians, > 95% recommended SC injection for patients who live or work far from an infusion center, prefer SC administration, and never or rarely miss medication doses. Physician characteristics including age and treatment practice also influenced choice.

Conclusions
Patient and physician characteristics influence choice of SC versus IV therapy for SLE. These findings might inform shared decision-making, which could lead to improved patient outcomes.

Key Points• Data regarding patient and physician preference for different modes of administration of SLE therapy are sparse.• This cross-sectional, US web-based study showed that patient and physician characteristics influence choice of SC versus IV therapy for SLE.• A degree of disconnect exists between how factors influence patients’ choice and how those characteristics influence physicians’ choice of SLE treatment mode of administration.• The findings from this study might inform shared decision-making, which could improve alignment between treatment choice and patient preferences, treatment satisfaction, adherence, and improved patient outcomes.
Mixed-integer optimal control under minimum dwell time constraints
Authors: Zeile Clemens , Robuschi Nicolò , Sager Sebastian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTailored Mixed-Integer Optimal Control policies for real-world applications usually have to avoid very short successive changes of the active integer control.Minimum dwell time(MDT) constraints express this requirement and can be included into the combinatorial integral approximation decomposition, which solves mixed-integer optimal control problems (MIOCPs) to$$\epsilon $$ϵ-optimality by solving one continuous nonlinear program and one mixed-integer linear program (MILP). Within this work, we analyze the integrality gap of MIOCPs under MDT constraints by providing tight upper bounds on the MILP subproblem. We suggest different rounding schemes for constructing MDT feasible control solutions, e.g., we propose a modification of Sum Up Rounding. A numerical study supplements the theoretical results and compares objective values of integer feasible and relaxed solutions.
Block preconditioners for mixed-dimensional discretization of flow in fractured porous media
Authors: Budiša Ana , Hu Xiaozhe 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we are interested in an efficient numerical method for the mixed-dimensional approach to modeling single-phase flow in fractured porous media. The model introduces fractures and their intersections as lower-dimensional structures, and the mortar variable is used for flow coupling between the matrix and fractures. We consider a stable mixed finite element discretization of the problem, which results in a parameter-dependent linear system. For this, we develop block preconditioners based on the well-posedness of the discretization choice. The preconditioned iterative method demonstrates robustness with regard to discretization and physical parameters. The analytical results are verified on several examples of fracture network configurations, and notable results in reduction of number of iterations and computational time are obtained.
Freshwater phytoplankton diversity: models, drivers and implications for ecosystem properties
Authors: Borics Gábor , Abonyi András , Salmaso Nico , Ptacnik Robert 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOur understanding on phytoplankton diversity has largely been progressing since the publication of Hutchinson on the paradox of the plankton. In this paper, we summarise some major steps in phytoplankton ecology in the context of mechanisms underlying phytoplankton diversity. Here, we provide a framework for phytoplankton community assembly and an overview of measures on taxonomic and functional diversity. We show how ecological theories on species competition together with modelling approaches and laboratory experiments helped understand species coexistence and maintenance of diversity in phytoplankton. The non-equilibrium nature of phytoplankton and the role of disturbances in shaping diversity are also discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the role of water body size, productivity of habitats and temperature on phytoplankton species richness, and how diversity may affect the functioning of lake ecosystems. At last, we give an insight into molecular tools that have emerged in the last decades and argue how it has broadened our perspective on microbial diversity. Besides historical backgrounds, some critical comments have also been made.