bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Below‐ground responses to insect herbivory in ecosystems with woody plant canopies: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Kristensen Jeppe Å. , Rousk Johannes , Metcalfe Daniel B. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Insect herbivory can have important consequences for the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Despite a growing recognition of the role of herbivores in above‐ground–below‐ground interactions, our current understanding is mainly restricted to studies of vertebrates in grassland and tundra ecosystems, while ecosystems with tree‐like canopies (termed forests below) and invertebrates remain understudied.

Here, we assess the current state of knowledge of one key aspect of plant–herbivore interactions by conducting a meta‐analysis of the peer‐reviewed literature on the below‐ground consequences of above‐ground insect herbivory in forest ecosystems. Main results are reported as aggregated relative effect sizes (Cohen's d).

We find that above‐ground insect herbivory reduced below‐ground carbon (C) allocation by plants to roots (−0.56) and root exudation (−0.85), causing shifts in root–symbiont communities, for example, a decrease (−0.67) in the abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Microbial decomposer abundances showed no significant responses, while soil faunal abundances increased (0.50). C and nitrogen (N) mineralization rates (C: 0.48, N: 0.48) along with nutrient leaching (C: 0.30, N: 0.77) increased, with a stronger response to outbreak relative to background insect densities. The negative responses increased in strength in colder and dryer biomes while positive responses were reinforced in warmer and wetter biomes, thus extending previously shown effects for vertebrate herbivores to also include insect herbivory. The positive response by soil fauna to insect herbivory was the notable exception. This may be associated with the limited physical soil disturbance caused by insects compared to ungulates. Furthermore, we identified an under‐representation in the literature of large areas of boreal and tropical biomes calling for research priorities to fill these knowledge gaps. We present three recommendations for future research: addressing (a) biological drivers of biogeochemistry and response pathways, (b) knowledge gap from boreal and tropical forests, and (c) heterogeneity of herbivore disturbances.

Synthesis. Insect herbivores significantly accelerate soil C and N cycling during outbreaks in forest ecosystems, but we lack knowledge on the underlying biological drivers. Overall, below‐ground responses to insect herbivory are similar to vertebrate herbivory responses, which may simplify implementing herbivory effects into ecosystem models. Nonetheless, we identify a few important differences and general knowledge gaps on which we base recommendations for future research.
The effect of intrathecal bupivacaine/morphine on quality of recovery in robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Koning M. V. , de Vlieger R. , Teunissen A. J. W. , Gan M. , Ruijgrok E. J. , de Graaff J. C. , Koopman J. S. H. A. , Stolker R. J. 
Published: December 2019

SummaryRobot‐assisted radical prostatectomy causes discomfort in the immediate postoperative period. This randomised controlled trial investigated if intrathecal bupivacaine/morphine, in addition to general anaesthesia, could be beneficial for the postoperative quality of recovery. One hundred and fifty‐five patients were randomly allocated to an intervention group that received intrathecal 12.5 mg bupivacaine/300 μg morphine (20% dose reduction in patients > 75 years) or a control group receiving a subcutaneous sham injection and an intravenous loading dose of 0.1 mg.kg−1 morphine. Both groups received standardised general anaesthesia and the same postoperative analgesic regimen. The primary outcome was a decrease in the Quality of Recovery‐15 (QoR‐15) questionnaire score on postoperative day 1. The intervention group (n = 76) had less reduction in QoR‐15 on postoperative day 1; median (IQR [range]) 10% (1–8 [−60% to 50%]) vs. 13% (5–24 [−6% to 50%]), p = 0.019, and used less morphine during the admission; 2 mg (1–7 [0–41 mg]) vs. 15 mg (12–20 [8–61 mg]), p < 0.001. Furthermore, they perceived lower pain scores during exertion; numeric rating scale (NRS) 3 (1–6 [0–9]) vs. 5 (3–7 [0–9]), p = 0.001; less bladder spasms (NRS 1 (0–2 [0–10]) vs. 2 (0–5 [0–10]), p = 0.001 and less sedation; NRS 2 (0–3 [0–10]) vs. 3 (2–6 [0–10]), p = 0.005. Moreover, the intervention group used less rescue medication. Pruritus was more severe in the intervention group; NRS 4 (1–7 [0–10]) vs. 0 (0–1 [0–10]), p = 0.000. We conclude that despite a modest increase in the incidence of pruritus, multimodal pain management with intrathecal bupivacaine/morphine remains a viable option for robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy.
Quad bike injuries at an Australian regional hospital: a trauma registry review
Authors: Liddle Sean E. , McDermott Kathleen M. , Ward Linda M. , Lim Huat Hock , Read David J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundQuad bikes are a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality in Australia in both agriculture and recreation. This study describes the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of quad bike injuries at the Royal Darwin Hospital (RDH).MethodsA retrospective review of the RDH Trauma Registry for all quad bike mechanism of injury from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2015 was conducted. We analysed patient demographics, remoteness of injury, injury circumstances, patterns and severity of injury, surgical intervention, length of stay and outcome.ResultsIn total, 186 persons were injured, of whom 81% (n = 150) were male. There was an increase in quad bike incidents during the 10‐year study period, and the greatest increase was seen in the 16–30 years age group. When helmet use was recorded, it was low at 36% (n = 47). Alcohol involvement was 40% (n = 74). Cases with alcohol involvement were 10 times less likely to have worn a helmet than those cases without alcohol involvement (95% confidence interval 3.8–29). The median Injury Severity Score was 8 (interquartile range 4–10). The median hospital length of hospital stay was 4 days (interquartile range 3–7). The majority, 57% (n = 106), did not require surgical intervention. The fatality rate was <5%.ConclusionQuad bike incidents presenting to RDH are increasing. This likely corresponds to the increased number of quad bikes in circulation, and has resulted in an increased demand on health care. Alcohol use and a lack of safety equipment continue to be potentially correctable factors.
Expanding the clinical and molecular spectrum of lethal congenital contracture syndrome 8 associated with biallelic variants of ADCY6
Authors: Agolini Emanuele , Cherchi Claudio , Bellacchio Emanuele , Martinelli Diego , Cocciadiferro Dario , Cutrera Renato , Chiarini Testa Maria B. , Barone Chiara , Bianca Sebastiano , Novelli Antonio 
Published: December 2019

AbstractArthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is defined as congenital, non‐progressive contractures in more than two joints and in multiple body areas, resulting from reduced fetal mobility. So far, more than 400 causative genes for AMC have been identified. Some isolated AMC phenotypes arise as a result of mutations in genes encoding components required for motor neuron structure, function, and myelination, as in the case of ADCY6 encoding the enzyme adenylyl cyclase type 6. ADCY6 inactivation, due to biallelic variants, have been previously associated with the lethal congenital contracture syndrome 8 (LCCS8). So far, only four LCCS8 patients, from two families, have been reported. Here, we describe a new patient affected by a severe form of AMC, harboring two novel compound heterozygous variants in ADCY6. Our findings expand the clinical and mutational spectrum of LCCS8, showing a possible correlation between the impact of the ADCY6 missense variants reported to date, predicted by molecular modeling, and the severity of the phenotype.
Contextual Integration in Multiparty Audience Design
Authors: Yoon Si On , Brown‐Schmidt Sarah 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCommunicating with multiple addressees poses a problem for speakers: Each addressee necessarily comes to the conversation with a different perspective—different knowledge, different beliefs, and a distinct physical context. Despite the ubiquity of multiparty conversation in everyday life, little is known about the processes by which speakers design language in multiparty conversation. While prior evidence demonstrates that speakers design utterances to accommodate addressee knowledge in multiparty conversation, it is unknown if and how speakers encode and combine different types of perspective information. Here we test whether speakers encode the perspective of multiple addressees, and then simultaneously consider their knowledge and physical context during referential design in a three‐party conversation. Analyses of referential form—expression length, disfluency, and elaboration rate—in an interactive multiparty conversation demonstrate that speakers do take into consideration both addressee knowledge and physical context when designing utterances, consistent with a knowledge‐scene integration view. These findings point to an audience design process that takes as input multiple types of representations about the perspectives of multiple addressees, and that bases the informational content of the to‐be‐designed utterance on a combination of the perspectives of the intended addressees.
Verruciform xanthoma accompanying a cystic growth: A case report
Authors: Hara Mariko , Kato Yoichi , Kaku Yo , Tsujioka Kaoru 
Published: December 2019

AbstractVerruciform xanthoma, an uncommon, benign lesion with characteristic histopathological features, usually develops on the oral mucosa or genital area. We present an unusual case of verruciform xanthoma observed on the inguinal skin of a 52‐year‐old healthy man along with an underlying cystic component. The superficial lesion was a pedunculated nodule with a fissured surface and an 18‐mm mound‐like pigmented tumor underneath it. The histopathologically deep lesion was continuously attached to the superficial lesion. It was composed of fistula or sinus‐like spaces and covered with acanthotic epithelium. The epidermis and upper dermis of both lesions showed identical histopathological findings: varying degrees of acanthosis, elongation of rete ridges, eosinophilic parakeratotic layer extending toward the dermis, and densely infiltrating foam cells confined to the papillary layer of the dermis. This finding of a cystic component in the deep dermis expands the histopathologic features of verruciform xanthoma.
Influence of anti‐allergic drugs used systemically on the process of root resorption during delayed tooth replantation: A study in rats
Authors: Machado Nathália Evelyn da Silva , Banci Henrique Augusto , da Silva Lucas Deszo , Santinoni Carolina dos Santos , de Oliveira Danilo Louzada , Ervolino Edilson , Prado Rosana Leal do , Mori Graziela Garrido 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackground/AimAnti‐allergic drugs can inhibit the hard tissue resorption process, and due to similarities between root resorption and bone mechanisms, it can be inferred that these drugs may also control root resorption. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of anti‐allergic drugs used systemically on the process of root resorption following delayed tooth replantation.Materials and MethodsThirty‐two maxillary right incisors of rats were extracted and subsequently replanted. Rats were divided into four groups according to the anti‐allergic drug administered: the rats in groups DEX, Q, and MO were treated systemically with dexamethasone phosphate, quercetin, and montelukast, respectively, and no systemic medication was administered to rats in group C. After 60 days, the animals were euthanized, and the specimens were processed for histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. Statistical significance was set at P < .05.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the groups in terms of inflammatory resorption, replacement resorption, or presence of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase. In terms of events occurring in the periodontal ligament space, there was a difference between groups Q and MO due to the presence of dental ankylosis and inflammatory connective tissue (P < .05). A difference in inflammatory cells was also observed through CD45 immunolabeling between the DEX and Q groups when compared to the C group (P < .05).ConclusionThe systemic administration of anti‐allergic drugs did not have an effect on the process of root resorption following delayed tooth replantation.
Motor skill acquisition during a balance task as a process of optimization of motor primitives
Authors: de Lemos Fonseca Marcus , Daneault Jean‐François , Vergara‐Diaz Gloria , Quixadá Ana Paula , Souza de Oliveira e Torres Ângelo Frederico , Pondé de Sena Eduardo , Bomfim Cruz Vieira João Paulo , Bigogno Reis Cazeta Bianca , Sotero dos Santos Vitor , da Cruz Figueiredo Thiago , Peña Norberto , Bonato Paolo , Vivas Miranda José Garcia 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIt has been argued that the central nervous system relies on combining simple movement elements (i.e. motor primitives) to generate complex motor outputs. However, how movement elements are generated and combined during the acquisition of new motor skills is still a source of debate. Herein, we present results providing new insights into the role of movement elements in the acquisition of motor skills that we obtained by analysing kinematic data collected while healthy subjects learned a new motor task. The task consisted of playing an interactive game using a platform with embedded sensors whose aggregate output was used to control a virtual object in the game. Subjects learned the task over multiple blocks. The analysis of the kinematic data was carried out using a recently developed technique referred to as “movement element decomposition.” The technique entails the decomposition of complex multi‐dimensional movements in one‐dimensional elements marked by a bell‐shaped velocity profile. We computed the number of movement elements during each block and measured how closely they matched a theoretical velocity profile derived by minimizing a cost function accounting for the smoothness of movement and the cost of time. The results showed that, in the early stage of motor skill acquisition, two mechanisms underlie the improvement in motor performance: 1) a decrease in the number of movement elements composing the motor output and 2) a gradual change in the movement elements that resulted in a shape matching the velocity profile derived by using the above‐mentioned theoretical model.
A homogeneous ensemble method for predicting gastric cancer based on gastroscopy reports
Authors: Ding Shuai , Hu Shikang , Pan Jinxin , Li Xiaojian , Li Gang , Liu Xiao 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGastroscopy is important for finding suspicious stomach lesions, screening for gastric cancer, and providing early diagnoses. Due to the differences in the levels of diagnosis and treatment among gastroscope doctors, clinical diagnosis based on gastroscopy is limited by low diagnostic sensitivity and specificity to gastric cancer. An assistive system for gastroscopy report analysis can be helpful to improve the success rate of gastric cancer detection. In this study, a homogeneous ensemble decision support system for gastric cancer screening (Endo‐GCS) that performs word segmentation, feature extraction, and gastric cancer screening on text‐based gastroscopy reports is proposed. The proposed Endo‐GCS method establishes a progressive local weighting algorithm that improves the overall prediction performance of the homogeneous ensemble model in gastric cancer screening. An optimal threshold estimation algorithm is developed to minimize the negative impact of misdiagnosis and missed diagnoses. Through a comparative experimental study using real gastroscopy report data, the pathological examination conclusion is the gold standard. The sensitivity of the proposed Endo‐GCS method is 88.27%, the specificity is 77.84%, and the accuracy is 82.11%, which significantly improved the sensitivity 65.49% and the accuracy 80.5% of the gastroscopic diagnosis results, respectively.
Effects of CD4 cell count and antiretroviral therapy on mucocutaneous manifestations among HIV/AIDS patients in Yunnan, China
Authors: Li Yu‐Ye , Yang Shi‐Han , Wang Rui‐Rui , Tang Jun‐Ting , Wang Hong‐Mei , Kuang Yi‐Qun 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe affecting factors of mucocutaneous manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients remain unclear in China.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted among HIV/AIDS patients in Yunnan, China. The demographic data, mucocutaneous manifestations, CD4 cell counts, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens were collected. The effects of CD4 cell count and ART on the spectrum of mucocutaneous manifestations were evaluated.ResultsAmong 508 HIV/AIDS patients, 86.0% of cases showed mucocutaneous manifestations. The average CD4 cell count (176 cells/μl) of the patients with manifestations was significantly lower than those without manifestations (328 cells/μl) (P < 0.001). Diseases such as herpes zoster, oral candidiasis, condyloma acuminatum, genital herpes, oral leukoplakia, talaromycosis, cryptococcosis, and HIV‐PPE (pruritic papular eruption) were represented quite frequently in patients with CD4 cell count <200 cells/μl (P < 0.05), but eczema was suffered by those with CD4 cell count ≥200 cells/μl (P < 0.05). ART could decline the incidence of herpes zoster, oral candidiasis, condyloma acuminatum, genital herpes, oral leukoplakia, talaromycosis, and cryptococcosis (P < 0.05).ConclusionsMucocutaneous manifestations are closely related to the CD4 cell count and can be used as early predictors of HIV/AIDS and immune status in clinic. ART could reduce the incidence of certain mucocutaneous manifestations.
Intergenerational associations of dietary inflammatory index with birth outcomes and weight status at age 5 and 9: Results from the Lifeways cross‐generation cohort study
Authors: Navarro Pilar , Shivappa Nitin , Hébert James R. , Mehegan John , Murrin Celine M. , Kelleher Cecily C. , Phillips Catherine M. ,   for the Lifeways Cross‐Generation Cohort Study
Published: December 2019

SummaryBackgroundMaternal diet and chronic inflammation may influence early‐life offspring health. No comparative data regarding intergenerational associations between dietary inflammation and offspring growth exist.ObjectiveTo investigate potential associations between parental and grandparental dietary inflammatory index (DII®) scores with offspring birth outcomes and childhood adiposity.MethodsThis analysis of the Lifeways Study includes 1082 mother‐child pairs, 333 index‐child's fathers and 707 grandparents. Energy‐adjusted DII (E‐DII) scores were derived from a validated FFQ for all adults. Birth outcomes were abstracted from hospital records. Childhood BMI was determined at age 5 and 9. Logistic regression and mediation analyses using the PROCESS macro for SPSS were performed.ResultsHigher maternal E‐DII scores, reflecting a more pro‐inflammatory diet, were associated with increased risk of low birthweight (LBW), BW < 2500 g (OR:1.20, 95%CI:1.02–1.47, p = 0.03). Higher maternal grandmothers' (MGM) E‐DII scores were associated with increased risk of macrosomia (OR:1.35, 95% CI:1.02–1.79, p = 0.03) and with increased risk of an overweight grandchild at age 9 (OR:1.47, 95% CI:1.26–1.72, p = 0.02). Results from the mediation analyses revealed a significant total effect between MGMs' E‐DII scores and grandchild's BW. Higher father's and paternal grandmothers' (PGM) E‐DII scores were associated with greater risk of childhood overweight/obesity at 5 years (OR:1.03, 95%CI:1.01–1.19, p = 0.04 and OR:1.07, 95%CI:1.05–1.09, p = 0.01, respectively). The association with the PGMs' E‐DII persisted at age 9 (OR:1.13, 95%CI:1.01–1.90, p = 0.04).ConclusionsDietary inflammation is associated with adverse offspring birth outcomes and childhood adiposity. A more pro‐inflammatory maternal line diet appears to influence early‐life growth, whereas paternal line dietary inflammation appears to influence childhood obesity.
Transcriptional changes in the aphid species Myzus cerasi under different host and environmental conditions
Authors: Thorpe P. , Escudero‐Martinez C. M. , Eves‐van den Akker S. , Bos J. I. B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAphids feature complex life cycles, which in the case of many agriculturally important species involve primary and secondary host plant species. Whilst host alternation between primary and secondary host can occur in the field depending on host availability and the environment, aphid populations maintained as laboratory stocks generally are kept under conditions that allow asexual reproduction by parthenogenesis on secondary hosts. We used Myzus cerasi (black cherry aphid) to assess aphid transcriptional differences between populations collected from primary hosts in the field and those adapted to secondary hosts under controlled environment conditions. Transfer of M. cerasi collected from local cherry trees to reported secondary host species resulted in low survival rates. Moreover, aphids were unable to survive on the secondary host land cress, unless first adapted to another secondary host, cleavers. Transcriptome analyses of the different aphid populations (field collected and adapted) revealed extensive transcriptional plasticity to a change in environment, with predominantly genes involved in redox reactions differentially regulated. Most of the differentially expressed genes were duplicated and we found evidence for differential exon usage. Our data suggest that aphid adaptation to different environments may pose a major hurdle and leads to extensive gene expression changes.
Effects of hypoxia on aerobic metabolism and active electrosensory acquisition in the African weakly electric fish Marcusenius victoriae
Authors: Moulton Tyler L. , Chapman Lauren J. , Krahe Rüdiger 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEnvironmental hypoxia has effected numerous and well‐documented anatomical, physiological and behavioural adaptations in fishes. Comparatively little is known about hypoxia's impacts on sensing because it is difficult to quantify sensory acquisition in vivo. Weakly electric fishes, however, rely heavily on an easily‐measurable sensory modality—active electric sensing—whereby individuals emit and detect electric organ discharges (EODs). In this study, hypoxia tolerance of a mormyrid weakly electric fish, Marcusenius victoriae, was assessed by examining both its metabolic and EOD rates using a critical threshold (pcrit) paradigm. The routine metabolic rate was 1.42 mg O2 h−1, and the associated critical oxygen tension was 14.34 mmHg. Routine EOD rate was 5.68 Hz with an associated critical tension of 15.14 mmHg. These metabolic indicators of hypoxia tolerance measured in this study were consistent with those in previous studies on M. victoriae and other weakly electric fishes. Furthermore, our results suggest that some aerobic processes may be reduced in favour of maintaining the EOD rate under extreme hypoxia. These findings underscore the importance of the active electrosensory modality to these hypoxia‐tolerant fish.