bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Representative Input Parameters for Geostatistical
Simulation
Authors: Pyrcz M. J. , Gringarten E. , Frykman P. , Deutsch C. V. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Geostatistical-simulation techniques are increasingly being used to create heterogeneous realizations for flow modeling and to assess uncertainty in hydrocarbon resources and reserves. These geostatistical-simulation techniques reproduce the input statistics within ergodic fluctuations. The input statistics representing various model parameters must be computed from data that are representative of the entire domain being modeled. Geostatistical simulation does not accommodate a lack of representativeness in the data. Moreover, the extent to which the input statistics are reproduced depends almost exclusively on the size of the modeling domain relative to the range of spatial correlation; fluctuations in realizations of the full reservoir model do not depend entirely on the uncertainty of the input statistics. It is necessary to explicitly incorporate the uncertainty of the input statistics because they have a much larger and more realistic impact on the uncertainty of the full reservoir model than stochastic fluctuations. The best practices for determining representative input values of model parameters and quantification of their uncertainty are presented in this chapter.
Hierarchical Description and Geologic Modeling of a
Braided-stream Depositional System
Authors: Patterson P. E. , Jones T. A. , Donovan A. D. , Ottmann J. D. , Donofrio C. J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The facies architecture, sequence-stratigraphic framework, and structural configuration of a petroleum reservoir were delineated by an integrated study. These interpretations formed the basis of three-dimensional (3-D) geologic models that were constructed for estimation of reserves, flow-simulation studies, and field-development planning. The study incorporated 3-D seismic interpretations, well-log correlations, facies and petrophysical analyses of cored intervals, and interpretations derived from outcrop exposures of the reservoir.
The reservoir intervals are interpreted to represent a fluvial depositional system that varies systematically along an updip to downdip transect. Proximal (updip) fluvial-facies deposits are inferred to represent amalgamated channel complexes that form widespread sheets. Medial fluvial-facies deposits are interpreted as amalgamated to semiamalgamated braid-bar deposits that are thinner and less laterally persistent. Distal (downdip) fluvial facies are inferred to represent thin yet laterally extensive braid-bar deposits.
Object-based modeling techniques were used to model the internal architecture of the reservoir intervals. Proximal channel facies were generated using standard software to populate the zones with channel elements that are clustered to form channel complexes. Medial and distal bar facies, however, required an innovative method that populates the zones with discrete, user-defined, braid-bar elements that are distributed along thalwegs. Clusters of thalwegs form amalgamated to semiamalgamated bar complexes. This capability, referred to as bar-train modeling, results in a better computer-model representation of the fluvial-sandstone bar geometry and spatial distribution.
The resulting geologic models provide an improved reservoir characterization of the large-scale and small-scale fluvial architecture for the subsurface reservoir. In particular, the geologic models more accurately describe the complex architecture of the lowstand channel and braid-bar fluvial sandstones as well as the internal architecture of the intervening mudstone deposits.
Spatial Variability of Porosity in Chalk
Authors: Frykman P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The study of the variability of porosity and permeability, and of the spatial distribution of petrophysical parameters, has received increasing interest for chalk deposits, which form important reservoirs for both hydrocarbons and groundwater. A common activity is to construct numerical reservoir models for different types of flow simulation. These models must be based on a diversity of data, including outcrop information when subsurface information is sparse. This chapter presents a comparison of the spatial variability of outcrop and reservoir petrophysical properties in chalk and a discussion on the use of information from horizontal wells.
Modeling Complex Reservoirs with Multiple Conditional
Techniques
Authors: Beucher-Darricau H. , Doligez B. , Yarus J. M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Modeling petroleum reservoirs and the intricacies of their inherent morphological and structural characteristics requires sophisticated tools. These tools may consist of deterministic or stochastic methods that allow the interwell space to be filled with representative reservoir properties. Integrating a variety of modeling tools may be necessary for characterizing complex reservoirs. In such cases, the relationships among the lithofacies, the shapes and sizes of the sedimentary bodies, and the depositional mode of the litostratigraphic units must be defined.
It is also important to incorporate other types of information. Including conceptual geological information or three-dimensional seismic data enhances the model particularly when borehole and core data are limited. This chapter demonstrates the use of object-based, pixel-based, and hybrid stochastic-simulation techniques using a case study involving data from the Ravenscar Group located along the east coast of Yorkshire in the United Kingdom.
Sedimentary History and Economic Geology of San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado
Authors: Peterson James A. , Loleit Allan J. , Spencer Charles W. , Ullrich Richard A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The San Juan basin contains up to 15,000 ft of sedimentary rocks ranging in age from Cambrian to Recent. Beginning with the Cambrian transgression, at least 10 major events in the sedimentary history of the basin area can be recognized. The earliest development of the area as a sedimentary basin or trough apparently took place in Pennsylvanian time, and the basin was maintained, with changing rates of subsidence and filling, through the remainder of geologic time. During the early Paleozoic, sedimentation was dominated by marine transgressions across the northwestern flank of the regional Transcontinental arch. The late Paleozoic history was strongly influenced by tectonism related to development of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains uplifts and associated down- warping. Dominantly cyclic marine carbonate deposition during the early phases of this event preceded the infilling of the trough with coarse clastics. The early Mesozoic is characterized by fluvial and eolian environments, interrupted periodically by thin marine transgressive deposits of nearshore redbeds. The final Mesozoic event was the widespread Late Cretaceous marine transgression which deposited a thick cyclic sequence of marine gray shale and sandstone, with interbedded coal. Final withdrawal of marine waters in Late Cretaceous time was associated with the rise of major uplifts on the northern and eastern sides of the basin and infilling of the basin area with stream, lacustrine, and paludal deposits during early Tertiary time. Late Tertiary regional uplift and resulting volcanism were accompanied by a regional dissection of the area by stream systems that evolved into the present drainage pattern of superposed streams. The sedimentary history is directly related to the occurrence of economic deposits in the basin. Major reserves of petroleum are in Cre-taceous and Pennsylvanian rocks, coal in Cretaceous, and uranium in Jurassic and Cretaceous.
Much of the San Juan basin is considered potentially suitable for waste disposal, contingent upon such factors as depth, volume of waste, petroleum and mining activities, present and future groundwater needs, and other industrial and cultural considerations. The Chaco slope probably is the most favorable area for waste disposal.
Importance of Deep Permeable Disposal Formations in Location of a Large Nuclear-Fuel Reprocessing Plant
Authors: Laguna Wallace De 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The most important disposal problem in location of a large nuclear-fuel reprocessing plant is that of low-level waste. Disposal into large bodies of surface water has been common; however, underground disposal into deep permeable formations seems to offer the best possibilities for disposal of low-level waste. The most favorable method for disposal of medium-level waste is disposal into hydraulically fractured shale. Shale with the necessary requirements generally is found in basin areas suitable for low-level waste disposal. A favored method for disposal of high-level waste is storage in solid form in mined cavities in salt. Thus the selection of a site that also has salt beds is advantageous, but not required, because alternate means for disposal of high-level waste can be found.
Maximum permissible concentrations of radioactive nuclides in air and water have been derived. As more information is gained, the values may be increased or decreased, and thus may alter the requirements for a plant site.
Disposal of radioactive wastes into deep permeable formations is now practicable only for low- level waste, but it holds potential for disposal of certain medium- and high-level wastes, and also of such gaseous wastes as krypton-85.
Possibilities for Disposal of Industrial Wastes in Subsurface Rocks on North Flank of Appalachian Basin in New York
Authors: McCann Thomas P. , Privrasky Norman C. , Stead Frederick L. , Wilson James E. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The north flank of the Appalachian basin in the state of New York was studied, with the object of determining the suitability of the region for subsurface disposal of industrial wastes, particularly liquid wastes. Permeable sandstone, salt beds that can provide leak-proof man-made caverns, and shale that can contain fluids in artificially produced fractures are especially significant.
Subsurface strata dip southward at rates between 50 and 160 ft/mi. Local deformations such as low-relief anticlines and small displacement faults are few.
Potential reservoirs for injection of liquids into permeable sandstone formations are the Potsdam and Theresa Sandstones of Cambrian age. The Potsdam has a maximum known thickness of 410 ft and an average thickness of about 100 ft; the Theresa thickness ranges from zero to 1,500 ft. Drilling depths to the Potsdam Sandstone, the lowest potential reservoir, range from 1,000 to 12,600 ft. Other possible sandstone reservoirs are present in the Silurian and Devonian Systems, but have less potential because of vagaries in porosity and permeability and because of the presence of numerous unrecorded borings in the shallower strata.
Salt beds in Silurian rocks at depths between 500 and 4,000 ft offer sites for construction of storage cavities.
Shale sections that appear to be suitable for storage of grouted wastes in hydraulically produced fractures are present in Upper Devonian and Upper Ordovician strata. There are thinner sections of possible interest for the same use in Silurian and Middle Ordovician rocks.
Possibilities for Subsurface Waste Disposal in a Structural Syncline in Pennsylvania
Authors: Hardaway John E. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Results of a study of a small structural syncline on the western perimeter of the central Appalachian Mountains of Pennsylvania suggest that the area may be suitable for the injection of liquid wastes into deep subsurface reservoirs. The study was performed under the auspices of the AAPG, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, and Princeton University.
The bowl-shaped syncline forms a basin just north of Bedford, Bedford County, and occupies about 45 sq mi (116.5 sq km) of the county. The total thickness of Paleozoic strata is more than 7,000 ft (2,134 m). The reservoir aquifer considered suitable for disposal is the Lower Silurian Tuscarora Sandstone, a clean quartzose sandstone. The investigation showed that the syncline has sufficient structural closure to warrant consideration as a reservoir. The selected Sandstone aquifer crops out along two-thirds of the syncline’s perimeter and is approximately 3,700 ft (1,128 m) beneath the center of the basin. It apparently is not faulted, and it may be treated as a confined aquifer because it is bounded by shale and shaly, silty sandstone which probably have much lower permeability.
Porosity measurements of Tuscarora and Juniata sandstones gave values of 15 and 10 percent, respectively. The probability of the presence of connate brine in the Tuscarora is enhanced by the fact that it is present in a deep well near Bedford. The Tuscarora strata are described as a “salaquifer” which will not promote harmful chemical interactions.
The shale beds of the area were studied similarly and are regarded as favorable for the injection, into artificially created fractures, of wastes that have been incorporated in cement slurries. However, grouting in shale appears less promising for large-scale injection than disposal in permeable sandstone.
Geology of Subsurface Waste Disposal in Michigan Basin
Authors: Briggs Louis I 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Michigan basin, an almost circular and symmetrical structural basin, contains in the deepest part approximately 14,000 ft of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. The autogeosyncline developed as a tectonic element in Late Silurian time, during which the middle third of the sedimentary section was deposited. The strata dip generally less than 1° toward the center of the basin, although locally there are gentle open folds and a few high-angle faults. The sedimentary formations can be classfied into four generalized sequences—(1) the sandstone sequence of the Cambrian, (2) the carbonate-evaporite sequence of the Ordovician to Middle Devonian, (3) the shale-sandstone sequence of the Late Devonian to Mississippian, and (4) the coal-bearing sequence of the Pennsylvanian.
The Cambrian sandstones (Mount Simon) have the most favorable properties for high-volume liquid-waste disposal. They are suitably thick and reasonably shallow principally in southeastern Michigan near Detroit. The Mount Simon is a typical blanket feldspathic, quartzose sandstone; it is characterized by quartz and feldspar cement, present as grain overgrowths, and detrital and matrix carbonate minerals. Where measured, the porosity averages about 10 percent and the permeability about 30 md. The Cambrian sandstone beds are overlain by a thick, extensive shale layer (Utica) and salt beds (Salina), which are of secondary importance to liquid- and solid-waste disposal.
Subsurface Waste-Disposal Potential in Salina Basin of Kansas
Authors: Edmund R. W. , Goebel Edwin D. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Study of the geology of the Salina basin in Kansas shows good potential storage reservoirs for industrial waste in a Cambrian sandstone, in Pennsylvanian shale beds, and in Permian salt beds. The natural flow of fluids in the basin is thought to be from north to south at a slow rate.
Potential of Denver Basin for Disposal of Liquid Wastes
Authors: Garbarini George S. , Veal Harry K. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A reconnaissance subsurface geologic study has shown that three types of reservoirs are available for liquid-waste disposal in the Denver basin—fractured Precambrian rocks, porous sandstone reservoirs, and thick shale suitable for disposal by the hydraulic-fracturing technique.
From early 1962 through early 1966, fractured Precambrian rocks at a depth of 12,000 ft were used as a disposal reservoir for toxic effluent produced at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal near Denver. The disposal well is now shut in pending investigation of the possible relationship of waste injection to Denver-area earthquakes, which increased in frequency and magnitude during the injection period.
Data on the Precambrian of the Denver basin are sparse because only a few test wells penetrated it in search for oil and gas. Two borings on the Apishapa uplift indicate a good fractured Precambrian reservoir.
Porous sandstone reservoirs considered most favorable for waste disposal are the Permian Lyons Sandstone, the Triassic Dockum sandstone, the Triassic-Jurassic Jelm-Entrada sandstone, and sandstones in the Cretaceous Dakota Group and the “Hygiene zone” of the Pierre Shale. The Lyons, Dockum, and Dakota are best suited for waste disposal in the southern part of the basin. Exploration for oil and gas in this part of the basin has been very slow in recent years, whereas activity is moderate to brisk in the central part of the basin where the Lyons and Dakota are prime drilling objectives. The Dockum sandstone, potentially the best disposal reservoir volumetrically, is limited to the southeast part of the basin. The Jelm-Entrada and Hygiene-zone sandstones are potential disposal reservoirs along the heavily populated strip between Denver and Cheyenne.
Cretaceous marine black shale suitable for disposal by the hydraulic-fracturing technique is present everywhere in the basin. The shale crops out over large areas. Beneath the populous strip along the Front Range, the shale is covered locally by as much as 2,000 ft of Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary transitional to continental strata.
Convergent Margin Off East Coast of North Island, New Zealand, Parts I and II
Authors: Davey F.J. , Lewis K. , Childs J.R. , Hampton M.A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A 24-fold seismic line is presented that traverses the widest part of the convergent margin off the east coast of North Island, New Zealand. The seismic data were collected in December 1983 as a cooperative project between the New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Data were collected aboard the S.P. Lee. The complete line extends approximately 275 km (5100 CDP points), of which a portion across the slope (CDP 2100 1/N 4500) is shown. A preliminary interpretation of the entire line has been published by Davey et al. (in press).
The convergent margin is formed by the westward subduction of the Pacific plate under the Indian plate. Between North Island and Chatham Rise, it corresponds to the western margin of the Hikurangi Trough. Convergence between the two plates in the vicinity of the seismic line is oblique (approximately 30° from normal) and rapid (45 mm/year) and has created an imbricate-thrust accretionary prism that extends for as much as 175 km to the edge of North Island (Lewis, 1980). This accretionary prism contains well-defined trench-slope basins and intervening ridges that lie subparallel to the slope.
The seismic source consisted of five Bolt air guns in a tuned array that were shot at 2000 psi manifold pressure. The gun depth was 8.5 m and the shot spacing was 50 m. The receiver system was a Seismic Engineering (SEI) Multidyne 24-fold streamer with a 100-m group interval and 100-m group length towed at an
The Central Oregon Continental Margin, Lines WO76-4 and WO76-55
Authors: Snavely Parke D. , Huene Roland von , Mann Dennis M. , Miller John 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The geologic history of Cenozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Oregon continental margin is interpreted as having involved episodic periods of underthrusting, transcurrent faulting, and extension between the oceanic and North American plates. The seismic sections across this margin illustrate that both compressional and extensional forces have molded the tectonic framework (Snavely et al., 1980).
The Oregon Coast Range and inner shelf is floored by Paleocene to lower Eocene ridge basalt (see diagrammatic cross section), which is interpreted to represent eruptions in an elongate basin formed by rifting of the continental margin (Snavely, 1984). Oceanic islands and sea mounts were constructed on the basaltic ocean floor, and the volcanic flows and breccia that erupted from these centers intertongue with neritic to bathyal sedimentary rocks of early and middle Eocene age. Middle Eocene turbidite sandstone overlaps both the oceanic basalts and the pre-Tertiary rocks of the Klamath Mountains, suturing the Coast Range to North America about 50 Ma.
Oblique convergence between the oceanic and the North American plates occurred during most of post-middle Eocene time, but periods of more head-on convergence occurred in the middle late Eocene and late middle Miocene. Sedimentation, punctuated by episodes of volcanism, was virtually continuous in the forearc basin, the axis of which lay along the present inner continental shelf. More than 7000 m of sedimentary and volcanic rocks were deposited in this basin (Snavely et al., 1980), which is located east of seismic lines 4 and 5 (see diagrammatic cross section).
The principal structure
Atacama sub-millimeter telescope experiment polarimeter (APol) I: design and lab-test result
Authors: Zhang Y. , Li H.-B. , Lühr D. , Takekoshi T. , Oshima T. , Gu Q. 
Published: February 2020

The Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE), a 10-m aperture
telescope, hosts a camera equipped with the Transition Edge Sensor
(TES). We developed a fore-optics module—“APol,” to convert the
271 pixels of the TES working at 350 GHz into a sensitive imaging
polarimeter without sacrificing the image quality and the

7.5

′

field of view. Here, we describe the
detailed optical design of APol and present the results of the
preliminary test in a laboratory.
Wavelength selection and measurement error theoretical analysis on ground-based coherent differential absorption lidar using 1.53 µm wavelength for simultaneous vertical profiling of water vapor density and wind speed
Authors: Imaki Masaharu , Hirosawa Kenichi , Yanagisawa Takayuki , Kameyama Shumpei , Kuze Hiroaki 
Published: February 2020

A feasibility study of coherent differential absorption lidar is
conducted using a 1.53-µm wavelength for simultaneously retrieving the
water vapor density and wind speed profiles. We selected the ON and
OFF wavelengths to be 1531.383 and 1531.555 nm, respectively, for
minimizing the effect of the temperature change in the atmosphere. The
systematic measurement error can be reduced to below 5% by stabilizing
the ON wavelength from

−
64

to 102 MHz around the center of the
water vapor absorption line. Analysis of the speckle and photon
statistics errors reveal that the relative error of the water vapor
density is less than 10% at the altitude from 0.1 to 1.7 km with the
100 m range resolution with 10 min data accumulation time. The
simultaneous measurement of wind speed and direction can also be
achieved by employing a conical scan mechanism.
Multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser with tunable orbital angular momentum mode output
Authors: Tang Min , Jiang Youchao , Li Haisu , Zhao Qi , Cao Min , Mi Yuean , Wu Liangying , Jian Wei , Ren Wenhua , Ren Guobin 
Published: February 2020

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) with orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode output. Employing a Mach–Zehnder filter, a Sagnac loop filter, and a mode-selective coupler, the proposed EDFL achieves single-, dual-, triple- and quadruple-wavelength outputs of OAM modes. The tunable range of the output wavelengths is up to 22.64 nm. Besides, the multi-wavelength laser is able to emit OAM modes with its topological charge of

±

1

. The proposed EDFL has the advantages of wide wavelength tunability, good stability, high signal-to-noise ratio (higher than 34 dB), and high mode purity (up to 95%), which may be applied for mode-division-multiplexing optical communication and optical fiber sensing systems.