bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Negotiating Reunion in Intercountry Adoption Using Social Media and Technology
Authors: Shier Anne Marie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This article focuses on how intercountry adoptees use social media and technology to negotiate and facilitate reunion with their birth families. The qualitative data were drawn from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with eleven adoptees who were internationally adopted to Ireland and have contact with their birth families using social media and technology. The findings from this interpretivist study demonstrate that social media and technology have significantly transformed and can now play a central role in reunion in intercountry adoption. They also suggest that social workers need to be aware of the emerging role of social media and technology in intercountry adoption reunion to develop further knowledge and skills in this area. Specifically, the study indicates that social media and technology have facilitated, ‘normalised’ and casualised aspects of contact with birth family; increased the pace of contact and can pose challenges in navigating contact and boundaries. A key finding of this study relates to the importance of contact with birth siblings and their potential role as mediators and facilitators of contact with birth parents. Participants report that whilst social media and technology have facilitated their contact with birth family, it cannot and does not replace the need for ‘real life’ in-person contact.
Scotopic Vision Is Selectively Processed in Thick-Type Columns in Human Extrastriate Cortex
Authors: Tootell Roger B H , Nasr Shahin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In humans, visual stimuli can be perceived across an enormous range of light levels. Evidence suggests that different neural mechanisms process different subdivisions of this range. For instance, in the retina, stimuli presented at very low (scotopic) light levels activate rod photoreceptors, whereas cone photoreceptors are activated relatively more at higher (photopic) light levels. Similarly, different retinal ganglion cells are activated by scotopic versus photopic stimuli. However, in the brain, it remains unknown whether scotopic versus photopic information is: 1) processed in distinct channels, or 2) neurally merged. Using high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T, we confirmed the first hypothesis. We first localized thick versus thin-type columns within areas V2, V3, and V4, based on photopic selectivity to motion versus color, respectively. Next, we found that scotopic stimuli selectively activated thick- (compared to thin-) type columns in V2 and V3 (in measurements of both overlap and amplitude) and V4 (based on overlap). Finally, we found stronger resting-state functional connections between scotopically dominated area MT with thick- (compared to thin-) type columns in areas V2, V3, and V4. We conclude that scotopic stimuli are processed in partially segregated parallel streams, emphasizing magnocellular influence, from retina through middle stages of visual cortex.
Efficacy and Safety of Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir/Voxilaprevir for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS5A-Inhibitor Experienced Patients With Difficult to Cure Characteristics
Authors: Papaluca Timothy , Roberts Stuart K , Strasser Simone I , Stuart Katherine A , Farrell Geoffrey , MacQuillan Gerry , Dore Gregory J , Wade Amanda J , George Jacob , Hazeldine Simon , O’Beirne James , Wigg Alan , Fisher Leslie , McGarity Bruce , Sawhney Rohit , Sinclair Marie , Thomas James , Valiozis Ivan , Weltman Martin , Wilson Mark , Woodward Aidan , Ahlenstiel Golo , Haque Mazhar , Levy Miriam , Prewett Emily , Sievert William , Sood Siddharth , Tse Edmund , Valaydon Zina , Bowden Scott , Douglas Mark , New Kate , O’Keefe Jacinta , Hellard Margaret , Doyle Joseph , Stoove Mark , Thompson Alexander J 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn clinical trials, hepatitis C virus (HCV) salvage treatment with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir (SOF/VEL/VOX) achieved an SVR12 rate of &gt;95% in NS5A-experienced participants. Lower SVR12 rates have been reported in real-world studies, particularly for genotype (GT)3 infection and cirrhosis. We determined the efficacy and safety of SOF/VEL/VOX in a large real-world cohort.MethodsWe assessed the efficacy of salvage SOF/VEL/VOX for HCV infection in NS5A-inhibitor experienced participants with cirrhosis and portal hypertension, prior liver transplantation (LT) or severe extra-hepatic manifestations. SOF/VEL/VOX was available via an early access program. The primary outcome was SVR12. Secondary outcome was frequency of adverse events (AE).FindingsNinety-seven participants were included. Median age was 58, 82% were male, 78% had cirrhosis, most with portal hypertension (61%, n = 46/76), and 18% had prior-LT. Of the cirrhotic participants, 96% were Child-Turcotte-Pugh class A, and 4% were class B. Of the 72% with GT3, 76% were also cirrhotic. By intention-to-treat analysis, SVR12 rate was 85% (n = 82/97). Per protocol, the SVR12 rate was 90%, including 91% in GT1 (GT1a n = 18/18, GT1b n = 2/4), 89% in GT3 (n = 59/66) and 100% in GT6 (n = 3/3). SVR12 in participants with GT3 and cirrhosis was 90%. No predictors of non-SVR12 were identified. There were 4 serious AEs including 1 death and 3 hepatic decompensation events. NS5A resistance-associated substitutions detected at baseline did not affect SVR12.ConclusionsThis real-world study confirms high efficacy of SOF/VEL/VOX for the treatment of difficult-to-cure NS5A-inhibitor experienced patients, including those with GT3 and cirrhosis. Treatment was well tolerated in most; however, serious AEs can occur in those with advanced liver disease.
Antibiotic Use Prior to Hospital Presentation Among Individuals With Suspected Enteric Fever in Nepal, Bangladesh, and Pakistan
Authors: Vaidya Krista , Aiemjoy Kristen , Qamar Farah N , Saha Samir K , Tamrakar Dipesh , Naga Shiva R , Saha Shampa , Hemlock Caitlin , Longley Ashley T , Date Kashmira , Bogoch Isaac I , Garrett Denise O , Luby Stephen P , Andrews Jason R 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundAntibiotic use prior to seeking care at a hospital may reduce the sensitivity of blood culture for enteric fever, with implications for both clinical care and surveillance. The Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP) is a prospective study of enteric fever incidence in Nepal, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. Nested within SEAP, we evaluated the accuracy of self-reported antibiotic use and investigated the association between antibiotic use and blood culture positivity.MethodsBetween November 2016 and April 2019, we collected urine samples among a subset of SEAP participants to test for antibiotic use prior to the hospital visit using an antibacterial activity assay. All participants were asked about recent antibiotic use and had a blood culture performed. We used mixed-effect logit models to evaluate the effect of antimicrobial use on blood culture positivity, adjusted for markers of disease severity.ResultsWe enrolled 2939 patients with suspected enteric fever. Antibiotics were detected in 39% (1145/2939) of urine samples. The correlation between measured and reported antibiotic use was modest (κ = 0.72). After adjusting for disease severity, patients with antibiotics in their urine were slightly more likely to be blood culture positive for enteric fever; however, the effect was not statistically significant (prevalence ratio, 1.22 [95% confidence interval, .99–1.50]).ConclusionsThe reliability of self-reported prior antibiotic use was modest among individuals presenting with fever to tertiary hospitals. While antibiotics are likely to reduce the sensitivity of blood culture, our findings indicate that there is still considerable value in performing blood culture for individuals reporting antibiotic use.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Prevalences Among People Experiencing Homelessness and Homelessness Service Staff During Early Community Transmission in Atlanta, Georgia, April–May 2020
Authors: Yoon Jane C , Montgomery Martha P , Buff Ann M , Boyd Andrew T , Jamison Calla , Hernandez Alfonso , Schmit Kristine , Shah Sarita , Ajoku Sophia , Holland David P , Prieto Juliana , Smith Sasha , Swancutt Mark A , Turner Kim , Andrews Tom , Flowers Kevin , Wells Alyssa , Marchman Cathryn , Laney Emaline , Bixler Danae , Cavanaugh Sean , Flowers Nicole , Gaffga Nicholas , Ko Jean Y , Paulin Heather N , Weng Mark K , Mosites Emily , Morris Sapna Bamrah 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
In response to reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks among people experiencing homelessness (PEH) in other US cities, we conducted multiple, proactive, facility-wide testing events for PEH living sheltered and unsheltered and homelessness service staff in Atlanta, Georgia. We describe the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prevalence and associated symptoms, and review shelter infection prevention and control (IPC) policies.

Methods
PEH and staff were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) during 7 April–6 May 2020. A subset of PEH and staff was screened for symptoms. Shelter assessments were conducted concurrently at a convenience sample of shelters using a standardized questionnaire.

Results
Overall, 2875 individuals at 24 shelters and 9 unsheltered outreach events underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing, and 2860 (99.5%) had conclusive test results. The SARS-CoV-2 prevalences were 2.1% (36/1684) among PEH living sheltered, 0.5% (3/628) among PEH living unsheltered, and 1.3% (7/548) among staff. Reporting fever, cough, or shortness of breath in the last week during symptom screening was 14% sensitive and 89% specific for identifying COVID-19 cases, compared with RT-PCR. Prevalences by shelter ranged 0–27.6%. Repeat testing 3–4 weeks later at 4 shelters documented decreased SARS-CoV-2 prevalences (0–3.9%). Of 24 shelters, 9 completed shelter assessments and implemented IPC measures as part of the COVID-19 response.

Conclusions
PEH living in shelters experienced a higher SARS-CoV-2 prevalence compared with PEH living unsheltered. Facility-wide testing in congregate settings allowed for the identification and isolation of COVID-19 cases, and is an important strategy to interrupt SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Role of amoebae for survival and recovery of ‘non-culturable’ Helicobacter pylori cells in aquatic environments
Authors: Dey Rafik , Rieger Aja , Banting Graham , Ashbolt Nicholas J 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Helicobacter pylori is a fastidious Gram-negative bacterium that infects over half of the world's population, causing chronic gastritis and is a risk factor for stomach cancer. In developing and rural regions where prevalence rate exceeds 60%, persistence and waterborne transmission are often linked to poor sanitation conditions. Here we demonstrate that H. pylori not only survives but also replicates within acidified free-living amoebal phagosomes. Bacterial counts of the clinical isolate H. pylori G27 increased over 50-fold after three days in co-culture with amoebae. In contrast, a H. pylori mutant deficient in a cagPAI gene (cagE) showed little growth within amoebae, demonstrating the likely importance of a type IV secretion system in H. pylori for amoebal infection. We also demonstrate that H. pylori can be packaged by amoebae and released in extracellular vesicles. Furthermore, and for the first time, we successfully demonstrate the ability of two free-living amoebae to revert and recover viable but non-cultivable coccoid (VBNC)-H. pylori to a culturable state. Our studies provide evidence to support the hypothesis that amoebae and perhaps other free-living protozoa contribute to the replication and persistence of human-pathogenic H. pylori by providing a protected intracellular microenvironment for this pathogen to persist in natural aquatic environments and engineered water systems, thereby H. pylori potentially uses amoeba as a carrier and a vector of transmission.
Unraveling the xylanolytic potential of Acidobacteria bacterium AB60 from Cerrado soils
Authors: Rodrigues Gisele Regina , Pinto Otávio Henrique Bezerra , Schroeder Luís Felipe , Fernandes Gabriel da Rocha , Costa Ohana Yonara Assis , Quirino Betania Ferraz , Kuramae Eiko Eurya , Barreto Cristine Chaves 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
The presence of genes for glycosyl hydrolases in many Acidobacteria genomes indicates an important role in the degradation of plant cell wall material. Acidobacteria bacterium AB60 was obtained from Cerrado oligotrophic soil in Brazil, where this phylum is abundant. The 16S rRNA gene analyses showed that AB60 was closely related to the genera Occallatibacter and Telmatobacter. However, AB60 grew on xylan as carbon source, which was not observed in Occallatibacter species; but growth was not detected on medium containing carboxymethyl cellulose, as observed in Telmatobacter. Nevertheless, the genome analysis of AB60 revealed genes for the enzymes involved in cellulose as well as xylan degradation. In addition to enzymes involved in xylan degradation, α-l-rhamnosidase was detected in the cultures of AB60. Functional screening of a small-insert genomic library did not identify any clones capable of carboxymethyl cellulose degradation, but open reading frames coding α-l-arabinofuranosidase and α-l-rhamnosidase were present in clones showing xylan degradation halos. Both enzymes act on the lateral chains of heteropolymers such as pectin and some hemicelluloses. These results indicate that the hydrolysis of α-linked sugars may offer a metabolic niche for slow-growing Acidobacteria, allowing them to co-exist with other plant-degrading microbes that hydrolyze β-linked sugars from cellulose or hemicellulose backbones.
Louder Than Words: Broadsheets as Agents in a Multimedial Society
Authors: Janssens Eva L E 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
As significant instruments in the dissemination of Protestant ideas, oral, visual and written media affected early modern culture and its mentalities in an unprecedented way. Through word and image, religious oppositions were exacerbated in order to encourage the process of conversion. The role of prints in Protestant propaganda has already received scholarly attention. Yet, too often, a focus on medium-specific characteristics has ignored the interesting facet of interplay with other media. Through a detailed study of several illustrated broadsheets, this contribution analyses how prints of a Protestant stripe related, both in an explicit and in an implicit way, to other modes of communication. The perspective of multi- and intermediality is used as a scientific window on sixteenth-century prints and their reception.
Detection of temporal change in near-source attenuation during intense fluid-driven seismicity following the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake
Authors: Yoshida Keisuke 
Published: September 2020

SUMMARYThe behaviour of fluids in the crust is key to understanding earthquake occurrence as fluids decrease fault strength. The attenuation of seismic waves may be locally high in fault zones as fluids are intensely distributed in these zones. This study uses a novel, simple approach to examine near-source attenuation in the focal region of intense swarm activity in the Yamagata–Fukushima border region, Japan, which is believed to be triggered by fluid movement following the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake. Near-source attenuation was estimated by determining the decay of amplitude ratios of nearby earthquake pairs with traveltime differences precisely quantified using a waveform correlation. In the initial ∼50 d, ${{\boldsymbol{Q}}^{ - 1}}$ was high, then it significantly decreased to become almost constant for the subsequent period. This pattern is similar to those independently observed for background seismicity rate, b-value, stress drop and fault strength. These patterns can be attributed to the hypothesis that the swarm was triggered by fluid movement following the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake; the source and seismicity characteristics and the seismic attenuation were altogether affected by the temporal change in pore pressure. The method demonstrated in this study may be a useful tool to detect high pore pressure anomaly at depth and understand its relationship with earthquake occurrence.
Diminishing constitutional law: The first three decades of women’s exclusion adjudication in Israel
Authors: Tirosh Yofi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Balancing between sex equality and religious interests has been a challenge for Israel’s constitutional law from the state’s inception. In recent years, however, the expanding repertoire of practices known as women’s exclusion has brought forth this tension with new formulations, intensity, and public sensitivity. This article maps the three decades of Israel’s High Court of Justice (HCJ or “the Court”) adjudication on women’s exclusion. The modesty requirements and sex-based physical segregation that have become rampant in Israel require re-articulations of the scope and status of the right to equality, as well as other constitutional rights such as dignity and liberty. The thirty-year database compiled for the purpose of this article encompasses all women’s exclusion cases decided by the HCJ. The database was built based on an annotated definition of women’s exclusion cases as a legal field, developed and explained in this article. The database reveals what might be defined as diminishing constitutional adjudication. In the 1990s, the Court labored in elevating sex equality, developing a doctrinal structure that guards it against religion-based demands to legitimize exclusion norms. In contrast, in the past decade, the Court has almost completely refrained from reviewing cases on merit or writing reasoned opinions, adopting ad-hoc problem-solving approaches or taking dispute resolution approaches prompting the parties to find compromise, without delineating the legal framework that should guide the disputes.
A recurrent lung abscess caused by delayed diagnosis of unique co-infection with Abiotrophia defectiva
Authors: Onorati Ilaria , Guiraudet Patrice , Billard-Pomares Typhaine , Martinod Emmanuel 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We report the case of a lung abscess due to Prevotella baroniae with a co-infection by Abiotrophia defective, which is a ‘nutritionally variant streptococci’ (NVS), in a 48-year-old patient. The delayed diagnosis of this co-infection led to multiple failures of medical treatment and need for surgery. Pathogenicity of these bacteria is well known, particularly in endocarditis, but not in lung infection. In pulmonary abscesses, co-infection with NVS is difficult to detect. It may explain some medical treatment failures. This case highlights the importance to systematically search for and consider NVS in such clinical contexts.
A Study of Universal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 RNA Testing Among Residents and Staff in a Large Group of Care Homes in South London
Authors: Marossy Agnes , Rakowicz Stefan , Bhan Angela , Noon Sarah , Rees Amanda , Virk Manjinder , Nazafi Ayazali , Hay Evie , de Thomasson Louise , Windle Christina , Zuckerman Mark 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Care homes have experienced a high number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–related deaths among residents since the onset of the pandemic. However, up to May 2020, there has been a lack of information about the extent of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among residents and staff in care homes and limited testing in this setting.

Methods
Combined nose and throat swab testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA was carried out in 2455 residents and staff across 37 care homes in the London Borough of Bromley across a 3-week period. Results were reported within 24 hours of sample delivery, and data were collected on the presence or absence of symptoms.

Results
Overall, the point prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 6.5%, with a higher rate in residents (9.0%) than in staff (4.7%). A key finding was the high proportion of asymptomatic infection detected in staff (69%) and residents (51%), with evidence of underdetection of symptoms by care home staff.

Conclusions
The high proportion of asymptomatic infection combined with underdetection of symptoms by care home staff indicates that offering a test to all residents and staff in care homes with rapid reporting of results would assist accurate identification of infected individuals, facilitating prompt infection prevention and control action.
The Draft Fining Guidelines and the future of antitrust fines in China
Authors: Sun Su , Zhang Chenying 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Fines are a major part of the punishment and deterrence in China’s enforcement of its Antimonopoly Law. China has been drafting antitrust fining guidelines in the past several years and the current version is believed to be close to final. One natural question is: will the antitrust fining guidelines lead to harsher antitrust fines in China’s future enforcement? We attempt to answer this question by assessing whether fine recipients in China’s historical antitrust investigations would have received higher fines according to the Draft Fining Guidelines. Based on a large number of historical non-merger case decisions issued by China’s antitrust agencies through September 2019, our quantitative analysis shows that higher future fines should be expected in the future. We also explore several factors that might explain why historical fines were below the level predicted by the Draft Fining Guidelines.
Evaluation of Biomarkers in Sepsis: High Dimethylarginine (ADMA and SDMA) Concentrations Are Associated with Mortality
Authors: van Wijk Xander M R , Yun Cassandra , Lynch Kara L 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
As modulators of nitric oxide generation, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) may play important roles in sepsis. Current data on dimethylarginines are conflicting, and direct comparison data with other biomarkers are limited.

Methods
Fifty-five patients were included in the final analysis and were divided into 4 groups: infection without sepsis, sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. The first available samples on hospital admission were analyzed for ADMA, SDMA, procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein, heparin binding protein (HBP), zonulin, soluble CD25 (sCD25), and soluble CD163 (sCD163). White blood cell (WBC) counts and lactate results were obtained from the medical record.

Results
There were no statistically significant differences in ADMA and SDMA concentrations among the 4 groups; however, PCT, WBC, HBP, and sCD25 showed statistically significant differences. Lactate only trended toward statistical significance, likely because of limited availability in the medical record. Differences between survivors of sepsis and nonsurvivors at 30 days were highly statistically significant for ADMA and SDMA. Areas under the curve (AUCs) for ROC analysis were 0.88 and 0.95, respectively. There was also a statistically significant difference between survivors of sepsis and nonsurvivors for HBP, lactate, sCD25, and sCD163; however, AUCs for ROC curves were not statistically significantly different from 0.5.

Conclusions
Analysis of biomarkers other than dimethylarginines were in general agreement with expectations from the literature. ADMA and SDMA may not be specific markers for diagnosis of sepsis; however, they may be useful in short-term mortality risk assessment.