bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DETERMINATION OF THE TREND OF CHANGES OF RELIABILITY INDICATORS OF STATE AVIATION HELICOPTERS ACCORDING TO OPERATING DATA
Authors: Golub V. , Bashynskyi V. , Zhdaniuk M. 
Published: August 2020

The most important characteristics of the processes efficiency in aircraft equipment technical operation are the operational reliability characteristics. High reliability of aviation equipment is the main condition for its readiness, efficiency and safety.
The aircraft equipment reliability is its ability to perform specified functions, maintaining during some time the values of the established flight and technical and operational indicators within the specified limits, which correspond to the specified modes and conditions of use, maintenance, repair, storage and transportation.
Despite the quick scientific and technological progress in aviation, the problem of flights safety has become extremely acute in the present time. Empirical data statistical processing is an urgent task in monitoring of the Ukrainian Armed Forces aircrafts operation and determining trends in maintenance and repair, areas of modernization of armaments and military equipment.
The subject of the work is the analysis and system approach based on the developed estimation technique of aviation equipment reliability indicators. The results of determined helicopters and their functional systems reliability are presented. The trend and the main reasons for the change in reliability indicators for 2016-2019 are determined.
The main purpose of reliability analysis is to determine the causal relationships between quantitative and qualitative reliability indicators and the level of flight safety that lead to aviation accidents.
Statistical information in the form of fault records and reports, where the generalized operational data are sent by the State aviation units according to the methodical recommendations.
Indicators analysis of operational reliability and flights safety for helicopters according to statistical data of failures, damages and incidents is done. Moreover, the trend and the main reasons for the helicopters reliability indicators changes for the period 2016-2019 are defined.
The results of research are presented in the final tables, which show the average values of operational reliability, flight safety and the level of combat flight task for different types of helicopters in all specialties.
The causes of malfunctions that affect the level of operational reliability, flight safety and non-fulfillment of the flight task on helicopters for the period 2015-2019 were taken into account.
According to the statistics analysis of the malfunctions reported causes , it is determined that the total number of reported malfunctions on different types of helicopters in 2019 increased by 11.0% compared to 2018, compared to 2017 by 43.7%, compared to 2016 by 58.4%, compared to 2015 by 70.0%.
SOME ASPECTS OF NATO STANDARDS IMPLEMENTATION IN THE ARMAMENT AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT TESTING SYSTEM OF UKRAINE
Authors: Lappo I. , Herashchenko M. , Chervotoka О. 
Published: August 2020

The world practice of creating and modernizing specimens of armament and military equipment envisages carrying out numerous tests, checks and evaluations of the current technical conditions throughout the life cycle. This leads to the need for improvement of the test system, the regulatory framework of which is a system of standards. Updating the standards that regulate preparation and testing of new and modernized specimens of armament and military equipment, based on best international and domestic experience, at the moment is actual and perspective development direction of the standardization system in the sphere of defence.
The purpose of the article is to analyze the ways of implementing NATO standards and determine the feasibility of their application “by the method of confirmation” in the armament and military equipment testing system.
During the research general scientific methods of processing and systematization of information, in particular system analysis and synthesis of organizational and technical systems, were applied.
The current state of the system of standardization of armament and military equipment in Ukraine was analyzed. It was determined that at present the military standardization system in the Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces of Ukraine practically corresponds to the standardization system of NATO.
It was established that one of the main tasks of military standardization is the transition to European and NATO standards. Analysis of these normative documents has revealed that the main requirements are consistent through the identity of standards, as well as through the adoption of national standards by the “method of confirmation”.
A comparative analysis of NATO standards STANAG 4370 and military standards ГОСТ В revealed the presence of significant differences in the classification of military equipment, the requirements for stability, sustainability and durability to the influence of external factors. It was noted that in Ukraine there is lack of practice of dissemination and use of the normative documents in English adopted by the “method of confirmation”; there is also a shortage of qualified specialists on standardization with a sufficient language competence, as well as lack of common research vocabulary in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, harmonized with national and international terminological systems.
It was established that for the development of standardization system of armament and military equipment, in particular for conducting tests, it is recommended to use NATO standards as an information base, taking into account the domestic experience of the standardization system in developing requirements for reliability and stability to the influence of external factors. It was recommended to carry out the introduction of NATO standards by method of reissue (adaptation, translation) with the assistance of Ukrainian specialists on military standardization.
EVALUATION OF THE RELIABILITY OF MILITARY EQUIPMENT WITH A LIMITED NUMBER OF SAMPLES
Authors: Moskalets S. , Zhyrnyi V. , Kuzin S. , Rudyk A. 
Published: August 2020

An important task of research of military equipment is the collection, processing and analysis of information about the technical condition and reliability. The performance of a combat mission and the lives of people directly depend on these technical characteristics.
In the available regulatory and technical documentation, reliability is defined as the property of the object to maintain over time within the established limits the values of indicators that characterize the ability to perform the required functions in the specified conditions of use, maintenance, repair, storage and transportation.
Reliability, according to the requirements of DSTU, is a complex property that includes the properties of faultlessness, maintainability, durability and preservation. NATO members already use seven reliability parameters.
The issue of ensuring the required level of reliability is constantly addressed by a number of authors, which is presented in a wide range of scientific papers. Thus, to maintain the high technical condition of aviation equipment, the assessment of its real level is considered as a set of a large number of individual systems and subsystems with the allocation of their indicators with subsequent careful examination of the weakest ones. The division into separate systems of complex objects allows increasing the overall level of reliability. An object is understood both as an element and an arbitrary non-redundant system, which is represented by single implementations of parameters that determine its weakest components.
For degradation processes that are caused by aging, wear, cyclic and other types of mechanical loads, two parametric Markov models of random processes are better suited: diffusion monotonic and nonmonotonic laws. The parameters of scale and form of their distributions are determined.
The proposed technique can be widely used to calculate the reliability parameters of other technical systems. It is important to make a reasonable choice of failure criteria, which must be clearly defined for critical systems of military vehicles. Previous experience should be taken into account and databases on the reliability of analogues of the relevant samples should be compiled. The program of reliability parameters calculation of technical systems with the use of statistical functions of electronic spreadsheets is elaborated.
RECOMMENDATIONS IMPROVEMENT FOR SUBSTANTIATION OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE VALUES OF QUANTITATIVE INDICATORS OF ARMAMENT AND MILITARY EQUIPMENT UNIFICATION
Authors: Shaporenko V. 
Published: August 2020

The article deals with recommendations improvement for substantiation of requirements for the values of quantitative indicators of unification in requests for proposals for research and development works (R&D) on the development of samples of armament and military equipment (AME).
Previously, it was proposed to substantiate these requirements on the basic unification level, taking into account the coefficients of factors that influence the level of unification, recommendations for their determination were given, but the coefficients of factors were adopted the same for all influencing factors.
To achieve this goal, a group of five experts from the State Scientific Research Institute of Armament and Military Equipment Testing and Certification was formed. The experts were provided with a matrix questionnaire in which they had to provide evaluations of seven identified influencing factors by pairwise comparing of their significance. To increase the reliability of evaluation and eliminate errors, the survey was conducted twice. According to the results of the questionnaire, the ratings of the significance of the influencing factors were determined, which ranged from “+4” to “–3”.
Taking this into consideration, the previously determined values of the coefficients of factors that influence the level of unification were adjusted and amounted to:
for favorable factors: from 1.143 to 1.476;
for adverse factors: from 0.524 to 0.809.
The calculations of the value of repeatability factor at the basic level of unification of 70% on the example of tests of individual samples of AME were obtained. The results ranged from 68% to 79%.
The analysis of the comparison of the unification level with the results of calculations in the previous work revealed that the changes are generally small (from 1% to 3%), but became closer to the results obtained in the tests in 80% of cases.
The results of the study are recommended for use in practice during the setting of requirements in requests for proposals for research and development works on the development of samples of AME.
AN ANALYSIS ON THE DIFFICULTIES LEVEL OF THREE ONLINE WRITTEN TEXTS
Authors: Giovani Wanda 
Published: August 2020

This research aims to elaborate the difficulty levels of three different texts that bring the same topic. This research is a discourse analysis which was done by analyzing the lexical density, nominalization, and the finiteness of the texts. The three texts that have been analyzed were taken online from Wikipedia and two personal blogs for English research. The results show that the first text can be taken as the most complex text for high level readers, the second text for the intermediate level readers, and the third text for the elementary or low level readers. In terms of lexical density, the first text gains very high percentage which is up to 60%, this shows that the text is the most informative of all. Whereas, the second text and the third text’s lexical density are both 50%, which indicates that there are lack of contents in them. Regarding to nominalization, the first text is still on the highest level with 12 nominalizations, the second text is on the intermediate level with 10 nominalizations, and the third text is on the lowest level, without any nominalization. The last is from the finiteness side. The first text has the lowest number of finiteness; the second text has the second highest number of finites, whereas the third text has the highest number of finites of all. This is the result of the highest number of lexical density and nominalization of the first text that decreases the frequency of sentences in it. The results of this research can be useful for online readers to decide what kind of reading materials which are suitable for their English levels.
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran TGT Untuk Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Materi Bilangan Romawi Siswa Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Saragih Eliyani , Wedyawati Nelly 
Published: August 2020

This study is aim to describe improving student learnng outcomes using models teams games tournament (TGT) on the material of Bilangan Romawi the fourth grade students 06 sintang academic year 2016/2017. The method used in this research is descriptive research method with qualitative approach, in the form of classroom action research. This study was conducted in two cycles. Each cycle consists of the stages of planning, action, observation, reflection. Data retrieval tool is used in the form of guidelines for obsevation, test question, questionnaire, documentation. Based on the research results improving student learning outcomes trough teams games tournament (TGT) models in the first cycle with a total percentage of 63,33%, while in the second cycle a significant increase, amounting to 90,90%. This shows the improvement of student learning outcomes from the first cycle to the second 27,57%.
Efektivitas Penerapan Metode Round Table dan Ekspositori Terhadap Prestasi Belajar Matematika Ditinjau dari Kemampuan Awal
Authors: Annurwanda Pradipta , Friantini Rizki Nurhana 
Published: August 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan: 1) Untuk mengetahui adakah perbedaan pengaruh antara metode pembelajaran Round Table dengan metode pembelajaran ekspositori terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa; 2) Untuk mengetahui adakah perbedaan pengaruh kemampuan awal tinggi dan rendah terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa; 3) Untuk mengetahui adakah interaksi antara metode pembelajaran Round Table dan ekspositori dengan kemampuan awal siswa tinggi dan rendah terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen dengan desain faktorial 2x2. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII SMP Maniamas Ngabang berjumlah 105 siswa, dengan sampel kelas VIII C dan VIII D berjumlah 78 siswa. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan cluster random sampling. Data kemampuan awal siswa didapatkan dari hasil nilai ulangan harian terakhir. Data prestasi belajar diperoleh dari tes yang sebelumnya telah dilakukan uji validitas, reliabilitas, taraf kesukaran dan daya beda terhadap soal tes yang akan digunakan.Teknik analisis data menggunakan Analisis Variansi (ANAVA) dua jalan dengan taraf signifikansi 5%. Dari hasil analisis data didapatkan: 1) Ada perbedaan pengaruh antara metode pembelajaran Round Table dengan metode pembelajaran ekspositori terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa; 2) ada perbedaan pengaruh kemampuan awal tinggi dan rendah terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa; 3) ada interaksi antara metode pembelajaran Round Table dan ekspositori dengan kemampuan awal siswa tinggi dan rendah terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa. Hasil penelitian ini adalah 1) Metode pembelajaran Round Table lebih efektif daripada metode pembelajaran ekspositori terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa; 2) Siswa yang mempunyai kemampuan awal tinggi lebih baik daripada siswa yang memiliki kemampuan awal rendah terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa; 3) ada interaksi antara metode pembelajaran Round Table dan ekspositori dengan kemampuan awal tinggi dan rendah terhadap prestasi belajar matematika siswa
Inconsistencies Between Local and Global Measures of CME Radial Expansion as Revealed by Spacecraft Conjunctions
Authors: Lugaz Noé , Salman Tarik M. , Winslow Réka M. , Al-Haddad Nada , Farrugia Charles J. , Zhuang Bin , Galvin Antoinette B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The radial expansion of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) is known to occur from remote observations, from the variation of their properties with radial distance, and from local in situ plasma measurements showing a decreasing speed profile throughout the magnetic ejecta (ME). However, little is known on how local measurements compare to global measurements of expansion. Here, we present results from the analysis of 42 CMEs measured in the inner heliosphere by two spacecraft in radial conjunction. The magnetic-field decrease with distance provides a measure of their global expansion. Near 1 au, the decrease in their bulk speed provides a measure of their local expansion. We find that these two measures have little relation with each other. We also investigate the relation between characteristics of CME expansion and CME properties. We find that the expansion depends on the initial magnetic-field strength inside the ME, but not significantly on the magnetic field inside the ME measured near 1 au. This is indirect evidence that CME expansion in the innermost heliosphere is driven by the high magnetic pressure inside the ME, while by the time the MEs reach 1 au, they are expanding due to the decrease in the solar-wind dynamic pressure with distance. We also determine the evolution of the ME tangential and normal magnetic-field components with distance, revealing significant deviations as compared to the expectations from force-free field configurations as well as some evidence that the front half of MEs expand at a faster rate than the back half.
Similarities between the X-Ray Light Curves of the 2016 and 2020 Eruptions of the Recurrent Nova LMC 1968
Authors: Schwarz Greg J. , Page Kim L. , Kuin Paul M. , Darnley Matthew J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The latest eruption of the recurrent nova LMC 1968 was extensively observed by Swift with its X-ray Telescope instrument. A comparison with the Swift data set from the 2016 eruption shows that the X-ray evolution was remarkably similar just as the evolution of the optical photometry and spectroscopy was similar during previously observed eruptions. The only difference is a surprising decrease in the recurrence time. LMC 1968 is only the second nova for which Swift has observed the entire X-ray evolution more than once. At 50 kpc, it is close enough to be extensively observed in its next eruption.
The Surface Abundances of 17 Com B: A Test for Self-consistent Evolutionary Models
Authors: Deal Morgan , Monier Richard 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Elemental abundances are derived for 17 Com B for 16 elements. They reinforce the Am status of this star. We show that the measured abundances are properly reproduced by stellar models including atomic diffusion and a parametrized turbulent diffusion coefficient. This parameterization agrees with that used in previous studies of Am stars.
La rémunération du travail politique en Roumanie fin XIX e -début du XX e siècle
Authors: Iancu Alexandra 
Published: August 2020

La Constitution roumaine de 1866 introduisait l’incompatibilité entre toute fonction salariée et un mandat d’élu. Si les paiements d’indemnités ou des dons étaient expressément interdits dans le cas des sénateurs, le texte fondamental n’incluait pas de disposition similaire pour les députés. Cependant, dans le cas roumain, la rémunération du travail parlementaire fut loin de constituer un repère pour la professionnalisation politique au sens wébérien. L’élite politique resta fermée, à la fin du XIXe siècle et au-delà. Cette tendance se maintint, malgré des processus de clarification du statut des parlementaires et l’élargissement du suffrage. Les restrictions législatives, sur les conflits d’intérêts ou les incompatibilités devinrent ainsi plutôt des moyens disciplinaires aux mains des dirigeants des partis, et non des outils de transparence ou d’autonomisation de la sphère politique. L’article se concentre sur la rémunération du travail parlementaire à la fin du XIXe siècle et au dé- but du XXe, en décrivant à la fois les bénéfices et les contraintes législatives qui ont pesé sur les élus. Selon nous, la rémunération des élus ne visait ni une plus grande ouverture des formes de sélection du personnel politique, ni la professionnalisation des acteurs. Il s’agissait plutôt d’un ressort financier « systémique » inséré dans un processus plus large d’institutionnalisation de la politique.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Fernandes Pedro Henrique Carnevalli , Endlich Angela Maria 
Published: August 2020

Caríssimos(as) leitores(as).
A Geoingá: Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia (PGE) da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM) apresenta a publicação do primeiro número do 12º volume.
Ainda que em tempos tão turbulentos para a humanidade, devido à pandemia da Covid-19, instalada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) em 11 de março de 2020, prosseguimos com a publicação da Revista Geoingá reforçando, cada vez mais, o papel da ciência frente a propagação do senso comum e de bases não científicas.
Assim, este número, publicado nesse cenário preocupante, apresenta contribuições para refletirmos durante o período de isolamento social. Especificamente nesta edição, destacamos a nossa Conversa na sala do café, que enfatiza essa pandemia e o papel da Geografia da Saúde nesse contexto. A seção de artigos proporciona estudos relevantes acerca da Geografia, em diferentes abordagens, procedimentos e perspectivas, permitindo vislumbrar avanços na compreensão acerca do espaço geográfico.
A seção Conversa na sala do café apresenta sua sexta entrevista. Nesta edição, o Prof. Dr. Pedro Henrique Carnevalli Fernandes entrevistou a Profa. Dra. Maria Eugênia Moreira da Costa Ferreira, docente do Departamento de Geografia (DGE) e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia (PGE) da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM).
Desejamos que este número da Revista Geoingá promova inquietações e reflexões acerca do espaço geográfico e, de modo geral, sobre a condição em que nos encontramos no momento em que esta edição é publicada.
Boa leitura!
Cuidem-se!
Maringá (PR), 09 de abril de 2020.
Sand and shine: an inexpensive method to measure terrestrial arthropod movement in the laboratory
Authors: Loureiro Alexandre M.M.C. , Nams Vilis O. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUnderstanding what drives insect movement is crucial to understanding how they might be affected by environmental or human disturbances. Methods that measure movement can be expensive, and few are available that do not rely on some sort of video footage. We developed a relatively inexpensive method that allows the user to see the full path of the individual insects within an arena after a certain amount of time, which can be captured with a photograph and later analysed with computer software applications. In our proof-of-concept experiment, we found that the ground beetle, Harpalus rufipes (Coleoptera: Carabidae), was more active in darkness and in light than in ultraviolet light and that it displayed different movement patterns under all three light treatments.