bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetotail reconnection onset caused by electron kinetics with a strong external driver
Authors: Lu San , Wang Rongsheng , Lu Quanming , Angelopoulos V. , Nakamura R. , Artemyev A. V. , Pritchett P. L. , Liu T. Z. , Zhang X.-J. , Baumjohann W. , Gonzalez W. , Rager A. C. , Torbert R. B. , Giles B. L. , Gershman D. J. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Qi Y. , Ergun R. E. , Lindqvist P.-A. , Burch J. L. , Wang Shui 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMagnetotail reconnection plays a crucial role in explosive energy conversion in geospace. Because of the lack of in-situ spacecraft observations, the onset mechanism of magnetotail reconnection, however, has been controversial for decades. The key question is whether magnetotail reconnection is externally driven to occur first on electron scales or spontaneously arising from an unstable configuration on ion scales. Here, we show, using spacecraft observations and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, that magnetotail reconnection starts from electron reconnection in the presence of a strong external driver. Our PIC simulations show that this electron reconnection then develops into ion reconnection. These results provide direct evidence for magnetotail reconnection onset caused by electron kinetics with a strong external driver.
Tracing the cellular basis of islet specification in mouse pancreas
Authors: Sznurkowska Magdalena K. , Hannezo Edouard , Azzarelli Roberta , Chatzeli Lemonia , Ikeda Tatsuro , Yoshida Shosei , Philpott Anna , Simons Benjamin D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPancreatic islets play an essential role in regulating blood glucose level. Although the molecular pathways underlying islet cell differentiation are beginning to be resolved, the cellular basis of islet morphogenesis and fate allocation remain unclear. By combining unbiased and targeted lineage tracing, we address the events leading to islet formation in the mouse. From the statistical analysis of clones induced at multiple embryonic timepoints, here we show that, during the secondary transition, islet formation involves the aggregation of multiple equipotent endocrine progenitors that transition from a phase of stochastic amplification by cell division into a phase of sublineage restriction and limited islet fission. Together, these results explain quantitatively the heterogeneous size distribution and degree of polyclonality of maturing islets, as well as dispersion of progenitors within and between islets. Further, our results show that, during the secondary transition, α- and β-cells are generated in a contemporary manner. Together, these findings provide insight into the cellular basis of islet development.
CRISPRoff enables spatio-temporal control of CRISPR editing
Authors: Carlson-Stevermer Jared , Kelso Reed , Kadina Anastasia , Joshi Sahil , Rossi Nicholas , Walker John , Stoner Rich , Maures Travis 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFollowing introduction of CRISPR-Cas9 components into a cell, genome editing occurs unabated until degradation of its component nucleic acids and proteins by cellular processes. This uncontrolled reaction can lead to unintended consequences including off-target editing and chromosomal translocations. To address this, we develop a method for light-induced degradation of sgRNA termed CRISPRoff. Here we show that light-induced inactivation of ribonucleoprotein attenuates genome editing within cells and allows for titratable levels of editing efficiency and spatial patterning via selective illumination.
Improved detection of tumor suppressor events in single-cell RNA-Seq data
Authors: Teschendorff Andrew E. , Wang Ning 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTissue-specific transcription factors are frequently inactivated in cancer. To fully dissect the heterogeneity of such tumor suppressor events requires single-cell resolution, yet this is challenging because of the high dropout rate. Here we propose a simple yet effective computational strategy called SCIRA to infer regulatory activity of tissue-specific transcription factors at single-cell resolution and use this tool to identify tumor suppressor events in single-cell RNA-Seq cancer studies. We demonstrate that tissue-specific transcription factors are preferentially inactivated in the corresponding cancer cells, suggesting that these are driver events. For many known or suspected tumor suppressors, SCIRA predicts inactivation in single cancer cells where differential expression does not, indicating that SCIRA improves the sensitivity to detect changes in regulatory activity. We identify NKX2-1 and TBX4 inactivation as early tumor suppressor events in normal non-ciliated lung epithelial cells from smokers. In summary, SCIRA can help chart the heterogeneity of tumor suppressor events at single-cell resolution.
Collecting duct cells show differential retinoic acid responses to acute versus chronic kidney injury stimuli
Authors: Papadimitriou Alexandros , Romagnani Paola , Angelotti Maria Lucia , Noor Mazhar , Corcoran Jonathan , Raby Katie , Wilson Patricia D. , Li Joan , Fraser Donald , Piedagnel Remi , Hendry Bruce M. , Xu Qihe 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRetinoic acid (RA) activates RA receptors (RAR), resulting in RA response element (RARE)-dependent gene expression in renal collecting duct (CD). Emerging evidence supports a protective role for this activity in acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Herein, we examined this activity in RARE-LacZ transgenic mice and by RARE-Luciferase reporter assays in CD cells, and investigated how this activity responds to neurotransmitters and mediators of kidney injury. In RARE-LacZ mice, Adriamycin-induced heavy albuminuria was associated with reduced RA/RAR activity in CD cells. In cultured CD cells, RA/RAR activity was repressed by acetylcholine, albumin, aldosterone, angiotensin II, high glucose, cisplatin and lipopolysaccharide, but was induced by aristolochic acid I, calcitonin gene-related peptide, endothelin-1, gentamicin, norepinephrine and vasopressin. Compared with age-matched normal human CD cells, CD-derived renal cystic epithelial cells from patients with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) had significantly lower RA/RAR activity. Synthetic RAR agonist RA-568 was more potent than RA in rescuing RA/RAR activity repressed by albumin, high glucose, angiotensin II, aldosterone, cisplatin and lipopolysaccharide. Hence, RA/RAR in CD cells is a convergence point of regulation by neurotransmitters and mediators of kidney injury, and may be a novel therapeutic target.
Hybrid two-mode squeezing of microwave and optical fields using optically pumped graphene layers
Authors: Qasymeh Montasir , Eleuch Hichem 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA measurable quadrature of a squeezed quantum state manifests a small uncertainty below the Heisenberg limit. This phenomenon has the potential to enable several extraordinary applications in quantum information, metrology and sensing, and other fields. Several techniques have been implemented to realize squeezed electromagnetic states, including microwave fields and optical fields. However, hybrid squeezed modes (that incorporate both microwave and optical fields) have not yet been proposed despite their vital functionality to combine the two worlds of quantum superconducting systems and photonics systems. In this work, for the first time, we propose a novel approach to achieve two-mode squeezing of microwave and optical fields using graphene based structure. The proposed scheme includes a graphene layered structure that is driven by a quantum microwave voltage and subjected to two optical fields of distinct frequencies. By setting the optical frequency spacing equal to the microwave frequency, an interaction occurs between the optical and microwave fields through electrical modulation of the graphene conductivity. We show that significant hybrid two-mode squeezing, that includes one microwave field and one optical field, can be achieved. Furthermore, the microwave frequency can be tuned over a vast range by modifying the operation parameters.
Experimental demonstration of an arbitrary shape dc electric concentrator
Authors: Barati Sedeh Hooman , Fakheri Mohammad Hosein , Abdolali Ali , Sun Fei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCoordinate transformation (CT) theory has shown great potentials in manipulating both time-varying and static fields for different physics ranging from electromagnetism and acoustics to electrostatic and thermal science. Nevertheless, as inhomogeneous and anisotropic materials are required to be realized for the implementation of CT-based devices, the applicability of this method is restricted due to difficulties in the fabrication process. In this paper, based on transformation electrostatic (TE) methodology, the design principle of an arbitrary shape dc electric concentrator is established which yields the enhancement of static electric fields in a predefined region with only one homogeneous conductivity, named as dc null medium (DNM). It is shown that one constant DNM is sufficient for localizing steady electric current in any arbitrary shape region, which in turn obviates the tedious mathematical calculations that conventional methods suffer from. In other words, the same DNM can be used for different concentrators regardless of their cross-section geometries, which makes the presented approach suitable for scenarios where reconfigurability is of utmost importance. Several numerical simulations are performed in order to demonstrate the capability of the proposed dc electric concentrator in localizing steady electric fields into the desired region. Moreover, by utilizing the analogy between electrically conducting materials and resistor networks, the attained DNM is realized with low-cost resistors and then exploited for fabricating a square shape dc electric concentrator on a printed circuit board (PCB). It is demonstrated that the measurement results agree well with the theoretical predictions and numerical simulations, which corroborate the effectiveness of the propounded method. The presented idea of this paper could find applications in scenarios where highly confined electric fields/currents are of critical importance such as electronic skin devices and electrical impedance tomography.
Optically induced diffraction gratings based on periodic modulation of linear and nonlinear effects for atom-light coupling quantum systems near plasmonic nanostructures
Authors: Vafafard Azar , Sahrai Mostafa , Siahpoush Vahid , Hamedi Hamid Reza , Asadpour Seyyed Hossein 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe investigate the quantum linear and nonlinear effects in a novel five-level quantum system placed near a plasmonic nanostructure. Such a quantum scheme contains a double-V-type subsystem interacting with a weak probe field. The double-V-subsystem is then coupled to an excited state by a strong coupling field, which can be a position-dependent standing-wave field. We start by analyzing the first-order linear as well as the third and fifth order nonlinear terms of the probe susceptibility by systematically solving the equations for the matter-fields. When the quantum system is near the plasmonic nanostructure, the coherent control of linear and nonlinear susceptibilities becomes inevitable, leading to vanishing absorption effects and enhancing the nonlinearities. We also show that when the coupling light involves a standing-wave pattern, the periodic modulation of linear and nonlinear spectra results in an efficient scheme for the electromagnetically induced grating (EIG). In particular, the diffraction efficiency is influenced by changing the distance between the quantum system and plasmonic nanostructure. The proposed scheme may find potential applications in future nanoscale photonic devices.
Galectin-3 is related to right ventricular dysfunction in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction and may affect exercise capacity
Authors: Zaborska Beata , Sygitowicz Grażyna , Smarż Krzysztof , Pilichowska-Paszkiet Ewa , Budaj Andrzej 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGalectin-3 is a biomarker of fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress, and its role in heart remodelling and exercise intolerance has not been conclusively proven in heart failure (HF) patients with reduced ejection fraction (rEF). We prospectively assessed 67 consecutive patients with symptomatic HF and left ventricular (LV) EF ≤ 35% during optimal medical therapy, with a mean serum galectin-3 concentration of 15.3 ± 6.4 and a median of 13.5 ng/mL. The group with galectin-3 concentrations greater than or equal to the median had significantly worse right ventricular (RV) systolic function parameters (s′, TAPSE), higher pulmonary artery systolic pressure, more advanced tricuspid regurgitation and lower RV-to-pulmonary circulation coupling index, while no significant differences were found in LV parameters. Moreover, this group achieved significantly lower parameters in cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Significant negative correlations were found between galectin-3 concentration and RV parameters and exercise capacity parameters and have persisted after adjustment for glomerular filtration rate, but not all of them have persisted after adjustment for NT-proBNP. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that TAPSE (β coefficient: − 0.605; p < 0.001) and heart rate at peak exercise (β coefficient: − 0.98; p = 0.009) were independently related to galectin-3 concentration. Elevated galectin-3 concentration in patients with HFrEF might indicate concomitant RV dysfunction and exercise intolerance.
Association between body mass index and prognosis of patients hospitalized with heart failure
Authors: Seko Yuta , Kato Takao , Morimoto Takeshi , Yaku Hidenori , Inuzuka Yasutaka , Tamaki Yodo , Ozasa Neiko , Shiba Masayuki , Yamamoto Erika , Yoshikawa Yusuke , Yamashita Yugo , Kitai Takeshi , Taniguchi Ryoji , Iguchi Moritake , Nagao Kazuya , Kawai Takafumi , Komasa Akihiro , Nishikawa Ryusuke , Kawase Yuichi , Morinaga Takashi , Toyofuku Mamoru , Furukawa Yutaka , Ando Kenji , Kadota Kazushige , Sato Yukihito , Kuwahara Koichiro , Kimura Takeshi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe prognostic implications of very low body mass index (BMI) values remain unclear in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). This study aimed to investigate the prognostic impact of BMI classification based on the World Health Organization criteria in patients with ADHF. Among 3509 patients with ADHF and available BMI data at discharge in 19 participating hospitals in Japan between October 2014 and March 2016, the study population was divided into five groups; (1) Severely underweight: BMI < 16 kg/m2, (2) Underweight: BMI ≥ 16 kg/m2 and < 18.5 kg/m2, (3) Normal weight: BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2 and < 25 kg/m2, (4) Overweight: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 and < 30 kg/m2 (5) Obese: BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. The primary outcome measure was all-cause death. The median follow-up duration was 471 days, with 96.4% follow up at 1-year. The cumulative 1-year incidence of all-cause death was higher in underweight groups, and lower in overweight groups (Severely underweight: 36.3%, Underweight: 23.9%, Normal weight: 14.4%, Overweight: 7.9%, and Obese: 9.0%, P < 0.001). After adjusting confounders, the excess mortality risk remained significant in the severely underweight group (HR, 2.32; 95%CI, 1.83–2.94; P < 0.001), and in the underweight group (HR, 1.31; 95%CI, 1.08–1.59; P = 0.005) relative to the normal weight group, while the lower mortality risk was no longer significant in the overweight group (HR, 0.82; 95%CI, 0.62–1.10; P = 0.18) and in the obese group (HR, 1.09; 95%CI, 0.65–1.85; P = 0.74). Very low BMI was associated with a higher risk for one-year mortality after discharge in patients with ADHF.
PET amyloid in normal aging: direct comparison of visual and automatic processing methods
Authors: Haller Sven , Montandon Marie-Louise , Lilja Johan , Rodriguez Cristelle , Garibotto Valentina , Herrmann François R. , Giannakopoulos Panteleimon 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAssessment of amyloid deposits is a critical step for the identification of Alzheimer disease (AD) signature in asymptomatic elders. Whether the different amyloid processing methods impacts on the quality of clinico-radiological correlations is still unclear. We directly compared in 155 elderly controls with extensive neuropsychological testing at baseline and 4.5 years follow-up three approaches: (i) operator-dependent standard visual reading, (ii) operator-independent automatic SUVR with four different reference regions, and (iii) novel operator and region of reference-independent automatic Aβ-index. The coefficient of variance was used to examine inter-individual variability for each processing method. Using visually-established amyloid positivity as the gold standard, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was computed. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between changes in continuous cognitive score and amyloid uptake values. In SUVR analyses, the coefficient of variance varied from 1.718 to 1.762 according to the area of reference and was of − 3.045 for the Aβ-index method. Compared to the visual rating, Aβ-index method showed the largest area under the ROC curve [0.9568 (95% CI 0.9252, 0.98833)]. The best cut-off score was of − 0.3359 with sensitivity and specificity values of 0.97 and 0.83, respectively. Only the Aß-index was related to more severe decrement of cognitive performances [regression coefficient: 9.103 (95% CI 1.148, 17.058)]. The Aβ-index is considered as preferred option in asymptomatic elders, since it is operator-independent, avoids the selection of reference area, is closer to established visual scoring and correlates with the evolution of cognitive performances.
Common origin of ornithine–urea cycle in opisthokonts and stramenopiles
Authors: Horák Aleš , Allen Andrew E. , Oborník Miroslav 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEukaryotic complex phototrophs exhibit a colorful evolutionary history. At least three independent endosymbiotic events accompanied by the gene transfer from the endosymbiont to host assembled a complex genomic mosaic. Resulting patchwork may give rise to unique metabolic capabilities; on the other hand, it can also blur the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships. The ornithine–urea cycle (OUC) belongs to the cornerstone of the metabolism of metazoans and, as found recently, also photosynthetic stramenopiles. We have analyzed the distribution and phylogenetic positions of genes encoding enzymes of the urea synthesis pathway in eukaryotes. We show here that metazoan and stramenopile OUC enzymes share common origins and that enzymes of the OUC found in primary algae (including plants) display different origins. The impact of this fact on the evolution of stramenopiles is discussed here.
Engineering of impact ionization characteristics in In0.53Ga0.47As/Al0.48In0.52As superlattice avalanche photodiodes on InP substrate
Authors: Lee S. , Winslow M. , Grein C. H. , Kodati S. H. , Jones A. H. , Fink D. R. , Das P , Hayat M. M. , Ronningen T. J. , Campbell J. C. , Krishna S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe report on engineering impact ionization characteristics of In0.53Ga0.47As/Al0.48In0.52As superlattice avalanche photodiodes (InGaAs/AlInAs SL APDs) on InP substrate to design and demonstrate an APD with low k-value. We design InGaAs/AlInAs SL APDs with three different SL periods (4 ML, 6 ML, and 8 ML) to achieve the same composition as Al0.4Ga0.07In0.53As quaternary random alloy (RA). The simulated results of an RA and the three SLs predict that the SLs have lower k-values than the RA because the electrons can readily reach their threshold energy for impact ionization while the holes experience the multiple valence minibands scattering. The shorter period of SL shows the lower k-value. To support the theoretical prediction, the designed 6 ML and 8 ML SLs are experimentally demonstrated. The 8 ML SL shows k-value of 0.22, which is lower than the k-value of the RA. The 6 ML SL exhibits even lower k-value than the 8 ML SL, indicating that the shorter period of the SL, the lower k-value as predicted. This work is a theoretical modeling and experimental demonstration of engineering avalanche characteristics in InGaAs/AlInAs SLs and would assist one to design the SLs with improved performance for various SWIR APD application.
Effect of post-treatment process of microalgal hydrolysate on bioethanol production
Authors: Seon Gyeongho , Kim Hee Su , Cho Jun Muk , Kim Minsik , Park Won-Kun , Chang Yong Keun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMicroalgae accumulate abundant lipids and are a promising source for biodiesel. However, carbohydrates account for 40% of microalgal biomass, an important consideration when using them for the economically feasible production of biodiesel. In this study, different acid hydrolysis and post-treatment processing of Chlorella sp. ABC-001 was performed, and the effect of these different hydrolysates on bioethanol yield by Saccharomyces cerevisiae KL17 was evaluated. For hydrolysis using H2SO4, the neutralization using Ca(OH)2 led to a higher yield (0.43 g ethanol/g sugars) than NaOH (0.27 g ethanol/g sugars). Application of electrodialysis to the H2SO4 + NaOH hydrolysate increased the yield to 0.35 g ethanol/g sugars, and K+ supplementation further enhanced the yield to 0.41 g ethanol/g sugars. Hydrolysis using HNO3 led to the generation of reactive species. Neutralization using only NaOH yielded 0.02 g ethanol/g sugars, and electrodialysis provided only a slight enhancement (0.06 g ethanol/g sugars). However, lowering the levels of reactive species further increased the yield to 0.25 g ethanol/g sugars, and K+ supplementation increased the yield to 0.35 g ethanol/g sugars. Overall, hydrolysis using H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 provided the highest ethanol yield, and the yield was almost same as from conventional medium. This research emphasizes the importance of post-treatment processing that is modified for the species or strains used for bioethanol fermentation.
Risk of recurrent stroke and antiplatelet choice in breakthrough stroke while on aspirin
Authors: Kim Joon-Tae , Kim Beom Joon , Park Jong-Moo , Lee Soo Joo , Cha Jae-Kwan , Park Tai Hwan , Lee Kyung Bok , Lee Jun , Hong Keun-Sik , Lee Byung-Chul , Kim Dong-Eog , Choi Jay Chol , Kwon Jee-Hyun , Shin Dong-Ick , Sohn Sung Il , Lee Ji Sung , Lee Juneyoung , Bae Hee-Joon 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUncertainty regarding an optimal antiplatelet regimen still exists in patients with breakthrough acute ischemic stroke (AIS) while on aspirin. This study provides an analysis of a prospective multicenter registry between April 2008 and April 2014. Eligible patients were on aspirin at the time of AIS and treated with antiplatelet regimens (aspirin, clopidogrel, or clopidogrel-aspirin). Potential factors associated with the choice of each antiplatelet regimen were explored and included a predictive risk score for future vascular events, the Essen Stroke Risk Score (ESRS). A total of 2348 patients (age, 69 ± 11 years; male, 57.7%) were analyzed, and 55.3%, 25.3% and 19.4% were treated with clopidogrel-aspirin, aspirin and clopidogrel, respectively. While the likelihood of choosing clopidogrel-aspirin increased as the ESRS increased, the likelihood of choosing aspirin decreased as the ESRS increased (Ptrend < 0.001). The ESRS category (0–1/2–3/ ≥ 4) modified the effect of antiplatelet regimens for 1-year vascular events (Pinteraction < 0.01). Among patients with ESRS ≥ 4, clopidogrel-aspirin (HR 0.47 [0.30–0.74]) and clopidogrel (HR 0.30 [0.15–0.60]) significantly reduced the risk of outcome events. Our study showed that more than half of the patients with aspirin failure were treated with clopidogrel-aspirin. In particular, a higher ESRS, which indicates an increased risk of recurrent stroke, was associated with the choice of clopidogrel-aspirin rather than aspirin.