bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CT arthrography for demonstration of various articular injuries in post-sprained ankle pain
Authors: El-Sherif Ashraf Mohamed Hassan , Mohamed Mohamed Ali Ahmed , El-Ameen Nadia Farouk Mohamed , Samra Manal Fayez Abu , Abdel-Naby Alkawthar Ezedin Saied 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background
Post-sprained ankles may sustain ligamentous tear, chondral defect, or osteochondral lesions (OCL). Being widely available and does not depend on high-end machine, the aim of this study was to assess the value of high resolution multi-detector CT arthrography (CTA) in detection of various ligamentous tears, chondral defects, and osteochondral lesions in case of sprain-related persistent ankle pain.

Results
There were 34 (68%) cases of ligamentous injury, most of which had single ligament affection whereas some cases demonstrated multi-ligamentous injury, and the total number of individual injured ligaments was 42 ligaments. There were 36 cases (72%) which had either chondral or osteochondral defects; the total number of OCL was 21 lesions and the total number of segmental cartilage defects was 20.

Conclusion
This study emphasized the diagnostic importance of multi-detector CTA in sprain-related ankle pain. In persistent post-sprained ankle pain, multi-detector CTA is a helpful imaging modality which could be utilized for detection of OCL, chondral defects, and various ligamentous tears.
Expanding Coverage of Oncology Drugs in an Aging, Upper-Middle-Income Country: Analyses of Public and Private Expenditures in Chile
Authors: Vargas Veronica , Leopold Christine , Castillo-Riquelme Marianela , Darrow Jonathan J. 
Published: December 2019

PURPOSE The population of Chile has aged, and in 2017, cancer became the leading cause of death. Since 2005, a national health program has expanded coverage of drugs for 13 types of cancer and related palliative care. We describe the trends in public and private oncology drug expenditures in Chile and consider how increasing expenditures might be addressed. METHODS We analyzed total quarterly drug expenditures for 131 oncology drugs from quarter (Q)3 2012 until Q1 2017, including public and private insurance payments and patient out-of-pocket spending. The data were analyzed by drug-mix, sources of funding, growth, and intellectual property status. The Laspeyres Price Index was used to analyze expenditure growth. RESULTS We found 131 oncology drugs associated with 87,129 observations. Spending on drugs rose 120% from the first period, spanning from the first 3 quarters (Q3, Q4, Q1 2012-2013) to the last period (Q3, Q4, Q1 2016-2017), corresponding to an annualized rate of 19.2% and totaling US$398 million (in 2017 dollars). The public sector accounted for 84.2% of spending, which included 50 drugs in the official treatment protocols, whereas private insurance accounted for 7.3% in on-protocol drugs. The remaining 8.5% was paid out of pocket. In the public sector, more than 90% of growth resulted from increased use. Seven drugs, including 3 with nonexpired patents, accounted for 50% of total expenditures. CONCLUSION Increased use and access enabled by expanded public expenditures drove most of the growth in oncology drug expenditures. However, the rate of public expenditure growth may be fiscally unsustainable. Policies are urgently needed to promote the use of generic drugs, the appropriate mix of on-protocol versus off-protocol drugs, and the curbing of off-label prescribing.
The histone demethylase KDM5 controls developmental timing in Drosophila by promoting prothoracic gland endocycles
Authors: Drelon Coralie , Rogers Michael F. , Belalcazar Helen M. , Secombe Julie 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
In Drosophila, the larval prothoracic gland integrates nutritional status with developmental signals to regulate growth and maturation through the secretion of the steroid hormone ecdysone. While the nutritional signals and cellular pathways that regulate prothoracic gland function are relatively well studied, the transcriptional regulators that orchestrate the activity of this tissue remain less characterized. Here, we show that lysine demethylase 5 (KDM5) is essential for prothoracic gland function. Indeed, restoring kdm5 expression only in the prothoracic gland in an otherwise kdm5 null mutant animal is sufficient to rescue both the larval developmental delay and the pupal lethality caused by loss of KDM5. Our studies show that KDM5 functions by promoting the endoreplication of prothoracic gland cells, a process that increases ploidy and is rate limiting for the expression of ecdysone biosynthetic genes. Molecularly, we show that KDM5 activates the expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase torso, which then promotes polyploidization and growth through activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Taken together, our studies provide key insights into the biological processes regulated by KDM5 and expand our understanding of the transcriptional regulators that coordinate animal development.
Wolpert's French Flag: what's the problem?
Authors: Sharpe James 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
Two phrases attributed to Lewis Wolpert – ‘positional information’ and ‘The French Flag Model’ – have become so intertwined that they are now used almost interchangeably. Here, I argue that this represents an unfortunate oversimplification of Wolpert's ideas that arose gradually in the developmental biology community, some significant time after his key papers were published. In contrast to common belief, Wolpert did not use the phrase French Flag ‘Model’ but instead introduced the French Flag ‘Problem’. This famous metaphor was not a proposal of how patterning works, but rather an abstraction of the question to be addressed. More specifically, the French flag metaphor was an attempt to de-couple the problem from the multiple possible models that could solve it. In this spirit, Wolpert's first article on this topic also proposed (in addition to the well-known gradient model) an alternative solution to the French Flag Problem that was self-organising and had no gradients, and in which each cell ‘cannot compute where it is in the system’, i.e. there is no positional information. I discuss the history and evolution of these terms, and how they influence the way we study patterning.
Phase-mismatch dependence of the four-wave mixing effect in semiconductor optical amplifiers
Authors: Kharraz O. M. , Connelly M. J. , Supa’at A. S. M. , Abas A. F. , Alresheedi M. T. , Mahdi M. A. 
Published: December 2019

The phase-mismatch effect due to polarization-dependent mode confinement factor has been shown to be not a crucial problem in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and is usually not accounted for. The phase-mismatch four-wave mixing (FWM) process in SOA devices is experimentally reported. The results reveal a sinc-like behavior in the intensity of FWM conjugate as a function of wavelength separation between transverse electric (TE)/transverse magnetic (TM) pumps due to induced confinement factors difference. Efficient FWM occurred for a detuning shift of about 500 GHz, limited by phase-mismatch conditions and determined by coherence length required for low and high frequencies to complete a full phase-match cycle. Phase-match FWM with an infinity coherence length can be fulfilled by proper alignments of co-polarized TE/TM modes of input waves with respect to the birefringent axes of the device structure.
LED irradiance pattern at short distances
Authors: Moreno Ivan 
Published: December 2019

Many emerging light-emitting diode (LED) applications require short-distance illumination. For that, we derive an exact formula of the illumination profile produced by Lambertian LEDs, in which all parameters are fundamental constants. Moreover, we propose a general, simple, but accurate mathematical model of the irradiance pattern, valid for Lambertian and non-Lambertian LEDs at short distances. This model provides the irradiance profile as a function of both the LED-target distance and the coordinates of every point on the irradiated surface. The model is formulated in terms of simple sigmoid functions, in which LED size and light flux are fundamental parameters. The accuracy of the irradiance pattern model is tested both with theory and with experimental measurements.
Influence of dry etching on the properties of SiO2 and HfO2 single layers
Authors: Xie Lingyun , Liu Huasong , Zhao Jun , Jiao Hongfei , Zhang Jinlong , Wang Zhanshan , Cheng Xinbin 
Published: December 2019

A comparative study was performed to investigate how etching methods and parameters affect the properties of

S
i
O

2

and

H
f
O

2

coatings.

S
i
O

2

and

H
f
O

2

single layers were prepared by electron-beam evaporation (EBE), ion-beam assisted deposition (IAD), and ion-beam sputtering (IBS). Then, ion-beam etching (IBE), reactive ion etching (RIE), and inductively coupled plasma etching (ICPE) were used to study the influence of ion bombardment energy and chemical reaction on the etching rates and properties of the prepared

S
i
O

2

and

H
f
O

2

single layers. For

S
i
O

2

coatings, chemical reaction plays a dominant role in determining the etching rates, so ICPE that has the strongest

C
H
F

3

plasma shows the highest etching rate. Moreover, all three etching methods have barely any influence on the properties of

S
i
O

2

coatings. For

H
f
O

2

coatings, the etching rates are more dependent on the ion bombardment energy, although the chemical reaction using

C
H
F

3

plasma also helps to increase the etching rates to some extent. To our surprise, the ion bombardment with energy as high as 900 V does not change the amorphous microstructure or crystalline states of prepared

H
f
O

2

coatings. However, the high-energy ion bombardment in IBE significantly increases the absorption of the

H
f
O

2

coatings prepared by all deposition techniques and decreases their laser damage resistance to different extents.
Graphene decorated twin-core fiber Michelson interferometer for all-optical phase shifter and switch
Authors: Chu Rang , Guan Chunying , Bo Yutao , Liu Jing , Shi Jinhui , Yang Jing , Ye Peng , Li Ping , Yang Jun , Yuan Libo 
Published: December 2019

We investigated an all-optical phase shifter and switch based on a graphene decorated side-polished twin-core fiber (TCF) Michelson interferometer (MI). The MI was fabricated by tapering the splicing point between the TCF and single-mode fiber. The flat surface of exposed polished core in the TCF was coated with monolayer graphene. A 980 nm pump laser is used to produce a photothermal effect. The graphene’s ohmic heating changes the effective refractive index of the exposed core, resulting in the phase shift of the MI. The MI with a polished length of 5 mm has a significant modulation phase shift with a nearly linear slope of

0.0102

π

/

m
W

near the wavelength of 1550 nm and can obtain an extinction ratio of 7 dB for optical switching with a rise (fall) time of 55.8 ms (15.5 ms). The high-density integration and all-optical control enable the proposed device to have great potential in the miniaturization of optical devices and all-optical signal processing.
La polarización mediática en el proceso de independencia en Cataluña. Estudio comparativo del tratamiento en RT
Authors: López-Olano Carlos , Fenoll Vicente 
Published: December 2019

El procés catalán ha experimentado una intensa polarización mediática, tanto en medios tradicionales como en redes sociales, donde la corporación rusa RT ha sido acusada de apoyar al independentismo. Desde una perspectiva cuantitativa, realizamos un análisis comparado de la cobertura en Facebook del procés catalán en las corporaciones RT, BBC y DW. A pesar de la proximidad de RT con el independentismo, los resultados no revelan diferencias significativas entre los medios. Asimismo, las reacciones de los usuarios a las publicaciones en Facebook sugieren su simpatía por el independentismo.
Vývoj matematického vzdělávání v České republice po roce 1989
Authors: Robová Jarmila , Moravcová Vlasta 
Published: December 2019

Výuka matematiky na základních i středních školách v České republice prošla za posledních třicet let výraznými změnami, které ovlivnily vzdělávání žáků a jejichž příčiny byly převážně vnějšího charakteru. Na přelomu 80. a 90. let minulého století u nás dochází k odklonu od množinového pojetí matematiky a s tím souvisejícímu následnému vydávání nových učebnic. Pro 90. léta je charakteristický pokles hodinové dotace výuky matematiky, změny v pojetí učiva (odklon od exaktních definic, snížení důrazu na používání symbolických zápisů či na zapamatování základních vztahů aj.). Ve vyučovacích metodách lze zaznamenat rostoucí příklon ke konstruktivismu, podporu projektového vyučování a masivní nástup digitálních technologií. Po roce 2000 výuku matematiky významně ovlivnily školské reformy, a to zejména zavedení rámcových, resp. školních vzdělávacích programů, zřízení státních maturit s výhledem na povinnou maturitu z matematiky na vybraných typech škol a zavedení jednotných přijímacích zkoušek na střední školy. Příspěvek se na základě kvalitativní analýzy zejména kurikulárních dokumentů, učebnic matematiky a studia odborné literatury zabývá nejen příčinami a následky uvedených změn v uplynulých letech, ale zamýšlí se rovněž nad současným stavem i vývojovými tendencemi.
Incretin levels in patients with hypothyroidism and the evaluation of incretin levels alterations with treatment
Authors: Alemdar Serkan , Yilmaz Nusret , Ozdem Sebahat , Sari Ramazan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
Incretin hormones may influence the effects of thyroid hormones on insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism. Thyroid hormones regulate insulin secretion, and the risk of diabetes was found to be associated with thyroid hormones.

Objectives
To determine whether incretin hormones influence the effects of thyroid hormones on insulin resistance and glucose metabolism.

Methods
A total of 26 patients were included in 2 groups consisting of 13 patients with hypothyroidism and 13 healthy controls. Levels of glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) levels were measured in 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120th min during the oral glucose tolerance test in the control group and before and after thyroxine treatment in the hypothyroid group.

Results
In the hypothyroid group, waist circumference decreased after the euthyroid state was achieved (P = 0.026). No statistically significant differences were detected in the GLP-1 and GIP levels at baseline and 30, 60, 90, and 120 min between the hypothyroidism and control groups or after ensuring the euthyroid state in patients with hypothyroidism. Peak GLP-1 levels were observed at 30 min in the control group, whereas peak GLP-1 and GIP levels were detected at 90 min in the hypothyroidism group. After achieving the euthyroid state, peak GLP-1 and GIP levels were detected at 30 min as well.

Conclusion
In patients with hypothyroidism, the incretin hormones, especially the peak response of the incretin system, are significantly affected. Significant changes were observed in the incretin system by correcting hypothyroidism.
Pathways to parental anxiety: effect of coping strategies for disruptive behaviors in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Buathong Napakkawat , Pityaratstian Nuttorn , Unahalekhaka Apittha 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
Disruptive behaviors are commonly found in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and affect the mental health of parents. However, a study of the direct and indirect effects between disruptive behaviors in children with ADHD and parental anxiety and coping strategies is apparently lacking.

Objective
To examine the direct and indirect relationship between disruptive behaviors in children with ADHD and parental anxiety and coping strategies as a mediator.

Method
A cross-sectional study was conducted at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thailand between March 2015 and January 2016. Participants comprised 200 parents whose children were diagnosed with ADHD by physicians. Participants completed questionnaires regarding sociodemographic characteristics including The Thai Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, The Swanson, Nolan and Pelham (SNAP-IV): parent form (Thai version), and The Coping Scale Questionnaire (Thai version).

Results
The direct path between disruptive behaviors and anxiety was significant (b = 0.21, P = 0.002). Moreover, a significant indirect path was found between disruptive behaviors and coping behavior with escape–avoidance (β = 0.20, P = 0.005), and an indirect path was found between escape–avoidance and anxiety (b = 0.31, P <0.001).

Conclusions
Health care professionals should evaluate the use of coping strategies by parents of children with ADHD and encourage the parents to use a positive strategy for coping with the disruptive behaviors of their children.
Epidemiological study of congenital and hereditary anomalies in Sialkot District of Pakistan revealed a high incidence of limb and neurological disorders
Authors: Bhatti Nadeem Ahmad , Mumtaz Sara , Malik Sajid 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
Pakistan faces high incidence of congenital anomalies (CA) and hereditary anomalies due to various factors, including a high rate of consanguinity, early marriages, and predominance of extended families. There is a paucity of epidemiological studies that could provide a baseline for management strategies for these anomalies.

Objectives
We aimed to elucidate the pattern, as well as the clinical and genetic aspects, of CA prevalence among the general population in Sialkot District of Pakistan.

Methods
In a cross-sectional sampling design, subjects and families with a certain type of CA were recruited from hospitals and medical centers in Sialkot District. Subjects were also selected from various towns and remote villages by visiting public places. Phenotypic and descriptive data were obtained, pedigrees were constructed, and parental and demographic attributes were recorded.

Results
A total of 241 independent subjects and/or families with CA were recruited. The malformations were classified into five major and 56 minor categories. Limb defects had the highest representation (n = 113; proportion = 0.469; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.406–0.532), followed by neurological anomalies (n = 76; proportion = 0.315; 95% CI = 0.257–0.374). Among the limb defects, polydactyly and talipes were most prevalent while, among neurological disorders, intellectual disability and cerebral palsy were more frequent. In this cohort, sporadic occurrence was customary compared to the familial presentation (n = 144 vs 97). Analyses of various attributes, such as gender differences, parental consanguinity, and paternal ages, as well as pedigree analyses, revealed marked heterogeneity among the major and minor categories of CA.

Conclusion
The pattern of anomalies witnessed in this cohort and a high occurrence of sporadic cases point to a substantial role of nongenetic etiological factors, which could be minimized by strengthening the health-care system.
Renal tubular epithelial cells add value in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract pathology
Authors: Oyaert Matthijs , Speeckaert Marijn , Boelens Jerina , Delanghe Joris R. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
Diagnosis of upper urinary tract infections (UTI) is challenging. We evaluated the analytical and diagnostic performance characteristics of renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) and transitional epithelial cells (TECs) on the Sysmex UF-5000 urine sediment analyzer.

Methods
Urinary samples from 506 patients presenting with symptoms of a UTI were collected. Only samples for which a urinary culture was available were included. Analytical (imprecision, accuracy, stability and correlation with manual microscopy) and diagnostic performance (sensitivity and specificity) were evaluated.

Results
The Sysmex UF-5000 demonstrated a good analytical performance. Depending on the storage time, storage conditions (2–8 °C or 20–25 °C) and urinary pH, RTECs and TECs were stable in urine for at least 4 h. Using Passing-Bablok and Bland-Altman analysis, an acceptable agreement was observed between the manual and automated methods. Compared to TECs, RTECs demonstrated an acceptable diagnostic performance for the diagnosis of upper UTI.

Conclusions
While TECs do not seem to serve as a helpful marker, increased urinary levels of RTECs add value in the diagnosis of upper UTI and may be helpful in the discrimination between upper and lower UTIs.
Principles of True Industrial Policy
Authors: Cherif Reda , Hasanov Fuad 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIndustrial policy is tainted with bad reputation among policymakers and academics and is often viewed as the road to perdition for developing economies. Yet the success of the Asian Miracles with industrial policy stands as an uncomfortable story that many ignore or claim it cannot be replicated. We argue that one can learn from these miracles and we suggest that three key principles were behind their success: (i) the support of domestic producers in sophisticated industries, beyond the initial comparative advantage; (ii) export orientation; and (iii) the pursuit of fierce competition with strict accountability.
Ancestral Reconstruction and Investigations of Genomic Recombination on some Pentapetalae Chloroplasts
Authors: Guyeux Christophe , Salomon Michel , Al-Nuaimi Bashar , AlKindy Bassam , Couchot Jean-François 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this article, we propose a semi-automated method to rebuild genome ancestors of chloroplasts by taking into account gene duplication. Two methods have been used in order to achieve this work: a naked eye investigation using homemade scripts, whose results are considered as a basis of knowledge, and a dynamic programming based approach similar to Needleman-Wunsch. The latter fundamentally uses the Gestalt pattern matching method of sequence matcher to evaluate the occurrences probability of each gene in the last common ancestor of two given genomes. The two approaches have been applied on chloroplastic genomes from Apiales, Asterales, and Fabids orders, the latter belonging to Pentapetalae group. We found that Apiales species do not undergo indels, while they occur in the Asterales and Fabids orders. A series of experiments was then carried out to extensively verify our findings by comparing the obtained ancestral reconstruction results with the latest released approach called MLGO (Maximum Likelihood for Gene-Order analysis).
Topological insulator overlayer to enhance the sensitivity and detection limit of surface plasmon resonance sensor
Authors: Zhu Jiaqi , Ke Yuxuan , Dai Jianfeng , You Qi , Wu Leiming , Li Jianqing , Guo Jun , Xiang Yuanjiang , Dai Xiaoyu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors have been applied in a wide range of applications for real-time and label-free detection. In this article, by covering the topological insulators nanosheets on the surface of the noble metal (Au), the sensitivity of the SPR sensor is greatly enhanced because of the strong interaction of light with Au–bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) heterostructure. It is shown that the sensitivity of proposed SPR sensors depends on the concentration of Bi2Se3 solution or the thickness of the coated Bi2Se3 film. The optimised sensitivity (2929.1 nm/RIU) and figure of merit (33.45 RIU−1) have been obtained after three times drop-casting, and the enhancement sensitivity of proposed sensors is up to 51.97% compared to the traditional Au–SPR sensors. Meanwhile, the reflection spectrum is simulated by using the method of effective refractive index, and the reason for the increase of sensitivity is analysed theoretically. For researching the application of modified SPR sensor, heavy metal detection is employed to detect in the last part. Our proposed SPR sensors have potential applications in heavy metal detections and biosensing.