bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simple scoring system for the diagnosis of superficial non‐ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors
Authors: Ishii Rindo , Ohata Ken , Sakai Eiji , Takita Maiko , Minato Yohei , Muramoto Takashi , Hashimoto Hirotsugu , Morikawa Teppei , Matsuhashi Nobuyuki 
Published: June 2020

Background and AimsDifferentiating superficial non‐ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors (SNADETs) that harbor malignant potential is important. We developed a simple scoring system and investigated whether it enables the differentiation of low‐grade adenoma and high‐grade adenoma/adenocarcinoma.Patients and MethodsWe retrospectively enrolled 197 consecutive patients with 207 SNADETs who underwent endoscopic resection at NTT Medical Center Tokyo between March 2016 and May 2019. Endoscopic findings were compared between Vienna Classification (VCL) C3 and C4/5 lesions. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to develop a scoring system to identify VCL C4/5 lesions. The efficacy of our scoring system was elucidated among five novice and five expert endoscopists.ResultsOf 207 SNADETs, 66 and 141 lesions were pathologically diagnosed as VCL C3 and C4/5. A multivariate logistic regression analysis identified a tumor diameter of 10–19 mm (OR, 3.81; 95% CI, 1.02–14.2; P = 0.04), a tumor diameter ≥20 mm (OR, 95.2; 95% CI, 10.4–871.0; P < 0.001), a red color (OR, 14.5; 95% CI, 3.55–59.6; P < 0.001), the presence of irregular surface pattern (OR, 12.4; 95% CI, 3.00–51.4; P < 0.001), and the presence of irregular vessel pattern (OR, 13.7; 95% CI, 4.03–46.6; P < 0.001) as independent significant predictors of VCL C4/5. Considering these results, we developed a scoring system. Using an appropriate cutoff value, the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were calculated as 92%, 95% and 93%. The average diagnostic accuracy did not differ between novice and expert endoscopists (86% vs 87%, P = 0.76).ConclusionsOur scoring system was useful for differentiating VCL C3 and C4/5 lesions.UMIN Clinical Trials (No. 000039063).
Late‐ but not early‐onset blindness impairs the development of audio‐haptic multisensory integration
Authors: Scheller Meike , Proulx Michael J. , de Haan Michelle , Dahlmann‐Noor Annegret , Petrini Karin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntegrating different senses to reduce sensory uncertainty and increase perceptual precision can have an important compensatory function for individuals with visual impairment and blindness. However, how visual impairment and blindness impact the development of optimal multisensory integration in the remaining senses is currently unknown. Here we first examined how audio‐haptic integration develops and changes across the life span in 92 sighted (blindfolded) individuals between 7 and 70 years of age. We used a child‐friendly task in which participants had to discriminate different object sizes by touching them and/or listening to them. We assessed whether audio‐haptic performance resulted in a reduction of perceptual uncertainty compared to auditory‐only and haptic‐only performance as predicted by maximum‐likelihood estimation model. We then compared how this ability develops in 28 children and adults with different levels of visual experience, focussing on low‐vision individuals and blind individuals that lost their sight at different ages during development. Our results show that in sighted individuals, adult‐like audio‐haptic integration develops around 13–15 years of age, and remains stable until late adulthood. While early‐blind individuals, even at the youngest ages, integrate audio‐haptic information in an optimal fashion, late‐blind individuals do not. Optimal integration in low‐vision individuals follows a similar developmental trajectory as that of sighted individuals. These findings demonstrate that visual experience is not necessary for optimal audio‐haptic integration to emerge, but that consistency of sensory information across development is key for the functional outcome of optimal multisensory integration.
Prevalence of insulin as a first‐line therapy and associated factors in people with type 2 diabetes in German primary care practices
Authors: van den Boom L. , Kaiser M. , Kostev K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimTo evaluate how many people with type 2 diabetes receive a treatment regimen with insulin as a first‐line therapy and the factors associated with this.MethodsThis retrospective study was based on data from the Disease Analyzer database and included 10 497 people with type 2 diabetes with an initial prescription of anti‐hyperglycaemic therapy from 859 general and diabetologist practices in Germany between January 2014 and December 2018. The main outcome of the study was the prevalence of insulin as a first‐line therapy. A multivariable logistic regression model was performed to investigate the association between predefined variables and the probability of receiving insulin as a first‐line therapy.ResultsA total of 7.1% of participants received insulin as a first‐line therapy. Diabetologist practice [odds ratio (OR) 2.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.81–4.06], age > 80 years (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.20–4.61) compared with age ≤ 40 years, HbA1c ≥ 86 mmol/mol (10%) (OR 2.99, 95% CI 1.81–4.95) compared with HbA1c < 48 mmol/mol (6.5%), renal complications (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.29–2.81), peripheral artery disease (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.30–2.81), neurological complications (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.00–2.09), Charlson Comorbidity Index (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.08–1.25) and higher number of different drugs prescribed within 12 months prior–the index date (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.05–1.12) were significantly associated with the probability of receiving insulin as a first‐line therapy.ConclusionInsulin is rarely used as a first‐line therapy in people with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, a person’s likelihood of receiving insulin as a first‐line therapy is significantly influenced by diabetologist practice, age, HbA1c ≥ 86 mmol/mol (10%), renal, neurological and vascular complications, higher multimorbidity, and polypharmacy.
Urban social assistance: Evidence, challenges and the way forward, with application to Ghana
Authors: Cuesta Jose , Devereux Stephen , Abdulai Abdul‐Gafaru , Gupte Jaideep , Ragno Luigi Peter , Roelen Keetie , Sabates‐Wheeler Rachel , Spadafora Tayllor 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMotivationUrban areas are growing as is urban poverty, yet few countries have developed comprehensive programmes for social assistance in urban areas. Those programmes that exist, moreover, are often extensions or duplicates of rural schemes. Urban social protection needs to reflect the distinct characteristics and vulnerabilities of the urban poor, especially that they usually work in informal activities and they face higher living costs than rural dwellers.PurposeThis article addresses two questions: what is the current evidence on effective social assistance programmes in urban areas? How can such programmes be designed and implemented in practice? The article surveys the challenges of designing social assistance programmes in urban areas, focusing on specific urban vulnerabilities, targeting the urban poor, and setting appropriate payments.Approach and methodsExisting evidence on programmes for urban social assistance, including cases from seven countries, are reviewed. Issues are examined in detail for Ghana, a rapidly urbanizing country.FindingsGhana’s flagship social assistance programme, Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP), that operates largely in rural areas, can and should be adjusted to urban areas. Registration by using community leaders is less effective in urban than rural areas. Instead, advertising, (social) media, direct text messaging, and identification through local non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) would be better options. Targeting can be improved by developing an urban‐specific proxy means test. Cash benefits should be increased, then adjusted regularly to counter inflation. These benefits should possibly be accompanied by subsidies for utilities and services.Policy implicationsSeveral principles to consider when designing urban social assistance emerge. Benefit levels should reflect higher living costs in urban areas and respond to inflation, especially for food and other necessities. Urban social assistance should go beyond cash transfers to focus on generating jobs (especially for young people and women), and to ensure basic services such as health care reach the urban poor, through subsidies, vouchers, or case management. Urban contexts also offer more opportunities to deliver and target social assistance through digital technologies such as mobile phones and automatic teller machines (ATM).
Left atrial appendage aneurysm in pediatrics
Authors: Zhang Xin , Li Pei , Cao Yongli , Li Xiaofeng , Duan Xiaomin , Bai Song , Wang Fangyun 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLeft atrial appendage aneurysm (LAAA) is a rare cardiac anomaly with potentially life‐threatening complications of atrial tachyarrhythmias and systemic thromboembolism. It is often diagnosed incidentally and rarely during childhood. Echocardiography is considered the primary method of LAAA diagnosis; in particular, the subxiphoid view is more useful in pediatrics. Surgical intervention and drug management are recommended to prevent potentially lethal complications. Herein, we report five cases of patients with LAAA during infancy and childhood, caused by both congenital and acquired conditions. One patient underwent surgical resection through left lateral thoracotomy without cardiopulmonary bypass and another patient underwent drug management.
Obstructive coronary artery disease with a coronary artery calcium score of 0: A case report
Authors: German Charles A. , Nicolazzi DO Joseph T. , Gjini BS Petro , Mehta Vivek , Stacey Richard Brandon 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCoronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring has emerged as a useful tool in identifying patients who may benefit from more aggressive risk factor modification and for prognostication. Although a CAC score of 0 is associated with a very low prevalence of obstructive epicardial coronary artery disease and low event rates, it can also provide a false sense of reassurance. We present a case of a 39‐year‐old woman with a CAC score of 0 obtained as part of a coronary computerized tomography angiography study that was ultimately found to have significant left anterior descending artery disease requiring percutaneous coronary intervention and a stent.
Ticagrelor and prasugrel are independent predictors of improved long‐term survival in ACS patients
Authors: Gager Gloria M. , Jilma Bernd , Winter Max‐Paul , Hengstenberg Christian , Lang Irene M. , Toma Aurel , Prüller Florian , Wallner Markus , Kolesnik Ewald , von Lewinski Dirk , Siller‐Matula Jolanta M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimTo investigate the long‐term clinical benefit of dual antiplatelet therapy with potent P2Y12 inhibitors compared to clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).MethodsIn this prospective multicenter observational study, we enrolled 708 patients with ACS treated with clopidogrel (n = 137), ticagrelor (n = 260) or prasugrel (n = 311). Major adverse cardiac events (MACE; over 1 year) and long‐term mortality (median: 5.6 years; interquartile range [IQR] 4.9‐6.5 years) were assessed. Multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA) was used to measure adenosine diphosphate (ADP)‐ and arachidonic acid (AA)‐induced platelet aggregation.ResultsType of P2Y12 inhibitor emerged as an independent predictor of long‐term mortality and MACE: patients treated with potent platelet inhibitors prasugrel or ticagrelor were at lower risk for long‐term mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.22‐0.92; P = .028) or MACE (adjusted HR = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.20‐0.73; P = .004) than those treated with clopidogrel independent from clinical risk factors. In contrast, the efficacy of clopidogrel decreased with increasing severity of ACS: platelet aggregation was 37% higher in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 25% higher in patients with non‐ST elevation myocardial infarction (non‐STEMI) compared to patients with unstable angina (P = .039). Patients with diabetes achieved less potent ADP‐ and AA‐induced platelet inhibition under clopidogrel, compared to patients without diabetes (P = .045; P = .030, respectively).ConclusionIn the setting of ACS, treatment with ticagrelor or prasugrel reduced long‐term mortality and 1‐year MACE as compared to clopidogrel.
Spatial partitioning of perching on plants by tropical dung beetles depends on body size and leaf characteristics: a sit‐and‐wait strategy for food location
Authors: Noriega Jorge Ari , March‐Salas Martí , Pertierra Luis R. , Vulinec Kevina 
Published: June 2020

1. Many animals invest a great amount of time and energy foraging. However, the sit‐and‐wait strategy is a common behaviour, which reduces the cost of moving by using perches. In the case of dung beetles, individuals of many species use leaves as perches. The factors for the selection of these perches are still unknown, but one hypothesis proposes that plant features may be key, creating an ecological animal–plant network.2. We identified dung beetles and plant species in a tropical rain forest and measured the height and area of the leaves, and the body length for each species. We fitted linear regression models to test the relationship between the height and area of the leaf and a beetle's body size. We also analysed the number of perching interactions through a bipartite analysis to quantify the network modularity.3. We collected 369 dung beetles of 21 species that were perching on 32 plant species. There were significant differences in the selection of perches related to dung beetle body size and functional group. Larger beetle species selected higher and larger leaves, whereas telecoprids perched on higher leaves than paracoprids.4. Our findings show a distinct network of beetle‐plant relationships with clear preferences by some dung beetles for particular plant species. The findings also suggest that the processes driving network structure lead to spatial segregation of dung beetle species. In conclusion, sit‐and‐wait behaviour is a common and apparently effective strategy for foraging, and reduces competition in dung beetles in tropical rain forests.
After the storm, Solar comes out: A new service model for children and adolescent mental health
Authors: Vusio Frane , Thompson Andrew , Laughton Liam , Birchwood Max 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimExisting children and adolescent mental health services in the United Kingdom have many gaps, such as reduced access to community‐based services, and a lack of early intervention, prevention, and 24/7 crisis care. These gaps prevent timely access to appropriate levels of care, decrease children and young people's engagement with providers, and lead to increased pressures on urgent and emergency care. In this paper, we outline a newly created 0‐19 model and its crisis service, which have been transformed into a fully integrated, “joint partnership” service, in line with the recommendations from the recent UK policies that aim to meet the aforementioned challenges.MethodThe “Solar” service is described as a case study of a 0‐19 service model. We cover the national and local contexts of the service, in addition to its rationale, aims, organizational structure, strengths and limitations.ResultsThe presented model is a fully integrated and innovative example of a service model that operates without tiers, and helps to create an inclusive, compassionate, stigma‐free and youth‐friendly environment. Additionally, the model aims to prioritize recovery, early intervention, prevention and the development of resilience.ConclusionThe 0‐19 model is a result of the recent transformation of children and youth mental health services in the United Kingdom. The ongoing evaluation of the 0‐19 model and its crisis component will investigate the model's effectiveness, accessibility and acceptability, as well as understanding the potential of the model to contribute towards solving numerous gaps in the existing mental health service provision within the United Kingdom.
Physical properties of a sandy soil as affected by incubation with a synthetic root exudate: Strength, thermal and hydraulic conductivity, and evaporation
Authors: Zhang Wencan , Gao Weida , Whalley William Richard , Ren Tusheng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPlant roots release various organic materials that may modify soil structure and affect heat and mass transfer processes. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a synthetic root exudate (SRE) on penetrometer resistance (PR), thermal conductivity (λ), hydraulic conductivity (k) and evaporation of water in a sandy soil. Soil samples, mixed with either distilled water or the SRE, were packed into columns at a designated bulk density and water content, and incubated for 7 days at 18°C. Soil PR, λ, k and evaporation rate were monitored during drying processes. Compared with those incubated with water, samples incubated with SRE had visible hyphae, greater PR (0.7–5.5 MPa in the water content range of 0.11 to 0.22 m3 m−3) and λ (0.2–0.7 W m−1 K−1 from 0.05 to 0.22 m3 m−3), and increased k in the wet region but decreased k in the dry region. SRE treatment also reduced the overall soil water evaporation rate and cumulative water loss. Analysis of X‐ray computed tomography (CT) scanning showed that the SRE‐treated samples had a greater proportion of small pores (<60 μm). These changes were attributed mainly to SRE‐stimulated microbial activities.Highlights
The effects of incubating a sandy soil with a synthetic root exudate (SRE) on soil physical properties and evaporation are examined.
SRE incubation increased the fraction of small pores.
SRE incubation increased soil penetrometer resistance and thermal conductivity.
Soil hydraulic conductivity was increased in the wet region but was reduced in the dry region.
SRE incubation reduced the overall evaporation rate and cumulative water loss.
Strong population differentiation in lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) is driven by a small portion of the genome
Authors: Longo Gary C. , Lam Laurel , Basnett Bonnie , Samhouri Jameal , Hamilton Scott , Andrews Kelly , Williams Greg , Goetz Giles , McClure Michelle , Nichols Krista M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDelimiting intraspecific genetic variation in harvested species is crucial to the assessment of population status for natural resource management and conservation purposes. Here, we evaluated genetic population structure in lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), a commercially and recreationally important fishery species along the west coast of North America. We used 16,749 restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) markers, in 611 individuals collected from across the bulk of the species range from Southeast Alaska to Baja California, Mexico. In contrast to previous population genetic work on this species, we found strong evidence for two distinct genetic clusters. These groups separated latitudinally with a break near Point Reyes off Northern California, and there was a high frequency of admixed individuals in close proximity to the break. F‐statistics corroborate this genetic break between northern and southern sampling sites, although most loci are characterized by low FST values, suggesting high gene flow throughout most of the genome. Outlier analyses identified 182 loci putatively under divergent selection, most of which mapped to a single genomic region. When individuals were grouped by cluster assignment (northern, southern, and admixed), 71 loci were fixed between the northern and southern cluster, all of which were identified in the outlier scans. All individuals identified as admixed exhibited near 50:50 assignment to northern and southern clusters and were heterozygous for most fixed loci. Alignments of RADseq loci to a draft lingcod genome assembly and three other teleost genomes with chromosome‐level assemblies suggest that outlier and fixed loci are concentrated on a single chromosome. Similar genomic patterns have been attributed to chromosomal inversions in diverse taxonomic groups. Regardless of the evolutionary mechanism, these results represent novel observations of genetic structure in lingcod and designate clear evolutionary units that could be used to inform fisheries management.
Know your enemy: Unexpected, pervasive and persistent viral and bacterial contamination of primary cell cultures
Authors: Niehues Hanna , Jansen Patrick A. M. , Rodijk‐Olthuis Diana , Rikken Gijs , Smits Jos P. H. , Schalkwijk Joost , Zeeuwen Patrick L. J. M. , van den Bogaard Ellen H. J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn biomedical research, cell culture contamination is one of the main culprits of experimental failure. Contamination sources and concomitant remedies are numerous and challenging to manage. We herein describe two cases of uncommon contamination of cell cultures that we encountered, and the successful determination and eradication strategies. The first case describes the infection with human adenovirus C that originated from pharyngeal tonsils used for isolation of primary tonsillar epithelial cells. It is known that viral contamination of in vitro cell cultures can occur symptomless and is therefore difficult to identify. The contamination was pervasive and persistent, as it was widely spread in flow cabinets and apparatus, and has caused a serious delay to our research projects and the inevitable loss of valuable (patient‐derived) cell sources. Eradication was successful by formalin gas sterilization of the flow cabinet and elimination of all infected cell lines from our biobank after PCR‐guided determination. Secondly, we encountered a spore‐forming bacterium, namely Brevibacillus brevis, in our cell culture facility. This bacterium originated from contaminated tap water pipes and spread via regular aseptic culture techniques due to survival of the bacterial spores in 70% ethanol. B brevis overgrew the cultures within a few days after seeding of the primary cells. Chlorine solution effectively killed this spore‐forming bacterium. Both cases of contamination were identified using DNA sequencing which enabled the deployment of targeted aseptic techniques for the elimination of the persistent contamination.
Partnership and Insomnia Status Among Mothers
Authors: Kissling Alexandra 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveMothers are particularly vulnerable to sleep disorders, such as insomnia (i.e., poor sleep quality more than three times per week).BackgroundPartnership status (i.e., being married, formerly partnered, cohabiting, or lone) is predictive of other health outcomes via marital selection, protection, and crisis theories. However, research has yet to address whether mothers' risk of insomnia varies by their partnership status.MethodUsing data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, a nationally representative and longitudinal cohort study (n = 1721), the primary aim of the present study is to test the association between partnership status and sleep. Further, given the association between race–ethnicity and partnership status, as well as race–ethnicity and sleep, this study also considers whether the association between mothers' partnership status and risk of insomnia varies by race and ethnicity.ResultsLogistic regression results suggest that married mothers are less likely than cohabiting and formerly partnered mothers to experience insomnia. No sleep differences were found when comparing among the unmarried groups.ConclusionWhen considering race and ethnicity, marriage is protective against insomnia among White and Hispanic mothers but not Black mothers.ImplicationsThis study illustrates one way in which partnership status contributes to sleep problems in different ways for White, Black, and Hispanic women.