bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron Microscopy Analysis of the Intermediate Phases Formed During the Nucleation of Yba2cu3O7-δ Film
Authors: Wu Lijun , Zhu Yimei , Solovyov V F , Wiesmann H J , Suenaga M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recently, considerable efforts have been made in growing bi-axially aligned thick Yba2cu3O7 (YBCO) films on a flexible, textured metallic substrate for electrical power applications. The BaF2 post-deposition annealing process is one of the most promising methods. to understand the nucleation and growth mechanism of YBCO in this process, extended transmission electron microscopy analysis has been made. Here, we report on the evolution of Ba-Y oxy-fluoride which is pertinent to the epitaxial YBCO nucleation process on SrTiO3 (STO) substrate.
The stoichiometric ratio of Y, Cu and BaF2 was evaporated on (00l)-cut STO substrate Subsequently, these films were annealed at 735°C in an O2-H2O-N2 gas atmosphere and quenched after 10, 20, or 40 minutes. The morphology and phase composition of the precursor changed drastically with the annealing times, e.g. after 10 minutes heat treatment, the precursor consisted of fine grained CU2O and Ba-Y(Cu) oxy-fluoride (cubic, a=0.618nm) as shown in fig.la.
Electron Incoherent Scattering from Nanometer-Sized Charge Ordering in Colossal Magnetoresistive La2/3ca1/3mnO3
Authors: Zuo J M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Electronic phase separation is known to occur in complex oxides ranging from high-Tc superconductors to colossal magnetoresisitive (CMR) manganites. Accumulating experimental evidences show regions of temperature dependent conducting and insulating regions, whose exact origin is unknown. Theoretically, it is has been shown that these systems are unstable from the strong interplay between the lattice, charge and spin degrees of freedom.
The key to understand the electronic phase separation in complex oxides is the structure. Electron diffraction is the only probe that covers the length scales from angstroms to microns. Characterization at these length scales is critical (electronic phase separations are typically about nanometers in sizes). Traditionally, electron diffraction has been played important roles in discovering the new types of phase separations, but has contributed little to the quantitative understanding. The reason is the strong interaction of electrons with matter, which gives both strong inelastic background and multiple scattering.
Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis of Uncoated Ceramics
Authors: Lyman Charles E , Carlton Robert A , Roberts James E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Uncoated ceramics are difficult to analyze because specimen charging can reduce the energy of the electron beam at the specimen. This effect may decrease the measured k-ratio to a fraction of its expected value. Thin carbon coatings are the usual solution to this problem. However, the coating procedure takes time, and the same coating thickness also must be applied to the standard. in the environmental SEM (ESEM). surface charge can be mitigated at the higher accelerating voltages normally used for x-ray microanalysis. in the ESEM, electrons are accelerated toward an electrically biased electron detector producing a cascade of electrons and ions from the imaging gas (water vapor) as part of the secondary electron imaging process. Positive ions drift toward the specimen and neutralize negative surface charge; however, the degree of neutralization is a function of a number of operating variables.
Chemical and Electron Beam Reduction of Vanadium Oxides Monitored by EELS and NEXAFS
Authors: Su DS , Hävecker M , Willinger M , Schlögl R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The application of modern transmission electron microscopes (TEM) in catalytic research has accelerated the progress in understanding the mechanism of catalytic reactions. For instance, using environmental TEM, the novel glide shear defect process was revealed as an efficient mechanism for the release of the structural oxygen of vanadyl pyrophosphate in the n-butane oxidation [1]. On the other hand, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), which is nowadays commercially available on modern TEM, appears unknown in the catalytic community. in fact, core-loss EELS is a powerful tool to identify the chemical state of elements and to study the modification of this sate in various compounds.
Fig.l shows EELS-spectra of various vanadium oxides in which the oxidation state of vanadium varies from 2+ (VO) to 5+ (V2O5). The first two features, marked as V L3 and V L2 edges, are attributed to the excitations from V 2p3/2and V 2p1/2core levels to the unoccupied V 3dstates, respectively.
Aligned Carbon Nanotubes by Pyrolysis of Pyrodine and Ferrocene
Authors: Qian D , Dickey E C , Andrews R , Jacques D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Carbon nanotube (NT) growth by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) requires a catalyst -typically a transition metal- to nucleate NT growth because of the low synthesis temperatures as compared to arc-discharge or laser ablation methods. The catalyst can be introduced to the CVD system by preprepared nano-scale catalyst particles sitting on fine support powders, thin catalyst films deposited on substrates by sputter deposition, or floating catalysts. The floating-catalyst CVD method is an in-situprocess in which the organo-metallic precursors (e.g. metallocenes) decomposed to form nanoscale catalyst particles. Floating catalyst methods can produce both multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), single-wall nanotubes, and even C-N nanotubes and facilitate continuous growth processes. in this study we employ a variety of electron imaging, diffraction and spectroscopy techniques to investigate the growth mechanisms and kinetics of multi-walled NTs (MWNTs) produced by the floating-catalyst CVD method.
The Stem Vasculature of Na1/Na1 and Na2/Na2 Mutants in Maize
Authors: Cheng Wayne Y , Cheng Ping-chin , Gu Miṅ , Gan Xiaosong , Walden David B 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The vasculature of two recessive dwarf mutants, nana-1 (nal) (FIG 1) and nana-2 (na2) (FIG 2) of maize (Zea mays)were studied. All the plants used in this study were grown at the field station of University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, in the summer of 2000. The specimens were fixed in methanol, serially sectioned with a razor blade using a specially made jig. The image was obtained by using a modified Acer 620T flat-bed scanner in liquid (Cheng et al., 2001). The optical sections were obtained by twophoton florescence microscopy using an Olympus Fluorview FL300 confocal microscope equipped with a Spectra-Physics Mai-Tai tunable ultra-fast Ti-sapphire laser. Excitation wavelengths was set at 780nm NIR with a pulse width of l00fs, &lt;550nm autofluorescence was detected. Extended focus views were generated by using AutoQuant's AutoVisualize-3D™ software.
Different from the parallel arranged longitudinal vascular bundles commonly found in the internodes of wild type, nal/nalhas a complex stem vasculature (FIG 3)(Cheng et al., 2000a; 2000b).
Distribution and Function of Filamentous and Globular Actin in Mitochondrial Translocation During Ascidian Sperm Activation
Authors: Zebadua E , Blackwell L , Koch RA 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
During fertilization in the sea squirt, Ascidia ceratodes,the penetration process of requires mitochondrial translocation, a process that defines sperm activation in this species, to generate the driving force for passage through the vitelline coat. When a sperm cell come into contact with an egg, the mitochondrion translocates off the head and migrates along the tail via an actimmyosin-dependent process. The presence of actin and myosin on the head and tail has been demonstrated. However, the nature of the relative distribution of filamentous actin (F-actin) and monomeric actin (G-actin) has not been thoroughly studied. And, whereas the signaling cascade that leads to myosin activation has been studied, the events leading to actin polymerization and whether it is required for mitochondrial translocation has not.
This project addresses two research questions: What is the distribution of F-actin and G-actin in unactivated and activated sperm cells? And, can preexisting F-actin support mitochondrial translocation or must actin polymerization occur simultaneously with the mitochondrial translocation process?
Diversity of Sperm Cell Architecture in Ferns
Authors: Johnson Thomas H , Schmitt Steven J , Renzaglia Karen S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Among land plants, lower vascular plants produce the most elaborate of all male gametes. in order to characterize the degree of variability in sperm cell architecture among ferns, this scanning electron microscope study was undertaken on three highly disparate genera: Ceratopteris(a derived leptosporangiate fern) Angiopteris(a derived eusporangiate fern) and Psilotum(a putatively basal eusporangiate fern).
Mature gametophytes were placed in 0.01M phosphate buffer (pH ca. 7.2) or distilled water until spermatozoids were released. Gametophyte portions were removed and the spermatozoid suspension fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.05M phosphate buffer. Post-fixation utilized 1% aqueous osmium tetroxide for lhr, followed by rinsing and dehydration in ethanol (10 min @ 25, 50, 75 and 100%). The dehydrated pellet was suspended in 100% hexamethyldisilazane, immediately centrifuged and the pellet deposited onto clean glass coverslips. Specimens were dried at 60°C, sputtered with ca. 350 A of palladium/gold and imaged in a Hitachi S570 SEM.
Developing a Database of Pollen Images
Authors: Spier R A , Thompson J M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A database cataloguing SEM micrographs of pollen specimens can be useful for several purposes. The primary reason would be for educational purposes. The images could be used to study pollen structure, as well as the relationship between pollen and pollinator species. Identification of pollen can be of potential use for medical purposes (such as combating allergic reactions to pollen), and for comparison in a forensic investigation. At the Biology Department of California State University, San Bernardino an ongoing project is underway to construct a database of pollen samples, focusing on local species. The micrographs are created at the Electron Microscope and Images Analysis Center located in the School of Natural Sciences at Cal State San Bernardino using a Hitachi S-2700 SEM. The database will be made available to the public and updated periodically via the Biology Department website (http://biology.csusb.edu).
All specimens were first fixated by placing the pollen grains in a syringe filter and injecting a 2% formaldehyde/4% glutaraldehyde formula and incubating overnight.
Electrochemical Deposition of Molybdenum Nanowires for Use as Sensors
Authors: Zach Michael P , Inazu Koji , Hemminger John C , Penner Reginald M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Electrodeposition of molybdenum dioxide (using the step edges of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite as nucleation templates) is used to form precursor nanowires ranging in diameter from 10 nm to one micron with many exceeding one-half millimeter in length. Subsequent treatment with hydrogen gas above 500°C reduces the wires to conductive metallic molybdenum. (Science, December 15, 2000, 290 (5499) 2120, selected as cover story). Currently, this is the only method which exists to create millions of ordered nanowire arrays with such high aspect ratios. A film of either polystyrene or cyanoacrylate polymer is used to lift the wires off of the conductive graphite substrate making electronically isolated wires. Electronically isolated wires such as these hold promise to be sensors, electronic interconnects or as precursors for growing more complex electrodeposited circuitry.
The discovery of a method to deposit nanowires is just the beginning. By using a piece of a double-sided copper-clad circuit board as a support, the polymer containing nanowires can be made into a robust sensor device.
Daily Analytical Problem Solving in Criminalistics with Rapid and Reliable Advanced Instrumentation - the Microscope
Authors: Moorehead W 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Forensic science incorporates many different scientific disciplines: criminalistics, toxicology, pathology, entomology, engineering, psychology, accounting, etc. Criminalistics incorporates such diverse areas as crime scene investigation, sexual assault evidence, DNA analysis, firearms identification and comparison, drug analysis, impression evidence, and trace evidence.
A variety of microscopes and microscopical techniques are used to answer “real world” questions about physical evidence in criminalistics. The microscopes most often used include stereo (dissecting), biological (brightfield), polarizing light, phase contrast, fluorescence, transmitted light comparison, reflected light comparison, and scanning electron. Additionally, detectors from different areas of the electromagnetic spectrum have been added to microscopes to enhance the information obtained from a specimen: infrared, visible-ultraviolet, and x-ray. to gather more information about the specimen with visible light microscopes, dispersion staining(1), contrast enhancement techniques(2) fusion methods(3), chemical staining(4), and micro-chemical tests(5,6) can be integrated into the analytical scheme.
Teaching the Microscopy of Indoor Air Quality - Lessons and Implications for the Future of the Science
Authors: Shane John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Indoor air quality concerns are becoming increasingly important in the United States as a result of a greater awareness of the harm fungi can cause to structures and the people living in those structures. By making our homes and offices more energy efficient and by making heating and ventilation systems more complex we have also created some indoor air quality problems.
Microscopical indoor air investigations are growing rapidly as evidenced by the number of asbestos and other labs getting into the fungal spore identification business. Many companies are growing by 20% a month and cannot find enough qualified microscopists to perform the identification of the fungi..
There is a real need to revitalize the teaching of light microscopy to solve indoor air problems. Fungal spores and pollen are the common culprits that cause indoor air quality problems that can be studied with the light microscope. with proper training, an indoor air quality investigator can make better use of their elegant analytical tool, viz.
In SEM a New Method of Internal Micrographic Visualization of Semiconductor Materials and IC by Crossing the Surface
Authors: Xiao Ling , Liang Zhuguan , Li Yawen , Wang Jian , Zhou Kailin , Li Ping , Xu Xiaohua , Rau EI , Hu Wenguo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the paper, we firstly publish a new method of internal micrographic visualization of semiconductor and IC. The quality and reliability of the semiconductor materials (SM) and the integrated circuits (IC) have always been concerned Having a high resolution, high reliable and nondestructive detection method is the key element for their improvements.
Silicon oxide layers are used to provide the electrical insulation in the multi-structured ICs. The IC device surfaces are often protected by silicon oxide and silicon nitride layers. Therefore, these insulation layers also cover any inhomogeneity and defect located within the IC devices. It is necessary to have an examining method to detect those defects that are under the insulation layers without damaging the samples. However, the conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM) cannot be utilized to image and examine the surfaces that are positioned below the insulation layers.
Novel nondestructive and contactless method has been developed in our laboratory to obtain the internal micrograph that crosses the surface of the semiconductor material and the integrated circuit.
In SEM Study of Physical Properties of Semiconductor by Surface Electron Beam Exciting Potential
Authors: Hu Wenguo , Zhu Shiqiu , Rau EI 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we apply a novel contactless method that we study to investigate the physical properties of the semiconductor materials. This method is based upon the measurement of the surface electron beam exciting potential (SEBEP) on the sample surface. Its advantages include: no direct sample contact or connection needed that is unlike the electron beam inducing current (EBIC) method; no potential barrier required from the measurement.
Electron probe irradiation can cause bending of the energy bands, variation of carriers and excitation of surface potential. The excited surface potential generates the SEBEP signal that can be detected by a SEBEP detector. It is necessary to emphasize that the electron beam can charge the surface that is under the oxide layer when it passes through the sample surface oxide layer.
It is known that the diffusion length L and the average lifetime τ of the non-equilibrium carries can be measured by other methods such as the cathodoluminescent method and the contacting method..
Semiconductor Microscopy - Microscopy at the Instrumental Performance Limit
Authors: Tracy Bryan M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The microscopy to support process development of Si-based semiconductors has consistently required state-of-the-art instrumentation. As the industry strains to achieve 1 OOnm design rules, this requirement has never been more pronounced. This paper presents TEM, SEM and FIB examples with a focus on using the instrumentation near the performance limit.
Transmission Electron Microscopy - The high contrast and high resolution images provided by the TEM have made this “research instrument” into the mainstay of the semiconductor analysis laboratory. For the vast majority of samples, both plan view and cross sections, precious little tilt is required. For cross sections, +/- 3 degrees is usually adequate to bring the silicon into (110) orientation and plan views are commonly made from polycrystalline films, which benefit more from choosing the right thickness than from tilt. Under appreciated is the benefit of very high resolution polepieces which have superior spherical and chromatic aberration coefficients producing real improvements in image quality.
Semiconductor Failure Analysis Using EBIC and XFIB
Authors: Rice Larry 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Electron beam induced current (EBIC) is the common term used in the semiconductor industry for the failure analysis and yield enhancement of semiconductor devices using SEM to electrically pinpoint leakage sites. EBIC is a useful technique for locating defects in diodes, transistors, and capacitors where the scanning electron microscope beam is used to generate a signal and the sample is the detector. Often during yield enhancement efforts the failure analyst is asked to determine the mechanism for which a PC structure (which may contain as many as a few hundred thousand structures in one device) is failing tests. Blind cross sections rarely give evidence of the failure mechanism. EBIC can be used to pinpoint the bad site which is then precision cross-sectioned using the focused ion beam (FIB).
When an electron beam impinges on a semiconductor such as silicon, electron-hole pairs are created when the incident beam transfers enough energy to promote an electron from the valance band to the conduction band.
Microscopy in the Real World - Instrumentation Requirements
Authors: Cunningham Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the last two decades, microscopy, in particular transmission electron microscopy, has moved from the research environment into industry. As such, the user requirements of the microscopes have changed. Previously, users required the highest performance in all aspects of microscopy e.g. imaging, analytical capabilities, with little regard to other factors. Today, additional requirements are being placed on areas such as ease of use, reliability, high throughput, expanded sample requirements, and networking capabilities. However, the “high performance” aspects of the instrumentation are still a high priority to the end user. These user requirements cause microscope manufacturers a dilemma in many instances. It is not always possible to provide the “new” requirements while still maintaining the high performance of the instruments, at a “reasonable” cost. An example is the large sample requirements in scanning electron microscopes. Large stages are inherently more prone to vibration than smaller stages, and therefore adversely affect resolution.
The Tem Evolved from a Lab Experiment Into an Analytical Tool
Authors: Van Cappellen E , Ringnalda J , Wang YC , Bormans B , Fliervoet T 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It all started in Berlin in 1931 where Dr. Ernst Ruska built the first TEM with 2 magnetic lenses. Three years later a third lens was added and a resolution of l00nm was demonstrated, just enough to beat the light microscope by a factor of two. His achievements and vision was acknowledged and celebrated in 1986 when he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics. Philips’ commitment to electron microscopy dates back to the mid-1930s, when it collaborated in EM research programs with universities in the UK and the Netherlands. in 1949, the company introduced its first EM production unit, the EM 100 transmission electron microscope, which already was a significant step forward in terms of ease of use and reliability.
In fifty years the TEM has come a long way; enumerating all the milestones would be too lengthy.
Comparative Study of Oak Species for Intercepting Particle Pollution
Authors: Abdollahi Kamran K , Ning Zhu H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Trees can act as efficient biological filters to remove significant amounts of particulate pollution from urban atmospheres (Nowak, et al. 1994 ). Recent controlled environment studies have indicated that tree's ability in intercepting and removing particle pollution varies among species. Studies by Abdollahi et al. (2000) confirmed that there were significant differences among different tree species in intercepting particle pollution. Live Oaks (Quercus virginiana), River Birch ( Betula nigra),and Sugar hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) are statistically more efficient at capturing pollutant particles of less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) than tree species such as Red Maple (Acer Rubrum),Southern Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora),and Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis).Other Studies also suggested that the leaf surface morphology of these trees might play an important role in interception and removal of PM2.5.
The main objectives of this study were to quantify the relative ability of selected oak species (Quercus spp.) in removing particle pollution of less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) and to characterize oak leaf surface morphology.
Precise Microanalysis of Biological Remains Using a Process of Laser Ablation
Authors: Plinski Edward F , Witkowski Jerzy S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A precise analysis of the biological remains is presented in the paper. A single-channel waveguide carbon dioxide laser is used in a process of ablation ‘ for the exposing of biological remains of mineralised organisms found in a sea slime used as a component in some technological process.
Many important applications of the laser base on the process of ablation. These include also so precise biomedical uses like structural studies of biomolecules. Among of the wide range of the laser devices the waveguide carbon dioxide lasers can be used in a precise biological investigations. A single-channel waveguide CO2 laser emits very easy the optical wave formed in a single, so called quasi-Gaussian, mode2. The distribution of the intensity of the laser output radiation in a basic Gaussian mode is shown in Figure 1. A high quality laser output beam in a basic Gaussian mode can be easy focused permitting a precise ablation of the investigated material in a very small area of 100 μm and less.