bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Niebuhrian Takeaways on Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Moore Gregory J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers a Niebuhrian take on humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect (or R2P). Following an introduction to the evolution of the norms of humanitarian intervention and R2P, the study considers several cases from Niebuhr’s lifetime that he wrote about and that are related to what we now call humanitarian intervention and R2P. I conclude that Niebuhr would commiserate with those of us, like Samantha Power, who are saddened by the world’s cold willingness to ignore genocide and other atrocities and to stand by and do nothing in so many cases. Niebuhr would have found solace in the rise in international acceptance of the R2P principle. Niebuhr embraced the principles of what we know as R2P as a moral imperative for individuals and nations, even while recognizing the difficulty of mobilizing such goodwill and social action both socially and politically.
Locating Reinhold Niebuhr in Contemporary IR Theory
Authors: Moore Gregory J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
There is much more to Reinhold Niebuhr’s thought, and his impact on international relations ([IR] and IR theory) has been deeper and more profound than has been commonly acknowledged. Indeed, Niebuhr has been a seminal figure in the Realist movement, but his impact goes beyond Realism. This chapter documents his contributions in the context of the revival/recovery of classical Realism, along with a recognition of the importance of nonmaterial factors (with contemporary interpretivists and constructivists), regime type (as with neo-liberal institutionalists or democratic peace), and human nature (Rosen), among other things. There are deep strains of existentialism in Niebuhr’s work as well, which is usually associated with postmodernism/poststructuralism, as Niebuhr draws in important ways from Kierkegaard, Dostoyevsky and Nietzsche. This chapter reconsiders Niebuhr’s theoretical innovations and in the process more adequately and systematically locates his work in IR theory, considering both his influences and the influences he has had therein and thereupon.
Consumers and Predators
Authors: Cordray Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Consumers rely on credit every day, using credit cards, student loans, mortgages, and the like to seek the American dream. But as the risks and complexities of credit grew and deceptive practices by predatory lenders spread, it became all too easy for responsible people to end up in bad situations. When consumers raise issues with financial companies, they are often stymied—ignored or dismissed—and few have the resources or expertise to fight back on their own. Lack of financial literacy increases the risks for many people. Using stories of problems that people face with credit cards, student loans, auto loans, payday loans, debt collectors, and credit reporting companies, this chapter sets the stage for why consumers need government—the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau—to stand with them and provide balance to the financial marketplace.
The Rise of the Financial Consumer
Authors: Cordray Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Dramatic changes in our economy have magnified the importance of consumer financial issues. Consumer credit is now much more widely available than it was two generations ago, providing people greater opportunities. But its increasing complexity exposes people to new hazards. And the ripple effects of mistakes made by lenders and consumers transcend the individual, posing risks to the broader economy. In 2008, Wall Street’s reckless investments caused the mortgage-market meltdown and brought on the financial crisis. Millions of people—including many who were not involved with any of the bad lending—lost their jobs, their homes, and their retirement savings. Some communities have not yet recovered, worsening inequality and feelings of alienation. This chapter discusses how these broader consequences called for a new government agency to protect not only consumers and their families but also the economy as a whole.
The Making of a Watchdog
Authors: Cordray Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s strategy was to push through the political opposition by acting aggressively for consumers. Early on, the bureau worked to make the terms of financial products more understandable for consumers, creating streamlined forms for mortgages, student loans, and credit cards. It took major enforcement actions against credit card companies for deceptive marketing, returning billions of dollars to consumers. As Cordray’s nomination languished in the Senate, President Obama made an extraordinary recess appointment to install him on a temporary basis. The financial industry immediately challenged the appointment in court, and Republicans pushed back hard in tough oversight hearings. In July 2013, the Democratic Senate majority leader, Harry Reid, moved to invoke the “nuclear option” to approve nominations by a simple majority vote. The Republicans yielded, and Cordray was confirmed in a bipartisan vote of sixty-six to thirty-four. In a tough two-year battle, the bureau prevailed over the strenuous opposition.
A Great Big Country
Authors: Cordray Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Consumer problems are everywhere, but the issues differ dramatically across the United States: from lack of access to credit in the impoverished Mississippi Delta, to scammers in New York City, to rampant foreclosures in Phoenix, Las Vegas, and Tampa. Along with traveling the country to experience and understand issues in local communities, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau broke down the immensity of serving 320 million Americans by focusing on specialty populations. This chapter describes this work: the bureau’s Office of Servicemember Affairs, which secured new protections for military personnel and their families; its Office of Students, which addressed student loan issues and improving choices about financing higher education; its Office for Older Americans, which sought to crack down on elder financial abuse and educate families dealing with late-life financial issues; and its Office of Financial Empowerment, which worked to reduce the shockingly high costs and risks of living in poverty.
A Treacherous Transition
Authors: Cordray Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In November 2017, Cordray announced that he was stepping down. President Trump refused to recognize the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s deputy director as the interim leader, appointing one of his cabinet officers, Mick Mulvaney, to the post. Mulvaney, a sharp critic of the bureau, vowed a policy of inaction to slow the pace of enforcement and regulation. The chapter describes Mulvaney’s largely superficial efforts to undermine the bureau, his steps to roll back the payday lending rule, and his transfer of control a year later to the new confirmed director, Kathy Kraninger. It describes how the dynamics of federalism are helping protect consumers even in an era when the bureau has pulled back. And it discusses the bureau’s continuing work—including a further billion-dollar penalty against Wells Fargo for unfair and deceptive practices that greatly harmed consumers—and the importance of leadership in setting the bureau’s course.
From Apocalypticism to the AbsoluteTroeltsch’s Nonapocalyptic Eschatology
Authors: Kuehn Evan F. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 contextualizes Troeltsch’s approach to eschatology by distinguishing his views from those of the emerging apocalyptic interpretation in New Testament studies, while also demonstrating his constructive interaction with contemporary biblical scholars. It demonstrates how a common misunderstanding of Troeltsch as being a noneschatological thinker rests upon bad readings of an isolated passage in his lectures on theology. In fact Troeltsch concurred with the new apocalyptic conception of the preaching of Jesus of Nazareth against earlier Kantian ethical conceptions of the biblical Kingdom of God, although he did reject the possibility of modern theological appropriations of apocalyptic thought. In contrast, Troeltsch advocated a nonapocalyptic eschatology. Further, he argued that a doctrine of eschatology proper was possible only once the apocalyptic expectation of divine judgment of the world had been abandoned as an object of Christian hope.
Epistemological Implications
Authors: Kuehn Evan F. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the epistemological implications of the transcendence of the Absolute. It argues that Troeltsch did not offer a unified theory of religious knowledge, but that his attempts to explain how an experience of the Absolute is possible can be collated to offer a coherent picture of his religious epistemology. The chapter first examines his account of theological agnosticism in nineteenth-century theology developing out of the work of Kant, which puts in question the nature of human knowledge of God. Troeltsch’s constructive response to this agnosticism begins with his appropriation of historical concept formation from the thought of Heinrich Rickert and his concept of the religious a priori. Troeltsch uses the term “mysticism” to explain how these logical structures of the validity of the experience of the Absolute are actualized in religious life.
Autonomy and Consent
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the concepts of sexual autonomy and consent. Sexual autonomy is conceived of as a “bundle” of prima facie rights organized around the idea of securing for the holder various forms of sexual self-determination. There is a distinction between negative sexual autonomy (the right not to engage in, or be subject to, one or another form of sexual conduct) and positive sexual autonomy (the prima facie right to engage in such conduct). Sexual autonomy is violated either when a person is subjected to nonconsensual sex (usually by another individual) or when a person is prevented from engaging in consensual sex (typically by operation of law). To consent to sexual contact is essentially to waive the right not to have such contact. Consent also relieves those to whom it is given of the obligation to refrain from contact. Consent involves a “binary” judgment reflecting various “scalar” qualities (meaning that it is a yes/no kind of judgment that typically turns on the existence of a property that is a matter of degree). Of particular concern here is the distinction between consent and mere “unwantedness.” A fundamental distinction is also made concerning consent in an “attitudinal” or “mental” sense (a state of mind of acquiescence), consent in a “communicative” sense (consent that is conveyed to another in words or actions), and consent in a “prescriptive” sense (consent that is regarded as normatively or legally valid). Further, for consent to be prescriptively valid, it must be voluntary, knowing, and competent.
Rape as Nonconsensual Sex
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers rape in its most basic form, referred to here as rape as nonconsensual sex. In theory, a legislature could simply define rape as “nonconsensual penetrative sex” and leave it to factfinders to determine if the evidence presented was sufficient to support the charge. But such a definition would probably be too open-ended to give potential offenders, law-enforcement officials, and courts adequate notice and direction; and for this reason, there has been an attempt to articulate more specific conditions under which rape as nonconsensual sex occurs. The question is how to do this in a way that is neither under- nor overinclusive. The chapter considers three approaches the law has taken to defining such an offense: as obtained by force, in the face of a no, and in the absence of affirmative consent, paying particular attention to concerns about under- and overinclusiveness. The chapter also includes a brief discussion of rape law’s mens rea requirement and the availability of the mistake-of-fact defense.
Statutory Rape
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers statutory rape, where liability is imposed solely by virtue of the fact that the complainant is underage. It questions whether presuming incapacity makes sense, at least in the case of older adolescents. One problem is that the law is internally inconsistent. First, it presumes incapacity when a juvenile has sex with an adult but not when she has sex with another juvenile (under so-called Romeo and Juliet provisions). Second, it implicitly recognizes capacity to consent when imposing aggravated penalties in cases where the intercourse was actually nonconsensual. One way to avoid this inconsistency would be to abandon the notion that (older) juveniles are per se incapable of consenting and instead view sex with such persons as analogous to other strict liability offenses intended to prevent harm to potentially vulnerable members of society. Such an approach would have the side effect of allowing a reasonable mistake-of-age defense.
Prostitution
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at prostitution. There is a great deal of variation in how various jurisdictions treat such conduct, ranging from criminalizing both the purchase and the sale of sex, to criminalizing only the purchase, to decriminalization and civil regulation of the whole transaction. The methodology of this chapter differs from that employed elsewhere in the book. Rather than ask whether and why prostitution is wrong and should be criminalized, it focuses on a definitional question, namely, what counts or should count as prostitution. In particular, it asks what should count as sex and as buying or selling within the context of the sex trade. It shows how the answers to these questions will ultimately depend on what purpose one thinks the law of prostitution is meant to serve in the first place.
Inventing the English Massacre
Authors: Games Alison 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book explains how a conspiracy trial featuring English, Japanese, and Indo-Portuguese co-conspirators who allegedly plotted against the Dutch East India Company in the Indian Ocean in 1623 produced a diplomatic crisis in Europe and became known for four centuries in British culture as the Amboyna Massacre. The story of the transformation of this conspiracy into a massacre is a story of Anglo-Dutch relations in the seventeenth century and of a new word in the English language, massacre. The English East India Company drew on this new word to craft an enduring story of cruelty, violence, and ingratitude. Printed works—both pamphlets and images—were central to the East India Company’s creation of the massacre and to the story’s tenacity over four centuries as the texts and images were reproduced during conflicts with the Dutch and internal political disputes in England. By the eighteenth century, the story emerged as a familiar and shared cultural touchstone. By the nineteenth century, the Amboyna Massacre became the linchpin of the British Empire, an event that historians argued well into the twentieth century had changed the course of history and explained why the British had a stronghold in India. The broad familiarity with the incident and the Amboyna Massacre’s position as an early and formative violent event turned the episode into the first English massacre. It shaped the meaning of subsequent acts of violence, and placed intimacy, treachery, and cruelty at the center of massacres in ways that endure to the present day.
Arena or Temple?
Authors: Seymour Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
States anxious to wrest power from religious authorities viewed their courts of law as quasi-sacred spaces, often characterizing them as a form of ‘temple’ to signal the reverential emotional style required within. Foregrounding the emotional overlap between religious and legal spaces, this chapter portrays Rome’s Court of Assizes during the Fadda murder trial as both secular temple and emotional arena with great symbolic value for Liberal Italy. The argument is contextualized against analysis of the symbolic role of law at crucial stages in the development of other states, particularly England and France. After unification, Italian courts were opened to the public, in some cases for the first time. The civic audience in legal hearings, especially in criminal cases, was a fundamental tenet of Italy’s liberal ideology. The chapter analyses public participation in the Fadda trial against the background of a state’s need to engage its citizens in spaces and rituals that were unmistakably identified with the nation. The Fadda trial’s fascination both helped and hindered the state’s cause, drawing great crowds but provoking emotions that threatened to blur the line between dignified court and popular arena. The trial lasted a month and dominated the nation’s newspapers, drawing Italians from all over the peninsula into the drama in Rome. Ultimately the event was an opportunity to establish the contours of a new type of social space, a new emotional arena, for a new nation.
Duality of the Two-dimensional Ising Model
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 begins by discussing the Peierls argument, which allows us to prove the existence of a phase transition in the two-dimensional Ising model. The remaining sections of the chapter deal with duality transformations (duality in square, hexagonal and triangular lattices) that link the low- and high-temperature phases of several statistical models. Particularly important is the proof of the so-called star-triangle identity. This identity will be crucial in the later discussion of the transfer matrix of the Ising model. Finally, it covers the aspect of duality in two dimensions. An appendix provides information about the Poisson sum formula.
Conformal Field Theory of Free Bosonic and Fermionic Fields
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Free theories are usually regarded as trivial examples of quantum systems. This chapter proves that this is not the case of the conformal field theories associated to the free bosonic and fermionic fields. The subject is not only full of beautiful mathematical identities but is also the source of deep physical concepts with far reaching applications. Chapter 12 also covers quantization of the bosonic field, vertex operators, the free bosonic field on a torus, modular transformations, the quantization of the free Majorana fermion, the Neveu–Schwarz and Ramond sectors, fermions on a torus, calculus for anti-commuting quantities and partition functions.
Form Factors and Correlation Functions
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
At the heart of a quantum field theory are the correlation functions of the various fields. In the case of integrable models, the correlators can be expressed in terms of the spectral series based on the matrix elements on the asymptotic states. These matrix elements, also known as form factors, satisfy a set of functional and recursive equations that can exactly solved in many cases of physical interest. Chapter 19 covers general properties of form factors, Faddeev–Zamolodchikov algebra, symmetric polynomials, kinematical and bound state poles, the operator space and kernel functions, the stress-energy tensor and vacuum expectation values and the Ising model in a magnetic field.
Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz (TBA) allows us to study finite size and finite temperature effects of an integrable model. This chapter investigates the integral equations that determine the free energy and gives their physical interpretation. It discusses Casimir energy, Bethe relativistic wave function, the derivation of thermodynamics, the meaning of pseudo-energy (dressed energy and momentum), infrared and ultraviolet limits, the coefficient of bulk energy, the general form of the TBA equations, the thermodynamics of the free field theories, L-channel quantization and the LeClair–Mussardo formula. It also covers the application of the Yang–Lee S-matrix, the magnetic field Ising model, and the tricritical Ising model.
The German Federal Constitutional Court
Authors: Jestaedt Matthias , Lepsius Oliver , Möllers Christoph , Schönberger Christoph 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This translation into English of the leading German-language work on the German Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht, BVerfG) gives an overview of both the Court’s history and its role as one of the most influential constitutional courts in recent years. The book consists of four extended, free-standing chapters, each written by one of the authors. In turn, these four chapters cover the historical development and political context of the Court; the Court and its relationship to the constitution; the Court’s approach to judicial reasoning and to the setting of legal standards; and the legitimacy of the Court in contemporary constitutional theory.
The Origins of John Harrison’s ‘Pendulum-Clock’ Technology
Authors: King Andrew 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Working in Lincolnshire in the 1720s, John Harrison (1693–1776) established a unique approach to making accurate pendulum clocks that was born from his experiences in the family business that served country estates in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. The chapter charts Harrison’s early clock-making practice, inspired by local traditional clocks, and his unique interpretation. He used wood for the frames and most of the wheelwork before key elements of his precision timekeeping crystallised in the making of an estate clock for Brocklesby Park in Lincolnshire. Notably, the elimination of requirement for lubrication formed a solid bedrock for his life’s work in precision in this field. It examines Harrison’s early influences and progression of thinking through documentary evidence and artefacts to introduce the beginnings of his unique approach to precision pendulum clock making.
The Possibility of Norms
Authors: Möllers Christoph 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book elaborates on a concept of the normative. It aims to explicate what is meant when norms are spoken of as such. Hence, this book is only concerned with developing a concept of the normative; it seeks to crystallize that which makes a norm a norm. In doing so, the focus is limited to a concept of social norms, of norms that have arisen out of a social context. Questions with which every practice of social norms sees itself confronted are compared and contrasted with philosophical theories of the morally appropriate. What implication does it have for the value and accuracy of philosophical theories of morally right action that social norms need a location, a time, and a form of illustration, that one has to be able to perceive them? Along such a line of inquiry, moral norms represent an important reference, though frequently they are only used as a contrast. Social norms such as religious commandments, legal prescriptions, or rules of etiquette operate quite differently from norms that are typically debated in practical philosophy. The commonalities of social norms are thus the object of this book.