bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for redetectable positivity in recovered COVID‐19 children
Authors: Peng Denggao , Zhang Jing , Ji Yiling , Pan Dongming 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the risk factors for redetectable positivity (RP), and to provide a basis for prevention and control of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) in children.MethodsA retrospective study was performed on all pediatric patients diagnosed with COVID‐19. RP was defined as the positive result of real‐time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) after symptom resolution and discharge. Children were defined as being less than 18 years old.ResultsFourteen out of 38 (36.8%) pediatric patients exhibited RP. Compared with the non‐RP group (n = 24), the RP group (n = 14) had more family cluster infections, relatively higher white blood cell (WBC) count and longer plasma prothrombin time (PT), while age and gender were insignificant. T lymphocyte subclassification was observed at five‐time points: the first test after admission, 2 weeks, and 1, 2, and 3 months after discharge. The RP group had a higher percentage and count of CD8+ T lymphocytes and lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio at 2 weeks, while a lower percentage and count of CD4+ T lymphocytes and lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio at 2 months. The positive rate of nasopharyngeal swabs by RT‐PCR was higher during the onset, while that of anal swabs was higher during the recovery of COVID‐19.ConclusionsFamily cluster infection, higher WBC count, and longer PT are the early risk factors for RP in recovered COVID‐19 children. The dynamic changes in number and ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes may be involved in prolonged SARS‐CoV‐2 clearance. Nasopharyngeal swabs sampling during the onset and anal swabs sampling during the recovery may improve the positivity rate of RT‐PCR.
SynPharm and the guide to pharmacology database: A toolset for conferring drug control on engineered proteins
Authors: Davies Jamie A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOptimizing synthetic biological systems, for example novel metabolic pathways, becomes more complicated with more protein components. One method of taming the complexity and allowing more rapid optimization is engineering external control into components. Pharmacology is essentially the science of controlling proteins using (mainly) small molecules, and a great deal of information, spread between different databases, is known about structural interactions between these ligands and their target proteins. In principle, protein engineers can use an inverse pharmacological approach to include drug response in their design, by identifying ligand‐binding domains from natural proteins that are amenable to being included in a designed protein. In this context, “amenable” means that the ligand‐binding domain is in a relatively self‐contained subsequence of the parent protein, structurally independent of the rest of the molecule so that its function should be retained in another context. The SynPharm database is a tool, built on to the Guide to Pharmacology database and connected to various structural databases, to help protein engineers identify ligand‐binding domains suitable for transfer. This article describes the tool, and illustrates its use in seeking candidate domains for transfer. It also briefly describes already‐published proof‐of‐concept studies in which the CRISPR effectors Cas9 and Cpf1 were placed separately under the control of tamoxifen and mefipristone, by including ligand‐binding domains of the Estrogen Receptor and Progesterone Receptor in modified versions of Cas9 and Cpf1. The advantages of drug control or the rival protein‐control technology of optogenetics, for different purposes and in different situations, are also briefly discussed.
Gravity as Universal UV Completion: Towards a Unified View of Swampland Conjectures
Authors: Gómez César 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOn the basis of the idea that gravity defines a universal UV‐completion and using a form of UV/IR correspondence we revisit some Swampland conjectures, in particular de Sitter and infinite distance conjectures, from the point of view of renormalization group energy flow. The rol and limitations of non perturbative instanton effects to define a metastable cosmological constant are briefly discussed in this context.
Serious cardiovascular adverse events with fluoroquinolones versus other antibiotics: A self‐controlled case series analysis
Authors: Aspinall Sherrie L. , Sylvain Nathan P. , Zhao Xinhua , Zhang Rongping , Dong Diane , Echevarria Kelly , Glassman Peter A. , Goetz Matthew Bidwell , Miller Donald R. , Cunningham Francesca E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the association between fluoroquinolone (FQ) use and the occurrence of aortic aneurysm/dissection (AA/AD), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ventricular arrhythmias (VenA), and all‐cause mortality vs other commonly used antibiotics. We conducted a self‐controlled case series analysis of patients who experienced the outcomes of AA/AD, AMI, and VenA, based on diagnosis codes from emergency department visits and hospitalizations within Veterans Health Administration, and death in FY2014‐FY2018. These Veterans also received outpatient prescriptions for FQs. Conditional Poisson regression models were used to estimate the association between FQs and each of the outcomes vs antibiotics of interest (ie amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanate, azithromycin, doxycycline, cefuroxime or cephalexin, or sulfamethoxazole‐trimethoprim), adjusted for time‐varying covariates. Using a 30‐day risk period after each antibiotic prescription, adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) for FQs vs each comparator antibiotic were not statistically different for outcomes of VenA or AMI. For AA/AD, incidence was higher during FQ risk periods vs amoxicillin [aIRR 1.50 (95% CI 1.01, 2.25)] and azithromycin [aIRR 2.15 (95% CI 1.27, 3.64)] risk periods. A significantly increased risk of mortality was observed with FQs vs each antibiotic of interest. FQs were associated with an increased risk of AA/AD vs amoxicillin and azithromycin and an increased risk of all‐cause mortality vs multiple antibiotics commonly used for outpatient infections. Although the differences in event rates are small, FQ use should be limited to serious infections without appropriate alternatives.
Physiologically‐Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling of Creatinine‐Drug Interactions in the Chronic Kidney Disease Population
Authors: Takita Hiroyuki , Scotcher Daniel , Chinnadurai Rajkumar , Kalra Philip A. , Galetin Aleksandra 
Published: October 2020

Elevated serum creatinine (SCr) caused by the inhibition of renal transporter(s) may be misinterpreted as kidney injury. The interpretation is more complicated in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to altered disposition of creatinine and renal transporter inhibitors. A clinical study was conducted in 17 patients with CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate 15–59 mL/min/1.73 m2); changes in SCr were monitored during trimethoprim treatment (100–200 mg/day), administered to prevent recurrent urinary infection, relative to the baseline level. Additional SCr‐interaction data with trimethoprim, cimetidine, and famotidine in patients with CKD were collated from the literature. Our published physiologically‐based creatinine model was extended to predict the effect of the CKD on SCr and creatinine‐drug interaction. The creatinine‐CKD model incorporated age/sex‐related differences in creatinine synthesis, CKD‐related glomerular filtration deterioration; change in transporter activity either proportional or disproportional to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline were explored. Optimized models successfully recovered baseline SCr from 64 patients with CKD (geometric mean fold‐error of 1.1). Combined with pharmacokinetic models of inhibitors, the creatinine model was used to simulate transporter‐mediated creatinine‐drug interactions. Use of inhibitor unbound plasma concentrations resulted in 66% of simulated SCr interaction data within the prediction limits, with cimetidine interaction significantly underestimated. Assuming that transporter activity deteriorates disproportional to GFR decline resulted in higher predicted sensitivity to transporter inhibition in patients with CKD relative to healthy patients, consistent with sparse clinical data. For the first time, this novel modelling approach enables quantitative prediction of SCr in CKD and delineation of the effect of disease and renal transporter inhibition in this patient population.
Relationships between leaf δ15N and leaf metallic nutrients
Authors: Chen Chongjuan , Wu Yingjie , Wang Shuhan , Liu Zhaotong , Wang Guoan 
Published: October 2020

RationaleNitrogen (N) isotopic ratios (δ15N values) of plants are primarily determined by the δ15N values of their N sources. Metallic nutrients affect plant N uptake. However, there is little knowledge of the relationships between leaf δ15N values and leaf metallic nutrients. The δ15N values are often lower in soil nitrate (NO3−) than in ammonium (NH4+) due to large isotopic fractionation during nitrification. Plants acquire more NO3− than NH4+ when accumulating high potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) to maintain charge balance. In addition, plants that absorb more NO3− than NH4+ increase the soil pH and decrease the availability of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn). We therefore hypothesized that leaf δ15N values correlate negatively with K, Ca and Mg contents, while positively with Fe, Mn and Zn contents.MethodsLeaves of non‐N‐fixing plants were sampled across an approx. 6000 km transect in China and their δ15N values and metallic nutrient content were determined using elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry.ResultsInconsistent with the hypothesis, leaf δ15N values correlated positively with leaf K, Ca and Mg, indicating higher δ15N values of soil NO3− than NH4+. Higher δ15N values of soil NO3− revealed stronger denitrification than nitrification in the study regions because isotopic fractionation occurs during both processes. Leaf δ15N values correlated negatively with Fe, relating to decreases in soil Fe availability, which might be attributed to oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ supplying electrons for denitrification, while greater uptake of NO3− than NH4+ of plants increases soil pH. Leaf δ15N values correlated positively with Zn and did not correlate with Mn. These observed relationships between leaf δ15N values and metallic nutrients, except Mn, were independent of vegetation or soil types.ConclusionsThis study has enriched our knowledge of associations between metallic nutrients and N cycling in plant–soil systems, especially for the roles of Fe in soil N transformations and K, Ca and Mg in plant N uptake.
Pre‐implantation genetic testing: Past, present, future
Authors: Takeuchi Kazuhiro 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundPre‐implantation genetic testing (PGT) has been performed worldwide since it was first used by Handyside et al in the United Kingdom to sex embryos in 1990. Until about 2010, cleavage stage embryo biopsy and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) were mainstream; however, in 2012, blastocyst biopsy (trophectoderm; TE biopsy) became mainstream. In addition, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was used for analysis and further evolved to next‐generation sequencing (NGS), which is used worldwide.MethodsPGT for reciprocal balanced translocation and Robertsonian translocation (PGT‐SR) was approved in Japan for habitual abortion to reduce pregnancy loss, and since 2008, we have been performing PGT‐SR using cleavage stage embryos and FISH. In 2014, we performed TE biopsy and NGS analysis.Main findingsIn this paper, I separately described the details of our methods and clinical results of FISH and NGS. NGS is superior to FISH because it can detect all chromosomes.ConclusionTE biopsy and NGS, which have recently become mainstream, have stable outcomes, because TE biopsy yields more cells and fewer mosaics than the cleavage stage. As a result, diagnoses are more reliable, resulting in higher pregnancy rates and lower abortion rates.
Event‐triggered H∞ filtering for nonlinear discrete‐time stochastic systems with application to vehicle roll stability control
Authors: Zhang Tianliang , Deng Feiqi , Shi Peng 
Published: October 2020

SummaryIn this article, the problem of event‐triggered H∞ filtering for general discrete‐time nonlinear stochastic systems is investigated. An event‐triggered mechanism is introduced to reduce the communication burden by judging whether the measured data should be transmitted. First, two results about the event‐triggered H∞ filtering for general discrete nonlinear stochastic systems are presented. Second, when the linear discrete‐time stochastic system is considered, the corresponding event‐triggered H∞ filtering can be designed via linear matrix equality approach. Finally, a numerical example and a practical example about the vehicle roll angle estimation are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed new design method.
Mechanistic Insights into the Synthesis of Telluride Colloidal Quantum Dots with Trioctylphosphine‐Tellurium
Authors: Shuklov Ivan A. , Mikhel Igor S. , Nevidimov Alexander V. , Birin Kirill P. , Dubrovina Natalia V. , Lizunova Anna A. , Razumov Vladimir F. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe combined NMR and quantum chemical study of tellurium solution in trioctylphosphine, for the first time, revealed the new unexpected P−Te species. The observed intermediates are absolutely different from the species forming in the reaction of trialkylphosphines with chalcogens up in the group. This finding sheds new light on the mechanism of telluride nanocrystals formation and allow to rationalize the application of this key tellurium precursor in the synthesis of nanostructures. The studied solution was applied in the synthesis of HgTe colloidal quantum dots.
Chemotaxis‐Driven 2D Nanosheet for Directional Drug Delivery toward the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Zhang Hao , Cao Zhenbang , Zhang Qianyi , Xu Jiangtao , Yun Sung Lai Jimmy , Liang Kang , Gu Zi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMicro/nanoscaled motor particles represent a group of intelligent materials that can precisely and rapidly respond to biological microenvironments and improve therapeutic outcomes. In order to maximize biomedical application potentials, developing a nanoscaled motor particle that is able to move autonomously toward a biological target is highly desired but still remains a critical challenge. Herein, a 2D nanosheet‐based catalytic nanomotor with chemotaxis behavior is developed for enhanced drug delivery toward the tumor microenvironment. The nanomotors are constructed via a facile one‐pot method and exhibit ultrathin monolayer nanosheet morphology. The 2D structure of nanomotors allows high catalytic activity, leading to responsive, sustained, and relatively long distance movement. Importantly, this nanomotor demonstrates directional motion toward the high gradient of H2O2 fuel, exhibiting excellent chemotactic properties. After loading an anticancer drug doxorubicin, the nanomotor shows effective inhibition on cancer cell growth in simulated tumor microenvironments. The practical drug delivery application is further strengthened by the intracellular acidity‐triggered biodegradability of the nanomotor after accomplishing the directional drug delivery function. This proof‐of‐concept work highlights the efficient catalytic activity, tumor microenvironment‐guided chemotactic movement, excellent cellular performance of the 2D nanomotor, and opens an avenue for biomedical applications such as controlled and smart drug delivery.
Accurately Regulating the Electronic Structure of NixSey@NC Core–Shell Nanohybrids through Controllable Selenization of a Ni‐MOF for pH‐Universal Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Huang Zhaodi , Xu Ben , Li Zongge , Ren Jianwei , Mei Hao , Liu Zhanning , Xie Donggang , Zhang Haobing , Dai Fangna , Wang Rongming , Sun Daofeng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractN‐doped carbon‐encapsulated transition metal selenides (TMSs) have garnered increasing attention as promising electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Accurately regulating the electronic structure of these nanohybrids to reveal the underlying mechanism for enhanced HER performances is still challenging and thus requires deep excavation. Herein, a series of pomegranate‐like NixSey@NC core–shell nanohybrids (including Ni0.85Se @ NC, NiSe2@NC, and NiSe@NC) through controllable selenization of a Ni‐MOF precursor is reported. The component of the nanohybrids can be fine‐tuned by tailoring the selenization temperature and feed ratio, through which the electronic structure can be synchronously regulated. Among these nanohybrids, the Ni0.85Se @ NC exhibits the optimum pH‐universal HER performance with overpotentials of 131, 135, and 183 mV in 0.5 m H2SO4, 1.0 m KOH, and 1.0 m PBS, respectively, at 10 mA cm−2, which are attributed to the increased partial density of state at the Fermi level and effective van der Waals interactions between Ni0.85Se and NC matrix explained by density functional theory calculations.
Nanozymes and Glucuronides: Glucuronidase, Esterase, and/or Transferase Activity
Authors: Walther Raoul , van den Akker Wouter , Fruergaard Anne Sofie , Zelikin Alexander N. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNanozymes are fundamentally interesting catalysts that are investigated as alternatives to fragile protein‐enzymes for applications in biotechnology, for prodrug activation, and use in biomedicine, as well as the catalysts that contributed to the Origin of Life. However, until now, nanozymes mostly have been documented to exhibit activity as red/ox catalysts, whereas examples of activity outside this broad class of reactions are very few. Herein, activity of nanozymes on glucuronide prodrugs is investigated, specifically focusing on the mechanism of prodrug conversion reactions. The main finding of this work is that nanozymes exhibit glucuronide‐like activity, but also catalyze prodrug conversion via esterase‐like mechanism and facilitate group transfer reactions.
Analytical model for concrete cover separation of FRP strengthened RC beams with multiple steel bolts
Authors: Zhang Dawei , Shi Haifeng , Zhu Jihua , Ueda Tamon 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this paper, analytical models for concrete cover separation (CCS) of FRP strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beams with multiple steel bolts were developed based on concrete tooth model for strengthened RC beams without anchors. The derivation of the models involved three major steps: (a) determination of the crack spacing (width of the concrete teeth); (b) determination of the pull‐out strength of steel bolt considering the effect of shear crack; and (c) determination of the peak load of FRP strengthened beams when CCS occurs based on the concrete tooth model. Validation test on five RC beams was conducted to investigate the effect of anchorage systems on the premature debonding of FRP strengthened RC beams. Results showed that steel bolts with enough embedding length can effectively suppress the initiation and propagation of CCS, thus improve the performance of FRP strengthened RC beams. Moreover, a database of FRP strengthened RC beams with mechanical fasteners (MFs) and failed in CCS or FRP fracture (FR) was assembled from the literature. The analytical predictions agreed well with the experimental results.
Seismic performance of high‐rise special truss moment frames with multiple Vierendeel ductile segments and high panel aspect ratios
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Sahoo Dipti Ranjan 
Published: October 2020

SummarySpecial truss moment frames (STMFs) are often adopted as the lateral force‐resisting systems in structures, in which the inelastic activity is mostly accommodated in the special segments of truss girders. Current design standards permit the use of STMFs in buildings if the maximum height is less than 48.8 m and the aspect ratio of single Vierendeel panel is limited to 1.5. The present study is focused on the influence of multiple Vierendeel panels and the higher aspect ratios of special segments on the seismic performance of STMFs. Both nonlinear static and dynamic analyses are conducted on 12 numbers of low‐ to high‐rise STMFs to assess their lateral strengths, yield mechanisms, energy dissipation potential, and drift response under seismic loadings. Forty scaled ground motions representing the design‐basis earthquake and the maximum‐considered earthquake hazard levels have been considered in the nonlinear dynamic analyses. Analysis results showed that STMFs having the special segments of the higher aspect ratio and the multiple Vierendeel panels exhibited the desired yield mechanisms and satisfied the acceptance criteria. It is recommended that the limiting values of the panel aspect ratio and the overall height of STMFs should be considered as 2.5 and 65.0 m, respectively.
Rethinking instructional strategies with English learners in the content areas
Authors: Grapin Scott E. , Llosa Lorena , Haas Alison , Lee Okhee 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe latest content standards in U.S. K–12 education are academically rigorous for all students, including a fast‐growing population of English learners (ELs). Because these standards are different from previous standards in terms of not only their rigor but also their theoretical underpinnings, enacting instruction aligned to the standards will require shifts in how teachers conceptualize the nature of content and language learning. In this article, the authors argue that instructional strategies traditionally used with ELs in the content areas need to be rethought in light of contemporary theoretical perspectives. After providing a brief overview of these perspectives in content area education and language education, the authors highlight three instructional strategies: (a) preteaching vocabulary, (b) providing sentence frames and starters, and (c) using visual aids. They describe how each strategy has traditionally been used and tensions that may arise in using the strategy in light of contemporary perspectives. Drawing on examples from their curriculum development work in linguistically diverse elementary science classrooms, the authors propose ways that teachers can adapt when and how they use each of these strategies to deliver more theoretically sound instruction. Implications of the adapted strategies for teachers working with ELs in content classrooms are discussed.
Active immunotherapy and alternative therapeutic modalities for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Weninger Stacie , Sperling Bjorn , Alexander Robert , Ivarsson Magnus , Menzies Fiona M. , Powchik Peter , Weber Christopher J. , Altar C. Anthony , Crystal Ronald G. , Haggarty Stephen J. , Loring Jeanne , Bain Lisa J. , Carrillo Maria C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAs knowledge of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression improves, the field has recognized the need to diversify the pipeline, broaden strategies and approaches to therapies, as well as delivery mechanisms. A better understanding of the earliest biological processes of AD/dementia would help inform drug target selection. Currently there are a number of programs exploring these alternate avenues. This meeting will allow experts in the field (academia, industry, government) to provide perspectives and experiences that can help elucidate what the pipeline looks like today and what avenues hold promise in developing new therapies across the stages of AD. The focus here is on Active Immunotherapies and Alternative Therapeutic Modalities. This topic includes active vaccines, antisense oligomers, and cell‐based therapy among others, and highlights new clinical developments that utilize these modalities.