bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GENE FLOW AND SELECTION IN A NATURAL POPULATION OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: McKenzie J A 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
A marked genetic differentiation to the presence of alcohol in the environment has been shown to occur between inside cellar and adjacent outside sections of a vineyard population of D. melanogaster (McKenzie and Parsons 1974). Estimates of migration during the vintage period suggest considerable movement occurs from outside into the cellar and that the most tolerant genotypes are the most successful migrants. A quantitative model of this system suggests that the selection intensity may not be a limiting factor in maintaining the differentiation. It also suggests that gene flow must be restricted between sections of the population at all but vintage periods if this differentiation is to persist.
MUTATION INDUCTION BY DIFUNCTIONAL ALKYLATING AGENTS IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA
Authors: Ong Tong-Man , de Serres F J 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The genetic characterization of ad-3 mutants of Neurospora crassa induced by two carcinogenic difunctional alkylating agents, 1,2,4,5-diepoxypentane (DEP) and 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane (DEO), has shown that point mutations at the ad-3B locus have similar complementation patterns. In addition to the induction of point mutations, DEP induces a low frequency (7.5%) of multilocus deletions, whereas DEO induces an extremely high frequency (42.0%). The distribution of the different classes of ad-3 mutants and the frequency of multilocus deletion mutants among DEP-induced mutants are not significantly different from those induced by the monofunctional alkylating agents EI, EMS and ICR-177 at comparable forward-mutation frequencies. Moreover, the frequencies of DEP-induced ad-3B mutants showing allelic completion or having nonpolarized complementation patterns are similar to those of ad-3B mutants induced by monofunctional agents. It is suggested, therefore, that the mechanism of mutation-induction by DEP in N. crassa is similar to that of monofunctional alkylating agents. Mutation-induction by DEO probably results both from the mechanism of action of monofunctional alkylating agents and from inter-strand cross-linkage of the DNA molecule by the two functional epoxy groups.
CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF CHROMOSOME 3 IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: MAPPING OF THE PROXIMAL PORTION OF THE RIGHT ARM
Authors: Duncan Ian W , Kaufman Thomas C 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
In order to define more precisely the most proximal portion of chromosome 3R in Drosophila melanogaster, several new chromosome aberrations involving this region have been recovered and analyzed. These new arrangements were recovered as induced reversions of two dominant mutations, AntpNs and dsxD, located in the region of interest. The results of the analysis have allowed the localization of several existing mutations, have further elucidated the complex homoeotic locus which resides in this region, and have confirmed the efficacy of this type of screen in the analysis of specific chromosome regions.
Carinal resection and double-barrel reconstruction following oesophagectomy for oesophageal carcinoma with broncho-oesophageal fistula
Authors: Watanabe Yukio , Mine Shinji , Tsurumaru Masahiko , Suzuki Kenji 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A 54-year-old man presenting with dysphagia was diagnosed with locally advanced oesophageal carcinoma with a broncho-oesophageal fistula (c-T4bN2M0 stage IVa). Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (60 Gy) was planned; however, bleeding from the oesophageal lesions progressed during chemoradiotherapy (16 Gy). Oesophagectomy with carinal resection and double-barrelled reconstruction was performed. Despite the inevitable recurrent nerve palsy and a minor fistula at the tracheal anastomosis, he recovered with conservative treatment and was discharged 4 months after the salvage surgery. He is alive without recurrence 28 months after the surgery.
Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): updated guidelines from the UK
Authors: Brown Nicholas M , Goodman Anna L , Horner Carolyne , Jenkins Abi , Brown Erwin M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
These evidence-based guidelines are an updated version of those issued in 2008. They have been produced following a review of the published literature (2007–18) pertaining to the treatment of infections caused by MRSA. The guidelines update, where appropriate, previous recommendations, taking into account changes in the UK epidemiology of MRSA, ongoing national surveillance data and the efficacy of novel anti-staphylococcal agents licensed for use in the UK. Emerging therapies that have not been licensed for use in the UK at the time of the review have also been assessed.
Punishment and Precious Emotions: A Hope Standard for Punishment
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley 
Published: January 2021

Abstract—
Each year, hundreds of people in high-income countries take their own lives while they are in prison. Thousands engage in self-harm and thousands abuse other prisoners. Such behaviours often correlate with mental health problems, but they are also often pleas for help and for hope. Some courts have invoked the ideas of hope and the right to hope in the context of life imprisonment, but they have neither subjected the concept of hope to sustained analysis nor specified the role that hope should play in our practices of lawful punishment overall. This article offers a preliminary investigation of the role for hope in lawful punishment. It argues that one standard that both individual modes of punishment and overall systems of punishment must meet to be morally justifiable is that they be compatible with a reasonable person retaining hope both in the present and for his future after punishment. Such a hope standard narrows the scope of legitimate modes of punishment.
Gravitational waves from breaking of an extra U(1) in SO(10) grand unification
Authors: Okada Nobuchika , Seto Osamu , Uchida Hikaru 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In a class of gauged $U(1)$ extended Standard Models (SMs), the breaking of the $U(1)$ symmetry is not only a source for Majorana masses of right-handed (RH) neutrinos crucial for the seesaw mechanism, but also a source of stochastic gravitational wave (GW) background. Such $U(1)$ extended models are well-motivated from the viewpoint of grand unification. In this paper, we discuss a successful ultraviolet completion of a $U(1)$ extended SM by an $SO(10)$ grand unified model through an intermediate step of $SU(5) \times U(1)$ unification. With a parameter set that is compatible with the $SO(10)$ grand unification, we find that a first-order phase transition associated with the $U(1)$ symmetry breaking can be strong enough to generate GWs with a detectable size of amplitude. We also find that the resultant GW amplitude reduces and its peak frequency becomes higher as the RH neutrino masses increase.
MICRODOSIMETRIC UNDERSTANDING OF DOSE RESPONSE AND RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF THERMOLUMINESCENCE DETECTORS
Authors: Olko Paweł , Bilski Paweł 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
LiF:Mg,Ti detectors show relative efficiency η for heavy charged particles significantly lower than one. It was for a long time not recognised that η varies also for electron energies and, as a consequence for photons. For LiF:Mg,Cu,P detectors measured photon energy response was named ‘anomalous’ because it differed significantly from the ratio of photon absorption coefficients. The decrease of η was explained as a microdosimetric effect due to local saturation of trapping centres around the electron track. For TLD-100 it was noticed by Horowitz that the measured photon energy response disagrees with the ratio of absorption coefficient by about 10%. It was demonstrated that a fraction of the TL signal in LiF:Mg,Ti is generated in the supralinear dose–response range, due to the high local doses generated by photon-induced tracks. Prediction of TL efficiency is particularly important in space dosimetry and in dosimetry of therapeutic beams like protons or carbon ions.
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO RATE MEASUREMENT IN FLUOROSCOPY FOR QUALITY CONTROL AND TEACHING GOOD RADIOLOGICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUE
Authors: Elgström Henrik , Tesselaar Erik , Sandborg Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Visibility of low-contrast details in fluoroscopy and interventional radiology is important. Assessing detail visibility with human observers typically suffers from large observer variances. Objective, quantitative measurement of low-contrast detail visibility using a model observer, such as the square of the signal-to-noise ratio rate (SNR2rate), was implemented in MATLAB™ and evaluated. The expected linear response of SNR2rate based on predictions by the so-called Rose model and frame statistics was verified. The uncertainty in the measurement of SNR2rate for a fixed imaging geometry was 6% based on 16 repeated measurements. The results show that, as expected, reduced object thickness and x-ray field size substantially improved SNR2rate/PKA,rate with PKA,rate being the air kerma area product rate. The measurement precision in SNR2rate/PKA,rate (8–9%) is sufficient to detect small but important improvements, may guide the selection of better imaging settings and provides a tool for teaching good radiological imaging techniques to clinical staff.
Wood transcriptome analysis of Pinus densiflora identifies genes critical for secondary cell wall formation and NAC transcription factors involved in tracheid formation
Authors: Kim Min-Ha , Tran Thi Ngoc Anh , Cho Jin-Seong , Park Eung-Jun , Lee Hyoshin , Kim Dong-Gwan , Hwang Seongbin , Ko Jae-Heung 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Although conifers have significant ecological and economic value, information on transcriptional regulation of wood formation in conifers is still limited. Here, to gain insight into secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis and tracheid formation in conifers, we performed wood tissue-specific transcriptome analyses of Pinus densiflora (Korean red pine) using RNA sequencing. In addition, to obtain full-length transcriptome information, PacBio single molecule real-time iso-sequencing was carried out using RNAs from 28 tissues of P. densiflora. Subsequent comparative tissue-specific transcriptome analysis successfully pinpointed critical genes encoding key proteins involved in biosynthesis of the major secondary wall components (cellulose, galactoglucomannan, xylan and lignin). Furthermore, we predicted a total of 62 NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) family transcription factor members and identified seven PdeNAC genes preferentially expressed in developing xylem tissues in P. densiflora. Protoplast-based transcriptional activation analysis found that four PdeNAC genes, homologous to VND, NST and SND/ANAC075, upregulated GUS activity driven by an SCW-specific cellulose synthase promoter. Consistently, transient overexpression of the four PdeNACs induced xylem vessel cell-like SCW deposition in both tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) and Arabidopsis leaves. Taken together, our data provide a foundation for further research to unravel transcriptional regulation of wood formation in conifers, especially SCW formation and tracheid differentiation.
Expression levels of HLA-DRB and HLA-DQ are associated with MHC Class II haplotypes in healthy individuals and rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Houtman Miranda , Dzebisashvili Anna , Hesselberg Espen , Dubnovitsky Anatoly , Kozhukh Genadiy , Rönnblom Lars , Klareskog Lars , Malmström Vivianne , Padyukov Leonid 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHLA-DRB1 alleles have been associated with several autoimmune diseases. In anti-citrullinated protein antibody positive rheumatoid arthritis (ACPA-positive RA), HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) alleles are the major genetic risk factors. In order to investigate whether expression of different alleles of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II genes influence functions of immune cells, we investigated transcriptomic profiles of a variety of immune cells from healthy individuals carrying different HLA-DRB1 alleles. Sequencing libraries from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD14+ monocytes of 32 genetically pre-selected healthy female individuals were generated, sequenced and reads were aligned to the standard reference. For the MHC region, reads were mapped to available MHC reference haplotypes and AltHapAlignR was used to estimate gene expression. Using this method, HLA-DRB and HLA-DQ were found to be differentially expressed in different immune cells of healthy individuals as well as in whole blood samples of RA patients carrying HLA-DRB1 SE-positive versus SE-negative alleles. In contrast, no genes outside the MHC region were differentially expressed between individuals carrying HLA-DRB1 SE-positive and SE-negative alleles. Existing methods for HLA-DR allele-specific protein expression were evaluated but were not mature enough to provide appropriate complementary information at the protein level. Altogether, our findings suggest that immune effects associated with different allelic forms of HLA-DR and HLA-DQ may be associated not only with differences in the structure of these proteins, but also with differences in their expression levels.
Understanding apparel brand evolution patterns in Bangladesh: an industry life cycle perspective
Authors: Bari Md Sadaqul , Jin Byoungho Ellie 
Published: January 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify the emergence of apparel brands in Bangladesh: their timing, order and the reasons behind the patterns. This study also examined whether these evolution patterns followed the same path in Korea and India.Design/methodology/approachBy employing secondary research method, this study gathered and analyzed data from companies, trade organizations, news media and academic articles to determine the socioeconomic backgrounds and underlying dynamics that propelled the evolution patterns. Following Jin et al.'s (2013) approach, we analyzed three types of apparel brands (international, national and private) in Bangladesh.FindingsThe findings indicated that in contrast with Korea and India, in Bangladesh (a) the emergence of international brands occurred after the national brands' appearance in the More Advanced Production of Fabric and Apparel stage, (b) national brands also emerged at the same stage and earlier than the international brands developed, and (c) internationalization of national brands and emergence of private brands were not observed. The differences in the emergent timing and order were explained by socioeconomic and cultural aspects, along with industry life cycle perspectives.Practical implicationsFindings indicate that the Bangladeshi market is dominated by national apparel brands. Therefore, international brands are advised to consider the business strategies of local competitors and develop their own pricing and merchandising strategies to maintain their supremacy as premium brands.Originality/valueThis study addressed apparel brand evolution patterns in a lower middle-income country. The results revealed some unique aspects. Unlike in other developing countries, national brand development in Bangladesh was initiated by entrepreneurs.
Morphological decomposition supports word recognition in primary school children learning to read: evidence from masked priming of German derived words
Authors: Fleischhauer Elisabeth , Bruns Gunnar , Grosche Michael 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundWhen reading a word, skilled adult readers automatically decompose the word into its separate morphemes by processing the word's morpho‐orthography. In children, however, it still remains unclear when and how they start to automatically decompose words into morphemes.MethodsTo better understand how primary school children learn and integrate automatic morphological processes into their reading, we conducted a masked priming experiment withn = 218 first to fourth graders and a control group of 36 adult readers. Participants saw prime words on a computer screen for 67 ms, followed by a lexical decision task. For each target word, we constructed three prime words: an unrelated control prime, a semantic control prime and a test prime. The test prime was either morpho‐semantically, morpho‐orthographically or purely orthographically related to the target word. We analysed error rates and reaction times with linear mixed‐effects models and linear combinations.ResultsThe error analysis revealed one significant interaction in the morpho‐semantic condition for fourth graders. The reaction time analysis revealed different priming effects depending on age group: first and second graders showed no priming effects, while third graders showed priming in the morpho‐semantic condition, and fourth graders and adults showed priming both in the morpho‐semantic and morpho‐orthographic condition.ConclusionsWe conclude that (i) fourth graders automatically decompose written words into morphemes based on the words' morpho‐orthography, (ii) third graders automatically detect stems in morphologically complex forms but do not rely on morpho‐orthographic representations while (iii) first and second graders show no indication of either of these processes. Our results are theoretically consistent with the ‘semantic view’ within a localist account and can be explained by edge‐aligned embedded word activation.
Genome analysis of the metabolically versatile Pseudomonas umsongensis GO16: the genetic basis for PET monomer upcycling into polyhydroxyalkanoates
Authors: Narancic Tanja , Salvador Manuel , Hughes Graham M. , Beagan Niall , Abdulmutalib Umar , Kenny Shane T. , Wu Huihai , Saccomanno Marta , Um Jounghyun , O'Connor Kevin E. , Jiménez José I. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryThe throwaway culture related to the single‐use materials such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has created a major environmental concern. Recycling of PET waste into biodegradable plastic polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) creates an opportunity to improve resource efficiency and contribute to a circular economy. We sequenced the genome of Pseudomonas umsongensis GO16 previously shown to convert PET‐derived terephthalic acid (TA) into PHA and performed an in‐depth genome analysis. GO16 can degrade a range of aromatic substrates in addition to TA, due to the presence of a catabolic plasmid pENK22. The genetic complement required for the degradation of TA via protocatechuate was identified and its functionality was confirmed by transferring the tph operon into Pseudomonas putida KT2440, which is unable to utilize TA naturally. We also identified the genes involved in ethylene glycol (EG) metabolism, the second PET monomer, and validated the capacity of GO16 to use EG as a sole source of carbon and energy. Moreover, GO16 possesses genes for the synthesis of both medium and short chain length PHA and we have demonstrated the capacity of the strain to convert mixed TA and EG into PHA. The metabolic versatility of GO16 highlights the potential of this organism for biotransformations using PET waste as a feedstock.
Celecoxib treatment dampens LPS‐induced periapical bone resorption in a mouse model
Authors: Petean I. B. F. , Almeida‐Junior L. A. , Arnez M. F. M. , Queiroz A. M. , Silva R. A. B , Silva L. A. B. , Faccioli L. H. , Paula‐Silva F. W. G. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimTo evaluate the efficacy of selective and nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase‐2 enzymes in the treatment of experimental apical periodontitis induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo in a mouse model.MethodologyThirty‐six C57BL/6 mice were used. After access cavity preparation, a solution containing E. coli LPS (1.0 µg µL−1) was inoculated into the root canals of the mandibular and maxillary right first molars (n = 72) After 30 days, apical periodontitis was established and the animals were systemically treated with celecoxib, a selective COX‐2 inhibitor (15 mg kg−1), or indomethacin, a nonselective COX‐2 inhibitor (5 mg kg−1), for 7 and 14 days. Blocks containing teeth and bone were removed for histopathological and histometric analyses (haematoxylin and eosin), evaluation of osteoclasts numbers (tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase enzyme – TRAP) and immunohistochemistry for RANK, RANKL and OPG. Gene expression was performed using reverse transcription and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) for RANK, RANKL, OPG, TRAP, MMP‐9, cathepsin K and calcitonin receptor. Histopathological, histometric, TRAP, immunohistochemistry and qRT‐PCR data were evaluated using Kruskal–Wallis followed by Dunn’s test (α = 0.05).ResultsSystemic administration of celecoxib for 7 and 14 days prevented periapical bone resorption (P < 0.0001), differently from indomethacin that exacerbated bone resorption at 7 days (P < 0.0001) or exerted no effect at 14 days (P = 0.8488). Celecoxib treatment reduced osteoclast formation in apical periodontitis, regardless of the period of treatment (P < 0.0001 for 7 days and P = 0.026 for 14 days). Administration of celecoxib or indomethacin differentially modulated the expression of genes involved in bone resorption. At 7 days, celecoxib and indomethacin treatment significantly inhibited expression of mRNA for cathepsin K (P = 0.0005 and P = 0.016, respectively) without changing TRAP, MMP‐9 and calcitonin receptor gene expression. At 14 days, celecoxib significantly inhibited expression of mRNA for MMP‐9 (P < 0.0001) and calcitonin receptor (P = 0.004), whilst indomethacin exerted no effect on MMP‐9 (P = 0.216) and calcitonin receptor (P = 0.971) but significantly augmented cathepsin K gene expression (P = 0.001).ConclusionsThe selective COX‐2 inhibitor celecoxib reduced osteoclastogenic signalling and activity that dampened bone resorption in LPS‐induced apical periodontitis in mice, with greater efficacy than the nonselective inhibitor indomethacin.
Concordance of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, second and third editions
Authors: von Buttlar A. M. , Zabel T. A. , Pritchard A. E. , Cannon A. D. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundAdaptive functioning is an important area of assessment with implications for differential diagnosis, educational placement, service eligibility and criminal sentencing. While periodic normative and content updates of adaptive functioning measures are necessary to keep measures relevant, knowledge of equivalence between versions is also required if adaptive measures are to be used to track the stability of adaptive functioning skills over time.MethodThis paper presents two studies that used between‐group and within‐group comparison designs to examine the equivalence of the second and third editions of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS) in a mixed clinical sample. In study 1, ABAS‐2 scores for children assessed between 2014 and 2015 (n = 1036; mean age = 10.24, SD = 3.44) were compared with ABAS‐3 scores for children assessed between 2015 and 2016 (n = 1291; mean age = 10.51, SD = 3.70). Study 2 examined a separate sample of clinically referred children (n = 572) for whom parent ratings had been obtained on both the ABAS‐2 (mean age = 9.65, SD = 2.80) and ABAS‐3 (mean age = 13.33, SD = 2.95) in the course of repeated assessment.ResultsFor Study 1, while no intelligence quotient score differences were observed between the ABAS‐2 group (mean Verbal Comprehension Index = 93.67, SD = 16.95) and the ABAS‐3 group (mean Verbal Comprehension Index = 93.08, SD = 17.42), ABAS‐2 scores were lower than ABAS‐3 scores on the Conceptual, Practical, and General Adaptive Composite scales. In study 2, a similar pattern was observed (ABAS‐2 < ABAS‐3 on the Conceptual, Practical, and General Adaptive Composite scales), and concordance correlation coefficients ranged from 0.54 [0.49, 0.58] (Practical composite) to 0.68 [0.64, 0.72] (Conceptual composite). The Practical composite had the lowest concordance correlation coefficient value and the largest mean score difference between ABAS versions.ConclusionsThe ABAS‐3 scores may be higher than ABAS‐2 scores in clinical populations. Knowledge of these potential discrepancies will be critical when interpreting standard score changes across ABAS versions in the course of clinical, educational and forensic assessments.