bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification Study for Construction Waste Generation in Housing Project
Authors: Hafizan Hassan Siti , Abdul Aziz Hamidi , Samsudin Abdul Hamid Mohd , Zakariah Zulfairul , Ainun Musir Adhilla 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
One of the main contributors to the waste generated in the Malaysian construction industry is housing projects. The construction waste has increased over years, creating environmental problems and profit loss to contractors. Limited data are available to date in Malaysia, especially in terms of sources, types and quantity. The aim of this study is to explore the causes and contributory factors that cause waste generation in selected housing project followed by quantification of common waste generated at sites. Site observation and interviews with labors and site management was conducted in determining the waste sources and waste management practices. Management and workers were the main causes of waste generated in this study.
Immobilization of Bacillus sphaericus with Palm Oil Fuel Ash for Self-healing in the Mortar
Authors: Azan Tajarudin Husnul , Santiagoo Ragunathan , Gomesh Nair , Daud Zawawi , Azmi Megat Johari Megat , Hisham Abu Bakar Badorul , Wahdah Djuanda Rawahah 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCrack in concrete or mortar provides preferential accesses for permeation of liquids and gasses which results in degradation of concrete or mortar and structural failure. Basically, this study has used immobilizedBacillus sphaericus(B.sphaericus) with palm oil fuel ash as self-healing agent in the mortar. The strength of the mortar was improved throughprecipitation of calcium carbonate byB.sphaericuscausing stronger structure due to the binding effect of calcium silicate (C-S-H) gel produced from the pozzolanic reaction. Both self-healing agentswere most likely increased the performance of self-healing in the mortar. In the first phase of this study, the immobilization of both self-healing agentswas studied. This was then followed by embedment of immobilizedB.sphaericuswith POFA into mortar mixture and the effect of different mortar proportion on flow table diameter, compressive strength, microstructural and atomic percentage. It was found that samples containing bio-based self-healing agent recorded the highest compressive strength of 20.95 MPa. The micrograph of SEM and EDX analysis showed that self-healing occurred when secondary C-S-H gel and calcium carbonate present in particular sample. From the result obtained, embedment of the immobilizedB.sphaericuswith POFA into mortar mixture could solve the crack issue.
The Effect of Epoxy Resin Compatibilizer On Polypropylene (PP) / Recycled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBRr) / Banana Skin Powder (BSP) Composites
Authors: Santiagoo Ragunathan , Nair Gomesh , Azan Tajarudin Husnul , Daud Zawawi , Zainal Mustaffa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEpoxy resin (EP) was use as a compatibilizer on the properties of polypropylene(PP)/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr)/banana skin powder (BSP) composites to determine the characterization of composites with and without compatibilization. The objective of this research was to study the mechanical properties and thermal properties of PP/NBRr/BSP composites with and without epoxy resin compatibilizer. The composites were melt using heated two roll mill at 1800C and speed of 15 rpm with 5 different composition (100/0/10, 80/20/10, 70/30/10, 60/40/10 and 40/60/10 weight %). The effects of epoxy resin on mechanical properties and morphological properties were investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of epoxy resin (EP) has improved the tensile properties of PP/NBRr/BSP-EP composite compared with uncompatibilized composite. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) study of tensile fracture surfaces of the composite indicates improved adhesion of banana skin (BSP) filler with PP/NBRr/BSP matrices in the presence of epoxy resin.
Absorption Capacity using Waste Paper Sludge as an Alternative Adsorbent for Treatment of Landfill Leachate
Authors: Yahaya Izat , Daud Zawawi , Fauzi Basirah 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Adsorption treatment process is one of the techniques that has been employed to treat discharge or effluent from domestic wastewater (DWW), raw water and also landfill leachate. The potential of waste paper sludge (WPS) and activated carbon (AC) as an absorbent has been investigated to obtain the optimum mixing ratio in removing two working parameters such as ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and COD. Both WPS and AC were mixed together in different ratio. The absorption batch study is regarding the preparation of 5g composite adsorbent, 200 mL of raw leachate sample at pH 8.64, with a rotational agitation speed of 200 rpm for 300 minutes at room temperature. The result shows, the optimum ratio obtained for composite mixture absorbent is (1:3) and the concentration capacity achieved for the ratio was 870 mg/L and 496 mg/L for NH3-N and COD, respectively. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm studies for NH3-N and COD presented the adsorption mechanism that occurs on the composite adsorbent is physical and chemical reaction by obtaining the R2 in both model (< 1) respectively during the experiment.
Evaluating the Effect of the Hydrotechnical Works from the Danube’s Caleia Branch on the Spawning Migration of Sturgeons
Authors: Danalache Tiberius-Marcel , Deák György , Holban Elena , Constantin Raischi Marius , Simona Fronescu Diana , Georgeta Nicolae Carmen , Cristea Mihai-Alexandru 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Over the years, to maintain navigation along the Danube, the implementation of a series of hydrotechnical works was imposed in order to ensure the continuity of economic activities. Between 2011 and 2014, one such project was built in the vicinity of the county of Braila, on a secondary branch of the Danube - The Caleia branch. The main goal was to redistribute water discharge from the secondary channel to the main branch by construction of a bottom sill. The bottom sill and subsequent discharge redistribution led to hydrodynamic alterations caused by increased water current velocities. These modifications of the hydrodynamic regime may affect the migration of anadromous sturgeon species that swim from the Black Sea to spawn upstream, therefore making the monitoring of the impact paramount. Considering the fact that the anadromous migrating species are internationally protected species, by a series of agreements and conventions, and that the stocks of the species are still in decline, a complex monitoring program was implemented in the affected area. This study presents important information regarding the site utilization during spawning migration and an evaluation of the behavior of sturgeons tagged with ultrasonic transmitters that migrated upstream over the bottom sill. During the monitoring period, the studies show that five sturgeons passed the bottom sill during their upstream migration, swimming against maximum water current velocities of 2.5 m/s.
Bioengineering technologies used for the development and equipment of complex installations to obtain energy from three renewable sources. Complex installations for coastal areas
Authors: Poteras George , Deak Gyorgy , Baraitaru Andreea-Georgiana , Viorel Olteanu Marius , Simona Raischi Nata’lia , Suriyani Che Halin Dewi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Considering that the production of energy from fossil sources causes environmental pollution, increasing health hazards or climate change, the research for new alternative energy sources and the development of high-performance renewable energy conversion systems are a basic concern nowadays. Thus, the development and the use of renewable energy sources can increase diversity in energy supply markets, help to ensure long-term sustainable energy resources, to reduce local and global air emissions, and provide commercial attractive options to meet the specific needs of energy services. This paper aims to improve the efficiency of a patented complex installation which was developed vertically to ensure high-energy efficiency in relation to the occupied area, that integrates three renewable energy sources (wind, solar and hydro), by applying bioengineering solutions. Improvements to the original installation consisted in modifying the initial characteristics of the off-shore system (number of slots, deflectors angle, width of slots and width of deflectors), modification of aerial module blades according to the bioengineering model of the thistle seed (Carduus nutans), and modification of the submerged module paddies according to the bioengineering model of a fish species swimmers. Following the tests performed on the modified complex installation, a major improvement of the energy efficiency compared to the (initial) control installation was observed.
Makerspace as an Environment to Cultivate the Maker Mindset among Industrial Design Student
Authors: Fadhli Kamaruzaman Azmul , Rasdan Ismail Ahmad , Azhar Mat Daud Khairul , Jusoh Norfadzilah 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
One of the most fundamental meanings of being a human being is to make something. Maker movement which originated from the DIY movement as its name suggests is a unique combination of making things from artistry, form making, circuitry and craftsmanship and it is somehow related to the discipline of industrial design where creativity plays a more prominent role alongside with aesthetics, functionality and technological advancement in designing a creative and innovative product. Maker movement has built an extensive network by motivating and sustaining communities of builders, crafters and makers. By celebrating the arts, craft and engineering, it often consists of hobbyist, tinkerer, hacker, designer and artist who build an object or product in a playful and useful way. On the other hands, it reveals a unique set of values which emphasize on open sharing, learning and creativity over profit and also social capital. As a result of that, new ways of teaching and learning has emerged, which is the makerspace learning environment. There is a growing interest of an educator to adapt this kind of learning environment setting upon fostering creativity among students. Maker possessed of what we called a maker mindset which encompassed four aspects which are playful, growth-oriented, failure positive and collaborative. In this review paper, we will present the potential of makerspace as a learning environment that can cultivate the maker mindset for industrial design students and the potential adoption of its methodology to groom the student of industrial design to become more creative and innovative and its challenge. The expected outcome of this paper is to give insights to the reader and industrial design educator about the potential of makerspace learning environment upon cultivating the maker mindsets for industrial design students who are a vital aspect in promoting creativity among industrial design student to face the challenges in the 21st-century design world.
Working Environment at Accident and Emergency Department: An Engineering Approach Solution
Authors: Othman Rohayu , Farid Abdull Wahab Shaik , Rasdan Ismail Ahmad , Jusoh Norfadzilah 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Accident and Emergency Department serves as the front line in any hospitals. Here, patients are triage according to the severity of illness before being send to respective zone, green, yellow or red. This study focuses on red zone of accident and emergency department with an objective to assesses the physical condition at accident and emergency department and suggest engineering recommendation to solve the problems found during the assessment. The study is conducted at one of Malaysian hospital, after the ethical has been obtained. During the assessment, lighting at the red zone, monitor height, bed area and body postures of two procedures are assessed and recorded. Results is compared with existing guidelines and suggestions are made on how to overcome the problem identified.
Effect of Cone Shape Condenser Plate Tilt Angle on Solar Still Productivity
Authors: Abidin Kamarul Baharin Zainal , Faez Asmi Muhammad , Rozlin Nik Masdek Nik 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The demand for fresh water continues to increase and it is crucial for sustaining life. One approach to meet this demand is through desalination of sea water. Solar desalination is a low cost technique to produce fresh water with a simple working process. The still’s design parameters such as the cover angle and material can impact the yield. This research aspires to examine the influence of cone condenser plate tilt angle on the solar still throughput. Results showed that the utmost amount of fresh water produced is from the still with the tilt angle of 50 degrees.
Comparative Evaluation of Compost Quality, Process and Organic Materials and Adoptability Potential to Complement By Compost Quality Index (CQI)
Authors: Azura Zakarya Irnis , Syafiqah Suhaimi Nurain , Kamaruddin Anuar 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Compost is natural fertilizer, which is organic matter that been decomposed in a process called composting. The end of result composting is an accumulation of partially decayed organic matter called humus. In this study, type of compost that have been chosen are Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) compost, Goat Dung (GD) compost, Food Waste (FW) compost, compost using bio-decomposer (FWB), and vermicompost (VC). This study aim to identify the stability and maturity of compost that been collected and to identify the quality of compost by using Compost Quality Index (CQI). Study revealed that comparable values obtained in terms of physical properties, chemical properties, stability, maturity and phytotoxicity status. Based on this study, it reveal that EFB and FWB and stable compost while FW and VC are in matured compost. However, FWB showed better results in terms of microbial population, the highest of the values obtained for the other types of compost studied and the germination index value of this compost was higher than the other types of compost. Therefore, it can conclude that using the bio-decomposer can give more quality for compost.
Assessing the Applicability of Ecological Materials Obtained with CRT Glass
Authors: Dumitru Florina-Diana , Moncea Mihaela-Andreea , Baraitaru Andreea-Georgiana , Gheorghe Petrache-Ionut , Stanciu Silvius , Deák György , Ahmad Romisuhani 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Recovery and recycling of cathode ray tube (CRT) waste glasses has been the focus of research in the last decade, due to their environmental and economie issues (such as leaching of lead ions, high disposal costs). A sustainable method of valorizing this hazardous waste is to embed it in cement, as a substitute for the natural aggregate. Therefore, within the present study, ecological materials with cementitious matrix were synthesized by using glass waste recovered from cathode ray tube monitors (CRT glass), which replaced the aggregate in different proportions (varying from 10 to 30%), and by substituting 25% of cement with lime paste. The compression strength of the obtained specimens was determined after 1, 2, 7 and 28 days of hardening and highlighted that the samples with lower CRT glass substitution percentage performed relatively similar to the reference sample. This behavior can be explained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The samples microstructure revealed the presence of ettringite, calcium hydroxides, hydrosilicates and hydroaluminates, calcite and some unreacted particles. The opportunity of using these materials in practical applications was assessed by developing masonry specimens - the obtained mortar paste was interposed between two brick slabs, which were mechanically tested after 7 days of hardening. Both splitting tensile strength and flexural strength varied with the increase of CRT glass in the composition.
Sustainable Utilisation of Quarry Dust Waste in Concrete: Strength Performance
Authors: Liza Rahim Nur , Che Amat Roshazita , Mohamad Ibrahim Norlia , Aini Syafiqah Abd Rahim Noor , Hamzah Nurhidayah , Aina Misnon Noor 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Each year, a large amount of quarry dust (QD) waste is disposed into landfills. This waste material was obtained as a by-product during the production of aggregates through the crushing process of rocks at the quarry site. The increasing value of waste will have a significant impact on health and the environment. Reusing such wastes by including them into building materials is a practical answer for the pollution problem. Therefore, this research was to observe the possibility of quarry dust to be included in a concrete mix. The quarry dust has been used as a partial replacement for cement proportion at different levels of replacement (25%, 30% and 35%). Quarry dust was used as the main material in this project to measure the effectiveness of concrete performance. In this research, the quarry dust composition was determined by using X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF). From the x-ray fluorescent spectrometry test result, the quarry dust displays some similar characteristics with the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) where it comprises a high composition of Calcium Oxide (CaO). Research were done to determine the optimum percentage of quarry dust in concrete. The result shows that 25% of quarry dust and 75% of cement is the best percentage that can be used in concrete mixture to reach the standard strength. From an economic point of view, the proposed optimum concrete mix was found to be the most economical with the reducing of RM 33 per 1 m3 of the concrete mixture. The results indicated that the quarry dust waste could be utilised as cement replacement to produce durable and resilient concrete. These materials could be an alternative low-cost material for concrete and at the same time provide a new disposal method for the waste.
Recycling Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash as Cement Replacement in Concrete
Authors: Che Amat Roshazita , Nizar Ismail Khairul , Mohamad Ibrahim Norlia , Liza Rahim Nur 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Cement was a binder material that used in concrete industry. The cost production was very expensive due to the high global demand. Therefore, as a new alternative to replace the used of cement in concrete, which was bottom ash. The objectives of this study were to investigate properties of cement matric of concrete containing bottom ash, and to observe the ability of bottom ash as a binder. Based on the result on XRF, Ordinary Portland Cement and bottom ash had nearly similar compounds of Calcium and Silica. Results of slump test indicate that concrete contains of 10 %- 30% bottom ash cause the true slump. Determination of the capability and strength of concrete obtained from water absorption test. Percentage of water absorbed increases with increasingly of proportion bottom ash. The strength of concrete for compression test was 27.5 MPa for 10 % of bottom ash that achieved the targeted. Higher percentage of bottom ash replacement affected matrix C-S-H (calcium silicate-hydrate) bond. Interfacial transition zone surface and scanning electron microscope observations confirm these findings. Therefore, municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash can act partly replace cement in concrete but would not exceed 30% of usage.
Evaluation of Pulp from Napier Grass by Biochemical Pulping For Paper Industry
Authors: Daud Zawawi , Gomesh Nair , Santiagoo Ragunathan , Azan Tajarudin Husnul , Awang Halizah , Zainuri Mohd Hatta Mohd , Baharudin Ridzuan Mohd , Detho Amir 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Malaysia has high rates of accelerating faster on depleting activities compared any other tropical countries in the world. This problem also affects the economic losses of some countries that face deforestation. To overcome this, Napier grass from non-wood was chosen between new methods by xylanase enzyme treatment for pulp production. This study going through the morphological characterization, pulpability at kappa number and the characteristic for biochemical pulping process. These conclude that biochemical had a high percentage of pulp yields; with a low screening rejects; good Kappa number by TAPPI method. Thus, xylanase enzyme has a potential to be sub-treatment for Malaysia’s pulp and papermaking industry to produce a good waste-wealth product in future.
Coagulation and Flocculation Treatment of Biodiesel Wastewater Using Ferric Chloride
Authors: Daud Zawawi , Azan Tajarudin Husnul , Gomesh Nair , Santiagoo Ragunathan , Awang Halizah , Nasir Nazlizan , Detho Amir , Baharudin Ridzuan Mohd 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Attempts were made this study to examine of coagulation and flocculation process using ferric chloride and polyelectrolyte (cationic) for the treatment biodiesel wastewater. Removal of SS (suspended solid), color, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and Oil and Grease (O&G) using ferric chloride and organic polyelectrolyte during coagulation/flocculation process were investigated. Also the optimum condition for coagulation/flocculation process, such as pH, coagulant dosage and polyelectrolyte dosage of solution were investigated using jar test experiment. The effect of different dosage of polyelectrolyte in combination with coagulant was also studied. The result revealed that in the range of pH tested, the optimal pH is 6. Percentage removal of 95%, 93%, 63%, 97% for SS, color, COD and O&G respectively, were achieved at optimum dosage value; 350 mg/L. While, 86.3%, 86.7%, 57.2, 81% removal of SS, color, COD, O&G respectively, were achieved with the addition 10 mg/L cationic to 125 mg/L ferric chloride. It can be conclude from this study that coagulation/flocculation may be a useful as a pre-treatment process for biodiesel wastewater.
Performance Evaluation of Emulsion Liquid Membrane for Simultaneous Copper and Cadmium Removal: Dispersion Tool Comparison
Authors: Abd Khalil A.T. , Shah Buddin M.M.H. , Mokhtar N.F. , Puasa S.W. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The content of heavy metal ions in industrial wastewater could be a great threat to the environment and humans’ health. Owing to this issue, the emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) is proposed as an effective technique to remove heavy metal from aqueous solution. The current work intended to compare the performance of ELM extraction using two dispersion tools; conventional stirrer and Taylor-Couette Column (TCC). The effect of stirring speed and extraction time of both devices on the removal efficiency of copper and cadmium will be looked at. Results obtained demonstrated a huge reduction in extraction time to simultaneously remove the two types of heavy metals. The maximum extraction efficiency in conventional stirrer for both copper and cadmium were found at 400 rpm in 20 mins (99.52%) and 10 mins (95.47%), respectively. Meanwhile, the highest efficiency in TCC for copper was found to be slightly lower although it offers shorter time for the performance to peak. 200 rpm of outer cylinder is required to achieve 96.38% while 600 rpm is required to remove as high as 81.59% of cadmium. The extraction time required to obtain the maximum removal in TCC is 5 mins and 3 mins for copper and cadmium, respectively.