bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perpetually Astride Eden’s Boundaries: The Limits to the ‘Limits of Law’ and the Semiotic Inconsistency of ‘Legal Enclosures’
Authors: Ricca Mario 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLegal systems can be metaphorically taken as semantic and pragmatic enclosures. The ancient world has given us at least three literary loci that display the self-disruptive significance of this kind of metaphor if assumed as a practical guideline in the attempt to steer human experience. The first such loci can be traced in biblical Eden; the second one in the Phaeacian garden described in Homer’s Odyssey; the third in the stories of the first and second mythical Athens included in Plato’sTimaeusandRepublic. In all these tales, human beings ineluctably end up straying across the semantic-spatial borders which certain categories and rules have given them to encompass their experience. All these literary loci offer both a semio-cognitive and a constitutional lesson for lawyers and sovereigns. My intention is to exploit these lessons to show that the most relevant limit of legal systems, if taken as semantic and pragmatic enclosures, consists precisely in their inability to constitutively limit themselves and their semiotic borders. This inaptitude is due, in my view, to the semiotic ‘exceedance’ of the phrastic, or descriptive parts of legal rules even more than the semantic vagueness of the values underlying their legitimacy. Any attempt to define the semantic and spatial boundaries of human experience by means of verbal enunciations implies the use of categorical schemes to define the legitimate and/or forbidden behaviors. But categorical schemes, in turn, comprise boundaries that draw protean verges between the inside and the outside of each category. The categorical ‘inside’ compellingly tends to exceed its borders so as to protrude out toward what is outside the category. In turn, the ‘outside’ shows, more often than not, continuities with the axiological/teleological patterns underpinning the semantic boundaries of legal rules. Any attempt to limit the competence/extension of law, if taken in its semantic/spatial significance, would seem to unveil what law could or should be, but is not. Relying on the above literary loci, I will try to demonstrate that this apparently contradictory implication is inherent in the dialectic between equality/universality and difference/plurality that makes up categorization itself, and thereby the semiotic prerequisites to considering any legal rule.
Extra-Legal Values in Judicial Interpretation of Law: A Model Reasoning and Few Examples
Authors: Leszczyński Leszek 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to analyze the types of interpretative reasoning determining the content of extra-legal criteria contained in general reference clauses. This construction, despite its normative foundation, detaches itself from the intention of the legislator much more than e.g. the principles of law, at the same time extending deliberately judicial discretion. Extra-legal values, identified by courts as to their type and their content, then confronted with internal legal axiology and concretized with respect to the facts of the case, are the most crucial part of reasoning that affects the process, results and roles of particular rules of judicial interpretation. It reduces the role of language and systemic rules, connecting the effect of determining the content of extra-legal values primarily with the type of political system and the related scope of judicial autonomy. The different impact between democratic and authoritarian regimes on judicial reasoning is confirmed by the analyzed examples of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Polish courts deciding in the period before and after 1989.
Semi-automated simultaneous predictor selection for regression-SARIMA models
Authors: Lowther Aaron P. , Fearnhead Paul , Nunes Matthew A. , Jensen Kjeld 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDeciding which predictors to use plays an integral role in deriving statistical models in a wide range of applications. Motivated by the challenges of predicting events across a telecommunications network, we propose a semi-automated, joint model-fitting and predictor selection procedure for linear regression models. Our approach can model and account for serial correlation in the regression residuals, produces sparse and interpretable models and can be used to jointly select models for a group of related responses. This is achieved through fitting linear models under constraints on the number of nonzero coefficients using a generalisation of a recently developed mixed integer quadratic optimisation approach. The resultant models from our approach achieve better predictive performance on the motivating telecommunications data than methods currently used by industry.
Influence of End Mill Geometry on Milling Force and Surface Integrity While Machining Low Rigidity Parts
Authors: Joshi Shrikrishna Nandkishor , Bolar Gururaj 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHigh precision and superior surface finish are of prime importance in thin-wall components used in the aerospace and automobile industries. In this paper, end milling experiments on aluminum alloy 2024-T351 were carried out to study the influence of end mill geometry on milling force and surface integrity of the machined parts. Machining using a 16-mm-diameter tool having a helix angle of 35° produced high force value and also generated chatter marks on the machined work surface. Furthermore, an inspection of the cutting tool indicated built-up-edge formation while machining with a 35° helix tool. Besides, surface damage in the form of surface tear was observed. Evaluation of microhardness revealed an increased value near to the machined surface in the case of two fluted 35° helix tool due to strain hardening. The results showed that lower milling force and surface roughness were obtained while machining used a four fluted end mill having a diameter of 8 mm and a helix angle of 55°.
A detailed study of a cylinder activation concept by efficiency loss analysis and 1D simulation
Authors: Buitkamp Thomas , Günthner Michael , Müller Florian , Beutler Tim 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCylinder deactivation is a well-known measure for reducing fuel consumption, especially when applied to gasoline engines. Mostly, such systems are designed to deactivate half of the number of cylinders of the engine. In this study, a new concept is investigated for deactivating only one out of four cylinders of a commercial vehicle diesel engine (“3/4-cylinder concept”). For this purpose, cylinders 2–4 of the engine are operated in “real” 3-cylinder mode, thus with the firing order and ignition distance of a regular 3-cylinder engine, while the first cylinder is only activated near full load, running in parallel to the fourth cylinder. This concept was integrated into a test engine and evaluated on an engine test bench. As the investigations revealed significant improvements for the low-to-medium load region as well as disadvantages for high load, an extensive numerical analysis was carried out based on the experimental results. This included both 1D simulation runs and a detailed cylinder-specific efficiency loss analysis. Based on the results of this analysis, further steps for optimizing the concept were derived and studied by numerical calculations. As a result, it can be concluded that the 3/4-cylinder concept may provide significant improvements of real-world fuel economy when integrated as a drive unit into a tractor.
Bullying Victimization and Sexual Behavior Among Adolescents Aged 12–15 Years From 53 Countries: A Global Perspective
Authors: Smith Lee , Grabovac Igor , Jacob Louis , López-Sánchez Guillermo F. , Yang Lin , Shin Jae Il , Sohn Min , Ward Philip B. , McDermott Daragh T. , Koyanagi Ai 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Identifying correlates of sexual behavior among young adolescents is critical for preventing adverse outcomes linked to such behavior.

Aim
This study examined the relationship of bullying victimization with sexual intercourse, multiple sexual partners, and non-condom use in adolescents aged 12–15 years across 53 countries.

Methods
Cross-sectional data from 145,342 adolescents aged 12–15 years participating in the Global School-based Student Health Survey 2003–2016 were analyzed. Data on bullying victimization were assessed by the question “During the past 30 days, on how many days were you bullied?”

Outcomes
Data on several sexual behaviors were collected: (i) ever having had intercourse, among those who reported having had intercourse; (ii) multiple (≥2) lifetime sexual partners; and (iii) condom use in last sexual intercourse.

Results
Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to assess the associations. The overall prevalence of any bullying in the past 30 days and lifetime sexual intercourse were 28.8% and 13.1%, respectively. Compared with those who were not bullied in the past 30 days, those who were bullied for 20–30 days were 2.08 (95% CI = 1.65–2.63), 1.70 (95% CI = 1.10–2.63), and 1.72 (95% CI = 1.12–2.67) times more likely to report sexual intercourse, non-condom use, and multiple sex partners, respectively.

Clinical Implications
This study provides further evidence that bullying victimization is a global phenomenon and interventions are required to reduce its prevalence and unwanted consequences.

Strengths & Limitations
The main strength was the large sample of young adolescents across 53 countries. However, findings from the present study should be interpreted in light of its limitations. First, the study was cross-sectional in nature and thus the direction of the association cannot be established. Second, the data only included young adolescents who attend school. Third, data were self-reported and thus reporting bias may exist. Fourth, the measure of sexual activity used was not able to distinguish between penetrative and nonpenetrative sex. Fifth, adolescents who are victims of bullying may also be exposed to other types of violence such as child maltreatment and sexual assaults, for which data were not available. Finally, the present data set did not contain data on sexual orientation.

Conclusion
These findings highlight the need for interventions either acting to educate about the potential negative consequences or to prevent risky sexual behavior in young adolescents who experience bullying victimization.
Development of a 51-hospital Chicagoland regional antibiogram and comparison to local hospital and national surveillance data
Authors: Butler David A. , Biagi Mark , Gupta Vikas , Wieczorkiewicz Sarah , Young Lisa , Patel Ursula , Naegele Sandy , Santarossa Maressa , Harrington Amanda , Postelnick Mike , Suseno Mira , Christensen Alyssa , Giddens Julie , Murrey Tim , Hanson Amy , Sam Sharon , Pettit Natasha , Danziger Larry , Wenzler Eric 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjective:To develop a regional antibiogram within the Chicagoland metropolitan area and to compare regional susceptibilities against individual hospitals within the area and national surveillance data.Design:Multicenter retrospective analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility data from 2017 and comparison to local institutions and national surveillance data.Setting and participants:The analysis included 51 hospitals from the Chicago–Naperville–Elgin Metropolitan Statistical Area within the state of Illinois. Overall, 18 individual collaborator hospitals provided antibiograms for analysis, and data from 33 hospitals were provided in aggregate by the Becton Dickinson Insights Research Database.Methods:All available antibiogram data from calendar year 2017 were combined to generate the regional antibiogram. The final Chicagoland antibiogram was then compared internally to collaborators and externally to national surveillance data to assess its applicability and utility.Results:In total, 167,394 gram-positive, gram-negative, fungal, and mycobacterial isolates were collated to create a composite regional antibiogram. The regional data represented the local institutions well, with 96% of the collaborating institutions falling within ±2 standard deviations of the regional mean. The regional antibiogram was able to include 4–5-fold more gram-positive and -negative species with ≥30 isolates than the median reported by local institutions. Against national surveillance data, 18.6% of assessed pathogen–antibiotic combinations crossed prespecified clinical thresholds for disparity in susceptibility rates, with notable trends for resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.Conclusions:Developing an accurate, reliable regional antibiogram is feasible, even in one of the largest metropolitan areas in the United States. The biogram is useful in assessing susceptibilities to less commonly encountered organisms and providing clinicians a more accurate representation of local antimicrobial resistance rates compared to national surveillance databases.
Perron–Frobenius theory for kernels and Crump–Mode–Jagers processes with macro-individuals
Authors: Sagitov Serik 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPerron–Frobenius theory developed for irreducible non-negative kernels deals with so-called R-positive recurrent kernels. If the kernel M is R-positive recurrent, then the main result determines the limit of the scaled kernel iterations
$R^nM^n$
as
$n\to\infty$
. In Nummelin (1984) this important result is proven using a regeneration method whose major focus is on M having an atom. In the special case when
$M=P$
is a stochastic kernel with an atom, the regeneration method has an elegant explanation in terms of an associated split chain. In this paper we give a new probabilistic interpretation of the general regeneration method in terms of multi-type Galton–Watson processes producing clusters of particles. Treating clusters as macro-individuals, we arrive at a single-type Crump–Mode–Jagers process with a naturally embedded renewal structure.
The good character ‘backstop’: directions, defeasibility and frameworks of fairness
Authors: Glover Richard 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the law on good character evidence in criminal trials through a discussion of the important but under-analysed case of Hunter, in which a five-judge Court of Appeal sought to clarify the law on good character directions to the jury. However, it is argued here that the judgment conflicts with the leading House of Lords decision in Aziz. The paper considers how the court misinterpreted the law and, in particular, the defeasible nature of the rule in Aziz and the impact of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. As a result, the circumstances in which a good character direction will be provided have diminished significantly. It is argued that this has important implications for the right to a fair trial, as good character directions act as a ‘backstop’ against miscarriages of justice. They also form a vital part of the ‘framework of fairness’ considered necessary, in lieu of reasoned jury verdicts, by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in Taxquet v Belgium. Accordingly, it is contended that Aziz rather than Hunter should be followed so that, where there is evidence of good character, a direction is normally provided as a matter of law.
The association between maternal fat-soluble vitamin concentrations during pregnancy and infant birth weight in China
Authors: Yang Wangxing , Jiao Mingyuan , Xi Lei , Han Na , Luo Shusheng , Xu Xiangrong , Zhou Qianling , Wang Haijun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFat-soluble vitamins during pregnancy are important for fetal growth and development. The present study aimed at exploring the association between vitamin A, E and D status during pregnancy and birth weight. A total of 19 640 women with singleton deliveries from a retrospective study were included. Data were collected by the hospital electronic information system. Maternal serum vitamin A, E and D concentrations were measured during pregnancy. Logistic regression was performed to estimate the association between the vitamin status and low birth weight (LBW) or macrosomia. Women with excessive vitamin E were more likely to have macrosomia (OR 1·30, 95 % CI 1·07, 1·59) compared with adequate concentration. When focusing onZscores, there was a positive association between vitamin E and macrosomia in the first (OR 1·07, 95 % CI 1·00, 1·14), second (OR 1·27, 95 % CI 1·11, 1·46) and third (OR 1·28, 95 % CI 1·06, 1·54) trimesters; vitamin A was positively associated with LBW in the first (OR 1·14, 95 % CI 1·01, 1·29), second (OR 1·31, 95 % CI 1·05, 1·63) and third (OR 2·00, 95 % CI 1·45, 2·74) trimesters and negatively associated with macrosomia in the second (OR 0·79, 95 % CI 0·70, 0·89) and third (OR 0·77, 95 % CI 0·62, 0·95) trimesters. The study identified that high concentrations of vitamin E are associated with macrosomia. Maintaining a moderate concentration of vitamin A during pregnancy might be beneficial to achieve optimal birth weight. Further studies to explore the mechanism of above associations are warranted.
Fieldwork and disability: an overview for an inclusive experience
Authors: Chiarella Domenico , Vurro Grazia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFieldwork forms the basis of geoscience studies. However, field activities present limitations for people with mental or physical impairments. This aspect can preclude participation in field trips by certain groups of students or limit their experience. In recent years, new types of supporting material and the development of accessible field trips have been a step forward towards the reduction of barriers to inclusion and equal opportunity. In the present work, normal practices of field teaching and potential solutions (and their limitations) to foster inclusion and accessibility to fieldwork are presented.
Cardiac phenotypic spectrum ofKCNT1mutations
Authors: Kohli Utkarsh , Ravishankar Chitra , Nordli Douglas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe report a 10-month-old girl withKCNT1(c1420C > T; p. Arg474Cys, R474C) mutation-associated epileptic encephalopathy, systemic-to-pulmonary artery “collateralopathy”, and intermittent QTc prolongation. Spontaneous regression of systemic-to-pulmonary artery collateral-mediated left heart dilation was noted in this patient, a finding which was ominous as it heralded the onset of severe pulmonary hypertension. The structural and electrical phenotypic features ofKCNT1mutation-associated heart disease, including the novel findings noted in our patient, are discussed in detail.
A framework for understanding the pathophysiology of functional neurological disorder
Authors: Drane Daniel L. , Fani Negar , Hallett Mark , Khalsa Sahib S. , Perez David L. , Roberts Nicole A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe symptoms of functional neurological disorder (FND) are a product of its pathophysiology. The pathophysiology of FND is reflective of dysfunction within and across different brain circuits that, in turn, affects specific constructs. In this perspective article, we briefly review five constructs that are affected in FND: emotion processing (including salience), agency, attention, interoception, and predictive processing/inference. Examples of underlying neural circuits include salience, multimodal integration, and attention networks. The symptoms of each patient can be described as a combination of dysfunction in several of these networks and related processes. While we have gained a considerable understanding of FND, there is more work to be done, including determining how pathophysiological abnormalities arise as a consequence of etiologic biopsychosocial factors. To facilitate advances in this underserved and important area, we propose a pathophysiology-focused research agenda to engage government-sponsored funding agencies and foundations.
Demonstration gardens improve agricultural production, food security and preschool child diets in subsistence farming communities in Panama
Authors: Krause Rachel J , Scott Marilyn E , Sinisterra Odalis , Koski Kristine G 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectives:To explore impacts of a demonstration garden-based agricultural intervention on agricultural knowledge, practices and production, food security and preschool child diet diversity of subsistence farming households.Design:Observational study of households new to the intervention or participating for 1 or 5 years. Variables measured were agricultural techniques learned from the intervention and used, agricultural production, household food insecurity (FIS) and child diet diversity (DDS), over one agricultural cycle (during land preparation, growing and harvest months).Setting:Fifteen rural subsistence farming communities in Panama.Participants:Households participating in intervention (n 237) with minimum one preschool child.Results:After 1 year, participants had more learned and applied techniques, more staple crops produced and lower FIS and higher DDS during land preparation and growing months compared with those new to the intervention. After 5 years, participants grew more maize, chickens and types of crops and had higher DDS during growing months and, where demonstration gardens persisted, used more learned techniques and children ate more vitamin A-rich foods. Variables associated with DDS varied seasonally: during land preparation, higher DDS was associated with higher household durable asset-based wealth; during growing months, with greater diversity of vegetables planted and lower FIS; during harvest, with older caregivers, caregivers working less in agriculture, more diverse crops and receiving food from demonstration gardens.Conclusions:The intervention improved food production, food security and diets. Sustained demonstration gardens were important for continued use of new agricultural techniques and improved diets.