bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual Demand and Acuity Reserve of Chinese versus English Newspapers
Authors: Zhang Jun , Liu Jingbo , Jasti Srichand , Suryakumar Rajaraman , Bullimore Mark A. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

SIGNIFICANCE
This study suggests that Chinese newspaper characters are more legible than English newspaper letters. Characters in Chinese newspapers have higher acuity reserve than English newspapers.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate visual demand and acuity reserve for Chinese newspapers in comparison with published data on U.S. newspapers.

METHODS
The test distances for visual acuity in Chinese clinical studies were reviewed systematically. Characters from different sections of newspapers printed in simplified Chinese were evaluated. The character height, frequency, and visual demand and acuity reserve of each newspaper section were determined for Chinese characters of the six different levels of complexity.

RESULTS
More than 70% of Chinese clinical studies measure near visual acuity at either 33 or 40 cm. The height of Chinese characters ranged from 1.95 to 3.28 mm across different sections of five newspapers compared with 1.0 to 2.0 mm for English letters. The frequency of Chinese characters from least to most complex ranged from 7 to 34% across 12 sections of one Chinese newspaper. The angular threshold across the six complexity levels of Chinese characters ranged from 4.62 to 5.93 arcmin (0.54 to 0.69 mm at 40-cm reading distance) with a weighted angular threshold of 5.18 arcmin compared with 3.37 arcmin (0.39 mm) for the English letters. For Chinese newspapers, at 40-cm reading distance, the acuity reserve for the smallest and largest median size was 3.55 and 4.61, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Chinese characters are larger than English characters in all newspaper sections newspapers by a factor of 1.60 to 2.34. Given that Chinese characters need to be 1.54 times larger than English letters to provide the same acuity reserve, on average, Chinese newspapers are more legible than U.S. English newspapers.
A Saccadic Choice Task for Target Face Detection at Large Visual Eccentricities in Patients with Glaucoma
Authors: Boucart Muriel , Bachet Valentin , Corveleyn Xavier , Bacchetti Pascal , Rouland Jean François 
Published: October 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
Little is known about the perception of glaucomatous patients at large visual eccentricities. We show that the patients' performance drops beyond 40° eccentricity even for large images of scenes, suggesting that clinical tests should assess the patients' vision at larger eccentricities than 24 or 30°.

PURPOSE
Daily activities such as visual search, spatial navigation, and hazard detection require rapid scene recognition on a wide field of view. We examined whether participants with visual field loss at standard automated perimetry 30-2 were able to detect target faces at large visual eccentricities.

METHODS
Twelve patients with glaucoma and 14 control subjects were asked to detect a face in a two-alternative saccadic forced choice task. Pairs of scenes, one containing a face, were randomly displayed at 10, 20, 40, 60, or 80° eccentricity on a panoramic screen covering 180° horizontally. Participants were asked to detect and to saccade toward the scene containing a face.

RESULTS
Saccade latencies were significantly slower in patients (264 milliseconds; confidence interval [CI], 222 to 306 milliseconds) than in control subjects (207 milliseconds; CI, 190 to 226 milliseconds), and accuracy was significantly lower in patients (70% CI, 65 to 85%) than in control subjects (75.7% CI, 71.5 to 79.5%). Although still significantly above chance at 60°, the patients' performance dropped beyond 40° eccentricity. The control subjects' performance was still above chance at 80° eccentricity.

CONCLUSIONS
In patients with various degrees of peripheral visual field defect, performance dropped beyond 40° eccentricity for large images at a high contrast. This result could reflect reduced spread of exploration in glaucoma.
2017 Charles F. Prentice Award Lecture: Peripheral Prisms for Visual Field Expansion: A Translational Journey
Authors: Peli Eli 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
On the occasion of being awarded the Prentice Medal, I was asked to summarize my translational journey. Here I describe the process of becoming a low-vision rehabilitation clinician and researcher, frustrated by the unavailability of effective treatments for some conditions. This led to decades of working to understand patients' needs and the complexities and subtleties of their visual systems and conditions. It was followed by many iterations of developing vision aids and the techniques needed to objectively evaluate their benefit. I specifically address one path: the invention and development of peripheral prisms to expand the visual fields of patients with homonymous hemianopia, leading to our latest multiperiscopic prism (mirror-based design) with its clear 45° field-of-view image shift.
Detectable HIV RNA in late pregnancy associated with low tenofovir hair levels at time of delivery among women living with HIV in the United States
Authors: Pintye Jillian , Huo Yanling , Kacanek Deborah , Zhang Kevin , Kuncze Karen , Okochi Hideaki , Gandhi Monica 
Published: October 2020

Objective:
We evaluated peripartum tenofovir (TFV) exposure via hair measures among women living with HIV in the United States.

Design:
Observational cohort study.

Methods:
Hair samples were collected at or shortly after childbirth among mothers enrolled in the Surveillance Monitoring for Antiretroviral Therapy Toxicities Study of the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study between 6/2014 and 7/2016. Among mothers receiving TFV disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based regimens during pregnancy, TFV hair concentrations were analyzed using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Weight-normalized TFV concentrations were log10 transformed. Multivariable linear regression assessed correlates of TFV concentrations.

Results:
Overall, 121 mothers on TDF-based antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy had hair specimens tested for TFV concentrations and were included in the analysis. Median age at delivery was 31 years [interquartile range (IQR) 26–36]; 71% self-identified as non-Hispanic black, and 10% had unsuppressed viral loads in late pregnancy (HIV RNA ≥ 400 copies/ml). Median time from birth to hair collection was 3 days (IQR 1–14) and median TFV hair concentration was 0.02 ng/mg (IQR 0.01–0.04). In multivariable models, an unsuppressed viral load in late pregnancy was associated with 80% lower adjusted mean peripartum TFV concentrations than pregnancies with viral suppression (95% confidence interval: −90% to −59%, P < 0.001). Use of TDF only in the first trimester and attaining high school graduation were also associated with lower TFV hair concentrations.

Conclusion:
Unsuppressed viral load during late pregnancy was strongly associated with lower maternal TFV hair concentrations at birth, though viremia was rare. Efforts to improve maternal virological outcomes and eliminate vertical HIV transmission could incorporate drug exposure monitoring using hair or other metrics.
Nationwide Perioperative Analysis of Endoscopic Versus Open Surgery for Craniosynostosis: Equal Access, Unequal Outcomes
Authors: Rochlin Danielle H. , Sheckter Clifford C. , Lorenz Hermann Peter , Khosla Rohit K. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate national differences in inpatient outcomes and predictors of treatment type for endoscopic versus open surgery for craniosynostosis, with particular consideration of racial, socioeconomic, and geographic factors. The 2016 Kids’ Inpatient Database was queried to identify patients aged 3 years or younger who underwent craniectomy for craniosynostosis. Multivariable regression modeled treatment type based on patient-level (gender, race, income, comorbidities, payer) and facility-level (bed size, region, teaching status) variables, and was used to assess outcomes. The weighted sample included 474 patients, of whom 81.9% (N = 388) of patients underwent open repair and 18.1% (N = 86) underwent endoscopic repair. A total of 81.1% of patients were under 1 year of age and 12.0% were syndromic. Patients were more likely to be treated open if they were older (odds ratio [OR] 3.07, P = 0.005) or syndromic (OR 8.56, P = 0.029). Patients who underwent open repair were more likely to receive transfusions (OR 2.86, P = 0.021), and have longer lengths of stay (OR 1.02, P < 0.001) and more costly hospitalizations (OR 5228.78, P = 0.018). Complications did not significantly vary between procedure type. The authors conclude that United States national data confirm benefits of endoscopic surgery, including a lower risk of transfusion, shorter hospital stay, and lower hospital costs, without a significant change in the rate of inpatient complications. Racial, socioeconomic, and geographic factors were not significantly associated with treatment type or perioperative surgical outcomes. Future studies are needed to further investigate the influence of such variables on access to craniofacial care.
Considerations for Clinical Use of Concentrated Growth Factor in Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Chen Jianguo , Wan Yingying , Lin Yan , Jiang Haiyue 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Different strategies have been utilized to facilitate mineralized/soft tissues. Concentrated growth factor (CGF) emerges as a promising biomaterial for regenerative therapy due to high levels of platelets, growth factors, and nucleated cells entrapped in the fibrin scaffold. This review aimed to collect extensive studies on CGF used in maxillofacial regenerative medicine, discussing current obstacles, and expressing some considerations of CGF use. Articles were retrieved systematically without time limitation. In total, 27 human studies were included and separated accordingly. In general, CGF has been most evaluated in implant related therapy and maxillofacial bone regeneration where a majority of articles have revealed favorable outcomes. Little studies have supported the effects on improving probing periodontal depth reductions and clinical attachment level gains for intrabony and furcation defect regeneration. Very little data with high-level evidence was available directly to investigate its effects on the soft tissue regeneration and postoperative complications reduction. The evidence supporting the clinical efficacy of CGF in maxillofacial regenerative medicine is limited. Some conflicting results are worrisome. In addition, the characterization of CGF preparation protocols and CGF's components was not performed in most studies. Further studies should make a consensus on standardized end-product of CGF including characterization of protocols and optimal ratio of CGF’ components. Defined algorithms and evidence-based protocols for the clinical use of CGF should be also available.
Analysis of Narcotic Use in Isolated Facial Fractures: Potential Targets for a Narcotic Reduction Protocol
Authors: Morgan Austin C. , Davis Greta L. , Mehta Ishan H. , Stark Phoebe , Paap Michael K. , Gosman Amanda A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Anecdotal evidence suggests that patients with isolated traumatic facial fractures have high narcotic usage, yet there is a lack of literature delineating this relationship. This study aimed to characterize total amount and factors predictive of narcotic usage following isolated traumatic facial fracture. Study participants (n = 35) were predominantly male (91.4%), mean age 40.5, Caucasian (34.3%), suffered some form of assault (62.9%), and remained hospitalized for an average of 3.0 days. Average morphine milligram equivalent (MME) use in the inpatient setting was 967.6 for operative (n = 30) and 37.5 for nonoperative (n = 5) patients. Average total narcotic use across inpatient and outpatient settings was 1256.6 MME for operative and 105 MME for nonoperative patients. Operative intervention predicted a significant difference in total inpatient narcotic usage (P = 0.009). For patients who underwent surgical intervention, significant variations in narcotic usage were found based on mechanism of injury (24-hour postoperative, P = 0.030), but not injury severity or number of procedures. Specifically, individuals suffering highly traumatic fractures (eg, gunshot wound) demonstrated increased total postoperative narcotic usage of 1194.1 MME (P = 0.004). Interestingly, non-narcotic analgesic use including acetaminophen and lidocaine-epinephrine resulted in significantly lower narcotic usage in the postoperative setting. These findings suggest a role for narcotic-reducing enhanced recovery after surgery protocols in the setting of isolated facial trauma.
Does the Emergency Surgery Score predict failure to discharge the patient home? A nationwide analysis
Authors: AlSowaiegh Reem , Naar Leon , Mokhtari Ava , Parks Jonathan J. , Fawley Jason , Mendoza April E. , Saillant Noelle N. , Velmahos George C. , Kaafarani Haytham M.A. 
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND
The Emergency Surgery Score (ESS) is a point-based scoring system validated to predict mortality and morbidity in emergency general surgery (EGS). In addition to demographics and comorbidities, ESS accounts for the acuity of disease at presentation. We sought to examine whether ESS can predict the destination of discharge of EGS patients, as a proxy for quality of life at discharge.

METHODS
Using the 2007 to 2017 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, we identified all EGS patients. EGS cases were defined as per American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program as those performed by a general surgeon within a short interval from diagnosis or the onset of related symptomatology, when the patient’s well-being and outcome may be threatened by unnecessary delay and patient’s status could deteriorate unpredictably or rapidly. Emergency Surgery Score patients were then categorized by their discharge disposition to home versus rehabilitation or nursing facilities. All patients with missing ESS or discharge disposition and those discharged to hospice, senior communities, or separate acute care facilities were excluded. Emergency Surgery Score was calculated for each patient. C statistics were used to study the correlation between ESS and the destination of discharge.

RESULTS
Of 6,485,915 patients, 84,694 were included. The mean age was 57 years, 51% were female, and 79.6% were discharged home. The mean ESS was 5. Emergency Surgery Score accurately and reliably predicted the discharge destination with a C statistic of 0.83. For example, ESS of 1, 10, and 20 were associated with 0.9%, 56.5%, and 100% rates of discharge to a rehabilitation or nursing facility instead of home.

CONCLUSION
Emergency Surgery Score accurately predicts which EGS patients require discharge to rehabilitation or nursing facilities and can thus be used for preoperatively counseling patients and families and for improving early discharge preparations, when appropriate.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic and epidemiological, level III.
Tabrizicola algicola sp. nov. isolated from culture of microalga Ettlia sp.
Authors: Park Chan-Yeong , Chun Seong-Jun , Jin Chunzhi , Le Ve Van , Cui Yingshun , Kim Song-Yeon , Ahn Chi-Yong , Oh Hee-Mock 
Published: October 2020

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile, and rod-shaped bacterium, strain ETT8T was isolated from a chemostat culture of microalga Ettlia sp. YC001. Optimal growth was with 0–2% NaCl and at 25–37 °C on R2A medium. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene and genome sequence showed that strain ETT8T belongs to the genus

Tabrizicola

, with the close neighbours being

T. sediminis

DRYC-M-16T (98.1 %),

T. alkalilacus

DJCT (97.6 %),

T. fusiformis

SY72T (96.9 %),

T. piscis

K13M18T (96.8 %), and

T. aquatica

RCRI19T (96.5 %). The genomic comparison of strain ETT8T with type species in the genus

Tabrizicola

was analysed using the genome-to-genome distance calculator (GGDC), average nucleotide identity (ANI), and average amino acid identity (AAI) (values indicated ≤17.7, ≤75.4 and ≤71.9 %, respectively). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain ETT8T was 64.4 %, plus C18 : 1
ω6c and C18 : 0-iso were the major fatty acids and Q-10 the major respiratory quinone. Strain ETT8T contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine aminolipid, and four unidentified lipids as the major polar lipids. Based on the chemotaxonomic, genotypic, and phenotype results, strain ETT8T was recognized as a novel species of the genus

Tabrizicola

for which the name Tabrizicola algicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ETT8T (=KCTC 72206T=JCM 31893T=MCC 4339T).
How Policies on Restaurants, Bars, Nightclubs, Masks, Schools, and Travel Influenced Swiss COVID-19 Reproduction Ratios
Authors: Sruthi C. K. , Biswal Malay Ranjan , Saraswat Brijesh , Joshi Himanshu , Prakash Meher K. 
Published: October 2020

SummaryThe role of complete lockdowns in reducing the reproduction ratios (Rt) of COVID-19 is now established. However, the persisting reality in many countries is no longer a complete lockdown, but restrictions of varying degrees using different choices of Non-pharmaceutical interaction (NPI) policies. A scientific basis for understanding the effectiveness of these graded NPI policies in reducing the Rtis urgently needed to address the concerns on personal liberties and economic activities. In this work, we develop a systematic relation between the degrees of NPIs implemented by the 26 cantons in Switzerland during March 9 – September 13 and their respective contributions to the Rt. Using a machine learning framework, we find that Rtwhich should ideally be lower than 1.0, has significant contributions in the post-lockdown scenario from the different activities - restaurants (0.0523 (CI. 0.0517-0.0528)), bars (0.030 (CI. 0.029-0.030)), and nightclubs (0.154 (CI. 0.154-0.156)). Activities which keep the land-borders open (0.177 (CI. 0.175-0.178)), and tourism related activities contributed comparably 0.177 (CI. 0.175-0.178). However, international flights with a quarantine did not add further to the Rtof the cantons. The requirement of masks in public transport and secondary schools contributed to an overall 0.025 (CI. 0.018-0.030) reduction in Rt, compared to the baseline usage even when there are no mandates. Although causal relations are not guaranteed by the model framework, it nevertheless provides a fine-grained justification for the relative merits of choice and the degree of the NPIs and a data-driven strategy for mitigating Rt.
High Food Insecurity in Latinx Families and Associated COVID-19 Infection in the Greater Bay Area, California
Authors: Escobar Milagro , Mendez Andrea DeCastro , Encinas Maria Romero , Wojcicki Janet M 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundFood insecurity impacts nearly one-in-four Latinx households in the United States and has been exacerbated by the novel coronavirus or COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsWe examined the impact of COVID-19 on household and child food security in three preexisting, longitudinal, Latinx urban cohorts in the San Francisco Bay Area (N=375 households, 1,875 individuals). Households were initially recruited during pregnancy and postpartum at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital (ZSFG) and UCSF Benioff prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. For this COVID sub-study, participants responded to a 15-minute telephonic interview. Participants answered 18 questions from the US Food Security Food Module (US HFSSM), described food consumption, housing and employment status, and history of COVID-19 infection as per community or hospital-based testing. Food security and insecurity levels were compared with prior year metrics.ResultsWe found low levels of household food security in Latinx families (by cohort: 29.2%; 34.2%; 60.0%) and child food security (56.9%; 54.1%; 78.0%) with differences between cohorts explained by self-reported levels of education and employment status. Food security levels were much lower than those reported previously in two cohorts where data had been recorded from prior years. Reported history of COVID-19 infection in households was 4.8% (95% Confidence Interval (CI); 1.5-14.3%); 7.2% (95%CI; 3.6-13.9%) and 3.5% (95%CI; 1.7-7.2%) by cohort and was associated with food insecurity in the two larger cohorts (p=0.03; p=0.01 respectively).ConclusionsLatinx families in the Bay Area with children are experiencing a sharp rise in food insecurity levels during the COVID-19 epidemic. Food insecurity, similar to other indices of poverty, is associated with increased risk for COVID-19 infection. Comprehensive interventions are needed to address food insecurity in Latinx populations and further studies are needed to better assess independent associations between household food insecurity, poor nutritional health and risk of COVID-19 infection.
Symptom-based testing in a compartmental model of COVID-19
Authors: Bartha Ferenc A. , Karsai János , Tekeli Tamás , Röst Gergely 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTesting and isolation of cases is an important component of our strategies to fight SARS-CoV-2. In this work, we consider a compartmental model for COVID-19 including a nonlinear term representing symptom-based testing. We analyze how the considered clinical spectrum of symptoms and the testing rate affect the outcome and the severity of the outbreak.
Evaluation of different stool extraction methods for metabolomics measurements in human fecal samples
Authors: Erben Vanessa , Poschet Gernot , Schrotz-King Petra , Brenner Hermann 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundMeasurement of metabolomics in human stool samples is of great interest for a broad range of applications in biomedical research including early detection of colorectal neoplasms. However, due to the complexity of metabolites there is no consensus on how to process samples for stool metabolomics measurements to obtain a broad coverage of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances.MethodsWe used frozen stool samples (50mg) from healthy study participants. Stool samples were processed after thawing using 8 different processing protocols and different solvents. Metabolites were measured afterwards using the MxP® Quant 500 kit (Biocrates). The best performing protocol was subsequently applied to compare stool samples of participants with different dietary habits.ResultsIn this study, we were able to determine up to 340 metabolites of various chemical classes extracted from stool samples of healthy study participants with 8 different protocols. Polar metabolites such as amino acids could be measured with each method while other metabolite classes, particular lipid species, are more dependent on the solvent or combination of solvents used. Only a small number of triglycerides or acylcarnitines were detected in human feces. Extraction efficiency was higher for protocols using isopropanol or those using ethanol or methanol and MTBE including an evaporation and concentration step than for other protocols. We detected significant fecal metabolite differences between vegetarians, semi-vegetarians and non-vegetarians.ConclusionFor the evaluation of metabolites in fecal samples we found protocols using solvents like isopropanol and those using ethanol or methanol and MTBE including an evaporation and concentration step to be superior over others tested in this study.