bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of Landfalling Atmospheric Rivers on the U.S. West Coast to Local Sea Surface Temperature Perturbations
Authors: Chen Xiaodong , Leung L. Ruby 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) play a crucial role in the hydroclimate of the U.S. west coast. While the impact of large‐scale sea surface temperature (SST) patterns on ARs is well recognized, the specific roles of local SST on ARs have not been systematically investigated. This study analyzed the landfalling ARs from two regional climate simulations that differ only in the local SST. With local SST warming, AR frequency increases across the U.S. west coast, with comparable contributions from the spatial expansion of ARs and emergence of new ARs. AR landfalling area, inland intrusion distance, and intensity also increase, with landfalling area showing the largest sensitivity. Although local SST warming only increases the AR moisture by ∼0.4%/K, AR‐related precipitation increases by 3%/K, demonstrating the important impact of local SST warming on intensifying storms. Hence, local SST is important for accurate depiction of ARs and their precipitation in the western United States.
Emergent Constraint on the Frequency of Central Pacific El Niño Under Global Warming by the Equatorial Pacific Cold Tongue Bias in CMIP5/6 Models
Authors: Jiang Wenping , Huang Ping , Li Gen , Huang Gang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEl Niño, as the dominant interannual variability for global climate, exhibits different spatial “flavors” with distinct global impacts, and the ensemble of current model projects there will be an increase in the frequency of central Pacific El Niño (CP El Niño) in a warmer world. In this study, we identified that future changes in CP El Niño frequency are significantly related to the simulated cold tongue strength in CMIP5/6 models. A model simulating a stronger cold tongue tends to project more frequent CP El Niño events under global warming, due to the positive zonal advection feedback in the central Pacific. Based on this relationship, we calibrate the CP El Niño frequency projections using the emergent constraint concept and reveal that the changes in CP El Niño frequency under global warming as projected in previous multimodel ensembles more likely decrease because of an excessive cold tongue in CMIP5/6 models.
A 60‐Year Cycle in the Meteorite Fall Frequency Suggests a Possible Interplanetary Dust Forcing of the Earth's Climate Driven by Planetary Oscillations
Authors: Scafetta Nicola , Milani Franco , Bianchini Antonio 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOne of the most famous climate oscillations has a period of about 60 years. Although this oscillation might emerge from internal variability, increasing evidence points toward a solar or astronomical origin, as also argued herein. We highlight that the orbital eccentricity of Jupiter presents prominent oscillations with a period of quasi 60 years due to its gravitational coupling with Saturn. This oscillation is found to be well correlated with quite a number of climatic records and also with a 60‐year oscillation present in long meteorite fall records relative to the periods 619–1943 CE. Since meteorite falls are the most macroscopic aspect of incoming space dust and their motion is mostly regulated by Jupiter, we propose that the interplanetary dust influx also presents a 60‐year cycle and could be forcing the climate to oscillate in a similar manner by modulating the formation of the clouds and, therefore, the Earth's albedo.
NOx Emission Changes Over China During the COVID‐19 Epidemic Inferred From Surface NO2 Observations
Authors: Feng Shuzhuang , Jiang Fei , Wang Hengmao , Wang Haikun , Ju Weimin , Shen Yang , Zheng Yanhua , Wu Zheng , Ding Aijun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe COVID‐19 epidemic has substantially limited human activities and affected anthropogenic emissions. In this work, daily NOx emissions are inferred using a regional data assimilation system and hourly surface NO2 measurement over China. The results show that because of the coronavirus outbreak, NOx emissions across the whole mainland China dropped sharply after 31 January, began to rise slightly in certain areas after 10 February, and gradually recover across the country after 20 February. Compared with the emissions before the outbreak, NOx emissions fell by more than 60% and ~30% in many large cities and most small to medium cities, respectively. Overall, NOx emissions were reduced by 36% over China, which were mainly contributed by transportation. Evaluations show that the inverted changes over eastern China are credible, whereas those in western China might be underestimated. These findings are of great significance for exploring the reduction potential of NOx emissions in China.
Composite of Typhoon‐Induced Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll‐a Responses in the South China Sea
Authors: Wang Yuntao 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSixteen years of data on typhoons in the South China Sea (SCS) are used to investigate their impacts on sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a). The time series of SST and Chl‐a before and after typhoons are composited for all typhoon locations to assess their responses. Decreases in SST and increases in Chl‐a occur after 73% and 70% of the typhoons, respectively, with overall averaged changes equal to −0.42 ± 0.015°C and 0.056 ± 0.003 log10 mg/m3, respectively. The largest responses are found near the typhoon center, and the extent of changes in these parameters decreases linearly with distance. The SST responds rapidly, starting to drop 2 days ahead of the typhoon passage and continuing to drop until 2 days after its passage. On the other hand, the Chl‐a increases after the typhoon passage, remaining high for 5 days before beginning to return to the initial conditions. Large (weak) changes are associated with typhoons that have high (low) wind speeds and slow (fast) translation speeds. This is especially true for SST, whereas some typhoons with slow translation speeds are characterized by increases in Chl‐a, mostly occurring near the coast. The largest SST and Chl‐a changes induced by a single typhoon are found in the upwelling region off Vietnam. The study offers a comprehensive quantitative analysis that describes the general pattern of SST and Chl‐a responses to typhoons in the SCS.
Drivers of Interannual Sea Level Variability on the Northwestern European Shelf
Authors: Hermans Tim H. J. , Le Bars Dewi , Katsman Caroline A. , Camargo Carolina M. L. , Gerkema Theo , Calafat Francisco M. , Tinker Jonathan , Slangen Aimée B. A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSea level on the northwestern European shelf (NWES) varies substantially from year to year. Removing explained parts of interannual sea level variability from observations helps to improve estimates of long‐term sea level trends. To this end, the contributions of different drivers to interannual sea level variability need to be understood and quantified. We quantified these contributions for the entire NWES by performing sensitivity experiments with a high‐resolution configuration of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). The lateral and atmospheric boundary conditions were derived from reanalyses. We compared our model results with satellite altimetry data and used our sensitivity experiments to show that nonlinear feedbacks cause only minor interannual sea level variability on the shelf. This indicates that our experiments can be used to separate the effects of different drivers. We find that wind dominates the variability of annual mean sea level in the southern and eastern North Sea (up to 4.7‐cm standard deviation), whereas the inverse barometer effect dominates elsewhere on the NWES (up to 1.7‐cm standard deviation). In contrast, forcing at the lateral ocean boundaries results in small and coherent variability on the shelf (0.5‐cm standard deviation). Variability driven by buoyancy fluxes ranges from 0.5‐ to 1.3‐cm standard deviation. The results of our sensitivity experiments explain the (anti)correlation between interannual sea level variability at different locations on the NWES and can be used to estimate sea level rise from observations in this region with higher accuracy.
Two Centuries of Hydroclimatic Variability Reconstructed From Tree‐Ring Records Over the Amazonian Andes of Peru
Authors: Humanes‐Fuente V. , Ferrero M. E. , Muñoz A. A. , González‐Reyes Á. , Requena‐Rojas E. J. , Barichivich J. , Inga J. G. , Layme‐Huaman E. T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlmost half of the tributaries of the Amazon River originate in the tropical Andes and support large populations in mountain regions and downstream areas. However, it is difficult to assess hydroclimatic conditions or to evaluate future scenarios due to the scarcity of long, high‐quality instrumental records. Data from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) provide a complete record since 1979 and offer a good representation of rainfall over the tropical Andes. Longer records are needed to improve our understanding of rainfall variability and summer monsoon behavior at various scales. We developed the first annually resolved precipitation reconstruction for the tropical Andes in Peru, based on tree‐ring chronologies of Cedrela and Juglans species. The annual (November–October) reconstruction extends the short instrumental records back to 1817, explaining 68% of the total variance of precipitation over the 1979–2007 calibration period. The reconstruction reveals the well‐documented influence of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Amazon Rainfall at interannual scales (~19% of total variance) and significant multidecadal variability with alternating periods of about 40 years (~13% of rainfall variability) related to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Both oscillatory modes can explain dry and humid periods observed within the reconstruction and are likely associated with the negative trends of rainfall in the short instrumental records and the increased drought recurrence in recent decades. Our results show that montane tropical tree rings can be used to reconstruct precipitation with exceptionally high fidelity, characterize the interannual to multidecadal variability, and identify remote forcings in the hydroclimate over the Andean Amazon Basin of Peru.
Effects of Cloud Liquid‐Phase Microphysical Processes in Mixed‐Phase Cumuli Over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Xu Xiaoqi , Lu Chunsong , Liu Yangang , Gao Wenhua , Wang Yuan , Cheng Yueming , Luo Shi , Van Weverberg Kwinten 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNumerical simulations often overpredict precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). To examine the factors causing precipitation overprediction, different parameterizations of liquid‐phase microphysical processes (accretion, autoconversion, and entrainment mixing) are implemented into the Morrison microphysics scheme to simulate a TP precipitation event in summer with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The general spatial distribution and temporal trend of precipitation are captured by all simulations, but the precipitation rate is overpredicted. The results from sensitivity experiments suggest that compared to other examined liquid‐phase processes, the accretion process is more important in precipitation simulation over the TP region. Further investigation with the Heidke skill scores reveals that accretion parameterization that takes into account the raindrop size produces the most accurate results in terms of the total surface precipitation. This parameterization suppresses spurious accretion and does not produce liquid‐phase precipitation until cloud droplets are big enough. It is also confirmed that increasing the model resolution can reduce precipitation overprediction. Results from the case study are confirmed by the use of a 1‐month simulation.
A Monte Carlo Approach to Approximating the Effects of Pore Geometry on the Phase Behavior of Soil Freezing
Authors: Chen Jiangzhi , Mei Shenghua , Irizarry Julia T. , Rempel Alan W. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFreezing in porous media is associated with a host of dynamic phenomena that stem from the presence and mobility of premelted liquid at subzero temperatures. Accurate assessments of the progressive liquid‐ice phase transition is required for predictive models of frost damage, glacier‐till coupling, and many other cold regions processes, as well as for evaluating the capacity for water storage in near‐surface extraterrestrial environments. We use a Monte Carlo approach to sample the pore space in a synthetic 3D packing of poly‐dispersed spherical particles and evaluate local geometrical constraints that allow us to assess changes in the relative proportions of pore fluid and ice. By approximating the phase boundary geometry in fine‐grained pores while considering both the curvature of the liquid‐ice interface and wetting interactions with matrix particles, our model predicts changes in phase equilibrium in granular media over a broad temperature range, where present accounting for the colligative effects of chloride and perchlorate solutes. In addition to formulating the constitutive behavior needed to better understand properties and processes in frozen soils, our results also provide insight into other aspects of phase equilibria in porous media, including the formation of methane hydrates in permafrost and marine sediments, and the partitioning between liquid water and vapor in the vadose zone.
The Spatial Dynamics of Droughts and Water Scarcity in England and Wales
Authors: Dobson Barnaby , Coxon Gemma , Freer Jim , Gavin Helen , Mortazavi‐Naeini Mohammad , Hall Jim W. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWater scarcity occurs when water demand exceeds natural water availability over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Though meteorological and hydrological droughts have been analyzed over large spatial scales, the impacts of water scarcity have typically been addressed at a catchment scale. Here we explore how droughts and water scarcity interact over a larger and more complex spatial domain, by combining climate, hydrological, and water resource system models at a national scale across England and Wales. This approach is essential in a highly connected and heterogeneous region like England and Wales, where we represent 80 different catchments; 70 different water resource zones; 16 water utility companies; and the water supply for over 50 million people. We find that if a reservoir's storage is in its first percentile (i.e., the volume that is exceeded 99% of the time), then there is, on average, a 40% chance that reservoirs in neighboring catchments will also be at or below their first percentile storage volume. The coincidence of low reservoir storage decays relatively quickly, stabilizing after about 100–150 km, implying that if interbasin transfers are to be provided to enhance drought resilience, they will need to be at least this length. Based on a large ensemble of future climate simulations, we show that extreme droughts in precipitation, streamflow, and reservoir storage volume are projected to worsen in every catchment. The probability of a year with water use restrictions doubles by 2050 and is four times worse by 2100.
Implications of Using Global Digital Elevation Models for Flood Risk Analysis in Cities
Authors: McClean Fergus , Dawson Richard , Kilsby Chris 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAs urban populations grow, it is increasingly important to accurately characterize flood risk in cities and built up areas. Global digital elevation models (GDEMs) have recently enabled flood risk analysis at broad scale and worldwide, but their accuracy and its impact on modeled flood risk in cities has not been fully investigated. We compare flood extents, hydrographs, depths, and impacts between hydrodynamic simulations, using five spaceborne GDEM products and an airborne LIDAR product. Benchmark observations of a historical flood event in Carlisle (UK) were used to assess the accuracy of each simulation. GDEM simulations are shown to perform significantly less accurately than the airborne LIDAR‐based simulations. No DEM outperforms the others across all metrics; the MERIT DEM is the best predictor of flood extent, but TanDEM‐X performs best for discharge. However, the impacts of flooding from GDEM simulations are consistently overestimated, 2 to 3 times higher than those from LIDAR simulations. Until a high resolution, accurate, global DEM is available, multiple products should be used concurrently to enable the full uncertainty range to be quantified and communicated, to ensure flood risk management decisions are not misinformed.
Gene co-expression networks in peripheral blood capture dimensional measures of emotional and behavioral problems from the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)
Authors: Hess Jonathan L. , Nguyen Nicholas H. , Suben Jesse , Meath Ryan M. , Albert Avery B. , Van Orman Sarah , Anders Kristin M. , Forken Patricia J. , Roe Cheryl A. , Schulze Thomas G. , Faraone Stephen V. , Glatt Stephen J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) introduced the research domain criteria (RDoC) initiative to promote the integration of information across multiple units of analysis (i.e., brain circuits, physiology, behavior, self-reports) to better understand the basic dimensions of behavior and cognitive functioning underlying normal and abnormal mental conditions. Along those lines, this study examined the association between peripheral blood gene expression levels and emotional and behavioral problems in school-age children. Children were chosen from two age- and sex-matched groups: those with or without parental reports of any prior or current psychiatric diagnosis. RNA-sequencing was performed on whole blood from 96 probands aged 6–12 years who were medication-free at the time of assessment. Module eigengenes were derived using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Associations were tested between module eigengene expression levels and eight syndrome scales from parent ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Nine out of the 36 modules were significantly associated with at least one syndrome scale measured by the CBCL (i.e., aggression, social problems, attention problems, and/or thought problems) after accounting for covariates and correcting for multiple testing. Our study demonstrates that variation in peripheral blood gene expression relates to emotional and behavioral profiles in children. If replicated and validated, our results may help in identifying problem or at-risk behavior in pediatric populations, and in elucidating the biological pathways that modulate complex human behavior.
Heme oxygenase 1 protects human colonocytes against ROS formation, oxidative DNA damage and cytotoxicity induced by heme iron, but not inorganic iron
Authors: Seiwert Nina , Wecklein Sabine , Demuth Philipp , Hasselwander Solveig , Kemper Talke A. , Schwerdtle Tanja , Brunner Thomas , Fahrer Jörg 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe consumption of red meat is probably carcinogenic to humans and is associated with an increased risk to develop colorectal cancer (CRC). Red meat contains high amounts of heme iron, which is thought to play a causal role in tumor formation. In this study, we investigated the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of heme iron (i.e., hemin) versus inorganic iron in human colonic epithelial cells (HCEC), human CRC cell lines and murine intestinal organoids. Hemin catalyzed the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced oxidative DNA damage as well as DNA strand breaks in both HCEC and CRC cells. In contrast, inorganic iron hardly affected ROS levels and only slightly increased DNA damage. Hemin, but not inorganic iron, caused cell death and reduced cell viability. This occurred preferentially in non-malignant HCEC, which was corroborated in intestinal organoids. Both hemin and inorganic iron were taken up into HCEC and CRC cells, however with differential kinetics and efficiency. Hemin caused stabilization and nuclear translocation of Nrf2, which induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and ferritin heavy chain (FtH). This was not observed after inorganic iron treatment. Chemical inhibition or genetic knockdown of HO-1 potentiated hemin-triggered ROS generation and oxidative DNA damage preferentially in HCEC. Furthermore, HO-1 abrogation strongly augmented the cytotoxic effects of hemin in HCEC, revealing its pivotal function in colonocytes and highlighting the toxicity of free intracellular heme iron. Taken together, this study demonstrated that hemin, but not inorganic iron, induces ROS and DNA damage, resulting in a preferential cytotoxicity in non-malignant intestinal epithelial cells. Importantly, HO-1 conferred protection against the detrimental effects of hemin.
CPEB3-mediated MTDH mRNA translational suppression restrains hepatocellular carcinoma progression
Authors: Zhang He , Zou Chendan , Qiu Zini , E Fang , Li Qiang , Chen Miao , Wang Dayong , Tan Qinrui , Yin Wanli , Matunda Cedric , Wang Hefei , Zhang Yongjian , Zhan Chao , Wang Chuxuan , Wu Yue , Xuan Xiuchen , Wang Yayan , Zou Chaoxia , Lv Guixiang , Gao Xu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 3 (CPEB3) is a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein. We had reported that CPEB3 is involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. However, the underlying mechanisms of CPEB3 in HCC remain unclear. In this study, we firstly performed RNA immunoprecipitation to uncover the transcriptome-wide CPEB3-bound mRNAs (CPEB3 binder) in HCC. Bioinformatic analysis indicates that CPEB3 binders are closely related to cancer progression, especially HCC metastasis. Further studies confirmed that metadherin (MTDH) is a direct target of CPEB3. CPEB3 can suppress the translation of MTDH mRNA in vivo and in vitro. Besides, luciferase assay demonstrated that CPEB3 interacted with 3′-untranslated region of MTDH mRNA and inhibited its translation. Subsequently, CPEB3 inhibited the epithelial–mesenchymal transition and metastasis of HCC cells through post-transcriptional regulation of MTDH. In addition, cpeb3 knockout mice are more susceptible to carcinogen-induced hepatocarcinogenesis and subsequent lung metastasis. Our results also indicated that CPEB3 was a good prognosis marker, which is downregulated in HCC tissue. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that CPEB3 played an important role in HCC progression and targeting CPEB3-mediated mRNA translation might be a favorable therapeutic approach.