bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relation between DMFT and Socioeconomic Status in Females Attending Taibah University Clinics
Authors: Alhusaini Ebtehal , Alraddadi Sara , Almatrfi Abrar , Alrwitai Shrouq , Alrefai Roa'a , Elanbya May Gamar 
Published: November 2019

Aim: To assess the decayed, missing and filled tooth (DMFT) index of adult female patients attending dental clinics in the College of Dentistry Taibah University. And to link the socioeconomic factors that may influence the DMFT.
Study Design: A Cross-sectional analytical study.
Place and Duration of Study: Conducted in Taibah University Dental Clinics, Female campus between January 2016 and May 2016.
Methodology: The sample included 110 newly registered adult female patients (>18 years) attended dental clinics for screening. Dental examination for the patient using an explorer and dental mirror was done. Decayed, missing and filled tooth (DMFT) index used by the World Health Organization for the evaluation of dental caries was used. The SPSS software was used for data analysis.
Results: Low DMFT presented in 49.0% of educated and 50.0% of not educated subjects. The highest percent of subjects with moderate-income ranging from 4000 to 5999 S.R/month have moderate DMFT (58.8%). The highest percent (47.4%-61.5%) of the other groups have low DMFT. Statistically, the difference is not significant.
Conclusion: The study demonstrates that DMFT is independent of socioeconomic status.
Comparative Effects of Single Agent Rectal Diclofenac versus a Combination of Rectal Diclofenac and Intramuscular Pentazocine, on Post Caesarean Section Pain Relief in a Tertiary Institution in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Kwosah N. J. , Awoyesuku P. A. , MacPepple D. A. , John D. H. 
Published: November 2019

Background: Caesarean section commonly causes moderate to severe pain in the first 24 hours after surgery with associated discomfort, delayed ambulation, difficulty initiating breastfeeding and prolonged hospital stay. Receiving adequate analgesia after caesarean section is very important for the patient’s comfort, overall wellbeing and recovery.
Objective: To compare the efficacy, time to rescue-analgesia and side effects of single agent rectal diclofenac versus its combination with intramuscular pentazocine for pain management after caesarean section in Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH).
Methodology: A randomized double-blind clinical trial was carried out at the RSUTH. A total of 120 patients scheduled for either elective or emergency caesarean section were recruited. Group ‘A’ received rectal diclofenac 100 mg and intramuscular placebo (unimodal group) while group ‘B’ received rectal diclofenac 100mg and intramuscular pentazocine 30 mg (multimodal group). Socio-demographic information was collected via structured proforma, while Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to assess the level of pain. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
Results: The mean ages of respondents in unimodal and multimodal groups were 31.7 ± 4.3 years and 31.3 ± 5.2 years respectively. The difference in the median pain score and range was significant only at 8 hours between the groups, there was no significant difference before and after 8 hours. Although the mean time (in minutes) to first rescue-analgesia was shorter in the unimodal (147.5 ± 60.1) as compared to the multimodal group (170.0), this difference was not statistically significant. There was no side effect noticed in either of the two groups.
Conclusion: The combined agents (diclofenac and pentazocine) had a superior analgesic effect to the single agent (diclofenac alone) when given as used in the study.
The Immuno-modulatory and Thrombocytopaenic Effects of the Varying Concentrations of the Aqueous Leaf Extract of Moringa Oleifera in Male Albino Wistar Rats
Authors: Ogbu Ojeka Sunday , Zigabelbari Zabbey Victor 
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Moringa oleifera and related species are commonly used in folk medicine for various human diseases.
Aim: The study was undertaken to establish the thrombocytopenic effect of the aqueous leaf extract of moringa oleifera and to find the utilization of platelet parameters in determining the cause of the thrombocytopenia.
Methodology: Fresh leaves of moringa were dried and extracted with water. Thirty (30) male albino Wistar rats, weighing between 150-250 g, which were kept under uniform laboratory conditions, were randomly divided into five (5) groups (A-E), based on their weights. The control group (group A) was orally given 0.5 ml of distilled water while the treatment groups (groups B to E) were orally given 250 mg/kg, 450 mg/kg,650 mg/kg and 850 mg/kg body weight respectively of the extract, once a day, for 56days and then sacrificed. At the end of the administration, blood samples were collected from each rat and examined for platelet indices. The effects of treatment with aqueous leaf extract of moringa oleifera on the platelet parameters were compared with the control group.
Result: The rats treated with the extract, showed a decrease in platelet count and platelet crit while there was a significant increase in the platelet distribution width, mean platelet volume and immature platelet fraction, concerning the control.
Conclusion: The aqueous leaf extract of moringa oleifera is therefore shown to modulate the immune system and cause thrombocytopaenia, through platelet destruction.
Biochemistry, Genetics, and Genomics of Opium Poppy (
Papaver somniferum
) for Crop Improvement
Authors: Tamiru‐Oli Muluneh , Premaratna Shirmila D. , Gendall Anthony R. , Lewsey Mathew G. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Opium poppy is the only commercially viable source of narcotic raw materials used by the alkaloid
pharmaceutical
industry. Considerable advances in our knowledge of basic poppy biology and the alkaloid biosynthetic pathway have been driven by recent progress in transcriptomics, genomics, and functional genetics. However, much work remains for this knowledge to be translated into improvements in crop performance. The genetic diversity of poppy is poorly characterised and the available information is highly fragmented. The recent release of a poppy genome sequence adds a new dimension to poppy genomic research, enabling characterisation of diversity and identification of genes and molecular markers associated with valuable traits. This will create opportunities for functional genomics studies and the incorporation of more diverse germplasm into poppy improvement programmes. This review discusses the current state of poppy genetic and genomic resources, highlights the advances made in elucidating the alkaloid biosynthetic pathway that led to the emergence of poppy as a model system to study secondary metabolism in plants, and presents perspectives for future research.
Intersectional Inequalities and Individual Heterogeneity in Chronic Rheumatic Diseases: An Intersectional Multilevel Analysis
Authors: Kiadaliri Ali , Englund Martin 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveTo examine how intersections of multiple sociodemographic variables explain the individual heterogeneity in risk of being diagnosed with any of following chronic rheumatic diseases (CRDs): osteoarthritis (OA), gout, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or spondyloarthritis (SpA).MethodsWe identified individuals ages 40–65 years residing in Skåne, Sweden by December 31, 2013 and having done so from January 1, 2000 (n = 342,542). We used a Skåne health care register to identify those with a diagnosis of the CRD of interest between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2015, with no previous such diagnosis during 2000–2013. We created 144 intersectional social strata (ISS) using categories of age, sex, education, income, civil status, and immigration. For individuals nested within ISS, we applied multilevel logistic regression models to estimate the variance partition coefficient (VPC) as a measure of discriminatory accuracy of the ISS and the predicted absolute risks and 95% credible intervals for each stratum.ResultsOverall, 3.5%, 0.5%, 0.2%, and 0.2% of the study population were diagnosed with OA, gout, RA, and SpA, respectively. The VPC ranged from 16.2% for gout to 0.5% for SpA. Sex explained the largest proportion of between‐strata variation in risk of RA, gout, and SpA, while age was the most important factor for OA. The most between‐strata differences in risk of these CRDs were due to the additive main effects.ConclusionDespite meaningful between‐strata inequalities in the risk of being diagnosed with CRDs (except SpA), there were substantial within‐strata heterogeneities that remain unexplained. There was limited evidence of intersectional interaction effects.
Reversible Bioadhesives Using Tannic Acid Primed Thermally‐Responsive Polymers
Authors: Li Bin , Whalen John J. , Humayun Mark S. , Thompson Mark E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA two‐layer approach is reported for the formation of a thermally triggered reversible adhesive, involving a thermally‐responsive polymer matrix coated on tannic acid‐pretreated substrates/tissues. Interfacial adhesion originates from strong molecular interactions of tannic acid with both the polymer matrix and the substrate/tissue. The reversibility is due to a temperature‐triggered phase transition of the polymer matrix, leading to cohesive failure. Depending on different gelation mechanisms, the polymer forms a highly cohesive gel or soft solid upon either warming or cooling, leading to a strong adhesion to the tissues at physiological temperatures. Detachment of the adhesive is triggered by a temperature‐induced compromise of cohesive strength of the polymer matrix, by the opposite gel‐to‐sol transition. This facile, low‐cost, and modular design offers a reversible adhesive platform which is useful for biomedical and industrial applications.
Increasing Photothermal Efficacy by Simultaneous Intra‐ and Intermolecular Fluorescence Quenching
Authors: Du Wei , Chong Yuanyuan , Hu Xiaomu , Wang Yanfang , Zhu Yu , Chen Jihua , Li Xiaoxia , Zhang Qun , Wang Guangfeng , Jiang Jun , Liang Gaolin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRecently, using in situ self‐assembly‐induced fluorescence quenching (i.e., intermolecular quenching denoted herein) of a photothermal agent (PTA) to enhance its photothermal efficiency has proven to be a successful photothermal therapy (PTT) strategy. But to the best of current knowledge, using simultaneous intra‐ and intermolecular fluorescence quenching of a PTA to additionally increase its photothermal efficacy has not been reported. Herein, employing a click condensation reaction and a rationally designed PTA Biotin‐Cystamine‐Cys‐Lys(Cypate)‐CBT (1), a “smart” strategy is developed of intracellular simultaneous intra‐ and intermolecular fluorescence quenching and applied it to largely increase the photothermal efficacy of the agent both in vitro and in vivo. After being internalized by biotin receptor‐overexpressing cancer cells, 1 is reduced by intracellular glutathione to initiate a CBT‐Cys condensation reaction (intramolecular quenching) and self‐assembly (intermolecular quenching) to form the nanoparticles 1‐NPs (simultaneous intra‐ and intermolecular fluorescence quenching). Experimental results indicate that 1‐NPs have higher fluorescence quenching efficiency than the control PTAs [Thiazole‐Lys(Cypate)‐Benzothiazole]2 (1‐Dimer, intramolecular quenching), and nanoparticles of Cystamine‐Cys(Fmoc)‐Lys(Cypate)‐CBT (1‐Fmoc‐NPs, intermolecular quenching). It is envisioned that, by replacing the biotin group on 1 with other targeting warheads, the “smart” strategy is ready to increase the photothermal therapeutic efficiency of their corresponding diseases.
A Self‐Assembled Binary Protein Model Explains High‐Performance Salivary Lubrication from Macro to Nanoscale
Authors: Xu Feng , Liamas Evangelos , Bryant Michael , Adedeji Abimbola Feyisara , Andablo‐Reyes Efren , Castronovo Matteo , Ettelaie Rammile , Charpentier Thibaut V. J. , Sarkar Anwesha 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSalivary pellicle, a spontaneously formed, intricate architecture in the human oral cavity, is a high‐performance bio‐lubricant that coats and protects biological surfaces with varying elastic modulus against frictional damage. Although salivary lubrication underpins the fundamentals of human feeding and speech, the peculiar molecular mechanism behind such lubrication properties remains elusive. For the first time, this work demonstrates a binary model comprised of salivary proteins, mucin, and lactoferrin (LF), forming an electrostatically driven, multilayered self‐assembly that exhibits a lubrication behavior closely resembling that of human saliva, from macro to nanoscale. The multiscale tribological analysis with applied forces ranging from 1 N to 1 nN, supported by real‐time self‐assembly monitoring on hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates differentially resolves the distinct roles played by the salivary proteins of this proposed lubricating model. Evidences reveal that hydrated mucin controls the macromolecular viscous lubrication entrapping water molecules in the mucinous network and LF acts as a “molecular glue” between mucin–mucin and mucin–surface, latter aiding boundary lubrication. This study puts forward an unprecedented molecular model that explains the synergistic lubrication by salivary components. These results can aid into the design routes for synthesizing highly efficacious nature‐inspired aqueous lubricants for future biomedical applications and nutritional technologies.
Biosensors for Personal Mobile Health: A System Architecture Perspective
Authors: Arumugam Siddarth , Colburn David A. M. , Sia Samuel K. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAdvances in mobile biosensors, integrating developments in materials science and instrumentation, are fueling an expansion in health data being collected and analyzed in decentralized settings. For example, semiconductor‐based sensors are enabling measurement of vital signs, and microfluidic‐based sensors are enabling measurement of biochemical markers. As biosensors for mobile health are becoming increasingly paired with smart devices, it can become critical for researchers to design biosensors—with appropriate functionalities and specifications—to work seamlessly with accompanying connected hardware and software. Here, recent research in biosensors, as well as current mobile health devices in use is described and classified into four distinct system architectures that take into account the biosensing and data processing functions required in personal mobile health devices. The path forward for integrating biosensors into smartphone‐based mobile health devices is also discussed.
Monolithic Silica Support for Immobilized Catalysis in Continuous Flow
Authors: Russell M. Grace , Veryser Cedrick , Hunter James F. , Beingessner Rachel L. , Jamison Timothy F. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMonolithic and packed‐bed reactors featuring immobilized catalysts are well‐precedented in continuous flow synthesis but can suffer from adverse pressure drops during use due to their small pore sizes and/or structural changes. Herein, we overcome this challenge with the synthesis of a structurally robust silica‐based monolith featuring pore sizes on the millimeter scale. The 3‐dimensional solid support structure is constructed from a polystyrene foam‐based template and features a functional group handle that can be modified to display a reactive catalyst. Here we functionalize the support with palladium(0) for hydrogenation reactions and a modified proline catalyst for the alpha functionalization of aldehydes. Both reactors showed good activity and excellent catalytic longevity when utilized under continuous flow conditions.magnified image
Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Chalcogenophene‐Fused Indoles from 2‐Alkynylindoles
Authors: Leonel Guilherme , Back Davi F. , Zeni Gilson 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe intramolecular electrophilic cyclization of 3‐organoselanyl‐2‐alkynylindoles providing the synthesis of 3‐iodo‐selenophene‐fused indoles is reported herein. The strategy was extended to the preparation of 3‐iodo‐thiophene‐fused indoles in a one‐pot iodine‐promoted thiolation of 2‐alkynylindoles, followed by an electrophilic cyclization sequence. Besides, the synthesis of 3‐butylselanyl‐selenophene‐fused indoles from 3‐butylselanyl‐2‐alkynylindoles was also developed using iron(III) chloride and dibutyl diselenide to promote the cyclization and functionalization of the heterocycle. The identification of the alkyl halide intermediate afforded evidence to the proposed mechanism, which indicated that the reactions proceed through the formation of an iodonium ion, followed by a selenium 5‐endo‐dig cyclization, to afford the indole derivatives. The 3‐iodo‐selenonophene‐fused indoles prepared were applied as substrates in copper‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions with thiols to give the Ullmann type products in good yields.magnified image
Pyridine(diimine) Iron Diene Complexes Relevant to Catalytic [2+2]‐Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Kennedy C. Rose , Zhong Hongyu , Joannou Matthew V. , Chirik Paul J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activity of pyridine(diimine) iron piperylene and isoprene complexes are described. These diene complexes are competent precatalysts for (i) the selective cross‐[2+2]‐cycloaddition of butadiene or (E)‐piperylene with ethylene and α‐olefins and (ii) the 1,4‐hydrovinylation of isoprene with ethylene. In the former case, kinetic analysis implicated the diamagnetic η4‐piperylene complex as the resting state prior to rate‐determining oxidative cyclization. Variable temperature 1H NMR and EXSY experiments established that diene exchange from the diamagnetic, 18e– complexes occurred rapidly in solution at ambient temperature through a dissociative mechanism. The solid‐state structure of
Fe(η4‐piperylene) (Me(Et)PDI=2,6‐(2,6‐Me2‐C6H3N=CEt)2C5H3N) was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and confirmed the s‐trans coordination of the monosubstituted 1,3‐diene. Possible relationships between ligand‐controlled diene coordination geometry, metallacycle denticity, and chemoselectivity of iron‐mediated cycloaddition reactions are discussed.magnified image
The Case for Observation Medicine Education and Training in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Pena Margarita E. , Wheatley Matthew A. , Suri Pawan , Mace Sharon E. , Kwan Elizabeth , Baugh Christopher W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundMany hospitals have or will be opening an observation unit (OU), the majority managed by the emergency department (ED). Graduating emergency medicine (EM) residents will be expected to have the knowledge and skills necessary to appropriately identify and manage patients in this setting. Our objective is to examine the current state of observation medicine (OM) education and prevalence in EM training.MethodsIn a follow‐up to the 2019 Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) OM Interest Group meeting, we convened an expert panel of OM physicians who are members of both the SAEM OM Interest Group and the American College of Emergency Physicians Section of OM. The panel of six emergency physicians representing geographic diversity was formed. A structured literature review was performed yielding 16 educational publications and sources pertaining to OM education and training across all specialties.Report on the Existing LiteratureOnly a small number of EM residencies have a required or elective OM rotation in an OU. An OM rotation in a protocol‐driven ED OU gives residents experience managing patients in this setting and improves skills integral to EM and part of the EM milestones and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) core competencies: reassessment, disposition decision making, risk stratification, team management, and practicing cost‐appropriate care. Even without a formal rotation, multiple OM educational resources can be incorporated into EM resident education and didactics. Education research opportunity exists.ConclusionsThis panel believes that OM is an important component of EM that should be incorporated into EM residency as the knowledge and skills learned such as risk stratification, disposition decision making, and team management augment those needed for the practice of EM. There is a distinct opportunity for EM educators to better equip their trainees for a career in EM by including OM education and experience in EM residency training.
A Novel Approach to Functionalization of Aryl Azides through the Generation and Reaction of Organolithium Species Bearing Masked Azides in Flow Microreactors
Authors: Ichinari Daisuke , Ashikari Yosuke , Mandai Kyoko , Aizawa Yoko , Yoshida Jun‐ichi , Nagaki Aiichiro 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA novel straightforward method for aryl azides having functional groups based on generation and reactions of aryllithiums bearing a triazene group from polybromoarenes using flow microreactor systems was achieved. The present approach will serve as a powerful method in organolithium chemistry and open a new possibility in the synthesis of polyfunctional organic azides.
SERS Activity of Semiconductors: Crystalline and Amorphous Nanomaterials
Authors: Wang Xiaotian , Guo Lin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSurface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy on semiconductors has attracted increasing attention due to its high spectral reproducibility and unique selectively to target molecules. Recently, endeavors have been made in fabricating novel SERS‐active semiconductor substrates and exploring new enhancement mechanisms to improve the sensitivity of semiconductor substrates. This Minireview explains the enhancement mechanism of the semiconductor SERS effect in a brief tutorial and summarize recent developments of novel semiconductor substrates, in particular with regard to the remarkable SERS activity of amorphous semiconductor nanomaterials. Potential applications of semiconductor SERS are also a key issue of concern. We discuss a variety of promising applications of semiconductor SERS in the fields of in situ analytical chemistry, spectroelectrochemical analysis, biological sensing, and trace detection.
Schrödinger'sWhat is Life?—The 75th Anniversary of a Book that Inspired Biology
Authors: Moberg Christina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn his bookWhat is Life?—The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell, Erwin Schrödinger gives a “naïve physicist's” answer to the question “how can the eventsin space and timewhich take place within the spatial boundary of a living organism be accounted for by physics and chemistry?” Although his book was met with criticism from some of his colleagues, it has had a large impact and has served as profound inspiration for pioneers of molecular biology as well as for later generations of both scientists and laymen.
Site‐Selective, Modular Diversification of Polyhalogenated Aryl Fluorosulfates (ArOSO2F) Enabled by an Air‐Stable PdI Dimer
Authors: Mendel Marvin , Kalvet Indrek , Hupperich Daniel , Magnin Guillaume , Schoenebeck Franziska 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSince 2014, the interest in aryl fluorosulfates (ArOSO2F) as well as their implementation in powerful applications has continuously grown. In this context, the enabling capability of ArOSO2F will strongly depend on the substitution pattern of the arene, which ultimately dictates its overall function as drug candidate, material, or bio‐linker. This report showcases the modular, substrate‐independent, and fully predictable, selective functionalization of polysubstituted arenes bearing C−OSO2F, C−Br, and C−Cl sites, which makes it possible to diversify the arene in the presence of OSO2F or utilize OSO2F as a triflate surrogate. Sequential and triply selective arylations and alkylations were realized within minutes at room temperature, using a single and air‐stable PdI dimer.