bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pathfields Tool: a frailty case-finding tool using primary care IT—implications for population health management
Authors: Attwood David , Boorer James , Ellis Wendy , Earley Michelle , Denovan Jillian , Calkoen Agnies , Hart Gerard , Williams Maria , Burdett Nicholas , Lemon Mel , Hope Suzy , Chisnell Julia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
older people living with frailty benefit from targeted interventions which improve health and independence. However, it has been challenging within primary care to systematically identify patients living with frailty.

Study aims

Methods
primary care IT was re-programmed to create a ‘Pathfields High Risk Cohort’ (PHRC, patients felt likely to have undiagnosed frailty) and invite clinicians to opportunistically assess and diagnose frailty. Results were compared with NHS England’s current approach to frailty identification using Electronic Frailty Index (eFI) to see which approach had the highest diagnostic yield.

Results
the Pathfields Tool identified 1,348 patients in PHRC group, of whom 951 (70.5%) were clinically assessed and diagnosed:
eFI (moderate and severe) identified 683 patients of whom 598 (87.6%) were clinically assessed and diagnosed:
Extrapolated data would estimate frailty prevalence at 22.5% (1,024/4,552) (5.5% severe, 8.8% moderate, and 8.1% mild) in the practice population aged 65+.

Conclusions
the Pathfields Tool identified more patients with clinically confirmed previously undiagnosed frailty than eFI ‘moderate and severe frailty’ alone.
Sub-segmenting frailty by residential status could significantly improve the population health management of older people.
Evaluation of dosing and safety outcomes of low-dose prophylactic warfarin in children after cardiothoracic surgery
Authors: Harkin Maura , Shaddix Brittany Powers , Neely Stephen B , Peek Leigh A , Stephens Katy , Barker Philip , McMullan Lauren , Gormley Andrew , Johnson Peter N 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Purpose
Prophylactic warfarin with an International Normalized Ratio (INR) goal of 1.5 to 2.0 is one antithrombotic therapy utilized in children after cardiothoracic surgery (CTS); published sources suggest a dose of 0.1 mg/kg per day to achieve this goal. However, few studies have evaluated dosing in this population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate dosing and safety outcomes in children receiving warfarin after CTS.

Methods
A descriptive, retrospective review was conducted to evaluate warfarin dosing and INR outcomes in patients 18 years of age or younger who underwent CTS and received prophylactic warfarin with an INR goal of 1.5 to 2.0 from January 2014 through December 2018. The primary objective was to determine the median initial warfarin dose. Secondary objectives included identifying the percentage of documented INR values that were outside the therapeutic range, the percentage of patients with therapeutic INRs at discharge, and the 30-day readmission rate.

Results
Twenty-six patients were included in the review. The median initial warfarin dosage was 0.07 mg/kg/d (interquartile range [IQR], 0.05-0.10 mg/kg/d). Of the total of 177 INR values collected during the entire study period, 67 (37.9%) were therapeutic, 64 (36.2%) were subtherapeutic, and 46 (26.0%) were supratherapeutic. Eighteen patients (69.2%) had at least 1 supratherapeutic INR at any point during the study period, most frequently on days 2 through 4 of therapy. At discharge, 11 patients (42.3%) had therapeutic INRs. Four patients (15.4%) were readmitted within 30 days, with bleeding documented in 2 patients during their readmission.

Conclusion
The majority of patients received an initial warfarin dose less than that specified in published recommendations but still had a supratherapeutic INR at least once during the study period. When initiating warfarin after CTS, a dosage of &lt;0.1 mg/kg per day and frequent monitoring may be needed to achieve an INR goal of 1.5 to 2.0.
Relationship Between Vertical Glabellar Lines and the Supratrochlear and Supraorbital Arteries
Authors: Cotofana Sebastian , Alfertshofer Michael , Frank Konstantin , Bertucci Vince , Beleznay Katie , Nikolis Andreas , Sykes Jonathan , Swift Arthur , Lachman Nirusha , Schenck Thilo L 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Glabellar soft tissue filler injections have been shown to be associated with a high risk of causing injection-related visual compromise.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to identify the course of the superficial branch of the supratrochlear and of the deep branch of the supraorbital artery in relation to the ipsilateral vertical glabellar line and to test whether an artery is located deep to this line.

Methods
Forty-one healthy volunteers with a mean age of 26.17 [9.6] years and a mean BMI of 23.09 [2.3] kg/m2 were analyzed. Ultrasound imaging was applied to measure the diameters, distance from skin surface, distance between the midline, distance between vertical glabella lines, and the cutaneous projection of the supratrochlear/supraorbital arteries at rest and upon frowning.

Results
The mean distance between the superficial branch of the supratrochlear artery and the ipsilateral vertical glabellar line was 10.59 [4.0] mm in males and 8.21 [4.0] mm in females, whereas it was 22.38 [5.5] mm for the supraorbital artery in males and 20.73 [5.6] mm in females. Upon frowning, a medial shift in supratrochlear arterial position of 1.63 mm in males and 1.84 mm in females and of 3.9 mm in supraorbital arterial position for both genders was observed. The mean depth of the supratrochlear artery was 3.34 [0.6] mm at rest, whereas the depth of the supraorbital artery was 3.54 [0.8] mm.

Conclusions
The hypothesis that injecting soft tissue fillers next to the vertical glabellar line is safe because the supratrochlear artery courses deep to the crease should be rejected. Additionally, the glabella and the supraorbital region should be considered as an area of mobile, rather than static, soft tissues.
GLASSgo in Galaxy: high-throughput, reproducible and easy-to-integrate prediction of sRNA homologs
Authors: Schäfer Richard A , Lott Steffen C , Georg Jens , Grüning Björn A , Hess Wolfgang R , Voß Björn 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Motivation
The correct prediction of bacterial sRNA homologs is a prerequisite for many downstream analyses based on comparative genomics, but it is frequently challenging due to the short length and distinct heterogeneity of such homologs. GLobal Automatic Small RNA Search go (GLASSgo) is an efficient tool for the prediction of sRNA homologs from a single input query. To make the algorithm available to a broader community, we offer a Docker container along with a free-access web service. For non-computer scientists, the web service provides a user-friendly interface. However, capabilities were lacking so far for batch processing, version control and direct interaction with compatible software applications as a workflow management system can provide.

Results
Here, we present GLASSgo 1.5.2, an updated version that is fully incorporated into the workflow management system Galaxy. The improved version contains a new feature for extracting the upstream regions, allowing the search for conserved promoter elements. Additionally, it supports the use of accession numbers instead of the outdated GI numbers, which widens the applicability of the tool.

Availability and implementation
GLASSgo is available at https://github.com/lotts/GLASSgo/ under the MIT license and is accompanied by instruction and application data. Furthermore, it can be installed into any Galaxy instance using the Galaxy ToolShed.
The cognitive consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic: collateral damage?
Authors: Ritchie Karen , Chan Dennis , Watermeyer Tam 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) will be principally defined in terms of remission from respiratory symptoms; however, both clinical and animal studies have shown that coronaviruses may spread to the nervous system. A systematic search on previous viral epidemics revealed that while there has been relatively little research in this area, clinical studies have commonly reported neurological disorders and cognitive difficulties. Little is known with regard to their incidence, duration or underlying neural basis. The hippocampus appears to be particularly vulnerable to coronavirus infections, thus increasing the probability of post-infection memory impairment, and acceleration of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Future knowledge of the impact of COVID-19, from epidemiological studies and clinical practice, will be needed to develop future screening and treatment programmes to minimize the long-term cognitive consequences of COVID-19.
Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity Between Awake and Isoflurane Anesthetized Marmosets
Authors: Hori Yuki , Schaeffer David J , Gilbert Kyle M , Hayrynen Lauren K , Cléry Justine C , Gati Joseph S , Menon Ravi S , Everling Stefan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a New World primate that is becoming increasingly popular as a preclinical model. To assess functional connectivity (FC) across the marmoset brain, resting-state functional MRI (RS-fMRI) is often performed under isoflurane anesthesia to avoid the effects of motion, physiological stress, and training requirements. In marmosets, however, it remains unclear how isoflurane anesthesia affects patterns of FC. Here, we investigated the effects of isoflurane on FC when delivered with either medical air or 100% pure oxygen, two canonical methods of inhalant isoflurane anesthesia delivery. The results demonstrated that when delivered with either medical air or 100% oxygen, isoflurane globally decreased FC across resting-state networks that were identified in awake marmosets. Generally, although isoflurane globally decreased FC in resting-state networks, the spatial structure of the networks was preserved. Outside of the context of RS networks, we indexed pair-wise functional connectivity between regions across the brain and found that isoflurane substantially altered interhemispheric and thalamic FC. Taken together, these findings indicate that RS-fMRI under isoflurane anesthesia is useful to evaluate the global structure of functional networks, but may obfuscate important nodes of some network components when compared to data acquired in fully awake marmosets.
Skeletal and dentoalveolar effects using tooth-borne and tooth-bone-borne RME appliances: a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up
Authors: Bazargani Farhan , Lund Henrik , Magnuson Anders , Ludwig Björn 
Published: May 2020

Summary

Objectives
To evaluate and compare the skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of tooth-borne (TB) and tooth-bone-borne (TBB) rapid maxillary expansion (RME).

Materials and methods
Fifty-two consecutive patients who met the eligibility criteria were recruited and allocated to either the TB group, mean age 9.3 years [standard deviation (SD) 1.3], or the TBB group, mean age 9.5 years (SD 1.2). Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) records and plaster models were taken before (T0), directly after (T1), and 1 year after expansion (T2). Dentoalveolar and skeletal measurements were made on the CBCT images. The dental expansion was also measured on the plaster models.

Randomization
Participants were randomly allocated in blocks of different sizes using the concealed allocation principle in a 1:1 ratio. The randomization list was also stratified by sex to ensure homogeneity between groups.

Blinding
Due to clinical limitations, only the outcomes assessors were blinded to the groups to which the patients were allocated.

Results
Skeletal expansion in the midpalatal suture and at the level of the nasal cavity was significantly higher in the TBB group. However, the magnitude of the expansion in the midpalatal suture was around 1 mm [95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 0.5–1.7, P = 0.001] more and perhaps not clinically significant. The magnitude of the expansion at the level of the nasal cavity was almost two times higher in the TBB group (95 per cent CI 0.7–2.6, P = 0.001). The dental expansion, alveolar bending, tipping of the molars, and stability 1 year post-expansion did not show any statistically significant differences between the groups. The actual direct cost of the treatment for the TBB group was approximately €300 higher than TB group.

Limitations
Double blinding was not possible due to the clinical limitations.

Conclusions
In young preadolescents with constricted maxilla and no signs of upper airway obstruction, it seems that conventional TB RME achieves the same clinical results with good stability 1 year post-expansion at lower cost.

Trial registration
The trial was not registered.
Trade wars: What do they mean? Why are they happening now? What are the costs?
Authors: Mattoo Aaditya , Staiger Robert W 
Published: May 2020

SUMMARY
How should economists interpret current trade wars and the recent US trade actions that have initiated them? In this paper, we offer an interpretation of current US trade actions that are at once more charitable and less forgiving than that typically offered by economic commentators. More charitable, because we argue that it is possible to see a logic to these actions: the United States is initiating a change from ‘rules-based’ to ‘power-based’ tariff bargaining and is selecting countries with which it runs bilateral trade deficits as the most suitable targets of its bargaining tariffs. Less forgiving, because the main costs of these trade tactics cannot be avoided even if they happen to ‘work’ and deliver lower tariffs. Rather, we show that the main costs will arise from the use of the tactics themselves and from the damage done by those tactics to the rules-based multilateral trading system and the longer-term interests of the United States and the rest of the world. JEL codes: F02, F13
Measuring family caregivers’ experience of interprofessional care for patients and families: development of the Japanese version of the Caregivers’ Experience Instrument
Authors: Nakayama Gen , Masumoto Shoichi , Haruta Junji , Maeno Tetsuhiro 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Improving individuals’ experience of care is now a critical goal of health care systems. Although a number of instruments have been developed to measure experience of care, few instruments measure family caregivers’ experience of interprofessional care for patients and families.

Objective
To develop the Japanese version of the Caregivers’ Experience Instrument (J-IEXPAC CAREGIVERS) and to investigate its validity in assessing quality of integrated care for both patients with chronic conditions and their family caregivers, from the caregivers’ perspective, in Japan.

Methods
We used a cross-sectional questionnaire survey to test the validity and internal consistency of J-IEXPAC CAREGIVERS. Four hundred family caregivers were recruited in three municipalities. We evaluated the feasibility, structural validity, internal consistency and hypothesis testing for construct validity of the scale.

Results
A total of 274 (68.5%) questionnaires were analysed. Confirmatory factor analysis showed acceptable model fit for the hypothesized two-factor model according to fit indices, as identified for the original version: attention for the patient and attention for the caregiver. Cronbach’s alpha for score in J-IEXPAC CAREGIVERS with 12 items was high (0.92). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient between overall caregiver satisfaction and J-IEXPAC CAREGIVERS score was 0.71. Family caregivers who experienced home-visit services had significantly (P = 0.001) higher total scores than those who did not.

Conclusions
This pilot study showed that the J-IEXPAC CAREGIVERS is valid and reliable. This scale can be useful for evaluating quality of integrated care, with focus on family caregivers and patients with chronic conditions in Japan.
Do Big Five Personality Traits Moderate the Effects of Stressful Life Events on Health Trajectories? Evidence From the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Mitchell Lauren L , Zmora Rachel , Finlay Jessica M , Jutkowitz Eric , Gaugler Joseph E 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Theory suggests that individuals with higher neuroticism have more severe negative reactions to stress, though empirical work examining the interaction between neuroticism and stressors has yielded mixed results. The present study investigated whether neuroticism and other Big Five traits moderated the effects of recent stressful life events on older adults’ health outcomes.

Method
Data were drawn from the subset of Health and Retirement Study participants who completed a Big Five personality measure (N = 14,418). We used latent growth curve models to estimate trajectories of change in depressive symptoms, self-rated physical health, and C-reactive protein levels over the course of 10 years (up to six waves). We included Big Five traits and stressful life events as covariates to test their effects on each of these three health outcomes. We examined stressful life events within domains of family, work/finances, home, and health, as well as a total count across all event types.

Results
Big Five traits and stressful life events were independently related to depressive symptoms and self-rated health. There were no significant interactions between Big Five traits and stressful life events. C-reactive protein levels were unrelated to Big Five traits and stressful life events.

Discussion
Findings suggest that personality and stressful life events are important predictors of health outcomes. However, we found little evidence that personality moderates the effect of major stressful events across a 2-year time frame. Any heightened reactivity related to high neuroticism may be time-limited to the months immediately after a major stressful event.
Deformation of a spherical, viscoelastic, and incompressible Earth for a point load with periodic time change
Authors: Tang He , Dong Jie , Zhang Lan , Sun Wenke 
Published: May 2020

SUMMARY
Planetary-scale mass redistributions occur on Earth for certain spatiotemporal periods, and these surface mass changes excite the global periodic loading deformations of a viscoelastic Earth. However, the characteristics of periodic viscoelastic deformations have not been well investigated even in a simple earth model. In this study, we derive the semi-analytical Green's functions (fully analytical Love numbers) for long-standing point sources with given periods using a modified asymptotic scheme in a homogeneous Maxwell spherical earth model. Here, the asymptotic scheme is needed in order to obtain accurate semi-analytical time-dependent Green's functions. The amplitudes and phases of the Green's functions may be biased if only the series summations of the Love numbers are used because the influence of viscoelasticity is degree-dependent. We compare the viscoelastic and elastic periodic Green's functions with different material viscosities and loading periods and investigate the amplitude increase percentage and phase delay of the periodic displacement and geoid change. For example, our analysis revealed that the viscosity increases the amplitude by 40–120 per cent and delays the phase approximately −100° to 60° for the displacement and geoid change when bearing a 10-yr loading period, assuming a viscosity of 1018 Pa s and a shear modulus 4 × 1010 Pa.
Alexandrov–Bakelman–Pucci-Type Estimate for Plurisubharmonic Functions
Authors: Dinew Sławomir , Dinew Żywomir 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We prove an optimal Alexandrov–Bakelman–Pucci-type estimate for plurisubharmonic functions without assuming their continuity. This generalizes a result of Wang. As a corollary, we generalize an estimate from [15]. We also address a problem posed in [29].
Injuries on the Youth Soccer (Football) Field: Do Additional Referees Reduce Risk? Randomized Crossover Trial
Authors: Schwebel David C , Long D Leann , McClure Leslie A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objective
Youth soccer injury can be prevented through various means, but few studies consider the role of referees. Following previous research suggesting children take fewer risks when supervised intensely, this randomized crossover trial evaluated whether risky play and injuries decrease under supervision from three referees instead of one referee.

Methods
Youth soccer clubs serving a metropolitan U.S. area participated. Boys’ and girls’ clubs at under age 10 (U10) and under age 11 (U11) levels were randomly assigned such that when the same clubs played each other twice in the same season, they played once with one referee and once with three referees. A total of 98 games were videotaped and subsequently coded to obtain four outcomes: collisions between players, aggressive fouls (involving physical player-to-player contact) called by the referee(s) on the field, aggressive fouls judged by trained coders, and injuries requiring adult attention or play stoppage.

Results
Poisson mixed model results suggest players in the 98 games committed fewer aggressive fouls, as identified independently by referees (rate ratio [RR] 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35–0.96) and by researchers (RR 0.67; 95% CI 0.50–0.90), when there were three referees versus one referee. Collisions (RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.86–1.12) and injury rates (RR 1.15; 95% CI 0.60–2.19) were similar across conditions.

Conclusion
When the same youth soccer clubs played with three referees rather than one, they committed fewer aggressive fouls. More intense supervision created better rule adherence. Injury rates were unchanged with increased supervision. Results raise questions concerning whether financial investment in additional referees on youth soccer fields yields safety benefits.
Types of Assays for SARS-CoV-2 Testing: A Review
Authors: Smithgall Marie C , Dowlatshahi Mitra , Spitalnik Steven L , Hod Eldad A , Rai Alex J 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Clinical laboratory testing routinely provides actionable results, which help direct patient care in the inpatient and outpatient settings. Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has been causing disease (COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019]) in patients, beginning in China and now extending worldwide. In this context of a novel viral pandemic, clinical laboratories have developed multiple novel assays for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and for managing patients afflicted with this illness. These include molecular and serologic-based tests, some with point-of-care testing capabilities. Herein, we present an overview of the types of testing available for managing patients with COVID-19, as well as for screening of potential plasma donors who have recovered from COVID-19.
An epistemic interpretation of the posterior likelihood ratio distribution
Authors: Meester Ronald , Slooten Klaas 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Often the expression of a likelihood ratio involves model parameters θ. This fact prompted many researchers to argue that a likelihood ratio should be accompanied by a confidence interval, as one would do when estimating θ itself. We first argue against this, based on our view of the likelihood ratio as a function of our knowledge of the model parameters, rather than being a function of the parameters themselves. There is, however, another interval that can be constructed, and which has been introduced in the literature. This is the interval obtained upon sampling from the so-called ‘posterior likelihood ratio distribution’, after removing, say, the most extreme 5% of a sample from this distribution. Although this construction appears in the literature, its interpretation remained unclear, as explicitly acknowledged in the literature. In this article we provide an interpretation: the posterior likelihood ratio distribution tells us which likelihood ratios we can expect if we were to obtain more information. As such, it can play a role in decision making procedures, for instance about the question whether or not it is worthwhile to try to obtain more data. The posterior likelihood ratio distribution has no relevance for the evidential value of the current data with our current knowledge. We illustrate all this with a number of examples.