bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pictorial Cigarette Pack Warnings Increase Some Risk Appraisals But Not Risk Beliefs: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Noar Seth M , Rohde Jacob A , Barker Joshua O , Hall Marissa G , Brewer Noel T 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Pictorial warnings on cigarette packs motivate smokers to quit, and yet the warnings’ theoretical mechanisms are not clearly understood. To clarify the role that risk appraisals play in pictorial warnings’ impacts, we conducted a meta-analysis of the experimental literature. We meta-analyzed 57 studies, conducted in 13 countries, with a cumulative N of 42,854. Pictorial warnings elicited greater cognitive elaboration (e.g., thinking about the risks of smoking; d = 1.27; p &lt; .001) than text-only warnings. Pictorial warnings also elicited more fear and other negative affect (d = .60; p &lt; .001). In contrast, pictorial warnings had no impact on perceived likelihood of harm (d = .03; p = .064), perceived severity (d = .16; p = .244), or experiential risk (d = .06; p = .449). Thus, while pictorial warnings increase affective and some cognitive risk appraisals, they do not increase beliefs about disease risk. We discuss the role of negative affect in warning effectiveness and the implications for image selection and warning implementation.
Comparison of two multiplex immunochromatographic assays for the rapid detection of major carbapenemases in Enterobacterales
Authors: Bogaerts Pierre , Berger Anne-Sophie , Evrard Stéphanie , Huang Te-Din 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Two commercially available lateral flow immunochromatographic assays (ICAs) for detection of the major carbapenemases were prospectively assessed for the detection of carbapenemases in Enterobacterales: RESIST-4 O.K.N.V. (Coris BioConcept) and NG-Test CARBA 5 (NG Biotech).

Methods
These two assays were performed prospectively on consecutive Enterobacterales suspected of producing a carbapenemase that were referred to the Belgian National Reference Center for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria between March and June 2018. The intensity of the band corresponding to a carbapenemase for each test was compared using ImageJ software.

Results
Of the 161 isolates tested, a carbapenemase was detected in 91 (60 OXA-48-like, 15 VIM, 9 KPC, 5 NDM, 1 IMP and 1 IMP + OXA-48); in the remaining 70, no carbapenemases were detected. For both tests, the results were 100% concordant with the results of the PCR-sequencing reference method. Two IMP producers were only detected by NG-Test CARBA 5 as IMP is not targeted by RESIST-4 O.K.N.V. The mean intensity of the OXA-48, VIM and NDM bands displayed by NG-Test CARBA 5 was 3 to 3.7 times higher than for RESIST-4 O.K.N.V., while the KPC band was on average 1.7 times more intense with RESIST-4 O.K.N.V.

Conclusions
RESIST-4 O.K.N.V. and NG-Test CARBA 5 are two efficient assays for identification of the major carbapenemases. NG-Test CARBA 5 offers the advantage of detecting IMP, which remains rare in Western countries.
Postburn Nasal Reconstruction With Distally Based Radial Artery Perforator Flap: A Novel Technique
Authors: Karki Durga , Muthukumar Vamseedharan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPostburn total nasal reconstruction associated with face burns is challenge to all reconstructive surgeons. The local tissue flaps for reconstruction is virtually out of options, forcing surgeons to opt for distant tissues for nasal reconstruction. Here in, we have described the use of distally based radial artery perforator flap for total postburn nasal reconstruction which has not been described for nasal reconstruction. The anatomy and technique of the flap and case series is presented in this report. Two cases of total nasal reconstruction using the distally based radial artery perforator flap are presented, one case post thermal burn and another post chemical burn. Radial artery distal perforator-based pedicled flap is a versatile option for nasal reconstruction especially when there is a paucity of unscarred skin in loco regional options.
An iterative method of statistical tolerancing based on the unified Jacobian–Torsor model and Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Peng Heping , Peng Zhuoqun 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper focuses on exploring an iterative method of statistical tolerance design to guide designers to select tolerances more economically and effectively. After having identified the assembly functional requirement (FR) and the functional elements (FEs) of corresponding tolerance chain, the expression of a unified Jacobian–Torsor model can be derived. Monte Carlo simulation is employed to generate random variables simulating the variations of small displacement torsor associated with the FE pairs with all the generated random values being within the intervals constrained by the corresponding tolerance zones. Then, the real multiplication operations are repeatedly executed to this model, a large number of real torsor component values of FR will be obtained and we can perform statistical analysis for these simulated data to get the statistical limits of the assembly FR in the desired direction. The tolerances of critical FEs may need to be adjusted to satisfy the assembly FR imposed by the designer, and the percentage contribution of each FE to the assembly FR can help determine these critical tolerances that need to be tightened or loosened. Once the calculated FR is in close agreement with the imposed FR, the iterative process can be stopped, and the statistical tolerance redesign is achieved. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated with a case study. Compared with the deterministic tolerancing method, the results show that the proposed method is more economical and that can relax significantly the precision required, manufacturing and inspection costs can then be reduced considerably.
Health-related quality of life in Japanese patients with prostate cancer following proton beam therapy: an institutional cohort study
Authors: Matsukawa Kyoko , Arimura Takeshi , Orita Makiko , Kondo Hisayoshi , Chuman Ikuko , Ogino Takashi , Taira Yasuyuki , Kudo Takashi , Takamura Noboru 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objective
Many treatment options have guaranteed long-term survival in patients with localized prostate cancer and health-related quality of life has become a greater concern for those patients. The purpose of this study was to reveal the health-related quality of life after proton beam therapy and to clarify the differences from other treatment modalities for prostate cancer.

Methods
Between January 2011 and April 2016, 583 patients were enrolled in the study and health-related quality of life outcomes using the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite questionnaire were evaluated and compared with previous research targeted at Japanese patients.

Results
We found a significant decrease in the least square mean scores for urinary and bowel domains excluding the incontinence subscale after proton beam therapy (P &lt; 0.0001) and recovery at a year following treatment. The scores for sexual function in patients without androgen deprivation therapy decreased each year after proton beam therapy (P &lt; 0.0001). The scores for hormones in patients without androgen deprivation therapy remained high and those of patients with androgen deprivation therapy were lower before treatment but were comparable to those of non-androgen deprivation therapy patients at 2 years post-treatment. We found that the impact of radiotherapy including proton beam therapy on urinary condition and sexual function was lower than that of surgery.

Conclusions
For the first time in Japan, we investigated health-related quality of life using Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite questionnaires in patients with prostate cancer after proton beam therapy and compared it with other treatment modalities.
Rethinking Northern Hardwood Forest Management Paradigms with Silvicultural Systems Research: Research–Management Partnerships Ensure Relevance and Application
Authors: Walters Michael B , Roloff Gary J , Henry Catherine R , Hartman Jason P , Donovan Michael L , Farinosi Evan J , Starking Melissa D 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWell-designed, robust partnerships are important for addressing forest resource problems that intersect diverse ownerships, management, and research expertise. Here, we describe a case study of a research–management partnership. First, we describe the rationale and design of a large-scale, long-term experiment focused on increasing the sustainability and resilience of managed northern hardwoods. With the experiment as context, we next discuss details of the partnership contributing to its success, as well as some challenges. The experiment is a Michigan-wide evaluation of silvicultural alternatives to the current paradigm of selection silviculture. Our goal is to identify combinations of silvicultural treatments that increase the diversity and density of sapling recruits over forested landscapes where deer-browsing pressure and other limiting factors are at play. Pretreatment data from our 140-site study bolstered justification for the research, with sapling and pole classes generally lacking adequate stocking and diversity of desirable species over large geographic extents. We anticipate that the wildlife and forestry research–management model used to develop this project will be useful for other rapidly developing challenges that cannot wait decades to be addressed without potentially catastrophic losses to forest function. Key beneficial elements of our partnership include: (1) sensitivity to information needs at all management levels (i.e., policy to practice), (2) capitalizing on differences in strengths and reward systems of managers and scientists, (3) structured, frequent scientist–manager meetings to maintain focus on research and management application outcomes, (4) long-term relations and support that build trust, and (5) explicit wildlife and forestry collaboration on problems requiring joint expertise. Challenges to our partnership generally revolved around communication, workload, and implementation issues, and were partially alleviated by planning.
Virtual Length and the Two I's of Qaraqosh Neo-Aramaic
Authors: Faust Noam , Lampitelli Nicola 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper examines the differences in form between weak-final (III-j) verbs and strong verbs in the Neo-Aramaic dialect of Qaraqosh (Khan 2002). The analysis, conducted in the autosegmental theory of Strict CV (Lowenstamm 1996, Scheer 2004), derives these differences from the interaction of the common template with the weak radical of weak verbs. In addition, it accounts for two surprising facts about this lan-guage: (i) the distribution of the vowel [I], which only contrasts with other relevant vowels in the final unstressed position; and (ii) the marking, unique among Semitic languages, of a gender distinction in the imperative only on weak verbs. The analysis suggests that both these facts follow from the assumption that [I] is a phonologically short /i/, while a phonologically long /i/ is realized with the quality [i]. It thus argues for non-surface-true ‘virtual’ length.
What patients wish you understood
Authors: Snow Rosamund 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Learning medicine has traditionally meant a strong focus on acute medicine—diagnosing, treating, curing, and concentrating on one part of the body at a time. Traditionally, the doctor has always been the expert, the person we come to when something is wrong, to help make our bodies healthy again. Those skills are still vital, but things are changing in several key ways. This chapter is written from a personal viewpoint on how helping patients manage chronic conditions requires a different set of skills from those used in acute medicine. Diagnosis becomes only a tiny part of the story, because people can live with a long-term condition for a lifetime, and restoring people to full health is often impossible. Dividing the body up into textbook chapters becomes less and less relevant because chronic illnesses can impact on many body parts at once.
Principles of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy
Authors: O’Shaughnessy Kevin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In its widest sense, a drug is any chemical entity that can perturb a biological system. For the purposes of drug therapy, the biological system is the human body and the perturbation is exploited to aid the diagnosis, treatment, or even cure of a disease process. When prescribing for the individual patient, guidelines, formularies, and other prescribing aids are not a substitute for an intelligent clinical approach. The prescriber needs to establish what the patient’s experience and expectations of drug therapy are, and the patient needs to know the likely consequences—both good and bad—of taking any drug that is prescribed. This dialogue is important, since it will often decide whether the patient actually takes the drug as prescribed. Patient compliance is a key variable in the prescribing process, and one over which the doctor often has least control.
Engaging patients in therapeutic development
Authors: Kakkis Emil , Bronstein Max 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Engagement of patients during the development of new treatments has evolved rapidly in the last decade. No longer should patients be viewed as passive subjects of research: they should be active participants in a more open and ambitious ecosystem of academic investigators, companies, and government entities. Enhanced engagement of patients throughout the development process provides important benefits for the introduction of useful and effective drugs by changing the understanding of the disease, the measurement of the disease during treatment, and the interpretation of benefit-risk. This system is critical for the discovery, study, development, regulation, delivery, and use of innovative therapies.
Preventive medicine
Authors: Mant David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Deaths from infectious diseases and trauma usually reflect poverty and political instability. Prevention requires political action to reduce the risk of war and improve the supply of food, clean water, sanitation, and shelter. Preventive medicine can help by controlling spread of infection through vaccination, health education, control of insect vectors, and treatment of disease carriers to prevent onward transmission.
Many effective preventive interventions such as legislation to make seatbelts compulsory or tax tobacco should be targeted at the whole population, whereas preventive medicine provided by clinicians must target individuals. This often requires screening to detect early signs of disease (e.g. HIV infection, cancer) or markers of risk of disease (e.g. high blood pressure, intrauterine growth delay), but clinicians must be clear that something effective can be done to ameliorate the condition detected before any screening is undertaken.
Medical screening
Authors: Wald Nicholas , Law Malcolm 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Medical screening is the systematic application of a test or inquiry to identify individuals at sufficient risk of a specific disorder to benefit from further investigation or direct preventive action (these individuals not having sought medical attention on account of symptoms of that disorder). Key to this definition is that the early detection of disease is not an end in itself; bringing forward a diagnosis without altering the prognosis is useless and may be harmful. Before a potential screening test is introduced into practice it must be shown to prevent death or serious disability from the disease to an extent sufficient to justify the human and financial costs. Where a detection rate cannot be directly determined (e.g. in cancer screening, or if the efficacy of the intervention is uncertain), a randomized trial is needed to show that screening and subsequent treatment reduce disease-specific mortality.
Health promotion
Authors: de Leeuw Evelyne 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The ‘Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion’ (1986) remains a benchmark for the global health promotion community, but the context for health promotion has changed with increasing recognition of the significance of inequalities in health. Health promotion is a key strategy to deal with the social determinants of health that create these inequities. Attention has shifted from the mere recognition that all public policies may impact on health to active strategies and actions to move health concerns into all policies. Clinicians are key actors in shaping social and cultural priorities and beliefs: they should be committed to the reduction of health inequity, with health promotion as a core commitment and responsibility.
Deprivation and health
Authors: Burns Harry 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The health of an individual is influenced by the circumstances in which he or she lives. Individuals who live in poverty are more likely to be unhealthy and die younger than individuals who are wealthy. The mechanism by which complex social circumstances cause health inequalities might be a failure to create capacity to manage life’s challenges. Most agree that well-being is created where individuals have an optimistic outlook, a sense that they are in control of their own lives, a sense of purpose and meaning in life, confidence in their ability to deal with problems, a supportive network of friends, and a nurturing family. If society is serious about tackling health inequalities, action needs to happen across the life course.
How much should rich countries’ governments spend on healthcare?
Authors: Pollock Allyson M. , Price David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The argument commonly made by politicians in richer countries is that a universal health system is unaffordable because of the enormous gains in life expectancy leading to an ageing population, and that market-driven competition and choice is preferred because it increases efficiency. There is no evidence to support these claims, and evidence to the contrary on both counts. The ageing of the population contributes little to the overall growth in expenditure, which is largely attributable to increasing marketization of health systems and costs of medicines and technologies. Many countries have decided that universal healthcare is the hallmark of a civilized society and that it is both necessary and affordable for governments to legislate for its citizens to that end.
Regulation versus innovation in medicine
Authors: Rawlins Michael 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Two tragedies created drug regulatory authorities in the form they exist today. The marketing in 1937 of an elixir of sulphanilamide using diethyl alcohol as the solvent led to over 100 children dying from acute kidney injury. The use from 1957 of thalidomide as a treatment for morning sickness led to the development of phocomelia (and other abnormalities) in the fetuses of about 10 000 mothers who had been given it during their pregnancies. Drug regulatory authorities initially tended to be risk averse, but now recognize concern that the process of drug regulation might inhibit the development and licensing of novel products. They now pursue a more risk-based approach to regulation and seek to support safe innovation, with arrangements including scientific advice programmes, orphan drug approval processes, and expedited approval processes, although these are not without their critics.
Human disasters
Authors: Sen Amartya 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Human disasters, as massive misfortunes long recorded over history, have great importance for medicine, rightly prompting the call for prevention, relief, and practical intervention by medical personnel. But why do human disasters happen? A sharp distinction is sometimes drawn between natural disasters (e.g. earthquakes), and social disasters (e.g. wars), but detailed knowledge often shows that this contrast is not always clear: many disasters have mixed causes. Taking the example of famines. These are popularly understood in terms of food output decline, yet many famines have occurred without any decline in food production. Such misunderstanding has been responsible for the loss of millions of lives, mainly by undermining the role of social intervention. Starvation is a characteristic of some people not having enough food to eat, not of there being not enough food in the economy. Even when nature plays a part in human disasters, society can make a huge difference.
Apoptosis in health and disease
Authors: Arends Mark J. , Gregory Christopher D. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Apoptosis is the process by which single cells die in the midst of living tissues. It is responsible for most—perhaps all—of the cell death events that occur during the formation of the early embryo and the sculpting of organs. Apoptotic cell death continues to play a critical role in the maintenance of cell numbers in those tissues in which cell turnover persists into adult life, such as the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract, the bone marrow, and lymphoid system including both B- and T-cell lineages. This chapter gives an overview of apoptosis in health and disease. Apoptosis appears in the reactions of many tissues to injury, including mild degrees of ischaemia, exposure to ionizing and ultraviolet radiation, or treatment with cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. Excessive or too little apoptosis play a significant part in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity, infectious disease, AIDS, stroke, myocardial disease, and cancer.
Stem cells and regenerative medicine
Authors: Joannides Alexis J. , Selvaraj Bhuvaneish T. , Chandran Siddharthan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
There is a great and unmet need for treatments that will deliver restorative solutions to patients with diseases hitherto considered irreparable. Advances in human pluripotent stem cell biology and gene-editing technology offer unprecedented opportunities for both drug discovery and translational therapies that will likely herald a new chapter of regenerative and personalized medicine. Consideration of three major target conditions for regenerative medicine—Parkinson’s disease, heart failure, and diabetes mellitus—emphasizes distinct and common challenges that must be overcome in order to realize the stem cell promise. Novel approaches to induce pluripotency from differentiated somatic cells and targeted genetic manipulation of stem cell populations, along with new insights derived from improved understanding of human pluripotent stem cell biology and increased recognition of endogenous stem cells, offers a range of mechanisms through which stem cells may be therapeutic.
The innate immune system
Authors: Bowness Paul 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The innate immune system comprises evolutionarily ancient mechanisms that mediate first-line responses against microbial pathogens, and are also important in priming and execution of adaptive immune responses, and in defence against tumours. These responses, which recognize microbial non-self, damaged self, and absent self, are characterized by rapidity of action and they involve various different cell types, cell-associated receptors, and soluble factors. Previously thought to lack plasticity or memory, certain innate immune responses have recently been shown to be capable of ‘learning’ or ‘training’. Most cells of the innate immune system are derived from the myeloid precursors in the bone marrow. These include monocytes and their derivatives—macrophages and dendritic cells, blood granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils), and tissue mast cells.