bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detrital remanent magnetization of single-crystal silicates with magnetic inclusions: constraints from deposition experiments
Authors: Chang Liao , Hong Hoabin , Bai Fan , Wang Shishun , Pei Zhaowen , Paterson Greig A , Heslop David , Roberts Andrew P , Huang Baochun , Tauxe Lisa , Muxworthy Adrian R 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARY
Quasi-linear field-dependence of remanence provides the foundation for sedimentary relative palaeointensity studies that have been widely used to understand past geomagnetic field behaviour and to date sedimentary sequences. Flocculation models are often called upon to explain this field dependence and the lower palaeomagnetic recording efficiency of sediments. Several recent studies have demonstrated that magnetic-mineral inclusions embedded within larger non-magnetic host silicates are abundant in sedimentary records, and that they can potentially provide another simple explanation for the quasi-linear field dependence. In order to understand how magnetic inclusion-rich detrital particles acquire sedimentary remanence, we carried out depositional remanent magnetization (DRM) experiments on controlled magnetic inclusion-bearing silicate particles (10–50 μm in size) prepared from gabbro and mid-ocean ridge basalt samples. Deposition experiments confirm that the studied large silicate host particles with magnetic mineral inclusions can acquire a DRM with accurate recording of declination. We observe a silicate size-dependent inclination shallowing, whereby larger silicate grains exhibit less inclination shallowing. The studied sized silicate samples do not have distinct populations of spherical or platy particles, so the observed size-dependence inclination shallowing could be explained by a ‘rolling ball’ model whereby larger silicate particles rotate less after depositional settling. We also observe non-linear field-dependent DRM acquisition in Earth-like magnetic fields with DRM behaviour depending strongly on silicate particle size, which could be explained by variable magnetic moments and silicate sizes. Our results provide direct evidence for a potentially widespread mechanism that could contribute to the observed variable recording efficiency and inclination shallowing of sedimentary remanences.
In the name of COVID-19: legitimizing the exclusion of community participation in Ecuador’s health policy
Authors: Torres Irene , López-Cevallos Daniel 
Published: November 2020

Summary
Global shifts toward a disease-oriented, vertical approach to health has involved limiting the right for communities to participate in decision-making. Ecuador’s authoritarian legacy has forced civil society and social organizations to adopt ‘coping strategies’, while large protests recently derived into violent struggles. The country has been severely hit by the COVID-19 pandemic amid corruption scandals involving hospital and food purchases by government during the response. This study critically examines how Ecuador’s government took into consideration ‘community participation’ as a value and tenet of health promotion. Our systematic textual analysis focuses on 53 consecutive resolutions by the National Emergency Operations Committee (EOC) leading the decision-making processes, which, explicitly requires community participation. Results show that the ‘lifecycle’ of the central government’s evolving policy framing centered on law enforcement and the private sector, followed by the social sector. Further, there is no evidence of stakeholders from civil society or organizations taking part in decision-making. Having legitimized the exclusion of community participation in Ecuador’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is possible that the government will fail to consider the wider social implications of its impact. In particular, the limits to local governments becoming informed and making decisions without mediation by the National EOC will further impede community participation in health decision-making in the future. This implies that local knowledge and experiences will also not inform health policy.
Exposure to breastfeeding and risk of developing multiple sclerosis
Authors: Baldin Elisa , Daltveit Anne Kjersti , Cortese Marianna , Riise Trond , Pugliatti Maura 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Early-life factors are reported to modulate the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) among adults. The association between exposure to breastfeeding and the risk of MS is debated. We aimed to disclose whether past exposure to breastfeeding and its duration are associated with the risk of developing MS.

Methods
We used a cohort design linking prospectively collected information on breastfeeding from the Cohort of Norway community-based surveys on health status (CONOR) with the Norwegian MS Registry and the population-based Medical Birth Registry of Norway that includes information on all births in Norway since 1967. MS clinical onset was collected throughout 2016. A total of 95 891 offspring born between 1922 and 1986 to mothers participating in CONOR were included. We identified 215 offspring within this cohort who developed adult-onset MS. Associations between breastfeeding and MS risk were estimated as hazard ratios using Cox proportional hazard models adjusting for maternal factors including education.

Results
We found no association between having been breastfed for ≥4 months and MS risk, also after adjusting for various maternal factors (hazard ratio = 0.90; 95% confidence interval 0.68–1.19). The estimates did not change for different durations of breastfeeding. The results were similar when adjusting for other perinatal factors.

Conclusion
Our study could not confirm previous findings of an association between breastfeeding and risk of MS. Breastfeeding information was less likely to be biased by knowledge of disease compared with case–control studies.
Educational note: addressing special cases of bias that frequently occur in perinatal epidemiology
Authors: Neophytou Andreas M , Kioumourtzoglou Marianthi-Anna , Goin Dana E , Darwin Kristin C , Casey Joan A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The epidemiologic study of pregnancy and birth outcomes may be hindered by several unique and challenging issues. Pregnancy is a time-limited period in which severe cohort attrition takes place between conception and birth and adverse outcomes are complex and multi-factorial. Biases span those familiar to epidemiologists: selection, confounding and information biases. Specific challenges include conditioning on potential intermediates, how to treat race/ethnicity, and influential windows of prolonged, seasonal and potentially time-varying exposures. Researchers studying perinatal outcomes should be cognizant of the potential pitfalls due to these factors and address their implications with respect to formulating questions of interest, choice of an appropriate analysis approach and interpretations of findings given assumptions. In this article, we catalogue some of the more important potential sources of bias in perinatal epidemiology that have more recently gained attention in the literature, provide the epidemiologic context behind each issue and propose practices for dealing with each issue to the extent possible.
Meaning and Grammar in the light of Corpus Pattern Analysis
Authors: Hanks Patrick , Ma Wulin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article presents an interview with Professor Patrick Hanks, a British lexicographer and corpus linguist, who proposes a new approach – a corpus-driven, phraseological approach – to lexicography. Hanks has developed a procedure called Corpus Pattern Analysis (CPA), which is the foundation of The Pattern Dictionary of English Verbs (in progress). The basic aim of CPA is to explore the relationship between word meaning and patterns of word use. Hanks maintains that the verb is ‘the pivot of the clause’. Verb meanings – or, rather, the meanings of clauses – are mapped onto phraseological patterns, rather than just being listed for words in isolation. Associated with this is the Theory of Norms and Exploitations (TNE), which was discussed in his monograph published by MIT Press in 2013. In this interview, Professor Hanks outlines his vision of a phraseological dictionary of the future (an alternative to WordNet). He discusses meaning and grammar in the light of Corpus Pattern Analysis. Specifically, he explains the procedure of Corpus Pattern Analysis, and the objectives of the Pattern Dictionary of English Verbs (PDEV), including the light that such work can shed on the relationship between language and logic. He discusses the relationship between PDEV and English grammar, his evaluation of generative linguistics, and his views on Noam Chomsky. He also highlights the contributions made by linguists of the past to the understanding of the nature of meaning in language. He goes on to suggest that any new bilingual dictionary with Chinese as a source language should be based on careful analyses of actual language use, both in Chinese and in the various target languages.
Bulk-Deformed Potentials for Toric Fano Surfaces, Wall-Crossing, and Period
Authors: Hong Hansol , Lin Yu-Shen , Zhao Jingyu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We provide an inductive algorithm to compute the bulk-deformed potentials for toric Fano surfaces via wall-crossing techniques and a tropical–holomorphic correspondence theorem for holomorphic discs. As an application of the correspondence theorem, we also prove a big quantum period theorem for toric Fano surfaces, which relates the log descendant Gromov–Witten invariants with the oscillatory integrals of the bulk-deformed potentials.
Degree of irrationality of a very general abelian variety
Authors: Colombo Elisabetta , Martin Olivier , Naranjo Juan Carlos , Pirola Gian Pietro 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Consider a very general abelian variety $A$ of dimension at least $3$ and an integer $0&lt;d\leq \dim A$. We show that if the map $A^k\to CH_0(A)$ has a $d$-dimensional fiber then $k\geq d+(\dim A+1)/2$. This extends results of the second-named author which covered the cases $d=1,2$. As a geometric application, we prove that any dominant rational map from a very general abelian $g$-fold to $\mathbb{P}^g$ has degree at least $(3g+1)/2$ for $g\geq 3$, thus improving results of Alzati and the last-named author in the case of a very general abelian variety.
Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of Bivalent Oral Poliovirus Vaccine and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine in Nigerian Children
Authors: Tagbo Beckie N , Verma Harish , Mahmud Zubairu M , Ernest Kolade , Nnani Roosevelt O , Chukwubike Chinedu , Craig Kehinde T , Hamisu Abdullahi , Weldon William C , Oberste Steven M , Jeyaseelan Visalakshi , Braka Fiona , Mkanda Pascal , Esangbedo Dorothy , Olowu Adebiyi , Nwaze Eric , Sutter Roland W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
We conducted a trial in Nigeria to assess the immunogenicity of the new bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine + inactivated poliovirus vaccine (bOPV+IPV) immunization schedule and gains in type 2 immunity with addition of second dose of IPV. The trial was conducted in August 2016–March 2017, well past the trivalent OPV-bOPV switch in April 2016.

Methods
This was an open-label, 2-arm, noninferiority, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. We enrolled 572 infants aged ≤14 days and randomized them into 2 arms. Arm A received bOPV at birth, 6, and 10 weeks, bOPV+IPV at week 14, and IPV at week 18. Arm B received IPV each at 6, 10, and 14 weeks and bOPV at 18 weeks of age.

Results
Seroconversion rates for poliovirus types 1 and 3, respectively, were 98.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 96.7–99.8) and 98.1% (95% CI, 88.2–94.8) in Arm A and 89.6% (95% CI, 85.4–93.0) and 98.5% (95% CI, 96.3–99.6) in Arm B. Type 2 seroconversion with 1 dose IPV in Arm A was 72.0% (95% CI, 66.2–77.3), which increased significantly with addition of second dose to 95.9% (95% CI, 92.8–97.9).

Conclusions
This first trial on the new Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) schedule in a sub-Saharan African country demonstrated excellent immunogenicity against poliovirus types 1 and 3 and substantial/enhanced immunogenicity against poliovirus type 2 after 1 to 2 doses of IPV, respectively.
A comparison of general and disease-specific machine learning models for the prediction of unplanned hospital readmissions
Authors: Sutter Thomas , Roth Jan A , Chin-Cheong Kieran , Hug Balthasar L , Vogt Julia E 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUnplanned hospital readmissions are a burden to patients and increase healthcare costs. A wide variety of machine learning (ML) models have been suggested to predict unplanned hospital readmissions. These ML models were often specifically trained on patient populations with certain diseases. However, it is unclear whether these specialized ML models—trained on patient subpopulations with certain diseases or defined by other clinical characteristics—are more accurate than a general ML model trained on an unrestricted hospital cohort. In this study based on an electronic health record cohort of consecutive inpatient cases of a single tertiary care center, we demonstrate that accurate prediction of hospital readmissions may be obtained by general, disease-independent, ML models. This general approach may substantially decrease the cost of development and deployment of respective ML models in daily clinical routine, as all predictions are obtained by the use of a single model.
Multimodal, multitask, multiattention (M3) deep learning detection of reticular pseudodrusen: Toward automated and accessible classification of age-related macular degeneration
Authors: Chen Qingyu , Keenan Tiarnan D.L , Allot Alexis , Peng Yifan , Agrón Elvira , Domalpally Amitha , Klaver Caroline C. W , Luttikhuizen Daniel T , Colyer Marcus H , Cukras Catherine A , Wiley Henry E , Teresa Magone M , Cousineau-Krieger Chantal , Wong Wai T , Zhu Yingying , Chew Emily Y , Lu Zhiyong ,   for the AREDS2 Deep Learning Research Group
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objective
Reticular pseudodrusen (RPD), a key feature of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are poorly detected by human experts on standard color fundus photography (CFP) and typically require advanced imaging modalities such as fundus autofluorescence (FAF). The objective was to develop and evaluate the performance of a novel multimodal, multitask, multiattention (M3) deep learning framework on RPD detection.

Materials and Methods
A deep learning framework (M3) was developed to detect RPD presence accurately using CFP alone, FAF alone, or both, employing &gt;8000 CFP-FAF image pairs obtained prospectively (Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2). The M3 framework includes multimodal (detection from single or multiple image modalities), multitask (training different tasks simultaneously to improve generalizability), and multiattention (improving ensembled feature representation) operation. Performance on RPD detection was compared with state-of-the-art deep learning models and 13 ophthalmologists; performance on detection of 2 other AMD features (geographic atrophy and pigmentary abnormalities) was also evaluated.

Results
For RPD detection, M3 achieved an area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.832, 0.931, and 0.933 for CFP alone, FAF alone, and both, respectively. M3 performance on CFP was very substantially superior to human retinal specialists (median F1 score = 0.644 vs 0.350). External validation (the Rotterdam Study) demonstrated high accuracy on CFP alone (AUROC, 0.965). The M3 framework also accurately detected geographic atrophy and pigmentary abnormalities (AUROC, 0.909 and 0.912, respectively), demonstrating its generalizability.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates the successful development, robust evaluation, and external validation of a novel deep learning framework that enables accessible, accurate, and automated AMD diagnosis and prognosis.
Determination of Total and A1-Type β-Casein in Milk and Milk-Derived Ingredients by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Using Characteristic Tryptic Peptides
Authors: Ehling Stefan , Wang Meibo , Weber Luke 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Gastrointestinal digestion of A1-type β-casein is conducive to β-casomorphin-7 with potential adverse digestive health effects. Monitoring of A1-type β-casein concentration in milk and milk-derived ingredients used in the formulation of A2-type nutritional products with associated health claims is important from a quality standpoint.

Objective
New analytical methods were developed and validated for total and A1-type β-casein in milk and milk-derived ingredients. Data on total and A1-type β-casein concentrations in milk, nonfat dry milk, and whey protein concentrate was generated.

Method
The methods are based on a bottom-up proteomic approach using tryptic marker peptides and stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The measurement includes all protein sequences (intact, modified, and partial) which are potential sources of β-casomorphin-7.

Results
Total β-casein was quantified using a neat calibration curve. Recovery and between-day precision RSD were 98% and 5.8%, respectively. A1-type β-casein was quantified by the method of standard additions. Between-day precision RSD was 7.2% and limit of quantitation was 0.01% in nonfat dry milk. The mass fraction of A1-type β-casein in the β-casein standard was 0.444. Samples manufactured from A2-type milk contained 0.26–5.0% A1-type β-casein relative to total β-casein.

Conclusions
The methods described enable the monitoring of the A1-type β-casein concentration in milk and milk-derived ingredients destined for the manufacture of A2-type products with associated health claims.

Highlights
New methods are presented for the analysis of total and A1-type β-casein in milk and milk-derived ingredients. The mass fraction of A1-type β-casein in a commercial β-casein standard was determined to enable its use as a calibrant.
Identifying and Characterizing a Novel Peritrophic Matrix Protein (MdPM-17) Associated With Antibacterial Response From the Housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Wang Yu , Cheng Jinzhi , Luo Man , Wu Jianwei , Guo Guo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Peritrophic matrix/membrane (PM) critically prevents the midgut of insects from external invasion by microbes. The proteins in the peritrophic membrane are its major structural components. Additionally, they determine the formation and function of this membrane. However, the role of PM proteins in immune regulation is unclear. Herein, we isolated a novel PM protein (MdPM-17) from Musca domestica larvae. Further, the function of MdPM-17 in regulating host innate immunity was identified. Results showed that the cDNA of MdPM-17 full is 635 bp in length. Moreover, it consists of a 477-bp open reading frame encoding 158 amino acid residues. These amino acid residues are composed of two Chitin-binding type-2 domain (ChtBD2) and 19 amino acids as a signal peptide. Moreover, tissue distribution analysis indicates that MdPM-17 was enriched expressed in midgut, and moderate levels in the fat body, foregut, and malpighian tubule. Notably, MdPM-17 recombinant protein showed high chitin-binding capacity, thus belongs to the Class III PM protein group. MdPM-17 protein silencing via RNA interference resulted in the expression of antimicrobial peptide (defensin, cecropins, and diptericin) genes, and this occurred after oral inoculation with exogenous microbes Escherichia coli (Enterobacteriales:Enterobacteriaceae), Staphylococcus aureus (Bacillales:Staphylococcaceae), and Candida albicans (Endomycetales:Saccharomycetaceae)). Therefore, all the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene expression levels are high in MdPM-17-depleted larvae during microbial infection compared to controls. Consequently, these findings indicate that MdPM-17 protein is associated with the antibacterial response from the housefly.
The Uses and Advantages of Side Letters in the Investment Chapters in Preferential Trade Agreements
Authors: Park Tae Jung 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article analyses the utility and advantages of employing side letters in the investment chapter in Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). Even thoughparties to a PTA often use side letters, particularly in relation to the investment chapter, the literature has paid little attention to their utility and advantages. This article develops a typology based on the three functions of the side letter (ie clarification, correction, and consensus on a new term) and explains the detailed letter exchange procedure of the letter exchange. It then discusses the three advantages (ie cost efficiency, flexibility, and transparency) of using side letter.
A quantitative test for heat-induced cell necrosis in vascular cambium and secondary phloem of Eucalyptus obliqua stems
Authors: Subasinghe Achchige Yasika Medhavi , Volkova Liubov , Drinnan Andrew , Weston Christopher J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Aims
Exposure of Eucalyptus tree stems to the radiant heat of forest fires can kill cambial cells and their embedded regenerative meristems, thus preventing epicormic resprouting and recovery of the tree. Currently, there is no tissue-level method to quantify the viability of cambial cells in Eucalyptus following heat exposure. The first aim of this study was to adapt and validate the tetrazolium reduction method of testing for cell viability in Eucalyptus. The second aim was to apply the method to establish a threshold level of cambium cell viability in Eucalyptus obliqua to enable the identification of a critical temperature.

Methods
The study used the tetrazolium reduction method to quantitatively determine phloem–cambium cell viability in Eucalyptus. Circular sections of bark with underlying phloem and cambium were cut from mature E. obliqua and samples ranging in mass from 1 to 30 mg were exposed for 1 min to temperature treatments ranging from 20 to 85 °C and kept for 20–22 h at room temperature in 0.8% 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) to test for cell viability. The 1,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium formazan (TPF) formed was cold extracted with ethanol and quantified as absorbance at 485 nm.

Important Findings
The TTC reduction method reliably quantified a decline in cell viability with rising temperature in tissue sections that included vascular cambium, and identified 60 °C as the critical temperature for cambium–phloem cells of Eucalyptus species. Cell viability, calculated as [TPF Treatment °C]/[TPF 20 °C], declined by 90% between 20 and 85 °C. The cell viability results confirmed that significant tissue necrosis occurred in Eucalyptus at temperatures between 50 and 70 °C, after 1 min of in vitro tissue heating. The decline in cell viability with increasing temperature shown by the TTC method was consistent with an independently derived count of live cells following temperature treatment and neutral red staining.