bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profit Maximisation While Considering Uncertainty by Balancing Commonality and Variety Using Robust Design: The Redesign of a Family of Lift Tables
Authors: Blackenfelt Michael 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Traditionally modular products refer to products that fulfil various overall functions through the combination of distinct building blocks. The most central idea behind product modularisation is to retain or even increase customer satisfaction through product customisation, while increasing or retaining economy of scale. However, both business and technical aspects must be considered in order to find the right balance between commonality and variety and thus between low cost and distinctive product performance. This paper outlines a balancing approach based on available cost models and a transfer of product performance to monetary terms using the so-called quality loss function. Based on the economical relations, Robust Design is employed to optimise the degree of variety in order to maximise the profit while considering the forecast uncertainty.
Error Analysis for the In-Situ Fabrication of Mechanisms
Authors: Goel Puneet , Rajagopalan Sanjay , Cutkosky Mark R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Fabrication techniques like Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF), or Layered Manufacturing, enable the manufacture of completely pre-assembled mechanisms (i.e. those that require no explicit component assembly after fabrication). We refer this manner of building assemblies as in-situ fabrication. An interesting issue that arises in this domain is the estimation of errors in the performance of such mechanisms as a consequence of manufacturing variability. Assumptions of parametric independence and stack-up made in conventional error analysis for mechanisms do not hold for this method of fabrication.
In this paper we formulate a general technique for investigating the kinematic performance of mechanisms fabricated in-situ. The technique presented admits deterministic and stochastic error estimation of planar and spatial linkages with ideal joints. However, only a planar example is illustrated in this paper. Errors due to joint clearances, or other effects like flexibility and driver-error, are not considered in the analysis — but are part of ongoing research.
Assembly Quality Method: A Tool in Aid of Product Strategy, Design, and Process Improvements
Authors: Beiter Kurt A. , Cheldelin Brent , Ishii Kosuke 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper describes a new methodology for assisting manufacturing companies in predicting the defect levels of new products at globally distributed production facilities. This paper builds on the traditional design for assembly as well as the Total Quality Assurance methods. The proposed method, Assembly Quality Methodology (AQM), uses the conventional assembly evaluation method along with a set of equations to predict defect rates for different assemblies at various manufacturing sites. AQM relates defect rates with the complexity metrics calculated using existing assembly evaluation methods. The paper discusses potential strategic uses of this information such as overall product assembly strategy across globally distributed manufacturing and supply chain, product modularity decisions, and improvements in products and processes for assembly.
Configuration Analysis to Support Product Redesign for End-of-Life Disassembly
Authors: Viswanathan Shivakumar , Allada Venkat 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
End of life disassembly is an important process that can be used to make available the parts of a product for different material and part recycling processes at end of the product’s useful life. However, the efficiency of the disassembly process greatly affects the economics of meeting the environmental goals set for the product. An important determinant of the disassembly efficiency is the product configuration. Therefore, it is essential that these implications of the configuration be assessed and modified during the design stage itself. To support this design effort a formal model called the Configuration-Value (CV) model is proposed to evaluate and analyze the effect of product configuration on end-of-life disassembly. This model focuses on the rate of value extraction during the disassembly process and can be used to identify the critical bottlenecks in the configuration that need rectification by design. An example is presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed model.
Modeling Compliant Part Assembly: Mechanics of Deformation and Contact
Authors: Mattikalli Raju , Mahanian Saba , Jones Alan , Clark Greg 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper describes an approach to model the mechanics of assembly by assuming parts are compliant. The approach involves a model of contact between compliant bodies based on variational inequalities. This approach has a number of advantages over current finite element codes, which rely on traditional variational approaches such as penalty force methods and Lagrange multipliers to resolve multiple unknown contact conditions. From a mathematical point of view, contact problems among compliant parts are particularly difficult to handle due to the fact that contact constraints are not permanently active, but depend on deformations. They are inherently non-linear and irreversible in character. To obtain a more mathematically robust way of modeling contact, we present a variational inequalities based approach that produces a quadratic programming (QP) problem. The QP is solved to resolve contact situations and obtain the mechanics of parts during assembly. We apply the method to simulate and design aircraft assembly processes.
On the Exact Computation of the Swept Surface of a Cylindrical Surface Undergoing Two-Parameter Rational Bézier Motions
Authors: Xia J. , Ge Q. J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper extends the recent work of Xia and Ge (1999) to develop methods for the exact analysis of the swept surface of a cylindrical surface undergoing two-parameter rational Bézier motions. Instead of the approach of analyzing the point trajectory of an object motion for swept volume analysis, this paper seeks to develop a new approach to swept volume analysis by studying the plane trajectory of a rational motion. It seeks to bring together recent work in swept volume analysis, plane representation of developable surfaces, as well as computer aided synthesis of freeform rational motions. The results have applications in design and approximation of freeform surfaces as well as tool path planning for 5-axis machining of freeform surfaces.
Comparative Analysis and Experimental Verification of the Computed Shape of a Flexible Blade Tool for FF-TLOM
Authors: de Smit Bram , Medland Anthony J. , Broek Johan J. , Horváth Imre , Lennings Alex F. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A novel technology introduced by the authors as free form thick layered object manufacturing (FF-TLOM), aims specifically at the field of large sized free form objects. The system under development will be able to produce large editable free form prototypes that can be used in the conceptual phase of the design. The considered technology of cutting polystyrene slabs using a heated flexible cutting blade is developed and currently being optimized. Work has been done already on the control of the actual cutting process by elaborating experiments on a range of influential process parameters. A further step is the accurate control of the shape of the flexible cutting device. Theories are known for the calculation of the shape of a flexible bar under specific constraints. The known theories and algorithms must be validated by experimental verification. The paper describes explorative experiments with the aim to develop a method that can be used for this experimental verification. Two implemented algorithms for the calculation of blade shapes are described as well as a number of calculations that were performed using these algorithms. The calculated results are being compared to each other and to real world experiments in order to determine their validity. The results of the experiments indicate that both of the algorithms could be applied for our shape calculations, however more experiments and analysis have to be performed on the subject. It becomes clear that small deviations in the applied constraints can, under specific circumstances, have large effects on the generated blade shapes.
On Evaluation Method During Conceptual Design
Authors: Huang Yuan Mao , Liao Chung-Cheng 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This study proposes an evaluation method that integrates the existing ordinal, cardinal and matrix methods for decision making. Normalized values are recommended for the pairwise comparisons of evaluation items to determine the weighting factors. These values also assist in determining the weighting eigenvectors for alternatives of the potential products. Web diagrams are generated for all alternatives and their areas are compared to identify the most preferred one. The proposed method can reduce drawbacks of the Pahl and Beitz method and the Saaty method when the two most preferred alternatives have the same summed weighted values in the Pahl and Beitz method or the same composite weighting factors in the Saaty method.
A Product Design System Employing Optimization-Based Tradeoff Analysis
Authors: Ball Michael O. , Fleischer Mark A. , Church Douglas G. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Decision-based design (DBD) attempts to integrate an array of disparate elements into a system-level analytical tool. This paper presents some practical and easily implemented approaches for a design optimization system that takes into account the multi-objective problem domains typically encountered in most manufacturing settings. This approach utilizes tradeoff analysis, graphical displays and embedded optimization techniques to provide a designer with design alternatives during the conceptual level design phase of product development.
Function Integration Explained by Allocation and Activation of Wirk Elements
Authors: Jensen Thomas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In mechanical engineering design, the conceptual design phase involves the determination of the structural means for realizing the functions of a product. Function integration is a means for achieving an efficient design, where the same means contributes to the realization of multiple functions. This paper contributes to a phenomenological understanding of function integration and aims at refining design theories treating this subject. The work rests upon and contributes to German design theory and the design theories of the WDK School.
For explaining function integration, the concept of wirk element is introduced. A wirk element is defined as a functionally active form element that is part of an organ and contributes to the realization of a function. Furthermore, based upon the allocation and activation of wirk elements, a definition of function integration is given, and six kinds of integration are classified. Finally, opportunistic design is explained by the wirk element concept and the implication of function integration on product modeling in configuration systems is treated.
Throughout the paper, several examples are given to illustrate the explanatory power of the proposed modeling concept.
Enabling the Use of Shape Grammars: Shape Grammar Interpretation Through General Shape Recognition
Authors: McCormack Jay , Cagan Jonathan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Shape grammars have recently shown promise in engineering applications. The need to efficiently implement such grammars, rather than hard code them, in a way that supports creativity through shape emergence has still remained an ongoing research challenge. This paper introduces a shape grammar interpreter that supports parametric shape recognition, and thereby shape emergence. The approach divides shapes into hierarchies of subshapes based on specified geometric relationships within the shape. A default hierarchy based on geometric relations often found in engineering and architectural designs is presented as an efficient example of one appropriate hierarchy. A classic shape grammar demonstrates the interpreter’s shape recognition and generation abilities.
Application of Design Axioms to Marine Design Problems
Authors: Yang Y. S. , Jang B. S. , Song Y. S. , Yeon Y. S. , Do S. H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Design Axioms proposed by N. P. Suh consist of Independence Axiom and Information Axiom. The Independence Axiom assists a designer in generating good design alternatives by considering the relations between the functions and the physical product using a hierarchical mapping procedure. The Information Axiom, which is related to the probability of achieving the given functional requirements, can be used as a criterion for the selection of the best solution among the proposed alternatives in the conceptual or preliminary design stage.
In the early stages of marine design, especially ship design, there exists a lot of uncertainty because of the size and complexity of a marine vehicle. The uncertainty often leads to a probabilistic approach rather than a deterministic approach. The ship designs are mostly routine design to change an existing design case a little. In this paper, the availability of the Design Axioms in this marine design field will be investigated through three examples.
In the conceptual design of a thruster, the Independence Axiom will be proven to be useful in examining the independence of functional requirements at each level of the decomposition process. In main engine selection example, the Information Axiom will be used for selecting the best solution among the given alternatives by estimating their respective information contents under the uncertain and ambiguous condition.
In the structural design, some difficulties arise in maintaining the independence of functional requirements in general because the number of design parameters is greater than that of functional requirements. Therefore, there is much trouble in generalizing the application of the Design Axioms for the structural design, especially for the preliminary design where the principal design parameters of a design object have to be determined after its shape fixed. This paper will try a generalized approach to the similarity-based design where it is important to select which parameters should be changed and in what order they should be changed. How to make use of the Design Axioms will be showed in a barge design example. However, a lot of research is needed for the generalized application of the Design Axioms for the structural design.
Enhancing Product Development Efficiency Through Changes With a Holistic Strategy
Authors: Beskow Cecilia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The paper forms an overview of current product development procedures within companies in Northern California, in particular with respect to the issues affecting collaboration. Guidelines for obtaining more efficient product development are presented, firmly established in the empirical material. The results and conclusions are based on thirty-six qualitative research interviews in six companies. Problems regarding collaboration issues are described, as well as activities performed to improve efficiency in general and team collaboration in particular. Furthermore, the conclusions suggest a framework to be considered when establishing a support structure for solutions aimed at improving collaborative work within an organization.
Computer Based Requirement and Concept Modelling: Information Gathering and Classification
Authors: Andersson Fredrik , Nilsson Patrik , Johannesson Hans 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes a requirement and concept model based on a functional decomposition of mechanical systems. It is an object-oriented approach to integrate the representation of the design artefact and the design activity, through the decisions made during the design evolution. The requirements co-evolve simultaneously with the formation of the conceptual layout, through the opportunity to alter between function and physical/abstract solutions. This approach structures the design requirements and concepts in such a way that it supports the ability to document their sources, to allow for validation and verifications of both requirements and design solutions.
First, the proposed model is presented from a theoretical viewpoint. Secondly, a methodology for modelling requirements and concepts in an object-oriented fashion is discussed. Finally, the model is implemented in METIS software and tested in a case study of an electric window winder on a truck door.
Metamodeling of Combined Discrete/Continuous Responses
Authors: Meckesheimer Martin , Barton Russell R. , Limayem Frej , Yannou Bernard 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Metamodels are effective for providing fast-running surrogate measures of product or system performance. Instantaneous performance estimation can allow designers to pursue design alternatives interactively, a methodology different from traditional case-based or optimization-based design. Metamodel approximations are generally based on continuous functions, and therefore they can be poor at fitting discontinuous responses. Many engineering models produce functions that are only piecewise continuous, due to changes in modes of behavior or other state variables. This paper shows that a state-selecting metamodel approach can provide an accurate approximation for piecewise continuous response functions. The method is applied to a desk lamp performance model.
Diagnostic Analysis for Mechanical Systems
Authors: Henning Scott , Paasch Robert 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
An analysis and modeling method of the diagnostic characteristics of a mechanical or electromechanical system is presented. Diagnosability analysis is especially relevant given the complexities and functional interdependencies of modern-day systems, since improvements in diagnosability can lead to a reduction of a system’s life-cycle costs. Failure and diagnostic analysis leads to system diagnosability modeling with the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and component-indication relationship analysis. Methods are then developed for translating the diagnosability model into mathematical methods for computing metrics such as distinguishability and susceptibility. These methods involve the use of matrices to represent the failure and replacement characteristics of the system. Diagnosability metrics are extracted by matrix multiplication. These metrics are useful when comparing the diagnosability of proposed designs or predicting the life-cycle costs of fault isolation.
Defect-Free Slider-Crank Function Generation for 4.5 Precision Points
Authors: Stumph Herbert E. , Murray Andrew P. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The well-established methodology for slider-crank function generation states that 5 precision points can be achieved with no structural error. The resulting designs, however, do not necessarily satisfy all of the kinematic requirements for designing the slider-crank linkages used to drive the ram of a mechanical press. First, solutions to the 5 precision point synthesis problem may not have the precision points on one circuit. Additionally, there is no guarantee of a fully rotatable input crank. In this paper we present 4.5 precision point synthesis, a modification to the 5 precision point methodology for designing slider-cranks with fully rotatable input links and all precision points on the same circuit. The 4.5 precision point function generation methodology is illustrated with an example.
Active Vibration Control for the Closed Loop Flexible Mechanisms Combined the Feedback and Feed-Forward Strategy: Part 2 — Control Design and Simulation
Authors: Xianmin Zhang , Changjian Chao 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
On the basis of the complex mode theory and the equations of motion of the flexible mechanisms developed in part 1, a hybrid independent modal controller is presented, which is composed of state feedback and disturbance feed-forward control laws. As an illustrative example, the strategy is used to control the elastic vibration response of a four-bar linkage mechanism. The imitative computational result shows that the vibration is efficiently suppressed.
Real-Time Forward Kinematics of the General 6-6 Stewart Platform Using One Extra Sensor
Authors: Lee Tae-Young , Shim Jae-Kyung 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The forward kinematics of the Stewart platform is to find the postures of the moving platform for a given set of leg lengths. In case of the general Stewart platform, the number of solutions of the problem is up to forty in the complex domain. Theoretically, it is not possible to uniquely determine the actual configuration with six leg length measurements only. An approach to get a single actual configuration is to make over-constrained system by adding extra sensors. This paper presents an algebraic elimination-based method for the real-time forward kinematics of the general Stewart platform with one extra sensor. The proposed algorithm does not require initial estimates of solutions unlike the numerical iterative methods, and can be implemented in C language using conventional double precision data with 15 significant digits. A numerical example is given to confirm the effectiveness and correctness of the developed algorithm for real-time computation.
Polynomial Solution to the Five-Position Synthesis of Spatial CC Dyads via Dialytic Elimination
Authors: Huang Chintien , Chang Yu-Jui 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a polynomial solution to the five-position synthesis of spatial cylindrical-cylindrical dyads. The solution procedures start with the simplification of the synthesis equations derived by Tsai and Roth. The simplified equations are solved by Sylvester’s dialytic elimination method to obtain a univariate polynomial equation of degree six, which gives at most 6 CC dyads for the five-position synthesis. A numerical example with six real solutions is provided.
Microfabrication and Characterization of Electro-Thermal-Compliant Micro Devices
Authors: Li Jun , Ananthasuresh G. K. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Electro-Thermal-Compliant (ETC) micro devices are a new class of compliant mechanisms that elastically deform in response to Joule-heating induced constrained thermal expansion. In ETC devices, the mechanism and the actuator are indistinguishable and therefore it is called embedded actuation. This type of actuation is attractive for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) where the actuator is often much larger than the mechanism and the mechanical coupling of the actuator and mechanism leads to additional difficulties. In this paper, we focus on thin, planar, appropriately shaped, deformable structures made of a conducting material to fabricate micro mechanisms with embedded actuation. We have developed a bulk micromachining process, called PennSOIL, using silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers to make silicon ETC devices, and also combined PennSOIL with excimer laser micromachining to make ETC devices with not only silicon but also a variety of metals. The experimental measurements are compared with the theoretical predictions. Test-structures are used to characterize the process and the resulting materials properties some of which are strongly temperature-dependent and process-dependent. The experimental results using the materials properties obtained from the test structures show agreement with the theoretical results.