bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A theoretical grounding of teacher leadership
Authors: Nerlino Erin 
Published: March 2020

PurposeThis paper identifies two conceptualizations of teacher leadership – constructivist leadership theory and sociocultural theory. Using aspects of the conceptualizations, this paper provides direction for future study into and implementation of teacher leadership.Design/methodology/approachThis paper draws from both review and empirical literature that references constructivist leadership theory and sociocultural theory or that describes aspects of the aforementioned theories in relation to teacher leadership.FindingsFindings reveal that both constructivist leadership theory and sociocultural theory provide insight into the past lukewarm success of teacher leadership implementation and guidance for future efforts in teacher leadership. Such efforts include reconceptualizing leadership in schools, redesigning development opportunities for teachers based on the link between leading and learning, capitalizing on collaboration between universities and schools, focusing on the mentorship of new teachers and developing teacher leadership in relation to well-studied local school cultures.Originality/valueThe literature reviews of York-Barr and Duke (2004) and Wenner and Campbell (2017) regarding teacher leadership describe the field as largely atheoretical. This paper provides a theoretical grounding for teacher leadership in constructivist leadership theory and sociocultural theory and derives direction for future work around teacher leadership from a combination of these theories.
Multi‐decadal stability of woody cover in a mesic eucalypt savanna in the Australian monsoon tropics
Authors: Prior Lynda D. , Whiteside Timothy G. , Williamson Grant J. , Bartolo Renee E. , Bowman David M. J. S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPrevious analyses of historical aerial photography and satellite imagery have shown thickening of woody cover in Australian tropical savannas, despite increasing fire frequency. The thickening has been attributed to increasing precipitation and atmospheric CO2 enrichment. These analyses involved labour‐intensive, manual classification of vegetation, and hence were limited in the extent of the areas and the number of measurement times used. Object‐based, semi‐automated classification of historical sequences of aerial photography and satellite imagery has enabled the spatio‐temporal analysis of woody cover over entire landscapes, thus facilitating measurement, monitoring and attribution of drivers of change. Using this approach, we investigated woody cover change in 4000 ha of intact mesic savanna in the Ranger uranium lease and surrounding Kakadu National Park, using imagery acquired on 10 occasions between 1950 and 2016. Unlike previous studies, we detected no overall trend in woody cover through time. Some variation in cover was related to rainfall in the previous 12 months, and there were weak effects of fire in the year of image acquisition and the antecedent 4 years. Our local‐scale study showed a mesic eucalypt savanna in northern Australia has been resilient to short‐term variation in rainfall and fire activity; however, changes in canopy cover could have occurred in other settings. When applying this semi‐automated approach to similar studies of savanna dynamics, we recommend maximising the time depth and number of measurement years, standardising the time of year for image acquisition and using many plots of 1 ha in area, rather than fewer, larger plots.
Exploring the genetic pathogenicity of aortic dissection from 72 Han Chinese individuals using next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Pan Meichen , Chen Shu , Wang Haihao , Wu Shifan , Ding Zijiao , Wang Yuning , Li Lianjie , Li Zehao , Liu Qian 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAortic dissection (AD) is a heterogeneous genetic disease with high morbidity and mortality. Although many genes predispose patients to AD, the pathogenic spectrum remains incomplete. This study aims to (a) investigate whether genotype differences exist between Stanford A and B AD individuals, and (b) broaden the pathogenic genetic spectrum of AD and reported novel variants of AD‐associated genes. The DNA of 72 unrelated Han Chinese individuals with AD was tested by whole‐exome sequencing. Of 142 AD‐associated genes, 10 pathogenic variants, and 48 likely pathogenic variants in 36 genes were identified among 39 cases. The diagnostic yield was 54.2%. Of the 58 positive variants, 27 were novel. FBN1 was the most frequently positive gene in both Stanford A and Stanford B. Twenty‐seven positive variants from 18 COL family genes were distributed in 36.8% of Stanford A and 6.7% of Stanford B cases. We emphasize that positive variants of COL family genes show distribution predominance and strong pathogenicity in Stanford A, while positive variants of smooth muscle cell pathway genes present distribution advantages mainly in Stanford B cases. Our findings provide a new perspective for both the pathogenic mechanism and the treatment of AD.
Wild‐type FLT3 and FLT3 ITD exhibit similar ligand‐induced internalization characteristics
Authors: Kellner Fabienne , Keil Andreas , Schindler Katrin , Tschongov Todor , Hünninger Kerstin , Loercher Hannah , Rhein Peter , Böhmer Sylvia‐Annette , Böhmer Frank‐D. , Müller Jörg P. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractClass III receptor tyrosine kinases control the development of hematopoietic stem cells. Constitutive activation of FLT3 by internal tandem duplications (ITD) in the juxtamembrane domain has been causally linked to acute myeloid leukaemia. Oncogenic FLT3 ITD is partially retained in compartments of the biosynthetic route and aberrantly activates STAT5, thereby promoting cellular transformation. The pool of FLT3 ITD molecules in the plasma membrane efficiently activates RAS and AKT, which is likewise essential for cell transformation. Little is known about features and mechanisms of FLT3 ligand (FL)‐dependent internalization of surface‐bound FLT3 or FLT3 ITD. We have addressed this issue by internalization experiments using human RS4‐11 and MV4‐11 cells with endogenous wild‐type FLT3 or FLT3 ITD expression, respectively, and surface biotinylation. Further, FLT3 wild‐type, or FLT3 ITD‐GFP hybrid proteins were stably expressed and characterized in 32D cells, and internalization and stability were assessed by flow cytometry, imaging flow cytometry, and immunoblotting. FL‐stimulated surface‐exposed FLT3 WT or FLT3 ITD protein showed similar endocytosis and degradation characteristics. Kinase inactivation by mutation or FLT3 inhibitor treatment strongly promoted FLT3 ITD surface localization, and attenuated but did not abrogate FL‐induced internalization. Experiments with the dynamin inhibitor dynasore suggest that active FLT3 as well as FLT3 ITD is largely endocytosed via clathrin‐dependent endocytosis. Internalization of kinase‐inactivated molecules occurred through a different yet unidentified mechanism. Our data demonstrate that FLT3 WT and constitutively active FLT3 ITD receptor follow, despite very different biogenesis kinetics, similar internalization and degradation routes.
Glyburide inhibits the bone resorption induced by traumatic occlusion in rats
Authors: Arita Yoichi , Yoshinaga Yasunori , Kaneko Takashi , Kawahara Yuri , Nakamura Keiko , Ohgi Kimiko , Arita Seiichi , Ryu Takanori , Takase Minoru , Sakagami Ryuji 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo examine whether glyburide inhibits bone destruction caused by traumatic occlusion in a rat occlusal trauma model.BackgroundExcessive mechanical stress, such as traumatic occlusion, induces expression of IL‐1β and may be involved in bone resorption. NLRP3 inflammasomes have been linked to IL‐1β expression, but it is currently unclear whether glyburide, the inhibiter of NLRP3 inflammasome, suppresses occlusal trauma in rats.MethodsMale SD rats aged 7 weeks were used. In the trauma group, the occlusal surface of the maxillary first right molar was raised by attaching a metal wire to apply occlusal trauma to the mandibular first right molar. In the trauma + glyburide group, the NLRP3 inhibitor glyburide was administered orally every 24 hours from 1 day before induction of occlusal trauma. Rats were euthanized after 5 or 10 days, and the maxillary first molars were harvested with the adjacent tissues for histopathological investigation. Immunohistochemical expression of IL‐1β, NLRP3, and RANKL was also assessed.ResultsOn day 5, bone resorption was significantly greater in the trauma group compared with the control group or the trauma + glyburide group, and there were significantly higher numbers of osteoclasts and cells positive for IL‐1β, NLRP3, and RANKL in the trauma group.ConclusionIn this study, glyburide inhibits bone resorption by traumatic occlusion in rats. It suggests that the NLRP3/IL‐1β pathway might be associated with bone resorption induced by traumatic occlusion.
Peri‐implant myelinated nerve fibers: Histological findings in dogs
Authors: Song Dandan , Liang Xin , Zheng Hui , Shujaat Sohaib , Van Dessel Jeroen , Zhong Weijian , Ma Guowu , Lambrichts Ivo , Jacobs Reinhilde 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveWhile osseointegration following various dental implant placement protocols has been extensively investigated, the neurohistological integration has received little attention. The primary aim of this study was to compare the myelinated nerve fibers density in peri‐implant bone tissue following various implant placement protocols. The secondary aim assessed the effect of follow‐up on peri‐implant nerve fibers density.MethodsTen beagle dogs randomly received 68 commercially pure titanium implants in the mandibular premolar or molar region bilaterally following extraction utilizing one of the six treatment protocols: (a) immediate implant placement (IIP) and immediate loading (IL); (b) IIP and delayed loading (DL); (c) IIP and left unloaded (UL); (d) delayed implant placement (DIP) and IL; (e) DIP and DL; and (f) DIP and UL. Histomorphometric analysis of the peri‐implant myelinated nerve fibers was performed in a 300 μm peri‐implant zone at the cervical, middle, and apical level following implant placement. The follow‐up assessment involved longitudinal observation at 3 months following each implant treatment protocol and at 6 months for IIP+IL and IIP+DL protocols.ResultsThe influence of different treatment protocols, including the fixed effects of implant groups (IIP+IL, IIP+DL, IIP+UL, DIP+IL, DIP+DL, DIP+UL) and regions (cervical, middle, apical), was examined via a linear mixed model. The IIP+IL group showed a significantly higher myelinated nerve density compared to the IIP+UL and DIP+UL group. Peri‐implant nerve re‐innervation was significantly higher (P = .002) in the apical region compared to the cervical region. After immediate implant placement, the IL group showed a significantly (P = .03) higher density of myelinated nerve fibers compared to DL. No significant (P = .19) effect of follow‐up on nerve density was observed.ConclusionThe immediate implant placement and loading protocol showed most beneficial effect on peri‐implant innervation with highest myelinated nerve density in the apical region. A longer loading time had no influence on the peri‐implant nerve density.
The physiology of rapid ecological specialization: A look at the Midas cichlids
Authors: Gaither Michelle R. , Greaves Samuel , Amirthalingam Pavithiran 
Published: March 2020

Understanding the process of speciation is a primary goal of evolutionary biology, yet the question of whether speciation can reach completion in the presence of gene flow remains controversial. For more than 50 years, the cichlids of Africa, and more recently those in South and Central America, have served as model systems for the study of speciation in nature. Cichlids are distinguished by their enormous species richness, their diversity of behavioural and trophic adaptations, and their rapid rate of divergence. In both Africa and South and Central America, the repeated interaction of geology, new founder events and adaptive evolution has created a series of natural experiments with speciation occurring both within and between waterbodies of differing ages. In the “From the Cover” paper in this issue of the Journal of Molecular Ecology, Raffini, Schneider, Franchini, Kautt and Meyer move beyond the question of which mechanisms drive speciation, and instead show that divergent morphologies and physiologies translate into adaptive traits. They investigate differences in physiology and gene expression profiles in a benthic/limnetic species pair of Midas cichlidsin a 24,000‐year‐old Nicaraguan crater lake. While recently diverged, these two species demonstrate significant ecological, but limited genetic differentiation. The authors find that the distinct morphotypes translate into relevant differences in swimming performance and metabolic rates that correspond to differential gene expression profiles. Hence, the authors take an integrative approach examining the impacts of morphological differences on performance and niche partitioning: an approach that can advance our understanding of the drivers of morphological and physiological divergence during speciation.
Appearances can be Deceptive: Political Polarization, Agrarian Policy, and Coalitional Presidentialism in Brazil
Authors: Zimerman Artur , Pinheiro Flávio 
Published: March 2020

What can we infer about the effect of polarized politics on the Brazilian policy‐making process? We attempt to answer this question by analyzing the country's political landscape and focusing on one specific policy issue concerning agrarian policies, an area that is exposed to much ideological conflict for both the left and right wing. We show how the mechanism has worked in this case to mitigate the polarization effects. Two political groups monopolized national elections over the past two decades sharing very different positions concerning ideological preferences. In this article, we recognize polarization between the two leading parties, but argue that the Brazilian political system features the dynamics of coalitional presidentialism that mitigates party preferences. We analyze funding data for small farmers and rural settlements for the period 1995‐2016, arriving at the conclusion that the agrarian policy of the competing parties resembled one another, despite political polarization.Related ArticlesOndetti, Gabriel. 2008. “Up and Down with the Agrarian Question: Issue Attention and Land Reform in Contemporary Brazil.” Politics & Policy 36 (4): 510‐541. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2008.00120.xSegatto, Catarina Ianni, and Daniel Béland. 2018. “The Limits of Partisanship: Federalism, the Role of Bureaucrats, and the Path to Universal Health Care Coverage in Brazil.”Politics & Policy 46 (3): 416‐441. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12252Wolff, Michael Jerome. 2019. “Sharing Authority: The Politics and Practice of Community Policing in the Brazilian Slum.” Politics & Policy 47 (4): 748‐774. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12322
High fever after sublingual administration of misoprostol for treatment of post‐partum haemorrhage: a hospital‐based, prospective observational study in Argentina
Authors: Durocher Jill , Aguirre Jesus Daniel , Dzuba Ilana G. , Mirta Morales Elba , Carroli Guillermo , Esquivel Jesica , Martin Roxanne , Berecoechea Cecilia , Winikoff Beverly 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo characterise the occurrence of fever (≥38.0°C) after treatment for post‐partum haemorrhage (PPH) with sublingual misoprostol 800 mcg in Latin America, where elevated rates of misoprostol’s thermoregulatory effects and recipients’ increased susceptibility to high fever have been documented.MethodsA prospective observational study in hospitals in Argentina enrolled consenting women with atonic PPH after vaginal delivery, eligible to receive misoprostol. Corporal temperature was assessed at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min post‐treatment; other effects were recorded. The incidence of high fever ≥ 40.0°C (primary outcome) was compared to the rate observed previously in Ecuador. Logistic regressions were performed to identify clinical and population‐based predictors of misoprostol‐induced fever.ResultsTransient shivering and fever were experienced by 75.5% (37/49) of treated participants and described as acceptable by three‐quarters of women interviewed (35/47). The high fever rate was 12.2% (6/49), [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 4.6, 24.8], compared to Ecuador’s rate following misoprostol treatment (35.6% (58/163) [95% CI 28.3, 43.5], P = 0.002). Significant predictors of misoprostol‐induced fever (model dependent) were as follows: pre‐delivery haemoglobin < 11.0g/dl, rapid placental expulsion, and higher age of the woman. No serious outcomes were reported prior to discharge.ConclusionsMisoprostol to treat PPH in Argentina resulted in a significantly lower rate of high fever than in Ecuador, although both are notably higher than rates seen elsewhere. A greater understanding of misoprostol’s side effects and factors involved in their occurrence, including genetics, will help alleviate concerns. The onset of shivering may be the simplest way to know if fever can also be expected.
Equity dimensions of the decline in under‐five mortality in Ghana: a joinpoint regression analysis
Authors: Alhassan Jacob Albin Korem , Adeyinka Daniel A. , Olakunde Babayemi O. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere has been a global rise in interest and efforts to improve under‐five mortality rates, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Ghana has made some progress in improving this outcome; however, the extent of such progress and its equity implications remains understudied.MethodsThis study used a joinpoint regression analysis to assess the significance of changes in trends of under‐five mortality rates in Ghana between 1988 and 2017 using data from seven rounds of the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. Annual percentage change (APC) was estimated. The APCs of different dimensions of equity (residence, administrative region, maternal education and wealth quintile) were compared by coincidence test – to determine similarity in joinpoint regression functions via 10 000 Monte Carlo resampling.ResultsThere has been progress in reduction of under‐five mortality in Ghana between 1988 and 2017 with an annual percentage change of −3.49%. Disaggregation of the trends showed that the most rapid improvement in under‐five mortality rates occurred in the Upper East Region (APC = −5.0%). The closing of under‐five mortality equity gaps in the study period has been uneven in the country. The gap between rural and urban rates has closed the most, followed by regional gaps (between Upper East and Ashanti Region), while the most persistent gaps remain in maternal education and wealth quintile.ConclusionThe findings suggest that programmatic interventions have been more successful in reducing geographic (rural‐urban and by administrative region) than non‐geographic (maternal education and wealth quintile) inequities in under‐five mortality in Ghana. To accelerate reduction and bridge the inequities in under‐five mortality, Ghana may need to pursue more social policies aimed at redistribution.
Inviscid, Incompressible, Axisymmetric, Annular Jet Impingement
Authors: Chilukuri R. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
An analytical Bessel-sine series solution is presented for inviscid, incompressible, axisymmetric, annular impinging jets. The inflow velocity profile is relatable to an aircraft engine thrust reverser, and has a velocity deficit as well as nonzero vorticity function at the inner radius. As a consequence, inviscid recirculation appears at the impingement corner, the strength of which is made determinate by assuming a local patch of constant vorticity function. Results are first compared against prior round jet solutions, with rigorous convergence and accuracy assessment, before extension to annular impinging jets. Finally, while the Bessel-sine series are consistent with the governing equations and boundary conditions, computational issues arise with steep near wall gradients of a composite parameter that is inherent to the methodology, necessitating extremely fine mesh resolution. A hybrid of finite differences and Bessel series is proposed to address these numerical issues.
Comparison of Human Surrogate Responses in Underbody Blast Loading Conditions
Authors: Ott K. , Drewry D. , Luongo M. , Andrist J. , Armiger R. , Titus J. , Demetropoulos C. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Impact biomechanics research in occupant safety predominantly focuses on the effects of loads applied to human subjects during automotive collisions. Characterization of the biomechanical response under such loading conditions is an active and important area of investigation. However, critical knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of human biomechanical response and injury tolerance under vertically accelerated loading conditions experienced due to underbody blast (UBB) events. This knowledge gap is reflected in anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) used to assess occupant safety. Experiments are needed to characterize biomechanical response under UBB relevant loading conditions. Matched pair experiments in which an existing ATD is evaluated in the same conditions as a post mortem human subject (PMHS) may be utilized to evaluate biofidelity and injury prediction capabilities, as well as ATD durability, under vertical loading. To characterize whole body response in the vertical direction, six whole body PMHS tests were completed under two vertical loading conditions. A series of 50th percentile hybrid III ATD tests were completed under the same conditions. Ability of the hybrid III to represent the PMHS response was evaluated using a standard evaluation metric. Tibial accelerations were comparable in both response shape and magnitude, while other sensor locations had large variations in response. Posttest inspection of the hybrid III revealed damage to the pelvis foam and skin, which resulted in large variations in pelvis response. This work provides an initial characterization of the response of the seated hybrid III ATD and PMHS under high rate vertical accelerative loading.
A Unified Treatment for Local Thermal Nonequilibrium Free, Forced, and Mixed Convective Boundary Layer Flows Over an Arbitrarily Shaped Nonisothermal Body in a Fluid Saturated Porous Medium
Authors: Bai Xiaohui , Yi Yuan , Kuwahara Fujio , Nakayama Akira 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A unified integral solution procedure has been proposed to analyze all possible Darcian local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) free, forced, and mixed convective boundary layer flows, commonly encountered in porous media engineering applications. The heated body may be arbitrarily shaped, and its temperature may vary over the surface. The integral energy equation for the solid phase yields an algebraic equation between the dimensionless fluid thermal boundary layer thickness and its ratio to the solid-phase counterpart, while the integral energy equation for the fluid phase reduces to a first order ordinary differential equation in terms of the dimensionless fluid thermal boundary layer thickness. This set of the equations for determining the local Nusselt number of our primary interest proved to be valid for all possible Darcian cases of LTNE free, forced, and mixed convective boundary layer flows over an arbitrarily shaped nonisothermal body in a fluid saturated porous medium. Asymptotic expressions for the cases of arbitrary shapes were also obtained analytically for both leading edge and far downstream regions. The results are found to agree well with available direct numerical integration results. Furthermore, the regime map has been constructed to show the boundary layer transition point from the LTNE to equilibrium. The proposed unified method is found quite useful when designing thermal engineering systems associated with fluid saturated porous media.