bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond What Meets the Eye: Imaging and Imagining Wood Mechanical–Structural Properties
Authors: Toumpanaki Eleni , Shah Darshil U. , Eichhorn Stephen J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWood presents a hierarchical structure, containing features at all length scales: from the tracheids or vessels that make up its cellular structure, through to the microfibrils within the cell walls, down to the molecular architecture of the cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses that comprise its chemical makeup. This structure renders it with high mechanical (e.g., modulus and strength) and interesting physical (e.g., optical) properties. A better understanding of this structure, and how it plays a role in governing mechanical and other physical parameters, will help to better exploit this sustainable resource. Here, recent developments on the use of advanced imaging techniques for studying the structural properties of wood in relation to its mechanical properties are explored. The focus is on synchrotron nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray tomographical imaging, Raman and infrared spectroscopies, confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Critical discussion on the role of imaging techniques and how fields are developing rapidly to incorporate both spatial and temporal ranges of analysis is presented.
In Situ Topotactic Transformation of an Interstitial Alloy for CO Electroreduction
Authors: Zhao Changming , Luo Gan , Liu Xiaokang , Zhang Wei , Li Zhijun , Xu Qian , Zhang Qinghua , Wang Huijuan , Li Deming , Zhou Fangyao , Qu Yunteng , Han Xiao , Zhu Zezhou , Wu Geng , Wang Jing , Zhu Junfa , Yao Tao , Li Yafei , Bouwmeester Henny J.M. , Wu Yuen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractElectrochemical reduction of CO to value‐added products holds promise for storage of energy from renewable sources. Copper can convert CO into multi‐carbon (C2+) products during CO electroreduction. However, developing a Cu electrocatalyst with a high selectivity for CO reduction and desirable production rates for C2+ products remains challenging. Herein, highly lattice‐disordered Cu3N with abundant twin structures as a precursor electrocatalyst is examined for CO reduction. Through in situ activation during the CO reduction reaction (CORR) and concomitant release of nitrogen, the obtained metallic Cu° catalyst particles inherit the lattice dislocations present in the parent Cu3N lattice. The de‐nitrified catalyst delivers an unprecedented C2+ Faradaic efficiency of over 90% at a current density of 727 mA cm−2 in a flow cell system. Using a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzer with a solid‐state electrolyte (SSE), a 17.4 vol% ethylene stream and liquid streams with concentration of 1.45 m and 230 × 10−3 m C2+ products at the outlet of the cathode and SSE‐containment layer are obtained.
Imaging Domain Reversal in an Ultrathin Van der Waals Ferromagnet
Authors: Broadway David A. , Scholten Sam C. , Tan Cheng , Dontschuk Nikolai , Lillie Scott E. , Johnson Brett C. , Zheng Guolin , Wang Zhenhai , Oganov Artem R. , Tian Shangjie , Li Chenghe , Lei Hechang , Wang Lan , Hollenberg Lloyd C. L. , Tetienne Jean‐Philippe 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe recent isolation of 2D van der Waals magnetic materials has uncovered rich physics that often differs from the magnetic behavior of their bulk counterparts. However, the microscopic details of fundamental processes such as the initial magnetization or domain reversal, which govern the magnetic hysteresis, remain largely unknown in the ultrathin limit. Here a widefield nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) microscope is employed to directly image these processes in few‐layer flakes of the magnetic semiconductor vanadium triiodide (VI3). Complete and abrupt switching of most flakes is observed at fields Hc ≈ 0.5–1 T (at 5 K) independent of thickness. The coercive field decreases as the temperature approaches the Curie temperature (Tc ≈ 50 K); however, the switching remains abrupt. The initial magnetization process is then imaged, which reveals thickness‐dependent domain wall depinning fields well below Hc. These results point to ultrathin VI3 being a nucleation‐type hard ferromagnet, where the coercive field is set by the anisotropy‐limited domain wall nucleation field. This work illustrates the power of widefield NV microscopy to investigate magnetization processes in van der Waals ferromagnets, which can be used to elucidate the origin of the hard ferromagnetic properties of other materials and explore field‐ and current‐driven domain wall dynamics.
Metal–Electrolyte Solution Dual‐Mode Electrospinning Process for In Situ Fabrication of Electrospun Bilayer Membrane
Authors: Han Hyeonseok , Hong Hyeonjun , Park Sang Min , Kim Dong Sung 
Published: August 2020

AbstractElectrospun bilayer membranes comprising two layers, one aligned and the other random, have shown great potential in tissue engineering but previous fabrication processes inevitably relied on manual integration and produced limited types of membranes. Here, a metal–electrolyte solution dual‐mode electrospinning (M‐ELES) for fabrication of electrospun bilayer membrane based on a metal–electrolyte solution switchable collector is developed. The switchable collector enables random nanofiber deposition directly over the preexisting aligned nanofiber layer in an in situ manner and integration of the layers through an on‐demand switch from the metal to the electrolyte solution collector. The electrolyte solution can effectively discharge excessive positive charges of the deposited nanofibers and thus maintain the efficiency of random nanofiber deposition, which allows ≈2.5 times faster fabrication as compared to a conventional method. M‐ELES also possess each layer controllability through on‐demand switching, thereby achieving the electrospun bilayer membranes with diverse physical (e.g., aligned nanofiber density) and mechanical (e.g., maximum tensile load up to ≈3 N) properties. As a biomedical application, in vitro wound healing assay using NIH3T3 cells demonstrates that the electrospun bilayer membrane promotes wound coverage through topographical guidance of the aligned nanofiber layer while providing mechanical support by the random nanofiber layer.
Fe/Sb2Te3 Interface Reconstruction through Mild Thermal Annealing
Authors: Longo Emanuele , Wiemer Claudia , Cecchini Raimondo , Longo Massimo , Lamperti Alessio , Khanas Anton , Zenkevich Andrei , Cantoni Matteo , Rinaldi Christian , Fanciulli Marco , Mantovan Roberto 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWhen coupled with ferromagnetic layers (FM), topological insulators (TI) are expected to boost the charge‐to‐spin conversion efficiency across the FM/TI interface. In this context, a thorough control and optimization of the FM/TI interface quality are requested. Here, the evolution of the chemical, structural, and magnetic properties of the Fe/Sb2Te3 heterostructure is presented as a function of a rapid mild thermal annealing conducted on the Sb2Te3‐TI (up to 200 °C). While the bilayer is not subjected to any thermal treatment upon Fe deposition, the annealing of Sb2Te3 markedly improves its crystalline quality, leading to an increase in the fraction of ferromagnetic Fe atoms at the buried Fe/Sb2Te3 interface and a slight lowering of the magnetic coercivity of the Fe layer. The method is an efficient tool to clean up the Fe/Sb2Te3 interface, which may be extended to different FM/TI heterostructures. Simultaneously to the interface reconstruction, a constant ≈20% fraction of FeTe develops at the interface. Since FeTe can display superconductivity, the Fe/Sb2Te3 system could have potentialities for exploiting phenomena at the edge of magnetism, superconductivity and topology.
Continuous Directional Water Transport on Hydrophobic Slippery Ventral Skin of Lampropeltis pyromelana
Authors: Tenjimbayashi Mizuki , Kawamura Kohei , Shiratori Seimei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNatural systems contain surfaces with unique wettability that enable functionalities such as directional liquid transport. Such systems typically rely on nano/microscale structural anisotropy and/or chemical structures, which induce a directional friction at solid–liquid interfaces. Here, the origin of the solid–liquid interfacial tribo‐dynamics of the skin of Lampropeltis pyromelana (Arizona Mountain Kingsnake) is examined. Continuous and directional water transport phenomenon is found on its hydrophobic slippery ventral skin. Liquid is continuously supplied and spread on its skin in a rear to front direction although the surface is slippery. X‐ray tomography and spectroscopy reveal that the skin surface is composed of an asymmetric wrinkle structure and a homogeneous hydrophobic lipid layer. Owing to this surface feature, the rear directional water spreading is restricted by slant reentrant pinning, whereas the front directional water spreading is promoted by liquid bridging, which continued as long as water is supplied. Because this system type relies on a superhydrophilic sticky surface, it is expected that related biological design principles can be used to develop artificial mass fluid transport systems without undesirable adhesion losses.
Nitrogen/Oxygen Enriched Hierarchical Porous Carbons Derived from Waste Peanut Shells Boosting Performance of Supercapacitors
Authors: Wen Yanliang , Chi Liang , Wen Xin , Chen Xuecheng , Mijowska Ewa 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe high specific surface area and the fine electrical conductivity are the vital impacts, but they are always a pair of mutually counterbalancing factors in carbon‐based supercapacitors. Herein, a facile strategy of the combined CoCl2 catalytic graphitization and ZnCl2 activation is applied to synthesize porous carbonaceous materials with enriched nitrogen and oxygen doping from a cheap and abundant biowaste of peanut shells. The as‐produced carbon materials possess high surface area (1745–2257 m2 g−1), naturally nitrogen/oxygen co‐doping, and hierarchical porous structure. These physicochemical properties jointly endow these materials excellent supercapacitive performances: a high gravimetric specific capacitance of 343 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and enduring long‐cycle performance of 90.9% capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles at 10 A g−1 in a 3‐electrode system with 6 m KOH electrolyte as well as a superior energy density of 42 Wh kg−1 at the high power density of 375 W kg−1 in an organic electrolyte. This low‐cost and facile approach shall open a new avenue to produce carbon materials with both high surface area and superior graphitization from the plentiful biomass for the potential energy storage applications.
Variation in plant belowground resource allocation across heterogeneous landscapes: implications for post‐fire resprouting
Authors: Magaña‐Hernández Esteban , Zuloaga‐Aguilar Susana , Cuevas‐Guzmán Ramón , Pausas Juli G. 
Published: August 2020

PremiseResource availability affects biomass allocation in ways that could influence plant responses to disturbance such as fire. This is important because fire also varies across landscapes in ways that are correlated to resource availability. We hypothesized that plants growing in landscape microsites with a shortage of nutrients and water allocate more biomass and resources to belowground structures (and thus promote traits that enhance post‐fire resprouting ability) than plants in more mesic sites.MethodsWe selected sites in three contrasting topographies (3 gullies, 3 midslopes, and 3 ridges) that supported different vegetation types and fire regimes, in Jalisco, Mexico. At each site, we measured soil nutrient and water content and light availability. Then we sampled biomass and root starch allocation in three post‐fire resprouting shrubs that grow across a wide range of microenvironmental conditions.ResultsThe ridges showed the highest values of solar radiation and the lowest of soil N and water content. Overall, we found a significant tendency for higher root‐to‐shoot (R/S) ratios, greater fine root biomass, and higher root starch content, in individuals growing in ridges or midslopes compared to the values of the plants living in gullies.ConclusionsPlants located in open canopy sites, characterized by a shortage of nutrients and water, tend to allocate more biomass belowground than plants in wet and fertile sites. Thus, plants in wet and fertile forests should be more vulnerable to increased disturbance such as wildfires.
Words matter: Reflections on language projects with chimpanzees and their implications
Authors: Krause Mark A. , Beran Michael J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBeginning in the 1960s the first systematic projects dedicated to testing whether great apes could acquire some aspects of human language were conducted. The ape subjects demonstrated remarkable capacities to learn and use elements of either sign language or an artificial language. The results from research across several laboratories drew a mixture of excitement and skepticism, and critiques and debates have ensued since the earliest reports were published. This continues today. Terrace (2019, Nim: A chimpanzee who learned sign language. New York, NY: Columbia University Press) repeats many of the same points made decades earlier, and has added some additional critiques. That scientists hold different perspectives on what to conclude from ape language studies is expected. However, any conclusion one draws should be based upon available evidence, which we outline in this review. We also address the critiques offered by Terrace (2019), including the stance that apes cannot understand or use words. Focusing on symbol use by chimpanzees and bonobos we describe evidence that argues for understanding of words, including capacities for declarative communication and intersubjectivity found in these apes. We conclude that the many decades of research using a variety of symbol systems challenges the absolutist position that chimpanzees and bonobos cannot learn language or understand the concept of a word.
Rechargeable Aluminium–Sulfur Battery with Improved Electrochemical Performance by Cobalt‐Containing Electrocatalyst
Authors: Guo Yue , Hu Zhiqiu , Wang Jiawei , Peng Zhangquan , Zhu Junfa , Ji Hengxing , Wan Li‐Jun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe rechargeable aluminium–sulfur (Al–S) battery is regarded as a potential alternative beyond lithium‐ion battery system owing to its safety, promising energy density, and the high earth abundance of the constituent electrode materials, however, sluggish kinetic response and short life‐span are the major issues that limit the battery development towards applications. In this article, we report CoII,III as an electrochemical catalyst in the sulfur cathode that renders a reduced discharge–charge voltage hysteresis and improved capacity retention and rate capability for Al–S batteries. The structural and electrochemical analysis suggest that the catalytic effect of CoII,III is closely associated with the formation of cobalt sulfides and the changes in the valence states of the CoII,III during the electrochemical reactions of the sulfur species, which lead to improved reaction kinetics and sulfur utilization in the cathode. The Al–S battery, assembled with the cathode consisting of CoII,III decorated carbon matrix, demonstrates a considerably reduced voltage hysteresis of 0.8 V, a reversible specific capacity of ≈500 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 200 discharge–charge cycles and of ≈300 mAh g−1 at 3 A g−1.
Flexible C−C Bonds: Reversible Expansion, Contraction, Formation, and Scission of Extremely Elongated Single Bonds
Authors: Shimajiri Takuya , Suzuki Takanori , Ishigaki Yusuke 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSince carbon–carbon (C−C) covalent bonds are rigid and robust, the bond length is, in general, nearly constant and depends only on the bond order and hybrid orbitals. We report herein direct visualization of the reversible expansion and contraction of a C(sp3)−C(sp3) single bond by light and heat. This flexibility of a C−C bond was demonstrated by X‐ray analysis and Raman spectroscopy of hexaphenylethane (HPE)‐type hydrocarbons with two spiro‐dibenzocycloheptatriene units, the intramolecular [2+2] photocyclization of which and thermal cleavage of the resulting cyclobutane ring both occur in a single‐crystalline phase. The force constant of the contracted C−C bond is 1.6 times greater than that of the expanded bond. Since formation of the cyclobutane ring and contraction of the C−C bond lower the HOMO level by approximately 1 eV, the oxidative properties of these HPEs with a flexible C−C bond can be deactivated/activated by light/heat.
Toward Replacing Ethylene Oxide in a Sustainable World: Glycolaldehyde as a Bio‐Based C2 Platform Molecule
Authors: Faveere William H. , Van Praet Sofie , Vermeeren Benjamin , Dumoleijn Kim N. R. , Moonen Kristof , Taarning Esben , Sels Bert F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFossil‐based platform molecules such as ethylene and ethylene oxide currently serve as the primary feedstock for the C2‐based chemical industry. However, in the search for a more sustainable chemical industry, fossil‐based resources may preferentially be replaced by renewable alternatives, provided there is realistic economic feasibility. This Review compares and critically discusses several production routes toward bio‐based structural analogues of ethylene oxide and the required adaptations for their implementation in state‐of‐the‐art C2‐based chemical processes. For example, glycolaldehyde, a structural analogue obtainable from carbohydrates by atom‐economic retro‐aldol reactions, may replace ethylene oxide's leading role. This alternative chemical route may not only allow the carbon footprint of conventional chemicals production to be lowered, but the introduction of a bio‐based pathway may also contribute to safer production processes. Where possible, challenges, drawbacks, and prospects are highlighted.
Movement behaviours and survival of largetooth sawfish, Pristis pristis, released from a public aquarium
Authors: Buckley Kathryn A. , Crook David A. , Einoder Luke D. , Pillans Richard D. , Smith Liam D. G. , Kyne Peter M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Public aquaria globally display numerous threatened fish species captured from wild populations. Potential impacts of harvests are rarely evaluated despite the need for improved management and conservation practices.
Sawfishes (Family Pristiidae) are one of the world's most at‐risk fish families. Most commonly displayed (30+ wild caught individuals) is the Critically Endangered largetooth sawfish, Pristis pristis.
Two Australian aquaria release captive P. pristis to the wild as they outgrow displays, intending to offset impacts of the original harvests. The fate of released sawfish is unknown.
Using acoustic telemetry, the behaviour (rates of movement, patterns of habitat use) and survival of aquarium released sawfish (n = 5) were compared to a control group of wild sawfish (n = 5).
Aquarium sawfish had reduced rates of movement, were more sedentary, and occupied smaller activity spaces than wild sawfish; but diel activity and habitat use patterns were similar.
Collectively, mortality was high. Two aquarium sawfish survived to the end of the monitoring period (391 days and 117 days, respectively), and no wild sawfish survived. The mean duration of survival for aquarium and wild sawfish was 157 and 58 days, respectively.
Whilst captivity affected behaviours, the lower mortality rates of aquarium sawfish indicates that releases may partially offset the impact of the original harvest. Further data are required to investigate potential long‐term ecological impacts.
If P. pristis are to be used for aquarium displays, the best conservation outcomes could be achieved by harvesting in the first year of life when natural mortality is highest, followed by release into the freshwater reaches of the natal river where predation risk may be minimized. Size on release should be less than ~2,800 mm total length to allow for migration from the river system as part of their natural life cycle.
Environment‐Wide Association Study (EnWAS) of Prenatal and Perinatal Factors Associated With Autistic Traits: A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Amiri Masoud , Lamballais Sander , Geenjaar Eloy , Blanken Laura M. E. , El Marroun Hanan , Tiemeier Henning , White Tonya 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to the origins of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While a number of studies have described specific environmental factors associating with emerging ASD, studies that compare and contrast multiple environmental factors in the same study are lacking. Thus, the goal of this study was to perform a prospective, data‐driven environmental‐wide association study of pre‐ and perinatal factors associated with the later development of autistic symptoms in childhood. The participants included 3891 6‐year‐old children from a birth cohort with pre‐ and perinatal data. Autistic symptoms were measured using the Social Responsiveness Scale in all children. Prior to any analyses, the sample was randomly split into a discovery set (2920) and a test set (921). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed for each of 920 variables, correcting for six of the most common covariates in epidemiological studies. We found 111 different pre‐ and perinatal factors associated with autistic traits during childhood. In secondary analyses where we controlled for parental psychopathology, 23 variables in the domains of family and interpersonal relationships were associated with the development of autistic symptoms during childhood. In conclusion, a data‐driven approach was used to identify a number of pre‐ and perinatal risk factors associating with higher childhood autistic symptoms. These factors include measures of parental psychopathology and family and interpersonal relationships. These measures could potentially be used for the early identification of those at increased risk to develop ASD.Lay SummaryA combination of genetic and environmental factors contributes to the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Each environmental factor may affect the risk of ASD. In a study on 6‐year‐old children, a number of pre‐ and perinatal risk factors were identified that are associated with autistic symptoms in childhood. These factors include measures of parental psychopathology and family and interpersonal relationships. These variables could potentially serve as markers to identify those at increased risk to develop ASD or autistic symptoms. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1582–1600. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.