bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Invited) Overview and Outlook of Korea’s Battery Industry
Authors: YI Jeongdoo 
Published: December 2024

Recently, various issues have been raised in the automobile battery market, and the starting point is the issue of core minerals through the US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and the use of recycled raw materials and materials through Europe's CRMA.
At the same time, battery technology is diversifying, with batteries using various materials such as iron phosphate as well as existing ternary batteries being installed in automobiles, and the development and application of sodium batteries have been reported, and research is actively underway. Additionally, research is being actively conducted on lithium metal batteries, all-solid-state batteries, and lithium sulfur batteries as future technologies that can significantly increase energy density.
We would like to discuss the current issues in batteries, the direction of technological development, and areas to focus on as anticipated by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, as well as response strategies and business directions.
Fabrication of Thin Li6PS5Cl Separators for All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Bardenhagen Ingo , Gockeln Michael , Schwenzel Julian 
Published: December 2024

Thin sulfide separators for all-solid-state batteries are crucial to obtain low internal battery-cell resistances, i.e. good battery-cell performances, and high energy densities [1]. A two-dimensional sulfide separator sheet consists commonly of sulfide powder and a polymeric binder. The components are dispersed in a solvent and casted to a given sacrificial substrate. Current challenges for thin separator fabrication include either (1) high costs for commercial sulfide material with very fine particle sizes (<5 µm) or (2) very large particle size distributions (<1 to >100 µm) for “lower-cost” commercial sulfide powders. Since the separator thickness is limited to the diameters of the largest particles, sulfide particles are preferred to be smaller than ~5 µm at an affordable price.
In this work, we have produced thin two-dimensional sulfide separator sheets with thicknesses of 20 µm from commercial “lower-cost” Li6PS5Cl material. The powder was wet-ball-milled and dried before it was subjected to paste fabrication and separator casting. Using x-ray diffraction and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it was proven that crystal structure and Li-ion conductivities of Li6PS5Cl were unhampered from the mechanical treatment. Secondary electron images of the separator cross-sections revealed ultra-fine particles and the strikingly low separator thickness of 20 µm. An example for such a separator is visible in the attached figure: (a) Photograf of the casted layer on PET foil, (b) SEM top view, (c), cross-section (d) and magnified cross-section of a compressed separator.
In the next step, the separator was connected with the (composite) electrodes. Here, we investigated two different approaches to achieve a good mechanical contact and therefore a good electrochemical performance. On the one hand we transferred the separators onto the electrodes by uniaxially or isostatically pressuring. On the other hand we investigated a direct coating of the separator slurry onto metal or composite electrodes.
[1] Randau, S., Weber, D.A., Kötz, O. et al. Benchmarking the performance of all-solid-state lithium batteries. Nat Energy
5, 259–270 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0565-1

Figure 1
Comparative Analysis of Entropy-Assisted Garnet-Structured Electrolyte in Solid-State Batteries
Authors: Houache Mohamed , Yan Shuo , MacIver Paul , Karkar Zouina , Yim Chae-Ho , Abu-Lebdeh Yaser 
Published: December 2024

The application of Li-ion batteries has been expanding at a rapid rate in recent decades due to the tremendous demands in the market for portable electronics, smart grid, and electric vehicles (EVs). Solid-state lithium metal battery (SS-LMB) is the most promising next-generation energy storage device as they can solve the safety issue resulted from liquid electrolytes.
Among different types of solid-state electrolytes (SSE), garnet-type structure materials have been shown to be very promising for the development of SS-LMBs owing to their wide electrochemical stability window (∼6 V vs Li+/Li), good chemical stability against Li metal, and high Li-ion conductivity (∼10–4 S cm-1 at RT). It is also known that such properties are highly dependent on the doped elements, processing conditions, and microstructures. Therefore, for further applications of Li–garnet in SSBs, it is necessary to optimize such properties through doping engineering. Multi-cationic substitution on (Li7La3Zr2O12) LLZO and how cation entropy affects the structure−property relationships related to charge transport and electrochemical stability have not yet been intensively explored.
In this work, we designed a tri-doping approach with Ga3+ substitution for Li+ and Ti4+ and Ta5+ substitution for Zr4+ to increase Li+ vacancy and enhance ionic conductivity of LLZO by sol-gel method, which can be scaled up for mass production. Dopants (Li7-3xGaxLa3Zr2-yTayTiYO12) were selected based on the literature and modelling. Moreover, the effects of dopants with various stoichiometric ratios on the crystalline phase stability, ionic conductivity, and air stability were investigated.
A Green Synthesis of Battery-Level Carbon Anode from PetCoke Carbon Waste
Authors: Risal Samprash , Milapati Sanam , Robles Hernandez Francisco C , Fan Zheng 
Published: December 2024

Petroleum coke (PetCoke) is a byproduct of oil refining that is commonly used as a heating resource and contributing to carbon emissions. Additionally, the presence of heavy metals and sulfur in PetCoke has also raised significant environmental concerns. Moreover, traditional high-temperature PetCoke treatment methods exacerbate greenhouse gas emissions. This study introduces an energy-efficient approach for converting PetCoke into carbon anode materials for solid-state batteries. Utilizing a custom-built laser-based vapor deposition setup, comprising a tube furnace and a nanosecond-pulsed infrared laser (1064 nm), we explored the PetCoke transfer process. Subjecting PetCoke to high power density laser irradiation generates localized high temperatures (~3000°C), initiating sample evaporation. By modulating the local conditions within the tube furnace, e.g., temperature, pressure, and argon flow rate, we can precisely control the kinetic gradient between the PetCoke and the plating substrate. This control is crucial for transforming PetCoke into various carbon forms with tailored microstructure and morphology, while selectively removing sulfur and heavy metals due to their differing nucleation rates on copper foil.
One outcome of this process is the production of high-purity carbon black (C65) with a specific surface area of 400 m2/g, as verified by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. The exceptional surface area of C65 facilitates its use in creating a mixed-ionic-electronic conductor (MIEC) layer within all-solid-state batteries, enhancing lithium plating and stripping efficiency during cycling. Our battery design, incorporating C65/Ag/Solid Electrolyte/NMC811 and electrolyte composite, leverages laser-induced evaporation for C65 deposition on copper foil and employs Li6PS5Cl as the solid electrolyte. The resulting solid-state cell exhibits remarkable electrochemical performance, maintaining operation at an impressive current density of 2.4 mA/cm2 and achieving an average coulombic efficiency of 99.5% over 200 cycles.
Mechanical Milling - Induced Microstructure Changes in Argyrodite Lpscl Solid-State Electrolyte Critically Affect Electrochemical Stability
Authors: Wang Yixian , Mitlin David 
Published: December 2024

In the early stages of sulfide solid-state electrolyte (SSE) research, sulfides like Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl) were primarily synthesized in laboratories using fine precursors such as Li2S, LiCl, and P2S5, employing meticulous synthetic procedures involving milling and sintering. This approach resulted in grams of as-synthesized SSE materials with a uniform particle size distribution and well-controlled morphology. Consequently, large-scale synthesis methods for LPSCl SSE have been developed, leading to the availability of commercial LPSCl SSE. Nonetheless, compared to lab-scale synthesis, commercial production of LPSCl SSE often yields a wide range of particle sizes and particle distributions. In-depth understanding is needed regarding how microstructural features such as the average particle size and distribution, and pore size and distribution, affect the compressed SSE's electrochemical performance.
In this presentation, we investigate mechanical milling – induced microstructure changes of LPSCl SSE and their influence on electrochemical performance. Planetary mechanical milling in wet media (m-xylene) is employed to alter commercial LPSCl powder. Quantitative stereology demonstrates how extended milling progressively refines grain and pore size/distribution, increases compact density, and geometrically smoothens the SSE-Li interface. Microstructure, in turn, profoundly influences electrochemical behavior. It is shown that an optimized SSE microstructure enables state-of-the-art electrochemical performance without the need for any artificial SEI layers or other secondary modifications. Combined cryogenic focused ion beam (cryo-FIB) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrate that milled microstructures promote uniform early-stage electrodeposition on foil collectors and stabilize solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) reactivity. For the first time, short-circuiting Li metal dendrite is directly identified, employing 1.5 mm diameter "mini" symmetrical cell and cryo-FIB. Site-specific analysis highlights that the lithium metal dendrite has the following features: a) a sheet-like morphology with branching sections; b) traverses the compact intergranularly, moving around large grains rather than through them; c) fills the interparticle voids and reacts with the contacting SSE to form reduction decomposition products, i.e. the dendrite is surrounded by an SEI.

Figure 1
Zero-Excess Sodium-Organic Battery through in-Situ Metal Plating
Authors: Reynolds Nathan 
Published: December 2024

In 2023, the production capacity of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) amounted to 42 GWh with this number predicted to rise to 186 GWh by 2030 spearheaded via numerous promising sodium host materials at both the anode and cathode1,2. Amongst these, organic electroactive compounds are an attractive choice for sustainable energy storage that can be obtained from abundant natural biomass with minimal energy consumption. Sodium Rhodizonate (SRD) is a commercially available example of this which has broad application prospects at both electrodes owing to its high theoretical capacity of 501 mAh/g.
Therefore, the concept of fabricating batteries in a discharged state whilst utilizing a “zero-excess” (anode-free) configuration is an appealing, low-cost technology that can aid in producing the next generation of SIBs. The plating and stripping mechanism that occurs during electrochemical cycling of these cells sees the reactive Na metal electroplated on the chosen current collector whilst charging and then stripped during the subsequent discharge. To ensure longevity of life in these systems, bottlenecks such as inhomogeneous plating, dendritic growth, and sodium content in the positive electrode must be explored.
As a result, in this work, an ad-hoc designed current collector is adopted and integrated into our battery utilizing abundant, and inexpensive materials3. We also explored sustainable water-soluble binders that can challenge the mature yet toxic non-recyclable combination of PVDF and NMP for implementation into our cathode. On account of this, our tests employing a sodium rhodizonate (Na2C6O6) based cathode - mass loading of 5.5 mg/cm2 - and carbon coated aluminium current collector (CB@Al) as the “anode” showed excellent stability when subjected to faster rates with a capacity in excess of 125 mAh/g during cycling at 1C (Figure 1a). At this current, an energy density of 265 Wh/Kgcathode+anode can be obtained despite the relatively low average discharge potential of 1.95 V with this figure rising to 390 Wh/Kgcathode+anode if cycled at 0.1C. Furthermore, this organic system provided outstanding stability over 75 cycles at 0.2C achieving an average capacity of 175 mAh/g exhibiting negligible capacity fade (Figure 1b).

Na-ion batteries capacity forecast by world region | Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1417860/sodium-ion-capacity-forecast-by-region-worldwide/.

Cheaper and Safer Sodium-Ion Batteries on the Horizon | IDTechEx Research Article. https://www.idtechex.com/en/research-article/cheaper-and-safer-sodium-ion-batteries-on-the-horizon/29608.

Mazzali, F. et al. Designing a high-power sodium-ion battery by in situ metal plating. ACS Appl Energy Mater
2, 344–353 (2019).

Figure 1
Edible Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Galli Valerio , Annese Valerio Francesco , Coco Giulia , Ilic Ivan K. , Cataldi Pietro , Lamanna Leonardo , Caironi Mario 
Published: December 2024

Edible electronics explores the electronic properties of food-derived materials and food additives to develop a completely safe-to-ingest technology with possible applications in medicine and agrifood. Among the different edible electronic components realized in recent years, edible rechargeable batteries represent an unprecedented opportunity for energy storage, with applications that go beyond edible electronics. Their intrinsic safety and sustainability can be a key aspect in replacing traditional batteries in medical and agrifood low-power electronic devices, reducing health hazards and environmental impact.
Starting from the redox reaction between two molecules commonly found in food, riboflavin and quercetin, we developed the first edible rechargeable battery, characterized by an operating voltage of ⁓0.65 V. All the battery components are fabricated using materials that can be safely ingested, like activated carbon, edible gold leaves, ethyl cellulose, and beeswax. Edible battery stability has been extensively tested, showing a stable capacity of ⁓20 µAh over two weeks of storage at room temperature. The possibility to implement these batteries in different scenarios has been verified by cycling them in different environmental conditions, proving stable performance between 0 and 37 °C. Successful integration with both traditional and edible electronic components has been achieved, indicating a feasible path along the development of edible batteries as critical components in sustainable agrifood IoT nodes as well as power supplies in future edible electronic systems for medical and food monitoring applications.
Cathode Performance of ZnMn₂O₄ for Zn Anode Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Yoshiki Ikuto , Inoishi Yuiko , Ishihara Tatsumi 
Published: December 2024

Zinc anode rechargeable batteries (ZABs) are expecting a promising rechargeable battery for next-generation power systems due to a low cost, environmental compatibility, high safety, and high energy density of Zn anode. Although various cathode materials are currently being investigated, no cathode material with high discharge capacity, cycle stability, and high potential has been reported1 . At present, MnO2 is the most promising materials however, cycle stability is still not enough high. In this study, ZnMn2O4 which is the inactive phase of Zn-MnO2 battery using alkaline electrolyte, was focused as cathode using various acidic electrolyte. Optimization of dopant and also additives to electrolyte was studied.
ZnMn2O4 was synthesized with spray pyrolysis method using nitrate solution of Zn and Mn. The cathode was prepared by mixing ZnMn2O4, acetylene black, and PTFE at 7:2:1 weight ratio and pressed onto Ti mesh. The cell consists of Zn anode, glass separator, and the ZnMn2O4 cathode prepared. Charge-discharge measurements were performed in constant current mode with three electrodes cell at current density of 0.2 mA/cm².
The prepared ZnMn2O4 powder was a sphere shape and SEM observation suggest that inner of particles are vacant, microcapsule structure. Among the electrolytes examined, 3M Zn(OTf)₂+0.1M Mn(OTf)₂ and 3M ZnSO₄+0.1M MnSO₄ were found to be suitable from cycle stability and discharge capacity. In particular, Zn-ZnMn2O4 cell using 3 M Zn(OTf)₂+0.1M Mn(OTf)2 shows discharge capacity larger than 200mAh/g and more than 50 cycles of charge and discharge.
Ex situ XRD showed that the MnO peak was appeared after discharge from 1.9 to 0.8V and it is disappeared to be ZnMn2O4 peaks after charge to 1.9V. Consequently, the charge and discharge of Zn-ZnMn2O4 cell is stored electricity by the redox reaction between Mn2+ and Mn3+. Considering the stable discharge capacity and high potential, Zn-ZnMn2O4 battery is highly interesting as rechargeable large capacity battery.

Acknowledgement; This presentation is based on results obtained from a project, JPNP21006, commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan.
1) N. Zhang, X. Chen, M. Yu, Z. Niu, F. Cheng, J. Chen, Chem Soc Rev, 2020, 49, 4203.

Figure 1
Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenides As Ca/Mg Intercalation Electrode: A Systematic First-Principles Study
Authors: Kim Daehyun , Park Haesun 
Published: December 2024

Multivalent-ion batteries have attracted attention as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems due to high energy density and the abundant reserves. However, few electrode materials can reversibly intercalate multivalent ions like Ca and Mg due to strong interaction between the host framework, impeding facile diffusion of guest ions. Three main structure types, including Prussian blue, polyanion, and layered structures, have been reported as stable electrodes for Ca and Mg.
Here, we focus on layered transition metal dichalcogenide polymorphs with a range of transition metal substitutions. Transition metal dichalcogenide can be classified into three polymorphs such 1T, 2H, and 3R, where the guest ions can occupy either octahedral sites or trigonal prismatic sites. Our investigation includes Ti, Zr, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, and W as substituted transition metals across six structure types. Considering two intercalating ions and two chalcogenide elements, 192 electrode candidates are generated. (Ion : Ca and Mg, Chalcogenide : S and Se) Using first-principles calculations based on density function theory, we assess four key properties - thermodynamic properties, electrochemical properties, ion mobility, and redox activity of transition metals - to pinpoint the optimal intercalation electrode materials for Ca and Mg batteries.
Enhanced Durability of Zn-Metal Anodes through in-Situ Bi-Layer Coating with Metal Fluoride and Polymer
Authors: Han Jaewoong , Lee Hongkyung 
Published: December 2024

Aqueous Zn metal batteries (AZBs) have garnered considerable attention in the quest for safer, more sustainable energy storage solutions, primarily due to their inherent non-flammability and cost-effectiveness. However, the commercial deployment of AZBs has been hindered by two major challenges: the growth of Zn dendrites and the parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the Zn metal anodes (ZMAs). These phenomena compromise battery safety and efficiency, thereby limiting their practical applications. To address these issues, this study introduces a novel bi-layered Zn protective layer (BSPL@Zn), fabricated through a one-step in-situ coating process. This protection strategy employs a polyvinyl(alcohol), hydrophilic polymeric outer layer coupled with a zincophilic, Ag-decorated inner layer (Ag0/ZnF2), created by an in-situ displacement reaction facilitated by a silver fluoride (AgF) additive.
The innovative aspect of BSPL@Zn lies in its dual functionality. The Ag-decorated inner layer is specifically engineered to be zincophilic, promoting homogeneous Zn deposition, while the hydrophilic polymer outer layer effectively suppresses the HER. This configuration not only mitigates the formation of dendritic structures but also significantly reduces the rate of hydrogen gas evolution—a common issue that exacerbates anode degradation and battery failure. Experimental results demonstrate that the BSPL@Zn successfully extends the short-circuiting time of the batteries, achieving a three-fold reduction in H2 gas evolution compared to conventional ZMA systems.
Further evaluations in Zn||Zn symmetric cells reveal that BSPL@Zn enables robust cycling performance, sustaining over 1800 hours at a Zn plating capacity of 5 mAh cm−2. When implemented in Zn||NH4V4O10 cells, BSPL@Zn maintains stable battery operation across 1000 cycles with an impressive 80% capacity retention. These findings underscore the effectiveness of the bi-layer approach in enhancing the durability and operational stability of AZBs.
This study not only elucidates the mechanisms by which BSPL@Zn enhances the performance and safety of AZBs but also highlights the importance of material selection and strategic design in anode protection. By integrating zincophilic and hydrophilic properties within a single protective structure, this work paves the way for future advancements in battery technology. The development of such tailored protective coatings could significantly propel the commercial viability of AZBs, promoting their wider adoption in various applications demanding high safety and efficiency standards.
From Death to Resurrection: Revisiting the Reversibility of Rechargeable Alkaline Zinc-Manganese Dioxide Batteries
Authors: Marini Emanuele , Kim Chuljung , Kostka Mendel , Schindling Jannis , Zosel Philipp , Joerissen Ludwig , Hölzle Markus 
Published: December 2024

Zinc-manganese dioxide batteries (ZMBs) feature specific energy densities of up to 400 watt-hours per liter and 150 watt-hours per kilogram, positioning them as the global standard for the primary market. These batteries are made of non-toxic, abundant, and cost-effective materials. Due to their aqueous electrolyte, this system is also non-flammable, making it quite appealing for several applications where safety is of paramount importance.
Efforts to commercialize rechargeable ZMBs gained momentum in the late 1980s and 1990s. Despite initial success, these rechargeable cells suffered from limited cycle life and poor capacity retention—often not exceeding 20-30 cycles—which was far below the performance standards, achieved by other rechargeable systems such as nickel-cadmium or nickel-metal hydride batteries. This led to their phase-out from the market by the early 2000s [1].
Despite these historical challenges, recent advancements [2,3] have spurred renewed interest in improving the performance of rechargeable ZMBs, focusing on enhancing their energy density, cycle life, and overall commercial viability for modern applications especially in the stationary energy storage sector. In this regards, ZSW has recently demonstrated that a combination of novel active materials with an ion-selective separator makes a rechargeable ZMB feasible. This has shown stability over hundreds of charge-discharge cycles with nearly 100% Depth of Discharge (D.o.D.) at rates of 0.1 to 0.5 C. Herein, we showcase our latest developments and potential solutions to overcome the technological hurdles faced by rechargeable ZMBs, positioning them as key players in future stationary energy storage systems.
References
[1] M.B. Lim, T.N. Lambert, B.R. Chalamala, Rechargeable alkaline zinc–manganese oxide batteries for grid storage: Mechanisms, challenges, and developments, Materials Science & Engineering R 143 (2021) 100593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2020.100593
[2] G.G. Yadav, J.W. Gallaway, D.E. Turney, M. Nyce, J. Huang, X. Wei, & S. Banerjee, Regenerable Cu-intercalated MnO2 layered cathode for highly cyclable energy dense batteries, Nature Communications 8 (2017) 14424. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14424
[3] E.D. Spoerke, H. Passell, T.N. Lambert, B. Chalamala, G. Cowles, G.G. Yadav, J. Huang, S. Banerjee, Driving Zn-MnO2 grid-scale batteries: A roadmap to cost-effective energy storage, MRS Energy & Sustainability (2022) doi:10.1557/s43581-021-00018-4.