bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Text, Authorial Intentions and Implied Rights: A Response to Allan and Arcioni
Authors: Crowe Jonathan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractJim Allan contends in a recent issue of the Federal Law Review that the High Court’s implied rights jurisprudence is illegitimate, because it is not adequately moored in the constitutional text and the historical intentions of its authors. Elisa Arcioni’s response accepts that constitutional doctrines should be grounded in the text and authorial intentions but argues that the implied rights cases meet this standard. Arcioni is correct, but more can usefully be said about the precise interpretive basis for the implied rights reasoning. A faithful attempt to give effect to the framers’ intentions, as I have shown in detail elsewhere, must sometimes ask not only what they had in mind when the text was written but also what those intentions entail in a contemporary setting. This involves placing both the constitutional text and authorial intentions within a broader context of legal and social institutions. The High Court’s implied rights jurisprudence, viewed in this light, is a legitimate attempt to identify and apply the Constitution’s intended meaning.
Progression of Epiphyseal Cartilage and Bone Pathology in Surgically Treated Cases of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Elbow
Authors: Takahara Masatoshi , Maruyama Masahiro , Uno Tomohiro , Harada Mikio , Satake Hiroshi , Takahara Daiichiro , Takagi Michiaki 
Published: November 2020

Background: Although a variety of pathologic conditions associated with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) have been reported, the pathological progression has remained unclear. Hypothesis: Separation of the immature epiphyseal cartilage is an early event in OCD, and osteonecrosis in the articular fragment is a late event. Study Design: Case Series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: The participants were 26 boys (mean age, 13.8 years; mean skeletal age score for the elbow, 24.6 points) with capitellar OCD who underwent osteochondral autograft transplantation. A total of 28 cylindrical osteochondral plugs, including the articular fragment, an intermediate layer, and proximal epiphyseal bone, were harvested from the central area of the capitellum and were examined histologically. The articular fragments of OCD were independently assessed by 5 observers and divided into 4 pathological variations: IA, nearly normal-cartilaginous; IB, deteriorated-cartilaginous; IIA, cartilage-ossifying; and IIB, cartilage-osteonecrotic. The reliability of assessment and the correlation of the pathological variations with the clinical data were examined. Results: The reliability of the assessment among 5 observers was almost perfect (Cohen kappa value = 0.91). OCD variations of IA, IB, IIA, and IIB were evident in 5, 10, 5, and 6 patients, respectively. OCD-I (cartilaginous) and OCD-II (osteochondral) corresponded significantly to radiographic stage I (radiolucency or slight calcification with open physis) and stage II (delayed ossification or bony fragment), respectively (Cohen kappa value = 0.79; percentage agreement = 81%). The pathological OCD variations were significantly correlated with the clinical data, including the period from symptom onset to surgery, patient age, and the skeletal age score ( P < .01, in each). Conclusion: The present study has revealed that the pathological variations correspond to the progression of OCD, thus proving our hypothesis. OCD-IA was shown to be an early lesion caused by separation of the immature epiphyseal cartilage. OCD-IB appeared to result from ossification arrest over a prolonged period from the onset of OCD-IA, whereas OCD-IIA showed delayed ossification in the epiphyseal cartilage where vascularization from the surrounding bone had been established. Osteonecrosis in OCD-IIB was shown to be a late pathological event caused by disruption of the vascular supply to OCD-IIA.
Systemic lupus erythematosus during pregnancy is not associated with school performance in offspring – A Danish population-based study
Authors: Knudsen Signe S , Simard Julia F , Knudsen Jakob S , Christensen Jakob , Laursen Thomas M , Deleuran Bent W , Bech Bodil H 
Published: November 2020

Introduction Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in pregnancy is considered a risk factor for a range of adverse outcomes in the offspring. Studies have indicated increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, dyslexia and ADHD. However, the overall long-term cognitive development of children born to women with SLE has scarcely been examined. In this study, we compare test scores from the Danish National School Tests of children born to women SLE with children of the background population. Methods We included all singleton children born in Denmark between 1995 and 2008, who were listed in the Danish National School Test Register (n=738,862). Children born to women with SLE were identified through linkage of national healthcare registers. We assessed the children’s performance in the national school tests between 2nd and 8th grade, in reading and mathematics. Information on the mothers’ redeemed prescriptions in pregnancy was included in stratified analyses. Differences of mean test scores were derived from linear regressions and compared according to maternal SLE status, and predefined categories of medication exposures. Results In total, 312 (0.04%) children were born to mothers with SLE. There were no differences in performance in neither reading nor mathematics tests between those born to mothers with SLE and children born to mothers without SLE. When stratifying on medication exposures among children whose mothers had SLE, there was a non-significant tendency towards poorer results among those exposed to hydroxychloroquine and/or immunosuppressants (n=31), compared to those not exposed to these medications. A similar tendency was not observed among children whose mothers received hydroxychloroquine for non-SLE reasons (n=1,235) Conclusion This study indicates no major harmful effect on the child’s neurocognitive development from exposure in utero to SLE, hydroxychloroquine and/or immunosuppressants, as measured by school performance.
Family vulnerability for sick older adults: An empirical ethics study
Authors: Zou Xiang , Nie Jing-Bao 
Published: November 2020

Background: In China, the conventional family-based ageing care model is under pressure from social transitions, raising the question of whether and to what extent families are still capable of dealing with the care of the aged. Objective: This article examines the vulnerability and inadequacy of families to bear responsibility for the care of the aged against a backdrop of socioeconomic transformation and diminishing institutional support in rural China. Research design: This article adopts an empirical ethical approach that integrates empirical investigation with ethical inquiry. Participants and research context: The empirical component of this article focuses on the lived experiences of caring for a wife and mother with dementia in one rural Chinese family, collected from a 6-month fieldwork study conducted at one primary hospital. Ethical considerations: Approval was obtained from the university ethics committee. Findings: The empirical study highlights a conflicted family process of managing and negotiating care that indicates the inadequacies and limited ability of families to deal with aged care tasks. In addition, inadequate structures and institutional deficiencies exacerbate the vulnerability of rural families and their inability to offer adequate care. Conclusion: Acknowledging the vulnerability of families as ageing care providers, this article calls for a socially supported family care model for rural older people in China and also proposes policy recommendations.
Evaluation of platelet function in cats with and without kidney disease: a pilot study
Authors: Benson Kellyi K , Quimby Jessica M , Shropshire Sarah B , Summers Stacie C , Dowers Kristy L 
Published: November 2020

Objectives The aims of this study were to determine if stable chronic kidney disease (CKD) cats and uremic crisis cats have altered platelet function, and to determine the prevalence of positive fecal occult blood in CKD cats. Methods Platelet function in normal cats, clinically stable International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 2–4 CKD cats and CKD cats experiencing a uremic crisis were evaluated using impedance aggregometry. Area under the curve (AUC) at 6 mins was calculated for saline, adenosine diphosphate (AUCADP) and arachidonic acid (AUCASPI). The AUC in addition to hematocrit, platelet count and mean platelet volume (MPV) were compared between groups using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc analysis. Guaiac fecal occult blood tests were performed on fecal samples and results were compared between groups using a χ2 for trend test. Results AUCADP ( P = 0.04) and AUCASPI ( P = 0.05) were significantly higher in uremic crisis cats compared with normal cats at 6 mins. Hematocrit was significantly higher in normal cats when compared with IRIS stage 3 and 4 ( P = 0.002) and uremic crisis ( P = 0.0008) cats, with no difference among groups for platelet count or MPV. The proportion of cats with positive fecal occult blood samples was significantly different between groups ( P = 0.0017); 50% uremic crisis cats, 33% IRIS stage 3 and 4 cats, and 10% IRIS stage 2 cats were positive, while no normal cats were positive. The proportion of cats with platelet clumping was significantly different between groups ( P = 0.03). Conclusions and relevance Platelet hyper-reactivity may be occurring in CKD cats experiencing a uremic crisis. The etiology of positive fecal occult blood samples in CKD cats is unclear and did not appear to be related to decreased platelet function as measured in this study and requires further investigation.
Depression and cognitive function in early multiple sclerosis: Multitasking is more sensitive than traditional assessments
Authors: Glukhovsky Lisa , Kurz Daniel , Brandstadter Rachel , Leavitt Victoria M , Krieger Stephen , Fabian Michelle , Katz Sand Ilana , Klineova Sylvia , Riley Claire S , Lublin Fred D , Miller Aaron E , Sumowski James F 
Published: November 2020

Background: Persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and depression symptoms report real-world cognitive difficulties that may be missed by laboratory cognitive tests. Objective: To examine the relationship of depressive symptoms to cognitive monotasking versus multitasking in early MS. Method: Persons with early MS ( n = 185; ⩽5 years diagnosed) reported mood, completed monotasking and multitasking cognitive tests, and received high-resolution 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Partial correlations analyzed associations between mood and cognition, controlling for age, sex, estimated premorbid IQ, T2 lesion volume, and normalized gray matter volume. Results: Depression symptoms were more related to worse cognitive multitasking (−0.353, p < 0.001) than monotasking ( r = −0.189, p = 0.011). There was a significant albeit weaker link to cognitive efficiency composite score ( r = −0.281, p < 0.001), but not composite memory ( r = −0.036, p > 0.50). Findings were replicated with a second depression measure. Multitasking was worse in patients with at least mild depression than both patients with no/minimal depression and healthy controls. Multitasking was not related to mood in healthy controls. Conclusions: Depression symptoms are linked to cognitive multitasking in early MS; standard monotasking cognitive assessments appear less sensitive to depression-related cognition. Further investigation should determine directionality and mechanisms of this relationship, with the goal of enhancing treatment for cognitive dysfunction and depression in MS.
Outcomes of open and endovascular interventions in patients with chronic limb threatening ischemia
Authors: Lee K Benjamin , Macsata Robyn A , Lala Salim , Sparks Andrew D , Amdur Richard L , Ricotta John J , Sidawy Anton N , Nguyen Bao-Ngoc 
Published: November 2020

Objectives Widespread adoption of endovascular therapy for the treatment of chronic limb-threatening ischemia has transformed the field of vascular surgery. In this modern era, we aimed to define where open surgical interventions are of greatest benefit for limb salvage. Methods Patients who underwent interventions for chronic limb-threatening ischemia were identified in the vascular-targeted lower extremity National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database for open surgical interventions (OPEN) and endovascular surgical interventions (ENDO) from 2011 to 2017. Patients were further stratified based on the criteria of chronic limb-threatening ischemia (rest pain or tissue loss), and the location of the diseased arteries (femoropopliteal or tibioperoneal). The main outcomes measured included 30-day mortality, amputation, and major adverse cardiovascular events. Results A total of 17,193 patients were revascularized for chronic limb-threatening ischemia: 10,532 were OPEN and 6661 were ENDO. OPEN had higher 30-day mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events, pulmonary, renal dysfunction, and wound complications. However, OPEN resulted in significantly lower 30-day major amputation (3.8% vs. 5.0%, odds ratio (OR): 0.83 [0.72–0.97], P = .018). Subgroup analysis revealed a higher mortality rate in OPEN was observed only in tibioperoneal intervention for tissue loss. Major adverse cardiovascular event was higher in OPEN for most subgroups. OPEN for patients with tissue loss had significantly lower amputation rate than ENDO in both femoropopliteal and tibioperoneal subgroups (3.7% vs. 5.1%, OR: 0.76 [0.59–0.98], P = .036, and 4.7% vs. 6.6%, OR: 0.74 [0.57–0.96], P = .024, respectively). The benefit of open surgery in reducing the amputation rate was not seen in patients with rest pain. Conclusions Open surgical intervention is associated with significantly better limb salvage than endovascular intervention in patients with tissue loss. Surgical options should be given more emphasis as the first-line option in this cohort of patients unless the cardiopulmonary risk is prohibitive.
Spinal postural alignment measurements using markerless digital photography
Authors: Hida Mitsumasa , Wada Chikamune , Imai Ryota , Kitagawa Kodai , Okamatsu Shogo , Ohnishi Tadasuke , Kawashima Satoshi 
Published: November 2020

Background: A device that can measure posture alignment repeatedly is important for the prevention of hyperkyphosis. Objective: We devised a markerless measurement method for hyperkyphosis using digital photography and investigated the correlation with other noninvasive measurements and the validity and accuracy of this method. Methods: The study included 27 participants. The craniovertebral angle in supine (CVAS) and craniohorizontal angle in supine (CHAS) were calculated from digital photographs of the head and neck areas of the studied subjects with ImageJ. The correlations of CVAS and CHAS with the kyphosis index (KI) and block method (BM) were investigated. Intrarater correlation coefficient and Bland–Altman analyses were used to verify the reliability and accuracy of the measured results. Results: CHAS exhibited an excellent correlation with the KI and the BM. The intra- and interrater reliabilities of CHAS were almost perfect. Bland–Altman analysis revealed that CHAS was associated with minor addition errors. Conclusion: CHAS founded an excellent correlation and reliability with the conventional spinal postural alignment measurements. The addition error suggested that the manual was needed to confirm the landmark. The CHAS is a method used to measure the spinal postural alignment in a supine position without markers and without exposing the skin surface.
Red Light-Emitting Diodes with All-Inorganic CsPbI3/TOPO Composite Nanowires Color Conversion Films
Authors: Chen Lung-Chien , Chang Yi-Tsung , Tien Ching-Ho , Yeh Yu-Chun , Tseng Zong-Liang , Lee Kuan-Lin , Kuo Hao-Chung 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis work presents a method for obtaining a color-converted red light source through a combination of a blue GaN light-emitting diode and a red fluorescent color conversion film of a perovskite CsPbI3/TOPO composite. High-quality CsPbI3 quantum dots (QDs) were prepared using the hot-injection method. The colloidal QD solutions were mixed with different ratios of trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) to form nanowires. The color conversion films prepared by the mixed ultraviolet resin and colloidal solutions were coated on blue LEDs. The optical and electrical properties of the devices were measured and analyzed at an injection current of 50 mA; it was observed that the strongest red light intensity was 93.1 cd/m2 and the external quantum efficiency was 5.7% at a wavelength of approximately 708 nm when CsPbI3/TOPO was 1:0.35.
Spatial modelling improves genetic evaluation in smallholder breeding programs
Authors: Selle Maria L. , Steinsland Ingelin , Powell Owen , Hickey John M. , Gorjanc Gregor 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundBreeders and geneticists use statistical models to separate genetic and environmental effects on phenotype. A common way to separate these effects is to model a descriptor of an environment, a contemporary group or herd, and account for genetic relationship between animals across environments. However, separating the genetic and environmental effects in smallholder systems is challenging due to small herd sizes and weak genetic connectedness across herds. We hypothesised that accounting for spatial relationships between nearby herds can improve genetic evaluation in smallholder systems. Furthermore, geographically referenced environmental covariates are increasingly available and could model underlying sources of spatial relationships. The objective of this study was therefore, to evaluate the potential of spatial modelling to improve genetic evaluation in dairy cattle smallholder systems.MethodsWe performed simulations and real dairy cattle data analysis to test our hypothesis. We modelled environmental variation by estimating herd and spatial effects. Herd effects were considered independent, whereas spatial effects had distance-based covariance between herds. We compared these models using pedigree or genomic data.ResultsThe results show that in smallholder systems (i) standard models do not separate genetic and environmental effects accurately, (ii) spatial modelling increases the accuracy of genetic evaluation for phenotyped and non-phenotyped animals, (iii) environmental covariates do not substantially improve the accuracy of genetic evaluation beyond simple distance-based relationships between herds, (iv) the benefit of spatial modelling was largest when separating the genetic and environmental effects was challenging, and (v) spatial modelling was beneficial when using either pedigree or genomic data.ConclusionsWe have demonstrated the potential of spatial modelling to improve genetic evaluation in smallholder systems. This improvement is driven by establishing environmental connectedness between herds, which enhances separation of genetic and environmental effects. We suggest routine spatial modelling in genetic evaluations, particularly for smallholder systems. Spatial modelling could also have a major impact in studies of human and wild populations.
Stability and bifurcations in a discrete-time epidemic model with vaccination and vital dynamics
Authors: Parsamanesh Mahmood , Erfanian Majid , Mehrshad Saeed 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
The spread of infectious diseases is so important that changes the demography of the population. Therefore, prevention and intervention measures are essential to control and eliminate the disease. Among the drug and non-drug interventions, vaccination is a powerful strategy to preserve the population from infection. Mathematical models are useful to study the behavior of an infection when it enters a population and to investigate under which conditions it will be wiped out or continued.

Results
A discrete-time SIS epidemic model is introduced that includes a vaccination program. Some basic properties of this model are obtained; such as the equilibria and the basic reproduction number $$\mathcal {R}_0$$

R
0

. Then the stability of the equilibria is given in terms of $$\mathcal {R}_0$$

R
0

, and the bifurcations of the model are studied. By applying the forward Euler method on the continuous version of the model, a discretized model is obtained and analyzed.

Conclusion
It is proven that the disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium are stable if $$\mathcal {R}_0<1$$

R
0

<
1

and $$\mathcal {R}_0>1$$

R
0

>
1

, respectively. Also, the disease-free equilibrium is globally stable when $$\mathcal {R}_0\le 1$$

R
0

≤
1

. The system has a transcritical bifurcation when $$\mathcal {R}_0=1$$

R
0

=
1

and it might also have period-doubling bifurcation. The sufficient conditions for the stability of equilibria in the discretized model are established. The numerical discussions verify the theoretical results.
Natrix: a Snakemake-based workflow for processing, clustering, and taxonomically assigning amplicon sequencing reads
Authors: Welzel Marius , Lange Anja , Heider Dominik , Schwarz Michael , Freisleben Bernd , Jensen Manfred , Boenigk Jens , Beisser Daniela 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Sequencing of marker genes amplified from environmental samples, known as amplicon sequencing, allows us to resolve some of the hidden diversity and elucidate evolutionary relationships and ecological processes among complex microbial communities. The analysis of large numbers of samples at high sequencing depths generated by high throughput sequencing technologies requires efficient, flexible, and reproducible bioinformatics pipelines. Only a few existing workflows can be run in a user-friendly, scalable, and reproducible manner on different computing devices using an efficient workflow management system.

Results
We present Natrix, an open-source bioinformatics workflow for preprocessing raw amplicon sequencing data. The workflow contains all analysis steps from quality assessment, read assembly, dereplication, chimera detection, split-sample merging, sequence representative assignment (OTUs or ASVs) to the taxonomic assignment of sequence representatives. The workflow is written using Snakemake, a workflow management engine for developing data analysis workflows. In addition, Conda is used for version control. Thus, Snakemake ensures reproducibility and Conda offers version control of the utilized programs. The encapsulation of rules and their dependencies support hassle-free sharing of rules between workflows and easy adaptation and extension of existing workflows. Natrix is freely available on GitHub (https://github.com/MW55/Natrix) or as a Docker container on DockerHub (https://hub.docker.com/r/mw55/natrix).

Conclusion
Natrix is a user-friendly and highly extensible workflow for processing Illumina amplicon data.