bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A theoretical framework for comparing noise characteristics of spectral, differential phase-contrast and spectral differential phase-contrast x-ray imaging
Authors: Mechlem Korbinian , Sellerer Thorsten , Viermetz Manuel , Herzen Julia , Pfeiffer Franz 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Spectral and grating-based differential phase-contrast (DPC) x-ray imaging are two emerging technologies that offer additional information compared with conventional attenuation-based x-ray imaging. In the case of spectral imaging, energy-resolved measurements allow the generation of material-specific images by exploiting differences in the energy-dependent attenuation. DPC imaging uses the phase shift that an x-ray wave exhibits when traversing an object as contrast generation mechanism. Recently, we have investigated the combination of these two imaging techniques (spectral DPC imaging) and demonstrated potential advantages compared with spectral imaging. In this work, we present a noise analysis framework that allows the prediction of (co-) variances and noise power spectra for all three imaging methods. Moreover, the optimum acquisition parameters for a particular imaging task can be determined. We use this framework for a performance comparison of all three imaging methods. The comparison is focused on (projected) electron density images since they can be calculated with all three imaging methods. Our study shows that spectral DPC imaging enables the calculation of electron density images with strongly reduced noise levels compared with the other two imaging methods for a large range of clinically relevant pixel sizes. In contrast to conventional DPC imaging, there are no long-range noise correlations for spectral DPC imaging. This means that excessive low frequency noise can be avoided. We confirm the analytical predictions by numerical simulations.
Calculated beam quality correction factors for ionization chambers in MV photon beams
Authors: Tikkanen J , Zink K , Pimpinella M , Teles P , Borbinha J , Ojala J , Siiskonen T , Gomà C , Pinto M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The beam quality correction factor,

, which corrects for the difference in the ionization chamber response between the reference and clinical beam quality, is an integral part of radiation therapy dosimetry. The uncertainty of

is one of the most significant sources of uncertainty in the dose determination. To improve the accuracy of available

data, four partners calculated

factors for 10 ionization chamber models in linear accelerator beams with accelerator voltages ranging from 6 MV to 25 MV, including flattening-filter-free (FFF) beams. The software used in the calculations were EGSnrc and PENELOPE, and the ICRU report 90 cross section data for water and graphite were included in the simulations. Volume averaging correction factors were calculated to correct for the dose averaging in the chamber cavities. A comparison calculation between partners showed a good agreement, as did comparison with literature. The

values from TRS-398 were higher than our values for each chamber where data was available. The

values for the FFF beams did not follow the same

,

relation as beams with flattening filter (values for 10 MV FFF beams were below fits made to other data on average by 0.3%), although our FFF sources were only for Varian linacs.
Combat operations of the German armed forces on the Northern sea route during the Great Patriotic War
Authors: Guriev E P 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The paper is devoted to the combat actions of the German navy and aviation in the Arctic during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 on the Northern sea route. The Northern sea route is the most important sea communication of Russia in the Arctic. It connects the European part of the country with the Far East by the shortest route, and therefore has a special strategic importance for the cargo shipping logistics. This route passes through the seas of the Arctic Ocean and, despite the complexity of navigation in the Arctic seas, is the only communication that provides supply to the Polar Regions and cities of Siberia in the absence of railways and roads. No less important is its military and strategic importance, as the Northern sea route allows for inter-theater maneuver between the Northern and Pacific fleets. At the same time, due to its vast length and uninhabitability of the nearby territories, the Northern sea route is very vulnerable militarily, which can be used by a potential enemy of Russia in case of international relations aggravation in the Arctic, the violation of this route inflicts a heavy blow to the logistics of Maritime transport in the North. The main attention is paid to the creation by the Germans of military bases and weather stations network in the Soviet sector of the Arctic, to the organization and composition of these bases. The paper also analyzed the organization of the meteorological service of the German Navy operation “Wunderland” (“Wonderland”) and mine-laying off at the coast of New Land, the causes of the German fleet failure on the Northern sea route.
Arctic transportation systems during World War II
Authors: Krasnozhenova E E , Kulik S V , Lokhova T V 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Lend-Lease program was the main international project on freight logistics in the Arctic during World War II. Delivering military and food supplies from the Allies became the key aspect of collaboration between the USSR, UK and USA. The Northern Sea Route was one of the main Lend-Lease transportation modes, allowing to deliver approximately 22.7% of all supplies to the USSR. The supplies mostly consisted of non-military goods (e.g. food), while military goods were presented by a smaller portion. Northern Sea Route was passing through the Norwegian and Barents Seas to Arkhangelsk and Murmansk. Even though it was relatively short, Northern Sea Route had some significant disadvantages. For instance, ships carrying supplies from the Allies would encounter with Nazi aviation and fleet based in Norway and Finland in a combat zone. The Soviet Union had to improve harbours’ infrastructure in Arkhangelsk and Murmansk to increase its capacity, which would require various transportation means including icebreakers and tugs, as well as handling equipment and workforce. Moreover, the Arctic convoys had to endure severe weather conditions, as hurricanes and tidal waves in autumn, polar night and drift ice in winter. Nevertheless, the Northern Sea Route played a vital strategic role as the main transportation system for the Soviet Union in 1941-1942, the most difficult period of World War II.
The Arctic and the Northeast Passage in History, Fiction, Culture and Political Science
Authors: Alekhina N V , Andrianova M D , Stepantseva O A , Uspenskaya A V 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The article traces the thousand-year history of the development and settlement of the Arctic, noted the most important research and expedition. Territorial disputes and attempts to redraw Arctic borders begin to intensify with the onset of the 20th Century. The issue of the territorial partition of the Arctic in the late 20th and the early 21st century is particularly acute, as the possession of Arctic territories gives control over the Northeast Passage and a superior right to extract minerals, a large the number of which is concentrated in the Arctic shelf. Besides, it is here that almost half of the world’s fish products are produced. The article also examines the understanding of the Arctic as an ancestral Russian territory in Russian literature, which in many ways forms mass consciousness.
Approaches to Assess the Impact of Global Trends of International Logistics Companies’ Activities
Authors: Afonichkina E A , Teplaya K V , Bolshakova A V , Krasnozhenova E E , Safonova A S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Transportation holds an important position in the context of global economy and international business, as its use is necessary to create interconnections and new processes within various economic systems. The following factors are to be taken into account in order to increase demand for transportation services: economic growth, increase in production and sales, rise in profitability, globalization, integration of international markets and emergence of new approaches to logistics itself. There is a need to increase efficiency and competitiveness of transportation services. The parties involved in the process have to solve the problems concerning their technological, technical and commercial interaction. To provide the organizations engaged in transportation with an opportunity to perform their functions in a qualitative manner, there is also a need to form market segments of transportation services. The steady growth of foreign trade between countries, the increasing influence of global economic processes on the activities of firms provide for the logistics companies to seek the ways to cut costs and to build up competitive advantages. The analysis of export and import statistics shows an increase in foreign trade between the European and Asian countries which makes it necessary to draw attention of logistics companies to new, “faster” transport corridors. The Northern Sea Route is now under close scrutiny by many countries, even outside the pool of circumpolar states. The authors developed certain stages of assessment of the impact of global trends on the activities of international logistics companies within the framework of the problem under study.
Prospects for Alternative Energy Sources in Global Energy Sector
Authors: Dyatlov S A , Didenko N I , Ivanova E A , Soshneva E B , Kulik S V 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The paper aims to reveal the prospects for the development of global energy sector and to look into the prospects for alternative energy sources in the world power industry. The paper provides the analysis of oil and gas (natural, liquefied, shale) production and transportation in the medium term. We define the conditions and the main factors of providing energy security as well as overcoming energy poverty of national economies. For the purpose of energy diversification, we identify the directions and the potential for the use of alternative energy sources and the possibility to step up development of alternative energy. On the basis of statistics, the paper demonstrates that the use of alternative fuels (hydrogen, biofuel, solar and wind energy, tidal energy) has not yet resulted in a significant decrease in the demand for oil, gas and other traditional energy sources. It is noted that offshore Arctic gas development is gradually increasing. Data on Arctic seas gas resources are provided. Geopolitical, financial, economic and environmental risks on the world energy markets are classified.
Analysis of the influence of information and communication technologies on the development of transport and logistics activities in the regions of the Arctic zone of the RF
Authors: Naumova O N , Ivanova E A , Prischepa A.S. , Soshnev A N , Fedyukovsky A A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The paper describes the features of the development of transport and logistics activities in the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The main factor of successful logistics activities is the level of development of information and communication technologies that ensure necessary coordination of participants in logistics activities. The paper presents the results of the analysis of the ICT development in the regions of the Arctic zone of the RF and concludes that the development of the transport and logistics system in the regions of the Arctic zone of the RF is determined by the level of ICTs.
The Northern Sea Route: Is There Any Chance to Become the International Transport Corridor?
Authors: Skripnuk D F , Kikkas K N , Bobodzhanova L K , Lobatyuk V V , A Kudryavtseva R-E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The paper analyzes the potential of the Northern Sea Route as the international transport corridor. The Northern Sea Route is the shortest waterway between Northern Europe and Southeast Asia. The role of maritime transportation in international trade has been analyzed. The dynamics of changes in the global volume of service export involving maritime transportation demonstrates a positive trend. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of international transport corridors and requirements of participants of international goods distribution applicable to them, the necessary terms and conditions that the international transport corridor must comply with have been formulated. They include: a long-distance international transportation line; types of transport that meet the requirements of international standards; availability of technical means of transport, information, and maintenance service, international legal instruments of transportation. The conclusion on the potential compliance of the Northern Sea Route with the requirements of the international transport corridor is based on the following: The Northern Sea Route meets the requirements of a long-distance transportation line; it is connected with railway transport systems and this connection is being developed; an icebreaking fleet and port infrastructure are being developed; technical means to ensure security are being created and modernized…
Modeling the thermal process using the temperature functional by electron beam welding
Authors: Seregin Yu N , Kurashkin S O 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The article presents the results of mathematical modeling of the thermal process when the AMG-6 alloy is heated to energy sources equivalent to an electron beam in electron beam welding. The analysis of the results was carried out using the functional proposed by the authors. We develop the algorithm for searching for the optimal technological regime of electron beam welding, which can be recommended for testing the EBW technology of new construction materials or improving the existing old technological processes and the results of calculations, is proposed. As an example, the results of modeling the parameters of the technological process for welding a plate with a thickness of 2.4 cm from the AMG-6 material are given, which were compared with experiments conducted in laboratory conditions.
Evaluation of storage and functioning characteristics of artificial neural networks on the basis of a neurocomputer device
Authors: Romanchuk V A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A solution to the problem of evaluating the temporal and quantitative characteristics of the storage and processing of artificial neural networks based on a neurocomputer device is proposed. The most popular and used topologies of artificial neural networks are considered, for which analytical relationships are presented that allow evaluating the training cycle of an artificial neural network, the amount of memory needed and the amount of transmitted data. The proposed relationships differ in that approaches and characteristics unique to neuroprocessor devices are offered for evaluation when implementing the calculations presented in the neural network logical basis.
Orthogonal code symbols’ synchronization in communication systems
Authors: Rabin A V 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe objective of the article consists in a development and a research of the offered by the author orthogonal coding as a way of noise immunity’s increase using the example of the information communication systems with phase-shift keying. The orthogonal coding is an analogue of convolutional coding over the rational numbers’ field. Properties of orthogonality of proposed codes allow to strengthen significance of useful signal with simultaneous weakening of influence of noise. The orthogonal coding allows to provide the required quality of communication with a smaller energy cost. The main attention is paid to an actual problem of synchronization of signals in combination with orthogonal codes.
The effect of the PCB solder mask type of the hull outer surface of the CubeSat 3U on its thermal regime
Authors: Gorev V N , Kozlov A A , Prokopyev V Yu , Prokopyev Yu M , Stuf A S , Sidorchuk A A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Rather simple methods to measure the absorbed solar radiation coefficients and IR radiation, as well as optical coefficients measured by these methods for the construction materials of microsatellites and PCB coated with different solder masks are presented. The calculating results of the satellite’s thermal conditions for different PCB solder masks at the satellite outer surface are given. The thermal model is implemented on the orbital motion and insolation calculating algorithm basis, which developed in Matlab Simulink. A CubeSat 3U type satellite with foldable solar panels is considered as an example.
Analysis of static loading of meshing in planetary cycloid gear
Authors: Artyomov I I , Tchufistov E A , Tchufistov O E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A main feature of planetary cycloid gears is multi-pair contact of pin-rollers and teeth of cycloidal disk. The use of schemes with great number of parallel contacts requires adoption of measures to ensuring of assembly of toothed wheels by introducing into design of pliable elements or guaranteed gaps in contacts. On basis of discrete model of force interaction of gearing elements of planetary cycloid gear the article proposes a decision of problem of gaps effect in gearing to load distribution at contact pairs. Analysis of effect of output moment, resource and operating modes of gear on forces in contact is performed. Effect of stiffness of gearing elements on size of contact zone and forces acting in gearing is shown. Law of change of forces acting in gearing in operating gear, taking into account errors of its manufacturing is established. It is shown that during the gear operation there is a continuous change of forces in contact pairs, accompanied by a rearrangement of contact zones at certain angles of rotation. The presented decision can be used, including for analysis of options for ensuring acceptable values of maximum loads due to increasing accuracy of manufacturing of gearing elements or using constructions with increased pliability.
Development of an improved coaxial cell for measuring the shielding effectiveness of materials
Authors: Demakov A V , Komnatnov M E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The article presents the results of the development of a coaxial cell for measuring shielding effectiveness of composite materials. The basis for the design of the cell was a model of a coaxial transmission line with air filling, which was obtained using full wave analysis and parametric optimization and is characterized by a maximum reflection coefficient |S11| less than -20 dB in the frequency range up to 10 GHz. Based on the results of modeling and optimization, an improved design of the cell for SE measuring is presented, which differs from standardized cells in a simplified assembly with the material located inside and providing measurements also in the low-frequency region.
Design features of hybrid bearings with adjustable stiffness
Authors: Polyakov R N , Kornaev A V , Bondarenko M E , Shutin D V 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The article considers a mathematical model of a combined bearing assembly, operating on the principle of separation of speeds. The features of the influence of the switching mechanism on the dynamic stiffness coefficients of the bearing assembly are established, the effect of the appearance of resonance on transient conditions is revealed, recommendations are made on the detuning of the rotor-support system from the resonance zone.
Methods of assessing the efficiency of the foundry industrial marketing
Authors: Fedorova N V , Dzhioeva N N , Kukartsev V V , Dalisova N A , Ogol A R , Tynchenko V S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
It is investigated subtleties of the “efficiency” term for clear reflecting the meaning of considering methods for assessing the foundry marketing at the present stage. There is creating classification of modern methods of assessing the efficiency of the marketing as well as recognizing directions and indicators of assessing a level of foundry marketing efficiency. It is stepwise investigated different approaches of assessing the marketing efficiency included different nuances or limitations. There is considering both estimation qualitative methods and quantitative methods for including the whole fullness of modern approaches. Also it is supposed to use the marketing informational system as the one of possible ways for assessing the marketing efficiency. Further, it is studied a way at which it uses questionnaire where the inclusion of information is revealed in details. Tactical and strategical aspects of foundry are compared. It is investigated the meaning of the marketing and its subtleties. It is studied the qualitative assessment of the marketing and the marketing competence.
Mathematical models for determining the boundaries of forest areas unstable to the appearance of insects using satellite data (MODIS)
Authors: Kovalev A A , Ivanova Yu D , Sukhovolskiy A A , Volkov V E , Sukhovolskiy V G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The proposed approach allows us to evaluate the response of forest stands to local weather changes and resistance to insect attack without using data from weather stations, sometimes located far from experimental forest areas. All raw data were obtained during the season using remote sensing data (MODIS / AQUA). The ability to pre-determine decrease and loss of forest stands resistance to possible insect attacks can be extremely important for solving the tasks of forest-entomological monitoring and calculating the risk of forest insect’s outbreaks.
Recurrent and multi-layer neural networks playing Even-Odd”: reflection against regression
Authors: Bartsev S , Markova G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Reflection understood as an internal representation of the external world by the subject is the key property of consciousness. In a refined form this property is manifested in reflective games. To win a reflective game a player has to use reflection of strictly one rank higher than the opponent. So it can be assumed that there are only two game modes - when only one player uses reflection and wins and when both players use reflection but one of them chooses incorrect reflection rank. The option of random move selection is not considered since firstly, starting the game for a draw is strange, and secondly, it is technically impossible to make random moves without a special device. Experiments with recurrent neural networks playing with each other showed that the entire set of game patterns (time series of the game score) is split into two sharply different groups that can be associated with two modes mentioned above. Experiments, in which a multilayer neural network, which is basically incapable of reflection, played against a recurrent neural network, showed that a recurrent neural network has a clear advantage winning confidently in more than 90% of the games. At the same time game patterns demonstrate splitting into two sharply different groups as was observed in experiments with the game of two recurrent neural networks and in the reflexive game of living people.
Determining the consumption coefficient for modeling the coating system for inner surface of rotating pipe
Authors: Zaretskaya M I , Skvortsov B V , Zaretskii I S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The article is devoted to determining the flow coefficient in mathematical modeling of the operation of a new device for coating the inner surface of pipes for rooms with a limited height. A new method for coating the inner surface of a pipe in a confined space, in which the pipe being worked is in an inclined position and rotates around its axis during the process, is described. The thickness of the coating depends on the speed of movement of the material. The more precisely the speed stabilizes, the more uniform the protective coating is. The authors considered methods for determining the flow coefficient; the methods for its determination were described. The numerical values of the flow coefficient for a specific liquid-pipe pair have been obtained.