bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Counting of Pennisetum alopecuroides at heading stage in a grazed pasture using images from an unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Yuba Norio , Kawamura Kensuke , Yasuda Taisuke , Lim Jihyun , Yoshitoshi Rena , Kurokawa Yuzo , Maeda Teruo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study focused on the fact that Pennisetum alopecuroides ears are black that represents a black dots in image from sky and developed a simple algorithm to count the number of P. alopecuroides plants from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images. Ortho‐mosaicked red‐green‐blue (RGB) images from different flight altitudes (28, 56 and 82 m) were obtained in the heading growth stage. To remove small noisy pixels, various sized median filters (3 × 3–21 × 21) were tested. While the relationship between field and image counts was positive for most images obtained from 56 and 82 m altitudes, images in the 28‐m flight altitude (the highest spatial resolution) with small and moderate‐sized median filters (3 × 3–9 × 9) were overestimated. Moreover, higher resolution images from lower altitudes of UAV images decrease the operating efficiency (areas covered per 10 min). Overall, the best accuracy (80.3%) and lowest mean absolute error (MAE = 12.93) were obtained for the 56‐m flight altitude (ground sampling distance [GSD] = 1.82 cm) with a 7 × 7 filter size.
METHOD AND MEANING: RANKE AND DROYSEN ON THE HISTORIAN'S DISCIPLINARY ETHOS
Authors: KINZEL KATHERINA 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTIn this article I revisit nineteenth‐century debates over historical objectivity and the political functions of historiography. I focus on two influential contributors to these debates: Leopold von Ranke and Johann Gustav Droysen. In their takes on objectivity and subjectivity, impartiality and political engagement, I reveal diametrically opposed solutions to shared concerns: how can historians reveal history to be meaningful without resorting to speculative philosophy? And how can they produce a knowledge that is relevant to the present when the project of “exemplary” history has been abandoned?I focus especially on the relativist themes in Ranke's and Droysen's answers to these questions. Ranke's demand for impartiality leads him to think of all historical epochs as equally valid, whereas Droysen's emphasis on subjectivity relativizes historical truth. In order to explain why Ranke and Droysen nevertheless remained unfazed by the problem of historical relativism, I analyze their normative conceptions of the historian's disciplinary ethos. I show that Ranke and Droysen think of objective impartiality and subjective partiality not only in methodological terms but also in terms of justice and ethical duty. By way of this normative element, their historical methodologies secure for the professional study of history an ethical‐political relevance for the present.
LANDSCAPE IN ITS PLACE: THE IMAGINATION OF KASHMIR IN SANSKRIT AND BEYOND
Authors: Obrock Luther 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTAround the turn of the first millennium, new and experimental types of Sanskrit literature flourished in Kashmir. Poets like Bilhaṇa (eleventh century ce) and Maṅkha (first half of the twelfth century ce) embedded their works in the lived experience of medieval Kashmir, describing their home and family against the backdrop of the valley's mountains and cities. This regional self‐awareness reached a peak in the twelfth‐century poetic description of Kashmir, its kings, and its politics, the Rājataraṅgiṇī (River of Kings) written by Kalhaṇa. Kashmiri Sanskrit literature delighted in descriptions of the valley, yet this use of place and space has been until now little theorized. How is this sense of place constructed? What can the imagination of place in Kashmiri Sanskrit texts tell us about how the authors saw themselves in the world? This essay looks at these questions through a critical evaluation of Shonaleeka Kaul's monograph, The Making of Early Kashmir: Landscape and Identity in the Rajataraṅgiṇī. Kaul attempts to demarcate a specific Indic identity for Kashmir. Through a reading of the Rājataraṅgiṇī she posits a regionally coherent Kashmiriness that is nevertheless integrated into the wider Sanskrit cultural realm of the subcontinent. This essay both nuances and questions Kaul's broad claims while urging a careful reevaluation of Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅginī and other literary representations of Kashmir's landscape. Here I argue that the descriptions of landscape must be contextualized within the broader rhetorical strategies of the text itself, and question Kaul's underlying claim of a Sanskrit identity that speaks itself through Kalhaṇa. By doing so I hope to highlight both the historical embeddedness and agency of Kashmiri poets in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
Nepheline crystallization and the residual glass composition: Understanding waste glass durability
Authors: McClane Devon L. , Amoroso Jake W. , Fox Kevin M. , Hsieh Madison C. , Kesterson Matthew R. , Kruger Albert A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe vast majority of High‐Level Waste (HLW) originating from defense nuclear programs is sequestered and immobilized in borosilicate glass. Borosilicate glass is universally accepted for immobilizing HLW, but its efficiency has limitations based on the compositional makeup of the waste stream. The chemical durability of the glass is the most important factor in determining the longevity and usefulness of the final glass waste form. The primary detriment to this durability in glasses containing high levels of aluminum is nepheline (NaAlSiO4) crystallization, as it is generally accompanied by a measurable decrease in the glass's chemical durability. This work seeks to understand nepheline crystallization, within the context of thermal history, and to elucidate the influence of compositional shifts in the residual glass (after crystallization) on the measured durability. The results presented within show a distinct deviation in leaching behavior as a function of structural makeup (calculated Q units). This understanding will provide practical information required for broadening glass compositional regions needed to more efficiently vitrify HLW.
The role of metabolic checkpoint regulators in B cell survival and transformation
Authors: Jellusova Julia 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn response to mitogenic stimulation, B cells activate different pro‐anabolic signaling pathways such as c‐Myc‐ and mTORC1‐dependent networks to satisfy the energetic demands of biomass synthesis and proliferation. In order to preserve viability and function, cell growth cannot progress unchecked and must be adjusted according to the availability of nutrients. Nutrient‐sensing proteins such as AMPK antagonize mTORC1 activity in response to starvation. If pro‐anabolic signaling pathways are aberrantly activated, B cells may lack the metabolic capacity to accommodate their energetic needs, which can lead to cell death. On the other hand, metabolic hyperactivation is a salient feature of cancer cells, suggesting that mechanisms exist, which allow B cells to cope with metabolic stress. The aim of this review is to discuss how B cells respond to a mismatch between energy supply and demand and what the consequences are of metabolic dysregulation in normal and malignant B cells.
A systematic review of the effects of character strengths‐based intervention on the psychological well‐being of patients suffering from chronic illnesses
Authors: Yan Tingting , Chan Carmen W. H. , Chow Ka Ming , Zheng Wei , Sun Meng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAimsTo identify and evaluate the available evidence on the effectiveness of character strengths‐based intervention on the psychological well‐being of patients with chronic illnesses.DesignA systematic review with meta‐analysis.Data sourcesSix electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCO (CINAHL® and MEDLINE), Web of Science, and PsycINFO, were searched from inception to December 2018.Review methodsThe quality appraisal of evidence and summary of studies were undertaken following Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists and the standard guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses statement. Meta‐analysis was conducted according to Cochrane methods using RevMan 5.1.ResultsClinical studies on the character strengths‐based intervention for patients with chronic illnesses are limited. Eight studies involving 692 patients were identified and critically appraised in this review. Meta‐analysis results for three comparable studies indicated that character strengths‐based intervention was effective in improving the self‐esteem of patients with chronic illnesses and it significantly enhanced their general self‐efficacy and reduced their depression.ConclusionsThe findings support the effectiveness of character strengths‐based intervention on improving the psychological well‐being of patients with chronic illnesses. However, caution is needed in interpreting these results due to limited studies and heterogeneity across studies. Further research is needed to provide strong evidence on the applicability of the intervention in clinical practice.ImpactThis rigorous review provided current evidence on using character strengths‐based intervention to improve the psychological well‐being of patients with chronic illnesses. Character strengths‐based intervention provides a creative approach for patients because it may help improve their well‐being, happiness, self‐esteem, and self‐efficacy, and reduce depression and mental symptoms. Studies in different groups of patients suffering from chronic illnesses are recommended in the future. The character strengths‐based intervention should be replicated in various inpatient facilities and include a larger and a more ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample.
Bitumen surface microstructure evolution in subzero environments
Authors: TARPOUDI BAHERI F. , SCHUTZIUS T.M. , POULIKAKOS D. , POULIKAKOS L.D. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryBitumen is a widely used material employed as a binder in pavement engineering and as a surface sealant in construction. Its surface microstructure and microscale properties have been shown to be temperature‐dependent, with effects manifesting themselves on surface composition and texture, including the formation of the visually striking catana ‘bee’‐like structures. Despite the importance of a good performance of bitumen in subzero environments (<0°C), the behaviour of bitumen surface texture and composition at cold temperatures, affecting cracking, degradation and road icing, has received practically no attention. In particular, such knowledge is relevant to world regions experiencing long periods of subzero temperatures during the year. Employing advanced atomic force microscopy combined with infrared spectroscopy (AFM‐IR) and an environmental chamber, we demonstrate the ability to characterise surface structure and composition with nanoscale precision for a broad range of temperatures. We show that cooling bitumen to subzero temperatures can have several interesting effects on its surface microtexture, nanotexture and composition, especially on its three surface domains, catana, peri and para. We found that the para domain coarsens and extends to form an interfacial transition domain (characterised by increasing surface roughness with peri domain composition) between the para and peri domains. We show that the catana and peri domains have a similar composition, but have different mechanical and chemical properties compared to the para domain. The essential findings of this work improve our understanding of the behaviour of bitumen in subzero environments, aiding us in our quest towards attaining better road and sealant performance.
Protease inhibitor effects on prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and human papillomavirus‐related lesions
Authors: Marques Marcos P. C. , Pinto Amanda C. , Soares Leila C. , Macedo Jacyara M. B. , dos Santos Débora F. , de Oliveira Marco A. P. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAimAntiretrovirals of the protease inhibitor (PI) class tend to achieve low concentrations in biological fluids. This study aimed to analyze possible changes in the vaginal microbiome and frequency of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV)‐DNA and HPV‐related lesions associated with the use of PI in antiretroviral therapy (ART).MethodsEighty‐eight women with human immunodeficiency virus infection were divided in two groups: ART with PI and without PI. All the participants underwent anamnesis with demographic data collection. The total DNA, used as the template in the polymerase chain reaction‐based assays for the detection of HPV‐DNA, was extracted from cervical samples during cervical cytopathology.ResultsThere were no differences between the groups with respect to HPV‐related lesions. Despite the higher prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) in the PI group (33.96% vs 17.14%), the difference was insignificant when considering all women (P = 0.066). When women with a detectable viral load and a CD4+ T‐cell count <200 were excluded in both groups, BV was found to be more prevalent in the PI group (odds ratio, 3.349; 95% confidence interval, 1.113–11.41, P = 0.049). No associations were found between BV and age, condom use, cervical HPV, time with current ART regimen, unprotected receptive anal intercourse and cervical HPV‐related lesions.ConclusionThe use of PI did not alter the frequencies of HPV‐DNA and HPV‐related lesions. However, an increased frequency of BV was found in women using PI after excluding women with a detectable viral load and a CD4+ T‐cell count of <200.
Inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in humans: implications for rare and common diseases
Authors: Wei W. , Chinnery P. F. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe first draft human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence was published in 1981, paving the way for two decades of discovery linking mtDNA variation with human disease. Severe pathogenic mutations cause sporadic and inherited rare disorders that often involve the nervous system. However, some mutations cause mild organ‐specific phenotypes that have a reduced clinical penetrance, and polymorphic variation of mtDNA is associated with an altered risk of developing several late‐onset common human diseases including Parkinson’s disease. mtDNA mutations also accumulate during human life and are enriched in affected organs in a number of age‐related diseases. Thus, mtDNA contributes to a wide range of human pathologies. For many decades, it has generally been accepted that mtDNA is inherited exclusively down the maternal line in humans. Although recent evidence has challenged this dogma, whole‐genome sequencing has identified nuclear‐encoded mitochondrial sequences (NUMTs) that can give the false impression of paternally inherited mtDNA. This provides a more likely explanation for recent reports of ‘bi‐parental inheritance’, where the paternal alleles are actually transmitted through the nuclear genome. The presence of both mutated and wild‐type variant alleles within the same individual (heteroplasmy) and rapid shifts in allele frequency can lead to offspring with variable severity of disease. In addition, there is emerging evidence that selection can act for and against specific mtDNA variants within the developing germ line, and possibly within developing tissues. Thus, understanding how mtDNA is inherited has far‐reaching implications across medicine. There is emerging evidence that this highly dynamic system is amenable to therapeutic manipulation, raising the possibility that we can harness new understanding to prevent and treat rare and common human diseases where mtDNA mutations play a key role.
Digital Workflow for Implant Rehabilitation with Double Full‐Arch Monolithic Zirconia Prostheses
Authors: Papaspyridakos Panos , Chochlidakis Konstantinos , Kang Kiho , Chen Yo‐wei , Alghfeli Abdulla , Kudara Yukio , Weber Hans‐Peter 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe purpose of the present report is to illustrate a proof‐of‐concept protocol with the double digital scanning (DDS) technique for complete digital workflow in double full‐arch implant rehabilitation. Two patients (4 restored arches) presented with hopeless dentitions and they were treated with a 4‐appointment prosthodontic protocol and monolithic zirconia prostheses implementing a complete digital workflow. The outcomes are presented after clinical and radiographic observation for 2 years.
The impact of SVR from direct‐acting antiviral‐ and interferon‐based treatments for HCV on hepatocellular carcinoma risk
Authors: Janjua Naveed Z. , Wong Stanley , Darvishian Maryam , Butt Zahid A. , Yu Amanda , Binka Mawuena , Alvarez Maria , Woods Ryan , Yoshida Eric M. , Ramji Alnoor , Feld Jordan , Krajden Mel 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe evaluated the effect of sustained virologic response (SVR) from direct‐acting antiviral (DAA)‐ and interferon‐based treatments on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk in a large population‐based cohort in Canada. We used data from the BC Hepatitis Testers Cohort, which includes ~1.3 million individuals tested for HCV since 1990, linked with healthcare administrative and registry datasets. Patients were followed from the end of HCV treatment to HCC, death or 31 December 2016. We assessed HCC risk among those who did and did not achieve SVR by treatment type using proportional hazard models. Of 12 776 eligible individuals, 3905 received DAAs while 8871 received interferon‐based treatments, followed for a median of 1.0 [range: 0.6‐2.7] and 7.9 [range: 4.4‐17.1] years, respectively. A total of 3613 and 6575 achieved SVR with DAAs‐ and interferon‐based treatments, respectively. Among DAAs‐treated patients, HCC incidence rate was 6.9 (95%CI: 4.7‐10.1)/1000 person yr (PY) in SVR group (HCC cases: 26) and 38.2 (95%CI: 20.6‐71.0) in the no‐SVR group (HCC cases: 10, P < .001). Among interferon‐treated individuals, HCC incidence rate was 1.8 (95%CI: 1.5‐2.2) in the SVR (HCC cases: 99) and 13.9 (95%CI: 12.3‐15.8) in the no‐SVR group (HCC cases: 239, P < .001). Compared with no‐SVR from interferon, SVR from DAA‐ and interferon‐based treatments resulted in significant reduction in HCC risk (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio (adjSHR) DAA = 0.30, 95%CI: 0.19‐0.48 and adjSHR interferon = 0.2, 95%CI: 0.16‐0.26). Among those with SVR, treatment with DAAs compared to interferon was not associated with HCC risk (adjSHR = 0.93, 95%CI: 0.51‐1.71). In conclusion, similar to interferon era, DAA‐related SVR is associated with 70% reduction in HCC risk.
HBV promotes the recruitment of IL‐17 secreting T cells via chemokines CCL22 and CCL17
Authors: Zhang Ka , Liu Yanqiong , Yang Xiaoan , Sun Haixia , Shu Xin , Zhang Yeqiong , Cao Hong , Wu Mengdi , Liu Nan , Zou Yong , Xu Qihuan , Li Gang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsLittle is known about the mechanisms of IL‐17 secreting T cells accumulation in HBV‐transfected livers. Here, we investigated the role of the chemokines CCL17, CCL20 and CCL22 in this process.MethodsPeripheral blood and liver tissues were obtained from 30 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and 15 healthy volunteers and were evaluated by flow cytometric analysis and immunohistochemistry. Chemokine production by monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) cocultured with HBV‐transfected or untransfected Huh7 cells was measured by quantitative real‐time PCR and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The chemotactic activity of the culture supernatants was also tested.ResultsThe proportions of IL‐17 secreting CD4 (Th17) and CD8 (Tc17) T cells were both increased in liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of CHB patients compared to those in HVs. CHB patients showed higher intrahepatic levels of CCL17 mRNA, CCL22 mRNA, CCR6 mRNA and CCR4 mRNA than HVs. The expression of CCR6 and CCR4 on the surface of Th17 and Tc17 cells in CHB patients was also significantly higher than that in HVs. Significant correlations existed between the CCR4/CCR6 levels and both the alanine transaminase levels and HBV DNA loads. Contact between MoDCs and pBlue‐HBV‐transfected Huh7 cells induced the expression of CCL17 and CCL22 dependent on the dose of HBV DNA. However, CCL20 expression was lower in CHB patients than in HVs. Transwell experiments showed that upregulation of CCL17 and CCL22 enhanced the migration of IL‐17 secreting T cells.ConclusionsContact of HBV‐transfected cells with MoDCs induces CCL17 and CCL22 chemokine production, which may favour the recruitment of Th17 and Tc17 cells to liver tissue in CHB. Our results reveal the mechanism of IL‐17 secreting T cells recruitment to liver tissue and thus provide new immunotherapy targets for CHB patients.
Ecogenetics of antibiotic resistance in Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Baquero Fernando , F. Lanza Val , Duval Mélodie , Coque Teresa M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe acquisition process of antibiotic resistance in an otherwise susceptible organism is shaped by the ecology of the species. Unlike other relevant human pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes has maintained a high rate of susceptibility to the antibiotics used for decades to treat human and animal infections. However, L. monocytogenes can acquire antibiotic resistance genes from other organisms’ plasmids and conjugative transposons. Ecological factors could account for its susceptibility. L. monocytogenes is ubiquitous in nature, most frequently including reservoirs unexposed to antibiotics, including intracellular sanctuaries. L. monocytogenes has a remarkably closed genome, reflecting limited community interactions, small population sizes and high niche specialization. The L. monocytogenes species is divided into variants that are specialized in small specific niches, which reduces the possibility of coexistence with potential donors of antibiotic resistance. Interactions with potential donors are also hampered by interspecies antagonism. However, occasional increases in population sizes (and thus the possibility of acquiring antibiotic resistance) can derive from selection of the species based on intrinsic or acquired resistance to antibiotics, biocides, heavy metals or by a natural tolerance to extreme conditions. High‐quality surveillance of the emergence of resistance to the key drugs used in primary therapy is mandatory.