bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Biology of Sex and Sport
Authors: Bassett Ashley J. , Ahlmen Alessandra , Rosendorf Jessica M. , Romeo Anthony A. , Erickson Brandon J. , Bishop Meghan E. 
Published: March 2020

» Sex and gender are not the same. Sex is defined by the human genotype and pertains to biologic differences between males and females. Gender is a fluid concept molded by self-perception, social constructs, and culturally laden attitudes and expectations of men and women.» In general, males have longer limb levers, stronger bones, greater muscle mass and strength, and greater aerobic capacity. Females exhibit less muscle fatigability and faster recovery during endurance exercise.» Physiologic sex-based differences have led to an average performance gap of 10% that has remained stable since the 1980s. The performance disparity is lowest for swimming and highest for track and field events.» The International Olympic Committee currently mandates that female athletes with differences of sex development, or intersex traits, and transgender female athletes must limit their blood testosterone to <10 nmol/L for 12 months to be eligible for competition in the female classification.
Management of Hip Disorders in Patients with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Pooya , Baldwin Keith , Minaie Arya , Miller Freeman 
Published: March 2020

» Hip disorders are the second most common musculoskeletal abnormality seen in children with cerebral palsy, affecting nearly 1 in 3.» The goal of surgical intervention is to provide a mobile, located, and painless hip.» Reconstructive procedures are indicated for children with migration percentages of >40%.» Reconstructive procedures typically result in a long-term satisfactory outcome, although recurrence is seen particularly in nonambulatory children and when the reconstruction is performed earlier than 6 years of age.» Salvage procedures are performed when reconstructive procedures are no longer an option and degenerative changes have occurred. They include proximal femoral valgus osteotomy, proximal femoral resection, and hip arthroplasty.
Risk Factors Associated with Surgical Site Infection in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Spinal Deformity Surgery
Authors: Matsumoto Hiroko , Simhon Matthew E. , Campbell Megan L. , Vitale Michael G. , Larson Elaine L. 
Published: March 2020

Background:
Considerable variation exists in surgical site infection (SSI) prevention practices for pediatric patients undergoing spinal deformity surgery, but the incidence of SSI has been reported to remain high in the United States. The literature reports various risk factors associated with SSI but findings are inconsistent. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the published literature investigating associations between various risk factors and SSI in pediatric patients undergoing spinal surgery.

Methods:
The systematic review and the meta-analysis were conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines among peer-reviewed journals published in English between January 2000 and April 2019. Studies that involved pediatric patients with spinal deformity undergoing surgical procedures in North America and assessed risk factors for SSI were included. The quality of individual studies was assessed, and weighted risk ratios and mean differences were calculated for each risk factor.

Results:
Of 763 potential articles identified, 13 met inclusion criteria; 7 studies were rated as average and 6, as poor quality based on the quality checklist. The meta-analysis demonstrated that the SSI risk increased by the following factors: 2.53 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26 to 5.10) for overweight to obese patients compared with patients with normal weight, 2.84 (95% CI, 1.67 to 4.81) for patients with a neuromuscular etiology compared with non-neuromuscular etiology, 1.69 (95% CI, 1.41 to 2.02) for patients with a gastrostomy tube (G-tube) compared with those without, 3.45 (95% CI, 2.08 to 5.72) for nonambulatory patients compared with ambulators, and 3.39 (95% CI, 2.38 to 4.83) for patients with pelvic instrumentation compared with those without. Patients who developed SSI also had 158.38 mL (95% CI, 46.78 to 269.97 mL) greater estimated blood loss compared with those who did not.

Conclusions:
Despite the limited quality of the available studies and wide variety of populations and outcome definitions, evidence suggests that overweight to obese status, neuromuscular etiology, use of a G-tube, nonambulatory status, instrumentation to the pelvis, and greater estimated blood loss are risk factors for SSI. The use of a common SSI definition and strong methodology are warranted for future studies.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete list of levels of evidence.
The effects of Anethum graveolens (dill) powder supplementation on clinical and metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Haidari Fatemeh , Zakerkish Mehrnoosh , Borazjani Fatemeh , Angali Kambiz Ahmadi , Amoochi Golnaz 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of anethum graveolens (dill) powder supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile, some antioxidants and inflammatory markers, and gastrointestinal symptoms in type 2 diabetic patients.
Material and methods: In this study, 42 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups and received either 3g/day dill powder or placebo (3 capsules/day, 1 g each). Fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA- IR), lipid profile, hs-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and gastrointestinal symptoms were measured in all of the subjects at baseline and post-intervention.
Results: The dill powder supplementation significantly decreased the mean serum levels of insulin, HOMA-IR, LDL-C, TC, and MDA in the intervention group in comparison with the baseline measurements (p < 0.05). Also, the mean serum levels of HDL and TAC were significantly increased in the intervention group in comparison with the baseline measurement (p < 0.05). Colonic motility disorder was the only gastrointestinal symptom whose frequency was significantly reduced by supplementation (P = 0.01). The mean changes of insulin, LDL-C , TC, and MDA were significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, the mean changes in HDL were significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Dill powder supplementation can be effective in controlling the glycemic, lipid, stress oxidative, and gastrointestinal symptoms in type 2 diabetic patients.
Keywords: Type 2 diabetes; Dill powder; Glycemic control; Lipid profile; Stress oxidative status
Robotic, laparoscopic or open hemihepatectomy for giant liver hemangiomas of over 10 cm in diameter
Authors: Hu Minggen , Chen Kuang , Zhang Xuan , Li Chenggang , Song Dongda , Liu Rong 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background To evaluate the clinical efficacy of robotic, laparoscopic, and open hemihepatectomy for giant liver hemangiomas.Methods From April 2011 to April 2017, consecutive patients who underwent hemihepatectomy for giant liver hemangiomas were included into this study. According to the type of operation, these patients were divided into the robotic hemihepatectomy (RH) group, the laparoscopic hemihepatectomy (LH) group, and the open hemihepatectomy (OH) group. The perioperative and short-term postoperative outcomes were compared among the three groups. The study was reported following the STROCSS criteria.Results There were no significant differences in age, sex, tumor location, body surface area (BSA), future liver remnant volume (FLR), standard liver volume (SLV), liver hemangioma volume, FLR/SLV, resected normal liver volume / resected volume, hepatic disease, rates of blood transfusion, liver function after 24 hours of surgery, operative morbidity and mortality among the three groups. Compared with patients in the RH group (n=19), and the LH group (n=13), patients in the OH group (n=25) had significantly longer postoperative hospital stay (P< 0.05), time to oral intake (P < 0.05), time to get-out-of-bed (P < 0.05), a higher VAS score after 24 hours of surgery (P < 0.05) and a shorter operative time (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in these postoperative outcomes (P>0.05) between the RH group and the LH group. When the setup time in the RH group was excluded, the operative time of the RH group was significantly shorter than the LH group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the operative time between the RH group and the OH group (P>0.05). The intraoperative blood loss of the RH group was the least among the three groups (P<0.05) and the intraoperative blood loss of the LH group was less than the OH group (P<0.05).Discussion Robotic, laparoscopic, and open hemihepatectomy were safe and efficacious treatments for giant liver hemangiomas. Robotic and laparoscopic hemihepatectomy were significantly better than open hemihepatectomy in intraoperative blood loss, postoperative recovery and pain score. Compared with laparoscopic hemihepatectomy, robotic hemihepatectomy was associated with significantly less intraoperative blood loss and shorter operative time.
AsHSP26.8a, a creeping bentgrass small heat shock protein integrates different signaling pathways to modulate plant abiotic stress response
Authors: Sun Xinbo , Zhu Junfei , Li Xin , Li Zhigang , Han Liebao , Luo Hong 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background:Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are critical for plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses, especially heat stress. They have also been implicated in various aspects of plant development. However, the acting mechanisms of the sHSPs in plants, especially in perennial grass species, remain largely elusive.Results:In this study,AsHSP26.8a, a novel chloroplast-localized sHSP gene from creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stoloniferaL.) was cloned and its role in plant response to environmental stress was studied.AsHSP26.8aencodes a protein of 26.8kDa. Its expression was strongly induced in both leaf and root tissues by heat stress. TransgenicArabidopsisplants overexpressing AsHSP26.8a displayed reduced tolerance to heat stress. Furthermore, overexpression of AsHSP26.8a resulted in hypersensitivity to hormone ABA and salinity stress. Global gene expression analysis revealed AsHSP26.8a-modulated expression of heat-shock transcription factor gene, and the involvement of AsHSP26.8a in ABA-dependent and -independent as well as other stress signaling pathways.Conclusions:Our results suggest that AsHSP26.8a may negatively regulate plant response to various abiotic stresses through modulating ABA and other stress signaling pathways.
Phosphate starvation enhances phagocytosis of Mycobacterium bovis/BCG by macrophages.
Authors: Espinosa-Cueto Patricia , Magallanes-Puebla Alejandro , Mancilla Raul 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is an important health problem worldwide. The only available TB vaccine is Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin, a saprophytic mycobacterium that activates the innate and the acquired immune system after being phagocytosed by macrophages and dendritic cells. BCG vaccination fails to prevent adult pulmonary TB although it may have a protective effect in childhood TB. Understanding how BCG interacts with macrophages and other immunocompetent cells is crucial to develop new vaccines. In this study we showed that macrophages phagocytose Mycobacterium bovis /BCG bacilli with higher efficiency when they are cultured without phosphate. The increased phagocytosis is associated with diminished phagosome acidification. We isolated mycobacterial cell wall and membranes to search for mycobacterial molecules that could be involved in these processes; by immunoblot, it was found that the plasma membranes of phosphate-deprived bacilli express the adhesins PstS-1, LpqH, LprG, and the APA antigen. These proteins are not detected in membranes of bacilli grown with usual amounts of phosphate. The interest of our observations is to show that under the metabolic stress implied in phosphate deprivation, mycobacteria respond upregulating adhesins that could improve their capacity to infect macrophages. These observations are relevant to understand how M. bovis/ BCG induces protective immunity.
Molecular surveillance of anti-malarial drug resistance in Democratic Republic of Congo: high variability of chloroquinoresistance and lack of amodiaquinoresistance
Authors: Yobi Doudou M. , Kayiba Nadine K. , Mvumbi Dieudonné M. , Boreux Raphael , Kabututu Pius Z. , Situakibanza Hippolyte NT. , Likwela Joris L. , De Mol Patrick , Okitolonda Emile W. , Speybroeck Niko , Mvumbi Georges L. , Hayette Marie-Pierre 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: The loss of chloroquine (CQ) effectiveness has led to its withdrawal from national policies as a first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in several endemic countries, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The K76T mutation on the pfcrt gene has been identified as a marker of CQ resistance and the SVMNT haplotype in codons 72–76 on the same gene has been associated with resistance to amodiaquine (AQ). In the DRC, the prevalence of K76T has decreased from 100% in 2000 to 63.9% in 2014. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of K76T mutations in circulating strains of Plasmodium falciparum, sixteen years after CQ withdrawal in the DRC and to investigate the presence of the SVMNT haplotype. Methods : In 2017, ten geographical sites across the DRC were selected. Dried blood samples were collected from patients attending health centres. Malaria was first detected by a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) available on site (SD Bioline Malaria Ag Pf or CareStart Malaria Pf) or thick blood smear and then confirmed by a P. falciparum species-specific real-time PCR assay. A pfcrt gene segment containing a fragment that encodes amino acids at positions 72-76 was amplified by conventional PCR before sequencing. Results: A total of 1070 patients were enrolled. Of the 806 PCR-confirmed P. falciparum positive samples, 764 were successfully sequenced. The K76T mutation was detected in 218 samples (28.5%; 95% CI: 25.4%–31.9%), mainly (96%) with the CVIET haplotype. Prevalence of CQ resistance marker was unequally distributed across the country, ranging from 1.5% in Fungurume to 89.5% in Katana. The SVMNT haplotype, related to AQ resistance, was not detected. Conclusion: Overall, the frequency of the P. falciparum CQ resistance marker has decreased significantly and no resistance marker to AQ was detected in the DRC in 2017. However, the between regions variability of CQ resistance remains high in the country. Further studies are needed for continuous monitoring of the CQ resistance level for its prospective re-use in malaria management. The absence of the AQ resistance marker is in line with the use of this drug in the current DRC malaria treatment policy.
Is natural (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid as effective as synthetic folic acid in increasing serum and red blood cell folate concentrations during pregnancy? A proof-of-concept pilot study
Authors: Cochrane Kelsey M , Mayer Chantal , Devlin Angela M , Elango Rajavel , Hutcheon Jennifer A , Karakochuk Crystal D 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background: North American health authorities recommend 0.4 mg/day folic acid before conception and throughout pregnancy to reduce the risk of neural tube defects. Folic acid is a synthetic form of folate that must be reduced by dihydrofolate reductase and then further metabolized. Recent evidence suggests that the maximal capacity for this process is limited and unmetabolized folic acid has been detected in circulation. The biological effects of unmetabolized folic acid are unknown. A natural form of folate, (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (Metafolin®), may be a superior alternative because it does not need to be reduced in the small intestine. Metafolin® is currently used in some prenatal multivitamins, however it has yet to be evaluated during pregnancy. Methods: This double-blind randomized trial will recruit 60 pregnant women aged 19-42 years. Women will receive either 0.6 mg/day folic acid or an equimolar dose (0.625 mg/day) of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid for 16-weeks. The trial will be initiated at 8-21 weeks gestation (after neural tube closure) to reduce the risk of harm should (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid prove less effective. All women will also receive a prenatal multivitamin (not containing folate) to ensure adequacy of other nutrients. Baseline and endline blood samples will be collected to assess primary outcome measures, including serum folate, red blood cell folate and unmetabolized folic acid. The extent to which the change in primary outcomes from baseline to endline differs between treatment groups, controlling for baseline level, will be estimated using linear regression. Participants will have the option to continue supplementing until 1-week postpartum to provide a breastmilk and blood sample. Exploratory analyses will be completed to evaluate breastmilk and postpartum blood folate concentrations. Discussion: This proof-of-concept trial is needed to obtain estimates of the effect of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid compared to folic acid on circulating biomarkers of folate status during pregnancy. These estimates will inform the design of a definitive trial which will be powered to assess whether (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid is as effective as folic acid in raising blood folate concentrations during pregnancy. Ultimately, these findings will inform folate supplementation policies for pregnant women.
Exposure to Baby-Friendly Hospital Practices and Mothers’ Achievement of their Planned Duration of Breastfeeding.
Authors: Lok Kris Y.W. , Chow Charlotte L.Y. , Fan Heidi S.L. , Chan Vincci H.S. , Tarrant Marie 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Both breastfeeding intentions and exposure to baby-friendly hospital practices were found to be associated with a longer duration of breastfeeding. This study aims to examine the effect of exposure to baby-friendly hospital practices on mothers’ achievement of their planned duration of breastfeeding.
Methods: A total of 1011 mother-newborn pairs from the postnatal units of four public hospitals in Hong Kong were recruited. Sociodemographic data and breastfeeding intention data were collected via self-report questionnaires during the postnatal hospitalization and exposure to Baby-Friendly hospital practices were assessed through hospital records and maternal self-report. Breastfeeding status after hospital discharge was assessed through telephone follow-up for up to 12 months postnatal, or until participants were no longer breastfeeding.
Results: Only 55% (n=552) of study participants achieved their intended duration of breastfeeding. Participants with higher socioeconomic status, previous breastfeeding experience, and those who had lived in Hong Kong for less than 5 years, were more likely to achieve their planned duration of breastfeeding. Among baby-friendly hospital practices, feeding only breast milk during the hospitalization and providing information about breastfeeding support on discharge were associated with participants’ achieving their individual breastfeeding intentions. After adjustment, when compared with women who experienced onebaby-friendly practice, participants who experienced six baby-friendly hospital practices were significantly more likely to achieve their planned duration of breastfeeding (adjusted odds ratio=8.45, 95% confidence interval 3.03 – 23.6).
Conclusions: Nearly half of participants did not achieve their planned breastfeeding duration. Exposure to baby-friendly hospital practices, especially in-hospital exclusive breastfeeding and providing breastfeeding support information upon hospital discharge may help more mothers to achieve their individual breastfeeding goals.
Total Injectable Anesthesia of Dogs and Cats for Remote Location Veterinary Sterilization Clinic
Authors: Posner Lysa Pam , Applegate Jeffrey , Cannedy Allen , Deresienski Diane , Mozzachio Kristie , Serrano Maria , Lewbart Gregory 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background : Sterilization clinics often occur in remote places where anesthesia machines and compressed oxygen are unavailable. This study describes the use of total injectable anesthesia in dogs and cats presented for sterilization in a remote location. Results: A total of 100 animals were sterilized; 26 female cats (CF), 22 male cats (CM), 28 female dogs (DF), and 24 male dogs (DM). CF were anesthetized with dexmedetomidine (20 mcg/kg), ketamine (8 mg/kg) and hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg) IM. CM were anesthetized with dexmedetomidine (15 mcg/kg), ketamine (5 mg/kg) and hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg) IM. Insufficient anesthesia in cats was treated with alfaxalone (1mg/kg) IM. All cats were administered meloxicam at 0.3mg/kg SQ. DF were anesthetized with dexmedetomidine (15 mcg/kg), ketamine (7-10 mg/kg) and hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg) IM. DM were anesthetized with dexmedetomidine (15 mcg/kg), ketamine (5 mg/kg) and hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg) IM. All dogs had IV catheter and endotracheal tube placed. If SpO 2 <90<91%, dogs had assisted ventilation via Ambu bag. Insufficient anesthesia in dogs was treated with alfaxalone (1 mg/kg) IV. All dogs were administered meloxicam at 0.2 mg/kg SQ. Following surgery, atipamezole (0.05-0.1mg/kg) IM was administered to any patient that did not have voluntary movement. All patients survived and were discharged. Less than 25% of cats and male dogs required supplemental anesthesia. Fifty seven percent of female dogs required supplemental anesthesia. More than 89% of patients (in any group) required atipamezole administration. One cat recovered with agitation and hyperthermia (41.1C/ 106F). Some dogs required ventilatory assistance to remain normoxemic while anesthetized. Conclusion: Total injectable anesthesia can be accomplished for remote location sterilization clinics with minimal morbidity.
Cone-beam Computed Tomography Investigation of Middle Mesial Canals and Isthmuses in Mandibular First Molars in a Chinese Population
Authors: Xu Shuaimei , Dao Junfeng , Liu Zhongjun , Zhang Zhiyong , Lu Yu , Zeng Xiongqun 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background : While there is ample research into the anatomy of mandibular molars, little is known regarding isthmuses and middle mesial (MM) canals in Chinese populations. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of MM canals and isthmuses in the mesial root of mandibular first molars using Cone-beam Computed Tomography.
Methods : Cone-beam Computed Tomography images of 357 mature mandibular first molars were retrospectively analyzed. Presence of isthmuses and MM canals , and the length of isthmuses in the mesial root were recorded. Meanwhile, we also recorded possible correlated factors such as demographics, side of mandible, presence of separated distal-lingual roots. ``
Results : Of these 357 teeth, 209 showed evidence of either complete or partial communication in the mesial root. Of these, 11(3.1%) exhibited true MM canals while 198(55.5%) exhibited isthmuses. Sex or side of mandible was not correlated with the prevalence of isthmuses ( P > 0.05) . However, there was a significant association between the presence of a distal-lingual root and the prevalence of such communication ( P < 0.001). The average length of isthmuses was 4.3 ± 3.1mm.
Conclusions : We detected high rate of isthmuses and low rate of MM canals in mesial roots of mandibular first molars, which is important as such areas should be identified and cleaned during root canal treatment.