bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial and temporal variation in Arctic freshwater chemistry—Reflecting climate‐induced landscape alterations and a changing template for biodiversity
Authors: Huser Brian J. , Futter Martyn N. , Bogan Daniel , Brittain John E. , Culp Joseph M. , Goedkoop Willem , Gribovskaya Iliada , Karlsson Jan , Lau Danny C. P. , Rühland Kathleen M. , Schartau Ann Kristin , Shaftel Rebecca , Smol John P. , Vrede Tobias , Lento Jennifer 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Freshwater chemistry across the circumpolar region was characterised using a pan‐Arctic data set from 1,032 lake and 482 river stations. Temporal trends were estimated for Early (1970–1985), Middle (1986–2000), and Late (2001–2015) periods. Spatial patterns were assessed using data collected since 2001.

Alkalinity, pH, conductivity, sulfate, chloride, sodium, calcium, and magnesium (major ions) were generally higher in the northern‐most Arctic regions than in the Near Arctic (southern‐most) region. In particular, spatial patterns in pH, alkalinity, calcium, and magnesium appeared to reflect underlying geology, with more alkaline waters in the High Arctic and Sub Arctic, where sedimentary bedrock dominated.

Carbon and nutrients displayed latitudinal trends, with lower levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen, and (to a lesser extent) total phosphorus (TP) in the High and Low Arctic than at lower latitudes. Significantly higher nutrient levels were observed in systems impacted by permafrost thaw slumps.

Bulk temporal trends indicated that TP was higher during the Late period in the High Arctic, whereas it was lower in the Near Arctic. In contrast, DOC and total nitrogen were both lower during the Late period in the High Arctic sites. Major ion concentrations were higher in the Near, Sub, and Low Arctic during the Late period, but the opposite bulk trend was found in the High Arctic.

Significant pan‐Arctic temporal trends were detected for all variables, with the most prevalent being negative TP trends in the Near and Sub Arctic, and positive trends in the High and Low Arctic (mean trends ranged from +0.57%/year in the High/Low Arctic to −2.2%/year in the Near Arctic), indicating widespread nutrient enrichment at higher latitudes and oligotrophication at lower latitudes.

The divergent P trends across regions may be explained by changes in deposition and climate, causing decreased catchment transport of P in the south (e.g. increased soil binding and trapping in terrestrial vegetation) and increased P availability in the north (deepening of the active layer of the permafrost and soil/sediment sloughing). Other changes in concentrations of major ions and DOC were consistent with projected effects of ongoing climate change. Given the ongoing warming across the Arctic, these region‐specific changes are likely to have even greater effects on Arctic water quality, biota, ecosystem function and services, and human well‐being in the future.
Girl bosses, punk poodles, and pink smoothies: Girlhood as Enterprising Femininity
Authors: Alexandersson Anna , Kalonaityte Viktorija 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to add to the broader field of feminist organization and entrepreneurship scholarship by introducing and theorizing girlhood as a distinct enterprising femininity. More specifically, we investigate how girlhood, now enjoying a prominent role in commercial culture, impacts the relationship between enterprising self and femininity due to girlhood's many non‐entrepreneurial features. We draw on the scholarship from the field of cultural studies to present the core politico‐aesthetical categories, used to express girlhood as a distinct form of femininity. Empirically, we present and analyze an illustrative case of two large women‐only professional networks that use girlhood and enterprising as their core message to their audiences. Our contributions render visible and provide a theoretical framework for studying girlhood as enterprising femininity, and add to the theorization of gendered and intersectional tensions and struggles between the market pressures to conform to the prevailing ideals of individualized success and the political ambition to challenge the status quo. More so, our theorization of girlhood as enterprising femininity allows us to raise question of what facets of femininity remain excluded – and thus in need of further theorization and critical feminist interventions – within the economic domain.
Association of body mass index with immune recovery, virological failure and cardiovascular disease risk among people living with HIV
Authors: Han WM , Jiamsakul A , Jantarapakde J , Yunihastuti E , Choi JY , Ditangco R , Chaiwarith R , Sun LP , Khusuwan S , Merati TP , Do CD , Azwa I , Lee M‐P , Van Nguyen K , Chan Y‐J , Kiertiburanakul S , Ng OT , Tanuma J , Pujari S , Zhang F , Gani YM , Sangle S , Ross J , Kumarasamy N ,   the the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD) of IeDEA Asia‐Pacific
Published: November 2020

ObjectivesWe conducted a longitudinal cohort analysis to evaluate the association of pre‐treatment body mass index (BMI) with CD4 recovery, virological failure (VF) and cardiovascular risk disease (CVD) markers among people living with HIV (PLHIV).MethodsParticipants who were enrolled between January 2003 and March 2019 in a regional Asia HIV cohort with weight and height measurements prior to antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation were included. Factors associated with mean CD4 increase were analysed using repeated‐measures linear regression. Time to first VF after 6 months on ART and time to first development of CVD risk markers were analysed using Cox regression models. Sensitivity analyses were done adjusting for Asian BMI thresholds.ResultsOf 4993 PLHIV (66% male), 62% had pre‐treatment BMI in the normal range (18.5–25.0 kg/m2), while 26%, 10% and 2% were underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), overweight (25–30 kg/m2) and obese (> 30 kg/m2), respectively. Both higher baseline and time‐updated BMI were associated with larger CD4 gains compared with normal BMI. After adjusting for Asian BMI thresholds, higher baseline BMIs of 23–27.5 and > 27.5 kg/m2 were associated with larger CD4 increases of 15.6 cells/µL [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.9–28.3] and 28.8 cells/µL (95% CI: 6.6–50.9), respectively, compared with normal BMI (18.5–23 kg/m2). PLHIV with BMIs of 25–30 and > 30 kg/m2 were 1.27 times (95% CI: 1.10–1.47) and 1.61 times (95% CI: 1.13–2.24) more likely to develop CVD risk factors. No relationship between pre‐treatment BMI and VF was observed.ConclusionsHigh pre‐treatment BMI was associated with better immune reconstitution and CVD risk factor development in an Asian PLHIV cohort.
The Role of Needs Assessment in the Effective Engagement of People with Convictions
Authors: WONG KEVIN , HORAN RACHEL 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe argue for the potential for needs assessment and sentence planning to transcend their core justice functions and set the tone for effective engagement between probation supervisee and supervisor. We draw on lived experience – analysis of interview and observational data from probation supervisors and supervisees, collected during the testing of a new needs assessment and sentence planning tool which aims to integrate the risk, needs, responsivity (RNR) model with desistance principles. After testing the findings against established models and principles of effective engagement, counter‐intuitively, we found that: disagreement can lead to agreement and more effective engagement. Additionally, that attention should be paid to the potential for the physical case management and supervision environment to positively influence the needs assessment and sentence planning process. These and the other findings have implications for policy and practice in the United Kingdom and other jurisdictions where probation is a core criminal justice function.
Spatial segregation in the reproductive activity of Neotropical fish species as an indicator of the migratory trait
Authors: Rauber Rafaela G. , Strictar Larissa , Gomes Luiz C. , Suzuki Harumi I. , Agostinho Angelo A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study focused on the distribution of fish with high reproductive activity along a basin, using a 430 km stretch of the Cuiabá River in Brazil as a model. The main objective of this study was to identify those fish that migrate long distances for reproduction, among all the basin species. Thus, a set of working criteria are proposed to classify species according to their reproductive behaviour (i.e., reproductive activity and distribution). Samplings were performed in the Cuiabá River basin, encompassing several environments (river, channels and lakes) during the reproductive periods (between October and February), from 2000 to 2004. Species occurrence (presence and absence – proxy of distribution) across the basin and index of reproductive activity values were used as criteria to identify the species that perform long‐distance longitudinal migrations for reproduction. The study confirmed the classification of long‐distance longitudinal migration species; nonetheless, some species were not classified as described in the literature. The proposed sequential criteria have proven to be effective in the classification of long‐distance longitudinal migrations species and certainly contribute to filling some existing knowledge gaps of reproductive traits. This classification is of fundamental importance in planning new dam projects, in decision making and in the development of management and conservation actions for the ichthyofauna.
Optimization of Prosthodontic Computer‐Aided Designed Models: A Virtual Evaluation of Mesh Quality Reduction Using Open Source Software
Authors: Farook Taseef Hasan , Barman Aparna , Abdullah Johari Yap , Jamayet Nafij Bin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeMesh optimization reduces the texture quality of 3D models in order to reduce storage file size and computational load on a personal computer. This study aims to explore mesh optimization using open source (free) software in the context of prosthodontic application.Materials and MethodsAn auricular prosthesis, a complete denture, and anterior and posterior crowns were constructed using conventional methods and laser scanned to create computerized 3D meshes. The meshes were optimized independently by four computer‐aided design software (Meshmixer, Meshlab, Blender, and SculptGL) to 100%, 90%, 75%, 50%, and 25% levels of original file size. Upon optimization, the following parameters were virtually evaluated and compared; mesh vertices, file size, mesh surface area (SA), mesh volume (V), interpoint discrepancies (geometric similarity based on virtual point overlapping), and spatial similarity (volumetric similarity based on shape overlapping). The influence of software and optimization on surface area and volume of each prosthesis was evaluated independently using multiple linear regression.ResultsThere were clear observable differences in vertices, file size, surface area, and volume. The choice of software significantly influenced the overall virtual parameters of auricular prosthesis [SA: F(4,15) = 12.93, R2 = 0.67, p < 0.001. V: F(4,15) = 9.33, R2 = 0.64, p < 0.001] and complete denture [SA: F(4,15) = 10.81, R2 = 0.67, p < 0.001. V: F(4,15) = 3.50, R2 = 0.34, p = 0.030] across optimization levels. Interpoint discrepancies were however limited to <0.1mm and volumetric similarity was >97%.ConclusionOpen‐source mesh optimization of smaller dental prostheses in this study produced minimal loss of geometric and volumetric details. SculptGL models were most influenced by the amount of optimization performed.
Monolithic Zirconia Partial Coverage Restorations: An In Vitro Mastication Simulation Study
Authors: Gupta Savita , Abdulmajeed Awab , Donovan Terry , Boushell Lee , Bencharit Sompop , Sulaiman Taiseer A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the survival rate (fatigue resistance), bonding efficiency and marginal integrity of monolithic zirconia partial and full coverage single restorations adhesively bonded to the tooth structure using air‐particle abrasion, a primer with 10‐methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate and a composite‐resin cement (APC) protocol.Materials and MethodsExtracted human premolars (N = 32) were randomly divided into four groups of eight specimens each. Premolars were prepared for the following restorations: full crown (group 1, control), mesial‐occlusal‐distal‐facial onlay (MODF, group 2) preserving 2 mm facio‐lingual functional cusp width, mesial‐occlusal‐distal‐lingual onlay (MODL, group 3) preserving 2 mm facio‐lingual nonfunctional cusp width, mesial‐occlusal‐distal‐buccal‐lingual onlay (MODBL, group 4), overlay preparation. All restorations were milled from monolithic 3 mol% yttria (3Y) zirconia blocks (ZirCad, A1 LT, Ivoclar Vivadent) with CAD/CAM software presets at minimum occlusal and axial thicknesses of 1 mm. The intaglio surface of the restorations was air‐particle abraded (50 µm Al2O3, 2‐Bar pressure, 15 s, 10 mm distance) and primed. An adhesive cement system was used to bond the restorations. Each group was subjected to thermomechanical loading for 1.2 million cycles (force = 70 N, 1.4 Hz) with simultaneous thermocycling (5‐55°C, 30 s dwell time) using a mastication simulator. All specimens were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis (30, 100, and 150×) to evaluate cracks and marginal defects. Fracture of restoration and/or fracture within tooth structure, and debonding were considered modes of failure.ResultsOne specimen from group 2 debonded at 632,000 cycles. None of the specimens failed due to fracture. SEM analysis at 30× indicated marginal integrity issue of the remaining seven intact specimens of group 2 in the area of antagonist contact. No specimens from group 1, 3, and 4 demonstrated marginal integrity issue at 30×. None of the specimens demonstrated any microcrack at 100× and150×.ConclusionsDue to its fatigue resistance, 3Y‐zirconia is a viable option for partial and full coverage single restorations. Following a strict bonding protocol, zirconia demonstrated durable adhesion to the tooth structure. Occlusal contact on restoration margins should be avoided.
Standard management protocol to improve the short‐term outcome of biliary atresia
Authors: Chung Patrick HY , Wong Kenneth KY , Tam Paul KH 
Published: November 2020

AimThis study compared the outcomes of patients with biliary atresia (BA) treated according to a standardised protocol with historical patients.MethodsThis is a single‐centred retrospective study of BA patients treated from 1980 to 2016. A standardised treatment protocol was established since 2008 regarding peri‐operative management. The outcomes being compared between the two groups (Groups I and II = before and after 2008, respectively) were jaundice clearance (JC), incidence of recurrent cholangitis, hospital admission and native liver survival (NLS).ResultsA total of 128 patients were included (Group I = 100, Group II = 28). The overall median follow‐up period was 15.3 years (I vs. II = 20.6 years vs. 5.1 years, respectively). There was no significant difference in the JC at the sixth month between the two groups (I vs. II = 60.0 vs. 82.1%, respectively, P = 0.07). The incidence of recurrent cholangitis was similar between the two groups (I vs. II = 39 vs. 35.7%, respectively, P = 0.45), but the median hospital admission episode per patient was non‐significantly higher in Group I (I vs. II = 4.2 vs. 2.7, respectively, P = 0.08). There was an improvement in the 1‐year NLS rate in Group II (I vs. II = 69.0 vs. 85.7%, respectively, P = 0.05).ConclusionsThe introduction of a standardised management protocol has improved the short‐term outcome of BA patients, with a better 1‐year NLS observed.
Competitive screening and information transmission
Authors: Bó Inácio , Ko Chiu Yu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe consider a model in which schools and colleges compete for high‐ability students, which are independently identified through a costly screening procedure. This independence creates a channel through which students' preferences affect the strategic interaction between schools: students with competing offers accept the most‐preferred one, increasing the screening costs of unpopular schools. When preferences between schools are more heterogeneous, schools screen more, increasing the proportion of students with multiple offers, but paradoxically reducing the extent to which their preferences determine their outcomes. By observing the students' schools of origin, colleges can free‐ride of the fierce competition that occurs during screening.
Japanese and British Children's Understanding of the Social Function of Pretend Crying
Authors: Mizokawa Ai 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate cross‐cultural differences in children's understanding of pretend crying. Five‐ and 6‐year‐olds from Japan and the United Kingdom (N = 71) heard two hypothetical stories in which the protagonist of each story pretended to cry in front of another person. Children were asked about the appearance–reality distinction of pretend crying, the other character's thoughts and behavior, and the children's own moral judgment of pretend crying. Cultural differences were found in their understanding of the social function of pretend crying. Japanese children judged that pretend crying elicited another's concern and prosocial behavior more than British children. There were no significant differences in appearance–reality distinction or moral judgments between Japanese and British children. All participants successfully discriminated between pretend crying and real crying, and most participants judged pretend crying as “not good” behavior. These results suggested that Japanese children might be more expected to be sensitive to others’ feelings, and that such cultural differences in communication and socialization lead to different patterns in expectations of the social consequences of pretend crying.
Exploring the impact of RNA editing on mitochondrial phylogenetic analyses in liverworts, an early land plant lineage
Authors: Dong Shan‐Shan , Li Hong‐Lei , Goffinet Bernard , Liu Yang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPlant mitochondrial protein‐coding genes are slow evolving, and therefore are less subject to substitution saturation, and therefore perhaps more suitable for resolving deep relationships of high taxonomic categories. Plant mitochondrial genes hold, however, hundreds of RNA editing sites, involving mostly non‐synonymous substitutions in the first and second codon positions, which has been reported to affect phylogenetic reconstructions. We have previously identified ca. 4700 mitochondrial RNA editing sites within a group of liverworts representing the ordinal diversity of liverworts, allowing us to critically evaluate the impacts of RNA editing sites on phylogenetic reconstructions in liverworts. Our phylogenetic inferences are mostly congruent on topology inferred from the original mitochondrial gene dataset, dataset with RNA editing sites corrected, and dataset with RNA editing sites excluded. The RNA editing site excluded dataset recovered a topology identical to that of the RNA editing site corrected dataset, supporting the sister relationship of Ptilidium and Jungermanniales, whereas the original dataset supported the sister relationship of Ptilidium and Jungermanniidae. The controversial placements of Ptilidium could be explained by site‐wise log‐likelihood analysis, as the majority of liverwort RNA editing sites supported the sister relationship of Ptilidium and Jungermanniidae, hence the correction or exclusion of the RNA editing sites changed the tree topology and supported the sister relationship of Ptilidium and Jungermanniales. Our study shows that RNA editing sites potentially impact phylogenetic analyses, suggesting that both genome and transcriptome derived data should be used with caution for phylogenetic reconstruction with genes hosting vast numbers of RNA editing sites such as plant organellar genes.
Steroid precursors, steroids, neuroactive steroids, and neurosteroids concentrations in serum and saliva of healthy neonatal heifer Holstein calves
Authors: Aleman Monica , Chigerwe Munashe , Varga Anita , Madigan John E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundPersistence of high neurosteroid concentrations in blood is associated with neonatal encephalopathy and septicemia in foals. This has not been investigated in calves.ObjectivesTo determine concentrations of steroid compounds in serum and saliva within the first 48 hours after birth in healthy neonatal calves, identify potential markers for disease, and investigate the association between serum steroid compounds concentrations in calves and their respective dams within 2 hours after birth.AnimalsTwelve healthy neonatal heifer Holstein calves and their dams.MethodsProspective study. Serum and saliva were collected from calves at 2, 6, 24, and 48 hours after birth. Steroid compounds were analyzed using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. A nonlinear regression model was used to determine half‐lives of the neurosteroids. Serum concentrations of neurosteroids between the cows and calves were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test.ResultsHalf‐lives (95% confidence intervals) of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 17α,20α‐dihydroxyprogesterone in calf serum were 2.9 (2.1, 4.3), and 2.1 (1.3, 3.0) hours, respectively. Pregnanediol in saliva had a half‐life (95% confidence interval) of 24.5 (14.2, 66.5) hours. Serum DHEA (1718.7 ± 2313 vs 57.7 ± 44) and 17α,20α‐dihydroxyprogesterone (207.8 ± 198.2 vs 43.5 ± 33.5) concentrations respectively were higher (P< .05) in calves compared to cows.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDehydroepiandrosterone, 17α,20α‐dihydroxyprogesterone, and pregnanediol could be potential markers of disease in neonatal heifer calves with unexplained failure to thrive or encephalopathy. However, because of the wide 95% confidence interval of the half‐life, pregnanediol in saliva might not be a potential marker.