bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrospective analysis of lameness localisation in Western Performance Horses: A ten‐year review
Authors: Johnson Sherry A. , Donnell Josh R. , Donnell Alan D. , Frisbie David D. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryBackgroundSimilar to other high‐level athletic disciplines, the western performance horse experiences a variety of orthopaedic conditions as a result of rigorous sport‐specific physical demands. While musculoskeletal injury rates have been quantified in other equine disciplines, these data are lacking for the western performance athlete.ObjectivesTo identify the most common anatomical regions of lameness in western performance horses being evaluated at the nation's largest sanctioned shows over a 10‐year study period.Study designRetrospective review of clinical records.MethodsRecords of diagnostic analgesia of western performance horses competing at nationally sanctioned shows were retrospectively reviewed over a 10‐year period to identify affected limb(s) and lameness localisation patterns.ResultsA total of 2267 lameness examinations on 2512 horses were included. The average lameness grade was 2.21/5 with 1504/2267 (56%) cases being primarily forelimb in origin while 1173/2267 (44%) were hindlimb related. Forelimb lameness localised to the distal limb in 40% of cases. The proximal metatarsus/distal tarsus was an identified source of lameness in 16% of cases, followed by the stifle in 9% of cases. All‐around western performance horses most commonly presented with a single hindlimb lameness (315/1188, 26.5%) in contrast to reining horses that presented with a single forelimb lameness (135/616, 22%).DiscussionDetermining the source of lameness through diagnostic analgesia remains challenging, but the continued assessment of response to diagnostic analgesia may help characterise discipline‐specific injuries in western performance horses.Main limitationsRetrospective review of subjective responses to diagnostic analgesia.ConclusionsThe distal forelimb and distal tarsus/proximal metatarsus were the two most common anatomical regions of lameness based on response to diagnostic analgesia.
Head Start and Families' Recovery From Economic Recession: Policy Recommendations for COVID‐19
Authors: Scarborough William J. , Collins Caitlyn , Ruppanner Leah , Landivar Liana Christin 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveThis article examines whether the availability of Head Start during the Great Recession mitigated the impact of this crisis on poverty rates among families with young children.BackgroundThe first 2 decades of the 21st century have witnessed two major economic crises: the Great Recession and the COVID‐19 pandemic. Poverty rates among families with young children grew substantially during the Great Recession. Families with young children are also more vulnerable to instability during the COVID‐19 pandemic because job losses have been steeper and childcare availability has been significantly curtailed. Programs such as Head Start that support at‐risk families may mitigate such negative consequences.MethodThis study used data from the American Community Survey from 2006 through 2016 and state‐level data on Head Start availability from Program Information Reports. Growth curve modeling was used to examine how the availability of Head Start predicted poverty growth during the Great Recession and the speed of recovery post‐recession.ResultsStates with higher rates of Head Start enrollment had a smaller increase in family poverty during the Great Recession and a more stable recovery than states with lower Head Start enrollment.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that greater access to Head Start programs prevented many families from falling into poverty and helped others exit poverty during the Great Recession.ImplicationsThe findings provide clear, evidence‐based policy recommendations. Increased federal funding for Head Start is needed to support families during a COVID‐19 recession. States should supplement these allocations to expand Head Start enrollment for all eligible families.
Teshima pyroclastics: Onset of characteristic Setouchi magmatism induced by slab melting at 14.8 Ma
Authors: Nakaoka Reina , Kado Soko , Hasegawa Shuichi , Suzuki‐Kamata Keiko , Ishizuka Osamu , Sekimoto Shun , Kawabata Hiroshi , Tatsumi Yoshiyuki 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAr‐Ar ages, and petrographical and geochemical characteristics of pyroclastics and an overlying lava from Teshima Island, southwest Japan are presented. Although previous geological and age data suggested Teshima pyroclastics were products of magmatism > 3 my prior to lava flows of Setouchi volcanic rocks generated in association with southward migration of the southwest Japan arc sliver during opening of the Sea of Japan backarc basin at ~ 15 Ma, the present results led to the conclusion that a sequence of Setouchi volcanism, induced by slab melting and subsequent melt‐mantle reactions, produced both pyroclastics and lava at 14.6–14.8 Ma. This age is oldest among those reported so far and may represent the timing of onset of characteristic Setouchi magmatism immediately posterior to and hence as a result of the mega‐tectonic event including rotation of the southwest Japan arc sliver.
Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical study shows that tricalcium silicate cement associated with zirconium oxide or niobium oxide is a promising material in the periodontal tissue repair of rat molars with perforated pulp chamber floors
Authors: Barbosa D. D. , Delfino M. M. , Guerreiro‐Tanomaru J. M. , Tanomaru‐Filho M. , Sasso‐Cerri E. , Silva G. F. , Cerri P. S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimTo evaluate the periodontium response to tricalcium silicate (TCS) with zirconium oxide (ZrO2) or niobium oxide (Nb2O5) used in the sealing of perforated pulp chamber floors in rat maxillary molars.MethodologyIn eighty rats, the perforations in right maxillary molars were filled with either TCS + ZrO2, TCS + Nb2O5, White MTA (used as a gold standard material) or no repair material was placed (Sham Group, SG); the left molars of SG, were used as controls (CG). Sections of maxillary fragments following 7, 15, 30 and 60 days were used to evaluate the volume densities of inflammatory cells (VvIC) and fibroblasts (VvFb), width of the periodontal space, amount of collagen, number of osteoclasts and number of IL‐6‐immunostained cells. The data were subjected to two‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (P ≤ 0.05).ResultsAt all periods, significant differences in VvIC were not detected among TCS + ZrO2, TCS + Nb2O5 and MTA groups, which had values significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the SG. Significant differences in the number of IL‐6‐immunolabelled cells were not observed among TCS + ZrO2, TCS + Nb2O5 and MTA groups (P > 0.05) at 15, 30 and 60 days. At 7, 15 and 30 days, the number of osteoclast was significantly greater in TCS + ZrO2, TCS + Nb2O5 and MTA (P < 0.05) than in the CG; no significant difference was detected after 60 days (P > 0.05). The width of the periodontal space and amount of collagen in TCS + ZrO2 and TCS + Nb2O5 groups were similar to the CG at 30 and 60 days while SG specimens had a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the amount of collagen and significant increase (P < 0.05) in the width of the periodontal space.ConclusionsTCS + ZrO2 and TCS + Nb2O5 were associated with periodontium repair since these materials allowed the reestablishment of periodontal space width and collagen formation when used in the filling of uninfected perforations in the pulp chamber floor of maxillary rat molars. Furthermore, the significant reduction in the periodontal space of TCS + ZrO2 and TCS + Nb2O5 specimens after 60 days confirmed that the experimental materials were associated with a more rapid recovery of the injured tissues than MTA.
Media framing of social media addiction in the UK and the US
Authors: Lundahl Outi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAs extant literature on social media has generally focused on investigating the psychological factors, which makes a person more susceptible to social media addiction, it has not yet investigated how social media addiction is portrayed by the media. However, the media framing of addictions can have considerable implications for consumers, as extant literature has shown them to use media texts as cultural resources through which they attempt to understand and justify their behaviour. The media can also have more indirect effects by, for instance, driving stigmatization or public policy initiatives. Thus, this study compares the media framing of social media addiction in the United Kingdom and the United States through longitudinal, mixed‐methods frame analysis. It then extends the extant literature by showing how social media addiction has been framed in both the United Kingdom and United States. It shows that concern regarding the issue has increased in both countries. In addition, the findings show that while previously social media addiction has been seen as an individual, psychological problem, concerns about the addictiveness and, thereby, about the lacking public policy measures have also increased in both countries. Implications for individual consumers, public policy and managers are considered.
Therapy for advanced cholangiocarcinoma: Current knowledge and future potential
Authors: Wang Mingxun , Chen Ziyan , Guo Pengyi , Wang Yi , Chen Gang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a biliary epithelial tumour that can emerge at any point in the biliary tree. It is commonly classified based on its anatomical site of development into intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PCC) and distal cholangiocarcinoma (DCC), each of which is associated with varying patient demographics, molecular characteristics and treatment options. CCA patients have poor overall prognoses and 5‐year survival rates. Additionally, CCA is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, with surgical treatment restricted to early‐stage disease. Owing to an increase in the incidence of ICC, that of CCA is also on the rise, with a corresponding increase in the associated mortality, particularly in South America and Asia. Therefore, the development of an effective treatment is crucial to improve the survival of CCA patients. We aimed to systematically review the current understanding of advanced CCA treatment and discuss potential effective strategies.
Overexpression of c‐Fos reverses osteoprotegerin‐mediated suppression of osteoclastogenesis by increasing the Beclin1‐induced autophagy
Authors: Tong Xishuai , Chen Miaomiao , Song Ruilong , Zhao Hongyan , Bian Jianchun , Gu Jianhong , Liu Zongping 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOsteoclastogenesis requires the involvement of transcription factors and degrading enzymes, and is regulated by upstream and downstream signalling. However, c‐Fos how regulates osteoclastogenesis through autophagy remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the role of c‐Fos during osteoprotegerin (OPG)‐mediated suppression of osteoclastogenesis. We found that the number of osteoclasts and the expression of c‐Fos, MMP‐9, CAⅡ, Src and p62 were decreased after treated with OPG, including attenuation the PI3K/Akt and the TAK1/S6 signalling pathways, but the expression of Beclin1 and LC3Ⅱ were increased. Knockdown of Beclin1 could reverse the expression of c‐Fos and MMP‐9 by activating the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, but inhibiting the autophagy and the TAK1/S6 signalling pathway. In addition, inhibition of autophagy using the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 did not rescues OPG‐mediated suppression of osteoclastogenesis, but caused reduction of the expression of c‐Fos and CAⅡ by attenuating the autophagy, as well as the PI3K/Akt and the TAK1/S6 signalling pathways. Furthermore, continuous activation of c‐Fos could reverse OPG‐mediated suppression of osteoclastogenesis by activating the autophagy and the PI3K/Akt and the TAK1/S6 signalling pathways. Thus, overexpression of c‐Fos could reverse OPG‐mediated suppression of osteoclastogenesis via activation of Beclin1‐induced autophagy, indicating c‐Fos might serve as a new candidate for bone‐related basic studies.
CD63 negatively regulates hepatocellular carcinoma development through suppression of inflammatory cytokine‐induced STAT3 activation
Authors: Yu Shijun , Chen Jingde , Quan Ming , Li Li , Li Yandong , Gao Yong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTetraspanin CD63 has been widely implicated in tumour progression of human malignancies. However, its role in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear yet. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the specific function and underlying mechanisms of CD63 in HCC progression. CD63 expression in HCC tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real‐time PCR analyses; effects of CD63 on HCC cell proliferation and migration were investigated by CCK‐8 assay, colony formation assay, transwell assay and a xenograft model of nude mice. RNA‐sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, dual‐luciferase reporter assay and Western blot analysis were performed to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results of our experiments showed that CD63 expression was frequently reduced in HCC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues, and decreased CD63 expression was significantly associated with larger tumour size, distant site metastasis and higher tumour stages of HCC. Overexpression of CD63 inhibited HCC cell proliferation and migration, whereas knockdown of CD63 promoted these phenotypes. IL‐6, IL‐27 and STAT3 activity was regulated by CD63, and blockade of STAT3 activation impaired the promotive effects of CD63 knockdown on HCC cell growth and migration. Our findings identified a novel CD63‐IL‐6/IL‐27‐STAT3 axis in the development of HCC and provided a potential target for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Apical Membrane Antigen 3 in Eimeria tenella
Authors: Wang Qingjie , Zhu Shunhai , Zhao Qiping , Huang Bing , Yu Shuilan , Yu Yu , Liang Shanshan , Wang Haixia , Zhao Huanzhi , Han Hongyu , Dong Hui 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEimeria tenella is an obligate intracellular parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. As described for other members of Apicomplexa, apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) has been shown to be critical for sporozoite invasion of host cells by E. tenella. Recently, an E. tenella paralogue of AMA1 (EtAMA1), dubbed sporoAMA1 (EtAMA3), was identified in proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of E. tenella, but not further characterized. Here, we show that EtAMA3 is a type I integral membrane protein that has 24% −38% identity with other EtAMAs. EtAMA3 has the same pattern of Cys residues in domains I and II of AMA1 orthologs from apicomplexan parasites, but high variance in domain III, with all six invariant Cys residues absent. EtAMA3 expression was developmentally regulated at the mRNA and protein levels. EtAMA3 protein was detected in sporulated oocysts and sporozoites, but not in the unsporulated oocysts or second‐generation merozoites. EtAMA3 is secreted by micronemes and is primarily localized to the apical end of sporozoites during host‐cell invasion. Additionally, pretreatment of sporozoites with rEtAMA3‐specific antibodies substantially impeded their invasion into host cells. These results suggest EtAMA3 is a sporozoite‐specific protein that is involved in host‐cell sporozoite invasion.
A new species of Chaetostoma (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Orinoco basin with comments on Amazonian species of the genus in Colombia
Authors: Urbano‐Bonilla Alexander , Ballen Gustavo A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChaetostoma chimu sp. nov. is described from 119 specimens collected in the Andean foothills of the Orinoco River in Colombia. The new species can be distinguished from congeners by a combination of characters, including shape of cheek odontodes, presence of a supraoccipital excrescence, sexual dimorphism characters and colour pattern. In addition, this species can be distinguished from the sympatric and geographically close congeners of the Orinoco that have curved cheek odontodes (i.e., Chaetostoma anale, Chaetostoma formosae and Chaetostoma joropo), by presenting a generally larger orbital diameter and interorbital distance, details of sexual dimorphism and colour pattern. The type locality of specimens collected by Kjell von Sneidern in the mid‐twentieth century in the Colombian Amazon is also clarified. Chaetostoma alternifasciatum and Chaetostoma vagum are proposed as junior synonyms of C. anale. An identification key for the species of Chaetostoma from cis‐Andean drainages in Colombia is provided. The new species is herein categorized as Vulnerable (Vu) B1a (i, iii), following the IUCN criteria.
Revealing the functional traits linked to hidden environmental factors in community assembly
Authors: Pillar Valério D. , Sabatini Francesco Maria , Jandt Ute , Camiz Sergio , Bruelheide Helge 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimTo identify functional traits that best predict community assembly without knowing the underlying environmental drivers.MethodsWe propose a new method based on the correlation r(XY) between two matrices of potential community composition: the matrix X is fuzzy‐weighted by trait similarities of species, and the matrix Y is derived by Beals smoothing using the probabilities of species co‐occurrences. Since X is based on one or more traits, r(XY) measures how well the traits used for fuzzy‐weighting reflect the species co‐occurrence patterns in Y. We developed an optimisation algorithm to identify the traits maximising this correlation, together with an appropriate permutational test for significance. Using metacommunity data generated by a stochastic, individual‐based, spatially explicit model, we assessed the type I error and the power of our method across different simulation scenarios, varying environmental filtering parameters, number of traits and trait correlation structures. Then, we applied the method to real‐world community and trait data of dry calcareous grassland communities across Germany to identify, out of 49 traits, the combination of traits that maximised r(XY).ResultsThe method correctly identified the relevant traits involved in the assembly mechanisms of simulated communities, showing high power and accurate type I error. It proved to be robust against confounding aspects related to interactions between environmental factors, strength of limiting factors, and trait collinearity. In the grassland dataset, the method identified five traits that best explained community assembly. These traits reflect the size and the leaf economics spectrum, which are related to succession and resource supply, factors that may not be always measured in real‐world situations.ConclusionsOur method successfully identified the relevant traits mediating community assembly, therefore providing insights on the underlying environmental and biotic factors, even if these are hidden, unmeasured or not accessible at the spatial or temporal scale of the study.
Total FLC transcript dynamics from divergent paralogue expression explains flowering diversity in Brassica napus
Authors: Calderwood Alexander , Lloyd Andrew , Hepworth Jo , Tudor Eleri H. , Jones D. Marc , Woodhouse Shannon , Bilham Lorelei , Chinoy Catherine , Williams Kevin , Corke Fiona , Doonan John H. , Ostergaard Lars , Irwin Judith A. , Wells Rachel , Morris Richard J. 
Published: December 2020

Summary

Flowering time is a key adaptive and agronomic trait. In Arabidopsis, natural variation in expression levels of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) leads to differences in vernalization. In Brassica napus there are nine copies of FLC. Here, we study how these multiple FLC paralogues determine vernalization requirement as a system.

We collected transcriptome time series for Brassica napus spring, winter, semi‐winter, and Siberian kale crop types. Modelling was used to link FLC expression dynamics to floral response following vernalization.

We show that relaxed selection pressure has allowed expression of FLC paralogues to diverge, resulting in variation of FLC expression during cold treatment between paralogues and accessions. We find that total FLC expression dynamics best explains differences in cold requirement between cultivars, rather than expression of specific FLC paralogues.

The combination of multiple FLC paralogues with different expression dynamics leads to rich behaviour in response to cold and a wide range of vernalization requirements in B. napus. We find evidence for different strategies to determine the response to cold in existing winter rapeseed accessions.
Evaluation of Chemo‐ and Photo‐toxicity of a Live Fluorescent Dye for Cell Analysis
Authors: Reyes Lua Alejandra Magaly , Tonnicchia Simone , Giampietro Costanza , Mazza Edoardo , Ferrari Aldo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLive cell imaging is used to track the dynamic adaptation of cell size and motility to various external factors. Bright‐field configuration can be used for these experiments; however, the analysis can be challenging and difficult to automate. In this direction, a superior alternative is represented by the use of live cell dyes, which provide intense fluorescence from subcellular structures of living cells. Yet, the potential chemo‐ and photo‐toxicity of the fluorophores poses the necessity of an accurate protocol optimization to avoid artefacts. Toxicity studies generally focus on cell proliferation and apoptosis, neglecting the cellular activities under investigation. Here, we present the case of SYTO 13 in combination with primary endothelial cells. The optimization of the staining procedure is tested comparing cell proliferation and motility rate. In addition, the combined effect of staining and fluorescent illumination, reporting for photochemical toxicity, is evaluated. We demonstrate that while cell viability and proliferation are mainly unaffected by the staining and imagining protocols, a significant reduction of the motility rate is induced both by the chemical dye alone and in combination with fluorescent illumination. The general implications for this procedure are discussed.
Prophage region and short tandem repeats of “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” reveal significant population structure in China
Authors: Zheng Yongqin , Huang Hongxia , Huang Zhenhui , Deng Xiaoling , Zheng Zheng , Xu Meirong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWhole‐genome sequencing of “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (Las) indicated some polymorphic gene regions enabling the molecular characterization of this bacterium. Although the population diversity of Las in China has been previously studied, no reports have used a combination of a prophage region and short tandem repeat (STR) loci for phylogenetic relationship characterization. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and structure of 667 Las strains from nine provinces in southern China using multiple genetic loci including three type‐specific prophage loci, two STR loci, and a miniature inverted‐repeat transposable element (MITE) region. The results indicated that the genetic diversity varied according to the gene loci used. The prophage regions, including the MITEs, revealed significant genetic differences of Las populations in Yunnan and Guizhou from other provinces, while the STR loci only indicated a difference of Las population in Guizhou from those of other provinces. In particular, the Las population shown to be diverse in Jiangxi at the CLIBASIA_01215_STR locus was not diverse when measured using the other loci. Considering all loci, the Las populations from Yunnan and Guizhou were different, those from Guangdong and Guangxi were complex, while the Las population in Jiangxi was comparatively simple. Las populations from five neighbouring provinces, including Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Fujian, and Jiangxi were grouped in a big cluster. The Las population structure changed with age according to the prophage type. This study evaluated the method used for studying the molecular diversity of Las populations and provided more detailed information on the geographical origin and epidemic trend of Chinese Las populations.