bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humanized liver mouse model with transplanted human hepatocytes from patients with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Authors: Sugahara Go , Yamasaki Chihiro , Yanagi Ami , Furukawa Suzue , Ogawa Yuko , Fukuda Akinari , Enosawa Shin , Umezawa Akihiro , Ishida Yuji , Tateno Chise 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOrnithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTCD) is a metabolic and genetic disease caused by dysfunction of the hepatocytic urea cycle. To develop new drugs or therapies for OTCD, it is ideal to use models that are more closely related to human metabolism and pathology. Primary human hepatocytes (HHs) isolated from two patients (a 6‐month‐old boy and a 5‐year‐old girl) and a healthy donor were transplanted into host mice (hemi‐, hetero‐OTCD mice, and control mice, respectively). HHs were isolated from these mice and used for serial transplantation into the next host mouse or for in vitro experiments. Histological, biochemical, and enzyme activity analyses were performed. Cultured HHs were treated with ammonium chloride or therapeutic drugs. Replacement rates exceeded 80% after serial transplantation in both OTCD mice. These highly humanized OTCD mice showed characteristics similar to OTCD patients that included increased blood ammonia levels and urine orotic acid levels enhanced by allopurinol. Hemi‐OTCD mice showed defects in OTC expression and significantly low enzymatic activities, while hetero‐OTCD mice showed residual OTC expression and activities. A reduction in ammonium metabolism was observed in cultured HHs from OTCD mice, and treatment with the therapeutic drug reduced the ammonia levels in the culture medium. In conclusion, we established in vivo OTC mouse models with hemi‐ and hetero‐patient HHs. HHs isolated from the mice were useful as an in vitro model of OTCD. These OTC models could be a source of valuable patient‐derived hepatocytes that would enable large scale and reproducible experiments using the same donor.
Assessment of CMIP6 models' skill for tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature variability
Authors: Halder Subrota , Parekh Anant , Chowdary Jasti S. , Gnanaseelan Chellappan , Kulkarni Ashwini 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe present study examines the ability of Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) models in representing the dominant modes of tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) sea surface temperature (SST) variability on the interannual and decadal time scale. Historical simulations from 27 CMIP6 models are assessed against Extended Reconstructed SST over the period of 1854 to 2014. Spectrum analysis reveals that many models reproduce interannual and decadal variability of TIO SST but underestimate the amplitude of variability with some disparity in the periodicity. All models can reproduce the dominant basin‐wide mode of interannual and decadal variability of TIO SST reasonably well. Skill score analysis of TIO SST variability reveals that KACE‐1‐0‐G has highest skill, followed by FGOALS‐f3‐L, EC‐Earth3‐Veg‐LR, ACCESS‐ESM1‐5, CanESM5‐CanOE on the interannual timescale and FGOALS‐f3‐L, CanESM5‐CanOE, KACE‐1‐0‐G and CanESM5, respectively, showed highest skills for decadal variability. It is found that variations in radiation and latent heat flux are primarily responsible for interannual variability in TIO SST, the basin‐wide warming, in the observations. Taylor diagram analysis reveals that all the models exhibit better skill for the radiative flux; however, skill for the latent heat and momentum flux varies from model to model. It is important to note that the models in which the latent heat flux and zonal wind are better represented have produced better TIO SST variability compared to other models. A higher discrepancy in latent heat and zonal momentum flux leads to improper wind‐evaporation‐SST and wind‐circulation‐SST feedback, which in turn restricts the model skill. Besides, model that has realistic central and eastern Pacific SST variability show better skill for TIO SST variability in both interannual and decadal time scales. The present study advocates that better representation of latent heat flux and zonal wind in coupled models is important for the accurate simulation of interannual and decadal variability in TIO SST.
Untangling drivers for supplier environmental and social responsibility: An investigation in Philips Lighting's Chinese supply chain
Authors: Villena Verónica H. , Wilhelm Miriam , Xiao Cheng‐Yong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study unpacks the environmental and social dimensions of supplier responsibility and links each dimension to distinct drivers. Using stakeholder theory and the relational view, we distinguish between two main drivers: stakeholder pressures (i.e., from regulatory agencies, buying firms, and nongovernmental organizations) and relational mechanisms offered by multinational companies (MNCs) (i.e., lean trainings and relational capital). We used a multi‐method research design to study how these drivers uniquely influence supplier responsibility in an emerging‐country context. An in‐depth case study with Philips Lighting and 10 of its Chinese suppliers reveals causal inferences that link stakeholder and relational drivers with each responsibility dimension (environmental vs. social). Audit and survey data from Philips Lighting's 134 Chinese suppliers, complemented with four archival databases, bolster these inferences. Overall, the results show that supplier environmental responsibility can be fostered through both stakeholder pressures and relational drivers; whereas, supplier social responsibility is much harder to address. The integrated methods offer a fuller, more comprehensive understanding of the specifics of supplier responsibility in China and also provide recommendations for MNCs that seek to improve it.
Distinct vasculotropic versus osteotropic features ofS. agalactiaeversusS. aureusimplant‐associated bone infection in mice
Authors: Masters Elysia A. , Hao Stephanie P. , Kenney H. Mark , Morita Yugo , Galloway Chad A. , de Mesy Bentley Karen L. , Ricciardi Benjamin F. , Boyce Brendan F. , Schwarz Edward M. , Oh Irvin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOsteomyelitis is a devastating complication of orthopaedic surgery and commonly caused byStaphylococcus aureus(S. aureus) and Group BStreptococcus(GBS,S. agalactiae). Clinically,S. aureusosteomyelitis is associated with local inflammation, abscesses, aggressive osteolysis, and septic implant loosening. In contrast,S. agalactiaeorthopaedic infections generally involve soft tissue, with acute life‐threatening vascular spread. While preclinical models that recapitulate the clinical features ofS. aureusbone infection have proven useful for research, no animal models ofS. agalactiaeosteomyelitis exist. Here, we compared the pathology caused by these bacteria in an established murine model of implant‐associated osteomyelitis. In vitro scanning electron microscopy and CFU quantification confirmed similar implant inocula for both pathogens (~105CFU/pin). Assessment of mice at 14 days post‐infection demonstrated increasedS. aureusvirulence, asS. agalactiaeinfected mice had significantly greater body weight, and fewer CFU on the implant and in bone and adjacent soft tissue (p < 0.05). X‐ray, µCT, and histologic analyses showed thatS. agalactiaeinduced significantly less osteolysis and implant loosening, and fewer large TRAP+osteoclasts thanS. aureuswithout inducing intraosseous abscess formation. Most notably, transmission electron microscopy revealed that although both bacteria are capable of digesting cortical bone,S. agalactiaehave a predilection for colonizing blood vessels embedded within cortical bone whileS. aureusprimarily colonizes the osteocyte lacuno‐canalicular network. This study establishes the first quantitative animal model ofS. agalactiaeosteomyelitis, and demonstrates a vasculotropic mode ofS. agalactiaeinfection, in contrast to the osteotropic behavior ofS. aureusosteomyelitis.
Chronic subacromial impingement leads to supraspinatus muscle functional and morphological changes: Evaluation in a murine model
Authors: Croen Brett J. , Carballo Camila B. , Wada Susumu , Zhang Xueying , Patel Saral , Deng Xiang‐Hua , Rodeo Scott A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMuscle atrophy and fatty infiltration have been directly correlated with higher rates of incomplete or failed healing following surgical repair of the rotator cuff. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinically relevant functional and morphological changes in the supraspinatus muscle at various time points in this model of rotator cuff tendinopathy. Subacromial impingement was induced in 47, male C57BL/6 mice (total 94 limbs) by implantation of a metal clip in the subacromial space. Specimens were evaluated at 4, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Gait analysis was used to measure various kinematic parameters. Supraspinatus muscle wet weight, histology, and quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of genes related to muscle atrophy and adipogenesis were performed to characterize the structural, cellular, and molecular changes. Muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration was evident beginning at 6 weeks, with progression out to 12 weeks. Gait analysis identified significant functional changes in many aspects of gait and abnormal stance tracing as early as 4 weeks, verifying alterations in upper extremity function. We have demonstrated that clinically relevant changes to the supraspinatus muscle are seen starting 6 weeks after induction of subacromial impingement. Furthermore, the gait analysis provides key functional outcome measurements that may be useful for future evaluation of new therapeutic strategies.
In vitro assays for evaluating phytate degradation in non‐ruminants: chances and limitations
Authors: Sommerfeld Vera , Santos Regiane R 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe positive effects of phytases on the environment, animal welfare and animal feed costs have resulted in the continuous development and improvement of these enzymes in the non‐ruminant feed market. To test the efficacy of these phytases, a large number of experimental animals are necessary, antagonising the animal welfare aspect of these enzymes. In the present review, we summarise the most prominent available in vitro assays for evaluating phytase enzymes and how far they can reduce the number of in vivo experiments. Several in vitro assays exist that differ in their setup, extent and conditions depending on the animal of interest and the research question. With the in vitro assays described, it is not possible to fully replace in vivo trials. However, for the investigation of phytase effects in feedstuffs, the use of an in vitro assay has several advantages. In vitro assays have the potential to be used for ranking feed enzymes and as screening tools. Applying in vitro protocols will result in a reduction in the number of animals or treatments usually necessary for an in vivo trial, thus acting towards the three Rs. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Responses of rice qualitative characteristics to elevated carbon dioxide and higher temperature: implications for global nutrition
Authors: Wei Lianlian , Wang Weilu , Zhu Jianguo , Wang Zhiqin , Wang Jianqing , Li Chunhua , Zeng Qing , Ziska Lewis H 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDProtein and some minerals of rice seed are negatively affected by projected carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. However, an in‐depth assessment of rice quality that encompasses both CO2 and temperature for a wide range of nutritional parameters is not available. Using a free‐air CO2 enrichment facility with temperature control, we conducted a field experiment with two levels of CO2 (ambient; ambient + 200 ppm) and two levels of temperature (ambient; ambient + 1.5 °C). An in‐depth examination of qualitative factors indicated a variable nutritional response.RESULTSFor total protein, albumin, glutelin, and prolamin, elevated CO2 reduced seed concentrations irrespective of temperature. Similarly, several amino acids declined further as a function of higher temperature and elevated CO2 relative to elevated CO2 alone. Higher temperature increased the lipid percentage of seed; however, elevated CO2 reduced the overall lipid content. At the nutrient elements level, whereas elevated CO2 reduced certain elements, a combination of CO2 and temperature could compensate for CO2 reductions but was element dependent.CONCLUSIONOverall, these data are, at present, the most detailed analysis of rising CO2/temperature on the qualitative characteristics of rice. They indicate that climate change is likely to significantly impact the nutritional integrity of rice, with subsequent changes in human health on a global basis. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Stability and antibacterial activity of Thymus daenensis L. essential oil nanoemulsion in mayonnaise
Authors: Mansouri Sadaf , Pajohi‐Alamoti Mohammadreza , Aghajani Narjes , Bazargani‐Gilani Behnaz , Nourian Alireza 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThere is a growing demand in the food industry for the replacement of synthetic preservatives with their natural alternatives. This has led to the development of novel methods such as encapsulation of plants essential oil with appropriate physicochemical stability, and antibacterial and organoleptic properties. This study aimed to prepare an optimal nanoemulsion of Thymus daenensis L. essential oil for use as a natural preservative in mayonnaise.RESULTSThe analysis of droplet diameter, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation rate, and intrinsic stability showed that out of nine T. daenensis essential oil‐containing nanoemulsions, two preparations of A and B had high stability scores. In vitro antibacterial tests showed the adverse effect of Tween 80 volume on the antibacterial properties of nanoemulsions. One nanoemulsion (essential oil:Tween 80, ratio 1:1, 15 min sonication) was considered to be optimal based on its long‐term stability and antibacterial effects on Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. However, compared to the optimal nanoemulsion, the pure essential oil showed more antibacterial effects. The bacterial control in mayonnaise was close to equal for sodium benzoate (in maximum limit 1 g kg−1) and the optimal nanoemulsion (½ MIC) for 24 h. The optimal nanoemulsion achieved significantly higher sensory scores (taste, appearance, and mouthfeel) than the pure essential oil in mayonnaise (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONThe results demonstrated similar antibacterial effects for the optimal nanoemulsion and sodium benzoate. The optimal nanoemulsion, due to its desirable sensorial attributes, long‐term stability, and slow release of volatile compounds, can be considered an appropriate alternative to synthetic preservatives.
Plasma miR‐409‐3p promotes acute cerebral infarction via suppressing CTRP3
Authors: Song Xian‐Dong , Li Shi‐Xing , Zhu Min 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAbnormal expression of miR‐409‐3p has been found in several neurodevelopmental disorders, but whether it is dysregulated in the patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI) has not been evaluated. The current study mainly focused on the clinical significance and the underlying mechanism of plasma miR‐409‐3p in the progression of ACI. The level of plasma miR‐409‐3p was determined in ACI patients (n = 80) and healthy controls (n = 30). Pearson correlation assay was performed to evaluate the association and cardiovascular risk factors. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of plasma miR‐409‐3p levels in patients with ACI. Dual luciferase reporter assay and western blot were performed to determine the possible target gene of miR‐409‐3p. Our data showed that the expression of plasma miR‐409‐3p in the ACI group was higher than that in the healthy controls. Furthermore, Pearson correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation between plasma miR‐409‐3p and the NIHSS score. ROC analysis indicated that plasma miR‐409‐3p could differentiate plasma miR‐409‐3p in ACI patients from healthy controls. Then, we explored the possible target genes of miR‐409‐3p. Interestingly, C1q and TNF‐related 3 (CTRP3), a novel adipose tissue‐derived secreted factor, was found to be a target gene of miR‐409‐3p. We found that knockdown of CTRP3 significantly induced PC12 cell apoptosis, even in PC12 cells transfected with miR‐409‐3p inhibitor. These data suggested that miR‐409‐3p induced PC12 cell apoptosis by targeting CTRP3. Altogether, elevated plasma miR‐409‐3p is correlated with disease severity and may be efficient for the early diagnosis of ACI.
Compensation Rates for Otolaryngologic Procedures Under the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule in 2018
Authors: Kondamuri Neil S. , Miller Ashley L. , Rathi Vinay K. 
Published: December 2020

Objective/HypothesisMedicare reimbursement for physician work depends on the estimated time and intensity – which encompasses technical skill, cognitive load, and stress – required to perform services. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) quantitatively expresses intensity estimates as compensation rates per unit time. This study aimed to characterize compensation rates under the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (PFS) for operative procedures commonly performed by otolaryngologists.Study DesignThis study was a retrospective, cross‐sectional analysis.MethodsThis study was a retrospective, cross‐sectional analysis of fiscal year 2018 PFS specifications and publicly available Medicare Part B utilization data for the top 100 highest‐volume procedures furnished by otolaryngologists to Medicare beneficiaries in inpatient and ambulatory surgical center (ASC) settings between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2018. Co‐primary outcomes were the estimated 1) total compensation rate ($/min) and 2) intraservice (i.e., “skin‐to‐skin” time) compensation rate ($/min) for each included procedure.ResultsThe analytic sample included 147 unique procedure types (settings non‐mutually exclusive): 82 inpatient procedure types (n = 33,907 procedures) and 95 ASC procedure types (n = 34,765 procedures). In the inpatient setting, median total compensation rate and intraservice compensation rates were $1.50/min (interquartile range [IQR]: $1.19/min–$1.65/min) and $2.27/min (IQR: $1.69/min–$2.68/min), respectively. In the ASC setting, median total compensation rate and intraservice compensation rates were $1.48/min (interquartile range [IQR]: $1.27/min–$1.77/min) and $2.39/min (IQR: $1.82/min–$2.91/min), respectively. At the service line level, volume‐weighted total (inpatient: $1.91/min, ASC: $1.90/min) and intraservice (inpatient: $3.84/min, ASC: $3.37/min) compensation rates were highest for rhinologic procedures.ConclusionsCompensation rates under the Medicare PFS varied widely for operative procedures commonly performed by otolaryngologists.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 131:E1785–E1791, 2021
“Minor crimes” against wildlife: Small offenses, lasting impact, and a proposed solution
Authors: Minton Elizabeth A. , Sisneros‐Kidd Abigail M. , Monz Christopher 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPast research has examined why people engage in negative consumer behaviors, but research has not adequately examined what drives minor crimes against wildlife, which is important given their prevalence and impact on the welfare of wildlife. We address this need for research with two studies that examine minor crimes against wildlife in the context of wildlife jams (i.e., traffic jams caused by wildlife in and around roadways that obstruct the normal flow of traffic). Study 1 introduces a research methodology very new to the field of marketing by using participant observation and geospatial data to characterize actual behaviors of people during wildlife jam events in a national park setting. Study 2 begins with a pre‐test identifying the primary reasons for participation in wildlife jams before the main study tests a message‐based intervention strategy to reduce wildlife jams using five conditions (no message, standard message, attitudes‐based message, norms‐based message, control‐based message). Results reveal that a norms‐based message reduced intentions to participate in wildlife jams the most, while all messaging tactics were more effective than no message. Findings build on the theory of planned behavior, and suggestions for decreasing consumer harm to wildlife are discussed.
Who is going to save the Brazilian Amazon forest? Reflections on deforestation, wildlife eviction, and stewardship behavior
Authors: Silva Marianny J. B. , Costa Marconi F. da , de Farias Salomão A. , Wanderley Lilian S. O. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Brazilian Amazon deforestation is the context for this article, approached as a crime against humanity and wildlife. Recently, Amazon forest fires have also worried most of the economically developed nations, generating criticism and demanding that the Brazilian Government be more active in preventing fires and deforestation. It is necessary to guarantee the wellbeing and health of millions of animal species that live in this habitat, avoiding their extinctions and encouraging the preservation of the forest and its inhabitants. Agribusiness, together with illegal timber trade, are blamed for most of the deforestation. In this paper, we present and discuss Brazilian Amazon deforestation data, addressing the role of agribusiness as dependent on good environmental governance. We argue how stewardship behavior needs to become a path to stop deforestation and wildlife eviction and we reflect on what marketers in Brazil and the world can do to better protect the Amazon rainforest. We conclude that the Government, companies, and society must be coresponsible for the protection of the Amazon rainforest through conservation transparency, dialogue, environmental awareness, and sustainability in production and consumption practices.
Exploring online comments from a strategic marketing stance to reduce wildlife crime
Authors: Kachen Sheen , Krishen Anjala S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIllegal wildlife trade (IWT) is an omnipresent global threat to ecological, social, and economic systems. Marketing expertise can aid in the mitigation and reduction of crime against wildlife using a variety of mechanisms. This paper focuses on how social media usage relates to the framing of conservation appeals. By studying the content of existing blogs, articles, white papers, and other online postings, we extract relevant themes and concepts. Conducting an unguided semantic analysis of our data, we analyzed messaging appeal strategies and the underlying social or informational frameworks they employ. Using literature on advertising appeal types and contrasting social/emotional with knowledge‐based/informational messaging strategies, we identified how wildlife crime prevention content employs these rhetorical framing mechanisms. Through the lens of social learning theory, our study proposes messaging strategies as a framework for understanding online content. Crimes against wildlife are creating increasingly severe ecological, economic, and social damage within international political and social communities; individuals learn from and engage with online content, therefore appropriate framing mechanisms can aid marketers in designing effective prevention appeals.
Death imagery in antipoaching advertising
Authors: Baek Tae Hyun , Yoon Sukki 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn three studies, death imagery and regulatory focus are examined for their effects in wildlife protection campaigns. Images of death are found to lead to positive intentions to conserve wildlife through fear, but only when ads are prevention‐focused rather than promotion‐focused. In Study 1, participants who view an image of a dead elephant indicate feeling fear and stronger intentions to conserve wildlife. In Study 2, participants who view a prevention‐focused ad depicting a dead rhino indicate stronger intentions to sign a wildlife conservation pledge, but the effect is attenuated when the ad is promotion‐focused. Study 3 finds similar results using the image of a dead tiger. Theoretical insights and practical implications are discussed.