bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tofu’s Liquid waste treatment by continuous vermibiofilter column-type reactor
Authors: Persulessy A E , Rosmalina R T , Hartati E , Putra R D 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The demands of tofu as food constantly increase in Indonesia, a large amount of clean water for production process of this food enhance significantly and resulting amount of liquid waste discharging goes to the sewer system increase and finally arrive into the streams or rivers in almost all big cities in Indonesia. Currently, only view of tofu makers which have waste water treatment plant however far from the standard which is expected for treating this liquid waste. Sampling of this liquid waste from centre of tofu maker were not comply the ministry of environment and forestry regulation (PerMenLH No.5 Tahun 2014). Therefore, in this study we have used vermibiofilter column-type reactor for treating Tofu’s liquid waste for reducing the concentration of pollutant. Vermibiofilter has chosen since this technique is regarded as simply way for treating the tofu’s liquid waste and also will provide a benefit for earthworm farmer in which this tofu’s liquid waste is food stuff for earthworm. The Species of earthworm we have used was Lumbricus rubellus that is an endemic earthworm in Indonesia. Usage of earthworm in biofilter column-type reactor shown that the removal efficiency of turbidity, TSS, COD, and BOD are 99.2 %, 66.19 %, 80.77 % and 81.05 % respectively and for column-type reactor without having earthworm (biofilter) as a control, the removal efficiency for Turbidity, TSS, COD and BOD are 98.4 %, 41.93 %, 66.77 % and 66.7 % respectively. This result showed that earthworm Lumbricus rubellus plays significant role for degrading organic matter, producing the microorganism decomposer and also absorbing organic matter.
Biohythane from organic waste: An overview
Authors: Priantoro E A , Sriwuryandari L , Sembiring T 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Organic wastes considered as a common problem in Indonesia, especially from agricultural waste, such as fruits and vegetables waste. However, these organic wastes can also converted into biogas. Biohydrogen and biomethane play important roles for future economical energy sources due to clean, CO2 neutral and environmentally friendly. Biohythane is a mixture of methane and hydrogen that produced in two separated bioreactor. The total energy recovered from two stages fermentation considered higher than single stage bioreactor. The short hydraulic retention time applied in the first stage is enough to separate acidogenesis from methanogenesis; however the pretreatment is also needed for lignocellulosic waste. Temperature application in the first or both reactors are effective to improve the yield of biohythane from the organic waste; meanwhile it needs more energy rather than mesophilic condition. Bioreactor utilization by considering types of fermentation should become attention in the case we have to choose between solid or liquid organic waste. The range results from two stages are methane 45-55 %, hydrogen 11-15 %, and carbon dioxide 30-35 %, respectively.
Wastewater management strategies planning of Cimahi city based on 2018 city sanitation strategy guideline
Authors: Yasya H R , Juwana Iwan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Cimahi City is one of the developing cities in Indonesia that has low service sanitation condition, especially in domestic wastewater management. In 2016, the coverage of domestic wastewater services in the city only reached 68.17 %. It shows that 31.83 % of Cimahi region is not yet served with wastewater systems. In consequences, some communities discharging their wastewater to the stream. This matter could lead to water pollution that will indirectly affecting public health, potentially waterborne diseases. Based on these problems, this research was carried out to calculate the level of risk in each urban village of Cimahi. The risk level is stated in the form of scores 1-4 with a description of 1 is very low risk; 2 is low risk; 3 is high risk; 4 very high risk. The risk calculation considers the determinants (exposure and impact) which consist of the percentage of wastewater service, risk index based on the EHRA study, perceptions of related regional organizations, population, population density, poverty rates, and regional categories. The results obtained from the calculation of the risk of domestic wastewater in Cimahi show that the Pasirkaliki, Cibabat, Citeureup, Cipageran, Baros, and Cibeber have a very low risk; Cimahi and Utama are at low risk; Karangmekar, Cigugur Tengah and Cibeureum are at high risk; while Padasuka, Setiamanah, Leuwigajah and Melong have a very high risk, respectively.
Solid-state fermentation and formulation of non-sterile palm oil processing waste using Rhizopus azygosporus UICC 539
Authors: Sari M R , Oetari A , Sjamsuridzal W 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study reported the ability ofRhizopus azygosporusUICC 539 to utilize non-sterile slurry and palm kernel cake (PKC) through solid-state fermentation, preparation of the fungus and non-sterile waste mixture as a formula for animal feed, and analysis of nutrient content of the formula. Fungal culture in PSB at 30 and 40 °C for 5 days was prepared and wet weight biomass was used as inoculum for animal feed formula. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) was carried out on the mixtures of non-sterile slurry and PKC (3:1) at 30 and 40 °C for 5 days and the fermented waste mixtures were dried at 60°C for 5 days. The results showed that during SSF there were presence of colonies of other fungi and bacteria from the waste mixture besidesR. azygosporus. The total cell number ofR. azygosporusand other fungi were decreased after SSF. Changes in nutrient content in the formula were observed by comparing the treatment and control. Formula prepared at 40 °C showed an increase of carbohydrate content and total calorie, while formula prepared at 30 °C showed an increase only at carbohydrate content. A decrease of protein, water content, ash content, total fat, and energy from fat, was observed in formulas prepared at both temperatures.
Synthesis of polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) membrane chitosan-polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) from styrofoam waste as adsorbents of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions
Authors: Opier R D A , Siswanta D 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The adsorption of Cd(II) ions and Pb(II) ions has been studied using a chitosan polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) from styrofoam waste polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) membrane adsorbent. Chitosan-PSS PEC membrane was characterized by FTIR and SEM. The adsorption experiment was performed under various conditions such as weight ration of PSS and chitosan as adsorbent, pH, contact time, and different initial Cd(II) and Pb(II) concentrations. The data showed that the optimum ratio of PSS and chitosan was 60:40 for Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions. The optimum pH value was found to be 4 for Cd(II) ions and 5 for Pb(II) ions. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were used to describe the kinetic data of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions. The data fitted well to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The experimental data of adsorption Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions also were fitted to Freundlich isotherms.
Solid-state fermentation of sterile slurry and palm kernel cake (PKC) mixture using Rhizopus azygosporus UICC 539
Authors: Arsy S L , Oetari A , Sjamsuridzal W 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study described solid-state fermentation of sterile slurry and palm kernel cake (PKC) mixtures by Rhizopus azygosporus UICC 539, preparation of the fungus and waste mixture as a formula for animal feed, and analysis of nutrient content of the formula. Preparation of inoculum (v/v) in Potato Sucrose Broth (PSB) was carried out at 30 and 40 °C for 5 days. Wet weight biomass was used as inoculum for solid-state fermentation (SSF) using sterile slurry and PKC (3:1) mixtures and SSF was carried out in flat trays (20×20×5 cm) at 30 and 40 °C for 5 days. The fermented waste mixture was dried at 60 °C for 5 days. Changes in nutrient content of the formula were observed by comparing the treatment and control. Formula prepared at 30 °C showed an increase in carbohydrate, protein and moisture content. A decrease was observed in total fat and ash content, calorie from fat and total calorie. Formula prepared at 40 °C showed an increase in protein and ash content. A decrease was observed in carbohydrate, moisture and total fat content, calorie from fat, and total calorie. Rhizopus azygosporus UICC 539 was able to grow and utilize the palm oil processing waste and improved the nutrient content of the formula.
Low-cost modified reactor to produce biochar and clamshell as alternative materials from acid mine drainage problem solving
Authors: Wibowo Y G , Sudibyo  , Muhammad D , Naswir M , Muljadi B P 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Industrial activities and the natural oxidation of metallic sulphide-ores produce sulphate-rich waters with low pH and high heavy metals content generally termed Acid Mine Drainage (AMD). This is of great environmental concern, as some heavy metals are highly toxic. Within several possibilities, biochar and clamshell is an attractive option to treat AMD and to recover metals. This study aims to describe a simple method to utilized waste of both. Pyrolysis of waste material used to change waste to biomaterial biochar and clamshell. This research showed that biochar and clamshell are potentials material to reduce AMD impacts. This research will help and acceptable for rural areas to solve AMD problems.
A review on biogas purification through hydrogen sulphide removal
Authors: Andriani D , Rajani A , Kusnadi  , Santosa A , Saepudin A , Wresta A , Atmaja T D 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Biogas has been recognized as a clean and renewable form of energy that is produced from biodegradable organic materials via an anaerobic digestion. In fact, biogas has been well expected to substitute current conventional sources of energy. The main composition of biogas includes methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), which is accompanied by different contaminants in varied quantities such as ammonia (NH3), water vapour (H2O), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl siloxanes, nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons. Biogas has been widely utilized as either engine fuel or starting material for chemicals, hydrogen and/or synthesis gas productions. For certain applications, a certain purity degree of biogas is required. Technically, the presence of trace components in biogas has been known to negatively affect engine performance. Therefore, a removal of contaminants, particularly H2S and CO2, is expected to significantly improve biogas quality, thus enhancing its performance in various applications. Besides, the removal is performed to meet standardized gas specifications for its usage as vehicle fuel or being injected into a natural gas grid. In practices, different methods for biogas cleaning and upgrading have been recognized, in which differ in terms of functions, efficiency, and required quality of input gas. This study, therefore, aims at reviewing various H2S removal-based biogas cleaning techniques during and after digestion process.
Pyrethroid analysis in fresh tea leaves: preliminary study in building the low volume extraction
Authors: Pitoi M M , Gunawati R D , Ariyani M , Koesmawati T A , Yusiasih R , Maulana H 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Low volume extraction using rotary agitator was used in order to develop method analysis for simultaneous determination of five pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin) in fresh tea leaves. The application of n-hexane, n-hexane with some modifications, acetonitrile, and ethyl acetate were tested to extract the pyrethroids before being injected to gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector. The experiment was conducted in spike-experiment where known amount of pyrethroids were fortified into the fresh tea leaves and the results were compared to the no-spike-experiment where no pyrethroids were added. Result showed that n-hexane was able to extract all target pyrethroids from fresh tea leaves but the recovery values were low. Meanwhile, acetonitrile and ethyl acetate were able to extract pyrethroids with higher recovery values compare to n-hexane but only acetonitrile gave recovery values that were in the range suggested by European Union. Therefore acetonitrile is suggested as a solvent for low volume extraction of pyrethroids from fresh tea leaves.
The optimization of pyrethroid simultaneous analysis in tropical soil of Indonesian tea plantation: Preliminary study
Authors: Ariyani M , Pitoi M M , Yusiasih R , Maulana H , Koesmawati T A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The preliminary study for the simultaneous analysis of five synthetic pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin) in tropical soil of tea plantation has been performed. The objective of this study is to perform an optimum condition for simple method development, based on green analytical chemistry. The concentrations of 0.1 μg.g-1 for all pyrethroids were evaluated using ultrasonic and microwave-assisted extraction. The quantification was performed using gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Based on the experiment, the 0.5 mm soils size particles and 30 minutes sonication times were set as optimal condition for ultrasonic-assisted extraction with the best recovery yields of spiked soils were from 80 to 105 % for each pyrethroid and repeatability represent by the relative standard deviation (RSD, %) ranging of 1.1 – 4.8 %. Results were comparable with those found by microwave-assisted extraction. The result shows that the reproducibility, which is represented by recoveries obtained, ranged from 151 – 276 %, and were unacceptable because the value was beyond the specific range that was proposed by the Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC) International. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction was applicable for pyrethroids analysis in the real sample, with concentration found was 0.01 to 0.12 μg.g−1.
Determination of volatile fatty acids in tofu wastewater by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection: A Comparison of extraction methods
Authors: Rosmalina R T , Widyarani  , Hamidah U , Sintawardani N 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Volatile fatty acids (VFA) are intermediate products during the anaerobic digestion process of complex waste. Accurate quantification of VFA is a useful measurement of the process. This study evaluated two extraction methods for gas chromatography determination of the following VFA: acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid to find a simple and efficient preparation approaching on Green Analytical Chemistry methods. Tofu wastewater was used as the sample. The extraction was performed using diethyl ether and carried out either by vortex mixing or shaken by hand. The measurement was performed using gas chromatography with HP-INNOWax column and flame ionization detector. The linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantification were evaluated. VFA determination was linear at the concentration range of 5-500 μg/mL for all VFA. The precision of 2.59-12.63 % was obtained for both methods. The recovery of the fortified sample (10 µg-VFA/mL) was 75.33-98.31 % for vortex extraction and 99.81 to 103.80 % for shaken by hand extraction. Limits of detection and quantification of vortex extraction were 0.38-2.78 µg/mL and 1.06-3.03 µg/mL, respectively. Limits of detection and quantification using hand shaken extraction were 0.09-1.13 µg/mL and 0.55-1.61 µg/mL, respectively. Based on the high recovery and low limits of detection and quantification, shaken by hand extraction method can be used for rapid and accurate quantification of VFA.
Comparative study of different sorbents for clean-up for pyrethroid analysis in cocoa powder by GC-ECD: A preliminary study
Authors: Yusiasih R , Endah E S , Ariyani M , Koesmawati T A , Pitoi M M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Three types of solvents and 13 combinations of sorbents were tested to extract pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin) from cocoa powder and to remove interferences during clean-up step before being quantified by gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The result was analysed based on recovery study by spiking the cocoa powder with known amount of targeted pyrethroids. Acetonitrile, methanol, and n-hexane were compared as the solvents and the result showed that acetonitrile is relatively better in extracting pyrethroids. Moreover, 13 treatments, singly or combination of primary secondary amine (PSA), graphitized carbon black (GCB), C18, and florosil, were tested for clean-up step. The clean-up study shows that only combination of PSA and GCB; combination of C18 and Florisil; and combination of GCB and florisil comply the recovery guideline suggested by AOAC and EU, thus are suggested for clean-up for pyrethroid analysis in cocoa powder.
Integrated water quality modelling for spatial planning
Authors: Susilowati Y , Kumoro Y , Nur W H 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe main objectives of spatial planning is to ensure that the utilization of land resources is planned and implemented in an organized manner to meet the needs of present and future generation. The aim of this study is to develop an integrated water quality modelling for spatial planning. Study area is Ciliwung watershed, in the middle of Jakarta Coastal watershed. This area is ideal for such a study. Jakarta is the capital city of the Republic of Indonesia, the most-populous national capital, incorporating one of the world’s largest coastal cities. The environmental condition of Ciliwung River is very poor. In this area exist a spatial distribution of socio-economic activities and related land uses such as urban area, industry, mining, agriculture, forestry, aquaculture and fisheries, commerce, transportation, and all the human activities that generate the associated manmade pollution and other environmental issues. Water quality modelling of Ciliwung River has been used to analyse the correlation of water quality in the river body with the land use in that area. Water quality modelling was performed using the QUAL2K public domain free software. Eutrophication models were used to determine the fate and transport of organic pollutants. Correlation analysis was carried out in term of to design the optimal land use planning. Optimizing land use was intended to obtain maximum economic benefits without causing environmental pollution. Several scenario analysis was applied in this area. Based on the water quality modelling, it is can be identified, the main pollution problem in Ciliwung system is in the downstream area, due to the high load of non-point source pollutants in the area. Pollution control in the downstream of Ciliwung is very crucial in term of the sustainability of Ciliwung water resources. Ciliwung pollutant load control can be done by land use planning and build a waste treatment plant. Spatial planning is needed in this areas to get the area with minimal pollutant loads.
A Fast Solving Method for Curve Profile of Suspension Bridge Catwalk System in Plane
Authors: Xiaoping Zhang , Zhuo Zeng , Zengzeng Li 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWith increasing demands of in plane suspension bridge for mountainous area of P. R. China in recent year, rapid erection of catwalk system has become the researching hotspot for constructors, wherein curve profile is one of the key factors that matter. In this paper, a nonlinear optimization method is introduced for fast solving curve profile of catwalk system. To achieve the goal, statics fundaments and compliant characteristics of general catenary is firstly analyzed. Structural detailing of catwalk system is then described so that segmentation prior to computation can be made as per loads types or requirements of obtaining finer curve coordinates. In addition, nominal curve profile of catwalk system is derived according to segmentation of main cable, based on which the actual catwalk curve profile solving problem is afterwards formulated as an unconstrained nonlinear programming in terms of external penalty parameter and solved by using Levenberg-Marquardt (L-M) algorithm. Finally, a study case is shown to illustrate the effectiveness of proposed method.
The School-building Model of the Church Schools in Nanjing, China before the 20th Century——Taking the Huiwen Academy as an Example
Authors: Wang Hechi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Church school is a special type of school in old China. After the first Opium War, Western churches have come to China to preach. Missionaries open churches, schools, and hospitals in China. This paper selects the largest church school in Nanjing in the late Qing Dynasty(before 1911) as an example. Based on the historical data of archival materials and the research methods of on-site mapping, the initial campus construction model of Nanjing Church School is summarized. The article first introduces the background of the school in China, the reasons for the establishment of the school, the history of the school; then analyzes the location, construction process, campus planning and architectural characteristics of the school; further analyzes the reasons why the western church replicates the western campus construction model; Finally, through the development of educational buildings, the contributions of church schools in the history of modern education in China are summarized. The article shows the development of large-scale educational buildings that are rare in the history of modern Chinese education. It not only clearly clarifies the history of the development of church schools in China, but also has important guiding significance for the heritage protection of today's historical buildings. At the same time, it also has important reference value for the protection of educational building heritage and campus construction in China and even in the world.
Research on Adaptive Facade Renovation Design of Industrial Architectural Heritage: A Case Study of Nanjing Hutchison Factory
Authors: Wu Yanming , Zhou Qi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The pst-industrial era witnesses the gradual decline or transformation of China’s traditional industrial industry. Meanwhile, the original facade design of most of the existing industrial architectural heritage can no longer keep up with the pace of the times, which left a lot of issues that need to be considered and studied urgently in the renovation of industrial architectural heritage.
In this article, the adaptive facade renovation design of industrial architectural heritage was studied and effective design strategies were summarized. Firstly, the research background of adaptive renovation of industrial architectural heritage and the research objects in this article were outlined and discussed, and then the relevant concepts and materials of facade renovation of industrial architectural heritage were summarized. Secondly, the renovation of Nanjing Hutchison Factory was cited here as an example for specific analysis. Finally, based on the analysis and summary of the case, corresponding design strategies and methods for the adaptive facade renovation were summarized, and the future research direction was put forward. This article is not only of great guidance and promotion to the renovation of Hutchison, but also of certain reference value to similar facade renovation projects of architectural heritages in China and even in the world.