bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ARISTOTLE, POSTERIOR ANALYTICS 2.1, 89B25–6 ΕΙΣ ΑΡΙΘΜΟΝ ΘΕΝΤΕΣ
Authors: Valente Stefano 
Published: June 2020

In the opening sentences of Book 2 of Posterior Analytics, Aristotle defines the four types of question that one can pose within the demonstrative science. In the edition by William D. Ross, the text reads as follows (89b23–31):
τὰ ζητούμενά ἐστιν ἴσα τὸν ἀριθμὸν ὅσαπερ ἐπιστάμεθα. ζητοῦμεν δὲ τέτταρα, τὸ ὅτι, τὸ διότι, εἰ ἔστι, τί ἐστιν. ὅταν μὲν γὰρ πότερον τόδε ἢ τόδε ζητῶμεν, εἰς ἀριθμὸν θέντες, οἷον πότερον ἐκλείπει ὁ ἥλιος ἢ οὔ, τὸ ὅτι ζητοῦμεν. σημεῖον δὲ τούτου· εὑρόντες γὰρ ὅτι ἐκλείπει πεπαύμεθα· καὶ ἐὰν ἐξ ἀρχῆς εἰδῶμεν ὅτι ἐκλείπει, οὐ ζητοῦμεν πότερον. ὅταν δὲ εἰδῶμεν τὸ ὅτι, τὸ διότι ζητοῦμεν, οἷον εἰδότες ὅτι ἐκλείπει καὶ ὅτι κινεῖται ἡ γῆ, τὸ διότι ἐκλείπει ἢ διότι κινεῖται ζητοῦμεν.The things we seek are equal in number to those we understand. We seek four things: the fact, the reason why, if it is, what it is. For when we seek whether it is this or this, putting it into a number (e.g. whether the sun is eclipsed or not), we seek the fact. Evidence for this: on finding that it is eclipsed we stop; and if from the start we know that it is eclipsed, we do not seek whether it is. When we know the fact we seek the reason why (e.g. knowing that it is eclipsed and that the earth moves, we seek the reason why it is eclipsed or why it moves).
Radiotherapy dose and survival outcomes in human papillomavirus positive oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Tam M , Wu S P , Gerber N K , Lee A , Schreiber D , Givi B , Hu K 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of definitive radiotherapy dose on survival in patients with human papillomavirus positive oropharyngeal carcinoma.MethodsHuman papillomavirus positive oropharyngeal carcinoma patients staged T1–3 and N0–2c, who received definitive radiotherapy (fraction sizes of 180 cGy to less than 220 cGy), were identified from the National Cancer Database 2010–2014 and stratified by radiation dose (50 Gy to less than 66 Gy, or 66 Gy or more).ResultsA total of 2173 patients were included, of whom 124 (6 per cent) received a radiation dose of 50 Gy to less than 66 Gy. With a median follow up of 33.8 months, patients had a 3-year overall survival rate of 88.6 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval = 87.1–90.1 per cent). On multivariate Cox analysis, a radiotherapy dose of 50 Gy to less than 66 Gy (hazard ratio = 0.95, 95 per cent confidence interval = 0.52–1.74, p = 0.86) was not a predictor of increased mortality risk.ConclusionHuman papillomavirus positive oropharyngeal carcinoma patients had excellent outcomes with definitive radiotherapy doses of 50 Gy to less than 66 Gy. These results further support patients enrolling into clinical trials for radiation dose de-escalation.
Virtual Simulation and Experimental Verification for 3D-printed Robot Manipulators
Authors: Lin Jonqlan , Lai Kuan-Chung 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARYThe objective of this work is to construct a robot that is based on 3D printing to meet the low-cost and light structures. The Computer-aided-design model is used with LabVIEW to simulate the given trajectory. Users of the simulation of such methodology can preview the simulated motion and perceive and resolve discrepancies between the planned and simulated paths prior to execution of a task. The advantages of this study are the lack of need to mount extra sensors on realistic robot to measure joint space coordinates, simplifying the hardware. These outcomes can also be used in an undergraduate robotics course.
Maternal interactive beliefs and style as predictors of language development in preterm and full term children
Authors: YOUNESIAN Sharifeh , EIVERS Areana , SHAHAEIAN Ameneh , SULLIVAN Karen , GILMORE Linda 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPrevious research has shown that the quality of mother-child interactions between pre-term children and their mothers tends to be poorer than that of full-term children and their mothers (Forcada-Guex, Pierrehumbert, Borghini, Moessinger & Muller-Nix, 2006). Mothers of pre-term children are less responsive and more intrusive in interactions with their children than mothers of full-term children (Forcada-Guex et al., 2006; Ionio, Lista, Mascheroni, Olivari, Confalonieri, Mastrangelo, Brazzoduro, Balestriero, Banfi, Bonanomi, Bova, Castoldi, Colombo, Introvini & Scelsa, 2017; Laing, McMahon, Ungerer, Taylor, Badawi & Spence, 2010). The current research explored differences between mothers of pre-term and full-term children in terms of interactive beliefs and style, and the potential for language development to be differentially predicted by maternal interactive beliefs and styles in pre-term versus full-term children. Independent t-tests were conducted to compare pre-term and full-term groups in relation to the measures of maternal interactive beliefs and styles. A series of multiple regression analyses were then performed separately for each group to examine the shared and unique contributions of maternal interactive beliefs and styles on full-term versus pre-term children's language development. The results showed that mothers of pre-term children were more intrusive-directive than mothers of full-term children; in contrast, mothers of full-term children were more responsive and supportive-directive in interactions with their children. Moreover, predictors of language development were different in full-term versus pre-term children; in full-term children, maternal supportive beliefs and responsiveness were significant predictors of language development evaluated by both the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development and the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory; in the pre-term group, maternal supportive and directive beliefs, as well as supportive and intrusive directiveness, were significant predictors, with the latter being negatively associated with language development indicators. This research can shed light on how to prevent language delay in children and improve mother-child interactions that contribute to language development, which may in turn improve language development in vulnerable children, children born pre-term in particular.
Validating Vignette Designs with Real-world Data: A Study of Legal Mobilization in Response to Land Grievances in Rural China
Authors: Whiting Susan H. , Ma Xiao 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHow well do vignette designs capture actual behaviour in the real world? This study employs original survey data featuring both hypothetical vignettes and behavioural questions in order to assess the external validity of descriptive and causal inferences in survey experiments. The survey was conducted in a three-province, probability-proportional-to-size sample of 1,897 rural residents in China and focuses on the legal mobilization of citizens in response to grievances involving land rights. In terms of descriptive inference, we find that relative to the behavioural benchmark, hypothetical vignettes significantly over-estimate legal mobilization in response to a grievance, particularly for higher-cost actions like petitioning the government and litigating in court. We find that data from hypothetical vignettes affect causal inference as well, producing significantly different results regarding the effect of political connections and legal knowledge on legal mobilization. The study makes a contribution by identifying conditions under which hypothetical vignettes are less likely to produce valid inference. It engages a rich literature on disputing and legal mobilization in the field of Chinese politics and helps to resolve debates over the role of political connections and legal knowledge.
Myelinated Fiber Response in Gray Matter Following Acute Cerebral Infarction
Authors: Dodson Ronald F. , Wai-Fong Chu Lena , Tagashira Yukio 
Published: June 2020

Animal models for experimentally induced cerebral infarction have offered both morphopathological and physiopathological tools for the study of events similar to those which occur following stroke in man.Work in our laboratory and others represents the early changes which take place in gray matter of the brain. The loci of these changes emphasizes perivascular influence; therefore, limited information exists concerning the earliest responses of myelinated fibers in ischemic areas.The animals utilized in this experiment were adult squirrel monkeys which had been subjected to transorbital occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Time of arterial occlusion was for respective periods of 2, 4, 12, or 24 hours. At the end of the selected time period, the clip was removed from the artery, and 30 minutes later the animals were perfused (intracardiac) with a 500 ml solution of 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M phosphate buffer.
Estimation of Quartz in Small Biological Specimens with Transmission Electron Microscopy at 100 KV
Authors: Smith Glenn R. , Seshan Krishna , Wesolowski Jerome J. , Berner Axel G. 
Published: June 2020

Determination of the mass concentration of quartz in small biopsy specimens for clinical diagnostic purposes often cannot be performed by x-ray diffraction and light microscopy. A technique utilizing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine the quartz concentration in a human lung specimen taken from a patient suspected of having silicosis.The sample was prepared for examination by low temperature incineration in an oxygen plasma. The inorganic residue was suspended in 0.5 percent Parlodion in amyl acetate. Grids were coated with the sample suspension and subsequently shadowed with a thin film of carbon. Standard quartz particles were prepared in a similar manner.
A Microtechnique for Immunoperoxidase Study of Sindbis Virus Antigens in Tissue Culture Cells
Authors: Thomas Virginia L. , Stollar Victor 
Published: June 2020

The immunoperoxidase technique has been used to study intracellular structural antigens of a number of different viruses. In 1972 R. M. Dougherty, et al described a modified peroxidase-labeled antibody technique which he applied to the light microscope study of virus antigens in chicken cells infected with Avian Leukosis Virus.We have applied Dougherty's technique to a study of Sindbis Virus (SV) in BHK cells. As modified in our laboratory, the method involves the use of: (1) rabbit anti-SV globulin, (2) goat-anti-rabbit globulin, and (3) soluble peroxidase-rabbit-anti-peroxidase complex.
Ultrastructure of Cercarial Tails
Authors: Demaree Richard S. , Wootton Donald M. 
Published: June 2020

Cercariae (juvenile trematodes with tails) emerge from mollusk intermediate hosts and swim toward definitive hosts or encystment objects. The locomotor power is furnished by the tail. Upon reaching a suitable host or encystment object, the tail is cast off and the cercariae penetrate and/or encyst. Ultrastructural studies of cercariae are sparse. There is even lessUltrastructural studies of cercariae are sparse. There is even less information about the tail structure; and body-to-tail morphology has been documented only for Acanthatrium oregonense and Schistosoma japonicum.
Ultrastructural Study of Trophozoites and Cysts of Acanthamoeba-Hartmannella and Naegleria Species
Authors: Martinez A. Julio , Duma Richard J. , Fultz Doris G. , Finley Ruth B. 
Published: June 2020

Ultrastructural components of trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba-Hartmannella (A-H) and Naegleria amebas have been investigated. The present report describes a technique to study the morphological features of such protozoa.The A-H strains selected were cultured for 7 days in axenic amebic media, and the Naegleria strains were cultured for 7 days in axenic media with blood. In situ fixation was accomplished by adding an equal volume of 4% Osmic Acid in Cacodylate buffer at 4¶C for one hour. Following frequent agitation, the tubes were then spun at 2500 RPM for 10 minutes to obtain a pellet. The pellets were dehydrated in graded series of alcohols (from 50% to absolute) and propylene oxide and then embedded in EPON. One micron sections were stained with Paragon (PS 1301) for thirty seconds. Thin sections were cut with a diamond knife, double stained with 5% alcoholic uranyl acetate solution and lead citrate and observed in an Hitachi-HS-8F2 electron microscope.
Changes in the Fine Structure of the Corpus Allatum Cells in the Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus Fasciatus
Authors: Del Vecchio Peter 
Published: June 2020

The ultrastructure of the corpus allatum of adult milkweed bugs was studied during the active and inactive period. The inactive gland was removed from female insects sacrificed less than 24 hours after eclosion. The active gland was removed from mated females that produced viable young. These females were from 13-15 days old.The inactive gland has a large number of mitotic figures. Some cells, not in division, have a nucleus with a regular outline, many polysomes and active dictyosomes. Other cells are more electron dense, have nuclei with an irregular outline and many free ribosomes.
Observation of Intrinsic/Extrinsic Shear and Microtwinning in a Nickel-Base Alloy
Authors: Khobaib M. , Strutt P. R. , Rear B. H. 
Published: June 2020

The normal tensile mode of deformation in ϒ'precipitation hardened alloys involves particle shearing by pairs of ao/2<110> dislocations which are coupled together by anti-phase boundaries, fig. 1a (see I). However, in creep a new deformation mode has been identified in which coupled pairs of a0/2<112> dislocations are arranged as an intrinsic/extrinsic fault pair, fig. 1a (see II). New observations are now described on Udimet-700*over the temperature range 1400°F-1700°F illustrating the sensitivity to temperature, orientation, and alloying of this deformation mode.An incubation period, characteristic of creep in these alloys, is greater in [101] than in [001] axis single crystals. This is probably a consequence of the high probability for the formation of <112> dislocation sources by interacting ao/2<110> dislocations in [001] axis crystals. Following the incubation period primary creep involves fault pairs gliding over long distances before encountering obstacles.
Identification of Asbestos-Type Minerals
Authors: Walker C. W. , Paulson G. G. , Ferrell R. E. 
Published: June 2020

“Asbestos” is an industrial term for a number of hydrated silicates that, when crushed or processed, separate into strong flexible fibers. Chrysotile and a number of amphiboles most commonly possess these characteristics, but their chemical and morphological differences have distinct effect on the fiber properties. More than 95 percent of the asbestos used is the mineral chrysotile.Asbestos minerals have become almost indispensable in modern technology, and because of this widespread use, fibro us particles are becoming increasingly abundant in the air and water, as well as in food products.
Diagnosis of Silica Induced Granulomatous Hypersensitivity
Authors: Mehard C. W. , Epstein W. L. 
Published: June 2020

The underlying cause of a disease may not he readily apparent but may have a long history in development. We report one such case which was diagnosed with the aid of the analytical electron microscope.The patient, a 48 yr. old white female, developed a tender nodule on the sole of her foot in December, 1981. Subsequently additional lesions developed on the same foot resulting in deep pain and tenderness. Superficial lesions also extended up to the knee on both legs. No abnormalities were revealed in blood tests or chest X-rays.
Differentiation of Skin Lesions in Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Myeloperoxidase Cytochemistry
Authors: Hanker J. S. , Ambrose W. W. , Moore J. O. , Giammara B. L. 
Published: June 2020

Skin lesions are common in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and occasionally are the presenting symptom. Usually these lesions are nonspecific, i.e. due to hemorrhage, infection, anemia, drug sensitivity or to corticosteroid therapy. Specific leukemic lesions are due to infiltration of the skin by myeloblasts or immature neutrophil series cells and can be complicated by infection.Rapid identification of the type of lesion can be very important for if it is due to sepsis it may require immediate treatment by antibiotics or antiviral agents. If it is a specific lesion (leukemia cutis of AML) due to infiltration by myeloblasts, it may require a change in chemotherapy or adjunctive X-radiation or electron beam therapy.
Microdiffraction from out of Phase Domain Boundaries and Stacking Faults
Authors: Zhu J. , Cowley J.M. , Ye H.Q. 
Published: June 2020

It has been pointed out1 that any discontinuity at the edge of a crystal or within a crystal may give rise to spot splitting in microdiffraction patterns.The present work gives the basic theory for an antiphase domain boundary in Cu3Au and a twinning boundary in a f.c.c. crystal illuminated by a finite electron beam, which has a diameter of about 15Å. The treatment is based on the weak phase object approximation. These boundaries are planar faults. Multiplying a step function s(x) by the crystal potential expresses the discontinuity in the potential of the sample. When both sides of the boundary in the sample are illuminated by the finite coherent source and the boundary is parallel to the electron beam, the splitting of microdiffraction spots results from the convolution of the Fourier transform of the step function and the finite coherent source function.
The Ultrastructure of Monkey Gingival Epithelium
Authors: Sun C.N. 
Published: June 2020

The present study demonstrates the ultrastructure of the gingival epithelium of the pig tail monkey (Macaca nemestrina). Specimens were taken from lingual and facial gingival surfaces and fixed in Dalton's chrome osmium solution (pH 7.6) for 1 hr, dehydrated, and then embedded in Epon 812.Tonofibrils are variable in number and structure according to the different region or location of the gingival epithelial cells, the main orientation of which is parallel to the long axis of the cells. The cytoplasm of the basal epithelial cells contains a great number of tonofilaments and numerous mitochondria. The basement membrane is 300 to 400 A thick. In the cells of stratum spinosum, the tonofibrils are densely packed and increased in number (fig. 1 and 3). They seem to take on a somewhat concentric arrangement around the nucleus. The filaments may occur scattered as thin fibrils in the cytoplasm or they may be arranged in bundles of different thickness. The filaments have a diameter about 50 A. In the stratum granulosum, the cells gradually become flatted, the tonofibrils are usually thin, and the individual tonofilaments are clearly distinguishable (fig. 2). The mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are seldom seen in these superficial cell layers.
On an Application of the Metallurgical Stage to Chromosome Morphology
Authors: Hoskins Godfrey C. 
Published: June 2020

The first serious electron microscooic studies of chromosomes accompanied by pictures were by I. Elvers in 1941 and 1943. His prodigious study, from the manufacture of micronets to the development of procedures for interpreting electron micrographs has gone all but unnoticed. The application of todays sophisticated equipment confirms many of the findings he gleaned from interpretation of images distorted by the electron optics of that time. In his figure 18 he notes periodic arrangement of pepsin sensitive “prickles” now called secondary fibers. In his figure 66 precise regularity of arrangement of these fibers can be seen. In his figure 22 he reproduces Siegbahn's first stereoscopic electron micrograph of chromosomes.The two stereoscopic pairs of electron micrographs of a human chromosome presented here were taken with a metallurgical stage on a Phillips EM200. These views are interpreted as providing photographic evidence that primary fibers (1°F) about 1,200Å thick are surrounded by secondary fibers (2°F) arranged in regular intervals of about 2,800Å in this metanhase human chromosome. At the telomere the primary fibers bend back on themselves and entwine through the center of each of each chromatid. The secondary fibers are seen to continue to surround primary fibers at telomeres. Thus at telomeres, secondary fibers present a surface not unlike that of the side of the chromosome, and no more susceptible to the addition of broken elements from other chromosomes.
Uniformity of Magnification from Different Electron Microscopes
Authors: Hoskins Godfrey C. , Williams V. , Allison V. 
Published: June 2020

The method demonstrated is an adaptation of a proven procedure for accurately determining the magnification of light photomicrographs. Because of the stability of modern electrical lenses, the method is shown to be directly applicable for providing precise reproducibility of magnification in various models of electron microscopes.A readily recognizable area of a carbon replica of a crossed-line diffraction grating is used as a standard. The same area of the standard was photographed in Phillips EM 200, Hitachi HU-11B2, and RCA EMU 3F electron microscopes at taps representative of the range of magnification of each. Negatives from one microscope were selected as guides and printed at convenient magnifications; then negatives from each of the other microscopes were projected to register with these prints. By deferring measurement to the print rather than comparing negatives, correspondence of magnification of the specimen in the three microscopes could be brought to within 2%.
The Prostate of the Four-Eyed Opossum
Authors: Hruban Z. , Martan J. 
Published: June 2020

The prostate of the four-eyed opossum (Philander, Brisson) resembles grossly and histologically that of Didelphis virginiana (J. Exper. Zool. 160: 81, 1965).The cells of the first segment and apocrine globules contain abundant glycogen, iron containing granules and PAS-positive granules with complex ultrastructure (Fig. 1). The complex granules contain glycogen-like particles and crystalline material with 90 A periodicity.The second segment contains A cells and B cells. The granules of A cells are PAS positive and contain fibrillar material. The granules in B cells are rich in protein. Mature granules contain hexagonally-packed fibrils (Fig. 2). Immature granules contain particles attached to lines which are about 40 A thick (Fig. 3). The particles are 85 A long and 65A wide. Transitional forms are found (Fig. 4).The cells of the third segment contain abundant glycogen and scanty organelles. The lumina are filled with parallel layers of membranes. The catalase content of the third segment is thirty times higher than that of the liver.Each segment is subdivided into zones with histochemical and ultrastructural variations.
The Fine Structure of Brunner’s Glands in the Human
Authors: Lesson T. S. , Leeson C. R. 
Published: June 2020

Duodenal submucosal glands occur in all mammals but show species differences both in their extent and histological structure. Surgical biopsy specimens were obtained from five individuals aged from 37 to 56 with no history of duodenal abnormality. In all cases the patient was starved for four to eight hours prior to operation and the biopsies were taken from the second part of the duodenum immediately proximal to the opening of the common bile duct. The tissue was prepared both for light and electron microscopy.By light microscopy Brunner’s glands in the human appear as masses of coiled tubules in the submucosa with ducts opening into the bases of intestinal glands. Component cells are characteristically mucous in type with dark, irregular, basally-located nuclei and clear, foamy cytoplasm.