bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indian Society of Vascular and Interventional Radiology Expert Consensus Statements for Ablation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Part I
Authors: Gupta Pankaj , Kalra Naveen , Keshava Shyamkumar N. , Chaluvashetty Sreedhara B. , Mukund Amar , Roy-Choudhury Shuvro H. , Baijal Sanjay Saran , Khandelwal Anubhav , Ananthashayana Venkatesh Hosur , R. Sathya Narayanan , Kulkarni Suyash , Shetty Nitin Sudhakar , Gupta Arun , Gupta Sanjay 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLocoregional therapies play an important role in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Percutaneous ablation is one of the most commonly employed nonsurgical methods for treating very early and early HCC. For small HCCs, ablation is potentially curative and competes with surgical resection. The widespread availability and the spectrum of ablative techniques mandate uniform approach among interventional radiologists. Thus, it is desirable to have a consensus regarding various aspects of liver ablation. This article represents a consensus document of the experts from the Indian Society of Vascular and Interventional Radiology involved in the care of patients with HCC. The statements are presented in two parts.
Heterogeneous origins and functions of mouse skeletal muscle-resident macrophages
Authors: Wang Xingyu , Sathe Adwait Amod , Smith Gregory R. , Ruf-Zamojski Frederique , Nair Venugopalan , Lavine Kory J. , Xing Chao , Sealfon Stuart C. , Zhou Lan 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Tissue-resident macrophages can arise from multiple origins during embryonic and adult hematopoiesis. They are important cells regulating a wide range of biological processes, such as tissue remodeling during organogenesis, tissue homeostasis in the steady state, tissue repair following injury, and immune response to pathogens. Although the origins and tissue-specific functions of resident macrophages have been extensively studied in many other tissues, they are not well characterized in skeletal muscle. Our study characterized the origins, tissue-specific gene expression, and diverse functions of skeletal muscle-resident macrophages in the steady state. Our findings provide a knowledge base for future studies of the roles of skeletal muscle-resident macrophages in various disease states.
The macroevolutionary dynamics of symbiotic and phenotypic diversification in lichens
Authors: Nelsen Matthew P. , Lücking Robert , Boyce C. Kevin , Lumbsch H. Thorsten , Ree Richard H. 
Published: August 2020

SignificanceSymbioses are evolutionarily and ecologically widespread, yet we lack a robust understanding of their origins, losses, and macroevolutionary consequences. We traced the evolution of partner choice and phenotype in lichens—a classic model of symbiosis—and revealed shifts among symbiont groups and phenotypic evolution. Symbiont switches broadly coincided with the convergent acquisition of similar partners by divergent clades. Fungi abandoned the lichen habit far earlier than previously understood, and subsequently reacquired it with algae that have frequently facilitated independent fungal transitions to lichenization. Finally, diversification in lichenized fungi was not strictly modulated by partner choice or phenotype, and differed from other fungi, suggesting complex and variable dynamics within lichen fungi and across fungal nutritional modes.
Dimensional scaffolding of electromagnetism using geometric algebra
Authors: Orbán Xabier Prado , Mira Jorge 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Using geometric algebra and calculus to express the laws of electromagnetism we are able to present magnitudes and relations in a gradual way, escalating the number of dimensions. In the one-dimensional case, charge and current densities, the electric field E and the scalar and vector potentials get a geometric interpretation in spacetime diagrams. The geometric vector derivative applied to these magnitudes yields simple expressions leading to concepts like divergence, displacement current, continuity and gauge or retarded time, with a clear geometric meaning. As the geometric vector derivative is invertible, we introduce simple Green’s functions and, with this, it is possible to obtain retarded Liénard–Wiechert potentials propagating naturally at the speed of light. In two dimensions, these magnitudes become more complex, and a magnetic field B appears as a pseudoscalar which was absent in the one-dimensional world. The laws of induction reflect the relations between E and B, and it is possible to arrive to the concepts of capacitor, electric circuit and Poynting vector, explaining the flow of energy. The solutions to the wave equations in this two-dimensional scenario uncover now the propagation of physical effects at the speed of light. This anticipates the same results in the real three-dimensional world, but endowed in this case with a nature which is totally absent in one or three dimensions. Electromagnetic waves propagating exclusively at the speed of light in vacuum can thus be viewed as a consequence of living in a world with an odd number of spatial dimensions. Finally, in the real three-dimensional world the same set of simple multivector differential expressions encode the fundamental laws and concepts of electromagnetism.
Improved performance of a refurbished photoelectric autocollimator
Authors: Astrua Milena , Pisani Marco 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An old photoelectric Hilger & Watts autocollimator (AC) has been modified at INRIM to perform accurate angle measurements on two axes in a range of ±250″. A CMOS camera was placed in the focus of the AC’s optical system and a software implemented in LabVIEW processes on-line the image of the reticle projected on the camera. The data acquisition is triggerable at a selectable frequency up to some hertz to allow synchronization in critical applications. The AC’s sensitivity was determined through a calibration with respect to the national angle standard. The combined standard uncertainty of the AC calibration results to be equal to 0.035″.
Recent progress in 2D group-V elemental monolayers: fabrications and properties
Authors: Yuan Peiwen , Zhang Teng , Sun Jiatao , Liu Liwei , Yao Yugui , Wang Yeliang 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A large number of two-dimensional (2D) monoelemental materials with huge application potentials have been developed, since graphene was reported as a monoelemental material with unique properties. As cousins of graphene, 2D group-V elemental monolayers have gained tremendous interest due to their electronic properties with significant fundamental bandgap. In this review, we extensively summarize the latest theoretical and experimental progress in group-V monoelemental materials, including the latest fabrication methods, the properties and potential applications of these 2D monoelementals. We also give a perspective of the challenges and opportunities of 2D monoelemental group-V monolayer materials and related functional nanodevices.
Synthesis of Ni/Al2O3/CaO Composite Catalyst for Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming of Ethanol
Authors: Chen C H , Yu C T , Kuo H T , Chen W H 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Improving the steam reforming of ethanol by Ni/Al2O3/CaO composite was investigated in this work. The CO2 sorbent plays a key role in the catalytic reaction enhancement. The reforming catalysts were prepared by the as-prepared 10 wt.% Ni/Al2O3 physical mixing with CaO sorbents (from Ca(OH)2 conversion). All reforming experiments were performed under 873K condition. In addition, the suitable parameters of mass ratio of Ni catalyst/CO2 sorbent (20 : 80 w/w) and steam / ethanol molar ratio of five were adjusted in this work. The results indicate that the steam reforming of ethanol via CO2 sorption enhancement obviously produced ∼95% H2 greater than common steam reforming of ethanol (∼72% H2). Other by-products involving CO2, CO and CH4 can be also obviously suppressed during reaction. For the sorption-enhanced steam reforming, the recyclability of CO2 sorbent is an important issue. The 10 cycles of reaction/regeneration at 873K and 1023K for the steam reforming of ethanol were tested. The results reveal the H2 concentration of products stably keeps above 90% during the cycles test. The performance of CO2 sorbent was insignificant change after 10 cycles. The average capture capacity of CO2 around 17.8 wt.% can be determined during cycles.
Structural and Electrical properties of PVDF doping lithium Iron Oxide nano-composites
Authors: Kadhim Ruqaya Fouad , Muslim Zainab Raheem 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Lithium iron oxide, LiFeO2 (LFO) powder has been successfully prepared by Sol-Gel process. The structure, electrical and dielectric properties were investigated, cubic structure for LFO was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). PVDF polymer was added to the LFO is prepare composites with different percentages (1,2,3 and 4) wt.%. The results show that A.C. conductivity depending frequency shows an increasing in value depending on the mobility of carrier and the dielectric properties. A.C. conductivity shows the expression for the mobility of charge carriers, this study shows the effect of filler relation with PVDF which effect the mobility of polymer chain, this behaviour used to analyse the dielectric response of oxide.
Measurement of Hearing Ability of Persons of Different Age Groups
Authors: Jawad Al-Hamzawi Bashar Taha , Shedhan Muselmawe Khelfa Fadel , Hadi Mohammed Yahya , Hadi Al_Sadi Mohammed Abdul Kadhim , Alnasraui Ali Hussein F 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The human ear is most sensitive. Hearing problems increases with age as well as sound pollution. In today’s life, due to noise pollution or some reasons, per year, many people undergo from the problem of tentative hearing loss. In this experiment, 16 patients of different ages were taken, ranging from 20 years to 55 years of both sexes and we studied hearing sensitivity and it was compared between the right and left ears of each patient, as well as the comparability of hearing for different ages taken in this research.
Structural Properties and Characterization of Lithium Olivine Compounds
Authors: Muslim Z R , Kadhum A Q 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Lithium Nickel Phosphate LiNiPO4 and compounds were prepared by addition of some metals precursors like Silver, Carbon and Aluminum to be doped in net powder using “sol-gel “process. The analysis of structural peak intensity with morphology of powders was studied by” XRD, EDX, AFM and SEM”. Heat treatment for materials was performed in temperature in (800) C° in several hours. XRD reveal the olivine structure of LiNiPO4. Morphology were done using SEM photo images, this assisted by AFM test. EDX shows the elements of Ni, O, C, Ag and Al.
Thermal analysis for stability the nanocrystals ZnSe(diamantane)
Authors: Al-Ogaili H A T , Al-Wardy R. A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The chalcogenide structures are studied at nano scale theoretically, Znic Selenium is one of these structures studied theoretically by DFT, once as a diamantane(Zn7Se7 as cubic in solid state) or again diamondoids (Zn7S7H14), where similarity in formula but different from wurtziod (Zn7Se7) in stoichiometry at nano-limited, the molecules ZnSe diamantane are formed from change size. However both of the spectra and electronic properties of molecules ZnSe diamantane are calculated. In this work, used RB3LYP/3-611 G(p,d) as a base set, it can note that the blue shift of the Raman spectra, the energy gap 2.767 eV for ZnSe diamantane approach to the experimental values, the longitudinal optical of same structure is 208 cm−1, also maximum force and displacement of atoms are investigated. In this research, bond length is 2.46 Å, also investigated the effects on the surfaces of molecules.
Utilizing k-means clustering to extract bone tumor in CT scan and MRI images
Authors: Kadhim Widad Dhahir , Abdoon Rabab Saadoon 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Segmentation is one of the most significant parts of medical image processing. In image segmentation, the digital image is part of multiple sets of pixels. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI and CT scanning is very important imaging techniques to explore the inner physiological constructions of the body noninvasively. A bone tumor is one of more life-threatening diseases, so exact detaching of the tumor regions is a pressing need. In this work, the K-means algorithm is employed on six MRI and CT scan images with different numbers of clusters. As well as many morphological operations like opening and dilation were applied after extract the fine tumor areas effectively. The results and the calculated surface areas of the separated tumor regions were compared to the radiologist delineation and the percent relative differences were found ranged from (0.63-1.75) % for MRI images and (0.34-1.51) % for CT scan images. This result indicates the high-quality performance of the adopted segmentation clustering-based method.
Estimated the concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K in flour samples of Iraq markets
Authors: Kadhim Shaymaa Awad , Alhous Shatha F. , Hussein Ahmed Shaker , Hussein Hayder H. , Alaboodi Azhar S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Flour is a nutritious type of food that is widely consumed by various age groups in Iraq. This study investigates the presence of long-lived gamma emitters in different type of flour in Iraqi market. Uranium (238U), Thorium (232Th) and Potassium (40K) specific activity in (Bq.kg−1) were estimated in (15) unique kinds of flours that are accessible in Iraqi markets. The gamma spectrometry method with a NaI(Tl) detector has been utilized for radiometric measurements. Likewise right now have determined the internal hazard index. It is found that the specific activity in Flour samples were varied from (13.73± 1.89) Bq.kg−1 to (2.60± 0.30) Bq.kg−1 with an average (8.75) Bq.kg−1 for 238U, For 232Th From (67.79± 0.44) Bq.kg−1 to (9.96± 0.14) Bq.kg−1 with an average (21.88) Bq.kg−1 and for 40K from (2680.74 ± 23.60) Bq.kg−1 to (283.70± 3.41) Bq.kg−1 with an average (133.09) Bq.kg−1. Also, it is found that the Outdoor and indoor annual effective absorbed dose equivalent also (Hin) hazard indices was (0.302±0.014) and average annual committed effective dose(0.2205±0.030) mSv.y−1 in the flour samples. This study prove that the natural radioactivity and radiation danger records were low also estimated cancer risk has no significant health hazard in Iraqi Flour.
Securing Hill encrypted information With Audio steganography: a New Substitution Method
Authors: Abood Enas Wahab , Khudier Wafaa A. , Jabber Rasha Hadi , Abbas Dina Adnan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Securing data is an essential matter in communication systems, data must be protected from interceptors and eavesdroppers. In this paper, a hybrid system was produced to secure a plain text message encrypted with the Hill encryption method and embedded within an audio file in a random distribution using audio symbol sign to represent message bits. The audio file is restricted to be *.wav stereo file, Two secret keys are needed for this system encryption key and the seed of generating hiding positions. PSNR,MSE,SSIM are calculated between cover before and after embedding and the results reflected the imperceptibility requirement of the system. Also the elapsed time for securing messages was quite low for different sizes of text and the encryption process was less time than hiding.
Convert Gestures of Arabic Words into Voice
Authors: Ali Shaker K. , Al-Sherbaz Ali , Aydam Zahoor M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Gestures are one of the best ways of communication between dumbs and other people using the expression of signs language. In this paper, we suggest an algorithm for recognizing hand gestures of Arabic words (اتمنى لك حیاة سعیدة-اقتباس) to by using dumb (through signs) and convert the sings into voice corresponding to sings words. The proposed algorithm for Convert Gestures of Arabic Words into Voice, record video of gesture (of the dumb person) then convert the video into frames (images), preprocessing for the resulted image must done by remove the noise, resize the images and increase the contrast, then calculate the distance to clustering the words by using (C4.5, k-mean, k- medoid and artificial neural network), calculate the distance (or features) by using Euclidean distance and slope where, there are eighteen features (eight features from Euclidean distance, eight features from slop, Area, and perimeter). The results in the training stage were (C4.5 gave 100%, k-mean gave 95.2% k-medoid gave 91.9% and ANN gave 91.27%). While in the testing stage we used three classifiers (Euclidian Distance, Modify of the Standardize Euclidian Distance and Correlation) and the results show that (Euclidian Distance gave 94.4%, Modify of the Standardize Euclidian Distance gave 100% and Correlation gave 94.4%) We create our database (three videos with 250 frames) for training and one video for testing.
Review: A comparison Steganography Between Texts and Images
Authors: Ali Khodher Maisa’a Abid , Aldeen Khairi Teaba Wala 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The steganography is branch from information hiding, the speed of evolve communications Internet and networks in wide areas in the world. This evolve make to most people tends for work in security data through transmit across networks from sender to receiver. The major aim from steganography uses to protect the substantial data, such as text, image, video, and audio during transmit between sender and receiver.
The problems in steganography, because the people to increase uses internet in the present time therefore, needs to protected information during transmitted from sender to receiver. And solve this problem in steganography, in here many techniques is used in this article.
This article offers comparing in steganography techniques between texts and Images, when hiding secret message in texts and Images. In this study, several techniques it uses by researcher in domain of steganography.
The outcomes to obtained comparing between steganography texts or images. The results that shown the compression between text and image steganography are good and efficiency together without sensitive by attackers.
A New Revised Efficient of VAM to Find the Initial Solution for the Transportation Problem
Authors: Hussein H A , Shiker Mushtak A K , Zabiba Mohammed S M 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Transportation Problem (TP) is a very important problem which has been vastly studied in Operations Research domain. There are some classical methods to find the initial basic feasible solution (IBFS) which minimize the total shipping cost of (TP) such as north-west corner method (NWCM), minimum cost method (MCM) and Vogel’s approximation method (VAM) which the best one of them. In this paper, we suggest a new amendment to (VAM) to find (IBFS) of (TP), which is an iterative method and the results will be near the optimal solution and in some cases equal to the optimal solution. In the numerical experiences we compare the results of the new approach with other classical methods to verify the efficiency of the new method. The proposed method is very effective and well-suited for use in solving these problems of various sizes.
Estimate survival function by using Dagum distribution
Authors: Kadhim Al-Bderi Hind Jawad 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper intends to estimate the unlabeled three parameters for Dagum distribution model depend on censored samples type two; employing the maximum likelihood estimator method to obtain the derivation of the point estimators for all unlabeled parameters depending on iterative techniques, as Newton – Raphson method; then to derive ordinary least squares estimator method. Applying all these methods to estimate related probability functions; death density function, cumulative distribution function, survival function and hazard function (rate function).
When examining the numerical results for probability survival function by employing ‘mean squares error measure and mean absolute percentage measure’, this may lead to work on the best method in modeling a set of real data; and this method is “Maximum likelihood estimator method for real censored type II sample”.
Estimating Shrinkage Parameter of Generalized Liu Estimator in Logistic Regression Model
Authors: Alsharabi Najlaa Saad 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The logistic regression model is one of the modern statistical methods developed to predict the set of quantitative variables (nominal or monotonous), and it is considered as an alternative test for the simple and multiple linear regression equation as well as it is subject to the model concepts in terms of the possibility of testing the effect of the overall pattern of the group of independent variables on the dependent variable and in terms of its use For concepts of standard matching criteria, and in some cases there is a correlation between the explanatory variables which leads to contrast variation and this problem is called the problem of Multicollinearity. In this study a generalized Liu estimator was introduced to combat the multicollinearity in the logistic regression model. The generalized Liu coefficient (shrinkage coefficient) was estimated in different ways and a comparison of these methods was performed using the mean square error criterion by applying to Monte Carlo simulation data and compared of road performance. Simulation results demonstrate that shrinkage parameter selection based on the work by Kibria (2003) ie (D5) is more efficient than methods.
High dimensional data challenges in estimating multiple linear regression
Authors: Hussain Jassim N 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNowadays, High dimensional data are quickly increasing in many areas because of the development of new technology which helping to collect data with a large number of variables in order to better understanding for a given phenomenon of interest. Multiple Linear Regression is a famous technique used to investigate the relationship between one dependent variable and one or more of independent variables and analyzing the effects of them. Fitting this model requests assumptions, one of them is large sample size. High dimensional data does not satisfy this assumption because the sample size is small compared to the number of explanatory variables (k). Consequently, the results of traditional methods to estimate the model can be misleading. Regularization or shrinkage techniques (e.g., LASSO) have been proposed to estimate this model in this case. Nonparametric method was proposed to estimate this model. Average mean square error and root mean square error criteria are used to assess the performance of nonparametric; LASSO and OLS methods in the case of simulation study and analyzing the real dataset. The results of simulation study and the analysis of real data set show that nonparametric regression method is outperformance of LASSO and OLS methods to fit this model with high dimensional data.
A Comparison between Some Bayesian Estimation Methods for Parameter Exponential Distribution by Using Data Type II Censoring
Authors: Hussein Nabeel Ali , Abbas Sameer Annon , Hussain Ahmed Hadi , Salman Abbas Musleh 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Due to the importance of exponential distribution, especially in the modeling and analysis of various data in several fields in mathematics and statistics, including the applied field (experiments) and the pure field (theories). Some tests do not provide sufficient information on the trial data, so they are called “censored data”. The aim of this paper is to compare some Bayesian estimation methods for the exponential distribution of parameters using data type II censoring. We provided an estimate of the scale parameter (ESP) for the exponential distribution under data the control of type II by using the proposed Bayesian method and maximum probability. We also compared these methods using Mean square error (MSE). This study was conducted using simulation with different parameter values (θ) and different sample sizes (n = 10, 20, 50, 100). The calculation results showed that the best method of estimation is the proposed Bayesian method (BAY2), which uses the distribution of Chi-Square (n) in the previous information.