bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, serotypes and risk factors for group B streptococcus rectovaginal isolates among pregnant women at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya; A cross-sectional study
Authors: Salano Jisuvei Clayton , Alfred Osoti , Njeri Maina Anne 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background: Estimates of group B streptococcus (GBS) disease burden, antimicrobial susceptibility, and serotypes in pregnant women are limited for many resource-limited countries including Kenya. These data are required to inform recommendations for prophylaxis and treatment of infections due to GBS. Methods: We evaluated the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, serotypes, and risk factors associated with rectovaginal GBS colonization among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) between August and November 2017. Consenting pregnant women between 12 and 40 weeks of gestation were enrolled. Interview-administered questionnaires were used to assess risk factors associated with GBS colonization. An anorectal swab and a lower vaginal swab were collected and cultured on Granada agar for GBS isolation. Positive colonies were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to penicillin G, ampicillin, vancomycin, and clindamycin using the disk diffusion method. Serotyping was performed by latex agglutination. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with GBS colonization. Results: A total of 292 women were enrolled. Median age was 30 years (Interquatile range {IQR} 26-35) with a median gestational age of 35 weeks (IQR 30-37). Overall GBS was identified in 60/292 (20.5%) of participants. Among the positive isolates, resistance was detected for penicillin G in 42/60 (72.4%) isolates, ampicillin in 32/60 (55.2%) isolates, clindamycin in 14/60 (30.4%) isolates, and vancomycin in 14 (24.1%) isolates. All ten GBS serotypes were isolated, and 37/53 (69.8%) of GBS positive participants were colonized by more than one serotype. None of the risk factors was associated with GBS colonization.Conclusion: The prevalence of GBS colonization was high among mothers attending antenatal clinic at KNH. In addition, a high proportion of GBS isolates were resistant to commonly prescribed intrapartum antibiotics. Hence, other measures like GBS vaccination is a potentially useful approaches to GBS prevention and control in this population. Screening of pregnant mothers for GBS colonization should be introduced and antimicrobial susceptibility test performed on GBS positive samples to guide antibiotic prophylaxis.
Application of Digital Marketing Innovation Technology to Improve Service Promotion Efficiency
Authors: Podzorova Galina A , Kirillova Valeriya , Pleshkova Nataliya , Gryaznova N. 
Published: December 2019

The current development of the digital economy determines the relevance of digital marketing as an innovative technology of service promotion. The research features a set of marketing tools used by NST company to promote services. The research objective was to develop recommendations for the implementation of digital marketing technology in the company. The study used methods of economic and comparative analysis. The authors analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional marketing tools used by NST and proposed tools of digital marketing, such as website development, SEO-optimization, contextual advertising, and the project of a new business card with a QR-code. A combined use of various digital marketing tools gives a much greater effect, thus attracting more customers and improving the efficiency of the company. The recommendations can be successfully used by other organizations wishing to promote their production and services in the modern market.
Neuroinflammation in Demyelinating Diseases: Oxidative Stress as a Modulator of Glial Cross-Talk
Authors: Varas Rodrigo , Ortiz Fernando C. 
Published: December 2019

:
Myelin is a specialized membrane allowing for saltatory conduction of action potentials in neurons, an
essential process to achieve the normal communication across the nervous system. Accordingly, in diseases characterized
by the loss of myelin and myelin forming cells -oligodendrocytes in the CNS-, patients show severe
neurological disabilities. After a demyelinated insult, microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells
invade the lesioned area initiating a spontaneous process of myelin repair (i.e. remyelination). A preserved hallmark
of this neuroinflammatory scenario is a local increase of oxidative stress, where several cytokines and
chemokines are released by glial and other cells. This generates an environment that determines cell interaction
resulting in oligodendrocyte maturity and the ability to synthesize new myelin. Herein we review the main features
of the regulatory aspect of these molecules based on recent findings and propose new putative signal molecules
involved in the remyelination process, focused in the etiology of Multiple Sclerosis, one of the main demyelinating
diseases causing disabilities in the population.
A Review on Cancer Therapy Based on the Photothermal Effect of Gold Nanorod
Authors: Xu Weizhen , Lin Qinlu , Yin Yueqin , Xu Dong , Huang Xiaohui , Xu Bucheng , Wang Guangwei 
Published: December 2019

Background:
Cancer causes millions of deaths and huge economic losses every year. The currently
practiced methods for cancer therapy have many defects, such as side effects, low curate rate, and discomfort for
patients.

Objective:
Herein, we summarize the applications of gold nanorods (AuNRs) in cancer therapy based on their
photothermal effect-the conversion of light into local heat under irradiation.

Methods:
The recent advances in the synthesis and regulation of AuNRs, and facile surface functionalization
further facilitate their use in cancer treatment. For cancer therapy, AuNRs need to be modified or coated with
biocompatible molecules (e.g. polyethylene glycol) and materials (e.g. silicon) to reduce the cytotoxicity and
increase their biocompatibility, stability, and retention time in the bloodstream. The accumulation of AuNRs in
cancerous cells and tissues is due to the high leakage in tumors or the specific interaction between the cell surface
and functional molecules on AuNRs such as antibodies, aptamers, and receptors.

Results:
AuNRs are employed not only as therapeutics to ablate tumors solely based on the heat produced under
laser that could denature protein and activate the apoptotic pathway, but also as synergistic therapies combined
with photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, and gene therapy to kill cancer more efficiently. More importantly,
other materials like TiO2, graphene oxide, and silicon, etc. are incorporated on the AuNR surface for multimodal
cancer treatment with high drug loadings and improved cancer-killing efficiency. To highlight their applications
in cancer treatment, examples of therapeutic effects both in vitro and in vivo are presented.

Conclusion:
AuNRs have potential applications for clinical cancer therapy.
Carbon Dots for Bacterial Detection and Antibacterial Applications-A Minireview
Authors: Anand Anisha , Manavalan Gopinathan , Mandal Ranju Prasad , Chang Huan-Tsung , Chiou Yi-Ru , Huang Chih-Ching 
Published: December 2019

:
The prevention and treatment of various infections caused by microbes through antibiotics are becoming
less effective due to antimicrobial resistance. Researches are focused on antimicrobial nanomaterials to inhibit
bacterial growth and destroy the cells, to replace conventional antibiotics. Recently, carbon dots (C-Dots) become
attractive candidates for a wide range of applications, including the detection and treatment of pathogens. In addition
to low toxicity, ease of synthesis and functionalization, and high biocompatibility, C-Dots show excellent
optical properties such as multi-emission, high brightness, and photostability. C-Dots have shown great potential
in various fields, such as biosensing, nanomedicine, photo-catalysis, and bioimaging. This review focuses on the
origin and synthesis of various C-Dots with special emphasis on bacterial detection, the antibacterial effect of CDots,
and their mechanism.
KF/Clinoptilolite Nanoparticles as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Green Synthesis of pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolines using Four-Component Reaction of Alkyl Bromides
Authors: Hamedani Naghmeh F. , Ghazvini Maryam , Sheikholeslami-Farahani Fatemeh , Jamnani Mohammad T.B. 
Published: December 2019

Objective:KF/Clinoptilolite nanoparticles are employed as as a heterogeneous catalyst for the preparation of pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinoline derivatives through a four-component reaction of isoquinoline, two different alkyl bromides and an electron deficient internal alkynes at ambient temperature in water as green solvent.Methods:In this research, (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical trapping and reducing potential of ferric ion experiments was used for determining antioxidant activity of some newly synthesized compounds such as 5a, 5c, 5f and 5g and comparing results with synthetic antioxidants (TBHQ and BHT).Results:Compounds 5a, 5c, 5f and 5g display trace DPPH radical trapping and excellent reducing power of ferric ion. Furthermore, the power of some prepared compounds against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was proved by employing the disk dispersion experiment.Conclusion:The obtained results of disk diffusion test showed that compounds 5a, 5d and 5e prevented the bacterial growth. The reported procedure shows the advantages of clean reaction, high yield and simple purification.
Celastrus Orbiculatus Extracts Inhibit the Metastasis through Attenuating PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Human Gastric Cancer
Authors: Qian Yayun , Yan Yan , Lu Hongmei , Zhou Tingting , Lv Mengying , Fang Chuanci , Hou Jingjing , Li Wenyuan , Chen Xiwen , Sun Hui , Li Yajuan , Wang Zheng , Zhao Nan , Gu Yajuan , Ding Yongling , Liu Yanqing 
Published: December 2019

Background:
Rapamycin receptor inhibitors have been applied in the clinic and achieved satisfactory
therapeutic effect recently. The mechanisms did not clearly show how the Celastrus orbiculatus Extracts (COE)
inhibited the expression of the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) in human gastric cancer cells. The
aim of this study was to investigate whether the COE inhibited the metastasis through the mTOR signaling
pathway in human gastric cancer MGC-803 cells.

Methods:
The abnormal expression level of mTOR protein was detected by immunohistochemistry in human
gastric cancer tissue. The MGC-803/mTOR- cells were constructed by knockdown of mTOR using lentivirus
infection technique. The human gastric cancer MGC-803/mTOR- cells were treated with different concentrations
(20, 40, 80 μg/ml) of COE for 24 hours. The ability of cell metastasis was analyzed by the cell invasion and
migration assay. The expression levels of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway were detected by Western Blotting.

Results:
COE inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration of MGC-803/mTOR- cells in a concentrationdependent
manner. The expression of E-cadherin protein increased, and the expression of N-cadherin and
Vimentin decreased simultaneously in the MGC-803/mTOR- cells. 4EBP1, p-4EBP1, P70S6k, p-P70S6k,
mTOR, p-mTOR, PI3K and Akt proteins in MGC-803/mTOR- cells were reduced in a dose-dependent manner.

Conclusion:
COE could not only inhibit cell growth, invasion and migration, but also inhibit the epithelialmesenchymal
transition of gastric cancer cells. The molecular mechanism of COE inhibited the metastasis
which may be related to the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway. This study provides ideas for the development of
new anti-gastric cancer drugs.
Presentation of a New Online Method, for Time Variant and Unknown Input Time Delay Estimation, in Continuous SISO-LTI Systems
Authors: Nejad Hadi Chahkandi , Farshad Mohsen , Havangi Ramazan 
Published: December 2019

Aims:
In this paper, a novel estimator is presented, for online time delay estimation, in
single input-single output LTI systems, with time variant and uncertain delay in control input.

Background :
The main studies made on systems with time-varying delay are divided into three
general categories: (1) Identification and estimation of the delay. (2) Criteria presented for stability
and robust stability. (3) Control methods presented with goals like tracking.

Objective:
It is obvious that Laplace transfer function of a delayed system includes a time delay
factor (exponential and non-rational). In this study, it is assumed that the only uncertain and time
varying parameter in the system is the system’s time delay. The objective of this paper is to online
estimate of this time delay.

Methods:
Simulations were made on a sample system with input time delay, for different types of
time delay signal.

Results:
Finally, simulations results show rather desirable performance of the proposed estimator
in dealing with time varying and uncertain delays.
An Optimal IoT Device Placement Strategy for Agro-IoT Using Edge Computing
Authors: Balakrishna Gubba , Moparthi Nageswara R. 
Published: December 2019

Background:
Development in innovation for remote detecting and mechanization have
persuaded the wide selection of the mechanical improvements in all fields of studies and applications.

Objective:
Fundamentally, the countries with high reliance on horticulture have improved the conventional
support of the harvests and procedures with the summon of advances like remote detecting
or sensor-based systems or Internet of Things.

Methods:
The consolidation of trend setting innovation has exhibited high effect on profitability and
reachability. The misfortunes because of the catastrophic events have essentially decreased as a similar
time. The adjustments of these innovations were conceded because of the underlying information
gain. The real bottlenecks of the adjustment of IoT for horticulture were three. Initially, the
advancement of the money saving advantages can't be accomplished because of the impediment of
the innovation. Furthermore, the inconsistent conveyance of the figuring forces makes the total IoT
organize inflexible for making further upgrades or expensive to keep up. At long last, the structure
for district explicit agro-IoT is as yet the interest for the business.

Results:
Consequently, this work proposes a novel IoT gadget situation technique with the advantages
of cost enhancements and upgrades over the transmissions. Likewise, the advantages from
the edge figuring instrument are accomplished in this work.

Conclusion:
At long last, this work likewise contributes towards the locale explicit system for
Agro-IoT with the intension of making the monetarily provoked countries to likewise profit the advantages
of innovation shifts.
The Association Between Health Information Seeking on the Internet and Physician Visits (The Seventh Tromsø Study - Part 4): Population-Based Questionnaire Study
Authors: Yigzaw Kassaye Yitbarek , Wynn Rolf , Marco-Ruiz Luis , Budrionis Andrius , Oyeyemi Sunday Oluwafemi , Fagerlund Asbjørn Johansen , Bellika Johan Gustav 
Published: December 2019

Background
The internet is being widely used for seeking health information. However, there is no consensus on the association between health information seeking on the internet and the use of health care services.

Objective
We examined the association between health information seeking via the internet and physician visits. In addition, we investigated the association between online health information seeking and the decisions to visit and not to visit a physician.

Methods
We used the cross-sectional electronic health (eHealth) data of 18,197 participants from the seventh survey of the Tromsø Study (Tromsø 7). The participants were aged ≥40 years and living in Tromsø, Norway. We used logistic regression models to examine the association between online health information seeking and physician visits, the decision to visit a physician, and the decision not to visit a physician, with adjustment for the demographic status, socioeconomic status, and health status of the participants.

Results
The use of Web search engines was associated with a physician visit. However, the association was moderated by age, and the OR decreased as age increased. The ORs for the use of Web search engines were 1.99 (95% CI 1.94-2.02) and 1.07 (95% CI 1.03-1.12) at ages 40 and 80 years, respectively. The decision to visit a physician was associated with the use of Web search engines (OR 2.95, 95% CI 2.03-4.46), video search engines (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.21-1.70), and health apps (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13-1.42). The association between social media use and the decision to visit a physician was moderated by gender. Women who used social media had 1.42 (95% CI 1.31-1.55) times higher odds of deciding to visit a physician, whereas the decision to visit a physician was not different between men who used social media and those who did not use social media. Conversely, the decision not to visit a physician was associated with the use of Web search engines (OR 2.78, 95% CI 1.92-4.18), video search engines (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.07-1.51), social media (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.10-1.49), and health apps (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.07-1.35).

Conclusions
Health information found on the internet was positively associated with both the decision to visit a physician and the decision not to visit a physician. However, the association of health information seeking with the decision to visit a physician was slightly stronger than the association with the decision not to visit a physician. This could imply that the use of eHealth services is associated with a resultant increase in physician visits. In summary, our findings suggest that the internet serves as a supplement to health care services rather than as a replacement.
Examination of Gender Stereotypes and Norms in Health-Related Content Posted to Snapchat Discover Channels: Qualitative Content Analysis
Authors: LeBeau Kelsea , Carr Cary , Hart Mark 
Published: December 2019

Background
Snapchat has seen one of the most rapid, and unprecedented, growths in the history of social networking sites and social media with 3 billion Snapchats sent daily. In 2015, Snapchat introduced a new feature, Snapchat Discover, providing a unique way for publishers, such as magazines, to connect their content to Snapchat users.

Objective
This study aimed to evaluate qualitatively the health-related content distributed among male-focused and female-focused Discover channels and to determine whether differences exist between the content posted to these channels.

Methods
Magazine Discover channels with male and female target audiences were identified based on the magazine’s claimed audience and a search of Snapchat Discover’s magazine publishers, resulting in the selection of two male-focused and two female-focused channels. Stories were collected daily from each of the selected channels during a 4-week period. Using the constant comparative method, 406 Discover stories were collected and analyzed.

Results
Differences in health content coverage existed between male- and female-focused channels. General health stories from male channels comprised 7.5% (10/134) of total stories compared with 22.8% (62/272) for female channels. Sexual health stories from male channels comprised 3.0% (4/134) of total stories compared with 18.8% (51/272) for female channels. Moreover, female-focused channels’ content was more comprehensive. Female audiences were portrayed as being health information seekers, concerned with sexual health and male satisfaction, primarily responsible for contraception and pregnancy prevention, and less informed about sex. Male audiences were portrayed as being less likely to seek health information, obsessed with and driven by sex, and less concerned with sexual health.

Conclusions
Understanding the content shared to social media is important, especially when considering the implications content may have for behavior. In terms of content, these findings suggest Discover channels appear to promote gender stereotypes and norms for health and sexual health through the information posted.
Using String Metrics to Improve the Design of Virtual Conversational Characters: Behavior Simulator Development Study
Authors: García-Carbajal Santiago , Pipa-Muniz María , Múgica Jose Luis 
Published: December 2019

Background
An emergency waiting room is a place where conflicts often arise. Nervous relatives in a hostile, unknown environment force security and medical staff to be ready to deal with some awkward situations. Additionally, it has been said that the medical interview is the first diagnostic and therapeutic tool, involving both intellectual and emotional skills on the part of the doctor. At the same time, it seems that there is something mysterious about interviewing that cannot be formalized or taught. In this context, virtual conversational characters (VCCs) are progressively present in most e-learning environments.

Objective
In this study, we propose and develop a modular architecture for a VCC-based behavior simulator to be used as a tool for conflict avoidance training. Our behavior simulators are now being used in hospital environments, where training exercises must be easily designed and tested.

Methods
We define training exercises as labeled, directed graphs that help an instructor in the design of complex training situations. In order to increase the perception of talking to a real person, the simulator must deal with a huge number of sentences that a VCC must understand and react to. These sentences are grouped into sets identified with a common label. Labels are then used to trigger changes in the active node of the graph that encodes the current state of the training exercise. As a consequence, we need to be able to map every sentence said by the human user into the set it belongs to, in a fast and robust way. In this work, we discuss two different existing string metrics, and compare them to one that we use to assess a designed exercise.

Results
Based on the similarities found between different sets, the proposed metric provided valuable information about ill-defined exercises. We also described the environment in which our programs are being used and illustrated it with an example.

Conclusions
Initially designed as a tool for training emergency room staff, our software could be of use in many other areas within the same environment. We are currently exploring the possibility of using it in speech therapy situations.