bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mechanical monster and discourses of fear and fascination in the early history of the computer
Authors: Grenham Hannah 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article explores the concept of monstrosity in relation to the development of digital computers during the 1950s in the United States. Discourse analysis of public representations of early digital computers reveals a consistent appropriation of monstrosity as a metaphor to capture cultural fears of human-mechanical hybridity and technological autonomy. Deconstructing the development and application of this metaphor provides valuable insight into cultural attitudes about computers during this period. Through this analysis, the development of the computer appears as simultaneously following its own unique trajectory while also coinciding with broader trends in the cultural histories of new technologies. In particular, the example of the computer epitomises a dichotomy of fear and fascination, which is frequently seen in response to new technologies. Specific examples of early computers that are considered include ENIAC, WHIRLWIND, and UNIVAC. The public representation of and responses to each of these machines demonstrates a fundamental division between admiration at their technical application and concern over their apparently unlimited potential. This dichotomy is identified particularly through examination of contemporaneous popular cultural representations. Images of monstrosity are also shown to be consistent in these public representations, with rhetoric focusing in particular on anthropomorphic machines and human-mechanical hybridity. As a result, the fears of scientific creation encapsulated by Shelley’s depiction of Frankenstein’s monster can be seen to play out over a century later through the ‘mechanical monsters’ of the 1950s United States.
Calculation of the single differential cross section for electron-impact ionization of atoms and molecules
Authors: Mori N A , Utamuratov R , Fursa D V , Zammit M C , Bray I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A technique has been developed for calculating the electron-impact ionization single differential cross section directly from the integrated cross sections of positive-energy pseudostates occuring in close-coupling methods. Using the cross sections arising in the convergent close-coupling method, the approach is first tested against the existing benchmark theoretical and experimental data for electron scattering on hydrogen and helium. It is then applied to electron scattering on molecular hydrogen yielding excellent agreement with experimental data when normalized to the total ionization cross section.
Design of patterned fluorine-doped tin oxide for radome de-icing heater
Authors: Kim Y R , Jung J H , Yong S M , Hong J W , Lee S J , Park J W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We suggested microwave transparent heaters by using a patterned fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). The pattern is a continuous waveform, and the DC voltage is applied for Joule heating. While the pattern of conductive materials is mostly associated with electromagnetic behavior, this study extends its potential application to thermodynamics. Especially for radome applications, the microwave transparent heater is able to remove the ice accretion on the radome surface in order to prevent not only aerodynamic instability, but also communicative failure. The characteristics of the RF transmission and saturation temperature, which are the key parameters of FTO as a conductive material, were investigated by using numerical simulation and an experiment. A reasonable agreement between the measurements and the numerical simulations was achieved. This multi-functional waveform-patterned FTO has both X-band transparency and Joule heating performance so that it can be a cornerstone for electromagnetic and thermal applications.
Two-delta shell resonance description of α-decay: analytic expression of half-life via energy derivative of phase-shift
Authors: Sahu Basudeb 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The process of α-decay being intrinsically quantum mechanical originates from the resonance state of the α + daughter nucleus two-body system where the scattering phase-shifts vary rapidly in a small energy range of the size of the resonance width in the presence of narrow resonance. We model this physical phenomenon and derive a clear expression for the decay width, Γ, in terms of energy derivative of phase-shift obtained by properly matching the exact solutions within the segments of a shell of two delta potentials generating resonance with the pure Coulomb wave functions in the Coulomb–nuclear scattering phenomenon. With this decay width Γ, using the standard relation, T
1/2 = ln 2

ℏ

Γ

, the decay half-life, T
1/2, is expressed analytically and the computed results successfully explain the experimental results of α-decay half-lives ranging from 10−7 s–1025 s in the cases of many light, heavy and super heavy radioactive nuclei with proton number Z = 52–120 and mass number A = 106–299.
The application of a reflected non-axisymmetric torsional guided wave model for imaging crack-like defects in small-diameter pipes
Authors: Fang Zhou , Tse Peter W , Xu Fan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Crack imaging of a pipe can provide detailed information about defects within the pipe such as the circumferential and axial position of the defect and its circumferential coverage. Due to the complicated propagation characteristics of a non-axisymmetric guided wave within a small pipe and the limited surface area available to install the transducer, crack imaging within a small-diameter pipe is difficult. This paper reports a reflected non-axisymmetric torsional guided wave model for imaging a crack in a small pipe. First, the reflected non-axisymmetric torsional guided wave model was proposed based on the theory of the normal mode expansion method. Then, the crack imaging algorithm was determined based on the theoretical reflected non-axisymmetric torsional guided wave model. Subsequently, the relationships between the angular profiles of the reflected T(M,1) and the axial distance of the cracks, the relationships between the angular profiles of the reflected T(M,1) and the circumferential length of the cracks predicted by the theoretical model were supported by the simulation results and the experimental data. Next, the crack imaging based on the proposed reflected non-axisymmetric torsional guided wave model was carried out for four pipes to verify its practicability. The axial position and circumferential range of the cracks within the four pipes were different. The experimental and numerical results demonstrated that the reflected non-axisymmetric torsional guided wave model has the potential to image cracks within a small pipe.
Gas–solid interface charge tailoring techniques: what we grasped and where to go
Authors: Zhang Zhousheng , Wang Zheming , Teyssedre Gilbert , Shahsavarian Tohid , Arab Baferani Mohamadreza , Chen Geng , Lin Chuanjie , Zhang Bo , Riechert Uwe , Lei Zhipeng , Cao Yang , Li Chuanyang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Charging of insulators modifies local electric field distribution and increases potential threat to the safety of the gas insulated equipment. In this paper, surface charge tailoring techniques are classified and reviewed by introducing a Dam-flood model. Technical solutions of different charge tailoring methods are compared and discussed. The outlook of potential solutions to suppress charge accumulation is recommended and discussed based on industrial consideration. This paper serves as a guide handbook for engineers and researchers into the study of charge tailoring methods. Meanwhile, we hope that the content of this paper could shed some lights upon charge-free insulators to promote the industrial application of HVDC GIL/GIS.
Oxidation of lithium plasma facing components and its effect on plasma performance in the lithium tokamak experiment-β
Authors: Maan A , Boyle D P , Kaita R , Ostrowski E T , Donovan D C , Majeski R P , Koel B E , Biewer T M , Hughes P E , Hansen C , Kubota S , Soukhanovskii V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The characteristics of lithium-coated plasma-facing components (PFCs) have been correlated with plasma performance on the lithium tokamak experiment-β (LTX-β). Previous experiments on LTX showed that the application of lithium to PFCs was needed to achieve higher performance discharges with flat electron temperature profiles and high edge temperatures. Samples that match the LTX-β PFCs were exposed to plasmas before and after PFCs were coated with lithium and transferred under vacuum to a surface analysis station. Measurements using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the primary surface constituent was lithium oxide. Earlier XPS analysis of lithium-coated PFCs on LTX was only able to show the presence of surface oxygen. The new XPS data from LTX-β have sufficient resolution to clearly identify lithium compounds for the first time, and enable them to be correlated with how lithium-coated PFCs can reduce impurities and retain hydrogen to reduce recycling.
A novel plasma fluid model for fast 2D calculations in capacitively coupled atmospheric pressure plasma jets
Authors: Mouchtouris Sotiris , Kokkoris George 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A novel 2D fluid model for capacitively coupled and cross-field atmospheric pressure plasma jets is developed, coming from the simplification of a detailed 2D plasma fluid model and taking into account the jet flow. The simplification is based on a set of reasonable assumptions and is applied systematically through a formalism based on dimensionless numbers (e.g. Peclet and Damkohler), although common in chemical engineering, utilized for the first time in the context of plasma jets and plasma modeling in general. The simplified 2D fluid model, namely the cross-field plasma model (CFPM), consists of a number of 1D plasma fluid models which are solved serially using a multi-time-scale framework. The CFPM is applied to a He/O2 plasma in the COST reference jet. The comparison with the results of the detailed 2D model points out that the CFPM can reproduce detailed 2D calculations ∼10 times faster. The comparison with the results of the standard 1D model highlights the limitations of the 1D model to produce reliable results for species with residence time lower compared to the time required for their net production to come into equilibrium. For O, O3, and O2(a
1Δ
u
), i.e. species critical in biomedical applications, the mishit of the 1D model is 1–2 orders of magnitude. These advantages render the CFPM a perfect candidate for the simulation and design of cross-field plasma jets, substituting the commonly used 1D plasma fluid model.
Ohmic metal/Hg1-xCdxTe (x ≈ 0.3) contacts
Authors: Sizov F , Tsybrii Z , Apats’ka M , Dmytruk N , Slipokurov V , Bunchuk S , Bezsmolnyy Yu , Popovych V , Wiertel M , Mikhailov N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Some technological features of p-type Hg
1-x
Cd
x
Te (x ≈ 0.3) liquid phase epitaxy layers grown on Cd
1-y
Zn
y
Te (y ≈ 0.04) substrates are briefly discussed. Energy dispersive analysis of mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) layers and metal contacts (Au(In)/Cr(Mo,Ti)) to MCT layers together with their current-voltage characteristics at T ≈ 80 and 300 K are considered. It is shown that Cr(Mo,Ti)/MCT contacts have ohmic characteristics or close to them at T ≈ 80 and 300 K for both n- and p-type MCT layers. This gives the opportunity to form ohmic contacts to n- and p-type pads in one technological cycle. The contact resistance Rc is much smaller as compared to the HgCdTe p-n junction resistance R0[ RcA (< 10–2 Ω cm2) ≪ R0A (> 103 Ω cm2), where R0 is the zero bias diode resistance at T = 80 K, and A is the MCT (x ≈ 0.3) junction area]. So, such contacts are appropriate for the fabrication of photovoltaic HgCdTe detectors.
Towards wearable tremor suppression using dielectric elastomer stack actuators
Authors: Kelley Christopher R , Kauffman Jeffrey L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Active wearable tremor suppression devices apply actuators to the human body to produce joint torques that reduce tremor motion. This potential alternative to medications and surgery has the advantage of providing robust tremor treatment that is non-invasive, but the bulkiness of typical engineering actuators currently prohibits clinical implementations. Dielectric elastomer stack actuators (DESAs) offer a potential pathway towards achieving soft, low-profile tremor suppression devices: DESAs have similar mechanical properties as human muscles and can conform to the human limb. However, low actuation levels and a lack of commercial availability limit the development of DESA-based orthoses. Employing a control approach that only suppresses tremor while allowing the actuators to follow voluntary motion passively significantly decreases actuation requirements to improve potential for clinical devices. Still, DESAs that may offer the necessary actuation characteristics require specialized equipment and techniques. This research advances DESA-based tremor suppression by experimentally demonstrating DESA-based suppression of tremor-like signals on a scaled system using easily manufactured DESAs. Further discussion quantifies the DESA parameters that will enable physical implementations of human-scale tremor suppression and identifies pathways towards achieving those parameters.
Crystal field model simulations of magnetic response of pairs, triplets and quartets of Mn3+ ions in GaN
Authors: Sztenkiel D , Gas K , Domagala J Z , Hommel D , Sawicki M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A ferromagnetic coupling between localized Mn spins was predicted in a series of ab initio and tight binding calculations and experimentally verified for the dilute magnetic semiconductor Ga1−x
Mn
x
N. In the limit of small Mn concentrations, x ≲ 0.01, the paramagnetic properties of this material were successfully described using a single ion crystal field model approach. In order to obtain the description of magnetization in (Ga,Mn)N in the presence of interacting magnetic centers, we extend the previous model of a single substitutional Mn3+ ion in GaN by considering pairs, triplets and quartets of Mn3+ ions coupled by a ferromagnetic superexchange interaction. Using this approach we investigate how the magnetic properties, particularly the magnitude of the uniaxial anisotropy field, change as the number of magnetic Mn3+ ions in a given cluster increases from 1 to 4. Our simulations are then exploited in explaining experimental magnetic properties of Ga1−x
Mn
x
N with x ≅ 0.03, where the presence of small magnetic clusters gains in significance. As a result the approximate lower and upper limits for the values of exchange couplings between Mn3+ ions in GaN, being in nearest neighbors (nns) J
nn and next nns J
nnn positions, respectively, are established.
Experimental demonstration of enhanced acoustic energy harvesting with a subwavelength metamaterial plate
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Li Qiuyu , Oudich Mourad , Pan Yongdong , Li Yong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this work, we propose an acoustic energy harvesting metamaterial consisting of an array of silicone rubber pillars and a PZT patch deposited on an ultrathin aluminum plate with several holes based on locally resonant mechanism. The resonance is formed by removing four pillars, drilling a few of holes and attaching the PZT patch on the aluminum plate. The strain energy originating from an incident acoustic wave is centralized in the resonant region, and the PZT patch is used to convert the elastic strain energy into electrical power. Numerical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed millimeter-scale harvester with holes obviously improves the effect of acoustic energy harvesting while performing at the subwavelength scale for sonic low-frequency environment (less than 1150 Hz). In addition, the experimental results demonstrate that the maximum output voltage and power of the proposed acoustic energy harvesting system with 16 holes of 2 mm radius are 3 and 10 times higher than those without holes at the resonant mode for 2 Pa of incident acoustic pressure. Both the number and size of holes have a significant effect on the performance of acoustic energy harvesting. The advantages of the proposed structure are easy-to-machine and full of practicality, and it can be used in broad applications for low-frequency acoustic energy harvesting.
Alternative therapies in controlling oral malodour: a systematic review
Authors: Wylleman A , Vuylsteke F , Dekeyser C , Teughels W , Quirynen M , Laleman I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Is there a role for alternative therapies in controlling intra-oral halitosis? Treatments other than tongue cleaning and anti-halitosis products containing zinc, chlorhexidine and cetylpyridinium chloride were considered as alternative therapies. Four databases were searched (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library). Inclusion criteria were: examination of alternative halitosis therapies, study population with oral malodour, a (negative or positive) control group and evaluation of breath odour via organoleptic and/or instrumental assessment. Data were extracted for descriptive analysis. The screening of 7656 titles led to the inclusion of 26 articles. Analysis showed heterogeneity concerning the population of interest (from cysteine-induced to genuine halitosis), the examined treatment and the reported outcomes. This made a meta-analysis impossible. Essential oils, fluoride-containing products and herbal substances were the most studied. Results varied enormously and none of the active ingredients had an unambiguously positive effect on the malodour. The risk of bias was assessed as high in all articles. Given the fact that little evidence was found for each of the investigated treatments, it could be concluded that there is currently insufficient evidence that alternative therapies are of added value in the treatment of halitosis.

Clinical relevance

Scientific rationale: Halitosis is a common problem causing social isolation. Out of embarrassment, patients search the internet, leading to many questions about alternative solutions (e.g. oil pulling, herbs). This is the first systematic review on these alternative therapies.

Principal findings: Results varied among studies. Some promising results were found for fluoride-containing toothpastes and probiotics. For other products (such as herbal and antibacterial products and essential oils) results were inconsistent. Long-term follow-up studies on these products are scarce. Moreover, the quality of the studies was poor.

Practical implications: No clear evidence was found to support a certain alternative anti-halitosis therapy.
Flat metal-dielectric grating with 100% retro-diffraction efficiency: rigorous theory
Authors: Honzatko Pavel , Čtyroký Jiří 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We have recently designed a new type of a flat metal-dielectric grating which is supposed to replace blazed diffraction gratings, providing very high −1st reflected diffraction order efficiency within a broad wavelength band, high durability, and relative ease of fabrication. In this communication we present a rigorous electromagnetic theory of the grating in the approximation of infinitely thin perfect metal and show that the properly designed grating can reach 100% diffraction efficiency in the Littrow configuration for either transversal electric (TE or s) or transversal magnetic (TM or p) polarizations. Properties of the grating are analysed and discussed in detail.
Probing the limits of orbital angular momentum generation and detection with spatial light modulators
Authors: Pinnell Jonathan , Rodríguez-Fajardo Valeria , Forbes Andrew 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Spatial light modulators (SLMs) are popular tools for generating structured light fields and have fostered numerous applications in optics and photonics. Here, we explore the limits of what fields these devices are capable of generating and detecting in the context of so-called vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). Our main contributions are to quantify (theoretically and experimentally) how the pixelation of the SLM screen affects the quality of the generated vortex mode and to offer useful heuristics on how to optimise the performance of the displayed digital hologram. In so doing, we successfully generate and detect a very high order optical vortex mode with topological charge

ℓ
=
600

, the highest achieved to date using SLMs. Since the OAM degree of freedom is frequently touted as offering a potentially unbounded state space, we hope that this work will inspire researchers to make more use of higher-order vortex modes.
Magnetic dipole absorption of light at intersubband transitions in quantum wells
Authors: Oladyshkin I V , Erukhimova M A , Tokman M D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We consider theoretically the magnetic dipole mechanism of IR-light absorption at intersubband transitions in wide-gap quantum wells (QWs). In contrast to the electric dipole resonance, the discussed mechanism manifests in the interaction with the s-polarized component of electromagnetic radiation. We demonstrated that (a) the frequencies of magnetic and electric dipole intersubband transitions in the 2D layer are equal in the framework of one-particle approximation; (b) collective plasma effects should lead to a significant frequency shift between the magnetic and electric dipole resonances in a typical QW. Consequently, independent measurements of the magnetic and electric dipole resonant frequencies could allow both the extraction of the QW parameters and the experimental verification of theoretical models of collective fermion interaction. Taking into account the relative weakness of the magnetic dipole absorption, we propose a waveguide scheme for its experimental observation.
A study of silicon carbide reinforced W-Ni-Cu based heavy alloys sintered with different heating modes
Authors: Annamalai A Raja , Chaurasia Jitender Kumar , Srikanth Muthe , Agrawal Dinesh K , Jen Chun-Ping 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The influence of silicon carbide (SiC) addition to W-Ni-Cu-based heavy alloys has been investigated in the present study. The powders of W-Ni-Cu with varying percentages of SiC were blended and sintered using conventional and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) techniques. The sintered samples were characterized to determine the density, microstructure, and mechanical properties. The alloy (W-7Ni-3Cu-0.5SiC) exhibits high ultimate tensile strength 430 MPa for conventional sintering and 831 MPa for spark plasma sintering, relative sintered density 71.84% and 88.25% of conventional sintered and spark plasma sintering, respectively. After the tensile test, the fracture surfaces show a mixed-mode fracture consisting of brittle W/W intergranular and ductile mode of fracture in the matrix.
Ku-Band scintillation over Akure, Nigeria
Authors: Ashidi Ayodeji Gabriel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Relationship between scintillation intensity (σ

χ
) and peak-to-peak amplitude (χ
pp) is important for mitigating scintillation effects on any communication link. This study employs linear, logarithmic and polynomial functions for fitting σ

χ
and χ
pp in order to determine the best model for describing the variation of the former with the latter. It also examines the frequency of occurrence of scintillation intensity and the suitable probability density function for characterizing its distribution. Data used spanned 24 months, and were obtained from measurement of EUTELSAT W4/W7 satellite beacons on 12.245 GHz frequency, 1 s integration time and 53° elevation angle, at the Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Akure (07°17′N, 005°18′E, 358 m) Nigeria. Results show that logarithmic function performed best in modelling χ
pp from σ

χ
as indicated by high coefficient of determination and minimal root mean sqaure error values. Strong scintillation events (σ

χ
> 0.5) were also found to occur less frequently as sample interval increased. Lastly, lognornal, gamma and generalised extreme value (GEV) models were found suitable for describing σ

χ
distribution.