bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inscribed Ceremonial Dagger from a Princely Sarmatian Burial near the Village of Kosika in the Lower Volga Region
Authors: Belousov Alexey V. , Treister Mikhail 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The paper is devoted to the cross-guard of the fragmentary dagger found in 1984 in the princely nomad burial near the village of Kosika in the Lower Volga area, belonging to the type of ceremonial daggers which were widespread in Eurasia in the 1st century BC-1st century AD and which became one of the insignia of power as testified by the finds in the princely nomadic burials and depictions on the royal figures on the stelae from Commagene. The dated (year 238) dotted inscription preserved on the gold overlay of the cross-guard found by one of the authors in 2015 and completely cleaned from the iron oxides in 2017 contains an indication of the craftsmen and the weight of gold, confirmed by the eklogistes, which means estimated on the highest state level. The inscription allows us to suggest, with high degree of probability, that the dagger may have been manufactured either as a tax payment of the corporation to the state or rather was ordered by a king to serve as a gift to an equal person. Moreover, the analysis of the inscription suggests that the object could have been made in Asia Minor, perhaps in Commagene, in 74 BC (that means the date falls in the Seleucid era), rather than in 59 BC, because the existence of the eklogistes in the Pontic Kingdom has not been confirmed by any documents. This date corresponds well to the archaeological date of the burial in Kosika to the early third quarter of the 1st century BC and the already published hypothesis, that the deceased could have been a participant of the Asia Minor campaign of the Bosporan King Pharnakes in 49-47 BC.
Legislating Utopia
Authors: De Rycke Wouter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article deals with the contribution of one exponent of the first generation of institutional pacifist internationalism to the rise of ius contra bellum. Traditionally associated with events from the late nineteenth century onwards, this significant paradigm shift knew an extensive prehistory. Legal scholarship has long dismissed the ‘peace friends’ of the mid-century as either not legalistic or solely focussed on arbitration. The article will argue that this longstanding bias has precluded a profound engagement with legal discourse within the early international peace movement. It will do so through a contextual legal analysis of the works of Louis Bara, a young Belgian lawyer who won first prize for his lengthy and controversial peace essay at the famous Paris peace conference of 1849. This neglected jurist articulated an enduring popular desire to develop a liberal international legal project, which both the peace movement and international law as a discipline increasingly internalized.
Replacing a Culture of Disposability With One of Disponibilidad: An Ecclesiological Proposal for a World in Peril
Authors: Canaris Michael M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The ecclesial, sociopolitical, and ecological challenges of are day, while legion, can be read in many ways through the primary lens of a culture of disposability, where things are treated like waste, and people are treated like things. After briefly tracing the rise of the throwaway culture, I propose an antidote in the Ignatian principle of disponibilidad, commonly translated into English as ‘availability’. The ecclesiological proposal that would recalibrate our individual and collective Christian identities around this hallmark quality illumines various spheres of thought and activity which would benefit from a heightened awareness of and commitment to radical availability. The article closes with a charge to rethink what it means to be ‘children of the promise’, as Lumen Gentium puts it so movingly, in light of the twin patrimonies of Ignatian spirituality and rising attunement to the Global South bequeathed on the whole Christian world through the current pontificate.
Nothing in My Hand I Bring: Reformed Ecclesiology in a Secular Age
Authors: Michelson Jared 
Published: November 2020

Reformed Protestantism is variously critiqued in a secular age. On the one hand, Roman Catholics and Anglo-Catholics represent Protestantism as individualistic, opposed to tradition and liturgy, and tending toward a world-denying spirituality. They see Protestantism as participating in modernity’s worst tendencies. On the other hand, missional churches tend to see Magisterial Protestantism as inflexible and overly traditional, being unable to relate to a modern, secular context. I seek to retrieve the often unrecognised missional potential of a robust Reformed ecclesiology for a secular age. I retrieve an account of Reformed ecclesiology in dialogue with Calvin and some key modern voices.
The Dynamic Role of the Bibliothèque wallonne in the History of the Walloon Churches
Authors: den Hollander August 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Bibliothèque wallonne accommodates a church collection that is the result of distinct archival policies. Tracing the archival history of this collection reveals important shifts in its formation, accessibility, and usage. A travelling archive from 1578, it became a fixed church archive in 1777, and in 1852 was augmented by a separate Walloon Library, with both archives under the management of a Commission des Archives. In 1877, the Commission de l’ histoire des Églises wallonnes was established, whose goal was to write the history of the Walloon churches in the Netherlands, and collecting the necessary sources for doing so. In 1893, after the activities of both commissions were merged, the collections were combined to form what is now the Bibliothèque wallonne. Established primarily as a church archive, the collection is now mostly used for researching the history of the Walloon churches in the Netherlands.
At the World’s End: The British, Takao, and Southeast Asia, 1864–1895
Authors: Huang Sheng-Yu , Liu Te-Yen , Tien Cheng-Lun , Peleo Amador IV 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper examines the history of the commercial maritime activities associated with the former British Consulate at Takao (1864–1895) by considering its role as a facilitator of trade and international relations, particularly with Southeast Asia. The Takao Consulate fostered international trade between Southern Taiwan and Southeast Asia through the trading firm Jardine Matheson and contributed to the favorable economic conditions that were further enhanced by the Japanese Empire’s colonial administration of Taiwan from 1895 to 1945. By drawing on Man-Houng Lin’s work on the development of Taiwan in the late 19th to early 20th century, examining the history of the Consulate, locating Taiwan in the nexus of commercial links spanning the Western Pacific rim, and analyzing the links between the implementation of state policies and the conduct of international business, we will provide a contextualisation of the prevailing foreign trade policies of the Taiwanese government.
Colloquium 1 The Authorship of the Pseudo-Simplician Neoplatonic Commentary on the De Anima
Authors: Gabor Gary 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The traditional ascription of the Neoplatonic commentary on the De Anima to Sim­plicius has prominently been disputed by Carlos Steel and Fernand Bossier, along with J.O. Urmson and Francesco Piccolomini, among others. Citing problems with terminology, diction, cross-references, doctrine, and other features, these authors have argued that the commentary cannot have been composed by Simplicius and that Priscian of Lydia is a favored alternative. In this paper, I present some new arguments for why the traditional attribution to Simplicius is, in fact, the correct one. In particular, while addressing some of the terminological facts that have also been discussed by Christina Luna, Peter Lautner, Patricia Huby, and Philippe Vallat,1 among others, I offer a more secure basis for identifying the author of the De Anima commentary with Simplicius than has so far been proposed. In place of the disputes regarding terminology, which the debate has largely centered upon, I argue that certain unique and characteristic interpretive procedures, which one only finds in the undisputed Simplician works, allow us to identify the authorship of the De Anima commentary with Simplicius securely. Further, comparison of these methodological features with the extant works of Priscian rules out the possibility of his authorship of the commentary. I also provide some suggestions for resolving a few remaining issues of cross-reference between the De Anima commentary and the rest of Simplicius’s work. Finally, I conclude with some words on how that particular form of harmonization pursued by Simplicius’s contemporaries differs from both that of the De Anima commentary as well as his other works.
Colloquium 2 Commentary on Pearson
Authors: Curzer Howard J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Humean interpretation of Aristotle takes him to say that the goals of action are ultimately specified by desire. The Combo interpretation takes Aristotle to say that the goals of action are ultimately specified, sometimes by reason, other times by desire, and yet other times by both. I agree with Pearson that there are passages supporting each side and that the passages Pearson introduces into the debate support the Combo interpretation. To further support the Combo interpretation, I identify four features that Humeans want in a moral theory, and then show that a Humean interpretation of the passages bearing directly on the debate blocks the attribution of these features to Aristotle. A Humean interpretation may produce an Aristotle who is technically Humean, but this Aristotle will not accept the doctrines that make a Humean theory of motivation attractive to Humeans in the first place.
The One Excluded: Hugh Broughton and the King James Version of the Bible
Authors: Feingold Mordechai 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Perhaps nothing better exemplifies the scholarly character of the King James Version of the Bible than the decision to exclude Hugh Broughton from among its rank of translators. Scholars have generally accounted for this omission by pointing out Broughton’s volatile personality, with some claiming that the integrity of the translation enterprise suffered owing to the exclusion of the eminent Hebraist. This essay offers a more nuanced evaluation of Broughton’s persona and scholarship. Taking his erudition as a given, it seeks to evaluate Broughton’s scholarly output and the route that brought him to advocate a Bible translation against the backdrop of his vehement efforts to defend his writings against critics and his incessant quest for patronage.
Edmund Gibson’s 1695 Britannia and Late-Seventeenth-Century British Antiquarian Scholarship
Authors: Roebuck Thomas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Drawing on the evidence of correspondence and draft papers preserved primarily in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, this essay gives a detailed account of the genesis and editing of one of seventeenth-century British antiquarianism’s foremost works: the revised version of William Camden’s Britannia, published in 1695. It pays particular attention to Edmund Gibson’s role as editor of the project and demonstrates the diversity of kinds of antiquarian scholarship to be found within the book (showing that William Camden offered a wide-ranging model for antiquarian practice). The article then situates the Britannia within the context of the religio-political divisions provoked by the Glorious Revolution, showing how Edmund Gibson attempted to navigate those divisions. It concludes by assessing the 1695 Britannia’s place within the history of antiquarian scholarship.
Moving between Mauritius and the World (or Not)
Authors: Arnold Markus 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Contemporary literature from Mauritius, a heterogeneous multilingual production, is entangled within a complex transnational topology, where several increasingly recognized authors have deployed multiple identities through personal and editorial mobility. They benefit from (and participate in) the diversification of publishing structures, instances of dissemination, and audiences, while others hold very little symbolic capital. This paper discusses several key issues to understand the island’s multifaceted and unequal literary microcosm. It traces certain historical, linguistic and cultural predispositions of the Mauritian text today, addresses the reasons and implications of literary scale-shifting beyond the local, examines the modalities of trans/international recognition, and raises the issues at stake when translating these works. The island is hereby considered as a paradigmatic example of an emerging literary space on the postcolonial “periphery”, both contributing to challenging established canons, while remaining tributary to persisting hierarchies in the global literary system.
Globalising the West
Authors: Sievers Wiebke 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Literary actors in Western countries have long ignored authors who came as immigrants or are members of ethnic minorities. This article discusses the upscaling of these authors in the West since the 1960s as an international process related to other processes of globalisation, namely the recognition of non-Western writers and the emergence of transnational literary fields. Moreover, it compares the effects of this process in the British and German literary fields. In Britain, the upscaling of immigrants is intertwined with the recognition of post-colonial writing in English worldwide as well as with the emergence of a transnational literary field in English. In Germany, by contrast, there were no direct links between the growing recognition of peripheralized authors, the growing connectivity between several literary fields operating in German, and the upscaling of immigrants. This explains why it took immigrants so much longer to gain recognition in Germany than it did in Britain.
Between Political Meritocracy and Participatory Democracy: Toward Realist Confucian Democracy
Authors: Jin Darren Yutang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this article, I examine the textual underpinnings of participatory Confucian democracy and Confucian meritocracy and propose realist Confucian democracy as an alternative following a balanced reading of classic Confucianism. I argue that Confucian plebeian values do not square with the political meritocrats’ (Daniel A. Bell and Tongdong Bai) advocacy for meritocratic rule while Confucian elitist values undermine participatory democrats’ (Sor-hoon Tan and Stephen Angle) ardor for justifications of active democratic participation. A shared difficulty with both groups is that they tend to overuse one aspect of Confucianism while leaving the status of other elements in limbo. The discussion of participatory democracy and meritocracy is followed by the introduction of an eclectic reading that strikes a dynamic balance between elitist and plebeian values in Confucianism, and which points to the wide gamut of realist democracy that combines democratic election with strong leadership.
The Transnationality of the Secular
Authors: Six Clemens 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This essay discusses in how far we can understand the evolution of secularism in South and Southeast Asia between the end of the First World War and decolonisation after 1945 as a result of transimperial and transnational patterns. In the context of the growing comparative literature on the history of secularisms around the globe, I argue for more attention for the mobility of ideas and people across borders. Conceptually, I suggest to capture the diversity of 20th century secularisms in terms of family resemblance and to understand this resemblance less as colonial inheritance but as the result of translocal networks and their circuits of ideas and practices since 1918. I approach these networks through a combination of global intellectual history, the history of transnational social networks, and the global history of non-state institutions. Empirically, I illustrate my argument with three case studies: the reception of Atatürk’s reforms across Asia and the Middle East to illustrate transnational discourses around secularism; the role of social networks in the form of translocal women’s circles in the interwar period; and private US foundations as global circuits of expertise. Together, these illustrations are an attempt to sustain a certain degree of coherence within globalising secularism studies while at the same time avoiding conceptual overstretch.
Envisioning ‘Freedom’: Liberated Gender Identities in Young Egyptian Women Artists’ Oral and Visual Narratives
Authors: Abdelrahman Rania 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The 25 January revolution was a collective, popular movement that demanded improvement of life conditions on more than one level, such as social justice and better economic conditions, along with the call for freedom. Nevertheless, with the end of the demonstrations and the dispersal of the protestors, the spirit of the revolution and its demands continued to manifest on the level of the individual. The individualistic expressions of the demands were articulated by many individuals, each stressing one of the demands over the others. I argue that the freedom which inspired the 25 January revolution continues to inspire the aesthetic works of some contemporary Egyptian women painters. How is the ‘freedom’ which was one of the main mottos of the 25 January revolution reflected in these artists’ life stories and artworks? As independent artists, how do they negotiate their relationship with the different powers that control the art scene in Egypt? Their philosophy underlines their preoccupation with the liberation of identity, thus, the women they portray in their artworks enjoy a freedom similar to the one they aspire to. Their paintings reflect this preoccupation with women’s freedom – apparent in their clear commitment to women’s contemporary concerns, dilemmas and struggles against rigid societal norms and traditional gender roles/relations. The questions of subjectivity, memory, language and experience which are integral to oral history interpretation, and, according to Passerini, foreground ‘the peculiar specificity of oral material’ are looked at in relation to the artists’ artworks and oral histories.
Learning through Participation
Authors: Ke LIN 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Social media play increasingly important roles in changing young people’s learning styles. The most significant implication for moral and citizenship education would be that young people nowadays are employing social media for cybercivic participation and learning, constructing to both online and offline communities. This paper, based on a virtual ethnographic study, examines how Chinese university students participate in civic discussions and activities by the use of online forums and social network sites. It further explores youth capabilities of learning to be responsible, reciprocal, and reflective citizens. The paper presents three potential learning paradigms, namely dutiful, actualising, and reflective cybercivic learning, and argues that each paradigm has its advantages and limitations in developing moral and civic knowledge, values, and skills. To integrate three learning paradigms into the institutional education system would be an innovation of moral and citizenship education in the age of social media.
Equitable Growth and Poverty Alleviation: Lessons Learned from Korean Experience
Authors: Park Chanyong , Ikram Khalid 
Published: November 2020

This case study analyzed how Korea achieved rapid economic growth with i.t1ere-JSing equity and poverty aJlcviarion. Korean GDP per capita increased 110 times and absolute poverty rate dccn.:ased from 48.3 percent to 9.8 percent l:x:tween 196 l and 2001. Ir is true to say in rhe Korean case that the most efiecrive measure in reduction of the absolute pwerty level has been to make the economic pie biggcr. It is called growth-firsr~istrihution-larcr principle and brought abJut economic success hy overcoming a sc:vere shortage of natural endowments.
TI1e Korean government prioritized certain development-led industries in order to accelerate economic μ;ro\\•th. It was called '"imbalanced development strate,gy" and assessed as being more effective than "balanced development strategy" within the limited budget for ernnomic development. Although income inequality became aggravated Jue to the grmvrh-first polity and imbalanced strate,gy, the sizl' of the economic pie increased drastically. The income levels of middle and low income households increased to such an extent that much income inequality could l:x: rolernted. le can be said that in Korea. rapid economic growth raised welfare levels during rhe period between the l 960s and the 1990s even as income inequality worsened.
Korea ran into serious economic difficulties in late 1997. The poverty rates rose sharply from 7.67 rercem in 19'-)7 to 14.28 pen:ent in ·19'-)8. TI1e Korean govemrnenr w1dertook various anti-poverty programs designed to ease the impan of ma-.s lay-offS by implementing a new public assistance program and expanded the coverage of sx·ial insuranu.c:. In addition, hwnan resource development programs \Vere intrOOuced thar enhanced the access of the vulnerable class to the labor market by laying stress on labor welfare, raking mea,ures to protect irregtUar employees, and extending the application of the minimum wage system to all industries. Thanks to these efforts of the government, the p.>verty rates have decreased since 1999.
1bis study has led us to six tentative but useful lessons learned from the Korean success to lx applied to ocher developing countries: establishment of a clear objective of development and. the cornmirmenr of authorities; r,crn.ptive sdt·ction of rtprcscntative kx:omotive engines for rapid economic gro¥.-th and properly designed management; lx.'St investment in human rt'Source development; fair land reform and rural development; job creation and expansion of employment; and building-up of country's capacity to implement plans and projects expeditiously within budgeted costs.
US Policy Dilemma: Food Aid to an "Enemy State"? The Case of Communist China, 1961-1963, and North Korea, 1993-2000
Authors: Kang Jean S. 
Published: November 2020

Both Communist China of the early 1960s and North Korea of the 1990s posed significant policy challenges to the United States revolving around the important question of food aid. The Clinton administration was faced with the task of responding to the height of the North Korean famine, which was estimated to have taken place between 1995-1998. Interestingly, the dilemma that confronted the Clinton administration of whether to provide US food assistance to a nation considered an "enemy state" was reminiscent of the circumstances faced by the Kennedy administration with regard to the famine that scoured Communist China in the early 1960s. Estimated to have claimed nearly 30 million lives, the details of the Chinese famine resulting from the Great Leap Forward of 1958 have only recently been examined, as foreigners were unable to gain access to the PRC until nearly twenty years after the events. Similarly, only time will bring to surface the details of the famine in North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, hereafter "DPRK") due to the country's present self-imposed isolation, comparable to that of the PRC in the 1960s.
This study will examine the policy dilemma that confronted the United States with regard to the famine in Communist China following the Great Leap Forward in the 1960s and again in North Korea from 1993-2000. The divergent responses of the Kennedy administration and that of the Clinton administration will be studied, with a focus on Congressional discussions regarding the donation of US food aid to an "enemy state."