bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Covid-19 als Chance für den Frieden?
Authors: Bank André , Kurtenbach Sabine 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungEnde März 2020 rief UN-Generalsekretär Guterres angesichts der Bedrohung durch die Covid-19-Pandemie dazu auf, weltweit die Waffen ruhen zu lassen. Obwohl diese Initiative von 171 Regierungen begrüßt wurde, ist es nicht einmal kurzfristig zu einer umfassenden Gewaltreduktion in zentralen Konfliktgebieten gekommen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie in zwei regional wie global bedeutsamen Konfliktländern, Kolumbien mit seiner fragilen Befriedung und Syrien mit einem militärisch fast entschiedenen Krieg. Er fragt, wie die Corona-Krise die Dynamiken von Gewalt und Frieden nach bzw. am Ende von Bürgerkriegen beeinflusst.Kolumbien gilt weltweit als Beispiel dafür, dass umfassende Friedensabkommen auch in komplexen Konflikten möglich sind. Trotzdem ist der kurzfristige, friedenspolitische Trend in Zeiten der Pandemie bestenfalls ambivalent: Zwar hat die absolute Zahl der Morde abgenommen, MenschenrechtsverteidigerInnen und demobilisierte Ex-KombattantInnen bleiben jedoch bevorzugte Gewaltopfer, die Zahl der Massaker hat wieder zugenommen. Die noch aktive Guerillagruppe Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN) verkündete zunächst einen einseitigen Waffenstillstand, beendete diesen aber Ende April. Auch in Syrien sind die Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf die Konfliktdynamik widersprüchlich bis negativ: In der letzten Rebellenhochburg Idlib hat Covid-19 zwar indirekt dazu beigetragen, die russisch-türkische Waffenruhe vom März 2020 über mehrere Monate zu stabilisieren. Im Nordosten Syriens, der teils von der Türkei, teils von den kurdisch dominierten Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) kontrolliert wird, hat sich die humanitäre Lage hingegen seit Beginn der Pandemie deutlich verschlechtert, da das Assad-Regime die internationale Hilfe nicht in das verfeindete Gebiet weiterleitet. Trotz diverser Unterschiede zwischen Kolumbien und Syrien nutzen die jeweiligen Regierungen die mit der Ausbreitung des Virus verbundenen Krisen vor Ort, um ihre politischen Agenden gewaltsam zu festigen. In einem größerem Kontext zeigen die Erfahrungen in beiden Ländern, dass Covid-19 lokal weniger als „game changer“ denn als Verstärker und Beschleuniger von Dynamiken wirkt, die bereits vor Ausbruch der Pandemie bestanden hatten.
Parental and kinship ties, and low self‐control: Violence perpetration among rural African American adolescents from the Black Belt
Authors: Harris Charlene , Scarpate J. Melissa , Vazsonyi Alexander T. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionA substantial body of research supports both social control and self‐control theories in explaining violent or deviant behaviors. Most previous work has focused on the links between family ties or bonds and deviance, along with low self‐control. A potentially untested and overlooked bond is the extended kinship network, particularly among African American youth. The current study tested the extent to which kinship ties explained unique variability in violence perpetration, net the effects by family ties, low self‐control, and background variables.MethodsData were collected from rural African American adolescents enrolled in a poor, rural public school located in the Black Belt in the Southeastern United States. The sample included N = 610 adolescents (55.9% female; Mage = 15.64, SD = 1.74).ResultsFindings from hierarchical regressions provided evidence that kinship ties explained unique variance in violence perpetration, above and beyond the effects of parental support and low self‐control.ConclusionsStudy findings provide some support for the unique importance of kinship ties in understanding variability in adolescent violence perpetration in this sample of poor, rural African American adolescents. Thus, they highlight a potentially unique extra‐familial source of socialization and social control; this finding, in particular, has important theoretical and practical implications for prevention and intervention efforts targeting violent behaviors among rural African American youth.
RAM-2 Drill system development: an upgrade of the Rapid Air Movement Drill
Authors: Gibson Christopher , Boeckmann Grant , Meulemans Zachary , Kuhl Tanner , Koehler Jim , Johnson Jay , Slawny Kristina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSignificant upgrades to the Rapid Air Movement (RAM) Drill were developed and tested by the US Ice Drilling Program in 2016 through 2020 for the U.S. National Science Foundation. The design of the system leverages the existing infrastructure of the RAM Drill with the goal of greatly reducing the logistical burden of deploying the drill while maintaining the ability to drill an access hole in firn and ice to 100 m in 40 min or less. In this paper, characteristics of the drill are described, along with a description of the drill performance during the testing at Raven Camp in Greenland and at WAIS Divide Camp in Antarctica.
Factors influencing medical students and psychiatry residents in Ghana to consider psychiatry as a career option – a qualitative study
Authors: Agyapong Vincent I.O , Ritchie Amanda , Doucet Kacy , Agyapong-Opoku Gerald , Shalaby Reham , Hrabok Marianne , Ulzen Thaddeus , Osei Akwasi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundCurrently, Ghana has 14 actively practicing psychiatrists and about 26 psychiatric residents for a population of over 28 million people. Previous research suggests a lack of interest by Ghanaian medical students and medical graduates in considering psychiatry as a career option.ObjectivesTo examine the perception of medical students and psychiatry residents in Ghana about the barriers which hinder Ghanaian medical graduates from choosing careers in psychiatry and how these barriers could be overcome.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional qualitative study with data gathered using focus group discussion. Twenty clinical year medical students were selected through block randomization from the four public medical schools in Ghana and invited to participate in one of two focus group discussions. Also, four psychiatric residents were invited to participate in the focus group discussions.ResultsThe main barriers identified by participants could be grouped under four main themes, namely: (a) myths and stigma surrounding mental health and patients, (b) negative perceptions of psychiatrists, (c) infrastructure and funding issues, (d) lack of exposure and education. To address the barriers presented, participants discussed potential solutions that could be categorized into five main themes, namely: (a) stigma reduction, (b) educating professionals, (c) addressing deficient infrastructure, (d) risk management, and (e) incentivizing the pursuit of psychiatry among students.ConclusionHealth policy planners and medical training institutions could consider implementing proposed solutions to identify barriers as part of efforts to improve the psychiatrist to patient ratio in Ghana.
AN INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT OF UNCERTAINTY FOR RADIOCARBON ANALYSIS WITH THE NEW GENERATION HIGH-YIELD ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETERS
Authors: Aerts-Bijma A T , Paul D , Dee M W , Palstra S W L , Meijer H A J 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTThe radiocarbon (14C) dating facility at the Centre for Isotope Research, University of Groningen went through a major upgrade in 2017 and this included installation of a MICADAS accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS). In the first 18 months, we performed 4000 sample and 3000 reference measurements. A careful evaluation of those measurement results is presented, to characterize the various sources of uncertainty and to ultimately assign, for every sample measurement, a realistic expanded uncertainty. This analysis was performed on the measurements of secondary references and sample duplicates in various phases of their processing steps. The final expanded uncertainty includes both the 14C measurement uncertainties and uncertainties originating from pretreatment steps. Where the 14C measurement uncertainty includes straightforward uncertainties arising from Poisson statistics, background subtraction, calibration on Oxalic Acid II and δ13C correction, the uncertainties originating from pretreatment steps are based on the spread of actual measurement results for secondary references and sample duplicates. We show that the 14C measurement uncertainty requires expansion, depending on the number of processing steps involved prior to a 14C measurement, by a maximum factor of 1.6 at our laboratory. By using these expansion (multiplication) factors, we make our reported uncertainty both more realistic and reliable.
Δ14C PEAKS APPEARING IN EARLYWOOD AND LATEWOOD TREE RINGS (AD 770–780) IN NORTHEASTERN ARIZONA
Authors: Park J H , Southon J , Seo JW , Creasman P P , Hong W , Park G , Sung K H 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTThe AD 775 peak in Δ14C (henceforth, M12) was first measured by Miyake et al. and has since been confirmed globally. Here we present earlywood and latewood Δ14C values from tree rings of pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) from Mummy Cave, Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Chinle, Arizona, USA, for the period AD 770–780. These data reconfirm the timing of M12 and show a small rise in Δ14C in AD 774 latewood. Allowing for the delay in lateral transfer of radiocarbon produced at high latitude, this suggests that 14C peak production occurred in late winter or spring of AD 774. Additionally, Δ14C decreased slightly in the earlywood of AD 775 and increased in the latewood of AD 775 to a higher level than that observed in AD 774.
Death without mourning: homosexuality,homo sacer, and bearable loss in Central Africa
Authors: Ndjio Basile 
Published: November 2020

AbstractContemporary societies in Central Africa are known for their mourning ethos: communities often engage in endless lamentation upon the death of their loved ones. Yet people experience the death of a family member differently, depending on the deceased's sexual identification. While the death of a person identifying as heterosexual is generally felt as unbearable, that of a person identifying as homosexual is experienced as bearable. Based on field research conducted in Cameroon, this article analyses the way in which contemporary Central African societies experience the death of persons identifying as homosexual. Drawing on Giorgio Agamben's notion ofhomo sacer, the article argues that, as a result of the pervasiveness of anti-homosexual ideologies and procreationist doctrines promotingvitalis moralisor the ethics of life, childless persons identifying as homosexuals have become ‘homines sacri’ whose deaths arouse little grief from the community because their existence was perceived as ‘bare’ or useless even before their death.
‘Idle minds’ and ‘empty stomachs’: youth, violence and religious diversity in coastal Kenya
Authors: Meinema Erik 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article analyses how concerns about youth and violence intersect with the politics of managing religious coexistence in the coastal Kenyan town of Malindi. During extensive ethnographic research, I noticed that Muslim, Christian and ‘Traditionalist’ leaders, politicians and NGO officials often fear that the ‘idleness’ of young people leaves them susceptible to various immoralities, including political violence and ‘violent extremism’, that threaten peaceful ethnic and religious coexistence. The article explores how these concerns motivate leaders’ attempts to incorporate youth in development and peace projects, and how youth respond to these interventions. These projects are funded by Western donors, who often see ‘radical’ religiosity, especially among Muslim youth, as a security threat. Yet, leaders in Malindi accommodate donor policies to the (coastal) Kenyan context, and tend to understand immoralities and violence as resulting from a lack of religiosity among youth. The article argues that perceptions of ‘idle youth’ as potentially violent threats to peaceful religious coexistence and morality allow leaders to develop a ‘moral religiosity’ that is shared across religious divides. However, the ways in which youth strategically resist or comply with interventions to pacify them demonstrate that they do not necessarily agree with dominant moral and political constellations.
How much change is enough? Evidence from a longitudinal study on depression in UK primary care
Authors: Kounali Daphne , Button Katherine S. , Lewis Gemma , Gilbody Simon , Kessler David , Araya Ricardo , Duffy Larisa , Lanham Paul , Peters Tim J. , Wiles Nicola , Lewis Glyn 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7) are widely used in the evaluation of interventions for depression and anxiety. The smallest reduction in depressive symptoms that matter to patients is known as the Minimum Clinically Important Difference (MCID). Little empirical study of the MCID for these scales exists.MethodsA prospective cohort of 400 patients in UK primary care were interviewed on four occasions, 2 weeks apart. At each time point, participants completed all three questionnaires and a ‘global rating of change’ scale (GRS). MCID estimation relied on estimated changes in symptoms according to reported improvement on the GRS scale, stratified by baseline severity on the Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R).ResultsFor moderate baseline severity, those who reported improvement on the GRS had a reduction of 21% (95% confidence interval (CI) −26.7 to −14.9) on the PHQ-9; 23% (95% CI −27.8 to −18.0) on the BDI-II and 26.8% (95% CI −33.5 to −20.1) on the GAD-7. The corresponding threshold scores below which participants were more likely to report improvement were −1.7, −3.5 and −1.5 points on the PHQ-9, BDI-II and GAD-7, respectively. Patients with milder symptoms require much larger reductions as percentage of their baseline to endorse improvement.ConclusionsAn MCID representing 20% reduction of scores in these scales, is a useful guide for patients with moderately severe symptoms. If treatment had the same effect on patients irrespective of baseline severity, those with low symptoms are unlikely to notice a benefit.FundingFunding. National Institute for Health Research.
Repair of a mixed form of supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Authors: Kawasaki Yuki , Dentel John N. , Walters Henry L. , Galas James M. , Kobayashi Daisuke 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTotal anomalous pulmonary venous connection is a rare congenital heart defect. We report an infant with a mixed form of supracardiac TAPVC, in whom all pulmonary veins, except the right upper, entered a pulmonary venous confluence that is connected to a vertical vein and drained into the superior vena caval–right atrial junction. Several segmental right upper pulmonary veins entered the superior vena cava, superior to the entry of the vertical vein. Surgical repair consisted of the Warden procedure combined with direct anastomosis of the vertical vein to the left atrium. Separate pulmonary venous drainage pathways decreased the risk of post-operative pulmonary venous obstruction. Our patient had an uneventful post-operative course and encouraging 2-month follow-up echocardiography. Careful follow-up is warranted to detect post-operative complications, including obstruction of the pulmonary venous and cavoatrial anastomoses.
Maintaining paediatric cardiac services during the COVID-19 pandemic in a developing country in sub-Saharan Africa: guidelines for a “scale up” in the face of a global “scale down”
Authors: Sokunbi Ogochukwu J. , Mgbajah Ogadinma , Olugbemi Augustine , Udom Bassey O. , Idowu Ariyo , Sanusi Michael O. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic is currently ravaging the globe and the African continent is not left out. While the direct effects of the pandemic in regard to morbidity and mortality appear to be more significant in the developed world, the indirect harmful effects on already insufficient healthcare infrastructure on the African continent would in the long term be more detrimental to the populace. Women and children form a significant vulnerable population in underserved areas such as the sub-Saharan region, and expectedly will experience the disadvantages of limited healthcare coverage which is a major fall out of the pandemic. Paediatric cardiac services that are already sparse in various sub-Saharan countries are not left out of this downsizing. Restrictions on international travel for patients out of the continent to seek medical care and for international experts into the continent for regular mission programmes leave few options for children with cardiac defects to get the much-needed care.There is a need for a region-adapted guideline to scale-up services to cater for more children with congenital heart disease (CHD) while providing a safe environment for healthcare workers, patients, and their caregivers. This article outlines measures adapted to maintain paediatric cardiac care in a sub-Saharan tertiary centre in Nigeria during the COVID-19 pandemic and will serve as a guide for other institutions in the region who will inadvertently need to provide these services as the demand increases.
Rainfall shocks, cognitive development and educational attainment among adolescents in a drought-prone region in Kenya
Authors: Nübler Laura , Austrian Karen , Maluccio John A. , Pinchoff Jessie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThere is growing evidence that early life conditions are important for outcomes during adolescence, including cognitive development and education. Economic conditions at the time children enter school are also important. We examine these relationships for young adolescents living in a low-income drought-prone pastoral setting in Kenya using historical rainfall patterns captured by remote sensing as exogenous shocks. Past rainfall shocks measured as deviations from local long-term averages have substantial negative effects on the cognitive development and educational achievement of girls. Results for the effects of rainfall shocks on grades attained, available for both girls and boys, support that finding. Consideration of additional outcomes suggests the effects of rainfall shocks on education are due to multiple underlying mechanisms including persistent effects on the health of children and the wealth of their households, underscoring the potential value of contemporaneous program and policy responses to such shocks.
Determinants of smallholder farmers’ adoption of short-term and long-term sustainable land management practices
Authors: Kansanga Moses Mosonsieyiri , Luginaah Isaac , Bezner Kerr Rachel , Dakishoni Laifolo , Lupafya Esther 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDespite increasing land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa, investment in sustainable land management (SLM) remains low. Empirical evidence show that smallholder farmers tend to prioritize investing in SLM practices with short-term turnover—e.g., composting and crop residue integration—in order to improve soil fertility and yields to the neglect of practices like agroforestry whose benefits tend to materialize in a relatively longer period. While it is crucial for farmers to prioritize both short-term and long-term SLM practices for the maintenance of overall ecosystem health, the factors that shape the concurrent adoption of short-term and long-term SLM practices remain underexplored. Using data from a cross-sectional survey with smallholder farming households (n = 512) in Malawi, we employed logistic regression to examine the determinants of the concurrent adoption of short-term and long-term SLM practices. Our findings show that plot size, farmer-to-farmer knowledge sharing, presence of a chronically ill person in the household, active household labor size, wealth and women's autonomy are noteworthy determinants. A unit increase in plot size was associated with increased odds (OR = 1.41, p < 0.01) of simultaneously adopting short-term and long-term SLM practices. Similarly, a unit increase in the active labor size of the household (OR = 1.30, p < 0.001) was positively associated with the concurrent adoption of short-term and long-term SLM practices. Households with no chronically sick person were 3.2 times more likely to adopt short-term and long-term SLM practices simulataneously compared to those with chronically sick persons. Farming households that exchanged farming information (OR = 2.50, p < 0.001) with other households had significantly higher odds of adopting short-term and long-term SLM practices concurrently than those that did not share farming information. Compared to households in the poorest wealth category, those in the richer (OR = 3.14, p < 0.001) and richest (OR = 3.64, p < 0.001) wealth categories were both significantly more likely to adopt short-term and long-term SLM practices concurrently. These findings suggest that initiatives targeted at promoting the holistic adoption of SLM practices—a combination of both short-term and long-term practices—must pay attention to contextual nuances including household wealth, gender, farmer training and land access dynamics.
Kenneth Waltz's approach to reading classic political theory and why it matters
Authors: MacKay Joseph 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHow did Kenneth Waltz read canonical theoretical texts? Waltz understood himself first as a political theorist and remained committed to interpreting political thought throughout his career. This paper briefly delineates Waltz's method for reading political theory. I identify four elements of Waltz's approach: it was purposive, explanatory, textualist, and anti-esoteric. First, he thought texts could best be linked to one another and compared purposively, by aligning the questions they asked. Second, he understood the primary purpose of theoretical texts to be explanatory: normativity was a secondary concern. Third, he was a relatively strict textualist, taking little interest in historical context. Fourth, he took no account of esoteric writing. I then track his intellectual influences, through his graduate training and early academic career. I show this set of methodological tenets was, taken together, largely his own invention. I argue Waltz's reading method shaped his own theoretical work, providing concepts and informing his structural and parsimonious style of theory. I track these effects in his later theory-building project inTheory of International Politics. By extension, I suggest, his approach influenced much of postwar International Relations theory, both in terms of its specific conceptual toolkit and its approach to theory as such.