bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origin of quasi-harmonic emission bands with fine structure in the dynamic spectra of high-frequency interpulses of the Crab pulsar
Authors: Zheleznyakov V V , Shaposhnikov V E 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the origin of quasi-harmonic emission bands with fine structure observed in the dynamic radiation spectra of high-frequency interpulses. The possible explanation of observed structure is based on the effect of double plasma resonance (DPR) at electron cyclotron harmonics realized in the magnetosphere of pulsar in a local radio emission source filled with non-relativistic plasma. The model of the source consists of neutral current sheet with a transverse magnetic field where plasma waves are generated due to DPR effect. It is shown that the emergence of emission bands and their frequency spacing are due to the inhomogeneity of the plasma and magnetic field along the current sheet, and their fine structure is due to the inhomogeneity of the current sheet in the direction orthogonal to it. Each quasi-harmonic emission band represents a system of elements of fine features of radiation that is generated by suprathermal electrons under DPR conditions. The observed upward drift of quasi-harmonic emission bands is due to the displacement of suprathermal electrons across the current sheet and an increase in the DPR frequencies with distance from the central plane of the layer.
Super-resolution emulator of cosmological simulations using deep physical models
Authors: Kodi Ramanah Doogesh , Charnock Tom , Villaescusa-Navarro Francisco , Wandelt Benjamin D 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We present an extension of our recently developed Wasserstein optimized model to emulate accurate high-resolution (HR) features from computationally cheaper low-resolution (LR) cosmological simulations. Our deep physical modelling technique relies on restricted neural networks to perform a mapping of the distribution of the LR cosmic density field to the space of the HR small-scale structures. We constrain our network using a single triplet of HR initial conditions and the corresponding LR and HR evolved dark matter simulations from the quijote suite of simulations. We exploit the information content of the HR initial conditions as a well-constructed prior distribution from which the network emulates the small-scale structures. Once fitted, our physical model yields emulated HR simulations at low computational cost, while also providing some insights about how the large-scale modes affect the small-scale structure in real space.
Lensed or not lensed: determining lensing magnifications for binary neutron star mergers from a single detection
Authors: Pang Peter T H , Hannuksela Otto A , Dietrich Tim , Pagano Giulia , Harry Ian W 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo could observe the first lensed gravitational wave sources in the coming years, while the future Einstein Telescope could observe hundreds of lensed events. It is, therefore, crucial to develop methodologies to distinguish between lensed from unlensed gravitational-wave observations. A lensed signal not identified as such will lead to biases during the interpretation of the source. In particular, sources will appear to have intrinsically higher masses. No robust method currently exists to distinguish between the magnification bias caused by lensing and intrinsically high-mass sources. In this work, we show how to recognize lensed and unlensed binary neutron star systems through the measurement of their tidal effects for highly magnified sources as a proof-of-principle. The proposed method could be used to identify lensed binary neutron stars that are the chief candidate for lensing cosmography studies. We apply our method on GW190425, finding no evidence in favour of lensing, mainly due to the poor measurement of the event’s tidal effects. However, we expect that future detections with better tidal measurements can yield better constraints.
The impact of fallback on the compact remnants and chemical yields of core-collapse supernovae
Authors: Chan Conrad , Müller Bernhard , Heger Alexander 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Fallback in core-collapse supernovae plays a crucial role in determining the properties of the compact remnants and of the ejecta composition. We perform three-dimensional simulations of mixing and fallback for selected non-rotating supernova models to study how explosion energy and asymmetries correlate with the remnant mass, remnant kick, and remnant spin. We find that the strongest kick and spin are imparted by partial fallback in an asymmetric explosion. Black hole (BH) kicks of several hundred $\mathrm{km}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$ and spin parameters of $\mathord {\sim }0.25$ can be obtained in this scenario. If the initial explosion energy barely exceeds the envelope binding energy, stronger fallback results, and the remnant kick and spin remain small. If the explosion energy is high with respect to the envelope binding energy, there is little fallback with a small effect on the remnant kick, but the spin-up by fallback can be substantial. For a non-rotating $12\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ progenitor, we find that the neutron star is spun up to millisecond periods. The high specific angular momentum of the fallback material can also lead to disc formation around BHs. Fallback may thus be a pathway towards millisecond-magnetar or collapsar-type engines for hypernovae and gamma-ray bursts that does not require rapid progenitor rotation. Within our small set of simulations, none reproduced the peculiar layered fallback necessary to explain the metal-rich iron-poor composition of many carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars. Models with different explosion energy and different realizations of asymmetries may, however, be compatible with CEMP abundance patterns.
How primordial magnetic fields shrink galaxies
Authors: Martin-Alvarez Sergio , Slyz Adrianne , Devriendt Julien , Gómez-Guijarro Carlos 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
As one of the prime contributors to the interstellar medium energy budget, magnetic fields naturally play a part in shaping the evolution of galaxies. Galactic magnetic fields can originate from strong primordial magnetic fields provided these latter remain below current observational upper limits. To understand how such magnetic fields would affect the global morphological and dynamical properties of galaxies, we use a suite of high-resolution constrained transport magnetohydrodynamic cosmological zoom simulations where we vary the initial magnetic field strength and configuration along with the prescription for stellar feedback. We find that strong primordial magnetic fields delay the onset of star formation and drain the rotational support of the galaxy, diminishing the radial size of the galactic disc and driving a higher amount of gas towards the centre. This is also reflected in mock UVJ observations by an increase in the light profile concentration of the galaxy. We explore the possible mechanisms behind such a reduction in angular momentum, focusing on magnetic braking. Finally, noticing that the effects of primordial magnetic fields are amplified in the presence of stellar feedback, we briefly discuss whether the changes we measure would also be expected for galactic magnetic fields of non-primordial origin.
Convective excitation and damping of solar-like oscillations
Authors: Zhou Yixiao , Asplund Martin , Collet Remo , Joyce Meridith 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
The last decade has seen a rapid development in asteroseismology thanks to the CoRoT and Kepler missions. With more detailed asteroseismic observations available, it is becoming possible to infer exactly how oscillations are driven and dissipated in solar-type stars. We have carried out three-dimensional (3D) stellar atmosphere simulations together with one-dimensional (1D) stellar structural models of key benchmark turn-off and subgiant stars to study this problem from a theoretical perspective. Mode excitation and damping rates are extracted from 3D and 1D stellar models based on analytical expressions. Mode velocity amplitudes are determined by the balance between stochastic excitation and linear damping, which then allows the estimation of the frequency of maximum oscillation power, νmax, for the first time based on ab initio and parameter-free modelling. We have made detailed comparisons between our numerical results and observational data and achieved very encouraging agreement for all of our target stars. This opens the exciting prospect of using such realistic 3D hydrodynamical stellar models to predict solar-like oscillations across the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, thereby enabling accurate estimates of stellar properties such as mass, radius, and age.
Flexible Mixture Model Approaches That Accommodate Footprint Size Variability for Robust Detection of Balancing Selection
Authors: Cheng Xiaoheng , DeGiorgio Michael 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLong-term balancing selection typically leaves narrow footprints of increased genetic diversity, and therefore most detection approaches only achieve optimal performances when sufficiently small genomic regions (i.e., windows) are examined. Such methods are sensitive to window sizes and suffer substantial losses in power when windows are large. Here, we employ mixture models to construct a set of five composite likelihood ratio test statistics, which we collectively term B statistics. These statistics are agnostic to window sizes and can operate on diverse forms of input data. Through simulations, we show that they exhibit comparable power to the best-performing current methods, and retain substantially high power regardless of window sizes. They also display considerable robustness to high mutation rates and uneven recombination landscapes, as well as an array of other common confounding scenarios. Moreover, we applied a specific version of the B statistics, termed B2, to a human population-genomic data set and recovered many top candidates from prior studies, including the then-uncharacterized STPG2 and CCDC169–SOHLH2, both of which are related to gamete functions. We further applied B2 on a bonobo population-genomic data set. In addition to the MHC-DQ genes, we uncovered several novel candidate genes, such as KLRD1, involved in viral defense, and SCN9A, associated with pain perception. Finally, we show that our methods can be extended to account for multiallelic balancing selection and integrated the set of statistics into open-source software named BalLeRMix for future applications by the scientific community.
5′-fluoro(di)phosphate-labeled oligonucleotides are versatile molecular probes for studying nucleic acid secondary structure and interactions by 19F NMR
Authors: Baranowski Marek R , Warminski Marcin , Jemielity Jacek , Kowalska Joanna 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The high sensitivity of 19F nucleus to changes in the chemical environment has promoted the use of fluorine-labeled molecular probes to study structure and interactions of nucleic acids by 19F NMR. So far, most efforts have focused on incorporating the fluorine atom into nucleobase and ribose moieties using either monomer building blocks for solid-phase synthesis, or nucleoside triphosphates for enzymatic synthesis. Here, we report a simple and efficient synthesis of 5′-fluoromonophosphorylated and 5′-fluorodiphosphorylated oligodeoxyribonucleotides, which combines solid-phase and in-solution synthesis methods and requires only commercially available nucleoside phosphoramidites, followed by their evaluation as 19F NMR probes. We confirmed that the fluorine atom at the oligonucleotide 5′ end did not alter the secondary structure of DNA fragments. Moreover, at the same time, it enabled real-time 19F NMR monitoring of various DNA-related biophysical processes, such as oligonucleotide hybridization (including mismatch identification), G-quadruplex folding/unfolding and its interactions with thrombin, as well as formation of an i-motif structure and its interaction with small-molecule ligands.
Nitrosative stress inhibits aminoacylation and editing activities of mitochondrial threonyl-tRNA synthetase by S-nitrosation
Authors: Zheng Wen-Qiang , Zhang Yuying , Yao Qin , Chen Yuzhe , Qiao Xinhua , Wang En-Duo , Chen Chang , Zhou Xiao-Long 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStructure and/or function of proteins are frequently affected by oxidative/nitrosative stress via posttranslational modifications. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) constitute a class of ubiquitously expressed enzymes that control cellular protein homeostasis. Here, we found the activity of human mitochondrial (mt) threonyl-tRNA synthetase (hmtThrRS) is resistant to oxidative stress (H2O2) but profoundly sensitive to nitrosative stress (S-nitrosoglutathione, GSNO). Further study showed four Cys residues in hmtThrRS were modified by S-nitrosation upon GSNO treatment, and one residue was one of synthetic active sites. We analyzed the effect of modification at individual Cys residue on aminoacylation and editing activities of hmtThrRS in vitro and found that both activities were decreased. We further confirmed that S-nitrosation of mtThrRS could be readily detected in vivo in both human cells and various mouse tissues, and we systematically identified dozens of S-nitrosation-modified sites in most aaRSs, thus establishing both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic aaRS species with S-nitrosation ex vivo and in vivo, respectively. Interestingly, a decrease in the S-nitrosation modification level of mtThrRS was observed in a Huntington disease mouse model. Overall, our results establish, for the first time, a comprehensive S-nitrosation-modified aaRS network and a previously unknown mechanism on the basis of the inhibitory effect of S-nitrosation on hmtThrRS.
Mycophenolate mofetil as a successful treatment of corticosteroid-resistant immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hepatitis
Authors: Nakano Kenji , Nishizawa Masatoshi , Fukuda Naoki , Urasaki Tetsuya , Wang Xiaofei , Mitani Hiroki , Takahashi Shunji 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now widely used to many malignant diseases, but some patients suffer from immune-related adverse events during or after ICI treatments. The monoclonal antibody infliximab is usually chosen as a salvage treatment to combat corticosteroid-resistant adverse events, but infliximab is not recommended as a response to hepatitis because of the potential risk of liver failure. An alternative treatment option has not been established. We treated a head and neck cancer patient (a 50-year-old Japanese male) who suffered from corticosteroid-resistant hepatitis during treatment with nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 ICI, and that was recovered by mycophenolate mofetil salvage therapy.
Novel mutation in the RAB3GAP1 gene, the first diagnosed Warburg Micro syndrome case in Syria
Authors: Tenawi Soubhi , Al Khudari Rawan , Alasmar Diana 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Warburg Micro syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disease due to mutation in the RAB3GAP1, RAB3GAP2, RAB18 and TBC1D20 genes. It is commonly seen in consanguineous marriages, characterized by optic (microcornea, microphthalmia, congenital cataracts), neurologic )microcephaly, corpus callosum hypoplasia, severe mental retardation( and hypogonadism; some non-typical findings could be present (cardiomyopathy, peripheral neuropathy). We report a novel homozygous mutation in the RAB3GAP1 gene in a 7-month-old boy from healthy nonconsanguineous parents from the same village in Syria, with bilateral congenital cataracts, hypogonadism, muscular hypotonia and severe developmental delay. Whole exome sequencing (WES) showed a homozygous mutation in the c.2195del p.(Pro732Glnfs*6) in exon 19 of the RAB3GAP1 gene, which is likely pathogenic and correlates with Warburg Micro syndrome type 1.
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A VR-BASED RADIATION SAFETY TRAINING SYSTEM FOR INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGISTS
Authors: Guo Yi , Mao Li , Zhang Gongsen , Chen Zhi , Pei Xi , Xu X George 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
To help minimise occupational radiation exposure in interventional radiology, we conceptualised a virtual reality-based radiation safety training system to help operators understand complex radiation fields and to avoid high radiation areas through game-like interactive simulations. The preliminary development of the system has yielded results suggesting that the training system can calculate and report the radiation exposure after each training session based on a database precalculated from computational phantoms and Monte Carlo simulations and the position information provided by the Microsoft HoloLens headset. In addition, real-time dose rate and cumulative dose will be displayed to the trainee to help them adjust their practice. This paper presents the conceptual design of the overall hardware and software design, as well as preliminary results to combine HoloLens headset and complex 3D X-ray field spatial distribution data to create a mixed reality environment for safety training purpose in interventional radiology.
An observational report of universal GeneXpert testing of inpatients with diagnosed or presumptive TB in the Philippines
Authors: Thi Aye Myat , Lee Nathaniel , Parris Victoria , Marin Flora P , Roy Lynsil , Calapis Rugaiya W , Ariyoshi Koya , Parry Christopher M , Cox Sharon E 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe Philippines is a high TB and multidrug-resistant TB burden country. Although the scale-up of GeneXpert testing is occurring, the benefits of universal Xpert-Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ rifampicin (MTB/RIF) testing in inpatients have not been documented.MethodsRoutine GeneXpert testing irrespective of priority criteria for testing was conducted within a prospective cohort of all adults with known or presumptive TB admitted to a tertiary infectious diseases hospital in Manila. Study-specific TB diagnosis was decided upon bacteriological results, chest x-ray assessment, if already on anti-TB treatment (ATT) at admission and a cough duration of ≥2 wk.ResultsOf submitted sputum samples, 87.1% (277/318) had valid acid-fast bacilli (AFB) microscopy and Xpert® MTB/RIF results. Xpert® MTB/RIF was positive in 97.7% (n = 87/89) of AFB-positive patients and 25.5% (n = 48/188) of AFB-negative patients. Bacteriological confirmation in smear negative cases not on ATT prior to admission was 25.2% (34/135). Rifampicin resistance was detected in 26/135 Xpert positive cases (19.3%), including nine who might not otherwise have been detected, representing a 53% increase in yield.ConclusionUniversal GeneXpert testing in this setting enhanced the yield of bacterial confirmation, revealing a high incidence of rifampicin resistance and suggesting a need for further investigations in Xpert-negative/smear-positive patients who may not have mycobacterial TB.
Evaluation of In Vitro Wettability of Soft Contact Lenses Using Tear Supplements
Authors: Iwashita Hiroko , Itokawa Takashi , Suzuki Takashi , Okajima Yukinobu , Kakisu Koji , Hori Yuichi 
Published: May 2020

Objective:
To evaluate the interaction between tear supplements and soft contact lenses (SCLs), we measured the contact angles (CAs) on the SCLs using commercially available tear supplements.

Methods:
We used four daily disposable conventional hydrogel lenses (etafilcon A, etafilcon A+ polyvinylpyrrolidone, nelfilcon A, and omafilcon A containing 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine [MPC]) and four silicone hydrogel lenses (narafilcon A, senofilcon A, delefilcon A, and stenfilcon A). The CAs on the SCLs were measured using a sessile drop technique and four different types of sessile drops, including saline, artificial tears, lubricants containing 2-MPC (MPC solution), and 0.1% hyaluronate acid (HA).

Results:
The CA values associated with the silicone hydrogel lenses were significantly (P<0.001) lower than those associated with the conventional hydrogel lenses with all four solutions. The mean CA of 0.1% HA was significantly (P<0.01) higher than that of saline. The mean CA of the MPC solution was significantly (P<0.01) lower than that of saline with the conventional hydrogel lenses but significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of saline with the silicone hydrogel lenses.

Conclusions:
The CAs associated with the silicone hydrogel SCLs were higher with the use of the MPC solutions and HA in vitro. The measured CAs may depend on ingredient agents, surface treatment of the CLs, and components of the tear supplements.
Characteristics, Behaviors, and Awareness of Contact Lens Wearers Purchasing Lenses Over the Internet
Authors: Mingo-Botín David , Zamora Javier , Arnalich-Montiel Francisco , Muñoz-Negrete Francisco José 
Published: May 2020

Objectives:
To describe the characteristics and hygiene habits of contact lens (CL) wearers who acquire CLs over the Internet, as well as their awareness of modifiable risk factors (RFs).

Methods:
A web-based survey was conducted among clients of an online CL sales platform during 6 months. Demographic data, CL hygiene-related awareness, and compliance were collected and analyzed.

Results:
The questionnaire was completed by 1,264 CL wearers: the average age was 40.8 years; most were women (71.1%), had myopia (76.4%), and wore monthly disposable CLs (63.6%). The frequency of eye examination was significantly lower among those buying the CL exclusively online (15.8% vs. 6.6%, P<0.001) and those who had begun CL use on their own (17.5% vs. 8.8%, P<0.001). Initiation to CL wear without the intervention of an eye care practitioner was more frequent in wearers with less experience. Common risk behaviors included water exposure (68.1% in swimming and 64.9% in the shower), use of the case (61.9%) and CL (65.1%) beyond the recommended replacement time, and reuse of the maintenance solution (31.9%). Ignorance of recommended hygiene increased the probability of risky behavior.

Conclusion:
There were no differences in compliance or awareness of risks between those purchasing exclusively online and other CL wearers. However, the growing frequency of self-taught initiation in CL wear among less-experienced online customers and online exclusive purchase was associated with a decrease in eye examination frequency and therefore worse compliance and increased risks. This finding underlines the importance of publicizing correct hygiene habits by all possible means so as to increase compliance.
Prevalence of Ocular Demodex Infestation in Children: An Epidemiological Survey in South China
Authors: Zhang Nuan , Liu Yan , Wen Kuiyao , Jin Ling , Chen Chuan , Chen Qianyun , Zeng Yangfa , Liang Lingyi 
Published: May 2020

Objectives:
To investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for Demodex mite infestation of the eyelashes in Chinese children.

Methods:
A total of 1,575 children were surveyed from June 2017 to January 2019 and stratified into two age groups: 3 to 6 and 7 to 14 years. All subjects underwent routine eye examination and lash epilation for Demodex mite identification and counting using microscopy. Demographic data and lifestyle habits were also recorded.

Results:

Demodex mites were detected in 189 of 1,575 (12.0%) children, including Demodex folliculorum (D. folliculorum) in 180 (11.4%), Demodex brevis (D. brevis) in 11 (0.7%), and both mites in 2 (0.1%). The median number of D. folliculorum mites was 1 (interquartile range [IQR], 1–2) and that of D. brevis was 1 (IQR, 1–1). Children with Demodex infestation did not exhibit more ocular discomfort than those without (21.2% vs. 23.1%; P=0.56). However, lash abnormalities, including trichiasis, cylindrical dandruff, or scaly discharge at the lash root, were more prevalent in children with Demodex infestation (24.9% vs. 12.8%; P<0.001) and in the 7 to 14-year subgroup (33.7% vs. 12.8%; P<0.001). Multiple logistic regression revealed that autumn–winter was associated with a higher detection rate of Demodex infestation (all P<0.05). In the 3-6-year subgroup, children residing in rural regions exhibited a higher prevalence of Demodex infestation (P=0.03).

Conclusions:
Ocular Demodex infestation, with a low Demodex mite count, was found in healthy Chinese children aged 3 to 14 years.