bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Boatright Robert G. , Sperling Valerie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The book begins by laying out a story about the impact of the presidential race on the congressional races in 2016. At the center of this story lie two unanticipated developments that characterized the 2016 election. The first of these was the unusual centrality of sexism and gender stereotypes to the presidential race in 2016. In a society that appears, by some measures, to have taken strides toward greater gender equality, what happened in Congressional campaigns when “retrograde” views on gender unexpectedly emerged in the competition for the presidency? The second unexpected occurrence was the nomination of Donald Trump as the Republican Party’s presidential candidate, and the subsequent assumption that he would lose the presidential contest to Hillary Clinton. What impact did this development have on Congressional campaigns? Congressional candidates in the 2016 election found themselves in a fairly novel situation generated by the presidential race: gender issues became central to the presidential campaign, and, in turn, to the entire election process.
Does Gender Matter in Elections?
Authors: Boatright Robert G. , Sperling Valerie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides the theoretical context for the study by exploring whether and how gender usually matters in campaigns and elections, and the ways in which the 2016 election was different in this regard. The chapter presents the literature on voter preferences for male and female candidates, the impact of gender stereotypes on voting, and the way campaigns and advertisers make use of these stereotypes when trying to promote their candidates or undermine their opponents. The chapter devotes particular attention to recent claims that women are not disadvantaged in contemporary American elections, and it explores ways in which this finding might be applied to the 2016 presidential election, the first to feature a female general election nominee.
The Duty to Vote
Authors: Maskivker Julia 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This book breaks new ground by arguing that we have a moral duty to vote that is based on a Samaritan obligation to aid fellow citizens improve their lot in society. The argument adds a fresh perspective to the voting ethics literature, which is dominated by views that reject the morality and rationality of voting. Maskivker shows that voting is not irrational if we view it as a valuable contribution to a collectively rational activity. This reasoning means that the duty to vote is a duty of common pursuit to help society achieve good governance. Furthermore, voting is not morally optional just because other ways of helping society exist since its connection with the establishment of government is unique, which makes voting morally obligatory under the right circumstances. The book touches on the problem of voter incompetence and offers a balanced view of why citizen ignorance is not unalterable: we know that much of it is due to structural factors in the political architecture of our societies, which can be reformed. Although voting without information may lead to bad governance, Maskivker’s basic insight is that voting judiciously can be an effective path to justice, and it is not a burdensome task to ask from citizens. The book elaborates on the notion of a careful vote as well as the idea that we can value voting and elections not only for what they symbolize (i.e., equality of political voice) but also for what they can bring about (i.e., good governance).
What Does It Take to Vote with Care?
Authors: Maskivker Julia 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers an account of what it means to vote with care. It argues that there are two requisites for rendering a vote judicious: an epistemic one and a moral one. The former entails that citizens should evince a minimal degree of rationality and that they should possess enough information before casting their ballot. The latter entails that citizens should follow a test of fair-mindedness when deciding how to vote. This means that they should ponder on how their individual views will affect others, and whether other citizens may have legitimate justice reasons to reject those views. The chapter addresses political science and voter behavior research that suggests that minimal epistemic competence is not impossible for the average citizen despite the fact that voter ignorance is an actual problem.
Why Is Voting Special?
Authors: Maskivker Julia 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the argument that voting is a moral duty even if it is true that other ways of helping society exist, many of which are discharged in non-political ways. The chapter shows that voting is morally special in its own right regardless of the fact that citizens may also be bound to discharge other duties of aid. Because governments are powerful entities that distribute and shape access to basic social goods as no other organization does, the mechanism to install them is unique and deserves moral attention separately. Other political, non-electoral ways of influencing government matter, but they lose all relevance if elections are absent.
Voting and Collective Rationality
Authors: Maskivker Julia 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter offers a final overview of the argument for a Samaritan duty of justice via the vote. It reminds us that voting with care is not the stuff of experts but of informed regular citizens, and that it is not the task of Saints—it is well within the scope of common morality. The chapter offers a condensed summary of the skeptics’ views against the morality of voting and highlights their most evident errors and fallacies. If voting carelessly is wrong despite its negligible impact as an individual act, that means that good individual votes ought not to be dismissed as morally trivial because they are drops in a proverbial ocean of votes, either. There is something else to the morality of voting, it is the commitment it denotes on the part of citizens who, together, can make a difference. The chapter also addresses the possibility that we can value voting (and democracy) instrumentally because of its capacity to bring about justice as well as intrinsically because of its power to reflect equality of political influence and collective self-government.
Stability Matters
Authors: Gottfredson Michael , Hirschi Travis 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
With regard to crime, stability does not imply once a crook always a crook, that levels of crime or problem behaviors remain at the same rate over time and do not fluctuate, or that crime is caused only by variation in self control. It does mean that some characteristic or characteristics of the person cause crime rate differences over large periods of time. This chapter reviews and critiques developmental criminology and longitudinal studies of crime causation. It provides a critical evaluation of the use of the concept of stability in research about crime and on how prior record and early childhood effects have been misspecified in criminology. In addition, it critically evaluates the turning points, transition, and desistence research. Critiques of tests of the self-control concept in developmental and life-course research are presented. The role of individual differences in sociological theories of crime and delinquency and common problems with inferences from longitudinal data are discussed.
Moving Control Theory Forward
Authors: Gottfredson Michael , Hirschi Travis 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Research on self control from several disciplines demonstrates that relatively high levels of self control, emerging from childhood, create considerable personal advantages that accumulate throughout life. This chapter summarizes modern control theory and discusses directions for future development. It highlights the advantages of control theory, including disciplinary-free definitions of human nature and self control and the focus on childhood socialization. The potential for advances in measurement and application is described. Contributions of the theory to public policy are summarized. The role of higher levels of self control for lifelong advantages and the benefits of prevention are described as expectations of the theory worthy of considerable attention. The value of the theory for macro and comparative criminology is discussed.
Quarantined Material
Authors: Notley Margaret 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Two out of three Liebestod passages in Lulu appear in Act 3; at the same time, Berg based Act 3 entirely on quarantined material from the Ur-Lulu, Acts 2 and 3 of Die Büchse der Pandora. This chapter discusses in detail Wedekind’s censorship trials in 1905–1906, which had to do with the play as a publication. After the trials, Wedekind prepared a new edition in 1906 with a misleading preface that included the court documents, which in a 1911 edition, he replaced with another paratext, an ironic prologue. The chapter addresses the unpromising aspects of Wedekind’s Act 2 that would have challenged a composer with Berg’s artistic sensibilities, and it takes up the question of whether we should consider Lulu’s clients in the final scene to be equivalent to her husbands in the first half and what is at stake in doing this.
Penal Severity and the Modern State
Authors: Lippke Richard L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Penal severity in the modern state is best understood in terms of right abridgment, which must be kept parsimonious, proportionate, and nondegrading if sanctions are to remain consistent with respect for the basic moral rights of individuals that is required of everyone, including state officials. Although there is disagreement about which basic moral rights individuals possess, there is enough overlap among the competing views to yield a consensus account of penal severity. For the most part, the state need not and should not be concerned with the ways in which penal sanctions are subjectively experienced by offenders. The modern state is supposed to keep its distance from the internal lives of individuals, instead securing for them the rights that make it possible for them to carve out and live lives of their own choosing. As long as individuals have fair notice of the defensible penal sanctions that await them if they violate the criminal law, they should be understood to have risked the aversive experiences that await them upon criminal conviction.
Crime and Punishment
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of criminal law in the second half of the nineteenth century, covering the statute law of crimes, crime rates, insanity, punishment and correction, and victimless crimes. The formal criminal law in the late nineteenth century was by and large a matter of statute. The concept of the common-law crime had been wiped out in federal law. The concept also decayed on the state level. As of 1900, some states still technically recognized the possibility of a common-law crime. Other states, by statute, had specifically abolished the concept. Only acts listed in the penal code were crimes, and nothing else. In some states, the courts construed their penal codes as (silently) abolishing common-law crime. Where the concept survived, it was hardly ever used; the penal codes were as a practical matter complete and exclusive—the total catalog of crime.
Beat and Square Cold War Encounters
Authors: Sheppard W. Anthony 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter is focused on the transnational influences of Japanese music during the Cold War and on music’s role in U.S. cultural diplomacy efforts aimed at Japan. This includes examples of numerous American jazz musicians (David Brubeck, Duke Ellington, Herbie Mann) who were sent to Japan and who created musical “impressions” of their experience. A primary focus in on the 1961 Tokyo East-West Music Encounter organized by Nicolas Nabokov and attended by multiple American composers (Lou Harrison, Henry Cowell, Colin McPhee) and scholars (Robert Garfias). The chapter then details the broad influence of gagaku on European (Messiaen, Stockhausen, Xenakis) and American composers, focusing particularly on Alan Hovhaness. Experimental composers, such as Richard Teitelbaum, inspired by John Cage’s engagement with Zen also turned toward Japan. The chapter concludes with an extended discussion of the role of Japanese music and Japanese composers (particularly Toru Takemitsu) in the career of Roger Reynolds.
State Identity and Legal Policies
Authors: Cai Congyan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter aims to answer the following questions: How has China’s state identity changed since the nineteenth century when the Chinese empire began to be forced to engage with the Western world, especially since the founding of the PRC in 1949 when China had begun to embrace socialist ideology and regime at odds with those in the Western world? What is China in the twenty-first century? What implications does China’s identity have on its international legal policies? How does China respond to the conventional assumption of the relationship between state identity and behaviors? And how does China seek to reduce the potential dissonance between its new identity and behavior, as well as reassure other countries that are wary about the rise of China?
Institutions
Authors: Cai Congyan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how China engages with international institutions and how China organizes its national institutions to enhance its rise. On the one hand, this chapter finds the typology of the Chinese approach to international institutions: outsider, partner, member, and sponsor. On the other hand, this chapter, from the perspectives of the public-public mechanism and the public-private mechanism, examines how Chinese institutions interact with each other to enhance the rise of China. This chapter not only demonstrates how China engages other countries in the era of international institutionalization at the international level, but also how China takes advantage of its own unique institutional strength to enhance its rise at the national level.
Chinese Courts
Authors: Cai Congyan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the context, dynamics, methods, structure of the application of international law in Chinese courts and new roles that Chinese courts seek to play in the context of the rise of China. This chapter first discusses the implications of national courts on international rule of law and national rule of law by applying international law. It then examines the factors that are relevant to the application of international law by Chinese courts. More importantly, this chapter finds how Chinese courts, in order to enhance the rise of China, structurally apply international law, thereby showing the long-term judicial policy of China toward the application of international law. This chapter inform how national courts are organized and organize themselves to coordinate with other governmental organs to pursue public policies.
Toward a Stable Tokenized Medium of Exchange
Authors: Lipton Alexander 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the current state of the crypto land and argues that stable crypto tokens, which can be viewed as an electronic analogue of cash, can help augment the existing TCP/IP (Transition Control Protocal/Internet Protocol) with a much-needed mechanism in order to bring existing banking and payment systems into the twenty-first century. It describes three existing approaches to designing such tokens—fiat collateralization, cryptocurrency collateralization, and dynamic stabilization—and concludes that only regulatorily compliant fiat-backed tokens are viable in the long run. It also discusses asset-backed cryptocurrencies and argues that in some instances they can provide a much-needed counterpoint for today's fiat currencies, and pave a way forward toward ensuring world-wide financial stability and inclusion.
Blockchains and Risk Management Infrastructure of the Derivatives Industry
Authors: Walker Petal P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores vectors necessary for tackling the integration issues posed by blockchain technologies in derivatives markets. It begins with an overview of a typical derivatives transaction and a discussion of the basic regulatory infrastructure designed to address the risks of the derivatives markets today, including its registration regime. Next the chapter provides an overview as to how blockchain could be applied in the derivatives markets. In a third step, it explores the ways in which a blockchain-based derivatives market could possibly reduce risk, followed by an overview of some of the risk concerns about blockchain raised by market participants and how they may be addressed. The chapter concludes by considering an issue that has escaped considerable attention—how the application of today's risk-based registration regime on tomorrow's blockchain market may actually increase risk.
Difficulties in Achieving Neutrality and Other Challenges in Taxing Cryptoassets
Authors: Waerzeggers Christophe , Aw Irving 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The recent volatility in cryptoassets prices—booming to almost USD 800 billion in estimated market capitalization early 2018 only to collapse to about a quarter of that value by the time of writing—has generated strong interest from governments and tax administrations in considering the appropriate tax treatment of transactions in, and relevant gains derived by taxpayers from the acquisition and disposal of, cryptoassets. This chapter provides an overview of the main challenges and key considerations for tax law policymakers wishing to design or benchmark their tax law framework for cryptoassets. It is organized as follows: The second section discusses the classification challenges that tax law policymakers and tax administrations typically face in relation to cryptoassets. The third section proceeds to discuss some of the key tax law considerations when considering basic forms of activities and transactions with respect to cryptoasset. The fourth section draws some preliminary conclusions.
Historical Foundations of Canadian Child Welfare and Mandatory Reporting
Authors: Tufford Lea 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the historical foundations of Canadian child welfare and mandatory reporting of child maltreatment. The first section addresses the changing conceptions of childhood from the Middle Ages through Canadian confederation to the present time. Legislation, both Canadian and international, which has profoundly impacted children’s lives is reviewed along with prominent figures who have increased our understanding of the attachment needs of children. What follows is an overview of the historical rise of the child welfare system in Canada and the jurisdictional separation of child welfare under provincial and territorial realms. The final section addresses the involvement of Canada’s Indigenous children in the child welfare system and provides a comprehensive overview of historical injustices against Indigenous peoples.
Ethical and Legal Issues in Mandatory Reporting
Authors: Tufford Lea 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to explore ethical and legal concerns that relate to the mandatory reporting of child maltreatment including informed consent, confidentiality, reasonable suspicion, and penalties for false or nonreporting. Informed consent with individuals with limited English language skills is specifically addressed. In addition, the chapter provides an overview of the perceived benefits and challenges of mandatory reporting and who is considered a mandatory reporter in Canada. Documentation is discussed, and a case example is provided. The chapter discusses mandatory reporting legislation and both the benefits and criticism of this legislation and recording suspicions of child maltreatment will conclude the chapter.
Risk Factors in Child Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Tufford Lea 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the risk factors for child abuse and neglect from the perspective of the child, parent, family, community, and culture. There are many issues that may contribute to child abuse, but some factors increase the risk to children and make them more vulnerable to abuse. They can be found in the background of parents, in the environmental situation, and in attributes of the child themselves. The child’s culture and level of community support may also be risk factors in child abuse and/or neglect. Risk factors are characteristics associated with child maltreatment and may or may not be direct causes.
Disclosure of Child Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Tufford Lea 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to examine disclosures of child maltreatment by children and youth. When children and youth disclose abuse or neglect, this increases the possibility of access to supportive and therapeutic resources for these vulnerable individuals. In turn, access to resources can mitigate the risk to their health and well-being. The chapter first presents the classifications of disclosures as they have come to be understood in the literature. An exploration of disclosures by children and youth with specific attention to age, gender, and type of maltreatment is essential to understand how disclosure differs between children and youth. Finally, the chapter addresses how mandatory reporters should respond to a disclosure with specific recommendations.
The Moral Argument
Authors: Baggett David , Walls Jerry 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The history of the moral argument is a fascinating tale to tell. Like any good story, it is full of twists and unexpected turns, compelling conflicts, rich and idiosyncratic characters, both central and ancillary players. The narrative is as labyrinthine and circuitous as it is linear, its point remains to be fully seen, and its ending has yet to be written. What remains certain is the importance of telling it. The resources of history offer a refresher course, a teachable moment, a cautionary tale about the need to avoid making sacrosanct the trends of the times, and an often sobering lesson in why reigning assumptions may need to be rejected. If insights from luminaries of moral apologetics prove penetrating and their challenges formidable, then an intentional effort to recapture the richness of the history of the moral argument will likely prove to be illuminating. This book lets the argument’s advocates, many long dead, come alive again and speak for themselves. An historical study of the moral argument is a reminder of how classical philosophers were unafraid to ask and explore the big questions of faith, hope, and love; of truth, goodness, and beauty; of God, freedom, and immortality. It gives students and scholars alike the chance to drill down into their ideas, contexts, and arguments, inviting us all to learn to live with the moral argument. Only by a careful study of its history can we come to see its richness and the fertile range of resources it offers.