bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovering from Precipitation Events in Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Saraidaridis James D , Yang Zhiwei , Darling Robert M. , Perry Mike L. 
Published: May 2020

Liquid electrolyte solutions containing dissolved active material imbue Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) with many unique benefits relative to solid-state electrochemical energy storage devices: long shelf-life, long system life-time, de-coupled rated energy and power, ease of recyclability.1 Operating a RFB system with flowing electrolyte solutions presents unique concerns as well, with one notable concern arising from possible precipitation of electrolyte. Precipitation of active material can have many consequences including sensor inaccuracy, inaccessible storage capacity, partially- or fully-blocked reactor electrode regions, and system clogging.
Aqueous vanadium RFBs, a leading chemistry in commercial systems, has a precipitation mechanism at high temperatures for battery solutions containing commercially relevant vanadium concentrations >1.5 M. At elevated temperatures (> 40°C), positive electrolyte solutions can precipitate V2O5 dimers, first as a gel-like substance and eventually as solid particles.2 The UTRC team has developed recovery procedures for systems that may succumb to such precipitation events; in the case for aqueous vanadium RFBs, exposure of precipitate to lower oxidation state forms of vanadium (i.e. negative electrolyte) reduces and redissolves precipitated V2O5. This electrolyte takeover process (ETP) can successfully redissolve precipitates and recover performance from precipitate-induced cell/stack under-performance.
As UTRC pursues alternative flow chemistries, the same ETP principles are applied to other chemistries such as polysulfide-based systems, known for sulfur crossover and precipitation of elemental sulfur in positive electrode volumes.3 This abstract will discuss the progress made at UTRC to recover from precipitation events in such chemistries, which, unlike aqueous vanadium, do not permit simple mixing of negative and positive electrolytes.

Acknowledgements:

The authors gratefully acknowledge support from Vionx Energy Corporation. Some of the work to be presented here was funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Award Number DE-AR0000994.

References:

1. Chalamala, B. R.; Soundappan, T.; Fisher, G. R.; Anstey, M. R.; Viswanathan, V. V.; Perry, M. L., Redox Flow Batteries: An Engineering Perspective. Proceedings of the IEEE
2014,
102 (6), 976-999.
2. Skyllas‐Kazacos, M.; Menictas, C.; Kazacos, M., Thermal Stability of Concentrated V(V) Electrolytes in the Vanadium Redox Cell. Journal of The Electrochemical Society
1996,
143 (4), L86-L88.
3. Su, L.; Badel, A. F.; Cao, C.; Hinricher, J. J.; Brushett, F. R., Toward an Inexpensive Aqueous Polysulfide–Polyiodide Redox Flow Battery. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research
2017,
56 (35), 9783-9792.
Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Supported Mn-Co Nanoparticles for Supercapacitors Application
Authors: Balčiūnaitė Aldona , Budrytė Eivilė , Vaičiūnienė Jūratė , Kruusenberg Ivar , Kaare Kätlin , Volperts Aleksandrs , Dobele Galina , Zurins Aivars , Tamašauskaitė-Tamašiūnaitė Loreta , Norkus Eugenijus 
Published: May 2020

In this study, the microwave-assisted heating method has been used for the synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon (N-doped C) supported Mn-Co nanoparticles with the aim to use it as the electrode material for supercapacitor application. N-doped C has been obtained from alder wood chips as the biological waste. At first, activated high surface area carbon has been obtained by using chemical activation method with NaOH at higher temperatures, followed by nitrogen doping at a temperature of 800 оС by using dicyandiamide (DCDA) as a nitrogen precursor. It should be noted that the prepared N-doped C has a graphene-like structure. Then, Mn-Co nanoparticles have been deposited on the N-doped C surface using microwave-assisted heating.
The Mn-Co@N-doped C nanocomposites have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Moreover, electrochemical performance has been investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in a 1 M Na2SO4 solution at the scan rates of 1, 5, 10, 20, 100 and 150 mV s−1.
It was found that the obtained specific capacitance (C
s) value for the Mn-Co@N-doped C nanocomposite was equal to 497.5 F g−1 at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1 and decreased to 254.4 F g−1 at a scan rate of 150 mV s−1. The Mn-Co@N-doped C nanocomposite preserves 51.1 % of its specific capacitance as the scan rate increases from 1 mV s−1 to 150 mV s−1. The obtained results confirmed a good performance of the prepared Mn-Co@N-doped C nanocomposite as the electrode material for supercapacitors application.
Boron-Based Anolyte for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Liu Bin , Tang Chunwai , Zhao Tianshou , JIA Guocheng 
Published: May 2020

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) that employ dissolved electroactive materials to store energy have attracted growing attention because of their great potential to store renewable but intermittent solar and wind energy. The unique technological merits of decoupled energy and power leads to high flexibility and scalability in design for the RFBs to satisfy a wide range of energy/power applications[1,2]. In established traditional RFBs, the electroactive species are aqueous solutions of redox-active inorganic transition-metal salts including all-vanadium, iron-chromium and zinc-bromine RFBs. Despite immense progress, the attainable cell voltages in these aqueous systems are largely limited by the narrow electrochemical stability window of water (1.5V). As a result, aqueous RFBs suffer from low energy densities and in turn require more electroactive materials and supporting salts to achieve high storage capacity[3,4]. To address these limitations, recent research is shifting to non-aqueous RFBs (NARFBs) that utilize non-aqueous solvents, taking advantage of the wider electrochemical windows over ~5 V depending on the organic solvent employed. A variety of electro-active species including organic redox-active molecules and organometallic complexes have been used in NARFBs[5,6].
Here, we will introduce our research efforts on the development of boron-based redox active anode molecules for non-aqueous redox flow batteries. We have investigated the electrochemical properties of boron-based anode molecules with different substitution groups and the cyclic voltammetry (CV) results indicate that the boron-based redox active molecule with di-tert-butyl substituted (DTBF2) exhibits superior electrochemical reversibility and stability and low half wave potential of -1.82V. When paired with the catholyte 2,5-ditert-butyl-1-methoxy-4-[2′-methoxyethoxy]benzene (DBMMB), the cell voltage can reach up to 2.56V. The built redox flow cell demonstrates an energy efficiency of 80% and capacity retention of 99.3% per cycle, as shown in figure 2. These initial results proved that this readily synthesized boron-based redox active anode is promising anolyte for NARFBs.
More experimental data and results will be disclosed during the meeting.

Acknowledgement

The work described in this paper was fully supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project No. T23-601/17-R)

References:

[1] M. Park, J. Ryu, W. Wang, J. Cho, Nat. Rev. Mater.
2016, 2, 16080.
[2] D. Larcher, J. M. Tarascon, Nat. Chem.
2015, 7, 19-29.
[3] J. Winsberg, T. Hagemann, T. Janoschka, M. D. Hager, U. S. Schubert, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl
2017, 56, 686-711.
[4] J. Zhang, G. Jiang, P. Xu, A. Ghorbani Kashkooli, M. Mousavi, A. Yu, Z. Chen, Energy Environ. Sci.
2018, 11, 2010-2015.
[5] Y. Ding, C. Zhang, L. Zhang, Y. Zhou, G. Yu, Chem Soc Rev
2018, 47, 69-103.
[6] X. Wei, W. Pan, W. Duan, A. Hollas, Z. Yang, B. Li, Z. Nie, J. Liu, D. Reed, W. Wang, et al., ACS Energy Lett.
2017, 2, 2187-2204.

Figure 1
Investigating the Redox Properties of a Bio-Inspired Vanadium-Based Non-Aqueous Flow Battery Electrolyte
Authors: Gokoglan Tugba Ceren , Pahari Shyam K. , Cappillino Patrick J , Agar Ertan 
Published: May 2020

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) have been identified as a promising large-scale energy storage technology to enable the transition toward a carbon-neutral electricity grid [1]. Among various types of RFBs, non-aqueous redox flow batteries (NRFBs) have the potential to reach the energy density of lithium-ion batteries, while maintaining the advantages of flow systems, including decoupled power and energy rating and efficient long-duration storage [2]. Despite the potential of this transformative technology, poor active material stability poses a fundamental obstacle to NRFB research progress [3-4]. Furthermore, low active material concentrations negate high theoretical energy densities made possible by the wide electrochemical windows of non-aqueous electrolytes [5].
To simultaneously address these issues, we have recently developed an active material based on a molecule known as Amavadin that is naturally occurring in mushrooms of the Amanita genus. Biosynthesis of this molecule evolved to bind vanadium selectively and with the highest stability ever reported. Synthetic analogs of Amavadin are synthesized in our lab (vanadium(iv) bis-hydroxyiminodiacetate ([VBH]2-)), using inexpensive reagents, at large scale, with high yield and are implemented as a high-stability scaffold for NRFB development [3]. This study aims to elucidate the electrochemical behavior of the introduced NRFB electrolyte at elevated concentrations using an ultramicroelectrode technique. The general trends of critical redox properties of symmetric, [NXXXX]2[VBH] compounds (x = 1 to 4) are systematically investigated to provide fundamental insight into NRFB electrolyte dynamics. Finally, the performance characteristics of the [VBH]-based electrolytes will be demonstrated using operando flow cell data.

References:

1. L. Soloveichik, Chem. Rev., 2015, 115 (20), 11533-11558.
2. J. Cappillino, H. D. Pratt, N. S. Hudak, N. C. Tomson, T. M. Anderson, M. R. Anstey, Adv. Energy Mater., 2015, 4 (1), 1300566.
3. Huang, R. Howland, E. Agar, M. Nourani, J. A. Golden, P. J. Cappillino, J. Mater. Chem. A., 2017, 5, 11586-11591.
4. C. Gokoglan, S. K. Pahari, A. Hamel, R. Howland, P. J. Cappillino, E. Agar, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2019, 166 (10), A1745-A1751.
5. H. Attanayake, J. A. Kowalski, K. V. Greco, M. D. Casselman, J. D. Milshtein, S. J. Chapman, S. R. Parkin, F. R. Brushett, S. A. Odom, Chem. Mater., 2019, 31, 4353-4363.
(Invited) Redox Flow Batteries: Commercial Operation and Research Developments
Authors: Lin Ian 
Published: May 2020

In recent years, climate change has driven the development of renewable energy sources. As a result, an increase in need for storage technologies to complement large scale implementation of solar and wind power has been realized. Targeting the diversification of storage technologies and the provision of consistent power for the energy grid, Sumitomo Electric Industries has been expanding resources into the development of the redox flow battery.
Lately we have had some success installing Vanadium based Redox Flow batteries worldwide, with projects in Belgium, Morroco, Taiwan, and USA. One of the most recent projects, a microgrid project in Ouarzazate, Morocco, features a 125kW by 4h flow battery system with PVs and continues to run in collaboration with our partners UNIDO (United Nation Industrial Development Organization) and Masen. Projects including a 1.5MWh system in Belgium, an 8MW system in California, and a 60MW system in Hokkaido, are reported to have had no significant difficulties in operation thus far.
Looking forward with research, possibilities in exploring low-cost electrolytes are currently being pursued. We at Sumitomo Electric Industries are pushing forward research of a Titanium Manganese flow battery. So far, success in scaling up lab scale results to a 10 kW class cell stack has been realized, confirming an energy density of 14 kWh/m3 over 139 cycles with an energy efficiency of 82.5% at a current density of 200 mA/cm^2; however, during these cycles a decrease in OCV was observed. It was hypothesized that the decrease observed OCV is reflective of the disproportionation reaction of Mn3+ (the charged state of the active ion in the positive electrolyte) into MnO2 solid precipitate. To test this hypothesis, recovery of OCV was shown by the discharge of electrolyte to low SOCs for extended periods of time. This has prompted our further research and development into methods to control precipitation of MnO2 and subsequently improve the TiMn electrolyte for redox flow battery technologies.
Pulsed Charging Protocol for a High Efficiency Zinc - Iron Rechargeable Flow Battery
Authors: Accogli Alessandra , Bertoli Luca , Panzeri Gabriele , Gibertini Eugenio , Magagnin Luca 
Published: May 2020

Flow batteries (FBs) are one of the most promising stationary energy‐storage devices for storing renewable energy. However, commercial progress of FBs is limited by their high cost and low energy density [1,2]. Therefore, the development of new flow battery systems with low cost, high energy density, and excellent electrochemical performances it is crucial [3,4]. Zinc and iron are two common elements that have abundant reserves in the earth’s crust, and they have outstanding electrochemical properties as well. Owing to the high solubilities of the zinc and iron salts, the battery has the potential of achieving a high energy density [1-3].
In this work, a zinc-iron flow battery in a two compartments setup is presented. In particular, the use of a new electrolyte as mild acidic solution for zinc electrodeposition with high cathodic efficiency will be shown. The effect of additives on the electrolytes electrochemical behavior has been characterized by means of cyclic voltammeries while the battery performances have been evaluated by galvanostatic charge and discharge tests. Results revealed that the mid acidic flow battery exhibited a stable energy efficiency higher than 70% over many cycles at a current density of 25 mA cm−2. Moreover, the employment of pulsed charge, i.e. pulsed Zn plating, on cycles efficiency and battery performances will be shown.
Iron Oxide As an Oxygen Evolution Catalyst for Zinc-Air Batteries Synthesized Via Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Labbe Matthew , Clark Michael Patrick , Cadien Ken , Ivey Douglas G 
Published: May 2020

Implementation of renewable energy into the power grid is a necessary step for a more sustainable future. However, this process is strongly dependent on the capacity of practical energy storage technologies available. Zinc-air batteries show great promise for energy storage, boasting high theoretical energy density, inexpensive electrode materials, and excellent safety. Current development of zinc-air batteries is, however, stifled by the sluggish oxygen kinetics occurring both during discharge and charge. While precious metals such as platinum and ruthenium are considered to be good catalysts, more abundant, inexpensive transition metal catalysts have been found to perform just as well and with better cycling stability [1], [2].
This work focuses on the development of transition metal oxide catalysts using atomic layer deposition (ALD). ALD is a gas phase deposition technique that generates conformal thin films through the use of self-terminating surface reactions. In particular, iron oxide catalysts, which promote the oxygen evolution reaction, are synthesized via ALD using an ethylferrocene precursor. Iron oxide growth from this precursor is enabled by an oxygen plasma reactant. Recipe development is showcased, demonstrating saturating behaviour for the growth of iron oxide films.
The synthesized catalytic films are deposited directly onto a porous carbon substrate (gas diffusion layer or GDL), which is used as the air electrode in metal-air batteries. The high surface area GDL takes full advantage of ALD’s conformal nature to maximize the surface area of the deposited catalytic film, optimizing catalytic performance. As well, compared with other deposition techniques, ALD increases the depth of catalytic loading into the pores of the electrode. This increases the three-phase boundary volume consisting of gaseous oxygen, aqueous hydroxide ions, and solid catalytic active sites, thereby improving battery performance [3]. Deposited iron oxide films are tested through various electrochemical techniques to quantify catalytic activity. Iron oxide is combined with other transition metal oxides with the goal of creating a bifunctional catalyst, which is active for both the charge and discharge reactions in a zinc-air battery.
[1] M. Xiong, M. P. Clark, M. Labbe, and D. G. Ivey, “A horizontal zinc-air battery with physically decoupled oxygen evolution/reduction reaction electrodes,” J. Power Sources, vol. 393, pp. 108–118, 2018.
[2] D. Aasen, M. Clark, and D. G. Ivey, “A Gas Diffusion Layer Impregnated with Mn3O4 -Decorated N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Zinc-Air Batteries,” Batter. Supercaps, vol. 2, pp. 1–13, 2019.
[3] Y. Li and H. Dai, “Recent advances in Zinc-air batteries,” Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 43, no. 15, pp. 5257–5275, 2014.
Battery Durability and Reliability Under Electric Utility Grid Operations
Authors: Baure George , Devie Arnaud , Dubarry Matthieu 
Published: May 2020

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) show promise to help renewable energy sources integration onto the grid. These systems are expected to last for a decade or more, but the actual battery degradation under different real-world conditions is still largely unknown.
In this work we analyzed different types of usage for batteries similar to deployed 1MW and 2MW BESS in the Hawaiian archipelago. These batteries are used for a mix of different applications such as voltage smoothing, curtailment, reserve and frequency regulation. With different usages come different battery degradation. A new protocol encompassing all those applications was designed to be able to test the cells and assess their durability in the field. We investigated the impact of frequency regulation duty cycles with different SOC ranges, depth of discharge and temperatures. We also investigated cells with varying duty cycles and temperatures to decipher whether the degradation can be predicted from a laboratory experiment.
Based on the BESS representative usage profiles, we designed cycle-aging and calendar-aging experiments to test the degradation in a controlled fashion. The frequency regulation duty cycle was extracted from a 3 years usage analysis of a previous generation lithium titanate BESS in operation in Hawai'i since 2012. Laboratory testing was used to investigate the degradation in detail to improve remaining useful life predictions. The degradation mechanisms, and their path dependency, were analyzed using incremental capacity analysis and mechanistic modeling. It was found that despite the fact that most of the cells did less than 0.5% capacity after more than 400 days of testing, they actually degraded significantly. Cell temperature had the strongest impact on the loss of lithium inventory whereas duty cycle had a big impact on the loss of positive electrode material. Interestingly, the impact of SOC in the calendar aging experiments, was found to be counter-intuitive as batteries lost capacity faster at low SOCs than at high.
Synthetic Melanin Coated Carbon Fiber Micro-Electrodes for Selective Detection of Peroxynitrite
Authors: Kalil Haitham , Thompson Mitchell , Pignataro Gina , Al-Mahmoud Ousama , Maher Shaimaa , Ibrahim Magdy , Bayachou Mekki 
Published: May 2020

Melanin is a natural pigment produced by melanocytes and has many physiological functions. Recent studies have suggested that melanin can behave like a free radical scavenging antioxidant. In biological systems, free radicals can damage a wide array of the essential components in the human body, such as cells/tissues, DNA, proteins, and lipids. Peroxynitrite (PON) has emerged as a combination of two free radicals and it can yield secondary free radicals per homolytic decomposition. PON is a biological oxidant that has been linked with oxidative damage and disruption of redox control systems. The short lifespan and fast reactivity of PON add more challenge to measure its concentration under physiologic conditions.
Carbon fiber electrodes (CFEs) have the advantage of providing a minimally invasive and a non-toxic platform when compared to other metal-based electrodes. In this research study, synthetic melanin-coated CFEs were prepared using electro-deposition of 5,6-dihydroxyindole monomer. Surface characterizations including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were utilized to confirm the melanin deposition and to examine the morphological differences between the modified CFEs before and after exposure to PON. Cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and amperometry were used to test the performance of CFEs modified with synthetic melanin in terms of detection and quantification of PON. Our preliminary findings have shown that synthetic melanin modified CFEs have greater sensitivity when compared to glassy carbon electrodes and other macro-electrodes. In addition, melanin-coated CFEs exhibit high selectivity when they tested for PON detection in the presence of biological interferents. The present results indicate the possibility of using melanin-coated CFEs as a sensitive and selective sensing platforms for peroxynitrite detection in the nanomolar range at physiologic conditions.
Electrochemical Release of His-Tagged Proteins By Destruction of NTA-Cu(II)-Protein Complex
Authors: Bellare Madhura , Kadambar Vasantha Krishna , Bollella Paolo , Gamella Maria , Melman Artem , Katz Evgeny 
Published: May 2020

Stimuli responsive release of biomolecules from surfaces such as gold and carbon is gaining importance for past couple of decades due to its application in biomedical field. Electrochemically induced release of biomolecules from the surfaces is one of such techniques. The simplicity of the electrochemical techniques brings-in a wide opportunity for loading and releasing biomolecules from the electrode surfaces. Here-in we report the loading and electrochemical release of His-tagged proteins from the electrode surfaces such as gold and graphite1. Reversible chelation of His-tagged proteins on Ni-NTA surfaces is studied for decades. Competing ligands such as imidazole and EDTA are used for releasing the His-tagged proteins from the Ni-NTA surfaces. However, switching the metal to Cu(II) instead of Ni(II) brings an excellent opportunity for releasing the His-tagged proteins by the reduction of Cu(II). The affinity of Cu(I) towards complexation with NTA and His-tag is substantially lower than Cu(II) which facilitates the release of the protein. Cu-NTA crafted graphite and gold electrodes were used for the coordinative loading of His-tagged proteins and electrochemical reduction of metal ion for the release of the proteins from the surface. In this study a redox mediator coupled model peptide (ferrocene-hexahistidine) and a model recombinant protein (containing His-tag) “Protein A” were used as examples for loading and electrochemical release.
ǂ These authors equally contributed to the work

Reference:

1. Bellare, M.; Kadambar, V. K.; Bollella, P.; Gamella, M.; Katz, E. and Melman, A; Electrochemical release of His-tagged proteins by destruction of NTA-Cu(II)-protein complex; Electroanalysis
2019, accepted manuscript.