bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The four I's of adolescent transition in type 1 diabetes care: A qualitative study
Authors: Leung Joseph M. W. S. , Tang Tricia S. , Lim Catherine E. , Laffel Lori M. , Amed Shazhan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimsTo explore adolescent perspectives on programme design in the transition to adult care.MethodsWe conducted five focus groups on adolescents with type 1 diabetes nearing the age of transition to adult care. Study participants also completed an embedded survey where they rated a wide range of potential transition interventions. Focus group transcripts were analysed with three iterations of line‐by‐line coding to triangulate themes and subthemes.ResultsFour themes were identified: Individualization—how to personalize the transition experience (having choices in the transition experience, meeting adult provider before transition and specific transition preparation); Identity—how the world relates to my diabetes (stigma of type 1 diabetes, confusion with type 2 diabetes, diagnosis disclosure and resilience); Interconnection—how my support system can help me with my diabetes (peer support, near peer support, parental support, loss of bond with paediatric team and fear of not having a bond with adult team); and Impediment—how my diabetes limits me (self‐care takes work and time, unpredictability and restrictiveness, and emotional burden). Highly rated interventions from the survey included: good communication between the paediatric and adult teams, medical summary of past diabetes care, and having paediatric and adult teams in the same building.ConclusionsThe design of future transition interventions for adolescents with type 1 diabetes should address the issues of Individualization, Identity, Interconnection and Impediment. Collaborative processes between paediatric and adult providers were also rated as important strategies to facilitate the transition to adult care.
Trump’s “maximum pressure” and anti‐containment in Iran’s regional policy
Authors: Azizi Hamidreza , Golmohammadi Vali , Vazirian Amir Hossein 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTwo years after withdrawing from the Iran nuclear deal, U.S. President Donald Trump's “maximum pressure” campaign has failed to change Iran's regional behavior, bring Tehran back to the negotiation table, curb its nuclear and missile programs, and counter Iran's proxy influence in the region. Instead, Iran has adopted a “maximum resistance” strategy to deal with Washington's pressure. According to the Neorealist school of thought in International Relations (IR), rising systemic or structural pressure on a given state is expected to alter its policies or even its regime. The case of Iran appears to challenge this expectation. This article suggests that Iran has adopted an “anti‐containment” strategy to deal with the U.S. pressure. The strategy is based on asymmetric deterrence, the main pillars of which are employing local allied forces and enhancing air and naval deterrence capabilities. Meanwhile, Iran's military–security establishment has gained the upper hand in dealing with the United States, sidelining the diplomatic apparatus. This situation bears the risk of a confrontation between Iran and the United States while leaving no space for meaningful diplomatic engagement.
Preoperative right ventricular strain predicts sustained right ventricular dysfunction after balloon pulmonary angioplasty in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Tsugu Toshimitsu , Kawakami Takashi , Kataoka Masaharu , Endo Jin , Kohno Takashi , Itabashi Yuji , Fukuda Keiichi , Murata Mitsushige 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimsBalloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) improves hemodynamics and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). However, its diagnostic and predictive values remain unclear. We investigated the diagnostic and predictive values of BPA by assessing the mechanism of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction.Methods and ResultsHemodynamic improvement was maintained over 6 months in 99 patients with CTEPH who underwent BPA. Notably, 57 of 99 patients showed normalization of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) after BPA. The RV mid free wall longitudinal strain (RVMFS) was inversely correlated with the 6‐min walk distance (r = −.35, P = .01) and serum levels of high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs‐cTNT) (r = −.39, P = .004) 6 months post‐BPA in the PVR‐normalized group. Among all variables analyzed, only the pre‐BPA RVMFS was correlated with the post‐BPA RVMFS (r = .40, P = .001), and the pre‐BPA RVMFS (<−15.8%) was the strongest predictor of post‐BPA normalization of RVMFS (area under the curve 0.80, P = .01, sensitivity 89%, and specificity 63%). The immediate post‐BPA RVMFS showed worsening over 6 months after the procedure (−25.8% to −21.1%) in patients with high serum hs‐cTNT levels (>0.0014 ng/mL). In contrast, we observed an improvement in these values in those with low serum hs‐cTNT levels (−23.6% to −24.4%).ConclusionRVMFS of −15.8% may be a useful cutoff value to categorize the refractory and non‐refractory stages of disease. Sustained serum hs‐cTNT elevation post‐BPA indicates subclinical RV myocardial injury, with resultant RVMFS deterioration and poor exercise tolerance.
Supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with cor triatriatum sinister: A rare diagnosis confirmed by saline contrast echocardiography
Authors: Relan Jay , Choubey Mrigank , Kothari Shyam Sunder 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn cor triatriatum sinister, the left atrium is divided by a membrane into a proximal and a distal chamber. Usually proximal chamber receives all the pulmonary veins and drains through an opening in the dividing membrane into distal chamber, which empties into left ventricle through the mitral valve. Rarely, the two chambers lack a communication and there is associated total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC). We report a 1‐month‐old infant with cyanosis and heart failure, who had cor triatriatum sinister associated with supracardiac TAPVC. The case is reported for rarity of the association with a focus on contrast echocardiographic imaging.
Monitoring treatment response and disease progression in myeloma with circulating cell‐free DNA
Authors: Deshpande Shayu , Tytarenko Ruslana G. , Wang Yan , Boyle Eileen M. , Ashby Cody , Schinke Carolina D. , Thanendrarajan Sharmilan , Zangari Maurizio , Zhan Fenghuang , Davies Faith E. , Morgan Gareth J. , van Rhee Frits , Walker Brian A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCirculating cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) has the potential to capture spatial genetic heterogeneity in myeloma (MM) patients. We assessed whether cfDNA levels vary according to risk status defined by the 70 gene expression profile (GEP70). cfDNA levels in 77 patients were significantly higher in the GEP70 high‐risk (HR) group compared to the low‐risk (LR) group and correlated weakly with clinical markers including lactate dehydrogenase, β2‐microglobulin, and ISS. Patients with high cfDNA levels were associated with a worse PFS (hazard ratio 6.4; 95% CI of ratio 1.9‐22) and OS (hazard ratio 4.4; 95% CI of ratio 1.2‐15.7). Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) was elevated in the HR group and ctDNA correlated strongly with GEP70 risk score (Spearman r = .69, P = .0027). cfDNA concentrations were significantly elevated between days 3‐5 after chemotherapy before falling back to baseline levels. ctDNA in two patients showed a similar spike in levels between days 3 and 5 after chemotherapy with a concomitant increase in allele fraction of KRAS mutations. We assessed cfDNA levels in 25 patients with smoldering myeloma with serial samples and showed increased allele fraction of mutated KRAS at progression in cfDNA. Our study shows that cfDNA is a dynamic tool to capture genetic events in myeloma.
Optical coherence tomography measurements as potential imaging biomarkers for Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhou Wen‐Chuan , Tao Jin‐Xin , Li Jing 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground and purposeRetinal pathological changes may precede or accompany the deterioration of brain tissue in Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to assess the usefulness of optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements as potential imaging biomarkers for PD.MethodsPubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for observational studies (published prior to 30 May 2020) comparing the OCT measurements between PD patients and healthy controls (HCs). Our main end‐points were peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness, macular ganglion cell complex thickness, macular thickness and macular volume. Pooled data were assessed by use of a random‐effects model.ResultsA total of 36 observational studies were identified that included 1712 patients with PD (2548 eyes) and 1778 HCs (2646 eyes). Compared with the HC group, the PD group showed a significant reduction in mean pRNFL thickness (weighted mean difference [WMD] −3.51 μm, 95% confidence interval [CI] −4.84, −2.18; p = 0.000), all quadrants at the pRNFL (WMD range −7.65 to −2.44 μm, all p < 0.05), macular fovea thickness (WMD −5.62 μm, 95% CI −7.37, −3.87; p = 0.000), all outer sector thicknesses at the macula (WMD range −4.68 to −4.10 μm, all p < 0.05), macular volume (WMD −0.21 mm3, 95% CI −0.36, −0.06; p < 0.05) and macular ganglion cell complex thickness (WMD −4.18 μm, 95% CI −6.07, −2.29; p < 0.05).ConclusionsOur pooled data confirmed robust associations between retinal OCT measurements and PD, highlighting the usefulness of OCT measurements as potential imaging biomarkers for PD.
The Bioavailability of Dissolved, Particulate, and Adsorbed Organic Carbon in Groundwater Systems
Authors: Chapelle Francis H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the smallest amount of organic carbon present in aquifer systems and is typically dwarfed by amounts of particulate organic carbon (POC) and adsorbed organic carbon (AOC). Research conducted over the last half century, however, has shown that these dissolved, particulate, and adsorbed compartments interact dynamically with each other. That suggests the hypothesis that the bioavailability of DOC in groundwater may indicate the bioavailability of the associated POC and AOC compartments as well. If that proves to be the case, it would greatly simplify the process of evaluating the bioavailability of total organic carbon present in groundwater systems. That hypothesis was examined by (1) comparing DOC bioavailability between two aquifers receiving modern atmospheric recharge, but with the recharge passing through POC/AOC sources of substantially different geologic ages, and (2) measuring POC/AOC bioavailability in sediments in from two aquifers before and after injection with bioavailable DOC consisting of dissolved sugars and emulsified vegetable oil. The results of both comparisons are consistent with the hypothesis that DOC bioavailability in groundwater reflects the bioavailability of the associated POC and AOC compartments and vice versa. Thus, DOC bioavailability may be a useful indicator of an aquifer's potential to drive reduction/oxidation processes that affect the chemical quality of groundwater.
Migraine Treatment in Emergency Departments of Brazil: A Retrospective Study of 2 Regions
Authors: Krymchantowski Abouch , Jevoux Carla , Silva‐Néto Raimundo Pereira , Krymchantowski Ana Gabriela 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveThis study describes the approaches, medications used, and time of care for migraineurs, who have been in emergency departments (ED) from 2 different regions of Brazil.MethodsRetrospective, cross‐sectional, observational, non‐randomized study of migraine patients seen at 2 headache centers in Brazil.ResultsEighty‐four migraine patients (15 men and 69 women) were divided into 2 groups: chronic (19%, n = 16) and episodic migraineurs (81%, n = 68). In the ED, medications were used in the following order of frequency: dipyrone or metamizole (89.3%, 75/84), nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (57.1%; 48/84) opioids (51.1%; 43/84), metoclopramide (29.8%; 25/84), dexamethasone (28.6%; 24/84), chlorpromazine (13.1%; 11/84), and subcutaneous sumatriptan (7.1%; 6/84). The average time in the care center was 8.2 hours, but only 23 patients (27.4%) left the hospital with greater than 50% relief in headache severity.ConclusionsDipyrone and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatories were the most used drugs, but nearly half received opioids. More efficient drugs were poorly used. Considering the number of patients leaving the hospital with headache relief, a changing treatment paradigm should be carried out in Brazil.
Lexical availability and writing ability of EFL learners
Authors: Akbarian Is'haaq , Farrokhi Javad 
Published: October 2020

AbstractStudies on lexical availability (LA) reveal a different dimension of vocabulary knowledge and development. Likewise, this study explores (a) the relationship between LA and writing ability of male and female learners and (b) differences and similarities between the tokens and types of the words they generated. An LA task and a composition test were administered to 100 (50 males and 50 females) EFL learners. The results highlight a positive correlation between LA and the writing scores for both males and females. Frequency analyses and t‐test results also show no differences between male and female learners in terms of tokens and types of the retrieved words. Thus, lexical availability studies can provide similar pedagogical implications in instructing writing skill for both male and female EFL learners.
Regulation of neuroinflammation by B cells and plasma cells
Authors: Wang Angela , Rojas Olga , Lee Dennis , Gommerman Jennifer L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe remarkable success of anti‐CD20 B cell depletion therapies in reducing the burden of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease has prompted significant interest in how B cells contribute to neuroinflammation. Most focus has been on identifying pathogenic CD20+ B cells. However, an increasing number of studies have also identified regulatory functions of B lineage cells, particularly the production of IL‐10, as being associated with disease remission in anti‐CD20–treated MS patients. Moreover, IL‐10–producing B cells have been linked to the attenuation of inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS. In addition to IL‐10–producing B cells, antibody‐producing plasma cells (PCs) have also been implicated in suppressing neuroinflammation. This review will examine regulatory roles for B cells and PCs in MS and EAE. In addition, we speculate on the involvement of regulatory PCs and the cytokine BAFF in the context of anti‐CD20 treatment. Lastly, we explore how the microbiota could influence anti‐inflammatory B cell behavior. A better understanding of the contributions of different B cell subsets to the regulation of neuroinflammation, and factors that impact the development, maintenance, and migration of such subsets, will be important for rationalizing next‐generation B cell–directed therapies for the treatment of MS.
Social assistance and inclusive growth
Authors: Barrientos Armando , Malerba Daniele 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe expansion of social assistance in low‐ and middle‐income countries raises important issues for inclusive growth. Labour is by far the principal asset of low‐income groups. Changes in the quantity, quality, and allocation of labour associated with social assistance will impact on the productive capacity of low‐income groups and therefore on inclusive growth. The article re‐assesses the findings reported by impact evaluations of social assistance in low‐ and middle‐income countries to address this issue. Most studies have tested for potentially adverse labour supply incentive effects from transfers but have failed to find supportive evidence. The article highlights findings from this literature on the effects of social assistance on human capital accumulation and labour reallocation. They point to the conclusion that well‐designed and well‐implemented social assistance contributes to inclusive growth.
Reinvigorating the social contract and strengthening social cohesion: Social protection responses to COVID‐19
Authors: Razavi Shahra , Behrendt Christina , Bierbaum Mira , Orton Ian , Tessier Lou 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of those who are inadequately covered by social protection in more and less developed countries alike, and has exacerbated the fragility of a social contract that was already under strain in many countries. A weak social contract in the context of an exceptional crisis poses a very real risk to social cohesion. Nevertheless, many States have reasserted themselves as the guarantor of rights by protecting public health and incomes. By sustaining these measures, economic recovery will be supported which will help minimize risks that may weaken social cohesion. However, this is a fast‐moving, inherently unstable and protracted crisis. Social protection stands at a critical juncture. Decisive policy action will be required to strengthen social protection systems, including floors, as one of the cornerstones of a reinvigorated social contract.
Defining physiological contributions to yield loss in response to irrigation in cotton
Authors: Ermanis Alessandro , Gobbo Stefano , Snider John L. , Cohen Yafit , Liakos Vasileios , Lacerda Lorena , Perry Calvin D. , Aaron Bruce Matthew , Virk Gurpreet , Vellidis George 
Published: October 2020

AbstractExcessive irrigation can reduce cotton yield, but studies assessing the relative contribution of component physiological processes to yield loss are limited. The objective of the current experiment was to quantify irrigation‐induced yield loss attributable to Intercepted Photosynthetically Active Radiation (IPAR), Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) and Harvest Index (HI). For three irrigation treatments (well‐watered, over‐irrigated, and dryland) during the 2018 and 2019 growing seasons, biweekly measurements of predawn leaf water potential (ΨPD) and light interception were taken along with measurements of biomass, lint yield, fibre quality and harvest index. Irrigation effects on yield were only observed during the 2019 season, and the results showed that ΨPD remained relatively high in both seasons and was rarely affected by irrigation treatment. A significant reduction in yield was observed for irrigated treatments, despite the dryland producing lower biomass. Any positive effects of IPAR and RUE on lint yield due to excess irrigation were offset by large declines in HI. We conclude that HI was the dominant contributor to yield loss due to excessive irrigation because reduced boll numbers and average boll mass were observed in plots with the greatest total above‐ground biomass.
Medication errors and risk areas in a critical care unit
Authors: Escrivá Gracia Juan , Aparisi Sanz Álvaro , Brage Serrano Ricardo , Fernández Garrido Julio 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to identify the main medication errors, their causality and the highest risk areas in critical care.DesignA descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study.MethodsWe performed a systematic analysis of the prescription, transcription and administration records of 2,634 dose units of medications that were administered to a total of 87 critically ill patients during 2018.ResultsFinal results have shown important medication errors and a high number of significant drug interactions; prescription phase had the highest mistake rate (71%) and cause of errors (68%); transcription stage had a more variable error typology. A significant correlation was observed between the presence of causes and contributing factors to error during the prescription and the commission of errors during the nurse transcription, being the main risk areas the time of antibiotic administration, dilution errors, concentration and speed of administration of high‐risk medications and the technique used for nasogastric tube drug administration.ConclusionIn critical care, an intolerable number of medication errors are still committed, placing the origin of many of them in the causality and contributing factors identified in the prescription stage.ImpactThe origin of many of the medication errors and most interactions is in the prescription stage, being the nurse transcription (nurse intervention) in an important filter that prevents a considerable number of errors from finally reaching the patient. The schedule of administration of time‐dependent antibiotics, high‐risk medications and the technique of administering medications through a nasogastric tube are important risk areas for the commission of medication errors.
Inquiry into women’s pathways to diagnosis of endometriosis: A qualitative study protocol
Authors: Cromeens Martha G. , Thoyre Suzanne , Carey Erin T. , Knafl Kathleen , Robinson Whitney R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimsThis protocol describes a study aiming to: (1) describe pathways and experiences of women's symptom recognition, appraisal and management of endometriosis; and (2) identify differences in pathways and experiences among a socioeconomically and racially diverse group of women.DesignDescriptive qualitative study with stratified purposeful sampling.MethodsData will be collected from a minimum of 24 women with provider‐presumed or surgically confirmed diagnoses across two time points. The study will recruit across socioeconomic status (SES) and race/ethnicity (non‐Hispanic White, non‐Hispanic Black, and Hispanic/Latina) to ensure diversity of the sample. Recruitment will occur at a large public hospital in the southeastern United States (US). Participants will be interviewed using semi‐structured interview guides informed by Elder and Giele's Life Course perspective approaching women as active beings in dynamic systems shaped by: 1) their location in time and space; 2) linked lives; and 3) human agency, and 4) the time of their lives. Each woman's experiences, symptoms, and contacts with health‐care systems will be mapped to trace their diagnostic pathways. Coded interviews and data will undergo within‐ and across‐case analysis to identify similarities and differences in their experiences. Institutional review board approval was obtained June 2019.DiscussionThe participants’ diagnostic maps will enable us to distinguish the differences in pathways and experiences between and across groups. Findings will inform the development of interventions aimed at shortening the time to diagnosis.ImpactThis will be the first study to compare pathways to diagnosis of endometriosis in a socioeconomically and racially diverse sample of US women using the life course perspective. The results from this research stand to inform future interventions aimed at helping women achieve more timely diagnoses.