bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The United Nations Security Council Reforms and The Permanent Five Challenge: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Ade-Ibijola Aderemi Opeyemi 
Published: August 2020

The manner in which the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is presently constituted remains the greatest challenge to the realization of the ambitions of UNSC permanent seat seekers. For the highly infl uential economic giants better known as the “middle powers”- Japan, India, Brazil, and Germany; and African leading contenders such as Nigeria, South-Africa and Egypt ambitions to yield the desired result, they must mandatorily secure the support of the UNSC Permanent fi ve veto holding members. In light of the foregoing, this paper examines the attempts to reform the UNSC since the late 1960s and the roles of the Permanent fi ve members of the UNSC such as Britain, China, France, USA and Russia regarding this endeavour. Specifi cally, it argues that the Permanent fi ve member’s disposition to this issue has been the major challenge to the much desired reform of the UNSC. The UNSC is the main organ of the United Nations (UN) that is vested with powers to maintain international peace and security. Since its creation in mid 1940s, this organ has been criticized for its undemocratic nature by member states whose region are either not represented in the Security Council (SC) or under-represented.
The Impacts of Indonesia and Russia Trade Relations on Indonesia’s Maritime Security
Authors: Manurung Hendra 
Published: August 2020

This article is to examine the increasing development of the bilateral trade relations between the Republic of Indonesia and the Russian Federation. Also it aims at studying the Indonesia-Russia trade relations on Indonesia’s national security. Thus, in pursuit of its national interest, Indonesia is working very hard to further strengthen its bilateral trade relations with Russia. Marking the 50 year old relationship in the beginning of the 21st century, the two countries have booked an increasing trade in their relations. This research employed qualitative research methods featuring descriptive analysis of the data on the bilateral relations within “The Framework of Friendly and Partnership in the 21st century”. Therefore, the author exposed the works of two main consultation mechanisms, namely the Indonesian-Russian Joint Commission on Trade, Economic and Technical Cooperation and the Joint Commission on Military Technical Cooperation under the President Megawati Sukarnoputri administration (2003 - 2004), succeeded by the 1st team of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004 -2009) and the 2nd team of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2009-2014), and President Joko Widodo (2014 - present). An increase is recorded in the overall trade relations of the two countries. Nevertheless, Indonesia still suffered from trade deficit. In addition, the Indonesian defense capability has increased.
Bio-weapons and Bio-terrorism Attacks on Commercial Shipping in Nigeria: The Potential Trojan Horse of the 21st Century
Authors: O. Abdulkadir Abdulrazaq 
Published: August 2020

Biological attacks by terrorists may seem more like a plot element in an action film than a realistic threat. The possibility of biological weapons attack could be very remote. Scholars are divergent in their opinions on the plausibility of a biological attack. The U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence and the National Intelligence Council stated in 2008 that bio-terrorism is a more likely threat than nuclear terrorism. Researches have revealed that of all weapons of mass destruction, biological weapons constitute the greatest worry. The most likely target for bio-terrorism is a major city or other densely crowded areas, such as transportation hubs like sea ports. This paper probes into Nigerian legislations especially the Nigerian Port Authority Act, the NIMASA Act, the Terrorism Act and the NAFDAC Act regarding biological weapons and bio-terrorism in maritime commerce parlance. It is observed in this paper that all these Acts lack preventive mechanisms in the case of the emergence of the scourge. It is argued that Nigeria is vulnerable to bio-terrorism owing to a dearth of detective measure in the boarder ports. The paper concludes that there is an urgent need to revamp the legal framework to tame the threat of bio-terrorism.
Urgency of Political Decentralization and Regional Autonomy in Indonesia: Local Perspectives
Authors: Yakub Andi , Abdul Ghani Ahmad Bashawir , Anwar Mohammad Syafi’i 
Published: August 2020

Indonesia is a country that is inhabited by hundreds of ethnic groups with different geographical condition, natural resources and social culture. Regional decentralization and autonomy that is carried out in Indonesia is an acknowledgment of ethnic diversity (pluralism) to create unity and harmony (BhinekaTunggal Ika), to form social harmony and equal development with the framework of protecting national stability. This article argues on the urgency of political decentralization and regional autonomy in Indonesia through local perspectives by using political decentralization/local democracy model approach with the centrifugal style of authority and government decentralization and structural efficiency model approach with centripetal style.
When Compelled to FB Around Academic Texts: Postgraduate Students Reflected on their Online Experience
Authors: Shaik Abdullah Sarimah , Yaacob Aizan , Abdul Rahim Fauziah 
Published: August 2020

Purpose – This paper is part of a larger study which explored postgraduate students talk around academic texts via Facebook (FB). Our exploration is largely guided by the idea of reading as a social practice. In this paper, we specifi cally focus on the students’ refl ections of their online experience of talking around academic texts. Method – The qualitative data used in this paper were derived from students’ reflective diaries, students’ FB interactions, and informal conversations and were collected from a group of students (27) attending a master’s class in distance learning mode. Thematic analysis was conducted to examine the themes that emerged to represent their refl ections. Findings – The students’ reflections were grouped into two major categories: convenience and facilitation of learning. Students’ reflection on the convenience afforded by the FB talk centered mainly on the idea of distance and time. Their reflections on the facilitation of learning were broken down into the following themes: safe environment to explore, social support, self-regulation and autonomy. A separate category, “FB entries need responding”, was assigned to students’ comments about the importance of lecturer’s and group members’ feedback. Value – This study revealed the potential of FB as a convenient, safe and an informal avenue for students to share their understandings and reading-related problems. The informal nature of their FB experience supported free exploration of ideas without the worry of having to appear “clever”.
Understanding Language Learning: Review of the Application of the Interaction Model in Foreign Language Contexts
Authors: Dixon L. Quentin , Wu Shuang 
Published: August 2020

Purpose – This paper examined the application of the inputinteraction-output model in English-as-Foreign-Language (EFL) learning environments with four specific questions: (1) How do the three components function in the model? (2) Does interaction in the foreign language classroom seem to be effective for foreign language acquisition? (3) What factors might facilitate/impede interaction, which, in turn, positively or negatively affect output? (4) What are effective teaching methods to enhance interaction and ensure quality of output? Methodology – A systematic search for empirical studies was conducted in the selected databases, which yielded 26 studies from different parts of the world. These studies met the preset criteria concerning medium of instruction, setting, relevancy and quality. Findings – The review demonstrated that when input, interaction and output worked together, positive English le
Reassessing the Accuracy and Use of Readability Formulae
Authors: Janan Dahlia , Wray David 
Published: August 2020

Purpose – The purpose of the study is to review readability formulae and offer a critique, based on a comparison of the grading of a variety of texts given by six well-known formulae. Methodology – A total of 64 texts in English were selected either by or for native English speaking children aged between six and 11 years. Each text was assessed using six commonly used readability formulae via the Words Count website (http://www.wordscount. info/) which provides automated readability indices using FOG, Spache, SMOG, Flesh-Kincaid and Dale-Chall. For the ATOS formula, the Renaissance Learning website was used (http://www. renlearn.com/ar/overview/atos/). Statistical tests were then carried out to check the consistency among the six formulae in terms of their predictions of levels of text diffi culty. Findings – The analysis demonstrated significantly different readability indices for the same text using different formulae. It appeared that some of the formulae (but not all) were consistent in their ranking of texts in order of difficulty but were not consistent in their grading of each text. This finding suggests that readability formulae need to be used carefully to support teachers’ judgements about text difficulty rather than as the sole mechanism for text assessment. Significance – Making decisions about matching texts to learners is something regularly required from teachers at all levels. Making such decisions about text suitability is described as measuring the ‘readability’ of texts, and for a long time, this measurement has been treated as unproblematic and achieved using formulae which use such features as vocabulary diffi culty and sentence length. This study suggests that the use of such readability formulae is more problematic than may at first appear. Although the study was carried out with native English speaking children using texts in English, it is argued that the lessons learnt apply equally to Malay speakers reading Malay language texts.
The Impact of Quantum Teaching Strategy on Student Academic Achievement and Self-Esteem in Inclusive Schools
Authors: Gunarhadi Gunarhadi , Kassim Mustapa , Shaari Abdull Sukor 
Published: August 2020

Purpose – This research was aimed at showing the impact of a teaching strategy called the Quantum Teaching Strategy on students’ academic achievements in two school subjects, namely in Bahasa Indonesia and Science, in comparison to that experienced through classes using a conventional teaching strategy. This research also examined the role of self-esteem on the students’ academic achievements in both the subjects in inclusive schools in Indonesia. Methodology – This research was a quasi-experimental study on two intact groups of sixth graders of two different inclusive schools. The sample was assigned through multi-staged cluster sampling from 78 elementary schools in 15 sub-district areas. The data on student academic achievements was collected by means of tests, while the data on self-esteem were obtained through a questionnaire. T-test was used to analyze the different impacts of the Quantum Teaching Strategy and conventional teaching strategy on the academic achievements of students, while ANCOVA was applied to determine whether the students’ self-esteem infl uenced their academic achievements in Bahasa Indonesia and Science. Findings – The t-test showed that the Quantum Teaching Strategy had a better impact on both Bahasa Indonesia and Science achievements as compared to the conventional teaching strategy. Significance – Findings of this study can be used as a guide for planning and using Quantum Teaching Strategy in teaching and learning Bahasa Indonesia and Science in inclusive schools.
Perbezaan Gender dalam Sokongan Pembelajaran dan Pencapaian Akademik : Peranan Perantara Keterlibatan Murid di Sekolah
Authors: M. Jelas Zalizan , Salleh Amla , Azman Norzaini , Jani Rohana , Hamzah Ramlah , Mahmud Izwan , Ab. Hamid Zaleha , Hamzah Hanizah , Hutkemari Hutkemari 
Published: August 2020

Tujuan – Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti perbezaan gender dalam sokongan pembelajaran, keterlibatan murid di sekolah dan pencapaian. Kajian ini juga meneliti sejauh mana keterlibatan tersebut berperanan sebagai perantara kepada gender, sokongan pembelajaran dengan pencapaian akademik. Metodologi – Kajian ini menggunakan model keratan rentas yang melibatkan hubungan gender dengan keterlibatan murid di sekolah, sokongan pembelajaran dan pencapaian akademik. Sampel kajian adalah seramai 2,359 remaja lelaki dan perempuan berumur 12 hingga 16 tahun dari sekolah harian di kawasan bandar dan luar bandar. Instrumen Keterlibatan Murid di Sekolah dan Sokongan Pembelajaran digunakan untuk kutipan data. Kedua-dua instrumen telah diterjemah ke dalam bahasa Melayu untuk meninjau sejauhmana keterlibatan murid di sekolah dan persepsi mereka terhadap sokongan pembelajaran daripada ibu bapa, guru dan rakan sebaya. Kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan instrumen menunjukkan nilai tinggi. Analisis inferensi korelasi Pearson dijalankan untuk menentukan hubungan antara pemboleh ubah. Analisis model persamaan berstruktur (SEM) dilaksanakan untuk mengenal pasti peranan keterlibatan murid sebagai perantara gender dan sokongan pembelajaran terhadap pencapaian akademik. Dapatan – Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa tidak terdapat perbezaan gender yang signifi kan dalam keterlibatan murid di sekolah, sokongan pembelajaran dan pencapaian akademik. Keterlibatan murid di sekolah merupakan perantara dalam hubungan gender dan pencapaian akademik. Keterlibatan murid di sekolah juga adalah perantara bagi sokongan guru, sokongan ibu bapa dan sokongan rakan sebaya terhadap pencapaian akademik. Kepentingan – Dapatan kajian ini meneguhkan teori mengenai peranan dan sumbangan keterlibatan murid di sekolah, dan sokongan pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan pencapaian murid seperti mana kajian yang dilakukan di Barat terhadap konstruk yang dikaji. Dapatan kajian ini membantu menyediakan cadangan intervensi untuk meningkatkan sokongan pembelajaran dalam kalangan remaja.
Using Diacritics in the Arabic Script of Malay to Scaffold Arab Postgraduate Students in Reading Malay Words
Authors: Salehuddin Khazriyati , Winskel Heather 
Published: August 2020

Purpose – This study aims to investigate the use of diacritics in the Arabic script of Malay to facilitate Arab postgraduate students of UKM to read the Malay words accurately. It is hypothesised that the Arabic script could facilitate the reading of Malay words among the Arab students because of their earlier exposure to the Arabic script in comparison to the Romanised script. Method – Twelve Arabic fi rst language speakers participated in a reading experiment that used DMDX, a Win 32-based display system for psychological experiments, to investigate whether or not Arabic vowel diacritics can facilitate Arabic fi rst language speakers to read Malay words accurately. A total of 100 Malay bi-syllabic words were used as stimuli in three different forms: 1) Arabic script without diacritics; 2) Arabic script with diacritics; and 3) Romanised script. The participants’ responses and reaction times were recorded to analyse accuracy and speed. Findings – Arabic first language speakers were more accurate when reading words in Arabic script of Malay with diacritics and when reading Romanised script than when reading Arabic words without diacritics. Arabic speakers read Malay words faster in Arabic script without diacritics and in Romanised scripts than when reading words in Arabic script with diacritics. Significance – This study shows that the use of a more familiar script to a certain extent does facilitate language learners to produce the target language more accurately compared to using a less familiar script. Hence, educators should explore any possible means to scaffold learners in their learning process.
GEOGEBRA: TOWARDS REALIZING 21ST CENTURY LEARNING IN MATHEMATICS EDUCATION
Authors: Kim Khor Mui , Md-Ali Ruzlan 
Published: August 2020

Purpose – This study examines the effect using GeoGebra dynamic geometry software on students’ ability to confront geometry problem solving, their achievement in spatial visualization skills, and their usage of cognitive skills in applying, analyzing, evaluating, creating and constructing ideas for geometry problem solving on the topic of Shape and Space towards supporting 21st century learning of Mathematics Education. Methodology – Quantitative and qualitative data were collected for this study. A total of 102 Form Two students participated in the study, which had employed the pre-test and post-test quasi-experimental research design. The research participants were divided into three groups, namely Experimental Group 1 (n=33), Experimental Group 2 (n=35) and Control Group (n=34). A guideline book on using GeoGebra dynamic geometry software in learning of Shape and Space, developed by the researchers and validated by a panel of experts, was used by the teachers and students in the experimental groups. The quantitative data, obtained via the Topical Test (TT) and Spatial Visualization Ability Test (SVAT), were analysed using MANOVA. The reliability coefficients of TT and SVAT were 0.972 and 0.953 respectively. The qualitative data, collected via interviews, teaching observations, video recordings and students’ works, was thematically analysed. Findings – The experimental groups’ TT and the SVAT post-test mean scores for both the experimental groups were significantly higher than the control group’s TT and the SVAT post-test mean scores. The learning of Shape and Space using GeoGebra dynamic geometry software had enabled students to produce works with evidence of critical, creative and innovative elements in their solutions. The experimental groups’ students agreed that using the dynamic software something new to them and was indeed as an attractive way to learn mathematics because they had the opportunity to experience hands-on learning of mathematics using ICT. They voiced their dessire to also use the GeoGebra dynamic geometry software when learning other mathematics topics. Significance – The use of GeoGebra dynamic geometry software to support the notion of integration of technology in the teaching and learning of mathematics in schools has the potential to promote active students involvement in mathematics learning. The active learning could provide students with meaningful learning experiences and opportunities to produce quality, creative and innovative works. The dynamic software has the capacity to support students’ logical and systematic approaches in solving geometry problems and also triggers multiple ways of interactions and collaborations in the mathematics classrooms. The stimulation of students’ creative and innovative thinking provide evidence for the potential support of the dynamic software towards realizing 21st century learning within Mathematics Education.
ENHANCING KNOWLEDGE OF BULLYING BEHAVIOR THROUGH CREATIVE PEDAGOGY AMONG STUDENTS
Authors: Saibon Jamalsafri , Leong Amelia Chiew Har , Abd. Razak Muhamad Zahir 
Published: August 2020

Purpose – Bullying is one of the most worrying issues among teachers, parents, and students. Hence, prevention action should be taken to prevent bullying at school. Therefore, the Program 2BS: I’m a Buddy not a Bully, has been implemented with an aim to enhance knowledge on bullying among students. This paper examines the effectiveness of pedagogical creative approaches to increase bullying knowledge and awareness among students. Creative and fun pedagogy have been used as an approach to achieve the objectives of this program. Methodology – A total of 234 students from different school orientations and aged 14–16 years participated in this experimental research. This study employs a quantitative method with the support of qualitative approaches utilizing quasi experiments design. An interview was conducted with seven students to obtain a deeper understanding of the effectiveness of creative pedagogy. Findings – The results showed a significant increase in knowledge of bullying behavior among students who had participated in this program. The findings from the interviews show that by using this creative pedagogy approach, students were more excited and could understand the content better. Significance – The findings are significant to teachers and learners, because they can act accordingly towards bullying behavior. This program provides an alternative to implementing bullying prevention programs that are oriented towards enhancing knowledge on bullying among students.
THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MobiEko: A MOBILE EDUCATIONAL APP FOR MICROECONOMICS MODULE
Authors: Muslimin Mohamad Siri , Mohd Nordin Norazah , Mansor Ahmad Zamri , Md Yunus Melor 
Published: August 2020

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to presents the steps taken to produce a mobile learning application framework to learn Microeconomics for which is named “MobiEko Apps”. Mobile learning application is utilized because the framework enables seamless access between all the involved actors. The design and development of an application prototype in this study are based on the ADDIE instructional design model. Methodology – This study was conducted to develop an educational mobile application for Microeconomics by eliciting learning content and evaluating learners’ satisfaction after the use of app. The design and development of an application prototype in this study are based on the ADDIE instructional design model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). This approach provides educators with useful, clearly defined stages for the effective implementation of instruction. Five stages comprise the framework, each with its own distinct purpose and function in the progression of instructional design. In this study, Prototype applications that want to produce is an education material in the form of mobile application based on Android platform to support teaching and learning activities in the classroom. Findings – A systematic research framework using ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate) approach is proposed to produce mobile application (MobiEko app) by dividing the content of the application into four main activities namely as learning menu, learning activities, assessment activities and support activities. The findings also showed that students were satisfied of the presentation design, visual, navigation and accessibility of ‘MobiEko’ application. Additionally, Mobile educational application (MobiEko) successfully performed as a knowledge transfer channel to help students and learners understand better the concepts and course contents as well as facilitated educators and students with better or more convenient ways in their teaching and learning activities. Significance – The present study has great significance to explore the roles of self-directed learning through mobile application to enhance the student’s knowledge through the development of an educational mobile application. It is expected to encourage students to carry out self-study while improving the quality of teaching and learning activities in line with the 21st century learning. The education mobile application envisioned to be applied in blended learning scenario to support instructors and students in teaching and learning, leveraging on the affordance and ownership of mobile devices as well as to facilitate the learning of Microeconomics courses on mobile devices.