bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modernization of Competition Law and Policy in Egypt: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Kim Dong-Hwan , Choi Yo Sop 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCompetition laws and policies play an important role in developing countries. More than 130 countries have adopted either a competition law or a similar framework of anti-monopoly laws that aims to improve social welfare. Most African countries have already started developing their competition regimes, and regional trade organizations in Africa have provided competition sections in their free trade agreements to enhance enforcement cooperation. For fledgling competition regimes in Africa, the improvement of effective public enforcement and competition law culture has become an essential driver of competition law development. In particular, Egypt has demonstrated its efforts towards the modernization of competition law and the enhancement of fair and free competition, which is an example of the development of the competition regime in a developing African country. This article discusses the development of the Egyptian competition regime from a comparative perspective and suggests proposals for its further modernization.
Secured Transactions in Moveable Assets Act, Company Charges and Funding Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises under Nigerian Law
Authors: Esangbedo Gregory 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe clamour for the reform of Nigeria's secured transactions’ law has culminated in the recent enactment of the Secured Transactions in Movable Assets Act to stimulate responsible lending to micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), among other objectives. This article evaluates the impact of the act, in particular how it addresses the problems associated with the common law system that made it difficult for small business entities to access loans and other credit facilities. The article further examines the implications of the autonomy the act gives to companies to continue to grant charges pursuant to the old system. The author contends that, despite the act's obvious similarity to reformed systems of personal property security laws (reform now being championed by the UN Commission on International Trade Law), expectations of it meeting its key objective of stimulating credit to MSMEs may be misconceived.
Effect of different temperatures on survival and development of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Railliet, 1898) larvae
Authors: Napoli E. , Arfuso F. , Gaglio G. , Abbate J.M. , Giannetto S. , Brianti E. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Aim of the study was to get in-depth information on Aelurostrongylus abstrusus first-stage larvae (L1s) survival at different temperatures and to assess the capability of these larvae to develop into the third infective stage (L3s). Faeces of a naturally infected cat were split into two aliquots: the first was divided in subsamples assigned to four groups (F1–F4); from the second aliquot, L1s were extracted by Baermann technique, suspended in water and divided into four groups (W1–W4). Groups were stored at different temperatures (F1/W1 −20 ± 1°C; F2/W2 +4 ± 1°C; F3/W3 +14 ± 1°C; and F4/W4 +28 ± 1°C) and L1s vitality assessed every seven days. The capability of L1s stored in water to develop into L3s in snails was evaluated at the beginning and every 21 days. The L1s of W2 and F2 groups remained viable for a longer period (231 and 56 days, respectively) compared to those of other groups. The capability of L1s to moult into L3s in snails showed a decreasing trend; the group W2's L1s maintained the capability to moult into L3s for the longest time (day 189) compared to the other groups. The time of survival of A. abstrusus L1s is influenced by temperature. However, the species seems to be more resistant to temperature variations than other feline lungworms, and this may explain its wider distribution across Europe.
Testimony, faith, and humility
Authors: MALCOLM FINLAY 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIt is sometimes claimed that faith is a virtue. To what extent faith is a virtue depends on what faith is. One construal of faith, which has been popular in both recent and historical work on faith, is that faith is a matter of taking oneself to have been spoken to by God and of trusting this purported divine testimony. In this article, I argue that when faith is understood in this way, for faith to be virtuous then it must be accompanied by intellectual humility. I defend this view by showing how someone ought to respond to purported divine testimony if her faith is to be intellectually humble, and how, if it fails in this respect, it will instead be accompanied by the vices of either servility or arrogance.
UNDER THE LORDLY MONARCHS OF THE NORTH: THE EPIGRAPHY OF NORTHERN BELIZE
Authors: Helmke Christophe 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe hieroglyphic texts of northern Belize are remarkable for their longevity, spanning from the Late Preclassic to the Late Postclassic (ca. 100b.c–a.d.1544). Together, these texts constitute an invaluable body of information that has thus far been generally overlooked and has not been integrated into larger syntheses of the region. This paper provides a diachronic review of the glyphic texts of northern Belize and contrasts them to the wider historical processes of the eastern Maya lowlands. A definition of the northern Belizean region precedes an outline of the corpora of monuments, as well as the textual sources on portable objects. This provides an historical review of northern Belize from the incipience of royalty to the eve of the Spanish Conquest.
A surgical technique for ascending aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta replacement without cross-clamp, circulatory arrest or hypothermia
Authors: Ugurlucan Murat , Yildiz Yahya , Ulukan Mustafa O. , Oztas Didem M. , Beyaz Metin O. , Canata Emin , Coban Senay , Unal Orcun , Erkanli Korhan , Turkoglu Halil 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTreatment of the aneurysms comprising the aortic arch is challenging. Surgical reconstruction usually requires aortic cross-clamping, cardiac arrest, and even deep hypothermia for a bloodless field. In this report, we present our surgical technique providing normothermic ascending aorta, aortic arch, and proximal descending aorta replacement with selective cannulation and perfusion of the whole body.
Depression among women of reproductive age in rural Bangladesh is linked to food security, diets and nutrition
Authors: Sparling Thalia M , Waid Jillian L , Wendt Amanda S , Gabrysch Sabine 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjective:To quantify the relationship between screening positive for depression and several indicators of the food and nutrition environment in Bangladesh.Design:We used cross-sectional data from the Food and Agricultural Approaches to Reducing Malnutrition (FAARM) trial in Bangladesh to examine the association of depression in non-peripartum (NPW) and peripartum women (PW) with food and nutrition security using multivariable logistic regression and dominance analysis.Setting:Rural north-eastern Bangladesh.Participants:Women of reproductive age.Results:Of 2599 women, 40 % were pregnant or up to 1 year postpartum, while 60 % were not peripartum. Overall, 20 % of women screened positive for major depression. In the dominance analysis, indicators of food and nutrition security were among the strongest explanatory factors of depression. Food insecurity (HFIAS) and poor household food consumption (FCS) were associated with more than double the odds of depression (HFIAS: NPW OR = 2·74 and PW OR = 3·22; FCS: NPW OR = 2·38 and PW OR = 2·44). Low dietary diversity (<5 food groups) was associated with approximately double the odds of depression in NPW (OR = 1·80) and PW (OR = 1·99). Consumption of dairy, eggs, fish, vitamin A-rich and vitamin C-rich foods was associated with reduced odds of depression. Anaemia was not associated with depression. Low BMI (<18·5 kg/m2) was also associated with depression (NPW: OR = 1·40).Conclusions:Depression among women in Bangladesh was associated with many aspects of food and nutrition security, also after controlling for socio-economic factors. Further investigation into the direction of causality and interventions to improve diets and reduce depression among women in low- and middle-income countries are urgently needed.
Association of sugar-sweetened beverage intake with risk of metabolic syndrome among children and adolescents in urban China
Authors: Li Shuyi , Cao Muqing , Yang Chen , Zheng Hao , Zhu Yanna 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjective:High sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake has been shown to correlate with a higher risk for CVD and metabolic disorders, while the association between SSB intake and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the association between SSB intake and MetS among children and adolescents in urban China.Design:A cross-sectional study involving 7143 children and adolescents was conducted in urban China. MetS definition proposed by the International Diabetes Federation was adopted. Data on SSB intake, diet, physical activity and family environment factors were obtained through questionnaires. Logistic regression models with multivariable adjustment were adopted to analyse the association between SSB intake and the risk of MetS and its components.Setting:Primary and secondary schools in three urban cities of China.Participants:Children and adolescents (n 5258) aged 7–18 years.Results:Among the participants, 29·9 % of them had high SSB intake (at least 0·3 servings/d) and the overall MetS prevalence was 2·7 %. Participants with high SSB intake were at higher risk for MetS (OR = 1·60; 95 % CI 1·03, 2·54) and abdominal obesity (OR = 1·55; 95 % CI 1·28, 1·83) compared with their counterparts with no SSB intake (0 servings/d).Conclusions:High SSB intake is significantly associated with increased MetS and abdominal obesity risk among children and adolescents in urban China. These results suggest that strong policies focusing on controlling SSB intake might be effective in preventing MetS and abdominal obesity.
Incidence and temporal trends of co-occurring personality disorder diagnoses in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases
Authors: Blaney C. , Sommer J. , El-Gabalawy R. , Bernstein C. , Walld R. , Hitchon C. , Bolton J. , Sareen J. , Patten S. , Singer A. , Lix L. , Katz A. , Fisk J. , Marrie R. A. ,   for the CIHR Team in Defining the Burden and Managing the Impact of Psychiatric Comorbidity in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disease
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Aims
Although immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) are associated with multiple mental health conditions, there is a paucity of literature assessing personality disorders (PDs) in these populations. We aimed to estimate and compare the incidence of any PD in IMID and matched cohorts over time, and identify sociodemographic characteristics associated with the incidence of PD.

Methods
We used population-based administrative data from Manitoba, Canada to identify persons with incident inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using validated case definitions. Unaffected controls were matched 5:1 on sex, age and region of residence. PDs were identified using hospitalisation or physician claims. We used unadjusted and covariate-adjusted negative binomial regression to compare the incidence of PDs between the IMID and matched cohorts.

Results
We identified 19 572 incident cases of IMID (IBD n = 6,119, MS n = 3,514, RA n = 10 206) and 97 727 matches overall. After covariate adjustment, the IMID cohort had an increased incidence of PDs (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.72; 95%CI: 1.47–2.01) as compared to the matched cohort, which remained consistent over time. The incidence of PDs was similarly elevated in IBD (IRR 2.19; 95%CI: 1.69–2.84), MS (IRR 1.79; 95%CI: 1.29–2.50) and RA (IRR 1.61; 95%CI: 1.29–1.99). Lower socioeconomic status and urban residence were associated with an increased incidence of PDs, whereas mid to older adulthood (age 45–64) was associated with overall decreased incidence. In a restricted sample with 5 years of data before and after IMID diagnosis, the incidence of PDs was also elevated before IMID diagnosis among all IMID groups relative to matched controls.

Conclusions
IMID are associated with an increased incidence of PDs both before and after an IMID diagnosis. These results support the relevance of shared risk factors in the co-occurrence of PDs and IMID conditions.
Zn Isotope Composition in the Water Column of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean: The Importance of External Sources
Authors: Liao Wen‐Hsuan , Takano Shotaro , Yang Shun‐Chung , Huang Kuo‐Fang , Sohrin Yoshiki , Ho Tung‐Yuan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe determined Zn isotope composition (δ66Zn) in the water column of the Northwestern Pacific Ocean (NWPO) and its marginal seas to investigate the processes driving vertical and spatial variations. Comparable to previous studies, dissolved δ66Zn was relatively low in the top 200 m, ranging from −0.91 to +0.24‰ and increased with depth toward an averaged value, +0.38±0.10‰, in deep water. We found that δ66Zn observed in the deep water of the NWPO was much lower than the Northeastern Pacific Ocean. Box model approaches suggest that spatial variations in the deep water may be attributed to isotopically light Zn originating from sedimentary input or anthropogenic aerosols. In the surface water, the fractionation factors derived from both closed or open system fractionation models are all less than one in the NWPO. However, both closed and open system models show a relatively poor fit to the measured data. We thus propose that external input is a major factor causing the variations of [Zn] and δ66Zn values in surface water, in addition to the effects of scavenging, physical mixing, and biological uptake. As elevated [Zn] and relatively light δ66Zn in the surface water were observed in high aerosol input regions, aerosol deposition may play a dominant role in regulating Zn elemental and isotopic composition in the surface ocean.
Anthropogenic Effects on Cloud Condensation Nuclei Distribution and Rain Initiation in East Asia
Authors: Liu Chong , Wang Tijian , Rosenfeld Daniel , Zhu Yannian , Yue Zhiguo , Yu Xing , Xie Xiaodong , Li Shu , Zhuang Bingliang , Cheng Tiantao , Niu Shengjie 
Published: January 2020

Key Points

The activated cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) into cloud droplets were nearly equally low (<300 cm−3) in inland areas with little anthropogenic emissions
Anthropogenic emissions were responsible to the greatly elevated concentrations of CCN over and downwind of urban agglomeration
The enhanced CCN increased cloud depth for rain initiation up to 4 km, further delayed and suppressed the precipitation over the most polluted regions
Deep Submarine Groundwater Discharge—Evidence From Achziv Submarine Canyon at the Exposure of the Judea Group Confined Aquifer, Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Paldor Anner , Katz Oded , Aharonov Einat , Weinstein Yishai , Roditi‐Elasar Mia , Lazar Ayah , Lazar Boaz 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDeep submarine groundwater discharge (DSGD) of fresh‐brackish water was suggested to occur globally, yet its driving mechanism is not well constrained. Specifically, it is unclear whether the phenomenon may represent a steady‐state condition of a hydrological system, in which the terrestrial recharge area is hydraulically connected with the submarine discharge area (by a confined aquifer, for example). Recently, our hydrogeological modeling suggested that such a system exists in northern Israel. The model predicted the location of a brackish water seepage within the Achziv Submarine Canyon, ~10 km offshore, where the Cretaceous Judea Group confined aquifer is carved by the canyon. The present work is a field study that attempts to identify these brackish seeps in the water column of the canyon at the aquifer exposure. The field observations include salinity and temperature profiling of the water column along the canyon during three cruises and 224Ra measurements of water samples from the canyon. The results point to a significant near‐bottom low‐salinity and low‐temperature anomaly right where the aquifer submarine outcrop is mapped that coincide with a high 224Ra activity anomaly. Such near‐bottom anomalies are absent in an adjacent submarine canyon, in which the confined aquifer is not exposed. The anomalies in the water column of the Achziv Submarine Canyon corroborate the results of the hydrogeological modeling that predicted brackish DSGD from the sea bottom at the aquifer outcrop. The possibility of DSGD in specific geo‐hydrological settings is relevant for various biological, geochemical, hydrological, and geotechnical studies of the marginal ocean.
AXL and CAV-1 play a role for MTH1 inhibitor TH1579 sensitivity in cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: Das Ishani , Gad Helge , Bräutigam Lars , Pudelko Linda , Tuominen Rainer , Höiom Veronica , Almlöf Ingrid , Rajagopal Varshni , Hansson Johan , Helleday Thomas , Egyházi Brage Suzanne , Warpman Berglund Ulrika 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is the deadliest form of skin cancer and clinically challenging due to its propensity to develop therapy resistance. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce DNA damage and play a significant role in CMM. MTH1 protein protects from ROS damage and is often overexpressed in different cancer types including CMM. Herein, we report that MTH1 inhibitor TH1579 induced ROS levels, increased DNA damage responses, caused mitotic arrest and suppressed CMM proliferation leading to cell death both in vitro and in an in vivo xenograft CMM zebrafish disease model. TH1579 was more potent in abrogating cell proliferation and inducing cell death in a heterogeneous co-culture setting when compared with CMM standard treatments, vemurafenib or trametinib, showing its broad anticancer activity. Silencing MTH1 alone exhibited similar cytotoxic effects with concomitant induction of mitotic arrest and ROS induction culminating in cell death in most CMM cell lines tested, further emphasizing the importance of MTH1 in CMM cells. Furthermore, overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinase AXL, previously demonstrated to contribute to BRAF inhibitor resistance, sensitized BRAF mutant and BRAF/NRAS wildtype CMM cells to TH1579. AXL overexpression culminated in increased ROS levels in CMM cells. Moreover, silencing of a protein that has shown opposing effects on cell proliferation, CAV-1, decreased sensitivity to TH1579 in a BRAF inhibitor resistant cell line. AXL-MTH1 and CAV-1-MTH1 mRNA expressions were correlated as seen in CMM clinical samples. Finally, TH1579 in combination with BRAF inhibitor exhibited a more potent cell killing effect in BRAF mutant cells both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, we show that TH1579-mediated efficacy is independent of BRAF/NRAS mutational status but dependent on the expression of AXL and CAV-1.
Inhibiting bacterial cooperation is an evolutionarily robust anti-biofilm strategy
Authors: Dieltjens Lise , Appermans Kenny , Lissens Maries , Lories Bram , Kim Wook , Van der Eycken Erik V. , Foster Kevin R. , Steenackers Hans P. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBacteria commonly form dense biofilms encased in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Biofilms are often extremely tolerant to antimicrobials but their reliance on shared EPS may also be a weakness as social evolution theory predicts that inhibiting shared traits can select against resistance. Here we show that EPS of Salmonella biofilms is a cooperative trait whose benefit is shared among cells, and that EPS inhibition reduces both cell attachment and antimicrobial tolerance. We then compare an EPS inhibitor to conventional antimicrobials in an evolutionary experiment. While resistance against conventional antimicrobials rapidly evolves, we see no evolution of resistance to EPS inhibition. We further show that a resistant strain is outcompeted by a susceptible strain under EPS inhibitor treatment, explaining why resistance does not evolve. Our work suggests that targeting cooperative traits is a viable solution to the problem of antimicrobial resistance.
GM-CSF drives dysregulated hematopoietic stem cell activity and pathogenic extramedullary myelopoiesis in experimental spondyloarthritis
Authors: Regan-Komito Daniel , Swann James W. , Demetriou Philippos , Cohen E. Suzanne , Horwood Nicole J. , Sansom Stephen N. , Griseri Thibault 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDysregulated hematopoiesis occurs in several chronic inflammatory diseases, but it remains unclear how hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow (BM) sense peripheral inflammation and contribute to tissue damage in arthritis. Here, we show the HSC gene expression program is biased toward myelopoiesis and differentiation skewed toward granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMP) during joint and intestinal inflammation in experimental spondyloarthritis (SpA). GM-CSF-receptor is increased on HSCs and multipotent progenitors, favoring a striking increase in myelopoiesis at the earliest hematopoietic stages. GMP accumulate in the BM in SpA and, unexpectedly, at extramedullary sites: in the inflamed joints and spleen. Furthermore, we show that GM-CSF promotes extramedullary myelopoiesis, tissue-toxic neutrophil accumulation in target organs, and GM-CSF prophylactic or therapeutic blockade substantially decreases SpA severity. Surprisingly, besides CD4+ T cells and innate lymphoid cells, mast cells are a source of GM-CSF in this model, and its pathogenic production is promoted by the alarmin IL-33.
In silico spectral libraries by deep learning facilitate data-independent acquisition proteomics
Authors: Yang Yi , Liu Xiaohui , Shen Chengpin , Lin Yu , Yang Pengyuan , Qiao Liang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractData-independent acquisition (DIA) is an emerging technology for quantitative proteomic analysis of large cohorts of samples. However, sample-specific spectral libraries built by data-dependent acquisition (DDA) experiments are required prior to DIA analysis, which is time-consuming and limits the identification/quantification by DIA to the peptides identified by DDA. Herein, we propose DeepDIA, a deep learning-based approach to generate in silico spectral libraries for DIA analysis. We demonstrate that the quality of in silico libraries predicted by instrument-specific models using DeepDIA is comparable to that of experimental libraries, and outperforms libraries generated by global models. With peptide detectability prediction, in silico libraries can be built directly from protein sequence databases. We further illustrate that DeepDIA can break through the limitation of DDA on peptide/protein detection, and enhance DIA analysis on human serum samples compared to the state-of-the-art protocol using a DDA library. We expect this work expanding the toolbox for DIA proteomics.