bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unique mating behavior, and reproductive biology of a simultaneous hermaphroditic marine flatworm (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Maricola)
Authors: Yang Ying , Li Jun‐Yu , Sluys Ronald , Li Wei‐Xuan , Li Shuang‐Fei , Wang An‐Tai 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFlatworms generally are simultaneous hermaphrodites that exhibit various kinds of mating behavior. Here we report on the mating behavior and reproductive biology of the planarian Paucumara falcata. We recognized three phases in its mating behavior: a courtship, copulation, and postcopulatory phase. During the last‐mentioned phase, the partners showed a unique and very characteristic behavior in which their bodies intertwined, forming a spiral. Histological study of partners in copula revealed that the sclerotic tip of the musculo‐parenchymatic organ pierces the body wall of the partner and then becomes lodged in its parenchyma, suggesting that this organ may act as an anchor, thus stabilizing the worms during copulation. Similar organs in other species of marine triclad may also perform a stabilizing role during copulation. During copulation in individuals of P. falcata, sperm transfer was reciprocal or only unilateral. Copulation duration ranged 13–35 min (average 20 ± 5 min), irrespective of whether the mating was successful (i.e., resulted in the production of fertile cocoons). The spiraling phase lasted on average 10 min; some worms did not show the postcopulatory spiraling phase during their mating behavior. After successful copulation, an individual worm produced 1–12 fertile cocoons over a period of 1–17 days; from a cocoon hatched either one young (in 70% of the cases), or two young worms.
iNOS‐inhibitor driven neuroprotection in a porcine retina organ culture model
Authors: Hurst José , Mueller‐Buehl Ana Maria , Hofmann Lisa , Kuehn Sandra , Herms Fenja , Schnichels Sven , Joachim Stephanie Christine 
Published: March 2020

AbstractNitrite oxide plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various retinal diseases, especially when hypoxic processes are involved. This degeneration can be simulated by incubating porcine retinal explants with CoCl2. Here, the therapeutic potential of iNOS‐inhibitor 1400W was evaluated. Degeneration through CoCl2 and treatment with the 1400W were applied simultaneously to porcine retinae explants. Three groups were compared: control, CoCl2, and CoCl2 + iNOS‐inhibitor (1400W). At days 4 and 8, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), bipolar, and amacrine cells were analysed. Furthermore, the influence on the glia cells and different stress markers were evaluated. Treatment with CoCl2 resulted in a significant loss of RGCs already after 4 days, which was counteracted by the iNOS‐inhibitor. Expression of HIF‐1α and its downstream targets confirmed the effective treatment with 1400W. After 8 days, the CoCl2 group displayed a significant loss in amacrine cells and also a drastic reduction in bipolar cells was observed, which was prevented by 1400W. The decrease in microglia could not be prevented by the inhibitor. CoCl2 induces strong degeneration in porcine retinae by mimicking hypoxia, damaging certain retinal cell types. Treatment with the iNOS‐inhibitor counteracted these effects to some extent, by preventing loss of retinal ganglion and bipolar cells. Hence, this inhibitor seems to be a very promising treatment for retinal diseases.
The Relationship of Loneliness to End‐of‐Life Experience in Older Americans: A Cohort Study
Authors: Abedini Nauzley C. , Choi HwaJung , Wei Melissa Y. , Langa Kenneth M. , Chopra Vineet 
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVESLittle is known about the relationship between loneliness and end‐of‐life (EOL) experience including symptom burden, intensity of care, and advance care planning among older adults.DESIGNSecondary analysis of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS).SETTINGPopulation based.PARTICIPANTSDecedents older than 50 years who died between 2004 and 2014 (n = 8700). Exclusions included those who were ineligible for surveys assessing loneliness (n = 2932) or had missing or incomplete loneliness or symptom data (n = 2872).MEASUREMENTSIndividuals were characterized as lonely based on responses to the three‐item Revised University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale in the most recent HRS survey before death. Outcomes were proxy reports of total EOL symptom burden, intensity of EOL care (eg, late hospice enrollment, place of death, hospitalizations, use of life support), and advance care planning. Results were expressed as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).RESULTSOne‐third of 2896 decedents (n = 942) were lonely. After adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status, multimorbidity, depressive symptoms, family and friends, and social support, loneliness was independently associated with increased total symptom burden at EOL (ß = .13; P = .004). Compared with nonlonely individuals, lonely decedents were more likely to use life support in the last 2 years of life (35.5% vs 29.4%; aOR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.08‐1.71) and more likely to die in a nursing home (18.4% vs 14.2%; aOR = 1.78; 95% CI = 1.30‐2.42). No significant differences in other measures of intense care (late hospice enrollment, number of hospitalizations, or dialysis use) or likelihood of advance care planning were observed.CONCLUSIONLonely older people may be burdened by more symptoms and may be exposed to more intense EOL care compared with nonlonely people. Interventions aiming to screen for, prevent, and mitigate loneliness during the vulnerable EOL period are necessary. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1064–1071, 2020
Deciphering late Devonian–early Carboniferous P–T–t path of mylonitized garnet‐mica schists from Prins Karls Forland, Svalbard
Authors: Kośmińska Karolina , Spear Frank S. , Majka Jarosław , Faehnrich Karol , Manecki Maciej , Piepjohn Karsten , Dallmann Winfried K. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractQuartz‐in‐garnet inclusion barometry integrated with trace element thermometry and calculated phase relations is applied to mylonitized schists of the Pinkie unit cropping out on the island of Prins Karls Forland, western part of the Svalbard Archipelago. This approach combines conventional and novel techniques and allows deciphering of the pressure–temperature (P–T) evolution of mylonitic rocks, for which the P–T conditions could not have been easily deciphered using traditional methods. The results obtained suggest that rocks of the Pinkie unit were metamorphosed under amphibolite facies conditions at 8–10 kbar and 560–630°C and mylonitized at ~500 to 550°C and 9–11 kbar. The P–T results are coupled with in‐situ Th–U‐total Pb monazite dating, which records amphibolite facies metamorphism at c. 359–355 Ma. This is the very first evidence of late Devonian–early Carboniferous metamorphism in Svalbard and it implies that the Ellesmerian Orogeny on Svalbard was associated with metamorphism up to amphibolite facies conditions. Thus, it can be concluded that the Ellesmerian collision between the Franklinian margin of Laurentia and Pearya and Svalbard caused not only commonly accepted brittle deformation and weak greenschist facies metamorphism, but also a burial and deformation of rock complexes at much greater depths at elevated temperatures.
Fatty acids based α‐Tocopherol loaded nanostructured lipid carrier gel: In vitro and in vivo evaluation for moisturizing and anti‐aging effects
Authors: Ijaz Musarrat , Akhtar Naveed 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundα‐Tocopherol is a potent antioxidant present in the skin. Its concentration decreases with age. Synthetically available α‐tocopherol is viscous, irritating to skin and unstable toward oxidation and ultraviolet (UV) light.AimsTo develop fatty acids based nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) gel loaded with α‐tocopherol and to evaluate its moisturizing and anti‐aging properties.MethodsLauric acid, oleic acid, and Tween‐80 were used as solid lipid, liquid lipid, and surfactant, respectively. Seven formulations (F0‐F6) were developed by using different concentration of ingredients. Most optimized formulation (F2) was selected for further study on the basis of characterization. Dialysis tube method was used for release study. F2 was incorporated in gel, and then, in vitro and noninvasive in vivo study regarding skin moisture content by corneometer® and skin mechanical properties by cutometer® for 12 weeks on human volunteers (n = 13) was conducted.ResultsSize, polydispersibility index (PDI), zeta potential, and %entrapment efficiency (%EE) of optimized formulation (F2) were found 82 nm, 0.261, −28.6, and 94.88 ± 1.16, respectively. Particles were spherical in shape. The release profile showed initial burst and then sustained release, and release data were best fitted to weibull model. α‐tocopherol loaded NLC gel (NLCG) appeared physically stable for 12 weeks at room temperature and showed significant results in terms of skin capacitance and mechanical properties. Rheological assessment showed non‐Newtonian behavior.ConclusionFatty acids based NLC proved to be a promising carrier of photochemically unstable lipophilic vitamin E with enhanced moisturizing and anti‐aging properties.
Approach to women who become pregnant while on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for chronic B hepatitis: A report of two cases
Authors: Ergen Pınar , Yilmaz Karadağ Fatma 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B virus can occur during the intrauterine, antenatal and postnatal periods, with an increased risk of perinatal transmission. Appropriate management of patients who are hepatitis B surface antigen positive during pregnancy can substantially reduce the rates of perinatal transmission. Herein, two pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B are presented; one became pregnant while receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and continued the treatment during pregnancy, the other discontinued tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment on her own due to conception, but restarted at 26 weeks of pregnancy. At birth the newborns of both women were vaccinated and immunoglobulin was given, with no perinatal transmission. Whether pregnant women should receive antiviral therapy or immunoprophylaxis still remains controversial. In order to keep the mother's liver stable and to prevent perinatal transmission, it is of paramount importance to manage pregnant women in line with the current information and guidelines.
A cross sectional study of Mexican caregiver social status, dental knowledge, self‐efficacy, and caregiver/child oral health. A structural equation model
Authors: Jolanta Aleksejūnienė , María del Carmen Villanueva‐Vilchis , Mónica Anaya‐Morales 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesTo test hypothetical models relating caregivers' social status, knowledge, and self‐efficacy to caregiver/child (C/C) oral health‐related outcomes.MethodsOne hundred fifty C/C pairs participated (recruitment = 87.7 percent). Three C/C outcomes were clinically assessed: “Oral self‐care”; “Functional dentitions”; and “Dental treatment needs.” Information about caregiver (CG) social status, knowledge, and self‐efficacy was also gathered. Structural equation modeling tested measurement models (MMs) for CG social status, CG knowledge, and CG self‐efficacy. The structural models (SMs) hypothesized causal paths among CG social status, CG knowledge, CG self‐efficacy, and C/C oral health outcomes.ResultsAll three MMs had a good overall fit (nonsignificant χ2 estimates, Goodness of Fit Index >0.95, Normed Fit Index ~ >0.95, Confirmatory Fit Index >95, Root Mean Square Error Approximation <0.05). For the SMs, the best overall fit was for “Functional dentitions,” while SMs for “Oral self‐care,” and “Dental treatment needs” required revisions. In all the SMs, the path between “Caregiver social status” and “Caregiver knowledge” was significant. In the “C/C Functional dentitions” SM, the significant path linked “CG self‐efficacy” and “Child functional dentition.” In the “C/C Dental treatment needs” SM, the significant path linked “CG self‐efficacy” and “CG functional dentition.”ConclusionsHypothetical models for three oral health‐related outcomes were partly or fully validated.
Urinary metabolomics research for Huangqi Jianzhong Tang against chronic atrophic gastritis rats based on 1H NMR and UPLC-Q/TOF MS
Authors: Liu YueTao , Jin Zhidong , Qin Xuemei , Zheng QingXia 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objectives
As a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Huangqi Jianzhong Tang (HQJZ) has a good efficacy in treating chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG). Our objective was to determine its mechanism based on the urine comprehensive metabolome.

Methods
In the study, a metabolomic approach was applied to reveal the efficacy of HQJZ on the constructed CAG rats coupled with proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF MS).

Key findings
The results showed the regulatory effect of HQJZ on urinary metabolism disorder in CAG rats was similar to the positive drug teprenone. Nineteen and 16 potential biomarkers related to CAG were detected by NMR and UPLC-Q/TOF MS, respectively. Thirty-two urine metabolites were significantly regulated by HQJZ treatment. Combined with MetPA and partial least square regression analysis (PLS-RA), three metabolic pathways of valine, leucine and isoleucine, TCA cycle, and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism were the most relevant pathways for HQJZ treatment.

Conclusions
The main mechanism of HQJZ might be due to the balance of energy consumption, inflammatory inhibition, improvement of the immune system and oxidative stress on the constructed CAG rats. These findings provided comprehensive metabolic information of TCM by parallel measurements by LC-MS and NMR.
Liver imaging reporting and data system category M: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kim Dong Hwan , Choi Sang Hyun , Park Seong Ho , Kim Kyung Won , Byun Jae Ho , Kim So Yeon , Lee Seung Soo , Shin Yong Moon , Won Hyung Jin , Kim Pyo‐Nyun 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsThe Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI‐RADS) category M (LR‐M) was introduced to preserve the high specificity of LI‐RADS algorithm for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to systematically determine the probability of the LR‐M for HCC and non‐HCC malignancy, and to determine the sources of heterogeneity between reported results.MethodsOriginal studies reporting the probability of LR‐M for HCC and non‐HCC malignancy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were identified in MEDLINE and EMBASE. The meta‐analytic pooled percentages of HCC and non‐HCC in LR‐M were calculated. Meta‐regression analysis was performed to explore study heterogeneity. The meta‐analytic frequency of each LR‐M imaging feature was determined.ResultsWe found 10 studies reporting the diagnostic performance of LR‐M (1819 lesions in 1631 patients), and six reporting the frequency of LR‐M imaging features. The pooled percentages of HCC and non‐HCC malignancy for LR‐M were 28.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.8%‐33.1%; I2 = 83%) and 69.6% (95% CI, 64.6%‐74.1%; I2 = 83%) respectively. The study type and MRI scanner field strength were significantly associated with study heterogeneity (P ≤ .04). Of the seven imaging features, rim arterial phase hyperenhancement showed the highest frequency in both non‐HCC (48.9%; 95% CI, 43.0%‐54.8%) and HCC groups (9.8%; 95% CI, 6.9%‐13.6%).ConclusionsThe LR‐M category most commonly included non‐HCC malignancy but also included 28.2% of HCC. Substantial study heterogeneity was noted, and it was significantly associated with study type and MRI scanner field strength. In addition, the frequency of LR‐M imaging features was variable.
The brecciated texture of polymict eucrites: Petrographic investigations of unequilibrated meteorites from the Antarctic Yamato collection
Authors: Vollmer Christian , Rombeck Stella , Roszjar Julia , Sarafian Adam R. , Klemme Stephan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe report on the petrography and mineralogy of five Yamato polymict eucrites to better constrain the formation and alteration of crustal material on differentiated asteroids. Each sample consists of different lithic clasts that altogether form four dominant textures and therefore appear to originate from closely related petrological areas within Vesta′s crust. The textures range from subophitic to brecciated, porphyritic, and quench‐textured, that differ from section to section. Comparison with literature data for these samples is therefore difficult, which stresses that polymict eucrites are extremely complex in their petrography and investigation of only one thick section may not be representative for the host rock. We also show that sample Y‐793548 consists of more than one lithic unit and must therefore be classified as polymict instead of monomict. The variety and nature of lithic textures in the investigated Yamato meteorites indicate shock events, intense post‐magmatic thermal annealing, and secondary alteration. These postmagmatic features occur in different intensities, varying from clast to clast or among coexisting mineral fragments on a small, local scale. Several clasts within the eucrites studied have been modified by late‐stage alteration processes that caused deposition of Fe‐rich olivine and Fe enrichment along cracks crosscutting pyroxene crystals. However, formation of these secondary phases seems to be independent of the degree of thermal metamorphism observed within every type of clast, which would support a late‐stage metasomatism model for their formation.
Unexpected diversity and evolutionary lability in root architectural ecomorphs in the rushes of the hyperdiverse Cape flora
Authors: Ehmig Merten , Linder H. Peter 
Published: March 2020

Summary

Plants use roots to access soil resources, so differences in root traits and their ecological consequences could be a mechanism of species coexistence and niche divergence. Current views of the evolution of root diversity are informed by large‐scale evolutionary analyses based on taxonomically coarse sampling and led to the ‘root trait phylogenetic conservatism hypothesis’. Here we test this hypothesised conservatism among closely related species, and whether root variation plays an ecological role.

We collected root architectural traits for the species‐rich Cape rushes (Restionaceae) in the field and from herbaria. We used machine learning to interpolate missing data. Using model‐based clustering we classified root syndromes. We modelled the proportion of the syndromes along environmental gradients using assemblages and environmental data of 735 plots. We fitted trait evolutionary models to test for the conservatism hypothesis.

We recognised five root syndromes. Responses to environmental gradients are syndrome specific and thus these represent ecomorphs. Trait evolutionary models reveal an evolutionary lability in these ecomorphs.

This could present the mechanistic underpinning of the taxonomic radiation of this group which has been linked to repeated habitat shifts. Our results challenge the perspective of strong phylogenetic conservatism and root trait evolution may more generally drive diversification.
A case report of severe dermatitis, allergies, and metabolic wasting (SAM syndrome)
Authors: Rodríguez Tejero Andrea , Tercedor Sánchez Jesús , Montero Vilchez Trinidad , López Delgado David , Arias Santiago Salvador , Molina Leyva Alejandro 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe presence of eczema and elevated IgE in pediatric patients does not always indicate atopic dermatitis. Rare genodermatoses may share this clinical presentation and should be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients with congenital immunodeficiency and severe refractory dermatitis. We describe a case of severe dermatitis, allergies, and metabolic wasting syndrome, due to a novel mutation in DSG1 gene, an additional example of this uncommon genetic disorder of desmosome function.
Motor output matters: Evidence of a continuous relationship between Stop/No‐go P300 amplitude and peak force on failed inhibitions at the trial‐level
Authors: Nguyen An T. , Albrecht Matthew A. , Lipp Ottmar V. , Marinovic Welber 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMotor actions can be suppressed with varying degrees of success, but this variability is not often captured as responses are typically represented as binary (response vs. no‐response). Although the Stop/No‐go P300 has been implicated as an index of inhibitory‐control, it is unclear how the range of motor outputs relates to the P300. We examined the nature of this association in two experiments using an Anticipatory Timing and a Go/No‐go Task, while measuring peak force, movement onset time, and P300. In both experiments, our results showed that trial‐by‐trial P300 amplitude on Failed Inhibitions were continuously related to peak force, where higher force (reflecting a greater degree of error) was associated with smaller P300 amplitude. Compared to Successful Inhibitions, P300 amplitude and onset latency on Failed Inhibitions were significantly reduced and delayed. Although the binary categorization of inhibition‐success (Successful vs. Failed) accounts for significant variance in the P300, it misses a reliable linear relationship that can be captured by continuous measures of motor output. Overall, the results provide evidence that P300 may reflect the continuously varying engagement of inhibitory‐control. We present an activation model to visualize the P300‐force association and to illustrate how motor output might be modeled in the context of inhibitory‐control. Our results highlight the relevance of P300 amplitude and the importance of studying the spectrum of motor output and the need for future models to account for motor output.
Multidimensional Publicness and Collaboration for Community Benefits: The Case of U.S. Hospitals
Authors: Min Naon , Lee Keon‐Hyung , Yang Kaifeng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRecent research on publicness has called for nuanced attention to various aspects of publicness and their effects; in the meantime, public value research has remained largely theoretical and qualitative, calling for more empirical testing. Integrating these two different but related areas in the literature, this article examines how three publicness dimensions (regulative, normative, and cultural publicness) affect organizations’ collaborative activities for community benefits. Using data from the 2009 American Hospital Association survey, this article shows that all three dimensions are positively associated with hospitals’ collaboration for community benefits. Implications for future research on publicness, public value, and collaboration are discussed.
Crossing the finish line? A review of college completion inequality in the United States by race and class
Authors: Jeffrey Wesley 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAlthough most students graduate from high school and enroll in college the following fall, rates of entry into higher education and completion of a bachelor's degree continue to be stratified by race and class. Because of the potential returns that accrue to individuals and society overall when students complete their 4‐year degree, these disparate trends should motivate more policy‐relevant research in this area. In this review, I show how a longitudinal perspective of the path to a BA degree helps to reconcile competing theories of college completion by race and class across disciplinary boundaries. Both human capital theory and status attainment theory largely examine college completion as the long‐term process of BA attainment, although they differ in their focal stages and mechanisms. In contrast, the theory of categorical inequality, as applied in this review, focuses on the years in higher education and describes the ways in which colleges and universities as organizations create, legitimate, and reinforce categorical distinctions in postsecondary schooling and how these processes independently shape college completion inequality. As public interest grows in holding colleges accountable for their graduation rates, more research is needed on how the formal and informal organizational policies and practices of colleges produce inequality.