bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial-temporal patterns of childhood immunization in New Zealand (2006–2017): an improving pattern but not for all?
Authors: Marek Lukas , Hobbs Matthew , Wiki Jesse , McCarthy John , Tomintz Melanie , Campbell Malcolm , Kingham Simon 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Declining childhood immunization represents a serious public health problem globally and in New Zealand. To guide efforts to increase immunization coverage, this study monitors nationwide change in immunization coverage since the introduction of the National Immunisation Register (NIR) in 2005 and spatiotemporal patterns of immunization coverage from 2006 to 2017.

Methods
The study population consisted of 4 482 499 individual immunization records that were obtained from the NIR (2005–2017). Data on yearly and average immunization coverage in census area units (CAUs) in New Zealand were calculated by milestone age (6/8/12/18/24/60/144 months). Data for 2005 were excluded due to missing records in the introductory period of the NIR. We analyzed spatial and spatiotemporal patterns using Gi* and SaTScan methods.

Results
Immunization coverage improved since the introduction of the NIR in 2005, reaching a peak in 2014 and 2015 with a slight decrease in 2016 and 2017. Well and insufficiently immunized areas were identified with spatial autocorrelation analyses highlighting several hot- and cold-spots. Comparison of CAUs with neighbouring CAUs allowed for the identification of places where immunization coverage was significantly higher or lower than expected, over both time and space.

Conclusion
We provide the first spatiotemporal analysis of childhood immunization in New Zealand that utilizes a large sample of over 4.4 million individual immunization records. Our spatial analyses enable policymakers to understand the development of childhood immunization coverage and make more effective prevention strategies in New Zealand.
Demographic and public health characteristics explain large part of variability in COVID-19 mortality across countries
Authors: Hradsky Ondrej , Komarek Arnost 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe numbers of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths per million people differ widely across countries. Often, the causal effects of interventions taken by authorities are unjustifiably concluded based on the comparison of pure mortalities in countries where interventions consisting different strategies have been taken. Moreover, the possible effects of other factors are only rarely considered.MethodsWe used data from open databases (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, World Bank Open Data, The BCG World Atlas) and publications to develop a model that could largely explain the differences in cumulative mortality between countries using non-interventional (mostly socio-demographic) factors.ResultsStatistically significant associations with the logarithmic COVID-19 mortality were found with the following: proportion of people aged 80 years and above, population density, proportion of urban population, gross domestic product, number of hospital beds per population, average temperature in March and incidence of tuberculosis. The final model could explain 67% of the variability. This finding could also be interpreted as follows: less than a third of the variability in logarithmic mortality differences could be modified by diverse non-pharmaceutical interventions ranging from case isolation to comprehensive measures, constituting case isolation, social distancing of the entire population and closure of schools and borders.ConclusionsIn particular countries, the number of people who will die from COVID-19 is largely given by factors that cannot be drastically changed as an immediate reaction to the pandemic and authorities should focus on modifiable variables, e.g. the number of hospital beds.
Sexual Dimorphism through the Lens of Genome Manipulation, Forward Genetics, and Spatiotemporal Sequencing
Authors: Kasimatis Katja R , Sánchez-Ramírez Santiago , Stevenson Zachary C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Sexual reproduction often leads to selection that favors the evolution of sex-limited traits or sex-specific variation for shared traits. These sexual dimorphisms manifest due to sex-specific genetic architectures and sex-biased gene expression across development, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying these patterns are largely unknown. The first step is to understand how sexual dimorphisms arise across the genotype–phenotype–fitness map. The emergence of “4D genome technologies” allows for efficient, high-throughput, and cost-effective manipulation and observations of this process. Studies of sexual dimorphism will benefit from combining these technological advances (e.g., precision genome editing, inducible transgenic systems, and single-cell RNA sequencing) with clever experiments inspired by classic designs (e.g., bulked segregant analysis, experimental evolution, and pedigree tracing). This perspective poses a synthetic view of how manipulative approaches coupled with cutting-edge observational methods and evolutionary theory are poised to uncover the molecular genetic basis of sexual dimorphism with unprecedented resolution. We outline hypothesis-driven experimental paradigms for identifying genetic mechanisms of sexual dimorphism among tissues, across development, and over evolutionary time.
Neuroligin dependence of social behaviour inCaenorhabditis elegansprovides a model to investigate an autism-associated gene
Authors: Rawsthorne Helena , Calahorro Fernando , Feist Emily , Holden-Dye Lindy , O’Connor Vincent , Dillon James 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by a triad of behavioural impairments including social behaviour. Neuroligin, a trans-synaptic adhesion molecule, has emerged as a penetrant genetic determinant of behavioural traits that signature the neuroatypical behaviours of autism. However, the function of neuroligin in social circuitry and the impact of genetic variation to this gene is not fully understood. Indeed, in animal studies designed to model autism, there remains controversy regarding the role of neuroligin dysfunction in the expression of disrupted social behaviours. The model organism, Caenorhabditis elegans, offers an informative experimental platform to investigate the impact of genetic variants on social behaviour. In a number of paradigms, it has been shown that inter-organismal communication by chemical cues regulates C. elegans social behaviour. We utilize this social behaviour to investigate the effect of autism-associated genetic variants within the social domain of the research domain criteria. We have identified neuroligin as an important regulator of social behaviour and segregate the importance of this gene to the recognition and/or processing of social cues. We also use CRISPR/Cas9 to edit an R-C mutation that mimics a highly penetrant human mutation associated with autism. C. elegans carrying this mutation phenocopy the behavioural dysfunction of a C. elegans neuroligin null mutant, thus confirming its significance in the regulation of animal social biology. This highlights that quantitative behaviour and precision genetic intervention can be used to manipulate discrete social circuits of the worm to provide further insight into complex social behaviour.
On the Fully Nonlinear Alt–Phillips Equation
Authors: Wu Yijing , Yu Hui 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
For a parameter $\gamma \in (1,2)$, we study the fully nonlinear version of the Alt–Phillips equation, $F(D^2u)=u^{\gamma -1}$, for $u\ge 0.$ We establish the optimal regularity of the solution, as well as the $C^1$ regularity of the regular part of the free boundary.
Monocyte CD169 Expression as a Biomarker in the Early Diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Bedin Anne-Sophie , Makinson Alain , Picot Marie-Christine , Mennechet Frank , Malergue Fabrice , Pisoni Amandine , Nyiramigisha Esperance , Montagnier Lise , Bollore Karine , Debiesse Ségolène , Morquin David , Bourgoin Pénélope , Veyrenche Nicolas , Renault Constance , Foulongne Vincent , Bret Caroline , Bourdin Arnaud , Le Moing Vincent , Van de Perre Philippe , Tuaillon Edouard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We assessed the expression of CD169, a type I interferon-inducible receptor, on monocytes (monocyte CD169 [mCD169]) in 53 adult patients admitted to the hospital during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak for a suspicion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Monocyte CD169 was strongly overexpressed in 30 of 32 (93.7%) confirmed COVID-19 cases, compared with 3 of 21 (14.3%) patients in whom the diagnosis of COVID-19 was finally ruled out. Monocyte CD169 was associated with the plasma interferon-alpha level and thrombocytopenia. Monocyte CD169 testing may be helpful for the rapid triage of suspected COVID-19 patients during an outbreak.
The validity and reliability of self-reported satisfaction with healthcare as a measure of quality: a systematic literature review
Authors: ANUFRIYEVA Valentyna , PAVLOVA Milena , STEPURKO Tetiana , GROOT Wim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Purpose
The aim of this paper is to systematize the evidence on the validity and reliability of subjective measurements of satisfaction with healthcare.

Data sources
In this qualitative systematic literature review, we searched for relevant publications in PubMed and JSTOR databases.

Study selection
The key inclusion criteria included (i) original research articles in peer-reviewed journals, (ii) year of publication from 2008 onward and (iii) English language publications.

Data extraction
We applied directed qualitative content analysis to the publications included in the review.

Results of data synthesis
Overall, 1167 publications are found and screened. Of these, 39 publications that focus on the psychometric properties of the measurement of patient satisfaction are included. The majority of the studies validate the already existing instruments adapted to different contexts; the rest describe psychometric properties of self-developed tools. Psychometric properties are assessed by means of reliability and validity assessment. Reliability assessment is performed via Cronbach alpha and test–retest reliability. Overall, 94.9% of studies find that the satisfaction measures are reliable. Validation is performed by a variety of different methods, among which the most applicable are face validity and factor analysis. Overall, 71.8% of studies find that the satisfaction measures are valid.

Conclusion
Because of the complexity of the studies, we cannot make strong recommendations on the application of self-reported satisfaction measures. We recommend the following key strategies: (i) developing of a unified standard toward satisfaction measurement and (ii) identifying a combination of tools to routinely measure satisfaction. We also suggest to further research the issue of subjectivity reduction.
Bringing evidence from press release to the clinic in the era of COVID-19
Authors: McMahon James H , Lydeamore Michael J , Stewardson Andrew J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The urgent need to develop effective therapeutics and disseminate information from clinical studies has led to data from clinical trials being made available by alternate methods prior to peer-reviewed publication, including press releases, social media and pre-print papers. While this allows clinicians more open access to these data, a trust has to be placed with the investigators releasing these data without the availability of scientifically rigorous peer review. The examples of results from trials studying dexamethasone and hydroxychloroquine for treatment of COVID-19 have had contrasting outcomes, including the potential for significant numbers of lives saved with the early release of results from the RECOVERY trial studying dexamethasone contrasting with unsubstantiated data being presented from trials studying hydroxychloroquine. Clinicians and researchers must maintain a healthy scepticism when reviewing results prior to peer-reviewed publication, but also consider when these opportunities may allow for early implementation of potentially lifesaving interventions for people infected with COVID-19.
The burden of the digital environment: a systematic review on organization-directed workplace interventions to mitigate physician burnout
Authors: Thomas Craig Kelly J , Willis Van C , Gruen David , Rhee Kyu , Jackson Gretchen P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objective
To conduct a systematic review identifying workplace interventions that mitigate physician burnout related to the digital environment including health information technologies (eg, electronic health records) and decision support systems) with or without the application of advanced analytics for clinical care.

Materials and Methods
Literature published from January 1, 2007 to June 3, 2020 was systematically reviewed from multiple databases and hand searches. Subgroup analysis identified relevant physician burnout studies with interventions examining digital tool burden, related workflow inefficiencies, and measures of burnout, stress, or job satisfaction in all practice settings.

Results
The search strategy identified 4806 citations of which 81 met inclusion criteria. Thirty-eight studies reported interventions to decrease digital tool burden. Sixty-eight percent of these studies reported improvement in burnout and/or its proxy measures. Burnout was decreased by interventions that optimized technologies (primarily electronic health records), provided training, reduced documentation and task time, expanded the care team, and leveraged quality improvement processes in workflows.

Discussion
The contribution of digital tools to physician burnout can be mitigated by careful examination of usability, introducing technologies to save or optimize time, and applying quality improvement to workflows.

Conclusion
Physician burnout is not reduced by technology implementation but can be mitigated by technology and workflow optimization, training, team expansion, and careful consideration of factors affecting burnout, including specialty, practice setting, regulatory pressures, and how physicians spend their time.
Comprehensiveness of Breast Radiology Fellowship Online Content
Authors: Beck Spencer , Khurana Aditya , Lourenco Ana P , Eltorai Adam E M 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe content of websites for fellowship programs is an important source of information for residents applying to breast imaging fellowship programs (BIFPs). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the comprehensiveness of online content of BIFPs.MethodsA list of BIFPs was obtained from the Society of Breast Imaging website. Each program’s website was evaluated for the presence of 19 training-relevant content variables. Impact of program characteristics on comprehensiveness scores was determined. For statistical analysis, Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to assess differences in comprehensiveness scores based upon region, and two-tailed t-tests were used to compare based upon program size.ResultsA total of 79 BIFP websites were analyzed. The mean comprehensiveness score of BIFP websites based on meeting the 19 criteria was 44.1% (8.4 ± 2.7/19). Program coordinator contact information (72/79, 91.1%), application requirements (71/79, 89.9%), and faculty information (56/79, 70.9%) appeared on &gt;70% of websites. The majority of fellowships had a dedicated webpage for their program (71/79, 89.9%). Information regarding 12 of the 19 criteria appeared on fewer than 50% of websites. Program region (P = 0.32) and size (P = 0.16) were not associated with any differences in mean comprehensiveness score. Additionally, there was no significant difference in scores associated with filling all available positions for the 2020 match cycle (P = 0.77).ConclusionThere is a paucity of information commonly sought out by applicants on the websites of most BIFPs. Both programs and applicants may mutually benefit from increasing comprehensive online content.
Evolutionary Interpretation and International Law
Authors: Vidigal Geraldo 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Debates about the meaning of ‘evolutionary interpretation’ reveal the existence of two conflicting views. Some see evolutionary interpretation as an inevitable step in the ordinary process of applying fixed written language to changing reality. Others see it as a means for interpreters—and, crucially, adjudicators—to update the agreement being applied, infusing into the text the interpreter’s view of what would be a desirable development of the relevant provisions. Benefitting from the views expounded and decisions collected by the authors of Evolutionary Interpretation and International Law, edited by Georges Abi-Saab, Kenneth Keith, Gabrielle Marceau, and Clément Marquet (Hart 2020), this piece investigates two core questions that run through debates regarding evolutionary interpretation. First is the question of what is meant by evolutionary interpretation, whether an unavoidable step in the norm application process or a decision to develop obligations beyond their original scope. Second is the question of the distinctive role of adjudicators, i.e. of whether evolutionary interpretation is a tool used by adjudicators to exercise authority over the legal framework being applied, bypassing the constraints of the consent-based international rule-making system.
Parallels Between the Antiviral State and the Irradiated State
Authors: McGee Heather M , Marciscano Ariel E , Campbell Allison M , Monjazeb Arta M , Kaech Susan M , Teijaro John R 
Published: November 2020

AbstractImproved understanding of host antiviral defense and antitumor immunity have elucidated molecular pathways important to both processes. During viral infection, RNA or DNA in the host cell serves as a danger signal that initiates the antiviral response. Recent studies have elucidated similarities in the signaling pathways activated by viruses and the signaling pathways induced by tumor DNA that is released into the cytoplasm of irradiated tumor cells. Both the host defense to viral infection and the sterile inflammation provoked by radiotherapy induce a type I interferon response that is necessary for pathogen control and immune-mediated tumor control, respectively. These findings have led to the hypothesis that radiotherapy employs a form of viral mimicry.
Short-Term Outcomes After Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Treatment
Authors: Clouser Katharine N , Gadhavi Jasmine , Bhavsar Sejal M , Lewis Rachel , Ballance Cathleen , Michalak Zuzanna , Baer Aryeh , Kriegel Marni , Pall Harpreet , Piwoz Julia , Slavin Kevin , Siegel Mark E , Tozzi Meghan E , Tozzi Robert , Walker David M , Lapidus Sivia , Aschner Judy 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This is a retrospective chart review of 20 patients treated with a consensus-driven treatment algorithm in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children patients across a wide clinical spectrum. Their treatments and clinical status are described as well as their favorable return to functional baseline by 30 days post presentation.
Narratives as a coordinating device for reversing regional disequilibrium
Authors: Collier Paul , Tuckett David 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSubstantial differences in productivity, accompanied by growing social and political discontent, have widened across UK regions in the last 40 years, creating a dysfunctional spatial equilibrium; a coordination failure that has so far proved resistant to change. In this paper, we link such persistent regional disequilibria with current socio-psychological theories about the role of narrative in decision-making under radical uncertainty to explore how and why ideas held collectively within a social network can become the coordinating device for a range of decisions within networked communities that have extra-market effects (externalities), analogous to the role that prices play within markets. Drawing on findings from a pilot interview study in two UK regions, we show the potential for local leadership to use well-constructed narratives to coordinate fragmented agents to cooperate on a common purpose and more generally propose a framework to understand how low-income equilibria become stable but might be re-set. In this way we bring new insights into the need for an expanded economic theory of knowledge applicable to expectation and preference formation in conditions of radical uncertainty.
Overproduction of Chloroplast Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Improves Photosynthesis Slightly under Elevated [CO2] Conditions in Rice
Authors: Suzuki Yuji , Ishiyama Keiki , Sugawara Misaki , Suzuki Yuka , Kondo Eri , Takegahara-Tamakawa Yuki , Yoon Dong-Kyung , Suganami Mao , Wada Shinya , Miyake Chikahiro , Makino Amane 
Published: November 2020

AbstractChloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) limits the regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) in the Calvin–Benson cycle. However, it does not always limit the rate of CO2 assimilation. In the present study, the effects of overproduction of GAPDH on the rate of CO2 assimilation under elevated [CO2] conditions, where the capacity for RuBP regeneration limits photosynthesis, were examined in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa). GAPDH activity was increased to 3.2- and 4.5-fold of the wild-type levels by co-overexpression of the GAPDH genes, GAPA and GAPB, respectively. In the transgenic rice plants, the rate of CO2 assimilation under elevated [CO2] conditions increased by approximately 10%, whereas that under normal and low [CO2] conditions was not affected. These results indicate that overproduction of GAPDH is effective in improving photosynthesis under elevated [CO2] conditions, although its magnitude is relatively small. By contrast, biomass production of the transgenic rice plants was not greater than that of wild-type plants under elevated [CO2] conditions, although starch content tended to increase marginally.
Annual phytoplankton succession results from niche-environment interaction
Authors: Caracciolo Mariarita , Beaugrand Grégory , Hélaouët Pierre , Gevaert Francois , Edwards Martin , Lizon Fabrice , Kléparski Loïck , Goberville Eric 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAnnual plankton succession has been investigated for many decades with hypotheses ranging from abiotic to biotic mechanisms being proposed to explain these recurrent patterns. Here, using data collected by the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey and models originating from the MacroEcological Theory on the Arrangement of Life, we investigate Annual Phytoplankton Succession (APS) in the North Sea at a species level. Our results show that this phenomenon can be predicted well by models combining photosynthetically active radiation, temperature and macro-nutrients. Our findings suggest that APS originates from the interaction between species’ ecological niches and the annual environmental fluctuations at a community level. We discuss our results in the context of traditional hypotheses formulated to explain this recurrent pattern in the marine field.