bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ensuring the safety and reliability of automated manufacturing processes of hazardous industries
Authors: Kovalev I V , Kusnetsov P A , Losev V V , Saramud M V , Voroshilova A A , Andronov A S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The paper describes one of the approaches to solving the problem of ensuring the reliability of automated manufacturing system of hazardous chemical plants using various hazardous chemicals in the production processes. Exposure to these substances can be harmful to personnel and infrastructure. Our goal is to create an automated manufacturing system that ensures not only fault-free operation, but also the safety of automated manufacturing systems of hazardous chemical plants. Depending on the type and specifics of the hazardous production, the automated manufacturing system should have a certain integral level of safety. We have developed a method for analyzing system reliability, taking into account many reliability indicators. The proposed method, considering the target probability of failure-free operation of the entire system and the probability of failure-free operation of the hazardous module required for the desired integral level of safety, determines the target probability of failure-free operation of all the system modules. It also provides for the inclusion of not only functional modules into the system, but also modules that block failures and dangerous effects. The paper considers an example of chemical production, however, the proposed method is applicable to a wide range of technological processes of hazardous industries.
Fabrication and characterization of Schottky barrier diodes on rutile TiO2
Authors: Bonkerud Julie , Zimmermann Christian , Weiser Philip Michael , Aarholt Thomas , Verhoeven Espen Førdestrøm , Vines Lasse , Monakhov Eduard V , Herklotz Frank 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) were fabricated by depositing Pd, Pt or Ni on single crystal, conductive n-type rutile TiO2 using e-beam evaporation. As-grown and nominally undoped rutile TiO2 single crystals are semi-insulating, and were heat-treated in forming gas flow, N2 flow or H2 gas to obtain conductive n-type crystals displaying electrical conductivities in the range of

(
0.5
−
8
)
×

10

−
2

Ω

−
1

cm

−
1

. Additionally, SBDs were deposited on Nb-doped conductive n-type rutile TiO2 with a conductivity of around

0.25

Ω

−
1

cm

−
1

. Generally, SBDs displaying a rectification of up to eight orders of magnitude were obtained, when comparing the current under reverse and forward bias. The extracted ideality factors were in the range of

1.1
−
4.0

. From Capacitance-Voltage measurements, the built-in voltage was derived to be around

1.2

V
–
1.9

V

, depending on the doping concentration of the specific TiO2 single crystal. Series resistances as low as

19

Ω

were achieved. A considerable variation in the electrical characteristics of different SBDs deposited on the same crystal was found, regardless of the metal or doping strategy used. Moreover, the SBD characteristics change over time, particularly seen as a degradation in rectification, mainly related to an increase in the current under reverse bias. Additional surface treatments such as boiling in H2O2 and etching in HF do not have a significant effect on the quality of the SBDs. Clear indications for poor adhesion between TiO2 and Pd are shown. In conclusion, we demonstrate the fabrication of SBDs which are suitable for studying the fundamental properties of metal/TiO2 junctions and the characteristics of electrically-active defects in TiO2 using space-charge spectroscopy.
Effect of trace La on microstructure and properties of Cu–Cr–In alloys
Authors: Xie Haofeng , Zhang Wenjing , Huang Shuhui , Chen Huiming , Wang Hang , Yang Zhen , Peng Lijun , Yang Bin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The strength and conductivity of Cu–Cr–In alloys with trace La and different processing states were compared. Then, the influence of La on the structure and properties of the Cu–Cr–In alloy and the associated mechanisms were analyzed. The mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of the alloy were investigated via scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and tensile strength measurements. The results showed that the addition of 0.07wt% La to the Cu–Cr–In alloy had the effect of purifying the alloy melt and removing impurities, which improved the electrical conductivity of the alloy. However, the formation of rare earth intermetallic compounds reduced the tensile strength of the Cu–Cr–In–La alloy. After thermomechanical treatment, the Cu–Cr–In–La alloy reached a peak strength of 457 MPa and a conductivity of 85% IACS.
Influence of high-energy shot peening on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V welded joints
Authors: Xiaomei He , Guodong Song , Xiaoya Zhu 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this study, Ti–6Al–4V welded joints were subjected to a high-energy shot peening (HESP) treatment. The structural characteristics of the Ti–6Al–4V welded joints were investigated by optical microscopy (OM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The Rockwell hardness and residual stress in different regions of the Ti–6Al–4V welded joints were assessed before and after treatment. Tension tests were then performed to investigate the effect of HESP on the welded samples. Experimental results showed that an Surface nanocrystallization (SNC) layer can be prepared on a Ti–6Al–4V welded joint via HESP. The average grain size of the SNC layer was approximately 30 nm after HESP. HESP also resulted in a higher surface hardness compared with that of the original sample. After treatment, surface compressive residual stresses formed in welded joints, and the residual peak stress of the weld zone was decreased from 650 MPa to −638 MPa. The surface hardness and surface residual stress were distributed more uniformly on the surface of the welded joint. After treatment, the tensile properties were improved.
Charge/discharge cycling of Li1+x(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)1−xO2 primary particles performed in a liquid microcell for transmission electron microscopy studies
Authors: Hou Jing , Freiberg Anna , Shen Tzu-Hsien , Girod Robin , Gonthier Julien , Kim Sung-Jin , Maglia Filippo , Gasteiger Hubert A , Tileli Vasiliki 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Ni-rich layered oxides are promising positive electrodes for fulfillment of government and industry targets for lithium-ion-battery-operated electric mobility purposes. Apart from ongoing research focusing on their design and material production, advanced characterization techniques can provide valuable insights on their stabilization by monitoring in situ the degradation mechanisms. Herein, we use liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy to examine the effects of electrochemical stimuli on Ni-rich oxide cathodes by introducing an optimized micro-scale battery configuration. Ball-milled Li1+x(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)1−xO2 (NCM622) particles were cycled against a delithiated LiFePO4 anode and the effects of different cycling methods were investigated. We show that commonly used cyclic voltammetry measurements at high scan rates cannot be used to simulate battery operation in situ due to geometry limitations of the cell that inhibits Li ion transport. However, using galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling and introducing a pause every 10 cycles for a total of 50 cycles results in degradation in the form of Mn and Co ion dissolution from the first 20 nm of the surface. Our results suggest that although performing battery cycling using liquid cell electron microscopy may differ from the case of coin cells, by tuning the electrochemical profiles used similar degradation mechanisms can be attained.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles decorated fluorescent and antibacterial glass fiber pre-filter paper
Authors: Gupta Anadi , Mishra Vishal , Srivastava Rohit 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO–NPs) were synthesized and decorated simultaneously onto the glass fiber pre-filter paper (GF paper) by the sonochemical method without using any additional reagents (a ‘Green’ synthesis approach). ZnO–NPs decorated GF paper was characterized by electron, confocal laser scanning and atomic force microscopy, fourier transform infrared and atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis etc. Due to the massive void volume space, exceptional dimensional stability, large thickness (790 μm) of the GF paper (unlike other paper materials) and ultrasonic irradiation effects, ZnO–NPs were decorated in the enormous amount (96 mg per paper) without causing any adverse effects on the GF paper. Such a huge amount decoration onto GF paper makes it multifunctional, fluorescencet (orange-pink color, 535–624 nm) under ultra-violet light (360 nm) and antibacterial. The antibacterial activity of the ZnO–NPs decorated GF paper was examined against Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis 168 and Staphylococcus aureus (MCC 2043, pathogenic). The outcomes from the antibacterial experiments revealed ∼99% (2 log) reduction in the survival of the filtered bacteria (B. subtilis) on the ZnO–NPs decorated GF paper due to the toxicity of ZnO–NPs on bacterial cells like cell shrinkage, cytoplasmic leakage, cell burst, etc. Multifunctional, ZnO–NPs decorated GF paper could be used for fluorescencet and antibacterial paper-based applications.
Globalization: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Steger Manfred B. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Globalization: A Very Short Introduction looks at the interconnected and accelerated processes changing how we see and experience the world. Is globalization really a new phenomenon? Is increased connection between people and nations inevitable, or are we witnessing the beginning of an era of ‘deglobalization’ or ‘anti-globalization’? Updated with new developments including advancing climate change, the Trump presidency, and the Mexico–USA border, this VSI explores the history and impact of globalization. Chapters on the cultural, economic, political, and ecological dimensions of globalization investigate the impact of new technologies, economic deregulation, and mass migration on our world and consider what we might expect from the future of globalization.
An experimental investigation of how intraspecific competition and phenotypic plasticity can promote the evolution of novel, complex phenotypes
Authors: Levis Nicholas A , Fuller Carly G , Pfennig David W 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntraspecific competition has long been considered a key driver of evolutionary diversification, but whether it can also promote evolutionary innovation is less clear. Here we examined the interplay between competition and phenotypic plasticity in fuelling the origins of a novel, complex phenotype – a distinctive carnivore morph found in spadefoot toad tadpoles (genus Spea) that specializes on fairy shrimp. We specifically sought to explore the possible origins of this phenotype by providing shrimp to Scaphiopus holbrookii tadpoles (the sister genus to Spea that does not produce carnivores) while subjecting them to competition for their standard diet of detritus. Previous research had shown that this species will eat shrimp when detritus is limited, and that these shrimp-fed individuals produce features that are redolent of a rudimentary Spea carnivore. In this study, we found that: (1) behavioural and morphological plasticity enabled some individuals to expand their diet to include shrimp; (2) there was heritable variation in this plasticity; and (3) individuals received a growth and development benefit by eating shrimp. Thus, novel resource use can arise via plasticity as an adaptive response to intraspecific competition. More generally, our results show how competition and plasticity may interact to pave the way for the evolution of complex, novel phenotypes, such as the distinctive carnivore morph in present-day Spea.
Building Natural History Collections for the Twenty-First Century and Beyond
Authors: Miller Sara E , Barrow Lisa N , Ehlman Sean M , Goodheart Jessica A , Greiman Stephen E , Lutz Holly L , Misiewicz Tracy M , Smith Stephanie M , Tan Milton , Thawley Christopher J , Cook Joseph A , Light Jessica E 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNatural history collections (NHCs) are important resources for a diverse array of scientific fields. Recent digitization initiatives have broadened the user base of NHCs, and new technological innovations are using materials generated from collections to address novel scientific questions. Simultaneously, NHCs are increasingly imperiled by reductions in funding and resources. Ensuring that NHCs continue to serve as a valuable resource for future generations will require the scientific community to increase their contribution to and acknowledgement of collections. We provide recommendations and guidelines for scientists to support NHCs, focusing particularly on new users that may be unfamiliar with collections. We hope that this perspective will motivate debate on the future of NHCs and the role of the scientific community in maintaining and improving biological collections.
Commentary on Coulter et al. 2019 ‘Attaining Theoretical Coherence Within Relationship-Based Practice in Child and Family Social Work: The Systemic Perspective’
Authors: Mc Kenny Richard 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCoulter et al. (2019) argue that there is an urgent need for a theoretically coherent conceptualisation of contemporary relationship-based practice (RBP) models within child and family social work. They propose that a systemic and social constructionist ‘lens’ can provide this coherence. This reply draws attention to one particular difficulty with their argument and makes a partial case for maintaining clear distinctions between models, with distinct nomenclature.
Coronavirus disease 2019 in chronic kidney disease
Authors: D’Marco Luis , Puchades María Jesús , Romero-Parra María , Gimenez-Civera Elena , Soler María José , Ortiz Alberto , Gorriz José Luis 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The clinical spectrum of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection ranges from asymptomatic infection to severe pneumonia with respiratory failure and even death. More severe cases with higher mortality have been reported in older patients and in those with chronic illness such as hypertension, diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. In this regard, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a higher rate of all-type infections and cardiovascular disease than the general population. A markedly altered immune system and immunosuppressed state may predispose CKD patients to infectious complications. Likewise, they have a state of chronic systemic inflammation that may increase their morbidity and mortality. In this review we discuss the chronic immunologic changes observed in CKD patients, the risk of COVID-19 infections and the clinical implications for and specific COVID-19 therapy in CKD patients. Indeed, the risk for severe COVID-19 is 3-fold higher in CKD than in non-CKD patients; CKD is 12-fold more frequent in intensive care unit than in non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and this ratio is higher than for diabetes or cardiovascular disease; and acute COVID-19 mortality is 15–25% for haemodialysis patients even when not developing pneumonia.
Effects of landscape heterogeneity and breeding habitat diversity on rice frog abundance and body condition in agricultural landscapes of Yangtze River Delta, China
Authors: Li Ben , Zhang Wei , Wang Zhenghuan , Xie Hanbin , Yuan Xiao , Pei Enle , Wang Tianhou 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Amphibians play a key role in structuring biological assemblages of agricultural landscapes, but they are threatened by global agricultural intensification. Landscape structure is an important variable influencing biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. However, in the Yangtze River Delta, where a "farmland-orchard-fishpond" agricultural pattern is common, the effects of landscape construction on anuran populations are unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of agricultural landscape parameters on the abundance and body condition of the rice frog (Fejervarya multistriata), which is a dominant anuran species in farmland in China. Employing a visual encounter method, we surveyed rice frog abundance for 3 years across 20 agricultural landscapes. We also calculated the body condition index (BCI) of 188 male frog individuals from these agricultural landscapes. Landscape variables, comprising landscape compositional heterogeneity (using the Shannon diversity index of all land cover types except buildings and roads), landscape configurational heterogeneity (using landscape edge density), breeding habitat diversity (using the number of 5 waterbody types available as breeding habitats), and areas of forest were also measured for each 1-km radius landscape. We found that the amount of forest in each agricultural landscape had a significant positive relationship with rice frog abundance, and breeding habitat diversity was positively related to the BCI of male rice frogs. However, body condition was negatively impacted by landscape configurational heterogeneity. Our results suggested the importance of nonagricultural habitats in agricultural landscapes, such as waterbodies and forest, to benefit rice frog population persistence.
Case report: percutaneous closure of residual leak following left atrial appendage occlusion
Authors: Suradi Hussam S , Park Jeffrey , Poulin Marie-France , Kavinsky Clifford J 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Transcatheter left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) using Watchman device has been demonstrated to be efficacious in decreasing stroke risk in patients with atrial fibrillation who are not suitable for long-term anticoagulation. Residual leaks are frequently encountered following LAAO procedures and their clinical implications and optimal management remain controversial.

Case summary
In this report, we describe a case of peri-Watchman device leak treated successfully with percutaneous device closure using an Amplatzer Vascular Plug II device.

Discussion
The clinical implications of peri-device leaks remain controversial with general consensus to continue anticoagulation along with serial imaging for larger leaks (&gt;5 mm). As an alternative strategy, percutaneous closure of these leaks has been attempted in hope of avoiding anticoagulation and minimizing the risk of stroke and should be studied further.
Agricultural Policy and Long-Run Development: Evidence from Mussolini's Battle for Grain
Authors: Carillo Mario F 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article explores the long-run effect of agricultural policies on industrialisation and economic development. I analyse the differential effect of the Battle for Grain, implemented by the Italian Fascist regime to achieve self-sufficiency in wheat, on the development path across areas of Italy. Employing cross-sectional variation in land suitability for advanced wheat production technologies, along with time variation in their diffusion, I find that the policy had unintended positive effects on industrialisation and economic prosperity, which have persisted until today. Furthermore, I find that the complementarity between human capital and agricultural technology was a critical mechanism.
Uncertainty and Hyperinflation: European Inflation Dynamics after World War I
Authors: Lopez Jose A , Mitchener Kris James 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFiscal deficits, elevated debt-to-GDP ratios, and high inflation rates suggest hyperinflation could have potentially emerged in many European countries after World War I. We demonstrate that economic policy uncertainty was a key driver pushing a subset of European countries into hyperinflation shortly after the end of the war. Germany, Austria, Poland and Hungary (GAPH) suffered from frequent uncertainty shocks—and correspondingly high levels of uncertainty—caused by protracted political negotiations over reparations payments, the apportionment of the Austro-Hungarian debt and border disputes. In contrast, other European countries exhibited lower levels of measured uncertainty between 1919 and 1925, allowing them more capacity with which to implement credible commitments to their fiscal and monetary policies. Impulse response functions show that increased uncertainty caused a rise in inflation contemporaneously and for a few months afterwards in GAPH, but this effect was absent or much more limited for other European countries.
Kinetics and function of two mutants of CLA hydrase from Lactobacillus plantarum p-8
Authors: Zhao Wei , Zhao Lili , Zhao Tongtong , Zhi Chao , Liu Meiqi , Jamil khan Abdul , Bao Qiuhua , Zhang Heping , Wang Yuzhen , Zhang Feng , Zhao Guofen 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
In this work, the gene of conjugated linoleic acid hydrase (CLA-HY) was cloned from L. plantarum p-8, and the protein of CLA-HY was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to verify that the purified CLA-HY can convert linoleic acid (LA) into 10-hydroxy-cis-12-octadecenoic acid (10-HOE) in the presence of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The optimal pH and temperature for maximizing CLA-HY catalytic activity were found to be 6.0 and 35°C, respectively. In addition, the catalytic ability of CLA-HY can be inhibited by a number of cations such as Mg2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Ni2+ and Ca2+. Finally, the Km,Vmax, Kcat and Kcat/Km of CLA-HY were determined as 7.62 mM, 2.59 mM h−1, 8.33 × 103 h−1 and 1.09 × 103 mM−1 h−1, respectively. Moreover, it was demonstrated that both M76 and G74 residues played significant roles in catalysing the conversion of LA into 10-HOE using site-directed mutation technology and molecular simulations.
Protein QTL analysis of IGF-I and its binding proteins provides insights into growth biology
Authors: Bartell Eric , Fujimoto Masanobu , Khoury Jane C , Khoury Philip R , Vedantam Sailaja , Astley Christina M , Hirschhorn Joel N , Dauber Andrew 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system is integral to human growth. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified variants associated with height and located near the genes in this pathway. However, mechanisms underlying these genetic associations are not understood. To investigate the regulation of the genes in this pathway and mechanisms by which regulation could affect growth, we performed GWAS of measured serum protein levels of IGF-I, IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A2), IGF-II and IGFBP-5 in 838 children (3–18 years) from the Cincinnati Genomic Control Cohort. We identified variants associated with protein levels near IGFBP3 and IGFBP5 genes, which contain multiple signals of association with height and other skeletal growth phenotypes. Surprisingly, variants that associate with protein levels at these two loci do not colocalize with height associations, confirmed through conditional analysis. Rather, the IGFBP3 signal (associated with total IGFBP-3 and IGF-II levels) colocalizes with an association with sitting height ratio (SHR); the IGFBP5 signal (associated with IGFBP-5 levels) colocalizes with birth weight. Indeed, height-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms near genes encoding other proteins in this pathway are not associated with serum levels, possibly excluding PAPP-A2. Mendelian randomization supports a stronger causal relationship of measured serum levels with SHR (for IGFBP-3) and birth weight (for IGFBP-5) than with height. In conclusion, we begin to characterize the genetic regulation of serum levels of IGF-related proteins in childhood. Furthermore, our data strongly suggest the existence of growth-regulating mechanisms acting through IGF-related genes in ways that are not reflected in measured serum levels of the corresponding proteins.