bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated Production Optimization using Implicitly Coupled Multi–Reservoirs and Facility Modeling with Miscible Gas Injection EOR in South Oman
Authors: Kumar Kamlesh , Pathak Varun , Agrawal Pankaj , Alias Zaal , Narwal Tushar , Hadhrami Abdullah , Eastick Rob , Krenz Ryan , Wong Jeffrey , Hamedi Yousef 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An Integrated Production System Model (IPSM) is an essential tool to study the interactions between multiple reservoirs, wells and surface networks for any integrated optimal development. This paper describes a fully implicit IPSM for two interacting production system networks (critically sour facilities with &gt;5% H2S) with multiple oil reservoirs and undergoing Miscible Gas Injection (MGI) for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) using produced sour gas from oil and condensate fields in South Oman.
A range of up to 17 reservoir models, with different complexities, were incorporated in this IPSM. Larger reservoirs were modeled using 3D, fully compositional, numerical discretized models, whilst smaller ones were based on decline curves. A new production system is connected to an existing system, within a closed loop, honoring all nodal constraints, e.g. multi-stage separators, gas compression, gas sweetening, and heat exchangers. Priorities were assigned such that sweet gas export commitment is achieved first, followed by miscible gas injection to oil reservoirs and gas recycling to a condensate reservoir for production optimization. An Equation of State (EOS) model is used to model the complex interactions of different fluids, at reservoir and facilities levels.
This IPSM has been set-up to provide accurate and consistent short to long term forecasting, optimizing on oil/gas production and recycled gas injection. All surface network constraints are honored and cut-back logics based on different prioritizations are behaving reasonably. Current capabilities include determining the optimal strategy for development of these portfolio of reservoirs based on the different value drivers, tracking of composition for components like H2S that limits gas sweetening units and affects miscibility in reservoirs and longevity of the facilities. The IPSM is also intended for optimizing near-field potential in mature fields and developing new fields while operating under the facilities constraints. It can be used to analyse various business opportunities in the reservoirs and surface facilities (such as low-pressure operations) to the appropriate degrees of complexity.
This work involved integration and collaboration across multiple disciplines, identifying complex interactions between facilities constraints and reservoir performance (associated with produced gas reinjection), through an implicitly coupled EOS IPSM. Fluid blending in the surface network, and recycling and apportioning of produced gas from the seventeen reservoirs for re-injection after meeting export requirements and honoring all system constraints and priorities makes this problem quite unique and challenging
Improved Decision-Making, Safety and Reliability with Visual Asset Performance Management
Authors: Khoury George , Figueiredo Matheus 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Asset Performance Management (APM) aims to improve the reliability and availability of physical assets while minimizing risks and operating costs, optimizing productivity to increase return on asset investment. Traditional APM combines IT data and OT data with big data analytics to define a course of action that will improve business outcomes.
This paper introduces a new concept for APM, Visual Asset Performance Management (Visual APM), that adds an asset information layer to APM. A Visual APM solution uses navigable 2D and 3D models to deliver "living" digital twins of equipment, machinery, and processes. It creates a centralized information repository to provide a seamless, contextualized view of data.
This approach integrates interactive visualizations of equipment and plants with real-time data and analytics that teams can leverage to inspect asset health and monitor business performance in real time.
Visual APM represents a paradigm shift for conventional Asset Performance Management, presenting a new way for engineers, operators, and maintenance teams to interact with asset information throughout its entire life cycle to reduce CAPEX and OPEX. The ability to quickly access asset and plant information and visualize asset performance can help increase the overall health of a facility significantly.
A top 10 Oil & Gas company that has adopted this approach achieved the following results:
Cut maintenance costs such as corrosion under insulation by 10–20% Shortened the time spent in the planning inspections process by up to 60% while improving the quality of the planning Achieved overall improvement in the effectiveness of campaigns and minimized rework Reduced health, safety, and environmental hazards Digitized the input of inspection results through handheld devices Increased the accuracy of data captures in the field Enhanced reporting capabilities
A New Effective Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Foam System for Mobility Control
Authors: Ramanathan Raja , Abdelwahab Omar , A. Nasr-El-Din Hisham 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNanoparticles have improved a surfactant's ability to create long-lasting foam. Recent studies have widely recommended the use of silica nanoparticles to enhance foam stability. This paper presents an experimental investigation of a new and highly effective Alpha Olefin Sulfonate (AOS)-multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) system for mobility control during gas EOR operations.The new AOS-MWCNT system was evaluated for its foam stability at 150°F using a high-pressure view cell. The MWCNT was obtained as solid particles of aspect ratio up to 100 and silica nanoparticles of median size 118 nm. The foam system was optimized for its maximum half-life by varying the concentration of the AOS and the nanotube from 0.2-1% and 250-1,000 ppm, respectively. Compatibility testing with salts were done as well. Coreflood experiments with 1.5 in. diameter and 6 in. long Berea sandstone cores were run to calculate the mobility reduction factor at 150°F. Nitrogen foam was injected into the core at 80% foam quality in the tertiary recovery mode and the pressure drop across the core was measured. The formation brine had a salinity of 5 wt% NaCl and the foaming solutions were prepared with 2 wt% NaCl.The optimal concentrations of the AOS solution and the nanotubes for maximum foam stability were determined to be 0.5% and 500 ppm, respectively. The optimized AOS-MWCNT system yielded 70% greater nitrogen foam half-life (32 minutes) than an optimized AOS-silica system at 150°F. The foam half-life of a standalone 0.5% AOS solution was 7 minutes. In presence of crude oil, the foam half-life decreased for all the tested systems. Coreflood experiments at 150°F showed a significant increase in the mobility reduction factor when the new AOS-MWCNT system was used as the foamer instead of standalone AOS or AOS-silica system. The new foaming system was stable through the duration of the experiment, yielding foam in the effluent samples. There was no formation damage observed. Salt tolerance for the MWCNT nanofluid was higher than the silica nanofluid.Foam needs to be stable for long periods of time to ensure effective mobility control during gas injection for EOR. This paper investigates a new highly effective AOS-multiwalled carbon nanotube system that outperforms the AOS-silica foaming systems in terms of foam stability and mobility control at 150°F.
The Impact of Tailored Water Chemistry Aqueous Ions on Foam Stability and Mobility Control
Authors: AlYousef Zuhair , Ayirala Subhash , Almubarak Majed , Cha Dongkyu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe in-situ generation of foam while injecting gas is well recognized due to its effectiveness in lowering the gas mobility and, hence, improving the sweep efficiency in porous media. Therefore, generating strong and stable foam is necessary to achieve in-depth conformance control in the reservoir. Besides other parameters, the chemistry of injection water can significantly impact foam generation and stabilization. The tailored water chemistry (formulated low salinity water) was found to have good potential to improve foam stability. The objective of this study is to extensively evaluate the effect of different aqueous ions in the selected tailored water chemistry formulations on foam stabilization and mobility control.In this experimental investigation, bulk and dynamic foam tests were conducted to evaluate the impact of different tailored water chemistry aqueous ions on foam generation and stabilization. For bulk foam tests, the stability of foams generated using anionic, amphoteric, and nonionic surfactants and different aqueous ions was analyzed and quantified using bottle tests. For dynamic foam test, the pressure drops and, accordingly, gas viscosity as a result of foam generation using different water formulations were measured using a microfluidic device (rock-on-a-chip).The experimental results clearly demonstrated that the ionic content of aqueous solutions can significantly affect foam stabilization. The results revealed that the foam stabilization in bulk is different than that in porous media. Depending on the surfactant type, the divalent ions were found to have stronger influence on foam stabilization when compared to monovalent ions. The bulk foam results expressed that the aqueous solutions containing calcium chloride salt (CaCl2) showed longer foam life with the anionic surfactant and very weak foam with the nonionic surfactant. The solutions with magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and CaCl2 salts displayed higher impact on foam stability in comparison to sodium chloride (NaCl) with the amphoteric surfactant. Less stable foams were generated with aqueous solutions comprising of both magnesium and calcium ions. In the microfluidic model, the solutions containing MgCl2 salt produced more stable and viscous foams when compared to those produced using NaCl and CaCl2 salts. The foam solutions obtained using MgCl2 showed higher resistance to gas flow and subsequently higher mobility reduction factor for the injection gas.This experimental study, for the first time, confirmed the impact of different aqueous ions in the tailored water chemistry formulation on foam generation and stabilization. Such a study focusing about the role of different aqueous ions in the injection water on foam could help in better understanding the foam stabilization process. The new knowledge gained can also enable the selection and optimization of the right injection water chemistry and suitable chemicals for foam field applications.
Wireless Advanced Nano-Devices for Well Monitoring
Authors: Ordonez Varela John Richard , Boero Rollo Jean Grégoire , Le Beulze Aurélie , Ochi Jalel , Vellaluru Neeharika , Dutta Partha Pratim , Benken Alexander , Gianchandani Yogesh 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An innovative and practical solution for well monitoring of pressure, temperature, inertial, and magnetic parameters is reported. Tiny and robust systems integrating microscale technologies for telemetry, wireless charging, and physical sensing were developed, characterized, and ultimately deployed on a live installation. The microsystems were designed and developed by the University of Michigan and characterized by Total S.E., whereas the intervention protocols were designed and implemented by TOTAL in TOTAL E&P CONGO offshore facilities. This work demonstrates how regular downhole monitoring of assets can be performed at low cost, thus optimizing production while also de-risking future development plans such as infield wells. This novel approach also reduces risks associated with conventional downhole monitoring methods.
A New Insight into Modeling of Wormhole Propagation in the Presence of Asphaltene for Carbonates
Authors: Khurshid Ilyas , Al-Shalabi Emad W. , Al-Attar Hazim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Carbonate acidization is the process of creating wormholes in carbonate rocks by injecting acid to increase reservoir permeability and consequent oil production. Nevertheless, some reservoir oils might contain certain amounts of asphaltenes that affect the wormholing process. During acidization in the presence of these asphaltenes, the injected acid might not effectively react with rock. This study illustrates the processes of interactions between acid, rock, and asphaltene. It is found that a cumbersome and intricate compound known as acid-asphaltene sludge is formed when the acid reacts with the deposited asphaltene. The formation of this sludge would reduce oil productivity and acid injectivity. In this study, a numerical model is developed to predict the amount of asphaltene deposition, acid-asphaltene reaction, and formation of acid-asphaltene sludge.
A 1D numerical model was developed to predict the deposition of asphaltene and acid-asphaltene reaction in radial geometry. Then, the developed model was utilized to predict sludge formation and its related effect on reservoir permeability. Furthermore, the developed asphaltene deposition model was validated against two different sets of experimental data where various factors affecting sludge formation were determined. The detailed analysis showed that although sludge formation is few percent, its concentration increases with time and acid injection. The results also indicate that acid-asphaltene sludge causes an irreversible and permanent formation damage from 40 percent blockage to total pore blockage, depending upon the location of sludge deposition in pore body or pore throat, respectively. Hence, reduction in hydrocarbon productivity is expected at a much lower rate as opposed to that before the acidization job. In addition, the results showed that the amount of acid-asphaltene sludge formation depends on asphaltene percentage, acid concentration, acid flow rate, and flow period. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published work focusing on modeling acid-asphaltene sludge formation and its subsequent wormhole development. This paper provides more insight into the effects of asphaltene deposition and acid-asphaltene sludge formation on wormhole creation and propagation.
The Application of Reservoir Simulation in Reserves Estimation Methods to Estimate the Range of Technical Uncertainty
Authors: Dousi Niek , Syarkawi Fauzan , Ignatov Ivan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
According to the latest SPE-PRMS guidelines, reservoir simulation may be applied in reserves estimation. However, no clear guidance is available (from SPE or public sources) on how dynamic models should be used. This paper addresses this gap by providing a practical overview of the application of reservoir simulation in reserves evaluations, based on the authors' experience and a literature review. Furthermore, a novel simulation-based reserves estimation method is presented.
SPE released an update of the PRMS reserves estimation guidelines in 2018. It is noted that the most common methodology applied is decline curve analysis (DCA). However, in many circumstances DCA alone is not sufficient for a reliable reserves estimate. To improve the reliability of the estimate, results from reservoir simulation and / or analogue reservoirs could be required. A dynamic model may be used in several ways in reserves estimation: To generate production forecasts based on a consistent physics-based model containing geology, and assuming different subsurface realizations, to establish a range of technical recoverable resources (TRR)To provide an estimate of recovery factor in order to validate the forecasts from other prediction techniquesTo establish oil/gas decline trends for comparison to the DCA resultsTo provide vital insights into the dynamic behavior of the reservoir that can be further used in DCA, material balance or sector models.
Several articles have addressed the use of reservoir simulation in reserves estimation. It is noted that the main challenge is to generate the range of uncertainties in the TRR, not only the "best technical estimate". Reserves assessors usually apply a combination of several methods to estimate the uncertainty in the remaining oil recovery. A novel reserves estimation method is introduced, which uses results from reservoir simulation on analogous reservoirs.
This paper provides a detailed overview of all the reserves estimating methods that can be applied with help and guidance from reservoir simulation models to determine 1P, 2P and 3P reserves, while honoring SPE-PRMS guidelines. Also, a novel technique is presented that can be used for reserves determination of a large number of small reservoirs. It is shown how this technique was successfully applied during a reserves assessment for a group of fields in the Middle East.
The paper provides a comprehensive yet practical overview of how reservoir simulation may be applied in reserves evaluations.
In addition, a novel method is described. It entails the estimation of the range of TRR's for a number of reservoirs using reservoir simulation and adopting a statistical approach while honoring SPE-PRMS guidelines. The spread in ultimate recovery factors can be combined with the maturity index to establish a technical uncertainty relationship, that can be applied to estimate the reserves of analogous reservoirs.
Integrated Debottlenecking Approach Revitalizes Aging Platform by Increasing Production 30% in Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Gandhi Ankur , McConkey Sara L. , Kimbrough Jeremy , Bolingbroke Hannah F. , Kapoor Yogesh , Walker Thor J. , Buquet Brandon , Beecher Richard E. , Tryon Benjamin R. , Rodrigues Neil , Kalich Kevin 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Successful identification, evaluation, and management of bottlenecks in a complex, offshore production processing system—though challenging—can significantly increase daily production for the system owner. Historically, such optimization plans were developed in relative isolation of the entire production system from wellhead to export pipeline. That approach benefits simplistic systems with sufficient ullage and in which discrete changes do not affect other flow system components. However, the Constitution platform in the Green Canyon area of the Gulf of Mexico, which was commissioned in 2006 with a nameplate capacity of 70,000 BOPD, is a complex system with four fields in varying stages of development. These fields have both dry and wet tree wells with varying fluid compositions and pressures flowing through the facility, which necessitates varying process requirements, making it challenging to manage. Such a system requires a holistic and focused approach by all technical and commercial disciplines. This paper focuses on a multidisciplinary process developed to identify, evaluate, and eliminate interdependent bottlenecks on the Constitution platform and its flowline network during a 16-month period. A multidisciplinary study was kicked off in 2017 to address these complex bottlenecking issues, and the resulting project achieved a 30% improvement in deliverability of the process system.
Waste Management for 3D Metal Printing Using Nickel Based Super Alloys
Authors: Malkawi Ameen , Chinea Gonzalo , Sharrofna Hussain , Nair Asok , Aleid Zahra , Minhas Naeem 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Additive Manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a relatively new manufacturing technology and Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) is one of the major modalities of this technology. There is a misconception that it is "plug-and-play" with no greater risks involved. The focus of this study is to raise awareness about the hazards associated with, AM operations and waste management, mitigation and change the mindset. In the AM processes a lot of chemicals are used in the whole AM cycle; feedstock, pre-processing and post-processing. Feedstock for metallic 3D printers is very fine metal powder (less than 100µm in size) with various health and fire hazards associated with it. This metal powder is spread on the build plate to create layers for selectively melting it until the whole structure is built. Un-melted powder is recycled for the next manufacturing job. However, some of the powder will remain on the manufactured part structure and some will go to multiple filters during the process. This powder is to be safely removed from the built part and managed as hazardous waste. Similarly, clogged filters are also to be safely removed and treated as hazardous waste. A well-defined chemicals waste management process for 3D printing is presented and discussed in this paper. Examples of waste sources are metal powder characterization, unloading printed jobs and contaminated tools and equipment.
In this paper, the authors have presented topics related to AM waste management, including but not limited to the sources of chemical wastes, waste types that generated by AM processes, waste control and management, waste disposal, international standards associated with hazardous waste management and some recommendations and remedies.
A Unique Use of New Generation Pulsed Neutron Tool Integrated with Advanced Production Logging to Evaluate Gas Production from an Oil Well: A Case Study from Offshore UAE
Authors: Al Afeefi Baraka Said , Bong Saudyano , Mustafa Hammad , Kuliyev Myrat , Chitre Sunil , Bazuhair Ahmed Khalid , Anurag Atul Kumar , Dasgupta Suvodip , Sookram Neil , Mosse Laurent 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In a green field located in offshore Abu Dhabi, a new well was drilled in an oil-bearing zone and was completed with slotted liner inside a 6-in horizontal drain hole. Abnormally high gas rates were reported during the surface production testing of this well. This paper highlights the unique use of a new pulsed neutron tool combined with an advanced production logging tool for assessment of the well performance and identification of the source of gas breakthrough.
This combination of advanced technology tools with measurements from array flowmeters, optical gas holdup sensors, and a new generation pulsed-neutron tool was deployed in the well to provide reliable flow type, borehole, and formation measurements in a gas environment. A multidisciplinary approach involving production engineering, petrophysics, and well integrity was essential in diagnosing this unexpected issue of high gas production. An integration of the various results from production logging, the pulsed neutron measurements, and open-hole and cement log data has helped in confirming the source of the produced gas.
The acquired production log (PL) data revealed gas entry from the top of the lower completion and no presence of free gas below that depth. The zonal contributions from the horizontal lateral quantified from the acquired data also helped in assessing the productivity of the reservoir. The pulsed neutron log (PNL) measurements were acquired in the second run, which then helped confirm the borehole fluid properties and to identify and quantify the formation fluids. Combining the PNL and PL data helped identify the gas entry point accurately. Based on the integrated data interpretation, it was confirmed that the gas could not originate from the reservoir being produced through the lower completion and that there must be gas channeling downward through channels in the cement behind the casing from a gas reservoir above the oil reservoir.
The unique use of the advanced PNL data and its integration with other log data facilitated the successful identification of the gas source and quantified zonal contributions in a challenging logging environment.