bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome-scale metabolic modeling underscores the potential of Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus ATCC 20509 as a cell factory for biofuel production
Authors: Pham Nhung , Reijnders Maarten , Suarez-Diez Maria , Nijsse Bart , Springer Jan , Eggink Gerrit , Schaap Peter J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus ATCC 20509 is a fast-growing oleaginous basidiomycete yeast that is able to grow in a wide range of low-cost carbon sources including crude glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production. When glycerol is used as a carbon source, this yeast can accumulate more than 50% lipids (w/w) with high concentrations of mono-unsaturated fatty acids.

Results
To increase our understanding of this yeast and to provide a knowledge base for further industrial use, a FAIR re-annotated genome was used to build a genome-scale, constraint-based metabolic model containing 1553 reactions involving 1373 metabolites in 11 compartments. A new description of the biomass synthesis reaction was introduced to account for massive lipid accumulation in conditions with high carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio in the media. This condition-specific biomass objective function is shown to better predict conditions with high lipid accumulation using glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose, and glycerol as sole carbon source.

Conclusion
Contributing to the economic viability of biodiesel as renewable fuel, C. oleaginosus ATCC 20509 can effectively convert crude glycerol waste streams in lipids as a potential bioenergy source. Performance simulations are essential to identify optimal production conditions and to develop and fine tune a cost-effective production process. Our model suggests ATP-citrate lyase as a possible target to further improve lipid production.
CRISPR-mediated multigene integration enables Shikimate pathway refactoring for enhanced 2-phenylethanol biosynthesis in Kluyveromyces marxianus
Authors: Li Mengwan , Lang Xuye , Moran Cabrera Marcos , De Keyser Sawyer , Sun Xiyan , Da Silva Nancy , Wheeldon Ian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is a rose-scented flavor and fragrance compound that is used in food, beverages, and personal care products. Compatibility with gasoline also makes it a potential biofuel or fuel additive. A biochemical process converting glucose or other fermentable sugars to 2-PE can potentially provide a more sustainable and economical production route than current methods that use chemical synthesis and/or isolation from plant material.

Results
We work toward this goal by engineering the Shikimate and Ehrlich pathways in the stress-tolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus. First, we develop a multigene integration tool that uses CRISPR-Cas9 induced breaks on the genome as a selection for the one-step integration of an insert that encodes one, two, or three gene expression cassettes. Integration of a 5-kbp insert containing three overexpression cassettes successfully occurs with an efficiency of 51 ± 9% at the ABZ1 locus and was used to create a library of K. marxianus CBS 6556 strains with refactored Shikimate pathway genes. The 33-factorial library includes all combinations of KmARO4, KmARO7, and KmPHA2, each driven by three different promoters that span a wide expression range. Analysis of the refactored pathway library reveals that high expression of the tyrosine-deregulated KmARO4K221L and native KmPHA2, with the medium expression of feedback insensitive KmARO7G141S, results in the highest increase in 2-PE biosynthesis, producing 684 ± 73 mg/L. Ehrlich pathway engineering by overexpression of KmARO10 and disruption of KmEAT1 further increases 2-PE production to 766 ± 6 mg/L. The best strain achieves 1943 ± 63 mg/L 2-PE after 120 h fed-batch operation in shake flask cultures.

Conclusions
The CRISPR-mediated multigene integration system expands the genome-editing toolset for K. marxianus, a promising multi-stress tolerant host for the biosynthesis of 2-PE and other aromatic compounds derived from the Shikimate pathway.
The influence of different sources of blood meals on the physiology of Aedes aegypti harboring Wolbachia wMel: mouse blood as an alternative for mosquito rearing
Authors: Farnesi Luana Cristina , Carvalho Fabiano Duarte , Lacerda Anna Paula Canuto , Moreira Luciano Andrade , Bruno Rafaela Vieira 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundAedes aegypticontrol programs have failed to restrain mosquito population expansion and, consequently, the spread of diseases such as dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya.Wolbachiainfection of mosquitoes is a new and promising complementary tool for the control of arbovirus transmission. The use ofWolbachia-infected mosquitoes, mass reared using human blood, is currently being tested in several countries. However, the use of human blood for mass rearing mosquitoes, and thus expansion of this strategy, is problematic. With the aim of overcoming this problem, we tested the effect of different types of blood source on the fitness parameters of femaleAe. aegyptiand theWolbachiatiter over generations to be able to guarantee the suitability of an alternative source to human blood for mass rearingWolbachia-infected mosquitoes.MethodsWe investigated and compared essential parameters of the vector capacity of laboratory strains ofAe. aegyptiwith and withoutWolbachiathat fed on blood of different types of host (human, guinea pig, and mouse). The parameters analyzed were fecundity, fertility, pupation dynamics, and adult survival. Also, we tested whether it is possible to maintain mosquitoes withWolbachiaon mouse blood over generations without losing the bacterium titer.ResultsThe average number of eggs per female, egg viability and pupation dynamics in theWolbachia-infected mosquito (wMelBr) strain were similar, regardless of the blood source. The F1 progenies of females that fed on mouse blood or human blood were analyzed. The longevity of males was lower than that of females. F1 female survival differed depending on the presence ofWolbachiain the mother. In subsequent generations analyzed up until F35, the relativeWolbachiadensity was even higher when mosquitoes fed on mouse blood in comparison to human blood.ConclusionsTaken together, our results provide no evidence that the different types of blood influenced the fitness of theWolbachia-infected mosquitoes. The presence of the bacterium in the colonies ofWolbachia-infectedAe. aegyptiafter 35 generations under the conditions evaluated indicates that they can be maintained on mouse blood. Based on these results, we show that it is possible to use mouse blood to feed female mosquitoes when using human blood for this purpose is problematic.Graphical Abstract
A first report of Thelazia callipaeda infection in Phortica okadai and wildlife in national nature reserves in China
Authors: Jin Yipeng , Liu Zichen , Wei Jiaqi , Wen Yifan , He Nianjun , Tang Liubin , Lin Degui , Lin Jiahao 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThelazia callipaedais a zoonotic parasitic nematode of the family Thelaziidae, withPhortica okadaias its intermediate host and only confirmed vector in China. China has the largest number of human cases of thelaziosis in the world. It is generally believed that infected domestic animals (dogs and cats) are the most important reservoir hosts ofT. callipaeda, and thus pose a direct threat to humans. At present, there is little research or attention focused on the role of wildlife in the transmission cycle of thelaziosis in nature reserves.MethodsWe selected locations in four national nature reserves across China to monitorP. okadaiand wildlife. We used a fly-trap method to monitorP. okadaidensity. Morphological analysis of the parasites collected from the conjunctival sac of the infected wildlife was undertaken as the first step in species identification, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for species confirmation.ResultsIn 2019, the density ofP. okadaiin Foping National Nature Reserve in China increased sharply, and infectedP. okadaiwere newly found in the reserve. Giant panda, wild boar, leopard cat, and black bear were found to be newly infected withT. callipaeda(one individual of each species). A total of four worms were collected, one from each species of wildlife. The four worms were identified asT. callipaedaby their morphological characteristics; species identification was confirmed by PCR amplification.ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first report ofT. callipaedainfection inP. okadaias well as in a variety of wildlife, including giant panda, in nature reserves in China. These results indicate that there is a transmission cycle ofT. callipaedaamong wildlife in these nature reserves. The increasing number of case reports of thelaziosis in wildlife suggest a likely risk ofT. callipaedainfection for the inhabitants of villages situated around nature reserves.
Ectoparasitic community of the Mahali mole-rat, Cryptomys hottentotus mahali: potential host for vectors of medical importance in South Africa
Authors: Fagir Dina M. , Bennett Nigel C. , Ueckermann Eddie A. , Howard Alexandra , Hart Daniel W. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
The endemic rodent family of Bathyergidae in Africa, particularly South Africa, are understudied as reservoirs of diseases of significant medical importance. Considering the diversity and wide distribution of African mole-rats in South Africa, many of these bathyergids could act as carriers of zoonoses.

Methods
The present study assessed the ectoparasite community of the Mahali mole-rat (Cryptomys hottentotus mahali). We aimed to identify possible parasitic arthropods that may infest this mole-rat species and explore host preference, contributions of seasonality, host sex and body mass as well as social class and colony size on ectoparasite assemblage prevalence and abundance.

Results
A limited number of ectoparasite species were found on C. h. mahali belonging to two significant taxa: mites (Acari) and fleas, with mites being the most prevalent and abundant. We recorded the presence of X. philoxera, a flea well known as the principal reservoir of plague in the southern African region on the Mahali mole-rats. Only three mite species were collected: Androlaelaps scapularis, Androlaelaps capensis and Laelaps liberiensis. Seasonal peaks in prevalence and abundance of X. philoxera and A. scapularis were observed during summer. Xenopsylla philoxera abundance and A. scapularis loads significantly increased on reproductive mole-rat individuals in comparison to non-reproductive individuals.

Conclusion
Despite the wide distribution of the subterranean African mole-rats, studies investigating their parasitic fauna remain limited and scarce. This dearth in knowledge raises the concern regarding their potential role as an endemic reservoir for zoonotic diseases. Consequently, additional sampling of their ectoparasitic community throughout their distributional range and research addressing their role as a reservoir for zoonotic diseases in southern Africa are urgently needed.
The presence of erosive joints is a strong predictor of radiological progression in hand osteoarthritis: results of a 2-year prospective follow-up of the Liège Hand Osteoarthritis Cohort (LIHOC)
Authors: Neuprez Audrey , Kaux Jean-François , Locquet Médéa , Beaudart Charlotte , Reginster Jean-Yves 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
This study measured the magnitude and determinants of clinical and radiological progression in patients with hand osteoarthritis (HOA) over a 2-year prospective follow-up to gain a greater understanding of the disease time course.

Methods
Two hundred three consecutive outpatients diagnosed with HOA were followed for 2 years (183 women, median age 69 years). Pain and function were evaluated using the Australian/Canadian Osteoarthritis Hand Index (AUSCAN), and clinical examination recorded the number of painful/swollen joints and nodes. X-rays were scored using Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) and Verbruggen-Veys scales. Clinical progression was defined as deterioration in AUSCAN ≥ the minimal clinically important difference. Radiographic progression was defined as (a) one new erosive/remodeled joint, (b) progression of ≥ one anatomical stage in one joint, or (c) change in KL total score above the smallest detectable difference. Logistic regression was performed to determine whether patient characteristics influenced clinical and radiological progression.

Results
After 2 years, all radiographic scores deteriorated significantly in the study population (p <  0.05), and the number of proximal and distal interphalangeal nodes was significantly higher (p <  0.01). The AUSCAN, number of painful joints at rest or at pressure, number of swollen joints, and pain measure on a visual analog scale remained unchanged. At the individual level, the number of patients with clinically meaningful progression ranged from 25 to 42% (clinical progression) and from 22 to 76% (radiological progression). The only significant predictor of worsening of total AUSCAN was AUSCAN pain subscale < 74.5 (odds ratio [OR] 1.02 [1.01, 1.03]; p <  0.01). The presence of ≥ four swollen joints (OR 2.78 [1.21, 6.39]; p = 0.02) and erosive osteoarthritis (OR 13.23 [5.07, 34.56]; p <  0.01) at baseline predicted a new erosive joint. A meaningful change in KL was more frequent with painful joints at baseline (OR 3.43 [1.68, 7.01]; p <  0.01).

Conclusions
Evidence of radiological progression over 2 years was observed in patients with HOA in the LIHOC population even without clinical worsening of disease. For individual patients, baseline pain level is predictive for clinical progression and the presence of erosive or swollen joints are significant predictors of radiological progression.
Improving justification of medical exposures using ionising radiation: considerations and approaches from the European Society of Radiology
Authors:   European Society of Radiology, Ebdon-Jackson Steve , Frija Guy 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis discussion paper has been produced within the context of the European Society of Radiology EuroSafe Imaging initiative and considers primarily the issues and challenges associated with justification of medical exposures using ionising radiation for individual patient diagnostic imaging procedures. It addresses both regulatory requirements and practical considerations and discusses approaches that are intended to improve justification.
The potential therapy with dental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Xiao Zhuangzhuang , Lei Tong , Liu Yanyan , Yang Yanjie , Bi Wangyu , Du Hongwu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, is caused by the loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra resulting in a series of motor or non-motor disorders. Current treatment methods are unable to stop the progression of PD and may bring certain side effects. Cell replacement therapy has brought new hope for the treatment of PD. Recently, human dental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells have received extensive attention. Currently, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) are considered to have strong potential for the treatment of these neurodegenerative diseases. These cells are considered to be ideal cell sources for the treatment of PD on account of their unique characteristics, such as neural crest origin, immune rejection, and lack of ethical issues. In this review, we briefly describe the research investigating cell therapy for PD and discuss the application and progress of DPSCs and SHED in the treatment of PD. This review offers significant and comprehensive guidance for further clinical research on PD.
A passenger risk assessment method based on 5G-IoT
Authors: Chen Weishi , Huang Yifeng , Yang Hao , Li Jing , Lu Xianfeng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFor the airports worldwide, it is important to establish a "passenger integrity system" based on the basic information of passengers and their related credit system. Correspondingly, this paper develops a new risk assessment model for the passenger graded security check by introducing several new technologies to obtain the passengers’ real-time status information as well as historical data. We first propose to deploy a variety of 5G-IoT devices to monitor the passengers in real time, including high-definition cameras, millimeter-wave security detectors, etc. We then rely on machine learning to analyze the passenger risk level and integrate improved analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with group decision theory, namely GD-AHP. According to the risk level, the passengers can be classified into known, ordinary and dangerous targets. The differentiated handling of different targets could significantly save the time of security check and improve the passenger experience.
Some basic properties and fundamental relations for discrete Muckenhoupt and Gehring classes
Authors: Saker S. H. , Rabie S. S. , Alzabut Jehad , O’Regan D. , Agarwal R. P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we prove some basic properties of the discrete Muckenhoupt class $\mathcal{A}^{p}$

A
p

and the discrete Gehring class $\mathcal{G}^{q}$

G
q

. These properties involve the self-improving properties and the fundamental transitions and inclusions relations between the two classes.
Novel finite point approach for solving time-fractional convection-dominated diffusion equations
Authors: Liu Xiaomin , Abbas Muhammad , Yang Honghong , Qin Xinqiang , Nazir Tahir 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a stabilized numerical method with high accuracy is proposed to solve time-fractional singularly perturbed convection-diffusion equation with variable coefficients. The tailored finite point method (TFPM) is adopted to discrete equation in the spatial direction, while the time direction is discreted by the G-L approximation and the L1 approximation. It can effectively eliminate non-physical oscillation or excessive numerical dispersion caused by convection dominant. The stability of the scheme is verified by theoretical analysis. Finally, one-dimensional and two-dimensional numerical examples are presented to verify the efficiency of the method.
Understanding antibiotic use for pig farming in Thailand: a qualitative study
Authors: Lekagul Angkana , Tangcharoensathien Viroj , Liverani Marco , Mills Anne , Rushton Jonathan , Yeung Shunmay 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), recognised as a serious and growing threat to global health, is promoted by multiple drivers, including antibiotic use in the livestock sector. Thus, understanding factors influencing antibiotic use in livestock production is essential to the design and implementation of effective interventions to reduce AMR. This qualitative study aimed to explore the experiences and views of the key actors associated with the use of antibiotics for pig farming in Thailand, from local farmers to officers in central government institutions.

Methods
A total of 31 in-depth interviews were conducted with different categories of actors: pig farmers (n = 13), drug retailers (n = 5), veterinarians (n = 7), government officers (n = 3) and representatives of animal and human health associations (n = 2). Themes emerging from the interviews were identified and explored using thematic analysis. In addition, direct observations were conducted in the pig farms.

Results
The findings highlight the multi-faceted nature of the views and practices that may contribute to misuse or overuse of antibiotics in the study locations, including misconceptions about the nature of antibiotics and AMR (particularly among smallholders), lack of facilities and financial means to establish an antibiotic-free farm, lack of sufficient training on AMR and antibiotic prescribing for veterinarians, the profit motive of pharmaceutical companies and their ties to farm consultants, and lack of sufficient regulatory oversight.

Conclusions
Our study indicates a clear need to improve antibiotic use for pig production in Thailand. Farmers need better access to veterinary services and reliable information about animal health needs and antibiotics. Innovative investments in biosecurity could improve farm management and decrease reliance on antibiotics, although the cost of these interventions should be low to ensure wide uptake in the livestock sector. Lastly, further development of professional training and clinical guidelines, and the establishment of a code of conduct, would help improve antibiotic dispensing practices.
Economic burden of antibiotic resistance in China: a national level estimate for inpatients
Authors: Zhen Xuemei , Stålsby Lundborg Cecilia , Sun Xueshan , Zhu Nina , Gu Shuyan , Dong Hengjin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Antibiotic resistance (AR) threats public health in China. National-level estimation of economic burden of AR is lacking. We aimed to quantify the economic costs of AR in inpatients in China.

Methods
We performed a multicentre and retrospective cohort study including 15,990 patient episodes at four tertiary hospitals in China from 2013 to 2015 to assess the impact of AR on hospital mortality, length of stay, and costs. We estimated the societal economic burden of AR using findings from the cohort study and secondary data from national surveillance hubs and statistical reports.

Results
Patients with multi-drug resistant (MDR) infection or colonisation caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii experienced higher individual patient cost ($3391, 95% uncertainty interval (UI) $3188–3594), longer hospital stay (5.48 days, 95% UI 5.10–5.87 days), and higher in-hospital mortality rates (1.50%, 95% UI 1.29–1.70%). In China, 27.45% of bacterial infection or colonisation that occurred in inpatients were resistant, of which 15.77% were MDR. A societal economic burden attributed to AR was estimated to be $77 billion in 2017, which is equivalent to 0.37% of China’s yearly gross domestic product, with $57 billion associated with MDR.

Conclusions
This is the first study to estimate national-level economic burden of AR in China. AR places a significant burden on patient health and healthcare systems. Estimation of economic costs of resistant infection or colonisation is the essential step towards building an economic case for global and national actions to combat AMR.