bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Criteria for assessing grant applications: a systematic review
Authors: Hug Sven E. , Aeschbach Mirjam 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCriteria are an essential component of any procedure for assessing merit. Yet, little is known about the criteria peers use to assess grant applications. In this systematic review we therefore identify and synthesize studies that examine grant peer review criteria in an empirical and inductive manner. To facilitate the synthesis, we introduce a framework that classifies what is generally referred to as ‘criterion’ into an evaluated entity (i.e., the object of evaluation) and an evaluation criterion (i.e., the dimension along which an entity is evaluated). In total, the synthesis includes 12 studies on grant peer review criteria. Two-thirds of these studies examine criteria in the medical and health sciences, while studies in other fields are scarce. Few studies compare criteria across different fields, and none focus on criteria for interdisciplinary research. We conducted a qualitative content analysis of the 12 studies and thereby identified 15 evaluation criteria and 30 evaluated entities, as well as the relations between them. Based on a network analysis, we determined the following main relations between the identified evaluation criteria and evaluated entities. The aims and outcomes of a proposed project are assessed in terms of the evaluation criteria originality, academic relevance, and extra-academic relevance. The proposed research process is evaluated both on the content level (quality, appropriateness, rigor, coherence/justification), as well as on the level of description (clarity, completeness). The resources needed to implement the research process are evaluated in terms of the evaluation criterion feasibility. Lastly, the person and personality of the applicant are assessed from a ‘psychological’ (motivation, traits) and a ‘sociological’ (diversity) perspective. Furthermore, we find that some of the criteria peers use to evaluate grant applications do not conform to the fairness doctrine and the ideal of impartiality. Grant peer review could therefore be considered unfair and biased. Our findings suggest that future studies on criteria in grant peer review should focus on the applicant, include data from non-Western countries, and examine fields other than the medical and health sciences.
Two systems for thinking about others’ thoughts in the developing brain
Authors: Grosse Wiesmann Charlotte , Friederici Angela D. , Singer Tania , Steinbeis Nikolaus 
Published: March 2020

Significance
The ability to reason about other people’s thoughts and beliefs characterizes the complex social interaction among humans. This ability, called Theory of Mind (ToM), has long been argued to develop around 4 y when children start explicitly reasoning about others' beliefs. However, when tested nonverbally, infants already show action expectations congruent with others’ beliefs before the age of 2 y. Do these behaviors reflect different systems for understanding others’ minds—an early and a later developing one—or when does ToM develop? We show that these abilities are supported by the maturation of independent brain networks, suggesting different systems for explicit verbal ToM and early nonverbal action expectations.
Reductions in daily continental-scale atmospheric circulation biases between generations of global climate models: CMIP5 to CMIP6
Authors: Cannon Alex J 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study evaluates and compares historical simulations of daily sea-level pressure circulation types over 6 continental-scale regions (North America, South America, Europe, Africa, East Asia, and Australasia) by 15 pairs of global climate models from modeling centers that contributed to both Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and CMIP6. Atmospheric circulation classifications are constructed using two different methodologies applied to two reanalyses. Substantial improvements in performance, taking into account internal variability, are found between CMIP5 and CMIP6 for both frequency (24% reduction in global error) and persistence (12% reduction) of circulation types. Improvements between generations are robust to different methodological choices and reference datasets. A modest relationship between model resolution and skill is found. While there is large intra-ensemble spread in performance, the best performing models from CMIP6 exhibit levels of skill close to those from the reanalyses. In general, the latest generation of climate models should provide less biased simulations for use in regional dynamical and statistical downscaling efforts than previous generations.
Modification of Tert-butylhydroquinone with Palmitic Acid as a Soluble Antioxidant for Biodiesel Additive
Authors: Sutanto Hery , Pramastiani Amanda Jehan , Yusri Silvya , Darmawan Akhmad , Legowo Evita H. , Nasikin Mohammad 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Biodiesel is a product resulted from the process of transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel and uses as alternative to fossil fuel diesel. However, one of the biodiesel drawbacks which is oxidation can affect the storage stability of the biodiesel. One way to solve this issue is by using antioxidant additives to improve the storage stability of biodiesel. Tert-Butylhydroquinone is a common synthetic phenolic antioxidant and has a proven superior antioxidant activity due to its polar characteristic. The difference in polarity between non-polar biodiesel and phenolic antioxidant makes their solubility becomes very low. In this study, modification of TBHQ with palmitic acid was done by using Friedel-Crafts acylation to increase its solubility in biodiesel. The resulting proposed product 1-(2-(tert-butyl)-3,6- dihydroxyphenyl)hexadecane-1-one, was confirmed using TLC, LC-MS/MS and 1H-NMR. The product showed solubility limit at concentration 2500 ppm and antioxidant activity with the IC50 value of 675.38 ppm, which both results are lower compared to TBHQ.
Investigation of Ferri-alginate (Fe-Alg) as Environmentally Friendly Catalyst on the Formation of Solketal from Glycerol and Acetone
Authors: Mahreni  , Azimatun Nur M.M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Alginate is a naturally occurring anionic carbohydrate polymer which could be coupled with metallic cationic molecules to form heterogeneous catalyst. However, the potency of the heterogeneous catalyst on the production of solketal was not explored. This research was proposed to investigate the potency of Ferri-Alginate (Fe-Alg) as a cheap and environmentally friendly catalyst in the solketal reaction. Fe-Alg was synthesized by reacting FeCl3 to sodium alginate with different concentrations (0.1 -0.5 M). Fe-Alg catalyst was characterized both on the physical and chemical activity. By using BET analysis, it was indicated that the addition of FeCl3 concentration increased the surface area of the catalyst. By using TGA/DSC analysis, it was found that Fe-Alg catalyst was stable up to 153°C. From GC/MS analysis, it was found that solketal was formed after the reaction of glycerol and acetone by using Fe-Alg as the catalyst.
Aluminum-Alginate (Al-Alg) as Green Catalyst in Solketal Synthesis from Acetone and Glycerol
Authors: Mahreni  
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A catalyst is a chemical that can accelerate a reaction. So far, the catalyst uses precious metals (Pt, Au, Ag) which are heavy and expensive metals. In this research, a biodegradable Aluminum-Alginate (Al-Alg) green catalyst was synthesized using the precipitation method at room temperature. Aluminum is derived from Al (NO3)3 solution, and the Alginate used is brown algae extract in the form of Sodium-Alginate (Na-Alg). Previous research has reported that Aluminum-Alginate (Al-Alg) has been shown to accelerate the esterification reaction. In this research, Al-Alg was tried as a catalyst in the reaction of Solketal formation from Acetone and Glycerol. The purpose of this research is to prove the Al-Alg catalyst that has been synthesized using the precipitation method which can be used as a catalyst in the reaction of Solketal formation from Acetone and Glycerol. The research was carried out in two stages, namely the extraction of Alginate from brown algae using 2% by weight natrium-alginate solvent, then the second stage was the deposition of Na-Alginate using Al (NO3)3 solution. The precipitation was carried out at room temperature. The precipitate was dried, then its physical characteristicwas tested using FTIR and TGA/DTA; the chemical characteristic of the catalyst was tested through catalyzed reaction. The FTIR test results showed that the alginate molecule had been bound to Al molecule which was marked by a peak at the wave number of 1383.4 cm−1 which indicated the carboxylic group of COOH owned by Alginate, namely the symmetric stretching vibration of the carboxylate group. In addition, the peak at the wave number of 827 cm−1 showed that the C1 – H deformation vibration of b- mannuronic acid residues from Alginate. The peak at the wave number of 550 cm−1 proved that Aluminum (Al) had been bound to Alginate, and forming Al-Alg. The catalyst activity test was carried out by applying the Al-Alg catalyst in the catalyzing reaction of the formation of Solketal from Acetone and Glycerol. The reaction results were analyzed using GC-MS and it showed that the solketal was formed, and the selectivity was quite high at 96 %, proving that Al-Alg had the potential as a catalyst in catalyzing reaction.
Alternative Method of Radiochemical Purity Testing for Technetium-99m Tetrofosmin
Authors: Widyastuti W. , Puji W. , Ariyanto A. , Lestari E. , Rosilawati N.E. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Tc-99m tetrofosmin is a radiopharmaceutical preparation used in nuclear medicine. Radiochemical purity as main parameter of quality should be more than 90%, and was determined using thin layer chromatography with ITLC-SG as stationary phase and mixture of acetone and dichloromethane as mobile phase. Since ITLC-SG is expensive and the solvent used is rather noxious, an alternative method is expected to replace it for routine QC use. Besides, the radiolabeling capability of Tc-99m in low radioactivity is expected to reduce the utilization of Tc-99m in QC of kits manufacturing. Experiment using SepPak C18 column and TLC system with TLC-SG and ITLC-SG were carried out, then the results were compared. Radiochemical purity measurement using TLC-SG and ITLC-SG showed 99.49 ± 0.78% and 96.17 ± 2.37% respectively with the peaks observed at Rf 0.0 and ∼ 0.5 respectively, whereas that using SepPak C-18 showed RCP of 98.51 ± 0.78%. Various radioactivity of Tc-99m from 2 to 100 mCi have been used to label tetrofosmin kits and the radiolabeling quality were almost the same. It can be concluded that SepPak C18 as well as TLC method using TLC-SG can be used as alternative methods for radiochemical purity measurement of Tc-99m tetrofosmin, and low radioactivity of Tc-99m is sufficient to label tetrofosmin with high radiochemical purity.
Quantitative Determination of Vanillin in Coated Paper Using Gas Chromatography
Authors: Kho Katherine , Aslanzadeh Solmaz 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
One of the strategies to improve the food shelf - life is to utilize functional packaging. The functional packaging could contain antimicrobial agents to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms or antioxidants to prevent oxidative degradation. Vanillin, known as one of the most common food flavoring ingredients, could serve as a potent antioxidant. This paper focuses on the development of a methodology to determine vanillin content in the coated paper using gas chromatography. The vanillin was extracted from vanillin-coated paper using water as the aqueous phase and dichloromethane (DCM) as the organic phase. The effect of filtration on vanillin extraction and water to DCM ratio used for extraction were investigated. It was concluded that the extraction without filtration with water to DCM ratio of 1:2 was the best setting for the vanillin extraction from vanillin- coated paper.
Biogas Utilization for supporting the Sustainability of Palm Oil Mill
Authors: Febijanto Irhan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Indonesia, as the largest palm oil production country, currently facing various criticisms from European countries related to environmental issues from Crude Palm Oil industries. One way to reduce the criticism impacts, is to obtain a certificate related to the sustainability of Crude Palm Oil industries, which issued by a national or even an international body. Based on the sustainability standards, POM (Palm Oil Mill) should prevent the gas emission/methane gas generated from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) which emitted to the atmosphere. By captured methane gas and utilize as fuel for the boiler (biogas co-firing) or fuel for the gas engine for captive power, the emission gas amount emitted to the atmosphere can be reduced. All selected technologies in this study utilize biogas/methane gas. The economic analysis of each selected technology is assessed by using an economic parameter of IRR (Internal Rate of Return) and NPV (Net Present Value). It is proved that the biogas power plant integrated with the pellet factory shows the highest IRR, however, the biogas co-firing is the easiest technology among the selected technology and also the implementation is feasible for supporting the sustainability of POM though the IRR is the lowest one.
Fractionation of Turpentine
Authors: Ariono Danu , Aldiyana Gigih , Adrian Ramadika , Indarto Antonius 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Turpentine (pine oil) is a liquid phase of the Pinus mercusii gum that consists of α-pinene, δ-pinene, δ-carene, limonene, and others. These components, if separated, have a higher added value compared to selling crude pine oil. Separation process by distillation is the common method to fractionate all of the components. However, distillation at atmospheric pressure has a potential to decompose some turpentine components. This study aims to obtain the optimum operating conditions that produce compounds of turpentine. The experimental method used consisted of three stages. The first stage is the analysis of components from the main raw material, turpentine. The second step is the turpentine fractionation with the process of party vacuum distillation. The third step is the analysis of the distillate results using Gas Chromatography with FID. The experiment was carried out by varying the operating pressure of the vacuum distillation process which is at 0.2 atm; 0.45 atm and 1 atm. The experimental results show that thermal degradation did not occur at pressures of 0.45 atm and 0.2 atm. The experimental results are in accordance with the simulation results with a column efficiency of 45%. Better results can be obtained by adding stages to 25 stages from 10 stages used and can achieve composition results up to analyst grade (> 99.9%). Distillation of 0.2 atm pressure is the best operating condition judging from the profit generated and its energy consumption.
Thermal Properties of Geopolymers with Silica Fume
Authors: Sampe Fanriyanto , Triwiyono Andreas , Ayu Agustini Ni Komang , Perdana Indra 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Fly ash-based geopolymer is a renewable technology to minimize the use of cement in the construction field. The development was not only the use of fly ash but also the addition of other materials such as silica fume to geopolymer paste. Insulating materials is one of the examples of fly ash-based geopolymer applications. This paper examines the influence of varied activating solution of fly ash ratio and silica fume on the behavior of thermal properties of the geopolymer paste. The activating solution of fly ash ratio (A/F) was 40%, 45%, and 50%. Silica fume acts as a substitution of fly ash varied from 1%, 2%, and 4%. The activating solution was mixed with NaOH 10 M and Na2SiO3 with Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio constant at 2. Geopolymer paste was subjected to different tests such as thermal conductivity, bulk density, and compressive strength. The results showed that the geopolymer paste with substitution of silica fume had thermal conductivity, bulk density and compressive strength in the range of 0.051 to 0.932 W/m.C, 1752.457 to 1870.309 kg/m3 and 25.41 to 38.48 MPa respectively. The thermal conductivity values for all variations are below 1 W/m.C. Results from this work shows that the mixture suitable as a thermal insulation material.
Preparation of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Supported Zinc Oxide Catalyst for Transesterification of Kesambi (Schleichera oleosa) Oil
Authors: Asri N P , Yuniati Y , Hindarso H , Suprapto  , Yogaswara R R 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this work, multi-walled carbon nanotubes supported zinc oxide (ZnO/MWCNTs) as a heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification had been successfully prepared via the modified Stober-like synthesis method. The effect of calcination temperature during the catalyst preparation towards reaction was investigated. These catalyst was also characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, N2 adsorption-desorption analysis followed by Brunauer- Emmett-Teller (BET) calculation to determine the total surface area, and scanning electrone microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Transesterification of kesambi (Schleichera oleosa) oil also had been done to test the activity of the prepared catalysts. However, the quantity of dispersed zinc oxide (ZnO) on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are quite small that is lower than 5 %wt. It produces low conversion of transesterification after 3 hours reaction that is under 15% of conversion.
Atomistic simulations of phonon behaviors in isotopically doped graphene with Sierpinski carpet fractal structure
Authors: Han Dan , Fan Hongzhao , Wang Xinyu , Cheng Lin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) graphene monolayer has been attached importance because of the fantastic physical properties. In this work, we conduct the atomistic simulations to evaluate the phonon behaviors in isotopically doped graphene with Sierpinski Carpet (SC) fractal structure. The thermal conductivities (k) with different fractal numbers are calculated by molecular dynamics simulation. The relationship between the k and the fractal number from 0 to 8 shows a first decreasing and then stable trend. The maximum reduction ratio of the k in SC fractal structures is 52.37%. Afterwards, we utilize the molecular dynamics simulation, phonon wave packet simulation and lattice dynamics simulation to investigate the phonon density of states (PDOS), energy transmission coefficient (ETC), phonon group velocity and participation ratio (PR) in SC fractal structures. In SC fractal structures, the PDOS increases in the low frequency region and the G-band will soften with the enhanced fractal number. We also observe that the isotopic doping atoms can lead to continuous reflected waves in SC fractal structure regions. Moreover, phonon modes in SC fractal structures possess the lower ETCs, phonon group velocities and PRs in comparison with the pristine graphene monolayer. Therefore, we attribute the lower k in SC fractal structures to the stronger phonon-impurity scattering and the increasing localized phonon modes.
The Moral Hierarchies of Age Standards: The UN Debates a Common Minimum Marriage Age, 1951–1962
Authors: Tambe Ashwini 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
While the UN was still a fledgling organization in the early 1950s, it took on the question of what an appropriate minimum age for marriage should be across all its member countries. Two UN conventions—the 1956 Supplementary Convention on Slavery and the 1962 Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages—involved tense deliberations over a marriage age standard. Drawing on records of UN preparatory meetings, I show that delegates representing Britain and Portugal spearheaded an effort to frame early and forced marriage as forms of slavery, and thereby focused abolitionist attention on formerly colonized countries. The moral worth of newly independent countries came to be signaled by specifying a high chronological age for marriage rather than treating puberty as a threshold. Although there was no tidy polarization between colonizers and colonized in the deliberations, several delegates from former British colonies—especially Nigeria and India, large regional powers with aspirations to lead the budding Non-Aligned Movement—strenuously rejected the tutelary stance of the British delegates. These debates about a common marriage age reveal how, in this foundational moment of liberal internationalism, relationships of equivalence between countries were undercut by efforts to mark differences between imperial powers and newly independent countries.
NIHBA: a network interdiction approach for metabolic engineering design
Authors: Jiang Shouyong , Wang Yong , Kaiser Marcus , Krasnogor Natalio 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Motivation
Flux balance analysis (FBA) based bilevel optimization has been a great success in redesigning metabolic networks for biochemical overproduction. To date, many computational approaches have been developed to solve the resulting bilevel optimization problems. However, most of them are of limited use due to biased optimality principle, poor scalability with the size of metabolic networks, potential numeric issues or low quantity of design solutions in a single run.

Results
Here, we have employed a network interdiction model free of growth optimality assumptions, a special case of bilevel optimization, for computational strain design and have developed a hybrid Benders algorithm (HBA) that deals with complicating binary variables in the model, thereby achieving high efficiency without numeric issues in search of best design strategies. More importantly, HBA can list solutions that meet users’ production requirements during the search, making it possible to obtain numerous design strategies at a small runtime overhead (typically ∼1 h, e.g. studied in this article).

Availability and implementation
Source code implemented in the MATALAB Cobratoolbox is freely available at https://github.com/chang88ye/NIHBA.

Contact
math4neu@gmail.com or natalio.krasnogor@ncl.ac.uk

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
COMER2: GPU-accelerated sensitive and specific homology searches
Authors: Margelevičius Mindaugas 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Summary
Searching for homology in the vast amount of sequence data has a particular emphasis on its speed. We present a completely rewritten version of the sensitive homology search method COMER based on alignment of protein sequence profiles, which is capable of searching big databases even on a lightweight laptop. By harnessing the power of CUDA-enabled graphics processing units, it is up to 20 times faster than HHsearch, a state-of-the-art method using vectorized instructions on modern CPUs.

Availability and implementation
COMER2 is cross-platform open-source software available at https://sourceforge.net/projects/comer2 and https://github.com/minmarg/comer2. It can be easily installed from source code or using stand-alone installers.

Contact
mindaugas.margelevicius@bti.vu.lt

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.