bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 Hospitalization in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: Results from the T1D Exchange Multicenter Surveillance Study
Authors: O’Malley Grenye , Ebekozien Osagie , Desimone Marisa , Pinnaro Catherina T , Roberts Alissa , Polsky Sarit , Noor Nudrat , Aleppo Grazia , Basina Marina , Tansey Michael , Steenkamp Devin , Vendrame Francesco , Lorincz Ilona , Mathias Priyanka , Agarwal Shivani , Golden Lauren , Hirsch Irl B , Levy Carol J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Context
Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, but there are few data focusing on outcomes in people with type 1 diabetes.

Objective
The objective of this study was to analyze characteristics of adults with type 1 diabetes for associations with COVID-19 hospitalization.

Design
An observational multisite cross-sectional study was performed. Diabetes care providers answered a 33-item questionnaire regarding demographics, symptoms, and diabetes- and COVID-19-related care and outcomes. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the study population, and multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the relationship between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), age, and comorbidities and hospitalization.

Setting
Cases were submitted from 52 US sites between March and August 2020.

Patients or Other Participants
Adults over the age of 19 with type 1 diabetes and confirmed COVID-19 infection were included.

Interventions
None.

Main Outcome Measures
Hospitalization for COVID-19 infection.

Results
A total of 113 cases were analyzed. Fifty-eight patients were hospitalized, and 5 patients died. Patients who were hospitalized were more likely to be older, to identify as non-Hispanic Black, to use public insurance, or to have hypertension, and less likely to use continuous glucose monitoring or insulin pumps. Median HbA1c was 8.6% (70 mmol/mol) and was positively associated with hospitalization (odds ratio 1.42, 95% confidence interval 1.18-1.76), which persisted after adjustment for age, sex, race, and obesity.

Conclusions
Baseline glycemic control and access to care are important modifiable risk factors which need to be addressed to optimize care of people with type 1 diabetes during the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic.
Structure and function of the nervous system in nectophores of the siphonophore Nanomia bijuga
Authors: Norekian Tigran P. , Meech Robert W. 
Published: November 2020

i) Although Nanomia’s bell-shaped nectophores are specialized for locomotion, their cellular elements and complex nerve structures suggest they have multiple subsidiary functions.
ii) The main nerve complex is a nerve ring at the base of the bell, an adjacent columnar-shaped matrix plus two associated nerve projections. An upper nerve tract may provide a sensory input while a lower nerve tract connects with the rest of the colony apparently via a cluster of nerve cells at the stem.
iii) The structure of the extensively innervated “flask cells” located around the bell margin suggests a secretory function.
iv) The numerous nematocytes present on exposed ridges of the nectophore appear to have an entangling rather than a penetrating role.
v) Movements of the velum, produced by contraction of the Claus’ muscle system during backwards swimming, can be elicited by electrical stimulation of the surface epithelium even when the major nerve tracts serving the nerve ring have been destroyed (confirming Mackie, 1964).
vi) Epithelial impulses generated by electrical stimulation elicit slow potentials and action potentials in the velum musculature. The slow potentials arise at different sites around the velum and give rise to action potentials in contracting Claus’ muscle fibres.
vii) A synaptic rather than an electrotonic model can more readily account for the time course of the slow potentials.
viii) During backward swimming radial muscle fibres in the endoderm contract isometrically providing the Claus’ fibres with a firm foundation.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Nipple Aspirate Fluid Cytology in Asymptomatic Patients: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Jiwa Natasha , Gandhewar Rishikesh , Chauhan Hemali , Ashrafian Hutan , Kumar Swathica , Wright Corrina , Takats Zoltan , Leff Daniel Richard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To calculate the diagnostic accuracy of nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) cytology.

Background
Evaluation of NAF cytology in asymptomatic patients conceptually offers a non-invasive method for either screening for breast cancer or else predicting or stratifying future cancer risk.

Methods
Studies were identified by performing electronic searches up to August 2019. A meta-analysis was conducted to attain an overall pooled sensitivity and specificity of NAF for breast cancer detection.

Results
A search through 938 studies yielded a total of 19 studies. Overall, 9308 patients were examined, with cytology results from 10,147 breasts [age (years), mean ± SD = 49.73 ± 4.09 years]. Diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis of NAF revealed a pooled specificity of 0.97 (95% CI 0.97–0.98), and sensitivity of 0.64 (95% CI 0.62–0.66).

Conclusions
The diagnostic accuracy of nipple smear cytology is limited by poor sensitivity. If nipple fluid assessment is to be used for diagnosis, then emerging technologies for fluid biomarker analysis must supersede the current diagnostic accuracy of NAF cytology.
Longitudinal trajectories of brain age in young individuals at familial risk of mood disorder from the Scottish Bipolar Family Study
Authors: de Nooij Laura , Harris Mathew A. , Hawkins Emma L. , Clarke Toni-Kim , Shen Xueyi , Chan Stella W. Y. , Ziermans Tim B. , McIntosh Andrew M. , Whalley Heather C. 
Published: November 2020

Background:Within young individuals, mood disorder onset may be related to changes in trajectory of brain structure development. To date, however, longitudinal prospective studies remain scarce and show partly contradictory findings, with a lack of emphasis on changes at the level of global brain patterns. Cross-sectional adult studies have applied such methods and show that mood disorders are associated with accelerated brain aging. Currently, it remains unclear whether young individuals show differential brain structure aging trajectories associated with onset of mood disorder and/or presence of familial risk.Methods:Participants included young individuals (15-30 years, 53%F) from the prospective longitudinal Scottish Bipolar Family Study with and without close family history of mood disorder. All were well at time of recruitment. Implementing a structural MRI-based brain age prediction model, we globally assessed individual trajectories of age-related structural change using the difference between predicted brain age and chronological age (brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD)) at baseline and at 2-year follow-up. Based on follow-up clinical assessment, individuals were categorised into three groups: (i) controls who remained well (C-well,n= 93), (ii) high familial risk who remained well (HR-well,n= 74) and (iii) high familial risk who developed a mood disorder (HR-MD,n= 35).Results:At baseline, brain-PAD was comparable between groups. Results showed statistically significant negative trajectories of brain-PAD between baseline and follow-up for HR-MD versus C-well (β= -0.60,pcorrected< 0.001) and HR-well (β= -0.36,pcorrected= 0.02), with a potential intermediate trajectory for HR-well (β= -0.24 years,pcorrected= 0.06). Conclusions:These preliminary findings suggest that within young individuals, onset of mood disorder and familial risk may be associated with a deceleration in brain structure aging trajectories. Extended longitudinal research will need to corroborate findings of emerging maturational lags in relation to mood disorder risk and onset.
Mid-term results after in situ pinning and hip arthroscopy for mild slipped capital femoral epiphysis: A minimum five-year follow-up
Authors: Rahm Stefan , Jud Lukas , Jungwirth-Weinberger Anna , Tondelli Timo , Falkowski Anna L. , Sutter Reto , Zingg Patrick O. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose In situ pinning of mild slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) results in an aspherical head–neck junction and arthroscopic osteochondroplasty can successfully correct the head–neck junction. However, whether the correction stays stable over at least five years remains unknown. Methods In a retrospective and consecutive series, 11 patients with a mean age of 12 years (range, 10 years to 15 years) were included. All patients were treated for mild SCFE with in situ pinning and staged hip arthroscopy correcting the head–neck junction. All patients were assessed clinically and radiographically (radiograph and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) pre-operatively, 12 weeks and at least five years’ post-operatively. Results The mean range of motion (ROM) for flexion and internal rotation was stable over time with 100° (sd 4) and 21° (sd 6), respectively at the last follow-up. The mean alpha angle decreased from pre-operative 64° (range 61° to 68°) to 12 weeks post-operative 49° (range 46° to 52°; p = 0.001) and stayed stable over time. New superficial cartilage damage on either the acetabular or femoral side was seen in each three patients. Progressive labral degeneration was present in two patients. Conclusion In situ pinning and staged hip arthroscopy for the correction of mild SCFE is safe, restores normal alpha angles and reveals stable morphological correction at mid-term follow-up. Furthermore, the clinical results were excellent with almost normalized internal hip rotation at mid-term follow-up in patients who had reached adulthood. However, there was some joint deterioration, but without negative impact on subjective and clinical outcome after at least five years. Level of evidence IV
Field Evaluation of Targeted Shake-and-Catch Harvesting Technologies for Fresh Market Apple
Authors: Zhang Xin , He Long , Karkee Manoj , Whiting Matthew David , Zhang Qin 
Published: November 2020

HighlightsThree shaking methods and vibratory harvesting systems were evaluated and compared.Multi-year field evaluations were performed with up to six cultivars trained to formal architectures.The updated semi-automated system achieved the highest fruit removal efficiency and the best fruit quality.Abstract. Apple is the most economically important agricultural crop in Washington State. In 2018, Washington State produced ~3.3 billion kg of apple, accounting for approximately 63% of U.S. production. Fresh-market apple is currently harvested manually, requiring large numbers seasonal semi-skilled workers for a small harvest window. To overcome the increasing challenges of uncertain labor availability and raising labor costs, a promising mechanical harvesting system, using a targeted shake-and-catch approach, is under development at Washington State University. This study evaluated the system by analyzing its fruit harvest efficiency and fruit quality with three shaking methods, i.e., continuous non-linear, continuous linear, and intermittent linear shaking, on up to six apple cultivars trained to formal tree architectures. Results showed that intermittent linear shaking achieved 90% fruit removal efficiency for ‘Scifresh’ cultivar, while continuous linear shaking achieved only 63% removal efficiency for ‘Gala’. This study also compared three vibratory systems: a hand-held system, a hydraulically driven system, and a semi-automated hydraulic system. The semi-automated system achieved the highest fruit removal efficiency (90%), followed by the hand-held (87%) and hydraulic (84%) systems, mainly due to the different shaking methods employed. However, the differences were statistically insignificant. Fruit catching efficiency varied among the harvesting systems, with the hand-held system achieving the highest efficiency (97%), followed by the hydraulic (91%) and semi-automated (88%) systems. Among the three tested technologies, the prototype semi-automated system achieved the highest level of mechanization, as well as high fruit removal efficiency and the best fruit quality. Because the semi-automated system did not include an auto-positioning function, positioning its shaker head took about eight times longer (~103 s) than the actual shaking time (~13 s), which suggests that a fully automated system is desirable to further increase productivity. This study showed that the shake-and-catch approach has great potential for practical adoption in harvesting of fresh-market apple and therefore can have a positive economic impact on the U.S. apple industry. Keywords: Automation in apple production, Bulk mechanical harvest, Semi-automated system, Shaking method, Time efficiency.
Non-Destructive Identification of Internal Watercore in Apples Based on Online Vis/NIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Chang Han , Wu Qifang , Tian Hao , Yan Jinshan , Luo Xuan , Xu Huirong 
Published: November 2020

HighlightsA custom-designed online Vis/NIR spectroscopy system was used for real-time detection of watercore in apples.Watercore severity index (WSI) was applied for watercore severity assessment.Higher than 95.0% accuracy was obtained for total samples in classifying sound apples from watercore groups using kNN, BPNN, SVM, and 1D CNN at a detection speed of 3 apples s-1.Linear kernel SVM achieved the best classification accuracy of 96% for samples in the prediction set.Abstract. Watercore, an internal physiological disorder affecting apples, can be characterized by water-soaked, glassy regions near the fruit core. It is used as an indicator of full ripeness, storage suitability, and price of apples in many countries. Therefore, fast and non-destructive detection of watercore plays an important role in improving the commercial value of apples and reducing postharvest costs. In this study, an online visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy system was proposed for real-time detection of watercore in ‘Fuji’ apples (Malus pumila Mill.). A total of 318 samples harvested during harvest season in the same orchard were analyzed for both watercore severity index (WSI) and soluble solids content (SSC). According to the USDA watercore classification standard, all samples were classified into one of four classes (sound, slight, moderate, or severe) based on the affected area of watercore. Results showed that, although there was a positive correlation between spectral intensity and affected area of watercore, no significant relationship between affected area size and SSC could be obtained by Pearson test (correlation coefficient ~0.094). Generally, &gt;95.0% accuracy was obtained for total samples at a detection speed of 3 apples s-1 in classifying sound from watercore groups using k-nearest neighbors (kNN) algorithm, back-propagation neural network (BPNN), support vector machine (SVM) classification, and one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN). The best classification result was achieved by linear kernel SVM, with an accuracy of 96% for total samples. These classification algorithms showed preliminary feasibility for online screening of apples with watercore using Vis/NIR spectroscopy in industrial applications. Keywords: Apple watercore, Machine learning, Online detection, Vis/NIR spectroscopy, Watercore severity index.
Improving thermal stability of a resonant fiber optical gyroscope using triple closed loops
Authors: Liu Lu , Tu Junyu , Ye Sen , Ma Huilian 
Published: November 2020

A closed-loop resonant fiber optic gyroscope (RFOG) configuration with three resonance frequency servo loops is proposed. By using one laser-servo loop and two symmetrical phase modulator (PM) servo loops, the effect of the reset due to the limited tracking range of the laser-servo loop is solved. Further long-term stability for 48 h and thermal stability at moderate rate measurements show that the output of the triple closed-loop RFOG is insensitive to environmental temperature variations. When the temperature increased from 17.5°C to 40.7°C in 1800 s and the maximum temperature rate was about 0.025°C/s during heating, the laser-servo loop was reset a total of 413 times. However, the output of the triple closed-loop RFOG is not affected by those frequent resets in the laser-servo loop because the two PM-servo loops are free of glitch pulses under this new scheme. Compared to the traditional double closed-loop RFOG, the thermal bias stability of the triple closed-loop RFOG is improved by a factor of 15 times from 29.8°/h to 1.88°/h.
Conflicting findings between the Mitra-Fr and the Coapt trials: Implications regarding the cost-effectiveness of percutaneous repair for heart failure patients with severe secondary mitral regurgitation
Authors: Armoiry Xavier , Obadia Jean-François , Auguste Peter , Connock Martin 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
Two randomized controlled trials (RCTs), Mitra-Fr and Coapt, evaluating the benefit of percutaneous repair (PR) for heart failure (HF) patients with severe mitral regurgitation, have led to conflicting results. We aimed to evaluate the impact of these trial results on the cost-effectiveness of PR using effectiveness inputs from the two RCTs.

Methods
We developed a time varying Markov type model with three mutually exclusive health states: alive without HF hospitalisation, alive with HF hospitalisation, and dead. Clinically plausible extrapolations beyond observed data were obtained by developing parametric modelling for overall survival and HF hospitalisations using published data from each trial. We adopted the perspective of the French Health System and used a 30-year time horizon. Results were expressed as € / quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained using utility inputs from literature.

Findings
Results are presented using treatment efficacy measures from Mitra-F and Coapt trials respectively. With the Mitra-Fr data, after annual discounting, the base case model generated an incremental 0.00387 QALY at a cost of €25,010, yielding an incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) of €6,467,032 / QALY. The model was sensitive to changes made to model inputs. There was no potential of PR being cost-effective.
With the Coapt data, the model generated 1.19 QALY gain at a cost of €26,130 yielding an ICER of €21,918 / QALY and at a threshold of >€50,000/QALY PR had a probability of 1 of being cost-effective.

Implications
Cost effectiveness results were conflicting; reconciling differences between trials is a priority and could promote optimal cost effectiveness analyses and resource allocation.
Women’s autonomy in healthcare decision-making and healthcare seeking behaviour for childhood illness in Ghana: Analysis of data from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Budu Eugene , Seidu Abdul-Aziz , Armah-Ansah Ebenezer Kwesi , Sambah Francis , Baatiema Linus , Ahinkorah Bright Opoku 
Published: November 2020

Introduction
The capacity of women to decide on their healthcare plays a key role in their health. In this study, we examined the association between women’s healthcare decision-making capacity and their healthcare seeking behaviour for childhood illnesses in Ghana.

Materials and methods
We used data from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. A total sample of 2,900 women with children less than 5 years was used for the analysis. Data were processed and analysed using STATA version 14.0. Chi-square test of independence and binary logistic regression were carried out to generate the results. Statistical significance was pegged at 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We relied on the ‘Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology’ (STROBE) statement in writing the manuscript.

Results
Out of the 2,900 women, approximately 25.7% could take healthcare decisions alone and 89.7% sought healthcare for childhood illnesses. Women who decided alone on personal healthcare had 30% reduced odds of seeking healthcare for childhood illnesses compared to those who did not decide alone [AOR = 0.70, CI = 0.51–0.97]. With age, women aged 45–49 had 69% reduced odds of seeking healthcare for childhood illnesses compared to those aged 25–29 [AOR = 0.31, CI = 0.14–0.70]. Women from the Northern and Upper West regions had 72% [AOR: 0.28, CI: 0.11–0.70] and 77% [AOR: 0.23, CI: 0.09–0.58] reduced odds of seeking healthcare for childhood illnesses respectively, compared to those from the Western region.

Conclusion
Ghanaian women with autonomy in healthcare decision-making, those who were older and those from the Northern and Upper West regions were less likely to seek healthcare for childhood illness. To reduce childhood mortalities and morbidities in Ghana, we recommend educating women such as those who take healthcare decisions alone, older women and women from deprived regions like the Northern and Upper West regions on the need to seek healthcare for childhood illnesses.
The herbivore’s dilemma: Trends in and factors associated with heterosexual relationship status and interest in romantic relationships among young adults in Japan—Analysis of national surveys, 1987–2015
Authors: Ghaznavi Cyrus , Sakamoto Haruka , Nomura Shuhei , Kubota Anna , Yoneoka Daisuke , Shibuya Kenji , Ueda Peter 
Published: November 2020

Background
It has been suggested that an increasing proportion of young adults in Japan have lost interest in romantic relationships, a phenomenon termed “herbivorization”. We assessed trends in heterosexual relationship status and self-reported interest in heterosexual romantic relationships in nationally representative data.

Methods
We used data from seven rounds of the National Fertility Survey (1987–2015) and included adults aged 18–39 years (18–34 years in the 1987 survey; sample size 11,683–17,675). Current heterosexual relationship status (married; unmarried but in a relationship; single) was estimated by sex, age group and survey year, with singles further categorized into those reporting interest vs. no interest in heterosexual romantic relationships. Information about same-sex relationships were not available.

Results
Between 1992 and 2015, the age-standardized proportion of 18-39-year-old Japanese adults who were single had increased steadily, from 27.4 to 40.7% among women and from 40.3 to 50.8% among men. This increase was largely driven by decreases in the proportion of married women aged 25–39 years and men aged 30–39 years, while those in a relationship had increased only slightly for women and remained stable for men. By 2015, the proportion of single women was 30.2% in those aged 30–34 years and 24.4% in those aged 35–39 years. The corresponding numbers for men were 39.3% and 32.4%. Around half of the singles (21.4% of all women and 25.1% of all men aged 18–39 years) reported that they had no interest in heterosexual romantic relationships. Single women and men who reported no interest in romantic relationships had lower income and educational levels and were less likely to have regular employment compared to those who reported such an interest.

Conclusions
In this analysis of heterosexual relationships in nationally representative data from Japan, singlehood among young adults had steadily increased over the last three decades. In 2015 around one in four women and one in three men in their thirties were unmarried and not in a heterosexual relationship. Half of the singles reported no interest in romantic relationships and these women and men had lower income and educational levels and were less likely to have regular employment.