bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The study of sexing of second metacarpal bone from Saurashtra region
Authors: Chudasama Jatin A. , Patel Mital M. , Lakhani Chintan J. , Javia Mayank D. , Dixit Daksha , Singel T. C. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Aim : The aim of the present study is to provide parameters of 2nd metacarpal bones for sex determination from Saurashtra populations. Material and method: Forty two pairs of 2nd metacarpal bones were measured and their dimensions were compared with the dimensions of Spanish and American white population. The mean, SD, t value and p value were calculated, and demarcating point method for sexual dimorphism was employed. Result : Mean interarticular length of 2nd metacarpal was higher in male as compared to female for both sides (right and left) and the difference was statistically highly significant. Mean anteroposterior width at base of 2nd metacarpal was higher in male as compared to female for both sides(right and left),but the difference was statistically insignificant for right side and statistically significant for left side. Conclusion: The present study showed that interarticular length and anteroposterior width at base of 2nd metacarpal are effective parameters for sex determination.
Third head of gastrocnemius - a case report
Authors: Shalini R , Suriyakumari K VP 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGastrocnemius is a superficial muscle of the posterior compartment of leg. It usually arises by two heads- a medial and a lateral head. A third head of Gastrocnemius has been reported to occur in 2.9 - 5.5% of subjects. This anomaly has been implicated as a cause for popliteal vessel entrapment syndrome.Variations of the heads of origin of Gastrocnemius muscle were studied in 20 lower extremities of ten adult cadavers during routine Popliteal Fossa dissection at Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry. An accessory third head of Gastrocnemius was found in four lower limbs (20% ). This third head originated along with the lateral head of Gastrocnemius.
Morphometric study of suprascapular notch
Authors: R. Vandana , Patil Sudha 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background and aims: Suprascapular nerve may be compressed anywhere along its course but most commonly at the level of SSN (suprascapular notch) and spinoglenoid notch. The variation in the morphological and morphometric features of SSN, spinoglenoid notch, therefore plays a crucial role in the suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome. The purpose of present study was to determine the variation in morphology and dimensions of SSN and to determine posterosuperior and posterior limits of safe zone for shoulder joint procedures from posterior approach. Material & methods: We conducted study on 134 dry scapulae of north Karnataka region and classified the SSN into various shapes according to Iqbal et al and I-VI types based on description by Natsis et al, along with this, the mean distance from the SSN to supraglenoid tubercle and the mean distance between posterior rim of glenoid cavity and medial wall of spinoglenoid notch at the base of scapular spine were also measured. Results: Based on Iqbal et al classification, 'U' shaped notch found to be most common (35%) whereas least common was W shaped (0.7%).The incidence of complete ossification of STSL was 12.6%. Based on Natsis classification most common was type II (TD>VL) seen in 69% and least common was type VI (notch & foramen) 0% .The mean distance from SSN to supraglenoid tubercle was 27.3 mms ± 1.7 and mean distance between posterior rim of glenoid cavity and medial wall of spinoglenoid notch at the base of scapular spine was 13mms ± 0.2 which are comparatively less than the other population studies which are mentioned in the article. Conclusions: There are variations in the shape and size of SSN and safe zone critical distance in different populations so it requires still more population specific studies on suprascapular notch.
Ordering towards disorder
Authors: Denk Lukas 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn Athabascan languages, verbal morphological structure does not follow the cross-linguistically more common and stable ‘layered’ order: derivational and lexical affixes are not necessarily closer to the stem than inflectional affixes. While the emergence of the Athabascan order is understandable through different layers of grammaticalization (Mithun 2011), the question of why this order is relatively stable in the language family has not yet been satisfactorily answered. The distributional properties of cognate Athabascan morphemes reveal historical tendencies for fusion and reordering that suggest that affixes remain in or change their position depending on the semantic relevance tootheraffixes, not necessarily to thestemalone, asBybee’s (1985)morphological theory would predict. An additional factor for the stability of non-layered structure of morphemes is the high degree of semantic generality found in affixes between the stem and other lexical and derivational affixes.
Hierarchical biomechanics: student engagement activities with a focus on biological physics
Authors: Hanson Benjamin S , Brown Christa P , Laurent Harrison , Hughes Matt D G , Dougan Lorna 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Hierarchical structure and mechanics are crucial in biological systems as they allow for smaller molecules, such as proteins and sugars, to be used in the construction of large scale biological structures exhibiting properties such as structural support functionality. By exploring the fundamental principles of structure and mechanics at the macroscale, this general theme provides a clear insight into how physics can be applied to the complex questions of biology. With a focus on biopolymer networks and hydrogels, we present a series of interactive activities which cover a range of biophysical concepts at an introductory level, such as viscoelasticity, biological networks and ultimately, hierarchical biomechanics. These activities enable us to discuss multidisciplinary science with a general audience and, given the current trends of research science, this conceptualisation of science is vital for the next generation of scientists.
Improving the dynamics of quantum sensors with reinforcement learning
Authors: Schuff Jonas , Fiderer Lukas J , Braun Daniel 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Recently proposed quantum-chaotic sensors achieve quantum enhancements in measurement precision by applying nonlinear control pulses to the dynamics of the quantum sensor while using classical initial states that are easy to prepare. Here, we use the cross-entropy method of reinforcement learning (RL) to optimize the strength and position of control pulses. Compared to the quantum-chaotic sensors with periodic control pulses in the presence of superradiant damping, we find that decoherence can be fought even better and measurement precision can be enhanced further by optimizing the control. In some examples, we find enhancements in sensitivity by more than an order of magnitude. By visualizing the evolution of the quantum state, the mechanism exploited by the RL method is identified as a kind of spin-squeezing strategy that is adapted to the superradiant damping.
Climate variability or anthropogenic emissions: which caused Beijing Haze?
Authors: Pei Lin , Yan Zhongwei , Chen Deliang , Miao Shiguang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Beijing Haze has been phenomenal, especially for winter, and widely considered a result of the increasing anthropogenic emissions of atmospheric pollutants in the region. Since 2013, the pollutant emissions have been reduced with the help of a series of emission-control actions. However, severe haze events still occurred frequently in Beijing in recent winters, e.g., those of 2015 and 2016, implying that other factors such as meteorological conditions and interannual climate variability have also played an important role in forming the haze. Based on homogenized station observations, atmospheric circulation reanalysis and anthropogenic emissions data for the period 1980–2017, this paper attempts to quantify the relative importance of anthropogenic emissions and climatic conditions to the frequency and intensity of Beijing Haze in winter. It is found that the frequency (number) of hazy days exhibits large interannual variability and little trend, and its variations were mainly controlled by climate variability, with a correlation coefficient of 0.77. On the other hand, the intensity of haze displays strong interannual variability and a significant increasing trend during 1980–2012 and a notable decreasing trend during 2012–2017. The multiple linear regression model suggests that about half of the total variance of the haze intensity is explained by climate variability (mainly for interannual variations), and another half by the changing emissions (mainly for the trends).
The influence of ZnO layer thickness on the performance and electrical bias stress instability in ZnO thin film transistors
Authors: Ngwashi Divine Khan , Mih Thomas Attia , Cross Richard B M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Thin Film Transistors (TFTs) are the active elements for future large area electronic applications, in which low cost, low temperature processes and optical transparency are required. Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film transistors (TFTs) on SiO2/n+-Si substrate are fabricated with the channel thicknesses ranging from 20 nm to 60 nm. It is found that both the performance and gate bias stress related instabilities of the ZnO TFTs fabricated were influenced by the thickness of ZnO active channel layer. The effective mobility was found to improve with increasing ZnO thickness by up to an order in magnitude within the thickness range investigated (20–60 nm). However, thinner films were found to exhibit greater stability in threshold voltage and turn-on voltage shifts with respect to both positive and negative gate bias stress. It was also observed that both the turn on voltage (Von) and the threshold voltage (VT) decrease with increasing channel thickness. Moreover, the variations in subthreshold slope (S) with ZnO thickness as well as variations in VT and Von suggest a possible dependence of trap states in the ZnO on the ZnO thickness. This is further correlated by the dependence of VT and Von instabilities with gate bias stress.
Electrospun Na3V2(PO4)3/C nanofibers as self-standing cathode material for high performance sodium ion batteries
Authors: Luo Longlong , Cheng Bin , Chen Yuxin , Chen Shaojun , Liu Guanlun , Zhuo Haitao 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This work focuses on the preparation of a 3D flexible Na3V2(PO4)3/C fiber membrane, as self-standing cathode for Na-ion batteries, via a facile and simple electrospinning method, is followed by a hot-pressing process. A series of heat treatment temperatures are studied in detail, it is found that the temperature of the thermal process is a key parameter for controlling the structural organization of the material, as well as the size and dispersion of Na3V2(PO4)3 nanoparticles on the carbon surface. Hence, Na3V2(PO4)3 nanoparticles, with a size of 40 nm and highly disperse on the carbon nanofibers, are obtained after calcination at 800 °C. In addition, this sample (Na3V2(PO4)3/C Nanofiber-800) exhibits the best electrochemical performances among all the samples. For instance, it displays a considerably high initial discharge capacity of 109, 84, 77, and 71 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.1, 10, 20, and 30 C, respectively. Moreover, the Na3V2(PO4)3/C Nanofiber-800 shows notable cycle stability with about 95.3% capacity retention of its initial capacity after 1000 cycles at 2 C, These high performances is attributed to the unique nanofiber structure and uniform distribution of Na3V2(PO4)3 nanoparticles in the highly conductive carbon matrix.
The effect of Zn interlayer on microstructure and mechanical performance during TIG overlap welding-brazing of Al to Ti
Authors: Li Xiaofeng , Li Caixia , Cao Zhiliang , Yang Ping 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Tungsten inert gas welding-brazing technology was investigated to achieve the sound joining of Al-Ti alloys with the addition of Zn interlayer. Experiment results show that the Zn interlayer was beneficial to enhance the wettability of weld metal on Ti alloy substrate and improve the weld appearance. With low heat input, a Zn rich layer was observed near the brazing zone. As the heat input increased, TiAl3 phase was generated in fusion area and the morphology of interfacial brazing layer changed from lamellar to serrate. With the welding current increased to 85A, the micro hardness of fusion area increased and presented a great fluctuation owing to the excessive formation of TiAl3 phase. Under the optimal welding current of 75A, the sound Al-Ti weldment with the maximum tensile strength of 175MPa was obtained. Eventually, the improvement mechanism of wettability was investigated.
Lower Serum Magnesium Concentrations are associated With Specific Heavy Drinking Markers, Pro-Inflammatory Response and Early-Stage Alcohol-associated Liver Injury§
Authors: Vatsalya Vatsalya , Gala Khushboo S , Mishra Maithili , Schwandt Melanie L , Umhau John , Cave Matthew C , Parajuli Dipendra , Ramchandani Vijay A , McClain Craig J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Aim
Chronic heavy alcohol intake frequently causes liver inflammation/injury, and altered mineral metabolism may be involved in this liver pathology. In this study, we evaluated the association of heavy drinking, changes in serum magnesium levels and biochemical evidence of liver injury in alcohol-use-disorder (AUD) patients who had no clinical signs or symptoms of liver injury. We also aimed to identify any sex-based differences in patients with mild or no biochemical evidence of liver injury induced by heavy drinking.

Methods
114 heavy drinking alcohol-dependent (AD) female and male patients aged 21–65 years without clinical manifestations of liver injury, who were admitted to an alcohol treatment program, were grouped by alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) levels: ≤ 40 IU/L, as no liver injury (GR.1), and ALT&gt;40 IU/L as mild liver injury (GR.2). Patients were actively drinking until the day of admission. Comprehensive metabolic biochemistry results, fatty acid panel, serum magnesium and drinking history data were collected at admission; and study-specific measures were evaluated.

Results
In all AD patients, lower magnesium was significantly associated with the heavy drinking marker and heavy drinking days past 90 days (HDD90). A lower serum magnesium concentration was observed in AD patients with mild liver injury. Females of both groups had mean levels of magnesium in the deficient range. A clinically significant drop in magnesium levels was observed only in the GR.2 (mild liver injury) male AD patients. Females showed a significant association between low magnesium levels and the ω6:ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratio.

Conclusions
Specific heavy drinking markers showed an association with lower magnesium levels. Low serum magnesium levels are common in subjects with AUD and appear to be associated with the onset of liver injury.
Investigating social and environmental predictors of natal dispersal in a cooperative breeding bird
Authors: Suh Young Ha , Pesendorfer Mario B , Tringali Angela , Bowman Reed , Fitzpatrick John W 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNatal dispersal is a crucial life-history trait that affects both individual fitness and population structure, yet drivers of variation in dispersal probability and distance are difficult to study in wild populations. In cooperatively breeding species, individuals typically delay dispersal beyond their first breeding season and remain on the natal territory as nonbreeders, which prolongs social dynamics that can affect dispersal decisions. Using a 35-year data set covering almost 600 dispersal events in the cooperatively breeding Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens), we examined the environmental and social parameters that predict dispersal probability over time and distance. In both sexes, dispersal probability increased with age, which, in turn, was negatively correlated with dispersal distance. In males, individuals occupying low-quality natal territories and living with a stepfather had an increased probability of dispersal. Older and more dominant males were more likely to inherit their natal territory. In females, which generally disperse earlier and farther than males, socially subordinate jays dispersed farther than dominant ones. Overall, jays that delayed dispersal the longest were more likely to attain breeding status near their natal territory, which was previously found to be associated with increased survival and lifetime fitness. Our results suggest that social dynamics and environmental factors on the natal territory affect delayed dispersal patterns differently for the two sexes in this cooperative breeder.
High-dimensional variable selection for ordinal outcomes with error control
Authors: Fu Han , Archer Kellie J 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMany high-throughput genomic applications involve a large set of potential covariates and a response which is frequently measured on an ordinal scale, and it is crucial to identify which variables are truly associated with the response. Effectively controlling the false discovery rate (FDR) without sacrificing power has been a major challenge in variable selection research. This study reviews two existing variable selection frameworks, model-X knockoffs and a modified version of reference distribution variable selection (RDVS), both of which utilize artificial variables as benchmarks for decision making. Model-X knockoffs constructs a ‘knockoff’ variable for each covariate to mimic the covariance structure, while RDVS generates only one null variable and forms a reference distribution by performing multiple runs of model fitting. Herein, we describe how different importance measures for ordinal responses can be constructed that fit into these two selection frameworks, using either penalized regression or machine learning techniques. We compared these measures in terms of the FDR and power using simulated data. Moreover, we applied these two frameworks to high-throughput methylation data for identifying features associated with the progression from normal liver tissue to hepatocellular carcinoma to further compare and contrast their performances.
MODER2: first-order Markov modeling and discovery of monomeric and dimeric binding motifs
Authors: Toivonen Jarkko , Das Pratyush K , Taipale Jussi , Ukkonen Esko 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMotivationPosition-specific probability matrices (PPMs, also called position-specific weight matrices) have been the dominating model for transcription factor (TF)-binding motifs in DNA. There is, however, increasing recent evidence of better performance of higher order models such as Markov models of order one, also called adjacent dinucleotide matrices (ADMs). ADMs can model dependencies between adjacent nucleotides, unlike PPMs. A modeling technique and software tool that would estimate such models simultaneously both for monomers and their dimers have been missing.ResultsWe present an ADM-based mixture model for monomeric and dimeric TF-binding motifs and an expectation maximization algorithm MODER2 for learning such models from training data and seeds. The model is a mixture that includes monomers and dimers, built from the monomers, with a description of the dimeric structure (spacing, orientation). The technique is modular, meaning that the co-operative effect of dimerization is made explicit by evaluating the difference between expected and observed models. The model is validated using HT-SELEX and generated datasets, and by comparing to some earlier PPM and ADM techniques. The ADM models explain data slightly better than PPM models for 314 tested TFs (or their DNA-binding domains) from four families (bHLH, bZIP, ETS and Homeodomain), the ADM mixture models by MODER2 being the best on average.Availability and implementationSoftware implementation is available from https://github.com/jttoivon/moder2.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Role of Pharmaceutical Companies in Antimicrobial Stewardship: A Case Study
Authors: Hermsen Elizabeth D , Sibbel Richard L , Holland Silas 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Rising levels of antimicrobial resistance pose serious dangers to patients, population health, food security, and economic stability worldwide. In response to this threat, the United Nations and the World Health Organization have called for multisectoral, multidisciplinary action, recognizing that human, animal, and environmental health are interdependent. Although the pharmaceutical industry clearly has a leading role in developing novel antimicrobials and vaccines, it is also active in many areas supporting antimicrobial stewardship. This article describes why pharmaceutical companies invest in antimicrobial stewardship, outlines why they are well suited to help address this issue, and provides examples of how the pharmaceutical industry can support the responsible use of antimicrobials. Merck & Co., Inc. (Kenilworth, NJ, USA), a large, globally operating pharmaceutical company that develops and markets both human and veterinary antimicrobials and vaccines is used as a case study for illustrating industry involvement in antimicrobial stewardship efforts.
REPCAT: Desktop expert system for interpreting and validating laboratory data for pheochromocytoma diagnosis with the database application Omnis 7™
Authors: Smythe George A , Drew Cathryn M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
To aid in the validation and interpretive reporting of results from multianalyte diagnostic testing for pheochromocytoma (PHEO), we have developed a desktop personal computer-based laboratory expert system (REPCAT). REPCAT utilizes a commercial database application to run procedures that assess analytical and clinical data relating to patient urine or plasma samples. REPCAT was used to evaluate the raw data from &gt;4000 24-h urine samples submitted to our laboratory for testing for the presence of PHEO. REPCAT performed equivalently to an expert pathologist in assessing the presence and class of PHEO (epinephrine, norepinephrine, or mixed secretor). No false negatives were generated and it assigned a correct interpretation (on the basis of subsequent clinical and biochemical investigation) for each of the primary diagnostic samples from these patients.
Optimization of single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis in the presence of polyethylene glycol
Authors: Markoff Arseni , Savov Alex , Vladimirov Vladimir , Bogdanova Nadia , Kremensky Ivo , Ganev Varban 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We report optimization of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis in the presence of polyethylene glycol. The protocol developed separates single-strand conformers in a much shorter time (1–3 h) than conventional SSCP protocols and broadens the applicability of SSCP analysis from 150 to as much as 500 bp of DNA by different percentages of GC content present. We conclude that addition of polyethylene glycol helps improve the differential separation of conformers and, in combination with high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, offers an alternative to previous SSCP analysis protocols. This protocol should be very useful for clinical applications in routine detection of mutations as well as for research purposes.