bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining Static Hyperinflation in Patients with Severe Emphysema: Relation Between Lung Function Parameters and Patient-Related Outcomes
Authors: de Weger Wouter W. , Klooster Karin , ten Hacken Nick H. , van Dijk Marlies , Hartman Jorine E. , Slebos Dirk-Jan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction techniques are minor invasive treatment modalities for severely hyperinflated emphysema patients. The severity of static lung hyperinflation determines eligibility and success rate for these treatments. However, it is not exactly known what parameter should be used to optimally reflect hyperinflation. Commonly used parameters are residual volume (RV) and the RV/Total lung capacity (TLC) ratio. Other parameters reflecting hyperinflation are Inspiratory Capacity/TLC and forced vital capacity.

Objectives
To define which of these function parameters is the most optimal reflection of hyperinflationin in relation to patient-related outcomes.

Methods
In a retrospective cohort study, data from measurements during baseline visits of eight studies were pooled. Primary outcomes were RV/TLC ratio and RV as percentage of predicted (RV%pred), both measured by bodyplethysmography, compared to the patient-related outcome variables: 6-min walk distance (6MWD), the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC).

Results
Two hundred seventy-four COPD patients (mean age 59 years; 66% female), FEV1 0.74 ± 0.28 L, RV 4.94 ± 1.06 L, 6MWD of 339 ± 95 m, were included in the analysis. Significant correlations (all p < 0.01) were found between RV%pred and 6MWD (r =  − 0.358), SGRQ (r = 0.184), and mMRC (r = 0.228). Also, there was a significant correlation between RV/TLC ratio and 6MWD (r =  − 0.563), SGRQ (r = 0.289) and mMRC (r = 0.354). Linear regression analyses showed that RV/TLC ratio was a better predictor of patient outcomes than RV%pred.

Conclusion
This study demonstrates that both RV/TLC ratio and RV%pred are relevant indicators of hyperinflation in patients with severe emphysema in relation to patient-related outcomes. RV/TLC ratio is more strongly related to the patient-related outcomes than RV%pred.
Comparative morphology of antennal surface structures in pleurostict scarab beetles (Coleoptera)
Authors: Bohacz Claudia , du G. Harrison James , Ahrens Dirk 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe diverse pleurostict (phytophagous) scarab beetles with characteristically clubbed antennae exhibit striking morphological variation and a variety of different antennal sensilla. Here we compare the morphology of the antennal surface between major pleurostict lineages, including Cetoniinae, Dynastinae, Melolonthinae, Rutelinae, and a few outgroups, including Scarabaeinae and Hybosoridae. We identified various types of antennal sensilla morphologically and searched for phylogenetic patterns of sensilla within the Scarabaeidae. Sensilla were examined using SEM micrographs of 36 species and the occurrence of the different types of antennal sensilla was studied for each species. We observed a high diversity of sensilla, including multiple transitional forms. There were also a number of other interesting structures on the antennal surface with adaptive value, such as elongate elevations, serial bags, and fields of setae. Our results confirm earlier findings that within pleurostict scarabs there has occurred a clear differentiation of sensilla composition and patterns.
The Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD®): optimizing its use in a clinical diagnostic or research setting
Authors: Stenson Peter D. , Mort Matthew , Ball Edward V. , Chapman Molly , Evans Katy , Azevedo Luisa , Hayden Matthew , Heywood Sally , Millar David S. , Phillips Andrew D. , Cooper David N. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD®) constitutes a comprehensive collection of published germline mutations in nuclear genes that are thought to underlie, or are closely associated with human inherited disease. At the time of writing (June 2020), the database contains in excess of 289,000 different gene lesions identified in over 11,100 genes manually curated from 72,987 articles published in over 3100 peer-reviewed journals. There are primarily two main groups of users who utilise HGMD on a regular basis; research scientists and clinical diagnosticians. This review aims to highlight how to make the most out of HGMD data in each setting.
Arabic handwriting recognition system using convolutional neural network
Authors: Altwaijry Najwa , Al-Turaiki Isra 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAutomatic handwriting recognition is an important component for many applications in various fields. It is a challenging problem that has received a lot of attention in the past three decades. Research has focused on the recognition of Latin languages’ handwriting. Fewer studies have been done for the Arabic language. In this paper, we present a new dataset of Arabic letters written exclusively by children aged 7–12 which we call Hijja. Our dataset contains 47,434 characters written by 591 participants. In addition, we propose an automatic handwriting recognition model based on convolutional neural networks (CNN). We train our model on Hijja, as well as the Arabic Handwritten Character Dataset (AHCD) dataset. Results show that our model’s performance is promising, achieving accuracies of 97% and 88% on the AHCD dataset and the Hijja dataset, respectively, outperforming other models in the literature.
Interface protocol inference to aid understanding legacy software components
Authors: Aslam Kousar , Cleophas Loek , Schiffelers Ramon , van den Brand Mark 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHigh-tech companies are struggling today with the maintenance of legacy software. Legacy software is vital to many organizations as it contains the important business logic. To facilitate maintenance of legacy software, a comprehensive understanding of the software’s behavior is essential. In terms of component-based software engineering, it is necessary to completely understand the behavior of components in relation to their interfaces, i.e., their interface protocols, and to preserve this behavior during the maintenance activities of the components. For this purpose, we present an approach to infer the interface protocols of software components from the behavioral models of those components, learned by a blackbox technique called active (automata) learning. To validate the learned results, we applied our approach to the software components developed with model-based engineering so that equivalence can be checked between the learned models and the reference models, ensuring the behavioral relations are preserved. Experimenting with components having reference models and performing equivalence checking builds confidence that applying active learning technique to reverse engineer legacy software components, for which no reference models are available, will also yield correct results. To apply our approach in practice, we present an automated framework for conducting active learning on a large set of components and deriving their interface protocols. Using the framework, we validated our methodology by applying active learning on 202 industrial software components, out of which, interface protocols could be successfully derived for 156 components within our given time bound of 1 h for each component.
Multi-residue enantioselective analysis of chiral drugs in freshwater sediments
Authors: Eaglesham Abbey , Scott Arron , Petrie Bruce 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPharmaceutical and illicit drugs are emerging contaminants found in the environment globally. Many are chiral and stereochemistry plays an important role on their environmental fate and effects. However, investigations at the enantiomeric level are limited, particularly for complex particulate matrices such as sediments. This is due to further sample processing requirements and a lack of suitable analytical methods. Therefore, here a new enantioselective methodology is proposed for 15 drugs in sediment. Sample treatment by accelerated solvent extraction and solid phase extraction was critical for subsequent enantioselective separations. Using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, a Chiral-V enantioselective column enabled multi-residue separations of anti-depressants, beta-blockers, beta-agonist, anti-histamine and stimulants. Method trueness for all enantiomers was 86–121% and method quantitation limits were below 3 ng g−1 dry weight. Application of the method revealed the enantiomeric composition of fluoxetine, amphetamine, propranolol, venlafaxine and citalopram in sediment for the first time. All drugs except venlafaxine were present in non-racemic form, i.e. unequal enantiomer concentrations. This is significant considering drug toxicity towards benthic organisms could be enantiospecific.
Assessing the feasibility of adaptation options: methodological advancements and directions for climate adaptation research and practice
Authors: Singh Chandni , Ford James , Ley Debora , Bazaz Amir , Revi Aromar 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Paris Agreement put adaptation prominently on the global climate action agenda. Despite a surge in research and praxis-based knowledge on adaptation, a critical policy roadblock is synthesizing and assessing this burgeoning evidence. We develop an approach to assess the multidimensional feasibility of adaptation options in a robust and transparent manner, providing direction for global climate policy and identifying knowledge gaps to further future climate research. The approach, which was tested in the IPCC Special Report on 1.5 °C (SR1.5) to assess 23 adaptation options, is underpinned by a systematic review of recent literature, expert elicitation, and iterative peer review. It responds to the challenge of limited agreement on adaptation indicators, lack of fine-scale adaptation data, and challenges of assessing synergies and trade-offs with mitigation. The findings offer methodological insights into how future assessments such as the IPCC Assessment Report (AR) six and regional, national, and sectoral assessment exercises could assess adaptation feasibility and synthesize the growing body of knowledge on climate change adaptation.
Social Responsibility in a Bilateral Monopoly with Downstream Convex Technology
Authors: Fanti Luciano , Buccella Domenico 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper shows that, in a bilateral monopoly with consumer-friendly social concerns, only the downstream firm is always incentivized to adopt corporate social responsibility (CSR) if it has decreasing returns to the input, leading to a Pareto-superior outcome in equilibrium. This occurrence differs from a standard linear bilateral monopoly in which, if the upstream (downstream) firm commits itself to CSR before the downstream (upstream) does, then both firms improve profits, while they do not deviate from pure profit-maximization if CSR levels are simultaneously chosen. Straightforward policy and empirical implications are offered, and this paper argues that the presence of CSR-type firms crucially depends on technology.
Propositionalization and embeddings: two sides of the same coin
Authors: Lavrač Nada , Škrlj Blaž , Robnik-Šikonja Marko 
Published: June 2020

AbstractData preprocessing is an important component of machine learning pipelines, which requires ample time and resources. An integral part of preprocessing is data transformation into the format required by a given learning algorithm. This paper outlines some of the modern data processing techniques used in relational learning that enable data fusion from different input data types and formats into a single table data representation, focusing on the propositionalization and embedding data transformation approaches. While both approaches aim at transforming data into tabular data format, they use different terminology and task definitions, are perceived to address different goals, and are used in different contexts. This paper contributes a unifying framework that allows for improved understanding of these two data transformation techniques by presenting their unified definitions, and by explaining the similarities and differences between the two approaches as variants of a unified complex data transformation task. In addition to the unifying framework, the novelty of this paper is a unifying methodology combining propositionalization and embeddings, which benefits from the advantages of both in solving complex data transformation and learning tasks. We present two efficient implementations of the unifying methodology: an instance-based PropDRM approach, and a feature-based PropStar approach to data transformation and learning, together with their empirical evaluation on several relational problems. The results show that the new algorithms can outperform existing relational learners and can solve much larger problems.
Schmidentity and informativity
Authors: Fraissler Hannes 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAlthough Kripke’s œuvre has had a major impact on analytic philosophy and nearly every aspect of his studies has been thoroughly examined, this does not hold for hisschmidentity argument, which, so far, has been widely neglected.$$^\mathrm{i}$$iTo the extent to which it has been treated at all, it has been for the most part radically misunderstood. I hold that this argument, in its correctly reconstructed form, has general relevance for a treatment ofFrege’s Puzzle$$^\mathrm{ii}$$iiand points towards a fundamental methodological restriction for philosophy of language and especially for semantics, as far asinformativityand the general topic ofcognitive significanceare concerned. To show this, I will (Sect. 1) briefly set out the context of the schmidentity argument and, in Sects. 2 and 4, sketch a reconstruction thereof, including (Sect. 3) some criticisms of the argument, and (Sect. 6) an excursion about Kit Fine’ssemantic relationism, which stands in stark contrast to this paper’s central claim.$$^\mathrm{iii}$$iiiMoreover, I will (Sect. 5) draw a genuinely new and probably quite unexpected conclusion from all the above (amounting to the position thatFrege’s Puzzle cannot be solved in terms of semantics), to finally (Sect. 7) give a glimpse at a bigger picture of where this conclusion should lead our thinking about a theoretical treatment of informativity and a linguistic expression’s cognitive value.
Laterally Penetrative Onset of Convection in a Horizontal Porous Layer
Authors: Tyvand Peder A. , Nøland Jonas Kristiansen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe onset of Darcy–Bénard convection in an unlimited horizontal porous layer is studied theoretically. The thermomechanical boundary conditions of Dirichlet or Neumann type at the lower and upper plane are switched from one type to another, at certain values of the horizontal x-coordinate. A semi-infinite portion of the lower boundary is defined as thermally conducting and impermeable, while the remaining boundary is open and with given heat flux. At the upper boundary, the same thermomechanical conditions are applied, but with a relative spatial displacement L and in the opposite spatial order. A domain of local destabilization around the origin is generated between the lines of discontinuity $$x = \pm \,L/2$$

x
=
±

L
/
2

. The marginal state of convection is triggered centrally, while it is penetrative in the domains exterior to the central domain. The onset problem is solved numerically, with a general 3D mode of disturbance, but 2D disturbances are preferred in most cases. The critical Rayleigh number is given as a function of the dimensionless gap width L and the wavenumber k in the y direction along the lines of discontinuity in the boundary conditions. An asymptotic formula for 2D penetrative eigenfunctions is shown to be in agreement with the numerical results.
Diversity patterns and palaeoecology of benthic communities of the Kanosh Formation (Pogonip Group, Utah, western USA)
Authors: Hofmann Richard , Kehl Jan Philipp 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Dapingian to Darriwilian Kanosh Formation is one of the most fossiliferous units of the Pogonip Group (Great Basin, western US). It records a critical phase of the so-called Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) during which many marine clades diversified on lower systematic levels. However, a comprehensive palaeoecological analysis has not been presented for this unit so far. Based on newly collected material from three sections in the type area at Ibex, we reconstruct benthic marine communities, analyse diversity patterns, and discuss its significance for the GOBE. We find no differences in species’ composition across the formation with respect to brachiopods. Benthic assemblages are dominated by Shoshonorthis michaelis, alongside the presence of Anomalorthis lonensis and Anomalorthis utahensis across the whole unit. Trilobites show a more pronounced facies restriction with species of Kanoshia and Pseudomera being observed in more proximal limestone whereas Bathyurellus and Pseudoolenoides occur in fine-grained, low-energy deposits. The skeletal limestone also records abundant bioclasts of bryozoans, echinoderms, and receptaculitids, suggesting an ecologically diverse and tiered community being present in the inner shelf zone. However, most of these groups are not particularly diverse in terms of species richness. This implies that principle establishment of typical members of the “Palaeozoic Fauna” is not associated with a local diversification of clades. The comparably low habitat diversity of the Kanosh Fauna likely reflects environmental constraints such as high rates of siliclastic input. Additionally, these mainly Dapingian communities still represent a base-line fauna before the principal diversification took place.
GNSS mobile road dam surveying for TanDEM-X correction to improve the database for floodwater modeling in northern Namibia
Authors: Arendt Robert , Faulstich Leona , Jüpner Robert , Assmann André , Lengricht Joachim , Kavishe Frank , Schulte Achim 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study is the improvement of the TanDEM-X elevation model for future floodwater modeling by implementing surveyed road dams and the use of filter algorithms. Modern satellite systems like TanDEM-X deliver high-resolution images with a high vertical and horizontal accuracy. Nevertheless, regarding special usage they sometimes reach their limits in documenting important features that are smaller than the grid size. Especially in the context of 2D-hydrodynamic flood modelling, the features that influence the runoff processes, e.g. road dams and culverts, have to be included for precise calculations. To fulfil the objective, the main road dams were surveyed, especially those that are blocking the flood water flowing from south Angola to the Etosha Pan in northern Namibia. First, a Leica GS 16 Sensor was installed on the roof of a car recording position data in real time while driving on the road dams in the Cuvelai Basin. In total, 532 km of road dams have been investigated during 4 days while driving at a top speed of 80 km/h. Due to the long driving distances, the daily regular adjustment of the base station would have been necessary but logistically not possible. Moreover, the lack of reference stations made a RTK and Network-RTK solution likewise impossible. For that reasons, the LeicaSmartLinkfunction was used. This method is not dependent on classic reference stations next to the GNSS sensor but instead works with geostationary satellites sending correction data in real time. The surveyed road dam elevation data have a vertical accuracy of 4.3 cm up to 10 cm. These precise measurements contribute to rectifying the TanDEM-X elevation data and thus improve the surface runoff network for the future floodwater model and should enhance the floodwater prediction for the Cuvelai Basin.
Overview on developed synthesis procedures of coumarin heterocycles
Authors: Zeydi Masoud Mohammadi , Kalantarian Seyed Jafar , Kazeminejad Zahra 
Published: June 2020

AbstractConsidering highly valuable biological and pharmaceutical properties of coumarins, the synthesis of these heterocycles has been considered for many organic and pharmaceutical chemists. This review includes the recent research in synthesis methods of coumarin systems, investigating their biological properties and describing the literature reports for the period of 2016 to the middle of 2020. In this review, we have classified the contents based on co-groups of coumarin ring. These reported methods are carried out in the classical and non-classical conditions particularly under green condition such as using green solvent, catalyst and other procedures.
Producing Standardized Country-Level Immunization Delivery Unit Cost Estimates
Authors: Portnoy Allison , Vaughan Kelsey , Clarke-Deelder Emma , Suharlim Christian , Resch Stephen C. , Brenzel Logan , Menzies Nicolas A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
To plan for the financial sustainability of immunization programs and make informed decisions to improve immunization coverage and equity, decision-makers need to know how much these programs cost beyond the cost of the vaccine. Non-vaccine delivery cost estimates can significantly influence the cost-effectiveness estimates used to allocate resources at the country level. However, many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) do not have immunization delivery unit cost estimates available, or have estimates that are uncertain, unreliable, or old. We undertook a Bayesian evidence synthesis to generate country-level estimates of immunization delivery unit costs for LMICs.

Methods
From a database of empirical immunization costing studies, we extracted estimates of the delivery cost per dose for routine childhood immunization services, excluding vaccine costs. A Bayesian meta-regression model was used to regress delivery cost per dose estimates, stratified by cost category, against a set of predictor variables including country-level [gross domestic product per capita, reported diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis third dose coverage (DTP3), population, and number of doses in the routine vaccination schedule] and study-level (study year, single antigen or programmatic cost per dose, and financial or economic cost) predictors. The fitted prediction model was used to generate standardized estimates of the routine immunization delivery cost per dose for each LMIC for 2009–2018. Alternative regression models were specified in sensitivity analyses.

Results
We estimated the prediction model using the results from 29 individual studies, covering 24 countries. The predicted economic cost per dose for routine delivery of childhood vaccines (2018 US dollars), not including the price of the vaccine, was $1.87 (95% uncertainty interval $0.64–4.38) across all LMICs. By individual cost category, the programmatic economic cost per dose for routine delivery of childhood vaccines was $0.74 ($0.26–1.70) for labor, $0.26 ($0.08–0.67) for supply chain, $0.22 ($0.06–0.57) for capital, and $0.65 ($0.20–1.66) for other service delivery costs.

Conclusions
Accurate immunization delivery costs are necessary for assessing the cost-effectiveness and strategic planning needs of immunization programs. The cost estimates from this analysis provide a broad indication of immunization delivery costs that may be useful when accurate local data are unavailable.