bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spaces apart: public parks and the differentiation of space in Leeds, 1850–1914
Authors: Booth Nathan , Churchill David , Barker Anna , Crawford Adam 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhile the Victorian ideal of the public park is well understood, we know less of how local governors sought to realize this ideal in practice. This article is concerned with park-making as a process – contingent, unstable, open – rather than with parks as outcomes – determined, settled, closed. It details how local governors bounded, designed and regulated park spaces to differentiate them as ‘spaces apart’ within the city, and how this programme of spatial governance was obstructed, frustrated and diverted by political, environmental and social forces. The article also uses this historical analysis to provide a new perspective on the future prospects of urban parks today.
An Insight into the Sex Differences in COVID-19 Patients: What are the Possible Causes?
Authors: Maleki Dana Parisa , Sadoughi Fatemeh , Hallajzadeh Jamal , Asemi Zatollah , Mansournia Mohammad Ali , Yousefi Bahman , Momen-Heravi Mansooreh 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStudies have reported a sex bias in case fatalities of COVID-19 patients. Moreover, it is observed that men have a higher risk of developing a severe form of the disease compared to women, highlighting the importance of disaggregated data of male and female COVID-19 patients. On the other hand, other factors (eg, hormonal levels and immune functions) also need to be addressed due to the effects of sex differences on the outcomes of COVID-19 patients. An insight into the underlying causes of sex differences in COVID-19 patients may provide an opportunity for better care of the patients or prevention of the disease. The current study reviews the reports concerning with the sex differences in COVID-19 patients. It is explained how sex can affect angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), that is a key component for the pathogenesis of COVID-19, and summarized the gender differences in immune responses and how sex hormones are involved in immune processes. Furthermore, the available data about the impact of sex hormones on the immune functions of COVID-19 cases are looked into.
Sayyids and Social Stratification of Muslims in Colonial India: Genealogy and Narration of the Past in Amroha
Authors: NIAZI SOHEB 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhile Islamic scriptures like the Quran and Hadith are often quoted to negate the existence of social stratification among Muslims, authors of genealogical texts rely on the very same scriptures to foreground and legitimise discussions on descent and lineage. In the South Asian context, several conceptions of hierarchy as practised by Muslims in north India evolved over the course of colonial rule and were deployed interchangeably by Sayyids. These were based on notions of race, ethnicity, respectability and nobility, and occupational distinctions as well as narratives that referred to the history of early Islam. This article contributes to the study of social stratification among South Asian Muslims by exploring the evolution of Urdutarikh(historical texts) produced by Sayyid men in theqasbahof Amroha in the Rohilkhand region of the United Provinces during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Sayyid authors narrated the past through the medium ofnasab(genealogy). While their texts place emphasis on lineage and descent to legitimise a superior social status for Sayyids, they also shed light on the changing social and material context of the local qasbah politics with the discourse on genealogy evolving into a form that engaged with social contestations.
Prioritizing professionals? How the democratic and professionalized nature of interest groups shapes their degree of access to EU officials
Authors: Albareda Adrià 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInterest groups are key intermediary actors between civil society and public officials. The EU has long emphasized the importance of interacting with representative groups that involve their members. Additionally, there is an increasing trend toward the professionalization of groups that invest in organizational capacities to efficiently provide policy expertise. Both member involvement and organizational capacity are crucial features for groups to function as transmission belts that aggregate and transfer the preferences of their members to policymakers, thus reinforcing the legitimacy and efficiency of governance systems. Yet, not all groups have these organizational attributes. This paper quantitatively examines the effects of interest groups’ investment in member involvement and organizational capacity on the level of access to EU Commission officials. The results indicate that member involvement does not pay off in terms of higher levels of access. In contrast, groups with high organizational capacities have more meetings with public officials of the Commission.
Reconstructing infrastructure for resilient essential services during and following protracted conflict: A conceptual framework
Authors: Hay Alexander H. , Karney Bryan , Martyn Nick 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe rehabilitation of essential services infrastructure following hostilities, whether during a conflict or post-conflict, is a complex undertaking. This is made more complicated in protracted conflicts due to the continuing cycle of damage and expedient repair amid changing demands. The rehabilitation paradigm that was developed for the successful post-World War II rehabilitation of Germany and Japan has been less successful since. There are a myriad of conflicting interests that impede its application, yet the issue consistently comes down to a lack of systems-level understanding of the current situation on the ground and a lack of alignment between what is delivered and the actual local need. This article proposes a novel conceptual framework to address this, affording a greater “system of systems” understanding of the local essential services and how they can be restored to reflect the changed needs of the local population that has itself been changed by the conflict. The recommendations draw on heuristic practice and commercially available tools to provide a practicable approach to restoring infrastructure function in order to enable essential services that are resilient to temporary returns to violence and support the overall rehabilitation of the affected community.
Delivering water services during protracted armed conflicts: How development agencies can overcome barriers to collaboration with humanitarian actors
Authors: Borgomeo Edoardo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis note discusses the challenges of water service delivery before, during and after protracted armed conflict, focusing on barriers that may impede successful transition from emergency to development interventions. The barriers are grouped according to three major contributing factors (three “C”s): culture (organizational goals and procedures), cash (financing practices) and capacity (know-how). By way of examples, the note explores ways in which development agencies can overcome these barriers during the three phases of a protracted armed conflict, using examples of World Bank projects and experiences in the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa. Before the crisis, development agencies need to work to prevent armed conflict. In a situation of active armed conflict or when conflict escalates, development agencies need to remain engaged as much as possible, as this will speed up post-conflict recovery. When conflict subsides, development agencies need to balance the relative effort placed on providing urgently needed emergency relief and water supply and sanitation services with the effort placed on re-establishing sector oversight roles and capacity of local institutions to oversee and manage service delivery in the long term.
Melting Curve and Phase Relations of Fe‐Ni Alloys: Implications for the Earth's Core Composition
Authors: Torchio R. , Boccato S. , Miozzi F. , Rosa A. D. , Ishimatsu N. , Kantor I. , Sévelin‐Radiguet N. , Briggs R. , Meneghini C. , Irifune T. , Morard G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNickel is the second most abundant element in the Earth's core. However, the properties of Fe‐Ni alloys are still poorly constrained under planetary cores conditions, in particular concerning the effect of Ni on the melting curve of Fe. Here we show that Ni alloying up to 36 wt% does not affect the melting curve of Fe up to 100 GPa. However, Ni strongly modifies the hexagonal‐closed‐packed/face‐centered‐cubic (hcp/fcc) phase boundary, pushing the hcp/fcc/liquid triple point of Fe‐20wt%Ni to higher pressures and temperatures. Our results allow constraining the triple point for Fe‐10wt%Ni, a composition relevant for the Earth interior, and point out a decrease of the melting temperature at core‐mantle boundary by 400 K with respect to pure Fe. A lower amount of light elements than previously predicted is thus required to reduce the crystallization temperature of core materials below that of a peridotitic lower mantle, in better agreement with geochemical observations.
Double Tropopauses and the Tropical Belt Connected to ENSO
Authors: Wilhelmsen Hallgeir , Ladstädter Florian , Schmidt Torsten , Steiner Andrea K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA detailed analysis of double tropopause (DT) occurrences requires vertically well resolved, accurate, and globally distributed information on the troposphere‐stratosphere transition zone. Here, we use radio occultation observations from 2001 to 2018 with such properties. We establish a connection between El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases and the distribution of DTs by analyzing the global and seasonal DT characteristics. The seasonal distribution of DTs reveals several hotspot locations, such as near the subtropical jet stream and over high mountain ranges, where DTs occur particularly often. In this study, we detect a higher number of DTs during the cold La Niña state while warmer El Niño events result in lower DT rates, affecting the structure of the tropopause region. Close to the Niño 3 region, this relates to a much lower first lapse rate tropopause altitude during La Niña and corresponds to an apparent narrowing of the tropical belt there.
Systematic Search for Repeating Earthquakes Along the Haiyuan Fault System in Northeastern Tibet
Authors: Deng Yangfan , Peng Zhigang , Liu‐Zeng Jing 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRepeating earthquakes have been found at many faults around the world. The Haiyuan fault is a major left‐lateral strike‐slip fault along the northeastern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau. Two great earthquakes (1920 Haiyuan and 1927 Gulang) have occurred on and round this fault system, but the section between the ruptures of the two earthquakes, also known as the Tianzhu seismic gap, remains unbroken. Shallow creep has been observed from geodetic data at the Laohushan section of the Haiyuan fault near the eastern end of the seismic gap. However, the driving mechanism and depth extent of shallow creep are not clear. Here we conduct a systematic search for repeating earthquakes in northeastern Tibet based on seismic data recorded by permanent stations in 10 years (2009–2018). Based on waveform cross‐correlations, we find several repeating earthquake clusters at the Laohushan section. This is consistent with the shallow creep inferred from the geodetic data, indicating repeating earthquakes can be driven by nearby aseismic slip. Approximately 300 repeaters were found within clusters of intense seismicity near the rupture zones of the 1927 M8.0 Gulang and 2016 M6.4 Menyuan earthquakes. Relocation of events in the cluster near the Gulang earthquake delineates two possible unmapped faults orthogonal to the Haiyuan fault. In addition, we also identify several repeating earthquakes generated by mining activities with different waveforms and occurrence patterns. Our study suggests that repeating earthquakes around the Haiyuan fault are likely driven by long‐term postseismic relaxation process associated with the 1920 Haiyuan and 1927 Gulang earthquakes.
Juno Reveals New Insights Into Io‐Related Decameter Radio Emissions
Authors: Martos Yasmina M. , Imai Masafumi , Connerney John E. P. , Kotsiaros Stavros , Kurth William S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Juno mission is providing stunning new information about Jupiter and its environment. A new magnetic field model (JRM09) with much improved accuracy near the planet provides the basis for a better understanding of Io‐related decametric radio emissions (DAM) and implications for auroral processes. Here, we selected Io‐related DAM events observed by the Juno Waves instrument to shed light into the beaming angle, the resonant electron energy, and radio source location by forward modeling. We use the JRM09 model to better constrain the location and observability of DAM and characterize the loss cone‐driven electron cyclotron maser instability. We obtained good agreement between synthetic and observed arcs with calculated beaming angles ranging from 33° to 85° and resonant electron energies up to 23 times higher than previously proposed. In addition, through a quantitative analysis, we provide an explanation regarding the higher likelihood of observing groups of arcs of Io DAM originating in the northern hemisphere relative to those originating in the southern hemisphere. This is primarily a consequence of the asymmetry of the magnetic field geometry, observer location, and pitch angles of the electrons at the equator.
A new GABAergic somatostatin projection from the BNST onto accumbal parvalbumin neurons controls anxiety
Authors: Xiao Qian , Zhou Xinyi , Wei Pengfei , Xie Li , Han Yaning , Wang Jie , Cai Aoling , Xu Fuqiang , Tu Jie , Wang Liping 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe prevailing view is that parvalbumin (PV) interneurons play modulatory roles in emotional response through local medium spiny projection neurons (MSNs). Here, we show that PV activity within the nucleus accumbens shell (sNAc) is required for producing anxiety-like avoidance when mice are under anxiogenic situations. Firing rates of sNAcPV neurons were negatively correlated to exploration time in open arms (threatening environment). In addition, sNAcPV neurons exhibited high excitability in a chronic stress mouse model, which generated excessive maladaptive avoidance behavior in an anxiogenic context. We also discovered a novel GABAergic pathway from the anterior dorsal bed nuclei of stria terminalis (adBNST) to sNAcPV neurons. Optogenetic activation of these afferent terminals in sNAc produced an anxiolytic effect via GABA transmission. Next, we further demonstrated that chronic stressors attenuated the inhibitory synaptic transmission at adBNSTGABA → sNAcPV synapses, which in turn explains the hyperexcitability of sNAc PV neurons on stressed models. Therefore, activation of these GABAergic afferents in sNAc rescued the excessive avoidance behavior related to an anxious state. Finally, we identified that the majority GABAergic input neurons, which innervate sNAcPV cells, were expressing somatostatin (SOM), and also revealed that coordination between SOM- and PV- cells functioning in the BNST → NAc circuit has an inhibitory influence on anxiety-like responses. Our findings provide a potentially neurobiological basis for therapeutic interventions in pathological anxiety.
The genomic and epigenomic evolutionary history of papillary renal cell carcinomas
Authors: Zhu Bin , Poeta Maria Luana , Costantini Manuela , Zhang Tongwu , Shi Jianxin , Sentinelli Steno , Zhao Wei , Pompeo Vincenzo , Cardelli Maurizio , Alexandrov Boian S. , Otlu Burcak , Hua Xing , Jones Kristine , Brodie Seth , Dabrowska Malgorzata Ewa , Toro Jorge R. , Yeager Meredith , Wang Mingyi , Hicks Belynda , Alexandrov Ludmil B. , Brown Kevin M. , Wedge David C. , Chanock Stephen , Fazio Vito Michele , Gallucci Michele , Landi Maria Teresa 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntratumor heterogeneity (ITH) and tumor evolution have been well described for clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC), but they are less studied for other kidney cancer subtypes. Here we investigate ITH and clonal evolution of papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) and rarer kidney cancer subtypes, integrating whole-genome sequencing and DNA methylation data. In 29 tumors, up to 10 samples from the center to the periphery of each tumor, and metastatic samples in 2 cases, enable phylogenetic analysis of spatial features of clonal expansion, which shows congruent patterns of genomic and epigenomic evolution. In contrast to previous studies of ccRCC, in pRCC, driver gene mutations and most arm-level somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) are clonal. These findings suggest that a single biopsy would be sufficient to identify the important genetic drivers and that targeting large-scale SCNAs may improve pRCC treatment, which is currently poor. While type 1 pRCC displays near absence of structural variants (SVs), the more aggressive type 2 pRCC and the rarer subtypes have numerous SVs, which should be pursued for prognostic significance.
Ultrafine silicon dioxide nanoparticles cause lung epithelial cells apoptosis via oxidative stress-activated PI3K/Akt-mediated mitochondria- and endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent signaling pathways
Authors: Lee Kuan-I , Su Chin-Chuan , Fang Kai-Min , Wu Chin-Ching , Wu Cheng-Tien , Chen Ya-Wen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSilicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) are widely applied in industry, chemical, and cosmetics. SiO2NPs is known to induce pulmonary toxicity. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of SiO2NPs on pulmonary toxicity using a lung alveolar epithelial cell (L2) model. SiO2NPs, which primary particle size was 12 nm, caused the accumulation of intracellular Si, the decrease in cell viability, and the decrease in mRNAs expression of surfactant, including surfactant protein (SP)-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D. SiO2NPs induced the L2 cell apoptosis. The increases in annexin V fluorescence, caspase-3 activity, and protein expression of cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), cleaved-caspase-9, and cleaved-caspase-7 were observed. The SiO2NPs induced caspase-3 activity was reversed by pretreatment of caspase-3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK. SiO2NPs exposure increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and decreased protein and mRNA expression of Bcl-2 in L2 cells. SiO2NPs increased protein expression of cytosolic cytochrome c and Bax, and mRNAs expression of Bid, Bak, and Bax. SiO2NPs could induce the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related signals, including the increase in CHOP, XBP-1, and phospho-eIF2α protein expressions, and the decrease in pro-caspase-12 protein expression. SiO2NPs increased phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity and AKT phosphorylation. Both ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and PI3K inhibitor LY294002 reversed SiO2NPs-induced signals described above. However, the LY294002 could not inhibit SiO2NPs-induced ROS generation. These findings demonstrated first time that SiO2NPs induced L2 cell apoptosis through ROS-regulated PI3K/AKT signaling and its downstream mitochondria- and ER stress-dependent signaling pathways.
Reductions in task positive neural systems occur with the passage of time and are associated with changes in ongoing thought
Authors: Turnbull Adam , Karapanagiotidis Theodoros , Wang Hao-Ting , Bernhardt Boris C. , Leech Robert , Margulies Daniel , Schooler Jonathan , Jefferies Elizabeth , Smallwood Jonathan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCognition is dynamic and involves both the maintenance of and transitions between neurocognitive states. While recent research has identified some of the neural systems involved in sustaining task states, it is less well understood how intrinsic influences on cognition emerge over time. The current study uses fMRI and Multi-Dimensional Experience Sampling (MDES) to chart how cognition changes over time from moments in time when external attention was established. We found that the passage of time was associated with brain regions associated with external attention decreasing in activity over time. Comparing this pattern of activity to defined functional hierarchies of brain organization, we found that it could be best understood as movement away from systems involved in task performance. Moments where the participants described their thoughts as off-task showed a significant similarity to the task-negative end of the same hierarchy. Finally, the greater the similarity of a participant’s neural dynamics to this hierarchy the faster their rate of increasing off-task thought over time. These findings suggest topographical changes in neural processing that emerge over time and those seen during off-task thought can both be understood as a common shift away from neural motifs seen during complex task performance.
Selective detection of phospholipids using molecularly imprinted fluorescent sensory core-shell particles
Authors: Li Qianjin , Shinde Sudhirkumar , Grasso Giuliana , Caroli Antonio , Abouhany Rahma , Lanzillotta Michele , Pan Guoqing , Wan Wei , Rurack Knut , Sellergren Börje 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingo-lipid with a broad range of activities coupled to its role in G-protein coupled receptor signalling. Monitoring of both intra and extra cellular levels of this lipid is challenging due to its low abundance and lack of robust affinity assays or sensors. We here report on fluorescent sensory core-shell molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) particles responsive to near physiologically relevant levels of S1P and the S1P receptor modulator fingolimod phosphate (FP) in spiked human serum samples. Imprinting was achieved using the tetrabutylammonium (TBA) salt of FP or phosphatidic acid (DPPA·Na) as templates in combination with a polymerizable nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD)-urea monomer with the dual role of capturing the phospho-anion and signalling its presence. The monomers were grafted from ca 300 nm RAFT-modified silica core particles using ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as crosslinker resulting in 10–20 nm thick shells displaying selective fluorescence response to the targeted lipids S1P and DPPA in aqueous buffered media. Potential use of the sensory particles for monitoring S1P in serum was demonstrated on spiked serum samples, proving a linear range of 18–60 µM and a detection limit of 5.6 µM, a value in the same range as the plasma concentration of the biomarker.
Circadian disruption with constant light exposure exacerbates atherosclerosis in male ApolipoproteinE-deficient mice
Authors: Chalfant Jeffrey M. , Howatt Deborah A. , Tannock Lisa R. , Daugherty Alan , Pendergast Julie S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDisruption of the circadian system caused by disordered exposure to light is pervasive in modern society and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms by which this happens are largely unknown. ApolipoproteinE-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice are studied commonly to elucidate mechanisms of atherosclerosis. In this study, we determined the effects of light-induced circadian disruption on atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice. We first characterized circadian rhythms of behavior, light responsiveness, and molecular timekeeping in tissues from ApoE−/− mice that were indistinguishable from rhythms in ApoE+/+ mice. These data showed that ApoE−/− mice had no inherent circadian disruption and therefore were an appropriate model for our study. We next induced severe disruption of circadian rhythms by exposing ApoE−/− mice to constant light for 12 weeks. Constant light exposure exacerbated atherosclerosis in male, but not female, ApoE−/− mice. Male ApoE−/− mice exposed to constant light had increased serum cholesterol concentrations due to increased VLDL/LDL fractions. Taken together, these data suggest that ApoE−/− mice are an appropriate model for studying light-induced circadian disruption and that exacerbated dyslipidemia may mediate atherosclerotic lesion formation caused by constant light exposure.