bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infrared Thermography and Electrochemical Analysis to Study the Effect of Coating Defects
Authors: David Lamuel , Ruther Rose Emily , Sheng Yangping , Wood Marissa , Li Jianlin , Rupnowski Peter , Ulsh Michael , Daniel Claus , Wood David L 
Published: February 2020

Evaluation of electrode coatings using in-line non-destructive techniques and understanding the effect of electrode manufacturing defects on lithium-ion battery (LIB) performance is vital to the quality control process and key to reduce the scrap rate during cell manufacturing. In this regard, it is vital to quantify the effect of various defects that are generated during electrode coating process (Layered NMC532 cathode in this study) on LIB performance. To this end, we demonstrate defect detection and porosity measurement using IR thermography and thickness measurement using a laser technique at high line speeds. We show the comparative effects of different defects that were intentionally generated such as agglomeration, pinholes, and non-uniform coating on LIB performance in full coin cells and large pouch cells. The results show that the electrodes with more coated/non-coated interfaces had greater capacity fade than baseline electrodes at high current densities and that pinholes and agglomerates did not affect the performance adversely. In conclusion, these types of characterization of control samples shows the importance of monitoring and early detection of the electrode defects during the coating process for minimization of cell rejection rates prior to fabrication and formation cycling.
Acknowledgement: This research at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, managed by UT Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725, was sponsored by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) (Deputy Director: David Howell) Applied Battery Research subprogram (Program Manager: Peter Faguy).
NON-Dimensional Analysis of the Critical Condition of LI-ION Battery Thermal Catastrophic Failure
Authors: Huang Peifeng , Wang Qingsong 
Published: February 2020

Lithium ion battery is the most popular used portable energy storage technology due to the relatively high energy density. While the thermal instability induced safety concern impede the pace of marching large application, which has no tolerance for the catastrophic failure. At off-normal operation, one or more side-reactions would become the main factor induce continual temperature elevation, which in turn accelerate the reaction rate and possibly lead to catastrophic thermal failure. There is divergence point between runaway behavior and normal thermal failure, which can be used to estimate whether battery can get catastrophic failure. This critical condition also can be used to explain and predict the thermal runaway propagation between cells. In this study, we focused on the interest of the thermal critical condition that leaded by one or more side-reactions using non-dimensional analysis method. The reactions used Arrhenius approximation: R=Acnexp(-E/RT). Through nondimensionalization of energy balance equation, nondimensional critical parameters such as critical criterion, critical temperature were obtained. And the nondimension stationary energy balance equations of battery thermal failure under Semenov model and Frank-Kamenetskii models were employed:ψf(θ)=θ, d2θ/dρ2+jdθ/ρdρ+δf(θ)=0. These critical parameters shows the critical condition of battery catastrophic condition correlates with cell's configuration, size and thermal characteristics of side-reactions. Under the boundary condition of two thermal abuse models (Semenov, Frank-Kamenetskii), the critical criterion (ψ, δ), critical temperature distribution (θ) and delay time of thermal runaway (τ) were analyzed in different cell deformation, capacity and thermal characteristics of side-reactions. These critical parameters are also calculated according to the thermal characteristic parameters from literature, and the results compared with the computational analysis and experiment works in literature.
Comprehensive Investigation on the Thermal Stability, Biodegradability and Fire-Induced Hazards of Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquids
Authors: Eshetu Gebrekidan Gebresilassie , Jeong Sangsik , Bertrand Jean-Pierre , Pandard Pascal , Marlair Guy , Passerini Stefano 
Published: February 2020

One of the viable option to meet the stringent safety requirements of large-format LIBs is to replace the existing highly flammable/combustible, state-of-the-art organic based, electrolytes with safer ones. In this regard, the use of room temperature ionic liquids, RTILs, as advanced electrolytes in electrochemical energy storage devices has been one of the most enticing and emerging option. Though some imidazolium and chiefly pyrrolidinium based ILs are hailed as safer electrolytes, overcoming the limitations imposed by the highly volatile/combustible carbonate based electrolytes, the full scale and precise appraisal of their global (thermal stability, biodegradability, fire-induced) safety levels under abuse conditions remain to be fully addressed.
With the aim of providing the requested level of information on the safety aspects of ILs, we embarked on a detailed investigation of the short and long term thermal stability, combustion behavior and biodegradability tests of various pyrrolidinium-based ILs, synthesized in our laboratory. ILs enlisting the effect of alkyl chain length, [Pyr1A] + (A=3-10), anion, Pyr14 (TFSI, FSI and BETI), cation, [Pyr14]+/ [Pyr12O1]+ [TFSI] and salt addition (e.g. LiTFSI/Pyr14TFSI) were methodically investigated. Through the use of myriad of techniques, i.e. ramped/isothermal thermogravimetric analysis, oxygen bomb calorimetry and multi-purpose fire propagation apparatus (FPA, ISO12136), key parameters governing the thermal and fire induced hazards such as ease of ignition, heat release rate, effective heat of combustion and fire induced toxicity (CO, Soot, THCs, SO2, HF, NO, N2O, and HCN) were determined. A number of biodegradability tests including Modified Sturm, Manometric Respirometry, and Zahn-Wellens/EMPA were conducted. The thermal stability,combustion and biodegradability tests of pyrrolidinium - based ILs are specific to the nature of the anion, cation, alkyl chain length as well the addition of lithium salt.
In general, our detailed study provides a new systematic approach towards understanding the thermal stability, biodegradability and fire-induced hazard evaluation of large families of pyrrolidinium based ILs as well as access to data needed for a performance based approach of the evaluation of their safety benefits.
Influence of the Temperature on the Electrochromic Properties of Complementary and Symmetrical WO3//NiO Devices
Authors: He Yingchun , Da Rocha Mathias , Diao Xungang , Rougier Aline 
Published: February 2020

Electrochromic smart windows benefits include among others energy efficiency and indoor comfort [1]. However, on a daily use, the temperature is a key factor that may affect the device durability. Among materials, WO3 and NiO thin films are often combined for the realization of electrochromic devices with high color efficiency, short switching time, low cost and good stability [2]. Nevertheless, in the literature, the influence of the temperature is scarcely addressed [3].
In this study, the influence of temperature between 80 °C and -40 °C on the EC properties of WO3 and NiO based devices either in complementary WO3/electrolyte/NiO or in symmetrical structure WO3/electrolyte/WO3 and NiO/electrolyte/NiO, is discussed. WO3 and NiO thin films were deposited on ITO coated glasses (~25Ω/□) by reactive direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering. Laminated devices were prepared using lithium based composite polymer gel. The electrochromic properties of complementary devices and symmetrical devices were characterized in temperatures, both after storage for few hours and upon cycling. As a general trend, the device capacity decreases in low temperature and increase in high temperature, while intermediate cycling at room temperature shows slight degradation above 45 °C, and good recovery after cycling at low temperature (T < 0 °C). Interestingly, symmetrical devices behave differently in respect of NiO or WO3nature. In this presentation, further investigations on the evolution of the EC behavior with temperature will be discussed.
References
[1] C. G. Granqvist, Electrochromics for smart windows: Oxide-based thin films and devices, Thin Solid Films 564 (2014) 1–38
[2] H. Moulki, D.H. Park, B.K. Min, H. Kwon, S.J. Hwang, J.H. Choy, T. Toupance, G. Campet, A. Rougier, Electrochimica Acta, 2012, 74, 46
[3] M. Da Rocha, A. Rougier, Electrochromism of non-stoichiometric NiO thin film: as single layer and in full device, Applied Physics A, 2016, 122:370
Near Infrared Selective WOx-Based Electrochromic Devices Regulated By Charge Transfer Impedance at the Counter Electrode
Authors: Pattathil Praveen , Scarfiello Riccardo , Giannuzzi Roberto , Cozzoli P. Davide , Manca Michele 
Published: February 2020

The realization of electrochromic (EC) devices capable of achieving independent control over the visible and near infrared regions of the solar spectrum still remains an unmet key target in the perspective of making EC glazings really attractive for the next generation of advanced dynamic building facades.
We report on the fabrication of a set of EC devices embodying engineered nanostructured electrodes made by 1D high aspect-ratio tungsten oxide nanocrystals having a specifically controlled crystal structure, which have been prepared by a suitable non-hydrolytic route.
They allow for widely tuning of the spectroelectrochemical response, which closely matches the solar spectrum, and for selectively controlling the sunlight transmission over the near-infrared to visible range.
These systems can be finely regulated through an appropriate control of two fundamental electrochemical processes occurring at the interface between the nanostructured EC electrode and the electrolyte, namely, (i) the capacitive surface charging/discharging, which is responsible of the optical density modulation in the near-infrared range at relatively low applied potentials, and (ii) the faradic current-driven Li+ insertion/deinsertion, which allows for a remarkable modulation of the visible absorption at higher potentials.
One-Step Process to Fabricate Transparent Polymer Gel Electrolyte for Electrochromic Window
Authors: Lee Minji , Kim Hyungsub , Choi Dahyun , Chu Wonshik , Chun Dooman , Lee Caroline Sunyong 
Published: February 2020

All-solid-state electrochromic device (ECD) has received considerable attention with the development of energy-efficient and high stable smart windows. Polymer electrolyte is necessary for ECD instead of liquid electrolyte to prevent leakage because of its safety and durability in real outdoor condition. Therefore, research has been focused on polymer systems containing PMMA [1], PEO [2], UV-crosslink network [3] and etc. However, several drawbacks i.e. yellowish color, haze, and complex multi-step process still remain. To overcome these problems, we tried to improve optical transparency of polymer electrolyte with a simple and easy fabrication method.
In this research, we prepared a transparent and free-standing gel polymer electrolyte with excellent mechanical flexibility and elongation in one-step process. Three-dimensional acrylate crosslinking network has formed directly through UV irradiation under co-presence of the PVdF-HFP and LiClO4 salt. To obtain optimum composition, variables including mono-, di-acrylate oligomers, PVdF-HFP, and plasticizers were controlled. Electrolyte was analyzed with regard to physical and chemical characterization using SEM, FT-IR, DSC, Tensile test, and ion conductivity measurement, etc. In order to fabricate electrochromic device, electrochromic film was deposited by Nano Particle Deposition System (NPDS), which is a facile dry-deposition method to coat ceramic powders using high impact energy when the collisions between particles and substrate occur [4]. Electrochromic performance of the fabricated cell was evaluated by in situ UV-Vis spectroscopy and electrochemical analysis techniques, such as Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy(EIS), and Cyclic Voltammetry(CV), etc.
Finally, it was confirmed that extremely clear ion conducting membrane was easily fabricated in one-step and successfully applied to ECD at ambient temperature. The transmittance of the polymer electrolyte showed over 80 % and the fabricated ECD cell with polymer electrolyte exhibited its transmittance change greater than 50 % at its wavelength of 800 nm under 3 V which shows almost similar performance of the cell using liquid electrolyte. Therefore, we have developed one-step process to fabricate highly transparent and free-standing polymer electrolyte, to obtain high performance electrochromic device.
[1] J. Phys. Chem. B, 2009, 113, 8006–8010
[2] Scientific Reports 2016, 6, 19892
[3] Membranes, 2012, 2, 687-704
[4] Applied Surface Science, 2016, 377, 370–375
Optimization of NiO Thin Films By Sol-Gel for Electrochromic Properties
Authors: Zrikem Khawla , Da Rocha Mathias , Ait Aghzzaf Ahmed , Amjoud M'Barek , Mezzane Daoud , Rougier Aline 
Published: February 2020

Among electrochromic materials, nickel oxide, NiO, has received significant attention due to its anodic coloration leading to neutral color devices when combined with WO3 [1]. In the past few years, few authors pointed out the key role plays by the film stoichiometry on its electrochromic (EC) properties [2, 3]. In particular in our group, we reported a strong correlation between electrohromic properties and the nickel/oxygen content in Ni1-xO thin films deposited by RF Sputtering [4]. Especially a departure from the stoichiometry leads to unexpected EC properties in electrolytes with no small cations. Such non stoichiometry, leading to unusual properties can also be induced by dopant addition.
Herein, NiO based thin films were fabricated by sol-gel method combined with spin coating technique onto ITO/Glass substrate. The influence of molarity, solvents, stabilizing and the nature of the final treatment on the structural, morphological, electrical and optical properties of NiO based thin films was studied and correlated to their EC behavior. Overall films are poorly crystallized. The films synthesized by methanol as solvent, triton 100X as stabilizer and treated by UV light thin film exhibit the highest capacity in KOH based electrolyte and the highest optical contrast. Lithium addition was investigated for improved p-type conductivity. Finally, the integration of sol-gel NiO thin films in full devices (WO3/Li-based electrolyte/NiO) will be discussed.
[1] H. Moulki, D.H. Park, B.K. Min, H. Kwon, S.J. Hwang, J.H. Choy, T. Toupance, G. Campet, A. Rougier, Electrochimica Acta, 2012, 74, 46
[2] R.T. Wen, C.G Granqvist, G.A. Niklasson, ChemElectroChem 2016, 3(2) 266.
[3] X. Song, G. Dong, F. Gao, Y. Xiao, Q. Liu, X. Diao, Vacuum 2015, 111, 48.
[4] M. Da Rocha, A. Rougier, Electrochromism of nonstoichiometric NiO thin film: as single layer and in full device, Applied Physics A, 2016, 122(4), art. n° 370, 7.
Novel Films Based on Inexpensive and Readily Available Materials for Use As a Hydrocarbon Sensor
Authors: Sebastian Holly Bri , Pilonieta Roberto , Mayall Robert Matthew , Birss Viola , Bryant Steven 
Published: February 2020

One of the most commonly cited arguments against erecting and using pipelines to transport oil and gas, is that of the potential leaking of these compounds into the environment. These leaks can infiltrate water systems, kill wildlife and contaminate soil. In many instances, pipeline owners are unaware of leaks. In Alberta (Canada), it was found that, on average, it can take as long as 48 days to respond to and isolate a pipeline leak (according to the Alberta Energy Regulator)1. In Canada alone, there are an estimated 825,000 kilometers of pipeline infrastructure already in operation2. The depth of cover for pipelines varies, depending on where the pipeline is located, creating significant challenges when monitoring pipelines for leaks. Identifying gas seepages is significantly easier than liquid leaks, as gases rise up out of the ground. Liquids, on the other hand, seep down into the ground, compounding the issue. In this work, a novel fabrication process for a single use, low-cost liquid hydrocarbon sensor has been developed. The process is simple, and the materials are readily available and low cost. The film has controllable hydrophilicity and can present amphiphilic properties, as well as strong electrical conductivity.
We have successfully applied this film as a sensor for the presence of hydrocarbons that could be found in the event of a leak from an oil pipeline. The sensor responds rapidly to alkanes of varying lengths and has also shown strong responses to both functionalized hydrocarbons and aromatics. The sensor is both inexpensive and easy to manufacture, with scale-up being a matter of simply using a larger container for the synthesis. The sensor does not respond to water, a potential interferent for a sensor placed in soil, and has shown good stability towards dessication and long-term storage. Combined, this supports the application of such a device for the field detection of organic compounds commonly found in the presence of an oil spill or pipeline leak.
A Photovoltaic Device Based on PbS Quantum Dots
Authors: Ghomian Taher , Farimand Samaneh , Choi Jin-Woo 
Published: February 2020

This abstract presents a solution-processed photovoltaic device based on the PbS (lead sulfide) colloidal quantum dots (CQDs). A simple fabrication method at room temperature makes the solution-processed photovoltaic devices be a suitable cost effective alternative. In addition to simplicity in the fabrication method, a key advantage of photovoltaic devices based on PbS colloidal quantum dots is the tunability of the absorption spectrum by controlling the size and shape of the PbS quantum dots [1].
The structure of the photovoltaic device is shown in the figure. Active area is composed of a superlattice of doped PbS quantum dots sandwiched between two electric contact layers. The active area makes a Schottky contact with an electrode having low work function such as aluminum on one side and an Ohmic contact with a transparent electrode such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) on the other side. Absorbed photons in the active layer generate neutral excitons in the PbS quantum dots, and subsequently charge dissociation takes places in the neutral region due to the internal electric field at the Schottky contact. Photogenerated electrons and holes flow toward the Al and ITO contacts, respectively.
Fabrication process starts with the deposition of doped colloidal PbS quantum dots on an ITO coated glass substrate by a layer by layer (LBL) method in an inert condition at room temperature. The process is followed by aluminum deposition on top by physical vapor deposition. Fabricated photovoltaic device illustrates promising sensitivity to both entire visible and portion of infrared spectrum of sun light. Since both device structure and fabrication process are simple and process can be done in room temperature, fabrication on the flexible substrates is also feasible.
References
[1] C. de Mello Donega, "Synthesis and properties of colloidal heteronanocrystals," Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 40, pp. 1512–1546, 2011.

Figure 1
Tailored Nickel Oxide Nanorods Via Hydrothermal Growth for Gas Sensors and Electrocatalysts
Authors: Chung Yoonsung , Lee Eunji , Lee Doohee , Yoon Jaesik , Lincoln Christopher , Prorok Bart Charles , Woo Sungpil , Yoon Youngsoo , Kim Dong-Joo 
Published: February 2020

Nickel oxide, a p-type wide-bandgap semiconductor, is a very attractive material for various applications including catalysts, electrode materials for lithium ion batteries and fuel cells, electrochemical capacitors, electrochromic thin films, biosensors, and gas sensors.
In nanoscience research the morphology-controlled synthesis is a crucial issue to change and improve properties of materials at nanoscale. Among many methods, the solution-based chemical process has developed into a promising technique because it allows to easily tune morphologies with changing experimental parameters. To achieve different aspect ratios of NiO nanostructures, a NiCl2-Na2C2O4-H2O hydrothermal system with polyethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and glycine as surfactant was suggested. However, their work was limited to form a nanowire bundle during the chemical reaction. Therefore, a solution system to obtain a wider range of morphological features of NiO needs to be developed. In addition to synthesis of NiO nanostructure, its coating to desired substrates is important. As a possible pathway, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) can be considered because of its high versatility and low cost equipment. EPD process can also be applied to various types of substrates such as fibers, cloths and complex shaped materials. Such a flexible, soft and nonfragile substrate has been explored for flexible and wearable functional devices.
In this study, nanostructured nickel oxide is synthesized using a hydrothermal method and tailored by triethanolamine. The structural properties of the nickel oxide particles were analyzed by using SEM and XRD. Strong dependence of the triethanolamine on NiO nanorods was found and their mechanism was investigated. For the fabrication of the devices, EPD of tailored nickel oxide was then used to construct nickel oxide electrodes on polyimide films for gas sensing measurements and carbon papers for electrochemical measurements. The morphology-controlled gas sensing properties of NiO were investigated with VOC gases. The performance of NiO for gas sensors were evaluated in terms of sensitivity and selectivity. The mechanism of p-type NiO for gas sensors is discussed in details. For nickel oxide catalysts, the urea electrooxidation in alkali medium were investigated and evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. In order to improve electrocatalytic activities, nickel oxide decorated by nickel and cobalt composite structures were also investigated.
The work was partially supported by the KIET Evaluation and Planning (20158520000210) grant funded by the Korea Government Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy and Agency for Defense Development (ADD) as global cooperative research for high performance and light weight bio-urine based fuel cell (UD160050BD).