bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single‐cell analysis of CD8 T lymphocyte diversity during adaptive immunity
Authors: Arsenio Janilyn 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAn effective adaptive immune response to microbial infection relies on the generation of heterogeneous T lymphocyte fates and functions. CD8 T lymphocytes play a pivotal role in mediating immediate and long‐term protective immune responses to intracellular pathogen infection. Systems‐based analysis of the immune response to infection has begun to identify cell fate determinants and the molecular mechanisms underpinning CD8 T lymphocyte diversity at single‐cell resolution. Resolving CD8 T lymphocyte heterogeneity during adaptive immunity highlights the advantages of single‐cell technologies and computational approaches to better understand the ontogeny of CD8 T cellular diversity following infection. Future directions of integrating single‐cell multiplex approaches capitalize on the importance of systems biology in the understanding of immune CD8 T cell differentiation and functional diversity.This article is categorized under:
Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease
Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates
Visualization and Functional Analysis of Spindle Actin and Chromosome Segregation in Mammalian Oocytes
Authors: Mogessie Binyam 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chromosome segregation is conserved throughout eukaryotes. In most systems, it is solely driven by a spindle machinery that is assembled from microtubules. We have recently discovered that actin filaments that are embedded inside meiotic spindles (spindle actin) are needed for accurate chromosome segregation in mammalian oocytes. To understand the function of spindle actin in oocyte meiosis, we have developed high-resolution and super-resolution live and immunofluorescence microscopy assays that are described in this chapter.
Anthropometric correlation with hamstring graft size in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction among males
Authors: Moghamis Isam , Abuodeh Yousef , Darwiche Ali , Ibrahim Talal , Al Ateeq Al Dosari Mohammad , Ahmed Ghalib 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Purpose
Pre-operative knowledge of hamstring graft size for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL) is of clinical importance and useful in making appropriate decisions about graft choice. This study investigated if there is any correlation between anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, body mass index, thigh length, and circumference with the size of hamstring tendon graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Methods
The anthropometric data of 50 consecutive adult males, who underwent primary ACL reconstruction using quadruple hamstring autograft, were collected prospectively. Data analysis using Pearson’s correlation test was performed and multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate any correlation not detected by Pearson’s test and to eliminate confounders.

Results
Patient’s height and thigh length demonstrated a positive correlation with gracilis graft length (r = .464, P = .001, r = .456, P = .001, respectively) and semitendinosus graft length (r = .541, P = 000, r = .578, P = .000, respectively). While the patient’s age was the only independent factor which had a positive correlation with the quadrupled hamstring graft diameter (r = .412, P = .004), multiple regression analysis showed abdominal girth had a significant negative correlation with gracilis (P = .04) and semitendinosus (P = .006) graft thickness.

Conclusion
This study demonstrated that some anthropometric measurements had a positive correlation with the hamstring graft length and diameter in male patients. Hence, these results provide preliminary support for the use of some anthropometric measurements in the preoperative planning and prediction of the hamstring graft length and diameter in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Multi-domain Features of the Non-phase-locked Component of Interest Extracted from ERP Data by Tensor Decomposition
Authors: Zhang Guanghui , Zhang Chi , Cao Shuo , Xia Xue , Tan Xin , Si Lichengxi , Wang Chenxin , Wang Xiaochun , Zhou Chenglin , Ristaniemi Tapani , Cong Fengyu 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe waveform in the time domain, spectrum in the frequency domain, and topography in the space domain of component(s) of interest are the fundamental indices in neuroscience research. Despite the application of time–frequency analysis (TFA) to extract the temporal and spectral characteristics of non-phase-locked component (NPLC) of interest simultaneously, the statistical results are not always expectedly satisfying, in that the spatial information is not considered. Complex Morlet wavelet transform is widely applied to TFA of event-related-potential (ERP) data, and mother wavelet (which should be firstly defined by center frequency and bandwidth (CFBW) before using the method to TFA of ERP data) influences the time–frequency results. In this study, an optimal set of CFBW was firstly selected from the number sets of CFBW, to further analyze for TFA of the ERP data in a cognitive experiment paradigm of emotion (Anger and Neutral) and task (Go and Nogo). Then tensor decomposition algorithm was introduced to investigate the NPLC of interest from the fourth-order tensor. Compared with the TFA results which only revealed a significant difference between Go and Nogo task condition, the tensor-based analysis showed significant interaction effect between emotion and task. Moreover, significant differences were found in both emotion and task conditions through tensor decomposition. In addition, the statistical results of TFA would be affected by the selected region of interest (ROI), whereas those of the proposed method were not subject to ROI. Hence, this study demonstrated that tensor decomposition method was effective in extracting NPLC, by considering spatial information simultaneously as the potential to explore the brain mechanisms related to experimental design.
Intending Recalcitrant Social Ends
Authors: Núñez Carlos 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOne can intend the actions of others, even when one believes such actions are not under one’s control. Call the objects of intentions “ends”; the ends that consist (partly or wholly) of other people’s actions “social”; and the ends that consist of things one believes one cannot control “recalcitrant”. The thesis, then, is that one can intend recalcitrant social ends. I present a positive argument in favor of this idea, and then argue against some purported conditions on the possible content of intentions that would rule out the possibility of intending such ends. The positive argument is the following: intentions are realized by a certain cluster of dispositions. One can come to be so disposed towards recalcitrant social ends. So one can come to be disposed toward such ends in the manner that realizes an intention. So one can intend recalcitrant social ends. The conditions against which I argue are known in the literature as the Own Action Condition, the Control Condition, and the Settle Condition. I present cases where, intuitively, agents genuinely intend ends that would be ruled out by these conditions.
Biosecurity policy and legislation for the global seaweed aquaculture industry
Authors: Campbell Iona , Kambey Cicilia S. B. , Mateo Jonalyn P. , Rusekwa Sadock B. , Hurtado Anicia Q. , Msuya Flower E. , Stentiford Grant D. , Cottier-Cook Elizabeth J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEach year a significant proportion of global food production is lost to pests and diseases, with concerted efforts by government and industry focussed on application of effective biosecurity policies which attempt to minimise their emergence and spread. In aquaculture the volume of seaweeds produced is second only to farmed fish and red algal carrageenophytes currently represent approximately 42% of global production of all seaweeds. Despite this importance, expansion of the seaweed sector is increasingly limited by the high prevalence of recalcitrant diseases and epiphytic pests with potential to emerge and with the demonstrated propensity to spread, particularly in the absence of effective national and international biosecurity policies. Developing biosecurity policy and legislation to manage biosecurity risk in seaweed aquaculture is urgently required to limit these impacts. To understand current international biosecurity frameworks and their efficacy, existing legislative frameworks were analysed quantitatively for the content of biosecurity measures, applicability to the seaweed industry, and inclusion of risks posed by diseases, pests and non-native species. Deficiencies in existing frameworks included the following: inconsistent terminology for inclusion of cultivated seaweeds, unclear designation of implementation responsibility, insufficient evidence-based information and limited alignment of biosecurity hazards and risks. Given the global importance of the cultivation of various seaweeds in alleviating poverty in low and middle income countries, it is crucial that the relatively low-unit value of the industry (i.e. as compared with other aquatic animal sectors) should not conflate with a perceived low risk of disease or pest transfer, nor the subsequent economic and environmental impact that disease transfer may impact on receiving nations (well beyond their seaweed operations). Developing a clear basis for development of robust international biosecurity policies related to the trade in seaweeds arising from the global aquaculture industry, by first addressing the gaps highlighted in this study, will be crucial in limiting impacts of pests and diseases on this valuable industry and on natural capital in locations where seaweeds are farmed.
Memristive-synapse spiking neural networks based on single-electron transistors
Authors: Long Keliu , Zhang Xiaohong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn recent decades, with the rapid development of artificial intelligence technologies and bionic engineering, the spiking neural network (SNN), inspired by biological neural systems, has become one of the most promising research topics, enjoying numerous applications in various fields. Due to its complex structure, the simplification of SNN circuits requires serious consideration, along with their power consumption and space occupation. In this regard, the use of SSN circuits based on single-electron transistors (SETs) and modified memristor synapses is proposed herein. A prominent feature of SETs is Coulomb oscillation, which has characteristics similar to the pulses produced by spiking neurons. Here, a novel window function is used in the memristor model to improve the linearity of the memristor and solve the boundary and terminal lock problems. In addition, we modify the memristor synapse to achieve better weight control. Finally, to test the SNN constructed with SETs and memristor synapses, an associative memory learning process, including memory construction, loss, reconstruction, and change, is implemented in the circuit using the PSPICE simulator.
Phytochemical Shift from Condensed Tannins to Flavonoids in Transgenic Betula pendula Decreases Consumption and Growth but Improves Growth Efficiency of Epirrita autumnata Larvae
Authors: Thitz Paula , Mehtätalo Lauri , Välimäki Panu , Randriamanana Tendry , Lännenpää Mika , Hagerman Ann E. , Andersson Tommi , Julkunen-Tiitto Riitta , Nyman Tommi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDespite active research, antiherbivore activity of specific plant phenolics remains largely unresolved. We constructed silver birch (Betula pendula) lines with modified phenolic metabolism to study the effects of foliar flavonoids and condensed tannins on consumption and growth of larvae of a generalist herbivore, the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata). We conducted a feeding experiment using birch lines in which expression of dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) or anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) had been decreased by RNA interference. Modification-specific effects on plant phenolics, nutrients and phenotype, and on larval consumption and growth were analyzed using uni- and multivariate methods. Inhibiting DFR expression increased the concentration of flavonoids at the expense of condensed tannins, and silencing DFR and ANR decreased leaf and plant size. E. autumnata larvae consumed on average 82% less of DFRi plants than of unmodified controls, suggesting that flavonoids or glandular trichomes deter larval feeding. However, larval growth efficiency was highest on low-tannin DFRi plants, indicating that condensed tannins (or their monomers) are physiologically more harmful than non-tannin flavonoids for E. autumnata larvae. Our results show that genetic manipulation of the flavonoid pathway in plants can effectively be used to produce altered phenolic profiles required for elucidating the roles of low-molecular weight phenolics and condensed tannins in plant–herbivore relationships, and suggest that phenolic secondary metabolites participate in regulation of plant growth.
School Segregation Across the World: Has Any Progress Been Made in Reducing the Separation of the Rich from the Poor?
Authors: Gutiérrez Gabriel , Jerrim John , Torres Rodrigo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe segregation of secondary school students into different schools has important implications for educational inequality, social cohesion and intergenerational mobility. Previous research has demonstrated how between-school segregation varies significantly across countries, with high levels of segregation occurring in central European nations that ‘track’ children into different schools and much lower levels in Scandinavia. This paper contributes to this literature by examining whether industrialised countries have made any progress in reducing levels of between-school segregation over time. Using six waves of data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), this work shows how the segregation of rich and poor students has remained broadly unchanged across OECD countries. This is despite major economic and political events occurring during this period, along with the introduction of numerous policy initiatives designed to reduce socioeconomic gaps. Therefore, the conclusions indicate that structural factors are likely to be the main drivers of between-school segregation (e.g. neighbourhood segregation or long-standing school admission policies) and that education policymakers may need to be much more radical if they are to foster greater levels of integration between the rich and the poor.
Plasticity of barley in response to plant neighbors in cultivar mixtures
Authors: Dahlin Iris , Kiær Lars P. , Bergkvist Göran , Weih Martin , Ninkovic Velemir 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Aims
Cultivar mixtures can increase productivity through complementarity in resource use, but reported results are often conflicting and the role of plasticity in shaping plant-plant interactions is poorly understood. We aim to determine if individual cultivars show different phenotypic responses when grown in a mixture, whether these responses depend on the neighboring cultivar identity, and how they contribute to variations in productivity and nitrogen (N) use.

Methods
Five spring barley cultivars were field-grown in pure stands and in mixtures during 2 years. Plant traits related to development, growth, N use, and reproduction were measured to identify temporal patterns of plastic responses to neighboring plants.

Results
Plants in mixtures were shorter and developed slower early in the season, but later on they grew faster and produced more grain than the corresponding pure stands. Some cultivars showed complementary N accumulation only when grown together with specific neighbors. Mechanisms of improved productivity differed between the individual mixtures.

Conclusions
Plastic plant-plant interaction between cultivars is an important driver behind the variability in mixing effects. Results contribute to a better understanding of how productivity in cultivar mixtures is affected by plastic adaptation and differentiation of plant traits, depending on the environment created by neighboring genotypes.
The Efficacy of Inquiry-Based Instruction in Science: a Comparative Analysis of Six Countries Using PISA 2015
Authors: Oliver Mary , McConney Andrew , Woods-McConney Amanda 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis study is a comparative analysis of 15-year-old students’ scientific literacy, and its association with the instructional strategies that students experience, across six OECD countries that participated in PISA 2015. Across the six countries, the study investigates the efficacy of inquiry-based instruction in science in contrast with two other instructional approaches to teaching secondary science: adaptive and teacher-directed teaching. The analysis shows that students who reported experiencing high frequencies of inquiry strategies in their classrooms consistently evidenced lower levels of scientific literacy across the six countries. Benchmark analysis also showed, common to all six countries, a strongly positive association between the frequency of teacher-directed and adaptive teaching strategies and students’ scientific literacy. Additionally, the study disaggregates PISA’s composite variable representing inquiry-based instruction and shows that different components of inquiry are differentially associated with students’ scientific literacy. We discuss the implications of these analyses for science teacher educators, science teachers, and educational policy makers. In doing so, we add nuance to our understanding of the efficacy of inquiry-based instruction in science, suggesting that some components, as conceptualised and assessed in PISA, seem to suggest greater attention and use, and others more moderated use.
Mechanical properties and stress–dilatancy relationships of unsaturated soil under various cyclic loading conditions
Authors: Tun Tun Win , Sato Tomotaka , Saito Hirotaka , Kohgo Yuji 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMost studies investigating the effect of cyclic loading on soil properties have been conducted for saturated soils. Embankments such as fill dams, roads and railways are usually constructed by unsaturated geo-materials and retained under unsaturated conditions during their in-service periods. Then when the stabilities of the embankments against dynamic motions such as earthquakes and traffic loads are evaluated, it is necessary to account for the cyclic properties of unsaturated soils. However, there are few studies investigating mechanical properties of unsaturated soils under cyclic loadings. There are two objectives in this paper. One objective is to investigate cyclic properties of an unsaturated silt under various cyclic loading conditions, while the other is to investigate the stress–dilatancy relationships; the relation of plastic strain increment ratio,  − dεvp/dγp, versus stress ratio, q/p′; and to derive the plastic potential function of the unsaturated silt. Cyclic triaxial compression tests under various loading conditions were performed using the unsaturated silt. The material used is an artificial silty soil named DL clay. It was found from the series of the tests that the stiffness of the soil increased with an increase in suction and the number of cyclic loadings. The total volume reductions in the specimens decreased with an increase in suction. When the numbers of cyclic loadings and suction increased, the dilation also increased. Each unique stress–dilatancy relationship could be found in both loading and unloading processes. The relationships were similar to those of saturated soils under cyclic loadings. A unique plastic potential function could also be derived from the stress–dilatancy relationships.
Enlarging blood cyst with atrial septal defect causing tricuspid obstruction
Authors: Chang Yu-Lien , Liao Kuo-Sheng , Tseng Hsiu-Hsueh , Liu Yin-Tso 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBlood cysts are benign tumors in nature and seldom need surgical removal. Herein, we report an 86-year-old patient with a blood cyst originating from the fossa ovalis accompanied by an atrial septal defect. The patient used the bizarre sleeping postures, including prostrating and worshiping, to relieve chest tightness. The septal base defect kept the tumor progressively enlarged with time, which contributed to a “ball-valve “effect and caused tricuspid flow obstruction. It was resolved after excision. This case report emphasizes that long-term follow-up and increased awareness are required for unpredictable intracardiac blood cyst development.
Influence of formation heterogeneity on foam flooding performance using 2D and 3D models: an experimental study
Authors: Hu Ling-Zhi , Sun Lin , Zhao Jin-Zhou , Wei Peng , Pu Wan-Fen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe formation heterogeneity is considered as one of the major factors limiting the application of foam flooding. In this paper, influences of formation properties, such as permeability, permeability distribution, interlayer, sedimentary rhythm and 3D heterogeneity, on the mobility control capability and oil displacement efficiency of foam flooding, were systematically investigated using 2D homogeneous and 2D/3D heterogeneous models under 120 °C and salinity of 20 × 104 mg/L. The flow resistance of foam was promoted as the permeability increased, which thus resulted in a considerable oil recovery behavior. In the scenario of the vertical heterogeneous formations, it was observed that the permeability of the high-permeable layer was crucial to foam mobility control, and the positive rhythm appeared favorable to improve the foam flooding performance. The additional oil recovery increased to about 40%. The interlayer was favorable for the increases in mobility reduction factor and oil recovery of foam flooding when the low permeability ratio was involved. For the 3D heterogeneous formations, foam could efficiently adjust the areal and vertical heterogeneity through mobility control and gravity segregation, and thus enhancing the oil recovery to 11%–14%. The results derived from this work may provide some insight for the field test designs of foam flooding.
Development of low-cost remote sensing tools and methods for supporting smallholder agriculture
Authors: Cucho-Padin Gonzalo , Loayza Hildo , Palacios Susan , Balcazar Mario , Carbajal Mariella , Quiroz Roberto 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAgricultural UAV-based remote sensing tools to facilitate decision-making for increasing productivity in developing countries were developed and tested. Specifically, a high-quality multispectral sensor and sophisticated-yet-user-friendly data processing techniques (software) under an open-access policy were implemented. The multispectral sensor—IMAGRI-CIP—is a low-cost adaptable multi-sensor array that allows acquiring high-quality and low-SNR images from a UAV platform used to estimate vegetation indexes such as NDVI. Also, a set of software tools that included wavelet-based image alignment, image stitching, and crop classification have been implemented and made available to the remote sensing community. A validation field experiment carried out at the International Potato Center facilities (Lima, Peru) to test the developed tools is reported. A thorough comparison study with a wide-used commercial agricultural camera showed that IMAGRI-CIP provides highly correlated NDVI values (R2≥ 0.8). Additionally, an application field experiment was conducted in Kilosa, Tanzania, to test the tools in smallholder farm settings, featuring high-heterogeneous crop plots. Results showed high accuracy (> 82%) to identify 13 different crops either as mono-crop or as mixed-crops.