bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Properties of Well Fluids as Related to Hydraulic Pumping
Authors: Brown F. Barton , Coberly C.J. 
Published: February 2020

Regional Fall Meeting of the Los Angeles Basin Section of SPE, 22–23 October, Pasadena, California

Introduction
Successful hydraulic pumping of oil well installations depends on an accurate knowledge of the fluid properties. Such information enables us to select the proper tubing string sizes and to predict, and later check, the bottom-hole pump performance. In this paper, we will consider the effects of temperature and pressure on viscosity and specific gravity, and will present a convenient method for calculating these effects.
An extensive study was made on crude oil data gathered from all over the world, and, on the basis of this work, empirical equations are developed. Based on these equations, four nomographs are included which facilitate the following calculations: the viscosity of any crude at any temperature and pressure; the specific gravity at any point in the well and the average pressure gradient; the viscosity at any point in the well; and the viscosity gradient of a well which may be used directly in the tubing friction formulae.

Viscosity
The viscosity of oils is the property subject to the greatest variation and must be considered the most important factor in hydraulic pumping or any other production method. The range varies from 1.0 centistokes or less, to as much as 1,000,000 centistokes under well conditions. Viscosity varies unpredictably when wax, water and gas are present, but this paper will not cover these problems.
In any given well, the viscosity varies with depth, and this variation is dependent on the temperature and pressure gradient. Fig. 1 shows this variation for a typical crude—36.2° API gravity. The following equations and nomographs enable one to determine the viscosity gradient in the different tubing strings.

Gravity Factor
It has been shown by Beal that at normal temperature [usually 100°F for viscosity determinations], the viscosity of oils increases with gravity quite consistently, even though the compositions of the oils may differ. Paraffinic oils generally have somewhat higher viscosities than asphaltic crudes. Fig. 2is a plot of the viscosity at 100°F of a large number of oils — paraffinic, asphaltic and mixed base — from widely scattered fields, which shows a good correlation with specific gravity at 60°F and with the data of Beal. This chart has, as the ordinate, the log e-log e scale for kinematic viscosity, [same ordinate used for ASTM viscosity charts] and has, as the abscissa, the specific gravity, delta, scale.
Natural Gas Supply and Requirement Pacific Coast
Authors: Tulin R.S. 
Published: February 2020

Regional Fall Meeting of the Los Angeles Basin Section of SPE, 22–23 October, Pasadena, California

Introduction
This being the oil industry's Centennial Year, much space has been provided for its publicity, but I find very little about its predecessor the "gas industry". Therefore, I think it fitting and proper for you to invite a" gas man" to participate in your deliberation. I appreciate your confidence and an opportunity to better acquaint you with the gas industry:Its BackgroundWhere We Are TodayWhat the Future Holds
Being semi-retired and a so-called Senior Member (39 years), I shall endeavor to bring the natural gas industry on the Pacific Coast into its proper perspective by briefly reviewing sane of the important historical dates.

Background
The forerunner of natural gas was, as in all other districts throughout the United States, manufactured gas. Here in California the industry dates back to 1854, when on Feb. 11, the streets of San Francisco were lighted for the first time with gas. The manufacturing plant was located at the water front as the burning of coal was anticipated. This was followed in 1859 by the Portland Gas and Coke Co. at Portland, Ore.
In 1867, the Los Angeles Gas Co. completed its "gas works" in Los Angeles. By the turn of the century, all populated centers had their local "gas works".
The transition from manufactured gas to natural gas came slowly. Its earliest utilization in California was at Stockton in 1864. The wells were shallow, production became intermittent and, therefore, finally abandoned. However, it was not until 1907 — when the Santa Maria Gas Co. became the first utility to serve oil-well gas to its customers — that natural gas obtained from oil fields assumed any economic importance. In 1910 a natural gas line was laid from Buena Vista Hills to Bakersfield, and by 1913 a line had been completed from this same source to Glendale.
During the period 1914 to 1921 market facilities were expanded in the Los Angeles Basin, but it was the discovery of oil and gas on Signal Hill early in 1921 that gave the real impetus to the rapid expansion of marketing facilities throughout Southern California.
Natural gas reached San Francisco in Aug., 1929, from the San Joaquin Valley, extending its distribution throughout the more heavily populated areas in California.
A Coiled-Tubing-Deployed Intelligent ESP Dumpflood System
Authors: Kuoh Hii Lu , Kang Michael , Staal Timo W. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the last 8 years, coiled-tubing–deployed ESP (CTDESP) systems have developed into a proven technology marrying the cost-effectiveness of coiled-tubing conveyance with the benefits of electrical submersible pumping (ESP) systems.
Simultaneously, great strides have been made in the form of real-time measurement of reservoir and production data such as pressure, temperature, and flow rate, by means of permanent gauges placed in the completion string and the use of fiber-optic distributed temperature systems.
CTDESP technology with real-time monitoring and control results in an alternative deployed intelligent completion that is able to optimize pump performance and run life, control injection rates, and maximize ultimate recovery.
Such a system was developed specifically for a Shell Sabah Berhad (SSB) medium oilfield, offshore Sabah- Borneo, East Malaysia. This particular reservoir is a mature depleting field, requiring pressure maintenance to extract more of the reserves. After 2 years of production, the oil rate of the primary reservoir had declined by about half. Studies showed that pressure maintenance by water injection (WI) was feasible and beneficial. However, high capital cost and long lead times prevented the implementation of a conventional WI scheme because the existing, unmanned platform was too small to accommodate a WI facility. The lithology of the area is conducive to pressure maintenance with a large natural aquifer dumping from an upper zone into the lower producing zones (i.e., dumpflood). Two horizontal wells were drilled and completed, allowing natural dumpflooding of an estimated 3,000 bbl/d/well. It was clear that augmenting the natural dumping ability of the upper zone aquifer with an inverted ESP would boost production (up to 10,000 bbl/day per well), accelerate the reservoir pressure maintenance, and increase the sweep in the main producing reservoir.
With anticipated tubing-deployed ESP run lives of 1 to 3 years, the ESP dumpflood strategy would not be a cost-effective solution because of the cost of rig mobilizations required for ESP workovers. Therefore, a CTDESP system was selected to allow installation and subsequent change-out without rig assistance. Such a system was evaluated to be USD 25 million more cost-effective than a conventional surface injection system over the life of the project. In the past 3 years, the assisted intelligent dumpflood strategy has shown its value. By boosting the reservoir pressure, the ultimate recovery factor is believed to have increased from 24 to 48%, adding approximately 10 million bbl of additional reserves. Additionally, one of the nearby production wells has shown a net increase of 600 bbl/d of oil since the start of assisted dumpflooding operations.
Factores relacionados al diagnóstico de enfermería “deterioro de la dentición” en escolares
Authors: Delgado Galeano Mayut , García  Rueda Alexandra , Ibañez Alfonso Luz Eugenia , Villamizar Carvajal Beatriz , Alarcón Melendez Lizeth Johana 
Published: February 2020

Introducción: El abordaje de la salud bucal es prioridad para la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y un factor importante para el desempeño de la enfermería en el entorno escolar. Objetivo: Establecer los factores relacionados con el deterioro de la dentición en escolares de 6 a 12 años. Materiales y Método: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, de corte transversal. Muestra total de 197 estudiantes de primaria. Muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, con edad entre 6 y 12 años en dos instituciones públicas de Bucaramanga, durante el año 2016. A partir de la revisión de la literatura se elaboró un cuestionario que se utilizó para la recolección de la información, teniendo en cuenta 18 factores relacionados y 15 características definitorias del diagnóstico de la enfermería mencionado y validado. Resultados: Los factores relacionados con mayor proporción fueron: nivel socioeconómico bajo 74,3% (145), sensibilidad al frío 68,5% (135), higiene oral ineficaz 56,3% (111) y predisposición genética 51% (100). Las características definitorias más frecuentes fueron: mala oclusión, mala alineación dental (98,5%), caries en la corona (70,8%), dientes desgastados, erosión del esmalte, desgaste dental (68,5%), decoloración del esmalte dental (53,8%) y exceso de placa (50,3%). Conclusión: El rol de la enfermería escolar debe identificar los factores relacionados con el diagnóstico que tiene que ver con el “deterioro de la dentición” para orientar las intervenciones en niños escolares, y así mejorar la salud bucal como parte del autocuidado. La evaluación del estado de la salud bucal es un componente prioritario en la valoración de la enfermería en los escolares. Las características definitorias del diagnóstico más frecuentes en la población infantil evaluada, fueron la mala oclusión y la caries.
Artistic Image as a Result of Reality Reflection and Construction
Authors: Maltseva Elena A. 
Published: February 2020

The article is devoted to the analysis of artistic image as a gnoseological image. The concept of variety of cognition types, produced by contemporary epistemology, allows to consider art as a special type of cognitive relation to reality, and artistic image as a form of artistic cognition, a result of reality comprehension. In this case, the artistic image is studied from the viewpoint of two concepts — the knowledge understanding as a reflection of reality and as its construction. The analysis of the artistic image within the frame of the first concept (as a result of reality reflection) is traditional for Russian aesthetics. From this point of view, the artistic image is considered in three aspects — objective (it appears through the reality reflection by art), estimative (the artistic image includes an obvious or concealed estimation of reality) and operational (it is connected with creative transformation of reality in the process of its artistic comprehension). The concept of constructivism allows to consider the artistic cognition in other way, as an intense activity of the subject to construct reality. This article bases its argumentation on the idea, by V.A. Lektorsky, of removing the opposition between realism and constructivism through the recognition of the concept of constructive realism. Thereby, the artistic image is presented as the result of the creative activity of the artwork’s author, who transforms the reality, constructs a new, artistic reality, and the addressee, who is included in the artistic reality through actualization, identification, construction of meanings.
Music as Synergy and Non-Classical Model of Man
Authors: Gribanova Lyudmila M. 
Published: February 2020

The article explores the phenomenon of music from the viewpoint of Man. In the philosophy of music, the connection with man is getting relevant, replacing the positivism, as well as the speculatism, common to music theories in the past, when formal logical methods were used.The article focuses on the connection between man’s personal experience, his or her anthropological energy, that is the one that comes from the innermost foundations and utmost underlying feelings of the person (horror, pain, happiness, delight, and self-transcendence), and specific musical energy. In this rendering, we rest on the philosophical concept of the outstanding modern Russian thinker Sergey Khoruzhy. He describes man as an energetic entity formed by a limit-experience, which is the experience of reaching the limits of existence and consciousness. The synergistic approach to man continues the non-classical philosophical tradition of building the model of man using the categories like “energy”, “self-practice”, “limit-experience”, “constitution of man” and excluding the categories like “entity”, “substance”, “subject” present in the classical vision of man in European philosophy of the 17th—19th centuries.The anthropological component of the non-classical synergistic concept of music includes the comprehension of man through a certain typification of man’s striving to reach the limits. This philosophical anthropology depicts man opening up to the ontological, ontical and virtual limits.Music, as such synergy, stands for a projection of man, thus becoming the music of ontological, ontical and virtual striving. From this point of view, not only a specific concept of music is formed, different from other concepts, such as the concepts of music as a number and as an expression, but also an approach to the entire historical musical legacy and to musical practice, including composer’s, performer’s and listener’s activities.
Aspirin-omitted dual antithrombotic therapy in non-valvular atrial fibrillation patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results of a meta-analysis
Authors: Luo Cheng-Feng , Mo Pei , Li Guo-Qiang , Liu Shi-Ming 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimsTo investigate the effects of aspirin-omitted dual antithrombotic therapy (DAT) on myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods and resultsA systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using PubMed to search for randomized clinical trials comparing DAT with triple antithrombotic therapy (TAT) in this setting. Three trials involving 8845 patients were included (4802 and 4043 patients treated with DAT and TAT, respectively). There were no significant differences in all-cause death and stroke between the aspirin-omitted DAT group and TAT group. Otherwise, the incidence of myocardial infarction was significantly higher with aspirin-omitted DAT vs. TAT [odds ratio (OR): 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–1.63; P = 0.04; I2 = 0%]. Similarly, the incidence of stent thrombosis increased in patients treated with aspirin-omitted DAT vs. TAT (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.02–2.53; P = 0.04; I2 = 0%). The occurrence of major bleeding and clinically relevant non-major bleeding events, as defined by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, was significantly lower with aspirin-omitted DAT vs. TAT (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.48–0.78; P = 0.02; I2 = 76%). Similar results were found according to the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis major bleeding, Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction major or minor bleeding, and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction major bleeding scales.ConclusionAspirin-omitted DAT reduces the occurrence of bleeding episodes, with a higher rate of myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis in NVAF patients presenting with ACS or undergoing PCI.
Electrolyte Optimization of a Doped-LiCoPO4 Cathode
Authors: Allen Joshua L. , Allen Jan L. , Delp Samuel A. , Jow T. Richard 
Published: February 2020

Advanced high voltage cathode materials can increase the energy density through increased charging voltage but this usually limits the cell’s cycle life and/or efficiency. This tradeoff is due to irreversible electrolyte decomposition or damage to the cathode structure that occurs at higher potentials. Furthermore, materials such as LiCoPO4 are naturally electronically insulating and thus may either require a constant voltage charging step or very high voltage constant current cutoff voltage( >5.0V) to ensure a full charge is obtained. This can lead to perpetual electrolyte decomposition on each cycle due to the increased time the cell is held at higher potentials. Many researchers have incorporated various transition metals as dopants to improve the cycle life of these cells while maintaining the same cutoff voltage, and subsequently achieving higher energy density and cycle life. This was demonstrated recently in our lab by Fe-doping LiCoPO4 (1). This is perhaps attributed to better electronic conductivity of Fe-doped LiCoPO4and stabilization of the cathode material.
An alternative approach involves the use of electrolyte additives for improved passivation layer formation (2-3). This approach, however, does not affect any structural changes that may occur within the cathode (i.e., additives are not as effective in stabilizing the cathode structure as doped metals). The use of additives can nevertheless improve the high-temperature performance of the cell and ensure a longer cycle life (4).
This study utilizes a joint cathode/electrolyte research approach. A next-generation LiCoPO4-doped cathode was used (developed by ARL) that is less insulating than traditional LiCoPO4, as indicated by a shorter CV step requirement. Various electrolyte additives were examined with the new cathode to further optimize the performance. These additives include tris(hexafluoro-iso-propyl)phosphate (HFiP), lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and Trimethylboroxine (TMB). While investigating the properties of the new cathode material, the electrolyte mixture was optimized for high-capacity cycling. This study has yielded a high-efficiency cell with a long cycle-life that is stable at room temperature and elevated temperatures.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors wish to express their gratitude to the DOE ABR program for partial financial support.

REFERENCES

J.L. Allen, T.R. Jow and J. Wolfenstine, J. Power Sources,
196, 8656 (2011).

R. Sharabi, E. Markevich, K. Fridman, G. Gershinsky, G. Salitra, D. Aurbach, G. Semrau, M.A. Schmidt, N. Schall and C. Bruenig, Electrochem. Commun., 28, 20 (2013).

M. Hu, J. Wei, L. Xing and Z. Zhou, J. Appl. Electrochem., 42, 291 (2012).

N.P.W. Pieczonka, L. Yang, M.P. Balogh, B.R. Powell, K. Chemelewski, A. Manthiram, S.A. Krachkovskiy, G.R. Goward, M. Liu and J.-H. Kim, J. Phys. Chem. C, 117, 22603 (2013).
Solid Polymer Electrolytes Based on Poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) and the [N1 1 1 2(OH)][NTf2] Ionic Liquid for Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Leones R. , Costa C. M. , Machado A. V. , Esperança J.M. S.S. , Silva M. M. , Lanceros-Méndez S. 
Published: February 2020

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries take advantage of solid-state ionic conductors, such as solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) [1, 2]. Despite the large technological potential of solvent-free SPEs, they suffer from a serious problem: a relatively low ionic conductivity. The addition of ionic liquids (ILs) to SPEs appears as a possible solution due to the enhancement of electrochemical stability (~4-6 V) and ionic conductivity (~10-3 – 10-2 S.cm-1) [3].
ILs has two important features for their specific use in battery applications: high concentration of ions and high ion mobility at room temperature. The use of PVDF polymer and its copolymers together with ILs as SPEs still has to be thoroughly explored.
This work shows the thermal and electrochemical properties of SPEs based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene), P(VDF-TrFE), and specific amounts (4wt% to 32wt%) of the ionic liquid N,N,N-trimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [N1 1 1 2(OH)][NTf2]. The SPE was prepared by thermaly induced phase separation (TIPS).
The addition of ILs in P(VDF-TrFE) affects the microstructure, thermal stability and ionic conductivity of the polymer membrane.
The ionic conductivity increases as the ionic liquid (IL) content increases with a maximum value at room temperature of 1.7x10-5 S.cm-1for an IL composition of 32wt%. The temperature behavior of the ionic conductivity follows the Arrhenius equation and the electrical response of the membrane is well represented by a Randles modified equivalent circuit. The results prove that the developed SPEs are adequate for energy storage devices.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by FEDER through the COMPETE Program and by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the framework of the Strategic Project PEST-C/FIS/UI607/2011, PEST-C/QUI/UI0686/2011, PEST-OE/EQB/LA0004/2011, projects PTDC/CTM-NAN/121274/2010 and PTDC/QUI-QUI/117340/2010, grants SFRH/BD/68499/2010 (C.M.C.) and SRFH/BD/90366/2012 (R.L.) and FCT Investigator grant (J.M.S.S.E.). The authors also thank funding from Matepro –Optimizing Materials and Processes”, ref. NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000037”, co-funded by the “Programa Operacional Regional do Norte” (ON.2 – O Novo Norte), under the “Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional” (QREN), through the “Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional” (FEDER). The authors thank Solvay for kindly supplying the high quality materials.

References

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Ionic Conduction in CNFs Reinforced PMMA Based Nanocomposite Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Sharma Rajni , Sil Anjan , Ray Subrata 
Published: February 2020

Nanocomposite gel polymer electrolytes are gaining more and more attention among the researchers worldwide due to their possible applications in various electrochemical devices particularly in solid-state Li-ion batteries [1]. In the present work, the effect of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) reinforced in PMMA based gel polymer on the electrical properties has been investigated. The length and outer diameter of CNFs used are in the ranges of 5-50 µm and 200-600 nm, respectively. The electrolytes have been synthesized by solution casting technique with varying the CNFs content. The impedance spectroscopy analysis shows that the incorporation of CNFs into PMMA–(PC+DEC)–LiClO4gel polymer significantly enhance the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte system. The enhancement of ionic conductivity seems to be correlated with the fact that the dispersion of CNFs to PMMA prevents polymer chain reorganization due to the high aspect ratio of CNFs, resulting in reduction of polymer crystallinity, which gives rise to an increase in ionic conductivity. The decrease of crystallinity of PMMA due the addition of CNFs has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction study. The interaction of CNFs with various constituents of polymer electrolytes has been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results show that uniform distribution of CNFs in the polymer electrolytes and FESEM for morphological analysis. Moreover CNFs added gel polymer electrolytes offer better thermal stability as compared to that of electrolytes without CNFs as confirmed by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA).
Keywords: Polymer electrolytes; CNFs; Ionic conductivity; XRD; FTIR; TEM; FESEM; TGA.
References
[1] F. Croce, G.B. Appetecchi, L. Persi, B. Scrosati, Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes lithium batteries, Nature (London), 394, 456, 1998.