bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transposon insertions within alleles of BnaFLC.A10 and BnaFLC.A2 are associated with seasonal crop type in rapeseed
Authors: Yin Shuai , Wan Ming , Guo Chaocheng , Wang Bo , Li Haitao , Li Ge , Tian Yanyong , Ge Xianhong , King Graham J , Liu Kede , Li Zaiyun , Wang Jing 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn Brassicaceae, the requirement for vernalization is conferred by high expression of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). The expression of FLC is known to be repressed by prolonged exposure to cold. Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars can be classified into spring, winter, and semi-winter crop types, depending on their respective vernalization requirements. In addition to two known distinct transposon insertion events, here we identified a 4.422 kb hAT and a 5.625 kb long interspersed nuclear element transposon insertion within BnaFLC.A10, and a 810 bp miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) in BnaFLC.A2. Quantitative PCR demonstrated that these insertions lead to distinct gene expression patterns and contribute differentially to the vernalization response. Transgenic and haplotype analysis indicated that the known 621 bp MITE in the promoter region of BnaFLC.A10 is a transcriptional enhancer that appears to be the main determinant of rapeseed vernalization, and has contributed to the adaptation of rapeseed in winter cultivation environments. In the absence of this transposon insertion, the functional allele of BnaFLC.A2 is a major determinant of vernalization demand. Thus, the combination of BnaFLC.A10 carrying the 621 bp MITE insertion and a functional BnaFLC.A2 appears necessary to establish the winter rapeseed crop phenotype.
Haunted Roadscapes in Jesmyn Ward’s Sing, Unburied, Sing
Authors: Dib Nicole 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this article, I argue that Jesmyn Ward deploys a road trip in her 2017 novel Sing, Unburied, Sing as a literary formula through which she demonstrates the immobilizing effects of racism and incarceration on contemporary black lives. The association of the American road-trip novel with freedom and free movement is strong in the American imaginary, and Ward manipulates this association to explore what happens when automobile travelers are precarious rather than privileged. The road trip in Ward's novel makes visible various forces of mobility and immobility that differentiate citizens by race. She conjures two dimensions of the African American experience that are immobilizing: the carceral system and the risk of “driving while black.” Sing, Unburied, Sing already critiques the traditional road trip in its plot and narrative structure; for Ward, it is the linkages of dimensions of African American immobilization around the road trip that are powerful. Ward's novel demonstrates that black automobility, or the unique experience of the road for racialized drivers, reveals the political and social dynamics that shape our conception of the road for all drivers. Furthermore, I analyze how the road trip within the novel “unburies” a story about the violence of incarceration. I explore how Ward finesses that iconic American narrative trope, the journey by car that ought to be freeing, to heighten her critique of racist, anti-black structures of oppression in the United States.
Differentiation, Entanglement, and Worth in Ruth Ozeki’s A Tale for the Time Being
Authors: Hogue Beverly 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRuth Ozeki's 2013 novel A Tale for the Time Being suggests that garbage provides the raw material for meaning-making, an emphasis evident in both the content and the structure of the novel. Constructed as an assemblage of curated texts discarded and washed up on shore, the novel follows characters who wonder whether their own identities and communities are collages of flotsam whose worth is dependent on arbitrary judgments and accidental encounters. This essay examines how Ozeki excavates literary landfills to recuperate trashed narratives and devalued people, proposing that the very stuff cultures reject as worthless provides compost for the growth of new meaning. The essay further explores how Ozeki deploys the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment to critique the process of assigning worth and posit the concept of entanglement as a foundation for construction of community.
Correlation between relativistic reflection fraction and photon index in NuSTAR sample of Seyfert 1 AGN
Authors: Ezhikode Savithri H , Dewangan Gulab C , Misra Ranjeev , Philip Ninan Sajeeth 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
The primary X-ray emission from active galactic nuclei (AGNs), described by a power-law, irradiates the accretion disc producing reflection features in the spectrum. The reflection features arising from the inner regions of the disc can be significantly modified by the relativistic effects near the black hole. We investigate the relationship between the relativistic reflection fraction Rf, defined as the ratio of the coronal intensity that illuminates the accretion disc to the coronal intensity observed directly, and the hard X-ray photon index Γ of a Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) sample of Seyfert 1 galaxies. The X-ray spectra are modelled using relxill code that helps to directly obtain the reflection fraction of a relativistically smeared reflection component. The parameter Rf depends on the amount of Comptonized X-ray emission intercepted by the inner accretion disc. We found a positive correlation between Γ and Rf in our sample. Seed photons from a larger area of an accretion disc entering the corona will result in increased cooling of the coronal plasma, giving rise to steeper X-ray spectrum. The corona irradiating the larger area of the disc will result in higher reflection fraction. Thus, the observed Rf –Γ relation is most likely related to the variations in the disc–corona geometry of AGNs.
Microlensed radio emission from exoplanets
Authors: Shiohira Yuta , Terada Yuka , Mukuno Den , Fujii Yuka , Takahashi Keitaro 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we investigate the detectability of radio emission from exoplanets, especially hot Jupiters, which are magnified by gravitational microlensing. Because hot Jupiters have orbital periods much shorter than the characteristic time-scale of microlensing, the magnification curve has a unique wavy feature depending on the orbital parameters. This feature is useful to identify radio emission from exoplanets and, in addition to magnification, makes it easier to detect exoplanets directly. We also estimate the expected event rate red of the detectable level of microlensed planetary radio emissions, assuming the Low Frequency Array and the first phase of the Square Kilometre Array.
Improved gravitational radiation time-scales: significance for LISA and LIGO-Virgo sources
Authors: Zwick Lorenz , Capelo Pedro R , Bortolas Elisa , Mayer Lucio , Amaro-Seoane Pau 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a revised version of Peters’ time-scale for the gravitational wave (GW)-induced decay of two point masses. The new formula includes the effects of the first-order post-Newtonian perturbation and additionally provides a simple fit to account for the Newtonian self-consistent evolution of the eccentricity. The revised time-scale is found by multiplying Peters’ estimate by two factors, $R(e_0)= 8^{1-\sqrt{1-e_0}}$ and Qf(p0) = exp (2.5(rS/p0)), where e0 and p0 are the initial eccentricity and periapsis, respectively, and rS the Schwarzschild radius of the system. Their use can correct errors of a factor of 1–10 that arise from using the original Peters’ formula. We apply the revised time-scales to a set of typical sources for existing ground-based laser interferometers and for the future Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), at the onset of their GW-driven decay. We argue that our more accurate model for the orbital evolution will affect current event- and detection-rate estimates for mergers of compact object binaries, with stronger deviations for eccentric LISA sources, such as extreme and intermediate mass-ratio inspirals. We propose the correction factors R and Qf as a simple prescription to quantify decay time-scales more accurately in future population synthesis models. We also suggest that the corrected time-scale may be used as a computationally efficient alternative to numerical integration in other applications that include the modelling of radiation reaction for eccentric sources.
The Evolution of Human Cancer Gene Duplications across Mammals
Authors: Tollis Marc , Schneider-Utaka Aika K , Maley Carlo C 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Cancer is caused by genetic alterations that affect cellular fitness, and multicellular organisms have evolved mechanisms to suppress cancer such as cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis. These pathways may be enhanced by the addition of tumor suppressor gene paralogs or deletion of oncogenes. To provide insights to the evolution of cancer suppression across the mammalian radiation, we estimated copy numbers for 548 human tumor suppressor gene and oncogene homologs in 63 mammalian genome assemblies. The naked mole rat contained the most cancer gene copies, consistent with the extremely low rates of cancer found in this species. We found a positive correlation between a species’ cancer gene copy number and its longevity, but not body size, contrary to predictions from Peto’s Paradox. Extremely long-lived mammals also contained more copies of caretaker genes in their genomes, suggesting that the maintenance of genome integrity is an essential form of cancer prevention in long-lived species. We found the strongest association between longevity and copy numbers of genes that are both germline and somatic tumor suppressor genes, suggesting that selection has acted to suppress both hereditary and sporadic cancers. We also found a strong relationship between the number of tumor suppressor genes and the number of oncogenes in mammalian genomes, suggesting that complex regulatory networks mediate the balance between cell proliferation and checks on tumor progression. This study is the first to investigate cancer gene expansions across the mammalian radiation and provides a springboard for potential human therapies based on evolutionary medicine.
Patient- and parent proxy-reported outcome measures for life participation in children with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review
Authors: Kerklaan Jasmijn , Hannan Elyssa , Baumgart Amanda , Manera Karine E , Ju Angela , McCulloch Mignon , Admani Bashir , Dominello Amanda , Esezobor Christopher , Foster Bethany , Hamilton Alexander , Jankauskiene Augustina , Johnson Rebecca J , Liu Isaac , Marks Stephen D , Neu Alicia , Schaefer Franz , Sutton Shanna , Wolfenden Sebastian , Craig Jonathan C , Groothoff Jaap , Howell Martin , Tong Allison 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its treatment may severely limit the ability of children with CKD to do daily tasks and participate in family, school, sporting and recreational activities. Life participation is critically important to affected children and their families; however, the appropriateness and validity of available measures used to assess this outcome are uncertain. The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics, content and psychometric properties of existing measures for life participation used in children with CKD.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant register to August 2019 for all studies that used a measure to report life participation in children with CKD. For each measure, we extracted and analyzed the characteristics, dimensions of life participation and psychometric properties.ResultsFrom 128 studies, we identified 63 different measures used to assess life participation in children with CKD. Twenty-five (40%) of the measures were patient reported, 7 (11%) were parent proxy reported and 31 (49%) had both self and parent proxy reports available. Twenty-two were used in one study only. The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 generic module was used most frequently in 62 (48%) studies. Seven (11%) were designed to assess ability to participate in life, with 56 (89%) designed to assess other constructs (e.g. quality of life) with a subscale or selected questions on life participation. Across all measures, the three most frequent activities specified were social activities with friends and/or family, leisure activities and self-care activities. Validation data in the pediatric CKD population were available for only 19 (30%) measures.ConclusionsLife participation is inconsistently measured in children with CKD and the measures used vary in their characteristics, content and validity. Validation data supporting these measures in this population are often incomplete and are sparse. A meaningful and validated measure for life participation in children with CKD is needed.
Mineralogy of the deep lower mantle in the presence of H2O
Authors: Hu Qingyang , Liu Jin , Chen Jiuhua , Yan Bingmin , Meng Yue , Prakapenka Vitali B , Mao Wendy L , Mao Ho-Kwang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Understanding the mineralogy of the Earth's interior is a prerequisite for unravelling the evolution and dynamics of our planet. Here, we conducted high pressure-temperature experiments mimicking the conditions of the deep lower mantle (DLM, 1800–2890 km in depth) and observed surprising mineralogical transformations in the presence of water. Ferropericlase, (Mg, Fe)O, which is the most abundant oxide mineral in Earth, reacts with H2O to form a previously unknown (Mg, Fe)O2Hx (x ≤ 1) phase. The (Mg, Fe)O2Hx has a pyrite structure and it coexists with the dominant silicate phases, bridgmanite and post-perovskite. Depending on Mg content and geotherm temperatures, the transformation may occur at 1800 km for (Mg0.6Fe0.4)O or beyond 2300 km for (Mg0.7Fe0.3)O. The (Mg, Fe)O2Hx is an oxygen excess phase that stores an excessive amount of oxygen beyond the charge balance of maximum cation valences (Mg2+, Fe3+ and H+). This important phase has a number of far-reaching implications including extreme redox inhomogeneity, deep-oxygen reservoirs in the DLM and an internal source for modulating oxygen in the atmosphere.
Are Referendums Directly Democratic?
Authors: Trueblood Leah 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Referendums are regularly defined as being directly democratic. Indeed, the term ‘direct democracy’ is often used synonymously with referendums. The label ‘direct democracy’ is used to make two different types of claims about referendums: (i) descriptive claims about what referendums are; and (ii) normative claims about how their use is justified. This article challenges the treatment of referendums as devices of direct democracy both in theory and in practice. I argue instead that referendums should be theoretically and practically understood as processes that provide direction to representatives. Indeed, one consequence of my argument is the broader claim that the term ‘direct democracy’ is generally misleading. In a contemporary context, all democratic processes are—at least in part—representative.
Dynamic Crystallization of a Haplogranitic Melt: Application to Pegmatites
Authors: Devineau Karine , Champallier Rémi , Pichavant Michel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBoth equilibrium and dynamic crystallization experiments have been performed on a hydrous haplogranitic melt at 200 MPa to model nucleation and growth mechanisms and simulate pegmatite textures. The equilibrium results provide a reference frame (phase assemblages and compositions, liquidus and solidus temperatures and dependence with the melt H2O concentration) to parametrize the kinetic experiments. The seven H2O-saturated dynamic crystallization experiments followed a specific time-temperature path. After a pre-conditioning step at 800°C, charges were cooled between 3·5 and 7°C/min to 700, 660 and 600°C corresponding to ΔT of 20, 60 and 120°C. Dwell times ranged from 42 up to 1440h. Variable mineral assemblages and textures, and two types of polymineralic assemblages were obtained depending on ΔT and t. For ΔT = 120°C, crystallization is sequential and includes graphic quartz–alkali-feldspar intergrowths characteristic of pegmatite textures. The crystallization sequence reflects nucleation and growth of kinetically-favoured metastable phases and solid solution compositions from the supercooled melt. Early alkali-feldspars are more K-rich than expected at equilibrium and late albites more Na-rich. The K-rich graphic texture progressively evolves to a Na-rich intergrowth texture. Melts also follow a progressive though limited sodic evolution with time. At the interface of growing alkali-feldspars, melts are enriched in SiO2 and depleted in Al2O3, Na2O and, to a lesser extent, K2O. H2O accumulates at the interface reaching concentration levels higher (by 1–2 wt %) than the saturation. Rejection of SiO2 and H2O at the interface controls the effective undercooling in the local melt and promotes rapid textural changes toward larger grain sizes at the front of graphic zones. Textural ripening takes place contemporaneously to sequential crystallization. Growth rates for quartz and alkali-feldspar are tightly grouped, between 7·3 x 10-11 and 1·6 x 10-12 m s-1. Textures from the dynamic crystallization experiments closely resemble natural pegmatites, but layered aplite units have not been reproduced. Our results confirm and strengthen the importance of liquidus undercooling to generate pegmatite textures.
Warning signals promote morphological diversification in fossorial uropeltid snakes (Squamata: Uropeltidae)
Authors: Cyriac Vivek Philip , Kodandaramaiah Ullasa 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMany species possess warning colourations that signal unprofitability to predators. Warning colourations are also thought to provide prey with a ‘predator-free space’ and promote niche expansion. However, how such strategies release a species from environmental constraints and facilitate niche expansion is not clearly understood. Fossoriality in reptiles imposes several morphological limits on head and body size to facilitate burrowing underground, but many fossorial snakes live close to the surface and occasionally move above ground, exposing them to predators. In such cases, evolving antipredator defences that reduce predation on the surface could potentially relax the morphological constraints associated with fossoriality and promote morphological diversification. Fossorial uropeltid snakes possess varying degrees of conspicuous warning colourations that reduce avian predation when active above ground. We predicted that species with more conspicuous colourations will exhibit more robust body forms and show faster rates of morphological evolution because constraints imposed by fossoriality are relaxed. Using a comparative phylogenetic approach on the genus Uropeltis, we show that more conspicuous species tend to have more robust morphologies and have faster rates of head-shape evolution. Overall, we find that the evolution of warning colourations in Uropeltis can facilitate niche expansion by influencing rates of morphological diversification.
An Innovative Educational Trio for Physical Assessment in an Undergraduate Nursing Course
Authors: Weaver Kendra , Jones Allison R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Effective teaching methods are critical to the acquisition of physical assessment skills. This article describes the combined use of deliberate practice, standardized patient simulation, and peer evaluation in improving physical assessment skills among first-semester nursing students. Students prepared for a physical assessment check-off by using deliberate practice throughout the semester; they then received peer feedback after a standardized patient simulation. Students felt the integrated experience improved their physical assessment performance. Incorporating this innovative educational trio can provide opportunities for physical assessment skill enhancement.
Long-term Outcomes of Glaucoma Drainage Implants in Uveitic Eyes With Fluocinolone Acetonide Implants
Authors: Cao Jessica L. , Srivastava Sunil K. , Lowder Careen Y. , Sharma Sumit , Baynes Kimberly , Eisengart Jonathan 
Published: May 2020

Precis:
In eyes with uveitis and a history of fluocinolone acetonide (FA) implantation, glaucoma drainage implants (GDIs) provides excellent long-term control of intraocular pressure (IOP).

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term control of IOP achieved by GDIs in uveitic eyes with glaucoma and a FA implant.

Patients and Methods:
Retrospective case series of 56 eyes from 37 patients with a history of noninfectious posterior uveitis who underwent both FA implantation and GDI surgery at the Cleveland Clinic Cole Eye Institute between April 2001 and April 2017. Patients were excluded if they did not undergo FA implantation before, or concurrently with, a GDI. Data was collected up to 10 years after GDI surgery. Outcome measures included IOP, number of IOP-lowering medications, and surgical success rate at each timepoint. Success was defined as IOP between 6 and 21 mm Hg at the most recent follow-up visit, without need for GDI removal or additional IOP-lowering surgeries, or loss of light perception.

Results:
The mean follow-up time was 71.0 months (median 72.0 mo). IOP was reduced by a mean of 52.9% (range: 43.1% to 62.3%) and the number of IOP-lowering medications decreased by a mean of 69.0% (range: 56.3% to 93.8%) between 1 and 10 years postoperatively. The percentage of eyes with IOP <21 mm Hg was 32.1% at baseline and ranged between 76.8% and 100% at follow-up. The percentage of eyes with IOP <18 mm Hg was 21.4% at baseline and ranged between 67.9% and 100% at follow-up. The surgical success rate was 71.4% at 10 years.

Conclusions:
In eyes with uveitis that undergo FA implantation, concurrent or subsequent GDI surgery offers excellent long-term control of IOP. Postoperative IOP and number of IOP-lowering medications dropped considerably and remained stable.
The effect of Ramadan fasting on ambulatory blood pressure in treated hypertensive patients using diuretics
Authors: Aslan Serkan , Riza Demir Ali , Kahraman Serkan , Memiç Kadriye , Avci Yalçin , Gürbak İsmail , Karabulut Enes , Ertürk Mehmet 
Published: May 2020

Objective
The influence of the Ramadan fasting on blood pressure (BP) in patients taking diuretics therapy has not been addressed specifically yet. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of long Ramadan fasting on BP with ambulatory BP monitoring in hypertensive patients using diuretics.

Methods
This prospective, observational study was done on 129 hypertensive patients and was carried out in two groups: 73 treated hypertensive patients were assigned to the diuretic group and 56 treated hypertensive patients were allocated to the non-diuretic group. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory BP monitoring was performed during and after Ramadan. Mean overall, daytime and nighttime BP were measured and compared in both groups. The differences in mean SBP and DBP were recorded between the two monitoring periods.

Results
In diuretic group, 24-h SBP decreased from 128.2 ± 17.9 to 119.3 ± 9.5 mmHg during Ramadan (8.9 units; P < 0.001). DBP decreased from 79.4 ± 10.9 to 75.3 ± 7.6 mmHg (4.1 units; P < 0.001). On the other hand, SBP and DBP were lower insignificantly in the non-diuretic group. The reduction in SBP was significantly higher in the diuretic group (overall: P = 0.005, daytime: P = 0.011, nighttime: P = 0.022). Thiazide-like diuretics lowered BP more than thiazide-type diuretic despite an insignificant difference.

Conclusion
This study suggested that Ramadan fasting might cause significant reductions in mean SBP and DBP measurements in patients using diuretics. Despite decreasing in BP, diuretics generally well tolerated and can be safe in well-controlled hypertensive patients during Ramadan fasting.