bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved pulmonary 129Xe ventilation imaging via 3D‐spiral UTE MRI
Authors: Willmering Matthew M. , Niedbalski Peter J. , Wang Hui , Walkup Laura L. , Robison Ryan K. , Pipe James G. , Cleveland Zackary I. , Woods Jason C. 
Published: December 2019

PurposeHyperpolarized 129Xe MRI characterizes regional lung ventilation in a variety of disease populations, with high sensitivity to airway obstruction in early disease. However, ventilation images are usually limited to a single breath‐hold and most‐often acquired using gradient‐recalled echo sequences with thick slices (~10‐15 mm), which increases partial‐volume effects, limits ability to observe small defects, and suffers from imperfect slice selection. We demonstrate higher‐resolution ventilation images, in shorter breath‐holds, using FLORET (Fermat Looped ORthogonally Encoded Trajectories), a center‐out 3D‐spiral UTE sequence.MethodsIn vivo human adult (N = 4; 2 healthy, 2 with cystic fibrosis) 129Xe images were acquired using 2D gradient‐recalled echo, 3D radial, and FLORET. Each sequence was acquired at its highest possible resolution within a 16‐second breath‐hold with a minimum voxel dimension of 3 mm. Images were compared using 129Xe ventilation defect percentage, SNR, similarity coefficients, and vasculature cross‐sections.ResultsThe FLORET sequence obtained relative normalized SNR, 40% greater than 2D gradient‐recalled echo (P = .012) and 26% greater than 3D radial (P = .067). Moreover, the FLORET images were acquired with 3‐fold‐higher nominal resolution in a 15% shorter breath‐hold. Finally, vasculature was less prominent in FLORET, likely due to diminished susceptibility‐induced dephasing at shorter TEs afforded by UTE sequences.ConclusionThe FLORET sequence yields higher SNR for a given resolution with a shorter breath‐hold than traditional ventilation imaging techniques. This sequence more accurately measures ventilation abnormalities and enables reduced scan times in patients with poor compliance and severe lung disease.
Messgeräte zum Mitnehmen
Authors: Ehrensberger Christian 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHinhalten, messen, und das Ergebnis ist sofort da – das wünscht sich die Industrie für die Qualitätskontrolle, die Polizei bei der Spurensicherung oder auch die Feuerwehr bei Einsätzen nach Explosionen. Dafür eignen sich Analysensysteme, die in eine Hand passen.
Unter Wasser rauchen – oder nicht
Authors: Osterath Brigitte 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHydrothermale Quellen auf dem Meeresboden speien heißes Wasser, das Substanzen wie Kupfer‐, Eisen‐ oder Mangansalze enthält. Wo diese auf kaltes Seewasser treffen, türmen sich meterhohe Mineralienberge auf – ein Paradies für Geochemiker und Kristallographen.
Trendbericht Chemiedidaktik
Authors: Becker Hans‐Jürgen , Kemper Anne‐Kathrin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDie chemiedidaktische Forschung befasst sich verstärkt mit sprachlichem Geschehen im Chemieunterricht. Inzwischen gehört an einigen Universitäten und Hochschulen auch bilinguales Sachfachlernen zu den Studieninhalten eines Lehramtsstudiums. Die mehrsprachigen Studienangebote im Fach Chemie entstehen in der Regel in Kooperation mit der schulischen Unterrichtspraxis.
Unser Lieblingselement: Phosphor
Authors: Grell Toni , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDas Element zwischen Fluch und Segen feiert dieses Jahr den 350. Jahrestag seiner Entdeckung. Es entfacht nicht nur Streichhölzer, sondern war auch Bestandteil von Kampfstoffen. Ebenso vielseitig ist seine Chemie.
17. Europäische Festkörpertagung in Lille
Authors: Wolf Silke 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAnfang September fand in Lille zum 17. Mal die European Conference on Solid State Chemistry (ECSSC) statt. Seit 1978 widmet sich diese Konferenzreihe allen Aspekten der Synthese und Eigenschaften funktioneller Festkörper. Tagungsort war diesmal der Campus der Universität Lille in Villeneuve d’Ascq. Insgesamt 200 Teilnehmer aus Forschung und Industrie haben über vier Tage über aktuelle Erkenntnisse der Festkörperchemie diskutiert. In Summe gab es 65 Vorträge mit 16 eingeladenen Rednern und 49 individuellen Beiträgen. Erstmals liefen zwei Vortragsreihen parallel, um der Vielzahl an Beiträgen gerecht zu werden. In drei Sitzungen präsentierten Wissenschaftler 126 Poster.
POPs 2019: Internationales Symposium für poröse organische Polymere
Authors: Schaub Tobias 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAnfang September fand in Heidelberg das Internationale Symposium für poröse organische Polymere (POPs 2019) statt. Das wissenschaftliche Programm der viertägigen Veranstaltung bestand aus 30 Vorträgen und 52 Posterpräsentationen. Über 120 Wissenschaftler aus mehr als zehn Ländern tauschten sich über Ergebnisse und Erkenntnisse zu porösen Materialien aus. Organisiert hatte die Tagung Michael Mastalerz, Professor für organische Chemie an der Universität Heidelberg.
The simulation of transport processes in cementitious materials with embedded healing systems
Authors: Freeman Brubeck Lee , Jefferson Tony 
Published: December 2019

SummaryA new model for simulating the transport of healing agents in self‐healing (SH) cementitious materials is presented. The model is applicable to autonomic SH material systems in which embedded channels, or vascular networks, are used to supply healing agents to damaged zones. The essential numerical components of the model are a crack flow model, based on the Navier‐Stokes equations, which is coupled to the mass balance equation for simulating unsaturated matrix flow. The driving forces for the crack flow are the capillary meniscus force and the force derived from an external (or internal) pressure applied to the liquid healing agent. The crack flow model component applies to non‐uniform cracks and allows for the dynamic variation of the meniscus contact angle, as well as accounting for inertial terms. Particular attention is paid to the effects of curing on the flow characteristics. In this regard, a kinetic reaction model is presented for simulating the curing of the healing agent and a set of relationships established for representing the variation of rheological properties with the degree of cure. Data obtained in a linked experimental programme of work are employed to justify the choice and form of the constitutive relationships, as well as to calibrate the model's evolution functions. Finally, a series of validation examples are presented that include the analysis of a series of concrete beam specimens with an embedded vascular network. These examples demonstrate the ability of the model to capture the transport behaviour of this type of SH cementitious material system.
Sound frequency dependence of duration mismatch negativity recorded from awake rats
Authors: Inaba Hiroyoshi , Namba Hisaaki , Sotoyama Hidekazu , Narihara Itaru , Jodo Eiichi , Yabe Hirooki , Eifuku Satoshi , Nawa Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimsThe brain function that detects deviations in the acoustic environment can be evaluated with mismatch negativity (MMN). MMN to sound duration deviance has recently drawn attention as a biomarker for schizophrenia. Nonhuman animals, including rats, also exhibit MMN‐like potentials. Therefore, MMN research in nonhuman animals can help to clarify the neural mechanisms underlying MMN production. However, results from preclinical MMN studies on duration deviance have been conflicting. We investigated the effect of sound frequency on MMN‐like potentials to duration deviance in rats.MethodsEvent‐related potentials were recorded from an electrode placed on the primary auditory cortex of free‐moving rats using an oddball paradigm consisting of 50‐ms duration tones (standards) and 150‐ms duration tones (deviants) at a 500‐ms stimulus onset asynchrony. The sound frequency was set to three conditions: 3, 12, and 50 kHz.ResultsMMN‐like potentials that depended on the short‐term stimulus history of background regularity were only observed in the 12‐kHz tone frequency condition.ConclusionsMMN‐like potentials to duration deviance are subject to tone frequency of the oddball paradigm in rats, suggesting that rats have distinct sound duration recognition ability.
Dual‐Credit Courses and the Road to College: Experimental Evidence from Tennessee
Authors: Hemelt Steven W. , Schwartz Nathaniel L. , Dynarski Susan M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDual‐credit courses expose high school students to college‐level content and provide the opportunity to earn college credits, in part to smooth the transition to college. With the Tennessee Department of Education, we conduct the first randomized controlled trial of the effects of dual‐credit math coursework on a range of high school and college outcomes. We find that the dual‐credit advanced algebra course alters students’ subsequent high school math course‐taking, reducing enrollment in remedial math and boosting enrollment in precalculus and Advanced Placement math courses. We fail to detect an effect of the dual‐credit math course on overall rates of college enrollment. However, the course induces some students to choose four‐year universities instead of two‐year colleges, particularly for those in the middle of the math achievement distribution and those first exposed to the opportunity to take the course in eleventh rather than twelfth grade. We see limited evidence of improvements in early math performance during college.
Leaving home, moving to college, and returning home: Economic outcomes in the United States
Authors: Sironi Maria , Billari Francesco C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLeaving the parental home is a milestone in the transition to adulthood. Historical changes in leaving home have been well documented in the literature. However, research investigating the consequences associated with the timing and pathway of leaving (and returning) home is still scant. Building mainly on capital accumulation and life course theories, we analyse data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 on young Americans born between 1980 and 1984, who are 27–31 years old in 2011. We find an M‐shaped relationship between age at leaving home and working and economic conditions later on: Leaving “too early,” “too late,” or at nonnormative ages is negatively associated with labour market outcomes. Also, among those who have been enrolled in college, leaving home to go to college, during college, or after college is positively associated with subsequent income, compared with leaving before college. Moving back in with parents is negatively associated with economic outcomes.
Prespecifiable fixed‐time control for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems in strict‐feedback form
Authors: Cao Ye , Wen Changyun , Tan Shilei , Song Yongduan 
Published: December 2019

SummaryIn this paper, we investigate the prespecifiable fixed‐time control problem for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems in strict‐feedback form, where the settling (convergence) time is not only bounded but also user‐assignable in advance. One of the salient features of the proposed method lies in the fact that it makes it possible to achieve any practically allowable settling time by using a simple and effective control parameter selection recipe. Both fixed‐time stabilization and fixed‐time tracking are considered for uncertain strict‐feedback systems. Firstly, by adding exponential state feedback and using fractional power integration as Lyapunov function candidate, a global stabilizing control strategy is developed. It is proved that all the system states converge to zero within prespecified fixed‐time with continuous and bounded control action. Secondly, under more general uncertain nonlinearities and external disturbances, an adaptive fixed‐time controller is derived such that the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of zero within preassigned time. Theoretical results are also illustrated and supported by simulation studies.
Progressing sustainable development of “the Belt and Road countries”: Estimating environmental efficiency based on the Super‐slack‐based measure model
Authors: Wei Yigang , Li Yan , Wu Meiyu , Li Yingbo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe “Belt and Road” (B&R) initiative not only promotes international economic prosperity but also inflicts enormous pressure on natural resources and create severe environmental problems. Therefore, to achieve a sustainable development, B&R countries should analyse their environmental efficiency and improve such efficiency by adopting effective measures. This study estimates and compares the environmental efficiency of B&R and non‐B&R countries from 1990 to 2014, analyses their environmental efficiency based on their income levels and geographical locations, and identifies some paths that these countries should take to achieve an optimal environmental efficiency. This paper applies the Super‐slack‐based measure model that considers undesirable outputs. The empirical results reveal that the current performance and future prospects of these B&R countries in terms of environmental efficiency are generally poor, with only 30% of these countries exceeding the optimal efficiency. Some significant differences have also been reported amongst these countries in terms of their industrial development at the geographical and income levels. These findings provide a valuable reference for B&R countries to identify unique strategies that can promote their environmental efficiency.
Interactions among energy consumption, CO2, and economic development in European Union countries
Authors: Gardiner Richard , Hajek Petr 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSustainable development has become a major problem in European Union (EU) countries. This has prompted many researchers to examine a broad range of interactions among sustainable development indicators. This study uses the variance decomposition and cointegration approach to assess the causal relationship among energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic development (gross domestic product [GDP], foreign direct investment [FDI], net exports, and employment in industry) in the eight new and 15 old EU countries. The results confirm the existence of at least long‐run equilibrium relationships among economic growth and energy consumption, CO2, FDI, and net exports. In addition, short‐run bidirectional causality among GDP, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions is found for the old EU countries, whereas unidirectional causalities run from GDP to energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the new EU countries. Evidence from the variance decomposition analysis shows that 22% of the future shock in GDP is due to fluctuations in energy consumption, CO2, and employment in the old EU countries, whereas 53.1% emanates from CO2, employment, and FDI in the new EU countries. These findings have potentially important implications for sustainable development and environmental policy in both old and new EU countries.
Defective Porous Carbon Polyhedra Decorated with Copper Nanoparticles for Enhanced NIR‐Driven Photothermal Cancer Therapy
Authors: Weng Yangziwan , Guan Shanyue , Wang Li , Lu Heng , Meng Xiangmin , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Zhou Shuyun 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCurrently, there is tremendous interest in the discovery of new and improved photothermal agents for near‐infrared (NIR)‐driven cancer therapy. Herein, a series of novel photothermal agents, comprising copper nanoparticles supported on defective porous carbon polyhedra are successfully prepared by heating a Cu‐BTC metal–organic framework (MOF) precursor at different temperatures (t) in the range 400–900 °C under an argon atmosphere. The copper nanoparticle size and carbon defect concentration in the obtained products (denoted herein as Cu@CPP‐t) increase with synthesis temperature, thus imparting the Cu@CPP‐t samples with distinct NIR absorption properties and photothermal heating responses. The Cu@CPP‐800 sample shows a remarkable photothermal conversion efficiency of 48.5% under 808 nm laser irradiation, representing one of the highest photothermal efficiencies yet reported for a carbon‐based photothermal agent. In vivo experiments conducted with tumor bearing nude Balb/c mice confirm the efficacy of Cu@CPP‐800 as a very promising NIR‐driven phototherapy agent for cancer treatment. Results encourage the wider use of MOFs as low cost precursors for the synthesis of carbon‐supported metal nanoparticle composites for photothermal therapy.
Modernization and the noble/common distinction: Reading modern literature through Luhmannian and Foucauldian lenses
Authors: Clark Carlton L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article draws on Luhmannian and Foucauldian social theories to analyse the decline of the “nobility/commoner” distinction. Evidence from 17th‐ and 18th‐century tracts, treatises, letters, novels, and other sources suggests that the distinction between the nobility and the commoner lost currency as functional differentiation overruled social stratification in the second half of the eighteenth century. But to preserve a sense of difference, defenders of the nobility/commoner distinction adopted a “true nobility/pretended nobility” distinction, according to which the hereditary nobility possessed noble qualities by nature, whereas the rising commoners could acquire only false nobility. Functional differentiation was met with a countermovement that attempted to establish a tighter, grid‐like social order in place of the looser medieval social order. Finally, the complexity–sustainability trade‐off principle helps to explain why the hereditary nobility might have ignored the seemingly clear evidence of an impending threat to their privileged status.
Impact of gestational diabetes mellitus on maternal cardiac adaptation to pregnancy
Authors: Buddeberg B. S. , Sharma R. , O'Driscoll J. M. , Kaelin Agten A. , Khalil A. , Thilaganathan B. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo determine whether maternal cardiac adaptation at term differs between women with, and those without, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).MethodsThis was a prospective case–control study of pregnant women at term with or without GDM. For both cases and controls, only women without any comorbidity or form of pre‐existing diabetes who had a singleton pregnancy without complication (such as pre‐eclampsia or fetal growth restriction) were included. All women underwent conventional and speckle‐tracking echocardiography to assess both the left‐ and right‐heart geometry and function.ResultsA total of 40 women with GDM and 40 healthy controls were enrolled. Women with GDM, compared with controls, had a significantly higher heart rate (83 ± 10 vs 75 ± 9 beats per min; P < 0.001), left ventricular (LV) relative wall thickness (0.43 ± 0.07 vs 0.37 ± 0.08; P < 0.001), LV early diastolic transmitral valve velocity (E) (0.80 ± 0.15 vs 0.73 ± 0.12 m/s; P = 0.026) and LV late diastolic transmitral valve velocity (A) (0.65 ± 0.13 vs 0.57 ± 0.11 m/s; P = 0.006). In women with GDM compared with controls, speckle‐tracking analysis revealed a significant reduction in LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) (−16.29 ± 2.26 vs −17.61 ± 1.89; P = 0.012), LV endocardial GLS (−18.50 ± 2.59 vs −19.84 ± 2.35; P = 0.031) and LV epicardial GLS (−14.40 ± 2.01 vs −15.73 ± 1.66; P = 0.005). Right ventricular (RV) analysis revealed a reduced pulmonary acceleration time (58 ± 10 vs 66 ± 11 ms; P = 0.001) and RV E/A ratio (1.13 ± 0.18 vs 1.29 ± 0.35; P = 0.017), as well as a higher RV myocardial systolic annular velocity (0.16 ± 0.04 vs 0.14 ± 0.02; P = 0.023) and peak late diastolic transtricuspid valve velocity (0.46 ± 0.1 m/s vs 0.39 ± 0.08 m/s; P = 0.001), in women with GDM compared to controls.ConclusionsOur findings show that even a short period of exposure to hyperglycemia, as occcurs in women with GDM, is associated with significant maternal functional cardiac impairment at term. Given these findings, further study of postnatal maternal cardiovascular recovery after GDM pregnancy is warranted. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Die Hochleistungsmikrowellenquelle Miro
Authors: Nauenburg Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: December 2019

SummaryThe high‐performance microwave source Miro – Plasma characterization and applications in PECVD and combination sputtering processesTo evaluate the potential of the high‐efficiency microwave source Miro 200 CI the properties of plasma processes were investigated focusing at PECVD coatings of a‐C:H‐ and SiOx as relevant applications. The sources were also intensively characterized by plasma diagnostic methods, e.g. by optical emission spectroscopy and electrical plasma probes. The analysis of the real efficiency of individual sources with slight changes in construction could be used to come to an optimized design. The Miro sources are able to create an extensive working volume showing relative homogeneous deposition rates of currently 35μm/h for a‐C:H and 25 μm/h for SiOx. An arrangement of multiple sources enables PECVD processes for large area coating at a pressure level close to those commonly used with PVD sources. So, post‐oxidation of sputtered layers with the Miro source could be used beneficially to obtain optical oxide layers with lower absorption. Combinations with HIPIMS sputter sources lead to efficient deposition processes of coatings for tribological applications.
Der Alleskönner der Messtechnik
Authors: Granovskij Mihail , Kohl Marcel , Zimare Anton , Bergner Klaus , Flämmich Michael , Bergner Ute 
Published: December 2019

SummaryThe all‐rounder of measurement technology – Monitoring of vacuum propertiesThe Novion is an all‐rounder of vacuum measurement technology. The newly developed sensor is based on a novel ion source and an integrated TOF mass spectrometer. The new vacuum measuring instrument is versatile: precise total pressure measurement over a wide range and simultaneously determination of helium partial pressure and residual gas analysis. By using the patented ion source, the instrument also achieves a high dynamic range without the use of a cost‐intensive electron multiplier, down to the UHV range. The Novion comes with a compact design, easy maintenance and an intuitive operation. The article covers the fields of application of this multi‐method sensor and explains its functionality in detail.
Metabolism of phospholipids in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Holič Roman , Pokorná Lucia , Griač Peter 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an important model organism for the study of fundamental questions in eukaryotic cell and molecular biology. A plethora of cellular processes are membrane associated and/or dependent on the proper functioning of cellular membranes. Phospholipids are not only the basic building blocks of cellular membranes; they also serve as precursors to numerous signaling molecules. In this review, we describe the biosynthetic pathways leading to major S. pombe phospholipids, how these pathways are regulated, and what is known about degradation and turnover of fission yeast phospholipids. This review also addresses the synthesis, regulation and the role of water‐soluble phospholipid precursors. The last chapter of the review is devoted to the use of S. pombe for the biotechnological production of value‐added lipid molecules.