bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical Attributes in Mango Fruit (Mangifera indica) as Influenced by Storage Temperature and Hot Water Treatment
Authors: Pholoma Senewa Bobby , Emongor Vallentino , Tshwenyane Seoleseng 
Published: March 2020

Background: The temperature being the most important environmental factor that influences the deterioration of perishable commodities. It is often critical that fresh produce rapidly reach the optimal pulp temperature for short term storage if it is to maintain its highest visual quality, flavour, texture and nutritional content (Kader, 2013).
Aims: The effects of storage temperature and hot water at various temperature and duration on chemical and textural characteristics of the Keitt mango fruit were evaluated for the 2015/16 growing season in Botswana.
Materials and Methods: The treatments were fruits dipped in distilled water at room temperature (25±2ºC- control), fruits dipped in hot water at 50 and 55ºC for a duration of 3, 5 and 10 minutes, and storage temperatures at 4, 7, 10, 13, or 25±2ºC, plus 95% RH.
Results: The results showed that as the storage temperature and water temperature decreased, the proline content and electrolyte leakage increased significantly (P ≤ 0.0001). The interactions of storage temperature and hot water temperature, and duration in which mango fruit was treated with hot water, significantly (P ≤ 0.01) maintained vitamin C content, firmness and reduced fruit weight loss during storage and seven days after storage when the fruit was kept at room temperature.
Conclusion: Chemical and physical attributes of Keitt mango fruits were significantly improved by the interactions between storage temperature, hot water temperature and duration.
Consequent Quantum Mechanics by Applying 8-Dimensional Spinors in the Dirac Equation
Authors: Rockenbauer Antal 
Published: March 2020

Aims: A consequent quantum mechanics was developed by rendering operators also for the charge and rest mass. In this formalism the Dirac equation was extended by applying 8-dimensional spinors for the decomposition of square root in the covariant equation of special relativity.
Results: The charge and mass operators defined by 8–dimensional spinors commute with the Hamiltonian of electron and positron in electromagnetic field, but they do not commute for neutrino and quarks.
Conclusions: For neutrino the expectation values of the rest mass and charge are zero allowing these particles moving with the speed of light. The momentum of neutrino commutes with the Hamiltonian thus it has a well-defined value for the three types of neutrinos explaining why the neutrinos can oscillate. For quarks neither the rest mass nor the charge operators commute with the Hamiltonian, thus the fractional charge and renormalized mass can be considered as expectation values in the hadron states. Since any charge measurements should give eigenvalues of its operator, no fractional charge can be detected excluding possibility of observing free quarks.
Space, density and extra‐pair matings have opposing impacts on male and female reproductive success
Authors: Lerch Brian A. , Dautel Kimberly A. , Brewer Sharee , Liang Alan , Siewe Nourridine , Flanagan Sarah 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMany territorial species have a mating system characterized by males establishing home ranges in the breeding grounds prior to females, resulting in males competing for territories and females choosing a mate upon their arrival. It remains unknown, however, how the outcomes of decisions surrounding territory establishment and mate choice are influenced by the spatial configuration of the breeding grounds. We use a spatially explicit, individual‐based model to investigate the sex‐specific effects of these decisions on reproductive success. In our model, males that arrive earlier obtain higher quality territories and improve their chances for extra‐pair copulations. Females can choose their mate to maximize the quality of the male or to attempt to minimize the density of other females near their nesting site to avoid competition. Females therefore face a tradeoff between high‐density regions around high‐quality males and low‐quality males in areas of low competition. Our model predicts a negative correlation between male and female reproductive success under a wide range of conditions when the majority of the territories are on the margins of the breeding area. Most notably, this sexual conflict arises as an edge effect suggesting that fragmentation of breeding habitats could impact the consequences of mate choice in many species with territorial breeding habits.
Axonal Transport and the Neuronal Cytoskeleton
Authors: Muralidharan H , Baas PW 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

The neuronal cytoskeleton is a system of highly organised polymers that provide architectural support for axons and dendrites and also provide railways for the transport of various classes of cytoplasmic constituents. Molecular motor proteins use the energy derived from adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis for the transport of organelles along the cytoskeletal polymers and for the transport of the polymers themselves. Axons can traverse exceeding long distances in the body, and hence require sophisticated mechanisms of axonal transport in both anterograde and retrograde directions.

Key Concepts

The neuronal cytoskeleton is composed of three classes of polymers (microtubules, microfilaments and neurofilaments) together with a host of accessory proteins that organise and regulate these polymers.

The movement of cytoplasmic constituents within the axon is termed axonal transport, and this movement has been the topic of intense study for over 50 years.

Microtubules are organised into distinct patterns of polarity orientation in axons and dendrites, with almost all axonal microtubules organised with their plus ends directed outward from the cell body, whereas dendritic microtubules are organised with roughly equal numbers having each orientation.

Molecular motor proteins hydrolyse ATP in order to move along microtubules or microfilaments, with such movements serving to transport organelles but also serving to organise the cytoskeletal elements themselves.

Cytoplasmic dynein and kinesins are the molecular motors that move along microtubules, while myosins are the molecular motors that move along microfilaments.

Fast axonal transport is the movement of organelles along microtubules in the axon, with kinesins moving organelles anterogradely and cytoplasmic dynein moving organelles retrogradely.

Dendritic transport also occurs, using much the same principles as axonal transport, but on a microtubule array with a different pattern of organisation than the axon.

Slow axonal transport is the movement of the proteins that comprise the cytoskeleton, their associated proteins, and also cytosolic proteins.

Knowledge of the mechanisms of slow axonal transport of cytoskeletal proteins is key to understanding how the cytoskeletal arrays themselves are organised in the neuron.

Progress on understanding the neuronal cytoskeleton and axonal transport has been instrumental in improving understanding of many neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Prognosis and risk factors for reocclusion after mechanical thrombectomy
Authors: Li Weili , Ding Jiayue , Sui Xueqin , Qi Zhifeng , Wu Longfei , Sun Chenghe , Ji Kangxiang , Ma Qingfeng , Ji Xunming , Liu Ke Jian 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis study evaluates reocclusion prognostic outcomes and explores reocclusion risk factors after mechanical thrombectomy (MT) in Chinese stroke patients.MethodsAltogether, 614 patients with AIS with successful recanalization after MT were recruited in this study and divided into the reocclusion and the non‐reocclusion group depending on the 24‐h imaging results after MT. Differences between the two groups were compared including 24‐h and 7‐day National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, 90‐day modified Rankin scale(mRS) scores, good prognosis (mRS:0–2) rates, incidence of intracranial hemorrhage, and 90‐day mortality.ResultsForty‐four (7.2%) patients experienced reocclusion within 24 h. Compared with the non‐reocclusion group, patients in the reocclusion group had higher 24‐h (15 vs. 13) and 7‐day (15 vs. 9) NIHSS scores, 90‐day mRS scores (4 vs. 3), and 90‐day mortality rates (34.1% vs. 18.6%); lower rates of good prognosis (13.6% vs. 9.3%); and a higher incidence of early neurological deterioration (36.4% vs. 14.7%). Age, internal carotid artery occlusion (ICA), intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), number of thrombectomy passes, stent implantation, and levels of D‐dimer (adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval: 0.97, 0.94–0.99; 2.40, 1.10–5.23; 2.21, 1.05–4.66; 2.60, 1.04–6.47; 0.25, 0.09–0.67; and 1.06, 1.01–1.12, respectively) were independently associated with 24‐h reocclusion.InterpretationThe prognosis of reocclusion after MT was poor. Timely evaluation of these factors including age, D‐dimer, ICA occlusion, IVT, number of passes, and stent implantation and appropriate intervention could reduce the incidence of reocclusion for Chinese stroke patients.
Targeted gene panel use in 2249 neuromuscular patients: the Australasian referral center experience
Authors: Beecroft Sarah J. , Yau Kyle S. , Allcock Richard J. N. , Mina Kym , Gooding Rebecca , Faiz Fathimath , Atkinson Vanessa J. , Wise Cheryl , Sivadorai Padma , Trajanoski Daniel , Kresoje Nina , Ong Royston , Duff Rachael M. , Cabrera‐Serrano Macarena , Nowak Kristen J. , Pachter Nicholas , Ravenscroft Gianina , Lamont Phillipa J. , Davis Mark R. , Laing Nigel G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo develop, test, and iterate a comprehensive neuromuscular targeted gene panel in a national referral center.MethodsWe designed two iterations of a comprehensive targeted gene panel for neuromuscular disorders. Version 1 included 336 genes, which was increased to 464 genes in Version 2. Both panels used TargetSeqTM probe‐based hybridization for target enrichment followed by Ion Torrent sequencing. Targeted high‐coverage sequencing and analysis was performed on 2249 neurology patients from Australia and New Zealand (1054 Version 1, 1195 Version 2) from 2012 to 2015. No selection criteria were used other than referral from a suitable medical specialist (e.g., neurologist or clinical geneticist). Patients were classified into 15 clinical categories based on the clinical diagnosis from the referring clinician.ResultsSix hundred and sixty‐five patients received a genetic diagnosis (30%). Diagnosed patients were significantly younger that undiagnosed patients (26.4 and 32.5 years, respectively; P = 4.6326E‐9). The diagnostic success varied markedly between disease categories. Pathogenic variants in 10 genes explained 38% of the disease burden. Unexpected phenotypic expansions were discovered in multiple cases. Triage of unsolved cases for research exome testing led to the discovery of six new disease genes.InterpretationA comprehensive targeted diagnostic panel was an effective method for neuromuscular disease diagnosis within the context of an Australasian referral center. Use of smaller disease‐specific panels would have precluded diagnosis in many patients and increased cost. Analysis through a centralized laboratory facilitated detection of recurrent, but under‐recognized pathogenic variants.
Enantioselective Vinylogous Mannich‐Type Reactions to Construct CF3S‐Containing Stereocenters Catalysed by Chiral Quaternary Phosphonium Salts
Authors: Xu Lijun , Yu Longhui , Liu Jun , Wang Hongyu , Zheng Changwu , Zhao Gang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA series of benzyl trifluoromethyl sulphides bearing a nitro group were utilized as CF3S‐containing building blocks to construct chiral CF3S‐containing molecules via enantioselective vinylogous Mannich‐type reactions. In such reactions, high yields and enantioselectivities were obtained using chiral quaternary phosphonium salts derived from amino acids. Moreover, a chiral cyclic urea bearing the CF3S moiety was obtained from further transformation of the product.magnified image
Dimethyl Sulfoxide as an Oxygen Atom Source Enabled Tandem Conversion of 2‐Alkynyl Carbonyls to 1,2‐Dicarbonyls
Authors: Lu Yuan , Luo Mu‐Jia , Hu Ming , Li Yang , Li Jin‐Heng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA tandem transformation of 2‐alkynyl carbonyl compounds by means of a CuBr2/I2/DMSO/water system is developed, enabling the fromation of various functionalized 1,2‐dicarbonyl compounds, including 1,2‐diketones, α‐keto amides and α‐keto ester. This Cu‐promoted iodine‐mediated tandem procedure employs DMSO as the oxygen atom source of the formed carbonyl group through iodonium ion formation, nucleophilic DMSO addition and C−C bond cleavage cascades.magnified image
Consumers' Choice Behavior for Cisgenic Food: Exploring the Role of Time Preferences
Authors: De Marchi Elisa , Cavaliere Alessia , Banterle Alessandro 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper aims at extending current knowledge on consumer choice behavior on food produced through the application of NBT. We explore whether consumer time preferences and socioeconomic factors may have a role in affecting choice behavior involving cisgenic and conventional products. To this purpose we designed a hypothetical CE and used cisgenic apples as a case study. The results indicate that both time preferences and socioeconomic variables contribute to explain heterogeneity in preference for food products obtained through the application of biotechnologies and provide insight that could be relevant for both the agri‐biotech industry and for policy makers.
Field‐testing olfactory ability to understand human olfactory ecology
Authors: Hoover Kara C. , Botescu Denisa , Fedurek Piotr , Aarts Sophie , Berbesque J. Colette 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectivesWe know little about human olfactory ability in natural settings because current knowledge derives from lab‐based studies using nonrepresentative samples of convenience. The primary objective was to use a validated lab tool, the five‐item odor identification test, to assess variation in olfactory ability in different environments.MethodsUsing the five‐item test, we conducted two repeated measures experiments that assessed participant ability to correctly identify an odor source in different odor environments. We also examined consistency in odor labelling due to documented potential bias from idiosyncrasies in odor terms.ResultsWe found no variation in olfactory ability due to environment, but this may be due to methodological biases. First, subjective bias results from idiosyncratic differences in participant labelling and researcher coding of answer correctness. Second, better ability to learn odors may provide an advantage to women. Third, reducing positive female learning bias by analyzing consistency in response (regardless of correct odor source identification) results in no sex differences but fails to assess the functional aspect of olfactory ability (naming the correct odor source). Fourth, functional olfactory ability is significantly better in women, especially in food‐rich odor environments.ConclusionsEnvironment was not a significant factor in olfactory ability in this study but that result may be confounded by methodological biases. We do not recommend odor identification as a field tool. Functional olfactory ability exhibits a sex‐based pattern but consistency in recognizing the same odor does not. Food‐rich odors may enhance olfactory ability in females. We discuss evolutionary and ecological implications of superior female functional olfactory ability relative to food foraging activity.
New phenotypes associated with 3q29 duplication syndrome: Results from the 3q29 registry
Authors: Pollak Rebecca M. , Zinsmeister Michael C. , Murphy Melissa M. , Zwick Michael E. ,   the Emory 3q29 Project, Mulle Jennifer G. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract3q29 duplication syndrome (3q29dup) is a rare genomic disorder caused by a 1.6 Mb duplication (GRCh38 chr3:195,998,000‐197,623,000). Case reports indicate the 3q29dup is likely to be pathogenic, but the full range of manifestations is not well understood. We used the 3q29 registry (https://3q29.com) to ascertain 31 individuals with 3q29dup, the largest cohort ever surveyed in a systematic way. For comparison, we ascertained 117 individuals with the reciprocal 3q29 deletion and 64 typically developing controls. We used a custom medical and demographic questionnaire to assess physical and developmental phenotypes, and two standardized instruments, the Social Responsiveness Scale and Child Behavior Checklist/Adult Behavior Checklist, to assess social disability. Participants with 3q29dup report a high rate of problems in the first year of life (80.6%), including feeding problems (55%), failure to gain weight (42%), hypotonia (39%), and respiratory distress (29%). In early childhood, learning problems (71.0%) and seizures (25.8%) are common. Additionally, the rate of self‐reported autism spectrum disorder diagnoses (39%) is substantially elevated compared to the general population, suggesting that the 3q29 duplication may be an autism susceptibility locus. This is the most comprehensive description of 3q29dup to date. Our findings can be used to develop evidence‐based strategies for early intervention and management of 3q29dup.
Computational Insights into the Divergent Regioselectivities for Nickel‐Catalyzed Dicarbofunctionalization of Allyl Moiety of N‐Allyl‐2‐aminopyrimidine
Authors: Yu Guan‐Fu , Wang Ping , Bao Xiaoguang , Wang Yong 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHerein, the origins of organohalide‐dependent regioselectivities for Ni‐catalyzed dicarbofunctionalization of allyl moiety of N‐allyl‐2‐aminopyrimidine were explored by computational studies. When aryl iodides are used for the dicarbofunctionalization, the detailed reaction mechanistic pathway follows the sequential oxidative addition (OA), migratory insertion (MI), β‐H elimination, H‐migration, transmetalation, and reductive elimination (RE) to afford the 1,3‐dicarbofunctionalization products. Due to the presence of chelation of the pyrimidinyl moiety of substrate with Ni, the competitive β‐H elimination leading to the product of Heck reaction is less favourable and thus the regioselective β‐H elimination occurs. The formation of thermodynamically more stable intermediate is the driving force for the subsequent H‐migration. When alkenyl bromides are used, alternative regioselectivity to give 1,2‐dicarbofunctionalization products is obtained and the proposed mechanistic pathway proceeds sequentially via OA, MI, transmetalation, and RE. The main reason accounting for the different regioselectivity between aryl iodides and alkenyl bromides involved in dicarbofunctionalization is revealed. In addition, the reversed 2,1‐regioselectivity achieved by using alkynyl halides in the Ni‐catalyzed dicarbofunctionalization is via sequential steps of OA, transmetalation, MI, and RE. The mechanistic difference that the migratory insertion step is unlikely to occur after OA, which is in contrast to the other two mechanistic pathways, is rationalized.
A microarchitectural assessment of the gluteal tuberosity suggests two possible patterns in entheseal changes
Authors: Djukić Ksenija , Milovanović Petar , Milenković Petar , Djurić Marija 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectivesMacroscopic entheseal forms show two main features: predominant signs of bony formation or resorption. To understand the development of these forms, we investigated microarchitectural differences between the macroscopic proliferative and resorptive forms of the gluteus maximus enthesis.Materials and MethodsThe macromorphological analysis of entheseal changes (EC) was based on the Villotte, visual scoring system for fibrous entheses. Gluteal tuberosity specimens of different stages of Villote's system were harvested from 16 adult males derived from an archaeological context and scanned using microcomputed tomography.ResultsThe microarchitectural analyzes of cortical bone demonstrated a trend of higher porosity in the resorptive compared to the proliferative phase in Stage B, whereas a 30% porosity reduction was detected in the resorptive compared to proliferative phase of Stage C. In terms of the trabecular bone between the resorptive and proliferative entheseal phases, there was a trend of increased connectivity density, whereas the structural model index decreased in B and increased in C. The assessment of the entire specimen showed an increase in porosity from the proliferative to the resorptive phase in the Stage B, in contrast to a decrease in the Stage C.DiscussionThe results suggest that from an initial flat entheses, two directions of EC development are possible: (a) a bony prominence may form and, subsequently, it is subjected to trabecularization of the cortical bone inside the prominence, such cortical trabecularization can lead to visible porosity on the cortical external surface; (b) the cortical bone defect may develop with the regular underlying cortical bone.
Squaramides and Ureas: A Flexible Approach to Polymerase‐Compatible Nucleic Acid Assembly
Authors: Shivalingam Arun , Taemaitree Lapatrada , El‐Sagheer Afaf H. , Brown Tom 
Published: March 2020

AbstractJoining oligonucleotides together (ligation) is a powerful means of retrieving information from the nanoscale. To recover this information, the linkages created must be compatible with polymerases. However, enzymatic ligation is restrictive and current chemical ligation methods lack flexibility. Herein, a versatile ligation platform based on the formation of urea and squaramide artificial backbones from minimally modified 3′‐ and 5′‐amino oligonucleotides is described. One‐pot ligation gives a urea linkage with excellent read‐through speed, or a squaramide linkage that is read‐through under selective conditions. The squaramide linkage can be broken and reformed on demand, while stable pre‐activated precursor oligonucleotides expand the scope of the ligation reaction to reagent‐free, mild conditions. The utility of our system is demonstrated by replacing the enzymatically biased RNA‐to‐DNA reverse transcription step of RT‐qPCR with a rapid nucleic‐acid‐template‐dependent DNA chemical ligation system, that allows direct RNA detection.
Insights into Cobalta(III/IV/II)‐Electrocatalysis: Oxidation‐Induced Reductive Elimination for Twofold C−H Activation
Authors: Meyer Tjark H. , Oliveira João C. A. , Ghorai Debasish , Ackermann Lutz 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe merger of cobalt‐catalyzed C−H activation and electrosynthesis provides new avenues for resource‐economical molecular syntheses, unfortunately their reaction mechanisms remain poorly understood. Herein, we report the identification and full characterization of electrochemically generated high‐valent cobalt(III/IV) complexes as crucial intermediates in electrochemical cobalt‐catalyzed C−H oxygenations. Detailed mechanistic studies provided support for an oxidatively‐induced reductive elimination via highly‐reactive cobalt(IV) intermediates. These key insights set the stage for unprecedented cobaltaelectro two‐fold C−H/C−H activation.