bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Follow‐up after oral cancer treatment—Transition to a personalized approach
Authors: Brands Marieke , Verbeek André , Geurts Sandra , Merkx Thijs 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundGuidelines for follow‐up after oral cancer treatment are not site‐specific and encompass the entire head and neck area rather than the oral cavity alone. This one‐size‐fits‐all protocol disregards the differences in aetiology, treatment and differential distribution of new disease between the subsites. With the effectiveness of follow‐up in early detection of new disease being put into question, the focus of follow‐up programmes might shift to other aspects of survivorship care. Personalization of follow‐up is important, considering patient‐specific features and needs. Furthermore, the COVID‐19 pandemic urges us to rethink our follow‐up practice.FindingsThis paper discusses ways in which routine follow‐up in patients treated for oral cancer can be optimized. Patients with a high risk of new disease might benefit from an intensified follow‐up regimen, whilst patients with a low risk of new disease, a low chance of cure or limited life expectancy could benefit from a de‐intensified follow‐up regimen. The latter could include a shorter follow‐up period and focus on goals other than early detection of new disease. Education of patients to report new symptoms early is of vital importance as the majority of new disease presents symptomatically. Other health care professionals such as specialist nurses and dentists need to play an important leading role in survivorship care. Remote consultations may be useful to perform more efficient and patient‐centred follow‐up care.ConclusionRoutine follow‐up needs to be seen as an integrated part of an individualized survivorship plan that is provided by the entire multidisciplinary team.
Social and Health Risk Factor Levels of Preschool Children Living Along the Texas‐Mexico Border
Authors: Treviño‐Peña Roberto , Wang Xiaohui , Wang Lin , Romero Zasha , Alanis Elizabeth , Li Huimin 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDChildhood obesity is a public health concern that disproportionately affects populations from low socioeconomic status (SES) and minority groups. Evaluation of social and health risk factors of preschool children living along the Texas‐Mexico border provides feedback to design health interventions.METHODSSouth Texas Early Prevention Study‐PreK (STEPS‐PreK) is a cluster randomized trial designed to assess the effect of the Bienestar coordinated school health program on children's health outcomes. Family characteristics, dietary intake, fitness, and anthropometric data were collected from 1277 preschool students enrolled in 28 preschools.RESULTSThe response rate was 67%. Overall, 57% of families lived in poverty. The mean age of students was 4.7 years, 95% were Hispanic, and 51% were male. The average serving of fruits and vegetables per day were 1 and 1/3, respectively. Of these, students consumed 39.7% of fruits and 18.9% of vegetables. Obesity prevalence for boys was 19.2% and for girls 16.8%. Nearly one‐half reported some form of food insecurity.CONCLUSIONSChildren living in low‐income areas are affected by high levels of social and health risk factors. It is these families who should be targeted with early‐age and culturally appropriate health programs.
Perceived Barriers and Facilitating Factors in Implementing Delayed School Start Times to Improve Adolescent Sleep Patterns
Authors: Fitzpatrick Julia M. , Silva Graciela E. , Vana Kimberly D. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDMost adolescents in the United States do not obtain sufficient sleep. Early school start times play a significant role in adolescent sleep deprivation. Most primary and secondary schools begin classes earlier than the 8:30 am. Perceived barriers to implementing a delayed school start time have been suggested in the literature but have not been quantified. This study explored perceived barriers and facilitating factors for implementing delayed high‐school start times.METHODSA cross‐sectional study. School administrators who had delayed their school start times were invited to complete an online questionnaire ranking the perceived barriers and facilitating factors for implementing the delayed start times.RESULTSMost commonly cited perceived barriers were lack of a tiered bus system, school athletes missing more afternoon classes, and less time after school for athletics. Most commonly cited facilitating factors were school‐administrator involvement in the decision‐making process and sleep education for family members and school administrators.CONCLUSIONSParticipants found that providing sleep education to fellow administrators, teachers, school staff members, families, and students and including them in the decision‐making process positively facilitated the implementation of delayed school start times. Perceived barriers to implementation may be overcome with support from stakeholders and planning committees.
Threshold model with a time‐varying threshold based on Fourier approximation
Authors: Yang Lixiong , Lee Chingnun , Chen I‐Po 
Published: December 2020

Classical threshold models assume that threshold values are constant and stable, which appears overly restrictive and unrealistic. In this article, we extend Hansen's (2000) constant threshold regression model by allowing for a time‐varying threshold which is approximated by a Fourier function. Least‐square estimation of regression slopes and the time‐varying threshold is proposed, and test statistics for the existence of threshold effect and threshold constancy are constructed. We also develop the asymptotic distribution theory for the time‐varying threshold estimator. Through Monte Carlo simulations, we show that the proposed estimation and testing procedures work reasonably well in finite samples, and there is little efficiency loss by the allowance for Fourier approximation in the estimation procedure even when there is no time‐varying feature in the threshold. On the contrary, the slope estimates are seriously biased when the threshold is time‐varying but being treated as a constant. The model is illustrated with an empirical application to a nonlinear Taylor rule for the United States.
Growth patterns and their contributing factors among HIV‐exposed uninfected infants
Authors: Ndiaye Aminata , Suneson Klara , Njuguna Irene , Ambler Gwen , Hanke Tomas , John‐Stewart Grace , Jaoko Walter , Reilly Marie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWith expanded HIV treatment and prevention programmes, most infants born to HIV‐positive women are uninfected, but the patterns and determinants of their growth are not well described. This study aimed to assess growth patterns in a cohort of HIV‐exposed uninfected (HEU) infants who participated in an experimental HIV vaccine trial and to test for associations with maternal and infant factors, including in‐utero exposure to antiretroviral therapy (ART), mode of delivery, exclusive breastfeeding, mother's education and receipt of the vaccine. Infants in the trial were seen at regular clinic visits from birth to 48 weeks of age. From the anthropometric measurements at these visits, weight‐for‐age z‐scores (WAZ), weight‐for‐length z‐scores (WLZ) and length‐for‐age z‐scores (LAZ) were computed using World Health Organization (WHO) software and reference tables. Growth patterns were investigated with respect to maternal and infant factors, using linear mixed regression models. From 94 infants included at birth, growth data were available for 75.5% at 48 weeks. The determinants of infant growth in this population are multifactorial: infant LAZ during the first year was significantly lower among infants delivered by caesarean section (p = 0.043); both WAZ and LAZ were depressed among infants with longer exposure to maternal ART (WAZ: p = 0.015; LAZ: p < 0.0001) and among infants of mothers with lower educational level (WAZ: p = 0.038; LAZ: p < 0.0001); the effect of maternal education was modified by breastfeeding practice, with no differences seen in exclusively breastfed infants. These findings inform intervention strategies to preserve growth in this vulnerable infant population.
Activities of nine antifungal agents against Candida auris biofilms
Authors: Chatzimoschou Athanasios , Giampani Athina , Meis Jacques F. , Roilides Emmanuel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundCandida auris is a newly described multidrug‐resistant fungal pathogen associated with biofilm formation and severe infections with high mortality.ObjectivesTo study the activities of fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, deoxycholate and liposomal amphotericin B, anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin against C auris biofilms and planktonic cells.Materials/MethodsC auris strains originating from 5 clades (South Asian, East Asian, African, South American and Iranian) were tested for biofilm production by safranin staining of the extracellular matrix polysaccharide structure as well as biofilm (BF) and planktonic (PLK) antifungal susceptibility to nine antifungal agents using the XTT reduction assay.ResultsCandida auris isolates produced mature BF as compared to non‐C auris control (Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis) strains. Four C auris isolates exhibited relatively high MIC’s for fluconazole (32–128 mg/L for PLK MIC and 128–1024 mg/L for BF MIC) as compared to the Iranian strain that had PLK and BF MIC’s 0.5 and 16, respectively. Itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole had relatively low PLK MICs but high BF MICs. A similar pattern was observed with echinocandins; relatively low PLK MIC (0.06–4 mg/L) but quite high BF MICs (4–2048 mg/L). While all isolates exhibited relatively low PLK MICs (0.06–4 mg/L) for both amphotericin B formulations, liposomal amphotericin B showed higher MICs compared to deoxycholate amphotericin B against C auris BF.ConclusionTriazoles, echinocandins and liposomal amphotericin B appear to have less activity against C auris biofilms than deoxycholate amphotericin B. Our in vitro model provides evidence for intrinsic C auris biofilm resistance to antifungal agents.
Friends, neighbours and enemies: an overview of the communal and social biology of plants
Authors: Bilas Roza D. , Bretman Amanda , Bennett Tom 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPlants were traditionally seen as rather passive actors in their environment, interacting with each other only in so far as they competed for the same resources. In the last 30 years, this view has been spectacularly overturned, with a wealth of evidence showing that plants actively detect and respond to their neighbours. Moreover, there is evidence that these responses depend on the identity of the neighbour, and that plants may cooperate with their kin, displaying social behaviour as complex as that observed in animals. These plant–plant interactions play a vital role in shaping natural ecosystems, and are also very important in determining agricultural productivity. However, in terms of mechanistic understanding, we have only just begun to scratch the surface, and many aspects of plant–plant interactions remain poorly understood. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the field of plant–plant interactions, covering the communal interactions of plants with their neighbours as well as the social behaviour of plants towards their kin, and the consequences of these interactions. We particularly focus on the mechanisms that underpin neighbour detection and response, highlighting both progress and gaps in our understanding of these fascinating but previously overlooked interactions.
Long‐term effectiveness of a fundamental motor skill intervention in Belgian children: A 6‐year follow‐up
Authors: Coppens Eline , Rommers Nikki , Bardid Farid , Deconinck Frederik J. A. , De Martelaer Kristine , D’Hondt Eva , Lenoir Matthieu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was (1) to examine the long‐term effectiveness of the “Multimove for Kids” program, a 30‐week fundamental motor skill intervention (approximately 1 hour per week) for typically developing children between 3 and 8 years, and (2) to determine the influence of participation in organized sports on motor competence (MC) six years after the intervention. Of the 992 children who took part in the “Multimove” program, 399 (intervention group: N = 228, control group: N = 171) were tested again at 6‐year follow‐up. MC was measured with the Test of Gross Motor Development, 2nd Edition. To examine the long‐term impact of “Multimove” on MC, and the effect of participation in organized sports a latent growth curve analysis was conducted. After the 30‐week intervention, the intervention group outperformed the control group (β = 5.57, P < .001). However, when the entire study period, including the 6‐year follow‐up, was considered, the intervention group made less progress in MC than the control group (β = −0.41, P < .05). Looking at the engagement in organized sports, it was found that years of experience before the intervention had no significant influence on the evolution of MC over time, whereas a positive effect was observed for children's average sports participation (h/week) during the 6‐year retention period (β = 0.14, P < .001). Finally, children practicing predominantly object control‐oriented sports during retention obtained slightly better MC scores at follow‐up (β = 0.01, P < .01). The “Multimove” intervention does not have a long‐term effect on the development of MC. However, participation in organized sports has a positive influence on MC evolution over time.
Nonlinear Partial Differential Equation Model-Based Coordination Control for a Master–Slave Two-Link Rigid–Flexible Manipulator With Vibration Repression
Authors: Cao Fangfei , Liu Jinkun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this study, vibration control problem is considered for a coordinative master–slave two-link rigid–flexible manipulator. By the help of Hamilton's principle, the dynamic model of the master–slave two-link rigid–flexible manipulator is expressed using nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). Based on the nonlinear PDE model, we propose a novel coordination controller for the master–slave system. The proposed controller can achieve the following three objectives: (1) making the master manipulator track the given angles; (2) making the slave manipulator track the angles of the master manipulator; and (3) repressing the deflection and vibration of both the master and the slave flexible manipulators. Stability analysis of the closed-loop system is proven by LaSalle's invariance principle. Two simulation cases are given to validate the effectiveness of the coordination controller.
Investigation of the Fuel Distribution in a Shockless Explosion Combustor
Authors: Yücel Fatma Cansu , Habicht Fabian , Jaeschke Alexander , Lückoff Finn , Oberleithner Kilian , Paschereit Christian Oliver 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Shockless explosion combustor (SEC) is a promising concept for implementing pressure gain combustion into a conventional gas turbine cycle. This concept aims for a quasi-homogeneous auto-ignition that induces a moderate rise in pressure. Since the ignition is not triggered by an external source but driven primarily by chemical kinetics, the homogeneity of the auto-ignition is very sensitive to local perturbations in equivalence ratio, temperature, and pressure that produce undesired local premature ignition. Therefore, the precise injection of a well-defined fuel profile into a convecting air flow is crucial to ensure a quasi-homogeneous ignition of the entire mixture. The objective of this work is to demonstrate that the injected fuel profile is preserved throughout the entire measurement section. For this, two different control trajectories are investigated. Optical measurement techniques are used to illustrate the effect of turbulent transport and dispersion caused by boundary layer effects on the fuel concentration profile. Results from line-of-sight measurements by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy indicate that the transport of the fuel-air mixture is dominated by turbulent diffusion. However, comparisons to numerical calculations reveal the effect of dispersion toward the bounds of the fuel concentration profile. The spatially resolved distributions of the fuel concentration inside the combustor gained from acetone planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) replicates a typical velocity distribution of turbulent pipe flow in radial direction visualizing boundary layer effects. Comparing both methods provides deep insights into the transport processes that have an impact on the operation of the SEC.
Reliability Analysis of Mechanical Systems Based on the First Four Moments of Input Parameters
Authors: Rao Singiresu S. , Zhou Yang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The performance of a mechanical or structural system can be improved through a proper selection of its design parameters such as the geometric dimensions, external actions (loads), and material characteristics. The computation of the reliability of a system, in general, requires a knowledge of the probability distributions of the parameters of the system. It is known that for most practical systems, the exact probability distributions of the parameters are not known. However, the first few moments of the parameters of the system may be readily available in many cases from experimental data. The determination of the reliability and the sensitivity of reliability to variations or fluctuations in the parameters of the system starts with the establishment of a suitable limit state equation. This work presents an approximate reliability analysis for mechanical and structural systems using the fourth-order moment function for approximating the first four moments of the limit state function. By combining the fourth-order moment function with the probabilistic perturbation method, numerical methods are developed for finding the reliability and sensitivity of reliability of the system. An automobile brake and a power screw are considered for demonstrating the methodology and effectiveness of the proposed computational approach. The results of the automobile brake are compared with those given by the Monte Carlo method.
Clinical Validity of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 in Children With Disabilities from the U.S. National Normative Sample
Authors: Pitchford E. Andrew , Webster E. Kipling 
Published: December 2020

The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) measures fundamental motor skills competency and is frequently used for eligibility determination of adapted physical education services in children with disabilities. The purpose of this study was to determine if the TGMD-3 is clinically sensitive to detect deficits in the fundamental motor skills of children with disabilities (i.e., intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, language and articulation disorders). Eighty-five children with disabilities and 85 matched controls (i.e., typically developing, individually matched on age, sex, ethnicity, and race) completed the TGMD-3. Mann–Whitney U tests identified significant differences in the total TGMD-3 scores for children with intellectual disability (p < .001), autism spectrum disorder (p < .001), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (p = .032). No differences were identified for children with language and articulation disorders. Comparisons of subscales (i.e., locomotor and ball skills) differed across disability groups. This study provides evidence that the TGMD-3 is clinically sensitive to identify deficits in fundamental motor skills competency.
Alerting on mortality among patients discharged from the emergency department: a machine learning model
Authors: Barash Yiftach , Soffer Shelly , Grossman Ehud , Tau Noam , Sorin Vera , BenDavid Eyal , Irony Avinoah , Konen Eli , Zimlichman Eyal , Klang Eyal 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesPhysicians continuously make tough decisions when discharging patients. Alerting on poor outcomes may help in this decision. This study evaluates a machine learning model for predicting 30-day mortality in emergency department (ED) discharged patients.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed visits of adult patients discharged from a single ED (1/2014–12/2018). Data included demographics, evaluation and treatment in the ED, and discharge diagnosis. The data comprised of both structured and free-text fields. A gradient boosting model was trained to predict mortality within 30 days of release from the ED. The model was trained on data from the years 2014–2017 and validated on data from the year 2018. In order to reduce potential end-of-life bias, a subgroup analysis was performed for non-oncological patients.ResultsOverall, 363 635 ED visits of discharged patients were analysed. The 30-day mortality rate was 0.8%. A majority of the mortality cases (65.3%) had a known oncological disease. The model yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97 (95% CI 0.96 to 0.97) for predicting 30-day mortality. For a sensitivity of 84% (95% CI 0.81 to 0.86), this model had a false positive rate of 1:20. For patients without a known malignancy, the model yielded an AUC of 0.94 (95% CI 0.92 to 0.95).ConclusionsAlthough not frequent, patients may die following ED discharge. Machine learning-based tools may help ED physicians identify patients at risk. An optimised decision for hospitalisation or palliative management may improve patient care and system resource allocation.
Evolution of the prevalence of pre-residency peer-reviewed publications among incoming junior residents
Authors: McClelland Shearwood , Murphy Blair , Jaboin Jerry J , Zellars Richard C 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPre-residency peer-reviewed publications (PRP) have been associated with subsequent resident choice of academic versus private practice career. The evolution of PRP prevalence among radiation oncology resident classes has yet to be examined. A list of radiation oncology residents from the graduating classes of 2016 and 2022 were obtained, and PRP was compiled as the number of publications a resident had listed in PubMed as of the end of the calendar year of residency application. Statistical analysis was conducted using Fisher's exact test. Analysis of 163 residents from the 2016 class compared with 195 from the 2022 class revealed that the proportion of residents with zero PRP decreased from 46.6% to 23.6% between the 2016 to 2022 classes (p&lt;0.0001), while that of residents with one PRP increased from 17.8% to 19.0% (p&gt;0.05) and with at least two PRP increased from 35.6% to 57.4% (p&lt;0.0001). Residents with a PhD were more likely to have at least two PRP in each class (p&lt;0.0001). As with the class of 2016, there remained no significant difference in PRP by gender for the class of 2022. Over the past six years, PRP has become more prevalent among incoming radiation oncology residents. Residents in the class of 2016 were 180% less likely than the class of 2022 to have at least one PRP, and 60% less likely to have at least two PRP. These findings are indicative of the increasing pressure on medical students to enter residency with a publication background.