bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accessibility of beef cattle farmers for formal financing institutions in Bontomarannu District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi
Authors: Yunus E Y , Asnawi A , Amrawaty A A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Every beef cattle business owner has certain considerations in choosing the type of financing to run his business. One type of external financing available comes from formal institutional financing, but household-scale beef cattle farms with little livestock ownership make access to financing sources primarily financing from formal institutions difficult. The middle to lower livestock business actors is generally less able to reach formal financial institutions such as banks to obtain additional capital so that this financial market segment is actually filled by non-formal financial institutions such as loans from close relatives, merchants suggesting production and even money lenders. The purpose of this study is to determine the accessibility of household-scale beef cattle business to formal financial institutions. The types of data used in this study are qualitative and quantitative data. The research data was collected through a survey using interview techniques. The results showed that the accessibility of beef cattle breeders to formal financial institutions was relatively low, even to non-formal financial institutions originating from close relatives.
The effect of pumice composition upon transmission loss and impact strength of pumice hybrid composite–coconut fiber/gypsum
Authors: Suardana N P G , Kencanawati C I P K , Sugita I K G , Wardana I G N , Putra I P G R 
Published: June 2020

AbstractVoice could not be separated from ears, but there is other sound called noise. Soundproofing panel in a room is highly important to hold and absorb sound in order to prevent sound to come and out of the room so the room will be comfortable. The objective of this study is to find the characteristic of transmission loss and the value of impact strength caused by the effect of pumice and gypsum composition. This study used 2 mm pumice combined with coconut fiber in 20% of fiber volume fraction, by using gypsum and glue matrix. The varied composition of this study used two comparisons Gypsum: Pumice: Glue of 1:1:1/2, and 1:2:1/2. Transmission loss was tested by using test equipment (ASTM-E-1050) and Sound Level Master (SL-4011), while the impact strength was tested by using Charpy Impact test equipment (ISO179-2). Result of this study showed that the lowest transmission loss occurred in specimen with composition 1:1:1/2 with value 13.48dB, while the highest transmission loss occurred in specimen with composition 1:2:1/2 with value 25.21dB. The lowest impact strength occurred in specimen with composition 1:2:1/2 with value 4.293kJ/m2, while the highest mean value for impact strength was 5, 534 kJ/m2 which occurred in composition 1:1:1/2.
Mixed convection of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a triangular cavity containing a pentagonal impediment
Authors: Khan Waqar A , Khan Zafar H 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Mixed convection of nanofluid (a homogeneous mixture of water and single-walled carbon nanotubes) is investigated numerically in a triangular cavity containing an adiabatic pentagonal obstacle close to the top surface. Analytical models are employed for effective thermophysical properties of nanofluid regarding carbon nanotubes and water. The top wall of the cavity is kept at a higher temperature, while the inclined sidewalls are kept at a lower temperature. A constant magnetic field of intensity B0
is introduced in the momentum equation. The effects of radiation and viscous heating on heat transfer are neglected. The impacts of Richardson number on the dimensionless velocity and temperature are presented graphically in terms of streamlines and isotherms. The Galerkin finite element method with a penalty function is employed to obtain the solution of dimensionless partial differential equations. The numerical results are examined for governing parameters, including volume fraction of carbon nanotubes, Richardson, and Hartmann numbers. It is concluded that the Nusselt number increases with increasing the governing parameters in the presence of an adiabatic pentagonal obstacle.
Hartree theory calculations of quasiparticle properties in twisted bilayer graphene
Authors: Goodwin Zachary A H , Vitale Valerio , Liang Xia , Mostofi Arash A , Lischner Johannes 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A detailed understanding of interacting electrons in twisted bilayer graphene (tBLG) near the magic angle is required to gain insights into the physical origin of the observed broken symmetry phases. Here, we present extensive atomistic Hartree theory calculations of the electronic properties of tBLG in the (semi-)metallic phase as function of doping and twist angle. Specifically, we calculate quasiparticle properties, such as the band structure, density of states (DOS) and local density of states (LDOS), which are directly accessible in photoemission and tunnelling spectroscopy experiments. We find that quasiparticle properties change significantly upon doping—an effect which is not captured by tight-binding theory. In particular, we observe that the partially occupied bands flatten significantly which enhances the density of states at the Fermi level. We predict a clear signature of this band flattening in the LDOS in the AB/BA regions of tBLG which can be tested in scanning tunneling experiments. We also study the dependence of quasiparticle properties on the dielectric environment of tBLG and discover that these properties are surprisingly robust as a consequence of the strong internal screening. Finally, we present a simple analytical expression for the Hartree potential which enables the determination of quasiparticle properties without the need for self-consistent calculations.
Contingent trade-off decisions with feedbacks in cyclical environments: testing alternative theories
Authors: Railsback Steven F , Harvey Bret C , Ayllón Daniel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMany animals make contingent decisions, such as when and where to feed, as trade-offs between growth and risk when these vary not only with activity and location but also 1) in cycles such as the daily light cycle and 2) with feedbacks due to competition. Theory can assume an individual decides whether and where to feed, at any point in the light cycle and under any new conditions, by predicting future conditions and maximizing an approximate measure of future fitness. We develop four such theories for stream trout and evaluate them by their ability to reproduce, in an individual-based model, seven patterns observed in real trout. The patterns concern how feeding in four circadian phases—dawn, day, dusk, and night—varies with predation risk, food availability, temperature, trout density, physical habitat, day length, and circadian cycles in food availability. We found that theory must consider the full circadian cycle: decisions at one phase must consider what happens in other phases. Three theories that do so could reproduce almost all the patterns, and their ability to let individuals adapt decisions over time produced higher average fitness than any fixed behavior cycle. Because individuals could adapt by selecting among habitat patches as well as activity, multiple behaviors produced similar fitness. Our most successful theories base selection of habitat and activity at each phase on memory of survival probabilities and growth rates experienced 1) in the three previous phases of the current day or 2) in each phase of several previous days.
The Cinderella discipline: morphometrics and their use in botanical classification
Authors: Christodoulou Maria D , Clark Jonathan Y , Culham Alastair 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBetween the 1960s and the present day, the use of morphology in plant taxonomy suffered a major decline, in part driven by the apparent superiority of DNA-based approaches to data generation. However, in recent years computer image recognition has re-kindled the interest in morphological techniques. Linear or geometric morphometric approaches have been employed to distinguish and classify a wide variety of organisms; each has strengths and weaknesses. Here we review these approaches with a focus on plant classification and present a case for the combination of morphometrics with statistical/machine learning. There are many classification techniques available for biological analysis and selecting the most appropriate is not trivial. Performance should be evaluated using standardized metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The gathering and storage of high-resolution images, combined with the processing power of desktop computers, makes morphometric approaches practical as a time- and cost-efficient way of non-destructive identification of plant samples.
Homeosis and delayed floral meristem termination could account for abnormal flowers in cultivars ofDelphiniumandAquilegia(Ranunculaceae)
Authors: Espinosa Felipe , Damerval Catherine , Le Guilloux Martine , Deroin Thierry , Wang Wei , Pinedo-Castro Myreya , Nadot Sophie , Jabbour Florian 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFloral mutants display various deviant phenotypes and, as such, they are appropriate material with which to address the origin and the building of morphological variation. To identify the pivotal developmental stages at which floral variation may originate and to infer the putative associated genetic causes, we studied abnormal flowers in nine cultivars of Aquilegia and Delphinium of Ranunculaceae, a family displaying a high range of floral diversity. Wild-type flowers of the two genera are pentamerous and spurred, but they differ in their overall symmetry (actinomorphy vs. zygomorphy). Floral morphology of their cultivars at different developmental stages up to anthesis was observed, and the putative identity of the perianth organs and vascularization was inferred. Our results show that in the floral mutants in both genera, phyllotaxis was generally conserved, whereas floral organization, vascularization and symmetry were modified. Most of the morphological and anatomical deviations impacted the perianth, including organ number, identity and (spur) elaboration, and also led to the formation of mosaic organs. We hypothesized that the phenotypes of floral mutants in Aquilegia and Delphinium result from genetic alterations affecting frontiers between sets of organs of different identity, homeosis and length of floral meristem activity.
The role of women in managing waste banks and supporting waste management in local communities
Authors: Asteria Donna , Herdiansyah Herdis 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper aims to describe women’s role with active participation in waste management within their communities. The environmental awareness education of citizens combined with the application of the ‘4Rs’ principle (reduce, reuse, recycle, and replant) is necessary to develop waste banks to resolve the issue of waste. Waste bank management is predicted to be the best solution for the municipal waste management and increases the public’s awareness of recycling household waste as a waste management strategy. An increase in awareness begins at the community level. Women can be as social capital in community with the capacity to move the community through their active role in waste management activities. This study considered citizens in Karang Resik, Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia and used the emancipatory participation methods of counselling, educating, and training. The results showed that the presence of a waste bank educated residents to be disciplined in managing their waste and provided extra income from waste collection. Moreover, it strengthened the social cohesion for women within the community. This study shows that local female administrators in family welfare empowerment programmes can be used as role models for other women and can provide a significant impact on waste management.
Genomic Determination of Relative Risks forClostridioides difficileInfection From Asymptomatic Carriage in Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Worley Jay , Delaney Mary L , Cummins Christopher K , DuBois Andrea , Klompas Michael , Bry Lynn 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundClostridioides difficile infections (CDIs) are among the most prevalent hospital-associated infections (HAIs), particularly for intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The risks for developing active CDI from asymptomatic carriage of C. difficile are not well understood.MethodsWe identified asymptomatic C. difficile carriage among 1897 ICU patients using rectal swabs from an existing ICU vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) surveillance program. C. difficile isolates from VRE swabs, and from C. difficile–positive stool samples, were genome sequenced. Spatial-temporal data from hospital records assessed genomically identified clusters for potential transmission events.ResultsGenomic analyses identified a diverse set of strains in infected patients and asymptomatic carriers. A total of 7.4% of ICU patients asymptomatically carried C. difficile; 69% of isolates carried an intact toxin locus. In contrast, 96% of C. difficile stool isolates were toxin encoding. CDI rates in asymptomatic carriers of toxin-encoding strains were 5.3% versus 0.57% in noncarriers. The relative risk for CDI with asymptomatic carriage of a toxin-encoding strain was 9.32 (95% confidence interval, 3.25–26.7). Genomic identification of clonal clusters supported analyses for asymptomatic transmission events, with spatial-temporal overlaps identified in 13 of 28 cases.ConclusionsOur studies provide the first genomically confirmed assessments of CDI relative risk from asymptomatic carriage of toxin-encoding strains and highlight the complex dynamics of asymptomatic transmission in ICUs. Asymptomatic carriers are an active reservoir of C. difficile in the nosocomial environment. C. difficile screening can be implemented within existing HAI surveillance programs and has the potential to support infection-control efforts against this pathogen.
Pattern of recurrence of pN2 non-small-cell lung cancer: should postoperative radiotherapy be reconsidered?
Authors: Nakagawa Kazuo , Yoshida Yukihiro , Yotsukura Masaya , Watanabe Shun-ichi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES

The prognosis of patients with mediastinal lymph node (LN) metastasis (pN2 stage III disease) is still unsatisfactory. Both systemic and local recurrence should be prevented after curative surgery. The aim of this study was to explore the pattern of recurrence in patients with completely resected pN2 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the era of adjuvant chemotherapy.

METHODS
We investigated 337 patients with completely resected cN0-1 and pN2 NSCLC from 2005 to 2016 at National Cancer Center Hospital, Japan. The patterns of recurrence were compared between patients who were managed by observation alone and those with adjuvant chemotherapy. In patients with regional LN recurrence, the pattern and site of recurrence were also explored.

RESULTS
There were 195 (58.5%) men and 142 (41.5%) women with a mean age of 63.2 years. Fifty-five (16.3%) patients developed only regional LN recurrence, 116 (32.6%) patients developed only distant recurrence and 65 (19.3%) patients developed both regional LN recurrence and distant recurrence. The difference in the pattern of recurrence between patients with observation alone and those with adjuvant chemotherapy was not statistically significant (P = 0.145). As for the pattern of regional LN recurrence, 68 (20.2%) patients had LN recurrence inside the systematic nodal dissection area.

CONCLUSIONS
Regional LN recurrence was observed in &gt;30% of patients with completely resected pN2 NSCLC. About 20% of patients had recurrence inside the systematic nodal dissection area. Postoperative radiotherapy might be considered as an additional treatment strategy for these patients.
Ultrastructural, Cytochemical, and Comparative Genomic Evidence of Peroxisomes in Three Genera of Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae, Including the First Morphological Data for the Presence of This Organelle in Heteroloboseans
Authors: González-Robles Arturo , González-Lázaro Mónica , Lagunes-Guillén Anel Edith , Omaña-Molina Maritza , Lares-Jiménez Luis Fernando , Lares-Villa Fernando , Martínez-Palomo Adolfo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Peroxisomes perform various metabolic processes that are primarily related to the elimination of reactive oxygen species and oxidative lipid metabolism. These organelles are present in all major eukaryotic lineages, nevertheless, information regarding the presence of peroxisomes in opportunistic parasitic protozoa is scarce and in many cases it is still unknown whether these organisms have peroxisomes at all. Here, we performed ultrastructural, cytochemical, and bioinformatic studies to investigate the presence of peroxisomes in three genera of free-living amoebae from two different taxonomic groups that are known to cause fatal infections in humans. By transmission electron microscopy, round structures with a granular content limited by a single membrane were observed in Acanthamoeba castellanii, Acanthamoeba griffini, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, Acanthamoeba royreba, Balamuthia mandrillaris (Amoebozoa), and Naegleria fowleri (Heterolobosea). Further confirmation for the presence of peroxisomes was obtained by treating trophozoites in situ with diaminobenzidine and hydrogen peroxide, which showed positive reaction products for the presence of catalase. We then performed comparative genomic analyses to identify predicted peroxin homologues in these organisms. Our results demonstrate that a complete set of peroxins—which are essential for peroxisome biogenesis, proliferation, and protein import—are present in all of these amoebae. Likewise, our in silico analyses allowed us to identify a complete set of peroxins in Naegleria lovaniensis and three novel peroxin homologues in Naegleria gruberi. Thus, our results indicate that peroxisomes are present in these three genera of free-living amoebae and that they have a similar peroxin complement despite belonging to different evolutionary lineages.
Eight decades of adaptive changes in herring reproductive investment: the joint effect of environment and exploitation
Authors: Claireaux Marion , dos Santos Schmidt Thassya C , Olsen Esben Moland , Slotte Aril , Varpe Øystein , Heino Mikko , Enberg Katja 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Reproductive investment is a central trait for population dynamics and productivity. Fishing and environmental variations are major drivers affecting population structure, dynamics, and adaptation of life-history and behavioural traits. However, those factors are often considered independently, and few studies take into account their joint effect. In this study, we investigate the contribution of environment, fishing pressure, and intra-specific competition to variation in the reproductive investment of the Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus), a stock that has been fished for centuries, and monitored for decades. Reproductive investment and post-spawning weight were affected differently by growth rate (measured as mean age-at-length), sea surface temperature, North Atlantic Oscillation, and spawning stock biomass in periods with no fishing, unselective fishing, and low but size-selective fishing. We hypothesize that those changes can be explained by direct effects of exploitation such as age truncation and changes in migration patterns. Our results highlight how fishing, by affecting population-level dynamics, can modify the impact of environmental variations on life-history traits.
Changes in growth and migration patterns of sea trout before and after the introduction of Atlantic salmon farming
Authors: Eldøy Sindre Håvarstein , Ryan D , Roche W K , Thorstad E B , Næsje T F , Sjursen A D , Gargan P G , Davidsen J G 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Marine growth has strong implications for reproductive potential and ultimate fitness of sea trout. Hence, the effects of anthropogenic factors on marine growth are important when evaluating population responses and implementing management measures. Temporal changes in growth patterns of sea trout from three Norwegian and two Irish watercourses were examined, covering time spans of 25–65 years. Elemental chemistry Ba:Ca profiles and visual reading of fish scales were used to estimate smolt length and lifetime growth after first sea entry. Reduced growth after the first sea entry coincided with periods of nearby (&lt;14 km) salmon-farming activity in impacted watersheds in both countries. Increased Ba:Ca levels were also recorded during these periods, likely indicating reduced residency in marine habitats caused by premature return to freshwater and estuaries. An increase in estimated length at first sea entry coinciding with salmon-farming activity, for groups of fish sampled after sea migration, suggests a size-selective marine mortality, with the smallest individuals experiencing a larger mortality.
Stable asymmetric spike equilibria for the Gierer–Meinhardt model with a precursor field
Authors: Kolokolnikov Theodore , Paquin-Lefebvre Frédéric , Ward Michael J 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPrecursor gradients in a reaction-diffusion system are spatially varying coefficients in the reaction kinetics. Such gradients have been used in various applications, such as the head formation in the Hydra, to model the effect of pre-patterns and to localize patterns in various spatial regions. For the 1D Gierer–Meinhardt (GM) model, we show that a non-constant precursor gradient in the decay rate of the activator can lead to the existence of stable, asymmetric and two-spike patterns, corresponding to localized peaks in the activator of different heights. These stable, asymmetric patterns co-exist in the same parameter space as symmetric two-spike patterns. This is in contrast to a constant precursor case, for which asymmetric spike patterns are known to be unstable. Through a determination of the global bifurcation diagram of two-spike steady-state patterns, we show that asymmetric patterns emerge from a supercritical symmetry-breaking bifurcation along the symmetric two-spike branch as a parameter in the precursor field is varied. Through a combined analytical-numerical approach, we analyse the spectrum of the linearization of the GM model around the two-spike steady state to establish that portions of the asymmetric solution branches are linearly stable. In this linear stability analysis, a new class of vector-valued non-local eigenvalue problem is derived and analysed.