bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Well-meaning discourses of climate delay
Authors: Stern Paul C. 
Published: November 2020

Non-technical summary
Lamb et al. (2020) identified 12 discourses used by a counter-movement to delay or weaken action to limit climate change. This commentary notes three discourses used by those promoting such action that can also delay meaningful action: insisting on transformational change to the exclusion of incremental change, downplaying the value of emissions targets, and focusing attention on adaptation.
Skewness of Temperature Data Implies an Abrupt Change in the Climate System Between 1985 and 1991
Authors: Skelton A. , Kirchner N. , Kockum I. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInstrumental records of mean annual temperature extend back to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries at multiple sites in Europe. For such long time series, we expect and find that histograms of mean annual temperature data become skewed toward higher temperatures with time because of global warming. However, we also find that skewness changed abruptly and started increasing between 1985 and 1991 (95% confidence) at 17 sites. We argue that this finding may imply an abrupt change in the climate system affecting Europe which probably occurred at this time. We investigate possible causes and find Arctic sea ice loss, potentially linked to reduced sulfate aerosol emissions and coupled to temperature by an albedo feedback mechanism, a likely candidate. This is based on good correlations of sea ice extent and sulfate aerosol emissions with skewness of mean annual temperature data.
Extreme Outliers in Lower Stratospheric Water Vapor Over North America Observed by MLS: Relation to Overshooting Convection Diagnosed From Colocated Aqua‐MODIS Data
Authors: Werner F. , Schwartz M. J. , Livesey N. J. , Read W. G. , Santee M. L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractConvectively injected water vapor (H2O) in the North American (NA) summer lowermost stratosphere results in significant outliers in the 100‐hPa H2O measurements from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). MLS statistics from 15 years confirm that the NA region contains over 60% of global 100‐hPa H2O > 12 ppmv, despite having only ∼1.8% of all MLS observations. A profile sampled in August 2019 stands out, with
ppmv, far exceeding the prior record and the median ∼4.5‐ppmv abundance in NA. This particular outlier is associated with a large overshooting convective event (OCE) that spanned multiple U.S. states and persisted for several hours. Colocation of the MLS data over NA with cloud observations from Aqua's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reveals the unique character of this case, as only 2.3% of MLS profiles are as close to an OCE and only 0.024% of OCEs cover as large an area within a 500‐km perimeter of a profile.
Larger Sensitivity of Arctic Precipitation Phase to Aerosol than Greenhouse Gas Forcing
Authors: Pan Shifeng , Dou Tingfeng , Lin Lei , Yang Jiao , Zhang Feng , Duan Mingkeng , Zhao Chuanfeng , Liao Hong , Xiao Cunde 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe sensitivity of the Arctic precipitation phases (solid and liquid) to the forcings from greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols over 2016–2080 was investigated by using the Community Earth System Model Version 1. Results show that the warming caused by the two forcings results in an increasing trend in total precipitation and a solid‐to‐liquid precipitation transition in the Arctic. Under RCP8.5 scenario, the increased rate of Arctic mean precipitation with global warming forced by aerosol reduction (7.7%/°C) is twice greater than that by increased GHG emission (3.5%/°C). The sensitivity of rainfall to precipitation ratio (RPR) to various forcings is much higher than that of total precipitation in the Arctic. The increased rate of RPR due to global aerosol forcing (8.4%/°C) is approximately 3 times that due to GHG forcing (2.9%/°C) in the Arctic, the differences even larger over Greenland and the eastern Arctic Ocean, resulting in more rainfall in these areas.
A Comparison of Convective Raindrop Size Distributions in the Eyewall and Spiral Rainbands of Typhoon Lekima (2019)
Authors: Bao Xuwei , Wu Liguang , Zhang Shuai , Yuan Huizhen , Wang Huihui 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA reliable shape–slope (μ‐Λ) relationship for polarimetric retrieval in tropical cyclones (TCs) is unavailable due to the lack of raindrop size distribution (RSD) measurements within the TC eyewall. This study presents an analysis of the convective RSDs in the eyewall and spiral rainbands, based on ~26 hr of measurement from 17 Thies disdrometers during the landfall of Typhoon Lekima (2019) in eastern China. A μ‐Λ relationship for polarimetric retrieval in the eyewall is derived, which is different from those in spiral rainbands of Lekima. The average raindrop diameter parameter Dm (concentration parameter log10Nw) is found to generally decrease (increase) radially from the TC center, but note that most rain samples with intense rain rate >50 mm hr−1 occur in the convection‐dominated portion of inner rainbands. To explain why, an equilibrium RSD is proposed as a constraint on the growth of Dm and log10Nw with increasing rain rate.
Interplanetary Shock Impact Angles Control Magnetospheric ULF Wave Activity: Wave Amplitude, Frequency, and Power Spectra
Authors: Oliveira Denny M. , Hartinger Michael D. , Xu Zhonghua , Zesta Eftyhia , Pilipenko Vyacheslav A. , Giles Barbara L. , Silveira Marcos V. D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe present the first clear observational connection between interplanetary shock impact angles and magnetospheric ultralow frequency (ULF) wave activity. We perform a comparative study of two solar wind shocks with relatively similar strengths, but one being nearly frontal and, the other, highly inclined. We utilize multipoint observations with magnetometers based in space and on the ground for comparisons. For satellites and ground stations occupying similar local time positions, we find that the ULF waves have larger amplitudes and tend to be more narrowband in the case of the nearly head‐on impact, confirming previous simulation results. Additionally, we provide evidence that, due to their symmetric compression nature, nearly frontal shocks can excite only odd mode waves, while asymmetric compressions caused by inclined shocks can excite both odd and even mode waves. These results suggest that shock impact angles play crucial roles in mediating ULF wave‐particle interactions in the inner magnetosphere.
Radiation Environment and Doses on Mars at Oxia Planum and Mawrth Vallis: Support for Exploration at Sites With High Biosignature Preservation Potential
Authors: Da Pieve F. , Gronoff G. , Guo J. , Mertens C. J. , Neary L. , Gu B. , Koval N. E. , Kohanoff J. , Vandaele A. C. , Cleri F. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe first human missions on Mars will likely involve several astrobiology‐driven science operations, at sites with high biosignature preservation potential. Here, we present a study of the radiation environment induced by Galactic Cosmic Rays and Solar Energetic Particles at Oxia Planum, landing site of the European Space Agency ExoMars 2022 mission, and at two different locations in Mawrth Vallis, using the Monte Carlo GEometry ANd Tracking 4‐based code dMEREM (detailed Martian Energetic Radiation Environment Model). The radiation environment for solar minimum in 2009 and a period close to solar maximum during the declining phase of solar cycle 23 appears similar at the different sites, with the deepest Mawrth Vallis location having a slightly enhanced γ‐ray contribution, due to a higher modulation of fast neutrons by the more water‐rich regolith. The comparison with the Dose Equivalent from an updated extrapolation of 7+ years data from the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) onboard the Curiosity rover highlights the importance of input modulation conditions, some drawbacks of the galactic cosmic ray model used here, and the need to include heavy ions, the three aspects affecting differently the estimations for solar maximum and minimum. The dependence of doses on surface pressure highlights a possible influence of the different dust loading at the different sites. Estimated exposure levels for a 1‐year stay and for a short stay in Arabia Terra, the latter including a October 28, 2003 event with a fluence an order of magnitude higher than the relevant September 2017 event detected by RAD, leave reasonable to large safety margins.
Targeting nuclear acid-mediated immunity in cancer immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies
Authors: Chen Miaoqin , Hu Shiman , Li Yiling , Jiang Ting Ting , Jin Hongchuan , Feng Lifeng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCancer immunotherapy especially immune checkpoint inhibition has achieved unprecedented successes in cancer treatment. However, there are many patients who failed to benefit from these therapies, highlighting the need for new combinations to increase the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we summarized the latest discoveries on the combination of nucleic acid-sensing immunity and immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy. Given the critical role of nuclear acid-mediated immunity in maintaining the activation of T cell function, it seems that harnessing the nuclear acid-mediated immunity opens up new strategies to enhance the effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors for tumor control.
Management of hyperkalemia during treatment with mineralocorticoid receptor blockers: findings from esaxerenone
Authors: Rakugi Hiromi , Yamakawa Satoru , Sugimoto Kotaro 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blocker esaxerenone has demonstrated good antihypertensive activity in a variety of patients, including those with uncomplicated grade I–III hypertension, hypertension with moderate renal dysfunction, hypertension with type 2 diabetes mellitus with albuminuria, and hypertension associated with primary aldosteronism. Hyperkalemia has long been recognized as a potential side effect occurring during treatment with MR blockers, but there is a lack of understanding and guidance about the appropriate management of hyperkalemia during antihypertensive therapy with MR blockers, especially in regard to the newer agent esaxerenone. In this article, we first highlight risk factors for hyperkalemia, including advanced chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, age, and use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors. Next, we examine approaches to prevention and management, including potassium monitoring, diet, and the use of appropriate therapeutic techniques. Finally, we summarize the currently available data for esaxerenone and hyperkalemia. Proper management of serum potassium is required to ensure safe clinical use of MR blockers, including awareness of at-risk patient groups, choosing appropriate dosages for therapy initiation and dosage titration, and monitoring of serum potassium during therapy. It is critical that physicians take such factors into consideration to optimize MR blocker therapy in patients with hypertension.
An enhanced isothermal amplification assay for viral detection
Authors: Qian Jason , Boswell Sarah A. , Chidley Christopher , Lu Zhi-xiang , Pettit Mary E. , Gaudio Benjamin L. , Fajnzylber Jesse M. , Ingram Ryan T. , Ward Rebecca H. , Li Jonathan Z. , Springer Michael 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRapid, inexpensive, robust diagnostics are essential to control the spread of infectious diseases. Current state of the art diagnostics are highly sensitive and specific, but slow, and require expensive equipment. Here we report the development of a molecular diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2 based on an enhanced recombinase polymerase amplification (eRPA) reaction. eRPA has a detection limit on patient samples down to 5 viral copies, requires minimal instrumentation, and is highly scalable and inexpensive. eRPA does not cross-react with other common coronaviruses, does not require RNA purification, and takes ~45 min from sample collection to results. eRPA represents a first step toward at-home SARS-CoV-2 detection and can be adapted to future viruses within days of genomic sequence availability.
Distinct dynamics of social motivation drive differential social behavior in laboratory rat and mouse strains
Authors: Netser Shai , Meyer Ana , Magalnik Hen , Zylbertal Asaph , de la Zerda Shani Haskal , Briller Mayan , Bizer Alexander , Grinevich Valery , Wagner Shlomo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMice and rats are widely used to explore mechanisms of mammalian social behavior in health and disease, raising the question whether they actually differ in their social behavior. Here we address this question by directly comparing social investigation behavior between two mouse and rat strains used most frequently for behavioral studies and as models of neuropathological conditions: C57BL/6 J mice and Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Employing novel experimental systems for behavioral analysis of both subjects and stimuli during the social preference test, we reveal marked differences in behavioral dynamics between the strains, suggesting stronger and faster induction of social motivation in SD rats. These different behavioral patterns, which correlate with distinctive c-Fos expression in social motivation-related brain areas, are modified by competition with non-social rewarding stimuli, in a strain-specific manner. Thus, these two strains differ in their social behavior, which should be taken into consideration when selecting an appropriate model organism.
Astrocytic pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-2 is involved in hypothalamic inflammation in mouse models of diabetes
Authors: Rahman Md Habibur , Bhusal Anup , Kim Jae-Hong , Jha Mithilesh Kumar , Song Gyun Jee , Go Younghoon , Jang Il-Sung , Lee In-Kyu , Suk Kyoungho 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHypothalamic inflammation plays an important role in disrupting feeding behavior and energy homeostasis as well as in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. Here, we show that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK)-2 plays a role in hypothalamic inflammation and its sequelae in mouse models of diabetes. Cell type-specific genetic ablation and pharmacological inhibition of PDK2 in hypothalamic astrocytes suggest that hypothalamic astrocytes are involved in the diabetic phenotype. We also show that the PDK2-lactic acid axis plays a regulatory role in the observed metabolic imbalance and hypothalamic inflammation in mouse primary astrocyte and organotypic cultures, through the AMPK signaling pathway and neuropeptidergic circuitry governing feeding behavior. Our findings reveal that PDK2 ablation or inhibition in mouse astrocytes attenuates diabetes-induced hypothalamic inflammation and subsequent alterations in feeding behavior.
Decoding individual identity from brain activity elicited in imagining common experiences
Authors: Anderson Andrew James , McDermott Kelsey , Rooks Brian , Heffner Kathi L. , Dodell-Feder David , Lin Feng V. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEveryone experiences common events differently. This leads to personal memories that presumably provide neural signatures of individual identity when events are reimagined. We present initial evidence that these signatures can be read from brain activity. To do this, we progress beyond previous work that has deployed generic group-level computational semantic models to distinguish between neural representations of different events, but not revealed interpersonal differences in event representations. We scanned 26 participants’ brain activity using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging as they vividly imagined themselves personally experiencing 20 common scenarios (e.g., dancing, shopping, wedding). Rather than adopting a one-size-fits-all approach to generically model scenarios, we constructed personal models from participants’ verbal descriptions and self-ratings of sensory/motor/cognitive/spatiotemporal and emotional characteristics of the imagined experiences. We demonstrate that participants’ neural representations are better predicted by their own models than other peoples’. This showcases how neuroimaging and personalized models can quantify individual-differences in imagined experiences.
Dinucleosome specificity and allosteric switch of the ISW1a ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler in transcription regulation
Authors: Bhardwaj Saurabh K. , Hailu Solomon G. , Olufemi Lola , Brahma Sandipan , Kundu Soumyadipta , Hota Swetansu K. , Persinger Jim , Bartholomew Blaine 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOver the last 3 decades ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers have been thought to recognize chromatin at the level of single nucleosomes rather than higher-order organization of more than one nucleosome. We show the yeast ISW1a remodeler has such higher-order structural specificity, as manifested by large allosteric changes that activate the nucleosome remodeling and spacing activities of ISW1a when bound to dinucleosomes. Although the ATPase domain of Isw1 docks at the SHL2 position when ISW1a is bound to either mono- or di-nucleosomes, there are major differences in the interactions of the catalytic subunit Isw1 with the acidic pocket of nucleosomes and the accessory subunit Ioc3 with nucleosomal DNA. By mutational analysis and uncoupling of ISW1a’s dinucleosome specificity, we find that dinucleosome recognition is required by ISW1a for proper chromatin organization at promoters; as well as transcription regulation in combination with the histone acetyltransferase NuA4 and histone H2A.Z exchanger SWR1.
A continental-scale soil evaporation dataset derived from Soil Moisture Active Passive satellite drying rates
Authors: Abolafia-Rosenzweig Ronnie , Badger Andrew M. , Small Eric E. , Livneh Ben 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis manuscript describes an observationally-based dataset of soil evaporation for the conterminous U.S. (CONUS), gridded to a 9 km resolution for the time-period of April 2015-March 2019. This product is termed E-SMAP (Evaporation-Soil Moisture Active Passive) in which soil evaporation is estimated from the surface layer, defined by the SMAP sensing depth of 50 mm, between SMAP overpass intervals that are screened on the basis of precipitation and SMAP quality control flags. Soil evaporation is estimated using a water balance of the surface soil that we show is largely dominated by SMAP-observed soil drying. E-SMAP soil evaporation is on average 0.72 mm day−1, which falls within the range of soil evaporation estimates (0.17–0.89 mm day−1) derived from operational land surface models and an alternative remote sensing product. E-SMAP is independent from existing soil evaporation estimates and therefore has the potential to improve understanding of evapotranspiration partitioning and model development.
Transcriptome dataset of human corneal endothelium based on ribosomal RNA-depleted RNA-Seq data
Authors: Tokuda Yuichi , Okumura Naoki , Komori Yuya , Hanada Naoya , Tashiro Kei , Koizumi Noriko , Nakano Masakazu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe corneal endothelium maintains corneal transparency; consequently, damage to this endothelium by a number of pathological conditions results in severe vision loss. Publicly available expression databases of human tissues are useful for investigating the pathogenesis of diseases and for developing new therapeutic modalities; however, databases for ocular tissues, and especially the corneal endothelium, are poor. Here, we have generated a transcriptome dataset from the ribosomal RNA-depleted total RNA from the corneal endothelium of eyes from seven Caucasians without ocular diseases. The results of principal component analysis and correlation coefficients (ranged from 0.87 to 0.96) suggested high homogeneity of our RNA-Seq dataset among the samples, as well as sufficient amount and quality. The expression profile of tissue-specific marker genes indicated only limited, if any, contamination by other layers of the cornea, while the Smirnov-Grubbs test confirmed the absence of outlier samples. The dataset presented here should be useful for investigating the function/dysfunction of the cornea, as well as for extended transcriptome analyses integrated with expression data for non-coding RNAs.
The SUSTech-SYSU dataset for automated exudate detection and diabetic retinopathy grading
Authors: Lin Li , Li Meng , Huang Yijin , Cheng Pujin , Xia Honghui , Wang Kai , Yuan Jin , Tang Xiaoying 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAutomated detection of exudates from fundus images plays an important role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening and evaluation, for which supervised or semi-supervised learning methods are typically preferred. However, a potential limitation of supervised and semi-supervised learning based detection algorithms is that they depend substantially on the sample size of training data and the quality of annotations, which is the fundamental motivation of this work. In this study, we construct a dataset containing 1219 fundus images (from DR patients and healthy controls) with annotations of exudate lesions. In addition to exudate annotations, we also provide four additional labels for each image: left-versus-right eye label, DR grade (severity scale) from three different grading protocols, the bounding box of the optic disc (OD), and fovea location. This dataset provides a great opportunity to analyze the accuracy and reliability of different exudate detection, OD detection, fovea localization, and DR classification algorithms. Moreover, it will facilitate the development of such algorithms in the realm of supervised and semi-supervised learning.
Bowhead whales use two foraging strategies in response to fine-scale differences in zooplankton vertical distribution
Authors: Fortune Sarah M. E. , Ferguson Steven H. , Trites Andrew W. , Hudson Justine M. , Baumgartner Mark F. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAs zooplanktivorous predators, bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) must routinely locate patches of prey that are energy-rich enough to meet their metabolic needs. However, little is known about how the quality and quantity of prey might influence their feeding behaviours. We addressed this question using a new approach that included: (1) multi-scale biologging and unmanned aerial system observations of bowhead whales in Cumberland Sound, Nunavut (Canada), and (2) an optical plankton counter (OPC) and net collections to identify and enumerate copepod prey species through the water column. The OPC data revealed two prey layers comprised almost exclusively of lipid-rich calanoid copepods. The deep layer contained fewer, but larger, particles (10% greater overall biomass) than the shallow prey layer. Dive data indicated that the whales conducted long deep Square-shaped dives (80% of dives; averaging depth of 260.4 m) and short shallow Square-shaped dives (16%; averaging depth of 22.5 m) to feed. The whales tended to dive proportionally more to the greater biomass of zooplankton that occurred at depth. Combining behavioural recordings with prey sampling showed a more complex feeding ecology than previously understood, and provides a means to evaluate the energetic balance of individuals under current environmental conditions.