bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Everything Old Is New Again—Or Is It?
Authors: Cohen Julie E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Extending the analytical frame and the metaphor of the double movement, this chapter frames the emergence of informational capitalism in terms of three large-scale shifts that together constitute the movement toward informational capitalism: the propertization (or enclosure) of intangible resources, the dematerialization and datafication of the basic factors of industrial production, and the embedding (and rematerialization) of patterns of barter and exchange within information platforms. Against that background, it explores the shifting, emergent relationships between control of intangible intellectual resources and political economy. In particular, it highlights ways in which data and algorithms have become the subjects of active appropriation strategies—strategies that represent both economic and legal entrepreneurship.
The Information Laboratory
Authors: Cohen Julie E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The emergence of the platform-based, massively intermediated information environment upends settled ways of understanding the nature and social function of media technologies. For several hundred years, political philosophers and legal theorists have argued that access to information and to the means of communication promotes reason, self-determination, and democratic self-government. Contemporary, platform-based information infrastructures and ecosystems, however, are being optimized to appeal to motivation and emotion on a subconscious level in ways that undercut the exercise of informed reason. This chapter explores the patterns of information flow in the platform-based, massively intermediated information environment and maps the ongoing construction of legal immunities designed to shelter them. Powerful information-economy actors have mobilized new logics of innovative and expressive immunity to stave off protective regulation and deflect accountability for both old and new kinds of harm.
Introduction
Authors: Laderman Charlie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter outlines why the American response to the destruction of the Ottoman Armenians offers such critical insights into the US rise to world power, its evolving relationship with Britain, and the development of ideas on humanitarian intervention and global order at the turn of the twentieth century. It introduces the Armenian question, setting it within the larger Eastern question, and explains why the Ottoman Empire became a target for outside intervention by the European great powers in the nineteenth century. It explains why the United States, which had traditionally avoided political entanglement in the Near East even while its missionaries established an exceptional role there, began to take a greater interest in the region as its emergence as a great power coincided with the first large-scale Armenian massacres.
The American Solution
Authors: Laderman Charlie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter re-examines the American conflict over its world role after World War I and reinterprets the evolution of ideas on the purpose of the League of Nations in both Britain and the United States. It explains how Wilson’s attempt to offer a solution to the Armenian question through an American mandate became entangled in a wider debate over America’s future world role. It reveals why leading British statesman also looked to the United States to solve the Armenian question through assuming mandates for Armenia and the municipal district of Constantinople. And it reveals how Turkish and Armenian leaders influenced the mandate debate, forcing Americans to confront the complexities of pacifying the post-Ottoman Near East.
Conclusion
Authors: Laderman Charlie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter explores why the declining American and British political interest in the Armenians during the early 1920s signifies a critical juncture in the history of both nations’ history of humanitarian engagement. It explores the legacy of the debate over an American mandate for Armenia and its impact on the history of humanitarian intervention, the formation of the post-Ottoman Near East, the development of the League of Nations, the postwar strategy of the British Empire, and the shaping of broader ideas about America’s place in the world. The debate over protecting the Armenians elucidates the ideals and interests that shaped US foreign policy in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. It also demonstrates dilemmas in humanitarian politics that continue to confront contemporary policymakers.
Feeling Overcome
Authors: Cheng William 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 continues to chase down myths of meritocracy and the musical mystique across the stages of reality television competitions, which often feature disabled auditionees and their moving tales of overcoming adversity. Musical abilities in general and singing talents in particular are shown to normalize and humanize disabled contestants while once again silencing vital conversations about the exploitation, stigmatization, and corporate politics at work in these seductive narratives. One wrinkle is that critiques of “inspiration porn” are neither easy nor obvious: chronicles of overcoming can emotionally overcome consumers; heartwarming tales about disability can seemingly disable a beholder’s emotional, intellectual, and rhetorical faculties. As we either resist or succumb to the tearfulness induced by lovable stories and gorgeous songs, we must chart tricky routes through the heady skepticism of Scylla and the naive waterworks of Charybdis.
Why Amendment Rules?
Authors: Albert Richard 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Virtually all constitutions codify amendment rules. But why? What are the uses and purposes of constitutional amendment rules? Amendment rules of course create a legal process for reformers to alter the constitution. But amendment rules serve important purposes even if the constitution is never amended at all because they have essential uses beyond the obvious one of textual alteration. Amendment rules have three categories of uses: formal, functional, and symbolic. Their formal uses include repairing imperfections, distinguishing constitutional from ordinary law, entrenching rules against easy repeal or revision, and establishing a predictable procedure for constitutional change. Their functional uses include checking the court, promoting democracy, heightening public awareness, pacifying change, and managing difference. Symbolically, amendment rules can be used to express constitutional values. This chapter explains all of these many uses of amendment rules and illustrates each of them with examples drawn from constitutions around the world. This chapter also interrogates the symbolic uses of amendment rules: How can we know whether the values expressed in constitutional amendment rules reflect authentic political commitments? This chapter explains with reference to the German Basic Law that it is possible to evaluate the authenticity of the values in amendment rules by investigating the design of amendment rules and their subsequent interpretation. This chapter considers constitutions from Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Central African Republic, Chad, China, Cuba, Ecuador, Germany, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Saint Lucia, South Africa, Spain, the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, Ukraine, the United States, and Yugoslavia.
The Three Varieties of Unamendability
Authors: Albert Richard 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Constitutions sometimes codify unamendable rules. These unamendable rules are resistant to legal forms of change. They cannot be altered using the codified rules of amendment. Nor can they be repealed. The only properly legal way to change them is to rewrite the constitution. Why do constitutional designers codify these unamendable rules? This chapter explains seven reasons why constitutional designers choose to codify unamendable rules. In explaining these reasons, the chapter discusses many different examples of codified unamendability around the world. This chapter also explains that unamendability can arise in two other forms. First, interpretive unamendability emerges from a judicial decision or an unwritten constitutional norm rooted in the dialogic interactions of political actors. Examples include the basic structure doctrine in India and the substitution of the constitution doctrine in Colombia. Second, constructive unamendability arises as a result of the practical impossibility of gathering the majorities required to amend a rule despite that rule being freely amendable in theory. This chapter illustrates how constructive unamendability occurs and operates with reference to the phenomenon of constitutional veneration, the use of omnibus amendment bills in Canada, the challenge of multi-party incompatibility, and the Equal Suffrage Clause in the U.S. Constitution,. This chapter then connects the three varieties of unamendability to the discussion in Chapter 3 on measuring amendment difficulty. This chapter shows that unamendability further complicates the effort to measure amendment difficulty across jurisdictions and makes it impossible to do so with any reliability. This chapter considers constitutions from around the globe.
The Singing Charro in the Comedia Ranchera
Authors: Avila Jacqueline 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the cultural construction of Mexico’s most visual and aural national signifier, the charro the horseman dressed in a short jacket and a wide-brimmed sombrero—in the popular musical genre, the comedia ranchera. While the figure of the charro became an important archetype in nationalist rhetoric, it was his musical repertoire that solidified his importance in film. The chapter examines the traditionalist depiction of the charro in the comedia ranchera in its discussion of his visual and aural constructions as an example of “cultural hybridity.” Beginning with Allá en el Rancho Grande (1936), the genre reimagined rural life in the hacienda system with the aid of specific musics performed by the charro protagonist. The comedia ranchera and its intricate depiction of the singing charro not only consolidated several cultural practices into one medium,but also revealed changing perceptions of Mexican masculinity.
Epilogue
Authors: Avila Jacqueline 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This last chapter briefly discusses the period following the época de oro, focusing on the new genres that developed which recycled narrative and musical elements from the genres of the past. This includes the film comedy, cine de luchadores, and cine de ficheras, film genres popular from the 1960s to the 1990s. The chapter then explores how the época de oro and its musical conventions are remembered and recycled in Mexican cinema, from the end of the twentieth century into the beginnings of the twenty-first century. The chapter concludes with look at the present state of research on and the importance of studying film music in Mexican cinema.
Introduction
Authors: Kelly Michael J. , Moreno Erika , Witmer Richard C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this introductory chapter of The Cuba-U.S. Bilateral Relationship: New Pathways and Policy Choices, the editors create a framework for readers to digest the material in this book in a meaningful way. The chapter introduces the multilevel game of diplomacy that binds the U.S. and Cuba can be characterized by a variety of signals that each player has issued to its counterpart. The nature of those signals have varied over time, depending on the nature of political leadership, the issue at hand, and the nature of the diplomatic level approached. We explore these issues as important to understanding linkages among the chapters within their respective fields, and across those fields is an important aspect of appreciating the entire picture of America’s current relationship with Cuba Finally, the authors present a plan for the volume, which focuses on three key issue dimensions: political, legal, and economic. Further, the authors identify challenges and opportunities implicit in the diplomatic relationship and its consequences for political, economic, and legal dimensions.
Opening Cuba—Negotiating History
Authors: Kornbluh Peter , LeoGrande William M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to the opening with Cuba under the Barack Obama administration. The chapter describes how this opening came about, and the political and diplomatic negotiations that led up to it. Further, the narrative places the historic opening between Presidents Obama and Fidel Castro in a broader historical bilateral context that was not devoid of communications between the two states. The chapter reinforces the notion that the rapprochement between the United States and Cuba was a deliberative process that included a variety of actors. The result of these efforts was a complex diplomatic process that launched hopes of long term diplomatic normalization between the two states.
The Ghost of Helms-Burton
Authors: Benjamin-Alvarado Jonathan C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In spite of the significant policy initiatives undertaken by the Barack Obama administration to “normalize” U.S. relations with Cuba, serious barriers and impediments lie ahead. This chapter investigates the daunting policy challenges that face the United States and Cuba in their effort to advance their bilateral diplomatic and economic affairs, owing largely to the draconian conditionality codified in the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act of 1996 (Helms–Burton Act). Given the highly partisan and divided nature of executive and legislative branches of the U.S. government, it remains uncertain as to whether Congress will allow progress in the normalization process to move beyond the limits of executive action. The chapter identifies and details the concrete steps that must be undertaken by the Congress to dismantle Helms-Burton, and under what conditions that might occur.
“Greetings from the Zonal Border”
Authors: Eckert Astrid M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers tourism to the Iron Curtain as a means by which West Germans and their visitors sought to make sense of the global Cold War through local activity. As early as the 1950s, the Iron Curtain attracted curiosity seekers and eventually turned into a well-developed tourist attraction. An elaborate tourist infrastructure emerged on the western side that allowed visitors to peek into socialist East Germany. The Iron Curtain was put on display in a way that prompted East German authorities to make efforts to render such visits less attractive for western tourists. Especially during the 1950s and 1960s, border tourism offered an outlet for West German anti-Communism and was frequently framed as a demand for German unity. The chapter reads border tourism as a skewed form of communication between West and East that stabilized the political and territorial status quo and helped West Germans become accustomed to partition.
Salts, Sewage, and Sulfurous Air
Authors: Eckert Astrid M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses a typical borderland environmental problem—transboundary air and water pollution. During the 1970s and 1980s, rivers carried eastern industrial waste and sewage into West Germany; the wind blew sulfur dioxide both ways. Their environmental interdependency forced both German states to the negotiating table, eventually producing the ineffectual Environmental Accords of 1987. The western encounter with eastern pollution through the interface of the inter-German border confronted West German authorities with early signs of East Germany’s dissolution. While they failed to grasp the message, their experience with East German pollution and the futile diplomatic efforts to curb it nonetheless generated the knowledge about the nature and extent of the GDR’s environmental problems that became the prerequisite for the post-1990 ecological restoration of East Germany.
Weaving a Family Narrative
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses how adoptive parents think about nature versus nurture, and whether and how these ideas change across their children’s life course. It explores how parents talk about the complex issue of similarities and differences between themselves and their adopted children—both those that may be immediately visible (e.g., skin color, hair), even early on in parenting, and those that are not as apparent until later on (e.g., abilities and interests). It considers whether and how adoptive parents invoke birth parents to help children to understand, make sense of, accept, and/or experience pride in aspects of themselves that may not be mirrored in their adoptive parents. Furthermore, the chapter explores how parents anticipate, make sense of, and address challenges in the domains of mental health and physical health in the context of varying levels of contact with and knowledge of birth family.
Facebook as Facilitator or Foe
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines parents’ use of social media, such as Facebook, with respect to the birth family. Some adoptive parents engaged Facebook as a means of establishing or maintaining reciprocal contact with birth parents and other birth family members; thus, it was used to sustain relationships. Others engaged it “passively” (e.g., as a means of finding out details about the birth family). Still others did not desire or pursue such contact, often citing concerns about boundaries. The chapter also addresses parents’ ideas about their children’s future relationships with their birth family—relationships possibly facilitated by social media and maintained without parental oversight or monitoring.
Summing Up
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter offer parents guideposts and suggestions for effectively managing potential challenges and questions across the adoption family life cycle—especially those addressed in this book, and those related to openness and the birth family in particular. It also provides resources and guidelines for finding an adoption-competent therapist. These recommendations and guideposts are intended to reflect those issues that are considered “normative” adoption issues—those that are common to most adoptions, and which are not in and of themselves “problems.” Incorporated into this chapter are suggestions and insights from several adoption experts, including David Brodzinsky, a clinical psychologist and expert on open adoption.
Holiness in Its Constellation
Authors: Goodman Lenn E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 discusses the notion that immanence and transcendence meet in the idea of God. Morally we find holiness in kindness (hesed), mirroring the generosity of God’s act of creation and the ongoing work of emergence, salient in evolution but dynamic throughout the cosmos. Intellectually holiness can be found, perhaps where least expected, in the sciences. For reason is our link with God, not cold but very much alive in the spontaneity and creativity that make it God’s image within us. Nature is no inert passivity but active and conative, a living theater in which God’s creativity tells its tale. And the transcendence visible in the liveliness that is God’s hallmark in nature can be emulated, as God commands: You shall be holy, for I the Lord thy God am holy (Leviticus 19:2). For God is the infinite Source of being, goodness, truth, and beauty. Every finite good points in the direction of its unbounded Source.
Who Is Like God?
Authors: Goodman Lenn E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 voices disappointment in learned efforts to “remythologize” the idea of God. Seeking to take scriptural imagery seriously, such efforts mistake the images for the God they intend. The mixed metaphors characteristic of biblical poetry reveal the elusiveness of the Transcendent and confess more eloquently than dry talk about ineffability how hard it is for words to capture any aspect of divinity. Yet, halting as their tropes may be, biblical poetics mark out a pathway. We must not assume the Torah’s authors, or their audience, spoke more slowly than we do—lest we cultivate a spiritual diglossia in our own minds and fail to integrate what we believe with what we know. Efforts to bring God closer to hand by allowing that He forgets, regrets, or learns by trial and error may hope to elevate our understanding but risk transforming the Mosaic God into a Deweyan “fellow learner.”
God and Evil
Authors: Goodman Lenn E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In Jewish sources, paradigmatically in the Book of Job, the problem of evil centers on the suffering of innocents and the seeming prosperity of the wicked. Central to my response in Chapter 5 is the recognition that the very idea of evil is parasitic on that of the good, just as evil itself preys upon goodness. The rise of life and thought and love, and the triumph of their survival, are the earnest of God’s blessing—presence of the Holy in this world and the attainability of holiness in this life by finite beings in the varied ways by which they seek it.
Introduction
Authors: Schwartz David S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chief Justice John Marshall’s 1819 decision in McCulloch v. Maryland is widely regarded as the greatest constitutional decision ever issued by the Supreme Court. The ruling upheld Congress’s constitutional power to create the Second Bank of the United States, recognizing the “implied powers” of Congress and the supremacy of federal over state laws. Modern constitutional scholars believe that McCulloch established the constitutional foundation for the historic expansion of federal authority in the wake of the New Deal. But the nationalizing potential of McCulloch has not been fully realized. Only briefly in the mid-twentieth century did the Court embrace the full extent of McCulloch’s vision of implied powers, as it upheld broad federal laws regulating the economy and promoting racial equality. McCulloch’s 200-year odyssey, from 1819 to the present day, helps us understand how the “spirit” of the Constitution and its structure of federalism have been reinterpreted throughout U.S. constitutional history.
“The Case Now to Be Determined”
Authors: Schwartz David S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Conventional history maintains that Chief Justice Marshall was a “nation-builder” and McCulloch v. Maryland his signal achievement, expressing a nationalist vision that established the foundation for the modern welfare state. McCulloch is celebrated for three elements: a nationalist theory of the Constitution, a permissive view of implied powers, and a capable Constitution theory holding that the Constitution should be interpreted flexibly to empower the national government to address unforeseen national problems through changing circumstances. This conventional account claims that McCulloch was a causal agent in congressional policy decisions that built up the American nation, or less ambitiously, that McCulloch was a source of ideas that guided political debates, or that McCulloch bound and directed later Supreme Courts through the mechanism of judicial precedent. All three of these causal arguments for McCulloch’s historical influence are greatly exaggerated, if not false.