bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Runaway of Large Format Pouch Lithium Ion Cell with Internal Temperature Detection Using Extended Volume Accelerating Rate Calorimetry
Authors: Xu Chengshan , Feng Xuning , Lu Languang , Ouyang Minggao , Jiang Fachao 
Published: February 2020

Extended volume accelerating rate calorimetry(EV-ARC) has been widely used to judge the thermal runaway(TR) behaviors of large format lithium ion cells in adiabatic atmosphere[1].Generally, when temperature reaches the onset temperature(approximately 90℃)，self heating of the cell begins due to the solid electrolyte interface(SEI) decomposition. And other exothermic chemical reactions start when temperature reaches their onset temperature. These reactions will heat the cell and at last lead to thermal runaway of the cell. The onset temperature, triggering temperature and maximum temperature are important factors to judge hazardous during TR.
When testing TR of pouch cells using EV-ARC, the thermal couple is always placed between two side by side cells[2]. However, temperature detected between two cells is not the real temperature inside battery. In this work, the thermal couple is inserted into the cell directly to detect the inside temperature of cell(see Figure1). The capacities of fresh cell and operated cell are almost the same. Then, the EV-ARC tests of both cells are conducted and compared. In the result, the onset temperature of both cells are almost the same. The triggering temperature of cell with thermal couple inside is about twenty degree higher than that detected between two cells. And the maximum temperature of cell with thermal couple inside is also dozens of degree higher than that with traditional test method.

Figure 1
Effect of Mechanical Stress Factors on Large Format Li-Ion Cell Thermal Runaway Characteristics
Authors: Graika Jason , Barrera Thomas P. , Alobaidi Yasir 
Published: February 2020

Expansion and contraction of Li-ion cell electrodes during cycling is known to exert mechanical stress and strain within cell components. During cell charge, Li-ion intercalation into the graphite anode structure increases anode swelling and thickness. Upon cell discharge, Li-ions de-intercalate from the carbon anode structure causing cell-level relaxation and a proportional reduction in cell swelling. Li-ion cell swelling has been shown to be a function of cell discharge rate, state-of-charge (SoC), and age. The impact of mechanical stress-strain swelling on Li-ion cells creates high contact pressure between electrode layers, degrades conductive carbon particle contact resistance, and irreversibly deforms the cell case structure. Mechanical stress loading also causes fatigue within internal cell components leading to an increase in cell impedance and capacity loss which may reduce cell cycle life performance.
Li-ion battery (LIB) manufacturers have long recognized that the effects of cell-stack level stress fatigue on battery module architectures must be considered in LIB packaging designs requiring long cycle life performance. In LIB designs utilizing prismatic or elliptical-cylindrical cell geometries, cells are commonly packaged into modules by restraining the module stack by compression loading. In this manner, the adverse effects of cell stack deformation during charge-discharge cycling can be mitigated. In space applications, compression loading of cell modules also enables LIB’s to survive launch vehicle shock and vibration environments at high SoC’s.
More importantly, mechanical abuse of LIB’s can result in an energetic catastrophic failure event. At high SoC’s, the hazards of a LIB safety incident may include venting, smoke, and fire indicative of catastrophic thermal runaway. Recently, the NASA has investigated the severity and consequences of catastrophic thermal runaway of large format Li-ion cell-based LIBs for human space flight applications. Thermal runaway safety testing of certain space-qualified Li-ion cell designs has shown that there is a correlation between applied cell compression forces and thermal runaway severity. This work focuses on the relationship between compression force and SoC on large format Li-ion cells qualified for human space flight applications. Empirical results from simulated internal short circuit trigger testing designed to induce catastrophic thermal runaway will be discussed.
References:

Bang, H.J., Thillaiyan, R., and Quee, E., 2013 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop, Huntsville, AL, November 5-7, 2013.

Cannarella, J. and Arnold, C.B., J. Power Sources 269 (2014) 7-14.

Oh, K.Y., Epureanu, B.I., Siegel, J.B., and Stefanopoulou, A.G., J. Power Sources 310 (2016) 118-129.

Graika, J., Barrera, T., and Alobaidi, Y., 2018 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop, Huntsville, AL, November 27-29, 2018.

Figure 1
Overcharging Li(Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2)O2//Graphite Cells: A Systematic Study
Authors: Bloom Ira , Dietz Rago Nancy L. , Graczyk Donald G , Tsai Yifen , Naik Seema , Lee Eungie , Du Zhijia , Sheng Yangping , Li Jianlin , Wood David L. , Steele Leigh Anna M , Lamb Joshua , Spangler Scott , Grosso Christopher , Fenton Kyle R 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-ion batteries have become the leading energy storage technology for automotive applications. During operation, a passivating or solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer forms on both electrodes. The structure and composition of the SEI layers at the electrode surfaces are complex under normal operating conditions [1-4]. However, there are very few reports in the literature that describe how the SEI changes under abusive conditions, such as overcharge. Understanding these changes is potentially very useful from a safety viewpoint since it might help us create robust cells that are tolerant of overcharge.
Argonne, Oak Ridge and Sandia National Laboratories collaborated to understand the physical and chemical changes that occur in small pouch cells that were charged to 100, 120, 140, 160, 180 and ~250% SOC. The SEI layer on the graphite anode surface was characterized using scanning-electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, chemical analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography. We found that the structure and chemistry of the SEI layer was sensitive to the extent of overcharge, the binder in the cathode, and the nature of the cathode. These and other findings will be discussed.
References

Peled, J. Electrochem. Soc., 126 (1979) 2047.

G. Thevenin and R.H. Muller, J. Electrochem. Soc., 134 (1987) 273.

J. An, J. Li, C. Daniel, D. Mohanty, S. Nagpure, and D.L. Wood, Carbon, 105 (2016) 52–76.

Aurbach, I. Weissman, A. Zaban, and O. Chuzid (Youngman), Electrochim Acta, 39 (1994) 51.

We gratefully acknowledge support from the U. S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office. Argonne National Laboratory is operated for DOE Office of Science by UChicago Argonne, LLC, under contract number DE-AC02-06CH11357.
The work at Oak Ridge National Laboratory was sponsored by U. S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office, Applied Battery Research. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by UT Battelle, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) under contract DE-NA0003525.
The U.S. government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the government.
Optical Properties Alteration and Photo-Voltaic Applications of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots
Authors: Hasan Md Tanvir , Gonzalez-Rodriguez Roberto , Naumov Anton V 
Published: February 2020

In this work, a simple/scalable microwave-facilitated hydrothermal route is used to produce nitrogen self-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) from a sole glucosamine precursor. These NGQDs with average sizes of ~6nm show bright/stable fluorescence both in the visible and near-IR. The structural and optical properties of as-prepared NGQDs are further altered to provide control for optoelectronic applications by using ozone, thermal and laser treatment. Both laser and thermal processing serve as controllable avenues to decrease GQD emission via anticipated reduction processes. Oxidative ozone treatment results in the decrease of GQD average size down to 5.23 nm and a more disordered structure due to the introduction of the new functional groups. Structural and optical characterization was performed utilizing TEM, AFM, SEM, FTIR, EDX, Raman, fluorescence and absorbance. FTIR, EDX and Raman data suggest that this processing introduces oxygen-containing functional groups, enhancing the atomic percentage of oxygen and increasing ID/IG ratio. Ozone treatment shows enhancement of visible emission is observed from 0 to 16 min ozone processing with following over oxidation-induced defect-related quenching. On the other hand, progressive increase in defect-related NIR emission is observed up to 45 min. Such alteration of optoelectronic properties of GQDs is used to enhance their performance in photovoltaic devices.
Untreated NGQDs (Un-NGQDs) and ozone-treated NGQDs (Oz-NGQDs) are utilized as a photoactive layer to fabricate a variety of solar cells. Although devices with untreated NGQDs show performances similar to existing reports, Oz-NGQDs exhibit significant improvement with maximum PCE of 2.64% and a short circuit current density of 4.8 mA/cm2 and an open circuit voltage of ~0.65V with a fill factor of ~83.4%. This enhancement can be potentially attributed to the increased/broadened visible absorption feature in device state due to the efficient charge transfer between the hole-blocking layer of TiO2 and Oz-NGQD having enhanced concentration of functional groups. This work suggests ozone treatment as an easy and powerful technique to alter the optoelectronic properties of versatile and scalably produced NGQDs which can be successfully utilized as an eco-friendly photoactive layer to boost the photovoltaic performance of solar cells.
(Invited) Robust Two- and Three-Dimensional Conjugated Organic Structures for Electrochemical Applications
Authors: Baek Jong-Beom 
Published: February 2020

Robust conjugated two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) non-metallic conductive structures have attracted immense interest due to their unusual electronic, optoelectronic, magnetic and electrocatalytic properties. Their tunable structures and properties promise to offer many opportunities in various applications. Nevertheless, methods developed for the synthesis of non-metallic conductive materials, which are capable of producing fused-aromatic based stable frameworks with uniformly decorated heteroatoms with/without holes, remain limited, even after decades of intensive exploration in science and technology. To overcome these issues, stable organic materials have been designed and synthesized. They have uniformly distributed heteroatoms,1 holes with heteroatoms2 and transition metal nanoparticles in the holes.3 The structures were confirmed using various characterization techniques, including scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Based on the stoichiometry of 2D layered structures, they were, respectively, designated C2N, C3N, C4N, and M@C2N (M = Co, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ru). Their electronic and electrical properties were evaluated by electrooptical and electrochemical measurements along with density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. Furthermore, robust three-dimensional (3D) cage-like organic materials have also been constructed and they show high sorption properties.4,5 The results suggest that these newly-developed 2D and 3D non-metallic conductive materials offer greater opportunities, from wet-chemistry to device applications.

References:

[1] Mahmood, et al. Two-dimensional polyaniline (C3N) from carbonized organic single crystals. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, USA 2016, 113, 7414.
[2] Mahmood, et al. Nitrogenated holey two-dimensional structure. Nature Communications 2015, 6, 6486.
[3] Mahmood, et al. An efficient and pH-universal ruthenium-based catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Nature Nanotechnology 2017, 12, 441.

[4] Bae, et al. Forming a three dimensional porous organic network via explosion of organic single crystals in solid-state. Nature Communications 2017, 8, 159-Highlighted in Nature Nanotechnology 2018, 13, 4.
[5] Mahmood, et al. A robust 3D cage-like ultramicroporous network structure with high gas uptake capacities. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2018, DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800218.
Carbon Nanotube As Conductive Additive for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Kirner Joel , Zhang Linghong , Qin Yan , Jansen Andrew N. , Lu Wenquan 
Published: February 2020

Silicon has been extensively studied as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries due to its extremely high theoretical specific capacity of 3578 mAh/g (Li15Si4). However, the huge volume fluctuations associated with this high cycling capacity create great challenges with regard to electrode mechanical integrity and continual electrolyte decomposition. Common strategies to alleviate this volume expansion are to study silicon alloys, silicon oxide, and to blend silicon materials with graphite active materials.
Herein we study graphite-SiO blends in an attempt to achieve stable cycling performance. We study a wide variety of laminate formulations by varying the graphite/SiO ratio, the binder type, the conductive additive type, and the weight percent of each of these components. We find that the use of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) as conductive additive is crucial to prevent rapid capacity fade during initial cycling. The use of SWCNT also enables the use of significantly less conductive additive and binder, likely providing both enhanced conductivity and mechanical stability to the electrode during volume fluctuation.
Acknowledgement:
We gratefully acknowledge the support from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies Office. This work is conducted under the Cell Analysis, Modeling, and Prototyping (CAMP) Facility at Argonne National Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Laboratory operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
(Invited) Applications and Safety of 2D Materials
Authors: Prato Maurizio 
Published: February 2020

The organic functionalization of 2D materials, including graphene and MoS2, offers several advantages:
1) Improved solubility and easier handling of otherwise intractable materials;
2) Additional functions can be implanted on the carbon skeleton, such as chromophores, electroactive units, drugs, etc.;
3) Potential toxicity of the carbon materials can be at least partially lifted by organic functionalization, thanks to improved solubility and debundling in physiological media.
During this talk, we will discuss the various approaches to organic functionalization and will also analyze other important challenges in graphene chemistry, such as the toxicological impact and the limitations in translating graphene into advanced materials.
This work was supported by the European Commission, Graphene Flagship project (no. 696656 and 785219).
(Invited) Targeted Near Infrared Sensing and Imaging with GFP-Nanobody Carbon Nanotube Hybrids
Authors: Kruss Sebastian 
Published: February 2020

Fluorescent nanomaterials have many advantages in terms of their photophysics but it is difficult to target them to specific locations in living systems. In contrast, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) can be genetically targeted to proteins in cells or animals. Therefore, GFP can be seen not only as a fluorophore but as a universal target/handle. Moreover, many transgenic organisms or transfected cells are available.
We wanted to combine the advantage of GFP targeting and fluorescent nanomaterials. Therefore, we conjugated a GFP nanobody to near infrared (nIR) fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). SWCNTs fluoresce in the nIR tissue transparency window (900 nm -1700 nm) and do not bleach. The GFP nanobody serves as recognition unit for GFP and the SWCNT serves as superior nIR fluorophore. These hybrids were then used in biological experiments to demonstrate the versatility of this approach. First, we demonstrated that it is possible to label single GFP-tagged kinesin motors in living drosophila embryos and track their directional movement during embryogenesis. Second, we labeled the cytoskeleton in mammalian cells in the nIR. Finally, we targeted cell surface receptors and used the SWCNTs fluorescence for sensing. We have previously shown that specifically functionalized SWCNTs change their fluorescence in the presence of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Here, we used this property to target SWCNTs to GFP modified cell surface receptors and detect dopamine.
In summary, we show that GFP nanobody conjugated SWCNTs show great potential for targeted nIR imaging, sensing and labeling.
(Invited) Photophysics of Cabon Nanostructures
Authors: Zhao Shen , Lavie Julien , Rondin Loïc , Orcin-Chaix Lucile , Rebeyre Grégoire , Diederichs Carole , Chassagneux Yannick , Voisin Christophe , Narita Akimitsu , Campidelli Stephane , Lauret Jean-Sébastien 
Published: February 2020

In the last decades, research on graphene has been extensively developed. It is now well established that graphene shows unique physical properties such as extremely high charge-carrier mobility, which promises a wealth of applications in (nano)electronics. However, graphene does not have a bandgap. Therefore, one challenge for scientists is the control and modification of the electronic porperties in order to open a sizable bandgap. In this context nanosized graphene have a lot of assets. The reduction of one dimension of graphene leads to carbon nanotubes (CNT) or graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) while the reduction of the two dimensions leads to graphene quantum dots (GQDs). The size reduction, the topology and the shape of the edges define the electronic and optical properties of this family of objects.
In this presentation, I will show our last results on the photophysics of such nanostructures investigated at the single object level.
Charge Transport in Mixed Semiconducting SWCNT Networks with Tailored Diameter Distributions
Authors: Brohmann Maximilian , Berger Felix Julian , Zaumseil Jana 
Published: February 2020

The recent availability of purely semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and the ability to prepare dense and uniform SWCNT networks from dispersion has led to promising applications in optoelectronics, e.g. in field-effect transistors (FETs), light-emitting diodes, notch filters and solar cells. Further optimization and controlled tuning of nanotube networks is desirable to establish them as competitive semiconducting materials. The impact of the SWCNT network composition on the overall charge transport was demonstrated recently [1]. The uneven energy landscape of networks with a broad tube diameter and thus bandgap distribution results in inferior transport properties. Contrary to common belief, the charge transport in networks is not solely determined by tube-tube junctions but intra-nanotube transport also has a significant impact on the overall network mobility. Here, we examine this hypothesis in a detailed charge transport study of FETs with SWCNT networks consisting of polymer-sorted small diameter (6,5) SWCNTs (0.76 nm) and large diameter plasma torch SWCNTs (1.2-1.5 nm) with different but controlled mixing ratios. All FETs showed balanced ambipolar transport with low off-currents and negligible hysteresis. The extracted mobilities varied characteristically with network composition. The obtained experimental data are compared to results from numerically simulated networks with analogous SWCNT compositions. The employed random resistor network model was recently shown to adequately describe the carrier density-dependent mobility in SWCNT networks [2].
[1] M Brohmann et al., J. Phys Chem. C
122, 19886-19896 (2018)
[2] S. P. Schießl et al., Phys. Rev. Mater.
1, 046003 (2017)

Figure 1
(Invited) Organic Molecular Tuning of Many-Body Interaction Energies in Air-Suspended Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Tanaka Shunsuke , Otsuka Keigo , Kimura Kensuke , Ishii Akihiro , Imada Hiroshi , Kim Yousoo , Kato Yuichiro K. 
Published: February 2020

Environmental screening effects are large in carbon nanotubes due to their atomically thin nature, and therefore it is possible to control the optical properties with molecular adsorption [1,2]. Here we investigate adsorption effects of copper phthalocyanine molecules on excitons and trions in air-suspended carbon nanotubes [3]. Using photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy, we observe that exciton energy redshifts gradually with the molecular deposition thickness. The trion emission is also observed at large deposition amounts, which suggests charge transfer between the phthalocyanine molecules and carbon nanotubes. Analyzing the spectra for individual tubes, we find a correlation between the exciton-trion energy separation and the exciton emission energy, indicating that the many-body interaction energies scale similarly with the molecular dielectric screening.
Work supported in part by RIKEN (Incentive Research Projects), JSPS (KAKENHI JP16H05962, JP17H07359), and MEXT (Nanotechnology Platform). We acknowledge the Advanced Manufacturing Support Team at RIKEN for technical assistance.
[1] T. Uda, A. Ishii, and Y. K. Kato, ACS Photonics 5, 559 (2018).
[2] T. Uda, S. Tanaka, and Y. K. Kato, Appl. Phys. Lett. 113, 121105 (2018).
[3] S. Tanaka, K. Otsuka, K. Kimura, A. Ishii, H. Imada, Y. Kim, and Y. K. Kato, arXiv:1812.10245 (2018).