bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of palm fronds fibers on properties of high-volume fly ash concrete
Authors: Al-Shathr Basil S. , Eedan Osama A. , Hussain Ruaa M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Portland cement concrete is considered as the most difficult product in environmental pollution, although it is the main construction material. One of the alternatives is high volume fly ash concrete which uses low cost binding material (waste material) as a high replacement to Portland cement. This type of concrete is brittle similar to traditional concrete. So, the aim of this research is to use organic fibres (palm fronds fibres), which is a waste material, in enhancing the tensile property of this concrete (that use 50 % and 60 % replacement of fly ash). The percentages of fibres used are 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2% by volume of concrete to find the optimum percentage of it. The effects of fibres were studied on dry density, compressive and tensile strength, and drying shrinkage upto 90 days age. Results indicate that the optimum percentage of palm fronds fibres that can be added to high volume fly ash concrete (with 50 or 60% replacement of cement by fly ash) is 1.2% by volume.
The effect of using different percentages of soil and fine aggregate on stabilized earth bricks
Authors: Abed Ziyad M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this research, the production of stabilized earth bricks with cement using different percentages of soil, and sand has been studied. Earth brick are used as a replacement of fired clay bricks and concrete bricks. To estimate the effect of these different percentages of component, four percentages with (40% sand, 50% soil, 10% cement), (30% sand, 60% soil, 10% cement), (10% sand, 80% soil, 10% cement) and (0% sand, 90% soil, 10% cement) were used. On the other hand, water curing was used for these mixtures. Modulus of rupture, compressive strength, bulk density and water absorption, for different ages (7, 14 and 28 days) have been tested. There was an improvement in properties of Compressive strength, modulus of rupture and decrease in bulk density.
Relationship between steel mass loss and accelerated corrosion regimes in reinforced concrete columns
Authors: Radhi Mushtaq Sadiq , Hassan Maan S. , Gorgis Iqbal N. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Present study aims to observe the consequence of varying the intensity of the accelerating impressed electrical current and situations of wetting-drying as hybrid accelerated corrosion regime on synthetically corroded concrete specimens, especially the loss of steel mass. Small-scaled reinforced concrete columns were fabricated and synthetically corroded by altered accelerating corrosion situations by applying an impressed current with intensity ranging between (50 and 500 μA/cm2). Moreover, the impressed current joined with two dissimilar durations of wetting-drying cycles for assessment. The steel mass losses during and at the end of the accelerated corrosion process were calculated, also, cracking configuration and damage shape were observed for accelerating corrosion. The outcomes designated that the hybrid method (impressed current joined with cycles of saline solution wetting and drying series) can be employed adequately to simulate the regular corrosion process in the reinforced concrete structure. The steel mass loss is mostly influenced by the intensities of the impressed accelerating current, while the crack appearance and the pattern of surface cracks, is influenced by wetting and drying cycles as well as the impressed accelerating current. Yet, increasing the current intensity produce a considerable growth in the cracking owing to the reinforcing steel corrosion in shorter stage.
Properties of self-compacting mortar containing nano blast furnace slag
Authors: Atiyah Alaa Ab , Salih Shakir A , Kadhim Ahmed S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this research, an experimental study of the properties of self-compacting mortar with Nano blast furnace slag has been done. Nano blast furnace slag was prepared and used as an additive to the self-compacting mortar in (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) % by weights cementitious sustainable materials. Blast furnace slag was crushed and milled until achieving to Nano particle size, Nano particle size was provided and checked by Laser Particle Size Analysis, AFM, and FESEM. Self-compacting mortar was tested at 7, 28, and 90 days’ age. Fresh properties of self-compacting mortar were determined by using mini flow table test and mini v-funnel test. The experimental results of self-compacting mortar shown that the mechanical properties include compressive strength, flexural strength, and direct tensile strength were increased as Nano powder percentage increases. The physical properties such as total water absorption and porosity was decreased as a Nano powder percentage was increased. While the density of self-compacting mortar increased as Nano powder percentage increase. The microstructure homogeneity and Nano powder distributions of self-compacting mortar were explained by using FESEM.
Effect of incorporating hydrated lime on strength gain of high-volume fly ash lightweight concrete
Authors: Mohammed M E , Al-Shathr B S , al-Attar T S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
High-volume fly ash concrete, HVFALC, may acquire popularity as durable, resource-efficient, and option of sustainability for different applications of concrete. The Pozzolanic reaction between fly ash, Ca(OH)2 and water is the cause of making high-volume fly ash concrete a promising sustainable material. The aim of this study is to enhance the rate of the Pozzolanic reaction by incorporating external source of hydrated lime in the mix by two approaches. The first is to replace 10% by weight of the cementitious materials with hydrated lime and second is to use a lime-saturated water, with a concentration of 3g/L, for mixing. Two high-volume fly ash concrete mixes, with 50 and 60 % replacement by weight of cement, were included in this study. The testing program included water absorption, dry density, compressive and splitting tensile strengths. The testing program was extended to the age of 120 days.
The present results showed that both approaches have caused an increase, ranging between 10 and 24 %, in absorption values and a slight reduction, less than 3 %, in dry density values. Both approaches have caused a significant gain in compressive and splitting tensile strengths. Replacing 10 % by weight of the cementitious materials with hydrated lime caused better enhancement in compressive and splitting tensile strengths for all curing ages than using lime-saturated water in mixing. The former approach was more effective for mix FA60 than for FA50 and the higher fly ash content in the FA60 mixes could be the reason.
Investigating set-controlling additives for Pozzolime mixtures
Authors: al-Attar T S , Al-Shathr B S , Hadi R S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Pozzolime, PL, is a promising sustainable building material, because of its low carbon footprint on environments as compared to Portland cement. Portland cement contributes to about 7% of the global CO2 emission. The Pozzolime is produced by mixing materials cause lower CO2 emission, the lime, and some industry by-products, silica fume or fly ash. Pozzolime paste exhibits longer setting time than the Portland cement mixtures. The initial setting time ranges from 20 to 21.5 hours and the final setting time ranges from 25–265 hours. Such characteristics limit the use of the new binder, PL. The aim of this research is to study the effect of many additives on the setting time of PL paste. The study includes the investigation of using plaster of Paris (CaSO4), natural gypsum (NG), cement kiln dust (CKD), and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), as set-controllers. The results showed that the most effective set-controller was the sodium bicarbonate due to the composition of sodium hydroxide, which is considered as accelerator to the pozzolanic reaction.
Influence of using different percentages of waste materials on the strength properties of polymer concrete
Authors: Thari Ahmed I. , Salih Shakir A. , Hasan Shatha S. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Polymer concrete is a developed combined substance with greater characteristics in contrast with traditional concrete for example greater mechanical strength and chemical resistance. The aim of this paper is to investigate some properties of polymer concrete with and without waste glass as an aggregate. The waste glass was prepared and combined with different proportions of traditional sand. The mechanical properties (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength) were experimentally determined. The polymer concrete containing crushing waste glass was compared with polymer concrete containing normal fine aggregates. It was found that the waste glass could be used to produce polymer concrete and also is suitable for environment. This study concluded that 22% resin 78% fine aggregate of the total weight of mixture provides for the optimum distribution of fine aggregate, for that reason the best resin to fine aggregate ratio was chosen. The aggregate in polymer concrete was replaced with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight of waste glass. It was also found that the compressive strength, flexural and tensile strengths of polymer concrete containing waste glass aggregate increases as the waste glass aggregate content increases.
Settlement assessment of gypseous sand after time-based soaking
Authors: Mahmood Mohammed Sh. , Akhtarpour Ali , Almahmodi Rusul , Husain Mustafa M.Abdal 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the effect of the soaking process on gypseous sand soils. The recent research investigates the time-based soaking method on high gypsum contents (29%) of soil samples. The softening of gypsum materials upon wetting process leads to break the bonds of the soil particles and the settlement of structures will be occurred. The settlement value and rate are the basic problems for the geotechnical engineers. The samples of this investigation have been collected from the selected site in Al-Najaf city in Iraq, then these samples are remoulded to the density of 85% of the maximum dry density from Proctor test and moisture content of 4% in the cell of the computerized Oedometer device and under different stress levels (1.11, 2.23 and 4.47 kg/cm2). The soil specimen is soaked under three stress levels (1.11, 2.23, and 4.47 kg/cm2) separately. The results revealed that with increasing of soaking periods and stress level, there is increasing in collapse potential of such soils. The collapse potential was increased from <1% after half-hour soaking to about 8% after two-weeks of soaking.
Performance of piled raft foundations under the effect of dewatering nearby an open pit
Authors: Al-Qaisee G S , Ahmed M D , Ahmed B A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The dewatering arrangement is required in execution works and it needs more attention due to the additional vertical settlement produced on the adjacent pile foundations. Raft foundations are being increasingly utilized for construction in cases of subsoil conditions with a high water table. Also, soil displacements in adjacent un-braced deep open pit may be a reason for high damages to the close buildings and foundations systems. The aim of this study is to examine the behaviour of piled raft foundations considering different pile locations under the effect of line drain and stage drilling of nearby open foundation pit. The line drain was used as dewatering process through the soil in this study. The pile vertical settlement and lateral displacement at various depths of excavation of an open pit in addition to the effect of line drain were investigated. A numerical modelling by using the three dimensional finite element package PLAXIS 3D is presented to simulate the problem. The soil is presumed to consist of two layers of deposit, the first is a clayey layer assuming soft soil criterion and the second is a sandy layer conforming to Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. It is found that there is an obvious effect of dewatering by line drain with the drilling process for corner and face piles of a piled foundation whereas less effect for the centre piles.
The morphology and elemental variation for contaminated clay soil using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry
Authors: Saeed K A , Hashim S A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
It is known that the stabilization of normal soils with chemical substances will gradually affect their properties like shape, size and soil particles arrangement. The current study concerns with artificially contaminated clayey soils immobilized by fly ash waste materials and quicklime (CaO). In this research, the time-dependent factor changes the morphology of stabilized – contaminated soil. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry is performed to further examine components on the clay particles’ surface. The results showed that with an increase in hardening time, morphology analyses by FESEM shows a transformation of soil fabric due to the effect of chemical treatment, and due to the production of cementitious pozzolanic compounds (CSH and CASH). However, with the presence of contamination, it can notice a transformation in the fabric of clay particles towards a more flaky nature at the early curing time due to precipitation of heavy metals as hydroxide or sulphates on the surface of particles. Regarding the EDAX analysis, the Al:Si ratio for cement - fly ash treated clayey soil decreases over time. This is attributed to the increased release of alumina from the mineral of clay structure. However, an increasing Ca:Si ratio is observed, especially after 100 days related to the formation of the portlandite compound from cement hydration over time. While, it is detected variation in these ratios with respect to contaminated soil with time.
Measuring pile shaft and tip capacities of a single pile embedded in saturated and unsaturated expansive clayey soil
Authors: Fadhil Shaimaa Hasan , Al-Omari Raid R. , Fattah Mohammed Y. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This research presents a series of compression load tests conducted on a single pile embedded in saturated and unsaturated expansive clayey soil. Soil water characteristics curve (SWCC) and initial soil suction (total and matric) are measured using the filter paper technique to study the influence of soil suction on the pile and tip capacities. Soil pressure gauge is used and embedded in the soil under the pile at a distance of 2D. The results showed that the ultimate pile capacity is increased when the initial degree of saturation decreases. In addition, the tip capacity is increased when the degree of saturation decreases. Then, the sharing ratios of the ultimate tip and shaft capacities to the ultimate pile capacity are calculated. The results have shown that the sharing ratio of the ultimate tip capacity to the ultimate pile capacity of a single pile is increased with the decrease in the degree of saturation while the ratio of the shaft capacity to the ultimate pile capacity is decreased.
Dynamic response of pile group model in sandy soil to lateral excitation
Authors: Fattah Mohammed Y. , Karim Hussein H. , Al-Recaby Makki K. M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study offers an understanding of cyclic response of piled foundations in dry and saturated sand with different relative densities. The results of dry soil reveal the mechanism of dynamic response of piles and soil subjected to dynamic horizontal shaking including the variation and distribution of acceleration, bending moment along the pile, and vertical soil pressure with time in different states of soil; and the vertical and horizontal displacements, end-bearing load, peak acceleration and the peak velocity of foundation with time. A series of 94 laboratory tests were conducted to measure the response of pile foundation when subjected to dynamic loads. Eight tests were conducted on single pile in dry soil at relative density (R.D.) 30% (loose) and 50% (medium); 66 tests on group of piles with different spacings and patterns in dry soil at relative density 30% and 50% were conducted, too. All tests were carried out under operating frequencies 0.5, 1 and 2 Hz under horizontal shaking. Twenty tests for single piles and pile group with different patterns and spacings at relative density 30% were performed in saturated sandy soil under frequencies 0.5 and 1 Hz under horizontal shaking. All tests were achieved with one embedment ratio (L/d=30). These tests were grouped in three different numbers of piles; 2 piles in row and line patterns, 3 piles and 4 piles; and three pile spacing ratios (s/d=3, 4 and 5).
The main conclusion is that the manufactured vibrating box can simulate accurately the earthquake motion induced on foundations and, especially pile groups. The values of soil pressure decrease with increasing frequency and relative density. The soil pressure shows slight change with increasing frequency, while no clear changes appeared between pile groups with different pile spacings. The pile spacing is an important indicator that affects the acceleration and time-frequency characteristics of the displacement at pile top. With the increasing of S/D, the internal forces are slightly reduced.
Comparison of results of pre-consolidation of soft soil using analytical and finite element software
Authors: Abdulnafaa Muhamd D , Al-dabbagh Ayman W , Mahmood Mohammed S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper targets to make a comparison between consolidation calculation for softy soil layer by two methods, by using usual analytical equations found in most soil mechanic books, and PLAXIS simulation. The second method used a finite elements method represented by PLAXIS program, with the same parameters that were used in the first method, and other default parameters necessary in PLAXIS calculations. The results show strong agreement between the two methods, especially in the Active and excess pore water pressure, total and effective stresses, and total settlement in soft clay soils. In another hand, a significant difference in the values of time of consolidation calculated by the two methods is observed. These differences appeared due to using many different equations to calculate the (cv) consolidation coefficient.
EVALUATION OF PULL-OUT CAPACITIES OF DIFFERENT PILE MODELS EMBEDDED IN UNSATURATED SANDY SOIL
Authors: Mahmood Mahmood Rashid , Kadhim Shaymaa T. , Sarhan Waleed K. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The rises of capillary water above the water table level in soil layers and make the soil partially saturated that is considered one of the most challenging problems that a geotechnical engineer may encounter. Partially saturated soils contain large percentages of voids between the structural soil particles that are filled by water instead of air. Physical and mechanical properties of partially saturated soils are different than the other soils (i.e. dry or saturated) such as effective stress, shear strength and seepage. In present work, pile models manufactured from steel with different geometry (H-pile, hallow square pile, and closed-ended pipe pile) of the same surface area embedded in partially saturated sand soils to investigate the uplift capacity. Poorly graded fine sand obtained from Baghdad city was used throughout this research. Partially saturated soils were obtained by lowering water level below soil surface to a depth of (i.e. 150 and 450 mm). Test results showed from the suction profiles of the soil that the matric suction increases with the lowering of water table. The ultimate uplift pile capacity was different in values based on the matric suction values. A comparison was made between the behaviors of steel pipe pile with other shapes of pile models used in terms of uplift capacities. The results showed that the degree of improvement in values of uplift capacity for first lowering of water level 150mm were (2.36, and 1.11) times than that of H-pile, and square piles, respectively. While the improvement in uplift capacity for a pipe pile when the water table level was lowering to a depth of 450mm, were greater than those of H-pile, and square steel piles by (2.22, and 1.10), respectively.
Developing International Roughness Index (IRI) Model from visible pavement distresses
Authors: Joni Hasan H , Hilal Miami M , Abed Muataz S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The pavement maintenance, rehabilitation, and design methodologies need an appropriate evaluation of the pavement functional condition. The roughness is generally recognized as a measure of the pavement functional capacity. The roughness of pavement is measured using IRI, which depends on the quantity of distresses existing on the pavement surface. This study focuses on developing a model to predict the roughness (IRI) from the flexible pavement distresses. Accordingly, 83 flexible pavement sections were selected in AL-Diwaniyah city roadways, Iraq. The length of the section is equal to 250 meters. Distress data were collected manually, in terms of amount and severity. The IRI data were collected from all sections using the Dynatest Road Surface Profiler (RSP) test system. Using SPSS software, a stepwise multiple linear regression has been used to develop the model between the IRI and visible pavement distresses depending on the data collected. The resulting equation was found among the IRI and percentages of polished aggregate, high and medium severity potholes, medium severity alligator cracking, medium severity patching, high severity raveling, and high severity corrugation. The results indicate that this model is strong enough for the prediction of the International Roughness Index.
Evaluation of moisture-induced damage of stone matrix asphalt mixture with polymer modified binder
Authors: Al Helo K H Ibrahim , Qasim Z I , Khalaf D A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Moisture – induced damage is one of the most common reasons for the premature deterioration of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) pavements. Over the years, extensive research has been carried out by scientists and engineers on this subject; however, pavements still succumb to early failure from infiltrating moisture. The purpose of this research is to study the moisture induced damage performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) asphalt pavements using Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) polymer modified asphalt binder. To achieve the objective of this research the Superpave gyratory compactor was used for preparing the asphaltic samples and determining the volumetric properties of mixtures. The physical properties of aggregate, bitumen and other mix materials were assessed and evaluated with the laboratory tests. The mixtures were prepared using penetration Graded (40-50) bitumen and a chemical named Polypropylene Fiber was used as a stabilizing additive. Volumetric properties, Marshall Stability, behaviour to moisture action etc. were determined in laboratory. From the results it is seen that addition of SBS to the asphalt binder has significantly improved the cohesion as well as adhesion properties of the asphalt binder, and hence the stripping performance. Therefore, it can be concluded that the SBS is suitable to be used as a modifier in order to enhance the properties of the asphalt binder and thus improving the performance of asphalt in and SMA mixes.