bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
H i scale height in dwarf galaxies
Authors: Patra Narendra Nath 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Assuming a vertical hydrostatic equilibrium in the baryonic discs, joint Poisson–Boltzmann equation was set up and solved numerically in a sample of 23 nearby dwarf galaxies from the LITTLE-THINGS survey. This is the largest sample to date for which detailed hydrostatic modelling is performed. The solutions of the Poisson–Boltzmann equation provide a complete three-dimensional distribution of the atomic hydrogen (H i) in these galaxies. Using these solutions, we estimate the vertical scale height (defined as the half width at half maxima of the density distribution) of the H i as a function of radius. We find that the scale height in our sample galaxies varies between a few hundred parsec at the centre to a few kiloparsec at the edge. These values are significantly higher than what is observed in spiral galaxies. We further estimate the axial ratios to investigate the thickness of the H i discs in dwarf galaxies. For our sample galaxies, we find a median axial ratio to be 0.40, which is much higher than the same observed in the Milky Way. This indicates that the vertical hydrostatic equilibrium results in thicker H i discs in dwarf galaxies naturally.
Systematically asymmetric: a comparison of H i profile asymmetries in real and simulated galaxies
Authors: Deg N , Blyth S-L , Hank N , Kruger S , Carignan C 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We examine different measures of asymmetry for galaxy H i velocity profiles. We introduce the channel-by-channel asymmetry and the velocity-of-equality statistics to quantify profile asymmetries. Using a sample of simulated galaxies, we examine how these and the standard lopsidedness morphometric statistic depend on a variety of observational effects, including the viewing angle and inclination. We find that our newly introduced channel-by-channel asymmetry is less sensitive to the effects of viewing angle and inclination than other morphometrics. Applying our statistics to the WHISP (Westerbork H i survey of Irregular and SPiral galaxies) H i galaxy sample, we also find that the channel-by-channel asymmetry is a better indicator of visually classified asymmetric profiles. In addition, we find that the lopsidedness–velocity of equality space can be used to identify profiles with deep central dips without visual inspection.
Correlations between mass, stellar kinematics, and gas metallicity in eagle galaxies
Authors: Zenocratti L J , De Rossi M E , Lara-López M A , Theuns T 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
The metallicity of star-forming gas in galaxies from the eagle (Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments) simulations increases with stellar mass. Here, we investigate whether the scatter around this relation correlates with morphology and/or stellar kinematics. At redshift z = 0, galaxies with more rotational support have lower metallicities on average when the stellar mass is below M⋆ ≈ 1010 M⊙. This trend inverts at higher values of M⋆, when prolate galaxies show typically lower metallicity. At increasing redshifts, the trend between rotational support and metallicity becomes weaker at low stellar mass but more pronounced at high stellar mass. We argue that the secondary dependence of metallicity on stellar kinematics is another manifestation of the observed anticorrelation between metallicity and star formation rate at a given stellar mass. At low masses, such trends seem to be driven by the different star formation histories of galaxies and stellar feedback. At high masses, feedback from active galactic nuclei and galaxy mergers plays a dominant role.
Deep learning for intensity mapping observations: component extraction
Authors: Moriwaki Kana , Filippova Nina , Shirasaki Masato , Yoshida Naoki 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Line intensity mapping (LIM) is an emerging observational method to study the large-scale structure of the Universe and its evolution. LIM does not resolve individual sources but probes the fluctuations of integrated line emissions. A serious limitation with LIM is that contributions of different emission lines from sources at different redshifts are all confused at an observed wavelength. We propose a deep learning application to solve this problem. We use conditional generative adversarial networks to extract designated information from LIM. We consider a simple case with two populations of emission-line galaxies; H $\rm \alpha$ emitting galaxies at $z$ = 1.3 are confused with [O iii] emitters at $z$ = 2.0 in a single observed waveband at 1.5 $\mu{\textrm m}$. Our networks trained with 30 000 mock observation maps are able to extract the total intensity and the spatial distribution of H $\rm \alpha$ emitting galaxies at $z$ = 1.3. The intensity peaks are successfully located with 74 per cent precision. The precision increases to 91 per cent when we combine five networks. The mean intensity and the power spectrum are reconstructed with an accuracy of ∼10 per cent. The extracted galaxy distributions at a wider range of redshift can be used for studies on cosmology and on galaxy formation and evolution.
Variable selection in microbiome compositional data analysis
Authors: Susin Antoni , Wang Yiwen , Lê Cao Kim-Anh , Calle M Luz 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThough variable selection is one of the most relevant tasks in microbiome analysis, e.g. for the identification of microbial signatures, many studies still rely on methods that ignore the compositional nature of microbiome data. The applicability of compositional data analysis methods has been hampered by the availability of software and the difficulty in interpreting their results. This work is focused on three methods for variable selection that acknowledge the compositional structure of microbiome data: selbal, a forward selection approach for the identification of compositional balances, and clr-lasso and coda-lasso, two penalized regression models for compositional data analysis. This study highlights the link between these methods and brings out some limitations of the centered log-ratio transformation for variable selection. In particular, the fact that it is not subcompositionally consistent makes the microbial signatures obtained from clr-lasso not readily transferable. Coda-lasso is computationally efficient and suitable when the focus is the identification of the most associated microbial taxa. Selbal stands out when the goal is to obtain a parsimonious model with optimal prediction performance, but it is computationally greedy. We provide a reproducible vignette for the application of these methods that will enable researchers to fully leverage their potential in microbiome studies.
Comparative performance of the BGI and Illumina sequencing technology for single-cell RNA-sequencing
Authors: Senabouth Anne , Andersen Stacey , Shi Qianyu , Shi Lei , Jiang Feng , Zhang Wenwei , Wing Kristof , Daniszewski Maciej , Lukowski Samuel W , Hung Sandy S C , Nguyen Quan , Fink Lynn , Beckhouse Anthony , Pébay Alice , Hewitt Alex W , Powell Joseph E 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The libraries generated by high-throughput single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) platforms such as the Chromium from 10× Genomics require considerable amounts of sequencing, typically due to the large number of cells. The ability to use these data to address biological questions is directly impacted by the quality of the sequence data. Here we have compared the performance of the Illumina NextSeq 500 and NovaSeq 6000 against the BGI MGISEQ-2000 platform using identical Single Cell 3′ libraries consisting of over 70 000 cells generated on the 10× Genomics Chromium platform. Our results demonstrate a highly comparable performance between the NovaSeq 6000 and MGISEQ-2000 in sequencing quality, and the detection of genes, cell barcodes, Unique Molecular Identifiers. The performance of the NextSeq 500 was also similarly comparable to the MGISEQ-2000 based on the same metrics. Data generated by both sequencing platforms yielded similar analytical outcomes for general single-cell analysis. The performance of the NextSeq 500 and MGISEQ-2000 were also comparable for the deconvolution of multiplexed cell pools via variant calling, and detection of guide RNA (gRNA) from a pooled CRISPR single-cell screen. Our study provides a benchmark for high-capacity sequencing platforms applied to high-throughput scRNA-seq libraries.
Systemic Unfairness, Access to Justice and Futility: A Framework
Authors: Adams-Prassl Abi , Adams-Prassl Jeremias 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article develops a conceptual framework for access to justice as a ground of judicial review in English law. We identify a hitherto undertheorised strand of cases which enable courts to review policy within proper constitutional bounds: the doctrine of systemic unfairness, which focuses on risks inherent in a system as a whole. In the context of access to justice, the relevant systemic risk is one of futility: a rational litigant’s inability to vindicate a meritorious claim. Proving the required facts in the context of judicial review proceedings is not an easy task. Litigants must look beyond the realisation of harm to the mechanisms which put access to justice at risk. It is only where the combined impact or cost of system-level risk is particularly severe that a policy-level challenge will succeed on access to justice grounds.
Health Equity’s Missing Substance: (Re)Engaging the Normative in Public Health Discourse and Knowledge Making
Authors: Wildgen Adam , Denny Keith 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSince 1984, the idea of health equity has proliferated throughout public health discourse with little mainstream critique for its variability and distance from its original articulation signifying social transformation and a commitment to social justice. In the years since health equity’s emergence and proliferation, it has taken on a seemingly endless range of invocations and deployments, but it most often translates into proactive and apolitical discourse and practice. In Margaret Whitehead’s influential characterization (1991), achieving health equity requires determining what is inequitable by examining and judging the causes of inequalities in the context of what is going on in the rest of society. However, it also remains unclear how or if public health actors examine and judge the causes of health inequality. In this article, we take the concept of health equity itself as an object of study and consider the ways in which its widespread deployment has entailed a considerable emptying of its semantic and political content. We point toward equity’s own discursive productivity as well as the quantifying imperative embedded within evidentiary norms that govern knowledge making, and performance management regimes that govern public health practices. Under current conditions of knowledge making and performance evaluation, a range of legitimate action and inaction is produced at the same time that more socially transformative action is legitimately curtailed—not merely by politics, but by the rules of the field in which public health actors work. Ultimately, meaningful progress on a normative ethical idea like health equity will require both substantial philosophical content and an analysis of what is going on in the rest of society.
Response to lower dose TNF inhibitors in axial spondyloarthritis; a real-world multicentre observational study
Authors: Van Rossen Liz , Chan Antoni , Gilbert Annie , Gaffney Karl , Harris Claire , Machado Pedro M , Santos Liliana R , Sengupta Raj , Basset Paul , Keat Andrew 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objective
Dose optimization of TNF inhibitors in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is attractive, but it is unclear for which patients this approach might be appropriate.

Methods
Seventy-one patients with axSpA, from six UK centres, were identified who had reduced their dose of TNF inhibitor after being considered to be stable responders. All completed a questionnaire concerning their approach to and experience of dose reduction. Data on patient characteristics, metrology and CRP were retrieved retrospectively from patient records.

Results
Over 2 years of observation, 60 (84.5%) remained (REM) on reduced-dose medication and 11 (15.5%) reverted (REV) to the original dose. The overall mean dose reduction was 39% for REM patients and 44% for REV patients. Both groups initially responded in a similar manner to treatment, but the data showed a trend that younger women were more likely to revert. Neither BMI nor smoking was associated with continued low-dose responsiveness. Eight of the 11 REV patients reverted by 6 months. None reached criteria of secondary drug failure, and all regained control after increasing back to the original dose. Most patients in both groups reached the decision to reduce the dose jointly with clinicians. A preference for taking the reduced dose was not associated with low-dose drug survival.

Conclusion
Many patients with axSpA remain well symptomatically after stepping down the dose of TNF inhibitor, but young women are less likely to do well on a reduced dose. Dose reduction should be one element of the management of patients with axSpA.
Monetary Policy and Corporate Bond Returns
Authors: Guo Haifeng , Kontonikas Alexandros , Maio Paulo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We investigate the impact of monetary policy shocks on excess corporate bonds returns. We obtain a significant negative response of bond returns to policy shocks, which is especially strong among low-grading bonds. The largest portion of this response is related to higher expected bond returns (risk premium news), while the impact on expectations of future interest rates (interest rate news) plays a secondary role. However, the interest rate channel is dominant among high-grading bonds and Treasury bonds. Looking at the two components of bond premium news, we find that the dominant channel for high-rating (low-rating) bonds is term premium (credit premium) news. (JEL 44, E52, G10, G12)
Received: March 25, 2019: Editorial decision: March 27, 2020 by Editor: Hui Chen. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Genetic Susceptibility to Clozapine-Induced Agranulocytosis/Neutropenia Across Ethnicities: Results From a New Cohort of Turkish and Other Caucasian Participants, and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Okhuijsen-Pfeifer Cynthia , Ayhan Yavuz , Lin Bochao D , van Eijk Kristel R , Bekema Erwin , Kool Lindy J G B , Bogers Jan P A M , Muderrisoglu Ahmet , Babaoglu Melih O , Van Assche Evelien , Medic Jelena , Veerman Selene , Cohen Dan , van Beek Hanneke , de Jonge Annemieke A M , Beld Edwin ,   PAT Clozapine Associated Leukopenia/Agranulocytosis Study Group, Yağcıoğlu A Elif Anıl , Luykx Jurjen J , Yoca Gökhan , Altınyazar Vesile , Aydın Memduha , Görgülü Yasemin , Kıvırcık Akdede Berna B , Alptekin Köksal , Üçok Alp , Danacı Ayşen Esen , İlhan Bilge Çetin , Ulusoy Semra , Soygür Haldun , Özdemir Hatice , Çelik Mustafa , Orhan Fatma Özlem , Ozan Hasret , Kaygısız İsmet 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Clozapine (CLZ) is considered the most effective antipsychotic, but its use is associated with neutropenia (CIN) and agranulocytosis (CIA). Although the exact etiology of these hazardous side effects is unknown, 4 genetic polymorphisms have been implicated by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), mostly performed in North-Western Europeans. These polymorphisms are rs113332494 (HLA-DQB1), rs41549217 (HLA-B), and rs1546308/rs149104283 (SLCO1B3/7), several of which were not directly genotyped but imputed. To test whether these 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with CIN/CIA in a Turkish population and in a more extensive group of Caucasians, we directly genotyped these polymorphisms using Taqman and Sanger sequencing and performed logistic regression. We divided our participants (234 CLZ-using participants of whom 31 CIN/CIA cases) into (1) North-Western European, (2) Turkish, (3) Caucasian (=1 + 2); and (4) a total group (Caucasian + other ethnicities). Rs113332494 (HLA-DQB1) was significantly associated with CIN/CIA in the total group (P = 3.5 × 10−8), in the Caucasian group (P = 9.3 × 10−6) and in the Turkish group (P = 2.8 × 10−5). Rs41549217 (HLA-B) was nominally significant in the Caucasian group (P = .018). In meta-analysis of our results and the previously reported genome-wide results, 3 SNPs were significantly associated with CIN/CIA in participants with Caucasian ancestry: rs113332494 (P = 2.05 × 10−8), rs41549217 (P = 7.19 × 10−9), and rs149104283 (P = 5.54 × 10−9), with the result for rs1546308 (SCLO1B3/SCLO1B7) being significantly heterogeneous across studies. Our results hint at ethnicity-dependent and clinically relevant effects of genetic polymorphisms on the risk to develop CIN/CIA. Pharmacogenetic testing can complement clinical decision making and thus empower appropriate CLZ prescribing, but ancestry should be taken into account when performing such testing for CLZ.
Attitudes toward Refugees in Contemporary Europe: A Longitudinal Perspective on Cross-National Differences
Authors: Czymara Christian S 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn 2015, the number of people seeking asylum in Europe skyrocketed. However, asylum applications were mainly concentrated in a few destination countries such as Germany, Austria, or Sweden. After the so-called EU-Turkey deal, asylum rates quickly dropped in subsequent years. I examine how these developments affected public opinion from both a static and a dynamic comparative perspective. The rapid and largely unpredicted rise in refugee numbers and their prominence in public debates make demographic changes potent drivers of out-group hostility. The analysis of data from over 50,000 individuals in 22 countries contained in the seventh and eighth waves of the European Social Survey shows that attitudes toward refugees do not simply follow trends in asylum applications. Significantly lowering refugee numbers, hence, did not counter anti-refugee sentiments in the European public. Based on intra-country variation over time, the model rather predicts an increase in negative attitudes during times of considerable demographic shifts. Deeper analyses reveal that this effect is stronger for conservative Europeans as well as for those who distrust EU-politics. Moreover, while a general willingness to help is associated with more openness toward refugees, actually experiencing foreigner inflow diminishes this link, suggesting limitations of humanitarian concerns. Results are stable across various modelling and sample choices and not driven by individual countries. In sum, these findings demonstrate the importance of temporal dynamics for the formation of attitudes toward refugees in contemporary Europe and point to potentially polarizing effects of immigration along ideological lines.
Keep America Christian (and White): Christian Nationalism, Fear of Ethnoracial Outsiders, and Intention to Vote for Donald Trump in the 2020 Presidential Election
Authors: Baker Joseph O , Perry Samuel L , Whitehead Andrew L 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSome of the strongest predictors of voting for Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election were Christian nationalism and antipathy toward Muslims and immigrants. We examine the interrelated influence of these three factors on Americans’ intentions to vote for Trump in 2020. Consistent with previous research, Christian nationalism and Islamophobia remained strong and significant predictors of intention to vote for Trump; however, the effect of xenophobia was stronger. Further, xenophobia and Islamophobia significantly and substantially mediated the effects of Christian nationalism. Consequently, though Christian nationalism remains theoretically and empirically distinct as a cultural framework, its influence on intending to vote for Trump in 2020 is intimately connected to fears about ethnoracial outsiders. In the penultimate year before Trump’s reelection campaign, the strongest predictors of supporting Trump, in order of magnitude, were political party, xenophobia, identifying as African American (negative), political ideology, Christian nationalism, and Islamophobia.
Is there an Intrinsic Relationship between LFP Beta Oscillation Amplitude and Firing Rate of Individual Neurons in Macaque Motor Cortex?
Authors: Confais Joachim , Malfait Nicole , Brochier Thomas , Riehle Alexa , Kilavik Bjørg Elisabeth 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The properties of motor cortical local field potential (LFP) beta oscillations have been extensively studied. Their relationship to the local neuronal spiking activity was also addressed. Yet, whether there is an intrinsic relationship between the amplitude of beta oscillations and the firing rate of individual neurons remains controversial. Some studies suggest a mapping of spike rate onto beta amplitude, while others find no systematic relationship. To help resolve this controversy, we quantified in macaque motor cortex the correlation between beta amplitude and neuronal spike count during visuomotor behavior. First, in an analysis termed “task-related correlation”, single-trial data obtained across all trial epochs were included. These correlations were significant in up to 32% of cases and often strong. However, a trial-shuffling control analysis recombining beta amplitudes and spike counts from different trials revealed these task-related correlations to reflect systematic, yet independent, modulations of the 2 signals with the task. Second, in an analysis termed “trial-by-trial correlation”, only data from fixed trial epochs were included, and correlations were calculated across trials. Trial-by-trial correlations were weak and rarely significant. We conclude that there is no intrinsic relationship between the firing rate of individual neurons and LFP beta oscillation amplitude in macaque motor cortex.
Blinded, Multicenter Evaluation of Drug-induced Changes in Contractility Using Human-induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Saleem Umber , van Meer Berend J , Katili Puspita A , Mohd Yusof Nurul A N , Mannhardt Ingra , Garcia Ana Krotenberg , Tertoolen Leon , de Korte Tessa , Vlaming Maria L H , McGlynn Karen , Nebel Jessica , Bahinski Anthony , Harris Kate , Rossman Eric , Xu Xiaoping , Burton Francis L , Smith Godfrey L , Clements Peter , Mummery Christine L , Eschenhagen Thomas , Hansen Arne , Denning Chris 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Animal models are 78% accurate in determining whether drugs will alter contractility of the human heart. To evaluate the suitability of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) for predictive safety pharmacology, we quantified changes in contractility, voltage, and/or Ca2+ handling in 2D monolayers or 3D engineered heart tissues (EHTs). Protocols were unified via a drug training set, allowing subsequent blinded multicenter evaluation of drugs with known positive, negative, or neutral inotropic effects. Accuracy ranged from 44% to 85% across the platform-cell configurations, indicating the need to refine test conditions. This was achieved by adopting approaches to reduce signal-to-noise ratio, reduce spontaneous beat rate to ≤ 1 Hz or enable chronic testing, improving accuracy to 85% for monolayers and 93% for EHTs. Contraction amplitude was a good predictor of negative inotropes across all the platform-cell configurations and of positive inotropes in the 3D EHTs. Although contraction- and relaxation-time provided confirmatory readouts forpositive inotropes in 3D EHTs, these parameters typically served as the primary source of predictivity in 2D. The reliance of these “secondary” parameters to inotropy in the 2D systems was not automatically intuitive and may be a quirk of hiPSC-CMs, hence require adaptations in interpreting the data from this model system. Of the platform-cell configurations, responses in EHTs aligned most closely to the free therapeutic plasma concentration. This study adds to the notion that hiPSC-CMs could add value to drug safety evaluation.