bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pricing during Disruptions: Order Variability versus Profit
Authors: Feng Xiaojing , Rong Ying , Shen Zuo‐Jun Max , Snyder Lawrence V. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTWhen supply disruptions occur, firms want to employ an effective pricing strategy to reduce losses. However, firms typically do not know precisely how customers will react to price changes in the short term, during a disruption. In this article, we investigate the customer's order variability and the firm's profit under several representative heuristic pricing strategies, including no change at all (fixed pricing strategy), changing the price only (naive pricing strategy), and adjusting the belief and price simultaneously (one‐period correction [1PC] and regression pricing strategies). We show that the fixed pricing strategy creates the most stable customer order process, but it brings lower profit than the naive pricing strategy in most cases. The 1PC pricing strategy produces a more volatile customer order process and smaller profit than the naive one does. Although the regression pricing strategy is a more advanced approach, it leads to lower profit and greater customer order variability than the naive pricing strategy (but the opposite when compared to the 1PC strategy). We conclude that (i) completely eliminating the customer order variability by employing a fixed pricing strategy is not advisable and adjusting the price to match supply with demand is necessary to improve the profit; (ii) frequently adjusting the belief about customer behaviors under imperfect information may increase the customer's order variability and reduce the firm's profit. The conclusions are robust to the inventory assumption (i.e., without or with inventory carryover) and the firm's objective (i.e., market clearance or profit maximization).
Increasing medical student numbers in resource constrained settings: Ethical and legal complexities intersecting patients’ rights and responsibilities
Authors: Menezes Colin , Dhai Ames 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThere is a need to increase the number of practicing medical doctors in South Africa. We examine the ethical implications of patients’ rights being affected in medical education in a South African context.The South African legal framework advocates public healthcare access. Yet, the State’s ethical obligations when it comes to guaranteeing public healthcare access, conflict with its utilitarian policy, that allows for medical education to help achieve the State’s public healthcare commitments, at the cost of eroding patients’ rights, and accepts that certain actions are imperative, in line with Ubuntu, which is tenable yet nuanced. A patient treated by a licenced doctor today, benefits because other patients have allowed themselves to be used as hands‐on learning material for medical students yesterday.Healthcare institutions need to take cognisance of the numbers of medical students that patients can reasonably be expected to endure. There is a need for the Health Professions Council of South Africa and medical schools to adopt guidelines on reasonable levels of medical student‐patient interaction, and medical student‐to‐patient ratios in healthcare delivery.
In vitro egg hatching of Diaphorina citri, the vector of Huanglongbing
Authors: Santos‐Ortega Yulica , Killiny Nabil 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCitrus greening (Huanglongbing, HLB) is a destructive disease associated with the uncultivable, phloem‐limited, gram‐negative bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter spp., which affects citrus crops and other Rutaceae species. HLB is rapidly transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae). We developed an artificial medium on which D. citri eggs can hatch and first‐instar nymphs can feed. The medium could be used to study insect physiology and screen molecules that may interfere with egg hatching and nymph development.
Age‐related decrements in cortical gyrification: Evidence from an accelerated longitudinal dataset
Authors: Madan Christopher R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCortical gyrification has been found to decrease due to aging, but thus far this has only been examined in cross‐sectional samples. Interestingly, the topography of these age‐related differences in gyrification follows a distinct gradient along the cortex relative to age effects on cortical thickness, likely suggesting a different underlying neurobiological mechanism. Here I examined several aspects of gyrification in an accelerated longitudinal dataset of 280 healthy adults aged 45–92 with an interval between first and last MRI sessions of up to 10 years (total of 815 MRI sessions). Results suggest that age changes in sulcal morphology underlie these changes in gyrification.
Neural generators involved in visual cue processing in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Zarka David , Leroy Axelle , Cebolla Ana Maria , Cevallos Carlos , Palmero‐Soler Ernesto , Cheron Guy 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEvent‐related potentials (ERP) studies report alterations in the ongoing visuo‐attentional processes in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We hypothesized that the neural generators progressively recruited after a cue stimulus imply executive‐related areas well before engagement in executive processing in children with ADHD compared to typically developed children (TDC). We computed source localization (swLORETA) of the ERP and ERSP evoked by the Cue stimulus during a visual Cue‐Go/Nogo paradigm in 15 ADHD compared to 16 TDC. A significant difference in N200/P200 amplitude over the right centro‐frontal regions was observed between ADHD and TDC, supported by a stronger contribution of the left visuo‐motor coordination area, premotor cortex, and prefrontal cortex in ADHD. In addition, we recorded a greater beta power spectrum in ADHD during the 80–230 ms interval, which was explained by increased activity in occipito‐parieto‐central areas and lower activity in the left supramarginal gyrus and prefrontal areas in ADHD. Successive analysis of the ERP generators (0–500 ms with successive periods of 50 ms) revealed significant differences beginning at 50 ms, with higher activity in the ventral anterior cingulate cortex, premotor cortex, and fusiform gyrus, and ending at 400–500 ms with higher activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and lower activity of the posterior cingulate cortex in ADHD compared to TDC. The areas contributing to ERP in ADHD and TDC differ from the early steps of visuo‐attentional processing and reveal an overinvestment of the executive networks interfering with the activity of the dorsal attention network in children with ADHD.
Responsivity to light in familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 mutant mice reveals frequency‐dependent enhancement of visual network excitability
Authors: Perenboom Matthijs J. L. , Schenke Maarten , Ferrari Michel D. , Terwindt Gisela M. , van den Maagdenberg Arn M. J. M. , Tolner Else A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMigraine patients often report (inter)ictal hypersensitivity to light, but the underlying mechanisms remain an enigma. Both hypo‐ and hyperresponsivity of the visual network have been reported, which may reflect either intra‐individual dynamics of the network or large inter‐individual variation in the measurement of human visual evoked potential data. Therefore, we studied visual system responsivity in freely behaving mice using combined epidural electroencephalography and intracortical multi‐unit activity to reduce variation in recordings and gain insight into visual cortex dynamics. For better clinical translation, we investigated transgenic mice that carry the human pathogenic R192Q missense mutation in the α1A subunit of voltage‐gated CaV2.1 Ca2+ channels leading to enhanced neurotransmission and familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 in patients. Visual evoked potentials were studied in response to visual stimulation paradigms with flashes of light. Following intensity‐dependent visual stimulation, FHM1 mutant mice displayed faster visual evoked potential responses, with lower initial amplitude, followed by less pronounced neuronal suppression compared to wild‐type mice. Similar to what was reported for migraine patients, frequency‐dependent stimulation in mutant mice revealed enhanced photic drive in the EEG beta‐gamma band. The frequency‐dependent increases in visual network responses in mutant mice may reflect the context‐dependent enhancement of visual cortex excitability, which could contribute to our understanding of sensory hypersensitivity in migraine.
Nitric Oxide Synthase inhibition counteracts the stress‐induced DNA methyltransferase 3b expression in the hippocampus of rats
Authors: de Sousa Maciel Izaque , Sales Amanda J. , Casarotto Plinio C. , Castrén Eero , Biojone Caroline , Joca Sâmia R. L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIt has been postulated that the activation of NMDA receptors (NMDAr) and nitric oxide (NO) production in the hippocampus is involved in the behavioral consequences of stress. Stress triggers NMDAr‐induced calcium influx in limbic areas, such as the hippocampus, which in turn activates neuronal NO synthase (nNOS). Inhibition of nNOS or NMDAr activity can prevent stress‐induced effects in animal models, but the molecular mechanisms behind this effect are still unclear. In this study, cultured hippocampal neurons treated with NMDA or dexamethasone showed an increased of DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b) mRNA expression, which was blocked by pre‐treatment with nNOS inhibitor nω‐propyl‐l‐arginine (NPA). In rats submitted to the Learned Helplessness paradigm (LH), we observed that inescapable stress increased DNMT3b mRNA expression at 1h and 24h in the hippocampus. The NOS inhibitors 7‐NI and aminoguanidine (AMG) decreased the number of escape failures in LH and counteracted the changes in hippocampal DNMT3b mRNA induced in this behavioral paradigm. Altogether, our data suggest that NO produced in response to NMDAr activation following stress upregulates DNMT3b in the hippocampus.
SMART syndrome: retrospective review of a rare delayed complication of radiation
Authors: Singh Tarun D. , Hajeb Mania , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Kunchok Amy C. , Pittock Sean J. , Krecke Karl N. , Bartleson John D. , Black David F. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundSMART (stroke‐like migraine attacks after radiation therapy) is a rare, delayed complication of brain radiation. In this study, we wanted to review the spectrum of symptoms, neuroradiological findings, autoimmune status, and outcomes in SMART syndrome patients.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of all consecutive adult patients (≥18 years) diagnosed with SMART syndrome at Mayo Clinic, Rochester between January 1995 and December 2018.ResultsWe identified 25 unique patients with SMART syndrome and a total of 31 episodes and 15 (60%) patients were male. The median age at onset was 46 (interquartile range [IQR] 43–55) years and the median latency of onset after the initial radiation was 21.6 (IQR 14.4–28.2) years. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed gyral edema and enhancement in all cases with the temporal (25, 80.6%) and parietal (23, 74.2%) lobes being the most commonly affected. The median follow‐up of the patients in our cohort was 10 (IQR 6–32) weeks. On univariate analysis, factors associated with an increased risk of recurrent SMART episodes were female gender (odds ratio [OR] 8.1, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.1–52.6, p = 0.019) and absence of electrographic seizure discharges during initial symptoms (OR 7.4, 95% CI 1.1–45.9, p = 0.032). We could not identify an autoimmune etiology. Longer duration of symptoms (>10 weeks) correlated with an older age (p = 0.049), temporal lobe involvement (p < 0.001), and diffusion restriction (p = 0.043).ConclusionsSMART is a syndrome with characteristic imaging findings and clinical features. Incomplete recovery by 10 weeks occurred in one‐third of individuals and was associated with older age, temporal lobe involvement, and restricted diffusion on MRI.
Urban evolution comes into its own: Emerging themes and future directions of a burgeoning field
Authors: Miles Lindsay S. , Carlen Elizabeth J. , Winchell Kristin M. , Johnson Marc T. J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUrbanization has recently emerged as an exciting new direction for evolutionary research founded on our growing understanding of rapid evolution paired with the expansion of novel urban habitats. Urbanization can influence adaptive and nonadaptive evolution in urban‐dwelling species, but generalized patterns and the predictability of urban evolutionary responses within populations remain unclear. This editorial introduces the special feature “Evolution in Urban Environments” and addresses four major emerging themes, which include: (a) adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity via physiological responses to urban climate, (b) adaptive evolution via phenotype–environment relationships in urban habitats, (c) population connectivity and genetic drift in urban landscapes, and (d) human–wildlife interactions in urban spaces. Here, we present the 16 articles (12 empirical, 3 review, 1 capstone) within this issue and how they represent each of these four emerging themes in urban evolutionary biology. Finally, we discuss how these articles address previous questions and have now raised new ones, highlighting important new directions for the field.
A C6/C5 co‐fermentingSaccharomyces cerevisiaestrain with the alleviation of antagonism between xylose utilization and robustness
Authors: Wei Fangqing , Li Menglei , Wang Ming , Li Hongxing , Li Zailu , Qin Wensheng , Wei Tiandi , Zhao Jianzhi , Bao Xiaoming 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDuring second‐generation bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass, the desired traits for fermenting microorganisms, such asSaccharomyces cerevisiae, are high xylose utilization and high robustness to inhibitors in lignocellulosic hydrolysates. However, as observed previously, these two traits easily showed the antagonism, one rising and the other falling, in the C6/C5 co‐fermentingS. cerevisiaestrain. In this study, LF1 obtained in our previous study is an engineered budding yeast strain with a superior co‐fermentation capacity of glucose and xylose, and was then mutated by atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis to improve its robustness. The ARTP‐treated cells were grown in 50% (v/v) leachate from lignocellulose pretreatment with high inhibitors content for adaptive evolution. After 30 days, the generated mutant LF1‐6 showed significantly enhanced tolerance, with a six‐fold increase in cell density in the above leachate. Unfortunately, its xylose utilization dropped markedly, indicating the recurrence of the negative correlation between xylose utilization and robustness. To alleviate this antagonism, LF1‐6 cells were iteratively mutated with ARTP mutagenesis and then anaerobically grown using xylose as the sole carbon source, and xylose utilization was restored in the resulting strain 6M‐15. 6M‐15 also exhibited increased co‐fermentation performance of xylose and glucose with the highest ethanol productivity reported to date (0.525 g g−1 h−1) in high‐level mixed sugars (80 g L−1glucose and 40 g L−1xylose) with no inhibitors. Meanwhile, its fermentation time was shortened by 8 h compared to that of LF1. During the fermentation of non‐detoxified lignocellulosic hydrolysate with high inhibitor concentrations at pH ~3.5, 6M‐15 can efficiently convert glucose and xylose with an ethanol yield of 0.43 g g−1. 6M‐15 is also regarded as a potential chassis cell for further design of a customized strain suitable for production of second‐generation bioethanol or other high value‐added products from lignocellulosic biomass.
Partial least squares regression and importance–satisfaction analyses of the strategic drivers of happiness: A quality of life survey in Seoul, Korea
Authors: Gim Tae‐Hyoung T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUsing survey data by the Seoul Metropolitan Government for 5 years (n = 228,103 individuals), this study analyzes the magnitudes of the impacts of major grouping variables on variations in the overall happiness through partial least squares regression analysis. This study then uses the importance–satisfaction analysis to explore how the between‐group variations can be reduced according to the current satisfaction as well as the ultimate importance of the five happiness components (health, finance, relationships with close relatives/friends, home life, and social life). The regression finds that self‐respect‐as‐a‐Seoul‐citizen, social class recognition, years (other than 2014), household income, and not being elderly have a positive difference in happiness. The importance of the social class recognition over the objective income suggests the validity of soft policies for increasing happiness as a subjective concept. The low happiness level in 2014 may reflect history effects or events that occurred in that year. The importance–satisfaction analysis presents customized strategies by group. Specifically, policies oriented to financial happiness are prioritized for groups with low values on self‐respect, class recognition, household income, and age while health‐ and home life‐related policies should be additionally arranged for the older population.
Impact of different regenerative techniques and materials on the healing outcome of endodontic surgery: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Liu T. J. , Zhou J. N. , Guo L. H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundRegenerative techniques are increasingly applied in endodontic surgery, but different materials used in regenerative techniques may have varying impacts on wound healing.ObjectivesThis study evaluated the effects of different regenerative techniques and materials on the outcome of endodontic surgery. Participants: patients with persistent periapical lesions, treated with root‐end surgery. Control: endodontic surgery without the use of regenerative techniques/materials. Intervention: endodontic surgery with the use of regenerative techniques/materials. Outcome: combined clinical and radiographic results.MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, Embase, SinoMed and the CENTRAL Cochrane were searched up to 10th July 2020, followed by a manual search. Detailed eligibility criteria were applied. Cochrane’s risk‐of‐bias tool 2.0 was used to assess the risk of bias of the eligible studies. Meta‐analysis was conducted using RevMan software. Subgroup analyses were performed based on the regenerative materials used in endodontic surgery.ResultsEleven eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the meta‐analysis: two had a low risk of overall bias, and nine had some concerns of overall bias. Generally, the use of regenerative techniques significantly improved the outcome of endodontic surgery (risk ratio [RR]: 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26–0.68;P < 0.001). On subgroup analysis, the use of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e‐PTFE) membranes alone had no added benefits (RR: 2.00; 95% CI, 0.22–18.33;P = 0.54). The application of collagen membranes or autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) alone was associated with a trend for better outcomes (RR: 0.51; 95% CI, 0.20–1.25;P = 0.14) (RR: 0.55; 95% CI, 0.18–1.71;P = 0.30). The combined use of collagen membranes and bovine‐derived hydroxyapatite significantly improved the outcome (RR: 0.35; 95% CI, 0.17–0.75;P = 0.007).DiscussionThis systematic review evaluated the effects of collagen membranes, e‐PTFE membranes, APCs and bone grafting materials, providing detailed information about the risks and benefits of using each regenerative technique/material or its combination in endodontic surgery.ConclusionsRegenerative techniques improve periapical lesion healing after endodontic surgery. The combined use of collagen membranes and bovine‐derived hydroxyapatite may be beneficial as an adjunct to endodontic surgery. In contrast, the positive efficacy of e‐PTFE membranes or APCs alone remains doubtful.
Management of voiding dysfunction associated with pelvic malignancies
Authors: Stabholz Yariv , Sandhu Jaspreet S 
Published: November 2020

AbstractVoiding dysfunction is common after surgical and radiation treatments in patients diagnosed with non‐urological pelvic malignancies. Presentation might vary with lower urinary tract symptoms and/or overactive bladder, urinary retention, or incontinence. We reviewed the most recent literature with the aim of describing various types of urinary dysfunction that manifest after radical treatments for non‐urological pelvic malignancies. Radical surgical or radiation treatment adversely affect other adjacent pelvic organ function, including viscera, pelvic musculature and the peripheral nervous system. This results in direct organ and indirect functional damage to the genitourinary tract. Multiple surgical and radiation modifications are available nowadays, allowing urologists to offer various treatments for better functional lower urinary tract outcomes. Diagnosing and understanding the type and severity of voiding dysfunction plays a key role in tailoring an appropriate treatment plan. The objective to better functional results relies on maintaining adequate bladder compliance and capacity while permitting volitional emptying, ideally through voiding. Management should routinely start with conservative measures, including pelvic floor muscle training with or without a combination of oral medication for urgency incontinence and clean intermittent catheterization for the management of urinary retention. Concomitant or isolated urinary incontinence can be further managed through multiple established surgical approaches. We attempted to address various treatment available for known lower urinary tract symptoms that might have been caused secondary to non‐urological pelvic surgery or radiation. We discuss different diagnostic and treatment modalities individualized for patients with various entities, to help achieve optimal urinary function and improve quality of life.