bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problemas-Proyectos Adaptativos y Creativos en la enseñanza de las ciencias. Descripción de la metodología y apreciación de los estudiantes involucrados
Authors: Queiruga-Dios Miguel Ángel , Sáiz-Manzanares María Consuelo , Montero-García Eduardo 
Published: January 2020

En este artículo se describe la metodología que se ha denominado Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas-Proyectos Adaptativos y Creativos (ABPac), utilizando como ejemplo algunos de los proyectos realizados en el centro concertado Jesús-María de Burgos durante diez años, entre 2006 y 2016, con alumnos de Secundaria Obligatoria y Bachillerato. Esta metodología sugiere una atención a la diversidad del alumnado considerando sus necesidades e inquietudes. Además, se analiza cuantitativamente el resultado de la encuesta de percepción realizada a 73 individuos involucrados en esta metodología cuando ya ha transcurrido un tiempo de madurez y se encuentran finalizando sus carreras o con estas ya finalizadas. Las conclusiones indican que esta metodología se muestra eficaz en los aspectos más relevantes que persigue: la adquisición de habilidades del siglo XXI . Finalmente, se analiza el resultado de la encuesta realizada así como algunos testimonios recogidos.
Potential of Timed 25-Foot Walk Values in Predicting Maximum Walking Distance in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Alshamrani Foziah , Berger Warren , Alnajashi Hind , Payne Michael W.C. , Morrow Sarah A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background:
Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores of 4.0 or greater are determined primarily by maximum walking distance (MWD). Estimation of MWD by persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) is often used due to the impracticality of formally walking a person with MS in a clinic setting. Previous studies have demonstrated discrepancies between estimated and actual MWDs. Whether Timed 25-Foot Walk test (T25FW) values can be used to predict MWD is currently unknown. This study aimed to determine whether T25FW time is predictive of MWD in persons with MS.

Methods:
This study is a post hoc analysis of a previously described prospective cohort study. Persons with MS with an EDSS score of 3.5 to 5.5 were included. The participant’s T25FW values and MWD were measured.

Results:
Of the 38 adult participants (mean age, 50.8 years; 27 women [71%]), 24 (63%) had relapsing-remitting MS. The median EDSS score was 4.5 (range, 3.5–5.5). The T25FW times were divided into seven categories (&lt;5.0, 5.0–5.9, 6.0–6.9, 7.0–7.9, 8.0–8.9, 9.0–9.9, and ≥10.0 seconds). The MWDs were divided into corresponding EDSS score categories: ≥500, 300–499, 200–299, 100–199, and ≤99 m. Ordinal logistic regression, when controlled for age, found the T25FW categories to be predictive of EDSS score (χ2 = 17.630, df = 7, P = .014).

Conclusions:
The T25FW value may be used as a surrogate estimate of MWD. Further studies are needed to confirm the reliability of the T25FW in predicting MWD.
Declines in skeletal muscle quality vs. size following two weeks of knee joint immobilization
Authors: MacLennan Rob J. , Sahebi Michael , Becker Nathan , Davis Ethan , Garcia Jeanette M. , Stock Matt S. 
Published: January 2020

Background
Disuse of a muscle group, which occurs during bedrest, spaceflight, and limb immobilization, results in atrophy. It is unclear, however, if the magnitude of decline in skeletal muscle quality is similar to that for muscle size. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two weeks of knee joint immobilization on vastus lateralis and rectus femoris echo intensity and cross-sectional area.

Methods
Thirteen females (mean ± SD age = 21 ± 2 years) underwent two weeks of left knee joint immobilization via ambulating on crutches and use of a brace. B-mode ultrasonography was utilized to obtain transverse plane images of the immobilized and control vastus lateralis and rectus femoris at pretest and following immobilization. Effect size statistics and two-way repeated measures analyses of variance were used to interpret the data.

Results
No meaningful changes were demonstrated for the control limb and the rectus femoris of the immobilized limb. Analyses showed a large increase in vastus lateralis echo intensity (i.e., decreased muscle quality) for the immobilized limb (p = .006, Cohen’s d = .918). For vastus lateralis cross-sectional area, no time × limb interaction was observed (p = .103), but the effect size was moderate (d = .570). There was a significant association between the increase in vastus lateralis echo intensity and the decrease in cross-sectional area (r = − .649, p = .016).

Conclusion
In female participants, two weeks of knee joint immobilization resulted in greater deterioration of muscle quality than muscle size. Echo intensity appears to be an attractive clinical tool for monitoring muscle quality during disuse.
A new species of rorqual whale (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Balaenopteridae) from the Late Miocene of the Southern North Sea Basin and the role of the North Atlantic in the paleobiogeography of Archaebalaenoptera
Authors: Bisconti Michelangelo , Munsterman Dirk K. , Fraaije René H.B. , Bosselaers Mark E.J. , Post Klaas 
Published: January 2020

Background
The rich fossil record of rorqual and humpback whales (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Balaenopteridae) is mainly characterized by monotypic genera since genera including more than one species are extremely rare. The discovery of new species belonging to known genera would be of great importance in order to better understand ancestor-descendant relationships and paleobiogeographic patterns in this diverse group. Recent discoveries in the southern North Sea Basin yielded a number of reasonably well preserved fossil balaenopterids from the Late Miocene; this sample includes a balaenopterid skull from Liessel, The Netherlands, which shares key characters with Archaebalaenoptera castriarquati from the Pliocene of Mediterranean. This skull is permanently held by Oertijdmuseum, Boxtel, The Netherlands, with the number MAB002286 and is investigated here.

Methods
A detailed comparative anatomical analysis of the skull MAB002286 is performed in order to understand its relationships. The age of the skull is determined by dinocyst analysis of the associated sediment. A paleobiogeographic analysis is performed to understand paleobiogeographic patterns within the balaenopterid clade the new skull belongs to.

Results
Our work resulted in the description of Archaebalaenoptera liesselensis new species. The geological age of the holotype skull is between 8.1 and 7.5 Ma. The phylogenetic relationships of this species reveals that it is monophyletic with Archaebalaenoptera castriarquati from the Italian Pliocene. Moreover, in combination with a more basal species of Archaebalaenoptera from the late Miocene of Peru, our paleobiogeographic analysis suggests that the North Atlantic ocean played a major role as a center of origin of a number of balaenopterid clades including Protororqualus, Archaebalaenoptera and more advanced balaenopterid taxa. From a North Atlantic center of origin, two dispersal events are inferred that led to the origins of Archaebalaenoptera species in the South Pacific and Mediterranean. The distribution of Archaebalaenoptera was antitropical in the late Miocene. The role played by the Mediterranean salinity crisis is also investigated and discussed.
Qualitative evaluation of fermented olives grown in Southern Italy (cvs. Carolea, Grossa of Gerace and Nocellara Messinese)
Authors: De Bruno Alessandra , Zappia Angela , Piscopo Amalia , Poiana Marco 
Published: January 2020

The aim of this work was to evaluate the quality of olives of three typical cultivars of Southern Italy and correspondent brines after different fermentation variables: two NaCl concentrations with and without acidification up to pH 4). In particular, physicochemical parameters, microbiological counts and antioxidant activity of olive samples and brines were monitored and compared. The obtained results showed a good fermentation performance of studied olive cultivars , with a brine pH inside the legal limit of 4.3, also in samples were the pH correction was not performed. The pH lowering was slower in brine samples treated with the lowest salt concentration. Moreover, all samples manifested higher antioxidant activity after 240 days of brining, and total phenol content ranged from 9.22 to 20.78 g gallic acid kg-1 in olives. Among samples, Carolea olives showed the highest total phenolic content and the highest antioxidant activity after 240 days of fermentation.
Ethylene absorber (KMnO4) in postharvest quality of pinha (Anona squamosa L.)
Authors: Sanches Alex Guimarães , Da Silva Maryelle Barros , Silva Moreira Elaine Gleice , Dos Santos Edmarcos Xavier , Menezes Keren Railka Paiva , Cordeiro Carlos Alberto Martins 
Published: January 2020

The ripening pattern of the climacteric type of the pinha (Anona squamosa L.) limits its shelf life at room temperature, in addition, storage at low temperatures develops cold sores on the fruit. Thus, the association of conservation technologies is fundamental to reduce the losses in the post-harvest of this fruit, so it was aimed to evaluate sachets impregnated with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) associated with refrigeration in the control of ripening and preservation of quality. For this, pinhas were harvested at physiological maturity, packed in polystyrene styrofoam trays coated with PVC film with and without the presence of sachets containing 3 g of KMnO4 and stored at 13 ºC for 20 days. Every five days the fruit quality was evaluated as: weight loss, cracking index, firmness, external appearance, starch content, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, ratio SS/TA, coloring (Hue, Chroma and Luminosity) and cold damage. The absorption of ethylene by the KMnO4 sachet inside the packages preserved significantly (p<0.05) the physical-chemical quality and the visual appearance of the fruits but did not influence the coloration (chroma and luminosity) and incidence of damage by cold in relation to its control at the end of the storage period. The packing of pinhas containing 3 g of KMnO4 is an alternative to delay ripening, prolong the shelf life without compromising the physical-chemical quality of the fruits.
Downregulation of circulating miR 802‐5p and miR 194‐5p and upregulation of brain MEF2C along breast cancer brain metastasization
Authors: Sereno Marta , Haskó János , Molnár Kinga , Medina Sarah J. , Reisz Zita , Malhó Rui , Videira Mafalda , Tiszlavicz László , Booth Stephanie A. , Wilhelm Imola , Krizbai István A. , Brito Maria Alexandra 
Published: January 2020

Breast cancer brain metastases (BCBMs) have been underinvestigated despite their high incidence and poor outcome. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), and particularly circulating miRNAs, regulate multiple cellular functions, and their deregulation has been reported in different types of cancer and metastasis. However, their signature in plasma along brain metastasis development and their relevant targets remain undetermined. Here, we used a mouse model of BCBM and next‐generation sequencing (NGS) to establish the alterations in circulating miRNAs during brain metastasis formation and development. We further performed bioinformatics analysis to identify their targets with relevance in the metastatic process. We additionally analyzed human resected brain metastasis samples of breast cancer patients for target expression validation. Breast cancer cells were injected in the carotid artery of mice to preferentially induce metastasis in the brain, and samples were collected at different timepoints (5 h, 3, 7, and 10 days) to follow metastasis development in the brain and in peripheral organs. Metastases were detected from 7 days onwards, mainly in the brain. NGS revealed a deregulation of circulating miRNA profile during BCBM progression, rising from 18% at 3 days to 30% at 10 days following malignant cells’ injection. Work was focused on those altered prior to metastasis detection, among which were miR‐802‐5p and miR‐194‐5p, whose downregulation was validated by qPCR. Using targetscan and diana tools, the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) was identified as a target for both miRNAs, and its expression was increasingly observed in malignant cells along brain metastasis development. Its upregulation was also observed in peritumoral astrocytes pointing to a role of MEF2C in the crosstalk between tumor cells and astrocytes. MEF2C expression was also observed in human BCBM, validating the observation in mouse. Collectively, downregulation of circulating miR‐802‐5p and miR‐194‐5p appears as a precocious event in BCBM and MEF2C emerges as a new player in brain metastasis development.
Copper Nitride Nanowires Printed Li with Stable Cycling for Li Metal Batteries in Carbonate Electrolytes
Authors: Lee Dongsoo , Sun Seho , Kwon Jiseok , Park Hyunjung , Jang Minchul , Park Eunkyung , Son Byoungkuk , Jung Yeongil , Song Taeseup , Paik Ungyu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe practical implementation of the lithium metal anode is hindered by obstacles such as Li dendrite growth, large volume changes, and poor lifespan. Here, copper nitride nanowires (Cu3N NWs) printed Li by a facile and low‐cost roll‐press method is reported, to operate in carbonate electrolytes for high‐voltage cathode materials. Through one‐step roll pressing, Cu3N NWs can be conformally printed onto the Li metal surface, and form a Li3N@Cu NWs layer on the Li metal. The Li3N@Cu NWs layer can assist homogeneous Li‐ion flux with the 3D channel structure, as well as the high Li‐ion conductivity of the Li3N. With those beneficial effects, the Li3N@Cu NWs layer can guide Li to deposit into a dense and planar structure without Li‐dendrite growth. Li metal with Li3N@Cu NWs protection layer exhibits outstanding cycling performances even at a high current density of 5.0 mA cm−2 with low overpotentials in Li symmetric cells. Furthermore, the stable cyclability and improved rate capability can be realized in a full cell using LiCoO2 over 300 cycles. When decoupling the irreversible reactions of the cathode using Li4Ti5O12, stable cycling performance over 1000 cycles can be achieved at a practical current density of ≈2 mA cm−2.
Vision Statement: Interactive Materials—Drivers of Future Robotic Systems
Authors: Fischer Peer 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA robot senses its environment, processes the sensory information, acts in response to these inputs, and possibly communicates with the outside world. Robots generally achieve these tasks with electronics‐based hardware or by receiving inputs from some external hardware. In contrast, simple microorganisms can autonomously perceive, act, and communicate via purely physicochemical processes in soft material systems. A key property of biological systems is that they are built from energy‐consuming “active” units. Exciting developments in material science show that even very simple artificial active building blocks can show surprisingly rich emergent behaviors. Active nonequilibrium systems are therefore predicted to play an essential role in realizing interactive materials. A major challenge is to find robust ways to couple and integrate the energy‐consuming building blocks to the mechanical structure of the material. However, success in this endeavor will lead to a new generation of sophisticated micro and soft‐robotic systems that can operate autonomously.
Stabilizing Surface Passivation Enables Stable Operation of Colloidal Quantum Dot Photovoltaic Devices at Maximum Power Point in an Air Ambient
Authors: Choi Jongmin , Choi Min‐Jae , Kim Junghwan , Dinic Filip , Todorovic Petar , Sun Bin , Wei Mingyang , Baek Se‐Woong , Hoogland Sjoerd , García de Arquer F. Pelayo , Voznyy Oleksandr , Sargent Edward H. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractColloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are promising materials for photovoltaic (PV) applications owing to their size‐tunable bandgap and solution processing. However, reports on CQD PV stability have been limited so far to storage in the dark; or operation illuminated, but under an inert atmosphere. CQD PV devices that are stable under continuous operation in air have yet to be demonstrated—a limitation that is shown here to arise due to rapid oxidation of both CQDs and surface passivation. Here, a stable CQD PV device under continuous operation in air is demonstrated by introducing additional potassium iodide (KI) on the CQD surface that acts as a shielding layer and thus stands in the way of oxidation of the CQD surface. The devices (unencapsulated) retain >80% of their initial efficiency following 300 h of continuous operation in air, whereas CQD PV devices without KI lose the amount of performance within just 21 h. KI shielding also provides improved surface passivation and, as a result, a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.6% compared with 11.4% for control devices.
Internal‐Field‐Enhanced Charge Separation in a Single‐Domain Ferroelectric PbTiO3 Photocatalyst
Authors: Liu Yong , Ye Sheng , Xie Huichen , Zhu Jian , Shi Quan , Ta Na , Chen Ruotian , Gao Yuying , An Hongyu , Nie Wei , Jing Huanwang , Fan Fengtao , Li Can 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFerroelectric materials with spontaneous polarization‐induced internal electric fields have drawn increasing attention in solar fuel production due to the intrinsic polarized structure. However, the origination of charge separation in these materials at the nano/microlevel is ambiguous owing to the complexity of the multielectric fields. Besides, the observed charge separation ability is far from theoretical expectation. Herein, by spatially resolved surface photovoltage spectroscopy, it is clearly demonstrated that the depolarization field in single‐domain ferroelectric PbTiO3 (PTO) nanoplates is the main driving force for charge separation and it can effectively drive photogenerated electrons and holes to the positive and negative polarization facets, respectively. Moreover, the charge separation ability of PTO nanoplates increases with increasing particle size along the polarization direction, due to the increasing potential difference between the opposite polarization facets. Furthermore, this driving force for charge separation directly contributes to the enhancement of the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction activity in ferroelectrics. Finally, it is proved that the screening field compensates part of the depolarization field and can be diminished by adding a dielectric layer on the ferroelectric surface. These findings demonstrate the importance of increasing the depolarization field and decreasing the screening field for efficient charge separation in ferroelectric semiconductor photocatalysts.
Direct Imaging of Dopant and Impurity Distributions in 2D MoS2
Authors: Kim Se‐Ho , Lim Joohyun , Sahu Rajib , Kasian Olga , Stephenson Leigh T. , Scheu Christina , Gault Baptiste 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMolybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheet is a two‐dimensional (2D) material with high electron mobility and with high potential for applications in catalysis and electronics. MoS2 nanosheets are synthesized using a one‐pot wet‐chemical synthesis route with and without Re doping. Atom probe tomography reveals that 3.8 at% Re is homogeneously distributed within the Re‐doped sheets. Other impurities are also found integrated within the material: light elements including C, N, O, and Na, locally enriched up to 0.1 at%, as well as heavy elements such as V and W. Analysis of the nondoped sample reveals that the W and V likely originate from the Mo precursor. It is shown how wet‐chemical synthesis results in an uncontrolled integration of species from the solution that can affect the material's activity. The results of this work are expected to contribute to an improved understanding of the relationships linking composition to properties of 2D transition‐metal dichalcogenide materials.
Facile Fabrication of Ultraflexible Transparent Electrodes Using Embedded Copper Networks for Wearable Pressure Sensors
Authors: Li Peng , Zhao Yang , Ma Jiangang , Yang Yang , Xu Haiyang , Liu Yichun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPressure sensors are in urgent need due to the explosive demands in electronic skins. However, current resistive‐type pressure sensors require electrode materials with complex multilevel microstructures or low opacity. Herein, a Cu network transparent electrode (TE) embedded in the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate is designed to realize wearable pressure sensor. The Cu network is fabricated by oxygen plasma treatment–assisted crack template and electroplating. The oxygen plasma treatment improves the surface adhesion force of the substrate, which suppresses uneven template cracking and prevents the electroplating solution from seeping under the templates, thereby resulting in 20 times figure‐of‐merit improvement in optoelectronic performance. Sandwiching the Cu network between PDMS layers provides the best flexibility reported for such a low‐cost transparent conducting material. The embedded Cu network TE‐based pressure sensors are capable of detecting a pressure of 1.1 Pa with a sensitivity of 76.1 kPa−1, surpassing the subtle pressure sensing properties of natural skin. In situ observations indicate that such a high performance originates from the reversibly structural deformation‐dependent resistance of the Cu network during repeated pressing–release thanks to the constraining effect of the PDMS. This work opens a new strategy to fabricate transparent and flexible pressure sensors in a simple yet efficient matter.
Observation of Ultrabroadband Acoustic Focusing Based on V‐Shaped Meta‐Atoms
Authors: Zhang Tian‐Chi , Chen Jia‐He , Qian Jiao , Ge Yong , Yuan Shou‐Qi , Sun Hong‐Xiang , Liu Xiao‐Jun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAcoustic focusing has extensive applications in medical ultrasound and nondestructive detection. The recent rapid development of acoustic metamaterials and metasurfaces has provided various mechanisms for designing advanced focusing lenses. However, the realization of acoustic focusing lenses with ultrabroad bandwidth still remains a challenge. To overcome it, ultrabroadband acoustic focusing lens based on phased unit cells composed of different numbers of same V‐shaped meta‐atoms is theoretically proposed and experimentally realized. By using eight types of unit cells, the fractional bandwidth of the acoustic lens can reach about 1.12 with a high focusing performance. Moreover, based on two types of unit cells with a phase difference of π, the fractional bandwidth of the focusing lens still reaches about 0.76 with the same criteria, showing a high robustness characteristic. The proposed acoustic focusing lenses have the advantages of ultrabroad bandwidths, simple fabrication and assembly, and high robustness, which provide diverse routes to construct ultrabroadband sound devices for medical ultrasound and nondestructive detection.