bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shipping and the Paris climate agreement: a focus on committed emissions
Authors: Bullock Simon , Mason James , Broderick John , Larkin Alice 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe concept of “committed emissions” allows us to understand what proportion of the Paris-constrained and rapidly diminishing global carbon dioxide (CO2) budget is potentially taken up by existing infrastructure. Here, this concept is applied to international shipping, where long-lived assets increase the likelihood for high levels of committed emissions. To date, committed emissions studies have focussed predominantly on the power sector, or on global analyses in which shipping is a small element, with assumptions of asset lifetimes extrapolated from other transport modes. This study analyses new CO2, ship age and scrappage datasets covering the 11,000 ships included in the European Union’s new emissions monitoring scheme (EU MRV), to deliver original insights on the speed at which new and existing shipping infrastructure must be decarbonised. These results, using ship-specific assumptions on asset lifetimes, show higher committed emissions for shipping than previous estimates based on asset lifetimes similar to the road transport sector. The estimated baseline committed emissions value is equivalent to 85–212% of the carbon budget for 1.5 °C that is available for these EU MRV ships, with the central case exceeding the available carbon budget. The sector does, however, have significant potential to reduce this committed emissions figure without premature scrappage through a combination of slow speeds, operational and technical efficiency measures, and the timely retrofitting of ships to use zero-carbon fuels. Here, it is shown that if mitigation measures are applied comprehensively through strong and rapid policy implementation in the 2020s, and if zero-carbon ships are deployed rapidly from 2030, it is still possible for the ships in the EU MRV system to stay within 1.5 °C carbon budgets. Alongside this, as there are wide variations between and within ship types, this new analysis sheds light on opportunities for decision-makers to tailor policy interventions to deliver more effective CO2 mitigation. Delays to appropriately stringent policy implementation would mean additional measures, such as premature scrappage or curbing the growth in shipping tonne-km, become necessary to meet the Paris climate goals.
Mapping water-abundant zones using transient electromagnetic and seismic methods when tunneling through fractured granite in the Qinling Mountains, China
Authors: Liu Bin , Fan Kerui , Nie Lichao , Li Xiu , Liu Fusheng , Li Limin , Wang Jiansen , Sun Huaifeng , Chen Lei 
Published: June 2020

Severe water inrush currently halts the excavation of the Qinling Water Transportation Tunnel and has even stopped tunneling. Based on the geologic conditions of the construction area, the source of water inrush is abundant groundwater in fractured granite. To accurately predict water inrush, we must know the location, geometry, and boundary information of water-abundant zones before excavation. We have developed a field study of integrated seismic and transient electromagnetic (TEM) applications to map the water-abundant zones ahead of the tunnel face. Before the in-tunnel survey, numerical experiments based on excavation and drilling records verified the feasibility of our scheme. To reveal the fractured zones that may be filled with groundwater, an equitraveltime plane algorithm was used in the seismic data processing. Then, the TEM apparent resistivity was calculated to investigate the water-bearing condition of the fractured zones. To detect the water-abundant zone boundaries, we conducted migration imaging of the TEM pseudowavefield that was extracted from the measured TEM signals. A correlation stacking process to extract the TEM pseudowavefield was used to mitigate the ill-posed effect in the inverse wavefield transformation and obtain boundary information of the water-abundant zones. As expected, the results revealed the depth and geometry of the front and rear boundaries of two water-abundant zones 30 m ahead of the tunnel face, which is consistent with drilling and excavation records after the survey. The results of our case study indicate that the integration of seismic imaging, apparent resistivity imaging, and TEM pseudowavefield migration is an efficient and cost-effective method to provide the location, geometry, and boundary information of water-abundant zones.
Serum Profile of microRNAs Linked to Bone Metabolism During Sequential Treatment for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Authors: Yavropoulou Maria P , Anastasilakis Athanasios D , Makras Polyzois , Papatheodorou Athanasios , Rauner Martina , Hofbauer Lorenz C , Tsourdi Elena 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Context
Serum expression of microRNAs (miRs) related to bone metabolism is affected by antiosteoporotic treatment.

Objective
To investigate the effect of sequential treatments on miR expression in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Design
Observational, open label, nonrandomized clinical trial.

Setting
A single-center outpatient clinic.

Patients and Interventions
Denosumab (Dmab) was administered for 12 months in 37 women who were treatment-naïve (naïve group) (n = 11) or previously treated with teriparatide (TPTD group) (n = 20) or zoledronate (ZOL group) (n = 6).

Main Outcome Measures
Relative serum expression of miRs linked to bone metabolism at 3 and 6 months of Dmab treatment.

Results
Baseline relative expression of miR-21a-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-29a-3p, and miR-338-3p was higher in the TPTD group, while the relative expression of miR-21a-5p was lower in the ZOL group compared to the naïve group. Dmab decreased the relative expression of miR-21a-5p at 3 months (fold change [FC] 0.43, P &lt; 0.001) and 6 months (FC 0.34, P &lt; 0.001), and miR-338-3p and miR-2861 at 6 months (FC 0.31, P = 0.041; FC 0.52, P = 0.016, respectively) in the whole cohort. In subgroup analyses, Dmab decreased the relative expression of miR-21a-5p, miR-29a-3p, miR-338-3p, and miR-2861 at 3 months (FC 0.13, P &lt; 0.001; FC 0.68, P = 0.044; FC 0.46, P = 0.012; and FC 0.16, P &lt; 0.001, respectively) and 6 months (FC 0.1, P &lt; 0.001; FC 0.52, P &lt; 0.001; FC 0.04, P = 0.006; and FC 0.2, P &lt; 0.001, respectively) only within the TPTD group.

Conclusions
TPTD treatment potentially affects the expression of the pro-osteoclastogenic miR-21a-5p and miRs related to the expression of osteoblastic genes RUNX2 (miR23a-3p), COL1 (miR-29a-3p), and HDAC5 (miR-2861), while sequential treatment with Dmab acts in the opposite direction.
Representing the Planet: Affect, Scale, and Utopia
Authors: Sergeant David 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The discourses of planetarity and globalization are both governed by the relationship between the maximal scale of the world and the subsidiary scalar levels that constitute it. However, if in globalization those subsidiary levels are envisioned as converging on a homogenous whole, in planetarity the aim is to maintain them in a dialogic relationality. On the face of it, such a recalibration seems relatively straightforward. However, the three novels discussed in this essay suggest that the retention of the maximal scale as a constituting frame for representation risks forestalling any attempt to move beyond the paradigms of globalization. In both Doris Lessing's The Four-Gated City (1969) and Ben Lerner's 10:04 (2015), the relationship between parts and whole takes shape via the medium of affect, as the defining characteristic of the part becomes a desire for the whole that is seemingly destined to extinguish it. Consequently, both novels turn to a formal modeling in which individual and collective can supposedly blend without either suffering reduction—a maneuver also characteristic of many theoretical discussions of planetarity. Kim Stanley Robinson's Aurora (2015), in contrast, self-consciously repudiates the possibility of representing the maximal scale, instead prioritizing narrative over the kinds of formal modeling seen in the other texts. This point of difference allows the periodization entailed by the planetary turn to engage with the work of that preeminent theorist of periodization, Fredric Jameson: in particular, with his account of the relationship between spatiality, temporality, and the utopian impulse.
Ralph Ellison's Contemporaneity
Authors: Persson Torleif 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article begins by noting that recent debates about the relevance of Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man to contemporary American culture enact an opposition between historicism (the idea that the novel is a Jim Crow artifact) and universalism (the idea that it transcends the circumstances of its production). The author then argues that Ellison's novel models a contemporaneity that cannot be equated to either the assertion or disavowal of contemporaneousness. At the heart of this account stands the narrator's sense that he “must emerge,” which follows from his perception that he has failed to communicate the nature of his invisibility to his reader, and that his act of writing has therefore disarmed him. The article shows that the narrator's emergence—an event that is necessitated by the narrative but which the narrative, by the very logic of that necessity, cannot itself contain—constitutes the hinge between the textual temporality of his underground existence and the social temporality that abuts it. As such, it offers the possibility that these two temporalities—which may be thought of as referring to the temporality of writing and the temporality of reading, respectively—may be linked, and that this linkage could lead to forms of recognition that appear only at the limit of narrative form.
Transcriptional repression of Myc underlies the tumour suppressor function of AGO1 in Drosophila
Authors: Zaytseva Olga , Mitchell Naomi C. , Guo Linna , Marshall Owen J. , Parsons Linda M. , Hannan Ross D. , Levens David L. , Quinn Leonie M. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Here, we report novel tumour suppressor activity for the Drosophila Argonaute family RNA-binding protein AGO1, a component of the miRNA-dependent RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The mechanism for growth inhibition does not, however, involve canonical roles as part of the RISC; rather, AGO1 controls cell and tissue growth by functioning as a direct transcriptional repressor of the master regulator of growth, Myc. AGO1 depletion in wing imaginal discs drives a significant increase in ribosome biogenesis, nucleolar expansion and cell growth in a manner dependent on Myc abundance. Moreover, increased Myc promoter activity and elevated Myc mRNA in AGO1-depleted animals requires RNA polymerase II transcription. Further support for transcriptional AGO1 functions is provided by physical interaction with the RNA polymerase II transcriptional machinery (chromatin remodelling factors and Mediator Complex), punctate nuclear localisation in euchromatic regions and overlap with Polycomb Group transcriptional silencing loci. Moreover, significant AGO1 enrichment is observed on the Myc promoter and AGO1 interacts with the Myc transcriptional activator Psi. Together, our data show that Drosophila AGO1 functions outside of the RISC to repress Myc transcription and inhibit developmental cell and tissue growth.
This article has an associated ‘The people behind the papers’ interview.
Modeling the trend of reported malaria cases in Kisumu county, Kenya
Authors: Achieng Elsen , Otieno Vincent , Mung'atu Joseph 
Published: June 2020

Background: Although there has been an extensive scale-up of malaria interventions in Kenya, malaria infections persist at unacceptably high levels in some of the regions. Even with renewed calls to eradicate the disease through increased international donor assistance and country-specific government involvement, malaria is still a cause of worry in endemic regions. The objective of this study was to determine the factors associated with the incidence of malaria in Kisumu County over time. Methods: The study conducted secondary analysis of data from a cross-sectional survey of routinely reported malaria cases. The population of interest were patients confirmed to have malaria by laboratory test. A sample size of 384 was randomly selected from all laboratory-confirmed malaria cases as reported by health facilities in Kisumu County from January 2014 to December 2017. The analysis involved descriptive, trend analysis and time series analysis (ARIMA). A negative binomial regression model was used to measure the effect of each of the selected predictor variables on incidence of malaria and the incidence rate ratio, was reported. Frequency distribution of each of the categorical variables was calculated. Results: The overall pattern of the reported malaria cases had seasonal variations for weekly cases. The best-fitting time series model developed for predicting the number of weekly reported cases of malaria was ARIMA (2, 0, 1). It was observed that the negative binomial was actually the best model to fit the incidences of malaria because the dispersion parameter given by Poisson regression model had been reduced from 70.292 to 1.103. Conclusion: There is a need to encourage health professionals to regularly review and report cases of malaria in their facilities. This is because reporting rates, completeness and the consistency of malaria reported cases remain extremely low.
Eggshell membrane for DNA sexing of the endangered Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo)
Authors: Yuda Pramana , Saputra Andie Wijaya 
Published: June 2020

Background: Noninvasive DNA sampling has been applied across many avian genetic studies for a variety of purposes including conservation and management of endangered birds. However, its application in megapodes is still lacking. The previous genetic studies on megapodes used either blood or fresh tissue. Here we present the first demonstration of the use of eggshell membrane for research on endangered Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo). Methods: We used 24 post-hatched eggshell membranes collected from two different sites, Tambun and Tanjung Binerean, in North Sulawesi, 12 samples in each. Two different DNA extraction methods: alkaline lysis method and gSYNCTM DNA Extraction Kit were applied. To determine the sex of Maleo, we utilized PCR-based DNA sexing using CHD genes, with the primer set 2550F/2718R. Results: We successfully extracted all samples; the mean sample concentration was 267.5 ng/µl (range 47–510.5 ng/µl) and samples were of high purity (A260/280 ratio 1.85±0.03). All samples were used to successfully identified sexes, 9 females and 15 males. Conclusions: Our research clearly illustrates that eggshell membranes can be used for DNA sexing and open the possibility to build noninvasive DNA collections over large spatial scales for population study of endangered birds.
Family history of cardiovascular disease and risk of premature coronary heart disease: A matched case-control study
Authors: Chacko Manas , Sarma P. Sankara , Harikrishnan Sivadasanpillai , Zachariah Geevar , Jeemon Panniyammakal 
Published: June 2020

Background: Self-reported family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an independent risk factor for future coronary heart disease (CHD) events. However, inclusion of family history of CVD in the traditional risk scores failed to improve risk prediction of CHD. It is proposed that family history of CVD may substantially increase the risk of CHD among younger individuals. Methods: We conducted a matched case-control study with 170 hospital-based premature CHD patients (<55 years in men and <65 years in women) from a tertiary care centre in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala and age and sex matched community-based controls in 1:1 ratio. Conditional logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the independent association of family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and premature CHD. We estimated McNemar's odds ratios and their 95 percent confidence intervals. Results: The prevalence of any family history of CVD and CHD in the control population was 24% and 21%, respectively. The family history of CVD was independently associated with premature CHD (odds ratio (OR) = 9.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.7–17.3). There was a dose-response relationship between family history and premature CHD as the risk increased linearly with increase in number of affected family members. Conclusions: Family history of CVD is an independent risk factor for premature CHD. The risk of premature CHD increases linearly with increase in number of affected family members. Collecting family history beyond parental history of CVD is important for risk stratification. Targeting young individuals with family history of CVD for intensive risk reduction interventions may help to prevent future events.
Bronchiolitis: treatment and management in an urgent out of hours care setting
Authors: Dexter Justine , Mortimore Gerri 
Published: June 2020

Justine Dexter and Gerri Mortimore explore ways to manage the common lung infection bronchiolitis in small children Bronchiolitis is an acute inflammation of the bronchioles that predominately affects children but is most common in the first 12 months of life. Viral bronchiolitis is the principal cause of admission in England and Wales, with numbers exceeding 30 000 annually. Occurrence is seasonal, in winter months incidence is typically at epidemic proportions for approximately six weeks. Bronchiolitis presents initially with coryza and a persistent cough; as the infection progresses, tachypnoea, chest recession, or both, may be present alongside wheeze or crackles. The assessment of an unwell child is challenging and as an advanced nurse practitioner, working in an out of hours service, the importance to prevent further deterioration should focus on spotting the sick child at an early stage. Therefore, an initial assessment should be undertaken, prior to taking a history and examination, to ensure patient safety. Bronchiolitis is usually a self-limiting illness, that requires supportive management only with treatment directed at fluid input. However, management approaches to bronchiolitis continue to be a subject of substantial debate with vast differences in practice exhibited in the UK, and beyond. with a lack of consensus regarding management. Therefore, the appropriate management of children presenting with bronchiolitis is challenging and can be overwhelming. Nurses must be aware of the pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis, and management of children presenting to an out of hours service with bronchiolitis, to manage patients safely.
Is your pension on track?
Authors: Donald Mark 
Published: June 2020

Mark Donald explains how to find out your predicted income and what to do if it isn't enough Retirement plans for practice nurses are dependant on the number of years they had missed out on the NHS scheme, as practices nurses employed prior to September 1997 are excluded from it. It thus comes down to any contributions made towards to an alternative pension scheme. However, these alternative schemes probably won't match that of the NHS Pension. This article offers practical guidance on how to best manage a pension scheme according to individual circumstances.
Caracterización de la opinión, el conocimiento y la percepción de las necesidades de capacitación de los nutricionistas portugueses en relación con los alimentos genéticamente modificados
Authors: Vieira Isabella , Brandão Teresa R S , Pinto Elisabete , Silva Margarida 
Published: June 2020

Introducción: Los alimentos modificados genéticamente (AGM) han sido aprobados en la Unión Europea. Estos alimentos, han sido cuestionados en cuanto a sus beneficios y riesgos reales. Esto es especialmente relevante en el caso de la dimensión nutricional, donde los consumidores se enfrentan a decisiones diarias sobre cómo alimentar mejor a sus familias. En este marco complejo, los profesionales de la salud deben intervenir y responder a las preguntas sobre opinión, actitud y ciencia que tienen sus clientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el conocimiento y la opinión de los nutricionistas sobre el tema de los alimentos transgénicos y su percepción de las necesidades de capacitación.Materiales y métodos: Investigación cuantitava. Se aplicó un cuestionario entre marzo y julio de 2016, y participaron 248 personas. Las variables estudiadas fueron opinión, conocimiento y formación. Se realizaron cálculos descriptivos y análisis de correspondencia múltiple para obtener los perfiles de los encuestados.Resultados: Con respecto a la opinión y el conocimiento, los resultados muestran que los nutricionistas son en su mayoría desfavorables a los alimentos modificados genéticamente, incluso sin conocer la tecnología en detalle. Son conscientes de este desconocimiento, que fue confirmado por sus respuestas a una serie de preguntas objetivas sobre la realidad nacional. El análisis de correspondencia múltiple mostró que cuatro diferentes perfiles de los nutricionistas son suficientes para agrupar a todos los participantes. Estos tipos de perfil difieren en niveles de interés y niveles y confianza en relación con la tecnología de AGM. Los nutricionistas portugueses no tienen una posición unánime con respecto a los alimentos transgénicos pero en su mayoría están de acuerdo en que la capacitación específica en esta área debería realizarse a nivel universitario.Conclusión: Este artículo destaca los diferentes perfiles de opinión, conocimiento y formación de profesionales, nutricionistas, en relación con los alimentos modificados genéticamente. El aprendizaje permanente y la formación interdisciplinaria apoyada por investigaciones específicas, asociaciones de profesionales de la salud e interferencia en las políticas públicas pueden fortalecer las actitudes hacia la temática.
Machine Learning Prognostic Models for Gastrointestinal Bleeding Using Electronic Health Record Data
Authors: Shung Dennis , Laine Loren 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Risk assessment tools for patients with gastrointestinal bleeding may be used for determining level of care and informing management decisions. Development of models that use data from electronic health records is an important step for future deployment of such tools in clinical practice. Furthermore, machine learning tools have the potential to outperform standard clinical risk assessment tools. The authors developed a new machine learning tool for the outcome of in-hospital mortality and suggested it outperforms the intensive care unit prognostic tool, APACHE IVa. Limitations include lack of generalizability beyond intensive care unit patients, inability to use early in the hospital course, and lack of external validation.