bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limiting surge arrester failure under direct lightning strokes for attaining service continuity of distribution networks
Authors: Sabiha Nehmdoh A. 
Published: September 2020

This study introduces an arrangement of surge arrester, Rogowski coil, and triac to attain service continuity of distribution networks. This new arrangement is proposed to limit the arrester failure due to lightning flashes striking distribution feeders. The arrester failure is probably happened due to the increase of absorbed energy over the withstand capability. As the lightning flash has multiple discharges, an equivalent single wave model is computed to evaluate the arrester discharge energy. The arrester discharge current is monitored using a single Rogowski coil. Then, the arrester's dynamic characteristic (current–voltage) is utilised to estimate the discharge energy using only the arrester current. The arrester and associated Rogowski coil are distributed in an 11 kV distribution network. Due to travelling‐waves reflections of the direct lightning striking the distribution feeder, the discharge energy of the installed arresters in the network is different than the computed energy using the lightning flash current as an impulse current source directly applied on the arrester device. Finally, the parallel triac with the arrester is suggested and triggered for limiting the arrester's failure. The detailed model of this proposed arrangement is evaluated via an electromagnetic simulation software. The failure assessment is statistically evaluated using the MATLAB software.
Neurosurgery in Contemporary Medical Dramas: How Grey's Anatomy & Co. May Affect Perception of Neurosurgery in the Media
Authors: Pilz Merle , Stummer Walter , Holling Markus 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground Neurosurgery is a common topic in contemporary medical dramas. This study aimed to examine depictions of several neurosurgical diseases and techniques as well as the perception of the personality of neurosurgeons in the media, focusing on their impact on the physician-patient relationship.Methods TV series and movies with a main focus on neurosurgeons and/or neurosurgical diseases were identified by consulting the International Movie Database (IMDb).Results After investigation of many TV series and movies, we identified five main topics: vascular neurosurgery, neuro-oncology, neurointensive care, neurosurgical techniques, and neurosurgeon's personality. The portrayal of neurosurgery in medical drama is characterized to a large extent by sensationalism, a lot of misinformation, and an unfavorable portrayal of neurosurgeons, although it is assumed that expert advice was sought in advance of every production.Conclusions Considering the popularity of medical dramas and movies dealing with medical topics, we must consider the general public's picture of neurosurgery to be widely influenced by the media.
An Unusual Cause of Chylothorax after Esophagectomy
Authors: Manipadam John Mathew , Kumar Chokkappu S. , Antony Rajesh , Yadav Abhishek , Ramesh H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractChylothorax due to inadvertent thoracic duct injury after esophagectomy is a well-known complication and requires careful postoperative management and timely intervention to prevent potential morbidity and mortality. We present a case of high-output chylothorax after esophagectomy where the source of chyle leak was not in the thorax.
Morphometric Study of the Posterior Fossa: Identification of Practical Parameters for Tailored Selection of Surgical Routes to the Petroclival Region
Authors: Aljuboori Zaid , Alhourani Ahmad , Nuru Mohammed , Nguyen Candice , Yeo Heegook , Williams Brian , Andaluz Norberto 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Introduction The petroclival region is an integral part of the skull base. It can harbor different pathologies and provides access to the petroclival junction and cerebellopontine angle. We present the results of the morphometric analysis of the posterior fossa and a prediction model to enable skull base surgeons to choose an optimal surgical corridor considering patient's bony anatomy.
Methods Ninety patients (14 to assess interobserver reliability) with temporal bone computed tomography were selected. Exclusion criteria included patients <18 years of age, radiographic evidence of trauma, infection, or previous surgery. The images were analyzed using OsiriX MD (Bernex, Switzerland). We recorded clival length, vertical angle, and surface area, and petroclival angle, petrous apex, and translabyrinthine corridors volume.
Results The average age was 49.5 years (55%) for males. The mean clival length and surface areas were 44.2 mm (standard deviation [SD] ± 4.1) and 8.1 cm2 (SD ± 1.3). The mean petrous apex and translabyrinthine corridors volumes were 2.2 cm3 (SD ± 0.6) and 10.1 cm3 (SD ± 3.7). The mean petroclival angle at the internal auditory canal (IAC) was 154.9 degrees (SD ± 9). The clival length correlated positively with clival surface area (rho = 0.6, p <0.05), petrous apex volume (rho = 0.3, p < 0.05), and translabyrinthine volume (rho = 0.3, p < 0.05).
Conclusion The petroclival region is complex and with high variability of surgical significance. The use of preoperative measurements of the clival length and petroclival angle as part of surgical planning that could help the surgeon to choose an optimal surgical corridor by overcoming the anatomical variability elements.
Near-zero-index media as electromagnetic ideal fluids
Authors: Liberal Iñigo , Lobet Michaël , Li Yue , Engheta Nader 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Similar to turbulent fluid flow, irregular fluctuations and vortexes appear as light encounters obstacles. However, the properties of light dramatically change when it propagates within materials with extreme parameters, for example, a near-zero refractive index. Here, we demonstrate that the electromagnetic power flow in near-zero-index (NZI) media is fully analogous to the velocity field of an ideal fluid. In other words, NZI media act as electromagnetic ideal fluids where the turbulence of light is intrinsically inhibited. This result connects the fields of nanophotonics and fluid dynamics, opening interesting questions from both fundamental and technological perspectives.
General and robust covalently linked graphene oxide affinity grids for high-resolution cryo-EM
Authors: Wang Feng , Liu Yanxin , Yu Zanlin , Li Sam , Feng Shengjie , Cheng Yifan , Agard David A. 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Despite the increasing efforts in developing affinity grids to facilitate sample preparation for challenging systems and dynamic complexes, they are not widely used in cryo-electron microscopy (EM) owing to concerns of limiting resolution. We show that our affinity grids extract proteins through covalent bonding with 3.3-Å reconstruction. To our knowledge, no example of small proteins (<200 KDa) has been successfully tested with other affinity grids. With encouraging results further from a mixture sample, we believe that the strategy described here is highly applicable to a broad array of challenging macromolecules and thus is a method of broad interest to the cryo-EM community. The dramatic improvement in cryo-EM sample preparation outlined here paves the way to “purification on the grid.”
Flowering and sex expression.
Authors: Huang Jian-Zhi , Cheng Ting-Chi , Lee Wen-Li , Lee Chen-Yu , Chin Shih Wen , Chen Fure-Chyi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

This chapter provides information on the floral development and flowering, sex determination and their molecular markers in pawpaws (Carica papaya). Floral morphology, environmental factors, plant nutrition, gene regulation and plant growth regulators affecting floral development and sex expression are also discussed.
Rotating dyonic black hole in

N=2

, U(1)2 gauged supergravity as natural laboratory for high energy particle collisions
Authors: Rudra Anik , Nandan Hemwati , Gannouji Radouane , Chakraborty Soham , Chatterjee Arindam Kumar 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the present work, we explore several gravitational aspects such as energy extraction (via the Penrose process and superradiance), particle collisions around a

N
=
2

, U(1)2 rotating dyonic black hole (BH) in the gauged supergravity model. The influence of the rotation parameter (a) and the gauge coupling constant (g) on the behavior of the horizon and ergoregion of the BH is investigated. In comparison to the extremal Kerr BH, the gauge coupling constant, under certain constraints, can interestingly enhance the maximum efficiency of energy extraction through the Penrose process by almost twice. Under the same constraints, we can extract approximately 60.75% of the initial mass-energy from the BH which is noticeably higher and far different from that of the Kerr BH. The limit of energy extraction in terms of the local speeds of the fragments is also determined with the help of the Wald inequality. We discover an upper limit on the gauge coupling constant up to which superradiance is likely to occur. Finally, we estimate the center-of-mass energy (E
CM) of two particles with the same rest mass moving in the equatorial plane of the BH. Our study also aims to sensitize E
CM to the parameters a and g for both extremal and nonextremal spacetime. Especially, for the extremal case, an infinitely large amount of E
CM can be achieved closer to the event horizon confirming a basic point of view that an extreme supergravity BH with dyons could serve as ultimate particle accelerators as compared to Kerr and any other generalized BHs in this family and other alternative theories of gravity. However, E
CM for the nonextremal spacetime is shown to be finite and has an upper bound.
Fabrication method of quartz glass ring resonator using sacrificial support structure
Authors: Jehanzeb Khan Muhammad , Tsukamoto Takashiro , Tanaka Shuji 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this paper, a novel method to fabricate quartz glass electromagnetically actuated ring resonator for gyroscope application is presented. Sacrificial supporting structures were employed for the fabrication. The fabricated device was electromagnetically driven at resonance, with the resonant frequency of 42 KHz. The Q-factor at the atmospheric pressure was about 142. The frequency difference between primary and secondary mode was 681 Hz.
A high-stability triboelectric nanogenerator with mechanical transmission module and efficient power management system
Authors: Wu Heng , Li Hongkai , Wang Xiaoli 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been demonstrated to be a promising technology for harvesting mechanical energy and powering electronic devices. However, it is difficult to make TENG output stable because of the irregular movement of actual mechanical sources in the environment, and the inefficient energy utilization limits its application. In this study, we propose a contact-separation TENG (CS-TENG) integrated with a mechanical transmission module and its optimal power management system. Firstly, a gear and cylindrical cam mechanism is designed in the mechanical transmission module, which respectively increases the working frequency of CS-TENG and makes the output stable. Secondly, a control module is developed in the PMS to accurately control a switch for extracting maximum output energy, and a series of simulation and experiments have been done to further study the effect of control parameters on the energy extraction process. In the control module, a differential circuit is used to detect the peak of the output voltage. It is found that an optimum differential resistance can increase the detection accuracy and reduce external interference. A time-delay circuit is used to accurately control the switch-on time. As the switch-on time increases, the energy extraction efficiency first increases and then decreases. Finally, the energy extraction efficiency of PMS reaches to 37.8% with the optimal control parameters. We not only solve the problem of the irregular output of TENG, but also provide a guidance for optimizing the design of self-powered system.
Fabrication and static calibration of double-layer thermal film sensor for fluid wall shear stress measurement
Authors: Deng Jinjun , Zheng Shaojun , Yan Yuchao , Chen Runbo , Luo Jian , Ma Binghe 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A double-layer flexible sensor array with an active thermal insulation method for fluid wall shear stress was fabricated in this study and evaluated experimentally. Static calibration of the sensor was studied in both wind and water tunnels and the experimental results reveal that the sensor’s static performance was improved by active thermal insulation. Compared to single-layer methods, the static sensitivity of the proposed double-layer sensor is increased by approximately 48% in a wind tunnel and 13% in a water tunnel. Additionally, consistent deviations in the static calibration coefficients of sensors with different basic parameters were clearly compensated in the wind tunnel. The calibration coefficient deviation of the sensors was reduced from 57% in single-layer mode to 5% in double-layer mode.
A visible-light-transparent camouflage-compatible flexible metasurface for infrared–radar stealth applications
Authors: Huang Sining , Fan Qi , Xu Cuilian , Wang Binke , Wang Jiafu , Yang Baiyu , Tian Changhui , Meng Zhen 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A visible-light-transparent metasurface has been designed to achieve infrared (IR)–radar stealth. An optically transparent material, indium tin oxide was chosen in preference to other low-IR-emissivity metals to achieve camouflage compatibility for the IR–radar stealth material. In addition, flexible polyethylene terephthalate was adopted as the dielectric material to in order to benefit from its visible light transparency; its softness could also improve its application prospects. The fabricated structure exhibited a strong absorptivity of over 90% from 8.265 GHz to 17.65 GHz and a low IR emissivity of less than 0.3 in the region of 3–14 μm. The results demonstrated that the metasurface was polarization independent and it was still able to maintain 90% of its absorptivity with an oblique incidence of 20°. The good consistency between the experimental and simulated results verified that the proposed metasurface can be practically applied in multifunctional stealth technology.
High performance design for detecting NaI–water concentrations using a two-dimensional phononic crystal biosensor
Authors: Gharibi Hamed , Mehaney Ahmed , Bahrami Ali 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this research, the sensing NaI (sodium iodide)–water concentration is achieved by using a local resonant two-dimensional solid–liquid phononic crystal (PnC) design. The sensor design consists of a square arrangement from stainless steel as a host matrix and a periodic array of water-filled circular scatterers. The sensing mechanism is based on the resonance frequencies confined around the NaI waveguide embedded in the middle of the sensor structure. Numerical simulations are carried out based on the finite element method (FEM). Our results showed that the resonant peak frequency varies significantly with the different NaI–water concentrations in the waveguide. Also, the sensor can differentiate between concentrations from 6%–45% with a 1% step, which is very acceptable for accurate detection and can solve many challenges in medical applications. Further, the sensor provided high performance for all NaI–water concentrations. For example, for a concentration range of 6%

−

7%, the sensor has a sensitivity of 1714 Hz, a resolution of 59.5 Hz, a quality factor of 1401, a figure of merit (FOM) of 28, and a signal-to-noise ratio of 2.
Magnetically tuned thermoelectric behavior of Zn-doped magnetite nanofluids
Authors: Anu K , Hemalatha J 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the present work, magneto thermoelectric behavior of the Zn-doped magnetite nanofluids is reported. Thermal and electrical conductivity studies have been done, compared and determined to be in line with the theoretical models. Thermoelectric voltage measurements have been carried out in the fluid samples for quite a number of temperature differences at various magnetic fields, and the Seebeck coefficient is calculated from the obtained measurements. It is observed that the fluid samples, which includes magnetite nanoparticle with zinc dopant concentration x = 0.2 shows better enhancement in electrical conductivity, mild enhancement in thermal conductivity and higher Seebeck coefficient value among all the samples. Also, a higher enhancement of 26% is observed in the Seebeck coefficient value of the same sample with an application of 770 G magnetic field. Hence, this is identified as a potential candidate for energy harvesting purposes such as thermoelectric generators in automobile systems, industries and etc.
Hydrothermal synthesis of a CoIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunctional photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution activity under visible light illumination
Authors: Zeng Chao , Hu Yingmo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
CoIn2S4, a black semiconducting material, possesses an outstanding visible light response and is employed to modify g-C3N4. A series of CoIn2S4/g-C3N4 heterojunctional photocatalysts are synthesized via a hydrothermal method, whereby cubic CoIn2S4 nanosheets are in situ immobilized on the surfaces of porous g-C3N4 nanosheets. Compared with the pristine g-C3N4 and CoIn2S4, under visible light (λ > 420 nm) irradiation, the CoIn2S4/g-C3N4 composite samples show markedly enhanced photocatalytic activity in hydrogen evolution. Among all of the samples, the 30% CoIn2S4/g-C3N4 sample shows the maximum H2 evolution rates, 5.2 and 23.9 times higher than those of g-C3N4 and CoIn2S4, respectively. The efficient photocatalytic activity of CoIn2S4/g-C3N4 composite photocatalysts is attributed to the formation of an intimate heterostructure, which not only significantly facilitates charge migration, but also enhances visible light absorption. Moreover, a plausible photocatalytic mechanism for the composite photocatalyst has been elucidated. This research provides a novel hint for fabricating visible-light-responsive heterojunction photocatalysts with high performance for energy production.
Noise dependency in vascular parameters from combined gradient-echo and spin-echo DSC MRI
Authors: Digernes Ingrid , Nilsen Line B , Grøvik Endre , Bjørnerud Atle , Løvland Grethe , Vik-Mo Einar , Meling Torstein R , Saxhaug Cathrine , Helland Åslaug , Jacobsen Kari D , Geier Oliver , Emblem Kyrre E 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) imaging is a widely used technique for assessment of cerebral blood volume (CBV). With combined gradient-echo and spin-echo DSC techniques, measures of the underlying vessel size and vessel architecture can be obtained from the vessel size index (VSI) and vortex area, respectively. However, how noise, and specifically the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), affect the estimations of these parameters has largely been overlooked. In order to address this issue, we have performed simulations to generate DSC signals with varying levels of CNR, defined by the peak of relaxation rate curve divided by the standard deviation of the baseline. Moreover, DSC data from 59 brain cancer patients were acquired at two different 3 T-scanners (N = 29 and N = 30, respectively), where CNR and relative parameter maps were obtained. Our simulations showed that the measured parameters were affected by CNR in different ways, where low CNR led to overestimations of CBV and underestimations of VSI and vortex area. In addition, a higher noise-sensitivity was found in vortex area than in CBV and VSI. Results from clinical data were consistent with simulations, and indicated that CNR < 4 gives highly unreliable measurements. Moreover, we have shown that the distribution of values in the tumour regions could change considerably when voxels with CNR below a given cut off are excluded when generating the relative parameter maps. The widespread use of CBV and attractive potential of VSI and vortex area, makes the noise-sensitivity of these parameters found in our study relevant for further use and development of the DSC imaging technique. Our results suggest that the CNR has considerable impact on the measured parameters, with the potential to affect the clinical interpretation of DSC-MRI, and should therefore be taken into account in the clinical decision-making process.
Hot electron retention in laser plasma created under terawatt subnanosecond irradiation of Cu targets
Authors: Pisarczyk T , Kalal M , Gus’kov S Yu , Batani D , Renner O , Santos J , Dudzak R , Zaras-Szydłowska A , Chodukowski T , Rusiniak Z , Dostal J , Krasa J , Krupka M , Kochetkov Iu , Singh S , Cikhardt J , Burian T , Krus M , Pfeifer M , Cristoforetti G , Gizzi L A , Baffigi F , Antonelli L , Demchenko N N , Rosinski M , Terwińska D , Borodziuk S , Kubes P , Ehret M , Juha L , Skala J , Korneev Ph 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Laser plasma created by intense light interaction with matter plays an important role in high-energy density fundamental studies and many prospective applications. Terawatt laser-produced plasma related to the low collisional and relativistic domain may form supersonic flows and is prone to the generation of strong spontaneous magnetic fields. The comprehensive experimental study presented in this work provides a reference point for the theoretical description of laser-plasma interaction, focusing on the hot electron generation. It experimentally quantifies the phenomenon of hot electron retention, which serves as a boundary condition for most plasma expansion models. Hot electrons, being responsible for nonlocal thermal and electric conductivities, are important for a large variety of processes in such plasmas. The multiple-frame complex-interferometric data providing information on time resolved spontaneous magnetic fields and electron density distribution, complemented by particle spectra and x-ray measurements, were obtained under irradiation of the planar massive Cu and plastic-coated targets by the iodine laser pulse with an intensity of above 1016 W cm−2. The data shows that the hot electron emission from the interaction region outside the target is strongly suppressed, while the electron flow inside the target, i.e. in the direction of the incident laser beam, is a dominant process and contains almost the whole hot electron population. The obtained quantitative characterization of this phenomenon is of primary importance for plasma applications spanning from ICF to laser-driven discharge magnetic field generators.