bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
All-cause hospitalization according to demographic group in people living with HIV in the current antiretroviral therapy era
Authors: Rein Sophia M. , Lampe Fiona C. , Johnson Margaret A. , Bhagani Sanjay , Miller Robert F. , Chaloner Clinton , Phillips Andrew N. , Burns Fiona M. , Smith Colette J. 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
We investigated differences in all-cause hospitalization between key demographic groups among people with HIV in the UK in the current antiretroviral therapy (ART) era.

Design/Methods:
We used data from the Royal Free HIV Cohort study between 2007 and 2018. Individuals were classified into five groups: MSM, Black African men who have sex with women (MSW), MSW of other ethnicity, Black African women and women of other ethnicity. We studied hospitalizations during the first year after HIV diagnosis (Analysis-A) separately from those more than one year after diagnosis (Analysis-B). In Analysis-A, time to first hospitalization was assessed using Cox regression adjusted for age and diagnosis date. In Analysis-B, subsequent hospitalization rate was assessed using Poisson regression, accounting for repeated hospitalization within individuals, adjusted for age, calendar year, time since diagnosis.

Results:
The hospitalization rate was 30.7/100 person-years in the first year after diagnosis and 2.7/100 person-years subsequently; 52% and 13% hospitalizations, respectively, were AIDS-related. Compared with MSM, MSW and women were at much higher risk of hospitalization during the first year [aHR (95% confidence interval, 95% CI): 2.7 (1.7–4.3), 3.0 (2.0–4.4), 2.0 (1.3–2.9), 3.0 (2.0–4.5) for Black African MSW; other ethnicity MSW; Black African women; other ethnicity women respectively, Analysis-A] and remained at increased risk subsequently [corresponding aIRR (95% CI): 1.7 (1.2–2.4), 2.1 (1.5–2.8), 1.5 (1.1–1.9), 1.7 (1.2–2.3), Analysis-B].

Conclusion:
In this setting with universal healthcare, substantial variation exists in hospitalization risk across demographic groups, both in early and subsequent periods after HIV diagnosis, highlighting the need for targeted interventions.
Partial Let-Down and Push-Down Techniques With Complete Cartilage Preservation
Authors: Öztürk Güncel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Dorsal hump reduction is one of most commonly performed operations among Caucasian patients because of their nose anatomy. Dorsal preservation techniques in hump reduction are highly favorable, and recent studies have focused on dorsal preservation techniques. In the present research, the authors describe novel approaches for the push-down and let-down techniques in which the cartilage is totally preserved. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the records of 48 patients were assessed (40 females and 8 males). Twenty-seven partial modificated push-down and 21 partial let-down techniques were performed. Participants completed the ROE questionnaire before surgery and at their 1-year follow-up control. The ROE scores before and 1 year after surgery were compared. The median ROE score was 60.0 points before surgery and 93.6 points 1 year after surgery. The ROE score was increased significantly (P < 0.001). A total of 92% of the included patients reported excellent satisfaction with the surgical outcome (ROE score > 85). The present study is the first to show total cartilage preservation with let-down and push-down techniques. These approaches are easy to perform and will lead to better cosmetic results in clinical settings.
Video-based Learning in Surgery
Authors: Yee Andrew , Padovano William M. , Fox Ida K. , Hill Elspeth J. R. , Rowe Amanda G. , Brunt L. Michael , Moore Amy M. , Snyder-Warwick Alison K. , Kahn Lorna C. , Wood Matthew D. , Coert Jan Henk , Mackinnon Susan E. 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
To measure surgeon engagement and preferred video duration in a video-based learning program for nerve surgery.

Background:
Educational videos can improve, standardize, and democratize best practices in surgery. To improve care internationally, educators must optimize their videos for learning. However, surgeon engagement and optimal video duration remain undefined.

Methods:
A YouTube channel and a video-based learning website, PASSIO Education (passioeducation.com), were examined from 2011 to 2017. We assessed views, geographic location, audience engagement (average percent of video watched), audience retention (percent of viewers at each timepoint), and usage of short (median 7.4, range 4.1–20.3 min) and long (median 17.2, range 6.1–47.7 min) video formats for the same procedures. A survey of PASSIO Education membership examined preferred video duration.

Results:
Our 117 nerve surgery videos attained over 3 million views with 69% originating outside of the United States. While YouTube achieved more international exposure, PASSIO Education attained a greater mean engagement of 48.4% (14.3% absolute increase, P < 0.0001). Surveyed surgeons (n = 304) preferred longer videos when preparing for infrequent or difficult cases compared with routine cases (P < 0.0001). Engagement declined with video duration, but audience retention between short and long video formats was correlated (τB = 0.52, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions:
For effective spread of best practices, we propose the joint use of YouTube for audience outreach and a surgeon-focused platform to maximize educational value. Optimal video duration is surgeon- and case-dependent and can be addressed through offering multiple video durations and interactive viewing options.
A lateral flow test detecting SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Zhang Nan , Chen Shuo , Wu Jin V. , Yang Xinhai , Wang Jianfu J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIt is of critical importance for COVID-19 survivors, vaccine recipients, and public to know whether they have developed neutralizing antibodies or immunity. Here, we describe a 15 minutes lateral flow test for rapid detection of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. All other currently available neutralization tests require hours or days to complete and have to be performed in a well-equipped laboratory. This lateral flow test is the first of its kind and will serve as a convenient diagnostic tool in management of COVID-19 disease.
A shorter symptom-onset to remdesivir treatment (SORT) interval is associated with a lower mortality in moderate-to-severe COVID-19: A real-world analysis
Authors: Mehta Ravindra M , Bansal Sameer , Bysani Suhitha , Kalpakam Hariprasad 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundRemdesivir is the current recommended anti-viral treatment in moderate-to-severe COVID-19. However, data on several aspects of its use such as impact of timing of therapy, efficacy, and safety in this severity category are limited. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of timing of remdesivir initiation (symptom-onset to remdesivir treatment [SORT] interval) on in-hospital all-cause mortality in patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19.MethodsThis retrospective study was conducted between June 25, 2020 and October 3, 2020, at a tertiary care dedicated COVID center in India. Consecutive patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 (moderate: SpO2 <94%; severe: SpO2 <90%) were included. Data were collected from the health records of the hospital. Remdesivir was administered along with other standard medications as per protocol. The main outcome was the impact of SORT interval on in-hospital all-cause mortality. Subgroups were formed based on SORT interval. Other measures analyzed included overall in-hospital mortality, length of hospital stay, and safety.ResultsOf 350 patients treated with remdesivir, 346 were included for the final analysis (males: 270 [78.0%]; median [range] age: 60 [24-94] years). Overall, 243 (70.2%) patients had ≥1 comorbidity; 109 (31.5%) patients had moderate disease, 237 (68.5%) had severe disease, and 50 (14.5%) patients required mechanical ventilation. Of the 346 patients, 76 (22.0%) patients died (moderate: 3 [2.8%], severe: 73 [30.8%]). In the subset of mechanically ventilated patients, 43 (86.0%) died. All-cause mortality was significantly lower in patients with SORT interval ≤9 days (n = 260) compared with those with SORT interval >9 days (n = 86; 18.1% vs 33.7%;P= .004). The odds of death were significantly lower in patients with SORT interval ≤9 days vs >9 days (odds ratio = 0.44; 95% CI, 0.25-0.76;P= .004). Adverse events (transaminitis ≥5 times upper limit of normal or estimated glomerular filtration rate <30ml/min) leading to drug discontinuation were seen in 4 (1.1%) patients.ConclusionIn this large series of moderate-to-severe COVID-19, initiation of remdesivir ≤9 days from symptom-onset was associated with a significant mortality benefit. These findings indicate a treatment window and reinforce the need for earlier remdesivir initiation in moderate-to-severe COVID-19 infection.
The smartphone: an evolution or revolution in virtual patient healthcare during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic ? An evaluation and comparison of the smartphone against other currently available wearable technologies in a secondary care setting during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Raza Asif , Mukherjee Subhabrata , Patel Vikash , Kamal Naila , Lichtarowicz-Krynska Ewa 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSmartphones are now commonly used, for virtual outpatient consultations, to help reduce disease transmission during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nosocomial spread of COVID 19 and hospital acquired infections are usually from staff or students to patients. Reducing non- essential staff numbers on ward rounds may reduce the risk.We describe the novel use of smartphones, with Microsoft Teams, to live stream inpatient interactions, radiological images, pathology results, charts and patient review between an office-based and ward team (virtual ward round) and for teaching medical students in secondary care. After Research and Ethics, Digital services and Information Governance approval we compared a smartphone and head-worn device (Realwear HMT-1). Data collection was by participant questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann – Whitney test.There was no statistically significant difference in audio and video feed quality between the smart phone (p value = 0.3) and Realwear device (p value = 0.41). However the smartphone was preferred during ward rounds and was 85% cheaper than the Realwear device. Urology medical staff numbers on the ward were reduced by 50%. Ward round efficiency improved as administrative tasks could be performed by the office team during the virtual ward round.Virtual ward rounds using smartphones can facilitate remote communication between staff, students and patients. Staff in isolation or shielding can also assist front line colleagues from home. Smarter use of the smart phone may help reduce staff numbers on wards and reduce the number COVID-19 and nosocomial infections, potentially reducing morbidity and mortality locally and globally.
Predicting Response to Radiotherapy of Intracranial Metastases with Hyperpolarized 13C MRI
Authors: Lee Casey Y. , Soliman Hany , Bragagnolo Nadia D. , Sahgal Arjun , Geraghty Benjamin J. , Chen Albert P. , Endre Ruby , Perks William J. , Detsky Jay S. , Leung Eric , Chan Michael , Heyn Chris , Cunningham Charles H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeStereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is used to manage intracranial metastases in a significant fraction of patients. Local progression after SRS can often only be detected with increased volume of enhancement on serial MRI scans which may lag true progression by weeks or months.Experimental DesignPatients with intracranial metastases (N = 11) were scanned using hyperpolarized 13C MRI prior to treatment with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). The status of each lesion was then recorded at six months post-treatment follow-up (or at the time of death).ResultsThe positive predictive value of 13C-lactate signal, measured pre-treatment, for prediction of progression of intracranial metastases at six months post-treatment with SRS was 0.8 p < 0.05, and the AUC from an ROC analysis was 0.77 p < 0.05. The distribution of 13C-lactate z-scores was different for intracranial metastases from different primary cancer types (F = 2.46, p = 0.1).ConclusionsHyperpolarized 13C imaging has potential as a method for improving outcomes for patients with intracranial metastases, by identifying patients at high risk of treatment failure with SRS and considering other therapeutic options such as surgery.
Machine learning reveals sequence-function relationships in family 7 glycoside hydrolases
Authors: Gado Japheth E. , Harrison Brent E. , Sandgren Mats , Ståhlberg Jerry , Beckham Gregg T. , Payne Christina M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFamily 7 glycoside hydrolases (GH7) are among the principal enzymes for cellulose degradation in nature and industrially. These important enzymes are often bimodular, comprised of a catalytic domain attached to a carbohydrate binding module (CBM) via a flexible linker, and exhibit a long active site that binds cello-oligomers of up to ten glucosyl moieties. GH7 cellulases consist of two major subtypes: cellobiohydrolases (CBH) and endoglucanases (EG). Despite the critical biological and industrial importance of GH7 enzymes, there remain gaps in our understanding of how GH7 sequence and structure relate to function. Here, we employed machine learning to gain insights into relationships between sequence, structure, and function across the GH7 family. Machine-learning models, using the number of residues in the active-site loops as features, were able discriminate GH7 CBHs and EGs with up to 99% accuracy. The lengths of the A4, B2, B3, and B4 loops were strongly correlated with functional subtype across the GH7 family. Position-specific classification rules were derived such that specific amino acids at 42 different sequence positions predicted the functional subtype with accuracies greater than 87%. A random forest model trained on residues at 19 positions in the catalytic domain predicted the presence of a CBM with 89.5% accuracy. We propose these positions play vital roles in the functional variation of GH7 cellulases. Taken together, our results complement numerous experimental findings and present functional relationships that can be applied when prospecting GH7 cellulases from nature, for sequence annotation, and to understand or manipulate function.
Execution of intervention matters more than strategy: A lesson from the spatiotemporal assessment of COVID-19 clusters in Nepal
Authors: Acharya Bipin Kumar , Khanal Laxman , Mahyoub Alnwisi Sameh Mansoor , Ruan Zengliang , Yang Yin , Adhikari Samir Kumar , Pandit Shreejana , Neupane Basanta Kumar , Paudel Binod Kumar , Lin Hualiang 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been the biggest public health problem of the present world. As the number of people suffering from the pandemic is rising, it is likely to claim more life and worsen the global health and economy. Nepal, one of the developing countries in the south Asia has been strongly influenced by the pandemic and struggling to contain it with multiple interventions, however, spatiotemporal dynamics of the epidemic and its linkage with various intervention strategies has not been studied yet. Here, we employed the prospective spatial-temporal analysis with SaTScan assessing dynamics of the COVID-19 cases from 23 January to 31 August 2020 at district level in Nepal. The results revealed that COVID-19 dynamics in the early stage of transmission was slower and confined in certain districts. However, from the third week of April, transmission spread rapidly across districts of Province No. 2 and Sudoorpaschim Province, primarily introduced by Nepalese citizens returning from India. Despite nationwide lockdown, nine statistically significant active and emerging clusters were detected between 23 January and 21 July 2020, whereas ten emerging clusters were observed for extended period to 31 August. The population density and population inflow from India crossing the sealed border had significant effects on the elevated risk of the epidemic. The capital city Kathmandu has become the highest-risk active cluster since August when travel restriction has been suspended. Movement restriction appears to be the most effective non-pharmaceutical intervention against the COVID-19 for resource-scarce countries with limited health care facilities. Our findings could be valuable to the health authorities within Nepal and beyond to better allocate resources and improve interventions on the pandemic for containing it efficiently.
COVID-19 case management: The policy model in Morocco context
Authors: Bennis Issam 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundBased on the updated scientific evidence around SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic, health policymakers had to consider that many decisions could enhance or limit the success of the overall COVID-19 control strategy. The purpose of this study is to share alternative COVID-19 case management based on the updated international knowledge.MethodsThis study presents the main information about COVID-19 case management in Morocco from March to October 2020. The NVivo qualitative model content analysis was used to compare and prioritize health decisions with updated scientific evidence.ResultsThe lack of molecular diagnostic accuracy using the interpretation of cycles quantification values, was targeted only by allowing all private laboratories to do RT qPCR. However, there is an urgent need for standardisation with accurate molecular SARS-CoV-2 thermocyclers and kits that notify systematic cycles quantification and do more tests per days to control the spread effectively. A predictive tree of the cycle’s range is presented following three steps: 1) the initial clinical definition, 2) the molecular confirmation, 3) and the diagnostic follows up results of the RT qPCR up to 28 days after the onset. At the same time, the seasonal vaccination against influenza and pneumonia could help to reduce COVID-19 deaths.ConclusionsUntil an available SARS-CoV-2 specific vaccine and/or curative effective treatment, updated control strategy in Morocco and similar context countries require to target population living in highly COVID-19 epidemic cities or areas by mass testing with the right interpretation of PCR values changes, associated to seasonal vaccination to foster the immunity.
Synapses from the high-order thalamic nucleus and motor cortex are co-clustered in the distal tuft dendrites of the mouse somatosensory cortex
Authors: Kim Nari , Bahn Sangkyu , Choi Joon Ho , Kim Jinseop S. , Rah Jong-Cheol 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTThe posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus (POm) and vibrissal primary motor cortex (vM1) convey essential information to the barrel cortex (S1BF) regarding whisker position and movement. Therefore, understanding the relative spatial relationships of these two inputs is critical prerequisites to acquire insight into how S1 synthesizes information to interpret the location of an object. Using array tomography, we identified the locations of synapses from vM1 and POm on distal tuft dendrites of L5 pyramidal neurons. We found that synapses from vM1 and POm are spatially clustered on the same set of dendrites with unusually high density. Furthermore, the clusters of vM1 and POm synapses colocalize each other. These findings suggest that synaptic clusters, but not dendritic branches, act as functional units and cooperatively contribute to nonlinear dendritic responses.
Human coronaviruses disassemble processing bodies
Authors: Kleer Mariel , Mulloy Rory P. , Robinson Carolyn-Ann , Evseev Danyel , Bui-Marinos Maxwell P. , Castle Elizabeth L. , Banerjee Arinjay , Mubareka Samira , Mossman Karen , Corcoran Jennifer A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA dysregulated proinflammatory cytokine response is characteristic of severe coronavirus infections caused by SARS-CoV-2, yet our understanding of the underlying mechanism responsible for this imbalanced immune response remains incomplete. Processing bodies (PBs) are cytoplasmic membraneless ribonucleoprotein granules that control innate immune responses by mediating the constitutive decay or suppression of mRNA transcripts, including many that encode proinflammatory cytokines. PB formation promotes turnover or suppression of cytokine RNAs, whereas PB disassembly corresponds with the increased stability and/or translation of these cytokine RNAs. Many viruses cause PB disassembly, an event that can be viewed as a switch that rapidly relieves cytokine RNA repression and permits the infected cell to respond to viral infection. Prior to this report, no information was known about how human coronaviruses (hu CoVs) impacted PBs. Here, we show SARS-CoV-2 and the common cold hu CoVs, OC43 and 229E, induced PB loss. We screened a SARS-CoV-2 gene library and identified that expression of the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein from SARS-CoV-2 was sufficient to mediate PB disassembly. RNA fluorescentin situhybridization revealed that N protein-mediated PB loss correlated with elevated RNA for PB-localized transcripts encoding TNF and IL-6. Ectopic expression of the N proteins from five other human coronaviruses (OC43, MERS, 229E, NL63 and SARS-CoV-1) did not cause significant PB disassembly, suggesting that this feature is unique to SARS-CoV-2 N protein. These data suggest that SARS-CoV-2-mediated PB disassembly contributes to enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production observed during severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Multi-session delivery of synchronous rTMS and sensory stimulation induces long-term plasticity
Authors: Zhong Ming , Cywiak Carolina , Metto Abigael C. , Liu Xiang , Qian Chunqi , Pelled Galit 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundCombining training or sensory stimulation with non-invasive brain stimulation has shown to improve performance in healthy subjects and improve brain function in patients after brain injury. However, the plasticity mechanisms and the optimal parameters to induce long-term and sustainable enhanced performance remain unknown.ObjectiveThis work was designed to identify the protocols of which combining sensory stimulation with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) will facilitate the greatest changes in fMRI activation maps in the rat’s primary somatosensory cortex (S1).MethodsSeveral protocols of combining forepaw electrical stimulation with rTMS were tested, including a single stimulation session compared to multiple, daily stimulation sessions, as well as synchronous and asynchronous delivery of both modalities. High-resolution fMRI was used to determine how pairing sensory stimulation with rTMS induced short and long-term plasticity in the rat S1.ResultsAll groups that received a single session of rTMS showed short-term increases in S1 activity, but these increases did not last three days after the session. The group that received a stimulation protocol of 10 Hz forepaw stimulation that was delivered simultaneously with 10 Hz rTMS for five consecutive days demonstrated the greatest increases in the extent of the evoked fMRI responses compared to groups that received other stimulation protocols.ConclusionsOur results provide direct indication that pairing peripheral stimulation with rTMS induces long-term plasticity, and this phenomenon appears to follow a time-dependent plasticity mechanism. These results will be important to lead the design of new training and rehabilitation paradigms and training towards achieving maximal performance in healthy subjects.HighlightsA single rTMS session induced short-term changes but they were not sustainableMulti-session delivery of rTMS paired with sensory stimulation induced long-term plasticityrTMS paired with sensory stimulation induced plasticity via time-dependent mechanismDelivery of sensory stimulation only did not induce long-term plasticity