bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipidation of a bacterial effector is critical for bacterial evasion of host-defense
Authors: Cattelan Natalia , Yu Hongjiao , Przybyszewska Kornelia , Colamarino Rosa Angela , Baldassarre Massimiliano , Spanò Stefania 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Rab32 antimicrobial pathway has been shown to restrictSalmonellaTyphi, in mouse macrophages. The broad-host pathogenSalmonellaTyphimurium however has evolved a strategy to evade the Rab32 antimicrobial pathway, via its effector protein GtgE. GtgE is a cysteine protease that specifically mediates the cleavage and inactivation of Rab32. Here we show that GtgE association and targeting to membranes is critical for its efficient proteolytic activity. The C-terminus of GtgE contains a CaaX motif, which can be post-translationally modified by the host’s prenylation machinery. Using a combination of confocal microscopy and subcellular fractionation we show that a cysteine in the CaaX motif is crucial for GtgE membrane targeting and, more importantly, GtgE localization to theSalmonella-containing vacuole. We also demonstrated that prenylation of CaaX is important for an effective and fast Rab32 cleavage, which in turn helpsSalmonellato successfully survive in macrophages and establish anin vivoinfection in mice. Our findings shed light on the importance of a host mediated post-translational modification that targets GtgE to the membranes where it can efficiently cleave and inactivate Rab32, leading to a betterSalmonellasurvival in macrophages.Author summarySalmonellaspecies includes a large group of bacteria that cause disease in different hosts. While some serovars are host generalists, others are restricted to humans. This is the case ofSalmonellaTyphi, responsible for Typhoid fever, a disease that affects millions globally. We have previously discovered an antimicrobial activity in macrophages that is controlled by Rab32. While the broad-host bacteriumSalmonellaTyphimurium effectively counteracts this mechanism through the delivery of two effectors, GtgE and SopD2,SalmonellaTyphi does not express those effectors and cannot survive in mouse macrophages. In this article, we demonstrate howSalmonellaTyphimurium exploits a host machinery to modify GtgE. We show that this host mediated modification is important for GtgE intracellular localization and effective Rab32 targeting, resulting in both a better intracellular survival and infection in vivo.
Enrichment of neurodegenerative microglia signature in brain-derived extracellular vesicles isolated from Alzheimer’s disease mouse model
Authors: Muraoka Satoshi , Jedrychowski Mark P. , Iwahara Naotoshi , Abdullah Mohammad , Onos Kristen D. , Keezer Kelly J. , Hu Jianqiao , Ikezu Seiko , Howell Gareth R. , Gygi Steven P. , Ikezu Tsuneya 
Published: November 2020

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by any neuronal cells in the central nervous system (CNS) for molecular clearance, cellular communications and disease spread in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), although their exact molecular mechanism is poorly understood. We hypothesize that high-resolution proteomic profiling of EVs separated from animal models of AD would determine the composition of EV contents and their cellular origin. Here, we examined recently developed transgenic mice (CAST.APP/PS1), which express familial AD-linked mutations of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin-1 (PS1) in the CAST/EiJ mouse strain and develop hippocampal neurodegeneration. Quantitative proteomics analysis of EVs separated from CAST.APP/PS1and age-matched control mice by tandem mass tag-mass spectrometry identified a total of 3,444 unique proteins, which are enriched in neuron, astrocyte, oligodendrocyte and microglia-specific molecules. CAST.APP/PS1-derived EVs show significant enrichment of Psen1, APP, Itgax, and reduction of Wdr61, Pmpca, Aldh1a2, Calu, Anp32b, Actn4 and Ndufv2 compared to WT-derived EVs, suggesting the involvement of Aβ-processing complex and disease-associated / neurodegenerative microglia (DAM/MGnD) in EV secretion. In addition, Itgax and Apoe, the DAM/MGnD markers, in EV show a positive correlation withItgaxandApoemRNA expression from brain tissue in CAST.APP/PS1mice. These datasets indicate the significant contribution of Aβ plaque and neurodegeneration-induced DAM/MGnD microglia for EV secretion in CAST.APP/PS1mice and shed light on understanding the AD pathogenesis.
Developing mammary terminal duct lobular units have a dynamic mucosal and stromal immune microenvironment
Authors: Nagy Dorottya , Gillis Clare M. C. , Davies Katie , Fowden Abigail L. , Rees Paul , Wills John W. , Hughes Katherine 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe human breast and ovine mammary gland undergo a striking degree of postnatal development, leading to formation of terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs). In this study we interrogated aspects of sheep TDLU growth to increase understanding of ovine mammogenesis and as a model for the study of breast development. Mammary epithelial proliferation is significantly higher in lambs less than two months old than in peri-pubertal animals. Ki67 expression is polarized to the leading edge of the developing TDLUs. Intraepithelial ductal macrophages exhibit striking periodicity and significantly increased density in lambs approaching puberty. Stromal macrophages are more abundant centrally than peripherally. The developing ovine mammary gland is infiltrated by intraepithelial and stromal T lymphocytes that are significantly more numerous in older lambs. In the stroma, hotspots of Ki67 expression colocalize with large aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages. Multifocally these aggregates exhibit distinct organization consistent with tertiary lymphoid structures. The lamb mammary gland thus exhibits a dynamic mucosal and stromal immune microenvironment and, as such, constitutes a valuable model system that provides new insights into postnatal breast development.Summary statementDevelopment of terminal duct lobular units in the sheep mammary gland involves distinct growth phases and macrophage and lymphocyte fluxes. Tertiary lymphoid structures are present subjacent to the mucosal epithelium.
Morphometric and elastic properties of immature reticulocytes in health and during acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Seliverstov Evgeniy S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDespite significant advances, many changes occurring in the tumor microenvironment during acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain unclear. The surface of immature reticulocytes was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine specific changes during the development of ALL and AML. In patients with ALL the surface area of reticulocytes increased by 18.5%, volume by 8.7%, the width of invaginations by 18%, and cell height decreased by 7.8%. In patients with AML, the volume increased by 12.6%, roughness by 35.5%, the height of protrusions by 36.2%, the depth of invaginations by 24.8%, their width by 18.2%, and the maximum height difference of the surface by 31.9%. No significant differences in Young’s modulus were found, but a downward trend was noted. The obtained data has important prognostic value in studying the bone marrow activity during acute leukemia.HighlightsAFM reveals implicit signs of malignant disease development in the blood. ALL increases area, volume, and invaginations, but reduces the height of IRF. AML increases volume, roughness, protrusions, and invaginations of IRF.
Finite-size transitions in complex membranes
Authors: Girard M. , Bereau T. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTThe lipid raft hypothesis postulates that cell membranes possess some degree of lateral organization. The last decade has seen a large amount of experimental evidence for rafts. Yet, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. One hypothesis that supports rafts relies on the membrane to lie near a critical point. While supported by experimental evidence, the role of regulation is unclear. Using both a lattice model and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that lipid regulation of a many-component membrane can lead to critical behavior over a large temperature range. Across this range, the membrane displays a critical composition due to finite-size effects. This mechanism provides a rationale as to how cells tune their composition without the need for specific sensing mechanisms. It is robust and reproduces important experimentally verified biological trends: membrane-demixing temperature closely follows cell growth temperature, and the composition evolves along a critical manifold. The simplicity of the mechanism provides a strong argument in favor of the critical membrane hypothesis.SIGNIFICANCEWe show that biological regulation of a large amount of phospholipids in membranes naturally leads to a critical composition for finite-size systems. This suggests that regulating a system near a critical point is trivial for cells. These effects vanish logarithmically and therefore can be present in micron-sized systems.
Maize centromeric chromatin scales with changes in genome size
Authors: Wang Na , Liu Jianing , Ricci William A. , Gent Jonathan I. , Dawe R. Kelly 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCentromeres are defined by the location of Centromeric Histone H3 (CENP-A/CENH3) which interacts with DNA to define the locations and sizes of functional centromeres. An analysis of 26 maize genomes including 110 fully assembled centromeric regions revealed positive relationships between centromere size and genome size. These effects are independent of variation in the amounts of the major centromeric satellite sequence CentC. We also backcrossed known centromeres into two different lines with larger genomes and observed consistent increases in functional centromere sizes for multiple centromeres. Although changes in centromere size involve changes in bound CENH3, we could not mimic the effect by overexpressing CENH3 by threefold. Literature from other fields demonstrate that changes in genome size affect protein levels, organelle size and cell size. Our data demonstrate that centromere size is among these scalable features, and that multiple limiting factors together contribute to a stable centromere size equilibrium.
Working Memory Capacities Neurally Dissociate: Evidence from Acute Stroke
Authors: Martin Randi C , Ding Junhua , Hamilton A Cris , Schnur Tatiana T 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSubstantial behavioral evidence implies the existence of separable working memory (WM) components for maintaining phonological and semantic information. In contrast, only a few studies have addressed the neural basis of phonological vs. semantic WM using functional neuroimaging and none has used a lesion-symptom mapping (LSM) approach. Here we address this gap, reporting a multivariate LSM study of phonological and semantic WM for 94 individuals at the acute stage of left hemisphere stroke. Testing at the acute stage avoids issues of brain reorganization and the adoption of patient strategies for task performance. The LSM analyses for each WM component controlled for the other WM component and semantic and phonological knowledge at the single word level. For phonological WM, the regions uncovered included the supramarginal gyrus, argued to be the site of phonological storage, and several cortical and subcortical regions plausibly related to inner rehearsal. For semantic WM, inferior frontal regions and the angular gyrus were uncovered. The findings thus provide converging evidence for separable systems for phonological and semantic WM that are distinguished from the systems supporting long-term knowledge representations in those domains.
Snail host parental investment throughout aSchistosoma mansoniinfection
Authors: Gutierrez Stephanie O. , Lockyear Olivia J. , Minchella Dennis J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractParental investment theory describes the ability of organisms to respond to an environmental challenge by increasing the fitness of future offspring. Utilizing life history changes, organisms can maximize fitness by increasing their total reproductive output or by investing more into the success of fewer offspring. In cases where parasitic infections result in castration of their host, increased reproductive effort known as fecundity compensation has been demonstrated in a variety of organisms. This response appears predictive of expected future reproductive losses. Organisms struggling with an environmental pathogen, may attempt to better prepare their offspring for the environment they are experiencing through transgenerational immune priming (TGIP). In immune priming, primary infection lowers the prevalence and intensity of a subsequent infection by the same pathogen. Transgenerational immune priming carries pathogen resistance into further generations without genotypic changes. The focus of this study was to determine whether invertebrate parental investment into offspring parasite resistance varies over the course of an infection. Utilizing the snail hostBiomphalaria glabrataand its trematode parasiteSchistosoma mansoni, offspring were reared from specific time intervals in the parent’s infection and subsequently exposed to the same pathogen when each cohort reached the same age- 12 weeks. Differences in infection prevalence and intensity were expected based on when the offspring were born during their parent’s infection. A trade-off was predicted between the number of offspring produced in a cohort and offspring resistance to future infections. Offspring born during the period of fecundity compensation were predicted to exhibit lower resistance due to a dilution of individual investment by parents into a larger offspring pool. While our results did not support TGIP, there were differences in offspring prevalence, as well as an indication that parent health may interact with genetics in offspring resistance. Results suggest that parental condition can influence resistance ofB. glabrataoffspring toS. mansonibut that TGIP may not be operating in this system.
The hidden standards war: economic factors affecting IPv6 deployment
Authors: Kuerbis Brenden , Mueller Milton 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe data communications protocol supporting the internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) is almost 40 years old, and its 32-bit address space is too small for the internet. A “next-generation” internet protocol version 6 (IPv6), has a much larger, 128-bit address space. However, IPv6 is not backward compatible with the existing internet. For 20 years, the internet technical community has attempted to migrate the entire internet to the new standard. This study aims to address important but overlooked questions about the internet’s technical evolution: will the world converge on IPv6? Will IPv6 die out? or will we live in a mixed world for the foreseeable future?Design/methodology/approachThe research offers an economically-grounded study of IPv6’s progress and prospects. Many promoters of IPv6 sincerely believe that the new standard must succeed if the internet is to grow, and assume that the transition is inevitable because of the presumed depletion of the IPv4 address resources. However, by examining the associated network effects, developing the economic parameters for transition, and modeling the underlying economic forces, which impact network operator decisions, the study paints a more complex, nuanced picture.FindingsThe report concludes that legacy IPv4 will coexist with IPv6 indefinitely. IPv6 is unlikely to become an orphan. For some network operators that need to grow, particularly mobile networks where the software and hardware ecosystem is mostly converted, IPv6 deployment can make economic sense. However, the lack of backward compatibility with non-deployers eliminates many network effects that would create pressure to convert to IPv6. A variety of conversion technologies, and more efficient use of IPv4 addresses using network address translation, will support a “mixed world” of the two standards for the foreseeable future.Originality/valueThe authors’ conceptualization and observations provide a clearer understanding of the economic factors affecting the transition to IPv6.
Supportive supervisor to curtail turnover intentions: do employee engagement and work–life balance play any role?
Authors: Kaur Raminderpreet , Randhawa Gurpreet 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of employee engagement and work–life balance in perceived supervisor support and turnover intentions relationship.Design/methodology/approachThe perception of teachers on the constructs considered has been assessed by a survey using a structured questionnaire. Data were collected from the teachers of private schools of Punjab, India, and 375 were valid number of responses. Parallel multiple mediated regression was used to estimate the direct and indirect effects of perceived supervisor support on turnover intentions mediated through employee engagement and work–life balance.FindingsThe results reveal that the effect of perceived supervisor support on turnover intentions is indirect rather than direct. On the comparison of specific indirect effects, the results demonstrate that employee engagement and two dimensions of work–life balance (work interference with personal life and work–personal life enhancement) act as mediators in the perceived supervisor support and turnover intentions relationship.Practical implicationsSchool principals need to draft teacher-friendly policies for enhancing work–life balance and employee engagement so that teachers can feel satisfied with their work and can handle work and family demands. In this way, positive perceptions associated with high engagement and work–family balance can take place, which in turn can curtail the turnover intentions of teachers.Originality/valueThe use of employee engagement and work-life balance in the relationship of perceived supervisor support and turnover intentions is unprecedented. The study also considered three different dimensions of work–life balance and tested the model in an integrative manner. Since the study is based on an Indian sample, it also adds to growing literature on turnover intentions in nonwestern countries. The results are of great value to school managements, HR managers and policymakers who are seeking to develop practices that reduce employee turnover at workplaces.
Requirement management in a life cycle perspective based on ISO 19650-1 and CoClass as the new classification system in Sweden
Authors: Sadrinooshabadi Seyedhabibollah , Taheri Afshin , Yitmen Ibrahim , Jongeling Rogier 
Published: November 2020

PurposeEach building project demands an integrated method for information and requirement management in its life cycle. The main purpose of this paper is to explore the major obstacles in integrated life cycle information management and recognize the potentials of CoClass as the new Swedish digital classification system to tackle them throughout asset life cycle.Design/methodology/approachThe industry viewpoint toward the current status of asset information management considering ISO 19650-1 principles and the existing obstacles and the industry practitioners' ideas regarding CoClass capabilities and applicability were captured and analyzed. A total of 13 semistructured interviews were conducted with the AECO industry professionals to have an understanding of information requirement management. Then the results were analyzed qualitatively, using the NVivo 12 software. Different attributes of a component (heating panel) in a meeting room according to CoClass and data deviations throughout the asset life cycle were elaborated.FindingsThis study reveals some obstacles in information management process in seven categories in relation to: (1) the need to employ information exchange platforms as common data environments (CDEs) by all actors from early stages; (2) the communication issues caused by lack of utilizing common languages; (3) the costly and time-consuming implementation process; (4) the misunderstandings in terms of data communication between service providers and owners; (5) the definition and fulfillment of information requirements as well as keeping track of data deviations throughout asset life cycle; (6) the information update difficulty; and (7) the need for training practitioners dealing with new systems such as CoClass.Originality/valueThe research explores the major obstacles in information requirement management concerning the practical implementation of the new Swedish classification system, CoClass, supporting the asset life cycle.
Sustainable growth in times of crisis: L’Oréal Russia
Authors: Daniil Muravskii , Snezhana Muravskaia , Elena Romanova , Valeria Kudinova 
Published: November 2020

Learning outcomes
This study enables to critically assess: what constitutes the consequences of a financial crisis to a multi-national enterprise operating in the emerging market of Russia; the decision-making processes behind crisis management and the corresponding search for informational grounds to be used as decision justification; and the role of sustainable development in times of crisis.

Case overview/synopsis
During the 2014–2015 financial crisis in Russia, L’Oréal Russia managed to increase growth by 7%–15%, strengthening its place as the market leader in the country. First, the case illustrates the way Antonio, the General Manager of L’Oréal Russia, had successfully approached this situation by learning from the shortcomings of the company’s strategy during the 2007–2008 crisis and deciding to take a proactive position concerning stakeholders. Then, upon recalling his success story, Antonio suddenly found himself at the dawn of yet another crisis caused simultaneously by the COVID-19 outbreak and oil prices drop. In the face of uncertainty regarding the applicability of prior crisis management strategy for the new economic and social reality of Russia, Antonio was worried about whether the company would be able to achieve the 2020 sustainable development goals of L’Oréal by the end of the year. The case dilemma involves choices Antonio faced during mid-March 2020 about strategy formulation based on an adjustment to the expected consumer behavior patterns and possible need to rethink sustainable development goals priority.

Complexity academic level
This case is appropriate for an undergraduate or graduate-level program curriculum for courses dedicated to or including topics related to crisis management, doing business in emerging markets, corporate social responsibility and consumer behavior. Before engaging with the case, the students should be aware of basic management- and economics-related concepts and terms, such as strategy, sustainable development, CSR and economic crisis.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available for educators only.

Subject code
CSS 11: Strategy.