The landscape of viral associations in human cancers
Authors: Zapatka Marc , Borozan Ivan , Brewer Daniel S. , Iskar Murat , Grundhoff Adam , Alawi Malik , Desai Nikita , Sültmann Holger , Moch Holger ,   PCAWG Pathogens, Alawi Malik , Borozan Ivan , Brewer Daniel S. , Cooper Colin S. , Desai Nikita , Eils Roland , Ferretti Vincent , Grundhoff Adam , Iskar Murat , Kleinheinz Kortine , Lichter Peter , Nakagawa Hidewaki , Ojesina Akinyemi I. , Pedamallu Chandra Sekhar , Schlesner Matthias , Su Xiaoping , Zapatka Marc , Cooper Colin S. , Eils Roland , Ferretti Vincent , Lichter Peter ,   PCAWG Consortium, Aaltonen Lauri A. , Abascal Federico , Abeshouse Adam , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Adams David J. , Agrawal Nishant , Ahn Keun Soo , Ahn Sung-Min , Aikata Hiroshi , Akbani Rehan , Akdemir Kadir C. , Al-Ahmadie Hikmat , Al-Sedairy Sultan T. , Al-Shahrour Fatima , Alawi Malik , Albert Monique , Aldape Kenneth , Alexandrov Ludmil B. , Ally Adrian , Alsop Kathryn , Alvarez Eva G. , Amary Fernanda , Amin Samirkumar B. , Aminou Brice , Ammerpohl Ole , Anderson Matthew J. , Ang Yeng , Antonello Davide , Anur Pavana , Aparicio Samuel , Appelbaum Elizabeth L. , Arai Yasuhito , Aretz Axel , Arihiro Koji , Ariizumi Shun-ichi , Armenia Joshua , Arnould Laurent , Asa Sylvia , Assenov Yassen , Atwal Gurnit , Aukema Sietse , Auman J. Todd , Aure Miriam R. R. , Awadalla Philip , Aymerich Marta , Bader Gary D. , Baez-Ortega Adrian , Bailey Matthew H. , Bailey Peter J. , Balasundaram Miruna , Balu Saianand , Bandopadhayay Pratiti , Banks Rosamonde E. , Barbi Stefano , Barbour Andrew P. , Barenboim Jonathan , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill , Barr Hugh , Barrera Elisabet , Bartlett John , Bartolome Javier , Bassi Claudio , Bathe Oliver F. , Baumhoer Daniel , Bavi Prashant , Baylin Stephen B. , Bazant Wojciech , Beardsmore Duncan , Beck Timothy A. , Behjati Sam , Behren Andreas , Niu Beifang , Bell Cindy , Beltran Sergi , Benz Christopher , Berchuck Andrew , Bergmann Anke K. , Bergstrom Erik N. , Berman Benjamin P. , Berney Daniel M. , Bernhart Stephan H. , Beroukhim Rameen , Berrios Mario , Bersani Samantha , Bertl Johanna , Betancourt Miguel , Bhandari Vinayak , Bhosle Shriram G. , Biankin Andrew V. , Bieg Matthias , Bigner Darell , Binder Hans , Birney Ewan , Birrer Michael , Biswas Nidhan K. , Bjerkehagen Bodil , Bodenheimer Tom , Boice Lori , Bonizzato Giada , De Bono Johann S. , Boot Arnoud , Bootwalla Moiz S. , Borg Ake , Borkhardt Arndt , Boroevich Keith A. , Borozan Ivan , Borst Christoph , Bosenberg Marcus , Bosio Mattia , Boultwood Jacqueline , Bourque Guillaume , Boutros Paul C. , Bova G. Steven , Bowen David T. , Bowlby Reanne , Bowtell David D. L. , Boyault Sandrine , Boyce Rich , Boyd Jeffrey , Brazma Alvis , Brennan Paul , Brewer Daniel S. , Brinkman Arie B. , Bristow Robert G. , Broaddus Russell R. , Brock Jane E. , Brock Malcolm , Broeks Annegien , Brooks Angela N. , Brooks Denise , Brors Benedikt , Brunak Søren , Bruxner Timothy J. C. , Bruzos Alicia L. , Buchanan Alex , Buchhalter Ivo , Buchholz Christiane , Bullman Susan , Burke Hazel , Burkhardt Birgit , Burns Kathleen H. , Busanovich John , Bustamante Carlos D. , Butler Adam P. , Butte Atul J. , Byrne Niall J. , Børresen-Dale Anne-Lise , Caesar-Johnson Samantha J. , Cafferkey Andy , Cahill Declan , Calabrese Claudia , Caldas Carlos , Calvo Fabien , Camacho Niedzica , Campbell Peter J. , Campo Elias , Cantù Cinzia , Cao Shaolong , Carey Thomas E. , Carlevaro-Fita Joana , Carlsen Rebecca , Cataldo Ivana , Cazzola Mario , Cebon Jonathan , Cerfolio Robert , Chadwick Dianne E. , Chakravarty Dimple , Chalmers Don , Chan Calvin Wing Yiu , Chan Kin , Chan-Seng-Yue Michelle , Chandan Vishal S. , Chang David K. , Chanock Stephen J. , Chantrill Lorraine A. , Chateigner Aurélien , Chatterjee Nilanjan , Chayama Kazuaki , Chen Hsiao-Wei , Chen Jieming , Chen Ken , Chen Yiwen , Chen Zhaohong , Cherniack Andrew D. , Chien Jeremy , Chiew Yoke-Eng , Chin Suet-Feung , Cho Juok , Cho Sunghoon , Choi Jung Kyoon , Choi Wan , Chomienne Christine , Chong Zechen , Choo Su Pin , Chou Angela , Christ Angelika N. , Christie Elizabeth L. , Chuah Eric , Cibulskis Carrie , Cibulskis Kristian , Cingarlini Sara , Clapham Peter , Claviez Alexander , Cleary Sean , Cloonan Nicole , Cmero Marek , Collins Colin C. , Connor Ashton A. , Cooke Susanna L. , Cooper Colin S. , Cope Leslie , Corbo Vincenzo , Cordes Matthew G. , Cordner Stephen M. , Cortés-Ciriano Isidro , Covington Kyle , Cowin Prue A. , Craft Brian , Craft David , Creighton Chad J. , Cun Yupeng , Curley Erin , Cutcutache Ioana , Czajka Karolina , Czerniak Bogdan , Dagg Rebecca A. , Danilova Ludmila , Davi Maria Vittoria , Davidson Natalie R. , Davies Helen , Davis Ian J. , Davis-Dusenbery Brandi N. , Dawson Kevin J. , De La Vega Francisco M. , De Paoli-Iseppi Ricardo , Defreitas Timothy , Tos Angelo P. Dei , Delaneau Olivier , Demchok John A. , Demeulemeester Jonas , Demidov German M. , Demircioğlu Deniz , Dennis Nening M. , Denroche Robert E. , Dentro Stefan C. , Desai Nikita , Deshpande Vikram , Deshwar Amit G. , Desmedt Christine , Deu-Pons Jordi , Dhalla Noreen , Dhani Neesha C. , Dhingra Priyanka , Dhir Rajiv , DiBiase Anthony , Diamanti Klev , Ding Li , Ding Shuai , Dinh Huy Q. , Dirix Luc , Doddapaneni HarshaVardhan , Donmez Nilgun , Dow Michelle T. , Drapkin Ronny , Drechsel Oliver , Drews Ruben M. , Serge Serge , Dudderidge Tim , Dueso-Barroso Ana , Dunford Andrew J. , Dunn Michael , Dursi Lewis Jonathan , Duthie Fraser R. , Dutton-Regester Ken , Eagles Jenna , Easton Douglas F. , Edmonds Stuart , Edwards Paul A. , Edwards Sandra E. , Eeles Rosalind A. , Ehinger Anna , Eils Juergen , Eils Roland , El-Naggar Adel , Eldridge Matthew , Ellrott Kyle , Erkek Serap , Escaramis Georgia , Espiritu Shadrielle M. G. , Estivill Xavier , Etemadmoghadam Dariush , Eyfjord Jorunn E. , Faltas Bishoy M. , Fan Daiming , Fan Yu , Faquin William C. , Farcas Claudiu , Fassan Matteo , Fatima Aquila , Favero Francesco , Fayzullaev Nodirjon , Felau Ina , Fereday Sian , Ferguson Martin L. , Ferretti Vincent , Feuerbach Lars , Field Matthew A. , Fink J. Lynn , Finocchiaro Gaetano , Fisher Cyril , Fittall Matthew W. , Fitzgerald Anna , Fitzgerald Rebecca C. , Flanagan Adrienne M. , Fleshner Neil E. , Flicek Paul , Foekens John A. , Fong Kwun M. , Fonseca Nuno A. , Foster Christopher S. , Fox Natalie S. , Fraser Michael , Frazer Scott , Frenkel-Morgenstern Milana , Friedman William , Frigola Joan , Fronick Catrina C. , Fujimoto Akihiro , Fujita Masashi , Fukayama Masashi , Fulton Lucinda A. , Fulton Robert S. , Furuta Mayuko , Futreal P. Andrew , Füllgrabe Anja , Gabriel Stacey B. , Gallinger Steven , Gambacorti-Passerini Carlo , Gao Jianjiong , Gao Shengjie , Garraway Levi , Garred Øystein , Garrison Erik , Garsed Dale W. , Gehlenborg Nils , Gelpi Josep L. L. , George Joshy , Gerhard Daniela S. , Gerhauser Clarissa , Gershenwald Jeffrey E. , Gerstein Mark , Gerstung Moritz , Getz Gad , Ghori Mohammed , Ghossein Ronald , Giama Nasra H. , Gibbs Richard A. , Gibson Bob , Gill Anthony J. , Gill Pelvender , Giri Dilip D. , Glodzik Dominik , Gnanapragasam Vincent J. , Goebler Maria Elisabeth , Goldman Mary J. , Gomez Carmen , Gonzalez Santiago , Gonzalez-Perez Abel , Gordenin Dmitry A. , Gossage James , Gotoh Kunihito , Govindan Ramaswamy , Grabau Dorthe , Graham Janet S. , Grant Robert C. , Green Anthony R. , Green Eric , Greger Liliana , Grehan Nicola , Grimaldi Sonia , Grimmond Sean M. , Grossman Robert L. , Grundhoff Adam , Gundem Gunes , Guo Qianyun , Gupta Manaswi , Gupta Shailja , Gut Ivo G. , Gut Marta , Göke Jonathan , Ha Gavin , Haake Andrea , Haan David , Haas Siegfried , Haase Kerstin , Haber James E. , Habermann Nina , Hach Faraz , Haider Syed , Hama Natsuko , Hamdy Freddie C. , Hamilton Anne , Hamilton Mark P. , Han Leng , Hanna George B. , Hansmann Martin , Haradhvala Nicholas J. , Harismendy Olivier , Harliwong Ivon , Harmanci Arif O. , Harrington Eoghan , Hasegawa Takanori , Haussler David , Hawkins Steve , Hayami Shinya , Hayashi Shuto , Hayes D. Neil , Hayes Stephen J. , Hayward Nicholas K. , Hazell Steven , He Yao , Heath Allison P. , Heath Simon C. , Hedley David , Hegde Apurva M. , Heiman David I. , Heinold Michael C. , Heins Zachary , Heisler Lawrence E. , Hellstrom-Lindberg Eva , Helmy Mohamed , Heo Seong Gu , Hepperla Austin J. , Heredia-Genestar José María , Herrmann Carl , Hersey Peter , Hess Julian M. , Hilmarsdottir Holmfridur , Hinton Jonathan , Hirano Satoshi , Hiraoka Nobuyoshi , Hoadley Katherine A. , Hobolth Asger , Hodzic Ermin , Hoell Jessica I. , Hoffmann Steve , Hofmann Oliver , Holbrook Andrea , Holik Aliaksei Z. , Hollingsworth Michael A. , Holmes Oliver , Holt Robert A. , Hong Chen , Hong Eun Pyo , Hong Jongwhi H. , Hooijer Gerrit K. , Hornshøj Henrik , Hosoda Fumie , Hou Yong , Hovestadt Volker , Howat William , Hoyle Alan P. , Hruban Ralph H. , Hu Jianhong , Hu Taobo , Hua Xing , Huang Kuan-lin , Huang Mei , Huang Mi Ni , Huang Vincent , Huang Yi , Huber Wolfgang , Hudson Thomas J. , Hummel Michael , Hung Jillian A. , Huntsman David , Hupp Ted R. , Huse Jason , Huska Matthew R. , Hutter Barbara , Hutter Carolyn M. , Hübschmann Daniel , Iacobuzio-Donahue Christine A. , Imbusch Charles David , Imielinski Marcin , Imoto Seiya , Isaacs William B. , Isaev Keren , Ishikawa Shumpei , Iskar Murat , Islam S. M. Ashiqul , Ittmann Michael , Ivkovic Sinisa , Izarzugaza Jose M. G. , Jacquemier Jocelyne , Jakrot Valerie , Jamieson Nigel B. , Jang Gun Ho , Jang Se Jin , Jayaseelan Joy C. , Jayasinghe Reyka , Jefferys Stuart R. , Jegalian Karine , Jennings Jennifer L. , Jeon Seung-Hyup , Jerman Lara , Ji Yuan , Jiao Wei , Johansson Peter A. , Johns Amber L. , Johns Jeremy , Johnson Rory , Johnson Todd A. , Jolly Clemency , Joly Yann , Jonasson Jon G. , Jones Corbin D. , Jones David R. , Jones David T. W. , Jones Nic , Jones Steven J. M. , Jonkers Jos , Ju Young Seok , Juhl Hartmut , Jung Jongsun , Juul Malene , Juul Randi Istrup , Juul Sissel , Jäger Natalie , Kabbe Rolf , Kahles Andre , Kahraman Abdullah , Kaiser Vera B. , Kakavand Hojabr , Kalimuthu Sangeetha , von Kalle Christof , Kang Koo Jeong , Karaszi Katalin , Karlan Beth , Karlić Rosa , Karsch Dennis , Kasaian Katayoon , Kassahn Karin S. , Katai Hitoshi , Kato Mamoru , Katoh Hiroto , Kawakami Yoshiiku , Kay Jonathan D. , Kazakoff Stephen H. , Kazanov Marat D. , Keays Maria , Kebebew Electron , Kefford Richard F. , Kellis Manolis , Kench James G. , Kennedy Catherine J. , Kerssemakers Jules N. A. , Khoo David , Khoo Vincent , Khuntikeo Narong , Khurana Ekta , Kilpinen Helena , Kim Hark Kyun , Kim Hyung-Lae , Kim Hyung-Yong , Kim Hyunghwan , Kim Jaegil , Kim Jihoon , Kim Jong K. , Kim Youngwook , King Tari A. , Klapper Wolfram , Kleinheinz Kortine , Klimczak Leszek J. , Knappskog Stian , Kneba Michael , Knoppers Bartha M. , Koh Youngil , Jan Komorowski  , Komura Daisuke , Komura Mitsuhiro , Kong Gu , Kool Marcel , Korbel Jan O. , Korchina Viktoriya , Korshunov Andrey , Koscher Michael , Koster Roelof , Kote-Jarai Zsofia , Koures Antonios , Kovacevic Milena , Kremeyer Barbara , Kretzmer Helene , Kreuz Markus , Krishnamurthy Savitri , Kube Dieter , Kumar Kiran , Kumar Pardeep , Kumar Sushant , Kumar Yogesh , Kundra Ritika , Kübler Kirsten , Küppers Ralf , Lagergren Jesper , Lai Phillip H. , Laird Peter W. , Lakhani Sunil R. , Lalansingh Christopher M. , Lalonde Emilie , Lamaze Fabien C. , Lambert Adam , Lander Eric , Landgraf Pablo , Landoni Luca , Langerød Anita , Lanzós Andrés , Larsimont Denis , Larsson Erik , Lathrop Mark , Lau Loretta M. S. , Lawerenz Chris , Lawlor Rita T. , Lawrence Michael S. , Lazar Alexander J. , Lazic Ana Mijalkovic , Le Xuan , Lee Darlene , Lee Donghoon , Lee Eunjung Alice , Lee Hee Jin , Lee Jake June-Koo , Lee Jeong-Yeon , Lee Juhee , Lee Ming Ta Michael , Lee-Six Henry , Lehmann Kjong-Van , Lehrach Hans , Lenze Dido , Leonard Conrad R. , Leongamornlert Daniel A. , Leshchiner Ignaty , Letourneau Louis , Letunic Ivica , Levine Douglas A. , Lewis Lora , Ley Tim , Li Chang , Li Constance H. , Li Haiyan Irene , Li Jun , Li Lin , Li Shantao , Li Siliang , Li Xiaobo , Li Xiaotong , Li Xinyue , Li Yilong , Liang Han , Liang Sheng-Ben , Lichter Peter , Lin Pei , Lin Ziao , Linehan W. M. , Lingjærde Ole Christian , Liu Dongbing , Liu Eric Minwei , Liu Fei-Fei Fei , Liu Fenglin , Liu Jia , Liu Xingmin , Livingstone Julie , Livitz Dimitri , Livni Naomi , Lochovsky Lucas , Loeffler Markus , Long Georgina V. , Lopez-Guillermo Armando , Lou Shaoke , Louis David N. , Lovat Laurence B. , Lu Yiling , Lu Yong-Jie , Lu Youyong , Luchini Claudio , Lungu Ilinca , Luo Xuemei , Luxton Hayley J. , Lynch Andy G. , Lype Lisa , López Cristina , López-Otín Carlos , Ma Eric Z. , Ma Yussanne , MacGrogan Gaetan , MacRae Shona , Macintyre Geoff , Madsen Tobias , Maejima Kazuhiro , Mafficini Andrea , Maglinte Dennis T. , Maitra Arindam , Majumder Partha P. , Malcovati Luca , Malikic Salem , Malleo Giuseppe , Mann Graham J. , Mantovani-Löffler Luisa , Marchal Kathleen , Marchegiani Giovanni , Mardis Elaine R. , Margolin Adam A. , Marin Maximillian G. , Markowetz Florian , Markowski Julia , Marks Jeffrey , Marques-Bonet Tomas , Marra Marco A. , Marsden Luke , Martens John W. M. , Martin Sancha , Martin-Subero Jose I. , Martincorena Iñigo , Martinez-Fundichely Alexander , Maruvka Yosef E. , Mashl R. Jay , Massie Charlie E. , Matthew Thomas J. , Matthews Lucy , Mayer Erik , Mayes Simon , Mayo Michael , Mbabaali Faridah , McCune Karen , McDermott Ultan , McGillivray Patrick D. , McLellan Michael D. , McPherson John D. , McPherson John R. , McPherson Treasa A. , Meier Samuel R. , Meng Alice , Meng Shaowu , Menzies Andrew , Merrett Neil D. , Merson Sue , Meyerson Matthew , Meyerson William , Mieczkowski Piotr A. , Mihaiescu George L. , Mijalkovic Sanja , Mikkelsen Tom , Milella Michele , Mileshkin Linda , Miller Christopher A. , Miller David K. , Miller Jessica K. , Mills Gordon B. , Milovanovic Ana , Minner Sarah , Miotto Marco , Arnau Gisela Mir , Mirabello Lisa , Mitchell Chris , Mitchell Thomas J. , Miyano Satoru , Miyoshi Naoki , Mizuno Shinichi , Molnár-Gábor Fruzsina , Moore Malcolm J. , Moore Richard A. , Morganella Sandro , Morris Quaid D. , Morrison Carl , Mose Lisle E. , Moser Catherine D. , Muiños Ferran , Mularoni Loris , Mungall Andrew J. , Mungall Karen , Musgrove Elizabeth A. , Mustonen Ville , Mutch David , Muyas Francesc , Muzny Donna M. , Muñoz Alfonso , Myers Jerome , Myklebost Ola , Möller Peter , Nagae Genta , Nagrial Adnan M. , Nahal-Bose Hardeep K. , Nakagama Hitoshi , Nakagawa Hidewaki , Nakamura Hiromi , Nakamura Toru , Nakano Kaoru , Nandi Tannistha , Nangalia Jyoti , Nastic Mia , Navarro Arcadi , Navarro Fabio C. P. , Neal David E. , Nettekoven Gerd , Newell Felicity , Newhouse Steven J. , Newton Yulia , Ng Alvin Wei Tian , Ng Anthony , Nicholson Jonathan , Nicol David , Nie Yongzhan , Nielsen G. Petur , Nielsen Morten Muhlig , Nik-Zainal Serena , Noble Michael S. , Nones Katia , Northcott Paul A. , Notta Faiyaz , O’Connor Brian D. , O’Donnell Peter , O’Donovan Maria , O’Meara Sarah , O’Neill Brian Patrick , O’Neill J. Robert , Ocana David , Ochoa Angelica , Oesper Layla , Ogden Christopher , Ohdan Hideki , Ohi Kazuhiro , Ohno-Machado Lucila , Oien Karin A. , Ojesina Akinyemi I. , Ojima Hidenori , Okusaka Takuji , Omberg Larsson , Ong Choon Kiat , Ossowski Stephan , Ott German , Ouellette B. F. Francis , P’ng Christine , Paczkowska Marta , Paiella Salvatore , Pairojkul Chawalit , Pajic Marina , Pan-Hammarström Qiang , Papaemmanuil Elli , Papatheodorou Irene , Paramasivam Nagarajan , Park Ji Wan , Park Joong-Won , Park Keunchil , Park Kiejung , Park Peter J. , Parker Joel S. , Parsons Simon L. , Pass Harvey , Pasternack Danielle , Pastore Alessandro , Patch Ann-Marie , Pauporté Iris , Pea Antonio , Pearson John V. , Pedamallu Chandra Sekhar , Pedersen Jakob Skou , Pederzoli Paolo , Peifer Martin , Pennell Nathan A. , Perou Charles M. , Perry Marc D. , Petersen Gloria M. , Peto Myron , Petrelli Nicholas , Petryszak Robert , Pfister Stefan M. , Phillips Mark , Pich Oriol , Pickett Hilda A. , Pihl Todd D. , Pillay Nischalan , Pinder Sarah , Pinese Mark , Pinho Andreia V. , Pitkänen Esa , Pivot Xavier , Piñeiro-Yáñez Elena , Planko Laura , Plass Christoph , Polak Paz , Pons Tirso , Popescu Irinel , Potapova Olga , Prasad Aparna , Preston Shaun R. , Prinz Manuel , Pritchard Antonia L. , Prokopec Stephenie D. , Provenzano Elena , Puente Xose S. , Puig Sonia , Puiggròs Montserrat , Pulido-Tamayo Sergio , Pupo Gulietta M. , Purdie Colin A. , Quinn Michael C. , Rabionet Raquel , Rader Janet S. , Radlwimmer Bernhard , Radovic Petar , Raeder Benjamin , Raine Keiran M. , Ramakrishna Manasa , Ramakrishnan Kamna , Ramalingam Suresh , Raphael Benjamin J. , Rathmell W. Kimryn , Rausch Tobias , Reifenberger Guido , Reimand Jüri , Reis-Filho Jorge , Reuter Victor , Reyes-Salazar Iker , Reyna Matthew A. , Reynolds Sheila M. , Rheinbay Esther , Riazalhosseini Yasser , Richardson Andrea L. , Richter Julia , Ringel Matthew , Ringnér Markus , Rino Yasushi , Rippe Karsten , Roach Jeffrey , Roberts Lewis R. , Roberts Nicola D. , Roberts Steven A. , Robertson A. Gordon , Robertson Alan J. , Rodriguez Javier Bartolomé , Rodriguez-Martin Bernardo , Rodríguez-González F. Germán , Roehrl Michael H. A. , Rohde Marius , Rokutan Hirofumi , Romieu Gilles , Rooman Ilse , Roques Tom , Rosebrock Daniel , Rosenberg Mara , Rosenstiel Philip C. , Rosenwald Andreas , Rowe Edward W. , Royo Romina , Rozen Steven G. , Rubanova Yulia , Rubin Mark A. , Rubio-Perez Carlota , Rudneva Vasilisa A. , Rusev Borislav C. , Ruzzenente Andrea , Rätsch Gunnar , Sabarinathan Radhakrishnan , Sabelnykova Veronica Y. , Sadeghi Sara , Sahinalp S. Cenk , Saini Natalie , Saito-Adachi Mihoko , Saksena Gordon , Salcedo Adriana , Salgado Roberto , Salichos Leonidas , Sallari Richard , Saller Charles , Salvia Roberto , Sam Michelle , Samra Jaswinder S. , Sanchez-Vega Francisco , Sander Chris , Sanders Grant , Sarin Rajiv , Sarrafi Iman , Sasaki-Oku Aya , Sauer Torill , Sauter Guido , Saw Robyn P. M. , Scardoni Maria , Scarlett Christopher J. , Scarpa Aldo , Scelo Ghislaine , Schadendorf Dirk , Schein Jacqueline E. , Schilhabel Markus B. , Schlesner Matthias , Schlomm Thorsten , Schmidt Heather K. , Schramm Sarah-Jane , Schreiber Stefan , Schultz Nikolaus , Schumacher Steven E. , Schwarz Roland F. , Scolyer Richard A. , Scott David , Scully Ralph , Seethala Raja , Segre Ayellet V. , Selander Iris , Semple Colin A. , Senbabaoglu Yasin , Sengupta Subhajit , Sereni Elisabetta , Serra Stefano , Sgroi Dennis C. , Shackleton Mark , Shah Nimish C. , Shahabi Sagedeh , Shang Catherine A. , Shang Ping , Shapira Ofer , Shelton Troy , Shen Ciyue , Shen Hui , Shepherd Rebecca , Shi Ruian , Shi Yan , Shiah Yu-Jia , Shibata Tatsuhiro , Shih Juliann , Shimizu Eigo , Shimizu Kiyo , Shin Seung Jun , Shiraishi Yuichi , Shmaya Tal , Shmulevich Ilya , Shorser Solomon I. , Short Charles , Shrestha Raunak , Shringarpure Suyash S. , Shriver Craig , Shuai Shimin , Sidiropoulos Nikos , Siebert Reiner , Sieuwerts Anieta M. , Sieverling Lina , Signoretti Sabina , Sikora Katarzyna O. , Simbolo Michele , Simon Ronald , Simons Janae V. , Simpson Jared T. , Simpson Peter T. , Singer Samuel , Sinnott-Armstrong Nasa , Sipahimalani Payal , Skelly Tara J. , Smid Marcel , Smith Jaclyn , Smith-McCune Karen , Socci Nicholas D. , Sofia Heidi J. , Soloway Matthew G. , Song Lei , Sood Anil K. , Sothi Sharmila , Sotiriou Christos , Soulette Cameron M. , Span Paul N. , Spellman Paul T. , Sperandio Nicola , Spillane Andrew J. , Spiro Oliver , Spring Jonathan , Staaf Johan , Stadler Peter F. , Staib Peter , Stark Stefan G. , Stebbings Lucy , Stefánsson Ólafur Andri , Stegle Oliver , Stein Lincoln D. , Stenhouse Alasdair , Stewart Chip , Stilgenbauer Stephan , Stobbe Miranda D. , Stratton Michael R. , Stretch Jonathan R. , Struck Adam J. , Stuart Joshua M. , Stunnenberg Henk G. , Su Hong , Su Xiaoping , Sun Ren X. , Sungalee Stephanie , Susak Hana , Suzuki Akihiro , Sweep Fred , Szczepanowski Monika , Sültmann Holger , Yugawa Takashi , Tam Angela , Tamborero David , Tan Benita Kiat Tee , Tan Donghui , Tan Patrick , Tanaka Hiroko , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Tanskanen Tomas J. , Tarabichi Maxime , Tarnuzzer Roy , Tarpey Patrick , Taschuk Morgan L. , Tatsuno Kenji , Tavaré Simon , Taylor Darrin F. , Taylor-Weiner Amaro , Teague Jon W. , Teh Bin Tean , Tembe Varsha , Temes Javier , Thai Kevin , Thayer Sarah P. , Thiessen Nina , Thomas Gilles , Thomas Sarah , Thompson Alan , Thompson Alastair M. , Thompson John F. F. , Thompson R. Houston , Thorne Heather , Thorne Leigh B. , Thorogood Adrian , Tiao Grace , Tijanic Nebojsa , Timms Lee E. , Tirabosco Roberto , Tojo Marta , Tommasi Stefania , Toon Christopher W. , Toprak Umut H. , Torrents David , Tortora Giampaolo , Tost Jörg , Totoki Yasushi , Townend David , Traficante Nadia , Treilleux Isabelle , Trotta Jean-Rémi , Trümper Lorenz H. P. , Tsao Ming , Tsunoda Tatsuhiko , Tubio Jose M. C. , Tucker Olga , Turkington Richard , Turner Daniel J. , Tutt Andrew , Ueno Masaki , Ueno Naoto T. , Umbricht Christopher , Umer Husen M. , Underwood Timothy J. , Urban Lara , Urushidate Tomoko , Ushiku Tetsuo , Uusküla-Reimand Liis , Valencia Alfonso , Van Den Berg David J. , Van Laere Steven , Van Loo Peter , Van Meir Erwin G. , Van den Eynden Gert G. , Van der Kwast Theodorus , Vasudev Naveen , Vazquez Miguel , Vedururu Ravikiran , Veluvolu Umadevi , Vembu Shankar , Verbeke Lieven P. C. , Vermeulen Peter , Verrill Clare , Viari Alain , Vicente David , Vicentini Caterina , VijayRaghavan K. , Viksna Juris , Vilain Ricardo E. , Villasante Izar , Vincent-Salomon Anne , Visakorpi Tapio , Voet Douglas , Vyas Paresh , Vázquez-García Ignacio , Waddell Nick M. , Waddell Nicola , Wadelius Claes , Wadi Lina , Wagener Rabea , Wala Jeremiah A. , Wang Jian , Wang Jiayin , Wang Linghua , Wang Qi , Wang Wenyi , Wang Yumeng , Wang Zhining , Waring Paul M. , Warnatz Hans-Jörg , Warrell Jonathan , Warren Anne Y. , Waszak Sebastian M. , Wedge David C. , Weichenhan Dieter , Weinberger Paul , Weinstein John N. , Weischenfeldt Joachim , Weisenberger Daniel J. , Welch Ian , Wendl Michael C. , Werner Johannes , Whalley Justin P. , Wheeler David A. , Whitaker Hayley C. , Wigle Dennis , Wilkerson Matthew D. , Williams Ashley , Wilmott James S. , Wilson Gavin W. , Wilson Julie M. , Wilson Richard K. , Winterhoff Boris , Wintersinger Jeffrey A. , Wiznerowicz Maciej , Wolf Stephan , Wong Bernice H. , Wong Tina , Wong Winghing , Woo Youngchoon , Wood Scott , Wouters Bradly G. , Wright Adam J. , Wright Derek W. , Wright Mark H. , Wu Chin-Lee , Wu Dai-Ying , Wu Guanming , Wu Jianmin , Wu Kui , Wu Yang , Wu Zhenggang , Xi Liu , Xia Tian , Xiang Qian , Xiao Xiao , Xing Rui , Xiong Heng , Xu Qinying , Xu Yanxun , Xue Hong , Yachida Shinichi , Yakneen Sergei , Yamaguchi Rui , Yamaguchi Takafumi N. , Yamamoto Masakazu , Yamamoto Shogo , Yamaue Hiroki , Yang Fan , Yang Huanming , Yang Jean Y. , Yang Liming , Yang Lixing , Yang Shanlin , Yang Tsun-Po , Yang Yang , Yao Xiaotong , Yaspo Marie-Laure , Yates Lucy , Yau Christina , Ye Chen , Ye Kai , Yellapantula Venkata D. , Yoon Christopher J. , Yoon Sung-Soo , Yousif Fouad , Yu Jun , Yu Kaixian , Yu Willie , Yu Yingyan , Yuan Ke , Yuan Yuan , Yuen Denis , Yung Christina K. , Zaikova Olga , Zamora Jorge , Zapatka Marc , Zenklusen Jean C. , Zenz Thorsten , Zeps Nikolajs , Zhang Cheng-Zhong , Zhang Fan , Zhang Hailei , Zhang Hongwei , Zhang Hongxin , Zhang Jiashan , Zhang Jing , Zhang Junjun , Zhang Xiuqing , Zhang Xuanping , Zhang Yan , Zhang Zemin , Zhao Zhongming , Zheng Liangtao , Zheng Xiuqing , Zhou Wanding , Zhou Yong , Zhu Bin , Zhu Hongtu , Zhu Jingchun , Zhu Shida , Zou Lihua , Zou Xueqing , deFazio Anna , van As Nicholas , van Deurzen Carolien H. M. , van de Vijver Marc J. , van’t Veer L. , von Mering Christian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHere, as part of the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, for which whole-genome and—for a subset—whole-transcriptome sequencing data from 2,658 cancers across 38 tumor types was aggregated, we systematically investigated potential viral pathogens using a consensus approach that integrated three independent pipelines. Viruses were detected in 382 genome and 68 transcriptome datasets. We found a high prevalence of known tumor-associated viruses such as Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papilloma virus (HPV; for example, HPV16 or HPV18). The study revealed significant exclusivity of HPV and driver mutations in head-and-neck cancer and the association of HPV with APOBEC mutational signatures, which suggests that impaired antiviral defense is a driving force in cervical, bladder and head-and-neck carcinoma. For HBV, HPV16, HPV18 and adeno-associated virus-2 (AAV2), viral integration was associated with local variations in genomic copy numbers. Integrations at the TERT promoter were associated with high telomerase expression evidently activating this tumor-driving process. High levels of endogenous retrovirus (ERV1) expression were linked to a worse survival outcome in patients with kidney cancer.