bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater by use of Cyclopentane - Clathrate Hydrate formation technology
Authors: AL-Hemeri Shurooq T. , AL-Mukhtar Riyadh S. , Hussine Marwa N. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this research, the experimental system was built up for treatment of wastewater containing substantial metal particles by the hydrate-based technique. The whole experimental system comprises of five fundamental methodologies: hydrate formation, hydrate separation, hydrate dissociation, centrifugal separation, and characterization. Many technologies were being utilized to remove substantial metal particles; however these frameworks had special prerequisites for raw wastewater, such as pH, temperature, contamination type and amount. Consequently, there is a evolving requirement for elective techniques for treating wastewater containing heavy metals, for which hydrate-based separation seems promising. The removal of the heavy metal ion Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and Cr3+by the hydrate-based method gives an enhancement to the ordinary wastewater treatment innovation. Aqueous solutions of the wastewater were synthesized by adding a certain amount of each salt such as copper sulfate anhydrous (CuSO4·5H2O), nickel sulfate (NiSO4), Zinc chloride (Zncl2) and tri-chloro chromium (CrCl3) to the distilled water. Cyclopentane was employed to form hydrate in this research on account of its immiscibility with water, non-toxicity, and thermodynamic stability. Clathrate for ternary systems (cyclopentane, water and ionic salt) were formed at different types and concentrations of salts in the liquid state at temperature below 7 °C and normal atmospheric pressure. An effect of the cyclopentane-heavy metal solution volume ratio and concentration of the heavy metal on removal efficiency of heavy metal ions, the enrichment factor and a yield of the dissociated water are discussed. The results show that the technology has higher removal efficiency upon changing the volume ratio from 1/2 to 1/6, and achieve wastewater minimization, but lower enrichment factor and yield of dissociated water. This work gives thoughts into low-energy, serious treatment of wastewater.
The place attachment value, measurement of place potentials
Authors: Khalil Safiya. M. , Ebrahim Mustafa A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In highlight the way for better understanding of the importance of place attachment value-not just the economic value - in the urban place. The process of measuring this value helps in the planning, management and understanding of the urban system. The study has a specific goal to know the place attachment value in two areas in al-Hilla city (Hai bakerly and Hai alimam), so that this paper is the start to draw the correct path in the investment for the place in suitable way and help to explain the characteristics of attachment values of place in al-Hilla city. The search will be designed to cross three stages:
- Understand the place and place attachment value philosophically and clarify the associated studies
- Find indicators for place attachment value and determine best predict urban development priorities using multiple linear regression
- Draw important conclusions
Using GIS Technique for evaluating water quality of Abu Zarag marsh during the flood season
Authors: Hassan Ahmed Zamel , Al-Musawi Nawar O.A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This research deals with the most important heritage in Iraq, which are the Iraqi marshes, especially Abu Zarag marsh in Al-Nasiriyah city south of Iraq. The research is divided into two parts. The first part deals with evaluating the water quality parameters of Abu Zarag marsh for the period from December 2018 to April 2019 which is the flooding season. The parameters are Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen, Sulfate, Nitrate. The second part is a comparison between the water quality parameters during the recent period with the same period during the previous years from 2014 to 2019. The results are represented in Arc GIS map. Modeling and simulation of flooding were made during the study period through the Arc GIS-Arc Scene program. The results of the research indicated the refilling of the Iraqi marshes especially Abu Zarag marsh, and recovery of the natural ambient in the south of Iraq.
Lead, Nickel and Cadmium in the coating of children’s toys effects and influencing factors
Authors: Al Kindi G Y , Ali Z H 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The paint covering the toy contains a high percentage of heavy metal, which is a cumulatively toxic source despite the limitations set by organizations such as WHO standard. This study is concerned about measuring the amount of Lead, Cadmium, and Nickel in the children’s toys. Thirty-two samples of plastic toys were collected, in different colors i.e. black, red, and yellow that are used for all age groups 3-12 months, 1-3 years and finally 3-6 years. The samples were analyzed using SPSS program. From the results it was found that the concentration of Lead between (8.0625-12.1875 mg / kg), Nickel (7.125-12.8125 mg / kg), and Cadmium, (2.96875-4.0625 mg / kg), provided that all results were lower from that recommended by the standard of (ISO-8124-3) and US EPA. The black color toys have high concentration of heavy metal, from the SPSS program analysis show high correlation between concentration of heavy metal with different parameter, except the correlation between lead with prices and Nickel with color.
Nitric Oxide Reduction by Applying Various Coating Methods of TiO2 on Cementitious Materials
Authors: Hussein Ayat , Al Anbari Riyad H , Hassan Maan S. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Nitric oxide generated from various sources like car combustion is one of the most surrounding pollutants. Titanium dioxide considered an environmentally friendly active photocatalytics that can be used with building materials safely and effectively to react with nitric oxides in the presence of UV radiation from sunlight.
To study the possibility for the reduction of air pollutants two strategies were adopted. First one included mixing of micro particles of TiO2 with cement paste in two percentages: 3% and 6%. In the second one mortar substrates were coated with micro TiO2 (mT) aqueous solution by either dipping or spraying coating method. A laboratory test procedure was adopted to assess the performance of the prepared photoactive specimens. The specimens were subjected to NO gas and there efficiency in gas removal was monitored with time.
Results showed that coating strategy was more effective than mixing strategy in term of gaseous pollutants removal. The comparison between the two coating methods showed that the dipping method reached 98.08 % removal capacity and was better than spring method which reached 87.69 % only.
Electrocoagulation treatment of oil-based mud wastewater
Authors: Al-Rubaiey# N A , Albrazanjy M G , Abdulkareem M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Electrocoagulation has been found to be a promising topic for an efficient remediation of water and wastewater. This is due to its ability to eradicate a wide range of pollutants that are generally harder to remove by other available techniques such as filtration or chemical treatment systems. These contaminants may comprise of heavy metals, suspended solids, emulsified oil, and hydrocarbons. Oily mud wastewater indicates a dangerous threat if released to the environment; as a result, treating it is essential in oil industry. This research has examined a new simple, effective and low cost technique called “electrocoagulation” for the handling of oily mud wastewater using turbidity measurements. “Bench scale” reactor was used to investigate features that may affect the treatment. Al metal was applied as a sacrificial anode. Multi-holes electrodes were structured at horizontal configuration to obtain optimal maximum efficiency. Other tested operation parameters include electrolysis time, initial concentration, applied voltage, the distance separating electrodes, initial pH value and added NaCl concentration. This study demonstrated that this process is a feasible method for treating heavily contaminated oily mud wastewater.
Production of environment friendly diesel fuel from sunflower oil over Iraqi limestone synthesized catalyst
Authors: Saeed A N , Al-Sudani F T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
An environment friendly diesel fuel with remarkable characteristics that is basically methyl esters was synthesized from the reaction of sunflower oil (tri-glycerides) with methanol in a batch reactor using a heterogeneous catalyst with a conversion of 94% and very favorable characteristics. The heterogeneous catalyst used in this research was in the form of fine powder and synthesized from Iraqi limestone through calcination at 900 °C for 2.5 h under air. The raw limestone synthesized catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX and BET analysis.
Evaluation of existing transportation in Holy Najaf
Authors: Sharaa Hisham M Jawad Al , Hatem Israa , Ziboon Heba Abdul Razzak T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This research assessed the road network system of the Holy Najaf City. Survey of the study area was done to collect necessary data to assess the present state of the road network. The study infers that the Holy Governorate is connected to the neighboring Governorates but not with highways or railways or airways. So the journey time to the nearby capital cities is very long. Besides the condition and size of the current road network, this fact is a major disadvantage for the Holy Governorate. A connection to the railway system is very important for the Governorate. It would improve the public and goods transportation systems. for pilgrims and tourists. Railway and highway connections are basic (in a wider range). But they are not available. Furthermore, the location of the airport itself isn’t optimal. The airport is close to the city centers and is a restriction for the urban development. The noise and pollution affected the population and the environment. So, an urban development into the south isn’t possible.
Accessibility indicators from a gender perspective
Authors: AL-hussaini Zahraa Imad Hussain , Al-ahbabi Shaimaa Hussain Hameed 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Accessibility is an important parameter that expresses how to access everyday activities. The research assumes that accessibility varies according to a number of variables (economic, social, age, gender, etc.) thus, the research focuses on interpreting the concept of accessibility in relation to gender. It aims to analyze the four accessibility components (land-use, transportation, temporal and individual) according to the gender perspective to achieve suitable access for all.
The multiplicity of women’s destinations according to their different needs at all levels of the city and the attempt to balance the different tasks creates a kind of confusion, the accessibility parameter organizes this confusion and works to ease the achievement of various activities by organizing land use in a way that achieves the shortest time, less cost and more comfort.
The research concluded that accessibility can be assessed from a gender perspective and at the level of daily activities through measures such as: Service Access Distances, Convergence of services, the presence of elements or areas strengthens the concept of accessibility.
At the field level, a study area has been selected and a sample of women has been selected to test and determine the daily tasks and patterns of urban activity to emphasize the importance and necessity of taking into account women’s roles in assessing accessibility parameters. And then assess the reality of the study area according to the criteria that reached in the theoretical research.
Combination of visible and thermal remotely sensed data for enhancement of Land Cover Classification by using satellite imagery
Authors: Abdalkadhum Aysar Jameel , Salih Mohammad Mejbel , Jasim Oday Zakariya 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
On a large scale, the land cover classification has been investigated throughout the world in remote sensing for different kinds of applications such as water resources, agricultural, environmental, as well as ecological and hydrological applications. In order enhance accuracy of the classification results, Landsat and multispectral bands are used to study the numerous classification methods. Remote sensing thermal data provides valuable information in order to examine the effectiveness of applying the thermal bands to extract useful land cover thematic maps. In this research, Landsat-8 satellite data captured by Operational Land Imager (OLI) and the Thermal Infrared (TIRS) Sensors, with using remotely sensing data and Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis with using ground truth data collect from fieldwork in same time of imagery capturing by using infrared thermometer camera. In 2018, single date Landsat-8 image of the study area in Iraq was captured in winter. This image is used to estimate Land Surface Temperature (LST) by split window algorithm and performing Land Cover (LC) classification after image noise removal by using supervised classification algorithms Support Vector Machine (SVM) with multi-spectral and thermal bands combinations to find out which one has more accuracy. Result shows the effective and efficiency of the proposed method compared by traditional classification methods. The overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient are 94.25%, 64.43% and 0.93, 0.63, respectively.
How geometric reverse engineering techniques can conserve our heritage; a case study in Iraq using 3D laser scanning
Authors: Thamir Zahraa S , Abed Fanar M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Laser scanning has become a popular technique for the acquisition of digital models in the field of cultural heritage conservation and restoration nowadays. Many archaeological sites were lost, damaged, or faded, rather than being passed on to future generations due to many natural or human risks. It is still a challenge to accurately produce the digital and physical model of the missing regions or parts of our cultural heritage objects and restore damaged artefacts. The typical manual restoration can become a tedious and error-prone process; also can cause secondary damage to the relics. Therefore, in this paper, the automatic digital application process of 3D laser modelling of artefacts in virtual restoration is presented based on reverse engineering techniques. Two case studies were selected and processed in Iraq to meet the aim of this research and show how reverse engineering approaches can save our culture. The efficiency and safety of the preservation and restoration of cultural relics are improved and visually demonstrated. Different reverse engineering techniques applied to show the geometric potential for such approaches following laser-based 3D data application.
Spatial analysis of the geomorphic evolution of Tigris River basin using developed ArcGIS-Morphometric toolbox
Authors: Beg A A F 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Studied parts of Tigris river basin extended over an area of about 202702 square kilometres mostly extended within Turkish, Iranian and Iraqi territories with a narrow area in Syria and located between latitudes 32° 30′ to 38° 30′ N and longitudes 40° 00′ to 48° 00′ E. The basin is characterised by a complex topography, lithology, and structural features, which have impacts on the geomorphic development stages of the sub-basins. The study aims to evaluate the geomorphic stages of the river sub-basins based on hypsometric and volumetric analysis of each sub-basin using ArcGIS-morphometric toolbox developed by the author. The analysis was carried out using SRTM one arc-second DEM data. The basin is divided into 34 sub-basins and the hypsometric and volumetric parameters i.e., area, elevation, volume ratios, hypsometric and volumetric curves and integrals are calculated. The results show Tigris river basin has been passing in the Monadnock phase, while the sub-basins are classified into three geomorphic development stages i.e, middle - later maturity stage, early Monadnock phase and later Monadnock phase. According to the hypsometric curves, hypsometric integral, volumetric integrals; most of the sub-basins are passing in steady state of erosions and weathering processes with the prevailed fluvial system, terrain slopes and rock types.
The environmental planning vision for development of human settlements in marshes by using GIS techniques
Authors: Alrikabi Nada Khaleefah , Alumery Abbas Oudah 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Marshlands environment in southern Iraq is unique and is considered a habitat of thousands of migratory birds as shelter and a source of livelihood for thousands of people living there. Its environment is characterized by a fragile ecosystem that requires great care and effort to achieve the greatest possible balance and parallelism of development, which necessarily require careful environmental planning that accurately regulates the resources of the environment and therefore, planned the best way to use them. The idea of research for creating the spatial organization of the development of the human settlements and taking into account the environmental aspect by thinking for the planning of development, creating environmental vision for the present and a future that will contribute to organization of human settlements and sustainable spatial development. For achieving that, the research uses Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as techniques for analyzing and choosing the appropriate zones for development and environmental planning. The research concluded to suggest the environmental sensitivity zones, and the appropriate projects that can be established in these zones as well as evaluated with EIA approaches, and the most important recommendation is the need to commitment by the environmental sensitivity zones map for appropriate development.
Environmental assessment of land use in the city of Samawah using spatial techniques
Authors: Mohammed Ali N K , Ebraheem A K , Ebraheem M A , Laffta S J 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The city of Samawah is one of the most important cities which emerged in the poverty area within the poverty map produced by the Ministry of Planning, despite being an important provincial centre. Although it has great development potentials, it was neglected for more than 50 years,. This dereliction has caused a series of negative accumulations at the urban levels (environmental, social and economic). Therefore, the basic idea of this research is to detect part of these challenges that are preventing growth and development of the city. The methodology of the research is to extrapolate the reality with the analysis of the results, data and environmental impact assessment of the projects using the methods of spatial analysis and modelling provided by different spatial techniques. The environmental side was chosen because it is the most sensitive aspect in terms of its impact and its impact on the development side, also on the stability of the population in any city. All environmental and urban elements that are affected by human activities and natural factors and their spatial distribution in the city and its environs will be identified, and analysis of the mutual influences between the environmental elements and the urban land uses of the city will be done. The main results and conclusions are: preserve the green areas within the city and not expand in its direction, develop the sewage system and develop sewage treatment plant especially for the small part of the city to end the discharge of sewage to the river, transferring the gas station outside the city border as it is adjacent to the residential neighbourhoods and adopting a technology friendly to the environment in its establishment.
Using Geomatics methodology to study gentrification indicators of urban heritage districts case study (Alkurd and Altaees neighbourhood) in Babylon Province - Iraq
Authors: Hasan S A , Hazem G 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The current study addresses the gentrification process in the old neighbourhoods of low qualification, a process that could lead to changes in the re composition of the area and re-use of it is appearance. The research hypothesis of gentrification has imposed a feasible process in reconstructing historical areas by emphasizing its advantages in the study; this study will provide a thorough understanding of the process of gentrification through the method of analysis and description and try to understand how it occurs within the locality of the Al-Krad and Al-Taees area in old historical centre of Hilla City as a case study. The localities of the AI-Krad and Al-Taees are within the historical area of the province of Babylon, where this camp has undergone rapid changes in urban areas, urban and social. The research dealt with two aspects, the first one; dealing with the concept of gentrification process, and how could affected on the area. Second one is about historical analysis of the area, to understand the problems caused by merging economic, cultural, services function that lead to changes in physical and urban form with losing urban identity, where historic cities are at a risk of destruction and neglect, where the population is growing and therefore, the need for more capacity for its citizens, and changing their functions, cities lose their identity, with a lack of awareness of the importance of the region, so research aims was the depending on the gentrification concept, the results and effecting of this concept on the physical enhancement to the study area, with improve their economic, social and cultural level by providing investment opportunities for the residents and improving the quality of life and encouraging the poor and middle class to stay and develop them. The importance of the study lies in the representation of new ideas to look at the historical city itself and think about development in a different way, so this methodology was applied by analysing the locality of the Al-Krad and Al-Taees district within the old city centre as a case study. Then we examined the area indicators of gentrification derived from the theoretical framework and to suit the conditions of the region to improve the quality of life in the study area. The area is very vulnerable to the gentrification process, which needs further study to see how this process evolves in the near future, especially with the recent activities and work that the region may face following changes in recent years.
Magnetic interactions in Ge1−xEuxTe semiconductors: random distribution of magnetic Eu ions versus spinodal decompositions
Authors: Kilanski L , Górska M , Khaliq A , Bartosik F , Arciszewska M , Podgórni A , Minikayev R , Brodowska B , Reszka A , Kowalski B J , Slynko V E , Slynko E I 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We present the studies of structural, magnetotransport, and magnetic properties of Ge1−x
Eu
x
Te bulk crystals with the chemical composition, x, changing from 0.008 to 0.025. For the samples with x > 0.015 the sample synthesis leads to formation of Ge1−x
Eu
x
Te spinodal decompositions with a broad range of chemical contents. The presence of Ge1−x
Eu
x
Te spinodal decompositions is responsible for the antiferromagnetic order in our samples with x > 0.015. For the samples with x < 0.015 the structural characterization shows no evidence for clusters, the samples are paramagnetic, but the analysis of the results of magnetic measurements indicates deviations from the random distribution of Eu ions.