bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of identity management in police-civilian interactions: considering the role of gender and race
Authors: Den Houter Kate M. , Chatterjee Deepshikha 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess if in viewing tense, potentially stigmatizing, police-civilian interactions, people bring their own gendered and racial biases, as they form perceptions of officers' use of identity management (IM) strategies, as they relate to officers' competence, warmth and appropriateness of actions.Design/methodology/approachIn two experimental studies, the authors investigate how the IM strategies used by female and racial minority officers impact officers' ratings of competence, warmth and appropriateness of actions. Utilizing a 2x2x4 design, the authors manipulate officer gender (race), civilian gender (race) and IM strategy used by the officer in a news article describing a police-civilian interaction.FindingsNot all IM strategies established positive perceptions of officers. Gender and race effects were observed in how officers were seen when they were involved in a tense interaction with a civilian. Female officers were perceived as more appropriate in their actions than male officers. However, Black, female officers were rated as both less warm and appropriate in their actions than White, female officers.Originality/valueAlthough policing is seen as a tainted profession, officers' use of IM strategies is understudied. By taking a novel lens of stigmatization and IM strategies as they relate to policing, the authors contribute to how officers may manage their identities as they cope with the stigmatized views of their occupation. Findings have implications for the diversification of law enforcement personnel, as well as building trust and legitimacy between officers and the communities they serve.
Assessment of the skin efficacy and acceptability of a cosmetic product in the treatment of the forearm hypertrichosis in female patients
Authors: Berardesca Enzo , Cameli Norma , Piacentini Marco , Veraldi Stefano , Celleno Leonardo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundTreatment of unwanted body hair is a challenging area in cosmetic dermatology. Topical soy isoflavones and derivatives or eflornithine have been utilized in dermatocosmetology for their estrogenic and antiandrogenic activity.AimsTo evaluate the efficacy of a formulation containing capryloyl glycine 4% in decreasing hair growth on the forearms after topical application for 120 days vs placebo.MethodsA total of 69 female patients entered the study (age 37 ± 6). Hair growth was quantified using TrichoScan software on both forearms at 20‐fold magnification (analyzed area 0.651 cm2). Hair density (number of hairs/cm2), density vellus hair, density terminal hair, and median length of hairs were evaluated. The data were analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures to evaluate changes during the treatment (T0, T60, and T120) and Student's t test (placebo vs active).ResultsThere was a significant decrease on hair density, median, and terminal hair at the end of the treatment in the active‐treated site (P < .001) as measured by TrichoScan software. Direct comparison between active and placebo‐treated sites showed no significant differences at T0, but highly significant differences at T120 (P < .001).ConclusionsThe study shows that a cosmetic formulation based on capryloyl glycine 4% is highly effective in reducing several parameters related to hair growth and hair thickness vs placebo, thus showing efficacy in the treatment of hypertrichosis.
Classification of psychotherapy interventions for people with schizophrenia: development of the Nottingham Classification of Psychotherapies
Authors: Roberts Matthew T , Shokraneh Farhad , Sun Yanli , Groom Maddie , Adams Clive E 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundCurrently, there is no accepted system for the classification of psychotherapies for application within systematic reviews. The creation of anuncomplicated, understandable and practical classification system is neccessary for conducting reliable systematic reviews.ObjectiveTo devise a system for classification of psychotherapy interventions—for use, initially, in systematic reviews.MethodsCochrane Schizophrenia’s Register used as the source of randomised controlled trial. After being piloted and refined at least twice, finally we applied it to all relevant trials within the register. Basic statistical data already held within the register were extracted and used to calculate the distribution of schizophrenia research by form of psychotherapy.FindingsThe final classification system consisted of six definable broad ‘boughs’ two of which were further subdivided into ‘branches’. The taxonomy accommodated all psychotherapy interventions described in the register. Of the initial 1645 intervention categories within the register, after careful recoding, 539 (33%) were psychotherapies (234 coded as ‘Thought/Action’ (cognitive & behavioural)—1495 studies; 135 ‘Cognitive Functioning’—652 studies; 113 ‘Social’—684 studies; 55 ‘Humanistic’—272 studies; 23 ‘Psychoanalytic/dynamic’—40 studies; and 63 ‘Other’—387 studies). For people with schizophrenia, across categories, the average size of psychotherapy trial is small (107) but there are notable and important exceptions.ConclusionWe reported a practical method for categorising psychotherapy interventions in evaluative studies with applications beyond schizophrenia. A move towards consensus on the classification and reporting of psychotherapies is needed.Clinical implicationsThis classification can aid clinicians, clinical practice guideline developers, and evidence synthesis experts to recognise and compare the interventions from same or different classes.
LXH254, a Potent and Selective ARAF-Sparing Inhibitor of BRAF and CRAF for the Treatment of MAPK-Driven Tumors
Authors: Monaco Kelli-Ann , Delach Scott , Yuan Jing , Mishina Yuji , Fordjour Paul , Labrot Emma , McKay Daniel , Guo Ribo , Higgins Stacy , Wang Hui Qin , Liang Jinsheng , Bui Karen , Green John , Aspesi Peter , Ambrose Jessi , Mapa Felipa , Griner Lesley , Jaskelioff Mariela , Fuller John , Crawford Kenneth , Pardee Gwynn , Widger Stephania , Hammerman Peter S. , Engelman Jeffrey A. , Stuart Darrin D. , Cooke Vesselina G. , Caponigro Giordano 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Purpose:
Targeting RAF for antitumor therapy in RAS-mutant tumors holds promise. Herein, we describe in detail novel properties of the type II RAF inhibitor, LXH254.

Experimental Design:
LXH254 was profiled in biochemical, in vitro, and in vivo assays, including examining the activities of the drug in a large panel of cancer-derived cell lines and a comprehensive set of in vivo models. In addition, activity of LXH254 was assessed in cells where different sets of RAF paralogs were ablated, or that expressed kinase-impaired and dimer-deficient variants of ARAF.

Results:
We describe an unexpected paralog selectivity of LXH254, which is able to potently inhibit BRAF and CRAF, but has less activity against ARAF. LXH254 was active in models harboring BRAF alterations, including atypical BRAF alterations coexpressed with mutant K/NRAS, and NRAS mutants, but had only modest activity in KRAS mutants. In RAS-mutant lines, loss of ARAF, but not BRAF or CRAF, sensitized cells to LXH254. ARAF-mediated resistance to LXH254 required both kinase function and dimerization. Higher concentrations of LXH254 were required to inhibit signaling in RAS-mutant cells expressing only ARAF relative to BRAF or CRAF. Moreover, specifically in cells expressing only ARAF, LXH254 caused paradoxical activation of MAPK signaling in a manner similar to dabrafenib. Finally, in vivo, LXH254 drove complete regressions of isogenic variants of RAS-mutant cells lacking ARAF expression, while parental lines were only modestly sensitive.

Conclusions:
LXH254 is a novel RAF inhibitor, which is able to inhibit dimerized BRAF and CRAF, as well as monomeric BRAF, while largely sparing ARAF.
A Blood-based Assay for Assessment of Tumor Mutational Burden in First-line Metastatic NSCLC Treatment: Results from the MYSTIC Study
Authors: Si Han , Kuziora Michael , Quinn Katie J. , Helman Elena , Ye Jiabu , Liu Feng , Scheuring Urban , Peters Solange , Rizvi Naiyer A. , Brohawn Philip Z. , Ranade Koustubh , Higgs Brandon W. , Banks Kimberly C. , Chand Vikram K. , Raja Rajiv 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Purpose:
Tumor mutational burden (TMB) has been shown to be predictive of survival benefit in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Measuring TMB in the blood (bTMB) using circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) offers practical advantages compared with TMB measurement in tissue (tTMB); however, there is a need for validated assays and identification of optimal cutoffs. We describe the analytic validation of a new bTMB algorithm and its clinical utility using data from the phase III MYSTIC trial.

Patients and Methods:
The dataset used for the clinical validation was from MYSTIC, which evaluated first-line durvalumab (anti–PD-L1 antibody) ± tremelimumab (anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 antibody) or chemotherapy for metastatic NSCLC. bTMB and tTMB were evaluated using the GuardantOMNI and FoundationOne CDx assays, respectively. A Cox proportional hazards model and minimal P value cross-validation approach were used to identify the optimal bTMB cutoff.

Results:
In MYSTIC, somatic mutations could be detected in ctDNA extracted from plasma samples in a majority of patients, allowing subsequent calculation of bTMB. The success rate for obtaining valid TMB scores was higher for bTMB (809/1,001; 81%) than for tTMB (460/735; 63%). Minimal P value cross-validation analysis confirmed the selection of bTMB ≥20 mutations per megabase (mut/Mb) as the optimal cutoff for clinical benefit with durvalumab + tremelimumab.

Conclusions:
Our study demonstrates the feasibility, accuracy, and reproducibility of the GuardantOMNI ctDNA platform for quantifying bTMB from plasma samples. Using the new bTMB algorithm and an optimal bTMB cutoff of ≥20 mut/Mb, high bTMB was predictive of clinical benefit with durvalumab + tremelimumab versus chemotherapy.
Reconsidering Access to Justice within the Broad Range of Accountability of International Organizations
Authors: Samata Norihito 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article reconsiders the generally accepted view around UN peacekeeping, and focuses on ways to enable access to judicial remedies for victims as a solution to fill the prevailing “accountability gap.” This article shows that the concept is not necessarily synonymous with access to justice. Providing access to justice for the victims can be an essential factor in holding UN peacekeeping legally accountable. However, judicial review is not everything in terms of accountability. This article also analyzes the possibilities and limitations of quasi-judicial mechanisms, namely the Independent Accountability Mechanisms of International Financial Institutions and the Human Rights Advisory Panel of the UN Interim Mission in Kosovo, from the perspective of legal accountability. It shows that these mechanisms have contributed to holding the organizations concerned legally accountable.
‘Remedium repraesaliarum’: The Medieval and Early Modern Practice and Theory of Reprisal within the Just War Doctrine
Authors: Van den Brande Philippine Christina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Centuries before being included in Hugo Grotius’s De iure belli ac pacis and De iure praedae, the subject of reprisal was already being discussed in medieval literature. The aim of this paper is to examine the medieval and early modern practice and theory of reprisal as it developed before and during Grotius’s lifetime. Its first part investigates a number of important foundational elements, such as the issues of definition and terminology, and the common characteristics of a reprisal case. In the second half, the author explores why reprisals were deemed to be a ‘perversus mos’ or ‘bad custom’ and how continued reliance on this practice was nonetheless justified by inserting it into the medieval just war doctrine. The paper does not provide a systematic study of Grotius’s own engagement with medieval reprisal sources. Rather, it should be read in conjunction with another publication in this same volume, ‘Grotius on Reprisal’ by Randall Lesaffer.
How different types of financial service providers support small- and medium- enterprises under the impact of COVID-19 pandemic: from the perspective of expectancy theory
Authors: Song Hua , Yang Yudong , Tao Zheng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted several aspects of the society and the economy. A problem that needs prompt attention in this situation is the increasing difficulties faced by small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in raising capital, which has aroused great concern from multiple stakeholders such as public administrations and regulators. As the major supply of capital, financial service providers (FSPs) play a critical role in financing SMEs. However, how FSPs deal with SME financing during shocks has not yet been fully researched. Accordingly, in this study, a theoretical framework based on expectancy theory is proposed to explore the expected strategic adjustments of FSPs in financing SMEs. Specifically, this study investigates 272 FSPs in China on their expectancy and attitude on financing to SMEs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, this study has divided FSPs into three categories: commercial banks, non-bank financial institutions, and credit-enhanced FSPs. Differences among these categories are compared and analyzed.
Prognostic value of bedside lung ultrasound score in patients with COVID-19
Authors: Ji Li , Cao Chunyan , Gao Ying , Zhang Wen , Xie Yuji , Duan Yilian , Kong Shuangshuang , You Manjie , Ma Rong , Jiang Lili , Liu Jie , Sun Zhenxing , Zhang Ziming , Wang Jing , Yang Yali , Lv Qing , Zhang Li , Li Yuman , Zhang Jinxiang , Xie Mingxing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Bedside lung ultrasound (LUS) has emerged as a useful and non-invasive tool to detect lung involvement and monitor changes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the clinical significance of the LUS score in patients with COVID-19 remains unknown. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of the LUS score in patients with COVID-19.

Method
The LUS protocol consisted of 12 scanning zones and was performed in 280 consecutive patients with COVID-19. The LUS score based on B-lines, lung consolidation and pleural line abnormalities was evaluated.

Results
The median time from admission to LUS examinations was 7 days (interquartile range [IQR] 3–10). Patients in the highest LUS score group were more likely to have a lower lymphocyte percentage (LYM%); higher levels of D-dimer, C-reactive protein, hypersensitive troponin I and creatine kinase muscle-brain; more invasive mechanical ventilation therapy; higher incidence of ARDS; and higher mortality than patients in the lowest LUS score group. After a median follow-up of 14 days [IQR, 10–20 days], 37 patients developed ARDS, and 13 died. Patients with adverse outcomes presented a higher rate of bilateral involvement; more involved zones and B-lines, pleural line abnormalities and consolidation; and a higher LUS score than event-free survivors. The Cox models adding the LUS score as a continuous variable (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.05, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.02 ~ 1.08; P < 0.001; Akaike information criterion [AIC] = 272; C-index = 0.903) or as a categorical variable (HR 10.76, 95% CI 2.75 ~ 42.05; P = 0.001; AIC = 272; C-index = 0.902) were found to predict poor outcomes more accurately than the basic model (AIC = 286; C-index = 0.866). An LUS score cut-off > 12 predicted adverse outcomes with a specificity and sensitivity of 90.5% and 91.9%, respectively.

Conclusions
The LUS score devised by our group performs well at predicting adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and is important for risk stratification in COVID-19 patients.
Retrospective evaluation of echocardiographic variables for prediction of heart failure hospitalization in heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction: A single center experience
Authors: Hammond Michael M. , Shen Changyu , Li Stephanie , Kazi Dhruv S. , Sabe Marwa A. , Garan A. Reshad , Markson Lawrence J. , Manning Warren J. , Klein Allan L. , Nagueh Sherif F. , Strom Jordan B. 
Published: December 2020

Background
Limited data exist on the differential ability of variables on transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) to predict heart failure (HF) readmission across the spectrum of left ventricular (LV) systolic function.

Methods
We linked 15 years of TTE report data (1/6/2003-5/3/2018) at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center to complete Medicare claims. In those with recent HF, we evaluated the relationship between variables on baseline TTE and HF readmission, stratified by LVEF.

Results
After excluding TTEs with uninterpretable diastology, 5,900 individuals (mean age: 76.9 years; 49.1% female) were included, of which 2545 individuals (41.6%) were admitted for HF. Diastolic variables augmented prediction compared to demographics, comorbidities, and echocardiographic structural variables (p < 0.001), though discrimination was modest (c-statistic = 0.63). LV dimensions and eccentric hypertrophy predicted HF in HF with reduced (HFrEF) but not preserved (HFpEF) systolic function, whereas LV wall thickness, NT-proBNP, pulmonary vein D- and Ar-wave velocities, and atrial dimensions predicted HF in HFpEF but not HFrEF (all interaction p < 0.10). Prediction of HF readmission was not different in HFpEF and HFrEF (p = 0.93).

Conclusions
In this single-center echocardiographic study linked to Medicare claims, left ventricular dimensions and eccentric hypertrophy predicted HF readmission in HFrEF but not HFpEF and left ventricular wall thickness predicted HF readmission in HFpEF but not HFrEF. Regardless of LVEF, diastolic variables augmented prediction of HF readmission compared to echocardiographic structural variables, demographics, and comorbidities alone. The additional role of medication adherence, readmission history, and functional status in differential prediction of HF readmission by LVEF category should be considered for future study.
Eficácia das plantas medicinais Cynara scolymus L. e Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn em relação ao dano hepático: um estudo de revisão
Authors: Milagres Eliana Alfenas Nogueira , Meguerian Berdj A. , Santos Carvalho Vania , Lobato Valéria , Arruda Liziene de Souza , Fiut Maria Angélica 
Published: December 2020

As plantas medicinais têm sido utilizadas como fonte alternativa no tratamento de doenças hepáticas, cabendo destacar a Alcachofra (Cynara scolymus L.) e o Cardo mariano (Silybum marianum), que atualmente vêm apresentando evidências de efeitos hepatoprotetores. O presente artigo tem como objetivo buscar evidências científicas acerca da efetividade hepatoprotetora destas plantas. Trata-se de revisão de literatura com seleção criteriosa da produção científica das plantas medicinais mencionadas acima, os quais foram selecionados 19 artigos que preencheram os critérios estabelecidos. Para tal foram consultadas as seguintes bases de dados: Scientific Eletronic Library online (SciELO), Pubmed, Science Direct e OVID. Os resultados apontaram para escassez de estudos clínicos em relação ao efeito hepatoprotetor da Cynara scolymus frente ao dano hepático. Por outro lado, os estudos pré-clínicos e clínicos da Silybum marianum mostraram avanços em relação ao efeito anti-inflamatório. Embora a maior parte (63%) dos estudos serem experimentais, os resultados parecem promissores em relação ao efeito hepatoprotetor. Portanto, consideramos que as plantas em questão podem ser uma boa alternativa para o tratamento hepático, no entanto, existe a necessidade de mais investimento em estudos clínicos randomizado em humanos, com amostra estatisticamente significativa para melhor elucidar a utilização das mesmas frente aos danos hepáticos.
Streaming für Forschende
Authors: Stoppe Sebastian 
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag erörtert die Entwicklung des Video-Streaming-Marktes und die Bedeutung für Öffentliche und wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken. Dabei geht er auch auf die Spezialisierung bestimmter Anbieter ein. Zusammenfassend ist festzuhalten, dass Streaming von AV-Medien vor allem für Öffentliche Bibliotheken ein wertvolles Zusatzangebot für Nutzende darstellt, für wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken hinsichtlich der Dauerhaftigkeit, Zitierfähigkeit und Nachnutzbarkeit von Ressourcen noch wesentliche Fragen ungelöst bleiben.
Die ARTE-Mediathek – Perspektiven der Zusammenarbeit im Bereich Film
Authors: Goslar Nina 
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung
ARTE leistet mit seiner Mediathek, auf der allmonatlich eine Auswahl hochwertiger Filme verschiedener Dekaden angeboten wird, einen wichtigen Beitrag für die filmische Bildung. Der Artikel von Nina Goslar aus der ZDF/ARTE-Filmredaktion skizziert das Kino-Angebot der ARTE-Mediathek und stellt ein Modell der Vermittlung von Filmgeschichte vor, das in Zusammenarbeit mit europäischen Filmarchiven geplant ist – auch als Modell einer möglichen Kooperation mit Öffentlichen Bibliotheken.
Sicherung des audiovisuellen Erbes in Sachsen
Authors: Eckardt André 
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung
2019 startete Sachsen mit einem Landesprogramm, das öffentliche und private Sammlungen dabei unterstützt, ihre Film-, Video- und Tondokumente zu digitalisieren, zu archivieren und digital zugänglich zu machen: „Sicherung des audiovisuellen Erbes in Sachsen“ (SAVE). Der folgende Praxisbericht stellt die Programmarbeit und einzelne Ergebnisse vor und spricht über spezifische Herausforderungen und bisherige Erfahrungen.
Study on the burial practice of tomb M13 of the Yangshao culture at Baligang site in Dengzhou City
Authors: Zhang Chi , He Jianing , Wu Xiaohong , Cui Yinqiu , Wang Hua , Zhang Jiangkai , Fan Li , Yan Wenming 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The multidisciplinary research on the Yangshao period (4200–2900 BCE) tomb M13, a joint secondary burial at the Baligang site of the Yangshao culture in Dengzhou City, Henan Province showed that there were in total 126 individuals buried in this grave. Their death crossed at least 200 years; among them, at least five individuals were from three maternal lineages, and the descent system of this group was patrilineal. There were also 138 pig mandibles buried in M13, which had been dated and shows that they were collected across over 400 years. Based on the statistics the death population at Baligang site, it is estimated that the human bones found from M13 went through a secondary burial process during which they were probably regarded as “ceremonial objects.” The joint secondary burials as M13 is seen as a result of some reburying ceremonies held at the Baligang site.
The “bowl-shaped” bloomeries of Pingnan County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and the origins of “bowl-shaped” bloomery in China
Authors: Li Yingfu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Based on the discussion on the shape, nature, iron-smelting products and technical characteristics of the “bowl-shaped” bloomeries of the iron-smelting remains of the Han dynasty at Liuchen Town in Pingnan County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, this paper puts forward the issue of the origin of the “bowl-shaped” bloomeries in China, and referring to the “bowl-shaped” bloomeries found in West Asia, South Asia, Europe, and Africa and their smelting technical traditions. This paper pointed out that the “bowl-shaped” bloomeries in China had the same origin with that of the other regions of the world, which was the result of the far and wide diffusion of the “bowl-shaped” bloomeries of West Asia, and its introduction route might be from West Asia via South Asia and Southeast Asia along the Indian Ocean.