bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and testing of PMOS current mirror-integrated MEMS pressure transducer
Authors: Kumar Shashi , Ropmay Gaddiella Diengdoh , Rathore Pradeep Kumar , Rangababu Peesapati , Akhtar Jamil 
Published: December 2019

PurposeThis paper aims to describe the fabrication, packaging and testing of a resistive loadedp-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor-based (MOSFET-based) current mirror-integrated pressure transducer.Design/methodology/approachUsing the concept of piezoresistive effect in a MOSFET, three identicalp-channel MOSFETs connected in current mirror configuration have been designed and fabricated using the standard polysilicon gate process and microelectromechanical system (MEMS) techniques for pressure sensing application. The channel length and width of thep-channel MOSFETs are 100 µm and 500 µm, respectively. The MOSFET M1 of the current mirror is the reference transistor that acts as the constant current source. MOSFETs M2 and M3 are the pressure-sensing transistors embedded on the diaphragm near the mid of fixed edge and at the center of the square diaphragm, respectively, to experience both the tensile and compressive stress developed due to externally applied input pressure. A flexible square diaphragm having a length of approximately 1,000 µm and thickness of 50 µm has been realized using deep-reactive ion etching of silicon on the backside of the wafer. Then, the fabricated sensor chip has been diced and mounted on a TO8 header for the testing with pressure.FindingsThe experimental result of the pressure sensor chip shows a sensitivity of approximately 0.2162 mV/psi (31.35 mV/MPa) for an input pressure of 0-100 psi. The output response shows a good linearity and very low-pressure hysteresis. In addition, the pressure-sensing structure has been simulated using the parameters of the fabricated pressure sensor and from the simulation result a pressure sensitivity of approximately 0.2283 mV/psi (33.11 mV/MPa) has been observed for input pressure ranging from 0 to 100 psi with a step size of 10 psi. The simulated and experimentally tested pressure sensitivities of the pressure sensor are in close agreement with each other.Originality/valueThis current mirror readout circuit-based MEMS pressure sensor is new and fully compatible to standard CMOS processes and has a promising application in the development CMOS-MEMS-integrated smart sensors.
Intraspecific neighbourhood effect: Population‐level consequence of aggregation of highly defended plants
Authors: Tamura Momoka , Ohgushi Takayuki , Ida Takashi Y. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

There is increasing evidence that herbivore–plant interactions on a focal plant species are influenced by interspecific neighbourhood effects via neighbouring plants (i.e. an associational effect). However, intraspecific neighborhood effects imposed by plant traits have been less appreciated. Specifically, the significance of intraspecific neighbourhood effects in population‐level consequences of plants has been totally overlooked.

Using two varieties of Nicotiana tabacum (high‐ and low‐nicotine), we evaluated the neighbourhood effects based on patch‐level interactions in a split‐plot 3 × 3 factorial experiment that manipulated number of plants (4, 9 and 16 plants) and culture type (monoculture plots with high‐ and low‐nicotine plants, and polyculture plot) in an experimental garden.

We found that herbivore visits on plants varied depending on the number of plants per patch and culture type. Presence of more high‐nicotine plants decreased herbivore visits in the four plant plots, and presence of high‐nicotine plants in the nine plant plots decreased herbivore visits on both high‐ and low‐nicotine plants. In contrast, in the 16 plant plots, herbivore visits on high‐nicotine plants in polyculture plots were lower than others, including those on high‐nicotine plants in monoculture plots.

Our findings clearly demonstrated that the intraspecific neighbourhood effect could occur depending on the aggregation of highly defended plants (i.e. high density and/or plant‐spacing). This study suggests that multiple mechanisms for the neighbourhood effect simultaneously worked, depending on the patch size and composition of defensive traits of individual plants, and that intraspecific neighbourhood effects may influence population‐level consequences for plant–herbivore interaction.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Lost opportunity: Quantifying the dynamic economic impact of time‐area fishery closures
Authors: Smith James A. , Tommasi Desiree , Sweeney Jonathan , Brodie Stephanie , Welch Heather , Hazen Elliott L. , Muhling Barbara , Stohs Steven M. , Jacox Michael G. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Time‐area closures are an important tool for reducing fisheries bycatch, but their effectiveness and economic impact can be influenced by the changes in species distributions. For fisheries targeting highly mobile species, the economic impact of a closure may by highly dynamic, depending on the current suitability of the closed area for the target species.

We present an analysis to quantify the fine‐scale economic impact of time‐area closures: the ‘lost economic opportunity’, which is the percentage of total potential profit for an entire fishing season that occurs within and during a time‐area closure. Our analysis integrates a spatially explicit and environment‐informed catch model with a utility model that quantifies fishing revenues and costs, and thus incorporates a dynamic target species distribution in the estimated economic impact of a closure. We demonstrate this approach by evaluating the economic impact of the Loggerhead Conservation Area (LCA) on California's drift gillnet swordfish Xiphias gladius fishery.

The lost economic opportunity due to the LCA time‐area closure ranged from 0% to 6% per season, with variation due to port location and trip duration, as well as inter‐annual changes in swordfish distribution. This increased by 40%–90% when a seasonally varying swordfish price was considered.

There was a clear signal in economic impact associated with a shift from warm to cool conditions in the California Current following the 1998 El Niño, with increased lost economic opportunity from 1999. This signal was due to higher swordfish catch inside the LCA during the cool phase, associated with increased water column mixing, and due to higher catches outside the LCA in the warmer phase, associated with increased sea‐surface temperature.

Synthesis and applications. We found small economic impact from a fishery closure, but with meaningful inter‐annual variation due to environmental change and the dynamic distribution of a target species. Our approach could be used to help determine the timing of closures, simulate impacts of proposed closures and, more generally, assess some economic consequences of climate‐induced shifts in species’ ranges.
A diverse uncultivated microbial community is responsible for organic matter degradation in the Black Sea sulphidic zone
Authors: Suominen Saara , Dombrowski Nina , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S. , Villanueva Laura 
Published: December 2019

SummaryOrganic matter degradation in marine environments is essential for the recycling of nutrients, especially under conditions of anoxia where organic matter tends to accumulate. However, little is known about the diversity of the microbial communities responsible for the mineralization of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, as well as the factors controlling their activities. Here, we determined the active heterotrophic prokaryotic community in the sulphidic water column of the Black Sea, an ideal model system, where a tight coupling between carbon, nitrogen and sulphur cycles is expected. Active microorganisms degrading both dissolved organic matter (DOM) and protein extracts were determined using quantitative DNA stable isotope probing incubation experiments. These results were compared with the metabolic potential of metagenome‐assembled genomes obtained from the water column. Organic matter incubations showed that groups like Cloacimonetes and Marinimicrobia are generalists degrading DOM. Based on metagenomic profiles the degradation proceeds in a potential interaction with members of the Deltaproteobacteria and Chloroflexi Dehalococcoidia. On the other hand, microbes with small genomes like the bacterial phyla Parcubacteria, Omnitrophica and of the archaeal phylum Woesearchaeota, were the most active, especially in protein‐amended incubations, revealing the potential advantage of streamlined microorganisms in highly reduced conditions.
Common variable immunodeficiency presenting as sarcoidosis in a 9‐year‐old child
Authors: Maccora Ilaria , Marrani Edoardo , Ricci Silvia , Azzari Chiara , Simonini Gabriele , Cimaz Rolando , Giani Teresa 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundGranulomatous diseases are a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by an inflammatory infiltrate with a core of macrophages, epithelioid, giant cells and a corona of fibroblasts and lymphocytes. They are associated with a wide range of disorders such as mycobacterial and fungal infections, neoplasms, immunodeficiencies and systemic inflammatory disorders as sarcoidosis.Case reportWe report the case of a previously healthy 9‐year‐old male child who presented with persistent cough, diffuse lymphadenopathy, enlargement of liver and spleen and protracted fever. Anemia, lymphopenia and reduced platelet count was reported, with an increase of inflammatory markers. High levels of Angiotensin‐converting enzyme and chitotriosidases were noted. A PET‐CT scan showed increased uptake of 18F‐FDG glucose in multiple lymph nodes in thorax and abdomen and in the spleen. Biopsy of inguinal and bronchial nodes showed nodal granulomatous inflammation. The child was diagnosed with sarcoidosis and treated with corticosteroids with only transient efficacy. Further tests reported panhypogammaglobulinaemia and a reduced pool of B‐memory lymphocytes. Thus, the diagnosis was revised to common variable immunodeficiency (CVID).ConclusionCommon variable immunodeficiency is a heterogeneous condition with a highly variable clinical phenotype and a strong association with autoimmune disorders. The presence of noncaseating granuloma and pulmonary lesions, along with extrapulmonary features required a step by step approach to differentiate between CVID and sarcoidosis. This enables early introduction of immunoglobulin replacement therapy and decreases the morbidity and mortality of CVID.
How City‐networks are Shaping and Failing Innovations in Urban Institutions for Sustainability and Resilience
Authors: Frantzeskaki Niki 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe seminal piece of Davidson, Coenen and Gleeson gives a good overview of the role of C40 as a global intermediary for establishing networked governance and knowledge brokerage of cities. The identified benefits for cities participating and even driving city networks are well presented, however require a closer conceptual and empirical development that also considers evidence and reflection from the institutional work of other transnational networks such as ICLEI, Climate Alliance, Asian Climate Change Cities Resilience Network, 100 Resilience Cities as well as the Covenant of Mayors and UCLG. In this response article we extend the conceptualization of the benefits and risks for the roles of city‐networks as curators of institutional spaces for co‐creation and knowledge co‐production to respond to the third theme of Davidson, Coenen and Gleeson paper on the ways that city networks shape urban institutions.
Economic–Security Nexus in the AIIB: China's Quest for Security through Eurasian Connectivity
Authors: Andornino Giovanni B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is mainly considered as a commercial connectivity and sustainability‐oriented infrastructure development bank, but there are also international security dimensions to the Bank. China's geostrategic and security motivations are said to be behind its spearheading of the AIIB. This essay highlights that China's national and international security calculations have evolved in the period after the Bank's opening. In the initial phase of the AIIB's formation, 2013–2017, the Bank's creation was part of Beijing's pursuit of a more outwardly ambitious and bold national/international security agenda of new institution‐building, looking to reshape the system of global governance. But since 2017, China's leadership has responded to sustained international pushback against its ambitious agenda, especially but not exclusively from the United States, and it has refocused its national security priorities onto protecting national economic growth, national sovereignty and regime preservation. Beijing has supported moves to put some distance between the AIIB and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and Chinese strategists have shifted to seeing the AIIB as helpful for mitigating an economic downturn across Eurasia, and preserving China's continuing growth and regime survival in what they perceive as a period of external threat.
Constructive Engagement? The US and the AIIB
Authors: Freeman Carla P. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWhen the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) was launched in January 2016, 57 countries signed on to its charter. The United States was not among them. It does not appear likely that the US will change its position, particularly amid deteriorating trade relations between the US and China. However, a description of the US relationship to the AIIB that is limited to opposition and non‐membership is not adequate or accurate. This analysis takes a closer look at US interactions with the AIIB, beginning with its response to the Bank when it was announced through the time of writing in 2019. The main finding of this reexamination is that relations between the United States and the AIIB have been and remain more multifaceted than the conventional narrative portrays. Since Beijing announced plans to establish the AIIB, the United States has engaged the AIIB in ways that presented opportunities for Washington to communicate its preferences with respect to the policies and operations of the Bank.
The AIIB and Sustainable Infrastructure: A Hybrid Layered Approach
Authors: Vazquez Karin Costa , Chin Gregory T. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis essay examines the AIIB’s approach to investing in sustainable infrastructure (SI). The main argument is that the AIIB is taking a hybrid layered approach to SI investment. On the one hand, the Bank is following the ‘do no harm’ pathway of the traditional MDBs, of using safeguards to avoid and compensate adverse social and environmental impacts. On the other hand, it is pursuing innovation, and a more transformative agenda, that encourages investment in SI projects that generate broader, positive developmental spillovers. In pursuing its hybrid agenda, the AIIB is developing its own multi‐layered safeguards regime to ensure smooth and strong SI investment, and alignment between the Bank’s overarching strategic policy, its ESF, sector and thematic strategies, and projects. The analysis also details three ways in which the AIIB stands out from other MDBs for how it is ‘trying new things’ with its approach to SI investment: first, is how ‘economic sustainability’ is one of the main considerations for project selection alongside environmental, social and governance sustainability; second, how the Bank has integrated social and indigenous and oversight safeguards into its ‘environmental and social framework’ (ESF); third, its creation of large‐scale public‐private Funds for green finance and climate finance.
Perceptions of extended‐release buprenorphine injections for opioid use disorder among people who regularly use opioids in Australia
Authors: Larance Briony , Degenhardt Louisa , Grebely Jason , Nielsen Suzanne , Bruno Raimondo , Dietze Paul , Lancaster Kari , Larney Sarah , Santo Thomas , Shanahan Marian , Memedovic Sonja , Ali Robert , Farrell Michael 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimsTo examine perceptions of extended‐release (XR) buprenorphine injections among people who regularly use opioids in Australia.DesignCross‐sectional survey prior to implementation. XR‐buprenorphine was registered in Australia in November 2018.SettingSydney, Melbourne and Hobart.ParticipantsA total of 402 people who regularly use opioids interviewed December 2017 to March 2018.MeasurementsPrimary outcome concerned the proportion of participants who believed XR‐buprenorphine would be a good treatment option for them, preferred weekly versus monthly injections and perceived advantages/disadvantages of XR‐buprenorphine. Independent variables concerned the demographic characteristics and features of current opioid agonist treatment (OAT; medication‐type, dose, prescriber/dosing setting, unsupervised doses, out‐of‐pocket expenses and travel distance).FindingsSixty‐eight per cent [95% confidence interval (CI) = 63–73%] believed XR‐buprenorphine was a good treatment option for them. They were more likely to report being younger [26–35 versus > 55 years; odds ratio (OR) = 3.16, 95% CI = 1.12–8.89; P = 0.029], being female (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.04–2.69; P = 0.034), < 10 years school education (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.12–3.12; P = 0.016) and past‐month heroin (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.15–2.85; P = 0.006) and methamphetamine use (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.20–3.01; P = 0.006). Fifty‐four per cent reported no preference for weekly versus monthly injections, 7% preferred weekly and 39% preferred monthly. Among OAT recipients (n = 255), believing XR‐buprenorphine was a good treatment option was associated with shorter treatment episodes (1–2 versus ≥ 2 years; OR = 3.93, 95% CI = 1.26–12.22; P = 0.018), fewer unsupervised doses (≤ 8 doses past‐month versus no take‐aways; OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.27–0.93; P = 0.028) and longer travel distance (≥ 5 versus < 5 km; OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.20–3.65; P = 0.009). Sixty‐nine per cent reported ‘no problems or concerns’ with potential differences in availability, flexibility and location of XR‐buprenorphine.ConclusionsAmong regular opioid users in Australia, perceptions of extended‐release buprenorphine as a good treatment option are associated with being female, recent illicit drug use and factors relating to the (in)convenience of current opioid agonist treatment.
Optimal sampling design and the accuracy of occupancy models
Authors: Reich Henry T. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe present general theoretical limits on the possible accuracy (mean squared error or MSE) of occupancy estimates for a large range of occupancy study designs with imperfect detection and confirm our theoretical results via a simulation study. In particular, we show that for a given total survey effort, the best possible MSE is driven by two design‐related factors: the fraction of visits made at occupied sites (regardless of whether that occupancy status is known or not) and the number of visits made to each site with unknown occupancy status (ie, sites with no detections). The limits reveal that there is very little room for improvement over optimal implementations of the three existing occupancy design paradigms: standard design (visit S sites K times each), removal design (visit S sites up to K times each, halting visits to each site following a positive detection), and conditional design (visit S sites once, then resurvey sites with a positive detection an additional times). For the small portion of the occupancy‐detection parameter space where improvement can be achieved, we introduce a new hybrid survey design with accuracy closer to the theoretical limit, which we illustrate by reanalyzing an existing coyote (Canis latrans) camera trap dataset. Our results provide new clarity and intuition regarding key factors of occupancy study design.
Fair regression for health care spending
Authors: Zink Anna , Rose Sherri 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe distribution of health care payments to insurance plans has substantial consequences for social policy. Risk adjustment formulas predict spending in health insurance markets in order to provide fair benefits and health care coverage for all enrollees, regardless of their health status. Unfortunately, current risk adjustment formulas are known to underpredict spending for specific groups of enrollees leading to undercompensated payments to health insurers. This incentivizes insurers to design their plans such that individuals in undercompensated groups will be less likely to enroll, impacting access to health care for these groups. To improve risk adjustment formulas for undercompensated groups, we expand on concepts from the statistics, computer science, and health economics literature to develop new fair regression methods for continuous outcomes by building fairness considerations directly into the objective function. We additionally propose a novel measure of fairness while asserting that a suite of metrics is necessary in order to evaluate risk adjustment formulas more fully. Our data application using the IBM MarketScan Research Databases and simulation studies demonstrates that these new fair regression methods may lead to massive improvements in group fairness (eg, 98%) with only small reductions in overall fit (eg, 4%).
A test of homogeneity of distributions when observations are subject to measurement errors
Authors: Lee DongHyuk , Lahiri Soumendra N. , Sinha Samiran 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWhen the observed data are contaminated with errors, the standard two‐sample testing approaches that ignore measurement errors may produce misleading results, including a higher type‐I error rate than the nominal level. To tackle this inconsistency, a nonparametric test is proposed for testing equality of two distributions when the observed contaminated data follow the classical additive measurement error model. The proposed test takes into account the presence of errors in the observed data, and the test statistic is defined in terms of the (deconvoluted) characteristic functions of the latent variables. Proposed method is applicable to a wide range of scenarios as no parametric restrictions are imposed either on the distribution of the underlying latent variables or on the distribution of the measurement errors. Asymptotic null distribution of the test statistic is derived, which is given by an integral of a squared Gaussian process with a complicated covariance structure. For data‐based calibration of the test, a new nonparametric Bootstrap method is developed under the two‐sample measurement error framework and its validity is established. Finite sample performance of the proposed test is investigated through simulation studies, and the results show superior performance of the proposed method than the standard tests that exhibit inconsistent behavior. Finally, the proposed method was applied to real data sets from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. An R package MEtest is available through CRAN.