bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Education Reform Phenomenon: A Typology of Multiple Dilemmas
Authors: Cheng Yin Cheong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNumerous education reforms worldwide experienced different types of dilemmas in policy formulation and implementation and finally resulted in various kinds of frustrations and difficulties in the last two decades. Without understanding the nature and dynamics of these dilemmas, many education reforms with good intentions may fail in implementation. To address this concern, the present chapter proposes and discusses a typology of dilemmas commonly happening locally and internationally in various trends of education reforms.
From Government to Governance: The Incorporation of Managerial Regulation at the Ministry of Education in Israel
Authors: Resnik Julia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study presents the complex process of transforming a bureaucratic public administration into a post-bureaucratic one through the incorporation of a mode of regulation anchored in New Public Management (NPM) and New Public Governance (NPG). Drawing on Actors-Network Theory (ANT), we followed the formation of the governance network first, at the Central Government and then, in the Ministry of Education in Israel by tracing the different human and non-human actors that participated in the formation of the managerial assemblage and the tri-sector cooperation assemblage. Important actors common to the two assemblages are represented by consulting firms chosen by tenders that instill the managerial culture and governance mode into the ministry and operate new non-hierarchical and dialogical techniques. Thus, the adoption of a managerial regulation in the Ministry of Education entails the consultization of the ministry responding to the NPM’s mandate to reduce the size of public administrations. In addition, the growing influence of NGOs resulting from the governmental encouragement of third sector participation according to NPG’s policies, engendered an idiosyncratic Israeli regulation mode - a post-bureaucratic NGO-ization regulation model – in which NGOs play an increasingly significant role in education provision but also in education policy making.
Adaptive Jacobian Based Trajectory Tracking for Redundant Manipulators with Model Uncertainties in Repetitive Tasks
Authors: Zhou Xuefeng , Xu Zhihao , Li Shuai , Wu Hongmin , Cheng Taobo , Lv Xiaojing 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTracking control of manipulators, which is also called kinematic control, has always been a fundamental problem in robot control, especially for redundant robots with higher degrees of freedom. This problem would become more difficult for systems with model uncertainties. This chapter presents an adaptive tracking controller that considers uncertain physical parameters. Based on the realtime feedback of task-space coordinates, by updating the motion parameters online, a Jacobian adaptive control strategy that does not require cartesian velocity and joint acceleration is established, which makes the controller much simpler. Then the Jacobian pseudo-inverse method is used to obtain the optimal repetitive solution as a secondary task. Lyapunov theory is used to prove that the tracking error of the end effector could asymptotically converge to zero. Numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Psychopharmakotherapie in Zeiten der COVID-19-Pandemie
Authors: Seifert J. , Heck J. , Eckermann G. , Singer M. , Bleich S. , Grohmann R. , Toto S. 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungIm Rahmen der aktuellen coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)-Pandemie müssen sich viele Bereiche der Medizin umstrukturieren. Dies betrifft auch die Versorgung von Patienten mit psychischen Erkrankungen. Die Therapie psychischer Erkrankungen umfasst psychotherapeutische und psychopharmakologische Interventionen. Letztere können mit einer Vielzahl an unerwünschten Arzneimittelwirkungen (UAW) assoziiert sein, stellen aber in der aktuellen Situation mit Kontakt- und Ausgangsbeschränkungen die präferierte Therapieoption dar. Da der direkte Patientenkontakt zugunsten des Telefonats oder der Videokonferenz reduziert ist, müssen angepasste diagnostische und therapeutische Optionen gefunden werden, um eine ausreichende Patientensicherheit zu gewährleisten. Bedeutend sind hierbei die ausführliche Aufklärung der Patienten sowie eine aktive Abfrage von Symptomen zur rechtzeitigen Erkennung von UAW. Unter der Behandlung mit Psychopharmaka sind UAW zu befürchten, die besonders ungünstig sind, wenn sie im Rahmen einer akuten Infektion auftreten oder ein erhöhtes Infektionsrisiko begünstigen. Hierzu gehören Atemdepression, Agranulozytose, Intoxikation durch Hemmung des Arzneistoffmetabolismus und venöse Thromboembolien, die jeweils mit potenziell lebensbedrohlichen Folgen einhergehen. Gleichzeitig sollte auf eine ausreichende Wirksamkeit der Medikation geachtet werden, da die gegenwärtige Krise zu einer Exazerbation vorbestehender psychischer Erkrankungen führen bzw. deren Erstmanifestation begünstigen kann.
Improving quality of life through the routine use of the patient concerns inventory for head and neck cancer patients: baseline results in a cluster preference randomised controlled trial
Authors: Rogers Simon N. , Allmark Christine , Bekiroglu Fazilet , Edwards Rhiannon Tudor , Fabbroni Gillon , Flavel Robert , Highet Victoria , Ho Michael W. S. , Humphris Gerald M. , Jones Terry M. , Khattak Owais , Lancaster Jeffrey , Loh Christopher , Lowe Derek , Lowies Cher , Macareavy Dominic , Moor James , Ong T. K. , Prasai A. , Roland Nicholas , Semple Cherith , Spencer Llinos Haf , Tandon Sank , Thomas Steven J. , Schache Andrew , Shaw Richard J. , Kanatas Anastasios 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The main aim of this paper is to present baseline demographic and clinical characteristics and HRQOL in the two groups of the Patient Concerns Inventory (PCI) trial. The baseline PCI data will also be described.

Methods
This is a pragmatic cluster preference randomised control trial with 15 consultant clusters from two sites either ‘using' (n = 8) or ‘not using’ (n = 7) the PCI at a clinic for all of their trial patients. The PCI is a 56-item prompt list that helps patients raise concerns that otherwise might be missed. Eligibility was head and neck cancer patients treated with curative intent (all sites, stage of disease, treatments).

Results
From 511 patients first identified as eligible when screening for the multi-disciplinary tumour board meetings, 288 attended a first routine outpatient baseline study clinic after completion of their treatment, median (IQR) of 103 (71–162) days. At baseline, the two trial groups were similar in demographic and clinical characteristics as well as in HRQOL measures apart from differences in tumour location, tumour staging and mode of treatment. These exceptions were cluster (consultant) related to Maxillofacial and ENT consultants seeing different types of cases. Consultation times were similar, with PCI group times taking about 1 min longer on average (95% CL for the difference between means was from − 0.7 to + 2.2 min).

Conclusion
Using the PCI in routine post-treatment head and neck cancer clinics do not elongate consultations. Recruitment has finished but 12-month follow-up is still ongoing.
Micro- and nano-size hydrogrossular-like clusters in pyrope crystals from ultra-high-pressure rocks of the Dora-Maira Massif, western Alps
Authors: Geiger Charles A. , Rossman George R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe supracrustal metamorphic rocks of the Dora-Maira Massif, western Alps, have been intensively studied. Certain ultra-high-pressure lithologies contain coesite and nearly end-member composition pyrope, Mg3Al2Si3O12, making this locality petrologically and mineralogically unique. Structural OH-, loosely termed “water”, in pyrope crystals of different composition has been investigated numerous times, using different experimental techniques, by various researchers. However, it is not clear where the minor OH- is located in them. IR single-crystal spectra of two pyropes of composition {Mg2.79,Fe2+0.15,Ca0.04}Σ2.98[Al]2.02(Si)2.99O12 and {Mg2.90,Fe2+0.04,Ca0.02}Σ2.96[Al]2.03(Si)3O12 were recorded at room temperature (RT) and 80 K. The spectra show five distinct OH- bands located above 3600 cm-1 at RT and seven narrow bands at 80 K and additional fine structure. The spectra were curve fit and the OH- stretching modes analyzed and assigned. It is argued that OH- is located in microscopic- and nano-size Ca3Al2H12O12-like clusters. The basic substitution mechanism is the hydrogarnet one, where (H4O4)4- ⇔ (SiO4)4-, and various local configurations containing different numbers of (H4O4)4- groups define the cluster type. The amounts of H2O range between 5 and 100 ppm by weight, depending on the IR calibration adopted, and are variable among crystals. Hydrogrossular-like clusters are also present in a synthetic pyrope with a minor Ca content grown hydrothermally at 900 °C and 20 kbar, as based on its IR spectra at RT and 80 K. Experiment and nature are in agreement, and OH- groups are partitioned into various barely nano-size hydrogrossular-like clusters. This proposal is new and significant mineralogical, petrological, and geochemical implications result. Ca and proton ordering occur. Hypothetical “defect” and/or coupled-substitution mechanisms to account for structural OH- are not needed to interpret experimental results. OH- incorporation in pyrope of different generations at Dora-Maira is discussed and OH- could potentially be used as an indicator of changing $$ P_{{{\text{H}}_{{\text{2}}} {\text{O}}}} {\text{(}}a_{{{\text{H}}_{{\text{2}}} {\text{O}}}} {\text{) - }}T $$

P

H
2

O

(

a

H
2

O

) -

T

conditions in a metamorphic cycle. Published experimental hydration, dehydroxylation, and hydrogen diffusion results on Dora-Maira pyropes can now be interpreted atomistically.
Biological effectiveness of very high gamma dose rate and its implication for radiological protection
Authors: Olofsson Dante , Cheng Lei , Fernández Rubén Barrios , Płódowska Magdalena , Riego Milagrosa López , Akuwudike Pamela , Lisowska Halina , Lundholm Lovisa , Wojcik Andrzej 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMany experimental studies are carried out to compare biological effectiveness of high dose rate (HDR) with that of low dose rate (LDR). The rational for this is the uncertainty regarding the value of the dose rate effectiveness factor (DREF) used in radiological protection. While a LDR is defined as 0.1 mGy/min or lower, anything above that is seen as HDR. In cell and animal experiments, a dose rate around 1 Gy/min is usually used as representative for HDR. However, atomic bomb survivors, the reference cohort for radiological protection, were exposed to tens of Gy/min. The important question is whether gamma radiation delivered at very high dose rate (VHDR—several Gy/min) is more effective in inducing DNA damage than that delivered at HDR. The aim of this investigation was to compare the biological effectiveness of gamma radiation delivered at VHDR (8.25 Gy/min) with that of HDR (0.38 Gy/min or 0.79 Gy/min). Experiments were carried out with human peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the human osteosarcoma cell line U2OS. Endpoints related to DNA damage response were analysed. The results show that in PBMC, VHDR is more effective than HDR in inducing gene expression and micronuclei. In U2OS cells, the repair of 53BP1 foci was delayed after VHDR indicating a higher level of damage complexity, but no VHDR effect was observed at the level of micronuclei and clonogenic cell survival. We suggest that the DREF value may be underestimated when the biological effectiveness of HDR and LDR is compared.
Multicentre analysis of hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Tittel S. R. , Sondern K. M. , Weyer M. , Poeplau T. , Sauer B. M. , Schebek M. , Ludwig K.-H. , Hammer F. , Fröhlich-Reiterer E. , Holl R. W. ,   for the DPV Initiative
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Aims
To compare diabetes patients with hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state (HHS), diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and patients without decompensation (ND).

Methods
In total, 500,973 patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes of all ages registered in the diabetes patient follow-up (DPV) were included. Analysis was stratified by age (≤ / > 20 years) and by manifestation/follow-up. Patients were categorized into three groups: HHS or DKA—during follow-up according to the most recent episode—or ND.

Results
At onset of diabetes, HHS criteria were met by 345 (68.4% T1D) and DKA by 9824 (97.6% T1D) patients. DKA patients had a lower BMI(-SDS) in both diabetes types compared to ND. HbA1c was higher in HHS/DKA. During follow-up, HHS occurred in 1451 (42.2% T1D) and DKA in 8389 patients (76.7% T1D). In paediatric T1D, HHS/DKA was associated with younger age, depression, and dyslipidemia. Pump usage was less frequent in DKA patients. In adult T1D/T2D subjects, metabolic control was worse in patients with HHS/DKA. HHS and DKA were also associated with excessive alcohol intake, dementia, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and depression.

Conclusions
HHS/DKA occurred mostly in T1D and younger patients. However, both also occurred in T2D, which is of great importance in the treatment of diabetes. Better education programmes are necessary to prevent decompensation and comorbidities.
Export market risk and the role of state credit guarantees
Authors: Heiland Inga , Yalcin Erdal 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMany countries offer state credit guarantees to support credit-constrained exporters. The policy instrument is commonly justified by governments as a means to mitigating adverse outcomes of financial market frictions for exporting firms. Accumulated returns to the German state credit guarantee scheme deriving from risk-compensating premia have outweighed accumulated losses over the past 60 years. Why do private financial agents not step in and provide insurance given that the state-run program yields positive returns? We argue that costs of risk diversification, liquidity management, and coordination among creditors limit the ability of private financial agents to offer comparable insurance products. Moreover, we suggest that the government’s greater effectiveness in recovering claims in foreign countries endows the state with a cost advantage in dealing with the risks involved in large export projects. We test these hypotheses using monthly firm-level data combined with official transaction-level data on covered exports of German firms and find suggestive evidence that positive effects on trade are due to mitigated financial constraints: State credit guarantees benefit firms that are dependent on external finance, if the value at risk which they seek to cover is large, and at times when refinancing conditions on the private financial market are tight.
How to support dental students in reading radiographs: effects of a gaze-based compare-and-contrast intervention
Authors: Eder Thérése F. , Richter Juliane , Scheiter Katharina , Keutel Constanze , Castner Nora , Kasneci Enkelejda , Huettig Fabian 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn dental medicine, interpreting radiographs (i.e., orthopantomograms, OPTs) is an error-prone process, even in experts. Effective intervention methods are therefore needed to support students in improving their image reading skills for OPTs. To this end, we developed a compare-and-contrast intervention, which aimed at supporting students in achieving full coverage when visually inspecting OPTs and, consequently, obtaining a better diagnostic performance. The comparison entailed a static eye movement visualization (heat map) on an OPT showing full gaze coverage from a peer-model (other student) and another heat map showing a student’s own gaze behavior. The intervention group (N = 38) compared five such heat map combinations, whereas the control group (N = 23) diagnosed five OPTs. Prior to the experimental variation (pre-test) and after it (post-test), students in both conditions searched for anomalies in OPTs while their gaze was recorded. Results showed that students in the intervention group covered more areas of the OPTs and looked less often and for a shorter amount of time at anomalies after the intervention. Furthermore, they fixated on low-prevalence anomalies earlier and high-prevalence anomalies later during the inspection. However, the students in the intervention group did not show any meaningful improvement in detection rate and made more false positive errors compared to the control group. Thus, the intervention guided visual attention but did not improve diagnostic performance substantially. Exploratory analyses indicated that further interventions should teach knowledge about anomalies rather than focusing on full coverage of radiographs.
Diagnostic value of echocardiographic markers for diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Dal Canto Elisa , Remmelzwaal Sharon , van Ballegooijen Adriana Johanne , Handoko M. Louis , Heymans Stephane , van Empel Vanessa , Paulus Walter J. , Nijpels Giel , Elders Petra , Beulens Joline WJ 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of echocardiographic markers of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in comparison with the gold standard of cardiac catheterization. Diagnosing HFpEF is challenging, as symptoms are non-specific and often absent at rest. A clear need exists for sensitive echocardiographic markers to diagnose HFpEF. We systematically searched for studies testing the diagnostic value of novel echocardiographic markers for HFpEF and LVDD. Two investigators independently reviewed the studies and assessed the risk of bias. Results were meta-analysed when four or more studies reported a similar diagnostic measure. Of 353 studies, 20 fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The risk of bias was high especially in the patients’ selection domain. The highest diagnostic performance was demonstrated by a multivariable model combining echocardiographic, clinical and arterial function markers with an area under the curve of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.89–0.98). A meta-analysis of four studies indicated a reasonable diagnostic performance for left atrial strain with an AUC of 0.83 (0.70–0.95), a specificity of 93% (95% CI, 90–97%) and a sensitivity of 77% (95% CI, 59–96%). Moreover, the addition of exercise E/e′ improved the sensitivity of HFpEF diagnostic algorithms up to 90%, compared with 60 and 34% of guidelines alone. Despite the heterogeneity of the included studies, this review supported the current multivariable-based approach for the diagnosis of HFpEF and LVDD and showed a potential diagnostic role for exercise echocardiography and left atrial strain. Larger well-designed studies are needed to evaluate the incremental value of novel diagnostic tools to current diagnostic algorithms.
Chronic Manganese Administration with Longer Intervals Between Injections Produced Neurotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity in Rats
Authors: Fan Xi-Min , Luo Ying , Cao Yu-Ming , Xiong Ting-Wang , Song Sheng , Liu Jie , Fan Qi-Yuan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Subacute exposure to manganese (Mn) produced Parkinson’s disease-like syndrome called Manganism. Chronic onset and progression are characteristics of Manganism, therefore, this study aimed to examine Mn toxicity following chronic exposures. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected Mn2+ 1 and 5 mg/kg, every 10 days for 150 days (15 injections). Animal body weight and behavioral activities were recorded. At the end of experiments, the brain and liver were collected for morphological and molecular analysis. Chronic Mn exposure did not affect animal body weight gain, but the high dose of Mn treatment caused 20% mortality after 140 days of administration. Motor activity deficits were observed in a dose-dependent manner at 148 days of Mn administration. Immunofluorescence double staining of substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) revealed the activation of microglia and loss of dopaminergic neurons. The chronic neuroinflammation mediators TNFα, inflammasome Nlrp3, Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIb, and formyl peptide receptor-1 were increased, implicating chronic Mn-induced neuroinflammation. Chronic Mn exposure also produced liver injury, as evidenced by hepatocyte degeneration with pink, condensed nuclei, indicative of apoptotic lesions. The inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 were increased, alone with stress-related genes heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 and metallothionein. Hepatic transporters, such as multidrug resistant proteins (Abcc1, Abcc2, and Abcc3) and solute carrier family proteins (Slc30a1, Slc39a8 and Slc39a14) were increased in attempt to eliminate Mn from the liver. In summary, chronic Mn exposure produced neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neuron loss in the brain, but also produced inflammation to the liver, with upregulation of hepatic transporters.

Graphic Abstract
The explanation of logical theorems and reductive truthmakers
Authors: Kappes Yannic 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper first identifies several plausible desiderata on satisfactory explanations of logical theorems, shows that ordinary grounding explanations cannot satisfy them and argues that there is reason to believe that no alternative grounding explanations of logical theorems can be given. It then develops an alternative explanation of logical theorems based on Yablo’s (Aboutness, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2014) idea of reductive truthmaking. The resulting proposal invokes instances of reductive truthmaking that bear an interesting structural similarity to the notion of zero-ground, in virtue of which it is able to satisfy the identified desiderata.
Host-specific and tissue-dependent orchestration of microbiome community structure in traditional rice paddy ecosystems
Authors: Huang Weijuan , Gilbert Sarah , Poulev Alexander , Acosta Kenneth , Lebeis Sarah , Long Chunlin , Lam Eric 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background and aim
Rice and duckweed are two monocotyledonous plants that naturally coexist in paddy fields. While the presence of duckweed in paddy fields significantly improves rice productivity, the interplay between soil microbes and the two plant hosts in this agroecosystem remains unexplored.

Methods
We compared the bacterial community structure between duckweed, rice and soil from multiple rice paddies. We also isolated bacteria from these communities and characterized their modes of bacterial colonization and plant growth-promotion using model plants.

Results
Our data indicate that host-specific and tissue-dependent factors reproducibly orchestrate the bacterial community structure associated with their plant hosts. This is corroborated by results from culture-dependent approaches in which the dominant genus Pantoea isolated from rice aerial tissues can strongly attach and colonize gnotobiotic duckweed in spite of the low representation of this bacterial genus in the natural duckweed microbiome. Our study identified a core of 254 bacterial taxa that are consistently found in all rice and duckweed tissue samples from rice paddy fields. Furthermore, characterizing auxin-producing bacteria isolates from both plant species identified potential plant growth-promoting bacteria that may improve growth for both duckweed and rice in paddy fields.

Conclusions
Results from this work provide evidence for the importance of the host tissue and species context in determining plant colonization by microbes in the paddy field system. The resources generated in this study could facilitate the agronomic deployment of microbes for more sustainable rice production.