bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-Glenn Shunt Systemic Desaturation—Is Venovenous Collateral the Culprit?
Authors: Ponnana Hemanth Harish , Maddury Jyotsna , Kumar M. Naveen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAfter classic Glenn shunt or bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis, the reappearance or deepening of cyanosis may be due to systemic venous collateral channels. There are only few case reports on this issue in the present literature. Here, we present two cases that underwent bidirectional Glenn shunt, who later presented with cyanosis and desaturation and both of them were found to have venovenous collaterals.
Use of Indocyanine Green Imaging for Perforator Identification in Preexpanded Brachial Artery Perforator Flaps
Authors: Han Tinglu , Khavanin Nima , Zang Mengqing , Zhu Shan , Chen Bo , Li Shanshan , Xie Tingjun , Yue Shuai , Wang Danying , Liu Yuanbo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe tissues of the medial arm as a donor site for perforator flap design have several advantages. However, they are relatively underused with limited reports, partly due to unreliable perforator anatomy. Therefore, we aimed to review our preliminary experience using indocyanine green (ICG) angiography to design and elevate preexpanded pedicled brachial artery perforator (BAP) flaps for regional reconstruction. All patients underwent soft tissue reconstructions using a preexpanded BAP flap in two or three stages. ICG angiography was used to localize perforators during both expander insertion and flap elevation. The pedicle was divided at the third stage 3 weeks following flap elevation for head and neck cases. Sixteen patients underwent reconstructions of the head and neck (n = 13) or shoulder/trunk (n = 3) using 14 perforator-plus and 2 propeller BAP flaps. In total, 50 perforators were identified using ICG imaging, all of which were appreciable during both expander placement and flap elevation. Thirty-five perforators were directly visualized during flap elevation, and an additional 15 perforators were not explored but incorporated into the flap. All flaps survived without necrosis, and the donor sites healed uneventfully without complications. The medial arm provides thin and pliable skin for the resurfacing of regional defects with relatively minimal donor-site morbidity. With the assistance of ICG angiography, perforators of the brachial artery can be reliably identified, facilitating the preexpansion and elevation of pedicled BAP flaps for use in head–neck and trunk reconstruction.
Risk Factors for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Moderate/Late Premature Infants in Turkey: A Prospective Multicenter Epidemiological Study
Authors: Ozkan Hilal , Celebi Solmaz , Koksal Nilgun , Hacımustafaoğlu Mustafa , Koc Esin , Tezer Hasan , Cetinkaya Merih , Cebeci Burcu , Erdeve Omer , Ozdemir Halil ,   Turkish Neonatal Society RSV Study Group
Published: July 2020

Objective Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most prevalent causes of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI). The primary objective of this study is to provide the risk modelling of confirmed RSV infection in children who were born preterm at 29 to 35 weeks of gestational age and presented with LRTI.
Study Design This prospective, multicenter study was performed between October 2015 and March 2017. Premature infants born with gestational age between 29 and 35 weeks that were ≤2 years of age at the beginning of the RSV season and admitted to the hospital with clinical findings of LRTI during the season were included. RSV-positive and -negative infants were compared in terms of demographic features, risk factors, and requirement of hospitalization.
Results RSV positive group was lower than RSV negative group and ratio of ≤3 months age at admission was significant higher in RSV (+) group. RSV-positive infants were found to be significantly born during or 3 months prior to RSV season. The rate and duration of hospitalization and need for mechanical ventilation were significantly higher in RSV positive infants. The rate and duration of hospitalization in RSV positive patients was related to the chronological age.
Conclusion This study showed that preterm infants with RSV-associated LRTI significantly needed more hospitalization, intensive care admission, and mechanical ventilation. In addition need of hospitalization and duration of hospitalization were significant higher in ≤3 months of age. Therefore, we suggest the importance of palivizumab prophylaxis in infants ≤ 3 months chronological age, especially during the RSV season.
Bleeding Risk in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Patients Receiving Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Warfarin: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Authors: Wang Yimin Pearl , Kehar Rohan , Iansavitchene Alla , Lazo-Langner Alejandro 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Introduction In randomized trials in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients on direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have a lower risk of bleeding compared with warfarin. However, data from randomized trials may not extrapolate to general population. We aimed to determine the risk of bleeding in patients on DOACs in observational studies.
Materials and Methods Observational studies from 1990 to January 2019 were included. A pooled effect hazard ratio (HR) was calculated with a random effects model using the generic inverse variance method. Subgroup analyses according to previous anticoagulants exposure, study type, funding source, and DOAC type (direct thrombin inhibitors vs. factor Xa inhibitors) were conducted.
Results A total of 35 studies comprising 2,356,201 patients were included. The average pooled HR for observational data was 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71, 0.85). There were no statistically significant differences in pooled HR by previous exposure to anticoagulants, DOAC type (direct thrombin vs. factor Xa inhibitors), study type, and funding source. Among patients receiving factor Xa inhibitors, patients on apixaban had a lower risk of bleeding compared with warfarin (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.50, 0.71, p < 0.001) in contrast to those on rivaroxaban (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.91, 1.06, p = 0.60).
Conclusion In observational studies, AF patients on DOACs experience less bleeding events compared with warfarin; however, apixaban and dabigatran, but not rivaroxaban, have a lower risk of bleeding than warfarin.
Variation in experiencing boredom during self-directed learning in a virtual world
Authors: Kruk Mariusz 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The paper presents the results of a study that aimed to investigate fluctuations in the levels of boredom in the
virtual world of Second Life (SL) and factors accounting for such changes as reported by a single student of
English philology. The participant took part in 15 sessions over the period of one summer semester. The learner was free to
explore the virtual world in question, and she self-directed her own learning there. Using data collected by means of a set of
research instruments (i.e., a background questionnaire, the Learning Style Survey, a session log, and a semi-structured interview),
the study found that the student’s experience of boredom was subject to some changes both in single sessions and from one visit to
another. These fluctuations in boredom levels were affected by such factors as meeting the same interlocutors, scarcity of
conversation topics, monotonous conversations, group chats or visits that the student perceived as not being beneficial for her
language development.
“I’m kind of agnostic”
Authors: Perera Nirukshi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Transplanting non-Western religions to Western nations results in first-generation migrant attempts to transmit
faith in vastly different contexts. Especially as adolescents, second-generation migrants tackle mediating their personal
religious beliefs in a society with diverse religions and ideologies as well as negotiating membership of their ethnoreligious
community. This paper draws from an ethnography in a Tamil Hindu temple in Australia. I present Sri Lankan teenage migrants’
discourse from their faith classroom to elucidate processes of belief positioning. In working out their emergent, and provisional,
faith identities, the students deploy mainly Tamil and English linguistic features in their belief narratives. Flexible languaging
complements their “syncretic acts” – the practice of drawing on diverse ideologies and experiences (outside the boundaries of a
particular religion) to form personalized beliefs. Translanguaging thus facilitates the expression of circumspect, nuanced, and
non-traditional interpretations of their heritage religion. Understanding such processes of belief positioning can help societies
and institutions to work towards migrant youth inclusion.
Effects of nonnative input on language abilities in
Spanish-English bilinguals
Authors: Core Cynthia 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Variations in the quantity and quality of input
bilingual children hear account for individual differences in
language learning. Some sources of variation in quality of input are
related to the parents’ language background (Place & Hoff, 2011;
2016). The parents’ language background determines the sources of
children’s exposure to English, how frequently children hear a
language in the home, the richness of the English language
environment, and access to native speakers of each language in the
home (Hammer, Davison, Lawrence,
& Miccio, 2009; Place & Hoff, 2011; Place & Hoff, 2016; Paradis,
2011). The present paper examines the effects of parents’
language backgrounds on bilingual children’s language outcomes. We
followed 120 bilingual Spanish-English speaking children from 30 to
54 months, with language outcomes in both languages at both time
points. We examine the effect of the number of monolingual speakers
of each language in the home, the amount of input from native and
nonnative speakers of each language, and parent language proficiency
in each language. Our findings have theoretical implications for
understanding how parents’ language backgrounds and nonnative input
in bilingual homes affect children’s language development in each of
their two languages and practical implications for offering advice
to families raising children who hear more than one language.
The growth of the transitivising Reaction Object Construction
Authors: Bouso Tamara 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper explores the growth of the Reaction Object Construction (ROC) as in Pauline smiled her
thanks, offering new insights into its characterisation and historical development from the perspective of
Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995, 2006,
2019) and its application to patterns of language change (Hilpert 2013; Traugott & Trousdale 2013). It is argued
that the modern ROC qualifies as a traditional form-meaning pairing and, at a deeper level, as a polysemous construction that
follows the path of development of other transitivising constructions such as the way-construction (Israel 1996), and of processes of constructionalisation in general. Once the ROC imposes
a coreferential constraint on its object argument, acquiring in this way its status as a form-meaning pairing over the Early
Modern English period (1500–1700), the construction increases its productivity and schematicity; at the same time it decreases its
compositionality since the link between the form/syntax and the overall meaning of the construction becomes less transparent, as
in The door jingled a welcome. The ROC can thus be argued to be part and result of a broader development in the
grammar of English, namely the historical trend towards transitivisation.
Opinions about perceived linguistic intelligibility in late-medieval Italy
Authors: Carlucci Alessandro 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This article contributes to the historical study of intercomprehension between speakers of closely related
languages by focusing on Italy in the period up to the mid-fifteenth century. After an introduction to the topic, the second
section will be devoted to methodological questions, including certain differences between research based on experimental testing
and research based on historical evidence. The third section of the article reports opinions by medieval speakers about the
intelligibility of different Italo-Romance varieties, and then compares them to opinions about genealogically and/or
geographically more distant languages. While the dominant view among experts on Italy’s linguistic history is that speakers were
trapped within mutually unintelligible vernaculars, this review of the extant evidence suggests a greater degree of
intercomprehension than is usually supposed.
English and internationalization of Korean universities
Authors: Song Juyoung 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The internationalization of higher education in South Korea has brought marked changes to the linguistic and cultural diversity of university campuses. This ethnographic case study examined language policies, language use, and intercultural interactions in two localized English-Medium-Instruction courses that incorporated both English and Korean as mediums of instruction. The results drawn from interviews with ten participants and observations of classroom interactions show that English was a primary medium for students’ academic literacy and Korean as an additional communication tool in the absence of any explicit Medium of Instruction policy. They also illustrate how the different statuses of the two languages limited students’ investment in learning Korean as a second language and created unequal intercultural interactions between speakers of different languages. The results illuminate how a neoliberal ideology adopted and enacted at a national and institutional level through internationalization translated into implicit policies and practices at different levels on campus.
In situ measurement of phase transformations and residual stress evolution during welding using spatially distributed fiber-optic strain sensors*
Authors: Petrie Christian M , Sridharan Niyanth 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Welding of high-strength steels can result in large tensile strains as the base metal and filler material cool from their molten state. To combat these large tensile strains, low-transformation-temperature (LTT) metal fillers have been proposed. These fillers undergo a martensitic phase transformation at a lower temperature which can ultimately reduce the tensile strain or can even introduce compressive strain adjacent to the weld metal. However, the process for optimizing the composition of the LTT material, as well as various weld parameters for each unique weld geometry, can be quite expensive, especially if the acceptance criterion requires using neutrons, x-ray beams, or destructive techniques to characterize residual stresses. This work describes a simple, low-cost method for quantifying residual stresses and phase transformations in situ during welding. Spatially distributed fiber-optic sensors were bonded to a cast iron plate, along with tack-welded thermocouples, to measure temperature and strain during multiple passes with LTT filler metals. Results show that the fiber-optic sensors can successfully resolve compressive strain adjacent to the weld region caused by the martensitic phase transformations in the LTT filler material.
A new type capsule-based healing agent for concrete and its protective function of spores
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Qian Chunxiang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
To prolong the survival time of bacteria in the concrete and improve the self-healing ability of the late-age cracks, a new type of core–shell structure capsule-based healing agents were prepared for loading spores. The performance and protective ability of the capsules were tested. The self-healing concrete was prepared by mixing the substitution of fine aggregates with an equal amount of capsule-based healing agents. And the slump, compressive strength and repair-ability of concrete were carried out. The results showed that the capsule could provide long-term protection for loaded spores under the erosion of simulated pore solution of concrete for at least 203 d. Furthermore, the concentration and the cumulative amount of calcium ions of the crack zone solution were significantly increased. The slump and compressive strength of concrete do not change significantly with a low dose of capsule-based healing agents. However, the fluidity of fresh concrete will be greatly improved with the increase of dosage. Compared with adding spore powder directly, the self-healing ability of late-age crack (the repair-ability to crack area and the water impermeability of crack) will be improved obviously by adding capsules. Therefore, using capsule loading to protect spores is a potential solution for the long-term maintenance of the self-healing ability of concrete.
Open space networks can guide urban renewal in a megacity
Authors: Thorne James H , Choe Hyeyeong , Boynton Ryan M , Lee Dong Kun 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
As human populations move into cities they are increasingly isolated from the natural world, with associated negative impacts on health and well-being. However, as cities renew themselves through urban redevelopment and climate-adaptation, opportunities arise to improve people’s access to urban green areas that can be informed by modeling the network of urban open spaces. Recent research identified the need for multi-criteria indices of access to urban green spaces. Including open spaces such as empty lots, ground- and air-spaces surrounding buildings, and spaces associated with roads and other linear features can improve planning for urban greenspaces by identifying areas of opportunity for additional greening. Further, the gradient of interconnections among open spaces can be used to prioritize urban greening locations to build green networks. We modelled all open-space connections across 605 km2 in Seoul, population 10.3 million, using Omniscape, a landscape connectivity model. We combined the resulting open-space connectivity map with distance-based indices for existing urban parks and street trees. Combining these criteria permits rank-prioritization of locations where new green spaces would most improve residents’ access. We found 2910 of 3375 (86.2%) locations where urban green spaces already exist within 300 m for city residents. Of the remaining 465 locations, 276 are in areas with the lowest-open space connections. For urban street trees, 44.3% of the 2588 km of the city’s major roads are already planted with street trees. Of the remainder, 210 km (8.1%) are located in the areas with the least connections to green spaces. Nine new urban parks would provide relief for the most highly-impacted areas, where the flow of open space is lowest and where no green spaces are available within 300 m. The integration of a spatial model typically used for conservation assessments with city planning provides useful additional context for building urban health.
High Temperature Effect and Radiation Damage in Yb4Hf3O12 Delta Phase Material
Authors: Ado M , Wang Q , Ibrahim S A , Ullah A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The development of next generation nuclear energy systems such as Gen-IV and fusion reactors need materials that resist radiation damage effects. Therefore, advanced nuclear reactors require the development of new materials that will satisfy their design specifications. A considerable amount of research has been performed on some crystalline oxides with fluorite related structures (CaF2) as potential candidates for inert matrix in nuclear fuel and waste forms. Delta phase, another fluorite-related phase structure is a compound produced from ceramic oxide compositions usually in the form of A4B3O12 or A6B1O12 describe as M7O12 (where M is a metal representing AB and O is oxygen). In this work, we developed a new Yb4Hf3O12 delta phase material using solid-state sintering. The oxide was characterized with an ordered rhombohedral structure called delta phase material The high-temperature XRD result showed that the phase and structure of the composition remain the same up to the high temperature of 1300°C indicating a non-phase transition, but the lattice parameters values revealed a linear thermal expansion in the volume as the temperature increases. The polycrystalline sample was irradiated with 6keV He+ at room temperature to fluences of 7.6 x 1016 ions/cm2 (corresponding to 6.2dpa) to study the radiation tolerance in the compound. The irradiated sample was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The result showed no formation of bubble gas but an airy ring was observed in the diffraction pattern indicating that the structure was damaged.
Distribution of the Laterally Supplying Facial Nerve to the Orbicularis Oculi Muscle
Authors: Choi Yeop , Kim In-Beom 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe facial nerve that traverses the lateral border of the orbicularis oculi muscle is considered the primary motor for the muscle. Nevertheless, the lateral motor supply to the orbicularis oculi muscle has not yet been fully described.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to report detailed anatomic information about the lateral motor supply route to the orbicularis oculi.MethodsFacial nerve branches that cross the lateral orbicularis oculi border were fully traced from the parotid border to the nerve destinations in 43 fresh hemifaces by microscopic surgical dissection and time-lapse photography.ResultsThrough the lateral route, the anterior temporal and upper zygomatic branches supply the superior orbital and superior preseptal orbicularis oculi of the upper eyelid, as well as the lateral pretarsal and malar orbicularis oculi, excluding the upper medial pretarsal portion of the upper eyelid and most of the lower eyelid. The nerve supplying the lateral pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle crosses the anterior area of the zygomatic arch. It then traverses an area 6 mm above and 4 mm below the lateral canthal crease.ConclusionsThe anterior area of the zygomatic arch and an area 6 mm above and 4 mm below the lateral canthal crease are the facial nerve danger zones. The present anatomic findings provide surgeons with further insights for performing blepharoplasty, midface lift, facelift, and facial nerve reconstructive surgery.