bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Interpretation and use of Causal Verb‐first‐clauses in German
Authors: Taigel Sonja 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article is concerned with the grammatical properties and interpretations of a particular type of verb‐first‐clause in German, in passing also looking at theWo‐verb‐end‐clause. Based on corpus data and a judgement study, characteristics which have been attributed to these clause types will be questioned: The assumption that the utterances’ contents is presupposed and that this is whydochoccurs in this context so often will be rejected. Data also show that the strict association of verb‐first and causality, on the one hand, andWo‐verb‐end and concessivity, on the other hand, is too strong an assumption. It will be claimed thatdochis indirectly responsible for causality by assuming that a causal default interpretation is decisive. The proposed modelling ofdochprovides an explanation why the particle facilitates the causal reading and it also allows to derive certain stylistic effects.
HIV testing and self‐testing coverage among men and women in South Africa: an exploration of related factors
Authors: Awopegba Oluwafemi Emmanuel , Ologunowa Taiwo Olubunmi , Ajayi Anthony Idowu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesUptake of HIV testing is critical to halting the spread of HIV. Our study aimed to examine the coverage of HIV testing and self‐testing and the individual‐level, household‐level and community‐level factors associated with HIV testing and self‐testing awareness.MethodsWe analysed data of 12 312 men and women from 2016 SADHS and used multilevel mixed‐effects models to examine the factors associated with uptake of HIV testing and self‐testing awareness.ResultsAbout 80% of participants had ever tested for HIV, and 64% had tested in the past year. Only 49% of adolescents aged 15–19 years had ever tested for HIV compared with over 80% of adults. Self‐testing awareness was low (22%), and only 2.9% of respondents had ever self‐tested for HIV. The odds of having ever tested for HIV were significantly higher among respondents who were aged 25–29 (AOR: 4.02; 95% CI: 3.27–4.95), had a higher level of education (AOR: 3.18; 95% CI: 2.19–4.61), were married (AOR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.36–1.94), had high media exposure (AOR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.06–1.44) and had ever had sex (AOR: 5.57; 95% CI: 4.67–6.64), but lower among men (AOR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.35–0.44).ConclusionIn conclusion, HIV testing coverage is high in South Africa relative to most countries in sub‐Saharan Africa, but falls short of the UNAIDS first 95. We found no evidence of socioeconomic and geographic inequalities in access to HIV testing. However, adolescents had a lower level of HIV testing uptake, suggesting a need for interventions to expand testing in this age group.
Implementation and operational feasibility of SAMBA I HIV‐1 semi‐quantitative viral load testing at the point‐of‐care in rural settings in Malawi and Uganda
Authors: Gueguen Monique , Nicholas Sarala , Poulet Elisabeth , Schramm Birgit , Szumilin Elisabeth , Wolters Liselotte , Wapling Johanna , Ajule Ephrahim , Rakesh Ankur , Mwenda Reuben , Kiyaga Charles , Balkan Suna 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveWe monitored a large‐scale implementation of the Simple Amplification‐Based Assay semi‐quantitative viral load test for HIV‐1 version I (SAMBA I Viral Load = SAMBA I VL) within Médecins Sans Frontières’ HIV programmes in Malawi and Uganda, to assess its performance and operational feasibility.MethodsDescriptive analysis of routine programme data between August 2013 and December 2016. The dataset included samples collected for VL monitoring and tested using SAMBA I VL in five HIV clinics in Malawi (four peripheral health centres and one district hospital), and one HIV clinic in a regional referral hospital in Uganda. SAMBA I VL was used for VL testing in patients who had been receiving ART for between 6 months and ten years, to determine whether plasma VL was above or below 1000 copies/mL of HIV‐1, reflecting ART failure or efficacy. Randomly selected samples were quantified with commercial VL assays. SAMBA I instruments and test performance, site throughput, and delays in communicating results to clinicians and patients were monitored.ResultsBetween August 2013 and December 2016 a total of 60 889 patient samples were analysed with SAMBA I VL. Overall, 0.23% of initial SAMBA I VL results were invalid; this was reduced to 0.04% after repeating the test once. Global test failure, including instrument failure, was 1.34%. Concordance with reference quantitative testing of VL was 2620/2727, 96.0% (1338/1382, 96.8% in Malawi; 1282/1345, 95.3% in Uganda). For Chiradzulu peripheral health centres and Arua Hospital HIV clinic, where testing was performed on‐site, same‐day results were communicated to clinicians for between 91% and 97% of samples. Same‐day clinical review was obtained for 84.7% across the whole set of samples tested.ConclusionsSAMBA I VL testing is feasible for monitoring cohorts of 1000 to 5000 ART‐experienced patients. Same‐day results can be used to inform rapid clinical decision‐making at rural and remote health facilities, potentially reducing time available for development of resistance and conceivably helping to reduce morbidity and mortality.
The burden of HIV, syphilis and schistosome infection and associated factors among adults in the fishing communities in northwestern Tanzania
Authors: Kapiga Saidi , Hansen Christian H. , Downs Jennifer A. , Sichalwe Simon , Hashim Ramadhan , Mngara Julius , van Dam Govert J. , Corstjens Paul L. A. M. , Kingery Justin R. , Peck Robert N. , Grosskurth Heiner 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo quantify the burden of HIV, syphilis and schistosome infection and associated risk factors among adults living in seven fishing communities of Lake Victoria in northwest Tanzania.MethodsCross‐sectional study conducted between 2015 and 2016 in the selected communities. In each community, we randomly selected a sample of adults from the general population and from three putative risk groups including the following: (i) fishermen, (ii) fish processors and traders, and (iii) women working in the recreational facilities. Participants were interviewed to obtain information about potential risk factors, and venous blood was collected for detection of HIV, syphilis and schistosome infections. We used logistic regression models to quantify the associations between potential risk factors and HIV, and also between schistosome infection and HIV.ResultsWe enrolled 1128 people from selected fishing communities. The overall prevalence of HIV, syphilis and schistosome infection was 14.2%, 15.6% and 83.1%, respectively. Female recreational facility workers had the highest prevalence of HIV (30.4%) and syphilis (24%). The odds of being HIV infected were generally higher in all age categories. Transactional sex was commonly reported and especially receiving gifts for sex was found to be strongly associated with HIV (adjusted OR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.44–4.34,P = 0.008). Confirmed serological syphilis was associated with increased odds of having HIV infection. HIV was not associated with schistosome infection in a combined dataset and when we examined this separately for men and women alone.ConclusionsWe observed a high burden of HIV, syphilis and schistosome infections in the fishing communities. Targeted efforts to treat and control infections have the potential to improve health among their residents.
Spatial analysis of dengue incidence and Aedes aegypti ovitrap surveillance in Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Authors: Schultes Olivia Lang , Morais Maria Helena Franco , Cunha Maria da Consolação Magalhães , Sobral Andréa , Caiaffa Waleska Teixeira 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesUnderstanding the intra‐urban spatial dynamics of Aedes aegypti and dengue transmission is important to effectively guide vector control. Ovitraps are a sensitive, cost‐effective vector surveillance tool, yet few longitudinal studies have evaluated ovitrap indices and dengue occurrence. We aimed to assess the spatial patterns of dengue incidence and Ae. aegypti ovitrap positivity index (OPI) over time and to examine the spatial relationship between these two variables.MethodsThis study used 12 years (2007–2018) of dengue case records and biweekly Ae. aegypti ovitrap data in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. We aggregated data by year and health centre catchment area (n = 152) and used both univariate and bivariate global Moran’s I statistic and LISA to evaluate spatial clustering.ResultsAnnual dengue incidence ranged from 18 to 6262/100 000 residents and displayed spatial autocorrelation in 10/12 years, with shifting areas of high incidence. Annual OPI ranged from 35.7 to 47.6% and was clustered in all study years, but unlike dengue had consistent spatial patterns over time. Bivariate analysis found both positive (6/12 years) and negative (1/12 years) spatial associations between the two variables.ConclusionsLow detected presence of Ae. aegypti was not a limiting factor in dengue transmission. However, stable spatial distribution of OPI suggests that certain areas may have persistent breeding sites. Future research should identify factors related to persistent Ae. aegypti hotspots to better guide vector management. Vector control efforts should be paired with additional data on population immunity, circulating serotypes and urban factors to better predict and control outbreaks.
Wild soybean SNARE proteins BET1s mediate the subcellular localization of the cytoplasmic receptor‐like kinases CRCK1s to modulate salt stress responses
Authors: Sun Xiaoli , Cai Xiaoxi , Yin Kuide , Gu Liwei , Shen Yang , Hu Bingshuang , Wang Yan , Chen Yue , Zhu Yanming , Jia Bowei , Sun Mingzhe 
Published: November 2020

SummaryPlants have evolved numerous receptor‐like kinases (RLKs) that modulate environmental stress responses. However, little is known regarding soybean (Glycine max) RLKs. We have previously identified that Glycine soja Ca2+/CAM‐binding RLK (GsCBRLK) is involved in salt tolerance. Here, we report that soluble NSF attachment protein receptor proteins BET1s mediate subcellular localization of calmodulin‐binding receptor‐like cytoplasmic kinases CRCK1s to modulate salt stress responses. Direct interaction between GsCBRLK and GsBET11a was initially identified via yeast two‐hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Further analysis demonstrated conserved interaction between BET1s and CRCK1s. GsCBRLK interacted with all BET1 proteins in wild soybean (Glycine soja) and Arabidopsis, and GsBET11a strongly associated with GsCRCK1a–1d, but slightly with AtCRCK1. In addition, GsBET11a interacted with GsCBRLK via its C‐terminal transmembrane domain (TMD), where the entire TMD, not the sequence, was critical for the interaction. Moreover, the N‐terminal variable domain (VD) of GsCBRLK was responsible for interacting with GsBET11a, and the intensity of interaction between GsCBRLK/AtCRCK1 and GsBET11a was dependent on VD. Furthermore, GsBET11a was able to mediate the GsCBRLK subcellular localization via direct interaction with VD. Additionally, knockout of AtBET11 or AtBET12 individually did not alter GsCBRLK localization, while GsBET11a expression caused partial internalization of GsCBRLK from the plasma membrane (PM). We further suggest the necessity of GsCBRLK VD for its PM localization via N‐terminal truncation assays. Finally, GsBET11a was shown to confer enhanced salt stress tolerance when overexpressed in Arabidopsis and soybean. These results revealed the conserved and direct interaction between BET1s and CRCK1s, and suggested their involvement in salt stress responses.
Enhanced nitrogen removal by a combination of anammox and heterotrophic denitrification
Authors: Shibata Haruka , Tatara Masahiro , Ueno Yoshiyuki 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study examines the removal of nitrogen from nitrate, which accumulates in the anammox process, during the heterotrophic denitrification (HD) reaction using organic compounds that were originally contained in the influent as electron donors. The experimental system comprises a single partial‐nitritation/anammox (PNA) reactor and HD reactor for biological oxygen demand (BOD) reduction that is placed in series before the PNA reactor. A portion of the effluent from the PNA reactor was allowed to flow back to the HD reactor. The nitrate concentration in the effluent from the PNA reactor reduced as the recirculation ratio increased and the maximum nitrogen removal efficiency (NRE) was optimized at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.0 hours in the HD reactor out of a total HRT of 36 hours at 4 backflow/influent, demonstrating an NRE of 95.4% that represented an enhancement of 1.24 times the NRE without recirculation in the flow path.
Hydroxychloroquine and the risk of respiratory infections among RA patients
Authors: Kremer Joel M , Reed George , Pappas Dimitrios A , Harold LR , Kane Kevin , Greenberg Jeffrey , Winthrop Kevin 
Published: November 2020

ObjectivesTo determine the effect of hydroxychloroquine on the incidence of new respiratory infections in a large registry of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients compared with a matched cohort receiving other conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs).MethodsWe reviewed physician-reported infections including upper respiratory infections (URI), bronchitis and pneumonia in the Corrona RA registry from June 2008 to February 2020 with the goal of comparing infections in biologic/targeted synthetic (b/ts) DMARDs naive HCQ starts compared with starts of other csDMARDs and no HCQ. Patients on different interventions were compared using time-varying adjusted Cox models adjusting for age, sex, duration of RA, BMI, disease activity, smoking status, concurrent medications, season of the year, year of onset and history of serious infections, diabetes or cardiovascular disease (CVD). A secondary analysis in a set of propensity-matched starts were also compared adjusting for time-varying covariates. The analysis was repeated including URI and bronchitis only and also for serious respiratory infections only.ResultsNo evidence of differences was found in the incidence of any respiratory infection (URI, bronchitis, pneumonia) in patients receiving HCQ compared with other csDMARDs: HR=0.87 (0.70 to1.07) in adjusted analyses and HR=0.90 (0.70 to 1.17) in adjusted matched analysis. Similar results were found in the analysis of URI and bronchitis only and for serious respiratory infections only.ConclusionsIn patients with RA, the risk for respiratory infections was similar among patients using HCQ as compared to other non-biologic DMARDs.
Psychiatric and Psychological Interventions for Depression in Patients With Heart Disease: A Scoping Review
Authors: Zambrano Juliana , Celano Christopher M. , Januzzi James L. , Massey Christina N. , Chung Wei‐Jean , Millstein Rachel A. , Huffman Jeff C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Depression in patients with cardiovascular disease is independently associated with progression of heart disease, major adverse cardiac events, and mortality. A wide variety of depression treatment strategies have been studied in randomized controlled trials as the field works to identify optimal depression treatments in this population. A contemporary scoping review of the literature can help to consolidate and synthesize the growing and disparate literature on depression treatment trials in people with cardiovascular disease. We conducted a scoping review utilizing a systematic search of the literature via 4 databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and Google Scholar) from database inception to March 2020. We identified 42 relevant randomized controlled trials of depression treatment interventions in patients with cardiac disease (n=9181 patients with coronary artery disease, n=1981 patients with heart failure). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors appear to be safe in patients with cardiac disease and to have beneficial effects on depression (and some suggestion of cardiac benefit) in patients with coronary artery disease, with less evidence of their efficacy in heart failure. In contrast, psychotherapy appears to be effective for depression in coronary artery disease and heart failure, but with less evidence of cardiac benefit. Newer multimodal depression care management approaches that utilize flexible approaches to patients' care have been less studied but appear promising across cardiac patient groups. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may be preferred in the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease, psychotherapy may be preferred in heart failure, and more flexible depression care management approaches have shown promise by potentially using both approaches based on patient needs.
Accuracy of Frozen Section Examination in Oral Cavity Cancers
Authors: Demir Berat , Incaz Sefa , Uckuyulu Esin Irem , Oysu Cagatay 
Published: November 2020

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the intraoperative frozen section with the surgical margin in the postoperative surgical margins of the postoperative pathology of oral squamous cell carcinomas in order to examine the reliability of the frozen section. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted for patients who underwent surgery for oral squamous cell carcinoma in a tertiary hospital between January 2018 and 2019. The intraoperative frozen section examinations, grade of the tumor, number of lymph nodes, number of affected lymph nodes, depth of invasion, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and extranodal extension were recorded from the pathological records. The concordance between the frozen section examination and postoperative pathology 2 methods was examined using the Cronbach α coefficient. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value regarding surgical margins, and accuracy were calculated and reported. Results: Overall, 181patients who underwent surgery for oral cavity cancers were included; 118 (65.2%) were males. The mean (± standard deviation) age of the included participants was 57.4 ± 16.1 years. The most common tumour subsite was the tongue (n = 71, 39.2%). There was concordancy between the frozen, positive intraoperative malignancy and the postoperative pathology malignancy. The frozen, negative intraoperative malignancy and postoperative safe surgical margin did not significantly differ. Conclusion: As a result of intraoperative frozen examination, we found conformity between the postoperative pathology results of patients with positive and negative surgical margins. Frozen section examination could be used safely to examine intraoperative surgical margins of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
A Novel Technique for Reconstruction of a Congenitally Absent Earlobe
Authors: Saadi Robert A. , Ziai Kasra , Lighthall Jessyka G. 
Published: November 2020

Objective: Congenital anomalies of the external ear may present a reconstructive challenge, particularly when normal chondrocutaneous components of the auricle fail to develop. Our goal was to develop a novel technique for lobule reconstruction of a congenitally absent earlobe with photographic documentation of the technique. Methods: Informed consent for perioperative photography and publication of case details was obtained. A postauricular, turnover flap with ipsilateral conchal cartilage grafting was performed to reconstruct the lobule, and a superiorly based, postauricular, rotation advancement flap was used to close the donor site defect. Results: Perioperative photographs are included demonstrating technique and cosmetic results. Conclusions: Malformations rarely involve the lobule or lower third of the ear primarily. Literature regarding lobule reconstruction for congenital malformations is scarce. We present a novel technique for lobule reconstruction of a congenitally absent earlobe performed in a single stage that avoids a visible neck scar and allows for simultaneous conchal cartilage harvest. The technique demonstrated satisfactory cosmesis regarding contour and overall appearance and these results remained stable at 1-year follow up.
Measurement properties of step tests for exercise capacity in COPD: A systematic review
Authors: Vilarinho Rui , Caneiras Cátia , Montes António Mesquita 
Published: November 2020

Objective: To determine the level of evidence of the measurement properties (validity, reliability, and responsiveness) and interpretability of the step tests available for assessing the exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Data sources: The data sources Web of Science, MEDLINE, PubMed, PEDro, CENTRAL of Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched up to June 26, 2020. Review methods: Studies of any design that reported results for any measurement property of the step tests for assessing the exercise capacity in COPD patients were selected. One reviewer extracted the data, and two reviewers independently rated the level of evidence by using the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurements Instruments recommendations. Results: Thirty-one studies were included in the data synthesis. Chester Step Test, Modified Incremental Step Test, two-, three-, four-, and six-Minute Step Test, Paced Step Test, and six-Minute Stepper Test were identified. A step test protocol was also found. The level of evidence of their results for the measurement properties was mostly determined as “low” to “very low.” The best level of evidence found was for the six-minute stepper test: “high” on construct validity ( r = 0.56–0.71); and “moderate” on criterion validity ( r = 0.36–0.69), and responsiveness ( r = 0.26–0.34). Conclusion: The general level of evidence of the measurement properties of the step tests is “low” to “very low” for assessing exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which can limit their application in clinical practice. The six-minute Stepper Test is currently the most appropriate step test available.
Comparing the effects of no intervention with therapeutic exercise, and exercise with additional Kinesio tape in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. A three-arm randomized controlled trial
Authors: Letafatkar Amir , Rabiei Pouya , Kazempour Sarvenaz , Alaei-Parapari Samaneh 
Published: November 2020

Objective: To investigate if adding Kinesio tape to therapeutic exercise is an effective treatment to improve clinical outcomes compared to therapeutic exercise alone and no intervention, in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Design: Three-arm randomized controlled trial Setting: Outpatient setting Subjects: One hundred and twenty patients (mean (SD): age 37.8 (5.4)) with shoulder impingement syndrome. Intervention: Patients were randomly assigned to eight-weeks therapeutic exercise alone, therapeutic exercise with Kinesio tape, and control group. Main measures: Pain was measured with a numerical rating scale and disability and scapular kinematics were measured with a relative questionnaire and motion analysis software respectively, at baseline and after eight-weeks intervention. Results: There was significant differences in therapeutic exercise with Kinesio tape group vs. therapeutic exercise alone and control group respectively for pain ( d = –0.34, P = 0.042; and d = –1.53, P = 0.001), disability ( d = –0.46, P = 0.024; and d = –2.18, P = 0.001), scapular upward rotation at sagittal plane ( d = 0.33, P = 0.033; and d = 0.68, P = 0.001), scapular plane ( d = 0.18, P = 0.045; and d = 0.43, P = 0.001), scapular tilt at sagittal plane ( d = 0.55, P = 0.043; and d = 1.39, P = 0.001), and scapular plane ( d = 0.29, P = 0.034; and d = 0.58, P = 0.001). Therapeutic exercise alone was superior over control group in all significant outcomes ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: Although therapeutic exercises alone showed positive effect on clinical outcomes, adding Kinesio tape to therapeutic exercises had more significant effects with larger effect sizes. Adding Kinesio tape to therapeutic exercise may be of some assistance to clinicians in improving clinical outcomes in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome.