bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of sudden stratospheric warmings on United Kingdom mortality
Authors: Charlton‐Perez Andrew J. , Huang Wan Ting Katty , Lee Simon H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) during boreal winter are one of the main drivers of sub‐seasonal climate variability in the Northern Hemisphere. Although the impact of SSW events on surface climate and climate extremes has been clearly demonstrated, the impact of the resulting climate anomalies on society has not been so widely considered. In the United Kingdom (UK), SSWs are associated with cold weather, which is linked to significant increases in mortality. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that SSWs are linked to increases in mortality in the UK. A distributed lag nonlinear model and standard parameter settings from the literature is used to construct a daily time series of UK deaths attributable to cold weather between 1991 and 2018. Weekly mortality associated with SSWs is diagnosed using a superposed epoch analysis of attributed mortality for the 15 SSW events in this period. SSW associated mortality peaks between 3 and 5 weeks after SSW central date and leads to, on average, 620 additional deaths in the same period. Given that the impacts of SSWs can be skilfully predicted on sub‐seasonal timescales, this suggests that health and social care systems could derive substantial benefit from sub‐seasonal forecasts during SSWs.
Reduced Proactive Control Processes Associated With Behavioral Response Inhibition Deficits in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Kelly Shannon E. , Schmitt Lauren M. , Sweeney John A. , Mosconi Matthew W. 
Published: October 2020

Impairments in inhibitory control are common in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and associated with multiple clinical issues. Proactive (i.e., delaying response onset) and reactive control mechanisms (i.e., stopping quickly) contribute to successful inhibitory control in typically developing individuals and may be compromised in ASD. We assessed inhibitory control in 58 individuals with ASD and 63 typically developing controls aged 5–29 years using an oculomotor stop‐signal task during which participants made rapid eye movements (i.e., saccades) toward peripheral targets (i.e., GO trials) or inhibited saccades (i.e., STOP trials). Individuals with ASD exhibited reduced ability to inhibit saccades, reduced reaction time slowing (GO RT slowing), and faster stop‐signal reaction times (SSRT) compared to controls. Across participants, stopping accuracy was positively related to GO RT slowing, and increased age was associated with higher stopping accuracy and GO RT slowing. Our results indicate that failures to proactively delay prepotent responses in ASD underpin deficits of inhibitory control and may contribute to difficulties modifying their behavior according to changes in contextual demands. These findings implicate frontostriatal brain networks in inhibitory control and core symptoms of ASD.Lay SummaryDifficulties stopping actions are common in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and are related to repetitive behaviors. This study compared the ability to stop eye movements in individuals with ASD and healthy peers. We found that individuals with ASD were less able to stop eye movements and that this difficulty was related to a reduced ability to delay their eye movements before seeing the cue to stop, not their ability to react quickly to this cue.
Pragmatic Language in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Do Theory of Mind and Executive Functions Have a Mediating Role?
Authors: Cardillo Ramona , Mammarella Irene C. , Demurie Ellen , Giofrè David , Roeyers Herbert 
Published: October 2020

Pragmatic language (PL) is defined as the ability to use language effectively in communicative exchanges. Previous findings showed that deficits in PL are a core characteristic of the communicative profile of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While different lines of research have revealed a close link between PL and theory of mind (ToM), and between PL and executive functions (EFs), to our knowledge, few studies have explored the relationship between these three domains in children with ASD, and their results have been contradictory. The present study thus aimed to contribute to our understanding of PL in children with ASD and to analyze the underlying mediating role of ToM and EFs. PL is a complex and multifaceted construct. In the present study, we focused on two specific aspects, such as the comprehension of nonliteral language, and the ability to make inferences. After testing 143 participants (73 with ASD), our results confirmed that impairments in PL are a crucial feature of the ASD profile. Children with ASD were also more impaired than their typically developing peers in both ToM and EFs. When the mediating role of ToM and EFs on PL was considered, it emerged that only ToM contributed significantly to the relationship between group and PL. We discussed the potential importance of interventions not focused exclusively on PL, but also involving ToM.Lay SummaryIn everyday life, we use pragmatic language to interact successfully with others. Individuals with autism experience significant difficulty in pragmatic language, showing consequent impairments in communication. This study compared the comprehension of nonliteral language, and the ability to make inferences of children with autism and children with typical development, focusing on the role of social and cognitive abilities. Children with autism had difficulties in pragmatic language compared to children with typical development. In addition, the capacity to consider the perspective, intentions and beliefs of other people contributed significantly to the pragmatic language. Autism Res 2021, 14: 932–945. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Preoperative botulinum toxin type A: A case report of a proposed new strategy for giant hiatal hernia management
Authors: Tustumi Francisco , Bianchi Edno Tales , Szachnowicz Sérgio , Cedro Rider May , de Miranda Neto Antonio Afonso , Morrell André Luiz Gioia , Abdalla Ricardo Zugaib , Sallum Rubens Antonio Aissar , Cecconello Ivan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe use of preoperative ventral botulinum toxin for giant hiatal hernia management.
A Photoelectrochemical Fuel Cell Based on a CuO Photocathode for Sustainable Resources Utilization
Authors: Hao Shuai , Zhang He , Sun Xiaoxuan , Zhai Junfeng , Dong Shaojun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNew techniques for sustainable energy resources utilization are highly desirable to meet the continuously increasing energy demand and address growing environmental concerns. Herein, we report the fabrication of a CuO photocathode through a simple and scalable two‐step method and, by combining it with a glucose oxidase (GOD) bioanode, a photoelectrochemical fuel cell (PFC) has also been further developed. In the presence of 60 mM glucose and under visible‐light illumination, the PFC gives maximum power output densities of 14.4 μW cm−2 and 8.9 μW cm−2 at 0.1 V in air‐ and nitrogen‐saturated solutions together with open‐circuit potentials of 0.34 V and 0.38 V, respectively, demonstrating the capability of sourcing energy from visible light and glucose. The PFC shows promise as an efficient, user‐friendly option for sustainable energy resources utilization, and the CuO photocathode can be used for the development of other PFCs in the future.
Rural‐urban and racial/ethnic trends and disparities in early‐onset and average‐onset colorectal cancer
Authors: Zahnd Whitney E. , Gomez Scarlett L. , Steck Susan E. , Brown Monique J. , Ganai Sabha , Zhang Jiajia , Arp Adams Swann , Berger Franklin G. , Eberth Jan M. 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundIncidence rates (IRs) of early‐onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) are increasing, whereas average‐onset colorectal cancer (AOCRC) rates are decreasing. However, rural‐urban and racial/ethnic differences in trends by age have not been explored. The objective of this study was to examine joint rural‐urban and racial/ethnic trends and disparities in EOCRC and AOCRC IRs.MethodsSurveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data on the incidence of EOCRC (age, 20‐49 years) and AOCRC (age, ≥50 years) were analyzed. Annual percent changes (APCs) in trends between 2000 and 2016 were calculated jointly by rurality and race/ethnicity. IRs and rate ratios were calculated for 2012‐2016 by rurality, race/ethnicity, sex, and subsite.ResultsEOCRC IRs increased 35% from 10.44 to 14.09 per 100,000 in rural populations (APC, 2.09; P < .05) and nearly 20% from 9.37 to 11.20 per 100,000 in urban populations (APC, 1.26; P < .05). AOCRC rates decreased among both rural and urban populations, but the magnitude of improvement was greater in urban populations. EOCRC increased among non‐Hispanic White (NHW) populations, although rural non‐Hispanic Black (NHB) trends were stable. Between 2012 and 2016, EOCRC IRs were higher among all rural populations in comparison with urban populations, including NHW, NHB, and American Indian/Alaska Native populations. By sex, rural NHB women had the highest EOCRC IRs across subgroup comparisons, and this was driven primarily by colon cancer IRs 62% higher than those of their urban peers.ConclusionsEOCRC IRs increased in rural and urban populations, but the increase was greater in rural populations. NHB and American Indian/Alaska Native populations had particularly notable rural‐urban disparities. Future research should examine the etiology of these trends.
Depletion of LAG‐3+ T Cells Translated to Pharmacology and Improvement in Psoriasis Disease Activity: A Phase I Randomized Study of mAb GSK2831781
Authors: Ellis Joanne , J.B. Marks Daniel , Srinivasan Naren , Barrett Christine , Hopkins Thomas G. , Richards Anna , Fuhr Rainard , Albayaty Muna , Coenen Martin , Liefaard Lia , Leavens Karen , Nevin Katherine L. , Tang Shuo , Hughes Stephen A. , Fortunato Léa , Edwards Ken , Cui Yi , Anselm Rabia , Delves Christopher J. , Charles Emilie , Feeney Maria , Webb Thomas M. , Brett Sara J. , Schmidt Tim S. , Stone John , Savage Caroline O.S. , Wisniacki Nicolas , Tarzi Ruth M. 
Published: October 2020

Activated T cells drive a range of immune‐mediated inflammatory diseases. LAG‐3 is transiently expressed on recently activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We describe the engineering and first‐in‐human clinical study (NCT02195349) of GSK2831781 (an afucosylated humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody enhanced with high affinity for Fc receptors and LAG‐3 and antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity capabilities), which depletes LAG‐3 expressing cells. GSK2831781 was tested in a phase I/Ib, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study, which randomized 40 healthy participants (part A) and 27 patients with psoriasis (part B) to single doses of GSK2831781 (up to 0.15 and 5 mg/kg, respectively) or placebo. Adverse events were generally balanced across groups, with no safety or tolerability concern identified. LAG‐3+ cell depletion in peripheral blood was observed at doses ≥ 0.15 mg/kg and was dose‐dependent. In biopsies of psoriasis plaques, a reduction in mean group LAG‐3+ and CD3+ T‐cell counts was observed following treatment. Downregulation of proinflammatory genes (IL‐17A, IL‐17F, IFNγ, and S100A12) and upregulation of the epithelial barrier integrity gene, CDHR1, was observed with the 5 mg/kg dose of GSK2831781. Psoriasis disease activity improved up to day 43 at all GSK2831781 doses (0.5, 1.5, and 5 mg/kg) compared with placebo. Depletion of LAG‐3‐expressing activated T cells is a novel approach, and this first clinical study shows that GSK2831781 is pharmacologically active and provides encouraging early evidence of clinical effects in psoriasis, which warrants further investigation in T‐cell‐mediated inflammatory diseases.
Comparison of native and non‐native predator consumption rates and prey avoidance behavior in North America and Europe
Authors: Ünlü Ayse Gül , Obrycki John J. , Bucher Roman 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNovel predator–prey interactions can contribute to the invasion success of non‐native predators. For example, native prey can fail to recognize and avoid non‐native predators due to a lack of co‐evolutionary history and cue dissimilarity with native predators. This might result in a competitive advantage for non‐native predators. Numerous lady beetle species were globally redistributed as biological control agents against aphids, resulting in novel predator–prey interactions. Here, we investigated the strength of avoidance behavior of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) toward chemical cues of native lady beetles and non‐native Asian Harmonia axyridis and European Coccinella septempunctata and Hippodamia variegata in North America, hypothesizing that cues of non‐native lady beetles induce weaker avoidance behavior than cues of co‐evolved native lady beetles. Additionally, we compared aphid consumption of lady beetles, examining potential predation advantages of non‐native lady beetles. Finally, we compared cue avoidance behavior between North American and European pea aphid populations and aphid consumption of native and non‐native lady beetles in North America and Europe. In North America, pea aphids avoided chemical cues of all ladybeetle species tested, regardless of their origin. In contrast to pea aphids in North America, European pea aphids did not avoid cues of the non‐native H. axyridis. The non‐native H. axyridis and C. septempunctata were among the largest and most voracious lady beetle species tested, on both continents. Consequently, in North America non‐native lady beetle species might have a competitive advantage on shared food resources due to their relatively large body size, compared to several native American lady beetle species. In Europe, however, non‐native H. axyridis might benefit from missing aphid cue avoidance as well as a large body size. The co‐evolutionary time gap between the European and North American invasion of H. axyridis likely explains the intercontinental differences in cue avoidance behavior and might indicate evolution in aphids toward non‐native predators.
Measuring physical activity with activity monitors in patients with heart failure: from literature to practice. A position paper from the Committee on Exercise Physiology and Training of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology
Authors: Klompstra Leonie , Kyriakou Martha , Lambrinou Ekaterini , Piepoli Massimo F. , Coats Andrew J.S. , Cohen‐Solal Alain , Cornelis Justien , Gellen Barnabas , Marques‐Sule Elena , Niederseer David , Orso Francesco , Piotrowicz Ewa , Van Craenenbroeck Emeline M. , Simonenko Maria , Witte Klaus K. , Wozniak Anna , Volterrani Maurizio , Jaarsma Tiny 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe aims of this paper were to provide an overview of available activity monitors used in research in patients with heart failure and to identify the key criteria in the selection of the most appropriate activity monitor for collecting, reporting, and analysing physical activity in heart failure research. This study was conducted in three parts. First, the literature was systematically reviewed to identify physical activity concepts and activity monitors used in heart failure research. Second, an additional scoping literature search for validation of these activity monitors was conducted. Third, the most appropriate criteria in the selection of activity monitors were identified. Nine activity monitors were evaluated in terms of size, weight, placement, costs, data storage, water resistance, outcomes and validation, and cut‐off points for physical activity intensity levels were discussed. The choice of a monitor should depend on the research aims, study population and design regarding physical activity. If the aim is to motivate patients to be active or set goals, a less rigorously tested tool can be considered. On the other hand, if the aim is to measure physical activity and its changes over time or following treatment adjustment, it is important to choose a valid activity monitor with a storage and battery longevity of at least one week. The device should provide raw data and valid cut‐off points should be chosen for analysing physical activity intensity levels. Other considerations in choosing an activity monitor should include data storage location and ownership and the upfront costs of the device.
Electrochemical behavior of a spinel zinc ferrite alloy obtained by a simple sol‐gel route for Ni‐MH battery applications
Authors: Zayani Wissem , Azizi Samir , El‐Nasser Karam S. , Othman Ali Ibraheem , Molière Michel , Fenineche Nouredine , Mathlouthi Hamadi , Lamloumi Jilani 
Published: October 2020

SummaryThe hydrogen storage properties of zinc ferrite spinel (ZnFe2O4) alloy were studied, in this work. This alloy, formed applying the sol‐gel technique, was employed as anode in Ni‐MH accumulators. X‐ray diffractogram analysis showed the appearance of the compound spinel with cubic structure. In fact, the crystallite size, specified by the TEM technique, was equal to 30 nm. The hydrogen storage properties of zinc ferrite spinel alloy were examined applying various electromechanical methods (chronopotentiometry, cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry) at the C/10 rate and at room temperature. The maximum discharge capacity value was almost equal to 145 mAh/g. After 100 cycles, a good cycling stability was attained and correlation between the (DH/a2) ratio and the discharge capacity as noticed. The electrolyte/ZnFe2O4 anode interface prior to and following activation was studied utilizing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Role of SEI layer growth in fracture probability in lithium‐ion battery electrodes
Authors: Ali Yasir , Iqbal Noman , Lee Seungjun 
Published: October 2020

SummaryUnderstanding of degradation mechanisms in batteries is essential for the widespread use of eco‐friendly vehicles. Degradation mechanisms affect battery performance not only individually but also in a coupled manner. Solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation deteriorates battery capacity through consuming available lithium ions. On the other hand, as the SEI layer grows over multiple cycles, the level of mechanical constraints is changed, which can affect the fracture behavior of the active particles. We investigate the effect of the SEI layer growth on the fracture probability of the electrode particles. The simulations show that as the SEI layer grows, tensile stress inside the active particles turns into compressive stress, reducing the probability of particle fracture. Once the SEI layer is fractured, the particle fracture is sequentially more likely to happen because the SEI constraint is removed. The study emphasizes that the stability of SEI layers is important because it helps in alleviating electrochemical performance fade as well as mechanical failure probability. In addition, the SEI layer on small particles tends to be more fractured than that on large particles, suggesting that the particle size uniformity is essential for reducing the fracture probability of the SEI layers at the electrode.
The malate–aspartate shuttle (Borst cycle): How it started and developed into a major metabolic pathway
Authors: Borst Piet 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis article presents a personal and critical review of the history of the malate–aspartate shuttle (MAS), starting in 1962 and ending in 2020. The MAS was initially proposed as a route for the oxidation of cytosolic NADH by the mitochondria in Ehrlich ascites cell tumor lacking other routes, and to explain the need for a mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase 2 [GOT2]). The MAS was soon adopted in the field as a major pathway for NADH oxidation in mammalian tissues, such as liver and heart, even though the energetics of the MAS remained a mystery. Only in the 1970s, LaNoue and coworkers discovered that the efflux of aspartate from mitochondria, an essential step in the MAS, is dependent on the proton‐motive force generated by the respiratory chain: for every aspartate effluxed, mitochondria take up one glutamate and one proton. This makes the MAS in practice uni‐directional toward oxidation of cytosolic NADH, and explains why the free NADH/NAD ratio is much higher in the mitochondria than in the cytosol. The MAS is still a very active field of research. Most recently, the focus has been on the role of the MAS in tumors, on cells with defects in mitochondria and on inborn errors in the MAS. The year 2019 saw the discovery of two new inborn errors in the MAS, deficiencies in malate dehydrogenase 1 and in aspartate transaminase 2 (GOT2). This illustrates the vitality of ongoing MAS research.
Seasonal and temporal factors leading to urea‐nitrogen accumulation in surface waters of agricultural drainage ditches
Authors: Klick Sabrina A. , Pitula Joseph S. , Bryant Ray B. , Collick Amy S. , Hashem Fawzy M. , Allen Arthur L. , May Eric B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUrea‐nitrogen (N) is commonly applied to crop fields, yet it is not routinely monitored despite its association with reduced water quality and its ability to increase toxicity of certain phytoplankton species. The purpose of this work was to characterize temporal fluctuations in urea‐N concentrations and associated environmental conditions to infer sources of urea‐N in agricultural drainage ditches. Physicochemical properties and N forms in ditch waters were measured weekly during the growing seasons of 2015–2018. Fertilizer application was only associated with spring peaks of urea‐N concentrations in ditches next to cornfields, whereas summer peaks in ditches adjacent to corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields were not associated with fertilizer applications. Environmental conditions of warmer temperatures, lower dissolved oxygen concentrations, and lower redox potentials were correlated with higher urea‐N concentrations. In 2018, peaks of urea‐N and ammonium‐N during the summer co‐occurred with peaks of dissolved organic N and total dissolved N, suggesting they might be associated with the breakdown of organic matter and with the turnover of the organic N pool. Although the highest urea‐N concentrations occurred when ditch surface waters were hydrologically disconnected from nearby streams, heavy rainfalls can potentially flush accumulated urea‐N into coastal waters, where it may affect algal bloom toxicity. Therefore, implementation of available drainage ditch management practices is recommended, but these strategies need to be optimized for targeting periods with high rainfall that coincide with fertilizer additions as well as for periods with low rainfall that promote stagnant water conditions.