bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a process-driven network analysis
Authors: Bockholt Mareike , Zweig Katharina Anna 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA popular approach for understanding complex systems is a network analytic one: the system’s entities and their interactions are represented by a graph structure such that readily available methods suitable for graph structures can be applied. A network representation of a system enables the analysis of indirect effects: if A has an impact on B, and B has an impact on C, then, A also has an impact on C. This is often due to some kind of process flowing through the network, for example, pieces of informations or viral infections in social systems, passenger flows in transportation systems, or traded goods in economic systems. We argue that taking into account the actual usage of the system additionally to the static network representation of the system can yield interesting insights: first, the network representation and applicable network methods cannot be chosen independently from the network process of interest (Borgatti 2005; Dorn et al. 2012; Zweig 2016; Butts 2009). Therefore, focussing on the relevant network process in an early stage of the research project helps to determine suitable network representations and methods in order to obtain meaningful results (we call this approach process-driven network analysis). Second, many network methods assume that the spreading of some entity follows shortest or random paths. However, we show that not all flows are well approximated by this. In these cases, incorporating the network usage creates a real addition of knowledge to the static aggregated network representation.NoteThis is an extended and revised version of a conference article (Bockholt and Zweig 2019), published and presented at COMPLEX NETWORKS 2019.
Challenges and associated factors of anesthesia practice in Ethiopia
Authors: Goshu Eyayalem Melese , Gemeda Leulayehu Akalu 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:
Anesthesia is mainly needed in surgical services, for diagnostic services in almost all fields of specialty in medicine. When anesthesia services are inadequate, difficulties are experienced. There are multifactorial reasons for the inadequacy of anesthesia services in sub-Saharan countries. The aim of this study is to assess the challenges and problems of anesthesia practice in Ethiopia.

Methodology:
An observational survey carried out in 60 hospitals of the Nine regional states and two city administrative states of Ethiopia in 2018. A structured questionnaire sent to each hospital, the questionnaire consisted of eight sections to assess the availability of basic Anesthesia equipment, Drugs, and Professional Anesthetists. The head of anesthetists represented in each Hospital. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0, the results are presented in appropriate statistical tools, and the findings discussed.

Results:
This study shows that 81% of the anesthetists do have challenges and problems, which weigh down the provision of Safe anesthesia service. Eighty-three percent (83%) of anesthetists working alone without assistant. 83.2% of Anesthetists have main difficulties to perform pre-anesthetic evaluation. Around 55% of hospitals/anesthetists/have no minimum standard of monitoring devices. The availability of Anesthetic drugs in the Operation room is inadequate, for instance, 89.6%, 97.9%, and 45.8% Operation rooms/Anesthetists/have no Isoflurane, Etomidate, and Propofol respectively. Due to lack of Analgesics, only 22.9% of Anesthetists administer Analgesics Intraoperatively. 67% of Anesthetists have no emergency drug kit and 81.2% of Anesthetists have no Cricothyrodtomy set to Manage difficult airway. The overall Challenges stated by Anesthetists include Shortage of workforce, drugs & equipment, Lack of skills & Knowledge in some specialized procedures, less payment in comparison with Work overload, risks & stress, and Lack of insurance to the Anesthetists.

Conclusion:
Since the Anesthesia service is least addressed, Major focus in terms of Anesthesia working force, Anesthesia drugs, and equipment is required to bring up to date and improve the safety of anesthesia for patients in Ethiopia.

Highlights:
Early predictors of seasonal Arctic sea-ice volume loss: the impact of spring and early-summer cloud radiative conditions
Authors: King Michalea D. , Veron Dana E. , Huntley Helga S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractClouds play an important role in the Arctic surface radiative budget, impacting the seasonal evolution of Arctic sea-ice cover. We explore the large-scale impacts of springtime and early summer (March through July) cloud and radiative fluxes on sea ice by comparing these fluxes to seasonal ice volume losses over the central Arctic basin, calculated for available observational years 2004–2007 (ICESat) and 2011–2017 (CryoSat-2). We also supplement observation data with sea-ice volume computed from the Pan-Arctic Ice–Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS) during summer months. We find that the volume of sea ice lost over the melt season is most closely related to observed downwelling longwave radiation in March and early summer (June and July) longwave cloud radiative forcing, which together explain a large fraction of interannual variability in seasonal sea-ice volume loss (R2= 0.71,p= 0.007). We show that downwelling longwave fluxes likely impact the timing of melt onset near the sea-ice edge, and can limit the magnitude of ice thickening from March to April. Radiative fluxes in June and July are likely critical to seasonal volume loss because modeled data show the greatest ice volume reductions occur during these months.
Computational approach to identify potential antileishmanial activity of reported inhibitor, E5700 and two natural alkaloids against Leishmania donovani Squalene Synthase
Authors: Wadanambi Padmika 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLeishmania species are the causative agents for Leishmaniasis which is one of the neglected tropical diseases causing 70,000 deaths worldwide each year. Squalene synthase enzyme plays a vital role in sterol metabolism which is essential for Leishmania parasite viability. Therefore squalene synthase of Leishmania donovani is a therapeutic target to inhibit growth of parasite. The 3D model of Leishmania donovani Squalene Synthase (LdSQS) was generated by homology modeling and validated through PROCHECK, ERRAT, VERIFY3D and PROSA tools. Virtual screening of the protein was performed by AutoDock with reported inhibitor, E5700 and two natural alkaloids. Molecular interactions were explored to understand the nature of intermolecular bonds between active ligand and the protein binding site residues using UCSF Chimera and PLIP server. The reported inhibitor showed the best binding affinity (-9.75 kcal/mol) closely followed by Ancistrotanzanine B (-9.55 kcal/mol) and Holamine (-8.79 kcal/mol). Ancistrotanzanine B showed low binding energy and permissible ADMET properties. Based on the present study, homology model of LdSQS and Ancistrotanzanine B can be used to design inhibitors with antileishmanial activity.
Experience of discrimination and engagement with mental health and other services by Travellers in Ireland: findings from the All Ireland Traveller Health Study (AITHS)
Authors: Quirke B. , Heinen M. , Fitzpatrick P. , McKey S. , Malone K. M. , Kelleher C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectives:Irish Travellers are an indigenous ethnic minority population in Ireland, with poor life expectancy. This study aims to identify factors associated with reported discrimination and how this affects their experiences of accessing and quality of health services, including mental health.Methods:The All Ireland Traveller Health Study was a cross-sectional census study in 2010. All Traveller families completed a survey questionnaire (n= 6540), and at random an adult selected from the family completed either a health status (health status study = 1547) or health services utilisation survey (HSU = 1576). Experience of discrimination (EOD) from the census was analysed in relation to HSU data on services used in the previous 12 months and reported experiences of access and quality of that health service. Census variables were analysed in relation to EOD and perceived discrimination (PD).Results:In the final models, EOD and PD were significantly associated with socio-demographic, socio-cultural and living conditions. The multivariate odds of reporting EOD ranged from OR 1.84 to 2.13 and were significant for those reporting worse opportunities in accessing health services, mental health (p= 0.001), hospitals (p< 0.001) and public health nurses (p< 0.001). The multivariate odds of reporting EOD ranged from OR 1.95 to 2.71 and remained significant for those who reported they had poorer experiences than others when using health services, quality of experience (OR 2.18,p=< 0.001), trust in providers (OR 1.95,p=< 0.001) and appropriate information (OR 2.71,p=< 0.001).Conclusions:Travellers experience high levels of discrimination which negatively affects their engagement with health services. Culturally competent services need to be developed.
An integrated methodology for the documentation and protection of cultural heritage in the MENA region: a case study from Libya and Tunisia
Authors: Leone Anna , Wootton Will , Fenwick Corisande , Nebbia Marco , Alkhalaf Hiba , Jorayev Gaygysyz , Othman Ammar , Alhddad Muftah A. , Belzic Morgan , Emrage Ahmad , Siala Ziad , Voke Patricia 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper presents the methodology and overall outcomes from theTraining in Actionproject (TinA), funded by the British Council's Cultural Protection Fund between 2017 and 2019, which has built capacity among 72 employees of the Department of Antiquities of Libya (DoA) and the Institut National du Patrimoine de Tunisie (INP). It highlights the integrated and comprehensive nature of the training based on an innovative approach designed to increase value and impact. The integrated methodology, combining documentation, conservation and management, serves as a reproducible and sustainable model for other capacity-building projects. TinA was developed and carried out collaboratively by academics at Durham University, King's College London and University College London, and in partnership with the DoA and INP.
Mind the gap: the delayed recovery of a population of the biological control agent Megamelus scutellaris Berg. (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) on water hyacinth after winter
Authors: Miller Benjamin E. , Coetzee Julie A. , Hill Martin P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCold winter temperatures significantly affect the biological control effort against water hyacinth, Pontederia ( = Eichhornia) crassipes Mart. (Pontederiaceae), in more temperate regions around the world. The population dynamics of the planthopper Megamelus scutellaris Berg. (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a newly released biological control agent of water hyacinth, were recorded on the Kubusi River in the Eastern Cape Province (South Africa) over 15 months to determine the population recovery post-winter. Megamelus scutellaris incurred a severe population decline at the onset of winter when the water hyacinth plants became frost damaged. The combined effect of a population bottleneck and low minimum winter temperatures (6.12°C) below the agent's lower developmental threshold (11.46°C) caused a post-winter lag in agent density increase. Subsequently, the maximum agent population density was only reached at the end of the following summer growing season which allowed the water hyacinth population to recover in the absence of any significant biological control immediately post-winter. Supplementary releases of agents from mass-reared cultures at the beginning of the growing season (spring) is suggested as a potential method of reducing the lag-period in field populations in colder areas where natural population recovery of agents is slower.
Exploring motivation in music teachers: the case of three primary schools in Spain
Authors: Angel-Alvarado Rolando , Belletich Olga , Wilhelmi Miguel R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMusic teachers enjoy carrying out teaching tasks; indeed, such pleasure may be perceived even when authoritarian pedagogical methods are applied. In this study, we will explore music teacher motivation in classroom settings, collecting data from three educators through psychological scales, lesson observations and personal interviews. Results indicate that teacher motivation in classroom settings is affected by five internal and five external factors. Therefore, the study allows concluding that teacher motivation is also satisfied or thwarted by ideas that school members have about music education. Some practical implications are suggested.
Mechanical Ventilation with Room Air is Feasible in a Moderate Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Pig Model – Implications for Disaster Situations and Low-Income Nations
Authors: Halpern Pinchas , Goldvaser Michael , Yacov Guy , Rosner Amir , Wenger Ada , Bachar Keren , Katalan Shahaf 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroduction:Patients with respiratory failure are usually mechanically ventilated, mostly with fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) > 0.21. Minimizing FiO2 is increasingly an accepted standard. In underserved nations and disasters, salvageable patients requiring mechanical ventilation may outstrip oxygen supplies.Study Objective:The hypothesis of the present study was that mechanical ventilation with FiO2 = 0.21 is feasible. This assumption was tested in an Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) model in pigs.Methods:Seventeen pigs were anesthetized, intubated, and mechanically ventilated with FiO2 = 0.4 and Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) of 5cmH2O. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome was induced by intravenous (IV) oleic acid (OA) infusion, and FiO2 was reduced to 0.21 after 45 minutes of stable moderate ARDS. If peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) decreased below 80%, PEEP was increased gradually until maximum 20cmH2O, then inspiratory time elevated from one second to 1.4 seconds.Results:Animals developed moderate ARDS (mean partial pressure of oxygen [PaO2]/FiO2 = 162.8, peak and mean inspiratory pressures doubled, and lung compliance decreased). The SpO2 decreased to <80% rapidly after FiO2 was decreased to 0.21. In 14/17 animals, increasing PEEP sufficed to maintain SpO2 > 80%. Only in 3/17 animals, elevation of FiO2 to 0.25 after PEEP reached 20cmH2O was needed to maintain SpO2 > 80%. Animals remained hemodynamically stable until euthanasia one hour later.Conclusions:In a pig model of moderate ARDS, mechanical ventilation with room air was feasible in 14/17 animals by elevating PEEP. These results in animal model support the potential feasibility of lowering FiO2 to 0.21 in some ARDS patients. The present study was conceived to address the ethical and practical paradigm of mechanical ventilation in disasters and underserved areas, which assumes that oxygen is mandatory in respiratory failure and is therefore a rate-limiting factor in care capacity allocation. Further studies are needed before paradigm changes are considered.
Is enterprise environmental protection investment responsibility or rent-seeking? Chinese evidence
Authors: Jiang Xin-Feng , Zhao Chun-Xiang , Ma Jing-Juan , Liu Jian-Qiu , Li Si-Hai 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHaving enterprises engaged in environmentally friendly behavior is an important part of reducing negative environmental impacts. This study makes a quantitative analysis against the backdrop of China's transitional economic system. The results show that politically-connected enterprises significantly reduce environmental expenditure, but this only holds for state-owned enterprises; private enterprises with political connections spend significantly more. Analysis of the efficiency of environmental expenditure indicates that, for private enterprises, environmental spending is used as a way to maintain political connections, with rent-seeking as the likely motivation. Politically-connected private enterprises have not reduced their emissions to the same extent as state-owned enterprises, despite increased expenditure. Given the scale of environmental degradation in China during a period of massive economic and social upheaval, the results of this analysis provide a quantitative case for policy change: governments should shift focus to the results that environmental spending produces.
Observations and Electron Density Retrievals of Jupiter's Discrete Auroral Arcs Using the Juno Microwave Radiometer
Authors: Hodges Amorée , Steffes Paul , Bellotti Amadeo , Waite J. Hunter , Brown Shannon , Oyafuso Fabiano , Orton Glenn , Arballo John , Gladstone G. Randall , Levin Steven , Bolton Scott 
Published: August 2020

AbstractJupiter's aurorae reflect microwave radiation emitted upward from Jupiter's atmosphere and downward from the cold sky above due to regions in the auroral plasma with increased electron densities. The lack of thermal radiation from the atmosphere was observed by Juno's Microwave Radiometer (MWR) on overflights of the aurorae during seven different orbits. Out of Juno's first 21 orbits, seven orbits inferred enhanced electron densities in Jupiter's auroral arcs. The most profound disruption in microwave emission was observed during Perijove 5. This perijove demonstrated the most significant cold spot for Channel 1 (0.6 GHz), with cold spots also present in Channels 2 (1.25 GHz) and 3 (2.6 GHz) in a location where the influence of Jupiter's moon, Io, likely increased the electron density in Jupiter's aurora. The maximum electron densities retrieved from Channel 1 are on the order of 3 × 109 cm−3, and in the presence of the Io flux tube, electron densities could reach 1010 cm−3 affecting Channels 2 and 3.
Bridging the Gap Between Biofuels and Biodiversity Through Monetizing Environmental Services of Miscanthus Cultivation
Authors: Von Cossel Moritz , Winkler Bastian , Mangold Anja , Lask Jan , Wagner Moritz , Lewandowski Iris , Elbersen Berien , van Eupen Michiel , Mantel Stephan , Kiesel Andreas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCarbon neutrality in the transport sector is a key challenge for the growing bioeconomy as the share of biofuels has stagnated over the past decade. This can be attributed to basic economics and a lack of a robust market for these technologies. Consequently, more sustainable biomass supply concepts are required that reduce negative impacts on the environment and at the same time promote environmental services for sustainable agricultural cropping systems including erosion prevention, soil fertility improvement, greenhouse gas mitigation, and carbon sequestration. One promising concept is the cultivation of perennial biomass crops such as Miscanthus (Miscanthus Andersson) as biofuel feedstock. In this study, the multiple environmental services provided by Miscanthus are first explored and subsequently monetized. Then the integration of Miscanthus cultivation for biomass production into European agricultural systems is assessed. One hectare of Miscanthus provides society with environmental services to a value of 1,200 to 4,183 € a−1. These services are even more pronounced when cultivation takes place on marginal agricultural land. The integration of Miscanthus into existing agricultural practices aids both conservation and further optimization of socio‐economic welfare and landscape diversification. As these environmental services are more beneficial to the public than the Miscanthus farmers, subsidies are required to close the gap between biofuels and biodiversity that are calculated based on the provision of environmental services. Similar approaches to that developed in this study may be suitable for the implementation of other biomass cropping systems and therefore help foster the transition to a bioeconomy.
A Participatory Science Approach to Expanding Instream Infrastructure Inventories
Authors: Whittemore Aaron , Ross Matthew R. V. , Dolan Wayana , Langhorst Theodore , Yang Xiao , Pawar Sayali , Jorissen Michiel , Lawton Eric , Januchowski‐Hartley Stephanie , Pavelsky Tamlin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOver the past decade, remote sensing data have improved in resolution and become more widely available, bringing new opportunities for its use in environmental science and conservation. One potential application is to identify and map instream infrastructure across the world, with important implications for fisheries, hydrology, flooding, and more. To date, databases of instream infrastructure focus on larger dams with reservoirs that are comparatively easy to detect with remotely sensed imagery. Despite their impact on freshwater ecosystems, smaller infrastructure is often overlooked. To overcome these challenges, we require more systematic approaches, such as the Global River Obstruction Database (GROD) presented here, to map instream infrastructure. We present a participatory approach to identify, map, and validate infrastructure and provide an initial data set for the contiguous United States (n = 4,197). We highlight the value of participatory methods that include the public and suggest ways they could be fused with machine learning for future applications.
Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy in patients with COVID-19: a phase 1 clinical trial
Authors: Meng Fanping , Xu Ruonan , Wang Siyu , Xu Zhe , Zhang Chao , Li Yuanyuan , Yang Tao , Shi Lei , Fu Junliang , Jiang Tianjun , Huang Lei , Zhao Peng , Yuan Xin , Fan Xing , Zhang Ji-Yuan , Song Jinwen , Zhang Dawei , Jiao Yanmei , Liu Limin , Zhou Chunbao , Maeurer Markus , Zumla Alimuddin , Shi Ming , Wang Fu-Sheng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNo effective drug treatments are available for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Host-directed therapies targeting the underlying aberrant immune responses leading to pulmonary tissue damage, death, or long-term functional disability in survivors require clinical evaluation. We performed a parallel assigned controlled, non-randomized, phase 1 clinical trial to evaluate the safety of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) infusions in the treatment of patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 pulmonary disease. The study enrolled 18 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (n = 9 for each group). The treatment group received three cycles of intravenous infusion of UC-MSCs (3 × 107cells per infusion) on days 0, 3, and 6. Both groups received standard COVID-treatment regimens. Adverse events, duration of clinical symptoms, laboratory parameters, length of hospitalization, serial chest computed tomography (CT) images, the PaO2/FiO2ratio, dynamics of cytokines, and IgG and IgM anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were analyzed. No serious UC-MSCs infusion-associated adverse events were observed. Two patients receiving UC-MSCs developed transient facial flushing and fever, and one patient developed transient hypoxia at 12 h post UC-MSCs transfusion. Mechanical ventilation was required in one patient in the treatment group compared with four in the control group. All patients recovered and were discharged. Our data show that intravenous UC-MSCs infusion in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 is safe and well tolerated. Phase 2/3 randomized, controlled, double-blinded trials with long-term follow-up are needed to evaluate the therapeutic use of UC-MSCs to reduce deaths and improve long-term treatment outcomes in patients with serious COVID-19.