bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subnational nutrient budgets to monitor environmental risks in EU agriculture: calculating phosphorus budgets for 243 EU28 regions using public data
Authors: Einarsson Rasmus , Pitulia Daniel , Cederberg Christel 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a method to estimate soil surface phosphorus (P) budgets for 243 subnational regions in EU28. This is about the maximum spatial resolution that can be achieved mainly using international datasets that are regularly updated. Similar subnational budgets could be established for nitrogen (N) with some additions to this method. Increasing the spatial resolution from national to subnational is one way to address the well-known issue that national nutrient budgets sometimes mask considerable heterogeneity, i.e., regional surpluses and deficits that are not seen in national averages. Our results indeed show how a rich structure of different P budgets emerges when moving from national to subnational level. Another approach is to exclude the most extensively managed areas from the budgets, to better represent the surplus in intensive agriculture areas. Here, we show that both approaches are useful and sometimes important as they can affect P surplus estimates by about 10 kg P ha− 1 y− 1 or more. The choice of spatial resolution is a trade-off between accuracy and precision. National budgets are the most accurate thanks to good data coverage, but they sometimes fail to identify considerable P surpluses and deficits at subnational level. Increasing the precision (spatial resolution) gradually reveals this heterogeneity but comes at the cost of growing data gaps, which we discuss in detail. These subnational P surpluses represent a middle ground which may prove useful as one indicator among others to monitor the development of environmental risks and resource problems over time.
Mathematics Specialists as the Hidden Players in Professional Development: Researchable Questions and Methodological Considerations
Authors: Hjalmarson Margret A. , Baker Courtney K. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper suggests implications for researchable questions about mathematics teacher development. We ask the following: what is necessary for research that includes mathematics specialists or other hidden school-based roles within a project beyond classroom teachers and students? Mathematics specialists (e.g. mathematics coaches, mathematics teacher leaders) support teacher learning and development using different models of school-based professional development. They can play a critical role in connecting research and practice. However, research in mathematics education has regularly neglected to examine their role in studies of professional development. We suggest there are two needs for creating and examining researchable questions about such hidden players in studies of professional development: (1) defining practices and hidden players involved in systematic school change and (2) identifying the unit of analysis and scaling up professional development. We summarize existing studies and present considerations for future research.
Atmospheric fallout impact on 210Po and 210Pb content in wild growing mushrooms
Authors: Szymańska Karolina , Strumińska-Parulska Dagmara 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe atmospheric fallout impact on 210Po and 210Pb content in fruitbodies of wild growing mushrooms collected from different environments were investigated. The samples of morphologically different mushroom species, namely bay bolete (Imleria badia (Fr.) Vizzini), slippery jack (Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel), fairy ring mushroom (Marasmius oreades (Bolton) Fr.) and common earthball (Scleroderma citrinum Pers.) with their mycelium and soil substrate were collected. Their fruitbodies were separated into cap skin, cap flesh and stem. Also mycelium and soil substrate were collected. The results showed the highest 210Po and 210Pb activity concentrations were found in Marasmius oreades cap skin: 3.20 ± 0.12 and 21.1 ± 0.5 Bq kg−1 ww, respectively, which constituted 31.2 and 78.7% of their content in the total fruitbody mass. In the case of open space wild growing mushrooms, their whole caps contain a significantly higher amount of 210Po and 210Pb when compared to the stem, and their content in the whole cap was determined mainly by concentrations in the cap skin.
Criminalization: In and Out
Authors: Tadros Victor 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this paper I explore Antony Duff’s claim that there are categorical constraints on the scope of the criminal law that are set by its internal standards. I argue against his view that such constraints are categorical, and I suggest that his account of the nature of the criminal law is partial, and narrows the focus of our enquiry into the scope of the criminal law too much. However, I suggest that the project is an important contribution to our understanding of one central element of the criminal law.
Parental Illness and Young People’s Education
Authors: Bortes Cristian , Strandh Mattias , Nilsson Karina 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of parental health problems on the probability of youths leaving upper secondary education before completion in Sweden, and to investigate potential gender differences in these effects. Medical and social microdata from Swedish administrative registers were used. The study population consisted of individuals born between 1987 and 1990 (N = 398,748) who were still alive and residing in Sweden in 2010. We employed a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test study design. Logistic regression was used to analyse the relationships between indicators of parental illness and young people’s early school leaving in relation to health and sociodemographic confounders. Having had a mother or father with psychiatric, but not somatic, illness that necessitated hospitalisation after completing compulsory schooling was significantly associated with an increased probability of leaving upper secondary education. We found no significant gender-specific interaction effects. The existence of these effects in Sweden, a country with an extensive institutional welfare system, suggests that similar but more pronounced effects may exist in regions lacking such systems.
Microphysical Sensitivity of Superparameterized Precipitation Extremes in the Contiguous United States Due to Feedbacks on Large‐Scale Circulation
Authors: Charn Alexander B. , Collins William D. , Parishani Hossein , Risser Mark D. , O'Brien Travis A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSuperparameterized (SP) global climate models have been shown to better simulate various features of precipitation relative to conventional models, including its diurnal cycle as well as its extremes. While various studies have focused on the effect of differing microphysics parameterizations on precipitation within limited‐area cloud‐resolving models, we examine here the effect on contiguous U.S. (CONUS) extremes in a global SP model. We vary the number of predicted moments for hydrometeor distributions, the character of the rimed ice species, and the representation of raindrop self‐collection and breakup. Using a likelihood ratio test and accounting for the effects of multiple hypothesis testing, we find that there are some regional differences, particularly during spring and summer in the Southwest and the Midwest, in both the current climate and a warmer climate with uniformly increased sea surface temperatures. These differences are most statistically significant and widespread when the number of moments is changed. To determine whether these results are due to (fast) local effects of the different microphysics or the (slower) ensuing feedback on the large‐scale atmospheric circulation, we run a series of short, 5‐day simulations initialized from reanalysis data. We find that the differences largely disappear in these runs and therefore infer that the different parameterizations impact precipitation extremes indirectly via the large‐scale circulation. Finally, we compare the present‐day results with hourly rain gauge data and find that SP underestimates extremes relative to observations regardless of which microphysics scheme is used given a fixed model configuration and resolution.
Seismic Wave‐Based Constraints on Geodynamical Processes: An Application to Partial Melting Beneath the Réunion Island
Authors: Franken T. , Armitage J. J. , Fuji N. , Fournier A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe inversion of seismic observations leads to maps of the interior of the Earth that can be interpreted. Regions of low seismic velocity have historically been interpreted to be due to factors related to high‐temperature and high‐melt retention. Subsequently, geodynamic models can be used to test such interpretations. However, the inversions are nonunique, and arguably, it would be best to test geodynamic scenarios against observations rather than interpretations. Here we make a first attempt at this. At depths greater than 80 km below Réunion, a low shear‐wave velocity zone is imaged. Rather than interpret this inverted model, we test a forward model of melt generation and retention against seismic observations. Geodynamic model solutions are converted with a mineral parameter database to P wave and S wave velocity profiles from various initial temperatures T, upwelling velocities
, and permeabilities k0. By embedding these velocity profiles, synthetic seismograms are generated. For a range of k0, T, and
, we generate synthetic traces for 21 teleseismic events registered at a receiver on Réunion island. We measure the traveltime difference between observed and synthetic waveforms and the interphase differential travel times for 210 scenarios for several phase arrivals of three components, filtered between 0.01 and 0.2 Hz. The results indicate that upper mantle temperatures beneath Réunion lie within 1400–1450 °C, with permeability coefficients of 10−5–10−6 m2. These conditions are associated with porosities of <0.28% and high‐melt extraction rates of 8.37–18.35 m·year−1. This study demonstrates the potential for fully comparing geodynamic scenarios with seismic observations.
Morphotectonic Evolution of Passive Margins Undergoing Active Surface Processes: Large‐Scale Experiments Using Numerical Models
Authors: Beucher R. , Huismans R. S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractExtension of the continental lithosphere can lead to the formation of rifted margins with contrasting tectonic and geomorphologic characteristics. Many of these characteristics depend on the manner extension spatially distributed. Here we investigate the feedback between tectonics and the transfer of material at the surface resulting from erosion, transport, and sedimentation and discuss how they influence the rifting process. We use large‐scale (1,200×600 km), high‐resolution (1 km) numerical experiments coupling a 2‐D upper‐mantle‐scale thermo‐mechanical model with a planform 2‐D surface processes model. We test the sensitivity of the coupled models to varying crust‐lithospheric rheology and erosional efficiency. We confirm that the development and long‐term support of topography is dependent on the strength of the coupling between the crust and the mantle lithosphere. Strong coupling promotes high topography as the integrated strength of the lithosphere is sufficient to support the additional stress. Weak coupling results in the stress being relaxed via viscous flow in the middle/lower crust and leads to more subdued topography. Erosion and transport of sediment modulates this behavior but has only minor effect on the overall structure of the rift. High erosion efficiency counters the development of high topography and creates complex landscape morphologies while low erosion efficiency allows for longer standing high topography and results in more simple landscape morphologies. The transfer of mass between the continent and the basin alters the stress field at the onshore‐offshore transition and facilitates the development of faults, increasing their offsets and keeping them active over a longer period.
Raytracing Study of Source Regions of Whistler Mode Wave Power Distribution Relative to the Plasmapause
Authors: Maxworth A. S. , Gołkowski M. , Malaspina D. M. , Jaynes A. N. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA comprehensive numerical raytracing study of whistler mode wave power with the inclusion of finite background electron and ion temperature is performed in order to investigate wave power distribution in relation to the plasmapause. Both Landau damping and linear growth of whistler mode waves are taken into account using a bi‐Maxwellian hot electron distribution as well as an isotropic hot electron distribution. Isotropic and bi‐Maxwellian distributions yield similar results of statistical spatial wave power for frequencies below 500 Hz. The effect of finite background temperature of ∼1 eV for electrons and ions are secondary in terms of the spatial distribution of whistler mode waves relative to the plasmapause. Three primary equatorial source locations at L=2, Lpp and L=5, corresponding to within the plasmasphere, at the plasmapause and outside the plasmapause, are investigated for MLT values of 00, 06, 12, and 18. At each location, waves are launched with a range of initial wave normal angles (−70° to 20°). The simulated wave power distributions are compared with observations from the EMFISIS instrument on Van Allen Probe A. Correspondence between the simulated distribution and the observations requires a weighting of the source regions. Results suggest that the majority of whistler mode power in the plasmasphere is sourced from within the plasmasphere itself and near the plasmapause. Only at noon (MLT 12) is wave power sourced primarily from at and outside the plasmapause.
Simultaneous Observations of Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) Waves and Pitch Angle Scattering During a Van Allen Probes Conjunction
Authors: Sigsbee K. , Kletzing C. A. , Faden J. B. , Jaynes A. N. , Reeves G. D. , Jahn J.‐M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOn 22 December 2015, the two Van Allen Probes observed two sets of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave bursts during a close conjunction when both Probe A and Probe B were separated by 0.57 to 0.68 RE. The EMIC waves occurred during an active period in the recovery phase of a coronal mass ejection‐driven geomagnetic storm. Both spacecraft observed EMIC wave bursts that had similar spatial structure within a 1–2 min time delay. The EMIC waves occurred outside the plasmasphere, within ΔL ≈ 1–2 of the plasmapause and within a few degrees in magnetic latitude of the equatorial plane. The spatial structure of the EMIC wave bursts may have been related to the proton drift paths outside the plasmasphere and influenced by total magnetic field strength variations associated with solar wind pressure enhancements. The EMIC waves were observed in a narrow L shell region from L ≈ 4.55–5.32 between 10 and 11 magnetic local time (MLT) on the outbound halves of the spacecraft orbits and from L ≈ 4.82–5.51 between 13 and 14 MLT on the inbound halves of the spacecraft orbits. However, Pc1 pulsations were observed on the ground over a broad range of local times. The anisotropy of the proton pitch angle distributions was enhanced when the EMIC waves were observed. Although the overall radiation belt response during this storm was dominated by acceleration and transport processes, the EMIC waves produced local pitch angle scattering of 13–15 keV protons and 2.1–2.6 MeV electrons, consistent with calculations of the expected resonant energies.
On the Transition Between the Inner and Outer Plasma Sheet in the Earth's Magnetotail
Authors: Miyashita Yukinaga , Seki Kanako , Sakaguchi Kaori , Hiraki Yasutaka , Nosé Masahito , Machida Shinobu , Saito Yoshifumi , Paterson William R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe have statistically studied the average structure and properties of the plasma sheet in the Earth's magnetotail at radial distances between R∼8 and 32 RE on the basis of ion, electron, and magnetic field data from the Geotail spacecraft. Here we discuss the transition between the inner plasma sheet and the outer plasma sheet near the equatorial plane. The ion and electron number densities, pressures, and energy fluxes at high energies, as well as the magnetic field, generally decrease with increasing radial distance from the Earth. The characteristics of the flux changes are reflected in the radial pressure gradients. If the transition between the inner and outer plasma sheet is determined by the radial pressure gradient change, the ion and electron transitions are located, on average, at R∼11 to 13 RE and R∼11 to 17 RE, respectively, at the midnight meridian. It is possible that the ion transition is located earthward of the electron transition. Furthermore, we have estimated the electric field, the electric and diamagnetic drift velocities, and the κ parameter (the square root of the ratio of the minimum curvature radius of the magnetic field line to the maximum gyroradius), which differ between the ion inner and outer plasma sheet.
Survey of Ion Properties in Jupiter's Plasma Sheet: Juno JADE‐I Observations
Authors: Kim Thomas K. , Ebert R. W. , Valek P. W. , Allegrini F. , McComas D. J. , Bagenal F. , Connerney J. E. P. , Livadiotis G. , Thomsen M. F. , Wilson R. J. , Bolton S. J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study presents a survey of ion flow speed, density, temperature, and composition observed by the Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment Ion (JADE‐I) sensor on Juno from 10–40 RJ in the dawn to midnight sector of Jupiter's magnetosphere. The survey covers Juno orbits 5–22, and the observations are separated by equatorial (|zmag[RJ]| ≤ 1.5) and off‐equator (|zmag[RJ]|>1.5) regions. Plasma parameters for H+, O+, O2+, O3+, Na+, S+, S2+, and S3+ are derived by forward modeling JADE‐I's energy‐per‐charge versus time‐of‐flight spectra using omni‐directional averaged convected kappa distributions and modeled instrument responses. O+ and S2+ are resolved via a ray‐tracing simulation based on carbon‐foil effects. The ion flow speed increases with radial distance and is comparable to rigid corotation speed out to ∼20 RJ. Ion number densities decrease with radial distance, the primary species being H+, O+, and S2+. The relative contribution of H+ and S2+ increases and decreases, respectively, in the off‐equator regions, supporting the interpretation that the latitudinal distribution of ions is mass dependent. The O+ to S2+ and ΣOn+ to ΣSn+ number density ratios are variable, the 5 RJ bin averages for O+ to S2+ ranging from ∼0.75–1.5 (equator) and ∼1.1–1.8 (off‐equator) and ΣOn+ to ΣSn+ from ∼0.6–0.9 (equator) and ∼0.8–1.1 (off‐equator). Both proton and heavy ion temperatures show order of magnitude increases between 10 and 20 RJ and range from ∼100 eV to 10 keV and 1 keV to a few tens of keV, respectively.
Hybrid Simulations of Solar Wind Proton Precipitation to the Surface of Mercury
Authors: Fatemi S. , Poppe A. R. , Barabash S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe examine the effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation and solar wind dynamic pressure on the solar wind proton precipitation to the surface of Mercury using a hybrid‐kinetic model. We use our model to explain observations of Mercury's neutral sodium exosphere and compare our results with MESSENGER observations. For the typical solar wind dynamic pressure at Mercury our model shows a high proton flux precipitates through the magnetospheric cusps to the high latitudes on both hemispheres on the dayside, centered near the noon meridian with ∼11° latitudinal extent in the north and ∼21° latitudinal extent in the south, which is consistent with MESSENGER observations. We show that this two‐peak pattern is controlled by the radial component (Bx) of the IMF and not the Bz. Our model suggests that the southward IMF and its associated magnetic reconnection do not play a major role in controlling plasma precipitation to the surface of Mercury through the cusps. We found that the total precipitation rate through both of the cusps remain constant and independent of the IMF orientation. We also show that the solar wind proton incidence rate to the entire surface of Mercury is higher when the IMF has a northward component and nearly half of the incidence flux impacts the low latitudes on the nightside. During extreme solar events (e.g., coronal mass ejections), our model suggests that over 70 nPa solar wind dynamic pressure is required for the entire surface of Mercury to be exposed to the solar wind plasma.
Global ENA Imaging and In Situ Observations of Substorm Dipolarization on 10 August 2016
Authors: Goldstein J. , Valek P. W. , McComas D. J. , Redfern J. , Spence H. , Skoug R. M. , Larsen B. A. , D. Reeves G. , Nakamura R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper presents the first combined use of data from Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS), Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers (TWINS), and Van Allen Probes (RBSP) to study the 10 August 2016 magnetic dipolarization. We report the first correlation of MMS tail observations with TWINS energetic neutral atom (ENA) images of the ring current (RC). We analyze 15‐min, 1° TWINS 2 images in 1–50 keV energy bins. To characterize the high‐altitude RC we extract peak ENA flux from L= 2.5 to 5 in the postmidnight sector. We estimate peak low‐altitude ion flux from ENAs near the Earth's limb. For a local perspective, we use spin‐averaged proton fluxes from the RBSP A Helium Oxygen Proton Electron (HOPE) spectrometer. We find that the 1000 UT dipolarization triggered an abrupt and significant increase in low‐altitude ions and a gradual but modest increase in the high‐altitude RC. The relative strength and timing of the low versus high‐altitude flux indicate that the dipolarization isotropized the injected ions and initially filled the loss cone. The substorm injection brought cooler ions in from the magnetotail, reducing the peak energy at both low and high altitudes. The post‐dipolarization low‐altitude flux exhibited a decay rate dispersion favoring longer decay times at lower energies, possibly caused by growth of the low energy RC providing enhanced flux into the loss cone. A variety of finer scale local injection structures were observed in the high‐altitude RC both before and after the dipolarization, and the average system level RC intensity increased after 1000 UT.