bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Occupation Times of One-Dimensional Diffusions
Authors: Salminen Paavo , Stenlund David 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we study the moment generating function and the moments of occupation time functionals of one-dimensional diffusions. Assuming, specifically, that the process lives on$${{\,\mathrm{{\mathbb {R}}}\,}}$$Rand starts at 0, we apply Kac’s moment formula and the strong Markov property to derive an expression for the moment generating function in terms of the Green kernel of the underlying diffusion. Moreover, the approach allows us to derive a recursive equation for the Laplace transforms of the moments of the occupation time on$${{\,\mathrm{{\mathbb {R}}}\,}}_+$$R+. If the diffusion has a scaling property, the recursive equation simplifies to an equation for the moments of the occupation time up to time 1. As examples of diffusions with scaling property, we study in detail skew two-sided Bessel processes and, as a special case, skew Brownian motion. It is seen that for these processes our approach leads to simple explicit formulas. The recursive equation for a sticky Brownian motion is also discussed.
Is it still worth it? Applying expectancy-value theory to investigate the intraindividual motivational process of forming intentions to drop out from university
Authors: Schnettler Theresa , Bobe Julia , Scheunemann Anne , Fries Stefan , Grunschel Carola 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe intraindividual process of study dropout, from forming dropout intention to deregistration, is of motivational nature. Yet typical studies investigate interindividual differences, which do not inform about intraindividual processes. Our study focused on the intraindividual process of forming dropout intention, and applied expectancy-value theory to analyze its motivational underpinnings. To expand research, we considered associations of intraindividual deviations in expectancy, intrinsic value, attainment value, utility value, and cost to intraindividual deviations in dropout intention. A total of 326 undergraduate students of law and mathematics rated motivational variables and dropout intention three times from semester start to the final exam period. Multilevel regression analyses revealed that intraindividual changes in intrinsic value, attainment, and cost, but not in expectancy and utility, related to intraindividual changes in dropout intention. Further, we considered students’ demographics as moderators. Only age moderated the association between intrinsic value and dropout intention. Our results stress the crucial role of certain value components, including cost, for emerging dropout intention.
Mapping distribution of brain metastases: does the primary tumor matter?
Authors: Schroeder T. , Bittrich P. , Kuhne J. F. , Noebel C. , Leischner H. , Fiehler J. , Schroeder J. , Schoen G. , Gellißen S. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Prior reports on the location and sizes of brain metastases almost entirely focus on patients with primary breast and pulmonary cancer. This is the first study comparing multiple other types of cancer that metastasize to the brain.

Methods
This monocentric retrospective study includes 369 untreated patients with 3313 intraaxial brain metastases. Following semi-manual segmentation of metastases on post-contrast T1WI, cumulative spatial probability distribution maps of brain metastases were created for the whole group and for all primary tumors. Furthermore, mixed effects logistic regression model analysis was performed to determine if the primary tumor, patient age, and patient sex influence lesion location.

Results
The cerebellum as location of brain metastases was proportionally overrepresented. Breast and pulmonary cancer caused higher number of brain metastases to what would normally be expected. Multivariate analyses revealed a significant accumulation of brain metastases from skin cancer in a frontal and from breast and gastrointestinal cancer in a cerebellar location.

Conclusion
Distribution of brain metastases is very heterogeneous for the distinct primaries, possibly reflecting the diversity of mechanisms involved in brain metastases formation. In daily clinical practice distribution patters may be beneficial to predict the primary cancer site, if unknown.
Coastal community resilience frameworks for disaster risk management
Authors: Almutairi Arif , Mourshed Monjur , Ameen Raed Fawzi Mohammed 
Published: February 2020

AbstractExtreme weather events due to climate change and growing economic and development activities along coastlines have resulted in increased risks from natural and human-induced disasters—affecting the safety and livelihoods of coastal communities. Assessing community resilience to disasters is, therefore, an essential step toward mitigating their current and future risks. This study provides a systematic review of coastal community resilience frameworks for disaster risk management, covering their content, structure, and assessment. Sixty-four critical resilience criteria under four dimensions are identified by analyzing the convergence and divergence of the consideration of assessment indicators in the reviewed frameworks. Existing frameworks focus mostly on ‘governance and institutions,’ ‘infrastructure,’ and ‘society and the economy.’ Despite significant risks, the impacts on the environment and potential risks of climate change are not prioritized. Only 22% of the frameworks consider future risks, rendering the remainder inadequate for assessing projected risks from climate change. None of the frameworks consulted the full spectrum of stakeholders (public, government, and experts) during the development process, which compromised their applicability, acceptability, and effectiveness. 56% of the frameworks considered a single hazard type. Community resilience is inherently multi-dimensional. Therefore, the interrelationships between multiple hazards should be adequately addressed in future frameworks.
Does economic globalization affect government spending? A meta-analysis
Authors: Heimberger Philipp 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDespite extensive econometric testing, the research literature has been unable to draw firm conclusions regarding the effect of economic globalization on government spending. This paper explores various dimensions of the wide variation in existing estimates of the globalization-spending relationship. By applying meta-analysis and meta-regression methods to a unique data set consisting of 1182 observations from 79 peer-reviewed articles, we find that the evidence rejects theoretical views predicting strong unidirectional effects of economic globalization on government spending. Once we account for publication selection bias, no evidence of a non-zero average empirical effect is found. More importantly, however, the type of government spending matters: while the results are consistent with the view that economic globalization exerts small-to-moderate downward pressure on government spending for social protection and welfare, other spending components are affected less significantly. The meta-regression analysis shows further that several factors influence the globalization-spending estimates reported in the literature, including the choice of the economic globalization indicator, details of the econometric specifications, and publication characteristics.
Entanglement accessibility measures for the quantum Internet
Authors: Gyongyosi Laszlo , Imre Sandor 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe define metrics and measures to characterize the ratio of accessible quantum entanglement for complex network failures in the quantum Internet. A complex network failure models a situation in the quantum Internet in which a set of quantum nodes and a set of entangled connections become unavailable. A complex failure can cover a quantum memory failure, a physical link failure, an eavesdropping activity, or any other random physical failure scenarios. Here, we define the terms such as entanglement accessibility ratio, cumulative probability of entanglement accessibility ratio, probabilistic reduction of entanglement accessibility ratio, domain entanglement accessibility ratio, and occurrence coefficient. The proposed methods can be applied to an arbitrary topology quantum network to extract relevant statistics and to handle the quantum network failure scenarios in the quantum Internet.
A new species of Crinoniscus Pérez, 1900 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Crinoniscidae) parasitising the pedunculate barnacle Heteralepas newmani Buhl-Mortensen & Mifsud (Cirripedia: Heteralepadidae) with notes on its ecology and a review of the genus
Authors: Buhl-Mortensen Lene , Williams Jason D. , Boyko Christopher B. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe new speciesCrinoniscus stroembergin. sp. belonging to the parasitic isopod family Crinoniscidae Bonnier, 1900, is described from a pedunculate barnacle host collected in the Mediterranean Sea. This is the first species ofCrinoniscusPérez, 1900 described from a host in the genusHeteralepasPilsbry. The male cryptoniscus larva is distinguished from congeneric species by having a dorsoventrally flattened body with the posterolateral margins of the cephalon scarcely extending beyond the anterior margin of pereomere 1 (in contrast toC. cephalatusHosie, 2008 with extended margins); articles 1 and 2 of the antennule being subequal in width and the anterodistal angle of antennule article being low and rounded; propodus of pereopods 6 and 7 having a sinuous dorsal margin that is distally narrowing and the posterior margin of the pleotelson being short and rounded. The mature females of species inCrinoniscusare of two basic forms: those with ventrolateral lobes on the pereomeres (C. alepadis(Gruvel, 1901) n. comb., andC. politosummusHosie, 2008) and those lacking such lobes (C. cephalatusandC. stroembergin. sp.). The mature females ofC. stroembergin. sp. can be distinguished from other species ofCrininiscusbased on their lacking lobes on the anterior end. The material examined includes the male and three female developmental stages of the parasite in the host,Heteralepas newmaniBuhl-Mortensen & Mifsud. The mouthparts of the immature female are described and the feeding biology and effects on the host are discussed along with a review of feeding modes in species of the Cryptoniscoidea.Leponiscus alepadisis transferred toCrinoniscus; the latter genus now contains five species. A modified diagnosis ofCrinoniscusis provided.
Is Artificial Light at Night Dangerous for the Balkan Strict Protected Areas at Present?
Authors: Peregrym Mykyta , Kabaš Eva , Tashev Alexander , Dragićević Snežana , Pénzesné Kónya Erika , Savchenko Mariia 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Balkan Peninsula has rich biodiversity with a large number of endemic species; therefore, a part of its territory has been recognized as a World Biodiversity Hotspot. Despite nature conservation efforts and development of nature conservation networks in countries of the region, anthropogenic influence on natural and semi natural ecosystems is increasing. Moreover, new types of disturbance and pollution arise, and one of the more recent being artificial light at night (ALAN) which has serious consequences on reproduction, navigation, foraging, habitat selection, communication, trophic and social interactions of the biota. We have estimated the level of ecological light pollution in the strict protected areas of the Republic of Serbia, the Republic of Bulgaria, and Montenegro using available Google Earth Pro tools, and the New World Atlas of Artificial Sky Brightness (2016) in the form of a kmz layer. The research has covered 13 National Parks, 11 Nature Parks and 55 Reserves. Our results showed widespread incursion of ALAN within strict protected areas in the studied region that has also been noted for some other countries and regions too. However, the level of light pollution is lower here, than in the most part of Continental Europe, and there are a few areas in each country where the night sky above National and Natural Parks is almost dark. These territories have a special value for nature conservation; therefore, it is important to save the dark night sky there.
Temporal Effects of Sleeve Gastrectomy on Glucose-Insulin Homeostasis and Incretin Hormone Response at 1 and 6 Months
Authors: Prior S. L. , Churm R. , Min T. , Dunseath G. J. , Barry J. D. , Stephens J. W. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for morbid obesity and glycaemic dysfunction.

Objectives
The aim of the work was to examine both the static and dynamic changes of glucose-insulin homeostasis and incretin hormone response following sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in a sample of 55 participants preoperatively and 1 month and 6 months postoperatively. The focus was on a sample of patients with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Setting
Morriston Hospital, UK.

Methods
Prospective study comprising of 55 participants with impaired glucose homeostasis and T2D undergoing SG (mean body mass index [BMI] 50.4 kg/m2, mean glycated haemoglobin [A1C] 7.4%). Serial measurements of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic hormone (GIP) were performed during oral glucose tolerance testing preoperatively and 1 and 6 months postoperatively. Areas under the curve (AUC) were examined at 30, 60, and 120 min.

Results
We observed significant improvements in measures of obesity, as well as static and dynamic measures of glucose, insulin, C-peptide and HOMA. Furthermore, significant increases in GLP-1 response as early as 6 months postoperatively were also seen.

Conclusions
To our knowledge, no study has examined the detailed dynamic changes in glucose and insulin homeostasis in this number of participants undergoing SG in relation to incretin hormones GIP and GLP-1. This current study supports the role of SG for the treatment of obesity-related glucose dysregulation.
A “Silent Revolution”: school reforms and Italy’s educational gender gap in the Liberal Age (1861–1921)
Authors: Cappelli Gabriele , Vasta Michelangelo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper explores the evolution of the human capital gender gap in Liberal Italy (1871–1921). First, we show that Italy lagged some 50 years behind more advanced countries like France, Prussia and the UK, and that the regional divide in gendered literacy was unparalleled in the rest of Europe. Next, we test whether the shift to primary-school centralization in 1911 (the Daneo-Credaro Reform) brought about a decisive improvement in female literacy. We rely on a brand new, cross-sectional micro (municipal)-dataset of literacy rates in 1911 and 1921, as well as their potential determinants around 1911. Such data, combined with propensity score matching to improve identification, show that primary-school centralization increased the average annual growth of female literacy by 0.78 percentage points. Thus, even though the Reform did not aim at girls specifically, it brought about the unintended consequences of more rapid human capital accumulation for women and—ceteris paribus—a reduced educational gender gap. We briefly discuss why this “Silent Revolution” likely had important implications for Italy’s economic history.
Numeracy and migrant students: a case study of secondary level mathematics education in Norway
Authors: Nortvedt Guri A. , Wiese Eline 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPrevious research has shown that adults from migrant backgrounds often have lower numeracy competence than do their majority counterparts, even though many were educated in their host country. Leaving secondary education with lower levels of numeracy competence than majority students potentially makes migrant students vulnerable as adults, as the lack of numeracy competence can negatively impact their opportunities to participate in work-life and society, in addition to affecting their everyday lives. Thus, it is vitally important to understand how mathematics education at the compulsory level can offer migrant students opportunities to develop numeracy competence. This paper presents a case study of four Norwegian lower secondary mathematics teachers. These teachers were asked to reflect on their classroom practices and on how they adapt teaching and assessment situations to migrant students. Our findings show that the teachers valued diversity in their classrooms and that their teaching was student-centred, focused on assessment for learning and problem-solving practices. These are potential building blocks for culturally responsive teaching. However, the teachers mainly focused on language issues, while cultural aspects of classroom participation and mathematical activity were neglected. This paper argues that such views may potentially hinder the provision of equal opportunities for all students to become numerate and, therefore, may contribute to maintaining migrant students—and the migrant adults they will become—as a vulnerable group.
Die Alternative für Deutschland
Authors: Schroeder Wolfgang , Weßels Bernhard 
Published: February 2020

ZusammenfassungDie AfD hat es binnen kurzer Zeit geschafft, in alle deutsche Landesparlamente einzuziehen sowie als Bundestags-Novizin die größte Oppositionsfraktion zu stellen. Gleichwohl bleibt sie mit ihren inneren Dynamiken, den Wandlungs- und Transformationsprozessen sowie der heterogenen Koalition von bewegungs- und parlamentsorientierten Kräften ein rätselhaftes Phänomen. Vor diesem Hintergrund beleuchtet der Beitrag die Entwicklung der Partei, ihr programmatisches und parlamentarisches Profil sowie die Abgrenzung und Bezugnahme auf rechtsextreme Akteur_innen.
Design of a direct-detection wind and aerosol lidar for mars orbit
Authors: Cremons Daniel R. , Abshire James B. , Sun Xiaoli , Allan Graham , Riris Haris , Smith Michael D. , Guzewich Scott , Yu Anthony , Hovis Floyd 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe present knowledge of the Mars atmosphere is greatly limited by a lack of global measurements of winds and aerosols. Hence, measurements of height-resolved wind and aerosol profiles are a priority for new Mars orbiting missions. We have designed a direct-detection lidar (MARLI) to provide global measurements of dust, winds and water ice profiles from Mars orbit. From a 400-km polar orbit, the instrument is designed to provide wind and backscatter measurements with a vertical resolution of 2 km and with resolution of 2° in latitude along track. The instrument uses a single-frequency, seeded Nd:YAG laser that emits 4 mJ pulses at 1064 nm at a 250 Hz pulse rate. The receiver utilizes a 50-cm diameter telescope and a double-edge Fabry-Pérot etalon as a frequency discriminator to measure the Doppler shift of the aerosol-backscatter profiles. The receiver also includes a polarization-sensitive channel to detect the cross-polarized backscatter profiles from water ice. The receiver uses a sensitive 4 × 4 pixel HgCdTe avalanche photodiode array as a detector for all signals. Here we describe the measurement concept, instrument design, and calculate its performance for several cases of Mars atmospheric conditions. The calculations show that under a range of atmospheric conditions MARLI is capable of measuring wind speed profiles with random error of 2–4 m/s within the first three scale heights, enabling vertically resolved mapping of transport processes in this important region of the atmosphere.
Computational fluid dynamics simulation of Hyperloop pod predicting laminar–turbulent transition
Authors: Nick Nathalie , Sato Yohei 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThree-dimensional compressible flow simulations were conducted to develop a Hyperloop pod. The novelty is the usage of Gamma transition model, in which the transition from laminar to turbulent flow can be predicted. First, a mesh dependency study was undertaken, showing second-order convergence with respect to the mesh refinement. Second, an aerodynamic analysis for two designs, short and optimized, was conducted with the traveling speed 125 m/s at the system pressure 0.15 bar. The concept of the short model was to delay the transition to decrease the frictional drag; meanwhile that of the optimized design was to minimize the pressure drag by decreasing the frontal area and introduce the transition more toward the front of the pod. The computed results show that the transition of the short model occurred more on the rear side due to the pod shape, which resulted in 8% smaller frictional drag coefficient than that for the optimized model. The pressure drag for the optimized design was 24% smaller than that for the short design, half of which is due to the decrease in the frontal area, and the other half is due to the smoothed rear-end shape. The total drag for the optimized model was 14% smaller than that for the short model. Finally, the influence of the system pressure was investigated. As the system pressure and the Reynolds number increase, the frictional drag coefficient increases, and the transition point moves toward the front, which are the typical phenomena observed in the transition regime.
Does Confucianism promote cooperation and integration in East Asia?
Authors: Nawrot Katarzyna Anna 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the commonality of culture in East Asia and its relationship with economic cooperation and the integration of the region, and shows how Confucian ethics and philosophy have played a significant role in the economic growth and development of the various countries there. It finds, however, that there is still insufficient recognition of Confucian and Asian values as the potential mainstay of a regional identity on which economic integration can be built and enhanced. The earliest catalysts of cooperation and integration in East Asia were political and security threats. Later, functional integration was accomplished through globalization and market forces. Yet the institutionalization of the processes is inevitable and necessary if cooperation and integration are to be deepened and strengthened. This can be achieved by building a regional identity. Thus, cultural community based on Confucianism can serve as a pillar of regional common identity and values as a necessary condition to consolidate and integrate East Asian countries into a single economic community.
Engineering Leaf-Like UiO-66-SO3H Membranes for Selective Transport of Cations
Authors: Xu Tingting , Shehzad Muhammad Aamir , Wang Xin , Wu Bin , Ge Liang , Xu Tongwen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMetal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with angstrom-sized pores are promising functional nanomaterials for the fabrication of cation permselective membranes (MOF-CPMs). However, only a few research reports show successful preparation of the MOF-CPMs with good cation separation performance due to several inherent problems in MOFs, such as arduous self-assembly, poor water resistance, and tedious fabrication strategies. Besides, low cation permeation flux due to the absence of the cation permeation assisting functionalities in MOFs is another big issue, which limits their widespread use in membrane technology. Therefore, it is necessary to fabricate functional MOF-CPMs using simplistic strategies to improve cation permeation. In this context, we report a facile in situ smart growth strategy to successfully produce ultrathin (< 600 nm) and leaf-like UiO-66-SO3H membranes at the surface of anodic alumina oxide. The physicochemical characterizations confirm that sulfonated angstrom-sized ion transport channels exist in the as-prepared UiO-66-SO3H membranes, which accelerate the cation permeation (~ 3× faster than non-functionalized UiO-66 membrane) and achieve a high ion selectivity (Na+/Mg2+ > 140). The outstanding cation separation performance validates the importance of introducing sulfonic acid groups in MOF-CPMs.