bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disrupted prefrontal regulation of striatum-related craving in Internet gaming disorder revealed by dynamic causal modeling: results from a cue-reactivity task
Authors: Dong Guang-Heng , Wang Min , Zheng Hui , Wang Ziliang , Du Xiaoxia , Potenza Marc N. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundStudies of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) suggest an imbalanced relationship between cognitive control and reward processing in people with IGD. However, it remains unclear how these two systems interact with each other, and whether they could serve as neurobiological markers for IGD.MethodsFifty IGD subjects and matched individuals with recreational game use (RGU) were selected and compared when they were performing a cue-craving task. Regions of interests [anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), lentiform nucleus] were selected based on the comparison between brain responses to gaming-related cues and neutral cues. Directional connectivities among these brain regions were determined using Bayesian estimation. We additionally examined the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in a separate analysis based on data implicating the PCC in craving in addiction.ResultsDuring fixed-connectivity analyses, IGD subjects showed blunted ACC-to-lentiform and lentiform-to-ACC connectivity relative to RGU subjects, especially in the left hemisphere. When facing gaming cues, IGD subjects trended toward lower left-hemispheric modulatory effects in ACC-to-lentiform connectivity than RGU subjects. Self-reported cue-related craving prior to scanning correlated inversely with left-hemispheric modulatory effects in ACC-to-lentiform connectivity.ConclusionsThe results suggesting that prefrontal-to-lentiform connectivity is impaired in IGD provides a possible neurobiological mechanism for difficulties in controlling gaming-cue-elicited cravings. Reduced connectivity ACC-lentiform connectivity may be a useful neurobiological marker for IGD.
Cognitive function after electroconvulsive therapy for depression: relationship to clinical response
Authors: Anderson Ian M. , McAllister-Williams R. Hamish , Downey Darragh , Elliott Rebecca , Loo Colleen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundAs uncertainty remains about whether clinical response influences cognitive function after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for depression, we examined the effect of remission status on cognitive function in depressed patients 4 months after a course of ECT.MethodA secondary analysis was undertaken on participants completing a randomised controlled trial of ketamine augmentation of ECT for depression who were categorised by remission status (MADRS ⩽10 v. >10) 4 months after ECT. Cognition was assessed with self-rated memory and neuropsychological tests of anterograde verbal and visual memory, autobiographical memory, verbal fluency and working memory. Patients were assessed through the study, healthy controls on a single occasion, and compared using analysis of variance.ResultsAt 4-month follow-up, remitted patients (N = 18) had a mean MADRS depression score of 3.8 (95% CI 2.2–5.4) compared with 27.2 (23.0–31.5) in non-remitted patients (N = 19), with no significant baseline differences between the two groups. Patients were impaired on all cognitive measures at baseline. There was no deterioration, with some measures improving, 4-months after ECT, at which time remitted patients had significantly improved self-rated memory, anterograde verbal memory and category verbal fluency compared with those remaining depressed. Self-rated memory correlated with category fluency and autobiographical memory at follow-up.ConclusionsWe found no evidence of persistent impairment of cognition after ECT. Achieving remission improved subjective memory and verbal memory recall, but other aspects of cognitive function were not influenced by remission status. Self-rated memory may be useful to monitor the effects of ECT on longer-term memory.
Conceptus interruptus: Forestalling sureties about violence and feminism
Authors: Runyan Anne Sisson 
Published: February 2020

AbstractForestalling sureties about what constitutes violence and feminism and the relationships between violence and feminism have been significant themes in the work of feminist International Relations theorist Marysia Zalewski. I follow how Zalewski, through her work and work with others including myself, interrupts well-trodden ‘trails’ of violence and feminism to open up thinking about both. I consider how her provocative work on violence and particularly feminist violence prefigures and advances cutting-edge critical thought on violence as represented in the ‘Histories of Violence’ project. What I call her ‘palimpsestic’ or multilayered and intertextual approach to violence reveals it as not only destructive, but also productive in terms of breaking with deadening conventions. I also consider her conceptualisation of feminist violence as both epistemic and militant over time in relation to some contemporary feminist insurgencies, the kinds of insurgencies that serve as her muses for breaking out of forms of ‘secured’ feminism and opening space for unbounded feminist thought. Consistent with her insistence that theory (and writing) should provide uncomfortable openings, not comforting foreclosures, I end not with a conclusion about her work, but rather echo her call to resist the kind of ‘knowing’ that suffocates critical thinking and (re)generative feminist thought.
IBN AL-HAYTHAM ET LE MOUVEMENT D'ENROULEMENT
Authors: Rashed Roshdi , Penchèvre Erwan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn the Almagest, Ptolemy proposed the concept of winding motion, especially to explain planetary latitudes. Ibn al-Haytham (beginning 11th c.) wrote a treatise entitled Fī ḥarakat al-iltifāf, “Concerning the winding motion”. An anonymous scholar wrote a refutation of this treatise. Both texts have been lost; but the answer of Ibn al-Haytham has survived: Fī ḥall šukūk ḥarakat al-iltifāf, “The resolution of doubts concerning the winding motion”. There he reminds us of his model and gives us a more detailed explanation. We give here a critical edition, translation and commentary of this answer, as well as an edition and translation of some related excerpts from Ptolemy's Planetary Hypotheses and Quṭb al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī’s Nihāyat al-idrāk (13th c.).
Numerical Simulations of Laboratory‐Scale, Hypervelocity‐Impact Experiments for Asteroid‐Deflection Code Validation
Authors: Remington T. P. , Owen J. M. , Nakamura A. M. , Miller P. L. , Bruck Syal M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAsteroids and comets have the potential to impact Earth and cause damage at the local to global scale. Deflection or disruption of a potentially hazardous object could prevent future Earth impacts, but due to our limited ability to perform experiments directly on asteroids, our understanding of the process relies upon large‐scale hydrodynamic simulations. Related simulations must be vetted through code validation by benchmarking against relevant laboratory‐scale, hypervelocity‐impact experiments. To this end, we compare simulation results from Spheral, an adaptive smoothed particle hydrodynamics code, to the fragment‐mass and velocity data from the 1991 two‐stage light gas‐gun impact experiment on a basalt sphere target, conducted at Kyoto University by Nakamura and Fujiwara. We find that the simulations are sensitive to the selected strain models, strength models, and material parameters. We find that, by using appropriate choices for these models in conjunction with well‐constrained material parameters, the simulations closely resemble with the experimental results. Numerical codes implementing these model and parameter selections may provide new insight into the formation of asteroid families (Michel et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816532131‐ch018) and predictions of deflection for the Double Asteroid Redirection mission (Stickle et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.763).
California's Central Valley Groundwater Wells Run Dry During Recent Drought
Authors: Jasechko Scott , Perrone Debra 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDeclining water tables are causing wells to run dry in California, but the prevalence and spatial distribution of wells that have run dry are not known beyond anecdotal and voluntary reports. Here, we apply a new, simple, and measurement‐driven method to calculate a localized water table; we show, for the first time using observations, that up to one‐in‐five wells now runs dry in California's Central Valley. The spatial distribution of wells identified as having dried up replicates hot spots of wells identified as having run dry in a voluntary reporting system, while also capturing impacts on groundwater wells that have not reportedly run dry. We assess the rates of drilling throughout the Central Valley and find, surprisingly, that domestic wells are being drilled deeper at a rate that exceeds agricultural wells across much of the central Central Valley. Because new groundwater wells are costly (i.e., $10,000 to $100,000), we suggest explicitly considering dry wells in groundwater sustainability planning to protect homes and farms from the loss of access to reliable water supplies in the future.
Temporal Changes of the Inner Core From Globally Distributed Repeating Earthquakes
Authors: Yang Yi , Song Xiaodong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTime‐dependent travel times of seismic waves traversing the inner core from repeating earthquakes provided compelling evidence for an inner core differential motion. Here we conducted a systematic search for strong repeating earthquakes in the last three decades to examine the global pattern of temporal changes of the inner core. We performed extensive analyses on the quality of the repeating earthquakes and quantified the error (σic) of travel time measurements from all possible sources except the inner core temporal changes. We set 2σic as a threshold for judging whether an inner core temporal change is significant. No significant temporal changes were found in most parts of the inner core, but large temporal changes (over 3σic) were observed beneath four regions in Northern Hemisphere (North Atlantic, Northeast Pacific, Russian Far East/Sea of Okhotsk, and Europe/North Africa), besides the well‐known Central America anomaly in previous studies. Most large temporal changes were associated with time lapses of over 6 years and smaller distances, possibly resulting from the rotation shifting the laterally varying top 300 km of the inner core. A new path sampling North Atlantic suggested a small‐scale and steep lateral velocity gradient of the inner core and a slow eastward inner core rotation of 0.051°/year. Small‐scale lateral variations may reconcile large difference in the estimates of the inner core rotation rate. We also observed enigmatic very large abrupt temporal changes (as short as 44 days), which may be related to disturbances caused by the great Sumatra earthquakes.
Solving the Nernst‐Planck Equation in Heterogeneous Porous Media With Finite Volume Methods: Averaging Approaches at Interfaces
Authors: Tournassat Christophe , Steefel Carl I. , Gimmi Thomas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMolecular diffusion of dissolved species is a fundamental mass transport process affecting many environmental and technical processes. Whereas diffusive transport of single tracers can be described by Fick's law, a multicomponent approach based on the Nernst‐Planck equation is required for charge‐coupled transport of ions. The numerical solution of the Nernst‐Planck equation requires special attention with regard to properties that are required at interfaces of numerical cells when using a finite difference or finite volume method. Weighted arithmetic and harmonic averages are used in most codes that can solve the Nernst‐Planck equation. This way of averaging is correct for diffusion coefficients but inappropriate for solute concentrations at interfaces. This averaging approach leads to charge balance problems and thus to numerical instabilities near interfaces separating grid volumes with contrasting properties. We argue that a logarithmic‐differential average should be used. Here this result is generalized, and it is demonstrated that it generally leads to improved numerical stability and accuracy of concentrations computed near material interfaces. It is particularly relevant when modeling semipermeable clay membranes or membranes used in water treatment processes.
Identifying Particle Growth Processes in Marine Low Clouds Using Spatial Variances of Imager‐Derived Cloud Parameters
Authors: Nagao Takashi M. , Suzuki Kentaroh 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study proposes a new approach that probes particle growth processes of liquid clouds with satellite observables from passive imagers. Based on the notion that the condensation growth and the coalescence process are characterized by constant cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) and liquid water path (LWP), respectively, the method adopted used spatial variances of imager‐derived cloud properties to estimate relative contributions from these processes embedded in the cloud system. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of CDNC and LWP associated with their horizontal variances were compared in the form of their ratio. This approach was applied to the GCOM‐C/SGLI cloud product, and spatial variability in this RSD ratio was consistent with cloud horizontal morphology such as open‐ and closed‐cell structures. The results suggest that spatial variances of imager‐derived cloud properties depict signatures of cloud microphysical processes in the way mappable on the horizontal extent of the cloud system.
Biologically inspired ultrathin arrayed camera for high-contrast and high-resolution imaging
Authors: Kim Kisoo , Jang Kyung-Won , Ryu Jae-Kwan , Jeong Ki-Hun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCompound eyes found in insects provide intriguing sources of biological inspiration for miniaturised imaging systems. Here, we report an ultrathin arrayed camera inspired by insect eye structures for high-contrast and super-resolution imaging. The ultrathin camera features micro-optical elements (MOEs), i.e., inverted microlenses, multilayered pinhole arrays, and gap spacers on an image sensor. The MOE was fabricated by using repeated photolithography and thermal reflow. The fully packaged camera shows a total track length of 740 μm and a field-of-view (FOV) of 73°. The experimental results demonstrate that the multilayered pinhole of the MOE allows high-contrast imaging by eliminating the optical crosstalk between microlenses. The integral image reconstructed from array images clearly increases the modulation transfer function (MTF) by ~1.57 times compared to that of a single channel image in the ultrathin camera. This ultrathin arrayed camera provides a novel and practical direction for diverse mobile, surveillance or medical applications.
Stromal Hedgehog pathway activation by IHH suppresses lung adenocarcinoma growth and metastasis by limiting reactive oxygen species
Authors: Kasiri Sahba , Chen Baozhi , Wilson Alexandra N. , Reczek Annika , Mazambani Simbarashe , Gadhvi Jashkaran , Noel Evan , Marriam Ummay , Mino Barbara , Lu Wei , Girard Luc , Solis Luisa M. , Luby-Phelps Katherine , Bishop Justin , Kim Jung-Whan , Kim James 
Published: February 2020

AbstractActivation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway by mutations within its components drives the growth of several cancers. However, the role of Hh pathway activation in lung cancers has been controversial. Here, we demonstrate that the canonical Hh signaling pathway is activated in lung stroma by Hh ligands secreted from transformed lung epithelia. Genetic deletion ofShh, the primary Hh ligand expressed in the lung, inKrasG12D/+;Trp53fl/flautochthonous murine lung adenocarcinoma had no effect on survival. Early abrogation of the pathway by an anti-SHH/IHH antibody 5E1 led to significantly worse survival with increased tumor and metastatic burden. Loss of IHH, another Hh ligand, by in vivo CRISPR led to more aggressive tumor growth suggesting that IHH, rather than SHH, activates the pathway in stroma to drive its tumor suppressive effects—a novel role for IHH in the lung. Tumors from mice treated with 5E1 had decreased blood vessel density and increased DNA damage suggestive of reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity. Treatment ofKrasG12D/+;Trp53fl/flmice with 5E1 and N-acetylcysteine, as a ROS scavenger, decreased tumor DNA damage, inhibited tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival. Thus, IHH induces stromal activation of the canonical Hh signaling pathway to suppress tumor growth and metastases, in part, by limiting ROS activity.
Risk-adjusted therapy for pediatric non-T cell ALL improves outcomes for standard risk patients: results of JACLS ALL-02
Authors: Hasegawa Daiichiro , Imamura Toshihiko , Yumura-Yagi Keiko , Takahashi Yoshihiro , Usami Ikuya , Suenobu So-ichi , Nishimura Shinichiro , Suzuki Nobuhiro , Hashii Yoshiko , Deguchi Takao , Moriya-Saito Akiko , Kato Koji , Kosaka Yoshiyuki , Hirayama Masahiro , Iguchi Akihiro , Kawasaki Hirohide , Hori Hiroki , Sato Atsushi , Kudoh Tooru , Nakahata Tatsutoshi , Oda Megumi , Hara Junichi , Horibe Keizo ,   for the Japan Association of Childhood Leukemia Study Group (JACLS)
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study was a second multicenter trial on childhood ALL by the Japan Childhood Leukemia Study Group (JACLS) to improve outcomes in non-T ALL. Between April 2002 and March 2008, 1138 children with non-T ALL were enrolled in the JACLS ALL-02 trial. Patients were stratified into three groups using age, white blood cell count, unfavorable genetic abnormalities, and treatment response: standard risk (SR), high risk (HR), and extremely high risk (ER). Prophylactic cranial radiation therapy (PCRT) was abolished except for CNS leukemia. Four-year event-free survival (4yr-EFS) and 4-year overall survival (4yr-OS) rates for all patients were 85.4% ± 1.1% and 91.2% ± 0.9%, respectively. Risk-adjusted therapy resulted in 4yr-EFS rates of 90.4% ± 1.4% for SR, 84.9% ± 1.6% for HR, and 66.5% ± 4.0% for ER. Based on NCI risk classification, 4yr-EFS rates were 88.2% in NCI-SR and 76.4% in NCI-HR patients, respectively. Compared to previous trial ALL-97, 4yr-EFS of NCI-SR patients was significantly improved (88.2% vs 81.2%, log rank p = 0.0004). The 4-year cumulative incidence of isolated (0.9%) and total (1.5%) CNS relapse were significantly lower than those reported previously. In conclusion, improved EFS in NCI-SR patients and abolish of PCRT was achieved in ALL-02.
DNA-based artificial molecular signaling system that mimics basic elements of reception and response
Authors: Peng Ruizi , Xu Liujun , Wang Huijing , Lyu Yifan , Wang Dan , Bi Cheng , Cui Cheng , Fan Chunhai , Liu Qiaoling , Zhang Xiaobing , Tan Weihong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn order to maintain tissue homeostasis, cells communicate with the outside environment by receiving molecular signals, transmitting them, and responding accordingly with signaling pathways. Thus, one key challenge in engineering molecular signaling systems involves the design and construction of different modules into a rationally integrated system that mimics the cascade of molecular events. Herein, we rationally design a DNA-based artificial molecular signaling system that uses the confined microenvironment of a giant vesicle, derived from a living cell. This system consists of two main components. First, we build an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-driven DNA nanogatekeeper. Second, we encapsulate a signaling network in the biomimetic vesicle, consisting of distinct modules, able to sequentially initiate a series of downstream reactions playing the roles of reception, transduction and response. Operationally, in the presence of ATP, nanogatekeeper switches from the closed to open state. The open state then triggers the sequential activation of confined downstream signaling modules.
Asian dust-storm activity dominated by Chinese dynasty changes since 2000 BP
Authors: Chen Fahu , Chen Shengqian , Zhang Xu , Chen Jianhui , Wang Xin , Gowan Evan J. , Qiang Mingrui , Dong Guanghui , Wang Zongli , Li Yuecong , Xu Qinghai , Xu Yangyang , Smol John P. , Liu Jianbao 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Asian monsoon (AM) played an important role in the dynastic history of China, yet it remains unknown whether AM-mediated shifts in Chinese societies affect earth surface processes to the point of exceeding natural variability. Here, we present a dust storm intensity record dating back to the first unified dynasty of China (the Qin Dynasty, 221–207 B.C.E.). Marked increases in dust storm activity coincided with unified dynasties with large populations during strong AM periods. By contrast, reduced dust storm activity corresponded to decreased population sizes and periods of civil unrest, which was co-eval with a weakened AM. The strengthened AM may have facilitated the development of Chinese civilizations, destabilizing the topsoil and thereby increasing the dust storm frequency. Beginning at least 2000 years ago, human activities might have started to overtake natural climatic variability as the dominant controls of dust storm activity in eastern China.
Ultra-thermostable RNA nanoparticles for solubilizing and high-yield loading of paclitaxel for breast cancer therapy
Authors: Guo Sijin , Vieweger Mario , Zhang Kaiming , Yin Hongran , Wang Hongzhi , Li Xin , Li Shanshan , Hu Shuiying , Sparreboom Alex , Evers B. Mark , Dong Yizhou , Chiu Wah , Guo Peixuan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPaclitaxel is widely used in cancer treatments, but poor water-solubility and toxicity raise serious concerns. Here we report an RNA four-way junction nanoparticle with ultra-thermodynamic stability to solubilize and load paclitaxel for targeted cancer therapy. Each RNA nanoparticle covalently loads twenty-four paclitaxel molecules as a prodrug. The RNA-paclitaxel complex is structurally rigid and stable, demonstrated by the sub-nanometer resolution imaging of cryo-EM. Using RNA nanoparticles as carriers increases the water-solubility of paclitaxel by 32,000-fold. Intravenous injections of RNA-paclitaxel nanoparticles with specific cancer-targeting ligand dramatically inhibit breast cancer growth, with nearly undetectable toxicity and immune responses in mice. No fatalities are observed at a paclitaxel dose equal to the reported LD50. The use of ultra-thermostable RNA nanoparticles to deliver chemical prodrugs addresses issues with RNA unfolding and nanoparticle dissociation after high-density drug loading. This finding provides a stable nano-platform for chemo-drug delivery as well as an efficient method to solubilize hydrophobic drugs.
Managing energy infrastructure to decarbonize industrial parks in China
Authors: Guo Yang , Tian Jinping , Chen Lyujun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIndustrial parks are flourishing globally and are mostly equipped with a shareable energy infrastructure, which has a long service lifetime and thus locks in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We conducted a two-phase study to decarbonize Chinese industrial parks by targeting energy infrastructure. Firstly, a high-resolution geodatabase of energy infrastructure in 1604 industrial parks was established. These energy infrastructures largely featured heavy coal dependence, small capacities, cogeneration of heat and power, and were young in age. Cumulative GHG emissions, during their remaining lifetime, will reach 46.2 Gt CO2 equivalent(eq.); comparable to the 11% of the 1.5 °C global carbon budget. Secondly, a vintage stock model was developed by tailoring countermeasures for each unit and implementing a cost-benefit analysis and life cycle assessment. Total GHG mitigation potential was quantified as 8%~16% relative to the baseline scenario with positive economic benefits. The synergistic reductions in freshwater consumption, SO2 emissions, and NOx emissions will stand at rates of 34~39%, 24%~31% and 10%~14%, respectively.