bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SPISEA: A Python-based Simple Stellar Population Synthesis Code for Star Clusters
Authors: Hosek Jr. Matthew W. , Lu Jessica R. , Lam Casey Y. , Gautam Abhimat K. , Lockhart Kelly E. , Kim Dongwon , Jia Siyao 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We present Stellar Population Interface for Stellar Evolution and Atmospheres (SPISEA), an open-source Python package that simulates simple stellar populations. The strength of SPISEA is its modular interface which offers the user control of 13 input properties including (but not limited to) the initial mass function, stellar multiplicity, extinction law, and the metallicity-dependent stellar evolution and atmosphere model grids used. The user also has control over the initial–final mass relation in order to produce compact stellar remnants (black holes, neutron stars, and white dwarfs). We demonstrate several outputs produced by the code, including color–magnitude diagrams, HR-diagrams, luminosity functions, and mass functions. SPISEA is object-oriented and extensible, and we welcome contributions from the community. The code and documentation are available on GitHub (https://github.com/astropy/SPISEA) and ReadtheDocs (https://spisea.readthedocs.io/en/latest/), respectively.
The Relation of the Alpha Persei Star Cluster with the Nearby Stellar Stream
Authors: Nikiforova Victoria V. , Kulesh Maxim V. , Seleznev Anton F. , Carraro Giovanni 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A map of 100° on a side extracted from Gaia DR2 and centered on Alpha Persei reveals two distinct structures—the Alpha Persei star cluster and a conspicuous stellar stream, as widely documented in recent literature. In this work we employ DBSCAN to assess individual stars’ membership and attempt at separating stars belonging to the cluster and to the stream from the general field. In turn, we characterize the stream and investigate its relation with the cluster. The stream population turned out to be significantly older (5 ± 1 Gyr) than the cluster, and to be positioned ∼90 pc away from the cluster, in its background. The stream exhibits a sizeable thickness of ∼180 pc in the direction of the line of view. Finally, the stream harbors a prominent population of white dwarf stars. We estimated an upper limit of the stream mass of ∼6000M
⊙. The stream would therefore be the leftover of a relatively massive old cluster. The surface density map of Alpha Persei indicates the presence of tidal tails. While it is tempting to ascribe their presence to the interaction with the disrupting old star cluster, we prefer to believe, conservatively, they are of Galactic origin.
The Improved Orbit Solution and Component Masses of bet LMi
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Xia Fang , Fu Yanning 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
bet LMi is a double-lined visual binary with an orbital period of ∼39 yr. Via a simultaneous fitting to both astrometric and radial velocity measurements, we give a complete and improved orbit solution with high precision. Then, the component masses are precisely determined as 2.98 ± 0.10 M
⊙ and 1.92 ± 0.04 M
⊙ with a relative precision of ∼3%, respectively. The orbital parallax is determined to be 19.6 ± 0.2 mas, which is two times more precise than Hipparcos parallax. With the known apparent magnitudes and magnitude difference of the components, we derive the luminosity of the components as 50.7 ± 1.8 L
⊙ and 9.1 ± 4.1 L
⊙. The estimated radii of the components are 9.4 ± 0.3 R
⊙ and 3.7 ± 1.5 R
⊙.
Detecting and Characterizing Young Quasars. I. Systemic Redshifts and Proximity Zone Measurements
Authors: Eilers Anna-Christina , Hennawi Joseph F. , Decarli Roberto , Davies Frederick B. , Venemans Bram , Walter Fabian , Bañados Eduardo , Fan Xiaohui , Farina Emanuele P. , Mazzucchelli Chiara , Novak Mladen , Schindler Jan-Torge , Simcoe Robert A. , Wang Feige , Yang Jinyi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In a multiwavelength survey of 13 quasars at 5.8 ≲ z ≲ 6.5, which were preselected to be potentially young, we find five objects with extremely small proximity zone sizes that may imply UV-luminous quasar lifetimes of ≲100,000 yr. Proximity zones are regions of enhanced transmitted flux in the vicinity of quasars that are sensitive to the quasars’ lifetimes because the intergalactic gas has a finite response time to their radiation. We combine submillimeter observations from the Atacama Large Millimetre Array and the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array, as well as deep optical and near-infrared spectra from the medium-resolution spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope and on the Keck telescopes, in order to identify and characterize these new young quasars, which provide valuable clues about the accretion behavior of supermassive black holes in the early universe and pose challenges on current black hole formation models to explain the rapid formation of billion-solar-mass black holes. We measure the quasars’ systemic redshifts, black hole masses, Eddington ratios, emission-line luminosities, and star formation rates of their host galaxies. Combined with previous results, we estimate the fraction of young objects within the high-redshift quasar population at large to be 5% ≲ f
young ≲ 10%. One of the young objects, PSO J158–14, shows a very bright dust continuum flux (F
cont = 3.46 ± 0.02 mJy), indicating a highly starbursting host galaxy with a star formation rate of approximately 1420 M
⊙ yr−1.
Confirmed Width–Eiso and Width–Liso Relations in Gamma-Ray Bursts: Comparison with the Amati and Yonetoku Relations
Authors: Peng Z. Y. , Yin Y. , Li T. , Wu H. , Wang D. Z. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The well-known Amati and Yonetoku relations in gamma-ray bursts show strong correlations between the rest-frame νf

ν
spectrum peak energy, E

p,i
, and the isotropic energy, E
iso, as well as isotropic peak luminosity, L
iso. Recently, Peng et al. showed that the cosmological rest-frame spectral widths are also correlated with E
iso and with L
iso. In this paper, we select a sample including 141 BEST time-integrated F spectra and 145 BEST peak flux P spectra observed by Konus–Wind with known redshift to recheck the connection between the spectral width and E
iso as well as L
iso. We define six types of absolute spectral widths as the differences between the upper (E
2) and lower energy bounds (E
1) of the full width at 50%, 75%, 85%, 90%, 95%, and 99% of maximum of the EF

E
versus E spectra. It is found that all of the rest-frame absolute spectral widths are strongly positively correlated with E
iso as well as L
iso for the long burst for both the F and P spectra. All of the short bursts are outliers for the width–E
iso relation, and most of the short bursts are consistent with the long bursts for the width–L
iso relation for both F and P spectra. Moreover, all of the location energies, E
2 and E
1, corresponding to various spectral widths, are also positively correlated with E
iso as well as L
iso. We compare all of the relations with the Amati and Yonetoku relations and find that the width–E
iso and width–L
iso relations, when the widths are at about 90% maximum of the EF

E
spectra, almost overlap with the Amati relation and the Yonetoku relation, respectively. The correlations of E
2 − E
iso, E
1 − E
iso and E
2 − L
iso, E
1 − L
iso when the location energies are at 99% of maximum of the EF

E
spectra are very close to the Amati and Yonetoku relations, respectively. Therefore, we confirm the existence of tight width–E
iso and width–L
iso relations for long bursts. We further show that the spectral shape is indeed related to E
iso and L
iso. The Amati and Yonetoku relations are not necessarily the best relationships for relating the energy to the E
iso and L
iso. They may be special cases of the width–E
iso and width–L
iso relations or the energy–E
iso and energy–L
iso relations.
Luminosity Models and Density Profiles for Nuclear Star Clusters for a Nearby Volume-limited Sample of 29 Galaxies
Authors: Pechetti Renuka , Seth Anil , Neumayer Nadine , Georgiev Iskren , Kacharov Nikolay , den Brok Mark 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nuclear star clusters (NSCs) are dense stellar clusters that are found at the centers of a majority of galaxies. In this paper, we study the density profiles for 29 galaxies in a volume-limited survey within 10 Mpc to characterize their NSCs. These galaxies span a 3 × 108–8 × 1010
M
⊙ and a wide range of Hubble types. We use high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope archival data to create luminosity models for the galaxies using Sérsic profiles to parameterize the NSCs. We also provide estimates for photometric masses of NSCs and their host galaxies using color–M/L relationships and examine their correlation. We use the multi-Gaussian expansion to derive the NSC densities and their 3D mass-density profiles. The 3D density profiles characterize the NSC densities on scales as small as ∼1 pc, approaching the likely spheres of influence for BHs in these objects. We find that these densities correlate with galaxy mass, with NSC density profiles becoming both denser and flatter at higher galaxy masses. Most galaxy NSCs are denser than typical globular clusters. We parameterize the 3D NSC density profiles and their scatter and slope as a function of galaxy stellar mass to enable the construction of realistic nuclear mass profiles. Our fitted profiles and the derived relations are useful in predicting the rate of tidal disruption events in galaxies. We will verify the results of this paper in a follow-up paper that presents the dynamical modeling of the same sample of NSCs.
Lyα Radiative Transfer: Monte Carlo Simulation of the Wouthuysen–Field Effect
Authors: Seon Kwang-il , Kim Chang-Goo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A three-dimensional Monte Carlo Lyα radiative transfer (RT) code, named LaRT, is developed to study the Lyα RT and the Wouthuysen–Field (WF) effect. Using the code, we calculate the line profile of Lyα radiation within the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM), with a particular emphasis on gas at low densities. We show that the WF effect is in action: the central portion of the line profile tends to approach a small slice of the Planck function with a color temperature equal to the kinetic temperature of the gas, even in a system with an optical thickness as low as τ
0 ≈ 100–500. We also investigate the effects of the turbulent motion of the ISM on the emergent Lyα spectrum and color temperature. The turbulent motion broadens the emergent spectrum, as generally expected, but the color temperature is not affected by the turbulent motion in typical astrophysical environments. We utilize two multiphase ISM models, appropriate for the vicinity of the Sun, to calculate the 21 cm spin temperature of neutral hydrogen, including excitation via the Lyα resonant scattering. The first ISM model is a simple clumpy model, while the second is a self-consistent magnetohydrodynamics simulation model using the TIGRESS framework. Lyα photons originating from both H ii regions and the collisionally cooling gas are taken into account. We find that the Lyα radiation field is, in general, likely to be strong enough to bring the 21 cm spin temperature of the warm neutral medium close to the kinetic temperature. The escape fraction of Lyα in our ISM models is estimated to be ≈7%–20%.
Towards a scientific workflow featuring Natural Language Processing for the digitisation of natural history collections
Authors: Owen David , Groom Quentin , Hardisty Alex , Leegwater Thijs , Livermore Laurence , van Walsum Myriam , Wijkamp Noortje , Spasić Irena 
Published: August 2020

We describe an effective approach to automated text digitisation with respect to natural history specimen labels. These labels contain much useful data about the specimen including its collector, country of origin, and collection date. Our approach to automatically extracting these data takes the form of a pipeline. Recommendations are made for the pipeline's component parts based on state-of-the-art technologies.Optical Character Recognition (OCR) can be used to digitise text on images of specimens. However, recognising text quickly and accurately from these images can be a challenge for OCR. We show that OCR performance can be improved by prior segmentation of specimen images into their component parts. This ensures that only text-bearing labels are submitted for OCR processing as opposed to whole specimen images, which inevitably contain non-textual information that may lead to false positive readings. In our testing Tesseract OCR version 4.0.0 offers promising text recognition accuracy with segmented images.Not all the text on specimen labels is printed. Handwritten text varies much more and does not conform to standard shapes and sizes of individual characters, which poses an additional challenge for OCR. Recently, deep learning has allowed for significant advances in this area. Google's Cloud Vision, which is based on deep learning, is trained on large-scale datasets, and is shown to be quite adept at this task. This may take us some way towards negating the need for humans to routinely transcribe handwritten text.Determining the countries and collectors of specimens has been the goal of previous automated text digitisation research activities. Our approach also focuses on these two pieces of information. An area of Natural Language Processing (NLP) known as Named Entity Recognition (NER) has matured enough to semi-automate this task. Our experiments demonstrated that existing approaches can accurately recognise location and person names within the text extracted from segmented images via Tesseract version 4.0.0.We have highlighted the main recommendations for potential pipeline components. The paper also provides guidance on selecting appropriate software solutions. These include automatic language identification, terminology extraction, and integrating all pipeline components into a scientific workflow to automate the overall digitisation process.
L’État à l’âge de la crise sanitaire
Authors: Roussellier Nicolas 
Published: August 2020

La pandémie de Covid-19 a provoqué un grand nombre de bouleversements dans la vie sociale. Mais l’État semble avoir bien résisté. L’obéissance à l’État contraste avec la défiance à l’encontre des instances politiques. Mais il y a un paradoxe : par certains côtés, l’État apparaît fort ; par d’autres, du fait d’une absence de stratégie, il est visiblement faillible et peut être mis en procès. Cela peut soit renforcer la démocratie par reconnaissance de ses erreurs, soit l’affaiblir en accentuant la crise de confiance.
Les territoires face à l’adaptation au changement climatique
Authors: Boissier Fabrice 
Published: August 2020

L’adaptation au changement climatique est aussi incontournable que la réduction des gaz à effet de serre, si nous voulons que nos sociétés traversent le XXI e siècle dans des conditions acceptables. L’enjeu de l’adaptation est bien sûr mondial, mais la diversité des territoires, des sociétés et de leurs vulnérabilités impose d’avoir une approche différenciée, suivant les pays. L’analyse est ici restreinte au cas français, en l’abordant principalement du point de vue des territoires.
Freud et les sciences de la vie
Authors: Kapsambelis Vassilis 
Published: August 2020

De par sa formation initiale et son projet d’une psychologie scientifique (ou métapsychologie), Freud développe une pensée biologique tout au long de son œuvre. Trois étapes de cette pensée peuvent être décrites. La première conçoit le psychisme à partir de cerveau ; elle est la plus proche des neurosciences d’aujourd’hui. On lui doit toute la première topique, et l’ensemble de théorisations relatives au fonctionnement mental. La deuxième est basée sur la sexualité humaine et ses particularités, notamment son caractère dysphasique, permettant de comprendre ce que Freud entend par pulsion en dernière analyse, à savoir la recherche d’un objet en dehors du corps propre. La troisième est inaugurée par la vaste spéculation sur la pulsion de mort, et elle interroge le principe de vie : dans quelle mesure l’équilibre entre construction et destruction est essentiel à la perpétuation de la vie elle-même, la notion d’éros devenant le principe même qui permet de tenir ensemble ces deux tendances opposées.
La pulsion de vie ou Éros sans sexe
Authors: Denis Paul 
Published: August 2020

La « pulsion de vie » apparaît comme un sous-produit de la « pulsion de mort ». Freud renverse la théorie des pulsions qu’il a élaborée à partir de l’étude la sexualité humaine, reconnue comme une activité du psychisme. Il pense pouvoir expliquer la biologie en y transposant le modèle métapsychologique. Il dote ainsi les cellules elles-mêmes d’une sexualité qui les conduit à s’associer pour créer des ensembles pluricellulaires. À partir du postulat « le but de toute vie est la mort » il fait de la vie psychique et sexuelle un épiphénomène qui n’a d’autre sens que de retarder la mort. Il ne s’agit pas de l’application d’un modèle biologique, d’une métaphore biologique, pour imager le fonctionnement du psychisme, mais de résoudre « l’énigme de la vie », de la vie biologique elle-même. Dans ce mouvement les pulsions sexuelles deviennent pulsions de vie, puis « pulsion de vie » qui sous le nom d’Éros doit « maintenir la cohésion de la matière vivante ».
Rencontre avec Ziva Postec : « Comment j’ai monté le film Shoah , par Ziva Postec », suivi d’un entretien avec Évelyne Chauvet
Authors: Postec Ziva , Chauvet Évelyne 
Published: August 2020

Comment faire un film de cinéma avec 300 heures d’interviews ? Comment faire parler le néant ? Comment rendre imaginable l’inimaginable ? Comment présentifier le passé ? Comment favoriser l’identification des spectateurs aux victimes ? Comment résister à ses propres émotions ? Deux années après la sortie du film Shoah de Claude Lanzmann, en août 1987, la chef monteuse Ziva Postec revient sur le travail qu’elle a effectué durant près de six années. L’entretien avec Évelyne Chauvet qui suit son texte donne une autre mesure de cette expérience éprouvante, mais vitale pour l’auteure, interroge une certaine proximité avec la méthode analytique, la resitue dans son parcours professionnel depuis Pourquoi Israël de Lanzmann en 1972, et ouvre à ses autres travaux dont la co-production et le montage en 2018 de Israël, le voyage interdit de Jean-Pierre Lledo.
Considérations sur la vie et sur la mort
Authors: Letarte Paulette , Denis Paul 
Published: August 2020

L’auteur, à partir de la surprise de constater chez elle son ignorance inconsciente de la mort, souligne à quel point la mort est absente de l’inconscient, en particulier chez l’enfant en général, mais aussi chez une patiente suicidaire. Elle illustre cette dualité : connaissance consciente et méconnaissance inconsciente de la mort par ses conversations avec une dame fort âgée, 96 ans, chez qui elle ranime un projet : devenir la centenaire du quartier. Le mouvement dépressif qui la faisait se résigner s’estompe au fil des entretiens pour faire place à une solide volonté de vivre. On ne voit pas la trace de l’ombre de la « pulsion de mort » dans cet exemple.
Temporalité psychique et théorie de l’évolution aux origines de la pensée de Freud : l’étude des anguilles et l’influence de Carl Claus
Authors: Alberto Cornejo Portilla Rodrigo 
Published: August 2020

L’étude de Freud sur la sexualité humaine a entraîné une révolution copernicienne dans la conception temporelle des expériences de l’enfance par rapport à la vie adulte. Ces premières expériences produisent un matériau mnésique qui seulement après coup ( nachträglich ) viendra constituer une place et une fonction définie pour le sujet : le psychique inconscient. En ce sens, le postulat d’une causalité psychique organisant les processus animiques signifie, entre autres, la remise en question du modèle classique du temps en Occident. Le rapport de Freud à ces questions cruciales est déjà présent dans son premier travail scientifique à l’Université de Vienne, où il est confronté à des problèmes liés à la différenciation sexuelle et à l’hétérochronie des êtres vivants.
Development of an Instructional System Design Model as a Guideline for Lecturers in Creating a Course Using Blended Learning Approach
Authors: Chaeruman Uwes Anis , Wibawa Basuki , Syahrial Zulfiati 
Published: August 2020

Blended learning is not just merely blending face-to-face and online learning. The biggest challenge is making the right mix of relevant learning settings and teaching strategies to meet the learning outcomes. The latest study showed that research focusing on the instructional system design (ISD) model developments, especially related to blended learning approach, were still limited. This study aims to develop an ISD model that can provide a guideline for lecturers in creating a good course using a blended learning approach. This study applied a formative research method. A series of formative evaluation using several formative data collection techniques were used. They were expert review, one-to-one evaluations, and field tests. This study involved 242 respondents, consists of 7 instructional design and e-learning experts, and 235 lecturers. After conducted a series of formative evaluation stages, respondents able to create a good quality course using the ISD model developed. Most of them get fair and low scores on the field test 1. The score increased significantly on the field test 2, where 33.6% get excellent scores, 48.2% get good scores, and 28.2% get fair scores. The score also increased significantly on field test 3 60.5% get excellent scores, 33.6% get good scores, and only 5.9% get poor scores. Hence, it can be concluded that the ISD model developed is feasible and usable. It can be used by higher education lecturers in Indonesia as a guideline in creating a course using blended learning approach.
Le Jari
Authors: Le Tourneau François-Michel , Greissing Anna 
Published: August 2020

Extrêmement difficile d'accès pour sa plus grande partie, située aux confins de la Guyane française et du Brésil, la région du Jari a fasciné les colonisateurs et les a aimantés pendant plusieurs siècles. On y a cherché l'Eldorado, le lac Manoa ou plus prosaïquement (mais cela revient au même) de fabuleuses mines d'or. Une rude compétition entre la France et le Brésil a rendu un verdict amer pour la première, vainqueur de la bataille de la connaissance avec des explorateurs comme Jules Crevaux et Henri Coudreau, mais défaite dans la bataille diplomatique, qui donna au Brésil le bassin du Jari il y a un peu plus d'un siècle.

L'histoire et la configuration actuelle de ce territoire en font à la fois un symbole et un condensé de l'histoire de toute l'Amazonie brésilienne. Le Jari a tout connu, et dans la plupart des cas en excès : des dizaines d'explorateurs, allant de nobles français à des scientifiques de l'Allemagne nazie, croisant en tous sens des régions supposées impénétrables et entrant en contact avec des ethnies jusque-là inconnues ; un baron du caoutchouc qui construira l'un des plus grands latifundios du monde ; un projet industriel majeur, commandé par un milliardaire américain qui y perdra partiellement son combat contre la nature amazonienne ; des forêts immenses et intactes contrastant avec des bidonvilles sur pilotis ; des orpailleurs, des ruées vers l'or et, aujourd'hui, la plus vaste mosaïque continue d'aires protégées du monde...

Fruit d'une abondante documentation historique restituée par de très nombreuses illustrations, cet ouvrage cherche à retracer l'histoire de ce territoire fascinant, et à en montrer les dynamiques actuelles, y compris les plus récentes explorations, comme l'expédition géographique menée en 2011 qui a permis de remonter le Jari et son affluent le Mapaoni jusqu'à la borne de trijonction Brésil/Surinam/ Guyane française.