bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSV-27 Fat color and myoglobin of meat from young cattle fed with mineral or concentrate in growing phase and finished on pasture or feedlot
Authors: Torrecilhas Juliana A , Vito Elias San , Lage Josiane , Fiorentini Giovani , Simioni Tiago , Castagnino Pablo , Lima Laís , Berchielli Telma 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This trial aimed to evaluate the fat color and myoglobin concentration of three cattle breeds, supplemented in two nutritional plans (NP) during the growing phase and finished in the intensive system on pasture or conventional feedlot. One hundred and nineteen bulls from three genetic groups: Nellore (N), ½ Angus x ½ Nellore (A) and ½ Senepol x ½ Nellore (S), were randomly assigned in two NP on growing phase: mineral (M) or concentrate (C, energy protein 0.3% BW). Following the growing phase, two replicates within each treatment were randomly assigned to one of two finishing systems: pasture (P, n = 59) and conventional feedlot (CF, n = 60). Bulls were supplemented daily with 2% BW of concentrate (16% CP and 78% TDN) and slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. Steaks from longissimus muscle (LM) between 12th and 13th ribs each animal were collected for analysis of concentration myoglobin (MYO) and subcutaneous fat were removed for color analysis (parameters: L*, a*, b*, C* and h*). The data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED procedures in SAS 9.4, with a 3×2×2 factorial arrangement. The muscle of Nellore showed greater (P = 0.006) concentration of MYO compared to Angus, however, Senepol had values similar to Nellore and Angus (4.43, 4.03 and 4.25, Nellore, Angus, and Senepol, respectively), and the muscle of animal finished on CF had lower concentration of MYO compared to pasture (P &lt; 0.0001; 4.55 and 3.93, P and CF). The subcutaneous fat of animals finished on pasture showed high (P &lt; 0.05) of L*, a*, b* and C* compared to CF. Therefore, the meat quality parameters were more affected by finished systems, the meat of animals from pasture had the lighter fat and amount of yellow pigmentation, and also presented meat with greater level of myoglobin.
PSV-31 Mechanisms and biochemical pathways affecting the eating quality of Triceps brachii muscle
Authors: Ijiwade Esther O , Bruce Heather L , Guan Le Luo , Chen Yanhong , Roy Bimol , Hamed Rabaa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Twenty-four beef steers (Angus, Charolais and Angus crossbred) were used to test the hypothesis that phenotypic measurements of meat quality attributes and intramuscular connective tissue characteristics will be related to the differences in the expression level of genes involved in the synthesis and degradation of collagen. Triceps brachii muscles from steers with low and high intramuscular collagen solubility at 3 days post mortem (dpm) were selected within each breed type for candidate gene analysis. Expression levels of 27 candidate genes were evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and the mean differences in expression between candidate and control (18s RNA) genes were calculated. Analysis of variance indicated that breed type had significant effects (P &lt; 0.05) on expression of genes related to collagen types I, V, and VI (COL1A1, COL5A1 and COL6A1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), lysyl hydroxylase (LH), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 1, 8 and 13, prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4HA1), SMAD (2, 3 and 7), and tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP). Collagen heat solubility had no effect on gene expression (P &gt; 0.05), although there was a significant interaction between breed type and collagen solubility (P &lt; 0.05) for COL3A1, FGF2, MMP13, and SMAD 6 expressions. Candidate gene expression levels were correlated to intramuscular pH, 3 and 13 dpm Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), total intramuscular collagen, and collagen heat solubility at 3 and 13 dpm. Negative correlations (P &lt; 0.05) existed between FGF1 and 13 dpm soluble collagen (r = -0.44), MMP8 and total collagen (r = -0.55) and MMP13 and wet perimysium weight (r = -0.46). Positive correlations (P &lt; 0.05) existed between FGF1 and 3dpm WBSF (r = 0.44) and, TIMP3 and 3 dpm WBSF (r = 0.33). Results indicated genes associated with increased collagen synthesis and inhibition of MMPs were related to increased beef toughness.
PSIX-20 Performance of nursery pigs fed zinc, copper, manganese, and iron in inorganic or organic forms
Authors: Garrett Jack E , McNaughton James L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Zinc, copper, manganese and iron are all important trace minerals necessary for optimum growth and performance. The use of organic trace minerals (SQM) provides additional assurances that those minerals do not bind with an antagonist and are actually delivered in a form that allows them to be absorbed and utilized by the pig. This study was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of organic trace minerals (zinc, copper, manganese and iron) as a partial or complete replacement of inorganic minerals. Ninety-six weaned barrow pigs (60 lbs) were randomly assigned to one of three diets (Control = 100% inorganic; 50-SQM = 50% inorganic and 50% SQM; 100-SQM = 100% SQM trace minerals). Diets were formulated according to NRC specification. Body weights and feed consumption were measured on days 0, 7, 14, 39 and 60. Data were analyzed using GLM ANOVA NCSS, Utah, with mean differences determined using a protected F-test. There was no baby pig mortality experienced in this study. Pig weight gain compared to the Control was different (P &lt; 0.01) by day 7 and carried through to the end of the study (60d: 59.2, 61.0 and 62.2 lbs, respectively). Feed consumption was initially different (P &lt; 0.01) between the Control pigs and those receiving diets containing SQM trace minerals through the first 14 days. Feed efficiency was significantly improved (P &lt; 0.05) by day 14 of the study between the 100% SQM supplemented diet and the Control diet. The pigs receiving any level of SQM trace minerals resulted in more efficient gains than those receiving the Control diet (60 d; 1.938, 1.887, and 1.855, respectively). Overall, this study indicates that the addition of all the supplemented trace minerals (zinc, copper, manganese and iron) in the form of SQM provides a benefit in growth and efficiency during those first weeks after weaning.
PSIX-3 Fast-growing and slow-growing broiler breeds had different response to feed energy level
Authors: Sun Qiujuan , li xiaomin , xiang Rong , Wang Guojun , li wenbin , hui heping , wang zhiqiang 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
An experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of feed energy on the fast-growing and slow-growing broilers. A total of 1080 1-d-old WOD168-1 and -2 broilers breeding by Yukou Poultry of both gender were assigned to 8 groups. A 2×2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a randomized complete block design to study the effects of breeds (fast-/slow-growing breeds), feed energy (LOW: 2920, 3020 kcal/kg; HI: 3020, 3120 kcal/kg diet for 0–21 d and 22-42d, respectively), and gender (male and female), and the interactive effects. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was formulated to meet nutrient requirements of both breeds. Body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), and feed to gain ratio (F/G) were determined on d 21 and 42, and carcass compositions were determined on d 42. Results from d 0 to 21 indicated that BW, FI and F/G of both breeds decreased as feed energy increased; fast-growing breeds had higher BW and FI, and lower F/G when compared with slow-growing breeds. High feed energy had decreased BW of both breeds on d 42. While F/G from d 0 to 42 showed interactive effects between breeds and feed energy: high feed energy and fast-growing breeds had lowered F/G; while F/G of fast-growing breeds fed with increased feed energy decreased less than slow-growing breeds. Carcass composition measured on d 42 showed different results between breeds and feed energy. Semi-eviscerate rate was increased in fast-growing breeds, but decreased in slow-fasting breeds. In conclusion, different breeds of broilers had different response toward feed energy level.
PSVII-20 Meta-analysis: Effect of increasing dietary calcium and phytase dose on phosphorus digestibility in weaning piglets and growing pigs
Authors: Velayudhan Deepak E , Marchal Leon , Dersjant-Li Yueming 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary calcium (Ca) levels and phytase dose on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of phosphorus (P) in pigs fed corn or wheat-based diets. A database was constructed using 19 studies (published and unpublished), contributing 766 data points with 464 in nursery pigs and 303 in growing pigs. A Buttiauxella sp. phytase was added at 4 doses (250, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 FTU/kg) to P and Ca deficient negative control diets (NC) among different studies. Total analysed dietary Ca, total P and calculated phytate P levels varied from 0.41 to 0.97%, 0.36 to 0.67%, and 0.21 to 0.31%, respectively among studies. Data were analysed using Mixed Model by JMP 14.0. Since no significant differences were observed in ATTD P between nursery pigs (average initial body weight 7.5kg) and growing pigs (average initial body weight 40.0kg), the data were combined for the meta-analysis. Nonlinear modelling was used to evaluate the effect of dietary Ca on ATTD P and P digestibility improvement over the NC at different phytase levels. Increasing phytase dose from 0 to 2000 FTU/kg, improved (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD Ca and P in an exponential manner, with a greater ATTD P (P &lt; 0.05) over NC. With multivariate analysis, ATTD P had a negative correlation (P &lt; 0.05) with dietary Ca levels (-0.26), Ca:P ratio (-0.30) and dietary phytate content (-0.40). An interaction was found between Ca level and phytase dose for P digestibility improvement over NC, which was not significantly different at dose between 250 to 1000 FTU but increased (P &lt; 0.05) at phytase dose of 2000 FTU/kg with increasing dietary Ca. These findings suggest that supplementation of 2000 FTU phytase /kg could restore Ca and P balance and mitigate the negative effects of increasing dietary Ca on P digestibility.
PSVII-21 Determination of apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in various hatchery by-products for broiler chickens
Authors: Park Geun Hyeon , Choi Hyeon Seok , Kim Jong Hyuk , Han Gi Ppeum , Ji Sang Yun , Kil Dong Yong 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The Korean poultry industry produces more than 4,000 tons of hatchery by-products (HBPs) every year. There is an increasing interest in the use of HBPs as a feed ingredient in The Korean feed industry. However, limited information regarding nutritional values for HBPs has been available. Thus, we conducted an experiment to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AAs) in 4 different HBPs for broiler chickens. Four HBPs included infertile eggs (IFE), unhatched eggs (UHE), low grade and dead chicks (LDC), and mixture (MIX) containing 55% IFE, 10% UHE, 10% LDC, and 25% hatched eggshells. A total of three-hundred-thirty-six 21-d-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 7 replicates per treatment. Each diet contained individual HBP as a sole source of AAs. Additional 125 birds were used to estimate ileal endogenous losses of AAs. Results indicated that the AID and SID of 5 essential AAs (Arg, Met, Trp, His, and Val) for LDC were greatest (P &lt; 0.05), but those (Arg, Met, and Trp) for MIX were the least (P &lt; 0.05) among 4 HBPs. The AID and SID of most AAs in IFE were comparable to those in UHE. However, the AID and SID of 3 essential AAs (Lys, Leu, and Phe) were not different among 4 HBPs. The average AID and SID of both essential and nonessential AAs (18 AAs) for LDC were greatest (P &lt; 0.05), but those for MIX were the least (P &lt; 0.05) among 4 HBPs. In conclusion, HBPs used in this experiment contain high amounts of digestible AAs, which are comparable to other animal by-products. Generally, AAs in LDC are more digestible than AAs in other 3 HBPs (UHE, IFE, and MIX).
PSVII-32 Fat analysis and sensory trial on Gallus gallus domesticus fed olive pomace
Authors: Conn Benny J , Snokhous Payton , Kelley Stanley F , Beverly Marcy , Anderson Mark , Legako Jerrad F 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In any livestock production system, feed is the most costly production input. The goal of any producer is to find a feed source or combination of sources that provide a balance of nutrients that meet the requirements for maintenance, growth, and performance while efficiently contributing to favorable growth and carcass attributes at a low cost. Olive pomace is a by-product of the olive oil industry which can serve as a source of fat (14%), protein (3.6%), and fiber (44.5%). This by-product has potential as a supplemental source of energy and other essential nutrients to be blended into livestock rations. The objective of the study was to analyze the adipose tissue, and conduct a sensory trial from broilers fed different levels of olive pomace. Four pens, consisting of 10 broilers each at 34 days of age, were provided four feed diets in separate feeders. Feeders were filled with either a commercial broiler feed (control), or an olive pomace to commercial broiler feed mixture at 1:3, 1:1, or 3:1. The broilers were fed for 27 days, harvested, a fat sample was taken for fatty acid analysis, and a breast was taken from each bird for sensory analysis. The sensory trial on the chicken breast was to determine if students (n = 42) could detect flavor differences between treatment groups. No significant differences were detected between treatment groups in the sensory analysis (P &gt; 0.79). Fat samples showed that all of the fat from the control, 1:3, and 3:1 were similar, however, the 1:1 treatment had lower amounts of docosahexaenoic acid and higher amounts of decanoic acid. While unsure about the differences in fatty acid content for 1:1 treatment, the results illustrate that olive pomace can be fed in large amounts and not affect the palatability of the resulting product.
PSVII-36 Examining the effect of a physiological dose of the polyamine; spermine, on myogenic regulatory transcription factor expression
Authors: gouru Avani , Murdoch Gordon 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Examining the effect of a physiological dose of the polyamine; spermine, on myogenic regulatory transcription factor expression. Spermine is a micronutrient derived from amino acids. It affects cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and gene regulation in many cell types. Polyamines have long been overlooked with respect to their biological effects on muscle growth. Myogenic regulatory factors (myoD, myf5) initiate, promote and regulate myogenesis. Supporting myogenic transcription factors transcription and by such enhancing muscle production in livestock, through nutrition may be possible with dietary spermine supplementation. We examined the effect of spermine (0.5mM) in undifferentiated c2c12 muscle cells at two time points (8hr and 16hr). Using TaqMan-MGB qRT-PCR we quantified mRNA for key myogenic regulatory factors in a minimum of three experiments each containing 3 technical replicates. We report a significant increase in myoD (P = 0.02) and myf5 (P = 0.05) mRNA at 8hr following spermine treatment as compared to controls (no spermine). After 16 hr exposure to spermine (0.5mM) treatment myoD (P = 0.01) remained significantly different from controls. Our results indicate that spermine supports myogenesis through expression of increased myogenic regulatory factors at early stages of myogenesis. These findings support the need to further test the hypothesis that spermine promotes increased muscle growth and ultimately may represent a dietary means to maximize muscle growth in livestock species.
PSXIII-38 Hepatic reducing factors expression changes in dromedary camel during late gestation and early lactation
Authors: Zarrin Mousa , Christensen Rachael , DoostMohammadi S Kazem , Ahmadpour Ahmadali , Ahmadpour Amir 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Tremendous stress for female livestock species occurs during transition from gestation to lactation. The liver adaptive mechanisms have evolved to protect the animal’s overall health. However, there are many unknown mediators of this process, especially in dromedary camels. This study investigated the fluctuation of gene expression for the synthesis of hepatic reducing factors in ten multiparous (2.38 ± 0.56; mean ± SEM parity) pregnant dromedary camels (527.94 ± 73.46 kg body weight). Camels were pastured daily and kept in individual stalls nightly with provision of partial mixed ration (PMR) and water. Hepatic biopsies were taken on days 60, 45, 30, and 15 antepartum (AP) and days 3, 15, 30, 45, and 60 postpartum (PP). The mRNA abundance of genes regulating the key enzymes glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) and modifier (GCLM), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) were analyzed with qPCR technique. Statistical significances were determined by general linear model with repeated measures using IBM SPSS statistics software and mean differences with LSD test significance considered at P values &lt; 0.05. Compared to d 60AP, mRNA abundance of most target genes peaked at d 3 or 15PP (P ≤ 0.02) and decreased gradually to the previous 6AP nadir, at d 30PP. Only 6PGD remained elevated until d 30PP (P = 0.03) then decreased d 45PP. The measured mRNA abundances of the GCLC, GCLM, and G6PD at d 30PP, and of 6PGD at d 45PP were lower than at d 3PP (P ≤ 0.05). In contrast with GCLC and GCLM, which did not change for the rest of the study, G6PD and 6PGD decreased slightly from d 30PP to d 60PP (P ≤ 0.05). The results corroborate the increased demand for reducing factors during transition and substantiate the increased expression of hepatic regulating factors, such as Nrf2 during this period.
PSXIII-4 Species feature of morphometric parameters in poultry semen
Authors: Bagirov Vugar A , Vetokh Anastasia N , Zhilinsky Mikhail A , Ashraf Hanum V , Tomgorova Evgeniya K , Volkova Natalia A , Zinovieva Natalia A , Iolchiev Baylar S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The aim of the research was to study the specific features of morphometric parameters in rooster and guinea fowl spermatozoa. Thirty ejaculate samples from each species were investigated. A macroscopic assessment of the ejaculates obtained was carried out by volume, color and consistency. Microscopic parameters were studied using computerized sperm quality analysis systems. Diff-Quick set was used for staining sperm. Visualization of fixed preparations was performed using a Nikon Eclipse Ni-U microscope and a Nikon DS-Qi2 camera. Measurement of morphometric parameters was carried out in the program NIS-Elements BR 4.30. Evaluation of sperm morphometry was carried out according to the following indicators: total length of spermatozoa, length of head and tail, perimeter and area, head shape in indexes of ellipticity and elongation. The SPSS v.15.0 package was used for statistical analysis. To assess the statistical differences in the distributions of spermatozoa, the χ2-test was used. ANOVA was conducted to determine the effect of species. Roosters surpassed guinea fowls in ejaculate volume by 83.3% (P &lt; 0.001). Statistically significant differences were not established for sperm activity between species. The content of motile spermatozoa in the roosters ejaculate was 92.4 ± 5.3%, in guinea fowls - 88.7 ± 6.54%. The results of the morphometric parameters analysis showed that they have a specific feature. The total length of rooster spermatozoa was 90 ± 2.6 μm, which is 8 μm more than that in guinea fowl (P &lt; 0.05). The length of the sperm head in roosters was 2 μm longer than that in guinea fowls (P &lt; 0.05). The interspecific difference across the perimeters and width of the head was not statistically significant. Rooster ejaculates differed relative homogeneity compared to guinea fowl. The study results showed that morphometric parameters of poultry sperm have a specific feature. Supported by the RSF (16-16-04104).
PSXI-4 Composting management to reduce greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from feedlot manure
Authors: Donnay Maria A , Michal Jennifer J , Aksdal GeorgiaLee J , Lamb Brian K , Johnson Kristen A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Management of livestock manure may recycle nutrients and decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions. The objectives were to ascertain effects of environmental conditions and turning on methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and NH3 emissions and if treatment with 8.5 g of dicyandiamide (DCD), a denitrification agent, altered GHG emissions. Manure and bedding were collected from feedlot pens and used to construct 3 piles (~1.9 m3 volume) each in winter (WI) and spring (SP). WI piles were turned once, and SP piles were turned twice. Methane, N2O, and NH3 emissions were collected. Methane and N2O flux measurements were collected from SP piles using a static chamber (3.7m L x 2.2m W x 0.9m H). Initial dry matter and nitrogen contents were 33.2 and 30.0% and 20.1 and 17.7 g/kg in WI and SP piles, respectively. Average ambient temperatures and wind speeds were 0.3oC and 10.7oC and 1.76 m/s and 1.97 m/s during WI and SP, respectively. Internal temperatures reached 51±3.9oC on d 4–11 and gradually decreased. Normalized CH4 averaged 2.19 mg٠s٠m-4 and N2O emissions averaged 0.84 mg٠s٠m-4, and were not different between the WI and SP piles. Turning did not affect CH4 emissions from WI piles, but were 55% greater (P &lt; 0.05) when SP piles were turned a second time. Emissions of N2O increased 51% when WI and SP piles were turned (P &lt; 0.05). Ammonia emissions were 83.5% greater from WI piles due to their higher initial concentrations of NH4+-N (2.21 vs. 1.11 g/kg; P &lt; 0.05). Turning did not influence CH4 and N2O fluxes. Addition of DCD at pile formation appears to decrease N2O emissions and fluxes 3 and 10 d later. Turning management and season impacted overall CH4, N2O, and NH3 emissions. Fine-tuning manure handling and management during different seasons may effectively reduce GHG and NH3 emissions.
PSXI-3 Impact of carbohydrate source on manure and air emissions from swine diets
Authors: trabue Steven , Kerr Brian , Andersen Daniel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Dietary fiber is known to reduce ammonia emissions, but little is known about its effect on emissions of major odorants. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect fiber and fiber source has on manure composition and gas emissions. Two groups of 44 gilts averaging 128 kg BW were fed standard corn soybean meal diets that contained 9.6% NDF or 17% NDF with the following fiber sources: beet pulp (BP); dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS); soybean hulls (SB); and wheat bran (WB). Animals were fed twice daily, and feces and urine were collected after each feeding and added to manure storage containers. At the end of the experiment, stored manures were monitored for gas emissions and chemical properties. Animals on average gained 724 g/d and consumed 2.74 kg feed/d over 42-d trial ANOVA showed that dietary fiber in swine diets significantly increased the animals manure acidity, dry matter (DM), organic N, total N, total C, and volatile fatty acids contents, while the source of the fiber material in the diet significantly impacted the animals manure DM, total N, total C, and total S. Manures of animals fed lower fiber diets had significantly higher ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide emissions, while manure emissions of NH3 and total phenols was impacted by the fiber source in the animal diet. In conclusion, dietary fiber and the source of fiber have a dramatic impact on manure composition and gas emissions.