bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formulation Development of Aceclofenac Loaded Nanosupension by Three Square (32) Factorial Design
Authors: Patak Atul A , P Jorwekar, , Chaudhari P D 
Published: August 2020

In the present study, aceclofenac loaded polymeric nanosuspension were formulated and evaluated. Aceclofenac is a potent analgesic under BCS Class II. Due to the need for its frequent dosing, aceclofenac is an ideal candidate for sustained or controlled drug delivery. For optimization of prepared formulation, the three square (32) factorial design was used. Tween 80 (X1) and combination of Eudragit RL 100 and RS 100 (X2) were used as independent variables and particle size (Y1), entrapment efficiency (Y2), and Percent drug release (Y3) were taken as dependent variables. The formulations were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential and drug entrapment. The in vitro drug release profile supports nanosuspension form to be used as a sustained release vehicle for aceclofenac. The formulation was characterized by differential scanning calorimetric analysis, in vivo studies and stability testing.
Integrating Nanotechnology into the Life Sciences: Lessons Learned
Authors: Bunker Kristin L , Wolfe Julianne , Wu Linxian 
Published: August 2020

As nanomaterials are more frequently incorporated into the life science industry, the need to thoroughly understand their functionality becomes paramount. This review article will provide insight and lessons learned from numerous nanomaterial characterization projects where sample properties were evaluated to better understand various attributes that contribute to functionality. The lessons address a broad spectrum of topics ranging from sample preparation to the rapidly evolving regulatory landscape. Many of the hurdles encountered in maturing a product involving nanotechnology stem from navigating this regulatory landscape. There is a lack of standardization within the nanotechnology community including government agencies, industry, and academia. As a result, there are a number of important issues to address, most notably the issue of nanotechnology safety. There are other areas that also emerge as significant challenges in nanotechnology integration: appropriate quality control measures, sample preparation and analysis selection and using nanomaterial characterization in improving products and processes throughout the product lifecycle. Specific examples are used to illustrate these challenges and provide insight to their corresponding solutions. Through these shared experiences, a broader picture emerges of what is entailed in resolving the analytical challenges of nanotechnology and life science integration, the likes of which can be translated to numerous other situations both current and prospective.
A Comparative Study of Triple-Layered Aceclofenac Matrix Tablets Formulated using Xanthan Gum and Guar Gum
Authors: Semalty Mona , Bisht T , Semalty A 
Published: August 2020

The aim of the present study was to develop sustained release, multilayered-matrix tablet of aceclofenac using natural polymers-guar gum (GG) and xanthan gum (XG) as carrier for core matrix and hydroxyl propylmethyl cellulose (HPMC K-15M), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and ethyl cellulose (EC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-K30) for preparing bottom and top layers. The formulated tablets were evaluated for uniformity of weight, drug content, friability, hardness, thickness, swelling index and in vitro drug release. The physicochemical properties of tablets were found within the limits. The physiochemical investigation showed that aceclofenac matrix tablet prepared with xanthan gum showed better dissolution profile as compared to that of guar gum. Matrix tablets of xanthan gum with 6% W/V xanthan gum (MTX1) showed the highest percent drug release (88.98%), while matrix tablets of guar gum with 6% W/V guar gum (MTG1) showed the highest percent drug release (73.89%) at the end of 8 hours in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. Among the matrix tablet of xanthan gum MTX4 (with 24% W/V of xanthan) showed the lowest percent drug release (49.6%) and while among the guar gum tablets MTG4 (with 24% W/V of guar gum) showed the lowest percent drug release (48.65%) at the end of 8 hours. It was concluded that increasing the concentration of gum from 6% W/V to 24% W/V in the formulation decreased the amount of drug release from the tablet. The xanthan gum based matrix tablets of aceclofenac were found to be superior to that of guar gum matrix tablets for potential therapeutic uses.
Formulation and Evaluation of Levetiracetam Extended Release Tablets
Authors: Singh Sudarshan , Bhavesh Shankar , Nayak Sanjaykumar , Bothara Sunil 
Published: August 2020

Extended release formulation of levetiracetam is approved by the food and drug administration as an add-on to other antiepileptic drugs for adults with partial onset seizures. The main objective of present study was to developed and evaluate matrix tablet of levetiracetam by using various grade of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) polymer. Various trials were taken by using HPMC K4M, K15M, and K100M. Different parameters like Physical properties, FTIR, DSC, in vitro drug release profile and swelling index were determined. In vitro drug release was performed in phosphate buffer pH 6.8. The in vitro release profile was compared with model independent method. Stability studies were performed as per ICH guidelines for 1 month at (40 °C ± 2 °C/75 % ± 5 % RH).Data analysis was performed for determination of drug mechanism and order of drug release. The in vitro drug release profile of optimized formulation was compared with marketed formulation LEVERAXR. The regression value for zero order, first order, Higuchi and Korsmeyer Peppas was found to be 0.9604, 0.9245, 0.9889 and 0.9729, respectively. Similarity factor (f2) and dissimilarity factor (f1) was found to be 88.61 and 1.82, respectively. The FTIR and DSC study shows that there is no chemical interaction between levetiracetam and excipients. From the data analysis, it was concluded that optimized formulation follow Higuchi model having diffusion mechanism. The order of drug release was considered zero order release. Stability study shows that there was no remarkable change in drug release after 1 month. It is concluded that the formulation is stable at accelerated conditions.
Treatment of Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency with Enteric Coated Pancreatin Formulations: An Overview
Authors: Bhattacharyya B K , Chowdhury S , Das S , Mukherjee S , Bhattacharjee D 
Published: August 2020

Pancreatin is a mixture of several digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine cells of the pancreas. It is composed of amylase, lipase and protease. It is used to treat conditions in which pancreatic secretions are deficient, such as surgical pancreatectomy, pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. Pancreatin products contain the pancreatic enzymes trypsin, amylase and lipase. The patients with pancreatic diseases often suffer from pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. In such condition pancreas does not secrete required amount of digestive enzymes for proper digestion to occur. Severe pancreatic insufficiency occurs in cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, tumors or after surgical resection. Thus pancreatic exocrine insufficiency may result in clinical manifestation of malnutrition, weight loss and steatorrhea leading towards the increased risk of morbidity and mortality. For the improvement of clinical symptoms, restriction of fat intake and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy are recommended. The enzyme substitution therapy is very much challenging because the optimal enzyme dose is highly variable to mimic the physiological pattern of pancreatic exocrine secretion. Regulatory authorities have approved several pancreatic enzyme formulations in the form of enteric coated minimicrosphere which are now available commercially. This review focuses on the physiological considerations of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and its treatment with enteric coated pancreatin formulations.
Clinical Pharmacology of Current Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Reddy D. Samba 
Published: August 2020

This article describes current antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) that are available for treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsy is characterized by repeated occurrence of seizures, which are clinical manifestations of abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. Epileptic seizures arise from a multiplicity of factors that regulate neuronal excitability and synchrony. Epilepsy is caused because of certain genetic defects or acquired due to brain injury. Epileptic seizures are classified into partial (simple partial and complex partial) and generalized (absence, tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures) types. Around two-dozen AEDs, classified as standard and newer agents, are available for treating epilepsy. AEDs act on diverse molecular targets to selectively modify the abnormal excitability of neurons by reducing the focal seizure discharges or preventing spread of excitation. AEDs suppress seizures by blocking the voltage-gated sodium channels (phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproate, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, topiramate), voltage-activated calcium channels (ethosuximide, gabapentin), potentiation of GABA inhibition (barbiturates, benzodiazepines, tiagabine), and reduction of glutamate excitation (felbamate). Carbamazepine, phenytoin, and valproate are the first-line agents for partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Ethosuximide is the drug of choice for absence seizures. Intravenous benzodiazepines diazepam or lorazepam are effective in terminating status epilepticus. AEDs are orally-active and show unique pharmacokinetic features. Some AEDs cause enzyme induction and hence produce drug interactions. Newer AEDs such as gabapentin, levetiracetam, tiagabine, zonisamide and pregabalin do not cause enzyme induction. Treatment in pregnancy must consider optimizing therapy while preventing teratotoxicity of AEDs. There are alternative options (ketogenic diet) for children. Despite many advances in epilepsy research, nearly 30% of people with epilepsy have “intractable seizures” that do not respond to drug therapy. Presently, there is no cure for epilepsy. Therefore, newer and better AEDs that can better prevent seizures and modify the disease are needed for curing epilepsy.
An Overview of Novel Drugs and New Chemical Entities in 2013
Authors: Reddy D Samba 
Published: August 2020

Twenty-seven (27) new drugs have been approved by the U.S. FDA in 2013, a big decline compared to 39 in 2012. The decline is attributed to fewer drugs submitted for review. The average annual approval rate over the past eight years is 26 new molecular entities (NMEs) comprising small molecules and biologics. The approval of 27 novel new drugs is a strong sign of innovation in drug discovery and commercialization. This list includes 9 first-in-class drugs, 9 orphan drugs, 10 fast track drugs, 10 priority drugs, 3 breakthroughs, 2 accelerated aprovals and 12 combined expedited approval products. Many first-of-a-kind drugs have been approved for marketing. The list includes a total of 89% (24 of 27) first cycle approvals and 74% (20 of 27) first approvals in the U.S. before any other country. Noteworthy first-in-class drugs include canagliflozin (diabetes), ado-trastuzumab emtansine (late-stage breast cancer), simeprevir (chronic hepatitis C), and trametinib (metastic melanoma). Among the breakthrough drugs approved in 2013 were ibrutinib (blood cancer), obinutuzumab (leukemia), and simeprevir (chronic hepatitis C). In addition, nine (33%) products were approved for the treatment of rare diseases including Imbruvica (mantle cell lymphoma), Gazyva (lymphocytic leukemia), Kynamro (familial hypercholesterolemia), and Adempas and Opsumit (pulmonary hypertention). The approval of 27 drugs in 2013 underscores a strong success rate, indicating innovations for new products despite the uncertain concerns about the long-term safety of NMEs in the existing climate of withdrawals and safety alerts. Despite encouraging drug approvals, there is a bleak scope for blockbusters because most of these drugs are for niche areas or have a limited market. The pipeline for 2014 appears very optimistic. Overall, these new drug additions to the current drug armamentarium are expected to contribute to improved health and will exert a great potential impact on public health.
Synthesis and In vitro P-Glycoprotein Inhibitory Activity of Novel 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives
Authors: Kalam Sirisha , I Rajyalaxmi , S Olivia 
Published: August 2020

Two series of new symmetrical 4-aryl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-bis-N-(aryl/heteroaryl)-carbamoyl-1,4-dihydropyridines (4a-f) and asymmetrical 4-aryl-2,6-dimethyl-3-N-(aryl/hetero-aryl)-carbamoyl-5-ethyl carboxylate-1,4-dihydro-pyridines (5a-f) have been synthesized by simple, economical and eco-friendly, modified Hantzsch reaction using N-aryl/heteroarylacetoacetamides (3a-c), ethylaceto-acetate (for asymmetric), arylaldehydes and urea in presence of catalytic amounts of LiBr/Iodine and by microwave irradiation methods. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by physical and spectral data, and evaluated for their possible in vitro MDR reversal activity by everted sac method using verapamil as standard P-gp inhibitor and domperidone as the standard P-gp substrate. Amongst the compounds tested, compound 4f exhibited the highest in vitro P-gp inhibitory activity. It was found to be more potent than the standard verapamil.
Pharmaceutical Applications of Nano-Niosomes in Drug, Vaccine and Gene Delivery
Authors: Arora Vandana , Rastogi Sameer , Siddiqui Abdul W , Gupta Manish 
Published: August 2020

This review article describes recent advances in the field of nano-science related to niosomes, non-ionic surfactant vesicles (NSVs). Development trends in nanotechnology in health and medicine are expected to provide solutions to many of modern medicine's unsolved problems. Nanotechnology offers potential developments in therapeutics, diagnosis, cancer treatment, implantable materials, and tissue regeneration. The objective of this review is to provide a solid groundwork for anticipating the next phases of nanomedicine development, highlighting valuable perspective and find out the various areas where niosomes are applied. NSVs are the hydrated lipids composed mainly of different classes of non-ionic surfactants, introduced in the seventies as a cosmetic vehicle. Currently, niosomes are used as important new drug delivery systems by many research groups and also they are effective immunoadjuvants which some commercial forms are already available in the market. These vesicles are recently used as gene transfer vectors too.
Formulation and Evaluation of Nanosuspension Formulation for Drug Delivery of Simvastatin
Authors: Shid Rupali L. , Dhole Shashikant N. , Kulkarni Nilesh , Shid Santosh L. 
Published: August 2020

Poor water solubility and slow dissolution rate are issues drug content and polydispersity index. The obtained for the majority of upcoming and existing biologically results showed that particle size (nm) and rate of active compounds. Simvastatin is poorly water-soluble dissolution has been improved when nanosuspension drug and its bioavailability is very low from its crystalline prepared with the higher concentration of PVPK-30 and form. The purpose of the present investigation was to Poloxamer-188 and lower concentration of SLS. The increase the solubility and dissolution rate of simvastatin by particle size and zeta potential of optimized formulation the preparation of nanosuspension by Emulsification was found to be 258.3 nm and 23.43. The rate of Solvent Diffusion Method at laboratory scale. Prepared dissolution of the optimized nanosuspension was nanosuspension was evaluated for its particle size and enhanced (90.02% in 60min), relative to plain simvastatin in vitro dissolution study and characterized by zeta (21% in 60 min), mainly due to the formation of nanosized potential, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and particles. These results indicate the suitability of 23 factorial X-Ray diffractometry (XRD), Motic digital microscopy, design for preparation of simvastatin loaded nanosus- entrapment efficiency, total drug content, saturated pension significantly improved in vitro dissolution rate, solubility study and in vivo study. A 23 factorial design was and thus possibly enhance fast onset of therapeutic drug employed to study the effect of independent variables, effect. In vivo study shows increase in bioavailability in amount of SLS (X1), amount of PVPK-30 (X2) and nanosuspension formulation than the plain simvastatin Poloxamer-188 (X3) and dependent variables are Total drug.
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Ocimum sanctum against Mosquito Vectors for Malaria and Dengue
Authors: Ali M. Syed , Ali A.M. Aswan , P P Vijaya , N Yogananth , Prabu M. Munees 
Published: August 2020

Vector-borne diseases such as malaria, filariasis, yellow fever, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis are major illnesses in in tropical countries. The main objective of this study was to investigate the larvicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum against fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi. The present study was carried out to establish the larvicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using leaf aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum against fourth instar larvae of dengue and malaria vector. The larval mortality was observed after different time of exposures. Further, characterization such as XRD and SEM analysis were carried out for the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The mortality values were obtained using the probit analysis. The larvae of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi were found to be highly susceptible for the silver nanoparticles. The larvae have shown 100% mortality against the silver nanoparticles, whereas fourth instar larvae have shown efficacy (LC50) after 24 and 48 hr. The characterization studies of synthesized AgNPs by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), of silver nanoparticles along with stability. In conclusions, the findings revealed that synthesized AgNPs possess excellent mosquito larvicidal activity. These results suggest that the green synthesis of AgNPs have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of head lice and vectors.
RP-UFLC Method for Estimation of Propafenone in Tablets
Authors: Panda Sagar Suman , B V V Ravi Kumar , Acharjya Sasmita Kumari , Sahu Kalyani 
Published: August 2020

A simple, precise and accurate RP-UFLC method was developed for determination of propafenone hydrochloride. Separation was carried on an Enable C18G column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) using methanol: 10 mM TBAHS (95:05, v/v) as mobile phase at flow rate of 1.0 ml/min in isocratic mode. The PDA detection wavelength was 247 nm. The retention time of propafenone was 2.692 min. The method was validated for linearity, specificity, precision, accuracy and robustness as per ICH. The method was linear in the concentration range of 10 – 250 µg/ml with correlation coefficients of 0.999. The LOD and LOQ were 4.5 µg/ml and 9.75 µg/ml, respectively. Average recoveries for recovery study were found to be in the range of 99.73-100.58. R.S.D. values for intraday, interday and system precision were found to be less than 2%. Specificity was established after forced degradation was performed by using HCl, NaOH, H2O2, thermal and UV radiation. The method was applied successfully for estimation propafenone in tablet formulation.
Formulation and Characterization of Nanotransfersome of Famotidine in Transdermal Patch
Authors: Mehra Kavita , Geevarghese Rachel 
Published: August 2020

Transfersomes are highly efficient and extremely deformable lipid vesicles. The aim of the present study was to investigate transfersomes as a transdermal delivery system for delivery of famotidine to overcome the problems associated with its oral delivery. The oral bioavailability offamotidine has been reported to be low and highly variable. Famotidine undergoes first-pass metabolism resulting in about 50% bioavailability. It shows poor aqueous solubility,gastric degradation and is incompletely absorbed from gastrointestinal tract. Here, we made an attempt to deliver famotidine through transdermal route. Transfersome were made using phospholipon-90G and Span-80. A 32 Factorialdesign was applied. Optimal permeation flux was achieved as 22.4 μgm/cm2 hour and drug entrapment efficiency of 61% and average particle size of 215 nm was obtained.Vesicle morphology was characterized using transmission electron microscopy. Ex vivo study using porcine ear skin indicated an excellent drug release profile.
Pharmacist for a Healthy India – Swasth Bharath
Authors: Singh G. N. 
Published: August 2020

India has emerged as a global player for pharmaceuticals. The pharmaceutical revolution of 1970-90 of Indian Pharma Industry had demonstrated that India could be self-sufficient in the manufacture of essential drugs at affordable prices. The turnover of Indian Pharmaceutical is over $30 billion in 2015 including $15 billion in exports. It was a great honor to preside the 67th Indian pharmaceutical congress held in Mysore. The topic of Pharmacists for a Healthy India is close to my heart and being a regulator myself, I feel that the Pharmacy fraternity can play a much larger role in contributing to the healthcare system in India. Pharmacist as such are involved in a big way in the regulation of drugs, be it manufacture, be it sale or research and development. A contribution of the Pharmacists is there at every stage till the drug reaches the consumer safely. For this purpose, the society needs a pool of well qualified and experienced pharmacists, which requires regular updating of their knowledge to keep pace with the developments taking place in the pharmaceutical sector. The advancements in technology and the emerging challenges in the health sector require pharmacists to shoulder the responsibilities towards the utilization of scientific knowledge in the use of modern medicines and the protection of the public against dangers of wrong use of drugs. The Pharmacy Council of India on its part will have to ensure that the courses offered for creating a high technology based are calibrated in such a way that the education and skills developed suit to the requirements of the Pharmaceutical Industry as well as needs to the patients
Streptomyces Ghanaensis sp. VITHM1-mediated Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and its Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Abirami Mani , Kannabiran Krishnan 
Published: August 2020

Microbial green synthesis of nanoparticles and exploiting them for biological applications has received considerable attention in the recent past. Gold (Au) nanoparticles were synthesised using Streptomyces ghanaensis sp. VITHM1 (MTCC #12465) biomass and evaluated for its cytotoxic activity. Au NPs were synthesised after 56 h of incubation of cell free supernatant with 1 mM HAuCl4 at room temperature. The synthesized NPs were characterized by UV-visible spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential. The synthesised gold nanoparticles were highly stable, spherical in shape and the average size was 30-50 nm. The secondary metabolites present in the biomass were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The mechanism of formation of gold nanoparticles with the two major secondary metabolites present in the extracted biomass was proposed. The 3D structure of the unit cell in the synthesized nanoparticles was determined by XRD data base. The synthesized gold nanoparticles (200 µg/mL) exhibited admirable cytotoxic activity by inducing apoptosis in Hep-2 cells after 48 h of incubation. Gold nanoparticles (250 µg/mL) did not cause any haemolysis on human red blood cells. These results of this study suggest that Streptomyces biomass- mediated gold nanoparticles can be explored for cytotoxic activity