bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apprenticed to the Word
Authors: Lischer Richard 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the individuals who influenced Martin Luther King, Jr. as a preacher. It was from Benjamin E. Mays, president of Morehouse College, that King first heard the challenge “Clearly, then, it isn’t how long one lives that is important, but how well he lives, what he contributes to mankind and how noble the goals toward which he strives. Longevity is good . . . but longevity is not all-important.” King paraphrased this sentiment many times in his career, perhaps most poignantly in his speech in Memphis the night before his death. King also discovered three mediating influences who, like Mays, appreciated a good theological argument and, like King Sr., sat astride enormous urban congregations. These influences were William Holmes Borders, Sandy Ray, and Gardner C. Taylor.
Dexter Avenue and “The Daybreak of Freedom”
Authors: Lischer Richard 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter details the events that followed Martin Luther King, Jr.’s arrival in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1954 when he assumed the pastorate of the most distinguished Negro church in the city, Dexter Avenue Baptist Church. Dexter was built during Reconstruction on the site of one of the city’s four slave pens. As a black church, it therefore occupies an incongruously central location in the old city of Montgomery. King approached Dexter Avenue Baptist Church as the first test of all that he had learned from the church and his mentors. Even before the Boycott of 1955–56, Dexter had proved to be every bit the challenge he was looking for.
What He Received
Authors: Lischer Richard 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the preaching and sermons of Martin Luther King, Jr. Like all preachers, King relied on what had been given him. For the construction of his sermons, what he received was a body of titles, outlines, and formulas from other preachers. The outlines followed the conventional sermon schemes he had learned in the black church and from his seminary teachers. The formulas were what classical orators would have called proofs of the speaker’s arguments. The proofs illustrate or substantiate the often unexceptional arguments with a sensual beauty that overshadows the logic of the ideas themselves. Together, the outlines and the proofs constitute what the classical tradition called the topoi, or “places,” where a culture or religious tradition “stores” its nuggets of wisdom and its basic methods of telling the truth.
The Strategies of Style
Authors: Lischer Richard 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Martin Luther King, Jr.’s speaking style. King’s style did not mirror a mysterious and inaccessible “inner man,” nor what King would have called his “personality.” Instead, it reflected a strategy for the public presentation of a message, which in turn was related to a larger strategy of social change. He did not preach and speak the way he did because “that is the sort of person he was,” but because he had a mission no less calculated or comprehensive than Demosthenes’s appeal to Athens or Lincoln’s to America. His mission was, as he put it simply in a 1963 sermon, “to make America a better nation.” Paradoxically, he pursued his high and serious purpose with a style whose first principle was the achievement of pleasure.
The Masks of Character
Authors: Lischer Richard 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the personae, or “masks,” implicit in Martin Luther King, Jr.’s strategies of style by which he communicated his purposes for America. These roles he accepted and played with absolute fidelity. For example, when speaking prophetically, no unseemly aside, unmeant gesture, or hint of backstage behavior ever detracted from his role or diminished the high ground he had chosen for himself. Like a Greek actor, he moved across the stage speaking his lines with a passion appropriate to his mask. He never broke character. What sociologist Erving Goffman calls the “front,” which is a performer’s setting, appearance, and manner, remained in King utterly consistent.
In the Mirror of the Bible
Authors: Lischer Richard 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses how Martin Luther King, Jr.’s leadership of the Movement was a calculated act of interpretation that mirrored the Bible’s imagery, stories, and characters: the morning star of freedom illumined the darkness of an ordinary Southern city. Baptist and Methodist Rotarians were assigned and grudgingly assumed the role of “the pharaohs of the South.” A festive parade of thousands along a state highway symbolized the Exodus from Egypt. Blood-spattered Negroes enacted the mystery of unmerited suffering. All of it was presided over by the black Moses who was willing to die for his people.
Reckoning
Authors: Callison Candis , Young Mary Lynn 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The book is about how journalists know what they know, who gets to decide what good journalism is, and how we know when it’s done right. Until a couple decades ago, these questions were rarely asked by journalists. When journalists were questioned by malcontented publics and critics about how they were doing journalism, these questions were easily ignored. Now, if you’re on social media, you’re likely to see multiple critiques of journalism on a daily basis. It seems not only convenient but pragmatic to give most of the credit to digital technologies and/or market failure for how relationships between journalists and diverse audiences have changed. This book rests on a different assumption, however. We contend that technologies offer a diagnostic to understand much deeper, persistent, and structural problems confronting journalism. Counter to much of the recent journalism scholarship, we argue that you can’t talk about the role journalists and journalism organizations could, should, and have played in society without talking about gender, race, other intersectional concerns—and settler-colonialism. Drawing on mixed methods and ethnography as well as interdisciplinary scholarship, this book examines the reckoning under way between journalists, their methods and their audiences in sites as diverse as social media, legacy newsrooms, journalism startups, novel forms of journalism memoir, and among indigenous journalists. The book explores journalism’s long-standing harms alongside repair, reform, and transformation. It suggests that a turn to strong objectivity and systems journalism provides a path forward.
Opening up Journalism’s Crisis
Authors: and Callison 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Despite a wide range of concerns, the multiple overlapping crises in North American journalism have been largely circumscribed as stemming from either economic decline and/or technological disruption and change. This narrow lens has limited the possibility for discussion of wider and often prior challenges to the current state of journalism and their solutions. This introduction brings together wider conversations about journalism and complicates the notion of crisis, situating concerns about technology and economics alongside chronic issues related to power, structure, and epistemology in order to analyze gaps and exclusions. Understanding what journalism can and should do—its limits and possibilities—is essential to imagining new contours for how journalism might respond to the digital reckonings taking place at a time when good journalism is determined via an iterative process that is both internal to journalism (professional norms and practices) and external to journalism (taking into account audience experiences).
Final Remarks
Authors: Daneshgar Majid 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The final chapter of the book is divided into two sections: conclusions, and “Islamic Apologetics” everywhere. It informs readers about the future of Islamic studies in the West and the way it gets gradually changed to Islamic Apologetics. In so doing, some of the true stories that have happened in both Muslim and Western academic contexts are discussed. The final remarks aim to show that, in fact, the stronger the connection with politics and traditionalism, the more diminished is the academic approach toward religion and the greater the conservative presentation of religious studies, in both Western and Muslim academic contexts.
Hope for Democracy
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Concerned citizens across the globe fear that democracy is failing them, but civic reformers are crafting new tools that bring back into politics the wider public and its capacity for reason. This book spotlights one such innovation—the Citizens’ Initiative Review (CIR). Each review gathers a random sample of twenty voters to study a statewide ballot measure. These citizen panelists interrogate advocates, opponents, and experts and distill what they learn into a one-page analysis for the official Voters’ Pamphlet. The Oregon government permanently established the CIR in 2011, and reformers have tested it in locations across the United States and Europe. This book introduces the citizen activists responsible for the development of the CIR, as well as key participants at the inaugural CIR whose experiences changed their lives. Along with these stories, this book provides evidence of the CIR’s impact on voters, who not only make better decisions as a result of reading the citizen analysis but also change the way they understand their role in government. The CIR fits into a larger set of deliberative reforms occurring around the world and into a long history of democratic experiments that stretch back through the American revolution to ancient Athens. The book weaves together historical vignettes, contemporary research, and personal narratives to show how citizens, civic reformers, and politicians can work together to revitalize modern democracy.
Professional Standards in the Aftermath of Torture
Authors: Soldz Stephen , Reisner Steven 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In addition to direct effects on detainees, interrogators, intelligence agencies, and law, the U.S. torture program had additional corrupting influences on other aspects of society. This chapter explores the effects that the torture program had on civil society by exploring its effects on the profession of psychology and on the largest U.S. psychological professional organization, the American Psychological Association (APA). We briefly summarize public knowledge regarding the involvement of psychologists in the CIA and DoD "enhanced interrogation" torture programs. We then describe the public response of the APA as news of this knowledge emerged. However, the public response did not match the APA’s behind-the-scenes actions, as was revealed by a 2015 Independent Review of APA leaders' potential complicity with the torture program conducted by Chicago attorney David Hoffman. The resultant Hoffman Report found a pattern of backchannel collaboration ("collusion") to ensure that APA ethics guidelines on psychologists' interrogation support did not constrain psychologists beyond permissive DoD rules. We then put psychology's interrogation controversy in the context of broader issues regarding the ethics of “operational psychology,” that is, the use of psychological knowledge and expertise by psychologists to further military and intelligence operations. We argue that certain operational psychology applications conflict with the ethics of the profession, and question whether practitioners of such applications properly belong to the profession of psychology. We conclude with a call for a Truth Commission to document the involvement of psychologists in post-9/11 detention and interrogation processes, and to focus on lessons learned regarding professional relations with the security sector, so that future generations of psychologists are less likely to repeat post-9/11 mistakes.
Unmasking the Challenges
Authors: Gaggioli Gloria , Kilibarda Pavle 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
International human rights law and international humanitarian law absolutely prohibit all forms of torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment (CIDT) at all times and against anyone, even the worst of criminals. International criminal law moreover provides for the individual criminal responsibility of perpetrators. Nevertheless, there remains a number of legal and practical challenges to overcome in order to ensure the effectiveness of this prohibition. The most visible challenge pertains to the implementation of the prohibition not only in domestic law but also in the concrete practice of law enforcement officials and other State agents. Other—less visible and insufficiently discussed—challenges concern laws and practices that may indirectly impact the effectiveness of the prohibition of torture and CIDT and whose acceptability under public international law is not crystal clear. For instance, is the prohibition of using evidence obtained through torture/CIDT (so-called exclusionary rule) absolute and applicable in all cases? How far does the international law obligation to prosecute and punish torture/CIDT perpetrators go? To what extent may individual perpetrators of torture/CIDT invoke mitigating circumstances or even justifications to avoid or diminish punishment for the commission of such acts in extreme circumstances? Does the passing of lenient sentences upon individual perpetrators of ill-treatment entail the responsibility of the State as a failure to punish? The present chapter will discuss these issues in light of contemporary international practice of various human rights bodies (treaty bodies and UN special procedures) and international/mixed criminal courts and tribunals.
Setting Universal Standards for Non-coercive Interviews and Associated Safeguards
Authors: Méndez Juan E. , Nicolescu Andra 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter makes the case for the need to develop a universal set of standards (Universal Protocol) for non-coercive investigative interviewing methods and associated legal and procedural safeguards. The purpose of this instrument will be to assist law enforcement officers and other authorities in carrying out their duties effectively, and in full compliance with fundamental human rights obligations. The Universal Protocol will promote an evidence-based, non-coercive model of investigative interviewing that operationalizes the presumption of innocence and ensures that no person under questioning is subjected to torture, ill-treatment, or coercion, including any forms of violence, duress, or threat. The authors elaborate on the legal, ethical, scientific, and practical arguments for the development of the Universal Protocol. Recognizing that all persons—whether suspects, victims, or witnesses—interviewed by authorities during criminal investigations may be confronted with the entire repressive machinery of society, the authors explain why the development of the Universal Protocol is necessary from the perspective of the prohibition of torture and other ill-treatment. They provide an explanation of how the use of coercive questioning techniques leads to false confessions, wasted resources, results in adverse operational consequences for law enforcement, and ultimately gives rise to more crime and insecurity. The chapter then provides an overview of the envisioned scope and substance of the Universal Protocol, which is expected to (1) elaborate on an evidence-, rapport-based, and empirically-founded investigative interviewing model that centers on the pursuit of truth (as opposed to the pursuit of confessions); and (2) enumerate a set of fundamental legal procedural safeguards designed to protect the physical and mental integrity of all persons during questioning. The authors conclude by discussing the international expert-driven process that is underway to develop the Universal Protocol, and reflect on strategic and substantive progress achieved to date. A call for the support of the development, endorsement, and implementation of the Universal Protocol is also issued by the authors.
Elite Ethnography
Authors: Chancer Lynn S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
As a comparison of three journals reveals, ethnographers in the field of US sociology have largely tended to “study up” rather than “study down.” In other words, problems facing marginalized groups have received far more detailed qualitative study than the habits (and habitus) of elite groups. While recognizing that this pattern has recently shifted toward a flowering of cross-national work on elites, this chapter looks at past disparities to investigate whether the difference in ethnographic focus has been—until now—exceptional within the American academic field. Specifically, the chapter focuses on a cross-cultural comparison of French and American ethnographies. In the United States, many ethnographers assume that elites are hard to study because of difficulties related to access. Yet perusing French ethnography reveals that partly due to the theoretical influence of Pierre Bourdieu, well-known work in France like that of Michel and Monique Pinçon-Charlot has long succeeded in providing detailed chronicles of elite groups’ daily lives. This chapter argues that the issue to date has likely involved dispositional orientations as well as challenges of access. There may be subtle reasons, such as concerns with Goffman-like contagion effects, why sociologists unwittingly prefer to study the downtrodden over the privileged. In addition to analyzing the relative influences of access versus dispositional factors, the chapter ends with four reasons why attention to elites is important for ethnography and sociology, as both strive to grasp growing inequalities and the psychosocial causes of recurrent cycles of power and powerlessness.
Multivocality
Authors: Meizel Katherine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This book frames vocality as a particularly holistic way to investigate the voice in music, as a concept embodying all the implications with which voice is inscribed—the negotiation of sound and Self, individual and culture, medium and meaning, ontology and embodiment. Like identity, vocality is fluid, constructed and reconstructed continually; even the most iconic of singers do not simply exercise a static voice throughout a lifetime. The book highlights such singers in vocal motion, focusing on their transitions and transgressions across genre and gender boundaries, cultural borders, the lines between body and technology, between secular and religious contexts, between found voices and lost ones. And as 21st-century singers habitually perform across styles, genres, cultural contexts, histories, and identities, the author suggests that they are not only performing in multiple vocalities, but more critically, they are performing multivocality—creating and recreating identity through the process of singing with many voices, at once produced by and in resistance against neoliberal expectations. Multivocality, in its focus on the suppressions and soundings of voice in various borderlands of identity, works toward a deeper understanding of voice as a technology of the self and of culture.
Finding a Voice
Authors: Meizel Katherine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins with an investigation of the history and implications of the phrase “find your voice,” its celebration of individualism and auto-essentialism, and its connections to neoliberal culture. The chapter also explores how singers trained in the western classical tradition create and experience multivocality, as well as the explicit and implicit sociocultural meanings they make in the process. Furthermore, it addresses the vital question “What is my voice?,” and the diverse ways in which classically trained singers who practice multivocality answer as they cross genres and singing styles, and as they navigate across difficult geographical, cultural, and musical borders.
Global Social Media Design
Authors: Sun Huatong 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Social media users fracture into tribes, but social media ecosystems are globally interconnected technically, socially, culturally, and economically. At the crossroads, Huatong Sun, author of Cross-Cultural Technology Design, presents theory, method, and case studies to uncover the global interconnectedness of social media design and reorient universal design standards. Centering on the dynamics between structure and agency, Sun draws on practices theories and transnational fieldwork and articulates a critical design approach. The culturally localized user engagement and empowerment (CLUE2, or CLUE-squared) framework extends from situated activity to social practice and connects macro institutions with micro interactions to redress asymmetrical relations in everyday life. Why were Japanese users not crazed about Facebook? Would Twitter have been more successful than its copycat Weibo in China if not banned? How did mobilities and value propositions play out in the competition of WhatsApp, WeChat, LINE, and KakaoTalk for global growth? Illustrating the cultural entanglement with a relational view of design, Sun provides three provocative accounts of cross-cultural social media design and use. Concepts such as affordance, genre, and uptake are demonstrated as design tools to bind the material with the discursive and leap from the critical to the generative for culturally sustaining design. Sun calls to reshape the crossroads into a design square where differences are nourished as design resources, where diverse discourses interact for innovation, and where alternative design epistemes thrive from the local. This timely book will appeal to researchers, students, and practitioners who design across disciplines, paradigms, and boundaries to bridge differences in this increasingly globalized world.
Understanding the Criticality of Differences in Cross-Cultural Design
Authors: Sun Huatong 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter articulates a practice-oriented critical vision of cultural differences to global design and explores how we should productively engage differences in global design practices. Cultural differences in this book refer to the differences that emerge from various categorical identifications such as ethnicity, race, age, class, religion, gender, sexuality, and ability and manifests as ways of life. A practice-oriented critical vision sees cultural differences as dynamic, relational, emergent, contingent, and liminal, in contrast to a simplistic interpretation of cultural differences presented by multiculturalism and other theories. This chapter first reviews why cultural differences matters and then organizes the discussion around four sets of questions: First, how does difference come into being? Second, what is the nature of difference ontologically? Third, how should we treat difference methodologically and practically? Fourth, as designers, how can we turn differences into design resources? And how should we design with, across, and for cultural differences? Based on the articulation of a practice-oriented critical vision of differences that turns communication deficits into design resources, the culturally localized user experience (CLUE) approach is thus developed into the approach of culturally localized user engagement and empowerment (CLUEE), simplified as the CLUE2 (CLUE-squared) approach. Examples of race construction and social media design cases are provided to enrich the discussion.