bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Open topological defects and boundary RG flows
Authors: Konechny Anatoly 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In the context of two-dimensional rational conformal field theories we consider topological junctions of topological defect lines with boundary conditions. We refer to such junctions as open topological defects. For a relevant boundary operator on a conformal boundary condition we consider a commutation relation with an open defect obtained by passing the junction point through the boundary operator. We show that when there is an open defect that commutes or anti-commutes with the boundary operator there are interesting implications for the boundary RG flows triggered by this operator. The end points of the flow must satisfy certain constraints which, in essence, require the end points to admit junctions with the same open defects. Furthermore, the open defects in the infrared must generate a subring under fusion that is isomorphic to the analogous subring of the original boundary condition. We illustrate these constraints by a number of explicit examples in Virasoro minimal models.
Extended urbanization in smaller-sized cities and small town development in Java: The case of the Tegal Region
Authors: Mardiansjah F H 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Urbanization processes in Java are characterized by the extended urbanization of its cities, that also create and develop small towns in surrounding areas of large and much smaller cities. This paper aims to bring greater attention to processes unfolding in smaller Javanese cities, and elaborates these processes through Tegal case study. To do this, long-term development is studied in the Tegal region through a time-series comparison by examining the development of urban villages within the administrative area of the region, based on statistical data collected from the Village Monographs (potensi desa) over a period from 1990 to 2017. Urban development in the Tegal Region is described in urban spatial development and urban population concentration to identify and analyse the small towns developed in the region. The study reveals that Tegal has undergone a similar process of core-periphery spatial development patterns that are experienced among larger urban agglomerations. The scattered towns surrounding the core city developed in a variety of sizes. The development of the city and towns in the surrounding areas in Tegal Region converging into an urban agglomeration that could already be considered its own metropolitan region with the city of Tegal as the core.
A review on carbon membranes for hydrogen purification
Authors: Sazali N , Ghazali M F , Siregar J P , Gunawan T , Salleh W N W , Yusof N. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) as a high competence and clean energy bearer has pulled in reestablished and consistently expanding consideration around the globe as of late, basically because of advancements in power modules and ecological weights including environmental change issues. In thermochemical forms for H2 creation from non-renewable energy sources, separation and purification performance is a basic innovation. Specifically, microporous membranes indicate guarantees in water gas move response at higher temperatures. In this article, we survey the look at the basic issues in these membranes as for the specialized and financial focal points and weaknesses. Conclusions will be made on the significance of membrane innovation to the new age of zero-outflow control advancements.
Flory-Huggins Theory Based Approach for Estimation of Aqueous Solubility of Starch from Various Botanical Sources
Authors: Kumoro A C , Retnowati D S , Ratnawati R , Widiyanti M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Nowadays the importance of starches in industrial application in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries is well recognized. Unfortunately, their thermodynamics aspect has not been well understood. The objective of this study is to develop a simple thermodynamic model for the estimation of aqueous solubility of cereal, tuber and legume starches through Flory-Huggins theory approach. The aqueous solubility of starch was investigated experimentally as the mass percentage of dissolved starch per gram starch using shake-flask method at 338.2 to 368.2 K according to common practice in food science and technology. The solubility of starch was found to increase with the elevation of temperature. In general, starches from tuber exhibit higher aqueous solubility than starches from other sources. The results showed that Flory-Huggins theory is suitable to be used as the basis for the prediction of aqueous solubility of starch from various botanical sources. In most cases, the Flory-Huggins interaction parameters (χwst
) were higher than 0.5 suggesting that water is a poor solvent for starch. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameters were highly dependent on composition, which is in good agreement with previous report for synthetic polymer blends. Therefore, Flory Huggins approach can be used as a useful tool in the prediction of aqueous solubility of starches.
Effect of nitrogen bubble for biodiesel production from used cooking oil
Authors: Wiriya N , Kokoo R , Wichianwat K , Jiamrittiwong P , Srisurat T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Biodiesel is alternative energy produced using natural raw materials. The famous reaction used to produce biodiesel is transesterification. In the commercial scale, the mixing process is the crucial step for transesterification. Electric stirring motor used to mix raw materials in the conventional process consumes a lot of energy. This results in high production cost. In this research, bubbling technique was used to replace the electric stirring motor. Waste nitrogen gas obtained from the gas separation industry was fed to the bubble column filled with used sunflower oil and other reactants. Microbubbles of nitrogen gas were generated in the column. The results showed that the product yields obtained from the stirring technique is higher than the bubbling technique by 2.63% at the same operating time. In case of energy consumption, the bubbling technique can reduce electricity used by 50% compared with the stirring technique.
A Review Study of Biofilm Bacteria and Microalgae Bioremediation for Palm Oil Mill Effluent: Possible Approach
Authors: Al-Amshawee S K , Yunus M Y , Azoddein A A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
It was known where water is, there is a life, but presently, water is the primary source of diseases, viruses, and microbes. Before the industrial revolution, freshwater was available in vast quantities and everywhere, but the unwell treatments of wastewater have contaminated our fresh water. The palm oil industries discharge palm oil mill effluent (POME) under the forced standards, but it still pollutes the freshwater because it streams contaminated water, and not freshwater. There are many methods for wastewater treatment, but most of it reached its maximum effort, for example, physical technologies probably can give 90% removal of total pollutants with high capital cost. Hence, industries are trying to evolve biological treatments such as microalgae, and biofilm because of being friendly, and cost-efficient. This article reviews microalgae and biofilm bacteria ability for POME processing, and what possible advantages or valuable byproducts can produce. It concluded that uniting both treatments can lead to outstanding performance defeating withdraws and limitations.
A Review on Aerobic Biological Processes for Palm Oil Mill Effluent: Possible Approaches
Authors: Al-Amshawee S K , Yunus M Y , Azoddein A A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
On large scale, many countries like Indonesia and Malaysia receive economic advantage from employing numerous mills to produce and sell palm oil. Despite the benefits, contaminated effluents from palm oil processing have polluted enormous quantities of fresh water, which leads to massive scarcity of fresh water. Moreover, vast quantities of fresh water with steady rainfalls were placed in a country known as Malaysia, but currently, it has massive fresh water wastage because of environmental pollution, and discharging unwell treated palm oil mill effluent (POME). Also, the increasing amounts of POME suffocate agriculture, fresh water, aquatic life, and human health and results in a fantastic medium for bacteria, viruses, and diseases growth. Therefore, palm oil mill effluent receives huge attention since treatment technologies are highly cost, which forces palm oil industries to reuse wastewater in several needs and conserve the available fresh water. Presently, palm oil industries are looking for treatments with low costs, low energy consumptions, and good performance to boost a greener image of palm oil production. This review shows and summarizes most of the possible approaches of aerobic biological treatments to decompose POME, showing their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, this review finds developing a hybrid system comprised from number of aerobic biological treatments can defeat stand-alone technology limitations and improve effluent quality.
Optimization of essential oil yield from Vietnamese green pepper (Piper nigrum) using hydro-distillation method
Authors: Dao T P , Tran T H , Nhan N P T , Quyen N T C , Tien L X , Anh T T , Quan P M , Nguyen N H , Anh L L T , Linh H T K 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this study, the essential oil of green pepper collected from Vung Tau City, Vietnam was recovered by hydro-distillation technique, giving the yield of approximately 0.75% yield on optimal conditions. Single factor investigation showed that optimal conditions of the extraction process consisted of water and material ratio of 5:1 mL/g, extraction time of 180 min, flow rate of 2.5 mL/min, size of material of puree, time for soaking of 3 hours. Nineteen components were identified in the obtained Piper nigrum essential oils using GC-MS. The main components of essential oils were Caryophyllene, 3-Carene, β-Pinene, α-Pinene, Sabinene, and Elemene.
Optimizatoin of Microwave-assisted extraction and compositional determination of essential oil from leaves of Eucalyptus globulus
Authors: Tran T H , Ngo T C Q , Dao T P , P T N Nguyen , Pham T N , Nguyen T D , Linh H T K , Nguyen N H , Cang M H 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The extraction of essential oil extracted from Eucalyptus globulus leaves in Southern Vietnam by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was investigated. The experimental study was conducted to determine the effect of different extracting parameters such as size of material, water to material ratio (1 mg/mL to 5 mg/mL), time (20 min to 80 min) and microwave power (100W to 600W). The essential oil content is determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS method. The main ingredients of Eucalyptus globulus essential oils were Eucalyptol (38.771%). The highest essential oil content of 2.65 mg/L was achieved with the ground material, at the ratio of raw materials to water of 1:3 mL/g, extraction time of 60 min, and microwave power of 450W. In conclusion, MAHD method is considered an efficient extraction process, saving time and cost of materials and heating.
Production of a bioadsorbent from oil palm kernel shell, and application for pollutants and colour removal in palm oil mill effluent final discharge
Authors: Nahrul Hayawin Z. , Ibrahim M. F. , Kamarudin H. , Norfaizah J. , Ropandi M. , Astimar A. A. , Abd-Aziz S. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In an effort to mitigate the palm oil mill effluent (POME) final discharge to the river water, palm kernel shell activated carbon has been identified as a promising adsorption technique for enhanced removal of pollutants (Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Suspended Solid) and colour from the wastewater treatment plant. The bioadsorbent was prepared by carbonize at 400°C using two-in-one carbonization and activation system and further steam activate at 900°C with a total process time of 7 hours. The adsorption capacity was evaluated at different bioadsorbent dosage, treatment time, and initial concentration of pollutants and colour. The bioadsorbent showed the maximum removal of pollutants with a bioadsorbent dosage of 40 g/L at treatment time of 12 hours. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the treatment image of bioadsorbent was filled with impurities and elements of POME final discharge. This demonstrated that palm kernel shell activated carbon is a potential bioadsorbent for pollutants and colour removal in POME final discharge.
Incorporation of gold and limestone mining waste materials for carbon capture and storage in bricks
Authors: Hasan S N M S , Kusin F M , Hassim M A , Molahid V L M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The industrial sector is the main contributor of carbon dioxide emissions which have an enormous impact on the planet’s weather. One of the approaches to sequester carbon dioxide permanently is through the utilization of potential mining waste to produce commercial materials such as bricks. This research emphasizes the use of gold and limestone mining waste as raw materials for carbon capture and storage in the manufacturing of bricks and to determine their physical and mechanical characteristics for construction purposes. The dimensions of the sand bricks in this research were 215×103×65 mm. Gold and limestone mining waste was used as a partial cement replacement in sand bricks. Findings showed that the gold mine waste bricks have an average of 1.8% higher water absorption value and hence are more permeable, compared to the average of 1.05% in limestone mine waste bricks. Compressive strength measurements indicated that bricks made up of limestone mine waste have an average of 34.72 N/mm2, which is greater than the average of 24.09 N/mm2 for gold mine waste bricks. Limestone mine waste bricks exhibit good durability of the bricks as compared to gold mine waste bricks, because of their low water absorption. Thus, they have greater strength for construction purposes. Limestone mine waste bricks are more appropriate for buildings because they are less permeable and have greater brick power than gold mine waste bricks. Thus, utilization of mining waste as a raw material for bricks production might increase the physical and mechanical properties of bricks and provide potential solutions for permanent carbon dioxide storage.
Potential recovery of sugar-derivative compounds from hydrothermal treatment of oil palm empty fruit bunch
Authors: Yuliansyah A T , Kumagai S , Hirajima T , Sasaki K 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Biomass is a promising alternative energy resource due to its sustainability and environmental friendliness. In addition, it is also a potential candidate for chemical feedstock since many chemicals can be extracted or synthesized from biomass. Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) is a biomass waste coming from the oil extraction process in a palm oil mill. In this study, potential recovery of chemicals from such biomass waste will be explored by hydrothermal treatment. Slurry of 300 mL of water and 30 g of material was treated in a 500 mL batch autoclave in temperature range of 200-350°C and initial pressure of 2.0 MPa. The slurry was heated up gradually to designed temperature, and then was kept for 30 min residence time. After filtrated, the liquid product was obtained. The liquid products were analyzed by TOC meter and HPLC. The analysis result showed that the liquid product contained several valuable chemicals from the decomposition of sugar compounds such as glucose, xylose, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), formic acid and acetic acid. Yield of each compound varies at different temperatures. At elevated temperature, yield of sugar- derivative compounds tends to decrease.
Optimization of Inter-Plant Water Network Design Involving Multiple Contaminants
Authors: Azmi M A , Arifin M N , Handani Z B 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Minimization of freshwater consumption and wastewater generation are being critical concerns in the process industry due to the scarcity in freshwater supply, the increase of freshwater and effluent treatment costs and stricter regulations. One of the efficient ways to reduce freshwater consumption in the process is by recycling and/or reusing wastewater that is generated by the process or utility after being treated to acceptable limits. This work presents the development of a systematic approach for synthesizing indirect inter-plant water network integration with centralized regeneration system involving multiple contaminants. In this approach, water reuse prospects were analysed within individual plants and between different plants via inter-plant water integration possibilities. The water network problem is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) based on the water network superstructure and is solved using GAMS optimization software. The applicability of the proposed approach is illustrated using a wafer manufacturing process plants case study. At the end of this study, significant reductions of freshwater consumption and wastewater generation have been achieved, showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results show that the freshwater consumption and wastewater generation reduced about 47.61% and 53.48% respectively.
Phytoconstituents of the rhizome of Drynaria bonii and the effect of phytoconstituents on the cell proliferation of osteoblast MG-63 cells
Authors: Trinh Pham Thi Nhat , Giang Bach Long , Danh Tong Thanh , Hung Quach Tong , Du Cao Van , Tuan Nguyen Trong , Dung Le Tien 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In folk medicine of Vietnam, the plant Drynaria bonii Heinrich Christ was used for the treatment of bone disease, osteoporosis, tinnitus and stimulate hair growth, instead of Drynaria fortunei. Up to now, there are very little studies on its phytochemical as well as bioactivities of Drynaria bonii. Treatments for osteoporosis through stimulating bone formation via osteoblasts is currently concerned In this paper, we report the isolation and chemical structural determination six compounds including of 24-methylen-cycloartan-3ß-ol (1), triphyllol (2), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (3), protocatechuic acid (4), rutin (5) and nicotiflorin (6) from the methanol extract of the rhizomes of Drynaria bonii. The cell proliferative effects of isolated compounds on MG63 osteoblast cell were also investigated. The result indicated that compounds 1, 2 and 4 stimulated the proliferation of MG63 osteoblast cells by 8.49%; 11.18 % and 7.68 % at the concentrations of 100 μg/ml, respectively. This is the first notification of six isolated compounds from Drynaria bonii and their cell proliferation activity in osteoblast-like cells.
Factorial analysis of mycelium growth in Pleurotus sp. cultivation by using agricultural wastes
Authors: Dzulkefli N A , Zainol N 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) have three stages of mushroom growth, which are mycelium growth (spawn running), pinhead initiation and fruiting body development. Rubber sawdust is commonly used as a media for oyster mushroom cultivation. However, the low availability of rubber trees has become serious problem to the mushroom’s grower. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting of mycelium growth in Pleurotus sp. cultivation by using agricultural wastes. Two different substrates were used namely, empty fruit bunch (EFB) and sugarcane bagasse (SB). The other selected factors were size of substrates (0.5 cm and 2.5 cm), mass ratio of spawn to substrate (SP/SS) (1:10 and 1:14), temperature (25°C and ambient) and pre treatment of substrates (steam and non-steam). The responses were mycelium extension rate (M) and nitrogen concentration in mycelium (N). Design Expert software was used to construct experimental design where all the factor was randomized. As a result, pre-treatment and type of substrate were the most contributing factors on both M and N, respectively. It can be concluded that the agricultural waste such as empty palm fruit bunch (EFB) can replace the sawdust as a media for oyster mushroom cultivation
Improving total sediment load prediction using genetic programming technique (Case Study: Malaysia)
Authors: Ahmad Abdul Ghani N A , Kamal N A , Ariffin J 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Predicted total sediment load is usually used to identify the intensity of a sedimentation process. Currently, the existing available models to predict total load are mostly developed based on data collected from flumes, channels and rivers located in western countries. These models known as sediment transport model may not be valid to predict total sediment load of rivers in the tropics due to significant differences in the hydrological and sediment characteristics conditions. A new technique called Genetic programming (GP) technique is used to develop a new model to improve the prediction of total sediment load for rivers in tropical Malaysia. The new model named Evolutionary Polynomial Regression (EPR) model is compared with other three available sediment transport models using the different techniques including, Regression Equation, Modified Graf and Multiple Regression. Statistical analyses based on 82 data sets show the sediment transport model using this new technique perform well compare to other models.
Screening and interaction study of the operating parameter influence the wax formation using design of experiment
Authors: Ridzuan N , Subramanie P , Elarbe B S , Elganidi I , Kumar S D V 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Oil and gas industry has been facing the wax deposition issue due to low temperature condition during the transportation of crude oil from offshore to onshore. The most common method to overcome this problem is by injecting polymeric wax inhibitor in the pipeline. The aim of this work is focused on the screening of the factors that affect the wax deposit inhibition using two types of wax inhibitor; which are poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) and Petronas-pour point depressant (PPD) through Design Expert software version 7.1.6. The other three factors evaluated include cold finger temperature (5 & 20°C), rotation speed of impeller (100 & 600 rpm) and the duration of experiment (2 & 6 h). Sixteen experiments were run to observe the rate of wax deposition using cold finger apparatus suggested by level of factorial analysis. The results revealed a significant model with R2 value of 0.989 indicating that 98.9% of the variable response can be explained by the model. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), factor D, which has the addition of EVA in crude oil was found to be the main factor affecting the wax deposit inhibition followed by duration of the experiment, rotation speed, cold finger temperature and Petronas-PPD factors. Furthermore, the interaction between factor D (EVA) and factor E (Petronas –PPD) shows the greatest influence to reduce wax deposition. The best configurations to minimize the amount of wax deposit were found using standard order No 1 which is at 5°, 100 rpm and for the duration of 2 h using EVA as wax inhibitor. The amount of wax deposit measured is 0.018g. Hence, it can be concluded that factor D, and interaction between factors D and E need to be focused in controlling the parameters to minimize wax deposition.
Techno-economic Aspects of Sustainable Energy Development from Coal – A Review
Authors: Mohan Krishna S. , Krishnamurthy N , Febin Daya J L 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper gives insight into the different technological and economical factors playing a role in the development of clean energy from coal based thermal power plants. Although, the world is slowly transiting towards the renewable energy format from the conventional fossil-fuel format, existing thermal power plants are still dependent on the supply of coal for fuelling them. Clean coal technologies have been incorporated to reduce the carbon footprint of these power plants. This study assumes significance for the reason that economics plays a major role in the technological evolution of the coal based thermal power plants.