bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mushroom Body Homology and Divergence across Pancrustacea
Authors: Strausfeld Nicholas J. , Wolff Gabriella H. , Sayre Marcel E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDescriptions of crustacean brains have mainly focused on three highly derived lineages: the reptantian infraorders represented by spiny lobsters, lobsters, and crayfish. Those descriptions advocate the view that dome- or cap-like neuropils, referred to as “hemiellipsoid bodies,” are the ground pattern organization of centers that are comparable to insect mushroom bodies in processing olfactory information. Here we challenge the doctrine that hemiellipsoid bodies are a derived trait of crustaceans, whereas mushroom bodies are a derived trait of hexapods. We demonstrate that mushroom bodies typify lineages that arose before Reptantia and exist in Reptantia. We show that evolved variations of the mushroom body ground pattern are, in some lineages, defined by extreme diminution or loss and, in others, by the incorporation of mushroom body circuits into lobeless centers. Such transformations are ascribed to modifications of the columnar organization of mushroom body lobes that, as shown inDrosophilaand other hexapods, contain networks essential for learning and memory. We propose that lobed mushroom bodies distinguish crustaceans that negotiate the multidimensionality of complex ecologies, where continuous updating of multistimulus valence and memory is paramount.
Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity in Vietnam reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity
Authors: Liu Dang , Duong Nguyen Thuy , Ton Nguyen Dang , Van Phong Nguyen , Pakendorf Brigitte , Hai Nong Van , Stoneking Mark 
Published: November 2019

AbstractVietnam features extensive ethnolinguistic diversity and occupies a key position in Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA). Yet, the genetic diversity of Vietnam remains relatively unexplored, especially with genome-wide data, because previous studies have focused mainly on the majority Kinh group. Here we analyze newly-generated genome-wide SNP data for the Kinh and 21 additional ethnic groups in Vietnam, encompassing all five major language families in MSEA. In addition to analyzing the allele and haplotype sharing within the Vietnamese groups, we incorporate published data from both nearby modern populations and ancient samples for comparison. We find that the Vietnamese ethnolinguistic groups harbor multiple sources of genetic diversity that are associated with heterogeneous ancestry sharing profiles in each language family. However, linguistic diversity does not completely match genetic diversity; there have been extensive interactions between the Hmong-Mien and Tai-Kadai groups, and a likely case of cultural diffusion in which some Austro-Asiatic groups shifted to Austronesian languages. Overall, our results highlight the importance of genome-wide data from dense sampling of ethnolinguistic groups in providing new insights into the genetic diversity and history of an ethnolinguistically-diverse region, such as Vietnam.
Spontaneous generation of innate number sense in untrained deep neural networks
Authors: Kim Gwangsu , Jang Jaeson , Baek Seungdae , Song Min , Paik Se-Bum 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNumber-selective neurons are observed in numerically naïve animals, but it was not understood how this innate function emerges in the brain. Here, we show that neurons tuned to numbers can arise in random feedforward networks, even in the complete absence of learning. Using a biologically inspired deep neural network, we found that number tuning arises in three cases of networks: one trained to non-numerical natural images, one randomized after trained, and one never trained. Number-tuned neurons showed characteristics that were observed in the brain following the Weber-Fechner law. These neurons suddenly vanished when the feedforward weight variation decreased to a certain level. These results suggest that number tuning can develop from the statistical variation of bottom-up projections in the visual pathway, initializing innate number sense.
Island species-area relationships in the Andaman islands emerge because rarer species are disproportionately favored on larger islands
Authors: Gooriah Leana D. , Davidar Priya , Chase Jonathan M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Island Species-Area relationship (ISAR) describes how the number of species increases with increasing size of an island (or island-like habitat), and is of fundamental importance in island biogeography and conservation. Here, we use a framework based on individual-based rarefactions to infer whether ISARs result from random sampling, or whether some process are acting beyond sampling (e.g., disproportionate effects and/or habitat heterogeneity). Using data on total and relative abundances of four taxa (birds, butterflies, amphibians and reptiles) across the Andamans and Nicobar archipelago, we examine how different metrics of biodiversity (total species richness, rarefied species richness, and abundance-weighted effective numbers of species emphasizing common species) vary with island area. Total species richness increased for all taxa, as did rarefied species richness for a given sampling effort. This indicates that the ISAR did not result because of random sampling, but that instead, species were disproportionately favored on larger islands. This disproportionate effect was primarily due to changes in the abundance of rarer species, because there was no effect on the abundance-weighted diversity measure for all taxa except butterflies. Furthermore, for the two taxa for which we had plot-level data (lizards and frogs), within-island β -diversity did not increase with island size, suggesting that heterogeneity effects were unlikely to be driving these ISARS. Overall, our results indicate that the ISAR of these taxa is most likely because rarer species are more likely to survive and persist beyond that which would have been expected by random sampling alone, and emphasizes the role of these larger islands in the preservation and conservation of species.
VIP interneurons selectively enhance weak but behaviorally-relevant stimuli
Authors: Millman Daniel J. , Ocker Gabriel Koch , Caldejon Shiella , Kato India , Larkin Josh D. , Lee Eric Kenji , Luviano Jennifer , Nayan Chelsea , Nguyen Thuyanh V. , North Kat , Seid Sam , White Cassandra , Lecoq Jerome A. , Reid R. Clay , Buice Michael A. , de Vries Saskia E.J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractVasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing (VIP) interneurons in cortex regulate feedback inhibition of pyramidal neurons through suppression of somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons and, reciprocally, SST neurons inhibit VIP neurons. Here, we show that VIP neurons in mouse primary visual cortex have complementary contrast tuning to SST neurons and respond synergistically to front-to-back visual motion and locomotion. Network modeling indicates that this VIP-SST mutual antagonism regulates the gain of cortex to achieve both sensitivity to behaviorally-relevant stimuli and network stability.
Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein C Regulates Low pH Entry
Authors: Sari Tri Komala , Gianopulos Katrina A. , Weed Darin J. , Schneider Seth M. , Pritchard Suzanne M. , Nicola Anthony V. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHerpes simplex viruses (HSVs) cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide. Herpesviruses mediate entry by a multi-component, virus-encoded machinery. Herpesviruses enter cells by endosomal low pH and pH-neutral mechanisms in a cell-specific manner. HSV mediates cell entry via envelope glycoproteins gB, gD, and the heterodimer gH/gL regardless of pH or endocytosis requirements. HSV envelope proteins that function selectively in a given entry pathway have been elusive. Here we demonstrate that gC regulates cell entry and infection by a low pH pathway. Conformational changes in the core herpesviral fusogen gB are critical for membrane fusion. The presence of gC conferred a higher pH threshold to acid-induced antigenic changes in gB. Thus, gC may selectively facilitate low pH entry by regulating conformational changes in the fusion protein gB. We propose that gC modulates the HSV fusion machinery during entry into pathophysiologically relevant cells, such as human epidermal keratinocytes.ImportanceHerpesviruses are ubiquitous pathogens that cause lifelong latent infections and are characterized by multiple entry pathways. We propose that herpes simplex virus (HSV) gC plays a selective role in modulating HSV entry by a low pH pathway, such as into epithelial cells. gC facilitates conformational change of the main fusogen gB, a class III fusion protein. We propose a model whereby gC functions with gB, gD, and gH/gL to allow low pH entry. In the absence of gC, HSV entry occurs at a lower pH, coincident with trafficking to a lower pH compartment where gB changes occur at more acidic pHs. This study identifies a new function for gC and provides novel insight into the complex mechanism of HSV entry and fusion.
A physicochemical roadmap of yeast replicative aging
Authors: Mouton Sara N. , Thaller David J. , Crane Matthew M. , Rempel Irina L. , Steen Anton , Kaeberlein Matt , Lusk C. Patrick , Boersma Arnold J. , Veenhoff Liesbeth M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCellular aging is a multifactorial process that is characterized by a decline in homeostatic capacity, best described at the molecular level. Physicochemical properties such as pH and macromolecular crowding, are essential to all molecular processes in cells and require maintenance. Whether a drift in physicochemical properties contributes to the overall decline of homeostasis in aging is not known. Here we show that the cytosol of yeast cells acidifies modestly in early aging and sharply after senescence. Using a macromolecular crowding sensor optimized for long-term FRET measurements, we show the macromolecular crowding changes less in longer-lived cells in contrast to shorter-lived cells. While the average pH and crowding levels change only modestly with aging, we observe drastic changes in organellar volume, leading to crowding on the µm scale, which we term organellar crowding. Our measurements provide an initial framework of physicochemical parameters of replicatively-aged yeast cells.
E2F-dependent genetic oscillators control endoreplication
Authors: Kim Minhee , Moon Nam-Sung 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPolyploidy is an integral part of development and is associated with cellular stress, aging and pathological conditions. The endoreplication cycle, comprised of successive alternations of G and S phases without cell division, is widely employed to produce polyploid cells. The endocycle is driven by continuous oscillations of Cyclin E/Cdk2 activity, which is governed by E2F transcription factors. In this study, we provide mechanistic insight on how E2F-dependent Cdk oscillations during endocycles are maintained in Drosophila salivary glands. Genetic experiments revealed that an alternative splicing isoform of E2F1, E2F1b, regulates the circuitry of timely S phase entry and exit by activating a subset of E2F target genes. E2F1b regulates the Drosophila ortholog of p27CIP/KIP-like Cdk inhibitor Dacapo to precisely time S phase entry by controlling the CycE/Cdk2 activity threshold. Upon entry to S phase, E2F1b-dependent PCNA expression establishes a negative feedback loop through the PIP box-mediated degradation of E2F1. Overall, our study uncovers a network of E2F-dependent genetic oscillators that are critical for the periodic transition between G and S phases during endoreplication.
The SWI/SNF subunits BRG1 affects alternative splicing by changing RNA binding factor interactions with RNA
Authors: Zapater Antoni Gañez , Mackowiak Sebastian D. , Guo Yuan , Jordan-Pla Antonio , Friedländer Marc R. , Visa Neus , Farrants Ann-Kristin Östlund 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBRG1 and BRM are ATPase core subunits of the human SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complexes. The function of the SWI/SNF complexes in transcriptional initiation has been well studied, while a function in alternative splicing has only been studied for a few cases for BRM-containing SWI/SNF complexes. Here, we have expressed BRG1 in C33A cells, a BRG1 and BRM-deficient cell line, and we have analysed the effects on the transcriptome by RNA sequencing. We have shown that BRG1 expression affects the splicing of a subset of genes. For some, BRG1 expression favours exon inclusion and for others, exon skipping. Some of the changes in alternative splicing induced by BRG1 expression do not require the ATPase activity of BRG1. Among the exons regulated through an ATPase-independent mechanism, the included exons had signatures of high GC-content and lacked a positioned nucleosome at the exon. By investigating three genes in which the expression of either wild-type BRG1 or a BRG1-ATPase-deficient variant favoured exon inclusion, we showed that expression of the ATPases promotes the local recruitment of RNA binding factors to chromatin and RNA in a differential manner. The hnRNPL, hnRNPU and SAM68 proteins associated to chromatin in C33A cells expressing BRG1 or BRM, but their association with RNA varied. We propose that SWI/SNF can regulate alternative splicing by interacting with splicing-RNA binding factor and altering their binding to the nascent pre-mRNA, which changes RNP structure.Author summarySplicing, in particular alternative splicing, is a combinatorial process which involves splicing factor complexes and many RNA binding splicing regulatory proteins in different constellations. Most splicing events occur during transcription, which also makes the DNA sequence, the chromatin state and the transcription rate at the exons important components that influence the splicing outcome. We show here that the ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complex SWI/SNF influences the interactions of splicing regulatory factors with RNA during transcription on certain exons that have a high GC-content. The splicing on this type of exon rely on the ATPase BRG1 and favour inclusion of alternative exons in an ATP-independent manner. SWI/SNF complexes are known to alter the chromatin structure at promoters in transcription initiation, and have been previously shown to alter the transcription rate or nucleosome position in splicing. Our results suggests a further mechanism for chromatin remodelling proteins in splicing: to change the interaction patterns of RNA binding splicing regulatory factors at alternative exons to alter the splicing outcome.
Physiological response to slalom water skiing: A case study of a sit-skier with paraplegia
Authors: Suárez-Iglesias David , Pérez Carlos Ayán , Rodríguez-Marroyo José Antonio , Villa-Vicente José Gerardo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRecreational and competitive slalom waterskiing is popular among those with spinal cord injuries. People with paraplegia can practice on the slalom course using a sit-ski. A slalom run consists of a boat towing the sit-skier through a set of buoys and normally begins with a deep-water start. Despite its popularity, very little is known about the physiological aspects of the sit-skier's preparation. We examined the internal training load (TL) experienced by a sit-skier with paraplegia while learning and improving the slalom deep-water starts, executed with both the traditional technique and an alternative method. The TL was determined by means of heart rate (HR) and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) methods. The percentage of maximal heart rate values ranged from from 63.2% to 81.3% during deep-water starts. Training sessions were performed most of the time below the ventilatory threshold and tended to be qualitatively described as hard. A moderate but non-significant correlation existed between HR and sRPE-based methods. We also found a significant decrement in handgrip strength after practice. These findings indicate that the intensity of training experienced by our sit-skier was moderate in terms of physiological internal load during an adaptive slalom waterskiing training program.
Clinically significant acute pain disturbs motor cortex intracortical inhibition and facilitation in orthopedic trauma patients: A TMS study
Authors: Jodoin Marianne , Rouleau Dominique M. , Bellemare Audrey , Provost Catherine , Larson-Dupuis Camille , Sandman Émilie , Laflamme G-Yves , Benoit Benoit , Leduc Stéphane , Levesque Martine , Gosselin Nadia , De Beaumont Louis 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivePrimary motor (M1) cortical excitability alterations are involved in the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Less is known about M1-cortical excitability implications in the acute phase of an orthopedic trauma. This study aims to assess acute M1-cortical excitability in patients with an isolated upper limb fracture (IULF) in relation to pain intensity.MethodsEighty-four (56 IULF patients <14 days post-trauma and 28 healthy controls) performed a single transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) session over M1 (resting motor threshold (rMT); short-intracortical inhibition (SICI); intracortical facilitation (ICF); long-interval cortical inhibition (LICI)). IULF patients were divided into two subgroups according to pain intensity (mild versus moderate to severe pain).ResultsReduced SICI and ICF were found in IULF patients with moderate to severe pain, whereas mild pain was not associated with M1 alterations. Age, sex, and time since the accident had no influence on TMS measures.DiscussionThese findings show altered M1 in the context of acute moderate to severe pain, suggesting early signs of altered GABAergic inhibitory and glutamatergic facilitatory activities.
Cestode larvae excite host neuronal circuits via glutamatergic signaling
Authors: de Lange Anja , Tomes Hayley , Selfe Joshua S , Prodjinotho Ulrich Fabien , Verhoog Matthijs B , Mahanty Siddhartha , Smith Katherine , Horsnell William , Sikasunge Chummy , da Costa Clarissa Prazeres , Raimondo Joseph V 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNeurocysticercosis (NCC) is caused by infection of the brain by larvae of the parasitic cestodeTaenia solium. It is the most prevalent parasitic infection of the central nervous system and one of the leading causes of adult-acquired epilepsy worldwide. However, little is known about how cestode larvae affect neurons directly. To address this, we used whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology and calcium imaging in rodent and human brain slices to identify direct effects of cestode larval products on neuronal activity. We found that both whole cyst homogenate and excretory/secretory products of cestode larvae have an acute excitatory effect on neurons, which can trigger seizure-like eventsin vitro. Underlying this effect was cestode-induced neuronal depolarization, which was mediated by glutamate receptor activation but not by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, acid-sensing ion channels nor Substance P. Glutamate-sensing fluorescent reporters (iGluSnFR) and amino acid assays revealed that the larval homogenate of the cestodesTaenia crassicepsandTaenia soliumcontained high concentrations of the amino acids glutamate and aspartate. Furthermore, we found that larvae of both species consistently produce and release these excitatory amino acids into their immediate environment. Our findings suggest that perturbations in glutamatergic signaling may play a role in seizure generation in NCC.
Hierarchical modeling of mechano-chemical dynamics of epithelial sheets across cells and tissue
Authors: Asakura Yoshifumi , Kondo Yohei , Aoki Kazuhiro , Naoki Honda 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCollective cell migration is a macroscopic population-level phenomenon that has emerged across hierarchy from mi-croscopic interactions between cells; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we targeted epithe-lial collective cell migration, driven by the mechanical force regulated by chemical signals of traveling ERK activation waves, observed in wound healing. We propose a hierarchical mathematical framework for understanding how cells are orchestrated through mechanochemical cell-cell interaction. We mathematically transformed a particle-based model at the cellular level into a continuum model at the tissue level. The continuum model described relationships between cell migration and mechanochemical variables, namely, ERK activity gradients, cell density, and velocity field, which could be compared with live-cell imaging data. The continuum model recapitulated the ERK wave-induced collective cell migration in wound healing. We also numerically confirmed a consistency between the two models. This framework allows us to connect hierarchical causality from the single-cell level to the tissue level.
Improving induction tube welding system performance using soft magnetic composites
Authors: Muyskens Sean Michael , Eddir Tareq Ibrahim , Goldstein Robert Charles 
Published: November 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to demonstrate the benefits of using different impeder materials for induction tube welding systems.

Design/methodology/approach
To show the difference in using various impeder materials, a new approach was taken to model tube welding systems in two and three dimensions. Three-dimensional (3-D) electromagnetic models were used to determine the current distribution along the weld vee as well as the permeability of the tube along the length of the welding system. Two-dimensional (2-D) coupled electromagnetic plus thermal models with rotational movement were used to determine the temperature distribution in the heat-affected zone.

Findings
Simulation results suggest upwards of 25 per cent system power savings when using a soft magnetic composite (SMC) impeder rather than the traditional ferrites.

Research limitations/implications
There is currently a lack of experimental data to validate the models, but future work will include comparison of models to real-world trials.

Practical implications
When dealing with tube welding systems, there are possibilities to improve process efficiency or increase production quality and output by improving the impeder material.

Originality/value
While simulations of tube welding systems have been done previously, studies on improving impeder materials are rarely carried out. This paper brings to light possible improvements to be made to induction tube welding systems.
A metamodel for competence assessment
Authors: Bellini Diego , Cubico Serena , Favretto Giuseppe , Noventa Stefano A. , Ardolino Piermatteo , Gianesini Giovanna , Ciabuschi Francesco , Leitao Joao , Jain Ajay K. 
Published: November 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to propose an explorative metamodel of the key organizational competences management and presents a Web-based tool (Co.S.M.O.© Competences Software Management for Organizations) for all-around assessment of the identified competences.

Design/methodology/approach
Building on the Great Eight Competencies Model- GEC, the European Qualifications Framework-EQF and focus group feedback, an online questionnaire was developed to manage the key organizational competences and to adapt the competence metamodel to the Italian context.

Findings
The competence metamodel described in this study and its newly designed tool (software with online questionnaire) could be used at the organizational level to improve productivity and efficiency by allowing an easy identification of key organizational competences and facilitating their acquisition and sharing.

Research limitations/implications
Currently, the metamodel is mainly theoretical and the software sustained only a partial validation.

Practical implications
The developed tool is a dynamic, easy to use and interactive Web-based software useful for managing the competences in both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations.

Social implications
European official documents invite companies and institutions to work together and share human capital: the European Qualifications Framework-EQF, at the base of this model, facilitates a common organizational language for human resources management.

Originality/value
Managerial competence literature indicates that a comprehensive model capturing a link between the EQF and a managerial competence model has not yet been considered in the literature.