bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographic variation and risk factors for teenage pregnancy in Uganda
Authors: Byonanebye Joseph , Brazauskas Ruta , Tumwesigye Nazarius , Young Staci , May Thomas , Cassidy Laura 
Published: December 2020

Background: Teenage pregnancy is a global health issue with high rates in sub-Saharan Africa. In Uganda, teenage pregnan- cy is a public and community health issue.
Objectives: This study hypothesized that there would be regional variations in rates, risk factors and trends of teenage pregnancy in Uganda.
Methods: Data were analyzed from the Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys (UDHS) in 2006 and 2011. The outcome of interest was current pregnancy for females 15 to 19 years of age at the time of the survey. Bivariate analysis was per- formed for each year to examine the rate and trends of pregnancy by various demographic characteristics. Logistic regres- sion was conducted to assess the association between teenage pregnancy and sociodemographic variables.
Results: Uganda’s rate of teenage pregnancy increased from 7.3/1000 in 2006 to 8.1/1000 in 2011. The East Central region consistently had the highest rates than other regions. In 2006, teenage pregnancy was significantly associated with being mar- ried, living with a partner or separated, as compared to those who were single. Marital and wealth status were also significant predictors of teenage pregnancy based on the 2011 survey.
Conclusion: The rate of teenage pregnancy in Uganda is high and the trend demonstrated regional variation. Future inter- ventions could focus on regions with high poverty and low education.
Keywords: Teenage pregnancy; risk factors; Uganda demographic; health survey.
Towards characterization of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in rural Nigeria
Authors: Ngozi Odo Amelia , Ifeanyi Christian Dibia Samuel , Nwanebe Nwagu Evelyn , Umoke MaryJoy , Christian Ifeanachor Umoke Prince 
Published: December 2020

Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a public health challenge and seems to be secretly practiced in some rural communities, despite the ban in Nigeria.
Objectives: The study aimed to identify the activities that are involved in FGM, type(s) of FGM practiced and the knowl- edge of health implications of FGM among rural community members in Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Methods: We employed exploratory design using qualitative technique. In-depth interviews were conducted with 44 adult (18 years and older) volunteers in four rural communities in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. After thematic analysis using NVivo 11 Pro software, eight sub-themes emerged, among which are: types of FGM practiced, seasons for FGM, FGM by health workers and community leaders, punishment for refusing FGM and knowledge of health implications of FGM.
Results: Findings show that FGM is more like a process than just an act, and type most practiced in the study area is Type 1. Circumcisers are health workers and women leaders. Knowledge of health implications of FGM was found to be low among those interviewed.
Conclusion: Based on the findings, we concluded that FGM is still practiced in some rural communities in Nigeria, maybe because of poor knowledge of health implications of FGM.
Keywords: Female genital mutilation; qualitative study; practice; health implications; Nigeria.
Pediatric self-medication use in Rwanda – a cross sectional study
Authors: Ukwishaka Joyeuse , Umuhoza Christian , Cartledge Peter , McCall Natalie 
Published: December 2020

Background: Self-medication, a worldwide practice, has both benefits and risks. Many countries have regulated non-pre- scription medications available for use in self-medication. However, in countries such as Rwanda, where prescriptions are not required to purchase medications, prescription, non-prescription and traditional medications have been used for self-medi- cation.
Objectives: To determine the reported self-medication use in Rwanda and to determine attitudes and reasons associated with parental decisions to self-medicate their children.
Methods: A cross-sectional multi-center questionnaire based quantitative study of 154 parents/caregivers of children under ten years undertaken in private and public health facilities.
Results: The use of self-medication was reported to be 77.9%. Among these parents/caregivers, 50.8% used modern self-medication only, 15.8% used traditional self-medication only and 33.3% used both types of self-medication. Paraceta- mol was the most commonly used drug in modern self-medication; the traditional drugs used were Rwandan local herbs. Parents/caregivers who used modern medicines had slightly more confidence in self-medication than self-medication users of traditional medicines (p=0.005). Parents/caregivers who used modern self-medication reported barriers to consultation as a reason to self-medicate more frequently than those who used traditional drugs. Having more than one child below 10 years of-age was the only socio-demographic factor associated with having used self-medication (AOR=4.74, CI: 1.94- 11.58, p=0.001). Being above 30 years (AOR= 5.78, CI: 1.25-26.68, p=0.025) and living in Kigali (AOR=8.2, CI: 1.58-43.12, p=.0.012) were factors associated with preference of modern self- medication compared to traditional self-medication.
Conclusion: Self-medication is common in Rwanda. Parents/caregivers are involved in this practice regardless of their socio-demographic background.
Keywords: Self-medication; medicines; parents; caregivers; children; Nonprescription Drugs; Rwanda.
Modelling CD4 counts before and after HAART for HIV infected patients in KwaZulu-Natal South Africa
Authors: A Yirga Ashenfai , F Melesse Sileshi , G Mwambi Henry , G Ayele Dawit 
Published: December 2020

Background: This study aims to make use of a longitudinal data modelling approach to analyze data on the number of CD4+cell counts measured repeatedly in HIV-1 Subtype C infected women enrolled in the Acute Infection Study of the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa.
Methodology: This study uses data from the CAPRISA 002 Acute Infection Study, which was conducted in South Africa. This cohort study observed N=235 incident HIV-1 positive women whose disease biomarkers were measured repeatedly at least four times on each participant.
Results: From the findings of this study, post-HAART initiation, baseline viral load, and the prevalence of obese nutrition status were found to be major significant factors on the prognosis CD4+ count of HIV-infected patients.
Conclusion: Effective HAART initiation immediately after HIV exposure is necessary to suppress the increase of viral loads to induce potential ART benefits that accrue over time. The data showed evidence of strong individual-specific effects on the evolution of CD4+ counts. Effective monitoring and modelling of disease biomarkers are essential to help inform methods that can be put in place to suppress viral loads for maximum ART benefits that can be accrued over time at an individual level.
Keywords: Random-effects model; spatial covariance structure; CD4+ count; HAART; CAPRISA.
INVESTIGATING TEACHERS’ STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE LEARNER AUTONOMY IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING (ELT) PRACTICE
Authors: Karimah Anisatul 
Published: December 2020

More and more educational stakeholders are now concerned on learner autonomy (later will be abbreviated as LA) as a fundamental key to actualize an effective and successful instructional process. While research addressing strategies to promote LA has been conducted in ample amount, this research tries to include a more holistic coverage. This research aims at investigating strategies or activities that teachers implement in English language classroom in fostering LA, what reasons are behind the selection of those activities, and to what extent those activities enable LA to take place. Data were collected from 35 teacher respondents who have taught junior high school or higher levels. Questionnaire and semi-guided interview were employed to yield relevant data. Findings show that activities related to psychological dimension become the most favoured ones to apply in the classroom. It is followed by social, technical, and political dimensions accordingly. Those activities are applicable to certain situations and extent.
THE EFFECT OF LEARNING STRATEGY AND INITIAL KNOWLEDGE ON THE ABILITY TO DEVELOP WRITING SKILLS ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Edi Puryanto  , Yumna Rasyid  , Fathiathy Murtadho  
Published: December 2020

This study was aimed at identifying the the effect of learning strategies and initial knowledge on the ability in developing writing skills assessment instruments for students in the Indonesian Language and Literature Education Study Program, FBS, UNJ. The method used in this research was experimental research with 46 samples. Sample 3 PB1 was treated with metacognition strategy and sample 3 PB2 was treated, with strategy advance organizer. The research instrument was a test of the ability to develop writing skills assessment instruments and a test of initial knowledge. After testing the hypothesis with the ANOVA test, in the 2 X 2 calculation table, Fcount (Inter-A) 6.008> Ftable 4.200 at the level of α = 0.05, indicating that H1 is accepted and Ho is rejected. This means that there are differences in ability to develop writing skills assessment instruments between students who are treated with metacognition strategies and strategies advance organizer. Furthermore, testing the hypothesis about the effect of the interaction of learning strategies and initial knowledge on the ability to develop writing skills assessment instruments and testing prior knowledge, data shows arithmetic (AxB interaction) = 5.485> ftable = 4,200 on the level of α = 0.05, H1 accepted and Ho rejected. That is, there is an interaction effect between learning strategies (metacognition strategies and strategies advance organizer) and initial knowledge (high and low) on the ability to develop writing assessment skills instruments. The learning outcomes of the ability to develop students' writing assessment skills instruments are influenced by learning strategies and initial knowledge.
ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN PENALARAN MATEMATIS SISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL SETARA PISA KONTEN GEOMETRI
Authors: Asdarina Orin , Ridha Masriyah 
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine students’ mathematical reasoning abilities in solving PISA equivalent geometry content problems at the class VIII of SMP Negeri Unggul Tunas Nusa and these factors can influence students’ mathematical reasoning abilities in solving equivalent questions of PISA geometry content grade VIII of SMP Negeri Unggul Tunas Nusa. The research design used in this study was descriptive research. The subjects in this study were 30 students from grade VIII- SMP Negeri Unggul Tunas Nusa. Data collection was obtained through the distributing of tests and interviews. From the results of the data analysis, it was concluded that the mathematical reasoning students’ ability in Solving on geometry content problems in grade VIII of SMP Negeri Unggul Tunas Nusa was in the very low category. The ability of students’ on mathematical reasoning at the indicator I was 21.56%, indicator II was 33.49%, indicator III was 16.11%, and indicator IV was 15.56%. The cause of the obstacles faced by students in solving geometry content material problems is that students were not accustomed to solving non-routine questions, a little bit complicated, and require a high level of problem solving as the questions given to students were equivalent to PISA problems, the ability of students to mastery of the material is limited and cannot suitable to the concepts that have been studied with the problem being worked on.
Abstrak
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal setara PISA konten geometri di kelas VIII SMP Negeri Unggul Tunas Nusa dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal setara PISA konten geometri kelas VIII SMP Negeri Unggul Tunas Nusa. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah 30 siswa dari kelas VIII-Nusa SMP Negeri Unggul Tunas Nusa. Pengumpulan data diperoleh melalui pemberian tes dan wawancara. Dari hasil analisis data, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa dalam mengerjakan soal konten geometri kelas VIII Nusa SMP Negeri Unggul Tunas Nusa berada dalam kategori sangat rendah. Kemampuan penalaran matematis siswa pada indikator I sebesar 21,56%, pada indikator II sebesar 33,49%, pada indikator III sebesar 16,11%, dan indikator IV sebesar 15,56%. Penyebab dari kendala yang dihadapi siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal materi konten geometri adalah siswa tidak terbiasa menyelesaikan soal-soal nonrutin, sedikit rumit, serta memerlukan tingkat pemecahan masalah yang tinggi seperti soal yang diberikan kepada siswa adalah soal setara PISA, kemampuan siswa dalam menguasai materi yang terbatas dan siswa tidak mampu mengaitkan konsep yang telah lama dipelajari dengan soal yang sedang dikerjakan.
Kata Kunci : Kemampuan Penalaran Matematis, PISA
PENERAPAN PPh PASAL 21 SEBAGAI UPAYA PENGHEMATAN BEBAN PAJAK PENGHASILAN BADAN. (STUDI KASUS PADA PDAM KOTA TEGAL)
Authors: Oktafiani Prita , Sumarno Sumarno , Kartikasari Maulida Dwi 
Published: December 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan PPh pasal 21 yang terdapat pada PDAM Kota Tegal sesuai dengan peraturan perpajakan yang ada di Indonesia, penerapan PPh Pasal 21 pada PDAM Kota Tegal dapat mengoptimalkan pajak penghasilan terutang serta untuk mengetahui dampak dari penggunaan metode perhitungan perpajakan terhadap laporan keuangan fiskal PDAM Kota Tegal. Metode penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian deskriptif dan kuantitatif serta menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah 1) PDAM Kota Tegal dalam penyusunan laporan keuangannya sudah sesuai dengan peraturan perpajakan yang ada di Indonesia. PDAM Kota Tegal menerbitkan laporan keuangan hanya untuk tujuan umum bagi pengguna eksternal seperti pemilik, karena itu PDAM menganut Standar Akuntansi Keuangan Entitas Tanpa Akuntabilitas Publik (SAK-ETAP). 2) Penerapan PPh Pasal 21 pada PDAM Kota Tegal pada tahun 2016 dan 2017 belum dapat mengoptimalkan pajak penghasilan terutang sedangkan pada tahun 2018 belum dapat mengoptimalkan pajak penghasilan terutang dikarenakan pada tahun 2016 dan 2017 penghasilan kena pajak badan setelah rekonsiliasi fiskal lebih besar daripada penghasilan kena pajak badan sebelum rekonsiliasi fiskal yang koreksi pada beban penyisihan piutang. 3). Dampak dari penggunaan metode perhitungan perpajakan terhadap laporan keuangan fiskal PDAM Kota Tegal adalah adanya penghasilan kena pajak dari laporan fiskal yang lebih besar dari penghasilan kena pajak dari laporan akuntansi (komersial).
UNDERSTANDING FIBROIDS IN LIGHT OF AYURVEDA
Authors: Mary Blossom CJ  , Giby Thomas  , Jyothi PK  
Published: December 2020

The changing lifestyle and dietary pattern has given way to many gynecological problems in females. Uterine fibroids are one of leading concerns for women in reproductive age. Though uterine fibroids are non- cancerous in character; they exhibit a wide range of symptoms like dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, low backache etc. It significantly hampers the general health and quality of life in women causing great mental agony. Contemporary treatment protocols include hormonal therapy, hysterectomy, myomectomy and uterine artery embolization. Reluctance to undergo prolonged hormone therapy, the fear of surgery brings more and more patient to Ayurveda. Hence more systematic studies in conservative management in these areas of Stree Roga are need of the hour.
Ayurveda classics mention various pathological conditions that have features similar to fibroids. Owing to its muscular origin, with slow growth may be better compared to Granthi in Garbhasya. In the modern era of busy lifestyle, intake of junk food, lack of exercise etc had lead to Agnivaishamya and Ama formation. This in turn vitiates Doshas like Kapha and Vata and Dushyas like Rasa, Raktha, Mamsa, Medas and Arthava resulting in Dhatwagnimandya leading to formation of Garbhasayagranthi. The treatment approach is directed towards reducing size of fibroids using Ushna, Tiskhna, Lekhana Dravyas along with management of symptoms. The inevitable roles of Vata in Yoniroga is also taken into account in its management. Combining different treatment aspects of Granthi and Yoni Roga Chitksa, a unique approach towards the management of its varied presentations added on with lifestyle modification can contribute to healthy social life. The current article focuses and explores potentials of Ayurveda in different aspects of uterine fibroid.
AN OPEN LABELLED RANDOMISED CLINICAL TRIAL ON EFFICACY OF HARITAKI MODAKA AND ABHIJEET TAILA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTER VISION SYNDROME
Authors: Akanksha Thakur  , Manjusha Rajagopala  , Narayan Bavalatti  , Pankaj Kundal  
Published: December 2020

Computer Vision Syndrome is the new nomenclature to the visual, ocular, and systemic symptoms arising due to the long time and improper working on the computer. Computer Vision Syndrome is a repetitive strain disorder as defined by the American Optometric. With progressive increase in the usage of computers, the term Repeated Stress Injury has found a place in contemporary medical science. The ocular complaints experienced by computer users typically include eyestrain, eye fatigue, burning sensations, irritation, redness, blurred vision, and dry eyes, among others. This group of symptoms is called Asthenopia. The incidence of Computer Vision Syndrome is as high as 50% to 90% among the employees of computer occupation. The causes for the inefficiencies and the visual symptoms are a combination of individual visual problems and poor office ergonomics. Material & Methods: In this clinical study on CVS, 60 patients were registered from Shalakya tantra OPD, and all of them completed the treatment. In Group A, 30 patients were prescribed Abhijeet Taila for Pratimarsha Nasya and in Group B, 30 patients were prescribed Haritaki Modak tablets internally and Abhijeet Taila for Pratimarsha Nasya. Results: In total, 20% and 33.33% patients got completely cured in Group A and B respectively. Discussion: Both the drugs were effective in managing the condition, but it was observed they were more effective when given together. Multi-centric studies with larger sample size on the same drugs should be carried out to evaluate the effect of the drugs and, also so that the observations can be noted well and can be better suggested.
Effects of Dry Needling on Spasticity and Range of Motion: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bynum Rachel , Garcia Olivia , Herbst Emily , Kossa Mary , Liou Katrina , Cowan April , Hilton Claudia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Importance: This systematic review summarizes existing studies on dry needling for spasticity and range of motion (ROM) and discusses its potential for use as an occupational therapy intervention.
Objective: To examine existing studies on the effects of dry needling on spasticity and ROM.
Data Sources: Article citations and abstracts from Scopus, Cochrane Library, PubMed, CINAHL, and a university library search.
Study Selection and Data Collection: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used in abstracting data. Peer-reviewed journal articles published in English between January 2007 and June 2019 were searched. Of 270 identified studies, 10 met the inclusion criteria. Studies were divided into categories on the basis of outcome measures (Modified Modified Ashworth Scale and ROM). Pain outcome measures were excluded because a systematic review addressing this outcome has recently been completed.
Findings: Strong evidence was found to support the use of dry needling to decrease spasticity and increase ROM.
Conclusions and Relevance: This systematic review suggests that dry needling is an effective physical agent modality to decrease spasticity and increase ROM, both of which are potentially beneficial to functional outcomes.
What This Article Adds: This article provides information that may be helpful in determining the appropriateness of dry needling as an occupational therapy intervention.
Post-burn tarsal tunnel syndrome response to extracorporeal shock wave
therapy
Authors: Mowafy Zakaria M.E. , Nasr Mohamed A.M. , Ali Khadra M. , Sherief Ahmed M.A. 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionTo evaluate the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on electrophysiological responses in patients suffering from tarsal tunnel syndrome after burnMethodsOverall, 40 male and female individuals with tarsal tunnel syndrome after a burn injury were equally divided into 2 groups.
Group 1 received ESWT in addition to a routine physical therapy program, which consisted of stretching of calf muscles followed
by pulsed ultrasound, ice massage, and ankle pump exercise. Group 2 received the routine physical therapy program only. The
area of popliteal fossa (slightly laterally) was outlined and 100 impulses per cm2 and another 100 impulses per cm2 were administered over the area behind and above the medial malleolus. The 2 areas were administered every 2 weeks for 3 months as a total period of treatment. Sensory and motor nerve conduction velocities of the lateral and medial plantar branches of the tibial nerve were measured before the treatment and after 3 months.ResultsThere was an improvement and a significant decrease in the prolonged motor and distal latencies of the 2 branches of the posterior tibial nerve in the ESWT group compared with group 2 (<i>p</i> < 0.05).ConclusionsESWT is effective in treating patients suffering from tarsal tunnel syndrome after burn as evidenced by decreasing the prolonged motor and sensory distal latencies of the 2 branches of the posterior tibial nerve
Effectiveness of kinesiotaping for the treatment of menstrual pain
Authors: Boguszewski Dariusz , Borowska Jolanta , Szymańska Agata , Adamczyk Jakub Grzegorz , Lewandowska Monika , Białoszewski Dariusz 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionDysmenorrhoea is a common gynaecological problem among teenage and young adult females. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of kinesiotaping for treating menstrual pain.MethodsThe subjects were 44 women with complaints of pain during menstruation. The participants were randomly assigned
to 3 groups: group 1 (<i>n</i> = 16), in which a kinesio tape was applied to the abdominal area; group 2 (<i>n</i> = 14), in which an identically looking inelastic tape was applied; and group 3 (<i>n</i> = 14), in which no intervention occurred. The degree of menstrual discomfort was assessed by a visual analogue scale, modified Laitinen questionnaire, and Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory.ResultsIn all groups, within 24 hours after tape application, pain intensity diminished by approximately 50%. In groups 1 and 2,
the reduction of pain occurred 2–4 hours after the application of the tapes. In contrast, in group 3, an initial increase of pain
intensity was observed, and pain decrease began after 11 hours. However, the differences between the groups did not reach
statistical significance. The values obtained with the Laitinen pain questionnaire revealed that kinesiotaping significantly reduced
the intensity (<i>p</i> = 0.004) and incidence (<i>p</i> = 0.006) of menstrual pain between the first and fifth day.ConclusionsPainful menstruation severely limits everyday functioning. The application of a kinesio tape to the abdominal area may reduce the severity of pain in women with complaints referring to menstruation.