bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study on FBD and DBD Methodology with Emphasis on Bridges with Seismic Irregularity
Authors: Abey E T , Somasundaran T P , Sajith A S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
One of the major developments in seismic design over the past few decades is the increased emphasis for limit states design now generally termed as Performance Based Engineering. Performance Based Seismic Design (PBSD) uses Displacement Based Design (DBD) methodology where-in structures are designed for a target level of displacement rather than Force Based Design (FBD) methodology, where-in force or strength aspect is used. Indian codes still follow FBD methodology compared to other modern codes like CalTrans, which follow DBD methodology. Hence in the present study, a detailed review of the two most common design methodologies i.e. FBD and DBD will be discussed, along with its comparison on bridge models with and without ‘seismic regularity’. Bridges with irregular column height are studied to discuss the inherent discrepancy associated with FBD while dealing with ‘seismic irregularity’.
Seismic Fragility Analysis of Bridge Pier
Authors: Jain Ankit , Davis Robin , Nanda Kumar C G 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Bridges are classified as lifeline structures as they need to be functional in an earthquake event. The performance-based analysis of the existing bridges is important for the stakeholders. Information on seismic performance in terms of fragility of existing bridges in the country can provide valuable information to the decision-makers. This study focuses on the development of seismic fragility curve, which is the probability of exceedance of a defined damage parameter of the bridge pier under a given ground motion intensity and development of damage index function of bridge piers. Existing bridge piers are considered and peak ground acceleration is taken as ground motion intensity measure and drift at the pier top level is considered as the damage parameter.
Highway Steel Composite Bridge Design using Limit State Design Method
Authors: Sabu Chinnu , Nagarajan Praveen , Davis Robin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Bridges are the pathways constructed over the obstacles without changing the alignment of the way beneath. While considering the design of steel composite bridges, Indian code is in the revision process; from Working Stress Method, it is updated to Limit State Design under IRC 24:2010. This paper illustrates a design example of a steel composite highway bridge with both longitudinal girders and cross girders under Limit State Design using IRC 24:2010 and IRC 22:2015. The concrete deck slab and steel girders together act as a composite structure which is connected using shear connectors. The effective span of the bridge is taken as 35m. There are four longitudinal girders having a spacing of 2750 mm c/c and cross girders are considered with spacing 5500mm c/c.
Optimal Design of Tuned Mass Damper for Base-Excited Structures
Authors: Banerjee Sarranya , Ghosh Aparna (Dey) 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The tuned mass damper (TMD) is a well-established vibration control device that has been implemented in several structures worldwide. The performance of passive TMD is greatly dependent on its design parameters. A key issue for the design of the optimal TMD is the identification of the parameters of the structure to which the TMD is to be attached. Here, it is important also to consider the perturbations that may arise in the structural frequency due to different practical issues. The present work focusses on this and aims to obtain the optimum TMD parameters in a Genetic Algorithm (GA) framework. The results of the proposed optimal strategy, in terms of optimal tuning ratio and optimal damping ratio, for a given value of the mass ratio, are compared with some of the existing optimal solutions for linear TMD under base excitation. The effectiveness of all these optimally designed TMDs in reducing the structural response is further demonstrated when the structure-TMD system is subjected to recorded earthquake ground motions. It is seen that in the tuned condition, the control performance obtained by the different designs of the TMD are similar to each other, although having some minor differences in the values of the optimum parameters. Also, the effectiveness of the different TMD designs in the detuned condition is investigated, in which the present design technique is found to be the most effective.
Effect of Water-Cement Ratio on Mix Design and Mechanical Strength of Copper Slag Aggregate Concrete
Authors: Panda Swetapadma , Sarkar Pradip , Davis Robin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In concrete, the distinct influence on most or the entirety of the properties is the measure of water utilised in the matrix. In concrete mix design, the water-cement ratio is responsible for binding all constituents of concrete together. If the water-cement proportion is higher, it brings about wider spacing between the cement aggregates and thus, influences the compaction. Correspondingly, concrete’s durability and compressive strength are decreased due to increased dampness levels. Especially with added fine aggregates the water demand increases because of the increased surface area of concrete which prompts a higher water-cement ratio. Wider spaces are formed between the aggregate materials with the addition of extra water and when the moisture vaporises, voids are filled up with air. The subsequent insufficient compaction lessens the concrete’s strength. Sets of basic experimental investigations were conducted to examine the impact of various water-cement proportion on mix design and mechanical strength of concrete incorporated with fine aggregate in terms of copper slag. Natural sand replaced with copper slag with four different percentage and correlation coefficients between mechanical properties of copper slag concrete were also evaluated.
Non-linear Behaviour of Infilled RC Frame
Authors: Zade Nikhil P , Koparde Shivprasad A , Sarkar Pradip , Davis Robin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The reinforced concrete (RC) infilled frame is very common in exercise. In general, only infill weight is considered in the design of the RC infilled frame, and the strength of masonry is ignored. However, the prominence of masonry infill on the seismic behaviour is highlighted during past earthquakes. Nowadays, applications of different types of masonry such as fly ash, and lightweight masonry in infill, are increasing due to their superior properties over the traditional clay brick masonry. The exact behaviour of the infilled RC frame during an earthquake cannot be predicted if the strength of infilled is ignored. A nonlinear static method i.e. pushover analysis for the seismic evaluation, is commonly used due to its simplicity and high accuracy. A typical four storey three bay plane infilled RC frame is considered in the present study to investigate efficacy of several formulas available in the literature for the modelling of infill employing pushover analysis method. In addition to that sensitivity analysis also conducted which revealed that the parameters, masonry wall width and masonry shear strength are significant that control the base shear at yield level. Significant decrease in the lateral stiffness is observed for a higher percentage of openings in the infilled. However, up to 5% of openings in infilled can be ignored due to its marginal change in the lateral strength of infill.
A Study on Challenges in the Rehabilitation of Large Masonry and Concrete Dams
Authors: Jiji Panicker K , Nagarajan Praveen , Thampi Santosh G 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Large dams retain enormous volume of water intended for various purposes. The design, construction, operation and maintenance of these special structures are of paramount importance considering its uses and safety. Safety of the dam is to be ensured throughout its’ life from structural, hydrological and operational perspectives as its failure would be catastrophic. Periodical safety inspections, review on safety, dam health monitoring as well as risk assessments are measures to ensure safety of these large structures. Ageing of dams is a concern in dam safety as there can be inadequacies or deficiencies with respect to structural, hydrological and operational requirements. Revision of relevant codes of practice/standards also may necessitate review and strengthening. As such, these structures are to be rehabilitated to the prevalent standards and maintained healthy to continuously derive the benefits envisaged during construction. Rehabilitation of dams aims to bring it back to a good condition and ensure that it does not pose a risk to the stakeholders downstream. The process involves various systematic procedures such as review of structural design, review of design flood and diagnosis using non-destructive tests to detect possible deterioration in its health, etc. As per recent statistics, more than half of the large dams in India are more than 25 years old. In this paper, a review of aspects such as challenges, considerations as well as various factors involved in the effective implementation of rehabilitation/strengthening is presented. Certain case studies of rehabilitation work undertaken under the on-going Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project in India are cited to bring forth the importance of such measures. As dams play crucial role in the prosperity of the nation, they are to be maintained for an endured life without jeopardizing the safety of the structure. In that perspective, rehabilitation of dams or its strengthening process is extremely important.
A Software Tool to Estimate the Time-dependent Deformation in RC Walls and Columns
Authors: Sahay Varun , Shariff M N , Menon Devdas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Tall reinforced concrete (RC) buildings are sensitive to time-dependent effects which arise due to creep and shrinkage. In this study, a software tool has been developed to estimate the time-dependent deformations in RC walls and columns. The program can invoke the ACI 209, EC 2, IS 1343 and fib MC 10 models to determine the creep and shrinkage in plain concrete. In order to include the effects of longitudinal reinforcement, two alternative methods have been explored: (i) effective modulus method and (ii) one-dimensional boundary value problem method. The effect of variable environment is included using the principle of superposition, which is valid within the linear creep domain. The program is written on the Python platform and can be used on any Windows machine. The program is validated using tests reported in the literature. The program is capable of accepting input of a linear elastic one-step-analysis from standard commercial software like ETABS and StaadPro. This program requires minimal input from the user, such as the grade of concrete, rate of loading and time at which the deformations are to be evaluated. The time-dependent deformations are evaluated for each column or wall and the super-elevation levels for each story are presented in a chart form, which serves as a design aid for the engineers and can be readily used by the site construction team.
Experimental Study on Microbial Concentration Optimization in Cement Mortar using M-Sand as Fine Aggregate
Authors: Benjamin Babitha , Sabbavarapu Anisha , Sudhakumar J , Suchithra T V 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
One of the major shortcomings of conventional concrete based constructions is its gradual strength deterioration over time due to its week tensile strength. Without any effective measures to remedy this problem the alternatives we have now are periodic monitoring, retrofitting, repair & rehabilitation, etc. The above-mentioned methods are all highly unsustainable due to manpower, money and materials being spend in a cycle to upkeep. If a protective coating of microbial cement mortar is given to the structures like bridges, underground tunnels, etc. were a lot of dampness is observed, structural deterioration can be prevented. The study is aimed at optimizing the concentration of bacteria in self-healing cement mortar which uses microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitate to induce crack healing ability. For this purpose, bacteria Bacillus Subtilis
MTCC441 (non-ureolytic) were added in concentrations 104, 106, 108 cells/ml to a mix using M-sand as fine aggregate. The bacteria were cultured in a nutrient broth and were added to cement mortar by water medium during mixing. The addition to cement mortar was done when the microorganisms were still alive and active. In this study, a series of experiments like compressive strength, water absorption, and pour healing was done to optimise the concentration. The results showed that 106 cells/ml was the optimum quantity of microorganisms required to enhance the physical properties of concrete.
Enhancement of the Seismic Performance of Open Ground Storeyed Building using X-bracings
Authors: John Shemin T , Sahu Deepak Kumar , Sujeesh S , Sarkar Pradip 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHigh rise buildings are rapidly increasing in India, and the reason is the unavailability of land. The latest developments in the construction industry improved the utility of available space in productive ways. Perhaps the most recent pattern in the development field is Open Ground Story (OGS) encircled structures, where the ground story is kept open without infill dividers mostly because of points of interest on parking facilities. The ground storey of these buildings are considered as soft and weak, making it most vulnerable to earthquakes, and incorrect structural designing of these buildings will result in catastrophic failure. It is found that the addition of steel bracings significantly improves the seismic performance of OGS buildings in recent years. The motivation of the present study is to focus on the OGS framed buildings with and without steel bracings. In this work, a combination of conservative lateral load resisting systems such as X-bracings and multiplication factor is employed along with moment resisting frame to develop a hybrid system thus by improving the seismic performance of OGS structures.
Strengthening of Confined Masonry Structures for In-plane Loads: a Review
Authors: Gupta Akshay , Singhal Vaibhav 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Confined masonry is a load-bearing masonry structure where walls are confined with nominally reinforced concrete elements at key locations. This building typology is popularly used in many countries as it generally performs better than the unreinforced masonry and non-ductile RC infill masonry under seismic loads. However, the confined masonry buildings have also experienced damage during past earthquakes. Poor seismic performance is generally seen due to construction errors, design flaws or material deficiencies in the building design and construction process. To overcome the structural deficiencies researchers have used different strengthening techniques for confined masonry walls such as application of ferrocement overlay, steel bands, and fiber-reinforced polymers. There are several inherent advantages and disadvantages of these strengthening techniques in terms of efficiency, bonding with the substrate material, durability, ease in construction and economy. This article will review and discuss the in-plane strengthening of confined masonry walls with conventional and fiber-reinforced materials and will highlight the gap areas and scope for future research.
Investigation on Rehabilitation of Circular RCC Columns with FRP Composites
Authors: Bindurani P , Ganesan N , Indira P V , Yadav V R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A detailed experimental investigation was done on the effect of rehabilitation using (i) carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) and (ii) glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) on reinforced cement concrete (RCC) circular columns in order to compare the rehabilitation potential of these selected composites. The CFRP and GFRP laminates respectively consist of unidirectionally woven carbon fibre mat (230g/sqm) and bidirectionally woven glass fibre mat (220g/sqm), both impregnated in the same epoxy resin matrix. Even though there are many studies reported in the literature, comparative studies among these composites are limited. In order to have a level playing field, tension tests have been conducted on test coupons of these composites, and it was found that one layer CFRP was equivalent to 3 layers GFRP. In this study, pre-distressed RCC circular columns of 150mm diameter and 850mm length were rehabilitated with these equivalent laminates and tested under uniaxial compression. For rehabilitation purposes, the levels of pre-distress induced were at 70%, 80% and 90% of the ultimate capacity of the specimen. The compression behaviour of the rehabilitated columns was compared in terms of strength and serviceability. It was noted that both the composites improve the strength significantly, and CFRP performed much better than GFRP in terms of strength and serviceability.
Utilisation of Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete(UHPFRC) for Retroffiting – a Review
Authors: Jose Josniya , Nagarajan Praveen , Remanan Mini 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Retrofitting has become a proven method for improving the load carrying capacity of existing concrete structural elements subjected to high mechanical loading, ageing or aggressive environments. Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC)is a relatively new generation of cement-based retrofitting material with a very high compressive strength and low permeability attributed to its tightly packed microstructure, also displaying excellent bonding ability with normal structural concrete. It has the potential to eliminate various problems caused by other retrofitting methods like FRPs or externally bonded steel plates as a result of the mismatch of stiffness with parent concrete. This study presents an overview of UHPFRC focusing on its properties, design, applications and challenges. The performance of UHPFRC concrete mix is greatly influenced by the type and degree of packing of its constituents in the cementitious matrix, necessitating the need for optimisation. Strength properties are very much higher when compared to that of conventional concrete alongside with increased durability aspects. The retrofitting technique showed an enhancement in the load carrying capacity of deteriorated structures. Therefore, UHPFRC can be considered as a practical solution to improve the sustainability of buildings and other infrastructural components. However, as a retrofit, there are some concerns regarding the loss of ductility. This broadens the need for methods to improve its ductility. This paper presents the state-of-art review of existing literature that deals with the retrofitting/rehabilitation of structures using UHPFRC. Altogether, the paper aims to expand the awareness regarding UHPFRC which was otherwise hindered, owing to limited design codes.
A Review on Fractal Analysis and its Applications in Structural Engineering
Authors: Anwar Ayisha , Adarsh S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Fractals refer to rough or fragmented geometric shape in which each sub-section is a reduced-size copy of the whole. Its potential to describe the complex and irregular phenomena leads to wider applicability, and its enormous unexplored potential in the field of structural engineering is to be attended by the research community. This paper first presents a brief theoretical background of the most popular algorithms, such as the box-counting method, Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MFDFA), and Multifractal Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis (MFDCCA). This paper further presents a comprehensive review of the potential of fractals and multifractals in four specific domains, such as crack identification, pore structure analysis and chloride resistance, and structural damage detection. The review of literature further reveals that 2 dimensional and multi-dimensional extension of fractal theory can be effectively coupled with image analysis for micro-level examination of pore structures, which opens the scope for abundant applications in research in the field of structural materials. The applications of MFDFA and cross-correlation analysis structural health monitoring are very recent research contributions in the field, and they are in the infant stage of applications. The review of research works performed in this study shows that the complete potential of fractals in the structural engineering field is not yet explored by the researchers.
Production and Utilisation of Artificial Coarse Aggregate in Concrete - a Review
Authors: George George K , Revathi P 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This present work provides a study of several successful approaches in producing artificial aggregates using a pelletiser machine and the parameters affecting efficiency. These aggregates were contrived from substances of nature such as fly-ash, GGBS, Rice husk ash, volcanic ash, etc. Different sets of artificial aggregates are to be made with different molarity. The common methods of developing them include cold bonding, autoclaving, and sintering. The aggregate pellets (with lightweight and possessing less specific gravity and high impact value than gravel) were batch manufactured by a cold bonded technique using disc pelletiser (used to perform agglomeration). The prepared aggregates are characterised based on their crushing and impact strength rate and also moisture absorption. This paper explicitly reviews various effective and eco-friendly artificial aggregate and their potential usage in the construction industry.
Design of Flexural Members Reinforced with GFRP Bars
Authors: Sethi Abinash Kumar , Kinjawadekar Trupti A , Nagarajan Praveen , Shashikala A P 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Reinforced concrete has emerged as a primary construction material since the nineteenth century. A passive combination of concrete and steel reinforcing bar (rebar), this composite material is widely used in various types of structures. However, corrosion of steel reinforcement has been identified as a significant problem affecting the structural integrity of such concrete structures. In this context, the use of GFRP bars is gaining prominence due to their non-corrosive nature. This paper presents behaviour of flexural members reinforced with GFRP bars. The strength reduction factors and guidelines available with different codes for flexural members are studied. The design of flexural members reinforced with GFRP bars has been done using Indian Standard code parameters. The flexural capacity of the beams is estimated from the strain compatibility and equilibrium of forces. The theoretical and experimental results are compared. It is seen that designing the beams as an over-reinforced section will increase the stiffness of the beams.
Effect of Adhesive Debonding on Static and Dynamic response of PZT Bonded Aluminium Beam
Authors: Aslam Mohammed , Nagarajan Praveen , Remanan Mini 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Piezoelectric actuators and sensors have been extensively used in smart structures. A structure becomes smart when piezoelectric patches are either surface bonded or embedded into the host structure. Under the application of electric potential piezoelectric materials may expand/contract, which serves them as an actuator. Similarly, when it gets strained, an electric potential is induced, which serves them as sensors. Piezoelectric materials (PZT) are usually surface bonded to the structures using suitable bonding agents. This bonding agent plays a crucial role in transferring the forces from the piezoelectric layer to the host layer. This paper presents the effect of adhesive debonding on static as well as dynamic response of PZT bonded aluminium beam. The results show that debonding failure adversely affects the actuating capabilities of the PZT transducer. It is seen that the tip displacement decreases with increase in debonding size. The results also highlight that neglecting the adhesive layer in the finite element (FE) models overestimates the tip displacement as well as its natural frequencies.