bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Botulinum toxin injection without electromyographic guidance in consecutive esotropia
Authors: Yang Hee Kyung , Kim Dong Hyun , Hwang Jeong-Min 
Published: November 2020

PurposeTo investigate the efficacy of botulinum toxin injection without electromyographic guidance for the treatment of consecutive esotropia.MethodsA retrospective study was performed on 49 subjects with consecutive esotropia who received botulinum toxin injection in the medial rectus muscles without the use of electromyographic guidance. Treatment was considered successful if the final ocular alignment was orthotropic or esodeviation was ≤10 prism diopters (PD) during distant fixation.ResultsThe mean age was 15.2 ± 8.3 years. The mean esodeviation before injection was 21.8 ± 9.1 PD at distance and 21.3 ± 8.3 PD at near. The mean number of injections per patient was 1.3 ± 0.7, and 46 patients (93.9%) received two or fewer injections. At 6 months after the final injection, the mean angle of esodeviation was 7.3 ± 6.0 PD at distance and 7.5 ± 6.6 PD at near (all p<0.001), and 69.4% showed successful alignment. By multivariate analysis, an initial postoperative esodeviation of ≤18 PD at one month after exotropia surgery was considered to be a predictive factor for successful botulinum toxin injection (P= 0.007). Vertical deviation and/or ptosis occurred in 4 patients (8.2%) at two weeks after injection, which all resolved within three months. There was no recurrence of exotropia up to the final follow-up examination.ConclusionBotulinum toxin injection without electromyographic guidance is safe and effective in the treatment of consecutive esotropia without causing recurrent exotropia. Successful botulinum toxin injection is likely in patients with an initial postoperative esodeviation of 18PD or less at one month after exotropia surgery.
Rate of reclassification of HER2-equivocal breast cancer cases to HER2-negative per the 2018 ASCO/CAP guidelines and response of HER2-equivocal cases to anti-HER2 therapy
Authors: Crespo James , Sun Hongxia , Wu Jimin , Ding Qing-Qing , Tang Guilin , Robinson Melissa K. , Chen Hui , Sahin Aysegul A. , Lim Bora 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
The 2018 American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) guideline on HER2 testing in breast cancer permits reclassification of cases with HER2-equivocal results by FISH. The impact of such reclassification is unclear. We sought to determine the proportion of HER2-equivocal cases that are reclassified as HER2-negative and the impact of anti-HER2 therapy on survival in HER2-equivocal cases.

Methods
We reviewed medical records of breast cancer patients who had HER2 testing by fluorescence in stitu hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) performed or verified at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center during April 2014 through March 2018 and had equivocal results according to the 2013 ASCO/CAP guideline. The population was divided into 2 cohorts according to whether the biopsy specimen analyzed came from primary or from recurrent or metastatic disease. HER2 status was reclassified according to the 2018 ASCO/CAP guideline. Overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the relationship between anti-HER2 therapy and clinical outcomes was assessed.

Results
We identified 139 cases with HER2-equivocal results according to the 2013 ASCO/CAP guideline: 90 cases of primary disease and 49 cases of recurrent/metastatic disease. Per the 2018 ASCO/CAP guideline, these cases were classified as follows: overall, HER2-negative 112 cases (80%), HER2-positive 1 (1%), and unknown 26 (19%); primary cohort, HER2-negative 85 (94%), HER2-positive 1 (1%), unknown 4 (4%); and recurrent/metastatic, HER2-negative 27 (55%) and unknown 22 (45%). Five patients in the primary-disease cohort and 1 patient in the recurrent/metastatic-disease cohort received anti-HER2 therapy. There was no significant association between anti-HER2 therapy and OS or EFS in either cohort (primary disease: OS, p = 0.67; EFS, p = 0.49; recurrent/metastatic-disease, OS, p = 0.61; EFS, p = 0.78.

Conclusions
The majority of HER2-equivocal breast cancer cases were reclassified as HER2-negative per the 2018 ASCO/CAP guideline. No association between anti-HER2 therapy and OS or EFS was observed. HER2-equivocal cases seem to have clinical behavior similar to that of HER2-negative breast cancers.
Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase and AmpC beta-lactamases producing gram negative bacilli isolated from clinical specimens at International Clinical Laboratories, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Tekele Saba Gebremichael , Teklu Dejenie Shiferaw , Tullu Kassu Desta , Birru Samuel Kinde , Legese Melese Hailu 
Published: November 2020

Background
Extended spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC beta-lactamases (AmpC) are the common enzymes produced by gram negative bacilli, which are their main mechanisms of resistance to all generations of cephalosporins. Hence, this study aimed to determine the magnitude of ESBLs and AmpC producing gram negative bacilli (GNB) isolated from clinical specimens at International clinical Laboratories in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Methods
A cross sectional study was conducted from January to May 2018. From different clinical specimens, 338 GNB were isolated and characterized. Bacterial species identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and screening for ESBLs and AmpC production were performed using Phoenix automated system (BD phoenix100). ESBLs production was confirmed using a combination disc method. All Cefoxitin resistant and confirmed ESBLs producing GNB were confirmed for AmpC beta-lactamases production by AmpC confirmatory Neo-Sensitabs discs (ROSCO tablet). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software.

Results
E. coli 66.0% (224/338) followed by K. pneumoniae 12.1% (41/338) were GNB most frequently isolated. The overall magnitude of ESBLs producing GNB was 38.8% (131/338) and the extent of AmpC beta-lactamase producing GNB was 2.4% (8/338). Majority of ESBLs and AmpC beta-lactamases producing GNB were isolated from urine specimens 47.5% (116/338). Ampicillin (75.4%), amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (64.0%) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (55.6%) were most the antibiotics to which resistance was most commonly found. The multidrug resistance (MDR) level of GNB was 74.0% (250/338). Of ESBLs and AmpC beta-lactamases producing GNB, 99.3% were MDR (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
The high magnitude of ESBLs and AmpC beta-lactamases producing GNB calls the needs of strong intervention to minimize further occurrence and spread of such GNB. More importantly, the MDR level was high which suggests continuous monitoring & reviewing of antimicrobial policy in hospitals and the country at large.
Identification of intra-abdominal lymphatics in canine carcasses by laparoscopic fluorescence lymphography with intradermal and intrapopliteal ICG administration
Authors: Sánchez-Margallo Francisco M. , Veloso Brun Maurício , Sánchez-Margallo Juan A. 
Published: November 2020

Objective
To evaluate the feasibility of laparoscopic fluorescence lymphography (LFL) using indocyanine green (ICG) via intradermal (ID) or intrapopliteal (IPP) administration in an ex vivo canine model.

Methods
Six thawed adult male dog carcasses were placed in the Trendelenburg position after placing three surgical ports in triangulation. ICG (0.5 mg/ml; 0.05 mg/kg) was administered to five of the carcasses (one carcass was a pilot) via ID in the left torso and IPP (right position, by surgical access) to stain the lymphatic pathway and medial iliac lymph node (MILN). Fluorescence quality, staining time, structures stained, and lymph node histopathology were assessed. Thoracic duct staining was also evaluated.

Results
ID administration showed staining of parts of the lymphatic pathway of the iliosacral lymph center in all cases using a single dose of ICG, with left MILN visualization in four carcasses. IPP administration showed staining of the right MILN in all cases, using a single dose in four carcasses. ICG reached the thoracic duct in one case. The two administration routes showed similar results in terms of required ICG volume, staining time, and visualization quality, although IPP was more effective in staining the MILN.

Conclusions
This study confirms the feasibility of staining the iliosacral lymph center (mainly the MILNs) by LFL in thawed dog carcasses via ID or IPP administration of ICG. However, the IPP route showed greater effectiveness in staining the MILN.
Decision-making on maternal pertussis vaccination among women in a vaccine-hesitant religious group: Stages and needs
Authors: de Munter Anne C. , Ruijs Wilhelmina L. M. , Ruiter Robert A. C. , van Nimwegen Dagmar J. J. , Oerlemans Anke J. M. , Ginkel Rijk van , Hulscher Marlies E. J. L. , Hautvast Jeannine L. A. 
Published: November 2020

Introduction
As of December 2019, pregnant women in the Netherlands are offered pertussis vaccination to protect their newborn infant against pertussis infection. However, the manner in which pregnant women decide about this maternal pertussis vaccination is largely unknown. The aim of this study is to gain insight into the decision-making process regarding maternal pertussis vaccination, and to explore the related needs among the vaccine-hesitant subgroup of orthodox Protestant women.

Methods
Charmaz’s grounded theory approach was used to develop a decision-making framework. To construct this framework we used an explorative multimethod approach in which in-depth interviews and online focus groups were supplemented by a literature search and research group meetings. This study was carried out in a hypothetical situation since the maternal pertussis vaccination had yet to be implemented in the Dutch immunisation programme at the time of the study.

Results
Twenty-five orthodox Protestant women participated in an interview, an online focus group, or in both. The findings of this study resulted in a decision-making framework that included three stages of decision-making; an Orientation stage, a value-based Deliberation stage, and Final decision stage. The Orientation stage included the needs for decision-making categorised into Information needs and Conversation needs. Women indicated that -if they were to receive sufficient time for Orientation and Deliberation- they would be able to reach the stage of Final decision.

Conclusion
The decision-making framework resulting from our findings can be used by health care professionals to provide women with information and consultation in the decision-making process. Future studies should investigate whether the stages of and needs for decision-making can be found across other vaccine-hesitant subgroups and vaccinations.
Modelling hydrological responses under climate change using machine learning algorithms – semi-arid river basin of peninsular India
Authors: Sireesha Naidu G. , Pratik M. , Rehana S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCatchment scale conceptual hydrological models apply calibration parameters entirely based on observed historical data in the climate change impact assessment. The study used the most advanced machine learning algorithms based on Ensemble Regression and Random Forest models to develop dynamically calibrated factors which can form as a basis for the analysis of hydrological responses under climate change. The Random Forest algorithm was identified as a robust method to model the calibration factors with limited data for training and testing with precipitation, evapotranspiration and uncalibrated runoff based on various performance measures. The developed model was further used to study the runoff response under climate change variability of precipitation and temperatures. A statistical downscaling model based on K-means clustering, Classification and Regression Trees and Support Vector Regression was used to develop the precipitation and temperature projections based on MIROC GCM outputs with the RCP 4.5 scenario. The proposed modelling framework has been demonstrated on a semi-arid river basin of peninsular India, Krishna River Basin (KRB). The basin outlet runoff was predicted to decrease (13.26%) for future scenarios under climate change due to an increase in temperature (0.6 °C), compared to a precipitation increase (13.12%), resulting in an overall reduction in water availability over KRB.
Reconfiguring urban waterscape: water kiosks in Delhi as a new governance model
Authors: Sarkar Uma Dey , Choudhary Bikramaditya K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInternational organizations firmly ratifying the human right to water though neoliberal reforms have pushed for increasing commodification and marketization of water. Accelerated urbanization in cities of the Global South have intensified problems associated with access to water and innovative solutions such as water kiosks are seen as the future of water access in underserved areas. This paper studies access to potable water in four resettlement colonies of Delhi with a focus on the water kiosks which operate in these colonies. Tracing the broader reforms which have been initiated in the public utility (Delhi Jal Board), the paper investigates the model of water kiosk of these colonies and the extent to which access to water has been impacted by the introduction of the water kiosks. Based on the processes of changes and continuities in the waterscapes of formal yet marginal spaces in the city and concomitant reconfigurations in urban governance, the paper argues that water kiosks serve to reproduce the uneven power relations embedded in the process of neoliberal urbanization.
Comparison of meteorological indices for drought monitoring and evaluating: a case study from Euphrates basin, Turkey
Authors: Katipoğlu Okan Mert , Acar Reşat , Şengül Selim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Drought incidents occur due to the fact that precipitation values are below average for many years. Drought causes serious effects in many sectors, such as agriculture, economy, health, and energy. Therefore, the determination of drought and water scarcity, monitoring, management, and planning of drought and taking early measures are important issues. In order to solve these issues, the advantages and disadvantages of five different meteorological drought indices were compared, and the most effective drought index was determined for monitoring drought. Accordingly, in the monthly, 3-month, and 12-month time period, covering the years between 1966 and 2017 (52 years), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Statistical Z-Score Index (ZSI), Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI), Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), and Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) were used. It was concluded that precipitation-based SPI and ZSI are similar patterns and precipitation, and temperature-based SPEI and RDI are similar patterns. Also, it has been determined that RAI is more effective than other indices in determining the periods of extreme drought or wet. Furthermore, SPEI and RDI have been found to be superior to other indices as they take into account the water consumption and climate effects caused by evapotranspiration.
Construction of autotrophic nitrogen removal system based on zero-valent iron (ZVI): performance and mechanism
Authors: Yang Han , Deng Liangwei , Xiao Youqian , Yang Hongnan , Wang Hong , Zheng Dan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study, the performance and mechanism of nitrogen removal in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) with and without zero-valent iron (ZVI) was investigated. The results showed that ZVI had a capacity to promote -N conversion, -N accumulation and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal, with the TIN removal rate being increased by 29.45%. The ZVI also had a significant impact on microbial community structure by means of high-throughput pyrosequencing, increasing the enrichment of Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) bacteria Candidatus Brocadia and Feammox (anaerobic ferric ammonium oxidation) bacteria Ignavibacterium. With ZVI addition, the main pathway of nitrogen removal was changed from nitrification-heterotrophic denitrification to Anammox and Feammox.
Digraph Energy of Directed Polygons
Authors: Deng Bo , Yang Ning , Liang Weilin , Lu Xiaoyun 
Published: November 2020

Background:
The energy E(G) of G is deﬁned as the sum the absolute values of the eigenvalues of its adjacency matrix. In theoretical chemistry, within the Hu ̈ckel molecular orbital (HMO) approximation, the energy levels of the π-electrons in molecules of conjugated hydrocarbons are related to the energy of the molecular graphs.

Objective:
Generally, the energy to digraphs was proposed.

Methodology:
Let Δ_n be the set consisting of digraphs with n vertices and each cycle having length≡2 mod(4). The set of all the n-order directed hollow k-polygons in Δ_n based on a k-polygon G is denoted by H_k (G).

Results:
In this research, by using the quasi-order relation over Δ_n and the characteristic polynomials of digraphs, we describe the directed hollow k-polygon with the maximum digraph energy in H_k (G).

Conclusion:
The n-order oriented hollow k-polygon with the maximum digraph energy among Hk(G) only contains a cycle. Moreover, such a cycle is the longest one produced in G.
A Novel and Sensitive LC-MS/MS Method for the Quantitation of Ceftiofur in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Milk Samples
Authors: Levent Serkan , Özcan Saniye , Geven Aysun , Can Nafiz Öncü 
Published: November 2020

Introduction:
In the present study, a sensitive and selective liquid chromatographytandem
mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was described for the determination of ceftiofur
(CEF) in cow milk and pharmaceutical preparations. CEF is an antibiotic compound, which is
commonly used in the treatment of animal diseases such as respiratory system, soft tissue, and foot
infections, as well as postpartum acute puerperal metritis. One of the critical features of CEF is its
prescription while breastfeeding cows; in accordance, its quantitative estimation is essential to
assess its residual amounts.

Methods:
In the method reported herein, after simple protein precipitation using acetonitrile, the
pre-treated samples were introduced into an LC-MS/MS instrument equipped with a Chromolith®
High-Resolution RP-18 series HPLC column (100 mm × 4.6 mm from Merck KGaA, Germany).
Electrospray ionization was employed as the ionization source in the triple-quadrupole tandem
mass spectrometer.

Results:
For the calibration method using solvent-based standards, LOQ was 3.038 ng/mL, 12.15
ng/mL, and LOD was 1.215 ng/mL and 6.076 ng/mL for ESI+ and ESI- modes, respectively. On
the other hand, for the method of matrix-matched standards, LOQ was 1.701 ng/mL, 10.13 ng/mL,
and LOD was 0.486 ng/mL and 5.929 ng/mL for ESI+ and ESI- modes, respectively as obtained
from signal to noise ratio.

Conclusion:
Applicability of both positive and negative ion modes was tested, and the analyte was
detected via multiple reaction monitoring. The distorting effects of the milk matrix on the MS
ionization and quantitation of CEF were overcome by using matrix-matched calibration for the first
time.
Synthesis of Novel bis-spirooxindoles Catalyzed by Magnetic Cobalt Ferrite Encapsulated MCM-41@MgO as a Solid Base
Authors: Mohammadi Somaye , Naeimi Hossein 
Published: November 2020

Aims and Objective:Synthesis of novel bis-spirooxindoles was carried out from isatins, two equivalents of malononitrile, and various derivatives of cyclohexanones.Background :A facile one-pot and four-component reaction was investigated for the synthesis of novel bisspirooxindoles from different derivatives of isatins, two equivalents of malononitrile and various derivatives of cyclohexanone in the presence of magnetic CoFe2O4@MCM-41@MgO NPS catalyst under mild conditions.Materials and Methods:Firstly, the magnetic CoFe2O4@MCM-41@MgO was prepared in three steps. Afterwards, the CoFe2O4@MCM-41@MgO was used as a base catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of bisspirooxindoles.Results and Discussion:The procedure exhibited several benefits, an excellent yield of products, short reaction times, reusability, and recyclability of the nanocatalyst.Conclusion:The structure of nanocatalyst was recognized by FT-IR, XRD, VSM, SEM, BET, and EDX techniques, and the structure of the organic products was determined by melting point, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass spectra, and C.H.N analyses.
The Molecular Characterization and Biological Assessment of the Leaves Extracts of Loofah Reveal their Nutraceutical Potential
Authors: Hlel Takoua Ben , Belhadj Feten , Gül Fatih , Altun Muhammed , Yağlıoğlu Ayşe Şahin , Smaali Isaam , Marzouki Mohammad Nejib , Demirtaş Ibrahim 
Published: November 2020

Background:Luffa cylindrica is a plant that is widely distributed in Africa and Asia and can be grown in regions with tropical or subtropical climates. Few patents dealt with Loofah biological properties, including some functional foods formulated from its leaves.Objective:This study aimed to structurally and functionally characterize the bioactive compounds of L. cylindrica leaves grown in two different environments.Methods:The extracts of L. cylindrica leaves collected from two Tunisian locations: Essouasi (LE), a semi-arid region and Medenine (LM), an arid region, were investigated for their phenolic compounds and fatty acids using HPLC/TOF-MS and GC-MS techniques, respectively. Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity was evaluated with DPPH, Chelating effect, Hydroxyl radical and Superoxide anion scavenging activities while the anticancer activity against HeLa cell lines was assessed using xCELLigence real time cell analyzer and lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay.Results:The antiproliferative capacity of both extracts was time and dose-dependent, with LE presenting the lowest HeLa cell index (CI = 0.035 ± 0.018, 250 μg/ml). LE also showed the best cytotoxic capacity (56.49 ± 0.8%) and antioxidant potential (IC50= 54.41 ± 1.12 μg/ml for DPPH and 12.12 ± 0.07 μg/ml for chelating effect). 14 phenolic compounds were detected in LE, with ferulic acid being the major compound (5128.5 ± 4.09 μg Phenols/g), while LM had only 6 phenolics. GCMS analysis showed the presence of omega-3 fatty acids in LE.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that L. cylindrica leaves, especially when collected from semiarid regions, are promising for formulating nutraceuticals of interest.
Modelling Dishwashers’ Resource Consumption in Domestic Usage in European Households and its Relationship to a Reference Dishwasher
Authors: Stamminger Rainer 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The 'Recommendations for the Quality Assessment of the Cleaning Performance of Dishwasher Detergents" provide detailed procedures to assess the performance of a household dishwasher detergent using a standard test programme of a standard dishwasher. As such, they are a de facto standard for a whole industry. Consequently, it is relevant to ensure that the conditions under which the tests are carried out represent the relevant market: the automatic dishwashing machines installed and used in households in Europe. But no data are available by now describing the situation in the households. The task here is to model the distribution of total energy, water consumption and programme duration of the automatic dishwashing machines installed and used in private households in Europe when used by the consumer. Those data are then compared to the data of the reference dishwasher and, thus, the relevance of the reference system to the dishwashers installed in private households is assessed.