bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Soil Cohesion Due to Water Vapor Exchange: A Proposed Dry‐Flow Trigger Mechanism for Recurring Slope Lineae on Mars
Authors: Gough R. V. , Nuding D. L. , Archer P. D. , Fernanders M. S. , Guzewich S. D. , Tolbert M. A. , Toigo A. D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRecurring slope lineae (RSL) are seasonal flows on steep slopes on Mars. Their formation mechanism is unknown, but dry granular flows are a likely explanation. Any proposed trigger for these flows must be consistent with the observed temperature dependence of RSL: more active in warmer months or when sun‐facing. Here, we use atmospheric modeling and laboratory experiments to explore a potential mechanism that involves both wet and dry processes at Hale Crater, a known RSL location. We propose that dry flows are triggered by changes in soil cohesion due to the loss of water. When surface temperature and humidity were experimentally simulated, salts likely found in the soil only completely dehydrated during the active season for RSL. We propose that the loss of water from soil in warmer months (or when illuminated) lowers soil cohesion and maximum stability angle. Slope failure may occur, exposing darker underlying material and creating RSL.
Spring Hydroclimate Reconstruction on the South‐Central Tibetan Plateau Inferred From Juniperus Pingii Var. Wilsonii Shrub Rings Since 1605
Authors: Lu Xiaoming , Huang Ru , Wang Yafeng , Zhang Baoqing , Zhu Haifeng , Camarero J. Julio , Liang Eryuan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAlpine regions on the Tibetan Plateau are sensitive to climate change, however, little is known about their long‐term hydroclimate variability due to short and few instrumental records. Alpine shrub provides a rare opportunity to reconstruct past high‐resolution hydroclimate conditions. Here, we used living and dead juniper shrubs (Juniperus pingii var. wilsonii) to develop a 537‐year ring width chronology nearby the Nam Co Lake (4,725 m a.s.l.). The chronology explained 46% of variance in May–June Standardized Moisture Anomaly Index (SZI) in the period from 1970 to 2010. We reconstructed May–June SZI since 1605. The reconstructed SZI matched well with several tree‐ring based moisture or drought reconstructions for the Tibetan Plateau. In particular, two long dry May–June periods of 1637–1683 and 1708–1785 during the Little Ice Age (LIA) implied that long‐term cold temperature tends to slow down hydrological cycle in the margin areas of the Indian summer monsoon.
What Caused the Extreme Indian Ocean Dipole Event in 2019?
Authors: Lu Bo , Ren Hong‐Li 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAn extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) event occurred in 2019 boreal autumn, which has induced severe climate impacts around the Indian Ocean basin. In this study, the cause for 2019 IOD event and the related mechanism are explored. We find that the remarkable strengthening of Australian high and weakening of sea level pressure over South China Sea/Philippine Sea have been evidently visible since May 2019. Such a record‐breaking interhemispheric pressure gradient (IHPG) induced northward cross‐equatorial flow over the western Maritime Continent, which triggered strong wind‐evaporation‐SST and thermocline feedbacks in 2019. In addition to 2019 case, historical IOD events are highly correlated with IHPG from boreal late spring to summer. We show that skillful IHPG prediction can be made in March by European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts seasonal forecast system, which makes it quite possible for the early warning of extreme IOD events by two to three seasons ahead.
Ten years of spasers and plasmonic nanolasers
Authors: Azzam Shaimaa I. , Kildishev Alexander V. , Ma Ren-Min , Ning Cun-Zheng , Oulton Rupert , Shalaev Vladimir M. , Stockman Mark I. , Xu Jia-Lu , Zhang Xiang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTen years ago, three teams experimentally demonstrated the first spasers, or plasmonic nanolasers, after the spaser concept was first proposed theoretically in 2003. An overview of the significant progress achieved over the last 10 years is presented here, together with the original context of and motivations for this research. After a general introduction, we first summarize the fundamental properties of spasers and discuss the major motivations that led to the first demonstrations of spasers and nanolasers. This is followed by an overview of crucial technological progress, including lasing threshold reduction, dynamic modulation, room-temperature operation, electrical injection, the control and improvement of spasers, the array operation of spasers, and selected applications of single-particle spasers. Research prospects are presented in relation to several directions of development, including further miniaturization, the relationship with Bose–Einstein condensation, novel spaser-based interconnects, and other features of spasers and plasmonic lasers that have yet to be realized or challenges that are still to be overcome.
Symmetrically dispersed spectroscopic single-molecule localization microscopy
Authors: Song Ki-Hee , Zhang Yang , Brenner Benjamin , Sun Cheng , Zhang Hao F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSpectroscopic single-molecule localization microscopy (sSMLM) was used to achieve simultaneous imaging and spectral analysis of single molecules for the first time. Current sSMLM fundamentally suffers from a reduced photon budget because the photons from individual stochastic emissions are divided into spatial and spectral channels. Therefore, both spatial localization and spectral analysis only use a portion of the total photons, leading to reduced precisions in both channels. To improve the spatial and spectral precisions, we present symmetrically dispersed sSMLM, or SDsSMLM, to fully utilize all photons from individual stochastic emissions in both spatial and spectral channels. SDsSMLM achieved 10-nm spatial and 0.8-nm spectral precisions at a total photon budget of 1000. Compared with the existing sSMLM using a 1:3 splitting ratio between spatial and spectral channels, SDsSMLM improved the spatial and spectral precisions by 42% and 10%, respectively, under the same photon budget. We also demonstrated multicolour imaging of fixed cells and three-dimensional single-particle tracking using SDsSMLM. SDsSMLM enables more precise spectroscopic single-molecule analysis in broader cell biology and material science applications.
Dopamine: from prediction error to psychotherapy
Authors: Papalini Silvia , Beckers Tom , Vervliet Bram 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDopamine, one of the main neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain, has been implicated in the coding of prediction errors that govern reward learning as well as fear extinction learning. Psychotherapy too can be viewed as a form of error-based learning, because it challenges erroneous beliefs and behavioral patterns in order to induce long-term changes in emotions, cognitions, and behaviors. Exposure therapy, for example, relies in part on fear extinction principles to violate erroneous expectancies of danger and induce novel safety learning that inhibits and therefore reduces fear in the long term. As most forms of psychotherapy, however, exposure therapy suffers from non-response, dropout, and relapse. This narrative review focuses on the role of midbrain and prefrontal dopamine in novel safety learning and investigates possible pathways through which dopamine-based interventions could be used as an adjunct to improve both the response and the long-term effects of the therapy. Convincing evidence exists for an involvement of the midbrain dopamine system in the acquisition of new, safe memories. Additionally, prefrontal dopamine is emerging as a key ingredient for the consolidation of fear extinction. We propose that applying a dopamine prediction error perspective to psychotherapy can inspire both pharmacological and non-pharmacological studies aimed at discovering innovative ways to enhance the acquisition of safety memories. Additionally, we call for further empirical investigations on dopamine-oriented drugs that might be able to maximize consolidation of successful fear extinction and its long-term retention after therapy, and we propose to also include investigations on non-pharmacological interventions with putative prefrontal dopaminergic effects, like working memory training.
Prognostic significance of pre- and post-operative tumour markers for patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Lin Jun-Peng , Lin Jian-Xian , Ma Yu-Bin , Xie Jian-Wei , Yan Su , Wang Jia-Bin , Lu Jun , Chen Qi-Yue , Ma Xin-Fu , Cao Long-Long , Lin Mi , Tu Ru-Hong , Zheng Chao-Hui , Li Ping , Huang Chang-Ming 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
In clinical practice, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 are the most common markers measured before and after surgery for gastric cancer (GC). However, which pre- or post-operative combined tumour markers (CEA and CA19-9) have more prognostic value remains unclear.

Methods
Consecutive patients undergoing a resection for GC at the Fujian Medical University Union Hospital were included as a discovery database between January 2011 and December 2014. The prognostic impact of pre- and post-operative tumour markers was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier log-rank survival analysis and multivariable Cox regression analysis. The results were then externally validated.

Results
A total of 735 and 400 patients were identified in the discovery cohort and in the validation cohort, respectively. Overall survival rates decreased in a stepwise manner in association with the number of pre- and post-operative positive tumour markers (both P < 0.001). Multivariable analysis revealed that the number of pre-operative positive tumour markers was an independent prognostic factor (P < 0.05). For patients with abnormal pre-operative tumour markers, normalisation of tumour markers after surgery is an independent prognostic protective factor (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.618; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.414–0.921), and patients with both positive post-operative tumour markers had double the risk of overall death (HR = 2.338; 95% CI = 1.071–5.101). Similar results were observed in the internal validation and external validation cohorts.

Conclusion
Pre-operative tumour markers have a better discriminatory ability for post-operative survival in GC patients than post-operative tumour markers, and the normalisation of tumour markers after surgery was associated with better survival.
Ultrasensitive digital quantification of cytokines and bacteria predicts septic shock outcomes
Authors: Abasıyanık M. Fatih , Wolfe Krysta , Van Phan Hoang , Lin Jing , Laxman Bharathi , White Steven R. , Verhoef Philip A. , Mutlu Gökhan M. , Patel Bhakti , Tay Savaş 
Published: May 2020

AbstractQuantification of pathogen and host biomarkers is essential for the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of infectious diseases. Here, we demonstrate sensitive and rapid quantification of bacterial load and cytokines from human biological samples to generate actionable hypotheses. Our digital assay measures IL-6 and TNF-α proteins, gram-negative (GN) and gram-positive (GP) bacterial DNA, and the antibiotic-resistance gene blaTEM with femtomolar sensitivity. We use our method to characterize bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with asthma, and find elevated GN bacteria and IL-6 levels compared to healthy subjects. We then analyze plasma from patients with septic shock and find that increasing levels of IL-6 and blaTEM are associated with mortality, while decreasing IL-6 levels are associated with recovery. Surprisingly, lower GN bacteria levels are associated with higher probability of death. Applying decision-tree analysis to our measurements, we are able to predict mortality and rate of recovery from septic shock with over 90% accuracy.
Buoyant particulate strategy for few-to-single particle-based plasmonic enhanced nanosensors
Authors: Zhang Dongjie , Peng Leqin , Shang Xinglong , Zheng Wenxiu , You Hongjun , Xu Teng , Ma Bo , Ren Bin , Fang Jixiang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDetecting matter at a single-molecule level is the ultimate target in many branches of study. Nanosensors based on plasmonics have garnered significant interest owing to their ultrahigh sensitivity even at single-molecule level. However, currently, plasmonic-enhanced nanosensors have not achieved excellent performances in practical applications and their detection at femtomolar or attomolar concentrations remains highly challenging. Here we show a plasmonic sensing strategy, called buoyant plasmonic-particulate-based few-to-single particle-nanosensors. Large-sized floating particles combined with a slippery surface may prevent the coffee-ring effect and enhance the spatial enrichment capability of the analyte in plasmonic sensitive sites via the aggregation and lifting effect. Dimer and single particle-nanosensors demonstrate an enhanced surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and a high fluorescence sensitivity with an enrichment factor up to an order of ∼104 and the limit of detection of CV molecules down to femto- or attomolar levels. The current buoyant particulate strategy can be exploited in a wide range of plasmonic enhanced sensing applications for a cost-effective, simple, fast, flexible, and portable detection.
TGF-β signaling in Th17 cells promotes IL-22 production and colitis-associated colon cancer
Authors: Perez Laura Garcia , Kempski Jan , McGee Heather M. , Pelzcar Penelope , Agalioti Theodora , Giannou Anastasios , Konczalla Leonie , Brockmann Leonie , Wahib Ramez , Xu Hao , Vesely Maria Carolina Amezcua , Soukou Shiwa , Steglich Babett , Bedke Tanja , Manthey Carolin , Seiz Oliver , Diercks Björn-Philipp , Gnafakis Stylianos , Guse Andreas H. , Perez Daniel , Izbicki Jakob R. , Gagliani Nicola , Flavell Richard A. , Huber Samuel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIL-22 has dual functions during tumorigenesis. Short term IL-22 production protects against genotoxic stress, whereas uncontrolled IL-22 activity promotes tumor growth; therefore, tight regulation of IL-22 is essential. TGF-β1 promotes the differentiation of Th17 cells, which are known to be a major source of IL-22, but the effect of TGF-β signaling on the production of IL-22 in CD4+ T cells is controversial. Here we show an increased presence of IL-17+IL-22+ cells and TGF-β1 in colorectal cancer compared to normal adjacent tissue, whereas the frequency of IL-22 single producing cells is not changed. Accordingly, TGF-β signaling in CD4+ T cells (specifically Th17 cells) promotes the emergence of IL-22-producing Th17 cells and thereby tumorigenesis in mice. IL-22 single producing T cells, however, are not dependent on TGF-β signaling. We show that TGF-β, via AhR induction, and PI3K signaling promotes IL-22 production in Th17 cells.
Nucleoporin 153 links nuclear pore complex to chromatin architecture by mediating CTCF and cohesin binding
Authors: Kadota Shinichi , Ou Jianhong , Shi Yuming , Lee Jeannie T. , Sun Jiayu , Yildirim Eda 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNucleoporin proteins (Nups) have been proposed to mediate spatial and temporal chromatin organization during gene regulation. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms in mammalian cells are not well understood. Here, we report that Nucleoporin 153 (NUP153) interacts with the chromatin architectural proteins, CTCF and cohesin, and mediates their binding across cis-regulatory elements and TAD boundaries in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. NUP153 depletion results in altered CTCF and cohesin binding and differential gene expression — specifically at the bivalent developmental genes. To investigate the molecular mechanism, we utilize epidermal growth factor (EGF)-inducible immediate early genes (IEGs). We find that NUP153 controls CTCF and cohesin binding at the cis-regulatory elements and POL II pausing during the basal state. Furthermore, efficient IEG transcription relies on NUP153. We propose that NUP153 links the nuclear pore complex (NPC) to chromatin architecture allowing genes that are poised to respond rapidly to developmental cues to be properly modulated.
The BCL-2 pathway preserves mammalian genome integrity by eliminating recombination-defective oocytes
Authors: ElInati Elias , Zielinska Agata P. , McCarthy Afshan , Kubikova Nada , Maciulyte Valdone , Mahadevaiah Shantha , Sangrithi Mahesh N. , Ojarikre Obah , Wells Dagan , Niakan Kathy K. , Schuh Melina , Turner James M. A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are toxic to mammalian cells. However, during meiosis, more than 200 DSBs are generated deliberately, to ensure reciprocal recombination and orderly segregation of homologous chromosomes. If left unrepaired, meiotic DSBs can cause aneuploidy in gametes and compromise viability in offspring. Oocytes in which DSBs persist are therefore eliminated by the DNA-damage checkpoint. Here we show that the DNA-damage checkpoint eliminates oocytes via the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 pathway members Puma, Noxa and Bax. Deletion of these factors prevents oocyte elimination in recombination-repair mutants, even when the abundance of unresolved DSBs is high. Remarkably, surviving oocytes can extrude a polar body and be fertilised, despite chaotic chromosome segregation at the first meiotic division. Our findings raise the possibility that allelic variants of the BCL-2 pathway could influence the risk of embryonic aneuploidy.
Photoinduced monooxygenation involving NAD(P)H-FAD sequential single-electron transfer
Authors: Ernst Simon , Rovida Stefano , Mattevi Andrea , Fetzner Susanne , Drees Steffen L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLight-dependent or light-stimulated catalysis provides a multitude of perspectives for implementation in technological or biomedical applications. Despite substantial progress made in the field of photobiocatalysis, the number of usable light-responsive enzymes is still very limited. Flavoproteins have exceptional potential for photocatalytic applications because the name-giving cofactor intrinsically features light-dependent reactivity, undergoing photoreduction with a variety of organic electron donors. However, in the vast majority of these enzymes, photoreactivity of the enzyme-bound flavin is limited or even suppressed. Here, we present a flavoprotein monooxygenase in which catalytic activity is controllable by blue light illumination. The reaction depends on the presence of nicotinamide nucleotide-type electron donors, which do not support the reaction in the absence of light. Employing various experimental approaches, we demonstrate that catalysis depends on a protein-mediated photoreduction of the flavin cofactor, which proceeds via a radical mechanism and a transient semiquinone intermediate.
Machine learning assisted design of γ′-strengthened Co-base superalloys with multi-performance optimization
Authors: Liu Pei , Huang Haiyou , Antonov Stoichko , Wen Cheng , Xue Dezhen , Chen Houwen , Li Longfei , Feng Qiang , Omori Toshihiro , Su Yanjing 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDesigning a material with multiple desired properties is a great challenge, especially in a complex material system. Here, we propose a material design strategy to simultaneously optimize multiple targeted properties of multi-component Co-base superalloys via machine learning. The microstructural stability, γ′ solvus temperature, γ′ volume fraction, density, processing window, freezing range, and oxidation resistance were simultaneously optimized. A series of novel Co-base superalloys were successfully selected and experimentally synthesized from >210,000 candidates. The best performer, Co-36Ni-12Al-2Ti-4Ta-1W-2Cr, possesses the highest γ′ solvus temperature of 1266.5 °C without the precipitation of any deleterious phases, a γ′ volume fraction of 74.5% after aging for 1000 h at 1000 °C, a density of 8.68 g cm−3 and good high-temperature oxidation resistance at 1000 °C due to the formation of a protective alumina layer. Our approach paves a new way to rapidly design multi-component materials with desired multi-performance functionality.
UAS-based tracking of the Santiaguito Lava Dome, Guatemala
Authors: Zorn Edgar U. , Walter Thomas R. , Johnson Jeffrey B. , Mania René 
Published: May 2020

AbstractImaging growing lava domes has remained a great challenge in volcanology due to their inaccessibility and the severe hazard of collapse or explosion. Changes in surface movement, temperature, or lava viscosity are considered crucial data for hazard assessments at active lava domes and thus valuable study targets. Here, we present results from a series of repeated survey flights with both optical and thermal cameras at the Caliente lava dome, part of the Santiaguito complex at Santa Maria volcano, Guatemala, using an Unoccupied Aircraft System (UAS) to create topography data and orthophotos of the lava dome. This enabled us to track pixel-offsets and delineate the 2D displacement field, strain components, extrusion rate, and apparent lava viscosity. We find that the lava dome displays motions on two separate timescales, (i) slow radial expansion and growth of the dome and (ii) a narrow and fast-moving lava extrusion. Both processes also produced distinctive fracture sets detectable with surface motion, and high strain zones associated with thermal anomalies. Our results highlight that motion patterns at lava domes control the structural and thermal architecture, and different timescales should be considered to better characterize surface motions during dome growth to improve the assessment of volcanic hazards.
A Method for Identification of the Methylation Level of CpG Islands From NGS Data
Authors: Uroshlev Leonid A. , Abdullaev Eldar T. , Umarova Iren R. , Il’icheva Irina A. , Panchenko Larisa A. , Polozov Robert V. , Kondrashov Fyodor A. , Nechipurenko Yury D. , Grokhovsky Sergei L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn the course of sample preparation for Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), DNA is fragmented by various methods. Fragmentation shows a persistent bias with regard to the cleavage rates of various dinucleotides. With the exception of CpG dinucleotides the previously described biases were consistent with results of the DNA cleavage in solution. Here we computed cleavage rates of all dinucleotides including the methylated CpG and unmethylated CpG dinucleotides using data of the Whole Genome Sequencing datasets of the 1000 Genomes project. We found that the cleavage rate of CpG is significantly higher for the methylated CpG dinucleotides. Using this information, we developed a classifier for distinguishing cancer and healthy tissues based on their CpG islands statuses of the fragmentation. A simple Support Vector Machine classifier based on this algorithm shows an accuracy of 84%. The proposed method allows the detection of epigenetic markers purely based on mechanochemical DNA fragmentation, which can be detected by a simple analysis of the NGS sequencing data.