bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food and beverage advertising in Hong Kong mass transit railway stations
Authors: Lo Steven Ka Ho , O Billy Yin Sing , Louie Jimmy Chun Yu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectives:To examine the extent and characteristics of food and beverage (F&B) promotion in Hong Kong mass transit railway (MTR) stations in districts with different socioeconomic statuses (SES) and school density.Design:All advertisements located in the eight selected MTR stations were recorded by photographs or videos, and classified into F&B and non-F&B. The percentage of F&B advertisements and unhealthy F&B being promoted, and common persuasive marketing strategies used in F&B advertisements were compared between low v. high SES districts and school zones v. non-school zones.Setting:MTR stations in Hong Kong.Participants:Not applicable.Results:Of the 8064 advertisements documented, 861 (10·7 %) were F&B advertisements, promoting 1860 F&B items. More than half of the these were unhealthy foods. Stations in high SES districts or school zones tend to advertise more unhealthy items (high v. low SES: 55·8 v. 50·8 %, P = 0·049; school v. non-school: 60·8 v. 49·3 %, P < 0·001). More than one-third of the F&B advertisements recorded did not utilise any of those persuasive marketing techniques that were examined, and using models (13·9 %) or providing discounts (8·8 %) were the two most frequently used non-festival-related persuasive marketing strategies.Conclusions:Unhealthy F&B advertising in MTR stations is prevalent regardless of SES and school density, and persuasive marketing strategies were infrequently used. These suggest that a ban on unhealthy F&B advertising around schools or the use of persuasive marketing strategies alone would be ineffective in Hong Kong. To align with the recommendation from WHO, a universal ban of junk food advertising should be enacted.
Parental depression and nutrition: findings from a cross-sectional household survey in Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Ramesh Prasad , Williamson Ryoko , Sparling Thalia M , Ferguson Elaine , Cunningham Kenda 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:The present study aims to assess associations between parental depression and parental and child nutritional status and diets in Nepal.Design:A cross-sectional survey conducted from June to September 2017.Setting:This monitoring survey was conducted in sixteen of forty-two Suaahara intervention districts spanning mountains, hills and plains in Nepal. Multi-stage cluster sampling was used to sample communities in this survey.Participants:Women and men with a child 6–59 months of age were randomly selected (n 3158 mothers and children; n 826 fathers).Results:Overall, 36 % of mothers, 37 % of fathers and 55 % of children met minimum dietary diversity, indicating that they consumed foods from at least four of seven food groups (children) and at least five of ten food groups (adults) in the 24 h prior to the interview. The percentage of children stunted, wasted and underweight was 28, 11 and 23, respectively. Only 5 % of mothers and 3 % of fathers screened positive for moderate or severe depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥ 10). In adjusted models, we found maternal depression was positively associated with maternal underweight (OR = 1·48, 95 % CI 1·01, 2·17). Maternal and paternal depression, however, were not associated with other indicators of anthropometric status or dietary diversity.Conclusions:Maternal and paternal depression, measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, were not associated with dietary diversity or anthropometric status of fathers or children in Nepal, whereas depressed mothers were at increased risk of being underweight. Additional studies are needed to further assess relationships between mental health and nutritional outcomes.
Spectrum anarchy: why self-governance of the radio spectrum works better than we think
Authors: Bustamante Pedro , Gomez Marcela , Murtazashvili Ilia , Weiss Martin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe exploitation of radio-electric spectrum bands for wireless transmission purposes has some features of the commons: it is subject to congestion and conflict without rules governing its use. The Coasean approach is to assign private property rights to overcome the tragedy of the spectrum commons. The process of assigning these rights is still centralized, with governments assigning property rights through agencies such as the Federal Communications Commission and National Telecommunications and Information Administration in the USA. We consider the possibility of self-governance of the spectrum. We use insights from the study of common pool resources governance to analyze the emergence of property rights to spectrum in a ‘government-less’ environment in which norms, rules, and enforcement mechanisms are solely the product of the repeated interactions among participants in the network. Our case study considers the spectrum-sharing arrangement in the 1,695–1,710 MHz band. Using agent-based modeling (ABM), we show that self-governance of the spectrum can work and under what conditions it is likely to improve the efficiency of the allocation of property rights.
Choosing low-cost institutions in global governance
Authors: Abbott Kenneth W. , Faude Benjamin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractContemporary global governance takes place not only throughs formal inter-governmental organizations and treaties, but increasingly through diverse institutional forms including informal inter-governmental organizations, trans-governmental networks, and transnational public–private partnerships. Although these forms differ in many ways, they are all what we call ‘low-cost institutions’ (LCIs): the costs of creating, operating, changing, and exiting them, and the sovereignty costs they impose, are substantially lower on average than those of treaty-based institutions. LCIs also provide substantive and political governance benefits based on their low costs, including reduced risk, malleability, and flexibility, as well as many of the general cooperation benefits provided by all types of institutions. LCIs are poorly-suited for creating and enforcing binding commitments, but can perform many other governance functions, alone and as complements to treaty-based institutions. We argue that the availability of LCIs changes the cost–benefit logic of institutional choice in a densely institutionalized international system, making the creation of new institutions, which existing research sees as the ‘last resort’, more likely. In addition, LCIs empower executive, bureaucratic, and societal actors, incentivizing those actors to favor creating LCIs rather than treaty-based institutions. The availability of LCIs affects global governance in multiple ways. It reduces the status quo bias of governance, changes its institutional and actor composition, enables (modest) cooperation in times of polarization and gridlock, creates beneficial institutional divisions of labor, and expands governance options. At the same time, the proliferation of LCIs reduces the focality of incumbent institutions, increasing the complexity of governance.
Death anxiety in the time of COVID-19: theoretical explanations and clinical implications
Authors: Menzies Rachel E. , Menzies Ross G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a surge in anxiety across the globe. Much of the public’s behavioural and emotional response to the virus can be understood through the framework of terror management theory, which proposes that fear of death drives much of human behaviour. In the context of the current pandemic, death anxiety, a recently proposed transdiagnostic construct, appears especially relevant. Fear of death has recently been shown to predict not only anxiety related to COVID-19, but also to play a causal role in various mental health conditions. Given this, it is argued that treatment programmes in mental health may need to broaden their focus to directly target the dread of death. Notably, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has been shown to produce significant reductions in death anxiety. As such, it is possible that complementing current treatments with specific CBT techniques addressing fears of death may ensure enhanced long-term symptom reduction. Further research is essential in order to examine whether treating death anxiety will indeed improve long-term outcomes, and prevent the emergence of future disorders in vulnerable populations.

Key learning aims

(1)
To understand terror management theory and its theoretical explanation of death anxiety in the context of COVID-19.

(2)
To understand the transdiagnostic role of death anxiety in mental health disorders.

(3)
To understand current treatment approaches for directly targeting death anxiety, and the importance of doing so to improve long-term treatment outcomes.
Long-term effects of early overfeeding and food restriction during puberty on cardiac remodeling in adult rats
Authors: Chavaglia Cavalet Letícia , dos Santos Ribeiro Larissa Cristina , Rosa Gustavo Bergoli , Sousa Kássia Kristina , de Melo Aryanne Batista Soares , Campos Dhiógenes Balsanufo Taveira , Ferreira Lucas Araújo , Amaral Nathalia Oda , Calisto Yasmin Teixeira Viana , de Castro Alessandra Gisele , de Castro Carlos Henrique , Pedrino Gustavo Rodrigues , Gomes Rodrigo Mello 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNutritional disorders during the perinatal period cause cardiometabolic dysfunction, which is observable in the early overfeeding (EO) experimental model. Therefore, severe caloric restriction has the potential of affecting homeostasis through the same epigenetic mechanisms, and its effects need elucidation. This work aims to determine the impact of food restriction (FR) during puberty in early overfed obese and non-obese animals in adult life. Three days after delivery (PN3), Wistar rats were separated into two groups: normal litter (NL; 9 pups) and small litter (SL; 3 pups). At PN30, some offspring were subjected to FR (50%) until PN60, or maintained with free access to standard chow. NL and SL animals submitted to food restriction (NLFR and SLFR groups) were kept in recovery with free access to standard chow from PN60 until PN120. Body weight and food intake were monitored throughout the experimental period. At PN120 cardiovascular parameters were analyzed and the animals were euthanized for sample collection. SLNF and SLFR offspring were overweight and had increased adiposity. Differences in blood pressure were observed only between obese and non-obese animals. Obese and FR animals have cardiac remodeling showing cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and the presence of interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. FR animals also show increased expression of AT1 and AT2 receptors and of total ERK and p-ERK. The present study showed that EO leads to the obese phenotype and cardiovascular disruptions. Interestingly, we demonstrated that severe FR during puberty leads to cardiac remodeling.
Anticipated Stigma and Dementia-Related Anxiety in Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Authors: Maxfield Molly , Greenberg Jeff 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Heightened awareness and perceived negativity of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) may increase health-related concerns about developing ADRD, also called dementia-related anxiety. Anticipating greater levels of ADRD stigma was expected to be associated with greater dementia-related anxiety. Middle-aged and older adults ( N = 183, aged 40–80, M = 59.57) responded to online questionnaires about anticipated ADRD stigma, ADRD exposure, dementia-related anxiety, and potential psychosocial correlates of dementia-related anxiety. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that self-perceived ADRD risk, ADRD exposure, and anticipated stigma remained significantly associated with dementia-related anxiety, after controlling for demographic variables. Reducing ADRD stigma may ease dementia-related anxiety, an area for future research.
Sensitivity Analysis and Impact of the Kappa‐Correction of Residual Ionospheric Biases on Radio Occultation Climatologies
Authors: Danzer J. , Schwaerz M. , Kirchengast G. , Healy S. B. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA new model was recently introduced to correct for higher‐order ionospheric residual biases in radio occultation (RO) data. The model depends on the α1 and α2 dual‐frequency bending angle difference squared, and a factor κ, which varies with time, season, solar activity, and height, needing only the F10.7 solar radio flux index as additional background information. To date, this kappa‐correction was analyzed in simulation studies. In this study, we test it on real observed Metop‐A RO data. The goal is to improve the accuracy of monthly mean RO climate records, potentially raising the accuracy of RO data toward higher stratospheric altitudes. We performed a thorough analysis of the kappa‐correction, evaluating its ionospheric sensitivity during the solar cycle for monthly RO climatologies and comparing the kappa‐corrected RO stratospheric climatologies to three other data sets from reanalysis and passive infrared sounding. We find a clear dependence of the kappa‐correction on solar activity, geographic location, and altitude; hence, it reduces systematic errors that vary with the solar cycle. From low to high solar activity conditions, the correction can increase from values of about 0.2 K to more than 2.0 K at altitudes between 40 to 45 km. The correction shifts RO climatologies toward warmer temperatures. With respect to other data sets, however, we found it difficult to draw firm conclusions, because the biases in the other data sets appear to be at similar magnitude as the size of the kappa‐correction. Further validation with more accurate data will be useful.
Interannual Variability of Carbon Uptake of Secondary Forests in the Brazilian Amazon (2004‐2014)
Authors: Yang Yan , Saatchi Sassan , Xu Liang , Keller Michael , Corsini Christianne R. , Aragão Luiz E. O. C. , Aguiar Ana P. , Knyazikhin Yuri , Myneni Ranga B. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTropical secondary forests (SF) play an important role in the global carbon cycle as a major terrestrial carbon sink. Here, we use high‐resolution TerraClass data set for tracking land use activities in the Brazilian Amazon from 2004–2014 to detect spatial patterns and carbon sequestration dynamics of secondary forests (SF). By integrating satellite lidar and radar observations, we found the SF area in the Brazilian Amazon increased from approximately 22 Mha (106 ha) in 2004 to 28 Mha in 2014. However, the expansion in area was also accompanied by a dynamic land use activity that resulted in about 50% recycling of SF area annually from frequent clearing and abandonment. Consequently, the average age of SF remained less than 10 years (age ~8.2 with one standard deviation of 3.2 spatially) over the period of the study. Estimation of changes of carbon stocks shows that SF accumulates approximately 8.5 Mg ha−1 year−1 aboveground biomass during the first 10 years after clearing and abandonment, 4.5 Mg ha−1 year−1 for the next 10 years followed by a more gradual increase of 3 Mg ha−1 year−1 from 20 to 30 years with much slower rate thereafter. The effective carbon uptake of SF in Brazilian Amazon was negligible (0.06 ± 0.03 PgC year−1) during this period, but the interannual variability was significantly larger (±0.2 PgC year−1). If the SF areas were left to grow without further clearing for 100 years, it would absorb about 0.14 PgC year−1 from the atmosphere, partially compensating the emissions from current rate of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.
Tidal Walking on Europa's Strike‐Slip Faults—Insight From Numerical Modeling
Authors: Sládková K. , Souček O. , Kalousová K. , Běhounková M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTidal walking has been proposed as a mechanism inducing lateral offset on preexisting strike‐slip faults on Europa by tidal forcing. We test this hypothesis numerically by modeling a part of Europa's ice shell with an embedded strike‐slip fault. Our model involves two coupled processes: (i) slip at the fault and deformation of the ice shell on the tidal timescale and (ii) thermal evolution of the ice shell on the timescale of tens of thousands of years. The fault is characterized by the Mohr‐Coulomb criterion allowing to determine self‐consistently the activation depth of the fault. On the tidal timescale, the ice shell is described by the Maxwell viscoelasticity; on the convection timescale, the ice is treated as a non‐Newtonian viscous fluid. We show that tidal walking is capable of producing surface lateral offset of the order of kilometers over 100 thousand years provided that the active part of the fault penetrates the high‐viscosity part of the shell. Such conditions are likely not met for the current amplitude of the tidal forcing and for the estimated ice shell thickness. We show that either larger forcing amplitude (e.g., due to higher eccentricity of the moon) or partial flooding of the fault zone by water from the ocean is required to produce the observed offset. We demonstrate that thermo‐mechanical coupling can significantly enhance the efficiency of tidal walking and we investigate conditions for which the fault's activity can result in observable surface thermal signatures.
Lyman‐alpha Variability During Solar Flares Over Solar Cycle 24 Using GOES‐15/EUVS‐E
Authors: Milligan Ryan O. , Hudson Hugh S. , Chamberlin Phillip C. , Hannah Iain G. , Hayes Laura A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe chromospheric Lyman‐alpha line of neutral hydrogen (Lyα; 1216 Å) is the strongest emission line in the solar spectrum. Fluctuations in Lyα are known to drive changes in planetary atmospheres, although few instruments have had the ability to capture rapid Lyα enhancements during solar flares. In this paper, we describe flare‐associated emissions via a statistical study of 477 M‐ and X‐class flares as observed by the Extreme UltraViolet Sensor on board the 15th Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, which has been monitoring the full‐disk solar Lyα irradiance on 10‐s timescales over the course of Solar Cycle 24. The vast majority (95%) of these flares produced Lyα enhancements of 10% or less above background levels, with a maximum increase of ∼30%. The irradiance in Lyα was found to exceed that of the 1–8 Å X‐ray irradiance by as much as two orders of magnitude in some cases, although flares that occurred closer to the solar limb were found to exhibit less of a Lyα enhancement. This center‐to‐limb variation was verified through a joint, stereoscopic observation of an X‐class flare that appeared near the limb as viewed from Earth, but close to disk center as viewed by the MAVEN spacecraft in orbit around Mars. The frequency distribution of peak Lyα was found to have a power‐law slope of 2.8±0.27. We also show that increased Lyα flux is closely correlated with induced currents in the ionospheric E‐layer through the detection of the solar flare effect as observed by the Kakioka magnetometer.
Effects of GNSS Receiver Tuning on the PLL Tracking Jitter Estimation in the Presence of Ionospheric Scintillation
Authors: Guo K. , Aquino M. , Vadakke Veettil S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIonospheric scintillation is an interference characterized by rapid and random fluctuations in radio frequency signals when passing through irregularities in the ionosphere. It can severely degrade the performance of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, thus increasing positioning errors. Receivers with different tracking loop bandwidths and coherent integration times perform differently under scintillation. This study investigates the effects of GNSS receiver tracking loop tuning on scintillation monitoring and Phase Locked Loop (PLL) tracking jitter estimation using simulated GNSS data. The variation of carrier to noise density ratio (C/N0) under scintillation with different tracking loop settings is also studied. The results show that receiver tuning has a minor effect on scintillation indices calculation. The levels of C/N0 are also similar for different PLL bandwidths and integration times. Additionally, the tracking jitter is estimated by theoretical equations and verified using the relationship with the PLL discriminator output noise, which is calculated using the post‐correlation measurements. Novel approaches are further proposed to calculate 1‐s scintillation index, which enables to compute the tracking jitter at a rate of 1 s. It is found that 1‐s tracking jitter can successfully represent the signal fluctuations levels caused by scintillation. This work is valuable for developing scintillation sensitive tracking error models and is also of great significance for GNSS receiver design to mitigate scintillation effects.
Whole Atmosphere Model Simulations of Ultrafast Kelvin Wave Effects in the Ionosphere and Thermosphere
Authors: Yamazaki Y. , Miyoshi Y. , Xiong C. , Stolle C. , Soares G. , Yoshikawa A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the response of the upper atmosphere to equatorial Kelvin waves with a period of ∼3 days, also known as ultrafast Kelvin waves (UFKWs). The whole atmosphere model Ground‐to‐topside model of Atmosphere and Ionosphere for Aeronomy (GAIA) is used to simulate the UFKW events in the late summer of 2010 and 2011 as well as in the boreal winter of 2012/2013. When the lower layers of the model below 30‐km altitude are constrained with meteorological data, GAIA is able to reproduce salient features of the UFKW in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere as observed by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder. The model also reproduces ionospheric response, as validated through comparisons with total electron content data from the Gravity field and steady‐state Ocean Circulation Explorer satellite as well as with earlier observations. Model results suggest that the UFKW produces eastward‐propagating ∼3‐day variations with zonal wavenumber 1 in the equatorial zonal electric field and F region plasma density. Model results also suggest that for a ground observer, identifying ionospheric signatures of the UFKW is a challenge because of ∼3‐day variations due to other sources. This issue can be overcome by combining ground‐based measurements from different longitudes. As a demonstration, we analyze ground‐based magnetometer data from equatorial stations during the 2011 event. It is shown that wavelet spectra of the magnetic data at different longitudes are only in partial agreement, with or without a ∼3‐day peak, but a spectrum analysis based on multipoint observations reveals the presence of the UFKW.
Anisotropic Tomography Beneath Northeast Tibet: Evidence for Regional Crustal Flow
Authors: Sun Anhui , Zhao Dapeng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe present high‐resolution tomographic images of isotropic P wave velocity and azimuthal anisotropy in the crust and uppermost mantle beneath NE Tibet by jointly inverting 62,339 arrival times of the first P and later PmP waves from 6,602 local earthquakes and 9 seismic explosions. Widespread low‐velocity zones in the middle crust contribute most of seismic anisotropy in the crust beneath NE Tibet. The predominant fast‐velocity directions of azimuthal anisotropy are closely correlated with the stress field revealed by GPS observations and focal mechanism solutions in the transition zones among the Alxa block, the Ordos basin, and the Tibetan Plateau. We attribute this feature to regional crustal flow that has intruded northeastward into NE Tibet and possibly affected vertical ground motions, whereas the flow has been resisted by the surrounding rigid blocks and so failed to further extrude eastward between the Ordos basin and the Sichuan basin. The crustal flow is responsible for the intracrust and crust‐mantle decoupling beneath the transition zones of NE Tibet. High‐velocity zones with depth‐consistent anisotropy are found to border the southwestern Ordos basin between 105° and 106°E. The rigid blocks, major active faults (e.g., the Haiyuan, Qinling, and Kunlun faults), and their interactions cause the regional tectonic features and seismic activities. Accommodation of the different deformation patterns and the tectonic interactions may explain the complicated geodynamic evolution of the crust beneath NE Tibet.