bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disarray at the headquarters: Economists and Central bankers tested by the subprime and the COVID recessions
Authors: Louçã Francisco , Abreu Alexandre , Costa Gonçalo Pessa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article explores the discussions among economic modelers and central banks research staff and decision makers, namely on the adequacy of unconventional monetary policy and fiscal expansionary measures after the subprime crisis and as the COVID recession is developing. First, the article investigates the arguments, models and policy proposals of several mainstream schools of economics that challenged the traditional Chicagoan orthodoxy based on Milton Friedman’s views, and developed the Lucas Critique, the New Classical synthesis and Real Business Cycle approach that replaced monetarism as the main rivals to old-time Keynesianism. Second, the transformation of Real Business Cycle models into Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models is mapped, as it extended the ideas of the iniquity of government intervention and unified academic and central bank research. Yet, a battery of criticism was levied against the DSGE models and, as the debate emerged over quantitative easing and other tools of unconventional monetary policy, the need for policy pragmatism shattered the previous consensus. The article then proceeds to discuss how the leading mainstream academic economists reacted to changes in central banks‘ practices, noticing a visible dissonance within Chicago-school and DSGE economists, as well as major contortions of central bankers in order to justify their new postures. The article concludes with a call for an extensive menu of fiscal, industrial and innovation policies in order to respond to recessions and structural crises.
Recurrence of mesothelioma after a macroscopic complete resection procedure: is a second radical surgery justified?
Authors: Elsayed Hany Hasan , Hassaballa Aly Sherif , Ahmed Taha Aly , Sharkawy Hazem Youssef 
Published: December 2020

Summary
A best evidence topic was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was: In patients with mesothelioma who develop a local recurrence after macroscopic complete resection (MCR) surgery, does performing a second radical surgery lead to improvement in survival? A total of 2076 papers were identified using the reported search, of which 3 represented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The authors, date, journal, country, study type, population, outcomes and key results are tabulated. The 2 largest studies included 16 patients each who underwent a second surgery for radical resection of recurrence after MCR for mesothelioma. One study (with 16 chest wall resections) had no in-hospital mortality, whereas the other study showed 2/16 (12.5%) patients dying in the hospital, both of whom had a contralateral pleurectomy. One study correlated the median survival after the second surgery with the time to recurrence and epithelioid pathology. The other study showed better post-recurrence survival after a second surgery, with patients having a significantly longer median post-recurrence survival (16 months) compared with those who received other types of second-line therapy (9 months) and those who received no therapy at all (2 months) (P &lt; 0.0005), although selection bias is a possibility. The last study included 8 patients who underwent a second surgery for radical intent after MCR for mesothelioma. The median time to recurrence was 29 months and the survival after second surgery was 14.5 months with no correlation to disease-free interval (expected due to the small number of patients). In patients presenting with recurrence of mesothelioma after an MCR procedure, radical surgery to resect the recurrent tumour could have a role in improvement of survival in selected patients. Positive prognostic factors include epithelioid pathology and a longer disease-free interval after the first procedure.
Three-Dimensional Mirror Symmetry and Elliptic Stable Envelopes
Authors: Rimányi Richárd , Smirnov Andrey , Zhou Zijun , Varchenko Alexander 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We consider a pair of quiver varieties $(X;X^{\prime})$ related by 3D mirror symmetry, where $X =T^*{Gr}(k,n)$ is the cotangent bundle of the Grassmannian of $k$-planes of $n$-dimensional space. We give formulas for the elliptic stable envelopes on both sides. We show an existence of an equivariant elliptic cohomology class on $X \times X^{\prime} $ (the mother function) whose restrictions to $X$ and $X^{\prime} $ are the elliptic stable envelopes of those varieties. This implies that the restriction matrices of the elliptic stable envelopes for $X$ and $X^{\prime}$ are equal after transposition and identification of the equivariant parameters on one side with the Kähler parameters on the dual side.
Stigma and Whistleblowing: Should Punitive Damages be Available in Retaliation Cases?
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article uses a range of disciplinary perspectives to examine what is meant by stigma and explains that it is a relational concept. It argues that there has been a shift from attributing social stigma to whistleblowing, to regarding whistleblowing as a form of prosocial behaviour, that is, something which contributes to the well-being of others. This shift is evidenced by the attempts to establish supportive organisational cultures through the introduction of specialist employer policies and procedures, the existence of protective legislation and the coverage of whistleblowing in the media. Although it is questioned why stigma should still attach to whistleblowing, it is acknowledged that those who suffer reprisals may well seek stigma damages. Thus the article traces the common law and statutory origins of stigma awards and discusses the appropriateness of exemplary/punitive damages in the employment field. In the conclusion, it is advocated that Parliament expressly provide for exemplary/punitive damages to be awarded in employment cases. In addition, practical suggestions are made about how a more positive attitude to whistleblowing can be achieved, including a possible role for criminal sanctions. The author asserts that a more punitive approach is justified because whistleblowing is an important aspect of the human right to freedom of expression which must be fully protected in order to ensure the proper functioning of a democratic society.
Human Rights: What Does the Future Hold?
Authors: Braaten Daniel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThere is no shortage of bad human rights news around the world. Human rights are threatened in dictatorships to consolidated democracies. The rise of nationalist demagoguery within countries and the rise of China as a potential hegemon in the international system pose significant challenges for the realization of universal human rights. Concurrently, a new strain of human rights scholarship has emerged to challenge the progress made in human rights protection over the years and the moral foundation of that progress. The future of human rights at this moment in history is precarious, but three new books provide good speculation for what the future may hold. Human Rights Futures edited by Stephen Hopgood, Jack Snyder, and Leslie Vinjamuri; In Defense of Universal Human Rights by Rhoda Howard-Hassmann; and The Future of Human Rights by Allison Brysk are all reviewed in this essay. The three books revive longstanding debates in human rights scholarship but also point the way for different futures of human rights, some positive and some negative. Ultimately, for the human rights movement to sustain itself and build on its successes for the future, it will need to confront the challenges posed by the nationalist demagogues and the Chinese Communist Party. The human rights movement needs a “second wind,” which it can get if it reaffirms and reemphasizes its support for social and economic rights along with liberal democracy and international law.
Clinical and Analytical Verification of an Automated Fecal Calprotectin Immunoassay with Extraction Device
Authors: Wyness Sara P , Lin Leo , Jensen Ryan , Bird Joseph , Norgyal Tenzin , Jensen Gabrielle , Johnson Lisa M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Fecal calprotectin (FC) is a screening test for intestinal inflammation, and often used by clinicians to help identify and monitor patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Improvements in FC assays include moving to more automated immunoassays compared to ELISAs and simple-to-use extraction devices compared to manual weighing for the extraction process.

Methods
A method comparison was performed between the PhiCal ELISA and LIAISON immunoassay for 53 stool samples, and the screening results were compared to the gold standard endoscopy with biopsy results. Clinical accuracy was assessed by comparing the FC results from each assay to the presence or absence of inflammation determined from the biopsy report. The performance of the extraction device was compared to manually weighing. Additional studies were completed to verify the manufacturer’s claims.

Results
The FC results were compared to the biopsy results for detecting inflammation. PhiCal ELISA had a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 100%, while the LIAISON immunoassay had a sensitivity of 97% with specificity of 94%. Therefore, the LIAISON immunoassay performed better than the PhiCal ELISA. The extraction device performed well compared to manual weighing if stool samples were &lt;800 μg/g, within Bristol stool types 2-6, and did not contain a significant amount of undigested material, fibrous material, or mucus.

Conclusion
The LIAISON immunoassay with extraction device has acceptable performance for clinical use in measuring fecal calprotectin.
Electoral Incentives and the Allocation of Public Funds
Authors: Finan Frederico , Mazzocco Maurizio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Politicians allocate public resources in ways that maximize political gains, and potentially at the cost of lower welfare. In this paper, we quantify these welfare costs in the context of Brazil’s federal legislature, which grants its members a budget to fund public projects within their states. Using data from the state of Roraima, we estimate a model of politicians’ allocation decisions and find that 26.8% of the public funds allocated by legislators are distorted relative to a social planner’s allocation. We then use the model to simulate three potential policy reforms to the electoral system: the adoption of approval voting, imposing a one-term limit, and redistricting. We find that a one-term limit and redistricting are both effective at reducing distortions. The one-term limit policy, however, increases corruption, which makes it a welfare-reducing policy.
A Newly Discovered Fragment of William Caxton's Ordinale
Authors: Delbecque Erika 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This note discusses the find of a hitherto unknown leaf from William Caxton's Ordinale seu Pica ad usum Sarum at the University of Reading Special Collections Service. It provides a bibliographical analysis of the leaf and explores its provenance. It concludes with a semi-diplomatic transcription, with reference to BL Add. MS 25456, the only known surviving manuscript copy of the text.
Prognostic validation and clinical implications of the EANO ESMO classification of leptomeningeal metastasis from solid tumors
Authors: Le Rhun Emilie , Devos Patrick , Weller Johannes , Seystahl Katharina , Mo Francesca , Compter Annette , Berghoff Anna S , Jongen Joost L M , Wolpert Fabian , Rudà Roberta , Brandsma Dieta , van den Bent Martin , Preusser Matthias , Herrlinger Ulrich , Weller Michael 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
The EANO ESMO guidelines have proposed a classification of leptomeningeal metastases (LM) from solid cancers based on clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology presentation. MRI patterns are classified as linear, nodular, both, or neither. Type I LM is defined by positive CSF cytology (confirmed LM) whereas type II LM is defined by typical clinical and MRI signs (probable or possible LM). Here we explored the clinical utility of these LM subtypes.

Patients and methods
We retrospectively assembled data from 254 patients with newly diagnosed LM from solid tumors. Survival curves were derived using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared by Log-rank test.

Results
Median age at LM diagnosis was 56 years. Typical clinical LM features were noted in 225 patients (89%); 13 patients (5%) were clinically asymptomatic. Tumor cells in the CSF were observed in 186 patients (73%) whereas the CSF was equivocal in 24 patients (9.5%) and negative in 44 patients (17.5%). Patients with confirmed LM had inferior outcome compared with patients with probable or possible LM (P = 0.006). Type I patients had inferior outcome than type II patients (P = 0.002). Nodular disease on MRI was a negative prognostic factor in type II LM (P = 0.014), but not in type I LM. On multivariate analysis, administration of either intrathecal pharmacotherapy (P = 0.012) or systemic pharmacotherapy (P = 0.0003) was associated with improved outcome in type I LM, but not in type II LM.

Conclusion
The EANO ESMO LM subtypes are highly prognostic and should be considered for stratification and overall design of clinical trials.
Micronutrient gaps during the complementary feeding period in 6 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa: a Comprehensive Nutrient Gap Assessment
Authors: White Jessica M , Beal Ty , Arsenault Joanne E , Okronipa Harriet , Hinnouho Guy-Marino , Chimanya Kudakwashe , Matji Joan , Garg Aashima 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Insufficient quantity and inadequate quality of foods in early life are key causes of all forms of malnutrition. Identification of nutrient and dietary gaps in the diets of infants and young children is essential to inform policies and programs designed to improve child diets. A Comprehensive Nutrient Gap Assessment was used to assess the public health significance of nutrient gaps during the complementary feeding period and to identify evidence gaps in 6 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa. Important gaps were identified in iron, vitamin A, zinc, and calcium and, to a lesser extent, vitamin B12 and folate. The best whole-food sources of these micronutrients available in part or all of the countries studied include beef liver, chicken liver, small dried fish, beef, and eggs. Investment is needed in many countries to collect data on micronutrient biomarkers and dietary intake. Strategic actions to improve child diets will require engagement and intervention across relevant systems to accelerate progress on improving the diets of infants and young children.
Diagnostic yield from routine metabolic screening tests in evaluation of global developmental delay and intellectual disability
Authors: Vallance Hilary , Sinclair Graham , Rakic Bojana , Stockler-Ipsiroglu Sylvia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Global developmental delay and intellectual disability (GDD/ID) affect 3% of the paediatric population. Although inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are not a common cause of GDD/ID, early therapeutic intervention can improve neurodevelopmental manifestations. In 2012, a first-tier test panel, including specialized metabolic and routine chemistry tests, was piloted to community-based paediatricians in British Columbia with aims to achieve earlier diagnosis of treatable IEM.

Objective
The aim of this retrospective review was to evaluate the diagnostic yield from these first-tier tests in the 7 years before (2006 to 2012) and after (2013 to 2019) implementation at the community paediatrician level.

Results
Prior and postimplementation diagnostic yield of an IEM from first-tier metabolic testing was 9 out of 986 (0.91%) and 11 out of 4,345 children (0.25%), respectively. Disorders of creatine metabolism and organic acidurias were the most frequently established diagnoses in both time periods. No diagnoses were established through acylcarnitine copper/ceruloplasmin, lactate, or ammonia testing. Twenty out of 24 patients had specific neurological or other red flag signs in addition to GDD/ID. Four boys diagnosed with an x-linked creatine transporter defect (CTD) had speech-language delay as the most prominent finding.

Conclusions
The expansion of first-tier metabolic testing to community-based paediatricians in BC did not yield an increase in IEM diagnoses. A modified first-tier test panel should be offered to patients with GDD/ID, neurologic, and/or red flag signs. Urine creatine testing in boys with speech-language delay warrants consideration to detect CTD.
Knowledge, attitudes and anxiety toward COVID-19 among domestic and overseas Chinese college students
Authors: Yang Haojun , Chen Zhuohui , Fan Yishu , Hu Xinhang , Wu Tong , Kang Shuntong , Xiao Bo , Zhang Mengqi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
To investigate the knowledge, attitudes and anxiety toward COVID-19 among Chinese college students studying in China and abroad.

Method
A structured questionnaire, comprised of demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitudes toward COVID-19 and the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), was used to collect data for 566 domestic students and 126 students studying abroad.

Results
Domestic students were better than students abroad in knowledge of epidemiology and manifestations. Domestic students showed a significant higher enthusiasm for voluntary services than students abroad, including medical science popularization, community services, traffic dispersion, logistics transportation and being volunteers for vaccine trials. The scores (Mean ± SD) of S-AI and T-AI among students abroad were 59.48 ± 8.63 and 54.10 ± 7.20, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of domestic students (39.46 ± 8.16 and 39.25 ± 7.72).

Conclusions
Our study showed a better understanding of knowledge, more positive attitudes and less anxiety toward COVID-19 among domestic students, compared with students studying abroad. In light of this information, more attention and appropriate psychological and social intervention should be paid to college students with anxiety, especially those studying abroad.
Intraoperative Radiographs in Single-level Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Can Predict Radiographic and Clinical Outcomes of Follow-up 2 Years After Surgery
Authors: Jung Jong-myung , Chung Chun Kee , Kim Chi Heon , Yang Seung Heon , Ko Young San , Choi Yunhee 
Published: December 2020

Mini
Some of the improvements in DH, FH, and SLL achieved intraoperatively during lateral lumbar interbody fusion surgery were lost by the postoperative 1-week follow-up. An intraoperative radiograph can predict radiographic and clinical outcomes of the 2-year follow-up. The difference between preoperative DH and intraoperative DH should be >4.18 mm.

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort study

Objective.
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the intraoperatively estimated parameters, as calculated on a cross-table lateral radiograph, are maintained in an upright position at discharge and at 2 years postoperatively and to identify the appropriate disc height (DH) to achieve substantial clinical benefit.

Summary of Background Data.
The amount of correction retained following lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) surgery had not been reported.

Methods.
A single-center, consecutive series of patients who underwent single-level LLIF with at least 2 years of follow-up were retrospectively reviewed. Upright standardized preoperative, 1-week, and 2-year postoperative radiographs, as well as intraoperative lateral radiographs, were analyzed for DH, foraminal height (FH), and segmental lumbar lordosis (SLL) at the index level. Clinical outcomes were compared between preoperatively and 1 week and 2 years postoperatively.

Results.
In total, 89 patients were evaluated (mean follow-up, 42.8 months [range, 24–83 months]). DH decreased from 12.5 ± 2.7 mm intraoperatively to 11.7 ± 3.1 mm at 1 week postoperatively, FH decreased from 15.9 ± 3.6 mm to 15.1 ± 3.6 mm, and SLL decreased from 13.6° ± 1.7° to 12.4° ± 1.7°. A linear correlation between intraoperative and 2-year postoperative parameters was found (R
2 = 0.552, 0.518, and 0.616, respectively). Clinical outcomes, including back pain, leg pain, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), significantly improved 2 years postoperatively. The optimal cutoff point for substantial clinical benefit thresholds for the ODI was a 4.18 mm increase in DH (sensitivity, 64.3%; specificity, 80.3%; area under the curve, 0.793; 95% confidence interval, 0.642–0.855).

Conclusion.
Some of the improvements in DH, FH, and SLL achieved intraoperatively during LLIF surgery were lost by the postoperative 1-week follow-up. An intraoperative radiograph can predict radiographic and clinical outcomes of the 2-year follow-up. The difference between preoperative DH and intraoperative DH should be >4.18 mm.

Level of Evidence: 4
Fibrous Connection Between Cervical Nerve and Zygapophysial Joint and Implication of the Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy
Authors: Kagawa Eiichiro , Nimura Akimoto , Nasu Hisayo , Kato Ryuichi , Akita Keiichi 
Published: December 2020

Study Design
Observational, anatomical, cadaveric study.

Objective
We anatomically investigated the fibrous connection between the cervical nerves and the zygapophysial joint capsules.

Summary of Background Data
Cervical spondylotic radiculopathy is caused by the compression of the cervical nerves as the static factor and head and neck movements as the dynamic factor. To understand the dynamic pathology of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy, the anatomic relationship between the cervical nerves and the zygapophysial joints needs to be investigated in detail.

Methods
In 11 cadavers, we dissected both sides from the C5 to C7. For macroscopic examination, we observed structures connecting the cervical nerves and the zygapophysial joints in 18 cervical nerves from three cadavers. In 14 sides of eight cadavers, we histologically analyzed the fibrous structures and their attachments.

Results
Macroscopically, the fibrous band connected the cranial surface of the cervical nerve to the lateral and inferior aspects of the transverse process. In four of 18 nerves, the fibrous bands were divided into two fascicles by loose connective tissues. In addition, the fibrous bands extended along the dorsal aspect of the posterior tubercle of the transverse process and attached to the zygapophysial joint capsule. Histologically, densely stained fibrous tissues overlaid the zygapophysial joint capsule and extended to the recess between the posterior tubercle and inferior articular process on the cranial vertebral body.

Conclusion
We macroscopically and histologically clarified the fibrous bands connecting the cervical nerve to the zygapophysial joint capsule. The fibrous bands may help clarify the pathology of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy associated with the zygapophysial joints as dynamic factors.

Level of Evidence: N/A