bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing skeleton and microbiome responses of a calcareous sponge under thermal and pH stresses
Authors: Ribeiro Bárbara , Padua André , Barno Adam , Villela Helena , Duarte Gustavo , Rossi André , Fernandes Flávio da Costa , Peixoto Raquel , Klautau Michelle 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Ocean higher temperature and acidity levels affect its carbonate chemistry, and calcifying organisms that depend on the calcium carbonate saturation state (ΩCaCO3) to build their skeleton may be vulnerable to these changes. Despite their important roles in the marine environment, little is known about the vulnerability of calcareous sponges under these stressors. We performed an acute short-term experiment (9 days) with thermal and pH stresses to explore their effects on the skeleton and microbiome of the calcareous sponge Sycettusa hastifera. We observed that sponge spicules showed no corrosion and no Mg/Ca ratio variation when exposed to stress conditions. However, the outermost spicules were smaller in low pH treatment, although these effects were often diminished when higher temperatures were also applied. In general, the sponges synthesized normally shaped spicules under stress conditions, but the proportion of deformed spicules increased significantly in elevated temperature. In addition, we observed a stable host–microbiome association in which there is microbiome flexibility under thermal and pH stresses with a significantly increase in abundance of some associated bacteria. Our results suggest that S. hastifera has low vulnerability under the future ocean conditions here designed, since it showed indications of resistance that could help them adapt and survive.
Stronger convergence results for deep residual networks: network width scales linearly with training data size
Authors: Gulcu Talha Cihad 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Deep neural networks are highly expressive machine learning models with the ability to interpolate arbitrary datasets. Deep nets are typically optimized via first-order methods, and the optimization process crucially depends on the characteristics of the network as well as the dataset. This work sheds light on the relation between the network size and the properties of the dataset with an emphasis on deep residual networks (ResNets). Our contribution is that if the network Jacobian is full rank, gradient descent for the quadratic loss and smooth activation converges to the global minima even if the network width $m$ of the ResNet scales linearly with the sample size $n$ and logarithmically with the network depth $H$. Consequently, our work is able to provide a theoretical guarantee for the convergence of deep neural networks in the $m=\varOmega (n,\log H)$ regime.
Inverse tides in pulsating binary stars
Authors: Fuller Jim 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
In close binary stars, the tidal excitation of pulsations typically dissipates energy, causing the system to evolve towards a circular orbit with aligned and synchronized stellar spins. However, for stars with self-excited pulsations, we demonstrate that tidal interaction with unstable pulsation modes can transfer energy in the opposite direction, forcing the spins of the stars away from synchronicity, and potentially pumping the eccentricity and spin–orbit misalignment angle. This ‘inverse’ tidal process only occurs when the tidally forced mode amplitude is comparable to the mode’s saturation amplitude, and it is thus most likely to occur in main-sequence gravity mode pulsators with orbital periods of a few days. We examine the long-term evolution of inverse tidal action, finding the stellar rotation rate can potentially be driven to a very large or very small value, while maintaining a large spin–orbit misalignment angle. Several recent asteroseismic analyses of pulsating stars in close binaries have revealed extremely slow core rotation periods, which we attribute to the action of inverse tides.
Sweat Equity in U.S. Private Business*
Authors: Bhandari Anmol , McGrattan Ellen R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We develop a theory of sweat equity—the value of business owners’ time and expenses to build customer bases, client lists, and other intangible assets. We discipline the theory using data from U.S. national accounts, business censuses, and brokered sales to estimate a value for sweat equity in the private business sector equal to 1.2 times U.S. GDP, which is about the same magnitude as the value of fixed assets in use in these businesses. For a typical owner, 26% of the sweat equity is transferable through inheritance or sale. The equity values are positively correlated with business incomes and standard measures of markups based on accounting data, but not with owners’ financial assets or standard measures of business total factor productivity. We use our theory to show that abstracting from sweat activity leads to a significant understatement of the effects of lowering business income tax rates on private business activity for both the extensive and intensive margins. Despite finding larger responses, our model’s implied tax elasticities of establishments and owner hours are in line with empirical estimates in the public finance literature. Allowing for financial constraints and superstar firms does not overturn our main findings.
Use of a Modal Model in Predicting Propagation from a Point Source Over Grooved Ground
Authors: Mellish Steve , Taherzadeh Shahram , Attenborough Keith 
Published: November 2020

Summary
Regularly spaced low walls and rectangular lattices on a hard ground have been investigated as a means for reducing noise levels from surface transport. Predictions of the insertion loss of such surfaces has involved the use of computationally intensive numerical methods such as the Boundary Element Method (BEM) or Finite difference techniques (FDTD and PSTD). By considering point-to-point propagation above regularly spaced acoustically hard grooves with rectangular cross sections, a modal model used hitherto to predict electromagnetic and ultrasonic surface waves is adapted to derive an effective impedance for such a grooved surface. When this effective impedance is used in the classical theory for propagation from a point source above an impedance plane, the modal model enables predictions of excess attenuation spectra that compare closely with those obtained by numerical methods but take a fraction of the time. Also the modal method is extended to predict excess attenuation spectra above phase gradient metasurfaces with porous material in each constituent groove.
Cochrane Schizophrenia Group’s Study-Based Register of Randomized Controlled Trials: Development and Content Analysis
Authors: Shokraneh Farhad , Adams Clive E 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundStudy-based registers facilitate systematic reviews through shortening the process for review team and reducing considerable waste during the review process. Such a register also provides new insights about trends of trials in a sub-specialty. This paper reports development and content analysis of Cochrane Schizophrenia Group’s Study-Based Register.MethodsThe randomized controlled trials were collected through systematic searches of major information sources. Data points were extracted, curated and classified in the register. We report trends using regression analyses in Microsoft Excel and we used GIS mapping (GunnMap 2) to visualize the geographical distribution of the origin of schizophrenia trials.ResultsAlthough only 17% of trials were registered, the number of reports form registered trials is steadily increasing and registered trials produce more reports. Clinical trial registers are main source of trial reports followed by sub-specialty journals. Schizophrenia trials have been published in 23 languages from 90 countries while 105 nations do not have any reported schizophrenia trials. Only 9.7% of trials were included in at least one Cochrane review. Pharmacotherapy is the main target of trials while trials targeting psychotherapy are increasing in a continuous rate. The number of people randomized in trials is on average 114 with 60 being the most frequent sample size.ConclusionsCurated datasets within the register uncover new patterns in data that have implications for research, policy, and practice for testing new interventions in trials or systematic reviews.
Triple Canal Occlusion for the Treatment of Intractable Menière's Disease
Authors: Gill Charn , Muzaffar Jameel , Kumar Raghu , Irving Richard 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
Menière's disease can be a debilitating condition but in most cases the symptoms are controlled by lifestyle changes and medical management. However, some patients remain symptomatic despite medical treatment and have the option of more invasive surgical treatments. Surgical intervention for Menière's includes a range of interventions from grommet insertion, intratympanic steroids/Gentamicin, endolymphatic sac decompression, labyrinthectomy, and vestibular neurectomy. A recently described technique involves the occlusion of all three semi-circular canals as an alternative in intractable Menière's disease.

Study Design:
This is a case series of three patients who underwent triple canal occlusion for the treatment of intractable Menière's disease.

Setting:
Patients were selected from those who were referred to Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham, a tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Patients who were severely symptomatic despite medical treatment who were considering ablative therapy were offered the option of triple canal occlusion as an alternative.

Intervention:
We report a series of Menière's patients treated by triple canal occlusion, describe the rationale behind this intervention, the surgical technique, and preliminary results.

Main Outcome Measure:
Each patient was followed up for a minimum of 2 years following the procedure. The main outcomes measures were the class of vertigo control and hearing threshold levels according to the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery guidelines.

Results:
Of the three patients, two were men and one was woman, the age range was 45 years to 61 years old. Two patients with unilateral disease achieved class A control whereas one patient with bilateral disease achieved class B control. Two patients who underwent the procedure had little or no effect to their hearing on the treated side however one patient suffered a 30 dB hearing loss on the operative side.

Conclusions:
Based on our limited experience and the early reports in the literature we consider that there are potential patient benefits for triple canal occlusion for intractable Menière's disease as an alternative to vestibular neurectomy due to the reduced morbidity and long-term efficacy.
Middle Ear Viral Load Considerations in the COVID-19 Era: A Systematic Review
Authors: Liaw Jeffrey , Saadi Robert , Patel Vijay A. , Isildak Huseyin 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
To systematically review the available medical literature to investigate the viral load in the middle ear and mastoid cavity and the potential risk of exposure to airborne viruses during otologic surgery.

Data Sources:
PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases.

Study Selection:
This review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Protocol.

Data Extraction:
Using the Boolean method and relevant search term combinations for terms “mastoid,” “middle ear,” “virus,” “exposure” “COVID-19” “SARS-CoV-2.” PubMed, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases were queried. A total of 57 abstracts were identified and screened by two independent reviewers. Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 studies were selected for the final analysis.

Data Synthesis:
Due to the heterogeneity of clinical data, a meta-analysis was not feasible.

Results:
Rhinovirus, followed by respiratory syncytial virus are reported to be the most prevalent viruses in MEF samples but formal statistical analysis is precluded by the heterogeneity of the studies. Drilling was identified to have the highest risk for aerosol generation and therefore viral exposure during otologic Surgery.

Conclusions:
The medical literature has consistently demonstrated the presence of nucleic acids of respiratory viruses involving the middle ear, including SARS-CoV2 in a recent postmortem study. Although no in vivo studies have been conducted, due to the likely risk of transmission, middle ear and mastoid procedures, particularly involving the use of a drill should be deferred, if possible, during the pandemic and enhanced personal protective equipment (PPE) used if surgery is necessary.
Risk factors and clinical characteristics of early-onset colorectal cancer vs. late-onset colorectal cancer: a case-case study
Authors: Di Leo Milena , Zuppardo Raffaella A. , Puzzono Marta , Ditonno Ilaria , Mannucci Alessandro , Antoci Graziana , Russo Raucci Annalisa , Patricelli Maria G. , Elmore Ugo , Tamburini Andrea M. , Albarello Luca , Azzolini Francesco , Bonura Giuliano F. , Esposito Dario , Fanti Lorella , Notaristefano Chiara , Viale Edi , Perea Josè , Testoni Pier A. , Rosati Riccardo , Cavestro Giulia M. 
Published: November 2020

Background and objectives
Early-onset colorectal cancer (eoCRC), defined as colorectal cancer (CRC) before the age of 50 is increasing in incidence. We evaluated exogenous and endogenous risk factors, and clinical features of eoCRC, compared to late-onset CRC (loCRC).

Methods
In this retrospective case-case study, patients were prospectively enrolled from 2015 to 2018. We collected clinical features (age, sex, time from symptom onset to diagnosis, symptoms, family history, smoking and alcohol habits, diabetes, BMI, and genetic analysis) and tumor characteristics. Independent risk factors for eoCRC and odds ratios (ORs) were identified.

Results
Fifty-four eoCRCs and 494 loCRCs were enrolled. Patients with eoCRC experienced longer delay time from symptom onset to diagnosis: 40.7% were diagnosed within 6 months from symptoms onset, compared to 85.6% of patients with loCRC (P < 0.0001). They differed for sex, presence of symptoms, family history, smoking habit, alcohol intake, and BMI. Rectal localization was more closely associated with eoCRC (64.8%) than loCRC (34.5%, P < 0.0001). Family history of CRC was associated with eoCRC (OR = 8.8). When family history occurred with hereditary cancer syndromes, the OR for eoCRC increased to 21.

Conclusion
In young adults with alarming symptoms, CRC must be suspected to avoid delay time from symptom onset to diagnosis and genetic risk assessment has to be evaluated. Smoking habits, alcohol intake, and BMI are not associated with eoCRC.
Better Nurse Staffing Is Associated With Survival for Black Patients and Diminishes Racial Disparities in Survival After In-Hospital Cardiac Arrests
Authors: Brooks Carthon Margo , Brom Heather , McHugh Matthew , Sloane Douglas M. , Berg Robert , Merchant Raina , Girotra Saket , Aiken Linda H. 
Published: November 2020

Background:
Racial disparities in survival among patients who had an in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) have been linked to hospital-level factors.

Objectives:
To determine whether nurse staffing is associated with survival disparities after IHCA.

Research Design:
Cross-sectional data from (1) the American Heart Association’s Get With the Guidelines-Resuscitation database; (2) the University of Pennsylvania Multi-State Nursing Care and Patient Safety Survey; and (3) The American Hospital Association annual survey. Risk-adjusted logistic regression models, which took account of the hospital and patient characteristics, were used to determine the association of nurse staffing and survival to discharge for black and white patients.

Subjects:
A total of 14,132 adult patients aged 18 and older between 2004 and 2010 in 75 hospitals in 4 states.

Results:
In models that accounted for hospital and patient characteristics, the odds of survival to discharge was lower for black patients than white patients [odds ratio (OR)=0.70; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.61–0.82]. A significant interaction was found between race and medical-surgical nurse staffing for survival to discharge, such that each additional patient per nurse lowered the odds of survival for black patients (OR=0.92; 95% CI, 0.87–0.97) more than white patients (OR=0.97; 95% CI, 0.93–1.00).

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that disparities in IHCA survival between black and white patients may be linked to the level of medical-surgical nurse staffing in the hospitals in which they receive care and that the benefit of being admitted to hospitals with better staffing may be especially pronounced for black patients.
Respiratory Pathogen Detection in Pediatric Patients Intubated for Presumed Infection
Authors: Jamieson Nathan , Akande Manzilat , Karsies Todd , Smith Rachel M. , Kline David , Spencer Sandra P. 
Published: November 2020

Objectives
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in pediatric patients has been associated with low risk of concomitant bacterial infection. However, in children with severe disease, it occurs in 22% to 50% of patients. As viral testing becomes routine, bacterial codetections are increasingly identified in patients with non-RSV viruses. We hypothesized, among patients intubated for respiratory failure secondary to suspected infection, there are similar rates of codetection between RSV and non-RSV viral detections.

Methods
This retrospective chart review, conducted over a 5-year period, included all patients younger than 2 years who required intubation secondary to respiratory failure from an infectious etiology in a single pediatric emergency department. Patients intubated for noninfectious causes were excluded.

Results
We reviewed 274 patients, of which 181 had positive viral testing. Of these, 48% were RSV-positive and 52% were positive for viruses other than RSV. Codetection of bacteria was found in 76% (n = 65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 66%, 84%) of RSV-positive patients and 66% (n = 63, 95% CI: 57%, 76%) of patients positive with non-RSV viruses. Among patients with negative viral testing, 33% had bacterial growth on lower respiratory culture. Male sex was the only patient-related factor associated with increased odds of codetection (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% CI, 1.08–4.38). The odds of codetection between RSV-positive patients and non-RSV viruses were not significantly different (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.62–2.71).

Conclusions
Bacterial codetection is common and not associated with anticipated patient-related factors or with a specific virus. These results suggest consideration of empiric antibiotics in infants with respiratory illness requiring intubation.
Prostate Cancer Liver Metastases Presenting as Relatively Photopenic Lesions on 18F-Fluciclovine PET/CT
Authors: Baiomy Ali , Martiniova Lucia , Efstathiou Eleni , Schuster David M. , Ravizzini Gregory 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A 66-year-old man with prostate adenocarcinoma status post radical retropubic prostatectomy and bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection, followed by salvage external beam radiation therapy to the prostate bed 1 year after surgery. Over the course of 17 years, the patient underwent multiple lines of systemic treatment for recurrent disease. He was referred for restaging 18F-fluciclovine PET/CT due to rising serum prostate-specific antigen levels. Contrast-enhanced 18F-fluciclovine PET/CT images demonstrated multiple new liver metastases, which were relatively photopenic in comparison with the physiologic radiotracer activity in the surrounding normal liver parenchyma.
Widespread Glial Activation in Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Revealed by 18F-PBR06 PET
Authors: Singhal Tarun , Rissanen Eero , Ficke John , Cicero Steven , Carter Kelsey , Weiner Howard L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A 64-year-old man with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (Expanded Disability Status Scale 3.5) underwent PET using 18F-PBR06, a second-generation 18-kDa translocator protein ligand targeting activated brain microglia and astrocytes. Voxel-by-voxel statistical comparison of patient’s PET images (acquired 60–90 minutes postinjection) with a healthy control data set was performed to generate a 3-dimensional z-score map of increased radiotracer uptake, which showed widespread increased glial activation in normal-appearing cerebral white matter, white matter lesional and perilesional areas, brainstem and cerebellum. In contrast, patient’s 3-T MRI scan showed only a few small white matter brain lesions without contrast enhancement.
Assessment of Central Nervous System Lymphoma Based on CXCR4 Expression In Vivo Using 68Ga-Pentixafor PET/MRI
Authors: Starzer Angelika M. , Berghoff Anna S. , Traub-Weidinger Tatjana , Haug Alexander R. , Widhalm Georg , Hacker Marcus , Rausch Ivo , Preusser Matthias , Mayerhoefer Marius E. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose of the Report

18F-FDG PET is limited for assessment of central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL) due to physiologic tracer accumulation in the brain. We prospectively evaluated the novel PET tracer 68Ga-pentixafor, which targets the C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), for lesion visualization and response assessment of CNSL.

Materials and Methods
Seven CNSL patients underwent 68Ga-pentixafor PET/MRI with contrast enhancement (CE-MRI) and diffusion-weighted sequences. The accuracy of 68Ga-pentixafor PET for CNSL lesion detection relative to the CE-MRI reference standard was determined. Standardized uptake values (SUVmean and SUVmax), PET-based (PTV) and MRI-based (VOLMRI) tumor volumes, and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were assessed, and correlation coefficients were calculated. Three SUVmax thresholds (41%, 50%, and 70%) were evaluated for PTV definitions (PTV41%, PTV50%, and PTV70%) and tested against VOLMRI using paired sample t tests.

Results
Twelve 68Ga-pentixafor PET/MRI examinations (including 5 follow-up scans) of 7 patients were evaluated. 68Ga-pentixafor PET demonstrated 18 lesions, all of which were confirmed by CE-MRI; there were no false-positive lesions on PET (accuracy, 100%). PTV41% showed the highest concordance with lesion morphology, with no significant difference compared with VOLMRI (mean difference, −0.24 cm3; P = 0.45). The correlation between ADCmean and SUVmean41% (r = 0.68) was moderate. Changes in PTV41% on follow-up PET/MRI showed the same trend as VOLMRI changes, including progression of 1 lesion each in patient 1 (+456.0% PTV41% and +350.8% VOLMRI) and patient 3 (+110.4% PTV41% and +85.1% VOLMRI).

Conclusions

68Ga-pentixafor PET may be feasible for assessment and follow-up of CNSL. Future studies need to focus on testing its clinical value to distinguish between glioma and CNSL, and between radiation-induced inflammation and viable residual tumor.