bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impfen bei Immunsuppression: ein Leitfaden für die dermatologische Praxis
Authors: Mohme Sophia , Schmalzing Marc , Müller Cornelia S. L. , Vogt Thomas , Goebeler Matthias , Stoevesandt Johanna 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungDer zunehmende Einsatz immunmodulierend wirkender Medikamente erfordert die Beachtung spezifischer Impfempfehlungen, welche durch die Ständige Impfkommission am Robert Koch‐Institut erarbeitet und regelmäßig aktualisiert werden. Dermatologische Patienten unter immunsuppressiver Therapie sollten idealerweise einen vollständigen Status bezüglich altersentsprechender Standardimpfungen aufweisen. Zusätzlich angeraten werden Indikationsimpfungen gegen saisonale Influenza und Pneumokokken sowie ab dem Alter von 50 Jahren eine Impfung mit dem adjuvantierten Zoster‐Totimpfstoff. Die Indikation für zusätzliche Impfungen, beispielsweise gegenHaemophilus influenzae B, Hepatitis B oder Meningokokken, ist abhängig von Begleiterkrankungen und individueller Exposition. Zu beachten sind darüber hinaus Einschränkungen, Kontraindikationen und zeitliche Mindestabstände für die Impfung immunsupprimierter Personen, welche maßgeblich von den eingesetzten immunsuppressiven Wirkstoffen sowie gegebenenfalls deren Dosierung abhängen. Attenuierte Lebendimpfstoffe dürfen unter einer bereits laufenden Immunsuppression nur unter bestimmten Bedingungen eingesetzt werden. Innerhalb von sechs Monaten nach der Gabe von Rituximab ist die Ausbildung einer protektiven Immunantwort so stark reduziert, dass – mit Ausnahme der Grippeimpfung – auch die Gabe von Totimpfstoffen aufgrund eingeschränkter Wirksamkeit nicht angeraten wird.Der vorliegende Weiterbildungsartikel fasst gültige Impfempfehlungen für immunsupprimierte Personen mit einem Schwerpunkt auf dermatologische Erkrankungen und die hier eingesetzten Wirkstoffe zusammen, um Leserinnen und Lesern eine gezielte Beratung und Veranlassung notwendiger Impfungen für diese vulnerable Personengruppe zu ermöglichen.
Understanding the Value of Delayed Discounts in Retail Rewards Programs
Authors: Jalili Monire , Pangburn Michael S. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTIn practice, it is not uncommon for a retailer to incentivize consumers to purchase its products by instituting a standing “rewards program” across its product line. These rewards often take the form of earned credit, calculated based on current spending, applicable toward a future purchase. In this article, we show that despite their euphemistic “rewards” label, the future‐credit promotion structure is often advantageous for the retailer, even given customers who behave rationally. By analyzing a retailer who sells distinct products to heterogeneous consumers with stochastic demands, we find that a time‐lagged discount increases the number of resulting net‐price states, thus expanding the set of rational shopping behaviors and segmentation. We also prove that even while delayed rewards generally yield higher discount levels (relative to immediate discounts), they can generate higher expected profits. We also consider the impact of imposing a spending‐level threshold for customers to earn rewards, and analyze the impact of the distinct shopping behaviors, which then emerge. By proving the efficacy of such delayed‐reward promotion structures, relative to the alternative of immediate discounts, we establish a theoretical basis for explaining why rewards programs are common in retail practice.
Patents and invention in Jamaica and the British Atlantic before 1857 †
Authors: Graham Aaron 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBefore 1852 the English patent system operated at both a domestic and a global level, allowing inventors to extend its operation beyond England to the colonies, where it interacted in territories such as Jamaica with a colonial system of patents and grants. It therefore provides one of the few examples of a workable global patent system, and an important case study of the structures that supported the development and circulation of technology within the British Atlantic during the early stages of the industrial revolution. Providing a framework of ‘tiered’ rather than ‘parallel’ powers and jurisdictions, the imperial patent system was a flexible instrument that inventors could use strategically to promote transnational technological innovation, in which people, ideas, and skills moved back and forth between Britain and colonies such as Jamaica. Patenting, which was concentrated in wealthy plantation colonies that sought greater productivity, was therefore a key part of the economic development of empire.
Hippocampal blood–brain barrier of methamphetamine self‐administering HIV‐1 transgenic rats
Authors: Ohene‐Nyako Michael , Persons Amanda L. , Napier T. Celeste 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCombined antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection reduces plasma viral load and prolongs life. However, the brain is a viral reservoir, and pathologies such as cognitive decline and blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption persist. Methamphetamine abuse is prevalent among HIV‐infected individuals. Methamphetamine and HIV toxic proteins can disrupt the BBB, but it is unclear if there exists a common pathway by which HIV proteins and methamphetamine induce BBB damage. Also unknown are the BBB effects imposed by chronic exposure to HIV proteins in the comorbid context of chronic methamphetamine abuse. To evaluate these scenarios, we trained HIV‐1 transgenic (Tg) and non‐Tg rats to self‐administer methamphetamine using a 21‐day paradigm that produced an equivalency dose range at the low end of the amounts self‐titrated by humans. Markers of BBB integrity were measured for the hippocampus, a brain region involved in cognitive function. Outcomes revealed that tight junction proteins, claudin‐5 and occludin, were reduced in Tg rats independent of methamphetamine, and this co‐occurred with increased levels of lipopolysaccharide, albumin (indicating barrier breakdown) and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9; indicating barrier matrix disruption); reductions in GFAP (indicating astrocytic dysfunction); and microglial activation (indicating inflammation). Evaluations of markers for two signaling pathways that regulate MMP‐9 transcription, NF‐κB and ERK/∆FosB revealed an overall genotype effect for NF‐κB. Methamphetamine did not alter measurements from Tg rats, but in non‐Tg rats, methamphetamine reduced occludin and GFAP, and increased MMP‐9 and NF‐κB. Study outcomes suggest that BBB dysregulation resulting from chronic exposure to HIV‐1 proteins or methamphetamine both involve NF‐κB/MMP‐9.
Exploring the scaling law of geographical space: Gaussian versus Paretian thinking
Authors: Ibáñez Juan‐José , Ramírez‐Rosario Beatriz , Fernández‐Pozo Luis F. , Brevik Eric C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA debate has occurred concerning the laws of scale and the fractal nature of geographical space. Biodiversity and pedodiversity studies show the emergence of fractal structures such as taxa‐area relationships. Biodiversity and pedodiversity are natural resources, although some consider pedotaxa to be artificial. The studies carried out to date emphasize that many pedodiversity and biodiversity spatial patterns converge at the same regularities. Many of these studies used natural resources maps and their digital databases. Information is extracted from the taxa types contained in each polygon and the areas covered. However, the structure of the maps (number, area, fragmentation, etc.) has rarely been a matter of study. When map structure was studied, intriguing similarities were observed in pedodiversity and biodiversity analyses. To understand whether these similarities also appear in other types of spatial entities that are more artificial, a review of geospatial analyses that studied topics such as urban maps, land system maps, etc., was undertaken. The main variables in these maps are manmade and/or combinations of natural resources data layers. Regularities detected in the geospatial information of these latter topics also seem to conform to results obtained when analysing natural resources maps such as soils, rock types, landforms, plant communities, etc. Thus, some geographers consider the idea that there are far more small things/objects than larger ones across several orders of magnitude in geographic space to be a law. Some geographers also contend that the classical “Gaussian thinking” and its statistical tools should be replaced by a “Paretian thinking” and its related statistical tools. This paper analyses the above topics as well as the lack of adequate data and types of cognitive maps we use in our modern scientific society, supporting the conjecture that that we should include Paretian thinking in our research at least in the same way we use Gaussian thinking.Highlights
Long tail distributions, power laws and fractal‐like structures are ubiquitous in geospatial analysis.
Scale invariance of natural and artificial map structures seem to be the rule.
The Paretian approach appears to be more appropriate than the Gaussian approach for many purposes.
Our cognitive maps and brain processing follow Paretian thinking in many instances.
Suggestive seizure induction for inpatients with suspected psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Authors: Popkirov Stoyan , Grönheit Wenke , Jungilligens Johannes , Wehner Tim , Schlegel Uwe , Wellmer Jörg 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the utility of suggestive seizure induction for inpatient work‐up of suspected psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES).MethodsProspective study of epilepsy center inpatient admissions with suspected PNES. Patients were randomized to undergo suggestive induction first (group A) and then, if necessary, long‐term video–electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring, or vice versa (group B). Diagnostic pathways were compared. Potential clinical predictors for diagnostic success were evaluated.ResultsLength of in‐hospital stay did not significantly differ between groups. Suspicion of PNES was confirmed in 43 of 77 (56%) patients, evenly distributed between group A (22 of 39) and group B (21 of 38). In nine patients, recorded habitual seizures were epileptic and in 25 cases, no diagnostic event could be recorded. Diagnosis of PNES was ascertained primarily by recording a typical seizure through suggestive induction in 24 patients and through long‐term monitoring in 19 patients. In group A (induction first), monitoring was not deemed necessary in 21% of cases. In group B (monitoring first), 13% would have remained inconclusive without suggestive induction. Patients who reported triggers to their habitual seizures were not more likely to have spontaneous or provoked PNES during monitoring or suggestive inducion, respectively. Patients with subjective seizure prodromes (auras) were significantly more likely to have a PNES during suggestive induction than those without (odds ratio [OR] 3.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1‐10.4). There was no significant difference in seizure frequency between patients with spontaneous PNES during long‐term monitoring and those with nondiagnostic monitoring sessions.SignificanceOur results support the notion that suggestive seizure induction can reduce the number of inconclusive inpatient workups, and can obviate resource‐intensive long‐term monitoring in one fifth of cases. Patients who are aware of prodromes might have a higher chance of having seizures induced through suggestion.
Effects of defect dipoles on tunable dielectric response in relaxor ferroelectric ceramics
Authors: Wang Chenxi , Wang Zujian , Yang Xiaoming , He Chao , Long Xifa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTunable dielectric materials have drawn much attention due to their wide applications including capacitors and microwave tunable devices. Ferroelectrics materials have special spontaneous polarization which can be reversibly switched by an external electric field. Therefore, tunable dielectric constant can be easily achieved in ferroelectrics. However, the study of nonlinear dielectric response induced by defect dipoles is rarely concerned. Here, we report the effects of defect dipoles on tunable dielectric response under alternative current (AC) and direct current (DC) electric field in defect dipoles introduced Pb(Lu1/2Nb1/2)O3–PbTiO3 ceramics. A modified Rayleigh model is proposed to successfully characterize dielectric nonlinearity and reveals the interaction between domain walls and defect dipoles. The defect dipoles had more sensitive effect on dielectric response under AC field than that of defect dipoles‐free samples. The drop of intrinsic dielectric contribution under AC field results from the detriment effect of defect dipoles. The irreversible contribution is altered by the movements of defect dipoles under AC field, subsequently inducing the nonlinearity of dielectric response. Samples with defect dipoles have larger tunable scope of dielectric properties than that of defect dipoles‐free samples. The present work discovers the potential of application of defect dipoles‐tuned dielectric response ferroelectrics in devices which requires both high AC and DC biases, and help to better understand the complex dielectric response of ferroelectrics.
Combination of alcohol and glucose consumption as a risk to induce reactive hypoglycemia
Authors: Oba‐Yamamoto Chiho , Takeuchi Jun , Nakamura Akinobu , Takikawa Ryoko , Ozaki Ayano , Nomoto Hiroshi , Kameda Hiraku , Cho Kyu Yong , Atsumi Tatsuya , Miyoshi Hideaki 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAims/IntroductionAlcohol consumption has been reported to cause hypoglycemia. However, the mechanism involved has not been unequivocally established. This study comprised healthy volunteers. We carried out a prospective trial to compare the effects of glucose and alcohol consumption, alone or in combination, on glucose and lipid metabolism.Materials and MethodsA 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), a combined 75‐g glucose plus 20‐g alcohol tolerance test (OGATT) and a 20‐g alcohol tolerance test (OATT) were carried out in the participants. Plasma glucose, insulin, triglyceride and ethanol concentrations during each test were compared.ResultsWe studied 10 participants. Their plasma glucose concentrations 15 and 30 min after the intake of 75 g of glucose were significantly higher during the OGATT than the OGTT. Hypoglycemia occurred in five participants after the OGATT, which was significantly more frequently than after the OGTT (P = 0.046). Hypoglycemia did not occur after the OATT, and the ethanol concentration was significantly lower after the OGATT than the OATT. The changes in triglyceride concentration from 30 min after the consumption of 75 g of glucose were significantly greater during the OGATT than the OGTT. The plasma insulin concentrations peaked after 60 min during both the OGTT and OGATT, and were significantly higher during the OGATT (P = 0.047). There were no differences between the two interventions in the Matsuda or disposition indexes.ConclusionsHypoglycemia occurred more frequently after the simultaneous consumption of alcohol plus glucose than after the consumption of glucose alone, suggesting that alcohol in the combination of glucose induces reactive hypoglycemia.
River lamprey present an unusual predation threat to Atlantic salmon smolts in Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland
Authors: Kennedy Richard J. , Campbell Warren , Gallagher Kevin , Evans Derek 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA new monitoring programme on the Lough Neagh catchment has documented a high incidence of river lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis L., predation on Atlantic salmon smolts, Salmo salar L. In total 470 smolts were examined during the 2020 emigration period with 168 fish (36%) exhibiting lamprey scars of which 57 were lightly scarred and 111 were classed as heavily scarred. Lamprey predation was not size selective on Lough Neagh S. salar smolts.
Empathic cultural consumers: Pay what you want in the theater
Authors: Tena‐Sánchez Jordi , León‐Medina Francisco J. , Noguera José A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPay what you want (PWYW) is an increasingly popular sales strategy in which consumers voluntarily decide how much to pay for a product or service. PWYW has often been described as an exercise in the “empathy economy,” where consumers' payment choices might be seen as empowered expressions of their tastes and preferences, and sellers have a stronger incentive for empathizing with them. Beyond their economic interest, PWYW experiences also deserve significant attention in the social sciences given that they challenge several key assumptions of rational choice and neoclassical economic theory, as well as conventional consumer behavior and pricing theories. This paper analyzes three plays performed at the Beckett Theater in Barcelona using PWYW with very profitable outcomes. Our analysis shows that socio‐psychological factors, such as payments attributed to others and satisfaction with the play, are the best predictors of customer payments.
Knowledge, attitudes and application of nutrition assessments by the veterinary health care team in small animal practice
Authors: Lumbis R. H. , de Scally M. 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesTo assess the impact of the WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee's work in promoting nutrition as the fifth vital assessment and enhancing knowledge of nutrition. Further objectives were to ascertain use of existing Global Nutrition Committee assessment tools, identify potential new tools and determine which members of the veterinary health care team are responsible for carrying out nutrition assessments, planning and intervention in practice.Materials and MethodsA 16‐question online questionnaire on the awareness, use and frequency of nutritional assessment was completed by 2740 veterinary health care team members. Statistical association was tested between the reported frequency of nutritional assessment in practice and the likely establishment of normal dietary regime, calculation of energy requirements and creation of nutritional plans.ResultsMost respondents (95%) currently had responsibility for providing small animal nutrition education, yet only 27% were aware of the WSAVA guidelines. Over half (64%) recognised nutritional evaluation as the fifth vital assessment. Only 4% consistently used WSAVA tools to perform a systematic nutritional assessment. Veterinarians and veterinary nurses/technicians were the most frequent source of nutritional advice in practice, with the consultation recognised as the most important contact point with clients.Clinical SignificanceAwareness of nutritional assessment is apparent, yet implementation in practice is inconsistent. These findings will help the WSAVA Global Nutrition Committee prioritise future activities to support the veterinary health care team and pet owners with nutrition‐related knowledge, tools and resources.
Investigating Religion and Inequality through Women's Work‐Family Pathways
Authors: Gilliland Claire Chipman 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis project investigates the relationship between religious involvement and women's work and family pathways in the United States. I identify five work‐family configurations using National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) data and latent class analysis. These configurations incorporate cohabitation histories, timing of family formation, and maternal employment. Then, I analyze how adolescent religiosity and personal and family characteristics are associated with subsequent work‐family pathways. Affiliation with an evangelical Protestant tradition is associated with women who form families early, while Catholic affiliation is tied to later family formation. Importantly, family background characteristics such as living with both biological parents and higher parental education, as well as race/ethnicity and the respondent's educational attainment, are the most consistent variables associated with work‐family configurations. These results suggest that religious involvement, when considered alongside family background, contributes to women's unequal work‐family pathways in adulthood. The close links between religion, family, and stratification are evident in the study of women's work‐family experiences.
Methamphetamine intoxication and acute kidney injury: A prospective observational case series
Authors: Isoardi Katherine Z. , Mudge David W. , Harris Keith , Dimeski Goce , Buckley Nicholas A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimThe effects of methamphetamine intoxication on the kidney are not well reported. We aimed to investigate acute kidney injury (AKI) associated with methamphetamine intoxication, in particular its severity, duration and association with rhabdomyolysis.MethodsThis is a prospective observational series of methamphetamine‐intoxicated patients presenting to an Emergency Department. Patients self‐reporting recent methamphetamine use, with a positive urine drug screen and an elevated creatinine, were eligible for the study. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) was measured, and serum creatinine, creatine kinase and cystatin C concentrations were performed on arrival and at several time points until discharge from hospital. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the medical records.ResultsThere were 634 presentations with methamphetamine intoxication over a 10‐month period, with 73/595(12%) cases having an elevated serum creatinine concentration on arrival. Fifty presentations in 48 patients were included in the study. Most patients (85%) were male with a median age of 32 years. The median serum creatinine concentration on presentation was 125 μmol/L (IQR:113‐135 μmol/L) with 45 (90%) presentations meeting diagnostic criteria for AKI. Concurrent rhabdomyolysis occurred in 22 (44%) presentations with a median CK of 2695 U/L (IQR:1598‐5060 U/L). Cystatin C was elevated (> 0.98 mg/L) in 18 cases. An elevated NGAL concentration (>150 μg/L) was present in five (10%) cases. No patients required dialysis. The median length of stay was 19 hours (IQR 14‐24 hours).ConclusionAKI is common in methamphetamine intoxication. The kidney injury is relatively mild and short‐lived, resolving with crystalloid therapy.
Changing diets and the transformation of the global food system
Authors: Vermeulen Sonja J. , Park Toby , Khoury Colin K. , Béné Christophe 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAn aspirational global food system is one that delivers across a suite of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including universal access to healthy diets, which can also codeliver on climate and environment SDGs. The literature has downplayed the relative contribution of dietary change to sustainable food systems. In this perspective article, we argue that the potential for positive transformational change in diets should not be underestimated, for two sets of reasons. First, the dynamism of diets over long‐term and, especially, recent history shows the potential for rapid and widespread change, including toward more diverse and healthier diets. Second, contemporary behavioral research demonstrates promising tactics to influence consumers’ dietary choices. Since the entire food system creates the circumstances of those choices, the most effective strategies to shift diets will involve multiple approaches that deliberately aim not just to influence consumers themselves but also to incentivize all actors in the food systems, taking into account multiple agendas and values. The effectiveness of actions will depend on the political economy at local, national, and global levels. Overall, there are reasons to be hopeful about the potential for accelerated global dietary change, given both historic trends and the growing suite of tools and approaches available.