bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review on casting technology with the prospects on its application for hydro turbines
Authors: Kafle Abishek , Shrestha Pratisthit Lal , Chitrakar Sailesh , Thapa Bhola , Thapa Biraj Singh , Sharma Nischal 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Casting is one of the oldest manufacturing processes that has been in use since 3400 BC. Over the years, casting technology has evolved tremendously and is one of the most integral parts of ancient history as well as a modern society. The world produced a total of 109.8 million tons of casting in the year 2017, which is a clear indicator of the massive capacity of this industry. Most of it in the current scenario is being used by the automotive industries. Despite being the biggest and the richest industry in the field of energy, hydropower has never been a major market for the casting industry. This might be because the hydropower components are mostly manufactured using other techniques such as machining and rolling. Nevertheless, studies have proven that casting can be used for the manufacturing of several components of the hydropower, especially hydro turbines. Casting technology comes with its own sets of advantages and limitations. This study presents an overview of the status of the casting technology and challenges, the proper optimization in casting that needs to be considered, and the latest technological advancements in this area. This paper aims to develop a theoretical foundation for show-casing the beneficiary, challenges, and possibility of manufacturing hydro turbines through casting technology.
Design of Francis turbine for micro hydropower applications
Authors: Ghimire Amul , Dahal Dadiram , Kayastha Atmaram , Chitrakar Sailesh , Thapa Biraj Singh , Neopane Hari Prasad 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study presents a Francis turbine designed for micro hydro application, using bovet approach of design and other general techniques, with some variations which make the manufacturing procedure relatively simpler. It also depicts the status of micro hydro in Nepal. Simplifications has been administered on runner, vane cascade and spiral casing. The study has been carried out under single flow condition, which is generally the case in micro hydropower, which divert a small portion of water from the main source, generally rivers or springs. The design procedure used for the design of each hydraulic components have been described in brief. The numerical study performed on the turbine have also been presented. Effects of simplifications administered on each component has been analysed. The small variation in efficiency due to simplifications administered has been justified for use in micro hydropower projects in view of the drop in efficiency caused due inaccuracies during manufacturing of turbine.
Dog galloping on rough terrain exhibits similar limb co-ordination patterns and gait variability to that on flat terrain
Authors: Wilshin Simon , Reeve Michelle A , Spence Andrew J 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Understanding how animals regulate their gait during locomotion can give biological insight and inspire controllers for robots. Why animals use the gallop at the highest speeds remains incompletely explained. Hypothesized reasons for galloping include that it enables recruitment of spinal musculoskeletal structures, that it minimizes energy losses as predicted by collisional theory, or that it provides extended flight phases with more time for leg placement and hence enhances or provides necessary maneuverability [Alexander 1988 Am. Zool.
28 237–45; Ruina, Bertram and Srinivasan 2005 J. Theor. Biol.
237 170–92; Usherwood 2019 J. Exp. Zool. Part A 333 9–19; Hildebrand1989 Bioscience
39 766–75]. The latter-most hypothesis has implications in robotics, where controllers based on the concept of multistability have gained some traction. Here we examine this hypothesis by studying the dynamics of dog gait on flat and rough terrain. This hypothesis predicts that injection of noise into timing and location of ground contacts during the galloping gait by rough terrain will result in an isotropically more noisy gallop gait, centered around the gallop used on flat terrain. We find that dog gait in terms of leg swing timing on rough terrain is not consistently more variable about the mean gait, and constrain the upper limits of this variability to values that are unlikely to be biologically relevant. However the location of the mean gait indeed only shifts by a small amount. Therefore, we find limited support for this hypothesis. This suggests that achieving a target gallop gait with tight regulation is still the desired behavior, and that large amounts of variability in gait are not a desired feature of the gallop. For robotics, our results suggest that the emergent animal-environment dynamics on rough terrain do not exhibit uniformly wider basins of attraction. Future robotics work could test whether controllers that do or do not allow shifts in mean gait and gait variability produce more economical and/or stable gallops.
Multi-solitons of the half-wave maps equation and Calogero–Moser spin–pole dynamics
Authors: Berntson Bjorn K , Klabbers Rob , Langmann Edwin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We consider the half-wave maps (HWM) equation which provides a continuum description of the classical Haldane–Shastry spin chain on the real line. We present exact multi-soliton solutions of this equation. Our solutions describe solitary spin excitations that can move with different velocities and interact in a non-trivial way. We make an ansatz for the solution allowing for an arbitrary number of solitons, each described by a pole in the complex plane and a complex spin variable, and we show that the HWM equation is satisfied if these poles and spins evolve according to the dynamics of an exactly solvable spin Calogero–Moser (CM) system with certain constraints on initial conditions. We also find first order equations providing a Bäcklund transformation of this spin CM system, generalize our results to the periodic HWM equation, and provide plots that visualize our soliton solutions.
Volatile organic compound breath testing detects in-situ squamous cell carcinoma of bronchial and laryngeal regions and shows distinct profiles of each tumour
Authors: Fielding David , Hartel Gunter , Pass David , Davis Mark , Brown Michael , Dent Annette , Agnew Julienne , Dickie Graeme , Ware Robert S , Hodge Robert 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Volatile organic compound (VOC) breath testing of lung and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has been widely studied, however little is known regarding VOC profiles of in-situ SCC. A prospective study of VOC in patients with histologically proven SCC, either in-situ or advanced, and controls. Breath samples were analysed using the E-nose Cyranose ®320 and by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Predictive models were developed using bootstrap forest using all 32 sensors. Data from 55 participants was analysed: 42 SCC cases comprising 20 bronchial (10 in-situ, 10 advanced) and 22 laryngeal (12 in-situ, 10 advanced), and 13 controls. There were 32 (76%) male SCC cases with mean age 63.6 (SD = 9.5) compared with 11 (85%) male controls with mean age 61.9 (SD = 10.1). Predictive models for in situ cases had good sensitivity and specificity compared to controls (overall, 95% and 69%; laryngeal, 100% and 85%; bronchial, 77% and 80%). When distinguishing in-situ and advanced tumours, sensitivity and specificity 82% and 75% respectively. For different tumour types (bronchial versus advanced laryngeal) sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 80% respectively. VOCs isolated from in-situ cancers included some previously demonstrated in advanced cancers and some novel VOCs. In-situ bronchial and laryngeal cancer can be detected by VOC analysis. Distinction from normal controls and between the two tumour types could allow screening in high risk groups for these curable lesions.
Flow behaviour and constitutive modeling for hot deformation of austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Gao Fei , Liu Wanchun , Zhu Qiyong , Gao Zilong , Misra Raja Devesh Kumar , Liu Zhenyu , Yu Fuxiao 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The flow behavior of 316H austenitic stainless steel is investigated using hot compression tests. The modified Johnson-Cook and Zerilli-Armstrong models are developed, and modified Arrhenius-type model is established using an approach by dividing low and high stress region for determining key material constant and an uncomplicated approach for compensating strain in which the activation energy is determined from peak stress and only other material constants are considered as strain-dependent constants. The performance of all developed constitutive models is comparatively analyzed. It is indicated that the significant sensitivity of flow stress to temperature and strain rate is exhibited, and at 900 and 950 °C, strain rate sensitivity is closely related to temperature and strain rate, which can be explained by low stacking fault energy for 316H austenitic stainless steel. The modified Arrhenius type model has a noticeably higher accuracy in predicting flow behaviour than other two developed models in spite of a good performance of all developed models according to visual examination and statistical analyses.
Mechanism of crack initiation and propagation of 316LN stainless steel during the high temperature tensile deformation
Authors: Fu Jia , Zhang Yishuai 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Due to the difficult deformability and cracking in forging process, the mechanism of crack initiation and propagation of 316LN stainless steel during the high-temperature tensile deformation are investigated. The thermal tension experiment is carried out on the Gleeble-1500D machine to reveal the relation between the crack propagation path and the degree of the dynamic recrystallization. By the microstructure analysis of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the fracture behavior of various strains and strain rates, the dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization occur simultaneously, the formation of cracks was accompanied by recrystallization, and the crack propagation show both scale effect and interface effect. The intergranular ductile fracture perpendicular to the principal stress direction is found to be closely relative to the recrystallization microstructure, where the core position for crack initiation is around the intersection of the tricrystal boundaries. It is found that the tricrystal boundary cracking from the inclusion of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is critical to the decrease of the fracture properties and plasticity, while a certain degree of dynamic recrystallization and the dynamic recovery happened simultaneously from 1000 °C to 1200 °C benefits for the plasticity. Thus, the interface between the austenite matrix and the alumina-based brittle inclusions is easy to form local stress concentration on the tricrystal boundary due to the stacking of dislocations, which becomes the core of crack initiation and thus increases the tendency of forging cracking at high temperature.
Hot deformation behaviors and microstructure evolution of Mg–Si–Sr alloy
Authors: Zhang Lei , Wang Jinhui , Zhu Yunpeng , Shi Bo , Jin Peipeng 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of as-extruded Mg-0.55 wt.%Si-0.75 wt.%Sr alloys at 250 °C with the compressive strain rate of 1 s−1, 0.1 s−1, 0.01 s−1 and 0.001 s−1 were investigated via electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). As the compressive strain rate decreases, the corresponding microstructure exhibits that fined grains in the matrix. The results showed that the hot deformation effectively promotes the grain breakage and dynamic recrystallization, which result in the grain orientation deflection and the texture intensity weakened. The prismatic 〈a〉 slip and pyramidal 〈c + a〉 slip were activated at the initial stage of hot deformation. In addition, the yield strength was significantly increased to 90 MPa due to the work hardening behavior during hot deformation with a compression strain rate of 1 s−1.
A Combined Alcohol and Smoking Cue-Reactivity Paradigm in People Who Drink Heavily and Smoke Cigarettes: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Haass-Koffler Carolina L , Souza Rachel D , Wilmott James P , Aston Elizabeth R , Song Joo-Hyun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Aims
Previous studies have shown that there may be an underlying mechanism that is common for co-use of alcohol and tobacco and it has been shown that treatment for alcohol use disorder can increase rates of smoking cessation. The primary aim of this study was to assess a novel methodological approach to test a simultaneous behavioral alcohol-smoking cue reactivity (CR) paradigm in people who drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes.

Methods
This was a human laboratory study that utilized a novel laboratory procedure with individuals who drink heavily (≥15 drinks/week for men; ≥8 drinks/week for women) and smoke (&gt;5 cigarettes/day). Participants completed a CR in a bar laboratory and an eye-tracking (ET) session using their preferred alcohol beverage, cigarettes brand and water.

Results
In both the CR and ET session, there was a difference in time spent interacting with alcohol and cigarettes as compared to water (P’s &lt; 0.001), but no difference in time spent interacting between alcohol and cigarettes (P &gt; 0.05). In the CR sessions, craving for cigarettes was significantly greater than craving for alcohol (P &lt; 0.001), however, only time spent with alcohol, but not with cigarettes, was correlated with craving for both alcohol and cigarettes (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusion
This study showed that it is feasible to use simultaneous cues during a CR procedure in a bar laboratory paradigm. The attention bias measured in the integrated alcohol-cigarettes ET procedure predicted participants’ decision making in the CR. This novel methodological approach revealed that in people who drink heavily and smoke, alcohol cues may affect craving for both alcohol and cigarettes.
Effects of genetic and environmental factors on variations of seed heteromorphism in Suaeda aralocaspica
Authors: Cao Jing , Chen Ling , Wang Juan , Xing Jiajia , Lv Xiuyun , Maimaitijiang Tayier , Lan Haiyan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seed heteromorphism is an adaptive strategy towards adversity in many halophytes. However, the underlying mechanisms and ecological significance of seed heteromorphism have not been deeply explored. Using Suaeda aralocaspica, a typical C4 annual halophyte without Kranz anatomy, we studied seed morphology, differentiation of morphs and fruit-setting patterns, and correlated these traits with germination responses, seed characteristics and heteromorphic seed ratio. To elucidate the genetic basis of seed heteromorphism, we analysed correlated patterns of gene expression for seed development-related genes as well. We observed that S. aralocaspica produced three types of seed morph: brown, large black and small black with differences in colour, size, mass and germination behaviour; the latter two were further distinguished by their origin in female or bisexual flowers, respectively. Further analysis revealed that seed heteromorphism was associated with genetic aspects including seed positioning, seed coat differentiation and seed developmental gene expression, while variations in seed heteromorphism may be associated with environmental conditions, e.g. annual precipitation, temperature, daylight and their monthly distribution in different calendar years. Seed heteromorphism and its variations in S. aralocaspica show multilevel regulation of the bet-hedging strategy that influences phenotypic plasticity, which is a consequence of internal genetic and external environmental factor interaction. Our findings contribute to the understanding of seed heteromorphism as a potential adaptive trait of desert plant species.
Comparative host–pathogen protein–protein interaction analysis of recent coronavirus outbreaks and important host targets identification
Authors: Khan Abdul Arif , Khan Zakir 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLast two decades have witnessed several global infectious outbreaks. Among these, coronavirus is identified as a prime culprit ranging from its involvement in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) to COVID-19. These infections involved in huge healthcare and economic cost incurred globally. Every time, coronavirus improved its infection ability and surprised the medical practitioners and researchers. Currently, COVID-19 is also causing numerous infections and stalled global activities. Global efforts are underway to identify potential viral targets for management of these outbreaks, but significant progress in prevention of these outbreaks is not yet achieved. We explored host–pathogen protein–protein interactions of MERS, SARS and COVID-19, and identified host targets common among all recent coronavirus outbreaks. Further, we tried to understand their potential for management of coronavirus. The common proteins involved in coronavirus host–pathogen interactions indicate their indispensable role in the pathogenesis and therefore targeting these proteins can give strategies to prevent current and future coronavirus outbreaks. Viral variability necessitates development of new therapeutic modalities for every outbreak, in contrast targeting necessary human proteins required by all coronaviruses can provide us a clue to prevent current and future coronavirus outbreaks. We found that targeting FURIN and TMPRSS2 can provide good results due to their common involvement in current and previous outbreaks. We also listed some known molecules against these two targets for their potential drug repurposing evaluation. Although, several recent studies undergoing with targeting these proteins for management of coronavirus, but safety evaluation and risk assessment must be given prime importance while targeting human proteins.
Mothers’ Voices: Hearing and Assessing the Contributions of ‘Birth Mothers’ to the Development of Social Work Interventions and Family Support
Authors: Bell Linda , Lewis-Brooke Sarah , Herring Rachel , Lehane Lynne , O'Farrell-Pearce Sioban 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article focuses on interviews with ‘birth mothers’ who experienced successive losses of their children to public care in one local area of London, England. Interviews were conducted during a project partnership between a London borough and university staff, aiming to provide a localised, pilot support initiative which responded to mothers’ viewpoints. To ‘hear’ mothers’ own voices more clearly, we analysed interview transcripts using a methodology which separates out elements of how the interviewee tells her story, how she speaks about herself and about her relationships, taking into account surrounding social complexities and researchers’ reactions to the story. To explain how professionals could subsequently draw upon these ‘mothers’ voices’ for a pilot support initiative, we identify some ‘key messages for professionals’ from these interviews, including women wanting clear and honest communication between themselves and workers, and between staff; women often feeling ‘let down’ by professional procedures and court processes that were moving too fast for them to keep up; and women wanting to be treated with more respect. Women respected some professionals but not others and this seemed to relate partly to personalities. Some mothers experienced being ‘left alone’ or ‘abandoned’ to deal with the aftermath of children’s removal and/or adoption.
Retrieving Semantic Image Using Shape Descriptors and Latent-Dynamic Conditional Random Fields
Authors: Elmezain Mahmoud , Ibrahem Hani M 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper introduces a new approach to semantic image retrieval using shape descriptors as dispersion and moment in conjunction with discriminative classifier model of latent-dynamic conditional random fields (LDCRFs). The target region is firstly localized via the background subtraction model. Then the features of dispersion and moments are employed to k-means clustering to extract object’s feature as second stage. After that, the learning process is carried out by LDCRFs. Finally, simple protocol and RDF (resource description framework) query language (i.e. SPARQL) on input text or image query is to retrieve semantic image based on sequential processes of query engine, matching module and ontology manager. Experimental findings show that our approach can be successful to retrieve images against the mammal’s benchmark with retrieving rate of 98.11%. Such outcomes are likely to compare very positively with those accessible in the literature from other researchers.
Better Together? Heterogeneous Effects of Tracking on Student Achievement
Authors: Matthewes Sönke Hendrik 
Published: August 2020

AbstractI study the effects of early between-school ability tracking on student achievement. My research design exploits institutional differences between German federal states: in all states about 40% of students transition to separate academic-track schools after comprehensive primary school. Depending on the state, the remaining student body is either directly tracked between two additional school types or taught comprehensively for another two years. Comparing these students before and after tracking in a triple-differences framework, I find evidence for positive effects of prolonged comprehensive schooling on mathematics and reading scores. The average effects are almost entirely driven by low achievers, while effects for high achievers are null. Early and rigid forms of tracking can thus impair both the equity and the efficiency of school systems.
Rehydration of dry corn preserves the desirable bacterial community during ensiling
Authors: Carvalho-Estrada Paula de Almeida , de Andrade Pedro Avelino Maia , Paziani Solidete de Fátima , Nussio Luiz Gustavo , Quecine Maria Carolina 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the rehydration approach of mature corn grains as an alternative for high-moisture corn grain silage production in distinct corn hybrids, storage period, cultivation locations and kernel maturity at plant harvest. High-moisture corn was used as a control. The dry matter content and pH of the silage were measured, and the bacterial community associated with corn grains pre- and post-ensiling was also assessed through 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The decrease in pH value was directly linked to an ecological microbial succession of Enterobacteriales and Actinomycetales to Lactobacillales in the silage at 120 days after storage, either in rehydrated or high-moisture corn. These results were similar for both maize production locations and hybrids tested. Finally, the similarity between the ensiling processes including rehydrated corn and the high-moisture corn grain silages proves the reliability of the rehydration approach as an alternative for the maintenance of a successful bacterial community structure and composition capable of producing high-quality silages from dent and flint corn hybrids in tropical conditions.