bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stabilizate from Autoclaved Municipal Solid Waste as a Source of Valuable Humic Substances in a Waste Circular Economy
Authors: Kulikowska Dorota , Bernat Katarzyna , Wojnowska-Baryła Irena , Klik Barbara , Michałowska Sylwia , Kasiński Sławomir 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
One of the solutions in unsorted municipal waste management is autoclaving, which maximize the amount of waste for recycling. After autoclaving, however, up to 30% of autoclaved waste, called organic remaining fraction (ORF) is still unstabilized and cannot be landfilled but must be subjected for further stabilization, e.g. in aerobic conditions. After this process waste meets standards for landfilling. However, as during aerobic stabilization humification of organic matter proceed, before landfilling humic substances (HS) could be recovered. High HS concentration in ORF means that before its landfilling HS can be recovered. The maximal recovering of valuable substances from waste is in line with the principles of sustainable development. Therefore, this study examined the humification of ORF from a full-scale mechanical-heat-treatment plant during composting in two-stage system (1st stage in 550 L reactor, 2nd stage in windrow). The rates of organics mineralization were 8.35–12.00 g OM/kg d.m. d. The rates of HS formation were lower, 3.31–3.92 mg/g OM d, and process proceeded most intensively up to 50 days. The maximum HS concentrations were 82–120 mg/g OM, similar to those in composts from different kinds of organic waste.

Graphic Abstract
Evaluating the rheological property of Irvingia gabonensis and Abelmoschus esculentus as a substitute to conventional Pac-R on cutting carrying capacity and hole cleaning
Authors: Ihekoronye K. K. , Izuwa N. C. , Okereke N. U. , Ekwueme S. T. , Amaefula R. C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this work, experiment was carried out resulting in the utilization of local viscosifiers as substitute to conventional method (PAC-R) for hole cleaning purposes in drilling mud. The proposed viscosifiers are Irvingia gabonensis (Ogbono) and Abelmoschus esculentus (Okro) as alternative to the imported poly-anionic cellulose-regular (PAC-R) which is used in cutting carrying capacity efficiency. Laboratory tests were carried out on the proposed viscosifiers to evaluate their rheological properties. Slip velocity, annular velocity, shear stress, shear rate and cuttings transport efficiency on hole cleaning parameters were calculated to ascertain the effectiveness of the proposed viscosifiers in comparison with the conventional one (PAC-R). The results of the study showed that the proposed viscosifiers Sample B Irvingia gabonensis (Ogbono) had cutting carrying capacity of 96% for 5, 8, 10 and 15 (g), respectively. However, Sample C Abelmoschus esculentus (Okro) had 96% for 5 g and 8 g and 95% for 10 g and 15 g on the cutting transport efficiency. Based on the result of this work, the proposed viscosifiers compared favorably to that of PAC-R on hole cleaning and cutting carrying capacity.
Special issue—before translational medicine: laboratory clinic relations lost in translation? Cortisone and the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in Britain, 1950–1960
Authors: Worboys Michael , Toon Elizabeth 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCortisone, initially known as ‘compound E’ was the medical sensation of the late 1940s and early 1950s. As early as April 1949, only a week after Philip Hench and colleagues first described the potential of ‘compound E’ at a Mayo Clinic seminar, the New York Times reported the drug’s promise as a ‘modern miracle’ in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Given its high profile, it is unsurprising that historians of medicine have been attracted to study the innovation of cortisone. It arrived at the end of a decade of ‘therapeutic revolutions’, kicked off by penicillin transforming the treatment of bacterial infections and ending with hopes of a revolution in the treatment of non-infectious, chronic inflammatory diseases. Despite these studies of cortisone’s introduction, few historians have taken the story forward and considered how cortisone was adopted and adapted into clinical practice. This article tells the longer of how the drug and its derivatives were taken from research laboratories and integrated into clinical practice; what has in recent decades become known as translational medicine (TM). In exploring cortisone’s first decade in Britain, we focus specifically on its role in the treatment of RA. Our approach is always to consider cortisone’s use in the context of other treatments available to clinicians, and at local and national institutional settings. We do not discuss the many other therapeutic uses of cortisone, which ranged for topical applications for skin diseases to the management of cancers, especially childhood leukaemia, nor do we discuss its close analogue ACTH—AdenoCorticoTropic Hormone. We think there are lessons in our study for TM policies today.
Electrochemical Fabrication of rGO-embedded Ag-TiO2 Nanoring/Nanotube Arrays for Plasmonic Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Sang Lixia , Lei Lei , Burda Clemens 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Effective utilization of hot electrons generated from the decay of surface plasmon resonance in metal nanoparticles is conductive to improve solar water splitting efficiency. Herein, Ag nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) co-decorated hierarchical TiO2 nanoring/nanotube arrays (TiO2 R/T) were facilely fabricated by using two-step electrochemical anodization, electrodeposition, and photoreduction methods. Comparative studies were conducted to elucidate the effects of rGO and Ag on the morphology, photoresponse, charge transfer, and photoelectric properties of TiO2. Firstly, scanning electron microscope images confirm that the Ag nanoparticles adhered on TiO2 R/T and TiO2 R/T-rGO have similar diameter of 20 nm except for TiO2 R-rGO/T. Then, the UV–Vis DRS and scatter spectra reveal that the optical property of the Ag-TiO2 R/T-rGO ternary composite is enhanced, ascribing to the visible light absorption of plasmonic Ag nanoparticles and the weakening effect of rGO on light scattering. Meanwhile, intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectra demonstrate that rGO can promote the hot electrons transfer from Ag nanoparticles to Ti substrate, reducing the photogenerated electron–hole recombination. Finally, Ag-TiO2 R/T-rGO photoanode exhibits high photocurrent density (0.98 mA cm−2) and photovoltage (0.90 V), and the stable H2 evolution rate of 413 μL h−1 cm−2 within 1.5 h under AM 1.5 which exceeds by 1.30 times than that of pristine TiO2 R/T. In line with the above results, this work provides a reliable route synergizing rGO with plasmonic metal nanoparticles for photocatalysis, in which, rGO presents a broad absorption spectrum and effective photogenerated electrons transfer.
Decrease in p3‐Alcβ37 and p3‐Alcβ40, products of Alcadein β generated by γ‐secretase cleavages, in aged monkeys and patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Hata Saori , Omori Chiori , Kimura Ayano , Saito Haruka , Kimura Nobuyuki , Gupta Veer , Pedrini Steve , Hone Eugene , Chatterjee Pratishtha , Taddei Kevin , Kasuga Kensaku , Ikeuchi Takeshi , Waragai Masaaki , Nishimura Masaki , Hu Anqi , Nakaya Tadashi , Meijer Laurent , Maeda Masahiro , Yamamoto Tohru , Masters Colin L. , Rowe Chris C. , Ames David , Yamamoto Kazuo , Martins Ralph N. , Gandy Sam , Suzuki Toshiharu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIntroductionNeuronal p3‐Alcβ peptides are generated from the precursor protein Alcadein β (Alcβ) through cleavage by α‐ and γ‐secretases of the amyloid β (Aβ) protein precursor (APP). To reveal whether p3‐Alcβ is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) contributes for the development of novel therapy and/or drug targets.MethodsWe developed new sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (sELISA) systems to quantitate levels of p3‐Alcβ in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).ResultsIn monkeys, CSF p3‐Alcβ decreases with age, and the aging is also accompanied by decreased brain expression of Alcβ. In humans, CSF p3‐Alcβ levels decrease to a greater extent in those with AD than in age‐matched controls. Subjects carrying presenilin gene mutations show a significantly lower CSF p3‐Alcβ level. A cell study with an inverse modulator of γ‐secretase remarkably reduces the generation of p3‐Alcβ37 while increasing the production of Aβ42.DiscussionAging decreases the generation of p3‐Alcβ, and further significant decrease of p3‐Alcβ caused by aberrant γ‐secretase activity may accelerate pathogenesis in AD.
Optimal education policy and human capital accumulation in the context of brain drain
Authors: Djajić Slobodan , Docquier Frédéric , Michael Michael S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper revisits the question of how brain drain affects the optimal education policy of a developing economy. Our framework of analysis highlights the complementarity between public spending on education and students' efforts to acquire human capital in response to career opportunities at home and abroad. Given this complementarity, we find that brain drain has conflicting effects on the optimal provision of public education. A positive response is called for when the international earning differential with destination countries is large, and when the emigration rate is relatively low. In contrast with the findings in the existing literature, our numerical experiments show that these required conditions are in fact present in a large number of developing countries; they are equivalent to those under which an increase in emigration induces a net brain gain. As a further contribution, we study the interaction between the optimal immigration policy of the host country and education policy of the source country in a game-theoretic framework.
Comparative assessment of the effectiveness of three disinfection protocols for reducing bacterial contamination of stethoscopes
Authors: Sebastian Marcos Patricia , Hermes Darren , Sharman Mellora 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn a crossover study, 30 stethoscopes were assessed and disinfected using 3 protocols: isopropyl alcohol, a quaternary ammonia or biguanide disinfectant, and ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI). All protocols effectively reduced bacterial loads, but UVGI was less effective at higher contamination levels (P= .0004). The effectiveness of each intervention was short in duration.
Characteristics of men who engage in cross-generational sexual behaviour in Nigeria
Authors: Alex-Ojei Christiana A. , de Wet Nicole , Ntoimo Lorretta F. C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCross-generational sexual relationships are a major route of transmitting HIV and STI between older and younger generations. However, previous research has focused mainly on the young women in these relationships. This study examined the characteristics of men engaging in non-marital sexual relationships with girls aged 15–19 in Nigeria. The data were drawn from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, and the analysis was restricted to a sub-sample of 7557 men aged 30–49 who were sexually active in the 12 months prior to the survey. Data analysis was carried out using frequency distributions, chi-squared tests of association and binary logistic regression. It was found that 9.5% of men aged 30–49 reported engaging in cross-generational sexual relationships. Also, being older (OR = 0.35), married (OR = 0.37), having secondary or higher education (OR = 0.70; 0.59) and having sexual debut between ages 18 and 30 (OR = 0.73) were associated with a lower likelihood of having cross-generational sexual relationships. However, Muslim men (OR = 2.10), men from Igbo (OR = 1.90), Hausa/Fulani (OR = 8.47) and Northern and Southern minority tribes (OR = 4.73; 2.49), men living in rural areas (OR = 1.34), men who were over the age of 30 at sexual debut (OR = 2.67) and those with 2–4 and 5 or more lifetime sexual partners (OR = 1.43; 1.58) were significantly more likely to engage in cross-generational sexual relationships. Addressing the challenges of cross-generational sexual relationships can be an effective strategy to reduce the menace of HIV and STI transmission. Men who have low education, those aged 30–34 years, those who initiated sex at an older age, rural dwellers and those who have had several lifetime sexual partners need to be targeted while designing and implementing programmes and policies to reduce cross-generational sexual relationships in Nigeria. These interventions must also take into account the religious and cultural attitudes towards cross-generational sexual relationships, and further investigations should identify men’s motives for engaging in the practice.
Early Pleistocene divergence ofPelagia noctilucapopulations (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Ale Ezequiel , Ramšak Andreja , Stanković David , Morandini André Carrara , Meyer Diogo , Marques Antonio C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA previous study detected mixing of two deeply split mtDNA clades (Clade I and Clade II) for Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of the medusozoanPelagia noctiluca. The north hemisphere glaciations and the Messinian salinity crisis have been proposed as the two main biogeographic events related to the isolation between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. We tested if the splitting time between Clade I and Clade II ofP. noctilucawas associated with one of these geological events. Our study was based on DNA sequence data of mitochondrial (COI and 16S ribosomal RNA) and nuclear (18S ribosomal RNA, internal transcribed spacer 1 and 5.8S ribosomal RNA) genes from populations of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The rise of the Isthmus of Panama was used to calibrate substitution rates for COI. This calibration was based on the detection of a shallow but significant genetic structure betweenP. noctilucapopulations from the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. Considering our calibration for COI, we refute a possible origin of Clades I and II during the Messinian salinity crisis. Our estimates suggest the origin for a putative common ancestor of Clades I and II around 2.57 Ma (with 95% 2.91–2.22 HPD), roughly corresponding to the Gelasian stage of the early Pleistocene. These alterations include changes in the sea level and oceanic currents at the Strait of Gibraltar and other regions of the Mediterranean basin, and could explain the origin of the twoP. noctilucaclades.
Monochromatic trees in random tournaments
Authors: Bucić Matija , Heberle Sven , Letzter Shoham , Sudakov Benny 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe prove that, with high probability, in every 2-edge-colouring of the random tournament on n vertices there is a monochromatic copy of every oriented tree of order $O(n{\rm{/}}\sqrt {{\rm{log}} \ n} )$. This generalizes a result of the first, third and fourth authors, who proved the same statement for paths, and is tight up to a constant factor.
Investigation of Spatiotemporal Morphology of Plasma Bubbles Based on EAR Observations
Authors: Joshi L.M. , Tsai L.‐C. , Su S.‐Y. , Otsuka Y. , Yokoyama T. , Yamamoto M. , Sarkhel S. , Hozumi K. , Lu C.‐H. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSpatiotemporal characteristics of equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) have been studied based on Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) fan sector observations from Kototabang. EPBs were characterized as either locally generated (whose genesis and subsequent evolution was observed in the fan sector maps) or drifted type (which drifted into fan sector scans from west). Investigation of the radar echo spectral width indicated that the drifted EPB could be less evolving type. Height of the F layer in the postsunset period over Kototabang and Chumphon were examined in the two types. Average peak h′F was higher in locally generated EPB cases than in drifted EPB cases (by ~25 km), which is also found to be statistically significant. This scenario has been visualized in terms of a standing large‐scale wave structure (LSWS) whose phase determine whether EPB will be seen evolving over EAR or drifted from a western longitude. Furthermore, low‐latitude sporadic E (Es) variabilities in the two cases were also examined. Es indicated an inverse relation with the peak h′F (which depends on crest/trough of LSWS). These results have been discussed in the light of earlier works on spatial morphology of EPB clusters, particularly in context to the possible generation mechanism of LSWS by the spatial inhomogeneity in the low‐latitude E region conductivity. Lesser occurrence of low‐latitude Es in locally generated EPB cases also signifies the vital role of E region conductivity on Rayleigh‐Taylor instability. These results highlight a need for networked spatial observation of low‐latitude Es.
Cusp and Nightside Auroral Sources of O+ in the Plasma Sheet
Authors: Kistler L. M. , Mouikis C. G. , Asamura K. , Yokota S. , Kasahara S. , Miyoshi Y. , Keika K. , Matsuoka A. , Shinohara I. , Hori T. , Kitamura N. , Petrinec S. M. , Cohen I. J. , Delcourt D. C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEnergetic O+ outflow is observed from both the dayside cusp and the nightside aurora, but the relative importance of these regions in populating the plasma sheet and ring current is not known. During a storm on 16 July 2017, the Arase and MMS satellites were located in the near‐earth and midtail plasma sheet boundary layers (PSBL). During the storm main phase, Arase and MMS both observe O+ in the lobe entering the PSBL, followed by a time period with energy‐dispersed bursts of tailward‐streaming O+. The ions at MMS are at higher energies than at Arase. Trajectory modeling shows that the ions coming in from the lobe are cusp origin, while the more energetic bursty ions are from the nightside aurora. The observed and simulated energies and temporal dispersion are consistent with these sources. Thus, both regions directly contribute O+ to the plasma sheet during this storm main phase.
How Sudden, Intense Energetic Electron Enhancements Correlate With the Innermost Plasmapause Locations Under Various Solar Wind Drivers and Geomagnetic Conditions
Authors: Khoo L.‐Y. , Li X. , Zhao H. , Chu X. , Xiang Z. , Zhang K. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this report, the relationship between innermost plasmapause locations (Lpp) and initial electron enhancements during both storm and nonstorm (Dst > −30 nT) periods are examined using data from the Van Allen Probes. The geomagnetic storms are classified into coronal mass ejection (CME)‐driven and corotating interaction region (CIR)‐driven storms to explore their influences on the initial electron enhancements, respectively. We also study nonstorm time electron enhancements and observe frequent, sudden (within two consecutive orbital passes) <400‐keV electron enhancements during quiet periods. Our analysis reveals an incredibly cohesive observation that holds regardless of electron energies (~30 keV–2.5 MeV) or geomagnetic conditions: the innermost Lpp is the innermost boundary of the initial energetic electron enhancements. Interestingly, the quantified energy‐dependent relationship of the sudden, intense energetic electron enhancements, with respect to the innermost Lpp, also exhibit a very similar trend during both storm and nonstorm periods. In summary, the goal of this report is to provide a comprehensive quantification of this consistent relationship under various geomagnetic conditions, which will also enable better forecast and specification of energetic electrons in the inner magnetosphere.
Nonlinear Interaction of High‐Frequency Seismic Waves With Sliding Fault Planes
Authors: Sleep Norman H. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSlip during large crustal earthquakes continues for extended periods of time on spatially extensive fault planes. High‐frequency body waves from other parts of the fault system thus impinge on patches of the fault that are still actively sliding. Intuitively, the material within sliding fault planes does not rheologically distinguish between the low‐frequency stresses driving the gross earthquake and high‐frequency dynamic stresses from impinging body waves. Nonlinear interaction occurs, interrogating the rheology of the fault plane. High‐frequency S waves nonlinearly produce additional inelastic slip ΔS on the sliding fault. The ratio of this slip to the elastic displacement (ΔS/ΔSE), where ΔSE is the elastic displacement, depends on the slip‐reflection number, (∂V/∂τ)ρβ, where ∂V/∂τ is the derivative of sliding velocity with respect to shear traction, ρ is density, and β is S‐wave velocity. The sliding fault transmits and weakly reflects S waves for small values ≪2 of the parameter; it weakly transmits and strongly reflects for high values ≫2. It is relevant to evaluate ∂V/∂τ at the long‐period slip velocity V0 and shear traction τ0 of the gross earthquake. The ratio is then ΔS/ΔSE = ρβV0Φ/τ0, where Φ ≡ (∂V/∂τ)(τ0/V0) is measure of the nonlinearity the fault rheology. For example, the parameter Φ at high‐frequency impinging S waves is the ratio μ0/a of the coefficient of friction to the rate parameter a ≈ 0.01 for rate and state friction. Weak sliding faults (low τ0 and high V0) strongly reflect impinging S waves. During waning slip, dynamic stresses from S waves antithetical to the gross slip direction and compressional P waves may heterogeneously lock the fault.
Precollisional Latitude of the Northern Tethyan Himalaya From the Paleocene Redbeds and Its Implication for Greater India and the India‐Asia collision
Authors: Yang Tianshui , Jin Jingjie , Bian Weiwei , Ma Yiming , Gao Feng , Peng Wenxiao , Ding Jikai , Wang Suo , Zhang Shihong , Wu Huaichun , Li Haiyan , Yang Zhenyu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe precollisional paleolatitude of the Tethyan Himalaya is essential to constrain the India‐Asia collision, the size of Greater India, and the Neotethyan paleogeography. However, reliable Late Cretaceous‐Paleocene paleomagnetic datasets are still scarce because of serious remagnetization. Here we report the first redbed‐based paleomagnetic results from the Paleocene (60‐58 Ma) redbeds in the Saga area of the northern Tethyan Himalaya. The tilt‐corrected site‐mean direction obtained from 36 paleomagnetic sites is D=178.7°, I=9.5° with ɑ95=5.4°, corresponding to a paleopole at 55.9°N, 267.6°E with dp/dm=2.8°/5.5° and a paleolatitude of 4.8°±2.8°S for the study area (29.3°N, 85.3°E). The site‐mean inclination increased from 9.5 to 14.9° after the anisotropy‐based inclination shallowing correction, leading to corresponding paleolatitudes increasing from 4.8 to 7.6°S. This reliable paleomagnetic dataset passes positive fold tests and supports that the northern Tethyan Himalaya was located at 6.3±4.3°S during 60‐58 Ma. Comparison with the coeval paleolatitudes expected from the Indian craton indicates that a north‐south crustal shortening of 3.1±5.5° (340±610 km) occurred between the Indian craton and the northern Tethyan Himalaya after 59 Ma, and no wide ocean extended between them after the Latest Jurassic. Our new Paleocene results together with reliable Cretaceous paleomagnetic results from the Lhasa terrane show that the India‐Asia collision occurred at 47.1±4.5 Ma.