bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estate planning among older Americans: The moderating role of race and ethnicity
Authors: Choi Shinae L. , McDonough Ian M. , Kim Minjung , Kim Giyeon 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis study investigated whether race and ethnicity moderated the associations of bequest expectations to leave an inheritance and charitable giving with having a valid will among older Americans. Drawn from the 2014 Health and Retirement Study, we analyzed 13,261 respondents using multilevel logistic regression with generalized linear mixed models. People with higher bequest expectations and more charitable giving were more likely to have a valid will. Ethnic minorities had much lower bequest expectations and much less charitable giving than non‐Hispanic Whites, controlling for socioeconomic indicators. Hispanics showed a stronger effect of bequest expectations but a weaker effect of charitable giving on having a valid will compared with non‐Hispanic Whites. Our findings reveal novel racial and ethnic disparities in engagement in estate planning among older adults and suggest alternative means are needed to promote interest in estate planning in later life depending on one's racial and ethnic background.
Gold‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions: An Overview of Design Strategies, Mechanistic Studies, and Applications
Authors: Nijamudheen A. , Datta Ayan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTransition‐metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions are central to many organic synthesis methodologies. Traditionally, Pd, Ni, Cu, and Fe catalysts are used to promote these reactions. Recently, many studies have showed that both homogeneous and heterogeneous Au catalysts can be used for activating selective cross‐coupling reactions. Here, an overview of the past studies, current trends, and future directions in the field of gold‐catalyzed coupling reactions is presented. Design strategies to accomplish selective homocoupling and cross‐coupling reactions under both homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions, computational and experimental mechanistic studies, and their applications in diverse fields are critically reviewed. Specific topics covered are: oxidant‐assisted and oxidant‐free reactions; strain‐assisted reactions; dual Au and photoredox catalysis; bimetallic synergistic reactions; mechanisms of reductive elimination processes; enzyme‐mimicking Au chemistry; cluster and surface reactions; and plasmonic catalysis. In the relevant sections, theoretical and computational studies of AuI/AuIII chemistry are discussed and the predictions from the calculations are compared with the experimental observations to derive useful design strategies.
Exploiting Synergistic Catalysis for an Ambient Temperature Photocycloaddition to Pyrazoles
Authors: Lakeland Christopher P. , Watson David W. , Harrity Joseph P. A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSydnone‐based cycloaddition reactions are a versatile platform for pyrazole synthesis, however they operate under harsh conditions (high temperature and long reaction times). Herein we report a strategy that addresses this limitation utilizing the synergistic combination of organocatalysis and visible‐light photocatalysis. This new approach proceeds under ambient conditions and with excellent levels of regiocontrol. Mechanistic studies suggest that photoactivation of sydnones, rather than enamines, is key to the successful implementation of this process.
Evidence for a Proton‐Coupled Electron Transfer Mechanism in a Biomimetic System for Monoamine Oxidase B Catalysis
Authors: Nakamura Akiko , Latif Marwa Abdel , Deck Paul A. , Castagnoli Neal , Tanko James M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMechanistic studies with 5‐ethyl‐3‐methyllumiflavinium (Fl+) perchlorate, a biomimetic model for flavoenzyme monoamine oxidase B (MAO‐B) catalysis, and the tertiary, allyl amine 1‐methyl‐4‐(1‐methyl‐1 H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl)‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MMTP) reveal that proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) may be an important pathway for MAO catalysis. The first step involves a single‐electron transfer (SET) leading to the free radicals Fl. and MMTP., the latter produced by deprotonation of the initially formed and highly acidic MMTP.+. Molecular oxygen (O2) is found to play a hitherto unrecognized role in the early steps of the oxidation. MMTP and several structurally similar tertiary amines are the only tertiary amines oxidized by MAO, and their structural/electronic properties provide the key to understanding this behavior. A general hypothesis about the role of SET in MAO catalysis, and the recognition that PCET occurs with appropriately substituted substrates is presented.
Trifluoromethyl Dihydrothiazine‐Based β‐Secretase (BACE1) Inhibitors with Robust Central β‐Amyloid Reduction and Minimal Covalent Binding Burden
Authors: Anan Kosuke , Iso Yasuyoshi , Oguma Takuya , Nakahara Kenji , Suzuki Shinji , Yamamoto Takahiko , Matsuoka Eriko , Ito Hisanori , Sakaguchi Gaku , Ando Shigeru , Morimoto Kenji , Kanegawa Naoki , Kido Yasuto , Kawachi Tomoyuki , Fukushima Tamio , Teisman Ard , Urmaliya Vijay , Dhuyvetter Deborah , Borghys Herman , Austin Nigel , Van Den Bergh An , Verboven Peter , Bischoff Francois , Gijsen Harrie J. M. , Yamano Yoshinori , Kusakabe Ken-ichi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe β‐site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1, also known as β‐secretase) is a promising target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. A pKa lowering approach over the initial leads was adopted to mitigate hERG inhibition and P‐gp efflux, leading to the design of 6‐CF3 dihydrothiazine 8 (N‐(3‐((4S,6S)‐2‐amino‐4‐methyl‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐1,3‐thiazin‐4‐yl)‐4‐fluorophenyl)‐5‐cyanopicolinamide). Optimization of 8 led to the discovery of 15 (N‐(3‐((4S,6S)‐2‐amino‐4‐methyl‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐1,3‐thiazin‐4‐yl)‐4‐fluorophenyl)‐5‐(fluoromethoxy)pyrazine‐2‐carboxamide) with an excellent balance of potency, hERG inhibition, P‐gp efflux, and metabolic stability. Oral administration of 8 elicited robust Aβ reduction in dog even at 0.16 mg/kg. Reflecting the reduced hERG inhibitory activity, no QTc prolongation was observed at high doses. The potential for reactive metabolite formation of 15 was realized in a nucleophile trapping assay using [14C]‐KCN in human liver microsomes. Utilizing covalent binding (CVB) in human hepatocytes and the maximum projected human dosage, the daily CVB burden of 15 was calculated to be at an acceptable value of below 1 mg/day. However, hepatotoxicity was observed when 15 was subjected to a two‐week tolerance study in dog, which prevented further evaluation of this compound.
Intracranial antitumor activity with encorafenib plus binimetinib in patients with melanoma brain metastases: A case series
Authors: Holbrook Kourtney , Lutzky Jose , Davies Michael A. , Davis Jessica Michaud , Glitza Isabella C. , Amaria Rodabe N. , Diab Adi , Patel Sapna P. , Amin Asim , Tawbi Hussein 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundSixty percent of patients with stage IV melanoma may develop brain metastases, which result in significantly increased morbidity and a poor overall prognosis. Phase 3 studies of melanoma usually exclude patients with untreated brain metastases; therefore, clinical data for intracranial responses to treatments are limited.MethodsA multicenter, retrospective case series investigation of consecutive BRAF‐mutant patients with melanoma brain metastases (MBMs) treated with a combination of BRAF inhibitor encorafenib and MEK inhibitor binimetinib was conducted to evaluate the antitumor response. Assessments included the intracranial, extracranial, and global objective response rates (according to the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1); the clinical benefit rate; the time to response; the duration of response; and safety.ResultsA total of 24 patients with stage IV BRAF‐mutant MBMs treated with encorafenib plus binimetinib in 3 centers in the United States were included. Patients had received a median of 2.5 prior lines of treatment, and 88% had prior treatment with BRAF/MEK inhibitors. The intracranial objective response rate was 33%, and the clinical benefit rate was 63%. The median time to a response was 6 weeks, and the median duration of response was 22 weeks. Among the 21 patients with MBMs and prior BRAF/MEK inhibitor treatment, the intracranial objective response rate was 24%, and the clinical benefit rate was 57%. Similar outcomes were observed for extracranial and global responses. The safety profile for encorafenib plus binimetinib was similar to that observed in patients with melanoma without brain metastases.ConclusionsCombination therapy with encorafenib plus binimetinib elicited intracranial activity in patients with BRAF‐mutant MBMs, including patients previously treated with BRAF/MEK inhibitors. Further prospective studies are warranted and ongoing.
“My doctor says the cancer is worse, but I believe in miracles”—When religious belief in miracles diminishes the impact of news of cancer progression on change in prognostic understanding
Authors: George Login S. , Balboni Tracy A. , Maciejewski Paul K. , Epstein Andrew S. , Prigerson Holly G. 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundNews of cancer progression is critical to setting accurate prognostic understanding, which guides patients' treatment decision making. This study examines whether religious belief in miracles modifies the effect of receiving news of cancer progression on change in prognostic understanding.MethodsIn a multisite, prospective cohort study, 158 patients with advanced cancer, whom oncologists expected to die within 6 months, were assessed before and after the visit at which scan results were discussed. Before the visit, religious belief in miracles was assessed; after the visit, patients indicated what scan results they had received (cancer was worse vs cancer was stable, better, or other). Before and after the visit, prognostic understanding was assessed, and a change score was computed.ResultsApproximately 78% of the participants (n = 123) reported at least some belief in miracles, with almost half (n = 73) endorsing the strongest possible belief. A significant interaction effect emerged between receiving news of cancer progression and belief in miracles in predicting change in prognostic understanding (b = −0.18, P = .04). Receiving news of cancer progression was associated with improvement in the accuracy of prognostic understanding among patients with weak belief in miracles (b = 0.67, P = .007); however, among patients with moderate to strong belief in miracles, news of cancer progression was unrelated to change in prognostic understanding (b = 0.08, P = .64).ConclusionsReligious belief in miracles was highly prevalent and diminished the impact of receiving news of cancer progression on prognostic understanding. Assessing patients' beliefs in miracles may help to optimize the effectiveness of “bad news” scan result discussions.
Electrical stimulation induces synaptic changes in the peripheral auditory system
Authors: Li Qiang , Lu Tianhao , Zhang Chen , Hansen Marlan R. , Li Shufeng 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSince a rapidly increasing number of neurostimulation devices are used clinically to modulate specific neural functions, the impact of electrical stimulation on targeted neural structure and function has become a key issue. In particular, the specific effect of electrical stimulation via a cochlear implant (CI) on inner hair cell (IHC) synapses remains unclear. Importantly, CI candidacy has recently expanded to include patients with partial hearing loss. Unfortunately, some CI recipients experience progressive hearing loss after activation of electrical stimulation. The mechanism(s) accounting for loss of residual hearing following electrical stimulation is unknown. Here normal‐hearing guinea pigs were implanted with customized CIs. Intracochlear electrical stimulation with an intensity equal to or above electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) threshold decreased the excitability of auditory nerve. Furthermore, the number of synapses between IHCs and the afferent spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) also decreased after electrical stimulation with higher intensities. However, no significant change was observed in the packing density and perikaryal area of SGNs as well as the quantity of hair cells. These results carry important implications for use of CIs in patients with residual hearing and for an increasing number of patients treated with other neurostimulation devices. Notably, the results were based on acute electrical stimulation. Considering the complex interaction between CIs and targeted tissues, it is urgent to conduct further research to clarify whether the similar changes could be induced by chronic electrical stimulation.
1D Amorphous Tungsten‐Based Ternary Refractory Metal Sulfides for Catalytic Hydrogen Evolution at Soft Interfaces
Authors: Aslan Emre , Sarilmaz Adem , Ozel Faruk , Hatay Patir Imren , Girault Hubert H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTransition metals incorporated into molybdenum sulfide and tungsten sulfide matrixes are promising candidates for hydrogen evolution due to the unique chemical and physical properties. Here, we first describe a general strategy for the synthesis of rod‐like ternary refractory metal sulfides (MWSx; M=Ni, Co, Fe and Mn) through a simple hot‐injection method. The newly developed materials are affirmed as valuable alternatives to noble metal Pt due to their simple fabrication, inexpensive and impressive catalytic performance. We present that highly efficient catalysts for the hydrogen evolution at a polarized water/1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE) interface by using the decamethylferrocene (DMFc). Kinetics of hydrogen evolution studies are monitored by two phase reactions using UV/Vis spectroscopy, and also further proved by gas chromatography. These ternary refractory metal sulfide catalysts show high catalytic activities on hydrogen evolution comparable to platinum. The rate of hydrogen evolution for the MWSx catalysts changed in the order Ni>Co>Fe>Mn according to the type of first row transition metals.
Voltammetric Determination of Isoniazid Drug in Various Matrix by Using CuOx Decorated MW‐CNT Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Özdokur K. Volkan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCopper oxide decorated multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was prepared for determination of isoniazid (INZ) in various matrices. The electrochemical behavior of INZ was tested with the aid of Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and quantitative experiments were performed by using Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV). Morphological and structural characterization of the modified electrode was performed by utilizing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) while electrochemical characterization was performed by using CV and Electrochemical Impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The proposed sensor exhibited well defined anodic peak at 0.30 V for INZ at pH 6.0 medium. Under the optimum conditions, a linear relation between INZ concentration and peak current was observed in the range of 2.0×10−7 to 5.0×10−5 M. Limit of detection was calculated as 1.0×10−8 M and repeatability and accuracy was found as 5.60 % and 91.0 % for 5.0 10−7 M INZ by using 3 successive measurement, respectively. Then, the analytic performance of the electrode developed was tested by analyzing commercial tablets, artificial human serum and urine samples. The results indicated that satisfactory recoveries was observed for all issue.
A recommender system for selecting potential industrial training organizations
Authors: Ogunde Adewale Opeoluwa , Idialu Joy Oseremen 
Published: October 2019

The difficulty in securing students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) placements has negatively affected the final grades of some undergraduates. A recommender system is hereby proposed to solve this problem. This system will use past SIWES data to recommend potential organizations to future SIWES students. Research data collection was through an online questionnaire, with 200 respondents. The data was divided into a training data set (70%) and test data set (30%). Collaborative filtering recommendation approach was employed using the C4.5 algorithm to classify the data and generate a decision tree model from the training data set. The model generated was used to predict the class label of the test data set. Results from the data analysis carried out revealed that Kappa statistics was 0.7839, mean absolute error = 0.0058, and root mean squared error = 0.0586. In addition, true positive rate = 0.788, recall = 0.788, precision = 0.749, F‐measure = 0.755, MCC = 0.760, ROC = 0.985, and PRC = 0.813. The high values obtained indicates that the model was predicting with a high level of accuracy, ie, 78.84% correctly classified instances. The developed model was used as a knowledge base to develop a very beneficial front‐end web application, tagged “RecommendIT” where students can enter their preferences and view company recommendations.
Refractory epilepsy and nonadherence to drug treatment
Authors: Henning Oliver , Lossius Morten I. , Lima Maren , Mevåg Morten , Villagran Antonia , Nakken Karl O. , Johannessen Landmark Cecilie 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn patients with epilepsy, nonadherence to agreed antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment may result in seizure relapse, and at worst sudden unexpected death. The aim of this study was to examine the extent of both unintentional and intentional nonadherence among Norwegian patients with refractory epilepsy and try to identify possible risk factors. At the National Centre for Epilepsy in Norway, 333 consecutive adult in‐ and outpatients with refractory epilepsy participated in an anonymous survey about adherence to drug treatment. Twenty‐two percentages admitted that they sometimes or often forgot to take their drugs as scheduled, and 19% reported that they, rarely, sometimes or often intentionally did not follow the AED treatment plan agreed upon with their physician. Young age and depression were significantly correlated with unintentional nonadherence. Intentional nonadherence was associated with young age (36 years or younger). We found nonadherence not to be associated with any specific AED. In conclusion, about one‐fifth of patients with refractory epilepsy admitted that they did not adhere to the agreed drug treatment plan, either intentionally or unintentionally. Measures to reduce nonadherence in this patient group may improve seizure control and should be tailored to address both unintentional and intentional lack of adherence.
Time‐transgressive cryoplanation terrace development through nivation‐driven scarp retreat
Authors: Nyland Kelsey E. , Nelson Frederick E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCryoplanation terraces are elevated bedrock features resembling giant staircases, with alternating steep scarps and shallow sloping treads. These landscape‐scale features have long been associated with periglacial environments, but the processes involved in their formation remain vaguely specified and contentious. The two leading hypotheses for the formation of cryoplanation terraces are centered on: (1) geologic structure; and (2) nivation‐driven scarp retreat. The nivation‐formation hypothesis invokes scarp retreat under erosion processes associated with late‐lying snowbanks. To test whether cryoplanation terraces develop through scarp retreat, six relative weathering indices (fracture counts, Cailleux roundness, Cailleux flatness, Krumbein sphericity, rebound, and weathering rind thickness) were measured across well‐developed terraces in unglaciated eastern Beringia (central and western Alaska) at Mt Fairplay, Eagle Summit, and Skookum Pass. Statistically significant differences in relative weathering indices detected through chi‐square and multiple‐comparison procedures indicate that material is less weathered closer to scarps, i.e. that these areas were more recently exposed than those distant from the scarp. Based on these findings, a refined model of time‐transgressive cryoplanation terrace development through nivation‐driven scarp retreat is proposed. This new qualitative model addresses the removal of weathered material from terrace treads down side slopes through piping and gravity‐driven mass‐wasting processes. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of storm‐triggered landslides on sediment dynamics and catchment‐wide denudation rates in the southern Central Range of Taiwan following the extreme rainfall event of Typhoon Morakot
Authors: Chen Chia‐Yu , Willett Sean D. , West A. Joshua , Dadson Simon , Hovius Niels , Christl Marcus , Shyu J. Bruce H. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTExtreme erosion events can produce large short‐term sediment fluxes. Such events complicate erosion rates estimated from cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in river sediment by providing sediment with a concentration different from the long‐term basin average. We present a detrital 10Be study in southern Taiwan, with multiple samples obtained in a time sequence bracketing the 2009 Typhoon Morakot, to assess the impact of landslide sediment on 10Be concentrations (N10Be) in river sediment. Sediment samples were collected from 13 major basins, two or three times over the last decade, to observe the temporal variation of N10Be. Landslide inventories with time intervals of 5–6 years were used to quantify sediment flux changes.A negative correlation between N10Be and landslide areal density indicates dilution of N10Be by landslide sediment. Denudation rates estimated from the diluted N10Be can be up to three times higher than the lowest rate derived from the same basins. Observed increases imply that, 3 years after the passage of Typhoon Morakot, fluvial channels still contain a considerable amount of sediment provided by hillslope landslides during the event. However, higher N10Be in 2016 samples indicate that the contribution from landslide sediment at the sampled grain size has decreased with time. The correlation between changes in N10Be and landslide area and volume is not strong, likely resulting from the stochastic and complex nature of sediment transport. To simultaneously evaluate the volume of landslide‐derived sediment and estimate the background denudation rate, associated with less impulsive sediment supply, we constructed a sediment‐mixing model with the time series of N10Be and landslide inventories. The spatial pattern of background erosion rate in southern Taiwan is consistent with the regional tectonic framework, indicating that the landscape is evolving mainly in response to the tectonic forcing, and this signal is modified, but not obscured by impulsive sediment supply. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.