bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calorimeters
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The determination of the energy of particles is called ‘calorimetry’ and the corresponding detectors are called calorimeters. The particle energy is deposited in a calorimeter through inelastic reactions leading to the formation of particle showers. The deposited energy is measured either through the charge generated by ionisation or through scintillation or Cherenkov light. Depending on the particle type initiating a shower one distinguishes electromagnetic calorimeters from hadronic calorimeters. In this chapter the formation of showers for both cases is explained and the corresponding construction principles are discussed. For hadron calorimeters special attention is given to the different response to electromagnetically and hadronically deposited energy and the possible compensation of invisible energy. This is followed by a description of typical implementations of electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters as well as of systems combining both types. Special emphasis is given to the discussion of the energy resolution of the different detectors and detector systems.
Detectors for cosmic particles, neutrinos and exotic matter
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Astroparticle physics deals with the investigation of cosmic radiation using similar detection methods as in particle physics, however, mostly with quite different detector arrangements. In this chapter the detection principles for the different radiation types with cosmic origin are presented, this includes charged particles, gamma radiation, neutrinos and possibly existing Dark Matter. In the case of neutrinos also experiments at accelerators and reactors are included. Examples, which are typical for the different areas, are given for detectors and their properties. For cosmic ray detection apparatuses are deployed above the atmosphere with balloons or satellites or on the ground using the atmosphere as calorimeter in which high-energy cosmic rays develop showers or in underground areas including in water and ice.
Signal processing, readout and noise
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The electronic readout and processing of detector signals, generated by radiation in detectors, is today by far the most common form of signal acquisition in particle physics. In this chapter typical procedures for electronic readout of detectors are discussed with special attention to small, noise-prone signals. An overview is given of standard techniques for signal processing, like amplification, pulse shaping, discrimination and digitization where also the new developments in microelectronics are discussed. In applications with high data rates, as at modern accelerator experiments or also in (X-ray) image processing, deadtimes can occur which are discussed in a dedicated section. Similarly, there is a section on wave guide properties of signal cable. Often the signals are so small, in particular those of semiconductor detectors, that electronic noise and its suppression play an important role.
Stages of Loss
Authors: Oppitz-Trotman George 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Stages of Loss supplies an original and deeply researched account of travel and festivity in early modern Europe, complicating, revising, and sometimes entirely rewriting received accounts of the emergence and development of professional theatre. It offers a history of English actors travelling and performing abroad in early modern Europe, and Germany in particular, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These players, known as English Comedians, were among the first professional actors to perform in central and northern European courts and cities. The vital contributions made by them to the development of a European theatre institution have long been neglected. They are here introduced in their proper contexts for the first time. Stages of Loss explores connections real and perceived between diminishments of national value and the material wealth transported by itinerant players; representations of loss, waste, and profligacy within the drama they performed; and the extent to which theatrical practice and the process of canonization have led to archival and interpretive losses in theatre history. Situating the English Comedians in a variety of economic, social, religious, and political contexts, it explores trends and continuities in the reception of their itinerant theatre, showing how their incorporation into modern theatre history has been shaped by derogatory assessments of travelling theatre and itinerant people in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Stages of Loss reveals that the Western theatre institution took shape partly as a means of accommodating, controlling, evaluating, and concealing the work of migrant strangers.
The Business of War
Authors: Rennie David A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
War writing was implicated in and shaped by wider cultural forces. During the war, patriotic bestsellers flooded the literary marketplace, censorship suppressed certain anti-war writing, while authors participated in the CPI’s propaganda machine. After the war, changes in the publishing industry, allied to a growing awareness of the importance of advertising, shaped the way war writing was presented to the public. Hollywood, meanwhile, provided opportunities for writers to supplement their income, either by writing for the studios or by sanctioning adaptations of their work. Discussing the work of Guy Empey, John Dos Passos, and E. E. Cummings, this chapter considers the ways the content of American World War I texts—and the formats in which they were presented to the public—were influenced by these factors.
Edith Wharton
Authors: Rennie David A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses the ways in which Wharton’s prolific, if short-lived, output of World War I writing changed in reaction to external forces. Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort and French Ways and their Meaning were influenced by the military authorities, while The Book of the Homeless was spurred on by the need to raise funds for Wharton’s charities. A comparison between The Marne and A Son at the Front, however, reveals that, after the war, Wharton’s perspective shifted, as she came to doubt the moral efficacy of the war effort that she had so intently supported in her writing and philanthropic work.
The Village of the Damned? Narrative, Structure and the Coproduction of Translocal Mobility
Authors: Lawreniuk Sabina , Parsons Laurie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Focusing on the re-emergence of an ancient folk tale about begging migration, Chapter 6 address the relationship between myths, moral narratives, and translocal livelihoods in Cambodia. Specifically, it interrogates a popular myth, known throughout Cambodia, about the cursed village of Prey Veng province where all inhabitants, rich or poor, must migrate to beg at least once a year. The chapter examines how the resurgence of this story is not only related to the rise in begging migration from some of Cambodia’s most agro-ecologically vulnerable southeastern provinces, but dynamically intertwined with the structural characteristics of that mobility. Specifically, it highlights how moral narratives of the ‘deserving poor’ shape translocal begging, engendering overlaps and interlinkages with other forms of labour migration that in turn serve to proliferate and entrench the curse myth. By comparing the form of the curse myth in Phnom Penh and Prey Veng, Chapter 6 concludes by considering how discourse is shaped, sustained and reproduced in translocal environments.
We Move Therefore We Are
Authors: Lawreniuk Sabina , Parsons Laurie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores how translocal livelihoods have contributed to a rise in nationalistic discourse, national communitarian ideology and the ethnically mediated ‘othering’ of certain groups. The chapter begins by exploring the linkages between the domestic garment industry, the union movement and political opposition to the incumbent Cambodia People’s Party, before extending the analysis to explore these themes in relation to Cambodia’s two major international migration systems: those with Thailand and Vietnam. The first of these examines issues of national identity amongst translocal migrants to Thailand in order to interpret the impact of international household and community economies on political conceptions of the state. The second examines the perspectives of translocal migrants between Cambodia and Vietnam, in the context of Cambodia’s recent upsurge in anti-Vietnamese popular sentiment and political discourse. Chapter 7 concludes by drawing together the lessons of these case studies to consider both how mass translocal livelihoods have shaped national discourse and how national narratives of nationhood have contributed to structuring Cambodia’s international diaspora.
Are there Natural Rights? The Sceptical Critique and Rights after 1776
Authors: Biggar Nigel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter moves to extend the testing of the Sceptical Tradition’s objections to natural rights from the pre-modern or early modern periods to classic modern affirmations. It begins with the American and French declarations of the late eighteenth century, before proceeding to two famous treatises of the same period, Thomas Paine’s Rights of Man and Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, and then ending with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenants of the mid-twentieth century. The chapter concludes that its scrutiny of modern affirmations has found ample evidence to substantiate many of the sceptics’ charges: some of the rights asserted are truistic or merely aspirational; others are ludicrously or dangerously abstract, licensing unrealistic hopes and political recklessness; yet others conflate conditional positive rights justified by natural morality with natural rights, misleadingly endowing the former with the universality and inviolability of the latter. Further, David Ritchie’s claim has been substantiated: the content of certain rights cannot be determined by a sheer appeal to ‘nature’, and apart from consideration of the common good in the relevant circumstances. On the other hand, the critical survey of modern natural rights-talk also shows that it can acknowledge the insufficiency of rights for overall political well-being, talk of duties too, and recognise the need for virtue and a cultural matrix that generates it.
What’s Wrong with (Some) Judges?Al-Skeini, Al-Jedda, Smith, and the Fog of War
Authors: Biggar Nigel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWhat is wrong with rights might lie in several places. Some accuse the very concept of a right belonging to an individual as a kind of property. Chapter 6 considered this charge and found it wanting. Instead, Chapters 5, 7, 8 and 9 identified problems in misleading connotations of talk about ‘natural rights’, the failure to reckon with the contingency of rights upon economic and political conditions, and the importation of what is paradigmatically a legal idea into ethical deliberation. An additional possibility is that problems lie not only in concepts of rights, but also in the way in which judges treat them. This is the topic of this chapter and the following one. The present chapter examines recent decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (Al-Skeini [2011], Al-Jedda [2011]), and the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (Smith [2013]), which threaten the UK’s military power. It concludes that, in these cases, the jurisprudence of the European court is vitiated by an imprudence born of a limited historical and political imagination, a culture of risk-aversion, and an ideological rights-fundamentalism. Such imprudent jurisprudence serves to weaken the military effectiveness of European States Party and their ability to support politically fragile states, to undermine states’ confidence in international treaties, and to provoke calls for states’ withdrawal from the Convention altogether.
Transamerican Sentimentalism and Nineteenth-Century US Literary History
Authors: Windell Maria A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Transamerican Sentimentalism and Nineteenth-Century US Literary History argues that African American, Native American, Latinx, and Anglo-American women writers use genre to negotiate hemispheric encounters amidst the gendered, racialized, and cultural violence of the nineteenth-century Americas. Although US literary sentimentalism is often framed in national and transatlantic terms, this book argues that the mode was deeply transamerican. Given the popularity of the nineteenth-century sentimental novel, the appearance of its central motifs—tearful embraces, fainting heroines, angelic children—in transamerican US texts is unsurprising. What is remarkable is how texts not generally considered sentimental deploy seemingly insignificant affective episodes to navigate gendered and racialized experiences of conflict throughout the Caribbean and the US–Mexico borderlands. Throughout Transamerican Sentimentalism, marginal characters, momentary gestures, offhand remarks, and narrative commentaries serve to disrupt plots, potentially connecting characters across cultural, racial, national, and linguistic borders. Transamerican sentimentalism cannot unseat the violence of the nineteenth-century Americas, but it does dislocate familiar figures such as the coquette and the mulatta to produce other potential outcomes—including new paradigms for understanding the coquette, a locally successful informal diplomacy, and motivations for violent slave revolt. Transamerican sentimentalism is a fleeting, mercurial, and marginal mode. Frequently overwhelmed by the violence pervading the hemisphere, it could be categorized as a failed venture. Yet it is also persistent; as it recurs throughout the nineteenth century, it opens into alternative African American, Native American, and Latinx avenues for navigating and comprehending US–Americas relations.
Sentimental Diplomacy
Authors: Windell Maria A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores instances of “sentimental diplomacy” in the literary aftermath of the US–Mexican War and Indian Removal. It opens by arguing that the heroines of María Amparo Ruiz de Burton’s The Squatter and the Don (1885)—who seek to counter the violence and dispossession of late-nineteenth-century Californios—stand as unrecognized heirs to the women in John Rollin Ridge’s 1854 novel of Mexican banditry, Joaquín Murieta. Amidst the sensational violence of Joaquín Murieta, the first Native American novel, Mexican and Anglo-American women engage in a sentimental diplomacy that resists rampant racialized violence. In both The Squatter and the Don and Joaquín Murieta, sentimental diplomacy offers local possibilities for peace, but in neither novel can it overcome the war’s brutal legacy or the racism and systemic corruption that followed.
Conclusion
Authors: Windell Maria A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Transamerican Sentimentalism concludes by returning to the 1880s and exploring how the mode translates not only across the US–Mexico border but also through language. The coda juxtaposes an 1878 suffragist document that maligns “the Mexicans, Half-Breeds and ignorant, vicious men [who] voted solid against women’s suffrage in Colorado” with Helen Hunt Jackson’s 1884 novel Ramona and José Martí’s 1888 translation thereof. Given their associations with nineteenth-century reform movements, it is perhaps unsurprising that these distinct yet varied documents use sentimentalism to generate connective possibilities. Yet the coda notes how they each also use the mode as a tool of dispossession. Within this contradiction lie the contingent, disjunctive, and anachronistic accumulations that define transamerican sentimentalism—and that open powerful alternative possibilities for hemispheric connection.
Introduction
Authors: Parry Glyn , Enis Cathryn 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This book puts William Shakespeare’s Stratford upbringing into significant historical context for the first time. It provides new ways of thinking about Warwickshire and Elizabethan England. It uses new archival discoveries about three linked families: the Shakespeares, Ambrose and Robert Dudley, respectively earls of Warwick and Leicester, and the Arden family headed by Edward Arden. It shows that during the 1570s and 1580s William Shakespeare was exposed to the Dudleys’ political, legal, historical, and genealogical claims for their authority in Warwickshire and Stratford, an assault on the county’s collective memory resisted by the Ardens and other gentry. As her proxies, the Dudleys established Elizabeth I’s Protestant regime in the west Midlands, culminating in Edward Arden’s destruction on false treason charges in 1583. By then the Shakespeares had direct experience of the London government’s power in the localities. From 1569 Exchequer informers, backed by influential politicians at Court, accused William’s father John of illegal wool dealing and usury. Contrary to previous claims that he had escaped these charges by 1572, new sources show how the Exchequer’s continuing demands undermined John’s credit rating by 1577, forcing his withdrawal from Stratford politics, and curtailing his business career in the early 1580s. In the fallout from Arden’s destruction the Elizabethan regime punished the Shakespeares’ friends and neighbours the Quineys for their alleged financial links to the traitorous Ardens, despite local knowledge to the contrary, confirming Shakespeare’s sceptical understanding of the realities of power that can be found in his later plays.
The Aftermath
Authors: Parry Glyn , Enis Cathryn 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the Stratford fallout from the condemnation of John Somerville, which undermined the social status of the Shakespeares’ close friends and neighbours, Adrian and Richard Quiney. After seizing Somerville’s estate the Exchequer concluded that the Quineys, having ostensibly borrowed money from Somerville, must now pay it immediately to the queen, despite their argument that the money actually belonged to the dowry of John’s underage sister, Margaret Somerville. Margaret’s subsequent unavailing attempts to recover her money, and the Quineys to avoid paying the queen, revealed to Stratford society the limitations of the traditional collaborative relationship between central government and local worthies responsible for maintaining the queen’s authority in their regions. The Exchequer applied the strict letter of the law: John Somerville’s signature and seal on the loan agreement counted for more than the equitable claims of the Quineys. More than the rental incomes diverted to the queen for the next decade to repay their debt, the Quineys suffered loss of face, since the Exchequer under Burghley made it evident that their previous public service did not entitle them to special consideration from their sovereign and her officers, because of their innocent association with Catholic ‘traitors’. The Exchequer continued to hound Margaret Somerville for a small debt until well into the reign of James, during which period Shakespeare acknowledged the name in 3 Henry VI, not as a discreet signal of his Catholic sympathies, of which this chapter shows no proof survives, but a comment on the abuse of power.
‘The Venerable Head’
Authors: Robinson D.H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the argument of The Idea of Europe and the Origins of the American Revolution. It gives an overview of the ways in which colonial thinking about European geopolitics and European civilization shaped American politics and culture during the century prior to the Revolution. The introduction then reflects on the current historiographical consensus on the origins of the Revolution and the interplay of international relations with political culture in the eighteenth century. It concludes with some remarks on the challenges of writing histories of political culture and discusses the methodological problems of writing about the public sphere.
‘The Temper of the People’
Authors: Robinson D.H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a cultural context for the political debate in eighteenth-century British North America. It charts the emergence and describes the contours of a colonial public sphere, which paralleled similar transformations in European politics during the same period. It explores the media of colonial politics, from newspapers to public oratory, as well as the social settings in which news was spread and debated, from tavern halls to tea gardens, and the codes of conduct that accompanied them, from commerce to refinement. It shows how the colonial public sphere connected with a wider British and European republic of letters, from the circulation of news and opinion around the Atlantic world to the participation of colonists in the Grand Tour. And finally, it discusses the problems and methods of interpreting public utterances.
‘In a National Light’
Authors: Robinson D.H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows how continentalism and colonial British nationalism created a distinctive language of political legitimation in the colonies during the mid-eighteenth century. This standard of behaviour was imposed on a wide range of wartime activities, from the voluntary and commercial practices of militia associations and privateers to fast and thanksgiving days. But it also assumed a critical role as a barometer against which to judge the conduct of colonial legislatures, and it was in this capacity that it underwrote a dramatic revolution in colonial politics during the crisis point of the Seven Years War. The same barometer was also applied to British statesmen and military men like William Pitt, the Earl of Bute, and Admiral John Byng. At the end of the conflict, the beginnings of the patriot movement would use its rhetoric to debate the virtues of the Treaty of Paris.
‘Magna Britannia’
Authors: Robinson D.H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter reveals the continuity of colonial thinking about geopolitics after the end of the Seven Years War. It shows how the unsettled state of Europe continued to trouble colonists after 1763. From its earliest days, the patriot movement warned about the renewal of international tensions, criticizing British colonial policy alongside the isolationist turn of British foreign policy as sources of weaknesses. Despite the conquest of Canada, the prospect of a French war of revenge and the spectre of French infiltration continued to dominate colonial discourse, maintaining its hold over conspiratorial thinking. These fears reached a height in the late 1760s and early 1770s, when a string of international crises in Poland, Corsica, the Falkland Islands, and Sweden unleashed a series of major war scares that shaped and tempered patriot manoeuvrings during the imperial crisis.
‘Events Abroad’
Authors: Robinson D.H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter recapitulates the argument of The Idea of Europe and the Origins of the American Revolution, and offers a few reflections on the post-revolutionary period. It traces its implications of colonial geopolitical thinking for the competing American futurities of Thomas Jefferson and Fisher Ames after 1783, as well as the transition from formal to effective independence and American foreign policy in the nineteenth century and beyond.