bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Study of Sodium Chloride Tolerance of Rudbeckia fulgida var. speciosa ‘Goldsturm’, Heuchera americana ‘Dale's Variety’ and Aquilegia × cultorum ‘Crimson Star’ Grown in Greenhouse Conditions
Authors: Gerber Carri , Deeter Laura , Hylton Kelsey , Stilwill Bryce 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Heuchera americana ‘Dale's Variety’, Aquilegia × cultorum ‘Crimson Star’ and Rudbeckia fulgida var. speciosa ‘Goldsturm’ were grown in a soilless medium and watered weekly with either 0.00 (control), 0.05, 0.15 or 0.25 M NaCl solutions for 6 weeks. Foliage and leachate were analyzed for pH, Na+ and Cl−, and digital images were taken of all plants. Sodium and chloride concentrations in the leachate increased over time, while pH values remained unchanged. Aquilegia and Rudbeckia took up both Na+ and Cl−in increasing amounts over time. Heuchera took up large quantities of Cl−initially, but lesser amounts over time, and minimal Na+ into the foliage until the last week. At the highest treatment levels of NaCl, all plants showed significant visual damage. Aquilegia was the first to show visual damage at 0.05 M NaCl. Heuchera was intermediate in terms of symptom development. Based on the results of this study, Rudbeckia and Heuchera are listed as salt tolerant, and Aquilegia is listed as salt intolerant.
Residues of neonicotinoid insecticides in pollen and nectar from model plants1
Authors: Cowles Richard S. , Eitzer Brian D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Systemic insecticides used for ornamental horticulture crops can protect all portions of a plant with long-lasting effects. However, they may be hazardous to pollinators foraging on contaminated nectar or pollen. Two model plant cultivars were chosen based upon their ability to produce large quantities of pollen or nectar, enabling examination of the level of nectar or pollen contamination (e.g., insecticide “residues”) following insecticide treatments, rather than for the need or advisability to treat these plants in production nurseries or the landscape with systemic insecticides. These plants were sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. ‘Taiyo') for pollen, and swamp milkweed (Asclepius incarnata L. ‘Ice Ballet') for nectar. Plants were treated at labeled nursery rates with imidacloprid, dinotefuran, or thiamethoxam via foliar spray or soil drench at various times before bloom. Insecticide residues from pollen and nectar varied based upon application method, insecticide, and rate. Assuming that residues should be considered hazardous when they exceed 25 parts per billion (ppb) for nectar or 100 ppb for pollen, potentially bee-toxic concentrations of insecticide in sunflower pollen only followed high-rate drench treatments. Toxic concentrations of neonicotinoids were found in milkweed nectar when applied either as a drench or as a foliar spray up to six weeks before bloom. Label directions for nursery and greenhouse plants permit very high application rates relative to agronomic crops. These high rates can create hazardous conditions for pollinators, and should be avoided for ornamental crops that are highly attractive to bees.
Index words: sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.); swamp milkweed (Asclepius incarnata L.); dinotefuran; imidacloprid; thiamethoxam; pollinator; systemic insecticides.
Chemicals used in this study: dinotefuran (Safari 20 SG); imidacloprid (Xytect 2F); thiamethoxam (Flagship 25 WG).
Species used in this study: sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.); swamp milkweed (Asclepius incarnata L.).
Drought stress reactions of different populations of Quercus robur L. and Tilia cordata Mill.1
Authors: Selig Malte , Bohne Heike 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Locally adapted trees and shrubs are suggested to show higher fitness at their site of origin than non-locally adapted ones. The production in tree nurseries could take this into account to improve outplanting performance. However, separate production of specific ecotypes in nurseries increases the costs of production and may reduce the availability of a specific species. In this study, we investigated drought stress reactions of 2 year-old container-grown seedlings of Quercus robur L. and Tilia cordata Mill. from four and three different populations, respectively, each from a different site of origin. Slow- and fast-developing drought stress treatments were applied in a greenhouse study to determine any difference in drought tolerance. Control plants were well irrigated. Depending on the species and stress development, only marginal interpopulation differences in particular physiological (pre-dawn water potential, stomatal conductance, relative water content) and/or biochemical (glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, proline) reactions to drought existed. These differences did not consistently reflect precipitation conditions at the population sites of origin, indicating only low level of local adaptation for populations of the target species.
Index words: adaptation, carbohydrates, pedunculate oak, provenances, proline, small-leaved lime.
Species used in this study: pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.); small-leaved linden (Tilia cordata Mill.).
Effect of Pre-plant Phosphate Charge and Leaching on Phosphorus Longevity in Soilless Substrate1
Authors: Compton Horner Amy J. , Niedziela Carl E. , Nelson Paul V. , Dickey David A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
There is little information addressing the impact of quantity of pre-plant phosphate charge in soilless substrate and leaching during production on soluble phosphate longevity when post-plant phosphate is omitted. Two experiments were conducted growing Petunia ×hybrida ‘Primetime White' seedling crops over a 42-d period in a sphagnum peat moss-perlite substrate. Phosphate-phosphorus (P) charge levels of 0.03, 0.06, 0.12, and 0.18 kg.m−3 (0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 lbs·yd−3, respectively) and 0, 20, and 50% leaching were tested. The first experiment was conducted in winter (late November through December) and the second in spring (mid-March through April). The minimum-targeted, soluble-bulk-solution phosphate-P level of 3 mg.L−1 (ppm) was achieved for 41 d in the winter with a phosphate-P charge of 0.06 kg.m−3 (0.10 lbs·yd−3) and 20% leaching. Longevity for this treatment was 4 d less in the spring. At 0% leaching, the soluble-bulk-solution phosphate-P level was above the minimum target level of 3 mg.L−1 (ppm) for the entire 42-d period in both seasons. Increasing the leaching from 20 to 50% resulted in a loss of longevity by 4 d in the winter and 6 d in the spring.
Index words: soilless media, bedding plants, floriculture, Petunia ×hybrida, plant nutrition.
Species used in this study: petunia (Petunia ×hybrid var. multiflora Vilm.).
Efficacy of Bio-based Liquid Mulch on Weed Suppression and Water Conservation in Container Nursery Production1
Authors: Shen Kate , Zheng Youbin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
To assess the effectiveness of bio-based liquid mulch at different application rates and binder loading types for weed suppression and evaporation reduction in container nursery production, a study was conducted outdoors in the summer of 2015 in Ontario, Canada. Three application rates [0.5 1.25, or 2.0 kg·m−2 (0.20 lb·ft−2)] and two binder loading types (AMP753 with 3.5% binder loading or AMP153 with 7% binder loading) of the liquid mulch were used in the trial. The evaporation rates (ER) from the container growing substrate were quantified daily for three 7-day cycles. All mulched treatments reduced total ERs starting from the second cycle compared to the no-mulch control, with the exception of the treatment binder loading type 3.5% with 0.5 kg·m−2 mulch. All mulched treatments had an equivalent effect at reducing weed numbers compared to the control. The 1.25 and 2.0 kg·m−2 rates were more effective for weed control than the low application rate (0.5 kg·m−2) and there were no differences between binder loading types. No negative effects on overall plant health, flower or branch number, total aboveground biomass, leaf area, or plant growth index were observed on Hydrangea paniculata ‘Jane' from the applied mulch. A major shortcoming with the product as tested was that it dried and shrunk within a couple of days of application. This caused a gap of approximately 10 to15 mm (0.39-0.59 inch) between the wall of the pots and the actual dried mulch. The 1.25 kg·m−2 rate of either binder loading type (3.5% or 7%) could be recommended if the shrinking issue of this mulch could be resolved.
Index words: Evaporation, witchgrass, Powell's amaranth, green foxtail, little lime hardy hydrangea.
Chemicals used in this study: Bio-based Liquid Mulch.
Species used in this study: witchgrass (Panicum capillare L.), Powell's amaranth (Amaranthus powellii S. Watson), green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.), common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.), little lime hardyhydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata L. ‘Jane').
Responses of Ten Weed Species to Microwave Radiation Exposure as Affected by Plant Size1
Authors: Rana Aman , Derr Jeffrey F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
There is interest in alternative weed control methods to herbicide use, especially among those interested in organic approaches. The use of microwave radiation as a weed control method appears to be a good alternative because it does not produce chemical residues in the environment. A study was conducted to determine the impact of plant age on weed control using microwave radiation. Ten weed species, representing monocots and dicots, were selected for this study: southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler), dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.), false green kyllinga (Kyllinga gracillima Miquel), fragrant flatsedge (Cyperus odoratus L.), yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.), henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.) and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.). In general, weed species become more tolerant of microwave treatments as they increased in size, as 8 to 10 week-old plants were injured less than 4 to 6 week-old plants. Most grass species regrew when treated at 90 and 180 joules.cm−2 of microwave radiation. Pitted morningglory and common ragweed showed the highest susceptibility to microwave radiation among all treated weed species. The increase in a weed's biomass over time probably increases the amount of microwave radiation necessary for heating samples to the thermal threshold required for control.
Index words: Nonchemical control, microwave, weed age, weed maturity, thermal weed control.
Species used in this study: southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler); dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.); false green kyllinga (Kyllinga gracillima Miquel); fragrant flatsedge (Cyperus odoratus L.); yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.); common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.); white clover (Trifolium repens L.); pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.); henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.); field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.).
Spray Penetration and Natural Enemy Survival in Dense and Sparse Plant Canopies Treated with Carbaryl: Implications for Chemical and Biological Control1
Authors: Yeary Whitney , Fulcher Amy , Zhu Heping , Klingeman William , Grant Jerome 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Ornamental plant producers often rely on chemical control to manage insect pests. However, cultural practices, such as pruning, can influence plant architecture which may, in turn, affect pesticide penetration. Spray penetration was studied to determine the effect of canopy density on beneficial insect survival following insecticide application and to better understand the implications of canopy density on pest management. Regardless of canopy density or plant species, the interior position of the canopy received less than 8% spray coverage. The middle position of sparse canopies received 288 to 513% more coverage than the middle position of dense canopies. The middle and interior position of dense canopies protected greater than 50% of the convergent lady beetle (Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Méneville) population while only the interior position of dense canopies protected greater than 50% of green lacewing (Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister) populations.
Index words: beneficial insect, nursery crop, pesticide, plant architecture, woody ornamental.
Species used in this study: China Girl® holly (Ilex ×meserveae ‘Mesog'); ‘Alice' Oakleaf hydrangea (Hydrangea quercifolia Bartr. ‘Alice'); convergent lady beetle [Hippodamia convergens (Guérin-Méneville)]; green lacewing [Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister)].
Chemicals used in this study: carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate, Sevin® SL, Bayer CropScience, Durham, NC).
Early Postemergence Control of Woodland Bittercress (Cardamine flexuosa With.) and Yellow Woodsorrel (Oxalis stricta L.) with Dithiopyr and Isoxaben Combinations1
Authors: Saha Debalina , Marble S. Christopher , Chandler Annette 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate dithiopyr and isoxaben combinations and indaziflam (Marengo) for early postemergence control of woodland bittercress (Cardamine flexuosa) and yellow woodsorrel at 4 different early growth stages. Herbicides evaluated included sprayable formulations of isoxaben, dithiopyr + isoxaben, dithiopyr, indaziflam, and prodiamine + isoxaben without any surfactants. Woodland bittercress growth stages included seed production (extra-large), recently flowered (large), 6 to 9 leaf (medium) or in 2 to 5 leaf stage (small), while yellow woodsorrel growth stages included 8 to 12 leaf stage (extra-large), 4 to 6 leaf stage (large), 2 to 4 leaf stage (medium) and cotyledon to 1 leaf stage (small). Shoot fresh weight data showed all treatments provided ≤98% of woodland bittercress at the small stage. Dithiopyr + isoxaben (98%), isoxaben (90%), and indaziflam (93%) provided the highest level of woodland bittercress control at the medium stage and were the only treatments providing acceptable control (≥80%). In the large stage, dithiopyr + isoxaben provided acceptable control (80%) and outperformed other treatments. All treatments with the exception of isoxaben generally provided acceptable control of yellow woodsorrel up to the large growth stage. Only indaziflam (86% control) provided acceptable control at the extra-large stage.
Index words: herbicide, postemergence weed control, container-grown plants, phytotoxic damages.
Herbicides used in this study: isoxaben (Gallery® 4SC) N-[3-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)- 5-isoxazolyl]-2,6-dimethoxybenzamide; dithiopyr (Dimension® 2EW) S,S'-dimethyl 2-(difluoromethyl)-4- (2-methylpropyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)- 3,5-pyridinedicarbothioate; indaziflam (Specticle® FLO) N-[(1R,2S)-2,3-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1H-inden-1-yl]-6-(1-fluoroethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine; prodiamine + isoxaben (Gemini® SC) 2,4-dinitro-N3,N3-dipropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzenediamine + N-[3-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)- 5-isoxazolyl]-2,6-dimethoxybenzamide; dithiopyr + isoxaben (Dimension® + Gallery®) S,S'-dimethyl 2-(difluoromethyl)-4- (2-methylpropyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)- 3,5-pyridinedicarbothioate + N-[3-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)- 5-isoxazolyl]-2,6-dimethoxybenzamide.
Weed species evaluated: woodland bittercress (flexuous bittercress) (Cardamine flexuosa With.); yellow woodsorrel (Oxalis stricta L.).
Effects of Three Fertilization Methods on Weed Growth and Herbicide Performance in Soilless Nursery Substrates1
Authors: Stewart Cody J. , Marble S. Christopher , Jackson Brian E. , Pearson Brian J. , Wilson P. Christopher 
Published: August 2020

AbstractResearch objectives were to determine the effect of fertilization method (incorporation, subdress, and topdress) on weed growth and the performance of preemergence herbicides applied to soilless substrates. Nursery containers were filled with a pine bark:peat substrate and fertilized at two different rates [4.4 and 9.5 kg.m−3 (8.9 and 19.2 lb.yd−3)] via topdressing, subdressing, or incorporating. Containers were treated with either dimethenamid-P for spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculata L.), flumioxazin for eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.) or prodiamine for large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.). A control was established for each fertilizer rate/placement and weed species that was not treated. Incorporating or subdressing fertilizer resulted in reduced large crabgrass and spotted spurge growth in non-treated containers. Weeds grew larger at the higher fertility rates in both topdress and incorporated treatments but fertilizer rate did not affect growth of spotted spurge or large crabgrass when fertilizers were subdressed. Herbicides generally provided commercially acceptable weed control regardless of fertilizer treatment, but results varied with species. Results suggest that in the absence of herbicides, topdressing may result in greater weed growth compared with subdressing or incorporating fertilizers; however, fertilizer placement will have less impact on herbicide performance if proper herbicides are chosen and applied correctly.Index words: topdress, subdress, incorporate, large crabgrass, eclipta, spotted spurge, preemergenceChemicals used in this study: Flumioxazin (SureGuard®); 2-[7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-4-(2-propynyl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-isoindole1,3(2H)-dione; Dimethenamid-P (Tower) 2-chloro-N-[(2,4-dimethyl-3-thienyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide; Prodiamine (Barricade) 2,4-dinitro-N3, N3-dipropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzenediamine (Barricade®)Species used in this study: Large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.); Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.); Spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculata L.)
Eriophyoid Mites Found on Healthy and Rose Rosette Diseased Roses in the United States1
Authors: Otero-Colina Gabriel , Ochoa Ronald , Amrine James W. , Hammond John , Jordan Ramon , Bauchan Gary R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPhyllocoptes fructiphilus (Keifer), known as the rose bud mite, is an eriophyoid mite that has been shown to be the vector of Rose rosette virus (RRV), an Emaravirus, and the causal agent of rose rosette disease (RRD). Studies were conducted of mites found on roses, using various microscopy techniques including wide field, phase contrast and differential interference contrast light microscopy, and table top and low temperature scanning electron microscopy. Surveys of roses from several states within the US indicate the presence of three species of eriophyid mites: Phyllocoptes fructiphilus, Eriophyes eremus (Druciarek & Lewandowski), and Callyntrotus schlechtendali (Nalepa). Phyllocoptes fructiphilus was found primarily under the petioles (stipules), inside the flower sepals appressed to the ovary/seeds, and on the surface of the leaves. It was collected on plants with or without symptoms of RRD and often hides amongst the dense simple and bulbous, glandular hairs or under the stipules/petioles. Eriophyes eremus was found under the stipules of roses and is now recorded for the first time in the Americas. Callyntrotus schlechtendali was found on the open surface of the older leaves. The latter two species were not observed to be associated with obvious plant injury. In addition, predatory mites were found associated with these mites which may be useful as biological control agents of the eriophyid mites.Index words: insect vectors, disease spread, predatory mites, virusesSpecies used: Rose bud mite [Phyllocoptes fructiphilus (Keifer)]; Roses (Rosa spp.)
An Update of the Literature Supporting the Well-Being Benefits of Plants: Part 2 Physiological Health Benefits
Authors: Hall Charles R. , Knuth Melinda J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper focused on providing evidence from the literature regarding the physiological health benefits associated with plants, thereby influencing the physiological, psychological, and cognitive well-being constructs affecting quality of life. These benefits are segmented and discussed using the following categories: better sleep, increased birthweights, decreased diabetes, decreased ocular discomfort, enhanced immunity, improved circadian functioning, improved rehabilitation, decreased cardiovascular and respiratory disease, decreased mortality, improved digestion, decreased allergies, increased physical activity, and improved cognitive development. This research should be strategically incorporated into both industry-wide and firm-specific marketing messages that highlight the quality of life value proposition in order to maintain the industry's sense of value and relevance to residential landscape consumers of the future. These findings also present evidence that municipal leaders and policymakers can use in justifying green infrastructure-related funding decisions, as well as grounds for the construction industry using biophilic design principles in ensuring the built environment offers opportunities for green space interactions. The green industry can play a pivotal role not only in providing plants of high quality for these applications but educating stakeholders regarding the benefits discussed herein.
Index words: benefits of plants, emotional health, mental health
Control of Insects and Diseases with Intelligent Variable-rate Sprayers in Ornamental Nurseries
Authors: Chen Liming , Wallhead Matthew , Zhu Heping , Fulcher Amy 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Intelligent spray technology can reduce pesticide use and safeguard the environment; however, its ability to effectively control insects and disease must be validated before its adoption by growers. Comparative tests for two different laser-guided variable-rate intelligent sprayers and the same sprayers with conventional constant-rate mode were conducted to control pests at two ornamental nurseries in two growing seasons in Ohio. Crabapple [Malus ‘Sutyzam’ (Sugar Tyme®), M. sargentii], apple (Malus pumila), maple [Acer ×freemanii ‘Jeffersred' (Autumn Blaze®), A. rubrum ‘Franksred' (Red Sunset®) and A. rubrum], birch (Betula nigra and Betula populifolia ‘Whitespire'), London planetree (Platanus ×acerifolia ‘Bloodgood') and dogwood (Cornus florida) were used as the test plants. Intelligent spray technology reduced pesticide use by 56.1% and 51.8% on average at the two nurseries, respectively. Compared to conventional air-assisted sprayers, severity of scab on apple trees and powdery mildew in dogwood was reduced on intelligent spray-treated plants at one nursery, and there were equal or fewer leafhoppers in maple trees and aphids in birch trees when sprayed using intelligent spray technology at both nurseries. These results suggest that intelligent, variable-rate sprayers achieve equivalent or greater insect and disease control in ornamental tree nurseries compared to conventional, constant-rate sprayers.
Index words: aphid, apple scab, environmental protection, leafhopper, precision spray, powdery mildew, sustainable.
Species used in this study: apple (Malus pumila Mill), birches (Betula nigra L, Betula populifolia Marsh. ‘Whitespire'), crabapples [Malus ‘Sutyzam' (Sugar Tyme®), M. sargentii Rehder], dogwood (Cornus florida L.), maples [Acer ×freemanii E. Murray ‘Jeffersred' (Autumn Blaze®), A. rubrum L. ‘Franksred'(Red Sunset®) and A. rubrum L.], London planetree [Platanus ×acerifolia (Ait.) Willd. ‘Bloodgood'].