bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One-Dimensional, Incompressible, Noncapillary, Two-Phase Fluid Flow in a Porous Medium
Authors: Sheldon J.W. , Cardwell W.T. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 290–296.

Introduction
The fundamental equations that are used to describe two-phase fluid flow in porous media are Darcy's law for each phase and an equation of continuity for each component. The special case of one-dimensional, incompressible, two-phase flow has received much attention in the petroleum engineering literature. The basic paper on the subject is that of Buckley and Leverett. Buckley and Leverett showed that one could eliminate the pressure and obtain a single partial differential equation for the saturation: They solved this equation for the case when gravity and capillary forces are negligible. A frequently encountered property of the solution of the basic partial differential equation is that, as time progresses, the saturation becomes a multiple-valued function of the distance coordinate, x. Buckley and Leverett interpreted the formation of multiple values as an indication that the saturation-distance curve had become discontinuous. They developed a method of determining the position of the discontinuity from a material balance.
We solve the Buckley-Leverett partial differential equation using the method of characteristics and the concept of shocks. Our treatment is analogous to treatments used in the theory of supersonic compressible flow. Although the numerical results obtained are the same as those obtained by previous methods, we believe that this approach is more logical and has broader applicability. It can, for example, be generalized to treat the case when the fluids are compressible. It is not clear how one would go about doing this using the method of Buckley and Leverett. To illustrate the power of the method of characteristics with shocks, we solve a problem in gravity segregation which has not been treated previously in the literature. A special case of the general method developed here was used by Welge to solve a particular fluid displacement problem.

Fundamental Equations
We consider two-phase incompressible flow along the vertical direction x in a porous medium. We assume that there is no flow transverse to x. We measure x positive in the upward direction. The fundamental equations are obtained from Darcy's law and the mass conservation law.
Levels of the health system workforce’s competence and predictors to lead, manage, and govern in northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Ambelie Yeshambel Agumas , Alene Getu Degu , Gebrekiros Damen Hailemariam 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of competence and predictors to lead, manage, and govern among the health system workforce. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in northwest Ethiopia. Eight hundred thirteen workforce were participated in the study. Competence to lead, manage, and govern was computed from 20 items. It was also leveled into four categories. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of this competence. Results: From 813 participants, 396 (48.7%) and 582 (71.6%) were females and service owners respectively. The estimates for low, moderate, high and very high levels of competence to lead, manage and govern were 41.3%; 42.7%; 13.5% and 2.5% respectively. Sex (p = .031) and responsibility (p = .019) were identified as main predictors. Conclusions: Competence to lead, manage and govern among the health system workforce in northwest Ethiopia is inadequate. Policymakers, program planners and researchers need to take action giving due attention to females and service owners. Feature research could be conducted considering hierarchical variables.
Busulfan systemic exposure and its relationship with efficacy and safety in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Feng Xinying , Wu Yunjiao , Zhang Jingru , Li Jiapeng , Zhu Guanghua , FAN Duanfang , Yang Changqing , Zhao Libo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background : Busulfan (Bu) is a key component of several conditioning regimens used before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, the optimum systemic exposure (expressed as the area under the concentration-time curve [AUC]) of Bu for clinical outcome in children is controversial. Methods : Research on pertinent literature was carried out at PubMed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov and the Cochrane Library. Observational studies were included, which compared clinical outcomes above and below the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) cut-off value, which we set as 800, 900, 1000, 1125, 1350, and 1500 µM × min. The primary efficacy outcome was notable in the rate of graft failure. In the safety outcomes, incidents of veno-occlusive disease (VOD) were recorded, as well as other adverse events. Results : Thirteen studies involving 548 pediatric patients (aged 0.3-18 years) were included. Pooled results showed that, compared with the mean Bu AUC (i.e., the average value of AUC measured multiple times for each patient) of > 900 µM × min, the mean AUC value of <900 µM × min significantly increased the incidence of graft failure (RR=3.049, 95% CI: 1.285-7.234). The incidence of VOD was significantly decreased with the mean AUC <1350 µM × min (RR=0.370, 95% CI: 0.205-0.666) and <1500 µM × min (RR=0.409, 95% CI: 0182-0.920). Conclusions : In children, Bu mean AUC above the cut-off value of 900 µM × min (after every 6-hour dosing) was associated with decreased rates of graft failure, while the cut-off value of 1350 µM × min were associated with increased risk of VOD in children, particularly for the patients without VOD prophylaxis therapy. Further well-designed prospective and multi centric randomized controlled trials with larger sample size are necessary before putting our result into clinical practices.
Solidarity, Vulnerability and Mistrust: How Context, Information and Government Affect the Lives of Women in Times of Zika
Authors: Arias Ana Rosa Linde Linde , Roura Maria , Siqueira Eduardo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
The public health response to Zika outbreak has mostly focused on epidemiological surveillance, vector control, and individual level preventative measures. This qualitative study employs a social-ecological framework to examine how macro (historical, legislative, political, socio-economic factors), meso (sources of information, social support, social mobilization) and micro level factors ( i ndividual actions, behavioral changes) interacted to influence the response and behavior of women with respect to Zika in different contexts.
Methods
A qualitative study was carried out. Women were recruited through the snowball sampling technique from various locations in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and the United States. They were of different nationalities and ethnicities. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The data transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Results
Women in this study deemed the information provided as insufficient, which led them to actively reach out and access a variety of media sources. Social networks played a vital role in sharing information but also resulted in the spread of hoaxes or rumors. Participants in our research perceived socio-economic inequities but focused on how to remedy their microenvironments. They did not engage in major social activities. Lack of trust in governments placed women in vulnerable situations by preventing them to follow the guidance of health authorities. These impacts were also a result of the response tactics of health and government administrations in their failed attempts to ensure the well-being of their countries’ populations.
Conclusions
Our findings call for a broad spectrum of public health interventions that go beyond individual level behavioral change campaigns, to more comprehensively address the broader meso and macro level factors that influence womens’ willingness and possibility to protect themselves.
Key words : Zika, women, social determinants, information, public health, maternal and child health
Asiatic acid attenuates hypertrophic and fibrotic differentiation of articular chondrocytes via AMPK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
Authors: Liu Na , Fu Dejie , Yang Junjun , Liu Pingju , Song Xiongbo , Wang Xin , Li Rui , Fu Zhenlan , Chen Jiajia , Gong Xiaoyuan , Chen Cheng , Yang Liu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common joint disorder, is characterized by a progressive degradation of articular cartilage. Increasing evidence suggests that OA is closely associated with cartilage pathologies including chondrocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis. Methods: In this study, we showed that asiatic acid (AA) treatment reduced chondrocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis. First, the cytotoxicity of AA (0, 5, 10, and 20 μM) to chondrocytes was evaluated, and 5 μM was selected for subsequent experiments. Then, we detected the gene and protein level of chondrocyte hypertrophic markers including type X collagen (COL-X), matrix metalloproteinase - 13 (MMP-13), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and chondrocyte fibrosis markers including type I collagen (COL-Ι) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and chondrogenic markers including SRY-related HMG box 9 (SOX9), type II collagen (COL-II) and aggrecan (ACAN). Further, we tested the mechanism of AA on inhibiting chondrocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis. Finally, we verified the results in an anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) rat OA model.Results: We found that AA treatment inhibited the hypertrophic and fibrotic phenotype of chondrocytes, without affecting the chondrogenic phenotype. Moreover, we found that AA treatment activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibited phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway in vitro. The results in an ACLT-rat OA model also indicated that AA significantly attenuated chondrocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis. Conclusion: AA treatment could reduce hypertrophic and fibrotic differentiation, and maintain the chondrogenic phenotype of articular chondrocytes by targeting the AMPK/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Our study suggested that AA might be a prospective drug component that targets hypertrophic and fibrotic chondrocytes for OA treatment.
MHC associations of ankylosing spondylitis in East Asians are complex and involve non-HLA-B27 HLA contributions
Authors: Wang Geng , Kim Tae-Hwan , Li Zhixiu , Cortes Adrian , Kim Kwangwoo , Bang So-Young , Leo Paul , Brown Matthew , Xu Huji 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background The association of HLA-B*27 with AS is amongst the strongest of any known association of a common variant with any human disease. Nonetheless, there is strong evidence indicating that other HLA-B alleles are involved in the disease. Large studies in European case-control cohorts have demonstrated risk associations with HLA-B*40 and multiple other HLA-B, -A and Class II alleles, and demonstrated that in that ethnic group the amino acid sequence at position 97 in HLA-B is the key determinant of HLA associations with AS. A recent study in Korean AS cases and controls additionally identified association at HLA-C*15:02. In the current study we examined the MHC associations of AS in an expanded east Asian cohort. Methods 1,637 Chinese, Taiwanese and Korean AS cases meeting the modified New York Criteria for AS, and 1,589 ethnically matched controls, were genotyped with the Illumina Immunochip, including a dense coverage of the MHC region. HLA genotypes and amino acid composition was imputed using the SNP2HLA program using the Han-MHC reference panel based on the data of Han Chinese subjects (largest Asian MHC reference available (n= 9,689)), and association tested using logistic regression using 10 principal components to control for population stratification effects. Results Strong association was seen with HLA-B*27 (odds ratio (OR) =205.3, P=5.764×10 -244 ). Controlling for this association, the strongest risk association is seen with HLA-C*15 at genome-wide significant level (OR = 7.62, P=9.30×10 -19 ), and confirmed association is also seen with HLA-B*40 at suggestive level (OR= 1.65, P= 2.54x10 -4 ). At amino acid level the strongest association seen in uncontrolled analysis was with histidine at position 114 in HLA-B (p=7.24 x10 -241 ), but conditional analyses suggest that the primary amino acid associations are with lysine at position 70 and asparagine at position 97. Restriction of the ERAP1 association with HLA-B27-positive AS, previously reported in European subjects, was confirmed in East Asians. Conclusions This study confirms in East Asians that the HLA associations of AS are multiple, including previously reported associations at HLA-B*27, -B*40, -C*15 , and –DRB1*01 , as well as novel associations with –DRB1*13 and –B*39 . The HLA-B associations are driven by the amino acids at positions 70 and 97, in the B-pocket of HLA-B.
Prevalence and associated factors of musculoskeletal disorders among working adults in Ethiopia: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Gebreyesus Tsiwaye , Janakiraman Balamurugan , Nigussie Kalkidan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Musculoskeletal disorders among the working population are a major public health problem, resulting in significant personal and national economic loss. Yet there is a lack of consensus estimates of the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among the working population in Ethiopia. This systematic review and meta-analysis will provide the pooled prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and its determinant factors among the adult working population in Ethiopia.Method: The electronic databases MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, Science Direct index, SCOPUS, PEDro, and Google Scholar will be systematically searched. In addition, the grey literature resources such as databases or websites of dissertations and theses will be searched. The reference list of screened articles will also be hand searched. All observational studies reporting on the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal pain of any bodily region among adult Ethiopians will be included. Random and quality effects models will be used to calculate pooled prevalence with a 95 % confidence interval. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses will be performed. Publication bias and heterogeneity between the included studies will also be assessed and reported.Discussion: The proposed systematic review and meta-analysis will provide valid insight into the pooled prevalence of multi-regional work-related musculoskeletal pain and factors associated to assist policymakers in occupational health and health care sectors. And further, we strongly believe that the data will also immensely help the understanding of the factors associated and in developing work exposure implementations,and prevention programs in workplaces.
Protection effect of gastrodin on learning and memory ability in vascular dementia by promoting autophagy flux via Ca2+/CaMKII signal pathway
Authors: chen Ting ting , zhou Xue , xu Yi ni , wu Xiao ying , xiang Quan , fu Ling yun , hu Xiao xia , tao Ling , shen Xiang chun 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Vascular dementia is a common and frequently-occurring disease in the process of human aging. Although the current treatment can delay the deterioration of the disease, it has not a great breakthrough in improving cognitive impairment. Therefore, exploring the potential key molecular targets of VD provide promising strategy for prevention and treatment. Methods: vascular dementia rats were reproduced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and anoxic injury of HT22 cells were induced by Cobalt Chloride (CoCl 2 , 200μM). The ability of spatial learning and memory was assessed by morris water maze (MWM) test. Histological analysis was performed by HE staining and immunohistochemical staining. The effects of gastrodin on autophagy flux and calcium signal in vascular dementia rats and HT22 cells during hypoxia injury were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Furthermore, intracellular Ca 2+ levels were quantified using a Ca 2+ quantification kit and were also measured by flow cytometric estimation of Fluo-4 AM. Results: Gastrodin significantly reversed cognitive deficits in vascular dementia rats. The results of immunohistochemical analysis and western blot confirmed that gastrodin could attenuate the levels of LC3, p62 and phosphorylated CaMKII in hippocampus of VD rats. In addition, gastrodin was similar to the early autophagic inhibitor (3-BDO) ameliorating CoCl 2 -induced autophagic flux dysfunction and p62 knockdown by siRNA also promoting autophagic flux patency, but the late autophagy inhibitor (CQ) weakened the improvement effect of gastrodin. Furthermore, gastrodin markedly inhibited CoCl 2 -induced autophagic flux dysfunction by inhibiting [Ca 2+ ] i -dependent CaMKII. Conclusion: Gastrodin is a potential promising candidate for VD by improving autophagy flux dysfunction via increasing lysosome acidification and autophagosome-lysosome fusion mediated by CaMKII-regulated suppression of p62 signaling. Keywords: Gastrodin, Vascular dementia, Neuron injury, Autophagic flux, Ca 2+ , CaMKII
Spatiotemporal association of low birth weight with Cs-137 deposition after Fukushima at the prefecture level in Japan: an ecological study
Authors: Scherb Hagen , Clinic Japan Hayashi Osaka Keiji Hayashi Children's 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Perinatal mortality increased in contaminated prefectures after the Fukushima Daichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accidents in Japan in 2011. Elevated numbers of surgeries for cryptorchidism and congenital heart malformations were observed throughout Japan from 2012 onward. The thyroid cancer detection rate (2011 to 2016) was associated with the dose-rate at the municipality level in the Fukushima prefecture. Since the birth weight is a simple and objective indicator for gestational development and pregnancy outcome, the question arises whether the annual birth weight distribution was distorted in a dose-rate-dependent manner across Japan after Fukushima. Data and Methods: The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare provides prefecture-specific annual counts for 26.158 million live births from 1995 to 2018, of which 2.366 million births (9.04%) with weights < 2500g. Prefecture-specific spatiotemporal trends of the low birth weight proportions were analyzed. Logistic regression allowing for level-shifts from 2012 onward was employed to test whether those level-shifts were proportional to the prefecture-specific dose-rates derived from Cs-137 deposition in the 47 Japanese prefectures. Results: The overall trend of the low birth weight proportion (LBWp) in Japan discloses a jump in 2012 with a jump odds ratio (OR) 1.020, 95%-confidence interval (1.003,1.037), p-value 0.0225. A logistic regression of LBWp on the additional dose-rate after Fukushima adjusted for prefecture-specific spatiotemporal base-line trends yields an OR per µSv/h of 1.098 (1.058, 1.139), p-value < 0.0001. Further adjusting the logistic regression for the annual population size and physician density of the prefectures, as well as for the counts of the dead, the missing, and the evacuees due to earthquake and tsunami (as surrogate measures for medical infrastructure and stress) yields an OR per µSv/h of 1.109 (1.032, 1.191), p-value 0.0046. Conclusion: This study shows increased low birth weight prevalence related to Cs-137 deposition and the corresponding additional dose-rate in Japan from 2012 onward. Previous evidence suggesting compromised gestational development and pregnancy outcome under elevated environmental ionizing radiation exposure is corroborated.
Effect of ambient temperature on incidence of tuberculosis and effect modification by meteorological factors in Jinan, China during 2012-2015
Authors: Ye Runze , Cui Liangliang , Zhou Jingwen , Wang Meihua , Jia Chongqi , Ruan Shiman 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
ObjectiveFor assessing the nonlinearity and delayed effect of temperature on incidence of Tuberculosis (TB) and effect modification by meteorology factors, daily data on meteorological factors, air pollutants and incidence were obtained in Jinan, China, from 2012 to 2015.MethodsA distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) combined with quasi-Poisson regression model was employed to assess the nonlinearity and the delayed effect of associations. We further built a series of weather-stratified models categorizing the meteorology factors into two levels to assess the effect modification of the ambient temperature effect. ResultsThe correlation between tuberculosis (TB) cases and daily average temperature (Tmean) was nonlinear with a delayed effect. At the current day (lag 0), the increase of Tmean decreased the risk of TB incidence; over lag 0-70 days, the decrease of low Tmean and the increase of the high Tmean both indicated the increased risk of TB. The cold temperature showed an immediate effect at the current day, with a harvesting effect in the following days. There was no significant harvesting effect in hot effect. Meanwhile, the effect of hot temperature on TB appeared with an about two-week lag and was lower than cold effect. The effect modifications by relative humidity, wind speed and sunshine duration were observed.ConclusionResults indicate that there was a nonlinear correlation with a harvesting effect between temperature and TB in Jinan, and both cold effect and heat effect exist the delayed effect. Results also pointed to the importance of considering effect modification by meteorological factors in assessing temperature effects on incidence of TB. Which might shed light on the strategy of TB prevention and control.
The effect of using awake craniotomy combined with multimodal techniques intraoperative on survival of patients with glioblastoma: a single-center experience
Authors: zhou hui , Yang Li , Lu Ming , Deng Xqing , Yang Mming 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background :We analysed outcomes of cerebral glioblastoma patients undergoing awake craniotomies combined with multimodal techniques for tumour resection, with regards to the extent of resection, functional preservation, and prognosis. Methods : A retrospective analysis was conducted on adult glioblastoma patients who underwent an awake craniotomy from September 2010 to August 2018 under anaesthesia combined with multimodal techniques. Results: In total, 81 glioblastoma patient charts were analysed. The most common lesion sites were the frontal lobe (n=36), temporal lobe (n=17), and parietal lobe (n=6). The main symptoms were headache (n=51), dyskinesia (n=11), speech disorder (n=9), and epilepsy (n=10). The extent of resection was gross total for 91.36% patients, subtotal for 7.41%, and partial for 1.23%. No deaths occurred 30 days post-operation. Intracranial haemorrhage occurred in 2 patients, seizures in 5 patients, and intracranial infections in 3 patients. There was no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative Karnofsky Performance Status scores (P>0.05). There were no significant changes in postoperative neurological function in 50 patients. Symptoms improved in 24 patients. Three patients exhibited motor dysfunction, 2 exhibited speech deficits, and 2 exhibited sensory deficits. The average duration of hospitalization was 6.89±2.66 days. The shortest survival time was 4 months, the longest survival time was 26 months, and the median survival time was 12 months. Conclusions: Awake craniotomy using multimodal techniques such as neuronavigation, intraoperative ultrasound, electrophysiology, and tumour fluorescence during an operation can maximize safety during the cerebral glioblastoma resection, thus protecting brain function and improving surgical efficacy and patients’ postoperative quality of life.