bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
283 Performance and mineral fecal excretion of post weaned piglets are influenced by different sources of zinc oxide
Authors: Moita Vitor Hugo C , Abreu Márvio L , Silva Bruno N , Chaves Rhuan , Tolentino Ronaldo Lucas S , Gonçalves Mateus F , Lima Valesca 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the impact of the supplementation on post weaning diets of the conventional source of zinc oxide (ZnO) and/or a potentiated source of zinc oxide (PZnO) and different (P) levels on productive performance, incidence of diarrhea, (Zn) and (Cu) fecal excretion. Eighty-four pigs weaned at 21 days of age were allocated in a randomized block design with four dietary treatments [T1: no inclusion of ZnO and regular P levels (0.440%; 0.420%; 0.400%; 0.380%); T2: inclusion of ZnO and regular P levels (0.440%; 0.420%; 0.400%; 0.380%); T3: ZnO and PZnO and 10% low P levels (0.396%; 0.379%; 0.360%; 0.340%); T4: inclusion of the PZnO and 10% low P levels (0.396%; 0.379%; 0.360%; 0.340%)], with seven replications and three pigs/pen. The nutritional program was: (pre-starter 1: d 21 to 28; pre-starter II: d 28 to 35; starter I: d 35 to 49; and starter II: d 49 to 63). The Tukey test was adopted to compare the means (SAS, 9.3). From d 1 to 14, T2 improved ADG (P &lt; 0.05) and BW (P &lt; 0.05) at d 14. From the period of d1 to d28, pigs fed with T2 diets showed higher ADG (P &lt; 0.05), ADFI (P &lt; 0.05) and, consequently, higher BW (P &lt; 0.05) at d 28. From d 1 to 42, pigs fed with PZnO diet performed the highest ADFI (P &lt; 0.05). Evaluating overall data of diarrhea, T2 reduced the incidence of diarrhea (P &lt; 0.05). T4 reduced Zn and P fecal excretion during the period from d 7 to 28 (P &lt; 0.05). Therefore, the use of ZnO and PZnO provide the same performance results of piglets on the period from d 1 to 42 after weaning. Furthermore, the inclusion of PZnO reduces the Zn and P fecal excretion.
30 Uterine flushing as a non-invasive method to access inflammatory cytokines in sows reproductive tract after parturition
Authors: Garcia Ricardo M , Stewart Kara R , Radcliffe John S , Schinckel Allan P , Richert Brian T 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, can reduce feed intake and drastically modify the partitioning of nutrients. Thus, it may increase the animal’s maintenance requirements, reduce milk production and piglet growth, impact reproductive performance, and reduce sow lifetime productivity. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate a non-invasive method, not tested before in swine, to assess cytokine profiles from post-partum uterine lavage. The uteri of second and third parity sows (n=14) were flushed with sterile saline solution (0.9%) on days 2, 4, and 14 post-parturition. An artificial insemination (AI) catheter, in its plastic covering, to avoid vaginal contents, was inserted through the vagina into the cervix. A flexible inner catheter was passed through the outer AI catheter and into the uterine horn. Sterile saline (30-40 mL) was flushed through the inner catheter into one uterine horn. After inner catheter removal, a tube was attached to the end of the outer AI catheter to allow collection of the natural back-flow of uterine lavage fluid (avg 24.7% recovery). Uterine fluid collected was immediately centrifuged and the supernatant stored at -20°C. Samples were freeze-dried, re-suspended in sterile saline (2 mL), and stored at -80°C. Cytokine profiles of the uterine fluid were evaluated using a multiplex ELISA panel including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-4, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Cytokine concentrations were calculated relative to protein content (pg/mg of protein). IFN-γ and TNF-α were lower than the limit of detection in most samples (5/38 and 1/38, respectively). IL-4 and IL-10 concentrations did not differ among days of collection (P &gt;0.14). IL-8 was greater on day 4 than on days 2 or 14 (P&lt; 0.05). IL-1β and IL-6 were greater on days 2 and 4 than on day 14 (P&lt; 0.05). Uterine flushing is a novel non-invasive method to access uterine inflammatory cytokines in sows.
238 Linking livestock phenomics and precision livestock farming
Authors: Juarez Manuel M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Numerous pre- and post-mortem factors, such as genotype, production system, growth promotants, diet, health events, stress, slaughter age and weight, carcass chilling, and ageing time, have been shown to impact beef production and final product quality. The objective of livestock phenomics is the systematic acquisition of high dimensional phenotypic data, which requires measuring phenomes as they change in response to genetic mutation and environmental influences. Due to the decrease in costs associated to genomics technology and related fields, researchers had to face the so called “phenomic gap”, a lack of sufficient, appropriate phenotypic data. Selecting phenotypes of interests, standardizing methodologies, developing high-throughput data collection systems, systematically recording environmental factors, and integrating bioinformatics are some of the challenges when developing a livestock phenomics program. Precision livestock farming aims at applying continuous, automated real-time monitoring systems to optimize livestock management. The information collected by these systems can be used to optimize individual animal health and welfare, reproductive traits, and productivity, as well as environmental influences. This approach requires the use of novel technologies and the management of large amounts of data. Multiple technologies and sensors are already being used, or have the potential, to monitor important individual traits. These two interdisciplinary fields share multiple objectives that could lead to significant synergies. The complexity of in-farm data collection varies depending on the species and production system, with beef cattle presenting specific challenges. In addition, data collection needs to continue after slaughter, as carcass and meat quality traits are influenced by in vivo practices, determine the final profitability of the system, and need to be taken into consideration to modify management practices. Integrating livestock phenomics and precision livestock farming approaches will lead to a faster development of both fields and an optimal use of resources.
103 Effect of a single Revalor-XH or Revalor-200/Revalor-200 re-implant program and zinc supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics, and liver mineral of feedlot heifers
Authors: Messersmith Elizabeth M , Niedermayer Emma , Crawford Grant , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A 169-d study utilizing 208 Angus-cross heifers (291 ± 23 kg; 4 sources) in a 2×2 factorial examined the effects of implant strategy and Zn supplementation on growth and mineral status of heifers. Factors included 2 implant (Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ) strategies: extended-release Revalor-XH on d 0 (REV-XH; 20 mg estradiol+200 mg trenbolone acetate) or Revalor-200 on d 0 and 91 (REV-200; 20 mg estradiol+200 mg trenbolone acetate) and 2 supplemental Zn (mg/kg dry matter [DM]; ZnSO4) strategies: national (30; NRC) or industry (100; IND) recommendations. Heifers were blocked by weight within source (n = 5 or 6 heifers/pen; 9 pens/treatment), received a corn silage-based diet (d 0-56), then transitioned to a corn-based diet fed via concrete bunks. Data were analyzed in Proc Mixed of SAS; fixed effects of implant (IMP), Zn, interaction, and source with the repeated effect of time for average daily gain (ADG) and liver mineral. Initial weight served as a covariate for performance and carcass data. Revalor-200 had greater ADG from d 0-28 and 91-120, while REV-XH peaked during d 56-91 (IMP × time; P = 0.02), corresponding to likely periods of greatest hormone payout from each implant. Liver Mn concentrations decreased on d 14 regardless of implant while d 105 and 164 concentrations were lesser for REV-200 (IMP × time; P = 0.02). Hot carcass weight, DM intake, carcass-adjusted ADG and feed efficiency were not different between IMP strategies (P ≥ 0.18). Steers fed IND tended to be heavier on d 91 (P = 0.06) and were heavier on d 120 (P = 0.05) than NRC; however, final BW did not differ due to Zn (P = 0.37). The similar performance between implant strategies and superior performance during peak hormone payout by heifers supplemented IND vs. NRC suggests increased Zn may support rapid growth.
225 Effects of late gestation Calcium salts of fatty acids supplementation to beef cows on offspring pre-weaning growth performance and gene expression
Authors: Shao Taoqi , Ireland Frank , Mccann Joshua , Shike Daniel W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives were to investigate the effects of supplementing Ca salts of fatty acids to beef cows during late gestation on the pre-weaning growth performance and gene expression of steer progeny. Ninety-six fall-calving, Angus x Simmental cows (BW = 601±76 kg) were randomly assigned into 8 pastures (4 pastures/treatment; 12 cows/pasture), supplemented soyhulls mixed with 80 g/cow/d Strata + 80 g/cow/d Prequel (PUFA, rich in linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid) or 155 g/cow/d EnerGII (SFA/MUFA, rich in palmitic and oleic acids) for 76.5±6.0 d prepartum. Cow/calf pairs were comingled after calving. Biopsies of Longissimus dorsi (LD) and subcutaneous adipose were taken at birth and 3 wk before weaning (186±6 d). The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Supplementing PUFA increased (P &lt; 0.01) cow plasma eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid at midpoint of supplementation. At birth, PUFA steers had greater (P &lt; 0.05) plasma EPA and lower (P &lt; 0.01) plasma linolenic acid and oleic acid than SFA/MUFA steers. Weaning BW and pre-weaning ADG of the SFA/MUFA steers tended (P &lt; 0.07) to be greater than PUFA steers. SFA/MUFA steers had increased (P = 0.04) expression of Zfp423 in adipose. There tended to be a treatment×time interaction (P = 0.06) for expression of Myf5 in LD; expression of Myf5 was greatest in SFA/MUFA steers at birth. There was a treatment×time interaction (P = 0.05) for expression of Pax7; expression was greater in SFA/MUFA steers at birth than any treatment at weaning. There were treatment×time interactions (P &lt; 0.01) for expression of Myh7 and C/EBPβ in LD; expressions were greatest in PUFA steers at weaning. Supplementing Ca salts of PUFA to beef cows during late gestation altered plasma fatty acid profile of cow and calf, affected gene expression, and decreased offspring growth performance.
249 Evaluation of FluidQuip Dried Distillers Grains plus Solubles in Cattle Finishing Diets
Authors: Wiseman Aksel , Boyd Brad , McPhillips Levi , Tilton Scott , Watson Andrea K , Erickson Galen E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A 112 d finishing study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) from the MSC-Fiber stream of the FluidQuip post-fermentation fiber separation process compared to conventional DDGS. Yearling crossbred steers (n = 240, initial BW = 463 ± 35kg) were blocked by initial BW, stratified by BW, and assigned randomly to pen (n = 30; 8 steers/pen). Treatments were arranged as a 2×2 + 1 factorial with DDGS type (MSC DDGS [MSC]; Conventional DDGS [CONV]) and inclusion level (20 or 40% diet DM) as the factors. All treatments were compared to a corn-based control (CON). DDGS replaced a 60:40 blend of high-moisture corn and dry-rolled corn. All diets contained 7.5% alfalfa hay and supplement. Data were analyzed as a randomized block design with pen as experimental unit and block as fixed effect. Increasing concentrations of CONV or MSC resulted in a linear increase in DMI (P &lt; 0.01). Steers fed 40% MSC had the greatest DMI (P &lt; 0.01) while CON steers had the least (P &lt; 0.02). Daily gains for MSC steers linearly increased (P = 0.03), while CONV steers showed a tendency for a quadratic response to ADG (P=0.08). Feed efficiency of CONV steers increased quadratically (P = 0.04) and tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.09) for steers fed MSC. Efficiency was greatest for 20% CONV but not different (P &gt; 0.16) than CON, or 20% MSC. Steers fed 40% MSC or 40% CONV were not different in feed efficiency. Inclusion of MSC DDGS resulted in linear increases in DMI and ADG over CON, but decreased feed efficiency by 1.0 and 5.3% resulting in MSC DDGS having a relative feeding value of 95.0 and 86.7% of corn at 20 and 40% DM, respectively.
140 Young Scholar Presentation: Immune activation and its effects on energetics and calcium homeostasis
Authors: Horst Erin A , Baumgard Lance H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Nutrient partitioning towards productive processes (i.e., milk production, growth, and reproduction) is key to economically profitable agriculture. During immune activation, the hierarchy of coordinated nutrient trafficking is reprioritized towards the immune system at the expense of production. Dairy cows encounter frequent immune challenges, as bacterial insults can originate from a myriad of sources including the uterus, mammary gland, and gastrointestinal tract. Regardless of the origin, immune activation hinders animal welfare and evidence suggests it may play a role in many post-calving undesirable phenotypes (i.e., decreased DMI, increased NEFA, hypocalcemia). Following activation, leukocytes undergo a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis (a phenomenon known as the “Warburg effect”) and begin consuming copious amounts of glucose. In a lactating cow the glucose requirement of the acutely activated immune system exceeds 1 kg in a 12-hour period. To ensure adequate glucose delivery to leukocytes several well-characterized metabolic adjustments are employed including hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia (depending on the stage and severity of infection), increased insulin and glucagon, increased skeletal muscle catabolism, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypoketonemia. The energetic burden of immune activation is intensified by a simultaneous decrease in feed intake and thus reduced intestinally derived substrates. In addition to energetic metabolism, immune activation induces a marked and sustained decrease in circulating calcium (Ca). Recently, we have demonstrated that the total Ca deficit was ~20 g during an acute (12 hour) and intense model of immune activation. Infection-induced hypocalcemia is a species conserved response, yet, it remains largely unknown what role Ca plays during infection and why it acutely decreases. Although, evidence suggests it may serve as a protective strategy to prevent a hyper-inflammatory systemic response during infection. In summary, immune activation negatively influences metabolic, hormonal, and Ca homeostasis and these alterations closely mimic changes observed in poorly transitioning dairy cows. Having a better understanding of the impact of immune activation on nutrient trafficking and Ca homeostasis will provide foundational information for developing strategies aimed at minimizing production losses during infection.
154 A genetic marker for PRRS resistance has no adverse effect on economically important traits in pigs
Authors: Zhang Chunyan , Thekkoot Dinesh , Kemp Bob , Dekkers Jack , Plastow Graham 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) is a very costly viral disease of pigs. A genetic marker for host response to PRRS on chromosome 4 (rs80800372, (WUR)) could be used to select for resilience to PPRS. However, before including WUR in selection, it is necessary to know effects of WUR on economically important traits without PRRS. A dataset with both genotypes and phenotypes on purebred Duroc (D), Landrace (L), Yorkshire (Y) and crossbred (LY or DLY) pigs was used. A total of 20 traits were tested. Sow reproduction and litter traits were available on &gt; 13,000 D, L and Y and 1,549 LY sows. Growth and ultrasound traits were recorded on &gt;35,000 D, L and Y and 2,622 DLY pigs. Daily feed intake (70-120kg) was from 4,133 Durocs. Carcass and meat quality traits were from 2,184 Durocs, 1,160 Yorkshires and 2,184 DLY pigs. All animals were genotyped using a custom SNP chip ( &gt; 55K) including WUR. Analyses were done within each breed using an animal model. WUR was fitted as a fixed effect by classifying pigs with one or two favourable alleles (B) into one group and others into a second group. Contemporary group, parity, litter, lactation length and net fostering effects were considered depending on the traits. Relationship matrices were constructed using pedigree in purebreds and genotypes in crossbreds. WUR had no significant ( P &gt;0.05 ) effect on any trait, except for number of pigs alive at 24hrs in Y and ultrasound loin depth in D and Y ( P&lt; 0.05 ) but the favorable WUR allele also had favorable effects on these two traits. These results were similar to the report by Dunkelberger et al. (J. Anim. Sci. 2017, 95: 2838). In conclusion, WUR had no adverse effects on any trait and can be used to select pigs with increased resilience to PRRS.
69 Connecting with the next generation of shepherds – an online sheep-based webpage serves as an additional tool in Extension education
Authors: Campbell Braden J , McCutcheon Jefferson S , Fluharty Francis L , Parker Anthony J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Cooperative Extension education continues to maintain a strong foothold in educating people in the agricultural industry. To connect with the next generation of agriculturalists, Extension needs to investigate alternative methods to disseminate educational material. Developing and maintaining a webpage that provides relevant and scientific based sheep production information is critical as interest in the small ruminant industry continues to rise. The Ohio State University Extension Sheep Team webpage provides shepherds across the nation with the latest information regarding sheep production from daily management to industry outreach. In addition, a unique highlight of the webpage includes research summaries of sheep research conducted at Ohio State that are simplified to illustrate real-world application to improve on-farm production efficiencies. Over the past year alone, the OSU Extension Sheep Team webpage has recorded over 90,000 page views with an average visit duration time of approximately two minutes. Of these page views, approximately 9,000 originate from locations beyond the United States including Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. According to the web servers’ descriptive statistic analysis, the top referral search engine is Google, representing 58% of all page visits. Interestingly, due the OSU Extension Sheep Team’s presence on social media, Facebook accounts for approximately 18% of all page visits whereas direct subscription of the weekly newsletter only accounts for 15% of all page visits. Furthermore, top article topics include those that relate to basic sheep management practices, health and disease, parasite control methods, and common poisonous plants. Due to the unusual weather patterns of 2019, an article related to poisonous plants accounted for 16% of the webpage’s total visits, which surpassed the number of homepage visits. In order to continue providing relevant Extension information, universities should consider utilizing web-based articles to efficiently reach a larger audience and provide timely articles based upon viewer interest.
55 Rumen undegradable protein content of native range and sub irrigated meadow forages
Authors: Wheeler Kaylee E , Klopfenstein Terry J , MacDonald James C , Watson Andrea K , Wilson Hannah C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The in situ mobile bag procedure was used to compare rumen undegradable protein (RUP) content and RUP digestibility of Nebraska Sandhills range and meadow diet samples. Meadow samples (n = 12) were from June, July and August of 2 years while range samples (n = 19) were from June, July, September and December of 6 years. Samples were collected using esophageally fistulated cows (samples from 2 cows composited per time point), freeze-dried, and ground through a 2 mm screen. For each sample, 1.25 g was weighed into 8 replicate 8×10 cm Dacron bags with 50-µm pore size. Rumen incubation time was based on estimated digestibility and passage rate. Following rumen incubation, analysis of neutral detergent insoluble N (NDIN) on one-half of the bags was used to calculate RUP content. Remaining bags were treated with pepsin/HCl solution (37 °C) and stirred for three hours before duodenal incubation. Analysis of NDIN after recovery from feces determined RUP digestibility. Data were analyzed using month as a fixed effect and year and experiment as random effects. In meadow samples, CP (15.0% of DM) was consistent across June, July, and August (P = 0.72). Range samples tended to differ in CP content (P = 0.11), with June, July and September being similar (8.15% of DM) while December was 6.01%. In meadow samples, RUP averaged 21.9% of CP while range samples averaged 26.7% of CP, with no differences due to month (P ≥ 0.32). Because CP content was changing in range samples, RUP as a % of DM tended (P = 0.14) to decrease in December (1.66) compared to June, July, and Sept (2.25). In meadow samples, RUP digestibility (%) declined from 74.7% in June to 61.4% in July and Aug (P = 0.07). RUP digestibility (%) averaged 43.9% for all range samples (P = 0.66).
57 Effects of rest period prior to processing on growth and performance during the receiving period in feedlot heifers
Authors: Buessing Zachary , Tarpoff A J , Theurer Miles , Jones Tom , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Cattle feeders work to decrease the severity of transport stress. The objective of this experiment was to determine how the time of rest prior to processing impacts subsequent performance in feedlot heifers during the receiving period. Eighty mixed-breed heifers (250 ± 4.2 kg BW) were purchased at live auction in Oklahoma City, OK and transported to the Kansas State University Manhattan. Heifers were allotted in a completely randomized design to one of four treatments, then processed at 0, 6, 24, or 48 hours after arrival. After all cattle were processed, they were placed in individual pens, where daily DMI, refusals, and health outcomes were evaluated twice daily. Cattle were individually weighed on d 0, 14, and 35. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (v. 9.4, Cary, NC). Time of processing did not impact (P &gt; 0.10) heifer body weight or ADG. Overall, there was a linear inverse relationship between DMI and time at rest (P = 0.027) from d 0 to 14. The same pattern was observed overall, from d 0 to 35 (P = 0.027). Time of rest prior to processing impacted (P = 0.038) the proportion of heifers that reached a target of 2.5% DMI per BW by 14 days after arrival (25, 60, 53, and 24% of cattle with 0, 6, 24, or 48 hours of rest, respectively). While G:F and morbidity did not differ among treatments (P &gt; 0.10), mortality increased linearly (P = 0.026) with increasing time of rest. This study suggests that allowing feedlot heifers to rest after arrival for more than 24 hours before processing may negatively affect subsequent DMI, but without substantially altering body weight or ADG in calves fed in individual pens; additional research in traditional feedlot group-housed pens and environment is warranted to further evaluate these effects.