bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat Transfer Characteristics and Bubble Behaviors During Nucleate Flow Boiling for Sodium Chloride Solution
Authors: Gu Junping , Tang Guoli , Wu Yuxin , Lyu Junfu , Yang Hairui , Zhang Man , Wang Qinggong 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Deep understanding of nucleate boiling heat transfer mechanism of saline solution is of great importance for the design and safe operation of steam generation equipment. In this paper, the nucleate flow boiling process of saline solution in a vertical heated pipe was experimentally studied within the concentration range of 0 % ∼ 6 %. In order to realize the visualization, the vertical heated pipe was made of transparent silica glass and a transparent ITO heater was used to provide energy for boiling. The high-speed high-resolution camera was used to capture the vapor-liquid two-phase flow structure. The bubble behaviors such as bubble departure diameter, bubble departure frequency, bubble growth time and waiting time were investigated under different operating conditions. The experimental results showed that the heat transfer deterioration did not occur within the solution concentration of 6% in this work. Under some low heat flux conditions, the heat transfer coefficients of solution can be higher than those of pure water. The reason for this phenomenon can be explained by the different bubble behaviors. Comparing to pure water, the bubble departure diameter of saline solution is bigger and bubble departure frequency is lower. The influences of operating parameters, including concentration, mass flux (200 kg/m2s ∼ 600 kg/m2s), heat flux (30 kW/m2 ∼ 180 kW/m2) and subcooling of fluid (5 K ∼ 35 K), on the nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficients and bubble parameters were comprehensively studied.
The Effects of Nucleating Agents on Phase Transition of a Salt Hydrate Phase-Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage Heat Exchangers
Authors: Kannan Sarath , Jog M. A. , Manglik Raj M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Salt hydrate based Phase-Change Materials (PCM) typically store and discharge large quantities of heat during their phase transition process. However, the repeated use of these PCM, especially when they are completely dehydrated and superheated in a cyclic process, is impeded by certain irreversible behavior. These include (1) phase segregation: where the PCM degrades to forms a lower hydrate during phase transition while losing its storage capacity, and (2) subcooling: when crystallization and rehydration from the liquid PCM state occurs at a temperature lower than their phase transition point. Higher degrees of subcooling (ΔTs), which is how much the PCM has to be super cooled below its phase transition temperature for crystallization to begin, adversely affects its performance and in some cases renders it ineffective. Lithium Nitrate Trihydrate [(LNT) LiNO3.3H2O] is one of the more promising candidate among these inorganic salt hydrate PCMs because of its rather stable phase change behavior and relatively very high latent heat capacity (282kJ/kg). Nevertheless, when completely in superheated liquid phase, it requires a high degree of subcooling (ΔTs &gt; 20°C), which limits its utility. This study reports a novel nucleating agent — Zinc Nitrate Hexahydrate (ZNH) that reduces the subcooling to below 5°C (1000 Cycles). However, the latent heat capacity reduced to half the initial value after the cycling.
Parallel Triangular Channel System for Sensible Heat Thermal Energy Storages With External Heat Losses
Authors: Andreozzi Assunta , Buonomo Bernardo , Ercole Davide , Manca Oronzio 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Solar energy is an important renewable energy source that is increasingly used. One of the main drawbacks in the solar energy application is its working periodic time.
Thermal Energy Storage (TES) can improve the efficient use and provision of thermal energy whenever there is a mismatch between energy generation and use. Various subsets of TES processes have been investigated and developed for heating and cooling of buildings, industrial applications, and utility and space power systems. The amount of energy input to TES by a sensible heat device is proportional to the difference between the storage final and initial temperatures, the mass of storage medium and its heat capacity.
In this paper a high temperature TES is numerically investigated, and a parametric analysis is accomplished. In the formulation of the model it is assumed that the system geometry is cylindrical, the fluid thermophysical properties are dependent on temperature, the effect of gravity is neglected. Air is employed as the heat-carrying fluid and the solid elements, which are minichannels, are made of Cordierite. The system is a honeycomb structure made of parallel triangular channels. The Fluent code is used to solve the governing equations in transient regime. Numerical simulations are carried out with storage medium at different mass flow rates of the heat-carrying fluid and different number of channels for unit of length. Results show the effects of storage medium, mass flow rate on stored thermal energy and storage time. Results in terms of temperature as function of time are presented.
Pinch Point Analysis of Air Cooler in sCO2 Brayton Cycle Operating Over Ambient Temperature Range
Authors: Deshmukh Ankur , Kapat Jayanta 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Supercritical CO2 Brayton Power cycle is getting commercially attractive for power generation due to its numerous advantages like zero water discharge, compactness, low environmental emission and potential to reach high thermal efficiency. A typical recuperated sCO2 closed cycle consists of three heat exchangers (main heat exchanger, cooler and recuperator) and two turbomachinery (sCO2 turbine and sCO2 compressor). The cooler using ambient air for cooling is the focus of this study. Steady state air cooler model is set up to study the effect of air cooler size on cycle efficiency. The effect of change in ambient air temperature on air cooler pinch point for different air cooler sizes is analyzed using transient air cooler model. The simulation is setup for design of approximately 100MWe sCO2 cycle with operating temperature of 700° C and pressure of 250 barA. Transient calculations are done using LMS AMESim. LMS AMESim is Siemens PLM commercially available software. This work thus serves as a framework to develop a design basis for air cooler in sCO2 cycle as a function of transient operating conditions.
Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Graphite Mold Quenched by Water
Authors: Pan Yi , Thomas Jeffrey , Propes Chris 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) can be manufactured by infiltrating a melting matrix alloy into hard powders — such as silicon carbide and tungsten carbide — loaded in a graphite mold and quenched to achieve a specific quenching temperature profile for proper solidification. Water quench is a widely used quenching technique within the aluminum and steel industry. It is more common to apply numerical simulation to optimize process parameters and help improve product quality, which depends upon reliable boundary conditions (e.g., heat flux or heat transfer coefficient); however, heat transfer coefficient changes with surface temperature and water flow rate. Moreover, the heat transfer coefficient in the discussed manufacturing process was never quantified. A combined experimental and simulation method to investigate heat transfer coefficient of the external surface of the graphite mold associated with water quenching is proposed. Firstly, the heat flux from the graphite mold is measured, which varies with water flow rate, mold surface temperature, nozzle arrangement, and water flow pattern. Without modifying the hardware design, this study focuses on the effects of water flow rate and mold surface temperature on surface heat flux. Secondly, the temperature distribution within the mold is used to inversely determine the heat transfer coefficient by solving an inversed optimization problem.
Sustainable development for global mental health: a typology and systematic evidence mapping of external actors in low-income and middle-income countries
Authors: Iemmi Valentina 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionMental disorders account for a substantial burden of disease and costs in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), but attract few resources. With LMIC governments often under economic pressure, an understanding of the external funding landscape is urgently needed. This study develops a new typology of external actors in global health adapted for the sustainable development goals (SDGs) era and uses it to systematically map available evidence on external actors in global mental health.MethodsThe new typology was developed in line with conceptualisation in the literature and the SDGs to include 11 types of external actors for health in LMICs. Five databases (EconLit, Embase, Global Health, MEDLINE, PsycINFO) were searched for manuscripts published in peer-reviewed journals in English, French, Italian, Portuguese or Spanish between 1 January 2000 and 31 July 2018 and reporting information on external actors for mental disorders in LMICs. Records were screened by abstract, then full-text against inclusion criteria. Data were extracted and synthesised using narrative analysis.Results79 studies were included in the final review. Five were quantitative studies analysing the resource flow of development assistance for mental health globally over the last two decades. The remainder were qualitative studies providing a description of external actors: the majority of them were published in the last decade, focused on Africa, and on public sector (bilateral and multilateral governmental organisations) and third sector organisations (non-governmental organisations). Evidence was particularly scarce for for-profit organisations and individual households.ConclusionThis study reveals opportunities for unlocking additional funding for global mental health in the SDG-era from an ecosystem of external actors, and highlights the need to coordinate efforts and to use sustainable, ethical approaches to disbursements. Further research is needed to understandallexternal actors and the allocation of their contributions in different settings.
An overview of GLP-1 agonists and recent cardiovascular outcomes trials
Authors: Sheahan Kelsey H , Wahlberg Elizabeth A , Gilbert Matthew P 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGlucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are emerging as an important therapy to consider for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) given this class of treatment’s ability to reduce glycated haemoglobin and their associated weight loss and low risk for hypoglycaemia. Additionally, seven cardiovascular outcomes trials (CVOTs) have been performed in the past 4 years using lixisenatide, liraglutide, semaglutide, exenatide, albiglutide, dulaglutide and oral semaglutide. All have found non-inferiority for cardiovascular outcomes, with many finding superiority of these drugs. These findings have transformed our guidelines on pharmacological treatment of T2D. This review article will discuss GLP-1 RA therapy, review the seven CVOTs reported to date and discuss the implications on current guidelines and therapies going forward.
Hepatitis C infection among men who have sex with men living with HIV in New York City, 2000–2015
Authors: Gabai Claudia Michelle , Moore Miranda S , Penrose Katherine , Braunstein Sarah , Bocour Angelica , Neaigus Alan , Winters Ann 
Published: December 2019

Objectives
To calculate the rate of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) with no reported history of injection drug use (IDU), and to assess whether disparities exist in HIV/HCV coinfection by race/ethnicity and neighbourhood poverty level within this population in New York City.

Methods
HIV-positive men who reported sex with men and did not report IDU at the time of HIV diagnosis, diagnosed through 2015 and alive as of 2000, were matched to people with HCV first reported to the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene between 2000 and 2015. Those with HCV reported before or within 90 days of HIV infection were excluded. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was fit to compare the association between HCV diagnosis, race/ethnicity and neighbourhood poverty level.

Results
From 2000 to 2015, 54 488 non-IDU MSM were diagnosed with HIV, of whom 2762 (5.1%) were diagnosed with HCV after HIV diagnosis, yielding an overall age-adjusted HCV diagnosis rate of 512 per 100 000 person-years. HIV/HCV coinfection was significantly higher among non-Latino blacks (adjusted HR (aHR)=1.24, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.40) compared with non-Latino whites and among persons living in high-poverty neighbourhoods compared with those in low-poverty neighbourhoods (aHR=1.17, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.35) after stratification by year of HIV diagnosis.

Conclusion
Disparities in HIV/HCV coinfection among HIV-positive MSM were observed by race/ethnicity and neighbourhood poverty level. Routine HCV screening is recommended for people infected with HIV. People coinfected with HIV and HCV should be linked to HCV care, treated and cured to reduce morbidity and mortality, and to avoid ongoing HCV transmission.
Simplest phonons and pseudo-phonons in field theory
Authors: Musso Daniele 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe study the emergence of Nambu–Goldstone modes due to broken translation symmetry in field theory. Purely spontaneous breaking yields a massless phonon which develops a mass upon introducing a perturbative explicit breaking. The pseudo-phonon mass agrees with Gell Mann-Oakes-Renner relations. We analyze the simplest possible theories featuring gradient Mexican hats and describing space-dependent order parameters. We comment on homogeneous translation breaking and the connections with holographic Q-lattices.
Primate somatosensory cortical neurons are entrained to both spontaneous and peripherally evoked spindle oscillations
Authors: Sritharan Srihari Y. , Contreras-Hernández Enrique , Richardson Andrew G. , Lucas Timothy H. 
Published: December 2019

Recurrent thalamocortical circuits produce a number of rhythms critical to brain function. In slow-wave sleep, spindles (7–16 Hz) are a prominent spontaneous oscillation generated by thalamic circuits and triggered by cortical slow waves. In wakefulness and under anesthesia, brief peripheral sensory stimuli can evoke 10-Hz reverberations due potentially to similar thalamic mechanisms. Functionally, sleep spindles and peripherally evoked spindles may play a role in memory consolidation and perception, respectively. Yet, rarely have the circuits involved in these two rhythms been compared in the same animals and never in primates. Here, we investigated the entrainment of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) neurons to both rhythms in ketamine-sedated macaques. First, we compared spontaneous spindles in sedation and natural sleep to validate the model. Then, we quantified entrainment with spike-field coherence and phase-locking statistics. We found that S1 neurons entrained to spontaneous sleep spindles were also entrained to the evoked spindles, although entrainment strength and phase systematically differed. Our results indicate that the spindle oscillations triggered by top-down spontaneous cortical activity and bottom-up peripheral input share a common cortical substrate. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Brief sensory stimuli evoke 10-Hz oscillations in thalamocortical neuronal activity and in perceptual thresholds. The mechanisms underlying this evoked rhythm are not well understood but are thought to be similar to those generating sleep spindles. We directly compared the entrainment of cortical neurons to both spontaneous spindles and peripherally evoked oscillations in sedated monkeys. We found that the entrainment strengths to each rhythm were positively correlated, although with differing entrainment phases, implying involvement of similar networks.
GABA bouton subpopulations in the human dentate gyrus are differentially altered in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Alhourani Ahmad , Fish Kenneth N. , Wozny Thomas A. , Sudhakar Vivek , Hamilton Ronald L. , Richardson R. Mark 
Published: December 2019

Medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy is a devastating disease, for which surgical removal of the seizure onset zone is the only known cure. Multiple studies have found evidence of abnormal dentate gyrus network circuitry in human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Principal neurons within the dentate gyrus gate entorhinal input into the hippocampus, providing a critical step in information processing. Crucial to that role are GABA-expressing neurons, particularly parvalbumin (PV)-expressing basket cells (PVBCs) and chandelier cells (PVChCs), which provide strong, temporally coordinated inhibitory signals. Alterations in PVBC and PVChC boutons have been described in epilepsy, but the value of these studies has been limited due to methodological hurdles associated with studying human tissue. We developed a multilabel immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and a custom segmentation algorithm to quantitatively assess PVBC and PVChC bouton densities and to infer relative synaptic protein content in the human dentate gyrus. Using en bloc specimens from MTLE subjects with and without hippocampal sclerosis, paired with nonepileptic controls, we demonstrate the utility of this approach for detecting cell-type specific synaptic alterations. Specifically, we found increased density of PVBC boutons, while PVChC boutons decreased significantly in the dentate granule cell layer of subjects with hippocampal sclerosis compared with matched controls. In contrast, bouton densities for either PV-positive cell type did not differ between epileptic subjects without sclerosis and matched controls. These results may explain conflicting findings from previous studies that have reported both preserved and decreased PV bouton densities and establish a new standard for quantitative assessment of interneuron boutons in epilepsy. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A state-of-the-art, multilabel immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and custom segmentation algorithm technique, developed previously for studying synapses in the human prefrontal cortex, was modified to study the hippocampal dentate gyrus in specimens surgically removed from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. The authors discovered that chandelier and basket cell boutons in the human dentate gyrus are differentially altered in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.
Activation of CRF2 receptor increases gastric vagal afferent mechanosensitivity
Authors: Li Hui , Page Amanda J. 
Published: December 2019

Gastric vagal afferent (GVA) sensing of food-related mechanical stimuli is a crucial mechanism in the control of feeding behavior and gastric function. Stress is an important factor contributing to eating disorders and gastric diseases. Chronic stress has been shown to increase the mechanosensitivity of GVAs in mice and to reduce food intake and body weight. Whether the mechanosensitivity of GVAs is modulated by stress hormones is not known. This study aimed to determine the effect of stress hormones on GVA mechanosensitivity. The expression of stress hormone receptors in GVA cell bodies was determined in 8-wk-old male C57BL/6 mice using quantitative RT-PCR combined with laser capture microdissection. The mechanosensitivity of GVAs was determined in the absence and presence of stress hormones using an in vitro single-fiber recording preparation. NR3C1 and CRHR2 (mRNA isoforms of glucocorticoid receptor and CRF2 receptor, respectively) were expressed in GVA neurons. The glucocorticoid receptor agonist corticosterone had no effect on the mechanosensitivity of either tension or mucosal GVAs. Activation of CRF2 receptor by its specific analog, urocortin 3, significantly increased the mechanosensitivity of both tension and mucosal GVAs, an effect prevented by the CRF2 receptor antagonist astressin 2B. In conclusion, activation of CRF2 receptor increases the mechanosensitivity of GVAs. This may contribute to the stress- and CRF2 receptor-associated changes in feeding behavior and gastric function, possibly contributing to the hypersensitivity of GVAs in chronic stress conditions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Gastric vagal afferents (GVAs) relay food-related signals to the central nervous system, where they are processed, eventually leading to modulation of food intake and gastric function. GVA signaling can be modulated by an array of hormones. Stress has been shown to induce GVA hypersensitivity. This study demonstrates that GVA neurons express subtypes of stress hormone receptors, specifically CRF2. Furthermore, activation of CRF2 receptor increases GVA mechanosensitivity, which could have implications for food intake and gastric function.
PPARδ Interacts with the Hippo Coactivator YAP1 to Promote SOX9 Expression and Gastric Cancer Progression
Authors: Song Shumei , Wang Zhenning , Li Yuan , Ma Lang , Jin Jiankang , Scott Ailing W. , Xu Yan , Estrella Jeannelyn Santiano , Song Yongxi , Liu Bin , Johnson Randy L. , Ajani Jaffer A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDespite established functions of PPARδ in lipid metabolism and tumorigenesis, the mechanisms underlying its role in gastric cancer are undefined. Here, we demonstrate that SOX9 was dramatically induced by stably expressing PPARδ and by its agonist GW501516 in human gastric cancer cell lines. PPARδ knockdown in patient-derived gastric cancer cells dramatically reduced SOX9 expression and transcriptional activity, with corresponding decreases in invasion and tumor sphere formation. Mechanistically, PPARδ induced SOX9 transcription through direct interaction with and activation of the Hippo coactivator YAP1. PPARδ–YAP1 interaction occurred via the C-terminal domain of YAP1, and both TEAD- and PPARE-binding sites were required for SOX9 induction. Notably, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic ablation of YAP1 or SOX9 abolished PPARδ-mediated oncogenic functions. Finally, expression of PPARδ, YAP1, and SOX9 were significantly correlated with each other and with poor survival in a large cohort of human gastric cancer tissues. Thus, these findings elucidate a novel mechanism by which PPARδ promotes gastric tumorigenesis through interaction with YAP1 and highlights the PPARδ/YAP1/SOX9 axis as a novel therapeutic target in human gastric cancer.Implications:Our discovery of a new model supports a distinct paradigm for PPARδ and a crucial oncogenic function of PPARδ in gastric cancer through convergence on YAP1/TEAD signaling. Therefore, PPARδ/YAP1/SOX9 axis could be a novel therapeutic target that can be translated into clinics.