bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A probabilistic framework for improving reverse geocoding output
Authors: Yin Zhengcong , Goldberg Daniel W. , Hammond Tracy A. , Zhang Chong , Ma Andong , Li Xiao 
Published: May 2020

AbstractReverse geocoding, which transforms machine‐readable GPS coordinates into human‐readable location information, is widely used in a variety of location‐based services and analysis. The output quality of reverse geocoding is critical because it can greatly impact these services provided to end‐users. We argue that the output of reverse geocoding should be spatially close to and topologically correct with respect to the input coordinates, contain multiple suggestions ranked by a uniform standard, and incorporate GPS uncertainties. However, existing reverse geocoding systems often fail to fulfill these aims. To further improve the reverse geocoding process, we propose a probabilistic framework that includes: (1) a new workflow that can adapt all existing address models and unitizes distance and topology relations among retrieved reference data for candidate selections; (2) an advanced scoring mechanism that quantifies characteristics of the entire workflow and orders candidates according to their likelihood of being the best candidate; and (3) a novel algorithm that derives statistical surfaces for input GPS uncertainties and propagates such uncertainties into final output lists. The efficiency of the proposed approaches is demonstrated through comparisons to the four commercial reverse geocoding systems and through human judgments. We envision that more advanced reverse geocoding output ranking algorithms specific to different application scenarios can be built upon this work.
GeoNat v1.0: A dataset for natural feature mapping with artificial intelligence and supervised learning
Authors: Arundel Samantha T. , Li Wenwen , Wang Sizhe 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMachine learning allows “the machine” to deduce the complex and sometimes unrecognized rules governing spatial systems, particularly topographic mapping, by exposing it to the end product. Often, the obstacle to this approach is the acquisition of many good and labeled training examples of the desired result. Such is the case with most types of natural features. To address such limitations, this research introduces GeoNat v1.0, a natural feature dataset, used to support artificial intelligence‐based mapping and automated detection of natural features under a supervised learning paradigm. The dataset was created by randomly selecting points from the U.S. Geological Survey’s Geographic Names Information System and includes approximately 200 examples each of 10 classes of natural features. Resulting data were tested in an object‐detection problem using a region‐based convolutional neural network. The object‐detection tests resulted in a 62% mean average precision as baseline results. Major challenges in developing training data in the geospatial domain, such as scale and geographical representativeness, are addressed in this article. We hope that the resulting dataset will be useful for a variety of applications and shed light on training data collection and labeling in the geospatial artificial intelligence domain.
Hepatitis E virus is effectively inactivated in platelet concentrates by ultraviolet C light
Authors: Praditya Dimas , Friesland Martina , Gravemann Ute , Handke Wiebke , Todt Daniel , Behrendt Patrick , Müller Thomas H. , Steinmann Eike , Seltsam Axel 
Published: May 2020

Background and ObjectivesAs previous investigations have shown, THERAFLEX UV‐Platelets, a UVC‐based pathogen inactivation (PI) system, is effective against non‐enveloped transfusion‐relevant viruses such as hepatitis A virus (HAV), which are insensitive to most PI treatments for blood products. This study investigated the PI efficacy of THERAFLEX UV‐Platelets against HEV in platelet concentrates (PCs).Materials and MethodsBuffy coat‐derived PCs in additive solution were spiked with cell culture‐derived HEV and treated with the THERAFLEX UV‐Platelets system using various doses of UVC (0·05, 0·10, 0·15 and 0·20 (standard) J/cm2). Titres of infectious virus in pre‐ and post‐treatment samples were determined using a large‐volume plating assay to improve the detection limit of the virus assay.ResultsTHERAFLEX UV‐Platelets dose‐dependently inactivated HEV in PCs. The standard UVC dose inactivated the virus to below the limit of detection, corresponding to a mean log reduction of greater than 3·5.ConclusionOur study demonstrates that the THERAFLEX UV‐Platelets system effectively inactivates HEV in PCs.
The authority and authenticity of performative Englishes in popular culture
Authors: Moody Andrew 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPopular culture specifically (and media languages more generally) attach different degrees of importance to theauthorityandauthenticityof English in the Inner, Outer and Expanding Circles. Commitment to the authority of media Englishes has been maintained by use of a media standard, but more recent sociolinguistic work examining language as performance has come to highlight the equal importance of authenticity in media Englishes. Whereas the authenticity of English is more important than authority in the Inner Circle, authority remains relatively more important in the Expanding Circle. Media Englishes in the Outer Circle place equal importance on both authority and authenticity.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of Aerodynamic Performance of Low-Pressure Axial Fans With Small Hub-to-Tip Diameter Ratio
Authors: Wang Jie , Kruyt Niels P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Rotor-only ducted axial fans with small hub-to-tip diameter ratio are widely used in many branches of industry, especially for cooling and ventilation purposes. For such fans, extensive regions of backflow are present downstream of the fan near the hub. Only few computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies for such fans have been reported in the scientific literature. In order to develop guidelines for obtaining accurate CFD predictions for such fans, validation simulations of a fan with small hub-to-tip diameter ratio have been performed by comparing experimental and computed aerodynamic performance characteristics. These guidelines pay special attention to the trailing edge shape, presence of nonaerodynamically shaped blade sections, tip gap, and employed turbulence model. The results for the fan studied here show that the actual (rounded) trailing edge is necessary; the main blade (without nonaerodynamically shaped blade sections) well represents the aerodynamic performance of the whole fan blade; it is recommended not to take the tip gap into consideration due to the existence of significant flow separation; the use of the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model is advised for giving better agreement with measurements.
An Investigation on Performance of an Asymmetric Twin-Scroll Turbine With a Small Scroll Bypass Wastegate for a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine
Authors: Jin Jianjiao , Pan Jianfeng , Lu Zhigang , Wu Qingrui , Xu Lizhong , Fan Baowei , Quaye Evans K. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this paper, a novel one-dimensional matching method of an asymmetric twin-scroll turbine (ATST) with a small scroll bypass wastegate is initially presented for energy improvement. The developed method presents further insights into efficiency prediction of the ATST and the small scroll exhaust bypass in the matching process of model characterization. The efficiency of the small and large scroll turbines was approximately assessed with two times flow parameters of the small and large scroll turbines, respectively, as well as according to turbine efficiency prediction curves. Subsequently, given the matching results of a 9-L engine, a targeted ATST was developed; its effectiveness was verified by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the performance tests of a turbine and an engine. As revealed from the results, the prediction efficiency of the ATST well complies with that of the numerical calculation and performance tests of turbines and engines. Compared with the common large scroll exhaust bypass wastegate, the small one exhibits better engine performance and can save nearly 0.5–1.5% fuel consumption at middle and high engine speeds. Moreover, the reasons of which were explored for better understanding of the mechanism accordingly.
Application of Active Subspace Method in Gas Exchange Strategy Calibration on a Variable Valve Timing Gasoline Engine
Authors: Guan Cheng , Ma Qingjun , Huang Zhen , Han Dong 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Modern internal combustion (IC) engines have complex configurations with many parameters to be tuned, and this system complication usually leads to a large amount of engine calibration experiments. In this study, the active subspace method was used to build predictive models for the gas exchange-related parameters, including volumetric efficiency, intake mass flow and pumping loss, and the power-related parameters, including engine torque and engine power. The results show that the predicted outputs fit well with the experimental data, with satisfactory coefficients of determination and average absolute errors (AAE). Further, the contributions and influence directions of the input parameters to the outputs were provided based on a sensitivity analysis, which is consistent with the existing knowledge, and therefore, verifies the reliability of the predictive model built based on the active subspace method. Finally, the relation between the training group size and the prediction performance was explored. It is shown that a reduction, up to 66%, in the training group size is still able to maintain good predictive performances of the models, indicating the substantial capability of the active subspace method to reduce the experimental efforts.
Effect of Nitromethane Addition on the Performance of Two-Stroke Spark Ignition Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Piston Engine
Authors: Raviteja S. , Ramakrishna P. A. , Ramesh A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Nitromethane has a stoichiometric air–fuel ratio of 1.7, which is 8.5 times lower than gasoline. For the same amount of air being drawn by the engine, more amount of nitromethane blends and hence more energy can be added. Methanol was used as a medium to mix nitromethane and gasoline, which are normally immiscible. Engine performance tests were carried out to study the effect of nitromethane addition to the methanol-gasoline blend. A large rise in engine torque and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was obtained during the investigation. However, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) also increased for the nitromethane blends. The engine parameters like spark timing, equivalence ratio, and compression ratio were optimized to further increase the engine power and also bring down the BSFC. A net torque improvement of 42%, BTE improvement of 35%, and BSFC rise of 9% were obtained by adding nitromethane and methanol in small fractions to gasoline. Combustion analysis was carried out using the cylinder pressure trace. High heat release rate and shorter combustion duration with nitromethane addition were observed. Emission measurements showed decrease in HC and CO emissions with nitromethane addition. However, a drastic rise in NO emissions was observed. Hence, it can be concluded that the specific power of small two-stroke spark ignition (SI) engines can be enhanced using nitromethane as a fuel additive to increase the payload of the unmanned aerial vehicles.
One health and antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Fawcett Anne 
Published: May 2020

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved.In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘One health and antimicrobial resistance’, was submitted and is discussed by Anne Fawcett. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue.The series is being coordinated by Dr Steven McCulloch, acting director of the Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Winchester. It aims to provide a framework that will help practising veterinarians find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Longitudinal associations between neighbourhood trust, social support and physical activity in adolescents: evidence from the Olympic Regeneration in East London (ORiEL) study
Authors: Berger Nicolas , Lewis Daniel , Quartagno Matteo , Njagi Edmund Njeru , Cummins Steven 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundMost UK adolescents do not achieve recommended levels of physical activity (PA). Previous studies suggest that the social environment could contribute to inequalities in PA behaviours, but longitudinal evidence is limited. We examined whether neighbourhood trust and social support were longitudinally associated with four common forms of PA: walking to school, walking for leisure, outdoor PA and pay and play PA. We further assessed whether gender moderated these associations.MethodsWe used longitudinal data from the Olympic Regeneration in East London (ORiEL) study. In 2012, 3106 adolescents aged 11–12 were enrolled from 25 schools in four deprived boroughs of East London, UK. Adolescents were followed-up in 2013 and 2014. The final sample includes 2664 participants interviewed at waves 2 and 3. We estimated logistic regression models using generalised estimating equations (GEEs) (pooled models) and proportional odds models (models of change) to assess associations between the social environment exposures and the PA outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders. Item non-response was handled using multilevel multiple imputation.ResultsWe found that different aspects of the social environment predict different types of PA. Neighbourhood trust was positively associated with leisure-type PA. Social support from friends and family was positively associated with walking for leisure. There was some evidence that changes in exposures led to changes in the PA outcomes. Associations did not systematically differ by gender.ConclusionThese results confirm the importance of the social environment to predict PA and its change over time in a deprived and ethnically diverse adolescent population.
Exome sequencing analysis identifies frequent oligogenic involvement andFLNBvariants in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Jiang Heng , Liang Shulun , He Kai , Hu Jinghua , Xu Enjie , Lin Tao , Meng Yichen , Zhao Jianquan , Ma Jun , Gao Rui , Wang Ce , Yang Fu , Zhou Xuhui 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundAdolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a genetically heterogeneous disease characterised by three-dimensional deformity of the spine in the absence of a congenital spinal anomaly or neurological musculoskeletal disorder. The clinical variability and incomplete penetrance of some genes linked with AIS indicate that this disease constitutes an oligogenic trait.ObjectiveWe aimed to explore the oligogenic nature of this disease and identify novel AIS genes.MethodsWe analysed rare damaging variants within AIS-associated genes by using exome sequencing in 40 AIS trios and 183 sporadic patients.ResultsMultiple variants within AIS-associated genes were identified in eight AIS trios, and five individuals harboured rare damaging variants in theFLNBgene. The patients showed more frequent oligogenicity than the controls. In the gene-based burden test, the top signal resided inFLNB. In functional studies, we found that the AIS-associatedFLNBvariants altered the protein’s conformation and subcellular localisation and its interaction with other proteins (TTC26 and OFD1) involved in AIS. The most compelling evidence of an oligogenic basis was that the number of rare damaging variants was recognised as an independent prognostic factor for curve progression in Cox regression analysis.ConclusionOur data indicate that AIS is an oligogenic disease and identifyFLNBas a susceptibility gene for AIS.
Impact of EMS bypass to endovascular capable hospitals: geospatial modeling analysis of the US STRATIS registry
Authors: Mueller-Kronast Nils , Froehler Michael T , Jahan Reza , Zaidat Osama , Liebeskind David , Saver Jeffrey L 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundRouting patients directly to endovascular capable centers (ECCs) would decrease time to mechanical thrombectomy (MT), but may delay intravenous thrombolysis (IVT).ObjectiveTo study the clinical outcomes of patients with a stroke transferred directly to ECCs compared with those transferred to ECCs from non-endovascular capable centers (nECCs).MethodsData from the STRATIS registry were analyzed to evaluate process and clinical outcomes under five routing policies: (1) transport to nearest nECC; (2) transport to STRATIS ECC over any distance or (3) within 20 miles; (4) transport to ideal ECC (iECC), over any distance or (5) within 20 miles.ResultsAmong 236 patients, 117 (49.6%) were transferred by ground, of whom 62 (53%) were transferred within 20 miles. Median MT start time was accelerated in all direct transport models. IVT start was prolonged with direct transport across all distances, but accelerated with direct transport to iECC ≤20 miles. With bypass limited to ≤20 miles, the median modeled EMS arrival to IVT interval decreased for both iECCs and ECCs (by 12 min and 6 min, respectively), and median EMS arrival to puncture time decreased by up to 94 min. In this cohort, no patient would have become ineligible for IVT. Bypass to iECC modeling under 20 miles showed a significant reduction in the level of disability at 3 months, with freedom from disability (modified Rankin Scale score 0–1) at 3 months increased by 12%.ConclusionsDirect routing of patients with a large vessel occlusion to ECCs, especially when within 20 miles, may lead to better clinical outcomes by accelerating the start of MT without any delay of IVT.Clinical trial registration numberhttp://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier:NCT02239640.
O4D.3 Bone lead associations with blood lead, kidney function, and blood pressure among U.S., lead-exposed workers in a surveillance program
Authors: Barry Vaughn , Todd Andrew , Steenland Kyle 
Published: May 2020

ObjectivesBone lead and past blood lead (BL) levels may be more strongly associated with current health effects than current BL, representing recent exposure. We examined whether current bone lead is correlated with maximum past BL, and compared three measures of lead as predictors for current blood pressure (BP) and kidney function among workers with past occupational exposure to lead.MethodsAdult men in a lead surveillance program living within 200 miles of New York City were enrolled in this observational study during 2016–2017. We gathered data on current bone and BL, BP, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Maximum past BL was obtained from prior surveillance program data. Regression models were used to determine associations of health endpoints with different measures of lead.ResultsAmong 211 participants, median (interquartile range) bone lead, maximum past BL, and current BL were 13.8 (9.4–19.5) µg of lead per gram of bone mineral, 29.0 (14.0–38.0) µg/dl, and 2.5 (1.5–4.4) µg/dl, respectively. Both maximum past and current BL were significantly associated with current bone lead in adjusted analyses (p<0.0001 for both), with associations driven by those with the highest BL levels. Bone lead was associated with increased systolic BP (p=0.02, model R-square=0.16), but quartile analyses were not monotonic. Bone lead was also non-significantly associated with decreased (worse) eGFR (regression coefficient=−0.15, p=0.18, model R-square=0.28).ConclusionsBone lead was significantly associated with past maximum and current BL. Bone lead, but not past maximum or current BL, was associated with elevated systolic BP.
O5B.1 Workplace exposure assessment (WEA), skin barrier function, and occurrence of hand eczema among workers handling drilling waste in norway
Authors: Alfonso Jose Hernan , Olsen Raymond , Graff Pål , Zienolddiny Shan , Anmarkrud Kristine Haugen , Johansen Thea Haugesten , Dag G Ellingsen med 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionKnowledge on skin exposure and the occurrence of hand eczema (HE) among workers handling drilling waste from oil and gas drilling is scarce.M and MWEA included seven waste management plants. Samples of oil drilling waste were analysed with gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Dry solids from thermal treatment of cuttings fluids were incubated in an artificial sweat solution and analysed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). pH of dry solids in the sweat solution was measured with Panpeha™ pH indicator strips.Sixty-eight workers got an invitation to participate in a structured interview and skin examination. The Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire 2002 assessed the occurrence of skin problems and HE. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and hydration of the stratum corneum (SC) were measured with Tewameter 300 and Corneometer CM 825 (Courage and Khazaka Electronic GmbH).ResultsWEA identified scenarios for potential skin exposure. The profile of hydrocarbons in oil-based drilling waste was similar among the different plants. The soluble fraction of dry solids in artificial sweat solution contained bioavailable metals such as Cr (from 22 to 210 ng/g), Co (from 20 to 94 ng/g), Ni (from 0,13 to 0,72 µg/g). The pH ranged from 6.5 to 12.0.The participation frequency was of 97%. The one-year prevalence for HE and work-related HE was 30.3% and 24.2%. Ninety-three percent of the workers reported glove use for two hours or more. TEWL values>25 g/h/m2on the dorsal side of the hands, indicating skin barrier disruption, were measured in 55% of the workers. TEWL and hydration of SC values were associated to the occurrence of HE.ConclusionPotential skin exposure to irritants, allergenic metals, skin occlusion from gloves, skin barrier disruption and high occurrence of HE among workers handling oil and drilling waste are of concern.
O5D.2 Occupational exposure of healthcare personnel to nitrous oxide in various pediatric specialty care units: an observational study
Authors: Denis Marie-Agnès , Pete-Bonneton Charlotte , Riche Benjamin , Cadot Robert , Massardier-Pilonchery Amélie , Iwaz Jean , Charbotel Barbara 
Published: May 2020

ObjectivesNitrous oxide (N2O) present in anesthetic mixtures (e.g., equimolar mix of oxygen and N2O, EMONO) has been found responsible for various toxicities, including genetic and reproductive toxicities. N2O-containing mixtures are widely used in pediatric care units where most healthcare providers (HCPs) are women of childbearing age. This motivated an investigation of occupational exposure to N2O in search for overexposure and overexposure factors in a pediatric hospital.MethodsThis observational study concerned seven different units. On each of 34 HCPs, air samples were extracted by portable pumps and collected in Tedlar® bags. N2O was quantified by gas chromatography coupled to pulsed discharge ionization detection and infrared spectrometry. The data allowed calculating mainly the instantaneous exposure and the 8 hour time-weighted average (8h-TWA).ResultsThe exposure was four times higher in closed than in open treatment rooms and two times higher in case of use vs. non-use of EMONO. The exposure was significantly higher in junior vs. senior HCPs (by 12%) and higher during presumably short vs. presumably long procedures (by 20%). The mean 8h-TWAs were rather higher than the recommended exposure limit (25 ppm/8 hour) in emergency unit and in day hospital for thoracic and abdominal diseases. Overexposures represented 11% of all measurements but reached substantial levels (up to 3.5 times the recommended threshold).ConclusionsOverexposures to N2O were frequent during short-duration procedures. The causes of overexposure were insufficient air renewal and inappropriate equipment use. This calls for dedicated rooms, more efficient medical/nursing practices, proper training, and regular checks of gas levels.