bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Construction of Boronated γ‐Lactams via Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Boryldifluoroalkylation of Alkenes
Authors: Lin Wu‐Jie , Wang Yu‐Zhao , Zou Jian‐Yu , Zhao Yi‐Chuan , Wang Jin‐Lin , Liu Xue‐Yuan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAn approach for the preparation of boronated γ‐lactams via palladium‐catalyzed boryldifluoroalkylation of alkenes with α‐bromodifluoroacetamides was developed. This method exhibits good functional group tolerance. Various boronated products were obtained in moderate to good yields for 1 h. Mechanistic studies indicated that this reaction may involve an intramolecular radical cascade cyclization process.magnified image
Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Poly‐p‐Phenylene Terephthalamide Fibers for Toughness Improvement: A Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Mao Zebei , Li Tong , Zhang Ke , Li Dongyu , Zhou Caihua , Ren Mingfa , Gu Yuantong , Wang Bo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPoly‐p‐phenylene terephthalamide (PPTA) fibers, such as DuPont's Kevlar fiber, are widely used in various fiber‐reinforced composites due to their outstanding tensile stiffness, strength, and energy absorption capacity. To further improve the strength of PPTA‐based fibers, it is necessary to investigate the molecular deformation mechanisms of these fibers while being coupled with nanoreinforcements. In this work, molecular dynamics method is used to predict the mechanical performance of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced Kevlar fibers, based on the molecular modeling of crystal interfaces in the microstructure of Kevlar fiber with the help of surface‐modified CNTs, the tensile strength of Kevlar fibers can be increased by 27.8–39.7%. Furthermore, the mechanism of binding stability of CNTs is investigated by modifying the functional groups of CNTs, in which the hydrogen bonds (H‐bonds) interaction plays an important role.
Multiscale Characterization of Embryonic Long Bone Mineralization in Mice
Authors: Silva Barreto Isabella , Le Cann Sophie , Ahmed Saima , Sotiriou Vivien , Turunen Mikael J. , Johansson Ulf , Rodriguez‐Fernandez Angel , Grünewald Tilman A. , Liebi Marianne , Nowlan Niamh C. , Isaksson Hanna 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLong bone mineralization occurs through endochondral ossification, where a cartilage template mineralizes into bone‐like tissue with a hierarchical organization from the whole bone‐scale down to sub‐nano scale. Whereas this process has been extensively studied at the larger length scales, it remains unexplored at some of the smaller length scales. In this study, the changes in morphology, composition, and structure during embryonic mineralization of murine humeri are investigated using a range of high‐resolution synchrotron‐based imaging techniques at several length scales. With micro‐ and nanometer spatial resolution, the deposition of elements and the shaping of mineral platelets are followed. Rapid mineralization of the humeri occurs over approximately four days, where mineral to matrix ratio and calcium content in the most mineralized zone reach adult values shortly before birth. Interestingly, zinc is consistently found to be localized at the sites of ongoing new mineralization. The mineral platelets in the most recently mineralized regions are thicker, longer, narrower, and less aligned compared to those further into the mineralized region. In summary, this study demonstrates a specific spatial distribution of zinc, with highest concentration where new mineral is being deposited and that the newly formed mineral platelets undergo slight reshaping and reorganization during embryonic development.
Tractor path overlap is influenced by field shape and terrain attributes
Authors: Kharel Tulsi P. , Owens Phillip R. , Ashworth Amanda J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTractor overlaps and gaps during field operations reduce production efficiencies; however, studies evaluating linkages between overlaps and field terrain attributes are limited. Our objective is to explore relationships between tractor guidance (TG) systems and field shape and terrain attributes on tractor path overlap. Fields with varying attributes were used for fertilizer (six fields) and herbicide (four fields) applications (with and without TG). Overlap polygon and terrain attributes were overlaid and sampled per 50‐ × 50‐m grid cell. Overlap increased with increasing field irregularities (6 to 11% field area), shorter pass lengths (2 to 19 m2), greater slope (17 to 53 m2), and roughness index (13 to 38 m2) per grid cell. Averaged across slope classes, overlap area decreased 41 to 17 m2 (58% reduction) per grid cell with TG. These results are important for future design of machinery, sensors, and improved TG efficiencies for automated field operations.
Retention of Critical Procedural Skills After Simulation Training: A Systematic Review
Authors: Legoux Camille , Gerein Richard , Boutis Kathy , Barrowman Nicholas , Plint Amy 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveWhile short‐term gains in performance of critical emergency procedures are demonstrated after simulation, long‐term retention is relatively uncertain. Our objective was to determine whether simulation of critical emergency procedures promotes long‐term retention of skills in nonsurgical physicians.MethodsWe searched multiple electronic databases using a peer‐reviewed strategy. Eligible studies 1) were observational cohorts, quasi‐experimental or randomized controlled trials; 2) assessed intubation, cricothyrotomy, pericardiocentesis, tube thoracostomy, or central line placement performance by nonsurgical physicians; 3) utilized any form of simulation; and 4) assessed skill performance immediately after and at ≥ 3 months after simulation. The primary outcome was skill performance at or above a preset performance benchmark at ≥ 3 months after simulation. Secondary outcomes included procedural skill performance at 3, 6, and ≥ 12 months after simulation.ResultsWe identified 1,712 citations, with 10 being eligible for inclusion. Methodologic quality was moderate with undefined primary outcomes; inadequate sample sizes; and use of nonstandardized, unvalidated tools. Three studies assessed performance to a specific performance benchmark. Two demonstrated maintenance of the minimum performance benchmark while two demonstrated significant skill decay. A significant decline in the mean performance scores from immediately after simulation to 3, 6, and ≥ 12 months after simulation was observed in four of four, three of four, and two of five studies, respectively. Scores remained significantly above baseline at 3, 6, and ≥ 12 months after simulation in three of four, three of four, and four of four studies, respectively.ConclusionThere were a limited number of studies examining the retention of critical skills after simulation training. While there was some evidence of skill retention after simulation, overall most studies demonstrated skill decline over time.
Effect of Repetitive Simulation Training on Emergency Medical Services Team Performance in Simulated Pediatric Medical Emergencies
Authors: Kothari Kathryn , Zuger Chelsea , Desai Neil , Leonard Jan , Alletag Michelle , Balakas Ashley , Binney Mike , Caffrey Sean , Kotas Jason , Mahar Patrick , Roswell Kelley , Adelgais Kathleen M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveEmergency medical services (EMS) professionals infrequently transport children leading to difficulty in recognition and management of pediatric critical illness. Simulation provides an opportunity to train EMS professionals on pediatric emergencies. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of serial simulation training over 6 months on EMS psychomotor and cognitive performance during team‐based care.MethodsThis was a longitudinal prospective study of a simulation curriculum enrolling EMS professionals over a 6‐month period during which they performed three high‐fidelity simulations at 3‐month intervals. The simulation scenarios included a 15‐month‐old seizure (T0), 1‐month‐old with hypoglycemia (T1), and 4‐year‐old clonidine ingestion (T2). All scenarios were standardized and required recognition and management of respiratory failure and decompensated shock. Scenarios were videotaped and two investigators scored EMS team interventions during simulations using a standardized scoring tool. Inter‐rater reliability was assessed on 30% of videos using kappa analysis. Volumes of administered intravenous fluid (IVF) and medications were measured to assess for errors in administration. The primary outcome was the change in scenario score from T0 to T2.ResultsA total of 135 team‐based simulations were conducted over the study period (48, 40, and 47 at T0, T1, and T2, respectively). Inter‐rater reliability between reviewers was very good (κ = 0.7). Median simulation score improved from T0 to T2 (24 vs 31, p < 0.001, maximum score possible = 42). The proportion of completed tasks increased across multiple categories including improved recognition of respiratory decompensation (19% vs. 56%), management of the pediatric airway (44% vs. 88%), and timeliness of vascular access (10% vs. 38%). Correct IVF administration varied by scenario (25% vs. 52% vs. 30%, p = 0.02).ConclusionSerial simulation improved EMS team‐based care in both recognition and management of pediatric emergencies. A standardized pediatric simulation curriculum can be used to train EMS professionals on pediatric emergencies and improve performance.
Growth differentiation factor‐15 is associated with age‐related monocyte dysfunction
Authors: Pence Brandt D. , Yarbro Johnathan R. , Emmons Russell S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveAge‐associated decreases in immune functions are precipitated by a variety of mechanisms and affect nearly every immune cell subset. In myeloid cells, aging reduces numbers of phagocytes and impairs their functional abilities, including antigen presentation, phagocytosis, and bacterial clearance. Recently, we described an aging effect on several functions in monocytes, including impaired mitochondrial function and reduced inflammatory cytokine gene expression during stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. We hypothesized that circulating factors altered by the aging process underly these changes. Growth differentiation factor‐15 (GDF‐15) is a distant member of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily that has known anti‐inflammatory effects in macrophages and has been shown to be highly differentially expressed during aging.MethodsWe used biobanked plasma samples to assay circulating GDF‐15 levels in subjects from our previous studies and examined correlations between GDF‐15 and monocyte function.ResultsMonocyte interleukin‐6 production due to lipopolysaccharide stimulation was negatively correlated to plasma GDF‐15. Additionally, GDF‐15 was positively correlated to circulating CD16 + monocyte proportions and negatively correlated to monocyte mitochondrial respiratory capacity.ConclusionsThese results suggest that GDF‐15 is a potential circulating factor affecting a variety of monocyte functions and promoting monocyte immunosenescence and thus may be an attractive candidate for therapeutic intervention to ameliorate this.
Molecular tracking: A concept for side‐draw distillation column design
Authors: Nazemzadeh Nima , Udugama Isuru A. , Karcz Adam Paul , Andersson Martin Peter , Abildskov Jens , Mansouri Seyed Soheil 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA simple approach is introduced to locate a side‐draw tray for ternary and multi‐component mixtures with middle boiling component(s) present in the system at trace levels. The concept is based on a probability function defined by the thermodynamic properties of the system. The advantage of this method over existing methods is the ability to quickly and efficiently provide a feasible configuration of the distillation unit without relying on rigorous optimization or trial and error approaches. Moreover, it provides an intuitive understanding of the movements of the middle boiling components in the column.
Assessing attitudes towards gorilla conservation via employee interviews
Authors: Robbins Martha M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTo determine the effectiveness of conservation strategies, not only should we monitor biological variables, such as population size and levels of illegal activity, but also we should examine changes in attitudes and behavior of local community members. Here, I use semistructured interviews of employees at two field sites, in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda and Loango National Park, Gabon, to understand if their employment influenced their attitude towards gorillas and conservation and led to behavior change. In contrast to western views of gorillas as “gentle giants,” staff viewed gorillas as dangerous animals before working for these projects. Overall, employment leads to viewing conservation and gorillas more positively, and in many cases, viewing the gorillas as kin. The most common value attributed to the gorillas was economic, yet intrinsic and non‐use existence values were frequently mentioned. Loango staff, but not Bwindi staff, reported behavior change related to hunting and bushmeat consumption, which likely is related to bushmeat consumption being commonplace in Gabon but not in Uganda. The Bwindi staff seemed to have a more positive and broader outlook toward conservation than the Loango staff, possibly because they had more years of formal education, they worked with gorillas longer, there is more history of conservation activities in Bwindi, and/or they have been less directly affected by negative consequences of conservation (e.g., crop raiding). This study shows the importance of explaining that gorillas are not dangerous if not provoked and using their human‐like characteristics as a means to change conservation values and interest of local communities, while concurrently recognizing that providing economic benefits and reducing negative effects of wildlife are a reality for conservation buy‐in.
Investigating Route to Chaos in Nonlinear Plasmonic Dimer
Authors: Ziani Zoheir , Lévêque Gaëtan , Coulibaly Saliya , Taki Abdelmajid , Akjouj Abdellatif 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe route to chaos of a plasmonic dimer formed of two identical nanoparticles with Kerr‐type nonlinear response and illuminated by an external electric field is reported. It is shown that this system has a complex dynamical behavior with chaotic nature. This complexity is analyzed using Lyapunov exponents, the Kaplan–Yorke dimension, and correlation dimensions. The existence of familiar period‐doubling sequences route to chaos is pointed out, and domains corresponding to the onset of period doubling and chaos in the plane of parameters are evidenced.
Selective N‐Terminal BET Bromodomain Inhibitors by Targeting Non‐Conserved Residues and Structured Water Displacement**
Authors: Cui Huarui , Divakaran Anand , Pandey Anil K. , Johnson Jorden A. , Zahid Huda , Hoell Zachariah J. , Ellingson Mikael O. , Shi Ke , Aihara Hideki , Harki Daniel A. , Pomerantz William C. K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBromodomain and extra‐terminal (BET) family proteins, BRD2‐4 and T, are important drug targets; however, the biological functions of each bromodomain remain ill‐defined. Chemical probes that selectively inhibit a single BET bromodomain are lacking, although pan inhibitors of the first (D1), and second (D2), bromodomain are known. Here, we develop selective BET D1 inhibitors with preferred binding to BRD4 D1. In competitive inhibition assays, we show that our lead compound is 9–33 fold selective for BRD4 D1 over the other BET bromodomains. X‐ray crystallography supports a role for the selectivity based on reorganization of a non‐conserved lysine and displacement of an additional structured water in the BRD4 D1 binding site relative to our prior lead. Whereas pan‐D1 inhibitors displace BRD4 from MYC enhancers, BRD4 D1 inhibition in MM.1S cells is insufficient for stopping Myc expression and may lead to its upregulation. Future analysis of BRD4 D1 gene regulation may shed light on differential BET bromodomain functions.
Considerations for a More Accurate Evaluation Method for Photocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Cao Shuang , Piao Lingyu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOver the past decades, various photocatalysts have been developed and great progress has been achieved in the field of solar‐driven photocatalytic water splitting. However, the lack of an accurate and comprehensive evaluation method greatly hinders the meaningful comparison between different systems and becomes a serious impediment for the development of photocatalysts. Although many researchers are aware of this, there has been little work in this area. In this Viewpoint, we first analyze the insufficiencies of the existing evaluation methods and then make preliminary suggestions, aiming to stimulate discussion in the research community and hopefully lead to a widely accepted and authoritative evaluation system to assess photocatalyst performance.
Cross‐Electrophile C(sp2)−Si Coupling of Vinyl Chlorosilanes
Authors: Duan Jicheng , Wang Ke , Xu Guang‐Li , Kang Shaolin , Qi Liangliang , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Shu Xing‐Zhong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe cross‐electrophile coupling has become a powerful tool for C−C bond formation, but its potential for forging the C−Si bond remains unexplored. Here we report a cross‐electrophile Csp2‐Si coupling reaction of vinyl/aryl electrophiles with vinyl chlorosilanes. This new protocol offers an approach for facile and precise synthesis of organosilanes with high molecular diversity and complexity from readily available materials. The reaction proceeds under mild and non‐basic conditions, demonstrating a high step economy, broad substrate scope, wide functionality tolerance, and easy scalability. The synthetic utility of the method is shown by its efficient accessing of silicon bioisosteres, the design of new BCB‐monomers, and studies on the Hiyama cross‐coupling of vinylsilane products.
Coupled Vacancy Pairs in Ni‐Doped CoSe for Improved Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production Through Topochemical Deintercalation
Authors: Zhong Wenwu , Wang Zongpeng , Gao Nan , Huang Liangai , Lin Zhiping , Liu Yanping , Meng Fanqi , Deng Jun , Jin Shifeng , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractVacancy engineering plays vital role in the design of high‐performance electrocatalysts. Here, we introduced coupled cation‐vacancy pairs in Ni‐doped CoSe to achieve boosted hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity through a facile topochemical intercalation approach. Adjacent Co vacancy pairs and heteroatom Ni doping contribute together for the upshift of the Se 4pz orbital, which induces larger overlap between the Se 4p and H 1s orbitals. As a result, the free energy of H adsorption can be lowered significantly. With an advanced HER activity of 185.7 mV at 10 mA cm−2, this work provides new direction and guidance for the design of novel electrocatalysts.
Regulating Interfacial Chemistry in Lithium‐Ion Batteries by a Weakly Solvating Electrolyte**
Authors: Yao Yu‐Xing , Chen Xiang , Yan Chong , Zhang Xue‐Qiang , Cai Wen‐Long , Huang Jia‐Qi , Zhang Qiang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe performance of Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) is highly dependent on their interfacial chemistry, which is regulated by electrolytes. Conventional electrolyte typically contains polar solvents to dissociate Li salts. Herein we report a weakly solvating electrolyte (WSE) that consists of a pure non‐polar solvent, which leads to a peculiar solvation structure where ion pairs and aggregates prevail under a low salt concentration of 1.0 M. Importantly, WSE forms unique anion‐derived interphases on graphite electrodes that exhibit fast‐charging and long‐term cycling characteristics. First‐principles calculations unravel a general principle that the competitive coordination between anions and solvents to Li ions is the origin of different interfacial chemistries. By bridging the gap between solution thermodynamics and interfacial chemistry in batteries, this work opens a brand‐new way towards precise electrolyte engineering for energy storage devices with desired properties.
Melting Curves of Triolein Polymorphs
Authors: Porde Annette , Roßbach André , Ferstl Peter , Gillig Sebastian , Werr Ferdinand , de Ligny Dominique , Wierschem Andreas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHigh‐pressure treatment is a promising option for improving mechanical properties and processing parameters of fat‐containing products. To identify optimum processing windows, melting curves, crystallization kinetics, and pathways for transferring the optimized structures to atmospheric pressure need to be known. Here, we provide melting curves of different polymorphic forms of triolein in the industrially relevant pressure range. The melting points of different polymorphic forms are detected optically in thin samples during stepwise changes of pressure or temperature. For cross‐nucleated spherulites, this method allows determining the respective melting points of nuclei and overgrown structures. Tracing the melting curves to atmospheric pressure confirms previous identification of the polymorphic forms at high pressure and enables identifying a previously reported but undefined structure as the β2‐form. Employing Raman spectroscopy, it is confirmed that the polymorph remained unaltered during the pressure release. With increasing pressure, the melting curves of the different polymorphic forms approach each other until they successively merge at the highest pressure levels studied.
Understanding the role of d‐Allulose and soy protein addition in pectin gels
Authors: Ates Elif Gokcen , Ozvural Emin Burcin , Oztop Mecit H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstractd‐Allulose (a monosaccharide and C3 epimer of fructose), one of the common rare sugars is getting attention due to its low caloric values. In this study, d‐Allulose was used as a replacement of sucrose at different ratios (d‐Allulose/Sucrose: 35/0, 20/15, 10/25, 0/35) to formulate pectin‐based soft confectionery gels. Soy protein isolate was also added to increase the protein content. Physical properties, such as hardness, moisture content, pH, and color, were measured for the gels. Higher hardness values were obtained for the soy protein containing gels due to pectin–soy protein interaction (p < 0.05). Also, higher moisture content was observed in soy protein containing gels (p < 0.05). In addition, nuclear magnetic resonance T2 relaxation times were measured at low field (~0.5 T) to determine how the water distribution in the samples changed and to observe how d‐Allulose affected the polymer–water interactions. The study also showed that the presence of d‐Allulose increased the crystallization tendency (% crystallinity of 7.9) of the pectin gels. X‐ray diffraction results showed the d‐allulose peaks at 33.76 and 48.68oθ. Morphologies of the gels were also examined by scanning electron microscope. Sugar type and soy protein isolate addition were found to have significant impact on the gel formulations.