bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of magnetic deformation in neutron star crust
Authors: Kojima Yasufumi , Kisaka Shota , Fujisawa Kotaro 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We examine the magnetic field evolution occurring in a neutron star crust. Beyond the elastic limit, the lattice ions are assumed to act as a plastic flow. The Ohmic dissipation, Hall drift, and bulk fluid velocity driven by the Lorentz force are considered in our numerical simulation. A magnetically induced quadrupole deformation is observed in the crust during the evolution. Generally, the ellipticity decreases as the magnetic energy decreases. In a toroidal-field-dominated model, the sign of the ellipticity changes. Namely, the initial prolate shape tends to become oblate. This occurs because the toroidal component decays rapidly on a smaller time-scale than the poloidal dipole component. We find that the magnetic dipole component does not change significantly on the Hall time-scale of ∼1 Myr for the considered simple initial models. Thus, a more complex initial model is required to study the fast decay of surface dipoles on the above-mentioned time-scale.
Spiral instabilities: linear and non-linear effects
Authors: Sellwood J A , Carlberg R G 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a study of the spiral responses in a stable disc galaxy model to co-orbiting perturbing masses that are evenly spaced around rings. The amplitudes of the responses, or wakes, are proportional to the masses of the perturbations, and we find that the response to a low-mass ring disperses when it is removed – behaviour that is predicted by linear theory. Higher mass rings cause non-linear changes through scattering at the major resonances, provoking instabilities that were absent before the scattering took place. The separate wake patterns from two rings orbiting at differing frequencies produce a net response that is an apparently shearing spiral. When the rings have low mass, the evolution of the simulation is both qualitatively and quantitatively reproduced by linear superposition of the two separate responses. We argue that apparently shearing transient spirals in simulations result from the superposition of two or more steadily rotating patterns, each of which is best accounted for as a normal mode of the non-smooth disc.
Special Care Is Needed in Applying Phylogenetic Comparative Methods to Gene Trees with Speciation and Duplication Nodes
Authors: Begum Tina , Robinson-Rechavi Marc 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
How gene function evolves is a central question of evolutionary biology. It can be investigated by comparing functional genomics results between species and between genes. Most comparative studies of functional genomics have used pairwise comparisons. Yet it has been shown that this can provide biased results, as genes, like species, are phylogenetically related. Phylogenetic comparative methods should be used to correct for this, but they depend on strong assumptions, including unbiased tree estimates relative to the hypothesis being tested. Such methods have recently been used to test the “ortholog conjecture,” the hypothesis that functional evolution is faster in paralogs than in orthologs. Although pairwise comparisons of tissue specificity (τ) provided support for the ortholog conjecture, phylogenetic independent contrasts did not. Our reanalysis on the same gene trees identified problems with the time calibration of duplication nodes. We find that the gene trees used suffer from important biases, due to the inclusion of trees with no duplication nodes, to the relative age of speciations and duplications, to systematic differences in branch lengths, and to non-Brownian motion of tissue specificity on many trees. We find that incorrect implementation of phylogenetic method in empirical gene trees with duplications can be problematic. Controlling for biases allows successful use of phylogenetic methods to study the evolution of gene function and provides some support for the ortholog conjecture using three different phylogenetic approaches.
The Relationship Between Corticomotor Reorganization and Acute Pain Severity: A Randomized, Controlled Study Using Rapid Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Mapping
Authors: Cavaleri Rocco , Chipchase Lucy S , Summers Simon J , Chalmers Jane , Schabrun Siobhan M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objective
Although acute pain has been shown to reduce corticomotor excitability, it remains unknown whether this response resolves over time or is related to symptom severity. Furthermore, acute pain research has relied upon data acquired from the cranial “hotspot,” which do not provide valuable information regarding reorganization, such as changes to the distribution of a painful muscle’s representation within M1. Using a novel, rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) mapping method, this study aimed to 1) explore the temporal profile and variability of corticomotor reorganization in response to acute pain and 2) determine whether individual patterns of corticomotor reorganization are associated with differences in pain, sensitivity, and somatosensory organization.

Methods
Corticomotor (TMS maps), pain processing (pain intensity, pressure pain thresholds), and somatosensory (two-point discrimination, two-point estimation) outcomes were taken at baseline, immediately after injection (hypertonic [n = 20] or isotonic saline [n = 20]), and at pain resolution. Follow-up measures were recorded every 15 minutes until 90 minutes after injection.

Results
Corticomotor reorganization persisted at least 90 minutes after pain resolution. Corticomotor depression was associated with lower pain intensity than was corticomotor facilitation (r = 0.47 [P = 0.04]). These effects were not related to somatosensory reorganization or peripheral sensitization mechanisms.

Conclusions
Individual patterns of corticomotor reorganization during acute pain appear to be related to symptom severity, with early corticomotor depression possibly reflecting a protective response. These findings hold important implications for the management and potential prevention of pain chronicity. However, further research is required to determine whether these adaptations relate to long-term outcomes in clinical populations.
On Uniqueness of Dirichlet Series
Authors: li Bao Qin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We give a characterization of the ratio of two Dirichelt series convergent in a right half-plane under an analytic condition, which is applicable to a uniqueness problem for Dirichlet series admitting analytic continuation in the complex plane as meromorphic functions of finite order; uniqueness theorems are given in terms of a-points of the functions.
Legislative Design of Director’s Responsibility in India: In Search of Clarity
Authors: Deva Prasad M , Ansari Salamah , Narayan Shannu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Indian Companies Act, 2013 addresses the director’s responsibility through specific statutory provisions. While highlighting certain nuances in the legislative design, the article argues for more clarification for the director’s responsibility, specifically for non-executive and independent directors. The normative contribution of this article stresses the need to reform the existing statutory framework for according protection to directors of a company. Operationalization of fiduciary responsibility based on common law principles, along with section 166, Companies Act, 2013 is not clear in the statutory design. Emerging concerns of the director’s responsibility include lack of adequate protection for non-executive and independent directors which deserve more policy deliberations. The recently introduced Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 poses evolving responsibility on directors, forming yet another emerging concern in the Indian context.
Obscuring Gendered Difference: The Treatment of Violence in Australian Government Alcohol Policy
Authors: Duncan Duane , Moore David , Keane Helen , Ekendahl Mats 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDespite public debate about alcohol and public violence among young people in Australia, the issue of masculinities or gender is rarely visible in alcohol policy. Instead, policy recommendations aimed at reducing violence focus on changing the availability and consumption of alcohol. Drawing on concepts from feminist and science and technology studies scholarship, this article analyses how “alcohol-related violence” is constituted as a specific policy object, and how it coheres to obscure men’s contributions to and experiences of violence. Attention to the political effects of these policy practices is necessary for the development of more equitable alcohol policies.
Phytol, a Constituent of Chlorophyll, Induces Root-Knot Nematode Resistance in Arabidopsis via the Ethylene Signaling Pathway
Authors: Fujimoto Taketo , Abe Hiroshi , Mizukubo Takayuki , Seo Shigemi 
Published: November 2020

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne spp.) parasitize the roots or stems of a wide range of plant species, resulting in severe damage to the parasitized plant. The phytohormone ethylene (ET) plays an important role in signal transduction pathways leading to resistance against RKNs. However, little is currently known about the induction mechanisms of ET-dependent RKN resistance. Inoculation of Arabidopsis thaliana roots with RKNs decreased chlorophyll contents in aerial parts of the plant. We observed accumulation of phytol, a constituent of chlorophyll and a precursor of tocopherols, in RKN-parasitized roots. Application of sclareol, a diterpene that has been shown to induce ET-dependent RKN resistance, to the roots of Arabidopsis plants increased phytol contents in roots accompanied by a decrease in chlorophyll in aerial parts. Exogenously applied phytol inhibited RKN penetration of roots without exhibiting nematicidal activity. This phytol-induced inhibition of RKN penetration was attenuated in the ET-insensitive Arabidopsis mutant ein2-1. Exogenously applied phytol enhanced the production of α-tocopherol and expression of VTE5, a gene involved in tocopherol production, in Arabidopsis roots. α-Tocopherol exerted induction of RKN resistance similar to that of phytol and showed increased accumulation in roots inoculated with RKNs. Furthermore, the Arabidopsis vte5 mutant displayed no inhibition of RKN penetration in response to phytol. These results suggest that exogenously applied phytol induces EIN2-dependent RKN resistance, possibly via tocopherol production. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Lateral Distractor Use During Internal Fixation of Tibial Plateau Fractures Has a Minimal Risk of Iatrogenic Peroneal Nerve Palsy
Authors: Chen Michael J. , Salazar Brett P. , Tigchelaar Seth S. , Frey Christopher S. , DeBaun Malcolm R. , Goodnough L. Henry , Bellino Michael J. , Bishop Julius A. , Gardner Michael J. 
Published: November 2020

Objectives:
To determine the incidence of iatrogenic peroneal nerve palsy after application of an intraoperative lateral distractor during open reduction and internal fixation of tibial plateau fractures.

Design:
Retrospective review.

Setting:
Single academic Level I trauma center.

Patients:
One hundred forty-seven patients met criteria and were included in the study.

Intervention:
Patients with unicondylar and bicondylar tibial plateau fractures underwent open reduction and internal fixation and received application of an intraoperative lateral distractor to aid in visualization and reduction of the impacted lateral plateau.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Incidence of iatrogenic peroneal nerve palsy.

Results:
There was a 2.0% incidence of iatrogenic peroneal nerve symptoms (3 of 147 patients), most of which were incomplete sensory deficits. There was no association with staged external fixation, regional anesthesia, or tourniquet use.

Conclusion:
Use of an intraoperative lateral distractor is safe and has a low incidence of iatrogenic peroneal nerve palsy if applied carefully.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Surgical management of invasive fungal infections in adult leukemia patients: experience from a large tertiary center in Southeast-Asia
Authors: Keng Bryan M.H. , Ng Zhi Xuan , Tan Yan Chin , Tan Thuan Tong , Wong Gee Chuan , Nagarajan Chandramouli 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives:
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in acute leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Surgical interventions may be necessary to improve the survival outcomes of these patients. The aim of this study is to report a single-center experience using surgical intervention as adjunctive treatment for IFI in adult leukemia patients.

Methods:
A retrospective review was conducted to obtain clinical characteristics and outcomes of surgically managed IFI patients diagnosed between January 2005 and December 2015 in our center.

Results:
Nineteen acute leukemia patients, median age 46 years (range 19–65), underwent 20 surgical procedures as management for IFI. Three patients had proven IFI diagnoses prior to surgery. Sixteen patients underwent surgery for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Post-surgery, the diagnostic yield for proven IFI increased by a factor of 5, and 15 patients had definitive IFI diagnoses. Surgical complications included 2 pleural effusions, 4 pneumothoraxes, and 1 hydropneumothorax. The median duration of hospitalization for patients with complications was 9 days (range 3–64). Thirteen patients benefited overall from the procedure, 3 had temporary clinical benefits, and 2 had progression of IFI. After surgery, the 3-month and 2-year overall survival rates were 89.5% and 57.9%, respectively. The median time from surgery to resumption of chemotherapy or HSCT was 25 days.

Conclusions:
Surgical interventions for IFI are feasible in selected leukemia patients, as they yield valuable information to guide antifungal therapy or enable therapeutic outcomes with acceptable risk, thereby allowing patients to proceed with curative chemotherapy and HSCT.
CAR-NK cell therapeutics for hematologic malignancies: hope is on the horizon
Authors: Xu Kai-lin , Cheng Hai 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy has achieved significant success in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. However, treatment-related toxicity and side effects remain the major drawbacks. As an important effector cell in innate immunity, natural killer (NK) cells exert strong antitumor functions and have better application prospects in the immunotherapy of hematologic malignancies. Compared with T cells, NK cells exhibit several advantages such as MHC-independent recognition. CAR-modified NK (CAR-NK) cells may exhibit a better ability of killing tumor cells. Herein, we review mainly preclinical data related to the development of CAR-NK cells in treating blood cancers.
Inflamm-aging of hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Chen Zhiyang , Ju Zhenyu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for generating all blood cells throughout life. Apart from the role of HSCs in maintaining the homeostasis of blood cell production process, they must respond quickly to hematopoietic challenges, such as infection or blood loss. HSCs can be directly/indirectly activated and engage in blood formation for the acute needs in response to inflammation. Recent findings highlight the emerging role of inflammation signaling on HSC fate decision and shaping the hematopoietic system during aging. Here, we summarize recent studies identifying the changes in inflammation and their role in modulation of HSC function and discuss the interaction between inflammation and HSC biology in the contexts of aging and hematological malignancy.
PML nuclear body biogenesis and oligomerization-driven leukemogenesis
Authors: Li Yuwen , Ma Xiaodan , Meng Guoyu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPML nuclear bodies (NBs), which are increasingly recognized as the central hub of many cellular signaling events, are superassembled spherical complexes with diameters of 0.1–2 μm. Recent studies reveal that RING tetramerization and B1-box polymerization are key factors to the overall PML NBs assembly. The productive RBCC oligomerization allows subsequent PML biogenesis steps, including the PML auto-sumoylation and partners recruitment via SUMO–SIM interactions. In promyelocytic leukemia, the oncoprotein PML/RARα (P/R) inhibits PML NBs assembly and leads to a full-fledged leukemogenesis. In this review, we review the recent progress in PML and acute promyelocytic leukemia fields, highlighting the protein oligomerization as an important direction of future targeted therapy.
T cell regeneration: an update on progress and challenges
Authors: Guo Rongqun , Wu Hongling , Du Juan , Wang Jinyong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
T cells play essential roles in antitumor therapy. Via gene engineering technique to enhance tumor-antigen specificity, patient peripheral blood-derived T cells (PBT) show encouraging clinical outcomes in treating certain blood malignancies. However, the high costs, functionality exhaustion, and disease-condition-dependent availability of PBT prompt the attempts of exploring alternative T cell sources. Theoretically, induced T cells from pluripotent stem cells (PSC) are ideal candidates that integrate plenty of advantages that primary T cells lack, including unlimited off-the-shelf cell source and precision gene editing feasibility. However, researchers are still struggling with developing a straightforward protocol to induce functional and immunocompetent human T cells from PSC. Based on stromal cell-expressing or biomaterial-presenting Notch ligands DLL1 or DLL4, natural and induced blood progenitors can differentiate further toward T lineage commitment. However, none of the reported T induction protocols has yet translated into any clinical application, signaling the existence of numerous technical barriers for regenerating T cells functionally matching their natural PBT counterparts. Alternatively, new approaches have been developed to repopulate induced T lymphopoiesis via in vivo reprogramming or transplanting induced T cell precursors. Here, we review the most recent progress in the T cell regeneration field, and the remaining challenges dragging their clinical applications.
The first 6 months of HIV-SARS-CoV-2 coinfection: outcomes for 6947 individuals
Authors: Johnston Rowena 
Published: November 2020

Purpose of review
The aim of this review is to summarize the clinical outcomes of people living with HIV (PWH) coinfected with SARS-CoV-2 during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Recent findings
Several reports from single centers have described increased, decreased, or no difference in outcomes of COVID-19 in PWH. These studies have come from a range of locations, each with different underlying HIV prevalence and access to various antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens. Differences in healthcare quality, access and policies may also affect reported outcomes in PWH across different locations, making interpretation of results more challenging. Meanwhile, different components of ART have been proposed to protect against SARS-CoV-2 acquisition or disease progression.

Summary
The current review considers 6 months of data across geographic regions with a range of healthcare quality and access and ART regimens to generate a wider view of COVID-19 outcomes in PWH. Taken together, these studies indicate that HIV infection may be associated with increased risk of COVID-19 diagnosis, but comorbidities appear to play a larger role than HIV-specific variables in outcomes of COVID-19 among PWH. ART does not appear to protect from COVID-19 disease acquisition, progression or death.
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Infants
Authors: Berkhout Angela , Kapoor Vishal , Heney Claire , Jones Cheryl A. , Clark Julia E. , Vaska Vikram L. , Lai Melissa , Nourse Clare 
Published: November 2020

Background:
National neonatal surveillance for herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease suggests that the incidence of HSV disease may be higher in Queensland (QLD) than in other Australian States. We sought to investigate the incidence via a retrospective 13-year evaluation of statewide laboratory data, autopsy data and linked clinical records of infants with laboratory confirmed infection.

Methods:
All positive polymerase chain reaction HSV 1 and 2 results were obtained for infants 0–3 months of age from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2017. Clinical data were obtained from patient records and parent questionnaires were used to evaluate long-term sequelae.

Results:
One hundred seventy-two infants with HSV positive polymerase chain reaction results: 121 (70.3%) with HSV 1. Of 104 (60.5%) infants with signs of HSV disease, 76 (73.1%) were neonates (≤28 days of age) [incidence 9.6 (95% confidence interval, 7.0–11.5) per 100,000 live births] and 28 (26.9%) were young infants (29–90 days of age) [3.6 (95% confidence interval, 2.4–5.4) per 100,000 live births]. The annual incidence of neonatal HSV disease increased significantly in Queensland over the study period (P < 0.01). Of the 76 neonates with HSV disease, 58 (76.3%) presented with the skin, eye, mouth (SEM) disease, 17 (22.4%) with HSV encephalitis and 11 (14.5%) had disseminated disease. Young infants presented with HSV skin, eye, mouth disease (21, 75.0%) or HSV encephalitis (6, 21.4%). Death occurred in 12/104 (11.5%) infants (all neonates) with 10 attributable to HSV disease.

Conclusion:
The incidence of neonatal HSV disease in QLD is almost 3 times the national reported incidence. Further research is being undertaken to explore reasons for this change and implications for practice.
Reduced Spread of Electric Field After Surgical Removal of Intracochlear Schwannoma and Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Wagner Luise , Plontke Stefan K. , Fröhlich Laura , Rahne Torsten 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
The primary aim of the study was to explore whether reduced spread of electrical field is observed after partial or subtotal cochleoectomy and cochlear implantation compared with standard cochlear implantation. Secondarily, the influence on speech perception was explored comparing both groups.

Study Design:
Nonconcurrent cohort study.

Setting:
Monocentric study at a tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Twenty adult cochlear implant (CI) users after tumor resection with cochleoectomy of varying extent and 20 electrode-matched CI users with standard electrode insertion.

Interventions:
Partial and subtotal cochleoectomy for tumor removal and CI.

Outcome Measures:
Trans-impedance, electrically evoked compound action potentials, and word recognition were measured. Relative impedance was computed as a function of distance between the stimulation and recording electrode.

Results:
Trans-impedance was smaller and more homogeneous in patients with partial or subtotal cochleoectomy than in the control group. In the tumor group, the mean relative impedance decreased to 0.20 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.03) at a distance of 1 electrode and to 0.25 (SD = 0.04) in the control group. After excluding seven patients with a second tumor in the internal auditory canal or cerebellopontine angle, with transmodiolar tumors, after near total cochleoectomy, or only extended cochleostomy, word recognition was 61% (SD = 19%) at 3 months and 75% (SD = 19%) at 12 months after activation of the audio processor in the tumor group. At 12 months, it was significantly (p < 0.05) better than in the control group (3 mo: 45%, SD = 25%; 12 mo: 53%, SD = 26%). A smaller trans-impedance is associated with a better word recognition.

Conclusion:
We conclude that the surgical technique used for CI surgery after subtotal cochleoectomy reduces the spread of the electric field and overcomes the potential drawbacks in structure preservation associated with that technique.