bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaf growth in early development is key to biomass heterosis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Liu Pei-Chuan , Peacock W James , Wang Li , Furbank Robert , Larkum Anthony , Dennis Elizabeth S 
Published: January 2020

AbstractArabidopsis thaliana hybrids have similar properties to hybrid crops, with greater biomass relative to the parents. We asked whether the greater biomass was due to increased photosynthetic efficiency per unit leaf area or to overall increased leaf area and increased total photosynthate per plant. We found that photosynthetic parameters (electron transport rate, CO2 assimilation rate, chlorophyll content, and chloroplast number) were unchanged on a leaf unit area and unit fresh weight basis between parents and hybrids, indicating that heterosis is not a result of increased photosynthetic efficiency. To investigate the possibility of increased leaf area producing more photosynthate per plant, we studied C24×Landsberg erecta (Ler) hybrids in detail. These hybrids have earlier germination and leaf growth than the parents, leading to a larger leaf area at any point in development of the plant. The developing leaves of the hybrids are significantly larger than those of the parents, with consequent greater production of photosynthate and an increased contribution to heterosis. The set of leaves contributing to heterosis changes as the plant develops; the four most recently emerged leaves make the greatest contribution. As a leaf matures, its contribution to heterosis attenuates. While photosynthesis per unit leaf area is unchanged at any stage of development in the hybrid, leaf area is greater and the amount of photosynthate per plant is increased.
A flat-spectrum flare in S4 0444+63 revealed by a new implementation of multiwavelength single-dish observations
Authors: Giroletti M , Righini S 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Relativistic amplification boosts the contribution of the jet base to the total emission in blazars, thus making single-dish observations useful and practical to characterize their physical state, particularly during episodes of enhanced multiwavelength activity. Following the detection of a new gamma-ray source by Fermi-LAT in 2017 July, we observed S4 0444+63 in order to secure its identification as a gamma-ray blazar. We conducted observations with the Medicina and Noto radio telescopes at 5, 8, and 24 GHz for a total of 12 epochs between 2017 August 1 and 2018 September 22. We carried out the observations with on-the-fly cross-scans and reduced the data with our newly developed Cross-scan Analysis Pipeline, which we present here in detail for the first time. We found the source to be in an elevated state of emission at radio wavelength, compared to historical values, which lasted for several months. The maximum luminosity was reached on 2018 May 16 at 24 GHz, with $L_{24}=(1.7\pm 0.3)\times 10^{27}\ \mathrm{W\, Hz}^{-1}$; the spectral index was found to evolve from slightly rising to slightly steep. Besides the new observations, which have proved to be an effective and efficient tool to secure the identification of the source, additional single dish and very long baseline interferometry data provide further insight on the physics of the source. We estimate a synchrotron peak frequency νpeak = 1012.97 Hz and a Doppler factor in excess of δ ∼ 5.0, with both quantities playing a role in the gamma-ray emission from the source.
ssDNA diffuses along replication protein A via a reptation mechanism
Authors: Mishra Garima , Bigman Lavi S , Levy Yaakov 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Replication protein A (RPA) plays a critical role in all eukaryotic DNA processing involving single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Contrary to the notion that RPA provides solely inert protection to transiently formed ssDNA, the RPA–ssDNA complex acts as a dynamic DNA processing unit. Here, we studied the diffusion of RPA along 60 nt ssDNA using a coarse-grained model in which the ssDNA–RPA interface was modeled by both aromatic and electrostatic interactions. Our study provides direct evidence of bulge formation during the diffusion of ssDNA along RPA. Bulges can form at a few sites along the interface and store 1–7 nt of ssDNA whose release, upon bulge dissolution, leads to propagation of ssDNA diffusion. These findings thus support the reptation mechanism, which involves bulge formation linked to the aromatic interactions, whose short range nature reduces cooperativity in ssDNA diffusion. Greater cooperativity and a larger diffusion coefficient for ssDNA diffusion along RPA are observed for RPA variants with weaker aromatic interactions and for interfaces homogenously stabilized by electrostatic interactions. ssDNA propagation in the latter instance is characterized by lower probabilities of bulge formation; thus, it may fit the sliding-without-bulge model better than the reptation model. Thus, the reptation mechanism allows ssDNA mobility despite the extensive and high affinity interface of RPA with ssDNA. The short-range aromatic interactions support bulge formation while the long-range electrostatic interactions support the release of the stored excess ssDNA in the bulge and thus the overall diffusion.
Laws of Sex, Changed
Authors: Ben-Asher Noa 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The dramatic legal and social developments in the domains of sex, gender, and sexuality in the last several decades are often understood as progress. But this is not the whole story. This chapter presents these developments through a genealogy in which “bad” legal actors have turned into “good” legal actors. Three factors have facilitated this transition: (1) development of constitutional legal rights; (2) shifts in medical expertise; and (3) emergence of rhetoric of pity for allegedly suffering individuals. The chapter demonstrates this insight by examining three sites of social and legal change: one involving reproduction, one involving homosexuality, and one involving gender identity. In each of these domains, individuals or acts that were once labeled legally criminal are now considered, under the law, as dignified or morally praiseworthy. First, many types of reproductive technologies (such as sperm and egg donations) that were once strictly prohibited have been legalized and are now encouraged. Second, homosexuality, once condemned through criminal sodomy laws, is now understood by the Supreme Court, in the context of marriage, as dignified and respectable. Third, nonconforming gender identities, once criminalized in various ways, are gradually gaining anti-discrimination protections and social acceptability. Each of these social and legal transformations began in criminal prohibition and ended with an extension of liberal rights to individuals or couples. The chapter closely examines how, in these three transformations, Judeo-Christian values such as pity and dignity have seeped into current social and legal consciousness. The chapter concludes with some general thoughts on queer legal studies.
Law, Visual Studies, and Image History
Authors: Behrmann Carolin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that normative orders are not simply represented but made through visualities. Rather than just having a subversive purpose, images, symbols, gestures, and performative actions are able to generate legal meaning; this has been discussed since early Renaissance. The reason for the troubled relationship between law and visuality is connected to the long history of skepticism toward the authenticity of images. This chapter looks into the ties between the law and image history and shows that visual media have to be counted as a crucial part of the legal sphere. Both aesthetic knowledge and aesthetic signification of legal normativity have a long historical record. The chapter argues that since the law deploys visual media in different contexts, critical instruments and theoretical approaches must be able to deal with the epistemological qualities of images.
The Sociality of the Platform
Authors: Riles Annelise 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores some of the unstated assumptions of legal debates surrounding free speech on the Internet and brings into view alternative analytical categories and perspectives that have been eclipsed by these debates. Drawing on an ethnographic study of Meridian 180, a multilingual online platform, it highlights the importance of the infrastructure of digital platforms as techno-social configurations and sites of collective commitment. A focus on the platform that sustains online speech brings into view the work of hosting or preparing the speech—and the sociality it engenders. The chapter concludes that we need new categories foreign to legal and anthropological analysis alike—such as friendship—to make critical sense of the sociality of the platform.
Machiavelli’s Camillus and the Tension Between Leadership and Democracy
Authors: McCormick John P. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter challenges cynical understandings of Machiavelli’s conception of leadership, demonstrating the extent to which it fully comports with and uniquely enables both democratic politics and what he calls the “free way of life.” Through Machiavelli’s example of the ancient Roman statesman, Furius Camillus from the Discourses, this chapter delineates the salutary interactions between leaders and citizens that Machiavelli considered indispensable for the realization of liberty within democratic regimes. It demonstrates how the influence exerted and the prerogative enjoyed at key historical junctures by a political leader like Camillus does not constitute usurpations of popular deliberation but rather serve, in conjunction with popularly empowering institutions, as necessary complements to democratic judgment. Indeed, Machiavelli suggests that the most intimate bonds between leaders and citizens often form after the latter have angrily dismissed the former from office, or even exiled them from the polity, only subsequently to reappoint them or invite them back. Drawing upon classical humanistic sources—in particular, Livy and Plutarch—Machiavelli intimates that Camillus, Rome’s frequently appointed supreme magistrate, gained unprecedented trust and authority from the Roman people by accepting their decision to exile him, by faithfully returning to the city during a dire crisis when they summoned him back, and, on numerous subsequent occasions, by eagerly relinquishing command once he’d fulfilled his designated assignments.
The Gap Between Fairness and Law
Authors: Spolsky Ellen 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the gap between the abstract ideal of fairness and the bodily materiality of retribution. The aim is to suggest how embodied versions of current cognitive science afford a helpful way of talking about the breach between abstractions, or thoughts of fairness, on one hand, and the judgments and punishments produced by actual legal systems on the other. It turns out to be remarkably easy for creatures with brains like ours to leap over the gap, to close the rift produced by evolved brain physiology between abstractions and their physical manifestations. The cognitive theory engaged here is the hypothesis that the grounds of morality and social decision-making—both the feeling of fairness and the institutionalized court systems—can be understood as produced by the structures and processes of human brains in their bodies. My inquiry rests on the co-occurrence of the highly popular revenge tragedies of late sixteenth and early seventeenth century (such as Hamlet) and the conflicts and arguments over the authority of the Chancery, or Equity Courts in London. Was equity, as John Selden later called it, “a roguish thing” that simply reflected the chancellor’s own feelings, in which case the judgments of the court were “above the law,” or was it, as Saint German claimed, grounded in sinderesis, the human mind’s natural understanding of right? The performances of revenge on stage, it is hypothesized, may have helped their audiences understand the direction of change that was needed.
Indigenous Law
Authors: Ablavsky Gregory , Deer Sarah , Richland Justin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Indigenous law is the category applied to the norms and legally binding practices of thousands of distinct indigenous communities spanning six continents. This chapter focuses on the content and construction of indigenous law within the borders of the present-day United States, equally marked by diversity among Native communities. Nonetheless, it identifies several important ways in which indigenous law broadly construed diverges from Euro-American legal systems. The chapter notes that indigenous communities have not drawn sharp distinctions between law and other methods for maintaining the proper ordering of society. And, while cautioning against essential accounts of Native justice, it also observes the ways in which Native dispute resolution focuses more on community and restoration than Anglo-American adversarial models. The chapter also recounts constructions of indigenous law by North America’s would-be European colonizers. It describes the long-standing practice by many colonizers of describing indigenous peoples as lawless. This language, the chapter argues, did important work in justifying colonization and the imposition of Anglo-American law. But it also traces the ways in which Native peoples forced Anglo-Americans to incorporate indigenous laws into US law. This incorporation happened both informally—as Anglo-Americans negotiating with Native nations adopted their rules to govern negotiations—and formally, as the body of law known as federal Indian law created a regime of legal pluralism that granted limited recognition to Native nations’ assertions of jurisdiction. The chapter concludes by noting the dangers of adopting the colonizers’ frame and defining indigenous law principally as a foil for Anglo-American law.
Property
Authors: Keenan Sarah 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces changing Anglo-European conceptions of property and their legal manifestations since John Locke, focusing on the common law world. Tracing this history of property requires an attentiveness to constructions of race. The chapter begins by outlining Locke’s concept of property and its relationship to seventeenth- and eighteenth-century British colonialism. Engaging with Cheryl Harris’s crucial insight that whiteness is property, it discusses conceptual and legal overlaps between having and being in dominant property regimes. The Lockean concept of property constructed land as an object essentially interchangeable with capital, a notion which found legal form in title registration and other legal initiatives which made land more alienable than it had previously been, thus assisting the colonial project of Indigenous dispossession. With the growth of the corporation and the credit economy since the nineteenth century, ownership has been divorced from control in ways that challenge the model of property put forward by Locke and other Anglo-European philosophers. In the culture of debt which pervades twenty-first-century capitalist economies, the subject of property is often also a debtor. This subject tends to be produced not through labor or metaphysical recognition but through increasingly algorithmic consumer surveillance and risk profiling which reproduces social categories including race. To understand property’s changing formations, there is a need for approaches that take seriously property’s white supremacist history and seek out alternative modes of having and being.
The Functions of Legal Literature and Case Reporting Before and After Stare Decisis
Authors: Bricker Andrew Benjamin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter documents some of the diverse functions of legal literature and case reporting prior to the emergence of the modern doctrine of stare decisis in the mid-nineteenth century. In examining the historical variability of legal literature, this chapter attempts to open up new avenues of research for scholars working between law and the humanities. By acknowledging and trying to make sense of that diversity, scholars might find in legal literature useful archival objects that could serve as evidence for phenomena beyond the recording of decisions and the transmission of precedents. This chapter briefly tracks the shifting functions of legal literature in late-medieval and early modern England to suggest how scholars might use such sources. The remainder of the chapter focuses on a transitional period in the history of stare decisis: the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, when legal practitioners began fully to grapple with a much more modern notion of precedent as fully binding. Even during this period, however, case reporting served a variety of ends beyond the transmission of precedent, and social historians and literary scholars in particular have used legal literature in creative ways to track both societal shifts and literary forms. The goal here is to expand how scholars working at the intersections of law and the humanities might use legal literature and to suggest new ways to think about case reports: not solely as narrow objects for the transmission of precedent but as archival resources for a variety of superficially non-legal subjects.
Video as Text/Archive
Authors: Capers Bennett 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a few issues related to video evidence and law, especially with respect to American law. The first issue is the history of the use of video evidence in court. The second issue involves constitutional protections regarding the state’s use of surveillance cameras. The chapter then turns to the Supreme Court case Scott v. Harris to raise concerns about the use of video evidence as not just proof but “truth.” These are of course just a sampling of the issues that the topic of video evidence could raise. The hope is that this chapter will spur further inquiry on the part of the reader.
Trials and the Impressionism of Advocacy
Authors: Ferguson Rex 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Trials have often been written about as narrative events: the standard claim being that at trial one narrative is pitted against another with the verdict proclaiming the winner. This is a connection which privileges a certain view of narrative that is defined by the coherence and closure produced by its plot and which is embodied, in literature, by realist fiction. While admitting the validity of this position, this chapter is intent upon extending it by examining the connection between trials and a different understanding and example of narrative fiction. Taking the Literary Impressionism of Joseph Conrad as a cue (and through an analysis of materials such as Scott Turow’s Presumed Innocent (1987) and the 2014 podcast Serial) the chapter claims that narrative’s capacity to contain non-sequential secrets, to convey latent messages, and to produce meaning from its seemingly peripheral constituents have, to date, been underanalyzed in the context of a narrative understanding of trials. In conclusion, the chapter argues that the impossibility of divorcing narrative from its instantiation in language has far-reaching consequences for how we might understand the narrative battle between prosecution and defense.
Legal Codes as Cultural Products
Authors: Pihlajamäki Heikki 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Legal codes have served multiple purposes. From early on, they have served as symbols of power, drawing their legitimacy from ancient roots. When observed historically, the practical importance of the codes has often been meager. Although the symbolic significance of the codes has never disappeared, from the nineteenth century onward their importance for practical legal life has been undisputable. The traditional view of looking at the codification history through the lens of nineteenth-century history of continental law is, however, in many ways misleading and in need of revision. Codes need to be considered in the context of other forms of normativity, such as normative ethics, as cultural products, and as export products.
Legal Materiality
Authors: Kang Hyo Yoon , Kendall Sara 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents legal materiality as a distinct approach within law and humanities scholarship. Legal materiality is concerned with the conditions of possibility in and through which law arises, rather than taking law’s materiality to be self-evident, as when it is regarded as a form of material culture or when objects are taken as symbols of law. It distinguishes between matters and materials: if matters are problematizations or “matters of concern” to law, materials are the attributes or properties that are enlisted in acts of interpretation. Rather than addressing materials as inert physical elements that are acted upon by law, legal materiality is concerned with how materials come to matter by being engaged in the production of legal meaning through interpretive and representational practices. Section 2.2 situates this approach in relation to a broader inheritance of materialism and materiality in the Western tradition. It considers different understandings of “materialism,” such as “new materialisms” and historical materialism, that inform but also diverge from legal materiality. Section 2.3 engages with different uses of “materiality” in recent legal scholarship, followed by a detailed discussion of its meaning in two works of legal theory that have sought to articulate a conception of legal materiality. The concluding section discusses the potentials of this approach for law and humanities scholarship to understand how materials are directly implicated in the making of legal difference rather than serving solely as law’s objects.
Invertebrate Models of Nociception
Authors: Hesselson Daniel , Walker Denise S. , Massingham Joshua Neil , Schafer William R. , Neely G. Gregory , Chew Yee Lian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chronic pain is a significant public health problem, affecting 20–25% of the global population, and there is a clear need for more specific and effective therapeutics. To achieve this, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms and molecular machinery driving pain-related diseases is required. The definition of pain as an “unpleasant sensory and emotional experience” associated with tissue injury is innately anthropomorphic, the emotional element being difficult to reconcile in nonhuman organisms. Even simple invertebrates are nevertheless capable of nociception, the neural processing of noxious stimuli. With the significant advantages of simpler nervous systems, experimental tractability, and a high level of conservation, they have a major role to play in advancing our understanding. This chapter reviews our current molecular- and circuit-level understanding of nociception in two of the most widely used invertebrate experimental models, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the fly Drosophila melanogaster. In particular, it summarizes the molecules, cells, and circuits that contribute to nociception in response to diverse noxious stimuli in these model organisms and the behavioral paradigms that we can harness to study them. The chapter discusses how mechanistic insights gained from these experimental systems can improve our understanding of pain in humans.