bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss of lower extremity muscle strength based on diabetic polyneuropathy in older patients with type 2 diabetes: Multicenter Survey of the Isometric Lower Extremity Strength in Type 2 Diabetes: Phase 2 study
Authors: Nomura Takuo , Kawae Toshihiro , Kataoka Hiroaki , Ikeda Yukio 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAims/IntroductionDiabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is a factor that reduces lower extremity muscle strength (LEMS) in older type 2 diabetes patients. This relationship remains unclear in longitudinal studies. Therefore, we longitudinally investigated the apparent effects of DPN on changes in LEMS. Furthermore, we cross‐sectionally examined relationships among DPN, LEMS, mobility and health‐related quality of life.Materials and MethodsBodyweight‐normalized (relative) knee extension force (KEF) was examined in 51 DPN and 54 non‐DPN patients (68.9 ± 5.6 and 70.2 ± 5.9 years, respectively) at baseline and follow up at 3.6 ± 0.6 years. At follow up, mobility was measured using a 25‐question geriatric locomotive function scale. Health‐related quality of life was assessed using the five‐dimensions of EuroQol for quality‐adjusted life years calculation.ResultsRelative KEF in the DPN group was significantly lower at follow up (1.22 ± 0.47 Nm/kg) than at baseline (1.31 ± 0.47 Nm/kg; P < 0.05). DPN significantly affected changes in relative KEF. Mobility decreased by 41 and 65% in the non‐DPN and DPN groups, respectively. Quality‐adjusted life years were significantly lower in the DPN group (0.856 ± 0.131) than in the non‐DPN group (0.920 ± 0.105; P < 0.01). Relative KEF was a significant independent variable that explained quality‐adjusted life years.ConclusionsDPN clearly reduced LEMS in older type 2 diabetes patients within 4 years. Furthermore, DPN resulted in a loss of LEMS and decrease in mobility. Therefore, DPN development should be monitored closely, with glycemic control and LEMS kept at a high level to maintain health‐related quality of life in older patients with type 2 diabetes.
Effects of hot air, vacuum infrared, and vacuum microwave dryers on the drying kinetics and quality characteristics of orange slices
Authors: Bozkir Hamza 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe present study aimed to dry orange slices at 50, 60, and 70°C using vacuum microwave dryer (VMD), vacuum infrared dryer (VID), and tray dryer (TD) and to compare the effects of different drying techniques on drying kinetics and product qualities. For this purpose, drying kinetics, total phenolic content, vitamin C, pH, total titratable acidity, bulk density, and color values of dried orange slices were evaluated. The VMD significantly increased the drying rates and the effective moisture diffusivities of orange slices compared with the VID and the TD. The drying times of orange slices for the VMD, the VID, and the TD at 70°C were detected as 69, 92, and 180 min, respectively. The experimental data were fitted to six thin‐layer drying models with R2 range between .929 and 1.000. The results showed that the VMD had the smallest change in total phenolic content, vitamin C, pH, total titratable acidity, bulk density, and color values (L*, a*, b*, ΔE, ΔC, and Hue°) of dried orange slices, whereas the TD had the highest changing.Practical applicationsDrying is a common preservation technique used for the long‐term durability of fruits and vegetables. This technique decreases the cost of storage, packaging, and transport of fruits and vegetables. Nevertheless, the traditional drying technique has some disadvantages, such as low energy efficiency, long process times, and a reduction in quality characteristics. The vacuum microwave dryer (VMD) and the vacuum infrared dryer (VID) have advantages such as higher drying rate, lower drying time, homogeneous temperature, high‐energy efficiency, and good product quality. In the industry, the VMD and the VID can be used as an alternative to the hot air drying, making the drying process faster for the fruits and vegetables.
Ideology and the Direction of Causation in the Acquisition and Maintenance of Shared Belief Systems
Authors: Munger Michael C. 
Published: July 2020

SUMMARYPreferences and beliefs are more widely and systematically shared than might be predicted by a subjective, idiosyncratic view arising out of neoclassical economics. Two works were published twenty five years ago on just this question, contesting conceptions of belief acquisition: Denzau and North (1994) and Hinich and Munger (1994). Denzau and North argued that beliefs are simplified representations of reality that provide conventional means of interpreting the world around us; Hinich and Munger agreed. But Denzau and North argued that beliefs were essentially self‐perpetuating, and not subject to optimizing revision based on feedback, while Hinich and Munger followed the orthodox Downsian notion of a heuristic that economizes (in equilibrium) on the cost of becoming informed about politics. The big difference is that the Hume‐Denzau‐North conception follows the “Folk Theorem,” making no claim about the optimality of the belief systems that a society comes to share.
Oral microbiota alteration associated with oral cancer and areca chewing
Authors: Zhong Xiaohuan , Lu Qin , Zhang Qi , He Yuan , Wei Wenjuan , Wang Yimin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOral cancer is among most common neoplasm of oral cavity; in many cases, it develops at the site of premalignant lesion. Areca nut has been identified as a carcinogen, which was proved to promote the inflammation level and contributes to oral malignancy. Chewing areca nut is the main cause of the premalignant disease oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). Bacterial alterations were suggested to be assonated with oral cancer progression. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the changes of microbiota in the mucosa along stage of development of oral cancer with areca nut chewing. 162 participants, reporting to department of oral medical center, were enrolled into the study which includes 45 patients each of OSF, 42 of oral cancer, 29 healthy controls (HC) with areca nut chewing, and 46 healthy controls (HC) never chewing areca nut. Oral swabbing of tongue dorsum, buccal mucosa, and gingiva was evaluated by MiSeq platform of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. These data revealed microbial changes that may mirror oral cancer progression and reflect clinical preconditions such as areca nut chewing. Consequently, revealing microbial changes in patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas and the premalignant disease oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) with areca nut chewing might improve our understanding of the pathobiology of the disease and help in the design of novel diagnostic and treatment strategies.
The Collins’ monster, a spinous suspension‐feeding lobopodian from the Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia
Authors: Caron Jean‐Bernard , Aria Cédric 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLobopodians, a paraphyletic group of rare but morphologically diverse Palaeozoic vermiform animals bearing metameric appendages, are key to the origin of extant panarthropods. First discovered in 1983 on Mount Stephen (Yoho National Park, British Columbia), the Cambrian (Wuliuan) Burgess Shale lobopodian nicknamed ‘Collins’ monster’ is formally described as Collinsovermis monstruosus gen. et sp. nov. A formal systematic treatment of the comparable and poorly known lobopodian Acinocricus stichus from Utah is also provided. The body of Collinsovermis is plump and compact but shows the diagnostic suspension‐feeding characters of luolishaniid lobopodians. It possesses 14 contiguous pairs of lobopods, lacking space between them. The 6 anterior pairs are elongate, adorned with about 20 pairs of long and slightly curved ventral spinules arranged in a chevron‐like pattern. These appendages terminate in a pair of thin claws and their dorsal surfaces are covered in minute spines or setae. The 8 posterior lobopod pairs, which attach to a truncated body termination, are stout and smooth, each terminated by a single strong recurved claw. Each somite bears a pair of dorsal spines; somites 4 and posteriad bear an additional median spine. The spines on somites 1–3 are much shorter than the spines on the remaining somites. The head is short, bears a terminal mouth and a pair of antenniform outgrowths, and is covered by an oblong sclerite. Collinsovermis, plus Collinsium and Acinocricus, are found to comprise a sub‐group of stout luolishaniid lobopodians with remarkably long spinules on the front lobopods, interpreted here as a clade (Teratopodidae fam. nov.) This clade is distinct from both the comparatively slenderer Luolishania and a sub‐group composed of Facivermis and Ovatiovermis lacking body sclerites. Luolishaniids were mostly sessile forerunners of arthropods that had coupled efficient suspension‐feeding devices and, as in Collinsovermis, strong defensive or deterrent features.
Black magic and respecting persons—Some perplexities
Authors: Smilansky Saul , Räikkä Juha 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBlack magic (henceforth BM) is acting in an attempt to harm human beings through supernatural means. Examples include the employment of spells, the use of special curses, the burning of objects related to the purported victim, and the use of pins with voodoo dolls. For the sake of simplicity, we shall focus on attempts to kill through BM. The moral attitude towards BM has not been, as far as we know, significantly discussed in contemporary analytic philosophy. Yet the topic brings up interesting questions and poses challenges, occasionally even reaching the level of paradoxes. Ideas of respecting persons, in particular, will be seen to be challenged by this form of magic. The notion of respecting persons will be treated here broadly and pluralistically. Indeed part of the interest in the discussion will be the unfolding of the diverse ways in which this term should be understood, and the contrasts between its various uses. Often, as we shall see, respect for persons and disrespect for them, in different senses, will co‐exist, and the dilemma will be one where avoiding some forms of disrespect will involve us in disrespect in other senses.
Guide to hibernating Mediterranean and Horsfield's tortoises
Authors: Pellett Sarah , Varga Molly , Stocking Donna 
Published: July 2020

Background: Hibernation is encouraged for healthy Mediterranean and Horsfield's tortoises. A controlled hibernation is essential to reduce posthibernation complications or deaths. Suboptimal husbandry before hibernation and incorrect hibernation techniques may increase the risk of posthibernation complications.Aim of the article: This article provides a guide to hibernating Mediterranean and Horsfield's tortoises, covering the prehibernation, hibernation and posthibernation periods, and also outlines how to address any complications.
Growing up strong: The importance of physical, mental, and emotional strength during childhood and adolescence with focus on dietary factors
Authors: Leidy Heather J. , Gwin Jess A. 
Published: July 2020

Childhood and adolescence are critical time periods for growth and development. Given the current physical and psychological health concerns affecting United States youth, an emerging area of interest exists supporting the importance of physical and psychological aspects of strength for health, resilience, and well-being through these life stages. This synopsis highlights the key concepts that were presented within the 2018 Strength Summit conference, entitled The Role of Strength in Optimal Health and Well-being. During the conference, strength was broadly defined as the ability to successfully respond to a challenge. Although much of the current research focuses on strength from a muscle function and performance perspective, mental and emotional strength are also important components of overall health and well-being, especially in children and adolescents. This paper provides a brief overview of the clinical and/or research-based strength outcomes, summarizes the relationship between strength and health, and discusses evidence-based dietary factors that promote strength in children and adolescents.Novelty Building physical, mental, and emotional strength during childhood and adolescence lays the foundation for health and well-being. Emerging evidence indicate positive associations between diet quality and strength in children and adolescents. Promising areas include the promotion of family-based meals, with focus on breakfast, for improved strength in United States youth.
Margaret Chorley Crosfield, FGS: the very first female Fellow of the Geological Society
Authors: Burek C. V. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In May 1919 the first female Fellows of the Geological Society were elected and from then on attended meetings at the Society. The first person on the female fellows’ list was Margaret Chorley Crosfield. She was born in 1859 and died in 1952. She lived all her life in Reigate in Surrey. After studying and then leaving Cambridge, Margaret had sought to join the Geological Society of London for many years, in order to gain recognition of her research work, but also to attend meetings and use the library. This paper will look at her history and trace her geological achievements in both stratigraphy and palaeontology, as well as her extraordinary field notebooks that she left to the Geological Survey. She worked closely with two female geological colleagues, Mary Johnston and Ethel Skeat. Margaret Crosfield epitomizes the educated, amateur, independent woman who wanted to be recognized for her work, especially fieldwork, at a time when female contributions, especially in the field sciences, were not always acknowledged or even appreciated.
Chondroitin Sulphate and Glucosamine Use Depend on Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use to Modify the Risk for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Ibáñez-Sanz Gemma , Guinó Elisabet , Morros Rosa , Quijada-Manuitt María Ángeles , de la Peña-Negro Luisa Carmen , Moreno Victor 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background:
A safe and effective colorectal cancer chemoprevention agent remains to be discovered. There is little evidence regarding the protective effect of chondroitin sulphate and glucosamine on colorectal cancer. We aimed to assess the association between colorectal cancer risk and the use of chondroitin sulphate and glucosamine using a large cohort with dispensed data.

Methods:
We performed a population-based case–control study in Catalonia using primary care reimbursed medication records (SIDIAP database). The study included 25,811 cases with an incident diagnosis of colorectal cancer and 129,117 matched controls between 2010 and 2015.

Results:
The prevalence of ever use was 9.0% (n = 13,878) for chondroitin sulphate, 7.3% (n = 11,374) for glucosamine, and 35% for regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID; n = 45,774). A decreased risk of colorectal cancer was observed among chondroitin sulphate use [OR: 0.96; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.91–1.01], glucosamine use (OR: 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87–0.97), and concurrent use of chondroitin sulphate and glucosamine (OR: 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70–0.98). Especially for glucosamine, there was a dose–response association regarding duration and cumulative dose. The analysis stratified by simultaneous use with other NSAIDs showed that these drugs used without other NSAIDs do not reduce risk (OR: 1.06; 95% CI, 0.74–1.51). However, they may have a synergistic protective effect when used with other NSAIDs (OR: 0.80; 95% CI, 0.72–0.88).

Conclusions:
This study does not provide strong support for an independent protective association of chondroitin sulphate or glucosamine on colorectal cancer risk in our population. However, these drugs may have a synergistic beneficial effect among NSAID users.

Impact:
Chondroitin sulphate or glucosamine may contribute to the protective effect of NSAID use in colorectal cancer.
Valve‐in‐Valve for Degenerated Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Versus Valve‐in‐Valve for Degenerated Surgical Aortic Bioprostheses: A 3‐Center Comparison of Hemodynamic and 1‐Year Outcome
Authors: Raschpichler Matthias C. , Woitek Felix , Chakravarty Tarun , Flint Nir , Yoon Sung‐Han , Mangner Norman , Patel Chinar G. , Singh Chetana , Kashif Mohammad , Kiefer Philip , Holzhey David , Linke Axel , Stachel Georg , Thiele Holger , Borger Michael A. , Makkar Raj R. 
Published: July 2020

Background

As transcatheter aortic valve replacement (
TAVR
) is expected to progress into younger patient populations, valve‐in‐TAVR (Vi
TAVR
) may become a frequent consideration. Data on Vi
TAVR
, however, are limited. This study investigated the outcome of Vi
TAVR
in comparison to valve in surgical aortic valve replacement (Vi
SAVR
), because Vi
SAVR
is an established procedure for higher‐risk patients requiring repeated aortic valve intervention.

Methods and Results

Clinical and procedural data of patients who underwent Vi
TAVR
at 3 sites in the United States and Germany were retrospectively compared with data of patients who underwent Vi
SAVR
at Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center, according to Valve Academic Research Consortium‐2 criteria. A total of 99 consecutive patients, 52.5% women, with a median Society of Thoracic Surgeons score of 7.2 were identified. Seventy‐four patients (74.7%) underwent Vi
SAVR
, and 25 patients (25.3%) underwent Vi
TAVR
. Balloon‐expandable devices were used in 72.7%. Vi
SAVR
patients presented with smaller index devices (21.0 versus 26.0 mm median true internal diameter;
P
<0.001). Significantly better postprocedural hemodynamics (median prosthesis mean gradient, 12.5 [interquartile range, 8.8–16.2] versus 16.0 [interquartile range, 13.0–20.5] mm Hg;
P
=0.045) were observed for Vi
TAVR
compared with the Vi
SAVR
. Device success, however, was not different (79.2% and 66.2% for Vi
TAVR
and Vi
SAVR
, respectively;
P
=0.35), as were rates of permanent pacemaker implantation (16.7% versus 5.4%;
P
=0.1). One‐year‐mortality was 9.4% and 13.4% for Vi
TAVR
and Vi
SAVR
, respectively (log‐rank
P
=0.38).

Conclusions

Compared with Vi
SAVR
, Vi
TAVR
provides acceptable outcomes, with slightly better hemodynamics, similar device success rates, and similar 1‐year mortality.
Development of a pre-adolescent inter-generational intervention to address HIV and obesity using intervention mapping
Authors: Arthur Keshni , Christofides Nicola , Nelson Gill 
Published: July 2020

Background: South Africa has a high prevalence of HIV and obesity. Interventions to date have primarily focused on adolescents and adults. Prevention of obesity, in particular, is not addressed substantively in the current pre-adolescent school curriculum. Education about factors underlying these issues early in life could reach beyond children, to their parents. Objective: We aimed to increase awareness about HIV and obesity/underweight risks and prevention through the development of a combined intervention delivered directly to pre-adolescent learners and indirectly to their parents, for immediate- and long-term benefits. Design: Scoping review and needs assessment. Setting: Five government-run primary schools in a district in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Method: Five of the six-step intervention mapping protocol guided intervention development: (1) a formative study, comprising a scoping review and needs assessment; (2) definition of programme objectives; (3) selection of theory-based intervention methods; (4) programme development and (5) adoption, implementation and sustainability planning. Results: Educators perceived that health and lifestyle issues among learners affected classroom learning and saw a need for school-based health curricula. They highlighted that HIV was an issue in their communities and that malnutrition was a concern in rural schools. The scoping review shortlisted 11 evidence-based practices which informed the design. Intervention components comprised a learning curriculum, environmental support and activity-based constituents that targeted the learner in the school environment and the parent in the home environment. The intervention was designed to increase knowledge about HIV and nutrition, enhance skills and strengthen autonomous self-efficacy in communication. Accompanying resources were designed, and implementation strategies were developed. Conclusion: The scoping review and the needs assessment informed intervention development as well as critical adaptations. In particular, stakeholder engagement guided the tailoring of the intervention to fit the target populations and context.
Trends in Women With an HIV Diagnosis at Delivery Hospitalization in the United States, 2006-2014
Authors: Aslam Maria Vyshnya , Owusu-Edusei Kwame , Nesheim Steven R. , Gray Kristen Mahle , Lampe Margaret A. , Dietz Patricia Marie 
Published: July 2020

Objectives The risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission can be reduced to ≤0.5% if the mother’s HIV status is known before delivery. This study describes 2006-2014 trends in diagnosed HIV infection documented on delivery discharge records and associated sociodemographic characteristics among women who gave birth in US hospitals. Methods We analyzed data from the 2006-2014 National Inpatient Sample and identified delivery discharges and women with diagnosed HIV infection by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. We used a generalized linear model with log link and binomial distribution to assess trends and the association of sociodemographic characteristics with an HIV diagnosis on delivery discharge records. Results During 2006-2014, an HIV diagnosis was documented on approximately 3900-4400 delivery discharge records annually. The probability of having an HIV diagnosis on delivery discharge records decreased 3% per year (adjusted relative risk [aRR] = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.94-0.99), with significant declines identified among white women aged 25-34 (aRR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.88-0.97) or those using Medicaid (aRR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.97); among black women aged 25-34 (aRR = 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92-0.99); and among privately insured women who were black (aRR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92-0.99), Hispanic (aRR = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86-0.98), or aged 25-34 (aRR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92-0.99). The probability of having an HIV diagnosis on delivery discharge records was greater for women who were black (aRR = 8.45; 95% CI, 7.56-9.44) or Hispanic (aRR = 1.56; 95% CI, 1.33-1.83) than white; for women aged 25-34 (aRR = 2.33; 95% CI, 2.12-2.55) or aged ≥35 (aRR = 3.04; 95% CI, 2.79-3.31) than for women aged 13-24; and for Medicaid recipients (aRR = 2.70; 95% CI, 2.45-2.98) or the uninsured (aRR = 1.87; 95% CI, 1.60-2.19) than for privately insured patients. Conclusion During 2006-2014, the probability of having an HIV diagnosis declined among select sociodemographic groups of women delivering neonates. High-impact prevention efforts tailored to women remaining at higher risk for HIV infection can reduce the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission.