bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Housing System and Urbanization in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Chen Jie 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a contextualized interpretation of the transformation of housing regimes in urban China since the abolition of the urban welfare housing system in 1998. Particular attention is given to the impacts of public housing provision on China’s urbanization mode. The employment of the widely used state-market-family model is supplemented by contextualization. A close examination of the case of Public Rental Housing (PRH) in Shanghai helps to show that the recent revival of public housing in Chinese cities is mostly driven by economic growth motives. Despite that the Chinese urban housing regime up to now could be located within the context of other Asian countries’ ‘productivist’ welfare regimes, this chapter however discerns mixed evidence that it is recently shifting towards a ‘developmentalist’ regime. This investigation offers multifaceted insights on the complexity of the social-economic dynamics in post-reform urban China.
Urbanization, Land, and Housing in India: Options Amid the State and the Market Failures
Authors: Mahadevia Darshini 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Housing or shelter security is the key to rapid as well as inclusive urbanization, which different countries have addressed in their own way in the course of modern history. India too has, after a hiatus of half a century, introduced public housing programme for the first time in 2006, which has seen many modifications. This chapter attempts to answer the questions as to why the state and market has failed to meet the housing needs of the urban poor, and thus how do the urban poor access housing/shelter and what explains different levels of housing achievements by different states in India? The chapter draws on available secondary data to answer these questions and suggests what needs to be done going forward.
Human Capital and Urbanization in India
Authors: Sarkar Sandip 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyses the human capital base of population, workers, and migrants and compares the human capital base of the population and workers in rural and urban areas. The nature and extent of the private sector’s role in human capital formation are also looked at. This chapter finds that earnings of workers increase substantially at each successive level of education and returns are far higher at the graduate-and-above level. The contribution of rural–urban migration in increasing the urban population has been around one-fifth. In that sense, urban growth has been exclusionary. It observes that urban areas are considerably better endowed with the quality of human capital and the average returns to education are higher in urban areas compared with rural areas, and rural–urban gaps in average return to education are increasing over time. It calls for active policy to promote rural–urban migration that will boost urban as well as national income. In this regard it argues for an active policy of promoting the labour-intensive manufacturing sector which is likely to promote more migration and reduce the selectivity bias in rural–urban migration.
Congestion and Pollution in Chinese Cities
Authors: Zheng Siqi , Sun Cong , Wang Jianghao , Hu Xiaoke 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The rapid urbanization of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is assumed to generate greater economic benefits in terms of income, but also result in greater social costs in terms of negative externalities. This chapter focuses on the direct relationship between city growth and the urban diseases of congestion and pollution in the PRC. The ‘demand–supply–government’ framework is employed to analyse the sources and consequences of these major urban diseases. The roles of market power and political power in congestion and pollution mitigation are also discussed in this chapter.
Urbanization, Water Supply, and Sanitation in India
Authors: Kumar Surender 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The chapter aims to review the state of water and sanitation facilities in Indian cities, and policy interventions undertaken to address inadequacies in the provision of these services. The power-law relationship reveals that greater autonomy in management helps in realizing economies of scale. The chapter also measures technical and scale efficiency in the provision of these services in Indian cities. Estimates of technical efficiency uncover that water and sanitation service providers have the potential to increase service levels by 37 and 48 per cent respectively. Note that most Indian urban water and sanitation utilities are operating at decreasing returns to scale. This implies that services may be charged following the rule of marginal cost pricing. The chapter also finds that there are consumption-metering advantages in improving efficiency of water utilities.
Urbanization, Inequality, and Poverty in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Zhang Yuan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Urbanization is considered to be an engine of economic growth in developing countries. Driven by policies of economic reforms and opening up, the structural changes ushered in an era of sustained and rapid economic growth for the People’s Republic of China (PRC). As a consequence, rural and urban poverty declined dramatically. At the same time, income inequality increased rapidly. To understand these important observations, this chapter inquires into the role played by urbanization in economic growth, poverty reduction, and the evolution of inequality in the PRC. Specifically, this chapter (1) analyses the relationship between urbanization, economic growth, and the evolution of inequality in the PRC; (2) focuses on the urban labour market and urban poverty; (3) portrays the multifaceted nature of poverty in the process of urbanization; and (4) analyses the effect of some anti-poverty and inequality policies in the context of urbanization.
Processes
Authors: O'Callaghan Casey 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Crossmodal perceptual illusions such as ventriloquism, the McGurk effect, the rubber hand, and the sound-induced flash demonstrate that one sense can causally impact perceptual processing and experience that is associated with another sense. This chapter argues that such causal interactions between senses are not merely accidental. Interactions between senses are part of typical perceptual functioning. Unlike synesthesia, they reveal principled perceptual strategies for dealing with noisy, fallible sensory stimulation from multiple sources. Recalibrations resolve conflicts between senses and weight in deference to the more reliable modality. Coordination between senses thus improves the coherence and the reliability of human perceptual capacities. Therefore, some perceptual processes of the sort relevant to empirical psychology are multisensory.
Awareness
Authors: O'Callaghan Casey 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Perceptual capacities need not be reflected as such in perceptual consciousness. Thus, a subject could possess multisensory perceptual capacities while perceptual consciousness remains sense specific. For instance, a subject could detect and differentiate novel intermodal features without corresponding, irreducibly multisensory perceptual awareness. In response, this chapter argues that perceptual awareness of an object or feature sometimes is constitutively, irreducibly multisensory. In particular, it argues that the exercise of multisensory perceptual capacities can serve to make features that are not otherwise perceptible available to conscious subjects for use in thought, reasoning, and rational action. Multisensory perception thereby fixes which features are occurrently accessible to conscious perceiving subjects. The implication is that multisensory perceptual awareness cannot fully be captured in terms of sense-specific awareness.
Experience
Authors: O'Callaghan Casey 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that perceptual experience is richly multisensory. In particular, phenomenal consciousness is constitutively and irreducibly multisensory. The reason is that the phenomenal character of a conscious multisensory episode can include more than what is associated with each of the respective senses plus whatever accrues due to simple co-consciousness. Exercising multisensory capacities thus makes a phenomenal difference to perceptual consciousness. This difference can obtain whether or not it would enable a subject to discriminate between two otherwise equivalent experiences. It follows that the character of a perceptual episode is not exhausted by what belongs to each of the senses. Therefore, not all perceptual experience is modality specific. Coordination among the senses thus makes possible new forms of perceptual consciousness. Multisensory perception extends the varieties of experience.
Senses
Authors: O'Callaghan Casey 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Multisensory phenomena have been used to challenge the distinctness of our senses. Perceptual processes interact extensively and perform joint functions, while perceptual experience is constitutively and irreducibly multisensory. This chapter presents an account of the senses and what differentiates them. According to this proposal, each sense is a family of perceptual capacities unified and distinguished by the way in which those capacities are exercised. The relevant manner is an information-gathering activity type individuated by the information it functions to extract and the medium from which it does so. Perceiving involves exercising perceptual capacities in one or more sensory manners. Thus, perceptual episodes and experiences may be typed accordingly, without appealing to their phenomenology. The key to this approach is distinguishing the task of individuating senses from that of ascribing modalities to experiences. This account rejects the independence of the senses while preserving their distinctness. It illuminates richly multisensory perception and captures why it matters.
Mechanoreceptors and touch
Authors: Fain Gordon L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
“Mechanoreceptors and touch” is the fifth chapter of the book Sensory Transduction and describes general mechanisms of touch sensitivity in animals. It begins with a review of mechanoreception in the single-celled protozoan Paramecium and transduction of touch in the round worm Caenorhabditis elegans. A thorough treatment is next given of the crayfish stretch receptor and insect mechanoreceptors, including a description of NOMPC channels in Drosophila. The chapter then reviews the anatomy and physiology of mechanoreceptors and touch in mammals, both in glabrous and hairy skin. It concludes with recent discoveries of the molecular biology and physiology of Merkel cells, known to be responsible for much of mammalian touch sensation.
The World as Descartes Found It
Authors: Brown Deborah J. , Normore Calvin G. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Descartes stands as the pivotal transitional figure between Aristotelian Scholasticism and modern philosophical systems. This chapter documents the philosophical trends of ancient and medieval origin that remained current in Descartes’ time and with which he grappled in developing his own ideas about composite entities and the substances from which they were composed. It presents an analysis of Descartes’ theory of distinctions according to which all three distinctions (real, modal, and of reason) are argued to have a foundation in nature, and the issue of where to fit the part/whole distinction among this typology of distinctions is addressed. By outlining the history and development of the terminology Descartes uses to make metaphysical and physical sense of the world around him, this chapter sets the foundation for further discussion of Descartes’ treatment of ordinary objects that occurs throughout later chapters of the book.
Lifeblood
Authors: Brown Deborah J. , Normore Calvin G. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In Aristotelian-Scholastic accounts that equated life with the possession of a soul, there is no particular problem explaining the distinction between living and non-living things. Descartes makes frequent references to living things and to the distinction between life and death, equating the latter to the difference between an automaton working and one that is not. The question arises how robust is the distinction between the living and the dead for Descartes? How real is the possibility of artificial life? Should we conclude that a clock is alive? This chapter examines four attempts to give an analysis of “life” in Descartes’ philosophy and finds each wanting. It is argued that the best one can do to understand what “life” means for Descartes is to look at what death involves—the gradual silting up of an automaton through the very processes that for its duration sustain and nourish it.
Jurisdiction
Authors: Briggs Adrian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the items of private international law of jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters, which were governed in part by a number of European Regulations and other instruments prior to Exit Day. These include the Brussels I Regulation 44/2001 and the recast Brussels I Regulation 1215/2012; the 1988 Lugano Convention and the 2007 Lugano II Convention; and the 1968 Brussels Convention as amended from time to time. According to the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019, SI 2019 No 479, on Exit Day these instruments are revoked or, in the case of the Conventions given effect by the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982, as amended, repealed.
Stoic Magnanimity
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The Stoic treatment of magnanimity was formulated independently from Aristotle’s, though there are points of resemblance, considered at the end of this chapter. In early Stoic thought, magnanimity is presented as a subdivision of the cardinal virtue of courage, and is marked by an ability to rise above external circumstances, especially adversity. Stoic thinking on magnanimity is analysed here in terms of their theory of value, psychology, and worldview. The main later Stoic treatment of magnanimity comes in Cicero’s On Duties, a highly influential work in medieval and early modern Europe. Magnanimity here appears as one of the four cardinal virtues, defined both in terms of the ability to rise above misfortune and the readiness to undertake great actions on behalf of others; the relationship between magnanimity and honour also emerges as a new theme in Cicero’s treatment.
“They are nothing but birdbrains!”
Authors: Tilburg Patricia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
From 1901, the Parisian clothing trades saw a remarkable escalation of labor activism and subsequent legislative reform driven by and on behalf of the more than 80,000 women working in the capital’s couture industry. Time and again (in 1901, 1908, 1910, 1911, 1916, 1917, 1918, and 1919), the midinettes of Paris took to the boulevards in work stoppages that captured unprecedented media attention and garnered meaningful gains for garment workers across the city. French journalists, government officials, and labor leaders alike promoted a romantic and infantilizing vision of the female garment strikers as insouciant girls in need of paternal care (whether of the state, union, or reforming bourgeoisie), and replicated the pervasive belle époque type of the midinette. In the face of strikes in the heavily feminine garment trades, an image of the female Parisian fashion worker as charmingly capricious and pleasure-loving persisted. This chapter assesses the symbolic work performed by such a persistence, and also attends to the workingwomen who lamented the condescension of strike coverage and stressed their own demands and experience. In tracing the discursive work of the midinette as type, this chapter draws upon archival material from the Préfecture de Police, union journals, cartoons, workers’ memoirs, reform inquiries, songs, novels, and newspapers. The aestheticization of workingwomen had real consequences for the handling of garment trade militancy by the press, politicians, police, labor leaders, and couture workers themselves. It also framed the evolution of a new brand of militant midinette over the course of these strikes
Mimi Pinson Goes to War
Authors: Tilburg Patricia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
During World War I, the midinettes of Paris suffered unemployment and drastically cut wages; at the same time, they were elevated in wartime ephemera as a nostalgic and erotic image of a France made whole. They were embraced by the press, by government agencies, and by trench soldiers as a soothing counterimage to more troubling female types on the homefront. As a cheerful and desirable national girlfriend, the Parisian garment worker was imagined offering her body, her gaiety, and her inimitable taste to the war effort. Physical intimacy between these women and trench soldiers emerged, particularly in the early years of the war, as a potent fantasy of pre-war wholeness—with the midinette’s body serving as a talisman to ward off violence, defeat, and death. Two patriotic initiatives through Charpentier’s Oeuvre de Mimi Pinson are examined. First, the Cocarde de Mimi Pinson, a campaign by female Parisian needle workers to manufacture tricolor cockades for front soldiers. What began as the spontaneous production of morale-boosting mementos by a group of unemployed garment workers soon expanded to include a government-funded exposition, a shop, an operetta, poems, and several songs. Second, Charpentier created an association to fund and train workingwomen as nurses. Government officials, journalists, and even soldiers applauded garment workers’ patriotic participation under the sign of Mimi Pinson, gay guardian of French taste and the loving and (safely) eroticized national Girlfriend.
The Poetics of Genre
Authors: Branham R. Bracht 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores why Bakhtin asserted the Satyrica was proof that “Menippean satire can expand into a … realistic reflection of the socially varied and heteroglot world of contemporary life”—an arguably false assertion containing much truth. For Bakhtin, ancient fiction emerged chiefly under three rubrics: novelistic discourse, space-time (chronotopes) in fiction, and minor novelistic history envisioning Menippea as catalyst. The first two isolate forms specific to ancient fiction, distinguishing dominant types; the final rubric investigates how prose fiction relates to the genres it arises from. Although Bakhtin’s conception of Menippea is not so ahistorical as it sometimes seems when removed from his three-dimensional approach, it is sweeping, idiosyncratic. This chapter begins with Bakhtin’s characterization of Menippea amid accounts specifying what makes it crucial for novelistic discourse; it then asks how Bakhtin sheds light on literary history as a dialogue of genres.
Universality, Necessity, and Law in General in Kant
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The first part of this chapter distinguishes different basic senses of the terms “universality,” “necessity,” and “law” in Kant: strict vs. loose; strong particular vs. weak general; logical vs. metaphysical vs. transcendental; constitutive vs. regulative; for judgment, vs. system, vs. reason; re modality, math, morals, or mind. In addition, practical and theoretical contexts are distinguished. In the second part, these distinctions are used in slightly amending a general definition, offered by Eric Watkins of the notion of law with regard nature and also to morality. Use is also made of recent work by Michela Massimi on the modern idea that laws of nature can be understood as commanded. Throughout, Kant’s interest in a strict and absolutely necessary sense of law is emphasized.
Introduction
Authors: Chesbrough Henry 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The Introduction discusses the impact of the Great Recession upon innovation spending, and with it, a rethinking of how companies can and should innovate. Open Innovation itself has been affected by the recession, and is sometimes used now as a synonym for outsourcing or cost cutting, which was not the intention of the original concept. A renewed understanding of Open Innovation is needed to unlock its potential to deliver growth, rather than simply cut costs. The role of innovation infrastructure, both for the overall society and for the focal organization, is emphasized as a key to renewing growth through innovation. The Introduction goes on to describe the plan of the book, and introduces the three facets of innovation: generation, dissemination, and absorption. Four possible paths for reading the book are outlined, for practicing managers of innovation, for innovation policy makers, for academic scholars, and for very time-pressed readers.
Open Innovation in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Chesbrough Henry 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the core ideas behind Open Innovation, discusses what it is and is not, and shows how it can deliver more value to organizations and to society. Outside-in Open Innovation strengthens the current business and current business model, while inside-out Open Innovation searches for alternative businesses and business models. The chapter explores the connection between technology development and the business model, and examines the use of Open Innovation in intellectual property and in services. However, Open Innovation is not a panacea. Its boundary conditions and limitations must also be acknowledged. As with Chapter 1, the processes of generation in innovation must also be supported by equal attention to innovation dissemination and innovation absorption within the firm, in order for organizations to create and capture value from Open Innovation. Finally, Open Innovation is moving beyond collaborations between two actors, to a broader ecosystem focus that connects many actors together.
Lean Startup and Open Innovation
Authors: Chesbrough Henry 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Lean Startup is a new and exciting process to discover new business opportunities and new business models. However, the concept must be adapted before it can work effectively inside established companies. Just as startups are not tiny versions of large companies, so too are large companies not simply large versions of startups. Lean Startup inside large companies requires careful internal negotiations with senior management, as well as getting out of the building to find customers. Open Innovation can complement and extend Lean Startup processes. Both use resources efficiently, while Open Innovation also leverages other people’s resources and shares risk. Telefonica provides a good example of Lean Startup inside a large company. It has reduced costs by 48 percent per project, increased its speed to market by 260 percent, and pursued 45 percent more chances to innovate within the same budget.
Open Innovation Best Practices
Authors: Chesbrough Henry 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Open Innovation can be a powerful engine for growth, if properly managed. P&G was an early, powerful trendsetter in achieving growth from Open Innovation. Open Innovation also can be valuable as a tool to enable environmental sustainability, as seen by Enel and Carlsberg However, even organizations who embody effective Open Innovation practices can have trouble sustaining growth over time. Practices that initially led to strong growth have been followed by periods of declining revenue, or even bankruptcy. Both Qwirky and P&G have struggled to sustain growth via Open Innovation. Open Innovation requires a certain mindset to sustain growth over time. Following the best practices alone may not keep the company ahead of its competitors. Following Open Innovation principles may prove more enduring.