bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trinkwasserdesinfektion auf Reisen: Ein Update für die reisemedizinische Beratung
Authors: Timmermann Lisa F. 
Published: October 2019

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn Regionen ohne kommunale Wasseraufbereitung sind Reisende auf eine eigenständige Desinfektion ihres Trinkwassers angewiesen. Hierzu steht eine Vielzahl sowohl altbewährter als auch innovativer Methoden zur Verfügung, von denen jede Stärken und Schwächen aufweist. Die Güte des Desinfektionsergebnisses unterliegt dem Einfluss zahlreicher Umweltfaktoren und nicht jede Methode eignet sich gleichermaßen für alle Reisekonzepte und Reiseregionen. Dies macht die Trinkwasserhygiene in der reisemedizinischen Beratung zu einem komplexen Thema. Der vorliegende Artikel liefert einen Überblick über die aktuell gebräuchlichen Methoden der Trinkwasserdesinfektion auf Reisen mit besonderem Fokus auf Wirkmechanismen und Einflussfaktoren. Im Anschluss wird ein Leitfaden für die Beratung Reisender zur Auswahl einer geeigneten Methode und Vermeidung von Fehlern bei deren Anwendung vorgeschlagen.
Configuration of Primary and Recurrent Aggressive Fibromatosis on Contrast-Enhanced MRI with an Evaluation of Potential Risk Factors for Recurrences in MRI Follow-Up
Authors: Sedaghat Sam , Surov Alexey , Krohn Sebastian , Sedaghat Maya , Reichardt Benjamin , Nicolas Volkmar 
Published: October 2019

Purpose To analyze the appearance of primary and recurrent aggressive fibromatosis (AF) on MRI with a focus on configuration and to determine potential risk factors for recurrences detected on MRI follow-up scans.
Methods From 79 consecutive patients with histologically proven diagnosis of AF, 39 patients underwent a minimum of four 1.5 T MRI follow-up scans after resection of primary AF between 2008 and 2018. The primary and recurrent tumors were radiographically examined for configuration, limitation and extent on MRI. Epidemiological data and loco-regional subcutaneous edema, muscle edema and post-operative seroma were included.
Results The mean age of the patients was 39 ± 2.6 years. Primary and recurrent AF most often occurred in the thigh. The main appearance of primary AF was significantly most often fascicular (p = 0.001–0.01) with heterogeneous and marked contrast enhancement. 21 % (n = 8) of the patients developed recurrences of AF. A fascicular configuration with homogeneous/heterogeneous contrast enhancement was the main appearance of recurrent AF, but recurrent AF appeared nodular, polycyclic, ovoid or streaky/flat as well. Recurrent AF significantly most often occurred within the first 9 months after primary tumor resection (p = 0.009), especially in patients up to 25 years of age (RR = 6.1; 95 % CI: 1.8–20.9; p = 0.004). The cases of recurrent AF were altogether significantly smaller than the primary tumors (p = 0.001). Post-treatment subcutaneous and muscle edema were present in 77 % and 56 %, respectively. Patients with muscle edema after primary tumor resection had a significantly higher risk for AF recurrences (relative risk ratio (RR) = 1.8; 95 % CI: 1.16–2.8; p = 0.0096). There was no significant difference detected in patients with complete or incomplete resection of the primary tumor.
Conclusion Primary and recurrent aggressive fibromatosis has a mostly fascicular configuration, but may appear ovoid, nodular, streaky/flat or polycyclic as well. High risks for tumor recurrences are detected for patients up to 25 years of age, patients within the first 9 post-operative months and patients with muscle edema after primary tumor resection.
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Isothiazoles in the Design and Synthesis of Biologically Active Substances and Ligands for Metal Complexes
Authors: Kletskov Alexey V. , Bumagin Nikolay A. , Zubkov Fedor I. , Grudinin Dmitry G. , Potkin Vladimir I. 
Published: October 2019

The chemistry of isothiazoles is being intensively developed, which is evidenced by the wide range of selective transformations involving the isothiazole heterocycle and the high biological activity of its derivatives that can be used as effective new drugs and plant protection chemicals. Some representatives of isothiazoles have proven to be synergists of bioactive substances, which opens the way to lower the doses of drugs used and is especially important in cancer chemotherapy. In the framework of the present review, the accomplishments in the chemistry of isothiazoles over the past 18 years are examined, whilst current strategies for the synthesis of isothiazole-containing molecules and key directions of studies in this field of heterocyclic chemistry are discussed. Considerable attention is paid to chlorinated isothiazoles and strategies for their use in the synthesis of biologically active substances. In addition, a comprehensive review of existing literature in the field of metal complexes of isothiazoles is given, including the results and prospects for the practical use of isothiazole–metal complexes as catalysts for cross-coupling reactions in aqueous and aqueous–alcoholic media (‘green chemistry’).1	Introduction2	Synthesis by Ring-Forming Reactions2.1	Intramolecular Cyclization2.2	(4+1)-Heterocyclization2.3	(3+2)-Heterocyclization2.4	Syntheses by Ring Transformations3	Isothiazoles by Ring Functionalization Reactions: Nucleophilic Substitution, Cross-Coupling and Side-Chain Functionalization4	Selected Syntheses of Biologically Active Isothiazole Derivatives5	Isothiazoles in the Synthesis of Transition-Metal Complexes and in Metal-Complex Catalysis6	Conclusion
Prepectoral Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Kaplan Jordan , Wagner Ryan D. , Braun Tara L. , Chu Carrie , Winocour Sebastian J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPrepectoral breast reconstruction was first done in the early 1960s; however, while initial results were promising, high complication rates led surgeons to move toward submuscular implant placement. We soon came to find that submuscular implant placement was not without its own set of drawbacks. Surgeons have since revisited the efficacy of prepectoral breast reconstruction in light of new surgical and technological advances. Following these advancements, complication profiles for prepectoral breast reconstruction have drastically improved. Despite this change, surgeons recognize that prepectoral implant placement is not for everyone and patient selection is critical to success. As increasing numbers of these procedures continue to be done, we must now look to conduct direct comparisons between submuscular and prepectoral breast implant placement so that surgeons can make evidence-based decisions on patient selection and operative planning.
Evidence for the Use of Acellular Dermal Matrix in Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Gravina Paula R. , Pettit Rowland W. , Davis Matthew J. , Winocour Sebastian J. , Selber Jesse C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAcellular dermal matrices (ADMs) are tissue grafts that have been specially processed to remove all cellular components. These machined biological scaffolds have become popular in a variety of surgical settings due to their rapid incorporation into living tissue. As ADMs are highly malleable and cause minimal inflammation, they have come to serve as a useful tool in implant-based breast reconstruction procedures. The major benefits of using an ADM in this setting include superior initial breast contouring, decreased risk of capsular contracture after implant insertion, and consistent sustained positioning of the reconstructed breast. Despite these advantages, these tissue grafts are foreign to the host, and postoperative complications following ADM insertion, including infection and seroma, have been well documented. When considering using ADMs in this setting, it is important to first consider patient-specific factors that could preclude their use, such as low body mass index, small breasts, or a history of radiation exposure to the breast tissue. ADM grafts are also expensive, which may present another barrier to their use. Review of the literature ultimately suggests a continued role for ADMs in implant-based breast reconstruction, and continued research in this field is warranted.
Factors influencing rates of human papillomavirus vaccination
Authors: Palmer Kelsey E , Moorman Krystal L , Nickman Nancy A , Owen David G 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Purpose
Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) was used to identify ways in which community clinic practices related to suboptimal human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates could be improved.

Method
FMEA is a standardized safety method that helps determine where processes fail, the impact of failures, and needed process changes. In a quality improvement initiative conducted at an academic health center–based community clinic, a multidisciplinary team used FMEA to map HPV vaccination processes and identify areas for improvement of vaccination practices. Risk priority numbers (RPNs) were assigned to identified failure modes based on likelihood of occurrence, likelihood of detection, and ability to correct locally. Failure modes with the highest RPNs were targeted for process improvements.

Results
High RPN failure modes were related to clinic processes for follow-up, immunization status checks during well-child visits, and vaccination discussions during sick-child visits. New procedures included scheduling follow-up vaccinations and reminders during the initial vaccination appointment. HPV immunization rates improved following implementation of these procedures, indicating that clinic processes focused on patient follow-up can impact vaccination series completion.

Conclusion
FMEA processes can help health systems identify workflow barriers and locally relevant opportunities for improvement. Team-based approaches to care process improvements can also benefit from standardized problem identification and solving.
A plant economics spectrum of litter decomposition among coexisting fern species in a sub-tropical forest
Authors: Lin Dunmei , Yang Shufang , Dou Pengpeng , Wang Hongjuan , Wang Fang , Qian Shenhua , Yang Guangrong , Zhao Liang , Yang Yongchuan , Fanin Nicolas 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background and Aims
The plant economics spectrum theory provides a useful framework to examine plant strategies by integrating the co-ordination of plant functional traits along a resource acquisition–conservation trade-off axis. Empirical evidence for this theory has been widely observed for seed plants (Spermatophyta). However, whether this theory can be applied to ferns (Pteridophyta), a ubiquitous and ancient group of vascular plants, has rarely been evaluated so far.

Methods
We measured 11 pairs of plant functional traits on leaves and fine roots (diameter &lt;2 mm) on 12 coexisting fern species in a sub-tropical forest. Litterbags of leaves and roots were placed in situ and exposed for 586 d to measure decomposition rates. The variation of traits across species and the co-ordination among traits within and between plant organs were analysed. Finally, the influence of the traits on decomposition rates were explored.

Key Results
Most leaf and root traits displayed high cross-species variation, and were aligned along a major resource acquisition–conservation trade-off axis. Many fern traits co-varied between leaves and fine roots, suggesting co-ordinated responses between above- and below-ground organs. Decomposition rates of leaves were significantly higher than those of fine roots, but they were significantly and positively correlated. Finally, our results highlight that the decomposition of both leaves and roots was relatively well predicted by the leaf and root economics spectra.

Conclusions
Our results support the existence of an acquisition–conservation trade-off axis within ferns and indicate that traits have important ‘afterlife’ effects on fern litter decomposition. We conclude that the plant economics spectrum theory that is commonly observed across seed plants can be applied to ferns species, thereby extending the generality of this theory to this ancient plant lineage in our study site. Our study further suggests that the evolutionary and ecological basis for the relationships among key economics traits appears to be similar between ferns and seed plants. Future studies involving larger data sets will be required to confirm these findings across different biomes at larger spatial scales.
Frequently asked questions about nonlinear dynamics and empirical dynamic modelling
Authors: Munch Stephan B , Brias Antoine , Sugihara George , Rogers Tanya L 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Complex nonlinear dynamics are ubiquitous in marine ecology. Empirical dynamic modelling can be used to infer ecosystem dynamics and species interactions while making minimal assumptions. Although there is growing enthusiasm for applying these methods, the background required to understand them is not typically part of contemporary marine ecology curricula, leading to numerous questions and potential misunderstanding. In this study, we provide a brief overview of empirical dynamic modelling, followed by answers to the ten most frequently asked questions about nonlinear dynamics and nonlinear forecasting.
Continuous versus intermittent infusion of cefotaxime in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial comparing plasma concentrations
Authors: Aardema Heleen , Bult Wouter , van Hateren Kai , Dieperink Willem , Touw Daan J , Alffenaar Jan-Willem C , Zijlstra Jan G 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn critical care patients, reaching optimal β-lactam concentrations poses challenges, as infections are caused more often by microorganisms associated with higher MICs, and critically ill patients typically have an unpredictable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile. Conventional intermittent dosing frequently yields inadequate drug concentrations, while continuous dosing might result in better target attainment. Few studies address cefotaxime concentrations in this population.ObjectivesTo assess total and unbound serum levels of cefotaxime and an active metabolite, desacetylcefotaxime, in critically ill patients treated with either continuously or intermittently dosed cefotaxime.MethodsAdult critical care patients with indication for treatment with cefotaxime were randomized to treatment with either intermittent dosing (1 g every 6 h) or continuous dosing (4 g/24 h, after a loading dose of 1 g). We defined a preset target of reaching and maintaining a total cefotaxime concentration of 4 mg/L from 1 h after start of treatment. CCMO trial registration number NL50809.042.14, Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02560207.ResultsTwenty-nine and 30 patients, respectively, were included in the continuous dosing group and the intermittent dosing group. A total of 642 samples were available for analysis. In the continuous dosing arm, 89.3% met our preset target, compared with 50% in the intermittent dosing arm. Patients not reaching this target had a significantly higher creatinine clearance on the day of admission.ConclusionsThese results support the application of a continuous dosing strategy of β-lactams in critical care patients and the practice of therapeutic drug monitoring in a subset of patients with higher renal clearance and need for prolonged treatment for further optimization, where using total cefotaxime concentrations should suffice.
The Ins and Outs of Conceptualizing Inclusion: Theoretical and Empirical Implications for the Study of Inclusive Approaches to Governance and Peace-building
Authors: Hendrix Cullen S 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn the field of global security studies, inclusion, both in terms of process and outcomes, is certainly having a moment. Like many terms widely adopted by the international security and development communities, the utility of the discourse around inclusion stems in part from its ambiguity. The various contributions to this special issue make good and productive use of this ambiguity and have moved the discussion of inclusive approaches to governance, violence reduction, and peace-building forward. In doing so, however, they have put forth very different conceptualizations and operationalizations of inclusion and exclusion. Thus, my contribution to this symposium identifies these various conceptualizations, discusses the strengths and weaknesses of proposed measures, and concludes with remarks on the normative implications of these analyses.
Speaking with one voice: simulations and observations discuss the common envelope α parameter
Authors: Iaconi Roberto , De Marco Orsola 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
We present a comparative study between the results of most hydrodynamic simulations of the common envelope binary interaction to date and observations of post-common envelope binaries. The goal is to evaluate whether this data set indicates the existence of a formula that may predict final separations of post-common envelope systems as a function of pre-common envelope parameters. Some of our conclusions are not surprising while others are more subtle. We find that: (i) Values of the final orbital separation derived from common envelope simulations must at this time be considered upper limits. Simulations that include recombination energy do not seem to have systematically different final separations; these and other simulations imply αCE < 0.6–1.0. At least one simulation, applicable to double-degenerate systems, implies αCE < 0.2. (ii) Despite large reconstruction errors, the post-RGB observations reconstructed parameters are in agreement with some of the simulations. The post-AGB observations behave instead as if they had a systematically lower value of αCE. The lack of common envelope simulations with low-mass AGB stars leaves us with no insight as to why this is the case. (iii) The smallest mass companion that survives the common envelope with intermediate mass giants is 0.05–0.1 M⊙. (iv) Observations of binaries with separations larger than ∼10 R⊙, tend to have high M2/M1 mass ratios and may go through a relatively long phase of unstable Roche lobe mass transfer followed by a weakened common envelope (or with no common envelope at all). (v) The effect of the spatial resolution and of the softening length on simulation results remains poorly quantified.
The exceptional X-ray evolution of SN 1996cr in high resolution
Authors: Quirola-Vásquez J , Bauer F E , Dwarkadas V V , Badenes C , Brandt W N , Nymark T , Walton D 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
We present X-ray spectra spanning 18 yr of evolution for SN 1996cr, one of the five nearest SNe detected in the modern era. Chandra HETG exposures in 2000, 2004, and 2009 allow us to resolve spectrally the velocity profiles of Ne, Mg, Si, S, and Fe emission lines and monitor their evolution as tracers of the ejecta-circumstellar medium interaction. To explain the diversity of X-ray line profiles, we explore several possible geometrical models. Based on the highest signal-to-noise 2009 epoch, we find that a polar geometry with two distinct opening angle configurations and internal obscuration can successfully reproduce all of the observed line profiles. The best-fitting model consists of two plasma components: (1) a mildly absorbed (2 × 1021 cm−2), cooler (≈2 keV) with high Ne, Mg, Si, and S abundances associated with a wide polar interaction region (half-opening angle ≈58°); (2) a moderately absorbed (2 × 1022 cm−2), hotter ($\gtrsim$20 keV) plasma with high Fe abundances and strong internal obscuration associated with a narrow polar interaction region (half-opening angle ≈20°). We extend this model to seven further epochs with lower signal-to-noise ratio and/or lower spectral-resolution between 2000 and 2018, yielding several interesting trends in absorption, flux, geometry, and expansion velocity. We argue that the hotter and colder components are associated with reflected and forward shocks, respectively, at least at later epochs. We discuss the physical implications of our results and plausible explosion scenarios to understand the X-ray data of SN 1996cr.
Gravity-mode period spacings and near-core rotation rates of 611 γ Doradus stars with Kepler
Authors: Li Gang , Van Reeth Timothy , Bedding Timothy R , Murphy Simon J , Antoci Victoria , Ouazzani Rhita-Maria , Barbara Nicholas H 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We report our survey of γ Dor stars from the 4-yr Kepler mission. These stars pulsate mainly in g modes and r modes, showing period-spacing patterns in the amplitude spectra. The period-spacing patterns are sensitive to the chemical composition gradients and the near-core rotation, hence they are essential for understanding the stellar interior. We identified period-spacing patterns in 611 γ Dor stars. Almost every star pulsates in dipole g modes, while about 30% of stars also show clear patterns for quadrupole g modes and 16% of stars present r mode patterns. We measure periods, period spacings, and the gradient of the period spacings. These three observables guide the mode identifications and can be used to estimate the near-core rotation rate. We find many stars are hotter and show longer period-spacing patterns than theory. Using the Traditional Approximation of Rotation (TAR), we inferred the asymptotic spacings, the near-core rotation rates, and the radial orders of the g and r modes. Most stars have a near-core rotation rate around 1 d−1and an asymptotic spacing around 4000 s. We also find that many stars rotate more slowly than predicted by theory for unclear reasons. 11 stars show rotational splittings with fast rotation rates. We compared the observed slope–rotation relation with the theory and find a large spread. We detected rotational modulations in 58 stars and used them to derive the core-to-surface rotation ratios. The interiors rotate faster than the cores in most stars, but by no more than 5%.
X-ray signatures of the polar dusty gas in AGN
Authors: Liu Jiren , Hönig Sebastian F , Ricci Claudio , Paltani Stéphane 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Recent mid-infrared interferometry observations of nearby active galactic nuclei (AGN) revealed that a significant part of the dust emission extends in the polar direction, rather than the equatorial torus/disc direction as expected by the traditional unification model. We study the X-ray signatures of this polar dusty gas with ray-tracing simulations. Different from those from the ionized gas, the scattered emission from the polar dusty gas produces self-absorption and neutral-like fluorescence lines, which are potentially a unique probe of the kinematics of the polar dusty gas. The anomalously small Fe Kα/Si Kα ratios of type 2 AGN observed previously can be naturally explained by the polar dusty gas, because the polar emission does not suffer from heavy absorption by the dense equatorial gas. The observed Si Kα lines of the Circinus galaxy and NGC 1068 show blueshifts with respect to the systemic velocities of the host galaxies, consistent with an outflowing scenario of the Si Kα-emitting gas. The 2.5–3 keV image of the Circinus galaxy is elongated along the polar direction, consistent with an origin of the polar gas. These results show that the polar-gas-scattered X-ray emission of type 2 AGN is an ideal objective for future X-ray missions, such as Athena.