bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXII-21 Antioxidant effect of yerba mate extract, included in finishing lamb diets on quality and conservation of meat
Authors: Penã-Bermúdez Yuli A , Lobo Richard R , Amorim Tamyres , Moreno Danny Alexander Rojas , Lobo Annelise Aila Gomes , Vincenzi Rafaela , Bueno Ives C 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In the conservation of meat, antioxidant substances are used to help to increase meat’s shelf-life, since it is a product susceptible to oxidation. Most of these substances are synthetic origin and their long-term use can affect human health, because of that, change those chemicals to natural additives is a goal. That substances can be used directly in the meat or added to animal feed and its compounds can keep meat shelf-life by keeping the physical-chemical characteristics of the meat and provide benefits to the health of consumers. So the objective of this project is to use yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hilaire) as a natural antioxidant in the quality of lamb meat, verifying shelf life. Samples were collected the muscle Longissimus (L) from 36 lamb (Îlle de France x Dorper x Santa Inês), those animals was divided at 4 groups receiving one of the diets: T1, T2, T3 and T4 (0,1, 2 and 4% of extract). The meat samples were exposed in plastic film during 0, 3 and 6 days, analyzed the values of pH, color (brightness=L, red value=a, yellow=b) e TBARS (reactive thiobarbituric acid). All data were statistically evaluated using the MIXED procedure of the statistical package SAS. The results show that pH, color and TBARS values were influenced by the exposure time (P &lt; 0.0001); since as the exposure time increases, the meat more easily oxidizable. The dietary treatment at pH (P 0.2376), L*, a* and b* parameters (P0.1040), (P0.4207) and (P0.0029) respectively, in addition to the lipid oxidation value (P 0.4492) did not affect these parameters. The interaction Diet × Time had no effect on the pH value (P 0.1601), nor for the values of color L*, a*, and b* (P 0.8003), (P 0.7063) and (P 0.1369) as well as for the values of TBARS (P 0.4953).
PSXII-42 The lactational response in dairy cows to supplementation of calcium gluconate embedded in a fat matrix
Authors: Doelman John , McKnight Leslie , Winia Pieter , Uittenbogaard Gera , Carson Michelle , Waterman Douglas , Metcalf John 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Functional nutrients that facilitate gastrointestinal health may serve as an alternative to the use of antimicrobials in animal production systems. Gluconic acid has been used as a prebiotic health promoter in non-ruminant applications. It is poorly absorbed in the small intestine and is fermented to butyrate in the lower gastrointestinal tract. The gut health benefits of butyrate have been demonstrated in both non-ruminant and ruminant models, but effects of post-ruminal gluconic acid supplementation are not well described. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of calcium gluconate embedded in a fat matrix (CGFM; 40% CaGlu) on dry matter intake, blood metabolites, milk production and fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in early lactation dairy cows (21 ± 2 DIM) fed to 100% of energy and protein requirements. The experiment was a 3 x 3 replicated Latin square with 13 replicates (3 cows/replicate), 3 experimental periods (each 28 d) and 3 dietary treatments of control (0 g/d), 16 g/d and 25 g/d of CGFM. There was no treatment effect on DMI and milk yield. The relationship between dose of CGFM (i.e. 0, 16, 26 g/d) and milk fat and protein yield, energy corrected milk was significantly quadratic (P &lt; 0.05) while feed efficiency tended to be quadratic (P = 0.08). The greatest response was in milk fat yield, which increased 90 g/d over control at 16 g/d of CGFM. No significant changes in blood metabolite concentrations or fecal SCFA concentrations were observed between treatments, although there was a numerical increase in non-esterified fatty acid concentration in response to the 16 g/d CGFM dose (P = 0.16). The response to supplementation of fat-embedded calcium gluconate appears to alter energy partitioning in the lactating dairy cow, as demonstrated with subtle changes in circulating lipid and increased fat yield.
PSXII-40 Encapsulated nitrate to beef cattle growing under grazing system supplemented during the dry-rainy season
Authors: Figueiredo Cibelle B , Silva Mauricia B , Fernandes Juliano , Rocha Higor , Calaça Alana M , Teles Nathalia M , Araujo Rafael C , Couto Victor R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of the encapsulated calcium ammonium nitrate as a partial substitute for soybean meals in the concentrate on performance and rate consumption of Nellore young bulls under grazing conditions, supplemented during the growing phase. Sixty-four Nellore young bulls (initial BW = 246.69 ± 7.43 kg) where allotted into 16 paddocks of 1.0 ha each of Urochloa brizantha, randomly assigned into one of two treatments: (CTL) supplement with 22% CP, without nitrate inclusion and; (ENP): supplement with 22% CP, with a inclusion of 50 g of encapsulated calcium ammonium nitrate to each 100 kg of body weight. The experimental period lasted 84 d, during the dry-rainy transition season. Animals were supplemented with 1.0% of BW, once a day (at 1000 h). Supplementation disappearance rate were evaluated the during continuous 24h after feeding, with intervals of 3 hours. For performance evaluation, animals were weighted every 28 days. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, using ANOVA (α = 0.05). There were no differences in ADG (1,039 vs 1,012 kg, P &lt; 0.4468), G:F (0.299 vs 0.331, P &lt; 0.1435) and final BW (336.44 vs 329.86 kg, P &lt; 0.2063). The treatments affected the rate of supplementation disappearance (P &lt; 0.0001). Control animals consumed all supplement offered 9h after fed. On the other hand, animals from the nitrate supplementation consumed only 54.65% in the same period. The nitrate decreased the overall supplement intake (P &lt; 0.0011) with CTL consumed 2.844 kg, while ENP consumed 2.492 kg. The inclusion of 50 g of encapsulated calcium ammonium nitrate to each 100 kg of body weight in the supplement of growing cattle under grazing conditions, on dry-rainy transition season decreases DMI and the rate of supplemental disappearance, however, this not affected the performance.
PSXIV-38 Short-term adaptation of milk yield and feed efficiency to individualized dietary changes
Authors: Price Tanner P , Liebe Douglas M , Daniels Kristy M , White Robin R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Automated in-parlor feeding and other precision individual animal feeding strategies are a primary interest of efforts to enhance precision animal nutrition. Our objective was to determine short-term effects of changes in diet composition on milk yield and feed efficiency in dairy cattle. A replicated latin square with 4 groups of 6 cows was used to evaluate responses to feeding increasing amounts of ground corn (GC), soybean meal (SBM), chopped grass hay (GH), or total mixed ration (TMR) for 9 d periods. Throughout each period, treatments were top dressed at incrementally increasing rates to provide 0 to 20 percent of calculated net energy intake. Cows were group housed and fed once daily in Calan gates for 36 days. Mean milk yield, efficiency, and the linear slopes of these responses to top dress intake were analyzed during each 9 day period. Mean responses and response slopes were analyzed using a mixed-effect model with fixed effects for top dress and random effects for animal, period, and square. Milk yield was significantly affected by top dress type (P = 0.010) and GH differed significantly from SBM (P = 0.015). However, feed efficiency did not differ with top dress type. The milk yield slope was not affected by top dress type (P = 0.268), but the efficiency slope was affected (P = 0.011). The efficiency response to dietary changes was greater for added SBM than for added GH (P = 0.012), but SBM responses did not differ from GC (P = 0.484) or TMR (P = 0.772). These results suggest opportunity to use individualized, automated feeding strategies to adjust dietary composition in the short-term to target economically optimal formulations without sacrificing production.
PSXIV-22 Impact of fibrolytic enzymes on performance, metabolism, and feeding behavior of feedlot cattle fed diets containing different levels and sources of roughage
Authors: Monteiro Ludmila de Souza , Fiório João Vitor Pessoa , Da Silva Jéssica Olivier , Antonelo Daniel Silva , Walker Nicola 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate finishing performance, carcass characteristics, total tract diet digestibility, ruminal parameters, and feeding behavior of bulls fed high-concentrate feedlot diets containing two sources and two levels of roughage, with or without exogenous fibrolytic enzyme (EFE). For the performance study, 264 Nellore bulls (371 ± 18.7 kg) were distributed in 48 pens by initial body weight in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Diets contained (dry matter basis) 0 or 0.75 mL/kg of EFE (ABVista, Marlborough, UK); and 8.5 or 12.5% either sugarcane bagasse (SCB) or grass hay (GH). Dry matter intake was greater for bulls fed 12.5% roughage (P &lt; 0.01) and for treatments fed GH (P = 0.01), but gain:feed was greater with 8.5% roughage (P &lt; 0.01) and tended to be greater for SCB (P = 0.07). Observed net energy concentrations were greater for 8.5% roughage (P &lt; 0.01) and for SCB (P = 0.04). For the metabolism study, 8 ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (396 ± 1.4 kg) were assigned to 2 simultaneous 4 × 4 Latin Squares. Digestibility of crude protein was greater for steers fed 8.5% roughage compared to those fed 12.5% (P = 0.01), and supplementing EFE tended to increase digestibility of acid detergent fiber (P = 0.10). Volatile fatty acid concentration was lower (P = 0.04) and intake time tended to be greater (P = 0.07) with 12.5% dietary roughage compared to 8.5%. Supplementing EFE to feedlot cattle fed diets containing either SCB or GH, and either 8.5 or 12.5% roughage yielded no improvements in animal performance, but led to minor changes in digestibility and ruminal parameters.
PSXIV-18 Feeding behavior of feedlot steers fed combinations of feed additives
Authors: Dias Evandro , Sarturi Jhones O , opheim Tosha , Henry Darren D , Hoffmann Carly A , Sandes Michael D , Millen Danilo D , Bouyi Legrand , miller markus , Echeverry Alejandro , Brashears Mindy , Urso Phil , Espinoza-Rock Nadira J 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The effects of dietary feed additives (single or combination) on feeding behavior of feedlot cattle, and the representativeness of one individual animal within the experimental unit were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus beef steers (n = 240; initial BW = 319 ± 29 kg) were used in an randomized complete block design (block = BW), 4 steers/pen (experimental unit; n = 12/treatment), and randomly assigned to the following treatments: 1) no feed additive; 2) monensin (300 mg/animal-daily) + tylosin (90 mg/animal-daily); 3) monensin + L. salivarius L28 (106 CFU/animal-daily); 4) tylosin; and 5) L. salivarius. Animals were fed (steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet) once-daily (clean-bunk management). Feeding behavior (24 h; 5 min intervals) was measured as time spent in activities. In addition, one steer/pen was individually assessed. The Glimmix procedures of SAS were used for statistical analyses (fixed effect = treatment; random effect = block). Feed additives did not affect time spent eating (163 min/d; P = 0.42); ruminating (71 min/d; P = 0.82); chewing (234 min/d; P = 0.21); drinking (18 min/d; P = 0.59); ruminating/kg of DM (9 min/d; P = 0.75); chewing/kg of DM (30 min/d; P = 0.40); resting (1085 min/d; P = 0.25); or other activities (102 min/d; P = 0.32). The difference between feeding behavior pen average and the value from the single animal marked within the same pen was different from zero for rumination (P ≤ 0.04), eating (P = 0.03), and other activities (P = 0.04), while not different from zero for chewing (P ≥ 0.21), drinking (P ≥ 0.13; except for one treatment P &lt; 0.01), and resting (P ≥ 0.12; tendency exhibited by one treatment P &lt; 0.09). Feed additives seem to not affect feeding behavior half-way-through the finishing phase. One animal within a 4-animal/pen unit did not represent the pen average feeding behavior.
PSXIV-19 Effect of alpha-lipoic acid on productive parameters and ruminal VFA profile in sheep
Authors: Robles Carolina , Davalos Laura Gonzáles , Mora Ofelia , Hermanadez Yesmin , Shimada Armando , Garza Enrique Piña 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Alpha lipoic acid (LA) is a potent nutritional antioxidant. It is a derivate of octanoic acid containing a cyclic disulfide bond. An LA complex with lysine-lipoamide, functions as a co-factor in the mitochondrial dehydrogenase that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids. In this reaction, LA is reduced to dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), which interacts with reactive oxygen species, and LA can also inactivate free radicals. Another important role of DHLA is in signal transduction by activating insulin receptors, which causes glucose transporters translocation from cytoplasm to the cell surface. Due to its potential antioxidant effect at ruminal level, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fed LA on productive parameters, ruminal fatty volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and blood glucose of sheep. Sixty-four, two-months-old, crossbred lambs were penned in groups of four, divided into four treatments: 0, 40, 80, and 120 ppm LA in diet. During 84 days, every 28 days on two consecutive days, animals were weighed (to determine average daily weight gain, DWG), blood and ruminal fluid were taken for glucose and VFA quantification, respectively. All variables were analyzed in a completely randomized design. DWG was statistically higher in those animals receiving 80 ppm (250 g) as compared to the rest (200, 188, 180 g for 120, 40, 0 ppm, respectively) (P &lt; 0.0001). No differences in blood glucose or ruminal VFA were found (P &gt; 0.1). LA could improve the productive performance of sheep; however, it would be necessary to study the role of LA and its effects on the ruminal microbiome and its action mechanism. Research support by Project PAPIIT-UNAM IN211518
PSX-14 Recent advances in understanding genetic variants associated with growth, carcass and meat productivity traits in sheep (Ovis aries): an update
Authors: Zlobin Alexander S , Volkova Natalia A , Borodin Pavel M , Aksenovich Tatiana I , Tsepilov Yakov A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes that affect growth intensity is a prerequisite for the marker-assisted selection for economically important traits. The number of QTL studies on sheep is relatively small in comparison to those on cattle and pigs. Current QTL Sheep database (Sheep QTLdb) contains information on 1658 QTL for 225 different traits. A few genes and markers associated with growth, carcass and meat productivity traits have been reported. The information about QTLs from the Sheep QTLdb cannot be directly used in marker assisted selection due to the lack of essential information such as effective and reference alleles, the effect direction, etc., and requires manual curation and validation. In this study we performed comprehensive search for QTLs focusing on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with growth and meat traits in sheep. Using 15 different keywords combinations we found 152 papers (including duplicates). Next, all the found papers were manually curated by two researches and filtered by the relevance. We selected the most relevant papers that led to the final list of 17 publications. From these 17 papers we extracted information about associated genes and QTLs (SNPs). We extracted information about associated SNPs with all available information (effect sizes, effective and reference alleles etc). In total we found information about 156 SNP-trait associations (123 unique SNPs). Also we made the list of 164 unique genes associated with growth, carcass and meat productivity traits. As the result we made the database which contains information about 156 SNP-trait associations (123 unique SNPs) and list of 165 associated genes. The updated information is freely available at https://github.com/Defrag1236/Ovines_2018. This information can be useful for further association studies and preliminary estimation of genetic variability for economically important traits in different breeds.
PSX-4 Performance of lambs born from ewes fed with different energy levels
Authors: Brochine Luciano , Oliveira Giuliana M , Pascotto Mayara S , Silva Mônica M , Villa Luisa Elena P , Teofilo Bruno R , Gallo Sarita B , Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, under confinement conditions, of lambs born from ewes fed different energy levels during the final gestation and lactation period. Seventy-one ewes were distributed in two treatments according to the metabolizable energy (ME) levels in the diet: CTL = according to the NRC (2007) recommendations for each stage (gestation and lactation); PLUS = CTL plus 10% of energy per kilogram of dry matter. The total ME intake for the CTL group was 4 and 4.2 Mcal/day during the end of gestation and lactation, respectively, and for the Plus group, the ME intake were 4.8 and 5 Mcal/day. Thirty-five intact male lambs were weaned at 60 days and confined for an additional 60 days. In confinement, lambs were fed ad libitum with the same experimental diet their ewes received. The experimental design was analyzed as randomized complete blocks. The metabolic weight (BW0.75) at the confinement was influenced by maternal nutrition. Lambs of ewes fed with lower energy content were lighter compared to the PLUS group. At the beginning and the end of the confinement, the BW0.75 of the CTL was 8.80 and 15 kg0.75, and the PLUS was 11.4 and 17.6 kg0.75, respectively (P &lt; 0.0001). The maternal diet containing higher energy content resulted in heavier carcass for commercialization. The values of weight gain and feed conversion were not influenced by maternal nutrition (P &gt; 0.005), with mean values of 350 and 4.72 g/d, respectively. We concluded that lambs from ewes fed with greater energy intake had heavier body weights at the beginning and at the end of the confinement, possibly increasing the sustainability of the meat lamb production systems.
PSXIII-10 Dietary Forsythia suspensa extract supplementation improves reproductive performance, antioxidant status and immune function in lactating sows and suckling piglets
Authors: Long Shenfei , He Tengfei , Wu Di , Piao Xiangshu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Lactating sows face various stresses, leading to poor reproductive performance and high mortality in piglets. Previous studies have demonstrated Forsythia suspensa extract (FSE) has antioxidant and antibacterial functions in broilers and piglets. However, rare researches focus on the effect of FSE in lactating sows. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate dietary FSE supplementation on performance, antioxidant status and immunity in sows and piglets. 24 healthy Yorkshire × Landrace sows (average body weight of 234 ± 6.81 kg; average parity of 3.38 ± 0.61) were allotted into 2 dietary treatments with 12 sows per treatment based on parity, back fat thickness and body weight. Sows were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet (CON), or a FSE diet (basal diet+100 mg/kg FSE) from d 107 of gestation until d 21 of lactation. Compared with CON, sows fed FSE showed decreased (P &lt; 0.05) estrus interval, body weight loss from farrowing to weaning, and increased (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain from d 7 to 21 in piglet, as well as enhanced (P &lt; 0.05) lactose, fat and protein contents on d 14, and IgA level on d 7 in milk. These sows also had increased (P &lt; 0.05) T-AOC content, reduced (P &lt; 0.05) MDA content in placenta, and improved (P &lt; 0.05) serum T-AOC, GSH-Px and CAT contents at farrowing and weaning. Their piglets behaved higher (P &lt; 0.05) SOD content and lower (P &lt; 0.05) MDA content in serum on d 0, 7, 14, as well as increased (P &lt; 0.05) serum T-AOC and GSH-Px contents on d 21. These piglets also had higher villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in jejunum on d 21 compared with CON. In conclusion, dietary FSE supplementation improved performance, antioxidant status and immune function in lactating sows and suckling piglets.
The Smoot–Hawley Fixation: Putting the Sino-US Trade War in Contemporary and Historical Perspective
Authors: Evenett Simon J 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The extent to which the Sino-US trade war represents a break from the past is examined. This ongoing trade war is benchmarked empirically against the Smoot–Hawley tariff increase and against the sustained, covert discrimination by governments against foreign commercial interests witnessed since the start of the global economic crisis. The Sino-US trade war is not the defining moment that some contend. Thus, laying the blame for the current woes of global trade entirely at the feet of policymakers in Beijing or Washington, D.C., is unfounded. Since the rot started well before 2018 and implicates many states, greater attention should be given to the factors determining the unilateral commercial policies of governments during and after a systemic economic crisis. The insights from the economic history literature of the 1930s presented here are useful in this regard. Moreover, claims that existing multilateral trade rules have bite are hard to square with the very large shares of global trade affected by policy measures favouring local firms implemented over the past decade. When confronted with severe adverse economic conditions for better or for worse, WTO members had plenty of policy space after all.
Homelessness and Nonrecreational Camping on National Forests and Grasslands in the United States: Law Enforcement Perspectives and Regional Trends
Authors: Cerveny Lee K , Baur Joshua W R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
National forest law enforcement officers regularly encounter “nonrecreational” campers whose tenure exceeds established stay limits (generally 2 weeks). Some long-term occupants are homeless and seek use of the forest as a temporary or long-term residence. Long-term nonrecreational campers present myriad concerns for forest officials, who seek to balance public access and resource conservation. In addition to biophysical impacts because of waste, disposal of chemicals, soil compaction, and damage to vegetation, nonrecreational campers can alter the social environment being shared with other forest visitors. For this exploratory study, US Forest Service law enforcement officers (n = 290) were surveyed to assess officer perceptions of the frequency of encounters, trends, and types of nonrecreational campers. We provide a descriptive summary of major findings and point out regional variations and trends. Officers perceive regional variations in the frequency of encounters with nonrecreational or homeless campers as well as types of campers encountered.