bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability of the Epidemic-Type Aftershock Sequence Model with Tapered Gutenberg–Richter Distributed Seismic Moments
Authors: Ilaria Spassiani 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTThe epidemic-type aftershock sequence model with tapered Gutenberg–Richter (ETAS-TGR)-distributed seismic moments is a modification of the classical ETAS-GR (without tapering) proposed by Kagan in 2002 to account for the finiteness of the deformational energy in the earthquake process. In this article, I analyze the stability of the ETAS-TGR model by explicitly computing the relative branching ratio ηTGR: it has to be set less than 1 for the process not to explode, in fact in the ETAS-TGR model, the critical parameter equals the branching ratio as it happens for the ETAS-GR, due to the rate separability in the seismic moments component. When the TGR parameter βk=23ln10β is larger than the fertility parameter αk=23ln10α, respectively obtained from the GR and the productivity laws by translating moment magnitudes into seismic moments, the ETAS-TGR model results to have less restrictive nonexplosion conditions than in the ETAS-GR case. Furthermore, differently from the latter case in which it must hold β&gt;α for ηGR to exist finite, any order relation for βk and αk (equivalently, for β,α) is admissible for the stability of the ETAS-TGR process; indeed ηTGR is well defined and finite for any βk,αk. This theoretical result is strengthened by a simulation analysis I performed to compare three ETAS-TGR synthetic catalogs generated with βk⋚αk. The branching ratio ηTGR is shown to decrease as the previous parameter difference increases, reflecting: (1) a lower number of aftershocks, among which a lower percentage of first generation shocks; (2) a lower corner seismic moment for the moment–frequency distribution; and (3) a longer temporal window occupied by the aftershocks. The less restrictive conditions for the stability of the ETAS-TGR seismic process represent a further reason to use this more realistic model in forecasting applications.
Resonant Frequency Derived from the Rayleigh-Wave Dispersion Image: The High-Impedance Boundary Problem
Authors: Liberty Lee M. , St. Clair James , Mikesell T. Dylan , Schermerhorn William D. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTWe present a simple and automated approach to estimate primary site-response resonance, layer thickness, and shear-wave velocity directly from a dispersion image for a layer over half-space problem. We demonstrate this for high-impedance boundary conditions that lie in the upper tens of meters. Our approach eliminates the need for time-consuming dispersion curve picking and 1D shear-wave velocity inversion for large data volumes that can capture velocity structure in profile. We highlight important relationships between dispersion characteristics and resonance parameters through synthetic modeling and field data acquired over Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments. In this environment, shallow soil conditions are critical to accurately estimate earthquake site response. We suggest that this image processing approach can be applied to a range of high-impedance conditions, at a range of scales, or can provide model constraints for more complex velocity structures.
La Incapacidad Temporal y la Enfermedad Relacionada con el Trabajo en la Seguridad Social. Una Aproximación a Partir de la Revisión de Literatura
Authors: Valero-Pacheco Ivonne Constanza 
Published: November 2020

La seguridad social es el mecanismo de amparo por el riesgo de enfermedad que afecta a los trabajadores. Establecer la relación entre el daño y el origen y así el reconocimiento de la incapacidad temporal derivada del evento, es más complejo cuando los riesgos en el trabajo agravan la condición pre-existente o existen dudas en la causa, aumentando los periodos y frecuencia de la incapacidad temporal, afectando los ingresos del trabajador. El artículo pretende contribuir a la formulación del proyecto de investigación “El trato privilegiado de la incapacidad temporal en el Sistema de Seguridad Social Integral de Colombia” y a su vez a la propuesta de una posible solución jurídica para otorgar el reconocimiento igualitario entre la incapacidad temporal por enfermedad común y laboral en los trabajadores cotizantes del Sistema de Seguridad Social Integral de Colombia; para lo cual se requiere en una primera fase elaborar una síntesis del conocimiento acerca de la incapacidad temporal consecuencia de la enfermedad relacionada con el trabajo y los principales debates, resultado de los aportes académicos y científicos relativos al tema. La revisión de literatura como metodología, parte del planteamiento del protocolo y objetivo de investigación. La búsqueda en bases de datos
de referencia es partir de los descriptores elegidos usando la ecuación de búsqueda. En la selección de los artículos se aplican criterios de inclusión y exclusión y posteriormente fueron evaluados mediante guías de análisis crítico. Los resultados se analizan en tres categorías: disciplinas que abordan la materia de investigación; debates en torno al tema y descripción de los conceptos analizados. El estudio permitió identificar la necesidad profundizar en el estudio del trato privilegiado que presenta la incapacidad temporal de origen laboral sobre la de origen común en el Sistema de Seguridad Social Colombiano, desde una perspectiva jurídica. El beneficio económico que se reconoce por eventos laborales no tiene justificación aparente y contribuye a la vulneración del principio de igualdad y a la precarización del empleo.
Balance de la Implementación de la Ley 1448 de 2011 de Restitución de Tierras, desde el Derecho Penal Colombiano
Authors: Martínez Arango Fabián 
Published: November 2020

Utilizando el método analítico descriptivo, el presente escrito está enfocado en realizar un balance a la aplicación de la Ley General de Víctimas y Restitución de Tierras mejor conocida como Ley 1448 de 2011; teniendo una visión crítica y sobre todo un enfoque con el Derecho Penal Colombiano. Aprovechando el uso de fuentes oficiales, periodísticas, académicas, y, además, de los principales actores en la creación e implementación de la ley, se buscará una respuesta a las interrogantes de esta indagación.
Inicialmente se abordará sobre la explicación de los diferentes términos referentes a las víctimas en general, desde la ley y desde el derecho penal para posteriormente comenzar a resolver cuestiones como, ¿Por qué se crea la ley 1448 de 2011? ¿Qué resultados tiene la implementación
en la actualidad de la ley 1448 de 2011? y ¿Cómo afecta y se ve afectado el derecho penal? entre muchas otras interrogantes que se irán implementando en el texto.
Por último, se realizará un análisis desde la perspectiva crítica del autor, aceptando o negando el cumplimiento y objetivos de la ley 1448 de 2011 así como también las implicaciones de derechos de la misma desde el ámbito del Derecho Penal Colombiano, todo ello con apoyo de los resultados obtenidos.
Uma análise a partir da epistemologia de Larry Laudan dos modelos atômicos
Authors: Medeiros Denise Rosa , Silva Édila Rosane Álves da , Goi Mara Elisângela Jappe , Gonçalves Raquel Pereira Neves 
Published: November 2020

A natureza das Ciências pode ser entendida por diferentes concepções epistemológicas. O termo epistemologia se refere ao estudo dos postulados, conclusões e métodos dos diferentes ramos do saber científico e, portanto, estuda a origem, a estrutura, os métodos e a validades do conhecimento. Neste artigo discute-se o conceito de átomo na perspectiva epistemológica de Larry Laudan, filósofo do século XX, com o objetivo de promover reflexões acerca da teoria atômica. Inicialmente apresenta-se um cenário sobre a história e importância da epistemologia. Em seguida destaca-se as ideias centrais da epistemologia de Laudan a qual destaca que a ciência é em essência uma atividade de Resolução de Problemas e traz a taxonomia quanto aos tipos de problemas, classificando-os em empíricos e conceituais. Por fim, considera-se que os resultados relativos à pesquisa da evolução dos modelos atômicos permitem reflexões importantes sobre o contexto histórico e suas implicações para o Ensino de Ciências.Palavras-chave: Ensino de ciências; Modelos atômicos; Epistemologia de Laudan. ABSTRACT: The nature of science can be understood by different epistemological conceptions. The term epistemology refers to the study of the postulates, conclusions and methods of the different branches of scientific knowledge and, therefore, studies the origin, structure, methods and validities of knowledge. This article discusses the concept of atom in the epistemological perspective of Larry Laudan, philosopher of the twentieth century, with the aim of promoting reflections on atomic theory. Initially we present a scenario about the history and importance of epistemology. Next, we highlight the central ideas of Laudan's epistemology, which emphasizes that science is essentially a Problem Solving activity and brings taxonomy to the types of problems, classifying them as empirical and conceptual. Finally, it is considered that the results concerning the research of the evolution of the atomic models allow important reflections on the historical context and its implications for Science Teaching.Keywords: Science teaching; Atomic models; Laudan’s epistemology.
Socioeconomic inequalities in unhealthy lifestyles in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Dieteren Charlotte , Bonfrer Igna 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: The heavy and ever rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) warrants interventions to reduce unhealthy lifestyles. To effectively target these interventions, it is important to know how unhealthy lifestyles vary with socioeconomic characteristics. This study quantifies prevalence and socioeconomic inequalities in unhealthy lifestyles in LMICs, to identify policy priorities conducive to the Sustainable Development Goal of a one third reduction in deaths from NCDs by 2030.Methods: Data from 1,278,624 adult respondents to Demographic & Health Surveys across 22 LMICs between 2013 and 2018 are used to estimate crude prevalence rates and socioeconomic inequalities in tobacco use, overweight, harmful alcohol use and the clustering of these three in a household. Inequalities are measured by a concentration index and correlated with the percentage of GDP spent on health. We estimate a multilevel model to examine associations of individual characteristics with different unhealthy lifestyles.Results: The prevalence of tobacco use among men ranges from 59.6% (Armenia) to 6.6% (Nigeria). The highest level of overweight among women is 83.7% (Egypt) while this is less than 12% in Burundi, Chad and Timor-Leste. 82.5% of women in Burundi report that their partner is “often or sometimes drunk” compared to 1.3% in Gambia. Tobacco use is concentrated among the poor, except for the low share of men smoking in Nigeria. Overweight, however, is concentrated among the better off, especially in Tanzania and Zimbabwe (Erreygers Index (EI) 0.227 and 0.232). Harmful alcohol use is more concentrated among the better off in Nigeria (EI 0.127), while Chad, Rwanda and Togo show an unequal pro-poor distribution (EI respectively -0.147, -0.210, -0.266). Cambodia exhibits the largest socioeconomic inequality in unhealthy household behaviour (EI -0.253). The multilevel analyses confirm that in LMICs, tobacco and alcohol use are largely concentrated among the poor, while overweight is concentrated among the better-off.Conclusions: This study emphasizes the importance of unhealthy lifestyles in LMICs and the socioeconomic variation therein. Given the different socioeconomic patterns in unhealthy lifestyles - overweight patters in LMICs differ considerably from those in high income countries- tailored interventions towards specific high-risk populations are warranted.
Longitudinal Spatial Patterns of Intrinsic Brain Activity and Functional Connectivity in Upper Limb Amputees Patients
Authors: Bao Bingbo , Duan Lei , Wei Haifeng , Luo Pengbo , Zhu Hongyi , Gao Tao , Wei Xiaoer , Li Jing , Li Yuehua , Chai Yimin , Zhang Changqing , Zheng Xianyou 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Amputation in adults is a serious condition and previous studies suggested a remapping of representations in motor and sensory brain networks. However, little is known about the longitudinal reorganizing pattern in upper limb amputees’ patients.Methods: The present study included 8 healthy volunteers and 16 patients with amputation. We use resting-state fMRI to investigate the local and large-scale brain plasticity in patients suffering from amputation. Both the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and degree centrality (DC) were used for the assessment of neuroplasticity.Results: We described changes in spatial patterns of intrinsic brain activity and functional connectivity in amputees; and we found that not only the sensory and motor cortex, but also the cognitive-related brain regions involved in the functional plasticity after upper extremity deafferentation.Conclusion: Our findings showed local and extensive cortical changes in the sensorimotor and cognitive-related brain regions, which may imply the dysfunction in not only sensory and motor function, but also sensorimotor integration and motor plan. The changes in activation and intrinsic connectivity in the brain showed correlation with the deafferentation status.
Epidermal Growth Factor Ameliorates Essential Trace Element Absorption in The Gastrointestinal Tract by Regulating The Expression of Microelement Transport-Relative Genes in Lipopolysaccharide Challenged Early Weaning Piglets
Authors: Xue Junjing , Xie Liang , Liu Bo , Zhou Liyuan , Hu Yajun , Ajuwon Kolapo Matthew , Fang Rejun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays an important role in nutrient utilization. A 14-days trial was conducted to investigate how EGF attenuates the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the growth performance and the nutrient utilization of early-weaned pigs.Methods: A total of 48 early weaned piglets were randomly distributed among 4 groups, which included the control, EGF, LPS and EGF + LPS groups. Each group had 6 replicates and each replicate consisted of 2 piglets. The experiment lasted for 14 d.Results: The results showed that LPS exposure significantly decreased the average daily gain (ADG) and significantly increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the weaned pigs compared with the groups without LPS treatment (P<0.05), while dietary EGF could significantly increase the average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared with the diet without EGF supplementation (P<0.05). The LPS treatment significantly decreased the apparent digestibility of crude fat compared with the groups without LPS treatment (P<0.05). The LPS treatment resulted in a significantly increased concentration of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn in the stomach, jejunum and ileum chyme, and feces compared with the groups without LPS treatment (P<0.05), while the EGF treatment significantly decreased these indicators compared with the diet without EGF supplementation (P<0.05). In the gastrointestinal tract, the LPS treatment significantly decreased the expression levels of the zrt-irt-like protein 4 (Zip4), zrt-irt-like protein 7 (Zip7), copper transport protein 1 (Ctr1), antioxidant 1 (Atox1), copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS), cytochrome c oxidase copper chaperone 17 (Cox17), copper-transporting P-type 7A (ATP7A), copper-transporting P-type 7B (ATP7B), divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), cytochrome b (CYTB), and transferrin (Tf) genes compared with the groups without LPS treatment (P<0.05), while the EGF treatment significantly increased the expression levels of the Zip4, Ctr1, Atox1, CCS, Cox17, ATP7A, ATP7B, DMT1, CYTB, and hephaestin (Hp) genes compared with the diet without EGF supplementation (P<0.05).Conclusion: Dietary EGF could attenuate the effect of LPS exposure on the essential trace element absorption by changing the expression levels of microelement transport-relative genes of early-weaned pigs.
Age-related increase in caveolin-1 expression facilitates cell-to-cell transmission of α-synuclein in neurons
Authors: Ha Tae-Young , Choi Yu Ree , Noh Hye Rin , Cha Seon-Heui , Kim Jae-Bong , Park Sang Myun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, with aging being considered the greatest risk factor for developing PD. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is known to participate in the aging process. Recent evidence indicates that prion-like propagation of misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) released from neurons to neighboring neurons plays an important role in PD progression. In the present study, we explored the association between cav-1 and cell-to-cell transmission of α-syn.Methods: Using SH-SY5Y cells and primary neurons overexpressing WT and Y14A cav-1, we investigated the effect of cav-1 expression on the uptake of α-syn using a dual chamber system. Additionally, we investigated the effect of cav-1 expression on the formation of Lewy body-like inclusions using co-culture assay and microfluidic chamber assay.Results: We demonstrated that cav-1 expression in the brain increased with age, and considerably increased in the brain of A53T α-syn transgenic mice. Cav-1 overexpression facilitated the uptake of α-syn into neurons and formation of additional Lewy body-like inclusion bodies, phosphorylation of cav-1 at tyrosine 14 was found to be crucial for this process. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the relationship between age and α-syn spread and will facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanism of the cell-to-cell transmission of α-syn.
Effect of Intra- and Postoperative Fluid and Blood Volume on Postoperative Pulmonary Edema in Patients With Intraoperative Massive Bleeding: Multi-Center Cohort Study Using Time Varying Analysis
Authors: Kwon Young Suk , Choi Jun Woo , Lee Hanna , Kim Jong Ho , Jang Ji Su , Hwang Sung Mi , Hong Ji Young , Yang Go Eun , Kim Youngmi , Lee Jae Jun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BackgroundIn patients with massive bleeding during surgery, the effect of intra- and postoperative fluid and blood volume on postoperative pulmonary edema is uncertain. The aim of this study is evaluating the occurrence risk relationship through time-varying analysis between postoperative pulmonary edema and intra- and postoperatively administered volume of fluid and blood in patients with intraoperative massive bleeding.MethodsThis study is a retrospective cohort study and data was obtained from the clinical data warehouse at Hallym University Medical Center, a multi-institutional data registry of 5 hospitals of Hallym University. Patients with intraoperative massive bleeding (≥40% of average blood volume) and who underwent a non-cardiac surgery at 5 hospitals between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2019 were enrolled the study. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary edema occurrence within 72 hours after surgery. Secondary outcomes were postoperative pulmonary edema with hypoxemia. ResultsIn total, 2090 patients were included in the postoperative pulmonary edema analysis, and 300 patients developed pulmonary edema within 72 hours after surgery. The postoperative pulmonary edema hypoxemia analysis with hypoxia included 1660 patients; pulmonary edema with hypoxemia occurred in 161 patients. The increase in the amount of red blood cells/average blood volume/hour after surgery increased the risk of developing pulmonary edema after surgery (hazard ratio: 1.03, 95% confidence interval [1.01–1.05], P = 0.013) and the risk of developing pulmonary edema with hypoxemia (hazard ratio: 1.04, 95% confidence interval [1.01–1.07], P = 0.024).Conclusion﻿In this study, an increase in the transfusion of red blood cells per hour after surgery increased the risk of developing pulmonary edema after surgery. This increase can be considered a risk factor for the incidence of pulmonary edema.
Effects of Head Positions on Awake Orotracheal Intubation Via Fiberoptic-Bronchoscope: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Liu Zhuo , Zhao Li , Liu Meiqi , Qi Xiaohang , Jia Qianqian , Liang Shujuan , Yang Xiaochun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: There are many factors affect the success rate of awake orotracheal intubation via fiberoptic bronchoscope. We performed this study to investigate the effects and safety of three head positions on awake orotracheal intubation via fiberoptic bronchoscope. Methods: Seventy-five adult patients with anticipated difficult airway, received general anaesthesia and undergoing awake orotracheal intubation were included in this study. According to the head position, the patients were randomized allocated to neutral position group (NP group), sniffing position group (SP group) or extension position group (EP group). After conscious sedation the patients were intubated by an experienced anesthesiologist. The time to view the vocal cords, the time to insert the tracheal tube into the trachea, the percentage of glottic opening scores (POGO) and the visual analog scale (VAS) scores for ease experienced of passing the tracheal tube through the glottis, the hemodynamic changes during intubation and the adverse events after surgery were recorded. Results: The time to view the vocal cords was significantly shorter and the POGO scores was significantly higher in the EP group compared with the other two groups (P<0.05); the SpO2 immediate after intubation was higher in the EP group compared with SP group (P<0.05) and the SpO2 before intubation was higher in the EP group compared with NP group (P<0.05), while at other time points the SpO2 had no significant difference among groups. The time to tracheal intubation, the VAS scores for passing the tracheal tube through glottis, the coughing scores of patients when inserted fiberoptic bronchoscope into the trachea and inserted the tracheal tube into the trachea over fiberoptic bronchoscope had no significant differences among groups (P>0.05). There were also no significant differences among the groups with regard to the incidence of postoperative complications, mean arterial pressure and heart rate at each time point (P>0.05). Conclusions: Extension position had a best view of glottic opening than neutral position or sniffing position during awake orotracheal intubation via fiberoptic bronchoscope, so extension position was recommended as the starting head position for awake orotracheal intubation using fiberoptic bronchoscope.Trial registration: Clinical Trials.gov. no. NCT 02792855. Registered at https://register.clinicaltrials.gov on 23 september 2017.