bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations of daytime activity in the nocturnal northern giant mouse lemur (Mirza zaza)
Authors: Hending Daniel , Randrianarison Heriniaina , Cotton Sam , Holderied Marc , McCabe Grainne 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We provide an anecdote of daytime activity within the northern giant mouse lemur (Mirza zaza), a small threatened primate that has always been considered strictly nocturnal, in the Anabohazo forest of northwestern Madagascar. During the dry season, we witnessed two individual M. zaza travelling separately in the afternoon period of three different days. Our observations indicate that M. zaza may undertake activity that is essential for their survival within both the light and dark periods of a day-cycle, and our findings suggest that the activity cycle of this species may be highly flexible. These observations have important implications to understand the evolution of activity patterns in M. zaza, and these findings warrant future, long term studies to establish the annual activity patterns of M. zaza and to determine whether this species is potentially cathemeral and why.
Navigating Human Rights in a ‘Post-Human Rights’ Era
Authors: Smith Rhona , Molloy Sean 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
International human rights law and mechanisms tasked with promoting state compliance with it are being increasingly challenged. Opposition is originating from, amongst others, countries that have historically supported the global human rights project. These new trends and sites of contestation bolster opposition from other countries and regions that have consistently diverged from international human rights norms. Examining the relationship between the United Nations human rights system and states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in this broader context of opposition to human rights, this article argues that existing theories on why states do, or ought to, comply with international human rights law are often inadequate to either explain or inspire state adherence to human rights norms. What is required, this article will argue, is not another theory but rather more targeted and incremental efforts to address the gap between rhetoric and compliance.
New Russian Legislative Approaches and Navigational Rights within the Northern Sea Route
Authors: Solski Jan Jakub 
Published: December 2020

The regulation of foreign navigation in the Northern Sea Route (NSR) has been dominated by the rules of international law applicable to merchant ships only. Neither the domestic set of rules of navigation on the NSR, based on Article 234 of UNCLOS nor the Polar Code applies to State-owned vessels. While the application of Article 234 has so far let Russia evade discussion on the navigational rights, one can expect an increasing spotlight on this issue.
In response to the recent crossing of the NSR by a French warship, as well as the voices from the United States indicating similar plans, Russia has signalled the intention to adopt more stringent rules for passage of warships, potentially including the requirement of prior notification and pilotage.
The aim of the paper is twofold. First, examine the navigational rights as applicable in the NSR. As such, the paper will discuss historical State practice and relevant international law to demonstrate, among other things, that the enclosure with straight baselines preserved innocent passage in all Russian Arctic straits. Second, examine the international legality of prior notification and pilotage in the context of the applicable navigational rights on the NSR.
From the Indian Ocean to the Arctic: What the Chagos Archipelago Advisory Opinion Tells Us about Greenland
Authors: Johnstone Rachael Lorna 
Published: December 2020

On February 25, 2019, the International Court of Justice issued its advisory opinion on Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965. The judges held by a majority of 13:1 that the process of decolonisation of Mauritius is incomplete, owing to the separation of the Chagos Archipelago shortly before Mauritian independence, that the United Kingdom should end its administration of the Chagos Archipelago as rapidly as possible, and that all Member States of the United Nations should cooperate to complete the decolonisation of Mauritius.
The (partial) decolonisation of Mauritius in 1968 and the treatment of the Chagos islanders (Chagossians) have important parallels with the purported decolonisation of Greenland in 1952–54. In both cases, the consultative body of the colonised people was neither fully independent nor representative of all the people concerned. No real choice was given to either body; rather the colonial power offered only the continuation of the status quo or professed self-determination on terms defined by the colonial power itself. Furthermore, the process of decolonisation was inherently linked to the forcible transfer of people in order to make way for a United States military facility.
Nevertheless, there are some relevant differences. First of all, Greenland was purportedly decolonised in 1953, some seven years before the UN General Assembly Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (UNGA Res. 1514(XV) 1960). Second, the UN General Assembly accepted the Danish government’s representations regarding the full decolonisation of Greenland (UNGA Res. 849 (1954), in contrast to their position regarding Mauritius that decolonisation was and remains incomplete, owing to the separation of the Chagos Archipelago (UNGA Res(XX) 1965). Third, though the Chagossians have been recognised as indigenous at the UN, the British government has continually denied this status and (mis)characterises them as a transient people, while Denmark has accepted the status of the Greenlanders as both an indigenous people and a colonial people, entitled to self-determination.
This article examines the implications for the judgment for the Greenland case as well as broader questions of self-determination of peoples. It concludes that the colonial boundaries continue to govern in decolonisation cases, with the consequence that the Greenlanders are likely to be held to be a single people; that the erga omnes character of the right to self-determination means that all States must cooperate to facilitate Greenlanders’ choices for their future; and that there remain significant procedural hurdles that prevent colonial and indigenous peoples having their voices heard, even in the matters that concern them most of all.
Investigating a Learning Progression for Reasoning Practices of Geocognition Using GeoMapApp-Based Assessment
Authors: Maeng Seungho 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This study examined a case of GeoMapApp-based assessment to investigate a learning progression for middle school students’ understanding of geoscience content and geocognition (spatial, temporal, and retrospective reasoning and system thinking). A 2-year GeoMapApp-based assessment process was administered along with a double-round of the construct modeling approach. Based on the measurement of Rasch analysis, the geocognition learning progression was described in terms of data-driven level, meaning-acquiring level, knowledge-constructing level, and complex reasoning with geocognition level. The geocognition learning progression developed in this study had significant implications in terms of the progress variables integrating geoscientific reasoning practices with geoscience content and the perspective on learning with adopting work-with-it view. While this content is applicable in all regions, it is especially helpful for science teachers in the Asia-Pacific region to understand geocognition learning progressions to improve teaching and better support students to understand local geological environments in terms of plate tectonics.
Inequity and Cultural Differences in Out-of-School Science Education: The Case of the Arab Minority in Israel
Authors: Tal Tali 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper examines the gap between Jewish and Arab students in Israel in the context of learning in informal environments. I attempted to understand whether the difference is a matter of inequity in terms of resource allocation and opportunities provided to the schools. I present the socio-historical-political context and the current situation, based on formal documents. To gain an insiders’ views, I interviewed five Arab science educators and an Arab superintendent. These conversations highlighted the cultural aspect of the gap and a cultural change toward integrating more learning opportunities in out-of-school environments. Using Gutiérrez and Rogoff (2003), rather than taking a deficit view, repertoires of practice is suggested to understand differences. Several implications relevant to other places where different cultural groups live and where educational and social practices affect the ways people use out-of-school time and resources are offered.
A Global Environmental Pact and Ecological Civilization
Authors: Liu Bingyu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A draft instrument, entitled a Global Pact for the Environment, was launched in Paris in June 2017, which subsequently resulted in a series of UN General Assembly resolutions, a Report by the UN Secretary General, and a report and recommendations by a specifically established ad hoc open-ended working group. Together, these processes identified a range of gaps in existing international environmental law, instruments, and governance. Though this global pact process was a significant milestone in recognising the need for improved global environmental governance, a new ‘umbrella’ international environmental law agreement such as a pact or similar—has not yet been recommended. This article argues that the time for a legally binding global pact is premature. In support of this contention, this article examines the causes leading to the current stage of the process. It does so by analysing the main disagreements and key issues that arose during three substantive meetings of an ad hoc open-ended working group in 2019. It also analyses the content of UNGA’s 2019 Resolution 73/333, which adopted the report of the working group, and considers the implications of this for the future development of the draft Global Pact. China’s growing role as an important advocate for global environmental governance is illustrated by its active engagement in the negotiation process for the Global Pact. It is suggested that China’s future participation in any follow-up negotiations relating to the Global Pact should be actively pursued, with specific reference to the concept of ecological civilization and its potentially important conceptual contribution to the substance of the final negotiation document. This would also reflect China’s commitment to the development of an ecological civilization on a global basis.
Combined Effects of Midlevel Dry Air and Vertical Wind Shear on Tropical Cyclone Development. Part I: Downdraft Ventilation
Authors: Alland Joshua J. , Tang Brian H. , Corbosiero Kristen L. , Bryan George H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study examines how midlevel dry air and vertical wind shear (VWS) can modulate tropical cyclone (TC) development via downdraft ventilation. A suite of experiments was conducted with different combinations of initial midlevel moisture and VWS. A strong, positive, linear relationship exists between the low-level vertical mass flux in the inner core and TC intensity. The linear increase in vertical mass flux with intensity is not due to an increased strength of upward motions but, instead, is due to an increased areal extent of strong upward motions (w > 0.5 m s−1). This relationship suggests physical processes that could influence the vertical mass flux, such as downdraft ventilation, influence the intensity of a TC. The azimuthal asymmetry and strength of downdraft ventilation is associated with the vertical tilt of the vortex: downdraft ventilation is located cyclonically downstream from the vertical tilt direction and its strength is associated with the magnitude of the vertical tilt. Importantly, equivalent potential temperature of parcels associated with downdraft ventilation trajectories quickly recovers via surface fluxes in the subcloud layer, but the areal extent of strong upward motions is reduced. Altogether, the modulating effects of downdraft ventilation on TC development are the downward transport of low–equivalent potential temperature, negative-buoyancy air left of shear and into the upshear semicircle, as well as low-level radial outflow upshear, which aid in reducing the areal extent of strong upward motions, thereby reducing the vertical mass flux in the inner core, and stunting TC development.
Combined Effects of Midlevel Dry Air and Vertical Wind Shear on Tropical Cyclone Development. Part II: Radial Ventilation
Authors: Alland Joshua J. , Tang Brian H. , Corbosiero Kristen L. , Bryan George H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study demonstrates how midlevel dry air and vertical wind shear (VWS) can modulate tropical cyclone (TC) development via radial ventilation. A suite of experiments was conducted with different combinations of initial midlevel moisture and VWS environments. Two radial ventilation structures are documented. The first structure is positioned in a similar region as rainband activity and downdraft ventilation (documented in Part I) between heights of 0 and 3 km. Parcels associated with this first structure transport low–equivalent potential temperature air inward and downward left of shear and upshear to suppress convection. The second structure is associated with the vertical tilt of the vortex and storm-relative flow between heights of 5 and 9 km. Parcels associated with this second structure transport low–relative humidity air inward upshear and right of shear to suppress convection. Altogether, the modulating effects of radial ventilation on TC development are the inward transport of low–equivalent potential temperature air, as well as low-level radial outflow upshear, which aid in reducing the areal extent of strong upward motions, thereby reducing the vertical mass flux in the inner core, and stunting TC development.
The Effect of Language Barriers at Discharge on Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy Outcomes and Healthcare Contact
Authors: Dai Xi , Ryan Marisa A. , Clements Anna Christina , Tunkel David E. , Links Anne R. , Boss Emily F. , Walsh Jonathan M. 
Published: December 2020

Objective: Effective delivery of discharge instructions and access to postoperative care play a critical role in outcomes after pediatric surgery. Previous studies in the pediatric emergency department suggest that caregivers with language barriers have less comprehension of discharge instructions despite use of interpretation services. However, the impact of language barriers during discharge on surgical outcomes in a pediatric surgical setting has not been studied. This study examined the effect of parental language during discharge on number and mode of healthcare contact following pediatric adenotonsillectomy. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on children who underwent adenotonsillectomy at a tertiary care pediatric academic medical center from July 1, 2016 to June 1, 2018. Data were collected on consecutive patients with non-English-speaking caregivers and a systematic sampling of patients with English-speaking caregiver. Surgery-related complications and healthcare contacts within 90 days after discharge were collected. Two-tailed t tests, χ2 tests, and logistic regression were performed to assess the association between parental primary language and incidence of healthcare contact after surgery. Results: A total of 136 patients were included: 85 English-speaking and 51 non-English-speaking. The groups were comparable in age, sex, and comorbidities. The non-English group had more patients with public insurance (86% vs. 56%; P < .001). Number of encounters and types of complications following discharge were similar, but the non-English group was more likely to utilize the emergency department compared to phone calls (OR, 9.3; 95% CI, 2.3-38.2), even after adjustment for insurance type (OR, 7.9; 95% CI, 1.6-39.4). Conclusion: Language barriers at discharge following pediatric otolaryngology surgery is associated with a meaningful difference in how patients utilized medical care. Interventions to improve comprehension and access may help reduce preventable emergency department visits and healthcare costs.
ThyroidEx: Development and Preliminary Validation of a Thyroid Surgery Expectations Measure
Authors: Patel Snehal G. , Atkinson Thomas M. , Tuttle R. Michael , Pusic Andrea L. , Shah Jatin P. , Shaha Ashok R. , Lynch Kathleen , DiLorenzo Monica , Ali Safina , Wong Richard J. , Cracchiolo Jennifer R. 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo address the lack of validated patient‐reported outcome (PRO) instruments that define and quantify patient expectations in thyroid cancer surgery, we developed and initially validated ThyroidEx, a novel disease‐specific PRO instrument.Study DesignSurvey study.SettingSingle‐institution tertiary care cancer center.MethodsAn expert panel drafted an initial set of thyroid cancer–specific concepts, which was used in semistructured concept elicitation interviews with patients with thyroid cancer 4 weeks before and 8 weeks after surgery. Candidate items were generated per patient responses and refined via cognitive interviewing and additional review by the expert panel. The draft ThyroidEx was then preoperatively administered to a separate cohort undergoing thyroid cancer surgery to establish a final item set and initial psychometric evidence.ResultsProspective concept elicitation interviews generated 358 patient‐elicited concepts (n = 15 patients). These were then placed into 70 unique subcategories from which 41 items were generated for cognitive interviews with 20 patients preoperatively and 28 postoperatively. After expert panel review, ThyroidEx included 18 items across 2 scales (Expectations and Concerns), with an additional item about beliefs. In the preoperative cohort in phase 2 (n = 67), internal consistency Cronbach’s α values ranged from 0.81 to 0.89. Descriptive analysis showed significant differences between patients’ concerns and expectations and clinicians’ perceptions.ConclusionDefining expectations represents an important modifier in the measurement of PROs. Preliminary validation of ThyroidEx revealed incongruent expectations between expert opinion and patients. Future development and implementation of ThyroidEx may affect preoperative consultation and the consent process.
Do Investors Overreact for Property and Financial Service Sectors?
Authors: Dong Zhi , Sing Tien Foo 
Published: December 2020

There are limitations in the understandings of investors’ overreaction to the volatility in less transparent industrial sectors. Investors investing in a less transparent sector are likely to over-interpret available market information. This article compares investors’ reaction to market shocks across different industrial sectors, through analyzing the information content in implied volatility using financial derivatives of individual companies in Singapore. Investors in the less transparent property and financial service sector are found to overreact on market shocks, further destabilizing the market. The findings imply that regulatory measures that increase the level of transparency could aid the stabilization of markets. JEL Classification: G13, G14, G18
Statistical Considerations for Drawing Conclusions About Recovery
Authors: Lohse Keith R. , Hawe Rachel L. , Dukelow Sean P. , Scott Stephen H. 
Published: December 2020

Background Numerous studies have found associations when change scores are regressed onto initial impairments in people with stroke (slopes ≈ 0.7). However, there are important statistical considerations that limit the conclusions we can draw about recovery from these studies. Objective To provide an accessible checklist of conceptual and analytical issues on longitudinal measures of stroke recovery. Proportional recovery is an illustrative example, but these considerations apply broadly to studies of change over time. Methods Using a pooled data set of n = 373 Fugl-Meyer Assessment upper extremity scores, we ran simulations to illustrate 3 considerations: (1) how change scores can be problematic in this context; (2) how “nil” and nonzero null-hypothesis significance tests can be used; and (3) how scale boundaries can create the illusion of proportionality, whereas other analytical procedures (eg, post hoc classifications) can augment this problem. Results Our simulations highlight several limitations of common methods for analyzing recovery. We find that uniform recovery leads to similar group-level statistics (regression slopes) and individual-level classifications (into fitters and nonfitters) that have been claimed as evidence for the proportional recovery rule. New analyses, however, also speak to the complexities in variance about the regression slope. Conclusions Our results highlight that one cannot identify whether proportional recovery is true or not based on commonly used methods. We illustrate how these techniques, measurement tools, and post hoc classifications (eg, nonfitters) can create spurious results. Going forward, the field needs to carefully consider the influence of these factors on how we measure, analyze, and conceptualize recovery.
Memorialisation during COVID-19: implications for the bereaved, service providers and policy makers
Authors: Lowe Jennifer , Rumbold Bruce , Aoun Samar M. 
Published: December 2020

Background: The aim of this rapid perspective review is to capture key changes to memorialisation practices resulting from social distancing rules implemented due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Method: As published peer-reviewed research pertaining to memorialisation practices during the COVID-19 pandemic is lacking, this rapid review includes academic literature from the pre-COVID-19 period and international media reports during the pandemic. Findings: Changes to memorialisation practices were under way before COVID-19, as consumer preferences shifted towards secularisation and personalisation of ritual and ceremony. However, several key changes to memorialisation practices connected with body preparation, funerals, cremation, burials and rituals have taken place as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Discussion: Although boundaries between public and private memorialisation practices were already blurred, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated this process. Without access to public memorialisation, practices are increasingly private in nature. A number of implications are considered for the bereaved, service providers and policy makers. Conclusion: Forms of memorialisation and bereavement support emerging during the pandemic that blend the public and the private are likely to persist in a post-pandemic world.