bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two approaches to compilation of bilingual multi-word terminology lists from lexical resources
Authors: Šandrih Branislava , Krstev Cvetana , Stanković Ranka 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we present two approaches and the implemented system for bilingual terminology extraction that rely on an aligned bilingual domain corpus, a terminology extractor for a target language, and a tool for chunk alignment. The two approaches differ in the way terminology for the source language is obtained: the first relies on an existing domain terminology lexicon, while the second one uses a term extraction tool. For both approaches, four experiments were performed with two parameters being varied. In the experiments presented in this paper, the source language was English, and the target language Serbian, and a selected domain was Library and Information Science, for which an aligned corpus exists, as well as a bilingual terminological dictionary. For term extraction, we used the FlexiTerm tool for the source language and a shallow parser for the target language, while for word alignment we used GIZA++. The evaluation results show that for the first approach the F1 score varies from 29.43% to 51.15%, while for the second it varies from 61.03% to 71.03%. On the basis of the evaluation results, we developed a binary classifier that decides whether a candidate pair, composed of aligned source and target terms, is valid. We trained and evaluated different classifiers on a list of manually labeled candidate pairs obtained after the implementation of our extraction system. The best results in a fivefold cross-validation setting were achieved with the Radial Basis Function Support Vector Machine classifier, giving a F1 score of 82.09% and accuracy of 78.49%.
The Rehabilitation of ʿAlī in Sunnī Ḥadīth and Historiography
Authors: HUSAYN NEBIL 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAfter the Prophet Muhammad, the most contested figure in Islamic history would be his son-in-law, ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib. ʿAlī’s political rivals staunchly denounced him, his family and his partisans as impious criminals in his own lifetime and after his death. Shortly after his assassination, the Umayyads succeeded in obtaining the reins of the caliphate and establishing a dynasty that lasted close to a century. Medieval sources indicate that rhetoric and propaganda hostile to ‘Alī permeated public discourse under the Umayyads. Nonetheless, through the efforts of his admirers, ʿAlī became a respected authority in both Sunnī and Shīʿī Islam within a few centuries of his death. His nearly universal portrayal in Muslim literature as a pious authority rather obscures a centuries-long process of contestation and rehabilitation. This study considers the methods that ḥadīth transmitters and scholars employed to reconcile expectations regarding ʿAlī’s character and image in Sunnism with the vast and heterogeneous body of accounts about him. Sunnī scholars made use of their editorial privilege by transmitting selected versions of reports and omitting controversial material.
Disaggregating Landscape‐Scale Nitrogen Attenuation Along Hydrological Flow Paths
Authors: Jawitz J.W. , Desormeaux A.M. , Annable M.D. , Borchardt D. , Dobberfuhl D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEvaluating how nitrogen (N) sources are attenuated throughout the landscape is critical to further our understanding of catchment‐scale N budgets. We developed a catchment‐scale N budget for a mixed land use karst springshed using in situ measurements (nitrate leaching fluxes and attenuation) and long‐term records (surface N inputs and spring exports) to estimate 20‐year average landscape‐scale N loading, attenuation, and export. We introduce a conceptual model framework to compute N export that can be applied consistently for point or nonpoint sources. The model is based on the product of only four components for each N source: population density or proportion of land cover, P; specific load, L; anthropogenic attenuation, A; and natural attenuation, N. The product of these components is computed for each N source and then integrated at the basin scale. The concise PLAN model framework predicted attenuation of 90% ± 3% of N inputs, in close agreement with the estimate based on measured spring mass discharge (87% ± 3%). Further, when this attenuation is disaggregated along the hydrological flow path, we estimate that 64% of inputs are lost in the surface soil, 20% in the vadose zone, and 6% in the aquifer. Livestock and human wastes were estimated to be the dominant contributors to spring N export, which was independently supported by isotopic data. The PLAN model is a simple, transferable framework that supports systematically computing N export based on proportioning of load and attenuation. Identifying the main sources of N ultimately contributing to discharged N loads is a critical step toward source‐related water‐quality management.
Controls on Sediment Accretion and Blue Carbon Burial in Tidal Saline Wetlands: Insights From the Oregon Coast, USA
Authors: Peck Erin K. , Wheatcroft Robert A. , Brophy Laura S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOregon estuaries provide important opportunities to assess controls on tidal saline wetland carbon burial and sediment accretion as both rates of relative sea level rise (RSLR; −1.4 ± 0.9 to 2.8 ± 0.8 mm yr−1) and fluvial suspended sediment load relative to estuary area (0.23 to 17 × 103 t km−2 yr−1) vary along the coast. We hypothesized that vertical accretion, measured using excess 210Pb in least‐disturbed wetlands within seven Oregon estuaries, would vary with either RSLR or sediment load relative to estuary area, and carbon burial would correlate strongly to sediment accretion. Mean rates of high marsh accretion (0.8 ± 0.2 to 4.1 ± 0.2 mm yr−1) indicate that Oregon tidal wetlands have mainly kept pace with twentieth‐century RSLR with the exception that the accretionary balance in the central coast is negative, suggesting drowning. Experiencing the fastest rates of RSLR, central‐coast estuaries may foreshadow the fates of other Oregon estuaries under future accelerated sea level rise. Comparison of mass accumulation rates with sediment loads, however, indicates low trapping efficiency and therefore no fluvial sediment limitation. Thus, nonlinear feedback between RSLR and sediment accretion may enhance wetland resistance to drowning. Among wetlands keeping pace with or exceeding RSLR, sediment accretion displays no significant relationship with elevation but rather appears controlled by both the rate of RSLR and relative sediment load, highlighting the importance of incorporating both factors into future studies of tidal saline wetlands. Carbon burial rates, controlled by sediment accretion, will likely increase with future accelerated sea level rise.
Parameter's Controls of Distributed Catchment Models—How Much Information is in Conventional Catchment Descriptors?
Authors: Merz Ralf , Tarasova Larisa , Basso Stefano 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOne major challenge in large scale modeling is the estimation of spatially consistent distributed parameters, that are parameters with a clear functional relationship to climate and landscape characteristics. We present a newly developed PArameter Set Shuffling (PASS) approach, which is able to provide such regionally consistent parameter sets. The PASS method does not require any a priori assumption on the relationship between model parameters and catchment descriptors. It instead derives these relationships from observed patterns of calibrated parameters and available catchment descriptors. We tested the PASS approach to derive parameters of a conceptual hydrological model applied to 263 German catchments. The resulting median model efficiencies for training and test catchments are, respectively, 0.74 and 0.72, similar to those obtained by other modeling approaches, which use regional calibration. In this study, a combination of catchment descriptors that clearly controls model parameters is not found. In fact, we show that various regional functional relationships between catchment descriptors and model parameters result in similarly good model performances. Moreover, catchment descriptors used for parameter prediction can be replaced in the parameter prediction, without any decrease in model performance. Our results suggest that by using conventional catchment descriptors based on averages, only the amount of information that is also retained in the existing correlations among climatic and catchment indicators is exploited. Development of a new generation of hydrologically meaningful catchment and climate descriptors is required to further improve our capability of forecasting hydrological dynamics of interest by means of large scale models and regionalization approaches.
Genome-wide rare variant analysis for thousands of phenotypes in over 70,000 exomes from two cohorts
Authors: Cirulli Elizabeth T. , White Simon , Read Robert W. , Elhanan Gai , Metcalf William J. , Tanudjaja Francisco , Fath Donna M. , Sandoval Efren , Isaksson Magnus , Schlauch Karen A. , Grzymski Joseph J. , Lu James T. , Washington Nicole L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the impact of rare variants is essential to understanding human health. We analyze rare (MAF < 0.1%) variants against 4264 phenotypes in 49,960 exome-sequenced individuals from the UK Biobank and 1934 phenotypes (1821 overlapping with UK Biobank) in 21,866 members of the Healthy Nevada Project (HNP) cohort who underwent Exome + sequencing at Helix. After using our rare-variant-tailored methodology to reduce test statistic inflation, we identify 64 statistically significant gene-based associations in our meta-analysis of the two cohorts and 37 for phenotypes available in only one cohort. Singletons make significant contributions to our results, and the vast majority of the associations could not have been identified with a genotyping chip. Our results are available for interactive browsing in a webapp (https://ukb.research.helix.com). This comprehensive analysis illustrates the biological value of large, deeply phenotyped cohorts of unselected populations coupled with NGS data.
Low growth resilience to drought is related to future mortality risk in trees
Authors: DeSoto Lucía , Cailleret Maxime , Sterck Frank , Jansen Steven , Kramer Koen , Robert Elisabeth M. R. , Aakala Tuomas , Amoroso Mariano M. , Bigler Christof , Camarero J. Julio , Čufar Katarina , Gea-Izquierdo Guillermo , Gillner Sten , Haavik Laurel J. , Hereş Ana-Maria , Kane Jeffrey M. , Kharuk Vyacheslav I. , Kitzberger Thomas , Klein Tamir , Levanič Tom , Linares Juan C. , Mäkinen Harri , Oberhuber Walter , Papadopoulos Andreas , Rohner Brigitte , Sangüesa-Barreda Gabriel , Stojanovic Dejan B. , Suárez Maria Laura , Villalba Ricardo , Martínez-Vilalta Jordi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSevere droughts have the potential to reduce forest productivity and trigger tree mortality. Most trees face several drought events during their life and therefore resilience to dry conditions may be crucial to long-term survival. We assessed how growth resilience to severe droughts, including its components resistance and recovery, is related to the ability to survive future droughts by using a tree-ring database of surviving and now-dead trees from 118 sites (22 species, >3,500 trees). We found that, across the variety of regions and species sampled, trees that died during water shortages were less resilient to previous non-lethal droughts, relative to coexisting surviving trees of the same species. In angiosperms, drought-related mortality risk is associated with lower resistance (low capacity to reduce impact of the initial drought), while it is related to reduced recovery (low capacity to attain pre-drought growth rates) in gymnosperms. The different resilience strategies in these two taxonomic groups open new avenues to improve our understanding and prediction of drought-induced mortality.
Exchange biased anomalous Hall effect driven by frustration in a magnetic kagome lattice
Authors: Lachman Ella , Murphy Ryan A. , Maksimovic Nikola , Kealhofer Robert , Haley Shannon , McDonald Ross D. , Long Jeffrey R. , Analytis James G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCo$$_{3}$$3Sn$$_{2}$$2S$$_{2}$$2 is a ferromagnetic Weyl semimetal that has been the subject of intense scientific interest due to its large anomalous Hall effect. We show that the coupling of this material’s topological properties to its magnetic texture leads to a strongly exchange biased anomalous Hall effect. We argue that this is likely caused by the coexistence of ferromagnetism and geometric frustration intrinsic to the kagome network of magnetic ions, giving rise to spin-glass behavior and an exchange bias.
Near Real-Time Wildfire Progression Monitoring with Sentinel-1 SAR Time Series and Deep Learning
Authors: Ban Yifang , Zhang Puzhao , Nascetti Andrea , Bevington Alexandre R. , Wulder Michael A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn recent years, the world witnessed many devastating wildfires that resulted in destructive human and environmental impacts across the globe. Emergency response and rapid response for mitigation calls for effective approaches for near real-time wildfire monitoring. Capable of penetrating clouds and smoke, and imaging day and night, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can play a critical role in wildfire monitoring. In this communication, we investigated and demonstrated the potential of Sentinel-1 SAR time series with a deep learning framework for near real-time wildfire progression monitoring. The deep learning framework, based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), is developed to detect burnt areas automatically using every new SAR image acquired during the wildfires and by exploiting all available pre-fire SAR time series to characterize the temporal backscatter variations. The results show that Sentinel-1 SAR backscatter can detect wildfires and capture their temporal progression as demonstrated for three large and impactful wildfires: the 2017 Elephant Hill Fire in British Columbia, Canada, the 2018 Camp Fire in California, USA, and the 2019 Chuckegg Creek Fire in northern Alberta, Canada. Compared to the traditional log-ratio operator, CNN-based deep learning framework can better distinguish burnt areas with higher accuracy. These findings demonstrate that spaceborne SAR time series with deep learning can play a significant role for near real-time wildfire monitoring when the data becomes available at daily and hourly intervals with the launches of RADARSAT Constellation Missions in 2019, and SAR CubeSat constellations.
Shorter axon initial segments do not cause repetitive firing impairments in the adult presymptomatic G127X SOD-1 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis mouse
Authors: Bonnevie V. S. , Dimintiyanova K. P. , Hedegaard A. , Lehnhoff J. , Grøndahl L. , Moldovan M. , Meehan C. F. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIncreases in axonal sodium currents in peripheral nerves are some of the earliest excitability changes observed in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients. Nothing is known, however, about axonal sodium channels more proximally, particularly at the action potential initiating region - the axon initial segment (AIS). Immunohistochemistry for Nav1.6 sodium channels was used to investigate parameters of AISs of spinal motoneurones in the G127X SOD1 mouse model of ALS in adult mice at presymptomatic time points (~190 days old). In vivo intracellular recordings from lumbar spinal motoneurones were used to determine the consequences of any AIS changes. AISs of both alpha and gamma motoneurones were found to be significantly shorter (by 6.6% and 11.8% respectively) in G127X mice as well as being wider by 9.8% (alpha motoneurones). Measurements from 20–23 day old mice confirmed that this represented a change during adulthood. Intracellular recordings from motoneurones in presymptomatic adult mice, however, revealed no differences in individual action potentials or the cells ability to initiate repetitive action potentials. To conclude, despite changes in AIS geometry, no evidence was found for reduced excitability within the functional working range of firing frequencies of motoneurones in this model of ALS.
Preparation of a novel nitrogen-containing graphitic mesoporous carbon for the removal of acid red 88
Authors: Zhou Qiying , Chen Wenhua , Jiang Xia , Liu Hongying , Ma Shenggui , Wang Bangda 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA novel nitrogen-containing graphitic mesoporous carbon was prepared through MnO-templated method using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as both carbon and nitrogen sources, and MnCO3 as both template and catalyst precursors. The effects of preparation conditions on the physicochemical properties of obtained samples were systematically investigated. The results showed that as the decrease of the weight ratios of PAN and MnO (2:1–1:4), the increase of carbonization temperature (700–900 °C) and pre-oxidation temperature (180–200 °C), the samples had higher specific surface area, mesopores volume and ratios, up to 507 m2/g, 0.824 cm3/g and 96.83%, respectively. Moreover, the prepared samples presented relatively high graphitic degree and nitrogen contents (~2.21%). The adsorption capacity for acid red 88 (AR88) was as high as 309 mg/g, which were dramatically affected by the mesoporous properties and C- and N-containing groups on the surface of prepared carbon. The rich graphic carbon and pyridine-N in mesoporous carbon generated π-π dispersion and electrostatic interaction with AR88, respectively, which jointly were responsible for the adsorption process. The results of the isotherm and kinetic studies indicated that the AR88 adsorption on mesoporous carbon could be well depicted using Langmuir model and pseudo-2nd-order model.
Potent inhibition of HIV replication in primary human cells by novel synthetic polyketides inspired by Aureothin
Authors: Herrmann Alexander , Roesner Manfred , Werner Thomas , Hauck Stefanie M. , Koch Alisha , Bauer Amelie , Schneider Martha , Brack-Werner Ruth 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOvercoming the global health threat of HIV infection requires continuous pipelines of novel drug candidates. We identified the γ-pyrone polyketides Aureothin/Neoaureothin as potent hits by anti-HIV screening of an extensive natural compound collection. Total synthesis of a structurally diverse group of Aureothin-derivatives successfully identified a lead compound (#7) superior to Aureothin that combines strong anti-HIV activity (IC90<45 nM), photostability and improved cell safety. Compound #7 inhibited de novo virus production from integrated proviruses by blocking the accumulation of HIV RNAs that encode the structural components of virions and include viral genomic RNAs. Thus, the mode-of-action displayed by compound #7 is different from those of all current clinical drugs. Proteomic analysis indicated that compound #7 does not affect global protein expression in primary blood cells and may modulate cellular pathways linked to HIV infection. Compound #7 inhibited multiple HIV genotypes, including HIV-type 1 and 2 and synergistically inhibited HIV in combination with clinical reverse transcriptase and integrase inhibitors. We conclude that compound #7 represents a promising new class of HIV inhibitors that will facilitate the identification of new virus-host interactions exploitable for antiviral attack and holds promise for further drug development.
Effect of high slice energy spread of an electron beam on the generation of isolated, terawatt, attosecond X-ray free-electron laser pulse
Authors: Shim Chi Hyun , Parc Yong Woon , Kim Dong Eon 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAttosecond (asec) X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) has attracted considerable interest over the past years. Nowadays typical XFEL application experiments demand 1010–1011 photons per pulse, which corresponds to a peak power of terawatts (TW) in case of asec hard X-ray pulse. To the realization of such TW asec-XFEL pulse, however, the unavoidable increase of slice energy spread (SES) due to laser heater, which is commonly used to mitigate the micro-bunching instability (MBI), would be a major obstacle. To deal with this problem, the effect of such a SES is investigated in this work. The results reveal that (1) SES of a current spike is linearly proportional to the peak current of a current spike in an electron beam, (2) surprisingly, this linearity is independent of the wavelength of an energy modulation driving laser which is used to make a current spike and (3) the gain length of current spike in the undulator is sensitive to the initial SES, so there is an optimal peak current of the current spike for successful FEL lasing process. Utilizing these characteristics, a series of simulations with parameters for Pohang Accelerator Laboratory X-ray Free Electron Laser was carried out to demonstrate that an isolated, TW asec-XFEL pulse can be generated even when the SES is increased due to the usage of laser heater to prevent the MBI in the XFEL. We show that an isolated X-ray pulse with >1 TW and a pulse duration of 73 as (~3 × 1010 photons/pulse at 12.4 keV or 0.1 nm) can be generated by using ten current spikes with optimal peak current. It becomes clear for the first time that the disadvantage from the increased SES can be indeed overcome.
Gibbons aren’t singing in the rain: presence and amount of rainfall influences ape calling behavior in Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Clink Dena J. , Hamid Ahmad Abdul , Klinck Holger 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEarly morning calling occurs across diverse taxa, which may be related to optimal conditions for sound transmission. There exists substantial inter- and intra-specific variation in calling time which is influenced by intrinsic, social and/or environmental factors. Here, we investigate environmental predictors of calling in gibbons. We hypothesized that male solos— which occur earlier and tend to be longer than duets—would be more influenced by environmental variables, if earlier, longer calling bouts are energetically costly, and therefore limited by overnight energy expenditure. Our top model for male solo events included amount of rain in the previous 24 hours, and explained 30% of the variance, whereas the top model for duet events (which included presence and amount of rainfall) explained only 5% of the variance. Rain the previous night led to a later start time of male solos (~30 minutes), but our top model for duet start time did not include any reliable predictors. Male solo events appear to be more influenced by environmental factors, and duets may be influenced more by social factors. Our results are in line with previous studies that show that changes in overnight conditions —which may alter energy expenditure —can influence early morning calling behavior.