bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Missing Elephant in the Room—the Jurisdiction of International Human Rights Tribunals over International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Yip Ka Lok 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Treaty-based tribunals that render binding decisions on states under international human rights law (IHRL) have long engaged with international humanitarian law (IHL) in their judgements but little attention has been given to the basis of their jurisdiction, if any, to do so. By revisiting fundamental questions on the jurisdictional basis of international tribunals, this article presents a methodological challenge to the uncritical engagement with IHL by certain IHRL tribunals. After surveying the jurisdiction of different IHRL tribunals explicitly founded on treaties, the article seeks not only to justify, but also delimit, the inherent jurisdiction of IHRL tribunals to consider IHL for interpretive purpose, in contrast to directly applying it to the dispute. Finally, the article analyses the substantive and practical implications of stricter observance of the jurisdictional limits of IHRL tribunals on the interpretation of IHRL, the determination of ‘absent’ states’ legal interest under IHL and the future of IHL dispute settlement.
The Arabidopsis NRT1.1 transceptor coordinately controls auxin biosynthesis and transport to regulate root branching in response to nitrate
Authors: Maghiaoui Amel , Bouguyon Eléonore , Cuesta Candela , Perrine-Walker Francine , Alcon Carine , Krouk Gabriel , Benková Eva , Nacry Philippe , Gojon Alain , Bach Liên 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn agricultural systems, nitrate is the main source of nitrogen available for plants. Besides its role as a nutrient, nitrate has been shown to act as a signal molecule in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In Arabidopsis, the NRT1.1 nitrate transceptor represses lateral root (LR) development at low nitrate availability by promoting auxin basipetal transport out of the LR primordia (LRPs). Here we show that NRT1.1 acts as a negative regulator of the TAR2 auxin biosynthetic gene in the root stele. This is expected to repress local auxin biosynthesis and thus to reduce acropetal auxin supply to the LRPs. Moreover, NRT1.1 also negatively affects expression of the LAX3 auxin influx carrier, thus preventing the cell wall remodeling required for overlying tissue separation during LRP emergence. NRT1.1-mediated repression of both TAR2 and LAX3 is suppressed at high nitrate availability, resulting in nitrate induction of the TAR2 and LAX3 expression that is required for optimal stimulation of LR development by nitrate. Altogether, our results indicate that the NRT1.1 transceptor coordinately controls several crucial auxin-associated processes required for LRP development, and as a consequence that NRT1.1 plays a much more integrated role than previously expected in regulating the nitrate response of root system architecture.
From the inner to outer Milky Way: a photometric sample of 2.6 million red clump stars
Authors: Lucey Madeline , Ting Yuan-Sen , Ramachandra Nesar S , Hawkins Keith 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Large pristine samples of red clump stars are highly sought after given that they are standard candles and give precise distances even at large distances. However, it is difficult to cleanly select red clumps stars because they can have the same Teff and log g as red giant branch stars. Recently, it was shown that the asteroseismic parameters, $\rm {\Delta }$P and $\rm {\Delta \nu }$, which are used to accurately select red clump stars, can be derived from spectra using the change in the surface carbon to nitrogen ratio ([C/N]) caused by mixing during the red giant branch. This change in [C/N] can also impact the spectral energy distribution. In this study, we predict the $\rm {\Delta }$P, $\rm {\Delta \nu }$, Teff, and log g using 2MASS, AllWISE, Gaia, and Pan-STARRS data in order to select a clean sample of red clump stars. We achieve a contamination rate of ∼20 per cent, equivalent to what is achieved when selecting from Teff and log g derived from low-resolution spectra. Finally, we present two red clump samples. One sample has a contamination rate of ∼20 per cent and ∼405 000 red clump stars. The other has a contamination of ∼33 per cent and ∼2.6 million red clump stars that includes ∼75 000 stars at distances &gt;10 kpc. For |b| &gt; 30 deg, we find ∼15 000 stars with contamination rate of ∼9 per cent. The scientific potential of this catalogue for studying the structure and formation history of the Galaxy is vast, given that it includes millions of precise distances to stars in the inner bulge and distant halo where astrometric distances are imprecise.
The Lyapunov exponents and the neighbourhood of periodic orbits
Authors: Carpintero D D , Muzzio J C 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We show that the Lyapunov exponents of a periodic orbit can be easily obtained from the eigenvalues of the monodromy matrix. It turns out that the Lyapunov exponents of simply stable periodic orbits are all zero, simply unstable periodic orbits have only one positive Lyapunov exponent, doubly unstable periodic orbits have two different positive Lyapunov exponents, and the two positive Lyapunov exponents of complex unstable periodic orbits are equal. We present a numerical example for periodic orbits in a realistic galactic potential. Moreover, the centre manifold theorem allowed us to show that stable, simply unstable, and doubly unstable periodic orbits are the mothers of families of, respectively, regular, partially, and fully chaotic orbits in their neighbourhood.
An in-depth investigation of 11 pulsars discovered by FAST
Authors: Cameron A D , Li D , Hobbs G , Zhang L , Miao C C , Wang J B , Yuan M , Wang S , Jacobs Corban G , Cruces M , Dai S , Feng Y , Han J , Kaczmarek J F , Niu J R , Pan Z C , Qian L , Tao Z Z , Wang P , Wang S Q , Xu H , Xu R X , Yue Y L , Zhang S B , Zhi Q J , Zhu W W , Champion D J , Kramer M , Zhou S Q , Qiu K P , Zhu M 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We present timing solutions and analyses of 11 pulsars discovered by the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). These pulsars were discovered using an ultrawide bandwidth receiver in drift-scan observations made during the commissioning phase of FAST, and were then confirmed and timed using the 64-m Parkes Radio Telescope. Each pulsar has been observed over a span of at least one year. Highlighted discoveries include PSR J0344−0901, which displays mode-changing behaviour and may belong to the class of so-called swooshing pulsars (alongside PSRs B0919+06 and B1859+07); PSR J0803−0942, whose emission is almost completely linearly polarized; and PSRs J1900−0134 and J1945+1211, whose well-defined polarization angle curves place stringent constraints on their emission geometry. We further discuss the detectability of these pulsars by earlier surveys, and highlight lessons learned from our work in carrying out confirmation and monitoring observations of pulsars discovered by a highly sensitive telescope, many of which may be applicable to next-generation pulsar surveys. This paper marks one of the first major releases of FAST-discovered pulsars, and paves the way for future discoveries anticipated from the Commensal Radio Astronomy FAST Survey.
Asteroseismology of 36 Kepler subgiants – I. Oscillation frequencies, linewidths, and amplitudes
Authors: Li Yaguang , Bedding Timothy R , Li Tanda , Bi Shaolan , Stello Dennis , Zhou Yixiao , White Timothy R 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
The presence of mixed modes makes subgiants excellent targets for asteroseismology, providing a probe for the internal structure of stars. Here we study 36 Kepler subgiants with solar-like oscillations and report their oscillation mode parameters. We performed a so-called peakbagging exercise, i.e. estimating oscillation mode frequencies, linewidths, and amplitudes with a power spectrum model, fitted in the Bayesian framework and sampled with a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The uncertainties of the mode frequencies have a median value of 0.180 μHz. We obtained seismic parameters from the peakbagging, analysed their correlation with stellar parameters, and examined against scaling relations. The behaviour of seismic parameters (e.g. Δν, νmax, ϵp) is in general consistent with theoretical predictions. We presented the observational p–g diagrams, namely γ1–Δν for early subgiants and ΔΠ1–Δν for late subgiants, and demonstrate their capability to estimate stellar mass. We also found a log g dependence on the linewidths and a mass dependence on the oscillation amplitudes and the widths of oscillation excess. This sample will be valuable constraints for modelling stars and studying mode physics such as excitation and damping.
OzDES multi-object fibre spectroscopy for the Dark Energy Survey: results and second data release
Authors: Lidman C , Tucker B E , Davis T M , Uddin S A , Asorey J , Bolejko K , Brout D , Calcino J , Carollo D , Carr A , Childress M , Hoormann J K , Foley R J , Galbany L , Glazebrook K , Hinton S R , Kessler R , Kim A G , King A , Kremin A , Kuehn K , Lagattuta D , Lewis G F , Macaulay E , Malik U , March M , Martini P , Möller A , Mudd D , Nichol R C , Panther F , Parkinson D , Pursiainen M , Sako M , Swann E , Scalzo R , Scolnic D , Sharp R , Smith M , Sommer N E , Sullivan M , Webb S , Wiseman P , Yu Z , Yuan F , Zhang B , Abbott T M C , Aguena M , Allam S , Annis J , Avila S , Bertin E , Bhargava S , Brooks D , Carnero Rosell A , Carrasco Kind M , Carretero J , Castander F J , Costanzi M , da Costa L N , De Vicente J , Doel P , Eifler T F , Everett S , Fosalba P , Frieman J , García-Bellido J , Gaztanaga E , Gruen D , Gruendl R A , Gschwend J , Gutierrez G , Hartley W G , Hollowood D L , Honscheid K , James D J , Kuropatkin N , Li T S , Lima M , Lin H , Maia M A G , Marshall J L , Melchior P , Menanteau F , Miquel R , Palmese A , Paz-Chinchón F , Plazas A A , Roodman A , Rykoff E S , Sanchez E , Santiago B , Scarpine V , Schubnell M , Serrano S , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Suchyta E , Swanson M E C , Tarle G , Tucker D L , Varga T N , Walker A R , Wester W , Wilkinson R D ,   (DES Collaboration)
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a description of the Australian Dark Energy Survey (OzDES) and summarize the results from its 6 years of operations. Using the 2dF fibre positioner and AAOmega spectrograph on the 3.9-m Anglo-Australian Telescope, OzDES has monitored 771 active galactic nuclei, classified hundreds of supernovae, and obtained redshifts for thousands of galaxies that hosted a transient within the 10 deep fields of the Dark Energy Survey. We also present the second OzDES data release, containing the redshifts of almost 30 000 sources, some as faint as rAB = 24 mag, and 375 000 individual spectra. These data, in combination with the time-series photometry from the Dark Energy Survey, will be used to measure the expansion history of the Universe out to z ∼ 1.2 and the masses of hundreds of black holes out to z ∼ 4. OzDES is a template for future surveys that combine simultaneous monitoring of targets with wide-field imaging cameras and wide-field multi-object spectrographs.
The predicted properties of helium-enriched globular cluster progenitors at high redshift
Authors: Nataf David M , Horiuchi Shunsaku , Costa Guglielmo , Wyse Rosemary F G , Ting Yuan-Sen , Crocker Roland , Federrath Christoph , Chen Yang 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Globular cluster progenitors may have been detected by Hubble Space Telescope, and are predicted to be observable with James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and ground-based extremely large telescopes with adaptive optics. This has the potential to elucidate the issue of globular cluster formation and the origins of significantly helium-enriched subpopulations, a problem in Galactic astronomy with no satisfactory theoretical solution. Given this context, we use model stellar tracks and isochrones to investigate the predicted observational properties of helium-enriched stellar populations in globular cluster progenitors. We find that, relative to helium-normal populations, helium-enriched (ΔY = +0.12) stellar populations similar to those inferred in the most massive globular clusters, are expected, modulo some rapid fluctuations in the first ∼30 Myr, to be brighter and redder in the rest frame. At fixed age, stellar mass, and metallicity, a helium-enriched population is predicted to converge to being ∼0.40 mag brighter at $\lambda \approx 2.0\, {\mu \rm m}$, and to be 0.30-mag redder in the JWST–NIRCam colour (F070W − F200W), and to actually be fainter for $\lambda \lesssim 0.50 \, {\mu \rm m}$. Separately, we find that the time-integrated shift in ionizing radiation is a negligible $\sim \!5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, though we show that the Lyman-α escape fraction could end up higher for helium-enriched stars.
Classification of 6D Leibniz algebras
Authors: Hlavatý Ladislav 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Leibniz algebras ${\mathcal E}_n$ were introduced as an algebraic structure underlying U-duality. Algebras ${\mathcal E}_3$ derived from Bianchi 3D Lie algebras are classified here. Two types of algebras are obtained: 6D Lie algebras that can be considered an extension of the semi-Abelian 4D Drinfel’d double and unique extensions of non-Abelian Bianchi algebras. For all of the algebras explicit forms of generalized frame fields are given.
HyPE study: hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis-related adverse events’ analysis among healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: a rising public health concern
Authors: Nagaraja Bada Sharanappa , Ramesh Kalhalli Narayanaswamy , Dhar Debjyoti , Mondal Mahammad Samim , Dey Treshita , Saha Subhrakamal , Khan Mumtaz Ali , Rutul Shah Dhiren , Pratik Kishore , Manjula Jayaram , Sangeeth Thuppanattumadam Ananthasubramanian , Singh Vikram 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
The rising burden of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has led to the mass use of hydroxychloroquine by healthcare workers (HCWs). Adverse event profile of this drug when used as prophylaxis is not well known in the literature.

Methods
A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted across the country using semi-structured web-based questionnaire among COVID-19 negative and asymptomatic healthcare workers, taking hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis. Descriptive and multivariate logistic-regression models were applied for analysis.

Results
Of the 166 participants, at least one adverse event was experienced by 37.9% participants, gastrointestinal being the most common (30.7%). Risk was higher in participants &lt;40 years age (odd’s ratio (OR): 2.44, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.18–5.05) and after first dose of hydroxychloroquine (51.2%, OR: 2.38, 95%CI: 1.17–4.84). Hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis was initiated without electrocardiography by 80.1% of HCWs. Only 21.6% of those with cardiovascular disease could get prior ECG.

Conclusions
A higher incidence of adverse events was observed when results were compared with studies involving patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine therapy. Younger age and first dose were associated with greater incidence of adverse events though all were self-limiting. Monitoring prior and during prophylaxis was inadequate even among those with cardiovascular disease and risk-factors. However, no serious cardiovascular events were reported.
Quantification of the Uncertainties in Extrapolating From In Vitro Androgen Receptor Antagonism to In Vivo Hershberger Assay Endpoints and Adverse Reproductive Development in Male Rats
Authors: Gray Leon E , Furr Johnathan R , Lambright Christy S , Evans Nicola , Hartig Phillip C , Cardon Mary C , Wilson Vickie S , Hotchkiss Andrew K , Conley Justin M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Multiple molecular initiating events exist that disrupt male sexual differentiation in utero including androgen receptor (AR) antagonism and inhibition of synthesis, and metabolism of fetal testosterone. Disruption of androgen signaling by AR antagonists in utero reduces anogenital distance (AGD) and induces malformations in F1 male rat offspring. We are developing a quantitative network of adverse outcome pathways that includes multiple molecular initiating events and key events linking anti-AR activities to permanent reproductive abnormalities. Here, our objective was to determine how accurately the EC50s for AR antagonism in vitro or ED50s for reduced tissue growth in the Hershberger assay (HA) (key events in the adverse outcome pathway) predict the ED50s for reduced AGD in male rats exposed in utero to AR antagonists. This effort included in-house data and published studies from the last 60 years on AR antagonism in vitro and in vivo effects in the HA and on AGD after in utero exposure. In total, more than 250 studies were selected and included in the analysis with data from about 60 potentially antiandrogenic chemicals. The ability to predict ED50s for key events and adverse developmental effects from the in vitro EC50s displays considerable uncertainty with R2 values for HA and AGD of &lt; 6%. In contrast, there is considerably less uncertainty in extrapolating from the ED50s in the HA to the ED50s for AGD (R2 value of about 85%). In summary, the current results suggest that the key events measured in the HA can be extrapolated with reasonable certainty to predict the ED50s for the adverse in utero effects of antiandrogenic chemicals on male rat offspring.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling in Risk Assessment: Case Study With Pyrethroids
Authors: Mallick Pankajini , Song Gina , Efremenko Alina Y , Pendse Salil N , Creek Moire R , Osimitz Thomas G , Hines Ronald N , Hinderliter Paul , Clewell Harvey J , Lake Brian G , Yoon Miyoung , Moreau Marjory 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The assessment of potentially sensitive populations is an important application of risk assessment. To address the concern for age-related sensitivity to pyrethroid insecticides, life-stage physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling supported by in vitro to in vivo extrapolation was conducted to predict age-dependent changes in target tissue exposure to 8 pyrethroids. The purpose of this age-dependent dosimetry was to calculate a Data-derived Extrapolation Factor (DDEF) to address age-related pharmacokinetic differences for pyrethroids in humans. We developed a generic human PBPK model for pyrethroids based on our previously published rat model that was developed with in vivo rat data. The results demonstrated that the age-related differences in internal exposure to pyrethroids in the brain are largely determined by the differences in metabolic capacity and in physiology for pyrethroids between children and adults. The most important conclusion from our research is that, given an identical external exposure, the internal (target tissue) concentration is equal or lower in children than in adults in response to the same level of exposure to a pyrethroid. Our results show that, based on the use of the life-stage PBPK models with 8 pyrethroids, DDEF values are essentially close to 1, resulting in a DDEF for age-related pharmacokinetic differences of 1. For risk assessment purposes, this indicates that no additional adjustment factor is necessary to account for age-related pharmacokinetic differences for these pyrethroids.
Characterizations of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes in the Conjugation of p-Cresol
Authors: Rong Yan , Kiang Tony K L 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
p-Cresol is a uremic toxin that is formed by intestinal microbiota and extensively conjugated by first-pass metabolism. p-Cresol glucuronide exerts various forms of cellular toxicity in vitro and is accumulated in the plasma of subjects with kidney disease, where associations with adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes are evident. The objective of this study was to determine the contributions of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes in the formation of p-cresol glucuronide. Utilizing commonly expressed hepatic or renal human recombinant UGTs (ie, hrUGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, 1A10, 2B4, 2B7, 2B10, 2B15, and 2B17), hrUGT1A6 and hrUGT1A9 exhibited the highest catalytic activities in the generation of p-cresol glucuronide. The kinetics of p-cresol glucuronide formation in hrUGT1A6 and pooled human liver microsomes were best described by the Hill equation and in hrUGT1A9 and pooled human kidney microsomes by substrate inhibition. Using inhibitory and selective UGT inhibitors (ie, acetaminophen or amentoflavone for UGT1A6 and niflumic acid for UGT1A9), UGT1A6 was identified the predominant enzyme responsible for p-cresol glucuronide production in pooled human liver (78.4%–81.3% contribution) and kidney (54.3%–62.9%) microsomes, whereas UGT1A9 provided minor contributions (2.8% and 35.5%, respectively). The relative contributions of UGT1A6 (72.6 ± 11.3%, mean ± SD) and UGT1A9 (5.7 ± 4.1%) in individual human liver microsomes from 12 adult donors were highly variable, where an inverse association (R = −.784, p = .003) between UGT1A6 contribution and UGT1A9 probe substrate activity (ie, mycophenolic acid) was evident. Our novel findings provide valuable tools for conducting further mechanistic studies and for designing clinical interventions to mitigate the toxicities associated with p-cresol glucuronide.
Identification of Immune complement function as a determinant of adverse SARS-CoV-2 infection outcome
Authors: Ramlall Vijendra , Thangaraj Phyllis M. , Meydan Cem , Foox Jonathan , Butler Daniel , May Ben , De Freitas Jessica K. , Glicksberg Benjamin S. , Mason Christopher E. , Tatonetti Nicholas P. , Shapira Sagi D. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryUnderstanding the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection is critical for therapeutics and public health intervention strategies. Viral-host interactions can guide discovery of regulators of disease outcomes, and protein structure function analysis points to several immune pathways, including complement and coagulation, as targets of the coronavirus proteome. To determine if conditions associated with dysregulation of the complement or coagulation systems impact adverse clinical outcomes, we performed a retrospective observational study of 11,116 patients who presented with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that history of macular degeneration (a proxy for complement activation disorders) and history of coagulation disorders (thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, and hemorrhage) are risk factors for morbidity and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients - effects that could not be explained by age, sex, or history of smoking. Further, transcriptional profiling of nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs from 650 control and SARS-CoV-2 infected patients demonstrated that in addition to innate Type-I interferon and IL-6 dependent inflammatory immune responses, infection results in robust engagement and activation of the complement and coagulation pathways. Finally, we conducted a candidate driven genetic association study of severe SARS-CoV-2 disease. Among the findings, our scan identified putative complement and coagulation associated loci including missense, eQTL and sQTL variants of critical regulators of the complement and coagulation cascades. In addition to providing evidence that complement function modulates SARS-CoV-2 infection outcome, the data point to putative transcriptional genetic markers of susceptibility. The results highlight the value of using a multi-modal analytical approach, combining molecular information from virus protein structure-function analysis with clinical informatics, transcriptomics, and genomics to reveal determinants and predictors of immunity, susceptibility, and clinical outcome associated with infection.