bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postawa rolników z powiatu bolesławieckiego wobec środowiska przyrodniczego
Authors: Panciszko Barbara 
Published: March 2020

Celem opracowania jest zaprezentowanie wyników badań na temat postaw rol­ników z powiatu bolesławieckiego wobec środowiska naturalnego. W artykule scharakteryzowane zostało rolnictwo i walory przyrodnicze we wskazanym subregionie. Następnie przedstawiono wy­niki ankiety przeprowadzonej wśród rolników, która miała na celu określenie, w jakim stopniu czują się oni odpowiedzialni za stan środowiska przyrodniczego, czy podejmują działania na rzecz jego ochrony oraz czy oczekują za nie wynagrodzenia. Dodatkowo zaprezentowano zróżnicowanie opinii dotyczących wskazanych kwestii w zależności o wieku badanego oraz wielkości posiadanego przez niego gospodarstwa rolnego. Attitude of farmers from Bolesławiec County towards the natural environmentThe purpose of the study is to present the results of the survey among farmers in district of Bolesławiec. Its purpose was to examine the attitudes of farmers to the environment. Agriculture in the specified subregion was characterized and then there was presented its natural beauty. Subsequently there were presented the results of a survey of farmers, which had to determine whether they feel responsible for the state of the natural environment, and take action on its behalf, or whether there are waiting for compensation. There was indicated diversity of opinions among the three age categories, depending also on the size of the farm.
Quo Vadis Europe? Some thoughts on the European Union social policy
Authors: Dziewięcka-Bokun Ludmiła 
Published: March 2020

The leading theme of the article revolves around the growing need for a new developmental paradigm that would help to rearrange social links towards more solidarity and responsibility for each other, for more empathy for the vulnerable members of European societies, fair access to basic necessities, for policy of social cohesion based on human dignity and human rights, for sustainable societal development. To put it briefly, we need to put the human being in the centre of interest of politicians. Without this the efficiency of the economy and the viability of the political system will be less than optimal. Quo vadis, Europo? Rozważania na temat polityki społecznej Unii EuropejskiejWiodącą tezą artykułu o wyzwaniach społecznych Unii Europejskiej jest twierdzenie o potrzebie sformułowania nowego paradygmatu rozwoju społecznego, który tworzyłby podstawy dla więzi społecznych opartych na większej solidarności, odpowiedzialności i na empatii społecznej, szczególnie wobec najsłabszych członków społeczeństw europejskich, na polityce zrównoważonego rozwoju społecznego, spójności społecznej i respektowania godności i praw człowieka. Krótko rzecz ujmując, Europie potrzebna jest nowa wspólna polityka społeczna, w której spójność i harmonijny rozwój społeczny tworzyć fundament będą efektywności ekonomicznej, sprawności europejskiego systemu politycznego i pokoju społecznego.
Teoretyczne założenia crowdfundingu oraz jego regulacje prawne w Unii Europejskiej i w Polsce
Authors: Biela Michał 
Published: March 2020

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest prezentacja założeń teoretycznych oraz praktycznej implementacji koncepcji alternatywnych źródeł finansowania społecznościowego w Polsce i Unii Europejskiej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem aspektów formalno-prawnych crowdfundingu. Artykuł składa się z trzech części: w pierwszej opisano założenia definicyjne i koncepcyjne crowdfundingu, w drugiej przedstawiono propozycję zmiany ram regulacyjnych finansowania społecznościowego, przygotowanych przez instytucje Unii Europejskiej, natomiast trzecia zawiera uregulowania prawne finansowania społecznościowego w Polsce. W artykule jako metodę badawczą zastosowano desk research, której implementacja umożliwiła analizę istniejącej literatury przedmiotu. Theoretical assumptions of crowdfunding and its legal regulations in the European Union and in PolandThe aim of this article is to present the theoretical assumptions and practical implementation of the concept of alternative sources of funding in Poland and in the European Union, with emphasis on the formal and legal aspects of crowdfunding. The article consists of three parts. The first part describes the definition and conceptual assumptions of crowdfunding. The second part presents a proposal to change the crowdfunding regulatory framework at the European Union level. The third part includes legal regulations for crowdfunding in Poland. In the article, desk research was used as a research method, the implementation of which enabled the analysis of the existing literature on the subject.
Effects of Oil Viscosity and Injection Velocity on Imbibition Displacement in Sandstones
Authors: Arab Danial , Kantzas Apostolos , Bryant Steven L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Water flooding has been applied for more than seventy years in both conventional and unconventional heavy oil reservoirs. Although it is generally accepted that the mechanisms of water flooding in heavy oil systems are totally different than that of light oil reservoirs, there is not a systematic study to specifically investigate water flooding in heavy oil systems. This article presents the findings of core flooding experiments in water-wet systems and gives some insights on the interplay between capillary and viscous forces in imbibition displacement processes.
Seven different oils of various viscosities, ranging from 1 to 15,000 mPa.s at 25 °C, were used in nineteen core flooding experiments where injection velocity was changed from 0.7 to 24.3 ft/D (2.5 × 10−6 m/s to 86.0 × 10−6 m/s). An in-line densitometer was used to precisely determine breakthrough time. Capillary forces and instability analysis were used to quantify the balance between viscous and capillary forces.
On physical grounds, the capillary number, which is the relative magnitude of viscous and capillary forces during a displacement, should be the first-order influence on residual oil saturation. However, Abrams (Abrams, 1975) showed that accounting for the viscosity ratio improves the correlation to residual oil saturation for oil viscosity below 37 mPa.s. Our observations extend the range of oil viscosity to 15,000 mPa.s and when combined with 178 datasets from the literature indicate that viscosity ratio has much more influence than capillary number on residual oil saturation.
Standard models such as Buckley-Leverett theory predict that oil recovery at water breakthrough depends only on phase mobilities. However, our observations indicate that flow velocity also influences breakthrough oil recovery. At oil to water viscosity ratios smaller than 20, breakthrough oil recovery monotonically increases with increasing injection velocity. For intermediate viscosity ratios (20 &lt; μo &lt; 160), breakthrough oil recovery increases with decreasing injection velocity. At higher values of viscosity ratios, breakthrough oil recovery is almost independent of injection velocity. In these cases, late time oil recovery remarkably increases with decreasing injection velocity. This effect is more pronounced in more viscous oil systems suggesting the importance of imbibition in these systems. Our observations prove that water flooding, if applied at the most optimized mode that is a strong function of oil viscosity, can still be a very efficient EOR technique.
Thermal Stability of Acrylamide-Based Polymers at High Temperature and High Salinity
Authors: Song Haofeng , Pope Gary A. , Mohanty Kishore K. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
During polymer floods or surfactant-polymer floods, polymer molecules reside inside petroleum reservoirs for years. This extended period gives sufficient time for the polymers to react with the in-situ environment (high temperature, oxygen-free, high salinity) which could lead to polymer degradation and viscosity loss. In this study, a systematic glove box operating procedure was developed to reduce oxygen concentration (in polymer solutions) to less than 15 ppb. Viscosity was monitored to investigate the thermal stability of one commercially available partially hydrolyzed polymer (HPAM) and three ATBS-based polymers at high salinity (36,000 ppm to 54,000 ppm) and high temperature (116 °C) conditions through a long period. Acrylamide-acrylate (AM-AA) copolymer Flopaam™ 3330s and ATBS-AA copolymer ZLPAM @50525 were selected as the potential candidates for alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) floods. Ammonia and sodium carbonate were adopted as the alkali. High ATBS content copolymer SAV 10 and SAV 10xv were tested for surfactant-polymer (SP) floods at high temperature and high salinity environment. The viscosities of ZLPAM and Flopaam increased first due to hydrolysis, then slowly decreased. The pH of those polymers dropped approximately by one unit. SAV 10 and SAV 10xv showed no noticeable viscosity or pH changes. ZLPAM and Flopaam can be used at high temperature in the absence of divalent ions, whereas SAV 10 and SAV 10xv can be used in the presence of divalent ions.
Impact of Natural Fractures on Caprock Integrity in Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage
Authors: Li Qiuguo , Rivero Jose 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Caprock integrity in steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) has been evaluated by various researchers. However, most of these caprock integrity studies assume that the caprock is not fractured, which is not a valid assumption in most cases. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of caprock integrity in the Athabasca oil sands with presence of natural fractures of various dip-angles in the Clearwater shale.
Geological studies have shown that natural fractures exist in the Clearwater shale formation, which acts as the caprock for the McMurray oil sands. Based on some publicly available data in the Athabasca oil sands, we developed a numerical simulation model for a SAGD pad where reservoir and mechanical properties were characterized. A discrete fracture network model with natural fractures of different dip-angles was developed for the Clearwater shale. Coupled reservoir and geomechanical simulations were performed to evaluate the stress changes and deformations caused by steam injection in the reservoir. The impact of such stress changes on the natural fracture deformations was evaluated.
It is observed that with steam injection, the temperature increases, steam chamber grows—which causes horizontal stresses to increase in the reservoir. When the steam chamber reaches the caprock, the temperature at the bottom of the caprock also increases due to thermal conduction. Such temperature increase results in horizontal stress increase there. Shear slip is induced in the low-angle fractures at the bottom of the caprock due to the stress changes. This plastic shear deformation increases with time. The top part of the caprock is less disturbed and the low-angle fractures there remain stable. High-angle fractures that are present from the bottom to the top of the caprock tend to slip as well. These plastically deformed fractures of different dip-angles provide a network of higher hydraulic conductivity conduits for fluid to more easily pass, and therefore are a potential risk to caprock integrity.
The behavior of natural fractures in the caprock and their impact on caprock integrity in SAGD operations have rarely been addressed in the literature. This paper aims to fill the gap by presenting an analysis of natural fractures in the Clearwater shale and a comprehensive approach of simulating their shear slip tendency and thereafter the impact on caprock integrity in SAGD.
Improved Refracturing Evaluation Workflow: An Integrated Methodology Incorporating Advanced Geomechanical Modeling
Authors: Ibáñez Enric , Bezerra de Melo Ricardo C. , Wang Yixin , Dong Yan , Alvarellos José , Lakshmikantha M. R. , Webb Christie 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The objective of the study is to develop an integrated multi-disciplinary workflow to screen wells for suitable candidates and to evaluate the feasibility of selected wells for refracturing using advanced geomechanical modeling.
A four-step workflow to select and evaluate wells for refracturing was developed. First, hundreds of wells were screened based on age, spacing, and production performances, mainly IP90 and IP30 to IP360 ratio. Second, the selected wells from the first step were furthered narrowed down by analyzing their original completion and stimulation. Wells that were under-stimulated compared to historical average stimulation metrics, i.e. fewer stages/clusters and larger spacing, lower proppant loading, and less fluid volume pumped, were chosen as the final candidates for geomechanical modeling. Third, the wells were modeled with in-house advanced geomechanical fracture simulation and then depleted to obtain current stresses state. Finally, the technical feasibility of refracturing the wells was assessed.
The workflow for best candidate selection has been improved considering volume of proppant placed, stress orientation, number of clusters / stages, reservoir quality, and production history.
Due to the low horizontal stress contrast (1[MMPA]), fine scale stress determination was required. A 3D initial stress model was available from a previous study. From this stress state geomechanical hydraulic fracture mapping was performed. This geomechanical modeling utilizes Zero Thickness Element (ZTE) technology and the fractures only open if achieving the energy criteria. The stimulated volume and stress changes due to hydraulic fracturing were modeled with high resolution unstructured grids. Fracture driven interaction such as stress shadowing, cluster interference and fractures interconnection were observed. Production history was modeled with equivalent volume to determine the stress changes from the most accurate fracture geometry.
The novelty is the systematic workflow integrating completion, production and geomechanics for selecting and evaluating the most suitable wells for refracturing, either stimulating new reservoir or reconnecting previous fractures. The advanced geomechanical techniques used to model the stresses at very fine scale and with unstructured grids are also state of the art.
Coupling Microseismic and Production Data Analysis to Optimize Well Spacing in Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Nizkous Irina , Moradi Peyman , Angus Doug , Bosman Katie 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Unconventional plays present a challenging case to design an optimized stimulation program and to maximize reservoir contact and hydrocarbon production. In this regard, conducting a reliable well spacing optimization study demands realistic and explicit fracture descriptions. This work applies an integrated technique to a multi-well case study in the Permian Basin to extract fracture dimensions based on microseismicity-derived behavioral fracture maps, while honoring the RTA-based estimates of the contributing fracture volume. The fracture dimensions are then used to conduct analytical and numerical studies to decide the optimal well spacing/placement design in the target formation. The numerical simulations in two stacked and staggered configurations confirm that although the staggered development causes a marginal decrease in the individual wells' performance, if successfully accomplished, it contributes to a higher vertical sweep efficiency from the section. Furthermore, comparing the approximations of failure planes, constructed based on the spatiotemporal analysis of microseismic events, with those achieved through seismic moment tensor inversion confirms that the collective behavior analysis gives fair estimates of fracture spatial evolutions.
Interbedded Carbonate and Calcareous Shales of the Devonian Duvernay Formation of Alberta, Canada: Implications for Completion Due to High Variability of Geomechanical Properties
Authors: Wüst Raphael A. , Ziarani Ali S. , Cui Albert X. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The Devonian Duvernay Formation in Alberta is a carbonate-siliceous unconventional source rock that produces prolific oil, gas condensate liquids, and gas. In the southern part of the basin and the East Shale Basin, high frequency interbeds of limestone and organic-rich calcareous shales are common at spacing of inches to several feet. Prolific gas liquids are trapped within the shale/mudstone units while the highly cemented and tight carbonate units show a lack of hydrocarbons. Even though most wellbores completed to date have primarily landed in shale units, still, due to geo-steering and other considerations penetration through limestone unit along the lateral cannot be avoided. High contrast in mechanical properties of shale and limestone units along with anisotropy in geomechanical properties of the same rock unit makes optimal hydraulic fracturing breakthrough and placement often challenging.
This study reviews examples of high resolution mechanical Duvernay stratigraphy combined with log and core analyses in order to better understand the implications of hydraulic fracture development through such complex reservoirs. Integrated petrophysical well log and core data indicate that there are strong heterogeneities on lithology, and geomechanical properties (hardness, brittleness, and elastic properties) on various scales. The shale units generally have lower Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, whereas the carbonate units have high Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Core data also indicate strong vertical transverse isotropy in the shale units. Combined with occurrence of various types of naturally-occurred sub-vertical fractures and sub-horizontal polished slip faces, weak bedding plane strength, and strong anisotropy in in-situ stresses, and high heterogeneities in lithology and geomechanical properties likely result in complex and poorly constrained and un-optimized hydraulic fractures throughout the Duvernay Formation.
The results indicate that high Young's modulus of carbonates causes a narrow fracture width which makes fracture initiation and placement and in particular proppant transport a challenge. Normal and strike slip faulting regimes are observed in some areas of East Basin. The lower anisotropy in horizontal stresses estimated for the shale zones than the carbonate zone may suggest that the complex fractures is more likely to occur in the shale zones than the carbonate zones.
In Duvernay minifrac tests, longer fall off data collection (&gt; 2 weeks) is critical for a successful determination of closure pressure and pore pressure estimation. During fracture stimulations, tight cluster spacing, i.e. ≤10m apart, might limit fracture geometry growth on the inner clusters due to higher induced stress. Similarly, due to higher stress shadow effects, tighter stage spacing might affect the fracture growth on the subsequent stages.
High expressions of the cytoglobin and PGC-1α genes during the tissue regeneration of house gecko (Hemidactylus platyurus) tails
Authors: Novianti Titta , Juniantito Vetnizah , Jusuf Ahmad Aulia , Arida Evy Ayu , Sadikin Mohamad , Jusman Sri Widia A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background The tissue regeneration process requires high oxygen and energy levels. Cytoglobin (Cygb) is a member of the globin family, which has the ability to bind oxygen, plays a role in dealing with oxidative stress, and carries oxygen into the mitochondria. Energy production for tissue regeneration is associated with mitochondria—especially mitochondrial biogenesis. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha protein helps to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis. House geckos ( Hemidactylus platyurus ) are reptiles that have the ability to regenerate the tissue in their tails. House geckos were selected as the animal models for this study in order to analyze the association of Cygb with oxygen supply and the association of PGC-1α with energy production for tissue regeneration. Results The growth of house gecko tails showed a slow growth at the wound healing phase, then followed by a fast growth after wound healing phase of the regeneration process. While Cygb mRNA expression reached its peak at the wound healing phase and slowly decreased until the end of the observation. PGC-1α mRNA was expressed and reached its peak earlier than Cygb. Conclusions The expressions of both the Cygb and PGC-1α genes were relatively high compared to the control group. We therefore suggest that Cygb and PGC-1α play an important role during the tissue regeneration process. Keywords: cytoglobin, PGC-1α, mitochondrial biogenesis, house gecko, tissue regeneration
Lentivirus expressing shRNAs inhibit the replication of Contagious Ecthyma Virus by targeting DNA polymerase gene
Authors: Samani Leila Asadi , saffar behnaz , Mokhtari Azam , Arefian Ehsan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Contagious ecthyma or Orf is known as a zoonotic disease remains prevalently worldwide despite the application of some control strategies against it. RNAi particularly shRNA provides us with the chance to tackle this obstacle by an encouraging new approach. The current study indicates the design and experiment of third-generation lentivirus packaging systems delivering shRNAs to inhibit Orf virus (ORFV) replication and infection. Given the importance of DNA-pol gene in virus replication, in this study, three shRNAs against this gene were designed and cloned into lentiviral vectors to stabilize the expression of shRNAs. After producing lentivectors expressing ORFV-DNA– pol in HEK293T cells, the synthesized shRNAs were applied to downregulate viral replication and gene expression. The reduction in viral titer and RNA was evaluated by TCID50 test as well as real-time RT-PCR. The results were then analyzed in comparison with the control group.Results: Designed shRNAs significantly reduced virus yield approximately 90% to 97% and 96.8% to 99.4%, respectively compared to the control groups (cells infected with ORFV and infected with ORFV and scrambled vector) by TCID50 test. Real-time RT-PCR revealed a dramatic reduction in the expression of viral RNA approximately 99% compared to cells infected with ORFV and from 92.6% to 99%, respectively compared to cells infected with ORFV and scrambled vector.Conclusions: Therefore, it can be stated that RNAi is capable of being used as a potent therapeutically option against viruses like ORFV.