bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Concepts for Iron-Formation and Associated Metalliferous Sediments
Authors: Gross Gordon A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The development of genetic concepts for iron-formation is outlined from the early descriptive stages to modern studies of protofacies on the sea floor. Early work focused on the identification of single processes for the source, concentration, and depositional environment for the iron, silica, and other constituents in these hydrolithic sediments. Genetic models were built around separate processes and many assumptions were made about factors that controlled the distribution, nature, and geologic environments of these enigmatic rocks. Features and processes distinctive of clastic or chemically precipitated facies of iron-formation have not been clearly defined and the nature of primary features, precursor facies, and depositional environments of banded cherty rocks is often conjectural.
Most of the fundamental concepts of the genesis and deposition of ferruginous hydrolithic sediments appeared in the literature in the first half of the century. Documentation of primary sedimentary features and environmental factors and qualitative assessments of genetic processes have been limited in scope and are inadequate. Previous studies of iron-formation and the associated stratafer sediments are considered under the following themes: sources and transportation of iron and silica, the role of organisms, facies development, stratigraphic-tectonic environments for deposition, major iron-manganese-sulfide facies relationships, metallogenic significance, and recent protofacies.
In general, most of the genetic concepts proposed in the first part of this century emphasized sedimentary sources for the constituents; deposition was thought to have been rigidly controlled in platform or near-shore shelf environments, and large-scale deposition of iron was believed to have been restricted to the Proterozoic. In contrast, concepts of volcanogenic, exhalative, or hydrothermal effusive sources of constituents were among the first conceived for these hydrolithic sediments. They were not extensively applied until about 30 years ago. Many realized at that time that tectonic environments, proximity to hydrothermal source vents, and organic, physical, and chemical processes similar to those observed in modern protolithic facies could be major controlling factors in the deposition of the siliceous ferruginous stratafer sediments. Hydrogenous sources for the major constituents in the larger iron-formations have been considered seriously by some in recent years. Examples of iron-formation distributed throughout the geologic record were widely documented by the midcentury.
Model Development
Authors: Wallace Stewart R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
There are two principal categories of porphyry molybdenum deposits: the quartz monzonite type and the Climax type. The quartz monzonite-type deposits are broadly distributed throughout the western cordillera of North America, and one or more are present and known in Peru, Yugoslavia, Sulawesi, and China. The Climax-type deposits are fewer in number, are restricted to the Colorado mineral belt, and are related to highly evolved rhyolitic rocks. Deposits classed as sub-Climax type are located in New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Texas, and Greenland.
The Climax-type deposits are the product of more complex igneous hydrothermal systems than are deposits of other types; multiple intrusive and mineralizing events are common features, and average ore grades are significantly higher. The Climax mine was the first producer of molybdenite from a porphyry system, and this deposit has the longest history of operation and model development. The story of events leading to the present interpretation of Climax geology is the focus of this paper.
The first bona fide geologic model for Climax was proposed in 1926, when B. S. Butler of the U.S. Geological Survey noted that ore developed on one side of a zone of pervasive silicification should have a counterpart on the other side. A hole drilled in 1929 to test this thesis was successful, and the result was the truncated cone model of Butler and Vanderwilt (1933). This cone (the upper orebody) was interpreted as a mineralization chimney formed by solutions issuing from a postulated intrusion below the chimney.
Extreme alteration and paradoxical relationships between dike rocks and mineralization led to misidentification of rock types (Tertiary porphyries versus Precambrian metamorphic rocks and granites) and misinterpretation of events; even the discovery of a second orebody (lower orebody) in 1936 did not change the concept of a single event from a single source. Work by Wallace and others in the 1950s and 1960s added a third orebody (Ceresco orebody) and demonstrated the importance of time and of multiple intrusive and mineralizing events fueled by a master reservoir.
The development of new highly sensitive, accurate, and rapid analytical methods enabled T. G. Moore and H. T. Schassberger of AMAX Exploration to demonstrate during the early to mid-1960s the highly evolved nature of Climax-type intrusions. This, plus the recent developments in tectonic theory and the concept of fractionation by thermogravitational diffusion (Hildreth, 1979), provided the elements necessary for the formulation of the “atectonic diapir” model by White et al. (1981).
The Discovery of the Kambalda Nickel Deposits, Western Australia
Authors: Gresham J. J. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Gold was discovered in the Kambalda region in late 1896 and mining operations established in 1897. Production ceased in 1907, but the area continued to be the focus of prospecting activity. Samples collected from the area in 1954, thought to contain uranium due to the presence of green minerals, were found to contain traces of nickel and copper. These samples were brought to the attention of the Western Mining Corporation in 1964 and were found to be gossans of base metal sulfides. Detailed mapping revealed that these gossans were of significant dimensions. The company acquired a substantial land position in the area, and on January 28, 1966, diamond drill hole KD1 intersected 2.7 m of massive sulfide which assayed 8.3 percent Ni. This discovery led to an unprecedented boom in exploration activity for nickel in Western Australia.
The Discovery of the La Escondida Orebody
Authors: Lowell J. David 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A grass-roots porphyry copper exploration project in northern Chile was funded by Utah International and Getty Oil Company and begun in January 1979. The project was based on the assumption that the belt of mid-Tertiary-age Chilean porphyry copper deposits would project in a straight line from El Salvador to Chuquicamata across an area partly covered by postmineral gravels and extrusive rocks. Reconnaissance mapping and stream-sediment and rock geochemistry surveys were done over an area about 30 by 500 km in size, and a number of geochemical anomalies and porphyry copper-type alteration-mineralization zones were identified. A program of high-pressure rotary scout drilling followed, in which drill holes were widely spaced and generally intended to extrapolate concentric silicate zoning and trace element dispersion halos from outcrop areas into areas of postmineral cover, where it was hoped that a buried chalcocite-enriched porphyry copper deposit would be found.
Five prospects were drilled with a total of 160,000 m of rotary drilling before the La Escondida deposit was discovered on March 13, 1981. Interpretation of unusual salt-modified leached capping textures was a factor in the discovery.
Magnesian-Magnetite Ore Formation
Authors: Strunin B.M. , Duzhikov O.A. , Mkrtychyan A.K. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Iron mineralization is widely developed within the Angaro-Vilujsky ore belt [2]. In the Noril’sk region, it is found along the western border of the Tungussky syncline and also within the Noril’sk-Kharayelakh depression. The Angaro-Noril’sk metallogenic zone contains some iron mineralization (as deined by N. V. Pavlov [103]). This metallogenic zone is controlled by the Imangdinsky-Letninsky fault zone and is best developed in the basin of the Letnyaya, Severnaya and Kurejka rivers.
Iron-bearing deposits of the Angaro-Vilujsky belt are localized within an area of volcano-tectonic structures which is 60 x 130 kilometers in extent. These deposits occur as shallow domes and basins within Paleozoic to early Mesozoic rocks; at the margins they are rimmed by multiple fractures, crush zones and associated hydrothermal alteration, by arcuate trap dykes and diatremes. The circularity of the structures is reflected in the magnetic fields, which are characterized by a simple pattern in the central part and by a complicated pattern at the periphery. They are connected with crustal magmatic chambers, which are believed to be 8 to 15 kilometers deep. The roots of the deposits are connected with the evolving intermediate chambers, which are probably very extensive vertically and interconnect with a mantle source. These considerations are based on geological data and on K-Ar dating of the volcanic pipes (220+/-25 million years) and the magnesian-magnetite hydrothermal mineralization (160 to 100 million years). The deposits formed as a result of the interaction between basaltic magma in the intermediate chamber and mantle fluid; this led to
Copper Sandstone and Schist Formations
Authors: Lurje A.M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Copper sandstone and schist deposits are developed in the Igarsky region (cf Figure 1, p.2, 3) at the northwestern rim of the Siberian platform. The terrain consists of a pre-Vendian north-south trending preorogenic trough and the Igarsky Baikal-age horst. Small inter-montane basins extend from the main trough southwest into the Igarsky horst. The junction of uplifted blocks of the Igarsky horst with the pre-orogenic trough and the inter-montane basins occurs along faults which form the western border of the Siberian platform (Figure 45, p.192, 193).
The sedimentary strata belong to three structural levels, which correspond to three stages in the geological development: the concluding geosynclinal (early-middle Riphean) stage; the transitional or early platformal (late Riphean) stage; and the platformal (Vendian-Cambrian) stage. The first stage includes the intensely dislocated Ludovsky and Gubinsky strata, these occur in uplifted blocks of the basement. The transitional stage is represented by the Chernorechensky and Izluchinsky suites, which occur in the pre-orogenic trough and the intermontane basins. Peneplaned surfaces of these deposits are transgressed by Vendian-Cambrian marine (essentially carbonate) deposits of the Sukharikhinsky suite, which represent the beginning of platform development.
The present day structure of the Igarsky region formed as a result of Hercynian orogenesis and Mesozoic-Cenozoic activity. It shows an inherited development, for example, the cores of the anticlines coincide with uplifted, wedge-like Baikal-aged blocks, while the synclines coincide with pre-Vendian depressions. The Kulyumbijsky-Sukharikhinsky and Chernorechensky anticlines are the largest; they are separated by the Ust’-Gorbiachinsky (in the north) and Shumninsky (in the)
Evaluating the measurement properties of the 26-item Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC-26) with a multicenter cohort
Authors: Crump R. Trafford , Peterson Alex , Charbonneau Camille , Carlson Kevin V. , Sutherland Jason M. , Baverstock Richard J. 
Published: November 2019

Introduction: We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the 26-item Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC-26) for measuring the quality of life in patients treated for localized prostate cancer. The EPIC-26 is a patient-reported outcome instrument recommended for use with patients treated for localized prostate cancer.
Methods: This study is based on data collected prospectively between September 2014 and February 2017 in Alberta, Canada. Men were treated with either radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy and administered the EPIC-26. Responses to the EPIC-26 were the primary outcome. Construct validity was measured using confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was measured using Chronbach’s alpha and item-total correlation. Ceiling and floor effects were also investigated.
Results: EPIC-26 response data from 205 participants (prostatectomy =138; radiation=60; both=7) were used in this analysis. The EPIC-26 was administered an average of 33.8 weeks after treatment. The confirmatory factor analysis model did not meet the threshold for adequate fit. Several items had near-zero factor loadings and were non-significant. Four out of the EPIC- 26’s five domains met the acceptable reliability threshold based on Cronbach’s alpha. Ceiling effects were observed in four out of five domains.
Conclusions: The EPIC-26 demonstrated poor construct validity, adequate reliability, and large ceiling effects. Several issues were observed, suggesting that the instrument’s five domains were not well-defined by their respective items. The original EPIC’s conceptual framework should be reviewed and the shortened instrument revised to improve its performance for measuring post-treatment quality of life.
Children with vesico-ureteric reflux have joint hypermobility and occasional TNXB sequence variants
Authors: Tokhmafshan Fatima , El Andalousi Jasmine , Murugapoopathy Vasikar , Fillion Marie-Lyne , Campillo Sarah , Capolicchio John-Paul , Jednak Roman , El Sherbiny Mohamed , Turpin Sophie , Schalkwijk Joost , Matsumoto Ken-Ichi , Brophy Patrick D. , Gbadegesin Rasheed A. , Gupta Indra R. 
Published: November 2019

Introduction: To consider alternative mechanisms that give rise to a refluxing uretero-vesical junction (UVJ), we hypothesized that children with a common heritable urinary tract defect, vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR), may have a defect in the extracellular matrix composition of the UVJ and other tissues that would be revealed by assessment of the peripheral joints. Hypermobile joints can arise from defects in the extracellular matrix within the joint capsule that affect proteins, including Tenascin XB.
Methods: We performed an observational study of children with familial and non-familial VUR to determine the prevalence of joint hypermobility, renal scarring, and DNA sequence variants in Tenascin XB.
Results: The majority of children, 27/44, exhibited joint hypermobility using the Beighton scoring system. This included 15/26 girls (57.6%) and 12/18 boys (66.6%), which is a significantly higher prevalence for both sexes when compared to population controls (p<0.005). We found no association between joint hypermobility and renal scarring. Seven of 49 children harbored rare pathogenic sequence variants in TNXB, and two also exhibited joint hypermobility. No sequence variants in TNXB were identified in 25/27 children with VUR and joint hypermobility. Due to the observational design of the study, there was missing data for joint hypermobility scores in six children and for DMSA scans in 17 children.
Conclusions: We observed a high prevalence of VUR and joint hypermobility in children followed within a tertiary care pediatric urology clinic. While mutations in TNXB have been reported in families with VUR and joint hypermobility, we identified only two children with these phenotypes and pathogenic variants in TNXB. We, therefore, speculate that VUR and joint hypermobility may be due to mutations in other extracellular matrix genes.
From Property Right to Copyright: A Conceptual Approach and Justifications for the Emergence of Open Access
Authors: Koutras Nikos 
Published: November 2019

From Property Right to Copyright: A Conceptual Approach and Justifications for the Emergence of Open Access
This article relies on the premise that to understand the significance of Open Access Repositories (OARs) it is necessary to know the context of the debate. Therefore, it is necessary to trace the historical development of the concept of copyright as a property right. The continued relevance of the rationales for copyright interests, both philosophical and pragmatic, will be assessed against the contemporary times of digital publishing. It follows then discussion about the rise of Open Access (OA) practice and its impact on conventional publishing methods. The present article argues about the proper equilibrium between self-interest and social good. In other words, there is a need to find a tool in order to balance individuals’ interests and common will. Therefore, there is examination of the concept of property that interrelates justice (Plato), private ownership (Aristotle), labour (Locke), growth of personality (Hegel) and a bundle of rights that constitute legal relations (Hohfeld). This examination sets the context for the argument.
The Potential of Public Policy on Open Access Repositories
Authors: Koutras Nikos 
Published: November 2019

The Potential of Public Policy on Open Access Repositories
To address the potential of public policy on the governance of OARs it is necessary to define what is meant by public policy and the importance of public policy in designing an efficient governance framework. Critical components are the subject matter of public policy and its objectives. Hence, it is useful to consider declarations, policies and statements in relation to open access practice and examine the efficiency of these arrangements towards the improvement of stakeholders’ engagement in governance of OARs. Secondly, policies relating to dissemination of scientific information via OARs should be examined. In this regard, it is relevant to consider the public policy basis for Intellectual Property (IP) laws that concerning the utility of OARs. Therefore, economic theories relevant with the role of IP laws should be examined. Such examination depicts to what extend these laws facilitate the utility of OARs. In order to specify justifications for the desirability of OARs the objectives of social theories should be also considered. Thus, there is consternation that without legal protection against copying the incentive to create intellectual property will be undermined. As scholarly communication infrastructure evolves, it is necessary to recognize the efforts of the relationship between Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) and communication technologies in the context of public policy and after engagement with it. After employing such multilevel approach, the paper argues about a socio-economic framework to enhance the governance of OARs through public policy.
Survey of Pharmacists Regarding the Use of Propofol Infusions in the PICUs in North America
Authors: Kurek Kenneth J. , Harthan Aaron A. , Tripathi Sandeep 
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVE The objective of this survey was to assess the current use of continuous infusion propofol in PICUs across the United States and Canada.
METHODS A list of institutions with PICU beds/units was identified through the residency directories available on the American Society of Health-Systems Pharmacists (ASHP) and Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists (CHSP) Web sites. A REDCap questionnaire was sent to each identified institution's program director via email. An initial reminder email was sent out 2 weeks later and a second reminder email was sent 4 weeks after the initial request. The survey was closed at 6 weeks.
RESULTS A total of 514 emails were sent to residency program directors, and 50 pharmacists responded to the survey. Of the pharmacists that did respond, 27 (54%) reported using propofol while 23 (46%) did not. Of those that did not, 43.5% reported the FDA boxed warning as the primary reason. Thirty-seven percent of respondents using propofol felt comfortable using a maximum infusion rate of 200 mcg/kg/min. Twenty-nine percent, 25%, and 33% of those who responded as using propofol felt comfortable using this agent for a maximum duration of 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. The majority of respondents using propofol did not have a case of propofol-related infusion syndrome.
CONCLUSIONS Despite the FDA warning, propofol is used as a continuous infusion (with variable limitations) by a majority of pharmacists in North America. Self-reported incidence of propofol-related infusion syndrome (PRIS) remains low.
Evaluation of Incompatible Coadministration of Continuous Intravenous Infusions in a Pediatric/Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Häni Chloé , Vonbach Priska , Fonzo-Christe Caroline , Russmann Stefan , Cannizzaro Vincenzo , Niedrig David F. 
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate and quantify incompatible coadministrations of continuous intravenous medication in the daily clinical practice of a PICU/NICU.
METHODS We conducted a retrospective, observational study in the setting of an 18-bed PICU/NICU. All concurrently administered continuous infusions, including blood products and parenteral nutrition, were analyzed for 2 months. Raw electronic data were retrieved and subjected to quality controls. Infusion combinations were classified as compatible, incompatible, no data, or variable according to the internal hospital charts, Trissel's database, and the Swiss summary of product characteristics. For situations with incompatible coadministrations, we assessed alternative distributions of infusions among the currently available lumen.
RESULTS Data for 100 patients were analyzed. Patients were exposed to a mean of 6.9 ± 3.6 individual continuous infusions administered through 3.8 ± 1.8 lumina. Among the 1447 coadministered continuous infusions, we detected 146 incompatible combinations (10%), resulting in 105 individually relevant incompatible situations. Furthermore, 185 combinations (13%) were not covered by internal compatibility charts, and for 207 combinations (15%) no data on compatibility were available. We found that 58% of the incompatible situations could have been avoided by a redistribution of the infusions among the available lumina.
CONCLUSIONS Most infusion combinations in the studied PICU/NICU were compatible and covered by the internal compatibility charts. However, we also identified concurrent administrations of incompatible infusions or for which compatibility data are not available. A significant reduction of coadministrations of incompatible infusions could be achieved through optimal use of available lumina.
Evaluation of the Treatment of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Tracheostomy-Dependent Pediatric Patients
Authors: Tillman Emma M. , Firmani Sarah E. , Ackerman Veda L. , Slaven James E. , Cristea A. Ioana 
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVE Tracheostomy-dependent pediatric patients will often have respiratory cultures positive for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (multidrug-resistant Gram-negative rod). There are limited data available to guide treatment in this population. The objective of this single-center, retrospective study was to evaluate if antibiotic treatment of S maltophilia improved clinical outcomes in tracheostomy-dependent pediatric patients.
METHODS We included tracheostomy-dependent pediatric patients who had a respiratory culture positive for S maltophilia. Patients were divided into 2 groups: 1) treatment and 2) no treatment.
RESULTS Forty patients with 55 encounters were included in this study. S maltophilia was treated with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim in 20 encounters (19 patients) and no antimicrobial treatment was given in 35 encounters (30 patients). The time to return to stable respiratory status was 5 days (0–10) (median [range]) in the treated group and 4 days (0–19) in the untreated group (p = 0.52). There was no statistically significant difference in time to baseline respiratory status between patients treated and those not treated for S maltophilia. There was no difference in hospital length of stay between patients who were or not treated.
CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, these data would suggest that there might not be a benefit to treating cultures positive for S maltophilia in tracheostomy-dependent pediatric patients.