bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrarater and Interrater Reliability of a Passive Shoulder Flexion Range of Motion Measurement for Latissimus Dorsi Flexibility in Young Competitive Swimmers
Authors: Feijen Stef , Tate Angela , Kuppens Kevin , Struyf Thomas , Claes Anke , Struyf Filip 
Published: February 2020

Context: The latissimus dorsi plays a major role in generating the propulsive force during swimming. In addition, stiffness of this muscle may result in altered stroke biomechanics and predispose swimmers to shoulder pain. Measuring the flexibility of the latissimus dorsi can be of interest to reduce injury. However, the reliability of such measurement has not yet been investigated in competitive swimmers. Objective: To assess the within-session intrarater and interrater reliability of a passive shoulder flexion range of motion measurement for latissimus dorsi flexibility in competitive swimmers. Design: Within-session intrarater and interrater reliability. Setting: Competitive swimming clubs in Flanders, Belgium. Participants: Twenty-six competitive swimmers (15.46 [2.98] y; 16 men and 10 women). Intervention: Each rater performed 2 alternating (eg, left-right-left-right) measurements of passive shoulder flexion range of motion twice, with a 30-second rest period in between. Main Outcome Measures: The intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated to assess intrarater and interrater reliability. Results: Interrater intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from .54 (95% confidence interval [CI], −.16 to .81) to .57 (95% CI, −.24 to .85). Results for the intrarater reliability ranged from .91 (95% CI, .81 to .96) to .94 (95% CI, .87 to .97). Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that shoulder flexion range of motion in young competitive swimmers can be measured reliably by a single rater within the same session.
Integrated geophysical characterization of crustal domains in the eastern Black Sea
Authors: Monteleone Vanessa , Minshull Tim A. , Marin-Moreno Hector 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Rifting may lead ultimately to continental breakup, but the identification and characterization of the resulting crustal distribution remains challenging. Also, spatial and temporal changes in breakup magmatism may affect the geophysical character of the newly formed oceanic crust, resulting in contrasting interpretations of crustal composition and distribution. In the Eastern Black Sea Basin (EBSB), the evolution from rifting to breakup has been long debated, with several interpretations for the distribution of stretched continental and oceanic crust. We interpret basement morphological variations from long-offset seismic reflection profiles, highlighting a northwest-to-southeast transition from faulted and tilted continental blocks to a rough and then smoother basement. We model magnetic anomalies to further constrain the various basement domains, and infer the presence of a weakly magnetized, stretched continental crust in the northwest, and a 0.4–3.8 A/m layer coinciding with the smooth basement in the central and southeastern area. We conclude that the EBSB oceanic crust extends farther to the northwest than was suggested previously from an abrupt change in crustal thickness and lower-crustal velocity. The apparent discrepancy between these different types of geophysical evidence may result from changes in magma supply during breakup, affecting the thickness and velocity structure of the resulting oceanic crust.
Northward migration of the Oregon forearc on the Gales Creek fault
Authors: Wells Ray E. , Blakely Richard J. , Bemis Sean 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Gales Creek fault (GCF) is a 60-km-long, northwest-striking dextral fault system (west of Portland, Oregon) that accommodates northward motion and uplift of the Oregon Coast Range. New geologic mapping and geophysical models confirm inferred offsets from earlier geophysical surveys and document ∼12 km of right-lateral offset of a basement high in Eocene Siletz River Volcanics since ca. 35 Ma and ∼8.8 km of right-lateral separation of Miocene Columbia River Basalt at Newberg, Oregon, since 15 Ma (∼0.62 ± 0.12 mm/yr, average long-term rate). Relative uplift of Eocene Coast Range basalt basement west of the fault zone is at least 5 km based on depth to basement under the Tualatin Basin from a recent inversion of gravity data. West of the city of Forest Grove, the fault consists of two subparallel strands ∼7 km apart. The westernmost, Parsons Creek strand, forms a linear valley southward to Henry Hagg Lake, where it continues southward to Newberg as a series of en echelon strands forming both extensional and compressive step-overs. Compressive step-overs in the GCF occur at intersections with ESE-striking sinistral faults crossing the Coast Range, suggesting the GCF is the eastern boundary of an R′ Riedel shear domain that could accommodate up to half of the ∼45° of post–40 Ma clockwise rotation of the Coast Range documented by paleomagnetic studies. Gravity and magnetic anomalies suggest the western strands of the GCF extend southward beneath Newberg into the Northern Willamette Valley, where colinear magnetic anomalies have been correlated with the Mount Angel fault, the proposed source of the 1993 M 5.7 Scotts Mills earthquake. The potential-field data and water-well data also indicate the eastern, Gales Creek strand of the fault may link to the NNW-striking Canby fault through the E-W Beaverton fault to form a 30-km-wide compressive step-over along the south side of the Tualatin Basin. LiDAR data reveal right-lateral stream offsets of as much as 1.5 km, shutter ridges, and other youthful geomorphic features for 60 km along the geophysical and geologic trace of the GCF north of Newberg, Oregon. Paleoseismic trenches document Eocene bedrock thrust over 250 ka surficial deposits along a reverse splay of the fault system near Yamhill, Oregon, and Holocene motion has been recently documented on the GCF along Scoggins Creek and Parsons Creek. The GCF could produce earthquakes in excess of Mw 7, if the entire 60 km segment ruptured in one earthquake. The apparent subsurface links of the GCF to other faults in the Northern Willamette Valley suggest that other faults in the system may also be active.
The transition from planar to en echelon morphology in a single vein in shale: Insights from X-ray computed tomography scanning
Authors: Andrews Graham D.M. , Brown Sarah R. , Moore Johnathan , Crandall Dustin , Mackey Paige 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
En echelon fractures and veins are among the most common and distinctive geological structures, yet their three-dimensional forms and relationships to surrounding structures are commonly unclear. X-ray computed tomography (CT) offers an unrivaled ability to examine structures within rocks in three dimensions, and it is applied here to a sample of drill core from the Marcellus Shale of southwestern Pennsylvania (USA). CT images yield qualitative and quantitative data on the transition from a pyrite-rich planar vein to an en echelon veinlet array, and on the heterogeneity of veinlets within the array. Using a combination of three- and two-dimensional images, geometric data, and traditional petrography, we identify a range of veinlet shapes consistent with deformation during formation of an antitaxial graphite-calcite-pyrite vein system. Each of the veinlets is rooted in the underlying planar vein where it is narrowest. The transition from planar vein to en echelon array coincides with a change in bedding, suggesting that competency contrasts between adjacent beds controlled the fracture morphology. Veinlets initiated as short, lenticular fractures at ∼45° to the planar vein before lengthening, dilating, and rotating. None of the veinlets are strongly sigmoidal, nor is there measurable offset across the margins of the planar vein; therefore, finite non-shear strain was very limited, and fluid overpressure–induced fracturing during burial and diagenesis is probably the most likely process for fracturing and vein formation.
Comparison of various surgical techniques for optic disc pit maculopathy: vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling alone versus inverted ILM flap ‘plug’ versus autologous scleral ‘plug’
Authors: Babu Naresh , Kohli Piyush , Ramasamy Kim 
Published: February 2020

AimTo compare the anatomical and visual outcomes of vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling alone versus inverted ILM flap to plug the pit versus autologous scleral plug for the treatment of optic disc pit maculopathy (ODP-M).MethodsThis retrospective study included 23 patients (23 eyes) who underwent 25G pars plana vitrectomy, ILM peeling and gas tamponade. While the pit was not plugged in group 1 (n=8), inverted ILM flap and autologous scleral flap were used to plug the pit in group 2 (n=7) and group 3 (n=8), respectively. Complete anatomical success was defined as total resolution of subretinal fluid (SRF) and macular schisis on optical coherence tomography while visual success was defined as a gain of at least 2 Snellen lines 1 year after surgery.ResultsBaseline characteristics were similar in all three groups. Mean central foveal thickness and SRF decreased in all three groups (p<0.05). Complete anatomical success was achieved in 25.0%, 85.7% and 87.5% eyes while visual success was achieved in 12.5%, 28.6% and 12.5% eyes in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. One eye (4.3%) in group 2 developed full-thickness macular hole at 1 month post-surgery. After complete resolution, there was no recurrence of fluid.ConclusionOPD-M has a better surgical outcome if the pit is plugged. Both inverted ILM flap and autologous scleral plug are equally efficacious adjuncts to plug the pit.
Lubricated sliding friction: Role of interfacial fluid slip and surface roughness
Authors: Rotella C. , Persson B. N. J. , Scaraggi M. , Mangiagalli P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract.
We derive approximate mean field equations for the fluid flow between elastic solids with randomly rough surfaces including interfacial fluid slip and shear thinning. We present numerical results for the fluid flow and friction factors for realistic systems, in particular, we consider the case of an elastic cylinder with random surface roughness in relative sliding contact with a flat rigid (low-energy) counter-surface. We present experimental data for the sliding friction between rubber stoppers and glass barrels lubricated with baked-on silicone oil. We find that the frictional shear stress acting in the rubber asperity contact regions is nearly velocity independent for velocities in the 10-1000μm/s range, and very small $ \tau_{{\rm f}} \approx 0.04$τf≈0.04 MPa, while for bare glass in silicone oil $ \tau_{{\rm f}}$τf is much larger and velocity dependent.

Graphical abstract
Reducing the Population Burden of Coronary Heart Disease by Modifying Adiposity: Estimates From the ARIC Study
Authors: Gellert Kapuaola S. , Keil Alexander P. , Zeng Donglin , Lesko Catherine R. , Aubert Ronald E. , Avery Christy L. , Lutsey Pamela L. , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria , Windham B. Gwen , Heiss Gerardo 
Published: February 2020

Background

Excess adiposity, which affects 69% of
US
adults, increases coronary heart disease (
CHD
) risk in an association that manifests below conventional obesity cut points. The population‐level impact on
CHD
risk that is attainable through modest adiposity reductions in populations is not well characterized. We estimated the effect of hypothetical reductions in both body mass index (
BMI
) and waist circumference (
WC
) on
CHD
incidence.

Methods and Results

The study population included 13 610 ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) participants. Our hypothetical reduction in
BMI
or
WC
was applied relative to the temporal trend, with no hypothetical reduction among those with
BMI
>24 or
WC
>88 cm, respectively. This threshold for hypothetical reduction is near the clinical guidelines for excess adiposity.
CHD
risk differences compared the hypothetical reduction with no reduction. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to estimate the effect of applying the hypothetical
BMI
reduction at the established overweight cut point of 25. Cumulative 12‐year
CHD
incidence with no intervention was 6.3% (95% CI, 5.9–6.8%). Risk differences following the hypothetical
BMI
and
WC
reductions were −0.6% (95% CI, −1.0% to −0.1%) and −1.0% (95% CI, −1.4% to −0.5%), respectively. These results were robust for the sensitivity analyses. Consequently, we estimated that this hypothetical reduction of 5% in
BMI
and
WC,
respectively, could have prevented 9% and 16%, respectively, of the
CHD
events occurring in this study population over 12 years, after adjustment for established
CHD
risk factors.

Conclusions

Meaningful
CHD
risk reductions could derive from modest reductions in adiposity attainable through lifestyle modification.
Effects of Isometric Handgrip Training in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: A. Correia Marilia , Oliveira Paulo L. , Farah Breno Q. , Vianna Lauro C. , Wolosker Nelson , Puech‐Leao Pedro , Green Daniel J. , Cucato Gabriel G. , Ritti‐Dias Raphael M. 
Published: February 2020

Background

Meta‐analyses have shown that isometric handgrip training (
IHT
) can reduce brachial systolic and diastolic blood pressure (
BP
) by >6/4 mm Hg, respectively. However, whether
IHT
promotes these effects among patients with peripheral artery disease, who exhibit severe impairment in cardiovascular function, is currently unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of
IHT
on the cardiovascular function of patients with peripheral artery disease.

Methods and Results

A randomized controlled trial with peripheral artery disease patients assigned to either the
IHT
or control group was conducted. The
IHT
group performed 3 sessions per week, for 8 weeks, of unilateral handgrip exercises, consisting of 4 sets of isometric contractions for 2 minutes at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction and a 4‐minute interval between sets. The control group received a compression ball in order to minimize the placebo effects, representing sham training. The primary outcome was brachial
BP
. The secondary outcomes were central
BP
, arterial stiffness parameters, cardiac autonomic modulation, and vascular function. The
IHT
program reduced diastolic
BP
(75 [10] mm Hg preintervention versus 72 [11] mm Hg postintervention), with no change in the control group (74 [11] mm Hg preintervention versus 74 [11] mm Hg postintervention), with this between‐group difference being significant (
P
=0.04). Flow‐mediated dilation improved in the
IHT
group (6.0% [5.7] preintervention versus 9.7% [5.5] postintervention), with no change in the control group (7.6% [5.5] preintervention versus 7.4% [5.1] postintervention), with this between‐group difference being significant (
P
=0.04). There was no change in other measured variables over the intervention period.

Conclusions

IHT
reduced brachial diastolic
BP
and improved local vascular function in patients with peripheral artery disease.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/
. Unique identifier:
NCT
02742220.
Clinical Care Recommendations for Cardiologists Treating Adults With Myotonic Dystrophy
Authors: McNally Elizabeth M. , Mann Douglas L. , Pinto Yigal , Bhakta Deepak , Tomaselli Gordon , Nazarian Saman , Groh William J. , Tamura Takuhisa , Duboc Denis , Itoh Hideki , Hellerstein Leah , Mammen Pradeep P. A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy is an inherited systemic disorder affecting skeletal muscle and the heart. Genetic testing for myotonic dystrophy is diagnostic and identifies those at risk for cardiac complications. The 2 major genetic forms of myotonic dystrophy, type 1 and type 2, differ in genetic etiology yet share clinical features. The cardiac management of myotonic dystrophy should include surveillance for arrhythmias and left ventricular dysfunction, both of which occur in progressive manner and contribute to morbidity and mortality. To promote the development of care guidelines for myotonic dystrophy, the Myotonic Foundation solicited the input of care experts and organized the drafting of these recommendations. As a rare disorder, large scale clinical trial data to guide the management of myotonic dystrophy are largely lacking. The following recommendations represent expert consensus opinion from those with experience in the management of myotonic dystrophy, in part supported by literature‐based evidence where available.
Longitudinal Association of Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease With Changes in Myocardial Structure and Function: The CARDIA Study
Authors: VanWagner Lisa B. , Wilcox Jane E. , Ning Hongyan , Lewis Cora E. , Carr John Jeffrey , Rinella Mary E. , Shah Sanjiv J. , Lima Joao A. C. , Lloyd‐Jones Donald M. 
Published: February 2020

Background
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity/mortality, including heart failure. Abnormalities in left ventricular (LV) structure/function are associated with heart failure risk.

Methods and Results

Participants from the population‐based CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study year 25 exam (2010–2011, aged 43–55 years, 61% women, 48% black) with computed tomography measured liver fat and comprehensive echocardiography were included. Echocardiography was repeated at year 30 follow‐up (aged 47–62 years, N=1827). NAFLD was defined as liver attenuation ≤40 HU after exclusions. LV geometry was classified into normal and abnormal by integrating relative wall thickness and LV mass index. Diastolic function was defined using Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging. Systolic function was assessed with myocardial strain measured by speckle tracking. NAFLD prevalence was 8.7% (n=159). NAFLD participants had higher LV mass, relative wall thickness, incident LV hypertrophy and abnormal LV geometry versus non‐NAFLD (
P
<0.02). NAFLD participants had impaired LV relaxation (E/A ratio 1.1 versus 1.2), higher LV filling pressures (E/e′ ratio 7.9 versus 7.2), worse longitudinal strain (−13.9% versus −15.3%), and lower LV ejection fraction (58.9% versus 60.2%,
P
<0.01). In multivariable analyses adjusted for heart failure risk factors, NAFLD was independently associated with incident LV hypertrophy (odds ratio: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1–3.4), abnormal LV geometry (odds ratio: 1.9, 1.1–3.3) and greater change in strain (odds ratio: 2.2, 1.1–4.7). Adjustment for body mass index attenuated associations to non‐significance.

Conclusions
NAFLD is associated with subclinical changes over time in LV structure/function and obesity explains much of the association. Presence of obesity in mid‐life may identify an important at‐risk population in whom to focus preventive heart failure strategies.
Convolutional Neural Networks as a Model of the Visual System: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Lindsay Grace W. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were inspired by early findings in the study of biological vision. They have since become successful tools in computer vision and state-of-the-art models of both neural activity and behavior on visual tasks. This review highlights what, in the context of CNNs, it means to be a good model in computational neuroscience and the various ways models can provide insight. Specifically, it covers the origins of CNNs and the methods by which we validate them as models of biological vision. It then goes on to elaborate on what we can learn about biological vision by understanding and experimenting on CNNs and discusses emerging opportunities for the use of CNNs in vision research beyond basic object recognition.
The Legal Protection of Minorities from International Law and Arab Mashreq Perspectives
Authors: Barafi Jamal , Georges Nael 
Published: February 2020

The international protection of human rights, including those of religious minorities, has mainly developed through instruments adopted under the framework of the United Nations. After clarifying the concept of minorities, this article focuses on the legal protection of minority rights, particularly of religious minorities, under international instruments. It sheds light on the participation of Arab Mashreq states in the preparation of these instruments, in terms of their position in the elaboration of the instruments, and their multiple reservations. It offers an objective analysis of the issue of religious minorities in the Arab Mashreq region, and the necessity to respect their rights fully in order to build democracy and states of citizenship.
Afterlives of the Republic of Letters: Learned Journals and Scholarly Community in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Solleveld Floris 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
What happened to the Republic of Letters? Its history seems to stop at the end of the eighteenth century. And yet, in the nineteenth century, there still existed a community gathered in scholarly societies, maintaining a transnational correspondence network and filling learned journals. The term indeed becomes less frequent, but does not go entirely out of use. This article traces the afterlives of the Republic of Letters in the early nineteenth century. Specifically, it investigates texts that attempt to (re)define the Republic of Letters or a cognate, the wider diffusion of the term, and the changing role of learned journals in that period. While most attempts to reinvent the Republic of Letters failed miserably, they indicate a diagnosis of the state of learning and the position of scholars in a period of transition, and in doing so they contradict an ‘unpolitical’ conception of the Republic of Letters.