bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Magic Bullet? The Potential Impact of E-Cigarettes on the Toll of Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Mendez David , Warner Kenneth E 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Introduction
We examine the proportion of US smoking-produced mortality that e-cigarettes might eliminate under assumptions regarding vaping’s ability to increase smoking cessation, vaping’s health risks, and the possibility that vaping will increase smoking among young people.

Methods
We employ a dynamic population simulation model that tracks individuals from ages 0 to 110, differentiated by gender and smoking status. Using data from the US Census, the National Vital Statistics Reports, Cancer Prevention Study II, and the National Health Interview Survey, we estimate the number of smoking-related life-years lost (LYL) from 2018 to 2100 in a no-vaping scenario. We then compare results for model runs that assess the impact of vaping under a variety of assumptions.

Results
The combination of assumptions produces 360 possible scenarios. 357 (99%) yield positive estimates of life-years saved (LYS) due to vaping by 2100, from 143 000 to 65 million. Most scenarios result in millions of individuals quitting smoking due to vaping. On average, vaping-induced quitters gain an extra 1.2–2.0 years of life compared to smokers who quit without vaping. The impact of vaping is greatest when it most helps smokers who otherwise have the greatest difficulty quitting smoking. While the numbers of LYS are generally large across all scenarios, they often represent a small fraction of the toll of smoking.

Conclusions
Vaping is highly likely to reduce smoking-produced mortality. Still, vaping is not “the” answer to the public health crisis created by smoking. Rather, it may well be a tool to add to the armamentarium of effective tobacco control measures.

Implications
E-cigarettes hold the potential to reduce cigarette smoking’s enormous toll. By itself, however, tobacco harm reduction, as embodied in vaping, is no magic bullet. Going forward, tobacco control will require vigilant application of the evidence-based measures that have brought us so much success in combatting smoking. It will require, as well, the search for and adoption of novel means of attacking the remaining problem. Harm reduction can, and many would say should, be a part of the complex formula that will eventually bring about the demise of smoking.
Heathrow and the Making of Neoliberal Britain
Authors: Vernon James 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
How might we understand neoliberalism and its history differently if we trace its emergence and operation in a particular place? As the first airport in the world to be privatized in 1986 Heathrow is a paradigmatic neoliberal space. And yet for decades before it was sold the airport’s services — catering, cleaning, retail and security — had been steadily deregulated and outsourced in ways that force us to reconsider neoliberalism as discrete from, or emerging from a rupture with, welfare capitalism. The precarious and cheap outsourced forms of labour at Heathrow were performed by Commonwealth citizens of colour, often women, who had paradoxically arrived in Britain through an increasingly hostile immigration regime at the airport. The racialized forms of neoliberal capitalism at the airport depended upon and reproduced a post-imperial social formation that was no less marked by postcolonial crises and a new biopolitics of immigration control designed to restrict their diasporas in the metropole. Seen from Heathrow, neoliberalism is less about the global flow of ideas and capital than the local social formations and labour regimes engendered by changing forms of accumulation.
Oral Opioid Prescribing Trends in the United States, 2002–2018
Authors: Kern David M , Cepeda M Soledad , Sena Anthony G 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo conduct a retrospective analysis of sequential cross-sectional data of opioid prescribing practices in patients with no prior history of opioid use.MethodsIndividuals filling an oral opioid prescription who had 1 year of prior observation were identified from four different administrative claims databases for the period between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2018: IBM MarketScan® Commercial Database (CCAE), Multi-State Medicaid Database (MDCD), Medicare Supplemental Database (MDCR), and Optum© De-Identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database. Outcomes included incidence of new opioid use and characteristics of patients’ first opioid prescription, including dispensed morphine milligram equivalent (MME) per day, total MME dispensed, total MME ≥300, and days’ supply of prescription for ≤3 or ≥30 days.ResultsThere were 40,600,696 new opioid users identified. The incidence of new opioid use in the past 17 years ranged from 6% to 11% within the two commercially insured databases. Incidence decreased over time in MDCD and was consistently higher in MDCR. Total MME dispensed decreased in MDCD and increased in CCAE, with no major changes in the other databases. The proportion of patients receiving ≥30-day prescriptions decreased and the proportion of patients receiving ≤3-day prescriptions increased in MDCD, while ≥30-day prescriptions in the Optum database dramatically increased (low of 3.0% in 2003 to peak of 16.9% in 2017).ConclusionsOpioid prescribing practices varied across different populations of insured individuals during the past 17 years. The most substantial changes in opioid prescriptions over time have occurred in MDCD, with reductions in use across multiple metrics.
Risk of severe coronavirus disease in imported and secondary cases in Zhejiang province, China
Authors: He Fan , Shang Xiaopeng , Fu Tiehong , Lin Junfen , Li Fudong , Qiu Yinwei , Wu Chen , Wang Zhen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
To our knowledge, no previous studies have focused on determining whether the virulence and case fatality rate of the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) decreases as the virus continues to spread. Hence, our aim was to retrospectively explore the differences in the risk of severe or critical COVID-19 among imported, secondary and tertiary cases in Zhejiang, China.

Methods
We categorized COVID-19 cases reported by hospitals in Zhejiang as first-, second- and third-generation cases. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to compare disease severity and case generation.

Results
Of 1187 COVID-19 cases, 227 (19.1%, 95% CI: 16.9–21.4) manifested severe or critical illness. The adjusted risk difference for severe or critical illness was lower for second- (odds ratio (OR) = 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52–1.36) and third-generation (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.37–0.83) cases than for first-generation cases. Compared with hospitalized patients, cases identified at centralized isolation locations (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.40–0.97) and those identified through active search or gateway screening (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.08–1.04) were at a lower risk of severe or critical illness.

Conclusions
Second- and third-generation cases of COVID-19 have a lower risk of developing severe or critical illness than first-generation cases.
Quality of media reporting following a celebrity suicide in India
Authors: Menon Vikas , Kar Sujita Kumar , Varadharajan Natarajan , Kaliamoorthy Charanya , Pattnaik Jigyansa Ipsita , Sharma Ginni , Mukherjee Srijeeta , Shirahatti Nikhilesh B , Ransing Ramdas , Padhy Susanta Kumar , Arafat S M Yasir 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Celebrity suicides have the potential to trigger suicide contagion, particularly when media reporting is detailed and imbalanced. We aimed to assess the quality of media reporting of suicide of a popular Indian entertainment celebrity against the World Health Organization (WHO) suicide reporting guidelines.

Methods
Relevant news articles that reported the actor’s suicide were retrieved from online news portals of regional and English language newspapers and television channels in the immediate week following the event. Deductive content analysis of these articles was done using a pre-designed data extraction form.

Results
A total of 573 news articles were analyzed. Several breaches of reporting were noted in relation to mentioning the word ‘celebrity’ in the title of report (14.7%), inclusion of the deceased’s photograph (88.5%), detailed descriptions of the method (50.4%) and location of suicide (70.6%); local language newspapers were more culpable than English newspapers. Helpful reporting characteristics such as mentioning warning signs (4.1%), including educational information (2.7%) and suicide support line details (14.0%) were rarely practiced.

Conclusion
Media reporting of celebrity suicide in India is imbalanced and poorly adherent to suicide reporting recommendations. Local language news reports display more frequent and serious violations in reporting as opposed to English news articles.
Nothing Wrong with the Analysis of Clades in Comparative Evolutionary Studies: A Reply to Poe et al
Authors: Baker Joanna , Meade Andrew , Pagel Mark , Venditti Chris 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In a recent paper, Poe et al. assert that scientists should abandon clade-based approaches, particularly those using named taxonomic ranks. Poe et al. attempt to demonstrate that clade selection can have effects on the results of evolutionary analyses but unfortunately fall short of making any robust conclusions. Here, we demonstrate that the assertions made by Poe et al. have two important flaws: (i) an erroneous view of modern phylogenetic comparative methods; and (ii) a lack of statistical rigor in their analyses. We repeat Poe et al.’s analysis but using appropriate phylogenetic comparative approaches. We demonstrate that results remain consistent regardless of the clade definition. We go on to discuss the value of taxonomic groupings and how they can provide meaningful units of comparison in evolutionary study. Unlike the disheartening suggestion to abandon the use of clades, scientists can instead continue to use phylogenetic “ corrections” that are already the standard for most comparative evolutionary analyses. [Comparative methods; evolution; phylogeny; taxonomy.]
Broadscale phage therapy is unlikely to select for widespread evolution of bacterial resistance to virus infection
Authors: Cohan Frederick M , Zandi Matthew , Turner Paul E 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMulti-drug resistant bacterial pathogens are alarmingly on the rise, signaling that the golden age of antibiotics may be over. Phage therapy is a classic approach that often employs strictly lytic bacteriophages (bacteria-specific viruses that kill cells) to combat infections. Recent success in using phages in patient treatment stimulates greater interest in phage therapy among Western physicians. But there is concern that widespread use of phage therapy would eventually lead to global spread of phage-resistant bacteria and widespread failure of the approach. Here, we argue that various mechanisms of horizontal genetic transfer (HGT) have largely contributed to broad acquisition of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations and species, whereas similar evolution of broad resistance to therapeutic phages is unlikely. The tendency for phages to infect only particular bacterial genotypes limits their broad use in therapy, in turn reducing the likelihood that bacteria could acquire beneficial resistance genes from distant relatives via HGT. We additionally consider whether HGT of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) immunity would thwart generalized use of phages in therapy, and argue that phage-specific CRISPR spacer regions from one taxon are unlikely to provide adaptive value if horizontally-transferred to other taxa. For these reasons, we conclude that broadscale phage therapy efforts are unlikely to produce widespread selection for evolution of bacterial resistance.
Novel hepaci- and pegi-like viruses in native Australian wildlife and non-human primates
Authors: Porter Ashleigh F , Pettersson John H -O , Chang Wei-Shan , Harvey Erin , Rose Karrie , Shi Mang , Eden John-Sebastian , Buchmann Jan , Moritz Craig , Holmes Edward C 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Flaviviridae family of positive-sense RNA viruses contains important pathogens of humans and other animals, including Zika virus, dengue virus, and hepatitis C virus. The Flaviviridae are currently divided into four genera—Hepacivirus, Pegivirus, Pestivirus, and Flavivirus—each with a diverse host range. Members of the genus Hepacivirus are associated with an array of animal species, including humans, non-human primates, other mammalian species, as well as birds and fish, while the closely related pegiviruses have been identified in a variety of mammalian taxa, also including humans. Using a combination of total RNA and whole-genome sequencing we identified four novel hepaci-like viruses and one novel variant of a known hepacivirus in five species of Australian wildlife. The hosts infected comprised native Australian marsupials and birds, as well as a native gecko (Gehyra lauta). From these data we identified a distinct marsupial clade of hepaci-like viruses that also included an engorged Ixodes holocyclus tick collected while feeding on Australian long-nosed bandicoots (Perameles nasuta). Distinct lineages of hepaci-like viruses associated with geckos and birds were also identified. By mining the SRA database we similarly identified three new hepaci-like viruses from avian and primate hosts, as well as two novel pegi-like viruses associated with primates. The phylogenetic history of the hepaci- and pegi-like viruses as a whole, combined with co-phylogenetic analysis, provided support for virus-host co-divergence over the course of vertebrate evolution, although with frequent cross-species virus transmission. Overall, our work highlights the diversity of the Hepacivirus and Pegivirus genera as well as the uncertain phylogenetic distinction between.
Reciprocal Mentoring: An Innovative Clinical Exercise for Nursing Education
Authors: Friday Vivienne Evet 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The growing population of older adults requires that nursing programs provide nursing students with the skills and knowledge needed to provide gerontological nursing care. This article describes a reciprocal mentoring exercise used for the clinical practice experience in a new 16-week stand-alone gerontology nursing course. Reflective journaling and responses to a survey revealed positive outcomes for students and mentors.
Oral contrast agents lead to underestimation of dose calculation in volumetric-modulated arc therapy planning for pelvic irradiation
Authors: Jing Hao , Tian Yuan , Tang Yu , Wang Shu-Lian , Jin Jing , Song Yong-Wen , Liu Yue-Ping , Fang Hui , Chen Bo , Qi Shu-Nan , Tang Yuan , Lu Ning-Ning , Yang Yong , Li Ning , Li Ye-Xiong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe effects of oral contrast agents (OCAs) on dosimetry have not been studied in detail. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the influence of OCAs on dose calculation in volumetric-modulated arc therapy plans for rectal cancer.MethodsFrom 2008 to 2016, computed tomography (CT) images were obtained from 33 rectal cancer patients administered OCA with or without intravenous contrast agent (ICA) and 14 patients who received no contrast agent. CT numbers of organs at risk were recorded and converted to electronic densities. Volumetric-modulated arc therapy plans were designed before and after the original densities were replaced with non-enhanced densities. Doses to the planned target volume (PTV) and organs at risk were compared between the plans.ResultsOCA significantly increased the mean and maximum densities of the bowels, while the effects of ICA on these parameters depended on the blood supply of the organs. With OCA, the actual doses for PTV were significantly higher than planned and doses to the bowel increased significantly although moderately. However, the increase in the volume receiving a high-range doses was substantial (the absolute change of intestine volume receiving ≥52 Gy: 1.46 [0.05−3.99, cubic centimeter range: −6.74 to 128.12], the absolute change of colon volume receiving ≥50 Gy: 0.34 [0.01−1.53 cc, range: −0.08 to 3.80 cc]. Dose changes due to ICA were insignificant. Pearson correlation showed that dose changes were significantly correlated with a high intestinal volume within or near the PTV (ρ> 0.5,P < 0.05) and with the density of enhanced intestine (ρ> 0.3,P < 0.05).ConclusionsContrast agents applied in simulation cause underestimation of doses in actual treatment. The overdose due to ICA was slight, while that due to OCA was moderate. The bowel volume receiving ≥50Gy was dramatically increased when OCA within the bowel was absent. Physicians should be aware of these issues if the original plan is barely within clinical tolerance or if a considerable volume of enhanced intestine is within or near the PTV.
A Systematic Review of Cochlear Implantation in Temporal Bone Fractures and the Significance of Otic Capsule Involvement
Authors: Cowan Brandon , Oska Sandra , Arianpour Khashayar , Svider Peter F. , Bojrab Dennis , Hong Robert S. 
Published: August 2020

Objective:
Head trauma can cause deafness in cases with and without a skull base fracture. Anatomic disruption can occur with skull base fractures, but inner ear structures can also be damaged by the concussive forces of the trauma even without fracture. It is thought that negative prognostic indicators for successful cochlear implantation (CI) for hearing rehabilitation include fractures involving the otic capsule or ossification of the cochlea. This review evaluates success of CI in posttrauma patients.

Data Sources:
PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Embase.

Study Selection:
Search terms used were “cochlear implant” AND (“trauma” OR “fracture”). Studies including preoperative computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging and patient-level outcome data were included.

Data Extraction:
Study design, perioperative and postoperative outcomes, and complications were reported. Success rates of CI were compared using χ
2 analysis.

Data Synthesis:
Twenty-three studies encompassing 88 patients who experienced posttraumatic deafness and received subsequent CI were included. CI was reported as successful for 28 of 34 patients (82%) with otic capsule-involving fracture, as compared with 17 of 22 (77%) in those who had an otic capsule-sparing temporal bone fracture, and 15 of 17 (88%) of patients without evidence of fracture (i.e., concussive inner ear injury).

Conclusions:
In patients with posttraumatic hearing loss, success rates do not significantly differ between cases that do or do not involve fractures of the otic capsule. CI for posttraumatic hearing loss is generally successful.
Cochlear Implant Outcomes Following Vestibular Schwannoma Resection: Systematic Review
Authors: Wick Cameron C. , Butler Margaret J. , Yeager Lauren H. , Kallogjeri Dorina , Durakovic Nedim , McJunkin Jonathan L. , Shew Matthew A. , Herzog Jacques A. , Buchman Craig A. 
Published: August 2020

Objective:Hearing loss remains a significant morbidity for patients with vestibular schwannomas (VS). A growing number of reports suggest audibility with cochlear implantation following VS resection; however, there is little consensus on preferred timing and cochlear implant (CI) performance.Data Sources:A systematic literature search of the Ovid Medline, Embase, Scopus, and clinicaltrails.gov databases was performed on 9/7/2018. PRISMA reporting guidelines were followed.Study Selection:Included studies reported CI outcomes in an ear that underwent a VS resection. Untreated VSs, radiated VSs, and CIs in the contralateral ear were excluded.Data Extraction:Primary outcomes were daily CI use and attainment of open-set speech. Baseline tumor and patient characteristics were recorded. Subjects were divided into two groups: simultaneous CI placement with VS resection (Group 1) versus delayed CI placement after VS resection (Group 2).Data Synthesis:Twenty-nine articles with 93 patients met inclusion criteria. Most studies were poor quality due to their small, retrospective design. Group 1 had 46 patients, of whom 80.4% used their CI on a daily basis and 50.0% achieved open-set speech. Group 2 had 47 patients, of whom 87.2% used their CI on a daily basis and 59.6% achieved open-set speech. Group 2 had more NF2 patients and larger tumors. CI timing did not significantly impact outcomes.Conclusions:Audibility with CI after VS resection is feasible. Timing of CI placement (simultaneous versus delayed) did not significantly affect performance. Overall, 83.9% used their CI on a daily basis and 54.8% achieved open-set speech.
Effect of Aging and Direction of Impulse in Suppression Head Impulse Test
Authors: Lee Jung-Yup , Kim Min-Beom 
Published: August 2020

Objective:
To identify differences in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain value and the peak saccade velocity in the suppression video head impulse test paradigms according to the age of the subject and the direction of the impulse.

Study Design:
Retrospective chart analysis.

Setting:
Tertiary referral hospital.

Patients/Interventions:
Between October 2017 and May 2019, we enrolled subjects who had previous histories of dizziness but no dizziness over the last 1 month.

Main Outcome Measure:
We conducted cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential and caloric tests, as well as video head impulse tests. We excluded the subjects who had abnormal cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential results (asymmetry ratio of greater than 30%) and abnormal caloric test results (caloric paresis of greater than 25%).

Results:
We included 647 subjects aged 10 to 87 years. The mean VOR gain and peak saccade velocity were maintained in subjects less than 70 years old (VOR gain, 0.991 ± 0.08, peak saccade velocity, 348.47 ± 142.32). However, the decreases in VOR gain and peak saccade velocity were significant in subjects over 70 years old (VOR gain, 0.928 ± 0.09, peak saccade velocity, 315.51 ± 0.09; p < 0.001). The mean VOR gain of the rightward impulse (1.00 ± 0.09) was higher than the leftward impulse (0.96 ± 0.08, p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Both the VOR gain and peak saccade velocity of suppression video head impulse test paradigms declined with increasing age over 70 years. In addition, the VOR gain of the rightward impulse was higher than the leftward impulse in the right-eye recordings.