bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prophylactic acid suppressants in children in the intensive care unit: a systematic review with meta‐analysis and trial sequential analysis
Authors: Jensen Martine M. , Marker Søren , Do Hien Q. , Barbateskovic Marija , Perner Anders , Møller Morten H. 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundCritically ill children are at risk of stress‐induced gastrointestinal ulceration. Acid suppressants are frequently used in intensive care units even though there is uncertainty about the benefits and harms. With this systematic review, we aimed to assess patient‐important benefits and harms of stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) in children in intensive care.MethodsWe conducted the review according to the PRISMA statement, the Cochrane Handbook, and GRADE, using conventional meta‐analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA). We included randomised clinical trials comparing SUP with histamine‐2‐receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors vs placebo/no prophylaxis in children admitted for intensive care. Primary outcomes were all‐cause mortality and overt gastrointestinal bleeding. Secondary outcomes were serious adverse events, hospital‐acquired pneumonia, Clostridium difficile enteritis, myocardial ischemia, acute kidney injury and quality of life.ResultsWe included a total of seven trials (n = 504) with eight trial comparisons. We found no statistically significant difference in all‐cause mortality (relative risk (RR) 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86‐2.37), overt gastrointestinal bleeding (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.42‐1.35) or hospital‐acquired pneumonia (RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.77‐1.82) between SUP vs placebo/no prophylaxis. No trials reported on remaining secondary outcomes. TSA was unable to draw firm conclusions for all outcomes and certainty of evidence for all outcomes was “very low.”ConclusionsWe found no difference in all‐cause mortality, overt gastrointestinal bleeding or hospital‐acquired pneumonia in children in intensive care receiving acid suppressants compared with placebo/no prophylaxis. However, the quantity and quality of evidence was very low with no firm evidence for benefit or harm.
Comparison of 3D vs 2D laparoscopic‐assisted anorectal pull‐through (LAARP) for high anorectal malformations in children
Authors: Agrawal Vikesh , Tiwari Abhishek , Sharma Dhananjaya , Mishra Rajesh , Acharya Himanshu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe limitation of two‐dimensional (2D) laparoscopic techniques includes lack of stereoscopic vision and depth perception which can affect surgical performance, physical and mental comfort of the operating surgeon. 3D laparoscopic surgery is popular in adults; however, its application and experience in the pediatric age group have been limited. We did a comparison of 2D and 3D laparoscopic‐assisted anorectal pull‐through (LAARP) in male high anorectal malformations (ARM).Material and MethodThis prospective cohort study included male children diagnosed with high anorectal malformation (recto‐prostatic urethral fistula) who underwent LAARP in infancy after a neonatal colostomy between November 2019 to March 2020. The patients were randomized into a 2D group or 3D group at a 1:1 ratio. Patient demographics and operative/postoperative parameters were recorded. The effect of 3D laparoscopy was assessed in terms of laparoscopy visual parameters (image quality, depth perception, hand‐eye coordination, and precision), physical discomfort (5‐point Likert scale), and mental strain (State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory scale). The statistical tests were performed on SPSS version 16.ResultsThe demographics of both groups, 20 (patients in each), were similar. There was a significant reduction of laparoscopy execution time, physical discomfort (for eye, hand and wrist strain), and overall mental strain in the 3D group. There were similar complications, blood loss, and hospital stay, and no open conversion in two groups.Conclusion3D LAARP is feasible and safe in the surgical treatment of ARM in children. Further studies with assessment by more than one observer are needed to investigate the wider application of 3D in pediatric surgery.
Are multiple labels on food products beneficial or simply ignored?
Authors: Drugova Tatiana , Curtis Kynda R. , Akhundjanov Sherzod B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study examines consumer preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for organic wheat products exhibiting single labels, as well as multiple labels, including organic. The additional labels considered are related to the organic label (non‐genetically modified organism [non‐GMO]) or perceived as health‐promoting (gluten‐free, low‐carb, sugar‐free). Study data were collected using a consumer survey conducted online in 2017 across 16 U.S. western states and analyzed using random parameter logit models. Findings show that organic‐labeled wheat products with additional claims were valued equally or less than the organic only version. Overall, consumer higher objective and subjective knowledge of organic standards, as well as preferences for gluten‐free products, increased their WTP for organic wheat products. Consumers unfamiliar with organic standards valued the non‐GMO label over the organic label. Additionally, consumer WTP for health‐related claims on hedonistic products was low or even negative. Hence, multiple labels on organic products generally provide no additional consumer benefit and are likely ignored. Study findings suggest that using the claim that most distinguishes the product, or is most salient, may improve product pricing. Also, non‐GMO certification rather than organic certification should be considered for some markets. Finally, consumers with preferences for gluten‐free products represent a potential market for organic wheat products.
Phylogeny of Lithobiidae Newport, 1844, with emphasis on the megadiverse genus Lithobius Leach, 1814 (Myriapoda, Chilopoda)
Authors: Ganske Anne‐Sarah , Vahtera Varpu , Dányi László , Edgecombe Gregory D. , Akkari Nesrine 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPhylogenetic analyses based on molecular and morphological data were conducted to shed light on relationships within the mostly Palaearctic/Oriental centipede family Lithobiidae, with a particular focus on the Palaearctic genus Lithobius Leach, 1814 (Lithobiidae, Lithobiomorpha), which contains >500 species and subspecies. Previous studies based on morphological data resolved Lithobius as nonmonophyletic, but molecular‐based phylogenetic analyses have until now sampled few species. To elucidate species inter‐relationships of the genus, test the validity of its classification into subgenera, and infer its relationships with other Lithobiidae, we obtained molecular data (nuclear markers: 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA; mitochondrial markers: 16S rRNA, COI) and 61 morphological characters for 44 species of Lithobius representing four of its eight subgenera and nine other representatives of Lithobiidae. The data were analyzed phylogenetically using maximum‐likelihood, parsimony and Bayesian inference. This study suggests that (i) a close relationship between L. giganteus and the pterygotergine Disphaerobius loricatus highlighted in recent morphological analyses is also strongly supported by molecular data, and Pterygoterginae is formally synonymized with Lithobiinae; (ii) the Oriental/Australian genus Australobius is consistently resolved as sister group to all other sampled Lithobiidae by the molecular and combined data; (iii) the subfamily Ethopolyinae may be paraphyletic; (iv) the genus Lithobius is nonmonophyletic; (v) the subgenera Lithobius, Sigibius and Monotarsobius are nonmonophyletic and should not be used in future taxonomic studies; and (vi) there are instances of cryptic species and cases in which subspecies should be elevated to full species status, as identified for some European taxa within Lithobius.
Phylogenetic relationships and revised classification of the true bug infraorder Dipsocoromorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
Authors: Knyshov Alexander , Weirauch Christiane , Hoey‐Chamberlain Rochelle 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCurrently comprising only about 430 species, Dipsocoromorpha or minute litter bugs are one of the small infraorders of Heteroptera. They are classified into five morphologically distinct families––Ceratocombidae, Dipsocoridae, Hypsipterygidae, Schizopteridae and Stemmocryptidae––but relationships among and within these families are poorly understood owing to the lack of phylogenetic studies. A phylogenetic hypothesis based on combined molecular and morphological data is important to both evaluate and revise the higher‐level classification and to explore the evolutionary history of morphological features including elytriform (or beetle‐like) forewings, that seem to have evolved multiple times in this group, jumping devices, and the highly modified and diverse male genitalia. We here use a dataset combining Sanger‐derived (~4500 bp; 108 taxa) and Illumina‐generated (~7500 bp; 24 taxa) sequence data with a morphological matrix (159 characters) and taxon sampling that comprises all currently recognized family‐, subfamily‐ and tribal‐level taxa and comprehensive genus‐level sampling to investigate phylogenetic relationships within litter bugs. Our results support the monophyly of Dipsocoromorpha, Schizopteridae and Dipsocoridae, whereas Ceratocombidae and the schizopterine subfamily “Ogeriinae” are polyphyletic and paraphyletic, respectively. A new classification is proposed that recognizes six families, including Trichotonannidae, stat.n., and two subfamilies each within the two larger families Ceratocombidae and Schizopteridae. Ancestral state reconstructions outline the complex evolutionary history of many morphological characters, including 15 independent origins of elytriform forewings, and at least five shifts in the degree of genitalic asymmetry.
Characteristics and outcomes among patients with community‐acquired respiratory virus infections during the first year after lung transplantation
Authors: Mahan Luke D. , Kanade Rohan , Mohanka Manish R. , Bollineni Srinivas , Joerns John , Kaza Vaidehi , Torres Fernando , La Hoz Ricardo M. , Banga Amit 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe current study describes the spectrum of community‐acquired respiratory infections (CARV) during the first year after lung transplantation (LT). Additionally, we elucidate variables associated with CARV, management strategies utilized, and impact on early and late outcomes.MethodsThis was a retrospective study among patients transplanted between 2012 and 2015 (n = 255, mean age 55.6 ± 13.5 years, M: F 152:103). The diagnosis of CARV was based on the multiplex PCR on nasopharyngeal swab samples. Baseline characteristics, post‐transplant variables, and outcomes were compared among patients with and without CARV.ResultsEighty CARV infections developed among a quarter of the study group (n = 62, 24.3%). Rhinovirus/enterovirus was the most commonly isolated CARV (n = 24) followed by coronavirus (n = 17) and RSV (n = 9). A significant proportion of episodes (43.8%) required hospitalization. The use of nasal corticosteroids and left single LT was independently associated with an increased risk of CARV. CARV infections did not impact the lung functions during the first year or the CLAD‐free survival at 3 years.ConclusionsThere is a significant burden of CARV infections during the first year after LT. The use of nasal corticosteroids may increase the risk of CARV infection. CARV infections did not impact outcomes.
Hayekian complexity and the role of regulation in electricity markets
Authors: Oğuz Fuat 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUtilities worldwide have followed the natural monopoly model for more than a century. This has started to change in recent decades. Electricity systems have become complex, as interactions between participants become multidimensional. This article examines the knowledge problem in an increasingly complex electricity system. I argue that increasing complexity in the electricity system necessitates reconsideration of the regulatory tariff model for utilities.
Making sense of virus size and the tradeoffs shaping viral fitness
Authors: Edwards Kyle F. , Steward Grieg F. , Schvarcz Christopher R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractViruses span an impressive size range, with genome length varying a thousandfold and virion volume nearly a millionfold. For cellular organisms the scaling of traits with size is a pervasive influence on ecological processes, but whether size plays a central role in viral ecology is unknown. Here, we focus on viruses of aquatic unicellular organisms, which exhibit the greatest known range of virus size. We outline hypotheses within a quantitative framework, and analyse data where available, to consider how size affects the primary components of viral fitness. We argue that larger viruses have fewer offspring per infection and slower contact rates with host cells, but a larger genome tends to increase infection efficiency, broaden host range, and potentially increase attachment success and decrease decay rate. These countervailing selective pressures may explain why a breadth of sizes exist and even coexist when infecting the same host populations. Oligotrophic ecosystems may be enriched in “giant” viruses, because environments with resource‐limited phagotrophs at low concentrations may select for broader host range, better control of host metabolism, lower decay rate and a physical size that mimics bacterial prey. Finally, we describe where further research is needed to understand the ecology and evolution of viral size diversity.
Plaidoyer for a Social Europe
Authors: Vasquez Fernando 
Published: November 2020

Abstract‘It is with great sadness that his many friends learned of the passing of Fernando Vasquez, on 16 July 2020, in Porto. I met Fernando Vasquez some thirty years ago, at a time when, together with Jean‐Jacques Paris, another friend who recently passed away, and under the direction of Odile Quintin in DG V of the European Commission, he was working on building a Social Europe. That was before the European Union failed as a post‐liberal orthodoxy, driving along all Member States, in a race to the lowest social and fiscal bidder. As Frédéric Turlan reminds us, in a tribute published in the recent issue of Liaisons sociales Europe, n. 502, 23 July‐2 September 2020, Fernando Vasquez witnessed with lucidity this backsliding which has heavily contributed to the current disconnection between citizens and the European project, but it did not prevent him from relentlessly striving for more justice in the European Union. These efforts, his diagnosis, without complacency, of the current state of the Union and his most recent suggestions for ensuring both social and economic convergence under the aegis of solidarity, are retraced in his contribution to the Conference ‘Revisiting solidarity in Europe’, which was held on 18 and 19 June 2018 at the Collège de France in Paris. To honour his memory and as a testament to his commitment to a certain idea(l) of Europe, one which is true to its principles of democracy and social justice, here is the text of his contribution, a call, and his last plaidoyer, for a social Europe.’Alain Supiot, Emeritus Professor at the Collège de France in Paris.
The effects of oral discussion and text chat on L2 Chinese writing
Authors: Kessler Matt , Polio Charlene , Xu Cuiqin , Hao Xuefei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNumerous studies have investigated the effects of prewriting tasks on writing quality and language (e.g., individual vs. collaborative planning, text‐chat vs. face‐to‐face [FTF] discussion, etc.). Recent meta‐analyses have found a small advantage for text chat on writing, but no studies involved logographic languages, for which character learning may limit and tax language production. In this study we explore this issue, as university learners of Chinese (N = 10) engaged in prewriting discussions orally and via text chat followed by a timed‐writing task. Results show that during FTF planning, students engaged in talk that was greater in terms of discussion length and number of turns; in students' writing, FTF planning resulted in increased lexical complexity and syntactic richness. Our results contradict theoretical perspectives suggesting that text chat might be more advantageous, as well as one empirical study by Liao. Finally, we discuss the implications for learning to write in a non‐alphabetic language.
Periodic albinism of a widely used albino mutant of Xenopus laevis caused by deletion of two exons in the Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome type 4 gene
Authors: Fukuzawa Toshihiko 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe periodic albino mutant of Xenopus laevis is a recessive mutant, in which reduced amounts of melanin appear in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and in melanophores at the late embryonic stage, after which both RPE and melanophores gradually depigment. Three types of pigment cells (melanophores, iridophores and xanthophores) have been reported to be affected in this albino. However, the causative gene of the periodic albinism remains unknown. Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects humans and mice, which is caused by defective biogenesis of lysosome‐related organelles (LROs). Two subgenomes (L and S) are present in the allotetraploid frog X. laevis. Comparison of genes between the chromosomes 1L and 1S revealed that the HPS type 4 (hps4) gene was present only in chromosome 1L. In the albino mutant, a 1.9 kb genomic deletion in the hps4.L gene including exons 7 and 8 caused a premature stop codon to create a truncated Hps4 protein. Injection of wild‐type hps4.L mRNA into mutant embryos rescued the albino phenotype. These findings indicate that hps4 is a causative gene for the periodic albinism in X. laevis. The phenotype of this mutant should be reassessed from the perspective of LRO biogenesis.
Lymph node dissection for bladder cancer: Current standards and the latest evidence
Authors: Nakagawa Tohru 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLymph node dissection is an indispensable component of radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Information obtained with lymph node dissection is highly predictive of patient survival, affecting decision‐making for adjuvant therapy (diagnostic role). Also, lymph node dissection provides survival benefits in certain patients by removing metastasized nodes (therapeutic role). However, an optimal extent of lymph node dissection has not been established yet. Data from surgical mapping studies showed that approximately 10% of the primary lymphatic landing sites were common iliac nodes, suggesting that lymph node dissection below the common iliac bifurcation is suboptimal. Several retrospective studies have shown a possible survival advantage with more extended lymph node dissection. However, the results of the first prospective randomized controlled trial failed to prove the survival advantage of extended lymph node dissection up to the level of the inferior mesenteric artery, compared with lymph node dissection below the bifurcation of the common iliac artery. Currently, lymph node dissection templates recommended by major guidelines are not consistent with each other. Furthermore, the evidence is limited in the settings of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, robot‐assisted surgery and high‐risk non‐muscle‐invasive disease. Physicians need to decide the extent of lymph node dissection for each patient, taking into account the potential survival benefit and possible harms of extended lymph node dissection. Another randomized controlled trial is currently underway and will provide further evidence shortly.
Knowledge synthesis: How to improve the use of evidence from clinical trials?
Authors: Sarkis‐Onofre Rafael , Agostini Bernardo Antonio 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe value of systematic reviews (SRs) is determined by methodology and reporting quality of primary studies and how the SR is conducted and reported.AimThis study discusses key aspects of clinical trials (CTs) that might affect the value of SRs.DesignNarrative review.ResultsWe highlighted the following CT factors that could affect SR value: Defining the purpose of CTs is important because it could directly impact whether an SR question is appropriately answered and formulated; choose the most appropriate intervention to answer a proposed SR question is critical because we can exclude or include different studies, directly influencing selection bias; when conducting SRs, the study's search must be restricted to equal or highly similar comparison groups, allowing suitable comparisons of the outcomes’ estimates; in SRs, it may be interesting to explore the effect of the most common definition of the disease used in clinical practice, being useful in evidence‐based dentistry and easily translated to daily practitioners; and deficiencies in CT reporting can lead to unusable reports, biased results, and conclusions.ConclusionAll aspects discussed were found to be important for improving the use of evidence from CTs.
Digital resilience: How rural communities leapfrogged into sustainable development
Authors: Tim Yenni , Cui Lili , Sheng Zhenzhong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDigital social innovation (DSI)—the novel use of digital technology to address societal challenges—plays a critical role in our collective pursuit of sustainable development. In this practitioner paper, we present an in‐depth DSI case study where the grassroots communities in a remote county leveraged e‐commerce to leapfrog out of poverty, becoming successful entrepreneurs with online businesses that thrive on a global scale. Based on this case study, we first discuss three leapfrogging opportunities afforded by e‐commerce, which were successfully embraced by the grassroots communities to begin the transformative journey. We then reveal three obstacles that emerged during the technology leapfrogging process, which have challenged the sustainability of the grassroots DSI endeavour. Lastly, we discuss three top‐down interventions that have been instrumental in overcoming the bottleneck of grassroots leapfrogging development and subsequently nurture a self‐sustaining, resilient community. Overall, by discussing some of the common barriers to the growth and sustainability of DSI, and how they have been addressed, this article offers insights and recommendations for policymakers, public and private sector practitioners, and communities in underdeveloped regions to navigate both the potentials and pitfalls of technology leapfrogging, and ultimately build a pathway towards resilience and sustainability.