bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond tit-for-tat in cyberspace: Political warfare and lateral sources of escalation online
Authors: Whyte Christopher 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAt present, most scholarship on the potential for escalation in cyberspace couches analysis in terms of the technological dynamics of the domain for relative power maneuvering. The result has been a conceptualisation of the logic of operation in cyberspace as one of ‘tit-for-tat’ exchanges motivated by attribution problems and limited opportunity for strategic gain. This article argues that this dominant perspective overlooks alternative notions of how cyber tools are used to influence. This, in turn, has largely led scholars to ignore second-order effects – meaning follow-on effects triggered by a more direct outcome of an initial cyber action – on domestic conditions, institutions, and individual stakeholders. This article uses the case of cyber-enabled political warfare targeting the United States in 2016 to show how escalation can occur as a second-order effect of cyber operations. Specifically, the episode led to a re-evaluation of foreign cyber strategy on the part of American defence thinkers that motivated an offensive shift in doctrine by 2018. The episode also directly affected both the political positions taken by important domestic actors and the attitude of parts of the electorate towards interference, both of which have reinforced the commitment of military planners towards assertive cyber actions.
The Tragedy of the Judiciary: An Inquiry into the Economic Nature of Law and Courts
Authors: Gico Ivo Teixeira 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis Article explores the economic nature of law and courts as an explanation for the world’s endemic court congestion problem. The economic theory of goods and services is used to demonstrate that law has a dual nature—coercion and compliance—and that law as coercion is actually a club good that requires a complementary good to be useful, courts. But because courts are private goods in nature, the bundled product will behave as a private good. However, the unrestricted implementation of access-to-justice policies with the objective of increasing the people’s access to courts will transform the bundled product into a common pool resource. The counterintuitive result of this transformation is that granting unrestricted access to justice might actually prevent people from accessing their rights—the tragedy of the judiciary. Two policy implications are explored: The importance of legal certainty for the tragedy mitigation, and the potentially adverse selection problem resulting from court congestion.
The Anaemic Existence of the Overriding Public Interest in Disclosure in the EU’s Access to Documents Regime
Authors: Wyatt Daniel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAccording to Regulation 1049/2001, which creates the EU’s public access to documents regime, all EU documents should hypothetically be publicly accessible, except for those that fall within explicitly protected interests. A number of these exceptions to disclosure, however, function such that documents covered by them do not have to be disclosed if their release would harm a protected interest unless there is an “overriding public interest in disclosure” exists in the circumstances. The purpose of this Article is to offer a critical examination of this concept of the overriding public interest as interpreted by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). In the first part, the notion of the public interest generally is discussed from a theoretical perspective. Following this, a thorough analysis of case law concerning the overriding public interest is presented. Finally, this Article presents a critical commentary of the CJEU’s understanding of the concept. This Article essentially seeks to argue, inter alia, that the CJEU’s interpretation has resulted in democratically unaccountable bureaucrats of the EU effectively becoming the sole arbiters of the existence and content of the overriding public interest in disclosure under Regulation 1049/2001, a situation that is fundamentally unsatisfactory.
German Anti-Stalking Legislation and Its Recent Changes
Authors: Ropers Anni , Ebner Viola , Burgard Selina , Zucker Julia , Erber Michael 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn 2013, 19,775 people were investigated for stalking. Of those nearly twenty thousand people, however, only a small fraction were convicted. This Article explores the methods employed under German law in striving to combat stalking (Nachstellung), the problems arising the refrom, and the most recent changes in stalking legislation. While numbers can illustrate the flaws of a seemingly malfunctioning system easily, identifying the causes and eradicating them is a more complex matter.
From the European Stability Mechanism to the European Monetary Fund: There and Back Again
Authors: Megliani Mauro 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn December 2018, the Euro Summit endorsed the Term Sheet on the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) reform prepared by the Eurogroup. In this context, the Euro Summit did not acknowledge the proposal of the European Commission to transform the ESM into the European Monetary Fund (EMF), but simply gave the Eurogroup a mandate to draft the relevant amendments to the ESM Treaty and submit them to the European Council of June 2019. Nonetheless, the justifications for the incorporation of the ESM into the body of the European Treaties continue to be valid and may come back into play. In this respect, it is worth highlighting two flaws that have emerged in the proposed transformation of the ESM into the EMF. First, the ESM Treaty does not contain any rule about extinction and transfer of functions. Second, the Commission’s proposal did not clarify what status the EMF would have enjoyed in the EU legal framework.
Jens Meierhenrich’s, The Remnants of the Rechtsstaat: An Ethnography of Nazi Law
Authors: Graver Hans Petter 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMeierhenrich’s book is an important book. For those seeking to learn about law under Nazism, it gives an excellent introduction. It is also highly relevant to the understanding of the general relationship between law and authoritarianism. This makes the book important for all who are concerned about the fate of the rule of law today.
Screening for COVID-19: Patient factors predicting positive PCR test
Authors: Challener Douglas W. , Challener Gregory J. , Gow-Lee Vanessa J. , Fida Madiha , Shah Aditya S. , O’Horo John C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTo inform the efficient allocation of testing resources, we evaluated the characteristics of those tested for COVID-19 to determine predictors of a positive test. Recent travel and exposure to a confirmed case were both highly predictive of positive testing. Symptom-based screening strategies alone may be inadequate to control the ongoing pandemic.
Adjusting to austerity: the public spending responses of regional governments to the budget constraint in Spain and Italy
Authors: Toubeau Simon , Vampa Davide 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhat are the effects of fiscal imbalances, and austerity, on regional-level spending? To answer this question, we examine an original dataset of yearly spending decisions of regional governments in Italy and Spain between 2003 and 2015. We find that the rise in regional deficits has an important negative effect on regional governments’ spending. The strength of this effect is, however, mitigated by the presence of a left-wing party in regional office. In addition, we uncover an important variation in the extent of cutbacks across policy sectors: regional governments tend to protect the health sector and focus their retrenchment efforts on social assistance and running of public institutions. Partisanship matters here too, as left-wing parties tend to protect healthcare more than their right-wing rivals. These findings bear relevance for understanding the role of partisanship and policy sector in the process of public retrenchment in multi-level states.
Multisite randomized efficacy trial of educational materials for young children with incarcerated parents
Authors: Poehlmann-Tynan Julie , Cuthrell Hilary , Weymouth Lindsay , Burnson Cynthia , Frerks Lexi , Muentner Luke , Holder Nicole , Milavetz Zoe , Lauter Lauren , Hindt Lauren , Davis Laurel , Schubert Erin , Shlafer Rebecca 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAlthough children with incarcerated parents exhibit more behavior problems, health concerns, and academic difficulties than their peers, few interventions or resources are available to support affected children. This randomized, controlled, multisite efficacy trial evaluated Sesame Street’s "Little Children, Big Challenges: Incarceration" initiative with children aged 3 to 8 years with a jailed father. Seventy-one diverse children and their caregivers were randomized to an educational outreach group (n = 32) or wait list control group (n = 39). Researchers observed children during jail visits and interviewed caregivers by phone 2 and 4 weeks later. The effects of the intervention on children’s behavior and emotions occurring during a jail visit depended on what children had been told about the father’s incarceration. Children who were told honest, developmentally appropriate explanations showed less negative affect at entry, an increase in negative affect when the intervention was administered, and a decrease in negative affect during the visit. Intervention group children who were told distortions, nothing, or explanations that were not developmentally appropriate showed more negative affect initially, and their negative affect remained relatively stable during their time in the jail. In addition, children who were told the simple, honest truth about the parent’s incarceration (a recommendation in the educational materials) exhibited more positive affect during the visit, with a medium effect size. Caregivers in the educational outreach group reported more positive change in how they talked to children about the incarceration over time compared to the control group.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor among patients with alcoholism
Authors: Martín-González Candelaria , Romero-Acevedo Lucía , Fernández-Rodríguez Camino María , Medina-Vega Lilian , García-Rodríguez Alen , Ortega-Toledo Paula , González-Navarrete Lourdes , Vera-Delgado Víctor Eugenio , González-Reimers Emilio 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundBrain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in neurogenesis and in the protection against oxidative damage and neuronal apoptosis. After exercise, there is an increased expression of this myokine, especially in skeletal muscle and brain. Low BDNF levels have been described in neurodegenerative diseases. Alcoholics show both muscle atrophy and brain atrophy. Thus, this study was performed in order to analyze serum BDNF levels among alcoholics and their associations with brain atrophy and muscle strength.MethodsSerum BDNF values were determined to 82 male alcoholics and 27 age-matched controls, and compared with handgrip strength, with the presence of brain atrophy, assessed by computed tomography, and with the intensity of alcoholism and liver function derangement.ResultsBDNF levels and handgrip strength were significantly lower among patients. Handgrip strength was correlated with BDNF values, both in the whole population and in alcoholics, especially in patients over 59 years of age. BDNF was poorly related to liver dysfunction but showed no relationship with brain atrophy or age.ConclusionChronic alcoholics show decreased BDNF serum levels that are related to muscle function impairment rather than to age, brain atrophy, liver dysfunction, or the amount of ethanol consumed.
Plasma redox and inflammatory patterns during major depressive episodes: a cross-sectional investigation in elderly patients with mood disorders
Authors: Carpita Barbara , Betti Laura , Palego Lionella , Bartolommei Natalia , Chico Lucia , Pasquali Livia , Siciliano Gabriele , Monzani Fabio , Franchi Riccardo , Rogani Sara , Mucci Federico , Elefante Camilla , Lattanzi Lorenzo , Marazziti Donatella , Giannaccini Gino , Dell’Osso Liliana 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundWhile both depression and aging have been associated with oxidative stress and impaired immune response, little is known about redox patterns in elderly depressed subjects. This study investigates the relationship between redox/inflammatory patterns and depression in a sample of elderly adults.MethodsThe plasma levels of the advanced products of protein oxidation (AOPP), catalase (CAT), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), glutathione transferase (GST), interleukin 6 (IL-6), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total thiols (TT), and uric acid (UA) were evaluated in 30 patients with mood disorders with a current depressive episode (depressed patients, DP) as well as in 30 healthy controls (HC) aged 65 years and over. Subjects were assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A), the Geriatric Depression Rating Scale (GDS), the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI), the Reason for Living Inventory (RFL), the Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and the Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL).ResultsDP showed higher levels than HC of AOPP and IL-6, while displaying lower levels of FRAP, TT, and CAT. In the DP group, specific correlations were found among biochemical parameters. SOD, FRAP, UA, and TT levels were also significantly related to psychometric scale scores.ConclusionSpecific alterations of redox systems are detectable among elderly DP.
Cognitive Heterogeneity across Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: A Cluster Analysis of Intellectual Trajectories
Authors: Vaskinn Anja , Haatveit Beathe , Melle Ingrid , Andreassen Ole A. , Ueland Torill , Sundet Kjetil 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjective:Cognitive dysfunction cut across diagnostic categories and is present in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, although with considerable heterogeneity in both disorders. This study examined if distinct cognitive subgroups could be identified across schizophrenia and bipolar disorder based on the intellectual trajectory from the premorbid phase to after illness onset.Method:Three hundred and ninety-eight individuals with schizophrenia (n = 223) or bipolar I disorder (n = 175) underwent clinical and neuropsychological assessment. Hierarchical and k-means cluster analyses using premorbid (National Adult Reading Test) and current IQ (Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence) estimates were performed for each diagnostic category, and the whole sample collapsed. Resulting clusters were compared on neuropsychological, functional, and clinical variables. Healthy controls (n = 476) were included for analyses of neuropsychological performance.Results:Cluster analyses consistently yielded three clusters: a relatively intact group (36% of whole sample), an intermediate group with mild cognitive impairment (44%), and an impaired group with global deficits (20%). The clusters were validated by multinomial logistic regression and differed significantly for neuropsychological, functional, and clinical measures. The relatively intact group (32% of the schizophrenia sample and 42% of the bipolar sample) performed below healthy controls for speeded neuropsychological tests.Conclusions:Three cognitive clusters were identified across schizophrenia and bipolar disorder using premorbid and current IQ estimates. Groups differed for clinical, functional, and neuropsychological variables, implying their meaningfulness. One-third of the schizophrenia sample belonged to the relatively intact group, highlighting that neuropsychological assessment is needed for the precise characterization of the individual.
The nutritional quality of supermarket own brand chilled convenience foods: an Australian cross-sectional study reveals limitations of the Health Star Rating
Authors: Pulker Claire Elizabeth , Farquhar Heather Robertson , Pollard Christina Mary , Scott Jane Anne 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjective:To assess the nutritional quality of Australian supermarket own brand chilled convenience foods (SOBCCF), for example, ready meals, pizza, pies and desserts.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:Two large supermarkets (Coles and Woolworths) in Perth, Western Australia were audited in February 2017.Participants:Data were extracted from photographic images of 291 SOBCCF, including front-of-pack information (i.e. product name, description and nutrition labels including Health Star Rating (HSR)) and back-of-pack information (i.e. nutrition information panel and ingredients list). SOBCCF were classified as healthy or unhealthy consistent with principles of the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGTHE), NOVA classification of level of food processing and HSR score.Results:Fifty-four percentage of SOBCCF were classified as unhealthy according to AGTHE principles, 94 % were ultra-processed foods using NOVA and 81 % scored a HSR of ≥2·5, implying that they were a healthy choice. Some convenience food groups comprised more healthy choices overall including prepared vegetables, salad kits and bowls, soups and vegetarian food. A significantly larger proportion of SOBCCF from Coles were classified as unhealthy compared with Woolworths (70 v. 44 %, P < 0·05) using the AGTHE.Conclusions:The findings suggest there is potential for Australian supermarkets to improve the nutritional quality of their SOBCCF and highlights the differences between supermarkets in applying their corporate social responsibility policies. Policies to assist consumers to select healthier foods should address difficulties in identifying healthy convenience foods. The findings reveal misclassification of unhealthy SOBCCF as healthy by the HSR suggesting that its algorithm should be reformed to align with recommendations of the AGTHE.
The association of parenting practices with toddlers’ dietary intake and BMI, and the moderating role of general parenting and child temperament
Authors: Gubbels Jessica S , Gerards Sanne MPL , Kremers Stef PJ 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjective:The objective was to examine the association between parenting practices, toddler’s dietary intake and BMI. In addition, potential moderation of these associations by general parenting and child temperament was examined.Design:The current cross-sectional study assessed parenting practices using the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire, general parenting using the Comprehensive General Parenting Questionnaire, child temperament using the Child Behavior Check List, and children’s dietary intake through parental questionnaires. Children’s weight and length were objectively measured to determine BMI z-scores. Associations were examined using multiple linear regression analyses. Moderation was examined using interaction terms.Setting:Home setting.Participants:393 Dutch toddlers (age 1–3 years) and their parents recruited through fifty childcare centres and preschools in the Netherlands.Results:Various practices were related to children’s diet and BMI. For instance, the availability of healthy foods is the most important predictor of healthy dietary intake (e.g. β = –0·35 for sweets; β = 0·18 for fruit). The association of availability with a healthier diet was strongest when parents scored low on the positive parenting style dimensions, including nurturance, structure and/or behavioural control. In addition, it seemed that a high availability of healthy foods and low availability of unhealthy foods is especially beneficial for children showing withdrawal/depressive, anxious or overactive behaviour, while encouraging balance and variety is not beneficial for these children. All other practices were related to children’s diet and/or BMI as well.Conclusions:The findings underline the importance of viewing the impact of parenting practices in the context of general parenting and child temperament.
Morphological and Histochemical Characterization of the Dermal Plates of Pleco (Hypostomus plecostomus)
Authors: Soliman Soha A. , Kamal Basma Mohamed , Abuo-Elhmad Alaa S. , Abd-Elhafeez Hanan H. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStudying the dermal skeleton in fish is valuable for phylogenetic specification. The current study describes the detailed structure of the plecostomus dermal skeleton, including its morphogenesis and distribution in the skin. The denticles have a crown and a basal part and are embedded in bony depressions, to which they are attached by denticle ligaments. During denticle morphogenesis, denticle papillae formed from denticle precursor cells align in two cellular layers: an outer ameloblast precursor layer and an inner odontoblast precursor layer. The ameloblast precursors and odontoblast precursors differentiate and secrete enamel and dentine, respectively. We used different histochemical techniques, including Crossmon's trichrome staining, Weigert–Van Gieson staining, periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining, combined Alcian blue (AB; pH 2.5)/PAS staining, Weigert–Van Gieson staining, Mallory trichrome staining, and AB staining to distinguish the dentine and denticle ligaments. We used acridine orange to detect lysosome activity during denticle eruption. Transmission electron microscopy was used to detect the denticle ultrastructure, and scanning electron microscopy was used to detect the topographic distributions of different types of dermal tissues in different anatomical regions.
The Global Diffusion of the #MeToo Movement
Authors: Lee Myunghee , Murdie Amanda 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhy is the #MeToo movement very active in some countries but not in others? What factors encourage the transnational diffusion of digital feminist activism? Although transnational forces are important, we argue that domestic political opportunity structures play a more significant role than transnational influences in the country-level diffusion of #MeToo. We collected 35,211 global tweets and used Bayesian statistical modeling to test the implications of our theory. Our findings support the idea that as a country better protects its citizens’ political and civil rights and civil liberties, individuals in that country are more likely to engage in the #MeToo movement.
Design of a wearable MIMO antenna deployed with an inverted U-shaped ground stub for diversity performance enhancement
Authors: Gupta Anupma , Kansal Ankush , Chawla Paras 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA compact multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna operating at 2.45 GHz industrial scientific and medical band is presented for wearable devices. Open-end slotting is used to miniaturize the antenna dimensions. Inverted U-shaped ground stub is incorporated to reduce mutual coupling. On-body performance is analyzed on a three-layered equivalent tissue phantom model. The wide bandwidth of 300 MHz and port isolation of 30 dB are obtained from measured results. The antenna shows the efficiency of 40% and directivity of 4.56 dBi when placed at a gap of “s” = 4 mm from the body. Broadside radiation pattern and low specific absorption rate make the antenna suitable for on-body communication. Further, diversity performance is measured in terms of envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), and channel capacity loss (CCL). The value of ECC is 0.025, DG is 9.98 dB, and CCL is 0.12 bits/s/Hz at 2.45 GHz. Antenna robustness is examined by bending the structure at different radii along the x-axis and y-axis. Performance of the proposed structure is reliable with structural deformation.