bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enochic Traditions
Authors: Boccaccini Gabriele 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The period between the fifteenth and the nineteenth centuries is a crucial yet neglected period in the reception history of Enochic traditions. The Enoch books were “lost” in the West; Enoch, however, was anything but forgotten in Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and Hermetic circles. The Christian Cabalists (Pico della Mirandola, Johannes Reuchlin, Guillaume Postel) were the first to actively pursue the search for the lost Enoch. In the mid-sixteenth century with the arrival of the first Ethiopic monks from Ethiopia also came the news that 1 Enoch was there preserved. Rumors about the presence of an Enoch manuscript in the library of Nicolas de Pereics were widespread but proved to be unfounded. While Enoch remained popular in esoteric and visionary circles, the publication of the Greek fragments by Scaliger in 1606 led to the composition of the first scholarly commentaries by Sgambati (1703), Sarnelli (1710), and Fabricius (1713). Eventually, in 1773, James Bruce came back from Ethiopia with four MSS of 1 Enoch. Having emancipated the text from esoteric and magic concerns, contemporary research on Enoch could now begin with the publication, in 1821, of the first English translation of 1 Enoch by Richard Laurence.
Theoretical Underpinnings
Authors: Pozzulo Joanna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses familiarity from a cognitive psychological lens. For example, it examines cognitive theories of familiarity. It discusses the discrepancy-attribution hypothesis, heuristics, and valence and how each of these can lead to a sense of familiarity. The chapter also discusses face processing and face recognition. Typically, people process faces either holistically or featurally; this chapter describes how face familiarity is either enhanced or hindered by the way in which faces are processed. Given the understanding of how familiarity impacts people’s ability to process and recognize a face, the chapter discusses how familiarity also influences facial recognition irrespective of the eyewitness paradigm. The chapter then discusses research concerning exposure duration and remember–know–guess and familiarity. It concludes with a discussion of face recognition in a legal context.
Factors That Can Interact with Familiarity
Authors: Pozzulo Joanna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses system variables that are under the control of the criminal justice system and can be manipulated after the crime has occurred, such as the type of lineup procedure shown to the eyewitness. The chapter first discusses recall memory and the different interviewing protocols and how these may interact with familiarity to influence an eyewitness’ memory of the perpetrator as well as the environment and event. Next, the chapter focuses on recognition memory, specifically lineup identification. The different lineup procedures used to collect eyewitness evidence are discussed, in addition to how each procedure may promote higher rates of accuracy and eyewitness confidence when a familiar-stranger is the perpetrator. Last, the chapter discusses unconscious transference and the commitment effect.
How Persuasive Is an Eyewitness Who Is Familiar with the Defendant?
Authors: Pozzulo Joanna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on familiarity in the courtroom. Specifically, this chapter describes how familiarity between an eyewitness and a defendant affects juror decision-making in terms of perceptions of guilt and credibility of both the eyewitness and the defendant. The chapter describes how familiarity has been operationalized in the juror decision-making literature and discusses various definitions of familiarity, such as exposure duration, number of exposures, and the context of the relationship between the eyewitness and defendant. Research examining how familiarity influences jurors’ judgments is summarized. The chapter also discusses the association between familiarity and eyewitness confidence and its impact on jurors. The chapter concludes by describing familiarity within the context of real court cases, the use of expert testimony, and how familiarity may have affected judges’ rulings.
From Newcomers to Incipient Constituency
Authors: Veugelers John W.P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the reception of the Europeans of Algeria in Toulon, where politicians and civil society mobilized to help them. The Var department contained milieus sympathetic to the cause of French Algeria. The major Mediterranean port of the French Navy was located in Toulon, thus home to a concentration of right-wing conservatives. During the Algerian War, nationalist organizations opposed to the colony’s independence used Toulon as a base for activism, recruitment, and mobilization. When the settlers arrived, the right-wing politicians who governed this city were ready to quit the Gaullist party. After the ex-colonials arrived, they took this step.
Discourse and Politics
Authors: Veugelers John W.P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between front- and back-stage discourse in locating the nature and extent of the affinity between the ex-colonials and the far right. The front stage discourse of the far right avoids the folkways, Orientalism, and collective memory of the French of Algeria, whose front-stage discourse in turn avoids partisanship. The backstage discourse of each reveals a stronger affinity: the party newspaper shows a preoccupation with French Algeria (as well as Pétainism); and the private discourse of the ex-colonials shows signs of nativism, populism, anti-communism, and suspicion of Islam. Divergences remain, significantly, over republicanism, anti-Semitism, and the deeper tradition of the French far right.
Identity, Ethics, and the Deaf Community
Authors: Burke Teresa Blankmeyer 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
From the vantage point of philosophy, this chapter discusses identities using a philosophical stance with specific focus on the ethics dimension of what deaf identity means. The author, a deaf philosopher, explores the American Sign Language representation of the word philosophy and briefly describes the role of philosophy per se in exploring the roles of metaphysics and epistemology. She introduces an analytical philosophical approach to the topic of ethics and deaf identities that involves concept clarification, analysis of brief examples, and posing specific kinds of questions that are typical of this discipline. The chapter ends with a plea for academics and community participants to continue exploring explicit identification of beliefs about the nature and meaning of deaf identity.
The Body as a Canvas: Developing a Deaf Bodily Habitus in Deaf Signing Preschools
Authors: Graham Patrick J. , Tobin Joseph J. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The authors of this chapter, one deaf and one hearing, are educational anthropologists who explore how deaf bodies become social agents that mediate the spaces around them. They describe their research in signing preschools located in three different countries that provide opportunities for deaf children to learn their country’s formal sign language, be introduced to Deaf culture, and acquire a Deaf habitus. There are detailed examples of the process by which these children acquire social awareness and physical approaches to create cultural perspectives of their bodies as representative of their society and of deaf identities. Readers will see how teachers can support the early development of a Deaf bodily habitus by introducing Deaf cultural norms of eye gaze, attention elicitation strategies, joint attention, facial expressions, and body language, which are some of the building blocks of a culturally Deaf identity.
Minimizing the Impact of Language Deprivation and Limited Access to Role Models on Deaf Identity Development in Children and Young Adults: Global Perspectives for Positive Change
Authors: De Clerck Goedele A. M. , Golos Debbie 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The implications of language deprivation for identity development in deaf people are not frequently treated in the literature. For this chapter, a deaf anthropologist/social scientist and a hearing deaf educator partnered to explore the implications of language deprivation for deaf identities and present strategies to encourage the internalization of positive deaf identities in the face of limited linguistic input. The reader will find descriptions of the impact of language deprivation from a global perspective on two periods of the life course: early childhood and young adulthood. To counteract this deprivation, the authors describe research-based interventions that combine language and identity development using creative visual and digital approaches of storytelling and exposure to Deaf role models for both children and young adults.
Stories in the Building of Deaf Identity: The Potential of Life Storytelling to Enhance Deaf Flourishing and Well-Being
Authors: De Clerck Goedele A. M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
To encourage resilience and well-being, this chapter by a deaf anthropologist, social scientist and psychotherapist describes storytelling as a strategy that is critical for the formation of personal and collective deaf identities. She introduces the “anthropology of deaf flourishing” to illustrate how deaf identity can be understood as a complex process of learning through interacting with changing cultural contexts and multiple communities in which deaf people participate and narrate their life experiences. The signed storytelling is framed as a cultural resource and tool for transformation that enables deaf storytellers to generate agency, position themselves contextually, and creatively alter their stories to increase their potential. Findings from a study in the United Kingdom support the power of storytelling as a deaf cultural resource that allows deaf refugees to internalize the potential for resilience and well-being.
The Innate Right of Humanity and the Right to Justification
Authors: Ripstein Arthur 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
At the heart of Rainer Forst’s systematic approach to political philosophy is the ‘right to justification’, which, he contends, underlies and provides the basis for all other rights that people have against each other. Drawing on Kant, Rawls, and Habermas, Forst seeks to characterize this right through an examination of the claims that human beings, as free and equal and as rational and social, have against those whose acts affect them. This chapter considers two versions of the idea that everyone who is suitably affected has a right to have the actions (including the effects of those actions) of others justified to them.
Practical Justice
Authors: Schlink Bernhard 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines practical justice, the practice of solving problems that are generally understood as problems pertaining to justice, wherever these arise. It juxtaposes Forst’s paradigm of justice as justifiability with a paradigm of distributive justice. Contradicting Adorno’s famous dictum that there could be no right life within the false one, the chapter follows an ethos of practice which consists in acting in accordance with the demands of justice notwithstanding unjust contexts around us. It then defends the distributive paradigm against criticism, noting that justice also distributes the burden of argumentation in a particular way, as well as the close relation between equality and freedom.
Proportionality and Justification
Authors: Klatt Matthias 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents a normative defense of proportionality’s absolute validity, arguing that proportionality is one of the central rules that establish the space of reasons. Proportionality enables the construction of a justified and well-founded basis for the rational application of human rights. The normative basis of proportionality lies in a moral right to justification. To explore this idea, the chapter begins by explaining the meaning of a right to justification. Next, it explores how it relates to the proportionality test. Building upon the distinction between internal and external justification of rights reasoning, it also addresses the universality problem that consists in doubts about the global validity of the right to justification. It defends the international and transnational validity of the right to justification against claims to cultural relativity by discussing the application of human rights. This, in turn, allows a defense of Forst’s right to justification as a robust fundament of discursive global constitutionalism.
Harden the Health Care System, and Make It Smarter
Authors: and Hill 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Climate change will introduce new stresses to human health, and not only from the geographical expansion of vector-borne diseases. Because climate change affects basic elements central to human survival—air, food, and water—more people in more places will face public health threats. Despite the clear and present danger climate change poses to public health, the efforts of the medical profession and public health authorities to date have not matched the urgency of the problem and remain too reactive. This chapter focuses on a relatively narrow but important element of the response—the reliability and effectiveness of the systems for delivering medical services. Communities, governments, and global institutions must develop ways to provide health care in a changing climate. It will be important to harden the infrastructure supporting the health care system so it can withstand climate impacts and still deliver services. Health care systems must also be made smarter, which means training health care providers about climate-exacerbated conditions, putting in place predictive and early-warning systems, and finding more effective ways to protect and attend to the most vulnerable people.
Buffer Growing Inequality
Authors: and Hill 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Climate change will touch virtually every country in the world and every region of the United States, but it will not affect every place and person equally. Small island states, for example, face an existential risk from sea-level rise and industry loss. The impacts of climate change deprive communities of resources, and social prejudice can impose the bulk of that scarcity on women and girls, with severe consequences. This chapter describes how climate change magnifies existing economic and social inequalities and identifies strategies that can help buffer this effect. Looking through a wide-angle lens, it views the nexus of climate change and inequality from a global perspective before homing in on the United States.
Who Did It? Attribution of Cyber Intrusions and the Jus in Bello
Authors: Banks William 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The central concepts that make up the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) have not been easy to adapt to cyber operations. In addition to their kinetic history and orientation, the core LOAC principles do not in most instances anticipate the kind of cyber-specific analysis that should accompany the use of increasingly advanced cyber systems and tools in conflict. Cyber operations rarely cause physical damage, much less injury or death. More often they cause cyber harm—by corrupting, manipulating or stealing data, denying access to a website, or interfering temporarily with the functionality of information systems. Or they indirectly disrupt or damage objects that are not part of the cyber domain. Measuring the harm from a cyber incident and calculating that harm in ways that the LOAC credits remains challenging, as does defining and distinguishing civilian and military objects, and accounting for the indirect effects of cyber operations. The LOAC also has not settled on a legal status for critical national security-related components of the cyber domain, including data and dual-use infrastructure.
The Law of Armed Conflict Implications of Covered or Concealed Cyber Operations
Authors: Corn Gary P. , Pascucci Peter P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the complex Law of War issues of distinction as applied to cyber operations. Cyberspace is now widely recognized as an operational domain of conflict and states are adopting cyber capabilities and operational constructs as means and methods of warfare at an increasing rate. Owing to the nature of this new and unique domain, operations security is at a premium. The use of cover and concealment and, at some level, the deception inherent thereto directly implicates in novel ways the traditional LOAC rules designed to ensure respect for the principle of honor in the conduct of hostilities and to protect civilians and civilian objects from the dangers of war. These rules must be interpreted in light of the unique aspects of cyberspace and the distinctive challenges it poses. A better understanding of how the cardinal principle of distinction and the LOAC rules meant to implement it awaits elucidation through state practice and opinion. In the meantime, thoughtful discussion and detailed analysis of the issues of perfidy, ruses, and the passive precautions rule are necessary to ensure that the spirit and intent of the LOAC are properly balanced against military necessity.
Sanctuary Cities, Crime, and Incorporation
Authors: Collingwood Loren , O’Brien Benjamin Gonzalez 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
One of the chief complaints raised against sanctuary cities is that they can increase crime, while one argument in their favor is that they can increase the incorporation of Latino and immigrant communities. This chapter analyzes both the positive and negative effects of sanctuary polices, finding that these policies have no effect on crime rates when comparable cities are compared to one another and when crime rates pre/post sanctuary are examined. The findings show that sanctuary policies can have positive effects, potentially increasing both Latino voter turnout and police force representation. While sanctuary policies are found to have few downsides and potential positive benefits, antisanctuary legislation like Texas’s SB4 are found to have a negative effect. In high-immigrant areas, antisanctuary legislation is found to depress the number of 911 calls, suggesting that antisanctuary legislation does in fact reduce crime reporting, as opponents claim.
Book Burning—American Style
Authors: Peiss Kathy 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The American military government in Germany faced a particular problem of mass acquisitions tied to postwar occupation policy. The Allies had agreed to purge Nazism from the German book world. The military confiscated countless volumes, sequestering and even destroying them. Bookstores and publishers had been forced to surrender these works. Over time this became an operation to make an entire body of published works inaccessible and unreadable. Communications experts, social scientists, progressive educators, and librarians applied their expertise to achieve this goal. However, when Order No. 4 was issued, requiring the confiscation and destruction of all Nazi material, including books in public libraries, many Americans accused the military of engaging in book burning. The episode reveals tensions over the relationship between reading, freedom, democracy, and the wartime state.
A Hermeneutic of True Reform
Authors: Blanchard Shaun 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, or Vatican II, are best understood through a triadic grid: ressourcement (retrieval of past Christian thought and texts, especially scripture and of the church fathers), aggiornamento (updating), and the development of doctrine. It highlights four areas in which Vatican II sought to reform the Church—ecclesiology, religious liberty, liturgy and devotions, and ecumenism. The interpretation of Vatican II is still heavily contested. The chapter argues that the best hermeneutic for interpreting the council, advanced by Pope Benedict XVI and praised by John O’Malley, is a “hermeneutic of reform,” a theologically rigorous and historically conscious hermeneutic that sees Vatican II as having “continuity and discontinuity on different levels” with past teaching. It argues that such a hermeneutic can aid conciliar interpretation and deepen reflection on the nature of Catholic reform through a study of forerunners of Vatican II, who attempted aggiornamento and ressourcement.
Shared Reality
Authors: Higgins E. Tory 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
What makes us human? Why do humans deal with the world in the ways that we do? The usual answer is that it is our intelligence. When it comes to intelligence, we believe we are special. When it comes to motivation, we believe we are basically the same as other animals. But human motivation is also special. This book describes why human motivation is special and how it makes us who we are. Humans want to experience that their feelings, beliefs, and concerns are shared by others. They want to experience that what matters to them about the world, what objects, events, and issues are worthy of attention, also matters to other people. And what humans share with others is what they experience to be real. It is a shared reality. This book tells the story of how our shared reality motivation defines who we are. It makes us strong as individuals and as groups. It can also tear us apart. Different modes of shared reality emerge during human childhood, and emerged during human evolution, that determine our experience of the world around us and how we deal with it. Our motivation to create shared realities determines how we talk to each other and remember the events in our lives. The story of shared reality is the story of how we feel, what we know, our attitudes and opinions, our sense of self, what we strive for and how we strive, and how we get along with others.
How We Strive
Authors: Higgins E. Tory 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Much of our lives is spent experiencing our journey in pursuit of goals. Indeed, it can be argued that how we strive is our life. And, just as what we strive for involves shared realities with others, how we strive also involves shared realities with others. We learn from others what are the appropriate ways to pursue particular goals, just as toddlers early on learn the shared practices of their family and community. The importance of shared reality in how we go about our daily lives is evident not only in our customs or rituals but also in the strategies we choose when pursuing goals. Individuals with shared promotion goals, which is relatively common in the United States, are more likely to pursue their goals in an extroverted, eager manner. Individuals with shared prevention goals, which is relatively common in Japan, are more likely to pursue their goals in a conscientious, vigilant manner. The promotion and prevention shared realities define who we are motivationally: what counts as success or failure and its motivational significance; how we see the world (global and abstract versus local and concrete); and how we deal with the world (emphasize speed and innovative thinking versus accuracy and analytical reasoning). It even impacts when we prefer more or less risky options when making decisions: Prevention prefers the risk option that best maintains or restores the (nonloss) status quo, whereas shared promotion prefers the risk option that best allows progress beyond the (nongain) status quo.