bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brief Report: Relationship Between Cotinine Levels and Peripheral Endogenous Concentrations of Oxytocin, β‐Endorphin, and Orexin in Individuals With Both Alcohol and Nicotine Use Disorders
Authors: Haass‐Koffler Carolina L. , Perciballi Roberta , Brown Zoe E. , Lee Mary R. , Zywiak William H. , Kurtis Jonathan , Swift Robert M. , Leggio Lorenzo 
Published: June 2020

Background and ObjectivesIn this secondary analysis of a pilot clinical trial with individuals with alcohol and nicotine use disorders, we investigate the relationship between serum concentrations of oxytocin, β‐endorphin, melatonin, α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone, substance P, and orexin, with objective biomarkers (salivary cotinine and serum γ‐glutamyl transferase [GGT]) as well as with self‐reported smoking and alcohol drinking.MethodsBiomarkers for a total of N = 19 participants were analyzed using multiplexed, competitive format immune‐assay (peptides) and enzyme competitive immunoassay (saliva). A regression analysis using Pearson's correlation coefficient was utilized to determine correlations. We controlled for multiple comparisons, checked for collinearities, and ran two‐sided statistical tests.ResultsWe found significant positive correlations for cotinine and oxytocin (P = .002), β‐endorphin (P = .008), and orexin (P < .001), but not for either GGT or self‐reported smoking or alcohol drinking.Conclusion and Scientific SignificanceThese preliminary results suggest a relationship between cotinine and oxytocin, β‐endorphin, and orexin, which opens up new potential hypotheses on the potential role of these endocrine pathways in tobacco smokers. (Am J Addict 2021;30:88–91)
Systematic review with meta‐analysis: liver transplant provides survival benefit in patients with acute on chronic liver failure
Authors: Abdallah Mohamed A. , Waleed Muhammad , Bell Matthew G. , Nelson Morgan , Wong Robert , Sundaram Vinay , Singal Ashwani K. 
Published: June 2020

SummaryBackgroundData on liver transplantation (LT) in acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) are scanty.AimTo perform meta‐analysis on outcomes after LT for ACLF compared with ACLF patients not receiving LT or with LT recipients for indications other than ACLF.MethodsWe pooled data from 12 studies on LT outcomes among ACLF patients.ResultsAmong nine studies, 22 238 LT recipients for ACLF vs 30 791 for non‐ACLF were younger by 1.1 years, less males (64% vs 66.4%), and higher model for end‐stage disease score by 14.5 (14.4‐14.6), P < 0.01 for all. Post‐transplant patient survival at 30 day, 90 day, 6 months, 1 year and 5 years was lower in ACLF: 96.2% vs 98.1%, 92.6% vs 96.2%, 89.9% vs 94.4%, 86.0% vs 91.9%, 66.9% vs 80.7% respectively, P < 0.01 for all. ACLF patients stayed longer in hospital and ICU by 5.7 and 10.5 days respectively, P < 0.001, with similar post‐transplant complications [74.4% vs 55.5%, P = 0.12]. Among three studies, 441 LT recipients for ACLF vs 301 ACLF patients not selected for LT had better 30 day and 1 year survival: 95.2% vs 60% and 85.3% vs 28.2% respectively, P < 0.001. Outcomes were worse in ACLF‐3 and better for ACLF‐1 and ACLF‐2 patients at the time of LT.ConclusionIn this pooled analysis with a large sample size across the globe, LT for select patients with ACLF provided survival benefit. However, larger prospective studies are needed to further refine selection criteria, especially for ACLF‐3 patients as basis for improving outcomes and optimal utilisation of scarce donor pool.
The Application of the Reporting Entity Concept by Australian Charities
Authors: Saj Phil , Cheong Chee 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe provide evidence on the application of the reporting entity concept by Australian charities by correlating the type of financial report with the indicators of reporting entity status posited under Statement of Accounting Concepts 1 (SAC1). In addition, we present evidence on the quality of charity financial reporting by investigating compliance with certain requirements of Australian accounting and auditing standards. We examine a random sample of 574 charities, comprising 10% of large charities that lodged financial reports with the Australian Charities and Not‐for‐Profits Commission in 2014. We find that while some indicators of reporting status are statistically significant in explaining reporting choice, their economic significance is weak. Consequently, we conclude that the application of the reporting entity concept is inconsistent, and raise questions about the effectiveness of SAC1 and the quality of charity financial reporting.
Cladribine modifies functional properties of microglia
Authors: Jørgensen L Ø , Hyrlov K H , Elkjaer M L , Weber A B , Pedersen A E , Svenningsen Å Fex , Illes Z 
Published: June 2020

Summary
Cladribine (CdA), an oral prodrug approved for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis, selectively depletes lymphocytes. CdA passes the blood–brain barrier, suggesting a potential effect on central nervous system (CNS) resident cells. We examined if CdA modifies the phenotype and function of naive and activated primary mouse microglia, when applied in the concentrations 0·1–1 μM that putatively overlap human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations. Primary microglia cultures without stimulation or in the presence of proinflammatory lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-4 were treated with different concentrations of CdA for 24 h. Viability was assessed by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Phagocytotic ability and morphology were examined by flow cytometry and random migration using IncuCyte Zoom and TrackMate. Change in gene expression was examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and protein secretion by Meso Scale Discovery. We found that LPS and IL-4 up-regulated deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) expression. Only activated microglia were affected by CdA, and this was unrelated to viability. CdA 0·1–1 μM significantly reduced granularity, phagocytotic ability and random migration of activated microglia. CdA 10 μM increased the IL-4-induced gene expression of arginase 1 (Arg1) and LPS-induced expression of IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Arg1, but protein secretion remained unaffected. CdA 10 μM potentiated the increased expression of anti-inflammatory TNF receptor 2 (TNF-R2) but not TNF-R1 induced by LPS. This suggests that microglia acquire a less activated phenotype when treated with 0·1–1 μM CdA that putatively overlaps human CSF concentrations. This may be related to the up-regulated gene expression of DCK upon activation, and suggests a potential alternative mechanism of CdA with direct effect on CNS resident cells.
Exercise, brain plasticity, and depression
Authors: Zhao Jin‐Lei , Jiang Wan‐Ting , Wang Xing , Cai Zhi‐Dong , Liu Zu‐Hong , Liu Guo‐Rong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDepression is a common mental disorder characterized by high incidence, high disability, and high fatality, causing great burden to the society, families, and individuals. The changes in brain plasticity may be a main reason for depression. Recent studies have shown that exercise plays a positive role in depression, but systematic and comprehensive studies are lacking on brain plasticity changes in depression. To further understand the antidepressive effect of exercise and the changes in brain plasticity, we retrieved related literatures using key words “depression,” “depressive disorder,” “exercise,” “brain plasticity,” “brain structure,” and “brain function” from the database of Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO host, and CNKI, hoping to provide evidence for exercise in preventing and treating depression. Increase in exercise has been found negatively correlated with the risk of depression. Randomized controlled experiments have shown that aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and mind‐body exercise can improve depressive symptoms and levels. The intensity and long‐term effect of exercise are now topical research issues. Exercise has been proven to reshape the brain structure of depression patients, activate the function of related brain areas, promote behavioral adaptation changes, and maintain the integrity of hippocampal and white matter volume, thus improving the brain neuroprocessing and delaying cognitive degradation in depression patients. Future studies are urgently needed to establish accurate exercise prescriptions for improving depressive symptoms, and studies on different depressive populations and studies using multimodal brain imaging combined with multiple analytical methods are also needed.
Disruption of the GABAergic system contributes to the development of perioperative neurocognitive disorders after anesthesia and surgery in aged mice
Authors: Zhang Wen , Xiong Bing‐Rui , Zhang Long‐Qing , Huang Xian , Zhou Wen‐Chang , Zou Qian , Manyande Anne , Wang Jie , Tian Xue‐Bi , Tian Yu‐Ke 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimsPerioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) are associated with cognitive impairment in the preoperative or postoperative period, and neuroinflammation is thought to be the most important mechanisms especially during the postoperative period. The GABAergic system is easily disrupted by neuroinflammation. This study investigated the impact of the GABAergic system on PND after anesthesia and surgery.MethodsAn animal model of laparotomy with inhalation anesthesia in 16‐month‐old mice was addressed. Effects of the GABAergic system were assessed using biochemical analysis. Pharmacological blocking of α5GABAARs or P38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) were applied to investigate the effects of the GABAergic system.ResultsAfter laparotomy, the hippocampus‐dependent memory and long‐term potentiation were impaired, the levels of IL‐6, IL‐1β and TNF‐α up‐regulated in the hippocampus, the concentration of GABA decreased, and the protein levels of the surface α5GABAARs up‐regulated. Pharmacological blocking of α5GABAARs with L655,708 alleviated laparotomy induced cognitive deficits. Further studies found that the P38 MAPK signaling pathway was involved and pharmacological blocking with SB203,580 alleviated memory dysfunctions.ConclusionsAnesthesia and surgery caused neuroinflammation in the hippocampus, which consequently disrupted the GABAergic system, increased the expressions of surface α5GABAARs especially through the P38 MAPK signaling pathway, and eventually led to hippocampus‐dependent memory dysfunctions.
Identifying non‐otologic risk factors for tinnitus: A systematic review
Authors: Deklerck Ann N. , Debacker Jens M. , Keppler Hannah , Dhooge Ingeborg J. M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe origin of tinnitus has been attributed to a peripheral auditory lesion, inducing bottom‐up changes and resulting in the perception of a “phantom sound.” However, non‐auditory factors can co‐exist as well, and can even lie at the origin of tinnitus development. An increasing body of literature focuses on psychological, (neuro)muscular, cardiovascular and many other influences and their respective associations with tinnitus prevalence.Objective of reviewThe purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive description of these non‐otologic risk factors, and to summarise the evidence in literature about their link with tinnitus.Type of reviewA narrative systematic review was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses statement.Search strategyThe MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for eligible articles, supplemented with manual search methods and grey literature search. Epidemiological studies reporting on the relationship between various non‐otologic risk factors and tinnitus were included.Evaluation methodQuality assessment was performed using the Hoy & Brooks tool.ResultsFifty‐five studies were included. Studies were of variable quality, with poor tinnitus definitions and evaluations or questionable sampling of the study population as main contributing factors for high risk of bias. Multiple associated factors have been identified, including cardiovascular, psychological, neurological, musculoskeletal and dietary factors.ConclusionsThe current literature review identified multiple risk factors that could be of significant importance for tinnitus development, maintenance or aggravation. While causality remains uncertain, this systematic elaboration of possible tinnitus comorbidities/risk factors can help provide direction for future research, and can direct clinicians to identify patients at risk and treat relevant symptoms accordingly.
Long‐term outcomes of real world ‘watch and wait’ data for rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Simpson G. , Hopley P. , Wilson J. , Day N. , Haworth A. , Montazeri A. , Smith D. , Titu L. , Anderson J. , Agbamu D. , Walsh C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimA ‘watch and wait’ (W&W) strategy after neoadjuvant long‐course chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) remains controversial. Whilst encouraging short‐term data exist, the strategy will be judged on long‐term data. We present long‐term, real‐world UK data from a single National Health Service trust.MethodsAn analysis was performed of a prospectively maintained W&W database over 9 years between 2010 and 2018. Outcome measures include incidence and time to regrowth and overall and disease‐free survival.ResultsWe diagnosed 563 rectal cancers in 9 years. In all, 283 patients underwent rectal resection (50.3%). NACRT was used in 155 patients for margin‐threatened tumours on staging MRI. Forty‐nine patients (31.6%) experienced either a ‘near complete’ or a complete clinical response (cCR) at their 10 weeks post‐NACRT assessment (MRI and endoscopy). The median age was 69 years (range 44–83), and the male to female ratio was 32:17. The median follow‐up was 38 months (range 12–96). The median tumour distance from the anal verge was 7 cm (1–15 cm). Twenty‐two patients had a cCR on initial assessment and 27 patients had a ‘near’ cCR. Of those 27 who experienced a ‘near’ cCR, 17 (63%) progressed to cCR on repeat assessment and 10 (37%) did not. Of these 10 patients, seven underwent standard surgical resection and three were unfit for surgery. R0 for the seven with delayed resection was 100%. Of 39 patients (22 cCR and 17 ‘near’ cCR who progressed to cCR) (25.2% of those receiving NACRT), six patients experienced local regrowth (15.4%). The median time to local regrowth was 29 months (15–60 months). One of these six patients underwent salvage abdominoperineal resection, one was advised to have contact radiotherapy and four opted against surgery and also had contact radiotherapy. The overall survival was 100% at 2 years and 90% at 5 years. Disease‐free survival was 90.47% at 2 years and 74.8% at 5 years.ConclusionA W&W treatment strategy was employed safely in this patient cohort with acceptable rates of local regrowth and survival.
The McGill Denture Satisfaction Questionnaire revisited: Exploratory factor analysis of a binational sample
Authors: de Souza Raphael F. , Ribeiro Adriana B. , Oates Thomas W. , Feine Jocelyne S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the McGill Denture Satisfaction Questionnaire (MDSQ) in terms of dimensionality, item reduction and construct validity in a binational sample of complete denture wearers.Materials and MethodsWe conducted secondary analyses of baseline data from two studies on implant‐retained overdentures: a quasi‐experimental study in the United States (n = 145) and a randomised trial in Brazil (n = 120). All participants wore upper/lower dentures and responded at baseline to the MDSQ items concerning their original mandibular dentures. A putative model of the MDSQ items resulted in two question subsets: (a) overall satisfaction, retention/stability, aesthetics, cleaning, speech and comfort, plus general chewing ability; (b) mastication of specific foods. Analyses focused on the internal consistency of each subset and possible item reduction, using Cronbach's alpha (Cα), inter‐item correlation and exploratory factor analysis (EFA).ResultsThe 1st subset showed high inter‐item correlation for most question combinations and no redundancy (r ≤ .8). An item on cleaning had low correlation, but its removal does not increase internal consistency (Cα ≥ .83). Results were similar for both studies, with EFA showing a single significant factor (namely “overall satisfaction, lower denture”) able to explain nearly 54% of the variance. The 2nd subset also shows strong internal consistency (Cα ≥ .95) and inter‐item correlation, with a single factor representing 65% of the variation.ConclusionsThis study discloses the reliability and construct validity of the MDSQ for patient‐centred evaluation of complete dental prostheses in the edentulous mandible. Findings also support the use of both “overall satisfaction” and “masticatory ability” as summary scores, for improved outcome assessment.
Delivering on the promise of gene therapy for haemophilia
Authors: Pipe Steven W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe promise of gene therapy is a single treatment (‘one and done’) that leads to steady‐state expression of endogenous factor VIII or factor IX sufficient to achieve a functional cure (free of recurrent haemophilic bleeding) if not normalized haemostasis. The elimination of the need for continued prophylaxis, or factor replacement following trauma or prior to surgery would lead to annual cost savings. Such optimized health and well‐being would be reaching a level of health equity that was unimaginable several decades ago. ‘Before anything else, preparation is the key to success’—Alexander Graham Bell. This quote from the famous inventor, scientist and engineer highlights that, although we currently stand on the threshold of this achievement, delivering on this promise will require broad‐based multistakeholder preparation (scientists, manufacturers, federal regulators, health technology assessors, persons with haemophilia, national advocacy groups and multidisciplinary healthcare teams) with a focused emphasis on education, approval of safe and effective therapies, removal of barriers to access and excellence in clinical delivery.
Impact of 24‐Hour On‐Call Shifts on Headache in Medical Residents: A Cohort Study
Authors: Navarro‐Pérez María Pilar , Suller‐Marti Ana , Bellosta‐Diago Elena , Roche‐Bueno José Carlos , Santos‐Lasaosa Sonia 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundDuring 24‐hour on‐call shifts medical residents are exposed to diverse circumstances such as sleep deprivation and stress.ObjectiveOur aim is to assess the effect of 24‐hour on‐call shifts on medical residents’ headache‐related disability.MethodsThe Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), the Headache Impact Test (HIT–6), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaires were administered to medical residents who had never performed on‐call shifts at baseline and 6 months after beginning 24‐hour on‐call shifts. Scores were compared.ResultsAbout 66 medical residents completed this study. About 21.2% (n = 14) had history of migraine, 42.4% (n = 28) had a history of tension‐type headache (TTH) and 12.1% (n = 8) had a history of both migraine and TTH. Among medical residents with migraine, the median MIDAS score was significantly higher after starting 24‐hour on‐call shifts than at a baseline (4.0 vs 8.0; Wilcoxon, P = .001), meaning that, on average, disability increased from little or no disability, to moderate disability. No difference in HIT‐6 scores was found. The median score of PSQI and HADS was higher at 6 months (PSQI: 7.0 vs 8.0; P = .003), (HADS: 5.0 vs 8.0; P < .001) for the general group.ConclusionsIn medical residents with migraine, migraine‐related disability increased after starting 24‐hour on‐call shifts. We also found a worsening in depression and anxiety symptoms and self‐reported sleep quality in medical residents with and without headache history.
COGNITIVE EMPATHY IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS
Authors: Gauer Florian , Kuzmics Christoph 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTwo individuals are involved in a conflict situation in which preferences are ex ante uncertain. Although they eventually learn their own preferences, they have to pay a small cost if they want to secretly learn their opponent's preferences. We show that there is an interval with an upper bound less than 1 and lower bound greater than zero such that, for sufficiently small positive costs of information acquisition, in any Bayesian Nash equilibrium of the resulting game of incomplete information the probability of acquiring information about the opponent's preferences is within this interval.
The Push and Pull Factors Contributing Towards Asylum Migration from Developing Countries to Developed Countries Since 2000
Authors: Matsui Nozomi , Raymer James 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the early 2000s, asylum seekers went primarily to destinations their countries had historical relationships, including former colonial ties, common languages and ethnic networks. Since the mid‐2000s, there has been a shift towards asylum seekers arriving in destinations without such relationships. In this study, we apply spatial interaction models to understand the factors contributing to recent asylum migration from developing countries to developed countries from 2001 to 2015. We find that the push factors of political terror, civil rights violation and poverty do not result in increased asylum migration to developed countries. Instead, they act to reduce the number of asylum seekers. We also find that interactions between a range of push factors are important for understanding the movements and that immigration policies can have considerable effects on the destination choices of asylum seekers.
Influence of grain boundary and grain size on the mechanical properties of polycrystalline ceramics: Grain‐scale simulations
Authors: Gong Zhenyuan , Zhao Wei , Guan Kang , Rao Pinggen , Zeng Qingfeng , Liu Jiantao , Feng Zhiqiang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Orowan‐Petch relation is a famous model to describe the strength of polycrystalline ceramics covering a wide range of grain sizes. However, it becomes difficult to explain the strength trend when the grain size decreases to the sub‐microscale or nanoscale. This is because some microstructural parameters (such as grain size, grain boundary fracture energy, and grain boundary defects) vary with different processing technologies, and their coupling effects on mechanical properties are still unclear. In this study, a finite element method (FEM) was applied to investigate the dependence of mechanical properties, such as strength and damage resistance, on the abovementioned microstructural parameters on example of alumina. The numerical results show that the grain boundary energy is weakly coupled with the grain size and grain boundary defects. The grain size and grain boundary are intercoupling, which affects mechanical properties. The mechanical properties could be improved by increasing the grain boundary fracture energy and decreasing the grain size and the grain boundary defect density.