bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perception in Augustine’s De Trinitate 11
Authors: Brower-Toland Susan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this paper, I explore Augustine’s account of sense cognition in book 11 of De Trinitate. His discussion in this context focuses on two types of sensory state—what he calls ‘outer vision’ and ‘inner vision,’ respectively. His analysis of both types of state is designed to show that cognitive acts involving external and internal sense faculties are susceptible of a kind of trinitarian analysis. A common way to read De Trin. 11, is to interpret Augustine’s account of ‘outer’ vision as an analysis of sense perception and his account of ‘inner’ vision as an analysis of occurrent sensory memory and imagination. I argue against such a reading of De Trin. 11. Insofar as we take perception to be a phenomenally conscious mode of sensory awareness, outer vision cannot, I claim, be the equivalent of ordinary sense perception. For, on Augustine’s view, the deliverances of outer vision only reach the threshold of consciousness, when outer vision occurs in conjunction with inner vision. Hence, on my analysis, sense perception turns out to be a complex, hybrid state—one that involves both outer and inner vision. If I am right, acts of sense perception turn out not to be directly susceptible to trinitarian analysis. Even so, the account is interesting and nuanced for all that.
The Justice and Mercy of God
Authors: Sirridge Mary 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In his eleventh-century Proslogion St. Anselm puts forward the view that, far from being an exception to divine justice, divine mercy is the highest form of divine justice. Anselm’s cryptic reasoning is initially puzzling. It becomes more accessible if we notice that he is taking as a model the theory of imperial clemency put forward by the first-century ce Stoic Seneca in his De Clementia, in which it is argued that imperial clemency is the highest form of justice. Anselm does not quote or make reference to Seneca’s work, and so the case for the relationship between the two works has to be made on internal grounds, but recent scholarship has shown that Senecan materials were readily available in Anselm’s milieu and that there are other cases in which he seems to be using Senecan material.
Walter Burley on Co-Signification in Opaque Contexts
Authors: Bulthuis Nathaniel 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Foreshadowing in many ways theories of direct reference popular today, Walter Burley (died c. 1345) favors a theory of direct signification, according to which names directly signify things in the world. But he recognizes that opaque contexts, such as propositional attitude reports, represent a challenge to that theory. In response, Burley develops a sophisticated account of our noetic states, one according to which those states can be individuated more finely than in terms of their contents. Paired with a certain semantic analysis of propositional attitude reports, that account of our noetic states is ready-made to accommodate Burley’s commitment to direct signification even in the face of opacity considerations.
The Ontological Bases
Authors: Magalhães Rodrigo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, the expression organizational knowledge-qua-design is used to convey the idea that, ontologically, the organization’s knowledge and the organization’s overall design share the same roots and develop in tandem. Three key knowledge-qua-design development processes are put forward—intended, emergent, and perceived—each contributing with a different category of organizational meaning and a different type of organizational learning. It is posited that intended design processes contribute with the meanings and interpretations from managerial staff from every level about their own reading of the course of the organization’s development. Emergent processes contribute with the skills, competencies, and knowledge generated at the local level and emerging from the interplay between every-day practices and the creation or recreation of artefacts. Perceived design processes contribute through the feedback provided by the stakeholders about the myriad outcomes from the organization, their meanings and their consequences.
Bridging between Organization Design as a Noun and as a Verb
Authors: Magalhães Rodrigo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The two conceptions of organization design—simultaneously historical legacy and dynamic change—create a major conundrum, identified by Simon’s (1996) as an important challenge to the design of social organizations. The solution, according to Simon, is to design without final goals, however no advice is provided about how this might be achieved. In this chapter, it is proposed that this is possible through the use of mechanisms that bridge between the past and the future of the organization’s design. The mechanisms are formative affectual contexts and design trace. Enhanced by embodied cognition theory, the notion of formative context provides a solid background for an understanding of the processes of organizational change that co-evolve with organization designing. The notion of design trace is based on the idea that organizational interactions leave a trace that can be harnessed and used to help manage the organization’s designing effort.
Deriving Five Human-Centred Logics of Organization Design
Authors: Magalhães Rodrigo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
For the past century or more, we have been taught to think of the design of organizations in terms of a legacy of principles left to us by pioneers such as Taylor, Fayol, and Weber. Names such as Follet, Barnard, or Elton Mayo, although admired and often cited have never made it to the compendia of organization design. So, organizations continue to be designed with a logic of command-and-control, carrot-and-stick, and make-believe ethics which cause the organizational unease often reported in the literature. In this chapter, a proposal for a set of five new human-centred logics of organization design is put forward. The proposal is the result of an investigative process which starts from the realization that a number of contemporary literature trends on management and organization reveal concerns that somehow coincide with human-centred design (HCD) principles and ideas. The new logics are: identity and identification, normative, service, effectual reasoning and interactive structure.
The West Anatolian Contact Zone
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 looks at the religious traditon of the W. Anatolia state of Arzawa and its religon to Greek religion. The main evidence for Arzawan religious is a group of plague- and purufcation- rituals, many of them designed for military use. The authors of the rituals are said to be augurs, which shows that augury/bird-oracles were part of the procedure. In the chapter I explore parallels with Greek religion, e.g. a plague ritual in Homer, the scapegoat- (pharmakos-) rituals of Ionia and Greek bird-oracles.
Becoming Cybele
Authors: Rutherford Ian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines a third major contact zone in NW Turkey around the 7th-century BC. Here Greek colonists established themselves and will have come into contact with the Phrygian population, who took over the area previously occupied by the Hittites in the early Iron Age. Links between Phrygians and Greeks could be much older, perhaps going back to a time before the Phrygians migrated into Anatolia. NW Turkey is the most likely context for the transmission to Greece of the cult of the goddess whom the Greeks knew as Phrygian Cybele, although her divine personality may in fact owe a good deal to Greek ideas of the Great Mother. The question arises whether or not Phrygian Cybele owes something to the Hittite religion of five centuries before.
Return of Results in Population Studies: How Do Participants Perceive Them?
Authors: Nobile Hélène , Borry Pascal , Moldenhauer Jennifer , Bergmann Manuela M 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAs a cornerstone of public health, epidemiology has lately undergone substantial changes enabled by, among other factors, the use of biobank infrastructures. In biobank-related research, the return of results to participants constitutes an important and complex ethical question. In this study, we qualitatively investigated how individuals perceive the results returned following their participation in cohort studies with biobanks. In our semi-structured interviews with 31 participants of two such German studies, we observed that some participants overestimate the nature of the personal information they will receive from the study. Although this misestimation does not seem to jeopardize the validity of the consent provided at recruitment, it may still represent a threat for participants’ trust in research and thus their long-term commitment, crucial for such studies. We argue that such misestimation may have ethical consequences on the principles guiding the reflection on the return of results in biobank research, i.e. autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and reciprocity. We suggest that shifting from the idea of directly benefiting participants through the return of research results could help focusing on benefiting society as a whole, thereby increasing research trustworthiness of population-based studies using biobanks.
High Prevalence of Perineural Cysts in Patients with Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Hulens Mieke , Bruyninckx Frans , Dankaerts Wim , Rasschaert Ricky , De Mulder Peter , Stalmans Ingeborg , Vansant Greet , Bervoets Chris 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objective
Pain in fibromyalgia (FM) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is assumed to originate from central sensitization. Perineural cysts or Tarlov cysts (TCs) are nerve root dilations resulting from pathologically increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure. These cysts initially affect sensory neurons and axons in dorsal root ganglia and produce sensory symptoms (pain and paresthesia). Symptomatic TC (STC) patients often complain about widespread pain and fatigue. Consequently, STC patients may initially be diagnosed with FM, CFS, or both. The objective of this study was to document the prevalence of TCs in patients diagnosed with FM or CFS.

Design
A retrospective study.

Setting
An outpatient clinic for musculoskeletal disorders.

Subjects
Patients diagnosed with FM according to the 1990 American College of Rheumatology criteria or with CFS according to the 1994 Centers for Disease Control criteria were selected.

Methods
Review of lumbar and sacral magnetic resonance imaging scans including TCs ≥5 mm in size.

Results
In total, 197 patients with FM, CFS, or both underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Ninety-one percent were women. The mean age was 48.1 (±11.9) years. TCs were observed in 39% of patients, with a mean size of 11.8 (±5.2) mm. In males, the prevalence was 12%, vs. 42% in females.

Conclusions
In patients diagnosed with FM or CFS, the prevalence of TCs was three times higher than that in the general population. This observation supports the hypothesis that STCs, FM, and CFS may share the same pathophysiological mechanism, i.e., moderately increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure, causing irritation of neurons and axons in dorsal root ganglia.
Beyond synchrony: the capacity of fMRI hyperscanning for the study of human social interaction
Authors: Misaki Masaya , Kerr Kara L , Ratliff Erin L , Cosgrove Kelly T , Simmons W Kyle , Morris Amanda Sheffield , Bodurka Jerzy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Hyperscanning—simultaneous brain scanning of two or more individuals—holds great promise in elucidating the neurobiological underpinnings of social cognitive functions. This article focuses on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) hyperscanning and identifies promising targets for studying the neuroscience of social interaction with fMRI hyperscanning. Specifically, we present applications of fMRI hyperscanning in the study of social interaction along with promising analysis approaches for fMRI hyperscanning, with its high spatial and low temporal resolution. We first review fMRI hyperscanning studies in social neuroscience and evaluate the premise of using this costly neuroimaging paradigm. Many second-person social neuroscience studies are possible without fMRI hyperscanning. However, certain fundamental aspects of social cognition in real-life social interactions, including different roles of interactors, shared intention emerging through interaction and history of interaction, can be addressed only with hyperscanning. We argue that these fundamental aspects have not often been investigated in fMRI hyperscanning studies. We then discuss the implication of the signal coupling found in fMRI hyperscanning and consider analysis approaches that make fair use of it. With fMRI hyperscanning, we can explore not only synchronous brain activations but whole-brain asymmetric activation patterns with a lagged association between interacting individuals.
Predictive Performance of Exposome Score for Schizophrenia in the General Population
Authors: Pries Lotta-Katrin , Erzin Gamze , van Os Jim , ten Have Margreet , de Graaf Ron , van Dorsselaer Saskia , Bak Maarten , Rutten Bart P F , Guloksuz Sinan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Previously, we established an estimated exposome score for schizophrenia (ES-SCZ) as a cumulative measure of environmental liability for schizophrenia to use in gene–environment interaction studies and for risk stratification in population cohorts. Hereby, we examined the discriminative function of ES-SCZ for identifying individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorder in the general population by measuring the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Furthermore, we compared this ES-SCZ method to an environmental sum score (Esum-SCZ) and an aggregate environmental score weighted by the meta-analytical estimates (Emet-SCZ). We also estimated ORs and Nagelkerke’s R2 for ES-SCZ in association with psychiatric diagnoses and other medical outcomes. ES-SCZ showed a good discriminative function (AUC = 0.84) and statistically significantly performed better than both Esum-SCZ (AUC = 0.80) and Emet-SCZ (AUC = 0.80). At optimal cut point, ES-SCZ showed similar performance in ruling out (LR− = 0.20) and ruling in (LR+ = 3.86) schizophrenia. ES-SCZ at optimal cut point showed also a progressively greater magnitude of association with increasing psychosis risk strata. Among all clinical outcomes, ES-SCZ was associated with schizophrenia diagnosis with the highest OR (2.76, P &lt; .001) and greatest explained variance (R2 = 14.03%), followed by bipolar disorder (OR = 2.61, P &lt; .001, R2 = 13.01%) and suicide plan (OR = 2.44, P &lt; .001, R2 = 12.44%). Our findings from an epidemiologically representative general population cohort demonstrate that an aggregate environmental exposure score for schizophrenia constructed using a predictive modeling approach—ES-SCZ—has the potential to improve risk prediction and stratification for research purposes and may help gain insight into the multicausal etiology of psychopathology.
Tungsten Increases Sex-Specific Osteoclast Differentiation in Murine Bone
Authors: Chou Hsiang , Grant Michael P , Bolt Alicia M , Guilbert Cynthia , Plourde Dany , Mwale Fackson , Mann Koren K 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTungsten is a naturally occurring metal that is increasingly used in industry and medical devices, and is labeled as an emerging environmental contaminant. Like many metals, tungsten accumulates in bone. Our previous data indicate that tungsten decreases differentiation of osteoblasts, bone-forming cells. Herein, we explored the impact of tungsten on osteoclast differentiation, which function in bone resorption. We observed significantly elevated osteoclast numbers in the trabecular bone of femurs following oral exposure to tungsten in male, but not female mice. In order to explore the mechanism(s) by which tungsten increases osteoclast number, we utilized in vitro murine primary and cell line pre-osteoclast models. Although tungsten did not alter the adhesion of osteoclasts to the extracellular matrix protein, vitronectin, we did observe that tungsten enhanced RANKL-induced differentiation into tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive mononucleated osteoclasts. Importantly, tungsten alone had no effect on differentiation or on the number of multinucleated TRAP-positive osteoclasts. Enhanced RANKL-induced differentiation correlated with increased gene expression of differentiated osteoclast markers Nfatc1, Acp5, and Ctsk. Although tungsten did not alter the RANK surface receptor expression, it did modulate its downstream signaling. Co-exposure of tungsten and RANKL resulted in sustained positive p38 signaling. These findings demonstrate that tungsten enhances sex-specific osteoclast differentiation, and together with previous findings of decreased osteoblastogenesis, implicate tungsten as a modulator of bone homeostasis.
Spatiotemporal clustering, social inequities and the risk of leptospirosis in an endemic area of Brazil: a retrospective spatial modelling
Authors: de Souza Katyucia O C , Góes José Augusto P , Melo Matheus S , Leite Paula M G , Andrade Lucas A , Góes Marco Aurélio de O , Ribeiro Caíque J N , Araújo Damião da C , de Menezes Andreia F , dos Santos Allan D 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Leptospirosis is an endemic disease in Brazil of social and economic relevance related to behavioural and socioenvironmental factors. This study aimed to analyse the spatiotemporal distribution of the incidence of leptospirosis and its association with social determinants in health in a state of northeastern Brazil.

Methods
An ecological study of temporal series with techniques of spatial analysis using secondary data of the cases of leptospirosis notified in the Information System of Notifiable Diseases of the state of Sergipe (2008–2017) was conducted. The analysis of temporal trends was performed using Poisson regression. Spatial analyses were performed using the Moran index, the local empirical Bayesian model, scan statistics and spatial regression.

Results
The incidence rate decreased from 3.66 to 1.44 cases per 100 000 inhabitants in 2008 and 2017, respectively. Leptospirosis was associated with social inequities, mostly affecting males aged 20–49 y living in urban areas. The space-time scan indicated the formation of a risk cluster in municipalities in the metropolitan region of the state.

Conclusions
The data indicated the persistence of leptospirosis transmission, maintaining a pattern of high endemicity in some municipalities associated with social inequities. The study showed the temporal and spatial dynamics of the disease to better target specific actions for prevention and control.
Recognizing and treating five common dermatologic conditions seen in primary care
Authors: Etcheverria Eden 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Skin conditions are one of the most common chief complaints encountered in the primary care setting. Primary care providers (PCPs) may not have not received enough exposure and education on dermatologic conditions. Of all skin conditions, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, cellulitis/abscess, verruca vulgaris, and benign skin lesions are typically the most common to present in the primary care setting. PCPs must be well educated on these topics and confident in their diagnostic and management skills. This article reviews the five most common skin conditions encountered in primary care so that PCPs can reduce the number of referrals to dermatology for conditions that can easily be managed by PCPs.
Travel Medicine
Authors: Rosenbaum Alan J. , Stringer Jeffrey S. A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract:
Travel is an increasingly common aspect of modern life, and the practicing obstetrician–gynecologist needs a good understanding of the health- and safety-related issues it presents for patients. This monograph examines the environmental data that support individual risk assessment and provides guidance on how to eliminate or mitigate those risks, including recommendations for immunization and chemoprophylaxis for women traveling to areas with endemic infectious disease. Management approaches for travel-related diseases, such as traveler’s diarrhea, altitude sickness, and location-specific diseases, are reviewed as are special considerations for pregnant and breastfeeding women and women who are attempting pregnancy. Evaluation and management of the returned traveler also is addressed. The recommendations in this document cite resources available from the United States federal government; therefore, they are applicable to women seeking care in the United States.
Accuracy of Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Drill Guides for Pedicle and Lateral Mass Screw Insertion
Authors: Pijpker Peter A.J. , Kraeima Joep , Witjes Max J.H. , Oterdoom D.L. Marinus , Vergeer Rob A. , Coppes Maarten H. , Groen Rob J.M. , Kuijlen Jos M.A. 
Published: October 2020

Study Design.
Single-center retrospective case series.

Objective.
The purpose of this study was to assess the safety and accuracy of three-dimensional (3D)-printed individualized drill guides for pedicle and lateral mass screw insertion in the cervical and upper-thoracic region, by comparing the preoperative 3D surgical plan with the postoperative results.

Summary of Background Data.
Posterior spinal fusion surgery can provide rigid intervertebral fixation but screw misplacement involves a high risk of neurovascular injury. However, modern spine surgeons now have tools such as virtual surgical planning and 3D-printed drill guides to facilitate spinal screw insertion.

Methods.
A total of 15 patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion surgery involving patient-specific 3D-printed drill guides were included in this study. After segmentation of bone and screws, the postoperative models were superimposed onto the preoperative surgical plan. The accuracy of the realized screw trajectories was quantified by measuring the entry point and angular deviation.

Results.
The 3D deviation analysis showed that the entry point and angular deviation over all 76 screw trajectories were 1.40 ± 0.81 mm and 6.70 ± 3.77°, respectively. Angular deviation was significantly higher in the sagittal plane than in the axial plane (P = 0.02). All screw positions were classified as “safe” (100%), showing no neurovascular injury, facet joint violation, or violation of the pedicle wall.

Conclusions.
3D virtual planning and 3D-printed patient-specific drill guides appear to be safe and accurate for pedicle and lateral mass screw insertion in the cervical and upper-thoracic spine. The quantitative 3D deviation analyses confirmed that screw positions were accurate with respect to the 3D-surgical plan.

Level of Evidence: 4