bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes After Addition of SGLT2 Inhibitors Versus Sulfonylureas to Baseline GLP-1RA Therapy
Authors: Dave Chintan V. , Kim Seoyoung C. , Goldfine Allison B. , Glynn Robert J. , Tong Angela , Patorno Elisabetta 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Several glucagon-like peptide receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have demonstrated cardiovascular benefit in type 2 diabetes in large randomized controlled trials in patients with established cardiovascular disease or multiple risk factors. However, few trial participants were on both agents, and it remains unknown whether the addition of SGLT2i to GLP-1RA therapy has further cardiovascular benefits.

Methods:
Patients adding either SGLT2i or sulfonylureas to baseline GLP-1RA were identified within 3 US claims datasets (2013–2018) and were 1:1 propensity score–matched, adjusting for >95 baseline covariates. The primary outcomes were a composite cardiovascular end point (comprising myocardial infarction, stroke, and all-cause mortality) and heart failure hospitalization. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were estimated in each dataset and pooled through fixed-effects meta-analysis.

Results:
Among 12 584 propensity score–matched pairs (mean [SD] age, 58.3 [10.9] years; 48.2% male) across the 3 datasets, there were 107 composite cardiovascular end point events (incidence rate per 1000 person-years, 9.9 [95% CI, 8.1–11.9]) among SGLT2i initiators compared with 129 events (incidence rate, 13.0 [95% CI, 10.9–15.3]) among sulfonylurea initiators, corresponding to an adjusted pooled HR of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.59–0.98); this decrease in composite cardiovascular end point was driven by numeric decreases in the risk of myocardial infarction (HR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.51–1.003]) and all-cause mortality (HR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.40–1.14]) but not stroke (HR, 1.05 [95% CI, 0.62–1.79]). For the outcome of heart failure hospitalization, there were 141 events (incidence rate, 13.0 [95% CI, 11.0–15.2]) among SGLT2i initiators versus 206 events (incidence rate, 20.8 [95% CI, 18.1–23.8]) among sulfonylurea initiators, corresponding to an adjusted pooled HR of 0.65 (95% CI, 0.50–0.82).

Conclusions:
Risk of residual confounding cannot be fully excluded. Individual therapeutic agents within each class may have different magnitudes of effect. In this large real-world cohort of patients with diabetes already on GLP-1RA, addition of SGLT2i conferred greater cardiovascular benefit compared with addition of sulfonylurea. The magnitude of the cardiovascular risk reduction was comparable with the benefit seen in cardiovascular outcome trials of SGLT2i versus placebo, where baseline GLP-1RA use was minimal.
Trade Shocks, Firm Hierarchies, and Wage Inequality
Authors: Friedrich Benjamin U. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper shows robust effects of trade shocks on within-firm wage inequality through changes in firm hierarchies. It uses two distinct research designs—one considering firm-level shocks to foreign demand and transportation costs, the other analyzing the Muslim boycott of Danish exports after the 2006 “cartoon crisis.” Consistent with knowledge-based and incentive-based hierarchy models, trade shocks affect organizational choices through production scale. Adding a hierarchy layer increases inequality throughout the organization, particularly widening the 90-50 wage gap and pay differences between top and bottom layers. Delayering after the boycott leads to wage compression through wage cuts, demotions, and employee turnover.
Resource Discoveries, FDI Bonanzas, and Local Multipliers: Evidence from Mozambique
Authors: Toews Gerhard , Vézina Pierre-Louis 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We show that giant and unpredictable oil and gas discoveries trigger FDI bonanzas. Across developing countries, we document a 56% increase in FDI in the two years following a giant discovery. These booms are driven by new projects in sectors such as manufacturing, retail, services, and construction. To assess the job creation effects of one such FDI bonanza in Mozambique, we combine concurrent waves of household surveys and firm censuses and estimate the local job multiplier of FDI. Our estimates suggest that for each new FDI job, an additional 4.4 jobs are created locally, 2.1 of which are formal jobs.
Mission and the Bottom Line: Performance Incentives in a Multigoal Organization
Authors: Giné Xavier , Mansuri Ghazala , Shrestha Slesh A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We assess the role of monetary incentives in a mission-oriented organization by randomly assigning workers to one of two bonus schemes, incentivizing either the performance of a microcredit program (bottom line) or the empowerment of clients (mission). We find that the credit bonus improved credit-related outcomes but undermined the social mission, while the social bonus did not harm the bottom line. These results are consistent with a multitasking model with production spillovers or with prosocial behavior. We show that when mission-related rewards are not feasible, organizations that care about both the mission and the bottom line prefer flat wages to incentives.
Asymmetric Network Connectedness of Fears
Authors: Baruník Jozef , Bevilacqua Mattia , Tunaru Radu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper introduces forward-looking measures of the network connectedness of fears in the financial system arising due to the good and bad beliefs of market participants about uncertainty that spreads unequally across a network of banks. We argue that this asymmetric network structure extracted from call and put traded option prices of the main U.S. banks contains valuable information for predicting macroeconomic conditions and economic uncertainty, and it can serve as a tool for forward-looking systemic risk monitoring.
Long-Run Saving Dynamics: Evidence from Unexpected Inheritances
Authors: Druedahl Jeppe , Martinello Alessandro 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We exploit inheritance episodes to provide novel causal evidence on the long-run effects of a large financial windfall on saving behavior. For identification, we combine a longitudinal panel of administrative wealth reports with variation in the timing of sudden, unexpected parental deaths. We show that after inheritance, net worth converges toward the path established before parental death, with only one-third of the initial windfall remaining after nine years. We interpret these findings through the lens of a generalized consumption-saving framework. To quantitatively replicate this behavior, life-cycle consumption models require impatient consumers and strong precautionary saving motives.
Testing the Water: Drinking Water Quality, Public Notification, and Child Outcomes
Authors: Marcus Michelle 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Health-based drinking water violations affect about one in twelve Americans annually, yet the benefits of drinking water regulation are not well understood. I exploit plausibly exogenous variation in water quality violation timing to estimate the impacts on avoidance behavior and child outcomes. Using purchases of bottled water and common stomach remedies, emergency room visits for gastrointestinal illness, and school absences, I provide a comprehensive calculation of costs associated with poor drinking water quality. Individuals avoid the negative health impacts of coliform bacteria violations only when informed immediately. Timely public notification is a cost-effective way to induce avoidance behavior and protect health.
Time-Varying Risk Aversion? Evidence from Near-Miss Accidents
Authors: Shum Matthew , Xin Yi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We present evidence consistent with time-varying risk preferences among automobile drivers. Exploiting a unique data set of agents' high-frequency driving behavior collected by a mobile phone application, we show that drivers drive more conservatively following near-miss accidents. In a preferred specification, a near-miss triggers a reduction in driving distance of 12.98 kilometers, in-car cell phone use by more than 100%, and highway use by 43.24%. Structural estimation results indicate that such changes in behavior are consistent with an increase in risk aversion of 10.54% to 43.77% and a reduction in annual insurance cost amounting to 2.04% to 3.31% of the average car insurance premium.
Choice and Personal Responsibility: What Is a Morally Relevant Choice?
Authors: Cappelen Alexander W. , Fest Sebastian , Sørensen Erik Ø. , Tungodden Bertil 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The principle that people should be held personally responsible for the consequences of their choices is a fundamental moral ideal in Western societies. We report from a large-scale experimental study of how far-reaching this principle is for inequality acceptance. We show that third-party spectators violate minimal conditions for a morally relevant choice when making redistributive decisions for two workers. They accept more inequality when the workers have made nominal and forced choices than when brute luck is the source of inequality. We argue that our findings shed light on important current political debates about personal responsibility and redistributive policies.
Racial Disparities in Voting Wait Times: Evidence from Smartphone Data
Authors: Chen M. Keith , Haggag Kareem , Pope Devin G. , Rohla Ryne 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Equal access to voting is a core feature of democratic government. Using data from hundreds of thousands of smartphone users, we quantify a racial disparity in voting wait times across a nationwide sample of polling places during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Relative to entirely white neighborhoods, residents of entirely black neighborhoods waited 29% longer to vote and were 74% more likely to spend more than thirty minutes at their polling place. This disparity holds when comparing predominantly white and black polling places within the same states and counties and survives numerous robustness and placebo tests. We shed light on the mechanism for these results and discuss how geospatial data can be an effective tool to measure and monitor these disparities going forward.
Aristotle on the Necessity of Habituation
Authors: Hampson Margaret 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In Nicomachean Ethics 2.4 Aristotle raises a puzzle about moral habituation. Scholars take the puzzle to concern how a learner could perform virtuous actions, given the assumption that virtue is prior to virtuous action. I argue, instead, that Aristotle is concerned to defend the necessity of practice, given the assumption that virtue is reducible to virtuous action.
Picturing the Square, Streets, and Denizens of Early Modern Istanbul: Practices of Urban Space and Shifts in Visuality
Authors: Kafescioğlu Çiğdem 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Exploring intersections of spaces, practices, and representations of urbanity and the city in late sixteenth-century Istanbul, this paper traces the emergence of a new set of themes centered on the main public square, the streets, and the denizens of the Ottoman capital in illustrated court histories. It considers new visual imaginings of city and urbanity in view of three issues that resonate with the history of early modern Istanbul: modalities and the lexicon of vision as they took shape parallel to changing spatial practices; the making of a new urban public, and polyphonic forms of representation concomitant to the emergence of new publicities; the conflicted political environment that turned the city’s public spaces into arenas of contestation in the later decades of the 1500s. To this end, the article focuses on narrative paintings and texts of a set of manuscripts created between the late 1580s and the turn of the seventeenth century, and with particular attention to the Sūrnāme-i Humāyūn (Book of Festivities, 1588), explores the notions and connections that shaped them.
A Seminal Event
Authors: O’Leary Joseph S. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this article, Joseph S. O’Leary recounts the origin and inspirations behind the 1979 Colloquium Heidegger et la Question de Dieu, and reflects on why it became such a key moment in the development of many of those who took part in it. In addition to the contingent factors of a particular time and place, and the deep personal and intellectual significance that Heidegger bore for many of them, O’Leary identifies the perennial philosophical questions which the participants were able to address in original and controversial ways. O’Leary also reflects on the way this Colloquium served as a subsequent influence on his own original work as well as the critical dialogue he engaged in with many of the other participants, culminating in his most recent work on interreligious dialogue which further amplifies the central problematics here concerning the nature of the quest for truth.
Thinking God in France
Authors: Littlejohn M.E. , Rumpza Stephanie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Organized by Richard Kearney and Joseph S. O’Leary, the 1979 Colloquium Heidegger et la question de Dieu was of critical importance for the development of phenomenology of religion in France. This special issue introduces the event and its ensuing publication to the English-speaking world. The editors’ historical and thematic contextualizing essay is followed by contributions from six leading philosophers. Richard Kearney sets the stage by updating his original foreword, while Jean-Yves Lacoste presents the central moments in the history of Heidegger’s complicated relationship to Christian thinking. Paul Ricoeur’s “Introductory Note” delivers a well-known challenge to Heidegger in a piece whose brevity belies its impact. Finally, three participants of the 1979 Colloquium, Joseph S. O’Leary, Jean Greisch, and Jean-Luc Marion, reflect back on the significance of this event and its role in developing their own groundbreaking work. The special issue closes with a brief reflection on where we find ourselves in philosophy today.
Observed Soil Moisture Impact on Strong Convection over Mountainous Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Barton E. J. , Taylor C. M. , Klein C. , Harris P. P. , Meng X. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractConvection over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has been linked to heavy rain and flooding in downstream parts of China. Understanding processes which influence the development of convection on the TP could contribute to better forecasting of these extreme events. TP scale (~1000 km) soil moisture gradients have been shown to influence formation of convective systems over the eastern TP. The importance of smaller-scale (~10 km) variability has been identified in other regions (including the Sahel and Mongolia) but has yet to be investigated for the TP. In addition, compared to studies over flat terrain, much less is known about soil moisture–convection feedbacks above complex topography. In this study we use satellite observations of cold cloud, land surface temperature, and soil moisture to analyze the effect of mesoscale soil moisture heterogeneity on the initiation of strong convection in the complex TP environment. We find that strong convection is favored over negative (positive) land surface temperature (soil moisture) gradients. The signal is strongest for less vegetation and low topographic complexity, though still significant up to a local standard deviation of 300 m in elevation, accounting for 65% of cases. In addition, the signal is dependent on background wind. Strong convective initiation is only sensitive to local (tens of kilometers) soil moisture heterogeneity for light wind speeds, though large-scale (hundreds of kilometers) gradients may still be important for strong wind speeds. Our results demonstrate that, even in the presence of complex topography, local soil moisture variability plays an important role in storm development.
Groundwater Recharge Estimated by Land Surface Models: An Evaluation in the Conterminous United States
Authors: Li Bailing , Rodell Matthew , Peters-Lidard Christa , Erlingis Jessica , Kumar Sujay , Mocko David 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEstimating diffuse recharge of precipitation is fundamental to assessing groundwater sustainability. Diffuse recharge is also the process through which climate and climate change directly affect groundwater. In this study, we evaluated diffuse recharge over the conterminous United States simulated by a suite of land surface models (LSMs) that were forced using a common set of meteorological input data. Simulated annual recharge exhibited spatial patterns that were similar among the LSMs, with the highest values in the eastern United States and Pacific Northwest. However, the magnitudes of annual recharge varied significantly among the models and were associated with differences in simulated ET, runoff, and snow. Evaluation against two independent datasets did not answer the question of whether the ensemble mean performs the best, due to inconsistency between those datasets. The amplitude and timing of seasonal maximum recharge differed among the models, influenced strongly by model physics governing deep soil moisture drainage rates and, in cold regions, snowmelt. Evaluation using in situ soil moisture observations suggested that true recharge peaks 1–3 months later than simulated recharge, indicating systematic biases in simulating deep soil moisture. However, recharge from lateral flows and through preferential flows cannot be inferred from soil moisture data, and the seasonal cycle of simulated groundwater storage actually compared well with in situ groundwater observations. Long-term trends in recharge were not consistently correlated with either precipitation trends or temperature trends. This study highlights the need to employ dynamic flow models in LSMs, among other improvements, to enable more accurate simulation of recharge.
Accurate pH and O2 Measurements from Spray Underwater Gliders
Authors: Takeshita Yuichiro , Jones Brent D. , Johnson Kenneth S. , Chavez Francisco P. , Rudnick Daniel L. , Blum Marguerite , Conner Kyle , Jensen Scott , Long Jacqueline S. , Maughan Thom , Mertz Keaton L. , Sherman Jeffrey T. , Warren Joseph K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe California Current System is thought to be particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification, yet pH remains chronically undersampled along this coast, limiting our ability to assess the impacts of ocean acidification. To address this observational gap, we integrated the Deep-Sea-DuraFET, a solid-state pH sensor, onto a Spray underwater glider. Over the course of a year starting in April 2019, we conducted seven missions in central California that spanned 161 glider days and >1600 dives to a maximum depth of 1000 m. The sensor accuracy was estimated to be ± 0.01 based on comparisons to discrete samples taken alongside the glider (n = 105), and the precision was ±0.0016. CO2 partial pressure, dissolved inorganic carbon, and aragonite saturation state could be estimated from the pH data with uncertainty better than ± 2.5%, ± 8 μmol kg−1, and ± 2%, respectively. The sensor was stable to ±0.01 for the first 9 months but exhibited a drift of 0.015 during the last mission. The drift was correctable using a piecewise linear regression based on a reference pH field at 450 m estimated from published global empirical algorithms. These algorithms require accurate O2 as inputs; thus, protocols for a simple predeployment air calibration that achieved accuracy of better than 1% were implemented. The glider observations revealed upwelling of undersaturated waters with respect to aragonite to within 5 m below the surface near Monterey Bay. These observations highlight the importance of persistent observations through autonomous platforms in highly dynamic coastal environments.
Understanding Visual Risk Communication Messages: An Analysis of Visual Attention Allocation and Think-Aloud Responses to Tornado Graphics
Authors: Sutton Jeannette , Fischer Laura M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOnline channels for communicating risk frequently include features and technological capabilities to support sharing images of risk. In particular, the affordances found in social media, such as Twitter, include the ability to attach maps, photographs, videos, and other graphical information. The inclusion of visual cues such as colors and shapes and their different sizes are important for making sense of approaching threats, populations at risk, the potential impacts, and ranges of associated uncertainty. The reception of and attention to these visual cues in messages about a potential threat is the necessary first stage to making a decision about protective actions. Understanding what visual features capture individual attention and how attention is directed to visual images of risk on social media has the potential to affect the design of risk communication messages and the protective actions that follow. In this paper we use eye-tracking methods to identify where people allocate attention to a series of tweets and qualitative “think alouds” to determine what features of the tweets people attend to in their visual field are salient to message receivers. We investigate visual attention to a series of tweets that depict an emerging tornado threat to identify areas of visual interest and the properties of those visual cues that elicit attention. We find the use of color, properties of text presentation, and contents of messages affect attention allocation. These findings could help practitioners as they design and disseminate their weather messages to inform the public of emerging threats.
Plasma miR-193a-3p can be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Hong Yan , Wang Jidong , Zhang Lai , Sun Wenjuan , Xu Xuefang , Zhang Kaiyue 
Published: December 2020

Background Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most common microvascular complications in patients with diabetes. MicroRNA (miRNA, miR) is closely related to the formation, development and pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy. We aimed to investigate whether miR-193a-3p could be used as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. Methods Plasma samples were collected from all the participants. TaqMan Low Density Array analysis was employed to obtain the miRNA profiles of plasma samples, and qRT-PCR was used to confirm the result. Receiver operating characteristic curves were employed to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of miR-193a-3p for predicting diabetic nephropathy. Results The expression of miR-193a-3p and miR-320c was elevated and miR-27a-3p was decreased in diabetic nephropathy patients compared to patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy controls. We found that, in diabetic nephropathy patients, the elevated miR-193a-3p expression had a negative correlation with the level of evaluate glomerular filtration rate, while a positive correlation with the level of proteinuria. We further demonstrated that miR-193a-3p could be employed to distinguish patients with diabetic nephropathy. The Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the high expression of miR-193a-3p significantly shortened the dialysis-free survival of diabetic nephropathy patients. Conclusion In conclusion, miR-193a-3p is involved in diabetic nephropathy pathogenesis and may serve as a potentially novel diagnostic biomarker for diabetic nephropathy.