bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term and herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2: implications from current and past knowledge
Authors: Papachristodoulou Eleni , Kakoullis Loukas , Parperis Konstantinos , Panos George 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTEffective herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2 will be determined on many factors: the percentage of the immune population, the length and effectiveness of the immune response and the stability of the viral epitopes. The required percentage of immune individuals has been estimated to be 50–66% of the population which, given the current infection rates, will take long to be achieved. Furthermore, data from SARS-CoV suggest that the duration of immunity may not be sufficiently significant, while the immunity response against SARS-CoV-2 may not be efficiently effective in all patients, as relapses have already been reported. In addition, the development of mutant strains, which has already been documented, can cause the reemergence of the epidemic. In conclusion, the development of an effective vaccine is an urgent necessity, as long-term natural immunity to SARS-CoV-2 may not be sufficient for the control of the current and future outbreaks.
Members of Prevotella Genus Distinctively Modulate Innate Immune and Barrier Functions in a Human Three-Dimensional Endometrial Epithelial Cell Model
Authors: Ilhan Zehra Esra , Łaniewski Paweł , Tonachio Adriana , Herbst-Kralovetz Melissa M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Prevotella species are commonly isolated from the reproductive tract of women with obstetric/gynecologic health complications. However, contributions of this genus to changes in local microenvironment are not well characterized. Our objective was to evaluate species-specific effects of Prevotella on the human endometrial epithelium.

Methods
Thirteen Prevotella strains, originally isolated from the human oral cavity, amniotic fluid, endometrium, or vagina (including women with bacterial vaginosis), were obtained from BEI and ATCC resources. Bacteria were evaluated in silico and in vitro using human endometrial epithelial cells (EEC) grown as monolayers or a 3-dimensional (3D) model.

Results
Genomic characterization illustrated metabolic and phylogenetic diversity of Prevotella genus. Among tested species, P. disiens exhibited cytotoxicity. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the 3D EEC model revealed species-specific colonization patterns and alterations of ultracellular structures. Infection with sialidase-producing P. timonensis resulted in elongated microvilli, and increased MUC3 and MUC4 expression. Infections with Prevotella species, including P. bivia, did not result in significant proinflammatory activation of EEC.

Conclusions
Collectively, findings indicate that Prevotella species are metabolically diverse and overall not cytotoxic or overtly inflammatory in EEC; however, these bacteria can form biofilms, alter barrier properties of the endometrial epithelium, and ultimately impact colonization of secondary colonizers.
Upregulation of the Long Noncoding RNA HULC by Hepatitis C Virus and Its Regulation of Viral Replication
Authors: Kitabayashi Juria , Shirasaki Takayoshi , Shimakami Tetsuro , Nishiyama Tomoaki , Welsch Christoph , Funaki Masaya , Murai Kazuhisa , Sumiyadorj Ariunaa , Takatori Hajime , Kitamura Kazuya , Kawaguchi Kazunori , Arai Kuniaki , Yamashita Taro , Sakai Yoshio , Yamashita Tatsuya , Mizukoshi Eishiro , Honda Masao , Kaneko Shuichi ,   The Hokuriku Liver Study Group
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Many long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have important roles in biological processes. The lncRNA HULC was found to be upregulated in human hepatoma tissues. HULC is thought to be involved in multiple steps of hepatoma development and progression; however, the relationship between HULC and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, which is a leading cause of hepatoma, remains unclear.

Methods
We examined the effect of HCV replication on HULC expression and the underlying mechanism using cell culture systems. Subsequently, we tested the effect of HULC suppression and overexpression on HCV replication. Finally, we examined the impact of HCV eradication on HULC expression using human liver tissue and blood samples.

Results
HCV replication increased HULC expression in cell cultures. A promoter assay showed that an HCV nonstructural protein, NS5A, increased HULC transcription. HULC suppression inhibited HCV replication; conversely, its overexpression enhanced HCV replication. These effects on HCV replication seemed to occur by the modification of HCV translation. Measurements from human liver and blood samples showed that HCV eradication significantly reduced HULC levels in the liver and blood.

Conclusions
HCV infection increases HULC expression in vitro and in vivo. HULC modulates HCV replication through an HCV internal ribosome entry site–directed translation step.
The Possibility of Zero Limb-Work Gaits in Sprawled and Parasagittal Quadrupeds: Insights from Linkages of the Industrial Revolution
Authors: Usherwood J R 
Published: June 2020

SynopsisAnimal legs are diverse, complex, and perform many roles. One defining requirement of legs is to facilitate terrestrial travel with some degree of economy. This could, theoretically, be achieved without loss of mechanical energy if the body could take a continuous horizontal path supported by vertical forces only—effectively a wheel-like translation, and a condition closely approximated by walking tortoises. If this is a potential strategy for zero mechanical work cost among quadrupeds, how might the structure, posture, and diversity of both sprawled and parasagittal legs be interpreted? In order to approach this question, various linkages described during the industrial revolution are considered. Watt’s linkage provides an analogue for sprawled vertebrates that uses diagonal limb support and shows how vertical-axis joints could enable approximately straight-line horizontal translation while demanding minimal mechanical power. An additional vertical-axis joint per leg results in the wall-mounted pull-out monitor arm and would enable translation with zero mechanical work due to weight support, without tipping or toppling. This is consistent with force profiles observed in tortoises. The Peaucellier linkage demonstrates that parasagittal limbs with lateral-axis joints could also achieve the zero-work strategy. Suitably tuned four-bar linkages indicate this is feasibly approximated for flexed, biologically realistic limbs. Where “walking” gaits typically show out of phase fluctuation in center of mass kinetic and gravitational potential energy, and running, hopping or trotting gaits are characterized by in-phase energy fluctuations, the zero limb-work strategy approximated by tortoises would show zero fluctuations in kinetic or potential energy. This highlights that some gaits, perhaps particularly those of animals with sprawled or crouched limbs, do not fit current kinetic gait definitions; an additional gait paradigm, the “zero limb-work strategy” is proposed.
Development of NMIJ CRM 5207-a tungsten dot-array for the image sharpness evaluation in scanning electron microscopy – structure evaluation and determination of dot-pitch
Authors: Kumagai Kazuhiro , Kurokawa Akira 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We have developed a new certified reference material (CRM) for image sharpness evaluation and magnification calibration for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Designed to be suitable for the image sharpness evaluation by the derivative method, the CRM has nanoscale tungsten dot-array structure fabricated on silicon substrate, which gives steep contrast transition from the dot to the substrate in SEM image. The pitch of the dot-array was SI-traceably measured as a specified value with relative expanded uncertainty ($k=2$) of ~1.3%, which can be utilized for the magnification calibration of SEM. Since specimens, as one of the image formation parameters, easily affect image sharpness value, our CRM, as a ‘pinned specimen’, will play an important role to achieve robust and stable image sharpness measurement system.
Disentangling the formation history of galaxies via population-orbit superposition: method validation
Authors: Zhu Ling , van de Ven Glenn , Leaman Ryan , Grand Robert J J , Falcón-Barroso Jesús , Jethwa Prashin , Watkins Laura L , Mao Shude , Poci Adriano , McDermid Richard M , Nelson Dylan 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We present population-orbit superposition models for external galaxies based on Schwarzschild’s orbit-superposition method, by tagging the orbits with age and metallicity. The models fit the density distributions, kinematic, and age and metallicity maps from integral field unit (IFU) spectroscopy observations. We validate the method and demonstrate its power by applying it to mock data, similar to those obtained by the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) IFU on the Very Large Telescope (VLT). These mock data are created from Auriga galaxy simulations, viewed at three different inclination angles (ϑ = 40°, 60°, 80°). Constrained by MUSE-like mock data, our model can recover the galaxy’s stellar orbit distribution projected in orbital circularity λz versus radius r, the intrinsic stellar population distribution in age t versus metallicity Z, and the correlation between orbits’ circularity λz and stellar age t. A physically motivated age–metallicity relation improves the recovering of intrinsic stellar population distributions. We decompose galaxies into cold, warm, and hot+counter-rotating components based on their orbit circularity distribution, and find that the surface density, velocity, velocity dispersion, and age and metallicity maps of each component from our models well reproduce those from simulation, especially for projections close to edge-on. These galaxies exhibit strong global age versus σz relation, which is well recovered by our model. The method has the power to reveal the detailed build-up of stellar structures in galaxies, and offers a complement to local resolved, and high-redshift studies of galaxy evolution.
Biodegradable magnesium alloy with eddy thermal effect for effective and accurate magnetic hyperthermia ablation of tumors
Authors: Yang Nailin , Gong Fei , Cheng Liang , Lei Huali , Li Wei , Sun Zongbin , Ni Caifang , Wang Zhanhui , Liu Zhuang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) is able to ablate tumors using an alternating magnetic field (AMF) to heat up magnetocaloric agents (e.g. magnetic nanoparticles) administered into the tumors. For clinical applications, there is still a demand to find new magnetocaloric agents with strong AMF-induced heating performance and excellent biocompatibility. As a kind of biocompatible and biodegradable material, magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have been extensively used in the clinic as an implant metal. Herein, we discovered that the eddy thermal effect of the magnesium alloy (MgA) could be employed for MHT to effectively ablate tumors. Under low-field-intensity AMFs, MgA rods could be rapidly heated, resulting in a temperature increase in nearby tissues. Such AMF-induced eddy thermal heating of MgA could not only be used to kill tumor cells in vitro, but also be employed for effective and accurate ablation of tumors in vivo. In addition to killing tumors in mice, we further demonstrated that VX2 tumors of much larger sizes growing in rabbits after implantation of MgA rods could also be eliminated after exposure to an AMF, illustrating the ability of MgA-based MHT to kill large-sized tumors. Moreover, the implanted MgA rods showed excellent biocompatibility and ∼20% of their mass was degraded within three months. Our work thus discovered for the first time that non-magnetic biodegradable MgA, an extensively used implant metal in clinic, could be used for effective magnetic thermal ablation of tumors under a low-field-intensity AMF. Such a strategy could be readily translated into clinical use.
Excision of a Retrochiasmatic Craniopharyngioma by Transcallosal, Interforniceal Approach With Exoscope Assistance: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Khatri Deepak , Wagner Katherine , Ligas Barbara , Higbie Catherine , Langer David 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Retrochiasmatic craniopharyngiomas are difficult to treat due to their close proximity to critical neurovascular structures. Several surgical approaches with distinct advantages and limitations have been described to access these tumors, including extended transnasal endoscopic approach (ETEA), subtemporal, translamina terminalis, and transpetrosal approach.
1-3

We present a 51-yr-old male with a large retrochiasmatic craniopharyngioma extending into the third ventricle, causing obstructive hydrocephalus. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a tumor cyst abutting the fornices expanding the space between two internal cerebral veins (ICV). After surgical consent, we decided to take advantage of this corridor to approach the tumor in its long axis. Surgical goal was to achieve cyst decompression with “safe maximal” resection of the solid component at last to preserve the pituitary function. Though the long axis of the tumor could be approached using ETEA, we preferred this approach in view of cyst decompression early in the surgery while completely avoiding risks such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea, internal carotid artery (ICA) injury, and sinonasal complications. We utilized a 3-dimensional 4 K exoscope, which provides an excellent ergonomic position, and a high-resolution immersive view compared to a microscope or endoscope. Cyst decompression and near-total resection of the solid component was achieved. Postoperatively, his headaches improved and he was neurologically intact with intact neuroendocrine function. Approach-related risks may include but not limited to hemorrhage due to the rupture of venous sinuses or ICV, stalk or hypothalamus injury, and memory disturbances due to forniceal injury. To conclude, the transcallosal, interforniceal approach to retrochiasmatic craniopharyngiomas may provide a safe surgical corridor in select cases.
Patient consented to the proposed procedure. All radiological images have been anonymized. IRB/ethics committee approval was not required.
What is the meaning of (statistical) life? Benefit–cost analysis in the time of COVID-19
Authors: Colmer Jonathan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEfforts to support public policy decisions need to be conducted carefully and thoughtfully. Recent efforts to estimate the social benefits of reductions in mortality risks associated with COVID-19 interventions are likely understated. There are large uncertainties over how much larger the social benefits could be. This raises questions about how helpful conventional approaches to valuing mortality and morbidity risks for benefit–cost analyses can be in contexts such as the current crisis.
A Conceptual Model of Small Business Owners’ Unique Retirement Decisions: Multilevel Antecedents and Retirement Adjustment Consequences
Authors: Alterman Valeria , Froidevaux Ariane , Fasbender Ulrike , Xie Jiangpei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe research on small business owners’ (SBOs’) retirement process has been very limited in the literature. In this commentary, we first outline SBOs’ 4 specific retirement decision options, including family succession, retire from management while maintaining ownership, independent sale, and liquidation. We then examine their unique multilevel antecedents that may shape SBOs’ retirement decisions at the individual (e.g., psychological ownership), relational (e.g., business-related family conflict and potential successor), and business (e.g., presence of business partners and business financial value) levels. Next, we explain how SBOs’ specific retirement decisions may shape their retirement adjustment in terms of both psychological and financial well-being. The overall purpose of this article is to provide a conceptual model of SBOs’ unique retirement decisions to support the understanding of SBO’s retirement process and help the literature move forward on this topic.
Wellness and Drivers of Burnout
Authors: Talwalkar Vishwas R. , Weiss Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Introduction:
Promoting physician wellness in the current environment of increasing burnout presents a great challenge to the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society and its members. Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA) has been a leader in recognizing this problem and organizing to combat it. The increasing rates of job dissatisfaction, burnout, depression, and suicide demand comprehensive and focused action to identify and address the drivers of burnout. Continuing to ignore this problem endangers our organization, our members, our families, and our patients.

Methods:
A review of relevant literature and the work of the POSNA wellness committee was completed.

Results:
Addressing the epidemic of burnout requires a sustained effort to address intrinsic factors such as health, performance, and resilience as well as external factors that affect practice efficiency and environment.

Discussion and Conclusions:
The goal of this effort is restoration of joy to the practitioners in medicine and more compassionate care for the patients who seek it.
Compound Coherent Plane-Wave Ultrasound Imaging of Vascular Malformations of the Orbit
Authors: Campbell Ashley A. , Urs Raksha , Callahan Alison B. , Silverman Ronald H. , Kazim Michael 
Published: June 2020

Purpose:
Prior color-flow Doppler ultrasound studies of the eye have been performed with systems that exceed US Food and Drug Administration permissible ophthalmic ultrasonic energy limits. The authors report a study of orbital vascular malformations using a novel, Food and Drug Administration compliant, ultrafast compound coherent plane-wave ultrasound device to produce power Doppler images.

Methods:
Using a Verasonics Vantage 128 ultrasound engine and a user-developed MATLAB program with a 5-MHz linear-array probe, compound coherent plane-wave ultrasound data were collected on patients with orbital vascular malformations. Real-time color-flow Doppler visualized orbital blood flow. Power Doppler images were produced by post-processing compound coherent plane-wave ultrasound data acquired continuously for 2 seconds.

Results:
Compound coherent plane-wave ultrasound was performed on 3 orbital vascular malformations (1 venolymphatic malformation, 1 infantile hemangioma, and 1 arteriovenous malformation). Compound coherent plane-wave ultrasound produced a high-resolution depiction of orbital blood flow for orbital vascular malformations with high sensitivity to slow flow.

Conclusions:
Analysis of blood flow within orbital lesions informs treatment planning. Compound coherent plane-wave ultrasound is an emerging ultrasound modality that falls within the Food and Drug Administration guidelines for use in the orbit and provides information to characterize orbital vascular malformations.
Differences Between Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Vulva and the Cervix
Authors: Maclean Allan B. , Jones Ronald W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology project and subsequent publication have grouped preinvasive human papillomavirus–associated squamous intraepithelial lesions of the lower genital tract and adjacent skin as a single entity. We are concerned that as a result of this grouping, some of the clinically relevant differences may not be taken into consideration. We describe differences between high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion of the vulva and cervix (vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia), in embryology (arising from ectoderm vs mesoderm), clinical presentations (symptoms or signs due to many vulvar lesions vs abnormal cytology), examination techniques and diagnosis (clinical examination of potentially widely involved areas vs colposcopy of the transformation zone), natural history, management, and follow-up requirements (long-term clinical assessment vs cytology and human papillomavirus testing). We believe that failure to understand these important differences will lead to errors in management.
Somatic Symptom Perception From a Predictive Processing Perspective: An Empirical Test Using the Thermal Grill Illusion
Authors: Bräscher Anne-Kathrin , Sütterlin Stefan , Scheuren Raymonde , Van den Bergh Omer , Witthöft Michael 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT

Objective
In a predictive processing perspective, symptom perceptions result from an integration of preexisting information in memory with sensory input. Physical symptoms can therefore reflect the relative predominance of either sensory input or preexisting information. In this study, we used the thermal grill illusion (TGI), which applies interlaced warm and cool temperatures to the skin to create a paradoxical heat-pain experience. Assuming that the TGI compared with single-temperature stimulation relies more importantly on an active integration process of the brain to create this paradoxical sensation, we tested the hypothesis whether a manipulation of the expectations during TGI would have more impact than during single-temperature stimulation.

Methods
Sixty-four participants received different temperature combinations (16/16°C, 40/40°C, 16/40°C) with neutral, positive (“placebo”), and negative (“nocebo”) instructions. Subjective stimulus intensity was rated, and neuroticism and absorption (openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences) served as potential moderating factors.

Results
The TGI condition was rated highest. Overall, negative instructions increased (p < .001, d = 0.58), whereas positive instructions did not significantly change the TGI intensity perception (versus neutral; p = .144, d = 0.19). In the TGI condition, increased modulation of pain was observed with higher neuroticism (β = 0.33, p = .005) and absorption (β = 0.30, p = .010).

Conclusions
Whereas negative instructions induced a nocebo effect, no placebo effect emerged after positive instructions. The findings are in line with the predictive processing model of symptom perception for participants with higher levels of neuroticism and absorption.
Effects of Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Inhibition on the Skin/Nerve Cell Model In Vitro
Authors: Hwang Na-Hyun , Jung Jae-Eun , Lee Jae-Sun , Jeong Seong-Ho , Dhong Eun-Sang , Han Seung-Kyu 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The present study is based on the concept of neuro-aging and how it may affect surrounding skin cells. It has been shown that many factors play a significant role in skin homeostasis by interfering with various cytokines, either through activation or inhibition. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is generally recognized as an inflammatory cytokine, and our previous study has shown its effects on neuronal senescence after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of skin cells. Following our previous work, this study was performed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of a GM-CSF antagonist, and how it may play an essential role in mediating anti-senescence and anti-inflammatory effects in the keratinocyte/nerve aging model. When human blastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) were treated with 10 ng/ml of GM-CSF, the levels of regulatory RNAs associated with aging, such as matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p50 subunit (NFKB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) increased, whereas GM-CSF inhibition caused their expression to decrease. A decrease in the antioxidant, glutathione (GSH) was observed after SH-SY5Y cells were treated with GM-CSF. This study confirms that this GM-CSF antagonist may play an important role in neural senescence, where inhibition may be a new target in the skin/nerve aging model.