bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Biocompatibility and Release Profile of Ginger Extract Loaded Hyaluronic Acid Nanocapsules for Medical Applications
Authors: Ashegh Moalla Marjan , Mahmoodi Mahboobeh , Tabatabaee Masoumeh 
Published: February 2020

Introduction: Ginger is a plant that is used as a drug for pain relieving and anti-inflammatory in traditional medicine, but conventional prescribing of it faces serious challenges. One way to overcome these problems is the loading of ginger extract in polymer carriers. The aim of this study was characterization and evaluation of the loading and releasing of ginger extract from hyaluronic acid nanocapsules for medical applications.
Methods: In this applied study, ginger extract as a pain-relieving drug was loaded in hyaluronic acid nanocapsules. The hyaluronic acid nanocapsules containing ginger extract were fabricated by emulsion method. The surface morphology, particle size and zeta potential, surface roughness and functional groups on the sample surface were evaluated by field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The stability and ginger release from nanocapsules were also determined via DLS and HPLC, respectively. The toxicity and fibroblast cells viability of ginger extract encapsulated in hyaluronic acid were evaluated by MTT assay. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 Software. The t-Student test was performed for statistical comparison of data and statistically significant was P < 0.05.
Results: The ginger entrapment efficiency (EE %) in nanocapsules was 74%. The average particle diameter and charge surface of the samples were calculated 413 nm and -10 mV, respectively. The negative charge of samples showed the stability of samples without agglomeration. Therefore, the surface morphology of the samples was observed as relatively spherical particles. In vitro test showed 95% fibroblast cell growth and proliferation on nanocapsules compared to the control sample (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: The hyaluronic acid nanocapsules have a great potential for delivery of ginger extract in the area of pain and inflammation.
Validitas Buku Etnobotani Tumbuhan Maranthes corymbosa di Kawasan Hutan Bukit Tamiang Kabupaten Tanah Laut
Authors: Ghani Guntur Al , Dharmono Dharmono , Amintarti Sri 
Published: February 2020

Validasi diartikan sebagai suatu tindakan pembuktian dengan cara yang sesuai bahwa tiap bahan, proses, prosedur, kegiatan, sistem, perlengkapan atau mekanisme yang digunakan dalam produksi dan pengawasan akan senantiasa mencapai hasil yang diinginkan. Buku yang divalidasi adalah buku ilmiah populer tumbuhan Maranthes corymbosa di kawasan hutan bukit Tamiang Kabupaten Tanah Laut. Validator terdiri dari 2 orang ahli dari Universitas Lambung Mangkurat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kelayakan dari buku ilmiah populer Maranthes corymbosa. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian pengembangan dengan model education design research (EDR) dengan evaluasi uji formatif Tessmer. Adapun hasil yang didapatkan dari uji validasi oleh 2 validator ahli terhadap buku ilmiah populer Maranthes corymbosa adalah sangat valid dengan skor 91,3%.
Penyelidikan Dan Perbaikan Bangunan Miring (Studi Kasus Struktur Bangunan Rumah Tinggal Di Kotabaru)
Authors: Tjitradi Darmansyah 
Published: February 2020

Tulisan ini merupakan hasil dari penyelidikan bangunan miring yang mengambil kasus rumah tinggal di Jln. P.I. Kesuma Jaya No.14 Kotabaru yang bangunannya mengalami kemiringan dan pondasinya mengalami perbedaan penurunan. Penyelidikan yang dilakukan menggunakan cara pengamatan visual (kualitatif) yang merupakan pengamatan awal sebelum dilanjutkan dengan pengukuran secara kuantitatif melalui pengukuran kemiringan dan penurunan bangunan. Dari hasil dari penyelidikan dapat diketahui bahwa tingkat kerusakan struktur bangunan masih dalam kategori ringan, sehingga masih dapat dilakukan perbaikan atau perkuatan terhadap struktur bangunan.Kata kunci: bangunan miring
Penggunaan Lapisan CTRB Dalam Peningkatan Struktur Jalan Ruas Jalan Batas Kota Muara Teweh – Malawaken – Benangin – Lampeong – Batas Propinsi Kalimantan Timur
Authors: Evendri Antonius 
Published: February 2020

Perkerasan jalan merupakan salah bagian dari kontruksi jalan. Salah satu inovasi dalam penghematan biaya maka digunakan metode Cement Treated Recycling Base (CTRB) dalam pekerjaan lapisan pondasi jalan. Ruas jalan Benangin-Lampeong-Batas Propinsi Kalimantan Timur merupakan jalan nasional trans Kalimantan sehingga perlu adanya peningkatan dan perhatian dalam perbaikan struktur jalan guna menunjang kelancaran transportasi lintas Kalimantan. Hasil Uji UCS CTRB sesuai DMF berturut-turut 26,40kg/cm², 30,90kg/cm², 35,49kg/cm² untuk kadar semen 5,5%, 7,5%, 9,5% dan Hasil Uji UCS CTRB sesuai JMF berturut-turut 19,27kg/cm², 23,12kg/cm², 27,91kg/cm², 32,81kg/cm² untuk kadar semen 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%. Kadar semen yang digunakan untuk pekerjaan CTRB sebesar 7,5% sesuai hasil data DMF dan JMF dimana nilai Kuat Tekan Bebas (KTB) memenuhi standart 30 kg/cm² yang sesuai dengan speksifikasi khusus CTRB berdasarkan Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI).
Review Desain Pada Pelaksanaan Pembangunan Pantai Asam Asam (Lanjutan) Pada SNVT Pelaksanaan Jaringan Sumber Air Balai wilayah Sungai Kalimantan II Propinsi Kalimantan Selatan
Authors: Satrio Ary 
Published: February 2020

Konstruksi pada Pantai Asam-Asam di desain untuk melindungi jalan raya dari abrasi air laut dengan cara membangun konstruksi semacam seawall secara bertahap pelaksanaannya. Sesuai dengan fungsinya salah satunya dalam satu kelompok yaitu konstruksi yang di bangun di pantai dan sejajar garis pantai. Dari pengamatan pada pelaksanaan secara bertahap yang dilakukan mendapatkan hasil yang kurang mendekati sempurna untuk melindungi pantai terhadap kerusakan karena serangan gelombang air laut dan arus, oleh karena itu dilakukan perubahan design yang telah di laksanakan oleh konsultan perencana, yang dirubah adalah material untuk konstruksi seawall pada pantai Asam Asam.
Implementasi Uji Mutu Pelaksanaan Pekerjaan Konstruksi Paket Pembangunan Jalan Batas Kec. Siding/Seluas – Batas Kecamatan Sekayam/Entikong (Myc) Provinsi Kalimantan Barat
Authors: Junaidi Deddy 
Published: February 2020

Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk (1) Mengetahui implementasi uji mutu pelaksanaan pekerjaan konstruksi pada Paket Pembangunan Jalan Batas Kec. Siding/Seluas – Batas Kecamatan Sekayam/Entikong (MYC) Provinsi Kalimantan Barat, dan (2) Mengetahui ketidaksesuaian; akar penyebab masalah; acuan/aturan dalam pelaksanaan uji mutu konstruksi pada paket tersebut disertai saran perbaikan. Setelah monitoring pelaksanaan uji mutu konstruksi pada paket tersebut, didapatkan bahwa (1) Pelaksanaan sistem manajemen kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja pada sistem kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja dalam kondisi yang baik. Hal tersebut diwujudkan dalam bentuk kinerja penerapan penyelenggaraan kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri PU No. 9 tahun 2008, (2) Ketidaksesuaian, akar penyebab dan saran perbaikannya. Kata kunci: Uji mutu konstruksi, pekerjaan konstruksi jalan
Perkerasan Rigid di Wilayah Container Distribution Center Pelabuhan Trisakti untuk Tipe Kontainer 20 feet dan Alat Berat Reach Stacker tipe Kalmar DRT450
Authors: Ayu Nissa 
Published: February 2020

Perubahan fungsi lapangan penumpukan yang semula digunakan untuk peti kemas kosong menjadi penuh menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan akibat ketidakmampuan konstruksi awal terhadap beban baru yang bekerja. Untuk itu diperlukan peningkatan fasilitas pelabuhan sebagai salah satu aksi untuk menciptakan nilai tambah yang berkelanjutan danmeningkatkan kepuasan stakeholder. Paper ini membahas mengenai peningkatan perkerasan rigid lantai lapangan penumpukan peti kemas sebagai fasilitas utama pelabuhan. Langkah–langkah yang dilakukan adalah survei kondisi lapangan eksisting, menentukan metode perbaikan yang sesuai dengan fungsi, berkoordinasi dengan pihak operasional,melakukan desain perkerasan dengan beban alat berat reach stacker dan peti kemas ukuran 20 feet, serta pelaksanaan dan pengawasan pekerjaan yang sesuai dengan syarat dan rencana kerja. Hasil desain dari peningkatan lapangan penumpukan tersebut adalah perkerasan rigid dengan Mutu Beton K-300, tulangan Wiremesh M10 rangkap dan tebal lantai beton 300 mm. Kata kunci: perkerasan rigid, peti kemas, reach stacker, pelabuhan trisakti
The Simplification of the Material Balance Formulas by the Laplace Transformation
Authors: Hurst William 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 213, 1958, pages 292–303.

Abstract
For many years the author has been cognizant of the difficulty encountered by some in treating with the water influx formulas for unsteady-state fluid flow as pertain to the material balance equation. This has particularly applied in establishing reservoir performance and identifying reservoir pressure, which to the practicing engineer has entailed a trial-and-error procedure, and for others has necessitated resorting to computing devices and reiteration processes.
In retrospect this difficulty stems from the fact that reservoir pressure in the material balance formulas, as well as associated with the water influx equations, is an inexplicit term, and the work reported in the past is irrefutable. However, what will be presented in this paper is another approach to the problem, whereby the entire material balance equation will be treated by the Laplace transformation, and reservoir pressure which hereto has been inexplicit, can now be isolated by mathematical procedure to relate that parameter with all the factors contributing to its change.
This is the simplification entailed, that treats first with an undersaturated oil reservoir as an integrated effect from the inception of production. The second phase pertains to saturated oil reservoirs that encompass a survey traverse. Although both methods of approach are necessarily different in aspect, the most interesting fact is that the mathematics so deduced are identical. Both the linear and radial water-drive systems are incorporated, for which an illustrated factual example is offered for the latter, treating with a saturated oil reservoir.

Introduction
What is performed in this work is the simplification of an involved computation by advanced analysis. Although such may be construed as a contradiction when one treats with higher mathematics; nevertheless, when direction is given to such an undertaking the results can be most revealing.
Likewise, it is to be mentioned that the bases for these mathematics have been developed on the expediency of the occasion. This is not to be inferred as a qualification of this work, but rather the demands frequently placed upon the author in his private practice in meeting a time limit. A situation, instead of being fraught with hazards, often has given emphasis to creative thought.
Reverse-Wetting Logging
Authors: Graham John W. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 213, 1958, pages 304–309.

Introduction
The most common method of identifying hydrocarbon-bearing strata in a well that penetrates many different formations involves measurement and interpretation of the electrical properties of the formations as determined by electrical logs. Even though this method is used extensively, and even though in a great many instances it is capable of indicating presence of oil or gas, situations arise for which it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to deduce the presence of hydrocarbons.
These situations may involve the following.
A thin formation, bounded by highly resistive formations, in which it is impossible to obtain the actual resistivity of the uninvaded zone with existing logging devices.
A formation in which invasion has been so extensive that a value for the uninvaded zone resistivity cannot be obtained.
A very shaly formation in which the resistivity index, I, is lower than that usually associated with productive formations.
Laminated formations comprised of thin productive sands separated by thin shale streaks in which the individual sand and shale streaks are too thin to permit measurement of uninvaded-zone resistivity with existing logging devices.
Productive formations in which the water saturation is high.
To extend the utility of electric log interpretation to identification of hydrocarbons in all types of formations, there is strong incentive to find a method not subject to these limitations.
Some time ago, in connection with research on the wettability of reservoir rock, an investigation was conducted in which the resistivities of cores were measured shortly after they were removed from a core barrel, and again after they had been extracted and restored to their original oil and brine saturation. The resistivities after extraction were generally lower. Other tests made on the cores indicated that they were more nearly water wet after they were extracted; thus, it was assumed that the observed changes in resistivities were due to a change in wettability of the cores. Other experiments have shown that resistivities of rock samples are sharply dependent on wettability. These experiments have shown that oil-wet samples are more resistive than water-wet samples.
Permeability and Porosity Evolution of Organic-Rich Shales from the Green River Formation as a Result of Maturation
Authors: Kim Tae Wook , Ross Cynthia M. , Guan Kelly M. , Burnham Alan K. , Kovscek Anthony R. 
Published: February 2020

Summary
Source rocks (oil shale) were matured artificially via pyrolysis under geologically realistic triaxial stresses using a unique coreholder that is compatible with X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning. This study focuses on characterization of porosity and permeability as well as the evolution of shale fabric during pyrolysis. Experiments were conducted using 1-in. diameter vertical and horizontal core samples from the Green River Formation. Prior to pyrolysis, the properties of the source rock were characterized [e.g., porosity, bulk density, mineralogy, and total organic carbon (TOC)]. Samples were then heated from room temperature to 350°C under a nitrogen environment to obtain conversion of organic matter (OM) to oil and gas via pyrolysis. Porosity and permeability after maturation were measured. Micro-CT visualization was applied to investigate the fracture network developed throughout the core. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were also used to compare the shale fabric and porosity evolution (pre- to post-maturation) at greater resolution.
In-situ observations reveal a decrease in the average CT number (i.e., density) within some volumetric regions of the cores after maturation. In these regions, OM (kerogen and bitumen) was converted into hydrocarbons. Changes in the source rock depend on the original TOC fraction, hydrogen index (HI), and temperature. The permeability prior to pyrolysis for vertical samples is in the undetectable to nanodarcy range. The permeability of all cores increased to the microdarcy range post-maturation. In particular, the permeability of the horizontal sample increased from 0.14 to 50 µd. This improvement in permeability occurred due to the generation of open porosity and fractures (dilation, generation, and/or drainage). Additionally, the porosity after Soxhlet extraction increased proportionally by 20% from pre- to post-pyrolysis depending on pyrolysis time and TOC fraction. Longitudinal deformation depends on the orientation of the sample with respect to the triaxial stress during pyrolysis. The deformation of vertically oriented samples with isostress conditions is larger than that of horizontally oriented samples with isostrain. The measured 3D in-situ porosity distribution indicates that OM has transformed into hydrocarbons by pyrolysis. The development of a fracture and matrix porosity system under stress provides an explanation for transport of hydrocarbon away from its point of origin.
A Practical Utilization of the Theory of Bingham Plastic Flow in Stationary Pipes and Annuli
Authors: Melrose J.C. , Savins J.G. , Foster W.R. , Parish E.R. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 213, 1958, pages 316–324.

Introduction
The practical analysis of the hydrodynamics of the wellbore has long been a subject of interest to engineers. This paper presents a simplified solution to the problem of computing the pressure drop for the flow of drilling mud in the annulus of the wellbore. This solution is, however, an exact and rigorous solution under the assumptions which have been imposed. These assumptions are that the drilling fluid is a Bingham plastic fluid and that the annulus is formed by two concentric, stationary, cylindrical pipes. It is further assumed that the fluid is incompressible and that its motion is isothermal and in a steady state.
This problem under the same assumptions has been attacked by previous authors. Beck, Nuss and Dunn proposed that the equation for the flow of a Bingham plastic fluid in a cylindrical pipe could be applied to an annulus if the pipe radius were replaced in the equation by the hydraulic radius. This equation, known as the Buckingham-Reiner equation (see Appendix 1), was also used in an approximate form. Van Olphen pointed out that even for a simple or Newtonian fluid the pipe equation (Poiseuille's law) could not be converted to the Lamb equation descriptive of flow in an annulus (see Appendix 1) by using the hydraulic radius. Van Olphen further attempted to give a solution for the annular flow of a Bingham plastic fluid by introducing approximations similar to those which have been used in the case of the Buckingham-Reiner equation. Other attempts to provide approximate or exact solutions have been made by Grodde and by Mori and Ototake.
The present authors some years ago in unpublished work derived the correct expressions relating the pressure drop and flow rate for this problem. It was found that the solution consisted of two simultaneous equations, one of which contained a logarithmic term. Thus, obtaining numerical results for any particular case of interest involves very tedious trial-and-error computations. Very recently Laird presented the correct derivation of the two equations which are given in full detail in Appendix 1.
Reservoir Rock Wettability - Its Significance and Evaluation
Authors: Bobek J.E. , Mattax C.C. , Denekas M.O. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 213, 1958, pages 155–160. Paper presented at 32nd Annual Fall Meeting of Society of Petroleum Engineers in Dallas, Tex., Oct. 6–9, 1957.

Abstract
Investigations in recent years have shown that rock wettability can exert a profound influence on the displacement of oil by water from oil producing reservoirs. Core analyses frequently show oil recoveries from preferentially water-wet rock to be significantly greater than those from preferentially oil-wet rock. Thus, an accurate prediction of water-drive or waterflood oil recovery is dependent on the evaluation of reservoir rock wettability.
Laboratory and field studies have been undertaken to examine and develop methods which may be used to measure rock wettability, to investigate factors which may alter the wettability of reservoir rock, and to determine the wettability of specific reservoirs. It has been found that measurement of the rate and volume of spontaneous imbibition of the wetting phase by a rock is a reliable and reproducible test for semi-quantitative determination of preferential rock wettability. Laboratory tests have shown that the wettability of reservoir rock may depend on both the crude oil composition and the rock type. Field and laboratory tests have indicated that coring fluids and core handling techniques can cause significant changes in the wettability of rock surfaces. However, a few fluids, brine in particular, appear not to affect core wettability and may be used when coring to determine reservoir wettability. Core handling and packing procedures have been developed which preserve core wettability during storage and laboratory testing. The wettability characteristics of six reservoirs have been evaluated by wettability tests performed in the field on fresh cores cut with brine or special water-base muds. The tests indicated that all six reservoirs are water wet; however, the degree differed from one reservoir to another.
Application of Numerical Methods to Predict Recovery From Thin Oil Columns
Authors: Rachford H.H. , Taylor R.D. , Douglas Jim , Dyke P.M. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 213, 1958, pages 193–201.

Abstract
The performance of a water-drive reservoir having a gas cap depends primarily on the movement of the gag oil and oil-water contacts. The movement of the contacts during production depends in turn on fluid withdrawals and how the reservoir pressure changes as fluids are produced from the reservoir; that is, on how effectively the aquifer maintains pressure by replacing withdrawals.
Inasmuch as pressure changes, fluid withdrawals, contact positions, and produced gas-oil and oil-water ratios are interdependent, the analysis and prediction of the performance of a reservoir produced in a given way must take into account this interdependence throughout depletion.
This paper presents an analysis which, within the limitations of the assumptions made, yields an engineering approach to predicting future performance based on reservoir pressure and production history The most significant assumption is the method of extrapolation of future gas-oil and water-oil ratios. The extrapolation procedure smoothly increases both ratios to preselected values as the remaining oil column undergoes a specified decrease in thickness. This preselection is made on the basis of previous field experience in depletion of similar reservoirs under similar conditions. For computing future performancevolumetric balance is combined with the differential equation defining pressure distribution in the aquifer to obtain positions of water-oil and gas-oil contacts. From these positions are extrapolated produced water-oil and gas-oil ratios. Reservoir performance can be investigated when oil production rates are dependent upon various factors including the performance of the reservoir itself. Examples of practical application of the procedure are included.

Introduction
To predict performance of water-drive reservoirs with gas caps and thin oil columns, it is necessary to describe the motions of the fluids within the reservoir during the entire production period to depletion. These motions depend on the pressure changes and on the withdrawal of oil, gas and water. Production of oil from the oil zone primarily causes water to move in to take its place; production of gas from the cap tends to cause oil to migrate into its place. In addition, the volumes of oil and gas remaining in the reservoir depend on changes in the pressure, since a decrease in pressure causes fluid expansion, gas liberation and oil shrinkage.