bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical method of determining the movement resistance of a tip for forming rectangular technological hole in the lower structure tracks
Authors: Posmitiukha O , Hlavatskyi K , Kravets S , Suponyev V , Koval A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The aim of this work is to theoretically determine the total resistance to soil pricking with a wedge-shaped tip to create a rectangular cavity and to determine the influence of the size of the working equipment and soil environment in the repair of earthenware or areas where trench technology can-not be used. To determine the forces of the recess of the replaceable pilot, the law of change of soil pressure on the working surfaces of the working equipment was first determined, which is based on the idea of the change of the soil elastic state at its compaction was determined, which is determined by the compression module of deformation of the soil. The processes occurring during the formation of wells and new approaches to the improvement of calculations have been described. On the basis of the pro-posed model of the piercing process, the laws of change of the normal pressure of soil resistance on the surface of the wedge working equipment are established. Based on its value, the results of theoretical studies have received a rational form and parameters of the tip of the work equipment.
Improvement of the open wagon for cargoes which imply loading with a “hat”
Authors: Reidemeister A , Muradian L , Shaposhnyk V , Shykunov O , Kyryl’chuk O , Kalashnyk V 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The goal of the article is to evaluate the possibility of improving the design of an open wagon body in order to improve traffic safety when transporting cargoes whose height is beyond the upper belt of the side wall (cargo loading with a “hat”). To achieve it, the authors have proposed a variant of a pull-out bar in a wall rack. In lazy state such bars located inside racks, but during transportation of timber, pipes etc they are pulled out above the wall upper belt to prevent cargo from rolling out. These bars are quite light (mass of one pull-out bar is equal to 3 kg, that corresponds to 36 kg of an additional equipment per a wagon), but they considerably facilitate fixing cargo in an open wagon replacing additional wooden fixing racks. It also makes the transportation more reliable due to elimitation the possibility of skew and jamming of fixing equipment. Strength of the proposed element and the entire wagon side wall is estimated with the finite element method. The proposed bars withstand normative loads, and holes in the upper belt for them do not lead to desrease of the wall carrying capacity.
Energy-efficient excavation of the soil of the lower track structure by bulldozers with a combined knife system
Authors: Hlavatskyi K , Raksha S , Gorbenko Y 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The motivation of the research and further development of the new type combined knife system on the non-return bulldozer blade and the results of the first series of laboratory studies of the process of the soil digging with the non-return blade of the bulldozer with the first set of its physical models, which indicate the feasibility of continuing research in this direction is given. The proposed combined knife system makes it possible to realize oblique digging of the soil on the non-return blade of the bulldozer and maximally complete its orientation in the prism of the soil before the blade in order to increase the productivity of the bulldozer with non-return blade by decreasing soil losses in the side rollers, decreasing the time of filling and digging the soil by decreasing the coefficient of specific soil resistance to digging. The paper substantiates the technology of more efficient use of bulldozers with non-return blade compared to their traditional counterparts, which is possible due to the use of the new combined knife system, and argues in favor of expanding the technological capabilities of the bulldozer with non-return blade, equipped with the proposed engineering solutions of the new type knife system with different digging angles and spatial inclination of cutting edges.
RETRACTED: CNN based framework for identifying the Indian currency denomination for physically challenged people
Authors: Rajendran P. Selvi , Anithaashri Dr. T. P. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
One of the premier issues confronting the visual hindered individual is money, acknowledgment especially for cash. Be that as it may, the outwardly weakened individual may not think about the estimation of cash, and they endure part in cash trade related issues in their normal life. To address this issue, we have built up a framework for acknowledgment of money, notes, which might be the helpful device for an outwardly debilitated individual. Investigation and trials were done on the money informational collection, which encouraged CNN dependent on the key highlights, for example, watermarks, pictures printed on cash, esteemed composed as words and numbers and the total cash. This paper deals with the utilization of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for solving this society issues and investigations about the exhibition and evaluation of different CNN models. Here, Alexnet, Googlenet, and Vgg16 models have been considered for assessment. All the models were adjusted as far as preparing and testing the individuals of data sets. Among these three models, Alexnet accomplished better in preparing fulfillment, Vgg16 model indicated the better execution and accomplished 100%, Google net arrives at 88% as far as productivity.
Tribological activity of ultradisperse organic lubricant additives for cam mechanisms subject to abrasive wear
Authors: Parfenov A S , Berezina E V , Berezin I V , Volkov A V , Godlevsky V A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The effect of nanodispersed triboactive additive introducing into the oil suspension of model abrasive is considered. The influence of the concentrations both additive and abrasive, as well as the dispersion of the solid phase on the wear of steel-steel pair friction, is determined. It has been suggested that carbon nano-particle additives under these conditions can shield the level of abrasive wear.
Computer model of contact of rough surfaces of friction material in the friction nodes of lifting and transport machines
Authors: Romasko A M , Do X T 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this paper, there is proposed computer model of the contact of friction materials in the brake devices of building road machines and lifting transport machines. The contact surface is modelled by a microrelief composed of a set of elements in the form of rods. As a result of modelling, there are such contact characteristics as rapprochement, distribution of contact pressure, real contact area and the gap between the surfaces. The obtained dependencies are compared with the finite element method (FEM).
Influence of charge emission behaviors of semi-conductive shielding layer on charge accumulation properties of insulation layer for HVDC cable
Authors: Wang Tingting , Li Xuejing , Liu Mingyue , Li Guochang , Xiao Wei , Chen Shaojie , Hao Chuncheng , Wei Yanhui , Fu Mingli , Lei Qingquan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Space charge accumulation is one of the key factors restricting the manufacture and application of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) cables. Semi-conductive shielding layer plays an important role in uniform electric field in HVDC cable, and its own emission properties directly affect the space charge behaviours in the insulation material. In the paper, charge injection property from semi-conductive layer to insulation layer have been focused emphatically based on experiment and simulation. The charge injection characteristics of semi-conductive layer under two typical electrode configurations of ‘Metal-Insulation layer-Metal’ (M-I-M) and ‘Semi-conductive layer-Insulation layer-Metal’ (S-I-M) have been studied. The conductive current and depolarization current of the insulation layer are compared. Finally, effect of particle size and concentration of carbon black (CB) in the semi-conductive layer on the interfacial electric field has been studied by electric field simulation. The experimental results show that the charge injection from the semi-conductive layer is more obvious under the action of low electric field of 5 kV mm−1 due to effect of CB particles. It can be seen from the depolarizing current curve that the charge injection quantity with S-I interface is greater than that of M-I interface. Further calculation results show that the maximum distortion electric field increases slightly with the increase of CB size. When CB content is 25%, the electric field distortion caused by interface CB particles is about twice of the average electric field (5 kV mm−1), increasing from 9.61 kV mm−1 at 10 nm to 10.15 kV mm−1 at 50 nm. The reduction of CB size in the semi-conductive layer within a certain range is conducive to the reduction of the interface electric field. The maximum distortion field gradually decreases with the increase of CB content at a certain range.
Selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially functions as an alternative reproductive isolation among fiveArisaemaspecies
Authors: Matsumoto Tetsuya K , Hirobe Muneto , Sueyoshi Masahiro , Miyazaki Yuko 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsInterspecific difference in pollinators (pollinator isolation) is important for reproductive isolation in flowering plants. Species-specific pollination by fungus gnats has been discovered in several plant taxa, suggesting that they can contribute to reproductive isolation. Nevertheless, their contribution has not been studied in detail, partly because they are too small for field observations during flower visitation. To quantify their flower visitation, we used the genus Arisaema (Araceae) because the pitcher-like spathe of Arisaema can trap all floral visitors.MethodsWe evaluated floral visitor assemblage in an altitudinal gradient including five Arisaema species. We also examined interspecific differences in altitudinal distribution (geographic isolation) and flowering phenology (phenological isolation). To exclude the effect of interspecific differences in altitudinal distribution on floral visitor assemblage, we established ten experimental plots including the five Arisaema species in high- and low-altitude areas and collected floral visitors. We also collected floral visitors in three additional sites. Finally, we estimated the strength and contribution of these three reproductive barriers using a unified formula for reproductive isolation.Key ResultsEach Arisaema species selectively attracted different fungus gnats in the altitudinal gradient, experimental plots and additional sites. Altitudinal distribution and flowering phenology differed among the five Arisaema species, whereas the strength of geographic and phenological isolations were distinctly weaker than those in pollinator isolation. Nevertheless, the absolute contribution of pollinator isolation to total reproductive isolation was weaker than geographic and phenological isolations, because pollinator isolation functions after the two early-acting barriers in plant life history.ConclusionsOur results suggest that selective pollination by fungus gnats potentially contributes to reproductive isolation. Since geographic and phenological isolations can be disrupted by habitat disturbance and interannual climate change, the strong and stable pollinator isolation might compensate for the weakened early-acting barriers as an alternative reproductive isolation among the five Arisaema species.
Land Restitution in Postconflict Burundi
Authors: Mbazumutima Theodore 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
With the end of the civil war in Burundi, the government began a transitional justice process to consolidate peace and deal with the legacies of past violations. Part of the transitional justice work in the country has been restitution of land and other property – a process that has provoked further violence and, to some extent, threatened national unity. Political elites have hijacked the land restitution process in a way that has shaped land conflicts on the ground and affected national politics. Based on action research carried out in Nyanza-lac Commune, Makamba Province, between May and December 2017, this article discusses return-related land conflicts and dialogue as a means of settling such conflicts. The research findings indicate that dialogue can help affected communities resolve and transform complex conflicts in a context where the law has failed to address them.
Investigating the young AU Mic system with SPIRou: large-scale stellar magnetic field and close-in planet mass
Authors: Klein Baptiste , Donati Jean-François , Moutou Claire , Delfosse Xavier , Bonfils Xavier , Martioli Eder , Fouqué Pascal , Cloutier Ryan , Artigau Étienne , Doyon René , Hébrard Guillaume , Morin Julien , Rameau Julien , Plavchan Peter , Gaidos Eric 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a velocimetric and spectropolarimetric analysis of 27 observations of the 22-Myr M1 star AU Microscopii (AU Mic) collected with the high-resolution YJHK (0.98–2.35 μm) spectropolarimeter SPIRou from 2019 September 18 to November 14. Our radial velocity (RV) time-series exhibits activity-induced fluctuations of 45 m s−1 rms, ∼3 times smaller than those measured in the optical domain, that we filter using Gaussian Process Regression. We report a 3.9σ detection of the recently discovered 8.46 -d transiting planet AU Mic b, with an estimated mass of 17.1$^{+4.7}_{-4.5}$ M⊕ and a bulk density of 1.3 ± 0.4 g cm−3, inducing an RV signature of semi-amplitude K = 8.5$^{+2.3}_{-2.2}$ m s−1 in the spectrum of its host star. A consistent detection is independently obtained when we simultaneously image stellar surface inhomogeneities and estimate the planet parameters with Zeeman–Doppler imaging (ZDI). Using ZDI, we invert the time-series of unpolarized and circularly polarized spectra into surface brightness and large-scale magnetic maps. We find a mainly poloidal and axisymmetric field of 475 G, featuring, in particular, a dipole of 450 G tilted at 19° to the rotation axis. Moreover, we detect a strong differential rotation of dΩ = 0.167 ± 0.009 rad d−1 shearing the large-scale field, about twice stronger than that shearing the brightness distribution, suggesting that both observables probe different layers of the convective zone. Even though we caution that more RV measurements are needed to accurately pin down the planet mass, AU Mic b already appears as a prime target for constraining planet formation models, studying the interactions with the surrounding debris disc, and characterizing its atmosphere with upcoming space- and ground-based missions.
A new channel to form IMBHs throughout cosmic time
Authors: Natarajan Priyamvada 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
While the formation of the first black holes (BHs) at high redshift is reasonably well understood though debated, massive BH formation at later cosmic epochs has not been adequately explored. We present a gas accretion driven mechanism that can build-up BH masses rapidly in dense, gas-rich nuclear star clusters (NSCs). Wind-fed supraexponential accretion in these environments under the assumption of net zero angular momentum for the gas, can lead to extremely rapid growth, scaling stellar mass remnant seed BHs up to the intermediate mass black hole (IMBH) range. This new long-lived channel for IMBH formation permits growth to final masses ranging from 50 to 105 M⊙. Growth is modulated by the gas supply, and premature termination can result in the formation of BHs with masses between 50 and a few 100 M⊙ filling in the so-called mass gap. Typically, growth is unimpeded and will result in the formation of IMBHs with masses ranging from ∼100 to 105 M⊙. New detections from the LIGO–VIRGO source GW190521 to the emerging population of ∼105 M⊙ BHs harboured in low-mass dwarf galaxies are revealing this elusive population. Naturally accounting for the presence of off-centre BHs in low-mass dwarfs, this new pathway also predicts the existence of a population of wandering non-central BHs in more massive galaxies detectable via tidal disruption events and as gravitational wave coalescences. Gas-rich NSCs could therefore serve as incubators for the continual formation of BHs over a wide range in mass throughout cosmic time.
Towards a self-consistent analysis of the anisotropic galaxy two- and three-point correlation functions on large scales: application to mock galaxy catalogues
Authors: Sugiyama Naonori S , Saito Shun , Beutler Florian , Seo Hee-Jong 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We establish a practical method for the joint analysis of anisotropic galaxy two- and three-point correlation functions (2PCF and 3PCF, respectively) on the basis of the decomposition formalism of the 3PCF using tripolar spherical harmonics. We perform such an analysis with MultiDark-Patchy mock catalogues to demonstrate and understand the benefit of the anisotropic 3PCF. We focus on scales above $80\, h^{-1}\, {\rm Mpc}$, and use information from the shape and the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) signals of the 2PCF and 3PCF. We also apply density field reconstruction to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of BAO in the 2PCF measurement, but not in the 3PCF measurement. In particular, we study in detail the constraints on the angular diameter distance and the Hubble parameter. We build a model of the bispectrum or 3PCF that includes the non-linear damping of the BAO signal in redshift space. We carefully account for various uncertainties in our analysis including theoretical models of the 3PCF, window function corrections, biases in estimated parameters from the fiducial values, the number of mock realizations to estimate the covariance matrix, and bin size. The joint analysis of the 2PCF and 3PCF monopole and quadrupole components shows a $30{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ and $20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ improvement in Hubble parameter constraints before and after reconstruction of the 2PCF measurements, respectively, compared to the 2PCF analysis alone. This study clearly shows that the anisotropic 3PCF increases cosmological information from galaxy surveys and encourages further development of the modelling of the 3PCF on smaller scales than we consider.
Proximity effect of pair correlation in the inner crust of neutron stars
Authors: Okihashi Toshiyuki , Matsuo Masayuki 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We study the proximity effect of pair correlation in the inner crust of neutron stars by means of the Skyrme–Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov theory formulated in coordinate space. We describe a system composed of a nuclear cluster immersed in neutron superfluid confined in a spherical box. Using a density-dependent effective pairing interaction that reproduces both the pair gap of neutron matter obtained in ab initio calculations and that of finite nuclei, we analyze how the pair condensate in a neutron superfluid is affected by the presence of the nuclear cluster. It is found that the proximity effect is characterized by the coherence length of the neutron superfluid measured from the edge position of the nuclear cluster. The calculation predicts that the proximity effect has a strong density dependence. In the middle layers of the inner crust with baryon density $5 \times 10^{-4}$ fm$^{-3} \mathop &lt; \limits_ \sim \ \rho_b \mathop &lt; \limits_ \sim \ 2\times 10^{-2}$ fm$^{-3}$, the proximity effect is strongly limited in the vicinity of the nuclear cluster, i.e., in a sufficiently smaller area than the Wigner–Seitz cell. In contrast, the proximity effect is predicted to extend to the whole volume of the Wigner–Seitz cell in shallow layers of the inner crust with $\rho_b \mathop &lt; \limits_ \sim \ 2 \times 10^{-4}$ fm$^{-3}$, and in deep layers with $\rho_b \mathop &gt; \limits_ \sim \ 5 \times 10^{-2}$ fm$^{-3}$.
NICE public health guidance update
Authors: Blagden Sarah , Austin Catrin , Richey Roberta , Desai Monica 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article introduces the recently published National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Guidance on ‘Behaviour change: digital and mobile health interventions’. It provides an insight into the supporting evidence base, some of the key recommendations and issues that the NICE committee faced in guideline development. Particular focus is given to the impact on health inequalities.
Spine MRI: A Review of Commonly Encountered Emergent Conditions
Authors: Winn Aaron , Martin Adam , Castellon Ivan , Sanchez Allen , Lavi Efrat Saraf , Munera Felipe , Nunez Diego 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Over the last 2 decades, the proliferation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) availability and continuous improvements in acquisition speeds have led to significantly increased MRI utilization across the health care system, and MRI studies are increasingly ordered in the emergent setting. Depending on the clinical presentation, MRI can yield vital diagnostic information not detectable with other imaging modalities. The aim of this text is to report on the up-to-date indications for MRI of the spine in the ED, and review the various MRI appearances of commonly encountered acute spine pathology, including traumatic injuries, acute non traumatic myelopathy, infection, neoplasia, degenerative disc disease, and postoperative complications. Imaging review will focus on the aspects of the disease process that are not readily resolved with other modalities.
Comparison of porcine corneal decellularization methods and importance of preserving corneal limbus through decellularization
Authors: Isidan Abdulkadir , Liu Shaohui , Chen Angela M. , Zhang Wenjun , Li Ping , Smith Lester J. , Hara Hidetaka , Cooper David K.C. , Ekser Burcin 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe aim of this study is to compare the three previously applied, conventional porcine corneal decellularization methods and to demonstrate the importance of preserving the corneal limbus through decellularization.MethodsFresh, wild-type (with or without) limbus porcine corneas were decellularized using three different methods, including (i) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), (ii) hypertonic saline (HS), and (iii) N2gas (NG). Post-treatment evaluation was carried out using histological, residual nuclear material, and ultrastructural analyses. Glycerol was used to help reduce the adverse effects of decellularization. The corneas were preserved for two weeks in cornea storage medium.ResultsAll three decellularization methods reduced the number of keratocytes at different rates in the stromal tissue. However, all methods, except SDS, resulted in the retention of large numbers of cells and cell fragments. The SDS method (0.1% SDS, 48h) resulted in almost 100% decellularization in corneas without limbus. Low decellularization capacity of the NG method (<50%) could make it unfavorable. Although HS method had a more balanced damage-decellularization ratio, its decellularization capacity was lower than SDS method. Preservation of the corneoscleral limbus could partially prevent structural damage and edema, but it would reduce the decellularization capacity.ConclusionOur results suggest that SDS is a very powerful decellularization method, but it damages the cornea irreversibly. Preserving the corneoscleral limbus reduces the efficiency of decellularization, but also reduces the damage.