bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
250 Evaluation of Green Grass as a feed ingredient in beef finishing rations and impact on cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid profiles in meat
Authors: Norman Mitchell M , Bland Nicolas , Boyd Bradley M , Conroy Brianna , Calkins Chris , Watson Andrea K , Erickson Galen E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A finishing study used 240 crossbred steers (initial BW=340 ±24 kg) to evaluate performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid profiles of beef from finishing steers. Four inclusions (0, 10, 20, 30 % DM basis) of Green Grass displaced dry rolled corn in the finishing diet. Green Grass is a blend of herbs and plants imported from Korea that are high in omega-3 fatty acids with 13.9 % fat,32.0 % CP, and 27.0 % Acid detergent fiber. The remaining diet consisted of 15 % WDGS, 20 % corn silage, and 6 % liquid supplement (DM basis). There were no differences in final BW, gain or carcass traits (P³0.14). Cattle were harvested over three slaughter days and were fed for 190, 199, or 203 days. Dry matter intake linearly increased (P = 0.04)as Green Grass inclusion increased in the diet. A linear response (P£0.01) to feeding Green Grass was observed for G:F, with steers fed Green Grass having lower feed efficiency than control cattle. The G:F of cattle fed Green Grass was 5.4, 3.4, and 6.8 % lower in G:F as inclusion increased suggesting Green Grass has 68.6 % the energy of corn it replaced. Steers fed 30 % Green Grass had a lower marbling score. Linear increases in alpha linolenic acid, trans-unsaturated fatty acids, and omega-3 fatty acids (P£0.01) were observed in steak samples from steers fed increasing inclusion of Green Grass. Including up to 30 % inclusion of Green Grass on a DM basis in finishing diets decreased G:F; however, it appeared to have no other effects on performance or carcass characteristics. Feeding Green Grass linearly improved omega-3 fatty acid concentration in beef.
150 Effects of specialty lipids as alternatives to conventional antimicrobial feed additives on nursery pig growth performance
Authors: Dahmer Payton , Lerner Annie B , Luebcke Grace , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
There is consumer and regulatory pressure to reduce the use of conventional antimicrobial feed additives in pork production. A total of 360 pigs (DNA 241×600, initially 5.4±0.07 kg BW) were used in a 35-d study evaluating the ability for specialty lipids to replace ZnO or carbadox in nursery diets. Pigs were allotted in a completely randomized design (6 pigs/pen and 10 pens/treatment) to one of six diets: 1) control; 2) control + 3,000 ppm ZnO in phase 1 and 2,000 ppm ZnO in phase 2; 3) control + 50 g/ton carbadox; 4) control + 1% C6:C8:C10 medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) blend; 5) control + 1% proprietary oil blend (Feed Energy Corp., Des Moines, IA); and 6) control + 1% monolaurate blend (FORMI GML, ADDCON GmbH, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany). Treatment diets were fed in two phases (d 0 to 19) followed by a common diet (d 19 to 35). During the treatment period, pigs fed ZnO or carbadox had greater (P&lt; 0.05) ADG than pigs fed the control or proprietary oil blend, with pigs fed the MCFA or monolaurate blends being intermediate. Pigs fed diets containing ZnO had greater (P&lt; 0.05) ADFI than those fed the control, MCFA, or propriety oil blends. Pigs fed ZnO or carbadox had higher (P&lt; 0.05) blood glucose on d 19 and firmer (P&lt; 0.05) fecal scores on d 3 than pigs fed all other diets. No differences (P &gt;0.05) were observed during the common period (d 19 to 35), however sufficient early growth differences subsequently impacted overall ADG and ADFI. In summary, ZnO and carbadox are valuable additives to maximize early nursery growth, but specialty lipid products may result in similar performance while others may restrict it. Additional research is warranted to identify optimal lipid blends to effectively replace ZnO or carbadox in nursery pig diets.
63 Ileal digestibility of amino acids in a new source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs
Authors: Acosta Medellin Jessica P , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to test if standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in a new source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles (HP-DDGS) is greater than in conventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-CV). Nine barrows (initial BW: 67.2 ± 6.4 kg) with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were allotted to a triplicate 3 × 3 Latin Square design with 3 diets and 3 periods. Two diets included HP-DDGS or DDGS-CV as the sole source of CP and AA. A nitrogen-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. The statistical model included ingredient as fixed effect and square, period, and animal as random effects. Results indicated that that HP-DDGS contained more CP and AA compared with DDGS-CV (Table 1). The SID of all AA in HP-DDGS were greater (P &lt; 0.001) compared with DDGS-CV with the exception that the SID of Pro was not different between the 2 sources of DDGS. The greater concentrations of AA and values for SID of AA in HP-DDGS indicate that this new DDGS source has a very high quality and may be a great source of digestible AA in diets fed to pigs.
54 Substrate and inoculum composition affect in vitro model of ruminal acidosis
Authors: Shaw Natalie , Tondini Sara , Shike Daniel W , McCann Joshua C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to create an in vitro model of ruminal acidosis. Ruminal acidosis is a prevalent metabolic disorder in beef feedlot cattle characterized by low rumen pH. Experiment 1 was a 3×3 factorial design testing the interaction between inoculum composition and quantity of substrate. Eighteen flasks containing 150 mL of inoculum were used to evaluate treatments in duplicate. Treatments evaluated inoculum ratios (buffer: rumen fluid) 2:1, 4:1, and 6:1 in combination with substrate levels 5 g, 7.5 g, and 10 g. Manual pH was collected every 4 h for 36 h. Experiment 2 was a completely randomized design with 5 treatments evaluated in triplicate. Treatments consisted of a 4:1 inoculum ratio (150 mL) with the substrate (7.5 g) consisting of 70% corn (PCON), 40% corn (NCON), or increasing inclusions (10, 20, and 30%) of wheat in place of corn (W10, W20, and W30). Flasks were incubated at 39°C for 36 h with continual pH measurement. In exp. 1, 7.5 g of substrate remained between a pH of 5.6 and 5.0 (P ≤ 0.01) for a longer period (880 min) than 10 g of substrate (520 min). In experiment 2, a treatment by time interaction (P ≤ 0.05) was observed for pH with NCON having the greatest pH over 8-36 h and PCON having the lowest pH over 4-8 h. A treatment by time interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for lactate at 20 h with PCON having the greatest and W30 having the lowest concentration. Treatment PCON had the greatest (P &lt; 0.01) acetate and propionate concentration. The W20 treatment remained between a pH of 5.6 and 5.0 (P &lt; 0.01) for a longer period than PCON. Results suggest W20 and PCON may be the most useful in vitro models of ruminal acidosis.
PSV-14 Genome Centric Approaches to Understand Antimicrobial Resistance in the Rumen Microbiome
Authors: Tom Wesley A , Hales Kristin , Wells James , Fernando Samodha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Global meat and milk demands are projected to increase by 50% by the year 2050, making a highly efficient cattle industry a top priority. Widespread use of antibiotics over the last 70 years has led to increases in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in microbial populations, posing health risks to animal and human populations. Thus, a thorough understanding of where antibiotic resistance genes reside in microbial ecosystems surrounding livestock is paramount in developing strategies to mitigate transfer of antibiotic resistance. Recent advances in metagenome sequencing have made it possible to predict microbial genomes from shotgun metagenome datasets. However, genomes binned from metagenome data are often smaller than genomes from pure cultures, omitting genetic information that is not part of the core genome e.g. antibiotic resistance. This study uses a new linked-read metagenome sequencing approach, partitioning long fragments of DNA (&gt;40Kbp) into millions of droplets which are individually barcoded giving each strand a unique index, improving metagenome assembly and increasing access to genetic information pertaining to antibiotic resistance. Rumen samples from four animals which received daily antibiotics in feed as well as antibiotic injections were pooled for linked-read metagenome sequencing. Additionally, soil samples from the animal pen were collected from three locations and pooled for analysis. Linked-read sequencing reads were assembled using MEGAHIT and ATHENA assemblers (N50 &gt; 2702bp, 578,838 contigs &gt;1000bp). Metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) were binned using MetaBAT2, yielding 341 genome bins. Of these, 144 bins were of intermediate to high quality (&gt;70% completeness, &lt; 10% contamination), 79 genomes from rumen and 65 from soil samples, respectively. Genomes were scanned for ARGs (ABRicate), revealing 12 genomes containing ARGs, 5 from rumen, 7 from soil. MAGs possessed genes conferring resistance to penicillin, macrolide, nitroimidazole, aminoglycoside, and tetracycline class antibiotics, helping uncover information about where ARGs are sequestered in their respective environments. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
PSV-17 Pinpointing Differences between Significant QTL of Carcass Traits in Yorkshire and Landrace Pig Populations
Authors: Wackel Hanna , Gondro Cedric , Shin Donghyun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) within different breeds of a species is important for polygenic traits such as meat quality and reproductive traits. If different breeds are selected for the same phenotype, the genetic regions that ultimately undergo positive selection will not necessarily be the same. One of the most common ways to identify these QTL is through genome wide association studies (GWAS). Outlining differences in significant QTL of complex traits can give insights into selection in one breed by using information from another. The objective of this study was to estimate heritabilities, identify QTL within purebred Yorkshire (YK) and Landrace (LR) populations by use of GWAS and to compare significant SNP between the breeds. 8,202 animals in total (5,053 Yorkshire and 3,149 Landrace) were genotyped with a 50k Illumina SNP chip, then phased and imputed to correct for any missing SNP calls using EAGLE and MINIMAC. The R package gwaR was used to estimate variance components by using a GBLUP model with fixed effects of parity, a contemporary group and sex. The response variables considered were carcass traits, specifically, meat percent (MP), backfat average (BFA), backfat depth (BFD), daily weight (DW) and day-90 weight (DW90) and were assessed per breed. Heritability estimates of each trait can be found in Table 1 and were in-line with previous studies. Significant SNP of each trait were compared between the two breeds by estimating the p-value of each SNP using gwaR. The breeds showed similar significant signals, but differences arose within BFD with additional significant peaks in LR. This could be due to real genotypic differences or could be an effect of the difference in sample size. The comparison between these two breeds can lead to insights in other pig breeds as well guide more informed selection decisions in the future.
PSV-13 Genetic parameters and quantitative trait loci for heat stress related traits in sheep
Authors: Jacobs Devin R , Silvera-Rojas Claudia E , Bormann Jennifer M , Gipson Terry A , Goetsch Arthur L , Weaber Robert L , Rolf Megan M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Greater selection emphasis has been placed on efficiency than on fitness in livestock populations over the last several decades. Heat stress is a concern in production systems due to the negative effects on production, reproduction, and immunity. The objective of the study was to estimate variance components and identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for heat stress related traits in sheep. A total of 125 Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix ewes originating from four regions of the United States were selected for the experiment. Animals were separated into four trials due to facility limitations. Data were collected for each trial over four consecutive two-week periods in an environmentally controlled facility with targeted heat load index (HLI) for daytime/nighttime of 70/70, 85/77, 90/77, and 95/81. Body weight was collected three times per week and rectal temperature was collected weekly. Black globe temperature and humidity were measured every 15 minutes. Animals were genotyped using the Illumina OvineSNP50 BeadChip. After quality control, 49,396 effective single nucleotide polymorphisms were included in the univariate analysis performed with the BLUPF90 suite of programs. Fixed effects in the models included region of origin, breed, trial, and age as a covariate. Traits analyzed included rectal temperature at 95 HLI (RT95), feed intake at 95 HLI (FI95), and average daily gain for the period for HLI between 90 and 95 (ADG). Heritabilities for RT95, FI95, and ADG were 0.35, 0.10, and 0.10, respectively. Largest effect QTL were identified on chromosomes 23, 9, and 6 for RT95, chromosomes 9, 2, and 20 for FI95, and chromosomes 6, 1, and 5 for ADG. Many of the regions identified have also been associated with weight and carcass traits in other studies, but few had obvious connections to the heat stress related response. In conclusion, results suggest selection could improve heat tolerance in sheep.
PSVII-8 miRNAs explain the variation in muscle and blood transcriptomes of beef calves born from dams with or without energy restriction during late gestation
Authors: Carvalho Elisa B , Sanglard Letícia P , Nascimento Moysés , Moriel Philipe , Sommer Jeffrey , Merrill Melissa , Poore Matthew , Duarte Marcio , Serão Nick 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Maternal energy restriction during late gestation affects the expression of genes related to energy metabolism in muscle and immune response in blood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. The aim of this study was to identify potentials miRNA involved in the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEG) in muscle and blood following exposure to maternal gestational energy restriction. Forty days before the expected calving date, cows were assigned to one of two diets: 100% (CTRL) or 70% (REST) of the daily energy requirement. For RNA-seq analysis, muscle samples were collected from 12 heifers and 12 steers, and blood samples were collected from 12 steers. miRNAs were identified from the RNA-seq data based on the bovine genome annotation, with 38 and 10 miRNAs identified in blood and muscle, respectively. The expression of the miRNAs and the previously identified 160 and 450 DEGs in muscle and blood, respectively, was pre-adjusted for fixed effects before final analyses. A stepwise selection (P-value &lt; 0.05) was used to identify miRNAs (dependent variables) explaining variation in DEGs, for each DEG at a time, and analyses performed separately for blood and muscle. The R2 of selected models ranged from 0.88 to 0.99 in muscle and 0.92 to 0.99 in blood. Of the most selected miRNA in muscle, MiR-133a and MiR-1 are known to be related to muscle hypertrophy, and MiR-143 and bta-let-7i promote adipocyte differentiation. Of the most selected miRNA in blood, MiR-21 regulates immune system by different pathways. Using RNA-seq data, we identified miRNAs explaining a large amount of the variation of DEGs, with the identification of important miRNAs related to muscle development and immune system.
PSVII-4 Effect of Green Grass supplementation of swine diet on pork quality characteristics
Authors: Furbeck Rebecca , Knapp Josh P , Trenhaile-Grannemann Melanie D , Burkey Thomas , Fernando Samodha , Sullivan Gary , Miller Phillip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a swine feed additive (GREEN GRASS, GG Sunseo Omega 3, Seoul, South Korea) on pork meat quality attributes. Thirty-six individually fed barrows were assigned one of four dietary treatments: moderately complex diet devoid of GG (CTRL;NRC 2012); CTRL with 10% GG (GG10) , CTRL with 20% GG (GG20), or CTRL with 17% dried-distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Following slaughter, carcass and primal weights, LM area, 10th and last-rib backfat, and belly flop distance were measured. Physicochemical measures on the LM were instrumental color (L*, a*, b*), pH, proximate composition, drip loss, and shear force. Consumer panelists (n=112) evaluated loin samples for juiciness, pork flavor, off-flavor, tenderness, and overall liking. Belly and LM sample fatty acid composition was evaluated. Data were analyzed via PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with animal as the experimental unit. Panelist was considered a random effect. Diet treatment had no effect (P &gt; 0.05) on weights, physicochemical measures, or panelist off-flavor rating. The GG20 treatment had less 10th rib backfat (P = 0.0178) than CTRL and GG10. DDGS and GG20 had the smallest (P = 0.026) belly flop values; CTRL and GG10 diets had the greatest. Belly and loin GG samples had greater (P &lt; 0.001) total ω3, C18:3ω3, and C22:5 compared to CTRL and DDGS samples. Bellies from barrows fed DDGS had the greatest (P = 0.001) amount of C18:2 (linoleic acid), and bellies from the DDGS and GG treatments had greater (P = 0.001) overall PUFA than CTRL. Pork chops from the CTRL group were among the highest rated for all sensory attributes, and the GG20 treatment was more similar (P &gt; 0.05) to the CTRL than GG10. These data suggest that feeding GG preferentially alters fatty acid composition without compromising quality attributes.
PSII-20 Evaluation of Different Vitamin Concentrations in a Commercial Wean-to-Finish Program
Authors: Thompson Robyn , Knopf Brandon , Vier Carine , Lu Ning , Cast Wayne , Orlando Uislei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of different vitamin concentrations on growth performance of wean-to-finish pigs under commercial conditions. A total of 900 barrows and gilts (PIC337×Camborough; initially 5.34±0.13 kg) were used in a 136-d growth trial with 25 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Experimental diets were fed in 3 phases during nursery (5-6, 6-13, and 13-26 kg) and 5 phases during grow-finish (26-44, 44-65, 65-87, 87-108, and 108-128 kg). Dietary treatments consisted of: 1) NRC: vitamin concentrations following NRC (2012) recommendations; 2) PIC: vitamin concentrations following PIC (2016) recommendations; 3) Low-PIC: vitamin concentrations that ranged from 0 to 91% of PIC recommendations. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. During the nursery period, pigs fed PIC and Low-PIC diets had greater (P&lt; 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared to pigs fed NRC diets. There was no evidence (P &gt;0.10) for differences in average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F). During the grow-finish period, there was no evidence (P &gt;0.10) for differences in growth performance. During the overall wean-to-finish period, pigs fed PIC diets had lower (P&lt; 0.05) ADG and final body weight compared to pigs fed NRC and Low-PIC diets. There was no evidence (P &gt;0.10) for differences in ADFI or G:F. Pigs fed PIC diets had the greatest serum vitamin D3 at the end of nursery and finish periods (P&lt; 0.05) and the greatest serum Vitamin E at the end of nursery period (P&lt; 0.05). In summary, pigs fed PIC and Low-PIC diets had greater nursery feed intake and serum vitamin E and D3 concentrations compared to pigs fed NRC diets. Data from this study have demonstrated that pigs fed diets with reduced vitamin concentrations compared to PIC (2016) recommendations had improved wean-to-finish growth rate.
PSII-19 Effect of inclusion level of synthetic lysine, threonine, methionine, and tryptophan in corn-soybean meal and DDGS based diets for grow-finish pigs on growth performance and carcass characteristics
Authors: Grohmann Caleb J , Ellis Michael , Mendoza Omarh F , Shull Caleb M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of increasing dietary synthetic amino acids L-Lysine HCl, L-Threonine, Alimet®, and L-Tryptophan inclusion level at the expense of soybean meal on growth performance during the grow-finish period (46.2 ± 0.55 to 127.4 ± 0.83 kg BW) and carcass characteristics of pigs reared under commercial conditions. The study used a RCBD with 2 dietary treatments: 1). Control: 0.309, 0.029, 0.028, and 0.000 g/kg of synthetic lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan, respectively; 2). High Inclusion: 0.422, 0.069, 0.047, and 0.014 g/kg, respectively. Diets were corn-soybean meal based with DDGS (20.6% for both diets) formulated to be isocaloric and to the same SID amino acid levels but varied in soybean meal inclusion (14.1 and 10.2%, for the Control and High Inclusion, respectively) and crude protein content (17.7 and 16.4%, respectively). A total of 3,520 barrows and gilts were used, housed in single-sex pens of 32 (22 replicates) at a floor space of 0.67 m2/pig. Pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the study. Pen was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS; the model accounted for fixed effect of dietary treatment and the random effect of block. There was no effect of dietary treatment on final live weight, overall ADFI, hot carcass weight, backfat depth, or longissimus muscle depth. However, the High Inclusion treatment had lower overall ADG (P ≤ 0.01) and overall G:F (P ≤ 0.05), but greater (P ≤ 0.01) carcass yield than the Control treatment. These results suggest that increasing the inclusion of synthetic amino acids in corn-soybean and DDGS based diets for growing-finishing pigs to the levels evaluated negatively impacted growth rate and feed efficiency but increased carcass yield.