bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The water crisis in Iran: Development or destruction?
Authors: Mirzavand Mohammad , Bagheri Rahim 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study investigates Iran's water resources, crisis intensity, causes, and solutions to control and mitigate water crisis. The emphasis is on Kashan city as symbol of the Karizian civilization in central of Iran, which is now facing problems in both quality and quantity of water. Carried out as a library and documentary research, we reviewed the status of Kashan's and Iran's water resources, and identified four major reasons for the present water crisis on a local and national wide scale: (a) lack of land use spatial planning; (b) mismanagement, thirst for development, and self‐sufficiency: (c) political decisions on water allocation; and (d) lack of proper water pricing and inability of farmers to optimize irrigation systems. As a consequence, the country is challenged with severe water problems at both local and nation‐wide scale, including increasing water demand and scarcity, decreasing groundwater table, deteriorating water quality, and increasing loss of ecosystems. If integrated water resources management plan is not immediately implemented to solve this problem, it is possible that the condition will be more disastrous in the coming years. The study proposes some actions that should be immediately applied to protect water resources and avoid tragic conditions in a country with a brilliant and long history in water resources management.
Numerical study of blood flow and heat transfer through stretching cylinder in the presence of a magnetic dipole
Authors: Ferdows M. , Murtaza M. G. , Tzirtzilakis E. E. , Alzahrani Faris 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn the present paper we study numerically the Biomagnetic Fluid Flow (BFD) (blood) and heat transfer through a stretching cylinder. The physical problem is formulated by a BFD model which incorporates both principles of FerroHydroDynamics (FHD) and MagnetoHydroDynamics (MHD). Thus, blood is considered to be an electrically conducting fluid which simultaneously exhibits polarization. The governing equations are non‐dimensionalized using suitable similarity transformations and the resulting coupled non linear system of ordinary differential equations are solved using an efficient numerical technique which is based on a common finite differences method with central differencing, a tridiagonal matrix manipulation and an iterative procedure. Comparisons of our results with existed studies are made for some limiting case of the present study and found to be in a good agreement. The results are presented graphically for different values of the parameters with emphasis to the examination of FHD and MHD effect on the flow field as well as other physical quantities of interest, like skin friction coefficient and heat transfer on the wall.
Section XV: Cultural Property
Authors: Dinstein Yoram , Dahl Arne Willy 
Published: May 2020

Abstract“Cultural property” means movable or immovable property, whether secular or religious and irrespective of origin or ownership, which is of great importance to the cultural heritage of every people. Examples include buildings and other monuments of historic, artistic or architectural significance; archaeological sites; artworks, antiquities, manuscripts, books, collections thereof, and collections of reproductions thereof; scientific collections; and archives. The term “cultural property” extends to buildings whose main and effective purpose is to preserve or exhibit movable cultural property and to refuges intended to shelter it, as well as to centres containing a large amount of movable or immovable cultural property.
Section II: Cyber Operations
Authors: Dinstein Yoram , Dahl Arne Willy 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAt the time of composing the Oslo Manual, there were some fundamental differences of opinion among States as to the interpretation or acceptability of terms such as “cyber means of warfare”, “cyber methods of warfare”, and “cyber attacks”. The Group of Experts took cognizance of those differences of opinion but concluded, coherent with the view of the International Court of Justice, as expressed in the Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion that the cardinal principles of LOAC would apply to all forms of warfare. This includes cyber warfare.
Section IV: Unmanned Maritime Systems
Authors: Dinstein Yoram , Dahl Arne Willy 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTo a certain extent, this Section overlaps some provisions of chapter “Section III: Remote and Autonomous Weapons” inasmuch as both Sections deal with unmanned systems. However, whereas chapter “Section III: Remote and Autonomous Weapons” addresses both unmanned platforms and weapon systems, the present Section focuses on unmanned maritime platforms that may or may not be integral parts of a weapon system. The maritime platforms and systems dealt with here must therefore be distinguished from automated weapon systems, in particular those for the defence of surface platforms against missile threats. Accordingly, the terminology used in this Section does not necessarily replicate that used in chapter “Section III: Remote and Autonomous Weapons”.
Introduction
Authors: Louhichi Kamel , Riesgo Laura , Gomez y Paloma Sergio 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFood and nutrition security has become one of the most important items on today’s international political agenda and a serious issue for governments around the world. Despite the availability of enough food globally, over a billion people continue to suffer from the lack of nutritious food. The prevalence of undernutrition and the increase in overweight and obesity continue to be major public health problems in many countries worldwide.
Impact of Casual and Permanent Off-Farm Activities on Food Security: The Case of India
Authors: Dsouza Alwin , Mishra Ashok K. , Sonoda Tadashi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIndia is the largest producer of food grains, dairy commodities and horticultural crops and largest exporter of rice, beef and cotton. But the country, at the micro-level, still struggles with extensive and deep-rooted problems with food security. The Planning Commission notes that 22% of the 1.2 billion Indians are still living in poverty. This chapter assesses the impact of off-farm income and labour allocation (both casual and permanent off-farm work), and decisions on food security of smallholder households in India. Promoting food distribution schemes and female education would bring about further reduction of food insecurity among rural households. We found that off-farm activities and off-farm business income reduce food insecurity of rural Indian households. Spouse’s casual off-farm work status had a negative impact on household’s food insecurity—increased food security; operator’s casual off-farm work status had a positive impact on household’s food insecurity—increased food insecurity. However, food insecurity of households increased if both operator and spouse worked casually off the farm.
The Superior Role of Agricultural Growth in Reducing Child Stunting: An Instrumental Variables Approach
Authors: Mary Sébastien , Shaw Kelsey 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines the impacts of agricultural growth and non-agricultural growth on the prevalence of child stunting in developing countries between 1984 and 2014. We find that a 10% increase in agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) per capita would reduce stunting by 2.9%, whereas a similar relative increase in non-agricultural GDP per capita would reduce stunting by only 2.2%. We confirm that agricultural growth is superior to non-agricultural growth in reducing child stunting. However, given the moderate amplitude of the estimated effects, it is unlikely that a pro-poor growth strategy, even one focussed on agriculture, would generate sufficient stunting reductions in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Policymakers may consider prioritising their efforts towards complementary direct nutritional investments. We also estimate the reverse causal impacts of stunting on sectoral growth. Stunting costs on average approximately 13.6% of potential non-agricultural GDP per capita and 3.4% of potential agricultural GDP per capita.
Smallholder Farmers’ Access to Inputs and Finance in Africa
Authors: Langyintuo Augustine 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAgriculture remains the mainstay of most economies in Africa, accounting for 37% of gross domestic product (GDP), nearly 60% of export earnings, and over 76% of employment. Over the decades, agricultural value added has averaged 17%, growing at a rate of 1.4%. This has been driven primarily by low use of modern technologies such as improved crop varieties, fertilisers and other complementary inputs, which in turn is an artefact of limited access to agricultural finance. The direct consequence of low agricultural productivity is the high rates of poverty and malnutrition on the continent. African governments are renewing efforts to promote agriculture, recognising that GDP growth originating in agriculture is about four times more effective in reducing poverty than GDP growth in other sectors, although how best to do this within very complex political economies remains a challenge. As an important first step towards reducing poverty and increasing wealth among smallholder farmers in Africa, this chapter explores the major challenges in farmers’ access to productive farm inputs and finances and reviews alternative approaches that could be used to improve access by farmers to these resources.
Policies for Improved Food Security: The Roles of Land Tenure Policies and Land Markets
Authors: Holden Stein T. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of what we know about farm size distributions, the emerging land markets, the role of tenure systems, tenure reforms and land policies in shaping the distribution of increasingly scarce land resources. The primary focus is on Africa while making some comparisons with Asia. Climate risk and change have serious implications for household vulnerability and food security. While there is a need to absorb further population growth in rural areas, a rapid rise in rural–urban migration is inevitable. Careful land use planning and tenure reforms are needed to smooth the transition towards more intensive land use.
Use of psychiatric hospitals and social integration of patients with psychiatric disorders: a prospective cohort study in five European countries
Authors: Smith Pierre , Nicaise Pablo , Giacco Domenico , Bird Victoria jane , Bauer Michael , Ruggeri Mirella , Welbel Marta , Pfennig Andrea , Lasalvia Antonio , Moskalewicz Jacek , Priebe Stefan , Lorant Vincent 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Long lengths of stay (LoS) in psychiatric hospitals or repeated admission may affect the social integration of patients with psychiatric disorders. So far, however, studies have been inconclusive. This study aimed to analyse whether long LoS or repeated admissions in psychiatric wards were associated in different ways with changes in the social integration of patients.

Methods
Within a prospective cohort study, data were collected on 2181 patients with a main ICD-10 diagnosis of psychotic, affective, or anxiety disorder, hospitalised in the UK, Italy, Germany, Poland, and Belgium in 2015. Social integration was measured at baseline and 1 year after admission using the SIX index, which includes four dimensions: employment, housing, family situation, and friendship. Regression models were performed to test the association between LoS, the number of admissions, and the change in social integration over the study period, controlling for patients’ characteristics (trial registration ISRCTN40256812).

Results
A longer LoS was significantly associated with a decrease in social integration (β = − 0.23, 95%CI − 0.32 to − 0.14, p = 0.03), particularly regarding employment (OR = 2.21, 95%CI 1.18–3.24, p = 0.02), housing (OR = 3.45, 95%CI 1.74–5.16, p < 0.001), and family situation (OR = 1.94, 95%CI 1.10–2.78, p = 0.04). In contrast, repeated admissions were only associated with a decrease in friendship contacts (OR = 1.15, 95CI% 1.08–1.22, p = 0.03).

Conclusions
Results suggest that a longer hospital LoS is more strongly associated with a decrease in patients’ social integration than repeated admissions. Special attention should be paid to helping patients to find and retain housing and employment while hospitalised for long periods.
(In)comparability of Carotid Artery Stent Characteristics: A Systematic Review on Assessment and Comparison with Manufacturer Data
Authors: de Vries Evelien E. , Kök Mert , Hoving Astrid M. , Slump Cornelis H. , Toorop Raechel J. , de Borst Gert J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Purpose
Carotid stent (CS) characteristics, such as radial force, scaffolding and flexibility, are continuously modified by stent manufacturers aiming to improve stent performance. Since manufacturers’ definitions and assessment methods are not disclosed, it is unknown how characteristics of different CSs relate to each other or to published literature. We examined in vitro methodological techniques used to measure CS characteristics and assessed comparability between published papers and outcomes as provided by the manufacturers.

Methods
A systematic review was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and Scopus databases. Studies reporting on in vitro investigations of predefined characteristics of CS used in current everyday clinical practice were included. The predefined characteristics were radial force, scaffolding, flexibility, foreshortening, side-branch preservation and visibility. Eight manufacturers of 10 currently used CS were contacted and data on the predefined device characteristics was requested.

Results
12 published articles were included and six stent manufacturers provided data on six stents (two refused to share data). Used methodologies to measure stent characteristics in published literature and manufacturer data varied greatly for all included characteristics except foreshortening. The number of different units of measurement to express outcomes ranged from two for foreshortening to six for radial force.

Conclusion
A variety of methodologies and outcome measures is used to quantify CS characteristics, which hampers comparisons between published studies and manufacturer data. Future studies are encouraged to synchronize methodologies and outcome measures. Manufacturers are encouraged up to increase transparency of applied testing methodologies and outcomes.
Effects of intact and hydrolysed blue whiting proteins on blood pressure and markers of kidney function in obese Zucker fa/fa rats
Authors: Drotningsvik Aslaug , Oterhals Åge , Mjøs Svein Are , Vikøren Linn Anja , Flesland Ola , Gudbrandsen Oddrun Anita 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the effects of diets containing intact or hydrolysed proteins from blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) on the development of high blood pressure and markers of kidney function in obese Zucker fa/fa rats which are prone to develop hypertension and renal failure.MethodsMale rats were fed isocaloric diets containing either intact blue whiting whole meal (BW-WM), blue whiting protein hydrolysate prepared with Alcalase®(BW-HA) or blue whiting protein hydrolysate prepared with Protamex®(BW-HP) as 1/3 of total protein with the remaining 2/3 as casein, or casein as sole protein source (control group). Blood pressure was measured at Day 0 and Day 32. Rats were housed in metabolic cages for 24 h for collection of urine in week 4. After 5 weeks, rats were euthanized and blood was drawn from the heart. The renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition capacities for casein and blue whiting proteins were measured in vitro.ResultsThe blood pressure increase was lower in rats fed diets containing blue whiting proteins when compared to the control group, whereas markers of kidney function were similar between all groups. The three blue whiting proteins inhibited renin activity in vitro, whereas casein had no effect. The in vitro ACE inhibition was similar for casein, BW-WM and BW-HP proteins, whereas BW-HA protein was less potent.ConclusionBlue whiting protein feeding attenuated the blood pressure increase in obese Zucker fa/fa rats, possibly mediated through the renin–angiotensin system and without affecting markers of kidney function.
Prenatal effects of maternal nutritional stress and mental health on the fetal movement profile
Authors: Reissland N. , Millard A. R. , Wood R. , Ustun B. , McFaul C. , Froggatt S. , Einbeck J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPurposePrenatal sub-optimal nutrition and exposure to maternal stress, anxiety and depression in pregnancy have been linked to increased postnatal morbidity and mortality. Fetal growth is most vulnerable to maternal dietary deficiencies, such as those evident in hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), early in pregnancy. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effects of HG on fetal movement profiles as a measure of fetal healthy development in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy, and to assess whether nutritional stress on the mother can be evaluated using isotopic analysis of hair.MethodWe analyzed fetal movement profiles using 4D ultrasound scans at 32- and 36-weeks' gestation. Fetuses of women (N = 6) diagnosed with HG, having lost more than 10% of their body weight in the first trimester of pregnancy were compared to a healthy group (N = 6), controlling for stress, depression and anxiety. We tested carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in maternal hair as a measure of both diet and nutritional changes due to catabolism of body proteins and fats.ResultsHG and catabolism were significantly correlated (p = 0.02). Furthermore, at 32-weeks' gestation movement profiles of fetuses of mothers with HG differed significantly from the movement profiles of fetuses of healthy mothers. Fetuses of mothers suffering from HG showed a significantly increased ratio of fine-grained movements at 32 weeks (p = 0.008); however, there were no significant differences detectable at 36-weeks' gestation.ConclusionThe effect of HG on fetal development as expressed by variations in fetal movement profiles in this pilot study suggest that prenatal effects of HG can be measured using movement profiles. Isotope analysis of hair can supplement this with information on nutritional imbalances early in pregnancy.
Outcomes of a 5-week individualised MDT outpatient (day-patient) treatment programme for functional neurological symptom disorder (FNSD)
Authors: Petrochilos Panayiota , Elmalem M. S. , Patel D. , Louissaint H. , Hayward K. , Ranu J. , Selai C. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Aim
We report results from a 5-week MDT treatment programme, with individualised sessions, for a selected group of patients with FNSD, delivered in a neuropsychiatric outpatient setting. Primary aims were to (1) reduce symptoms, (2) improve functional performance and (3) improve health status.

Methods
Treatment involved individual sessions of neuropsychiatry, cognitive behavioural therapy, physiotherapy, occupational-therapy, education and family meetings. Outcome measures collected at the beginning and end of treatment and at 6 months, were patient and clinician reported. Aims were assessed by the following: symptom reduction (PHQ15, PHQ9, GAD7, SPIN, Rosenberg); health and social functioning (HONOS, WSAS); functional performance (COPM); health status (EQ-5D-5L) and patient-rated perception of improvement (CGI).

Results
Analyses of 78 patients completing the programme and attending a 6-month review revealed high-baseline levels of disability compared to EQ-5DL population norms and high rates of disability and psychopathology as indicated by the WSAS and mental health indices (PHQ9, GAD7, SPIN, Rosenberg’s self-esteem). At baseline, 92.3% met the IAPT caseness threshold for depression and 71% met the IAPT caseness threshold for anxiety. A Friedman ANOVA over the three time points and Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc tests indicated statistically significant improvements from admission to discharge and admission to 6-month follow-up. Sustained improvements were seen in somatic symptoms (PHQ15), depression (PHQ9), anxiety (GAD7), health and social functioning (HONOS), functionality (COPM), health status (EQ-5D-5L) and patient-rated clinical global improvement (CGI).

Conclusion
An MDT can effectively deliver an outpatient programme for FNSD which can serve as an alternative to costlier inpatient programmes. Early identification and treatment of co-morbidities is advised.
Do patients with large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke harboring prestroke disability benefit from thrombectomy?
Authors: Larsson Alice , Karlsson Camilla , Rentzos Alexandros , Schumacher Marcus , Abrahamson Margareta , Allardt Arne , Brederlau Anke , Ceder Erik , Davidson Maria , Dunker Dennis , Gunnarsson Thorsteinn , Holmegaard Lukas , Jerndal Mikael , Karlsson Jan-Erik , Nordanstig Annika , Redfors Petra , Rosengren Lars , Tatlisumak Turgut , Jood Katarina 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Evidence of endovascular treatment (EVT) for acute large vessel occlusion (LVO) ischemic stroke in patients harboring substantial prestroke disability is lacking due to their exclusion from randomized trials. Here, we used routine care observational data to compare outcomes in patients with and without prestroke disability receiving EVT for LVO ischemic stroke.

Methods
Consecutive patients undergoing EVT for acute LVO ischemic stroke at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital from January 1st, 2015 to March 31st, 2018 were registered in the Sahlgrenska Stroke Recanalization Registry. Pre- and poststroke functional levels were assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Outcomes were recanalization rate (mTICI = 2b/3), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage [sICH], complications during hospital stay, and return to prestroke functional level and mortality at 3 months.

Results
Among 591 patients, 90 had prestroke disability (mRS ≥ 3). The latter group were older, more often female, had more comorbidities and higher NIHSS scores before intervention compared to patients without prestroke disability. Recanalization rates (80.0% vs 85.0%, p = 0.211), sICH (2.2% vs 6.3% p = 0.086) and the proportion of patients returning to prestroke functional level (22.7% vs 14.8% p = 0.062) did not significantly differ between those with and without prestroke disability. Patients with prestroke disability had higher complication rates during hospital stay (55.2% vs 40.1% p < 0.01) and mortality at 3 months (48.9% vs 24.3% p < 0.001).

Conclusion
One of five with prestroke disability treated with thrombectomy for a LVO ischemic stroke returned to their prestroke functional level. However, compared to patients without prestroke disability, mortality at 3 months was higher.