bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Twilight of the Protestant Establishment
Authors: Compton John W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter further documents the decline of mainline Protestant influence over the course of the late 1960s and early 1970s. It shows how the rise of the antiwar and black power movements, together with the emergence of a new generation of free market-minded corporate leaders, exacerbated the demographic and social trends that had been undermining Protestant moral authority since the mid-1960s. A particularly vexing problem, from the perspective of mainline leaders, was the exodus of young professionals from the church. As a result of this trend, the nation’s churches were increasingly dominated by politically conservative older churchgoers. As they worked simultaneously to address the concerns of young activists and assuage the fears of an aging churchgoing population, mainline elites found themselves caught in an insoluble demographic bind.
Conclusion
Authors: Compton John W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Many present-day Protestant congregations are deeply involved in humanitarian projects—from feeding the homeless to promoting interracial and interfaith understanding. Yet when it comes to political behavior, white evangelicals remain overwhelmingly opposed to programs that benefit the less fortunate, or that run counter to the free market ethos of the modern Republican party. During the first two decades of the twenty-first century, a trio of failed reform campaigns by evangliecal elites—targeting climate change, foreign aid, and immigration, respectively—underscored the fragile nature of evangelical religious authority. In contrast to their postwar predecessors in the Protestant mainline, evangelical elites possess neither the intrinsic religious authority nor the institutional resources necessary to shape the political convictions of their followers. Instead, they serve at the pleasure of the rank and file.
Hold On
Authors: Toohey Peter 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
What do you do when you’re not asleep and when you’re not eating? You’re most likely waiting—to finish work, to get home, to finish your chores. This book is not really about how to manage all that waiting—“an action,” according to the OED, “of staying where one is until a particular time or event.” It’s a book describing how many people experience waiting. Waiting, which is sculpted by the passing of time, is an experience just as much as it is a situation. In this book I’ll be focusing on the experience, on how it feels to wait. This experience can encompass such things as hesitation and curiosity, dithering and procrastination, hunting and being hunted, fearing and being feared, dread and illness, courting and parenting, anticipation and excitement, listening to and even performing music, being religious, being happy or unhappy, being bored and being boring, doing business and making decisions (all of which I’ll discuss). Waiting is also characterized by such brain chemicals as serotonin and dopamine. They enable the experience of waiting and they can even change the way that waiting’s basis, the passing of time, is registered. Waiting, probably the most commonly experienced situation that humans and animals encounter apart from sleep, is the experience that may characterize most interpersonal relations.
Happiness—Is It Just a Matter of Waiting to Meet Your Double?
Authors: Toohey Peter 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Doubles play an unexpected and strong role in the lore, in the imagery, and in the life of waiting. Perhaps, we shouldn’t be surprised by the prominence of doubles for waiting. Is this because waiting is an experience that’s built on pairs? You wait for someone or for something and just sometimes they are just like you or just like some part of you that you’re missing. Maybe if you can understand that double you can understand that part of yourself. Doubling, it looks like, is no panacea for unhappiness—but sometimes it can be. Maybe this is as it should be for waiting.
“The Littler Waiting Room”
Authors: Toohey Peter 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In Pierre Bonnard’s Self-Portrait in The Bathroom Mirror it feels as if we are in those very last successful days of Clive James or Jean-Dominique Bauby. This trio, James, Bauby, and Bonnard, are waiting to die. They’re still in the game. They confront in a remarkable way the problem of how to make the best of waiting despite failing vigor, illness, dread, and approaching death. They turn lingering, without much hope in the littler waiting room of life, to their own advantage. They turn dread and cautious waiting to their own advantage. I don’t believe that they solve the problem of this waiting for the end. You cannot. But they show how the experience can sometimes be transmuted from irremediable loss into inspiring gain. Bonnard could have uttered Clive James’ words: “I am restored by my decline and by the harsh awakening that it brings.” Pierre Bonnard’s words were “just because you sing doesn’t mean you’re happy.”
One–Two–Three
Authors: Toohey Peter 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this final section the author returns to pairing, the “two” of this chapter title. He hopes to show how you can understand waiting even more clearly by comparing it with emotional experiences that entail not pairs, but the single individual (the “one” of the chapter title) or a trio of individuals (the “three” of the chapter title). One emotion that are associated with “one” is boredom (though depression could be as well). The preeminent emotion associated with “three” is jealousy. The author begins with boredom, an emotion that he was convinced, before he toyed with this book, was the very same thing as waiting. It’s not. This final chapter also aims to link Holding On to the author’s two previous books, Boredom: A Lively History (2011) and Jealousy (2014). Holding On, you might say, is the final part of its own trio.
The Art of Representing the Other
Authors: Whitmore Aleysia K. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how industry personnel respond to audience and industry expectations by examining the negotiations behind the production of world music. The chapter looks behind and underneath world music products to analyze, not just the effects of representational decisions, but also how people make these decisions—how they negotiate the dynamics of representational and interpretive distortion. Industry personnel work with musicians and audiences to develop products that are authentic and sellable. They play with and push against markers of authenticity that intersect and parallel each other on axes of locality and globality, liveness and mediation, marginality and mainstream, purity and hybridity. Authenticity occupies different positions on these axes depending on musicians’, industry actors’, and audiences’ expectations. As they negotiate this web of expectations, industry personnel reinforce and contest the discourses of alterity, essentialist stereotypes, and unequal power dynamics that continue to be so problematic in the world music industry.
Salvation in History in Calvin’s Commentary on the Gospel of John
Authors: Pitkin Barbara 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines John Calvin’s interpretation of the Fourth Gospel and its singular place in the history of Johannine interpretation through comparison with previous and contemporary exegetical traditions. Calvin’s 1553 commentary represents the culmination of novel sixteenth-century evangelical approaches to this “spiritual gospel” that redefined its spiritual character and reversed traditional views that John offered advanced and more difficult teaching than Matthew, Mark, and Luke. As with his treatment of the Psalms and Isaiah, Calvin downplays the traditional emphasis on christological doctrine and does not view teaching Christ’s divinity as the Gospel’s central purpose. Instead, he emphasizes the overarching theme of human salvation in history. John, for Calvin, provides not a deeper grasp of Christ’s person but rather a more complete portrayal of his salvific mission, of what Christ as incarnate mediator does for humans rather than who he is.
Exile in the Mirror of History in Calvin’s Commentary on Isaiah
Authors: Pitkin Barbara 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In his 1559 commentary on Isaiah, John Calvin as refugee pastor ventures a largely ecclesiastical rather than christological reading of this book, written at a time when Geneva experienced a large influx of religious exiles. For Calvin, the majority of Isaiah’s prophecies reference in the first instance the experience of the people of Israel and their future return from Babylon. Biblical history at the time of Isaiah then becomes a mirror for the contemporary experience of exile. Calvin explores the true church throughout the ages as a refugee community, literally and metaphorically. The image of the past as mirror—common in Calvin’s other exegetical works—is here particularly well-developed to maintain the integrity of Israel’s history and allow sixteenth-century Christians to make sense of their own experience and to foster trust in divine providence for the restoration of the church.
Keeping Up with the Joneses (and the Kardashians)
Authors: Halliday Daniel , Thrasher John 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter identifies and examines problems posed by positional goods. These are goods that confer relative or “competitive” advantage, and whose supply is therefore limited as a matter of logic. Early theoretical work on positional goods by Fred Hirsch in the 20th century led to some very general worries about the long-term prospects for capitalism. This contrasts with the optimism of figures like Hayek and Smith. Having discussed this general perspective, the chapter then looks at some important specific cases, such as education, before ending with a discussion about some proposals for taking the heat out of current positional competition.
Do Markets Wreck the Planet?
Authors: Halliday Daniel , Thrasher John 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at some ways in which capitalism impacts the natural world. While capitalism and markets can never be solely to blame in general for environmental harms, there are some specific objections to markets that call for special attention. It is important to distinguish between the role of markets in causing environmentally destructive human conduct and the role that markets could and, in a few cases, might already be playing in bringing about a constructive response. There’s no getting away from the fact that an effective global response to climate change is both urgently needed and distressingly hard to achieve. The goal here is to help avoid distracting conclusions about what’s to blame for this and to acquaint readers with a more robust approach to the problem as one of political economy.
Project FUBELT and Track II: Chile
Authors: Poznansky Michael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates the factors that led the Nixon administration to pursue covert regime change against Salvador Allende, the democratically elected socialist President of Chile in the early 1970s. Initial attempts at preventing Allende from coming to power, including a military coup, failed. Although subsequent covert destabilization efforts contributed to Allende’s eventual downfall in 1973 at the hands of Augusto Pinochet and his co-conspirators, U.S. decision makers were not directly involved. They did, however, have advance warning. One of the primary reasons for the use of secrecy in this case was America’s commitment to nonintervention and the attendant credibility and legitimacy costs associated with brazenly violating it. Although U.S. officials never considered overtly invading Chile, they were reticent to pursue less dramatic overt policies aimed at overthrowing Allende, including sanctions and other hardline policies, unless they could secure legal cover.
Operation Power Pack: Dominican Republic
Authors: Poznansky Michael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Lyndon Johnson’s decision to invade the Dominican Republic in 1965 against the backdrop of an escalating war in Vietnam. The intervention, which began on April 28, sought to forestall what the administration feared would be a communist takeover by preventing the so-called constitutionalist forces who had gained control of the capital from consolidating power during an incipient civil war. The central finding is that the presence of two legal exemptions to nonintervention made it possible for Johnson to rely on overt action. Initially, decision makers used the presence of endangered nationals to justify deploying U.S. military forces to the island. These troops were then able to stay on to ensure a favorable political outcome under the auspices of an Inter-American Peacekeeping Force which was created by the Organization of American States in early May. The administration leaned heavily on these legal exemptions in the days and weeks after the operation began.
The Future of Covert Regime Change
Authors: Poznansky Michael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the central argument and empirical findings of the book. It begins by demonstrating that the legal theory developed here outperformed alternative explanations centered on escalation control, domestic politics, and nationalism. It also shows that the argument travels beyond the Cold War and outside of Latin America by exploring America’s various interventions in Iraq from 1991 to 2003 and Obama’s varied responses to civil wars in Libya and Syria during the Arab Spring. The chapter concludes by suggesting avenues for future research and highlighting the book’s scholarly and practical implications.
The Badness of Death and What to Do About It (if Anything)
Authors: Kamm F. M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 discusses the pros and cons of four views about the badness of death on the assumption that it involves one’s ceasing to exist: Deprivationism, Willlhavehadism, Alloverism, and Insultism. It considers how these views bear on such questions as whether death is always bad for the person who dies, whose life to save when not all can be saved, how the distribution of goods and bads in a life matters, and whether it is reasonable to have an asymmetrical attitude toward death and prenatal nonexistence. The chapter also considers what the four views imply about the badness of the extinction of humanity (and all other persons).
The Lives and Voices of Professional Female Singers
Authors: Kennerley David 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the meaning of the professional female voice through the experiences of three singers from the 1830s and ’40s: Adelaide Kemble, Clara Novello, and Marianne Lincoln. It continues the argument of Chapters 2 and 3 by exploring how contemporary divisions over the sound of femininity affected the ways singers chose to use their voices. Their letters and diaries show how they were caught between a desire to develop their professional technique and artistry, and an equally strong anxiety that, in doing so, they might contravene feminine norms expected by important sections of the public and even by family and friends. These case studies thus expose the ongoing tensions between the ideals of the professional singer and of femininity in British musical life, but they also indicate that, through complex, sometimes agonising negotiation, it was increasingly possible for these women to develop successful careers as professional female musical artists.
Apraxic and Action-Intentional Disorders Associated With Vascular and Degenerative Dementing Diseases
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
“Actions speak louder than words.” Although clinician’s behavioral evaluations of dementia most often include assessing episodic memory, declarative memories (e.g., naming and calculating), and executive functions (working memory, letter–word fluency), one of the most important functions of the brain is programing actions, including “how” to move and “when” to move. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and other forms of dementia often have impairments in the systems that mediate these how-apraxic and when-intentional behaviors. Although the presence of these apraxic and action-intentional disorders may help with diagnosis and help doctors gain a better understand these patients’ disability, these functions are rarely tested and are often not well understood. The goal of this chapter is to describe the signs of the various types of apraxic disorders (limb-kinetic, ideomotor, conceptual, ideational, and dissociation) and well as action-intentional disorders (akinesia-hypokinesia, impersistence, perseveration, and defective response inhibition), how to test for these disorders, and their pathophysiology.
Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia
Authors: Kapasi Alifiya , Schneider Julia A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
There are numerous distinct brain pathologies that underlie a clinical diagnosis of dementia. This chapter focuses on the two most common and well-recognized brain pathologies associated with dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. The authors describe the distinguishing pathological characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease, followed by the pathological hallmarks of vascular dementia including the characteristics of vessel disease and cerebrovascular tissue injuries. The chapter highlights the importance of mixed or co-morbid Alzheimer’s disease and vascular cerebral injury that has been described in multiple clinical pathologic studies, especially in community-based studies. Finally, the authors discuss how data obtained from both clinical and neuropsychological examination of the brain can be integrated.
Dedekind’s Mathematical Structuralism: From Galois Theory to Numbers, Sets, and Functions
Authors: Ferreirós José , Reck Erich H. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This essay concerns Dedekind’s “mathematical structuralism,”by which we mean methodological features characteristic for the approach to mathematics in his mature writings. The discussion starts with some background on forerunners, especially Gauss, Dirichlet, and Riemann, whose “conceptual” style of work influenced him strongly. But Dedekind went further than them, by making methodological choices that are more distinctly and fully “structuralist”. This includes his resolute acceptance of actually infinite systems, understood within a “logical” framework, and studied not just axiomatically, but also in terms of isomorphisms and related notions (since 1871). As an illustration, the essay discusses his early adoption and strikingly modern transformation of Galois theory, together with his contributions to algebraic number theory. After that, the essayturns to Dedekind’s more “foundational” contributions, i.e., his writings on the real numbers, the natural numbers, and set theory. It shows that the same methodological choices inform them. Yet his approach kept evolving in subtle ways too, especially in terms of the centrality of functions (Abbildungen, mappings).
Transfer Principles, Klein’s Erlangen Program, and Methodological Structuralism
Authors: Schiemer Georg 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The present article investigates Felix Klein’s mathematical structuralism underlying his Erlangen program. The aim here is twofold. The first aim is to survey the geometrical background of his 1872 article, in particular, work on the principle of duality and so-called transfer principles in projective geometry. The second aim is more philosophical in character and concerns Klein’s structuralist account of geometrical knowledge. The chapter will argue that his group-theoretic approach is best characterized as a kind of “methodological structuralism” regarding geometry. Moreover, one can identify at least two aspects of the Erlangen program that connect his approach with present philosophical debates, namely (i) the idea to specify structural properties and structural identity conditions in terms of transformation groups and (ii) an account of the structural equivalence of geometries in terms of transfer principles.
The Ways of Hilbert’s Axiomatics: Structural and Formal
Authors: Sieg Wilfried 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Hilbert’s programmatic papers from the 1920s still shape, almost exclusively, the standard contemporary perspective of his views concerning (the foundations of) mathematics; even his own, quite different work on the foundations of geometry and arithmetic from the late 1890s is often understood from that vantage point. My essay pursues one main goal, namely, to contrast Hilbert’s formal axiomatic method from the early 1920s with his structural axiomatic approach from the 1890s. Such a contrast illuminates the circuitous beginnings of the finitist consistency program and connects the complex emergence of structural axiomatics with transformations in mathematics and philosophy during the 19th century.
Logic of Relations and Diagrammatic Reasoning: Structuralist Elements in the Work of Charles Sanders Peirce
Authors: Carter Jessica 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents aspects of the work of Charles Sanders Peirce showing that he adhered to a number of pre-structuralist themes. Further, it indicates that Peirce’s position is similar in spirit to the category theoretical structuralist view of Steve Awodey (2004). The first part documents Peirce’s extensive knowledge of, and contribution to, the mathematics of his time, illustrating that relations played a fundamental role. The second part addresses Peirce’s characterization of mathematical reasoning as diagrammatic reasoning, that is, as reasoning done by constructing and observing rational relations in diagrams.
Stars and Black Holes
Authors: Moffat John W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Physicists began to believe in black holes when research revealed new information about the constitution of stars and their life cycles, indicating that a black hole represents the death of certain massive stars. Chandrasekhar used quantum mechanics and the notion of a degenerate electron gas to obtain the maximum mass of a white dwarf. A degenerate neutron gas produced enough pressure to stop the gravitational collapse of a massive star, producing a neutron star or pulsar. For a massive-enough star, the degenerate neutron gas fails to prevent gravitational collapse into a black hole. Supernovae explosions and implosions produce a neutron star or black hole as remnants. Oppenheimer and Volkoff used general relativity to derive the maximum mass of a star that would produce a black hole. Wheeler conceived of a “hairless black hole” in which only the mass, charge, and angular momentum determined the properties of the black hole.
Early Observations of Black Holes
Authors: Moffat John W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Early observations of black holes, before the LIGO/Virgo detection of gravitational waves, were made by observing electromagnetic processes involving atomic spectral lines. X-ray binary systems were observed consisting of a progenitor star such as a neutron star and a dark companion. X-rays emitted from the gas accreting the dark companion tells us whether it is a black hole. Evidence indicated supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies. From observations of orbits of stars near the supermassive black holes, one could determine their masses, which proved they were black holes. Observations of quasars, among the brightest objects in the universe, showed they contain black holes. It is important to establish the existence of an event horizon with the black hole, as predicted by general relativity. The current evidence for the event horizon is circumstantial, based on controversial theoretical models about the accretion disks surrounding the collapsed dark objects.