bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collisions between amorphous carbon nanoparticles: phase transformations
Authors: Nietiadi Maureen L. , Valencia Felipe , Gonzalez Rafael I. , Bringa Eduardo M. , Urbassek Herbert M. 
Published: August 2020

Context. Collisions of nanoparticles (NPs) occur in dust clouds and protoplanetary disks.
Aims. Sticking collisions lead to the growth of NPs, in contrast to bouncing or even fragmentation events and we aim to explore these processes in amorphous carbon NPs.
Methods. Using molecular-dynamics simulations, we studied central collisions between amorphous carbon NPs that had radii in the range of 6.5–20 nm and velocities of 100–3000 m s−1, and with varying sp3 content (20–55%).
Results. We find that the collisions are always sticking. The contact radius formed surpasses the estimate provided by the traditional Johnson-Kendall-Roberts model, pointing at the dominant influence of attractive forces between the NPs. Plasticity occurs via shear-transformation zones. In addition, we find bond rearrangements in the collision zone. Low-sp3 material (sp3 ≤ 40%) is compressed to sp3 > 50%. On the other hand, for the highest sp3 fraction, 55%, graphitization starts in the collision zone leading to low-density and even porous material.
Conclusions. Collisions of amorphous carbon NPs lead to an increased porosity, atomic surface roughness, and changed hybridization that affect the mechanical and optical properties of the collided NPs.
Response of advanced HCC to pembrolizumab and lenvatinib combination therapy despite monotherapy failure
Authors: Schulte Nadine , Li Moying , Zhan Tianzuo , Dreikhausen Lena , Sollors Janina , Antoni Christoph , Diehl Steffen , Schoenberg Stefan O. , Rahbari Nuh , Reissfelder Christoph , Giordano Frank A. , Ebert Matthias P. , Teufel Andreas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) were successfully introduced to cancer therapy, and these drugs have already become essential for the treatment of various noncurable tumors. However, monotherapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC) failed to show statistically significant improvement.Recently, the combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab demonstrated efficacy of combining ICI and VEGF inhibition, further substantiating previous data on synergistic mechanisms among respective substance classes.As TKI treatment is currently standard of care for aHCC, and ICIs are approved by the FDA and available in many areas of the world, numerous patients may have been treated with monotherapy of those drugs. However, it remains unclear if failure to monotherapy has an impact on combination therapy. We therefore report a patient well responding to combination therapy despite previous failures to TKI and ICI monotherapy.
Nährstoffe – Power für das Immunsystem
Authors: Schmiedel Volker 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungWir kennen ca. 50 essenzielle Nährstoffe (wir können es nicht ganz sicher angeben, da beispielsweise einige Aminosäuren nur semi-essenziell sind und bei einigen Nährstoffen die Essenzialität nur diskutiert wird, aber keineswegs gesichert ist). Bei einigen von ihnen gilt es als gesichert, dass sie zur Funktion des Immunsystems enorm beitragen bzw. ein Mangel auch eine Minderfunktion des Immunsystems zur Folge hat. Das Erstaunliche daran: Manche Nährstoffe wirken nicht nur stimulierend, sondern modulierend – ein schwaches Immunsystem wird gefördert, ein überschießendes Immunsystem, wie wir es z. B. bei Autoimmunkrankheiten oder Allergien beobachten, wird hingegen herunterreguliert.
Schlaf stärkt das Immunsystem
Authors: Heinzlmeier Alexander 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungEs existiert eine Vielzahl von Ursachen, die zu Schlafmangel führen können. Dazu zählen u. a. Schichtarbeit, beruflicher und privater Stress, Sorgen, Ängste oder viel Zeit, die vor PC- und Fernsehbildschirmen verbracht wird. Schlafstörungen und der resultierende Schlafmangel beeinträchtigen nicht nur das Befinden und die Leistungsfähigkeit, sondern können auch Erkrankungen begünstigen wie erhöhte Infektanfälligkeit, Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, Diabetes Typ 2 bis hin zu Krebserkrankungen. Immer mehr Studien belegen, dass insbesondere das Immunsystem für seine Funktionsfähigkeit auf regelmäßigen und erholsamen Schlaf angewiesen ist.
Komplikationsmanagement bei der TUR-Blase
Authors: Mally David , Paffenholz Pia 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDie transurethrale Resektion der Harnblase (TUR-Blase) ist ein Standardeingriff der operativen Urologie. Eine komplette Resektion steht hierbei an höchster Stelle. Darüber hinaus ist die Kenntnis der möglichen Komplikationen und das dazugehörige Komplikationsmanagement für die klinische Praxis essenziell. Zu den häufigsten Komplikationen gehören katheterassoziierte Beschwerden, Blutungen, Infektionen und die Harnblasenperforation. Doch auch die Resektion des Harnleiterostiums und Lagerungsschäden stellen zwar seltenere, aber dennoch unmittelbar behandlungswürdige Komplikationen dar. In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit werden diese Komplikationen zusammengefasst sowie deren Vorbeugung und Management vorgestellt.
Monsters at bedtime: managing fear in bedtime picture books for children
Authors: Maynes Mary-Louise 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMonsters make frequent appearances in bedtime stories for children, where they represent a range of common childhood fears, in particular those associated with night-time. In this article, the role and nature of ‘bedtime’ monsters is explored with reference to picture book examples from 20th to 21st century children’s literature. The ways in which they help children to manage fears are shown to be through a combination of both psychological and literary strategies, drawing on examples of English language picture books for children aged 2–5 years, but with a particular focus on three contemporary texts: Molly and the Night Monster; Bedtime for Monsters and The Wardrobe Monster. It is argued that these texts often mirror coping strategies preferred by young children, in particular positive pretence, where threats are minimised or eliminated by mentally changing or altering perception of them. However, in addition to positive pretence, fears are further managed by literary and visual devices employed by the picture book creator/s, in particular in the presentation of images. The article concludes by noting that this is a group of texts which is now sufficiently established to be open to self-reference and parody, and consequently new and playful variations on the bedtime monster story will continue to emerge and evolve.
Estimating the genome-wide contribution of selection to temporal allele frequency change
Authors: Buffalo Vince , Coop Graham 
Published: August 2020

Significance
A long-standing problem in evolutionary biology is to understand the processes that shape the genetic composition of populations. In a population without migration, two processes that change allele frequencies are selection, which increases beneficial alleles and removes deleterious ones, and genetic drift, which randomly changes frequencies as some parents contribute more or fewer alleles to the next generation. Previous efforts to disentangle these processes have used genomic samples from a single time point and models of how selection affects neighboring sites (linked selection). Here, we use genomic data taken through time to quantify contributions of selection and drift to genome-wide frequency changes. We show that selection acts over short timescales in three evolve-and-resequence studies and has a sizable genome-wide impact.
From one cell to many: Morphogenetic field of lateral root founder cells in
Arabidopsis thaliana
is built by gradual recruitment
Authors: Torres-Martínez Héctor H. , Hernández-Herrera Paul , Corkidi Gabriel , Dubrovsky Joseph G. 
Published: August 2020

Significance
A single plant can produce from hundreds to millions of lateral roots (LRs), which facilitate water and mineral uptake and transport. LRs originate in a tissue called the pericycle, but the underlying mechanism is obscure. With the aid of clonal analysis, we deduced that LR initiation begins with a single pericycle founder cell (FC) which then recruits the neighboring pericycle cells to become FCs. A time-lapse analysis validated this conclusion and also showed that FC recruitment is an auxin-dependent and gradual process that takes place in an unpredictable pattern. Thus, LR initiation is not a one-step process, as previously considered.
Effect of shoe cushioning on landing impact forces and spatiotemporal parameters during running: results from a randomized trial including 800+ recreational runners
Authors: Malisoux Laurent , Delattre Nicolas , Meyer Christophe , Gette Paul , Urhausen Axel , Theisen Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn a recent randomized trial including 800+ recreational runners, injury risk was lower in those who received the Soft shoe version compared to those using the Hard version (Hazard ratio = 1.52; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.07–2.16). Here, we investigated the effect of shoe cushioning on ground reaction forces (GRF) and spatiotemporal parameters in the same cohort, with a special focus on Vertical Impact Peak Force (VIPF) and Vertical Instantaneous Loading Rate (VILR). Healthy runners (n = 848) randomly received one of two shoe prototypes that differed only in their cushioning properties (Global stiffness: 61 ± 3 and 95 ± 6 N/mm in the Soft and Hard versions, respectively). Participants were tested on an instrumented treadmill at their preferred running speed. GRF data was recorded over 2 min. VIPF was higher in the Soft shoe group compared to the Hard shoe group (1.53 ± 0.21 vs. 1.44 ± 0.23 BW, respectively; p < 0.001). However, the proportion of steps with detectable VIPF was lower in the Soft shoe group (84 vs. 97%, respectively; p < 0.001) and Time to VIPF was longer (46.9 ± 8.5 vs. 43.4 ± 7.4 milliseconds, respectively; p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed for VILR (60.1 ± 13.8 vs. 58.9 ± 15.6 BW/s for Soft and Hard shoe group, respectively; p = 0.070) or any other kinetic variable. These results show that the beneficial effect of greater shoe cushioning on injury risk in the present cohort is not associated with attenuated VIPF and VILR. These GRF metrics may be inappropriate markers of the shoe cushioning‐injury risk relationship, while delayed VIPF and the proportion of steps displaying a VIPF could be more relevant.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03115437.
Challenging precarity, austerity and delocalisation: Italian labour struggles from Euro-criticism to Euro-disenchantment
Authors: Zamponi Lorenzo 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
How has the experience of crisis, austerity, and precarity affected visions of Europe in the labour movement? The article answers this question through the analysis of interviews of representatives of organisations engaged in labour struggles in Italy and of documents published by the same organisations. The analysis shows that, although the crisis has challenged ‘critical Europeanism’ and radicalised vision of Europe, the border between calls for ‘another Europe’ and Eurosceptic claims seems resilient: Euro-criticism is in crisis, but has left more ground to a frustrated Euro-disenchantment than to Euro-scepticism. At the theoretical level, these findings contribute to the literature on strategic adaptation, pointing out that the reaction of movements to the closing of opportunities is far from automatic. Regarding the evolution of the Italian civil society, the shift towards Euroscepticism reflects the utter lack of hope towards the EU as a force of progress determined by a decade of austerity.
A fully quantum calculation of broadening and shifting coefficients of the D1 and D2 spectral lines of alkali-metal atoms colliding with noble-gas atoms
Authors: Loper Robert D , Weeks David E 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We use the Baranger model to compute collisional broadening and shift rates for the D
1 and D
2 spectral lines of M + Ng, where M = K, Rb, Cs and Ng = He, Ne, Ar. Scattering matrix elements are calculated using the channel packet method, and non-adiabatic wavepacket dynamics are determined using the split-operator method together with a unitary transformation between adiabatic and diabatic representations. Scattering phase shift differences are weighted thermally and are integrated over temperatures ranging from 100 K to 800 K. We find that predicted broadening rates compare well with experiment, but shift rates are predicted poorly by this model because they are extremely sensitive to the near-asymptotic behavior of the potential energy surfaces.
Role of residual interaction in the relativistic description of M1 excitation
Authors: Oishi Tomohiro , Kružić Goran , Paar Nils 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Magnetic dipole (M1) excitation is the leading mode of multi-nucleon excitations induced by the magnetic field, and is a phenomenon of the spin–orbit splitting and residual interactions involved. In this work, we investigate the effects of the residual interactions on the M1 excitation from a novel perspective, the framework of relativistic nuclear energy-density functional. The relativistic Hartree–Bogoliubov model is utilized to determine the nuclear ground state properties, while the relativistic quasi-particle random-phase approximation is employed for the description of M1-excitation properties. From the analysis of M1 mode in the Ca isotope chain, role of the isovector–pseudovector residual interaction is discussed. For open-shell nuclei, the pairing correlation also plays a noticeable role in the M1 mode. The experimental data on M1 mode is expected to provide a suitable reference to improve and optimize the theoretical models to describe the residual interactions.
Pressure-induced isostructural electronic topological transitions in 2H-MoTe2: x-ray diffraction and first-principles study
Authors: Bera Achintya , Singh Anjali , Gupta Satyendra Nath , Glazyrin K , Muthu D V S , Waghmare U V , Sood A K 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Synchrotron x-ray diffraction measurements on powder 2H-MoTe2 (P63/mmc) up to ∼46 GPa have been performed along with first-principles based density functional theoretical analysis to probe the isostructural transition in low pressure regime and two electronic topological transitions (ETT) of Lifshitz-type in high pressure regime. The low pressure isostructural transition at ∼7 GPa is associated with the lattice parameter ratio c/a anomaly and the change in the compressibility of individual layers. The pressure dependence of the volume by linearizing the Birch–Murnaghan equation of state as a function of Eulerian strain shows a clear change of the bulk modulus at the ETT pressure of ∼20 GPa. The minimum of c/a ratio around 32 GPa is associated with the change in topology of electron pockets marked as second ETT of Lifshitz-type. We do not observe any structural transition up to the maximum applied pressure of ∼46 GPa under quasi-hydrostatic condition.
Electromagnetic force compensation weighing cell with magnetic springs and air bearings
Authors: Yoon Kyung-Taek , Park Sung-Ryong , Choi Young-Man 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The electromagnetic force compensation (EMFC) principle is a state-of-the-art weighing method for precision mass measurement. In this method, the low stiffness of the flexure-based Roberval guide mechanism and high lever ratio of force transmission contribute to achieving extremely high weighing sensitivity. However, weak damping and the parasitic resonant frequencies of the flexure mechanism lead to a slow settling time after loading a weight. Moreover, the low ruggedness of the flexure mechanism limits the load capacity of the EMFC weighing cell and may result in fatigue failure under repeated loading. In this paper, we propose a novel precision weighing cell with Halbach array magnetic springs and air bearings instead of the flexure mechanism. The magnetic spring is designed for near-zero negative stiffness to increase the system bandwidth, as well as for gravity force compensation ability against deadweights. The air bearings ensure high ruggedness toward parasitic directions with high stiffness in the parasitic direction and a damping effect from the pressurized air film. The stiffness of the fabricated prototype weighing cell is −27.3 N m−1, which is tens of times lower than that of conventional EMFC weighing cells. The weighing repeatability of the weighing cell is 2.35 mg, as measured with a 10 g E2 class test mass, and the settling time within ±2% of its final value is 57 ms in air.
Robust image segmentation for feature extraction from internal combustion engine in-cylinder images
Authors: Rochussen Jeremy , Kirchen Patrick 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In-cylinder imaging diagnostics for internal combustion engines provide rich information on the structure and evolution of reaction zone features, which affect both engine out emissions and efficiency. However, the most common analysis of in-cylinder combustion luminosity imaging considers ensemble averaged images, which are not suitable for characterizing processes that vary significantly between cycles, such as ignition and soot formation and oxidation. Here, a robust image segmentation algorithm is presented for feature extraction from single-cycle in-cylinder combustion images and is used with a ‘combination of interpretations’ (COI) approach to analyze OH*-chemiluminescence imaging of premixed and non-premixed natural gas combustion modes in an optically-accessible reciprocating engine.
Dynamic thresholding and region size filtering are combined with watershed segmentation to create a parameterized adaptive watershed (PAW) segmentation algorithm. The fusion of these segmentation methods is novel to combustion imaging and is demonstrated to provide quantified improvement relative to the current state of the art segmentation methods; PAW segmentation provides increased sensitivity for early ignition processes, and more robustly identifies the reaction zones at later stages of combustion. The PAW algorithm requires no adjustment between the two considered combustion modes or for any stage of the combustion process. The reliability of the PAW output enables feature extraction of individual reaction zone location and area from the combustion images using a polar-sector coordinate system for COI analysis. This approach characterizes the cyclic variability of individual fuel jets, identifies coupling of auto-ignition behavior between adjacent reaction zones, and demonstrates systematic errors arising from measurement of auto-ignition in ensemble averaged images. Application of PAW segmentation and the analysis approach presented here can provide more complete characterization of other spatially-resolved internal combustion diagnostics, particularly where there is high process variability, overlapping image regions, or wide signal intensity ranges.
Earth abundant transition metal ferrite nanoparticles anchored ZnO nanorods as efficient and stable photoanodes for solar water splitting
Authors: Maity Dipanjan , Karmakar Keshab , Mandal Dipika , Pal Debashish , Khan Gobinda Gopal , Mandal Kalyan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Poor light absorption, severe surface charge recombination and fast degradation are the key challenges with ZnO nanostructures based electrodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Here, this study attempts to design an efficient and durable nano-heterojunction photoelectrode by integrating earth abundant chemically stable transition metal spinel ferrites MFe2O4 (M = Co and Ni) nano-particles on ZnO Nanorod arrays. The low band gap magnetic ferrites improve the solar energy harvesting ability of the nano-heterojunction electrodes in ultraviolet–visible light region resulting in a maximum increase of 105% and 190% in photocurrent density and applied bias photon-to-current efficiency, respectively, compared to pristine ZnO nanorods. The favourable type-II band alignment at the ferrites/ZnO nano-heterojunction provides significantly enhanced photo-generated carrier separation and transfer, endowing the excellent solar H2 evolution ability (743 and 891 μmol cm−2 h−1for ZnO/CoFe2O4 and ZnO/NiFe2O4, respectively) of the photoanodes by using sacrificial agent. The hybrid nanostructures deliver long term stability of the electrode against photocorrosion. This work demonstrates an easy but effective strategy to develop low-cost earth abundant ferrites-based heterojunction electrodes, which offers excellent PEC activity and stability.
Polaroid-PET: a PET scanner with detectors fitted with Polaroid for filtering unpolarized optical photons—a Monte Carlo simulation study
Authors: Sanaat Amirhossein , Ashrafi-Belgabad Aydin , Zaidi Habib 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We propose and evaluate the performance of an improved preclinical positron emission tomography (PET) scanner design, referred to as Polaroid-PET, consisting of a detector equipped with a layer of horizontal Polaroid to filter scintillation photons with vertical polarization. This makes it possible to improve the spatial resolution of PET scanners based on monolithic crystals. First, a detector module based on a lutetium-yttrium orthosilicate monolithic crystal with 10 mm thickness and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) was implemented in the GEANT4 Monte Carlo toolkit. Subsequently, a layer of Polaroid was inserted between the crystal and the SiPMs. Two preclinical PET scanners based on ten detector modules with and without Polaroid were simulated. The performance of the proposed detector modules and corresponding PET scanner for the two configurations (with and without Polaroid) was assessed using standard performance parameters, including spatial resolution, sensitivity, optical photon ratio detected for positioning, and image quality. The detector module fitted with Polaroid led to higher spatial resolution (1.05 mm FWHM) in comparison with a detector without Polaroid (1.30 mm FHWM) for a point source located at the center of the detector module. From 100% of optical photons produced in the scintillator crystal, 65% and 66% were used for positioning in the detectors without and with Polaroid, respectively. Polaroid-PET resulted in higher axial spatial resolution (0.83 mm FWHM) compared to the scanner without Polaroid (1.01 mm FWHM) for a point source at the center of the field of view (CFOV). The absolute sensitivity at the CFOV was 4.37% and 4.31% for regular and Polaroid-PET, respectively. Planar images of a grid phantom demonstrated the potential of the detector with a Polaroid in distinguishing point sources located at close distances. Our results indicated that Polaroid-PET may improve spatial resolution by filtering the reflected optical photons according to their polarization state, while retaining the high sensitivity expected with monolithic crystal detector blocks.