bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Threshold effects in the relationship between inflation and economic growth: Further empirical evidence from the developed and developing world
Authors: Azam Muhammad , Khan Saleem 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe re‐evaluate empirically the threshold effect of inflation on economic growth for 27 countries (16 developing and 11 developed economies) over 1975–2018. Our research differs from the previous one in that it employs non‐average inflation data with a balanced panel for a longer period of time. The methods of fixed effects and feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) are used to estimate the inflation threshold and its effects on growth. The empirical estimates show a significant negative association between inflation and growth above the threshold level of inflation. The empirical estimate indicates that inflation impede growth when inflation exceeds the turning point 12.23% and 5.36% in Panel‐1 and Panel‐2, respectively, and with the greatest negative effects in Panel‐2. In addition, our findings provide evidence that gross fixed capital formation, government spending, household spending and real exports stimulate economic growth while the growth rate of the population is detrimental to the growth of the regions. Overall, the empirical result of this study could be of use in providing policy direction to governments and management authorities. In developing and developed economies, the management authorities need to cogitate a maximum rate of 12.3% and 5.4%, respectively, as an inflation target to avoid the detrimental effects of high inflation on economic growth for sustaining macroeconomic stability.
Modelling unbalanced catastrophic health expenditure data by using machine‐learning methods
Authors: Cinaroglu Songul 
Published: December 2020

SummaryThis study aims to compare the performances of logistic regression and random forest classifiers in a balanced oversampling procedure for the prediction of households that will face catastrophic out‐of‐pocket (OOP) health expenditure. Data were derived from the nationally representative household budget survey collected by the Turkish Statistical Institute for the year 2012. A total of 9,987 households returned valid surveys. The data set was highly imbalanced, and the percentage of households facing catastrophic OOP health expenditure was 0.14. Balanced oversampling was performed, and 30 artificial data sets were generated with sizes of 5% and 98% of the original data size. The balanced oversampled data set provided accurate predictions, and random forest exhibited superior performance in identifying households facing catastrophic OOP health expenditure (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUC = 0.8765; classification accuracy, CA = 0.7936; sensitivity = 0.7765; specificity = 0.8552; F1 = 0.7797).
Safety and pharmacokinetics of bimagrumab in healthy older and obese adults with body composition changes in the older cohort
Authors: Rooks Daniel , Petricoul Olivier , Praestgaard Jens , Bartlett Michael , Laurent Didier , Roubenoff Ronenn 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundBimagrumab prevents activity of myostatin and other negative regulators of skeletal muscle mass. This randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study investigated safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics of bimagrumab in healthy older and obese adults.MethodsA cohort of older adults (aged 70–85 years) received single intravenous infusions of bimagrumab 30 mg/kg (n = 6) or 3 mg/kg (n = 6) or placebo (n = 4) and was followed for 20 weeks. A second cohort of obese participants [body mass index (BMI) 30–45 kg/m2, aged 18–65 years] received a single intravenous infusion of bimagrumab 30 mg/kg (n = 6) or placebo (n = 2) and was followed for 12 weeks. Outcomes included the safety, tolerability, and PK of bimagrumab, in both cohorts. Measures of pharmacodynamics were performed in the older adult cohort to evaluate the effects of bimagrumab on thigh muscle volume (TMV), total lean body mass (LBM), total fat body mass, and muscle strength.ResultsAll 24 randomized participants completed the study. The older adults had a mean (±SD) age of 74.5 ± 3.4 years and BMI of 26.5 ± 3.5 kg/m2. The obese participants had a mean (±SD) age of 40.4 ± 11.8 years, weight of 98.0 ± 11.3 kg, and BMI of 34.3 ± 3.9 kg/m2. Adverse events in both cohorts were mostly mild. In older adults, most commonly reported adverse events were upper respiratory tract infection, rash, and diarrhoea (each 3/16, 19%). Obese participants reported muscle spasms and rash (both 5/8, 63%) most often. Non‐linearity was observed in the PK concentration profiles of both cohorts due to target‐mediated drug disposition. Bimagrumab 3 and 30 mg/kg increased mean (±SD) TMV (Week 4: 5.3 ± 1.8% and 6.1 ± 2.2%, vs. placebo: 0.5 ± 2.1%, both P ≤ 0.02) and LBM (Week 4: 6.0 ± 3.2%, P = 0.03 and 2.4 ± 2.2%, vs. placebo: 0.1 ± 2.4%), which were maintained longer with higher dose level, while total fat body mass (Week 4: −2.7 ± 2.9% and −1.6 ± 3.0%, vs. placebo: −2.3 ± 3.2%) decreased from baseline in older adults, with no change in muscle strength.ConclusionsBimagrumab was safe and well tolerated and demonstrated similar PK in older and obese adults. A single dose of bimagrumab rapidly increased TMV and LBM and decreased body adiposity in older adults. Muscle hypertrophy and fat loss were sustained with extended drug exposure.
Influence of particulate alkaline biomaterial remnants in dentin on the adhesion of two resin‐based bonding systems
Authors: Ballal Nidambur Vasudev , Gandhi Poornika , Kashyap Namita N. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTo study aimed to evaluate the influence of infiltrated alkaline biomaterials on the bond strength of composite obtained with etch and rinse and universal adhesive systems. Coronal dentin of extracted human molars was exposed and infiltrated with calcium hydroxide, MTA, or bioactive glass 45S5 powder. Non‐infiltrated dentin specimens served as controls. Subsequently, dentin was either acid‐etched or not, and remaining alkali content was measured by pH induction in water. Shear bond strength of an etch‐and rinse system (Adper Single Bond 2) on etched dentin was then compared to that of a universal counterpart (Single Bond [(Scotchbond) Universal] by the same manufacturer. Data was compared between groups using one‐way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD. On sound dentin, the etch‐and‐rinse system adhered stronger than the universal system (p < .05). All particles rendered the dentin alkaline. Acid etching reduced the alkali content in the infiltrated dentin. However, bond strength values were stronger with the universal system without etching than with the etch‐and rinse counterpart, which lost more than 60% of its adhesiveness. The universal adhesive system was less susceptible to alkaline contamination of the dentin than the etch‐and‐rinse counterpart. Based on the similar composition of the two systems under investigation, this is likely to the due to its 10‐MDP component.
Development of a dense genetic map and QTL analysis for pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) resistance component traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Barmukh Rutwik , Roorkiwal Manish , Jaba Jagdish , Chitikineni Annapurna , Mishra Suraj Prasad , Sagurthi Someswar Rao , Munghate Rajendra , Sharma HC , Varshney Rajeev K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGenetic enhancement for resistance against the pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera is crucial for enhancing production and productivity of chickpea. Here we provide some novel insights into the genetic architecture of natural variation in H. armigera resistance in chickpea, an important legume, which plays a major role in food and nutritional security. An interspecific recombinant inbred line (RIL) population developed from a cross between H. armigera susceptible accession ICC 4958 (Cicer arietinum) and resistant accession PI 489777 (Cicer reticulatum) was evaluated for H. armigera resistance component traits using detached leaf assay and under field conditions. A high‐throughput AxiomCicerSNP array was utilized to construct a dense linkage map comprising of 3,873 loci and spanning a distance of 949.27 cM. Comprehensive analyses of extensive genotyping and phenotyping data identified nine main‐effect QTLs and 955 epistatic QTLs explaining up to 42.49% and 38.05% phenotypic variance, respectively, for H. armigera resistance component traits. The main‐effect QTLs identified in this RIL population were linked with previously described genes, known to modulate resistance against lepidopteran insects in crop plants. One QTL cluster harbouring main‐effect QTLs for three H. armigera resistance component traits and explaining up to 42.49% of the phenotypic variance, was identified on CaLG03. This genomic region, after validation, may be useful to improve H. armigera resistance component traits in elite chickpea cultivars.
Large-Eddy Simulation Study of Ultra-High Fuel Injection Pressure on Gasoline Sprays
Authors: Wadekar S. , Yamaguchi A. , Oevermann M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The development of gasoline spray at ultra-high injection pressures was analyzed using Large-Eddy simulation (LES). Two different nozzle hole geometries, divergent and convergent shape, were considered to inject the fuel at injection pressures ranging from 200 to 1500 bar inside a constant volume spray chamber maintained at atmospheric conditions. The discrete droplet phase was treated using a Lagrangian formulation together with the standard spray sub-models. The numerical results were calibrated by reproducing experimentally observed liquid penetration length and efforts were made to understand the influence of ultra-high injection pressures on the spray development. The calibrated model was then used to investigate the impact of ultra-high injection pressures on mean droplet size and droplet size distribution. In addition, the spray-induced large-scale eddies and entrainment rate were evaluated at different ultra-high injection pressures. Overall, simulation results showed a good agreement with available measurement data. At ultra-high injection pressures mean droplet sizes were significantly reduced and comprised very high velocities. Integral length scales of spray-induced turbulence and air entrainment rate into the spray were larger at higher injection pressure compared to lower ones.

Graphic abstract
Characterization of Downstream Channel Morphology of a Monsoon Dominated Dwarkeswar River in West Bengal
Authors: Malik Sadhan , Pal Subodh Chandra 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Downstream changes in channel morphology and its flow were investigated over a monsoon dominated Dwarkeswar river from the western part of West Bengal. The basin has developed over the Proterozoic Granite Gneiss Complex to recent Holocene alluvium, forming three distinctive geomorphological regions of the basin e.g., dissected plateau, plate-fringe and alluvial plain area. Sixty cross-sections along the entire main stream were surveyed and bankfull channel parameters were measured. Sediment samples from each location were collected and Manning’s roughness (n) value for respective reaches were estimated and flow velocity, discharge, stream power and shear stress were calculated. The result has shown that channel width and channel capacity in the dissected plateau are increasing downstream, in the plateau-fringe area the trends are relatively constant. But in alluvial plain, width (87.3%), flow area (81.3%), discharge (84.1%), W/D ratio (91.3%) decreases downstream. Downstream decreasing channel width and channel capacity are strongly related to elevation, slope, HSI, TSI and SSI. Extremely low slope, channel switching, cohesive bank materials and vast flood plain width facilitates the river flow to spill over from the channel and spread to the surrounding area resulting diminishing discharge and thereby the channel morphology in downstream. Frequency of flow crossing bankfull limit has increased downstream resulting frequent flood diminishing channel morphology with distance down the valley.
Fenitized Basement Gneissic Xenoliths in Northern Part of Sövite Ring Dike, Amba Dongar Carbonatite Diatreme, Gujarat, India
Authors: Viladkar Shrinivas G. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
During blasting operations for fluorite in the mining area of the Amba Dongar, numerous xenoliths of different rock types were brought to the surface from time to time in the last several years. The present study is based on the uncovered fenitized gneissic xenoliths in sövite exposed in the mining area. With the aid of detailed petrography and BSE images it is documented that protolith gneiss has undergone extensive K-metasomatism. Details of these processes are discussed with the help of BSE images, mineral analyses and geochemistry of these rocks.
Nanolubricant additives: A review
Authors: Zhao Jun , Huang Yiyao , He Yongyong , Shi Yijun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUsing nanoadditives in lubricants is one of the most effective ways to control friction and wear, which is of great significance for energy conservation, emission reduction, and environmental protection. With the scientific and technological development, great advances have been made in nanolubricant additives in the scientific research and industrial applications. This review summarizes the categories of nanolubricant additives and illustrates the tribological properties of these additives. Based on the component elements of nanomaterials, nanolubricant additives can be divided into three types: nanometal-based, nanocarbon-based, and nanocomposite-based additives. The dispersion stabilities of additives in lubricants are also discussed in the review systematically. Various affecting factors and effective dispersion methods have been investigated in detail. Moreover, the review summarizes the lubrication mechanisms of nanolubricant additives including tribofilm formation, micro-bearing effect, self-repair performance, and synergistic effect. In addition, the challenges and prospects of nanolubricant additives are proposed, which guides the design and synthesis of novel additives with significant lubrication and antiwear properties in the future.
‘It’s like Going to the Regular Class but without Being there’: A Qualitative Analysis of Older people’s Experiences of Exercise in the Home during Covid-19 Lockdown in England
Authors: Taylor Lisa , Raisborough Jayne , Harrison Katherine , Dulson Shelly 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIt is expected that the Covid-19 lockdown will have increased physical inactivity with negative impacts for older people, who are at greater risk of health complications from the virus. This paper draws on customer evaluation questionnaire of a Pilates class aimed at people aged over 50 years old, which transitioned from a studio setting to online classes via Zoom at the start of the lockdown in England. The paper aims to (i) evaluate the shift of exercise services to online and (ii) examine how engagement with online services has influenced people’s reaction to Covid-19 and unprecedented confinement to their homes. Our analysis shows that experiences of exercise in the home are dependent on prior exercise engagement, particularly a sense of progress and competency in exercise movements, trust in the instructor and socio-economic privileges that enable participants to love and appreciate their homes. This paper argues that online classes have had positive impact on participants’ ability to cope with lockdown: routine, structure and being seen by others all proved important well-being aspects.
In search of a “home”: Comparing the housing challenges experienced by recently arrived Yazidi and Syrian refugees in Canada
Authors: Bhattacharyya Pallabi , Ogoe Sally , Riziki Annette , Wilkinson Lori 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHousing that is affordable and appropriate is a necessity for successful integration for all newcomers. It is not uncommon for newcomers to Canada to report difficulties finding suitable, safe, and affordable housing for their families. For refugees, however, the challenges are sometimes greater. Settlement organizations and refugee sponsors experience various challenges in accommodating families with large numbers of children, but as our research shows, refugee groups have differing needs based on their culture, family composition, and experience of trauma. Using data collected from two recent studies, we identify and compare the housing needs of two newly arrived groups of refugees to Canada: Syrians and Yazidis from northern Iraq. All participants in our study have lived in Canada for 2 years or less and currently live in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, or Ontario. Data was collected either by face-to-face surveys (with Syrian participants) or unstructured interviews (with Yazidi women) conducted in Arabic, Kurmanji, or English. We discuss their experiences of living in resettlement centers and their transition to independent housing. In addition, we discuss how family composition and previous trauma influence their housing experiences with special attention to how increasing agency increases satisfaction with housing.
Informal instruments to impose human rights obligations on foreign investors: An emerging practice of legality?
Authors: Marcoux Jean-Michel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn parallel to the negotiation of international investment agreements to protect foreign investment, intergovernmental organizations have deployed considerable efforts to adopt and implement standards of conduct for business enterprises operating abroad. Despite their informal character under international law, these instruments are increasingly mentioned in international investment agreements and investment arbitration. How can references to informal instruments elaborated by intergovernmental organizations contribute to the imposition of human rights obligations on foreign investors in international investment law? Drawing upon the interactional theory developed by Jutta Brunnée and Stephen J. Toope, this article considers these references as a practice that has the potential to strengthen the normative pull towards compliance with human rights norms. In addition to emphasizing the role of international investment law as a relevant forum to develop a practice surrounding these informal instruments, it assesses whether the use of these instruments by members of a community of practice is intended to establish a genuine sense of obligation and to impose human rights obligations on foreign investors. Even if some instances evidence a practice that strengthens such a sense of obligation, most of the references included in international investment agreements and investment arbitration do not render a practice of legality.
Cardiometabolic risk and health behaviours in adolescents with normal-weight obesity: a systematic review
Authors: Cota Bruna Clemente , Suhett Lara Gomes , Leite Nathália Nogueira , Pereira Patrícia Feliciano , Ribeiro Sarah Aparecida Vieira , Franceschini Sylvia do Carmo Castro 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjective:To analyse the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents with normal-weight obesity (NWO), as well as to investigate health behaviours related to the phenotype.Design:The study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the bibliographic search was carried out in the PubMed, Scielo and ScienceDirect databases.Setting:School, university and population.Participants:Adolescents between 10 and 19 years old.Results:A total of eight papers were included. Most studies have found a relationship between NWO and the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as high waist circumference, unfavourable lipid and glycid profile. As for health behaviours, three of the eight studies included evaluated eating habits; however, the results were not conclusive. In addition, four studies analysed the practice of physical activity or physical fitness, which was lower in NWO.Conclusions:The available evidence indicates that NWO is related to the early development of cardiometabolic changes, physical inactivity and less physical fitness in adolescents. The results also reveal the importance of early detection of the phenotype, as well as the need for further research on the associated factors to prevent future diseases. Registration (PROSPERO: CRD42020161204).
Association of microsatellite markers with root architecture and agromorphologic traits in diverse germplasm of bread wheat
Authors: Safari Sara , Mehrabi Ali-Ashraf 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important food crops in the world. Its physiological and morphological traits are closely related to yield. Therefore, it is generally important to discover the genomic region associated with these traits. In this research, associations between 21 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and 10 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers with some traits related to root structure at the embryonic and seedling stages and also some agromorphological traits at the whole plant stage were evaluated on a set of 102 wheat genotypes. A highly significant coefficient of variation among different genotypes was observed in all measured traits. A high level of polymorphism with SSR and ISSR markers was obtained. Genetic structure analysis revealed two distinct subpopulations. Significant correlations were found between genomic markers and evaluated traits. A total of nine markers, including four SSR markers in 1A, 3A, 5A and 2B chromosomal regions and five different ISSR markers were related to the studied traits. Several molecular markers were significantly associated with more than one phenotypic trait, suggesting the possible presence of pleiotropic or indirect effects. The phenotypic variation justified by these alleles ranged from 4 to 15%. Obtained genetic information can be targeted for further validation and genetic analysis in the relevant populations or other breeding sets.
Analysis of Water Vapor Fluxes Over a Seasonal Snowpack Using the Maximum Entropy Production Model
Authors: Hajji Islem , Nadeau Daniel F. , Music Biljana , Anctil François , Wang Jingfeng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSnow cover plays a key role in the water and energy budgets over cold regions. Understanding and parameterizing water and heat exchange over snow surfaces in hydrologic models remains a major challenge. An innovative approach based on the theory of maximum entropy production (MEP) was developed for modeling energy budgets for snow‐covered surfaces. This study generalizes the MEP model to simulate surface water vapor (latent heat) fluxes over an entire snowpack lifecycle, including snow accumulation and melting during the early growing season. The expanded MEP model combines soil evaporation, canopy transpiration, and snow sublimation to evaluate snow water loss during the lifecycle of the snowpack. Two hypotheses are tested: (1) sublimation becomes negligible during snowmelt when snowpack is isothermal (0°C) and (2) transpiration is progressively activated as a function of the air temperature during vegetation awakening. The proposed approach is shown to be effective for modeling the total surface water vapor fluxes over the snowpack's lifecycle. Both the hypotheses are supported by field observations.