bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-19 Copper and zinc hydroxychloride co-supplementation reduce the diarrhea frequency of finishing pigs
Authors: Martins Simone M , Mendonça Maitê V , Nakasone Denis H , Martinez Cristian H , Augusto Karolina V , Han Yanming , Araújo Lúcio F 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effects of the co-supplementation of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) hydroxychloride (CHC and ZHC) minerals on diarrhea frequency of growing and finishing pigs. A total of 256 pigs were distributed into 4 treatments with 8 replicate/treatment. The diets from 70 to 112 days of age (d) were T1: 100 mg/kg CuSO4 + 80 mg/kg ZnO; T2: 150 mg/kg CuSO4 + 80 mg/kg ZnO; T3: 100 mg/kg CHC + 80 mg/kg ZHC; T4: 150 mg/kg CHC + 80 mg/kg ZHC and from 112 to 154 d T1: 90 mg/kg CuSO4 + 70 mg/kg ZnO; T2: 150 mg/kg CuSO4 + 70 mg/kg ZnO; T3: 90 mg/kg CHC + 70 mg/kg ZHC; T4: 150 mg/kg CHC + 70 mg/kg ZHC. Visual analysis of the feces was carried out daily, with scores ranging from 1 to 3 for each pen: 1=solid feces (normal); 2=feces softer than normal (pasty); and 3 = liquid feces (severe diarrhea). The values of frequency were transformed into arc-sine. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS software, according to the block design. The treatment was considered a fixed effect. The effect was considered significant when P &lt; 0.05. From 112 to 154 d, pigs that received the hydroxychloride sources showed a lower diarrhea frequency compared to the pigs fed with CuSO4 and ZnO (P &lt; 0.05). Possibly the reduction of diarrhea in animals with CHC and ZHC was due to the higher bioavailability of these minerals, improving their functions (e.g. Cu on microbial load reduction and Zn on the protection and renewal of intestinal epithelial cells). It can be concluded that the co-supplementation of copper and zinc hydroxychloride sources reduce the diarrhea frequency of finishing pigs.
PSIII-35 The effects of cold pelleting and separation of fine corn particles on growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Evans Caitlin E , Saensukjaroenphon Marut , Wecker Haley , Woodworth Jason C , Jones Cassandra K , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Paulk Chad B , Stark Charles R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A total of 320 pigs (DNA 241×600; initially 10.2 kg BW) were utilized in a 21-d experiment to determine the effects of corn fractionation and pelleting technique on nursery pig growth performance. There were 5 pigs per pen, 8 pens per treatment and 8 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments 1–3 contained 400 µm ground corn and were fed as either mash, pelleted using a steam conditioner plus traditional vertical ring die (steam pellet) or pelleted with hot water plus a horizontal die (cold pellet). Treatments 4–6 contained corn ground to 400 µm with fines &lt; 150 um removed and were fed as either mash, steam pellet or cold pellet. Treatments 7 and 8 contained ground corn with only fines &lt; 150 um steam or cold pelleted prior to dietary inclusion without complete diet pelleting. Overall, pigs fed mash diets had improved (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and d 21 BW compared to those fed steam pelleted diets with those fed cold pelleted diets being intermediate. There was no difference in G:F between pigs fed mash, steam pellet and cold pellet diets; however, pigs fed diets containing pelleted fines had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) G:F due to an observed increased feed wastage and sorting. There was no difference in growth performance between pigs fed diets with fines removed or not. Cold pelleting was a viable option to steam pelleting in the current experiment; however, pelleting diets reduced pig performance compared to pigs fed mash diets, which was unexpected. Further research is needed to validate the response to cold pelleting when the expected response to pelleting using steam conditioning is achieved.
PSII-36 The application of busulfan to inhibit the spermatogenesis in quail testis
Authors: Kotova Tatyana , Vetokh Anastasia N , Volkova Ludmila A , Volkova Natalia , Zinovieva Natalia A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The use of testicular stem cells (spermatogonia) is of most interest for obtaining individuals with predetermined traits and genome genetic modification and for conservation of poultry gene pool. A significant population of mature donor germ cells (sperm) is formed upon successful spermatogonia cells transplantation into the testes of male recipients. Obtained sperm can be used to produce offspring with the desired traits. A key step in this technology is the removal of own spermatogenic cells (inhibition of spermatogenesis) in male recipients. The aim of research was to develop and optimize methodological approaches to inhibit the spermatogenesis in quail using busulfan. This drug was injected directly into the testes parenchyma of mature males by multiple injection at the concentration from 20 to 100 mg per 1kg of body weight (n = 25). Histological preparations of testes from the experimental quails were obtained to study composition of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules after busulfan administration. The male peers who were not injected with busulfan were used as a control. Experimental quails showed a decrease in the number of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules 32, 75, 111, 119 and 118 times compared with the control when using busulfan in concentrations 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/kg of weight, respectively (P &lt; 0.001). The cells composition in the seminiferous tubules from experimental quails was represented mainly by Sertoli cells and spermatogonia. After busulfan introduction at the concentrations 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/kg, the percentage of spermatogonia was 55±5 %, 24±4 %, 6±2 %, 5±2 % and 4±1 %, respectively. The use of busulfan at the concentration of 80–100 mg/kg led to high mortality of quails. Thus, it was found that the optimal busulfan concentration for elimination of quail spermatogenic cells was 60 mg/kg. Supported by RFBR within Project №18-29-07079.
PSII-2 Beef steers with divergent average daily gain have altered plasma amine/phenol-metabolome
Authors: Ogunade Ibukun M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study applied a chemical isotope labeling/liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based metabolomics technique to determine differences in plasma metabolites containing amine/phenol and carbonyl chemical groups in beef steers with divergent average daily gain (ADG). Thirty-eight Angus crossbred beef steers (21 d post-weaning; 210 ± 12 kg of BW) from a single source were housed in individual slatted floor pens and were fed the same total mixed ration (CP = 14.5% and NEg = 1.10 Mcal/kg) ad libitum for 42 d with free access to water. After 42 days of feeding, the steers were divided into two groups of lowest ADG (LF: n = 8) and highest (HF: n = 8) ADG. Blood samples were taken from both LF and HF steers and were immediately centrifuged to harvest the plasma. The average daily DM intake of the steers in LF and HF were 6.08 kg ± 0.57 and 6.04 kg ± 0.42, respectively, and was similar between the two groups (P = 0.72). The ADG of LF (0.99 kg ± 0.23) was lower (P = 0.01) than that of HF (1.63 kg ± 0.20). A total number of 42 carbonyl-containing metabolites and 229 amine/phenol-containing metabolites were identified in the plasma samples of both groups. No alteration in carbonyl-metabolome was detected. Ten metabolites including 4,6-dihydroxyquinoline, prolyl-valine, prolyl-leucine, prolyl-isoleucine, L-formylkynurenine, pyrocatechol, and histidine were greater in HF steers whereas 8 metabolites including arginine, phenylalanine, guanidoacetic acid, and aspartyl-threonine were greater in LF steers. This study demonstrated that beef steers with divergent ADG had altered plasma amine/phenol metabolome. Notably, plasma concentrations of dipeptides containing branched chain amino acid residues (prolyl-valine, prolyl-leucine, prolyl-isoleucine) and metabolites with anti-inflammatory and reactive oxygen-scavenging properties (4,6-dihydroxyquinoline and L-formylkynurenine) were greater in steers with high ADG.
PSVI-9 Effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa on dry matter disappearance and greenhouse gas emissions in dairy cow diets
Authors: Anele Uchenna , Crummel Xavier , Manoharan Swetha , Ibrahim Jimo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Greenhouse gases (GHG) emission from agriculture (24%) are an important contributor to climate change. Livestock accounts for an estimated 80% of total agriculture emissions, making abatement of GHG emission from livestock a high-priority challenge facing animal nutritionists. These gases are produced because of ruminal fermentation of feeds resulting in a significant contribution of GHG from this sector. There are potential strategies to reduce GHG emissions in ruminants such as improved farming systems, forage quality, animal genetics, feed additives and dietary fats inclusion, modified microorganisms, etc. The current study evaluated an important nutraceutical plant, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae), for its ability to modulate rumen function to increase dry matter digestibility and reduce GHG emission in dairy cows. The calyces of H. sabdariffa at six different doses (0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/head) were used in an in vitro batch culture study. Two dairy diets—alfalfa hay and total mixed ration were used as substrates. Inoculum was collected from 2 cannulated dairy cows from the CAES farm and substrates were incubated for 3, 6 and 24 h. Gas production was measured and analyzed for methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfite and ammonia. H. sabdariffa reduced (P &lt; 0.05) methane production in all the alfalfa hay treatments except at 6 g/head inclusion level. No effect (P &gt; 0.05) was noted for TMR treatment. We observed small numerical reduction in carbon dioxide in all but two inclusion levels. About 25% increase in dry matter digestibility was noted for 4 g/head treatment. Further studies are planned to validate results.
PSXII-18 Treatment of composted poultry litter with natural hop extracts, effects on nitrogen accumulations, coliforms and select Gram-positive pathogenic and antimicrobial resistant bacteria
Authors: Castillo-Castillo Yamicela , Anderson Robin , Hume Michael , Flythe Michael , Nisbet David , Arzola-Alvarez Claudio , Castillo Francisco , Salinas-Chavira Jaime , Ontiveros Marina , Copado Ramon , Ruiz-Barrera Oscar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Poultry litter, produced by intensive poultry production systems, is a potentially valuable crude protein feedstuff for ruminants if effectively treated to kill pathogens before feeding. Composting effectively kills pathogens but risks losses of ammonia during uric acid degradation. To test if hop extracts may help preserve uric acid concentrations during composting, 11-g portions of used wood chip litter (WCL, 88% dry matter) were treated with 6 mL water containing Galena or Chinook hop extracts to achieve 0.06 g of either extract/g WCL. Control WCL was treated with buffer alone. The WCL was distributed to 50-mL tubes (3 tubes/treatment), capped and incubated in Gas Pac jars for 8 days at 30oC, followed by 3 days at 37oC and an additional 2 days at 42oC to simulate a 13-day compost period. A repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a treatment by day interaction on uric acid (P &lt; 0.05), with concentrations being highest upon initiation of composting (41.9 ± 3.6 µmol/g), lowest on day 13 for the untreated compost (17.5 ± 9.2 µmol/g) and intermediate for Galena and Chinook hop-treated compost (28.0 ± 4.7 and 25.8 ± 0.8 µmol/g, respectively). Effects of treatment, day of composting or their interaction, however, were not observed (P &gt; 0.05) on concentrations of ammonia and urea, which averaged 1.2 ± 1.0 and 2.9 ± 0.6 µmol/g, respectively. As expected, an effect of day-of composting on survivability (P &lt; 0.05) of select bacterial populations was confirmed, with counts being decreased more than 3.0 log10 units after 13 days composting than on day 0 for enterococci, staphylococci, lactic acid bacteria, coliforms and total aerobes (6.7 ± 0.09, 9.0 ± 0.01, 5.8 ± 0.16, 5.9 ± 0.09 and 9,9 ± 0.06 log10 CFU/g, respectively). These results indicate that hops-treatment may help preserve crude protein within WCL during composting.
PSXII-15 The organic additives in tropical pasture: effects in vitro
Authors: D’Aurea André , Ferreira Luis , Bertelli Lauriston 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Currently the inclusion of organic additives in the diet of cattle on pasture is being considered as an advantageous option for livestock, increasing the productivity of the animals, being more profitable for the breeder, and making management practices safer and more sustainable for the environment. The present work was to evaluate in vitro metabolic effects of Fator P® in potential and degradability rate of dry matter (DM) of forage of the Urochloa brizantha (syn. Brachiaria brizantha). The Fator P® is the organic additive elaborate by a blend of the compounds like aminoacids (lysine, methionine, and tyrosine), the choline, minerals, probiotics and essential fatty acids (omega 3 and omega 6). The additive was evaluated in dosage of 6 gr / 8 kg DM in compared to control, during 72 hours of the experiment (0, 12, 24, 48, 72). The calculations of ruminal kinetics rate were performed based on mathematical model developed by Orskov e Mcdonald (1979) and France et al. (1993). In the table were expressed all the results obtained after by analyses of results by the method One-Way ANOVA. The soluble fraction was the same, as it was the same forage. There was a difference in the potentially fermentable insoluble fraction and non-degradable fraction (P &lt; 0.001). No difference in the degradation rate (P = 0.54). The results showed that the additive was able to improve de efficient of potential degradation in 22.1% (P &lt; 0,001). In this condition, the data show that can improve ruminal utilization of ingested forage. The animals can better enjoy the diet consumed, increasing weight gains and carcass quality. Besides that, the organic additive can improve sustainability, reducing de enteric gas production for the environment, and the risks of evolution of microbial resistance, for being composed of organic and natural substances.
PSXII-38 Differential expression of adipogenic genes in fetus longissimus dorsi during Hanwoo gestation periods
Authors: Ahn Jun Sang , Kwon Eung Gi , Jang Sun Sick , Hwang So Mi , Park Bo Hye , Kang Dong Hun , Chung Ki Yong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the mRNA expression of adipogenic makers in Hanwoo fetus during the pregnancy periods. Eighteen Hanwoo cows (Average body weight: 561 ± 90.1kg, Parity: 4.4 ± 2.6) were used for experimental animals. Artificial insemination was performed on all the experimental animals after estrus synchronization. Pregnant cows were slaughtered at 3 gestation periods. Three cows were harvested at 3 months of gestation, 6 cows at 6 months of gestation, and 9 cows at 9 months of gestation. After exsanguination, fetus was removed immediately by collecting the gravid uterus. After measuring the body weight and length of the fetus, sample of fetal longissimus dorsi (LD) were collected for mRNA expression and histological analysis. The relative level of mRNA expression for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), CCAAT/ enhancer-binding proteins β (C/EBPβ) were measured by real-time quantitative PCR. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure, and compared using Tukey’s method at α = 0.05. The body weight and length of the fetus continued to increase as the fetus grew (P &lt; 0.01), and it was confirmed that the growth rate progressed rapidly between the 6 and 9 months of the fetus. The adipocyte were observed from the age of 6 months of fetus, and were mainly formed around blood vessels. The level of PPARγ (P &lt; 0.02) and SCD (P &lt; 0.01) mRNA expression in LD were highest at 6 months of fetus, and the C/EBPβ expression was significantly increased as the fetus grew (P &lt; 0.01). As a result of this study, it was confirmed that not only the adipocyte in LD of the fetus was formed at least after 3 months of gestation, but also the adipogenic makers was differentially expressed during the growth stage of the fetus.
PSX-9 Effects of dietary levels of alfalfa and Sericea lespedeza hay on feed intake and growth performance by growing Alpine doelings and Katahdin ewe lambs
Authors: Wang Wei , Puchala Ryszard , Ribeiro Luana P , Portugal Italo , Gipson Terry A , Goetsch Arthur L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Twenty-four Alpine doelings (initial BW and age of 25.3±0.55 kg and 10.4±0.11 mo, respectively) and 24 Katahdin ewe lambs (24; 28.3±1.02 kg and 9.6±0.04 mo, respectively) were used to determine effects of dietary levels of alfalfa and Sericea lespedeza on feed intake and growth performance. The treatment arrangement was a 2 × 3 factorial. Animals were housed in pens fitted with Calan feeding gates during the study with 4 periods, the first 3 periods were 42 d in length and the fourth 47 d. Diets consumed ad libitum were 75% coarsely ground hay. Forage was alfalfa, a 1:1 mixture of alfalfa and lespedeza, and lespedeza. There were no significant interactions between breed and diet or significant three-way interactions involving period (P &gt; 0.05). Intake of DM in g/d was much greater for Katahdin than for Alpine (P &lt; 0.001; 1,817 vs. 1,274; SEM=51.1), with differences of lesser magnitude in % BW (P = 0.063; 4.14 vs. 3.84; SEM=0.110) and g/kg BW0.75 (P = 0.001; 106 vs. 92; SEM=0.993). All expressions of DMI were similar among diets (P ≥0.199; 1,600, 1,585, and 1,452 g/d, SEM=62.6; 3.97, 4.10, and 3.89% BW, SEM=0.134; 99, 102, and 96 g/kg BW0.75 for alfalfa, alfalfa-lespedeza, and lespedeza, SEM=3.2). The ADG was greater for Katahdin than for Alpine (P &lt; 0.001; 180 vs. 88 g, SEM=5.0) and ranked (P &lt; 0.05) alfalfa &gt; alfalfa-lespedeza &gt; lespedeza (159, 132, and 111 g, respectively; SEM=6.1). The ratio of ADG:DMI was greater for Katahdin than for Alpine (P &lt; 0.001; 104 vs. 72 g/kg; SEM=3.4) and greatest among diets for alfalfa (P &lt; 0.05; 101, 84, and 79 g/kg for alfalfa alfalfa-lespedeza, and lespedeza, respectively; SEM=4.2). In conclusion, the two small ruminant breeds and species responded similarly to dietary characteristics as impacted by the different forage levels.
PSVII-34 Reproductive qualities of sows using exogenous progesteron
Authors: Filatov Andrey , Lobanov Vladislav , Sapozhnikov Alexander , Shemuranova Natal’ya , Sleptsov Eugene , Anipchenko Polina , Achilov Vadim , Plemyashov Kirill 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study was to research the endocrine status and reproductive quality of sows using a prolonged drug containing 15% progesterone. Endocrine status in sows was examined at 9, 11, 16 and 21 days after insemination. The level of progesterone was determined by enzyme immunoassay. The sows of the experimental group (G1, n = 20) were injected in a dose of 2.0 ml on the 10th day after insemination, the sows of the control group (CG, n = 20) were control. It was found that the level of progesterone in the blood of G1 slightly increases from 9 to 11 days after insemination. In the G1, the steroid concentration increased from 2.28 ± 0.23 to 2.35 ± 0.15 nmmol / L, and in the GC from 2.35 ± 0.07 to 2.58 ± 0.10 nmmol / L. On the 16th day after insemination in G1, the progesterone level was accompanied by a sharp rise of 2.7 times (P &lt; 0.001) - to 6.44 ± 0.58 nmmol / L, the level of the hormone in the GC did not change. The high level of progesterone in this critical period favorably affects the implantation of the embryos and causes a further normal course of pregnancy. On the 21st day after insemination, the progesterone concentration in both groups decreased. However, the level of this steroid hormone in the group when using this hormonal agent remained 1.95 times higher (P &lt; 0.05) than in the control. Also, in G1 there is an increase in multiple pregnancy by 11.55%, the number of live newborn piglets by 23.36%, a decrease in the number of stillborn piglets by 2.14 times (P &lt; 0.05) and mummified fetuses by 11.11%, compared with similar indicators of the control group.
Determination of Aldicarb, Carbofuran and Methamidophos in Blood Derived from Forensic Cases through Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Ionization and Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC--ESI-MS-MS)
Authors: Mariño Diana , Patiño Nancy 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The presence and use of carbamate and organophosphate pesticides with agricultural and urban purposes in Colombia has been justified for pest control. However, these substances pose a national problem because of their toxic nature, which is associated with accidental poisoning or even with homicides or suicides related to acute fatal poisoning. This study aims to develop and to validate an analytical methodology for the determination of the aldicarb, carbofuran and methamidophos pesticides in blood through liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS). To this end, the method for extracting pesticides from the blood was developed, the conditions of LC were defined, the instrumental system MS-MS was optimized and the bioanalytical methodology was validated. This methodology proved to be selective, precise, accurate and linear in the concentration range from 0.10 to 5.0 µg/mL, with a limit of detection of 0.020 µg/mL for aldicarb and carbofuran and 0.050 µg/mL for methamidophos, recovery between 90% and 102%, and stability at room temperature and in the autosampler between 80% and 120%. The analytical methodology was applied to 34 forensic cases. Carbofuran was found at a concentration ranging from 0.020 to &gt;5.0 µg/mL, aldicarb was found at a concentration ranging from 0.10 to 2.5 µg/mL and methamidophos was found at a concentration &gt;5.0 µg/mL. In 62% of the cases, the pesticides under study were used to commit suicide. Necropsy findings of pesticide poisoning are non-specific. Therefore, toxicological blood analysis provides significant information at the forensic level, and the analytical method validated represents a sensitive, fast and reliable analysis with little solvent consumption of a small sample amount, so it is suitable for routine application in fatal pesticide poisonings.
Bell salts and bankers
Authors: Thornton Dora 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In 1919 the international banker Jack Pierpont Morgan (son of the more famous John Pierpont Morgan) received the freedom and livery of the Goldsmiths’ Company in London, in recognition of his role in securing American backing for the Allied effort in the First World War. He gave the Company a piece of Tudor domestic silver, a double bell salt, to mark his gratitude and to complement the historic plate collection that the Company was building to rival that of national museums. The Company’s Court Books, as recently analysed by David Mitchell, also reveal the importance of Morgan’s salt in documenting the Company’s role in hallmarking and trade regulation around 1600, adding to its significance within the collection. The context of Morgan’s gift reveals much about the interrelated nature of banking and collecting, high finance and politics at the end of the First World War.
From monocots to dicots: the multifold aspect of cell wall expansion
Authors: Haas Kalina T , Peaucelle Alexis 
Published: December 2020

This article comments on:
Petrova AA, Gorshkova TA, Kozlova LV. 2021. Gradients of cell wall nano-mechanical properties along and across elongating primary roots of maize. Journal of Experimental Botany 72, 1764–1781.