bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tracking Feni Nanoparticle Surface Inclusions after Electrochemical Aging for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Taylor Audrey K. , Louie Mikayla E. , Andreu Irene , Paul Michael T.Y. , Gates Byron D. 
Published: February 2020

Improving the efficiency of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) could be highly beneficial to a variety of clean energy applications. Technologies that include fuel cells, electrolyzers, and metal-air batteries are often limited by the cost and scarcity of precious metal catalysts. There is, therefore, a desire to identify earth-abundant electrocatalysts that exhibit reduced overpotentials and to prepare nanocatalyst structures that both efficiently utilize and increase the active surface area of these materials. Recently, the intentional inclusion of Fe into Ni oxide thin films to prepare electrodes of a homogenous composition have exhibited a reduction in their overpotentials and improved overall catalytic activity. The incorporation of discreet FeNi nanoparticles (NPs) into the surfaces of Ni electrodes has not, as of yet, been fully explored and is of interest to assess how these surface inclusions and morphologies may change with prolonged electrochemical aging.
In this work, dimpled Ni electrodes supporting FeNi NPs were prepared by electroplating around spherical poly(styrene) (PS) templates (500-nm in diameter). The PS spheres were coated with FeNi NPs using solution-phase assembly techniques. The NP coated PS spheres served two functions: (i) creating regular dimpled features for tracking the electrode morphology; and (ii) positioning the FeNi NPs at the electrode surfaces within these dimpled features. Alkaline electrochemical aging by cyclic voltammetry (CV) was conducted to achieve an adequately stable Ni oxy-hydroxide phase prior to the OER measurements. Changes to the composition and morphology of these electrodes, both before and after electrochemical measurements, were monitored by scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques including correlative energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The FeNi NPs coated on Ni electrodes demonstrated a higher electrochemical activity for the OER than dimpled Ni electrodes without the FeNi NPs.
Electrochemical Preparation of Copper-Cobalt Oxide Nanosheets Array on Nickel Foam As the Catalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Choi Woo-Sung , Jang Myeong Je , Park Yoo Sei , Lee Kyu Hwan , Choi Sung Mook 
Published: February 2020

Development of sustainable energy has recalled highly efficient energy storage technology because it generates the electricity stochastically from the sources such as solar and wind. The water electrolysis has been considered as the one of the promising options to convert and store electrical energy as the form of hydrogen. However, relatively large overpotential from anodic half reaction, that is, oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has hindered commercial use of hydropower.
The recent studies about OER have focused on finding out non-noble metal catalyst because the RuO2 and IrO2, ideal catalysts for OER, are scarce and expensive. Among the non-noble metal oxides, cobalt (III, IV) oxide has been received great attention since it is anticipated to be second best ideal catalyst for OER from theoretical calculations. With this respect, the number of nano-sized cobalt oxide electrodes with different morphologies have been prepared and utilized as the anode of electrolytic water splitting system.
In this work, copper-cobalt oxides nanosheets catalyst layer was electrochemically prepared on the nickel foam substrate. To achieve nano-porous morphology of deposit, cobalt oxide was co-deposited with copper oxide. The structural and spectroscopic analyses revealed that cobalt-copper oxides nanosheet array consists of mixture of Co3O4 and CuxCo3-xO4. As the catalyst for OER, the resulting catalyst showed exceptional catalytic activity thanks to its nano- to micro-porous structure, which allows facile transport of active species. Furthermore, it showed great long-term stability.
In this presentation, the catalytic activity of cobalt-copper oxides will be discussed in terms of electrochemical properties. In particular, several electrochemical parameters such as anodic Tafel slopes and overpotentials at different current densities will be suggested and compared to that of other nanostructured catalysts reported in literature. Furthermore, the effect co-deposition of copper and cobalt oxides on growth habit of overall deposit and its OER performance will be discussed.
Hydrogen Bubble Templating of Fractal Ni Foams for Water Oxidation in Alkaline Media
Authors: Garbarino Sebastien , Charbonneau Valérie , Nzone Fomena Nadège , Gaudet Julie , Bruce David R , Guay Daniel 
Published: February 2020

Dynamic Hydrogen Bubble Templating of Ni electrodes (NiDHBT) is applied to form fractal macroporous structures and their properties towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is assessed. Upon varying Ni electrodeposition conditions, morphological features with percolating porosity were finely tuned and electrochemical activity towards O2 evolution reaction (OER) in 1M KOH were enhanced. As demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry, NiDHBT electrochemical features displayed a tremendous increase (x 250) of the electrochemically active Ni surface atoms, with strong mechanical adherence to the underlying substrate.
Under constant electrolysis (0.25 A cm-2), OER potentials remained stable and occurred at lower potentials (shifted by ca. 300 mV) as compared to a bare Ni plate. Contact angle measurements confirm the super-aerophobic nature of the fractal Ni films, which leads to fast and sustainable release of O2 bubbles during potentiostatic measurements. Due to the versatility of the DHBT method, fractal Ni-based, e.g. NixFe1-x, electrodes for use in advanced electrolysis cell configurations can be envisioned, to further examine transport enhancement in relevant industrial systems and its tolerance to commercial alkaline solutions.
Tuning Ni Surfaces for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline pH
Authors: Kendrick Ian , Bates Michael , Jia Qingying , Doan Huong , Liang Wentao , Mukerjee Sanjeev 
Published: February 2020

Mixed-metal oxide (MMO) films consisting of Ni-Fe and Ni-Co-Fe were investigated as electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under alkaline conditions.[1] High surface area Ni-Fe-Co films on a Raney nickel support were produced by using aniline as a capping agent to optimize the catalyst morphology. The Raney nickel support provides excellent catalyst dispersion which results in high-active site utilization. This catalyst shows enhanced mass activity when compared to other Ni-Fe OER electrocatalysts.[2-4] Cyclic voltammetry of binary MMO catalysts shows changes in the Ni2+/3+
transitions in films containing Fe or Co. In-situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis verifies the hypothesis that Fe stabilizes Ni in the 2+ oxidation state while Co facilitates oxidation to the 3+ state. The enhancement of the OER from the Ni-Fe-Co catalyst is a result of two effects (1) the presence of Co effectively “shrinks” the Ni and Fe local geometry resulting in an optimized Fe-OH/OOH bond strength and (2) the formation of a conductive NiIIIOOH phase at a lower overpotential as a result of charge transfer effects from Co. This conductive phase activates Fe sites which are inaccessible to electron transfer in the nonconductive NiII(OH)2 lattice. Heat treatment studies of films at 400 oC in the presence of air show an improvement the OER activity of the Ni-Fe-Co catalyst but deactivates the Ni-Fe. This presentation will entail detailed correlation of electrochemical data (RDE and single cell) with in situ spectroscopy obtained using Raman and Synchrotron x-ray absorption.

Acknowledgements:
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Department of Energy (DOE) via Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), under the auspices of an incubator effort lead by Proton On-Site and a new grant (DE-EE0006958 ) under the HydroGen initiative. Authors also acknowledge the support from arpa.e under their open initiative via a grant lead by Pajarito Powders, Albuquerque (DE-AR0000688). The support from (DOE) office of science under contract no DE-SC0012704 for building and maintaining the National Synchrotron Light Source-II (NSLS-II) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY and Thermo Fisher for instrumental support is gratefully acknowledged.
References

Bates, M.K., et al., Charge-Transfer Effects in Ni–Fe and Ni–Fe–Co Mixed-Metal Oxides for the Alkaline Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ACS Catalysis, 2016. 6(1): p. 155-161.

Song, F. and X. Hu, Exfoliation of layered double hydroxides for enhanced oxygen evolution catalysis. Nature communications, 2014. 5.

Gong, M., et al., An Advanced Ni–Fe Layered Double Hydroxide Electrocatalyst for Water Oxidation. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2013. 135(23): p. 8452-8455.

Tang, D., et al., Carbon Quantum Dot/NiFe Layered Double-Hydroxide Composite as a Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Water Oxidation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2014. 6(10): p. 7918-7925.
Bioinspired Mo2c-Based Catalyst with the Optimized P and S Heteroatom Incorporation for Efficient Hydrogen Production in Alkaline Media
Authors: Ahn Taeyong , Sim Uk 
Published: February 2020

The development of efficient and low-cost catalysts for water splitting is a fundamental challenge for electrochemical hydrogen production. For commercialization of water electrolyzer, highly efficient catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under basic condition is required. Low-cost molybdenum-based catalysts have attracted much attention, but they have not proven to be sufficiently active or stable in alkaline media. Inspired by biomolecular systems, we now present our successful use of polydopamines, a component of adhesive proteins secreted by marine mussels, to synthesize a new, enhanced molybdenum-based catalyst. Moreover, through combinatorial controlling P and S heteroatom elements, further enhanced electrochemical performance was realized.
Firstly, to study the effect of P incorporation, we synthesized Mo2C:P using a hydrothermal process. Dopamine (2 mg) was used as a monomer and mixed in tris-(hydroxy-methyl) aminomethane solution (10 mM, pH 8.5). Mo precursors in ammonium heptamolybate (3 mM) and the P precursors in ammonium phosphate (0 to 100 mM) were introduced into the dopamine solution. In order to carbonize the solution, it was dried and then thermally treated in a nitrogen-rich tube furnace at 800 ℃. The electrocatalytic activity of the catalyst was measured using cyclic voltammetry with a rotating disk electrode system in a three-electrode cell at 1M KOH. The 50mM of P sample showed optimal HER catalytic activity, showing the overpotential of 133 mV to attain a current density of 10 mA/cm2.
Further improvement could be achieved via S incorporation into the optimized Mo2C:P catalyst. To find optimal concentration of S element, S precursors in sodium sulfide (0 to 50 mM) were introduced into the dopamine solution with Mo and P precursors and the solution was dried and carbonized at 800 ℃. From the current-potential plot, the overpotential was further decreased (113 mV). From XRD, TEM and XPS analysis, we also identified that the incorporation of S and P changed the crystallinity and electronic structure on the surface, possibly resulting in the improved electrochemical performance.
In conclusion, we have designed a new bio-mimetic Mo2C:S:P catalyst with enhanced HER properties. The significant catalytic enhancement achieved in this study emphasizes the potential to be explored in strategies applying bioinspired materials as HER catalysts.
The Effect of Different Mixing Processes on the Ionic and Electronic Conductivities of Li-Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Pouraghajan Fezzeh , Thompson Andrea I , Vogel John E , Mazzeo Brian A , Wheeler Dean R. 
Published: February 2020

In addition to the characteristics of the materials that make up the electrode (such as active material and additives) and the ratios in which the materials are combined, the electrode fabrication process itself plays an important role in the cell performance. This is because the fabrication process is a contributing factor in determining the distribution of particles and the microstructure of the electrode. The first step to making a uniform electrode structure is making a well-mixed slurry. Generally it is believed that too obtain a reliable, high quality electrode, it is essential to avoid agglomeration of the active materials and conductive additives since agglomeration could result in poor transport behavior in the electrode. Highly energetic mixing has been observed to improve cell performance in some cases [1].
In this work, the effect of mixing processes on the microstructure of porous Li-ion battery electrodes is studied through directly measuring electrode tortuosity and local electronic conductivity. Different types of mixing processes were performed by varying, for instance, the speed of mixing. For measuring tortuosity the blocking electrolyte method is used [2]. This method is based on an AC-impedance measurement of the electrode sample using a non-intercalating or blocking electrolyte. For electronic conductivity measurements, a flexible surface conductivity probe was used [3]
This research was funded by the BMR program of the US Department of Energy.
[1] Dreger et al., Abstract 326, PRiME 2016, Honolulu, HI.
[2] Landesfeind et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 163, A1373, (2016).
[3] Hardy et al., Abstract 113, 231st Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, New Orleans, LA, (2017)
Ultrathin Polyelectrolytes for Solid State 3D Lithium Microbatteries
Authors: Gao Yifan , Tenhaeff Wyatt 
Published: February 2020

Lithium ion batteries are widely used for portable electronics, particularly laptops and mobile phones, due to their superior energy and power densities. As modern microelectronic devices and microelectronic mechanical systems (MEMS) advance further, the bottleneck to further miniaturization is often energy storage.1 While solid state thin film batteries offer remarkable electrochemical performance and long term stability, they are limited by areal capacity (mAh/cm2).2 Solid state three dimensional lithium ion micro-batteries (3D micro-batteries, for short) are an attempt to realize the exceptional electrochemical performance of thin film batteries by fabricating solid state lithium ion cells on high specific surface area. The challenge to realizing these battery designs is the preparation of conformal, ultrathin solid-state electrolytes that physically separate the two electrodes while allowing rapid ion transport. Using initiated chemical vapor deposition, 1µm-thick crosslinked polymer thin films composed of poly (methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol diacrylate) were synthesized. These films were transformed to lithium-bearing polyelectrolytes through H+/Li+ ion exchange in a 1M LiOCH3 solution in methanol. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization was used to determine the chemical composition of the copolymer film and confirm successful ion exchange through analysis of the vibrational stretch of the carbonyl (C=O) bonds in the acidic and salt forms of the polymer electrolyte. The effect of crosslinking densities in these films (the mole fraction of ethylene glycol diacrylate) on electrochemical properties was studied. The optimal ionic conductivity of the Li+-exchanged polymer was determined to be 3.75x10-7 S/cm at 60°C with an activation energy of 0.8785eV. The electrochemical stability of this electrolyte is still under investigation through cycling in thin film cells where vapor-deposited lithium metal as the anode and Au as the working electrode. Current efforts to further enhance ionic conductivity and to integrate these materials into full solid state lithium metal batteries will also be presented.
1. Letiche, M.; Eustache, E.; Freixas, J.; Demortiere, A.; De Andrade, V.; Morgenroth, L.; Tilmant, P.; Vaurette, F.; Troadec, D.; Roussel, P.; Brousse, T.; Lethien, C., Atomic Layer Deposition of Functional Layers for on Chip 3D Li-Ion All Solid State Microbattery. Adv. Energy Mater.
2017,
7 (2), 12.
2. Ferrari, S.; Loveridge, M.; Beattie, S. D.; Jahn, M.; Dashwood, R. J.; Bhagat, R., Latest advances in the manufacturing of 3D rechargeable lithium microbatteries. Journal of Power Sources
2015,
286, 25-46.
Sion Power's Licerion
® Batteries
Authors: Mikhaylik Yuriy , Kovalev Igor , Scordilis-Kelley Charlie , Liao Lily , Laramie Michael , Schoop Urs , Kelley Tracy 
Published: February 2020

Sion Power known as developer of high energy Li-S battery is extending its new Licerion®
technology to other electrochemical systems including Li - Intercalation Cathodes. The core of Licerion®
technology is protected metallic lithium anode with several levels of physical and chemical protection. Physical protection is based on ceramic-polymer composite membranes and is combined with specialized cell design and electrolyte systems providing smooth, dendrite-free lithium deposition and chemical protection of exposed metallic lithium surface. This approach addresses safety and cycle life problems that have historically plagued lithium metal electrodes. Sion Power Corporation in collaboration with BASF is working aggressively on realizing the impressive potential of the Licerion®

technology. Current state of development offers highest combination of energy density, specific energy and cycle life: exceeding 1000 Wh/L, 500 Wh/kg and over 350 cycles. Sion Power's new Licerion®
technology is a solution beyond Li-Ion and beyond Li-S and offers diverse battery applications from electric vehicles to stratospheric drones and urban air transportation.
This presentation will discuss:

Failure mechanisms of rechargeable batteries with metallic lithium anode.

Approaches pursued by Sion Power in collaboration with BASF towards next generation of Licerion®
- Sulfur and Licerion®
- Ion batteries.

Current status of Licerion®
batteries: their energy, cycle life, high power performance and thermal stability.
Reversibility of Ni-Rich Layered Cathode Material Revealed By Structural, Spectroscopic and Imaging Characterizations
Authors: Hu Enyuan , Shadike Zulipiya , WANG Xuelong , Lee Hung-Sui , Yang Xiao-Qing 
Published: February 2020

Ni-rich layered cathode materials are important candidates for lithium-ion batteries used for high energy density applications, such as electric vehicles. However, its capacity fades during cycling, especially when a high cut off charge voltage is applied (>4.4 V). To understand the origin of this capacity fade, comprehensive diagnostic tools are applied to understand their structure, chemical and morphological properties during cycling. X-ray diffraction results show that while the LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622) can mostly recover its original structure at fully discharged state, even after 0.95 Li is extracted (charged to 5.2 V), it does undergo slab sliding that leads to stacking fault (O1 type) which does not go away during cycling. In addition, transmission X-ray imaging (TXM) results indicate that cycling can induces Li content inhomogeneity within the particle. As a result, the strain builds up and is directly responsible for the cracking of primary and secondary particles. Hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) results indicate that both Ni and Co contribute to the capacity by going through the Ni3+/Ni4+ and Co3+/Co4+ redox couples. A comparison is made between Ni-rich and the Li-rich layered materials, which is well known for the problem of oxygen release. It is found that for the Ni-rich system, the oxidization state of transition metals (bulk) are well maintained during cycling, whereas for the Li-rich system the average oxidization states keep decreasing (lower oxidation states at both fully charged and fully discharged states after cycling than the pristine sample), suggesting at least the bulk of Ni-rich material is robust against oxygen release. Soft XAS that differentiates the surface chemical information from the bulk indicates that inactive rock salt phase is formed during cycling. These results show that cycling induced strain, stacking fault and surface reconstruction are the main issues to be addressed for further improvement of this material.
Acknowledgement
This project was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies through Advanced Battery Material Research (BMR) program (Battery500 consortium) under Contract No. DESC0012704. This research used resources 8-ID and 28-ID-2 of the National Synchrotron Light Source II, a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facility operated for the DOE Office of Science by Brookhaven National Laboratory under contract no. DE-SC0012704. The authors would also like to acknowledge the use of beamline 6-2c of Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences under contract no. DE-AC02-76SF00515.
Origin of the Two-Plateaued or One-Plateaued Open Circuit Voltage in Li/S Batteries from First Principle Calculation
Authors: Lin Yuxiao , Qi Yue 
Published: February 2020

Li/S battery is widely considered as one of the next generation energy storage devices because of its high specific energy density. Most of the discharging curves for Li/S batteries can be categorized into two types: with two-plateaus or one-plateau. Two-plateaued discharging curves are typically observed in Li/S batteries with a liquid electrolyte, and they are signatures for the generation of soluble polysulfide (PS). One-plateaued discharging curves have been observed in Li-S batteries with solid electrolytes, indicating direct transformation from S to solid state Li2S2 and Li2S, without the formation of PS. More interestingly, some Li/S batteries with liquid electrolyte also displayed one-plateaued discharging curves, which seems related to the nanopores in cathode materials or the limited solubility of PS in the electrolyte. The fundamental understanding of the mechanism and the conditions for the one-plateaued discharging curve will provide guidelines for Li/S battery design in order to improve its cycle life by preventing the PS dissolution.
In this article, we systematically investigated the influence of temperature and solvation on the predicted free energy and the open circuit voltage (OCV) curves for Li/S batteries. First, we confirmed that S, Li2S and Li should be modeled as crystal structures; while PS, such as Li2S4 should be modeled as monomer under solvation. Secondly, it was shown that the effect of temperature is negligible for predicting OCV curves associated only with solid-phase transformation, but plays a deterministic role in the free energy of dissolved molecules, such as PS. Thirdly, the solvation energy calculations are deemed to be the most accurate with a combined implicit and explicit model, which means the first solvation shell is modeled explicitly with an implicit dielectric continuum media.
With the appropriate treatment of temperature and solvation effect, we demonstrated that the two-plateaued discharging curves occur when the PS is fully solvated (by DOL in our model) and one-plateaued discharging curve occurs when PS is not solvated, in agreement with experimental observation in typical Li/S battery with liquid or solid electrolytes. Furthermore, if PS is only partially solvated, its formation energy increases, leading to a transition from the two-plateaued to the one-plateaued discharging curves, as the PS changes from fully solvation to partial or no-solvation. Partial solvation can be created with a highly concentrated solution or by varying pore size and volume in the carbon matrix to confine S and limit the number of solvents transported into the pores, as practical methods to mitigate the PS shuttle problem from its root cause.