bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ISSUE OF SPORT SPECIALIZATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPORT EXPERTISE
Authors: Komínková Linda , Perič Tomáš 
Published: February 2020

There are two different ways how to achieve sport expertise. First is called „early sport specialization“ and second is called „early sport sampling“. Although, early sport specialization is associated with negative physical, psychological and social development consequencies, researches claim that early specialized approach to sports training is necessary to achieve elite sport performance because of 10.000 hour rule and the theory of deliberate practice. On the other hand, experts who defend early sampling approach argue that sampling various sports during childhood and later start with special training is the basis for specialization in adolescence and adulthood and that athlete can benefit from such a transfer across sports. The aim of this review is to discuss early sport specialization and early sport sampling approach in term of expertise development in sport. Results suggest that despite a relatively high number of research in this area, it is still not clear which approach is more effective for attaining sport expertise. Conclusions of studies that examined the validity of the theory of deliberate practice and 10.000 hour rule in different sports are inconsistent. In addition, studies that dealt with early sampling approach examined mainly team sports and were conducted with retrospective design in which athletes do not have to recall their experiences or that the recall of experiences can be biased. Moreover, very few studies report early specialization of their athletes. Therefore, longitudinal studies are needed to reveal which approach is more effective to achieve expertise in sport.
Buildings, Faces, Songs of Alienation: How Interiority Transforms the Meaning Out There
Authors: De Kock Pieter Marthinus 
Published: February 2020

This paper presents a theoretical framework that explores visual meaning in the design and use of interior space. It is comprised of three main parts. The first outlines the framework and draws on several key theories. The second introduces three very different constructs as case studies that in#uence (or are a product of) spatial quality, namely: buildings, faces, and songs of alienation. The third part is a discussion about how each of these three constructs are linked to each other as well as to the idea of interiority. While architectural forms are containers of meaning, the way in which interior space is curated is driven by deeper meaning–one that transcends form and function because people ultimately produce the meaning. And because each person is different, the conditions of interiority (in this case, the meaning that resides within each person) drives the meaning of external constructs that act as enclosures of meaning (buildings and their interiors). The findings are that the mind and body can be projected beyond the facade and into the spaces contained in the buildings we occupy. The role of technology is also important because changes in technology help mediate the process of linking the meaning inside with the meaning out there.
Urban Interiority in the Anthropocene
Authors: Feliz Arrizabalaga Nerea 
Published: February 2020

This paper explores how interior design could amplify the current discourse on sustainability within urban public space. The consideration of a number of contemporary authors that are questioning the traditional notion of interiority situates this paper within an expansive understanding of interiority in the context of the Anthropocene. Interiority is considered as a transferable condition based on modes of interior occupation, that can take place on the outdoors, and is often found in public spaces within dense urban areas. In the face of an upcoming biodiversity crisis, this text advocates for a necessary disciplinary shift away from traditional anthropocentric views, towards a multispecies conception of the built environment. Both the ideas and the case studies in this article seek to expand the role of interior elements, both semiotics and performance, to foster inclusivity of non-human species, in particular insects, in city environments. Two design proposals illustrate how interior design tactics might positively contribute to raising awareness about this underacknowledged population, and at the same time, help cultivate a sense of intimacy between us and the multiple life forms that inhabit our public urban spaces.
EMT-related gene expression is positively correlated with immunity and may be derived from stromal cells in osteosarcoma
Authors: Peng Yin-xiao , Yu Bin , Qin Hui , Xue Li , Liang Yi-jian , Quan Zheng-xue 
Published: February 2020

Background
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer in children and young adults. Recent studies have shown a correlation between epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related gene expression and immunity in human cancers. Here, we investigated the relationship among EMT, immune activity, stromal activity and tumor purity in osteosarcoma.

Methods
We defined EMT gene signatures and evaluated immune activity and stromal activity based on the gene expression and clinical data from three independent microarray datasets. These factors were evaluated by single sample Gene Set Enrichment Analyses and the ESTIMATE tool. Finally, we analyzed the key source of EMT gene expression in osteosarcoma using microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus and human samples that we collected.

Results
EMT-related gene expression was positively correlated with immune and stromal activity in osteosarcoma. Tumor purity was negatively correlated with EMT, immune activity and stromal cells. We further demonstrated that high EMT gene expression could significantly predict poor overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in osteosarcoma patients, while high immune activity cannot. However, combining these factors could have further prognostic value for osteosarcoma patients in terms of OS and RFS. Finally, we found that stromal cells may serve as a key source of EMT gene expression in osteosarcoma.

Conclusion
The results of this study reveal that the expression of EMT genes and immunity are positively correlated, but these signatures convey disparate prognostic information. Furthermore, the results indicate that EMT-related gene expression may be derived from stromal rather than epithelial cancer cells.
Evaporation‐Induced Vertical Alignment Enabling Directional Ion Transport in a 2D‐Nanosheet‐Based Battery Electrode
Authors: Zhu Yue , Ju Zhengyu , Zhang Xiao , Lutz Diana M. , Housel Lisa M. , Zhou Yangen , Takeuchi Kenneth J. , Takeuchi Esther S. , Marschilok Amy C. , Yu Guihua 
Published: January 2020

Abstract2D nanosheets have been widely explored as electrode materials owing to their extraordinarily high electrochemical activity and fast solid‐state diffusion. However, the scalable electrode fabrication based on this type of material usually suffers from severe performance losses due to restricted ion‐transport kinetics in a large thickness. Here, a novel strategy based on evaporation‐induced assembly to enable directional ion transport via forming vertically aligned nanosheets is reported. The orientational ordering is achieved by a rapid evaporation of mixed solvents during the electrode fabrication process. Compared with conventional drop‐cast electrodes, which exhibit a random arrangement of the nanosheets and obvious decrease of rate performance with increasing thickness, the electrode based on the vertically aligned nanosheets is able to retain the original high rate capability even at high mass loadings and electrode thickness. Combined electrochemical and structural characterization reveals the electrode composed of orientation‐controlled nanosheets to possess lower charge‐transfer resistances, leading to more complete phase transformation in the active material.
Flourishing Self‐Healing Surface Materials: Recent Progresses and Challenges
Authors: Chang Tie , Panhwar Fazil , Zhao Gang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn the past few decades, the self‐healing surface materials with durable mechanical, functional, and structural properties have attracted enormous research interests, which exhibit great potential in energy conversion devices, sensors, electronic skins, superhydrophobic fabrics, medical/biological hydrogel, and a protective coating. Despite the remarkable progresses achieved in the self‐healing surface, the systematic and overall reviews that focus on self‐healing surface materials are still lacking and in urgent need. Herein, the recent advances in the development of self‐healing surface materials are summarized. The surface damage forms that composed of cracks, scratches, punctures, and surface wear, are systematically reviewed. The self‐healing mechanism and methods at interface are then introduced to briefly explain the basic design principle. The recent developments of functional surfaces including superhydrophobic, oleophobic, antifogging, anti‐icing, antibiofouling, and anticorrosion surfaces with self‐healing functions are further discussed. Finally, the contemporary challenges, and the future perspectives that motivate are proposed to create more innovative self‐healing materials for diverse fields.
Ferroelectric Behavior in Exfoliated 2D Aurivillius Oxide Flakes of Sub‐Unit Cell Thickness
Authors: Keeney Lynette , Smith Ronan J. , Palizdar Meghdad , Schmidt Michael , Bell Andrew J. , Coleman Jonathan N. , Whatmore Roger W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFerroelectricity in ultrasonically exfoliated flakes of the layered Aurivillius oxide Bi5Ti3Fe0.5Co0.5O15 with a range of thicknesses is studied. These flakes have relatively large areas (linear dimensions many times the film thickness), thus classifying them as 2D materials. It is shown that ferroelectricity can exist in flakes with thicknesses of only 2.4 nm, which equals one‐half of the normal crystal unit cell. Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) demonstrates that these very thin flakes exhibit both piezoelectric effects and that the ferroelectric polarization can be reversibly switched. A new model is presented that permits the accurate modeling of the field‐on and field‐off PFM time domain and hysteresis loop responses from a ferroelectric during switching in the presence of charge injection, storage, and decay through a Schottky barrier at the electrode–oxide interface. The extracted values of spontaneous polarization, 0.04(±0.02) C m−2 and electrostrictive coefficient, 2(±0.1) × 10−2 m4 C−2 are in good agreement with other ferroelectric Aurivillius oxides. Coercive field scales with thickness, closely following the semi‐empirical scaling law expected for ferroelectric materials. This constitutes the first evidence for ferroelectricity in a 2D oxide material, and it offers the prospect of new devices that might use the useful properties associated with the switchable ferroelectric spontaneous polarization in a 2D materials format.
A Glycosylated Cationic Block Poly(β‐peptide) Reverses Intrinsic Antibiotic Resistance in All ESKAPE Gram‐Negative Bacteria
Authors: Si Zhangyong , Lim Hui Wen , Tay Moon Y. F. , Du Yu , Ruan Lin , Qiu Haofeng , Zamudio‐Vazquez Rubí , Reghu Sheethal , Chen Yahua , Tiong Wen Shuo , Marimuthu Kalisvar , De Partha Pratim , Ng Oon Tek , Zhu Yabin , Gan Yunn‐Hwen , Chi Yonggui Robin , Duan Hongwei , Bazan Guillermo C. , Greenberg E. Peter , Chan‐Park Mary B. , Pethe Kevin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCarbapenem‐resistant Gram‐negative bacteria (GNB) are heading the list of pathogens for which antibiotics are the most critically needed. Many antibiotics are either unable to penetrate the outer‐membrane or are excluded by efflux mechanisms. Here, we report a cationic block β‐peptide (PAS8‐b‐PDM12) that reverses intrinsic antibiotic resistance in GNB by two distinct mechanisms of action. PAS8‐b‐PDM12 does not only compromise the integrity of the bacterial outer‐membrane, it also deactivates efflux pump systems by dissipating the transmembrane electrochemical potential. As a result, PAS8‐b‐PDM12 sensitizes carbapenem‐ and colistin‐resistant GNB to multiple antibiotics in vitro and in vivo. The β‐peptide allows the perfect alternation of cationic versus hydrophobic side chains, representing a significant improvement over previous antimicrobial α‐peptides sensitizing agents. Together, our results indicate that it is technically possible for a single adjuvant to reverse innate antibiotic resistance in all pathogenic GNB of the ESKAPE group, including those resistant to last resort antibiotics.
Mercaptothiacalixarenes Steer 24 Copper(I) Centers to form a Hollow‐Sphere Structure Featuring Cu2S2 Motifs with Exceptionally Short Cu⋅⋅⋅Cu Distances
Authors: Frank Nicolas , Dallmann André , Braun‐Cula Beatrice , Herwig Christian , Limberg Christian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTetramercaptotetrathiacalix[4]arene (LH4) can be used as a coordination platform to bind four CuI ions at the thiolate and thioether S atoms. Donor ligands such as phosphanes can stabilize the resulting [LCu4] units, which then remain monomeric ([(Ph3PCu)4L]). In the absence of donor ligands, they aggregate, providing a hexamer ([LCu4]6) in high yields, with a hollow‐sphere structure formed by an unprecedented Cu24S48 cage that is surrounded by the organic framework of the calixarene chalices. Preliminary NMR experiments with regard to the host‐guest chemistry in solution showed that the compound represents a polytopic host for acetonitrile and methane.
Amidation‐Dominated Re‐Assembly Strategy for Single‐Atom Design/Nano‐Engineering: Constructing Ni/S/C Nanotubes with Fast and Stable K‐Storage
Authors: Yi Zheng , Jiang Song , Tian Jie , Qian Yong , Chen Shimou , Wei Shiqiang , Lin Ning , Qian Yitai 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAn amidation‐dominated re‐assembly strategy is developed to prepare uniform single atom Ni/S/C nanotubes. In this re‐assembly process, a single‐atom design and nano‐structured engineering are realized simultaneously. Both the NiO5 single‐atom active centers and nanotube framework endow the Ni/S/C ternary composite with accelerated reaction kinetics for potassium‐ion storage. Theoretical calculations and electrochemical studies prove that the atomically dispersed Ni could enhance the convention kinetics and decrease the decomposition energy barrier of the chemically‐absorbed small‐molecule sulfur in Ni/S/C nanotubes, thus lowering the electrode reaction overpotential and resistance remarkably. The mechanically stable nanotube framework could well accommodate the volume variation during potassiation/depotassiation process. As a result, a high K‐storage capacity of 608 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and stable cycling capacity of 330.6 mAh g−1 at 1000 mA g−1 after 500 cycles are achieved.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Benzophenanthrosilines by C−H/C−H Coupling through 1,4‐Palladium Migration/Alkene Stereoisomerization
Authors: Tsuda Tomohiro , Kawakami Yuka , Choi Seung‐Min , Shintani Ryo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA new and efficient synthesis of 8H‐benzo[e]phenanthro[1,10‐bc]silines from 2‐((2‐(arylethynyl)aryl)silyl)aryl triflates under palladium catalysis has been developed. The reaction mechanism was experimentally investigated and a catalytic cycle involving C−H/C−H coupling through a new mode of 1,4‐palladium migration with concomitant alkene stereoisomerization is proposed.
Efficient and Stable Thin‐Film Luminescent Solar Concentrators Enabled by Near‐Infrared Emission Perovskite Nanocrystals
Authors: Wu Jiajing , Tong Jianyu , Gao Yuan , Wang Aifei , Zhang Tao , Tan Hairen , Nie Shuming , Deng Zhengtao 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA novel triphenylphosphine (TPP) treatment strategy was developed to prepare the near‐infrared emission CsPbI3 nanocrystal (NC)‐polymer composite thin‐film luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) featuring high absolute photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), low reabsorption, and high stability. The PL emission of the LSCs is centered at about 700 nm with 99.4±0.4 % PLQY and narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 75 meV (30 nm). Compared with LSCs prepared with classic CsPbI3 NCs, the stability of the LSCs after TPP treatments has been greatly improved, even after long‐term (30 days) immersion in water and strong mercury‐lamp irradiation (50 mW cm−2). Owing to the presence of lone‐pair electrons on the phosphorus atom, TPP is also used as a photoinitiator, with higher efficiency than other common photoinitiators. Large‐area (ca. 75 cm2) infrared LSCs were achieved with a high optical conversion efficiency of 3.1 % at a geometric factor of 10.
Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Propargyl Amide with Vicinal Stereocenters through Ir‐Catalyzed Hydroalkynylation
Authors: Zhang Wen‐Wen , Zhang Su‐Lei , Li Bi‐Jie 
Published: January 2020

AbstractChiral propargyl amines are valuable synthetic intermediates for the preparation of biologically active compounds and functionalized amines. Catalytic methods to access propargyl amines containing vicinal stereocenters with high diastereoselectivity are particularly rare. We report an unprecedented strategy for the synthesis of enantioenriched propargyl amines with two stereogenic centres. An iridium complex, ligated by a phosphoramidite ligand, catalyzes the hydroalkynylation of β,β‐disubstituted enamides to afford propargyl amides in a highly regio‐, diastereo‐, and enantioselective fashion. Stereodivergent synthesis of all four possible stereoisomers was achieved using this strategy.
Thermal and geometry impacts on the structure and mechanical properties of part produced by polymer additive manufacturing
Authors: Charlon Sébastien , Soulestin Jérémie 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA relatively new additive manufacturing machine called Freeformer was employed as an alternative to common Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) machines. While FFF machines are fed with expensive and few commercially available filament feedstock, Freeformer is fed with cheap and common polymer pellets. In this study, more than 400 dumbbells made of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) were processed varying many processing conditions to evaluate their impacts on the structure and so on, the mechanical properties of 3D parts. Among processing parameter, nozzle temperature, manufacturing chamber temperature, discharge parameters, filling density, raster geometry, slicing distance, number of contour lines, processing speed, filling raster‐contour lines overlap, and processing angles were studied. Images obtained with a scanning electron microscope and 3D part density estimations reveal strong changes on the 3D part structure as a function of the processing parameters so that tensile tests exhibit high variations between the 3D part mechanical properties.
Improving the flame‐retardant property of bottle‐grade PET foam made by reactive foam extrusion
Authors: Bethke Christian , Goedderz Daniela , Weber Lais , Standau Tobias , Döring Manfred , Altstädt Volker 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUpcycling of low intrinsic viscosity (IV) poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) grades, such as bottle‐ or recycled grades, by a reactive foam extrusion process, provides an appropriate alternative to high pricing, high IV grades commonly used for foaming applications. However, the drawback of bottle‐grade PET foams is its flame retardant (FR) performance. In this study, pyromellitic dianhydride was used as a chain extender to foam bottle‐grade PET. The influence of different FRs, containing halogenated (HFR) and four different phosphorous‐based types, on the processability and final foam properties was investigated. HFR showed better processability to achieve proper foams with fine morphology compared to P‐based FRs, where the FR content was adjusted between 2 and 5 wt%. However, HFR exhibited lower FR performance by cone calorimeter testing compared to the P‐based FRs and the commercial reference foam Kerdyn. Nonetheless, all of the FRs can only improve the time to ignition of the neat PET foams while the other values depend on the specific type of FR. In addition, all FR foams have improved mechanical properties more than twice in comparison to the neat PET foam.
The flame retardant and thermal performances of polypropylene with a novel intumescent flame retardant
Authors: Qi Hongsheng , Liu Sawen , Chen Xiuling , Shen Chunhui , Gao Shanjun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA novel mono‐component intumescent flame retardant(m‐IFR), called poly‐(spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate‐1,3,5‐triazine‐O‐bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphate) (PSTBP) was synthesized and characterized. PSTBP was used in polypropylene (PP) to obtain PP/PSTBP mixture whose flame retardancy, thermostability, and water resistance were studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94 V) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, flame‐retardant mechanism of the PSTBP was investigated. The results showed that the residue of PSTBP reached 34.58% at 800°C and the volume of the PSTBP increased by dozens of times. When the content of PSTBP was 30.0 wt%, the PP/PSTBP mixture could achieve an LOI value of 32.5% and an UL‐94 V‐0 rating. Compared with PP/APP/PER system, PP/PSTBP mixture showed better water resistance. The TGA and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed that PSTBP could generate free radicals and capture the free radicals of the thermal decomposition of PP, and form a dense, strong, and thick intumescent char on the substrate, thus effectively retard the degradation and combustion of PP.
2‐nm‐Thick NiCo LDH@NiSe Single‐Crystal Nanorods Grown on Ni Foam as Integrated Electrode with Enhanced Areal Capacity for Supercapacitors
Authors: Lu Chengxing , Yan Yu , Zhai Tengfei , Fan Yuzun , Zhou Wei 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIt remains a great challenge to simultaneously guarantee the conductivity and high areal loading of active materials for integrated electrode of supercapacitors. Herein, we designed a hierarchical structure with cores of NiSe single‐crystal nanorods and sheaths of 2‐nm‐thick NiCo thin sheets grown on nickel foam (NiCo LDH@NiSe/NF) as integrated electrode. It reaches a high areal capacity of 1131 μAh cm−2 at a current density of 5 mA cm−2, which is 2.2 times of NiSe/NF (522 μAh cm−2) and 6.0 times of NiCo LDH/NF (189 μAh cm−2), superior to most reported integrated electrodes. The enhanced areal capacity can be ascribed to the high active material loading of 6.5 mg cm−2 (twice more than other reported values) and considerable conductivity of single‐crystal NiSe nanorods of 2630 S cm−1. The fabricated hierarchical integrated electrode of NiCo LDH@NiSe/NF assembled with activated carbon shows a maximum energy density of 0.454 mWh cm−2 and a maximum power density of 80 mW cm−2. This work presents supports of single‐crystal nanorods for thin LDH sheets to fabricate high‐density hierarchical structure for integrated electrode, which improves the conductivity and structural stability of active materials especially the LDHs, resulting in excellent electrochemical performance. It offers a promising approach to engineer and fabricate advanced supercapacitors with enhanced areal capacity.