bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Rosetta/RTOF observations of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko using a comet nucleus model: influence of dust mantle and trapped CO
Authors: Hoang M. , Garnier P. , Lasue J. , Rème H. , Capria M. T. , Altwegg K. , Läuter M. , Kramer T. , Rubin M. 
Published: May 2020

Context.Cometary outgassing is induced by the sublimation of ices and the ejection of dust originating from the nucleus. Therefore measuring the composition and dynamics of the cometary gas provides information concerning the interior composition of the body. Nevertheless, the bulk composition differs from the coma composition, and numerical models are required to simulate the main physical processes induced by the illumination of the icy body.Aims.The objectives of this study are to bring new constraints on the interior composition of the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P) by comparing the results of a thermophysical model applied to the nucleus of 67P and the coma measurements made by the Reflectron-type Time-Of-Flight (RTOF) mass spectrometer. This last is one of the three instruments of the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA), used during the Rosetta mission.Methods.Using a thermophysical model of the comet nucleus, we studied the evolution of the stratigraphy (position of the sublimation and crystallisation fronts), the temperature of the surface and subsurface, and the dynamics and spatial distribution of the volatiles (H2O, CO2and CO). We compared them with the in situ measurements from ROSINA/RTOF and an inverse coma model.Results.We observed the evolution of the surface and near surface temperature, and the deepening of sublimation fronts. The thickness of the dust layer covering the surface strongly influences the H2O outgassing but not the more volatiles species. The CO outgassing is highly sensitive to the initial CO/H2O ratio, as well as to the presence of trapped CO in the amorphous ice.Conclusions.The study of the influence of the initial parameters on the computed volatile fluxes and the comparison with ROSINA/RTOF measurements provide a range of values for an initial dust mantle thickness and a range of values for the volatile ratio. These imply the presence of trapped CO. Nevertheless, further studies are required to reproduce the strong change of behaviour observed in RTOF measurements between September 2014 and February 2015.
Gas and dust cooling along the major axis of M 33 (HerM33es)
Authors: Kramer Carsten , Nikola Thomas , Anderl Sibylle , Bertoldi Frank , Boquien Médéric , Braine Jonathan , Buchbender Christof , Combes Françoise , Henkel Christian , Hermelo Israel , Israel Frank , Relaño Monica , Röllig Markus , Schuster Karl , Tabatabaei Fatemeh , van der Tak Floris , Verley Simon , van der Werf Paul , Wiedner Martina , Xilouris Emmanuel M. 
Published: May 2020

Context. M 33 is a gas rich spiral galaxy of the Local Group. Its vicinity allows us to study its interstellar medium (ISM) on linear scales corresponding to the sizes of individual giant molecular clouds.
Aims. We investigate the relationship between the two major gas cooling lines and the total infrared (TIR) dust continuum.
Methods. We mapped the emission of gas and dust in M 33 using the far-infrared lines of [C II] and [O I](63 μm) and the total infrared continuum. The line maps were observed with the PACS spectrometer on board the Herschel Space Observatory. These maps have 50 pc resolution and form a ∼370 pc wide stripe along its major axis covering the sites of bright H II regions, but also more quiescent arm and inter-arm regions from the southern arm at 2 kpc galacto-centric distance to the south out to 5.7 kpc distance to the north. Full-galaxy maps of the continuum emission at 24 μm from Spitzer/MIPS, and at 70 μm, 100 μm, and 160 μm from Herschel/PACS were combined to obtain a map of the TIR.
Results. TIR and [C II] intensities are correlated over more than two orders of magnitude. The range of TIR translates to a range of far ultraviolet (FUV) emission of G0, obs ∼ 2 to 200 in units of the average Galactic radiation field. The binned [C II]/TIR ratio drops with rising TIR, with large, but decreasing scatter. The contribution of the cold neutral medium to the [C II] emission, as estimated from VLA H I data, is on average only 10%. Fits of modified black bodies to the continuum emission were used to estimate dust mass surface densities and total gas column densities. A correction for possible foreground absorption by cold gas was applied to the [O I] data before comparing it with models of photon dominated regions. Most of the ratios of [C II]/[O I] and ([C II]+[O I])/TIR are consistent with two model solutions. The median ratios are consistent with one solution at n ∼ 2 × 102 cm−3, G0 ∼ 60, and a second low-FUV solution at n ∼ 104 cm−3, G0 ∼ 1.5.
Conclusions. The bulk of the gas along the lines-of-sight is represented by a low-density, high-FUV phase with low beam filling factors ∼1. A fraction of the gas may, however, be represented by the second solution.
CLASH-VLT: a full dynamical reconstruction of the mass profile of Abell S1063 from 1 kpc out to the virial radius
Authors: Sartoris B. , Biviano A. , Rosati P. , Mercurio A. , Grillo C. , Ettori S. , Nonino M. , Umetsu K. , Bergamini P. , Caminha G. B. , Girardi M. 
Published: May 2020

Context. The shape of the mass density profiles of cosmological halos informs us of the nature of dark matter (DM) and DM-baryons interactions. Previous estimates of the inner slope of the mass density profiles of clusters of galaxies are in opposition to predictions derived from numerical simulations of cold dark matter (CDM).
Aims. We determine the inner slope of the DM density profile of a massive cluster of galaxies, Abell S1063 (RXC J2248.7−4431) at z = 0.35, with a dynamical analysis based on an extensive spectroscopic campaign carried out with the VIMOS and MUSE spectrographs at the ESO VLT. This new data set provides an unprecedented sample of 1234 spectroscopic members, 104 of which are located in the cluster core (R ≲ 200 kpc), extracted from the MUSE integral field spectroscopy. The latter also allows the stellar velocity dispersion profile of the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) to be measured out to 40 kpc.
Methods. We used an upgraded version of the MAMPOSSt technique to perform a joint maximum likelihood fit to the velocity dispersion profile of the BCG and to the velocity distribution of cluster member galaxies over a radial range from 1 kpc to the virial radius (r200 ≈ 2.7 Mpc).
Results. We find a value of γDM = 0.99 ± 0.04 for the inner logarithmic slope of the DM density profile after marginalizing over all the other parameters of the mass and velocity anisotropy models. Moreover, the newly determined dynamical mass profile is found to be in excellent agreement with the mass density profiles obtained from the independent X-ray hydrostatic analysis based on deep Chandra data, as well as the strong and weak lensing analyses.
Conclusions. Our value of the inner logarithmic slope of the DM density profile γDM is in very good agreement with predictions from cosmological CDM simulations. We will extend our analysis to more clusters in future works. If confirmed on a larger cluster sample, our result makes this DM model more appealing than alternative models.
Positionspapier: Empfehlungen zur Behandlung der chronischen Rhinosinusitis während der COVID-19-Pandemie im deutschen Gesundheitssystem – Empfehlungen des Ärzteverbandes Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie (DGHNO-KHC) – Diese Empfehlungen basieren auf dem EAACI Positionspapier „Treatment of chronic RhinoSinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) in the COVID-19 pandemics – An EAACI Position Paper”, Allergy, 2020 und wurden auf die Situation im deutschen Gesundheitswesen angepasst
Authors: Klimek L. , Becker S. , Buhl R. , Chaker A. M. , Huppertz T. , Hoffmann T. K. , Dazert S. , Deitmer T. , Förster-Ruhrmann U. , Olze H. , Hagemann J. , Plontke S. K. , Wrede H. , Schlenter W. , Welkoborsky H. J. , Wollenberg B. , Beule A. G. , Rudack C. , Strieth S. , Mösges R. , Bachert C. , Stöver T. , Matthias C. , Dietz A. 
Published: May 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Von der chronischen Rhinosinusitis (CRS) sind weltweit etwa 5–12 % der Allgemeinbevölkerung betroffen. Die CRS gilt als chronische Atemwegserkrankung, die nach den Empfehlungen der WHO ein Risikofaktor für COVID-19-Patienten sein kann. Die entzündlichen Veränderungen der Nasenschleimhäute bei chronischer Rhinosinusitis mit Nasenpolypen (CRSwNP) sind in den meisten Fällen vom Entzündungsendotyp 2 (T2).
Methoden Der aktuelle Wissensstand sowohl zu COVID-19 als auch zu den Behandlungsmöglichkeiten von CRSwNP wurde durch eine Literaturrecherche in Medline, Pubmed, internationalen Leitlinien, der Cochrane Library und im Internet analysiert.
Ergebnisse Auf Grundlage der internationalen Literatur, der aktuellen Empfehlungen der WHO und anderer internationaler Organisationen sowie der bisherigen Erfahrungen gab ein Expertengremium von EAACI und ARIA Empfehlungen für die Behandlung von CRSwNP während der COVID-19-Pandemien.
Schlussfolgerung Intranasale Kortikosteroide stellen die Standardbehandlung für CRS bei Patienten mit einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion dar. Chirurgische Behandlungen sollten auf ein Minimum reduziert werden und nur bei Patienten mit lokalen Komplikationen und solchen, für die keine anderen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten bestehen, durchgeführt werden. Systemische Kortikosteroide sollten bei COVID-19-Patienten vermieden werden. Die Behandlung mit Biologika kann bei nicht infizierten Patienten unter sorgfältiger Überwachung fortgesetzt werden und sollte während einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion vorübergehend unterbrochen werden.
Glucose - Responsive Smart Insulin
Authors: Krishnamurthy Aishwarya , Goswami Ravinder 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTThe discovery of insulin in 1920s revolutionized the management of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. The evolution of insulin over the last nine decades has seen three phases, namely discovery and understanding of the molecule, advances in synthesis of the molecule and advancements in the optimization of insulin structure and delivery. These advances aim to minimize hypoglycemia while simultaneously improving anti-hyperglycemic efﬁcacy. Glucose-responsive insulin (GRI) systems were ﬁrst conceptualized in 1979. These are novel insulin formulations that provide anti hyperglycemic activity appropriate to circulating glucose levels but with a mechanism to avoid hypoglycemia, that often accompanies stringent glycemic control. GRIs are of three major typesalgorithm-based mechanical, polymer-based, molecular GRI analog systems. They differ in the mechanisms of achieving glucose responsiveness. Algorithm-based systems are closed loop insulin pumps that adjust insulin delivery commensurate with blood glucose levels on the basis of predetermined algorithms, that terminate or increase insulin delivery according to blood glucose trends. The second category of GRI includes glucose-responsive polymer-based matrices that house insulin, releasing insulin as needed based on ambient glucose levels. The third approach is to incorporate glucose sensitive motifs in the insulin molecule itself that would decrease or increase insulin availability based on blood glucose levels. The mechanisms behind these novel approaches to insulin delivery and action will be the focus of this review article.
Multiple Myeloma: Front Line Therapy and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Kumar Lalit 
Published: May 2020

Prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM) has improved during the past two decades. This has been attributed to the better understanding of the biology of disease leading to introduction of two new classes of molecules, namely immune-modulators (e.g. thalidomide, lenalidomide), and proteasome inhibitors (e.g. bortezomib), use of high dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and better supportive care. Current management of myeloma for young patients (≤65 years) includes initial induction therapy followed by consolidation with ASCT followed by maintenance therapy with low dose thalidomide or lenalidomide or bortezomib for 1-2 years.
The choice of initial therapy for patients of MM is based upon their eligibility for ASCT which in turn is based on their age and major co-morbid conditions pertaining to cardiac and renal systems. Patients who are ≤65 years of age (or 65 to 70 years) with no major co-morbid conditions are considered potential candidates for ASCT. Four cycles of induction therapy are administered; a combination of 3 drugs (bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (BTD) or bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (BLD) or bortezomib, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone (BCD) is associated with higher complete response (CR) (approx. 30-40%) and very good partial response (VGPR) and better progression free survival (PFS). Further consolidation with ASCT results in CR rates of 50%–70%; patients who achieve CR, have improved event-free and overall survival. Our initial experience with 225 ASCT supports these observations.
It is now possible to individualize therapy in a given patient. For example, for patients with renal failure (present in 20-30% of patients at diagnosis) —bortezomib, dexamethasone and/or doxorubicin combination could be an option; for patients with pre-existing peripheral neuropathy—lenalidomide and dexamethasone is preferred; for patients at high risk of venous thrombo-embolism bortezomib- based regimens can be used safely. Treatment with bortezomib or bortezomib + lenalidomide for patients with poor cytogenetics (chromosome deletion t(4;14), t(14;16), 17p–) appears to result in an outcome similar to that in patients without these abnormalities.
In conclusion, from being incurable, myeloma is now a chronic illness. Along with earlier diagnosis, improved treatment and better management of complications have resulted in longer disease control and survival with a better quality of life. Novel agents have provided an opportunity to tailor therapy in an individual patient. Further research is needed to improve outcome for patients who fail to achieve complete response, those with ISS stage III, and extra-medullary disease. Availability of oral proteasome inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies (e.g. IL-6 receptor) are likely to expand choice of agents for maintenance therapy in future.
Medical Education in India
Authors: Sharma Shridhar , Sharma Gautam 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTIndia, a country with rich cultural and health care heritage has progressed by leaps and bounds since independence. The health indices have improved and mortality and morbidity have come down signiﬁcantly. The health care system of India is a mix of public and private sector. In 2017, there are 479 medical colleges in India with admission capacity of over 60,000 at the undergraduate level. The pattern of modern medical education is modeled after the British system and the ﬁrst few medical schools were established in 19th century. Medical Council of India (MCI), the government-mandated regulatory agency for medical education, was formed in 1934. The Government of India is regularly reviewing the existing medical education policy to give it a new direction so as to make the curriculum relevant and responsive to the national needs. The MCI has also recognized the need to reduce the artiﬁcial compartmentalization of the curriculum into preclinical, para-clinical and clinical disciplines. Horizontal and vertical integration is being promoted but not practiced in most medical colleges. Instruction remains teacher-based and not much emphasis has been laid on self-directed learning. There is a paucity of innovative approaches and lack of adapting the recent technology into most medical schools in India. Skills such as related to communication and managerial domains, and professionalism are not imparted in the current curriculum. While the level of knowledge in the medical sciences is highly unsatisfactory, medical graduates are often found to be lacking in the clinical skills. So far, attempts to introduce innovations in medical education have been limited to certain institutions. Also, there is lack of adequate motivation and opportunities for faculty development. It is strongly felt that there is a need to redeﬁne the goals of medical education in India depending upon the needs of the society. MCI has recently attempted designing a need-based curriculum. At present, medical education in India is at a signiﬁcant juncture with initiatives coming from both external and internal inﬂuences, and the political will to attain the goal of health for all, India hopes to be in a better position to prepare physicians for the 21st century.
Medical Research by the Medical Colleges in India
Authors: Ghosh Kanjaksha , Ghosh Kinjalka 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Research conducted in medical colleges in India is often considered to be of poor quality. The study was done to assess the cause for such occurrence.

Materials and Methods:
Papers published in indexed journals between 1985 to 2017 were reviewed and the data was synthesized.

Results:
Poor infrastructure, heavy patient load, restricted number of faculties who had limited exposure to research methodologies, private practice, lack of incentive to do good quality research, poor mentoring, lack of research tradition, research fund, ancillary infrastructures, and copy cat research were found to be some of the reasons.

Discussions and Solutions:
Teachers education, provision of better infrastructure and funding, short term fellowships at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, proper assessment for promotion of teachers, training in research methodology, multicentric research, R & D research bases in medical colleges, looking for solutions for day-to-day challenges through operational and translational mode are some of the solutions. Training from undergraduate levels on elements of research needed to be encouraged.
Tissue-specific disruption of
Kbtbd2
uncovers adipocyte-intrinsic and -extrinsic features of the
teeny
lipodystrophy syndrome
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Gallagher Thomas , Scherer Philipp E. , Beutler Bruce 
Published: May 2020

Significance
To examine the function of KBTBD2 in different cell types, we knocked the gene out in adipocytes, liver, and muscle cells. None of these conditional knockouts could reproduce the growth retardation observed in mice with a global knockout. An adipose tissue-specific knockout was similar to a global knockout in most respects; however, hyperglycemia was less severe and hyperinsulinemia was more sustained. An adipose tissue-specific knockout caused insulin resistance in other tissues, demonstrating an adipose-extrinsic effect of the mutation.
Metonymic relations – from determinacy to indeterminacy
Authors: Jodlowiec Maria , Piskorska Agnieszka 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The chapter offers an account of metonymy and discusses some stylistic effects which may be provided by
metonymic expressions. We treat metonymically communicated concepts as part of the inferentially established
proposition of an utterance and argue that many such concepts may be indeterminate. We posit that the reference of
metonymic expressions is assigned through the operation of a pragmatic mechanism called contextual cognitive fix,
which can be seen as an alternative to free enrichment. In line with other relevance-theoretic works, we see
indeterminacy as an asset rather than deficit of communication, showing that it can be a source of stylistic effects
also in the case of metonymy.
Metarepresentation markers in Indus Kohistani
Authors: Lubberger Beate 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The marker loo, a discourse particle of Indus Kohistani, spoken in Northern Pakistan,
marks utterances that a speaker wishes her audience to convey to a third party and furthermore indicates third-person
imperative. The proposed analysis uses relevance theory as framework and includes a brief look at three other Indus
Kohistani discourse particles: the “hearsay” evidential lee, the quotative karee,
and the complementizer če. The distinction made within relevance theory between utterances that
represent states of affairs and utterances that metarepresent other representations (speech, thought) on one hand, and
between conceptual and procedural meaning on the other hand, allows for an analysis of all four markers as procedural
indicators of metarepresentation. What distinguishes them is the type of metarepresentation they mark: the particle
loo specifically indicates non-attributive metarepresentations of desirable utterances.
Echoic irony in Philip Larkin’s poetry and its preservation in Polish translations
Authors: Walczak Agnieszka 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with the implications that the relevance-theoretic account of irony might have
for the interpretation of Philip Larkin’s poetry, acknowledged to be ironic by many literary critics. This is
exemplified by poems Church Going and Water. In reference to the latter, the
chapter also considers the impact of adopting this model on assessing translations. To illustrate this point,
two Polish translations of this poem are discussed. It is argued that incorporating an analysis of echoic
irony into the critique of the translations can shed light on the issue of their faithfulness to the
original.
Review on the Recent Advances on Typhoid Vaccine Development and Challenges Ahead
Authors: Syed Khalid Ali , Saluja Tarun , Cho Heeyoun , Hsiao Amber , Shaikh Hanif , Wartel T Anh , Mogasale Vittal , Lynch Julia , Kim Jerome H , Excler Jean-Louis , Sahastrabuddhe Sushant 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Control of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S. typhi), the agent of typhoid fever, continues to be a challenge in many low- and middle-income countries. The major transmission route of S. typhi is fecal-oral, through contaminated food and water; thus, the ultimate measures for typhoid fever prevention and control include the provision of safe water, improved sanitation, and hygiene. Considering the increasing evidence of the global burden of typhoid, particularly among young children, and the long-term horizon for sustained, effective water and sanitation improvements in low-income settings, a growing consensus is to emphasize preventive vaccination. This review provides an overview of the licensed typhoid vaccines and vaccine candidates under development, and the challenges ahead for introduction.
Identifying main finding sentences in clinical case reports
Authors: Luo Mengqi , Cohen Aaron M , Addepalli Sidharth , Smalheiser Neil R 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Clinical case reports are the ‘eyewitness reports’ of medicine and provide a valuable, unique, albeit noisy and underutilized type of evidence. Generally, a case report has a single main finding that represents the reason for writing up the report in the first place. However, no one has previously created an automatic way of identifying main finding sentences in case reports. We previously created a manual corpus of main finding sentences extracted from the abstracts and full text of clinical case reports. Here, we have utilized the corpus to create a machine learning-based model that automatically predicts which sentence(s) from abstracts state the main finding. The model has been evaluated on a separate manual corpus of clinical case reports and found to have good performance. This is a step toward setting up a retrieval system in which, given one case report, one can find other case reports that report the same or very similar main findings. The code and necessary files to run the main finding model can be downloaded from https://github.com/qi29/main_ finding_recognition, released under the Apache License, Version 2.0.