bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Rapid Latex-Agglutination Test for Detection of α1-Fetoprotein
Authors: Alpert E , Coston R L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A latex-agglutination assay for α-fetoprotein (AFP) has been evaluated and compared to the results obtained by counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP). Both of these tests must be performed on both undiluted and diluted sera, to avoid prozone effects. Agglutination of control latex, coated with normal rabbit gamma globulin, by sera from 8% of hepatoma patients and 18% of patients with other liver diseases makes the test inconclusive in these patients. Nevertheless, there was 88.6% agreement with CIEP in the detection of AFP in a series of 50 hepatoma patients. There were no false positives for sera from 98 patients with other liver diseases or for normal controls. We conclude that latex agglutination is a simple, specific way to screen large numbers of sera for AFP, if all positive results are confirmed by a control latex test and CIEP.
Improved Manual Spectrophotometric Procedure for Determination of Serum Triglycerides
Authors: Gottfried Sidney P , Rosenberg Bernard 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We have modified the procedure of Levy [Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci. 6, 474 (1972)] for determination of serum triglycerides. The changes consist of using heptane in place of nonane; using concentrated aqueous potassium hydroxide instead of sodium methylate as the saponifying reagent; and a somewhat higher saponification, oxidation, and condensation temperature. Consequently, the yellow dehydrolutidine derivative is determined in a homogeneous solution having an almost linear absorbance up to 3 g/liter.
Defining catchment origins of a geographical bottleneck: Implications of population mixing and phenological overlap for the conservation of Neotropical migratory birds
Authors: Cardenas-Ortiz Laura , Bayly Nicholas J , Kardynal Kevin J , Hobson Keith A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Migratory bottlenecks concentrate individuals and populations of Nearctic–Neotropical migrants from across vast breeding areas. The extent to which such concentrations occur has important ramifications for interpreting migratory connectivity and for the vulnerability of populations throughout the annual cycle but investigations of such phenomena are rare. We inferred breeding origins of 11 species of Nearctic–Neotropical migrants captured during fall migration in the Darién region, northwestern Colombia, using feather stable-hydrogen isotope values (δ 2Hf). Our objectives were to determine (1) the extent to which this region acts as a catchment for individuals from across a species’ breeding range, (2) if temporal patterns of arrival arise as a function of migration distance inferred from δ 2Hf, and (3) if phenological differences among species segregate populations. The Darién concentrated populations of 6 species, with individuals potentially derived from 78% to 94% of their respective North American breeding ranges. The catchment area for the remaining 5 species covered 40–72% of breeding ranges, with a bias in origin from the west (e.g., Northern Waterthrush [Parkesia noveboracensis], Swainson’s Thrush [Catharus ustulatus]), north or center (Yellow Warbler [Setophaga petechia]) of their range. Differential timing in the migration of populations occurred in 6 species, generating a degree of temporal segregation. In contrast, peak migration for all species occurred in October, resulting in high overlap among species in their use of the Darién. Overall, our results describe high mixing of populations in the Darién for several species, which, given the region’s highly restricted geographic extent, suggests that a bottleneck effect occurs; however, comparisons with other regions in Central America and northern South America are required. The combination of extensive population mixing and limited temporal segregation over a narrow geographical area suggests that long-distance migrants may be especially vulnerable to events occurring in such regions, including adverse weather conditions and anthropogenic land cover change.
The medicalization of cancer as socially constructed and culturally negotiated
Authors: Fries Christopher J 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSociological considerations of medicalization frequently employ a limited use of the term that focuses on the transformation of social phenomena into issues subject to medical control. Informed by a salutogenic perspective, this essay argues that it is possible to understand cancer as having been medicalized. I show that far from exclusively a biophysical issue, the medicalization of cancer is a socially constructed and culturally negotiated process, with a fairly recent historical origin. While changing social relations of healing have led our medico-centric culture to a near single-minded understanding of cancer as a cellular pathology rooted in biology, Antonovsky’s salutogenic perspective instructs that it is possible to understand and control cancer in non-medicalized ways. Indoor radon gas remediation is presented as an illustration of what form salutary cancer control and disease prevention may take.
Accessibility and acceptability of health promotion services in New Zealand for minority refugee women
Authors: Shrestha-Ranjit Jagamaya , Patterson Elizabeth , Manias Elizabeth , Payne Deborah , Koziol-McLain Jane 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Refugees are forced to flee their native country to escape war or oppression. They are resilient and generally have a high level of motivation to rebuild their lives, as well as to make a meaningful contribution to the host country. However, refugees in general have complex health needs and they often face significant barriers in accessing health services in their host countries. Health promotion has been identified as an effective approach for increasing service utilization by minority populations such as refugees, and contributing to their overall positive health outcomes. This qualitative study examined the accessibility and acceptability of health promotion services for Bhutanese refugee women who resettled in New Zealand. The study consisted of two phases: focus group discussions with 32 Bhutanese women and eight Bhutanese men, followed by individual interviews with 12 health professionals including five nurses, four doctors and three midwives. The data were collected in two regional towns of New Zealand in 2014. The study’s conceptual framework utilized the strategies and actions underpinning the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Findings of this study revealed that Bhutanese women were missing some essential health promotion services, such as antenatal education sessions mainly due to language and cultural barriers. This study recommends to develop health promotion resources in the Nepali language; and to deliver the health promotion sessions by culturally and linguistically competent providers. This study also uncovered resiliency and strengths of Bhutanese women that could be recognized, strengthened and utilized in promoting their health and well-being.
Body mass index and height and risk of cutaneous melanoma: Mendelian randomization analyses
Authors: Dusingize Jean Claude , Olsen Catherine M , An Jiyuan , Pandeya Nirmala , Law Matthew H , Thompson Bridie S , Goldstein Alisa M , Iles Mark M , Webb Penelope M , Neale Rachel E , Ong Jue-Sheng , MacGregor Stuart , Whiteman David C 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Height and body mass index (BMI) have both been positively associated with melanoma risk, although findings for BMI have been less consistent than height. It remains unclear, however, whether these associations reflect causality or are due to residual confounding by environmental and lifestyle risk factors. We re-evaluated these associations using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach.

Methods
We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for BMI and height from separate genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analyses. We obtained melanoma SNPs from the most recent melanoma GWAS meta-analysis comprising 12 874 cases and 23 203 controls. We used the inverse variance-weighted estimator to derive separate causal risk estimates across all SNP instruments for BMI and height.

Results
Based on the combined estimate derived from 730 SNPs for BMI, we found no evidence of an association between genetically predicted BMI and melanoma [odds ratio (OR) per one standard deviation (1 SD) (4.6 kg/m2) increase in BMI 1.00, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.91–1.11]. In contrast, we observed a positive association between genetically-predicted height (derived from a pooled estimate of 3290 SNPs) and melanoma risk [OR 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02–1.13, per 1 SD (9.27 cm) increase in height]. Sensitivity analyses using two alternative MR methods yielded similar results.

Conclusions
These findings provide no evidence for a causal association between higher BMI and melanoma, but support the notion that height is causally associated with melanoma risk. Mechanisms through which height influences melanoma risk remain unclear, and it remains possible that the effect could be mediated through diverse pathways including growth factors and even socioeconomic status.
Restating The Meaning Of UCD And HCD For A New World Of Design Theories
Authors: Campese Carina , Amaral Daniel Capaldo , Mascarenhas Janaina 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUser-centered design (UCD) or human-centered design (HCD) has become a recognized element of design theory that is gaining increasing prominence in many areas or disciplines related to design. The aim of this paper is to introduce the concept of HCD/UCD in the areas of design so that it contributes to the communication and development of theories in this area. This paper presents a content analysis of HCD/UCD academic literature and demonstrates a lack of agreement on the use of the term ‘user’ or ‘human’: a significant variation of meaning of the terms used, definitions with distinct levels of abstraction, high variation of elements and distinct preference by the acronym usage. A selection of definitions was analyzed and summarized into a framework that considers all levels of abstraction and proposes seven HCD/UCD elements. Finally, recommendations about the use of this framework to bring researchers close to a common understanding about HCD/UCD are presented. This work contributes to bring together knowledge about the theme under a single umbrella and to integrate design theories and methods based on the concept of HCD/UCD. This will facilitate the transdisciplinary and will build up all the knowledge acquired in a single body of knowledge.
Assessing the effectiveness of AS-48 in experimental mice models of Chagas’ disease
Authors: Martín-Escolano Rubén , Cebrián Rubén , Maqueda Mercedes , Romero Desirée , Rosales Maria José , Sánchez-Moreno Manuel , Marín Clotilde 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objectives
We report the in vivo trypanocidal activity of the bacteriocin AS-48 (lacking toxicity), which is produced by Enterococcus faecalis, against the flagellated protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of Chagas’ disease.

Methods
We determined the in vivo activity of AS-48 against the T. cruzi Arequipa strain in BALB/c mice (in both acute and chronic phases of Chagas’ disease). We evaluated the parasitaemia, the reactivation of parasitaemia after immunosuppression and the nested parasites in the chronic phase by PCR in target tissues.

Results
AS-48 reduced the parasitaemia profile in acute infection and showed a noteworthy reduction in the parasitic load in chronic infection after immunosuppression according to the results obtained by PCR (double-checking to demonstrate cure).

Conclusions
AS-48 is a promising alternative that provides a step forward in the development of a new therapy against Chagas’ disease.
High prevalence of integrase mutation L74I in West African HIV-1 subtypes prior to integrase inhibitor treatment
Authors: El Bouzidi Kate , Kemp Steven A , Datir Rawlings P , Murtala-Ibrahim Fati , Aliyu Ahmad , Kwaghe Vivian , Frampton Dan , Roy Sunando , Breuer Judith , Sabin Caroline A , Ogbanufe Obinna , Charurat Man E , Bonsall David , Golubchik Tanya , Fraser Christophe , Dakum Patrick , Ndembi Nicaise , Gupta Ravindra K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objectives
HIV-1 integrase inhibitors are recommended as first-line therapy by WHO, though efficacy and resistance data for non-B subtypes are limited. Two recent trials have identified the integrase L74I mutation to be associated with integrase inhibitor treatment failure in HIV-1 non-B subtypes. We sought to define the prevalence of integrase resistance mutations, including L74I, in West Africa.

Methods
We studied a Nigerian cohort of recipients prior to and during receipt of second-line PI-based therapy, who were integrase inhibitor-naive. Illumina next-generation sequencing with target enrichment was used on stored plasma samples. Drug resistance was interpreted using the Stanford Resistance Database and the IAS-USA 2019 mutation lists.

Results
Of 115 individuals, 59.1% harboured CRF02_AG HIV-1 and 40.9% harboured subtype G HIV-1. Four participants had major IAS-USA integrase resistance-associated mutations detected at low levels (2%–5% frequency). Two had Q148K minority variants and two had R263K (one of whom also had L74I). L74I was detected in plasma samples at over 2% frequency in 40% (46/115). Twelve (26.1%) had low-level minority variants of between 2% and 20% of the viral population sampled. The remaining 34 (73.9%) had L74I present at &gt;20% frequency. L74I was more common among those with subtype G infection (55.3%, 26/47) than those with CRF02_AG infection (29.4%, 20/68) (P = 0.005).

Conclusions
HIV-1 subtypes circulating in West Africa appear to have very low prevalence of major integrase mutations, but significant prevalence of L74I. A combination of in vitro and clinical studies is warranted to understand the potential implications.
Effective inhibition of PBPs by cefepime and zidebactam in the presence of VIM-1 drives potent bactericidal activity against MBL-expressing Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Moya Bartolome , Bhagwat Sachin , Cabot Gabriel , Bou German , Patel Mahesh , Oliver Antonio 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe combination of cefepime and the novel β-lactam enhancer zidebactam (WCK 5222) is under development for the treatment of difficult-to-treat Gram-negative infections. Against MBL-producing pathogens, cefepime and zidebactam induce cell elongation and spheroplast formation, indicating PBP3 and PBP2 dysfunction, respectively, having a potent bactericidal effect as a combination. The objective of the present study was to determine the mechanistic basis of the bactericidal effect of cefepime/zidebactam on MBL-expressing pathogens.MethodsPseudomonal PBP-binding affinities of cefepime, zidebactam and imipenem were assessed at different timepoints and also in the presence of purified VIM-1 using a Bocillin FL competition assay. The antibacterial activity of cefepime/zidebactam against three VIM-expressing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates was assessed by time–kill and neutropenic mouse lung/thigh infection studies.ResultsAmidst cefepime-hydrolysing concentrations of VIM-1, substantial cefepime binding to target PBPs was observed. High-affinity binding of zidebactam to PBP2 remained unaltered in the presence of VIM-1; however, MBL addition significantly affected imipenem PBP2 binding. Furthermore, the rate of cefepime binding to the primary target PBP3 was found to be higher compared with the imipenem PBP2 binding rate. Finally, complementary PBP inhibition by cefepime/zidebactam resulted in enhanced bactericidal activity in time–kill and neutropenic mouse lung/thigh infection studies against VIM-6-, VIM-10- and VIM-11-expressing P. aeruginosa, thus revealing the mechanistic basis of β-lactam enhancer action.ConclusionsFor the first time ever (to the best of our knowledge), this study demonstrates that in the presence of VIM-1 MBL, β-lactamase-labile cefepime and β-lactamase-stable zidebactam produce effective inhibition of respective target PBPs. For cefepime, this seems to be a result of a faster rate of PBP binding, which helps it overcome β-lactamase-mediated hydrolysis.
A recent starbust in the low surface brightness galaxy UGC 628
Authors: Young J E , Kuzio de Naray Rachel , Wang Sharon X 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We present the star-formation history of the low surface brightness (LSB) galaxy UGC 628 as part of the MUSCEL program (MUltiwavelength observations of the Structure, Chemistry, and Evolution of LSB galaxies). The star-formation histories of LSB galaxies represent a significant gap in our knowledge of galaxy assembly, with implications for dark matter / baryon feedback, IGM gas accretion, and the physics of star formation in low metallicity environments. Our program uses ground-based IFU spectra in tandem with space-based UV and IR imaging to determine the star-formation histories of LSB galaxies in a spatially resolved fashion. In this work we present the fitted history of our first target to demonstrate our techniques and methodology. Our technique splits the history of this galaxy into 15 semilogarithmically spaced time-steps. Within each time-step the star-formation rate of each spaxel is assumed constant. We then determine the set of 15 star-formation rates that best recreate the spectra and photometry measured in each spaxel. Our main findings with respect to UGC 628 are: (i) the visible properties of UGC 628 have varied over time, appearing as a high surface brightness spiral earlier than 8 Gyr ago and a starburst galaxy during a recent episode of star formation several tens of Myr ago, (ii) the central bar/core region was established early, around 8–10 Gyr ago, but has been largely inactive since, and (iii) star formation in the past 3 Gyr is best characterized as patchy and sporadic.
Proteotoxic stress promotes entrapment of ribosomes and misfolded proteins in a shared cytosolic compartment
Authors: Ghosh Arnab , Williams Loren Dean , Pestov Dimitri G , Shcherbik Natalia 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCells continuously monitor protein synthesis to prevent accumulation of aberrant polypeptides. Insufficient capacity of cellular degradative systems, chaperone shortage or high levels of mistranslation by ribosomes can result in proteotoxic stress and endanger proteostasis. One of the least explored reasons for mistranslation is the incorrect functioning of the ribosome itself. To understand how cells deal with ribosome malfunction, we introduced mutations in the Expansion Segment 7 (ES7L) of 25S rRNA that allowed the formation of mature, translationally active ribosomes but induced proteotoxic stress and compromised cell viability. The ES7L-mutated ribosomes escaped nonfunctional rRNA Decay (NRD) and remained stable. Remarkably, ES7L-mutated ribosomes showed increased segregation into cytoplasmic foci containing soluble misfolded proteins. This ribosome entrapment pathway, termed TRAP (Translational Relocalization with Aberrant Polypeptides), was generalizable beyond the ES7L mutation, as wild-type ribosomes also showed increased relocalization into the same compartments in cells exposed to proteotoxic stressors. We propose that during TRAP, assembled ribosomes associated with misfolded nascent chains move into cytoplasmic compartments enriched in factors that facilitate protein quality control. In addition, TRAP may help to keep translation at its peak efficiency by preventing malfunctioning ribosomes from active duty in translation.
Harm Perceptions of E-cigarettes Among Smokers With and Without Mental Health Conditions in England: A Cross-Sectional Population Survey
Authors: Smith Charlie Albert , Shahab Lion , McNeill Ann , Jackson Sarah E , Brown Jamie , Brose Leonie 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Introduction
E-cigarettes (ECs) may benefit smokers with mental health conditions who are more likely to smoke, and smoke more heavily, than those without mental health conditions. This could be undermined if harm misperceptions in this group are high as is the case in the general population. This study aimed to assess EC harm perceptions relative to cigarettes as a function of mental health status and a variety of characteristics.

Methods
Data were collected from 6531 current smokers in 2016/2017 in household surveys of representative samples of adults. The associations of mental health status (self-reported mental health condition and past year treatment), smoking and EC use characteristics, and characteristics relating to use of potential information sources with harm perceptions of ECs relative to cigarettes (measured by correct response “less harmful” vs. wrong responses “more harmful,” “equally harmful,” “don’t know”) were analyzed with logistic regression.

Results
A similar proportion of smokers without mental health conditions (61.5%, 95% CI 60.1–62.9) and with mental health conditions (both with [61.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 58.7–63.8] and without past year treatment [61.5%, 95% CI 58.1–64.7]) held inaccurate EC harm perceptions (all P &gt; 0.05). Being female, nonwhite, aged 25–34 compared with 16–24, from lower social grades (C2, D, and E), not having post-16 qualifications, no EC experience, a daily smoker, unmotivated to quit &lt;1 month, non-internet user and non-broadsheet reader were all associated with more inaccurate harm perceptions (all p &lt; .05).

Conclusions
The majority of smokers in England have inaccurate harm perceptions of ECs regardless of mental health status.

Implications
This study is the first to use a nationally representative sample in order to investigate whether smokers with and without mental health conditions differ with regard to harm perceptions of ECs. Findings show that the majority of smokers in England hold inaccurate harm perceptions of ECs, and this does not differ as a function of mental health status. A number of characteristics associated with disadvantaged groups were significantly associated with inaccurate harm perceptions. These findings highlight the need to improve awareness and understanding among disadvantaged groups regarding the relative harms of ECs compared with tobacco.
The approach for ascertaining a trustee’s duties and liabilities, effectiveness of anti-Bartlett provisions, and equitable compensation for breach of trust or fiduciary duty: Zhang Hong Li & Ors v DBS Bank (Hong Kong) Ltd & Ors [2019] HKCFA 45
Authors: Yee Ching Leung Samuel 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The decision of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal in Zhang Hong Li & Ors v DBS Bank (Hong Kong) Ltd & Ors [2019] HKCFA 45 is important not only to Hong Kong but also to the common law world for several reasons. First, it confirms the effectiveness of anti-Bartlett provisions, a type of clause ubiquitous in trust deeds that negate a trustee’s duty to intervene in the business or management of companies owned by the trust. Secondly, it clarifies that there is no free-standing ‘high level supervisory duty’ owed by a trustee in common law. Thirdly, it lays down an approach for ascertaining a trustee’s duties and liabilities, and limiting the effectiveness of anti-Bartlett provisions. Under the approach advocated by the court, the terms of a trust deed should be taken as a starting point and subsequently an exercise of contractual construction should be conducted. Finally, it sets forth how equitable compensation for a breach of trust or fiduciary duty is to be assessed.