bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solutions, Solutions
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter takes stock of the book’s First Path. Positing that death can be bad for us because of the deprivations of passing away has three strengths: it explains how there is an identifiable subject who is harmed, it locates the time at which they are harmed, and it clarifies how death is different from pre-vital nonexistence. But, if we don’t assume any particular religious approach, how can we find some comfort in death? Is there any upside or positive value in passing away?
Changes
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Would being immortal mean losing the kind of human life to which we are attached? This is the question taken up in this chapter. Even if immortality did cost us the kind of life to which we are attached, it is argued that there might be tradeoffs that make it worth it. Moreover, it is hard to evaluate such tradeoffs, because the two kinds of lives are so different. They arguably demand different standards of evaluation, and it is difficult to make a comparative evaluation. Consequently, the supposed downsides of immortality are too uncertain to be a place where we can find solace in death.
Valuable Imperfections
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter asks: How can we value imperfections, given that they are imperfections? When those imperfections are bundled up in something that has value for us (a memento, a loved one), that relation to us changes the value of the imperfection from wholly negative to partly negative and partly positive. This is not the claim that the whole can have a value different than the sum of the parts. Rather, it is the claim that the part’s value can change based on its relationship to the whole, when the whole has a particular relation to the valuer. Some such imperfections become good overall, while some stay in the bad column—but either way we can value them.
History
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe would not have existed were it not for the terrible history that preceded us: if history had been kinder to the victims of war, oppression, and other suffering, different people would have met and reproduced, resulting in a different population. So if we are grateful for our existence, do we also have to affirm the history that made our existence possible? That is the question of this chapter. Some believe that affirming our own lives means affirming that history—which just means we cannot affirm our lives. In contrast here it is argued that we can affirm our lives without affirming the history that got us here. However, this does not mean that we should choose to repeat that history over again if we had such a power; rather it means that we are right to be irresolvably torn between our resistance to that history and our attraction to our own lives and those we love. Moreover, saying that our lives are good for us does not entail that they are good in all respects; and being grateful for the parts of our lives is not identical to being grateful for the causal origins of our lives.
Experience
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter asks: Does holistic gratitude for existing as an experiencer commit us to also being grateful for all particular experiences? It is argued here that the radiant value for which we can be holistically grateful extends from wholes to their parts, but not also to their contents. And since specific experiences are contents of our lives as experiencers, they do not get radiant value to be grateful for. Instead, consciousness, sensitivity, and other elements of experiencing life are the parts of our lives that get radiant value from life. As such, they are what we can affirm when we affirm our lives.
Introduction
Authors: Charnock Emily J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This introduction highlights the controversial nature and limited extent of interest group electioneering in the early twentieth century compared to its pervasiveness today. When early interest groups did engage in elections, they sought to appear nonpartisan, whereas many contemporary interest groups operate in effect as allies of the major parties. While different generations of political scientists have offered theories that explain each approach to elections and partisanship, they do not explain the shift in interest group behavior apparent across the twentieth century. This introduction provides a developmental account, elaborated in later chapters, that explains the intertwined embrace of electioneering and partisanship among major interest groups in the mid-twentieth century. It recounts when and why these groups formed political action committees (PACs) to undertake these electioneering activities and argues that such PACs have been used to transform the American party system.
“Pressure” as Prologue
Authors: Charnock Emily J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the relatively limited involvement of business and labor groups in early twentieth-century elections. Though such groups emphasized lobbying, they might occasionally seek to reward or punish their “friends and enemies” in Congress by mobilizing voters on a “nonpartisan” basis. But as lobbying came to involve appeals to public opinion as a means of persuading lawmakers, the threat of electoral punishment became more prominent. This model of “pressure politics” was perfected by temperance groups like the Anti-Saloon League (ASL) in the 1910s and early 1920s but soon came under strain due to presidential politics. The chapter examines the hesitant involvement of the ASL in the 1928 election amid the rise of a powerful opponent with ties to business leaders: the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment (AAPA). The ASL and AAPA ultimately backed opposing presidential nominees, which challenged nonpartisan pretensions and played out differently for each side.
Introduction
Authors: Komline David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter uses as a case study an incident from 1824 in which the New York Tract Society convinced John Van Ness Yates, New York’s acting superintendent of common schools, to encourage the use of its literature in schools under his oversight. This incident highlights the significance of growing educational bureaucracy in this era and how it might be used for distinctly religious aims. This educational bureaucracy emerged as part of what this book calls the “Common School Awakening,” a transatlantic, transdenominational movement that introduced systematized, professionalized schools to America in the first half of the nineteenth century. Previous historical scholarship on education in this era, notably the very different work of Ellwood Cubberley and Michael Katz, has ignored the strongly religious roots of the movement for common schools that has found its representative figure in the person of Horace Mann.
“The Schoolmaster Is Abroad”
Authors: Komline David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter fills out the picture of early American schools by surveying developments in several fields of education, ranging from charity institutions to elite academies, including those for the deaf and blind, as well as those aimed distinctly at boys and distinctly at girls. Tracing the transatlantic trips of different educational leaders—John Griscom, Thomas Gallaudet, Samuel Gridley Howe, Joseph Cogswell, George Bancroft, Henry Dwight, Sereno Edwards Dwight, and Emma Willard—this chapter focuses on the religious rhetoric underlying attempts to introduce new types of schooling to the American landscape in the early years of the Common School Awakening.
The “Prussian System”
Authors: Komline David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the European inspiration for the legislative changes of the late 1830s that are now most frequently associated with the Common School Awakening in America. Beginning with the Prussian school reform that followed the Napoleonic defeats, the chapter demonstrates how news about Prussian schools traveled from Prussia, through France and then England, and eventually to America. Victor Cousin, famous in America as a French philosopher, served as the principal, if indirect, means of this transmission. His report on Prussian schools, translated in England and then published in abbreviated forms in America, helped to inspire American reforms. After closely examining the report in its several incarnations, especially focusing on its multiple appeals to religion, the chapter concludes by surveying American responses to the report to lay the groundwork for the specific ways that individual states would implement some of its suggestions.
Constitutional Orphan
Authors: Monopoli Paula A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This book explores the role of former suffragists in the constitutional development of the Nineteenth Amendment, during the decade following its ratification in 1920. It examines the pivot to new missions, immediately after ratification, by two national suffrage organizations, the National Woman’s Party (NWP) and the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). The NWP turned from suffrage to a federal equal rights amendment. NAWSA became the National League of Women Voters (NLWV), and turned to voter education and social welfare legislation. The book connects that pivot by both groups, to the emergence of a “thin” conception of the Nineteenth Amendment, as a matter of constitutional interpretation. It surfaces the history around the congressional failure to enact enforcement legislation, pursuant to the Nineteenth Amendment, and connects that with the NWP’s perceived need for southern congressional votes for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). It also explores the choice to turn away from African American women suffragists asking for help to combat voter suppression efforts, after the November 1920 presidential election. And it evaluates the deep divisions among NWP members, some of whom were social feminists who opposed the ERA; and the NLWV, which supported the social feminists in that opposition. The book also analyzes how state courts, left without federal enforcement legislation to constrain or guide them, used strict construction to cabin the emergence of a more robust interpretation of the Nineteenth Amendment. It concludes with an examination of new legal scholarship, which suggests broader ways in which the Nineteenth Amendment could be used today to expand gender equality.
Enforcement Legislation
Authors: Monopoli Paula A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 raises the issue of how race intersected with the constitutional development of the Nineteenth Amendment. It argues that the immediate pivot of the National Woman’s Party (NWP), to a federal equal rights amendment, played a significant role in the failure of enforcement legislation to be enacted by Congress. The chapter explores the fear of a “Second Reconstruction,” by white southern congressmen, as an element in that story. And it suggests that the NWP’s failure to support African American women suffragists, and white NWP members who were co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), was both a moral and a strategic failing. That choice, animated by concerns around white southern political support for the proposed equal rights amendment, contributed to the failure of enforcement legislation. The chapter links the lack of such legislation to the absence of a federal judicial forum, in which to more fully develop the meaning and scope of the Nineteenth Amendment.
A Self-Executing Amendment
Authors: Monopoli Paula A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the state cases that were brought, after ratification, around the validity of voter petitions and elections in which women voted and around preconditions to voting, like poll taxes. Those cases gave state courts a forum to discuss the self-executing nature of the Nineteenth Amendment, in terms of its impact on existing state law. The general conclusion was that the Nineteenth Amendment was self-executing as to voting itself. But state differences in statutory and constitutional construction yielded mixed results, in terms of its actual impact on state laws around voter eligibility, including the requirement that women pay poll taxes. These cases demonstrate the broad discretion in state court judges regarding what was encompassed within “voting” as a matter of constitutional interpretation and statutory construction.
The Nineteenth Amendment Today
Authors: Monopoli Paula A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 concludes that the Nineteenth Amendment can be revitalized today, to more fully ensure women’s equality. It reviews new legal scholarship that suggests direct applications of the Nineteenth Amendment to today’s voting rights challenges. And it describes how some scholars suggest that the Nineteenth should be read together with the Fourteenth Amendment, as a normative matter, to provide a more capacious understanding of the Fourteenth, as applied to women’s rights, beyond voting. Given persistent gender inequality, and the uncertain status of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), the chapter concludes that it is worth revisiting the jurisprudential potential of the Nineteenth Amendment, at its centennial.
An Epic Voice with Rhyme and Reason
Authors: Burnham Scott 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the particular qualities that make Felix Mendelssohn’s symphonic writing so distinctive, as exemplified in the Third (‘Scottish’) Symphony. Focusing on key features such as sound (the characteristic ‘Scottish’ Nebelstimmung), scenically evocative elements (such as the music’s suggestion of battles, storms, and daybreak), and the ballad-like tone, it sets Mendelssohn’s practice against precedents in the symphonic work of Beethoven, not in order to enact yet again the lopsided binary that defines some composer negatively in terms of Beethoven but rather better to profile what is striking in Mendelssohn’s symphony. A concluding section, comparing the symphonic art of the two composers to the contrasting translations of Homer by Chapman and Pope, asks why reception history has for so long ignored the mastery and skill of Mendelssohn’s own symphonic achievement.
Sibling Love and the Daemonic
Authors: Christian Angela Mace 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Sibling love in the relationship between Felix and Fanny Mendelssohn has become recognized in recent years as one of the most important formational aspects of their lives and music. Based on the wider publication of the letters and music of both composers, we have come to realize just how much each influenced the other. However, a few questions have remained unanswered regarding the nature of that relationship and the almost indescribably intense intellectual bond they shared. Using interdisciplinary methodologies provided by kinship studies and drawing extensively on Fanny’s correspondence, this chapter provides social context for understanding just how unusual the two siblings’ marriages were for the time and what that can tell us about their artistic relationship. The chapter introduces a new term, siberoticism, and tackles the meaning behind the strange letter in which Fanny tells Felix that he exerts a ‘daemonic’ influence over her.
Expansion and Recomposition in Mendelssohn’s Symphonic Sonata Forms
Authors: Moortele Steven Vande 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter rethinks Felix Mendelssohn’s position vis-à-vis the New Formenlehre by focusing on structural expansion and recomposition in the subordinate theme groups of his symphonic sonata forms. A recurring strategy in the exposition of these works is to present a short, tight-knit theme that is then repeated and progressively expanded, significantly delaying the arrival of the cadence that concludes the subordinate theme group. This process of expansion in the exposition then forms the starting point for the recomposition of the subordinate theme group in the recapitulation. Drawing on examples from the first movements of the ‘Reformation’ and the ‘Italian’ Symphonies as well as from the Hebrides and Ruy Blas overtures, this chapter seeks not only to offer a more balanced account of the relation between the old and the new in Mendelssohn’s symphonic music but also to use that music as a locus of theory formation that contributes to a definition of what constitutes ‘Romantic’ form.
Mendelssohn’s Difference in FaithRethinking Kunstreligion in the Context of His Compositional Aesthetics
Authors: Koch Sabine 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter departs from confessional interpretations of Felix Mendelssohn’s musical and religious outlook, encouraged by an empathetic reading of his own statements within the context of wider philosophies of art and religion, which combined into what became known as art-religion. In Mendelssohn’s writings, Kunstreligion was both a form of religion that was associated with Friedrich Schleiermacher’s theology and a means of finding his true self as a composer, as intended by his father, Abraham. His identification with nineteenth-century sacralized aesthetics of feelings never gave way to the unworldly nostalgia that critics and scholars have so often associated negatively with aesthetic religion. For Mendelssohn, Kunstreligion had practical implications and clear boundaries. His leaning towards religious theories of art inspired him to compose musical works for the spiritual enhancement of his audiences but found its limits whenever musico-religious rhetoric ran counter to his own moral consciousness, innermost beliefs, and sense of tolerance.
Mendelssohn’s Deutsche Liturgie in the Context of the Prussian Agende of 1829
Authors: Stokes Laura K. T. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Felix Mendelssohn’s 1846 setting of the Deutsche Liturgie is among the least understood of his sacred compositions. Far from being an isolated instance of music intended for the liturgy of the Prussian Union Church, Mendelssohn’s work participates in and responds to a tradition of such settings that can be traced back to the 1829 Prussian Agende, whose Musik-Anhang was compiled by Mendelssohn’s teacher Carl Friedrich Zelter. A comparison of Mendelssohn’s setting with those composed by Eduard Grell and Wilhelm Taubert offers a context for reappraising Mendelssohn’s sacred music in light of the historicist values of mid-nineteenth-century Berlin and for nuancing our understanding of Mendelssohn’s aesthetics, creative choices, and intellectual approach to sacred music.
‘Time Is, Time Was, Time Is Past’
Authors: Youens Susan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Reiselied forms a distinct subcategory in Felix Mendelssohn’s song output. Of his more than seventy published songs, at least eleven speak primarily of departure, travelling, awareness of distance from loved ones, and homesickness. This chapter examines Mendelssohn’s experiences of journeying to other countries as expressed in his lively letters and the songs born of his meditations on the subject. In particular, it examines ‘Ferne’, with its archetypal traveller’s anxiety about relationships with those back home; the famous Heinrich Heine ‘Reiselied’; and one of the most poignant of Mendelssohn’s requiems for his sister Fanny, the Nikolaus Lenau song ‘Auf der Wanderschaft’, a restrained but raw expression of grief.
St. Mary-at-Hill (1536–38)
Authors: McCarthy Kerry 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The second document of Tallis’s career shows him as part of a flexible roster of half a dozen musicians at the London parish of St. Mary-at-Hill. He was paid for a total of twelve months’ work across two different annual accounts. This parish expended a great deal of money and effort on music. Polyphonic music was regularly copied, chant books were bought, and the organ was maintained. There was also a small choir school for boys. By the time Tallis was there in the later 1530s, the English church had already cut all religious and administrative ties to Rome, but the full round of complex traditional music was still in place. St. Mary-at-Hill often served as a springboard to more prestigious jobs; many of Tallis’s colleagues there went on to serve at cathedrals or in the Chapel Royal.
Waltham Abbey (1540)
Authors: McCarthy Kerry 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The third document of Tallis’s career shows him being sent away from Waltham Abbey, the last monastery dissolved in England, in March 1540. Tallis served the abbey as a professional musician, as he had done at Dover a decade earlier. He was the highest paid of more than sixty lay staff there. The Lady Chapel, where Tallis would have done much of his work, is still intact, including a large wall painting of the Last Judgment with angel musicians. Another precious survival from Waltham Abbey is a manuscript of music theory now in the British Library (Lansdowne 763), which Tallis took with him at his departure and inscribed with his own name. It is a comprehensive pre-Reformation guide to practical music: notation, sight-reading, improvisation, and simple composition.
Canterbury Cathedral (1541)
Authors: McCarthy Kerry 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The fourth document of Tallis’s career is a list of musicians made around 1541 at Canterbury Cathedral. The cathedral had long been a center of music, art, and pilgrimage, immortalized by Chaucer among many others. It had been run by monks through the 1530s, so it needed radical reorganization and a new lay staff after Henry VIII dissolved all the monastic communities in England. This new staff included twelve professional singers. Tallis was first on the list of singers. Other documents from the 1540s show the richness of the musical culture at Canterbury in Tallis’s day. The Peterhouse partbooks, which are revisited in more detail in Chapter 10, may have been a collection of music assembled for Tallis and his eleven colleagues at the new foundation of Canterbury in 1541.
The Gyffard Partbooks
Authors: McCarthy Kerry 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Gyffard Partbooks are a priceless source of Tallis’s music because 95 percent of their contents are found nowhere else. Unlike most surviving collections of Latin church repertory in England, this is an anthology of three-voice and four-voice music. It shows Tallis and his mid-century colleagues (some of them considerably younger) writing on a smaller scale. The chapter looks in detail at a number of Tallis’s works in the Gyffard books, including an enigmatic four-voice mass and a motet (Sancte Deus) that shows close ties to the distinguished Tudor court musician Philip van Wilder. This is the last pre-Reformation chapter in the book. Starting with the music described in Chapter 12, Tallis will begin writing for services in English.
John Baldwin’s Partbooks
Authors: McCarthy Kerry 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
John Baldwin (d. 1615) was a singer and music scribe, affiliated with St. George’s Chapel, Windsor, and later with the Chapel Royal, who copied more than 400 pieces of music. He had a special liking for old, obscure, complex, and politically unfashionable pieces; much of his energy as a copyist was spent on what his own generation would have considered “early music.” As a result, he rescued some of Tallis’s most important works (especially Latin-texted works) from oblivion or near-oblivion. This chapter takes a detailed look at a number of pieces by Tallis in Baldwin’s collection, including the psalm-motets, the Lamentations, and big responsories such as the six-voice Videte miraculum.