bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Six-Hour Manual Ventilation with a Bag-Valve-Tube Device by Briefly Trained Non-Medical Personnel is Feasible
Authors: Maklada Nana , Katz Shalhav Malka , Lagazzi Emanuele , Halpern Pinchas 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRationale:Manual ventilation with a bag-valve device (BVD) is a Basic Life Support skill. Prolonged manual ventilation may be required in resource-poor locations and in severe disasters such as hurricanes, pandemics, and chemical events. In such circumstances, trained operators may not be available and lay persons may need to be quickly trained to do the job.Objectives:The current study investigated whether minimally trained operators were able to manually ventilate a simulated endotracheally intubated patient for six hours.Methods:Two groups of 10 volunteers, previously unfamiliar with manual ventilation, received brief, structured BVD-tube ventilation training and performed six hours of manual ventilation on an electronic lung simulator. Operator cardiorespiratory variables and perceived effort, as well as the quality of the delivered ventilation, were recorded. Group One ventilated a “normal lung” (compliance 50cmH2O/L, resistance 5cmH2O/L/min). Group Two ventilated a “moderately injured lung” (compliance 20cmH2O/L, resistance 20cmH2O/L/min).Results:Volunteers’ blood pressure, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) were stable throughout the study. Perceived effort was minimal. The two groups provided clinically adequate and similar RRs (13.3 [SD = 3.0] and 14.1 [SD = 2.5] breaths/minute, respectively) and minute volume (MV; 7.6 [SD = 2.1] and 7.7 [SD = 1.4] L/minute, respectively).Conclusions:The results indicate that minimally trained persons can effectively perform six hours of manual BVD-tube ventilation of normal and moderately injured lungs, without undue effort. Quality of delivered ventilation was clinically adequate.
Anscombe on Brute Facts and Human Affairs
Authors: Wiseman Rachael 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ Anscombe writes: ‘It is not profitable at present for us to do moral philosophy. It should be laid aside at any rate until we have an adequate philosophy of psychology, in which we are conspicuously lacking’. In consideration of this Anscombe appeals to the relation of ‘brute-relative-to’ which holds between facts and descriptions of human affairs. This paper describes the reorientation in philosophy of action that this relation aims to effect and examines the claim that this reorientation makes possible the sort of philosophy of psychology that can provide a starting point for ethics.
Political instability, institutional change and economic growth in Brazil since 1870
Authors: Campos Nauro , Karanasos Menelaos , Koutroumpis Panagiotis , Zhang Zihui 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAre institutions a deep cause of economic growth? This paper tries to answer this question in a novel manner by focusing on within-country variation, over long periods of time, using a new hand-collected data set on institutions and the power-ARCH econometric framework. Focusing on the case of Brazil since 1870, our results suggest (a) that both changes in formal political institutions and informal political instability affect economic growth negatively, (b) there are important differences in terms of their short-versuslong-run behaviour, and (c) not all but just a few selected institutions affect economic growth in the long-run.
Explanatory Psychological Factors of Inconsistently Condom Use among Spanish University Students: Gender Differences
Authors: Ruiz-Palomino Estefanía , Gil-Llario María Dolores , Giménez-García Cristina , Ballester-Arnal Rafael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
More than 50% of Spanish youth does not use of condoms correctly and consistently. University students are a particular population at high risk of the HIV infection, other STIs and unwanted pregnancies. The influence of psychological variables in using of condom is analyzed by gender and type of sexual relationship. A total of 256 females and 168 males were assessed (Mage= 20.62; SD = 2.16). A regression logistic analysis showed that sexual sensation seeking appears as an explanatory variable of inconsistently condom use in both females and males in vaginal intercourse, steady relationship intercourse and sex under the alcohol and other drugs effects (adjusted odds ratio between 1.095 and 1.124). Moreover, self-esteem appears as a risk factor and extraversion as a protective factor of use of condom in females. On the other hand, neuroticism reveals itself as a protective factor and fear of negative evaluation as a risk factor of use of condom in males. It is necessary to know the psychological mechanisms that underlie sexual risk behaviors for adapting interventions to individual and contextual characteristics.
ANGI — Anorexia Nervosa Genetics Initiative
Authors: Bulik Cynthia , Kennedy Martin , Wade Tracey 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIdentification of genetic variants associated with eating disorders is underway. The Anorexia Nervosa Genetics Initiative, an initiative of the Klarman Family Foundation, has contributed to advancing the field, yielding a large-scale genome-wide association study published in Nature Genetics. Eight genetic variants significantly associated with anorexia nervosa were identified, along with patterns of genetic correlations that suggest both psychiatric and metabolic origins of this serious and life-threatening illness. This article details the role of Professor Nick Martin in contributing to this important collaboration.
Sociopolitical Attitudes Through the Lens of Behavioral Genetics: Contributions from Dr Nicholas Martin
Authors: Verhulst Brad 
Published: June 2020

AbstractProfessor Nicholas (Nick) Martin spearheaded initial investigations into the genetic basis of political attitudes and behaviors, demonstrating that behaviors that are perceived as socially constructed could have a biological basis. As he showed, the typical mode of inheritance for political attitudes consists of approximately equal proportions of variance from additive genetic, shared environmental and unique environmental sources. This differs from other psychological variables, such as personality traits, which tend to be characterized by genetic and unique environmental sources of variation. By treating political attitudes as a model phenotype, Nick Martin was able to leverage the unique pattern of observed intergenerational transmission for political attitudes to reexamine the quintessential assumptions of the classical twin model. Specifically, by creatively leveraging the nuances of the genetic architecture of political attitudes, he was able to demonstrate the robustness of the equal environments assumption and suggest corrections to account for assortative mating. These advances have had a substantial impact on both the fields of political science, as well as behavioral and quantitative genetics.
The Academic Development Study of Australian Twins (ADSAT): Research Aims and Design
Authors: Larsen Sally A. , Little Callie W. , Grasby Katrina , Byrne Brian , Olson Richard K. , Coventry William L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Academic Development Study of Australian Twins was established in 2012 with the purpose of investigating the relative influence of genes and environments in literacy and numeracy capabilities across two primary and two secondary school grades in Australia. It is the first longitudinal twin project of its kind in Australia and comprises a sample of 2762 twin pairs, 40 triplet sets and 1485 nontwin siblings. Measures include standardized literacy and numeracy test data collected at Grades 3, 5, 7 and 9 as part of the National Assessment Program: Literacy and Numeracy. A range of demographic and behavioral data was also collected, some at multiple longitudinal time points. This article outlines the background and rationale for the study and provides an overview for the research design, sample and measures collected. Findings emerging from the project and future directions are discussed.
Deep Learning for an Improved Prediction of Rainfall Retrievals From Commercial Microwave Links
Authors: Pudashine Jayaram , Guyot Adrien , Petitjean Francois , Pauwels Valentijn R. N. , Uijlenhoet Remko , Seed Alan , Prakash Mahesh , Walker Jeffrey P. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCommercial microwave links (CMLs) have proven useful for providing rainfall information close to the ground surface. However, large uncertainties are associated with these retrievals, partly due to challenges in the type of data collection and processing. In particular, the most common case is when only minimum and maximum received signal levels (RSLs) over a given time interval (hereafter 15 min) are stored by mobile network operators. The average attenuation and the corresponding rainfall rate are then calculated based on a weighted average method using the minimum and maximum attenuation. In this study, an alternative to using a constant weighted average method is explored, based on a machine learning model trained to produce actual attenuation from minimum/maximum values. A rainfall retrieval deep learning model was designed based on a long short‐term memory (LSTM) model architecture and trained with disdrometer data in a form that is comparable to the data provided by mobile network operators. A first evaluation used only disdrometer data to mimic both attenuation from a CML and corresponding rainfall rates. For the test data set, the relative bias was reduced from 5.99% to 2.84% and the coefficient of determination (R2) increased from 0.86 to 0.97. The second evaluation used this disdrometer‐trained LSTM to retrieve rainfall rates from an actual CML located nearby the disdrometer. A significant improvement in the overall rainfall estimation compared to existing microwave link attenuation models was observed. The relative bias reduced from 7.39% to −1.14% and the R2 improved from 0.71 to 0.82.
Pre-deployment risk factors for PTSD in active-duty personnel deployed to Afghanistan: a machine-learning approach for analyzing multivariate predictors
Authors: Schultebraucks Katharina , Qian Meng , Abu-Amara Duna , Dean Kelsey , Laska Eugene , Siegel Carole , Gautam Aarti , Guffanti Guia , Hammamieh Rasha , Misganaw Burook , Mellon Synthia H. , Wolkowitz Owen M. , Blessing Esther M. , Etkin Amit , Ressler Kerry J. , Doyle Francis J. , Jett Marti , Marmar Charles R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractActive-duty Army personnel can be exposed to traumatic warzone events and are at increased risk for developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared with the general population. PTSD is associated with high individual and societal costs, but identification of predictive markers to determine deployment readiness and risk mitigation strategies is not well understood. This prospective longitudinal naturalistic cohort study—the Fort Campbell Cohort study—examined the value of using a large multidimensional dataset collected from soldiers prior to deployment to Afghanistan for predicting post-deployment PTSD status. The dataset consisted of polygenic, epigenetic, metabolomic, endocrine, inflammatory and routine clinical lab markers, computerized neurocognitive testing, and symptom self-reports. The analysis was computed on active-duty Army personnel (N = 473) of the 101st Airborne at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. Machine-learning models predicted provisional PTSD diagnosis 90–180 days post deployment (random forest: AUC = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.67–0.89, sensitivity = 0.78, specificity = 0.71; SVM: AUC = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.78–0.98, sensitivity = 0.89, specificity = 0.79) and longitudinal PTSD symptom trajectories identified with latent growth mixture modeling (random forest: AUC = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.75–0.96, sensitivity = 0.88, specificity = 0.69; SVM: AUC = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.79–0.96, sensitivity = 0.80, specificity = 0.85). Among the highest-ranked predictive features were pre-deployment sleep quality, anxiety, depression, sustained attention, and cognitive flexibility. Blood-based biomarkers including metabolites, epigenomic, immune, inflammatory, and liver function markers complemented the most important predictors. The clinical prediction of post-deployment symptom trajectories and provisional PTSD diagnosis based on pre-deployment data achieved high discriminatory power. The predictive models may be used to determine deployment readiness and to determine novel pre-deployment interventions to mitigate the risk for deployment-related PTSD.
RNA-binding proteins tristetraprolin and human antigen R are novel modulators of podocyte injury in diabetic kidney disease
Authors: Guo Jia , Lei Min , Cheng Fei , Liu Yong , Zhou Mengwen , Zheng Wen , Zhou Yali , Gong Rujun , Liu Zhangsuo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDiabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most common complications of diabetes, and the most common cause of end-stage renal disease, for which no effective therapies are yet available. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation; tristetraprolin (TTP) and human antigen R (HuR) competitively bind cytokine mRNAs, exert contrasting effects on RNA stability, and drive inflammation. However, RBPs’ roles in diabetes-related glomerulopathy are poorly understood. Herein, we investigated whether TTP and HuR are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of podocytopathic molecules and inflammatory cytokines in DKD. In DKD patients and db/db mice, TTP expression was significantly decreased and HuR expression was increased in glomerular podocytes, concurrent with podocyte injury, histological signs of DKD, and augmented glomerular expression of interleukin (IL)-17 and claudin-1, which are targets of TTP and HuR, as evidenced by RNA immunoprecipitation. In cultured podocytes, exposure to high ambient glucose amplified HuR expression and repressed TTP expression, upregulated IL-17 and claudin-1, and promoted podocyte injury. Thus, TTP hypoactivity or HuR hyperactivity is sufficient and essential to diabetic podocytopathy. Moreover, in silico analysis revealed that several kinases govern phosphorylation and activation of TTP and HuR, and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β activated both TTP and HuR, which harbor putative GSK-3β consensus phosphorylation motifs. Treatment of db/db mice with a small molecule inhibitor of GSK-3β abrogated the changes in TTP and HuR in glomeruli and mitigated the overexpression of their target genes (IL-17, claudin-1, B7-1, and MCP-1) thus also mitigating proteinuria and DKD pathology. Our study indicates that TTP and HuR are dysregulated in DKD via a GSK-3β-mediated mechanism and play crucial roles in podocyte injury through post-transcriptional regulation of diverse genes. It also provides novel insights into DKD’s pathophysiology and identifies potential therapeutic targets.
The impact of learning on perceptual decisions and its implication for speed-accuracy tradeoffs
Authors: Mendonça André G. , Drugowitsch Jan , Vicente M. Inês , DeWitt Eric E. J. , Pouget Alexandre , Mainen Zachary F. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn standard models of perceptual decision-making, noisy sensory evidence is considered to be the primary source of choice errors and the accumulation of evidence needed to overcome this noise gives rise to speed-accuracy tradeoffs. Here, we investigated how the history of recent choices and their outcomes interact with these processes using a combination of theory and experiment. We found that the speed and accuracy of performance of rats on olfactory decision tasks could be best explained by a Bayesian model that combines reinforcement-based learning with accumulation of uncertain sensory evidence. This model predicted the specific pattern of trial history effects that were found in the data. The results suggest that learning is a critical factor contributing to speed-accuracy tradeoffs in decision-making, and that task history effects are not simply biases but rather the signatures of an optimal learning strategy.
Cellular census of human fibrosis defines functionally distinct stromal cell types and states
Authors: Layton Thomas B. , Williams Lynn , McCann Fiona , Zhang Mingjun , Fritzsche Marco , Colin-York Huw , Cabrita Marisa , Ng Michael T. H. , Feldmann Marc , Sansom Stephen N. , Furniss Dominic , Xie Weilin , Nanchahal Jagdeep 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFibrotic disorders are some of the most devastating and poorly treated conditions in developed nations, yet effective therapeutics are not identified for many of them. A major barrier for the identification of targets and successful clinical translation is a limited understanding of the human fibrotic microenvironment. Here, we construct a stromal cell atlas of human fibrosis at single cell resolution from patients with Dupuytren’s disease, a localized fibrotic condition of the hand. A molecular taxonomy of the fibrotic milieu characterises functionally distinct stromal cell types and states, including a subset of immune regulatory ICAM1+ fibroblasts. In developing fibrosis, myofibroblasts exist along an activation continuum of phenotypically distinct populations. We also show that the tetraspanin CD82 regulates cell cycle progression and can be used as a cell surface marker of myofibroblasts. These findings have important implications for targeting core pathogenic drivers of human fibrosis.
IRAP-dependent endosomal T cell receptor signalling is essential for T cell responses
Authors: Evnouchidou Irini , Chappert Pascal , Benadda Samira , Zucchetti Andres , Weimershaus Mirjana , Bens Marcelle , Caillens Vivien , Koumantou Despoina , Lotersztajn Sophie , van Endert Peter , Davoust Jean , Guermonprez Pierre , Hivroz Claire , Gross David A. , Saveanu Loredana 
Published: June 2020

AbstractT cell receptor (TCR) activation is modulated by mechanisms such as TCR endocytosis, which is thought to terminate TCR signalling. Here we show that, upon internalization, TCR continues to signal from a set of specialized endosomes that are crucial for T cell functions. Mechanistically, TCR ligation leads to clathrin-mediated internalization of the TCR-CD3ζcomplex, while maintaining CD3ζsignalling, in endosomal vesicles that contain the insulin responsive aminopeptidase (IRAP) and the SNARE protein Syntaxin 6. Destabilization of this compartment through IRAP deletion enhances plasma membrane expression of the TCR-CD3ζcomplex, yet compromises overall CD3ζsignalling; moreover, the integrity of this compartment is also crucial for T cell activation and survival after suboptimal TCR activation, as mice engineered with a T cell-specific deletion of IRAP fail to develop efficient polyclonal anti-tumour responses. Our results thus reveal a previously unappreciated function of IRAP-dependent endosomal TCR signalling in T cell activation.
A hypomorphic cystathionine ß-synthase gene contributes to cavefish eye loss by disrupting optic vasculature
Authors: Ma Li , Gore Aniket V. , Castranova Daniel , Shi Janet , Ng Mandy , Tomins Kelly A. , van der Weele Corine M. , Weinstein Brant M. , Jeffery William R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractVestigial structures are key indicators of evolutionary descent, but the mechanisms underlying their development are poorly understood. This study examines vestigial eye formation in the teleost Astyanax mexicanus, which consists of a sighted surface-dwelling morph and multiple populations of blind cave morphs. Cavefish embryos initially develop eyes, but they subsequently degenerate and become vestigial structures embedded in the head. The mutated genes involved in cavefish vestigial eye formation have not been characterized. Here we identify cystathionine ß-synthase a (cbsa), which encodes the key enzyme of the transsulfuration pathway, as one of the mutated genes responsible for eye degeneration in multiple cavefish populations. The inactivation of cbsa affects eye development by increasing the transsulfuration intermediate homocysteine and inducing defects in optic vasculature, which result in aneurysms and eye hemorrhages. Our findings suggest that localized modifications in the circulatory system may have contributed to the evolution of vestigial eyes in cavefish.
High permeability sub-nanometre sieve composite MoS2 membranes
Authors: Sapkota Bedanga , Liang Wentao , VahidMohammadi Armin , Karnik Rohit , Noy Aleksandr , Wanunu Meni 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTwo-dimensional membranes have gained enormous interest due to their potential to deliver precision filtration of species with performance that can challenge current desalination membrane platforms. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) laminar membranes have recently demonstrated superior stability in aqueous environment to their extensively-studied analogs graphene-based membranes; however, challenges such as low ion rejection for high salinity water, low water flux, and low stability over time delay their potential adoption as a viable technology. Here, we report composite laminate multilayer MoS2 membranes with stacked heterodimensional one- to two-layer-thick porous nanosheets and nanodisks. These membranes have a multimodal porous network structure with tunable surface charge, pore size, and interlayer spacing. In forward osmosis, our membranes reject more than 99% of salts at high salinities and, in reverse osmosis, small-molecule organic dyes and salts are efficiently filtered. Finally, our membranes stably operate for over a month, implying their potential for use in commercial water purification applications.
Toffee – a highly efficient, lossless file format for DIA-MS
Authors: Tully Brett 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe closed nature of vendor file formats in mass spectrometry is a significant barrier to progress in developing robust bioinformatics software. In response, the community has developed the open mzML format, implemented in XML and based on controlled vocabularies. Widely adopted, mzML is an important step forward; however, it suffers from two challenges that are particularly apparent as the field moves to high-throughput proteomics: large increase in file size, and a largely sequential I/O access pattern. Described here is ‘toffee’, an open, random I/O format backed by HDF5, with lossless compression that gives file sizes similar to the original vendor format and can be reconverted back to mzML without penalty. It is shown that mzML and toffee are equivalent when processing data using OpenSWATH algorithms, in additional to novel applications that are enabled by new data access patterns. For instance, a peptide-centric deep-learning pipeline for peptide identification is proposed. Documentation and examples are available at https://toffee.readthedocs.io, and all code is MIT licensed at https://bitbucket.org/cmriprocan/toffee.
Spatially resolved filament wavefront dynamics
Authors: Thul Daniel , Richardson Martin , Rostami Fairchild Shermineh 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSpatially resolved wavefront measurements are presented during nonlinear self-collapse and provide the first detailed characterization of wavefront evolution during filament formation. The wavefront dynamics of key nonlinear processes including Kerr self-focusing, ionization and plasma defocusing, and dynamic spatial replenishment are identified and resolved in both the filament core and reservoir regions. These results are analyzed and interpreted with respect to numerical simulations and provide insight into fundamental aspects of filamentation. They also inform applications based on phase manipulation, such as external beam guiding, and present a new method for measuring the nonlinear index of refraction, n2.