bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics Benchmarking Study Involving the xLPR and PASCAL-SP Codes: Analysis by PASCAL-SP
Authors: Mano Akihiro , Katsuyama Jinya , Li Yinsheng 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) analysis code, PASCAL-SP, has been developed by Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) to evaluate the failure probability of piping within nuclear power plants considering aged-related degradations such as stress corrosion cracking and fatigue for both pressurized water reactor and boiling water reactor environments. To strengthen the applicability of PASCAL-SP, a benchmarking study is being performed with a PFM analysis code, xLPR, which has been developed by U.S.NRC in collaboration with EPRI.
In this benchmarking study, deterministic and probabilistic analyses are undertaken on primary water stress corrosion cracking using the common analysis conditions. A deterministic analysis on the weld residual stress distributions is also considered. These analyses are carried out by U.S.NRC and JAEA independently using their own codes. Currently, the deterministic analyses by both xLPR and PASCAL-SP codes have been finished and probabilistic analyses are underway.
This paper presents the details of conditions and comparisons of the results between the two aforementioned codes for the deterministic analyses. Both codes were found to provide almost the same results including the values of stress intensity factor. The conditions and results of the probabilistic analysis obtained from PASCAL-SP are also discussed.
Investigation Into Crack Closure Effects for Fatigue Crack Growth Under Negative R Conditions
Authors: Pellereau Ben , Currie Chris , Mann Jonathan , Coult Ben 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Fatigue crack growth laws are typically dependent on the ratio between minimum and maximum Stress Intensity Factor (SIF), referred to as the load ratio (R). When part of the SIF range is compressive (and hence R is negative) the amount of growth for a given SIF range is reduced due to crack closure effects.
Methods for capturing the effect of crack closure were presented in a previous PVP paper [1]. These methods are based around defining a scaling factor (q0) which is dependent on R and applied to the SIF range before calculated growth. Equations were provided for both best fit and bounding q0 factors.
This paper presents a comparison between these methods and results of testing. The specimens used were square cross-section bars and were made from Type 304L stainless steel with an initial corner crack. A range of load ranges and R ratios (including some positive R values) were used and the testing was undertaken at 250°C in both air and a simulated PWR environment.
The growth rate observed in the tests was used to derive the effective q0 factor observed in each stage of the testing. These values were then compared with the q0 methods that are used in actual defect tolerance calculations. The results agreed very closely with the derived best estimate q0 curves, with no discernible difference between the air and water results.
Allowable External Flaws and Acceptance Standards for High Toughness Ductile Pipes Subjected to Bending Moment and Internal Pressure
Authors: Hasegawa Kunio , Li Yinsheng , Lacroix Valery , Mares Vratislav 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Failure stresses for ductile high toughness pipes are predicted by Limit Load Criteria based on a net section stress concept. Allowable flaws of the Acceptance Standards provided by the Article IWB-3514 in the ASME B&PV Code Section XI were determined by the Limit Load Criteria. The allowable flaws are applicable for ductile high toughness pipes with circumferential internal and external flaws.
Authors have developed more precise equations using the Limit Load Criteria, which is called Modified Limit Load Criteria, hereafter. As the results of the Modified Limit Load Criteria, failure stresses for external flawed pipes are always smaller than the failure stresses obtained by the Limit Load Criteria provided by the ASME Code Section XI. It seems that the allowable flaw sizes of the Acceptance Standards provided by the ASME Code Section XI are less conservative for external flaws.
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate difference of failure stresses by the Limit Load Criteria and Modified Limit Load Criteria for external flawed pipes. In addition, the allowable flaws of the Acceptance Standards are examined by large and small diameter pipes with external flaws using the Modified Limit Load Criteria.
Review of Technical Basis for ASME Code Section XI Appendix L
Authors: Somasundaram Deepak S. , Dedhia Dilip , Shim Do Jun , Stevens Gary L. , Xu Steven X. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Equivalent Single Crack (ESC) sizes are provided in ASME Code, Section XI, Nonmandatory Appendix L, Tables L-3210-1 (for ferritic piping) and L-3210-2 (for austenitic piping). These two tables define initial flaw aspect ratios for use in fatigue flaw tolerance evaluations. These ESC sizes were based on the results of probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) evaluations that determined the equivalent single crack size that resulted in the same probability of through-wall leakage as the case when multiple cracks are initiated and grown around the inner circumference of a pipe. The PFM software, pc-PRAISE, used for the evaluation of ESC sizes had fracture mechanics models based on available data and models in the early 2000s. The stress intensity factor solutions used in pc-PRAISE were generated for a pipe radius-to-thickness ratio, Ri/t, of 5, and used a root-mean-square (RMS) averaged methodology. And the crack growth model was based on NUREG/CR-2189, Volume 5.
This paper presents the results of evaluations to calculate a limited number of ESC sizes using updated fracture mechanics models for stress intensity factor and fatigue crack growth rates. The effect of crack growth due to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in determining the ESCs is also discussed. The impact of the revised ESCs by performing two sample fatigue flaw tolerance problems and the associated results are also presented and discussed in this paper.
Overview of UK Policy and Research Landscape Relevant to Deploying Advanced Nuclear Technologies in the UK
Authors: Underwood Nicholas , Nevitt Paul , Howarth Andrew , Barron Nicholas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The UK government is committed to tackling climate change through clean growth — cutting emissions while seizing the benefits of the low carbon economy [1,2]. In June 2019 UK government set a legally binding target to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions from across the UK economy by 2050. Nuclear energy is seen as a vital contributor to decarbonising the UK economy as outlined in the Industrial Strategy [2] and subsequent Nuclear Sector Deal [3], and £180 million of funding has been provided by Government for a Nuclear Innovation Programme (NIP) over the period 2016–21, administered through the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS).
Initial phases of the NIP have researched advanced nuclear fuel cycles, digital reactor design methods and advanced materials and manufacturing techniques. Throughout this programme the UK has developed a better understanding of a range of Advanced Nuclear Technologies (ANT), including Advanced Modular Reactors (AMRs) and the opportunities that they provide in decarbonising a future energy system. In parallel, UK government has established a policy framework designed to encourage the development of Advanced Nuclear Technologies [4] and awarded an initial phase of development for a Small Modular Reactor (SMR) [5]. These programmes of work are enabling the development of technologies towards commercialisation, whilst enabling regulations are advanced.
For this paper, AMRs are defined as a broad group of advanced nuclear reactors which differ from conventional reactors that use pressurised or boiling water for primary cooling. AMRs use novel cooling systems or fuels and in order to achieve operational efficiencies and enhanced safety performance, they are typically planned to operate in harsh conditions, including high temperatures, radiation field and corrosive environments. As a result of this there are still many questions which need addressing in relation to how materials and fuels will perform in these more extreme conditions. Within the NIP, an Advanced Manufacturing and Construction initiative is supporting answering these questions.
This paper provides an overview of the policy and research landscape that aims to bring AMR and SMR technologies to deployment in the UK, and how the Advanced Manufacturing and Construction initiatives are helping to underpin the R&D needs for AMR deployment in the UK. One example is a programme of work titled “Establishing AMR Structural Integrity Codes and Standards for UK GDA” (EASICS). The aim of this project is to establish guidance on the structural integrity codes and standards that are required to support the Generic Design Assessment (GDA), which is a UK licensing process, of an AMR design through technology innovation and transfer (primarily for high temperature reactors). An overview of project EASICS will be described in further detail in another paper presented at PVP2020, PVP2020-21721.
Fatigue Failure Predictions Based on FEA Fracture Mechanics Simulations
Authors: de Haan - de Wilde F. H. E. , Hannink M. H. C. , Blom F. J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Fatigue is an important ageing mechanism for long-term operation (LTO) of nuclear power plants. The effect of the reactor coolant environment on fatigue is one of the factors to take into account. Application of environmental fatigue codes, generally, leads to large margins for actual fatigue failure of components. In combination with longer operation times, these margins can make it challenging to meet the criteria defined in the standards. The purpose of the work in this paper is, therefore, to gain insight into the conservatism in typical fatigue analyses using design fatigue curves which is done by analyzing the fatigue process up to the actual component failure using crack growth analyses.
Prediction of fatigue failure in cylindrical specimen is investigated through numerical simulations of fracture mechanics. A finite element analysis model is implemented for a crack in a cylindrical specimen typically used for fatigue life testing and generating design fatigue curves. The specimen is uniaxially displacement-loaded into the plastic regime, and the reaction force is evaluated as a function of crack depth and shape. Cyclic loading leads to formation of a crack with the depth such that a failure point in the S-N curve corresponds to the 25% load drop. Stress intensity factors are calculated, and number of cycles to failure are determined based on Paris’ law and a two-stage crack growth relationship. Simulation results are compared to experimental fatigue life data and show good agreement. The outcome of the investigation can be extended to fatigue life of geometrically complex thermo-mechanical components, such as nozzles, under transient thermal loading occurring during operation of a nuclear power plant, in order to assess conservatism of fatigue failure criteria based on experimentally obtained S-N design curves.
Pathways for Long-Term Physical Activity Participation for Military Veterans With a Physical Disability
Authors: Shirazipour Celina H. , Latimer-Cheung Amy E. 
Published: December 2020

A gap in knowledge exists regarding how to maintain physical activity (PA) for individuals with acquired disabilities following initial introductory experiences. The current study aimed to contribute to filling this gap by exploring the PA pathways of military veterans with a physical disability, particularly those who maintain long-term PA, from impairment to the present. Veterans with a physical disability (N = 18) participated in interviews exploring their PA history and experiences. A reflexive thematic analysis was conducted to generate common pathways in PA participation, as well as to examine which elements of participation supported PA maintenance. Three long-term pathways were identified—two parasport pathways and one recreational PA pathway. Four elements of participation (i.e., mastery, challenge, belongingness, meaning) supported to maintain PA at key junctures. This knowledge provides further understanding of how to promote long-term PA for individuals with acquired disabilities and can support advancements in theory, as well as program development.
Additional Functional Performance Gains After 24-Week Unstable Strength Training With Cognitive Training in Community-Dwelling Healthy Older Adults: A Randomized Trial
Authors: de Oliveira Valéria Mayaly Alves , Pirauá André Luiz Torres , Cavalcante Bruno Remígio , Beltrão Natália Barros , de Farias Wevans Monthier , Pitangui Ana Carolina Rodarti , de Araújo Rodrigo Cappato 
Published: December 2020

The authors investigated the effects of unstable strength training (UST) without or with cognitive training (C+UST) on functional performance in community-dwelling older adults. A total of 50 participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to either 24 weeks of thrice-weekly UST (n = 25) or C+UST (n = 25). All participants performed moderate-intensity strength exercises using unstable surfaces, and C+UST participants simultaneously received cognitive training in addition to UST. Primary outcomes included measures of functional performance: single- and dual-task timed up and go tests. Secondary outcomes included dynamic balance, mobility, handgrip strength, flexibility, quality of life, and concern about falling. The authors observed similar improvements on functional performance through the interventions. The C+UST group experienced additional gains at completion (single-task timed up and go: −0.90 s, 95% confidence interval [–2.38, –0.03]; dual-task timed up and go: –4.80 s, 95% confidence interval [–8.65, –0.95]) compared with the UST group. Moreover, significant differences were observed in mobility (sitting-rising test: −1.34, 95% confidence interval [−2.00, −0.20]) at 24 weeks. Both exercise modes improved single-task functional performance, while adding cognitive-training-optimized dual-task functional performance gains.
Healthcare trajectories and costs in the last year of life: a retrospective primary care and hospital analysis
Authors: Luta Xhyljeta , Diernberger Katharina , Bowden Joanna , Droney Joanne , Howdon Daniel , Schmidlin Kurt , Rodwin Victor , Hall Peter , Marti Joachim 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesTo analyse healthcare utilisation and costs in the last year of life in England, and to study variation by cause of death, region of patient residence and socioeconomic status.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study. Individuals aged 60 years and over (N=108 510) who died in England between 2010 and 2017 were included in the study.ResultsHealthcare utilisation and costs in the last year of life increased with proximity to death, particularly in the last month of life. The mean total costs were higher among males (£8089) compared with females (£6898) and declined with age at death (£9164 at age 60–69 to £5228 at age 90+) with inpatient care accounting for over 60% of total costs. Costs decline with age at death (0.92, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.95, p<0.0001 for age group 90+ compared with to the reference category age group 60–69) and were lower among females (0.91, 95% CI 0.90 to 0.92, p<0.0001 compared with males). Costs were higher (1.09, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.14, p<0.0001) in London compared with other regions.ConclusionsHealthcare utilisation and costs in the last year of life increase with proximity to death, particularly in the last month of life. Finer geographical data and information on healthcare supply would allow further investigating whether people receiving more planned care by primary care and or specialist palliative care towards the end of life require less acute care.
Xsec: the cross-section evaluation code
Authors: Buckley Andy , Kvellestad Anders , Raklev Are , Scott Pat , Sparre Jon Vegard , Van den Abeele Jeriek , Vazquez-Holm Ingrid A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe evaluation of higher-order cross-sections is an important component in the search for new physics, both at hadron colliders and elsewhere. For most new physics processes of interest, total cross-sections are known at next-to-leading order (NLO) in the strong coupling $$\alpha _s$$

α
s

, and often beyond, via either higher-order terms at fixed powers of $$\alpha _s$$

α
s

, or multi-emission resummation. However, the computation time for such higher-order cross-sections is prohibitively expensive, and precludes efficient evaluation in parameter-space scans beyond two dimensions. Here we describe the software tool , which allows for fast evaluation of cross-sections based on the use of machine-learning regression, using distributed Gaussian processes trained on a pre-generated sample of parameter points. This first version of the code provides all NLO Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model strong-production cross-sections at the LHC, for individual flavour final states, evaluated in a fraction of a second. Moreover, it calculates regression errors, as well as estimates of errors from higher-order contributions, from uncertainties in the parton distribution functions, and from the value of $$\alpha _s$$

α
s

. While we focus on a specific phenomenological model of supersymmetry, the method readily generalises to any process where it is possible to generate a sufficient training sample.
Implementation of Targeted Temperature Management After Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Observations From the Los Angeles County Regional System
Authors: Hermel Melody , Bosson Nichole , Fang Andrea , French William J. , Niemann James T. , Sung Gene , Thomas Joseph L. , Shavelle David M. 
Published: December 2020

Background
Despite the benefits of targeted temperature management (TTM) for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest), implementation within the United States remains low. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with TTM use in a large, urban‐suburban regional system of care.

Methods and Results
This was a retrospective analysis from the Los Angeles County regional cardiac system of care serving a population of >10 million residents. All adult patients aged ≥18 years with non‐traumatic out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest transported to a cardiac arrest center from April 2011 to August 2017 were included. Patients awake and alert in the emergency department and patients who died in the emergency department before consideration for TTM were excluded. The primary outcome measure was prevalence of TTM use. The secondary analysis were annual trends in TTM use over the study period and factors associated with TTM use. The study population included 8072 patients; 4154 patients (51.5%) received TTM and 3767 patients (46.7%) did not receive TTM. Median age was 67 years, 4780 patients (59.2%) were men, 4645 patients (57.5%) were non‐White, and the most common arrest location was personal residence in 4841 patients (60.0%). In the adjusted analysis, younger age, male sex, an initial shockable rhythm, witnessed arrest, and receiving coronary angiography were associated with receiving TTM.

Conclusions
Within this regional system of care, use of TTM was higher than previously reported in the literature at just over 50%. Use of integrated systems of care may be a novel method to increase TTM use within the United States.
Role of Computed Tomography Perfusion in Identification of Acute Lacunar Stroke Syndromes
Authors: Garcia-Esperon Carlos , Visser Milanka , Churilov Leonid , Miteff Ferdinand , Bivard Andrew , Lillicrap Thomas , Levi Christopher R. , Spratt Neil J. , Parsons Mark W. 
Published: December 2020

Background and Purpose:
Lacunar syndromes correlate with a lacunar stroke on imaging in 50% to 60% of cases. Computed tomography perfusion (CTP) is becoming the preferred imaging modality for acute stroke triage. We aimed to estimate the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for noncontrast computed tomography and CTP in lacunar syndromes, and for cortical, subcortical, and posterior fossa regions.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis of confirmed ischemic stroke patients who underwent acute CTP and follow-up magnetic resonance imaging between 2010 and 2018 was performed. Brain noncontrast computed tomography and CTP were assessed independently by 2 stroke neurologists. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to estimate sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) for the detection of strokes in patients with lacunar syndromes using different CTP maps.

Results:
We found 106 clinical lacunar syndromes, but on diffusion-weighted imaging, these consisted of 59 lacunar, 33 cortical, and 14 posterior fossa strokes. The discrimination of ischemia identification was very poor using noncontrast computed tomography in all 3 regions, but good for cortical (AUC, 0.82) and poor for subcortical and posterior regions (AUCs, 0.55 and 0.66) using automated core-penumbra maps. The addition of delay time and mean transient time maps substantially increased subcortical (AUC, 0.80) and slightly posterior stroke detection (AUC, 0.69).

Conclusions:
Analysis of mean transient time and delay time maps in combination with core-penumbra maps improves detection of subcortical and posterior strokes.
Severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and massive ascites in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and secondary Sjogren’s syndrome
Authors: Yucel H , Vollmer O , Canuet M , Enache I , Kessler R , Korganow A S , Riou M 
Published: December 2020

Background Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), is a rare manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), characterized by pulmonary arterial remodeling leading to right ventricular failure and death. To date, optimal management of SLE-associated PAH should be clarified, especially regarding the respective places of immunosuppressants and PAH vasodilator treatments. Case report We report the case of a 48-year-old woman with SLE and secondary Sjogren syndrome, associated with severe PAH and lupus peritonitis with massive ascites, who showed a remarkable response, both for SLE flare and PAH, to a treatment combining immunosuppressants and pulmonary arterial vasodilator treatment. Conclusion This observation highlights the interest of combining immunosuppressive therapy in SLE-PAH, whose modalities in association with PAH treatments should be clarified.