bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Executive functions in youths with autism spectrum disorder and their unaffected siblings
Authors: Seng Guan-Jye , Tseng Wan-Ling , Chiu Yen-Nan , Tsai Wen-Che , Wu Yu-Yu , Gau Susan Shur-Fen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundExecutive dysfunction is one of the main cognitive theories of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Despite evidence of deficits in executive functions in individuals with ASD, little is known about executive dysfunctions as candidate cognitive endophenotypes for ASD. In this study, we investigated executive functions in youths with ASD, their unaffected siblings and typically developing controls (TDC).MethodsWe recruited 240 youths with a clinical diagnosis of ASD (aged 6–18 years), 147 unaffected siblings of ASD youths, and 240 TDC youths. TDC youths were recruited based on the age and sex distribution of the ASD youths. Participants were assessed using the verbal Digit Span test and four executive function tasks from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, including Intra-dimensional/Extra-dimensional Shift (I/ED), Spatial Span (SSP), Spatial Working Memory (SWM), and Stocking of Cambridge (SoC).ResultsASD youths, relative to TDC, performed significantly worse in executive function tasks assessing verbal working memory (forward and backward digit span), set-shifting (I/ED), visuospatial working memory (SSP, SWM), and planning/problem solving (SoC). Furthermore, unaffected siblings, relative to TDC, performed worse in forward and backward digit recalls and made more errors in SWM. These results were independent of the effects of age, sex, IQ, and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.ConclusionsOur findings support impaired executive functions in youths with ASD. However, unaffected siblings were mostly unimpaired except in the areas of verbal and spatial working memory, which may be potential cognitive endophenotypes for ASD.
Is that all there is? Or is chimpanzees group hunt “fair” enough?
Authors: Kaufmann Angelica 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTomasello claims that we lack convincing evidence that nonhuman animals manifest a sense of moral obligation (i.e., the concept of fairness) in their group activities. The philosophical analysis of distinctive evidence from ethology, namely group hunting practices among chimpanzees, can help the author appreciate the distinctive character of this behaviour as a display of fairness put into practice.
A hard choice for Tomasello
Authors: Pettit Philip 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Michael Tomasello explains the human sense of obligation by the role it plays in negotiating practices of acting jointly and the commitments they underwrite. He draws in his work on two models of joint action, one from Michael Bratman, the other from Margaret Gilbert. But Bratman's makes the explanation too difficult to succeed, and Gilbert's makes it too easy.
The sense of obligation is culturally modulated
Authors: Bender Andrea 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Tomasello argues in the target article that, in generalizing the concrete obligations originating from interdependent collaboration to one's entire cultural group, humans become “ultra-cooperators.” But are all human populations cooperative in similar ways? Based on cross-cultural studies and my own fieldwork in Polynesia, I argue that cooperation varies along several dimensions, and that the underlying sense of obligation is culturally modulated.
Tomasello on “we” and the sense of obligation
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Tomasello explores four interrelated phenomena: (1) joint intentional collaboration; (2) joint commitment; (3) “self-regulative pressure from ‘we’”; and (4) the sense of interpersonal obligation. He argues that the version of (1) that involves (2) is the “source” of (3) and so the source of (4). I note an issue that arises once we distinguish two versions of (3).
Obligations to whom, obligations to what? A philosophical perspective on the objects of our obligations
Authors: Kish Bar-On Kati 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Tomasello strives to understand the underlying psychology behind the human sense of obligation, but he only addresses a specific kind of obligation: to other human beings. We argue that in order to account for the psychological underpinning of human behavior, one should also consider people's sense of commitment to non-human entities, such as ideals, values, and moral principles.
The nature of obligation's special force
Authors: Olbrich David 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Tomasello's characterization of obligation as demanding and coercive is not an implication of the centrality of collaborative commitment. Not only is this characterization contentious, it appears to be falsified in some cases of personal conviction. The theory would be strengthened if the nature of obligation's force and collaborative commitment were directly linked, possibly through Tomasello's notions of identity and identification.
Tomasello's tin man of moral obligation needs a heart
Authors: Carpendale Jeremy I. M. , Lewis Charlie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In place of Tomasello's explanation for the source of moral obligation, we suggest that it develops from the concern for others already implicit in the human developmental system. Mutual affection and caring make the development of communication and thinking possible. Humans develop as persons within such relationships and this develops into respect and moral obligation.
Who are “we” and why are we cooperating? Insights from social psychology
Authors: Clark Margaret S. , Earp Brian D. , Crockett Molly J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Tomasello argues in the target article that a sense of moral obligation emerges from the creation of a collaborative “we” motivating us to fulfill our cooperative duties. We suggest that “we” takes many forms, entailing different obligations, depending on the type (and underlying functions) of the relationship(s) in question. We sketch a framework of such types, functions, and obligations to guide future research in our commentary.
A lifelong preoccupation with the sociality of moral obligation
Authors: Liberman Zoe , Du Bois John W. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Tomasello provides compelling evidence that children understand that people are morally obligated toward members of their social group. We call for expanding the scope of inquiry to encompass the full developmental trajectory of humans’ understanding of the relation between moral obligation, sociality, and stancetaking in interaction. We suggest that humans display a lifelong preoccupation with the sociality of moral obligation.
God and the Structure of the Transcendental Dialectic: On Willaschek’s Kant on the Sources of Metaphysics
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMarcus Willaschek’s new book Kant on the Sources of Metaphysics: The Dialectic of Pure Reason (Cambridge University Press, 2018) is a penetrating analysis of the Transcendental Dialectic of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. In his comments, the author first raises some questions concerning the structure of the Transcendental Dialectic (and Willaschek’s reconstruction of it) and then proposes that looking at the second Critique and continuing on into the third Critique will reveal more roles for the idea of God in Kant’s reconstruction of traditional metaphysics than Willaschek’s treatment suggests.
Health, federalism and the European Union: lessons from comparative federalism about the European Union
Authors: Greer Scott L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBringing together the results of a large-scale review of European Union (EU) policies affecting health and a large-scale analysis of social policy and federalism, this paper uses comparative federalism to identify the scope and tensions of EU health policy at the end of the Juncker Commission. Viewing health care and public health policy through the lens of comparative federalism highlights some serious structural flaws in EU health policy. The regulatory state form in which the EU has evolved makes it difficult for the EU to formulate a health policy that actually focuses on health. Of the three faces of EU health policy, which are health policy, internal market policy and fiscal governance, health policy is legally, politically and financially the weakest. A comparison of the EU to other federations suggests that this creates basic weaknesses in the EU's design: its key powers are regulatory and its redistribution minimal. No federal welfare state so clearly pools risks at a low level while making markets so forcefully or creating rights whose costs are born by other levels of government. This structure, understandable in light of the EU's history and development, limits its health and social policy initiatives and might not be stable over the long term.
Non-Judicial, Advisory, Yet Impactful? The Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee as a Gateway to Environmental Justice
Authors: Samvel Gor 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn accordance with Article 15 of the Aarhus Convention, the first meeting of the parties to this Convention established a non-judicial and consultative Compliance Committee to consider, among other matters, individual cases concerning compliance by parties with their obligations. The Committee is traditionally viewed as a non-judicial, soft mechanism and its rulings as non-binding, soft law. In recent years, however, to support the claim that rulings of the Committee have an impact and legal effects, some scholars have departed from the traditional perspective and characterized the Committee as a more judicialized mechanism, which issues legally binding rulings.This characterization assumes a correlation between judicialization and binding effect on the one hand, and legal effect on the other. The latter claim, however, has not been supported by a systematic assessment of the impact of the Committee's rulings on domestic practice. Against this background, the article assesses the impact of Article 9-related rulings of the Committee, issued between 2004 and 2012, on national legal orders. The assessment reveals that in fewer than 41% of the cases parties recorded some degree of compliance with the rulings of the Committee, whereas in 59% they recorded no progress. The quantitative assessment and respective qualitative insights, among other factors, suggest that the normative character of the Committee and its rulings play an auxiliary role in the process of ensuring compliance with the provisions of the Aarhus Convention. The decision of parties to comply is determined typically by the substance of the rulings as they stand in relation to domestic circumstances rather than by the institutional features of the Committee and binding effect of its rulings.
Self-Regulatory Aspects of Bullshitting and Bullshit Detection
Authors: Petrocelli John V. , Watson Haley F. , Hirt Edward R. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Two experiments investigate the role of self-regulatory resources in bullshitting behavior (i.e., communicating with little to no regard for evidence, established knowledge, or truth; Frankfurt, 1986 ; Petrocelli, 2018a ), and receptivity and sensitivity to bullshit. It is hypothesized that evidence-based communication and bullshit detection require motivation and considerably greater self-regulatory resources relative to bullshitting and insensitivity to bullshit. In Experiment 1 ( N = 210) and Experiment 2 ( N = 214), participants refrained from bullshitting only when they possessed adequate self-regulatory resources and expected to be held accountable for their communicative contributions. Results of both experiments also suggest that people are more receptive to bullshit, and less sensitive to detecting bullshit, under conditions in which they possess relatively few self-regulatory resources.
Continuity of the Mass Loss of the World's Glaciers and Ice Caps From the GRACE and GRACE Follow‐On Missions
Authors: Ciracì E. , Velicogna I. , Swenson S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe use time series of time‐variable gravity from the Gravitational Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow‐On (GRACE‐FO) missions to evaluate the mass balance of the world's glaciers and ice caps (GIC) for the time period April 2002 to September 2019, excluding Antarctica and Greenland peripheral glaciers. We demonstrate continuity of the mass balance record across the GRACE/GRACE‐FO data gap using independent data from the GMAO Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA‐2) reanalysis. We report an average mass loss of 281.5 ± 30 Gt/yr, an acceleration of 50 ± 20 Gt/yr per decade, and a 13‐mm cumulative sea level rise for the analyzed period. Seven regions dominate the mass loss, with the largest share from the Arctic: Alaska (72.5 ± 8 Gt/yr), Canadian Arctic Archipelago (73.0 ± 9 Gt/yr), Southern Andes (30.4 ± 13 Gt/yr), High Mountain Asia (HMA) (28.8 ± 11 Gt/yr), Russian Arctic (20.2 ± 6 Gt/yr), Iceland (15.9 ± 4 Gt/yr), and Svalbard (12.1 ± 4 Gt/yr). At the regional level, the analysis of acceleration is complicated by a strong interannual to decadal variability in mass balance that is well reproduced by the GRACE‐calibrated MERRA‐2 data.
An Investigation of the Encirclement of Mars by Dust in the 2018 Global Dust Storm Using EMARS
Authors: Gillespie H. E. , Greybush S. J. , Wilson R. J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDetermining how global dust storms originate and develop is one of the major challenges of Martian meteorology. We model the 2018 global dust storm using the Ensemble Mars Atmosphere Reanalysis System (EMARS), combining satellite observations with a Mars global climate model via data assimilation. A reanalysis is a valuable data set for this investigation because it is anchored to the real Martian atmosphere by temperature and dust observations, and the model provides full 4D coverage of wind fields, which are not directly observed and are key to assessing advection. Dust was observed to encircle the northern hemisphere early on in the storm's development. This encirclement could be caused by either the formation of new lifting centers along the path of observed encirclement or the advection of dust from active lifting center(s) elsewhere. Results from EMARS, including particle advection from inferred EMARS winds, provide evidence that the aforementioned dust encircling Mars's northern hemisphere may come from the initial lifting center of the storm, near Chryse Planitia. We propose that dust from the initial lifting center of the storm was entrained into the Martian Hadley circulation, with the assistance of the thermal tides, and then entrained into the northern hemisphere westerly jet.
Analysis of Active Neutron Measurements From the Mars Science Laboratory Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons Instrument: Intrinsic Variability, Outliers, and Implications for Future Investigations
Authors: Kerner H. R. , Hardgrove C. J. , Czarnecki S. , Gabriel T. S. J. , Mitrofanov I. G. , Litvak M. L. , Sanin A. B. , Lisov D. I. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) instrument onboard Mars Science Laboratory uses neutron die‐away, an active nuclear spectroscopy technique, to measure the abundance and depth distribution of hydrogen and neutron‐absorbing elements (e.g., Fe and Cl) in the top ∼0.5 m of the Mars subsurface. We examined the intrinsic variability in neutron die‐away data using simulated DAN measurements with a range of compositions relevant to equatorial and high‐latitude environments on Mars. Our analysis shows that the total neutron counts and timing of neutron arrival explain most variability in thermal neutron die‐away curves for a DAN‐like instrument configuration over homogeneous subsurfaces. We analyzed the variability in thermal neutron die‐away across a variety of elemental compositions that might be observed by DAN or future instruments. We found that when H concentration is low (e.g., in equatorial regions including Gale crater), neutron die‐away is most sensitive to variations in H. Conversely, when H concentration is high (e.g., in poleward regions of Mars or icy bodies), neutron die‐away is most sensitive to variations in neutron absorbers. We estimated that the H and neutron absorber concentrations in DAN measurements acquired Sols 1–2080 in Gale crater and found that most measurements had low H and moderate absorber content. We presented an outlier analysis of these measurements to identify targets with high potential scientific impact and found that most outliers along the traverse corresponded with abnormally low or high neutron absorber content measurements, some of which may be associated with high‐silica fracture‐associated halos and felsic igneous material.
Influences of Hillslope Biogeochemistry on Anaerobic Soil Organic Matter Decomposition in a Tundra Watershed
Authors: Philben Michael , Taş Neslihan , Chen Hongmei , Wullschleger Stan D. , Kholodov Alexander , Graham David E. , Gu Baohua 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe investigated rates and controls on greenhouse gas (CO2 and CH4) production in two contrasting water‐saturated tundra soils within a permafrost‐affected watershed near Nome, Alaska, United States. Three years of field sample analysis have shown that soil from a fen‐like area in the toeslope of the watershed had higher pH and higher porewater ion concentrations than soil collected from a bog‐like peat plateau at the top of the hillslope. The influence of these contrasting geochemical and topographic environments on CO2 and CH4 production was tested in soil microcosms by incubating both the organic‐ and mineral‐layer soils anaerobically for 55 days. Nitrogen (as NH4Cl) was added to half of the microcosms to test potential effects of N limitation on microbial greenhouse gas production. We found that the organic toeslope soils produced more CO2 and CH4, fueled by higher pH and higher concentrations of water‐extractable organic C (WEOC). Our results also indicate N limitation on CO2 production in the peat plateau soils but not the toeslope soils. Together these results suggest that the weathering and leaching of ions and nutrients from tundra hillslopes can increase the rate of anaerobic soil organic matter decomposition in downslope soils by (1) increasing the pH of soil porewater; (2) providing bioavailable WEOC and fermentation products such as acetate; and (3) relieving microbial N limitation through nutrient runoff. We conclude that the soil geochemistry as mediated by landscape position is an important factor influencing the rate and magnitude of greenhouse gas production in tundra soils.
Empirical Prediction of Short‐Term Annual Global Temperature Variability
Authors: Brown Patrick T. , Caldeira Ken 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGlobal mean surface air temperature (Tglobal) variability on subdecadal timescales can be of substantial magnitude relative to the long‐term global warming signal, and such variability has been associated with considerable environmental and societal impacts. Therefore, probabilistic foreknowledge of short‐termTglobalevolution may be of value for anticipating and mitigating some course‐resolution climate‐related risks. Here we present a simple, empirically based methodology that utilizes only global spatial patterns of annual mean surface air temperature anomalies to predict subsequent annualTglobalanomalies via partial least squares regression. The method's skill is primarily achieved via information on the state of long‐term global warming as well as the state and recent evolution of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. We test the out‐of‐sample skill of the methodology using cross validation and in a forecast mode where statistical predictions are made precisely as they would have been if the procedure had been operationalized starting in the year 2000. The average forecast errors for lead times of 1 to 4 years are smaller than naïve benchmarks on average, and they perform favorably relative to most dynamical Global Climate Models retrospectively initialized to the observed state of the climate system. Thus, this method can be used as a computationally efficient benchmark for dynamical model forecast systems.
Spatial Scales of Heavy Meiyu Precipitation Events in Eastern China and Associated Atmospheric Processes
Authors: Du Y. , Xie Z. Q. , Miao Q. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAnalysis of ground‐based and remotely retrieved precipitation data reveals that heavy Meiyu precipitation events (HMPEs) produce a relatively independent rain belt over eastern China. A rotating calipers algorithm is applied to quantify the spatial scales of HMPEs. We find that HMPEs have regular spatial scales with an average length, width, and extent of about 1,400 km, 500 km, and 40.00 × 104 km2, respectively, through a comprehensive assessment of different types of HMPE, illustrating that HMPEs have a size similar to that of the subsynoptic‐scale Meiyu front (1,500–2,000 km). Convective activities along the Meiyu front zone and the upper westerly jet stream strongly affect the position and orientation of rain belts of HMPEs. The Meiyu front zone, strong vertical motions, and large transport of warm moisture have a comparable spatial scale to the HMPE rain belts over eastern China.
Inverse Cascade Evidenced by Information Entropy of Passive Scalars in Submerged Canopy Flows
Authors: Ghannam Khaled , Poggi Davide , Bou‐Zeid Elie , Katul Gabriel G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTurbulent mixing of scalars within canopies is investigated using a flume experiment with canopy‐like rods of height h mounted to the channel bed. The data comprised a time sequence of high‐resolution images of a dye recorded in a plane parallel to the bed at z/h= 0.2. Image processing shows that von Kármán wakes shed by canopy drag and downward turbulent transport from upper canopy layers impose distinct scaling regimes on the scalar spectrum. Measures from information theory are then used to explore the dominant directionality of the interaction between small and large scales underlying these two spectral regimes, showing that the arrival of sweeps from aloft establishes an inertial‐range spectrum with forward “information” cascade. In contrast, wake growth with downstream distance leads to persistent upscale transfer (inverse cascade) of scalar variance, which hints at their nondiffusive character and the significance of the stem diameter as an active length scale in canopy turbulence.
Interannual to Decadal Response of the Indonesian Throughflow Vertical Profile to Indo‐Pacific Forcing
Authors: Li Mingting , Gordon Arnold L. , Gruenburg Laura K. , Wei Jun , Yang Song 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) inflow through the Sulawesi, Maluku, and Halmahera Seas and the ITF outflow into the eastern tropical Indian Ocean, based on reanalysis and model data, are used to investigate the interannual to decadal response of the ITF vertical profile to Indo‐Pacific forcing. The thermocline (upper 300 m) inflow, driven by the North Pacific Ocean, negatively responds to El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with almost no lag; while the thermocline outflow lags by 5–7 months. The sub‐thermocline (300–760 m) inflow, which is influenced by both the North and South Pacific, positively responds to ENSO and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) indices with 13 months lag and displays a long‐term trend tracking the IPO index. Influenced by eastern Indian Ocean variations, the sub‐thermocline outflow positively correlates with the ENSO and IPO indices with about 7–9 months lag, a shorter lag time than the inflow.