bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical Students and Internet Addiction: A Study at Bolan University of Medical and Health Sciences Quetta, Pakistan
Authors: Khosa Zulfiqar , Bazai M. Yaseen , Khosa Abdullah Zulfiqar , Sana Hamaiyal 
Published: May 2020

Objective: The use of internet is unavoidable in daily life. The young individuals are more prone to this condition. Beside many good benefits certain hazards are indicative richly observed in adolescent. The addiction test for internet usage is largely popular by using Internet Addiction Test IAT globally. This study is designed to assess and explore the internet addiction among Pakistani adolescents.
Methods: 300 medical students of Bolan University of Medical and Health Sciences aged from 18-25 years randomly selected for this study. Data collected based on scoring Internet Addiction Test 20 questionnaire. Factor categorization with Internet addiction assessment measured and analyzed according to age groups and gender specification.
Results: The study results explored the addiction level of students. No sign of addiction seen in 32.33% (n=97) of students. Low and moderate level of addiction found in 46% (n=138) students and sever form of internet addiction seen in 21.66% (n=65) of medical students.
Conclusion: On the outcomes of current study, the measures should be seen for social and emotional behaviors and positive time given to internet use. Selected prevention measures should be planned for adolescent based on internet addiction.
The Potential Corrosiveness of Soil Physico- Chemical Properties on Pipelines
Authors: Odesiri-Eruteyan Eunice Asiboroko , Owarieta Urhibo Voke , Tochukwu Nnaji Praise , Favour Efenudu 
Published: May 2020

Aim: The study was conducted to determine the potential corrosiveness of selected soil physicochemical properties on pipelines.
Study Design: Soil samples were randomly collected around five pipeline locations with control from a farmland.
Duration of Study: The study lasted for three months.
Methodology: Standard methods were adopted in the collection of samples and the determination of the physicochemical properties of the samples.
Results: Metallic pipelines undergo more regular corrosion because they are used in environments like soil where they are chemically unstable. Soil physicochemical properties such as soil moisture, texture, pH and temperature, sulphate, chloride, redox potential and resistivity were determined. The pH of the five soil samples was acidic (pH =4.0 – 6.5), The highest moisture content was 22.88% while the lowest was 9.84%. The soil samples the potential of being corrosive to the buried galvanized-steel and cast-iron pipes. Delta Steel Company (DSC) roundabout had the highest sulphate content of 724.13 mg/kg while the lowest was Oleh with 156.14 mg/kg. The highest percentage of Total Organic Carbon was 0.52% and the lowest was 0.40%.
Conclusion: Besides pipeline vandalization, pipeline corrosion may likely be one of the major causes of oil spillage in localized underground pipelines within the region. There is, therefore, an urgent need for computerized sensors to assist in the monitoring of underground pipeline integrity in Nigeria.
Somali American Boys with Autism: Examining Three Educational Transitions Through Capital Theory
Authors: Baker Diana , Ackerman Lyndsey , Pohl Phoebe , Kim Hyejung 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study examines collaboration between American special educators and Somali American families of boys with autism through the lens of capital theory. Subthemes are organized according to phases in the educational planning process, from ongoing and pre-meeting interactions through finalization of the Individualized Education Program (IEP). Results reveal that within a homogenous group (i.e., families of Somali American boys with autism) differences in, for example, immigration history or parents' educational backgrounds can facilitate or impede access to capital (economic, social, cultural). Across the phases, families who leverage capital effectively participate more actively in educational planning. Additionally, findings suggest that children whose families have more access to social and cultural capital tend to enroll in better-resourced schools even if they themselves live in under-resourced school districts. This fact affects their educational trajectories and their families' experiences of collaboration. Implications for practice are discussed.
Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Pupils in Primary Schools in Ghana
Authors: Ntiakoh-Ayipah Daniel , Dogbe Joslin Alexei , Opoku Maxwell Peprah , Twum Frank , Owusu Michael , Kumi Hammond , Afari Priscilla , Donnir Gordon 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In recent times, international deliberations have centered on inaccessibility of essential services to persons with disabilities. These systematic discriminations have accounted for high rates of poverty and deplorable living standards among persons with disabilities. Deliberate attempts are being made to safeguard the rights and well-being of persons with disabilities. In Ghana, one major development is the implementation of inclusive education, to open regular classrooms to children with disabilities. While much is known about the challenges faced by teachers, in terms of lacking skills, facilities and resources to teach students with disabilities in regular classrooms, little attention has been given to their ability to identify students with disabilities. This case study explored the prevalence, common sub-types and distribution of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among pupils in primary schools in Ghana. The school and home version of the ADHD Rating Scale IV were used to rate 374 pupils by their teachers and parents. Cluster sampling was used to select 15 schools from a district to take part in this study. The estimated prevalence of ADHD was 7% and more boys were identified with ADHD than girls. With regards to teachers' ratings, most of the pupils fell under inattentive sub-type while hyperactive was the most common sub-type identified by parents. Both teachers and parents identified twenty-one pupils. The need for stakeholders' engagement on public education on ADHD its symptoms and management, have been discussed extensively.
Fermi Level Engineering of Passivation and Electron Transport Materials for p‐Type CuBi2O4 Employing a High‐Throughput Methodology
Authors: Zhang Zemin , Lindley Sarah A. , Guevarra Dan , Kan Kevin , Shinde Aniketa , Gregoire John M. , Han Weihua , Xie Erqing , Haber Joel A. , Cooper Jason K. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMetal oxide semiconductors are promising for solar photochemistry if the issues of excessive charge carrier recombination and material degradation can be resolved, which are both influenced by surface quality and interface chemistry. Coating the semiconductor with an overlayer to passivate surface states is a common remedial strategy but is less desirable than application of a functional coating that can improve carrier extraction and reduce recombination while mitigating corrosion. In this work, a data‐driven materials science approach utilizing high‐throughput methodologies, including inkjet printing and scanning droplet electrochemical cell measurements, is used to create and evaluate multi‐element coating libraries to discover new classes of candidate passivation and electron‐selective contact materials for p‐type CuBi2O4. The optimized overlayer (Cu1.5TiOz) improves the onset potential by 110 mV, the photocurrent by 2.8×, and the absorbed photon‐to‐current efficiency by 15.5% compared to non‐coated photoelectrodes. It is shown that these enhancements are related to reduced surface recombination through passivation of surface defect states as well as improved carrier extraction efficiency through Fermi level engineering. This work presents a generalizable, high‐throughput method to design and optimize passivation materials for a variety of semiconductors, providing a powerful platform for development of high‐performance photoelectrodes for incorporation into solar‐fuel generation systems.
High‐Throughput Screening and Hierarchical Topography‐Mediated Neural Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Yang Liangliang , Jurczak Klaudia Malgorzata , Ge Lu , van Rijn Patrick 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBiophysical factors such as anisotropic topography composed of micro/nanosized structures are important for directing the fate of human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM‐MSCs) and have been applied to neuronal differentiation. Via high‐throughput screening (HTS) methods based on topography gradients, the optimum topography is determined and translated toward a hierarchical architecture designed to mimic the nerve nano/microstructure. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)‐based topography gradient with amplitudes (A) from 541 to 3073 nm and wavelengths (W) between 4 and 30 µm is developed and the fate commitment of MSC toward neuron lineage is investigated. The hierarchical structures, combining nano‐ and microtopography (W0.3/W26 parallel/perpendicular) are fabricated to explore the combined topography effects on neuron differentiation. From the immunofluorescent staining results (Tuj1 and MAP2), the substrate characterized by W: 26 µm; A: 2.9 µm shows highest potential for promoting neurogenesis. Furthermore, the hierarchical features (W0.3/W26 parallel) significantly enhance neural differentiation. The hBM‐MSCs on the hierarchical substrates exhibit a significantly lower percentage of nuclear Yes‐associated protein (YAP)/TAZ and weaker cell contractility indicating that the promoted neurogenesis is mediated by the cell tension and YAP/TAZ pathway. This research provides new insight into designing biomaterials for applications in neural tissue engineering and contributes to the understanding of topography‐mediated neuronal differentiation.
3D Printed Mechanically Robust Graphene/CNT Electrodes for Highly Efficient Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Peng Meiwen , Shi Danli , Sun Yinghui , Cheng Jian , Zhao Bo , Xie Yiming , Zhang Junchang , Guo Wei , Jia Zheng , Liang Zhiqiang , Jiang Lin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract3D printing of graphene electrodes with high mechanical strength has been a growing interest in the development of advanced energy, environment, and electronic systems, yet is extremely challenging. Herein, a 3D printed bioinspired electrode of graphene reinforced with 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (3DP GC) with both high flexural strength and hierarchical porous structure is reported via a 3D printing strategy. Mechanics modeling reveals the critical role of the 1D CNTs in the enhanced flexural strength by increasing the friction and adhesion between the 2D graphene nanosheets. The 3DP GC electrodes hold distinct advantages: i) an intrinsically high flexural strength that enables their large‐scale applications; and ii) a hierarchical porous structure that offers large surface area and interconnected channels, endowing fast mass and/or charge and ions transport rate, which is thus beneficial for acting as an ideal catalyst carrier. The 3DP GC electrode integrated with a NiFeP nanosheets array exhibits a voltage of 1.58 V at 30 mA cm−2 as bifunctional electrode for water splitting, which is much better than most of the reported Ni‐, Co‐, and Fe‐based bifunctional electrocatalysts. Importantly, this study paves the way for the practical applications of 3D printed graphene electrodes in many energy conversion/storage, environmental, and electronic systems where high flexural strength is preferred.
Oligothiophene‐Based Phosphonates for Surface Modification of Ultraflat Transparent Conductive Oxides
Authors: Timpel Melanie , Nardi Marco V. , Wegner Berthold , Ligorio Giovanni , Pasquali Luca , Hildebrandt Jana , Pätzel Michael , Hecht Stefan , Ohta Hiromichi , Koch Norbert 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe self‐assembly of electroactive organic molecules on transparent conductive oxides is a versatile strategy to engineer the interfacial energy‐level alignment and to enhance charge carrier injection in optoelectronic devices. Via chemical grafting of an aromatic oligothiophene molecule by changing the position of the phosphonic acid anchoring group with respect to the organic moiety (terminal and internal), the direction of the main molecular dipole is changed, i.e., from parallel to perpendicular to the substrate, to study the molecular arrangement and electronic properties at the organic–inorganic interface. It is found that the observed work function increase cannot solely be predicted based on the calculated molecular dipole moment of the oligothiophene‐based phosphonates. In addition, charge transfer from the substrate to the molecule has to be taken into account. Molecular assembly and induced electronic changes are analogous for both indium‐tin oxide (ITO) and zinc oxide (ZnO), demonstrating the generality of the approach and highlighting the direct correlation between molecular coverage and electronic effects.
The Manipulation of Molecular Aggregation Behavior: Underwater Superoleophobic/Underoil Superhydrophobic Gels from the Same Matrix for Oil/Water Separation
Authors: Hu Junyi , Ding Cong , Wang Caoyu , Cao Feifei , Zheng Xinsheng , Zhang Geng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractManipulating the molecular aggregation behavior plays an important role in many fields. Here, by manipulating the molecular aggregation behavior, it is the first time that the same benzoxazine molecule is used to synthesize two kinds of gel materials with underwater superoleophobic and underoil superhydrophobic properties. Meanwhile, these materials are successfully used to separate surfactant‐stabilized water‐in‐oil and oil‐in‐water emulsions. The relationship between the surface properties and molecular aggregation behavior is analyzed. Controlling molecular aggregation behavior is essential to allow the molecules reach the most stable state spontaneously (where the Gibbs free energy is the smallest under constant temperature and pressure) under different environmental conditions. This research may open a new pathway to construct different functional materials by using the same molecule, and also provide a basis for other fields to achieve various applications by manipulating the molecular aggregation behaviors.
Pt0.25Ru0.75/N‐C as Highly Active and Durable Electrocatalysts toward Alkaline Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Cong Yuanyuan , Chai Chunxiao , Zhao Xinwei , Yi Baolian , Song Yujiang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA series of uniform 3.0–3.8 nm Pt1−xRux particles supported on nitrogen‐doped carbon (N‐C) is synthesized by wet‐impregnation, high‐temperature reduction, and high‐temperature NH3 etching. As far as it is known, the resultant Pt0.25Ru0.75/N‐C exhibits the highest activity toward alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in terms of mass specific exchange current density (j0,m, 1654 A gPtRu−1), that is 4.7 and 1.4 times of commercial Pt/C (352 A gPt−1) and PtRu/C (1213 A gPtRu−1), respectively. The remarkable activity originates from a high electrochemical active surface area (ECSA), weakened hydrogen binding energy (HBE), and appropriate oxophilic property. Additionally, the Pt0.25Ru0.75/N‐C displays much improved durability during potential cycling with respect to commercial Pt/C and commercial PtRu/C, likely arising from the stabilizing effect of nitrogen dopant of N‐C on Pt0.25Ru0.75. Furthermore, the single cell fabricated with 0.08 mgPt cm−2 of the Pt0.25Ru0.75/N‐C as the anode reaches a peak power density of 831 mW cm−2, which is 1.8 and 1.1 times of that fabricated with 0.2 mgPt cm−2 of commercial Pt/C and 0.13 mgPt cm−2 of commercial PtRu/C as the anode, respectively. This study exhibits that low‐platinum alkaline HOR electrocatalyst should be a highly promising approach for hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs).
Shape‐Designable and Size‐Tunable Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Micro‐Ring Resonator Arrays
Authors: Li Shun‐Xin , Xia Hong , Zhang Guo‐Ping , Xu Xiao‐Lu , Yang Ying , Wang Gong , Sun Hong‐Bo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMicro‐ring resonators are widely used in many fields due to their compact structure, high integration, and rich functions. In recent years, perovskite materials have been widely concerned because of their superior properties and various shapes of perovskite‐based optical resonators have been achieved. Despite the excellent photoelectric properties of perovskite materials, it is difficult to realize micro‐ring resonators based on perovskite materials due to its tendency to crystallize into cubic structures. Here, this problem is solved by a microstructure edge‐guided crystallization method to fabricate shape‐designable and size‐tunable methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) micro‐ring resonator arrays with high performance.
Ionic Aggregation‐Induced Emission: Bulky Hydrophobic Counterions Light Up Dyes in Polymeric Nanoparticles
Authors: Aparin Ilya O. , Melnychuk Nina , Klymchenko Andrey S. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDye‐loaded polymeric nanoparticles emerge as powerful bioimaging tools, but their assembly is challenged by aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) of flat fluorophores. Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) proposes an effective solution against ACQ by exploiting propeller‐shaped neutral fluorophores without polymeric blending. Fighting ACQ of ionic dyes in polymeric nanoparticles can be achieved by bulky hydrophobic counterions. Here, it is aimed to generate an AIE phenomenon in poorly emissive ionic dyes using bulky counterions. Three cationic hemicyanine dyes of styryl pyridinium family are synthesized: two planar fluorophores featuring ACQ and one propeller‐shaped AIE fluorophore. It is found that, in water, bulky fluorinated tetraphenylborates can light up all three dyes, including planar non‐AIE fluorophores. The described “ionic” AIE (iAIE) with bulky counterions enables preparation of 50‐nm dye‐loaded polymeric nanoparticles showing 40% quantum yield at 500 mm dye loading, whereas small anions favor poorly emissive large aggregates. Single‐particle microscopy reveals that these nanoparticles emit without blinking 50‐fold brighter than commercial quantum dots “Qdot 605” (at 470‐nm excitation). iAIE opens the route to assembling charged intrinsically non‐AIE fluorophores into bright fluorescent (nano)materials.
Generation of Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Exosomes to Detect and Deplete Protumorigenic M2 Macrophages
Authors: Rashid Mohammad Harun , Borin Thaiz F. , Ara Roxan , Alptekin Ahmet , Liu Yutao , Arbab Ali S. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGiven their protumorigenic function and prevalence in most malignant tumors with lower survival; early detection, and intervention of CD206‐positive M2 macrophages may boost the clinical outcome. To determine in vivo distribution of M2 macrophages, 111In‐oxine‐based radiolabeling of the targeted exosomes is adopted. When these radiolabeled targeted exosomes are injected into breast tumor‐bearing mice, exosomes accumulate at the periphery of the primary tumor, metastatic foci in the lungs, spleen, and liver. Ex vivo quantification of radioactivity also shows similar distribution. Injecting DiI dye‐labeled exosomes into the same mice shows adherence of exosomes to the CD206‐positive M2 macrophages on ex vivo fluorescent microscopy imaging. In addition, these engineered exosomes are utilized to carry the Fc portion of IgG2b with the intention of augmenting antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. It is demonstrated that M2 macrophage targeting therapeutic exosomes deplete M2 macrophages both in vitro and in vivo, and reduce tumor burden, increasing survival in a metastatic breast cancer model.
Enzyme‐Triggered Disassembly of Perylene Monoimide‐based Nanoclusters for Activatable and Deep Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Cai Yang , Ni Dongqi , Cheng Wenyu , Ji Chendong , Wang Yaling , Müllen Klaus , Su Zhiqiang , Liu Ying , Chen Chunying , Yin Meizhen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) exhibits great potential for cancer therapy, but still suffers from nonspecific photosensitivity and poor penetration of photosensitizer. Herein, a smart perylene monoimide‐based nanocluster capable of enzyme‐triggered disassembly is reported as an activatable and deeply penetrable photosensitizer. A novel carboxylesterase (CE)‐responsive tetrachloroperylene monoimide (P1) was synthesized and assembled with folate‐decorated albumins into a nanocluster (FHP) with a diameter of circa 100 nm. Once P1 is hydrolyzed by the tumor‐specific CE, FHP disassembles into ultrasmall nanoparticles (ca. 10 nm), facilitating the deep tumor penetration of FHP. Furthermore, such enzyme‐triggered disassembly of FHP leads to enhanced fluorescence intensity (ca. 8‐fold) and elevated singlet oxygen generation ability (ca. 4‐fold), enabling in situ near‐infrared fluorescence imaging and promoted PDT. FHP permits remarkable tumor inhibition in vivo with minimal side effects through imaging‐guided, activatable, and deep PDT. This work confirms that this cascaded multifunctional control through enzyme‐triggered molecular disassembly is an effective strategy for precise cancer theranostics.
Molecularly Engineered 6FDA‐Based Polyimide Membranes for Sour Natural Gas Separation
Authors: Liu Zhongyun , Liu Yang , Qiu Wulin , Koros William J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGlassy polyimide membranes are attractive for industrial applications in sour natural gas purification. Unfortunately, the lack of fundamental understanding of relationships between polyimide chemical structures and their gas transport properties in the presence of H2S constrains the design and engineering of advanced membranes for such challenging applications. Herein, 6FDA‐based polyimide membranes with engineered structures were synthesized to tune their CO2/CH4 and H2S/CH4 separation performances and plasticization properties. Under ternary mixed sour gas feeds, controlling polymer chain packing and plasticization tendency of such polyimide membranes via tuning the chemical structures were found to offer better combined H2S and CO2 removal efficiency compared to conventional polymers. Fundamental insights into structure–property relationships of 6FDA‐based polyimide membranes observed in this study offer guidance for next generation membranes for sour natural gas separation.
Chemical Synthesis and Immunological Evaluation of Helicobacter pylori Serotype O6 Tridecasaccharide O‐Antigen Containing a dd‐Heptoglycan
Authors: Tian Guangzong , Hu Jing , Qin Chunjun , Li Lingxin , Zou Xiaopeng , Cai Juntao , Seeberger Peter H. , Yin Jian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe development of glycoconjugate vaccines against Helicobacter pylori is challenging. An exact epitope of the H. pylori lipo‐polysaccharide (LPS) O‐antigens that contain Lewis determinant oligosaccharides and unique dd‐heptoglycans has not yet been identified. Reported here is the first total synthesis of H. pylori serotype O6 tridecasaccharide O‐antigen containing a terminal Ley tetrasaccharide, a unique α‐(1→3)‐, α‐(1→6)‐, and α‐(1→2)‐linked heptoglycan, and a β‐d‐galactose connector, by an [(2×1)+(3+8)] assembly sequence. Seven oligosaccharides covering different portions of the entire O‐antigen were prepared for immunological investigations with a particular focus on elucidation of the roles of the dd‐heptoglycan and Ley tetrasaccharide. Glycan microarray analysis of sera from rabbits immunized with isolated serotype O6 LPS revealed a humoral immune response to the α‐(1→3)‐linked heptoglycan, a key motif for designing glycoconjugate vaccines for H. pylori serotype O6.