bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bivalirudin during thrombolysis with catheter‐directed tPA in a heparin‐refractory patient: A case report
Authors: Regling Katherine , Callaghan Michael U. , Rajpurkar Madhvi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractVenous thromboembolism has increasing significance in hospitalized pediatric patients. Patients who have life‐threatening or limb‐threatening thrombotic events require thrombolysis in addition to anticoagulation. In patients who show signs of heparin resistance or heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia, it is imperative to identify alternative therapeutic options. We present a child in whom bivalirudin was used for systemic anticoagulation during catheter‐directed thrombolysis along with tissue plasminogen activator (Alteplase®) for the treatment of a near‐occlusive organ‐threatening thrombus. We also review the currently available literature on the use of combination therapy of an intravenous direct thrombin inhibitor with alteplase.
Study of the synergistic effect of boron nitride and carbon nanotubes in the improvement of thermal conductivity of epoxy composites
Authors: Isarn Isaac , Bonnaud Leïla , Massagués Lluís , Serra Àngels , Ferrando Francesc 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe enhancement of the thermal conductivity, keeping the electrical insulation, of epoxy thermosets through the addition of pristine and oxidized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and microplatelets of boron nitride (BN) was studied. Two different epoxy resins were selected: a cycloaliphatic (ECC) epoxy resin and a glycidylic (DGEBA) epoxy resin. The characteristics of the composites prepared were evaluated and compared in terms of thermal, thermomechanical, rheological and electrical properties. Two different dispersion methods were used in the addition of pristine and oxidized CNTs depending on the type of epoxy resin used. Slight changes in the kinetics of the curing reaction were observed in the presence of the fillers. The addition of pristine CNTs led to a greater enhancement of the mechanical properties of the ECC composite whereas the oxidized CNTs presented a greater effect in the DGEBA matrix. The addition of CNTs alone led to a marked decrease of the electrical resistivity of the composites. Nevertheless, in the presence of BN, which is an electrically insulating material, it was possible to increase the proportion of pristine CNTs to 0.25 wt% in the formulation without deterioration of the electrical resistivity. A small but significant synergic effect was determined when both fillers were added together. Improvements of about 750% and 400% in thermal conductivity were obtained in comparison to the neat epoxy matrix for the ECC and DGEBA composites, respectively. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Changes in standing stability with balance‐based torso‐weighting with cerebellar ataxia: A pilot study
Authors: Widener Gail L. , Conley Nicole , Whiteford Sarah , Gee Jason , Harrell Anthony , Gibson‐Horn Cynthia , Block Valerie , Allen Diane D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesPeople with cerebellar ataxia have few options to improve the standing stability they need for function. Strategic placement of light weights on the torso using the balance‐based torso‐weighting (BBTW) method has improved stability and reduced falls in people with multiple sclerosis, but has not been tested in cerebellar ataxia. We examined whether torso‐weighting increased standing stability and/or functional movement in people with cerebellar ataxia.MethodsTen people with cerebellar ataxia and 10 matched controls participated in this single‐session quasi‐experimental pilot study. People with ataxia performed the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) prior to clinical testing. All participants donned inertial sensors that recorded postural sway; stopwatches recorded duration for standing and mobility tasks. All participants stood for up to 30 s on firm and foam surfaces with eyes open then eyes closed, and performed the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Light weights (0.57–1.25 kg) were strategically applied to a vest‐like garment. Paired t tests compared within‐group differences with and without BBTW weights. Independent t tests assessed differences from controls. All t tests were one‐tailed with alpha set at .05.ResultsDuration of standing for people with ataxia was significantly longer with weighting (p = .004); all controls stood for the maximum time of 120 s with and without weights. More severe ataxia according to SARA was moderately correlated with greater improvement in standing duration with BBTW (Pearson r = .54). Tasks with more sensory challenges (eyes closed, standing on firm surface) showed less body sway with weighting. Duration for the TUG was unchanged by torso‐weighting in people with ataxia.ConclusionStrategic weighting improved standing stability but not movement speed in people with ataxia. BBTW has potential for improving stability and response to challenging sensory conditions in this population. Future studies should further examine gait stability measures along with movement speed.
Probenecid‐Boosted Tenofovir: A Physiologically‐Based Pharmacokinetic Model‐Informed Strategy for On‐Demand HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis
Authors: Liu Stephanie N. , Desta Zeruesenay , Gufford Brandon T. 
Published: November 2019

Multiple doses of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) together with emtricitabine is effective for HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). TDF is converted to tenofovir (TFV) in circulation, which is subsequently cleared via tubular secretion by organic ion transporters (OATs; OAT1 and OAT3). Using in vitro kinetic parameters for TFV and the OAT1 and OAT3 inhibitor probenecid, a bottom‐up physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic model was successfully developed for the first time that accurately describes the probenecid–TFV interaction. This model predicted an increase in TFV plasma exposure by 60%, which was within 15% of the observed clinical pharmacokinetic data, and a threefold decrease in renal cells exposure following coadministration of a 600 mg TDF dose with 2 g probenecid. When compared with multiple‐dose regimens, a single‐dose probenecid‐boosted TDF regimen may be effective for HIV PrEP and improve adherence and safety by minimizing TFV‐induced nephrotoxicity by reducing TFV accumulation in renal cells.
Online diagnosis of broken rotor bar fault of squirrel‐cage induction motor using a magnetic field measuring coil
Authors: Wu Yucai , An Qingfei 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBroken rotor bar (BRB) fault may cause deterioration of motor performance and interfere with normal production. Accurate detection of BRB fault is helpful in arranging overhaul and replacing equipment in advance. According to the theory of magnetic potential balance, the variation rule of the air‐gap flux density of the squirrel‐cage induction motor (IM) before and after the BRB fault is deduced in this paper. A large‐size measuring coil is embedded inside one stator slot wedge, and BRB fault is diagnosed by combining the time‐domain and frequency‐domain characteristics of the induced voltage of the measuring coil. In the stage of validity verification, a 200 kW and a 7.5 kW squirrel‐cage IM are selected to complete the finite element simulation and fault‐simulation experiments, respectively. Compared with the traditional motor current signal analysis method, the detection performance of BRB fault under different load levels is verified, which provides a new solution for the fault diagnosis of BRB fault of the squirrel‐cage IM. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Frames and facilitators by China in promoting the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
Authors: Gao May Hongmei 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMuch larger than the U.S. Marshall Plan, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), with over $5 trillion global infrastructure projects, is a major undertaking by the international communities, proposed by the Chinese government. Adopting a multimethod approach of employing textual analysis, participant observation, and framing analysis, this article uncovers that Chinese government and state‐run media promote BRI with proper rhetorical frames and institutional facilitators. The six frames are “Development,” “Mutual respect and mutual trust,” “Ancient Silk Road Story,” “Action Speaks Louder than Words,” “China is a Partner, not a Colonialist,” and “Win‐Win.” Since 1949 and especially in the past two decades, China has cultivated a global ecosystem with at least nine facilitators that support BRI. These facilitators are Chinese Soft Power, South–South Cooperation, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, China & ASEAN FTA, RCEP, 16+1, AIIB, Silk Road Fund, and The New Development Bank. With BRI, China leads a new wave of globalization: Globalization 5.0. This article proposes a three‐step strategy for Western companies to benefit from the China‐led Belt and Road Initiative: from rising above pre‐existing frames in your mind (stereotypes), to be open minded for new frames (new thinking), to participate in BRI for win–win outcomes (opportunities).
Nipples and the Digital Community
Authors: Stjernfelt Frederik , Lauritzen Anne Mette 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn a Danish context, the first time the public was exposed to these flaws was in 2012. It was the seemingly banal case of documentary writer Peter Øvig Knudsen, who published the two-volume book Hippie about the Danish hippie movement and their so-called Thy Camp in 1970. The photo documentation of these books included photos from the camp, where hippies walked around naked, swam undressed and the like. It was, of course, a central part of the hippie movement. These seemingly innocent documentary photos, however, turned out to violate several standards of several tech giants.
Entrusting Government Control to Private Tech Giants
Authors: Stjernfelt Frederik , Lauritzen Anne Mette 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSeen from the offices of the CEO’s, the current public turmoil faced by the tech giants must be rather confusing. On the one hand, agitated politicians and intellectuals demand that the companies engage still more in the removal of content—of “hate speech”, “fake news”, extremism, defamation, Russian bots, nipples, pejoratives and a wide range of other things. On the other hand, a number of politicians and intellectuals—among them the authors of this very book—are accusing the giants of already removing way too much content, applying their narrow but at the same time vaguely worded community standards and the murky and uncontrollable enforcement of them. Unfortunately, the former of the two tendencies seems to have the upper hand at the moment.
The First Digital Losers
Authors: Stjernfelt Frederik , Lauritzen Anne Mette 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAs we have seen, censorship is a real and serious problem when it comes to the tech giants. However, when they use the word “censorship” themselves, they often have something completely different in mind. That other something is copyright. Not surprisingly, the tech giants oppose copyright protections, since they wish to attract users by offering free access to a world of alluring content. Thus, by praising copyright infringements as though they were a matter of practicing free speech, they end up abusing the honorable name and reputation of free speech itself.
Trust Busting the Tech Giants?
Authors: Stjernfelt Frederik , Lauritzen Anne Mette 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn light of the many problems caused by the tech giants’ somewhat opaque transformation of the public sphere, it is quite necessary to ask the question of how they can be brought to show greater accountability when it comes to the public sphere. It is not just a matter of pushing a few buttons—there are elementary structural defects to the very setup. There are two ways to change this: the coercive or the voluntary. The first is often discussed in terms of the increasingly monopolistic behavior of the giants. We have already touched upon their dominant role in the market. The present situation is a far cry from the anarchist—or free-market liberalist—Internet of the 1990s, with its diversity of users and small companies all competing with each other. The dot-com bubble burst around the turn of the millennium and wiped out many of the small firms, helping to usher in the next phase, the 2000s. Here, a few companies gradually gained control of the market, only to become the world’s richest during the 2010s. Scrooge McDuck’s amazing career from shoeshine boy to the richest duck in the world has long been replaced by the story of Mark the Nerd who founded Facebook in his college dorm room in 2004, and long before turning 30 became one of the world’s most wealthy and powerful people. Facebook and Google are approaching a duopoly in the online advertising market based on non-paying users, with Microsoft and Apple bordering on duopoly in the field of software, and finally Amazon with its near-monopoly on Internet trade. The latter is less central to freedom of expression, but still includes a relevant dimension, as the size and market dominance of Amazon has made the company’s bookstore capable of putting unprecedented pressure on its suppliers—the publishing companies. The story of Jeff Bezos is well known, how he saw the enormous possibilities of Internet trading and decided to start from one corner: books. It was an industry of durable, easily transportable goods with a distribution network then dominated by small local players. It turned out to be the perfect place to launch a disruption of trade patterns through e-commerce. Amazon grew explosively and managed in but a few years to establish itself as a key player in the sales and distribution of books in many countries. Among the secrets to the company’s success was placing its headquarters in Seattle, in sparsely populated and remote Washington State, which meant that mail order buyers outside of the state could avoid taxes, allowing Amazon to undercut the prices of local bookstores. In the longer run, Amazon’s strength allowed the company to put pressure on the pricing policies of publishing companies.
The Role of Civil Society
Authors: Stjernfelt Frederik , Lauritzen Anne Mette 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe cannot, however, rely on government-imposed regulation to solve all the problems of the Internet. Regulation can and should set a better framework than what is currently the case, but by nature all regulation is general and framework-setting only, and nobody can expect it to solve all problems in detail. Malignant forces of many different kinds will continue to bypass, exploit and challenge even the best regulation. Therefore, actors within the public sphere and civil society must contribute to the preservation of freedom of expression on the Internet. The simplistic view of a dichotomy between state and private often seems to assume that society consists only of a number of companies and private individuals on the one hand, and on the other, a state. From that plain dichotomy, it follows that policy must then be determined by an ongoing arm-wrestle between the two. Such a polarized setup might give a rough picture of authoritarian societies. But painting the two in this oppositional way completely ignores the key role of civil society and the public sphere in modern democracies—in between the government sphere and the private sphere, so to speak. In this context, traditional media ought to adopt a leading role. It is well known that such media outlets are under pressure by tech giants, primarily because the crucial advertising income is migrating towards the tech giants and their attention economy. Print newspapers are shrinking, and people go online to find news. In this story of decay, many have been a bit too willing to see an overlapping shift, where new technology and new players replace old and outdated ones, just like cars replaced horse-drawn carriages and the drive-thru replaced roadside inns. This widely-held idea overlooks one fundamental fact: to a very large extent, the news content that people look for and find on the tech giants’ platforms is still largely produced by the old pre-Internet media outlets, newspapers, TV-networks, publishing companies, film production companies, etc. Tech giants have indeed become great marketers of news and content, but they themselves do not produce the content they deliver. This is one of the reasons that the categorization of the giants as media is wrong. Newspapers, media outlets and publishers embody free debate and Enlightenment principles in civil society—supplemented by public-private players such as universities and other research institutions, think tanks and philanthropic foundations. Here it is crucial that such media and institutions hold on to the elementary principles of free speech and do not resort to introducing community standards. Moreover, they must keep promoting freedom, which includes also points of view considered unpopular, provocative or grotesque by the ideas of the moment and the mainstream. One man’s “hate speech” is another man’s truth may not apply to every single case but should still count as a guiding motto.
Free Speech Under Pressure
Authors: Stjernfelt Frederik , Lauritzen Anne Mette 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAs mentioned above, the UN Declaration of Human Right states that “everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.” This is freedom of expression in a broad sense, as the wording contains both individuals’ and organizations’ freedom to express themselves and their right to seek out information freely and search for information freely.
Learning by Doing? Reflections on Conducting a Systematic Review in the Field of Educational Technology
Authors: Bedenlier Svenja , Bond Melissa , Buntins Katja , Zawacki-Richter Olaf , Kerres Michael 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDrawing on an example of a large systematic review that was conducted on the use of educational technology and student engagement in higher education, we provide practical insights into how we proceeded throughout the review phases. Readers and researchers embarking on a systematic review themselves might find the contents of this chapter useful, in order to better prepare themselves for issues that can arise when undertaking such an endeavour.
The December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami as Inferred from Post-Tsunami Field Surveys and Spectral Analysis
Authors: Muhari Abdul , Heidarzadeh Mohammad , Susmoro Harjo , Nugroho Haris D. , Kriswati Estu , Supartoyo  , Wijanarto Antonius B. , Imamura Fumihiko , Arikawa Taro 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe present analysis of the December 2018 Anak Krakatau tsunami in Sunda Strait, Indonesia, from a combination of post-tsunami field surveys, bathymetric changes and spectral analysis of the tsunami tide gauge records. Post-tsunami surveys revealed moderate tsunami height along the coast of Sumatra and Java with maximum surveyed runup of 13.5 m and maximum inundation distance of 330 m. At small islands located close to the volcano, extreme tsunami impacts were observed indicating not only a huge tsunami was generated by large amounts of collapse material which caused notable changes of seafloor bathymetry, but also indicates the role of those small islands in reducing tsunami height that propagated to the mainland of Indonesia. Our spectral analysis of tide gauge records showed that the tsunami’s dominant period was 6.6–7.4 min, indicating the short-period nature of the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami.
Bioaugmentation enhances dark fermentative hydrogen production in cultures exposed to short-term temperature fluctuations
Authors: Okonkwo Onyinye , Escudie Renaud , Bernet Nicolas , Mangayil Rahul , Lakaniemi Aino-Maija , Trably Eric 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHydrogen-producing mixed cultures were subjected to a 48-h downward or upward temperature fluctuation from 55 to 35 or 75 °C. Hydrogen production was monitored during the fluctuations and for three consecutive batch cultivations at 55 °C to evaluate the impact of temperature fluctuations and bioaugmentation with synthetic mixed culture of known H2 producers either during or after the fluctuation. Without augmentation, H2 production was significantly reduced during the downward temperature fluctuation and no H2 was produced during the upward fluctuation. H2 production improved significantly during temperature fluctuation when bioaugmentation was applied to cultures exposed to downward or upward temperatures. However, when bioaugmentation was applied after the fluctuation, i.e., when the cultures were returned to 55 °C, the H2 yields obtained were between 1.6 and 5% higher than when bioaugmentation was applied during the fluctuation. Thus, the results indicate the usefulness of bioaugmentation in process recovery, especially if bioaugmentation time is optimised.
Reporting Discrepancy Resolved by Findings and Time in 2947 Emergency Department Ankle X-rays
Authors: York Thomas James , Jenkins P. J. , Ireland A. J. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Aims
To identify common errors in ankle X-ray reporting between initial interpretation and final assessment at the virtual fracture clinic. Also, to assess time of initial reporting as a causative factor for discrepancy.

Methods
Two thousand nine hundred forty-seven final reports were reviewed by standard of agreement to the initial interpretation. Where discrepancy was found, it was classified and collated by specific finding. Comparison was made between reports with discrepancy and the complete dataset, allowing rates of error by finding to be established. The reports containing discrepancy were further classified by time period, this was compared against an expected value to establish if initial reporting outside of routine working hours was as accurate as that conducted within routine working hours.

Results
94.4% of reports were in agreement with the initial interpretation, 2.9% contained minor discrepancy, and 2.7% major discrepancy. In 45.6% of reports there was no radiologically observable injury. 16.4% of reports contained a lateral malleolar fracture, most commonly Weber type B. 40.0% of all navicular fractures, and 33.3% of all cuboidal fractures were not commented upon in the initial reporting. Lower rates of more frequently observed findings were missed with 2.5% of Weber type B fractures not commented upon. An increased proportion of major discrepancy reports were generated from 00:00 to 07:59 (expected = 15.0%, observed = 22.2%; p = 0.07908). Similarly, a greater than expected number of minor discrepancy reports were found between 20:00 and 23:59 (expected = 18.0%, observed = 34.1%, p = 0.00025).

Conclusions
The initial reporting of ankle X-rays in the emergency department is performed to a high standard, however serious missed findings emphasise the need for timely senior review. Reporters should increase their awareness of navicular, cuboid, talar, and Weber A fractures which were missed at disproportionate rates. This study also finds evidence to support increased rates of error in initial reporting of ankle X-rays outside of normal working hours (17:00–07:59), particularly with a significantly increased rate of minor discrepancy seen from 20:00 to 23:59.