bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining system-level change in welfare governance: the role of policy indeterminacy and concatenations of social mechanisms
Authors: Ongaro Edoardo , Longo Francesco 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper argues that a certain level of indeterminacy in policy design may be a factor facilitating rather than hindering system-level change in welfare governance arrangements, provided it is combined with the triggering of specific concatenations of social mechanisms shaping the dynamics of the change process. The argument is illustrated by an analysis of a case of systemic change in chronic disease management occurred in the Italian region of Lombardy over 2016–2017, when a radically novel governance of chronic disease for the 10 million population was put in place (a health care system that was later tested to its limits by the COVID-19 pandemic outburst which reached dramatic intensity in this region). This represented a major change in a key area of social and health policy. We claim that such change processes may be studied by means of the conceptual tools of social mechanisms. The analysis of social mechanisms represents a lively research agenda for explaining change in public governance and public policy.
Reconsidering the Conditions for Conducting Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Authors: Ondé Daniel , Alvarado Jesús M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
There is a series of conventions governing how Confirmatory Factor Analysis gets applied, from minimum sample size to the number of items representing each factor, to estimation of factor loadings so they may be interpreted. In their implementation, these rules sometimes lead to unjustified decisions, because they sideline important questions about a model’s practical significance and validity. Conducting a Monte Carlo simulation study, the present research shows the compensatory effects of sample size, number of items, and strength of factor loadings on the stability of parameter estimation when Confirmatory Factor Analysis is conducted. The results point to various scenarios in which bad decisions are easy to make and not detectable through goodness of fit evaluation. In light of the findings, these authors alert researchers to the possible consequences of arbitrary rule following while validating factor models. Before applying the rules, we recommend that the applied researcher conduct their own simulation studies, to determine what conditions would guarantee a stable solution for the particular factor model in question.
Impact of Extreme Hot Climate on COVID‐19 Outbreak in India
Authors: Sasikumar Keerthi , Nath Debashis , Nath Reshmita , Chen Wen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic poses extreme threat to public health and economy, particularly to the nations with higher population density. The disease first reported in Wuhan, China; later, it spreads elsewhere, and currently, India emerged as COVID‐19 hotspot. In India, we selected 20 densely populated cities having infection counts higher than 500 (by 15 May) as COVID‐19 epicenters. Daily COVID‐19 count has strong covariability with local temperature, which accounts approximately 65–85% of the explained variance; i.e., its spread depends strongly on local temperature rise prior to community transmission phase. The COVID‐19 cases are clustered at temperature and humidity ranging within 27–32°C and 25–45%, respectively. We introduce a combined temperature and humidity profile, which favors rapid COVID‐19 growth at the initial phase. The results are highly significant for predicting future COVID‐19 outbreaks and modeling cities based on environmental conditions. On the other hand, CO2 emission is alarmingly high in South Asia (India) and entails high risk of climate change and extreme hot summer. Zoonotic viruses are sensitive to warming induced climate change; COVID‐19 epicenters are collocated on CO2 emission hotspots. The COVID‐19 count distribution peaks at 31.0°C, which is 1.0°C higher than current (2020) and historical (1961–1990) mean, value. Approximately, 72% of the COVID‐19 cases are clustered at severe to record‐breaking hot extremes of historical temperature distribution spectrum. Therefore, extreme climate change has important role in the spread of COVID‐19 pandemic. Hence, a strenuous mitigation measure to abate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is essential to avoid such pandemics in future.
Vertical Eddy Diffusivity Parameterization Based on a Large‐Eddy Simulation and Its Impact on Prediction of Hurricane Landfall
Authors: Li Xin , Pu Zhaoxia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe vertical eddy diffusivity (VED) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) affects tropical cyclones' structure and evolution. Uncertainties of VED in the PBL parametrization scheme of a mesoscale model could be caused by the model's inability to represent large eddies (LEs). Using a large‐eddy simulation (LES) of Hurricane Harvey (2017) as a benchmark, the YSU PBL scheme is improved by adding effects of LEs derived from the LES. It is found that LEs' maximum intensity is linearly significantly related to the square of mean horizontal divergence below 400 m of height at the same air column with a slope coefficient of 1.97. The revised YSU scheme relates the VED of momentum (Km) to the square root of LEs' intensity with a slope coefficient of 0.08 in PBL and 0.20 in a free atmosphere. Compared to the original scheme, the modified YSU scheme leads to improved forecasts of landfalling hurricanes.
The Seasonal and Regional Transition to an Ice‐Free Arctic
Authors: Årthun Marius , Onarheim Ingrid H. , Dörr Jakob , Eldevik Tor 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Arctic sea ice cover is currently retreating and will continue its retreat in a warming world. However, the loss of sea ice is neither regionally nor seasonally uniform. Here, we present the first regional and seasonal assessment of future Arctic sea ice loss in CMIP6 models under low (SSP126) and high (SSP585) emission scenarios, thus spanning the range of future change. We find that Arctic sea ice loss—at present predominantly limited to the summer season—will under SSP585 take place in all regions and all months. The summer sea ice is lost in all the shelf seas regardless of emission scenario, whereas ice‐free conditions in winter before the end of this century only occur in the Barents Sea. The seasonal transition to ice‐free conditions is found to spread through the Atlantic and Pacific regions, with change starting in the Barents Sea and Chukchi Sea, respectively.
Discrete Rising Tone Elements of Whistler‐Mode Waves in the Vicinity of the Moon: ARTEMIS Observations
Authors: Sawaguchi W. , Harada Y. , Kurita S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe report on discrete rising‐tone elements of whistler‐mode waves observed by Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) in the vicinity of the Moon. The two‐probe ARTEMIS observations suggest that a free energy source for the wave generation is provided by electron anisotropy resulting from lunar surface absorption and magnetic reflection. High time resolution dynamic spectra reveal that the waves consist of multiple rising tone elements, exhibiting striking similarities to the well‐known whistler‐mode chorus in planetary magnetospheres. The observed frequency sweep rates are generally consistent with those predicted by the nonlinear growth theory of chorus emissions by Omura et al. (2008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JA012622). These results imply that whistler‐mode waves can grow nonlinearly into chorus‐like emissions even around airless bodies without magnetospheres and that a well‐defined dipole field is not a prerequisite for the chorus generation.
Initiation of an Elevated Mesoscale Convective System With the Influence of Complex Terrain During Meiyu Season
Authors: Zhang Fan , Zhang Qinghong , Sun Juanzhen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA mesoscale convective system (MCS) was initiated on the lee side of the Wuling Mountain in central‐east China in the late afternoon (1700 LT) on June 27, 2016, and led to an early morning precipitation peak. We investigated the convective initiation (CI) mechanism of this MCS using radars and automatic weather station observations, WRF model simulation, and analysis from the radar data assimilation system Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System. It was found that the convection initiation was elevated as indicated by an elevated convergence zone and updraft located above 1,625 m from the ground. A zero convective inhibition layer was located at 850 hPa, over a stable boundary layer (BL) resulting from the daytime rainfall in the plain region, and provided a favorable condition for the elevated CI. Our study suggested that the transition of mountain‐plain thermal wind near sunset was the trigger for the convective initiation. An early afternoon mountain‐plain thermal circulation was disrupted when the east‐facing lee side slope was in the shadow of sunshine after 4 p.m. As a result, a local‐scale northwest downslope wind accelerated and led to a downstream convergence above the stable BL, where the elevated convection was initiated near 1,625 m above ground level. By combining the model simulation, the analysis from data assimilation, and the observations, this study is the first to provide a detailed analysis of CI mechanism of elevated convection in a complex topography region during the Meiyu season in China.
Process‐Based Climate Model Development Harnessing Machine Learning: I. A Calibration Tool for Parameterization Improvement
Authors: Couvreux Fleur , Hourdin Frédéric , Williamson Daniel , Roehrig Romain , Volodina Victoria , Villefranque Najda , Rio Catherine , Audouin Olivier , Salter James , Bazile Eric , Brient Florent , Favot Florence , Honnert Rachel , Lefebvre Marie‐Pierre , Madeleine Jean‐Baptiste , Rodier Quentin , Xu Wenzhe 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe development of parameterizations is a major task in the development of weather and climate models. Model improvement has been slow in the past decades, due to the difficulty of encompassing key physical processes into parameterizations, but also of calibrating or “tuning” the many free parameters involved in their formulation. Machine learning techniques have been recently used for speeding up the development process. While some studies propose to replace parameterizations by data‐driven neural networks, we rather advocate that keeping physical parameterizations is key for the reliability of climate projections. In this paper we propose to harness machine learning to improve physical parameterizations. In particular, we use Gaussian process‐based methods from uncertainty quantification to calibrate the model free parameters at a process level. To achieve this, we focus on the comparison of single‐column simulations and reference large‐eddy simulations over multiple boundary‐layer cases. Our method returns all values of the free parameters consistent with the references and any structural uncertainties, allowing a reduced domain of acceptable values to be considered when tuning the three‐dimensional (3D) global model. This tool allows to disentangle deficiencies due to poor parameter calibration from intrinsic limits rooted in the parameterization formulations. This paper describes the tool and the philosophy of tuning in single‐column mode. Part 2 shows how the results from our process‐based tuning can help in the 3D global model tuning.
Chloroquine reverses chemoresistance via upregulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 and autophagy inhibition in ovarian cancer
Authors: Hwang Jae Ryoung , Kim Woo Young , Cho Young-Jae , Ryu Ji-Yoon , Choi Jung-Joo , Jeong Soo Young , Kim Myeong-Sun , Kim Ji Hye , Paik E. Sun , Lee Yoo-Young , Han Hee-Dong , Lee Jeong-Won 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOvercoming drug-resistance is a big challenge to improve the survival of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). In this study, we investigated the effect of chloroquine (CQ) and its combination with cisplatin (CDDP) in drug-resistant EOC cells. We used the three EOC cell lines CDDP-resistant A2780-CP20, RMG-1 cells, and CDDP-sensitive A2780 cells. The CQ-CDDP combination significantly decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in all cell lines. The combination induced expression of γH2AX, a DNA damage marker protein, and induced G2/M cell cycle arrest. Although the CQ-CDDP combination decreased protein expression of ATM and ATR, phosphorylation of ATM was increased and expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 was also increased in CQ-CDDP-treated cells. Knockdown of p21WAF1/CIP1 by shRNA reduced the expression of γH2AX and phosphorylated ATM and inhibited caspase-3 activity but induced ATM protein expression. Knockdown of p21WAF1/CIP1 partly inhibited CQ-CDDP-induced G2/M arrest, demonstrating that knockdown of p21WAF1/CIP1 overcame the cytotoxic effect of the CQ-CDDP combination. Ectopic expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 in CDDP-treated ATG5-shRNA/A2780-CP20 cells increased expression of γH2AX and caspase-3 activity, demonstrating increased DNA damage and cell death. The inhibition of autophagy by ATG5-shRNA demonstrated similar results upon CDDP treatment, except p21WAF1/CIP1 expression. In an in vivo efficacy study, the CQ-CDDP combination significantly decreased tumor weight and increased expression of γH2AX and p21WAF1/CIP1 in A2780-CP20 orthotopic xenografts and a drug-resistant patient-derived xenograft model of EOC compared with controls. These results demonstrated that CQ increases cytotoxicity in combination with CDDP by inducing lethal DNA damage by induction of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression and autophagy inhibition in CDDP-resistant EOC.
Benefits of clinical criteria and high-throughput sequencing for diagnosing children with syndromic craniosynostosis
Authors: Tønne Elin , Due-Tønnessen Bernt Johan , Mero Inger-Lise , Wiig Ulrikke Straume , Kulseth Mari Ann , Vigeland Magnus Dehli , Sheng Ying , von der Lippe Charlotte , Tveten Kristian , Meling Torstein Ragnar , Helseth Eirik , Heimdal Ketil Riddervold 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAn accurate diagnosis of syndromic craniosynostosis (CS) is important for personalized treatment, surveillance, and genetic counselling. We describe detailed clinical criteria for syndromic CS and the distribution of genetic diagnoses within the cohort. The prospective registry of the Norwegian National Unit for Craniofacial Surgery was used to retrieve individuals with syndromic CS born between 1 January 2002 and 30 June 2019. All individuals were assessed by a clinical geneticist and classified using defined clinical criteria. A stepwise approach consisting of single-gene analysis, comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), and exome-based high-throughput sequencing, first filtering for 72 genes associated with syndromic CS, followed by an extended trio-based panel of 1570 genes were offered to all syndromic CS cases. A total of 381 individuals were registered with CS, of whom 104 (27%) were clinically classified as syndromic CS. Using the single-gene analysis, aCGH, and custom-designed panel, a genetic diagnosis was confirmed in 73% of the individuals (n = 94). The diagnostic yield increased to 84% after adding the results from the extended trio-based panel. Common causes of syndromic CS were found in 53 individuals (56%), whereas 26 (28%) had other genetic syndromes, including 17 individuals with syndromes not commonly associated with CS. Only 15 individuals (16%) had negative genetic analyses. Using the defined combination of clinical criteria, we detected among the highest numbers of syndromic CS cases reported, confirmed by a high genetic diagnostic yield of 84%. The observed genetic heterogeneity encourages a broad genetic approach in diagnosing syndromic CS.
Foreign body responses in mouse central nervous system mimic natural wound responses and alter biomaterial functions
Authors: OʼShea Timothy M. , Wollenberg Alexander L. , Kim Jae H. , Ao Yan , Deming Timothy J. , Sofroniew Michael V. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBiomaterials hold promise for therapeutic applications in the central nervous system (CNS). Little is known about molecular factors that determine CNS foreign body responses (FBRs) in vivo, or about how such responses influence biomaterial function. Here, we probed these factors in mice using a platform of injectable hydrogels readily modified to present interfaces with different physiochemical properties to host cells. We found that biomaterial FBRs mimic specialized multicellular CNS wound responses not present in peripheral tissues, which serve to isolate damaged neural tissue and restore barrier functions. We show that the nature and intensity of CNS FBRs are determined by definable properties that significantly influence hydrogel functions, including resorption and molecular delivery when injected into healthy brain or stroke injuries. Cationic interfaces elicit stromal cell infiltration, peripherally derived inflammation, neural damage and amyloid production. Nonionic and anionic formulations show minimal levels of these responses, which contributes to superior bioactive molecular delivery. Our results identify specific molecular mechanisms that drive FBRs in the CNS and have important implications for developing effective biomaterials for CNS applications.
A ventrolateral medulla-midline thalamic circuit for hypoglycemic feeding
Authors: Sofia Beas B. , Gu Xinglong , Leng Yan , Koita Omar , Rodriguez-Gonzalez Shakira , Kindel Morgan , Matikainen-Ankney Bridget A. , Larsen Rylan S. , Kravitz Alexxai V. , Hoon Mark A. , Penzo Mario A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMarked deficits in glucose availability, or glucoprivation, elicit organism-wide counter-regulatory responses whose purpose is to restore glucose homeostasis. However, while catecholamine neurons of the ventrolateral medulla (VLMCA) are thought to orchestrate these responses, the circuit and cellular mechanisms underlying specific counter-regulatory responses are largely unknown. Here, we combined anatomical, imaging, optogenetic and behavioral approaches to interrogate the circuit mechanisms by which VLMCA neurons orchestrate glucoprivation-induced food seeking behavior. Using these approaches, we found that VLMCA neurons form functional connections with nucleus accumbens (NAc)-projecting neurons of the posterior portion of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (pPVT). Importantly, optogenetic manipulations revealed that while activation of VLMCA projections to the pPVT was sufficient to elicit robust feeding behavior in well fed mice, inhibition of VLMCA–pPVT communication significantly impaired glucoprivation-induced feeding while leaving other major counterregulatory responses intact. Collectively our findings identify the VLMCA–pPVT–NAc pathway as a previously-neglected node selectively controlling glucoprivation-induced food seeking. Moreover, by identifying the ventrolateral medulla as a direct source of metabolic information to the midline thalamus, our results support a growing body of literature on the role of the PVT in homeostatic regulation.
Pandemic Vibrio cholerae shuts down site-specific recombination to retain an interbacterial defence mechanism
Authors: Santoriello Francis J. , Michel Lina , Unterweger Daniel , Pukatzki Stefan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVibrio cholerae is an aquatic microbe that can be divided into three subtypes: harmless environmental strains, localised pathogenic strains, and pandemic strains causing global cholera outbreaks. Each type has a contact-dependent type VI secretion system (T6SS) that kills neighbouring competitors by translocating unique toxic effector proteins. Pandemic isolates possess identical effectors, indicating that T6SS effectors may affect pandemicity. Here, we show that one of the T6SS gene clusters (Aux3) exists in two states: a mobile, prophage-like element in a small subset of environmental strains, and a truncated Aux3 unique to and conserved in pandemic isolates. Environmental Aux3 can be readily excised from and integrated into the genome via site-specific recombination, whereas pandemic Aux3 recombination is reduced. Our data suggest that environmental Aux3 acquisition conferred increased competitive fitness to pre-pandemic V. cholerae, leading to grounding of the element in the chromosome and propagation throughout the pandemic clade.
A substrateless, flexible, and water-resistant organic light-emitting diode
Authors: Keum Changmin , Murawski Caroline , Archer Emily , Kwon Seonil , Mischok Andreas , Gather Malte C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDespite widespread interest, ultrathin and highly flexible light-emitting devices that can be seamlessly integrated and used for flexible displays, wearables, and as bioimplants remain elusive. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with µm-scale thickness and exceptional flexibility have been demonstrated but show insufficient stability in air and moist environments due to a lack of suitable encapsulation barriers. Here, we demonstrate an efficient and stable OLED with a total thickness of ≈ 12 µm that can be fully immersed in water or cell nutrient media for weeks without suffering substantial degradation. The active layers of the device are embedded between conformal barriers formed by alternating layers of parylene-C and metal oxides that are deposited through a low temperature chemical vapour process. These barriers also confer stability of the OLED to repeated bending and to extensive postprocessing, e.g. via reactive gas plasmas, organic solvents, and photolithography. This unprecedented robustness opens up a wide range of novel possibilities for ultrathin OLEDs.
High-throughput preparation of radioprotective polymers via Hantzsch’s reaction for in vivo X-ray damage determination
Authors: Liu Guoqiang , Zeng Yuan , Lv Tong , Mao Tengfei , Wei Yen , Jia Shunji , Gou Yanzi , Tao Lei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRadioprotectors for acute injuries caused by large doses of ionizing radiation are vital to national security, public health and future development of humankind. Here, we develop a strategy to explore safe and efficient radioprotectors by combining Hantzsch’s reaction, high-throughput methods and polymer chemistry. A water-soluble polymer with low-cytotoxicity and an excellent anti-radiation capability has been achieved. In in vivo experiments, this polymer is even better than amifostine, which is the only approved radioprotector for clinical applications, in effectively protecting zebrafish embryos from fatally large doses of ionizing radiation (80 Gy X-ray). A mechanistic study also reveals that the radioprotective ability of this polymer originates from its ability to efficiently prevent DNA damage due to high doses of radiation. This is an initial attempt to explore polymer radioprotectors via a multi-component reaction. It allows exploiting functional polymers and provides the underlying insights to guide the design of radioprotective polymers.
Split-pulse X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy with seeded X-rays from X-ray laser to study atomic-level dynamics
Authors: Shinohara Yuya , Osaka Taito , Inoue Ichiro , Iwashita Takuya , Dmowski Wojciech , Ryu Chae Woo , Sarathchandran Yadu , Egami Takeshi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWith their brilliance and temporal structure, X-ray free-electron laser can unveil atomic-scale details of ultrafast phenomena. Recent progress in split-and-delay optics (SDO), which produces two X-ray pulses with time-delays, offers bright prospects for observing dynamics at the atomic-scale. However, their insufficient pulse energy has limited its application either to phenomena with longer correlation length or to measurement with a fixed delay-time. Here we show that the combination of the SDO and self-seeding of X-rays increases the pulse energy and makes it possible to observe the atomic-scale dynamics in a timescale of picoseconds. We show that the speckle contrast in scattering from water depends on the delay-time as expected. Our results demonstrate the capability of measurement using the SDO with seeded X-rays for resolving the dynamics in temporal and spatial scales that are not accessible by other techniques, opening opportunities for studying the atomic-level dynamics.