bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The retreat from transitive-causative overgeneralization errors
Authors: Ambridge Ben , Ambridge Chloe 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarises research on how children avoid overgeneralizations of verb argument structure, focussing on the transitive-causative construction (e.g. *I’m dancing it [c.f. I’m making it dance]). It then presents some new data that bear on this issue: diary data of these types of utterances produced by the second author (from birth up until age 4;0), collected by the first author. These data are used to argue that, although errors from the point of view of the adult grammar, many of these utterances are in fact perfectly matched to the communicative needs of each situation; more so in fact than the corresponding adult forms would have been. For example, the utterances Can you jump me off?, Jump me!, Jump me down and Jump me up there do not mean ‘Do something that indirectly causes ME to instigate jumping’; the meaning implied by the periphrastic-causative construction (e.g., “Can you make me jump?”). Rather, the type of causation intended here is single-event, direct, external causation, of almost exactly the type that is typically conveyed by the transitive-causative construction (e.g., I broke a cup). The rather radical implication is that semantics must be represented not at the level of the verb but of individual events, necessitating an exemplar model under which (in principle) all witnessed utterances are stored along with some representation of the event to which they refer.
Where form meets meaning in the acquisition of grammatical constructions
Authors: Theakston Anna L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the question of how children learn form–meaning mappings in the development of multiword utterances (i.e. the meaning associated with a specific sentence produced in a specific context). Following a theoretical overview, we examine the relationship between the input children hear and their early sentence productions through the lens of children’s grammatical errors. The goal is to determine the sources of input to which the learner is sensitive in the development of form–meaning mappings, and how these mappings may be refined over the course of development. We then consider how the semantic components of multiword utterances and the pragmatic (information-structural) contexts in which they occur impact on children’s early usage and interpretation of grammatical constructions to understand the cues children use to assign meaning. The chapter ends with a summary of outstanding questions and future directions.
Social cognitive and later language acquisition
Authors: Brandt Silke 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A great number of studies suggest that children’s acquisition of mental-state language supports, or even facilitates, their understanding of others’ mental states and perspectives. However, based on previous research, it has often been difficult to determine which aspects of mental-state language support this so-called Theory of Mind understanding. Whereas some researchers have argued that it is the semantics of mental verbs, such as think and know, others have suggested that it is the subordinate structure of complement-clause constructions, such as She thinks that the sticker is in the red box. In English, these two aspects are often confounded: mental verbs are typically used in complement-clause constructions. However, more recent studies have turned to languages such as Chinese and German, which allow us to distinguish between verbal semantics and syntactic constructions and also look at their interaction. Overall, these studies suggest that both semantics and syntax can play a role in children’s Theory of Mind development. In this chapter I also present some findings that indicate that whether or not the semantics of mental verbs supports children’s Theory of Mind development depends on how exactly they are used in complement-clause constructions. Since these usage patterns differ across languages, we can also see cross-linguistic differences in the interaction between verbal semantics, syntactic patterns and Theory of Mind development.
The emergence of gesture during prelinguistic interaction
Authors: Cameron-Faulkner Thea 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The emergence of intentional prelinguistic communication demonstrates in the most basic terms, the essence of language and the dynamic nature of communicative development. The chapter provides an overview of prelinguistic development from a dynamic perspective, beginning with a discussion of joint attention skills and patterns of triadic interaction, followed by a description of prelinguistic gesture development. The chapter presents a dynamic, interactive account of development in which infant gestures become social over time through interaction with more experienced co-participants. The chapter concludes by considering prelinguistic gestures cross-culturally and the challenges associated with studying this rich and interactive aspect of development.
From reversible to irreversible bistable switches via bifurcations in a gene regulatory network
Authors: Hao Lijie , Yang Zhuoqin , Shen Danhong , Xing Miaomiao 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The interplay of small, noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs), mRNAs and proteins plays crucial roles in almost all cellular processes. MiR-124, widely known as a memory-related miRNA, can regulate LTM by binding to the mRNA of CREB1 stimulated with 5-HT. In this paper, we establish a regulatory network model of CREB1 and miR-124 stimulated by 5-HT, in which miR-124 inhibits CREB1, which in turn enhances miR-124. Our model validates three protocols based on 5-HT in experiments on the induction of LTM in Aplysia. A steady-state analysis and numerical bifurcations of the abstracted system beyond memory formation, when the fast reaction has been in the equilibrium, can facilitate more abundant dynamical behaviors such as bistability and oscillation. The original system also exhibits bistability under appropriate feedback strengths, which is relevant to the mechanism of LTM formation. Furthermore, we specifically show a change in the transition from a reversible switch to an irreversible switch via bifurcations of the negative regulation of miR-124 on CREB1, which eventually maintains a high phosphorylated CREB1 level after initially elevated by 5-HT. These findings indicate that miR-124 provides an inhibitory constraint on long-term synaptic plasticity through the regulation of CREB1.
Meticulous Imprecision: Calculating Age in Colonial Spanish American Law
Authors: Premo Bianca 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
It is easy to presume that age’s legal value rests in the autonomy and rights that accrue to the liberal (male, propertied) citizen who has reached the age of majority. But this is not universally so. In Spain’s American colonies, legal age talk involved multiplying privileges rather than exclusionary subtraction. Few indigenous peoples, enslaved people of African descent, or members of the free casta poor tallied the years they had lived in a manner that meets modern standards of precision. Instead, the ages that Spanish American officials set down on paper in criminal trials, censuses, and freedom suits derived from complicated cultural equations, including reconciling local ethno-numeracies with European counting systems. For all its seeming imprecision, age was of critical importance to colonial Spanish Americans, since rather than guaranteeing access to rights, age was a language that colonial subjects used to turn legal incapacities into beneficial protections.
Increased Urinary Liver-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Level Predicts Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Hypertension
Authors: Okubo Yousaku , Nakano Yukiko , Tokuyama Takehito , Hironobe Naoya , Okamura Sho , Ikeuchi Yoshihiro , Miyauchi Shunsuke , Kihara Yasuki 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Urinary liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) has been known as a potential biomarker for acute kidney injury. It has also been suggested to have an effective predictive value for cardiovascular mortality in patients with diabetes or critically ill condition. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the ability of urinary L-FABP in predicting mid-term cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with hypertension.

Methods
Urinary L-FABP levels in stable outpatients without diabetes who were treated with antihypertensive drugs were measured, and a 5-year follow-up was planned. The primary end-point was a combination of acute heart failure requiring hospitalization, myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death. The secondary end-point was kidney disease progression defined as a relative decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate of ≥30% from the baseline.

Results
A total of 197 patients were recruited. Primary and secondary end-points occurred in 24 (12.2%) and 42 (21.3%) patients, respectively, during a median follow-up of 5.7 years. Patients with urinary L-FABP levels higher than the upper limit (8.4 µg/g creatinine) were more likely to reach the primary (30.43% vs. 9.77%; P = 0.003) and secondary end-points (56.52% vs. 16.67%; P &lt; 0.001) than those with urinary L-FABP levels within the normal limits. Urinary L-FABP level was independently associated with both primary (hazard ratio (HR) 1.21; P = 0.03) and secondary end-points (HR 1.19; P = 0.02).

Conclusions
This study demonstrated that increased urinary L-FABP levels may predict adverse cardiovascular events and renal dysfunction progression even among stable nondiabetic patients with hypertension.
Incorporation of rapid diagnostic tests to improve time to antimicrobial therapy for gram-positive bacteremia and candidemia
Authors: Koh Leroy , Shah Punit J , Korulla Aileen , Jasmak Gordana , Fasoranti Oyejoke , Janak Charles , Perez Katherine 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Purpose
Even with rapid diagnostic technology to swiftly identify infectious organisms, prompt response is needed to translate results into appropriate actions. The purpose of this study was to determine if the introduction of real-time pharmacist response to positive rapid diagnostic test results would decrease time to antimicrobial therapy for gram-positive bacteremia and candidemia in a community hospital setting.

Methods
A quasi-experimental study was conducted in 2 community hospitals. The study comprised 2 cohorts of adult patients who tested positive for gram-positive bacteremia involving Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, or Candida species. The preintervention cohort consisted of patients admitted from November 2017 through May 2018. The intervention cohort consisted of patients admitted from July 2018 through January 2019, after the intervention went live. The primary outcomes were time to optimal antimicrobial therapy and time to effective antimicrobial therapy.

Results
A total of 140 patients were included in the preintervention group, with 124 patients included in the intervention group. The mean (SD) time to effective therapy decreased from 13.9 (21.6) hours in the preintervention group to 8.6 (12.5) hours in the intervention group (hazard ratio [HR], 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89-1.48; P = 0.29). The mean (SD) time to optimal therapy significantly decreased from 53.7 (57.7) hours in the preintervention group to 38.4 (31.5) hours in the intervention group (HR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.33-2.26; P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
The introduction of real-time pharmacist response to positive rapid diagnostic test results led to a significant decrease in time to optimal antimicrobial therapy but did not significantly affect time to effective therapy. The results showed that the allocation of limited resources of a community hospital to such a stewardship program is justifiable.
The Association of Occupational Noises and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Khosravipour Masoud , Abdollahzad Hadi , Khosravi Farid , Rezaei Mansour , Mohammadi Sarableh Hadis , Moradi Zahra 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectivesPrevious studies have shown the association of exposure to noise with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, however, it is not well known whether the exposure has any effect on metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to quantify and clarify the association between noise exposure and the prevalence of MetS.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 among 518 workers in a thermal power plant industry. According to types of work and 8-h equivalent A-weighted sound pressure level (8-h LAeq), the participants were divided into the following groups: office workers and line-production workers exposed to &lt; 85, 90 to &lt;95, 95 to &lt;100, and ≥100 dBA. We used the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria to identify subjects with MetS. The logistic regression was used to determine the odds of MetS among study groups.ResultsWe observed the significant differences in the number (%) of subjects with high blood pressure in line-production workers who exposed to noise ≥100 (12 [19.7%]) versus &lt;85 dBA (7 [7.1%]) and office (10 [4.7%]) groups. For the waist circumference (&gt;102 cm), there was a significant difference in the ≥100 dBA group (12 [19.7%]) compared with office group (21 [9.8%]). Obtained results indicated only the significant difference in the prevalence of MetS in ≥100 versus &lt;85 dBA groups (10 [16.4%] versus 6 [6.1%]). The unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of MetS in ≥100 versus &lt;85 dBA groups were estimated 3.01 (1.03, 8.75) and 3.24 (1.01, 10.42), respectively.ConclusionsThis study indicated the significant association between noise exposure and MetS in line-production workers. However, more studies are needed to confirm our results.
Defining an intrasexual male weapon polymorphism in a New Zealand harvestman (Opiliones: Neopilionidae) using traditional and geometric morphometrics
Authors: Powell Erin C , Painting Christina J , Hickey Anthony J , Holwell Gregory I 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In many species, competition for mates has led to exaggerated male sexually-selected traits. Sexually-selected male weapons are used in male-male combat and include structures like horns, antlers and enlarged teeth. Weapons often vary intraspecifically in size, resulting in either a continuum of weapon sizes or in discrete male polymorphisms. More rarely, complex weapon polymorphisms can also include variation in weapon shape; however, these are difficult to quantify. Here we first use traditional linear morphometrics to describe a weapon trimorphism in the endemic New Zealand harvestman, Forsteropsalis pureoraTaylor, 2013. We identified three male morphs: a small-bodied gamma male with reduced chelicera, a large-bodied beta male with long, slender chelicerae, and a large-bodied alpha male with shorter, but very broad, robust chelicerae. Chelicera length alone failed to fully capture the variation in weapon investment. Using geometric morphometrics, we show that alpha males are different in weapon shape, whereas beta and gamma males have similar weapon shape, but vary in their body size and chelicera length. Additionally, we describe how the chelicerae function during male-male combat from observations of contests. This work demonstrates how combining linear and geometric morphometrics can help to elucidate complex polymorphism.
Determining the dependence structure of multivariate extremes
Authors: Simpson E S , Wadsworth J L , Tawn J A 
Published: March 2020

Summary
In multivariate extreme value analysis, the nature of the extremal dependence between variables should be considered when selecting appropriate statistical models. Interest often lies in determining which subsets of variables can take their largest values simultaneously while the others are of smaller order. Our approach to this problem exploits hidden regular variation properties on a collection of nonstandard cones, and provides a new set of indices that reveal aspects of the extremal dependence structure not available through existing measures of dependence. We derive theoretical properties of these indices, demonstrate their utility through a series of examples, and develop methods of inference that also estimate the proportion of extremal mass associated with each cone. We apply the methods to river flows in the U.K., estimating the probabilities of different subsets of sites being large simultaneously.
High Incidence of Herpes Zoster After Cord Blood Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Despite Longer Duration of Antiviral Prophylaxis
Authors: Xue Elisabetta , Xie Hu , Leisenring Wendy M , Kimball Louise E , Goyal Sonia , Chung Lisa , Blazevic Rachel , Maltez Byron , Edwards Anna , Dahlberg Ann E , Salit Rachel B , Delaney Colleen , Pergam Steven A , Boeckh Michael , Milano Filippo , Hill Joshua A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Cord blood transplant (CBT) recipients have a high incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) in the context of short-term peritransplant antiviral prophylaxis. In 2009, international guidelines recommended HZ prophylaxis for at least 1 year after hematopoietic cell transplant. The impact of longer-term antiviral prophylaxis on HZ incidence after CBT is unknown.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed varicella zoster virus (VZV)–seropositive CBT recipients who were transplanted between 2006 and 2016. We abstracted HZ events and other variables for up to 5 years post-CBT. We calculated the cumulative incidence of HZ and used Cox proportional hazards regression to identify variables associated with HZ.

Results
The study cohort consisted of 227 patients. Among 1-year survivors, 91% were still receiving prophylaxis, for a median duration of 20.6 months. HZ occurred in 44 patients (19%) at a median of 23.6 months. The cumulative incidence of HZ by 1 year after CBT was 1.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], .1%–4%), but increased to 26% (95% CI, 19%–33%) by 5 years. In a multivariable analysis, acute graft-vs-host disease was associated with increased risk, whereas antiviral prophylaxis was associated with reduced risk for HZ (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.19 [95% CI, .09–.4]). There was no association between CD4+ T-cell counts at 1 year post-CBT and subsequent risk for HZ.

Conclusions
We found a high incidence of HZ after CBT despite antiviral prophylaxis for &gt; 1 year. Based on these findings, we suggest longer duration of prophylaxis for HZ after CBT. Compliance with antiviral prophylaxis, VZV-specific immune monitoring, and vaccination to mitigate HZ after CBT also require further study.
Who is afraid of machines?
Authors: Blanas Sotiris , Gancia Gino , Lee Sang Yoon (Tim) 
Published: March 2020

SUMMARY
We study how various types of machines, namely, information and communication technologies, software and especially industrial robots, affect the demand for workers of different education, age and gender. We do so by exploiting differences in the composition of workers across countries, industries and time. Our data set comprises 10 high-income countries and 30 industries, which span roughly their entire economies, with annual observations over the period 1982–2005. The results suggest that software and robots reduced the demand for low- and medium-skill workers, the young and women – especially in manufacturing industries; but raised the demand for high-skill workers, older workers and men – especially in service industries. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that automation technologies, contrary to other types of capital, replace humans performing routine tasks. We also find evidence for some types of workers, especially women, having shifted away from such tasks.
Shifts in short-chain fatty acid profile, Fe(III) reduction and bacterial community with biochar amendment in rice paddy soil
Authors: Lu Yue , Fu Leiling , Tang Lin , Zhang Jing , Zhang Yanru , Wang Jingjing , Xie Qingqing , Yang Zhaohui , Fan Changzheng , Zhang Shoujuan 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Biochar, a valuable product from the pyrolysis of agricultural and forestry residues, has been widely applied as soil amendment. However, the effect of different types of biochar on soil microorganisms and associated biochemical processes in paddy soil remains ambiguous. In this study, we investigated the impact of biochars derived from different feedstocks (rice straw, orange peel and bamboo powder) on the dynamics of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), iron concentration and bacterial community in paddy soil within 90 days of anaerobic incubation. Results showed that biochar amendment overall inhibited the accumulation of SCFAs while accelerating the Fe(III) reduction process in paddy soil. In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequencing results demonstrated that the α-diversity of the bacterial community significantly decreased in response to biochar amendments at day 1 but was relatively unaffected at the end of incubation, and incubation time was the major driver for the succession of the bacterial community. Furthermore, significant correlations between parameters (e.g. SCFAs and iron concentration) and bacterial taxa (e.g. Clostridia, Syntrophus, Syntrophobacter and Desulfatiglans) were observed. Overall, our findings demonstrated amendment with different types of biochar altered SCFA profile, Fe(III) reduction and bacterial biodiversity in rice paddy soil.
Minor Representations: From Anne Frank to Bana Alabed – The Radically Performative Literacies of a Viral Child
Authors: Trezise Bryoni 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this article, I construct a comparative analysis of two forms of child-authored life-narrative: the famous Diary of a Young Girl written by Anne Frank and the contemporary Twitter stream authored by the Syrian child-writer Bana Alabed. My interest in these two textual practices is focused on how they each formulate notions and experiences of temporality that are central to how conceptions of the modern, innocent child and its most recent counterpart – a figure whom I term the viral child – function. Across this analysis, I observe how the textual utterances performed by each child-author make specific claims about the autobiographical ‘I’ as it enacts a literary relationship to the temporality of its ongoing construction. I argue that the radical shift in relations between the child-figure and the future cast by Alabed’s tweets positions the viral child as not only a voice, but also a medium, of the cultural present.
A-to-I RNA Editing Uncovers Hidden Signals of Adaptive Genome Evolution in Animals
Authors: Popitsch Niko , Huber Christian D , Buchumenski Ilana , Eisenberg Eli , Jantsch Michael , von Haeseler Arndt , Gallach Miguel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In animals, the most common type of RNA editing is the deamination of adenosines (A) into inosines (I). Because inosines basepair with cytosines (C), they are interpreted as guanosines (G) by the cellular machinery and genomically encoded G alleles at edited sites mimic the function of edited RNAs. The contribution of this hardwiring effect on genome evolution remains obscure. We looked for population genomics signatures of adaptive evolution associated with A-to-I RNA edited sites in humans and Drosophila melanogaster. We found that single nucleotide polymorphisms at edited sites occur 3 (humans) to 15 times (Drosophila) more often than at unedited sites, the nucleotide G is virtually the unique alternative allele at edited sites and G alleles segregate at higher frequency at edited sites than at unedited sites. Our study reveals that a significant fraction of coding synonymous and nonsynonymous as well as silent and intergenic A-to-I RNA editing sites are likely adaptive in the distantly related human and Drosophila lineages.