bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
At Play
Authors: Lim Sun Sun 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes transcendent parenting and young people’s social interactions. As parents are deeply concerned about their children’s contact risks, they can and do become heavily involved in their children’s peer interactions online and offline. Parents can use the digital trail of their children’s mobile media communication, install parental control apps in their children’s phones, or confiscate their children’s phones and scan the phones’ content to gain insights into their children’s social interactions to offer guidance. They may even confront the children for behaviors they deem inappropriate, or advocate on behalf of their children in disputes involving other children and their parents and even teachers. Such parental intervention, however, can deny young people valuable opportunities for learning to interpret social situations, to acquire greater autonomy in problem-solving, and to manage their online and offline personae.
A Theoretical Exploration of Turnout and Voting
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Petrocik John R. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the fundamental question of why people vote in elections. What affects their calculus? How much do these motivations create the unequal turnout rates observed among different social and political groups? The review informs the book’s initial report of how the decision to vote might (or might not) be related to partisan vote choice. Popular commentary in the media and academic literature, some of which has a reformist orientation, is assessed to provide a balanced portrait of what is known about the turnout bias. Particular attention is paid to political science research on the subject of turnout bias, including both normative and empirical works that yield little consensus.
Realism About Missing Systems
Authors: Thomson-Jones Martin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
It is by now a familiar fact about scientific practice that scientists of many stripes devote considerable time and energy to describing and imagining systems that cannot be found in the world around us—the simple pendulum in classical mechanics, say. Missing-systems modeling is scientific modeling that involves this sort of imagining. Missing-systems modeling is puzzling in a number of respects, and some philosophers have pursued the fiction approach to understanding it. The fiction approach seeks to construct an account of missing-systems modeling by drawing parallels between the relevant modeling discourse and ordinary discourse about novels, short stories, plays, fiction films, and the like. This chapter develops a new version of the fiction approach that draws on Amie Thomasson’s work on the semantics and ontology of fiction, the abstract artifacts account of missing-systems modeling. On this account, simple pendula (say) are abstract artifacts created by physicists over a certain period in the history of classical mechanics. This chapter shows how the abstract artifact account makes sense of the puzzling features of missing-systems modeling, presents and responds to three objections to the account, and discusses some advantages of drawing on the de re version of Thomasson’s account of fiction, in particular, when developing an account of missing-systems modeling.
Imagining Mechanisms with Diagrams
Authors: Sheredos Benjamin , Bechtel William 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Philosophy of science has long focused on how scientists achieve successful explanations of a phenomenon. But much of scientific work is aimed at something more basic: successfully and coherently imagining how a phenomenon might be explained—for example, hypothesizing a mechanism that could possibly produce the phenomenon. This chapter examines the graphics and diagrams that scientists in the field of circadian biology have generated and used to externalize and stabilize their imaginative reasoning. In particular, it examines how scientists revise their graphics as they sharpen and constrain their imaginative construal of a hypothetical mechanism. This analysis examines published diagrams that reflect the community’s developing understanding of the mechanism responsible for circadian rhythms in cyanobacteria and zeroes in on unpublished graphics from a single lab as they developed one operation in the mechanism. The goal is to understand how circadian biologists rely on graphics to overcome the difficulties of imagining the complex working of hypothetical mechanisms over time. Throughout, the chapter emphasizes that pursuing imaginative success is a scientific endeavor governed by its own internal norms, distinct from the norms of successful explanation. The aim is to direct philosophical analysis to scientists’ imaginings and to encourage integrating this understudied dimension of scientific practice with traditional philosophical analysis of normativity in scientific practice.
Is Imagination Constrained Enough for Science?
Authors: Weisberg Deena Skolnick 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The imagination is a necessary tool for doing science, because it allows scientists to form hypotheses, make predictions about the future, and consider non-actual possibilities. But some have worried that the imagination is too unconstrained to be used in the service of scientific inquiry, which needs to be tied closely to reality. This chapter reviews these arguments and provides empirical evidence that the imagination is constrained enough for science. Both children and adults base their imagined worlds on the real world, and these worlds rarely stray from the causal structure of reality. And although the imagination may be subject to some biases that make certain kinds of worlds easier to imagine, these biases can be identified and corrected through training and enculturation in science. Finally, the conclusions drawn within an imagined context can be brought to bear appropriately on reality, allowing the results of thought experiments and hypothetical scenarios to inform the practice of science.
The Story of Rufino
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , Carvalho Marcus J. M. de 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The book tells the story of Rufino, or Abuncare, a Yoruba Muslim from the kingdom of Oyo, who came to Brazil as a slave in c. 1823 and lived in the Atlantic cities of Salvador, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, Recife (all in Brazil), and Freetown in Sierra Leone. In Salvador, he lived his first eight years as a slave; then he was taken to Porto Alegre by his young master and sold there. He bought his freedom in 1835 with money he made as a hire-out slave and then moved to Rio de Janeiro. Here Rufino started to work as a cook on a slave ship bound to Luanda. In late 1841, after a few slave trading voyages between Africa and Recife, his ship was captured by the British and sent to Freetown, where he took Qur’ānic and Arabic classes in the local Yoruba community. Still an employee of the slave trade, he would later return to Sierra Leone complete his studies. Back to Recife, he made a living as a diviner, serving all sorts of clients, whites and blacks, free and slaves. He also became a leader in the local Afro-Muslim community. In 1853, Rufino was arrested in Recife due to rumors of an imminent African slave revolt. Rufino left several traces of his personal experience as a slave and a freeman in Africa, Brazil, and aboard a slave ship. The book revolves around his life, which is used as a lead to discuss the slave trade, slavery, and the resilience of ethnic and religious identities as seen through the experience of an individual.
Sierra Leone
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
After being captured by the Royal Navy brig Water Witch, the Ermelinda is taken to Sierra Leone, a British colony, the history of which is narrated from its foundation by philanthroposts, including the leading abolitionist Granville Sharp, in the late eighteenth century up until Rufino landed there in December 1841. British cruisers deposited scores of liberated Africans there40,000 in the 1830s alone. As a result, Sierra Leone’s population included people of different faiths and ethnicities from all over the western coast of Africa and Mozambique. Anti–slave trade Mixed Commissions were installed in Freetown, where the trial of the Ermelinda was carried out for two months.
Among Akus and African Muslims
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A good number of liberated Africans in Sierra Leone in the 1840s were Yoruba speakers—locally called Akus –Rufino’s compatriots from the kingdom of Ò̩yó̩, among whom many were Muslims like him. The Akus lived in the outskirts of Freetown in a district called Fourah Bay, where several mosques had been built. The religious market in Fourah Bay was highly competitive. There were animists, Muslims and Christians, including Protestants and Catholics. The future Bishop Samual Crowther studied there. Despite the tense situation in Sierra Leone and conflicts among Christians, Muslims and animists, Rufino spent most of his time during the trial of the Ermelinda in Freetown attending Qu’ranic schools and learning Arabic.
The Global Refuge
Authors: Stanwood Owen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Huguenot refugees were everywhere in the early modern world. Exiles fleeing French persecution, they scattered around Europe and beyond following the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, settling in North America, the Caribbean, South Africa, and even remote islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. This book offers the first global history of the Huguenot diaspora, explaining how and why these refugees became such ubiquitous characters in the history of imperialism. The story starts with dreams of Eden, as beleaguered religious migrants sought suitable retreats to build perfect societies far from the political storms of Europe. In order to create these communities, however, the Huguenots needed patrons, and they thus ran headlong into the world of politics. The refugees promoted themselves as the chosen people of empire, religious heroes who also possessed key skills that would strengthen the British and Dutch states. As a result, French Protestants settled around the world—they tried to make silk in South Carolina; they planted vines in South Africa; and they peopled vulnerable frontiers from New England to Suriname. Of course, this embrace of empire led to a gradual abandonment of the Huguenots’ earlier utopian ambitions. They realized that only by blending in, and by mastering foreign institutions, could they prosper in a quickly changing world. Nonetheless, they managed to maintain a key role in the early modern world well into the eighteenth century, before the coming of Revolution upended the ancien régime.
Defining Deference
Authors: Lawson Gary , Seidman Guy I. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Ordinary language often treats deference as an all-or-nothing matter; if one defers to another’s judgment (for example, about where to go to dinner), one effectively lets the other party make the decision. Very few of the doctrines identified by federal courts as instances of deference meet this standard. Instead, the term “deference” is applied in a wide range of circumstances involving varying weights, ranging from Skidmore deference, in which the decision-maker must at least take into account the prior decision but need not give it any pre-fixed degree of weight, to rational basis review, in which the prior decision controls unless it is so absurd that no reasonable person could have reached it on any conceivable set of facts. Any inductively derived definition of deference must capture this range. Accordingly, deference is best defined through an inductive methodology such as “The giving by a legal actor of some measure of consideration or weight to the decision of another actor in exercising the deferring actor’s function.” Deference can be mandatory, because it is commanded by positive law, or discretionary, and it can be justified in particular settings for reasons of legitimacy (legitimation deference), accuracy (epistemological deference), cost (economic deference), or communication (signaling deference).
Legacy of Blood
Authors: Bemporad Elissa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This book traces the legacies of the two classical and most extreme manifestations of tsarist antisemitism—pogroms and blood libels—in the Soviet Union, from 1917 to the early 1960s. Closely intertwined in history and memory, pogroms and blood libels were and are considered central to the Jewish experience in late Tsarist Russia. But their persistence and memory under the Bolsheviks—a chapter that is largely overlooked by the existing scholarship—significantly shaped the Soviet Jewish experience. By exploring the phenomenon and the memory of pogroms and blood libels in the Soviet territories of the interwar period as well as after World War II, in the newly annexed territories, this book studies the social realities of everyday antisemitism through the emergence of communities of violence and memories of violence. The fifty-year-span from the Bolshevik Revolution to the early years of Khrushchev included a living generation of Jews and non-Jews alike, who either experienced or remembered the Beilis Affair, the pogroms of the civil war, and in some cases even the violence of the pre-revolutionary years. By tracing the “afterlife” of pogroms and blood libels in the USSR, this book sheds light on the broader question of the changing position of Jews in Soviet society. And by doing so it tells the story of the solid yet ever changing and at times ambivalent relationship between the Soviet state and the Jewish minority group.
Social Comparison Before, During, and After the Competition
Authors: Garcia Stephen M. , Reese Zachary A. , Tor Avishalom 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the interplay between social comparison and competition before, during, and after the competition. Competition is defined broadly to include an act or process of competition, explicit or implicit, linked to basic social comparison processes. Before the competition, the authors consider the lessons of the social comparison literature on motives, individual differences, cultural and social norms, and competition entry decisions. The authors then review relevant findings on the role of individual factors (personal and relational) as well as situational factors that affect motivation and competitive behavior during the competition. Finally, the chapter examines the social comparison literature on downward comparison, upward comparison, and competition re-entry decisions after the competition.
Effects of Local and General Comparisons on Self-Assessment
Authors: Zell Ethan , Alicke Mark D. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Local comparisons involve thinking about the self in relation to one or a few people, such as friends, family, neighbors, or coworkers. Conversely, general comparisons involve thinking about the self in relation to larger samples, such as the average person in one’s profession or country. This chapter first describes a program of research that examined the simultaneous effects of local and general comparisons on self-evaluations. Results show that local comparisons often dominate and displace the effects of general comparisons. Next, it discusses potential moderators of this “local dominance effect” including self-enhancement motives, the physical salience of local group members, and collective self-esteem. Finally, the chapter calls for future research that explores the implications of local dominance for motivational and behavioral outcomes as well as mental and physical health.
Navigating the Perils of Outperforming Others
Authors: Zell Anne L. , Exline Julie J. , Lobel Marci 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Outperforming others can be an enjoyable experience, satisfying goals for achievement and competitive success. However, high-performing people may also have other goals, such as to avoid causing those whom they have outperformed to feel discouraged or maliciously envious. This chapter summarizes Exline and Lobel’s conceptual framework about the concerns outperformers sometimes have about being a target of threatening upward comparisons. The authors review the research on individual and group differences in propensity to be concerned when one seems to be posing an upward comparison threat to others. The authors survey strategies that high performers use to try to avoid or minimize negative reactions in those whom they have outperformed. Finally, the chapter explores what the available research suggests regarding the effectiveness and costs of these strategies.
Temporal Comparisons in a Social World
Authors: Wilson Anne E. , Shanahan Erin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
People evaluate themselves against a variety of standards. In addition to measuring themselves against relevant others (social comparisons), individuals often appraise their current selves by looking to their former and future selves (temporal comparisons). This chapter first considers temporal comparison in relation to social comparison and then describes processes of temporal self-appraisal in more detail. The authors first consider the relative frequency and impact of temporal comparison relative to social comparison and describe how comparison preference and impact depends on method, context, and self-appraisal goals. Both comparison types are meaningful, and people show considerable fluidity in their use of these self-appraisal standards. Next, the authors describe temporal self-appraisal theory, which unpacks the nuanced mechanisms underlying active selection and construction of temporal comparisons, drawing parallels to similar social comparative processes.
Comparing One and Many
Authors: Putnam-Farr Eleanor , Morewedge Carey K. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Social comparisons are not only ubiquitous and influential but also represent a naturally occurring example of more general evaluative judgment. As such, they can be examined using the general types of mental processes that are used in the judgment and decision-making literature. While the direction of social comparison processes can be easily characterized as upward or downward, for instance, their specific calibration (e.g., sensitivity to absolute differences) is more difficult to determine. Insights gleaned from judgment and decision-making can inform research examining the calibration of social comparisons to different standards. In turn, the specific lessons gleaned from social comparisons, particularly with respect to how comparison targets are chosen, can inform judgment and decision-making. The chapter begins with a successful example of the integration of these literatures, research on anchoring bias. The authors then explain how social comparison research might benefit from judgment and decision-making research examining how calibration and sensitivity to absolute differences depend on the number of standards in the comparison set and their relative position on a continuum. The authors review different prototype, exemplar, and hybrid models explaining how people compare a target to distributions and sets of multiple standards, which could be of use to researchers examining social comparisons to multiple targets and groups. The chapter ends by noting how judgment and decision-making may benefit from the insight that social comparisons provide into the selection of comparison standards and directions for cross-pollination between these fields.
Case-Control Studies
Authors: Westreich Daniel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In contrast to an observational cohort study in which participants are identified, exposures are measured, and then outcomes status is measured after follow-up, a case-control study is an observational study in which researchers sample participants based on their outcome status, often only after all outcomes have already occurred. This chapter echoes the structure of the previous two chapters in the discussion of case-control studies. In this chapter, the author’s focus is on understanding the relationship between cohort studies and case-control studies and on how the interpretation of the odds ratio estimated from the case-control study depends on the relationship of the case-control study to a cohort study.
Itching Ears
Authors: Baker Jean H. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 covers Latrobe’s early life from his birth in 1764 in a Moravian community, his rebellion against the church, and his expulsion from a seminary in Barby, Germany. It describes his thirteen years in London where he studied architecture and engineering and set up his own practice. Latrobe achieved success as an architect in London, but amid the successes there were disturbing signs of his inability to manage his financial affairs, especially when the city experienced an economic downturn. He continually complained that his Moravian background had sheltered him from negotiating the realities of finance. The chapter also describes his marriage and the devastating death of his wife and third child. Suffering from this loss and forced into bankruptcy, Latrobe made the decision to emigrate to the United States.
This New American
Authors: Baker Jean H. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 begins with Latrobe’s emigration to the United States in 1796 and includes his exciting journey on the Eliza. He spent three and a half years in Virginia. After only a few months in Norfolk he moved to Richmond, the capital. There, he met Bushrod Washington, the president’s nephew, who introduced him to George Washington and arranged a visit to Mount Vernon. Socially, Latrobe benefited from his membership in the Freemasons, a connection that helped him in business as well. However, he continued to chafe against the common belief that an architect was an unnecessary expense, with most buildings requiring only skilled carpenters. Seeking more opportunities as an architect, Latrobe moved to Philadelphia. Here he built the Bank of Pennsylvania, a structure that brought him recognition, and the Philadelphia water supply system, a project that was hampered by his inability to match his artistic vision with financial reality. In Philadelphia, Latrobe met and married Mary Elizabeth Hazlehurst: a wife whom he adored, a woman who treated her stepchildren as if they were hers, a physical and intellectual partner who created the nurturing and intimate family he had never known.