bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pineal progenitors originate from a non-neural territory limited by FGF signalling
Authors: Staudt Nicole , Giger Florence A. , Fielding Triona , Hutt James A. , Foucher Isabelle , Snowden Vicky , Hellich Agathe , Kiecker Clemens , Houart Corinne 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
The embryonic development of the pineal organ, a neuroendocrine gland on top of the diencephalon, remains enigmatic. Classic fate-mapping studies suggested that pineal progenitors originate from the lateral border of the anterior neural plate. We show here, using gene expression and fate mapping/lineage tracing in zebrafish, that pineal progenitors originate, at least in part, from the non-neural ectoderm. Gene expression in chick indicates that this non-neural origin of pineal progenitors is conserved in amniotes. Genetic repression of placodal, but not neural crest, cell fate results in pineal hypoplasia in zebrafish, while mis-expression of transcription factors known to specify placodal identity during gastrulation promotes the formation of ectopic pineal progenitors. We also demonstrate that fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) position the pineal progenitor domain within the non-neural border by repressing pineal fate and that the Otx transcription factors promote pinealogenesis by inhibiting this FGF activity. The non-neural origin of the pineal organ reveals an underlying similarity in the formation of the pineal and pituitary glands, and suggests that all CNS neuroendocrine organs may require a non-neural contribution to form neurosecretory cells.
The balance of forces generated by kinesins controls spindle polarity and chromosomal heterogeneity in tetraploid cells
Authors: Shu Sei , Iimori Makoto , Wakasa Takeshi , Ando Koji , Saeki Hiroshi , Oda Yoshinao , Oki Eiji , Maehara Yoshihiko 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Chromosomal instability, one of the most prominent features of tumour cells, causes aneuploidy. Tetraploidy is thought to be an intermediate on the path to aneuploidy, but the mechanistic relationship between the two states is poorly understood. Here, we show that spindle polarity (e.g. bipolarity or multipolarity) in tetraploid cells depends on the level of functional phosphorylated Eg5, a mitotic kinesin, localised to the spindle. Multipolar spindles are formed in cells with high levels of phosphorylated Eg5. This process is suppressed by inhibition of Eg5 or expression of a non-phosphorylatable Eg5 mutant, as well as by changing the balance between opposing forces required for centrosome separation. Tetraploid cells with high levels of functional Eg5 give rise to a heterogeneous aneuploid population through multipolar division, whereas cells with low levels of functional Eg5 continue to undergo bipolar division and remain tetraploid. Furthermore, Eg5 protein levels correlate with ploidy status in tumour specimens. We provide a novel explanation for the tetraploid intermediate model, i.e. spindle polarity and subsequent tetraploid cell behaviour are determined by the balance of forces generated by mitotic kinesins at the spindle.
Kinetic Analysis of Enantioselective Hydrogenation of 2,3-(E)-Diarylpropenoic Acids over a Chiral Cinchona Alkaloid-Modified Pd/C Catalyst
Authors: Kim Bokeun , Nakatsuji Makoto , Mameda Takuya , Kubota Takeshi , Fujita Morifumi , Sugimura Takashi , Okamoto Yasuaki 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Enantioselective hydrogenations of α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids over cinchona alkaloid-modified Pd metal heterogeneous catalysts have received considerable attention because of scientific importance in molecular recognition catalysis as well as feasibility of industrial applications. In the present study, comprehensive kinetic analysis of the hydrogenation was conducted to disclose the crucial kinetic parameters controlling enantiodifferentiation and reaction rate with the combinations of four kinds of modifier and three kinds of substrate. Despite simplicity of the kinetic model, the present novel kinetic formulation allows us to describe the enantioselectivity as a function of modifier concentration, to estimate intrinsic enantioselectivity at the modified sites, to estimate respective reaction rates at the modified and unmodified sites, and to establish a correlation between the magnitude of ligand acceleration and kinetic parameters. The enantioselectivity is successfully correlated to the reaction rate. The adsorption strength of the modifier on Pd is suggested to decrease in the order, cinchonidine &gt; cinchonine &gt; quinine &gt; quinidine. The roles played by benzylammine and the observed decrease in the selectivity at a high modifier concentration are also discussed. The kinetic model and formulation can be applied to analyze the catalytic behaviors and performance of Pt counterparts.
Next-generation sequencing of microbial cell-free DNA for rapid noninvasive diagnosis of infectious diseases in immunocompromised hosts
Authors: Camargo Jose F. , Ahmed Asim A. , Lindner Martin S. , Morris Michele I. , Anjan Shweta , Anderson Anthony D. , Prado Clara E. , Dalai Sudeb C. , Martinez Octavio V. , Komanduri Krishna V. 
Published: November 2019

Background: Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) sequencing has emerged as an effective laboratory method for rapid and noninvasive diagnosis in prenatal screening testing, organ transplant rejection screening, and oncology liquid biopsies but clinical experience for use of this technology in diagnostic evaluation of infections in immunocompromised hosts is limited. Methods: We conducted an exploratory study using next-generation sequencing (NGS) for detection of microbial cfDNA in a cohort of ten immunocompromised patients with febrile neutropenia, pneumonia or intra-abdominal infection. Results: Pathogen identification by cfDNA NGS demonstrated positive agreement with conventional diagnostic laboratory methods in 7 (70%) cases, including patients with proven/probable invasive aspergillosis, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia, Cytomegalovirus and Adenovirus viremia. NGS results were discordant in 3 (30%) cases including two patients with culture negative sepsis who had undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplant in whom cfDNA testing identified the etiological agent of sepsis; and one kidney transplant recipient with invasive aspergillosis who had received >6 months of antifungal therapy prior to NGS testing. Conclusion: These observations support the clinical utility of measurement of microbial cfDNA sequencing from peripheral blood for rapid noninvasive diagnosis of infections in immunocompromised hosts. Larger studies are needed.
Social and cultural factors perpetuating early marriage in rural Gambia: an exploratory mixed methods study
Authors: Lowe Mat , Joof Mamsamba , Rojas Bomar Mendez 
Published: November 2019

Background: Over the last two decades, early marriage in the Gambia declined significantly (from 58% to 30%). Yet evidence indicates that nearly 8.6% of marriages in the Gambia involved girls younger than 15, and 46.5% of marriages are with girls aged 18 or below. The reasons for the decline but continuing practice of early marriage, despite existing legislation prohibiting child marriage, are not very well understood. Very few studies have been conducted to find out what and how local factors influence decisions about early marriage in the Gambia. More information is therefore needed on underlying reasons for the persistence of early marriage in the Gambia so that program managers can use this information to design strategies towards accelerating the decline of early marriages. Methods: The study was conducted in 24 rural settlements in Lower Baddibu District in the North Bank Region of the Gambia. It was based on a mixed-methods design including a cross-sectional household survey with a sample of 181 female adolescents and focus group discussions with 16 male and female parents. Focus group discussions were digitally-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic content analysis, while survey data were analyzed using Stata. Results: Using multiple regression analysis, this study found that ethnicity more than other factors, exerts an independent effect on early marriage. Themes identified during focus group discussions also revealed that fear of premarital sex and loss of virginity outside marriage were major reasons for the perpetuation of early marriage. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the practice of early marriage in rural Gambia is associated with ethnicity and practices related to social and cultural norms. The findings also suggest that in order to decrease early marriages, future efforts should focus on allaying the fears around premarital sex and loss of virginity related to delay in marriage.
Is diabetes associated with malaria and malaria severity? A systematic review of observational studies
Authors: Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M. , Altez-Fernandez Carlos , Ugarte-Gil Cesar 
Published: November 2019

Background: We conducted a systematic review to study the association between diabetes and malaria as well as malaria severity. Methods: The search was conducted in Embase, Global Health, MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science. Titles and abstracts were screened, full-text studied and information extracted for qualitative synthesis. Risk of bias was assessed with ROBINS-I criteria. The exposure was diabetes and the outcome malaria or malaria severity. Results: Of 1992 results, three studies were included (n=7,226). Two studies found strong associations: people with diabetes had higher odds of malaria (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.46 (95% CI: 1.06-2.03)) and severe malaria (aOR: 2.98 (95% CI: 1.25-7.09)). One study did not find conclusive evidence: aOR for severe malaria was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.71-1.28). Risk of bias was high in all the studies. Conclusions: Although the available evidence on the association between diabetes and malaria is limited, the results may suggest there is a non-trivial positive relationship between these conditions.
Struktur Dan Makna Sufiks ~Gatai Dalam Kalimat Bahasa Jepang
Authors: Rosliana Lina , Lathifah Fida Nurrany 
Published: November 2019

(Title: Structure and Meaning of Suffix ~Gatai in Japanese Sentences) suffix ~gatai is a suffix that attached to verbs. This research aims to describe the structure and meaning of suffix ~gatai. The data which is used is obtained from the websites, such as yourei.jp, kotonoha.gr.jp, and other sites that contained research topics. The data were collected by observation method and writing technique. Then for data analysis using agih method. The results of the analysis are presented by the informal method which explained with simple words. Based on the results of the analysis, suffix ~gatai can be attached to 3 categories of verbs (1) kanyouku or idiom, (2) ninshiki or cognitive verbs, and (3) hatsugen or verbal verbs. 2 meanings contain suffix ~gatai in Japanese sentences, (1) cannot be realized or something can't happen, and (2) not accepting an agreement.
PERANCANGAN SISTEM PAKAR PENYAKIT RHINOFARINGITIS AKUT (RFA) PADA ANAK BERBASIS PERANGKAT ANDROID MENGGUNAKAN K-NN (K-NEAREST NEIGHBOR)
Authors: Hardiani Tikaridha , Silmina Esi Putri 
Published: November 2019

Rhinofaringitis akut (RFA) merupakan penyakit saluran pernafasan atas yang paling sering terjadi pada anak-anak. RFA menjadi masalah kesehatan umum di dunia, terutama di negara-negara berkembang. Penyakit ini sebagian besar menginfeksi anak-anak. RFA menyerang 6,2 hingga 9,7 juta anak di seluruh dunia.Di Indonesia, RFA dapat mempengaruhi segala usia dan morbiditasnya masih tinggi, terutama pada anak-anak. RFA dapat dicegah dan ditangani secara cepat dengan sistem pakar. Sistem pakar merupakan sistem berbasis komputer yang menggunakan pengetahuan, fakta dan teknik penalaran dalam memecahkan masalah yang biasanya hanya diselesaikan oleh seorang pakar dalam bidang tertentu. Penelitian ini mengembangkan sistem pakar menggunakan algoritma K-Nearest Neighbour (K-NN). Variabel yang digunakan yaitu sakit kepala, demam, menggigil, malaise (lemas), disfagia (nyeri menelan), limfaadenopati pada anterior servikal (pembesaran kelenjar leher anterior), muntah, tidak ada batuk/jarang batuk, eksudat pada tonsil/faring, Nyeri tenggorokan yang parah, disertai batuk, suara serak, nyeri substernal, myalgia (nyeri otot), rhinorea (hidung berair), konjungtivitis (mata merah) dan muntah. Hasil diagnosis sistem menunjukan bahwa nilai similarity tertinggi pada No MR 6754 yaitu sebesar 75%, maka kasus baru didiagnosis RFA karena virus.
Notker und die ›taube Erde‹ – Dialog mit der ›Consolatio‹ und dem Buch der Natur
Authors: Marshall Sophie 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Although Notker III. is known for his highly sensitive language and rhetorical skills, his texts are not considered to be poetic works. Yet, in his translation-cum-commentary on a Latin poem from Boethius’ ›Consolatio‹ Notker uses poetic techniques – figurative and especially acoustic references and a modified rhetorical structure – to communicate a new meaning. Scholarship is thus confronted with the particularities of commentary aesthetics. The article also shows that Notker’s text, interwoven with the phrases of the Latin poem, is dialogical on the level of commentary (Christian answers to Boethius’ lines), on the level of content (answers to the mysteries of nature and their hidden meanings) and on the pragmatic level of his monastic school (communication with the students).
Is thromboelastography reliable in postpartum coagulopathies? Two case reports and a literature review
Authors: Gultekin-Elbir Elif E. , Pelletier J. Peter R. , Sylvester-Armstrong Kendra R. , Genc Mehmet R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is an underestimated problem in labor and delivery units and remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Managing PPH starts with immediate recognition and intervention. Goal-directed massive transfusion protocol can be achieved by properly monitoring the maternal coagulation profile during severe obstetric hemorrhage. Conventional coagulation tests (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, international normalized ratio, fibrinogen analysis, platelet count) have long turnaround times (occasionally >60 min and provide little information about the in vivo condition of hemostasis) compared to viscoelastic tests (VETs) (available results within 10–30 min). The outcome in actively hemorrhaging patients can be optimized by VETs, including thromboelastography (TEG), rotational thromboelastometry and Sonoclot, providing more individualized blood component therapy compared to traditional 1:1:1 ‘damage control resuscitation’ ratios of blood transfusion strategy. The main limitations of the efficacy of VETs include, but are not limited to, the lack of validation, not having well-established reference ranges for each patient group, results affected by fluid resuscitation regimes and consistent operator proficiency. Although there is limited data with the use of VETs in obstetric patients, the value of VETs is supported by guidelines with increasing evidence. This article will demonstrate two obstetric cases to evaluate the reliability of the TEG in the management of postpartum coagulopathies. The lesson we took from our two cases is presented.
Determination of Supply Pressure during Cutting Fish Using High-Pressure Water Stream Taking into Account the Cutting Place and Diameter of the Water Nozzle
Authors: Kasperowicz Maciej B. , Chomka Grzegorz P. , Bil Tadeusz 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This work describes the research aimed at determining the value of the basic parameters of fish cutting on treatment with a high-pressure water jet. Assuming a constant feed speed, distance of the nozzle from the processed raw material, and spray angle of the water jet for six diameters of the water nozzles, the supply pressure value was determined. Supply pressure at which the water stream has enough energy to fully cut the muscle flap is also determined. The tests were carried out on samples obtained from rainbow trout, considering the size of the carcasses and the place of cutting. Analysis of the obtained results showed that both the size of the carcass and the cutting site affect the value of the supply pressure. However, regardless of this, the full cut of the lobe without the skin can be obtained by feeding the jet with a pressure of 3.5 MPa. This amount of pressure can easily be achieved using a Karcher pressure washer. To effectively apply this technology to the fish processing industry, it is necessary to extend the tests with further processing parameters such as the feed speed of the nozzle.
Traveling wave solutions and conservation laws of a generalized Kudryashov–Sinelshchikov equation
Authors: Muatjetjeja Ben , Adem Abdullahi Rashid , Mbusi Sivenathi Oscar 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Kudryashov and Sinelshchikov proposed a nonlinear evolution equation that models the pressure waves in a mixture of liquid and gas bubbles by taking into account the viscosity of the liquid and the heat transfer. Conservation laws and exact solutions are computed for this underlying equation. In the analysis of this particular equation, two approaches are employed, namely, the multiplier method and Kudryashov method.
Africa, Go Green! A New Initiative for the Continent’s Youth to Become Leaders in the Global Environment Needs to Combine Activism with Knowledge, Research and Policy
Authors: Benedikter Roland , Tsedze William Mensa , Unterkircher Kathrin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA growing number of scholars assert that the second half of the century will be the African century. But the question is how exactly, and with which perspectives. This is the challenge of the African youth. Africa’s young are eagerly searching for their place in globalization. The global environmental challenge provides the best opportunity for the continent’s new generation for two reasons: because Africa will be most affected by climate change, and because it is ideally suited to be at the forefront of the emerging renewable energy business, including solar and wind energy. Moreover, taking care of the environment could be a decisive carrier of inter-generational understanding and ethnic reconciliation. In an international knowledge economy, Africa’s youth needs first and foremost an educational initiative at the forefront of global knowledge combining activism with research and policy in order to fulfill such ambition.
Missverhältnisse. Nietzsche und die Sklaverei
Authors: Därmann Iris 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Like Hegel, Marx and Engels, Nietzsche has made the Haitian Revolution “unthinkable” (Michel-Rolph Trouillot). He provokes his readers by justifying slavery in the ancient and in the modern world. In order to indicate the problematic dimension of Nietzsche’s cultural legitimation of slavery it is necessary to situate his ideas in the context of the transatlantic slave trade. Furthermore, we need to ask whether his anti-democratic statements regarding the French Revolution could be understood as a “hyper-democratic” commitment to a “coming democracy” (Jacques Derrida) that resists slavery. I raise the question whether Nietzsche, in this context, considers the possibility of overcoming the institution of slavery in modern Europe.
Wahrheit und Wahrheiten. Nietzsche – Heidegger – Luhmann – Nietzsche
Authors: Stegmaier Werner 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The question of truth is one of the oldest philosophical topics, but perhaps it concerns the world today more than ever.<fnote> Der Beitrag geht auf einen Vortrag zurück, der 2018 in verschiedenen Fassungen beim Nietzsche-Forum München e.V., beim Nietzsche-Forum der Tongji-Universität Shanghai und beim Nietzsche-Kolloquium der Stiftung Nietzsche-Haus in Sils-Maria und 2019 in Machatschkala, Dagestan, gehalten wurde.</fnote> Nietzsche was a realist about truth and he sought to criticize and reject the idealizations and moralizations that continue to dominate philosophical thinking: he wanted to see how truth really stands. Following Nietzsche we can recognize more clearly that we need illusions in order to live, but that these illusions also endanger the very lives they support. We demand a final truth on which we can rely at all times, and which allows us to live together, such as the truth of God, the truth of reason, or the truth of being. But searching for such a final truth, we face “nothing,” or what Nietzsche described as “nihilism.” At the same time, however, we keep on speaking about truth and truths. How to speak—after Nietzsche—about truth without succumbing to illusion? Starting from Nietzsche’s critique of truth and Heidegger’s metaphysical account of Nietzsche’s position, this article examines how Nietzsche, in contrast to Heidegger’s ontological commitments, allows us to decide about truth on the grounds of perspectivism. While Nietzsche’s position thus seems compatible with that of Niklas Luhmann’s constructivism, Nietzsche still holds on to his truth as the truth of “an evangelist the like of which there has never been” (EH, Destiny 1).
Nietzsche als Philosoph des Lebens
Authors: Heinrich Johannes 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The books discussed in this article examine Nietzsche’s philosophy of life in different ways. Nietzsche’s theory of art as well as his Dionysian philosophy play a special role, which emphasizes the possible continuity of these terms in Nietzsche’s works. An additional focus of attention are Nietzsche’s philosophy of the body as well as his relationship to the theory of evolution. Nietzsche’s position is distinguished from Darwinism by the former’s focus on an anti-essentialist critique of the concept of nature and of mind-body dualism. Finally, the possibilities of a phenomenological interpretation of Nietzsche are taken into consideration, which situates the concept of the life-world, or Lebenswelt, in the context of Nietzsche’s own conception of life.
Nietzsche und die Poesie
Authors: Görner Rüdiger 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Two new volumes fundamentally revise our understanding of Nietzsche’s poetry in the broader context of his philosophical thought. Marked by a dialogic structure, and with an emphasis on what might be described as a poetics of selfhood, Nietzsche’s poetic texts raise the question what it means to write lyric poetry philosophically. Employing syntactical rules in order to reflect on the philosophical dimension of poetic language, Nietzsche’s poetic practice also informs the practices of his philosophical writing.
Introducing the “Religious Minorities at Risk” Dataset
Authors: Basedau Matthias , Fox Jonathan , Huber Christopher , Pieters Arne , Konzack Tom , Deitch Mora 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Religion has been taking an increasingly contentious character worldwide. Deprivation, grievances and protest by religious groups seems to be on the rise. Previous research has shown that the marginalization of ethnic groups can contribute significantly to violent conflict. However, we know little about religious groups as existing research has lacked the necessary fine-grained data. This paper introduces the “Religious Minorities at Risk” dataset comprising data on 771 religious minorities worldwide for the period between 2000 and 2014. The dataset contains pertinent worldwide information on relevant characteristics of these minorities, especially those that may explain their motivation and capability to mobilize. Such characteristics include objective deprivation in religious, economic and political terms as well as corresponding subjective grievances and intensities. The dataset also includes group-related features and structural variables that arguably influence minorities’ capability to mobilize. Moreover, while previous studies have focussed exclusively on violence, we now have more information available on the exact character of mobilization enabling scholars to distinguish between peaceful and violent forms of mobilization.