bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical therapy musculoskeletal imaging authority: A survey of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy Nations
Authors: Mabry Lance M. , Boyles Robert E. , Brismée Jean‐Michel , Agustsson Hilmir , Smoliga James M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesMedical evidence largely supports PTs in expanded roles, however, healthcare policy within the United States (USA) typically restricts PTs from ordering musculoskeletal (MSK) imaging. It is unknown how MSK imaging policy in the USA compares to other World Confederation for Physical Therapy (WCPT) member nations. The primary objective of our study was to investigate the authority of PTs to order MSK imaging. A secondary objective was to identify factors associated with the authority for PTs to order MSK imaging.Methods111 WCPT member nations were surveyed over a 2‐month period on the authority of PTs ordering MSK imaging within their nation. A secondary analysis utilizing a step‐wise binary regression compared member nation demographic statistics to MSK imaging authority.Results81 member nations responded to the survey. 31 (38.3%) of member nations reported having some level of PT MSK imaging authority while 50 (61.7%) did not. Member nations with lower per capita healthcare costs were significantly more likely to allow PTs to order MSK imaging (p = 0.02). Those with direct access authority were 7.4 times more likely to authorize PTs to order MSK imaging (p < 0.01). Entry‐level clinical degree and years of entry‐level collegiate credit were not associated with imaging authority.ConclusionThis is the first study to report MSK imaging policy within the WCPT member nations. While many nations within the WCPT allow PTs to order MSK imaging, the majority of nations still restrict PTs from such practice. Lower per capita healthcare costs and direct access authority were significant predictors of MSK imaging authority, however, causation cannot be established within the confines of this study. Future studies should consider issues such as restrictive policy origin (i.e. governmental vs. institutional), insurance reimbursement (i.e. private vs. public sector policy), and limitations on imaging modality
Baker's Yeast Catalyzed Multicomponent Reactions: A New Hope?
Authors: Santra Soumava 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBaker's yeast was primarily used as a leavening agent in the food processing industry and later as biocatalyst in the brewing industry. Ready availability and low cost has made baker's yeast a primary research object among the scientific community. It is well known to reduce carbonyl groups. Several other simple single step transformations have also been carried out using baker's yeast. Multicomponent reactions are a close fit to the concept of “ideal” synthesis and, in recent years, they have become a rapid platform for the drug discovery process. Due to the promiscuous nature of enzymes, they were not explored as potential biocatalyst for multicomponent reactions. In this review, the application of baker's yeast in multicomponent reactions has been discussed.
Fabrication of a 3,4‐Diaminotoluene Sensor Based on a TiO2 ‐Al2O3Nanocomposite Synthesized by a Fast and Facile Microwave Irradiation Method
Authors: Rakib Riad H. , Hasnat Mohammad A. , Uddin Md. Nizam , Alam M M , Asiri Abdullah M. , Rahman Mohammed M. , Siddiquey Iqbal Ahmed 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA fast and facile synthesis of TiO2‐ Al2O3 nanocomposite based on Microwave (MW) irradiation is presented. The nanocomposite development were corroborated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX),and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR)analysis. The XPS analyzed results affirmed that elements on the nanocomposite surface were Al and O. Electrochemical properties of the as prepared TiO2‐Al2O3 nanocomposites were studied thoroughly to determine the sensing activity of the nanocomposites towards 3,4‐Diaminotoluene (3,4‐DAT) which is a harmful or hazardous chemical using I−V method. Selective electrochemical sensor using TiO2‐Al2O3 nanocomposite onto glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was assembled and the details electrochemical investigation of 3,4‐Diaminotoluene (3,4‐DAT) was developed. It was calibrated using in range of 3,4‐DAT concentration and data were plotted as current versus concentration. Considering the highest linearity (r2=0.99)of calibrated range, the linear dynamic range (1.0 pM∼ 1.0 μM) was found. Employing the slope of calibration curve, the sensitivity (0.5024×103 μAμM−1cm−3) and detection limit (0.19 ± 0.01 pM) were estimated. Besides this, the selective 3,4‐DAT chemical sensor was shown long‐term stability and precious reproducibility with very short response time without any interference effect.
A Facile, Effective Synthesis of Excellent Fluorescent Carbon Dots with Optical Properties
Authors: Shen Shen , Fu Jiajia , Wang Hongbo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCarbon dots (CDs) are new fluorescent materials which have been sparked intense research due to their excellent properties, such as ultraviolet (UV) absorption, good biocompatibility, low toxicity, facile synthesis, low cost and tunable photoluminescence. Therefore, CDs appear to be a promising nanomaterials in many fields of application. Here, high quality carbon dots (named a‐CDs, b‐CDs, c‐CDs) were synthesized through a mild, facile hydrothermal method without any further modification using different carbon precursors and surfactants. Through carefully comparing and analyzing the three as‐prepared CDs samples, the c‐CDs exhibited exceptional advantages including high fluorescence intensity and satisfactory chemical stability. Then, the structures, morphologies, optical properties were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopic, Raman spectra and transmission electron microscope (TEM) in details. Our results verified that one‐step hydrothermal synthesis was a simple, efficient and green process for the preparation of carbon dots. The investigation on the unique characteristics can provide new recognition on the fluorescent carbon dots.
Evaluation of Protic Ionic Liquids Based on Triethanolammonium and Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylammonium Salts as Buffers for 68Ga‐Radiolabelling of PSMA‐HBED‐CC
Authors: Antuganov Dmitrii , Timofeev Vasilii , Timofeeva Ksenija , Antuganova Yulija , Kondratenko Yulia A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNowadays chemistry of 68Ga‐labelled radiopharmaceuticals is one of the drivers for Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Buffers solutions for radiolabelling play one of the important roles here. Despite HEPES buffer providing high radiochemical conversions, its use is undesirable due to high toxicity. In this article we report a simple procedure involving usage of aqueous triethanolammonium (TEA) and tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl‐ammonium (TRIS) salts of biologically active carboxylic acids in a process of gallium‐68 complexation with PSMA‐HBED‐CC. These salts provide not only high radiochemical conversions but also are already widely used in biochemistry, molecular biology, agriculture and medicine as drugs of a wide spectrum of action and growth stimulating drugs (Trekrezan™, Chlorokrezacin™).
Removal of Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Ions in Water on a Newly Synthesized Polyhydroquinone/Graphene Nanocomposite Material: Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Mechanism
Authors: Ali Imran , Burakov Alexandr E. , Melezhik Alexandr V. , Babkin Alexandr V. , Burakova Irina V. , Neskomornaya Ms. Elena A. , Galunin Evgeny V. , Tkachev Alexey G. , Kuznetsov Denis V. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAn effective polyhydroquinone/graphene nanocomposite was developed to remove Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal ions in water. The composite nanomaterial was characterized by FT‐IR, SEM, TEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and thermo‐gravimetry. The surface of the material was heterogeneous with 10–20 nm particle size. The adsorption capacity of Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal ions were 40.9 and 24.8 μgg−1, respectively. The sorption followed Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin and D−Rs models. The process of adsorption was successfully described by pseudo‐second‐order model, thereby indicating the chemical nature of the main adsorption mechanism. Thus, it can be argued that the adsorption proceeded in a mixed‐diffusion mode, with a significant contribution of a large number of high affinity active sites located on the adsorbent surface. The uptake time was 60 and 15 minutes for Cu(II) and Zn(II) at pH 6.0; indicating fast hydro‐friendly nature and making the method applicable to solve water pollution in real life problems. Therefore, the reported method may be used to remove Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal ions in any water resource.
Ball Milling Produced FeF3‐Containing Nanothermites: Investigations of Its Thermal and Inflaming Properties
Authors: Jiang Aifeng , Xia Debin , Li Mengru , Qiang Liangsheng , Fan Ruiqing , Lin Kaifeng , Yang Yulin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThermites are widely employed in explosives and propellants. However, it is difficult to fabricate nanothermites with low cost, nanoscale size and large production simultaneously. In this work, we employed ball milling process to manufacture varying ratio of FeF3‐containing nanothermites in a large scale. The obtained nanothermites presented excellent stability and were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption‐desorption isotherms and scanning electron microscopy. The nanothermites particles could be optimized into nearly spherical shape together with an average diameter of 23.2 nm and a specific surface area of 26.33 m2/g. Moreover, the thermal stabilities, hydrophobicities and combustion properties were also symmetrically investigated via thermogravimetric analysis, hydrophobic angle test and infrared temperature measurement, showing that the vinyltrimethoxysilane covered FeF3‐containing nanothermites displayed similar hydrophobicity, lower initial oxidation temperatureand faster burning rate, respectively, compared to the ball‐milled aluminum nanoparticles.
Luminescence Sensing of Fe3+ and Nitrobenzene by Three Isostructural Ln–MOFs Assembled by a Phenyl‐Dicarboxylate Ligand
Authors: Bai Kai‐Peng , Zhou Li‐Jun , Yang Guo‐Ping , Cao Meng‐Xue , Wang Yao‐Yu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThree new 3D isostructural lanthanide MOFs, {[Ln(L)1.5(H2O)2]⋅2H2O⋅2DMF}n (Ln=Gd, Dy and Eu, H2L=4‐(2‐carboxyvinyl)benzoic acid)), were obtained by solvothermal reaction. The three complexes are topologically expressed as the trinodal (2,4,5)‐connected nets. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that the three complexes maintained favorable thermal stability at 425 °C. Further, the fluorescence detection tests showed that Eu‐MOF had excellent recognition ability to Fe3+ and small organic nitrobenzene in DMF and other different mixed solutions, with stable crystal skeleton revealed by PXRD date. In addition, the result of the magnetic testing showed that Dy‐MOF had antiferromagnetic properties at 1000 Oe.
Facile Synthesis of Regioisomeric N‐Alkyl Substituted 3‐Methylene‐3,4‐dihydroquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones
Authors: Stepanova Ekaterina E. , Lukmanova Dzhamilya N. , Kasatkina Svetlana O. , Dmitriev Maksim V. , Maslivets Andrey N. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFacile and convenient synthetic approaches towards pharmaceutically important regioisomeric N‐alkyl substituted 3‐methylene‐3,4‐dihydroquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones have been developed. Various approaches to the target compounds were tested and compared. Products having bulky N4‐propyl substituent were found to exist in two forms in solutions due to solvent‐dependent rotational processes in 2‐oxoethylidene moiety, which is of interest for construction of optical, electronic, and other functional materials. The proposed procedures proceed in a highly regioselective manner under mild conditions, and the products are isolated without usage of column chromatography.
Fabrication and Antitumor Mechanism of a Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System: Graphene Oxide/Chitosan Oligosaccharide/γ‐Polyglutamic Acid Composites for Anticancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Liu Baoqing , Che Chengchuan , Liu Jinfeng , Si Meiru , Gong Zhijin , Li Yuan , Zhang Junming , Yang Ge 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis study focused on the design of a novel pH responsive nanoparticle drug delivery system (NDDS) with high biocompatibility and water solubility. The designed system was used for doxorubicin (DOX) delivery at tumor sites in a controlled manner. These innovative nanoparticles are soluble in physiological solutions besides water. In this study, pretreated γ‐polyglutamic acid (γ‐PGA) aqueous solutions were loaded into composites of graphene oxide (GO) covalently linked with chitosan oligosaccharide (CO) to fabricate GO‐CO‐γ‐PGA via amidation. The characterizations of the synthesized samples were carried out by using fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), ultraviolet– visible spectrophotometer (UV‐Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and zeta potential. Furthermore, drug loading and release behaviors from GO‐CO‐γ‐PGA were studied. The DOX loading in the constructed nanocarriers (GO‐CO‐γ‐PGA‐DOX) resulted in controlled and sustained release. The results of cell experiments revealed that the synthesized composites, which were easily transferred into cells, showed low toxicity and exhibited excellent antitumor effect due to its good connection with DOX. In addition, the composite nanoparticles caused the cell cycle arrest of Hela cells at the G2/M phase. Western blot results indicated that GO‐CO‐γ‐PGA‐DOX downregulated the expression of Bcl‐2 protein but upregulated Bax protein expression, which triggered the release of cytochrome C (Cytc). This condition further activated caspase‐3, cleaved the substrate of poly ADP‐ribose polymerase (PARP), and caused cell apoptosis. These results demonstrated that GO‐CO‐γ‐PGA‐DOX induces apoptosis via the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Hence GO‐CO‐γ‐PGA composites have promising application in the field of biomedicine.
Approaches towards 3‐Substituted‐3‐hydroxyoxindole and Spirooxindole‐Pyran Derivatives in a Reaction of Isatin with Acetylacetone in Aqueous Media
Authors: Chandran R. , Prabhakaran S. M. , Kumar Vaneet , Thakar Snehal Rajendra , Tiwari Keshri Nath 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe synthetic utility of C1 and C3 nucleophilic behavior of acetylacetone in a reaction with isatin for two distinct pharmaceutically relevant scaffolds 3‐substituted 3‐hydroxyoxindole and spirooxindole‐pyran in water is presented. The protocol offers environmentally benign conditions, wide substrate scope, and good to the very good chemical yield of products. The developed methodology has the potential to generate a library of useful synthetic compounds that are of pharmaceutical interest. A plausible mechanism for the formation of products based on the outcome of the reaction is also rationalized.
Effects of Membrane Additives on PEMFC Conditioning
Authors: Zhao Nana , Yuan Xiao‐Zi , Girard Francois , Wang Keping , Li Jing , Shi Zhiqing , Xie Zhong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDurability and cost are the major hurdles preventing fuel cell technology from large‐scale commercialization. Membrane degradation due to insufficient chemical stability is one of the main factors affecting fuel cell durability. Using additives as scavenger, the membrane durability can be dramatically enhanced. However, membrane additives normally result in lengthened conditioning, subsequently adding to capital and operational expenditure. It is crucial to understand the root causes of prolonged conditioning process from membrane additives. In this study, four membranes with or without additives were conditioned in a fuel cell and analyzed using various techniques. It is found that the cell voltage exhibits a U‐shaped curve and slow ramping up during conditioning at a constant current, instead of monotonically increasing to a steady state. Experiments also revealed that mostly additives might be overdosed and the releasing of extra additives causes catalyst layer contamination and requires longer conditioning time.
Concentrating Single Cells in Picoliter Droplets for Phospholipid Profiling on a Microfluidic System
Authors: Zhang Weifei , Li Nan , Lin Ling , Huang Qiushi , Uchiyama Katsumi , Lin Jin‐Ming 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCellular membranes are composed of a variety of lipids in different amounts and proportions, and alterations of them are usually closely related to various diseases. To reveal the intercellular heterogeneity of the lipid variation, an integrated microfluidic system is designed, which consists of droplet‐based inkjet printing, dielectrophoretic electrodes, and de‐emulsification interface to achieve on‐line single‐cell encapsulation, manipulation, and mass spectrometry (MS) detection. This integrated system effectively improves the single‐cell encapsulation rate, and meanwhile reduces the matrix interference and continuous oil phase interference to the MS detection. Using this system, the heterogeneities between the normal and cancer cells are compared, and the heterogeneity of the same cells before and after the drug treatment changed obviously, indicating that this system can be used as a promising tool for studying the link between the alterations of lipid homeostasis and various diseases.
A Dual‐Gate MoS2 Photodetector Based on Interface Coupling Effect
Authors: Liao Fuyou , Deng Jianan , Chen Xinyu , Wang Yin , Zhang Xinzhi , Liu Jian , Zhu Hao , Chen Lin , Sun Qingqing , Hu Weida , Wang Jianlu , Zhou Jing , Zhou Peng , Zhang David Wei , Wan Jing , Bao Wenzhong 
Published: November 2019

Abstract2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) based photodetectors have shown great potential for the next generation optoelectronics. However, most of the reported MoS2 photodetectors function under the photogating effect originated from the charge‐trap mechanism, which is difficult for quantitative control. Such devices generally suffer from a poor compromise between response speed and responsivity (R) and large dark current. Here, a dual‐gated (DG) MoS2 phototransistor operating based on the interface coupling effect (ICE) is demonstrated. By simultaneously applying a negative top‐gate voltage (VTG) and positive back‐gate voltage (VBG) to the MoS2 channel, the photogenerated holes can be effectively trapped in the depleted region under TG. An ultrahigh R of ≈105 A W−1 and detectivity (D*) of ≈1014 Jones are achieved in several devices with different thickness under Pin of 53 µW cm−2 at VTG = −5 V. Moreover, the response time of the DG phototransistor can also be modulated based on the ICE. Based on these systematic measurements of MoS2 DG phototransistors, the results show that the ICE plays an important role in the modulation of photoelectric performances. The results also pave the way for the future optoelectrical application of 2D TMDs materials and prompt for further investigation in the DG structured phototransistors.
Alkyl Bridge Length to Bias the Kinetics and Stability of Consecutive Supramolecular Polymerizations
Authors: Greciano Elisa E. , Alsina Silvia , Ghosh Goutam , Fernández Gustavo , Sánchez Luis 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHerein, the impact of alkyl bridge length is unraveled on the self‐assembly of N‐annulated perylenetetracarboxamides 1–4 that cooperatively form supramolecular polymers. Spectroscopic studies in different solvents as media for the self‐assembly demonstrate the impact that the length of the bridge separating the two amide groups of compounds 1–4 exerts on the supramolecular polymerization process: i) in MCH/Tol (8/2), compounds 1–3 exhibit a consecutive process that, however, it is not operative for 4; ii) the presence of three methylene units in 2, which can induce a parallel distribution of the amide groups, notably decreases the stability of the corresponding aggregates in Tol; iii) increasing the spacer length accelerates the conversion of the metastable, intramolecularly H‐bonded monomeric species, which prevents to develop seeded supramolecular polymerizations; iv) the presence of a spacer with five methylene units in 4 hinders the formation of the corresponding 10‐membered pseudo‐cycle; and v) only the higher relative stability of the inactivated monomeric species of 1 enables pathway complexity, with a kinetically controlled self‐assembly to yield nanoparticles and a thermodynamically controlled supramolecular polymerization to achieve fibrillar structures. The results presented herein expand the knowledge on the structure/property relationship for self‐assembling units to provide pathway complexity and to bias the kinetics and stability of the supramolecular aggregates.
Sodium Salicylate Mediated Ionic Liquid Based Catanionic Coacervates as Membrane‐Free Microreactors for the Selective Sequestration of Dyes and Curcumin
Authors: Shah Ankit , Kuddushi Muzammil , Ray Debes , Aswal Vinod K , Malek Naved I. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDesigning artificial protocells to sequester the biomolecules within its compartments is a challenging task and can be achieved through the use of surfactant‐based coacervates. Surfactant structures could be tailored to achieve the highest sequestration through coacervate droplets, irrespective of the polarity, charge and type of the analytes. Herein, we designed a morpholinium‐based ester‐functionalized ionic‐liquid‐based surfactant (ILBS) with a higher surface activity than its analogous conventional surfactant to form complex catanionic coacervates over the broad range of sodium salicylate (NaSal) concentrations. The spherically shaped micellar aggregates of the investigated ILBS are transformed into cylindrical shapes and again in the spherically shaped micellar aggregates depending on the NaSal concentration, which forms the coacervate droplets. The complex catanionic coacervates have been studied for their stability in the presence of mono and divalent cations, pH, temperature, viscosity and with respect to time. The microfluidic channel of 100 μm internal diameter was designed to obtain coacervate droplets with a maximum size of 100 μm. The coacervates were designed based on the NaSal concentration; cationic, neutral and anionic to exhibit selective and non‐selective encapsulation of the model charged dyes. We speculate that the strategically designed coacervate droplets could mimic membrane‐free protocells, which are applicable in multiple biomimetic operations.
Investigation of wind turbine wake superposition models using Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes simulations
Authors: Vogel Christopher R. , Willden Richard H. J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIt is well accepted that the wakes created by upstream turbines significantly impact on the power production and fatigue loading of downstream turbines and that this phenomenon affects wind farm performance. Improving the understanding of wake effects and overall efficiency is critical for the optimisation of layout and operation of increasingly large wind farms. In the present work, the NREL 5‐MW reference turbine was simulated using blade element embedded Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes computations in sheared onset flow at three spatial configurations of two turbines at and above rated flow speed to evaluate the effects of wakes on turbine performance and subsequent wake development. Wake recovery downstream of the rearward turbine was enhanced due to the increased turbulence intensity in the wake, although in cases where the downstream turbine was laterally offset from the upstream turbine this resulted in relatively slower recovery. Three widely used wake superposition models were evaluated and compared with the simulated flow‐field data. It was found that when the freestream hub‐height flow speed was at the rated flow speed, the best performing wake superposition model varied depending according to the turbine array layout. However, above rated flow speed where the wake recovery distance is reduced, it was found that linear superposition of single turbine velocity deficits was the best performing model for all three spatial layouts studied.