bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of international remittances on expenditure patterns of the left‐behind households in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Ajefu Joseph B. , Ogebe Joseph O. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article explores the effects of international remittances on the expenditure patterns of households in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). This article focuses on five countries in SSA, which are some of the destinations that account for the highest receipt of international remittances. We analyze both aggregate and distributional effects of international remittances on expenditure patterns of households. To investigate the distributional effect of international remittances, we adopt the instrumental variable quantile (IV‐quantile) regression framework that allows us to simultaneously address the endogeneity of international remittances and possible heterogeneity in the impact of international remittances on households’ expenditure patterns. We instrument for international remittances by using the economic conditions in migrants’ countries as an instrument for international remittances. Our results show that the receipt of international remittances increases expenditures on food, durables, education, and health. Using the IV‐quantile regression, we find the effects of international remittances on household expenditure on food, durables, education, and health increase across the different expenditure quantiles.
The effect of Angelman syndrome on enamel and dentin mineralization
Authors: Zilberman Itai , Zilberman Uri 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimsTo analyze the mineralization and ion content in deciduous, permanent teeth of Angelman syndrome in comparison to match‐paired teeth from normal children.MethodsThree deciduous teeth and a third molar and a mesiodens extracted during routine dental treatment and their match‐paired normal teeth were examined using energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer program under a scanning electron microscope.ResultsThe morphology of the enamel and dentin of Angelman syndrome (AS) teeth was similar to normal but the thickness of the enamel of deciduous canine and permanent teeth was reduced. The most marked differences were found in the enamel—in AS teeth, the enamel contained nitrogen in concentrations similar to dentin, implicating that the protein content of the enamel is different from normal teeth where nitrogen is absent.ConclusionsAS affects morphology and mineralization of enamel. It caused hypoplastic enamel and abnormal protein content in comparison to match‐paired normal teeth. These findings show that AS also affects odontogenesis in addition to the known oral motor challenges.
Early teeth extraction in patients with generalized recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa: A case series
Authors: Véliz Sebastián , Huber Hinrich , Yubero María Joao , Fuentes Ignacia , Alsayer Fatimah , Krämer Susanne M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo present early teeth extractions as a treatment option in severe dental crowding in patients with generalized recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB).Materials and methodsThree patients with generalized RDEB were treated with early teeth extractions to prevent severe dental crowding.ResultsTwo patients had bilateral upper first premolars extraction, and the third patient had permanent maxillary canine extraction. Crowding was avoided, and no further orthodontic treatment was necessary.ConclusionConsidering the challenges of severe mucosal fragility and microstomia in patients with generalized RDEB, early teeth extractions are a reasonable option as an orthodontic management. This approach reduces the severity of dental crowding as the child gets older and reduces the need for orthodontic appliances. Individual factors such as access to dental care, general health, and oral health have an important impact on the decision‐making process. Orthodontic treatment planning should include a multidisciplinary team.
Lymphopenia an important immunological abnormality in patients with COVID‐19: Possible mechanisms
Authors: Jafarzadeh Abdollah , Jafarzadeh Sara , Nozari Parvin , Mokhtari Pejman , Nemati Maryam 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe lymphopenia as a major immunological abnormality occurs in the majority of severe COVID‐19 patients, which is strongly associated with mortality rate. A low proportion of lymphocytes may express the main receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2, called angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) can also use ACE2‐independent pathways to enter lymphocytes. Both SARS‐CoV‐2‐ and immune‐mediated mechanisms may contribute to the occurrence of lymphopenia through influencing the lymphocyte production, survival or tissue re‐distribution. The metabolic and biochemical changes can also affect the production and survival of lymphocytes in COVID‐19 patients. Lymphopenia can cause general immunosuppression and promote cytokine storm, both of them play an important role in the viral persistence, viral replication, multi‐organ failure and eventually death. Here, a comprehensive view concerning the possible mechanisms that may lead to the lymphocyte reduction in COVID‐19 patients is provided, while highlighting the potential intervention approaches to prevent lymphopenia.
Epidemiology of all‐complaint injuries in youth basketball
Authors: Owoeye Oluwatoyosi B. A. , Ghali Brianna , Befus Kimberley , Stilling Carlyn , Hogg Abigail , Choi John , Palacios‐Derflingher Luz , Pasanen Kati , Emery Carolyn A. 
Published: September 2020

This study evaluated the incidence and characteristics of all‐complaint injuries, including acute and overuse injuries, in female and male youth basketball players. A total of 518 players (16 ± 1.4 years; 38.6% females), from 63 teams, participated in this prospective cohort study. Players were observed through one competitive high school or club basketball season to record exposure and all‐complaint injuries, defined as any complaint resulting from participating in basketball‐related activities, including but irrespective of the need for medical attention or time loss. Injury incidence rates and rate ratios were derived from Poisson's regression with 99.4% CI (Bonferroni's correction for multiple comparisons). The overall injury incidence rate was 14.4 (99.4% CI: 12.2‐17.0) injuries/1000 h; 13.8 (99.4% CI: 11.2‐16.8) in females and 14.8 (99.4% CI: 11.7‐18.8) in males. While the incidence of injury was similar across injury classifications for female and male players, a potential lower overuse knee injury rate was noted for females vs males [IRR = 0.61 (99.4% CI: 0.34‐1.07)]. The most commonly injured body location was the ankle (45%) in females and the knee (51%) in males. Overuse (vs acute) injuries were about 2x more common in the knee while acute (vs overuse) injuries were about 3x more common in the ankle, overall, and for female and male players. Based on an all‐complaint injury definition, injury rates in competitive female and male youth basketball players are much higher than previously reported. This study provides an evidence base to inform more tailored interventions to reduce injuries in youth basketball.
Epstein‐Barr virus‐associated smooth muscle tumor in a kidney transplant recipient: A case‐report and review of the literature
Authors: Tardieu Laurène , Meatchi Tchao , Meyer Lara , Grataloup Christine , Bernard‐Tessier Alice , Karras Alexandre , Thervet Eric , Lazareth Hélène 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionEpstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus linked to pre‐malignant lymphoproliferative diseases and up to nine distinct human tumors. The most frequent EBV‐associated malignancies are lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. By promoting smooth muscle proliferation, EBV can induce EBV‐associated smooth muscle tumors (SMT) which remain a very rare oncological entity. This study reports one case report of SMT and aims to offer the largest review of literature on post‐transplantation‐SMT (PT‐SMT) in kidney transplant recipients, with a focus on therapeutic management and evolution of graft function.MethodsCase reports and case series of PT‐SMT in kidney transplant recipients were collected from 1996 to 2019.ResultsA total of 59 PT‐SMT were evaluated. The median time at diagnosis was 74.6 months after kidney transplantation. The most frequent localizations were liver and lung. EBV seroconversion was notified in all six patients with previously negative status. Preferred therapeutic option was surgery (65.9%), associated with a reduction in immunosuppression (77.2%), which includes switch to mTOR inhibitors (29.5%), and discontinuation of MMF (32%). In our review, 13% of patients experienced rejection, 8.7% lost their graft and went back on hemodialysis; 8.8% of patients died of PT‐SMT.ConclusionPT‐SMT is a rare but serious condition in kidney transplant recipients. EBV seroconversion following transplantation appears as a risk factor in developing PT‐SMT in solid‐organ recipients. In the absence of guidelines, therapeutic management for PT‐SMT is challenging and exposes the patient to high risk of graft loss.
The Effect of Antibiotic‐Cycling Strategy on Antibiotic‐Resistant Bacterial Infections or Colonization in Intensive Care Units: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Li Xiao‐Jin , Liu Yong , Du Liang , Kang Yan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundAntibiotic‐resistant bacteria, especially multidrug‐resistant strains, play a key role in impeding critical patients from survival and recovery. The effectiveness of the empiric use of antibiotics in the circling manner in intensive care units (ICUs) has not been analyzed in detail and remains controversial. Therefore, this systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted to evaluate antibiotic‐cycling effect on the incidence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science for studies focusing on whether a cycling strategy of empiric use of antibiotics could curb the prevalence of antibiotic‐resistant bacteria in ICUs. The major outcomes were risk ratios (RRs) of antibiotic‐resistant infections or colonization per 1,000 patient days before and after the implementation of antibiotic cycling. A random‐effects model was adopted to estimate results in consideration of clinical heterogeneity among studies. The registration number of the meta‐analysis is CRD42018094464.ResultsTwelve studies, involving 2,261 episodes of resistant infections or colonization and 160,129 patient days, were included in the final analysis. Based on the available evidence, the antibiotic‐cycling strategy did not reduce the overall incidence of infections or colonization with resistant bacteria (RR = 0.823, 95% CI 0.655–1.035, p = .095). In subgroup analyses, the cycling strategy cut down the incidence of resistant bacteria more significantly than baseline period (p = .028) but showed no difference in comparison with mixing strategy (p = .758).Linking Evidence to ActionAlthough the cycling strategy performed better than relatively free usage of antibiotics in the baseline period on reducing resistant bacteria, the cycling strategy did not show advantage when compared with the mixing strategy in subgroup analyses. In addition, these viewpoints still need more evidence to confirm.
Regulation of chemoconvulsant‐induced seizures by store‐operated Orai1 channels
Authors: Hori Kotaro , Tsujikawa Shogo , Novakovic Michaela M. , Yamashita Megumi , Prakriya Murali 
Published: September 2020

Key points
Temporal lobe epilepsy is a complex neurological disease caused by imbalance of excitation and inhibition in the brain. Growing literature implicates altered Ca2+ signalling in many aspects of epilepsy but the diversity of Ca2+ channels that regulate this syndrome are not well‐understood.
Here, we report that mice lacking the store‐operated Ca2+ channel, Orai1, in the brain show markedly stronger seizures in response to the chemoconvulsants, kainic acid and pilocarpine.
Electrophysiological analysis reveals that selective deletion of Orai1 channels in inhibitory neurons disables chemoconvulsant‐induced excitation of GABAergic neurons in the CA1 hippocampus.
Likewise, deletion of Orai1 in GABAergic neurons abrogates the chemoconvulsant‐induced burst of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) on CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. This loss of chemoconvulsant inhibition likely aggravates status epilepticus in Orai1 KO mice.
These results identify Orai1 channels as regulators of hippocampal interneuron excitability and seizures.
AbstractStore‐operated Orai1 channels are a major mechanism for Ca2+ entry in many cells and mediate numerous functions including gene expression, cytokine production and gliotransmitter release. Orai1 is expressed in many regions of the mammalian brain; however, its role in regulating neuronal excitability, synaptic function and brain disorders has only now begun to be investigated. To investigate a potential role of Orai1 channels in status epilepticus induced by chemoconvulsants, we examined acute seizures evoked by intraperitoneal injections of kainic acid (KA) and pilocarpine in mice with a conditional deletion of Orai1 (or its activator STIM1) in the brain. Brain‐specific Orai1 and STIM1 knockout (KO) mice exhibited significantly stronger seizures (P = 0.00003 and P < 0.00001), and higher chemoconvulsant‐induced mortality (P = 0.02) compared with wildtype (WT) littermates. Electrophysiological recordings in hippocampal brain slices revealed that KA stimulated the activity of inhibitory interneurons in the CA1 hippocampus (P = 0.04) which failed to occur in Orai1 KO mice. Further, KA and pilocarpine increased the frequency of spontaneous IPSCs in CA1 pyramidal neurons >twofold (KA: P = 0.04; pilocarpine: P = 0.0002) which was abolished in Orai1 KO mice. Mice with selective deletion of Orai1 in GABAergic neurons alone also showed stronger seizures to KA (P = 0.001) and pilocarpine (P < 0.00001) and loss of chemoconvulsant‐induced increases in sIPSC responses compared with WT controls. We conclude that Orai1 channels regulate chemoconvulsant‐induced excitation in GABAergic neurons and that destabilization of the excitatory/inhibitory balance in Orai1 KO mice aggravates chemoconvulsant‐mediated seizures. These results identify Orai1 channels as novel molecular regulators of hippocampal neuronal excitability and seizures.
Minimizing Flute Engagement to Adjust Tool Orientation for Reducing Surface Errors in Five-Axis Ball End Milling Operations
Authors: Habibi M. , Kilic Z. M. , Altintas Y. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSurface errors due to force-induced tool and workpiece deflections are one of the major errors in multi-axis machining of parts especially with thin-walled structures. Dominant approaches to reduce these surface errors are re-machining the part, feed scheduling, and tool path modification. These methods are time consuming and computationally costly, and they rely on experimental data which is used in cutting force and deflection predictions. The present paper introduces a pure geometrical approach to reduce surface errors drastically by minimizing the engagement lengths of flutes’ cutting edges when a point on the flute’s cutting edge is in contact with the design surface. The total engagement length of the flutes’ cutting edges when one of them generates a contact point on the workpiece surface is formulated and considered as the minimization objective function of an optimization problem. Tilt and lead angles, which define the tool orientation, are the design variables of the optimization problem subjected to constraints based on the geometrical requirements of the ball end milling process. The optimization problem uses the nominal tool path to generate an optimal tool path with adjusted tool orientations. The presented method is computationally inexpensive and does not need any experimentally calibrated coefficients to predict cutting forces because of the pure geometrical nature of the approach. The method is experimentally validated through five-axis ball end milling experiments in which more than 90% surface error reduction is achieved.
Computational Design of Microstructures With Stochastic Property Closures
Authors: Acar Pinar 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The present work addresses a stochastic computational solution to define the property closures of polycrystalline materials under uncertainty. The uncertainty in material systems arises from the natural stochasticity of the microstructures as a result of the fluctuations in deformation processes. The microstructural uncertainty impacts the performance of engineering components by causing unanticipated anisotropy in properties. We utilize an analytical uncertainty quantification algorithm to describe the microstructural stochasticity and model its propagation on the volume-averaged material properties. The stochastic solution will be integrated into linear programming to generate the property closure that shows all possible values of the volume-averaged material properties under the uncertainty. We demonstrate example applications for stiffness parameters of α-Titanium, and multi-physics parameters (stiffness, yield strength, magnetostrictive strain) of Galfenol. Significant differences observed between stochastic and deterministic closures imply the importance of considering the microstructural uncertainty when modeling and designing materials.
The Effect of Notches on the Failure of Two-Dimensional Nonwoven Fiber Networks
Authors: Chen Yinglong , Siegmund Thomas 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The tearing response of sheets of nonwoven fiber material is investigated. It addresses the question on how notch length and notch geometry is related to the tearing strength and tearing processes. The system considered consists of elastic-brittle fibers connected by strong interfiber bonds. Fiber fracture is the only failure mechanism. For a random fiber orientation case, deformation of the unnotched specimen occurs by long-range fiber chains connecting the load inducing boundaries, and failure is by tearing the cross section. The strength of the notched random fiber sheets is well described by a net section criterion, independent of the notch geometry. For a fiber orientation with symmetry relative to the loading direction, tensile loading is transferred by formation of the X-shaped fiber chains centered in the specimen. The subsequent failure occurs along the fiber chain by shear. Thus, the tearing strength is independent of the notch depth in double-edge notched and single-edge notched specimens, when the presence of shallow notch does not disrupt the force chains in the model. As the notch disturbs the fiber chains, alternative shear failure path forms near the notch tip, leading to a dependence of failure strength on the notch geometry. Then, the failure strength of notched nonwoven networks is described by a shear strength and a notch geometry term.
Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Electron Beam–Welded Ti70/TA5 Dissimilar Joint
Authors: Wang Donghui , Wang Shaogang , Zhang Wen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe dissimilar titanium alloys Ti70/TA5 are welded by using electron beam welding. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joints are systematically investigated, and the welding parameters are optimized. Results show that the fusion zone (FZ) is mainly α’ martensite, and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) in the Ti70 side consists of fine α’ martensite, residual α phase, and original β phase, while the HAZ in the TA5 side is composed of coarser α phase, serrated and acicular α phase. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis demonstrates that the martensite in the FZ presents the lath-like morphology. There are high-density dislocations within martensite, which has a certain orientation relationship with the β phase. Under the appropriate welding procedure, the tensile strength of the dissimilar joint is close to that of the TA5 base metal. The joint fracture dominantly presents the characteristic of ductile fracture. During welding, electron beam scanning is beneficial to improving the solidification of molten pool and grain refinement; thus, the mechanical property of the welded joint is increased to a certain extent.
Fine Particulate Deposition in an Effusion Plate Geometry
Authors: Varney Bruce , Barker Brett , Bons Jeffrey , Gnanaselvam Pritheesh , Wolff Trent 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Fine particulate deposition testing was conducted with an effusion plate geometry representative of a gas turbine combustor liner. Preheated coolant air with airborne particulate was fed into an effusion plate test fixture with the flow parallel to the target plate. The test fixture was in an electric kiln that establishes elevated plate temperature, similar to a gas turbine combustor. Test variables include hole diameter, length/diameter ratio, inclination angle, and compound angle. In addition, coolant and plate temperature were varied independently to determine their influence. All tests were continued until the effusion holes had blocked to produce a 25% reduction in mass flowrate while maintaining constant pressure ratio. The blockage rate was found to be more sensitive to flow temperature than to plate temperature over the range studied. Blockage rate was insensitive to effusion hole diameter from 0.5 to 0.75 mm but increased dramatically for hole diameter below 0.5 mm. Blockage shows a moderate increase with hole length/diameter ratio. The strongest dependency was found with the inclination angle; roughly an order of magnitude increase in blockage rate was documented when increasing from a 30 deg to 150 deg. A compound angle of 45 deg caused a negligible change in blockage rate, while a compound angle of 90 deg increased blockage rate for low inclination angles while decreasing it for high inclination angles. For the flow angle dependency, interpretation is provided by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the particulate delivery and initial deposition location prediction using the Ohio State University (OSU) deposition model.
Tonal Noise Reduction for a Maneuverable Marine Hydrokinetic Cycloturbine Vehicle Using Turbine Clocking
Authors: Goldschmidt Margalit Z. , Jonson Michael L. , Horn Joseph 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A Marine Hydrokinetic (MHK) cycloturbine vehicle can exploit tidal currents to generate sustainable power and also has the ability to station keep and maneuver. The vehicle consists of four counterrotating cycloturbines, which radiate sound underwater. Acoustic control is important to curtail the vehicle’s vibrations and acoustic signature, potentially preventing harmful effects on aquatic life, as well as to reduce the vehicle’s fatigue for longer deployment. A method of reducing the radiated acoustics of the vehicle is determined for tones at foil passing frequency and multiples, by means of clocking the blades between turbines. Experimental work includes testing of a subscale demonstrator in ARL’s Reverberant Tank facility. Fixing the subscale demonstrator to a reaction frame in the tank provides the ability to measure the generated loads using load cells. These measurements verify the effects of turbine clocking on the radiated acoustics.