bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Into Russian Nature
Authors: Roe Alan D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Into Russian Nature examines the history of the Russian national park movement. Russian biologists and geographers had been intrigued with the idea of establishing national parks before the Great October Revolution but pushed the Soviet government successfully to establish nature reserves (zapovedniki) during the USSR’s first decades. However, as the state pushed scientists to make zapovedniki more “useful” during the 1930s, some of the system’s staunchest defenders started supporting tourism in them. In the decades after World War II, the USSR experienced a tourism boom and faced a chronic shortage of tourism facilities. Also during these years, Soviet scientists took active part in Western-dominated international environmental protection organizations, where they became more familiar with national parks. In turn, they enthusiastically promoted parks for the USSR as a means to reconcile environmental protection and economic development goals, bring international respect to Soviet nature protection efforts, and help instill a love for the country’s nature and a desire to protect it in Russian/Soviet citizens. By the late 1980s, their supporters pushed transformative, and in some cases quixotic, park proposals. At the same time, national park opponents presented them as an unaffordable luxury during a time of economic struggle, especially after the USSR’s collapse. Despite unprecedented collaboration with international organizations, Russian national parks received little governmental support as they became mired in land-use conflicts with local populations. While the history of Russia’s national parks illustrates a bold attempt at reform, the state’s failure’s to support them has left Russian park supporters deeply disillusioned.
Communication Processes
Authors: Wray Alison 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins part 2 of the book, in which a new model of communication is developed. The chapter asks how impact is achieved through communication and proposes that the core driver of communication with others is the desire to enlist their cooperation in making beneficial change to our experiential world. The Communicative Impact model has three components: Context, Resources, and Processing, with Context, including shared knowledge, playing the central role in enabling speakers to pitch their communication appropriately for the intended effect. The role of the hearer is also considered, and discussion commences on why hearers tolerate being used by speakers in this way.
Conceptualizing Communication
Authors: Wray Alison 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides theoretical justification for the model described in the previous chapter. The evolutionary drive to create and sustain a comfortable personal world is first explored, giving consideration not only to the imperatives of physical survival and procreation but also social ‘survival.’ Altruism is discussed, as a potential countercase to the model’s claim that interaction always pursues outcomes beneficial to the speaker. The model’s concept of ‘context’ is considered in relation to pragmatic theory and theories of persuasion and formulaic language, before various issues directly relating to the Context, Resources, and Processing components are explored, including the management of explicitness.
The Jiankang Empire in Chinese and World History
Authors: Chittick Andrew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This work offers a sweeping reassessment of the Jiankang Empire (third to sixth centuries CE), known as the Chinese “Southern Dynasties.” It shows how, although one of the medieval world’s largest empires, Jiankang has been rendered politically invisible by the standard narrative of Chinese nationalist history, and proposes a new framework and terminology for writing about medieval East Asia. The book pays particular attention to the problem of ethnic identification, rejecting the idea of “ethnic Chinese,” and delineating several other, more useful ethnographic categories, using case studies in agriculture/foodways and vernacular languages. The most important, the Wuren of the lower Yangzi region, were believed to be inherently different from the peoples of the Central Plains, and the rest of the book addresses the extent of their ethnogenesis in the medieval era. It assesses the political culture of the Jiankang Empire, emphasizing military strategy, institutional cultures, and political economy, showing how it differed from Central Plains–based empires, while having significant similarities to Southeast Asian regimes. It then explores how the Jiankang monarchs deployed three distinct repertoires of political legitimation (vernacular, Sinitic universalist, and Buddhist), arguing that the Sinitic repertoire was largely eclipsed in the sixth century, rendering the regime yet more similar to neighboring South Seas states. The conclusion points out how the research reorients our understanding of acculturation and ethnic identification in medieval East Asia, generates new insights into the Tang-Song transition period, and offers new avenues of comparison with Southeast Asian and medieval European history.
Making Hierarchy
Authors: Chittick Andrew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6, “Making Hierarchy: Garrison, Court, and the Structure of Jiankang Politics,” analyzes the contrasting political cultures of two functional/occupational groups: garrison and court. While garrison culture emphasized relatively fluid patron-client ties, personal honor, violence, and vengeance, court culture emphasized rigid status hierarchy, calm restraint, and skillful deployment of the Sinitic paideia. The imperial household played a key brokerage role between the two cultures, but the garrisons dominated the process of imperial succession, which did not follow the rules of primogeniture and was always contested. The chapter then uses the Churen group (jituan) of the early fifth century as a case study to demonstrate that the strong regional basis of patron-client cliques, though similar in many ways to the rise of military groups such as the Tabgatch Compatriots in the north, did not result in significant ethnogenesis. The chapter offers as an alternative the model, taken from studies of Southeast Asian regimes, of the “man of prowess.”
Managing Prosperity
Authors: Chittick Andrew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7, “Managing Prosperity: The Political Economy of a Commercial Empire,” looks at the policy choices of the Jiankang regime that contributed to commercial prosperity, including the design of the capital city, the fiscal system, the remittance system, and monetary and trade policies. It shows that these policy decisions were closely tied to the interests of key groups within the ruling class, particularly the imperial house and leading military figures, who frequently had considerable private commercial interests. It also explores the link between these policies and the patronage of Buddhism. The system is compared to that of the Roman Empire and South and Southeast Asian regimes. Widely criticized as “corruption” by historians trained in the Sinitic tradition (as well as by modern ones), the pro-commercial political economy would be better understood as a normalized part of the empire’s operations.
Youth Participation in Europe
Authors: Cuconato Morena 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the European context, there is no one accepted definition of youth participation either in the political arena or in academic debates. This chapter analyzes whether the current discourses consider reshaping youth involvement in both public and individual spheres. It presents empirical findings on youth participation’s discourses as they emerge in exemplary interviews with experts, contrasting them with comments from young people collected through focus groups conducted in different youth social spaces in eight European cities. The goal is to analyze whether the claim for youth inclusion and engagement is inspired by the socio-pedagogical principle of participation as an empowering tool for young people, groups, and communities or by an adult-driven agenda focused on young people’s future as adults rather than their actual way of living, their needs, and their desires.
Transitions from Care to Work for Vulnerable Young People in Spain, England, and Argentina
Authors: Melendro Miguel , Dixon Jo , Incarnato Mariana 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes different experiences of social and labor market inclusion through socio-educational action for a specific group of vulnerable young people from Spain, England, and Argentina—namely care leavers. The chapter explores these interventions from the perspective of several research studies that contribute important information to evaluating the effects and social impact. Along with different models of intervention, reference is made to the legislative and social policy changes and the organization of resources that have taken place in the three countries to improve the transition to work for care-experienced young people. In this way, experiences, theory and research are considered an interactive system that in recent decades has managed to modify complex realities of people and collectives. This has contributed to an emerging and shared system that turns transitions to the world of work for vulnerable young people into a commitment to transforming societies.
Youth Inclusion and Cultural Diversity
Authors: Pàmies Jordi , D’Angelo Alessio 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses a range of theoretical and practical issues concerning processes of inclusion of young people from “culturally diverse” backgrounds. It first presents some of the main available indicators of young people’s exclusion and reviews policy frameworks and interventions at the European level. Next, it problematizes the current conceptualization of youth inclusion, highlighting the importance of adopting an intersectional perspective and arguing that any meaningful approach to inclusion must be accompanied by the promotion of social cohesion and anti-discrimination. On this basis, the chapter discusses how social pedagogy can be used to celebrate cultural diversity, enhancing the opportunities of those otherwise at risk of marginalization, promoting their empowerment, and combating deficit models. Finally, the chapter presents an overall framework to identify good practices of inclusion, which informed the selection of a range of experiences and practices on the ground throughout Europe.
“Here Are Materials Strewn Along the Ground”
Authors: Sheehan Rebecca A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis chapter investigates the philosophy of the ordinary and the everyday proposed in the films of Stan Brakhage, Jonas Mekas, and Phil Solomon. It places their work in the context of an interest in ordinary experience and language that, for philosopher Stanley Cavell, unifies the thinking of Emerson and Wittgenstein. By pursuing Brakhage’s explicit interest in Wittgenstein and Mekas’s engagement with Transcendentalism through Thoreau, the chapter looks at how these filmmakers construct their films from overlooked means or in-betweens (for Brakhage and Solomon, the materials of the filmstrip itself; for Mekas and Brakhage, everyday happenings). This practice reflects these filmmakers’ collective investment in the ethical philosophy of “finding as founding” that locates ends in means to privilege the contingencies of individual experience over an authoritative truth that is found rather than made.
The American Avant-Garde’s Landscape Philosophy
Authors: Sheehan Rebecca A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis chapter considers how the American avant-garde utilizes landscape as a site in-between the subject and the world, one which negotiates skepticism’s dilemma of the perceiving subject’s simultaneous distance from and conflation with the world. Examining the films of James Benning, Sharon Lockhart, David Gatten, and Ernie Gehr, as well as Phil Solomon’s machinima and the figure of the border in Chick Strand’s work and recent work by Peggy Ahwesh, the chapter argues that these cinematic takes on landscape forge multiplicity within a singularity of space, staging a paradoxical plurality of encounters with the “same.” Taking up the figure of geological strata prevalent in Benning’s and Gatten’s work, the chapter theorizes the function of the interstitial where re-encounters invited by extreme long takes (Lockhart, Benning) or the obsessive review of “missable” details (Gatten, Solomon) yield forking conceptions of historical time and meaning rather than linear ones. Similarly, the chapter turns to how films by Benning, Gatten, Strand, and Ahwesh use the figure of the in-between to undermine the authority of man-made borders.
Disassembling Vision Through DimensionalIn-Betweens
Authors: Sheehan Rebecca A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines films that suspend the spectator between dimensional poles (flat and deep, left and right, up and down, still and moving, animate and inanimate). Denying the spectator dimensional certainty, films by Marie Menken, Pat O’Neill, Ray and Charles Eames, Ernie Gehr, Maya Deren, and Sara Kathryn Arledge emphasize presentation and the contingencies of reception over the continuities and fidelities of representation. The chapter argues that these filmmakers privilege the contingencies of individual vision by creating and occupying a space in-between the perception and the apprehension of an image. Leaving the image’s dimensional status uncertain and unresolved interrupts the usually transparent means of cinematic representation and charts a preference for autonomy and diversity over universalizing or totalizing vision. Pat O’Neill, for example, uses the optical printer to suspend the spectator between two and three-dimensional images simultaneously, performing Wittgenstein’s aspect theory. The contingency of this mode of reception simultaneously borrows from Surrealism’s elevation of an individual’s subconsciousness over reason and Transcendentalism’s interest in the “intuition” of experience over the “tuition” of institutional learning.
The Autonomy of Justification
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter clarifies similarities and differences between justification and knowledge. Justification is characteristically produced in ordinary perceptual experiences, but similar sensory justification can occur without any external object as cause. Here the justifying elements remain accessible to the subject by introspection or reflection, and they are adducible in a process of justifying beliefs about ostensibly perceived objects. Knowledge is not process-relative in the same way. Perceptual knowledge can indeed arise where justificatory processes are not possible for the knower. It is also external in requiring actual causal connections to relevant truthmaking facts. This external causal grounding may yield a reliable route to truth without providing, as is normal, internally accessible grounds of justification. Justification, then, is autonomous in a certain way relative to knowledge, as the latter is autonomous in a certain way relative to the former. Their similarities and common co-occurrence must not be allowed to obscure our view of their differences.
Knowledge, Belief, and Action
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Action is guided by belief, motivated by desire, and expressive of intention. This chapter outlines how belief, partly by embodying information received from perception, indicates routes to the ends our intentions express. Beliefs, reflecting the world as we perceive it, provide our map of that world; intentions, reflecting our predominant desires, determine our destinations as we see them on that map. This teleological picture must not be intellectualized. Much action is shown to be automatic, in part because of the rich content a single action-governing intention can have, and we need not form intentions for every act constituting a familiar activity, any more than we must form beliefs for every property in our visual field. Action-guiding beliefs, moreover, need not constitute knowledge in order to guide us to our goals, but such beliefs commonly do constitute knowledge. This is shown to be expectable when those beliefs are well-grounded in perception.
Blackstone’s and Mansfield’s Narrow Liberties of Press and Speech, and Broad Crimes of Seditious Libel and Seditious Words
Authors: Bird Wendell 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The narrow understanding of freedoms of press and speech, adopted by Sir William Blackstone and Lord Chief Justice Mansfield, defined those freedoms as no more than liberty from a government-issued license or other prior restraint, with no liberty from punishment of sentiments once printed or spoken. In doing that, the last volume of Blackstone’s Commentaries in 1769 summarized a narrow common law definition of freedoms of press and speech that did not exist in common law. Mansfield’s decisions introduced a similar definition into the common law for the first time the year after that. Besides describing a new definition as ancient, both Blackstone and Mansfield described the related framework for prosecuting sedition as being ancient and universally accepted, when in fact it was a collection of unique rules adopted and manufactured seventy years before and recently revised. Blackstone and Mansfield were not declaring ancient law but were creating new law.
The Emergence of Expansive American Views of Freedoms of Press and Speech, Before the Colonial Crisis
Authors: Bird Wendell 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In New York in 1735, the trial of printer John Peter Zenger challenged narrow definitions of those freedoms by proclaiming “a right—the liberty—both of exposing and opposing arbitrary power . . . by speaking and writing truth.” However, Zenger’s counsel did not press further to challenge the legitimacy of seditious libel, settling instead for a sympathetic jury ignoring the judges’ instructions and acquitting the printer. During the Zenger controversy, several writers defined liberty of the press as “a liberty for every man to communicate his sentiments freely to the publick.” Others as well advocated a broad concept of freedoms of press and speech, such as “John Pompey Wilkes,” who just before the escalation of the colonial crisis protested that, by seditious libel prosecutions, “liberty of the press . . . had been scandalously infringed.”
Key Concepts
Authors: Hanretty Chris 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets the structure for the remainder of the book. The chapter sets out three categories of factors capable of explaining judicial behavior: legal factors, organizational factors, and political factors. The principal legal factors are “opinion below,” or the adjusted proportion of judges who have found for the appellant, and specialization. The main organizational factors are workload and case importance. The political factors are the rates of agreement between Supreme Court judges, and the types of litigants before the court and in particular whether governmental litigants are represented. This same division into legal, organizational, and political factors is used to structure the chapters that follow.
Panel Size
Authors: Hanretty Chris 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains the Supreme Court’s decisions to sit in panels of five, seven, or nine judges. The main findings are that the Supreme Court sits in larger panels in cases that involve the government; cases that involve human rights claims; and cases that are important, judged on the basis of the number of law reports that reported the decision that is being appealed. There is limited evidence to suggest that the Supreme Court sits in larger panels in cases where lower court judges have been divided. The key factors identified in this chapter thereforematch the Court’s own description of how it approaches panel size.
Who Writes?
Authors: Hanretty Chris 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
When half of all of the cases decided by the Supreme Court have a single substantive opinion, it matters a great deal who writes that lead opinion. This chapter looks at lead opinion authorship. It finds that specialization in the relevant area of law is the single most important factor, but that this effect is dampened down in more important cases. Judges with greater workloads are slightly less likely to write lead opinions. In the most important cases, small-p politics does matters: judges who have in the past agreed more with other judges are more likely to write the lead opinion
Who Dissents?
Authors: Hanretty Chris 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at rates of dissent on the court—occasions where one or more judges disagrees with the outcome proposed by a majority of the court. Although this definition of dissent isn’t the only definition (some authors like also to focus on disagreement concerning the reasoning), it is the most tractable, and is used here. The explanation of dissent given in this chapter turns out to be deceptively simple. First, judges are more likely to dissent if they are sitting on a case with more judges. This gives them more opportunity to disagree, and they take it: nine-judge panels are much more likely to feature dissent than are five-judge panels. Second, judges are more likely to dissent if there are other specialists on the panel. If there are no other specialists, then specialists judges will end up writing the lead opinion, and face little disagreement. With multiple specialists, however, the possibilities for informed disagreement grow.
Diversity, Violence, and Recognition
Authors: King Elisabeth , Samii Cyrus 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
When considering strategies to address violent conflict, an enduring debate concerns the wisdom of recognizing versus avoiding reference to ethnic identities. This book asks: Under what conditions do governments manage internal violent conflicts by formally recognizing different ethnic identities? Moreover, what are the implications for peace? Introducing the concept of “ethnic recognition,” and building on a theory rooted in ethnic power configurations, the book examines the merits, risks, and trade-offs of publicly recognizing ethnic groups in state institutions as compared to not doing so, in terms of sought-after outcomes such as political inclusiveness, the decline of political violence, economic vitality, and the improvement of democracy. It draws on both global cross-national quantitative analysis of post-conflict constitutions, settlements, and institutions since 1990, as well as in-depth qualitative case studies of Burundi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia. Findings show that recognition is adopted about 40 percent of the time and is much more likely when the leader is from the largest ethnic group, as opposed to an ethnic minority. On average, countries that adopt recognition go on to experience less violence, more economic vitality, and more democratic politics, and countries under plurality ethnic rule drive these effects. These findings should be of great interest to social scientists studying peace, democracy, and development, and of practical relevance to policymakers attempting to make these concepts a reality around the world.