bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Image artifacts caused by incorrect bowtie filters in cone‐beam CT image‐guided radiotherapy
Authors: Cao Yanan , Ma Tianjun , de Boer Steven F. , Wang Iris Z. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCertain models of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image‐guided radiotherapy (IGRT) systems require manually placing the appropriate bowtie filter according to the relevant imaging protocol. Inadvertently using a wrong bowtie filter or no bowtie filter could cause unexpected image artifacts. In this work, CBCT image artifact patterns caused by different bowtie filter placement were evaluated. CBCT images of CT phantoms, that is, a Body Norm phantom, a Catphan® phantom and an anthropomorphic RANDO® phantom, were acquired at a Varian Trilogy® unit with an On‐Board Imager® (OBI) system. Three image acquisition protocols were evaluated. For Standard Head protocol, half‐fan bowtie and no bowtie filter were studied for comparison with the correct full‐fan bowtie acquisition. For Pelvis and Low‐Dose Thorax protocols, full‐fan bowtie and no bowtie were studied for comparison with the correct half‐fan bowtie acquisition. In addition, the possibility of reversed direction half‐fan bowtie was also discussed. All possible scenarios of bowtie filter misplacement caused distinct artifacts regardless of protocols. These artifact patterns are different from the characteristic crescent artifact when correct bowtie filter was placed. Based on the artifact patterns described in this study we recommend reviewing image artifacts at time of image acquisition. If unexpected artifacts appear in the CBCT images, one should verify the correct placement of the bowtie filter and retake the image if necessary. However, it should also be stressed that using a wrong bowtie filter or forgetting to place the bowtie filter can cause increased patient dose. It is always a good practice to verify the bowtie filter placement before acquiring CBCT images for image‐guided radiotherapy.
Reinforced self‐affirmation as a method for reducing eyewitness memory conformity: An experimental examination using a modified MORI technique
Authors: Kękuś Magdalena , Chylińska Klaudia , Szpitalak Malwina , Polczyk Romuald , Ito Hiroshi , Mori Kazuo , Barzykowski Krystian 
Published: May 2020

SummaryThe manuscript describes an experimental investigation of one possible technique that may reduce memory conformity: the reinforced self‐affirmation procedure (RSA). While previous studies have already demonstrated the RSA's effectiveness in reducing other memory distortions (e.g., the misinformation effect and interrogative suggestibility), this has not been tested in the context of the co‐witness memory conformity effect. To this end, we will utilize the well‐known MORI technique to study co‐witness memory conformity under well‐controlled experimental conditions. While viewing different versions of the same movie, pairs of participants will sit beside each other, believing that they are viewing the same version. Next, they will answer questions collaboratively, which will guide them to discuss conflicting details. Finally, participants will take a recognition test individually, but in the experimental condition, this will be proceeded by the RSA procedure, which is expected to be an effective way of eliminating the effect of memory conformity. If reinforcing one's own confidence reduces the plausible memory conformity effect, it may be then argued that the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is the participants' lack of confidence relating to quality of their memory. As argued in the present paper, these results will open up a set of interesting questions for future research.
Immune Escape Mediated by Exosomal PD‐L1 in Cancer
Authors: Lawler Sean E. , Nowicki Michal O. , Ricklefs Franz L. , Chiocca E. Antonio 
Published: May 2020

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are now well established as important mediators of intercellular communication. EVs constitute a diverse group of secreted vesicles which function by the delivery of protein and nucleic acid cargoes from donor to recipient cells. In cancer, tumor cell‐derived EVs are shown to promote disease progression by facilitating local reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment. EVs also have more distant systemic effects via transport in biofluids, and therefore have great potential as biomarkers for disease detection and monitoring. Recently, the discovery that EVs derived from glioblastoma cells can mediate immunosuppression by activation of immune checkpoint signaling and T cell dysfunction was reported. Mechanistically we showed that this occurs via direct binding of PD‐L1 secreted in EVs, to its receptor PD1 expressed on the surface of activated T cells. This previously unidentified mechanism of tumor immunosuppression has been confirmed in subsequent independent studies, which have demonstrated the biologic importance of this mechanism across multiple tumor types. These studies have established a new and significant paradigm in which PD‐L1 containing tumor cell‐derived EVs cause immune suppression by the direct engagement of PD1 on T cells, decreasing their activation and providing a further barrier to protect tumors from T cell killing.
i‐MXenes for Energy Storage and Catalysis
Authors: Ahmed Bilal , Ghazaly Ahmed El , Rosen Johanna 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn 2017, a new family of in‐plane, chemically‐ordered quaternary MAX phases, coined i‐MAX, has been reported since 2017. The first i‐MAX phase, (Mo2/3Sc1/3)2AlC, garnered significant research attention due to the presence of chemically ordered Sc within the Mo‐dominated M layer, and the facilitated removal of both Al and Sc upon etching, resulting in 2D i‐MXene, Mo1.33C, with ordered divacancies. The i‐MXene renders an exceptionally low resistivity of 33.2 µΩ m−1 and a high volumetric capacitance of ≈1150 F cm−3. This discovery has been followed by the synthesis of, to date, 32 i‐MAX phases and 5 i‐MXenes, where the latter have shown potential for applications including, but not limited to, energy storage and catalysis. Herein, fundamental investigations of i‐MAX phases and i‐MXenes, along with their applicability in supercapacitive and catalytic applications, are reviewed. Moreover, recent results on ion intercalation and post‐etching treatment of Mo1.33C are presented. The charge storage performance can also be tuned by forming MXene hydrogel and through inert atmosphere annealing, where the latter renders a superior volumetric capacitance of ≈1635 F cm−3. This report demonstrates the potential of the i‐MXene family for catalytic and energy storage applications, and highlights novel research directions for further development and successful employment in practical applications.
π‐Extended Spiro Core‐Based Nonfullerene Electron‐Transporting Material for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Hu Zhao , Tang Guanqi , Miao Jingsheng , Fu Tianchen , Li Tingting , Tai Qidong , Meng Hong , Yan Feng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractElectron transport materials (ETMs) play a significant role in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, conventional solution processable organic ETMs are mainly restricted to fullerene derivatives and it is challenging to obtain nonfullerene ETMs with satisfactory properties. In this work, a new organic semiconductor SPS‐4F is synthesized by utilizing the classical spiro[fluorine‐9′9‐thioxanthene] unit to construct a π‐extended core. Although spiro is normally used in hole transport materials, the new spiro derivative SPS‐4F is successfully used as an ETM in inverted PSCs with power conversion efficiency over 20%. In addition, SPS‐4F can strongly coordinate with MAPbI3 perovskite and lead to efficient surface trap passivation. The resultant PSCs exhibit excellent stability in air because of the hydrophobic property of SPS‐4F. This work opens up opportunities to obtain a new family of ETMs based on spiro and paves a way to the fabrication of high‐performance PSCs with low cost.
Anisotropic Quantum Transport through a Single Spin Channel in the Magnetic Semiconductor EuTiO3
Authors: Maruhashi Kazuki , Takahashi Kei S. , Bahramy Mohammad Saeed , Shimizu Sunao , Kurihara Ryosuke , Miyake Atsushi , Tokunaga Masashi , Tokura Yoshinori , Kawasaki Masashi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMagnetic semiconductors are a vital component in the understanding of quantum transport phenomena. To explore such delicate, yet fundamentally important, effects, it is crucial to maintain a high carrier mobility in the presence of magnetic moments. In practice, however, magnetization often diminishes the carrier mobility. Here, it is shown that EuTiO3 is a rare example of a magnetic semiconductor that can be desirably grown using the molecular beam epitaxy to possess a high carrier mobility exceeding 3000 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 2 K, while intrinsically hosting a large magnetization value, 7 μB per formula unit. This is demonstrated by measuring the Shubnikov–de Haas (SdH) oscillations in the ferromagnetic state of EuTiO3 films with various carrier densities. Using first‐principles calculations, it is shown that the observed SdH oscillations originate genuinely from Ti 3d‐t2g states which are fully spin‐polarized due to their energetical proximity to the in‐gap Eu 4f bands. Such an exchange coupling is further shown to have a profound effect on the effective mass and fermiology of the Ti 3d‐t2g electrons, manifested by a directional anisotropy in the SdH oscillations. These findings suggest that EuTiO3 film is an ideal magnetic semiconductor, offering a fertile field to explore quantum phenomena suitable for spintronic applications.
Phase‐Change Materials for Controlled Release and Related Applications
Authors: Qiu Jichuan , Huo Da , Xia Younan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPhase‐change materials (PCMs) have emerged as a novel class of thermo‐responsive materials for controlled release, where the payloads encapsulated in a solid matrix are released only upon melting the PCM to trigger a solid‐to‐liquid phase transition. Herein, the advances over the past 10 years in utilizing PCMs as a versatile platform for the encapsulation and release of various types of therapeutic agents and biological effectors are highlighted. A brief introduction to PCMs in the context of desired properties for controlled release and related applications is provided. Among the various types of PCMs, a specific focus is placed on fatty acids and fatty alcohols for their natural availability, low toxicity, biodegradability, diversity, high abundance, and low cost. Then, various methods capable of processing PCMs, and their mixtures with payloads, into stable suspensions of colloidal particles, and the different means for triggering the solid‐to‐liquid phase transition are discussed. Finally, a range of applications enabled by the controlled release system based on PCMs are presented together with some perspectives on future directions.
Multimodal and Covert–Overt Convertible Structural Coloration Transformed by Mechanical Stress
Authors: Zhou Qitao , Park Jun Gyu , Bae Juyeol , Ha Dogyeong , Park Jungyul , Song Kyungjun , Kim Taesung 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMost materials and devices with structurally switchable color features responsive to external stimuli can actively and flexibly display various colors. However, realizing covert–overt transformation behavior, especially switching between transparent and colored states, is more challenging. A composite laminate of soft poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) with a rigid SiO2‐nanoparticle (NP) structure pattern is developed as a multidimensional structural color platform. Owing to the similarity in the optical properties of PDMS and SiO2 NPs, this device is fully transparent in the normal state. However, as their mechanical strengths differ considerably, upon compressive loading, a buckling‐type instability arises on the surface of the laminate, leading to the generation of 1D or 2D wrinkled patterns in the form of gratings. Finally, an application of the device in which quick response codes are displayed or hidden as covert–overt convertible colored patterns for optical encryption/decryption, showing their remarkable potential for anticounterfeiting applications, is demonstrated.
Stable Whispering Gallery Mode Lasing from Solution‐Processed Formamidinium Lead Bromide Perovskite Microdisks
Authors: Li Xiaojun , Wang Kaiyang , Chen Mingming , Wang Sisi , Fan Yubin , Liang Tao , Song Qinghai , Xing Guichuan , Tang Zikang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFormamidinium (CH(NH2)2, FA) lead halide perovskites exhibit excellent optoelectronic properties for the applications of light‐emitting diodes and lasers. However, the reported formamidinium lead bromide (FAPbBr3) perovskite‐based lasers mainly depend on the external feedback or Fabry–Pérot mode cavities and suffer from moderate quality (Q) factors. Herein, solution‐processed square and quasi‐circular FAPbBr3 microdisks are developed to achieve room‐temperature naturally facet‐formed whispering gallery mode (WGM) lasers. These microdisks exhibit relatively high Q factor and tunable laser modes with threshold of 10–70 µJ cm−2 under 400 nm excitation. Although the synthesized circular microdisk is not regular enough, it still shows higher Q factor of 3455 than that of square microdisk due to the less boundary wave and pesudointegrable leakage. This simple and low‐cost solution processed method can tackle the complicated and expensive conventional preparation techniques of circular microdisks. Power dependent photoluminescence decay transients indicate that the band edge emission of the FAPbBr3 microdisks originates from free carrier recombination. In addition, these microdisks show high photostability and that room temperature lasing can sustain over 50 min. These results suggest that FAPbBr3 microdisks can serve as promising WGM lasers with excellent light emission capability and stability toward practical optoelectronic applications.
Reversibly Programmable Photonics via Responsive Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Cladding
Authors: Mohammed Mahir A. , Sproncken Christian C. M. , Gumí‐Audenis Berta , Lazdanaité Emilija , Stabile Ripalta , Voets Ilja K. , Raz Oded 
Published: May 2020

AbstractReversibly programmable photonic integrated circuits (PICs) that can facilitate multifunctionality have been long sought after to deliver user‐level design flexibility. Issues like complicated control, continuous power consumption, and high optical losses hinder their large‐scale adaptation. In this work, a novel approach toward programmable photonics using a responsive polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) cladding is presented. Reversible (de)swelling of PEMs by consecutive exposure to acidic and neutral pH solutions yields highly contrasting refractive index changes in the dry film. Utilizing this effect, an easily applied technique for programming photonic integrated devices with two different approaches, complete and area‐selective deposition, for several reversible cycles is demonstrated. These devices operate at two distinct states that are virtually lossless and nonvolatile. This proof‐of‐concept demonstration is suitable for various photonic integration platforms to facilitate reconfigurable photonic processors, static memories, and fine‐tuning of fabrication related limitations. Therefore, these results are the first step toward PEM‐assisted reversibly programmable multipurpose PICs for low‐cost mass production.
A van der Waals Synaptic Transistor Based on Ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 and 2D Tungsten Disulfide
Authors: Chen Li , Wang Lin , Peng Yue , Feng Xuewei , Sarkar Soumya , Li Sifan , Li Bochang , Liu Liang , Han Kaizhen , Gong Xiao , Chen Jingsheng , Liu Yan , Han Genquan , Ang Kah‐Wee 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNeuromorphic computing on the hardware level is promising for performing ever‐increasing data‐centric tasks owing to its superiority to conventional von Neumann architecture in terms of energy efficiency and learning ability. One key aspect to its implementation is the development of artificial synapses that can effectively emulate the multiple functionalities exhibited by their biological counterparts. Here, building on an inorganic ferroelectric gate stack integrated with a 2D layered semiconductor (WS2), a new type of ferroelectricity‐based synaptic transistor that differs from those relying on interface traps or floating gate configuration is reported. By virtue of a 6 nm thick ferroelectric hafnium zirconium oxide by atomic layer deposition and postannealing treatment, the device shows a channel resistance change ratio above 105 corresponding to opposite ferroelectric polarization direction. Furthermore, by applying electrical stimulus to the gate, it demonstrates good capability to mimic various synaptic behaviors including long‐term potentiation, long‐term depression, spike‐amplitude‐dependent plasticity, and spike‐rate‐dependent plasticity. Given the inherent compatibility of the ferroelectric gate stack with existing fabrication technology, and the reliability of ferroelectricity engineering, this work paves the way toward practical implementation of synaptic devices in neuromorphic circuits.
Advances in Composite Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries and Beyond
Authors: Tang Shuai , Guo Wei , Fu Yongzhu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractConventional lithium‐ion batteries have approached their capacity and energy density limits. Use of lithium metal anode can enable high‐energy batteries. However, the safety hazards and lithium dendrite formation associated with lithium metal require safe electrolytes to replace flammable liquid ones. In recent years, solid‐state electrolytes have attracted tremendous attention. Among them, composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) with different constitutions have the unique advantages of low interfacial resistance, high ionic conductivity, and flexible characteristics. Here, the basic properties and analysis methods related to CPEs are discussed. Following that, the components added into the polymer matrix, such as organic solvents, nanostructured ceramics, and fast‐ion‐conductive inorganics are classified. CPEs used in low‐cost Na and K batteries are briefly discussed. It is hoped that the review can supply both advances and fundamentals to the researchers in this field and provide guidance for the development of CPEs for lithium battery systems, and beyond.
Determination of dynamic interfacial tension in a pulsed column under mass transfer condition
Authors: Wang Bo , Zhou Han , Yu Xiong , Jing Shan , Zheng Qiang , Lan Wenjie , Li Shaowei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractInterfacial tension is an essential physical property in two‐phase flow, and it changes due to the mass transfer. The measurement of dynamic interfacial tension (DIFT) in such a condition is a difficult problem. In the previous study (Zhou et al., Chem Eng Sci. 2019; 197:172–183), we presented the quantitative relation between the droplet breakup frequency function (DBFF) and interfacial tension. It is found that the DBFF is highly depended on interfacial tension. Therefore, the DBFF is a suitable parameter to quantitatively characterize the interfacial tension. Based on this concept, the DIFT in the column is determined by regression method after the DBFF under mass transfer condition is measured. It is found that the DIFT is smaller than the static interfacial tension. This result indicates that interphase mass transfer leads to decreasing of the interfacial tension. The decreasing extent of the DIFT has a positive correlation with the mass transfer flux.
Investigation of topical intranasal cocaine for sinonasal procedures: a randomized, phase III clinical trial
Authors: McGrath John , McGrath Alexa , Burdett Jacob , Shokri Tom , Cohn Jason E. 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundThe objective of this trial was to demonstrate the clinical efficacy and safety of topical cocaine as part of the effort to gain regulatory approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration.MethodsThis phase III, randomized, prospective, double‐blind, multicenter, single‐dose, placebo‐ and dose‐controlled, parallel‐group study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of topical intranasal cocaine (RX0041‐002). A total of 925 subjects were screened and a total of 648 subjects were randomized: 95 to placebo; 275 to 4% RX0041‐002; and 278 to 8% RX0041‐002. Efficacy was assessed with subjective pain intensity scores using the visual numeric rating scale and objectively using the von Frey filament test. Adverse events (AEs), vital signs, Holter monitoring, nasal irritation on visual examination, and smell assessment were recorded. The placebo and experimental groups were compared using a two‐tailed Fisher's exact test.ResultsTopical 4% and 8% cocaine achieved significant subject analgesia, the primary efficacy endpoint. Both doses were safe and well‐tolerated, with a safety profile similar to placebo. In the 4% and 8% groups, headache (1.5% and 2.5%, respectively), epistaxis (0.7% and 1.1%), and anxiety (0.7% and 0%) were the only AEs reported by >1 subject. No cardiovascular AEs, serious AEs, or deaths occurred. A higher percentage of subjects in the 4% and 8% groups compared with the placebo group had a modest increase in either systolic or diastolic blood pressure.ConclusionTopical 4% and 8% cocaine is an effective anesthetic that can be safely administered for nasal procedures.
Magnon Blockade in a PT‐Symmetric‐Like Cavity Magnomechanical System
Authors: Wang Liang , Yang Zhi‐Xin , Liu Yu‐Mu , Bai Cheng‐Hua , Wang Dong‐Yang , Zhang Shou , Wang Hong‐Fu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe magnon blockade effect in a parity‐time () symmetric‐like three‐mode cavity magnomechanical system involving the magnon–photon and magnon–phonon interactions is investigated. In the broken and unbroken ‐symmetric regions, the second‐order correlation function is calculated analytically and numerically, respectively, and the optimal value of detuning is further determined. By adjusting different system parameters, the different blockade mechanisms are studied and it is found that the perfect magnon blockade effect can be observed under the weak parameter mechanism. This work paves a way to achieve the magnon blockade in experiment.
Dissipative Assembly of Macrocycles Comprising Multiple Transient Bonds
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Mosharraf , Atkinson Joshua L. , Hartley C. Scott 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDissipative assembly has great potential for the creation of new adaptive chemical systems. However, while molecular assembly at equilibrium is routinely used to prepare complex architectures from polyfunctional monomers, species formed out of equilibrium have, to this point, been structurally very simple. In most examples the fuel simply effects the formation of a single short‐lived covalent bond. Herein, we show that chemical fuels can assemble bifunctional components into macrocycles containing multiple transient bonds. Specifically, dicarboxylic acids give aqueous dianhydride macrocycles on treatment with a carbodiimide. The macrocycles are assembled efficiently as a consequence of both fuel‐dependent and fuel‐independent mechanisms; they undergo slower decomposition, building up as the fuel recycles the components, and are a favored product of the dynamic exchange of the anhydride bonds. These results create new possibilities for generating structurally sophisticated out‐of‐equilibrium species.