bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scaling of SN Curves for Varying ‘Initiation’ Crack Definitions From Striation Counted Environmental Fatigue Specimens: A 250 Micron Austenitic Stainless Steel SN Curve and Associated Fen Factors
Authors: Batten Joseph , Currie Chris , Mann Jonathan , Wright Keith 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Future code development to adopt a risk-informed design methodology will require improved accuracy of fatigue initiation predictions. The ability to account for through wall strain gradients in plant components, particularly over the first 3 mm of wall thickness is one area where conservatism can be reduced. This is due to extant design fatigue curves being derived from strain controlled membrane loading tests where the 25% load drop definition for end of test equates to approximately a 3 mm crack.
Being able to define initiation fatigue curves for much shorter crack depths would enable fatigue crack growth methods to then predict the additional cycles, taking into consideration the strain gradient, required before the defined end of life crack size is reached.
The R5 procedure provides a method to adjust an existing Stress-Life (SN) curve representing an initiation crack depth, to a smaller depth. This method was developed for materials at higher temperature and for a CO2 cooling environment, thus its validity was uncertain for application to a Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) plant.
This paper details the development of best estimate and design basis SN curves and environmental fatigue enhancement factors (Fen) for crack initiation to a depth of 250 μm.
It is concluded that the general methodology in R5 was found, through this work, to adequately describe fatigue initiation lives for stainless steel in a PWR environment when augmented with a crack size dependent Fen equation and with modified coefficients determined through regression.
The resulting method is similar to R5 in that an SN curve can be derived for any crack size, however the current data set only provides validation down to a crack size of 250 μm, as striations at shorter depths were not visible with existing methods.
Friction Stir Welding and Preliminary Characterization of Irradiated 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: Tang Wei , Gussev Maxim , Feng Zhili , Gibson Brian , Miller Roger , Chen Jian , Clark Scarlett , Leonard Keith , Tatman Jon , Sutton Ben , Frederick Greg 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The mitigation of helium induced cracking in the heat affected zone (HAZ), a transition metallurgical zone between the weld zone and base metal, during repair welding is a great challenge in nuclear industry. Successful traditional fusion welding repairs are limited to metals with a maximum of a couple of atomic parts per million (appm) helium, and structural materials helium levels in operating nuclear power plants are generally exceed a couple of appm after years of operations. Therefore, fusion welding is very limited in nuclear power plants structural materials repairing. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid-state joining technology that reduces the drivers (temperature and tensile residual stress) for helium-induced cracking. This paper will detail initial procedural development of FSW weld trials on irradiated 304L stainless steel (304L SS) coupons utilizing a unique welding facility located at one of Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s hot cell facilities. The successful early results of FSW of an irradiated 304L SS coupon containing high helium are discussed. Helium induced cracking was not observed by scanning electron microscopy in the friction stir weld zone and the metallurgical zones between the weld zone and base metal, i.e. thermal mechanical affected zone (TMAZ) and HAZ. Characterization of the weld, TMAZ and HAZ regions are detailed in this paper.
Numerical Investigation of Pressure Fluctuations and Vibrations for Upward Two-Phase Flow in a Pipe
Authors: Meire Alexander , De Moerloose Laurent , Degroote Joris 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Two-phase flows are encountered in a wide range of technological and natural situations. In the last decade, advances in the available computing power have enabled to solve the underlying equations with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using multi-phase models for the interaction between the different phases. In this study, a volume of fluid (VOF) solver in OpenFOAM is used to investigate the pressure profile in a co-current upward pipe flow of air and water. It is hypothesized that pressure drop events are caused by local buildup of the slower liquid, whereas conservation of volume flow rate forces the dense liquid to accelerate. The calculated pressure gradients are larger than the corresponding experimental data. It is shown that this mismatch might be caused by the evaluation of the momentum balance based on mixture properties; the mixture density increases the effective liquid obstruction and the corresponding pressure drop. Finally, the effect of these pressure fluctuations on the pipe’s vibration is studied using a one-dimensional independent rings structural model.
Fracture Mechanics Based Asset Management Approach in SCC Environments
Authors: Segletes David , Tipple Christopher , Peters Daniel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The operation of autoclave vessels at elevated temperature and pressure is common across a variety of industries. Many of the older operating vessels were fabricated from multiple forgings by welding. Austenitic stainless steels are the material of choice for many of these vessels, and precautions to prevent sensitization in the weld heat affected zone may not have been implemented during construction, which can increase susceptibility to environmental cracking conditions. Recently a vessel developed a through wall leak during the operating cycle. Three complimentary vessels at the same facility were inspected resulting in one additional vessel not returning to service and two with similar flaws. A multi-disciplinary approach was used to evaluate the failure, perform a fitness for service determination, and nondestructive examinations to monitor the flaw growth and validate the fitness for service inputs. The overall approach is discussed.
Modeling and Simulations of Deteriorated Turbulent Heat Transfer in Wall Heated Cylindrical Tube
Authors: Vegendla Prasad , Hu Rui 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The paper discusses the modeling and simulations of Deteriorated Turbulent Heat Transfer (DTHT) for a wall-heated fluid flows, which can be observed in gas-cooled nuclear power reactors during Pressurized Conduction Cooldown (PCC) event due to loss of force circulation flow. The DTHT regime is defined as the deterioration of normal turbulent heat transport due to increase of acceleration and buoyancy forces. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools such as Nek5000 and STAR-CCM+ can help to analyze the DTHT phenomena in reactors for efficient thermal-fluid designs.
3D CFD non-isothermal modeling and simulations were performed in a wall-heated circular tube. The simulation results were verified with two different CFD tools, Nek5000 and STAR-CCM+, and validated with an experimental data. The predicted bulk temperatures were identical in both CFD tools, as expected. Good agreement between simulated results and measured data were obtained for wall temperatures along the tube axis using Nek5000. In STAR-CCM+, the under-predicted wall temperatures were mainly due to higher turbulence in the wall region. In STAR-CCM+, the predicted DTHT was over 48% at outlet when compared to inlet heat transfer values.
Analytic Solutions As a Tool for Verification and Validation of a Multiphysics Model
Authors: Tregillis I. L. , Koskelo Aaron 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Computational physicists are commonly faced with the task of resolving discrepancies between the predictions of a complex, integrated multi-physics numerical simulation and corresponding experimental datasets. Such efforts commonly require a slow iterative procedure. However, a different approach is available in cases where the multi-physics system of interest admits closed-form analytic solutions. In this situation, the ambiguity is conveniently broken into separate consideration of theory-simulation comparisons (issues of verification) and theory-data comparisons (issues of validation).
We demonstrate this methodology via application to the specific example of a fluid-instability based ejecta source model (“RMI+SSVD”) under development at Los Alamos National Laboratory and implemented in FLAG, a Los Alamos continuum mechanics code. The formalism is conducted in the forward sense (i.e., from source to measurement) and enables us to compute, purely analytically, piezoelectric ejecta mass measurements for a specific class of explosively driven metal coupon experiments. We incorporate published measurement uncertainties on relevant experimental parameters to estimate a time-dependent uncertainty on these analytic predictions. This motivates the introduction of a “compatibility score” metric, our primary tool for quantitative analysis of the RMI+SSVD model.
Adiposity and Slow Stepping Rate Are Related to Under-Estimating Steps per Day in African American Women
Authors: Tyo Brian , Spataro-Kearns Rebecca , Bassett David R. 
Published: November 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine if the Digi-Walker SW-200 (SW-200), New Lifestyles NL-2000 (NL-2000), and Omron HJ-303 (HJ-303) yield similar daily step counts compared to the StepWatch-3; and (2) to determine if pedometer error is influenced by adiposity and/or stepping rate in African American women. Methods: 60 participants (28.0 ± 9.8 y) wore the devices for three weekdays. ANOVAs were performed to determine if body mass index (BMI) and device were related to steps per day, and to determine if BMI and device were related to error. Stepwise linear regressions were performed to determine which variables contributed to pedometer error. Results: StepWatch-3 counted significantly more steps than all other devices within each BMI category (p < .01). The NL-2000 had significantly less error in the normal (−13.4%) and overweight (−14.9%) groups compared to the SW-200 (−26.2% and −33.3%) and HJ-303 (−32.5% ad −31.5%) (p < .05). The SW-200 had significantly more error in the obese group (−50.7%) compared to the NL-2000 (−17.1%) and HJ-303 (−26.0%) (p < .05). NL-2000 error was not related to any variables while the SW-200 error was related to waist circumference (WC) and the HJ-303 error was related to percentage of slow steps. Conclusion: In African American women adiposity is more strongly related to more pedometer error in a device using a spring-levered mechanism (SW-200). Accumulating steps at a slow rate is related to more pedometer error when using a device with a step filter (HJ-303).
Improvement of perioperative care of the elderly patient (PeriAge): protocol of a controlled interventional feasibility study
Authors: Olotu Cynthia , Lebherz Lisa , Härter Martin , Mende Anna , Plümer Lili , Goetz Alwin E , Zöllner Christian , Kriston Levente , Kiefmann Rainer 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionGeriatric patients have a pronounced risk to suffer from postoperative complications. While effective risk-specific perioperative measures have been studied in controlled experimental settings, they are rarely found in routine healthcare. This study aims (1) to implement a multicomponent preoperative and intraoperative intervention, and investigate its feasibility, and (2) exploratorily assess the effectiveness of the intervention in routine healthcare.Methods and analysisFeasibility and exploratory effectiveness of the intervention will be investigated in a monocentric, prospective, non-randomised, controlled trial. The intervention includes systematic information for patients and family about measures to prevent postoperative complications; preoperative screening for frailty, malnutrition, strength and mobility with nutrient supplementation and physical exercise (prehabilitation) as needed. Further components focus on potentially inadequate medication, patient blood-management and carbohydrate loading prior to surgery, retainment of orientation aids in the operating room and a geriatric anaesthesia concept. Data will successively be collected from control, implementation and intervention groups. Patients aged 65+ with impending surgery will be included. A sample size of 240, n=80 per group, is planned. Assessments will take place at inclusion and 2, 30 and 180 days after surgery. Mixed-methods analyses will be performed. Exploratory effectiveness will be assessed using mixed segmented regressions. The primary endpoint is functional status. Secondary endpoints include cognitive performance, health-related quality of life, length of inpatient stay and occurrence of postoperative complications. Feasibility will be assessed through semi-structured interviews with staff and patients and quantitative analyses of the data quality, focussing on practicability, acceptance, adoption and fidelity to protocol.Ethics and disseminationThe study will be carried out in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and to principles of good scientific practice. The Ethics Committee of the Medical Association Hamburg, Germany, approved the protocol (study ID: PV5596). Results will be disseminated in scientific journals and healthcare conferences.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT03325413.
Defining the information needs of lung cancer screening participants: a qualitative study
Authors: Ruparel Mamta , Quaife Samantha , Baldwin David , Waller Jo , Janes Samuel 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionLung cancer screening (LCS) by low-dose CT has been shown to improve mortality, but individuals must consider the potential benefits and harms before making an informed decision about taking part. Shared decision-making is required for LCS in USA, though screening-eligible individuals’ specific views of these harms, and their preferences for accessing this information, are not well described.MethodsIn this qualitative study, we aimed to explore knowledge and perceptions around lung cancer and LCS with a focus on harms. We carried out seven focus groups with screening-eligible individuals, which were divided into current versus former smokers and lower versus higher educational backgrounds; and 16 interviews with health professionals including general practitioners, respiratory physicians, lung cancer nurse specialists and public health consultants. Interviews and focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed. Data were coded inductively and analysed using the framework method.ResultsFatalistic views about lung cancer as an incurable disease dominated, particularly among current smokers, and participants were often unaware of curative treatment options. Despite this, beliefs that screening is sensible and worthwhile were expressed. Generally participants felt they had the ‘right’ to an informed decision, though some cautioned against information overload. The potential harms of LCS were poorly understood, particularly overdiagnosis and radiation exposure, but participants were unlikely to be deterred by them. Strong concerns about false-negative results were expressed, while false-positive results and indeterminate nodules were also reported as concerning.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate the need for LCS information materials to highlight information on the benefits of early detection and options for curative treatment, while accurately presenting the possible harms. Information needs are likely to vary between individuals and we recommend simple information materials to be made available to all individuals considering participating in LCS, with signposting to more detailed information for those who require it.
Longevity of pulmonary rehabilitation benefit for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—health care utilisation in the subsequent 2 years
Authors: Walsh James R , Pegg Jane , Yerkovich Stephanie T , Morris Norman , McKeough Zoe J , Comans Tracy , Paratz Jenny D , Chambers Daniel C 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundThe primary aim was to determine the healthcare utilisation benefits including respiratory-related hospital admissions, hospital admission days and emergency department presentations in the 0–12 and 12–24 months postpulmonary rehabilitation compared with the 12 months preprogramme.MethodsAn observational, data-linkage design of 11 standardised pulmonary rehabilitation programmes were used. All programmes were 8 weeks in duration with two supervised exercise sessions per week and were required to use the national pulmonary rehabilitation recommendations with regard to programme organisation, exercise training guidelines and multidisciplinary education. For each participant with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), healthcare utilisation data were collected for the 12 months preprogramme and 24 months postprogramme.Results426 participants (231 males, FEV149.3 (19.6) % predicted) were studied. The number of respiratory admissions/participant/year decreased from 0.7 (1.1) in the 12 months preprogramme to 0.5 (1.9) in the 12 months postprogramme, p=0.083; but increased in the 12–24 months postprogramme to 1.0 (2.3), p<0.001. The hospital days/participant/year improved from 4.0 (7.8) days in the 12 months preprogramme to 2.5 (8.5) days in the 12 months postprogramme, p<0.001; but increased in the 12–24 months postprogramme to 6.1 (16.6) days, p=0.004. The emergency department presentations/participant/year improved from 1.15 (1.75) in the 12 months preprogramme to 0.9 (1.8) in the 12 months postprogramme, p=0.003; but increased in the 12–24 months postprogramme to 2.0 (3.3), p<0.001.ConclusionPulmonary rehabilitation significantly improves hospital days and emergency department presentations in the first 12 months postprogramme. Healthcare utilisation benefits in the second 12 months are less clear.
The impact of delayed transfers of care on emergency departments: common sense arguments, evidence and confounding
Authors: Keogh Brad , Monks Thomas 
Published: November 2019

ObjectivesThere have been claims that Delayed Transfers of Care (DTOCs) of inpatients to home or a less acute setting are related to Emergency Department (ED) crowding. In particular DTOCs were associated with breaches of the UK 4-hour waiting time target in a previously published analysis. However, the analysis has major limitations by not adjusting for the longitudinal trend of the data. The aim of this work is to investigate whether the proposition that DTOCs impact the 4-hour target requires further research.MethodEstimation of an association between two or more variables that are measured over time requires specialised statistical methods. In this study, we performed two separate analyses. First, we created two sets of artificial data with no correlation. We then added an upward trend over time and again assessed for correlation. Second, we reproduced the simple linear regression of the original study using NHS England open data of English trusts between 2010 and 2016, assessing correlation of numbers of DTOCs and ED breaches of the 4-hour target. We then reanalysed the same data using standard time series methods to remove the trend before estimating an association.ResultsAfter introducing upward trends into the uncorrelated artificial data the correlation between the two data sets increased (R2=0.00 to 0.51 respectively). We found strong evidence of longitudinal trends within the NHS data of ED breaches and DTOCs. After removal of the trends the R2reduced from 0.50 to 0.01.ConclusionOur reanalysis found weak correlation between numbers of DTOCs and ED 4-hour target breaches. Our study doesnotindicate that there is no relationship between 4-hour target and DTOCs, it highlights that statistically robust evidence for this relationship does not currently exist. Further work is required to understand the relationship between breaches of the 4-hour target and numbers of DTOCs.
O caso bug-jargal: tradução,transposição e hipertextualidade no romantismo brasileiro
Authors: Pamboukian Mateus Roman 
Published: November 2019

Este artigo pretende discutir derivações textuais do romance de Victor Hugo Bug-Jargal, especialmente as traduções parciais em verso feitas por Gonçalves Dias e Castro Alves. Também é discutida a influência do romance em outros poemas dos dois autores, notadamente “Canção do exílio” (Gonçalves Dias) e “Cachoeira de Paulo Afonso” (Castro Alves). Por fim, discute-se o papel da literatura traduzida na elaboração do repertório poético da literatura brasileira em seus anos de formação. Para tanto, lançamos mão das contribuições teóricas de Gérard Genette, Haroldo de Campos e Itamar Even-Zohar.
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Dexamethasone Use in the Treatment of Pediatric Deep Neck Space Infections
Authors: Tansey James B. , Hamblin John , Mamidala Madhu , Thompson Jerome , Mclevy Jennifer , Wood Joshua , Sheyn Anthony 
Published: November 2019

Objectives: Assess the outcome of Intravenous (IV) dexamethasone in the treatment of pediatric deep neck space infections (DNSI) in combination with IV antibiotics. Methods: Retrospective chart review of pediatric patients admitted for a DNSI from March 2014 to June 2016. Patient characteristics including demographics, abscess type, antibiotic, dexamethasone, surgery, culture, and length of stay (LOS) were obtained. Patients treated with antibiotics alone versus antibiotics and dexamethasone were compared. Primary outcome measures were rate of surgical drainage and LOS. Results: Overall 153 patients with DNSI were identified, including 62 lateral neck, 18 parapharyngeal, 40 peritonsillar, 32 retropharyngeal, and 1 submandibular. All patients received antibiotics. Dexamethasone was used in 35% of patients. The rate of surgical drainage in the dexamethasone and non-dexamethasone group was 36% and 53% respectively ( P = .043). LOS was shorter for the dexamethasone group (2.9 days) compared to the non-dexamethasone group (3.8 days) but was non-significant, P-value-.09. The most common microorganisms cultured were MRSA (25), MSSA (11), and Streptococcus pyogenes (10). Conclusion: Dexamethasone use was associated with a decreased rate of surgical drainage in pediatric patients with DNSI. Further prospective study is needed to determine the role of dexamethasone in treatment.