bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraspecific functional trait structure of restoration‐relevant species: Implications for restoration seed sourcing
Authors: Zeldin Jacob , Lichtenberger Taran M. , Foxx Alicia J. , Webb Williams Evelyn , Kramer Andrea T. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRecent research has highlighted the existence of significant intraspecific trait variation within and among populations of plant species. This inherent variation within species means there is a wealth of trait diversity from which to source germplasm for use in ecological restoration. However, it remains unclear how to source materials from this pool of trait diversity in order to achieve desired outcomes and support ecosystem function in a restoration context.We provide a framework to study the structure of trait variation across populations and genotypes in an effort to bridge functional trait research with the sourcing of native plant materials for restoration. We investigated the structure of intraspecific functional trait variation in three forb species used in restoration on the Colorado Plateau to (a) understand the structure of functional trait variation within and among populations, and (b) determine if individual and multivariate functional traits differ between populations while accounting for trait variation within and among genotypes.We found considerable functional trait variation at all sampling levels, with variation within populations often surpassing variation among populations. Still, we observed population‐level differences in trait values in 8 of the 12 species‐by‐trait combinations and populations largely segregated in multivariate trait space.Synthesis and applications. Using micropropagation techniques, we uncovered population‐level differences in functional trait variation, suggesting that mixing populations to create restoration germplasm following a regional admixture provenancing approach could lead to increased functional diversity in restorations. However, the substantial trait variation identified within some populations of our study species also suggests a similar potential when utilizing genotypically diverse material from even a single population. Further research on these and other species is needed to understand the structure of intraspecific functional trait variation and how it impacts ecosystem function. The approach outlined in this study can assist researchers in assessing the underlying trait variation present in various restoration materials and provide managers with more detailed information that can help make germplasm sourcing decisions.
Direct and indirect effects of native plants and herbivores on biotic resistance to alien aquatic plant invasions
Authors: Petruzzella Antonella , van Leeuwen Casper H. A. , van Donk Ellen , Bakker Elisabeth S. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Biotic resistance to alien plant invasions is mainly determined by ecological interactions in two layers of the food web: competition with native plant species and herbivory by native herbivores. While the direct effect of native plants on alien plant performance via competition has been well documented across ecosystems, less is known about the direct and indirect effects of herbivores in providing biotic resistance. Our main aims were to determine whether temperate native aquatic plants and herbivores can provide biotic resistance to plant invasions, understand the underlying mechanisms and search for potential interactive effects of competition and herbivory on invader performance (i.e. growth).

We mimicked natural temperate mesotrophic and eutrophic freshwater lakes in mesoscosms, by growing three native submerged plant species in monocultures (Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton perfoliatus) at three competition levels (no, low and high) without and with the native aquatic generalist snail Lymnaea stagnalis. We subsequently simulated an early stage of establishment of the South American highly invasive alien plant species Egeria densa.

We found that competition by native plant biomass significantly reduced invader performance but depended on native species identity. Herbivory had no direct negative effect on invader performance as the snails fed mainly on the available filamentous algae, which are commonly found in meso‐ and eutrophic systems, instead of on the plants. However, the consumption of filamentous algae by herbivores indirectly had positive effects on the invader total biomass, thus facilitating the invasion by E. densa. Nonetheless, these indirect effects worked through different pathways depending on the native plant identity.

Synthesis. We found evidence for biotic resistance through competition by native plant species. However, we show that herbivores can indirectly facilitate South American plant E. densa invasion promoting its growth through selective feeding on filamentous algae, but this effect depends on the native plant species involved. Our experiment illustrates the important role of indirect interactions to understand the potential of biotic resistance in natural ecosystems.
The burden of subclinical intra‐articular inflammation in gout
Authors: Chowalloor Priya , Raymond Warren David , Cheah Patrick , Keen Helen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the burden of subclinical intra‐articular inflammation using ultrasound in people with gout.MethodsA pilot, prospective longitudinal cohort of 28 participants with gout were examined twice, once during a gout flare (n = 25) and then during an inter‐critical phase (n = 27). At each visit, a 52 joint count was done followed by ultrasound examination for detection of intra‐articular power Doppler (PD) signal. Clinically active joints were defined as tender and swollen. Data was collected on patient reported gout pain ‐ visual analog scale (VAS) (painVAS), physician global VAS (physicianVAS), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), serum uric acid, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (HsCRP).ResultsAt the flare visit, participants had a median of 1 clinically active joint (interquartile range [IQR] 1‐2), and a median of 5 joints with a PD score ≥ 2 (IQR 4‐10, P < .001). At the inter‐critical visit, participants reported an median of 0 clinically active joints (IQR 0‐0), and a median of 4 joints with a PD score ≥ 2 (IQR 3‐7, P < .001). Physician VAS (5.69 vs 3.40, P < .001), painVAS (6 vs 0, P < .001), HAQ (0.75 vs 0.12, P = .032), and ESR (29 vs 13.5 mm/h, P = .02) were higher at the acute visit, but HsCRP levels were similar (8.88 vs 5.15 mg/L, P = .062).ConclusionThis pilot study established the presence of subclinical intra‐articular inflammation in gout at both acute and inter‐critical phases. Despite the apparent resolution of symptoms after an acute flare, a relatively high proportion of joints had subclinical inflammation in the inter‐critical visit. The long‐term implications of untreated subclinical joint inflammation are not clear.
Strength in Contradiction: Europe as a Living Example for Peaceful Prosperity
Authors: Kaji Sahoko 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe existence of Europe is already more important than ever. This is because Europe is a living example of nations trying to peacefully prosper together in spite of all the doubts and differences, and continuing to collectively represent certain values. Development of a ‘single European payments app’ can help Europe become a soft and sharp global superpower with sensitivity, strong in consumer protection, leading in the field of advanced technology.
Drunk, dangerous and delusional: how legal concept‐creep risks overcriminalization
Authors: Crombag Hans S. , Child John J. , Sullivan G. R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn the recent case ofRv.Taj, the Court of Appeal of England and Wales upheld the conviction of a defendant who, in a psychotic delusional state, mistook his non‐threatening victim to be a terrorist, violently attacking him. The law typically allows honest mistakes (even if unreasonable) as a basis for self‐defence (in this case the defence of others). However, because Taj's delusions were found by the court to have been caused by voluntary alcohol consumption, special legal (prior‐fault) intoxication rules were applied to block his defence; Taj was convicted and sentenced to 19 years imprisonment for attempted murder.ArgumentWe focus here on the simple question—what does it mean to be intoxicated? On the facts, Taj did not have drugs active in his system at the time of the attack, but the court nonetheless insisted that Taj's delusional mistake was ‘attributable to intoxication’; namely, to drink‐ and drug‐taking in the previous days and weeks. This extended conception of intoxication was questionably distinguished from psychosis induced by withdrawal. Furthermore, the court was unreceptive to evidence of a long‐standing, underlying mental health disorder. We argue that the court's expanded view of intoxication is problematic, in that intoxication‐induced psychosis cannot be sharply distinguished from other causes such as mental disorders; and even if it could be distinguished, it should not give rise to blame and punishment in the same way as does conduct induced by chemically active intoxicants (‘drug‐on‐board’).ConclusionThe courts’ expansion of the definition of intoxication is both legally and forensically problematic, introducing legal vagaries where the clinical science is already vague; and with intoxication frequently interlocking with historic intoxication and secondary or comorbid mental health conditions, the decision risks inappropriately and/or over‐criminalizing defendants.
Fine‐scale variables associated with the presence of native forbs in natural temperate grassland
Authors: Johnson David P. , Driscoll Don A. , Catford Jane A. , Gibbons Philip 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBroad‐scale threats to floristic diversity in native temperate grasslands are well‐documented and include elevated soil nutrients, changes in disturbance regimes and exotic species. However, fine‐scale variables associated with the presence of native forbs, such as gap size and biomass cover, have received relatively little attention. We conducted a case–control study to determine the relative influence of physical structural dimensions and other fine‐scale variables associated with the presence of native forbs in a modified temperate grassland previously used for domestic grazing. We matched 145 case plots centred on 27 different species of native forbs with 290 control plots not centred on a native forb. For each percentage increase in ground litter cover, dead biomass cover, grass cover or exotic forb cover, or the area of bare ground within 30 cm, the relative odds that a native forb was present vs absent declined by a mean of 10–13%. Living and dead biomass reduces light availability, and the former can also reduce nutrient and water availability. Declines in the presence of native forbs associated with increasing total bare ground may suggest that gap sizes were too small or the soil surface condition too degraded. Our results add to a body of evidence suggesting that native forbs in temperate native grassland are likely to benefit from periodic removal of living and dead grass biomass and a reduction in the cover of exotic forbs.
Contrasting microbiotas between Finnish and Estonian infants: Exposure to Acinetobacter may contribute to the allergy gap
Authors: Ruokolainen Lasse , Parkkola Anna , Karkman Antti , Sinkko Hanna , Peet Aleksandr , Hämäläinen Anu‐Maaria , von Hertzen Leena , Tillmann Vallo , Koski Katriina , Virtanen Suvi M. , Niemelä Onni , Haahtela Tari , Knip Mikael 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundAllergic diseases are more common in Finland than in Estonia, which—according to the biodiversity hypothesis—could relate to differences in early microbial exposures.MethodsWe aimed at defining possible microbial perturbations preceding early atopic sensitization. Stool, nasal and skin samples of 6‐month‐old DIABIMMUNE study participants with HLA susceptibility to type 1 diabetes were collected. We compared microbiotas of sensitized (determined by specific IgE results at 18 months of age) and unsensitized Estonian and Finnish children.ResultsSensitization was differentially targeted between populations, as egg‐specific and birch pollen‐specific IgE was more common in Finland. Microbial diversity and community composition also differed; the genus Acinetobacter was more abundant in Estonian skin and nasal samples. Particularly, the strain‐level profile of Acinetobacter lwoffii was more diverse in Estonian samples. Early microbiota was not generally associated with later sensitization. Microbial composition tended to differ between children with or without IgE‐related sensitization, but only in Finland. While land‐use pattern (ie green areas vs. urban landscapes around the children's homes) was not associated with microbiota as a whole, it associated with the composition of the genus Acinetobacter. Breastfeeding affected gut microbial composition and seemed to protect from sensitization.ConclusionsIn accordance with the biodiversity hypothesis, our results support disparate early exposure to environmental microbes between Finnish and Estonian children and suggest a significant role of the genus Acinetobacter in the allergy gap between the two populations. The significance of the observed differences for later allergic sensitization remains open.
Effect of L‐theanine on meat quality, muscle amino acid profiles, and antioxidant status of broilers
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Wang Chi , Zhao Xiaohui , Chen Kaikai , Geng Zhaoyu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of L‐theanine on carcass traits, meat quality, muscle antioxidant capacity, and amino acid (AA) profiles of broilers. Three hundred 1‐day‐old Ross 308 male broilers were randomly allotted to five groups with six replicates. Birds were fed the basal diet or basal diet with 300, 600, 900, or 1,500 mg/kg L‐theanine for 42 consecutive days. The results showed that L‐theanine quadratically increased dressing percentage, eviscerated percentage, and leg muscle yield (p < .05). Meanwhile, drip loss, cooking loss, shear force, L*24h, and muscle lactate content decreased quadratically in response to dietary L‐theanine supplementation (p < .05), while pH24h and muscle glycogen content were quadratically improved by L‐theanine (p < .05). Notably, the contents of muscle malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl, and the activities of muscle total antioxidant capacity, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase decreased quadratically in response to dietary L‐theanine supplementation (p < .05), suggesting that the oxidative stress level of muscle was decreased quadratically. Moreover, L‐theanine quadratically increased the concentrations of most of muscle essential AA, nonessential AA, and flavor AA (p < .05). In conclusion, L‐theanine can be used as a valuable feed additive to modulate carcass traits, meat quality, muscle antioxidant status, and AA profiles of boilers, and its optimum addition level is 600 mg/kg based on the present study.
Will machine learning applied to neuroimaging in bipolar disorder help the clinician? A critical review and methodological suggestions
Authors: Claude Laurie‐Anne , Houenou Josselin , Duchesnay Edouard , Favre Pauline 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe existence of anatomofunctional brain abnormalities in bipolar disorder (BD) is now well established by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. To create diagnostic and prognostic tools, as well as identifying biologically valid subtypes of BD, research has recently turned towards the use of machine learning (ML) techniques. We assessed both supervised ML and unsupervised ML studies in BD to evaluate their robustness, reproducibility and the potential need for improvement.MethodWe systematically searched for studies using ML algorithms based on MRI data of patients with BD until February 2019.ResultWe identified 47 studies, 45 using supervised ML techniques and 2 including unsupervised ML analyses. Among supervised studies, 43 focused on diagnostic classification. The reported accuracies for classification of BD ranged between (a) 57% and 100%, for BD vs healthy controls; (b) 49.5% and 93.1% for BD vs patients with major depressive disorder; and (c) 50% and 96.2% for BD vs patients with schizophrenia. Reported accuracies for discriminating subjects genetically at risk for BD (either from control or from patients with BD) ranged between 64.3% and 88.93%.ConclusionsAlthough there are strong methodological limitations in previous studies and an important need for replication in large multicentric samples, the conclusions of our review bring hope of future computer‐aided diagnosis of BD and pave the way for other applications, such as treatment response prediction. To reinforce the reliability of future results we provide methodological suggestions for good practice in conducting and reporting MRI‐based ML studies in BD.
Neurofeedback trains a superordinate system relevant for seemingly opposing behavioral control deficits depending on ADHD subtype
Authors: Bluschke Annet , Schreiter Marie L. , Friedrich Julia , Adelhöfer Nico , Roessner Veit , Beste Christian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractADHD is one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood, but symptoms vary considerably between individuals. Therefore, different ADHD subtypes can be distinguished. Yet, it is widely elusive whether the specific subtype is critical to consider when examining treatment effects. Based on theoretical considerations, this could be the case for EEG theta/beta neurofeedback. We examine the effects of such an intervention on rapid response execution and inhibition processes using a Go/Nogo task in the inattentive (ADD) and the combined (ADHD‐C) subtype. We show that a single neurofeedback protocol affects opposing deficits depending on the ADHD subtype – namely the execution (in ADD) and inhibition of action (in ADHD‐C). No changes occurred in the healthy controls. These findings are discussed in relation to overarching principles of neural oscillations, particularly in the beta frequency band. The data suggest that theta/beta neurofeedback trains a superordinate system strongly related to the function of neural beta frequency oscillations to tune neural networks important for the sampling of sensory information used for behavioral control.
Life cycle and taxonomy of Chrysomyxa succinea in China and phylogenetic positions of Caeoma species on Rhododendron
Authors: Ji Jing‐Xin , Li Zhuang , Li Yu , Kakishima Makoto 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRust diseases of spruce and rhododendrons caused by Chrysomyxa succinea are commonly observed in forests of northern and eastern Asia. The heteroecious life cycle of this species alternating between spermogonial and aecial stages on Picea jezoensis and uredinial and telial stages on Rhododendron aureum is confirmed for the first time in China by inoculations and phylogenetic analyses. Morphological characters of all stages are described based on specimens obtained from the field and from inoculations. Based on morphological similarities and phylogenetic analyses, Ch. zhouniensis reported on Picea asperata is treated as a synonym of Ch. succinea. Four Caeoma species on Rhododendron are included in the same phylogenetic group as species of Chrysomyxa. Therefore, these species are treated as Chrysomyxa, and four new combinations in Chrysomyxa are proposed.
Long‐term outcomes of reoperations in epilepsy surgery
Authors: Yardi Ruta , Morita‐Sherman Marcia E. , Fitzgerald Zachary , Punia Vineet , Bena James , Morrison Shannon , Najm Imad , Bingaman William , Jehi Lara 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze longitudinal seizure outcomes following epilepsy surgery, including reoperations, in patients with intractable focal epilepsy.MethodsClinicoradiological characteristics of patients who underwent epilepsy surgery from 1995 to 2016 with follow‐up of ≥1 year were reviewed. In patients undergoing reoperations, the latest resection was considered the index surgery. The primary outcome was complete seizure freedom (Engel I) at last follow‐up. Potentially significant outcome variables were first identified using univariate analyses and then fit in multivariate Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsOf 898 patients fulfilling study criteria, 110 had reoperations; 92 had one resection prior to the index surgery and 18 patients had two or more prior resective surgeries. Two years after the index surgery, 69% of patients with no prior surgeries had an Engel score of I, as opposed to only 42% of those with one prior surgery, and 33% of those with two or more prior resections (P < .001). Among surgical outcome predictors, the number of prior epilepsy surgeries, female sex, lesional initial magnetic resonance imaging, no prior history of generalization, and pathology correlated with better seizure outcomes on univariate analysis. However, only sex (P = .011), history of generalization (P = .016), and number of prior surgeries (P = .002) remained statistically significant in the multivariate model.SignificanceAlthough long‐term seizure control is possible in patients with failed prior epilepsy surgery, the chances of success diminish with every subsequent resection. Outcome is additionally determined by inherent biological markers (sex and secondary generalization tendency), rather than traditional outcome predictors, supporting a hypothesis of “surgical refractoriness.”
Blue carbon gains from glacial retreat along Antarctic fjords: What should we expect?
Authors: Barnes David K. A. , Sands Chester J. , Cook Alison , Howard Floyd , Roman Gonzalez Alejandro , Muñoz–Ramirez Carlos , Retallick Kate , Scourse James , Van Landeghem Katrien , Zwerschke Nadescha 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRising atmospheric CO2 is intensifying climate change but it is also driving global and particularly polar greening. However, most blue carbon sinks (that held by marine organisms) are shrinking, which is important as these are hotspots of genuine carbon sequestration. Polar blue carbon increases with losses of marine ice over high latitude continental shelf areas. Marine ice (sea ice, ice shelf and glacier retreat) losses generate a valuable negative feedback on climate change. Blue carbon change with sea ice and ice shelf losses has been estimated, but not how blue carbon responds to glacier retreat along fjords. We derive a testable estimate of glacier retreat driven blue carbon gains by investigating three fjords in the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP). We started by multiplying ~40 year mean glacier retreat rates by the number of retreating WAP fjords and their time of exposure. We multiplied this area by regional zoobenthic carbon means from existing datasets to suggest that WAP fjords generate 3,130 tonnes of new zoobenthic carbon per year (t zC/year) and sequester >780 t zC/year. We tested this by capture and analysis of 204 high resolution seabed images along emerging WAP fjords. Biota within these images were identified to density per 13 functional groups. Mean stored carbon per individual was assigned from literature values to give a stored zoobenthic Carbon per area, which was multiplied up by area of fjord exposed over time, which increased the estimate to 4,536 t zC/year. The purpose of this study was to establish a testable estimate of blue carbon change caused by glacier retreat along Antarctic fjords and thus to establish its relative importance compared to polar and other carbon sinks.