bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
You Take the Low Road and I’ll Take the High Road: Variation in Agreement Structure in Wisconsin Heritage German
Authors: Bousquette Joshua 
Published: August 2020

This article presents on interviews with 10 bilingual speakers of American English and Wisconsin Heritage German (WHG), with respect to their licensing of high (NP1) versus low (NP2) agreement. In terms of linguistic typology, English copular constructions license only NP1 agreement, in which the verb agrees in person and number with the first—or syntactically high—nominal element in the clause; Standard German copular constructions license NP2 agreement with the lower nominal element in the clause (though subsequent topicalization of this element is also licit). As a second variable, a subset (7) of these speakers license complementizer agreement (C-agr) in WHG, which obtains from a second, syntactically high agreement structure in the complementizer field, in addition to the canonical German NP2 structure. These data were compared to a control group of the remaining three WHG speakers who did not license C-agr.
Data presented here suggest a bi-directional transfer of both NP1 and NP2 agreement structures for both groups of heritage language (HL) speakers. The control group produced a majority of forms consistent with both English and German language-specific grammars. Evidence of NP2 structures in the control group’s English, however, suggests that these speakers are HL-dominant—since NP2 is categorically prohibited in English. WHG speakers with C-agr, in contrast to the control group, produced a majority of NP1 forms in both languages, with the presence of C-agr being a predicting factor in the presence of NP1 agreement in the English of WHG speakers. It is here argued that the presence of C-agr in the HL is similar to the canonical NP1 structures of Standard English, allowing for overlapping licit NP1 structures in both varieties. Data from Assumed Identify Constructions (AICs) suggests that canonical NP2 agreement in C-agr WHG may have been weakened as a result. This research suggests that even superficially English-like grammar may obtain not from a direct transfer from the L2 into the HL, but rather from the interaction of English grammar with the autochthonous grammatical structures of non-standard HLs.
Supporting Students with Visual Impairments Who Are Culturally and Linguistically Diverse: The Role of the Cultural Liaison Within Educational Teams
Authors: Gee Stephanie , Zebehazy Kim T. 
Published: August 2020

Introduction: This study explored the role of the cultural liaison on educational teams that support families from culturally and linguistically diverse (hereafter, diverse) backgrounds who have a child with visual impairment. Methods: Focus groups were conducted with teachers of students with visual impairments, cultural liaisons, and classroom teachers, all who had worked with diverse families and students with visual impairments in an urban Canadian school district. Transcripts of the focus groups were coded for common and divergent themes within and across groups. Results: The groups identified a need for better understanding the role of the cultural liaison, clearer communication in the translation process including messages that may be lost in translation, and more opportunities for teachers of students with visual impairments and classroom teachers to connect with cultural liaisons to develop cultural competency. Discussion: The findings highlight the importance of having access to cultural liaisons and the need to make sure all members are clear about their roles. Cultural liaisons may need additional support about resources from teachers of students with visual impairments, while those same teachers would benefit from understanding the parent perspective on visual impairment. Implications for practitioners: Classroom teachers and teachers of students with visual impairments may want to seek out professional development from cultural liaisons. Teachers of students with visual impairments can provide cultural liaisons with a list of common visual impairment terms to allow time for appropriate translation and questions before a meeting. Cultural liaisons may want to ensure that differing cultural viewpoints of the family are communicated clearly to team members and vice versa.
The Incidence of Pediatric Tracheostomy and Its Association Among Black Children
Authors: Brown Clarice , Shah Gopi B. , Mitchell Ron B. , Lenes‐Voit Felicity , Johnson Romaine F. 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveIn 2012, Black or African American children constituted 21% of pediatric tracheostomies while representing approximately 15% of the US population. It is unclear if this discrepancy is due to differences in associated diagnoses. This study aimed to analyze the incidence of pediatric tracheostomy in the United States from 2003 to 2016 and to determine the odds of placement among Black children when compared with other children.Study DesignRetrospective.SettingAcademic hospital.Subjects and MethodsWe used the 2003 to 2016 Kid Inpatient Database to determine the incidence of pediatric tracheostomy in the United States and determine the odds of tracheostomy placement in Black children when compared with other children.ResultsA total of 26,034 pediatric tracheostomies were performed between 2003 and 2016, among which, 21% were Black children. The median age was 7 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 0 to 17); 43% were ≤2 years old, and 62% were male. The most common principal diagnosis was respiratory failure (72%). When compared with other children, Black children were more likely to undergo tracheostomy (odds ratio [OR] = 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1‐1.3), which increased among children younger than 2 years old (OR = 1.5; 95% CI, 1.4‐1.5). Black children with tracheostomies were also more likely to be diagnosed with laryngeal stenosis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia and to have an extended length of stay (P <. 001).ConclusionBlack children are 1.2 times more likely to undergo tracheostomy in the United States compared with other children. Further investigation is warranted to evaluate if there are underlying anatomical, environmental, or psychosocial factors that contribute to this discrepancy.
Droplet and Aerosol Generation With Endonasal Surgery: Methods to Mitigate Risk During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Dharmarajan Harish , Freiser Monika E. , Sim Edward , Boorgu Devi Sai Sri Kavya , Corcoran Timothy E. , Wang Eric W. , Gardner Paul A. , Snyderman Carl H. 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo define the aerosol and droplet risks associated with endonasal drilling and to identify mitigation strategies.Study DesignSimulation series with fluorescent 3‐dimensional (3D) printed sinonasal models and deidentified cadaveric heads.SettingsDedicated surgical laboratory.Subjects and MethodsCadaveric specimens irrigated with fluorescent tracer and fluorescent 3D‐printed models were drilled. A cascade impactor was used to collect aerosols and small droplets of various aerodynamic diameters under 15 µm. Large droplet generation was measured by evaluating the field for fluorescent debris. Aerosol plumes through the nares were generated via nebulizer, and mitigation measures, including suction and SPIWay devices, nasal sheaths, were evaluated regarding reduction of aerosol escape from the nose.ResultsThe drilling of cadaveric specimens without flexible suction generated aerosols ≤3.30 µm, and drilling of 3D sinonasal models consistently produced aerosols ≤14.1 µm. Mitigation with SPIWay or diameter‐restricted SPIWay produced same results. There was minimal field contamination in the cadaveric models, 0% to 2.77% field tarp area, regardless of drill burr type or drilling location; cutting burr drilling without suction in the 3D model yielded the worst contamination field (36.1%), followed by coarse diamond drilling without suction (19.4%). The simple placement of a flexible suction instrument in the nasal cavity or nasopharynx led to complete elimination of all aerosols ≤14.1 µm, as evaluated by a cascade impactor positioned immediately at the nares.ConclusionGiven the findings regarding aerosol risk reduction, we strongly recommend that physicians use a suction instrument in the nasal cavity or nasopharynx during endonasal surgery in the COVID‐19 era.
Effect of a Video-Assisted Teaching Program About ECT on Knowledge and Attitude of Caregivers of Patients with Major Mental Illness
Authors: Nagarajan Padmavathi , Balachandar Gomathi , Menon Vikas , Saravanan Balachandar 
Published: August 2020

Background: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a widely used treatment modality for mental disorders such as major depression, bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) and catatonia. However, it is considered as one of the most controversial and misunderstood procedures, especially among caregivers. Methods: An experimental pre-test, post-test design was adopted. Forty caregivers of persons with schizophrenia ( n = 12), depression ( n = 13), BPAD with mania ( n = 8), and BPAD with depression ( n = 7) were selected using convenience sampling. The caregiver’s knowledge and attitude toward ECT were assessed before and after the intervention with a single session video-assisted teaching on ECT. The data collection tool used to assess the caregiver’s knowledge and attitude was based on a pre-validated questionnaire. Results: The pre-test evaluation demonstrated poor knowledge among 12 (30%) and a moderate level of knowledge on the remaining 28 (70%) of the study subjects. The attitude scores revealed a neutral attitude among 47.5% and a conservative attitude among 10% of the subjects toward ECT. There was a significant improvement in both mean (±SD) knowledge (13.4 ± 4.7 vs 25.6 ± 2.9) and attitude (10.7 ± 3.5 vs 14.6 ± 3.9) scores following intervention with video-assisted teaching. Conclusion: A single session involving video-assisted teaching improves the knowledge and attitude toward ECT among caregivers by removing the myths and misconceptions about ECT.
Designing a Respirator Fit Testing Program
Authors: Murphy Denise C. 
Published: August 2020

The requirements for adequate respiratory protection for the employees of this agency vary. Therefore, accurate, updated job descriptions are a critical piece of information. Although the agency has made an effort to establish a respiratory protection program, a number of limitations exist when compared to the program components defined in ANSI, NIOSH, and OSHA guidance documents. In response to a request from the agency, the nurse consultant evaluated the existing respiratory protection program and made specific recommendations for improvement. At this time, the agency has signed a formal agreement with the Division of Federal Occupational Health to request continued assistance with “overhauling” their program. Top management has begun assigning responsibilities for the program to specific individuals, and a centralized database is being set up. The agency has implemented two new DFOH developed forms to improve the testing process, and the nurse consultant has revised the educational/training session to more adequately meet the needs of the work force. The Agency and DFOH are collaborating on reassessment of employees to correctly assign them to appropriate respiratory risk categories. This will, in turn, affect the medical monitoring needs as well as the educational needs of each individual.
Cell interactions in the bone marrow microenvironment affecting myeloid malignancies
Authors: Kokkaliaris Konstantinos D. , Scadden David T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The bone marrow is a complex tissue in which heterogeneous populations of stromal cells interact with hematopoietic cells to dynamically respond to organismal needs in defense, hemostasis, and oxygen delivery. Physiologic challenges modify stromal/hematopoietic cell interactions to generate changes in blood cell production. When either stroma or hematopoietic cells are impaired, the system distorts. The distortions associated with myeloid malignancy are reviewed here and may provide opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
The opposite effect of human leukocyte antigen genotypes in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis: a narrative review of the literature
Authors: Malkova Anna , Starshinova Anna , Zinchenko Yulia , Basantsova Natalia , Mayevskaya Vera , Yablonskiy Piotr , Shoenfeld Yehuda 
Published: August 2020

Sarcoidosis and tuberculosis share several similar clinical and pathogenic characteristics that make some researchers consider a common pathogenesis for these diseases. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes are studied both in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis patients, but to our knowledge, there are no comparative studies of genetic predisposition for sarcoidosis and tuberculosis development.The aim of this review was to analyse the relationship between HLA genotypes and the development of sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. Original and review articles published in various online databases from 1960 to 2019 were studied.The search results showed opposite effects of the HLA genotypes on predisposition to sarcoidosis or tuberculosis. It was revealed that the genotypes predisposing to the development of sarcoidosis (HLA-DRB1*03/07/15) have protective properties against the development of tuberculosis. Moreover, genotypes causing the development of tuberculosis (HLA-DRB1*04) have a protective effect on the development of sarcoidosis.The results of this narrative review of the literature may allude to the existence of genetic predispositions that lead to the development of an antibacterial or autoimmune response to mycobacteria.
Hot-Electron-Activated Peroxidase-Mimicking Activity of Ultrathin Pd Nanozymes
Authors: Tang Yonghua , Xiong Xueqing , Xu Chengjie , Yu Deshuai , Huang Yanyan , Lin Changxu , Liu Xiangyang , Lin Youhui 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLight-activated nanozymes can provide a wealth of new opportunities for the chemical industry and biotechnology. However, present remote-controlled catalytic systems are still far from satisfactory. Herein, we present an interesting example of applying ultrathin Pd nanosheets (Pd NSs) as a light-controllable peroxidase mimic. Since most of Pd atoms are exposed on their surface, Pd NSs with a thickness of 1.1 nm possess high peroxidase-like activity. More importantly, under light excitation, such intrinsic activity can be further activated by a nearly 2.4- to 3.2-fold. Such a phenomenon can be ascribed to the unique optical property of ultrathin Pd NSs, which can efficiently capture photons to generate hot electrons via surface plasmon resonance effect and thus promote the in situ decomposition of H2O2 into reactive oxygen species radicals (O*). This enhanced catalysis can also be used for real-time and highly sensitive colorimetric detection of H2O2. We expect our work can provide valuable insights into the rational design of artificial nanozymes with controllable and efficient activity in biomedical diagnostics, drug delivery, and environmental chemistry.
Diaper-embedded urine test device for the screening of urinary tract infections in children: a cohort study
Authors: Paalanne Niko , Wikstedt Lotta , Pokka Tytti , Salo Jarmo , Uhari Matti , Renko Marjo , Tapiainen Terhi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
There is a need for an easy and sensitive method for screening of urinary tract infections in young children. We set out to test whether a novel diaper-embedded urine test device is feasible and reliable in screening for urinary tract infections.

Methods
This prospective cohort study consisted of young children examined due to a suspected acute urinary tract infection at the Pediatric Emergency Department of the Oulu University Hospital, Finland. We analyzed the same urine samples using three different methods: 1) a diaper-embedded test device applied to the urine pad within the diaper, 2) a urine sample aspirated from the urine pad for the conventional point-of-care dipstick test, and 3) a urine sample aspirated from the urine pad and analyzed in the laboratory with an automated urine chemistry analyzer. The gold standard for confirming urinary tract infection was quantitative bacterial culture.

Results
Urine samples were available from 565 children. Bacterial culture confirmed urinary tract infection in 143 children. Sensitivity of the positive leukocyte screening of the diaper-embedded urine test device was 93.1% (95% CI: 87.4–96.8) and that of the point-of-care urine dipstick analysis was 95.4% (90.3–98.3) in those with both tests results available (n = 528). The sensitivity of the positive leukocyte test of the diaper-embedded test device was 91.4% (85.4–95.5) and that of the automated analysis was 88.5% (82.0–93.3) in those with both tests available (n = 547). The time to the test result after urination was immediate for the diaper-embedded test, 1–5 min for point-of-care dipstick, and 30–60 min for laboratory-based automated urine chemistry analyzer.

Conclusions
In this prospective study, the diaper-embedded urine test device was an easy and sensitive screening method for UTIs in young children. The main clinical benefit of the diaper-embedded urine test device was that the screening test result was available immediately after urination.
Predicting distribution of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. in China
Authors: Zhuo Zhihang , Xu Danping , Pu Biao , Wang Rulin , Ye Meng 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
With the growth of economic benefits brought by Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. and the increasing market demand, this species has been widely introduced and cultivated in China. It is important to scientifically select suitable areas for artificial planting and promotion, and to understand the status and potential of Z. bungeanum resources.

Results
The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model and ArcGIS technologies were used to analyze the climatic suitability of Z. bungeanum based on known distribution data, combined with environmental data in China. Z. bungeanum was mainly distributed in subtropical and mid-eastern warm temperate regions. The total suitable area (high and medium suitability) accounted for 32% of China’s total land area, with high suitability areas composing larger percentage, reaching 1.93 × 106 km2. The suitable range (and optimum value) of the key environmental variables affecting the distribution of Z. bungeanum were the maximum temperature in February of 2.8–17.7 °C (10.4 °C), the maximum temperature in March of 8.6–21.4 °C (16.3 °C), the maximum temperature in December of 2.5–17.1 °C (9.9 °C), the maximum temperature in November of 7.7–22.2 °C (14.5 °C) and the mean temperature in March of 3.2–16.2 °C (12.0 °C).

Conclusions
The model developed by MaxEnt was applicable to explore the environmental suitability of Z. bungeanum.
Developing a sociocultural framework of compliance: an exploration of factors related to the use of early warning systems among acute care clinicians
Authors: Flenady Tracy , Dwyer Trudy , Sobolewska Agnieszka , Lagadec Danielle Le , Connor Justine , Kahl Julie , Signal Tania , Browne Matthew 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Early warning systems (EWS) are most effective when clinicians monitor patients’ vital signs and comply with the recommended escalation of care protocols once deterioration is recognised.

Objectives
To explore sociocultural factors influencing acute care clinicians’ compliance with an early warning system commonly used in Queensland public hospitals in Australia.

Methods
This interpretative qualitative study utilised inductive thematic analysis to analyse data collected from semi-structured interviews conducted with 30 acute care clinicians from Queensland, Australia.

Results
This study identified that individuals and teams approached compliance with EWS in the context of 1) the use of EWS for patient monitoring; and 2) the use of EWS for the escalation of patient care. Individual and team compliance with monitoring and escalation processes is facilitated by intra and inter-professional factors such as acceptance and support, clear instruction, inter-disciplinary collaboration and good communication. Noncompliance with EWS can be attributed to intra and inter-professional hierarchy and poor communication.

Conclusions
The overarching organisational context including the hospital’s embedded quality improvement and administrative protocols (training, resources and staffing) impact hospital-wide culture and influence clinicians’ and teams’ compliance or non-compliance with early warning system’s monitoring and escalation processes. Successful adoption of EWS relies on effective and meaningful interactions among multidisciplinary staff.
Radiocarpal joint stiffness following surgical treatment for distal radius fractures: the incidence and associated factors
Authors: Kong Lingde , Zhai Yajie , Zhang Zuzhuo , Lu Jian , Zhang Bing , Tian Dehu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundPostoperative radiocarpal joint stiffness (RJS) is common in patients with distal radius fractures (DRFs). The purpose of this study was to record the incidence of RJS and to determine potential risk factors that may be associated with it.MethodsWe retrospectively included a series of patients who suffered from DRFs and underwent volar plate fixation. Patients’ basic data, radiographic data, and postoperative data were collected. The incidence of RJS during follow-up was recorded, and both univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine factors associated with it.ResultsA total of 119 patients were included in this study. After surgical procedures, there were 42 (35.3%) patients with RJS and 77 (64.7%) patients without. The incidence of RJS after surgical treatment is 35.3%. Multivariate analysis showed that intra-articular fracture (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.13–1.81), pre-operative severe swelling (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.05–1.74), post-operative unsatisfied volar tile (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.01–1.89), and improper rehabilitation exercise (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.18–2.51) were correlated with the incidence of RJS during follow-up.ConclusionsPatients with intra-articular fracture, pre-operative severe swelling, post-operative unsatisfied volar tile, and improper rehabilitation exercise were factors associated with the incidence of wrist stiffness. Preoperative risk notification and postoperative precautions are necessary for relevant patients.