bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More than one way to kill a spruce forest: The role of fire and climate in the late‐glacial termination of spruce woodlands across the southern Great Lakes
Authors: Jensen Allison M. , Fastovich David , Watson Ben I. , Gill Jacquelyn L. , Jackson Stephen T. , Russell James M. , Bevington Joseph , Hayes Katherine , Lininger Katherine B. , Rubbelke Claire , Schellinger Grace C. , Williams John W. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

In the southern Great Lakes Region, North America, between 19,000 and 8,000 years ago, temperatures rose by 2.5–6.5°C and spruce Picea forests/woodlands were replaced by mixed‐deciduous or pine Pinus forests. The demise of Picea forests/woodlands during the last deglaciation offers a model system for studying how changing climate and disturbance regimes interact to trigger declines of dominant species and vegetation‐type conversions.

The role of rising temperatures in driving the regional demise of Picea forests/woodlands is widely accepted, but the role of fire is poorly understood. We studied the effect of changing fire activity on Picea declines and rates of vegetation composition change using fossil pollen and macroscopic charcoal from five high‐resolution lake sediment records.

The decline of Picea forests/woodlands followed two distinct patterns. At two sites (Stotzel‐Leis and Silver Lake), fire activity reached maximum levels during the declines and both charcoal accumulation rates and fire frequency were significantly and positively associated with vegetation composition change rates. At these sites, Picea declined to low levels by 14 kyr BP and was largely replaced by deciduous hardwood taxa like ash Fraxinus, hop‐hornbeam/hornbeam Ostrya/Carpinus and elm Ulmus. However, this ecosystem transition was reversible, as Picea re‐established at lower abundances during the Younger Dryas.

At the other three sites, there was no statistical relationship between charcoal accumulation and vegetation composition change rates, though fire frequency was a significant predictor of rates of vegetation change at Appleman Lake and Triangle Lake Bog. At these sites, Picea declined gradually over several thousand years, was replaced by deciduous hardwoods and high levels of Pinus and did not re‐establish during the Younger Dryas.

Synthesis. Fire does not appear to have been necessary for the climate‐driven loss of Picea woodlands during the last deglaciation, but increased fire frequency accelerated the decline of Picea in some areas by clearing the way for thermophilous deciduous hardwood taxa. Hence, warming and intensified fire regimes likely interacted in the past to cause abrupt losses of coniferous forests and could again in the coming decades.
Tailoring education of adults with cognitive impairment in the inpatient hospital setting: A scoping review
Authors: D’Cruz Kate , Meikle Louise , White Megan , Herrmann Alicia , McCallum Carrie , Romero Lorena 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionEducation seeks to empower clients to attain and maintain knowledge and skills, and in the context of occupational therapy, to enable occupational participation. While education is routinely provided in the inpatient hospital setting, little is known about how education is best adapted to meet the needs of clients with cognitive impairment. The purpose of this scoping review was to determine what is currently known about approaches to educating adults with cognitive impairment in the inpatient hospital setting.MethodsFive databases were systematically searched to find studies that reported on the use of education in the inpatient hospital setting with adults with cognitive impairment.ResultsTen articles were retrieved from the search with duplication of authors across the articles, indicating a small group of research and researchers. Cognitive impairment was not well assessed across all the studies and none included participants with severe cognitive impairment. A number of barriers to education were identified, including time constraints, uncertainty around who should be providing education, a shortage of resources, and client‐related barriers such as cognitive deficits. From the retrieved studies it was found that education should occur at multiple time points, be individually tailored, and utilise mixed modal approaches such as verbal and written methods. There was also a preference for less use of jargon, and engagement with carers and clients where possible.ConclusionThis scoping review highlights factors impacting the provision of education tailored to the needs of clients with cognitive impairment in the inpatient setting. The findings also call to attention the need for better assessment of cognition to guide provision of tailored education, as well as future studies exploring how to best educate clients with not only mild/moderate cognitive impairment but also more severe impairments.
Factors associated with the outcomes in ulcerative colitis patients undergoing granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis as remission induction therapy: A multicenter cohort study
Authors: Ishiguro Yoh , Ohmori Toshihide , Umemura Ken , Iizuka Masahiro 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUlcerative colitis (UC) patients harbor activated myeloid leukocytes, which exacerbate and perpetuate UC by releasing inflammatory cytokines. Granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis (GMA) with an Adacolumn depletes elevated myeloid leukocytes, inducing efficacy with favorable safety. To understand how the clinical outcome with GMA is affected by prior corticosteroid treatment or concomitant immunomodulators, a retrospective multicenter study in 102 UC patients, who had not responded well to first‐line medications was undertaken. The remission rates after a course of GMA therapy were significantly higher in corticosteroid‐naïve patients compared with those with prior corticosteroid exposure. Absence of corticosteroid background was an independent predictive factor of response to GMA. Further, in corticosteroid‐naïve patients, the 1‐year cumulative sustained remission rate in patients who did not receive immunomodulators was significantly higher than in patients who received immunomodulators. Accordingly, multivariate analysis revealed that immunomodulator was associated with higher risk of relapse. In conclusion, GMA was an effective treatment for corticosteroid‐naïve patients and the efficacy sustained longer in those not receiving immunomodulators during GMA. GMA fulfills the notion that apheresis is to induce disease remission by removing from the body factors known to perpetuate disease. In therapeutic settings, these findings should help better decision making and avoid futile use of medical resources.
Sequential intermittent therapeutic plasma exchange: A possible induction and maintenance therapy in the management of adult patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Authors: Viswanathan Shanthi , Schee Jie Ping , Omar Mohd Azahadi , Hiew Fu Liong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEvidence on the benefits of intermittent therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) as maintenance therapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is limited. This study explores the possible effectiveness of sequential intermittent therapeutic plasma exchange (SITPE), a novel TPE protocol in the management of adult NMOSD patients. Through retrospective review of medical records in Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Malaysia, NMOSD patients who underwent SITPE, namely, an induction phase of monthly cycle of TPE (1 cycle = five exchange sessions) for three cycles with or without a subsequent maintenance phase of three‐monthly cycle of TPE for three cycles, were included in this controlled historical cohort study. We explored their serial improvements in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), limb power, visual acuity, and annualized relapse rate following SITPE initiation. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. Fifteen adults (mean age: 35.4 years, mean disease duration: 9.5 years, 73% female, 87% AQP4‐IgG positive) with corticosteroid‐refractory attacks were included. Upon SITPE initiation, significant improvements in EDSS and limb motor power for up to 12 months, in addition to significant improvements in visual acuity for up to 6 months, were recorded. Significant reduction in annualized relapse rates for up to 2 years was documented. These improvements were not significantly influenced by age groups, gender, or presence of cord atrophy. Notably, adverse events of SITPE were infrequent and manageable. Sequential intermittent therapeutic plasma exchange as induction and maintenance therapy may improve the disease outcomes and prevent relapses in adult NMOSD patients with severe, corticosteroid‐refractory attacks.
Somatosensory dysfunction related neuropathic pain component affects disease activity, functional status and quality of life in ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Atar Emel , Askin Ayhan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimTo investigate the neuropathic pain (NP) component in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to assess the relations between NP and disease characteristics.MethodsEighty participants were included in this study. Demographic properties, duration of disease, laboratory values and clinical assessments (visual analog scale [VAS], Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index [BASDAI], Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index [BASFI], Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index [BASMI], Short Form [SF]‐36 questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]) were recorded. The NP component was assessed by both DN4 and PainDETECT questionnaires (PD‐Q) and patients were classified into groups according to questionnaire scores.ResultsNP component was detected by the DN4 and PD‐Q in 40% and 28.7% of our patients, respectively. Likely‐NP group had significantly higher scores in VAS‐pain, BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI and BDI compared with both uncertain‐NP and unlikely‐NP groups. There was no significant difference between the SF‐36 scores of the likely‐NP and uncertain‐NP groups. Moreover, all SF‐36 scores were significantly lower in the likely‐NP group than in the unlikely‐NP group. Based on DN4 scale, patients with NP had significantly higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), VAS, BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI scores and significantly lower SF‐36 (except social functioning) scores compared to patients without NP. Both painDETECT and DN4 scores of the patients were significantly positively correlated with ESR, VAS, BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI, BDI scores and negatively correlated with all SF‐36 scores.ConclusionsOur results revealed that the presence of NP component in patients with AS is associated with various disease‐related variables, including pain, high disease activity, reduced mobility of the axial skeleton, depression and poor quality of life.
Modelling and inference for the movement of interacting animals
Authors: Milner Jordan E. , Blackwell Paul G. , Niu Mu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Statistical modelling of animal movement data is a rapidly growing area of research. Typically though, these models have been developed for analysing the tracks of individual animals and we lose sight of the impact animals have on each other with regards to their movement behaviours. We aim to develop a model with a flexible social framework that allows us to capture that information.

Our approach is based on the concept of social hierarchies, and this is embedded in a multivariate diffusion process which models the movement of a group of animals. The possibility of switching between behavioural states facilitates dynamic social behaviours and we augment the observed data with sampled state switching times in order to model the animals' behaviour naturally in continuous time. In addition, this enables us to carry out exact inference in a Bayesian setting with the benefits of being able to handle regular, irregular and missing data. All movement and behaviour parameters are estimated with Markov chain Monte Carlo methods.

We examine the capability of our model with simulated data before fitting it to GPS locations of five wild olive baboons Papio anubis. The results enable us to identify which animals are influencing the movement of others and when, which provides both a dynamic and long‐term static insight into the group's social behaviours.

Our model offers a flexible method in continuous time with which to model the network of social interactions within animal movement. Doing so avoids the limitations caused by a discrete‐time approach and it allows us to capture rich information with regards to a group's social structure, leading to constructive applications in conservation and management decisions. However, currently it is a computationally expensive task to fit the model to data, which in turns limits extending the model to more fruitful but complex cases such as heterogeneity in space or individual characteristics. Furthermore, our social hierarchy approach assumes all relevant animals are tracked and that any interactions have some ordering, both of which narrow the scope within which this approach is appropriate.
CMRnet: An r package to derive networks of social interactions and movement from mark–recapture data
Authors: Silk Matthew J. , McDonald Robbie A. , Delahay Richard J. , Padfield Daniel , Hodgson David J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Long‐term capture–mark–recapture data provide valuable information on the movements of individuals between locations, and the contemporary and/or co‐located captures of individuals can be used to approximate the social structure of populations.

We introduce an r package (CMRnet) that generates social and movement networks from spatially explicit capture–mark–recapture data. It also provides functions for network and datastream permutations for these networks. Here we describe the package and key considerations for its application, providing two example case studies.

The conversion of spatially explicit mark–recapture data into social and movement networks will provide insights into the interplay between demography and behaviour in wild animal populations, with important applications in their management and conservation.
Does Reducing Drinking in Patients with Unhealthy Alcohol Use Improve Pain Interference, Use of Other Substances, and Psychiatric Symptoms?
Authors: Caniglia Ellen C. , Stevens Elizabeth R. , Khan Maria , Young Kailyn E. , Ban Kaoon , Marshall Brandon D.L. , Chichetto Natalie E. , Gaither Julie R. , Crystal Stephen , Edelman Eva Jennifer , Fiellin David A. , Gordon Adam J. , Bryant Kendall J. , Tate Janet , Justice Amy C. , Braithwaite Ronald Scott 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundWe aimed to investigate the impact of reducing drinking in patients with unhealthy alcohol use on improvement of chronic pain interference, substance use, and psychiatric symptoms.MethodsWe analyzed longitudinal data from 2003 to 2015 in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study, a prospective, multisite observational study of US veterans, by emulating a hypothetical randomized trial (a target trial). Alcohol use was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire, and outcome conditions were assessed via validated survey items. Individuals were followed from the first time their AUDIT score was ≥ 8 (baseline), a threshold consistent with unhealthy alcohol use. We compared individuals who reduced drinking (AUDIT < 8) at the next follow‐up visit with individuals who did not (AUDIT ≥ 8). We fit separate logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios for improvement of each condition 2 years postbaseline among individuals who had that condition at baseline: moderate or severe pain interference symptoms, tobacco smoking, cannabis use, cocaine use, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms. Inverse probability weighting was used to account for potential selection bias and confounding.ResultsAdjusted 2‐year odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for associations between reducing drinking and improvement or resolution of each condition were as follows: 1.49 (0.91, 2.42) for pain interference symptoms, 1.57 (0.93, 2.63) for tobacco smoking, 1.65 (0.92, 2.95) for cannabis use, 1.83 (1.03, 3.27) for cocaine use, 1.11 (0.64, 1.92) for depressive symptoms, and 1.33 (0.80, 2.22) for anxiety symptoms.ConclusionsWe found some evidence for improvement of pain interference symptoms and substance use after reducing drinking among US veterans with unhealthy alcohol use, but confidence intervals were wide.
Is Cannabis being used as a substitute for non‐medical opioids by adults with problem substance use in the United States? A within‐person analysis
Authors: Gorfinkel Lauren R. , Stohl Malki , Greenstein Eliana , Aharonovich Efrat , Olfson Mark , Hasin Deborah 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsEcological studies have suggested that Cannabis legalization might have led to a decrease in opioid overdose deaths. Such studies do not provide information about whether individuals are substituting Cannabis for opioids at different points in time. The current study assessed the magnitude of the daily association between Cannabis and opioid use in individual adults with and without pain who use non‐medical opioids.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingThe greater New York area and a suburban inpatient addiction program.ParticipantsAdults with problem substance use who use non‐medical opioids, recruited from May 2016–June 2019. The analytical sample included 13 271 days of observation among 211 participants (64% male, 41% white, 78% unmarried, 80% unemployed, mean age 43 years).MeasurementsParticipants completed interviewer‐ and self‐administered computerized surveys, and then responded to an interactive voice response (IVR) system daily for the following 90 days. The main exposures, Cannabis use and pain, were defined as responding affirmatively to the IVR question: ‘Did you use Cannabis yesterday?’ and endorsing moderate or severe pain at baseline, respectively. The main outcome, non‐medical or illicit opioid use during 90‐day follow‐up, was defined as responding affirmatively to IVR question: ‘Did you use heroin yesterday?’ or ‘Did you use prescription opioids more than prescribed or without a prescription yesterday?’.FindingsThe mean IVR completion rate was 70%. The unadjusted odds ratio (aOR) indicating same‐day use of Cannabis and opioids was 2.00 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.54–2.59]. Controlling for demographic characteristics, recruitment method, opioid types at baseline and pain, the aOR was 1.86 (95% CI = 1.44–2.41). A test of interaction between pain and Cannabis use to determine if the association of Cannabis with opioid use differed between people with moderate‐to‐severe pain and less‐than‐moderate pain was inconclusive.ConclusionsAmong US adults with problem substance use who use non‐medical opioids, the odds of opioid use appear to be approximately doubled on days when Cannabis is used. This relationship does not appear to differ between people with moderate or more severe pain versus less than moderate pain, suggesting that Cannabis is not being used as a substitute for illegal opioids.
Powered toothbrushes for plaque control in fixed orthodontic patients: a network meta‐analysis
Authors: Sivaramakrishnan G , Alsobaiei M , Sridharan K 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundOrthodontic patients are at greater risk due to the inability to clean around the components directly bonded to teeth. Hence, the aim of the present network meta‐analysis is to compare the utility of powered toothbrushes in plaque control in patients with orthodontic brackets compared with manual tooth brushing.MethodologyNecessary data were extracted and analysed for Risk of Bias. Heterogeneity was assessed using Chi‐square and I2 tests. Random effects model was used for both direct and mixed treatment comparisons. Standardized mean difference with 95% confidence interval was the effect estimate for plaque and bleeding scores and mean difference for pocket depth. Inconsistencies between the direct and indirect estimates were evaluated by H‐statistics. GRADE approach was used to assess the quality of evidence.ResultsPooled results from 14 studies showed significantly higher plaque scores in patients using manual toothbrushes. Pooled results from 13 studies showed significant higher bleeding scores as well with manual brushes. There was a significant reduction in pocket depth with electric toothbrushes.ConclusionPowered toothbrushes are a promising alternative for plaque control in patients with fixed orthodontic brackets. Stronger evidence can be established with addition of long‐term clinical trials based on the recommendations.
The efficacy of five different techniques in identifying C‐shaped canals in mandibular molars
Authors: Baghbani Atefeh , Bagherpour Ali , Ahmadis Zahra , Dehban Arezou , Shahmohammadi Reza , Jafarzadeh Hamid 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInformation regarding the canal anatomy especially in complex cases such as C‐shaped canals is essential for a successful treatment. In this study, five different methods for identification of C‐shaped canal configuration were compared. 108 extracted mandibular molars with fused roots were studied. Radiographic evaluation was carried out using periapical radiography and CBCT. After access cavity preparation, all specimens were evaluated by direct visual examination and then under dental operating microscope. Finally, the actual anatomy of each sample was determined by preparing horizontal cross sections of the roots (1 mm thick) and examining them under stereomicroscope as the gold standard. Among the techniques used, high‐resolution CBCT manifested the highest accuracy, whereas periapical radiography had the lowest. All approaches can be useful in reaching a correct diagnosis. CBCT, especially the low‐resolution modality, is an effective technique in the diagnosis of C‐shaped anatomy.
A survey of current trends in root canal treatment: access cavity design and cleaning and shaping practices
Authors: Tsotsis Polymnia , Dunlap Craig , Scott Raymond , Arias Ana , Peters Ove A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate current trends in access cavity design and cleaning and shaping among endodontists. A survey was e‐mailed to active members of the American Association of Endodontists. Data showed that most respondents used traditional (57%) or conservative (43%) access cavities; less than 1% reported using ultraconservative access cavities. A glide path was created by 93% of respondents; NaOCl was used as lubricant by 51% of respondents, while 28% used RC Prep, 9% used liquid EDTA, 7% used Glyde, and 2% did not use any lubricant. Most respondents used NaOCl at 5.25% or higher concentration. Smear layer was removed by 92% of endodontists. Apical gauging was mostly accomplished with hand files. Clinical preferences varied among surveyed endodontists and among different age groups. Currently, very few endodontists use ultraconservative access preparations. There was large variation among the respondents suggesting a possible need for quality guidelines.