bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Clear Speech on American English Listener Perception of Spanish-Accented and Native English Speech
Authors: Behrman Alison , Ferguson Sarah Hargus , Flom Peter 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to explore (a) the effect of clear speech on intelligibility, ease of understanding, and accentedness in Spanish-accented and native English speakers of American English and (b) the extent to which accentedness predicts intelligibility and ease of understanding.

Method
Ten adult talkers, five native English speakers and five native Spanish speakers, read aloud 28 short sentences in habitual speech and clear speech. One hundred monolingual English listeners transcribed what they heard and rated ease of understanding using a 10-cm visual analog scale while hearing the sentences in six-talker babble. Then, accentedness (using a visual analog scale) was judged in quiet. Intelligibility was calculated as the number of words transcribed correctly for each sentence. Ten listeners with significant exposure to Spanish-accented speech rated each talker. Each listener heard only one talker, rating half the sentences in clear speech and half in habitual speech, so that no listener heard a sentence more than once for the intelligibility and ease of understanding assessments.

Results
Clear speech improved intelligibility and ease of understanding for both language groups, with greater improvement in nonnative talkers. Clear speech did not alter accentedness in nonnative talkers but did increase accentedness in native talkers. Accentedness did not strongly predict intelligibility but did predict ease of understanding, although the relationship was nonlinear.

Conclusions
Listeners who are experienced in hearing Spanish-accented speech derive significant benefits from clear speech. The difference in the predictability of accentedness for intelligibility and ease of understanding contributes further evidence to the difference in underlying cognitive processes for these two variables.
Space-point calibration of the ALICE TPC with track residuals
Authors: Schmidt Marten Ole 
Published: November 2020

In the LHC Run 3, starting in 2021, the upgraded Time Projection Chamber (TPC) of the ALICE experiment will record minimum bias Pb–Pb collisions in a continuous readout mode at an interaction rate up to 50 kHz. This corresponds to typically 4-5 overlapping collisions during the electron drift time in the detector. Despite careful tuning of the new quadruple GEM-based readout chambers, which fulfill the design requirement of an ion backflow below 1%, these conditions will lead to space-charge distortions of several centimeters that fluctuate in time. They will be corrected via a calibration procedure that uses the information of the Inner Tracking System (ITS), which is located inside, and the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) and Time-Of-Flight system (TOF), located around the TPC, respectively. By using such a procedure the intrinsic track resolution of the TPC of a few hundred micrometers can be restored.
The required online tracking algorithm for the TRD, which is based on a Kalman filter, is presented. The procedure matches extrapolated ITS-TPC tracks to TRD space-points utilizing GPUs. Subsequently these global tracks are refitted neglecting the TPC information. The residuals of the TPC clusters to the interpolation of the refitted tracks are used to create a map of spacecharge distortions. Regular updates of the map compensate for changes in the TPC conditions. The map is applied in the final reconstruction of the data. First performance results of the tracking algorithm will be shown.
The ALICE O2data quality control system
Authors: Konopka Piotr , von Haller Barthélémy 
Published: November 2020

The ALICE Experiment at CERN LHC (Large Hadron Collider) is undertaking a major upgrade during LHC Long Shutdown 2 in 2019–2021. The raw data input from the ALICE detectors will then increase a hundredfold, up to 3.5 TB/s. In order to cope with such a large amount of data, a new online-offline computing system, called O2, will be deployed.One of the key software components of the O2system will be the data Quality Control (QC) that replaces the existing online Data Quality Monitoring and offline Quality Assurance. It involves the gathering, the analysis by user-defined algorithms and the visualization of monitored data, in both the synchronous and asynchronous parts of the O2system.This paper presents the architecture and design, as well as the latest and upcoming features, of the ALICE O2QC. The results of the extensive benchmarks which have been carried out for each component of the system are later summarized. Finally, the adoption of this tool amongst the ALICE Collaboration and the measures taken to develop, in synergy with their respective teams, efficient monitoring modules for the detectors, are discussed.
ROOT I/O compression improvements for HEP analysis
Authors: Shadura Oksana , Bockelman Brian Paul , Canal Philippe , Piparo Danilo , Zhang Zhe 
Published: November 2020

We overview recent changes in the ROOT I/O system, enhancing it by improving its performance and interaction with other data analysis ecosystems. Both the newly introduced compression algorithms, the much faster bulk I/O data path, and a few additional techniques have the potential to significantly improve experiment’s software performance.
The need for efficient lossless data compression has grown significantly as the amount of HEP data collected, transmitted, and stored has dramatically increased over the last couple of years. While compression reduces storage space and, potentially, I/O bandwidth usage, it should not be applied blindly, because there are significant trade-offs between the increased CPU cost for reading and writing files and the reduces storage space.
Erasure Coding for production in the EOS Open Storage system
Authors: Peters Andreas-Joachim , Simon Michal Kamil , Sindrilaru Elvin Alin 
Published: November 2020

The storage group of CERN IT operates more than 20 individual EOS[1] storage services with a raw data storage volume of more than 340 PB. Storage space is a major cost factor in HEP computing and the planned future LHC Run 3 and 4 increase storage space demands by at least an order of magnitude.
A cost effective storage model providing durability is Erasure Coding (EC) [2]. The decommissioning of CERN’s remote computer center (Wigner/Budapest) allows a reconsideration of the currently configured dual-replica strategy where EOS provides one replica in each computer center.
EOS allows one to configure EC on a per file bases and exposes four different redundancy levels with single, dual, triple and fourfold parity to select different quality of service and variable costs.
This paper will highlight tests which have been performed to migrate files on a production instance from dual-replica to various EC profiles. It will discuss performance and operational impact, and highlight various policy scenarios to select the best file layout with respect to IO patterns, file age and file size.
We will conclude with the current status and future optimizations, an evaluation of cost savings and discuss an erasure encoded EOS setup as a possible tape storage replacement.
CERN Tape Archive: production status, migration from CASTOR and new features
Authors: Cano Eric , Bahyl Vladimír , Caffy Cédric , Cancio Germán , Davis Michael , Kotlyar Viktor , Leduc Julien , Lin Tao , Murray Steven 
Published: November 2020

During 2019 and 2020, the CERN tape archive (CTA) will receive new data from LHC experiments and import existing data from CASTOR, which will be phased out for LHC experiments before Run 3.This contribution will present the statuses of CTA as a service and of its integration with EOS and FTS and the data flow chains of LHC experiments.The latest enhancements and additions to the software as well as the development outlook will be presented. With the development of the repack function, a necessary behind-the-scenes feature, CTA can now take over custodial data and handle media migration, compaction and failures. Further metadata handling optimisations allowed doubling the maximum file rate performance to 200Hz per queue.New retrieve scheduling options are being developed at the request of experiments, with optional FIFO behaviour to ensure better control of the timing for datasets retrieve, and fair share support for competing activities within the same VO.Support for multiple backend databases (Oracle, PostgreSQL, MySQL) have been developed at CERN and contributed by external institutes.This contribution will also report on the challenges of and solutions for migrating data from the decades old CASTOR to CTA. The practical example of the preparation for the migration of ATLAS data will be presented.
Lessons Learned from the Assessment of Software Defect Prediction on WLCG Software: A Study with Unlabelled Datasets and Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Ronchieri Elisabetta , Canaparo Marco , Belgiovine Mauro , Salomoni Davide , Martelli Barbara 
Published: November 2020

Software defect prediction is an activity that aims at narrowing down the most likely defect-prone software modules and helping developers and testers to prioritize inspection and testing. This activity can be addressed by using Machine Learning techniques applied to software metrics datasets that are usually unlabelled, i.e. they lack modules classification in terms of defectiveness. To overcome this limitation, in addition to the usual data pre-processing operations to manage mission values and/or to remove inconsistencies, researches have to adopt an approach to label their unlabelled software datasets. The extraction of defectiveness data to label all the instances of the datasets is an extremely time and effort consuming operation. In literature, many studies have introduced approaches to build a defect prediction models on unlabelled datasets.In this paper, we describe the analysis of new unlabelled datasets from WLCG software, coming from HEP-related experiments and middleware, by using Machine Learning techniques. We have experimented new approaches to label the various modules due to the heterogeneity of software metrics distribution. We discuss a number of lessons learned from conducting these activities, what has worked, what has not and how our research can be improved.
Abstracting container technologies and transfer mechanisms in the Scalable CyberInfrastructure for Artificial Intelligence and Likelihood Free Inference (SCAILFIN) project
Authors: Hurtado Anampa Kenyi , Kankel Cody , Hildreth Mike , Brenner Paul , Johnson Irena , Hampton Scott , Simko Tibor 
Published: November 2020

High Performance Computing (HPC) facilities provide vast computational power and storage, but generally work on fixed environments designed to address the most common software needs locally, making it challenging for users to bring their own software. To overcome this issue, most HPC facilities have added support for HPC friendly container technologies such as Shifter, Singularity, or Charliecloud. These different container technologies are all compatible with the more popular Docker containers, however the implementation and use of said containers is different for each HPC friendly container technology. These usage differences can make it difficult for an end user to easily submit and utilize different HPC sites without making adjustments to their workflows and software. This issue is exacerbated when attempting to utilize workflow management software between different sites with differing container technologies.The SCAILFIN project aims to develop and deploy artificial intelligence (AI) and likelihood-free inference (LFI) techniques and software using scalable cyberinfrastructure (CI) that span multiple sites. The project has extended the CERN-based REANA framework, a platform designed to enable analysis reusability, and reproducibility while supporting different workflow engine languages, in order to support submission to different HPC facilities. The work presented here focuses on the development of an abstraction layer that allows the support of different container technologies and different transfer protocols for files and directories between the HPC facility and the REANA cluster edge service from the user’s workflow application.
Using Kubernetes as an ATLAS computing site
Authors: Barreiro Megino Fernando Harald , Albert Jeffrey Ryan , Berghaus Frank , De Kaushik , Lin FaHui , MacDonell Danika , Maeno Tadashi , Da Rocha Ricardo Brito , Seuster Rolf , Taylor Ryan Paul , Yang Ming-Jyuan 
Published: November 2020

In recent years containerization has revolutionized cloud environments, providing a secure, lightweight, standardized way to package and execute software. Solutions such as Kubernetes enable orchestration of containers in a cluster, including for the purpose of job scheduling. Kubernetes is becoming a de facto standard, available at all major cloud computing providers, and is gaining increased attention from some WLCG sites. In particular, CERN IT has integrated Kubernetes into their cloud infrastructure by providing an interface to instantly create Kubernetes clusters, and the University of Victoria is pursuing an infrastructure-as-code approach to deploying Kubernetes as a flexible and resilient platform for running services and delivering resources.
The ATLAS experiment at the LHC has partnered with CERN IT and the University of Victoria to explore and demonstrate the feasibility of running an ATLAS computing site directly on Kubernetes, replacing all grid computing services. We have interfaced ATLAS’ workload submission engine PanDA with Kubernetes, to directly submit and monitor the status of containerized jobs. We describe the integration and deployment details, and focus on the lessons learned from running a wide variety of ATLAS production payloads on Kubernetes using clusters of several thousand cores at CERN and the Tier 2 computing site in Victoria.
Lightweight dynamic integration of opportunistic resources
Authors: Fischer Max , Kuehn Eileen , Giffels Manuel , Schnepf Matthias Jochen , Petzold Andreas , Heiss Andreas 
Published: November 2020

To satisfy future computing demands of the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG), opportunistic usage of third-party resources is a promising approach. While the means to make such resources compatible with WLCG requirements are largely satisfied by virtual machines and containers technologies, strategies to acquire and disband many resources from many providers are still a focus of current research. Existing meta-schedulers that manage resources in the WLCG are hitting the limits of their design when tasked to manage heterogeneous resources from many diverse resource providers.To provide opportunistic resources to the WLCG as part of a regular WLCG site, we propose a new meta-scheduling approach suitable for opportunistic, heterogeneous resource provisioning. Instead of anticipating future resource requirements, our approach observes resource usage and promotes well-used resources. Following this approach, we have developed an inherently robust meta-scheduler, COBalD, for managing diverse, heterogeneous resources given unpredictable resource requirements. This paper explains the key concepts of our approach, and discusses the benefits and limitations of our new approach to dynamic resource provisioning compared to previous approaches.
Network Capabilities for the HL-LHC Era
Authors: Babik Marian , McKee Shawn 
Published: November 2020

High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments rely on the networks as one of the critical parts of their infrastructure both within the participating laboratories and sites as well as globally to interconnect the sites, data centres and experiments instrumentation. Network virtualisation and programmable networks are two key enablers that facilitate agile, fast and more economical network infrastructures as well as service development, deployment and provisioning. Adoption of these technologies by HEP sites and experiments will allow them to design more scalable and robust networks while decreasing the overall cost and improving the effectiveness of the resource utilization.
The primary challenge we currently face is ensuring that WLCG and its constituent collaborations will have the networking capabilities required to most effectively exploit LHC data for the lifetime of the LHC. In this paper we provide a high level summary of the HEPiX NFV Working Group report that explored some of the novel network capabilities that could potentially be deployment in time for HL-LHC.
Die Novellierungen des Transplantationsgesetzes von 2019 und 2020
Authors: Rahmel Axel 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungIn Deutschland herrscht seit Jahrzehnten ein Mangel an Spenderorganen. Bereits 2012 fanden daher 2 Novellierungen des Transplantationsgesetzes statt, jedoch ohne eine nachhaltige Verbesserung zu erwirken. Analysen der letzten Jahre wiesen auf strukturelle Defizite bei der Spendererkennung und -meldung hin und ließen die Politik tätig werden: Das Gesetz zur Verbesserung der Zusammenarbeit und der Strukturen bei der Organspende trat am 1. April 2019 in Kraft. Es stärkt insbesondere die Position der Transplantationsbeauftragten in den Entnahmekrankenhäusern. Die Kliniken erhalten zudem eine aufwandsgerechte Vergütung ihrer organspendebezogenen Aufgaben. Ein Gemeinschaftlicher Initiativplan unterstützt bei der praxisnahen Umsetzung der einzelnen Maßnahmen. Am 16. Januar 2020 folgte die Abstimmung über die Neuregelung des Gesetzes zur Organspendebereitschaft: Das Gesetz über die Stärkung der Entscheidungsbereitschaft bei der Organspende tritt im 1. Quartal 2022 in Kraft. Es
soll durch vermehrte Aufklärung und Information der Bevölkerung bewirken, dass die Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema Organspende weiter zunimmt.
Gerinnungsmanagement in der gastroenterologischen Akut- und Intensivmedizin
Authors: Mücke Marcus M. , Miesbach Wolfgang , Peiffer Kai-Henrik , Mücke Victoria T. , Bojunga Jörg 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungNeben der eigentlichen definitiven Therapie einer akuten Blutung (z. B. durch endoskopische/operative Blutstillung oder Angiografie mit Coiling) kommt in der Akut- und Intensivmedizin der Optimierung der Blutgerinnung eine Schlüsselrolle zu. Dazu ist die Kenntnis der gängigen Gerinnungstests und ihrer Schwächen ebenso notwendig wie die korrekte Anwendung und Dosierung von Gerinnungsprodukten. Das Gerinnungsmanagement kann insbesondere bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose, angeborenen und erworbenen Gerinnungsstörungen sowie bei Patienten unter Antikoagulation herausfordernd sein. Dieses Review beleuchtet die wichtigsten Elemente der Gerinnungsdiagnostik und -therapie in der gastroenterologischen Intensiv- und Notfallmedizin inklusive neuer Antidote und erweiterter Gerinnungsdiagnostik bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose, wie z. B. die Thrombelastometrie.
Hämophagozytische Syndrome beim Erwachsenen
Authors: Schenk Thomas , Birndt Sebastian , Rosée Paul La 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Hämophagozytische Lymphohistiozytose (HLH) ist ein Zytokinsturm-Syndrom, das bei Erwachsenen in der Regel durch Malignome, Infektionen oder autoinflammatorische/autoimmunologische Erkrankungen ausgelöst wird. In der Rheumatologie ist das Erkrankungsbild besser als Makrophagenaktivierungs-Syndrom bekannt (MAS-HLH). Die HLH entsteht auf dem Boden eines genetisch bedingten und/oder erworbenen dysfunktionalen Immunsystems. Im Unterschied zur hereditären primären HLH (pHLH) bei Kindern findet sich bei der adulten, zumeist sekundären HLH (sHLH) nur sehr selten eine monogenetische Ursache. In Einzelfällen kann sich aber eine „late onset“-genetische HLH auch erst im Erwachsenenalter manifestieren. Die Diagnose von HLH und MAS wird verzögert durch die unspezifische Symptomatik (Fieber, Zytopenie, Ferritinanstieg, Splenomegalie, Multiorganversagen), die sich mit der Grunderkrankung oder einem SIRS überlagern kann. Die namengebende Hämophagozytose lässt sich nur bei einem Teil der Patienten nachweisen. sHLH und MAS-HLH weisen unbehandelt eine hohe Mortalität auf. Diagnosekriterien für pHLH und MAS sowie das standardisierte HLH-2004-Therapieprotokoll wurden in der Pädiatrie kontinuierlich in klinischen Studien entwickelt. In angepasster Form werden Kriterien und Substanzen des pädiatrischen HLH-Protokolls auch bei Erwachsenen angewendet. Zunehmend kommen neue Therapien zum Einsatz, welche die Hyperzytokinämie und deren Auswirkungen bei HLH und MAS bremsen (z. B. Ruxolitinib oder Anakinra). Der folgende Artikel soll eine Übersicht zu Epidemiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie von HLH und MAS bei Erwachsenen geben.
Alterations in BDNF Protein Concentrations in the Hippocampus do not Explain the Pro-Neurogenic Effect of Citalopram on Adult Neurogenesis
Authors: Petermann Markus , Kronenberg Golo , Hellweg Rainer , Klempin Friederike , Mosienko Valentina , Bader Michael , Alenina Natalia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Introduction Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in the pro-neurogenic effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. In this study, we used Tph2

−/−
mice lacking brain serotonin to dissect the interplay between BDNF and the serotonin system in mediating the effects of antidepressant pharmacotherapy on adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
Methods Besides citalopram (CIT), we tested tianeptine (TIA), an antidepressant whose mechanism of action is not well understood. Specifically, we examined cell survival and endogenous concentrations of BDNF following daily injection of the drugs.
Results Twenty-one days of CIT, but not of TIA, led to a significant increase in the survival of newly generated cells in the dentate gyrus of wild-type mice, without a significant effect on BDNF protein levels by either treatment. In Tph2

−/−
mice, adult neurogenesis was consistently increased. Furthermore, Tph2

−/−
mice showed increased BDNF protein levels, which were not affected by TIA but were significantly reduced by CIT.
Discussion We conclude that the effects of CIT on adult neurogenesis are not explained by changes in BDNF protein concentrations in the hippocampus.
Bulk spin conductivity of three-dimensional topological insulators
Authors: Akzyanov R S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We study the spin conductivity of the bulk states of three-dimensional topological insulators within Kubo formalism. Spin Hall effect is the generation of the spin current that is perpendicular to the applied voltage. In the case of a three-dimensional topological insulator, applied voltage along x direction generates transverse spin currents along y and z directions with comparable values. We found that finite non-universal value of the spin conductivity exists in the gapped region due to the inversion of bands. Contribution to the spin conductivity from the vertex corrections enhances the spin conductivity from the filled states. These findings explain large spin conductivity that has been observed in topological insulators.