bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biogeography of shell morphology in over‐exploited shellfish reveals adaptive trade‐offs on human‐inhabited islands and incipient selectively driven lineage bifurcation
Authors: Hamilton Ashley M. , Selwyn Jason D. , Hamner Rebecca M. , Johnson Hokuala K. , Brown Tia , Springer Shauna K. , Bird Christopher E. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimHumans are unintentionally affecting the evolution of fishery species directly through exploitation and indirectly by altering climate. We aim to test for a relationship between biogeographic patterns in the shell phenotypes of an over‐exploited shellfish and the presence of humans to identify human‐mediated adaptive trade‐offs. The implications of these trade‐offs are discussed with respect to the sustainability of the fishery.TaxonThe endemic Hawaiian intertidal limpet, ‘opihi makaiauli (Patellagastropoda, Nacellidae, Cellana exarata)MethodsWe surveyed phenotypic characters associated with temperature and predation avoidance across the entire species range and tested for differences in the relationship between these characters and latitude, on islands with and without humans.ResultsAmong all limpets surveyed, there was a bimodal distribution in shell colour (light, dark) and a parapatric pattern of shell coloration across the archipelago with lighter shells being prevalent on the uninhabited islands and darker, more camouflaged shells being prevalent on the inhabited islands. On the cooler, uninhabited islands, all morphometric characters associated with thermal avoidance (surface area, height and doming) increased with decreasing latitude. On the hotter, inhabited islands, however, shells were flatter, less variable and less adapted for avoiding thermal stress than predation.Main ConclusionsThe biogeographic patterns in shell phenotype and previous genetic studies suggest that the population is beginning to bifurcate in response to disruptive and directional selection as well as geographic isolation between the islands with and without humans. Decreased phenotypic and genetic diversity on the inhabited islands despite much larger populations of ‘opihi suggests a prominent historical bottleneck. The prevalence of maladaptive dark, flat phenotypes for thermal avoidance on the inhabited islands suggests that predation is a stronger selective force, driving adaptive trade‐offs in shape and colour. We propose that this is likely a case of fisheries‐induced evolution and a millennium of harvesting is the most likely selective pressure driving the observed biogeographic patterns in shell morphology. The flatter, darker shells will allow body temperatures to rise higher in direct sunlight, therefore we hypothesize that the thermal niche of ‘opihi is narrower on inhabited islands and will continue to narrow as Earth warms.
The biogeography of ecoregions: Descriptive power across regions and taxa
Authors: Smith Jeffrey R. , Hendershot J. Nicholas , Nova Nicole , Daily Gretchen C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimBiomes, biogeographical realms and ecoregions have become central concepts of biotic organization and biodiversity research. Recent data‐intensive analysis has shown that, while ecoregions do delineate biotic communities, how distinct they are from one another varies considerably across regions and taxa. Given their central importance to global models of the earth system and to the development of conservation plans, it is key to understand in what regions, and for which taxa, ecoregion classification schemes best describe the underlying variability in biological communities.LocationGlobal.TaxaPlants, animals, fungi.MethodsIn this paper, we integrate ecoregion maps with data on spatially continuous changes in environmental conditions, biodiversity and species traits to quantify the descriptive power of ecoregions around the globe. Capitalizing on the troves of newly available global biodiversity data, we model the abiotic and biotic factors that describe how distinct ecoregions are from one another.ResultsFrom an abiotic perspective, we report compelling evidence that, first, ecoregions are more distinct in tropical zones with higher temperatures, less temperature seasonality and greater rainfall seasonality. Second, we also find that ecoregions are more distinct in regions with steeper slopes. From a biotic perspective, we find that ecoregions tend to be more distinct for reptiles and amphibians than they are for mammals or birds. Likewise, ecoregions tend to be more distinct for smaller‐bodied species and, to a lesser extent, species at lower trophic levels.Main conclusionsWhile ecoregion‐based conservation planning can provide a crucial tool for developing holistic conservation interventions, we show here that the ability to capture and describe communities is not uniform across regions or taxa. In particular, ecoregions tend to best describe communities of small‐bodied species, less vagile and tropical taxa that are typically underrepresented in the scientific literature. While ecoregion classification schemes will continue to provide invaluable conservation guidance, we must think critically about when an ecoregional approach is best suited to informing management.
Internet‐delivered cognitive behavior therapy with minimal therapist support for anxious children and adolescents: predictors of response
Authors: Spence Susan H. , Prosser Samantha J. , March Sonja , Donovan Caroline L. 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundIn general, Internet‐delivered cognitive behavior therapy (iCBT) produces significant reductions in child and adolescent anxiety, but a proportion of participants continue to show clinical levels of anxiety after treatment. It is important to identify demographic, clinical, and family factors that predict who is most likely to benefit from iCBT in order to better tailor treatment to individual needs.MethodsParticipants were 175 young people (7–18 years) with an anxiety disorder, and at least one of their parents, who completed an iCBT intervention with minimal therapist support. Multilevel modeling (MLM) examined predictors of response to iCBT as measured by the slope for changes in the primary outcome measures of child‐ and parent‐reported anxiety scores, from pretreatment, to 12‐weeks, 6‐month, and 12‐month follow‐ups, controlling for pretreatment total clinician severity ratings of all anxiety diagnoses.ResultsChild age, gender, father age, parental education, parental mental health, parenting style, and family adaptability and cohesion did not significantly predict changes in anxiety in the multivariate analyses. For child‐reported anxiety, greater reductions were predicted by a separation anxiety disorder diagnosis (SEP) and elevated depression, with lower reductions predicted by poor couple relationship quality. For parent‐reported child anxiety, greater reductions were predicted by higher pretreatment total CSRs, SEP, and lower family income, with lower reductions for children of older mothers. Irrespective of these predictors of change, children in general showed reductions in anxiety to within the normal range.ConclusionsOverall, children responded well to iCBT irrespective of the demographic, clinical, and family factors examined here. Poor couple relationship quality and older mother age were risk factors for less positive response to iCBT in terms of reductions in anxiety symptoms although still to within the normal range.
Warmer temperatures enhance beneficial mutation effects
Authors: Chu Xiao‐Lin , Zhang Da‐Yong , Buckling Angus , Zhang Quan‐Guo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTemperature determines the rates of all biochemical and biophysical processes, and is also believed to be a key driver of macroevolutionary patterns. It is suggested that physiological constraints at low temperatures may diminish the fitness advantages of otherwise beneficial mutations; by contrast, relatively high, benign, temperatures allow beneficial mutations to efficiently show their phenotypic effects. To experimentally test this “mutational effects” mechanism, we examined the fitness effects of mutations across a temperature gradient using bacterial genotypes from the early stage of a mutation accumulation experiment withEscherichia coli. While the incidence of beneficial mutations did not significantly change across environmental temperatures, the number of mutations that conferred strong beneficial fitness effects was greater at higher temperatures. The results therefore support the hypothesis that warmer temperatures increase the chance and magnitude of positive selection, with implications for explaining the geographic patterns in evolutionary rates and understanding contemporary evolution under global warming.
When all else fails: The (mis)use of qualitative research in the evaluation of complex interventions
Authors: Rotteau Leahora , Albert Mathieu , Bhattacharyya Onil , Berta Whitney , Webster Fiona 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRational, aims, and objectivesQualitative research has been promoted as an important component of the evaluation of complex interventions to support the scale up and spread of health service interventions, but is currently not being maximized in practice. We aim to identify and explore the sociocultural and structural factors that impact the uses (and misuses) of qualitative research in the evaluation of complex health services interventions.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative analysis of data collected in a multiple case study of the evaluation and scale up and spread of three health service intervention.ResultsOur findings demonstrate the challenges of meaningfully integrating qualitative research in evaluation programmes lead by clinicians with limited qualitative expertise and operating within an environment dominated by biomedical research, even with methodological support.ConclusionsBased on these findings we encourage ongoing engagement of qualitative researchers in evaluation programmes to begin to refine our methodological understanding, while also suggesting changes to medical education and evaluation funding models to create fertile environments for interdisciplinary collaborations.
Perceived barriers to evidence‐based practice in stroke management among physiotherapists in a developing country
Authors: Ibikunle Peter O. , Onwuakagba Ifeoma U. , Maduka Esther U. , Okoye Emmanuel C. , Umunna Joseph O. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackground of StudyLike most healthcare disciplines, the physiotherapy profession has embraced the concept of evidence‐based practice (EBP) worldwide. However, there is a discrepancy between the amount of research evidence that exists and its use in clinical decision making.AimsTo investigate the barriers physiotherapists in Nigeria encounter in implementing EBP in stroke management.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional survey involving consecutively recruited 170 physiotherapists (mean age = 29.92 ± 5.72 years) from conveniently sampled centres in the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria. The Practitioner and Organizational Barriers to Evidence‐based Stroke Rehabilitation Questionnaire was used to collect data on EBP among the physiotherapists. Data was summarized using frequency, percentage, mean, and SD and analysed using Spearman rank order, Kruskal‐Wallis and Mann‐Whitney U tests at alpha level of 0.05.ResultsInsufficient time (47.6%), lack of information resources (42.9%), lack of organizational mandate (42.9%), lack of research skills (30.6%), and poor ability to critically appraise literature (29.4%) were the mostly reported barriers. Most participants had received formal training about EBP, had positive attitude and beliefs about EBP, were highly confident in their abilities to implement EBP, were aware of their roles in EBP, and were interested in acquiring and improving the skills necessary to implement EBP. There was unavailability of resources and support to promote evidence‐based practice. EBP uptake was significantly facilitated by having more education on EBP, higher academic degree, less daily workload, more years of experience in stroke rehabilitation, more participation time in research and teaching, and belonging to professional association (P < .05).ConclusionInsufficient time, lack of organizational mandates, lack of research skills, poor ability to critically appraise literature and unavailability of resources and organizational support are key barriers to EBP among Nigerian physiotherapists. Nigerian physiotherapists, their regulatory board, and Government need to work in tandem to improve EBP among Nigerian physiotherapists.
Maxillary full‐arch reconstruction using a sequenced digital workflow
Authors: Roberts Matt , Shull Franklin , Schiner Brit 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveMulti‐staged treatment of a terminal maxillary arch from tooth‐supported provisional to implant‐supported final reconstruction using a fully digital workflow is reported. Each stage of the phased esthetically‐guided reconstruction treatment plan, provisional restorations, and final restoration were executed in a virtual 3D environment prior to clinical treatment, providing CAD/CAM manufactured precision provisionals and final restoration that preserved the natural gingival architecture, function, and esthetics demanded by the patient.Demonstrate the efficacy of using a digital workflow to fully restore a terminal maxillary arch with a precision implant‐supported final prosthetic by instituting a multi‐phase treatment plan designed to preserve the patient's gingival architecture, facial esthetics, and natural function.Clinical ConsiderationsSophisticated digital tools and software allow the dental team to work in a virtual environment to envision and execute the outcome of each stage of treatment prior to the patient appointment and to deliver an esthetically‐guided precision final prosthesis that replicates the form, function, and occlusion of existing natural teeth.ConclusionsDigital technologies provide clinicians and dental ceramists with sophisticated tools and software that advance the precision and execution of each phase of maxillary arch reconstruction in fewer patient visits and elevate the patient experience and treatment outcome.Clinical SignificanceSophisticated digital tools and software allow the dental team to work in a virtual environment to envision and execute the outcome of each stage of treatment prior to the patient appointment and to deliver an esthetically‐guided precision final prosthesis that replicates the form, function, and occlusion of existing natural teeth.
Comparison of endoscopic versus laparoscopic resection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A preliminary meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhu Hanlong , Zhao Si , Jiao Ruonan , Zhou Jian , Zhang Chunmei , Miao Lin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackground and AimFor localized disease, complete surgical resection is regarded as the “gold standard” therapeutic modality. With the rapid development of endoscopic techniques, endoscopic resection (ESR) has been confirmed as an efficient and safe alternative for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) in the stomach. Nevertheless, the management of gastric GISTs remains poorly defined. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the security and effectiveness of ESR with laparoscopic resection (LAR) for gastric GISTs.MethodsA literature search of online databases was conducted to identify relevant comparative studies of ESR and LAR procedures for gastric GISTs published before April 10, 2020. The cumulative data analysis was also performed utilizing the software STATA.ResultsIn total, 10 studies involving 1165 patients met the inclusion criteria for analysis (651 for ESR and 514 for LAR). From the results of meta‐analysis, patients who underwent ESR experienced decreased operative time (P = 0.000), less intraoperative blood loss (P = 0.002), earlier time to diet (P = 0.000), shorter hospital stay (P = 0.000), and lower total charges (P = 0.000) compared with LAR. Moreover, there were no significant differences between these two approaches concerning tumor rupture, conversion rate to other procedure, complete resection rate, postoperative complication rate, recurrence rate, and disease‐free survival.ConclusionsEndoscopic resection, as an effective alternative treatment strategy with satisfactory outcomes, is acceptable for selective patients with gastric GISTs compared with LAR. Further well‐designed randomized controlled trials with large samples are warranted to corroborate our observations.
Making use of life cycle assessment and environmental product declarations: A survey with practitioners
Authors: Galindro Bruno Menezes , Welling Sebastian , Bey Niki , Olsen Stig Irving , Soares Sebastião Roberto , Ryding Sven‐Olof 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) represent important sources of information in applications such as ecodesign and process optimization. However, their use in comparisons and communication is still limited. Therefore, this article aims to understand the use of LCA‐ and EPD‐information from the perspective of the practitioners, that is, professionals with experience in dealing with this type of information. A survey was built consisting of two questionnaires and two webinars, with questions related to core themes: frequency and purpose of use, comparability, and advantages and disadvantages for practical use and reliability of different presentation formats. Also, two suggested benchmarking frameworks were presented and discussed, later being commented upon and evaluated. Out of the 55 respondents, 76% stated that they use both LCA‐ and EPD‐information, primarily to fulfill requirements from customers, in environmental management systems and for marketing purposes. It was also stated that they use LCA (73%)‐ and EPD (56%)‐information to make comparisons but presented different responses and there were no established patterns as to the procedures. Methodological limitations and the need for harmonization of Product Category Rules (PCRs) were mentioned as limiting factors for comparisons between studies. Regarding the benchmarking frameworks, both were indicated to be potentially applicable in communication with consumers and between companies. It is concluded that LCA‐ and EPD‐information is used by the practitioners in different applications and that there may be a need to increase standardization efforts of benchmarking procedures in order to improve communication with nonspecialist audiences.
An Academic Midwifery Fellowship: Addressing a Need for Junior Faculty Development and Interprofessional Education
Authors: Nacht Amy , Martin Julia 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe University of Colorado College of Nursing crafted a midwifery fellowship to address a local need to recruit junior faculty into a large practice caring primarily for an underserved, at‐risk population. Additional goals for the fellowship included promoting retention and development of interprofessional education teams. The curriculum design drew heavily from 2 national initiatives: (1) the Institute of Medicine's call for nursing residencies to support the transition to advanced practice and build expertise in navigating health systems and caring for patients with complex needs and (2) the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and American College of Nurse‐Midwives collaboration to address maternity care workforce shortages by building clinically‐based interprofessional teams. The fellowship uses Melei's transitions theory and Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring as frameworks to understand the fellows experience in the 12‐month program. Fellow competencies concentrate on 7 core components: clinical, professional, intrapersonal, mentorship, interprofessional, low‐resource setting, and leadership. Program evaluation is in process with the aim of understanding if the fellowship improves confidence and competence for the newly graduated nurse‐midwife, and a change in attitude toward interprofessional teams. Of the 5 fellows who completed the midwifery fellowship over 4 years, 2 now have faculty positions within the practice and 4 of the 5 were offered positions. Common themes from the fellows’ reflection journals and mentorship meetings include the importance of mentorship in clinical and professional growth. Further program evaluation is needed to better understand the efficacy of program components in meeting the objectives to recruit and retain faculty and promote interprofessional education. Academic midwifery fellowships with interprofessional components may be an innovative recruitment technique for clinical faculty.
Considering Labor After Cesarean in a Woman with Class 3 Obesity
Authors: Ledbetter Ann 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBecause of the high cesarean rate in the United States, perinatal care providers are increasingly called upon to counsel women considering labor after cesarean. This counseling can be more complicated for women with class 3 obesity, defined as a body mass index at or exceeding 40. Although labor after cesarean may be less likely to result in successful vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) for this population, the risks of repeat cesarean are also higher for these women. This case report describes the benefits and risks of labor after cesarean, the chance of successful VBAC, and clinical recommendations to aid women in achieving VBAC when class 3 obesity is present.
Efficacy of a collagen hydrolysate and antioxidants‐containing nutraceutical on metrics of skin health in Indian women
Authors: Motwani Meghna S. , Khan Kaynat , Pai Akshay , Joshi Rajiv 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe skin’s aging process involves a decreased biosynthesis of extracellular matrix proteins (predominantly collagen) compounded by damage from environmental and intrinsic stressors. The Indian population is susceptible to skin damage given its geography and increasing urbanization or a genetic disposition. Previous studies have investigated nutrients such as collagen peptides, vitamins and phytonutrient‐rich botanical extracts for their individual benefits on skin.AimsThis study examined the collective effect of a proprietary blend of these nutrients (in Nutrova Collagen+Antioxidants; NCA) on skin parameters, which has not been previously studied, especially in an Indian context.Patients/Methods34 healthy, Indian women (mean age = 39.5 years) were given a placebo daily for 30 days to establish a baseline, followed by NCA for two intervals of 30 days. 3D image reconstruction allowed the analysis of skin topography and blemishes. Instrumental measurements also included skin firmness, elasticity, hydration, and transepidermal water loss. Clinical evaluation was used to grade blemishes, wrinkles and periorbital hyperpigmentation.ResultsBased on instrumental evaluation, NCA significantly reduced wrinkle width, open pores, skin roughness, and the colour of hyperpigmented blemishes, while improving skin hydration, firmness and barrier function from baseline to Day 30 and Day 60. NCA also increased elasticity at Day 30. Clinical evaluation showed that periorbital hyperpigmentation and wrinkles reduced significantly.ConclusionNCA is effective for improving overall skin health in Indian women. These results show that targeted nutrient supplementation can improve skin health and further research over extended durations is merited.