bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Conversion Efficiency and Storage Capacity of a Thermally Self‐Chargeable Supercapacitor
Authors: Meng Tingting , Xuan Yimin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWaste heat utilization, including solar heat and various industrial waste heats, plays an important role in improving energy efficiency, but current heat‐to‐electricity conversion technologies can only harvest a little heat energy. A new direct thermally self‐chargeable supercapacitor (TCS) system, using the nanoporous carbon electrode in electrolyte mixed with nanoparticles, can simultaneously produce and store electric energy from a low‐grade heat source. Moreover, it can simultaneously realize charging and discharging processes. A method of strengthening ions migration by adding nanoparticles into electrolytes is proposed. When heated, due to the Brownian motion of suspended nanoparticles and the interactions among ions and nanoparticles, more ions migrate to the hot electrode, which leads to a high thermal‐induced open‐circuit voltage (OCV) of 265 mV, under a mild temperature difference of 50 K. This new type of TCS system attains a thermoelectric coefficient of 5.3 mV K−1 and outperforms other conventional TCS systems in which liquid electrolytes are involved.
Facile Fabrication Method of Conical Microwells Using Non‐Uniform Photolithography
Authors: Manzoor Ahmad Ali , Hwang Dae Kun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMicrowells have emerged as a popular trapping platform for numerous biological applications because of their ease of use. 3D shaped microwells, such as conical wells other than a simple 2D profile, have received great attention because of their excellent capacity for the formation of 3D cancer spheroids. However, creating such conical microwells require a complex fabrication process, laborious procedures, and specialized equipment. Herein, a facile and single‐step fabrication technique is developed to make microwells with a tapered‐bottom. In this approach, non‐uniform polymerization is implemented during photolithography to create conical microwells of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate on a glass substrate in a PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) microfluidic channel. The non‐cylindrical shape forms through the UV exposure and further develops during the washing step by the removal of excess unpolymerized monomer from the PDMS microfluidic channel. In combination with the non‐uniform photopolymerization, this washing process results in microwells with 3D conical forms, offering control over shape and homogeneity. Notably, the technique allows additional control over the microwells surface morphology, that is, wrinkled and smooth surfaces. Finally, the effect of ethanol flow rates on the pore size is investigated.
Alkali‐Metal Sulfide as Cathodes toward Safe and High‐Capacity Metal (M = Li, Na, K) Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Yang Huiling , Zhang Binwei , Wang Yun‐Xiao , Konstantinov Konstantin , Liu Hua‐Kun , Dou Shi‐Xue 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRechargeable alkali‐metal–sulfur (M–S) batteries, because of their high energy density and low cost, have been recognized as one of the most promising next‐generation energy storage technologies. Nevertheless, the dissolution of metal polysulfides in organic liquid electrolytes and safety issues related to the metal anodes are greatly hindering the development of the M–S batteries. Alkali‐metal sulfides (M2Sx) are emerging as cathode materials, which can pair with various safe nonalkali‐metal anodes, such as silicon and tin. As a result, the combined M2Sx cathode‐based M–S batteries can achieve high capacity as well as safety, thereby providing a more feasible battery technology for practical applications. In this review, recent progress in developing M2Sx cathode‐based M–S batteries is systematically summarized, including the activation methods for M2Sx cathodes, M2Sx cathode optimization, and the improvement of electrolytes and anode materials. Furthermore, perspectives and future research directions of M2Sx cathode‐based M–S batteries are proposed.
Superparaelectric (Ba0.95,Sr0.05)(Zr0.2,Ti0.8)O3 Ultracapacitors
Authors: Wang Kun , Ouyang Jun , Wuttig Manfred , Zhao Yu‐Yao , Cheng Hongbo , Zhang Yuan , Su Rongxuan , Yan Jing , Zhong Xiangli , Zeng Fei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAnalogous to the superparamagnetic state, a superparaelectric state is both scientifically intriguing and technologically important. In this state, a ferroelectric material shows a high dielectric constant and a nonhysteretic response to an external electric field, ideal for high k and capacitive energy storage applications. Despite many explorative studies, only circumstantial evidences for its existence are reported. Here, the existence of a superparaelectric state is directly proven in engineered nanocrystalline perovskite films of (Ba0.95, Sr0.05)(Zr0.2,Ti0.8)O3, which are grown on Si at a low temperature and consist of many well‐dispersed, nanometer‐size polar clusters. These nanoparticles are locally polar, and only lose their short‐range order after being heated up to ≈460 °C, above which they become paraelectrics. Furthermore, they collectively present a pseudo‐linear, frequency‐insensitive dielectric response, which is characterized by a close‐to‐zero remnant polarization and a large relative dielectric constant (≈65–70). Capacitors based on these superparaelectric films display high recyclable energy densities (≈100 J cm−3) and efficiencies (≈90%) at room temperature, as well as a reliable high field endurance and good frequency (up to ≈15 GHz) and temperature (up to ≈300 °C) stabilities in their dielectric properties.
Dual‐Functional Atomic Zinc Decorated Hollow Carbon Nanoreactors for Kinetically Accelerated Polysulfides Conversion and Dendrite Free Lithium Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Shi Haodong , Ren Xiaomin , Lu Jianmin , Dong Cong , Liu Jian , Yang Qihua , Chen Jian , Wu Zhong‐Shuai 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe lithium sulfur (Li–S) battery is a preferential option for next‐generation energy storage technologies, but the lithium polysulfide shuttling, sluggish redox kinetics, and uncontrollable lithium dendrite growth hamper its commercial viability. Herein, well‐dispersed single atom Zn‐decorated hollow carbon spheres (Zn1‐HNC) are developed as dual‐functional nanoreactors for polysulfides‐suppressed sulfur cathodes (Zn1‐HNC‐S) and dendrite‐free lithium anodes (Zn1‐HNC‐Li) simultaneously for high‐capacity, high‐rate, and long‐cycling Li–S batteries with fast redox kinetics. Benefiting from its excellent electronic conductivity, high surface area (370 m2 g−1), highly‐effective active sites and protective carbon shell, the resultant nanoreactor possesses strong physical confinement, chemical anchoring, and exceptional electrocatalysis for polysulfides. Meanwhile, the nanoreactor with excellent lithiophilic ability realizes uniform and dendrite‐free lithium deposition. Integrating all these advantages, the assembled full battery (Zn1‐HNC‐S||Zn1‐HNC‐Li) delivers remarkable electrochemical properties including long cycle stability with an ultralow capacity fading rate of 0.015% per cycle over 700 cycles and superb rate performance of 989 mAh g−1 at 10 C. Moreover, a high areal capacity of 8.7 mAh cm−2 with high S loading of 7.8 mg cm−2 at low E/S ratio (6.4 µL mg−1) is achieved. This work provides significant insight of structure and surface catalytic chemistry regulation for promoting the actual application of Li–S batteries.
In vitro seed germination response of corn hybrids to osmotic stress conditions
Authors: Walne Charles Hunt , Gaudin Annabeth , Henry W. Brien , Reddy Kambham Raja 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDrought is a major environmental stress factor of plants influencing all growth stages. Drought occurring during germination affects both germination percentage and rate. An experiment was conducted to evaluate in vitro seed germination responses of nine corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids to declining osmotic potentials using polyethylene glycol. Time series data for seed germination were generated at different osmotic potentials from 0 to −1.2 MPa at −0.3‐MPa intervals at 25 °C. Maximum seed germination (MSG) and seed germination rate (SGR) were estimated by fitting the data to a three‐parameter sigmoid function. The minimum osmotic potentials at which MSG and SGR rate reached zero (MSGbase and SGRbase) were derived by first fitting linear and quadratic regression models as a function of osmotic potential and then calculating intercepts. Maximum seed germination and SGR decreased as osmotic potential decreased, and differences were identified among hybrids for MSG, SGR, MSGbase, and SGRbase. An osmotic stress response index was developed by summing individual response indices of each parameter for each hybrid and was used to classify the corn hybrids into tolerance groups. AgriGold A6659 and Terral REV 25BHR26 were identified as the most‐ and least‐tolerant corn hybrids during germination, with AgriGold A6659 performing 29% better than REV 25BHR26. Previous studies have used similar methods using polyethylene glycol to create osmotic stress but have not used the parameters used in this study. These parameters establish a new potential screening tool to identify osmotic stress tolerance in corn germplasm.
Power generation from waste heat: Ionic liquid‐based absorption cycle versus organic Rankine cycle
Authors: Xu Jiaming , Scurto Aaron M. , Shiflett Mark B. , Lustig Steven R. , Hung Francisco R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAspen Plus® simulations using the Peng‐Robinson (PR‐EOS) and the COSMO‐SAC models were performed to study absorption power cycles (APCs) using mixtures of R‐134a with two ionic liquids, [C2C1im][Tf2N] or [C6C1im][Tf2N], and compared against an R‐134a organic Rankine cycle (ORC) operating under similar conditions. The PR‐EOS results were in agreement with calculations from a PR model fitted to the R‐134a + IL experimental phase equilibrium data. The APCs have similar efficiencies and outperform the ORC by 3%–46%, with the largest differences observed when operating with lower grade (lower TH) heating sources, lower quality cooling (higher TL), and lower subcooling in the pump inlet stream. The PR‐EOS and the Conductor‐like Screening Model Segment Activity Coefficient (COSMO‐SAC) results follow similar trends, but numerical discrepancies are observed in the cycle efficiencies and stream flow rates and compositions due to differences in solubilities and enthalpy changes between both models, suggesting that improvements are needed to increase the accuracy of COSMO‐SAC for these systems.
Simultaneous design and operation optimization of renewable combined cooling heating and power systems
Authors: Liu Zuming , Lim Mei Qi , Kraft Markus , Wang Xiaonan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCombined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems are promising solutions for conserving energy and reducing emissions. This article proposes a new mixed‐integer linear programming (MILP) model for simultaneous design and operation optimization of a renewable CCHP system, considering component nonlinear operating characteristics and performance degradation with time. A bi‐objective MILP problem is solved to achieve a trade‐off between total annual cost (TAC) and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe). A case study of a commercial region is employed to demonstrate our proposed methodology. The results shows, in comparison with conventional cost minimization, our solution features a tardy increase of 12.8% in TAC and a sharp reduction of 75.5% in GHGe. Moreover, we find that ignoring performance degradation leads to an over‐estimation of 2.3–13.7% in system economic performance. The proposed methodology provides an effective and flexible framework for optimal design and operational analysis of renewable CCHP systems.
Mechanisms of severe dieback and mortality in a classically drought‐tolerant shrubland species (Arctostaphylos glauca)
Authors: Drake‐Schultheis Laura , Oono Ryoko , D’Antonio Carla M. 
Published: August 2020

PremiseMortality events involving drought and pathogens in natural plant systems are on the rise due to global climate change. In Santa Barbara, California, United States, big berry manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca) has experienced canopy dieback related to a multi‐year drought and infection from fungal pathogens in the Botryosphaeriaceae family. A greenhouse experiment was conducted usingNeofusicoccum australeto test the specific influences of drought and fungal infection onA. glauca.MethodsA full factorial design was used to compare four treatment groups (drought + inoculation; drought – inoculation; watering + inoculation; and control: watering – inoculation). Data were collected for 10 weeks on stress symptoms, changes in leaf fluorescence and photosynthesis, and mortality.ResultsResults indicated significant effects of watering and inoculation treatments on net photosynthesis, dark‐adapted fluorescence, and disease symptom severity (P< 0.05), and a strong correlation was found between physiological decline and visible stress (P< 0.0001). Mortality differed between treatments, with all groups except for the control experiencing mortality (43% mortality in drought – inoculation, 83% in watering – inoculation, and 100% in drought + inoculation). A Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed drought + inoculation to have the least estimated survivorship compared to all other treatment groups.ConclusionsIn addition to a possible synergistic interaction between drought and fungal infection in disease onset and mortality rates inA. glauca, these results indicate that young, non‐drought‐stressed plants are susceptible to mortality fromN. australeinfection, with important implications for the future of wildland shrub communities.
Together Helping Reduce Youth Violence for Equity (ThrYve): Examining the Development of a Comprehensive Multisectoral Approach to Youth Violence Prevention
Authors: Watson‐Thompson Jomella , Jessop Nadia , Hassaballa Ithar , Vanchy Priya , Henderson Janee , Moore Courtney 
Published: August 2020

AbstractComprehensive approaches to youth violence prevention are needed to simultaneously address multiple risk factors across socioecological levels. ThrYve (Together Helping Reduce Youth Violence for Equity) is a collaborative initiative focused on addressing broader factors influencing youth violence, including social determinants of health. Using a participatory approach, the development of ThrYve is examined through an empirical case study. Through a Systems Advisory Board (SAB), ThrYve deploys multiple strategies that support cross‐sector collaboration involving over 40 partners across 13 community sectors. Based on the Institute of Medicine’s model for public health action in communities, the SAB identified 87 change levers (i.e., program, policy, practice changes) to support community and systems‐level improvements. As a result of the collaborative process, in the first couple of years, ThrYve facilitated 85 community actions and changes across sectors. The changes aligned with identified risk and resilience needs of the youth served in the community. The findings further support prior research, which suggests disparities related to gender may influence risk and resilience factors for youth violence. The study also indicates the importance of continuing to examine academic performance as a factor related to youth resilience.
A Strategy for Constructing Pore‐Space‐Partitioned MOFs with High Uptake Capacity for C2 Hydrocarbons and CO2
Authors: Wang Yong , Jia Xiaoxia , Yang Huajun , Wang Yanxiang , Chen Xitong , Hong Anh N. , Li Jinping , Bu Xianhui , Feng Pingyun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroduction of pore partition agents into hexagonal channels of MIL‐88 type (acs topology) endows materials with high tunability in gas sorption. Here, we report a strategy to partition acs framework into pacs (partitioned acs) crystalline porous materials (CPM). This strategy is based on insertion of in situ synthesized 4,4′‐dipyridylsulfide (dps) ligands. One third of open metal sites in the acs net are retained in pacs MOFs; two thirds are used for pore‐space partition. The Co2V‐pacs MOFs exhibit near or at record high uptake capacities for C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, and CO2 among MOFs. The storage capacity of C2H2 is 234 cm3 g−1 (298 K) and 330 cm3 g−1 (273 K) at 1 atm for CPM‐733‐dps (the Co2V‐BDC form, BDC=1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate). These high uptake capacities are accomplished with low heat of adsorption, a feature desirable for low‐energy‐cost adsorbent regeneration. CPM‐733‐dps is stable and shows no loss of C2H2 adsorption capacity following multiple adsorption–desorption cycles.
Beyond the Classical Electron‐Sharing and Dative Bond Picture: Case of the Spin‐Polarized Bond
Authors: Salvador Pedro , Vos Eva , Corral Inés , Andrada Diego M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChemical bonds are traditionally assigned as electron‐sharing or donor‐acceptor/dative. External criteria such as the nature of the dissociation process, energy partitioning schemes, or quantum chemical topology are invoked to assess the bonding situation. However, for systems with marked multi‐reference character, this binary categorization might not be precise enough to render the bonding properties. A third scenario can be foreseen: spin polarized bonds. To illustrate this, the case of a NaBH3−cluster is presented. According to the analysis NaBH3−exhibits a strong diradical character and cannot be classified as either electron‐sharing or a dative bond. Elaborated upon are the common problems of popular bonding descriptions. Additionally, a simple model, based on the bond order and local spin indicators, which discriminates between all three bonding situations, is provided.
Defect Engineering in Metastable Phases of Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenides for Electrochemical Applications
Authors: Wang Ran , Han Jiecai , Yang Bo , Wang Xianjie , Zhang Xinghong , Song Bo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMetastable metallic phases of transition‐metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanomaterials have displayed excellent performance and emerged as promising candidates for sustainable energy sources low‐cost storage and conversion because of their two‐dimensional (2D) layered structures and extraordinary physicochemical properties. In order to broaden the range of potential applications, defect engineering is applied to the metastable phases of TMDs for further improvement of their catalytic and electronic properties. According to some recent studies, effective introduction of defects without perturbing the interior conductivity contributes to the development of metastable TMDs. This review provides deep insights into recent progress in electrochemistry using defect engineering in the metastable phases of TMDs. After introducing the structures of metastable phases and methods for defect construction, significant developments in catalysis and energy storage applications are discussed to elucidate structure‐function relationships. Key challenges and future directions for defect engineering in the metastable phases of TMDs are also highlighted in the conclusions.
An Association Between Serotonin 1A Receptor, Gray Matter Volume, and Sociability in Healthy Subjects and in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Lefevre Arthur , Richard Nathalie , Mottolese Raphaelle , Leboyer Marion , Sirigu Angela 
Published: August 2020

Central serotonin is an important molecular pathway, involved in the regulation of social behavior and gray matter volume (GMV). In men with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), the serotonergic system and the GMV have been found disrupted. Here, we investigated the relation between serotonin, GMV, and social personality in men with typical development (TD) and in men with ASD. We combined anatomical magnetic resonance imaging, Positron emission tomography scan with 2′‐methoxyphenyl‐(N‐2′‐pyridinyl)‐p‐18F‐fluoro‐benzamidoethylpiperazine radioligand and revised NEO personality inventory personality questionnaire to examine the association between serotonin 1A receptor (5‐HT1AR) binding potential, GMV and social personality in 24 adult male TD subjects and 18 male men with ASD. In both groups, we found a positive correlation between 5‐HT1AR binding potential and GMV in a region dependent manner. In the TD group, we observed a negative correlation between 5‐HT1AR and GMV in the left and right posterior putamen. 5HT1AR binding and GMV in the putamen further correlated with social personality scores in the TD group. None of these associations were found in men with ASD, although no differences were observed for 5‐HT1AR concentration among the two groups. Our findings point to a deregulation of 5‐HT1AR density in the striatum of men with ASD, a failure that might contribute to their social disturbances. Serotonin is suspected to be involved in the pathophysiology of autism. We provide evidence for a role of serotonin 1A receptor in social behavior through a specific regulation of GMV in the putamen region in neurotypical subjects but not in men with autism. This suggests a potential impairment of the serotonergic system in men with autism which may contribute to patients' social disturbances. Our findings suggest further investigation on the role of serotonin 1A receptor and its activity in the striatum to regulate social behavior. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1843‐1855. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLCLay SummarySerotonin is suspected to be involved in the pathophysiology of autism. We provide evidence for a role of serotonin 1A receptor in social behavior through a specific regulation of gray matter volume in the putamen region in neurotypical subjects but not in men with autism. This suggests a potential impairment of the serotonergic system in men with autism which may contribute to patients' social disturbances. Our findings suggest further investigation on the role of serotonin 1A receptor and its activity in the striatum to regulate social behavior.
Understanding the Reaction Steps Involving Polysulfides in 1 M LiTFSI in TEGDME : DOL Using Cyclic Voltammetry Experiments and Modelling
Authors: Thangavel Vigneshwaran , Mastouri Afef , Guéry Claude , Morcrette Mathieu , Franco Alejandro A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe reaction mechanisms of polysulfides in the electrolytes of lithium sulfur (Li−S) batteries are known to be complex. These reaction mechanisms may also change with the electrolyte used. Understanding the reaction steps of the polysulfides in a Li−S battery electrolyte is important to assess the underlying phenomena behind the Li−S cell performance limitations. Here, we investigate the reaction steps of polysulfides in electrolyte solutions containing S8, Li2S8 and Li2S6 in 1 M LiTFSI in TEGDME : DOL (v/v 1 : 1) (one of the most interesting electrolytes for use in Li−S batteries), using experimental cyclic voltammetry and a mathematical model. The mathematical model assists in understanding the reaction steps behind the characteristics changes of cyclic voltammograms (CVs) with the scan rate and polysulfides speciation. Our systematic study shows that the reaction steps conventionally used in Li−S battery models are not sufficient to simulate all the CV characteristics of the investigated electrolyte solutions.