bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What are the main uncertainties in estimating earthquake risk?
Authors: Vere-Jones D. 
Published: November 2020

The general heading of seismic risk covers a variety of problems, of which the following at least may be distinguished:

risk analyses for a particular structure on a particular site;
the determination of large-scale zoning schemes;
microzoning;
risk analyses for earthquake insurance ;
risk analyses for civil defence and hazard reduction programmes.

This paper is concerned chiefly with the first of these, although a few remarks concerning the others appear in the final section. Its intention is to identify the major uncertainties which enter into the estimation of seismic risk (in the sense of 1. above) and to place an order of magnitude estimate on the errors each is likely to cause. Some earlier papers with a similar theme are by Cornell and Vanmarke (1969), Donovan and Bernstein (1978), McGuire and Shedlock (1981), McGuire and Barnhard (1981) among others. Evidently there is a considerable element of personal judgement in such an attempt; the principal aim is to draw attention to the effects of aspects which are difficult to bring into explicit consideration and as a consequence are in danger of being ignored or otherwise brushed under the carpet.
Data Action
Authors: Williams Sarah 
Published: November 2020

How to use data as a tool for empowerment rather than oppression.
Big data can be used for good, from tracking disease to exposing human rights violations, and for bad, implementing surveillance and control. Data inevitably represents the ideologies of those who control its use; data analytics and algorithms too often exclude women, the poor, and ethnic groups. In Data Action, Sarah Williams provides a guide for working with data in more ethical and responsible ways. Williams outlines a method that emphasizes collaboration among data scientists, policy experts, data designers, and the public. The approach generates policy debates, influences civic decisions, and informs design to help ensure that the voices of people represented in the data are neither marginalized nor left unheard.
A new species of the large-headed coastal marine turtleSolnhofia(Testudinata, Thalassochelydia) from the Late Jurassic of NW Switzerland
Authors: Anquetin Jérémy , Püntener Christian 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundThe large-headed turtleSolnhofia parsonsiis known by a handful of specimens from the Late Jurassic of Germany and Switzerland (maybe also France).Solnhofia parsonsiis traditionally regarded as a “eurysternid” Thalassochelydia, a group of small to medium sized, mostly lagoonal or marginal turtles found almost exclusively in the Late Jurassic of Europe. More recently,Solnhofia parsonsihas been proposed to be a close relative of Sandownidae, an enigmatic group of Cretaceous to Paleogene turtles characterized by a derived cranial anatomy and a wider geographical distribution. Sandownids may therefore have evolved from thalassochelydian ancestors such asSolnhofia parsonsi.MethodsWe herein describe new material ofSolnhofiafrom the Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) of Porrentruy, NW Switzerland. The bulk of the material consists of an association of a cranium and over 180 shell bones found together in a block of marly limestone. A second cranium and a mandible from slightly younger, but nearby localities are also described.ResultsWe refer the new material toSolnhofia brachyrhynchan. sp. The new species shares withSolnhofia parsonsia relatively large head, an extensive secondary palate formed primarily by the maxillae, a greatly developed processus trochlearis oticum with a contribution from the parietal and quadratojugal, a large jugal-palatine contact in the floor of the fossa orbitalis, and a posteromedial process of the jugal running on the dorsal surface of the maxilla and pterygoid. Some of these characteristics are also present in sandownids, but our morphological study clearly shows thatSolnhofia brachyrhynchais closer toSolnhofia parsonsithan to any sandownids.DiscussionSolnhofia brachyrhynchadiffers fromSolnhofia parsonsiin many aspects, notably: a shortened and broader cranium, a shorter and posteriorly broader upper triturating surface with a slightly sinusoidal lateral margin and without contribution from the palatine, a processus trochlearis oticum more oblique in dorsal or ventral view and less concave in anterior view, choanae that do not extend posteriorly on the pterygoids, a more developed processus pterygoideus externus, a condylus mandibularis situated anterior to the level of the occipital plane, a greater ventral exposure of the parabasisphenoid, a mandible about as wide as long, a relatively short symphysis, a lower triturating surface widened posterolaterally thanks to the presence of large laterally projecting dentary tubercles, a stouter and shorter coronoid process, a splenial positioned more anteriorly along the mandibular ramus, costo-peripheral fontanelles extending more anteriorly and posteriorly along the costal series, and an escutcheon shaped central plastral fontanelle formed mostly by the hypoplastra. In addition to the morphology of the new species, we also briefly discuss about observable ontogenetic variations and possible taphonomic origin of the assemblage.
Functionalizing Gold Nanoparticles with Calix[4]arenes Monolayers for Enhancing Selectivity and Stability in ORR Electrocatalysis
Authors: Lenne Quentin , Mattiuzzi Alice , Jabin Ivan , Le Poul Nicolas , Leroux Yann R. , Lagrost Corinne 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe deliberate surface modification of nanocatalysts with organic ligands has recently emerged as a promising strategy to boost their efficiency, durability, and/or selectivity in key electrocatalytic processes. The interface between the metallic interface and the immobilized ligands promotes high electrocatalytic activity. Herein, the oxygen reduction reaction activity of gold nanoparticles functionalized with a covalently bound monolayer of calix[4]arenes is compared with commercially available gold nanoparticles, classically stabilized through electrostatic adsorption of citrates onto the gold surfaces. Nanocatalysts coated by calix[4]arenes show enhanced selectivity and stability compared to their citrate‐stabilized counterparts. These nanohybrids exhibit excellent activity with a dominant 4‐electron reduction of O2 with good electrocatalytic performances along with a high robustness under operation as revealed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses.
Impact of subdivision of pathological stage I colorectal cancer
Authors: Fujii Shoichi , Shimada Ryu , Tsukamoto Mitsuo , Hayama Tamuro , Ishibe Atsushi , Watanabe Jun , Deguchi Takashi , Tsutsumi Kenji , Matsuda Keiji , Hashiguchi Yojiro 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimStage II‐IV colorectal cancers are subdivided according to TNM categories. However, stage I cases are a single category, despite the inclusion of both T1 and T2 cases, which may have different outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of subdividing stage I colorectal cancers by T category.MethodsFrom 1984 to 2015, 844 patients with stage I colorectal cancer (T1: 446, T2: 398) underwent colorectal resection with lymph node dissection at three hospitals. The long‐term survival and recurrence rates were compared between T1 and T2. A Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk factors associated with cancer recurrence.ResultsA comparison of the T1 and T2 groups revealed significant differences in 5‐year overall (95.9% vs 91.4%, P = .008), recurrence‐free (94.8% vs 87.1%, P = .0007), and cancer‐specific survival (97.6% vs 93.6%, P = .004), and in the overall (2.5% vs 6.8%, P = .003), local (0.2% vs 1.5%, P = .04), and lymph node recurrence rates (0.2% vs 1.5%, P = .04). All local and lymph node recurrences were associated with lower rectal cancer, and this difference was significant. The Cox multivariate analysis identified male sex (P = .01, hazard ratio: 4.00, 95% confidence interval: 1.38‐11.55), T2 (P = .02, hazard ratio: 2.98, 95% confidence interval: 1.17‐7.60), and venous invasion (P = .03, hazard ratio: 2.38, 95% confidence interval: 1.12‐5.10) as risk factors for recurrence.ConclusionsThe subdivision of stage I colorectal cancer according to T category clearly reflected the long‐term outcomes.
Bonamia infection in native oysters (Ostrea edulis) in relation to European restoration projects
Authors: Sas Hein , Deden Brenda , Kamermans Pauline , zu Ermgassen Philine S.E. , Pogoda Bernadette , Preston Joanne , Helmer Luke , Holbrook Zoë , Arzul Isabelle , van der Have Tom , Villalba Antonio , Colsoul Bérenger , Lown Alice , Merk Verena , Zwerschke Nadescha , Reuchlin Emilie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

There is a growing effort throughout Europe to restore populations of native oysters (Ostrea edulis), with the ecological objective of enhancing ecosystem biodiversity and resilience.
The introduced parasite, Bonamia ostreae, caused catastrophic mortalities during the 1980s, furthering the decline of this species, and is now present throughout much of the natural range of O. edulis. It is therefore important that restoration attempts avoid further introduction and spread of this parasite, which can cause lethal infections of O. edulis.
This article presents a comprehensive overview of the scale and distribution of current infection, transmission pathways, and preventive measure guidelines, focusing on the seas, inlets, and estuaries of north‐west Europe, where most ecological restoration attempts for the native European oyster have occurred so far.
This is critical information for restoration project planning in which the risk of Bonamia infection must be taken into account.
Scilla bifolia Wax as a Source of Diverse Long‐Chain Resorcinols and Alkane‐1,3‐diols
Authors: Đorđević Miljana R. , Zlatković Dragan B. , Radulović Niko S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGC, GC/MS and NMR analyses of Scilla bifolia washings allowed for the identification of thirty‐six long‐chain compounds belonging to six homologous series (five of which are from the class of resorcinols, a group of biologically important phenols): 1‐alkyl‐3,5‐dimethoxybenzenes, 5‐alkyl‐3‐methoxy‐2‐methylphenols, 3‐alkyl‐5‐methoxyphenols, 5‐alkyl‐2‐methylresorcinols (five compounds from each of the series); 5‐alkylresorcinols (six compounds) and 1,3‐alkanediols (ten compounds). Many of these compounds rarely occur in Nature. Retention indices of these compounds, as well as indices of the corresponding trimethylsilyl derivatives, were reported, some of them for the first time. The exact regiochemistry was unambiguously determined by two‐dimensional NMR experiments; in some cases, the complete NMR assignment was augmented by computer spin‐simulation of 1H‐NMR spectra.
Synthesis of Luminescent Fused Imidazole Bicyclic Acetic Esters by a Multicomponent Palladium Iodide‐Catalyzed Oxidative Alkoxycarbonylation Approach
Authors: Veltri Lucia , Prestia Tommaso , Russo Patrizio , Clementi Catia , Vitale Paola , Ortica Fausto , Gabriele Bartolo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA new multicomponent catalytic approach to important fused imidazole bicyclic acetic esters, whose core is present in many biologically active principles, is presented. It is based on the sequential cyclization‐alkoxycarbonylation‐isomerization of readily available N‐heterocyclic propargylamine derivatives, carried out under oxidative conditions using a simple catalytic system consisting of PdI2 (1 mol%) in conjunction with KI (1 equiv.), in the presence of AcONa as additive (1 equiv.) at 100 °C under 20 bar of a 4 : 1 mixture CO‐air. Under the optimized conditions, several N‐(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yl)pyridin‐2‐amines were smoothly converted into alkyl 2‐(imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐3‐yl)acetates in fair yields (51–77 %). The method was also applied to the conversion of N‐(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yl)pyrimidin‐2‐amine into 2‐(imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidin‐3‐yl)acetate and of N‐(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yl)pyrazin‐2‐amine into 2‐(imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrazin‐3‐yl)acetate. Some of the newly synthesized bicyclic derivatives have shown promising luminescence properties.
Cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking of the right ventricle in convalescent Kawasaki disease in a large single center
Authors: Yao Qiong , Hu Xi‐hong , He Li‐li 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe changes in right ventricular (RV) contractility of Kawasaki disease (KD) still remain unclear.HypothesisWe aimed to determine whether RV systolic dysfunction can be detected by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) feature tracking and to find its association with coronary artery lesions (aneurysm, thrombosis and stenosis).MethodsPeak systolic myocardial longitudinal, radial and circumferential strain and the strain rate (RVSL, RVSR, RVSC, RVSRL, RVSRR and RVSRC) in the global RV and three levels (basal, middle and apical) were measured in 66 patients with convalescent KD. A total of 20 controls were included. Comparisons were made with controls and among KD subgroups divided with coronary artery lesions.ResultsRVSC (−10.575% vs. −10.760%), RVSL (−18.150% vs. −18.712%) and RVSRC (−0.815/s vs. −0.924/s) were slightly lower in KD group without significant difference. All the strain and strain rate presented lowest in the basal level. In subgroup comparison, lower RVSL and RVSRL were observed in the giant coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) group; RVSR (15.844% vs. 16.897%), RVSRR (1.245/s vs. 1.322/s) and RVSRC (−0.715/s vs. −0.895/s) were lower in thrombosed group; RVSRL (−1.27/s vs. −1.503/s) were lower in stenosis group. All the comparison in subgroups did not reach significant difference. From the analysis of receiver operating characteristic curve, RVSRL had a better ability to identify KD with giant CAA and stenosis. For the identification of thrombosis, RVSRC had a better ability.ConclusionsLower strain and strain rates of RV were detected in convalescent KD. More pronounced in those with persisting coronary artery lesions.
Downregulation of glucose‐6‐phosphatase expression contributes to fluoxetine‐induced hepatic steatosis
Authors: Lu Shuanghui , Ma Zhiyuan , Gu Yong , Li Ping , Chen Yingchun , Bai Mengru , Zhou Hui , Yang Xi , Jiang Huidi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFluoxetine is a first‐line selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor widely applied for the treatment of depression; however, it induces abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism. Considering decreased expression or function of glucose‐6‐phosphatase (G6Pase), a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis, or the upregulation of fatty acid uptake, causes hepatic lipid accumulation. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether G6Pase regulation and fatty acid uptake alteration contribute to fluoxetine‐induced abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism. Our study revealed that 8‐week oral administration of fluoxetine dose‐dependently increased hepatic triglyceride, causing hepatic steatosis. Concomitantly, the expression of G6Pase in mouse livers and primary mouse hepatocytes (PMHs) was downregulated in a concentration‐dependent manner. Furthermore, fluoxetine increased the concentrations of glucose‐6‐phosphate (G6Pase substrate) and acetyl CoA (the substrate for de novo lipogenesis) in mouse livers. Additionally, fluoxetine also induced lipid accumulation and downregulated G6Pase expression in HepG2 cells. However, the uptake of green fluorescent fatty acid (BODIPY™ FL C16) in PMHs was not changed after fluoxetine treatment, indicating that fluoxetine‐induced hepatic steatosis was not associated with fatty acid uptake alteration. In conclusion, fluoxetine downregulated hepatic G6Pase expression, subsequently enhanced the transformation of glucose to lipid, and ultimately resulted in hepatic steatosis, but with no impact on fatty acid uptake.
Nanolasers Based on 2D Materials
Authors: Du Wen , Li Caihong , Sun Jiachen , Xu Hao , Yu Peng , Ren Aobo , Wu Jiang , Wang Zhiming 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNanolasers, with small footprint and ultralow threshold, are promising for applications in data communication, on‐chip optical computing, and optical interconnects. In addition to the microcavity design, the choice of gain material is another critical factor determining the optical performance of nanolasers. 2D materials are widely studied and applied in nanoscale optoelectronic devices due to their exceptional electrical, chemical, thermal, and optical properties caused by the unique layered structures. As emerging materials with unique optical properties, 2D materials are selected as effective gain materials for designing of nanolasers. In this review, the recent advances in nanolasers based on 2D materials are comprehensively addressed.
3D magnetic resonance fingerprinting with quadratic RF phase
Authors: Boyacioglu Rasim , Wang Charlie , Ma Dan , McGivney Debra F. , Yu Xin , Griswold Mark A. 
Published: November 2020

PurposeTo implement 3D magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) with quadratic RF phase (qRF‐MRF) for simultaneous quantification of T1, T2, ΔB0, and .Methods3D MRF data with effective undersampling factor of 3 in the slice direction were acquired with quadratic RF phase patterns for T1, T2, and sensitivity. Quadratic RF phase encodes the off‐resonance by modulating the on‐resonance frequency linearly in time. Transition to 3D brings practical limitations for reconstruction and dictionary matching because of increased data and dictionary sizes. Randomized singular value decomposition (rSVD)‐based compression in time and reduction in dictionary size with a quadratic interpolation method are combined to be able to process prohibitively large data sets in feasible reconstruction and matching times.ResultsAccuracy of 3D qRF‐MRF maps in various resolutions and orientations are compared to 3D fast imaging with steady‐state precession (FISP) for T1 and T2 contrast and to 2D qRF‐MRF for contrast and ΔB0. The precision of 3D qRF‐MRF was 1.5‐2 times higher than routine clinical scans. 3D qRF‐MRF ΔB0 maps were further processed to highlight the susceptibility contrast.ConclusionNatively co‐registered 3D whole brain T1, T2, , ΔB0, and QSM maps can be acquired in as short as 5 min with 3D qRF‐MRF.
Uniparental disomy: Origin, frequency, and clinical significance
Authors: Benn Peter 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUniparental disomy (UPD) is defined as two copies of a whole chromosome derived from the same parent. There can be multiple mechanisms that lead to UPD; these are reviewed in the context of contemporary views on the mechanism leading to aneuploidy. Recent studies indicate that UPD is rare in an apparently healthy population and also rare in spontaneous abortion tissues. The most common type of UPD is a maternal heterodisomy (both maternal allele sets present). Isodisomy (a duplicated single set of alleles) or segmental loss of heterozygosity is sometimes encountered in SNP‐based microarray referrals. Decisions regarding the most appropriate follow‐up testing should consider the possibility of consanguinity (that will generally involve multiple regions), an imprinted gene disorder (chromosomes 6, 7, 11, 14, 15, 20), expression of an autosomal recessive disorder, and an occult aneuploid cell line that may be confined to the placenta. Upd(16)mat, per se, does not appear to be associated with an abnormal phenotype. UPD provides an insight into the history of early chromosome segregation error and understanding the rates and fate of these events are of key importance in the provision of fertility management and prenatal healthcare.
Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in the Russian Federation
Authors: Popova Daria 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses the general legal framework regulating Russia’s welfare system and access for national citizens, foreigners residing in the country, and national citizens residing abroad to social benefits in five policy areas: unemployment, health care, family benefits, pensions, and guaranteed minimum resources. Our analysis shows that the eligibility of Russian nationals for social benefits depends either on their employment status and contribution record (for pensions and other social insurance benefits), or their residence status (for social assistance and healthcare). The overall level of social protection of citizens residing in different parts of the country may differ substantially due to the decentralized structure of the social protection system in Russia. The rights of foreign residents to social security benefits are essentially the same as those of the nationals, as long as they are legally employed and make social security contributions. However, there are two major exceptions: pensions and unemployment benefits. Social assistance benefits provided at the regional level are typically available to all legal residents, foreigners included, with few exceptions. When deciding to permanently move abroad, Russian citizens lose their entitlement to claim social benefits from Russia, apart from acquired contributory public pensions.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Russian Citizens Abroad
Authors: Prokhorova Anna 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRussia’s diaspora policies target a broad category of compatriots including both Russian nationals residing abroad and non-nationals with Soviet background, which are estimated at around 30 million people. Russian nationals abroad constitute about 1/5 of all compatriots residing abroad. Diaspora-related legislation and institutional framework are focused on compatriots living in former Soviet republics, so-called ‘Near Abroad’. Until 2006, diaspora policies addressed primarily cultural and language support of Russian-speaking compatriots abroad. In 2007, to compensate for the natural population decline, Russian authorities launched the State Program for Assisting Compatriots Residing Abroad in Their Voluntary Resettlement in the Russian Federation. Meanwhile, after 2010, the outflow of Russian nationals for permanent residence abroad increased. Between 2011 and 2017, the estimated 2.7 million people left the country to live somewhere beyond former Soviet republics. Russian citizens residing abroad have a right to pension benefits, one family-related benefit, and free access to public health services on the territory of Russia. Russian nationals permanently residing in the so-called ‘Far Abroad’ have been mostly beyond the outreach of the Russian authorities. Legislative initiatives targeting specifically this category of compatriots are rare, and often associated with control mechanisms rather than support measures.
Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in Senegal
Authors: Dioh Adrien 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Senegalese social protection system has been designed and implemented for the exclusive benefit of workers and their families to protect them against economic and social risks which may cause a (partial or total, temporary or permanent) loss of their earning capacity or the capacity to satisfy their basic needs. The system, which is essentially financed by the contributions of workers and employers, does not include the larger part of the population which evolves in the informal sector. The relevant regulations introduced a principle of equal opportunity for all benefits offered to Senegalese and migrant workers as well as their family members. Nationality is therefore irrelevant since wage-earning remains a fundamental criterion. Nevertheless, because of the territoriality of social security laws, the various benefits provided by the system are not applicable. The system only benefits Senegalese and foreign workers residing in the national territory. Not only is it disadvantageous to nationals living abroad, but it can also hinder the return of foreign workers to their countries of origin at the end of their professional career. The situation can be improved by bilateral or multilateral social security agreements binding the different countries.