bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Recommendations for Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Indolfi Giuseppe , Fischler Björn , Gonzalez‐Peralta Regino P. , Ciocca Mirta , Porta Gilda , Neelam Mohan , El‐Guindi Mohamed , Kelly Deirdre , Ni Yen‐Hsuan , Sibal Anupan , Leung Daniel H. , Chang Mei Hwei ,   Hepatitis Expert Team of the Federation of International Societies of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (FISPGHAN)
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTObjective:This position paper written by the Hepatitis Expert Team of the Federation of International Societies of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition aimed to systematically evaluate clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), medical consensus, and position papers on the use of direct‐acting antivirals (DAA) to treat chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in adolescents and children in order to compare recommendations and provide the basis for developing a unified position statement.Methods:MEDLINE, Cochrane‐Library, National Guideline Clearinghouse and select websites of relevant societies/organizations were used to identify CPGs, medical consensus and position papers between 2011‐2019.Results:A total of 5 documents were analysed: 3 CPGs, 1 medical consensus, and 1 position paper. All publications were consistent in recommending DAA treatment for adolescents (12–17 years old) with chronic HCV infection. Similarly, all of these publications consistently recommended deferring therapy for children between 3 and 11 years of age until DAA became available as standard of care. Finally, none of the included publications recommended treating children younger than 3 years old. By contrast, there was significant discrepancy across the retrieved documents regarding specific DAA regimens and treatment strategies.Conclusions:There is strong consensus on treating all adolescents with chronic HCV infection with DAA and on delaying therapy in younger children until these agents are approved for them. Interferon‐based therapies should be avoided. Specific recommendations regarding which DAA regimen to use and treatment duration varied significantly. Key stakeholders need to convene to standardize therapeutic strategies at a global level if we are to eradicate HCV in children.
Longitudinal Description of Gonadal Function in Sickle-cell Patients Treated With Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Using Alkylator-based Conditioning Regimens
Authors: Elchuri Swati V. , Williamson Lewis Rebecca , Quarmyne Maa-Ohui , Haight Ann E. , Cottrell Hanh N. , Meacham Lillian R. 
Published: March 2020

Objectives:
This study describes the hormone profiles for gonadal late effects after alkylator-based hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) regimens used for sickle-cell disease (SCD).

Methods:
This is a retrospective chart review of subjects followed in the post-HSCT clinic for sickle-cell disease. Patient demographics, pubertal development, characteristics of pre-HSCT disease severity, treatment before HSCT, conditioning regimens, presence of graft versus host disease and follicle-stimulating hormone, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), luteinizing hormone and testosterone were abstracted from the medical record.

Results:
Forty subjects (24 female individuals) with SCD were 9 (±4.3) years old at HSCT and 7.9 years (±5.6) from HSCT. At the time of transplant, 8% of female individuals and no male individuals were pubertal and 58% of female individuals and 38% of male individuals had been treated with hydroxyurea. Post-HSCT, all of the female individuals had diminished ovarian reserve on the basis of low AMH values and 10 of the pubertal female individuals (71%) had premature ovarian insufficiency defined as follicle-stimulating hormone >40 mIU/mL ×2. There was no ovarian recovery and AMH remained very low or undetectable up to 13 years post-HSCT. In male individuals, luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels were normal for age.

Conclusions:
Post-HSCT for SCD, all female individuals had diminished ovarian reserve and most female individuals had POI, whereas male individuals had normal testosterone hormone production.
Establishment of Reference Ranges for Normal Organ Weights in Malaysian Adults at Autopsy
Authors: Jothee Shatishraj , Shafie Mohamed Swarhib , Vijayaretnam Suthaa Veni , Nor Faridah Mohd 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Organ weights are routinely measured during autopsies as a crude screening tool to detect possible organ pathology. In several centers, inclusion of major organ weights indicates whether an autopsy report has achieved its standard of practice, which in turn should be subjected to an audit. Previous studies show statistical variation in organ weights across different populations. Malaysian pathologists have relied on Western data and crude subjective determination in the interpretation of normal organ weights. Hence, the need for a reference range as a guide for pathologists is acute. Organ weights from traumatic deaths between 2004 and 2017 were analyzed in the UKM Medical Centre. Statistical analysis was performed to form reference ranges for normal weights of the brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, and kidneys. In addition, the data were compared between sexes, races, and body mass index values to determine whether organ weights were affected by these parameters. In this study, reference ranges for organ weights are presented for Malaysian adult men and women.
Committing Suicide With Handgun Wounds in the Head Using a Defective Firearm
Authors: Durfort Céline , Cappy Julien , Lorin de la Grandmaison Geoffroy 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We report 2 unusual autopsy cases with head handgun wounds using defective firearms in a suicidal context. In the first case, a 78-year-old man was found hanged from a tree, with a Lefaucheux revolver lying on the tree. In the right temporal region, there was an entrance wound with a bullet still in place, responsible for a mild cerebral contusion, without bone defect. The main cause of death was hanging. In the second case, a 60-year-old man died at home after shooting himself in the head several times with a 22-long rifle revolver. The autopsy showed 13 entrance wounds on the scalp. Most of the bullets remained along the skull vault. In each of 2 cases, the manner of death, the feasibility of suicidal gesture, and the consequences of a brain injury on the time to the occurrence of incapacity were questioned. These unusual autopsy cases underline how important it is to take into account the defective nature of firearms.
Oligometastatic Disease and Interventional Oncology
Authors: Murali Nikitha , Ludwig Johannes M. , Nezami Nariman , Kim Hyun S. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Oligometastatic disease (OMD) is generally defined as a stage of clinically or radiographically demonstrated metastatic disease limited in total disease burden and without rapid spread. Interventional oncology performs local therapies for primary and metastatic cancers, including OMD. Interventional oncology treatments can be pursued both as definitive therapy and for palliative purposes. Applied to OMD, these interventions can offer patients a decreasing overall tumor burden, minimizing cancer morbidity, and early evidence suggests a survival benefit. Here, we discuss the range of interventional oncology treatments, including ablation, chemoembolization, radioembolization, and irreversible electroporation. We describe the rationale for their application to OMD and discuss future directions for research.
Brief Report: Effects of Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training in Hispanic HIV+ Women: A Nonrandomized Study
Authors: Ramírez-Marrero Farah A. , Pérez-Frontera Sigrid , Amalbert-Birriel Marcos A. , Matos Miriam , Santana-Bagur Jorge , Frontera Walter R. , Wojna Valerie 
Published: March 2020

Background:
Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is usually observed in people living with HIV. The effect of a low-volume high-intensity interval training (LV-HIIT) on CRF in HIV+ and HIV− Hispanic women was evaluated in this study.

Setting:
A nonrandomized clinical trial with pre-test and post-test using a LV-HIIT intervention was conducted in the AIDS Clinical Trials Unit and the Puerto Rico Clinical and Translational Research Consortium at the University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus.

Methods:
Twenty-nine HIV+ and 13 HIV− Hispanic women recruited from community-based programs and clinics, and able to engage in daily physical activities, volunteered to participate. Of these, 20 HIV+ (69%) and 11 HIV− (85%) completed the study and were included in the analyses. LV-HIIT consisted of 6-week, 3 d/wk, 8–10 high-intensity and low-intensity intervals on a cycle ergometer at 80%–90% of heart rate reserve. Main outcome measures were CRF (defined as VO2peak), peak workload, and time to peak exercise.

Results:
Average peak workload and time to peak exercise increased after training (P < 0.05) in both groups. However, average CRF was significantly higher after training only in the HIV− group. Gains in CRF were observed in 100% of HIV− and 50% of HIV+ women. This was not influenced by exercise testing, habitual physical activity, or anthropometric variables.

Conclusions:
Given the lack of change in CRF observed in the HIV+ group after LV-HIIT intervention, it is important to focus on variations that may occur within groups.
Do Postoperative Prophylactic Antibiotics Reduce Highly Virulent Infections?
Authors: Monroig Kaitlin , Ghosh Kanad , Marquez Jocellie E. , Medrano Christopher , Marmor William A. , McAuliffe Phoebe , Ferrier Austin , Kapadia Kailash , Rogoff Hunter , Huston Tara , Ganz Jason , Khan Sami , Dagum Alexander , Bui Duc 
Published: March 2020

Background
Many surgeons are reluctant to discontinue prophylactic antibiotics after 24 hours in tissue expander breast reconstruction (TEBR) because of fear of increased risk of surgical site infection (SSI). Currently, there is no consensus regarding antibiotic prophylaxis duration in TEBR. In addition, there remains a lack of research investigating microorganisms involved in SSI across various perioperative antibiotic protocols. The purpose of this study was to examine how 2 different prophylactic antibiotic regimens impacted the bacterial profiles of SSI and rate of implant loss after TEBR.

Methods
A single-institution retrospective review of immediate TEBRs between 2001 and 2018 was performed. Surgical site infections requiring hospitalization before stage 2 were included. Highly virulent organisms were defined as ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter species). Implant loss was defined as removal of tissue expander without immediate replacement.

Results
Of 660 TEBRs, 85 (12.9%) developed an SSI requiring hospitalization before stage 2. Fifty-six (65.9%) received less than 24 hours of perioperative intravenous antibiotics and oral antibiotics after discharge (group 1), and 29 (34.1%) received less than 24 hours of intravenous antibiotics only (group 2). There was no significant difference in demographics, preoperative chemotherapy/radiation, acellular dermal matrix usage, or treatment of SSI between groups. In group 1, 64% (n = 36) developed culture positive SSIs, compared with 83% (n = 24) in group 2 (P = 0.076). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacteria in both groups. Group 2 demonstrated a significantly increased incidence of gram-positive organisms (46.4% vs 72.4%, P = 0.022) and S. aureus (21.4% vs 55.2%, P = 0.002). However, there was no significant difference in overall highly virulent (P = 0.168), gram-negative (P = 0.416), or total isolated organisms (P = 0.192). Implant loss between groups 1 and 2 (62.5% vs 62.1%, P = 0.969) respectively, was nearly identical.

Conclusions
Our study demonstrates that, despite differences in bacterial profiles between 2 antibiotic protocols, prolonged postoperative antibiotic use did not protect against overall highly virulent infections or implant loss. Antibiotic stewardship guidelines against the overuse of prolonged prophylactic regimens should be considered. Further analysis regarding timing of SSIs and antibiotic treatment is warranted.
Free Anterolateral Thigh Versus Vastus Lateralis Muscle Flaps for Coverage of Lower Extremity Defects in Chronic Wounds
Authors: Black Cara K. , Zolper Elizabeth G. , Ormiston Laurel D. , Schwitzer Jonathan A. , Luvisa Kyle , Attinger Christopher E. , Fan Kenneth L. , Evans Karen K. 
Published: March 2020

IntroductionThe thigh has been called the reconstructive warehouse. The anterolateral thigh (ALT) and vastus lateralis (VL) flaps are popular options for free tissue transfer in lower extremity reconstruction. We sought to review the largest experience of these flaps in the chronic wound population.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent lower extremity reconstruction using ALT or VL flaps by a single surgeon between 2012 and 2018.ResultsFifty ALT and 34 VL flaps were identified. Comorbidities were similar between groups with the exception of body mass index (ALT, 26.8; VL, 30.1;P= 0.0121). There was also a significant difference rate of independent ambulation preoperatively (ALT, 98.0%; VL, 85.3%;P= 0.0375). An adjunct was needed for recipient site coverage in 31.5% (19/50) of ALT patients and 100% (34/34) of VL patients. Of the patients who received skin grafts, delayed placement was more frequent in the ALT (53.3%) versus VL cohort (18.2%) (P= 0.0192). Median graft take and the rate of skin graft revision were not statistically different. Flap success rates were similar: ALT, 92.0%; and VL, 94.1%. Overall complication rates were not significantly different: ALT, 26.0%; and VL, 38.2%. Infectious complications were also comparable. Subsequent debulking procedures were performed on 8.0% of ALT flaps and 11.8% VL flaps (P= 0.7092). Limb salvage rates were similar between both cohorts (ALT, 82.0%; VL, 88.2%). Ambulation rate was significantly higher for the ALT cohort at 92.0% compared with 73.5% for the VL cohort (P= 0.0216). Median follow-up was similar for both groups.ConclusionsWe present the largest comparison study of ALT and VL flaps in lower extremity salvage. Complication rates, flap success, and limb salvage were similar between the 2 cohorts. Despite a high prevalence of osteomyelitis in both cohorts, there was no difference in infectious complications. Although the need for skin grafting remains an inherent disadvantage of the VL flap, a significant proportion of ALT recipients also needed an adjunct for recipient site coverage. Ambulation rate was significantly greater in the ALT group. However, flap type was no longer significant for ambulation when controlling for preoperative ambulatory status.
Survival and Versatility of the Flow-Through Lateral-Thigh Free Flap in Severe Electrical Injuries to the Wrist
Authors: Chen Xu , Zhang Cong , Cheng Lin , Chen Hui , Wang Hao , Qin Feng-Jun , Tian Peng , Zhang Yu-Hai , Shen Yu-Ming 
Published: March 2020

Background
The hand and wrist are most often in contact with electrical currents and thus most vulnerable to severe electrical burns. The treatment of such severe injury via surgical intervention remains a big challenge because of the vast tissue necrosis and the segmental vascular injury. The flow-through lateral-thigh free flap has been used effectively to resurface these defects and to reconstruct segmental vascular defects.

Methods
Between January 2014 and June 2017, 11 male patients aged 19 to 53 years were admitted to the burn unit of our institution. Each presented with severe electrical burns to the wrist with long segmental vascular injury, and 2 cases suffered from electrical burn on both wrists. After radical debridement, the soft-tissue and segmental artery defects were rebuilt through the application of flow-through lateral-thigh free flap for 1 of the ulnar or radial artery injury (7/12). Ulnar artery defects were rebuilt through the application of flow-through lateral-thigh free flap, and radial artery revascularization was done using a greater saphenous vein graft for both ulnar and radial artery injuries (5/12). Vascular condition was closely monitored throughout the treatment period.

Results
Forearm amputation was performed in 1 case as a result of distal immediate necrosis postinjury. Successful limb salvage was achieved in the other 12 wrists. Infection beneath the flap occurred in 3 cases but resolved after debridement. Over the course of the 3- to 12-month follow-up period, the free flaps maintained good texture and sharpness, distal circulation of affected limb became well established, and the appearances of the donor sites were acceptable.

Conclusions
High-voltage electrical burns of the wrist are highly destructive, and sophisticated management of damage requires concomitant vascular reconstruction and soft-tissue coverage. The flow-through anterolateral-thigh flap is an optimal solution for this problem. Emphasis must be placed on the affected blood vessel throughout the treatment period.
High resolution spatial transcriptome analysis by photo-isolation chemistry
Authors: Honda Mizuki , Oki Shinya , Harada Akihito , Maehara Kazumitsu , Tanaka Kaori , Meno Chikara , Ohkawa Yasuyuki 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTIn multicellular organisms, individual cells are characterized by their gene expression profiles and the spatial interactions among cells enable the elaboration of complex functions. Expression profiling in spatially defined regions is crucial to elucidate cell interactions and functions. Here, we established a transcriptome profiling method coupled with photo-isolation chemistry (PIC) that allows the determination of expression profiles specifically from photo-irradiated regions of whole tissues. PIC uses photo-caged oligodeoxynucleotides forin situreverse transcription. After photo-irradiation of limited areas, gene expression was detected from at least 10 cells in the tissue sections. PIC transcriptome analysis detected genes specifically expressed in small distinct areas of the mouse embryo. Thus, PIC enables transcriptome profiles to be determined from limited regions at a spatial resolution up to the diffraction limit.
Naturally occurring cobalamin (B12) analogs can function as cofactors for human methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
Authors: Sokolovskaya Olga M. , Plessl Tanja , Bailey Henry , Mackinnon Sabrina , Baumgartner Matthias R. , Yue Wyatt W. , Froese D. Sean , Taga Michiko E. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCobalamin, commonly known as vitamin B12, is an essential micronutrient for humans because of its role as an enzyme cofactor. Cobalamin is one of over a dozen structurally related compounds – cobamides – that are found in food and are produced by microorganisms in the human gut. Very little is known about how different cobamides affect B12-dependent metabolism in human cells. Here, we testin vitrohow diverse cobamide cofactors affect the function of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT), one of two cobalamin-dependent enzymes in humans. We find that, although cobalamin is the most effective cofactor for MMUT, multiple cobamides support MMUT function with differences in binding affinity (Kd), binding kinetics (kon), and concentration dependence during catalysis (KM, app). Additionally, we find that six disease-associated MMUT variants that cause cobalamin-responsive impairments in enzymatic activity also respond to other cobamides, with the extent of catalytic rescue dependent on the identity of the cobamide. Our studies challenge the exclusive focus on cobalamin in the context of human physiology, indicate that diverse cobamides can support the function of a human enzyme, and suggest future directions that will improve our understanding of the roles of different cobamides in human biology.
Insights on the taxonomy and ecogenomics of theSynechococcuscollective
Authors: Salazar Vinícius W. , Thompson Cristiane C. , Tschoeke Diogo A. , Swings Jean , Mattoso Marta , Thompson Fabiano L. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTThe genusSynechococcus(also namedSynechococcuscollective, SC) is a major contributor to global primary productivity. It is found in a wide range of aquatic ecosystems.Synechococcusis metabolically diverse, with some lineages thriving in polar and nutrient-rich locations, and other in tropical riverine waters. Although many studies have discussed the ecology and evolution ofSynechococcus, there is a paucity of knowledge on the taxonomic structure of SC. Only a few studies have addressed the taxonomy of SC, and this issue still remains largely ignored. Our aim was to establish a new classification system for SC. Our analyses included comparing GC% content, genome size, pairwise Average Amino acid Identity (AAI) values, phylogenomics and gene cluster profiles of 170 publicly available SC genomes. All analyses were consistent with the discrimination of 11 genera, from which 2 are newly proposed (LacustricoccusandSynechospongium). The new classification is also consistent with the habitat distribution (seawater, freshwater and thermal environments) and reflects the ecological and evolutionary relationships of SC. We provide a practical and consistent classification scheme for the entireSynechococcuscollective.
Noise propagation in metabolic pathways: the role of growth-mediated feedback
Authors: Borri A. , Palumbo P. , Singh A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMetabolic networks are known to deal with the chemical reactions responsible to fuel cellular activities with energy and carbon source and, as a matter of fact, to set the growth rate of the cell. To this end, feedback and regulatory networks play a crucial role to handle adaptation to external perturbations and internal noise. In this work, a cellular resource is assumed to be activated at the end of a metabolic pathway, by means of a cascade of transformations. Such a cascade is triggered by the catalytic action of an enzyme that promotes the first transformation. The final product is responsible for the cellular growth rate modulation. This mechanism acts in feedback at the enzymatic level, since the enzyme (as well as all species) is subject to dilution, with the dilution rate set by growth. Enzymatic production is modeled by the occurrence of noisy bursts: a Stochastic Hybrid System is exploited to model the network and to investigate how such noise propagates on growth fluctuations. A major biological finding is that, differently from other models of metabolic pathways disregarding growth-mediated feedback, fluctuations in enzyme levels do not produce only local effects, but propagate up to the final product (hence to the growth rate). Furthermore, the delay provided by the cascade length helps in reducing the impact of enzymatic noise on to growth fluctuations. Analytical results are supported by Monte Carlo simulations.