bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal experiences of caring for a child with a ventricular assist device
Authors: DiFusco Leigh Ann , Saylor Jennifer L. , Schell Kathleen A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of maternal experiences of caring for their child with a VAD at home as a bridge to transplant. A descriptive, qualitative study was conducted via telephone‐recorded guided interviews. Participants were caring for or had a child with a VAD between 4 and 16 years old. Data collection occurred over a 12‐month period. Using the snowball sampling technique, a purposeful sample of mothers (n = 6) was consented and completed the interview. The data were analyzed using an iterative process of thematic analysis. Five themes emerged: physical modifications, the loss of independence, the emotional rollercoaster, support from others, and transitions on and off the device. We introduced new evidence about sleep, contraception, and heart transplantation, and how VAD therapy impacts childhood development. The mean duration of VAD support was 263 ± 170 days. Five children had heart transplants by the time of interview. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first qualitative study in the US that explores maternal experiences of caring for a child who is living at home with a VAD. VAD therapy is a novel approach to managing advanced heart failure among children and presents unique challenges when caring for them at home. Results provide insight into the education, physical environment, and support needed by parents.
Transplant renal artery stenosis in a child with BK nephropathy
Authors: Mannemuddhu Sudha , Pekkucuksen Naile , Bush Rachel , Johns Felicia , Upadhyay Kiran 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTRAS and BK nephropathy are known complications of RT, but the association between both has not been reported. A 2‐year‐old girl underwent a deceased donor renal transplant from a 20‐year‐old donor, along with bilateral native nephrectomies. She had a DGF due to a renal artery thrombus and required thrombectomy with re‐anastomosis. Heparin and aspirin were used. Immunosuppressive agents included thymoglobulin, steroid, tacrolimus, and MMF. CMV and EBV DNA PCRs were negative, but she developed BK viremia at 2 months with stable allograft function. Immunosuppression was reduced, and leflunomide was initiated. Blood pressures were well controlled on low‐dose amlodipine. Five months after RT, she presented with hypertensive emergency, following a respiratory infection, and required dialysis for oliguric acute kidney injury. Allograft biopsy showed evidence of BK nephropathy. Immunosuppression was further minimized. Doppler renal US and renal artery duplex studies were both suggestive of TRAS. Angiogram showed severe proximal anastomotic TRAS (>95% occlusion). PTA with stenting was done with immediate improvement in the blood flow and reduction in the pressure gradient. BPs and renal function normalized. Ten months post‐RT, she remains normotensive with stable renal function and resolution of BK viremia. Although ureteral stenosis and nephropathy are known to occur with BK infection, TRAS is an interesting association and possibly suggest the tropism of BK virus to the vascular endothelial cells. Timely recognition and management of both is important to prevent uncontrolled hypertension and allograft dysfunction.
The condensin subunits SMC2 and SMC4 interact for correct condensation and segregation of mitotic maize chromosomes
Authors: Wang Hefei , Liu Yang , Yuan Jing , Zhang Jing , Han Fangpu 
Published: December 2019

SummaryStructural Maintenance of Chromosomes 2 (SMC2) and Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes 4 (SMC4) are the core components of the condensin complexes, which are required for chromosome assembly and faithful segregation during cell division. Because of the crucial functions of both proteins in cell division, much work has been done in various vertebrates, but little information is known about their roles in plants. Here, we identified ZmSMC2 and ZmSMC4 in maize (Zea mays) and confirmed that ZmSMC2 associates with ZmSMC4 via their hinge domains. Immunostaining revealed that both proteins showed dynamic localization during mitosis. ZmSMC2 and ZmSMC4 are essential for proper chromosome segregation and for H3 phosphorylation at Serine 10 (H3S10ph) at pericentromeres during mitotic division. The loss of function of ZmSMC2 and ZmSMC4 enlarges mitotic chromosome volume and impairs sister chromatid separation to the opposite poles. Taken together, these findings confirm and extend the coordinated role of ZmSMC2 and ZmSMC4 in maintenance of normal chromosome architecture and accurate segregation during mitosis.
Faeces as a novel material to estimate lyssavirus prevalence in bat populations
Authors: Begeman Lineke , Kooi Engbert A. , van Weezep Erik , van de Bildt Marco W. G. , Reusken Chantal B. E. M. , Lina Peter H. C. , Koopmans Marion P. G. , van den Brand Judith M. A. , Kuiken Thijs 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRabies is caused by infection with a lyssavirus. Bat rabies is of concern for both public health and bat conservation. The current method for lyssavirus prevalence studies in bat populations is by oral swabbing, which is invasive for the bats, dangerous for handlers, time‐consuming and expensive. In many situations, such sampling is not feasible, and hence, our understanding of epidemiology of bat rabies is limited. Faeces are usually easy to collect from bat colonies without disturbing the bats and thus could be a practical and feasible material for lyssavirus prevalence studies. To further explore this idea, we performed virological analysis on faecal pellets and oral swabs of seven serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus) that were positive for European bat 1 lyssavirus in the brain. We also performed immunohistochemical and virological analyses on digestive tract samples of these bats to determine potential sources of lyssavirus in the faeces. We found that lyssavirus detection by RT‐qPCR was nearly as sensitive in faecal pellets (6/7 bats positive, 86%) as in oral swabs (7/7 bats positive, 100%). The likely source of lyssavirus in the faeces was virus excreted into the oral cavity from the salivary glands (5/6 bats positive by immunohistochemistry and RT‐qPCR) or tongue (3/4 bats positive by immunohistochemistry) and swallowed with saliva. Virus could not be isolated from any of the seven faecal pellets, suggesting the lyssavirus detected in faeces is not infectious. Lyssavirus detection in the majority of faecal pellets of infected bats shows that this novel material should be further explored for lyssavirus prevalence studies in bats.
IDENTIFYING KEY FACTORS OF COMMUTER TRAIN SERVICE QUALITY:AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS FOR DHAKA CITY
Authors: Nowshin Mowrin Anika , Hadiuzzaman Md. , Barua Saurav , Rahman Md. Mizanur 
Published: December 2019

Commuter train is a viable alternative to road transport to ease the traffic congestion which requires appropriate planning by concerned authorities. The research is aimed to assess passengers’ perception about commuter train service running in areas near Dhaka city. An Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model has been developed to evaluate service quality (SQ) of commuter train. Field survey data has been conducted among 802 respondents who were the regular user of commuter train and 12 attributes have been selected for model development. ANFIS was developed by the training and then tested by 80% and 20% of the total sample respectively. After that, model performance has been evaluated by (i) Confusion Matrix (ii) Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and attributes are ranked based on their relative importance. The proposed ANFIS model has 61.50% accuracy in training and 47.80% accuracy in testing. From the results, it is found that 'Bogie condition', 'Cleanliness', ‘Female harassment’, 'Behavior of staff' and 'Toilet facility' are the most significant attributes. This indicates that some necessary measures should be taken immediately to recover the effects of these attributes to improve the SQ of commuter train.
Pressure Drop and Flow Development in the Entrance Region of Microchannels With Second-Order Velocity Slip Condition and the Requirement for Development Length
Authors: Ray Baibhab , Durst Franz , Ray Subhashis 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this investigation, Lfd* and Δp in the entrance region of circular and parallel plate microchannels have been determined for 10−2≤Re≤104 and 10−4≤Kn≤0.2, employing the second-order velocity slip condition at the wall with C1=1 and 0≤C2≤0.5. Results indicate that although local velocity slip at the wall is always higher than that for the fully developed section, local wall shear stress for higher Kn and C2 could be lower than its fully developed value, which is also more prominent for lower Re. Therefore, depending upon the operating condition, K(x) and Kfd could assume negative values, implying that pressure gradient in the developing region could even be less than that in the fully developed section. It has been further observed that both Lfd* and Kfd are characterized by the low and the high Re asymptotes, using which extremely accurate correlations have been proposed for both geometries.
Partial Finite-Time Stabilization of Perturbed Nonlinear Systems Based on the Novel Concept of Nonsingular Terminal Sliding Mode Method
Authors: Razmjooei Hamid , Shafiei Mohammad Hossein 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this article, a new technique to design a robust controller to achieve finite-time partial stabilization for a class of nonlinear perturbed systems is proposed. Indeed the system is partially stabilized in a finite time, based on the novel concept of the nonsingular terminal sliding mode (TSM) control method. In the first step, the nonlinear dynamical system is divided into two subsystems based on their required stability properties of the system's states (where finite-time stability is only desired for the first subsystem). Then, using a partial diffeomorphism map to transform the first subsystem into the normal form, the control law is designed. Indeed, by introducing this new concept of the TSM method, robust finite-time stability of only a part of the system's state is guaranteed. Subsequently, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, and the results are compared with the existing methods.
Investigating the Effects of Engine Operating Conditions on the Cyclic Variability of a Commercial Flex-Fuel Engine
Authors: Um Min Allah Fazal , Rufino Caio Henrique , Gallo Waldyr Luiz Ribeiro , Zabeu Clayton Barcelos 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The flex-fuel engines are quite capable of running on gasohol and hydrous ethanol. However, the in-cylinder cyclic variations, which are inherently present in spark-ignition (SI) engines, affect the performance of these engines. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis is required to evaluate the effects of in-cylinder cyclic variations of a flex-fuel engine. The experiments were carried out by using Brazilian commercial Gasohol E27 (mixture of 27% anhydrous ethanol in gasoline) and hydrous ethanol E95h (5% water by volume in ethanol) as fuels for a commercial flex-fuel spark ignition engine. A comparison between the cyclic variations of gasohol and hydrous ethanol is presented in this paper. Moreover, the effects of engine operating parameters (i.e., engine speed, engine load and relative air fuel ratio) on cyclic variations are also investigated. The acquired data of in-cylinder pressure and combustion durations are evaluated by carrying out a statistical analysis. The coefficient of variation for indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) did not exceed the limit of 5% for all tested conditions. Higher cyclic variability of maximum in-cylinder pressure is observed for gasohol fuel and higher engine speeds. The variability of in-cylinder combustion is also evaluated with the help of different combustion stages, which are characterized by corresponding crank positions of 10%, 50% and 90% mass fractions burned.
Classifying IC Engine Swirl Fields by Complex Moments
Authors: Teh Kwee-Yan , Ge Penghui , Zhao Fengnian , Hung David L. S. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Engine in-cylinder flow varies from cycle to cycle, which contributes to variation of the mixing and combustion processes between fuel and air. Such flow field cyclic variability at the macroscopic scale is distinct from random fluctuations at the microscopic scale about the ensemble mean velocity field due to turbulence. At the extreme, the mean velocity field may bear no resemblance to any instantaneous flow field within the ensemble. Rather, these instantaneous fields may appear multimodal. Yet previous attempts to define and identify the flow modes were either qualitative (by visual inspection), or based on strict point-by-point velocity difference between two flow fields. The former approach is clearly subjective; the latter does not accommodate translational and rotational variations of in-cylinder flow patterns relative to a flow mode. Such spatial variations, in location and orientation, of the flow patterns can be quantified by the technique of complex moment normalization. The algebraic properties of complex moments are also intimately related to the geometric and physical properties of two-dimensional/two-component flow fields. In this paper, we take the normalized moments as flow field attributes for further cluster analysis. This analysis approach is demonstrated using a set of in-cylinder flow fields obtained by high-speed particle image velocimetry on a swirl plane of a research optical engine operating under low intake swirl setting. The resulting classification of the flow fields into several clusters (flow modes) are discussed, and the potential and limitations of the analysis approach are appraised.
Effects of Valve Strokes on Spray Shapes for GDI Injector
Authors: Ishii Eiji , Yoshimura Kazuki , Hosaka Tomoyuki 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The effects of valve strokes on the spray shapes of a GDI injector with six holes were studied. Two kinds of strokes that change the shapes to be either cone-shaped or bell-shaped were selected to investigate the flow characteristics that caused the shapes to change. Fuel-spray behaviors were first observed with an experimental setup; strokes of 100 percent (full stroke) and 26 percent were selected assuming the multiple injection of fuel. The 26 percent stoke was selected as a representative example of narrow stroke. To investigate the flow characteristics that caused the cone and bell shapes, computational fluid simulation was applied to study the fluid flows around the holes and sprays in the air region. It was found that the stroke of 26 percent formed a narrow space upstream of the hole inlets, so the velocity component in the radial direction at the hole inlets increased. The velocity component in the radial direction also increased at the hole outlets, so each spray plume became wider and the spaces between the plumes narrower. Due to the narrower spaces, the mixture of the plumes caused the spray to become bell-shaped. The velocity component in the radial direction at the hole outlets was an important factor that determined the spray shape in the air region.
Systematic Multi-Index Validations of SIDI Engine Flow Field LES Computations Using Crank Angle-Resolved PIV Measurements
Authors: Liu Mengqi , Zhao Fengnian , Li Xuesong , Xu Min , Yue Zongyu , Som Sibendu , Hung David L. S. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In-cylinder flow fields make significant impacts on the fuel atomization, fuel mixture formation, and combustion process in spark ignition direct injection (SIDI) engines. In recent years, model-based simulation approaches are preferred in regard to investigating the transient in-cylinder flow field characteristics. Most commonly, the simulation models are validated using single representative flow field at a typical crank angle measured by particle image velocimetry (PIV). However, it provides only limited knowledge about the flow field which is highly three-dimensional and of transient nature. In this study, crank angle-resolved PIV measurements are conducted on three distinct planes inside the cylinder to capture the transient process of flow field characteristics which vary with the crank angle. These three planes consist of one tumble plane through the spark plug tip, one tumble plane along two intake ports, and one swirl plane at 30 mm below the cylinder head. Large eddy simulation (LES) is employed for the numerical computations using the CONVERGE codes. On the basis of large datasets for both temporal and spatial domains, a multi-index systematic validation approach is conducted. Crank angle-resolved calculations of global indices and local indices are implemented using the flow fields velocity data obtained from both PIV and LES on select planes. Global indices reveal the trends in similarities of different crank angle degrees and locations, while local indices give the detail comparison results. In summary, with the systematic multi-index validation approach, the crucial crank angle degrees and locations for model verification will be detected. Furthermore, the corresponding critical flow features are analyzed. Practical guideline of flow field validation is proposed.
Evaluation of Effective Active Site on Pd Methane Oxidation Catalyst in Exhaust Gas of Lean Burn Gas Engine
Authors: Nitta Yoshifuru , Yamasaki Yudai 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Lean-burn gas engines have recently attracted attentions in the maritime industry, because they can reduce NOx, SOx and CO2 emissions. However, since methane (CH4) is the main component of natural gas, the slipped methane which is the unburned methane emitted from the lean-burn gas engines likely contributes to global warming. It is thus important to make progress on exhaust aftertreatment technologies for lean-burn gas engines. A Palladium (Pd) catalyst for CH4 oxidation is expected to provide a countermeasure for slipped methane, because it can activate at lower exhaust gas temperature. However, a deactivation in higher water (H2O) concentration should be overcome, because H2O inhibits CH4 oxidation.
This study was performed investigates the effects of exhaust gas temperature or gas composition on active Pd catalyst sites to clarify CH4 oxidation performance in the exhaust gas of lean-burn gas engines. The authors developed the method of estimating effective active sites for the Pd catalyst at various exhaust gas temperature. The estimation method is based on the assumption that active sites used for CH4 oxidation process can be shared with the active sites used for Carbon mono-oxide (CO) oxidation. The molecular of chemisorbed CO on the active sites of the Pd catalyst can provide effective active sites for CH4 oxidation process. To clarify the effects of exhaust gas temperature and compositions on active Pd catalyst sites, the authors developed an experimental system for the new estimation method. This paper introduces experimental results and verifications of the new method, showing that chemisorbed CO volume on a Pd/Al2O3 catalyst is increased with increasing Pd loading in 250–450 °C, simulated as a typical exhaust gas temperature range of lean-burn gas engines. The results provide a part of the criteria for the application of Pd catalysts to the reduction of slipped methane in exhaust gas of lean-burn gas engines.
Observation of Flame Propagation in a Heavy-Duty Natural-Gas Lean Burn Spark-Ignition Engine
Authors: Liu Jinlong , Dumitrescu Cosmin E. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Natural gas (NG) is an alternative combustible fuel for the transportation sectors due to its clean combustion, small carbon footprint, and, with recent breakthroughs in drilling technologies, increased availability and low cost. Currently, NG is better suited for spark-ignited (SI), as a gasoline replacement in conventional SI engines or as a diesel replacement in diesel engines converted to SI operation. However, the knowledge on the fundamentals of NG flame propagation at conditions representative of modern engines (e.g., at higher compression ratios and/or lean mixtures) is limited. Flame propagation inside an engine can be achieved by replacing the original piston with a see-through one. This study visualized flame activities inside the combustion chamber of an optically-accessible heavy-duty diesel engine retrofitted to NG SI operation to increase the understanding of combustion processes inside such converted engines. Recordings of flame luminosity throughout the combustion period at lean-burn operating conditions indicated that the fully-developed turbulent flame formed from several smaller-scale kernels. These small kernels varied with shapes and locations due to different flow motion around the spark location (including the effect of spark electrodes on the local flow separation), different local temperature, or different energy released in these regions. In addition, the turbulent flame was heavily wrinkled during propagation, despite it was grown from a relatively-circular kernel. Moreover, the intake swirl accelerated the flame propagation process while rotating the turbulent flame during its development. Furthermore, the flame propagation speed reduced dramatically when entering the squish region, while the direction from which the flame first touched the bowl edge changed with individual cycles. The results can help the CFD community to better develop RANS and/or LES simulations of such engines under lean-burn operating conditions.
Investigation of Gasoline Compression Ignition for Combustion Control
Authors: Ravaglioli V. , Ponti F. , De Cesare M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Future emission regulations for Internal Combustion Engines require increasingly stringent reductions of engine-out emissions, especially NOx and particulate matter, together with the continuous improvement of engine efficiency. In the current scenario, even though compression-ignited engines are still considered the most efficient and reliable technology for automotive applications, the use of Diesel-like fuels has become a critical issue, since it is usually not compatible with the required emissions reduction. A large amount of research and experimentation is being carried out to investigate the combined use of compression-ignited engines and gasoline-like fuels, which proved to be very promising, especially in case the fuel is directly-injected in the combustion chamber at high pressure. This work investigates the combustion process occurring in a light-duty compression-ignited engine while directly injecting only gasoline. A specific experimental setup has been designed to guarantee combustion stability over the whole operating range, that is achieved controlling boost pressure and temperature together with all the injection parameters of the multi-jet pattern. The analysis of the experimental data clearly highlights how the variation of the control parameters affect the ignition process of small amounts of directly injected gasoline and the maximum achievable efficiency. In particular, the analysis of the sensitivity to the injection parameters allows identifying an ignition delay model and the key control parameters that might be varied to guarantee a robust control of combustion phasing within the cycle.