bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk sensitivity in Beverton–Holt fishery with multiplicative harvest
Authors: Filar Jerzy A. , Qiao Zhihao , Streipert Sabrina 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe present a steady‐state threshold risk analysis framework for exploited populations following the Beverton–Holt recurrence. The Beverton–Holt model is widely applied in the assessment of species biomass and fitted to experimental data to obtain a suitable range of parameter values. To account for the uncertainty in these parameter values, such as the growth rate, we analyze the probability of the steady‐state harvested population falling below a critical threshold. More precisely, the Beverton–Holt equation with constant multiplicative survival, constant carrying capacity, and constant growth rate is considered. Under the assumption of a stochastic distributed proliferation rate, we analyze the risk of the steady‐state population falling below a specified threshold, under constant harvest. We demonstrate a characteristic sensitivity property of that risk, that we refer to as “instability wedge,” in the parameter space. We continue the study by assuming a 2‐periodic carrying capacity, representing seasonal changes in the population's environment. Again, we demonstrate the risk sensitivity phenomenon. Although the growth rate was chosen to have a uniform distribution in presented examples, the framework extends to other probability distributions.
Heterogeneity of Streptococcus anginosus ß‐hemolysis in relation to CRISPR/Cas
Authors: Bauer Richard , Neffgen Nathalie , Grempels Aline , Furitsch Martina , Mauerer Stefanie , Barbaqadze Salome , Haase Gerhard , Kestler Hans , Spellerberg Barbara 
Published: January 2020

AbstractStreptococcus anginosus is a commensal of the oral mucosa that can cause severe invasive infections. A considerable proportion of Streptococcus anginosus strains are ß‐hemolytic due to the presence of an SLS‐like gene cluster. However, the majority of strains do not display ß‐hemolysis. To investigate ß‐hemolysin heterogeneity in S. anginosus, we determined the presence of sag genes and correlated it with the presence of CRISPR/Cas genes in a collection of ß‐hemolytic and non‐ß‐hemolytic strains. All of the ß‐hemolytic strains carried the sag gene cluster. In contrast to other streptococci, clinical S. anginosus strains that do not display ß‐hemolysis do not harbor sag genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the ß‐hemolytic strains revealed that they belong to two previously defined clusters within S. anginosus. Correlation with CRISPR/Cas genes showed a significant difference for the presence of CRISPR/Cas in ß‐hemolytic versus non‐ß‐hemolytic isolates. The presence of the CRISPR/Cas type IIA or type IIC locus is associated with the absence of sag genes; in 65% of the non‐ß‐hemolytic strains a CRISPR/Cas locus was found, while only 24% of ß‐hemolytic strains carry CRISPR/Cas genes. Further analysis of the spacer content of the CRISPR systems revealed the presence of multiple self‐targeting sequences directed against S. anginosus genes. These results support the hypothesis that horizontal gene transfer is involved in the acquisition of ß‐hemolysin genes and that CRISPR/Cas may limit DNA uptake in S. anginosus.
Low‐dose‐oral immunotherapy for children with wheat‐induced anaphylaxis
Authors: Nagakura Ken‐ichi , Yanagida Noriyuki , Sato Sakura , Nishino Makoto , Takahashi Kyohei , Asaumi Tomoyuki , Ogura Kiyotake , Ebisawa Motohiro 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundOral immunotherapy (OIT) use in patients with wheat anaphylaxis is not well studied. We assessed the efficacy of low‐dose OIT for patients with wheat‐induced anaphylaxis.MethodsEligible subjects were aged 5‐18 years with a history of wheat anaphylaxis and confirmed symptoms during oral food challenge (OFC) to 53 mg of wheat protein. After admission to the hospital for a 5‐day buildup phase, patients in the OIT group gradually increased wheat ingestion to 53 mg/day and then ingested 53 mg daily at home. One year later, they underwent 53‐ and 400‐mg OFCs after OIT cessation for 2 weeks. The historical control group was defined as patients who avoided wheat during the same period.ResultsMedian wheat‐ and ω‐5 gliadin‐specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) levels were 293 and 7.5 kUA/L, respectively, in the OIT group (16 children). No patients dropped out. Within 1 year, 88% of patients in the OIT group reached 53 mg. After 1 year, 69% and 9% patients passed the 53‐mg OFC and 25% and 0% passed the 400‐mg OFC in the OIT and control groups (11 children), respectively (P = .002 and 0.07, respectively). In the OIT group, wheat‐ and ω‐5 gliadin‐sIgE levels significantly decreased to 154 and 4.1 kUA/L, respectively, at 1 year, and wheat‐ and ω‐5 gliadin‐specific IgG and IgG4 levels significantly increased at 1 month. Anaphylaxis developed 7 times and promptly improved without adrenaline.ConclusionFor patients with wheat anaphylaxis, low‐dose OIT safely induces immunologic changes, achieves low‐dose desensitization, and may allow for a 400 mg dose.
Enforcing immigration law
Authors: Lister Matthew 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOver the last few years, an increasingly sophisticated literature devoted to normative questions arising out of the enforcement of immigration law had developed. In this essay, I consider what sorts of constraints considerations of justice and legitimacy may place on the enforcement of immigration law, even if we assume that states have significant discretion in setting their own immigration policies, and that open borders are not required by justice. I consider constraints placed on state or national governments, constraints on enforcement by substate governments, and constraints on the actions of individuals. I show that there are significant limits on what states may do and what they may require substate governments and individuals to do, in enforcing their immigration laws, but that these constraints are not clearly incompatible with significant state discretion in setting immigration policy. Nonetheless, consideration of justice in enforcement is necessary for any complete normative account of immigration.
Photosensitivity and cancer immune‐targeted therapies
Authors: Lembo Serena , Raimondo Annunziata , Conti Valeria , Venturini Marina 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe novel group of immunological agents used for solid tumors has importantly improved the quality of life and the survival rate of oncologic patients. Compared to conventional chemotherapy agents, they are more effective and less toxic. However, adverse cutaneous effects are commonly observed, and in some cases, they may induce treatment discontinuation, with heavy impact on patient prognosis. Among these, photosensitive reactions, either phototoxic or photoallergic, are increasing. Much remains to be clarified on the understanding of their prevention, diagnosis, and management. We have reviewed the literature about photosensitive reactions occurring during oncologic immunotherapies. Early dermatological diagnosis and adequate management, with oncologist's cooperation, is fundamental.
Estimation of causal continuous‐time autoregressive moving average random fields
Authors: Klüppelberg Claudia , Pham Viet Son 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe estimate model parameters of Lévy‐driven causal continuous‐time autoregressive moving average random fields by fitting the empirical variogram to the theoretical counterpart using a weighted least squares (WLS) approach. Subsequent to deriving asymptotic results for the variogram estimator, we show strong consistency and asymptotic normality of the parameter estimator. Furthermore, we conduct a simulation study to assess the quality of the WLS estimator for finite samples. For the simulation, we utilize numerical approximation schemes based on truncation and discretization of stochastic integrals and we analyze the associated simulation errors in detail. Finally, we apply our results to real data of the cosmic microwave background.
Optimal regulation under imperfect enforcement: Permits, tickets, or both?
Authors: Samuel Andrew , Farmer Amy , Mendez Fabio 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEconomic activity is often regulated through both permits and tickets (subsequent inspections). We study the effectiveness of such policies where corruption and an underground economy make enforcement imperfect. In the theoretical model, asymmetric information justifies regulatory action which is enforced by corruptible bureaucrats. We find that regulation through permits alone is useless when corruption exists, while tickets still offer some benefit. Surprisingly, we also find that a system with both permits and tickets achieves welfare that is higher than that which can be achieved with only tickets—that combining the two mechanisms has an effect that is greater than the “sum of the parts.”
Superior performance improvements in elite cyclists following short‐interval vs effort‐matched long‐interval training
Authors: Rønnestad Bent R. , Hansen Joar , Nygaard Håvard , Lundby Carsten 
Published: January 2020

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of 3 weeks with three weekly sessions (ie, nine sessions in total) of short intervals (SI; n = 9; 3 series with 13 × 30‐second work intervals interspersed with 15‐second recovery and 3‐minutes recovery between series) against effort‐matched (rate of perceived effort based) long intervals (LI; n = 9; 4 series of 5‐minute work intervals with 2.5‐minutes recovery between series) on performance parameters in elite cyclists ( 73 ± 4 mL min−1 kg−1). There were no differences between groups in total volume and intensity distribution of training during the intervention period. SI achieved a larger (P < .05) relative improvement in peak aerobic power output than LI (3.7 ± 4.3% vs −0.3 ± 2.8%, respectively), fractional utilization of at 4 mmol L−1 [La−] (3.0 ± 5.8 percent points vs −3.5 ± 2.7 percent points, respectively), and larger relative increase in power output at 4 mmol L−1 [La−] (2.0 ± 6.7% vs −2.8 ± 3.4, respectively), while there was no group difference in change of . Improvements in performance measured as mean power output during 20‐minute cycling test were greater (P < .01) in SI compared with LI (4.7 ± 4.4% vs −1.4 ± 2.2%, respectively). Mean effect size of the improvement in the above variables revealed a small to large effect of SI training vs LI training. The data thus demonstrate that the present SI protocol induces superior training adaptations compared with the present LI protocol in elite cyclists.
The role of vascular function on exercise capacity in health and disease
Authors: Poole David C. , Behnke Brad J. , Musch Timothy I. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThree sentinel parameters of aerobic performance are the maximal oxygen uptake (), critical power (CP) and speed of the kinetics following exercise onset. Of these, the latter is, perhaps, the cardinal test of integrated function along the O2 transport pathway from lungs to skeletal muscle mitochondria. Fast kinetics demands that the cardiovascular system distributes exercise‐induced blood flow elevations among and within those vascular beds subserving the contracting muscle(s). Ideally, this process must occur at least as rapidly as mitochondrial metabolism elevates . Chronic disease and ageing create an O2 delivery (i.e. blood flow × arterial [O2], ) dependency that slows kinetics, decreasing CP and , increasing the O2 deficit and sowing the seeds of exercise intolerance. Exercise training, in contrast, does the opposite. Within the context of these three parameters (see Graphical Abstract), this brief review examines the training‐induced plasticity of key elements in the O2 transport pathway. It asks how structural and functional vascular adaptations accelerate and redistribute muscle and thus defend microvascular O2 partial pressures and capillary blood–myocyte O2 diffusion across a ∼100‐fold range of muscle values. Recent discoveries, especially in the muscle microcirculation and ‐to‐ heterogeneity, are integrated with the O2 transport pathway to appreciate how local and systemic vascular control helps defend kinetics and determine CP and in health and how vascular dysfunction in disease predicates exercise intolerance. Finally, the latest evidence that nitrate supplementation improves vascular and therefore aerobic function in health and disease is presented.
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Looking Inside Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Stack Using Tailored Electrochemical Methods
Authors: Piela Piotr , Mitzel Jens , Rosini Sébastien , Tokarz Wojciech , Valle Francesco , Pilenga Alberto , Malkow Thomas , Tsotridis Georgios 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Voltammetry, potentiometry, amperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study practical polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stacks in an attempt to validate the stack-tailored electrochemical methods and to show the range of information about a PEMFC stack obtainable with the methods. In-stack electrode voltammetry allowed to determine the type, i.e., the surface chemistry, of catalysts used to make the stack electrodes and to measure the electrodes’ true active surface areas (EASAs). Stack potentiometry gave the EASAs, too, but only after calibration of the method against voltammetry. The speed of the test is the advantage of the stack potentiometry. An amperometry-based protocol was introduced to measure the hydrogen permeability and electronic shorting of the stack membrane-electrode assemblies. Dependence of the H2 permeability on H2 pressure and the stack temperature was shown. EIS in the hydrogen-pump mode was used to study the anode and electrolyte membrane processes under load. Spectra were dominated by humidification effects, which allowed probing the external humidification distribution to the anodes in the stack. Cathode EIS spectra obtained by subtraction of H2-H2-mode spectra from H2-air-mode spectra were modeled and the ohmic, charge-transfer, and oxygen mass-transport contributions to the stack polarization under load were separated. The variability of these contributions across the stack was discussed.
Remaining Useful Life Predictions for Turbofan Engine Degradation Using Online Long Short-Term Memory Network
Authors: Kakati Pallabi , Dandotiya Devendra , Pal Bhaskar 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In any industrial system, accurate prediction of Remaining Useful Life (RUL) is important for Prognostics and Health Management (PHM), so as to detect breakdown of system well in advance and take proper measures. Different methods are available in the literature that have been proposed for prediction of RUL. Among these methods, the data driven method is accepted to be the most reliable by many researchers, due to the use of real time sensor based vibrational and/or pressure data. These data are acquired in time domain. Methods such as Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) are generally applied in this area. Nevertheless, all these methods have issues while dealing with dependencies in these data. In this context, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network has been proposed to deal with these dependencies while predicting RUL of any system. The LSTM model has the advantage of retaining time domain information for a long duration of time. However, with the arrival of new data, the model needs to be updated. In this regard, a new online method based on LSTM network is proposed in this paper. The use of online technique offers us to retrain the model as new data arrives, which helps in improving the accuracy of the estimated RUL. To illustrate the application of the proposed online LSTM method, we have used the Commercial Modular Aero-Propulsion System Simulation (C-MAPSS) turbofan dataset. The results show an improved efficiency compared to the previously proposed methods for RUL estimation.
Modelling and Control of the Hydraulically Actuated Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Pitch System
Authors: Venkaiah P. , Sarkar B. K. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The advantages of renewable energy sources are available freely in nature, inexhaustible, produce either no or little pollution and low gestation period. Among all renewable energy sources, wind energy has become one of the leading resources for power production in the world as well as in the India. According to WWEA, the wind turbine installation capacity in the world has been reached over 539.291GW by the end of 2017. The entire wind power installed capacity by the end of 2017 covers more than 5% of global demand of electricity. In India, the present wind power installation capacity on October, 2017 was over 32.7GW and wind energy contribution is 55% of the total renewable energy capacity in the country. Inspite of having sharp growth rate in wind in India, only a fraction of wind energy has been tapped until now out of 302 GW wind potential which is available above 100 m height on shore. Practical horizontal axis wind turbine converts kinetic energy in the wind into useful energy by using airfoil blades. Blade element momentum (BEM) theory becomes very popular due to its simplicity in mathematical calculation as well as accuracy. Hydraulic pitch actuation system has certain advantages due to its versatility, ability to produce constant force and torque irrespective of the disturbances outside of the system, ease and accuracy of control, simplicity, safety and economy. In the present study a semi rotary actuator has been utilized for turbine pitch actuation. In order to extract maximum power from available wind, fractional order PID controller (FOPID) has been developed for pitch control of wind turbine rotor blade. The performances of PID as well as FOPID controller have been compared with available wind data. The performance of FOPID controller was satisfactory compare to PID controller.
Leakage Based Condition Monitoring and Pressure Control of the Swashplate Axial Piston Pump
Authors: Kumar Neeraj , Sarkar Bikash Kumar , Maity Subhendu 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This research mainly focused on the axial piston variable displacement pump, which is the most important part of the fluid power system. The variable displacement axial piston has been found as versatile and flexible for electro-hydraulic applications. Heavy industries such as automobile, aircraft, and mining use an axial piston pump due to its high power to weight ratio, continuous variable power transmission, low inertia, self-lubricating properties, and good controllability. The main challenges with the hydraulic system are highly nonlinear, leakages, unknown external disturbance, etc. The mathematical model of the variable displacement pump along with swashplate control has been developed. The model is used to identify the pump health condition with pressure and flow measurement, i.e., ripple pattern. The pressure and flow ripple will vary from the regular pattern due to wear and tear, i.e., increased leakage flow. The main source of the increase in leakage flow is due to wear in piston and cylinder bore. The piston chamber pressure, kinematical flow, and discharge area model of the pump has been validated with the existing results. The pump pressure control is very much essential for the enhancement of the performance of the electro-hydraulic system. In the present study, a conventional PID controller has been used as a backup to maintain system performance within the permissible faults. The electro-hydraulic system has been employed for swash-plate control of the pump to obtain desire pressure flow at the exit of the pump. MATLAB Simulink has been used for the simulation study of the pump.
Complex Gas Dynamic Optimization of a Three Spool Axial Compressor of an Industrial Gas Turbine Engine
Authors: Popov Grigorii M. , Egorov Igor , Dmitriev Dmitrii , Goriachkin Evgenii S. , Volkov Andrei A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The paper provides a description of the algorithm, an example of a specific task, and the results of the optimization of a 15-stage three-spool compressor for a ground-based GTU by the efficiency criteria of the engine. It can be performed by using the proposed algorithm to find such a compressor configuration that will be not just the optimum compressor, but the best option for working as part of the engine under the specified operating conditions and with various types of required restrictions. Using the proposed algorithm, varying only the stagger angles of the profiles, the authors managed to find a way to increase the overall efficiency of the NK-36ST engine by 0.43%. Obviously, it is possible to achieve a more impressive result and at the same time to increase reliability, reduce the weight and cost of the engine by applying more complex models by changing the shape of the blade profiles.
Numerical Study of Primary Jet Breakup in a Simplex Swirl Atomizer Using Dual Grid Coupled Level Set VOF Method
Authors: Kant Krishna , Kumar Mayank , Reddy Rajesh , Banerjee Raja , Mangadoddy Narasimha , Vanka Surya 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Primary breakup of a liquid jet emanating from a simplex swirl atomizer is numerically studied in this work. The liquid-gas interface is tracked using a coupled Level-Set VOF method. In order to improve the curvature calculation, a dual grid approach is used. Level set function is solved on a grid that is finer than the grid used to solve the rest of the variables. This solver is developed using OpenFOAM libraries and is validated by estimating the pressure profile and spurious velocities across the interface of a static bubble. The validation test shows significant improvement in the performance of curvature estimation without significant increase in the computational cost. Additionally, it is found that curvature calculation improves with increase in grid refinement index. A parametric study to understand the effects of grid refinement index on the flow features of the simplex swirl atomizer primary jet is reported here.
CFD Study for the Particle Transport and Deposition in Secondary Air Systems
Authors: Kandaswamy Nomesh P. , Nayak Kali Charan , Snowsill Guy D. , Irving John , Littley Ben 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The recent expansion of civil aviation industry into the new market demands modern aero-engines to operate in hot, harsh and polluted environments. Moreover there is a significant increase in the flight paths across the sea leading to large amount of micro salt particle ingestion into the engines. These contaminants can cause severe damage to the turbine parts through hot corrosion fatigue. The mechanism of the very small particle transport in the secondary air system and their deposition on turbine parts is less reported and not well understood. This study explores the physics of the particle transport (&lt; 0.5–10 micron) and their deposition characteristics in the secondary air paths. Specifically, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed for an engine representative turbine cavity with blade shank utilizing commercial finite volume-based software incorporating the SST k-ω turbulence model. The particle transport is captured using discrete random walk model and their wall interaction (bounce and stick) is simulated using the critical velocity model. A comprehensive parametric study is conducted using 2 and 6 micron CaSO4 particles covering a wide range of operating and design variables. From the parametric study it has been observed that rotor speed, swirl and the radial location of the feed holes strongly influence the flow structure in the shank cavity and particle deposition.