bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Roots of Modern Political Satire
Authors: Hale Meredith McNeill 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the evolution of the political print from 1500 through the mid-seventeenth century. This discussion examines satirical strategies employed by printmakers working at four key historical moments—the Reformation in Germany, the Dutch revolt from Spain, the French wars of religion, and the Commonwealth in England—in order to provide a larger context for the assessment of Romeyn de Hooghe’s innovation of the genre. Two strategies dominate the political prints considered in this chapter: (i) those that employ animal imagery, such as the animal fable and the animal hybrid; and (ii) those that feature individual human protagonists. This chapter introduces three themes that feature prominently throughout the book: (i) the elision of boundaries between man and animal; (ii) the treatment of the satirized body; and (iii) the inter-relationship between text and image. It is shown that the finished, closed, and choreographed body of formal portraiture that dominates earlier political prints gives way in De Hooghe’s satires to the expansive, gaping, and uncontrollable body that has been associated with the genre ever since.
Text, Image, and the Performance of Satire
Authors: Hale Meredith McNeill 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the relationship between text and image in De Hooghe’s satires: how it functions and what it tells us about how the satires were produced and who their intended audience/s might have been. De Hooghe’s satires were issued in the form of broadsheets, the typeset text appearing beneath the print in the form of a spoken (or sometimes sung) dialogue accompanied by letters or numbers identifying the figures in the scene. Neither text nor image is effective alone: the viewer is required to cross-reference them repeatedly in order to understand the satire. While the textual component of De Hooghe’s satires may seem to suggest a relationship to newspaper and pamphlet production, their emphatic rejection of narrative in favour of the discursive places them in the realm of dramatic literature and the theatre, genres more readily suitable to conveying the fictive and often whimsical violence of satire. This discussion includes material considerations, among them the format of the satires and how they were produced, and considers the satires in light of other contemporary printed media, among them the pamphlet, the news sheet, and the ballad. The particular relationship between text and image in De Hooghe’s satires and the distinctly performative quality it engenders shed critical light on their audience and function.
Populations, values, and health
Authors: Viens A.M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores some of the philosophical and ethical presuppositions of population healthcare; it investigates the implications for how we should understand the jurisdiction, aims, and evaluation of population healthcare. The jurisdiction of population healthcare is primarily within the healthcare system but necessarily extends beyond the walls of clinics and hospitals, given the need for social coordination to bring about healthcare access at the population level. The dual aims of population healthcare in maximizing population benefits of healthcare and reducing health inequalities are clearly moral in nature, but they can give rise to conflicting goals that the ethics of population healthcare should seek to resolve. While population healthcare’s aim is to advance a value-based approach to healthcare, which seeks to promote what is called technical, allocative, and personalized value, there are a number of questions that remain unanswered: in particular, the justification and evaluation of personalized value, and why the satisfaction of individual preferences in relation to health outcomes should be a population-level concern alongside promoting health and health equity.
Healthcare needs assessment
Authors: O’Shaughnessy Andrew , Wright John 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Healthcare needs assessment is an evaluative process that aims to quantify population needs for healthcare. Need is defined as the capacity to benefit from healthcare. It is characterized by a deficit in health linked to the potential for effective healthcare intervention. The epidemiological approach to needs assessment considers the burden of illness in terms of the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of a disease or health condition. This approach also draws on estimates of clinical and cost effectiveness from systematic reviews of well-designed studies. These estimates can be mapped to existing patterns of service utilization to identify potential gaps in services. Needs assessment should evaluate inequalities in health needs and access to services in key population subgroups. The comparative approach to needs assessment contrasts locally derived estimates with data from comparator areas as well as national benchmarks and other normative data. The corporate approach engages with stakeholders, including service providers and patients, to understand their perspectives and concerns. Epidemiological, corporate, and comparative assessments of need should be summarized to make quantified recommendations for changes to existing services, informing the development of a business case, and being integrated into service commissioning.
Access to healthcare
Authors: Gulliford Martin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Access to healthcare is concerned with the processes of gaining entry to the healthcare system. Analysis of access focuses on inequality and inequity in the availability and use of health services. In order to address global inequalities in access to healthcare, international organizations have promoted access to healthcare as a human right. This is linked to the ideal of universal health coverage, with shared funding of some or all healthcare for everyone, as a key strategy for achieving this. At a national level, rational strategies for resource allocation and priority setting are used to promote equity of access in terms of equal access for equal need, but historical inequalities based on the ‘inverse care law’ have been resistant to change. In health systems led by primary care, access to a general practitioner (GP) tends to reduce inequalities in ‘entry’ access to the health system, but the gatekeeping role of GPs may contribute to the development of inequalities of ‘in-system’ access. Wide variations in the utilization of both primary and secondary care services are indicative of access inequalities, but these variations may sometimes reflect clinical uncertainty or poor-quality care. Access inequalities may also arise from personal, social, and cultural barriers experienced by patients in accessing healthcare. These barriers typically represent more severe obstacles for marginalized groups in the population. Promoting equity means ensuring that services are responsive and acceptable to all groups, including those with stigmatized conditions.
Healthcare redesign and population health
Authors: Alderwick Hugh , Dixon Jennifer , Bibby Jo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Healthcare systems across the globe face the challenge of redesigning services to respond to their population’s changing health needs. Existing models of care are often outdated, fragmented, and imbalanced towards treating illness rather than preventing it upstream. This chapter provides a broad framework for thinking about healthcare redesign for improving population health—from understanding population health needs and setting shared objectives, to designing and testing new services—focusing in particular on the role of healthcare systems in disease prevention, and working with other services and sectors to address the wider determinants of health. While greater policy attention on the role of healthcare systems in disease prevention is welcome, the chapter emphasizes that healthcare systems can only do so much: broader policy decisions will continue to shape the underlying social and economic conditions that fundamentally determine population health.
Evaluating healthcare systems and services
Authors: Jessop Edmund 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Any jurisdiction needs to assess whether its healthcare system is performing well. There are many dimensions of evaluation, but a basic set includes saving life, relief of suffering, and treating patients with dignity: these may be monitored by statistics of mortality, quality of life, and patient experience. Sets of indicators can give a system-wide overview, and aspects of individual services can be evaluated by clinical audit. Confidential enquiries are useful for rare, serious events. Investigation may need to be followed by action, but the decision to act is never simple. New health systems can be evaluated by the standard research designs, but qualitative investigation is important.
Digital healthcare public health
Authors: Gulliford Martin , Jessop Edmund , Yardley Lucy 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
New digital technologies are having important impacts on the practice of public health and the organization and delivery of healthcare. Developments in information technology ensure that public health information is now available in more timely and accessible formats; data linkage has enriched public health information by making it possible to analyse multiple data sources simultaneously; and the use of smart devices and smart cards is generating even larger data resources that may be utilized for public health benefit. Computationally intensive approaches, derived from machine learning and artificial intelligence research, can be employed to develop algorithms that may efficiently automate healthcare-related tasks that previously relied on human analytical capabilities. Prediction modelling and risk stratification are being developed to promote precision public health. Increasing population coverage, with smartphones and other smart devices, makes it possible to deliver health-related interventions remotely, blurring the distinction between healthcare and public health. The availability of social media makes the exchange of knowledge and opinion more open, but this may also contribute to the propagation of false information that may be detrimental to public health. Public health needs to embrace and understand these developments in order to be at the forefront in harnessing these new technologies to improve population health and reduce inequalities. This must be accompanied by awareness of some of the ethical challenges of big-data analysis, the potential limitations of new analytical techniques, the relevance of behavioural science in understanding the human–machine interface, and the importance of critical evaluation in an era of rapid change.
Terminological Discussion
Authors: Treiber Hubert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between juristic and sociological definitions of law and validity. If one is to follow Max Weber, then one can, on the one hand ‘interrogate the meaning of a particular legal proposition’ in a dogmatic manner; in other words, one can ask what a ‘correct’ judicial judgement would look like, if one is to apply the relevant legal proposition as a ‘norm conceived in general and hypothetical terms’. On the other hand, one can also submit this legal proposition to sociological consideration, proceeding on the assumption that when the preconditions for this legal proposition (the facts of the case) are met, then there is the ‘real probability’ (chance) that ‘real consequences of a particular nature will arise’. This means, on one hand, that there is a chance that the norm ‘intrinsic’ to the legal proposition will be respected and observed but, on another, that this norm ‘may only be valid to a certain degree’. Using a pointed but memorable formulation, Weber makes clear that the two different perspectives also have to be applied to the idea of validity: ‘The validity of a legal proposition in the sociological sense is an empirical instance of factual probability; validity in a juristic sense is a logical ought’. The chapter then looks at Weber's notions of order and the legal order.
Weber’s Aims in the ‘Sociology of Law’
Authors: Treiber Hubert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Max Weber's aims in the ‘Sociology of Law’. Before exploring in detail Weber's ‘Sociology of Law’, its essential assumptions and conclusions, as well as its conceptual apparatus, it is necessary to outline briefly its two opening sections. In the first section, established areas of the law are treated in brief, such as public law, private law, criminal law, procedural law, and substantive law. In the second section, the most important forms/categories of subjective law are presented in overview, including the classical civil rights and liberties. Weber also provides an overview of contract and the development of freedom of contract. For all their heterogeneity, Weber's remarks in his ‘Sociology of Law’ can be brought together into a historically grounded ‘theory’ of the rationalization of the law and its developmental conditions. This theory of the rationalization of the law has various basic ‘building blocks’. First and foremost, it requires a standard measure for the level of rationalization that has been reached. In a process of rationalization, ideal-typical stages of development are required. Weber also pays particular attention to two basic types of legal training or legal teaching: first, the ‘craft’ approach in the sense of the ‘empirically’ driven training of lawyers; and second, university education organized in a theoretical and academic manner.
Introduction
Authors: Rendle Matthew 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The introduction outlines the key themes that underpin the book, from the role of law in revolution and Bolshevik understandings of law to the ambiguous relationship between law and violence. Arguing that historians have not appreciated the role of law in the Russian Revolution and Civil War in part because the role of law in revolution more generally has been understudied, it goes on to outline how the Bolsheviks understood this role and, then, how they saw this role as distinct from, and supplementary to, the role of violence. The introduction finishes by explaining the structure of the rest of the book.
Categorizing Counter-Revolution
Authors: Rendle Matthew 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines how the Bolsheviks categorized counter-revolutionary crimes and, in doing so, exerted control over definitions of the revolution and sought to establish new ‘norms’. Initial conceptions of counter-revolution revolved around revolts, plots, or sabotage conducted by obvious political and social enemies, but the Bolsheviks faced an increasing array of problems as the civil war intensified, and more activities were soon included. The elasticity of the term ‘counter-revolution’ provided law and tribunals with much of their power, but this did not inevitably mean ‘lawlessness’ or ‘arbitrariness’; there may have been no formal law codes, but there were numerous decrees and tribunals targeting specific threats based on the state’s evolving fears and ambitions. Nevertheless, as the category of counter-revolution expanded, particularly with a growing focus on mass crimes and ‘shock’ campaigns, so too did the social backgrounds of counter-revolutionaries to encompass primarily lower-class ‘criminals’, which had significant implications for broader state–society relations. This chapter uses both quantitative and qualitative approaches before finishing with an analysis of the impact of the new law codes of 1922 on categories of crime.
Sin, Atonement, and Christian Ways of Life
Authors: Robbins Joel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe topics of sin and salvation have played important roles in anthropological work on Christianity. But surprisingly, theological debates about atonement have not. From an anthropologist’s perspective, theological discussions of this topic are particularly rich because they are diverse and unsettled. Correlating the range of cross-cultural ethnographic data on approaches to issues of sin and salvation with the range of positions on atonement found in theological debate, this chapter argues that drawing concepts from the theological literature can not only help anthropologists recognize patterns of ethnographic variation in this area, but can also help them to make some important contributions to the currently developing anthropology of ethics. And for theologians, this chapter provides an opportunity to consider with fresh data the different kinds of social lives diverse theologies of atonement support. These arguments are developed through ethnographic materials from Papua New Guinea and sub-Saharan Africa.
Iain Sinclair’s Early Writing
Authors: Anderson David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5, ‘Iain Sinclair’s Early Writing: The Arcane Scholarship of Place’, begins by exploring the special influence of an eccentric 1914 text by Elizabeth Gordon entitled Prehistoric London: Its Mounds and Circles (1914) on Sinclair’s occult-inflected poetic geographies of London. Examining his creative exchanges with other writers, including Peter Ackroyd and Alan Moore, it explores the coterie atmosphere of Sinclair’s early work before going on to navigate his increasingly venomous and toxic vision of East London and the Thames Estuary in the period spanning 1970 to 1994, adumbrating and critiquing the parallel development of what Patrick Wright has called the ‘acid negativity’ of Sinclair’s prose.
Constitutional Change in the Contemporary Socialist World
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This book explores and explains how and why the five current socialist countries (China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam) have changed their constitutions since the fall of the Cold War and the rise of globalization. It demonstrates that constitution-making, replacement, and amendment in the contemporary socialist world display the dynamic constitution, party institutionalization, power distribution, rights universalization, and economic marketization. The function of this progressive constitutional change is to facilitate the active role of the party-state in improving the living conditions of local residents. Integrating comparative constitutional law and social sciences, this book explains the intellectual foundations, legal-institutional aspects, and political economy of socialist constitutional change. This book identifies five divergent models of socialist constitutional change depending on the prominence of influential factors: universal convergence (Vietnam), ethnic integration (Laos), historical reservation (Cuba), exceptional attitude (China), and personal rule (North Korea).
Introduction
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This book seeks to fill the academic gap in the existing literature on comparative constitutional law by examining how and why five current socialist countries (China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam) have changed their constitutions after the fall of the Soviet Union. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach which integrates comparative constitutional law with social sciences (particularly political science and sociology), this book explores and explains: the progressive function; institutional and socio-economic causes; legal forms, processes, and powers; and five variations (universal, integration, reservation, exceptional, and personal) of socialist constitutional change. It uses qualitative methodology, including the support of fieldwork. It contributes to a better understanding of dynamic socioeconomic, legal, and constitutional change in socialist countries and comparative constitutional law and theory, generally.
Socialist Constitutional History
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines constitutional history in the five socialist countries. Their constitutional history can be analytically divided into three periods: pre-socialist, Soviet-era, and transitional. During the pre-socialist period, the five countries had their own constitutional history, which was predominantly informed by traditional values (e.g. Confucianism in China, Vietnam, and Korea, and Buddhism in Laos) and liberal modern values, although some socialist ideas were also partially adopted in some cases, such as the 1946 Constitution of Vietnam. In the Soviet era, except for the belated constitution-making in Laos, the four other countries made, replaced, or amended the socialist constitutions which were predominantly informed by five elements of socialist constitutional identity. Immediately after the collapse of the Soviet bloc, the five countries adapted their socialist constitutional system in the early 1990s in a transition with three separate elements: independent states, economic reforms, and institutional adjustment. The examination of socialist constitutional history has implications for comparative constitutional history.
The Exceptional Model
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses China’s constitutional amendments in 1999, 2004, and 2018 in the global era. China’s Constitution and its amendment processes are surrounded by controversial constitutional dynamics, which struggled for rights and constitutional change. This chapter examines the formal constitutional change and the functional constitutional dynamics. It demonstrates that, in the era of globalization, constitutional change in China is being shaped by Chinese constitutional exceptionalism: the country’s confident attitude and belief in developing its own socialist constitutional model as a competitive alternative to those of the West.
Conclusion
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This conclusion summarizes trends and major points in socialist constitutional change, and addresses broader implications. The socialist constitutions’ history or progress indicates the trend to incremental adaption of core socialist constitutional institutions. In some case, socialist constitutional change leads to partial adoption of some institutions of liberal democracy and market economy. But, the resistance to institutions of liberal constitutional democracy is also vehement in several cases. In addition, the divergence between socialist and liberal political and economic institutions is increasingly sharp. This institutional divergence is mainly due to socialist and local constitutional innovation. The partial adaption, resistance, and local innovation suggest that socialist constitutional change has not converged with “the end of history.” The socialist constitutions are increasingly dissonant documents, which is the condition for continuing evolution of the socialist constitutional order. Socialist constitutional change is connected to the broader global constitutional landscape. Constitutional change to improve the material wellbeing of living conditions is a part of human development.
Brexit May 1940
Authors: Fielding Steven , Schwarz Bill , Toye Richard 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The chapter explores the trajectories of the Churchill myths in the UK, from 1940 to the time of Brexit, unearthing the how the past (May 1940) exists in the historical present. It reviews how the myths operated in popular life as well as in the formal historiography. It demonstrates how the shifting configurations of Churchill underwrite the larger political shifts. It introduces the making of the myth at the end of the 1940s; the long stretch of Churchill as the personification of the Westminster system, in the latter decades of the twentieth century; and the present reimagining of him in harder populist mode.