bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X‐ray tomography for the advancement of laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing
Authors: DU PLESSIS A. 
Published: June 2020

SummaryX‐ray computed tomography is a powerful tool to nondestructively inspect additively manufactured parts. Additive manufacturing of metals, especially laser powder bed fusion, is increasingly being adopted for serial production of critical components in aerospace, automotive and various other industries. The technology holds huge potential for more efficient material usage and light weighting of components, among the many advantages. As this new production method is being ramped up and refined in various industry sectors, X‐ray tomography is critical to the advancement of the quality of the produced components. X‐ray tomography allows the nondestructive evaluation of the structural integrity of the parts produced, which in turn provides confidence in the expected performance of the parts. Besides final inspection of parts for porosity/defects and dimensional tolerances for a pass/fail decision, X‐ray tomography also has a critical role to play in advancing and improving the additive manufacturing processes. This process improvement refers to the inspection of small representative coupon samples on a microscopic scale, in order to optimize the process parameters such as laser power, speed, scan strategy and various others. In this work, we describe the evaluation of small solid cube coupon samples and lattice structure coupon samples. These examples are meant to improve the understanding of the potential of X‐ray tomography in advancing additive manufacturing processes (in contrast to its usual use for nondestructive testing of final parts), thereby providing support towards qualification of these processes and the parts produced in these processes. X‐ray tomography, therefore, plays a key role in the adoption and qualification of high‐quality metal additive manufacturing.
Segmentation, retardation and mass approximation of birefringent particles on a standard light microscope
Authors: JOHNSEN S.A. LINGE , BOLLMANN J. 
Published: June 2020

SummaryThis study presents a simple technique for the approximation of retardation, thickness and mass of birefringent particles with a retardation from 8 to 231 nm retardation. Tuning of the imaging system (standard light microscope equipped with a left and a right circular polarizer) to match grey values of polymer retarder films of known retardation with rendered grey values allows for a robust calibration and accurate approximation of retardation. In addition, a technique for accurate particle segmentation using a Canny–Deriche algorithm was used to minimize the bias on mass estimated from different thresholding techniques. The technique was tested using microscopic calcitic plates called coccoliths produced by the marine algal group coccolithophores, and the results compare well with published coccolith mass estimates obtained from volumetric analysis.Lay DescriptionMaterial with certain optical properties display interference colours when observed in a light microscope under circular polarized light. This study presents a simple technique for measuring the thickness and retardation of small particles within the 8 to 231 nm retardation range based on the grey values of their interference colours. Retardation is a measure of the distance between waves of two mutually perpendicular polarized light waves after passing through material. The technique involves the tuning of a standard light microscope system equipped with a left and a right circular polarizer and a digital camera to match grey values of polymer retarder films with a known retardation with grey values of a digitially rendered Michel‐Lévy chart. A technique for accurate isolation of particles from the image background using a Canny‐Deriche algorithm is also described, which avoids possible biased results from thresholding. The techniques were tested using microscopic calcitic plates called coccoliths produced by the marine algal group coccolithophores, and the results compare well with published estimates obtained from volumetric analysis.
Nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours related to pressure injury prevention: A large‐scale cross‐sectional survey in mainland China
Authors: Jiang Ling , Li Li , Lommel Lisa 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAims and objectivesTo determine the level of and factors in nurses’ knowledge, attitudes and behaviours towards pressure injury (PI) prevention.BackgroundAlthough there has been a declining trend in global PI prevalence and hospital‐acquired rates in recent years, this has not been the case in China. Evidence in the literature indicates the importance of nurses' knowledge, attitudes and behaviours for promoting PI prevention.DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsA total of 1,806 nurses from 10 tertiary general hospitals in Hunan Province, China, participated in this study. Nurses' knowledge and attitudes were assessed using Pieper's Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Test and Attitude towards Pressure Ulcer Prevention Instrument, respectively, and behaviours were measured using a researcher self‐designed questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression analysis determined factors affecting the nurses' PI‐prevention knowledge, attitudes and behaviours. A STROBE checklist was used to report findings.ResultsAmong all nurses involved in this study, 41.7% had insufficient PI‐prevention knowledge, 46.6% had negative PI‐prevention attitudes, and 21.8% had poor PI‐prevention behaviour. Nurses with a bachelor's degree or above were more likely to have adequate PI‐prevention knowledge. Increased PI‐prevention training frequency increased the nurses’ positive attitude scores for PI prevention; longer years of service and a higher number of PI‐prevention trainings attended predicted better PI‐prevention behaviours.ConclusionChinese nurses’ PI‐prevention knowledge and attitudes in this study were unsatisfactory, while their PI‐prevention behaviour was acceptable. Increasing PI‐prevention training frequency can help improve Chinese nurses’ PI‐prevention attitudes and further behaviour. Having a minimum of a bachelor degree may be beneficial to Chinese nurses’ PI‐prevention knowledge, but more evidence is needed.Relevance to clinical practiceChinese nurses have insufficient knowledge about PI‐repositioning, inadequate practices in PI nutrition assessment, and low confidence in their personal competence regarding PI‐prevention. The key solution for the above issues is to promote ongoing education and training based on strong clinical leadership.
Fascists at the Fair: Political Resistance at the 1933–1934 Chicago World's Fair
Authors: Herman Andrew C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAt the 1933–1934 World's Fair in Chicago the local German American population was able to organize some resistance to minimize the Nazi presence on the fairgrounds, while Italian Americans, for their part, were held in check by the close oversight of Fascist Italy's representatives at the Fair. Neither the Fairs organizing committee nor the U.S. State Department offered any objection to either governments presence. The history of the event shows that these differences were fundamentally due to international regulations surrounding international expositions, suggesting that our existing approaches toward meaning‐making and political action at mega‐events need to take better account of larger regulatory structures.
Reliability of the mixing ability test testing masticatory performance in patients with head and neck cancer and healthy controls
Authors: Vermaire Jorine A. , Weinberg Florine M. , Raaijmakers Cornelis P. J. , Verdonck‐de Leeuw Irma M. , Terhaard Chris H. J. , Speksnijder Caroline M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundTreatment of patients with head and neck cancer can result in disrupted mastication. To measure masticatory performance in people with compromised mastication, the mixing ability test (MAT) was developed.ObjectiveIn this study, the reliability of the MAT was evaluated in patients with head and neck cancer and healthy controls.MethodsThirty‐four patients with head and neck cancer and 42 healthy controls performed the MAT twice on the same day. To assess reliability, the intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), standard error of measurement (SEM), smallest detectable change (SDC) and limits of agreement (LoA) were calculated.ResultsA good (ICC = 0.886) and moderate correlation (ICC = 0.525) were found for patients and healthy controls, respectively. Patients had a worse mixing ability (mean = 19.12, SD = 4.56) in comparison with healthy controls (mean = 16.42, SD = 2.04). The SEM was 0.76 in patients and 1.45 in healthy controls, with a SDC of 2.12 and 4.02, respectively. The LoA was −4.46 to 4.42 in patients and −3.65 to 4.59 in healthy controls.ConclusionThe MAT has a good reliability in patients with head and neck cancer and a moderate reliability in healthy controls.
Phylogeny and classification of the Sematophyllaceae s.l. (Hypnales, Bryophyta)
Authors: Han Wei , Jia Yu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Sematophyllaceae s.l. (Sematophyllaceae s.str. + Pylaisiadelphaceae) is one of the most diversified families of pleurocarpous mosses, distributed worldwide. The familial definition and subfamilial delimitation of the family have been controversial since their inception. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony analyses. Our molecular phylogenetic analysis using five molecular markers (nad5, rbcL, rps4, trnL‐F, and 26S) from mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear genomes revealed the paraphyly of the Pylaisiadelphaceae and the monophyly of Sematophyllaceae s.l. Based on the molecular and morphological evidence, the Sematophyllaceae s.l. were further divided into six subfamilies, Taxithelioideae, Isopterygoideae, Pylaisiadelphoideae, Aptychelloideae, Platygyrioideae, and Sematophylloideae. The Taxithelioideae is established to accommodate Taxithelium, Taxitheliella, and Vernieri, the Isopterygoideae is established to accommodate Isopterygium and Yakushimabryum, the Pylaisiadelphoideae is newly circumscribed to accommodate Brotherella, Pylaisiadelpha, and Orientobryum, the Aptychelloideae is established to accommodate Aptychella, the Platygyrioideae is temporarily established to accommodate Clastobryella, Clastobryum, Gammiella, Platygyrium, and Trachyphyllum, the Sematophylloideae is resurrected to accommodate the Sematophyllaceae s.str., and Isocladiella, Isocladiellopsis, Mastopoma, Heterophyllium, Pseudotrismegistia, Trismegistia, and Wijkia are transferred to the subfamily. A new classification for the Sematophyllaceae s.l. is then proposed.
The Efficacy of Gesture on Second Language Pronunciation: An Exploratory Study of Handclapping as a Classroom Instructional Tool
Authors: Iizuka Takehiro , Nakatsukasa Kimi , Braver Aaron 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this study, we examined the efficacy of gestures for the acquisition of L2 segmental phonology. Despite teachers’ frequent use of gestures in the classroom to teach pronunciation, the field lacks empirical support for this practice. We attempted to fill this gap by investigating the effects of handclapping on the development of L2 Japanese segmentals (long vowels, geminates, and moraic nasals). We assigned L1 English university students in beginning Japanese courses to one of two groups where they practiced pronouncing the targets with or without handclapping in the classroom. They also completed picture elicitation (production) and dictation (perception) tasks as pretests, immediate posttests, and delayed posttests. The results show that, on the delayed perception posttest, only those who saw and performed handclapping maintained the instructional effect, indicating that the memory‐enhancing effect of gestures, at least in the form of handclapping, might reach the level of segmental phonology in L2 acquisition.
Abnormal liver tests in patients hospitalized with Coronavirus disease 2019: Should we worry?
Authors: Meszaros Magdalena , Meunier Lucy , Morquin David , Klouche Kada , Fesler Pierre , Malezieux Emilie , Makinson Alain , Le Moing Vincent , Reynes Jacques , Pageaux Georges‐Philippe 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhile several studies from China have reported COVID‐19‐related liver injury, there are currently no data on liver dysfunction in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients in Europe. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and predictive value of abnormal liver function in patients hospitalized with COVID‐19. This was a retrospective cohort study of confirmed COVID‐19 patients hospitalized in two referral hospitals in France. Clinical, biological and radiological data were collected and analysed. In all, 234 patients confirmed to have COVID‐19 by RT‐PCR were included. Liver function was abnormal in 66.6% of patients on admission. In multivariate logistic regression, abnormal liver test on admission were associated with in‐hospital aggravation (OR = 4.1, 95% CI 1.5‐10.8; P = .004) and mortality (OR 3.3; 95% CI = 1.04‐10.5; P = .04). This study of liver tests in a European COVID‐19 population confirms a high prevalence of abnormal liver tests on admission that are predictive of severe disease course and higher in‐hospital mortality.
Increased diversity and concordant shifts in community structure of coral‐associated Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria subjected to chronic human disturbance
Authors: Claar Danielle C. , McDevitt‐Irwin Jamie M. , Garren Melissa , Vega Thurber Rebecca , Gates Ruth D. , Baum Julia K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBoth coral‐associated bacteria and endosymbiotic algae (Symbiodiniaceae spp.) are vitally important for the biological function of corals. Yet little is known about their co‐occurrence within corals, how their diversity varies across coral species, or how they are impacted by anthropogenic disturbances. Here, we sampled coral colonies (n = 472) from seven species, encompassing a range of life history traits, across a gradient of chronic human disturbance (n = 11 sites on Kiritimati [Christmas] atoll) in the central equatorial Pacific, and quantified the sequence assemblages and community structure of their associated Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities. Although Symbiodiniaceae alpha diversity did not vary with chronic human disturbance, disturbance was consistently associated with higher bacterial Shannon diversity and richness, with bacterial richness by sample almost doubling from sites with low to very high disturbance. Chronic disturbance was also associated with altered microbial beta diversity for Symbiodiniaceae and bacteria, including changes in community structure for both and increased variation (dispersion) of the Symbiodiniaceae communities. We also found concordance between Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial community structure, when all corals were considered together, and individually for two massive species, Hydnophora microconos and Porites lobata, implying that symbionts and bacteria respond similarly to human disturbance in these species. Finally, we found that the dominant Symbiodiniaceae ancestral lineage in a coral colony was associated with differential abundances of several distinct bacterial taxa. These results suggest that increased beta diversity of Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities may be a reliable indicator of stress in the coral microbiome, and that there may be concordant responses to chronic disturbance between these communities at the whole‐ecosystem scale.
Neighbourhood‐mediated shifts in tree biomass allocation drive overyielding in tropical species mixtures
Authors: Guillemot Joannès , Kunz Matthias , Schnabel Florian , Fichtner Andreas , Madsen Christopher P. , Gebauer Tobias , Härdtle Werner , von Oheimb Goddert , Potvin Catherine 
Published: June 2020

SummaryVariations in crown forms promote canopy space‐use and productivity in mixed‐species forests. However, we have a limited understanding on how this response is mediated by changes in within‐tree biomass allocation. Here, we explored the role of changes in tree allometry, biomass allocation and architecture in shaping diversity–productivity relationships (DPRs) in the oldest tropical tree diversity experiment.We conducted whole‐tree destructive biomass measurements and terrestrial laser scanning. Spatially explicit models were built at the tree level to investigate the effects of tree size and local neighbourhood conditions. Results were then upscaled to the stand level, and mixture effects were explored using a bootstrapping procedure.Biomass allocation and architecture substantially changed in mixtures, which resulted from both tree‐size effects and neighbourhood‐mediated plasticity. Shifts in biomass allocation among branch orders explained substantial shares of the observed overyielding. By contrast, root‐to‐shoot ratios, as well as the allometric relationships between tree basal area and aboveground biomass, were little affected by the local neighbourhood.Our results suggest that generic allometric equations can be used to estimate forest aboveground biomass overyielding from diameter inventory data. Overall, we demonstrate that shifts in tree biomass allocation are mediated by the local neighbourhood and promote DPRs in tropical forests.
Oral‐maxillofacial adverse events related to antimalarials
Authors: Shuai Yi , Wang Junlan , Jiang Huijuan , Yu Yang , Jin Lei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMalaria is a worldwide parasitic disease, which affects millions of lives every year. Various medications are recommended by WHO for prevention and treatment of malaria. However, adverse events caused by antimalarials were frequently reported, some of which were severe and fatal. Disorders of many organs related to antimalarials have been well recognized, whereas few studies concentrated on the relationship between antimalarials and oral‐maxillofacial system health. Current review generalized the relevance of antimalarials to the health of oral‐maxillofacial part and raised an urgent need to form a standard management for antimalarial‐related oral‐maxillofacial adverse events.
Morphometric Trajectory Analysis for Occipital Condyle Screws
Authors: Du Yu‐kun , Li Si‐yuan , Yang Wen‐jiu , Wang Xiang‐yang , Bi Yi‐fang , Dong Jun , Huang Hui , Gao Feng , Li Gui‐zhi , Wei Hua‐wei , Yang Jian‐kun , Xi Yong‐ming 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesOccipitocervical fusion (OCF) is an effective treatment for instability of occipitocervical junction (OCJ). The occipital condyle screw serves as a novel surgical technique for occipitocervical fixation. However, the intraoperative procedures for the occipital condyle screw technique have relied on surgeons’ experience, so the pool of surgeons who are able to perform this surgery safely is limited. The present study aims to evaluate the feasibility and safety of the occipital condyle screw technique using human cadavers and to provide image anatomy for clinical application basis.MethodsThe scientific study comprised 10 fresh‐frozen cadaveric specimens from the anatomy department of Qingdao University. Placement of the occipital condyle screws (3.5 mm diameter and 20.0 mm length) was performed in the 10 fresh‐frozen cadaveric specimens with intact occipitocervical junctions, respectively. Occipitocervical CT was performed for all specimens and the DICOM data was obtained. Occipitocervical CT three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction was performed for the cadavers. Morphometric analysis was performed on the bilateral occipitocervical junction of 10 cadaveric specimens based on the 3D reconstruction CT images. Detailed morphometric measurements of the 20 occipital condyles screws were conducted including the average length of the screw trajectory, inside and upper tilting angles of screws, distance to the hypoglossal canal, and to the medial wall of occipital condyle.ResultsPlacement of the occipital condyle screws into the 20 occipital condyles of the 10 cadaveric specimens was performed successfully and the trajectory of implantation was satisfactory according to 3D CT reconstruction images, respectively. There was no obvious injury to the spinal cord, nerve root, and vertebral artery. The length of the bilateral screw trajectory was, respectively, 20.96 ± 0.91 mm (left) and 20.59 ± 0.77 mm (right) (t = 1.306, P > 0.05). The upper tilting angle of bilateral screws was, respectively, 11.24° ± 0.74° (left) and 11.11° ± 0.64° (right) (t = 0.681, P > 0.05). The inside tilting angle of bilateral screws was, respectively, 31.00° ± 1.32° (left) and 30.85° ± 1.27° (right) (t = 0.307, P > 0.05). The screw's distance to the bilateral hypoglossal canal was, respectively, 4.84 ± 0.54 mm (left) and 4.70 ± 0.54 mm (right) (t = 0.685, P > 0.05). The screw's distance to the medial wall of the bilateral occipital condyle was, respectively, 5.13 ± 0.77 mm (left) and 5.04 ± 0.71 mm (right) (t = 0.384, P > 0.05).ConclusionThe occipital condyle screw technique can serve as a feasible and safe treatment for instability of the occipitocervical junction with meticulous preoperative planning of the screw entry point and direction based on individual differences. Morphometric trajectory analysis is also an effective way to evaluate the surgical procedure.
Undokai and sports events in the Japanese school system
Authors: Akiyama Takeshi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundJapanese schools hold annual sports events in which all pupils participate. These events include activities such as walking, running, and swimming competitions.MethodsWe analyzed literature on school sports events in Japan.ResultsIn addition to the physical education classes, which are part of the curriculum, Japanese schools hold annual sports events in which all pupils participate. These school events include activities such as walking, running, swimming, and ball game competitions, skiing, and climbing. School sports events offer participants an opportunity for holistic education as well as cultivating a variety of virtues such as cooperation, a sense of solidarity, teamwork, and responsibility. A popular sports event held countrywide is undokai. Undokai has a style that is unique to Japan. They usually take one day and include individual and group competitions. The pupils participate in a variety of activities including a foot race, relay race, group gymnastics, and group activities. The undokai is an important event in both the school and its surrounding community. The potential benefit of undokai is often considered in terms of social capital. However, the competitive nature of undokai may generate negative feelings in the children who participate.ConclusionsFurther research on the potential of sports events such as undokai is necessary.
A Comparison of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure in Urban Canyons in Venice, Italy and Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: Wright Caradee Y. , du Preez David Jean , Martincigh Bice S. , Allen Martin W. , Millar Danielle A. , Wernecke Bianca , Blesic Suzana 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUrban environments can have high‐risk spaces that can provide excess personal sun exposure, such as urban or street canyons, and the spaces between buildings, among others. In these urban spaces, sun exposure can be high or low depending on several factors. Polysulphone film (PSF) was used to assess possible daily solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure in urban canyons in Venice, Italy and, for the first time in Africa, in Johannesburg, South Africa. The photodegradation of PSF upon solar exposure was monitored at a wavelength of 330 nm by ultraviolet‐visible spectrophotometry, and the resultant change was converted to standard erythemal dose (SED) units (1 SED = 100 J m−2). Mean daily ambient solar UVR exposure measured for Venice and Johannesburg ranged between 20–28 SED and 33–43 SED, respectively. Canyon‐located PSF exposures were lower in Venice (1–9 SED) than those in Johannesburg (9–39 SED), depending mainly on the sky view factor and orientation to the sun. There was large variation in solar UVR exposure levels in different urban canyons. These preliminary results should be bolstered with additional studies for a better understanding of excess personal exposure risk in urban areas, especially in Africa.