bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The EU Citizens’ Directive—An Introduction
Authors: Guild Elspeth , Peers Steve , Tomkin Jonathan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the EU Citizenship Directive. The European Union Directive 2004/38 or the EU Citizenship Directive gives effect to the right which EU law provides to all EU citizens and their family members of any nationality to move, reside, and exercise economic activities if they so choose on the territory of any EU Member State. The right to move and reside anywhere in the EU is a right which is accorded to Union citizens by virtue of Articles 20(2)(a) and 21 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and enshrined in Article 45 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. The right of free movement of persons in their capacities as workers, self-employed persons, or service providers straddles two of the four fundamental freedoms of the European Union—free movement of persons and services.
Cosmology
Authors: Kurki Milja 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the study of cosmology—in the social and the natural sciences. We see that the study of the cosmos has deep and interesting origins but also that how we study the cosmos is no simple matter analytically, for how we think about the cosmos is also directly implicated in how we think about our own role in the universe. This chapter argues that we should think social and natural science approaches to cosmology ‘together’ rather than apart from each other. This it is suggested is necessary both to avoid an uncritical approach to scientific cosmology on the one hand and to avoid equating the cosmos to our beliefs about it.
Rural Democracy
Authors: Harding Robin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHow have African rulers responded to the introduction of democratic electoral competition? Despite the broadly negative picture painted by the prevailing focus on electoral fraud, clientelism, and ethnic conflict, Rural Democracy argues that the full story is somewhat more promising. While these unfortunate practices may be widespread, African rulers also seek to win votes through the provision and distribution of public goods and services. The central argument in Rural Democracy is that in predominantly rural countries the introduction of competitive elections leads governments to implement pro-rural policies, in order to win the votes of the rural majority. As a result, across much of Africa the benefits of democratic electoral competition have accrued primarily in terms of rural development. This broad claim is supported by cross-national evidence, both from public opinion surveys and from individual level data on health and education outcomes. The argument’s core assumptions about voting behavior are supported with quantitative evidence from Ghana, and qualitative historical evidence from Botswana provides further support for the underlying theoretical mechanism. Taken together, this body of evidence provides reasons to be optimistic about the operation of electoral accountability in Africa. African governments are responding to the accountability structures provided by electoral competition; in that sense, democracy in Africa is working.
The Construction Sector in Ghana
Authors: Owoo Nkechi Srodah , Lambon-Quayefio Monica P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The research explores the structure and performance of Ghana’s construction subsector, in light of the country’s 2007 oil discovery. Using primary and secondary data resources, we discuss how marginal costs and expenditure shocks may vary within the construction sector for subsectors such as housing, roads, and other important social infrastructure such as drainage. We analyse expenditure shocks that may result from inflation and price dynamics, finding that construction sector costs are closely related to exchange rate movements. We identify key bottlenecks to the supply response of the sector and recommend institutional and policy reforms to improve performance and output.
Sovereignty: Seventeenth-Century England and the Making of the Modern Political Imaginary
Authors: Mohamed Feisal G. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Sovereignty is the first-order question of a politics attaching itself to the state, and seventeenth-century England provides an important case study in the roots of its modern iterations. With these central claims in view, this book explores the thought of Thomas Hobbes, John Milton, and Andrew Marvell, as well as lesser-known figures, such as William Fiennes, Lord Saye and Sele, and John Barclay. In addition to political philosophy and literary studies, it also takes account of the period’s legal history, such as the exercise of the crown’s feudal rights through the Court of Wards and Liveries, the status of corporations and contracts, debates over habeas rights, and the contested jurisdiction of prerogative courts. Theorizing sovereignty in a way that points forward to later modernity, the book critiques key concepts in the thought of Carl Schmitt: the mechanization of the state; land appropriation and legal order; the concept of the “people”; the pluralist state; and the protection–obedience axiom.
The Sign of Four
Authors: Predelli Stefano 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 lays down the general traits of the Radical Fictionalist analysis of fiction, focusing on the case of homodiegetic narrative. In particular, this chapter stresses the distinction between empty names and fictional names, it explains the role of impartations in fictional discourse, and it motivates the primacy of fictional tellers for a Radical Fictionalist take on fiction. Radical Fictionalism is then compared with some alternative views on the semantics of fictional discourse, with particular attention to Pragmatic Millianism and to theories of semantic ascent. The final sections pause on the Radical Fictionalist approach to speech acts in fiction, and they criticize the idea of a dedicated illocutionary force of fiction-making.
The Growth of Sodic Amphibole at the Greenschist- to Blueschist-facies Transition (Dent Blanche, Western Alps): Bulk-rock Chemical Control and Thermodynamic Modelling
Authors: Manzotti Paola , Ballèvre Michel , Pitra Pavel , Putlitz Benita , Robyr Martin , Müntener Othmar 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe sodic amphibole glaucophane is generally considered as indicative of blueschist-facies metamorphism. However, sodic amphiboles display a large range in chemical compositions, owing principally to the Fe2+Mg–1 and Fe3+Al–1 substitutions. Therefore, the whole-rock composition (namely its Na2O and FeO* content, and the Fe2+–Fe3+ ratio), strongly controls the stability field of the sodic amphiboles at the transition from greenschist- to blueschist-facies conditions. Neglecting these variables can lead to erroneous estimates of the metamorphic conditions and consequently the tectonic framework of the rocks. This paper explores the mechanisms that control the development of sodic amphibole and sodic pyroxene within the basement of the Dent Blanche Tectonic System (Western Alps), as a result of the Alpine metamorphic history. Field, petrographic and geochemical data indicate that sodic amphibole and sodic pyroxene form in different rock types: (1) in undeformed pods of ultramafic cumulates (hornblendite), sodic amphibole (magnesioriebeckite) forms coronas around magmatic pargasite; (2) metatonalite displays patches of radiating sodic (magnesioriebeckite) and calcic (actinolite) amphiboles; (3) sodic amphibole (magnesioriebeckite–glaucophane) occurs with high-Si potassic white mica (phengitic muscovite) in fine-grained (blue) schists; (4) in mylonitized granitoids (amphibole-gneiss) metasomatized along the contact with ultramafic cumulates, sodic amphibole (magnesioriebeckite–winchite) mainly forms rosettes or sheaves, generally without a shape-preferred orientation. Only locally are the needles aligned parallel to the stretching lineation. Pale green aegirine–augite is dispersed in an albite–quartz matrix or forms layers of fine-grained fibrous aggregates. The bulk-rock chemical composition of the different lithologies indicates that sodic amphibole and sodic pyroxene developed in Na- and Fe-rich systems or in a system with high Fe3+/Fe*. Thermodynamic modelling performed for different rock types (taking into account the measured Fe2O3 contents) reveals that sodic amphibole appears at ∼8 ± 1 kbar and 400–450 °C (i.e. at the transition between the greenschist- and blueschist-facies conditions) about 5 kbar lower than previous estimates. To test the robustness of our conclusion, we performed a review of sodic amphibole compositions from a variety of terranes and P–T conditions. This shows (1) systematic variations of composition with P–T conditions and bulk-rock chemistry, and (2) that the amphibole compositions reported from the studied area are consistent with those reported from other greenschist- to blueschist-facies transitions.
Structural Change in Investment and Consumption—A Unified Analysis
Authors: Herrendorf Berthold , Rogerson Richard , Valentinyi Ákos 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The structural-change literature typically assumes that investment is produced in manufacturing. We establish that this assumption is counterfactual: in the postwar U.S., the share of services value added in investment expenditure has been steadily growing. We develop a new model that features structural change in investment and consumption, characterize its equilibrium properties, and provide empirical support for it. We establish that modelling structural change in investment leads to three novel insights: constant TFP growth in all sectors is inconsistent with the existence of aggregate balanced growth with structural change; the sector with the slowest TFP growth absorbs all resources asymptotically; technical change is endogenously investment-biased.
A single mechanism for global and selective response inhibition under the influence of motor preparation
Authors: Raud Liisa , Huster René J. , Ivry Richard B. , Labruna Ludovica , Messel Mari S. , Greenhouse Ian 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn our everyday behavior, we frequently cancel one movement while continuing others. Two competing models have been suggested for the cancellation of such specific actions: 1) the abrupt engagement of a unitary global inhibitory mechanism followed by reinitiation of the continuing actions, or 2) a balance between distinct global and selective inhibitory mechanisms. To evaluate these models, we examined behavioral and physiological markers of proactive control, motor preparation, and response inhibition using a combination of behavioral task performance measures, electromyography, electroencephalography, and motor evoked potentials elicited with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Healthy participants performed two versions of a stop signal task with cues incorporating proactive control: A unimanual task involving the initiation and inhibition of a single response, and a bimanual task involving the selective stopping of one of two prepared responses. Stopping latencies, motor evoked potentials, and frontal beta power (13-20 Hz) did not differ between the uni- and bimanual tasks. However, evidence for selective proactive control before stopping was manifest in the bimanual condition as changes in corticomotor excitability, mu (9-14 Hz), and beta (15-25 Hz) oscillations over sensorimotor cortex. Altogether, our results favor the recruitment of a single inhibitory stopping mechanism with the net behavioral output depending on the levels of action-specific motor preparation.Significance statementResponse inhibition is a core function of cognitive flexibility and movement control. Previous research has suggested separate mechanisms for selective and global inhibition, yet the evidence is inconclusive. Another line of research has examined the influence of preparation for action stopping, or what is called proactive control, on stopping performance, yet the neural mechanisms underlying this interaction are unknown. We combined transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroencephalography, electromyography and behavioral measures to compare selective and global inhibition models and to investigate markers of proactive control. The results favor a single inhibitory mechanism over separate selective and global mechanisms, but indicate a vital role for preceding motor activity in determining whether and which actions will be stopped.
OsNLP4is required for nitrate assimilation gene expressions and nitrate-dependent growth in rice
Authors: Wang Mengyao , Hasegawa Takahiro , Hayashi Makoto , Ohmori Yoshihiro , Yano Kenji , Teramoto Shota , Kamiya Takehiro , Fujiwara Toru 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn plants, nitrate is important nutrient and signaling molecule that modulates the expression of many genes and regulates growth. In paddy grown rice, nitrogen is mostly supplied in the form of ammonium, but nitrate also shares substantial portion of available nitrogen. A number of nitrogen transporters and nitrate assimilation enzymes have been identified and functionally characterized. However, little is known about the nitrate sensor system and regulatory mechanisms of these nitrate related genes. In recent years, NIN-like proteins (NLPs) have been described as key transcription factors of nitrogen responses inArabidopsis thaliana. But the functions of OsNLPs in rice are still elusive. Here we report the characterization ofOsNLP4to reveal its function in rice. Growths ofOsNLP4knockout mutants were reduced under the nitrate supply, but not under ammonium supply. The mRNA accumulation of genes involved in nitrate assimilation were declined significantly and nitrate uptake rate and nitrate reductase activity were also impaired in the mutants. Using rice protoplast transient expression system, OsNLP4-GFP fusion was localized to nucleus irrespective of nitrate conditions.OsNLP4was also required for normal yield under paddy field conditions. We propose theOsNLP4is essential for regulation of genes involved in nitrate assimilation and nitrate-dependent growth in rice.One sentence summaryTheosnlp4mutants exhibit abnormal nitrate response and poor growth under nitrate supply and in paddy field conditions.
Microbial contaminants cataloged as novel human sequences in recent human pan-genomes
Authors: Manni Mosè , Zdobnov Evgeny 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHuman pan-genome studies offer the opportunity to identify human non-reference sequences (NRSs) which are, by definition, not represented in the reference human genome (GRCh38). NRSs serve as useful catalogues of genetic variation for population and disease studies and while the majority consists of repetitive elements, a substantial fraction is made of non-repetitive, non-reference (NRNR) sequences. The presence of non-human sequences in these catalogues can inflate the number of “novel” human sequences, overestimate the genetic differentiation among populations, and jeopardize subsequent analyses that rely on these resources. We uncovered almost 2,000 contaminant sequences of microbial origin in NRNR sequences from recent human pan-genome studies. The contaminant contigs (3,501,302 bp) harbour genes totalling 4,720 predicted proteins (>40 aa). The major sources of contamination are related to Rhyzobiales, Burkholderiales, Pseudomonadales and Lactobacillales, which may have been associated with the original samples or introduced later during sequencing experiments. We additionally observed that the majority of human novel protein-coding genes described in one of the studies entirely overlap repetitive regions and are likely to be false positive predictions. We report here the list of contaminant sequences in three recent human pan-genome catalogues and discuss strategies to increase decontamination efficacy for current and future pan-genome studies.
Codon bias determines sorting of ion channel protein
Authors: Kithil Marina , Engel Anja Jeannine , Langhans Markus , Rauh Oliver , Cartolano Matea , Van Etten James L. , Moroni Anna , Thiel Gerhard 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe choice of codons can influence local translation kinetics during protein synthesis. The question of whether the modulation of polypeptide folding and binding to chaperons influences sorting of nascent membrane proteins remains unclear. Here, we use two similar K+channels as model systems to examine the impact of codon choice on protein sorting. By monitoring transient expression of GFP tagged proteins in mammalian cells we find that targeting of one channel to the secretory pathway is insensitive to codon optimization. In contrast, sorting of the second channel to the mitochondria is very sensitive to codon choice. The protein with an identical amino acid sequence is sorted in a codon and cell cycle dependent manner either to mitochondria or the secretory pathway. The data establish that a gene with either rare or frequent codons serves together with a cell-state depending decoding mechanism as a secondary code for sorting intracellular proteins.
Different temporal trends in vascular plant and bryophyte communities along elevational gradients over four decades of warming
Authors: Becker-Scarpitta Antoine , Auberson-Lavoie Diane , Aussenac Raphael , Vellend Mark 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDespite many studies showing biodiversity responses to warming, the generality of such responses across taxonomic groups remains unclear. Very few studies have tested for evidence of bryophyte community responses to warming, even though bryophytes are major contributors to diversity and functioning in many ecosystems. Here we report an empirical study comparing long-term change of bryophyte and vascular plant communities in two sites with contrasting long-term warming trends, using “legacy” botanical records as a baseline for comparison with contemporary resurveys. We hypothesized that ecological changes would be greater in sites with a stronger warming trend, and that vascular plant communities, with narrower climatic niches, would be more sensitive than bryophyte communities to climate warming. For each taxonomic group in each site, we quantified the magnitude of changes in species’ distributions along the elevation gradient, species richness, and community composition. We found contrasted temporal changes in bryophyte vs. vascular plant communities, which only partially supported the warming hypothesis. In the area with a stronger warming trend, we found a significant increase of local diversity and beta-diversity for vascular plants, but not for bryophytes. Presence absence data did not provide sufficient power to detect elevational shifts in species distributions. The patterns observed for bryophytes are in accordance with recent literature showing that local diversity can remain unchanged despite strong changes in composition. Regardless of whether one taxon is systematically more or less sensitive to environmental change than another, our results suggest that vascular plants cannot be used as a surrogate for bryophytes in terms of predicting the nature and magnitude of responses to warming. Thus, to assess overall biodiversity responses to global change, abundance data from different taxonomic groups and different community properties need to be synthesized.
Membrane-Interactive Compounds fromPistacia lentiscusL. ThwartPseudomonas aeruginosaVirulence
Authors: Tahrioui Ali , Ortiz Sergio , Azuama Onyedikachi Cecil , Bouffartigues Emeline , Benalia Nabiha , Tortuel Damien , Maillot Olivier , Chemat Smain , Kritsanida Marina , Feuilloley Marc , Orange Nicole , Michel Sylvie , Lesouhaitier Olivier , Cornelis Pierre , Grougnet Raphaël , Boutefnouchet Sabrina , Chevalier Sylvie 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTPseudomonas aeruginosais capable to deploy a collection of virulence factors that are not only essential for host infection and persistence, but also to escape from the host immune system and to become more resistant to drug therapies. Thus, developing anti-virulence agents that may directly counteract with specific virulence factors or disturb higher regulatory pathways controlling the production of virulence armories are urgently needed. In this regard, this study reports thatPistacia lentiscusL. fruit cyclohexane extract (PLFE1) thwartsP. aeruginosavirulence by targeting mainly the pyocyanin pigment production by interfering with 4-hydroxy-2-alkylquinolines molecules production. Importantly, the anti-virulence activity of PLFE1 appears to be associated with membrane homeostasis alteration through the modulation of SigX, an extracytoplasmic function sigma factor involved in cell wall stress response. A thorough chemical analysis of PLFE1 allowed us to identify the ginkgolic acid (C17:1) and hydroginkgolic acid (C15:0) as the main bioactive membrane-interactive compounds responsible for the observed increased membrane stiffness and anti-virulence activity againstP. aeruginosa. This study delivers a promising perspective for the potential future use of PLFE1 or ginkgolic acid molecules as an adjuvant therapy to fight againstP. aeruginosainfections.
Thymic rejuvenation via induced thymic epithelial cells (iTECs) fromFOXN1-overexpressing fibroblasts to counteract inflammaging
Authors: Oh Jiyoung , Wang Weikan , Thomas Rachel , Su Dong-Ming 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAge-associated systemic, chronic, sterile inflammatory condition (inflammaging) is partially attributed to increased self (auto)-reactivity, resulting from disruption of central tolerance in the aged, involuted thymus. Age-related thymic involution causally results from gradually declined expression of the transcription factor forkhead box N1 (FOXN1) in thymic epithelial cells (TECs), while exogenousFOXN1in TECs can significantly rescue age-related thymic involution. Given the findings that induced TECs (iTECs) fromFOXN1-overexpressing embryonic fibroblasts can generate an ectopicde novothymus under the kidney capsule and intra-thymically injected natural young TECs can lead to middle-aged thymus regrowth, we sought to expand upon these two findings by applying them as a novel thymic rejuvenation strategy with two types of promoter-driven (Rosa26CreERTandFoxN1Cre) Cre-mediated iTECs. We engrafted iTECs, rather than natural young TECs, directly into the aged thymus and/or peri-thymus and found a significantly rejuvenated architecture and function in the native aged murine thymus. The engrafted iTECs drove regrowth of the aged thymus in both male and female mice, showing not only increased thymopoiesis, but also reinforcement of thymocyte negative selection, thereby, reducing senescent T cells and auto-reactive T cell-mediated inflammaging phenotypes in old mice. Therefore, this is a promising thymic rejuvenation strategy with preclinical significance, which can potentially rescue declined thymopoiesis and impaired negative selection to significantly, albeit partially, restore the defective central tolerance and reduce subclinical chronic inflammatory symptoms in the elderly.Graphical AbstractA novel rejuvenation strategy via theFOXN1-TEC axis using induced two types ofFOXN1-overexpressing embryonic fibroblasts (termed iTECs) by intrathymic injection is able to counteract age-related thymic involution, which rescued negative selection, thereby, reducing peripheral T cell-associated inflammaging conditions.