bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence and removal of illicit drugs in different wastewater treatment plants with different treatment techniques
Authors: Deng Yanghui , Guo Changsheng , Zhang Heng , Yin Xingxing , Chen Like , Wu Daishe , Xu Jian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
BackgroundAs a class of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), illicit drugs should be taken into account in the water management because of their social and public health risks. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are usually considered as the source and sink of contaminants, and drug residues are observed in their effluents due to the inefficient removal of CECs. In this study, wastewater samples were collected from eight WWTPs in Changzhou City for assessment of the abuse of 12 illicit drugs in the city by Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) method.ResultsDrug concentrations ranged from <LOD-51.62 ng/L and <LOD-22.44 ng/L in influent and effluent samples, respectively. The highest removal rate of drugs was 79.0% in the WWTP which used sequencing batch reactor activated sludge (SBR) process method, while the lowest was found in the WWTP using anoxic oxic (A/O) process (47.0%), indicating that the drug removal rates were closely related to the treatment techniques. WBE method was applied to estimate the population normalized illicit drugs consumption. It demonstrated that methamphetamine (METH) was the most abused drug in Changzhou City, ranging from 0.16-20.65 mg/d/1000 inh, while other target drugs ranged from <LOD-1.52 mg/d/1000 inh. Consumption of cocaine (COC) and ecstasy was very low among the samples. Conclusion﻿Overall, this research suggests that the SBR process is the best for removing illicit drugs. WBE can be readily to monitor the abuse of drugs in those regions, compared with traditional monitoring models. Much attention should be paid by regulatory and management communities to METH and KET abuse in Changzhou City.
Development and Validation of a Shared Governance Feasibility Instrument in Nursing Schools in Iran
Authors: Sattarzadeh-Pashabeig Maryam , –Shoorideh Foroozan Atashzadeh , Sadoughi Mohammad-Mehdi , Khachian Alice , Zagheri-Tafreshi Mansoureh , Stievano Alessandro 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Aim: To develop and validate a shared governance feasibility instrument in schools of nursing in Iran with respect to the nature of the profession and the sociocultural context of the Iranian community. Background: Nursing schools are liable to the application of shared governance due to the presence of various expert educational groups within the school that necessitates reciprocal cooperation. Since the concept of shared governance is culture-based and given that no full-fledged study has been conducted on shared governance in Iran, the development of a suitable shared governance feasibility instrument is rendered as mandatory. Methods: This sequential exploratory mixed method study consisted of two qualitative and quantitative parts was accomplished 2016-2019. First, the primary items were extracted through extensive review of literature and qualitative interviews and underwent psychometric validation using a methodological approach. Face, content, construct validity, reliability of the instrument was established were done. Results: 150 items were distilled from the first stage of the study, was reduced to 70 after establishing face and content validity, and primary reliability. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in 52 items covering the two factors “shared atmosphere and culture” and “infrastructural prerequisites”. These two factors accounted for 78.6% of the total variance of the questionnaire. In calculating the final reliability coefficient of the instrument, Cronbach’s alpha and Omega were 0.981 and 0.805, respectively. The results showed an ICC of 0.91 indicating high reliability of the developed instrument with standard error of measurement (SEM) of 10.43. Finally, the items underwent weighting via scoring by considering item weights due to differences between the two methods. Conclusion: “Shared governance feasibility instrument” can provide a new insight to organizational performance for all policy-makers and beneficiaries of higher education. This not only leads to the use of intelligence and capabilities of the beneficiaries, but also aids in faster movement toward achieving organizational goals. Implications for Nursing Management : This study and the developed instrument may serve as guide for the feasibility of implementing shared governance to assess management styles and performance in higher education centers. Key Words: Nursing education, Nursing schools, Psychometrics, Shared governance
Association of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Levels with Biomarkers of Placental Development and Disease during Mid-gestation
Authors: Varshavsky Julia , Robinson Joshua F. , Zhou Yan , Puckett Kenisha A. , Kwan Elaine , Buarpung Sirirak , Aburajab Rayyan , Gaw Stephanie L. , Sen Saunak , Smith Sabrina Crispo , Frankenfield Julie , Park June-Soo , Fisher Susan J. , Woodruff Tracey J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
BackgroundPolybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) exposures have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. A hypothesized mechanism is via alterations in placental development and function. However, we lack biomarkers that can be used as early indicators of maternal/fetal response to PBDE exposures and/or perturbations in placental development or function. MethodsTo evaluate the relationship between PBDE levels and placental biomarkers during mid-gestation of human pregnancy (n = 62), we immunolocalized three molecules that play key roles in cytotrophoblast (CTB) differentiation and interstitial/endovascular uterine invasion—integrin alpha-1 (ITGA1), vascular endothelial-cadherin (CDH5), and metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1)–and assessed three morphological parameters as potential indicators of pathological alterations using H&E-stained tissues–leukocyte infiltration, fibrinoid deposition, and CTB endovascular invasion. We evaluated associations between placental PBDE levels and of biomarkers of placental development and disease using censored Kendall’s tau correlation and linear regression methods. ResultsPBDEs were detected in all placental samples. We observed substantial variation in antigen expression and morphological endpoints across placental regions. We observed an association between PBDE levels and immunoreactivity of endovascular CTB staining with anti-ITGA1 (inverse) or interstitial CTBs staining with anti-CDH5 (positive). ConclusionsWe found several molecular markers that may be sensitive placental indicators of PBDE exposure. Further, this indicates that placental biomarkers of development and disease could be useful barometers of exposure to PBDEs, a paradigm that could be extended to other environmental chemicals and placental stage-specific antigens.
Effect of resveratrol administration on ovarian morphology, determined by transvaginal ultrasound in patients with PCOS
Authors: Taheri Amir Pejman Hashemi , Moradi Behnaz , Radmard Amir Reza , Sanginabadi Milad , Qorbani Mostafa , Mohajeri-Tehrani Mohammad Reza , Shirzad Nooshin , Hosseini Saeed , Hekmatdoost Azita , Asadi Sedigheh , Samadi Majid , Mansour Asieh 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background High rate of anovulation in PCOS is associated with lack of development a dominant follicle. Intake of resveratrol has been associated with improved ovarian morphology in vitro and in animal PCOS model, but this finding has not been confirmed in randomized trials.Methods We randomly assigned 41 patients with PCOS, but without evidence of major medical disorders and who was not taking confounding medications including insulin sensitizers and steroids to received 1000 mg capsules containing resveratrol or matching placebo daily for up to 3 months. Transvaginal ultrasound examination was used to evaluate ovarian morphology.Results Resveratrol therapy, as compared with placebo, was associated with significantly higher rate of improvement in ovarian morphology (resveratrol group: 5 no polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM), 8 bilateral and 6 unilateral and placebo group: 10 bilateral and 7 unilateral, (p= 0.02)). Women who received resveratrol had more dominant follicle than who received placebo with a significant reduction in ovarian volume (p<0.05). However, the number of antral follicles per ovary (FNPO) and stromal area were not significantly altered (P>0.05).Conclusions This study offered the novel therapeutic approach of resveratrol administration for PCOS women.
Contribution of major food companies and their products to household dietary sodium purchases in Australia
Authors: Coyle Daisy Hannah , Shahid Maria , Dunford Elizabeth K , Mhurchu Cliona Ni , Mckee Sarah , Santos Myla , Popkin Barry M , Trieu Kathy , Marklund Matti , Taylor Fraser , Neal Bruce , Wu Jason HY 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background: The Australian federal government will soon release voluntary sodium reduction targets for 30 packaged food categories through the Healthy Food Partnership. Previous assessments of voluntary targets show variable industry engagement and little is known about the extent that major food companies and their products contribute to dietary sodium purchases among Australian households. Methods: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify the relative contribution that food companies and their products made to Australian household sodium purchases in 2018, and to examine differences in sodium purchases by household income level. We used one year of grocery purchase data from a nationally representative consumer panel of Australian households who reported their grocery purchases (the Nielsen Homescan panel), combined with database that contains product-specific sodium content for packaged foods and beverages (FoodSwitch). The top food companies and food categories were ranked according to their contribution to household sodium purchases. Differences in per capita sodium purchases by income levels were assessed by 1-factor ANOVA. All analyses were modelled to the Australian population in 2018 using sample weights. Results: Sodium data were available from 7,188 households who purchased 26,728 unique products and purchased just under 7.5 million food product units. Out of 1,329 food companies, the top 10 accounted for 58% of all sodium purchased from packaged foods and beverages. The top three companies were grocery food retailers each contributing 12-15% of sodium purchases from sales of their private label products, particularly processed meat, cheese and bread. Out of the 67 food categories, the top 10 accounted for 73% of sodium purchased, particularly driven by purchases of processed meat (14%), bread (12%) and sauces (11%). Low-income Australian households purchased significantly more sodium from packaged products than high-income households per capita (452mg/d, 95%CI: 363-540mg/d, P<0.001). Conclusions: A small number of food companies and food categories account for most of the dietary sodium purchased by Australian households. Prioritizing government engagement with these groups could deliver a large reduction in population sodium intake.
Ticks and associated pathogens in camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Riyadh province, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alanazi Abdullah Daria , Nguyen Viet Linh , Alyousif Mohamed Saleh , Manoj Ranju Ravindran Santhakumari , Alouffi Abdulaziz Saleh , Donato Ridolfi , Sazmand Alireza , Mendoza-Roldan Jairo Alfonso , Dantas-Torres Filipe , Otranto Domenico 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background Camel production in Saudi Arabia is severely affected by various diseases and by inadequate veterinary services. Ticks and tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) represent a major threat to the health of camels consequently affecting their productivity and performances. In addition, camels may act as hosts for TBPs (e.g. Anaplasma phagocytophilum ) causing diseases in humans. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of ixodid ticks and molecularly investigate the associated pathogens in camels from Saudi Arabia.Methods Blood and tick samples were collected from camels (n=170) in Riyad Province of Saudi Arabia. Ticks were morphologically identified and blood of camels were molecularly screened for apicomplexan (i.e. Babesia spp ., Theileria spp., Hepatozoon spp.) and rickettsial parasites (i.e. Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp.).Results Of the 170 camels examined, 116 (68.2%; 95% CI: 60.9–75.1) were infested by ticks with a mean intensity of 2.53 (95% CI =2.4–2.6). In total of 296 ticks collected, Hyalomma dromedarii was the most prevalent (76.4%), followed by Hyalomma impeltatum (23.3%) and Hyalomma excavatum (0.3%). Of the tested animals, 13 (7.6%; 95% CI: 4.3–12.8) scored positive to at least one TBP, with Anaplasma platys (5.3%; 95% CI: 2.7–9.9) being the most prevalent species, followed by Anaplasma phagocytophilum , Anaplasma sp., Ehrlichia canis and Hepatozoon canis (0.6% each; 95% CI: 0.04–3.4). None of the camels were found to be co-infected with more than one pathogen. All samples tested negative for Babesia spp. and Theileria spp.Conclusions Current study reveals the occurrence of different tick species and tick-borne pathogens in camels from Saudi Arabia. Importantly, these camels may carry A. phagocytophilum and A. platys , representing a potential risk to humans.
Role of awareness on cervical cancer screening uptake among HIV positive women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study
Authors: Emru Kassahun , Abebaw Tsega-Ab , Abaerei Admas Abera 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer is the second commonest cancer among women living in less developed countries. Women infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are at increased risk. However cervical cancer screening for HIV infected women has been started in limited centers in Addis Ababa, data on the uptake of this service are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level and predictors of cervical cancer screening uptake among HIV positive women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire on 411 HIV infected women in St. Paul's and Zewditu Hospitals, from April 20, 2015-May 10, 2015. Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess predictors of cervical cancer screening uptake. Results: Only 25.5% of the respondents had undergone cervical screening. Respondents who hadn't heard about cervical cancer and the screening were 75% and 78% less likely to be screened than those who had heard about it respectively. Conclusion: The uptake of cervical cancer screening was very low. Awareness about cervical cancer and screening were predictive factors. To increase the level of screening, specific awareness programs should be implemented by relevant authorities. Keywords: Cervical cancer, HIV, Screening, Women, Awareness
Assessing Resident Diagnostic Skills Using a Modified Bronchiolitis Score
Authors: Rivera-Sepulveda Andrea V , Isona Muguette 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate resident’s assessment of respiratory distress compared to attending’s assessment in the academic setting. Results: We evaluated resident’s assessment of respiratory distress in children through inter-rater reliability of a bronchiolitis severity assessment tool among pediatric attendings and pediatric residents. Inter-rater reliability (IRR) was assessed using a one-way random, average measures intra-class correlation (ICC) to evaluate the degree of consistency and magnitude of disagreement between inter-raters. Value of >0.6 was considered substantial for kappa and good internal consistency for ICC. Twenty patients were evaluated. Analysis showed fair agreement for the presence of retractions (K=0.31), auscultation (K=0.33), and total score (K=0.3). The RR (ICC=0.97), peripheral saturation (ICC=1.0), auscultation (ICC=0.77), and total score (ICC=0.84) were scored similarly across both raters, indicating excellent IRR. The identification of retractions had the least level of agreement.
Study Risk factors of increased Z-Score of Body Mass Index in preschool-age children
Authors: El-Gamal Fathi Mahmoud , Babader R , Al-Shaikh M , Al-Harbi A , Al-Kaf J , Al-Kaf W 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted to explore the risk factors of increased BMI /Age Z score > + 2 SD in the preschool children. Result: BMI/Age Z score > + 2 SD was found in 19.5% (146 /748) of the children. It was significantly more common among the children from areas with high socio-economic level (OR: 2.434; 95% CI 1.543, 3.841, and p < 0.000). Risk of being obese was significantly higher among the males (OR 0.630; 95% CI 0.431, 0.920, and p < 0.017) compared to females. The increased duration of breast feeding in infancy, was significantly associated with increased BMI/Age Z-score (b= 0.027, p< 0.004). Decreased age of the child was significantly associated with increased BMI/Age Z-score (b= - 0.013, p < 0.004). The children with stunted growth were 6.7 times fold likely to have BMI/Age Z Score > + 2 SD compared to the normal children (OR 6.733; 95% CI 3.799, 10.800, and p < 0.000), after allowing for other factors. No significant association was found between allergic disorders and BMI/Age Z score > + 2 SD.
Gender differences in the relationship between dietary energy and macronutrients intake and body weight outcomes in Chinese adults
Authors: Zhao Jian , Sun Jian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background To explore the the gender differences in the relationship between dietary energy and macronutrients intake and body weight outcomes in Chinese adults. Methods Data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS, 2015) for10,898 participants aged 18-64 years. Three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls was used to assess the dietary intake. Quantile regression models for body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were performed separately for each sex. Results Adult males showed greater absolute intakes of energy and macronutrients as compared to females as per the body weight outcomes. A 10% increase in BMI resulted in an additional intake of 0.002-0.004 kcal/d of dietary energy, 0.032-0.057 g/d of fats, 0.039-0.084 g/d of proteins, and 0.018-0.028 g/d of carbohydrates across all quantiles in males (p < 0.05). A 10% increase in WC resulted in an additional intake of 0.004-0.008 kcal/d of dietary energy, 0.051-0.052 g/d of carbohydrates across the entire quantile in males (p < 0.05), and an increased intake of 0.060-0.150 kcal/d of fat in females (p < 0.05). Conclusions Dietary Fat intake could be the risk factor of abdominal obesity in women. The importance of gender- specific evidence should be considered before promoting macronutrient allocation for the prevention and treatment of obesity.
Development and psychometric evaluation of the Female Infertility Stigma Questionnaire: A mixed method study protocol
Authors: Taebi Mahboubeh , kariman nourossadat , montazeri ali , majd hamid alavi 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background Infertility stigma is one of the greatest challenges in most societies for reproduction and sexual health of infertile women. Since no specific tool exists for assessing the infertility stigma in women, this study would be conducted to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of Female Infertility Stigma Questionnaire (F-ISQ).Methods This is a mixed method study with sequential exploratory design (qualitative and quantitative phase). In the first qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews would be performed with infertile female who had experienced infertility whithout any psychological disorder. Women who are eligible for participating in the study will be selected using purposeful sampling method with maximum variation in terms of age, education, occupation and infertility duration. Data would be analyzed using conventional content analysis and in this phase the primary item pool will be developed for the Female Infertility Stigma Questionnaire (F-ISQ). In the quantitative phase, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire would be evaluated, including the content, face and construct validity as well as reliability via the internal consistency and stability. The psychometric properties described in the COSMIN checklist will be utilized for designing the instrument.Discussion Developing a valid and reliable scale for Female Infertility Stigma Questionnaire (F-ISQ) would be helpful for future studies to assess the status of this situation. It also helps planning interventional studies for improvement of the reproductive health of infertile women.
A qualitative study on caregivers and patients perceptions about Alzheimer’s and related dementias in southwestern Uganda
Authors: TUMUHAIRWE JACKLINE , Maling Samuel , Okello Elialilia S. , Gelaye Bizu , Wakida Edith K. , Obua Celestino 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
BackgroundIn the treatment and safe service delivery of each disease, it is very important to understand the perceptions of caregivers and patients where they are not well understood because different cultures, regions and ethnicities have different ways how they understand the concept therefore this study aimed at understanding how patients and caregivers perceive Alzheimer’s and related dementias and their coping strategies in south western Uganda.Methods A qualitative cross sectional study was conducted using purposive sampling and 18 and 12 caregivers and patients were recruited respectively where in-depth interviews were conducted and data was analyzed using ATLAS Ti software.Results Five broad themes were used from Kleinmans explanatory model from both 2 objectives which included perceived identity, causes, treatment, effects and coping strategies. Participants had different views about each category. A big number was able to identify the disease as forgetfulness and the perceived causes included physical, psychological, and witch craft and most of caregivers continued to say that this disease does not need treatment since the most cause of it is aging which is a natural process while treatment was only sought secondary after going to the health facility for another cause/disease. The effects on caregivers include strain financial constraint, poor health while patients complained of non-productivity, psychological/emotional torture and lack of independence. In the instance of coping strategies more caregivers had options of seeking help from relatives, community based organizations (CBO) while some had no option but to just believe God.Conclusion Study findings reveal that caregivers and patients of Alzheimer’s and related dementias have both positive and negative perceptions. The negative perceptions lie more on treatment options and these may affect service delivery and reduce patient’s life span when the right treatment is not thought. Therefore continuous community sensitization about the disease is needed more.