bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-type Fano interference controlled by the phase transition of Eu3+/Pr3+:YPO4
Authors: Fan Huanrong , Raza Faizan , Ahmed Irfan , Li Kangkang , Ullah Habib , Zhang Yanpeng 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We study the Fano interference from different phase transitions of Eu3+:YPO4 and Pr3+:YPO4 crystals through simultaneous detection of bright and dark states. For this study, we employed tetragonal (T), hexahedral (H), and (H + T)-phases of YPO4 crystals. The Fano interfering bright and dark states are classified based on dressed spontaneous parametric four-wave mixing, dressed multi-order fluorescence, and hybrid signal regimes. Further, the Fano interference between conti-nuous and discrete states can be controlled from partly-(constructive–destructive)-interference through a phase transition, nonlinear phase, and dressing. The (H + T)-phase Pr3+:YPO4 suggests more obvious Fano interference in contrast to T- or H-phase Pr3+:YPO4. We report that the Pr3+:YPO4 and Eu3+:YPO4 demonstrates the dressed multi-level- and dressed single-level Fano interference, respectively, with further three types of Fano interference that can be distinguished at different time delays. The experimental measurement agrees with theoretical simulations. Such results may be used for the design of new types of quantum electronic or spintronic devices such as Fano-transistors.
Quenching of

transition results from 2p-1h doorway mechanism by p-wave neutron excitation *
Authors: Wang Tao-Feng , Yang Xiao-Ting , Katabuchi T. , Li Zi-Ming , Xu Zhi-Bo , Kim G. N. , Ro T. I. , Han Ying-Lu , Zhu Li-Hua , Igashira M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The ratio of

transition-intensities from the initial capture state to low-lying states may represent the model-independent

-strength function, which reflects the effects of different neutron-capture reaction mechanisms. The extraordinary quenching of the

transition from the p-wave neutron radiative capture in

Fe is observed, for the first time, from the pronounced enhancement of the

-strength function ratios

and

. The 2p-1h doorway excitation leads to suppression of the

transition to the ground state and the enhancement of the

and

transitions to the first and second excited states, respectively. The

sub-shells supply the exact number of spaces required for the 2p-1h configuration, which features the neutron capture mechanism in the vicinity of A= 55.
Derivative-based gamma index: a novel methodology for stringent patient-specific quality assurance in the stereotactic treatment planning of liver cancer
Authors: Thaper Deepak , Kamal Rose , Singh Gaganpreet , Oinam Arun S , Yadav Hanuman P , Kumar Vivek 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective: The development of a stringent derivative-based gamma (DBG) index for patient-specific QA in stereotactic radiotherapy treatment planning (SRTP) to account for the spatial change in dose. Methods: Twenty-five patients of liver SBRT were selected retrospectively for this study. Deliberately, two different kinds of treatment planning approaches were used for each patient. Firstly, the treatment plans were generated using a conventional treatment planning (CTP) approach in which the target was covered with a homogeneous dose along with the nominal dose fall-off around the treatment field. Subsequently, the other treatment plans were generated using an SRTP approach with the intent of heterogeneous dose within the target region along with a steeper dose gradient outside the treatment field as much as possible. For both kinds of treatment plans, two dimensional (2D) conventional gamma (CG) and DBG analysis were performed using the 2D ion chamber array and radiochromic film. Results: Difference in the DBG index was statistically significant whereas, for CG analysis, the difference in CG index was insignificant for both types of treatment plans (CTP and SRTP). A significant positive correlation was observed between the difference in the DBG index and the difference in HI for high gamma criteria. Conclusion: The DBG evaluation is found to be more rigorous, and sensitive to the only SRTP. The proposed method could be opted-in the routine clinical practice in addition to CG. Advances in knowledge: DBG is more sensitive to detect the spatial change of dose, especially in high dose gradient regions.
Contrast resolution of few-photon detectors
Authors: Jönsson Mattias , Björk Gunnar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We investigate the minimum acquisition time, expressed as the number of image frames, and the minimum number of absorbed photons per pixel required to achieve a predefined contrast resolution in a monochromatic, pixelated image acquisition system at low light intensities (from well below one photon, to several hundred photons per pixel and frame). Primarily we compare systems based on the pixels of the photon-number-resolving (PNR) type of detectors and detectors that discriminate, in a binary fashion, between zero and non-zero photon numbers (so-called click detectors). We find that our model can seamlessly interpolate between the two. We also model detectors with intrinsic PNR capabilities and integrating detectors with a simple saturation model, derive the probability of errors in assigning the correct intensity (or ‘gray level’) and finally discuss how the estimated levels, which need to be based on threshold levels due to the stochastic nature of the detected photon number, should be assigned. Overall, we find that non-ideal PNR-detector-based systems offer advantages even over ideal click-detector-based systems when the incident mean photon number is sufficiently large, which is guaranteed to occur around ten photons per pixel and frame.
Robust mixing in self-consistent linearized augmented planewave calculations
Authors: Kim Jongmin , Gulans Andris , Draxl Claudia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We devise a mixing algorithm for full-potential (FP) all-electron calculations in the linearized augmented planewave (LAPW) method. Pulay’s direct inversion in the iterative subspace is complemented with the Kerker preconditioner and further improvements to achieve smooth convergence, avoiding charge sloshing and noise in the exchange–correlation potential. As the Kerker preconditioner was originally designed for the planewave basis, we have adapted it to the FP-LAPW method and implemented in the exciting code. Applications to the 2 × 2 Au(111) surface with a vacancy and to the Pd(111) surface demonstrate that this approach and our implementation work reliably with both density and potential mixing.
Microanatomical traits track climate gradients for a dominant C4 grass species across the Great Plains, USA
Authors: Bachle Seton , Nippert Jesse B 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsAndropogon gerardii is a highly productive C4 grass species with a large geographic range throughout the North American Great Plains, a biome characterized by a variable temperate climate. Plant traits are often invoked to explain growth rates and competitive abilities within broad climate gradients. For example, plant competition models typically predict that species with large geographic ranges benefit from variation in traits underlying high growth potential. Here, we examined the relationship between climate variability and leaf-level traits in A. gerardii, emphasizing how leaf-level microanatomical traits serve as a mechanism that may underlie variation in commonly measured traits, such as specific leaf area (SLA).MethodsAndropogon gerardii leaves were collected in August 2017 from Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (MN), Konza Prairie Biological Station (KS), Platte River Prairie (NE) and Rocky Mountain Research Station (SD). Leaves from ten individuals from each site were trimmed, stained and prepared for fluorescent confocal microscopy to analyse internal leaf anatomy. Leaf microanatomical data were compared with historical and growing season climate data extracted from PRISM spatial climate models.Key ResultsMicroanatomical traits displayed large variation within and across sites. According to AICc (Akaike’s information criterion adjusted for small sample sizes) selection scores, the interaction of mean precipitation and temperature for the 2017 growing season was the best predictor of variability for the anatomical and morphological traits measured here. Mesophyll area and bundle sheath thickness were directly correlated with mean temperature (annual and growing season). Tissues related to water-use strategies, such as bulliform cell and xylem area, were significantly correlated with one another.ConclusionsThe results indicate that (1) microanatomical trait variation exists within this broadly distributed grass species, (2) microanatomical trait variability appears likely to impact leaf-level carbon and water use strategies, and (3) microanatomical trait values vary across climate gradients, and may underlie variation in traits measured at larger ecological scales.
Advances in smartphone positioning in forests: dual-frequency receivers and raw GNSS data
Authors: Tomaštík Julián , Chudá Juliána , Tunák Daniel , Chudý František , Kardoš Miroslav 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Smartphones with their capability to receive Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals can be currently considered the most common devices used for positioning tasks, including forestry applications. This study focuses on possible improvements related to two crucial changes implemented into Android smartphone positioning in the last 3 years – dual-frequency (L1/L5) GNSS receivers and the possibility of recording raw GNSS data. The study comprises three experiments: (1) real-time measurements of individual points, (2) real-time recording of trajectories, and (3) post-processing of raw GNSS data provided by the smartphone receiver. The real-time tests were conducted using final positions provided by the internal receiver, i.e. without further processing or averaging. The test on individual points has proven that the Xiaomi Mi8 smartphone with a multi-constellation, dual-frequency receiver was the only device whose accuracy was not significantly different from single-frequency mapping-grade receiver under any conditions. The horizontal accuracy of most devices was lower during leaf-on season (root mean square errors between 5.41 and 12.55 m) than during leaf-off season (4.10–11.44 m), and the accuracy was significantly better under open-area conditions (1.72–4.51 m) for all tested devices when compared with forest conditions. Results of the second experiment with track recording suggest that smartphone receivers are better suited for dynamic applications – the mean shift between reference and measured trajectories varied from 1.23 to 5.98 m under leaf-on conditions. Post-processing of the raw GNSS data in the third experiment brought very variable results. We achieved centimetre-level accuracy under open-area conditions; however, in forest, the accuracies varied from meters to tens of meters. Observed loss of the signal strength in the forest represented ~20 per cent of the open-area value. Overall, the multi-constellation, dual-frequency receiver provided more robust and accurate positional solutions compared with single-frequency smartphones. Applicability of the raw GNSS data must be further studied especially in forests, as the provided data are highly susceptible to multipath and other GNSS adverse effects.
Nonfunctional extradural thoracic spine paraganglioma in a pediatric patient: a case report
Authors: Alshaya Weal , Aleissa Sami I , Abdulfaraj Muath I , Aldeghaither Sarah A , Alhandi Ali A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Paraganglioma in the spine remains a rare occurrence that is mostly benign and commonly associated with other inherited symptoms. Presentation in the pediatric population is rare with a high risk of recurrence. This case reports an unusual presentation of a slowly progressing nonfunctional thoracic paraganglioma in a 6-year-old female child that presented with mass-related symptoms sparing the spinal canal. Tumor recurred after initial video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery excision with significant involvement of the thoracic spinal canal. Patient underwent a second surgery utilizing a posterior approach and laminectomies. Succinate dehydrogenase-B gene association was confirmed through molecular testing afterward. Such tumors can be malignant with 7% present with distant metastasis. Image-based differentiation of malignant tumors remains difficult, adding to the urgency in diagnosing these tumors. Furthermore, the unlikely age presentation compounds to the challenges of the diagnostic process.x The patient remains tumor free 12 months postoperatively.
A Preliminary Investigation on the Effects of Atenolol for Treating Symptoms of Anxiety
Authors: Armstrong Cody , Kapolowicz Michelle R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Anxiety disorders are among the most commonly diagnosed of psychiatric disorders. Many symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder are also anxiety-related. Traditional medications used to treat these disorders, such as antidepressants and benzodiazepines, are often ineffective, not well-tolerated, and can be habit forming. An alternative agent is, therefore, needed. Beta-blockers are one class of medication with potential to treat anxiety-related disorders; however, current evidence remains limited and requires further characterization. To this end, this retrospective study aims to present a novel preliminary report on the use of the beta-blocker, atenolol, to potentially treat anxiety-related disorders.

Materials and methods
Ninety-two patients were identified from outpatient military mental health clinics in Okinawa, Japan, who had received atenolol for mental health-related symptoms. Primary measures collected were the rates of patient-reported (1) general beneficial/positive effect of atenolol, (2) adverse effects from atenolol, and (3) preference of atenolol to propranolol. Data were collected from patients who were given binary response options to report their perceived experiences for each primary measure. This study was approved by the Naval Medical Center San Diego Institutional Review Board.

Results
The results showed 86% of patients reporting a positive effect and continuing to take atenolol, including 87% with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, 100% with diagnosis of other specified trauma- and stressor-related disorder, and 81% diagnosed with anxiety disorders. In total, 90% of patients denied adverse effects or found the adverse effects tolerable. Additionally, 100% of patients who had previously taken propranolol for anxiety reported that they preferred atenolol.

Conclusions
The present preliminary observational data suggests that atenolol may be well-tolerated and effective among persons with anxiety disorders. These data also suggest that atenolol may be more effective and better tolerated than propranolol, which is the most commonly prescribed beta-blocker for these conditions; however, more rigorously controlled empirical studies are needed to further substantiate this claim. Despite an overwhelmingly high rate of positive reports from patients’ self-evaluations of atenolol treatment for anxiety-related disorders, this early investigation was not placebo-controlled nor double-blinded, and formal outcome measures were not assessed due to a lack of availability. More detailed examinations are needed to further determine whether atenolol is a viable alternative or augmenting agent to propranolol, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants for anxiety disorders and trauma-related disorders.
Unveiling cloudy exoplanets: the influence of cloud model choices on retrieval solutions
Authors: Barstow Joanna K 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
In recent years, it has become clear that a substantial fraction of transiting exoplanets have some form of aerosol present in their atmospheres. Transit spectroscopy – mostly of hot Jupiters, but also of some smaller planets – has provided evidence for this, in the form of steep downward slopes from blue to red in the optical part of the spectrum, and muted gas absorption features throughout. Retrieval studies seeking to constrain the composition of exoplanet atmospheres must therefore account for the presence of aerosols. However, clouds and hazes are complex physical phenomena, and the transit spectra that are currently available allow us to constrain only some of their properties. Therefore, representation of aerosols in retrieval models requires that they are described by only a few parameters, and this has been done in a variety of ways within the literature. Here, I investigate a range of parametrizations for exoplanet aerosol and their effects on retrievals from transmission spectra of hot Jupiters HD 189733b and HD 209458b. I find that results qualitatively agree for the cloud/haze itself regardless of the parametrization used, and indeed using multiple approaches provides a more holistic picture; the retrieved abundance of H2O is also very robust to assumptions about aerosols. I also find strong evidence that aerosol on HD 209458b covers less than half of the terminator region, whilst the picture is less clear for HD 189733b.
Fast synthetic spectral fitting for large stellar samples: a critical test with 25 bright stars of known rotation
Authors: Schröder K-P , Mittag M , Flor Torres L M , Jack D , Snellen I 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
This work presents and tests a reliable, but nonetheless fast, method for determining the physical parameters of large stellar samples with moderate-resolution spectra, with extensive host star–exoplanet studies in mind. The proposed strategy complements spectral synthesis for obtaining spectroscopically sensitive parameters (i.e. effective temperature and rotation velocity) through other data to keep less critical quantities fixed. We test this approach on a sample of 25 bright (4–7 mag), cool main-sequence stars, for which rotation periods are known from chromospheric activity monitoring. On the basis of good-quality (signal-to-noise ratio 70–80) Tracking and Imaging Gamma-Ray Experiment–Heidelberg Extended Range Optical Spectrograph (TIGRE–HEROS) spectra with a modest spectral resolving power of R = 21 000, we employ the fast iSpec tool. With gravities calculated and approximate metallicities taken from uvby photometry (Geneva–Copenhagen catalogue), spectral synthesis is focused on refining the crucial effective temperature. Finally, rotational velocities are fitted. However, these suffer from cross-talk with gravity and convective turbulence. We find that prescribing macroscopic turbulent velocities for most stars within 2–3 km s−1 (with 4–6 km s−1 for only our three warmest stars) and microscopic turbulent velocities within 0.7–1.5 km s−1 (turbulence increasing with effective temperature, from under 5000 K to 6300 K) results in a satisfactory match (with residuals of 2.5 km s−1) of the period-related, very small rotation velocities of our sample stars. With this prescription, the fast spectral synthesis method described yields effective temperatures similar to intensive atmospheric modelling of high-resolution spectra.
Optimal periodicity searching: revisiting the fast folding algorithm for large-scale pulsar surveys
Authors: Morello V , Barr E D , Stappers B W , Keane E F , Lyne A G 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The fast folding algorithm (FFA) is a phase-coherent search technique for periodic signals. It has rarely been used in radio pulsar searches, having been historically supplanted by the less computationally expensive fast fourier transform (FFT) with incoherent harmonic summing (IHS). Here, we derive from first principles that an FFA search closely approaches the theoretical optimum sensitivity to all periodic signals; it is analytically shown to be significantly more sensitive than the standard FFT+IHS method, regardless of pulse period and duty cycle. A portion of the pulsar phase space has thus been systematically underexplored for decades; pulsar surveys aiming to fully sample the pulsar population should include an FFA search as part of their data analysis. We have developed an FFA software package, riptide, fast enough to process radio observations on a large scale; riptide has already discovered sources undetectable using existing FFT+IHS implementations. Our sensitivity comparison between search techniques also shows that a more realistic radiometer equation is needed, which includes an additional term: the search efficiency. We derive the theoretical efficiencies of both the FFA and the FFT+IHS methods and discuss how excluding this term has consequences for pulsar population synthesis studies.
Uncoupling gene expression noise along the central dogma using genome engineered human cell lines
Authors: Quarton Tyler , Kang Taek , Papakis Vasileios , Nguyen Khai , Nowak Chance , Li Yi , Bleris Leonidas 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Eukaryotic protein synthesis is an inherently stochastic process. This stochasticity stems not only from variations in cell content between cells but also from thermodynamic fluctuations in a single cell. Ultimately, these inherently stochastic processes manifest as noise in gene expression, where even genetically identical cells in the same environment exhibit variation in their protein abundances. In order to elucidate the underlying sources that contribute to gene expression noise, we quantify the contribution of each step within the process of protein synthesis along the central dogma. We uncouple gene expression at the transcriptional, translational, and post-translational level using custom engineered circuits stably integrated in human cells using CRISPR. We provide a generalized framework to approximate intrinsic and extrinsic noise in a population of cells expressing an unbalanced two-reporter system. Our decomposition shows that the majority of intrinsic fluctuations stem from transcription and that coupling the two genes along the central dogma forces the fluctuations to propagate and accumulate along the same path, resulting in increased observed global correlation between the products.
Management of Thoracic Disc Herniation Using the Mini-Open Retropleural Approach: Technique Illustration and Clinical Outcomes of 33 Patients From a Single Academic Center
Authors: Noureldine Mohammad Hassan A , Pressman Elliot , Krafft Paul R , Molcanyi Marek , Tran Nam D , Greenberg Mark S , Alikhani Puya 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Conventional surgical approaches used in the management of thoracic disc herniation (TDH) are associated with high morbidity. The development of minimally invasive and mini-open approaches has consistently improved patient outcomes.

OBJECTIVE
To report our experience and outcomes of patients with symptomatic TDHs who underwent discectomy and partial corpectomy using the mini-open retropleural (MORP) approach as well as provide a detailed and illustrated technical description of the approach.

METHODS
Retrospective chart review was performed on all patients with symptomatic TDHs who underwent a MORP approach at a tertiary academic center between 2011 and 2019. Patient demographic, clinical, and imaging data were examined (n = 33). The surgical technique is illustrated and described in detail.

RESULTS
Discectomy of the herniated thoracic discs was successfully achieved in all patients using the MORP approach. Calcified discs were present in 63.6% (n = 21) of patients. Immediate instrumentation and fusion were performed in 30.3% (n = 10) of patients, which were among the earlier cases in this series. Symptomatic pleural effusions and cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in 6.1% (n = 2) and 9.1% (n = 3), respectively. No patient required chest tube placement.

CONCLUSION
The MORP approach described in this manuscript is feasible and safe in achieving discectomy in patients with symptomatic TDHs. Compared to conventional open and other minimally invasive approaches, patients undergoing the MORP approach may have better outcomes with lower complication rates.