bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Violence against Women in Politics
Authors: Krook Mona Lena 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Women have made significant inroads into politics in recent years, but in many parts of the world, their increased engagement has spurred attacks, intimidation, and harassment intended to deter their participation. This book provides the first comprehensive account of this phenomenon, exploring how women came to give these experiences a name—violence against women in politics—and lobby for its increased recognition by citizens, states, and international organizations. Drawing on research in multiple disciplines, the volume resolves lingering ambiguities regarding its contours by arguing that violence against women in politics is not simply a gendered extension of existing definitions of political violence privileging physical aggressions against rivals. Rather, it is a distinct phenomenon involving a broad range of harms to attack and undermine women as political actors. Incorporating a wide range of country examples, the book illustrates what this violence looks like in practice, catalogues emerging solutions around the world, and considers how to document this phenomenon more effectively. Highlighting its implications for democracy, human rights, and gender equality, the volume concludes that tackling violence against women in politics requires ongoing dialogue and collaboration to ensure women’s equal rights to participate—freely and safely—in political life around the globe.
A “New” Phenomenon?
Authors: Krook Mona Lena 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores whether violence against women in politics is in fact a “new” phenomenon, noting that existing evidence points to at least three scenarios: it is a new expression of an old problem; it stems from technological advances and rising levels of incivility in world politics; and it constitutes a backlash against women’s increased presence in politics. While the lack of prior research complicates the task of testing these various explanations, the chapter ultimately argues that the search for a definitive answer may be misplaced: rather than constituting competing hypotheses, these accounts more likely collectively capture distinct elements driving this phenomenon.
A Distinct Phenomenon
Authors: Krook Mona Lena 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 argues that violence against women in politics is not simply a gendered version of already-recognized forms of political violence. Rather, it constitutes a distinct phenomenon that specifically aims to exclude women as women from the political sphere. Rather than being an incidental feature, gender is central to the logic of violence, shaping its origins, manifestations, and outcomes. The chapter elaborates on this distinction by proposing that violence against women in politics originates in structural violence against women, is manifested through cultural violence against women, and results in symbolic violence against women. This distinction means that violence against women in politics poses threats to democracy, human rights, and gender equality.
A Continuum of Violence
Authors: Krook Mona Lena 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 11 outlines competing views on defining “violence.” A minimalist conception of violence as force focuses on the deliberate infliction of physical injury, highlighting the intentions of agents committing acts of violence at single moments in time. In contrast, a more comprehensive view of violence as violation recognizes a wider range of transgressions, privileging the experiences of victims and the “ripples of violence” affecting survivors, their families, and their communities over time. The chapter argues in favor of adopting a comprehensive approach, limited not to the use of force but drawing attention to violations of personal integrity more broadly. It draws on feminist work theorizing a continuum of violence against women to highlight why identifying a more complete spectrum of violent acts is vital, as manifestations of violence not only shade into one another but also inform and reinforce one another.
Psychological Violence
Authors: Krook Mona Lena 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 13 provides an overview of psychological forms of violence against women in politics. Psychological violence inflicts trauma on individuals’ mental state or emotional well-being. It seeks to disempower targets by degrading, demoralizing, or shaming them—often through efforts to instill fear, cause stress, or harm their credibility. These acts may occur inside and outside official political settings and be carried out in person, by telephone, or via digital means like email and social media. Experiencing it firsthand, targets (and their allies) have taken the lead in devising and sharing coping strategies, empowering individuals and mobilizing groups to call out psychological violence and counteract its pernicious effects.
Cross-Cutting Solutions
Authors: Krook Mona Lena 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 17 builds on previous chapters, which focus on solutions for individual categories of violence, by cataloguing solutions that cut across multiple forms of violence. Collective efforts to understand this problem highlight the multi-faceted and overlapping nature of its manifestations, thus single-pronged solutions alone may not suffice to address the fuller spectrum of acts of violence against women in politics. The chapter outlines three categories of cross-cutting solutions pioneered in various parts of the globe: awareness-raising initiatives, legal reforms, and safety and support frameworks. It shows that as a group, they tackle this problem at various stages, seeking to prevent, sanction, and provide redress for acts of violence against women in politics.
Introduction
Authors: Weirich Paul 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Handling risk well is a hallmark of rational decisions. Some risks are chances of bad events and others are the volatility of an act’s possible outcomes. Attitudes to a risk may focus on everything that occurs if the risk occurs, or just on the intrinsic features of the risk. Rationality’s requirements concerning attitudes to risks depend on the type of risk and the type of attitude. The requirements, for simplicity, may target cognitively ideal agents in ideal conditions for forming attitudes to risks. The idealizing assumptions about agents create a normative model. Well-established research methods explain how removing idealizations generalizes the model. Rational attitudes to risks ground rational choices concerning acts that affect risks. They explain the rationality of maximizing expected utility, as the book argues. Its philosophical account of risk is precise, systematic, and explanatory.
Evaluation of an Act
Authors: Weirich Paul 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The expected-utility principle asserts that an act’s utility equals its expected utility, that is, a probability-weighted average of the utilities of the act’s possible outcomes. The mean-risk principle asserts that an act’s utility equals the sum of (1) the act’s expected utility ignoring the act’s risk and (2) the intrinsic utility of the act’s risk. The justification of both principles uses the independence of evaluations of risks and prospects, taking them in isolation. The scope of intrinsic evaluations of risks and prospects makes the evaluations independent, and their independence grounds the additivity of evaluations of an act’s risks and prospects, and also the additivity of an evaluation of the act’s risk, in the sense of its exposure to chance, and the act’s evaluation ignoring its risk.
Monks in Motion
Authors: Chia Jack Meng-Tat 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chinese Buddhists have never remained stationary. They have always been on the move. Why did Buddhist monks migrate from China to Southeast Asia? How did they participate in transregional Buddhist networks across the South China Sea? In Monks in Motion, Jack Meng-Tat Chia tells a story of monastic connectivity across the South China Sea during the twentieth century. Following in the footsteps of three prominent monks—Chuk Mor (1913–2002), Yen Pei (1917–1996), and Ashin Jinarakkhita (1923–2002)—Chia explores the connected history of Buddhist communities in China and maritime Southeast Asia. Monks in Motion is the first book to offer a history of what Chia terms “South China Sea Buddhism,” referring to a Buddhism that emerged from a swirl of correspondence networks, forced exiles, voluntary visits, evangelizing missions, institution-building campaigns, and the organizational efforts of countless Chinese and Chinese diasporic Buddhist monks. Drawing on multilingual research conducted in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, he challenges the conventional categories of “Chinese Buddhism” and “Southeast Asian Buddhism” by focusing on the lesser-known—yet no less significant—Chinese Buddhist communities of maritime Southeast Asia. By crossing the artificial spatial frontier between China and Southeast Asia, Monks in Motion brings Southeast Asia into the study of Chinese Buddhism and Chinese Buddhism into the study of Southeast Asia.
Introduction
Authors: Chia Jack Meng-Tat 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The introduction sets out the purpose of the book, which is to study Chinese Buddhist migration in the twentieth century, highlighting the connected history of Buddhist communities in China and maritime Southeast Asia. This chapter introduces the term “South China Sea Buddhism,” referring to the forms of Buddhism in maritime Southeast Asia—which use Mandarin Chinese, Southern Chinese dialects, and Southeast Asian languages in their liturgy and scriptures—that have emerged out of Buddhist connections across the South China Sea. It challenges the conventional categories of “Chinese Buddhism” and “Southeast Asian Buddhism” by focusing on the lesser-known Chinese Buddhist communities of maritime Southeast Asia. Finally, the chapter discusses the sources and outline of the book.
Migrants, Monks, and Monasteries
Authors: Chia Jack Meng-Tat 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides the historical background to Chinese migration and the spread of Buddhism to maritime Southeast Asia between the nineteenth century and the 1940s to set the stage for the discussion of the three monks in this study. In rough chronological order, this chapter tells the history of Chinese migration to colonial Southeast Asian states, arrival of Chinese Buddhism, and the South China Sea Buddhist networks that connected China and Southeast Asia. During this period, Buddhist monks came to the Malay Archipelago and propagated ideas of Buddhist modernism to the overseas Chinese communities. By the end of the 1940s, communist victory in the Chinese civil war led to the establishment of the People’s Republic of China and the evacuation of the Kuomintang government to Taiwan; this period also marked the beginning of decolonization in maritime Southeast Asia.
Yen Pei
Authors: Chia Jack Meng-Tat 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 uses Yen Pei’s life and career as a window into the larger and more complex dynamics of migration and transregional Buddhist circulations in the South China Sea during the second half of the twentieth century. The chapter draws on the case of Yen Pei to reveal that, first, migrant monks were significant actors in connecting the Buddhist communities in China and Southeast Asia, and second, Singapore’s so-called reformist Buddhist movement can be better understood by contextualizing it within the broader history of South China Sea Buddhism in the twentieth century. The first half of this chapter discusses Yen Pei’s decade-long career in Taiwan between 1952 and 1964 and his three missionary trips to Southeast Asia in 1958, 1961, and 1964. The second half of the chapter focuses on his religious career in Singapore from 1964 to his death in 1996.
Introduction
Authors: Gallicchio Marc 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Introduction gives a brief outline of the history behind the events that led to the unconditional surrender by the Japanese as World War II came to a close in 1945. In the final months of the war, the Introduction argues, a vigorous public debate erupted over the policy of unconditional surrender and the definition of “victory.” This debate wasn’t just about the best way to end a war; it extended the ideological battleground of the New Deal into the international realm. The Introduction concludes that to fully understand Japan’s decision to surrender, readers need to understand what the various participants knew at that time and that is what this book aims to do.
“We Do Not Exclude a Constitutional Monarch Under the Present Dynasty”
Authors: Gallicchio Marc 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The second chapter picks up in Okinawa, where the last chapter ended, in June 1945, when Japanese forces began an orderly retreat from the Shuri line to the Kiyan Peninsula, located at the southernmost part of Okinawa. Thereafter began a plan within the Japanese political and military elite to end the war. The initial hope was for Japan’s withdrawal from the European colonies it had conquered, providing they were granted their independence. Japan would also disarm itself and accept limits imposed on its defense establishment. There would be no occupation of the homeland. The chapter argues that this was a daring plan. The chapter presents the U.S. reaction to this in terms of how those in power wanted the Japanese surrender to be shaped.
The Challenges at Work
Authors: Pinckney Jonathan C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the results of two statistical analyses: one comparing transitions initiated by nonviolent resistance (civil resistance transitions) with all other types of political transitions from 1945 until 2011, and a second looking at the effects of the challenges of transitional mobilization and maximalism within civil resistance transitions. The analysis finds strong support for the book’s two key empirical claims: that civil resistance transitions are much more likely to end in democracy than other types of transition, and that high levels of mobilization and low levels of maximalism during civil resistance transitions are key in leading to this democratizing effect.
Value
Authors: Richardson John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The first chapter introduces Nietzsche’s notion of value; this metaethics orients the book’s later discussions. He speaks of values both descriptively, as objects of study, and valuatively, as what he values; only in the latter sense does he see them as good. The chapter argues that the first, naturalistic view of values, in which they are simply objects of valuing, has priority for him. A value is really just a sign used by a will, which values precisely by steering by that sign. Since all organisms use signs in this way, all of them value. Nietzsche challenges us to “incorporate” this metaethical truth into our own valuing and to recognize that our own values are likewise only “perspectival” goods (i.e., goods internal to our valuing perspective). The chapter articulates twelve “principles” he holds regarding values and locates his metaethical position in relation to those attributed to him by other interpreters.
The Yes
Authors: Richardson John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The ninth chapter begins presenting the values Nietzsche offers as lesson from his critiques of our values so far. It treats the center-piece of these new values, “the Yes.” He sets the goal of a “universal affirmation”: viewing everything, even the ugly, the weak, the sick as good. The bad is a way of being good. This amounts to a “value monism,” denying “opposite values,” which he thinks are presumed in morality’s dualist distinction between good and evil. This Yes is expressed in some of his most famous ideas, including eternal return and amor fati. He tries out ways to “prove” this value monism given what values are. But ultimately he doesn’t offer it as required or true because he wants us to value it “honestly”—as just a valued. We are to value it in a way that engages not just our belief, but our willing and feeling, too.
Self
Authors: Richardson John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The tenth chapter shows how incorporating the truth about values lets one “become who one is”: an individual and self, crystallized from the herd identity one has in living by norms. Nietzsche’s idea of the self grounds it in our reflexivity or self-relation; to “be a self” is to be adequately reflexive. The chapter gives a genealogy of this selfhood, showing it as the culmination of a reflexivity intrinsic to will to power itself and progressively improved in higher forms of this will. Our better self-understanding makes possible a fuller selfhood, one achieved by distinguishing oneself both from one’s parts—one’s drives and affects—and from the group of which one is part. It’s by unifying one’s drives (overcoming fragmentation) and individuating from one’s herd (overcoming assimilation) that one becomes a full-fledged self. This enables one to have values “of one’s own” and to be “selfish” in the way Nietzsche advocates.
Eubie Blake
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The book tells the story of one of the key composers of 20th-century American popular song. Through his music, Eubie Blake rose from the slums of Baltimore to the heights of Broadway success. His show Shuffle Along was the first African American show to win a major white audience, becoming the tenth most popular show of the 1920s. The show introduced future black stars—including Josephine Baker, Paul Robeson, and Florence Mills—and the syncopated chorus line, and introduced jazz-styled music to Broadway. Blake’s composing skills were matched by his piano mastery. Even in the Depression, Eubie continued composing innovative new works. At 61, he studied the Schillinger Method to expand his harmonic knowledge and ability to compose beyond the confines of traditional popular song. Blake’s persistence in maintaining his ties to ragtime and Broadway paid off in the late 1960s, when he was rediscovered due to new recordings and personal appearances. In the last decade of his life he influenced an entirely new generation of pianists and composers from the jazz and classical worlds. This is the first biography to explore the wealth of personal records, interviews, and deep research to illuminate Blake’s life and impact on over 100 years of American culture. It tells the true story of African American performers struggling to achieve recognition and success in the popular music world at a time of deep racism. Blake’s career blazed a path for countless others to rise above the limitations previously faced by blacks in the popular music world.
Becoming an Established Musician
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter relates Blake’s first trip to New York and his professional work there. Blake initially did not enjoy life in the big city, so returned to Baltimore for work at a series of social clubs. He finally found a good-paying job working for boxer Joe Gans at his hotel, The Goldfield, where he met the best elements of black society. A lifelong learner, Eubie took lessons from local musician/teacher Llewelyn Wilson, who taught him to compose without sitting at the piano. He courted Avis Lee, who came from a distinguished Baltimore family, eventually marrying here. He also found work in the booming entertainment capital of Atlantic City, NJ, where he met other pianists, including James P. Johnson and Luckey Roberts, and entertainers like Irving Berlin. Through Roberts, Eubie had his first two publications, the rags “Fizz Water” and “Chevy Chase.”
Vaudeville
Authors: Carlin Richard , Bloom Ken 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes Sissle and Blake’s career performing on white vaudeville. Unlike other black acts of the day, when appearing on stage, they insisted on performing without blackface and in formal clothing. Their act, including Sissle’s dramatic performance of songs like “On Patrol in No Man’s Land,” successfully drew on Sissle’s experiences in World War I. As black performers, however, they faced difficulties on the road and had to deal with the systematic racism of the day. The chapter also discusses the making of their first sound film for Lee De Forest; Eubie’s work making piano rolls; and initial recordings for Pathé. The chapter concludes with the foundations of their partnership with comedians Flournoy Miller and Aubrey Lyles, including their first meeting and their decision to collaborate on a Broadway show.
Historical Truth and the Truthfulness of Historians
Authors: Jay Martin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Although philosophers and theologians have speculated on the ability of timeless, ontological truth to manifest itself in the flux of history, most working historians have focused on epistemological questions concerning the relationship between history as what actually happened and history as its present representation. Two extreme positions—naïve positivism and radical constructivism—have proven equally untenable. This chapter examines three alternatives: falsificationism, the new experientialism, and institutional justificationism. It defends the last of these, which posits a self-reflective community of competence, morally obliged to be truthful and engaged in an endless quest for plausible narratives and compelling explanations of past occurrences, as the most persuasive answer to skepticism about historical truth.
Adaptation under Fire
Authors: Barno David , Bensahel Nora 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Adaptation under Fire looks at the essential importance of military adaptation in winning wars. Every military must prepare for future wars despite inevitably having little confidence about the precise shape that those wars will take. As former US secretary of defense Robert Gates once noted, the United States has a perfect record in predicting the next war: “We have never once gotten it right.” Despite this uncertainty, military organizations still must make choices. They must determine the nature of doctrine they will need to fight effectively, the type of weaponry and equipment they must procure to defeat their potential foe, and the kind of leaders they must select and develop to guide the force to victory. Since the US military has global security responsibilities, it will have to make these choices without knowing when, where, or how the next war will unfold, or even who the enemy may be. It will need to adapt quickly and successfully in the face of the unexpected in order to prevail. The book starts by providing a framework for understanding adaptation and includes several historical examples of success and failure. The second part examines US military adaptation during the recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and explains why certain forms of adaptation have proven so problematic. The final part argues that the US military must become more adaptable in order to successfully address the fast-changing security challenges of the 21st century, and concludes with some recommendations on how it should do so.
The Role of Technology
Authors: Barno David , Bensahel Nora 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of technology in military adaptation, and the markedly different challenges of technological adaptability at the tactical and institutional levels. At the tactical level, technological adaptability requires leaders and soldiers to approach problems with creativity, manufacture solutions on the battlefield, and disseminate solutions rapidly across the force. At the institutional level, technological adaptability requires effective communication with soldiers on the battlefield, and overcoming bureaucratic hurdles within established acquisition processes. The chapter includes case studies of French tank development during World War I and US Army tank development and battlefield modifications during World War II in Europe.