bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross Section Analysis of Cu Filled TSVs Based on High Throughput Plasma-FIB Milling
Authors: Altmann Frank , Beyersdorfer Jens , Schischka Jan , Krause Michael , Franz German , Kwakman Laurens 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this paper the new Vion™ Plasma-FIB system, developed by FEI, is evaluated for cross sectioning of Cu filled Through Silicon Via (TSV) interconnects. The aim of the study presented in this paper is to evaluate and optimise different Plasma-FIB (P-FIB) milling strategies in terms of performance and cross section surface quality. The sufficient preservation of microstructures within cross sections is crucial for subsequent Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) grain structure analyses and a high resolution interface characterisation by TEM.
High-Throughput, Site-Specific Sample Prep of Ultra-Thin TEM Lamella for Process Metrology and Failure Analysis
Authors: Alvis Roger , Blackwood Jeff , Lee Sang-Hoon , Bray Matthew 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Semiconductor devices with critical dimensions less than 20nm are now being manufactured in volume. A challenge facing the failure analysis and process-monitoring community is two-fold. The first challenge of TEM sample prep of such small devices is that the basic need to end-point on a feature-of-interest pushes the imaging limit of the instrument being used to prepare the lamella. The second challenge posed by advanced devices is to prepare an artifact-free lamella from non-planar devices such as finFETs as well as from structures incorporating ‘non-traditional’ materials. These challenges are presently overcome in many advanced logic and memory devices in the focused ion beam-based TEM sample preparation processes by inverting the specimen prior to thinning to electron transparency. This paper reports a highthroughput method for the routine preparation of artifact-free TEM lamella of 20nm thickness, or less.
Evaluation of Digital Holography Microscopy for Roughness Control Prior Wafer Direct Bonding
Authors: Domengès B. , Delaroque France T. , Gautier Ch. , Danilo K. , Le Flao E. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Direct surface bonding of wafers in 3D integration requires perfectly smooth surfaces, with roughness values below 1 nm, usually characterized with Atomic Force Microscopy. An alternative technique, Digital Holography Microscopy is evaluated here and shown to be precise enough to differentiate adequate wafers, that is chemical mechanical polished, from non treated ones.
In-situ Characterization of Switching Mechanism in Phase Change Random Access Memory (PRAM) Using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Authors: Son Sungkyu , Jeon Seungjoon , Oh Jangwon , Kim Won , Kim Hojoung , Lee Jonghak , Woo Seungho , Hong Sungjoo , Do Gapsok , Lee Seungyun , Baek Kyungjoon , Oh Sangho 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
It is important to understand the switching mechanism of phase change material for failure analysis of PRAM device. In this study, the real time observations of phase transition and void formation mechanism of confined GST structure were investigated using in-situ TEM with multi-pulse AC biasing technique. In-situ SET switching behavior between amorphous state and crystalline state with continuous structural change was successfully observed. Volume shrink of GST, due to the phase transition, induced voids at grain boundary of crystalline phase. Excess Joule-heating after crystallization caused coalescence and migration of voids. These results may give us a crucial clue for endurance failure analysis of PRAM.
Open Localization in Micro LeadFrame Package Using Space Domain Reflectometry
Authors: Gaudestad J. , Talanov V. , Orozco A. , Marchetti M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the past couple years, Space Domain Reflectometry (SDR) has become a mainstream method to locate open defects among the major semiconductor manufacturers. SDR injects a radio frequency (RF) signal into the open trace creating a standing wave with a node at the open location. The magnetic field generated by the standing wave is imaged with a SQUID sensor using RF electronics. In this paper, we show that SDR can be used to non-destructively locate high resistance failures in Micro LeadFrame Packages (MLP).
IR Thermography for Temperature Measurements and Fault Location on AlGaN/GaN HEMTs and MMICs
Authors: Baczkowski Lény , Vouzelaud Franck , Carisetti Dominique , Sarazin Nicolas , Clément Jean-Claude , Jacquet Jean-Claude , Gaquiére Christophe , Lambert Benoit , Brunel Laurent 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper shows a specific approach based on infrared (IR) thermography to face the challenging aspects of thermal measurement, mapping, and failure analysis on AlGaN/GaN high electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) and MMICs. In the first part of this paper, IR thermography is used for the temperature measurement. Results are compared with 3D thermal simulations (ANSYS) to validate the thermal model of an 8x125pm AIGaN/GaN HEMT on SiC substrate. Measurements at different baseplate temperature are also performed to highlight the non-linearity of the thermal properties of materials. Then, correlations between the junction temperature and the life time are also discussed. In the second part, IR thermography is used for hot spot detection. The interest of the system for defect localization on AIGaN/GaN HEMT technology is presented through two case studies: a high temperature operating life test and a temperature humidity bias test.
3D Localization of Liner Breakdown’s within Cu Filled TSVs by Backside LIT and PEM Defocusing Series
Authors: Altmann Frank , Grosse Christian , de Wolf Ingrid , Brand Sebastian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Tremendous research efforts have been devoted particularly to the development and improvement of through silicon vias (TSV) in order to provide a key enabling technology for vertical system integration. To achieve high processing yield and reliability efficient failure analysis techniques for process control and root cause analysis are required. The current paper presents an advanced approach for non-destructive localization of TSV sidewall defects applying high resolution Lock-in Thermography and Photoemission Microscopy imaging and defocusing series.
Advanced Tools and Techniques for Delayering and Cross-Sectioning Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Nowakowski P. , Ray M.L. , Fischione P.E. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Conventional mechanical sample preparation is a difficult and uncontrolled process that does not allow targeting of a specific depth or layer. Because of the difficulties presented by mechanical sample preparation, there has been an emergence of beam-based techniques for device delayering applications. Cross-sectioning is another commonly used technique used in microelectronics industry investigations; when combined with delayering, one can gain complete knowledge about a device's faults. This paper presents a development in semiconductor device investigation using low energy, broad-beam argon ion milling. The results highlight that broad-beam Ar ion milling produces excellent surface quality, which allows high resolution scanning electron microscope observation and energy dispersive spectrometry analyses, even at low energy.
Pengaruh Penggunaan Model Pembelajaran Problem Solving Sistematis terhadap Hasil Belajar Fisika Dasar 2 Materi Listrik Arus Searah pada Mahasiswa Pendidikan Fisika
Authors: Hartini Tri Isti , Martin Martin 
Published: December 2020

This study aims to determine whether there is an effect of systematic problem solving learning models on basic physics learning outcomes 2. Based on the hypothesis proposed in this study, there is an effect of systematic problem solving learning models on basic physics learning outcomes 2. This research was conducted in the Physics Education Study Program. FKIP UHAMKA. The method used in this research is the experimental method. With the target population in this study were all students of the Physics Education Study Program FKIP UHAMKA, while the affordable population was semester 2 students. The sample was taken randomly (random sampling) by taking 20 students from semester 2 students. The design used in the study was one group pretest-posttest design. The data collection technique used a research instrument in the form of a written test (paper and pencil test), namely a description of 15 questions. Based on the hypothesis test using the t test, the t count was 2.78. While t table is obtained from table t with a significance level of α = 0.05 and degrees of freedom (dk) = 20, which is 1.725. Because tcount> ttable 2.78> 1.725, H0 is rejected. This H1 is accepted, which states that there is an effect of systematic problem solving learning models on student physics learning outcomes on direct current material.
Distributed Demand Side Management with Stochastic Wind Power Forecasting
Authors: Scarabaggio Paolo , Grammatico Sergio , Carli Raffaele , Dotoli Mariagrazia 
Published: December 2020

<p>In this paper, we propose a distributed demand side management (DSM) approach for smart grids taking into account uncertainty in wind power forecasting. The smart grid model comprehends traditional users as well as active users (prosumers). Through a rolling-horizon approach, prosumers participate in a DSM program, aiming at minimizing their cost in the presence of uncertain wind power generation by a game theory approach.<br>
We assume that each user selfishly formulates its grid optimization problem as a noncooperative game.<br>
The core challenge in this paper is defining an approach to cope with the uncertainty in wind power availability.<br>
We tackle this issue from two different sides: by employing the expected value to define a deterministic counterpart for the problem and by adopting a stochastic approximated framework.<br>
In the latter case, we employ the sample average approximation technique, whose results are based on a probability density function (PDF) for the wind speed forecasts. We improve the PDF by using historical wind speed data, and by employing a control index that takes into account the weather condition stability.<br>
</p>
<p>Numerical simulations on a real dataset show that the proposed stochastic strategy generates lower individual costs compared to the standard expected value approach.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Postprint accepted for publication in <em>IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology</em></p>
<p><br></p>
<p><strong>How to cite: </strong>P. Scarabaggio, S. Grammatico, R. Carli and M. Dotoli, (2021) "Distributed Demand Side Management With Stochastic Wind Power Forecasting, "<em>IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology</em>, 2022. <strong>DOI</strong>: <a href="http://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2021.3056751" target="_blank">http://doi.org/10.1109/TCST.2021.3056751</a></p>
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</h4>
ON THE LOCALIZED PHYSICAL EXERGY DISAGGREGATION FOR DISSIPATIVE COMPONENT ISOLATION IN THERMOECONOMICS
Authors: Santos R. G. , Faria P. R. , Belisario I. C. , Barrone M. A. , Santos J. J.C. 
Published: December 2020

Thermoeconomics is a discipline that connects Thermodynamics and Economics concepts, usually used for rational cost allocation to the final products of a thermal plant, by means of a model that describes the cost formation process of the overall system. Generally, exergy or monetary costs of the external resources are distributed to the final products. Exergy is the thermodynamic magnitude used in thermoeconomics and the physical exergy disaggregation has been introduced in thermoeconomics as alternatives for the isolation of the dissipative components and residues allocation. For plants with dissipative equipment, such as condenser or valve, the productive diagram, based on total exergy (E Model), need to merge this dissipative equipment with other productive components. In order to isolate the condenser, the productive diagram must use, at least, the H&S Model and to isolate the valve, the UFS Model has to be considered.Both disaggregation models greatly increase the thermoeconomic modeling complexity. Bearing this in mind, this work aims to evaluate the advantages of combining the E Model with these other models in order to adequately isolate the dissipative equipment. The plants studied herein are two different steam turbine cogeneration systems, with dissipative components (condenser or valve). The different monetary and exergy unit costs obtained for the two final products of each plant are compared and analyzed. The results show that localized physical exergy disaggregation for dissipative component isolation in thermoeconomics is feasible, since it reduces the complexity of the productive structure and is also consistent from the point of view of thermodynamics.
Deep‐Blue Perovskite Single‐Mode Lasing through Efficient Vapor‐Assisted Chlorination
Authors: Pina Joao M. , Parmar Darshan H. , Bappi Golam , Zhou Chun , Choubisa Hitarth , Vafaie Maral , Najarian Amin M. , Bertens Koen , Sagar Laxmi Kishore , Dong Yitong , Gao Yuan , Hoogland Sjoerd , Saidaminov Makhsud I. , Sargent Edward H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMetal halide perovskites have emerged as promising candidates for solution‐processed laser gain materials, with impressive performance in the green and red spectral regions. Despite exciting progress, deep‐blue—an important wavelength for laser applications—remains underexplored; indeed, cavity integration and single‐mode lasing from large‐bandgap perovskites have yet to be achieved. Here, a vapor‐assisted chlorination strategy that enables synthesis of low‐dimensional CsPbCl3 thin films exhibiting deep‐blue emission is reported. Using this approach, high‐quality perovskite thin films having a low surface roughness (RMS ≈ 1.3 nm) and efficient charge transfer properties are achieved. These enable us to document low‐threshold amplified spontaneous emission. Levering the high quality of the gain medium, vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting lasers with a low lasing threshold of 6.5 µJ cm−2 are fabricated. This report of deep‐blue perovskite single‐mode lasing showcases the prospect of increasing the range of deep‐blue laser sources.
Pyridine‐Catalysed Desulfonylative Addition of β‐Diketones to Arylazosulfones via Diaziridine Rearrangement
Authors: Ji Xin , Meng Ling‐Guo , Xu Hailong , Wang Lei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA pyridine‐catalysed desulfonylative addition of β‐diketones to arylazosulfones was developed to obtain diazenyl β‐dicarbonyl compounds. The aryldiazenyl group was observed in the desired product from arylazosulfones, and this diazenylation reaction was achieved via a possible rearrangement process based on diaziridine ring cleavage. The scope of the protocol was investigated and a plausible mechanism was given.magnified image
Photoredox Fluoroalkylation of Hydrazones in Neutral and Reductive Modes
Authors: van der Worp Boris A. , Kosobokov Mikhail D. , Levin Vitalij V. , Dilman Alexander D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVisible light promoted fluoroalkylation of hydrazones using 4‐perfluoropyridine sulfides as fluoroalkyl radical sources is described. The process can proceed in neutral and reductive modes delivering either hydrazones or hydrazines, respectively, depending on structure of starting substrates and reaction conditions. For the reductive process, ascorbic acid is used as a terminal reductant, which recycles the photocatalyst and serves as a source of hydrogen towards nitrogen‐centered radicals.magnified image
Chemistry of Tertiary Carbon Center in the Formation of Congested C−O Ether Bonds
Authors: Hirata Goki , Takeuchi Kentarou , Shimoharai Yusuke , Sumimoto Michinori , Kaizawa Hazuki , Nokami Toshiki , Koike Takashi , Abe Manabu , Shirakawa Eiji , Nishikata Takashi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNucleophilic substitutions, including SN1 and SN2, are classical and reliable reactions, but a serious drawback is their intolerance for both bulky nucleophiles and chiral tertiary alkyl electrophiles for the synthesis of a chiral quaternary carbon center. An SRN1 reaction via a radical species is another conventional method used to carry out substitution reactions of bulky nucleophiles and alkyl halides, but chiral tertiary alkyl electrophiles cannot be used. Therefore, a stereospecific nucleophilic substitution reaction using chiral tertiary alkyl electrophiles and bulky nucleophiles has not yet been well studied. In this paper, we describe the reaction of tertiary alkyl alcohols and non‐chiral or chiral α‐bromocarboxamides as a tertiary alkyl source for the formation of congested ether compounds possessing two different tertiary alkyl groups on the oxygen atom with stereoretention.
Probing the Consequences of Cubic Particle Shape and Applied Field on Colloidal Crystal Engineering with DNA
Authors: Urbach Zachary J. , Park Sarah S. , Weigand Steven L. , Rix James E. , Lee Byeongdu , Mirkin Chad A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn a magnetic field, cubic Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibit assembly behavior that is a consequence of a competition between magnetic dipole–dipole and ligand interactions. In most cases, the interactions between short hydrophobic ligands dominate and dictate assembly outcome. To better tune the face‐to‐face interactions, cubic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were functionalized with DNA. Their assembly behaviors were investigated both with and without an applied magnetic field. Upon application of a field, the tilted orientation of cubes, enabled by the flexible DNA ligand shell, led to an unexpected crystallographic alignment of the entire superlattice, as opposed to just the individual particles, along the field direction as revealed by small and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. This observation is dependent upon DNA length and sequence and cube dimensions. Taken together, these studies show how combining physical and chemical control can expand the possibilities of crystal engineering with DNA.
Predictive Significance of Serum Interferon‐Inducible Protein Score for Response to Treatment in Systemic Sclerosis–Related Interstitial Lung Disease
Authors: Assassi Shervin , Li Ning , Volkmann Elizabeth R. , Mayes Maureen D. , Rünger Dennis , Ying Jun , Roth Michael D. , Hinchcliff Monique , Khanna Dinesh , Frech Tracy , Clements Philip J. , Furst Daniel E. , Goldin Jonathan , Bernstein Elana J. , Castelino Flavia V. , Domsic Robyn T. , Gordon Jessica K. , Hant Faye N. , Shah Ami A. , Shanmugam Victoria K. , Steen Virginia D. , Elashoff Robert M. , Tashkin Donald P. 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveResponse to immunosuppression is highly variable in systemic sclerosis (SSc)–related interstitial lung disease (ILD). This study was undertaken to determine whether a composite serum interferon (IFN)–inducible protein score exhibits predictive significance for the response to immunosuppression in SSc‐ILD.MethodsSerum samples collected in the Scleroderma Lung Study II, a randomized controlled trial of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) versus cyclophosphamide (CYC), were examined. Results were validated in an independent observational cohort receiving active treatment. A composite score of 6 IFN‐inducible proteins IFNγ‐inducible 10‐kd protein, monokine induced by IFNγ, monocyte chemotactic protein 2, β2‐microglobulin, tumor necrosis factor receptor type II, and macrophage inflammatory protein 3β) was calculated, and its predictive significance for longitudinal forced vital capacity percent predicted measurements was evaluated.ResultsHigher baseline IFN‐inducible protein score predicted better response over 3 to 12 months in the MMF arm (point estimate = 0.41,P= 0.001) and CYC arm (point estimate = 0.91,P= 0.009). In contrast, higher baseline C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels were predictive of a worse ILD course in both treatment arms. The predictive significance of the IFN‐inducible protein score and CRP levels remained after adjustment for baseline demographic and clinical predictors. During the second year of treatment, in which patients in the CYC arm were switched to placebo, a higher IFN‐inducible protein score at 12 months showed a trend toward predicting a worse ILD course (point estimate = −0.61,P= 0.068), while it remained predictive of better response to active immunosuppression in the MMF arm (point estimate = 0.28,P= 0.029). The predictive significance of baseline IFN‐inducible protein score was replicated in the independent cohort (rs= 0.43,P= 0.028).ConclusionA higher IFN‐inducible protein score in SSc‐ILD is predictive of better response to immunosuppression and could potentially be used to identify patients who may derive the most benefit from MMF or CYC.
Ligand Induced CuII Transport Restricts Cancer and Mycobacterial Growth: Towards a Plug‐and‐Select Ion Channel Scaffold
Authors: Saha Parichita , Kumari Agarwala Prema , Dadhich Ruchika , Adhyapak Pranav , Kapoor Shobhna , Madhavan Nandita 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSynthetic channels with high ion selectivity are attractive drug targets for diseases involving ion dysregulation. Achieving selective transport of divalent ions is highly challenging due their high hydration energies. A small tripeptide amphiphilic scaffold installed with a pybox ligand selectively transports CuII ions across membranes. The peptide forms stable dimeric pores in the membrane and transports ions by a Cu2+/H+ antiport mechanism. The ligand‐induced excellent CuII selectivity as well as high membrane permeability of the peptide is exploited to promote cancer cell death. The peptide's ability to restrict mycobacterial growth serves as seeds to evolve antibacterial strategies centred on selectively modulating ion homeostasis in pathogens. This simple peptide can potentially function as a universal, yet versatile, scaffold wherein the ion selectivity can be precisely controlled by modifying the ligand at the C terminus.
Benzo‐Tetrathiafulvalene‐ (BTTF‐) Annulated Expanded Porphyrins: Potential Next‐Generation Multielectron Reservoirs
Authors: Jana Atanu , Ishida Masatoshi , Furuta Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTwo sterically crowded benzo‐tetrathiafulvalene (BTTF)‐annulated expanded porphyrins (BTTF7‐F and BTTF8) are synthesized. Detailed photophysical investigations reveal their intrinsic intramolecular charge transfer (CT) character, originated from partial electron transfer from electron‐rich TTF units to the relatively electron‐deficient macrocyclic core. This finding stands in contrast to what was observed in the previously reported Figure‐of‐eight conformer of BTTF‐annulated [28]hexaphyrin (BTTF6), in which a typical π–π* electronic transition from HOMO to LUMO was observed. However, core expansion in BTTF7‐F and BTTF8 makes the oligopyrrole macrocyclic cores relatively more electron‐deficient, facilitating the effective intramolecular CT process. Comparative electrochemical investigations reveal that the current generated at the oxidative region is directly proportional to the number of TTF units attached to the macrocyclic core. This work demonstrates the control of the intramolecular CT process through incremental addition of TTF units to the macrocyclic core. Facile multielectron electrochemical oxidations of these expanded porphyrins suggest that they behave like potential multielectron reservoirs.