bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The efficacy of an extraoral scavenging device on reduction of splatter contamination during dental aerosol generating procedures: an exploratory study
Authors: Shahdad Shakeel , Patel Tulsi , Hindocha Annika , Cagney Neil , Mueller Jens-Dominik , Seoudi Noha , Morgan Claire , Din Ahmed 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroduction This study was conducted in light of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, which brought UK dentistry to a standstill. The market has seen a recent influx of unproven extraoral scavengers (EOSs), which claim to reduce the risk of particulate spread.Aims To investigate the efficacy of a commercially available EOS device on contamination reduction during dental aerosol generating procedures (AGPs). The secondary aim was to investigate differences between open and closed dental operatories.Method Dental procedures were simulated on a dental manikin using citric acid (10%) added to the water lines with universal indicating paper (UIP) placed in strategic locations in the operatory, on the clinician and assistant. Chromatic change related to settling of splatter containing citric acid on the UIP was analysed to calculate percentage intensity of splatter contamination.Results EOSs resulted in 20% reduction in frequency and 75% reduction in mean intensity of contamination of operatory sites. There was a 33% and 76% reduction in mean intensity contamination for clinician and assistant, respectively. Use of rubber dam and four-handed dentistry resulted in further reduction.Discussion This exploratory study demonstrates contamination by splatter in a simulated dental setting. The concern in dentistry regarding aerosol requires further quantitative investigation of smaller particles.Conclusions The routine use of four-handed dentistry and rubber dam should continue where possible to maximise risk mitigation during AGPs. However, on the basis of our findings, the use of an EOS device can further mitigate the magnitude and concentration of splatter.
Selective inhibition of TGF-β1 produced by GARP-expressing Tregs overcomes resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in cancer
Authors: de Streel Grégoire , Bertrand Charlotte , Chalon Nicolas , Liénart Stéphanie , Bricard Orian , Lecomte Sara , Devreux Julien , Gaignage Mélanie , De Boeck Gitte , Mariën Lore , Van De Walle Inge , van der Woning Bas , Saunders Michael , de Haard Hans , Vermeersch Elien , Maes Wim , Deckmyn Hans , Coulie Pierre G. , van Baren Nicolas , Lucas Sophie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTGF-β1, β2 and β3 bind a common receptor to exert vastly diverse effects in cancer, supporting either tumor progression by favoring metastases and inhibiting anti-tumor immunity, or tumor suppression by inhibiting malignant cell proliferation. Global TGF-β inhibition thus bears the risk of undesired tumor-promoting effects. We show that selective blockade of TGF-β1 production by Tregs with antibodies against GARP:TGF-β1 complexes induces regressions of mouse tumors otherwise resistant to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Effects of combined GARP:TGF-β1/PD-1 blockade are immune-mediated, do not require FcγR-dependent functions and increase effector functions of anti-tumor CD8+T cells without augmenting immune cell infiltration or depleting Tregs within tumors. We find GARP-expressing Tregs and evidence that they produce TGF-β1 in one third of human melanoma metastases. Our results suggest that anti-GARP:TGF-β1 mAbs, by selectively blocking a single TGF-β isoform emanating from a restricted cellular source exerting tumor-promoting activity, may overcome resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in patients with cancer.
Designing and understanding light-harvesting devices with machine learning
Authors: Häse Florian , Roch Loïc M. , Friederich Pascal , Aspuru-Guzik Alán 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the fundamental processes of light-harvesting is crucial to the development of clean energy materials and devices. Biological organisms have evolved complex metabolic mechanisms to efficiently convert sunlight into chemical energy. Unraveling the secrets of this conversion has inspired the design of clean energy technologies, including solar cells and photocatalytic water splitting. Describing the emergence of macroscopic properties from microscopic processes poses the challenge to bridge length and time scales of several orders of magnitude. Machine learning experiences increased popularity as a tool to bridge the gap between multi-level theoretical models and Edisonian trial-and-error approaches. Machine learning offers opportunities to gain detailed scientific insights into the underlying principles governing light-harvesting phenomena and can accelerate the fabrication of light-harvesting devices.
Demography and the emergence of universal patterns in urban systems
Authors: Bettencourt Luís M. A. , Zünd Daniel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUrban areas exist in a wide variety of population sizes, from small towns to huge megacities. No proposed form for the statistical distribution of city sizes has received more attention than Zipf’s law, a Pareto distribution with power law exponent equal to one. However, this distribution is typically violated by empirical evidence for small and large cities. Moreover, no theory presently exists to derive city size distributions from fundamental demographic choices while also explaining consistent variations. Here we develop a comprehensive framework based on demography to show how the structure of migration flows between cities, together with the differential magnitude of their vital rates, determine a variety of city size distributions. This approach provides a powerful mathematical methodology for deriving Zipf’s law as well as other size distributions under specific conditions, and to resolve puzzles associated with their deviations in terms of concepts of choice, symmetry, information, and selection.
Molecular interaction and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 binding to the ACE2 receptor
Authors: Yang Jinsung , Petitjean Simon J. L. , Koehler Melanie , Zhang Qingrong , Dumitru Andra C. , Chen Wenzhang , Derclaye Sylvie , Vincent Stéphane P. , Soumillion Patrice , Alsteens David 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStudy of the interactions established between the viral glycoproteins and their host receptors is of critical importance for a better understanding of virus entry into cells. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells is mediated by its spike glycoprotein (S-glycoprotein), and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as a cellular receptor. Here, we use atomic force microscopy to investigate the mechanisms by which the S-glycoprotein binds to the ACE2 receptor. We demonstrate, both on model surfaces and on living cells, that the receptor binding domain (RBD) serves as the binding interface within the S-glycoprotein with the ACE2 receptor and extract the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of this binding pocket. Altogether, these results provide a picture of the established interaction on living cells. Finally, we test several binding inhibitor peptides targeting the virus early attachment stages, offering new perspectives in the treatment of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Defect and structural evolution under high-energy ion irradiation informs battery materials design for extreme environments
Authors: Rahman Muhammad Mominur , Chen Wei-Ying , Mu Linqin , Xu Zhengrui , Xiao Ziqi , Li Meimei , Bai Xian-Ming , Lin Feng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUnderstanding defect evolution and structural transformations constitutes a prominent research frontier for ultimately controlling the electrochemical properties of advanced battery materials. Herein, for the first time, we utilize in situ high-energy Kr ion irradiation with transmission electron microscopy to monitor how defects and microstructures evolve in Na- and Li-layered cathodes with 3d transition metals. Our experimental and theoretical analyses reveal that Li-layered cathodes are more resistant to radiation-induced structural transformations, such as amorphization than Na-layered cathodes. The underlying mechanism is the facile formation of Li-transition metal antisite defects in Li-layered cathodes. The quantitative mathematical analysis of the dynamic bright-field imaging shows that defect clusters preferentially align along the Na/Li ion diffusion channels (a-b planes), which is likely governed by the formation of dislocation loops. Our study provides critical insights into designing battery materials for extreme irradiation environments and understanding fundamental defect dynamics in layered oxides.
Place cell maps slowly develop via competitive learning and conjunctive coding in the dentate gyrus
Authors: Kim Soyoun , Jung Dajung , Royer Sébastien 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPlace cells exhibit spatially selective firing fields that collectively map the continuum of positions in environments; how such activity pattern develops with experience is largely unknown. Here, we record putative granule cells (GCs) and mossy cells (MCs) from the dentate gyrus (DG) over 27 days as mice repetitively run through a sequence of objects fixed onto a treadmill belt. We observe a progressive transformation of GC spatial representations, from a sparse encoding of object locations and spatial patterns to increasingly more single, evenly dispersed place fields, while MCs show little transformation and preferentially encode object locations. A competitive learning model of the DG reproduces GC transformations via the progressive integration of landmark-vector cells and spatial inputs and requires MC-mediated feedforward inhibition to evenly distribute GC representations, suggesting that GCs slowly encode conjunctions of objects and spatial information via competitive learning, while MCs help homogenize GC spatial representations.
Amplification of enantiomeric excess by dynamic inversion of enantiomers in deracemization of Au38 clusters
Authors: Wang Yanan , Nieto-Ortega Belén , Bürgi Thomas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSymmetry breaking and amplification processes have likely played a fundamental role in the development of homochirality on earth. Such processes have not been much studied for inorganic matter at the nanoscale. Here, we show that the balance between left- and right-handed intrinsically chiral metal clusters can be broken by adsorbing a small amount of a chiral molecule in its ligand shell. We studied the amplification of enantiomeric excess of the Au38(2-PET)24 cluster (2-PET = 2-phenylethylthiolate). By exchanging a small fraction of the achiral 2-PET ligand by chiral R-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-dithiol (R-BINAS), a mixture of species is obtained composed of anticlockwise (A) and clockwise (C) versions of Au38(2-PET)24 and Au38(2-PET)22(R-BINAS)1. At 70 °C, the system evolves towards the anticlockwise clusters at the expense of the clockwise antipode. It is shown that the interplay between the diastereospecific ligand exchange, which introduces selectivity but does not change the A/C ratio, and the fast racemization of the Au38(2-PET)24 is at the origin of this observation.
Polariton-driven phonon laser
Authors: Chafatinos D. L. , Kuznetsov A. S. , Anguiano S. , Bruchhausen A. E. , Reynoso A. A. , Biermann K. , Santos P. V. , Fainstein A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEfficient generation of phonons is an important ingredient for a prospective electrically-driven phonon laser. Hybrid quantum systems combining cavity quantum electrodynamics and optomechanics constitute a novel platform with potential for operation at the extremely high frequency range (30–300 GHz). We report on laser-like phonon emission in a hybrid system that optomechanically couples polariton Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) with phonons in a semiconductor microcavity. The studied system comprises GaAs/AlAs quantum wells coupled to cavity-confined optical and vibrational modes. The non-resonant continuous wave laser excitation of a polariton BEC in an individual trap of a trap array, induces coherent mechanical self-oscillation, leading to the formation of spectral sidebands displaced by harmonics of the fundamental 20 GHz mode vibration frequency. This phonon “lasing” enhances the phonon occupation five orders of magnitude above the thermal value when tunable neighbor traps are red-shifted with respect to the pumped trap BEC emission at even harmonics of the vibration mode. These experiments, supported by a theoretical model, constitute the first demonstration of coherent cavity optomechanical phenomena with exciton polaritons, paving the way for new hybrid designs for quantum technologies, phonon lasers, and phonon-photon bidirectional translators.
Diversity analysis of 80,000 wheat accessions reveals consequences and opportunities of selection footprints
Authors: Sansaloni Carolina , Franco Jorge , Santos Bruno , Percival-Alwyn Lawrence , Singh Sukhwinder , Petroli Cesar , Campos Jaime , Dreher Kate , Payne Thomas , Marshall David , Kilian Benjamin , Milne Iain , Raubach Sebastian , Shaw Paul , Stephen Gordon , Carling Jason , Pierre Carolina Saint , Burgueño Juan , Crosa José , Li HuiHui , Guzman Carlos , Kehel Zakaria , Amri Ahmed , Kilian Andrzej , Wenzl Peter , Uauy Cristobal , Banziger Marianne , Caccamo Mario , Pixley Kevin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUndomesticated wild species, crop wild relatives, and landraces represent sources of variation for wheat improvement to address challenges from climate change and the growing human population. Here, we study 56,342 domesticated hexaploid, 18,946 domesticated tetraploid and 3,903 crop wild relatives in a massive-scale genotyping and diversity analysis. Using DArTseqTMtechnology, we identify more than 300,000 high-quality SNPs and SilicoDArT markers and align them to three reference maps: the IWGSC RefSeq v1.0 genome assembly, the durum wheat genome assembly (cv. Svevo), and the DArT genetic map. On average, 72% of the markers are uniquely placed on these maps and 50% are linked to genes. The analysis reveals landraces with unexplored diversity and genetic footprints defined by regions under selection. This provides fertile ground to develop wheat varieties of the future by exploring specific gene or chromosome regions and identifying germplasm conserving allelic diversity missing in current breeding programs.
Pre-symptomatic Caspase-1 inhibitor delays cognitive decline in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease and aging
Authors: Flores Joseph , Noël Anastasia , Foveau Bénédicte , Beauchet Olivier , LeBlanc Andréa C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEarly therapeutic interventions are essential to prevent Alzheimer Disease (AD). The association of several inflammation-related genetic markers with AD and the early activation of pro-inflammatory pathways in AD suggest inflammation as a plausible therapeutic target. Inflammatory Caspase-1 has a significant impact on AD-like pathophysiology and Caspase-1 inhibitor, VX-765, reverses cognitive deficits in AD mouse models. Here, a one-month pre-symptomatic treatment of Swedish/Indiana mutant amyloid precursor protein (APPSw/Ind) J20 and wild-type mice with VX-765 delays both APPSw/Ind- and age-induced episodic and spatial memory deficits. VX-765 delays inflammation without considerably affecting soluble and aggregated amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) levels. Episodic memory scores correlate negatively with microglial activation. These results suggest that Caspase-1-mediated inflammation occurs early in the disease and raise hope that VX-765, a previously Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for human CNS clinical trials, may be a useful drug to prevent the onset of cognitive deficits and brain inflammation in AD.
Long-range focusing of magnetic bound states in superconducting lanthanum
Authors: Kim Howon , Rózsa Levente , Schreyer Dominik , Simon Eszter , Wiesendanger Roland 
Published: September 2020

AbstractQuantum mechanical systems with long-range interactions between quasiparticles provide a promising platform for coherent quantum information technology. Superconductors are a natural choice for solid-state based quantum devices, while magnetic impurities inside superconductors give rise to quasiparticle excitations of broken Cooper pairs that provide characteristic information about the host superconductor. Here, we reveal that magnetic impurities embedded below a superconducting La(0001) surface interact via quasiparticles extending to very large distances, up to several tens of nanometers. Using low-temperature scanning probe techniques, we observe the corresponding anisotropic and giant oscillations in the LDOS. Theoretical calculations indicate that the quasi-two-dimensional surface states with their strongly anisotropic Fermi surface play a crucial role for the focusing and long-range extension of the magnetic bound states. The quasiparticle focusing mechanism should facilitate the design of versatile magnetic structures with tunable and directed magnetic interactions over large distances, thereby paving the way toward the design of low-dimensional magnet–superconductor hybrid systems exhibiting topologically non-trivial quantum states as possible elements of quantum computation schemes based on Majorana quasiparticles.
Protrudin and PDZD8 contribute to neuronal integrity by promoting lipid extraction required for endosome maturation
Authors: Shirane Michiko , Wada Mariko , Morita Keiko , Hayashi Nahoki , Kunimatsu Reina , Matsumoto Yuki , Matsuzaki Fumiko , Nakatsumi Hirokazu , Ohta Keisuke , Tamura Yasushi , Nakayama Keiichi I. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEndosome maturation depends on membrane contact sites (MCSs) formed between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and endolysosomes (LyLEs). The mechanism underlying lipid supply for this process and its pathophysiological relevance remains unclear, however. Here, we identify PDZD8—the mammalian ortholog of a yeast ERMES subunit—as a protein that interacts with protrudin, which is located at ER-LyLE MCSs. Protrudin and PDZD8 promote the formation of ER-LyLE MCSs, and PDZD8 shows the ability to extract various lipids from the ER. Overexpression of both protrudin and PDZD8 in HeLa cells, as well as their depletion in mouse primary neurons, impairs endosomal homeostasis by inducing the formation of abnormal large vacuoles reminiscent of those apparent in spastin- or REEP1-deficient neurons. The protrudin-PDZD8 system is also essential for the establishment of neuronal polarity. Our results suggest that protrudin and PDZD8 cooperatively promote endosome maturation by mediating ER-LyLE tethering and lipid extraction at MCSs, thereby maintaining neuronal polarity and integrity.
Site-specific electrodeposition enables self-terminating growth of atomically dispersed metal catalysts
Authors: Shi Yi , Huang Wen-Mao , Li Jian , Zhou Yue , Li Zhong-Qiu , Yin Yun-Chao , Xia Xing-Hua 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe growth of atomically dispersed metal catalysts (ADMCs) remains a great challenge owing to the thermodynamically driven atom aggregation. Here we report a surface-limited electrodeposition technique that uses site-specific substrates for the rapid and room-temperature synthesis of ADMCs. We obtained ADMCs by the underpotential deposition of a non-noble single-atom metal onto the chalcogen atoms of transition metal dichalcogenides and subsequent galvanic displacement with a more-noble single-atom metal. The site-specific electrodeposition enables the formation of energetically favorable metal–support bonds, and then automatically terminates the sequential formation of metallic bonding. The self-terminating effect restricts the metal deposition to the atomic scale. The modulated ADMCs exhibit remarkable activity and stability in the hydrogen evolution reaction compared to state-of-the-art single-atom electrocatalysts. We demonstrate that this methodology could be extended to the synthesis of a variety of ADMCs (Pt, Pd, Rh, Cu, Pb, Bi, and Sn), showing its general scope for functional ADMCs manufacturing in heterogeneous catalysis.
Automated markerless pose estimation in freely moving macaques with OpenMonkeyStudio
Authors: Bala Praneet C. , Eisenreich Benjamin R. , Yoo Seng Bum Michael , Hayden Benjamin Y. , Park Hyun Soo , Zimmermann Jan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe rhesus macaque is an important model species in several branches of science, including neuroscience, psychology, ethology, and medicine. The utility of the macaque model would be greatly enhanced by the ability to precisely measure behavior in freely moving conditions. Existing approaches do not provide sufficient tracking. Here, we describe OpenMonkeyStudio, a deep learning-based markerless motion capture system for estimating 3D pose in freely moving macaques in large unconstrained environments. Our system makes use of 62 machine vision cameras that encircle an open 2.45 m × 2.45 m × 2.75 m enclosure. The resulting multiview image streams allow for data augmentation via 3D-reconstruction of annotated images to train a robust view-invariant deep neural network. This view invariance represents an important advance over previous markerless 2D tracking approaches, and allows fully automatic pose inference on unconstrained natural motion. We show that OpenMonkeyStudio can be used to accurately recognize actions and track social interactions.
South China Sea documents the transition from wide continental rift to continental break up
Authors: Deng Hongdan , Ren Jianye , Pang Xiong , Rey Patrice F. , McClay Ken R. , Watkinson Ian M. , Zheng Jingyun , Luo Pan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDuring extension, the continental lithosphere thins and breaks up, forming either wide or narrow rifts depending on the thermo-mechanical state of the extending lithosphere. Wide continental rifts, which can reach 1,000 km across, have been extensively studied in the North American Cordillera and in the Aegean domain. Yet, the evolutionary process from wide continental rift to continental breakup remains enigmatic due to the lack of seismically resolvable data on the distal passive margin and an absence of onshore natural exposures. Here, we show that Eocene extension across the northern margin of the South China Sea records the transition between a wide continental rift and highly extended (<15 km) continental margin. On the basis of high-resolution seismic data, we document the presence of dome structures, a corrugated and grooved detachment fault, and subdetachment deformation involving crustal-scale nappe folds and magmatic intrusions, which are coeval with supradetachment basins. The thermal and mechanical weakening of this broad continental domain allowed for the formation of metamorphic core complexes, boudinage of the upper crust and exhumation of middle/lower crust through detachment faulting. The structural architecture of the northern South China Sea continental margin is strikingly similar to the broad continental rifts in the North American Cordillera and in the Aegean domain, and reflects the transition from wide rift to continental breakup.