bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collective Memory and the Legacy of the Troubles
Authors: Ferguson Neil , Halliday Donna 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the transmission of collective memories of victimization in Northern Ireland to generations that did not experience the violence personally. Victim narratives are transmitted not only by family members, but also through physical identity markers in the community such as murals, memorials, graffiti, painted curbstones, flags, and parades. Through this transmission, the youth perceive a duty to remember and feel that it is now their turn to fight. The chapter discusses the role of collective memories and the more personal postmemories in contributing to a violent relapse of the conflict when new grievances trigger these memories and mobilize support for violence. However, violence is not the inevitable response to transmitted memories of collective victimization, and the chapter discusses how commemorations and community projects can challenge the transmitted collective memories, acknowledge less widely shared collective memories, and contribute to positive intergroup relations between former adversaries.
A Temporal Account of Collective Victimization as Existential Threat
Authors: Hirschberger Gilad , Ein-Dor Tsachi 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of existential threat in responses to (historical) collective victimization. The literature on collective victimhood developed from an intergroup relations and conflict resolution perspective. Consequently, individual and intragroup responses to collective victimhood have been understudied. This limitation can be addressed by shifting to a focus on threat and group survival as the primary motivations driving responses to collective victimization. The chapter presents a multidimensional model and definition of existential threat and discusses how each component of threat (individual, future-oriented physical threat; collective, future-oriented physical threat; collective, future-oriented symbolic threat; and a collective, past-oriented threat) is present in collective, historical victimization. What may seem problematic and biased from the perspective of intergroup relations can, in fact, be adaptive for the group’s survival.
The Unifying Potential of an Appraisal Approach to the Experience of Group Victimization
Authors: Leach Colin Wayne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers appraisal theory as a unifying theoretical framework for understanding different ways in which collective victimization can be experienced. Events—such as collective victimization—are appraised and coped with continuously and dynamically, and people can appraise the events in different ways through active efforts at meaning-making that show the individual’s agency in shaping their experience. According to appraisal theory, the primary appraisal determines whether an aspect of collective victimization is deemed important enough to warrant further attention, and which one. Depending on which concerns related to collective victimization are perceived as relevant, in the secondary appraisal process different emotional responses to collective victimization can occur. To cope with this affect, a specific coping strategy is chosen. The choice of coping strategy depends on what is most likely to be effective for one’s concerns and goals, as well as the resources at the individual’s and group’s disposal.
Examining Collective Victim Beliefs Using Intersectionality
Authors: Nair Rashmi , Okuyan Mukadder , Curtin Nicola 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of intersectionality in collective victimhood, which has been largely overlooked in the social psychological literature so far. Instead, researchers have almost exclusively examined collective victimization due to one particular identity such as ethnicity, religion, or nationality. This perspective overlooks differences within victimized communities stemming from other intersecting group memberships (such as gender, social class, caste, race, migration status, sexual orientation, etc.) that are also associated with disadvantages or privileges and that shape experiences of collective victimization. The authors discuss a research study investigating relations between oppressed groups –specifically, Dalits (lower castes) and Muslims in India– using intersectionality, in which gender and class were examined in addition to caste and religion. The findings suggest several so-far unexamined intersectional collective victim beliefs. Furthermore, the chapter provides guidelines for researchers who seek to consider intersecting identities in research on collective victimhood.
“We All Suffered!”—The Role of Power in Rhetorical Strategies of Inclusive Victimhood and Its Consequences for Intergroup Relations
Authors: McNeill Andrew , Vollhardt Johanna Ray 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the different meaning and outcomes of inclusive victim consciousness, depending on who is claiming similarities with whom, and which power dynamics are involved. Drawing on perspectives in rhetorical psychology, the authors argue that these inclusive victimhood claims have a rhetorical function and are always expressed with an audience in mind. While this does not preclude authentic identification with other victim groups, there can also be a selective, strategic use of inclusive victim beliefs that does not result in empathy. For example, high power groups’ claims of having suffered similarly to other groups may serve to legitimize their conflict position or violence. The chapter reviews examples that illustrate the different effects of inclusive victim consciousness expressed by members of high-power groups in relation to other high-power or low-power groups, and by members of low-power groups in relation to high- or low-power groups.
When Two Groups Hurt Each Other
Authors: Shnabel Nurit , Kahalon Rotem , Ullrich Johannes , Aydin Anna Lisa 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter builds on the needs-based model of reconciliation, which posits victim groups’ primary need for agency and perpetrator groups’ primary need for morality, and examines dual conflicts in which groups are both victims and perpetrators. The authors posit that in such cases, the experience of victimization is more psychologically impactful than the experience of perpetration. They review empirical support for this “primacy of agency” effect, as well as evidence of the effects of interventions that affirm the group’s agency in such contexts. The findings show that agency affirmations increase conciliatory responses toward the other conflict party as well as the willingness to relinquish power and violence for the sake of morality. These effects were found across both higher and lower power groups in the conflicts that were examined.
The Ethics of Researching and Writing About Collective Victimhood in Postconflict Societies
Authors: Moss Sigrun Marie 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines ethical questions involved in researching collective victimhood in postconflict settings, where the violence is very recent or still ongoing. Drawing on her field work experience in Rwanda, Zanzibar, and Sudan, the author discusses challenges such as trauma and politicized victim narratives that can result in participants’ unwillingness to talk, researchers being mistaken for therapists, and risks for researchers and participants in discussing politically sensitive topics. Other challenges include researchers becoming biased toward the silenced, nonhegemonic narrative; the difficulty of collecting information on group membership; and participants’ responses being influenced by the perceived group membership of the researchers. Additionally, findings on collective victimization can be misused for political purposes, and researchers carry additional responsibly to assess and navigate these risks in their research, writing, and dissemination. Researchers studying collective victimization need to focus on their participants’ interests and well-being and ensure that the costs for participants are not too high.
Patrolling the Frontier
Authors: Saldin Robert P. , Teles Steven M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses how public intellectuals responded with such virulence to Donald Trump. Despite overwhelming opposition to Trump among the conservative intellectual elite, Republican voters had their own ideas of what the party should be about. That is not the outcome one might have expected at the start of the 2016 electoral cycle, given the outsized role that public intellectuals have played in the GOP over the last half-century. Whatever outsiders may believe, the modern Republican Party has often told its own story as the merger of a conservative intellectual project with a range of grassroots social movements. The idea of “fusionism”—the linkage of social conservatism with economic libertarianism—was thought by the party's intellectuals to be the glue that held together the GOP's various constituencies and activists. It is that perception of the Republican Party as a conservative party—one defined by its connection to a set of ideas and the intellectuals who generated them—that made the rise of Donald Trump so traumatic for conservative public intellectuals. Among the things that were especially striking about Trump was his dismissal and general ignorance of the history of conservative thought. The chapter then looks at the role played by public intellectuals in the conservative movement, including the historical role of its flagship magazine, National Review, as a policeman of ideological purity.
Angels of Efficiency
Authors: Hoof Florian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Corporate consulting, a one-time seemingly marvelous mixture of bare-knuckle rationalization, esoterica, and visionary futurism, is invariably deployed when business structures threaten to lose their equilibrium. What it actually means to be consulted, the part played by media in consulting, and how the branch of corporate consulting became a system of knowledge with such a socially important role is the object of this book. For the first time, it explores the ways in which the latest media technology, avant-garde aesthetics, economic pressures, and holistic philosophy together constituted the form of consulting dominant today, and which consequences arise from this. Thus it follows the work of early corporate consultants like Frank and Lillian Gilbreth and H. L. Gantt, while analyzing and describing their visual consulting models. The book develops a new, innovative, interdisciplinary approach, situated between media and business history, media archeology, and social theory, and thereby charts the genesis of modern consulting knowledge. It reveals that corporate consulting must be conceptualized in close relation to the visual culture that prevailed during this time, one which drew from nineteenth-century visualization methods and, more particularly, the new medium of film. Consulting is a cultural technique that is markedly characterized by media processes, in which the boundaries of economic logic and legitimacy emerge, and which, at the same time, considerably shapes and stabilizes this modus operandi up to the present day.
“An energizer, but not a guide; an engine, but not a steering gear”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The chapter synthesizes findings from the last eighty years of research on the psychology and neuroscience of frustration. It argues that although frustration is aversive and often a sign of an unfilled or obstructed goal, it is extremely energizing. The chapter describes numerous experiments and cases that demonstrate how frustration can invigorate our responses to perceived difficulties and how it can provide us with the psychological resources needed to keep pursuing our goals. Frustration, the chapter shows, is not an indication of failure. Rather, it is an opportunity to be empowered by a temporary obstruction to our goals and as such, a valuable psychological mechanism capable of springing us into action and of propelling us toward the completion of personally important goals.
“Impossible to stop just now. Why, if I could only prove one simple little lemma”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
By presenting real stories of frustrations, failures, and successes—Andrew Wiles’ proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem, Keith Jarrett’s unforgettable 1975 Köln performance, and Thomas Edison’s struggles with the incandescent light bulb, among others—the chapter further investigates the value and importance of frustration. Whereas Chapter 6 was concerned with articulating the motivational value of frustration, this chapter demonstrates the capacity of frustration to structure our lives and to endow them with significance and personal meaning. Specifically, the chapter describes how what we experience as frustrating, difficult, and effortful can often become valuable precisely because it is frustrating, difficult, and effortful to us. The chapter thus makes clear that the experience of frustration can lead to the generation of value and argues that a life devoid of frustrations runs the risk of becoming meaningless.
“Our possible existence is always greater than our destiny”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The chapter draws upon sources from neuroscience, psychology, literature, and philosophy to make a detailed and sustained case for the indelible role that anticipation plays in our lives. By discussing topics such as predictive coding, the nature of memory, the effects of anticipatory and anticipated emotions on behavior, and existentialist views on human existence, the chapter shows the extent to which anticipation rules our lives. Our brains constantly anticipate future outcomes by generating predictions; our memories are formed with a future in mind; and our lives are greatly influenced both by the emotions that we expect to feel and the ideals that we cultivate and which inspire us to become who we want to be. By demonstrating the prevalence and significance of anticipation, the chapter makes evident that no examination of the good life can ignore it.
Faces of Inequality
Authors: Moreau Sophia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book defends an original and pluralist theory of when and why discrimination wrongs people. Sophia Moreau argues that although all cases of wrongful discrimination involve a failure to treat some people as the equals of others, these failures are importantly different. The first four chapters of the book explore different ways of failing to treat people as equals: through unfairly subordinating some to others, through violating someone’s right to a particular deliberative freedom, and through denying some people access to a basic good. Chapter Five explains why these different wrongs can be seen as parts of a coherent theory of wrongful discrimination, and it presents some of the explanatory advantages of that this theory has over others. Chapter Six argues that the theory enables us to see indirect discrimination as wrongful for many of the same reasons as direct discrimination, and that both should be seen as forms of negligence. Finally Chapter Seven argues that the duty to treat others as equals is a duty held not just by the state, but also by each individual member of society.
Governing the Sacred
Authors: Jobani Yuval , Perez Nahshon 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Contested sacred sites pose a difficult challenge in the field of toleration. Holy sites are often at the center of intense contestation between different groups regarding a wide variety of issues, including ownership, access, usage rights, permissible religious conduct, and many other aspects. As such, they are often the source of immense levels of violence, and intractable, long-standing conflicts. Governing the Sacred profiles five central contested sacred sites which exemplify the immense difficulties associated with such sites: Devils Tower National Monument (Wyoming, U.S.), Babri Masjid/Ram Janmabhoomi (Uttar-Pradesh, India), the Western Wall (Jerusalem), the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem), and the Temple Mount/Haram esh-Sharif (Jerusalem). The in-depth, contextual and casuistic study of these sites, which differ in spatial, cultural, and religious settings, enables the construction of a novel, critical typology of five corresponding models or ways of governing the sacred. By telling the fascinating stories of five high-profile contested sacred sites, Governing the Sacred develops and critically explores five different models of governing contested sacred sites: “non-interference,” “separation and division,” “preference,” “status quo,” and “closure.” Each model, in turn, relies on different sets of considerations, central among them trade-offs between religious liberty and social order. Beyond its scholarly contribution, the novel typology developed in Governing the Sacred aims to assist democratic governments in their attempt to secure public order and mutual toleration among opposed groups in contested sacred sites.
Pioneers in the Attic
Authors: Patterson Sara M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book argues that as the Latter-day Saint community globalized in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, its relationship to space transformed. Initially, nineteenth-century Mormons believed that they must literally gather together in their new Salt Lake Zion—their center place. They believed that Zion was a place you could point to on a map, a place you should dwell in to live a righteous life. Later Mormons had to reinterpret these central theological principles as their community spread around the globe. They began to make such claims as “We should spiritually gather together” and “Zion is wherever the people of God are.” But to say that they simply spiritualized concepts that had once been understood literally is only one piece of the puzzle. Contemporary Mormons still want to touch and to feel these principles. And so they mark and claim the landscapes of the American West with versions of their history carved in stone. They develop rituals that allow them not only to learn the history of the nineteenth-century journey West but also to engage it with all of their senses. This book examines the ways contemporary Mormons first spiritualized and then reliteralized and concretized several central theological concepts in order to emphasize and make meaningful a center place even as they become an increasingly place-less community.
How to Understand Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Patricia Herzog 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 contextualizes emerging adulthood and changing life course development processes within larger economic, social, and cultural trends. Within this context, this chapter discusses the role of contemporary higher education in understanding and adapting to those changes. The chapter explains how changes that created the elongation of life course development, including longer periods of transition into adulthood, help to make sense of modern college students. Students learn how experiences with moving, changing identities, picking an academic path, as well as romantic partnering and breakups, all fit within the life stage tasks of establishing identity while forming intimate and durable relationships. Achieving a better grasp of how transitioning into adulthood looks for young people today helps students understand themselves, meet their needs, and explain themselves to others.
Harnessing Uniqueness and Finding Similar People
Authors: Patricia Herzog 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 addresses race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion, and other aspects of diversity that shape individual students’ expectations and experiences of college life. Some students find the university to have greater diversity than their past experiences, while others come from more diverse settings than the university. Many students struggle for the first time to understand how they fit in and how to make sense of others’ attitudes, values, and perspectives. Students reflect on experiences with inclusion and exclusion during college and come to contextualize these experiences. Readers learn how to harness their identities as a personal strength, while also finding others who are similar enough to understand and support their perspective, values, or interests.
Current and Future Trends in Employee Survey Practice
Authors: Rotolo Christopher T. , Fleck Christina R. , Shepherd Brittnie 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Although employee surveys have been around for decades with well-established frameworks and best practices, there has been a recent influx of experimentation. Given advances in technology and the need for business leaders to make rapid, evidence-based decisions, organizations are rethinking their traditional survey approach. However, very little has been published describing the prevalence of these new survey practices. The purpose of this study was to understand current and future/planned states of employee surveys within organizations from the perspective of employee survey practitioners. This chapter is based on responses from 57 large, typically multinational organizations with established employee survey programs. The results focus on how and whom organizations survey today and other program design elements including the type of surveys being administered, survey cadence, reporting options, and data privacy. The chapter concludes with program owner attitudes toward the effectiveness of various survey program elements.
Terror and Civil Conflict
Authors: Rotberg Robert I. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Too many of Africa’s nation-states, both north and south of the Sahara, remain convulsed by combatants, infiltrated by insurgents, and damaged deeply either by the self-inflicted wounds of civil conflict or attacked from within by Islamists supported from without and loyal to externally propagated ideologies. In their founding years, independent northern and southern Africa harbored conflicts that tore new nations apart. In contemporary times some of those civil wars linger, joined as they have been since the dawning of the new century by newly spawned fundamentalist revolutionaries and by reactionaries who regard constituted authority and modern political instrumentalities as illegitimate, even haram—“forbidden.” Although there are fewer civil conflict deaths per year than there were in the 1980s and 1990s, there are many more episodes of terror, and fatalities, than there were in those times. And the seemingly intractable nature of some of the conflicts and many of the campaigns against terror give the impression that sections of Africa—Egypt and the Sinai; Algeria, Libya, and the Sahel; the Horn of Africa and Kenya; Nigeria and its northeastern neighbors; and the Democratic Republic of Congo—are today immured in warfare that will not easily end.
Africa’s Vanishing Animals
Authors: Rotberg Robert I. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Africa is losing its animals. Many of the iconic fauna that are indelibly associated with Africa, and that attract so many local citizens and foreign tourists alike, no longer spread limitlessly across the vast savannahs of the mid-continent. Nor are many of the larger mammals of the unbroken forest often visible. Habitat loss, climate change, the pressure of humans searching for new pastures and agricultural fields, and this century’s massive escalation of illegal poaching have all decimated the herds of elephants, the pods of rhinoceros, the prides of lion, and even the towers of giraffe that once browsed and foraged without much human interference. Even the lowly and secretive pangolin is being hunted ceaselessly to satisfy Asian demand.