bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumer Perceptions of Product and Service Quality Attributes in Six U.S. States
Authors: Behe Bridget , Barton Susan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Of seven dimensions contributing to garden center quality, customers ranked plant quality as the most important dimension (30%) and responsiveness and assurance as half as important (15%); the other dimensions (tangibles, reliability, empathy, quality of non-plant products) were slightly less important (10%). Plant health and condition (32%) was the most important plant or product characteristic, followed by price (22%) and assortment and variety (21%). Large gaps between customer expectations and perceptions existed for ‘clearly marking plant price’ (0.9), ‘willingness to offer guarantees’ (0.8), ‘plant health’ and ‘name labeling’ (0.7). Service quality gaps were reported for the tangibles dimension in the range of 0 to −0.29 and in the other four dimensions (reliability, empathy, responsiveness and assurance) in the range of −0.30 to −0.59. More frequent purchasers (Buyer 3—people who made more than 10 purchases from surveyed outlets) purchased over two-thirds of their plants from the survey outlet and had higher reliability perceptions as compared to less frequent purchasers (Buyers 1 and 2). When respondents were categorized by their expenditure at the survey outlet, those with lower expenditures ($1–50) had lower perceptions in all five service quality dimensions. Traditional retail customers responded with higher perceptions in all five service quality dimensions than mass merchandiser customers.
Fishwaste Compost Medium Improves Growth and Quality of Container-grown Marigolds and Geraniums Without Leaching
Authors: Hummel R.L. , Kuo S. , Winters D. , Jellum E.J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Utilization of fish waste for producing fishwaste compost (FWC) as a value-added product is preferred to disposing of it in ocean dumping or landfills. This study determined: (i) the effectiveness of FWC as a container-growth medium and N source for greenhouse production of marigolds (Tagetes patula L. ‘Queen Sophia’) and geraniums (Pelargonium x hortorum L.H. Bailey ‘Sprinter Scarlet’) that were drip-irrigated to prevent leaching; and (ii) if leaching was necessary to sustain plant growth. In a 3 by 3 factorial experiment, plants were grown in 100% FWC, 50% FWC:50% Douglas-fir bark (B), and 100% B at 0, 160, and 320 mg (0, 0.0056, 0.0112 oz) N container−1 applied as NH4NO3 every 2 weeks. Under drip irrigation, FWC in the 100% FWC growing medium supplied a sufficient amount of available N up to 7 weeks after transplanting to produce plant quality, shoot growth index (SGI), and shoot and root dry weights comparable to those treated with 320 mg N container−1. In the 50% FWC: 50% B growing medium fertilization with 320 mg N improved plant growth and quality 7 weeks after transplanting. The concentration of inorganic N (NO3 plus NH4) in the 100% FWC declined to very low levels 7 weeks after transplanting. This indicated that FWC used as the sole component of the growing medium was an effective N source for marigolds and geraniums up to 7 weeks after transplant. Compared with no leach plants, irrigation of 100% FWC marigolds with a weekly leaching fraction of about 0.55 did not affect quality, SGI, and shoot dry weight at the time-of-sale, 7 weeks after transplant. The FWC did not have sufficiently high salt content to require minimum leaching to prevent salt injury to the plants.
Response of Five Woody Landscape Plants to Primo and Pruning
Authors: Thetford Mack , Berry James B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The use of Primo (trinexapac-ethyl) was investigated as an alternative to pruning of container-grown woody ornamental species. A foliar spray of 469, 938, or 1407 ppm (0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 oz/gal) was applied to pruned plants. A nontreated control (water) and an industry control [Atrimmec (dikegulac-sodium)] were also included for comparison. Monthly mechanical pruning or no pruning treatments were imposed during the production period. Monthly pruning alone reduced the height of euonymus, forsythia, Chinese privet, waxleaf privet, and azalea. Efficacy of plant growth regulator treatments differed among the five species. Primo was not effective in suppressing the height or trimming dry weight of forsythia, Chinese privet, or waxleaf privet and provided only a transient suppression of euonymus and azalea.
Plant Growth Retardant Application to Achillea x ‘Coronation Gold’ and Gaura lindheimeri ‘Corrie's Gold’
Authors: Burnett Stephanie E. , Keever Gary J. , Gilliam Charles H. , Raymond Kessler J. , Hesselein Charles 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In two experiments conducted under nursery conditions in 1998 and 1999, the herbaceous perennials, Achillea x ‘Coronation Gold’ and Gaura lindheimeri ‘Corrie's Gold’ were treated with one of four plant growth retardants (PGRs): B-Nine at 2,500, 5,000, or 7,500 ppm; Bonzi at 33, 66, or 99 ppm; Cutless at 50, 100, or 150 ppm; Pistill at 500 or 1,000 ppm; or left untreated. Only Pistill delayed flowering of achillea while Bonzi and Cutless accelerated flowering of achillea. In 1998, B-Nine provided little growth suppression of achillea; however in 1999, when plants were pruned just prior to treatment and thus less reproductively developed, height at the most effective concentration of 7,500 ppm was reduced 33% compared to untreated plants over the duration of the experiment. At the most effective concentration of 99 ppm, Bonzi retarded growth 15% and 31%, over the duration of the experiment, while Cutless at 150 ppm suppressed growth 21% and 46% in 1998 and 1999, respectively, compared to an untreated control. Plants treated with the most effective concentration of Pistill were 13% and 21% shorter than non-treated plants over the duration of the experiment in 1998 and 1999, respectively. However, in 1998 quality ratings of Pistill-treated plants were lower than for control plants, and the duration of control was shorter than with B-Nine, Bonzi, or Cutless in 1999. Only Cutless provided consistent growth suppression of gaura; plants treated with the most effective concentration of 150 ppm were an average of 19% smaller at 60 days after treatment (DAT) in 1998 and 13% smaller than control plants from 28 to 70 DAT in 1999. B-Nine and Pistill provided more transitory control. In 1999, the most effective concentration of B-Nine suppressed growth 9% from 28 to 56 DAT. Plants treated with the most effective concentration of Pistill of 500 ppm averaged 23% smaller at 14 and 28 DAT than control plants. Application of Pistill delayed flowering 11 to 13 days in 1998.
Susceptibility of Crabapple Cultivars to Several Diseases in the Gulf Coast Region of Alabama
Authors: Hagan A. K. , Tilt K. M. , Williams J. D. , Akridge J. R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The occurrence and severity of fireblight (Erwinia amylovora), apple scab (Venturia inequalis), cedar rust diseases (Gymnosporangium sp.), powdery mildew (Podosphaeria leucotricha) and frogeye leaf spot (Botryosphaeria obtusa) were assessed on 60 cultivars of flowering crabapple (Malus sp.) in Brewton, AL (Plant Hardiness Zone 8). Of these diseases, fireblight was the most widespread and damaging over the four-year test period. Noticeable and sometimes damaging levels of frogeye leaf spot and apple scab were seen on a few select crabapple cultivars. Surprisingly, none of the cedar rust diseases commonly found in Alabama on members of the apple family caused significant damage. The signs or symptoms of powdery mildew were never seen on any of the 60 crabapples. Of the crabapple cultivars screened, ‘Eleyi’, ‘Radiant’, ‘Adams’ dwarf, and ‘Velvet Pillar’ had the highest survival rates, as well as resistance to fireblight and frogeye leaf spot. However, ‘Radiant’ and, particularly, ‘Eleyi’ are sensitive to apple scab and may suffer considerable damage in landscape plantings where the climate is cooler. ‘Red Splendor’ dwarf and M. baccata cv. ‘Jackii’ were also highly disease resistant but did not have good rates of survival. Oxysporus root and collar rot (O. latemarginatus) killed many trees and was most prevalent in poorly drained areas found behind several low terraces. On the basis of the high risk of disease and poor overall survival rate, the majority of crabapples tested cannot be considered well adapted to the Gulf Coast region of Alabama nor to adjoining states.
Evaluation of Green Lacewings for Suppressing Azalea Lace Bug Populations in Nurseries
Authors: Shrewsbury Paula M. , Smith-Fiola Deborah C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Greenhouse and nursery studies were conducted to determine an optimal release rate and efficacy of green lacewing (glw) larvae, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), for suppression of azalea lace bug (alb), Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott). In a greenhouse study, different densities of lace bugs (40 or 80 per plant) did not influence the percent mortality caused by green lacewings. However, greater numbers of green lacewing larvae released resulted in higher lace bug mortality (5 and 20 glw per plant resulted in an average lace bug mortality of 79% and 97%, respectively). Lacewing larvae released in a production nursery, at rates of 5/plant and 10/plant, and acephate (Orthene) significantly reduced lace bug populations, with green lacewings at 10/plant and acephate reducing lace bug densities more than green lacewings at 5/plant. In a second nursery trial, lacewing larvae released into production blocks of azaleas resulted in a 97% reduction in lace bugs. These studies suggest that augmentative release of green lacewing larvae may provide an alternative control tactic that can be integrated into lace bug pest management programs.
A Shoot-Tip Culture Micropropagation System for Chokecherry
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Dai Wenhao , Cheng Zong-Ming , Walla James A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A micropropagation system was developed to clonally propagate juvenile and mature chokecherry plants. Establishment of shoot tips from seedling plants was best on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 5 μM benzyladenine (BA) and 5 μM indolebutyric acid (IBA). Significantly more shoots proliferated on the MS or Driver and Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) medium than on Woody Plant medium. Rooting of microshoots could be induced on medium with either IBA or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The highest rooting percentage and the greatest number of roots occurred when shoots were placed in a medium with 0.5 or 2.5 μM IBA. More than 20 chokecherry plants shown to have a high level of field tolerance to X-disease were micropropagated for further X-disease resistance testing using the technique described here.
Tree Seedling Establishment with Protective Shelters and Irrigation Scheduling in Three Naturalized Landscapes in Utah
Authors: Kjelgren Roger , Chapman Neil , Rupp Larry 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We investigated the effect of irrigation scheduling and tree shelters on survival and growth of nine tree species during first-year establishment in three naturalized Utah landscapes with divergent soil and climate. Seedlings of nine species were planted at high mountain [MTN; 2180 m (7150 ft)], mountain foothills [FTH; 1350 m (4430 ft)], and alkali desert [DES; 1320 m (4330 ft)] sites. Half the trees at each site were enclosed with transluscent plastic shelters after planting, and all trees were irrigated when water loss, estimated from local evapotranspiration, depleted plant-available soil water. Tree condition was rated through the growing season, water potential was measured once in late season to assess plant water status, and the number of surviving trees were counted. Despite irrigation, tree condition at the DES and FTH sites declined through the growing season but remained high at the MTN site, resulting in final survival of 35%, 25% and 80%, respectively. The effect of shelters on survival was minimal at all three sites. At the MTN site, however, sheltered trees were less water stressed despite receiving 60% less water than those without shelters. Protective shelters and irrigation scheduling can benefit tree establishment in a naturalized landscape by reducing water stress provided soil and climate conditions do not inherently limit tree growth.
Emergence and Shoot Growth of Cosmos and Marigold from Paclobutrazol-treated Seed
Authors: Pill Wallace G. , Gunter James A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine whether treating seeds of ‘Sensation Mixed’ cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.) and ‘Bonanza Gold’ marigold (Tagetes patula L.) with paclobutrazol (PB) could suppress seedling growth. Seeds were soaked in solutions of 0, 500 or 1000 mg PB/liter (ppm PB) for 16 hours at 25C (77F) or they were primed [−0.5 MPa (−5 bars) for 7 days at 20C (68F)] in Grade 5 exfoliated vermiculite moistened with 0, 500 or 1000 ppm PB solltuions. Soaked and primed seeds were dried for 1 day at 19C (65F) and 25% relative humidity. These seeds and control (non-treated) seeds were sown into plug cells containing peat-lite. Increasing PB concentration decreased cosmos shoot height at 32 days after planting (DAP), but decreased emergence percentage, responses that were more pronounced with priming than with soaking. A 1 ppm PB growth medium drench [30 ml/cell(0.2 mg PB/cell)] and, to a greater extent a 10 mg PB/liter (ppm PB) shoot spray [2 ml/shoot (0.02 mg PB/shoot)], both applied at 10 DAP, resulted in greater cosmos shoot height suppression at 32 DAP than treatment of seeds with 1000 ppm PB. Soaking marigold seeds in 1000 ppm PB failed to decrease shoot height below those of plants from non-treated seeds at 32 DAP. However, exposure to 1000 ppm PB during priming of marigold seeds resulted in a similar shoot height suppression (13%) as the growth medium drench, and similar shoot dry weight reduction (21%) as the shoot spray. Suppression of shoot growth by this seed treatment was short-term since by five weeks after transplanting into 15 cm (6 in) pots, only marigold plants that had received the growth medium drench or shoot spray were smaller than those of control plants. Treating marigold seeds with 1000 mg ppm PB used about one-fifth the PB used to drench the growth medium.
Evaluation of Dogwood and Birch Species and Cultivars for Resistance to Key Insect Pests and Diseases
Authors: Johnson Monte P. , Hartman John R. , McNiel Robert E. , Fountain William M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Ten cultivars of dogwoods (Cornus spp.) were evaluated in multi-year trials for relative reisistance to the dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris); cold injury; canker disease, Botryosphaeria dothidea; spot anthracnose, Elsinoe corni; and powdery mildew, Oidium sp., Microsphaera sp., and Phyllactinia sp. Similarly, eight cultivars of birch (Betula spp.) were evaluated for resistance to the birch leafminer, Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier); Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman; aphids, Hamamelistes spinosus Shimer; the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius Gory; and leaf-spot, Cryptocline betularum. All cultivars of C. florida, C. kousa and C. kousa x florida were susceptible to dogwood borer, although the C. florida cultivars were surviving better than the others. Cornus mas and C. kousa cultivars were relatively resistant to powdery mildew while C. florida x kousa hybrids and C. florida ‘Cherokee Brave’ were intermediately resistant. Betula platyphylla szechuanica ‘Purpurea’ was highly susceptible to the bronze birch borer, whereas B. nigra and B. n. ‘Heritage’ were the most susceptible birches to aphid damage. Betula jacquemontii was highly susceptible to Japanese beetle defoliation. Betula pendula, B. nigra, and B. n. ‘Heritage’ were most susceptible to defoliation by birch leaf spot. This study suggests that dogwood and birch cultivars vary in susceptibility to key insect pests and diseases. Planting relatively resistant cultivars may be useful in managing perennial pests in urban landscapes.
Evaluation of Eleven Newly Acquired Asian Elms for Their Suitability to Adult Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Miller Fredric , Ware George 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Eleven newly introduced Asian elm species and one reference species were evaluated in no-choice laboratory bioassays for their suitability to the adult elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca (= Pyrrhalta) luteola Müller. Adult female beetles laid significantly more eggs on U. bergmanniana, U. bergmanniana var. lasiophylla, U. castaneifolia, U. gaussenii, U. lamellosa, and U. pumila, indicating these species were the most suitable for ELB. The least suitable species for adult beetle feeding and reproduction were U. chenmoui, U. elongata, U. glaucescens, U. propinqua, U. propinqua var. suberosa, and U. szechuanica. Adult female beetles laid eggs within 7–10 days, or 4 days earlier, on the most suitable elms compared with beetles feeding on the least suitable elms. Adult male and female longevity was significantly affected by host suitability with adult males and females living nearly twice as long on the most suitable elms compared to the less suitable elms. Least suitable species U. chenmoui, U. elongata, U. glaucescens, U. propinqua, and U. szechuanica offer resistance to elm leaf beetle and show promise for future elm breeding programs.
Fertilization of Container-Grown Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.)
Authors: Hinesley L. Eric , Smith Scott A. , Wicker A. M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two fertilization experiments were conducted with first-year seedlings of baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.] in containers (substrate = composted pine bark). First, seedlings were subjected to factorial combinations of dolomitic lime, soluble fertilizer (SF), and incorporated controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) (19.0N–2.6P–8.8K; 8- to 9-month release). Lime decreased growth. Incorporated CRF [4.8 kg/m3 (8 lbs/yd3)] yielded more growth than a single weekly application of SF (N = 0.5 g/liter). In the second experiment, most of the potential height growth and total plant dry weight were realized with 2.4 kg/m3 (4 lbs/yd3) and 4.8 kg/m3 (8 lbs/yd3), respectively, of incorporated CRF. At optimal growth, foliar N concentrations were 3.0%.
Yard Waste Compost as a Landscape Soil Amendment for Azaleas
Authors: Beeson R.C. , Keller Karen G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Azaleas, Rhododendron indicum L. ‘G.G. Gerbing’, were transplanted into landscape beds amended with yard waste compost at rates of 0, 5.1, 7.6, or 10.2 cm (0, 2, 3, or 4 in) incorporated into the top 18 cm (7 in) of a sandy soil. Plants were irrigated on alternate days (high irrigation rate) or on every third day (low irrigation rate), and shoot and root growth measurements were recorded at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 18 months after transplanting. Differences among compost treatments for plant quality and root elongation were observed after 8 months. By 18 months, incorporation of 7.6 or 10.2 cm (3 or 4 in) of compost resulted in plants with larger shoots, greater root, elongation, and larger root masses compared to the 0 and 5.1 cm (2 in) compost treatments. The larger azalea shoots and roots achieved with high rates of compost occurred under both irrigation regimes. Incorporating 7.6 or 10.2 cm (3 or 4 in) of compost increased root elongation, mostly between 4 and 8 months, and increased root mass after 12 months. Compost incorporation affected the quality of plants under high irrigation, with 10.2 cm (4 in) of compost producing the highest-quality plants.
Root Pruning but not Irrigation in the Nursery Affects Live Oak Root Balls and Digging Survival
Authors: Gilman Edward F. , Stodola Ann , Marshall Michael D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Irrigation placement and irrigation volume during field production of live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) in a sandy soil had no effect on trunk caliper [mean = 6.3 cm (2.5 in)] or tree height [mean = 3.8 m (12.4 ft)]. Root pruning had no impact on caliper and a slight (P &lt; 0.06) impact on height. Irrigation placement and volume had little effect on number of cut roots at the edge of the root ball. Root pruning with a hand spade or in combination with root-pruning fabric placed under the liner at planting increased the number of roots at the edge of the root ball. Root pruning with fabric in combination with spade pruning increased the small-diameter (&lt;5 mm) root weight: shoot ratio but reduced the total root weight: shoot ratio. Irrigation placement and volume during production did not affect summer nor winter digging survival. Trees that were not root pruned had poorer survival in the summer and winter digging seasons than those receiving either of the root-pruned treatments. In contrast, summer and winter survival was similar for root-pruned trees indicating that live oak can be dug in summer as well as the more traditional winter period as long as trees are root pruned during production. Trees pruned with fabric placed under the liner at planting in combination with spade pruning survived better than traditional spade root pruned trees.
Atrimmec Suppresses Shoot Length and Promotes Branching of Lonicera x heckrottii ‘Goldflame’ (Goldflame Honeysuckle)
Authors: Bruner L.L. , Keever G.J. , Kessler J.R. , Gilliam C.H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Studies were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to determine effects of Atrimmec (dikegulac-sodium) applied at 0, 2340 or 4680 ppm and pruning just prior to Atrimmec application (1999 only) on shoot length and shoot number of Lonicera × heckrottii ‘Goldflame’ (Goldflame honeysuckle). When Atrimmec was applied in June 1999, shoot lengths were suppressed in non-pruned plants 21–24% 2 weeks after treatment (WAT), 16–19% 4 WAT, 16–17% 8 WAT, and 15–16% 10 WAT compared to control plants. Shoot length was suppressed 933% in pruned plants from 2 through 10 WAT, with increased suppression from concurrent pruning evident in control plants 2 WAT, and for plants treated with the higher Atrimmec rate 2 through 10 WAT. Following 10 WAT, increasing Atrimmec rate suppressed shoot length linearly and independent of pruning, 15–21% 12 WAT and 14–21% 14 WAT. When Atrimmec was applied in April 2000, shoot length of non-pruned plants was suppressed quadratically by increasing Atrimmec rate with suppression at the highest rate (4680 ppm) of 17% 2 WAT, 24% 4 WAT, 21% 6 WAT, 22% 8 WAT, and 20% 10 WAT. In 1999, Atrimmec and pruning affected shoot number independently. There was a linear and later a quadratic increase in shoot number with increasing Atrimmec rate of 44–122% 6 WAT, 18–68% 8 WAT, and up to 24% 10 WAT. Shoot number of non-pruned plants was greater than pruned with mean increases of 8 shoots 6 and 8 WAT and 5 shoots 10 WAT. Increasing rates of Atrimmec increased shoot number in the 2000 study up to 62% 2 WAT, 47–106% 4 WAT, 57–67% 6 WAT, and 9-27% 8 WAT.
Soybean Oil Controls Two-Spotted Spider Mites on Burning Bush
Authors: Lancaster Aaron L. , Deyton Dennis E. , Sams Carl E. , Cummins John C. , Pless Charles D. , Fare Donna C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Summer sprays of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) oil were evaluated for efficacy against two spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) (TSSM) on burning bush (Euonymus alatus Thunb.). Single sprays of 1, 2, or 3% soybean oil or 1% SunSpray reduced TSSM populations by 97–99% compared to water-sprayed controls. Single sprays of 2 or 3% soybean oil were not phytotoxic but suppressed photosynthesis for a short time. In a second experiment, a single spray of 0.75, 1.0, or 1.5% soybean oil reduced the TSSM population by &gt; 95%, compared to the water control. A second spraying of 0.25–1.5% soybean oil resulted in ≥ 93% control of TSSM compared to the water control. A third spray provided little additional TSSM control. Predaceous mites were not initially disrupted by a single spray of soybean oil or SunSpray Ultra-fine spray oil. A single spray of ≤ 1.5% soybean did not significantly reduce photosynthesis. Soybean oil had efficacy against TSSM similar to that of SunSpray and had similar effects on photosynthesis. Soybean oil was less phytotoxic and caused less defoliation of stressed plants than did SunSpray in one experiment but not in two other experiments. Results show that soybean oil could be used in an integrated pest management program for managing spider mites on ornamentals.