bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Progress on Inverse and Data Assimilation Procedure for High-Latitude Ionospheric Electrodynamics
Authors: Matsuo Tomoko 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPolar ionospheric electrodynamics plays an important role in the Sun–Earth connection chain, acting as one of the major driving forces of the upper atmosphere and providing us with a means to probe physical processes in the distant magnetosphere. Accurate specification of the constantly changing conditions of high-latitude ionospheric electrodynamics has long been of paramount interest to the geospace science community. The Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics procedure, developed with an emphasis on inverting ground-based magnetometer observations for historical reasons, has long been used in the geospace science community as a way to obtain complete maps of high-latitude ionospheric electrodynamics by overcoming the limitations of a given geospace monitoring system. This Chapter presents recent technical progress on inverse and data assimilation procedures motivated primarily by availability of regular monitoring of high-latitude electrodynamics by space-borne instruments. The method overview describes how electrodynamic state variables are represented with polar-cap spherical harmonics and how coefficients are estimated from the point of view of the Bayesian inferential framework. Some examples of the recent applications to analysis of SuperDARN plasma drift, Iridium, and DMSP magnetic fields, as well as DMSP auroral particle precipitation data are included to demonstrate the method.
Introduction to Spherical Elementary Current Systems
Authors: Vanhamäki Heikki , Juusola Liisa 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis is a review of the Spherical Elementary Current System or SECS method, and its various applications to studying ionospheric current systems. In this chapter, the discussion is more general, and applications where both ground-based and/or satellite observations are used as the input data are discussed. Application of the SECS method to analyzing electric and magnetic field data provided by the Swarm satellites will be discussed in more detail in the next chapter.
Spherical Elementary Current Systems Applied to Swarm Data
Authors: Vanhamäki Heikki , Juusola Liisa , Kauristie Kirsti , Workayehu Abiyot , Käki Sebastian 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter describes how the Spherical Elementary Current Systems (SECS) are applied to analyze the magnetic and electric field measurements provided by the Swarm spacecraft. The Swarm/SECS method produces two-dimensional (latitude–longitude) maps of the ionospheric horizontal and field-aligned currents around the satellite paths. If also electric field data are available, similar maps of the electric field and conductances can be obtained.
Local Least Squares Analysis of Auroral Currents
Authors: Vogt Joachim , Blagau Adrian , Bunescu Costel , He Maosheng 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMulti-spacecraft probing of geospace allows the study of physical structures on spatial scales dictated by orbital and instrumental parameters. This chapter highlights multi-point array analysis methods for constellations of two or three spacecraft such as Swarm, and also discusses multi-scale techniques for the geometrical characterisation of auroral current structures using observations of stationary or weakly time-dependent current structures along the tracks of individual satellites. Linear estimators are based on a least squares approach which is local in the sense that only few measurements around a reference point are considered for the reconstruction of geometrical and physical parameters. Local least squares estimators for field-aligned currents are compared with non-local counterparts and also local estimators based on finite differences. Uncertainties, implementation and other practical aspects are discussed. The techniques are illustrated using selected Swarm crossings of the auroral zone.
Multi-spacecraft Current Estimates at Swarm
Authors: Dunlop Malcolm Wray , Yang J.-Y. , Yang Y.-Y. , Lühr Hermann , Cao J.-B. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this chapter the application of the curlometer technique to various regions of the inner magnetosphere and upper ionosphere and for special circumstances of sampling is described. The basic technique is first outlined, together with the caveats of use, covering: the four-spacecraft technique, its quality factor and limitations; the lessons learnt from Cluster data, together with issues of implementation, scale size and stationarity, and description of the key regions covered by related methodology. Secondly, the application to the Earth’s ring current region is outlined, covering: the application of Cluster crossings to survey the ring current; the use of the MRA (magnetic rotation analysis) method for field curvature analysis; the use of THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Sub-storms mission) three-spacecraft configurations to sample the ring current, and future use of MMS (Magnetospheric MultiScale mission) and Swarm data, i.e. the case of small separations. Thirdly, the application of the technique to the low altitude regions covered by Swarm is outlined, covering: the extension of the method to stationary signals; the use of special configurations and adjacent times to achieve 2, 3, 4, 5 point analysis; the use of the extended ‘curlometer’ with Swarm close configurations to compute 3-D current density, and a brief indication of the computation of current sheet orientation implied by 2-spacecraft correlations. Fourthly, the direct coordination of Cluster and Swarm to check the scaling and coherence of field-aligned currents (FACs) is outlined.
Applying the Dual-Spacecraft Approach to the Swarm Constellation for Deriving Radial Current Density
Authors: Lühr Hermann , Ritter Patricia , Kervalishvili Guram , Rauberg Jan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOne of the Swarm prime mission goals is the estimation of ionospheric currents. Of particular interest in this context are field-aligned currents (FACs). In order to improve our ability of determining FACs, two of the Swarm spacecraft are orbiting side-by-side separated only by 1.4° in longitude. This close-formation flight enables the application of Ampère’s integral law to magnetic field measurements for estimating radial currents. From experience gained in space we can state that most reliable results are obtained in the auroral region. Here the spacing of the measurement quad and the size of current structures match best. In the vicinity of the poles, close to the orbital crossovers, spacecraft separations become too small for reliable gradient measurements. At low latitudes the separation becomes largest (~150 km). Here certain FAC features, e.g. associated with plasma instabilities and disturbances exist, which cannot be analysed reliably with the dual-SC approach. However, mid-latitude large-scale currents like the inter-hemispheric FACs can be recorded reliably by the Swarm mission. Besides presenting some measurement examples special emphasis is put on the discussion of underlying assumptions and on the limitations of the approach.
Association between cumulative serum urate and development of diabetes type II: the Kailuan Study
Authors: Han Yixuan , Liu Yanying , Liu Xuejun , Yang Wenhao , Yu Ping , Wang Jian , Hu Yuqin , Shu Rong , Song Haicheng , Wang Jierui , Yuan Wei , Liu Bailu , Li Na , Shi Huijing , Yang Wenfang , Li Lina , Hao Yudi , Cui Liufu 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objective
To explore whether cumulative serum urate (cumSU) is correlated with diabetes type II mellitus incidence.

Methods
In this study, we recruited individuals participating in all Kailuan health examinations from 2006 to 2013 without stroke, cancer, gestation, myocardial infarction, and diabetes type II diagnosis in the first three examinations. CumSU was calculated by multiplying the average serum urate concentration and the time between the two examinations (umol/L × year). CumSU levels were categorized into five groups: Q1–Q5. The effect of cumSU on diabetes type II incidence was estimated by logistic regression.

Results
A total of 36,277 individuals (27,077 men and 9200 women) participated in the final analysis. The multivariate logistic regression model showed the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of diabetes type II from Q1 to Q5 were 1.00 (reference), 1.25 (1.00 to 1.56), 1.43 (1.15 to 1.79), 1.49 (1.18 to 1.87), and 1.80 (1.40 to 2.32), respectively. Multivariable odds ratios per 1-standard deviation increase in cumSU were 1.26 (1.17 to 1.37) in all populations, 1.20 (1.10 to 1.32) for men, and 1.52 (1.27 to 1.81) for women, respectively.

Conclusions
CumSU is a significant risk factor for diabetes type II. Individuals with higher cumSU, especially women, are at a higher risk of diabetes type II independent of other known risk factors.Key Points• Cumulative exposure to serum urate is a significant risk factor for diabetes type II.• Individuals with higher cumSU, especially women, are at a higher risk of diabetes type II.
Intact global cognitive and olfactory ability predicts lack of transition to dementia
Authors: Devanand Davangere P. , Lee Seonjoo , Luchsinger Jose A. , Andrews Howard , Goldberg Terry , Huey Edward D. , Schupf Nicole , Manly Jennifer , Stern Yaakov , Kreisl William C. , Mayeux Richard 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIntroductionOdor identification deficits characterize Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. We examined if intact performance on brief cognitive and odor identification tests predicts lack of transition to dementia.MethodsIn an urban community, 1037 older adults without dementia completed the 40‐item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, which includes the 12‐item Brief Smell Identification Test (B‐SIT). Data from 749 participants followed up for 4 years were analyzed.ResultsIn covariate‐adjusted survival analyses, impairment on the Blessed Orientation Memory Concentration Test and B‐SIT each predicted dementia (n = 109), primarily Alzheimer's disease (n = 101). Among participants with intact olfactory (B‐SIT ≥ 11/12 correct) and cognitive (Blessed Orientation Memory Concentration Test ≤ 5/28 incorrect) ability, 3.4% (4/117) transitioned to dementia during follow‐up with no transitions in the 70‐75 and 81‐83 years age group quartiles.DiscussionOdor identification testing adds value to global cognitive testing, and together can identify individuals who rarely transition to dementia, thereby avoiding unnecessary diagnostic investigation.
Emergency Airways After Himalayan Black Bear Attacks in Bhutan
Authors: Mize Charles Haviland , Dorji Lhab , Zafren Ken 
Published: October 2019

Introduction Although bear attacks on humans are uncommon, the incidence has slowly risen as human populations increasingly encroach on wilderness habitat. In the Kingdom of Bhutan, Himalayan black bear attacks occur regularly. Bears preferentially attack the face, often causing injuries that require surgical airway management. We sought to determine how often patients injured by Himalayan black bears required airway management during initial resuscitation. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of emergency department and admission records of the 3 referral hospitals in Bhutan. We identified all victims of bear attacks in Bhutan who received emergency airway management, including surgical airway management during the period from August 2013 to December 2017. Results There were 21 patients who were treated for injuries from bear attacks during the study period. Of these, 12 required emergency airway management. Three patients who required emergency airways (2 intubations, 1 surgical airway) were attacked near a regional referral hospital and received care at that hospital. The remaining 9 patients received care from the helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) retrieval team (1 intubation, 8 surgical airways). Conclusions The use of highly trained HEMS critical care retrieval teams may improve outcomes in critically injured patients who require time-critical airway management in remote areas. Countries such as Bhutan with populations far from emergency and critical care might benefit from the establishment of HEMS critical care retrieval services. HEMS teams providing care while retrieving patients from austere environments should be expert in emergency airway management.
Nonlinear parameter estimation of airship using modular neural network
Authors: Agrawal S. , Gobiha D. , Sinha N.K. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe prime focus of this work is to estimate stability and control derivatives of an airship in a completely nonlinear environment. A complete six degrees of freedom airship model has its aerodynamic model as nonlinear functions of angle of attack. Estimating the parameters of aerodynamic model in a nonlinear environment is challenging as it demands an exhaustive dataset that could cover the entire regime of operation of airship. In this work, data generation is achieved by simulating the mathematical model of airship for different trim conditions obtained from continuation analysis. The mathematical model is simulated using predicted parameter values obtained using DATCOM methodology. A modular neural network is then trained using back-propagation and Adam optimisation algorithm for each of the aerodynamic coefficients separately. The estimated nonlinear airship parameters are found to be consistent with the DATCOM parameter values which were used for open-loop simulation. This validates the proposed methodology and could be extended to estimate airship parameters from real flight data.
The Error Condition
Authors: Fix Jeremy David 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe possibility of error conditions the possibility of normative principles. I argue that extant interpretations of this condition undermine the possibility of normative principles for our action because they implicitly treat error as a perfection of an action. I then explain how a constitutivist metaphysics of capacities explains why error is an imperfection of an action. Finally, I describe and defend the interpretation of the error condition which follows.
Canadian Multiple Sclerosis Pregnancy Study (CANPREG-MS): Rationale and Methodology
Authors: Sadovnick A. Dessa , Carruthers Robert , Houtchens Maria , Schabas Alice , Smyth Penelope 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT:Background:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common cause of neurological disability, other than trauma, among young adults of reproductive age. In contrast to the past, today there is very little lag time from clinical onset to diagnosis. Disease-modifying therapies are also now available outside of clinical trials. However, there is very little evidence-based population data to help an individual with MS make informed decisions with respect to reproductive options.Objective:The objective of this study is to develop a Canada-wide, prospective population-based registry of women with MS who are either trying to become pregnant and/or have become pregnant.Methods:The study represents a “real-world” scenario. Women with MS are invited to participate, regardless of clinical course, therapy, disease duration, and/or disability. The methodology to develop such a registry is very complex making it imperative to understand the design and rationale when interpreting results for clinical purposes.Results:This paper is a comprehensive discussion of the study rationale and methodology.Conclusions:The study is ongoing, with over 100 potential participants. Numerous future publications are envisioned as the study progresses. The present paper is thus designed to be the key referral paper for subsequent publications in which it will not be possible to provide the necessary detailed information on rationale and methodology.
Sepsis in Traumatic Brain Injury: Epidemiology and Outcomes
Authors: Anderson Dustin , Kutsogiannis Demetrios J. , Sligl Wendy I. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT:Background:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability. Risk factors for in-hospital mortality include older age, co-morbidity, and TBI severity. Few studies have investigated the role of sepsis in individuals with TBI.Methods:We studied adult patients with TBI admitted to intensive care over a 5-year period. Patient characteristics were identified by linking clinical and administrative databases. Charts of individuals with TBI and sepsis were manually reviewed. Predictors of ICU and hospital mortality were identified using logistic regression modeling.Results:Four hundred eighty-six individuals with TBI were admitted to intensive care. Sixteen (3.3%) developed sepsis. Pneumonia was the most common source (94%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen (75%). ICU lengths of stay (LOS) (12.2 days [interquartile range (IQR) 4.4–23.5] versus 3.7 days [IQR 1.7–8.2]; p < 0.001) and hospital LOS (28.0 days [IQR 11.8–41.4] versus 15.3 days [IQR 5.0–30.9]; p = 0.017) were longer in patients with TBI and sepsis. Sepsis was not associated with ICU (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.51; 95%CI 0.12–2.27; p = 0.38) or hospital (aOR 0.78; 95% CI 0.21–2.96; p = 0.78) mortality, though age (aOR 1.02; 95% CI 1.00–1.04; p = 0.014 for hospital mortality), severe TBI (aOR 3.71; 95% CI 1.52–9.08; p = 0.004 for ICU mortality and 4.10; 95% CI 1.95–8.65; p < 0.001 for hospital mortality), and APACHE II score (aOR 1.19; 95% CI 1.11–1.28; p < 0.001 for ICU mortality and 1.22; 95% CI 1.14–1.31; p < 0.001 for hospital mortality) were.Conclusion:Sepsis in patients with TBI was not associated with mortality; however, sepsis was associated with increased health care utilization (ICU and hospital LOS).
Reproducibility of dietary intakes of macronutrients, specific food groups, and dietary patterns in 211 050 adults in the UK Biobank study
Authors: Carter Jennifer L. , Lewington Sarah , Piernas Carmen , Bradbury Kathryn , Key Timothy J. , Jebb Susan A. , Arnold Matthew , Bennett Derrick , Clarke Robert 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
To detect modest associations of dietary intake with disease risk, observational studies need to be large and control for moderate measurement errors. The reproducibility of dietary intakes of macronutrients, food groups and dietary patterns (vegetarian and Mediterranean) was assessed in adults in the UK Biobank study on up to five occasions using a web-based 24-h dietary assessment (n 211 050), and using short FFQ recorded at baseline (n 502 655) and after 4 years (n 20 346). When the means of two 24-h assessments were used, the intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) for macronutrients varied from 0·63 for alcohol to 0·36 for polyunsaturated fat. The ICC for food groups also varied from 0·68 for fruit to 0·18 for fish. The ICC for the FFQ varied from 0·66 for meat and fruit to 0·48 for bread and cereals. The reproducibility was higher for vegetarian status (κ > 0·80) than for the Mediterranean dietary pattern (ICC = 0·45). Overall, the reproducibility of pairs of 24-h dietary assessments and single FFQ used in the UK Biobank were comparable with results of previous prospective studies using conventional methods. Analyses of diet–disease relationships need to correct for both measurement error and within-person variability in dietary intake in order to reliably assess any such associations with disease in the UK Biobank.
Layer optimized SAR processing and slope estimation in radar sounder data
Authors: Castelletti Davide , Schroeder Dustin M. , Mantelli Elisa , Hilger Andrew 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEnglacial layers in Antarctica and Greenland are indicators of the dynamic, rheological and subglacial configuration of the ice sheets. Airborne radar sounder data is the primary remote sensing solution for directly observing englacial layers and structures at the glacier-catchment to ice-sheet scale. However, when traditional along-track synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing is applied, steep layers can disappear, limiting the detectability and interpretability of englacial layer geometry. This study provides a reconstruction algorithm to address the problem of destructive phase interference during the radargram formation. We develop and apply a novel SAR processor optimized for layer detection that enhances the Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) of specular reflectors. The algorithm also enables the automatic estimation of layer slope. We demonstrate the algorithm using data acquired at the Institute Ice Stream, West Antarctica.
Radiocarbon dating of Chinese Ancient Tea Trees
Authors: Chen Jia , Shen Hongtao , Sasa Kimikazu , Lan Haihui , Matsunaka Tetsuya , Matsumura Masumi , Takahashi Tsutomu , Hosoya Seiji , He Ming , He Yun , Li Zhaomei , Zhao Zhenchi , Liu Mingji , Wei Siyu , Qi Mingli , Zhao Qingzhang , Qin Xiuju , Chen Xinqiang , Jiang Shan 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTThe jungles of Linyun and Longlin Autonomous Prefecture, located in the heart of the southwestern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China, are home to the oldest tea trees (Camellia sinensis) in the world. In the absence of regular annual rings, radiocarbon (14C) dating is one of the most powerful tools that can assist in the determination of the ages and growth rates of these plants. In this work, cores were extracted from large ancient tea trees in a central Longlin rain forest; extraction of carbon was performed with an automated sample preparation system. The 14C levels in the tree cores were measured using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at the University of Tsukuba. These measurements indicated that contrary to conventional views, the ages of trees in these forests range up to ~700 years, and the growth rate of this species is notably slow, exhibiting a long-term radial growth rate of 0.039±0.006 cm/yr. It was demonstrated that 14C analyses provide accurate determination of ages and growth rates for subtropical wild tea trees.
Detrital zircon age and Sr isotopic constraints for a Late Palaeozoic carbonate platform in the lower Rhodope thrust system, Pirin, SW Bulgaria
Authors: Bonev Nikolay , Filipov Petyo , Raicheva Raya , Chiaradia Massimo , Moritz Robert 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe focused on the Pirin–Pangeon–Thasos carbonate sequence of the Rhodope thrust system, combining Sr isotopes from marble with U–Pb dating of detrital zircons from interlayered schists with outcrop near the villages of Ilindentsi and Petrovo in Bulgaria. The youngest zircon age at Ilindentsi is 266 Ma, i.e. Middle Permian, while the youngest zircon at Petrovo yielded an age of 290 Ma, i.e. Early Permian. Strontium isotopes range from 0.707420 to 0.707653, and are consistent with a Middle Permian maximum depositional age. Middle Permian sedimentation of this carbonate platform most likely occurred along the Eurasian margin rather than the Gondwana margin.