bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Microbarom Patterns: A First Confirmation of the Theory for Source and Propagation
Authors: De Carlo Marine , Hupe Patrick , Le Pichon Alexis , Ceranna Lars , Ardhuin Fabrice 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMicrobarom signals are generated by wind waves at the ocean surface and propagate all around the globe through the stratosphere and ionosphere. Microbaroms dominate the coherent infrasound ambient noise measured worldwide, with a peak around 0.2 Hz. Monitoring these signals allows characterizing the source activity and probing the properties of their propagation medium, the middle atmosphere. Here, we show the first quantitative validation of global microbarom modeling based on ocean wave models, a new source model and atmospheric attenuation. For evaluating these parameters' impact, we compare the modeling results with a global reference database of microbaroms detected by the infrasound International Monitoring System over 7 years. This study demonstrates that the new source model improves the prediction rate of observations by around 20% points against previous models. The performance is enhanced when the new model is combined with a wind‐dependent attenuation and an ocean wave model that includes coastal reflection.
A Biologically Friendly, Low‐Cost, and Scalable Method to Map Permeable Media Architecture and Interstitial Flow
Authors: Hilliard Brandon , Reeder William J. , Skifton Richard S. , Budwig Ralph , Basham William , Tonina Daniele 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPorous media are ubiquitous, a key component of the water cycle and locus of many biogeochemical transformations. Mapping media architecture and interstitial flows have been challenging because of the inherent difficulty of seeing through solids. Previous works used particle image velocimetry (PIV) coupled with refractive index‐matching (RIM) to quantify interstitial flows, but they were limited to specialized and often toxic fluids that precluded investigating biological processes. To address this limitation, we present a low‐cost and scalable method based on RIM coupled PIV (RIM‐PIV) and planar laser induced fluorescence (RIM‐PLIF) to simultaneously map both media architecture and interstitial velocities. Our method uses irregularly shaped grains made of a fluorocarbon plastic with refractive index of 1.36 and specific gravity of 1.93. This allows using a water–glycerin solution for the RIM fluid. By using RIM‐PIV, we mapped media structure with 2% accuracy, which improved to 0.2% with RIM‐PLIF because of improved image contrast.
Not Just Sea Ice: Other Factors Important to Near‐inertial Wave Generation in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Guthrie J. D. , Morison J. H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractInternal wave energy in the Arctic Ocean is often an order of magnitude lower than the midlatitudes. By inhibiting energy input and causing damping, the presence of sea ice is believed to be responsible for low internal wave energy. While a few current studies have shown slightly elevated internal wave energy compared to historical measurements, it has not matched the catastrophic decline in sea ice extent over the same period. We report internal wave energy and mixing estimates that show little difference in the presence of sea ice. To examine possible causes other than sea ice, we adopt the model framework developed in Gill (1984) to explore the importance of previously unexamined factors responsible for the low internal wave energy in the Arctic Ocean. Model results show that low β and shallow mixed layers can result in significant reductions in horizontal kinetic energy in the pycnocline compared to midlatitudes.
Late Miocene (10.0∼6.0 Ma) Rapid Exhumation of the Chinese South Tianshan: Implications for the Timing of Aridification in the Tarim Basin
Authors: Chang Jian , Glorie Stijn , Qiu Nansheng , Min Kyoungwon , Xiao Yao , Xu Wei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCenozoic exhumation in the Tianshan is controlled by a complex interaction between tectonics and climate. However, the timing and magnitude of exhumation of the Tianshan and its contribution to climate change in Central Asia remains debated. In this study, we report new apatite fission track and (U‐Th)/He ages for granite samples from the roof of the South Tianshan that are significantly younger than those published for other parts of the South Tianshan. Inverse and forward modeling reveals two phases of accelerated cooling at 10∼6 Ma and since ∼3 Ma, which can be linked to (1) the reactivation of strike‐slip faults and hot asthenospheric upwelling during India‐Eurasia convergence and (2) the interplay between tectonics and glaciation, respectively. The 10∼6 Ma exhumation phase further corresponds to the timing of climate change, suggesting that this exhumation phase significantly contributed to the enhanced aridification of the Tarim Basin.
Surface Brightening in Eastern and Central China Since the Implementation of the Clean Air Action in 2013: Causes and Implications
Authors: Shi Hongrong , Zhang Jinqiang , Zhao Bin , Xia Xiangao , Hu Bo , Chen Hongbin , Wei Jing , Liu Mengqi , Bian Yuxuan , Fu Disong , Gu Yu , Liou Kuo‐Nan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSurface brightening has been observed in China since 2005. However, it remains unclear whether the brightening has accelerated recently in response to the strictest ever air pollution control policies since 2013. By combining intensive surface and satellite observations, we find an unprecedented rapid increasing trend in surface solar radiation (SSR) of 0.70–1.16 W m−2 yr−1 over the eastern and central China for 2014–2019. Using a novel method to identify the relative contributions of aerosol and cloud radiative effects to the SSR trends, we find that the strongly declining aerosol radiative effect due to the strict air pollution controls is the main cause of the upward SSR trends; cloud variations should not be the main reason. Distinction exists in seasonal trends of SSR, with decreasing trends in winter and increasing trends in other seasons. Air pollution controls play an important role in regulating SSR, which has valuable implications for photovoltaic power generation.
Increasing Synchronous Fire Danger in Forests of the Western United States
Authors: Abatzoglou John T. , Juang Caroline S. , Williams A. Park , Kolden Crystal A. , Westerling Anthony LeRoy 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWidespread fire activity taxes suppression resources and can compound wildfire hazards. We examine the geographic synchronicity of fire danger across western United States forests as a proxy for the strain on fire suppression resource availability. Interannual variability in the number of days with synchronous fire danger, defined as fire weather indices exceeding the local 90th percentile across ≥40% of forested land, was strongly correlated (r = 0.85) with the number of days with high strain on national fire management resources. A 25‐day increase in the annual number of days with synchronous fire danger was observed during 1979–2020. Climate projections show a doubling of such days by 2051–2080. Such changes will escalate the likelihood of years with extended periods of synchronous fire danger that have historically strained suppression efforts and contributed to additional burned area, therein requiring additional management strategies for coping with anticipated surges in fire suppression demands.
Fluvial Channel Branching Enforces Threshold Relief
Authors: Cunningham Maxwell T. , Kaplan Michael R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRelief within mountain belts appears to be limited to a threshold of 1,000–1,500 m. However, it remains unclear definitively where in the landscape this threshold is found. Here we use a new method of analysis, termed Progressive Hypsometry, to show that “threshold relief” is the typical relief of first‐order fluvial catchments. The method tracks changes in the elevation frequency distribution (hypsometry) across nested catchments of all sizes. We find that self‐similar nesting of fluvial catchments leads to quasi‐scale invariance in hypsometry, such that the relief between any catchment's modal and outlet elevation (RMo, mode relief) falls into three groups: the two lower associated with steep upland subcatchments (RMo = 250–1,000 m) and the other with fluvial catchments, which span orders of magnitude in area but maintain an RMo of 1,000–1,500 m. We conclude that threshold relief is the maximum relief a first‐order fluvial catchment can develop without branching.
Pluto's Antipodal Terrains Imply a Thick Subsurface Ocean and Hydrated Core
Authors: Denton C. Adeene , Johnson Brandon C. , Wakita Shigeru , Freed Andrew M. , Melosh H. Jay , Stern S. Alan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRecent analysis of New Horizons data revealed an ∼1,000‐km‐diameter region of large‐scale lineations antipodal to Sputnik Planitia, the 1,200 × 2,000 km elliptical impact basin on Pluto's anti‐Charon hemisphere. At the available resolution, these lineations are similar to antipodal terrains associated with large impact basins elsewhere in the Solar System. Here, we simulate the Sputnik Planitia‐forming impact and track stress waves through a Pluto‐like target body to the antipode. We find that the Sputnik Planitia‐forming impact is capable of producing significant antipodal terrains and the observed lineations may be extensional graben. The extent and mode of deformation at the antipode, however, is sensitive to ocean thickness and core composition. Simulations that best reproduce the observed terrains imply that Pluto may have hosted a >150‐km‐thick ocean and a hydrated core at the time of impact.
3D landscape of Hepatitis B virus interactions with human chromatins
Authors: Yang Bo , Li Boyuan , Jia Liyang , Jiang Yongpeng , Wang Xin , Jiang Shaodong , Du Shunda , Ji Xiong , Yang Pengyuan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHepatitis B viral (HBV) DNAs, including covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and integrated HBV DNA forms, are considered to be primary contributors to the development and progression of HBV-associated liver diseases. However, it remains largely unclear how HBV DNAs communicate with human chromatin. Here we employed a highly sensitive technology, 3C-high-throughput genome-wide translocation sequencing (3C-HTGTS), to globally identify HBV DNA–host DNA contacts in cellular models of HBV infection. HBV DNA does not randomly position in host genome but instead preferentially establishes contacts with the host DNA at active chromatin regions. HBV DNA–host DNA contacts are significantly enriched at H3K4me1-marked regions modified by KMT2C/D; this histone modification is also observed in the HBV cccDNA mini-chromosome and strongly influences HBV transcription. On the other hand, chromatin loop formed by integrated HBV DNA with host genomic DNA was found in transcriptionally active regions. Furthermore, HBV infection influences host gene expression accompanied with HBV DNA–host DNA contacts. Our study provides a 3D landscape of spatial organization of cccDNA and integrated HBV DNA within the human genome, which lays the foundation for a better understanding of the mechanisms how HBV involves in liver disease development and progression.
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals regulation of fetal ovary development in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Zhao Zheng-Hui , Li Chun-Yang , Meng Tie-Gang , Wang Yan , Liu Wen-Bo , Li Ang , Cai Yi-Jun , Hou Yi , Schatten Heide , Wang Zhen-Bo , Sun Qing-Yuan , Sun Qiang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGerm cells are vital for reproduction and heredity. However, the mechanisms underlying female germ cell development in primates, especially in late embryonic stages, remain elusive. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing of 12,471 cells from whole fetal ovaries, and explored the communications between germ cells and niche cells. We depicted the two waves of oogenesis at single-cell resolution and demonstrated that progenitor theca cells exhibit similar characteristics to Leydig cells in fetal monkey ovaries. Notably, we found that ZGLP1 displays differentially expressed patterns between mouse and monkey, which is not overlapped with NANOG in monkey germ cells, suggesting its role in meiosis entry but not in activating oogenic program in primates. Furthermore, the majority of germ cell clusters that sharply express PRDM9 and SPO11 might undergo apoptosis after cyst breakdown, leading to germ cell attrition. Overall, our work provides new insights into the molecular and cellular basis of primate fetal ovary development at single-cell resolution.
Stochastic production simulation for generating capacity reliability evaluation in power systems with high renewable penetration
Authors: Li Wanning , Wang Qin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThere are increasing challenges in the power industry to plan a system that provides adequate generation capacity to sustain the load when the renewable energy penetration level is extremely high or 100%. This study proposes a stochastic production cost simulation method to evaluate the generating capacity reliability in power systems with high renewable penetration. In comparison with conventional approaches, such as planning reserve margin and probabilistic assessment, the proposed method can consider hourly chronological characteristics of the system operation, which is significant in the planning process for integrating new resources, such as storage, demand response, and renewables. The method was tested on the modified ISO New England system based on two scenarios: 45% renewable penetration and 100% clean energy. In addition, several sensitivity analyses were conducted following each scenario. Simulation results indicated that the proposed method can be used to quantify the reliability value of the system under various renewable penetration levels. When the system is not reliable, this method can be used to determine additional capacity required to ensure system reliability.
Open‐circuit fault diagnosis method for three‐level neutral point clamped inverter based on instantaneous frequency of phase current
Authors: Xu Shuiqing , Wang Juxing , Ma Mingyao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBecause the three‐level neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter has the advantages of a large output capacity and high output voltage, it is widely used in wind energy and solar energy power generation. Unfortunately, the three‐level NPC inverter often suffers from open‐circuit faults, which leads to system security problems and great economic losses. To guarantee the secure operation of the three‐level NPC inverter, an open‐circuit fault diagnosis method for a three‐level NPC inverter based on the instantaneous frequency (IF) of the phase current is proposed here. First, different open‐circuit fault signals of the NPC inverter are analysed. Then, the IF of the phase current is used to obtain the fault diagnosis variables. Simultaneously, the Hilbert transform (HT) is used to estimate the IF of the phase current, which carries the information of open‐circuit faults. Meanwhile, the average value of the normalised current is provided to locate faulty switches. Finally, by combining the diagnostic variables with the identification threshold, the detection and localisation of open‐circuit faults in the NPC three‐level inverter are determined. Compared to other fault diagnosis methods, the proposed method is more stable and makes it easier to diagnose open‐circuit faults. The correctness and robustness of the method are verified by simulation results.
Analysis of an Inherited Dysfibrinogenemia Pedigree Associated with a Heterozygous Mutation in the FGA Gene
Authors: Li Shaoxi , Wang Mingshan , Li Xiaolong , Xu Qiyu , Liu Siqi , Luo Shasha , Chen Yi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objective This article aims to analyze the phenotype and genotype of an inherited dysfibrinogenemia pedigree associated with a heterozygous mutation in the FGA gene, and to investigate the pathogenesis of this disease.
Clinical Presentation The proband of interest is a 29-year-old woman. She was in her 37 weeks of gestation. Routine coagulation tests showed low fibrinogen activity (0.91 g/L; normal range: 2.0–4.0 g/L) and normal fibrinogen antigen (FIB:Ag) level (2.09 g/L; normal range: 2.0–4.0 g/L).
Techniques The prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and activity of plasma fibrinogen (FIB:C) were detected by the one-stage clotting method. The FIB:Ag, D-dimer, and fibrinogen degradation products were tested by the immunoturbidimetry method. To identify the novel missense mutation, fibrinogen gene sequencing and molecular modeling were performed. We used ClustalX-2.1-win and online bioinformatic software to analyze the conservation and possible effect of the amino acid substitution on fibrinogen.
Results Phenotypic analysis revealed that the FIB:C of the proband was significantly reduced while the FIB:Ag was normal. Sequencing analysis detected a heterozygous C.2185G > A point mutation in the FGA gene (AαGlu710Lys). Bioinformatic and modeling analyses indicated that the mutation probably caused harmful effects on fibrinogen.
Conclusion The heterozygous mutation of Glu710Lys in the FGA gene was identified that could cause the reduction of the FIB structure stability and result in the dysfibrinogenemia.
Lung Ultrasound for Predicting the Respiratory Outcome in Patients with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Authors: Hoshino Yusuke , Arai Junichi , Miura Rena , Takeuchi Syusuke , Yukitake Yoshiya , Kajikawa Daigo , Kamakura Tae , Horigome Hitoshi 
Published: December 2020

Objective This study aimed to investigate the utility of lung ultrasound (LUS) with whole chest scanning for predicting respiratory outcomes in patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).
Study Design We performed a prospective observational study. Preterm infants of less than 32 weeks' gestational age requiring oxygen therapy at 28 days of life were included. LUS was performed on day 28, at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age, and at the time of discharge. Each lung was divided into three regions by the anterior and posterior axillary lines and received an LUS score of 0 to 3 points; the total score was obtained by adding the six regional scores. The classification of BPD was determined based on the National Institute of Child and Human Development. The outcomes of this study were the development of moderate-to-severe BPD and the need for home oxygen therapy (HOT).
Results We enrolled 87 patients; 39, 33, and 15 infants had mild, moderate, and severe BPD, respectively. The LUS score correlated with BPD severity and exhibited an improvement trend with time toward the point of discharge. LUS at 28 days of life predicted moderate-to-severe BPD with an area under the curve of 0.95 (95% confidence interval: 0.91–0.99) and HOT with an area under the curve of 0.95 (95% confidence interval: 0.81–1.0).
Conclusion LUS with whole chest scanning is useful for predicting respiratory outcomes in patients with BPD, as well as for understanding BPD severity or clinical improvement trends.
Key Points
The Acylcarnitine Profile in Dried Blood Spots is Affected by Hematocrit: A Study of Newborn Screening Samples in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Authors: Haga Mitsuhiro , Isobe Mitsuhisa , Kawabata Ken , Shimizu Masaki , Mochizuki Hiroshi 
Published: December 2020

Objective The acylcarnitine profile is analyzed in dried blood spots (DBS) to screen for inborn errors of metabolism. Hematocrit (Ht) is known to affect the result of quantitative analyses of DBS samples; however, the effects of Ht on the acylcarnitine profiles in DBS have not been studied in actual samples from newborns.
Study Design The acylcarnitine profiles in DBS for newborn screening tests and Ht levels of very-low-birth-weight infants were obtained from medical records. We investigated the relationship between Ht and each acylcarnitine using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r).
Results We examined 77 newborns in this study. There was a significantly positive correlation between Ht and C0, C2, C12, C16, C18, C18:1, and C18:1-OH, respectively (p < 0.0025). The correlation was the greatest on C2 (r = 0.59).
Conclusion This study clarifies that Ht and C0, C2, C12, C16, C18, C18:1, and C18:1-OH are significantly correlated in DBS, which is consistent with previous studies. Hence, the effect of Ht should be considered when interpreting the results of acylcarnitine profiles in DBS.
Key Points
Acidity across the interface from the ocean surface to sea spray aerosol
Authors: Angle Kyle J. , Crocker Daniel R. , Simpson Rebecca M. C. , Mayer Kathryn J. , Garofalo Lauren A. , Moore Alexia N. , Mora Garcia Stephanie L. , Or Victor W. , Srinivasan Sudarshan , Farhan Mahum , Sauer Jon S. , Lee Christopher , Pothier Matson A. , Farmer Delphine K. , Martz Todd R. , Bertram Timothy H. , Cappa Christopher D. , Prather Kimberly A. , Grassian Vicki H. 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Sea spray aerosol, produced through breaking waves, is one of the largest sources of environmental particles. Once in the atmosphere, sea spray aerosol influences cloud formation, serves as microenvironments for multiphase atmospheric chemical reactions, and impacts human health. All of these impacts are affected by aerosol acidity. Here we show that freshly emitted sea spray aerosol particles become highly acidic within minutes as they are transferred across the ocean−air interface. These results have important implications for atmospheric chemistry and climate, including aerosol/gas partitioning, heterogeneous reactions, and chemical speciation at the surface and within sea spray aerosol.
“Non-coordinating UND” in Middle and Early New High German
Authors: Oppermann Sophia Jana 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Even though it has been noted quite early that the conjunction UND may also serve as a relative/equative particle
or even a subjunction in Middle High German and Early New High German, corpus-based empirical studies are lacking so far. Based on new empirical data, I show that
non-coordinating UND originated in the Upper German dialect area during the 12th century, subsequently spreading to the Central German dialect area and
reaching the peak of its use in the 14th century. In contrast to recent literature, I argue that the non-coordinating use of the
conjunction originated from semantically and syntactically ambiguous constructions of the form UND-XP-VFIN. I also propose that
the earliest instances of the phenomenon are (adverbial) relative constructions and that the temporal and the equative function
developed via reanalysis of adverbial relative clauses with a temporal/modal head element.
Factors influencing the nucleation and crystal growth of solution-processed organic lead halide perovskites: a review
Authors: Ke Lili , Luo Shiqiang , Ren Xiaoxue , Yuan Yongbo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with solution processability, low defect concentration, low cost and high output manufacturing have emerged as promising third-generation photovoltaic technologies. After an unprecedented speed of development, the power conversion efficiencies of small-area PSCs have exceeded 25%, and meanwhile large-scale perovskite modules are also on a rapid rise. At this stage, considering the significant progress in the fabrication of perovskite films with controllable morphology and crystallinity, it is necessary to conduct reviews on the updated understandings of the nucleation and crystal growth behaviors of perovskites. This review aims to clarify the related mechanisms of the complex perovskite formation process, and is devoted to giving a timely summary of the recent advances. Strategies for controlling perovskite nucleation and crystal growth are also discussed.