bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anticancer Performance of Reduced Graphene Oxide Prepared via Green Tea Extract Assisted Biosynthesis
Authors: Vatandost Elham , Saraei Azade Ghorbani‐Hasan , Chekin Fereshteh , Raeisi Shahram Naghizadeh , Shahidi Seyed‐Ahmad 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGreen tea extract (GTE) contains polyphenols and can play as a bioreducing and stabilizing agent. This paper describes environmentally friendly approach for synthesis of reduced graphene oxide using GTE (GTE‐rGO). The results have confirmed that biomolecules present in green tea extract not only act as bioreductant but also functionalize the surface of rGO due to hydrogen binding and π‐π stacking interactions. The 100 ppm of rGTE‐rGO showed 0.68 ppm phenols and 0.24 ppm flavones. The rGTE‐rGO was found to have highest % of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, 73.83 %) scavenging activity. Antibacterial activity of GTE‐rGO exhibited strong activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococus. A cytotoxicity evaluation of GO and GTE‐rGO was carried out on fibroblast, MCF7 breast cancer and PC3 prostat cancer cells. The 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) results showed high viability loss and toxicity of GTE‐rGO against cells especially for PC3 cells. Thus, GTE‐rGO because of biomolecules present could potentially act as antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial agent.
Review And Prospect of Mn3O4‐Based Composite Materials For Supercapacitor Electrodes
Authors: Zhu Jiaye , Wu Qingsheng , Li Jiangfeng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAs an energy storage device, supercapacitor plays an important role in energy strategy. Improving the energy storage characteristics of supercapacitors has been the focus of research. Mn3O4 has been specially studied because of its low cost, good environmental compatibility and large capacitance. In this review, the synthesis and electrochemical properties of Mn3O4‐based electrode materials are summarized and reviewed. In addition, the development and prospect of Mn3O4‐based electrode materials for supercapacitor is discussed.
Synthesis of New Chiral Derivatives of Xanthones with Enantioselective Effect on Tumor Cell Growth and DNA Crosslinking
Authors: Carraro Maria L. , Marques Sandra , Silva Ana Sofia , Freitas Bruno , Silva Patrícia M. A. , Pedrosa Joel , De Marco Paolo , Bousbaa Hassan , Fernandes Carla , Tiritan Maria Elizabeth , Silva Artur M. S. , Pinto Madalena M. M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA new series of thirty‐two new enantiomerically pure derivatives of xanthones (3–34) were synthesized for antitumor evaluation. Two carboxyxanthones (1 and 2) were used as chemical substrates and coupled with selected chiral building blocks (43–62), achieving yields and enantiomeric excess (ee) values higher than 92 and 99 %, respectively. Carboxyxanthones 1 and 2 were synthesized, by a multi‐step synthetic pathway via diaryl ether intermediate (Ullman reaction), being compound 2 described here for the first time. The evaluation of the growth inhibitory activity allowed to find active chiral compounds for all the tested cells lines, and to establish structure‐activity relationship (SAR) considerations. In some cases, the growth inhibitory effects demonstrated to be dependent on the stereochemistry of the compounds. Interestingly, the most active compound (12) and its enantiomer (11) demonstrated high enantioselectivity for MCF‐7 breast adenocarcinoma cell line. In addition, in vitro DNA crosslinking ability was assessed and the results correlated with in vitro cytotoxicity.
Building Customizable Multisite‐Targeting c‐Myc shRNA Array into Branch‐PCR‐Constructed DNA Nanovectors for Enhanced Tumor Cell Suppression
Authors: Cheng Longhuai , Ma Dejun , Lu Liqing , Ouyang Di , Xi Zhen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRNA interference (RNAi) has been extensively used to downregulate abnormal excessive mRNA in treating intractable diseases like cancers. Albeit with the success of siRNA drugs, the development of shRNA (small hairpin RNA) as RNAi drugs still meets the great challenge in clinical treatments for lacking the suitable delivery vector to express numerous shRNAs in cells. Considering our previously established branch‐PCR (branched polymerase chain reaction) technology, we herein introduced a multisite‐targeting c‐Myc shRNA array into DNA nanovectors via branch‐PCR. The results indicated that this kind of DNA nanovector retained better serum stability than plasmids and linear DNA. The cell viability test further showed that the transcription of c‐Myc shRNA arrays greatly enhanced the anti‐cancer activity by eliminating approximately 98.2 % c‐Myc mRNA, which posed a technical advance in augmenting the gene silencing efficiency of vector‐expressed shRNAs in cells. Hence, it would be promising to use this customizable and stable shRNA array‐based DNA nanovectors to enhance the curable efficacy of shRNAs in cancer treatment.
Four approaches to anticipatory climate governance: Different conceptions of the future and implications for the present
Authors: Muiderman Karlijn , Gupta Aarti , Vervoort Joost , Biermann Frank 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn times of accelerating earth system transformations and their potentially disruptive societal consequences, imagining and governing the future is now a core challenge for sustainability research and practice. Much social science and sustainability science scholarship increasingly engages with the future. There is, however, a lack of scrutiny of how the future is envisioned in these literatures, and with what implications for governance in the present. This article analyses these two aspects, building on the concept of “anticipatory governance.” We understand anticipatory governance to broadly mean governing in the present to adapt to or shape uncertain futures. We review perspectives within public policy, futures studies, social–ecological systems, environmental policy and governance, transition studies, science and technology studies, and responsible research and innovation literatures. All these literatures engage explicitly or implicitly with the notion of anticipatory governance, yet from distinct ontological and epistemological starting points. Through our review, we identify four approaches to anticipatory governance that differ with regard to (a) their conceptions of and engagement with the future; (b) their implications for actions to be taken in the present; and (c) the ultimate end to be realized through anticipatory governance. We then map onto these four approaches a diverse set of methods and tools of anticipation that each engages with. In concluding, we discuss how these four approaches provide a useful analytical lens through which to assess ongoing practices of anticipatory governance in the climate and sustainability realm.This article is categorized under:
Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance
Naturalisation of Normative Economics
Authors: Gorazda Marcin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIt is almost taken for granted among economists that the ultimate goal of public policy is to provide society with more “welfare”, and the concept of welfare as well as the general strategy how to improve it is roughly the subject of studies of normative economics.The naturalisation of normative economics is an attempt to analyse the “ultimate goal of public policy” from the perspective of human cultural evolution. The “ultimate goal” is one of the “cultural variants” which may be subject to Darwinian analysis and may or may not be adaptive in given circumstances. The most important problem which is posed here is whether such analysis could be helpful in establishing that “ultimate goal” and thus to contribute to normative economics and resolve the “normative problem” (as it is rephrased in the philosophy of law).Three fundamental issues which seem to constitute the strong limits of the naturalization of the normative problem are highlighted:Naturalistic ontology does not overcome the “naturalistic fallacy” indicated by Hume and Moore.The epistemological perspectives in the naturalistic accounts are confused. Different normative postulates may be formulated from the individual perspective and from the perspective of the respective group, while the Darwinian analysis seems to privilege the population.The genetic algorithm with endogenous fitness function seems to be non-susceptible to “mathematical close-up”. Even if we know the initial normative order, there are limits to finding a shortcut in order to predict the future value of the fitness function. In other words, the predictability of the future social order is fundamentally restricted.
Beyond Mere Utility-Maximisation. Towards an Axiologically Enriched Account of Well-being
Authors: Kwarciński Tomasz , Załuski Wojciech 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe aim of the article is to reconstruct the way the concept of well-being is most commonly understood in economics, to identify deficiencies of this understanding, and to find a remedy to them. The paper defends two basic claims: (1) that the dominant understanding of well-being in economics is non-normative and boils down to the concept to utility maximisation, i.e., satisfaction of one’s preferences, whatever they are (subject, at best, to some formal constraints); (2) and that, given the shortcomings of the non-normative concept of well-being, e.g., its tautological character (at least in the case of certain formulations of this concept), it is indispensable to build an axiologically richer (that is: normative) concept of well-being, thereby going beyond the mere notion of utility-maximisation. As for the claim (2), two versions of the normative concept are distinguished in the article, viz. an exclusive one (well-being as causally dependent on prudential values but not moral ones) and an inclusive one (well-being as causally dependent on prudential values constrained in some way by moral ones), and it is argued that the latter is more plausible, since, in contrast to the former, it does not rely on a dubious assumption about the absolute priority of prudence over morality.
Pediatric airway surgery: Management of laryngotracheal stenosis in infants and children
Authors: Monnier Philippe 
Published: September 2020

ConclusionI think the author succeeded to present in details the different technical aspects of diagnosis and treatment to provide the reader not only with well-established treatment modalities, but also with new concepts of pediatric airway management. This book could be an excellent reference for those going to deal with pediatric airway stenosis. The book achieved its goals, and to my mind it deserves to be read.
Untersuchung standardisierter Anamnesefragebögen zur Diagnostik und Differenzierung von obstruktiven und klaffenden Tubenfunktionsstörungen
Authors: Lönnecker J. , Weiss N. M. , Heinrichs A. , Mlynski R. , Rettschlag S. 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Eine klaffende Tube kann insbesondere durch Autophonie, Druckgefühl und gestörten Höreindruck zu einer Einschränkung der Lebensqualität führen. Bei fehlenden spezifischen Symptomen kann die Diagnose der klaffenden Tube schwierig sein. Insbesondere die Abgrenzung zur chronisch obstruktiven Tubenfunktionsstörung stellt eine Herausforderung dar. Da derzeit kaum standardisierte Diagnostik- und Therapieoptionen zur Verfügung stehen, ist eine strukturierte Untersuchung zur sicheren Diagnostik und wissenschaftlichen Aufarbeitung dieser Erkrankung erforderlich. Für die Diagnostik der chronisch obstruktiven Tubenfunktionsstörung wurde 2012 bereits der „Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire“ (ETDQ-7-Fragebogen) nach McCoul entwickelt. Für die klaffende Tube existiert seit 2017 der PHI-10-Fragebogen („patulous Eustachian tube handicap inventory“) nach Kobayashi.

Material und Methoden
Der PHI-10-Fragebogen wurde ins Deutsche übersetzt und an 41 Gesunden, 13 Patienten mit Tinnitus auris, 11 Patienten mit klaffender Tube und 18 Patienten mit chronisch obstruktiver Tubenventilationsstörung getestet. Zusätzlich erfolgte im Vergleich die Auswertung des ETDQ‑7 nach McCoul.

Ergebnisse
Es erfolgt die Präsentation der deutschen Übersetzung des PHI-10 und der Ergebnisse von PHI-10 und ETDQ‑7 in allen Patientengruppen. Der ETDQ‑7 hat das Risiko falsch-positiver Ergebnisse bei Patienten mit klaffender Tube und der PHI-10 bei Patienten mit obstruktiver Tubenfunktionsstörung. Beide untersuchten Fragebögen sind falsch-positiv bei Tinnituspatienten.

Schlussfolgerung
Der PHI-10 (deutsch) und ETDQ‑7 (deutsch) sind eine nützliche Unterstützung der Anamnese bezüglich Tubenfunktionsstörungen. Sie unterscheiden jedoch nur unzureichend zwischen klaffenden und obstruktiven Tubenfunktionsstörungen und eignen sich nicht für Patienten mit Tinnitus. Die Stärke der Fragebögen ist in der Verlaufskontrolle und dem Monitoring von Therapieergebnissen zu sehen.
Hydropower impact on the river flow of a humid regional climate
Authors: Hunt Julian David , Falchetta Giacomo , Zakeri Behnam , Nascimento Andreas , Schneider Paulo Smith , Weber Natália Assis Brasil , Mesquita André Luiz Amarante , Barbosa Paulo Sergio Franco , de Castro Nivalde José 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLand use and water management have considerable impacts on regional climates. This paper proposes that in humid regions with low wind patterns the construction of hydropower storage reservoirs contributes to the increases in the probability of precipitation in the regional climate. This observation has been tested with a methodology that calculates the cumulative influence of reservoir construction in the basins surrounding with a proposed index named Cumulative Impact of Existing Reservoirs, and compares this index with the historical flow of the rivers. It was found that the construction of reservoirs in Brazil had a considerable impact on its river flows.
A roadmap to neural automatic post-editing: an empirical approach
Authors: Shterionov Dimitar , Carmo Félix do , Moorkens Joss , Hossari Murhaf , Wagner Joachim , Paquin Eric , Schmidtke Dag , Groves Declan , Way Andy 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn a translation workflow, machine translation (MT) is almost always followed by a human post-editing step, where the raw MT output is corrected to meet required quality standards. To reduce the number of errors human translators need to correct, automatic post-editing (APE) methods have been developed and deployed in such workflows. With the advances in deep learning, neural APE (NPE) systems have outranked more traditional, statistical, ones. However, the plethora of options, variables and settings, as well as the relation between NPE performance and train/test data makes it difficult to select the most suitable approach for a given use case. In this article, we systematically analyse these different parameters with respect to NPE performance. We build an NPE “roadmap” to trace the different decision points and train a set of systems selecting different options through the roadmap. We also propose a novel approach for APE with data augmentation. We then analyse the performance of 15 of these systems and identify the best ones. In fact, the best systems are the ones that follow the newly-proposed method. The work presented in this article follows from a collaborative project between Microsoft and the ADAPT centre. The data provided by Microsoft originates from phrase-based statistical MT (PBSMT) systems employed in production. All tested NPE systems significantly increase the translation quality, proving the effectiveness of neural post-editing in the context of a commercial translation workflow that leverages PBSMT.
Eye-Tracking in Educational Practice: Investigating Visual Perception Underlying Teaching and Learning in the Classroom
Authors: Jarodzka Halszka , Skuballa Irene , Gruber Hans 
Published: September 2020

AbstractClassrooms full of pupils can be very overwhelming, both for teachers and students, as well as for their joint interactions. It is thus crucial that both can distil the relevant information in this complex scenario and interpret it appropriately. This distilling and interpreting happen to a large extent via visual perception, which is the core focus of the current Special Issue. Six empirical studies present examples of how to capture visual perception in the complexity of a classroom lesson. These examples open up new avenues that go beyond studying perception in restricted and artificial laboratory scenarios: some using video recordings from authentic lessons to others studying actual classrooms. This movement towards more realistic scenarios allows to study the visual perception in classrooms from new perspectives, namely that of the teachers, the learners, and their interactions. This in turn enables to shed novel light onto well-established theoretical concepts, namely students’ engagement during actual lessons, teachers’ professional vision while teaching, and establishment of joint attention between teachers and students in a lesson. Additionally, one theoretical contribution provides the very first model of teachers’ cognitions during teaching in relation to their visual perception, which in turn will allow future research to move beyond explorations towards hypothesis testing. However, to fully thrive, this field of research has to address two crucial challenges: (i) the heterogeneity of its methodological approaches (e.g., varying age groups, subjects taught, lesson formats) and (ii) the recording and processing of personal data of many people (often minors). Hence, these new approaches bear not only new chances for insights but also new responsibilities for the researchers.
Learner-generated graphic representations for word problems: an intervention and evaluation study in grade 3
Authors: Ott Barbara 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe use of written or graphic representations is essential in mathematics. Graphic representations are mainly used and researched as instruments for problem solving. There is a gap in research for interventions that use learner-generated graphic representations as documents for reflection processes for promoting the development of children’s graphic representation competences. This is the focus of the study presented here. The study examines to what extent such an intervention has an effect on how the children take into account a mathematical structure in their self-generated graphic representations, how they ensure a mathematical matching with the word problem, and what degree of abstraction they choose. Additionally, the effect on the solution rates is investigated. The results show that children in the intervention group more frequently pay attention to a mathematically appropriate structure, compared with children in the control groups. This result is statistically significant. At the same time, children keep the degree of abstraction relatively constant. Solution rates improve continuously, but the difference is not significant.
Modelling lifestyle changes in Insect endosymbionts, from insect mutualist to plant pathogen
Authors: Manning Smith Robert , Alonso-Chavez Vasthi , Helps Joseph , Shaw Michael W. , van den Bosch Frank 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSeveral insect endosymbionts have evolved to become plant pathogens, but the causes of this transition are currently unknown. In this paper, we use adaptive dynamics to develop hypotheses to explain why an insect endosymbiont would evolve to become a plant pathogen. We develop a model of facultative insect endosymbionts, capable of both vertical transmission within the insect population and horizontal transmission between insect and plant populations. We assume that an evolutionary trade-off between vertical and horizontal transmission exists. The transmission method of an endosymbiont is correlated with the nature of the symbiotic relationship between host and symbiont. We assume that vertical transmission represents an insect endosymbiont lifestyle and horizontal transmission represents a plant pathogen lifestyle. Our results suggest that temperature increases, increased agricultural intensification, disease dynamics within the plant host, insect mating system and change in the host plant of the insect may influence an evolutionary transition from an insect endosymbiont to a plant pathogen.
Civil Society, Populism and Liberalism
Authors: Osborne Thomas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper considers the threats that various kinds of populism might be said to pose to the ideal of a civil society that mediates between ‘private’ and family life and the state. Although it is difficult to generalise about populisms, just about all—whether on left or right—share a hostility to ‘intermediate’ powers. Of course civil society is exactly what could be called a forum for intermediate powers. In contrast, populists often tend to emphasise a vision of immediate power in the sense of the possibility of the direct expression of the people’s will in political institutions. Populists, of whatever pitch, often tend to invoke a partisan state that will be on the side of the people (however defined) rather than a putatively neutral ‘liberal’ state that stands over and against civil society. These factors make most populisms more or less generically hostile to liberalism, understood not in ideological terms but more as a doctrine which emphasises the necessity of mediating power through institutions. Very often, populism is a threat to the idea of civil society understood as a concept integral to liberal political theory, as a means of balancing the state and its wider interlocutors. In this paper, various means, largely inspired by the writings of Tocqueville on the one hand and Paul Hirst on the other, are suggested for addressing aspects of this predicament.
What Happens at a Dental Surgery When the Patient is a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder? An Italian Study
Authors: Logrieco Maria Grazia Mada , Ciuffreda Giuseppe Niccolò , Sinjari Bruna , Spinelli Maria , Rossi Rodrigo , D’Addazio Gianmaria , Lionetti Francesca , Caputi Sergio , Fasolo Mirco 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOral health care can be a difficult experience for a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), for their family and for the dentist. The purpose of this study is to provide an understanding of the challenges experienced by the three aforementioned figures during oral care treatment. A cohort of 275 parents of typical development children (TD), 57 parents of children with ASD (3–15 years old) and by 61 dentists, completed two different multiple choices questionnaires. The data obtained show a great difficulty in the treatment of children with ASD as seen by the dentists and by the parents. This is due to: caregivers’ demographic issues; difficulties encountered before and during the dental examination; scarce presence of experts in ASD treatment.
Wellbeing, Developmental Crisis and Residential Status in the Year After Graduating from Higher Education: A 12-Month Longitudinal Study
Authors: Robinson Oliver C. , Cimporescu Maria , Thompson Trevor 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGraduating from higher education is characterized by a complex set of changes, including the transition into employment as well as residential changes and identity shifts. We explored how wellbeing and depressive symptoms are associated with retrospective appraisals of developmental crisis in the year after leaving university, and the impact of living with parents following graduation. Data were collected from graduates based in the UK over the course of the 12 months following completing an undergraduate degree, via a 3-phase longitudinal design. One-third of the sample reported experiencing a developmental crisis within the year following university. Those who reported a crisis scored significantly lower on measures of environmental mastery across all time points and higher on measures of depression. Those living with parents scored significantly lower on measures of self-acceptance and autonomy and higher on measures of depression. In light of these findings, we conclude that interventions and targeted support to help students manage the psychological challenges of life after university should be developed and implemented.