bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scoliosis Research Society-Schwab Grade 6 Osteotomy for Severe Congenital Angular Kyphoscoliosis: An Analysis of 17 Cases With a Minimum 2-Year Follow-up
Authors: Shi Bo , Shi Benlong , Liu Dun , Li Yang , Xia Sanqiang , Sun Xu , Liu Zhen , Qian Bangping , Zhu Zezhang , Qiu Yong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
For some patients with severe congenital angular kyphoscoliosis (SCAK), 1-level vertebral column resection is insufficient and the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS)-Schwab Grade 6 osteotomy may be necessary. However, the indications and clinical outcomes of SRS-Schwab Grade 6 osteotomy in patients with SCAK have not been investigated in depth.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the middle-term radiographic and clinical outcomes, and to evaluate the safety of this high technique-demanding procedure.

METHODS
Patients with SCAK undergoing SRS-Schwab Grade 6 osteotomy from 2005 to 2016 followed up at least 2 yr were retrospectively reviewed. The potential indications of SRS-Schwab Grade 6 osteotomy were analyzed. The coronal Cobb angle, segmental kyphosis (SK), deformity angular ratio (DAR), coronal balance, and sagittal vertical axis (SVA) were measured in the preoperative, postoperative, and final follow-up. The intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded.

RESULTS
A total of 17 patients with SCAK (10 M and 7F) were included, and the mean follow-up was 30.8 ± 16.4 mo. The indications of SRS-Schwab Grade 6 osteotomy were as follows: multiple “pushed-out” hemivertebrae (13, 76.5%) and multilevel anterior block (4, 23.5%). Compared with preoperation, the coronal Cobb angle, SK and SVA at postoperation were significantly improved (P < .05 for all). The mean total DAR was 33.4 ± 9.9 at preoperation. Three patients were found to have postoperative neurological deficit. Rod breakage occurred in 3 patients at 15- to 48-mo follow-up, and revision surgeries were performed. At the last follow-up, firm bony fusion was observed in all patients.

CONCLUSION
The technique-demanding SRS-Schwab Grade 6 osteotomy, if well indicated, could provide satisfying correction of the SCAK deformity.
Effects of proactive and rescue enteral tube feedings on weight change in children undergoing treatment for high-grade CNS tumors
Authors: Bendelsmith Charles R , Linabery Amy M , Nickel Amanda J , Laquere Rachel M , Ingram Katherine M , Hansen Melissa B , Pape-Blabolil Julie A , Skrypek Mary M , Bendel Anne E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Children with high-grade CNS cancers frequently experience malnutrition during treatment. We assessed the effects of proactive enteral tube (ET) placement/enteral tube feedings (ETF) on weight in infants/children with high-grade CNS tumors treated with aggressive chemotherapy.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective study of patients age 0 to 19 years treated for new high-grade CNS tumors between 2002 and 2017 at a tertiary pediatric hospital system. Patients underwent placement of proactive ET (≤ 31 days postdiagnosis; n = 45), rescue ET (&gt; 31 days, due to weight loss; n = 9), or no ET (n = 18). Most received surgically placed ET (98%), with percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy or gastrojejunostomy tubes favored to allow jejunal feeding. The majority of patients with ET used ETF (91%). Using mixed-effects regression models, we examined differences in mean weights between ET/ETF groups across the first year of treatment. We also evaluated observed weight changes.

Results
All infants (n = 22, median age, 1.5 years) had proactive ET placed and 21 of 22 used proactive ETF. Infants showed an initial increase in mean percentage weight change that eventually leveled off, for an estimated increase of 10.4% over the year. For the pediatric cohort (n = 50, median, 8.1 years), those receiving proactive ETF experienced weight increases (+9.9%), those with rescue ETF experienced an initial decline and eventually rebounded for no net change (0.0%), and those with no ETF demonstrated an initial decline that persisted (–11.9%; Pinteraction &lt; .001). Analysis of observed weights revealed nearly identical patterns.

Conclusions
Proactive ETF was effective at maintaining weight and/or facilitating weight gain over the first year of treatment and was acceptable to patients/families.
Predicting future dynamics from short-term time series using an Anticipated Learning Machine
Authors: Chen Chuan , Li Rui , Shu Lin , He Zhiyu , Wang Jining , Zhang Chengming , Ma Huanfei , Aihara Kazuyuki , Chen Luonan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Predicting time series has significant practical applications over different disciplines. Here, we propose an Anticipated Learning Machine (ALM) to achieve precise future-state predictions based on short-term but high-dimensional data. From non-linear dynamical systems theory, we show that ALM can transform recent correlation/spatial information of high-dimensional variables into future dynamical/temporal information of any target variable, thereby overcoming the small-sample problem and achieving multistep-ahead predictions. Since the training samples generated from high-dimensional data also include information of the unknown future values of the target variable, it is called anticipated learning. Extensive experiments on real-world data demonstrate significantly superior performances of ALM over all of the existing 12 methods. In contrast to traditional statistics-based machine learning, ALM is based on non-linear dynamics, thus opening a new way for dynamics-based machine learning.
Biotic vs. abiotic forcing on plankton assemblages varies with season and size class in a large temperate estuary
Authors: Rollwagen-Bollens Gretchen , Bollens Stephen , Dexter Eric , Cordell Jeffery 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Large river estuaries experience multiple anthropogenic stressors. Understanding plankton community dynamics in these estuaries provides insights into the patterns of natural variability and effects of human activity. We undertook a 2-year study in the Columbia River Estuary to assess the potential impacts of abiotic and biotic factors on planktonic community structure over multiple time scales. We measured microplankton and zooplankton abundance, biomass and composition monthly, concurrent with measurements of chlorophyll a, nutrient concentrations, temperature and salinity, from a dock in the lower estuary. We then statistically assessed the associations among the abundances of planktonic groups and environmental and biological factors. During the late spring high flow period of both years, the lower estuary was dominated by freshwater and low salinity-adapted planktonic taxa, and zooplankton grazers were more strongly associated with the autotroph-dominated microplankton assemblage than abiotic factors. During the early winter period of higher salinity and lower flow, nutrient (P) availability exerted a strong influence on microplankton taxa, while only temperature and upwelling strength were associated with the zooplankton assemblage. Our results indicate that the relative influence of biotic (grazers) and abiotic (salinity, flow, nutrients and upwelling) factors varies seasonally and inter-annually, and among different size classes in the estuarine food web.
The Ecology of Emergency Management Work in the Digital Age
Authors: Misra Shalini , Roberts Patrick , Rhodes Matthew 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This research uses an abductive research strategy and person–environment (P–E) fit as a frame to understand: (1) how digital technologies have transformed emergency managerial work; and (2) managers’ cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses to these structural and organizational transformations. Interviews of county-level emergency managers in the United States reveal that pervasive computing environments have resulted in intensification of interchanges and new patterns of relationships with public, public officials, and other agencies that have changed the power balance between the public and emergency managers. We uncover points of tension between managers’ personal attributes and their organizational and broader environmental conditions. We articulate two mechanisms, optimization and passive adaptation, by which emergency managers and their immediate and broader socio-cultural and political environments interact to influence psychological and behavioral outcomes. On the one hand, role ambiguity, role conflict, and diminished agency indicate passive adaptation to structural transformation. On the other, predictive uses of technology, novel organizational routines, and new collaborative relationships suggest managers’ efforts at optimization. We develop a social ecological framework for P–E fit that elucidates the contextual factors most relevant to understanding public managerial responses to technological change and links antecedent conditions to the processes and outcomes of P–E incongruence.
Income Segregation and Intergenerational Mobility Across Colleges in the United States*
Authors: Chetty Raj , Friedman John N , Saez Emmanuel , Turner Nicholas , Yagan Danny 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We construct publicly available statistics on parents’ incomes and students’ earnings outcomes for each college in the United States using deidentified data from tax records. These statistics reveal that the degree of parental income segregation across colleges is very high, similar to that across neighborhoods. Differences in postcollege earnings between children from low- and high-income families are much smaller among students who attend the same college than across colleges. Colleges with the best earnings outcomes predominantly enroll students from high-income families, although a few mid-tier public colleges have both low parent income levels and high student earnings. Linking these income data to SAT and ACT scores, we simulate how changes in the allocation of students to colleges affect segregation and intergenerational mobility. Equalizing application, admission, and matriculation rates across parental income groups conditional on test scores would reduce segregation substantially, primarily by increasing the representation of middle-class students at more selective colleges. However, it would have little effect on the fraction of low-income students at elite private colleges because there are relatively few students from low-income families with sufficiently high SAT/ACT scores. Differences in parental income distributions across colleges could be eliminated by giving low- and middle-income students a sliding-scale preference in the application and admissions process similar to that implicitly given to legacy students at elite private colleges. Assuming that 80% of observational differences in students’ earnings conditional on test scores, race, and parental income are due to colleges’ causal effects—a strong assumption, but one consistent with prior work—such changes could reduce intergenerational income persistence among college students by about 25%. We conclude that changing how students are allocated to colleges could substantially reduce segregation and increase intergenerational mobility, even without changing colleges’ educational programs.
Image Conditions for Elliptical-Coordinate Separation-of-Variables Acoustic Multiple Scattering Models with Perfectly Reflecting Flat Boundaries: Application to in Situ Tunable Noise Barriers
Authors: Shin Ho-Chul 
Published: February 2020

SummaryTwo-dimensional time-harmonic multiple scattering problems are addressed for a finite number of elliptical objects placed in wedge-shaped acoustic domains including half-plane and right-angled corners. The method of separation of variables in conjunction with the addition theorems is employed in the elliptical coordinates. The wavefunctions are represented in terms of radial and angular Mathieu functions. The method of images is applied to consider the effect of the infinitely long flat boundaries which are perfectly reflecting: either rigid or pressure release. The wedge angle is $\pi/n$ rad with integer $n$; image ellipses must be appropriately rotated to realise the mirror reflection. Then, the ‘image conditions’ are developed to reduce the number of unknowns by expressing the unknown expansion coefficients of image scattered fields in terms of real counterparts. Use of image conditions, therefore, leads to the $4n^2$-fold reduction in the size of a matrix for direct solvers and $2n$-times faster computation in building the system of linear equations than the approach without using them. Multiple scattering models using image conditions are formulated for rigid, pressure release and fluid ellipses under either plane- or cylindrical-wave incidence, and are numerically validated by the boundary element method. Furthermore, potential applications are presented: arrays of elliptically shaped scatterers make in situ tunable noise barriers by rotating scatterers. Finally, polar-coordinate image conditions (for circular objects) are also discussed when coordinates local to circles are also rotated. In Appendix, analytic formulae are provided, which permits the elliptical-coordinate addition theorems used in this article to be calculated by summation instead of numerical integration.
Impacts of subclinical hypocalcemia on physiological, metabolic, and productive responses of Holstein × Gir dairy cows1
Authors: Rodrigues Rodrigo , Cooke Reinaldo F , Ferreira Hingryd A O , Florido Renato R , Camargo Victoria , de Godoy Hirys O , Bruni Giulia A , Vasconcelos José L M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This study compared physiological and productive parameters in ¾ Holstein × ¼ Gir dairy cows diagnosed or not with subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) during early lactation. Nonlactating, multiparous cows (n = 32) were enrolled in this experiment 21 d prior to expected date of calving. Cows were maintained in a single pen with ad libitum access to corn silage before calving and received a limit-fed prepartum concentrate. Cow body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) were recorded weekly, and blood samples were collected on days −21, −14, −9, −6, and −3 relative to expected calving. After calving (day 0), cows were managed in a single pen with ad libitum access to a total mixed ration, and were milked twice daily. Cow BW and BCS were recorded upon calving and then weekly. Milk production was recorded daily and milk samples collected weekly until 30 d in milk (DIM). Blood was collected during the first 5 DIM, and at 6, 9, 16, 23, and 30 DIM. Cows were classified with SCH when mean total serum Ca during the first 5 DIM was ≤2.125 mmol/L. Cows diagnosed with SCH (n = 11) had less (P ≤ 0.04) mean BCS (2.85 vs. 3.07; SEM = 0.07) and less concentrations of serum insulin (0.396 vs. 0.738 ppmol/L; SEM = 0.115) and insulin-like growth factor I (35.9 vs. 57.9 ng/mL; SEM = 4.2), and these outcomes were noted since 21 d prior to expected calving. Cows diagnosed with SCH had greater (P &lt; 0.01) serum concentrations of cortisol at calving (30.2 vs. 22.4 ng/mL; SEM = 2.0), serum haptoglobin at 3 and 6 DIM (0.453 vs. 0.280 mg/mL on day 3 and 0.352 vs. 0.142 mg/mL on day 6; SEM = 0.046), and tended (P = 0.09) to have greater mean concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids from calving to 30 DIM (0.368 vs. 0.304 μEq/L; SEM = 0.026). No differences were detected (P ≥ 0.41) for cow BW and milk production. Cows diagnosed with SCH had less (P = 0.05) mean concentrations of milk total solids (13.2 vs. 13.8 %; SEM = 0.21), tended to have less (P ≤ 0.10) mean concentrations of milk fat (4.34 vs. 4.81 %; SEM = 0.20), protein (3.31 vs. 3.45 %; SEM = 0.05), and lactose (4.45 vs. 4.55 %; SEM = 0.04), and had greater (P = 0.02) milk somatic cell count during the initial 14 DIM (504 vs. 140 cells/μL; SEM = 90). Collectively, Holstein × Gir cows diagnosed with SCH upon calving had altered periparturient physiological parameters denoting reduced energy nutritional, increased milk somatic cell count, and less concentration of milk components during early lactation compared with normocalcemic cows.
Mechanism-Driven Read-Across of Chemical Hepatotoxicants Based on Chemical Structures and Biological Data
Authors: Zhao Linlin , Russo Daniel P , Wang Wenyi , Aleksunes Lauren M , Zhu Hao 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHepatotoxicity is a leading cause of attrition in the drug development process. Traditional preclinical and clinical studies to evaluate hepatotoxicity liabilities are expensive and time consuming. With the advent of critical advancements in high-throughput screening, there has been a rapid accumulation of in vitro toxicity data available to inform the risk assessment of new pharmaceuticals and chemicals. To this end, we curated and merged all available in vivo hepatotoxicity data obtained from the literature and public resources, which yielded a comprehensive database of 4089 compounds that includes hepatotoxicity classifications. After dividing the original database of chemicals into modeling and test sets, PubChem assay data were automatically extracted using an in-house data mining tool and clustered based on relationships between structural fragments and cellular responses in in vitro assays. The resultant PubChem assay clusters were further investigated. During the cross-validation procedure, the biological data obtained from several assay clusters exhibited high predictivity of hepatotoxicity and these assays were selected to evaluate the test set compounds. The read-across results indicated that if a new compound contained specific identified chemical fragments (ie, Molecular Initiating Event) and showed active responses in the relevant selected PubChem assays, there was potential for the chemical to be hepatotoxic in vivo. Furthermore, several mechanisms that might contribute to toxicity were derived from the modeling results including alterations in nuclear receptor signaling and inhibition of DNA repair. This modeling strategy can be further applied to the investigation of other complex chemical toxicity phenomena (eg, developmental and reproductive toxicities) as well as drug efficacy.
Severe Hypoxemia Prevents Spontaneous and Naloxone-induced Breathing Recovery after Fentanyl Overdose in Awake and Sedated Rats
Authors: Haouzi Philippe , Guck Daniel , McCann Marissa , Sternick Molly , Sonobe Takashi , Tubbs Nicole 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
As severe acute hypoxemia produces a rapid inhibition of the respiratory neuronal activity through a nonopioid mechanism, we have investigated in adult rats the effects of hypoxemia after fentanyl overdose-induced apnea on (1) autoresuscitation and (2) the antidotal effects of naloxone.

Methods
In nonsedated rats, the breath-by-breath ventilatory and pulmonary gas exchange response to fentanyl overdose (300 µg · kg-1 · min-1 iv in 1 min) was determined in an open flow plethysmograph. The effects of inhaling air (nine rats) or a hypoxic mixture (fractional inspired oxygen tension between 7.3 and 11.3%, eight rats) on the ability to recover a spontaneous breathing rhythm and on the effects of naloxone (2 mg · kg-1) were investigated. In addition, arterial blood gases, arterial blood pressure, ventilation, and pulmonary gas exchange were determined in spontaneously breathing tracheostomized urethane-anesthetized rats in response to (1) fentanyl-induced hypoventilation (7 rats), (2) fentanyl-induced apnea (10 rats) in air and hyperoxia, and (3) isolated anoxic exposure (4 rats). Data are expressed as median and range.

Results
In air-breathing nonsedated rats, fentanyl produced an apnea within 14 s (12 to 29 s). A spontaneous rhythmic activity always resumed after 85.4 s (33 to 141 s) consisting of a persistent low tidal volume and slow frequency rhythmic activity that rescued all animals. Naloxone, 10 min later, immediately restored the baseline level of ventilation. At fractional inspired oxygen tension less than 10%, fentanyl-induced apnea was irreversible despite a transient gasping pattern; the administration of naloxone had no effects. In sedated rats, when Pao
2 reached 16 mmHg during fentanyl-induced apnea, no spontaneous recovery of breathing occurred and naloxone had no rescuing effect, despite circulation being maintained.

Conclusions
Hypoxia-induced ventilatory depression during fentanyl induced apnea (1) opposes the spontaneous emergence of a respiratory rhythm, which would have rescued the animals otherwise, and (2) prevents the effects of high dose naloxone.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Dynamics of Ketamine-induced Loss and Return of Consciousness across Primate Neocortex
Authors: Ballesteros Jesus J. , Huang Pamela , Patel Shaun R. , Eskandar Emad N. , Ishizawa Yumiko 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Ketamine is a noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist and is known for unique electrophysiologic profiles in electroencephalography. However, the mechanisms of ketamine-induced unconsciousness are not clearly understood. The authors have investigated neuronal dynamics of ketamine-induced loss and return of consciousness and how multisensory processing is modified in the primate neocortex.

Methods
The authors performed intracortical recordings of local field potentials and single unit activity during ketamine-induced altered states of consciousness in a somatosensory and ventral premotor network. The animals were trained to perform a button holding task to indicate alertness. Air puff to face or sound was randomly delivered in each trial regardless of their behavioral response. Ketamine was infused for 60 min.

Results
Ketamine-induced loss of consciousness was identified during a gradual evolution of the high beta-gamma oscillations. The slow oscillations appeared to develop at a later stage of ketamine anesthesia. Return of consciousness and return of preanesthetic performance level (performance return) were observed during a gradual drift of the gamma oscillations toward the beta frequency. Ketamine-induced loss of consciousness, return of consciousness, and performance return are all identified during a gradual change of the dynamics, distinctive from the abrupt neural changes at propofol-induced loss of consciousness and return of consciousness. Multisensory responses indicate that puff evoked potentials and single-unit firing responses to puff were both preserved during ketamine anesthesia, but sound responses were selectively diminished. Units with suppressed responses and those with bimodal responses appeared to be inhibited under ketamine and delayed in recovery.

Conclusions
Ketamine generates unique intracortical dynamics during its altered states of consciousness, suggesting fundamentally different neuronal processes from propofol. The gradually shifting dynamics suggest a continuously conscious or dreaming state while unresponsive under ketamine until its deeper stage with the slow-delta oscillations. Somatosensory processing is preserved during ketamine anesthesia, but multisensory processing appears to be diminished under ketamine and through recovery.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New