bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coin-Type Cell Design and Engineering of Its Compartments for Rechargeable Seawater Battery
Authors: Han Jinhyup , Kim Youngsik 
Published: February 2020

Seawater battery is a new concept energy storage device that uses seawater as a cathode material, one of the most abundant resources on the earth. It is crucial to design cells and optimize key components for the high performance rechargeable seawater batteries. Seawater batteries, which utilize natural seawater as the active material in an open-structured cathode, require a new platform for building and testing the cells other than existing Li-ion coin-type or pouch-type cells. So, we designed the coin-type seawater battery of a new platform, and we would like to introduce new findings based on our optimized cell. Engineering the cathode components—improving the wettability of cathode current collector and seawater catholyte flow—improves the voltage efficiency. In order to get reliable data from the materials that are the key elements in seawater batteries, a coin-type cell, a flow-cell tester, and their key compartments were designed and fabricated by trial and error and the testing environment was also determined.
We examined the wettability of seawater on the carbon felt (CF) cathode current collector and its effect on the charge-discharge cycling performance. The air-heating process of CFs made the surface hydrophilic, resulting in a reduced ΔV of the cell (~1.4 V) at a current rate of 0.025 mA cm-2, compared to the cell using a pristine CF (~1.6 V). We also showed that the flow of the seawater reduced ΔV (~0.7 V) by 36% from ~1.1 V under no flow state. Through these various experiments, we optimized the key factors affecting the seawater battery. Therefore, further experiments on promising materials in seawater batteries can be conducted using the customized coin-type cell, which is an essential prerequisite for the practical implementation of seawater batteries as the next generation Energy storage system (ESS).
(Invited) High Energy Density Energy Storage Systems – Strategies for an Energy Independent Future
Authors: Kumta Prashant N 
Published: February 2020

Energy storage is vital for realizing an energy independent future currently dominated by exploiting natural reserves supplemented by oil and gas exports. Since the commercialization of the first Li-ion battery (LIB) by Sony in 1991, there has been tremendous progress in the areas of cathode, electrolytes as well as anodes [1]. While lithiated transition metal oxides are still the flagship cathode systems largely focused on intercalation chemistry, newer chemistries exploiting alloying and zintl phase formation has been explored for use of silicon as an alternative anode. Similarly, there has been tremendous research in the area of alternative energy storage systems beyond lithium-ion intercalation chemistry. Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSB) as well as well as Li metal anodes have accordingly been the spotlight of much research activity in recent years. All systems are plagued by intransigent electronic conductivity and voltage-specific phase transition related kinetic limitations and physico-electrochemical challenges. Nano-engineered approaches appear primed for overcoming these hurdles.
We have thus, embarked on implementing dynamic theoretical and experimental strategies to develop engineered electronic and ionic conducting nanomaterials showing considerable promise. We have also developed myriad concepts over the years related to ex-situ synthesis of active-inactive nanocomposites, use of nanoscale droplets, nanoparticles, hollow Si nanotubes (h-SiNTs), cost-effective template derived nanoscale morphologies, scribable and flexible hetero-structured architectures displaying impressive capacities as high as ~3000 mAh/g with sustained cyclability and high rate capability in Si anodes[2]. Similarly, engineering approaches were implemented for generating sulfur cathodes in LSBs exploiting harnesses of inorganic, nanocomposite, tethered, and polymeric lithium ion conducting (LIC) matrices along with novel fine yarn-like and tethered architectures yielding 5.5 mAh/cm2 – 12 mAh/cm2 areal capacity as well as ~1200 mAh/g specific capacity with sulfur loadings as high as 20 mg/cm2 displaying up to 250 cycles cycling stability[3]. Engineered novel Li metal anodes are also studied as alternative safe anodes. Results of these studies will be discussed. Finally, the presentation will address the bright future of tailored functional engineered systems in the rapidly evolving digitized global internet era of the 21st century and the tremendous prospects for energy independence.

References

Wang, P.N. Kumta, et al. ACS Nano (2011);

Gattu, P.N. Kumta et al. Nano Research (2017)

M. Shanthi, P.N. Kumta et al. Electrochimica Acta (2017)
Analysis of Graphite Materials for Fast-Charging Capabilities in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Kirner Joel , Qin Yan , Su Xin , Zhang Linghong , Li Yangxing , Lu Wenquan 
Published: February 2020

The application of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles calls for decreased cost, increased energy density, increased power density, as well as low-temperature and fast-charging capability. In regard to fast charging, it is generally understood that it is the kinetic overpotential at the graphite anode that limits the cycling rate in modern commercial battery formulations. In this work, we study the fast-charging capabilities of a series of doped and un-doped graphite samples from a commercial supplier, as part of a materials validation effort at Argonne National Laboratory. We combine materials characterization data from the raw samples with electrochemical characterization of graphite laminate electrodes in both half and full cell configurations to explore the causes of differences in rate performance and its impact on cycle life.
Acknowledgement:
We gratefully acknowledge the support from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE) Vehicle Technologies Office. This work is conducted under the Cell Analysis, Modeling, and Prototyping (CAMP) Facility at Argonne National Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Laboratory operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
Shear-Thickening Electrolytes for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Sacci Robert L , Shen Brian H , Tenhaeff Wyatt , Veith Gabriel M. 
Published: February 2020

Here, we will report on the electrodynamics of a shear-thickening electrolyte that may serve a multifunctional purpose in Li-ion batteries: a high conductive and impact resistance ion conductor. Perhaps more important than the continual improvement in charge and power density of batteries for consumer electronics and vehicles is the need to improve safety and reliability. The incorporation of safety features typically comes with added weight and handicapped performance. Multifunctional materials may aid in alleviating these particular drawbacks by providing both mechanical strength and contribution to charge storage or ion conduction. A common strategy in making batteries safer is the replacement of the liquid electrolytes with solid state ones, as this removes the need for volatile and flammable organics and may allow for the use of lithium metal. However solid state electrolytes currently are expensive and difficult to process and incorporate into large scale batteries.
We have developed shear-thickening lithium ion battery electrolytes for improved safety in high impact events. They are able to reversibly transition into a solid-like phase under high shear and then relax back into a liquid when free of stress. While we will demonstrate that this aids in the prevention of shorting and subsequent combustion of volatile electrolyte under such conditions, this presentation is focused on our investigation of the electrodynamics of shear-thickening electrolytes using conductivity under shear measurements. We incorporate finite element modeling to aid in interpreting the observation of an order of magnitude drop in ionic conductivity under shear-thickening conditions. We explain the substantial drop in conductivity under shear in terms of a change in effective viscosity, as suggested by Figure 1, though we acknowledge that a change in tortuosity is possible. The results here can be generally applied to any electrolyte that exhibits non-Newtonian hydrodynamic properties.
This material is based upon work supported by theU.S.Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists, Office of Science Graduate Student Research (SCGSR) program (BHS). The SCGSR program is administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education for the DOE under contract number DE-SC0014664. This work was supported by the U.S.Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Science and Engineering (RLS, GMV).

Figure 1
Safe Impact Resistant Electrolytes (SAFIRE)
Authors: Veith Gabriel M. , Armstrong Beth , Kalnaus Sergiy , Wang Hsin , Tenhaeff Wyatt 
Published: February 2020

We present work on the development of inherently safer multifunctional electrolytes which are designed to undergo a massive rheological response upon application of a shear force. These electrolytes are built from colloidal particles stabilized in an aprotic electrolyte. Upon impact the particles align forming an apparent solid. This solid barrier prevents electrodes from touching during an impact resulting in a spontaneous discharge and thermal runaway. This presentation will talk about the chemistry of these materials, the cycling of full cells, and ionic conductivity of the materials.
The work presented herein was funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), U.S. Department of Energy, under Award Number DE-AR-0869-1617. The authors particularly thank Ping Liu, Susan Babinec, and Julian Sculley for their helpful discussions.
Poly(propylene carbonate) Interpenetrating Cross-Linked Poly(ethylene glycol) Based Polymer Electrolyte for Solid-State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Williams Jere A. , Yang Yiqun , Pandey Gaind P. , Meda Lamartine 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-ion conducting solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are promising materials to replace flammable liquid electrolytes to solve the safety and performance issues in conventional rechargeable lithium batteries [1]. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has been studied extensively as baseline materials for SPEs. It is well known that pure PEO crystallizes at room temperature, hampering lithium ion migration and resulting in low ionic conductivity. This drawback hinders PEO based SPEs applied in real battery configuration that usually requires ionic conductivity greater than 10-4 S cm-1 at 25 ℃. In general, suppression of polymer crystallinity is favorable for SPEs to enhance the ionic conductivity [2]. Here, we synthesized a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (s-IPN) from the mixture of poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC), poly(ethylene glycol) methylether acrylate (PEGMEA), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and lithium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimidate (LiTFSI) salt using one-pot thermal curing method. The amorphous PPC performs as film forming agent, whereas the crosslinked network with PEG pendants provides lithium conducting channel. The s-IPN architecture inhibits the phase segregation of two different polymers. Curing temperature, crosslinker PEGDA content and salt concentration were optimized carefully to attain a flexible film with ionic conductivity reaching 5×10-6 S cm-1 at ambient temperature. The ionic conductivity and working potential window were correlated with the thermal and physical properties of the s-IPN electrolytes. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements have shown a decrease in the crystallinity of the s-IPN electrolytes. The electrolyte with higher salt concentration has lower ionic conductivity, consistent with higher glass transition temperature of PEG chain. The ionic conductivity was further enhanced by incorporating lithium ion conductive ceramic powder, lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO) as a filler into the s-IPN matrix, even though LLZO aggregation occurred during film forming. The optimized s-IPN has potential as a baseline material for future solid-state electrolyte designs.
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the NASA MIRO Program #NNX15AP44A and the National Science Foundation under Award #162-6449.
References
[1] Kang Xu. Electrolytes and Interphases in Li-Ion Batteries and Beyond. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 11503–11618
[2] Yu Wang, Wei-Hong Zhong. Development of Electrolytes towards Achieving Safe and High-Performance Energy-Storage Devices: A Review. CHEMELECTROCHEM 2015, 2, 22–36
Implications of Cation-Disordered Atomic Structure on Electrochemical Performance of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Cathode Material
Authors: Shim Jae-Hyun 
Published: February 2020

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with aberration correction is a powerful imaging method to resolve real-space local crystallography on the atomic scale with the high precision. Combining this imaging tool with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), this approach revealed that the cation disorder phenomenon mainly occurs on the surface of the NCM materials (usually less than 10-nm deep to the surface) and the interlayer mixing between transition metals and Li and the related local structure changes is strongly dependent on the type of transition metals.1-3
In this work, the cation-disordered layer of the LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode materials for Li ion battery is controlled by adjusting the ratio of lithium to transition metal, which has been found to have a definite relationship with battery performance. In addition to image analysis using STEM, atomic distribution analysis using EDS and distribution of the oxidation state by EELS were performed. In order to elucidate the origin of this effect from the view point of atomic structure. In particular, the structural characteristics were established through STEM image simulation software based on STEM results. The effect of the structure on the electronic conductivity was investigated by chemical calculation. In addition to the chemical calculated results, the physical phenomenon was observed through the current atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) experiment in the controlled region which is grainboundary in this study, and it was found that the electrochemical performance of the Li ion battery is improved due to the high electronic conductivity in the grain-boundary.
[1] Yan, P.; Zheng, J.; Lv, D.; Wei, Y.; Zheng, J.; Wang, Z.; Kuppan, S.; Yu, J.; Luo, L.; Edwards, D.; Olszta, M.; Amine, K.; Liu, J.; Xiao, J.; Pan, F.; Chen, G.; Zhang, J.-G.; Wang, C.-M. Chemistry of Materials 2015, 27, (15), 5393-5401.
[2] Xiong, X.; Wang, Z.; Yue, P.; Guo, H.; Wu, F.; Wang, J.; Li, X. Journal of Power Sources 2013, 222, 318-325.
[3] Chen, Z.; Wang, J.; Chao, D.; Baikie, T.; Bai, L.; Chen, S.; Zhao, Y.; Sum, T. C.; Lin, J.; Shen, Z. 2016, 6, 25771.
Self-Assembly of Flexible Free-Standing Three-Dimensional Porous MoS2-Reduced Graphene Oxide Film for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Chao Yunfeng , Jalili Rouhollah , Ge Yu , Wang Caiyun , Zheng Tian , Wallace Gordon 
Published: February 2020

Free-standing and flexible battery electrodes are highly pursued due to its good electrochemical performance and transformation ability. Two-dimensional materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and graphene with large surface area and good mechanical properties provide a good solution for this problem. The high lithium storage of MoS2 is attractive for achieving high capacity while the high conductivity of graphene is of favorable for good rate capability. The excellent mechanical properties of graphene are able to form a stable structure contributing to long cycle life, flexibility and get rid of substrates [1, 2].
A self-assembly process was developed to produce MoS2/ reduced graphene oxide (MG) hydrogel films in this work. Making use of the ordered structure existed in liquid crystalline graphene oxide (LCGO) dispersion [3], a layer structure with small MoS2 nanosheets sandwiched between large LCGO nanosheets could be easily obtained by simply mixing their dispersion together. A heating process at 70 ℃ was used to accelerate the self-assembly process. The unique layer structure turned into a three-dimensional porous structure during the self-assembly process and preserved after freeze-drying, which could effectively increase the surface area of active materials for high performance.
This work develops a simple, straightforward and cost-effective method to fabricate self-assembled, layer-by-layer, free-standing porous MG hydrogel films. The structure displayed excellent electrochemical properties as a lithium-ion battery electrode [4]: a high discharge capacity of 800 mAh g-1 at a current density of 100 mA g-1; and an excellent cycling stability with slightly increased capacity (112.5%) after 500 cycles at a current density of 400 mA g-1. Such enhancement can be ascribed to the synergistic effect between these two components and gradual perfection of the ordered structure. This approach enables the exploitation of the LC order of GO sheets to organize and align 2D MoS2 in-between GO sheets, which may provide a new avenue for the development of 3D porous flexible composite electrode materials with high performance using the unique LCGO.

References:

[1]. N. A. Kumar, M. A. Dar, R. Gul and J. B. Baek, Materials Today, 2015, 18, 286-298.
[2]. M. Yang, S. Ko, J. S. Im and B. G. Choi, Journal of Power Sources, 2015, 288, 76-81.
[3]. R. Jalili, S. H. Aboutalebi, D. Esrafilzadeh, K. Konstantinov, J. M. Razal, S. E. Moulton and G. G. Wallace, Materials Horizons, 2014, 1, 87-91.
[4]. Y. Chao, R. Jalili, Y. Ge, C. Wang, T. Zheng, K. Shu and G. G. Wallace, Advanced Functional Materials, 2017, 27, 1700234.
TMDC 2D Materials Synthesis via Two Steps Solution Process at Low Temperature
Authors: Choi Woon-Seop 
Published: February 2020

In nanoelectronics and optoelectronics, two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDC) analogous to graphene have drawn considerable attention due to their electrical and innate band gap characteristics. Among them, MoS2 and WS2 show unique properties; direct and indirect band gap of 1.8 eV and 1.2 eV, respectively, depending on the monolayer stacking states. Thin layered WS2 composed of a S-W-S sandwich crystalline with a van der Waals, possessed the coupled spin and valley physics, high photoluminescence efficiency, and composited layered materials with other 2D for many applications. Most studies on 2D TMDC have been focused on the chemical synthesis using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and mechanical methods like exfoliated flakes by taping or in liquid. In contrast, large scale synthesis of WS2 via solution-process is rare to find.
Here, we have prepared new synthetic route combining solution coating and CVD process together. The solution of sodium tungstate soulution and hydrizene hydrate with sodium thiosulphate was coated on the silicon wafer. The coated films from dip coating and spin coating were treated in the CVD with different paramerters to obtain WS2 crystal structures. The temperature and coating conditions were modified to obtain uniform wafer-scale films. The average of 50 um size WS2 crystals with triangle shapes could be obtained at the low temperatures of 700oC and above with sample positions in the CVD.
(Invited) Amphiphilic Block Copolymers and Their Hybrids for Efficient Aqueous-Processed Solar Cells
Authors: Luscombe Christine , Li Junhuan 
Published: February 2020

Due to their low cost and high efficiency, polymer/nanocrystal hybrid solar cells have attracted much attention in recent years. Additionally, aqueous-processed solar cells are attractive because they exhibit the potential to produce clean energy via the use of nontoxic solvents. The use of water instead of toxic organic solvents during the fabrication process of these devices is capable of significantly reducing the environmental impact as well as the production cost. In
aqueous-processed solar cells, hybrid solar cells employing water-soluble conjugated polymers and inorganic nanocrystals as photovoltaic materials have gained much attention. These hybrid materials take advantage of both water-soluble conjugated polymers and nanocrystals, which exhibit adjustable absorption properties through structural modification, efficient charge carrier generation, and high charge carrier mobility.
Water-soluble conjugated polymers are typically homopolymers with ionic (i.e., sulfonate and phosphonate moieties) or nonionic, hydrophilic (i.e., hydroxyl and glycol moieties) side chains. Unfortunately, the use of hydrophilic side chains in these conventional water-soluble conjugated polymers adversely affected the stacking of the polymer backbone, which can lead to the deterioration of their optoelectronic properties and thus a lower power conversion efficiency in solar cells. Furthermore, these side chains may cause charge trapping when applied in the active layer, which results in the further reduction in performance
In this presentation, the use of a water-soluble hybrid material consisting of amphiphilic block copolymers and cadmium telluride nanocrystals as the active layer in hybrid solar cells will be discussed. The amphiphilic block copolymers composed of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) self-assembled into ordered nanostructured micelles which then transformed to nanowires by co-micellization with P3HT additives. Furthermore, after annealing, the hybrid materials formed an interpenetrating network. The properties of the hybrid materials and the film morphology, and how they correlate to the device performance will be discussed.