bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study based on the embodied emotion approach: The recognition of whole‐body social emotions and postural control in Alzheimer's disease dementia, Parkinson's disease and healthy control
Authors: Martínez‐Pernía David , Rivera‐Rei Álvaro , Forno Gonzalo , Troncoso Alejandro , Aravena Oliver , Vergara Mayte , Silva Victoria , Carrera Valentina , Calderón Jorge , Cea Ignacio , Henriquez Fernando , Lillo Patricia , Villagra Roque , Slachevsky Andrea 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) have a significant impairment in social emotion recognition. Most of these studies assess emotional perception as the ability to identify others' facial emotions (Ekman faces). Nevertheless, emotional recognition with information that integrates whole‐body and postural control responses has not been investigated in ADD or PD.Method66 participants were recruited (ADD, PD, healthy controls (HC)). Subjects were diagnosed following NINCDS‐ADRDA criteria for ADD, and the United Kingdom Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank criteria for PD. Inclusion criteria considered older than 60 years and non‐other neuropsychiatric comorbidity. All participants were assessed in global cognition (ACE‐III), executive function (IFS, FAS), memory (FCRST), and social cognition (Minisea (Faux Pas (FP), Ekman faces (EF)). Three videos were elaborated with persons practicing risk sports (neutral, pleasant, unpleasant); and another unpleasant condition that did not show a human body (car accidents). Videos were previously validated by their emotional properties (120 subjects) following the Self‐assessment Manikin. Participants stood up at a force platform while videos (60 seconds) were presented at a TV screen (40 inches) at face height and 1 meter to the front. Postural control data to compute center of pressure (COP) were collected at a sample rate of 125Hz. At the end of each video, participants had to rate (1‐9) valence, intensity, and control. COP parameters included velocity, area, and frequency decomposition. Statistical analysis was performed on the first principal component (PC1) on those parameters. Emotional recognition was analyzed by ANOVA (3*3) (group*self‐perception), and postural data by Repeated‐Measures ANOVA (3*4) (group*emotional condition).ResultParticipants with ADD(n=25) show significant impairment in all cognitive domains assessed even when FP was adjusted for control questions, compared to PD(n=14) and HC(n=27). ADD showed significant differences in the recognition of whole‐body negative emotions (6,04+2,752), compared to PD (3,71+2,585) and HC (4,19+2,286). When postural control responses were analyzed, the pleasant condition showed significantly bigger displacements (PC1) than the other emotional conditions.ConclusionADD participants have problems recognizing negative social emotions that involve whole‐body. Emotional stimuli produce changes similar in postural control among groups, which depend on emotional conditions. These results suggest studying the emotion beyond facial emotion.
Longitudinal network connectivity measurements in medial temporal lobe subregions discriminate preclinical Alzheimer’s from amyloid‐β negative controls
Authors: Khandelwal Pulkit , Xie Long , Bassett Danielle S , de Flores Robin , Wolk David A , Yushkevich Paul A , Das Sandhitsu R 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundFinding sensitive outcome measures for disease progression in clinical trials of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains challenging. We hypothesize that longitudinal network connectivity measurements of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) subregions, sites of earliest tau pathology, are more sensitive to progression at early stages than annualized subregional atrophy rates, thus, increasing power to detect a significant effect in a shorter timeframe.MethodLongitudinal T1‐weighted MRI scans of 229 amyloid‐β negative (Aβ‐) controls and preclinical AD (Aβ+ controls) from ADNI were included (Table 1). Anterior/posterior hippocampus, entorhinal cortex (ERC), Brodmann areas (BA) 35 and 36, and parahippocampal cortex (PHC) were segmented in baseline MRI (Figure 1, Xie et al. 2019). Deformation‐based morphometry was used to obtain follow‐up volume measurements, which were subsequently entered in a linear regression to estimate an annualized atrophy rate for each subregion. The network measurements of strength, clustering coefficient, and local efficiency (Soto et al. 2016) were obtained from an adjacency matrix (Figure 1) whose elements represented inter‐regional covariance in volume measurements over time. At least three time points were used for each subject. The preclinical AD group was compared to the Aβ‐ controls with ANCOVA and Bonferroni correction, using age as a nuisance covariate. We compared the discriminative power of the network measurements against the atrophy rates for follow‐up MRI scans within 4, 2 and 1.5 years from baseline.ResultDiscriminative ability of both atrophy rates and network measurements diminishes with decreasing number of follow‐up scans. However, at least one network measurement was still significantly stronger, in absolute terms, than atrophy rates for all three follow‐up scan time periods (Tables 2,3,4, Figure 2). Even with short follow‐up (<1.5 years), a number of network measures were significant while atrophy rate was not (Table 4).ConclusionThe longitudinal network measurements of the MTL subregions are sensitive to disease progression in preclinical AD to a greater extent than longitudinal atrophy rates, perhaps because they account for inter‐region interactions in the network which may capture covariance patterns relevant to the neurodegenerative process. As a result, they may serve as efficient outcome measures in clinical trials, potentially allowing treatment effects to be detected earlier.
Sensitive biomarkers to Alzheimer's disease progression in longitudinal MRI from deep learning
Authors: Dong Mengjin , Xie Long , Wang Jiancong , Das Sandhitsu R , Wolk David A , Yushkevich Paul 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn clinical trials of disease‐modifying treatments of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the measure of hippocampus volume change from longitudinal MRI is a well‐studied biomarker of disease progression. However, even the most sensitive longitudinal MRI measures can be confounded by the presence of motion and susceptibility artifacts. We hypothesize that deep learning can be used to differentiate MRI changes due to biological factors (tissue loss) from changes due to artifact and other non‐biological factors, leading to novel biomarkers that are more sensitive to longitudinal change that can accurately evaluate disease progression.Method357 subjects (142 training, 215 test) with 3‐8 longitudinal T1‐weighted MRI scans (0.5 to 5.5 years) were selected from ADNI2/GO (Table 1), including cognitively normal (CN), amyloid negative (A‐) older adults, preclinical AD (A+ controls), and A+ patients with early and late mild cognitive impairment (eMCI, lMCI). For each subject, pairs of scans were rigidly registered and trimmed around the hippocampal region. A 3D convolutional neural network (CNN3D) (He et al., 2015) was trained to detect the correct temporal order of arbitrarily ordered input pairs from the same subject and for two pairs of same‐subject images as input, to detect which pair had a longer interscan interval (Figure 1). The successful detection of the temporal order of scans would suggest that the network can capture only time‐induced biological change and ignore non‐biological factors that are independent of time. The results were compared to ALOHA, a deformation‐based morphometry algorithm for quantifying hippocampal change (Das et al., 2012).ResultCNN3D extracted the temporal order of MRI scans much more accurately than ALOHA (Table 2, 3) and the CNN3D‐derived longitudinal change measure was more sensitive than ALOHA in differentiating healthy aging (A‐ CN) and preclinical AD (A+ CN) (Figure 2). CNN3D can also detect change in a shorter period of time (Figure 3).ConclusionCNN3D inferred the temporal order of longitudinal MRI scans, suggesting its ability to pinpoint true biological changes that correlate with time better than registration‐based approaches. Deep‐learning‐based MRI change detection may emerge as a more powerful disease progression biomarker for disease‐modifying clinical trials in AD.
Lycium barbarum extracts preserve retinal function by rescuing synaptic loss in 3XTG mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Liu Jinfeng , Xiong Guoying , Lin Youhong , Chang Raymond Chuen‐Chung , So Kwok‐Fai , Chiu Kin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundOcular abnormalities were reported in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The Lycium barbarum extracts (LBE) have been demonstrated to be neuroprotective. The current study aim to investigate the effect of oral feeding LBE on structural and functional changes of retina in the 3xTg AD mouse model.Method6 months old 3xTg‐AD and C57/6J mice were treated by gavage with low (200mg/kg) or high (2g/kg) doses of LBE daily for 3 months, while water treatment was used as a placebo control. Retinal function was evaluated by electroretinogram (ERG). Mice were sacrificed after 3 months of treatment, and the eyes were harvested. Morphological changes of the retina were analyzed in cross‐sections. Expressions of synaptophysin, PSD95, 8‐OHG, Calpain2, and Calpain5 were detected by Immunohistochemical staining.ResultERG results showed that the scotopic retinal response of 3xTg‐AD mice started to decline at 4–6 months of age, followed by a rapid decrease at 6–8 months of age. In this study, one month high doses LBE gavage group showed a significant increase of b‐wave in scotopic ERG. The same tendency of b‐wave preservation was observed at two months post high doses LBE feeding without statistical significance and vanished at three months (9 months of age). In 9 months old AD mice, no significant changes were observed in inner nuclear layer (INL) thickness and outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness compared to age‐matched C57 mice. Accordingly, there were no significant differences in retinal ganglion cell and bipolar cell numbers between AD mice and C57 mice. However, presynaptic density in INL but not ONL was decreased in AD mice. This synapse loss could be rescued by LBE feeding with significance in high dose. IHC staining revealed highly expressed 8‐OHG, Calpain2 and Calpain5 in AD mice, which were downregulated by LBE feeding in a dose dependent manner.ConclusionOur results indicated that at early‐ and mid‐stage of AD, presynaptic changes in IPL contributed to b‐wave decline and LBE gavage could rescue the retinal functional deterioration in 3xTg AD mice by preventing the synapse loss in IPL through inhibiting oxidative stress and lowering Ca2+ in retinas.
Raising our voices: The impact of a dementia choir on well‐being and quality of life
Authors: Sheets Debra J , Smith Andre P , MacDonald Stuart 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe benefits of non‐pharmacological interventions for PwAD that maintain or improve function in ADLs, cognition and reduce behavioural symptoms have been well‐documented (Sampath, Forbes, Barton, & Blake, 2015).4 Strategies to slow the progression of AD (protective factors) have emphasized healthy diet, aerobic exercise, active social life, and cognitive stimulation (Wong, Gilmour & Ramage‐Mori, 2016)). Arts‐based approaches to dementia prevention are unique in shifting the attention from disease‐related declines and losses toward innovation and creative action. Examples include sensory stimulation such as music therapy (McDermott, Crellin, Ridder, Orrell, 2013; Keeler, et al., 2015; Harris & Caporella, 2014), art therapy including movement/dance and painting, cognitive engagement and physical activities (Williams, Plassman, Burke, Benjamin, 2010), and psychosocial interventions such as one‐on‐one socializing. Stigma represents one of the biggest barriers to living well with dementia following diagnosis (Alzheimer’s Association, 2019). Social isolation is common as roles, friendships and opportunities to participate in the broader community disappear. An intergenerational dementia choir that focuses on strengths rather than losses and offers opportunities for learning, friendships and purposeful engagement towards common goals (e.g., regular social engagement, public concerts at season’s end).MethodPersons with dementia (n = 32), in partnership with their family caregivers (n=32) and local high school students (n=29), sang in a professionally conducted choir for as many as three seasons (∼ 12 weeks long) spanning up to 18 months of follow‐up. Assessments of psychosocial, physiological, and cognitive function were completed every four to six weeks as part of an intensive repeated measures design.ResultFindings indicate that this novel lifestyle intervention offers an effective non‐pharmacological alternative approach for older adults with dementia. Choir participation has important and significant impacts on psychosocial well‐being and quality of life. Both caregivers and PwD experienced reductions in health risks and improvements in quality of life. Students’ understanding of dementia became more positive over time and new friendships developed.ConclusionThe discussion focuses on policy implications and the need for meaningful and inclusive community‐based programs for PwD and their caregivers.
Utility of MRI in the identification of hippocampal sclerosis of aging
Authors: Woodworth Davis C. , Nguyen Hannah L. , Khan Zainab , Kawas Claudia H. , Corrada María M. , Sajjadi S. Ahmad 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionHippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS) is a common pathology often misdiagnosed as Alzheimer's disease. We tested the hypothesis that participants with HS would have a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐detectable hippocampal pattern of atrophy distinct from participants without HS, both with and without Alzheimer's disease neuropathology (ADNP).MethodsQuery of the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database identified 198 participants with MRI and autopsy. Hippocampal subfields were segmented with FreeSurfer v6. Analysis of covariance for subfield volumes compared HS+ participants to those without HS, both with ADNP (HS–/ADNP+) and without (HS–/ADNP–).ResultsHS+ participants (N = 27, 14%) showed atrophied cornu ammonis 1 (CA1; leftP < .001, ηp2 = 0.14; rightP = .001, ηp2 = 0.09) and subiculum (leftP < .001, ηp2 = 0.139; rightP = .001, ηp2 = 0.085) compared to HS–/ADNP+ (N = 100, 51%). Compared to HS–/ADNP– (N = 71, 36%), HS+ also had atrophy in subiculum (leftP < .001, ηp2 = 0.235; rightP = .002, ηp2 = 0.137) and CA1 (leftP < .001, ηp2 = 0.137; rightP = .006, ηp2 = 0.070).DiscussionSubiculum and CA1 atrophy from clinical MRI may be a promising in vivo biomarker for HS.
Quantitative Mapping of Glutathione within Intracranial Tumors through Interlocked MRI Signals of a Responsive Nanoprobe
Authors: Zhang Peisen , Zeng Jianfeng , Li Yingying , Yang Chen , Meng Junli , Hou Yi , Gao Mingyuan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStudies reveal that malignant tumors feature uneven distributions of some key biomarkers across the entire tumorous region. Nevertheless, only very limited progress has been made towards non‐invasive and quantitative detection of tumor‐specific biomarkers in vivo, especially with clinically compatible imaging modalities. Reported here is an Fe3O4 nanoparticle‐based glutathione (GSH) responsive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe that can form particle aggregates within tumors in vivo to give rise to strong GSH concentration dependent interlocked relaxivities. A quantitative correlation between the interlocked MRI signals and local GSH concentration was established, and further applied for mapping the heterogeneous distribution of GSH within an intracranial tumor (2.4 mm × 1.6 mm) in vivo. This methodology will offer a practical route for quantitatively mapping tumor‐specific biomarkers in vivo with unlimited detection depth, which largely challenges optical‐imaging‐based approaches.
Influence of PTFE as a solid lubricant on the mechanical, electrical, and tribological properties of CF‐reinforced PC composites
Authors: Shamsuddin Muhamad Syukri Mohamed , Othman Ainur Hanim , Nasir Ramdziah Md , Hassan Aziz , Senawi Rozaimi , Thirmizir Mohd Zharif Ahmad , Ishak Zainal Arifin Mohd 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe objective of this research was to study the effects of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a solid lubricant on the mechanical, electrical, and tribological properties of carbon fiber (CF)‐reinforced polycarbonate (PC) composites. Samples were prepared by means of single‐screw extrusion and injection molding processes. The mechanical tests included tensile, flexural, and failing weight impact tests, while the electrical tests consisted of surface and volume resistivity tests. The tribological testing was conducted under dry sliding conditions using pin‐on‐disk configuration. The results showed that the addition of CF managed to significantly reduce the electrical resistivity as the CF loading approached 10–15 wt%. The addition of PTFE managed to reduce the resistivity of the composite, that is, from 4.51 to 0.53 × 10 (Ωcm). The incorporation of 15 wt%. CF resulted with an increase of 45% in tensile strength and 51.5% in flexural strength, while the addition of PTFE had a negative impact on both properties. It was shown that PTFE was able to reduce the friction coefficient, μ and wear rate, K up to 0.257 and 6.35 × 106 (mm3/Nm), respectively, which can be attributed to the excellent abilities of PTFE to form transfer film. The composite consisting of 15 wt% CF and 10 wt%. PTFE showed highest improvement in term of electrical resistivity, and is deemed the most suitable composition for this study. Scanning electron microscopy was also carried out to further elucidate the fracture and wear mechanism of the PC/CF/PTFE composites.
Functionalized graphene nanoplatelets as a barrier enhancing filler in organic photovoltaic encapsulant
Authors: Yuwawech Kitti , Wootthikanokkhan Jatuphorn , Tanpichai Supachok 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis research work has concerned the development of polymer films, reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) for use as encapsulating films for organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of concentrations and orientations of GNP on mechanical, optical, and barrier properties of polymer composite films. In this regard, the neat GNP was modified with Fe3O4 prior to mixing with acrylate‐based monomers. The mixture was then cured by photo‐polymerization with and without the application of magnetic fields. Changes in orientation of the functionalized GNP with the direction of applied magnetic fields were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. From the results, it was found that by inducing the orientation of functionalized GNP to the horizontal direction (with respect to the OPV cell), the great enhancement in tensile and barrier properties of the polymer composite films was achieved. This led to the longer performance of the OPV cell encapsulated with the nanocomposite film with 0.1 phr of the horizontally oriented GNP in comparison with the OPV cell encapsulated with the film reinforced with randomly oriented GNP at the same content.
Assessing the value of reviewing all fetal death records for birth defects surveillance, compared to only those with maternal anomaly codes
Authors: Tessarolo Ashley , Ramirez Glenda M. , Contreras Dianna 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe Arizona Birth Defects Monitoring Program (ABDMP) creates case‐finding lists of potential birth defects. As part of this, ABDMP includes all fetal death records, in addition to records for mothers and infants with an associated birth defect code. This project aims to understand the value of including all fetal deaths in case‐finding, and to assess the impact on the rate of birth defects if all fetal death cases are not reviewed.MethodsWe assessed 2016–2017 fetal death records based on case‐finding source and ICD‐10 CM codes. We categorized cases by whether they had a hospital discharge ICD‐10 CM code indicating a maternal diagnosis for a fetal anomaly (i.e., “O35” code), and compared them to cases reported only by a stillbirth code, meaning that a baby was born deceased, with no reference to birth defects. Positive and negative predictive values were calculated (PPV, NPV, respectively).ResultsFor 2016–2017, fetal deaths make up 6% (n = 89) of all confirmed birth defects (n = 1,416), and fetal deaths with no O35 code make up 4% (n = 54) of all confirmed birth defects cases in Arizona. Had cases without an O35 code not been included, 4% (n = 54) of confirmed birth defect cases in Arizona for 2016–2017 would have been missed. The PPV was 68.6%.ConclusionThe work involved in reviewing the additional 1,000 records per year is warranted by the value noted. It is evident that by including all fetal deaths we capture a more accurate picture of the occurrence of birth defects in Arizona.
Niels Bohr's Diplomatic Mission during and after World War Two
Authors: Aaserud Finn 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Danish physicist Niels Bohr is best known for two major achievements: first, his model of the quantum atom, published in 1913, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1922; and second, the “Copenhagen interpretation” of quantum mechanics developed together with colleagues at his institute in the latter half of the twenties. Having turned his institute toward nuclear physics, making it a pioneer institution in this emerging field, Bohr escaped from Nazi‐occupied Denmark in 1943. Learning in England about the advanced state of the secret project to develop an atomic bomb, which Bohr had so far considered impracticable in a foreseeable future, he agreed to join the project. Bohr decided instantly that the prospect of such a weapon of mass destruction would require what he came to call an “open world” among nations, and he worked conscientiously toward this end until he died in 1962. In the process, statesmen, including Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt, as well as diplomats from several countries, came to encounter Bohr and his political mission. Although not as successful as his scientific achievements, his mission was considered by Bohr himself as equally important. Yet it constitutes a hitherto relatively neglected part of Bohr's career.1
How to measure diffusion coefficients in biofilms: A critical analysis
Authors: van den Berg Lenno , van Loosdrecht Mark C. M. , de Kreuk Merle K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBiofilm and granular sludge processes depend on diffusion of substrates. Despite their importance for the kinetic description of biofilm reactors, biofilm diffusion coefficients reported in literature vary greatly. The aim of this simulation study was to determine to what extent the methods that are used to measure diffusion coefficients contribute to the reported variability. Granular sludge was used as a case study. Six common methods were selected, based on mass balances and microelectrodes. A Monte Carlo simulation was carried out to determine the theoretical precision of each method, considering the uncertainty of various experimental parameters. A model‐based simulation of a diffusion experiment was used to determine the theoretical accuracy as a result of six sources of error: solute sorption, biomass deactivation, mass transfer boundary layer, granule roughness, granule shape, and granule size distribution. Based on the Monte Carlo analysis, the relative standard deviation of the different methods ranged from 5% to 61%. In a theoretical experiment, the six error sources led to an 37% underestimation of the diffusion coefficient. This highlights that diffusion coefficients cannot be determined accurately with existing experimental methods. At the same time, the need for measuring precise diffusion coefficients as input value for biofilm modeling can be questioned, since the output of biofilm models has a limited sensitivity toward the diffusion coefficient.