bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gastrointestinal perforation: clinical and MDCT clues for identification of aetiology
Authors: Pouli Styliani , Kozana Androniki , Papakitsou Ioanna , Daskalogiannaki Maria , Raissaki Maria 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGastrointestinal tract (GIT) perforation is a common medical emergency associated with considerable mortality, ranging from 30 to 50%. Clinical presentation varies: oesophageal perforations can present with acute chest pain, odynophagia and vomiting, gastroduodenal perforations with acute severe abdominal pain, while colonic perforations tend to follow a slower progression course with secondary bacterial peritonitis or localised abscesses. A subset of patients may present with delayed symptoms, abscess mimicking an abdominal mass, or with sepsis.Direct multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) findings support the diagnosis and localise the perforation site while ancillary findings may suggest underlying conditions that need further investigation following primary repair of ruptured bowel. MDCT findings include extraluminal gas, visible bowel wall discontinuity, extraluminal contrast, bowel wall thickening, abnormal mural enhancement, localised fat stranding and/or free fluid, as well as localised phlegmon or abscess in contained perforations.The purpose of this article is to review the spectrum of MDCT findings encountered in GIT perforation and emphasise the MDCT and clinical clues suggestive of the underlying aetiology and localisation of perforation site.
Keystroke biometrics in the encrypted domain: a first study on search suggestion functions of web search engines
Authors: Whiskerd Nicholas , Körtge Nicklas , Jürgens Kris , Lamshöft Kevin , Ezennaya-Gomez Salatiel , Vielhauer Claus , Dittmann Jana , Hildebrandt Mario 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA feature of search engines is prediction and suggestion to complete or extend input query phrases, i.e. search suggestion functions (SSF). Given the immediate temporal nature of this functionality, alongside the character submitted to trigger each suggestion, adequate data is provided to derive keystroke features. The potential of such biometric features to be used in identification and tracking poses risks to user privacy.For our initial experiment, we evaluate SSF traffic with different browsers and search engines on a Linux PC and an Android mobile phone. The keystroke network traffic is captured and decrypted using mitmproxy to verify if expected keystroke information is contained, which we call quality assurance (QA). In our second experiment, we present first results for identification of five subjects searching for up to three different phrases on both PC and phone using naive Bayesian and nearest neighbour classifiers. The third experiment investigates potential for identification and verification by an external observer based purely on the encrypted traffic, thus without QA, using the Euclidean distance. Here, ten subjects search for two phrases across several sessions on a Linux virtual machine, and statistical features are derived for classification. All three test cases show positive tendencies towards the feasibility of distinguishing users within a small group. The results yield lowest equal error rates of 5.11% for the single PC and 11.37% for the mobile device with QA and 23.61% for various PCs without QA. These first tendencies motivate further research in feature analysis of encrypted network traffic and prevention approaches to ensure protection and privacy.
Six-month retention and changes in quality of life and substance use from a low-threshold methadone maintenance therapy programme in Durban, South Africa
Authors: Scheibe Andrew , Shelly Shaun , Gerardy Tara , von Homeyer Zara , Schneider Andrea , Padayachee Kalvanya , Naidoo Shalon Balaguru , Mtshweni Klaas , Matau Ayanda , Hausler Harry , Marks Monique 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
Emerging data points to a potential heroin use epidemic in South Africa. Despite this, access to methadone maintenance therapy and other evidence-based treatment options remains negligible. We aimed to assess retention, changes in substance use and quality of life after 6 months on methadone maintenance therapy provided through a low-threshold service in Durban, South Africa.

Methods
We enrolled a cohort of 54 people with an opioid use disorder into the study. We reviewed and described baseline socio-demographic characteristics. Baseline and 6-month substance use was assessed using the World Health Organization’s Alcohol Smoking and Substance Use Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and quality of life, using the SF-12. We compared changes at 6 months on methadone to baseline using the Wilcoxon signed rank test and paired-tests for the ASSIST and SF-12 scores, respectively. McNemar’s test was used for comparisons between paired results of categorical variables relating to injecting frequency.

Results
The majority of the participants were young, Black African males, with a history of drug use spanning over 10 years. Retention after 6 months was 81%. After 6 months, the median heroin ASSIST score decreased from 37 to 9 (p < 0.0001) and the cannabis ASSIST score increased from 12.5 to 21 (p = 0.0003). The median mental health composite score of the SF-12 increased from 41.4 to 48.7 (p = 0.0254).

Conclusions
Interim findings suggest high retention, significant reductions in heroin use and improvements in mental health among participants retained on methadone maintenance therapy for 6 months. Further research into longer term outcomes and the reasons contributing to these changes would strengthen recommendations for the scale-up of methadone maintenance therapy in South Africa.
Substance use disorders and risk of suicide in a general US population: a case control study
Authors: Lynch Frances L. , Peterson Edward L. , Lu Christine Y. , Hu Yong , Rossom Rebecca C. , Waitzfelder Beth E. , Owen-Smith Ashli A. , Hubley Samuel , Prabhakar Deepak , Keoki Williams L. , Beck Arne , Simon Gregory E. , Ahmedani Brian K. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
Prior research suggests that substance use disorders (SUDs) are associated with risk of suicide mortality, but most previous work has been conducted among Veterans Health Administration patients. Few studies have examined the relationship between SUDs and suicide mortality in general populations. Our study estimates the association of SUDs with suicide mortality in a general US population of men and women who receive care across eight integrated health systems.

Methods
We conducted a case–control study using electronic health records and claims data from eight integrated health systems of the Mental Health Research Network. Participants were 2674 men and women who died by suicide between 2000–2013 and 267,400 matched controls. The main outcome was suicide mortality, assessed using data from the health systems and confirmed by state death data systems. Demographic and diagnostic data on substance use disorders and other health conditions were obtained from each health system. First, we compared descriptive statistics for cases and controls, including age, gender, income, and education. Next, we compared the rate of each substance use disorder category for cases and controls. Finally, we used conditional logistic regression models to estimate unadjusted and adjusted odds of suicide associated with each substance use disorder category.

Results
All categories of substance use disorders were associated with increased risk of suicide mortality. Adjusted odds ratios ranged from 2.0 (CI 1.7, 2.3) for patients with tobacco use disorder only to 11.2 (CI 8.0, 15.6) for patients with multiple alcohol, drug, and tobacco use disorders. Substance use disorders were associated with increased relative risk of suicide for both women and men across all categories, but the relative risk was more pronounced in women.

Conclusions
Substance use disorders are associated with significant risk of suicide mortality, especially for women, even after controlling for other important risk factors. Experiencing multiple substance use disorders is particularly risky. These findings suggest increased suicide risk screening and prevention efforts for individuals with substance use disorders are needed.
Differences in pulse rate variability with measurement site
Authors: Yuda Emi , Yamamoto Kento , Yoshida Yutaka , Hayano Junichiro 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundRecently, attempts have been made to use the pulse rate variability (PRV) as a surrogate for heart rate variability (HRV). PRV, however, may be caused by the fluctuations of left ventricular pre-ejection period and pulse transit time besides HRV. We examined whether PRV differs not only from HRV but also depending on the measurement site.ResultsIn five healthy subjects, pulse waves were measured simultaneously on both wrists and both forearms together with single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) in the supine and sitting positions. Although average pulse interval showed no significant difference from average R-R interval in either positions, PRV showed greater power for the low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components and lower LF/HF than HRV. The deviations of PRV from HRV in the supine and sitting positions were 13.2% and 7.9% for LF power, 24.5% and 18.3% for HF power, and − 15.0% and − 30.2% for LF/HF, respectively. While the average pulse interval showed 0.8% and 0.5% inter-site variations among the four sites in the supine and sitting positions, respectively, the inter-site variations in PRV were 4.0% and 3.6% for LF power, 3.8% and 4.7% for HF power, and 18.0% and 17.5% for LF/HF, respectively.ConclusionsThese suggest that PRV shows not only systemic differences from HRV but also considerable inter-site variations.
Cognitive functioning and lifetime major depressive disorder in UK Biobank
Authors: de Nooij Laura , Harris Mathew A. , Adams Mark J. , Clarke Toni-Kim , Shen Xueyi , Cox Simon R. , McIntosh Andrew M. , Whalley Heather C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background.
Cognitive impairment associated with lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD) is well-supported by meta-analytic studies, but population-based estimates remain scarce. Previous UK Biobank studies have only shown limited evidence of cognitive differences related to probable MDD. Using updated cognitive and clinical assessments in UK Biobank, this study investigated population-level differences in cognitive functioning associated with lifetime MDD.

Methods.
Associations between lifetime MDD and cognition (performance on six tasks and general cognitive functioning [g-factor]) were investigated in UK Biobank (N-range 7,457–14,836, age 45–81 years, 52% female), adjusting for demographics, education, and lifestyle. Lifetime MDD classifications were based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Within the lifetime MDD group, we additionally investigated relationships between cognition and (a) recurrence, (b) current symptoms, (c) severity of psychosocial impairment (while symptomatic), and (d) concurrent psychotropic medication use.

Results.
Lifetime MDD was robustly associated with a lower g-factor (β = −0.10, PFDR = 4.7 × 10−5), with impairments in attention, processing speed, and executive functioning (β ≥ 0.06). Clinical characteristics revealed differential profiles of cognitive impairment among case individuals; those who reported severe psychosocial impairment and use of psychotropic medication performed worse on cognitive tests. Severe psychosocial impairment and reasoning showed the strongest association (β = −0.18, PFDR = 7.5 × 10−5).

Conclusions.
Findings describe small but robust associations between lifetime MDD and lower cognitive performance within a population-based sample. Overall effects were of modest effect size, suggesting limited clinical relevance. However, deficits within specific cognitive domains were more pronounced in relation to clinical characteristics, particularly severe psychosocial impairment.
Liberal Versus Restrictive Red Blood Cell Transfusion Thresholds in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: A Randomized, Open Label, Phase III, Noninferiority Trial
Authors: Tay Jason , Allan David S. , Chatelain Elizabeth , Coyle Doug , Elemary Mohamed , Fulford Adrienne , Petrcich William , Ramsay Timothy , Walker Irwin , Xenocostas Anargyros , Tinmouth Alan , Fergusson Dean 
Published: February 2020

PURPOSEEvidence regarding red blood cell (RBC) transfusion practices and their impact on hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) outcomes are poorly understood.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe performed a noninferiority randomized controlled trial in four different centers that evaluated patients with hematologic malignancies requiring HCT who were randomly assigned to either a restrictive (hemoglobin [Hb] threshold < 70 g/L) or liberal (Hb threshold < 90 g/L) RBC transfusion strategy between day 0 and day 100. The noninferiority margin corresponds to a 12% absolute difference between groups in Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Bone Marrow Transplant (FACT-BMT) score relative to baseline. The primary outcome was health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measured by FACT-BMT score at day 100. Additional end points were collected: HRQOL by FACT-BMT score at baseline and at days 7, 14, 28, 60, and 100; transplantation-related mortality; length of hospital stay; intensive care unit admissions; acute graft-versus-host disease; Bearman toxicity score; sinusoidal obstruction syndrome; serious infections; WHO Bleeding Scale; transfusion requirements; and reactions to therapy.RESULTSA total of 300 patients were randomly assigned to either restrictive-strategy or liberal-strategy treatment groups between 2011 and 2016 at four Canadian adult HCT centers. After HCT, mean pre-transfusion Hb levels were 70.9 g/L in the restrictive-strategy group and 84.6 g/L in the liberal-strategy group ( P < .0001). The number of RBC units transfused was lower in the restrictive-strategy group than in the liberal-strategy group (mean, 2.73 units [standard deviation, 4.81 units] v 5.02 units [standard deviation, 6.13 units]; P = .0004). After adjusting for transfusion type and baseline FACT-BMT score, the restrictive-strategy group had a higher FACT-BMT score at day 100 (difference of 1.6 points; 95% CI, −2.5 to 5.6 points), which was noninferior compared with that of the liberal-strategy group. There were no significant differences in clinical outcomes between the transfusion strategies.CONCLUSIONIn patients undergoing HCT, the use of a restrictive RBC transfusion strategy threshold of 70 g/L was as effective as a threshold of 90 g/L and resulted in similar HRQOL and HCT outcomes with fewer transfusions.
Impaired Immune Health in Survivors of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Shree Tanaya , Li Qian , Glaser Sally L. , Brunson Ann , Maecker Holden T. , Haile Robert W. , Levy Ronald , Keegan Theresa H. M. 
Published: February 2020

PURPOSE Therapeutic advances for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have led to an increasing number of survivors. Both DLBCL and its treatments perturb the immune system, yet little is known about immune health during extended survivorship. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, we compared 21,690 survivors of DLBCL from the California Cancer Registry (CCR) to survivors of breast, prostate, head and neck, and melanoma cancers. We linked their CCR records to a statewide database documenting hospital, emergency room, and ambulatory surgery visits and investigated the incidence of autoimmune conditions, immune deficiencies, and infections 1-10 years after cancer diagnosis. RESULTS We found elevated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for many immune-related conditions in survivors of DLBCL compared with other cancer survivors, including significantly and consistently elevated IRRs for viral and fungal pneumonias (up to 10.8-fold), meningitis (up to 5.3-fold), as well as humoral deficiency (up to 17.6-fold) and autoimmune cytopenias (up to 12-fold). IRRs for most conditions remained high even in the late survivorship period (5-10 years after cancer diagnosis). The elevated risks could not be explained by exposure to chemotherapy, stem-cell transplantation, or rituximab, except for IRRs for humoral deficiency, which were consistently higher after the incorporation of rituximab into DLBCL treatments. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the largest cohort study with extended follow-up to demonstrate impaired immune health in survivors of DLBCL. The observed persistent, elevated risks for autoimmune diseases, immune deficiencies, and infectious conditions may reflect persistent immune dysregulation caused by lymphoma or treatment and may lead to excess morbidity and mortality during survivorship. Improved understanding of these risks could meaningfully improve long-term care of patients with DLBCL.
A Storied Place: Jonathan Carver’s Travel Narrative and the Indigenous Map of the Upper Mississippi River Valley
Authors: Wigginton Caroline 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis essay recognizes the totality of practices by which Native peoples of the upper Mississippi River valley for centuries oriented themselves to place as an Indigenous map. After limning the map and its material and nonmaterial components, I then place it at the center of a comparative Indigenous-colonizer literary analysis and argue that the manuscript of Euro-American Jonathan Carver’s 1760s travel narrative written in the region is in constitutive relationship to the map. I conclude by turning to printed versions of his narrative to consider how they extend and shape colonialist orientations to the Indigenous map. Attending to how the land has been shaped in partnership with Indigenous text making transforms American literary studies by demonstrating one way that Euro-American texts always were, are, and will be in relation to Native genres.
CONNECTING HEALTH CARE AND HEALTH AND FITNESS. PART II: SOLUTIONS AND CALL TO ACTION
Authors: Pettitt Cherie D. , Joy Elizabeth 
Published: February 2020

Apply It!
By reading this article, the following key points will assist fitness professionals in their understanding of and ability to work with health care:
• An increased understanding of current initiatives that are addressing the complex issues connecting health care with fitness
• Identifying where the current gaps and needs exist in these efforts and possible actions fitness professionals can take to immediately engage in connecting with health care
Addition of an Alginate Hydrogel to a Carbohydrate Beverage Enhances Gastric Emptying
Authors: SUTEHALL SHAUN , GALLOWAY STUART D. R. , BOSCH ANDREW , PITSILADIS YANNIS 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study aimed to examine the effect of altering osmolality or adding sodium alginate and pectin to a concentrated carbohydrate (CHO) beverage on gastric-emptying (GE) rate.

Methods
Boluses (500 mL) of three drinks were instilled double blind in eight healthy men while seated, GE was measured using the double sampling method for 90 min, and blood samples were collected regularly. Drinks consisted of glucose and fructose (MON; 1392 mOsmol·kg−1), maltodextrin and fructose (POLY; 727 mOsmol·kg−1), and maltodextrin, fructose, sodium alginate, and pectin (ENCAP; 732 mOsmol·kg−1) with each providing 180 g·L−1 CHO (CHO ratio of 1:0.7 maltodextrin or glucose/fructose).

Results
Time to empty half of the ingested bolus was faster for ENCAP (21 ± 9 min) than for POLY (37 ± 8 min); both were faster than MON (51 ± 15 min). There were main effects for time and drink in addition to an interaction effect for the volume of test drink remaining in the stomach over the 90 min period, but there were no differences between MON and POLY at any time point. ENCAP had a smaller volume of the test drink in the stomach than MON at 30 min (193 ± 62 vs 323 ± 54 mL), which remained less up to 60 min (93 ± 37 vs 210 ± 88 mL). There was a smaller volume of the drink remaining in the stomach in ENCAP compared with POLY 20 min (242 ± 73 vs 318 ± 47 mL) and 30 min (193 ± 62 vs 304 ± 40 mL) after ingestion. Although there was a main effect of time, there was no effect of drink or an interaction effect on serum glucose, insulin or nonesterified fatty acid concentrations.

Conclusion
The addition of sodium alginate and pectin to a CHO beverage enhances early GE rate but did not affect serum glucose, insulin, or nonesterified fatty acid concentration at rest.
«Όλα είναι στο χέρι σου»: Μία δράση για την Ασφάλεια του Διαδικτύου αξιοποιώντας την Επαυξημένη Πραγματικότητα (AR-AUGMENTED REALITY), τον κώδικα γρήγορης απόκρισης (QR) και την ψηφιακή αφήγηση στην εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία με την υποστήριξη της εφαρμογής Metaverse και άλλων εφαρμογών.
Authors: ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥΣΗΣ ΓΕΩΡΓΙΟΣ 
Published: February 2020

Τα τελευταία χρόνια, υπάρχει ένα αυξανόμενο ενδιαφέρον για την αξιοποίηση της (Επ)Αυξημένης Πραγματικότητας (AR) για τη δημιουργία μοναδικών εκπαιδευτικών εμπειριών σε συνδυασμό με άλλα τεχνολογικά μέσα. Ταυτόχρονα, η ψηφιακή τεχνολογία με την αύξηση και τη βελτίωση των τεχνολογικών επιτευγμάτων μας δίνει πολλές ευκαιρίες, να οραματιστούμε και να δημιουργήσουμε τέτοιου είδους εμπειρίες που δεν είναι δυνατές στην πραγματική ζωή προς όφελος των μαθητών. Επιπρόσθετα, η αξιοποίηση των έξυπνων κινητών τηλεφώνων (smartphones) και των tablets μας δίνουν επιπλέον τη δυνατότητα να αξιοποιήσουμε την τεχνολογία προς όφελος της εκπαιδευτικής και μαθησιακής διαδικασίας υπό παιδαγωγικούς όρους (Φιλιππούσης, 2017).Σε αυτό το project παρουσιάζεται ένας καινοτόμος σχεδιασμός για την Ασφάλεια του Διαδικτύου για μαθητές και από μαθητές Ε’ και Στ΄ Δημοτικού (ηλικίας 10-11 χρονών)που είναι βασισμένος στην Επαυξημένη Πραγματικότητα (AR-AUGMENTED REALITY), στον κώδικα γρήγορης απόκρισης (QR-CODE) και στην ψηφιακή αφήγηση, με σκοπό τη βαθύτερη κατανόηση από τους μαθητές και την ενδυνάμωση του κινήτρου εμπλοκής στο συγκεκριμένο θέμα που διαπραγματεύονταιΣτην αρχή αυτού του καινοτόμου σχεδίου αποσαφηνίζονται οι όροι της Επαυξημένης Πραγματικότητας, οι όροι του κώδικα γρήγορης απόκρισης και οι όροι της ψηφιακής αφήγησης. Στη συνέχεια αναφέρονται εφαρμογές και πώς αυτές αξιοποιούνται στην εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία με όλα αυτά τα τεχνολογικά εργαλεία. Εφαρμογές που αν και είναι ακόμη στην αρχή ένταξης στην εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία, παρατηρείται μια συνεχώς αυξανόμενη τάση στην αξιοποίηση τους.Επόμενο βήμα είναι η περιγραφή της δράσης, των δραστηριοτήτων (στάδια) που λαμβάνουν χώρα σε αυτό το σχεδιασμό. Αυτός ο σχεδιασμός περιλαμβάνει μία εφαρμογή με την υποστήριξη του λογισμικού Metaverse. Στη συνέχεια αναφέρεται ο τρόπος χρήσης της συγκεκριμένης εφαρμογής. Τέλος, παρατίθενται κάποια συμπεράσματα από την προσπάθεια ενσωμάτωσης της Επαυξημένης Πραγματικότητας και της ψηφιακής αφήγησης στην εκπαιδευτική και μαθησιακή διαδικασία.
Ο ΡΟΛΟΣ ΤΩΝ ΜΕΣΩΝ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΚΗΣ ΔΙΚΤΥΩΣΗΣ ΣΤΗ ΣΥΝΕΡΓΑΤΙΚΗ ΜΑΘΗΣΗ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΠΙΔΟΣΗ ΦΟΙΤΗΤΩΝ ΕΞ ΑΠΟΣΤΑΣΕΩΣ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΣΗΣ
Authors: Βλαχοπάνου Πηγή , Papadakis Spyridon 
Published: February 2020

Τα Μέσα Κοινωνικής Δικτύωσης χρησιμοποιούνται συχνά για εκπαιδευτικούς σκοπούς. Η παρούσα έρευνα εξετάζει με ποιους τρόπους η συμμετοχή των φοιτητών σε Μέσα Κοινωνικής Δικτύωσης επηρεάζει την άτυπη συνεργατική μάθηση στην Τριτοβάθμια Ανοικτή και εξ Αποστάσεως Εκπαίδευση και τη συμβολή της στην ακαδημαϊκή επίδοση. Βασίζεται στη σύνδεση του πλαισίου για την αλληλεπίδραση και τη γνωστική εμπλοκή σε πλαίσιο connectivist μάθησης των Wang, Chen & Anderson με τα τέσσερα κριτήρια για τη συνεργατική μάθηση του Dillenbourg και χρήση Μέσων Κοινωνικής Δικτύωσης. Χορηγήθηκε ψηφιακό ερωτηματολόγιο σε φοιτητές κλειστής ομάδας στο Facebook και διενεργήθηκαν ημιδομημένες συνεντεύξεις. Η αλληλεπίδραση που αναπτύσσεται μέσω Μέσων Κοινωνικής Δικτύωσης, σύμφωνα με το πλαίσιο των Wang, Chen & Anderson, επιδρά ανάλογα στη συνεργατική μάθηση, σύμφωνα με τα κριτήρια του Dillenbourg. Η αλληλεπίδραση και η συνεργασία οδηγούν σε καλύτερα μαθησιακά αποτελέσματα. Η συνεργασία μέσω Μέσων Κοινωνικής Δικτύωσης ενισχύει την ατομική επίδοση, παρά τη μεγάλη μεταβλητότητα, καθώς και την επίδοση της ομάδας. Η πλειοψηφία των συμμετεχόντων φοιτητών προτιμά να συνεργάζεται για την εκπόνηση των εργασιών και εκφράζει την πρόθεσή της για επικοινωνία και για συνεργατική μάθηση μέσω Μέσων Κοινωνικής Δικτύωσης.