bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The feasibility of polypill for cardiovascular disease prevention in Asian Population
Authors: Sukonthasarn Apichard , Chia Yook‐Chin , Wang Ji‐Guang , Nailes Jennifer , Buranakitjaroen Peera , Van Minh Huynh , Verma Narsingh , Hoshide Satoshi , Shin Jinho , Turana Yuda , Tay Jam Chin , Teo Boon Wee , Siddique Saulat , Sison Jorge , Zhang Yu‐Qing , Wang Tzung‐Dau , Chen Chen‐Huan , Kario Kazuomi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPolypill is a fixed‐dose combination of medications with proven benefits for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Its role in CVD prevention has been extensively debated since the inception of this concept in 2003. There are two major kinds of polypills in clinical studies. The first is polypill that combines multiple low‐dose medications for controlling only one CVD risk factor (such as high blood pressure or high serum cholesterol). These “single‐purpose” polypills were mostly developed from original producers and have higher cost. The polypill that combines 3‐4 pharmaceutical components, each with potential to reduce one major cardiovascular risk factors is “multi‐purpose” or “cardiovascular” polypill. Using data from various clinical trials and from meta‐analysis, Wald and Law claimed that this “cardiovascular” polypill when administered to every individual older than 55 years could reduce the incidence of CVD by more than 80%. Several short and intermediate to long‐term studies with different cardiovascular polypills in phase II and III trials showed that they could provide better adherence, equivalent, or better risk factor control and quality of life among users as compared to usual care. One recently published randomized controlled clinical trial demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of a four‐component polypill for both primary and secondary CVD prevention with acceptable number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one major cardiovascular event. Considering the slow achievement of CVD prevention in many poor‐ and middle‐income Asian countries and also the need to further improve compliance of antihypertensive and lipid lowering medications in many high‐income Asian countries, the concept of “cardiovascular polypill” could be very useful. With further support from ongoing polypill cardiovascular outcome trials, polypill could be the foundation of the population‐based strategies for CVD prevention.
Effects of cytomegalovirus infection on extravillous trophoblast cells invasion and immune function of NK cells at the maternal‐fetal interface
Authors: Lin Xiaoqian , Chen Yusha , Fang Zhuanji , Chen Qingshan , Chen Lichun , Han Qing , Yan Jianying 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most common intrauterine infection virus, which can cause intrauterine transmission through the placenta, resulting in abortion, stillbirth and congenital malformations. In this study, the co‐culture extravillous trophoblast (EVT) HTR8/SVneo cell model of CMV infection was established in vitro. The toxicity of CMV infected EVT was determined, and then, the cell invasion experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect on the invasion ability of EVT cell lines. Western blot and real‐time PCR were used to detect the related cytokines in the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect the immune function related factors of the supernatant of CMV culture on decidual NK cells. The TCID50 of CMV virus was 10−5.4. The results of immunofluorescence showed that a large number of fluorescent green of CMV pp65 antigen signals appeared in the cytoplasm of CMV infection group. CMV could infect and replicate EVT cells and inhibited cell proliferation. The expression of proteins PDK1, AKT‐S473 and AKT‐S308 was significantly increased in CMV infection group. The levels of IL‐17, IL‐4 and IFN‐γ were 8.7 ± 0.48%, 12.17 ± 0.61% and 6.66 ± 0.25%, respectively, in CMV infection group. The above results indicated that CMV infection inhibited EVT cells proliferation, weakened the invasion ability and inhibited the immune function of NK cells at the maternal‐fetal interface, resulting in the abnormal maternal‐fetal crosstalk.
Mapping the EU tomato supply chain from farm to fork for greenhouse gas emission mitigation strategies
Authors: Xue Li , Cao Zhi , Scherhaufer Silvia , Östergren Karin , Cheng Shengkui , Liu Gang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTomato and tomato products are the most consumed vegetables worldwide. However, reduction of their relatively high emission intensity can be a key to mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the agrifood sector. Using the European Union (EU) and its 28 member states as example, we mapped the mass flow and analyzed the efficiency of the entire tomato supply chain from farm to fork for the year 2016. We then explored potentials of a full spectrum of GHG emission mitigation strategies ranging from production‐efficiency improvement to process optimization, food‐waste reduction, trade‐pattern change, and diet‐structure change, both individually and in an integrated framework. The results showed that 63% of tomato loss and waste occurred at the processing and consumption stages (over half in Italy and Spain), and 54% of GHG emissions were from production (notably greenhouse based). Although the reduction of tomato products consumption (considered as the substitution by other vegetables) presented the highest potential of emissions reduction, reducing retailing and consumption waste were found to have great effect on GHG emissions reduction as well for all EU member states, especially for United Kingdom and Germany. The combined effects of different mitigation strategies with high levels of change could reduce GHG emissions by 39% compared to the current level.
Three‐dimensional reconstruction and comparison of vacuolar membranes in response to viral infection
Authors: Wang Xueting , Ma Juncai , Jin Xuejiao , Yue Ning , Gao Peng , Mai Keith Ka Ki , Wang Xian‐Bing , Li Dawei , Kang Byung‐Ho , Zhang Yongliang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe vacuole is a unique plant organelle that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under various environmental stress conditions. However, the effects of biotic stress on vacuole structure has not been examined using three‐dimensional (3D) visualization. Here, we performed 3D electron tomography to compare the ultrastructural changes in the vacuole during infection with different viruses. The 3D models revealed that vacuoles are remodeled in cells infected with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) or tobacco necrosis virus A Chinese isolate (TNV‐AC), resulting in the formation of spherules at the periphery of the vacuole. These spherules contain neck‐like channels that connect their interior with the cytosol. Confocal microscopy of CMV replication proteins 1a and 2a and TNV‐AC auxiliary replication protein p23 showed that all of these proteins localize to the tonoplast. Electron microscopy revealed that the expression of these replication proteins alone is sufficient to induce spherule formation on the tonoplast, suggesting that these proteins play prominent roles in inducing vacuolar membrane remodeling. This is the first report of the 3D structures of viral replication factories built on the tonoplasts. These findings contribute to our understanding of vacuole biogenesis under normal conditions and during assembly of plant (+) RNA virus replication complexes.
Association Between Witnessing and Justifying Workplace Violence Towards Nurses in Israel
Authors: Amit‐Aharon Anat , Warshawski Sigalit , Itzhaki Michal 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundWorkplace violence perpetrated by patients and their families towards nurses has become a global problem.PurposeThe present study explores associations between individuals’ having witnessed violent incidents in the past and holding attitudes justifying violence in the present, and their intention to behave violently in a nurse‐patient interaction at a healthcare facility.DesignA cross‐sectional study sampled 1,350 participants from among the general public in Israel.MethodsA self‐administered questionnaire measured attitudes regarding violence towards nurses and confronted the participants with two vignettes eliciting verbal and physical violence towards nurses. Multiple logistic regression was conducted to explore the association between attitudes and intention to act violently. A mediation analysis (using the PROCESS macro) was conducted to explore the mediation factors.ResultsOver half of the participants witnessed an incident of verbal violence in health care and substantially fewer witnessed a physically violent event (51.5% and 16.1%, respectively). An attitude of highly justifying violence was found to be directly associated with the intention to act verbally and physically violent. Past witnessing of verbal or physical violence in healthcare settings had an indirect association through an attitude that justifies violence, which served as a mediating factor for the intention to act verbally and physically violent in a situation presented via the vignettes.ConclusionsWitnessing a violent event in healthcare systems has social consequences that may cause normalization of violence and lead to the intention to use verbal or even physical violence towards nurses.Clinical RelevanceNurses should be encouraged to report incidents of violence, while healthcare and judicial systems must address this issue seriously. It is recommended that systems alerting for risk indicators be applied, to identify patients with a potential for violence in healthcare facilities. Healthcare policymakers and workers must act to promote an environment of zero tolerance for violence in order to minimize such events. In order to prevent violence towards healthcare staff, a holistic multisystem approach should be implemented, involving a focus by sociocultural elements on social values and structures, as violence in healthcare reflects violence in society at large.
Current and emerging concepts in biological and analytical variation applied in clinical practice
Authors: Flatland Bente , Baral Randolph M. , Freeman Kathleen P. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA single laboratory result actually represents a range of possible values, and a given laboratory result is impacted not just by the presence or absence of disease, but also by biological variation of the measurand in question and analytical variation of the equipment used to make the measurement. Biological variation refers to variability in measurand concentration or activity around a homeostatic set point. Knowledge of biological and analytical variation can be used to facilitate interpretation of patient clinicopathologic data and is particularly useful for interpreting serial patient data and data at or near reference limits or clinical decision thresholds. Understanding how biological and analytical variation impact laboratory results is of increasing importance, because veterinarians evaluate serial data from individual patients, interpret data from multiple testing sites, and use expert consensus guidelines that include decision thresholds for clinicopathologic data interpretation. The purpose of our report is to review current and emerging concepts in biological and analytical variation and discuss how biological and analytical variation data can be used to facilitate clinicopathologic data interpretation. Inclusion of veterinary clinical pathologists having expertise in laboratory quality management and biological variation on research teams and veterinary practice guideline development teams is recommended, to ensure that various considerations for clinicopathologic data interpretation are addressed.
Diversity of gut microbiomes in marine fishes is shaped by host‐related factors
Authors: Huang Qi , Sham Ronia C. , Deng Yu , Mao Yanping , Wang Chunxiao , Zhang Tong , Leung Kenneth M. Y. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMicroorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of animals play vital roles in food digestion, homeostasis and immune response regulation. Globally, there are 33,700 fish species, representing almost half of all vertebrate diversity and a wide range of physiologies, ecologies and life histories. To investigate gut microbiomes with high coverage, we performed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing with 115 samples of 20 common marine fish species. The fish gut microbiome is a remarkably simple community with low microbial diversity (a maximum of 300 amplicon sequence variants only) and has up to 70% of unknown species in some fish species. The gut microbial community structure was significantly shaped by the combined influence of host‐associated factors, including the fish taxon (p < .001, R2 = 0.16, ω2 = 0.04), feeding habit (p < .001, R2 = 0.06, ω2 = 0.02) and trophic level (p < .01, R2 = 0.04, ω2 = 0.01), although the influence was subtle with a small effect size. The core gut microbiomes of different feeding habits were also previously discovered in animal‐associated and corresponding habitat samples. Certain energy metabolism pathways were enriched in herbivore/omnivore and zooplanktivore/zoobenthivore fishes, whereas lipid metabolism and glycan metabolism were enriched in zoobenthivore/piscivore fishes. Moreover, substantial taxonomic variability was found between the gut microbiomes of fish and animals, indicated by their low degree of shared microbiota. The data and observations reported herein pave the way for further investigations on the co‐evolution of fish gut microbiomes and their hosts, the physiological functions of gut microorganisms and the development of probiotics for improving the nutrition and health of aquaculture fish species.
The development of Gaussian process regression for effective regional post‐earthquake building damage inference
Authors: Sheibani Mohamadreza , Ou Ge 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPost‐earthquake reconnaissance survey of structural damage is an effective way of documenting and understanding the impact of earthquakes on structures. This article aims at providing an efficient data‐based framework that reduces the required time for reconnaissance missions and predicts the damage intensities for every building in the affected region. We hypothesize that a joint selection of necessary structural and earthquake parameters along with sparse damage observations are sufficient to train a supervised learning algorithm and accurately infer the damage for other buildings in the region. Gaussian process regression is employed to prove the hypothesis for probabilistic inference of different damage indices. The algorithm performs efficiently by selecting a set of diverse and representative buildings for damage observations using K‐medoids clustering. To validate the hypothesis and the proposed method, the algorithm framework is implemented on two severe earthquake simulation testbeds. The impacts of different building and ground motion variables on the damage inference performance are discussed. Furthermore, the effectiveness of observation sampling by clustering in the post‐earthquake damage inference is compared with random sampling.
Genome‐wide identification of Streptococcus sanguinis fitness genes in human serum and discovery of potential selective drug targets
Authors: Zhu Bin , Green Shannon P. , Ge Xiuchun , Puccio Tanya , Nadhem Haider , Ge Henry , Bao Liang , Kitten Todd , Xu Ping 
Published: October 2020

AbstractStreptococcus sanguinis is a primary colonizer of teeth and is associated with oral health. When it enters the bloodstream, however, this bacterium may cause the serious illness infective endocarditis. The genes required for survival and proliferation in blood have not been identified. The products of these genes could provide a rich source of targets for endocarditis‐specific antibiotics possessing greater efficacy for endocarditis, and also little or no activity against those bacteria that remain in the mouth. We previously created a comprehensive library of S. sanguinis mutants lacking every nonessential gene. We have now screened each member of this library for growth in human serum and discovered 178 mutants with significant abundance changes. The main biological functions disrupted in these mutants, including purine metabolism, were highlighted via network analysis. The components of an ECF‐family transporter were required for growth in serum and were shown for the first time in any bacterium to be essential for endocarditis virulence. We also identified two mutants whose growth was reduced in serum but not in saliva. This strategy promises to enable selective targeting of bacteria based on their location in the body, in this instance, treating or preventing endocarditis while leaving the oral microbiome intact.
Chorismate mutase and isochorismatase, two potential effectors of the migratory nematode Hirschmanniella oryzae, increase host susceptibility by manipulating secondary metabolite content of rice
Authors: Bauters Lander , Kyndt Tina , De Meyer Tim , Morreel Kris , Boerjan Wout , Lefevere Hannes , Gheysen Godelieve 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHirschmanniella oryzae is one of the most devastating nematodes on rice, leading to substantial yield losses. Effector proteins aid the nematode during the infection process by subduing plant defence responses. In this research we characterized two potential H. oryzae effector proteins, chorismate mutase (HoCM) and isochorismatase (HoICM), and investigated their enzymatic activity and their role in plant immunity. Both HoCM and HoICM proved to be enzymatically active in complementation tests in mutant Escherichia coli strains. Infection success by the migratory nematode H. oryzae was significantly higher in transgenic rice lines constitutively expressing HoCM or HoICM. Expression of HoCM, but not HoICM, increased rice susceptibility against the sedentary nematode Meloidogyne graminicola also. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses indicated reductions in secondary metabolites in the transgenic rice plants expressing the potential nematode effectors. The results presented here demonstrate that both HoCM and HoICM suppress the host immune system and that this may be accomplished by lowering secondary metabolite levels in the plant.
Antifungal susceptibility testing of dermatophytes: Development and evaluation of an optimised broth microdilution method
Authors: Curatolo Riccardo , Juricevic Nada , Leong Cheryl , Bosshard Philipp P. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundDermatophytosis is one of the most common infections affecting 3%–17% of the population. Resistance to antifungals so far was not of concern in the therapeutic management. However, recent reports of terbinafine‐resistant strains in several countries are worrisome making antifungal susceptibility testing inevitable.ObjectivesWe aimed to develop and evaluate an optimised broth microdilution assay for antifungal drug susceptibility testing of dermatophytes.MethodsWe first studied the effect of different inocula, incubation temperatures and incubation times to establish an optimised assay. Subsequently, we tested 79 clinical strains of 11 dermatophyte species with 13 antifungals.ResultsWe found inoculating with 0.5–5 × 104 colony forming units (CFU) and incubating at 29°C ± 1°C for 4 days to be appropriate. Terbinafine was the most active antifungal agent with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ≤ 0.06 µg/mL, expect for one resistant T mentagrophytes strain, which was isolated from an Indian patient. Also, a majority of MICs of other antifungals that are commonly used to treat dermatophytosis were low, except those of fluconazole. Fluconazole MICs do not correlate with the good efficacy in the clinical management.ConclusionsOur assay enables fast and reliable susceptibility testing of dermatophytes with a large panel of different antifungals. This helps to improve the therapeutic management of dermatophytosis by detecting resistant strains.
Suspected COVID‐19‐related reticulated purpura of the soles in an infant
Authors: Andina David , Colmenero Isabel , Santonja Carlos , Muñoz de León Irene , Noguera‐Morel Lucero , Hernández‐Martín Angela , Torrelo Antonio 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA growing number of skin lesions during the COVID‐19 pandemic are being recognized. Acral ischemic lesions identical to chilblains are most typical in children and young adults. We report an infant girl, aged 1 month and 29 days, with a peculiar reticulated purpuric eruption on her soles, with positive immunohistochemistry for SARS‐CoV‐2 in the endothelia of dermal blood vessels. The patient had an excellent outcome without specific therapy.
Clinical, trichoscopy, and light microscopic findings in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: Report of 21 patients and a review of the literature
Authors: Peña‐Romero Adriana Guadalupe , Sáez‐de‐Ocariz Marimar , Toussaint‐Caire Sonia , Morán‐Villaseñor Edna , Orozco‐Covarrubias Luz , Durán‐McKinster Carola 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionHypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a genetic condition typified by alterations in skin structures including sweat glands, hair, nails, and teeth. Hair findings in HED have been poorly characterized in larger series.ObjectiveTo characterize scalp and hair findings of patients with HED clinically and with trichoscopy and light microscopy.MethodsA cross‐sectional study in 21 pediatric HED patients was performed using available clinical and scalp dermatoscopic images, as well as pulled‐hair samples for clinical evaluation, trichoscopic, and light microscopic analyses.ResultsSeventeen out of 21 patients (81%) were men. Twenty patients had straight hair. Sixteen patients had decreased hair density, 6 of whom had hair loss mainly in the temporal and occipital regions. Fourteen patients had hair whorls. On trichoscopy, we observed: single‐hair follicular units (n = 19, 90%), scalp hyperpigmentation (n = 13, 62%), variable diameter of the hair shafts (n = 12, 57%), perifollicular scales (n = 8, 38%), scalp erythema (n = 8, 38%), and short curly pigtail hairs (n = 6, 29%). On light microscopy, findings included: hair shafts with irregular diameter (n = 7, 33%), heterogeneous hair color (n = 6, 29%), trichoptilosis (n = 2, 10%), and pili torti (n = 1, 5%).ConclusionsIn this series, hair findings in HED were similar to those described in previous studies. However, we describe two new clinical and two trichoscopic findings: decreased hair density mainly in the temporal and occipital regions, oblique upwards occipital hair follicles orientation, angled hairs, and short curly pigtail hairs. These heterogeneous findings may reflect the multiple factors and signaling pathways that can be affected in these syndromes.
Implementing best‐practice with a local syringe service program: Needs‐based syringe distribution
Authors: Turner‐Bicknell Tasha 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cite access to sterile syringes as a key component of a comprehensive strategy aimed at limiting the spread of infectious disease among people who inject drugs (CDC, 2020, America’s drug overdose epidemic: Data to action). In an effort to implement best‐practice, inform stakeholders, and improve the current availability of services, a needs‐based syringe distribution model was piloted at one local syringe service program.DesignA needs‐based syringe distribution model was piloted at one syringe program location for 5 months. An analysis of pre‐ and post‐implementation program utilization data was conducted.SampleInclusion criteria included current participation in syringe service programs at the identified location. Participants from other locations were excluded.MeasurementsThe following program utilization measures were analyzed: volume of syringes distributed, new client enrollment, routine client visits, and utilization of ancillary services such as on‐site testing and naloxone distribution.ResultsEngagement increased across all four program utilization measures during the implementation of needs‐based distribution.ConclusionsImplementation of a needs‐based syringe distribution model can increase the effectiveness of syringe service programs by increasing individual syringe coverage, which reduces high‐risk injection behavior, such as syringe reuse and sharing.