bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Association Between Grip Strength Measured in Childhood, Young- and Mid-adulthood and Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes in Mid-adulthood
Authors: Fraser Brooklyn J. , Blizzard Leigh , Buscot Marie-Jeanne , Schmidt Michael D. , Dwyer Terence , Venn Alison J. , Magnussen Costan G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Although low child and adult grip strength is associated with adverse cardiometabolic health, how grip strength across the life course associates with type 2 diabetes is unknown. This study identified the relative contribution of grip strength measured at specific life stages (childhood, young adulthood, mid-adulthood) with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes in mid-adulthood.

Methods
Between 1985 and 2019, 263 participants had their grip strength measured using an isometric dynamometer in childhood (9–15 years), young adulthood (28–36 years) and mid-adulthood (38–49 years). In mid-adulthood, a fasting blood sample was collected and tested for glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Participants were categorized as having prediabetes or type 2 diabetes if fasting glucose levels were ≥ 5.6 mmol or if HbA1c levels were ≥ 5.7% (≥ 39 mmol/mol). A Bayesian relevant life course exposure model examined the association between lifelong grip strength and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes.

Results
Grip strength at each time point was equally associated with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes in mid-adulthood (childhood: 37%, young adulthood: 36%, mid-adulthood: 28%). A one standard deviation increase in cumulative grip strength was associated with 34% reduced odds of prediabetes or type 2 diabetes in mid-adulthood (OR 0.66, 95% credible interval 0.40, 0.98).

Conclusions
Greater grip strength across the life course could protect against the development of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Strategies aimed at increasing muscular strength in childhood and maintaining behaviours to improve strength into adulthood could improve future cardiometabolic health.

Video abstract
Autoregulation in Resistance Training: Addressing the Inconsistencies
Authors: Greig Leon , Stephens Hemingway Ben Hayden , Aspe Rodrigo R. , Cooper Kay , Comfort Paul , Swinton Paul A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAutoregulation is a process that is used to manipulate training based primarily on the measurement of an individual’s performance or their perceived capability to perform. Despite being established as a training framework since the 1940s, there has been limited systematic research investigating its broad utility. Instead, researchers have focused on disparate practices that can be considered specific examples of the broader autoregulation training framework. A primary limitation of previous research includes inconsistent use of key terminology (e.g., adaptation, readiness, fatigue, and response) and associated ambiguity of how to implement different autoregulation strategies. Crucially, this ambiguity in terminology and failure to provide a holistic overview of autoregulation limits the synthesis of existing research findings and their dissemination to practitioners working in both performance and health contexts. Therefore, the purpose of the current review was threefold: first, we provide a broad overview of various autoregulation strategies and their development in both research and practice whilst highlighting the inconsistencies in definitions and terminology that currently exist. Second, we present an overarching conceptual framework that can be used to generate operational definitions and contextualise autoregulation within broader training theory. Finally, we show how previous definitions of autoregulation fit within the proposed framework and provide specific examples of how common practices may be viewed, highlighting their individual subtleties.
Electrochemical Approaches for Material Conservation: Experimental and Theoretical Insights Using a Biopolymer
Authors: Pais Mikitha , Rao Padmalatha 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMaltodextrin (MLD) is introduced as a novel, potent green inhibitor for the corrosion control of zinc in 0.1 sulfamic acid. The corrosion and inhibition studies were done by electrochemical techniques such as potentiodynamic polarisation measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique. Conditions were optimised to get maximum inhibition efficiency by varying the concentration of the inhibitor in the temperature range of 303–323 K. Activation and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated and discussed in detail. Suitable mechanism was proposed for corrosion and inhibition process. Surface characterisation was done by SEM, EDX and AFM techniques before and after the addition of inhibitor. The density functional theory calculations were performed and compared with experimental observations. Results indicated that inhibition efficiency increased with the temperature and inhibitor concentration. Maximum inhibition efficiency was found to be 62.3% for the addition of 0.4 g L−1 MLD. Theoretical calculations confirmed the experimental observations.
The Clash of Powers in Poland’s Rule of Law Crisis: Tools of Attack and Self-Defense
Authors: Matczak Marcin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMany people must be wondering how it is possible that Poland, not so long ago hailed for its exemplary transition from a communist dictatorship to a liberal democracy, could have so swiftly descended into authoritarianism via a crisis in the rule of law. The majority of commentators point to the size and ferocity of the attack on those mechanisms meant to safeguard the rule of law, whereas few focus on the weakness of their defence. This article attempts to redress that imbalance. The crucial facts of the Polish crisis are first presented, and the nature of both the attacks on the rule of law in Poland and the measures taken in its defence are then presented. In describing their defence, this article not only draws on Nicholas Barber’s concept of the self-defence of institutions, but attempts to improve upon it in the light of the Polish crisis. Further in the article, I argue that one of the reasons for the success of the assault on the rule of law is the formalistic legal mindset that is prevalent among Polish lawyers. This mindset is characterized by a reductionism of the interpretative premises to be applied when deciding constitutional cases. This reductionism is conspicuous in the application of bright-line rules with no consideration of general constitutional principles. I argue that the development of a robust, non-formalistic methodology of legal decision-making is a prerequisite for a successful defence of the rule of law.
Die bundesdeutsche Wehrpflichtaussetzung durch Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg. Alles eine Frage des Narrativs?
Authors: Schummers Timo 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDie im Jahr 2010 vom damaligen Bundesminister der Verteidigung, Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg (CSU), ergriffene Initiative zur Aussetzung der allgemeinen Wehrpflicht stellte eine Zäsur dar, die nur von den wenigsten Beobachtern zuvor erwartet worden war. Schließlich brach die ein Jahr später beschlossene Aussetzung des Wehrdienstes mit einer politisch-militärischen Kontinuitätslinie, die in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland seit 1956 Bestand hatte. Der vorliegende Beitrag wählt eine narrationsanalytische Perspektive, um zu untersuchen, inwiefern es zu Guttenberg durch die Verwendung zusammenhängender sprachlich-erzählerischer Muster gelang, das lange als politisches Tabuthema geltende Vorhaben schlussendlich als „Wehrrechtsänderungsgesetz 2011“ durchzusetzen. Ziel ist es, die erzählerischen Kontinuitäten, aber auch (überraschenden) Wendungen aufzuzeigen, die es ermöglichten, einen für die militärische Zukunft Deutschlands bedeutsamen Politikwechsel zu vollziehen. Dabei wird ersichtlich werden, dass zu Guttenberg für sein Vorhaben anfangs insbesondere finanzpolitische Argumente anführte, während später vor allem sicherheits- sowie gesellschaftspolitische Begründungsstrukturen bedeutungstragend wurden.
Polypharmacy, benzodiazepines, and antidepressants, but not antipsychotics, are associated with increased falls risk in UK care home residents: a prospective multi-centre study
Authors: Izza Madeline A. D. , Lunt Eleanor , Gordon Adam L. , Gladman John R. F. , Armstrong Sarah , Logan Pip 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Falls and polypharmacy are both common in care home residents. Deprescribing of medications in residents with increased falls risk is encouraged. Psychotropic medications are known to increase falls risk in older adults. These drugs are often used in care home residents for depression, anxiety, and behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. However, a few studies have explored the link between polypharmacy, psychotropic medications, and falls risk in care home residents.

Methods
This was a prospective cohort study of residents from 84 UK care homes. Data were collected from residents’ care records and medication administration records. Age, diagnoses, gender, number of medications, and number of psychotropic medications were collected at baseline and residents were monitored over three months for occurrence of falls. Logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of multiple medications and psychotropic medication on falls whilst adjusting for confounders.

Results
Of the 1655 participants, mean age 85 (SD 8.9) years, 67.9% female, 519 (31%) fell in 3 months. Both the total number of regular drugs prescribed and taking ≥ 1 regular psychotropic medication were independent risk factors for falling (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.06 (95% CI 1.03–1.09, p < 0.01) and 1.39 (95% CI 1.10–1.76, p < 0.01), respectively). The risk of falls was higher in those taking antidepressants (p < 0.01) and benzodiazepines (p < 0.01) but not antipsychotics (p > 0.05).

Conclusion
In UK care homes, number of medications and psychotropic medications (particularly antidepressants and benzodiazepines) predicted falls. This information can be used to inform prescribing and deprescribing decisions.
Flexural Performance of Steel–FRP Composites for Automotive Applications
Authors: Lin Ye , Min Junying , Teng Hao , Lin Jianping , Hu Jiahao , Xu Nanjie 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe design of hybrid structure offers an attractive solution to enhance strength and structural stiffness as well as to achieve lightweight effect and cost reduction. The applications of steel–FRP (fiber-reinforced polymer) composites in transportation and civil engineering have been comprehensively reviewed. In order to apply hybrid structures to car body parts such as B-pillar, flexural performance of steel–FRP composites is investigated by means of three-point bending test in this study. An analytical model is deduced to calculate the initial stiffness, the bending load and the energy absorption of steel–FRP composites. Steel–CFRP (carbon fiber-reinforced polymer) and steel–AFRP (aramid fiber-reinforced polymer) composites are experimentally studied and discussed. The results demonstrate that the steel–FRP composites exhibit significantly higher load-carrying capabilities and initial stiffnesses along with larger energy absorptions in the bending process compared to the single steel sheet.
Using a process improvement approach to identifying barriers to research in a CTSA hub environment
Authors: Grabenstetter Douglas , Rashid Ramez , Whittle Jeff 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
For the past 4 years, as part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) grant award number UL1TR001436, the Clinical Translational Science Institute of Southeast Wisconsin (CTSI) has used process engineering approaches to identify and understand barriers that local researchers and other stakeholders face when engaging in clinical and translational science. We describe these approaches and present preliminary results. We identified barriers from published and unpublished work at other CTSA hubs, supplemented by surveys and semi-structured interviews of CTSI faculty. We then used a multifaceted approach to organize, visualize, and analyze the barriers. We have identified 27 barriers to date. We ranked their priority for CTSI to address based on the barrier’s impact, the feasibility of intervention, and whether addressing the barrier aligned with CTSI’s institutional role. This approach provides a systematic framework to scope and address the “barriers to research problem” at CTSI institutions.
EHR phenotyping for research recruitment: Researcher, IRB, and physician perspectives on approaches to contacting patients
Authors: Beskow Laura M. , Brelsford Kathleen M. , Hammack-Aviran Catherine M. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Failure to achieve accrual goals is a common problem in health-related research. Electronic health records represent a promising resource, offering the ability to identify a precisely defined cohort of patients who meet inclusion/exclusion criteria. However, challenges associated with the recruitment process remain and institutional policies vary.

Methods:
We interviewed researchers, institutional review board chairs, and primary care physicians in North Carolina and Tennessee. Questions focused on strategies for initiating contact with potentially eligible patients, as well as recruitment letters asking recipients to opt in versus opt out of further communication.

Results:
When we asked about initiating contact with prospective participants, qualitative themes included trust, credibility, and established relationships; research efficiency and validity; privacy and autonomy; the intersection between research and clinical care; and disruption to physician–researcher and physician–patient relationships. All interviewees said it was acceptable for researchers to contact patients through their physicians; most said it was acceptable for researchers to contact patients directly. Over half chose contact through physicians as more appropriate. Regarding recruitment letters, qualitative themes included the quality of the participant pool; privacy and control; research efficiency and representativeness; and patients’ opportunity to make their own decisions. All interviewees said asking recipients to opt in to further communication was acceptable; nearly all said opt out was acceptable. Similar proportions chose each approach as more appropriate.

Conclusions:
Comparing these results to our previous research with patients reveals potential differences in stakeholder perspectives. We offer suggestions for developing balanced approaches that respect patients and facilitate the advancement of science.
Laboratory-based study of novel antimicrobial cold spray coatings to combat surface microbial contamination
Authors: Lucas M.D.I. , Botef I. , Reid R. G. , van Vuuren S. F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:To investigate the touch-contact antimicrobial efficacy of novel cold spray surface coatings composed of copper and silver metals, regard to their rate of microbial elimination.Design:Antimicrobial time-kill assay.Setting:Laboratory-based study.Methods:An adapted time-kill assay was conducted to characterize the antimicrobial efficacy of the developed coatings. A simulated touch-contact pathogenic exposure to Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and the yeast Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), as well as corresponding resistant strains of gentamicin-methicillin–resistant S. aureus (ATCC 33592), azlocillin-carbenicillin–resistant P. aeruginosa (DSM 46316), and a fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strain was undertaken. Linear regression modeling was used to deduce microbial reduction rates.Results:A >7 log reduction in microbial colony forming units was achieved within minutes on surfaces with cold spray coatings compared to a single log bacterial reduction on copper metal sheets within a 3 hour contact period. Copper-coated 3-dimensional (3D) printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) achieved complete microbial elimination against all tested pathogens within a 15 minute exposure period. Similarly, a copper-on-copper coating achieved microbial elimination within 10 minutes and within 5 minutes with the addition of silver powder as a 5 wt% coating constituent.Conclusions:In response to the global need for alternative solutions for infection control and prevention, these effective antimicrobial surface coatings were proposed. A longitudinal study is the next step toward technology integration.
Late Miocene remains from Venta del Moro (Iberian Peninsula) provide further insights on the dispersal of crocodiles across the late Miocene Tethys
Authors: Delfino Massimo , Luján Àngel H. , Abella Juan , Alba David M. , Böhme Madelaine , Pérez-Ramos Alejandro , Tschopp Emanuel , Morales Jorge , Montoya Plini 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe dispersal of Crocodylus from Africa to Europe during the Miocene is not well understood. A small collection of cranial fragments and postcranial elements from the latest Miocene (6.2 Ma) site of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain) have previously been referred to Crocodylus cf. C. checchiai Maccagno, 1947 without accompanying descriptions. Here we describe and figure for the first time the crocodylian remains from Venta del Moro, which represent at least two individuals. Our comparisons indicate that this material clearly does not belong to Diplocynodon or Tomistoma—the only two other crocodylians described so far for the European late Miocene. The material is only tentatively referred to cf. Crocodylus sp. because the apomorphies of this genus are not preserved and a referral to C. checchiai cannot be supported on a morphological basis. However, it is likely that this late Miocene species, originally described from Libya (As Sahabi) and later identified also in Kenya, could have dispersed across the Mediterranean Basin multiple times and colonized the southern areas of Mediterranean Europe, as evidenced by several Crocodylus or Crocodylus-like remains described during the past years.
FROM LAND AND SEA: OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES OF DIRECTLY DATING DOG REMAINS ON POLYNESIAN ISLANDS
Authors: Cramb Justin , Hadden Carla S 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTRecent archaeological excavations on Rakahanga Atoll, Northern Cook Islands, produced one of the earliest examples of dog (Canis familiaris) remains found on East Polynesian atolls. Direct dating of these and other Pacific Island fauna by AMS is complicated by a number of factors. (1) The animals’ diets may consist of marine and terrestrial protein. (2) Marine 14C is itself a mix of carbon pools with localized offsets that vary over time and space. (3) The region is potentially impacted by inter-hemispheric mixing of atmospheric 14C. Stable isotope analysis of gelatin extracted from dog teeth was used to estimate marine/terrestrial dietary components and paired terrestrial and marine samples were used to constrain local atmospheric and marine carbon offsets. The dates were modeled as a phase in a Bayesian chronological framework using mixed calibration curves. The resulting models confirm the presence of dogs on Rakahanga shortly after the initial colonization of the region and suggest that dogs were among the species that accompanied voyagers as they discovered and settled new islands. These methods can be applied to accurately date any marine-influenced terrestrial vertebrate remains in Remote Oceania.
Effects of dietary terrestrial oils supplemented with l-carnitine on growth, antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism and inflammation in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)
Authors: Li Xueshan , Chen Qiang , Chen Qiuchi , Mai Kangsen , Ai Qinghui 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe present study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary terrestrial oils (TO) supplemented with l-carnitine on growth performance, biochemical and antioxidant response, lipid metabolism and inflammation in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Three iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic experimental diets were formulated with FO (fish oil, the control group), 75 % TO (75 % FO was substituted by the oil mixture with equal amounts of soyabean oil, linseed oil and pork lard) and 75 % TOC (75 % TO supplemented with 800 mg/kg l-carnitine). Compared with the control group, feed efficiency ratio and specific growth rate were significantly increased in fish fed diets with 75 % TO and 75 % TOC. Hepatic lipid content, serum TAG level, LDL-cholesterol level and the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes (tnfα and ifnγ) were significantly increased in fish fed the diet with 75 % TO compared with the control group. However, the supplementation of 800 mg/kg l-carnitine in the 75 % TO diet repressed hepatic lipid content, serum LDL-cholesterol level and the mRNA expression of tnfα and ifnγ in fish compared with fish fed the diet with 75 % TO. Total antioxidant capacity, the activity of superoxide dismutase, the mRNA expression of cpt-I and the activity of CPT-I were significantly increased in fish fed the diet with 75 % TOC compared with 75 % TO. In conclusion, these results suggested that the supplementation of 800 mg/kg l-carnitine in the diet with TO mixture could increase growth, antioxidant capacity and fatty acid oxidation and decrease the expression of inflammatory genes in large yellow croaker.
Relativistic longitudinal self-compression of ultra-intense Gaussian laser pulses in magnetized plasma
Authors: Purohit Gunjan , Rawat Priyanka , Kothiyal Pradeep , Sharma Ramesh Kumar 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article presents a preliminary study of the longitudinal self-compression of ultra-intense Gaussian laser pulse in a magnetized plasma, when relativistic nonlinearity is active. This study has been carried out in 1D geometry under a nonlinear Schrodinger equation and higher-order paraxial (nonparaxial) approximation. The nonlinear differential equations for self-compression and self-focusing have been derived and solved by the analytical and numerical methods. The dielectric function and the eikonal have been expanded up to the fourth power of r (radial distance). The effect of initial parameters, namely incident laser intensity, magnetic field, and initial pulse duration on the compression of a relativistic Gaussian laser pulse have been explored. The results are compared with paraxial-ray approximation. It is found that the compression of pulse and pulse intensity of the compressed pulse is significantly enhanced in the nonparaxial region. It is observed that the compression of the high-intensity laser pulse depends on the intensity of laser beam (a0), magnetic field (ωc), and initial pulse width (τ0). The preliminary results show that the pulse is more compressed by increasing the values of a0, ωc, and τ0.
Inertial fusion without compression does not work either with or without nanoplasmonics
Authors: Földes I. B. , Pokol G. I. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA recently published scheme for inertial fusion based on instantaneous heating of an uncompressed fuel is criticized. It is shown that efficient fusion and “time-like” fusion burn propagation cannot be realized due to the low nuclear reaction cross-sections. The suggested use of nanospheres inside the volume of the target to support the fast heating of the fuel is also questioned.