bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Game design and the Semantic CAT Method for journalism
Authors: Dowd Cate 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Future semantic learning systems for journalism should aim to integrate the values of the domain by using an ontological approach and a participatory design method like the Semantic CAT Method (Dowd). This method draws on game design and contextual approaches, as well as language structures. A focus on language and game design methods can work for semantic ends as well as modelling game-play. Ambiguity in design is also informative, but an ontology approach sorts language ambiguities, such as the same word with different connotations for journalism, social media, and public relations. It also helps to reveal domain characteristics that put journalism in a new light. The Trigger documents in the CAT Method include a focus on potential data and are scaffolded in participatory workshops. They include tasks for drawing and labelling typical scenarios in journalism, as well as UML diagrams for logic in processes, producing good results for an ontological base for journalism.
“I Think We Got Away with It”
Authors: Verdier Pierre-Hugues 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the enforcement campaign against manipulation of interest rate and foreign exchange benchmarks by traders and other employees of global banks. After reviewing the history, functioning, and weaknesses of LIBOR, the world’s most important interest rate benchmark, the chapter relates how the banking industry, banking regulators, and central bankers responded ineffectively to signs of LIBOR manipulation that emerged in 2008. By contrast, robust enforcement actions spearheaded by the U.S. Department of Justice and the Commodities Futures Trading Commission, beginning with the Barclays case in 2012, attracted worldwide attention. They led directly to parliamentary investigations, leadership turnover at some banks, and significant domestic and international benchmark reforms, culminating with an industry-wide shift away from LIBOR toward more reliable indices. Likewise, the foreign exchange manipulation scandal and related prosecutions led to the adoption of international reforms. In both cases, several individuals were also charged criminally, most notably UBS trader Tom Hayes. By using its authority over global banks to protect the integrity of widely used financial benchmarks that have the characteristics of public goods, U.S. actions benefited users of these benchmarks around the world.
“Geneva Is Beautiful This Time of Year”
Authors: Verdier Pierre-Hugues 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the U.S. enforcement campaign against Swiss banks that facilitated tax evasion by U.S. customers and its impact on the global regime for tax information sharing. After reviewing the legal and policy issues raised by offshore tax evasion, the chapter examines how the U.S. criminal prosecution of UBS led to the release of tens of thousands of U.S. customer names to the IRS, opening an unprecedented breach in Swiss bank secrecy. The UBS case opened the way for prosecutions of other Swiss banks; negotiations with Switzerland on tax disclosure; and U.S. adoption of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), which penalizes foreign banks that fail to disclose U.S. customer accounts. While the U.S. approach initially encountered significant resistance, many countries, including major offshore centers, concluded bilateral information-sharing agreements with the United States, while some onshore jurisdictions adopted FATCA-like legislation to fight offshore tax evasion. Eventually, the U.S. approach provided a model for multilateral reform through the OECD’s Common Reporting Standard (CRS), which provides automatic exchange of account information among numerous jurisdictions.
“A Hidden War”
Authors: Verdier Pierre-Hugues 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the rise of financial sanctions as a tool of U.S. foreign policy and the role of U.S. prosecutors in enforcing sanctions against global banks. It describes how the United States developed its financial sanctions capabilities against terrorist groups, then turned them against state actors such as North Korea, culminating with elaborate sanctions programs against Iran and Russia. It shows how U.S. federal and state prosecutors uncovered large-scale sanctions evasion efforts at numerous global banks that processed U.S. dollar payments. This enforcement campaign led to some of the largest criminal fines ever levied, and global banks such as HSBC and BNP Paribas agreed to implement U.S. sanctions and anti-money laundering controls in their worldwide operations, thus broadening the reach of U.S. policy. Although U.S. enforcement actions faced strong criticism by U.S. allies, banks facing large fines, negative publicity, and potential loss of access to essential U.S. dollar payment infrastructure complied with U.S. demands. Unlike other cases, U.S. sanctions did not lead to multilateral reforms, instead triggering efforts by sanctioned states and bystanders to reduce their dependence on the U.S. dollar and U.S. payment systems.
The Invention of Latin American Music
Authors: Palomino Pablo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This book reconstructs the transnational history of the category of Latin American music during the first half of the twentieth century, from a longer perspective that begins in the nineteenth century and extends the narrative until the present. It analyzes intellectual, commercial, state, musicological, and diplomatic actors that created and elaborated this category. It shows music as a key field for the dissemination of a cultural idea of Latin America in the 1930s. It studies multiple music-related actors such as intellectuals, musicologists, policymakers, popular artists, radio operators, and diplomats in Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, the United States, and different parts of Europe. It proposes a regionalist approach to Latin American and global history, by showing individual nations as both agents and result of transnational forces—imperial, economic, and ideological. It argues that Latin America is the sedimentation of over two centuries of regionalist projects, and studies the place of music regionalism in that history.
A Continental Patchwork
Authors: Palomino Pablo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes, first, the diverse and scattered musical markets, agents, institutions, and discourses that operated within what today is considered to be Latin America, but back then were considered disparate local, urban, diasporic, and transregional musical circuits. It shows the absence of unifying factors, either economic or ideological, that could sustain any encompassing regional aesthetic discourse or practice. Then the chapter presents the appearance, in disparate geographic spaces, of early intellectual, journalistic, and musicological notions of Latin America as a single regional musical space. It shows how, by the 1930s, a variety of regionalist discourses on Latin and Pan-American music gained legitimacy.
The Downwardly Mobile
Authors: Streib Jessi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Downward mobility is common, but we know little about who falls from the upper-middle class, how, and why they don’t see it coming. This chapter provides an overview of how intergenerational downward mobility occurs. It shows that both resources and identities are associated with downward mobility from the upper-middle class. Individuals who inherit relatively high levels of academic knowledge, institutional insights, and money tend to develop an identity that leads them to maintain high levels of these resources. They use these resources to reproduce their class position. Individuals who inherit relatively low levels of academic knowledge, institutional insights, or money tend to develop an identity that encourages them to maintain their resource weaknesses. Without the resources that schools, colleges, and professional workplaces reward, they tend to enter downwardly mobile trajectories. They do not necessarily anticipate their impending downward mobility as they observe times when they or their parents moved toward class reproduction while not having high levels of these resources.
Stay-at-Home Mothers
Authors: Streib Jessi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Women who identify as stay-at-home mothers have only one option for class reproduction: through marriage. Most college-educated professional men now marry college-educated women. Women raised with college-educated mothers tend to receive enough academic and institutional knowledge from their mothers to graduate from college, marry a college-educated professional, and reproduce their class position. Women raised without college-educated mothers tend to inherit less academic and institutional knowledge and struggle with or reject college. Wanting to become stay-at-home mothers, they marry young—but to working-class men who further their slide out of the upper-middle class.
Explorers
Authors: Streib Jessi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Youth who grow up with conflicting influences from their resources and communities tend to identify as explorers—those who hold multiple identities at once. This causes them to vacillate between various goals rather than to focus on one. Those who vacillate between goals that lead them to become a professional or marry one tend to reproduce their class position. Others pursue goals that take them away from resource acquisition, leading them onto downwardly mobile paths.
Cultivated by Hand
Authors: Goodman Glenda 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Hundreds of volumes filled with hand-copied music sit in archives and libraries across the United States. Created by amateur musicians who came of age in the years following the American Revolution. These manuscript books reveal the existence of a musical culture that was deeply intertwined in people’s everyday lives and at the same time in powerful historical forces that were shaping the new nation. Cultivated by Hand is a social and material history of musical amateurism. It uncovers the influences that directed amateurs’ experiences, delves into how those influences manifested in individuals’ lives, and reveals the hitherto unknown importance of music book creation and collection in early American musical life. This book argues that amateur music-making played an important and heretofore unacknowledged role in the making of gender, class, race, and nation in the early American republic. Moreover, much of the repertoire collected by relatively elite, white amateurs was imported from Britain, undermining concurrent efforts to foster a national musical style. Cultivated by Hand situates the making of manuscript books in the contexts of technology, handcrafts, and sociaability, exploring manuscript’s relationship to print as well as changes in music consumerism in the late eighteenth century. Creating manuscripts required hours of work, yet the labor of amateur musicians, particularly women, was discursively and economically devalued. The gendered attacks obscured the importance of copying and performing music for the self-fashioning of the first generation of amateurs in the new nation, who used their efforts to cultivate gentility, piety, and erudition, as well as sensible connection to others.
Appearing Tasteful
Authors: Goodman Glenda 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Americans in the new nation wished not to appear provincial and thus took pains to cultivate refined appearances and good taste. Discernment and the appreciation of beauty was essential for musical taste, which in turn was scrutinized by critics and musical entrepreneurs who espoused a particularly elitist and Anglo-centric view. Much of the popular repertoire was in a galant style that was deemed less than tasteful by critics but which, due to its sentimental song topics and technical accessibility, was agreeable to amateurs. Musical taste was judged by appearances as well as sounds, however. The experiences of Daniel and Harriet Wadsworth demonstrate the importance of tasteful appearances, from penmanship to dress to dancing abilities. The sensibility displayed by their refined tastes was mirrored by the intimacy of their sibling relationship, particularly when Daniel cared for the ailing Harriet leading up to her death at a young age.
The Kingdom Becomes an Independent State
Authors: Roller Duane W. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Mithridates I the Founder was succeeded in 266 bc by his little-known son Ariobarzanes, whose son Mithridates II came to the throne in the early 240s bc and became the first powerful king of the new state. During his reign the kingdom reached legitimacy as an international power and expanded its territory. But most importantly, he made an astute marriage alliance, marrying a Seleukid princess; their children became the ancestors of much of the royalty of the eastern Mediterranean well into the Roman period, including Cleopatra of Egypt. Mithridates II became heavily involved in the politics of his era, and was the first Pontic king to strike coinage.
The Collapse of Pergamon
Authors: Roller Duane W. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Pharnakes was succeeded by his brother Mithridates IV in the early 150s bc. His reign was brief, and his son, the powerful Mithridates V, became king within a decade. Mithridates V ruled for thirty years; during his reign the important state of Pergamon, to the west of Pontos, came to an end with its territory willed to the Roman Republic. This gave Rome territory on the Asian mainland. At first Pontic policy was to support Roman ambitions: Mithridates V sent aid to them in their third war against Carthage. His international posture was recognized by the island state of Delos and elsewhere in the traditional Greek world. But around 120 bc he was assassinated at Sinope on the Black Sea, which had replaced Amaseia as the Pontic capital; he was the only Pontic king to suffer such a fate.
The Rise of Mithridates VI
Authors: Roller Duane W. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Mithridates V was succeeded by the last and greatest of the Hellenistic kings of Pontos, Mithridates VI, who ruled for nearly sixty years. Since his father had been assassinated, his accession to power was not without difficulty, and there were various attempts to do away with the young heir, perhaps even involving his mother, the widow of Mithridates V. It was necessary for the young king to go into hiding and then to institute a purge of a number of his relatives and members of the court. But after a few years his rule became secure, and he embarked on an aggressive policy of bringing the kingdom to the peak of its power.
The Aftermath of the First War
Authors: Roller Duane W. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Despite the end of hostilities, before long matters drifted into a second war between Mithridates and the Romans, to a large extent started by Sulla’s legate L. Licinius Murena, who thought such aggression might yield him a triumph. Mithridates complained to Rome but did not receive a reply due to internal issues in the city. Yet there was little Roman support for another war, and Sulla, now the most powerful man in Rome, forced Murena to stand down. Mithridates had greater issues in mind, and he made an alliance in 74 bc with the Roman adventurer Sertorius, who was in Spain, with the thought of an attack on Italy from both east and west. This helped precipitate the third and final war between Mithridates and Rome.
Stranger Danger
Authors: Renfro Paul M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Starting in the late 1970s, a moral panic concerning child kidnapping and exploitation gripped the United States. For many Americans, a series of high-profile cases of missing and murdered children, publicized through an emergent twenty-four-hour news cycle, signaled a “national epidemic” of child abductions perpetrated by strangers. Some observers insisted that fifty thousand or more children fell victim to stranger kidnappings in any given year. (The actual figure was and remains about one hundred.) Stranger Danger demonstrates how racialized and sexualized fears of stranger abduction—stoked by the news media, politicians from across the partisan divide, bereaved parents, and the business sector—helped to underwrite broader transformations in US political culture and political economy. Specifically, the child kidnapping scare further legitimated a bipartisan investment in “family values” and “law and order,” thereby enabling the development and expansion of sex offender registries, AMBER Alerts, and other mechanisms designed to safeguard young Americans and their families from “stranger danger”—and to punish the strangers who supposedly threatened them.
“Save Them or Perish”
Authors: Renfro Paul M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The second chapter focuses on the 1979–1981 kidnappings and murders of twenty-nine black youths in Atlanta. These abductions and killings, which primarily targeted young males from Atlanta’s poor and working-class neighborhoods, exacerbated African American anxieties about racial violence and raised the specters of Southern racism and the myth of gay pedophilia. Some responses to these murders emphasized the victims’ “street smarts,” “hustling,” and even their alleged same-sex sex work, thereby depriving them of the individualized innocence so readily lavished upon Etan Patz and other missing or murdered white youth. Moreover, in an effort to preserve Atlanta’s reputation as progressive and business-friendly, the city’s biracial political and economic establishment sought to downplay the racial and class dimensions of the abductions and slayings. The Atlanta tragedies thus exposed the racial and class limitations of the image of endangered childhood and illustrated how notions of white child-victimhood grounded the child safety regime.
Kids in Custody
Authors: Renfro Paul M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The fifth chapter shows how the child safety issue further splintered federal juvenile justice and youth policy along racial fault lines. Tracing the movements of rightwing luminary Alfred S. Regnery, chapter 5 illustrates how public fears about stranger danger served to lengthen the punitive, policing arm of the federal welfare state, to undercut the children’s rights gains of the 1960s and 1970s, and to bolster the politics of “family values.” As OJJDP director, Regnery used the child safety scare to “toughen” juvenile justice policies targeting working-class, nonwhite youth, while simultaneously embellishing the severity of moral threats facing “innocent” children (coded as white and middle-class). To that end, Regnery employed racialized language that cast virtually all juvenile offenders as nonwhite. The “typical candidate for juvenile arrest,” he claimed, was “most likely black, possibly Hispanic.” Such rhetoric prefigured the “superpredator” discourse that crystallized in the 1990s and helped exacerbate racialized mass incarceration.
Russia’s Forgotten Parks and the Crisis of Environmental Protection in the Russian Federation
Authors: Roe Alan D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Since Vladimir Putin came to power, the Russian Federation has continued to establish national parks. However, although there are some exceptions, most of Russian national parks exist in a state of neglect and are mired in conflicts with local populations, unequipped for large numbers of tourists, and frequently unable to clean up litter that has accumulated within their boundaries. At the same time, some remote parks with little tourist traffic still provide the sort of wilderness experience that an infrastructurally-developed park could not. While American environmental historians have suggested that particular cultural traditions in the United States have encouraged Americans to seek out wild places, during the late twentieth century, Russians seemed no less interest in such experiences than Americans. This suggests, perhaps, that seeking out such experience is better explained by the general impulse for people in urban areas to deliberately escape to wild places than by particular cultural traditions.
The Biological Determinants of Dementia Communication
Authors: Wray Alison 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter asks, how do the brain changes associated with diseases of dementia affect communication? The biological diseases leading to dementia are termed ‘hard’ causes. The main types of dementia (Alzheimer’s, vascular, frontotemporal including semantic, and Lewy body) are reviewed, with a focus on their impact on language and communication capabilities. Differences in people’s susceptibility to developing dementia-causing diseases are considered (e.g., genetic and environmental factors). For instance, individuals’ brains may differ in the level of physical resilience to damage (brain reserve). Individuals may also have greater or lesser resilience to the effects of damage on their cognitive function (cognitive reserve). Rementia (symptom reversal) and temporary lucidity are also discussed.
The Social Construction of Dementia
Authors: Wray Alison 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers how social attitudes and contexts shape interaction with people living with a dementia. These factors are termed ‘soft’ causes of dementia, because they affect people’s experience of the disease but are potentially open to change. Topics covered include the ‘medicalization’ and the commodification of dementia, the limitations of diagnostic testing, the nature of Mild Cognitive Impairment, and social attitudes towards dementia in the West and around the world. A new concept, social reserve, is introduced to capture the roles that culture and society can play in reducing the impact of dementia on people’s day-to-day experience.
The Domestic Implementation of International Women’s Rights Norms
Authors: Medie Peace A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The study’s theoretical framework is explicated in this chapter. The chapter draws on the international relations, gender and politics, public administration, and African studies literatures to develop a framework that explains implementation at the national and street levels. It shows that an interplay of external and domestic factors shape implementation but specifies that domestic actors and conditions become more essential at the institutionalization stage. While high international pressure is sufficient for the creation of specialized mechanisms, domestic pressure and conditions become more important at the institutionalization state. Thus, low domestic pressure and unfavorable political and institutional conditions hinder implementation, even when combined with high international pressure.
Violence against Women in Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Medie Peace A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter mirrors the Liberian case in Chapter 3 by tracing the problem of violence against women in Côte d’Ivoire and the effect of the country’s 11-year conflict on this violence. As in Liberia, patriarchal gender norms were at the root of this violence and contributed to Ivoirian’s reluctance to turn to the state for help. It is, however, explains that while the Liberian conflict led to widespread sexual violence, the dynamics of the Ivoirian conflict resulted in sexual violence that was less widespread and was more concentrated in certain regions of the country. Nonetheless, this violence led to shifting attitudes, such that the reporting of domestic violence and rape increased after the conflict.