bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium content in commercially available foods formulated for healthy cats
Authors: Summers Stacie C. , Stockman Jonathan , Larsen Jennifer A. , Zhang Lei , Rodriguez Anais Sanchez 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundHigh dietary phosphorus (P) and low calcium‐to‐phosphorus ratio (Ca:P) are associated with kidney damage in cats. There are no established guidelines for dietary P maximum for cats.ObjectivesTo quantify crude protein, P, Ca, and magnesium (Mg) concentrations in cat foods and compare among food formats (dry, canned, raw), primary protein ingredients, protein concentrations (low, moderate, high), grain‐free versus grain‐containing foods, foods intended for adult maintenance versus all life stages, and cost.SamplesEighty‐two commercial nonprescription cat foods.MethodsDescriptive study. Mineral concentrations were measured using inductively coupled argon plasma‐optical emission spectroscopy. Crude protein was measured using the Dumas nitrogen combustion method. Mineral and crude protein concentrations were compared among food categories.ResultsTwenty‐seven foods contained ≥3.6 g P/1000 kcal metabolizable energy (ME), of which 7 exceeded 4.8 g/1000 kcal ME. Thirteen foods had low Ca:P ratio (≤1.0). The low‐protein diet group had no products ≥3.6 g P/1000 kcal ME, which was significantly different compared to the high‐protein diet group (52% of products had ≥3.6 g P/1000 kcal ME; P = .01). No significant differences in P content and Ca:P ratio were found among other diet categories. Canned foods had significantly lower Mg compared to dry (P < .001) and raw (P = .007) foods. Declared minimum P and Ca were significantly lower than analyzed concentrations (P = .0005 and P = .003, respectively).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe high number of foods with high P and low Ca suggest that pet food regulatory reform should be considered.
The “dark Welsh”: Color, race, and alterity in the matter of medieval Wales
Authors: Lumbley Coral 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article examines how the medieval Welsh were racialized by Anglo‐Saxon and Anglo‐Norman sources and how the Welsh in turn developed a model of racial alterity. Literary sources, including the Old English riddles and the ethnographic work of Gerald of Wales, followed classical sources in their portrayals of the Welsh as being marked by “swarthiness,” or comparatively dark complexions. Rather than following this rhetorical practice, medieval Welsh literature reveals that the Welsh considered themselves pale‐complected, with darkness justifying biopolitical regulation of non‐European Christian peoples. While pseudo‐scientific racial discourse classifies the modern Welsh as white Caucasian, medieval texts negotiate difference between peoples with a range of methods and purposes, with racial difference being negotiated throughout various traditions in British literature.
Between empires: Race and ethnicity in the early Middle Ages
Authors: Lopez‐Jantzen Nicole 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe early Middle Ages often defies easy categorization, positioned between empires and conceived of as between historical epochs, and is thus often at the margin of scholarship treating topics on antiquity or the Middle Ages. As a period of transitions, developments resist easy integration into larger interpretive models, and consequently, they tend to not be discussed in studies either of classical antiquity or of the Middle Ages. Many early medieval historians have argued that race is not a valid concept for the early Middle Ages, preferring instead to use the term ethnicity. Instead, this paper will argue that yes, racial concepts were important in the early Middle Ages, and this period provides a bridge between classical and medieval forms of racial categorization. It will therefore explore the idea of race as a useful category of analysis in the early Middle Ages, in particular in Italy, and suggest ways that it might be used to further understand hierarchical strategies of distinction in the early Middle Ages and the transformation of the Roman world.
Towards a decentered Global North Atlantic: Blackness in Saga af Tristram ok Ísodd
Authors: Otaño Gracia Nahir I. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMedieval North Atlantic Studies, which is broadly defined as the study of the British Isles, Iceland, Scandinavia, the English Channel, and the Low Countries, has a tendency to research two types of interactions. First, it focuses on common themes between these cultures, which then strengthens the argument for their grouping. Second, it emphasizes that these cultures traveled throughout Africa, Europe, and the East, participating in a “Global Middle Ages.” These current approaches to the North Atlantic, however, are compatible with the ideologies of white supremacists, and, for this reason, they should be examined. These approaches focus on the globality of the North Atlantic mainly in order to discuss how Northern cultures changed the rest of the globe, and not to show how these North Atlantic cultures were themselves changed by these interactions. The arguments assume an all‐white North Atlantic, maintaining that Old Norse literature and culture does not deal with issues of race. Evidence of the racial awareness of medieval Scandinavians has been dismissed as atypical, further exacerbating the problem. A decentered Global North Atlantic approach is beneficial to the study of the North Atlantic because it centers those most harmed by white supremacists' ideologies, counteracting white supremacists' wrongful understanding of the middle ages. The essay uses the Icelandic Saga af Tristram ok Ísodd as an example to show that the saga dehumanizes characters through religious, racial, and geographical markers. Moreover, these examples have been ignored by academics who continue to disregard discussions of race in Old Norse literature and culture, as they imagine Vikings as devoid of racial understanding.
Muhammad ibn al‐Zain's basin (baptistère de Saint Louis)
Authors: Kłosowska Anna 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe traditional baptismal font of the kings of France for centuries, the so‐calledbaptistère de Saint Louisis part of 1750s–1900s French national legend. Against all evidence, the name suggests that it is the spoils of Louis IX's crusade of 1250–1254. In fact, that large, copper vessel of exceptional quality, with gold and silver figural decoration, was probably produced in Damascus or Cairo in 1320–1340, almost a centuryafterFrench downfall at the hands of the Mamluks in Northern Egypt in 1250. As part of the crown treasure of France and because of its outstanding artistry, it is one of the most thoroughly researched Islamicate objects in the Louvre. The association with Louis IX is pure fiction that illustrates the nonsensical and yet persuasive economies of French national legends. Paradoxically, the ransom that the French army paid to leave Egypt in 1250 was one of the stepping stones for the rise of the Mamluk dynasty, renowned for gold and silver incrusted metalwork objects, such as the basin. In another paradoxical turn, the Mamluks who ruled the Central Islamic area from 1250 to 1517 are the military elite recruited from enslaved non‐Muslims, including Turkic and Christian populations. The basin invites us to connect the points on the archipelago that includes France, the Eastern Mediterranean (fall of Acre, 1291), Cyprus and Armenia under the Lusignans, Sicily, Naples, and the South of Italy under the Angevins. Further still, this splendid and still enigmatic work of art brings together Ming China, Mongol Persia, Mamluk Islam, and Gothic France. This paper includes the earliest French description of the basin, from 1606, published in 1642 and reproduced later, including in 1742 (Piganiol de la Force, 1742). The paper also discusses the French tradition of medievalists opposing white supremacist fantasy of white, Christian medieval origins of the French nation. Finally, the paper notes some differences between French and U.S.mentalitésin relation to race, in the context of recent events (2019), based on the French ideal of republican universalism, citing such symptomatic events as the replacing of the word “race” by “sex” in the French constitution, the reluctance to base activism on collectiveidentitaireclaims, the reluctance to think in terms of race and use race‐related orcommunautaristeterms with which to think about complex social, historical, or artistic rights and responsibilities, and the prohibition to collect race‐based statistics, but also, often in advance of similar laws enacted in other countries, such acts as the Taubira law of 2001 that recognizes France's responsibility for slavery and slave trade beginning in the fifteenth century as a crime against humanity and provides for teaching, research, and commemoration.
Introduction to literature compass special cluster: Critical race and the Middle Ages
Authors: Kim Dorothy 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis introduction is an antidote to the much earlier issues on medieval race and ethnicity with vastly different stakes and research methodologies. My introduction here centers Margo Hendricks' work and call for a premodern critical race studies that “acknowledges its genealogies” and “celebrates that lineage.” One of the ways to do this is to explain how premodern race studies continues to highlight certain premodern race genealogies over others.
Nuclear factor of activated T cells as potential pharmacodynamic biomarker for the risk of acute and subclinical rejection in de novo liver recipients
Authors: Millán Olga , Ruiz Pablo , Fortuna Virginia , Navasa Miquel , Brunet Mercè 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackground & AimsNuclear factor of activated T cell‐regulated gene expression (NFAT‐RGE) has been proposed as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for tacrolimus (Tac) and cyclosporine (CsA). Our aim was to evaluate the role of NFAT‐RGE in modulating intralymphocytary IL‐2 and IFN‐γ expression and its clinical utility as an early non‐invasive predictive biomarker for the risk of acute rejection (AR) and infection in de novo liver transplant (LT) recipients.MethodsFifty‐six LT recipients treated with Tac or CsA [with and without mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)] were included: 30 free of rejection or infection, 11 rejectors (T cell‐mediated acute rejection), 5 with subclinical rejection (SCR) and 10 with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Within the first 3 months after transplantation, NFAT‐RGE of IL‐2, IFN‐γ and GM‐CSF and intralymphocytary synthesis of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ were evaluated by real‐time PCR and flow cytometry respectively.ResultsA significant increase in NFAT‐RGE was observed in patients who experienced TCMAR (75% [42–100%]) or SCR (41% [18–78%]) compared with patients without rejection or infection (14% [2–23%]). Positive correlations between the %NFAT‐RGE‐IFN and both the %CD8CD69IFN‐γ and %CD4CD69IFN‐γ and between the %NFAT‐RGE‐IL2 and the %CD8CD69IL2 were observed. NFAT‐RGE was significantly lower in CMV+ patients than in non‐infected patients. Finally, an inverse correlation between the Tac or CsA concentration and inhibition of NFAT‐RGE were observed.ConclusionsSequential post‐transplantation NFAT‐RGE monitoring combined with intralymphocytary IL‐2 and IFN‐γ before transplantation and at the first and third month post‐transplantation may be key predictive and diagnostic biomarkers for the risk of TCMAR and SCR and better guide CNi therapy in LT patients.
Hepatitis B virus activity is not associated with degree of liver steatosis in patients with hepatitis B‐related chronic liver disease
Authors: Worland Thomas , Apostolov Ross , Asadi Khashayar , Leung Christopher 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackground & AimsThe recently published manuscript by Zhu and colleagues “Hepatitis B virus infection and risk of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: A population‐based cohort study” found no correlation between presence of chronic HBV and presence of common risk factors for non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease on primary analysis. A limitation to this study, like most population based research, is the absence of liver histology, which is considered gold standard for assessment of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease.MethodsOur group studied the association between hepatitis B viral activity and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease activity as measured by grade of steatohepatitis/fibrosis on liver biopsy by analysing consecutive liver histology samples from patients with chronic hepatitis B at a single quaternary liver transplant centre.ResultsLinear regression modelling for active viral hepatitis on histological examination against degree of steatohepatitis showed no correlation (r2 = .018, all P> .1). Linear regression of degree of steatohepatitis vs hepatitis B viral load also showed no correlation.ConclusionsOur work is concordant with the manuscript from Zhu et al; we found no significant correlation between hepatitis B viral activity and degree of steatohepatitis.
Deep learning for data anomaly detection and data compression of a long‐span suspension bridge
Authors: Ni FuTao , Zhang Jian , Noori Mohammad N. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAs intelligent sensing and sensor network systems have made progress and low‐cost online structural health monitoring has become possible and widely implemented, large quantities of highly heterogeneous data can be acquired during the monitoring. This has resulted in exceeding the capacity of traditional data analytics techniques, especially in monitoring large‐scale or critical civil structures. In particular, data storage has become a big challenge, hence, resulting in the emergence of data compression and reconstruction as a new area in structural health monitoring (SHM) of large infrastructure systems. SHM data generally include anomalies that can disturb structural analysis and assessment. The fundamental reasons for the abnormality of data are extremely complex. Therefore, reconstruction of the abnormal data is generally difficult and poses serious challenges to achieve high‐accuracy after data has been compressed. Considering these significant challenges, in this paper, a novel deep‐learning‐enabled data compression and reconstruction framework is proposed that can be divided into two phases: (a) a one‐dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) that extracts features directly from the input signals is designed to detect abnormal data with validated high accuracy; (b) a new SHM data compression and reconstruction method based on Autoencoder structure is further developed, which can recover the data with high‐accuracy under such a low compression ratio. To validate the proposed approach, acceleration data from the SHM system of a long‐span bridge in China are employed. In the abnormal data detection phase, the results show that the proposed method can detect anomaly with high accuracy. Subsequently, smaller reconstruction errors can be achieved even by using only 10% compression ratio for the normal data.
Introduction: BetweenWataniyyaandTa'ifia; understanding the relationship between state‐based nationalism and sectarian identity in the Middle East
Authors: Dodge Toby 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis introduction to the four papers that make up the themed section locates them in the wider theoretical, comparative, and historical perspectives from which they originate. First, it places the study of communalist or sectarian identities in the Middle East in broader comparative debates about the study of ethnic and nationalist identities. It then examines the causalities underpinning the shifting relationship between these different identities in the Middle East. Taking modernity as a starting point, it looks at the integration of the region into a global capitalist market from the mid‐19th century and the consequences of this transformation. It then examines the external imposition and growth in coherence and capacity of geographically delineated states. It details the influence that neo‐liberal policy prescriptions have had on those states and their relationship to society. Finally, it examines the role that a series of extended wars played in the forging of and competition between different sets of identities, trans‐state Arab nationalism, state‐based nationalism, and religious and ethnic identities.
Beyond the beyond(s): On the (many) third way(s) beyond primordialism and instrumentalism in the study of sectarianism
Authors: Valbjørn Morten 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis meta‐study examines the nature of past and current theoretically informed debates on sectarian politics in the Middle East and identifies the biggest challenges and possible directions for the future study of sectarianism. Contrary to the conventional narrative about a “sectarian journey” torn between a flawed primordialist and instrumentalist approach in between which a new superior “third way” is needed, the article shows that both primordialism and instrumentalism are rare in the academic debate on sectarianism, quite similar to the broader ethnicity/nationalism debate. However, this has not resulted in a “new conventional wisdom” about how to proceed. Thus, the article identifies a cacophony of suggestions for how the much aspired‐to third way should look like. Against this background, the article suggests that it is time to go beyond the ritual calls to “get beyond primordialism and instrumentalism.” Instead, it is time to devote more attention to examining the multiple already existing suggestions for “third ways”. Rather than highlighting a single third way as superior, the article contributes to this move in two ways: it shows how the various third ways can be grouped into three “beyond strategies” (the New Saviour, the Baby and the Bathwater, and the LEGO eclectic strategies) and outlines a number of meta‐theoretical issues to consider in order to move the debate forward.
Staging of tau distribution by positron emission tomography may be useful in clinical staging of Alzheimer disease
Authors: Aohara Kenta , Minatani Shinobu , Kimura Hiroko , Takeuchi Jun , Takeda Akitoshi , Kawabe Joji , Wada Yasuhiro , Mawatari Aya , Watanabe Yasuyoshi , Shimada Hitoshi , Higuchi Makoto , Suhara Tetsuya , Itoh Yoshiaki 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundClinical staging of Alzheimer disease (AD) may help develop novel treatment in the early stage.AimWe measured the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau with positron emission tomography (PET) in patients with AD to explore its utility for clinical staging.MethodsSix patients with AD, two patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 12 healthy controls (HC) were studied. Aβ and tau accumulation was evaluated with [11C]PiB and [11C]PBB3, respectively.ResultsPBB3‐PET showed that two cases were in stage I‐II (Braak stage), one case was in stage III‐IV, and three cases were in stage V‐VI. PiB‐PET showed that all cases were in stage C. The duration of the disease correlated positively with PBB3 staging but not with PiB staging. The performance on the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) tended to decrease with advancing of PBB3 stage but not with PiB stage. PBB3 SUVR and PiB SUVR in all AD signature areas including the parahippocampal gyrus were significantly higher in AD than in HC. A decrease in MMSE is correlated with increases in PBB3 and PiB. Increase in PBB3 started with decrease in MMSE whereas increase in PiB was already observed in the point of highest MMSE, indicating amyloid is already accumulated in the earliest stage.ConclusionsThe expansion of tau distribution from the parahippocampal gyrus to the cerebral cortex was observed with advancing AD, whereas Aβ distribution was already advanced in the earliest stage. PBB3 may be useful in determining stages in AD based on tau distribution.
Atypical lignification in eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris)
Authors: Mottiar Yaseen , Gierlinger Notburga , Jeremic Dragica , Master Emma R. , Mansfield Shawn D. 
Published: December 2019

Summary

Lignin is a complex phenolic biopolymer found mainly in the secondary cell walls of vascular plants, where it contributes to mechanical strength, water conduction, and plant defence. We studied the lignin of eastern leatherwood (Dirca palustris) because this slow‐growing woody shrub is known for its flexible stems.
Various analytical techniques and microscopy methods were employed to examine the composition and distribution of lignin and structural polysaccharides in leatherwood xylem in comparison with trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca).
We found that leatherwood has low overall levels of lignin, a high syringyl lignin content, and a unique distribution of lignin. Most remarkably, the cell corners and middle lamellae remain unlignified in mature xylem.
These findings help explain the flexibility of leatherwood and also call into question the classical model of lignification, which purports that lignin polymerization begins in the cell corners and middle lamellae. This atypical lignification regime vividly illustrates the diversity in plant secondary cell wall formation that abounds in nature and casts leatherwood as a new model for the study of lignin biogenesis.
OsmiR530 acts downstream of OsPIL15 to regulate grain yield in rice
Authors: Sun Wei , Xu Xiao Hui , Li Yaping , Xie Lixia , He Yanan , Li Wen , Lu Xingbo , Sun Hongwei , Xie Xianzhi 
Published: December 2019

Summary

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that play important roles in plant growth and development as well as in stress responses. However, little is known about their regulatory functions affecting rice grain yield.

We functionally characterized a novel miRNA in rice, OsmiR530, its target OsPL3, and its upstream regulator phytochrome‐interacting factor‐like 15 (OsPIL15). Their effects on rice yield were dissected comprehensively.

We determined that OsmiR530 negatively regulates grain yield. Blocking OsmiR530 increases grain yield, whereas OsmiR530 overexpression significantly decreases grain size and panicle branching, leading to yield loss. Additionally, OsPL3, which encodes a PLUS3 domain‐containing protein, is targeted directly by OsmiR530. Knocking out OsPL3 decreases the grain yield. In‐depth analyses indicated that OsPIL15 activates OsMIR530 expression by directly binding to the G‐box elements in the promoter. Analyses of genetic variations suggested that the OsMIR530 locus has likely been subjected to artificial selection during rice breeding.

The results presented herein reveal a novel OsPIL15–OsmiR530 module controlling rice grain yield, thus providing researchers with a new target for the breeding of high‐yielding rice.