bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antitranspirant Treatments of Stock Plants do not alter Growth and Adventitious Rooting of Shoots of ‘Montaigne’ Lilac and White Fringetree
Authors: Switras-Meyer Susan M. , Gillman Jeffrey H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Antitranspirants were evaluated for their effectiveness as a stock plant treatment to improve adventitious rooting of softwood cuttings of Syringa vulgaris L. ‘Montaigne’ (Montaigne lilac) and Chionanthus virginicus L. (white fringe tree). New shoots of S. vulgaris ‘Montaigne’ and C. virginicus were sprayed with one of two film-forming antitranspirants including Clear Spray® (aqueous acrylic emulsion) and sodium silicate; or Atrazine®, a herbicide that acts as a stomate-regulating antitranspirant. Shoot caliper of antitranspirant-treated lilacs increased more slowly than controls. Thirty days after treatment cuttings were taken from both taxa. All treatments resulted in 80 to 85% rooting of cuttings in lilac after 6 weeks, but cuttings from Clear Spray®-treated plants rooted more quickly. Chionanthus virginicus cuttings treated with Clear Spray® had significantly lower rooting (16%) than cuttings taken from Atrazine® treated plants (50%). In a subsequent experiment, antitranspirant treatment had no significant effect on shoot length or caliper of ‘Montaigne’ lilac. Photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and location of cutting on the stock plant were all positively correlated with shoot length, shoot caliper, and cutting diameter. Shoot length and caliper and cutting diameter, however, were all negatively correlated with root number and root length. There were no significant treatment effects on rooting percentage, root number or root length.
The Efficacy of Ectomycorrhizal Colonization of Pin and Scarlet Oak in Nursery Production
Authors: Martin T.P. , Harris J.R. , Eaton G.K. , Miller O.K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of ectomycorrhizae inoculation of pin (Quercus palustris) and scarlet oak (Q. coccinea) during nursery production. Experiment 1 tested inoculum and substrate protocol. Vegetative and spore inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) were applied to pin and scarlet oak seedlings. All plants were grown in 0.9 liter (1 gal) containers filled with milled pine bark, sterilized milled pine bark, sterilized mineral soil, or sterilized vermiculite-based substrate. After two months, mycorrhizal colonization rates were assessed qualitatively. Vegetative inoculum was unsuccessful at infecting seedlings of both species when grown in all of the substrates. Best results were 90% and 60% of plants colonized with spore inoculum for pin and scarlet oak, respectively, grown in vermiculite-based substrate. Sixty percent of pin oaks were colonized by Pt in milled pine bark, whereas no scarlet oaks were colonized. Overall, the spore inoculum colonized pin oak at a higher rate than scarlet oak, and vermiculite-based substrate proved superior to the other three substrates for inoculating seedlings with commercial Pt spores. In experiment 2, Pt spore inoculum was applied as a bare root dip on scarlet oak liners before transplanting into 51 liter (15 gal) containers in a pot-in-pot growing system. Pt had a colonization rate of zero, but an indigenous mycorrhizal fungus, Scleroderma bovista (Sb), colonized many of the trees. Height and trunk diameter growth during two years of production were similar for trees colonized and not colonized with Sb. Leaf water potentials were more negative and stomatal conductance was reduced for transplanted colonized compared to not colonized trees during a 10-day dry-down, imposed 50 days after transplanting. Under our conditions, mycorrhizal fungi showed no apparent benefit during production and during initial establishment.
Impact of Water Treatment on Foliar Damage of Landscape Trees Sprinkle Irrigated with Reuse Water
Authors: Devitt D. A. , Morris R. L. , Neuman D. S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted on four container-grown tree species placed under five different irrigation reuse water treatments to determine the extent of foliar damage after a 14.5-month period. The tree species included Heritage oak (Quercus virginiana Mill. ‘Heritage’), desert willow (Chilopsis linearis (Cav.)/Sweet), flowering plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh ‘Atropurpurea’), and Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis Bunge). Plant response and an index of visual damage (IVD) were assessed at different times throughout the experiment. Ion concentrations in the leaf tissue were different for species (S) (p &lt; 0.001), treatment (T) (Na, K, SO4, p &lt; 0.05) and by a species by treatment interaction (S × T) (Na, Ca, Mg, K and SO4, p &lt; 0.05). SPAD measurements varied by S (p &lt; 0.001), T (p &lt; 0.001) and by an S × T interaction (p &lt; 0.045). SPAD measurements decreased as the leaf tissue Na concentration increased (SPAD = 47.49 – 12.46(Na), r2 = 0.38, p &lt; 0.01). The IVD varied by S (p &lt; 0.001), T (p &lt; 0.001) and by an S × T interaction (p &lt; 0.001). Na, Ca and SO4 tissue ion concentrations could account for 52% of the variability in the IVD (IVD =−1.93 + 4.63(Na) + 2.60(Ca)−0.001(SO4), p &lt; 0.01). Because the irrigation treatment resulting in the lowest IVD was species dependent, irrigation treatment selection should be based upon an evaluation of the landscape species composition and the potential cost of implementing a given strategy. The response observed in this study suggests that a single universal irrigation strategy does not exist, indicating that emphasis must be placed on initial and replacement plant selection.
Evaluation of Suction Cup Lysimeters for Obtaining Substrate Solution from a Pine Bark Substrate
Authors: Stanley Mary , Harris Roger , Scoggins Holly , Wright Robert 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Protocols are needed for extracting the container substrate solution of plants in large containers [≥ 18.9 liter (#5)] since the container substrate solution is representative of the nutrients available to the plants. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of suction cup lysimeters (SCLs) for this purpose. The lysimeter types tested were those with a 4.8 cm (1.9 in) diameter and a ½ bar or 1 bar air-entry value (AEV) and those with a 2.2 cm (0.87 in) diameter also with a ½ bar or 1 bar AEV. A sufficient volume of the substrate solution could be obtained after 5 min when a vacuum pressure of 30, 40 or 50 kPa was applied to 4.8 cm (1.9 in) ½ bar lysimeters. The 2.2 cm (0.87 in) lysimeters were suitable for extracting smaller sample volumes of solution or if installation space was limited. Electrical conductivity (EC) levels were unaffected by volume of substrate solution extracted by the SCL when volumes varied from 10 to 190 ml (0.34 to 6.4 oz). Overall, the 4.8 cm (1.9 in) diameter lysimeters are recommended for use with large nursery containers.
A Comparison of Irrigation System, Basal Temperature and Auxin Concentration on Rooting of Stem Cuttings of Ilex glabra L.
Authors: Owen James S. , Johnson William A. , Maynard Brian K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Basal stem temperature and auxin treatment effects on rooting percentage, root number, length of the longest root, and basal stem necrosis of hardwood stem cuttings of Ilex glabra L. (inkberry holly) were compared between a recirculating subirrigation propagation system and a conventional intermittent mist propagation system. Recirculating subirrigation maintained basal temperature and medium moisture content better than conventional intermittent mist. While rooting percentages were significantly greater for cuttings rooted in the recirculating subirrigation system, root number, and length of the longest root were higher for cuttings rooted under intermittent mist. A basal temperature of 32C (90F) was supra-optimal, resulting in significantly lower rooting percentages. However, rooting temperature had no effect on root number or basal stem necrosis. Basal stem necrosis of rooted cuttings was greater in the recirculating subirrigation system, and increased with temperature in both irrigation treatments, but appeared to have no significant effect on root number. Increasing auxin concentration increased rooting percentage, root number, and length of the longest root of rooted cuttings, though the response differed with irrigation treatment. Cuttings of Ilex glabra L. can be rooted successfully in a recirculating subirrigation propagation system where the rooting process appears to be less sensitive to rooting temperature and auxin concentration than for cuttings rooted under intermittent mist. However, overall root growth was greater on cuttings rooted under intermittent mist, perhaps because of the lower medium moisture content in that system. This suggests that optimal rooting of hardwood cuttings can be achieved without intermittent mist using a recirculating subirrigation system with modifications to the moisture content of the rooting medium.
Seed Source Affects Flowering and Growth of Container-Grown Black-Eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta L.)
Authors: Norcini Jeffrey G. , Aldrich James H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rudbeckia hirta, black-eyed susan, is a popular container-produced native wildflower. However, there is a growing demand for regionally adapted selections because of ecological and sustainability issues. In separate studies in 2001 and 2002, seed from three sources — north Florida (NFL), central Florida (CFL), and Texas (TEX)—were sown in the greenhouse in mid-January. Seedlings were transplanted to cell packs in early February. In early April, liners were potted in 2.5 liter (0.66 gal) containers and placed on an outdoor production bed under full sun. Full bloom occurred about 21.5 to 23 weeks after sowing. TEX achieved full bloom 10 days earlier than NFL or CFL. Except for CFL in 2001, most plants were of a commercially acceptable height. The most uniform growth or flowering trait based on coefficients of variation was date of full bloom, with date of first bloom just slightly more variable. Other growth and flowering traits were moderately to highly variable.
Spray Delivery to Nursery Trees by Air Curtain and Axial Fan Orchard Sprayers
Authors: Derksen Richard C. , Krause Charles R. , Fox Robert D. , Brazee Ross D. , Zondag Randy 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two types of air-assist sprayers were used to treat, from one side only, a single row of hedge-pruned, red maple (Acer rubrum L. ‘Red Sunset’) trees in a commercial Ohio nursery. A traditional orchard type sprayer and a prototype air curtain sprayer using crossflow fans and hydraulic nozzles were evaluated for differences in canopy deposits, spray coverage, and downwind ground deposits. The air curtain sprayer produced more uniform deposits vertically but not higher mean deposits than the traditional orchard type sprayer. The air curtain sprayer also produced somewhat higher ground deposits downwind of the treatment area. There were no differences in spray coverage between sprayers despite differences in the droplet spectrum produced by each sprayer. Evidence from the coverage and ground target samples indicate that slower fans on the air curtain sprayer might be needed to reduce air speed to retain more spray within the tree canopy. As operated, neither of the sprayers can be expected to produce uniform spray deposits around the nursery stock if treatments are made from one side of the row only. Canopy and ground target deposits indicate that alternate row spraying will not necessarily produce uniform deposits across two tree rows as planted at the test site.
Fall Subsurface Insecticide Treatments Control European Chafer Grubs Damaging Field-Grown Nursery Crops
Authors: Reding Michael E. , Klein Michael G. , Brazee Ross D. , Krause Charles R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Third instar European chafer (EC), Rhizotrogus majalis (Razoumowsky), were found to be killing field-grown Rhododendrons ‘P.J.M.’ and Eastern hemlocks in two commercial nurseries in northeastern Ohio. Apparently, 1 or 2 grubs per plant were sufficient to severely damage young plants (rhododendrons). Subsurface applications of Dursban TNP were tested as rescue treatments against the grubs in these fields. Three novel single-point subsurface applicators were tested for delivery of Dursban in the rhododendron trial. A subsurface treatment of Dursban TNP was compared to surface applied drench treatments of Dursban TNP and Dylox 80 T & O in the hemlock trial. We found that EC grubs killed young plants of both species by removing most of the fibrous roots and/or girdling the stems. The subsurface treatments of Dursban TNP, significantly reduced (95%) the number of EC grubs compared to untreated hemlocks and rhododendrons when treatments were applied early or late fall, respectively. There were no differences in suppression of grubs among the applicators in the rhododendron trial.
Evaluation of Nutrient Phosphite for the Control of Phytophthora Shoot Blight on Annual Vinca
Authors: Banko T.J. , Hong C.X. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus) were grown in containers in a greenhouse and irrigated with a complete nutrient solution containing phosphite (0, 0.1, 0.3 mM), phosphate (0, 0.3, 0.5 mM), or combinations of these two compounds as a source of phosphorus. After 2 weeks, the plants were sprayed with a Phytophthora nicotianae zoospore inoculum to evaluate the potential for phosphite to protect annual vinca from Phytophthora shoot blight. To determine the extent and duration of protection from shoot blight provided by phosphite foliar applications, the plants were treated with phosphite foliar sprays (0.5 mM) at various intervals, and then inoculated. Application of phosphite to the soil/roots provided no protection from Phytophthora shoot blight. However, foliar applications of phosphite at a concentration of 0.5 mM at three to six day intervals gave protection similar to foliar applications of Aliette fungicide at 3 g/liter (2.5 lb/100 gal) applied at 14 day intervals.
Nursery Floor Affects Containerized Plant Growth
Authors: Warren Stuart L. , Bilderback Ted E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rooted stem cuttings of ‘Skogholm’ cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri ‘Skogholm’) potted into 14.2 liter (#5) containers in a pine bark: sand substrate were used to determine the effects of the nursery floor on plant growth, water use efficiency, substrate and plant canopy temperature, winter protection, and mineral nutrient efficacy. Four nursery floors were evaluated: black plastic, black ground fabric over black plastic, white plastic, and gravel from May 10, 2001, to April 23, 2002. Plants grown on gravel or ground fabric/black plastic had greater top and root dry weights compared to plants grown on white plastic. Water use efficiency was similar across all nursery floors, requiring an average 391 ml (13.2 oz) of water to produce a gram (0.04 oz) of plant material. Net photosynthetic rates of plants grown on black plastic, gravel, or ground fabric/black plastic were significantly greater than cotoneaster grown on white plastic. Plants grown on white plastic had significantly higher plant canopy [1 to 2C (1.8 to 3.6F)] and substrate temperatures [1 to 4C (1.8 to 7.2F)] daily from 1000 HR to 2000 HR throughout the summer months compared to all other nursery floors. Plant canopy and substrate temperatures were unaffected by the nursery floor during the winter months. Nitrogen efficiency was 42% on ground fabric/black plastic, 40% on gravel, 37% on black plastic and 33% on white plastic. Phosphorus efficiency was 53% on gravel, 52% on ground fabric/black plastic, 49% on black plastic and 43% on white plastic.
Seasonal Effects of Transplanting on Northern Red Oak and Willow Oak
Authors: Richardson-Calfee Lisa E. , Harris J. Roger , Fanelli Jody K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seasonal effects on transplant establishment of balled-and-burlapped (B&B) shade trees are not well documented. Early post-transplant root growth and aboveground growth over a 3-year period were therefore determined for November-and March-transplanted northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and willow oak (Q. phellos L.). Survival of red oak was 100% for both treatments. Survival of November-and March-transplanted willow oak was 67% and 83%, respectively. No new root growth was observed outside or within the root balls of either species upon excavation in January. New root growth was evident when trees of both species were excavated in April, indicating that root system regeneration of November-transplanted trees occurs in late winter and/or early spring, not late fall and/or early winter. November-transplanted red oak, but not willow oak, grew more roots by spring bud break than March-transplanted trees. However, little difference in height growth and trunk expansion was evident between the November-and March-transplanted red oaks throughout the 3 years following transplant. While height growth of willow oak was nearly identical between treatments after 3 years, November transplants exhibited greater trunk diameter increase for all 3 years. Overall, season of transplant had little effect on height and trunk diameter increase of red oak, even though November-transplanted trees grew more roots prior to the first bud break following transplant. Among the willow oaks that survived, season of transplant had little effect on new root growth and height growth, but November transplanting resulted in greater trunk expansion. However, when the mortality rate of November-transplanted willow oak is taken into consideration, March may be a better time to transplant willow oak in climates similar to southwest Virginia.
Midwinter Cold Hardiness of Leitneria floridana from Three Provenances
Authors: Sharma Jyotsna , Graves William R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Leitneria floridana Chapman (Florida corkwood) is native to the southeastern and south-central United States. This rare shrub has been cultivated north of its natural habitats. However, the cold hardiness of the species, and potential differences in hardiness among geographical provenances, have not been established. Our objective was to determine midwinter cold hardiness of stem segments from indigenous plants in Texas and Missouri, and from plants that had been cultivated for many years in northern Illinois, but were originally native to Missouri and Arkansas. After exposure to controlled low temperatures, the cortex and phloem were stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) and compared with discoloration of the same tissues to determine midwinter cold hardiness. The two assays correlated positively, and marked provenance differences in cold hardiness were found. The estimated temperature at which 50% of stems were injured (T50) was ≈ −20C (−4F) in December and−10C (14F) in January for samples from Texas. The estimated T50 for stems from Missouri and Illinois was at or below the lowest temperature tested [−35C (−31F) in December and-60C (−76F) in January]. Stems from cultivated plants in Illinois and from plants indigenous to Missouri were similarly hardy within the range of temperatures used. Autumnal acclimation and vernal deacclimation of L. floridana remain uncharacterized, but midwinter cold hardiness of L. floridana seems sufficient to permit its use north of its natural habitat. Substantial provenance differences in cold hardiness should be considered when selecting plants for landscaping outside the native range of L. floridana.
Short Term Drought Conditioning Influences Adventitious Rooting of Firebush and Fraser's Photinia Stem Cuttings
Authors: Fox Lindsey , Montague Thayne 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Experiments investigated the influence of drought conditioning stock plants and an auxin-based plant growth regulator (PGR) on adventitious root formation of terminal stem cuttings taken from containerized firebush and Fraser's photinia stock plants. Drought conditioning (DC) treatments were initiated in a glass greenhouse and included: irrigation every day (no DC), irrigation every other day (medium DC), and irrigation every fourth day (high DC). Plants were subjected to DC for 16 consecutive days. Following DC treatments, all plants were irrigated and left overnight. Terminal stem cuttings were taken the following day and an 0.3% auxin talc formulation was used as the PGR. Plant growth regulator/DC treatments included: no DC ± PGR, medium DC ± PGR, and high DC ± PGR. Cuttings were placed under intermittent mist and heating pads maintained media temperature. After 21 and 78 days cuttings were evaluated for rooting percentage, number of roots, and length of the longest root. For firebush, rooting percentage was near 100% for all treatments. Number of roots and length of longest root for firebush cuttings was greatest for cuttings treated with PGR. For Fraser's photinia cuttings, rooting percentage was highest for cuttings treated with high DC + no PGR treatments. Cuttings treated with medium DC or high DC ± PGR treatment produced the greatest number of roots, while mean root length was longest for cuttings treated with medium DC + PGR and high DC + no PGR.
Effect of Transplanting and Paclobutrazol on Root Growth of ‘Green Column’ Black Maple and ‘Summit’ Green Ash
Authors: Watson Gray 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
‘Summit’ green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Summit’) and ‘Green Column’ black maples (Acer nigrum ‘Green Column’) were transplanted and treated with paclobutrazol (PBZ) to study its effect on root growth after transplanting. PBZ increased root extension growth of transplanted ‘Green Column’ maples in the first year after treatment, prior to the onset of above-ground growth regulation. Root growth of transplanted ‘Summit’ ash was not affected by PBZ. Transplanting reduced extension growth of regenerated roots in the first year for ‘Green Column’ maples with no effect on root dry weight. In ‘Summit’ green ash transplanting increased root extension growth in the second year, and root dry weight in both years.
Harvest Season Influences Fertilizer Effects on Seed Production of Lanceleaf Coreopsis
Authors: Norcini Jeffrey G. , Aldrich James H. , Martin Frank G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seasonal and fertilization effects on seed production were investigated for a north Florida ecotype of lanceleaf coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata L.) grown in containers. Since containerized ecotypes of native, herbaceous species are frequently grown using nutrient regimes lower than those for production of typical garden plants, Osmocote 18N–2.6P–10K (18–6–12; 8–9 month formulation) was incorporated into the soilless substrate at one-half the low, low and medium label rates for container-grown plants [1.8, 3.6, and 5.4 kg/m3 (3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 lb/yd3], respectively. Seed were harvested in June, and then again from July–October after plants had been cut back and reflowered. Seed production was greatest for the June harvest based on the number and mass of filled seed per seed head as well as the number of mature seed heads per plant. Number of mature seed heads was directly related to fertilizer rate but this effect varied by harvest season. Seed head production was substantially more responsive to increasing fertilizer rate for the June harvest than for the July–October harvest, which was one of the primary reasons for greater seed production in June. There were also 37% more filled seed per seed head for the June harvest than for the July–October harvest. Seed in June were 67% viable but only 21% of the viable seed germinated. The July–October seed were only 24.7% viable but half of them germinated. Seed harvested during July–October germinated faster than seed harvested in June.