bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing a Reablement Intervention, “Care of People With Dementia in Their Environments (COPE)”: A Hybrid Implementation-Effectiveness Study
Authors: Clemson Lindy , Laver Kate , Rahja Miia , Culph Jennifer , Scanlan Justin N , Day Sally , Comans Tracy , Jeon Yun-Hee , Low Lee-Fay , Crotty Maria , Kurrle Sue , Cations Monica , Piersol Cathy V , Gitlin Laura N 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
The translation of reablement programs into practice is lagging despite strong evidence for interventions that maintain function for the person living with dementia as well as improve carer well-being. The aim was to evaluate the implementation of an evidence-based program, Care of People with Dementia in Their Environments (COPE), into health services.

Research Design and Methods
An implementation-effectiveness hybrid design was used to evaluate implementation outcomes while simultaneously involving a pragmatic pre–post evaluation of outcomes for people with dementia. We report uptake, fidelity to intervention, outcomes for people living with dementia and carers, and beliefs and behaviors of interventionists contributing to successful implementation.

Results
Seventeen organizations in Australia across 3 health contexts, 38 occupational therapists, and 17 nurses participated in training and implementation. While there were challenges and delays in implementation, most organizations were able to offer the program and utilized different models of funding. Overall, we found there was moderate fidelity to components of the program. Pre–post outcomes for carer well-being and coping (Perceived Change Index, p &lt; .001) and activity engagement of the person living with dementia (p = .002) were significantly increased, replicating previous trial results. What contributed most to therapists implementing the program (Determinants of Implementation Behaviour Questionnaire) was a stronger intent to deliver (p &lt; .001), higher confidence (p &lt; .001), a sense of control in delivery (p = .004), and a belief the program was very useful to their clients (p = .002).

Discussion and Implications
This study demonstrated that implementation is possible in multiple health systems and beneficial to individuals and their families.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease–Associated Changes in the Gut: Focus on Kazan Patients
Authors: Lo Sasso Giuseppe , Khachatryan Lusine , Kondylis Athanasios , Battey James N D , Sierro Nicolas , Danilova Natalia A , Grigoryeva Tatiana V , Markelova Maria I , Khusnutdinova Dilyara R , Laikov Alexander V , Salafutdinov Ilnur I , Romanova Yulia D , Siniagina Mariia N , Vasiliev Ilya Yu , Boulygina Eugenia A , Solovyeva Valeriya V , Garanina Ekaterina E , Kitaeva Kristina V , Ivanov Konstantin Y , Chulpanova Darja S , Kletenkov Konstantin S , Valeeva Alina R , Odintsova Alfiya Kh , Ardatskaya Maria D , Abdulkhakov Rustam A , Ivanov Nikolai V , Peitsch Manuel C , Hoeng Julia , Abdulkhakov Sayar R 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Several studies have highlighted the role of host–microbiome interactions in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), resulting in an increasing amount of data mainly focusing on Western patients. Because of the increasing prevalence of IBD in newly industrialized countries such as those in Asia, the Middle East, and South America, there is mounting interest in elucidating the gut microbiota of these populations. We present a comprehensive analysis of several IBD-related biomarkers and gut microbiota profiles and functions of a unique population of patients with IBD and healthy patients from Kazan (Republic of Tatarstan, Russia).

Methods
Blood and fecal IBD biomarkers, serum cytokines, and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content were profiled. Finally, fecal microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S and whole-genome shotgun sequencing.

Results
Fecal microbiota whole-genome sequencing confirmed the presence of classic IBD dysbiotic features at the phylum level, with increased abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria and decreased abundance of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Verrucomicrobia. At the genus level, the abundance of both fermentative (SCFA-producing and hydrogen (H2)-releasing) and hydrogenotrophic (H2-consuming) microbes was affected in patients with IBD. This imbalance was confirmed by the decreased abundance of SCFA species in the feces of patients with IBD and the change in anaerobic index, which mirrors the redox status of the intestine.

Conclusions
Our analyses highlighted how IBD-related dysbiotic microbiota—which are generally mainly linked to SCFA imbalance—may affect other important metabolic pathways, such as H2 metabolism, that are critical for host physiology and disease development.
Functional and Environmental Constraints on Prey Capture Speed in a Lizard
Authors: Adams D R , Gifford M E 
Published: August 2020

SynopsisMovement is an important component of animal behavior and determines how an organism interacts with its environment. The speed at which an animal moves through its environment can be constrained by internal (e.g., physiological state) and external factors (e.g., habitat complexity). When foraging, animals should move at speeds that maximize prey capture while minimizing mistakes (i.e., missing prey, slipping). We used experimental arenas containing obstacles spaced in different arrays to test how variation in habitat complexity influenced attack distance, prey capture speed, and foraging success in the Prairie Lizard. Obstacles spaced uniformly across arenas resulted in 15% slower prey capture speed and 30–38% shorter attack distance compared to arenas with no obstacles or with obstacles clustered in opposite corners of the arena. Prey capture probability was not influenced by arena type or capture speed, but declined with increasing attack distance. Similarly, the probability of prey consumption declined with attack distance across arena types. However, prey consumption probability declined with increasing prey capture speed in more open arenas but not in the cluttered arena. Foraging accuracy declined with increasing speed in more open arenas, and remained relatively constant when obstacles were in closer proximity. Foraging success was primarily constrained by intrinsic properties (speed-maneuverability tradeoff) when ample space was available, but environmental conditions had a greater impact on foraging success in “cluttered” habitats. This empirical test of theoretical predictions about optimal movement speeds in animals provides a step forward in understanding how animals select speeds in nature.
“Filthy Lapdogs,” “Jerks,” and “Hitler”: Making Sense of Insults in International Relations
Authors: Rousseau Elise , Baele Stephane J 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper offers an original theoretical framework for the study of insults in international relations (IR). Bringing into IR the two main theoretical approaches to aggravating language, slurs and dysphemisms, we conceptualize insults’ disruptive impact on international interactions in a way that explains their logic, consequences, and risks. Specifically, we argue that insults constitute both at once tactical tools used by international actors to achieve their interests by disrupting an interaction and modifying the payoffs associated with it and linguistic artifacts constructing and sharpening self- and other identities. The components of our theoretical framework are illustrated with a wide range of empirical cases of international insults.
The impact of learning Unified Medical Language System knowledge embeddings in relation extraction from biomedical texts
Authors: Weinzierl Maxwell A , Maldonado Ramon , Harabagiu Sanda M 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
We explored how knowledge embeddings (KEs) learned from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Metathesaurus impact the quality of relation extraction on 2 diverse sets of biomedical texts.

Materials and Methods
Two forms of KEs were learned for concepts and relation types from the UMLS Metathesaurus, namely lexicalized knowledge embeddings (LKEs) and unlexicalized KEs. A knowledge embedding encoder (KEE) enabled learning either LKEs or unlexicalized KEs as well as neural models capable of producing LKEs for mentions of biomedical concepts in texts and relation types that are not encoded in the UMLS Metathesaurus. This allowed us to design the relation extraction with knowledge embeddings (REKE) system, which incorporates either LKEs or unlexicalized KEs produced for relation types of interest and their arguments.

Results
The incorporation of either LKEs or unlexicalized KE in REKE advances the state of the art in relation extraction on 2 relation extraction datasets: the 2010 i2b2/VA dataset and the 2013 Drug-Drug Interaction Extraction Challenge corpus. Moreover, the impact of LKEs is superior, achieving F1 scores of 78.2 and 82.0, respectively.

Discussion
REKE not only highlights the importance of incorporating knowledge encoded in the UMLS Metathesaurus in a novel way, through 2 possible forms of KEs, but it also showcases the subtleties of incorporating KEs in relation extraction systems.

Conclusions
Incorporating LKEs informed by the UMLS Metathesaurus in a relation extraction system operating on biomedical texts shows significant promise. We present the REKE system, which establishes new state-of-the-art results for relation extraction on 2 datasets when using LKEs.
Advanced Glycation End Product Formation in Human Cerebral Cortex Increases With Alzheimer-Type Neuropathologic Changes but Is Not Independently Associated With Dementia in a Population-Derived Aging Brain Cohort
Authors: Chambers Annabelle , Bury Joanna J , Minett Thais , Richardson Connor D , Brayne Carol , Ince Paul G , Shaw Pamela J , Garwood Claire J , Heath Paul R , Simpson Julie E , Matthews Fiona E , Wharton Stephen B 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for dementia, and nonenzymatic glycosylation of macromolecules results in formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). We determined the variation in AGE formation in brains from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study population-representative neuropathology cohort. AGEs were measured on temporal neocortex by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and cell-type specific expression on neurons, astrocytes and endothelium was detected by immunohistochemistry and assessed semiquantitatively. Fifteen percent of the cohort had self-reported diabetes, which was not significantly associated with dementia status at death or neuropathology measures. AGEs were expressed on neurons, astrocytes and endothelium and overall expression showed a positively skewed distribution in the population. AGE measures were not significantly associated with dementia. AGE measured by ELISA increased with Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD) neurofibrillary tangle score (p = 0.03) and Thal Aβ phase (p = 0.04), while AGE expression on neurons (and astrocytes), detected immunohistochemically, increased with increasing Braak tangle stage (p &lt; 0.001), CERAD tangle score (p = 0.002), and neuritic plaques (p = 0.01). Measures of AGE did not show significant associations with cerebral amyloid angiopathy, microinfarcts or neuroinflammation. In conclusion, AGE expression increases with Alzheimer’s neuropathology, particular later stages but is not independently associated with dementia. AGE formation is likely to be important for impaired brain cell function in aging and Alzheimer’s.
Commissioning of total body irradiation using plastic bead bags
Authors: Akino Yuichi , Maruoka Shintaro , Yano Katsuyuki , Abe Hiroshi , Isohashi Fumiaki , Seo Yuji , Tamari Keisuke , Hirata Takero , Kawakami Manabu , Nakae Yoshiki , Tanaka Yoshihiro , Ogawa Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The goal of total body irradiation (TBI) is to deliver a dose to the whole body with uniformity within ±10%. The purpose of this study was to establish the technique of TBI using plastic bead bags. A lifting TBI bed, Model ORP-TBI-MN, was used. The space between the patient’s body and the acrylic walls of the bed was filled with polyacetal bead bags. Patients were irradiated by a 10 MV photon beam with a source to mid-plane distance of 400 cm. The monitor unit (MU) was calculated by dose-per-MU, tissue-phantom-ratio and a spoiler factor measured in solid water using an ionization chamber. The phantom-scatter correction factor, off-center ratio and the effective density of the beads were also measured. Diode detectors were used for in vivo dosimetry (IVD). The effective density of the beads was 0.90 ± 0.09. The point doses calculated in an I’mRT phantom with and without heterogeneity material showed good agreement, with measurements within 3%. An end-to-end test was performed using a RANDO phantom. The mean ± SD (range) of the differences between the calculated and IVD-measured mid-plane doses was 1.1 ± 4.8% (−5.9 to 5.0%). The differences between the IVD-measured doses and the doses calculated with Acuros XB of the Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) were within 5%. For two patients treated with this method, the differences between the calculated and IVD-measured doses were within ±6% when excluding the chest region. We have established the technique of TBI using plastic bead bags. The TPS may be useful to roughly estimate patient dose.
Ethephon-induced changes in antioxidants and phenolic compounds in anthocyanin-producing black carrot hairy root cultures
Authors: Barba-Espín Gregorio , Chen Shih-Ti , Agnolet Sara , Hegelund Josefine Nymark , Stanstrup Jan , Christensen Jan H , Müller Renate , Lütken Henrik 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHairy root (HR) cultures are quickly evolving as a fundamental research tool and as a bio-based production system for secondary metabolites. In this study, an efficient protocol for establishment and elicitation of anthocyanin-producing HR cultures from black carrot was established. Taproot and hypocotyl explants of four carrot cultivars were transformed using wild-type Rhizobium rhizogenes. HR growth performance on plates was monitored to identify three fast-growing HR lines, two originating from root explants (lines NB-R and 43-R) and one from a hypocotyl explant (line 43-H). The HR biomass accumulated 25- to 30-fold in liquid media over a 4 week period. Nine anthocyanins and 24 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were identified and monitored using UPLC-PDA-TOF during HR growth. Adding ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound, to the HR culture substantially increased the anthocyanin content by up to 82% in line 43-R and hydroxycinnamic acid concentrations by &gt;20% in line NB-R. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase increased in the HRs in response to ethephon, which could be related to the functionality and compartmentalization of anthocyanins. These findings present black carrot HR cultures as a platform for the in vitro production of anthocyanins and antioxidants, and provide new insight into the regulation of secondary metabolism in black carrot.
Persistent Challenges in the Hepatitis C Virus Care Continuum for Patients in a Central Texas Public Health System
Authors: Reader Shane W , Kim Hyun-seok , El-Serag Hashem B , Thrift Aaron P 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundDirect-acting antiviral treatment regimens cure &gt;95% of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, but recent studies indicate that &lt;25% of patients in the United States receive treatment. Patients need to overcome barriers on the steps of the care continuum in order to be prescribed treatment. We aimed to examine the steps of the HCV care continuum up to prescription of HCV therapy among patients receiving care within a large safety net health care system in Houston, Texas.MethodsWe used electronic medical records to identify patients with positive screening tests for HCV antibodies between July 1, 2017, and June 30, 2018, and abstracted data on their advancement through the care continuum for HCV. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with patient navigation through the continuum.ResultsOf the 2450 patients screening positive for HCV antibodies, 2016 (82.3%) received quantitative RNA testing, of whom 1081 (53.6%) exhibited chronic infection. Providers referred 915 (84.6%) to specialty care for evaluation, 540 of these patients (50.0%) received their specialist evaluation, and 299 (27.7%) received a prescription for treatment. Patients with history of substance use were less likely to be prescribed treatment (adjusted odds ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49–0.88).ConclusionsWe found substantial attrition at each stage of the HCV care continuum. In particular, history of substance abuse was a predictor of nonprescription. Challenges in the care continuum motivate increased provider education as well as the adoption of recent innovations in patient care.
Investigating the Perceived Impact of Psychosis on Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors
Authors: Harris Kamelia , Gooding Patricia , Peters Sarah , Haddock Gillian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
There is evidence showing a link between experiencing psychosis and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. However, individual accounts of the impact of psychosis on suicidal experiences have not been examined in detail. This study aimed to investigate the perceived impact of psychosis on suicidal thoughts and behaviors from the perspectives of individuals with these experiences. Semi-structured interviews with 20 people with non-affective psychosis and lifetime experiences of suicidal thoughts and/or behaviors were conducted. Data were analyzed using inductive Thematic Analysis. Based on participants’ experiences of psychosis and suicidal thoughts and behaviors, 3 themes were identified, including (1) Psychosis experiences are immensely distressing, (2) Changes in behaviors and appraisals of self, and (3) Suicidality as a means of escaping distress. A practical heuristic was proposed, describing a vicious cycle between psychological distress and changes in behaviors and self-appraisals, whereby suicidality was perceived as the only way to escape immense psychological pain. Hallucinations and delusions were central to the development of suicidal experiences. However, certain types of delusions, such as grandiose delusions, were sometimes found to reduce the intensity of suicidal experiences and associated psychological distress. It is necessary to examine the impact of psychosis on individuals, in order to assess the possibility of suicide-related experiences, as certain aspects of psychosis can have an amplifying effect, whereas others can have a weakening effect on those experiences. Minimizing the immense psychological pain experienced by some people with psychosis and the inter-related suicidal thoughts and behaviors is of paramount importance for clinical practice.
Learning in Faculty Development: The Role of Social Networks
Authors: Buckley Heather , Nimmon Laura 
Published: August 2020

Purpose
Faculty development is increasingly acknowledged as an important aspect of health professions education. Its conceptualization has evolved from an individual skills training activity to contemporary notions that draw on an organizational model. This organizational model recognizes relationships and networks as important mediators of knowledge mobilization. Although such conceptual advancements are critical, we lack empirical evidence and robust insights into how social networks function to shape learning in faculty development. The purpose of this study was to understand how informal professional social networks influence faculty development learning in the health professions.

Method
This study used a qualitative social network approach to explore how teaching faculty’s relationships influenced their learning about teaching. The study was conducted in 2018 in an undergraduate course at a Canadian medical school. Eleven faculty participants were recruited, and 3 methods of data collection were employed: semistructured interviews, participant-drawn sociograms, and demographic questionnaires.

Results
The social networks of faculty participants influenced their learning about teaching in the following 4 dimensions: enabling and mobilizing knowledge acquisition, shaping identity formation, expressing vulnerability, and scaffolding learning.

Conclusions
Faculty developers should consider faculty’s degree of social embeddedness in their professional social networks, as our study suggests this may influence their learning about teaching. The findings align with recent calls to conceptually reorient faculty development in the health professions as a dynamic social enterprise.
Predicting Performance on Clerkship Examinations and USMLE Step 1: What Is the Value of Open-Ended Question Examination?
Authors: Boscardin Christy K. , Earnest Gillian , Hauer Karen E. 
Published: August 2020

Purpose
Despite advances in learning sciences that highlight the efficacy of elaborative interrogation, in which students explain and elaborate on concepts in their own words, assessment techniques in medical education have commonly employed multiple-choice questions (MCQs). Educators’ reluctance to consider alternatives such as open-ended questions (OEQs) stems from practical advantages of MCQs and the lack of empirical data on the predictability of OEQs for performance on other high-stakes assessments. In this study, the authors compared the predictive value of preclerkship assessments using OEQs for the outcomes of clerkship examinations and United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1.

Method
The authors compared outcomes of 2 assessment formats using multiyear performance data (2015 and 2016 cohorts) on preclerkship MCQ versus OEQ examinations for predicting students’ subsequent performance on 6 clerkship examinations and USMLE Step 1. The authors conducted a regression analysis to compare the predictability of MCQs and OEQs by using clerkship exam scores and Step 1 scores as dependent variables and performance on MCQs and OEQs as predictors in the models.

Results
Regression models with OEQs were consistently higher for predicting clerkship exam (NBME shelf-exam) scores, except for one clerkship, compared with models using MCQs. For Step 1, R-square using MCQs was higher with 59% of the variance explained compared with 46% with OEQs, but the OEQ cohort scored significantly higher on Step 1.

Conclusions
OEQ examinations predict performance on subsequent high-stakes MCQ examinations. Given the predictive value and closer alignment with scientific principles of effective learning, OEQ examinations are an examination format worthy of consideration in preclerkship medical education programs.