bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development pattern of tracheal cartilage in human embryos
Authors: Fockens M. Matthijs , de Bakker Bernadette S. , Oostra Roelof‐Jan , Dikkers Frederik G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionCongenital tracheal anomalies are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The etiology of congenital tracheal anomalies is not well understood, but often attributed to malformed tracheal cartilage. The development of tracheal cartilage has not been described in detail. In this study, we aimed to investigate the development pattern and timing of normal tracheal cartilage to better understand the etiology of tracheal anomalies.Materials and methodsThe development of tracheal cartilage was examined by studying the trachea in histological sections of 14 healthy human embryos from the Carnegie collection. Two specimens for Carnegie Stages 17–23 (42–60 days of embryological development) were studied.ResultsAt Carnegie Stages 17–19 (42–51 days), a continuous mesenchymal condensation was observed ventral to the tracheal lumen. At Stages 20 and 21 (51–54 days), this pre‐tracheal mesenchyme showed sites of increased condensation indicative of future tracheal rings. Furthermore, growth centers were identified both proximally and distally in the trachea. Characteristic horseshoe shaped tracheal rings were apparent at Carnegie Stages 22 and 23 (54–60 days).ConclusionsIn human embryos, tracheal rings arise from growth centers in the ventral mesenchyme at approximately 51–54 days of embryological development. The observation of proximal and distal growth centers suggests a centripetal growth gradient, potentially contributing to occurrence of complete tracheal ring deformity (CTRD). Although this study shows new insights on tracheal cartilage development, the exact origin of congenital tracheal defects has yet to be elucidated.
A review of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury: Pathophysiology, experimental models, biomarkers, genetics and pharmacological treatment
Authors: Gunata Mehmet , Parlakpinar Hakan 
Published: September 2020

Cardiovascular diseases are known to be the most fatal diseases worldwide. Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is at the centre of the pathology of the most common cardiovascular diseases. According to the World Health Organization estimates, ischaemic heart disease is the leading global cause of death, causing more than 9 million deaths in 2016. After cardiovascular events, thrombolysis, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery are applied as treatment. However, after restoring coronary blood flow, myocardial I/R injury may occur. It is known that this damage occurs due to many pathophysiological mechanisms, especially increasing reactive oxygen types. Besides causing cardiomyocyte death through multiple mechanisms, it may be an important reason for affecting other cell types such as platelets, fibroblasts, endothelial and smooth muscle cells and immune cells. Also, polymorphonuclear leukocytes are associated with myocardial I/R damage during reperfusion. This damage may be insufficient in patients with co‐morbidity, as it is demonstrated that it can be prevented by various endogenous antioxidant systems. In this context, the resulting data suggest that optimal cardioprotection may require a combination of additional or synergistic multi‐target treatments. In this review, we discussed the pathophysiology, experimental models, biomarkers, treatment and its relationship with genetics in myocardial I/R injury.Significance of the studyThis review summarized current information on myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury (pathophysiology, experimental models, biomarkers, genetics and pharmacological therapy) for researchers and reveals guiding data for researchers, especially in the field of cardiovascular system and pharmacology.
Self‐organization Properties of a GPCR‐Binding Peptide with a Fluorinated Tail Studied by Fluorine NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Jourdain de Muizon Capucine , Ramanoudjame Sridévi M. , Esteoulle Lucie , Ling Claude , Brou Germain , Anton Nicolas , Vandamme Thierry , Delsuc Marc‐André , Bonnet Dominique , Kieffer Bruno 
Published: September 2020

AbstractConjugation of the bioactive apelin‐17 peptide with a fluorocarbon chain results in self‐organization of the peptide into micelles. Fluorine NMR spectroscopy studies show that the fluoropeptide‘s micelles are monodisperse, while proton NMR indicates that the peptide moiety remains largely disordered despite micellization. A very fast exchange rate is measured between the free and micellar states of the peptide which enables the number of molecules present in the micelle to be estimated as 200, in agreement with values found by dynamic light scattering measurements.
Sustainable Dimethyl Carbonate Production from Ethylene Oxide and Methanol
Authors: Fallah Ramezani Saeed , Karimi Mehdi , Panahi Mehdi , Rafiee Ahmad 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA large‐scale dimethyl carbonate (DMC) production process from ethylene oxide (EO), CO2, and methanol was simulated and optimized. Unlike most industrial processes of DMC production, the direct conversion of EO and CO2 to ethylene carbonate (EC) and EC transesterification to DMC were performed in a single reactor. The reaction volume and the reactor operating pressure were selected as decision variables and evaluated. The key performance parameters, e.g., conversion per pass and CO2 intensity, were compared with conventional commercialized routes or novel promising processes in the literature.
Tuning the Photo‐electrochemical Performance of RuII‐Sensitized Two‐Dimensional MoS2
Authors: Chen Xin , Krajewska Aleksandra M. , McGuinness Cormac , Lynes Amy , McAteer David , Berner Nina , Duesberg Georg , Coleman Jonathan N. , McDonald Aidan R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCovalently tethering photosensitizers to catalytically active 1T‐MoS2 surfaces holds great promise for the solar‐driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we report the preparation of two new RuII‐complex‐functionalized MoS2 hybrids [RuII(bpy)2(phen)]‐MoS2 and [RuII(bpy)2(py)Cl]‐MoS2. The influence of covalent functionalization of chemically exfoliated 1T‐MoS2 with coordinating ligands and RuII complexes on the HER activity and photo‐electrochemical performance of this dye‐sensitized system was studied systematically. We find that the photo‐electrochemical performance of this RuII‐complex‐sensitized MoS2 system is highly dependent on the surface extent of photosensitizers and the catalytic activity of functionalized MoS2. The latter was strongly affected by the number and the kind of functional groups. Our results underline the tunability of the photovoltage generation in this dye‐sensitized MoS2 system by manipulation of the surface functionalities, which provides a practical guidance for smart design of future dye‐sensitized MoS2 hydrogen production devices towards improved the photofuel conversion efficiency.
Quinoline Photobasicity: Investigation within Water‐Soluble Light‐Responsive Copolymers
Authors: Sittig Maria , Tom Jessica C. , Elter Johanna K. , Schacher Felix H. , Dietzek Benjamin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractQuinoline photobases exhibit a distinctly higher pKa in their electronically excited state than in the ground state, thereby enabling light‐controlled proton transfer reactions, for example, in molecular catalysis. The absorption of UV light translates to a pKa jump of approximately 10 units, as established for small‐molecule photobases. This contribution presents the first synthesis of quinoline‐based polymeric photobases prepared by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The integration of quinolines as photobase chromophores within copolymers offers new possibilities for light‐triggered proton transfer in nanostructured materials, that is, in nanoparticles, at surfaces, membranes and interfaces. To exploit the light‐triggered reactivity of photobases within such materials, we first investigated how the ground‐ and excited‐state properties of the quinoline unit changes upon polymer integration. To address this matter, we combined absorption and emission spectroscopy with time‐resolved transient‐absorption studies to reveal photoinduced proton‐transfer dynamics in various solvents. The results yield important insights into the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of these polymeric quinoline photobases.
Is smoking today more healthy?
Authors: Pansegrau Svenja , Busker Maike 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDas Angebot zum Dampfen von E‐Zigaretten und zum Rauchen von Wasserpfeifen (Shishas) wird durch immer vielfältigere, fruchtige und süßliche Aromen sowie grelle, bunte Produkte geprägt. Laut dem Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR) handelt es sich hierbei jedoch um keine unbedenklichen Produkte. Der Rauch einer Shisha enthält unter anderem hohe Mengen an Kohlenmonoxid sowie Teer. Der Dampf von E‐Zigaretten enthält unter anderem verschiedene gesundheitsschädliche Carbonylverbindungen, wie Formaldehyd. Insbesondere Jugendliche sind eine wichtige Zielgruppe der Tabakprävention. Daher bietet die Untersuchung von und die Diskussion über den Umgang mit Shishas, E‐Zigaretten und „normalen“ Tabakzigaretten im Chemieunterricht die Möglichkeit, Schülerinnen und Schüler früh für die eigene Gesundheit zu sensibilisieren und ihre Bewertungskompetenz zu schulen. Durch verschiedene quantitative und qualitative Experimente, die mit einfachen Mitteln im Schulunterricht eingesetzt und zur Diskussion gebracht werden können, lassen sich die verschiedenen Dampf‐ und Rauchsysteme experimentell untersuchen.
Trends in screening breast magnetic resonance imaging use among US women, 2006 to 2016
Authors: Wernli Karen J. , Callaway Katherine A. , Henderson Louise M. , Kerlikowske Karla , Lee Janie M. , Ross‐Degnan Dennis , Wallace Jamie K. , Wharam J. Frank , Zhang Fang , Stout Natasha K. 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundSupplemental breast cancer screening with breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended for women at high risk of breast cancer. To the authors' knowledge, recent national trends in breast MRI use are unknown.MethodsThe authors used claims data from a large national insurer to calculate screening breast MRI rates from 2006 to 2016 in a US cohort of 10 million women aged 20 to 64 years. Use was stratified by subgroups of women with a BRCA mutation, family history of breast cancer, and prior breast cancer history and stratified by age. Joinpoint regression evaluated annual changes in trends.ResultsThe total sample included 37,447 screening breast MRI examinations in 25,617 women. Overall screening breast MRI rates were low and increased from 2.9 to 12.1 examinations per 10,000 women from 2006 to 2016. MRI use in women with a BRCA mutation increased by 21% on average annually from 210.8 per 10,000 women to 1562.0 per 10,000 women from 2006 to 2016. By 2016, women aged 50 to 64 years who had a BRCA mutation had the highest use of breast MRI (1669.6 MRI examinations per 10,000 women) compared with younger women (1198.4 MRI examinations per 10,000 women, 1519.1 MRI examinations per 10,000 women, and 1567.2 MRI examinations per 10,000 women, respectively, among women aged 20‐29 years, 30‐39 years, and 40‐49 years). Women with a BRCA mutation comprised <1% of the current study population but received approximately 9% of screening breast MRI examinations. Breast MRI rates among women with a family history of breast cancer or prior breast cancer history initially increased from 2006 to 2008, but then stabilized or decreased.ConclusionsThe increases in breast MRI use observed in the current study have indicated improvements in concordance with breast imaging guidelines. However, women with BRCA mutations remain underscreened, particularly younger women, thereby identifying a clear gap with which to enhance access.
The development of color of historic buildings on the North Bund of Shanghai
Authors: Gou Aiping , Wang Xuyang , Wang Jiangbo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe North Bund is located in the southern riverside of Hongkou District, Shanghai, characterized by rich historical architecture. The yellows make up a large proportion, followed by the reds and neutrals. The auxiliary and interspersed colors center round the reds, neutrals, followed by the yellows. Dominant and auxiliary colors fall into the category of high and mid‐high brightness and the interspersed colors of low and mid‐low brightness. The color development of the historical buildings on the North Bund can be divided into five periods. Before 1843, the residential buildings centered round light colors like light‐gray and white; the palace and temple architecture were ablaze with red, yellow, green and black. From 1843 to 1985, the Colonial Veranda‐style and classic buildings began to emerge. The dominant and auxiliary colors center round light‐yellow and tangerine with high and mid‐high brightness; and the neutrals make up a large proportion. From 1986 to 1919, Colonial Veranda‐style buildings on the North Bund achieved a dominant position, the dominant colors were light‐yellow, dark‐red and gray blue analogous to the neutrals. The color structure was rather unstable. From 1920 to 1937, decorative and modernist buildings gained in popularity. Red made up a large proportion of the dominant, auxiliary colors and interspersed colors, but the interspersed colors were darker, such as pink and fuchsia. The relatively stable structure has the largest number. From 1938 to 1949, the construction industry proved to be stagnant, and preference was normally given to more neutral colors, having no particular distinguishing features
Release of Warfarin from Human Serum Albumin by Water‐soluble CdSe Nanotetrapods
Authors: Banerjee Sucheta , Kistwal Tanuja , Sajeevan Amritha , Datta Anindya 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWater soluble CdSe nanotetrapods are prepared by ligand exchange from organic‐soluble ones. In order to achieve this, oleic acid, which is the capping agent for as prepared water‐insoluble nanotetrapods, is exchanged with mercaptopropanoic acid (MPA). Shape and size of nanotetrapods are conserved upon ligand exchange. Ground state bleach recovery dynamics remain the same as well. However, they are completely non‐emissive. These water‐soluble nanotetrapods disrupt the secondary structure of Human Serum Albumin (HSA) and consequently, release warfarin bound to the protein.
Identifying the Types and Characterization of the Active Sites on M−X−C Single‐Atom Catalysts
Authors: Yang Jiarui , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSingle atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted much attention in recent years. As an essential group in SACs, M−X−C (X=nonmetallic element) materials have been demonstrated to be efficient in many reactions. However, identifying the active sites on M−X−C, especially under working conditions, is still challenging, which is crucial for chemists to further understand the mechanism underlying the reaction and better design proper SACs for specific reactions. Herein, the types and characterization of M−X−C are comprehensively summarized and discussed in this review. In addition to the basic information above, the challenges and opportunities remaining in this field will be also proposed to present a perspective to the research on the next step.
Catalytic CO Oxidation by O2 Mediated with Single Gold Atom Doped Titanium Oxide Cluster Anions AuTi2O4–6−
Authors: Wang Si‐Dun , Chen Jiao‐Jiao , Li Xiao‐Na , Ma Tong‐Mei , He Sheng‐Gui 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGas‐phase studies on catalytic CO oxidation by O2 mediated with gold‐containing heteronuclear metal oxide clusters are vital to obtain the structure−reactivity relationship of supported gold catalysts, while it is challenging to trigger the reactivity of clusters with closed‐shell electronic structure in O2 activation. Herein, we identified that CO oxidation by O2 can be catalyzed by the AuTi2O4–6− clusters, among which AuTi2O4− with closed‐shell electronic structure can effectively activate O2. The reactions were characterized by mass spectrometry and quantum chemical calculations. Theoretical calculations showed that in the initial stage of O2 activation, the Ti2O4 moiety in AuTi2O4− contributes dominantly to activate O2 into superoxide (O2−⋅) without participation of the Au atom. In subsequent steps, the intimate charge transfer interaction between Au and the Ti2O4 moiety drives the direct dissociation of the O2−⋅ unit.
Pressure‐Induced Spin Crossover at Room Temperature in a Nanoporous Host‐Guest Framework Structure
Authors: Vatsha Banele , Goliath Rowan , Hearne Giovanni 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe two‐dimensional (2D) metal‐organic framework compound Fe2(azpy)4(NCS)4 (azpy=trans‐4,4′‐azopyridine, NCS=thiocyanate) has been pressurized in isopropanol and ethanol that act as guest molecules and pressure‐transmitting media. Room temperature conversion of metal‐ion sites from high‐spin to low‐spin states under high‐pressure‐driven uptake of guest molecules was investigated. Upon isopropanol guest inclusion, spin conversion of ∼66 % low‐spin abundance is attained by ∼3 GPa. Spin‐crossover progression stimulated by ethanol guest inclusion is more sluggish and ∼56 % low‐spin abundance is attained by ∼5.5 GPa. This pressure‐facilitated guest‐specific triggering of spin crossover is suggestive of guest‐molecule interactions with the local coordination network of the Fe(II) core, which increases the ligand field. Appreciable low‐spin abundances attained at room temperature upon pressurization, are comparable to maximal ∼50 % spin conversions only attainable below ∼150 K at ambient pressure.
SQM/COSMO Scoring Function: Reliable Quantum‐Mechanical Tool for Sampling and Ranking in Structure‐Based Drug Design
Authors: Pecina Adam , Eyrilmez Saltuk M. , Köprülüoğlu Cemal , Miriyala Vijay Madhav , Lepšík Martin , Fanfrlík Jindřich , Řezáč Jan , Hobza Pavel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractInvited for this month's cover is the group of Prof. Pavel Hobza, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague. The cover picture shows a powerful automated quantum mechanics based SQM/COSMO approach to protein–ligand scoring. It comprises thorough preparation of ligand structures, extensive generation of binding complexes, fast geometry relaxation and reliable affinity prediction. Read the full text of the Minireview at 10.1002/cplu.202000120.
Seasonal herbage accumulation and canopy characteristics of novel and standard brachiariagrasses under N fertilization and irrigation in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Lara Marcio A. S. , Silva Valdson J. , Sollenberger Lynn E. , Pedreira Carlos G. S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUnderstanding seasonal changes in herbage accumulation (HA) and canopy characteristics of tropical grasses aids management of forage–livestock systems and optimizes use of novel cultivars in traditional and integrated systems. The objective of this study was to describe and explain seasonal HA and canopy characteristics of three standard brachiariagrass cultivars in southeastern Brazil under conditions of N fertilization and irrigation: ‘Basilisk’ signalgrass [Brachiaria decumbens (Stapf.); syn. Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster]; two commercially released palisadegrass [B. brizantha (Hochst. Ex A. Rich.) Stapf.; syn. U. brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster] cultivars, Marandu and Xaraés; and unreleased selections of palisadegrass, Arapoty and Capiporã. Grass plots were mechanically harvested every 28 d during the warm season and every 42 d during the cool season to 15‐cm stubble starting in September 2005 and ending in September 2008. Capiporã and Xaraés were the most productive (15.6 and 14.6 Mg dry matter [DM] ha−1, respectively) despite having greater seasonality of growth. Arapoty did not show advantages over the cultivars Basilisk and Marandu, with similar total annual HA (∼11 Mg DM ha−1). Arapoty and Basilisk forage averaged 50% more stems than the other grasses in the warm season. Leaf area index (LAI) and light interception (LI) at harvest did not vary among grasses in Year 1, with an average of 3.1 and 90.3%, respectively, and were generally greater for Marandu in Year 2. Capiporã and Xaraés are options for intensive pasture‐based livestock production systems and for pasture diversification in tropical areas because of their good HA with great leaf proportion.
A high‐resolution hybrid digital pulse width modulator with dual‐edge‐triggered flip‐flops and hardware compensation
Authors: Cheng Xin , Li Bin , Zhu Haowen , Zhang Yongqiang , Zhang Zhang 
Published: September 2020

SummaryIn this paper, a hybrid architecture of digital pulse width modulator (DPWM) which applies a counter, a phase‐shifted circuit, and a carry chain is proposed. Dual‐edge‐triggered flip‐flops are used in the phase‐shifted circuit to generate signals with 45° phase shift, which not only improves the resolution of the DPWM but also reduces the resource consumption in the carry chain. Furthermore, a hardware compensation method is used to solve the duty cycle increment phenomenon that affects the regulation accuracy of converter. An 11‐bit DPWM with the proposed architecture is implemented and tested by Xilinx Artix‐7 FPGA. The experimental results show a high resolution of 32 ps and a good linearity where R2 is 0.99 and verify the effect of duty cycle compensation.
How does peer adversity “Get inside the Brain?” Adolescent girls’ differential susceptibility to neural dysregulation of emotion following victimization
Authors: Rudolph Karen D. , Skymba Haley V. , Modi Haina H. , Davis Megan M. , Yan Sze Wing , Rosswurm Caitlin P. , Telzer Eva H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractExposure to peer victimization is a traumatic stressor, with adverse consequences for mental and physical health. This prospective, multi‐method, multi‐informant study investigated how victimization “gets into the brain,” as reflected in neural dysregulation of emotion during adolescence. Moreover, we examined whether certain youth are particularly vulnerable to compromised neural function (i.e., a pattern of positive amygdala‐right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex [rVLPFC] connectivity linked to poor emotion regulation [ER] and emotional distress) following victimization. In all, 43 adolescent girls completed an implicit ER task during a functional brain scan, and reported on rejection sensitivity. In 6th–9th grades, teachers and adolescents reported annually on victimization. Results revealed that a history of elevated victimization predicted less effective neural regulation of emotion (more positive amygdala‐rVLPFC connectivity) in girls with high but not low rejection sensitivity. Consistent with a differential susceptibility model, high rejection sensitivity was associated with particularly effective neural regulation of emotion (more negative amygdala‐rVLPFC connectivity) in girls with low‐victimization histories. A parallel pattern emerged for a behavioral index of ER. This research provides insight into one pathway through which peer adversity undermines emotional development in ways that forecast compromised future health, and identifies youth who are at particularly high risk following peer adversity.