bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Alternative Food Sources for Rearing Entomological Evidence
Authors: Weidner Lauren M , Nigoghosian Gregory , Hanau Caroline G , Jennings David E 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Forensic entomology is a well-established tool for evaluating the death, or abuse, of a person. Insect evidence provides valuable information as related to time of colonization and movement of remains from one location to another. Blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) are commonly found on human remains throughout most stages of decomposition, and when entomological evidence is collected these taxa tend to be the most numerous. However, very few crime laboratories across the country have collection and rearing protocols for these forensically important insects. A lack of knowledge in collection techniques and limited access to an appropriate food source are the main reasons for absence in adequate collection and rearing protocols. Thus, when crime scene investigators or pathologists collect insects, they are often mishandled (e.g., placed into containers with no air holes, no food, or a food source that is not sustainable for their development). To address this issue, we analyzed easily accessible and cost-efficient alternative food sources for blow flies; specifically, tuna and wet cat food compared to beef liver (control). Survivorship and development were examined for each food source using the blow flies Phormia regina (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricus) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). These findings provide an overview of possible alternatives that could be used as a sustainable food source in crime laboratories when immediate action from a forensic entomologist cannot be obtained.
Accurate staging of reproduction development in Cadenza wheat by non-destructive spike analysis
Authors: Fernández-Gómez José , Talle Behzad , Tidy Alison C , Wilson Zoe A 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWheat is one of the most important crops in the world; however, loss of genetic variability and abiotic stress caused by variable climatic conditions threaten future productivity. Reproduction is critical for wheat yield; however, pollen development is amongst the developmental stages most sensitive to stresses such as heat, cold, or drought. A better understanding of how anther and pollen development is regulated is needed to help produce more resilient crops and ensure future yield increases. However, in cereals such as wheat, barley, and rice, flowers form within the developing pseudostem and therefore accurate staging of floral materials is extremely challenging. This makes detailed phenotypic and molecular analysis of floral development very difficult, particularly when limited plant material is available, for example with mutant or transgenic lines. Here we present an accurate approach to overcome this problem, by non-destructive staging of reproduction development in Cadenza, the widely used spring wheat research variety. This uses a double-scale system whereby anther and pollen development can be predicted in relation to spike size and spike position within the pseudostem. This system provides an easy, reproducible method that facilitates accurate sampling and analysis of floral materials, to enable anther and pollen developmental research.
The quick and the dead: a new model for the essential role of ABA accumulation in synthetic auxin herbicide mode of action
Authors: Gaines Todd A 
Published: April 2020

This article comments on:McCauley CL, McAdam SAM, Bhide K, Thimmapuram J, Banks JA, Young BG. 2020. Transcriptomics in Erigeron canadensis reveals rapid photosynthetic and hormonal responses to auxin herbicide application. Journal of Experimental Botany 71,3701–3709.
The evolution of inverted magnetic fields through the inner heliosphere
Authors: Macneil Allan R , Owens Mathew J , Wicks Robert T , Lockwood Mike , Bentley Sarah N , Lang Matthew 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTLocal inversions are often observed in the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF), but their origins and evolution are not yet fully understood. Parker Solar Probe has recently observed rapid, Alfvénic, HMF inversions in the inner heliosphere, known as ‘switchbacks’, which have been interpreted as the possible remnants of coronal jets. It has also been suggested that inverted HMF may be produced by near-Sun interchange reconnection; a key process in mechanisms proposed for slow solar wind release. These cases suggest that the source of inverted HMF is near the Sun, and it follows that these inversions would gradually decay and straighten as they propagate out through the heliosphere. Alternatively, HMF inversions could form during solar wind transit, through phenomena such velocity shears, draping over ejecta, or waves and turbulence. Such processes are expected to lead to a qualitatively radial evolution of inverted HMF structures. Using Helios measurements spanning 0.3–1 au, we examine the occurrence rate of inverted HMF, as well as other magnetic field morphologies, as a function of radial distance r, and find that it continually increases. This trend may be explained by inverted HMF observed between 0.3 and 1 au being primarily driven by one or more of the above in-transit processes, rather than created at the Sun. We make suggestions as to the relative importance of these different processes based on the evolution of the magnetic field properties associated with inverted HMF. We also explore alternative explanations outside of our suggested driving processes which may lead to the observed trend.
On the radial acceleration of disc galaxies
Authors: Wilhelm Klaus , Dwivedi Bhola N 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
The physical processes defining the dynamics of disc galaxies are still poorly understood. Hundreds of articles have appeared in the literature over the last decades without arriving at an understanding within a consistent gravitational theory. Dark matter (DM) scenarios or a modification of Newtonian dynamics (MOND) are employed to model the non-Keplerian rotation curves in most of the studies, but the nature of DM and its interaction with baryonic matter remains an open question and MOND formulates a mathematical concept without a physical process. We have continued our attempts to use the impact theory of gravitation for a description of the peculiar acceleration and velocity curves and have considered five more galaxies. Using published data of the galaxies NGC 3198, NGC 2403, NGC 1090, UGC 3205, and NGC 1705, it has been possible to find good fits without DM for the observed disc velocities and, as example, also for the extraplanar matter of NGC 3198.
Turbulent pressure support and hydrostatic mass bias in the intracluster medium
Authors: Angelinelli M , Vazza F , Giocoli C , Ettori S , Jones T W , Brunetti G , Brüggen M , Eckert D 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
The degree of turbulent pressure support by residual gas motions in galaxy clusters is not well known. Mass modelling of combined X-ray and Sunyaev–Zel’dovich observations provides an estimate of turbulent pressure support in the outer regions of several galaxy clusters. Here, we test two different filtering techniques to disentangle bulk from turbulent motions in non-radiative high-resolution cosmological simulations of galaxy clusters using the cosmological hydrocode enzo. We find that the radial behaviour of the ratio of non-thermal pressure to total gas pressure as a function of cluster-centric distance can be described by a simple polynomial function. The typical non-thermal pressure support in the centre of clusters is ∼5 per cent, increasing to ∼15 per cent in the outskirts, in line with the pressure excess found in recent X-ray observations. While the complex dynamics of the intracluster medium makes it impossible to reconstruct a simple correlation between turbulent motions and hydrostatic bias, we find that a relation between them can be established using the median properties of a sample of objects. Moreover, we estimate the contribution of radial accelerations to the non-thermal pressure support and conclude that it decreases moving outwards from 40 per cent (in the core) to 15 per cent (in the cluster’s outskirts). Adding this contribution to one provided by turbulence, we show that it might account for the entire observed hydrostatic bias in the innermost regions of the clusters, and for less than 80 per cent of it at r &gt; 0.8 r200,m.
Vertical distribution, population structure and developmental characteristics of the less studied but globally distributed mesopelagic copepod Scaphocalanus magnus in the western Arctic Ocean
Authors: Yamaguchi Atsushi , Ashjian Carin J , Campbell Robert G , Abe Yoshiyuki 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Scaphocalanus magnus is a large copepod species with a worldwide distribution. Information on the ecology of this species is scarce. In this study, S. magnus was collected using vertically stratified net sampling from an ice station in the western Arctic Ocean over a year. The vertical distribution differed between periods of polar night and midnight sun, with core depth distributions of 264–381 m for the polar night and 518–745 m for the midnight sun. The shallower distribution during the polar night may have resulted from the animals moving upwards to find sufficient food during the less productive season. The abundance of early copepodite stages showed clear seasonality. The C2 and C3 stages were abundant June–August and August–September, respectively. After C4, seasonality in abundance was not clear. For C4 and C5, body sizes and masses were greater for males than for females while the opposite was the case for C6. Adult males do not feed and thus have shorter life spans than females, skewing the adult sex ratio towards females. For these mesopelagic particle feeding copepods, a long residence time at C6F suggests that in a varying food environment, it is possible to wait to initiate reproduction until favourable food conditions occur.
Transgender Policymaking: The View from the States
Authors: Mezey Susan Gluck 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The executive branch and federal courts and, occasionally Congress, have played key roles in transgender policymaking, but state governments have been particularly important actors in recent years. This article examines the prominent role of state governments in defining the scope of equal rights protections for the nation’s transgender community. Some states have expanded transgender rights, whereas others have limited them, with a number of states also preempting local governments’ ability to enact protective measures. State attorneys general have also filed suit challenging the federal government’s efforts to guarantee transgender rights. In general, transgender policymaking demonstrates continuity with patterns highlighted in recent federalism scholarship. Consistent with policymaking in other areas in a polarized era, state transgender policymaking is characterized by “variable speed federalism,” whereby certain states move more quickly than others in advancing transgender rights. Additionally, in a development particularly applicable to morality policy, advances in transgender rights in certain states and jurisdictions have sparked backlash in other states and produced emotionally charged interactions leaving little room for bargaining and compromise.
Rituximab for rapidly progressive juvenile systemic sclerosis
Authors: Zulian Francesco , Dal Pozzolo Roberto , Meneghel Alessandra , Castaldi Biagio , Marcolongo Renzo , Caforio Alida Linda Patrizia , Martini Giorgia 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
Juvenile systemic sclerosis (JSSc) with rapidly progressive course is a life-threatening condition associated with a poor prognosis. Recently, rituximab (RTX) has been shown to be a promising treatment for adult patients with SSc. We present a series of four patients with rapidly progressive JSSc successfully treated with RTX.

Methods
Clinical, laboratory and functional parameters were collected from four patients with rapidly progressive JSSc treated with RTX for at least 1 year. All patients underwent four yearly courses of i.v. RTX 375 mg/m2 on day 0 and 14, at 3-month intervals. Low dose oral prednisone and MMF were also administered. Data were recorded at baseline and every 6 months and included pulmonary and myocardial function parameters, muscular, vascular and skin changes. The Juvenile Systemic Sclerosis Severity Score (J4S) estimated the overall disease severity over time.

Results
Four patients (three males, one female), aged 8–17 years, entered the study. Three patients presented with prevalent cardiac involvement, one with severe pulmonary involvement. After 1 year of RTX treatment, all patients showed significant improvement of J4S, Raynaud’s phenomenon and cutaneous involvement. Among those with prevalent cardiac involvement, two showed an improvement of the myocardial function (left ventricular ejection fraction [EF] +37% and +19%, respectively) and in the third arrhythmias disappeared. The patient with severe pulmonary involvement showed a significant improvement of the respiratory function (forced vital capacity +46%, forced expiratory volume in 1 s +33%, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide [DLCO] +30%). No major side effects were reported.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that a combination of RTX and MMF is effective in arresting the rapid progression of JSSc.
Spatially and Temporally Distinct Encoding of Muscle and Kinematic Information in Rostral and Caudal Primary Motor Cortex
Authors: Kolasinski James , Dima Diana C , Mehler David M A , Stephenson Alice , Valadan Sara , Kusmia Slawomir , Rossiter Holly E 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The organizing principle of human motor cortex does not follow an anatomical body map, but rather a distributed representational structure in which motor primitives are combined to produce motor outputs. Electrophysiological recordings in primates and human imaging data suggest that M1 encodes kinematic features of movements, such as joint position and velocity. However, M1 exhibits well-documented sensory responses to cutaneous and proprioceptive stimuli, raising questions regarding the origins of kinematic motor representations: are they relevant in top-down motor control, or are they an epiphenomenon of bottom-up sensory feedback during movement? Here we provide evidence for spatially and temporally distinct encoding of kinematic and muscle information in human M1 during the production of a wide variety of naturalistic hand movements. Using a powerful combination of high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography, a spatial and temporal multivariate representational similarity analysis revealed encoding of kinematic information in more caudal regions of M1, over 200 ms before movement onset. In contrast, patterns of muscle activity were encoded in more rostral motor regions much later after movements began. We provide compelling evidence that top-down control of dexterous movement engages kinematic representations in caudal regions of M1 prior to movement production.
A Road Less Traveled: Trafficking Hydrogen Sulfide and B12
Authors: Banerjee Ruma 
Published: April 2020

Similar in their very low intracellular abundance, the metabolism of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and vitamin B12 intersect at the sulfur mobility in PPD network where B12 serves as a cofactor, and H2S spews from enzymes with relaxed specificity. While only two mammalian enzymes require B12 for activity, cells maintain a regiment of chaperones to tailor and escort B12 from its point of entry into the cell to its targets. During this inter‐compartmental voyage, B12 is translocated between active sites in transient protein‐protein complexes, which exhibit the artful use of coordination chemistry. Structural enzymology studies on trafficking proteins are providing molecular insights into the cellular strategies for moving this portly organometallic cofactor. While the metabolic activity of gut microbiota represents a limited source of B12, it is a substantial source of H2S and necessitates adaptations by host cells to routine exposure to this respiratory toxin. Our studies are revealing the metabolic reprogramming that is part of the stress response to H2S in colon epithelial cells. Thus, although low in abundance, B12 and H2S have profound impacts on cellular biochemistry.Support or Funding InformationNational Institutes of Health (DK45776, HL58984, GM112455)This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Hepatic perilipin 5 promotes lipophagy and alters lipid droplet and mitochondrial dynamics
Authors: Zhang Enxiang , Najt Charles P , Hu Hongbo , Mashek Douglas G. 
Published: April 2020

Lipid droplets (LDs) are energy‐storage organelles which are composed of a lipid core, mainly triacylglycerol, surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. In addition, LDs are coated with hundreds of proteins including members of the perilipin family. Perilipin 5 (PLIN5) is highly expressed in oxidative tissues including the liver and in response to fasting. PLIN5 is thought to play a key role in uncoupling LD accumulation for lipotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction. It is generally accepted that PLIN5 influences LDs turnover through its binding and inhibition of lipolytic enzymes and also bridges LDs and mitochondria, which is thought to facilitate fatty acid transfer. The objective of these studies was to characterize the mechanism through which PLIN5 influences hepatic LD turnover in fed and fasting conditions. We employed anti‐sense oligonucleotides to ablate hepatic PLIN5 in vivo and used overexpression and knockdown approaches in primary hepatocytes. Both in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that PLIN5 ablation blocked autophagy and lipophagy, the lysosomal degradation LDs. Using autophagy inhibitors, we found that PLIN5 promoted autophagic flux, LD turnover and oxidation of LD‐derived fatty acids under fasting conditions. Moreover, we isolated cytosol and LD‐associated mitochondria and measured rates of fatty acid oxidation and protein expression. Cytosolic mitochondrial had increased fatty acid oxidation and expression proteins involved in fatty acid/oxidative metabolism, but ablation of PLIN5 normalized the differences between the two mitochondrial populations. In conclusion, PLIN5 promotes autophagy/lipophagy to influence LD turnover and plays a critical role in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism.Support or Funding InformationNational Institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseaseAmerican diabetes accociationNational Instituite on aging National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 31671945)China Scholarship CouncilThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
The neurovascular contents of a unilateral double mandibular canal: A case study
Authors: Ramirez Kristen Renee 
Published: April 2020

The occurrence of bifid mandibular canals is unusual but not rare. Previous reviews and case studies have described numerous types of bifid canals based on location, anatomy, and contents. Developmentally, ossification of the mandible begins at the region of the mental foramen and continues posteriorly, forming the mandibular canal around the neurovascular bundle within. This process explains the creation of multiple mandibular canals and the diversity of canal types previously recorded in the literature; the inferior alveolar nerve originates as three distinct bundles and may experience incomplete fusion, or the nerve and artery may be isolated during ossification. However, the presence of two distinct mandibular canals, each originating from its own mandibular foramen, is even more unusual. This case report describes a unilateral variant discovered during the dissection of a 92‐year‐old African American female. On the left side, the cadaver presents two distinct mandibular canals, each containing a branch of the maxillary artery and mandibular nerve, the third division of the trigeminal (CN V). The nerves within the two canals, the inferior alveolar nerve in the superior canal and the mental nerve in the inferior canal, were distinct from each other at the level of the posterior division of the mandibular nerve, within 1 cm of foramen ovale in the infratemporal region. This is the first description of such an occurrence, and emphasizes the need for identification of the contents of a bifid or accessory mandibular canal prior to invasive procedures.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Basigin gene products associate to form a novel cell‐adhesion system used to maintain a metabolic cytoarchitecture and potentially stimulate an immune response in the neural retina
Authors: Gonzalez Alicia , Ochrietor Judith D 
Published: April 2020

Two Basigin gene products are expressed in the vertebrate neural retina, named Basigin‐variant‐ 1 and Basigin‐variant‐2. Variant‐2 is found on cells throughout the body, including monocytes, as well as on the surface of Muller glial cells and retinal pigmented epithelial cells of the mammalian eye, whereas variant‐1 is considered a photoreceptor‐specific gene product. These membrane‐associated glycoproteins, which are members of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, are identical in amino acid sequence except for an additional Ig domain at the amino terminus of Basigin‐variant‐1. The amino acid sequence of the Basigin‐variant‐1‐specific Ig domain is well conserved throughout evolution, which suggests that it performs a conserved function. In addition, the Basigin‐variant‐1‐specific Ig domain is similar in amino acid sequence to a region of L1cam, a known Basigin‐variant‐2 binding partner in the brain. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the Basigin‐variant‐1‐specific Ig domain binds to Basigin‐variant‐2. Recombinant forms of the Basigin‐variant‐1‐specific Ig domain and L1cam were generated via molecular techniques and used in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) binding assays with Basigin‐variant‐2 endogenously expressed in mouse neural retina and kidney, as well as the mouse monocytic cell line RAW 264.7. The results of the study indicate that the Basigin‐variant‐1‐specific Ig domain does bind Basigin‐variant‐2 with moderate affinity. The corresponding region of L1cam, however, does not interact with Basigin‐variant‐2, which suggests that amino acids within this highly conserved domain that are specific to Basigin‐variant‐ 1 but not L1cam are responsible for the interaction. The data suggest that Basigin‐variant‐1 does interact with Basigin‐variant‐2 to form a novel cell adhesion system between Müller cells and photoreceptors in the neural retina. The data also suggest that the same interaction can occur between Basigin‐variant‐1 on photoreceptor cells and Basigin‐variant‐2 on monocytes that invade the neural retina in response to a compromised retinal pigmented epithelium.Support or Funding InformationUNF Office of Academic AffairsThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.