bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who passes restrictive labour policy? A view from the States
Authors: Bucci Laura C. , Jansa Joshua M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWhat leads states to adopt more restrictive labour policies? The conventional wisdom is that unified Republican states, with help from conservative political networks, are more likely to adopt restrictions on labour unions. We argue that party control of government matters but is constrained by voter preferences and the power of organised labour. We create new estimates of state-level public support for unions by income thirds using dynamic multilevel regression and poststratification. Using this measure, we predict the adoption of restrictive labour policies, such as right-to-work and minimum wage preemption laws. We find that Republican governments are less likely to adopt restrictive policies when unions are strong and when union support among middle- and low-income earners is high. Interestingly, these results run contrary to much of the literature on the unequal representation of the wealthy in public policy.
A combination theorem for combinatorially non-positively curved complexes of hyperbolic groups
Authors: MARTIN ALEXANDRE , OSAJDA DAMIAN 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe prove a combination theorem for hyperbolic groups, in the case of groups acting on complexes displaying combinatorial features reminiscent of non-positive curvature. Such complexes include for instance weakly systolic complexes and C'(1/6) small cancellation polygonal complexes. Our proof involves constructing a potential Gromov boundary for the resulting groups and analyzing the dynamics of the action on the boundary in order to use Bowditch’s characterisation of hyperbolicity. A key ingredient is the introduction of a combinatorial property that implies a weak form of non-positive curvature, and which holds for large classes of complexes.As an application, we study the hyperbolicity of groups obtained by small cancellation over a graph of hyperbolic groups.
Computable analysis with applications to dynamic systems
Authors: Collins Pieter 
Published: March 2020

AbstractNumerical computation is traditionally performed using floating-point arithmetic and truncated forms of infinite series, a methodology which allows for efficient computation at the cost of some accuracy. For most applications, these errors are entirely acceptable and the numerical results are considered trustworthy, but for some operations, we may want to have guarantees that the numerical results are correct, or explicit bounds on the errors. To obtain rigorous calculations, floating-point arithmetic is usually replaced by interval arithmetic and truncation errors are explicitly contained in the result. We may then ask the question of which mathematical operations can be implemented in a way in which the exact result can be approximated to arbitrary known accuracy by a numerical algorithm. This is the subject ofcomputable analysisand forms a theoretical underpinning of rigorous numerical computation. The aim of this article is to provide a straightforward introduction to this subject that is powerful enough to answer questions arising in dynamic system theory.
Identifying and assessing factors affecting farmers’ markets Electronic Benefit Transfer sales in Hawai‘i
Authors: Wolff G , Nelson-Hurwitz DC , Buchthal OV 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjective:Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) placement at farmers’ markets can reduce access disparities for low-income consumers. However, resources needed to operate EBT programs may challenge markets’ business models. A conceptual model of factors impacting EBT program success was developed from literature, and an exploratory study conducted to assess the impact of model variables on market EBT sales.Design:Annual EBT sales data were obtained for all Hawai‘i farmers’ markets with EBT programs (n 22). Key informant interviews (n 19), along with records review, were performed to gather data on model variables. Exploratory analysis was conducted to estimate the impact of individual model variables on EBT sales.Setting:Farmers’ markets accepting EBT in the state of Hawai‘i.Participants:Market managers and EBT program partners (n 19).Results:Markets engaging in community partnerships $\left( {{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} \Delta \overline x = \$ 852} \right)$, consumer education $\left( {{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} \Delta \overline x = \$ {\rm{598}}} \right)$, social media promotion $\left( {{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} \Delta \overline x = \$ {\rm{732}}} \right)$ or EBT incentives $\left( {{\mkern 1mu} {\mkern 1mu} \Delta \overline x = \$ {\rm{5}}0{\rm{9}}} \right)$ averaged higher sales than markets not reporting these practices. Sales increased by $3 for every ten additional SNAP-participating households and decreased by $35 for each competing EBT-accepting supermarket, grocery or farmers’ market within the market’s access area. Sales increased by $137/vendor for each additional hour/week the market was open.Conclusion:Factors suggested by the model, particularly community engagement and partnership, marketing methods, consumer base and competition for EBT sales in the market area substantively affected EBT sales. Assessing these factors may identify markets with the greatest chance of EBT success and suggest ways to strengthen struggling EBT programs.
Malnutrition prevalence among children and women of reproductive age in Mexico by wealth, education level, urban/rural area and indigenous ethnicity
Authors: Batis Carolina , Denova-Gutiérrez Edgar , Estrada-Velasco Bárbara I , Rivera Juan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjective:To compare the prevalence of malnutrition (undernutrition and excess weight) by wealth, education level, ethnicity and urban/rural areas in Mexican children and women of reproductive age.Design:We compared the prevalence of overweight, obesity, wasting/underweight, stunting/short stature and anaemia by socioeconomic and ethnic indicators. For each indicator, we estimated prevalence ratios (PR) adjusted by all other socioeconomic and ethnic indicators. We analysed if results differed by urban/rural areas.Setting:Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012.Participants:Children <5 years, non-pregnant women 11–19 years and non-pregnant women 20–49 years (n 33 244).Results:In most age groups, belonging to non-indigenous households, with high wealth, high education and in urban areas were inversely associated with stunting or short stature (PR ranging from 0·40 to 0·83), and wealth and education were inversely associated with anaemia (PR ranging from 0·53 to 0·78). The prevalence of overweight was similar across subgroups among children <5 years; however, among women 11–19 years, wealth, non-indigenous household and urban areas were positively associated (PR ranging from 1·16 to 1·33); and among women 20–49 years, education was inversely associated (PR 0·83).Conclusions:Socially disadvantaged populations have a higher prevalence of undernutrition, whereas the prevalence of excess weight is either equal (children <5 years), slightly lower (women 11–19 years) or even higher (women 20–49 years) with lower education. These results highlight the need for specific actions to address social inequalities in malnutrition in the Mexican population.
Acceleration of amino acid racemization by isovaline: possible implications for homochirality and biosignature search
Authors: Fox Stefan , Gspandl Annika , Wenng Franziska M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn nature, abiotically formed amino acids are usually racemic. However, this is not true for the α,α-dialkyl amino acid isovaline (Iva), which has an L-enantiomeric excess in some specimens of carbonaceous meteorites. On the early Earth and Mars, such meteorites were sources of amino acids, including Iva. Therefore, a connection may exist between the possible chiral influence of non-racemic Iva and the origin of biological homochirality. On the surface of a young terrestrial planet, amino acids can be chemically altered in many ways. For example, high temperatures from geothermal heating can lead to racemization. Four billion years ago, active volcanism and volcanic islands provided suitable conditions for such reactions and perhaps even for early microbial life on Earth. In the current study, we investigated the influence of D- and L-Iva on the thermal racemization of L-alanine (L-Ala) and L-2-aminobutyric acid (L-Abu) in a simulated hot volcanic environment. The amino acids were intercalated in the clay mineral calcium montmorillonite (SAz-1). While Iva was resistant to racemization, partial racemization was observed for Ala and Abu after 8 weeks at 150°C. The experimental results – for example, accelerated racemization in the presence of Iva and different influences of the Iva enantiomers – suggest that the amino acid molecules interacted with each other, possibly in hydrogen-bonded dimers. Accelerated racemization of amino acids could have been an obstacle to the development of homochirality. Besides, it is also detrimental to the use of homochirality as a biosignature, for example, in the search for microbial life on Mars.
Musicology and Decolonial Analysis in the Age of Brexit
Authors: FOURIE WILLIAM 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWhere postcolonial studies often retain a focus on the imperial metropole, decolonial analysis takes as an imperative the re-location of the critical nexus into former colonies. Yet with this shift there emerges a recalcitrant question about the need for decolonial analysis in the centre: if decolonization is something that happens in the periphery, why, for instance, should we engage with it in the United Kingdom? While this question might have been less pressing in music studies in the 1990s when systematic approaches to decolonial analysis first started gaining traction, I argue that the amnesiac appeals to the Anglosphere which have accompanied the Brexit vote implore us to consider the possibilities of decolonial analysis in musicology anew. I suggest that decolonial analysis can be reconfigured through the notion of the coloniality/modernity bind to turn the decolonial gaze upon the musical subject in the metropole.
Clumped Isotopes Link Older Carbon Substrates With Slower Rates of Methanogenesis in Northern Lakes
Authors: Douglas Peter M. J. , Gonzalez Moguel Regina , Walter Anthony Katey M. , Wik Martin , Crill Patrick M. , Dawson Katherine S. , Smith Derek A. , Yanay Ella , Lloyd Max K. , Stolper Daniel A. , Eiler John M. , Sessions Alex L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe release of long‐stored carbon from thawed permafrost could fuel increased methanogenesis in northern lakes, but it remains unclear whether old carbon substrates released from permafrost are metabolized as rapidly by methanogenic microbial communities as recently produced organic carbon. Here, we apply methane (CH4) clumped isotope (Δ18) and 14C measurements to test whether rates of methanogenesis are related to carbon substrate age. Results from culture experiments indicate that Δ18 values are negatively correlated with CH4 production rate. Measurements of ebullition samples from thermokarst lakes in Alaska and glacial lakes in Sweden indicate strong negative correlations between CH4 Δ18 and the fraction modern carbon. These correlations imply that CH4 derived from older carbon substrates is produced relatively slowly. Relative rates of methanogenesis, as inferred from Δ18 values, are not positively correlated with CH4 flux estimates, highlighting the likely importance of environmental variables other than CH4 production rates in controlling ebullition fluxes.
Martian Ionopause Boundary: Coincidence With Photoelectron Boundary and Response to Internal and External Drivers
Authors: Duru F. , Baker N. , De Boer M. , Chamberlain A. , Verchimak R. , Morgan D. D. , Chu F. , Girazian Z. , Gurnett D. A. , Halekas J. , Kopf A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe Martian ionopause boundary detected as steep gradients in the local electron density profiles from the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounder on Mars Express is studied individually and statistically and compared to the photoelectron boundary identified by the drop of photoelectron signature due to CO2 and O molecules. In ~90% of the cases where we have electron energy flux data, the ionopause coincides with the photoelectron boundary. The steep density gradients form at the border of the photoelectron region and above. The ionopause is observed in a wide range of latitude, longitude, and altitude. According to remote sounding investigations, the average thickness of the ionopause is ~30 km. The average altitude is between 500 and 700 km on the dayside. The altitude of the ionopause is inversely related to the solar wind dynamic pressure. Strong crustal magnetic fields increase the altitude of the boundary and they have a slight, negative effect on the occurrence only for high values. The ionopause occurs more frequently, and its altitude is higher during southern summer. The average altitude of the ionopause and solar irradiance are correlated with each other. The effect of the extreme ultraviolet flux on the occurrence rate is less noticeable.
Oxygen isotope effects during microbial sulfate reduction: applications to sediment cell abundances
Authors: Bertran E , Waldeck A , Wing B A , Halevy I , Leavitt W D , Bradley A S , Johnston D T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The majority of anaerobic biogeochemical cycling occurs within marine sediments. To understand these processes, quantifying the distribution of active cells and gross metabolic activity is essential. We present an isotope model rooted in thermodynamics to draw quantitative links between cell-specific sulfate reduction rates and active sedimentary cell abundances. This model is calibrated using data from a series of continuous culture experiments with two strains of sulfate reducing bacteria (freshwater bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris strain Hildenborough, and marine bacterium Desulfovibrio alaskensis strain G-20) grown on lactate across a range of metabolic rates and ambient sulfate concentrations. We use a combination of experimental sulfate oxygen isotope data and nonlinear regression fitting tools to solve for unknown kinetic, step-specific oxygen isotope effects. This approach enables identification of key isotopic reactions within the metabolic pathway, and defines a new, calibrated framework for understanding oxygen isotope variability in sulfate. This approach is then combined with porewater sulfate/sulfide concentration data and diagenetic modeling to reproduce measured 18O/16O in porewater sulfate. From here, we infer cell-specific sulfate reduction rates and predict abundance of active cells of sulfate reducing bacteria, the result of which is consistent with direct biological measurements.
Toward targeting inflammasomes: insights into their regulation and activation
Authors: Christgen Shelbi , Place David E. , Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractInflammasomes are multi-component signaling complexes critical to the initiation of pyroptotic cell death in response to invading pathogens and cellular damage. A number of innate immune receptors have been reported to serve as inflammasome sensors. Activation of these sensors leads to the proteolytic activation of caspase-1, a proinflammatory caspase responsible for the cleavage of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 and the effector of pyroptotic cell death, gasdermin D. Though crucial to the innate immune response to infection, dysregulation of inflammasome activation can lead to the development of inflammatory diseases, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Therefore, clinical interest in the modulation of inflammasome activation is swiftly growing. As such, it is imperative to develop a mechanistic understanding of the regulation of these complexes. In this review, we divide the regulation of inflammasome activation into three parts. We discuss the transcriptional regulation of inflammasome components and related proteins, the post-translational mechanisms of inflammasome activation, and advances in the understanding of the structural basis of inflammasome activation.
Changes in global groundwater organic carbon driven by climate change and urbanization
Authors: McDonough Liza K. , Santos Isaac R. , Andersen Martin S. , O’Carroll Denis M. , Rutlidge Helen , Meredith Karina , Oudone Phetdala , Bridgeman John , Gooddy Daren C. , Sorensen James P. R. , Lapworth Dan J. , MacDonald Alan M. , Ward Jade , Baker Andy 
Published: March 2020

AbstractClimate change and urbanization can increase pressures on groundwater resources, but little is known about how groundwater quality will change. Here, we use a global synthesis (n = 9,404) to reveal the drivers of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which is an important component of water chemistry and substrate for microorganisms that control biogeochemical reactions. Dissolved inorganic chemistry, local climate and land use explained ~ 31% of observed variability in groundwater DOC, whilst aquifer age explained an additional 16%. We identify a 19% increase in DOC associated with urban land cover. We predict major groundwater DOC increases following changes in precipitation and temperature in key areas relying on groundwater. Climate change and conversion of natural or agricultural areas to urban areas will decrease groundwater quality and increase water treatment costs, compounding existing constraints on groundwater resources.
Endophilin-A coordinates priming and fusion of neurosecretory vesicles via intersectin
Authors: Gowrisankaran Sindhuja , Houy Sébastien , del Castillo Johanna G. Peña , Steubler Vicky , Gelker Monika , Kroll Jana , Pinheiro Paulo S. , Schwitters Dirk , Halbsgut Nils , Pechstein Arndt , van Weering Jan R. T. , Maritzen Tanja , Haucke Volker , Raimundo Nuno , Sørensen Jakob B. , Milosevic Ira 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEndophilins-A are conserved endocytic adaptors with membrane curvature-sensing and -inducing properties. We show here that, independently of their role in endocytosis, endophilin-A1 and endophilin-A2 regulate exocytosis of neurosecretory vesicles. The number and distribution of neurosecretory vesicles were not changed in chromaffin cells lacking endophilin-A, yet fast capacitance and amperometry measurements revealed reduced exocytosis, smaller vesicle pools and altered fusion kinetics. The levels and distributions of the main exocytic and endocytic factors were unchanged, and slow compensatory endocytosis was not robustly affected. Endophilin-A’s role in exocytosis is mediated through its SH3-domain, specifically via a direct interaction with intersectin-1, a coordinator of exocytic and endocytic traffic. Endophilin-A not able to bind intersectin-1, and intersectin-1 not able to bind endophilin-A, resulted in similar exocytic defects in chromaffin cells. Altogether, we report that two endocytic proteins, endophilin-A and intersectin-1, are enriched on neurosecretory vesicles and regulate exocytosis by coordinating neurosecretory vesicle priming and fusion.
Cytokinetic bridge triggers de novo lumen formation in vivo
Authors: Rathbun L. I. , Colicino E. G. , Manikas J. , O’Connell J. , Krishnan N. , Reilly N. S. , Coyne S. , Erdemci-Tandogan G. , Garrastegui A. , Freshour J. , Santra P. , Manning M. L. , Amack J. D. , Hehnly H. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMulticellular rosettes are transient epithelial structures that serve as intermediates during diverse organ formation. We have identified a unique contributor to rosette formation in zebrafish Kupffer’s vesicle (KV) that requires cell division, specifically the final stage of mitosis termed abscission. KV utilizes a rosette as a prerequisite before forming a lumen surrounded by ciliated epithelial cells. Our studies identify that KV-destined cells remain interconnected by cytokinetic bridges that position at the rosette’s center. These bridges act as a landmark for directed Rab11 vesicle motility to deliver an essential cargo for lumen formation, CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator). Here we report that premature bridge cleavage through laser ablation or inhibiting abscission using optogenetic clustering of Rab11 result in disrupted lumen formation. We present a model in which KV mitotic cells strategically place their cytokinetic bridges at the rosette center, where Rab11-associated vesicles transport CFTR to aid in lumen establishment.
233U/236U signature allows to distinguish environmental emissions of civil nuclear industry from weapons fallout
Authors: Hain K. , Steier P. , Froehlich M. B. , Golser R. , Hou X. , Lachner J. , Nomura T. , Qiao J. , Quinto F. , Sakaguchi A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIsotopic ratios of radioactive releases into the environment are useful signatures for contamination source assessment. Uranium is known to behave conservatively in sea water so that a ratio of uranium trace isotopes may serve as a superior oceanographic tracer. Here we present data on the atomic $$^{233}$$233U/$$^{236}$$236U ratio analyzed in representative environmental samples finding ratios of (0.1–3.7)$$\cdot$$⋅10$$^{-2}$$−2. The ratios detected in compartments of the environment affected by releases of nuclear power production or by weapons fallout differ by one order of magnitude. Significant amounts of $$^{233}$$233U were only released in nuclear weapons fallout, either produced by fast neutron reactions or directly by $$^{233}$$233U-fueled devices. This makes the $$^{233}$$233U/$$^{236}$$236U ratio a promising new fingerprint for radioactive emissions. Our findings indicate a higher release of $$^{233}$$233U by nuclear weapons tests before the maximum of global fallout in 1963, setting constraints on the design of the nuclear weapons employed.
TIGIT limits immune pathology during viral infections
Authors: Schorer Michelle , Rakebrandt Nikolas , Lambert Katharina , Hunziker Annika , Pallmer Katharina , Oxenius Annette , Kipar Anja , Stertz Silke , Joller Nicole 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCo-inhibitory pathways have a fundamental function in regulating T cell responses and control the balance between promoting efficient effector functions and restricting immune pathology. The TIGIT pathway has been implicated in promoting T cell dysfunction in chronic viral infection. Importantly, TIGIT signaling is functionally linked to IL-10 expression, which has an effect on both virus control and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. However, whether TIGIT has a function in viral persistence or limiting tissue pathology is unclear. Here we report that TIGIT modulation effectively alters the phenotype and cytokine profile of T cells during influenza and chronic LCMV infection, but does not affect virus control in vivo. Instead, TIGIT has an important effect in limiting immune pathology in peripheral organs by inducing IL-10. Our data therefore identify a function of TIGIT in limiting immune pathology that is independent of viral clearance.