bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
M91. ADDICTION-RELEVANT BEHAVIOURS FOR COCAINE IN A NEUREGULIN 1 MUTANT MOUSE MODEL OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Chesworth Rose , Visini Gabriela , Karl Tim 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Substance abuse is highly prevalent in schizophrenia patients, worsening symptoms, increasing hospitalisation, and reducing antipsychotic medication efficacy. The reason for high substance abuse rates in schizophrenia are unclear, however, it has been hypothesised that genetic predisposition for schizophrenia may increase the patients’ susceptibility to addictive behaviour. Elevated addiction propensity can be examined using mouse models of genetic risk for schizophrenia. The heterozygous neuregulin 1 transmembrane domain mutant (Nrg1 TM HET) mouse shows face, construct and predictive validity for schizophrenia and displays altered behavioural and neural responses to the major psychoactive cannabis constituent. However, the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse have not been assessed in these mice.

Methods
We examined addiction-like behaviours for cocaine in adult male Nrg1 TM HET mice. Cocaine reward (5, 10, 20 mg/kg i.p.) was assessed in conditioned place preference (CPP), where the pairing of a drug with a neutral context produces a preference for the drug-paired context. Self-administration of cocaine including the motivation to do so was also examined using intravenous self-administration (IVSA; cocaine doses: 0.1, 0.5, 1mg/kg/infusion). We also tested cessation of cocaine self-administration and relapse-like behaviour using IVSA.

Results
In CPP, Nrg1 TM HET mice did not develop a preference for lower doses of cocaine (e.g. 5–10 mg/kg cocaine) which was evident in WT mice. However, at the highest dose (20 mg/kg), Nrg1 TM HET mice showed such a preference, which was absent in WT mice. These findings suggest a Nrg1-mediated shift in the dose-response curve.
In IVSA, Nrg1 TM HET mice failed to extinguish cocaine-seeking more often than WT mice. There was also a trend for Nrg1 TM HET mice to exhibit greater relapse-like behaviour. Both behaviours are reminiscent of the DSM-5 criteria for drug addiction, and these addiction-like behaviours occurred in the absence of changes to cocaine self-administration or motivation for cocaine in Nrg1 mutant mice.

Discussion
The data presented suggest the Nrg1 TM mutation produces an addiction-relevant phenotype for cocaine. These findings provide the first evidence for a potential genetic link between schizophrenia and cocaine abuse and may help explain elevated susceptibility to cocaine abuse in patients.
M157. A MULTICENTRE STUDY OF 1H-MRS BRAIN GLUTAMATE LEVELS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA; INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATION, SYMPTOM SEVERITY AND AGE
Authors: Merritt Kate , Aleman André , Block Wolfgang , Bloemen Oswald , Borgan Faith , Bustillo Juan , Capizzano Aristides , Coughlin Jennifer , de la Fuente-Sandoval Camilo , Demjaha Arsime , Do Kim , Drost Dick , Falkai Peter , Galińska Beata , Gallinat Jürgen , Gasparovic Charles , Goto Naoki , Graff-Guerrero Ariel , Ho Beng-Choon , Howes Oliver , Jauhar Sameer , Kato Tadafumi , Kaufmann Charles ,   39 more authors, Egerton Alice 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-MRS) studies indicate that altered brain glutamate signalling contributes to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and treatment response. However it is unclear whether clinical and demographic factors affect glutamate levels in the brain. Here we aim to determine the effects of age, antipsychotic medication, symptom severity and duration of illness on levels of glutamatergic metabolites and creatine, in a large multicentre dataset of patients with schizophrenia and healthy volunteers.

Methods
Authors of 1H-MRS studies in schizophrenia were contacted between January 2014 and August 2017 and asked to provide individual glutamate, Glx, glutamine and creatine values alongside demographic and clinical data. Forty-five 1H-MRS studies contributed data to the multicentre dataset, and data was available from 1194 healthy volunteers and 1526 patients with schizophrenia and those at high risk of developing psychosis.

Results
Age was associated with reduced glutamate levels in the medial frontal cortex, but the effect of aging was not accelerated in patients compared to healthy volunteers. Higher glutamate and Glx in the medial frontal and temporal lobes were associated with more severe symptoms, whereas Glx in subcortical regions, specifically the thalamus and striatum, did not relate to symptom severity. In the medial frontal cortex and striatum, exposure to antipsychotic medication was associated with lower levels of glutamatergic metabolites. Duration of illness was not associated with glutamatergic metabolites. Lastly, creatine in the medial frontal cortex and thalamus increased with age.

Discussion
These data suggest that future 1H-MRS studies should control for the effects of age, symptom severity, and antipsychotic medication exposure. Caution is needed when using creatine as a reference to scale metabolites.
M240. THE RELATIONSHIP OF TREATMENT DELAY WITH PERSONALITY TRAIT AND FAMILY COHESION IN PATIENTS WITH FIRST-EPISODE SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM DISORDER
Authors: Jo Anna , Kim Sung-Wan , Kim Yeonghyeok , Jin Kim Jung , Chung Young-Chul , Kim Jae-Min , Yoon Jin-sang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Duration of Untreated Psychosis (DUP) is one of the important factors that affect the prognosis of schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the effects of personality trait and family relationships on delayed treatment of schizophrenia.

Methods
The subjects were 169 patients diagnosed with first-episode schizophrenia. It is a prospective study examined the socio-demographic factors with positive and negative syndrome (PANSS) and social occupational function (SOFAS). Personality trait was investigated with the Big Five Inventory (BFI-10) and family cohesion was investigated with the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales-III (FACES-III). The DUP was defined as the time period from the appearance of the first psychotic symptoms for more than several days to the time when antipsychotic treatment began. Groups were divided according to the median value of the DUP.

Results
The average DUP was 12.0 months and the median value was 3.0 months. In long DUP group, age is significantly older, the PANSS score was significantly higher and the SOFAS score was significantly lower. Logistic regression analysis showed that long DUP was associated with the conscientiousness of the BFI-10 (OR = 2.175, p = 0.004) and lower level of family cohesion of FACES-III (OR = 0.930, p = 0.025).

Discussion
As a result of the study, treatment delay of psychosis was associated with lower cohesion and adaptability of family function and the tendency of the personality with conscientiousness. These suggest that the role of the family in accessing mental health services is important when the initial symptoms of schizophrenia develop.
S218. TAURINE DOES NOT PREVENT SOCIAL DEFICITS INDUCED BY MK-801 IN ADULT ZEBRAFISH
Authors: Kich Giongo Franciele , Benvenutti Radharani , Gallas-Lopes Matheus , Sachett Adrieli , Piato Angelo , Paula Herrmann Ana 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Cognitive and negative symptoms are the core reason for the functional deficits experienced by patients with schizophrenia. Drugs that can modulate these symptoms are especially needed since no progress has been achieved in the last few decades with currently available antipsychotics. Taurine is an amino acid not used for protein synthesis but widely distributed in mammalian tissues. In the central nervous system, it has been shown to act as an inhibitory neuromodulator and possess neuroprotective, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. Decreased plasma and brain levels of taurine have been reported in patients as well as in animal models of schizophrenia. Furthermore, taurine improved symptoms and was well tolerated in a clinical trial of patients with first-episode psychosis. We investigated whether taurine counteracts social deficits in a zebrafish model of social interaction following acute exposure to MK-801 (dizocilpine), an NDMA antagonist commonly used in schizophrenia animal models.

Methods
Ninety-six 3-month-old wild-type zebrafish (Danio rerio, 50:50 male:female ratio) were used. For the social interaction test, animals were individually placed in a beaker with 200 mL of tank water (control) or taurine solution (42, 150 and 400 mg/L) for 20 minutes, and then exposed to water or MK-801 (5 µM) for another 20 minutes (n = 12 animals per group). Immediately after the treatments, zebrafish were transferred to the social interaction apparatus, a tank virtually divided in 3 vertical zones and sided by an empty tank and a tank containing 10 zebrafish. Behavior was recorded for 7 minutes and the last 5 were analyzed by automated tracking with the software ANY-Maze. The time spent in the stimulus zone was measured as a proxy for social interaction; total distance traveled was also computed. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA.

Results
MK-801 increased the total distance traveled (F1,88 = 4.935, p = 0.0289) and reduced the time spent in the tank zone next to the conspecifics (F1,88 = 23.14, p &lt; 0.0001). No main effects of taurine or interaction effects were observed on locomotor or social interaction parameters.

Discussion
Although taurine has been shown to increase social interaction in rats and modulate shoaling behavior in ethanol-exposed zebrafish, it had not been tested against social deficits induced by NMDA antagonists. We observed that taurine did not counteract the hyperlocomotion and social deficit induced by acute exposure to MK-801 in zebrafish. As schizophrenia etiology has been linked to cortical and hippocampal disruption in GABAergic signaling, taurine may be effective as a preventive treatment in early neurodevelopmental stages. Further testing using animal models that more closely resemble the course of schizophrenia are thus needed to investigate the potential of this molecule.
S245. BRAIN CONNECTIVITY CHANGES AFTER COGNITIVE REMEDIATION: A RESTING-STATE STUDY
Authors: Penadés Rafael , Segura Barbara , Inguanzo Anna , Garcia-Rizo Clemente , Catalán Rosa , Masana Guillem , Bernardo Miquel , Junqué Carme 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Some studies have showed how Cognitive Remediation is able to improve activation patterns in the frontal lobe. However, only few data on neuroconnectivity has been reported yet. Resting-state fMRI approach seems to be a promising methodology with potentiality for testing neuroconnectivity.

Methods
A randomized and controlled trial was carried out with three groups: patients receiving Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT), patients receiving Social Skills Training (SST) as an active control, and a healthy control (HC) group. A resting-state fMRI data was acquired in part of the sample (n = 26 patients, n = 10 healthy controls) of a partner study (NCT 02341131). A data-driven approach using independent component analysis (ICA) was used to identify functional brain networks, which were compared between groups and group per time using a dual-regression approach.

Results
ICA results revealed reduced functional connectivity between patients and controls in sensorimotor, basal ganglia, default mode and visual networks at baseline (p&lt;0.05 FEW-corrected). After treatment, time per group analyses evidenced increased connectivity in sensorimotor network. Furthermore, group comparison at follow-up showed similar connectivity patterns between patients and healthy controls in sensorimotor network, but also in default mode and basal ganglia networks.

Discussion
Cognitive remediation could be able to strengthen some aspects of brain connectivity networks. Our data could be in line of the hypothesis of disconnectivity in schizophrenia. However, cognitive remediation but also social skills training seemed to be able to induce detectable changes in brain functioning in terms of restoring some aspects on the connectivity pattern.
Isolating the role of time in bed restriction in the treatment of insomnia: a randomized, controlled, dismantling trial comparing sleep restriction therapy with time in bed regularization
Authors: Maurer Leonie Franziska , Espie Colin Alexander , Omlin Ximena , Reid Matthew James , Sharman Rachel , Gavriloff Dimitri , Emsley Richard , Kyle Simon David 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
Sleep restriction therapy (SRT) is one of the most effective treatments for insomnia. Restriction of time in bed (TIB) is assumed to be the central mechanism through which SRT improves sleep consolidation and reduces insomnia symptoms. This hypothesis has never been directly tested. We designed a randomized, controlled, dismantling trial in order to isolate the role of TIB restriction in driving both clinical and polysomnographic sleep outcomes.

Methods
Participants aged 25–55 who met diagnostic criteria for insomnia disorder were block-randomized (1:1) to 4 weeks of SRT or time in bed regularization (TBR), a treatment that involves the prescription of a regular but not reduced TIB. The primary outcome was assessed with the insomnia severity index (ISI) at baseline, 4-, and 12-weeks post-randomization. Secondary outcomes included sleep continuity (assessed via polysomnography, actigraphy, and diary) and quality of life. We performed intention-to-treat analyses using linear mixed models.

Results
Fifty-six participants (39 females, mean age = 40.78 ± 9.08) were assigned to SRT (n = 27) or TBR (n = 29). Daily monitoring of sleep via diaries and actigraphy confirmed large group differences in TIB (d range = 1.63–1.98). At 4-weeks post-randomization, the adjusted mean difference for the ISI was −4.49 (d = −1.40) and −4.35 at 12 weeks (d = −1.36), indicating that the SRT group reported reduced insomnia severity relative to TBR. Robust treatment effects in favor of SRT were also found for objective and self-reported sleep continuity variables (d range = 0.40–0.92) and sleep-related quality of life (d = 1.29).

Conclusions
For the first time, we demonstrate that TIB restriction is superior to the regularization of TIB on its own. Our results underscore the centrality of the restriction component in reducing insomnia symptoms and consolidating sleep.
Coevolution of cognitive abilities and identity signals in individual recognition systems
Authors: Miller Sara E. , Sheehan Michael J. , Reeve H. Kern 
Published: May 2020

Social interactions are mediated by recognition systems, meaning that the cognitive abilities or phenotypic diversity that facilitate recognition may be common targets of social selection. Recognition occurs when a receiver compares the phenotypes produced by a sender with a template. Coevolution between sender and receiver traits has been empirically reported in multiple species and sensory modalities, though the dynamics and relative exaggeration of traits from senders versus receivers have received little attention. Here, we present a coevolutionary dynamic model that examines the conditions under which senders and receivers should invest effort in facilitating individual recognition. The model predicts coevolution of sender and receiver traits, with the equilibrium investment dependent on the relative costs of signal production versus cognition. In order for recognition to evolve, initial sender and receiver trait values must be above a threshold, suggesting that recognition requires some degree of pre-existing diversity and cognitive abilities. The analysis of selection gradients demonstrates that the strength of selection on sender signals and receiver cognition is strongest when the trait values are furthest from the optima. The model provides new insights into the expected strength and dynamics of selection during the origin and elaboration of individual recognition, an important feature of social cognition in many taxa.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests’.
Noisy communities and signal detection: why do foragers visit rewardless flowers?
Authors: Lichtenberg Elinor M. , Heiling Jacob M. , Bronstein Judith L. , Barker Jessica L. 
Published: May 2020

Floral communities present complex and shifting resource landscapes for flower-foraging animals. Strong similarities among the floral displays of different plant species, paired with high variability in reward distributions across time and space, can weaken correlations between floral signals and reward status. As a result, it should be difficult for foragers to discriminate between rewarding and rewardless flowers. Building on signal detection theory in behavioural ecology, we use hypothetical probability density functions to examine graphically how plant signals pose challenges to forager decision-making. We argue that foraging costs associated with incorrect acceptance of rewardless flowers and incorrect rejection of rewarding ones interact with community-level reward availability to determine the extent to which rewardless and rewarding species should overlap in flowering time. We discuss the evolutionary consequences of these phenomena from both the forager and the plant perspectives.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests’.
Study of Non-Pharmacological Interventions on COVID-19 Spread
Authors: Singh Avaneesh , Chandra Saroj Kumar , Bajpai Manish Kumar 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCOVID-19 disease has emerged as one of the life threatening threat to the society. It is caused by a novel beta coronavirus. It began as unidentified pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan City, Hubei province in China emerged in December 2019. No vaccine has been produced till now. Mathematical models are used to study impact of different measures used to decrease pandemic. Mathematical models have been designed to estimate the numbers of spreaders in different scenarios in the present manuscript. In the present manuscript, three different mathematical models have been proposed with different scenarios such as screening, quarantine and NPIs for estimating number of virus spreaders. The analysis shows that the numbers of COVID-19 patients will be more without screening the peoples coming from other countries. Since, every people suffering with COVID-19 disease are spreaders. The screening and quarantine with NPIs have been implemented to study their impact on the spreaders. It has been found that NPI measures are able to reduce number of spreaders. The NPI measures reduces the growth of the spread function and providing decision makers more time to prepare with in dealing of the disease.
Internet-based tool for visualizing county and state level COVID-19 trends in the United States
Authors: Hinz S , Basam MM , Aguilera KY , LaBarge MA 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe novel COVID-19 outbreak started in 2019 in Wuhan China and quickly spread to at least 185 countries. We developed an interactive web application that allows users to visualize the spread of COVID-19 in the Unites States at state and county levels. This tool allows visualization of how the virus spreads over time and how state-wide efforts to reduce transmissions have affected the curve in local areas. The downloadable application data allows users to conduct additional analyses. We demonstrate exemplars of trend analyses comparing the daily infection and death rates before and after safer at home orders were implemented per state. The goal was to develop a COVID-19 tracking tool that informs users about the spread of the virus to enable them to make informed decisions after better understanding the presented data.
Anti-Spike, anti-Nucleocapsid and neutralizing antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 inpatients and asymptomatic carriers
Authors: Brochot Etienne , Demey Baptiste , Touzé Antoine , Belouzard Sandrine , Dubuisson Jean , Schmit Jean-Luc , Duverlie Gilles , Francois Catherine , Castelain Sandrine , Helle Francois 
Published: May 2020

SummaryObjectiveThe objective of this study was to monitor the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in infected patients.MethodsIn order to assess the time of seroconversion, we used 151 samples from 30 COVID-19 inpatients and monitored the detection kinetics of anti-S1, anti-S2, anti-RBD and anti-N antibodies with in-house ELISAs. We also monitored the presence of neutralizing antibodies in these samples as well as 25 asymptomatic carrier samples using retroviral particles pseudotyped with the spike of the SARS-CoV-2.ResultsWe observed that specific antibodies were detectable in all inpatients two weeks post-symptom onset. The detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid and RBD was more sensitive than the detection of the S1 or S2 subunits. Neutralizing antibodies reached a plateau two weeks post-symptom onset and then declined in the majority of inpatients. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies were undetectable in 56% of asymptomatic carriers.ConclusionsOur results raise questions concerning the role played by neutralizing antibodies in COVID-19 cure and protection against secondary infection. They also suggest that induction of neutralizing antibodies is not the only strategy to adopt for the development of a vaccine. Finally, they imply that anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies should be titrated to optimize convalescent plasma therapy.HighlightsSpecific antibodies are detectable in 100% COVID-19 inpatients two weeks post-symptom onset.The detection of the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid and Receptor Binding Domain is more sensitive than the detection of the S1 or S2 subunits.Neutralizing antibodies reach a plateau two weeks post-symptom onset and then decline in the majority of inpatients.Neutralizing antibodies are undetectable in the majority of asymptomatic carriers.
Repeatability of a Dual-Scheimpflug Placido Disc Corneal Tomographer/Topographer in Eyes with Keratoconus
Authors: Poulsen Anne , Jang Diane , Khan Mahmood , Al-Mohtaseb Zaina Nabil , Chen Michael , Zhan Xiang , Banerjee Kalins , Scott Ingrid U , Pantanelli Seth M 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTPurposeTo investigate the repeatability of a combined Dual-Scheimpflug placido disc corneal topographer (Zeimer Galilei G4) with respect to keratometric indices used to monitor progression of keratoconus (KCN).MethodsPatients with KCN were prospectively enrolled. For each eye lacking history of corneal surgery, 5 measurements were taken in succession. Eyes in which 3 or more measurements could be obtained (defined by the device’s 4 image quality metrics) were included in the analysis. The repeatability limits (RL) and interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for various parameters.Results32 eyes from 25 patients met all image quality metrics, and 54 eyes from 38 patients met at least 3/4 criteria (all except the placido image quality metric). RLs for key parameters when 4/4 or ≥3/4 image quality metrics were met included: 0.37 and 0.77 diopters (D) for steep simulated keratometry, 0.79 and 1.65 D for maximum keratometry, 13.80 and 13.88 degrees for astigmatism axis, 0.64 and 0.56 μm for vertical coma magnitude, and 3.76 and 3.84 μm for thinnest pachymetry, respectively. The ICCs for all parameters were excellent [above 0.87 except for spherical aberration (0.77)].ConclusionsThe dual-Scheimpflug placido disc corneal topographer is highly repeatable in quantifying parameters used in monitoring KCN. Excellent placido images are difficult to capture in eyes with KCN, but when available, increase the reliability of the measurements. The RLs may be especially helpful in detecting progression in mild KCN when interventions such as corneal cross-linking or intrastromal corneal ring segments are most beneficial.