bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Josephus
Authors: Jillions John A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Josephus (37–100 ce) was a Jewish Roman scholar, historian, general, and advisor to Vespasian and Titus. For a brief period he led Jewish troops in a rebellion against the Roman occupation but was eventually reconciled to Roman rule and his own role as an intermediary. According to his autobiography, divine guidance figured prominently in his life, especially when he fully expected to be executed after being captured by Vespasian in the Jewish War. Although dreams and special revelation clearly play a role, Josephus, like Philo (for whom he had a high regard), places Moses and the scriptures at the center of divine guidance. But Judaism was not monolithic, and Josephus describes some of the features distinguishing Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes. In common with most Jews of his day, Josephus displays a remarkable degree of freedom in approaching biblical interpretation.
Rabbinic Sources
Authors: Jillions John A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The first and second centuries ce saw the flowering of classical Jewish teaching as expounded by the great rabbinic sages and their precursors (Hillel, Shammai). They were closely associated with the Pharisees as upholders of Jewish tradition against compromises with Greco-Roman ways. This early teaching forms the basis of the Mishnah, the collection of the earliest rabbinic oral law at the core of the Talmud. A “heavenly voice” (the Bat Kol) and other forms of individual divine guidance are not excluded, but the major role is given to scripture, the elders responsible for discernment, and the evolving body of decisions responding to new questions and conditions, “for the Law is not in heaven.” The age of the prophets was over, but God ’s presence (the Shekinah) remained in the life of the community with its teachers.
Divine Guidance
Authors: Jillions John A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter compares and contrasts the approaches to divine guidance in the Greco-Roman, Jewish, and early Christian worlds of Paul’s Corinth and their relevance for the present. Their debates about healthy and unhealthy religious life and rational thought remain remarkably contemporary. The chapter considers modern religious experience, both positive and negative, including a seminal event in the life of Martin Luther King. The Religious Experience Research Centre, based at the University of Wales, has collected over 6,000 accounts. The Centre interviewed at length two Eastern Orthodox scholars (Kallistos Ware and Lev Gillet) for their views on discerning the value of such experiences. They are wary of delusion and independently conclude that claims to divine guidance ought to be evaluated by what results they produce. But they and others hope that rational and mystical experience can be held together for the full flourishing of human life.
Introduction
Authors: Furman Nelly 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Since 1875, Georges Bizet’s Carmen has held the lead as the world’s most performed opera and through its multifaceted cultural renditions, the story of Carmen can be said to have attained the status of a myth. Myths, like legends, are stories that speak to us over time and place about personal, social and cultural issues. In each of its versions, whether in a myriad of lyric productions, numerous ballets, or a multitude of films, the story of Carmen reflects shifting social interests and values. From enacting codes of love and differing expressions of desire to exposing the intersection of law and order, or celebrating ethnicity, Georges Bizet’s Carmen is a story as timely at the dawn of the twenty-first century as it was in the latter part of the nineteenth.
For the Love of Science
Authors: Furman Nelly 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In Carmen, the narrator is a French historian who tells us his adventures in Spain and his meeting the famous bandit José and his lover, Carmen. The novella published in 1845 consisted of three chapters. In the last chapter, which is the basis of the opera’s plot, José himself recounts his relationship with Carmen and her death. In 1847, two years after the first publication of Carmen, Mérimée adds a fourth chapter to the original novella. This fourth chapter presents itself as a study of Romany, the language of the Roma, then called Gypsies. This fourth chapter, under the guise of being a scientific study of Romany, underscores the misogyny and racism already apparent in the earlier chapters.
Conclusion
Authors: Furman Nelly 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Attraction, seduction, frustrated loves, crimes of passion, inform the plots of countless stories, films, and plays. These themes, while time worn, are also alluring challenges for creative artists. It explains the unending popularity of the story of Carmen and its modern remakes. Passion, once considered an illness, has since the eighteenth century gained acceptance and marriages of the heart are now commonplace and these have displaced the social stratification and sexual regulations that once defined marriage. The story of Carmen speaks to these societal changes in intimate human relations. Many of themes found in Bizet’s opera and Mérimée’s novella (seduction, sacrifice, law and lawlessness, racism, misogyny to name but a few) offer sources of inspiration to many artists. But the often-told story of Carmen also raises the question of originality in art.
A Tale of Four Worlds
Authors: Ottaway David , Ottaway Marina 
Published: February 2020

First came the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire following World War I; then, in the 1950s and ’60s, the Nasser-inspired wave of Arab nationalism and socialism. The Arab world’s third great political cataclysm of the past 100 years—the 2011 uprisings—has also brought permanent changes, but not as its activists had hoped.Their consequences have differed greatly from area to area, splintering the Arab region into four different worlds. The Levant states have disintegrated, possibly irreversibly. The Gulf monarchies have embarked on far-reaching plans of economic and social change to stave off discontent. Egypt has retreated into military authoritarianism and a war on Islamists, threatening its future stability. Only the Maghreb countries, which have started integrating Islamists into their political systems, offer some hope for progress toward democracy. Marina and David Ottaway have brought together fifty years of experience observing the Arab world, and a wealth of first-hand information gathered from living and travelling extensively in the region. A Tale of Four Worlds is an indispensable analysis of the profound upheavals that have shaken—and continue to transform—Arab and global politics.
China’s National Experiences and the Evolution of PRC Grand Strategy
Authors: Freeman Chas W. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the People’s Republic of China’s “grand strategy” in world affairs. Grand strategiy, for all powers, is rooted in the nation’s past and its historical evolution. As such, this chapter traces the various historical and cultural sources of China’s contemporary approach to the world. It argues that China has a deep sense of greatness—but also wounded pride. In particular, different sources of China’s traditions, encounters with the West, border insecurities, and preoccupation with the United States. The author argues that China’s relations with the United States are reaching a critical, and dangerous, point.
China’s Foreign Policy Making Process
Authors: Zhao Suisheng 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
China’s foreign policy must rely on opaque and behind-the-scenes coordination organs to work through a large number of bureaucratic agencies of the state, party, and military, whose primary roles are information gathering and the implementation and recommendation of policy. In addition, some new players, such as think tanks, media, local governments, and transnational corporations, have played a variety of roles to influence China’s foreign policy. This chapter examines the evolving role of the paramount leader, the foreign policy coordination and elaboration organs, the bureaucracies, and the new players in the making and transformation of China’s foreign policy. Providing a historical overview, it also observes how President Xi Jinping has centralized and personalized foreign policy making power in the name of strengthening a unified party leadership.
China’s Global Military-Security Interactions
Authors: Saunders Phillip C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
China’s national security calculations have become increasingly global in nature. The expansion of Beijing’s international military-security footprint has paralleled its diplomatic, economic, and cultural ties. This includes a range of military and security cooperation programs with other countries, involvement in multilateral security organizations, and unilateral developments undertaken by China’s military, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA). This chapter reviews China’s overseas security interests and the military missions the PLA has been tasked to perform by CCP leaders. It then discusses the PLA’s organization and capabilities, with an emphasis on those relevant for operating beyond China’s borders. China’s military and security interactions include traditional military missions (mostly focused on Asia), military diplomacy efforts to support Chinese foreign policy objectives by engaging foreign military counterparts and providing public goods, and a new emphasis on protecting China’s expanding overseas economic and security interests.
China’s Relations with Europe
Authors: Godement François 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The relationship between China and European nations has been rewritten and largely turned around in the last four decades. From presence and influence in China, the main issues have shifted and now revolve around China’s presence and influence in and near Europe. Crucially, Chinese investment in Europe has now overtaken European investment in China. China’s relations with Europe are extensive and still growing. They include intensive state-to-state diplomacy, public diplomacy that involves European elites, an outsize trade relationship as well as an investment strategy leading to increasing friction, people-to-people exchanges that consist primarily of tourist and student flows from China to Europe, and cultural influences or soft power.
Decolonizing Feminist Theory
Authors: Alcoff Linda Martín 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter suggests an approach to decolonial feminism drawing from Latina feminist theory and practice. Rejecting an imperial feminism involves something else besides “going local”: it requires a genuine reorientation of feminist theory toward the everyday. This chapter considers how this affects the central debates about gender identities and gender liberation. How might we approach gender questions in the context of learning from, rather than teaching, lo cotidiano of the impoverished? This would counter the popular accounts of identity formation that view it as necessarily involving either authoritarianism from above, or irrationality from below. The chapter then explores the late theologian Ada-María Isasi-Díaz’s development of a mujerista theology, which adapted certain aspects of liberation theology’s “preference for the poor” to US Latinas.
Enrique Dussel’s Etica de la liberación, US Women of Color Decolonizing Practices, and Coalitionary Politics amid Difference
Authors: Pérez Laura E. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
As a US woman of color and queer-centered critique, this chapter analyses coalitionary attempts that merely list oppressions yet reproduce them in their own failure to seriously engage the thought emanating from marginalized intellectuals, even within Third World and US people-of-color communities. To take seriously knowledge from negatively racialized and gendered US women of color is to engage that important bibliography/body of thought but also to examine and transform oneself. The essay specifically argues for recognition of the historic decolonial analyses of double, triple, and multiple oppressions and the “simultaneity of oppressions” theorized by US women of color in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s critiquing discourses privileging a single “key” contradiction rather than the complex “simultaneity of oppressions” that render class, “racial,” gender, and sexuality analyses more appropriately complex and useful. I also argue for a profound solidarity based on a politics of identification with the otherness of the other as an imbricated, interdependent part of our own selves and being even as it is a recognition of the irreducible difference of the other as such.
Decolonial Feminist Movidas
Authors: Méndez Xhercis 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the set of relational dynamics that produce the “wages of gender,” namely the economic, social, political, and psychological “privileges”/“benefits” one gets from identifying with, aspiring to, and manifesting dominant racialized and heteronormative conceptions of sex/gender. Rather than frame the benefits reserved for heterosexual, middle-class, white females as “privileges” and emphasize women of color’s systematic exclusion from those “privileges,” it instead homes in on the inextricable relational and intimate violence woven into those “privileges.” Building on the political work of women of color, indigenous, and decolonial feminists who argue that gender was reconstituted and racialized in and through colonial/imperial practices, this chapter tracks the sets of “wages” that undermine efforts to organize across difference by underscoring what is politically at stake for differently situated bodies. It concludes with a list of ingredients and orientations that contribute to decolonizing feminist methodologies.
African, Latina, Feminist, and Decolonial
Authors: Delgadillo Theresa 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This essay proposes that Marta Moreno Vega’s 2004 memoir, When the Spirits Dance Mambo, is a Latina feminist narrative that foregrounds African diaspora worldviews, thought, forms, and practices as resources for cultivating a path toward decoloniality. In this memoir, Abuela’s spiritual leadership and her introduction of the young Cotito into the practice of Espiritismo become a central prism through which Cotito innovatively apprehends the links between sacred and secular realms in the burgeoning mambo and salsa music scene of New York. Even more importantly, her engagement with this diasporan worldview allows Cotito to critically apprehend prevailing gender norms and their limitations. This essay, therefore, argues that an Afro-Latina feminism emerges in this memoir from the practice of embodied spirituality that also has sonic, aesthetic, and social dimensions in everyday life.
Hallucinating Knowing
Authors: DiPietro Pedro J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Through ancestral and submerged sensual repertoires, through healing practices, spoken word poetry, and other forms of psychic praxis, Latina and Xicana feminist theorizing resists the westernizing idioms of cognitive impairment. This chapter examines the ways that the coloniality of gender—as an injunction to inhabit heterosexualist, human-centered, notions of sanity—exclude Latina and Xicana experience and knowledge from the realm of cognitive accuracy. It suggests that heterosexualism creates conditions for hallucinations to arise within Latinx communities. Specifically, it explores healing traditions several centuries long as they shape contemporary Latina and Xicana theories and their ties to hallucinating perception. Positing that hallucinating knowing carries the healing properties of spiritual practices among mixed-race indigenous-Latinx peoples, this chapter gathers evidence of gender-nonconforming subjectivities and the more-than-human remedies that they concoct in their negotiation of perceptual repertoires. More-than-human knowing ultimately illustrates the role of perceptual cross-referencing, or transitioning, between tangible and intangible domains.
Deracializing Representations of Femininity and the Marketing of Latinidad
Authors: Lugo-Lugo Carmen R. , Bloodsworth-Lugo Mary K. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Latinidad has been explained as a process, a set of ideas, or a symbolic space, situating it between a mechanism and a locale. Regardless of its exact articulation or constitution, a central feature of Latinidad involves its standing as a social construct; that is, an idea born from and developed by forces through social interaction. This chapter focuses on Latinidad not only as an identity, but perhaps more importantly, as an embodied experience that is mediated or at times driven by external influences. It focuses on Zoe Saldana, since within the world of Latina celebrities embedded within the US popular culture landscape, she embodies one of the more rare sets of circumstances and combinations of ethnicity, phenotype, and character portrayals to be found.
A Glitch in Time
Authors: Cubitt Sean 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Déjà Vu, the 2006 film starring Denzel Washington directed by Tony Scott, is characterised by a number of glitches, marking aspects of the time-travel media and narrative as well as the condition described in the title. The chapter opens with a consideration of the economic doctrine of perfect communication and argues that no system can be both complete and coherent, so no communication can be both universal and without noise. The glitches are traced especially through a shot-reverse-shot sequence early in the film when the African American protagonist recognises his obligation to a dead African American woman, leading to a consideration of the film’s evocation of slavery. The challenge of noise emerges in the flawed distinction between continuity and discontinuity first raised in the editing and the glitches, central to the fictional quantum physics of the plot, and acted out in a flamboyant action sequence where hero and audience can see two times simultaneously.
The Non-identical World
Authors: Cubitt Sean 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
There exists a powerful fantasy that the world is not only describable in numbers but is composed of code, in which case the world-as-code can be rewritten. This theme has already emerged in the analyses of Oblivion and Déjà Vu, and is shared by a group of what are here named as ‘irreality’ films made during the global financial crisis. Source Code (Duncan Jones, 2011) dwells on the fate of a protagonist who is the archetypal brain in a vat, another posthumous central character. The analysis draws out the historical formation of subjectivity and the history of the instincts that tie human personality to natural processes, discusses the utopian potential of the performative principles of software, reveals how, in a critical process shot, this utopianism is directed simultaneously towards the construction of community and of the romantic couple, and how these relate to the invisibility, in the repeated shots of the Chicago skyline, of the futures market housed in its downtown area.
Those Dying Generations
Authors: Cubitt Sean 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Like other films analysed here, No Country for Old Men (Ethan and Joel Coen, 2007) abandons humanism, but rather than offer recoding as a solution for historical impasses, it acts out two modes of history: as obligation, and as predestination. The border setting of the film’s action is more than metaphorical of these forms of history. It evokes both the fraught political-economic relations between the United States and Mexico and is acted out on a landscape whose emptiness and moral threat, the chapter argues, derives from the genocide of First Nations. This is revealed in a critical moment when a minor character tells an anecdote from the area’s history, the only mention of indigenous peoples, which reverberates in the depiction of Chigurh, the dark angel of vengeance who haunts the narrative.
Part 1: Making the Mass Image
Authors: Cubitt Sean 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The final challenge in proving the relevance of anecdotal method for contemporary purposes lies in the need to confront the now-dominant mode of accessing moving and still image media. Vast databases of social and streaming media now contain, store, process, and deliver video, audio, and visual content. It is always possible to encounter one or two images at a time; but millions are now stored and constantly updated form a single mass image of the world, structured and restructured through metadata including human behaviours of searches, likes, and shares, in an evolving topology only partially designed for human users. For anecdotal method to have a claim, it must answer the question: Is it possible to encounter a database? Arguing that the mass image database is the logical outcome of a history of mechanical imaging, the chapter argues that humans are now reduced to behaviours, that time is no longer consolidated experientially but undergoing a chronoclasm, bringing the central position of the human to an end. It goes on to argue that this creates a new opportunity for ecocritical aesthetic politics by excluding the human, thus placing humanity on the side of both nature and technology. This opens a discussion of the nature of the ancestral dead labour, skills, and knowledge enshrined in technologies, and the obligation to the victims of ecocide and genocide, and to the proposal of an encyclopedic commons as the medium for ecocritical politics.
The East India Company
Authors: Kohli Atul 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The motives, mechanisms, and the impact of the East India Company’s rule over India (from the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth century) are analyzed. The key motive behind East India Company operations in India was the extraction of economic resources. The central mechanism of establishing rule was coercion used to defeat resistance by the traditional Indian elite. As for the impact, the evidence is overwhelming that the activities of the East India Company in India benefited Britain at India’s expense. The British gained from the East India Company via the transfer of Indian resources for private and public uses. The East India Company also helped establish a colonial pattern of trade during the first half of the nineteenth century. The negative impact on India was transmitted especially via the misuse of Indian savings—savings that may have been invested more productively within India—and via the destruction of indigenous manufacturing.
Britain’s Informal Empire
Authors: Kohli Atul 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Britain’s informal empire in Argentina, Egypt, and China during the nineteenth century. The evidence is overwhelming that Britain’s primary concern in these regions was economic gain, without force if possible, but with force if necessary. The main mechanism of influence was to create and sustain stable-but-subservient governments in the peripheral countries. Once such regimes were established in client states, informal empire was sustained via a degree of cooperation between the metropolitan and the peripheral elite. The British gained handsomely from such arrangements, especially because they facilitated profitable trade, investments, and loans. Peripheral countries in turn experienced some economic growth but the pattern of development was lop-sided; these countries became commodity exporters without undergoing much industrialization.