bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-scale crowd feature detection using vision sensing and statistical mechanics principles
Authors: Arbab-Zavar Banafshe , Sabeur Zoheir A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCrowd behaviour analysis using vision has been subject to many different approaches. Multi-purpose crowd descriptors are one of the more recent approaches. These descriptors provide an opportunity to compare and categorize various types of crowds as well as classify their respective behaviours. Nevertheless, the automated calculation of descriptors which are expressed as measurements with accurate interpretation is a challenging problem. In this paper, analogies between human crowds and molecular thermodynamics systems are drawn for the measurement of crowd behaviour. Specifically, a novel descriptor is defined and measured for crowd behaviour at multiple scales. This descriptor uses the concept of Entropy for evaluating the state of crowd disorder. By results, the descriptor Entropy does indeed appear to capture the desired outcome for crowd entropy while utilizing easily detectable image features. Our new approach for machine understanding of crowd behaviour is promising, while it offers new complementary capabilities to the existing crowd descriptors, for example, as will be demonstrated, in the case of spectator crowds. The scope and performance of this descriptor are further discussed in detail in this paper.
Promises of artificial intelligence in neuroradiology: a systematic technographic review
Authors: Olthof Allard W. , van Ooijen Peter M.A. , Rezazade Mehrizi Mohammad H. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To conduct a systematic review of the possibilities of artificial intelligence (AI) in neuroradiology by performing an objective, systematic assessment of available applications. To analyse the potential impacts of AI applications on the work of neuroradiologists.

Methods
We identified AI applications offered on the market during the period 2017–2019. We systematically collected and structured information in a relational database and coded for the characteristics of the applications, their functionalities for the radiology workflow and their potential impacts in terms of ‘supporting’, ‘extending’ and ‘replacing’ radiology tasks.

Results
We identified 37 AI applications in the domain of neuroradiology from 27 vendors, together offering 111 functionalities. The majority of functionalities ‘support’ radiologists, especially for the detection and interpretation of image findings. The second-largest group of functionalities ‘extends’ the possibilities of radiologists by providing quantitative information about pathological findings. A small but noticeable portion of functionalities seek to ‘replace’ certain radiology tasks.

Conclusion
Artificial intelligence in neuroradiology is not only in the stage of development and testing but also available for clinical practice. The majority of functionalities support radiologists or extend their tasks. None of the applications can replace the entire radiology profession, but a few applications can do so for a limited set of tasks. Scientific validation of the AI products is more limited than the regulatory approval.
Non-weightbearing compared with weightbearing x-rays in hallux valgus decision-making
Authors: Boszczyk Andrzej , Kwapisz Sławomir , Kiciński Maciej , Kordasiewicz Bartłomiej , Liszka Henryk 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo report the effect of weightbearing x-ray imaging on clinical decisions in hallux valgus. Weightbearing (WB) x-ray is standard imaging for symptomatic hallux valgus (HV). In our clinical practice, often patients are presenting with non-weightbearing (NWB) x-rays. Repeated imaging requires additional radiation, justified only if expected to benefit patient’s treatment. In this study, the influence of WB status on radiological HV parameters and on clinical decisions was analyzed.MethodsIn the dataset of WB and NWB x-rays, the hallux valgus (HVA) and intermetatarsal angle (IMA) were measured and differences analyzed. Clinical decisions for 10 x-ray pairs were studied among 40 respondents.ResultsThe WB and NWB HVA difference ranged − 16 to 16° (p < 0.001) and IMA − 3.4 to 5.8° (p < 0.001). In only 45% of cases, the decisions based on NWB and WB imaging were consistent (kappa (95% CI) = 30.0 (23.7–36.3)).ConclusionsClinical decisions based on WB and NWB radiographs vary significantly. NWB films overestimate early and underestimate advanced HV deformity. Repeating radiographs is justified in patients presenting with NWB radiographs of symptomatic HV.
Postoperative pain after colorectal surgery
Authors: Lindberg Margaretha , Franklin Oskar , Svensson Johan , Franklin Karl A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPurposePostoperative pain is a keystone in perioperative programs, as pain negatively impacts recovery. This study aimed to evaluate pain after elective colorectal surgery and to identify risk factors for postoperative pain.MethodsThis prospective cohort study comprised consecutive patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery within the Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) perioperative program between March 2013 and April 2017. The numeric rating scale (NRS) was used to estimate maximum pain. Logistic regression was used to model associations with the type of surgery, age, gender, and comorbidities.ResultsThe cohort comprised 434 of 459 eligible patients. On the day of surgery to postoperative day 3, 50–64% of patients reported moderate to severe pain (NRS 4–10). Postoperative pain was similar for open and minimally invasive rectal surgery, while patients undergoing minimally invasive colonic surgery experienced more pain on the day of surgery and less pain on postoperative days 2 and 3 vs. open colonic surgery. Younger age was associated with more pain every postoperative day and by 0.7 NRS/10 years (95% CI 0.5–0.9,P < 0.001) on the day of surgery, while having diabetes type 2 was associated with less postoperative pain by − 1.3 NRS (95% CI − 2.4 to − 0.2) on the day of surgery.ConclusionsThe majority, and young patients in particular, experience moderate to severe pain after open and minimally invasive colorectal surgery, despite following ERAS perioperative program. There is a need for effective and individualized analgesia after colorectal surgery, since the individual pain response to surgery is difficult to predict.
Recommendation of a practical guideline for safe tracheostomy during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Takhar Arunjit , Walker Abigail , Tricklebank Stephen , Wyncoll Duncan , Hart Nicholas , Jacob Tony , Arora Asit , Skilbeck Christopher , Simo Ricard , Surda Pavol 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The COVID-19 pandemic is placing unprecedented demand upon critical care services for invasive mechanical ventilation. There is current uncertainty regarding the role of tracheostomy for weaning ventilated patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. This is due to a number of factors including prognosis, optimal healthcare resource utilisation, and safety of healthcare workers when performing such a high-risk aerosol-generating procedure.

Methods
Literature review and proposed practical guideline based on the experience of a tertiary healthcare institution with 195 critical care admissions for COVID-19 up until 4th April 2020.

Results
A synthesis of the current international literature and reported experience is presented with respect to prognosis, viral load and staff safety, thus leading to a pragmatic recommendation that tracheostomy is not performed until at least 14 days after endotracheal intubation in COVID-19 patients. Practical steps to minimise aerosol generation in percutaneous tracheostomy are outlined and we describe the process and framework for setting up a dedicated tracheostomy team.

Conclusion
In selected COVID-19 patients, there is a role for tracheostomy to aid in weaning and optimise healthcare resource utilisation. Both percutaneous and open techniques can be performed safely with careful modifications to technique and appropriate enhanced personal protective equipment. ORL-HNS surgeons can play a valuable role in forming tracheostomy teams to support critical care teams during this global pandemic.
Evidence that human and equine erythrocytes could have significant roles in the transport and delivery of amino acids to organs and tissues
Authors: Thorn B. , Dunstan R. H. , Macdonald M. M. , Borges N. , Roberts T. K. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractErythrocytes have a well-defined role in the gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the mammalian body. The erythrocytes can contain more than half of the free amino acids present in whole blood. Based on measures showing that venous erythrocyte levels of amino acids are much less than arterial erythrocyte levels, it has previously been proposed that erythrocytes also play a role in the delivery of amino acids to tissues in the body. This role has been dismissed because it has been assumed that to act as an amino acid transport vehicle, the erythrocytes should release their entire amino acid content in the capillary beds at the target tissues with kinetic studies showing that this would take too long to achieve. This investigation set out to investigate whether the equine erythrocytes could rapidly take up and release smaller packages of amino acids when exposed to high or low external concentrations of amino acids, because it seemed very unlikely that cells would be able to release all of their amino acids without serious impacts on osmotic balance. Freshly prepared erythrocytes were placed in alternating solutions of high and low amino acid concentrations in PBS to assess the capacities of these cells to rapidly take up and release amino acids depending on the nature of the external environment. It was found that amino acids were rapidly taken up and released in small quantities in each cycle representing 15% of their total load in equine erythrocytes and 16% in human erythrocytes. The capacity for rapid uptake/release of amino acids by equine and human erythrocytes provided evidence to support the theory that mammalian erythrocytes have a significant role in transport of amino acids from the liver to tissues, muscles and organs.
On the origin of the shift between vertical excitation and band maximum in molecular photoabsorption
Authors: Bai Shuming , Mansour Ritam , Stojanović Ljiljana , Toldo Josene M. , Barbatti Mario 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe analysis of the photoabsorption spectra of molecules shows that the band maximum is usually redshifted in comparison to the vertical excitation. We conducted a throughout analysis of this shift based on low-dimensional analytical and numerical model systems, showing that its origin is rooted in the frequency change between the ground and the excited states in multidimensional systems. Moreover, we deliver a benchmark of ab initio results for the shift based on a comparison of vertical excitations and band maxima calculated with the nuclear ensemble approach for the 28 organic molecules in the Mülheim molecular dataset. The mean value of the shift calculated over 60 transitions is 0.11 ± 0.08 eV. The mean value of the band width is 0.32 ± 0.14 eV.
Hydrogeological evaluation of managed aquifer recharge in a glacial moraine complex using long-term groundwater data analysis
Authors: van Engelenburg Jolijn , de Jonge Martin , Rijpkema Sjoerd , van Slobbe Erik , Bense Victor 
Published: April 2020

AbstractManaged aquifer recharge (MAR) is a strategy to address dwindling water availability that is used to recharge stressed groundwater systems for recovery or adaptation purposes. Glacial moraine complexes can host large groundwater volumes in thick coarse-grained sandy and gravelous aquifers, and therefore are often suitable for MAR. In this research, the impact of 20 years of MAR (infiltration) in the Veluwe glacial moraine complex in the Netherlands is evaluated through time-series analysis and water quality modeling. The research enhances the understanding of hydrological processes in a glacial moraine complex and thus supports effective MAR design. The results show that MAR in the Veluwe area has raised nearby groundwater heads, and that 20 years of infiltration did not significantly deteriorate the groundwater quality. In addition, the analysis revealed an unexpected hydraulic interaction between the glacial complex and the underlying aquifer. The results suggest that MAR in a glacial moraine complex can be an effective strategy for storage of surplus surface water, compensation of groundwater abstraction, or water quality improvement. Monitoring and evaluation of groundwater heads and quality will improve the understanding of the hydrology and hydrochemistry of the water system and the used water resource, which is essential to design effective MAR systems.
Multi-view region-adaptive multi-temporal DMM and RGB action recognition
Authors: Al-Faris Mahmoud , Chiverton John P. , Yang Yanyan , Ndzi David 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHuman action recognition remains an important yet challenging task. This work proposes a novel action recognition system. It uses a novel multi-view region-adaptive multi-resolution-in-time depth motion map (MV-RAMDMM) formulation combined with appearance information. Multi-stream 3D convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are trained on the different views and time resolutions of the region-adaptive depth motion maps. Multiple views are synthesised to enhance the view invariance. The region-adaptive weights, based on localised motion, accentuate and differentiate parts of actions possessing faster motion. Dedicated 3D CNN streams for multi-time resolution appearance information are also included. These help to identify and differentiate between small object interactions. A pre-trained 3D-CNN is used here with fine-tuning for each stream along with multi-class support vector machines. Average score fusion is used on the output. The developed approach is capable of recognising both human action and human–object interaction. Three public-domain data-sets, namely MSR 3D Action, Northwestern UCLA multi-view actions and MSR 3D daily activity, are used to evaluate the proposed solution. The experimental results demonstrate the robustness of this approach compared with state-of-the-art algorithms.
Validation and implementation of a patient-reported experience measure for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis in the Netherlands
Authors: Beckers Esther , Webers Casper , Boonen Annelies , ten Klooster Peter M. , Vonkeman Harald E. , van Tubergen Astrid 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To test the psychometric properties of the United Kingdom’s Commissioning for Quality in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient-Reported Experience Measure (CQRA-PREM) in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to implement this questionnaire in daily practice in the Netherlands.

Methods
After a forward-backward translation procedure into Dutch, the CQRA-PREM was tested into two quality registries in daily practice. Face validity was assessed with focus group interviews. Feasibility was evaluated through completion times and interpretability of domain scores through floor and ceiling effects. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s α coefficients) and homogeneity (corrected item-total correlations) were determined. Divergent validity was assessed by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (rs) between the average scores of domains and outcome measures. The CQRA-PREM was implemented in daily practice, and the results were used in quality improvement cycles.

Results
Face validity of the CQRA-PREM was good. The CQRA-PREM was completed by 282 patients with SpA and 376 with RA. Median time to complete the CQRA-PREM was 4.7 min. Ceiling effects were found in three out of seven domains. Internal consistency of nearly all domains was considered good (0.65 ≤ α ≤ 0.95). Thresholds for homogeneity were exceeded within three domains (rp > 0.7), suggesting item redundancy. Divergent validity showed that nearly all domains of the CQRA-PREM were at most weakly correlated with outcomes measures (− 0.3 ≤ rs ≤ 0.3). The CQRA-PREM could identify areas of improvement for providing patient-centered care.

Conclusion
The CQRA-PREM has acceptable psychometric properties and has shown to be a useful tool in evaluating quality of care from the patients’ perspective in the Netherlands.

Trial registration
SpA-Net is registered in the Netherlands Trial Registry (NTR6740).

Key Points
• The Commissioning for Quality in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient-Reported Experience Measure (CQRA-PREM) is a valid measure for assessing patient-centeredness of rheumatology care.
• The Dutch version of the CQRA-PREM shows acceptable psychometric properties.
• The CQRA-PREM shows to be a useful tool in Plan-Do-Check-Act quality improvement cycles in the Netherlands.
• The CQRA-PREM can be used for benchmarking and quality improvement of rheumatology services.
The great (1506–)1507 drought and its consequences in Hungary in a (Central) European context
Authors: Kiss Andrea 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAlthough in contemporary documentation 1506–1507 is the best-documented drought event in the medieval and sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Carpathian Basin, until now no investigations have been carried out on this subject. Based on contemporary sources—such as narratives, charters, official and private correspondence, estate, town, county and taxation accounts—a concise overview of the documented natural–physical characteristics, temporal–spatial distribution of the drought event and related weather extremes is provided. In a European context, the present investigation reveals that 1506 was a dry year not only in the Carpathian Basin but also in most of Europe. Drought continued in the Carpathian Basin and Italy in 1507, while opposing weather patterns developed in West–Central, Western and Northern Europe, showing similarities to the 2007 and 2015 summer heat and drought events. In the Carpathian Basin, the drought was characterized by the critical low water levels of the River Tisza, heat and high-intensity convective events. Major socio-economic consequences were the higher occurrence rate of major urban fires, bad harvests (cereals, grapevine/wine, hay) and livestock problems (lack or loss of bee, bee products, sheep, cattle, fish, fur)—the latter ones might serve as indicators for future studies. The drought induced numerous individual and institutional responses, including various types of tax relief and common works. The ensuing plague epidemic reached a particularly high level in Hungary; the drought, bad harvests, a change to cooler and wetter conditions, and nutrition problems could have contributed to the intensification of the epidemic outbreak in 1508–1511.
Foster Parent Stress as Key Factor Relating to Foster Children’s Mental Health: A 1-Year Prospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: Goemans Anouk , Buisman Renate S. M. , van Geel Mitch , Vedder Paul 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundFoster children are reported to often have mental health difficulties. To optimize foster children’s development chances, we need to know more about the characteristics that are predictive of foster children’s mental health.ObjectiveIn the current study, we aimed to establish what accounts for the differences in foster children’s mental health, by examining the change and predictors of change in foster children’s mental health. Insight into foster children’s mental health outcomes and their predictors could inform the design of targeted interventions and support for foster children and foster families.MethodIn a sample of 432 foster children between 4 and 17 years old (M = 10.90) we examined a multivariate model in which characteristics of the foster child, the child’s care experiences, foster family, and foster placement were included as predictors of foster children’s mental health (internalizing, externalizing, and prosocial behaviors) using a three-wave longitudinal designResultsResults showed that levels of mental health were generally stable over time. Differences between foster children’s developmental outcomes were mainly predicted by foster parent stress.ConclusionsFoster parent stress levels were high and consistently found to be the strongest predictor of foster children’s mental health outcomes. Given this finding it is important for researchers and practitioners to consider foster parent stress in screening as a point of attention in creating conditions conducive to foster children’s mental health.
Epistemic Collaborations: Distributed Cognition and Virtue Reliabilism
Authors: Palermos Spyridon Orestis 
Published: April 2020

AbstractStrong epistemic anti-individualism—i.e., the claim that knowledge can be irreducibly social—is increasingly debated within mainstream and social epistemology. Most existing approaches attempt to argue for the view on the basis of aggregative analyses, which focus on the way certain groups aggregate the epistemic attitudes of their members. Such approaches are well motivated, given that many groups to which we often ascribe group knowledge—such as juries and committees—operate in this way. Yet another way that group knowledge can be generated is on the basis ofepistemic collaborations, such as scientific research teams and Transactive Memory Systems. To produce knowledge, epistemic collaborations rely heavily on the mutual interactions of their group members. This is a distinctive feature of epistemic collaborations that renders them resistant to aggregative analyses. To accommodate this kind of group knowledge, the paper combines virtue reliabilism with the hypothesis of distributed cognition in order to introduce the hybrid approach ofdistributed virtue reliabilism. On this view, (1) beliefs produced by epistemic collaborations entertain positive epistemic standing (i.e., they are both reliable and epistemically responsible) in virtue of the mutual interactions of their group members; (2) this positive epistemic standing is a collective property; (3) epistemic collaborations qualify as epistemic group agents; (4) collaborative knowledge is a special kind of group knowledge, motivating strong epistemic anti-individualism in a distinctive way.
Sensitivity, safety, and impossible worlds
Authors: Melchior Guido 
Published: April 2020

AbstractModal knowledge accounts that are based on standards possible-worlds semantics face well-known problems when it comes to knowledge of necessities. Beliefs in necessities are trivially sensitive and safe and, therefore, trivially constitute knowledge according to these accounts. In this paper, I will first argue that existing solutions to this necessity problem, which accept standard possible-worlds semantics, are unsatisfactory. In order to solve the necessity problem, I will utilize an unorthodox account of counterfactuals, as proposed by Nolan (Notre Dame J Formal Logic 38:535–572, 1997), on which we also consider impossible worlds. Nolan’s account for counterpossibles delivers the intuitively correct result for sensitivity i.e. S’s belief is sensitive in intuitive cases of knowledge of necessities and insensitive in intuitive cases of knowledge failure. However, we acquire the same plausible result for safety only if we reject his strangeness of impossibility condition and accept the modal closeness of impossible worlds. In this case, the necessity problem can be analogously solved for sensitivity and safety. For some, such non-moderate accounts might come at too high a cost. In this respect, sensitivity is better off than safety when it comes to knowing necessities.