bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work-Related Burn Injuries in a Tertiary Care Burn Center, 2013 to 2018
Authors: Nurczyk Kamil , Chrisco Lori P , Di Corpo Marco , Nizamani Rabia , Sljivic Sanja , Calvert Catherine T , Jones Samuel W , Cairns Bruce A , Williams Felicia N 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The features of work-related burn (WRB) injuries are not well defined in the literature and they vary depending on geographical location. We wanted to describe these characteristics among patients treated in the UNC Burn Center to evaluate the potential impact of commonly accepted prevention efforts. Adults of working age, admitted between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2018, were identified using our Burn Center Registry. Demographic data, characteristics of injury, course of treatment, and patients’ outcomes were described. Differences between work-related and non-work-related injuries were evaluated using the Chi-square test and Student t-test where appropriate. Three thousand five hundred and forty-five patients were included. WRB cases constituted 18% of the study population, and this proportion remained relatively stable during the study timeframe. Young white males were the majority of this group. When compared with non-WRB patients, they were characterized by fewer co-morbidities, decreased TBSA burns, decreased risk of inhalation injury, shorter time of intensive care treatment, shorter lengths of hospital stay, and lower treatment cost. In contrast to non-WRB, among which flame injuries were the main reason for admission, work-related patients most often suffered scald burns. They also had a dramatically increased proportion of chemical and electrical burns, making the latter the most common cause of death in that group. WRB are characterized by a characteristic patient profile, burn etiologies, and outcomes. Learning specific patterns at this group may contribute to optimize work safety regulations and medical interventions.
Association between low doses of ionizing radiation, administered acutely or chronically, and time to onset of stroke in a rat model
Authors: Takahashi Norio , Misumi Munechika , Murakami Hideko , Niwa Yasuharu , Ohishi Waka , Inaba Toshiya , Nagamachi Akiko , Suzuki Gen 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Exposure to high-doses of ionizing radiation has been reported to be associated with the risk of stroke. However, risks associated with lower dose exposures remain unclear, and there is little information available for the risk modification according to the dose-rate. There are few studies using animal models which might be able to provide complementary information on this association. In this study, the male stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) was used as a model animal. The rats were acutely irradiated with doses between 0 and 1.0 Gy or chronically irradiated with a cumulative dose of 0.5 or 1.0 Gy (at a dose rate of 0.05 or 0.1 Gy/day, respectively). The onset time of stroke related symptoms in SHRSP was used as an endpoint for evaluating the effects of low dose and the low dose-rate gamma-ray exposures. With respect to acute exposure, the time to the onset of stroke in the irradiated rats suggested the presence of a threshold around 0.1 Gy. For the low dose-rate chronically exposed, no significant increase in stroke symptom was observed. These findings are novel and demonstrate that the SHRSP system can be used to determine the association between the risk of stroke and radiation exposure with high sensitivity. Moreover, these studies provide important information regarding the association between the low dose and low dose-rate radiation exposure and circulatory diseases, especially stroke.
Competition (Law Enforcement) and Economic Growth
Authors: Cheng Thomas K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses whether competition promotes economic growth. In contemplating the design of competition policy in a developing country, the first question to be answered is whether a policy that aims to maximize competition with competition law enforcement will deliver economic growth and meet the development needs of a developing country. As indicated by all the growth models examined in the previous chapter, the key to economic growth is the ability to create more output for the economy with existing resources; it relies on productivity gains and innovation. The chapter then examines whether competition promotes productivity growth and innovation. Overall, there is overwhelming evidence that increased competition leads to higher productivity and economic growth. There is also very strong evidence that competition law enforcement promotes productivity and economic growth. However, it should be noted that at least one study concludes that competition law enforcement has negligible effect on economic growth. Meanwhile, there is some conflicting evidence as to whether a minimum degree of institutional capacity is needed to allow a country to benefit from the introduction of competition law. One other factor that has been traditionally given a high degree of importance for economic growth in developing countries is foreign direct investment.
Industrial Policy and Competition Law Enforcement
Authors: Cheng Thomas K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of industrial policy in developing countries. On the one hand, industrial policy is arguably the antithesis of competition law and policy. Industrial policy substitutes government planning for competition and is vehemently opposed if not maligned by adherents of free market economics. Industrial policy as practiced in some countries such as Japan and Korea have entailed government-organized cartels and the grooming of national champions, both of which are direct affronts to the notion of competition. On the other hand, to the defenders of industrial policy, it has successfully lifted a number of Asian countries out of poverty and turned them into industrial and technological powerhouses. However, even the extent to which the success of these economies can be attributed to industrial policy is highly contested. There are hence two layers to the controversy. The first is whether industrial policy worked at all. The second is even if it did, whether a growth strategy relying on competition is superior to industrial policy, and if not, how competition law enforcement should accommodate industrial policy.
Arbitration Procedure and Assistance and Control by the Court
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the arbitration procedure. The Russian Law on International Commercial Arbitration does not contain detailed provisions on the procedure of arbitration as is the case with the UNCITRAL Model Law. Parties may freely agree on the procedure of arbitration provided that the agreement is compatible with the Law on International Commercial Arbitration. In the absence of such an agreement, the arbitration tribunal may conduct arbitration as they find adequate, including deciding on the admissibility, relativity, and significance of evidence. Therefore, details of the procedure are determined by the institutional rules. The fundamental principle of arbitral procedure is the equality of the parties. Each party must be given every possibility of presenting their own case. The chapter then looks at the provisions on the assistance and control of arbitration by the court introduced by the 2015 Reform.
The Law of Proprietary Estoppel
Authors: McFarlane Ben 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This book provides a comprehensive and practically structured resource on the doctrine of proprietary estoppel. It offers answers to a number of difficult problems arising in recent litigation and guidance on managing proprietary estoppel cases. Relevant authorities are set out in an accessible format addressing issues that arise in practice, such as ‘reasonable reliance’, ‘unconscionable conduct’, and ‘satisfying the equity’. The long-standing doctrine of proprietary estoppel has come to prominence in recent years—it is regularly discussed by courts at all levels and is frequently pleaded by litigants wishing to show that they have informally acquired an interest in land. There is also much debate regarding the relationship between proprietary estoppel and other doctrines, such as constructive trusts and unjust enrichment. A problem faced by anyone seeking to make, or respond to, a proprietary estoppel claim is that the law is to be found almost entirely in cases. This second edition provides a clear structure with which to understand the law. It draws together all of the relevant scholarship on proprietary estoppel and makes reference to useful cases from outside the jurisdiction of England and Wales to aid understanding of the law and related doctrines.
Formal Requirements and Other Possible Bars
Authors: McFarlane Ben 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers more specific statutory and common law rules that may also seem to have the potential to deny, or at least affect, a claim based on proprietary estoppel. It therefore considers the effect of informality, incapacity, ultra vires, and illegality. The chapter focuses in particular on informality, as this is the area of most practical importance. In its interaction with rules as to formality, capacity, vires, or legality, proprietary estoppel is no different from any other legal doctrine: it will not be allowed to operate in such a way as to stultify or undermine the statutory or common law rule. The effect of a particular statutory provision on a proprietary estoppel claim will therefore depend on ‘the nature of the enactment, the purpose of the provision and the social policy behind it’; the same can be said for the impact of a non-statutory rule. The court will also have to consider the conduct of each of A and B and whether it would, overall, be ‘disproportionate’ to deny B’s claim. The precise nature of the claimed estoppel is therefore important.
Jurisdiction Over Crimes Against Humanity
Authors: Mettraux Guénaël 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the jurisdiction to investigate and prosecute crimes against humanity. There is no international convention providing for a jurisdictional arrangement regarding crimes against humanity similar to the one provided for grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions or genocide. However, the absence of a conventional root did not foreclose the development of a principle of international law pursuant to which states enjoy a right to exercise universal jurisdiction over crimes against humanity. Crimes against humanity are crimes which, by their nature and magnitude, affect the interests of humanity as a whole. Thus, when a nation takes on the responsibility of prosecuting such crimes, it effectively acts on behalf of all nations. The chapter then considers the effect of the right to exercise universal jurisdiction over crimes against humanity. In some jurisdictions, the existence of such a right would provide a valid and sufficient jurisdictional basis on which judicial and prosecutorial authorities could bring such cases to justice. The recognition of the existence of such a right could also be sufficient and provide the necessary support in some jurisdictions to authorize the extradition of an individual suspected of committing crimes against humanity.
What is general practice?
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice describes general practice in the UK, including what general practice is, how to become a general practitioner (GP) in the UK, education in primary care, appraisal and revalidation, working arrangements, career options, good medical practice, the multidisciplinary team, Foundation doctors, stress in general practice, organizations important to general practice, and practice in other countries.
Cardiology and vascular disease
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores cardiology and vascular disease (CVD) in general practice. It covers the symptoms and signs of CVD, how to examine the heart and arterial system, cardiac investigation, common electrocardiogram changes, and prevention of CVD. It reviews hypertension and blood pressure measurement, hyperlipidaemia, and angina. It examines myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, cor pulmonale, tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, myocarditis, pericarditis, cardiomyopathy, heart transplant, valve disease and other structural heart abnormalities, as well as aneurysms, chronic peripheral ischaemia, varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, and deep vein thrombosis.
Infectious disease
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores infectious disease in general practice. It covers immunization and symptoms, signs, and notification of infectious disease. It explores sepsis, illness in returning travellers, and immunocompromise. It also examines childhood viral infections, staphylococcal and streptococcal infection, and other bacterial infections.
GalICS 2.1: a new semianalytic model for cold accretion, cooling, feedback, and their roles in galaxy formation
Authors: Cattaneo A , Koutsouridou I , Tollet E , Devriendt J , Dubois Y 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Dekel & Birnboim proposed that the mass-scale that separates late-type and early-type galaxies is linked to the critical halo mass $M_{\rm vir}^{\rm crit}$ for the propagation of a stable shock and showed that they could reproduce the observed bimodality scale for plausible values of the metallicity of the accreted gas Zaccr and the shock radius rs. Here, we take their analysis one step further and present a new semianalytic model that computes rs from first principles. This advancement allows us to compute $M_{\rm vir}^{\rm crit}$ individually for each halo. Separating cold-mode and hot-mode accretion has little effect on the final galaxy masses if feedback does not preferentially couple to the hot gas. We also present an improved model for stellar feedback where ${\sim }70{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the wind mass is in a cold galactic fountain with a shorter reaccretion time-scale at high masses. The latter is the key mechanism that allows us to reproduce the low-mass end of the mass function of galaxies over the entire redshift range 0 &lt; z &lt; 2.5. Cooling must be mitigated to avoid overpredicting the number density of galaxies with stellar mass $M_{\rm stars}\gt 10^{11}\, {\rm M}_\odot$ but is important to form intermediate-mass galaxies. At $M_{\rm vir}\gt 3\times 10^{11}\, {\rm M}_\odot$, cold accretion is more important at high z, where gas is accreted from smaller solid angles, but this is not true at lower masses because high-z filaments have lower metallicities. Our predictions are consistent with the observed metallicity evolution of the intergalactic medium at 0 &lt; z &lt; 5.
Can magnetized turbulence set the mass scale of stars?
Authors: Guszejnov Dávid , Grudić Michael Y , Hopkins Philip F , Offner Stella S R , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Understanding the evolution of self-gravitating, isothermal, magnetized gas is crucial for star formation, as these physical processes have been postulated to set the initial mass function (IMF). We present a suite of isothermal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations using the gizmo code that follow the formation of individual stars in giant molecular clouds (GMCs), spanning a range of Mach numbers found in observed GMCs ($\mathcal {M} \sim 10\!-\!50$). As in past works, the mean and median stellar masses are sensitive to numerical resolution, because they are sensitive to low-mass stars that contribute a vanishing fraction of the overall stellar mass. The mass-weighted median stellar mass M50 becomes insensitive to resolution once turbulent fragmentation is well resolved. Without imposing Larson-like scaling laws, our simulations find $M_\mathrm{50} \,\, \buildrel\propto \over \sim \,\,M_\mathrm{0} \mathcal {M}^{-3} \alpha _\mathrm{turb}\, \mathrm{SFE}^{1/3}$ for GMC mass M0, sonic Mach number $\mathcal {M}$, virial parameter αturb, and star formation efficiency SFE = M⋆/M0. This fit agrees well with previous IMF results from the ramses, orion2, and sphng codes. Although M50 has no significant dependence on the magnetic field strength at the cloud scale, MHD is necessary to prevent a fragmentation cascade that results in non-convergent stellar masses. For initial conditions and SFE similar to star-forming GMCs in our Galaxy, we predict M50 to be $\gt 20 \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$, an order of magnitude larger than observed ($\sim 2 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$), together with an excess of brown dwarfs. Moreover, M50 is sensitive to initial cloud properties and evolves strongly in time within a given cloud, predicting much larger IMF variations than are observationally allowed. We conclude that physics beyond MHD turbulence and gravity are necessary ingredients for the IMF.
ALMA observations of CS in NGC 1068: chemistry and excitation
Authors: Scourfield M , Viti S , García-Burillo S , Saintonge A , Combes F , Fuente A , Henkel C , Alonso-Herrero A , Harada N , Takano S , Nakajima T , Martín S , Krips M , van der Werf P P , Aalto S , Usero A , Kohno K 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We present results from Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of CS from the nearby galaxy NGC 1068 (∼14 Mpc). This Seyfert 2 barred galaxy possesses a circumnuclear disc (CND, r ∼ 200 pc) and a starburst ring (SB ring, r ∼ 1.3 kpc). These high-resolution maps (∼0.5 arcsec, ∼35 pc) allow us to analyse specific sub-regions in the galaxy and investigate differences in line intensity ratios and physical conditions, particularly those between the CND and SB ring. Local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) analysis of the gas is used to calculate CS densities in each sub-region, followed by the non-LTE analysis conducted using the radiative transfer code radex to fit observations and constrain gas temperature, CS column density and hydrogen density. Finally, the chemical code uclchem is used to reconstruct the gas, allowing an insight into its origin and chemical history. The density of hydrogen in the CND is found to be ≥105 cm−2, although exact values vary, reaching 106 cm−2 at the active galactic nucleus. The conditions in the two arms of the SB ring appear similar to one another, though the density found (∼104 cm−2) is lower than in the CND. The temperature in the CND increases from east to west, and is also overall greater than found in the SB ring. These modelling methods indicate the requirement for multiphase gas components in order to fit the observed emission over the galaxy. A larger number of high-resolution transitions across the SLED may allow for further constraining of the conditions, particularly in the SB ring.
Radiative kinetic simulations of steady-state relativistic plasmoid magnetic reconnection
Authors: Ortuño-Macías José , Nalewajko Krzysztof 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We present the results of two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of relativistic magnetic reconnection (RMR) in electron–positron plasma, including the dynamical influence of the synchrotron radiation process, and integrating the observable emission signatures. The simulations are initiated with a single Harris current layer with a central gap that triggers the RMR process. We achieve a steady-state reconnection with unrestricted outflows by means of open boundary conditions. The radiative cooling efficiency is regulated by the choice of initial plasma temperature Θ. We explore different values of Θ and of the background magnetization σ0. Throughout the simulations, plasmoids are generated in the central region of the layer, and they evolve at different rates, achieving a wide range of sizes. The gaps between plasmoids are filled by smooth relativistic outflows called minijets, whose contribution to the observed radiation is very limited due to their low-particle densities. Small-sized plasmoids are rapidly accelerated; however, they have lower contributions to the observed emission, despite stronger relativistic beaming. Large-sized plasmoids are slow but produce most of the observed synchrotron emission, with major part of their radiation produced within the central cores, the density of which is enhanced by radiative cooling. Synchrotron light curves show rapid bright flares that can be identified as originating from mergers between small/fast plasmoids and large/slow targets moving in the same direction. In the high-magnetization case, the accelerated particles form a broken power-law energy distribution with a soft tail produced by particles accelerated in the minijets.
Premature ovarian insufficiency in the XO female mouse on the C57BL/6J genetic background
Authors: Vaz B , El Mansouri F , Liu X , Taketo T 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn humans, all but 1% of monosomy 45.X embryos die in utero and those who reach term suffer from congenital abnormalities and infertility termed Turner’s syndrome (TS). By contrast, XO female mice on various genetic backgrounds show much milder physical defects and normal fertility, diminishing their value as an animal model for studying the infertility of TS patients. In this article, we report that XO mice on the C57BL/6J (B6) genetic background showed early oocyte loss, infertility or subfertility and high embryonic lethality, suggesting that the effect of monosomy X in the female germline may be shared between mice and humans. First, we generated XO mice on either a mixed N2(C3H.B6) or B6 genetic background and compared the number of oocytes in neonatal ovaries; N2.XO females retained 45% of the number of oocytes in N2.XX females, whereas B6.XO females retained only 15% of that in B6.XX females. Second, while N2.XO females were as fertile as N2.XX females, both the frequency of delivery and the total number of pups delivered by B6.XO females were significantly lower than those by B6.XX females. Third, after mating with B6 males, both N2.XO and B6.XO females rarely produced XO pups carrying paternal X chromosomes, although a larger percentage of embryos was found to be XO before implantation. Furthermore, B6.XO females delivered 20% XO pups among female progeny after mating with C3H males. We conclude that the impact of monosomy X on female mouse fertility depends on the genetic background.