bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2000’Lİ YILLAR TÜRKİYESİNDE MERKEZ- YEREL İLİŞKİLERİNİN GELİŞİMİ
Authors: GÜLER Tahsin 
Published: June 2020

Türkiye’de kamu yönetimi, merkezden yönetim ve
yerinden yönetim ilkesine göre yapılanmıştır. Bu iki ilke birbirini tamamlayarak
kamu yönetiminin bütünlüğünü sağlamaktadır. Diğer taraftan merkezi idarenin
yerel yönetimler üzerinde; yerel hizmetlerin idarenin bütünlüğü ilkesine uygun
şekilde yürütülmesi, kamu görevlerinde birliğin sağlanması, toplum yararının
korunması ve mahalli ihtiyaçların gereği gibi karşılanması amacını gözetmek bakımından
idari vesayet yetkisine sahip olduğu bilinmektedir.

2000’li yıllardan
itibaren kamu yönetiminde yoğun bir değişim ve dönüşümün yaşandığı Türkiye’de, merkezi yönetim- yerel yönetim ilişkileri
reform gündeminde önemli bir yer tutmuştur. Bu süreç demokrasi ve insan hakları
reformlarının etkisiyle önemli bir desantralizasyon sürecini yaşayarak, yerelin
yükselişine tanık olunan bir mecrada şekillenirken son yıllarda, bazı
belediyelere mülki idare amirlerinin kayyum olarak atanması gibi uygulamalarda görüldüğü
üzere merkezi yönetimin yerel yönetimlerle ilişkilerinde yeniden ağırlığını
arttırdığı bir döneme girilmiştir. Diğer taraftan 2018 yılında Türkiye’nin
yönetim sisteminin başkanlık sistemi referanslı Cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükümet
Sistemi olarak değişmesi merkezi yönetim- yerel yönetim ilişkilerinde de
değişimi kaçınılmaz kılacaktır.

Çalışmanın önemi, bu
değişim sürecinin; mülki idare sisteminin yereldeki en önemli temsilcisi olan vali
ile yerel yönetimlerin en önemli aktörü olan belediye başkanının pozisyonlarına
ve birbirleriyle ilişkilerine nasıl yansıdığını ortaya koymak ve gelinen
noktayı değerlendirmek olacaktır. Deskriptif ve yorumlayıcı bir yöntemin izlendiği
çalışmada sürecin mülki idarenin güç kazanacağı bir tarzda gelişeceğini
gösteren bulgulara ulaşılmaktadır.
Sources of intraspecific morphological variation in Vipera seoanei: allometry, sex, and colour phenotype
Authors: Lucchini Nahla , Kaliontzopoulou Antigoni , Val Guillermo Aguado , Martínez-Freiría Fernando 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Snakes frequently exhibit ontogenetic and sexual variation in head dimensions, as well as the occurrence of distinct colour morphotypes which might be fitness-related. In this study, we used linear biometry and geometric morphometrics to investigate intraspecific morphological variation related to allometry and sexual dimorphism in Vipera seoanei, a species that exhibits five colour morphotypes, potentially subjected to distinct ecological pressures. We measured body size (SVL), tail length and head dimensions in 391 specimens, and examined variation in biometric traits with respect to allometry, sex and colour morph. In addition, we analysed head shape variation by recording the position of 29 landmarks in 123 specimens and establishing a low-error protocol for implementing geometric morphometrics to European vipers. All head dimensions exhibited significant allometry, while sexual differences occurred for SVL, relative tail length and snout height. After considering size effects, we found significant differences in body proportions between the sexes and across colour morphs, which suggests an important influence of lowland and montane habitats in shaping morphological variation. By contrast, head shape did not exhibit significant variation across sexes or colour morphs. Instead it was mainly associated to allometric variation, where the supraocular and the rear regions of the head were the areas that varied the most throughout growth and across individuals. Overall, this study provides a thorough description of morphological variability in Vipera seoanei and highlights the relevance of combining different tools (i.e. linear and geometric morphometrics) and analyses to evaluate the relative contribution of different factors in shaping intraspecific variation.
Murābaḥah Penalty Clause is Ribā in Disguise! The Penalty Clause Questions the Deep-rooted Preference for Literal Interpretation over Substantial Interpretation of Ribā
Authors: Ismail Faiza 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Following the literal interpretation of ribā, jurists have agreed that muḍārabah and mušārakah are legitimate modes of financing. As both arrangements are highly risky to manage in practice, murābaḥah has been introduced as an alternate mode of financing. Despite its extraordinary success, murābaḥah has led to moral hazard in the form of frequent delays in payments and defaults for which Islamic scholars have introduced a penalty clause as discouragement. Examination of the murābaḥah penalty clause instrument suggests that it is ribā, prohibited when interpreted literally. Moreover, the penalty clause has never been enforced in Pakistani courts. This article suggests that the literal interpretation based on the objectives of Sharīʿah (substantial interpretation) will prevent loopholes such as the abuse of the murābaḥah instrument and consequently the penalty clause as well and will lead to substantial compliance with the principles of Islamic finance.
Configuring Ghana’s Diaspora
Authors: Royston Reginold A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Digital media, diaspora and deterritorialisation have provided important ways to think about contemporary global flows and social ties. Digital diasporas as a unit of study have become especially relevant for social scientists, particularly anthropologists: In this paper, the author argues that digital diasporas represent both online communities and the ICT practices of those living abroad, which seemingly actualise the potential inherent in Castell’s notion of the Network Society. Examining the material and social dimensions of these ties, however, this paper moves to critique the notion of networks as stabilised representations of diaspora/homeland connections. Drawing from the author’s ethnographic research with tech professionals in Ghana, and with diaspora-based social media users in the U.S. and the Netherlands, the analysis posits that the asymmetry of Africa’s sociotechnical infrastructures is central to understanding the enduring disjunctive nature of these flows. Through interviews and analysis, the author illustrates how these sociotechnical systems configure Ghana’s global cyberculture.
Evaluating the Scientific Uses of Animals: A Virtue-Consequentialist Approach for Harm/Benefit Analyses
Authors: Pollo Simone , Vitale Augusto 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The topic of this contribution is the moral justification of the use of non-human animals in scientific research. First, we will discuss the position of leading antispeciesist approaches of animal ethics, arguing that a radical position is not tenable and justification of some animal use in research can be given based on the importance of science for human civilization. Such use must be justified case by case. Therefore, the harm-benefit analysis will be introduced, as an example of a case-by-case scenario. We will describe the challenge encountered by the evaluators of project proposals, and possible ways of considering harms and benefits in basic, translational and regulatory research, minimizing harms and possible future scenarios. Our approach can be regarded as a virtue consequentialist view of the ethics of human/animal relationships in scientific use, where the development of a morally appreciable character is a key topic for the education of scientists.
Mowa nienawiści jako przedmiot badań. Praktyki komunikacyjne nacechowane nienawiścią w dyskursie medialnym
Authors: Jaszczyk-Grzyb Magdalena 
Published: July 2020

Hate Speech as an Object of Research: Hate-Fuelled Communication Practices in Media DiscourseHate speech is currently an issue discussed in many scientific disciplines and is one of the threads of linguistic research conducted at the Department of Intercultural Glottopedagogy at the Institute of Applied Linguistics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. Since 2014, the Department has been involved in the RADAR project (Regulating Anti-Discrimination and Anti-Racism), conducted in cooperation with other European universities and public institutions, and co-financed by the European Commission. The aim of this article is to present partial results of empirical research conducted under the project, including a catalogue of hate-oriented communication practices in media discourse. Mowa nienawiści jako przedmiot badań. Praktyki komunikacyjne nacechowane nienawiścią w dyskursie medialnymObecnie mowa nienawiści stanowi zagadnienie omawiane w wielu dyscyplinach naukowych, w tym jest również jednym z wątków badań językoznawczych prowadzonych w Zakładzie Glottopedagogiki Interkulturowej, działającym w ramach Instytutu Lingwistyki Stosowanej na Uniwersytecie im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Od 2014 roku w zakładzie tym prowadzono w kooperacji z innymi europejskimi uniwersytetami oraz instytucjami publicznymi projekt RADAR (Regulating Anti-Discrimination and Anti-Racism), współfinansowany przez Komisję Europejską. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie częściowych wyników badań empirycznych prowadzonych w ramach tego projektu, do których należy katalog praktyk komunikacyjnych nacechowanych nienawiścią w dyskursie medialnym.
Jak z pewnego miasteczka szatan wyrzucił szatana. Girardowskie mechanizmy w "My z Jedwabnego" Anny Bikont
Authors: Źrebiec Antoni 
Published: July 2020

How Satan Cast Satan out of a Small Town: Girardian Mechanisms in The Crime and the Silence by Anna BikontThis article identifies the categories of René Girard’s anthropology in the content of The Crime and the Silence (My z Jedwabnego), a non-fiction book by Anna Bikont. The article stresses the mechanisms of mimetic violence and the scapegoat apparent in the events she describes. Bikont presents not only the results of her investigation into the events of 1941, but also the collective memory of the local community and its attitude to the public debate on the subject. Jak z pewnego miasteczka szatan wyrzucił szatana. Girardowskie mechanizmy w My z Jedwabnego Anny BikontCelem artykułu jest odniesienie kategorii antropologicznych wypracowanych przez René Girarda do treści reportażu Anny Bikont pod tytułem My z Jedwabnego. Artykuł podkreśla obecność mechanizmów mimetycznej przemocy i kozła ofiarnego w prezentowanych przez autorkę wydarzeniach. Analizę umożliwia szeroki zakres zebranego przez reportażystkę materiału, w którym Bikont prezentuje nie tylko wyniki badań mających odtworzyć przebieg wydarzeń z 1941 roku, ale również trwającą pośród mieszkańców miasteczka pamięć zbrodni i ich stosunek do narosłej dookoła sprawy debaty publicznej.
A comparison of diet versus diet + exercise programs for health improvement in middle-aged overweight women
Authors: Joseph Gili , Arviv-Eliashiv Rinat , Tesler Riki 
Published: June 2020

Background: Obesity is an independent risk factor for many diseases. Many studies have investigated the benefits of losing weight as well as the best methods for weight loss. This research evaluated the impact of various weight loss programs on health enhancement among overweight women aged 40–60 years. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study that analyzed data from 145 overweight women in weight loss programs. Each woman joined one of four programs: 8 weeks of exercise plus diet (exe + nutr), 8 weeks of diet only (nutrition), 8 weeks of exercise only, or a control group. Women completed a psychological questionnaire and also underwent anthropometric tests, blood pressure checks, a predicted maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) test on an ergometer bicycle, a one-leg balance test, straight leg test, and a sit and reach test, both before and after the program. Participants also provided a blood sample. Results: All of the measured variables improved in the exe + nutr and nutrition programs when compared with the control group; the exe + nutr group improved the most: body mass index, −1.3 kg/m2; body fat, −2.9%; lean body mass, +1.1; VO2 max, +4.8; body image, +1.02; and p < 0.01. Conclusion: The hypothesis-generating findings showed that weight loss programs improved anthropometric, biochemical, physiological, physical, and psychological variables in women aged 40–60 years. The program that included diet restriction with exercise, guidance, and regular counseling showed the best results.
Photosynthetic performance and photosynthesis-related gene expression coordinated in a shade-tolerant species Panax notoginseng under nitrogen regimes
Authors: Zhang Jin-Yan , Cun Zhu , Chen Jun-Wen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundNitrogen (N) is an essential component of photosynthetic apparatus. However, the mechanism that photosynthetic capacity is suppressed by N is not completely understood. Photosynthetic capacity and photosynthesis-related genes were comparatively analyzed in a shade-tolerant speciesPanax notoginsenggrown under the levels of low N (LN), moderate N (MN) and high N (HN).ResultsPhotosynthetic assimilation was significantly suppressed in the LN- and HN-grown plants. Compared with the MN-grown plants, the HN-grown plants showed thicker anatomic structure and larger chloroplast accompanied with decreased ratio of mesophyll conductance (gm) to Rubisco content (gm/Rubisco) and lower Rubisco activity. Meanwhile, LN-grown plants displayed smaller chloroplast and accordingly lower internal conductance (gi). LN- and HN-grown individuals allocated less N to light-harvesting system (NL) and carboxylation system (NC), respectively. N surplus negatively affected the expression of genes in Car biosynthesis (GGPS,DXR,PSY,IPIandDXS). The LN individuals outperformed others with respect to non-photochemical quenching. The expression of genes (FBA, PGK, RAF2, GAPC, CAB, PsbAandPsbH) encoding enzymes of Calvin cycle and structural protein of light reaction were obviously repressed in the LN individuals, accompanying with a reduction in Rubisco content and activity. Correspondingly, the expression of genes encodingRAF2,RPI4,CABandPetEwere repressed in the HN-grown plants.ConclusionsLN-induced depression of photosynthetic capacity might be caused by the deceleration on Calvin cycle and light reaction of photosynthesis, and HN-induced depression of ones might derive from an increase in the form of inactivated Rubisco.
Comparison of admission rates among patients treated by male and female emergency physicians: a multicenter study
Authors: Valiuddin Hisham , Ring Hope , Fallon Michelle , Valiuddin Yaser 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
No study to date has looked at the gender of emergency medicine (EM) physicians in the United States in relation to admission rates. This study seeks to investigate admission rates of adult patients treated by female vs male EM physicians, to identify whether a practice pattern bias exists.

Methods
This was a multicenter retrospective study of four community hospitals. Population: All patient encounters between July 1, 2016 and June 30, 2017. Outcome: We compared multiple benchmarks, including admission rates, patient acuity, length of stay, return visits, patient age, and years of practice using descriptive statistics and Pearson Correlation Coefficients.

Results
171,762 encounters by 71 EM physicians; 29 females, 42 males. Average admission rates: female 30.1%, male 28.0%, p = .188. Average encounters: female 2456, male 2394, p = 0.77. Acuity: female 149.3, male 146.9, p = .227. Average length of stay (minutes): female 294.4, male 277.4, p = .137. Average patient age: female 50.9, male 50.2, p = .457. Median time of encounter: female 12.8, male 12.7, p = .964. Years of practice: female 16.2, male 19.1, p = .274. Average return visits per one thousand: female 8.5, male 8.5, p = .864. Secondary analysis of Pearson Correlation Coefficient of Significance; admission rate and length of stay: female 0.53, p = .0026; male 0.76, p < .0001. Admission rate and acuity: female 0.56, p = .0012; male 0.76, p < .0001. Admission rate and patient age: female 0.54, p = 0.0018; male 0.50, p = 0.0003.

Conclusion
No statistically significant difference exists between the admission rates of male and female emergency medicine physicians. The admission rate in both groups had the highest correlation with patients’ age, acuity, and length of stay.
Postoperative adjuvant treatment strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion: a non-randomized interventional clinical study
Authors: Wang Liming , Wang Weihu , Rong Weiqi , Li Zhuo , Wu Fan , Liu Yunhe , Zheng Yiling , Zhang Kai , Siqin Tana , Liu Mei , Chen Bo , Wu Jianxiong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Microvascular invasion (MVI) is considered to be one of the important prognostic factors that affect postoperative recurrence in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with variable results across their treatment options. This study was carried out to investigate efficacy of postoperative adjuvant RT in HCC patients with MVI.

Methods
This was single center, prospective study carried out in HCC patients with MVI, aged 35–72 years. All patients were non-randomly allocated to receive standard postoperative treatment of HBV/HCV and nutritional therapy or RT in addition to standard postoperative treatment (1:1). The primary endpoints assessed were relapse-free survival and overall survival. The prognostic factors associated with survival outcomes were also analyzed. The safety events were graded according to NCI-CTCAE v4.03 criteria.

Results
Of the 115 patients eligible for study, 59 patients were included in analysis. Univariate analysis revealed that MVI classification (P = 0.009), post-operative treatment strategies (P = 0.009) were prognostic factors for worst RFS; tumor size (P = 0.011), MVI classification (P = 0.005) and post-operative treatment (P = 0.015) were associated for OS. The 1-, 2-, 3-year RFS rates were 86.2, 70.5 and 63.4% for patients in RT group, and 46.4, 36.1, and 36.1% in control group. For OS, corresponding rates were 96.6, 80.7, and 80.7% for patients in RT group and 79.7, 58.3, and 50.0% in control group. Subgroup classification of HCC patients according to low risk MVI showed significantly longer RFS (P = 0.035) and OS (P = 0.004) in RT group than control group, while for high risk MVI, RT depicted longer OS than control group with no significance (P = 0.106). Toxicities were usually observed in acute stage with no grade 4 toxicities.

Conclusion
Postoperative adjuvant RT following hepatectomy offers better RFS for HCC patients with MVI than with standard postoperative therapy. Also, it will be useful to control microscopic lesions in both M1 (low risk) and M2 (high risk) subgroups of HCC patients with MVI.

Trial registration
Trial Registration number: ChiCTR1800017371. Date of Registration: 2018-07-26. Registration Status: Retrospectively registered.
Sterile, abscess-like cerebral lesion during trastuzumab therapy after HER2 status switch in a triple negative breast cancer patient: a case report and literature review
Authors: Mezei Tamás , Hajdu Melinda , Czigléczki Gábor , Lotz Gábor , Kocsis Judit , Kulka Janina , Horváth Anna 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Breast cancer is a global health problem – it is the most common malignancy among women. Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) account for 10–20% of female breast cancer. Most TNBC cases confer poor prognosis. Brain metastasis appears in more than 15% in the triple negative breast cancer population, which causes serious decrease in survival. Changes of immunophenotype are not uncommon in breast cancer, offering new therapeutic options in cases where targetable proteins or pathways are being identified.

Case presentation
After five lines of chemotherapy and 82 months following the first diagnosis, our patient with brain metastatic triple negative breast cancer had human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) genetic heterogeneity in the metastatic tissue sample interpreted as HER2 status conversion. After the removal of the metastasis, we started first line therapy for metastatic HER2 positive cancer with trastuzumab and paclitaxel. After the first cycle of trastuzumab, on day 8, she had a seizure, and neurosurgical examination showed an abscess-like lesion. The punctate proved to be sterile by microbiological and pathological examination, so we continued cytostatic therapy without the anti-HER2 antibody. 3 months later, we could not identify the previous abscess-like lesion in the control computer tomography (CT) scan, and our patient had no neurological deficits.

Conclusion
We emphasize the importance of regular tissue confirmation of predictive markers in progressive tumorous disease even if our presented case is not unequivocally a “conversion case”. Tumor subtype is determined according to algorithms and definitions published in guidelines, nevertheless, use of different guidelines may lead to controversial interpretation in cases where HER2 genetic heterogeneity is present. Furthermore, we suggest that seronegative, aseptic intracranial fluid effusion after the removal of a brain metastasis may possibly be a side effect of trastuzumab.
The discharge conversation: a phenomenographic interview study
Authors: Theodoridis Kyriakos , Noghi Adina , Borglin Gunilla 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Studies have highlighted deficiencies in the information given by nurses to surgical patients. Studies also show that the role of the nurse in connection with the discharge of patients after surgery is unclear. The aim of the study was therefore to elicit and to explore registered nurses’ conceptions of the phenomenon of nursing care information given to surgical patients in connection with hospital discharge.

Method
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen nurses at surgical unites at the southern parts of Sweden. The interviews were transcribed and then analysed according to the phenomenographic approach.

Result
The analysis resulted into three descriptive categories which conjointly may be said to express the general conceptions of the informants. Thus, according to the informants, the provision of nursing care information in connection with the discharge of surgical patients is: (i) not a nursing priority, (ii) adapted to the context of care, and (iii) a possible enhancement of the nursing process and the quality of care.

Conclusion
The result of the study implies that the discharge conversation may be seen as an opportunity for the nursing profession to formalise and to enhance the quality of care in connection with the discharge of surgical patients.