bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerging climate signals in the Lena River catchment: a non-parametric statistical approach
Authors: Pohl Eric , Grenier Christophe , Vrac Mathieu , Kageyama Masa 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Climate change has far-reaching implications in permafrost-underlain
landscapes with respect to hydrology, ecosystems, and the population's
traditional livelihoods. In the Lena River catchment, eastern Siberia,
changing climatic conditions and the associated impacts are already
observed or expected. However, as climate change progresses the question
remains as to how far we are along this track and when these changes will
constitute a significant emergence from natural variability. Here we
present an approach to investigate temperature and precipitation time
series from observational records, reanalysis, and an ensemble of
65 climate model simulations forced by the RCP8.5 emission scenario. We
developed a novel non-parametric statistical method to identify the time of
emergence (ToE) of climate change signals, i.e. the time when a climate
signal permanently exceeds its natural variability. The method is based on
the Hellinger distance metric that measures the similarity of probability
density functions (PDFs) roughly corresponding to their geometrical
overlap. Natural variability is estimated as a PDF for the earliest period
common to all datasets used in the study (1901–1921) and is then compared
to PDFs of target periods with moving windows of 21 years at annual and
seasonal scales. The method yields dissimilarities or emergence levels
ranging from 0 % to 100 % and the direction of change as a continuous
time series itself. First, we showcase the method's advantage over the
Kolmogorov–Smirnov metric using a synthetic dataset that resembles signals
observed in the utilized climate models. Then, we focus on the Lena River
catchment, where significant environmental changes are already apparent. On
average, the emergence of temperature has a strong onset in the 1970s with
a monotonic increase thereafter for validated reanalysis data. At the end
of the reanalysis dataset (2004), temperature distributions have emerged by
50 %–60 %. Climate model projections suggest the same evolution on
average and 90 % emergence by 2040. For precipitation the analysis is
less conclusive because of high uncertainties in existing reanalysis
datasets that also impede an evaluation of the climate models. Model
projections suggest hardly any emergence by 2000 but a strong emergence
thereafter, reaching 60 % by the end of the investigated period (2089).
The presented ToE method provides more versatility than traditional
parametric approaches and allows for a detailed temporal analysis of
climate signal evolutions. An original strategy to select the most
realistic model simulations based on the available observational data
significantly reduces the uncertainties resulting from the spread in the
65 climate models used. The method comes as a toolbox available at
https://github.com/pohleric/toe_tools (last access: 19 May 2020).
Checklist of the Flora of Tutti Island, Khartoum Province, Sudan
Authors: Hamad Mubarak Siddig , Ali Fatima Salaheldin Mohammed , Mohammed Safia Abdullahi Abdulmageed , Kordofani Maha Ahmed 
Published: May 2020

The current study was aimed to inventory and document the flora of Tutti Island (the study area) During a field survey conducted between August 2016 to December 2018. A total of 155 species belong to 120 genera and 41 families were inventoried. A number of 135 species were Dicotyledonous belong to 115 genera and 37 families. However, 20 species were monocotyledonous belong to 17 genera and 4 families. The most representative families were Fabaceace (23 species), Poaceae (14 species), Amaranthaceae (13 species), Asteraceae (10 species), Malvaceae (9 species) and Euphorbiaceae (8 species) respectively. Herbs comprise the predominant type of growth habit (52.34%) followed by shrubs (30.87%), vines (10.06%) and trees (6.71%) respectively. Botanical names of species and families were updated.
The study resulted in a number of species not previously recorded in the flora of the study area. The inventory led to a new generic record to the flora of Sudan; that is Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. Despite flora of the study area is rich, the study noticed that, there are some negative impact factors can affect this richness over time, these factors represented in human activities including overgrazing, agriculture and population expansion that beside to the annual flood.
The Effects of Enrichment Nutrients on the Growth of Indigenous Bacteria Species in Spent Lubricating Oil Contaminated Water
Authors: Laurelta Tudararo-Aherobo 
Published: May 2020

Aim: This study was conducted to compare the effects of enrichment nutrients, NPK (Nitrogen, Posphorus, Potassium) and organic wastes on the growth of indigenous bacterial species in spent lubricating oil contaminated water. Six bacterial species which were isolated from spent lubricating oil impacted soils (Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp., Actinomyces sp., Acinetobacter sp., Enterobacter sp., and Micrococcus sp.,) and showed profuse utilization of spent lubricating oil on screening, were used for this study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, between 2018 and 2019.
Methodology: The study and was conducted using Mineral Salts Medium broth, spent lubricating oil substrate and NPK (20:10:10), Chicken droppings and Cow dung as nutrient sources (biostimulants). The effect of the biostimulants on the growth of the bacterial isolates was assessed weekly for 14 days by measuring the turbidity, bacterial counts and pH.
Results: Pseudomonas sp. recorded the highest count of 1.16E+19 CFU/ml, 2.53E+17 CFU/ml and 1.74E+14 CFU/ml for biostimulation with NPK, Chicken droppings and Cow dungs respectively. The treatment with NPK enhanced the bacterial isolates most, of the three treatments used at the end of the test period. The pH values obtained for the test cultures at the end of the study, ranged from 6.52±0.02 for Enterobacter sp. in Cow dung treated cultures to7.85±0.03 for Pseudomonas sp.in NPK treated cultures. The values were within the optimum biodegradation range of 6.50 -8.50. There was significant difference between the bacterial counts obtained with the cultures treated with NPK and Chicken droppings (P=0.006), between NPK and cow dungs (P = 0.031) and between NPK and the control (P = 0.033). The study affirms the benefits of using organic wastes in the bioremediation process of hydrocarbon contaminated sites; it enhances the nutrients required by the bacteria for the remediation process and it’s a waste management strategy for disposing these organic wastes at very minimal costs and in an ecofriendly manner.
A Study of Micro-crack on Surface Mount IC Package
Authors: Jr. Antonio Sumagpang , Gomez Frederick Ray , Jr. Edwin Graycochea 
Published: May 2020

In integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing industry, package micro-crack and other crack-related flaws are common defect frequently encountered in trim and form process of a surface mount IC package. This paper focused on the prevention of the micro-crack occurrence as it affected the assembly yield performance of the device in focus. Process mapping and defect concentration diagram were done to isolate the location of the defect and the processes involved. Containment and corrective actions were employed to fully narrow down the defect occurrence. Finally, a 99% improvement on defect parts per million (ppm) reduction was observed after implementation of all corrective actions.
Use of Enoxaparin in Obstetrics and Gynecology Department
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J. 
Published: May 2020

Aims: This study aims to demonstrate the use of enoxaparin in obstetrics and gynecology department in Alkharj.
Methodology: This is a retrospective study was conducted in a public hospital in Alkharj city. The outpatient prescriptions were reviewed to evaluate the prescription patterns of enoxaparin. The data were collected and analyzed using Excel software, the descriptive data were represented by frequencies and percentages.
Results: About 86.32% of the prescriptions contain enoxaparin syringe were prescribed for female patients. The majority of enoxaparin prescriptions were from obstetrics & gynecology department (79.48%).Moreover, the majority of enoxaparin prescriptions were prescribed by consultants (62.39%).
Conclusion: The result of this study show that enoxaparin was prescribed commonly in the obstetrics and gynecology department for female patients because of its efficacy and safety profile. Enoxaparin is safer than other anticoagulants but still could cause many adverse effects so it is important to increase the health care professional awareness about its use.
Incidence of Candida Species Infections in a Military Hospital in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J. 
Published: May 2020

Aim: The present study aims to demonstrate the incidence of Candida species associated with infections in a Military hospital in Alkharj.
Methodology: This is a retrospective study that was conducted to assess the prevalence of Candida species in a Military hospital in Alkharj – Saudi Arabia. The isolates from various clinical specimens in 2018 and 2019 were studied.
Results: The percentage of candida species in the 2 years was 6.21% of isolates. The Candida albicans were 40.87% of the total Candida isolates. The majority of Candida species cultures were collected from wound/pus/skin or vagina and to lesser extent urine and lower respiratory tract.
Conclusion: Candida species are now common pathogens that cause infections specially in the gastrointestinal tract, vagina and at surgical site. It sometimes may lead to high morbidity and mortality rate. It is important to know the resistance rate for the fungi and it is important to start the implementation of antifungal treatment programs.
The Adverse Effect Reporting for the Most Commonly Used Antibiotics
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J. , Fouda Mohammed I. , Fouda Dina I. , Foudah Ahmed I. 
Published: May 2020

Aim: Antibiotics save lives, but the excess use of antibiotics leads to more side effects. Patients benefit from medications but also complain about their adverse effects. This study aims to explore the reports of the adverse effects for the most commonly used antibiotics in Saudi Arabia.
Methodology: The Data regarding the adverse events reports were collected from The National Pharmacovigilance Center in Saudi Arabia. The data include the major allergic reactions and gastrointestinal side effects for the most commonly used antibiotic classes.
Results: The total number of allergic and gastrointestinal adverse effects in 2017 and 2018 for the included antibiotic drugs is 583 reports. The majority of the reports were for penicillin antibiotics (39.96) particularly Amoxicillin/Clavunate.
Conclusion: The most common adverse effects of antibiotics are allergic and gastrointestinal effects. It is important to report any adverse drug reactions either by health care providers or patients to the Saudi Pharmacovigilance Center.
Asymmetric Segregation of Age‐Induced Damage in Budding Yeast
Authors: Goodman Jay S , Ünal Elçin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCellular damage follows an asymmetric pattern of inheritance in budding yeast. Age‐associated factors accrue in mother cells after each mitotic division, while the ensuing daughter cells are devoid of any damage. Mother cells retain dysfunctional organelles, including oxidised mitochondria, alkaline vacuoles and a nucleus with a weakened permeability barrier. The nucleus of the mother cell contains additional ageing factors such as misfolded proteins, ribosomal DNA (rDNA) circles and fragmented nucleoli. These factors persist throughout replicative ageing and may contribute to cellular senescence. Interestingly, protein aggregates and nucleolar aberrations retained in mitosis are excluded from the meiotic products, also known as gametes. This occurs by a five‐way nuclear division during meiosis II, where the genetic material destined for four gametes is physically separated away from the age‐induced damage through the formation of a fifth nuclear compartment, which eventually gets degraded during gamete maturation. As a result of this specialised nuclear division, meiotic progeny is born young, devoid of any preexisting damage.Key ConceptsAge‐induced damage is asymmetrically retained in mother cells during mitosis.Organelle function declines in mother cells as they undergo replicative aging.A diffusion barrier at the bud neck, the region between the mother and daughter cell, facilitates the retention of nuclear and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) age‐induced damage.Age‐induced damage from mother cells is not passed onto the meiotic products.Gametes generated by old mother cells are rejuvenated and have the same replicative lifespan as gametes generated by young mother cells.
Carbon Nanotubes and Drug Delivery
Authors: Maheshwari Nupur , Maheshwari Neelesh , Dhote Vinod , Mishra Dinesh K 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

The development of nanoparticles as drug carriers is being increased in the past decades as the efficient transport system for drug molecules which offer a variety of biotechnology applications. Among the various nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as most promising nanomaterials for biomedical applications and drug delivery due to their small size with large surface area, polyaromatic structure, the possibility of functionalisations and chemical stability which make them able to interact with various small molecules including drugs. The present review highlights different aspects of CNTs including functionalisation, cellular uptake and drug loading capacity along with their applications as potential cargo of therapeutic molecule in drug delivery.

Key Concepts

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the most promising nanomaterials for biomedical applications.

Scientific community is focusing on the development of targeted drug delivery systems.

Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have well‐defined dimensions as compared to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and considered to be more stable nanostructure.

The length of the CNTs varies from micrometre to nanometres, which can be further shortened by any physical or chemical method.

The functionalised CNTs along with its void structure can provide more opportunities with improved and promising pharmacological applications.

The solubility and dispensability of CNTs can be improved or modulated by functionalisation approach, which provides longer stabilisation.

The functionalised CNTs have great permeability and it can easily cross the cell membranes.

Safety is the basic requirement of any material that is being used as a medicine.
Serial Femtosecond Crystallography: A Decade at the Forefront in Structural Biology
Authors: Fromme Petra , Graves William S , Martin‐Garcia Jose M 
Published: May 2020

AbstractExceptionally brilliant, femtosecond‐pulsed X‐ray sources, the X‐ray free‐electron lasers (XFELs), have brought a new way of conducting crystallography by probing nano/micrometre‐sized crystals in a serial fashion. Since the first XFEL, the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), started operation in 2009, the serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) technique has opened up new exciting opportunities for the determination of static structures as well as the structural dynamics of macromolecules. Here we gathers information from the greatest advances and exciting discoveries in the past 10 years in the emerging technology of SFX at XFELs as well as outlines the frontiers of this technology at upcoming compact pulsed X‐ray sources and its implementation at synchrotron radiation sources.Key ConceptsReviewed 10 years of successful science at X‐ray free‐electron lasers (XFELs).Highlighted the major key advances of the SFX technique in the areas of sample delivery and data analysis.Highlighted the breakthrough experiments to determine the structure of highly relevant therapeutic targets such as GPCRs.Highlighted the breakthrough experiments to study structural dynamics of macromolecules using the time‐resolved technique.Outlined the frontiers of serial crystallography technology at modern XFELs and compact instruments as well as its implementation at synchrotron radiation sources.
Defect Engineering of 2D Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Liu Haipeng , Lei Wen , Tong Zhaoming , Li Xiaojian , Wu Zexing , Jia Quanli , Zhang Shaowei , Zhang Haijun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWith the increasing demands for current clean energy technologies, researchers are paying more and more attention to the full utilization of energy storage devices. However, the development of energy storage technologies is still limited by different technical challenges that need to be well addressed. Owing to the high specific surface area, ultrahigh carrier mobility and excellent mechanical flexibility, 2D materials have shown prominent superiorities for a wide range of energy storage applications. For 2D materials, a series of intrinsic deficiencies such as comparatively low conductivity, sparse electroactive sites, and poor reversibility have been found to restrict their further applications in real devices. In particular, 2D materials could be further defectively engineered to achieve a meaningful breakthrough in further improving the power performance and cycle life that satisfies the industrial demands. For a comprehensive clarify of the defect effects, this review summarizes the controllable strategies to generate defects in 2D materials, along with various characterizations and applications to identify the mechanisms of defects on the improvement of electrochemical performance. Finally, future directions of defects engineering design and application prospects of defective 2D materials are provided.
Identifying the Crystalline Orientation of Mechanically Exfoliated Anisotropic Layered Materials through Their Morphologies
Authors: Wang Xia , Jiang Xiao‐Fang , Li Zongbao , Xue Yubin , Wu Jieyu , Wang Yongsong , Liu Xianhu , Xing Xiaobo , Tang Zhilie , Xue Ding‐Jiang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe unique orientation‐dependent properties of in‐plane anisotropic 2D materials allow for designing novel electronic and optoelectronic devices that are hardly realized in isotropic materials. All such anisotropic studies and relevant applications require identification of the crystal orientation in advance. Although many methods have been developed to characterize the crystal orientation such as polarization‐resolved optical techniques, they usually suffer from the complex and time‐consuming process. Here, a convenient yet effective method is reported that the crystal orientation of mechanically exfoliated anisotropic 2D materials can be determined just through their morphologies. Using GeSe as an example, it is shown that the exfoliated flakes from bulk crystals naturally form long‐straight edges perpendicular to the direction with the lowest Young's modulus stemming from its in‐plane mechanical anisotropy, thus enabling the crystal orientation identification through the cleaved edges. This proposed method based on the facilely obtained anisotropic mechanical properties provides a fast, convenient, and non‐destructive approach for crystal orientation identification.
Catalyst‐ and Base‐Free Asymmetric Synthesis of Functionalized Prolines via One‐Pot Cascade Reactions
Authors: Cho Hyunkyung , Kim Jinju , Kim Jae Hyun , Song Yeonghun , Kim Sanghee 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA one pot, three‐step cascade reaction to provide functionalized proline derivatives was developed. The Michael addition reaction of N‐allylated proline and activated alkyne forms a zwitterionic intermediate that further undergoes cyclization and [2,3]‐rearrangement to provide Cα‐alkylated proline bicyclic derivatives. This transformation was highly stereoselective and the chirality of the N‐allylated prolines was completely transferred to the product via a C−N−C chirality transfer process. The developed reaction is operationally simple and does not require any reagents other than the substrates.magnified image
A New TBAF Complex, Highly Stable, Facile and Selective Source for Nucleophilic Fluorination: Applications in Batch and Flow Chemistry
Authors: Said Madhukar S. , Khonde Nilesh S. , Thorat Meghana N. , Atapalkar Ranjit S. , Kulkarni Amol A. , Gajbhiye Jayant , Dastager Syed G. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNatural polysaccharides supported tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) complexes are prepared and found to be highly stable and selective fluoride source for well‐renowned nucleophilic (SN2 type) fluorination reactions for the first time. Bacterial cellulose, plant cellulose, pectin, and starch derived TBAF complexes are synthesized, characterized (using SEM, TEM, and NMR techniques) and studied for their stability and reactivity. Heterogeneous bacterial cellulose‐TBAF complex (NBu4(Bac‐cell‐OH)F) 1 was found to be highly stable and non‐hygroscopic among all complexes, which gave high yields of fluorinated products in multi‐gram scale in shorter reaction time. The primarily developed batch protocol was extended to solid‐solid continuous flow reaction using an in‐house built screw reactor, which furnished products in a few seconds of residence time (tR=20–25 sec) and excellent yields.
A Comparative Study of Physicochemical and Flavor Characteristics of Chicken Nuggets during Air Frying and Deep Frying
Authors: Cao Yi , Wu Gangcheng , Zhang Fei , Xu Lirong , Jin Qingzhe , Huang Jianhua , Wang Xingguo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractChicken nuggets were air‐fried and deep‐fried for various times at the same temperature. The moisture content, oil content, color, texture, volatile compounds, and lipids degradation of the chicken nuggets were investigated. The evolution rate of the moisture content, oil content, color, and texture were much higher during deep frying than during air frying. Air frying required more time to produce similar quality attributes as those of deep‐fried chicken nuggets. On average, the oil content of the air‐fried chicken nuggets was 25% lower than that of the deep‐fried chicken nuggets. Of the 74 volatile compounds identified in the fried chicken nuggets, aldehydes, hydrocarbons, and heterocycles were the main flavor contributors. The total amount of volatile compounds and aldehydes detected in the air‐fried chicken nuggets was much lower than that in the deep‐fried samples, but the number of heterocycles produced by the Maillard reaction was higher during air frying. Sensory evaluation revealed that the air‐fried chicken nuggets had lower oiliness and crispness, and 9 min was the optimal frying time to obtain air‐fried chicken nuggets with similar sensory attributes (color, odor, juiciness, and overall acceptance) as those of the best deep‐fried chicken nuggets. Air frying was a healthier frying method for the production of fried chicken nuggets, which could reduce oxidative degradation of lipids in chicken nuggets.