bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum by multiplexed amplicon deep sequencing in Senegal
Authors: NDIAYE Tolla , Sy Mouhamad , Gaye Amy , Siddle Katherine J. , Park Daniel J. , Bei Amy K. , Deme Awa B. , Mbaye Aminata , Dieye Baba , Ndiaye Yaye Die , Ndiaye Ibrahima Mbaye , Diallo Mamadou Alpha , Diongue Khadim , Volkman Sarah K. , Badiane Aida Sadikh , Ndiaye Daouda 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background

Molecular epidemiology can provide important information regarding the genetic diversity and transmission of Plasmodium falciparum , which can assist in designing and monitoring elimination efforts. However, malaria molecular epidemiology including understanding the genetic diversity of the parasite and performing molecular surveillance of transmission has been poorly documented in Senegal. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) offers a practical, fast and high-throughput approach to understand malaria population genetics. This study aims to unravel the population structure of P. falciparum and to estimate the allelic diversity, multiplicity of infection (MOI), and evolutionary patterns of the malaria parasite using the NGS platform.

Methods

Multiplex amplicon deep sequencing of merozoite surface protein 1 (PfMSP1) and merozoite surface protein 2 (PfMSP2) genes in fifty-three P. falciparum isolates from two epidemiologically different areas in the South and North of Senegal, was carried out.

Results

A total of 76 Pfmsp1 and 116 Pfmsp2 clones were identified and 135 different alleles were found, 56 and 79 belonged to the pfmsp1 and pfmsp2 genes, respectively. K1 and IC3D7 allelic families were most predominant in both sites. The local haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π) were higher in the South than in the North for both genes. For pfmsp1 , a high positive Tajima’s D (TD) value was observed in the South (D=2.0453) while negative TD value was recorded in the North (D=-1.46045) and F-Statistic (Fst) was 0.19505. For pfmsp2 , non-directional selection was found with a highly positive TD test in both areas and Fst was 0.02111. The mean MOI for both genes was 3.07 and 1.76 for the South and the North, respectively, with a statistically significant difference between areas ( p=0.001 ).

Conclusion

This study revealed a high genetic diversity of pfmsp1 and pfmsp2 genes and low genetic differentiation in P. falciparum population in Senegal. The MOI means were significantly different between the Southern and Northern areas. Findings also showed that multiplexed amplicon deep sequencing is a useful technique to investigate genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of P. falciparum infections.
Towards unravelling Wolbachia global exchange: a contribution from the Bicyclus and Mylothris butterflies in the Afrotropics
Authors: Duplouy Anne , Pranter Robin , Warren-Gash Haydon , Tropek Robert , Wahlberg Niklas 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background Phylogenetically closely related strains of maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria are often found in phylogenetically divergent, and geographically distant insect host species. The interspecies transfer of the symbiont Wolbachia has been thought to have occurred repeatedly, facilitating its observed global pandemic. Few ecological interactions have been proposed as potential routes for the horizontal transfer of Wolbachia within natural insect communities. These routes are however likely to act only at the local scale, but how they may support the global distribution of some Wolbachia strains remains unclear. Results Here, we characterize the Wolbachia diversity in butterflies from the tropical forest regions of central Africa to discuss transfer at both local and global scales. We show that numerous species from both the Mylothris (family Pieridae) and Bicyclus (family Nymphalidae) butterfly genera are infected with similar Wolbachia strains, despite only minor interclade contacts across the life cycles of the species within their partially overlapping ecological niches. The phylogenetic distance and differences in resource use between these genera rule out the role of ancestry, hybridization, and shared host-plants in the interspecies transfer of the symbiont. Furthermore, we could not identify any shared ecological factors to explain the presence of the strains in other arthropod species from other habitats, or even ecoregions. Conclusion Only the systematic surveys of the Wolbachia strains from entire species communities may offer the material currently lacking for understanding how Wolbachia may transfer between highly different and unrelated hosts, as well as across environmental scales.
Etiology and antimicrobial resistance of secondary bacterial infections in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Li Jie , Wang Junwei , Yang Yi , Cai Peishan , Cao Jingchao , Cai Xuefeng , Zhang Yu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: A considerable proportion of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) acquired secondary bacterial infections (SBIs). The etiology and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria were reported and used to provide a theoretical basis for appropriate infection therapy.Methods: This retrospective study reviewed electronic medical records of all the patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the Wuhan Union Hospital between January 27 and March 17, 2020. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, patients who acquired SBIs were enrolled. Demographic, clinical course, etiology, and antimicrobial resistance data of the SBIs were collected. Outcomes were also compared between patients who were classified as severe and critical on admission.Results: Among 1495 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, 102 (6.8%) patients had acquired SBIs, and almost half of them (49.0%, 50/102) died during hospitalization. Compared with severe patients, critical patients had a higher chance of SBIs. Among the 159 strains of bacteria isolated from the SBIs, 136 strains (85.5%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top three bacteria of SBIs were A. baumannii (35.8%, 57/159), K. pneumoniae (30.8%, 49/159), and S. maltophilia (6.3%, 10/159). The isolation rates of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae were 91.2% and 75.5%, respectively. Meticillin resistance was present in 100% of Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase negative staphylococci, and vancomycin resistance was not found.Conclusions: SBIs may occur in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and lead to high mortality. The incidence of SBIs was associated with the severity of illness on admission. Gram-negative bacteria, especially A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae, were the main bacteria, and the resistance rates of the major isolated bacteria were generally high. This was a single-center study; thus, our results should be externally examined when applied in other institutions.
The relationship between intraoperative cerebral oximetry and postoperative delirium in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a retrospective study
Authors: Lim Leerang , Nam Karam , Lee Seohee , Cho Youn Joung , Yeom Chan-Woo , Jung Sang Hyup , Moon Jung Yoon , Jeon Yunseok 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background Cerebral oximetry has been widely used to measure regional oxygen saturation in brain tissue, especially during cardiac surgery. Despite its popularity, there have been inconsistent results on the use of cerebral oximetry during cardiac surgery, and few studies have evaluated cerebral oximetry during off pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (OPCAB). Methods To evaluate the relationship between intraoperative cerebral oximetry and postoperative delirium in patients who underwent OPCAB, we included 1,439 patients who underwent OPCAB between October 2004 and December 2016 and among them, 815 patients with sufficient data on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) were enrolled in this study. We retrospectively analysed perioperative variables and the reduction in rSO2 below cut-off values of 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, and 35%. Furthermore, we evaluated the relationship between the reduction in rSO2 and postoperative delirium. Results Delirium occurred in 105 of 815 patients. In both univariable and multivariable analyses, the duration of rSO2 reduction was significantly longer in patients with delirium at cut-offs of <50% and 45% (for every 5 min, adjusted odds ratio(OR) 1.007 [95% Confidence interval (CI) 1.001 to 1.014] and adjusted OR 1.012 [1.003 to 1.021]; p=0.024 and 0.011, respectively). The proportion of patients with an rSO2 reduction <45% was significantly higher among those with delirium (adjusted OR 1.737[1.064 to 2.836], p=0.027). Conclusions In patients undergoing OPCAB, intraoperative rSO2 reduction was associated with postoperative delirium. Duration of rSO2 less than 50% was 40% longer in the patients with postoperative delirium. The cut-off value of intraoperative rSO2 that associated with postoperative delirium was 50% for the total patient population and 55% for the patients younger than 68 years.
Transcatheter arterial embolization is efficient and safe for paediatric blunt torso trauma: a case-control study
Authors: Gakumazawa Masayasu , Toida Chiaki , Muguruma Takashi , Yogo Naoki , Shinohara Mafumi , Takeuchi Ichiro 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: It remains unclear whether transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) is as safe and effective for paediatric patients with blunt torso trauma as it is for adults in Japan, owing to few trauma cases and sporadic case reports. The study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of TAE in paediatric patients (age ≤ 15 years) with blunt torso trauma to those of TAE in adult patients. Methods: This was a single-centre, retrospective chart review study that included blunt torso trauma patients who underwent TAE in the trauma centre from 2012 to 2017. The comparative study was carried out between a “paediatric patient group” and an “adult patient group”.The outcome measures for TAE were the success of haemorrhage control and complications and standardised mortality ratio (SMR).Results: A total of 504 patients with blunt torso trauma were transported to the trauma centre. Among them, 23% (N=114) of patients with blunt torso trauma underwent TAE, including 15 paediatric and 99 adult patients. There was no significant difference between the use of TAE in paediatric and adult patients with blunt torso trauma (29% vs. 22%, P=.221). The median age was 11 (IQR 7–14) years for paediatric patients. The predicted mortality (PMR) rate and SMR for paediatric patients were lower than that for adult patients (18.3% vs. 25.9%, P =.026, and 0.37 vs. 0.54). The rate of effective haemorrhage control without repeated TAE or additional surgical intervention was 93% in paediatric patients, which was similar to that in adult patients (88%). There were no complications in the paediatric patients at our centre. There were no significant differences in the proportion of paediatric patients that underwent surgery before TAE or urgent blood transfusion (33% vs. 26%, P =.566, or 67% vs. 85%, P =.084).Conclusions: It is possible to provide an equal level of care related to TAE for both paediatric and adult patients as it relates to TAE for blunt torso trauma with haemorrhage in the trauma centre. We should prepare alternative haemorrhage control procedures as soon as possible whenever the patients reach a hemodynamic unstable state.
Sleep status and the associated factors, a large cross-sectional study in Shaanxi province of China
Authors: Zhang Yaxuan , Wang Jiwei , Lu Xinyuan , Che Beibei , Wang Rui , Yu Jinming 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
This study aimed at investigating the sleep status and its associated factors in Shaanxi province of China.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted among 11399 subjects in Shaanxi Province, China. Data was collected via spot field questionnaire survey. The contents included demographic characteristics, sleep status, lifestyles, disease history and other associated factors. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the effect of associated factors for sleep quality. Crude odds ratio (cOR) and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and their 95% confident intervals (CI) were calculated.
Results
A total of 11036 subjects were included in the final analysis. There were 12.8% participants having a bad or very bad sleep. In the last month, 8.4% participants had difficulty in initiating sleep, 7.6% participants had difficulty in maintaining sleep, 8.8% participants suffered from awakening earlier and 10.3% participants had the problem of feeling sleepy during the day ≥ 3 times per week. There were 16.5% participants having one of the above sleep problems (difficulty in initiating sleep, difficulty in maintaining sleep, awakening early) > 3 months. Poorer sleep quality was associated with female (aOR = 1.792, p < 0.001), unmarried or without cohabiting with boyfriend/girlfriend (aOR = 1.319, 95% CI = 1.022–1.704), divorced or widowed (aOR = 1.436, 95% CI = 1.052–1.960), heart diseases (aOR = 1.478, p = 0.002), musculoskeletal diseases (aOR = 1.460, p = 0.018), concerning about their own health (aOR = 1.113, p = 0.016), alcohol drinking (aOR = 1.201, p < 0.001), taking hypnotics (aOR = 1.643, p < 0.001), a longer daily screen time (aOR = 1.055, p < 0.001). Better sleep quality was associated with medium education level (aOR = 0.748, p = 0.003), high family monthly income (aOR = 0.939, p = 0.004), good self-reported health status (aOR = 0.490, p < 0.001), having breakfast regularly (aOR = 0.935, p = 0.016).
Conclusions
The self-reported sleep quality was generally good in Shaanxi, China. Sleep quality was associated with gender, marital status, educational level, family monthly income, heart disease, musculoskeletal diseases, degree of concerning about their own health, self-reported health status, alcohol drinking, having breakfast, take hypnotics and daily screen time.
Prevalence of people at risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and the involvement of community pharmacies in a national screening campaign: a pioneer action in Brazil
Authors: Correr Cassyano Januário , Coura-Vital Wendel , Frade Josélia Cintya Quintao Pena , Nascimento Renata Cristina Rezende Macedo do , Nascimento Lúbia Guaima , Pinheiro Eliete Bachrany , Ferreira Wesley Magno , Reis Janice Sepúlveda , de Melo Karla Fabiana Santana , Pontarolo Roberto , Lenzi Mônica Soares Amaral , de Almeida José Vanilton , Pedrosa Hermelinda Cordeiro , João Walter da Silva Jorge 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: Brazil is one of top 10 countries with the highest number of people with diabetes mellitus (DM), affecting 16.8 million peoples. It is estimated that 7.7 million people (20–79 years) in the country have not yet been diagnosed, representing an under-diagnosis rate of 46.0%. Herein we aimed to screen people for high blood glucose or risk for developing type 2 DM (T2DM) through community pharmacies in Brazil.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in November 2018, involving 977 pharmacists from 345 municipalities in Brazil. The study evaluated people between 20 and 79 years old without a previous diagnosis of DM. Glycemia was considered high when its value was ≥100 mg/dL fasting and ≥ 140 mg/dL in a casual feeding state. The FINDRISC (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score) was used to estimate the risk for developing T2DM. The prevalence of high blood glucose was estimated and the associated factors were obtained using Poisson's multivariate analysis with robust variance.Results: During the national screening campaign, 17,580 people were tested with the majority of the consultations (78.2%) being carried out in private pharmacies. The population was composed mainly of women (59.5%) and people aged between 20 and 45 years (47.9%). The frequency of participants with high blood glucose was 18.4% (95% CI 17.9–19.0). Considering the FINDRISC, 22.7% of people had a high or very high risk for T2DM. The risk factors associated with high blood glucose were: Body Mass Index > 25 kg/m 2 , abdominal circumference> 94 cm for men and> 80 cm for women; education level below 15 years of study, no daily intake of vegetables and fruits; previous diagnosis of arterial hypertension; history of high blood glucose and family history of DM.Conclusions: This is the largest screening study that evaluated the frequency of high blood glucose and its associated factors in a population without a previous diagnosis ever performed in community pharmacies in Brazil. These results may help to improve public health policies and reinforce the role of pharmacists in screening and education actions aimed at this undiagnosed population in a continent-size country such as Brazil.
The Role of Body Mass Index in High and Low Velocity Trauma Causing Knee Injury Associated to Popliteal Artery Lesions.
Authors: Marchetti Andrea Ascoli , Naldi Valerio , Potenza Vito , Oddi Fabio Massimo , De Maio Fernando , Ciattaglia Riccardo , Farsetti Pasquale , Ippoliti Arnaldo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background: Osteoarticular traumas are particularly dangerous among arterial traumas, those associated with the popliteal artery are associated with a high amputation rate. Despite representing a minority of arterial traumas, with an incidence that considerably varies by population and geographic location, traumatic lesions of the popliteal artery are a challenge. This study aimed to verify the impact of Body Mass Index (BMI) on arterial trauma damage and outcome. Methods: Data were retrospectively collected from the emergency and operating rooms’ electronic medical reports at our Institution between 1 January 2005 and 1 May 2018 of all osteoarticular and vascular associated lesion. 41 pts presented with lower limb arterial trauma (43.2%), and popliteal artery lesions occurred in 11 (26.8%). 11 patients were eligible for inclusion in the study. In addition, the lesion mechanism was dislocation by high-velocity trauma in 9 cases and by low-velocity trauma in 3. All 7 males (63.6%) were affected by high-velocity trauma, and 2 of the 3 females by low-velocity trauma. Only one patient had an isolated popliteal artery lesion associated with fractures in the leg or in contralateral limb. Patients with low-velocity traumas were older than 54 years while those with high-velocity were aged from 22 to 71 years. Results: The lesion mechanism was dislocation due to high-velocity trauma in eight patients and due to low-velocity trauma in three. In 10/11 patients (90.9%). revascularization was performed after osteoarticular stabilization. after reduction of the dislocation or fracture. Intraoperative angiography was selectively used. Two patients required above-knee amputation after the procedure: one due to infection of the surgical access and the other due to severe soft tissue injury. One patient died during hospitalization due to trauma-related complications and comorbidities. Conclusions: High-velocity traumas, and low-velocity traumas with a body mass index >35kg/m2 with knee lesions are associated with popliteal artery lesion. Revascularization success is not associated with high or low velocity traumas.
Rv3131, a gene encoding nitroreductase, is essential for metronidazole activation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis under hypoxic condition
Authors: Dong Wenzhu , Shi Jin , Chu Ping , Liu Rongmei , Wen Shu’an , Zhang Tingting , Pang Yu , Lu Jie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
ObjectivesThe impressive potency of metronidazole (MTZ) against anaerobic bacteria indicates the potential for killing anaerobic Mtb. However, how MTZ is activated in Mtb still remains unknown. We aimed to characterize the endogenous nitroreductase responsible for MTZ activation in anaerobic Mtb.MethodsThe minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Mtb isolates against MTZ were determined by microplate Alamar Blue assay. Intracellular anti-TB activities of MTZ and pyrazinamide (PZA) were tested in THP-1 cells infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv with a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. The nitroreductase activity of purified wild-type Rv3131 and mutants were measured under anaerobic conditions generated by glucose oxidase/catalase system. Two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test was used to compare the difference between various groups.Results180 Mtb isolates (81.8%, 180/220) had MIC values higher than 16 μg/mL, and 40 had MIC values of 16 μg/mL, demonstrating high-level resistance to MTZ under aerobic condition. The number of viable bacteria in macrophages treated with MTZ was dramatically decreased by 71.3% after 5-day MTZ treatment, indicating significant inhibition of MTZ against anaerobic Mtb. In vitro biochemical analysis demonstrated that Rv3131 exhibited the NADPH oxidase activity under anaerobic condition. The substitutions of Cys75Ser and Cys279Ser could maintain 41.7% and 71.1% of enzyme activity compared to wild-type protein, respectively.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that MTZ has more potent efficacy against intracellular Mtb than PZA. Rv3131 is identified as a nitroreductase enzyme in the activation of MTZ, and Cys75 of Rv3131 is the major active residue for nitroreductase activity.
Analgesic Efficacy of Rectus Sheath Bupivacaine and Intrathecal Morphine With Bupivacaine Compared to Intravenous Patient-controlled Analgesia in Males Undergoing Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: A Prospective, Observational Parallel-Cohort Study
Authors: Shim Jung-Woo , Cho Yun Jeong , Kim Minhee , Hong Sang Hyun , Moon Hyong Woo , Hong Sung Hoo , Chae Min Suk 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: We explored the analgesic outcomes on postoperative day (POD) 1 of males undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) who received intravenous (IV) patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), a rectus sheath bupivacaine block (RSB), or an intrathecal morphine with bupivacaine (ITMB) block. Methods: This was a prospective, observational parallel-cohort trial. Patients were divided into three groups: IV-PCA (n = 30), RSB (n = 30), and ITMB block (n = 30). Peak pain scores at rest and when coughing, cumulative IV-PCA drug consumption, the need for IV rescue opioids, and Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) questionnaire scores collected on POD 1 were compared among the groups.Results: The preoperative and intraoperative findings were comparable among the groups; the ITMB block group required the least remifentanil of all groups. During POD 1, the ITMB block group reported lower levels of pain at rest and when coughing than did the other two groups. After adjustment for age, body mass index, comorbidities, and intraoperative remifentanil infusion, severe pain at rest was 0.167-fold less common in the ITMB block than in the IV-PCA group, and pain when coughing was 0.1-fold lower in the ITMB block group and 0.306-fold lower in the RSB group compared to the IV-PCA group. The ITMB block group required lower cumulative IV-PCA drug infusions and less IV rescue opioids, and exhibited a better QoR-15 global score than did the other two groups.Conclusion: An ITMB block seems to provide appropriate analgesia with tolerable complications and enhances early patient recovery after RALP.Trial registration: Clinical Research Information Service, Republic of Korea, (approval number: KCT0005040) on May 20, 2020https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/search_result_st01_kren.jsp?seq=15943&sLeft=2&ltype=my&rtype=my