bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilization and Treatment Patterns of Disease-Modifying Therapy in Pediatric Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in the United States
Authors: Greenberg Benjamin , Kolodny Scott , Wang Mengru , Deshpande Chinmay 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background:
The current landscape and treatment patterns of disease-modifying therapy (DMT) use in pediatric patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are not yet well understood. This study examined DMT utilization and treatment patterns in pediatric patients newly diagnosed as having MS.

Methods:
Pediatric patients (&lt;18 years old) with two MS diagnosis claims from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2016, were identified from the MarketScan Commercial Database. The index date was defined as the date of first MS diagnosis, and patients were followed up for 1 year post-index date. Outcomes evaluated included percentage of patients who initiated treatment after MS diagnosis, different DMTs initiated, treatment discontinuation, and switching treatment during follow-up.

Results:
Of 182,057 patients newly diagnosed as having MS, 288 pediatric patients (mean age, 14 years; 61% female) were identified. Within the first year of diagnosis, 188 patients (65.3%) did not receive any DMT. The most common first-initiated treatments were interferons and glatiramer acetate (83%), but 28% of patients switched or discontinued from first-initiated treatment within 6 months of treatment initiation.

Conclusions:
This study suggests that a considerable proportion of pediatric patients with MS remain untreated within 1 year of diagnosis. Patients most commonly initiated injectables as their first DMT. Overall, therapy failed early in approximately one in three patients. Thus, the study warrants urgency in treating these patients with currently approved treatment options.
Motivisanost srednjoškolaca za školsko postignuće – razlike s obzirom na vrstu srednje škole i školski uspjeh
Authors: Muratović Lejla 
Published: June 2020

U radu su prezentovani rezultati istraživanja koje imalo za cilj da ustanovi nivo motivisanosti srednjoškolaca za školsko postignuće s obzirom na vrstu srednje škole koju pohađaju i školski uspjeh koji ostvaruju. Uzorak istraživanja činili su učenici trideset odjeljenja iz tri tuzlanske škole. Od instrumenata korišten je Veliki inventar motivacije postignuća (VIMP), autora Nenada Suzića. Rezultati istraživanja nam govore da tuzlanski srednjoškolci pokazuju tendenciju ka visokom stepenu izraženosti motivacije školskog postignuća. Jednofaktorska univarijantna analiza varijanse (ANOVA) pokazala je da postoji statistički značajna razlika u odgovorima učenika s obzirom na vrstu srednje škole na generalnom skoru VIMP-ai određenim subtestovima. Preciznije rečeno, učenici zanatskih zanimanja ostvarili su znatno niže vrijednosti na generalnom skoru VIMP-a i subtestovima u odnosu na učenike Gimnzije i Srednje ekonomske škole.
The linkages of plant, litter and soil C:N:P stoichiometry and nutrient stock in different secondary mixed forest types in the Qinling Mountains, China
Authors: Pang Yue , Tian Jing , Zhao Xuan , Chao Zhi , Wang Yuchao , Zhang Xinping , Wang Dexiang 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundCarbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometric ratios are important indicators of ecosystem function and productivity. However, few studies have assessed the nutrient relationship between plant, litter and soil, and the nutrient stock in different secondary mixed forest types.MethodsWe investigated the C, N and P concentrations and stoichiometric ratios in trees, understory plants, litter and soil layers in three different secondary mixed forest types (broadleaf mixed forests (BM), broadleaf-conifer mixed forests (BCM) and coniferous mixed forests (CM)) in the Qinling Mountains.ResultsThe results showed that significant differences in C:N:P stoichiometry were detected in multiple organs in the vegetation layers in the different forest types. Trees, shrubs and herbs all allocated more N and P in leaves and had a higher N:P ratio in leaves than in other organs. The C concentrations, C:N ratios and C:P ratios of all tree organs showed a decreasing order: BM < BCM < CM, while the N and P concentrations showed an increasing order: BM > BCM > CM. For litter and soil, BM had generally higher N and P concentrations than those of BCM and CM. The highest N and P stock was in tree branches-not in the stem, which had the highest biomass (except for P in CM). Compared with other forest types, CM stored more nutrients in the labile litter layer, while BM stored more nutrients in the stable soil layer. The net ecosystem nutrient element stock in BM was generally higher than that in BCM and CM. The C, N and P concentrations and stoichiometry in the plant organs, litter and soil were significantly correlated.ConclusionOur findings demonstrate that nutrient concentrations in plant organs, litter and soil are tightly linked in secondary mixed forests.
Optimal and heuristic policies for lot sizing with learning in setups
Authors: Rachamadugu Ram , Schriber Thomas J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe develop heuristic and optimal methods for determining lot sizes when setup cost reductions occur over time due to emphasis on continuous improvement, learning effects and incremental process changes. Our heuristic methods are intuitively appealing, easy to implement, require little information about setup costs, and have low computational burden. Computational studies show that choosing the appropriate heuristic yields nearly optimal solutions. Recommendations for choosing the appropriate heuristic are also provided. The optimal method developed in this paper is also useful to managers for evaluating investments in hardware and/or worker training for setup reduction. Concepts and methods are illustrated with numerical examples. Managerial implications of using our policies are discussed.
Posttranscriptional regulation of oligodendroglial thyroid hormone (T3) receptor β1 by T3
Authors: Baas Dominique , Puymirat Jack , Sarliève Louis L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine interacts with the genome by binding and activating nuclear 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine receptors. To determine how in secondary oligodendrocyte cultures, exogenous 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine influences the expression of different 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine receptor isoforms, we studied the regulation of α1, α2 and β1 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine receptor mRNAs. In culture, we find that β1 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine receptor mRNA, but not α1 and α2 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine receptor mRNAs, is up‐regulated by 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine in a time and dose dependent manner. In addition, we present evidence indicating that β1 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine receptor expression is posttranscriptionally regulated by 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine.Previous studies from our laboratory and others have shown that in the rat oligodendrocyte lineage, 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine receptors α1 and α2 were expressed in both early progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes. In contrast, β1 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine receptor was found to be expressed only in mature oligodendrocytes. This suggests that thyroid hormone may influence oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation via 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine receptor β1, which is expressed only in oligodendrocytes and not in progenitor cells. We therefore show that this effect is indirect and is mediated by 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine which acts posttranscriptionally on the 3,5,3′‐triiodo‐L‐thyronine receptor β1 gene.
Prevalence and occupational covariates of mood, anxiety disorders, and alcohol dependence in a French ancillary staff population
Authors: Thiébaut R. , Martin C. , Grabot D. , Verdun-Esquer C. , Gabinski P. , Tignol J. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe aim of this study was to confirm the high prevalence of three frequent psychiatric disorders : anxiety, depressive illnesses, and alcohol dependence among ancillary staff, and to examine for occupational risk factors. Two hundred and forty-six women were randomly selected from the ancillary staff of the regional hospital centre of Bordeaux, and 186 subjects were interviewed between June 1996 and October 1997. First, a self-administrated questionnaire was completed concerning socio-economic status, lifestyle, health, and working conditions. Second, the two sections of the composite international diagnosis interview (CIDI), devoted to explore anxiety and depression, and the short Michigan alcoholism screening test (S-MAST) were used.Mean age of the subjects was 40.8 years (SD = 8.3 years). During the year preceding the interview, 77 (42.5 %) subjects had stopped their job because of illness. Prevalence of the psychiatric disorders studied was 33.9 % (95 % confidence interval, 27.1-40.7 %). These disorders were related to sickness absence. This is why the use of drugs raises questions for work physicians. Two protective factors associated against depression in logistic regression analysis were found: training at the time of employment, and the task ‘cleaning sickroom’.A high prevalence of psychiatric disorders was confirmed and occupational risk factors for the prevalence of increased psychiatric disorders were isolated that could have practical consequences, such as for the training at time of employment.
Luenberger‐typecubic observers for state estimation of linear systems
Authors: Share Pasand Mohammad Mahdi 
Published: June 2020

SummaryThis article introduces a new nonlinear observer for state estimation of linear time invariant systems. The proposed observer contains a (nonlinear) cubic term to enhance observer response. Unlike previously proposed observers, the cubic observer has nonlinear estimation error dynamics. Convergence criteria, performance advantages, and observer‐based feedback control with cubic observers are addressed. Simulation examples demonstrating performance improvement compared with linear observers, are included.
Liquid Biopsy Strategies to Distinguish Progression from Pseudoprogression and Radiation Necrosis in Glioblastomas
Authors: Yekula Anudeep , Muralidharan Koushik , Rosh Zachary S. , Youngkin Anna E. , Kang Keiko M. , Balaj Leonora , Carter Bob S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLiquid biopsy for the detection and monitoring of central nervous system tumors is of significant clinical interest. At initial diagnosis, the majority of patients with central nervous system tumors undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), followed by invasive brain biopsy to determine the molecular diagnosis of the WHO 2016 classification paradigm. Despite the importance of MRI for long‐term treatment monitoring, in the majority of patients who receive chemoradiation therapy for glioblastoma, it can be challenging to distinguish between radiation treatment effects including pseudoprogression, radiation necrosis, and recurrent/progressive disease based on imaging alone. Tissue biopsy‐based monitoring is high risk and not always feasible. However, distinguishing these entities is of critical importance for the management of patients and can significantly affect survival. Liquid biopsy strategies including circulating tumor cells, circulating free DNA, and extracellular vesicles have the potential to afford significant useful molecular information at both the stage of diagnosis and monitoring for these tumors. Here, current liquid biopsy‐based approaches in the context of tumor monitoring to differentiate progressive disease from pseudoprogression and radiation necrosis are reviewed.
Realizing the Intrinsic Electrochemical Activity of Acidic N‐Doped Graphene through 1‐Pyrenesulfonic Acid Bridges
Authors: Pan Meilan , Liu Subiao , Chew Jia Wei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractElectrochemical technology attracts much research interest for the treatment of metal complexes, but most electrocatalysts are incapable of effectively degrading metal complexes, which generally have highly stable cages with five or six rings coordinating with metal ions. To address this, a bridging agent linking the catalysts and metal complexes can lower the energy barrier, and thus holds much promise to facilitate the removal of such pollutants. In this study, 1‐pyrenesulfonic acid (PSA) functionalization of acidic nitrogen‐doped graphene (ANG) is successfully synthesized and found to effectively remove metal complexes through electrochemical membrane filtration. Results indicate that PSA, interacting with Cu‐EDTA via the strong ion exchange of super acidic sulfonic (−SO3H) groups, acts as a conductive “bridge” connecting the electrocatalyst and metal complexes to overcome the challenge with penetrating the “cage” structure of metal complexes. The pyrrolic nitrogen of ANG is found to be the active sites in the electrochemical process, with the intrinsic electrochemical activity realized by the bridging agent, namely, PSA. This study highlights the importance of compounds with sulfonyl groups in circumventing the stable “cage” of the metal complexes, and thereby paves the way for effective degradation of such pollutants.
On the Largest Possible Mobility of Molecular Semiconductors and How to Achieve It
Authors: Nematiaram Tahereh , Padula Daniele , Landi Alessandro , Troisi Alessandro 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA large database of known molecular semiconductors is used to define a plausible physical limit to the charge carrier mobility achievable within this materials class. From a detailed study of the desirable properties in a large dataset, it is possible to establish whether such properties can be optimized independently and what would be a reasonably achievable optimum for each of them. All relevant parameters are computed from a set of almost five thousand known molecular semiconductors, finding that the best known materials are not ideal with respect to all properties. These parameters in decreasing order of importance are the molecular area, the nonlocal electron–phonon coupling, the 2D nature of transport, the local electron–phonon coupling, and the highest transfer integral. It is also found that the key properties related to the charge transport are either uncorrelated or “constructively” correlated (i.e., they improve together) concluding that a tenfold increase in mobility is within reach in a statistical sense, on the basis of the available data. It is demonstrated that high throughput screenings, when coupled with physical models of transport produce both specific target materials and a more general physical understanding of the materials space.
Smart Oral Administration of Polydopamine‐Coated Nanodrugs for Efficient Attenuation of Radiation‐Induced Gastrointestinal Syndrome
Authors: Zhang Yushuo , Wang Lu , Xu Meiyun , Zhao Tongxin , Kuang Liangju , Hua Daoben 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHigh‐dose ionizing radiation can lead to death from the unrecoverable damage of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the small intestine. Until now, the lack of predilection for the small intestine and rapid clearance by digestive fluids limit the effects of conventional radioprotective formulations. Herein, an innovative radioprotective strategy is developed for attenuating gastrointestinal syndrome by smart oral administration nanodrugs. The nanodrug is first engineered by encapsulating thalidomide into chitosan‐based nanoparticles, and then coated with polydopamine. The behaviors of gastric acid‐resistance, and pH‐switchable controlled release in the small intestine enhance the oral bioavailability of the pyroptosis inhibitor thalidomide. In a mouse model, nanodrugs demonstrate prolonged small intestinal residence time and accessibility to the crypt region deep in the mucus. Furthermore, the nanodrugs ameliorate survival rates of C57BL/6J mice irradiated by 14 Gy of subtotal body irradiation and also maintain their epithelial integrity. This work may provide a promising new approach for efficiently attenuating lethal radiation‐induced gastrointestinal syndrome and add insights into developing nanodrug‐based therapies with improved efficacy and minimum side effects.
Injectable Functional Biomaterials for Minimally Invasive Surgery
Authors: Raucci Maria Grazia , D'Amora Ugo , Ronca Alfredo , Ambrosio Luigi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInjectable materials represent very attractive ready‐to‐use biomaterials for application in minimally invasive surgical procedures. It is shown that this approach to treat, for example, vertebral fracture, craniofacial defects, or tumor resection has significant clinical potential in the biomedical field. In the last four decades, calcium phosphate cements have been widely used as injectable materials for orthopedic surgery due to their excellent properties in terms of biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. However, few clinical studies have demonstrated certain weaknesses of these cements, which include high viscosity, long degradation time, and difficulties being manipulated. To overcome these limitations, the use of sol‐gel technology has been investigated, which has shown good results for synthesis of injectable calcium phosphate‐based materials. In the last few decades, injectable hydrogels have gained increasing attention owing to their structural similarities with the extracellular matrix, easy process conditions, and potential applications in minimally invasive surgery. However, the need to protect cells during injection leads to the development of double network injectable hydrogels that are capable of being cross‐linked in situ. This review will provide the current state of the art and recent advances in the field of injectable biomaterials for minimally invasive surgery.
A Flexi‐PEGDA Upconversion Implant for Wireless Brain Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Teh Daniel Boon Loong , Bansal Akshaya , Chai Chou , Toh Tan Boon , Tucker Robert Alan Jappy , Gammad Gil Gerald Lasam , Yeo Yanzhuang , Lei Zhendong , Zheng Xiang , Yang Fengyuan , Ho John S. , Bolem Nagarjun , Wu Bing Cheng , Gnanasammandhan Muthu Kumar , Hooi Lissa , Dawe Gavin Stewart , Libedinsky Camilo , Ong Wei‐Yi , Halliwell Barry , Chow Edward Kai‐Hua , Lim Kah‐Leong , Zhang Yong , Kennedy Brian K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) activatable upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) enable wireless‐based phototherapies by converting deep‐tissue‐penetrating NIR to visible light. UCNPs are therefore ideal as wireless transducers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of deep‐sited tumors. However, the retention of unsequestered UCNPs in tissue with minimal options for removal limits their clinical translation. To address this shortcoming, biocompatible UCNPs implants are developed to deliver upconversion photonic properties in a flexible, optical guide design. To enhance its translatability, the UCNPs implant is constructed with an FDA‐approved poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) core clad with fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). The emission spectrum of the UCNPs implant can be tuned to overlap with the absorption spectra of the clinically relevant photosensitizer, 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA). The UCNPs implant can wirelessly transmit upconverted visible light till 8 cm in length and in a bendable manner even when implanted underneath the skin or scalp. With this system, it is demonstrated that NIR‐based chronic PDT is achievable in an untethered and noninvasive manner in a mouse xenograft glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) model. It is postulated that such encapsulated UCNPs implants represent a translational shift for wireless deep‐tissue phototherapy by enabling sequestration of UCNPs without compromising wireless deep‐tissue light delivery.
A Zeolitic‐Imidazole Frameworks‐Derived Interconnected Macroporous Carbon Matrix for Efficient Oxygen Electrocatalysis in Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Douka Abdoulkader Ibro , Xu Yangyang , Yang Huan , Zaman Shahid , Yan Ya , Liu Hongfang , Salam Manzola Abdou , Xia Bao Yu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNanostructures derived from zeolitic‐imidazole frameworks (ZIFs) gain much interest in bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis. However, they are not satisfied well for long‐life rechargeable zinc–air batteries due to the limited single particle morphology. Herein, the preparation of an interconnected macroporous carbon matrix with a well‐defined 3D architecture by the pyrolysis of silica templated ZIF‐67 assemblies is reported. The matrix catalyst assembled zinc–air battery exhibits a high power density of 221.1 mW cm−2 as well as excellent stability during 500 discharging/charging cycles, surpassing that of a commercial Pt/C assembled battery. The synergistic effect from the interconnected macroporous structure together with abundant cobalt–nitrogen–carbon active sites justify the excellent electrocatalytic activity and battery performance. Considering the advanced nanostructures and performance, the as‐synthesized hybrid would be promising for rechargeable zinc–air batteries and other energy technologies. This work may also provide significant concept in the view of electrocatalysis design for long‐life battery.
Topological Surface State of Bi2Se3 Modified by Adsorption of Organic Donor Molecule Tetrathianaphthacene
Authors: Kitazawa Tatsuya , Yaji Koichiro , Shimozawa Kosuke , Kondo Hiroshi , Yamanaka Takayoshi , Yaguchi Hiroshi , Ishida Yukiaki , Kuroda Kenta , Harasawa Ayumi , Iwahashi Takashi , Ouchi Yukio , Komori Fumio , Shin Shik , Kanai Kaname 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTopological insulators (TIs) are expected to realize new spintronic devices with low dissipative electrical transport. Organic molecule/TI interfaces have been investigated to explore the potential of multifunctional organic molecules for TI devices. However, there is no unified understanding of the interfacial electronic structure. The electronic structure of the molecular side must be examined to fully understand the phenomena at the interface. Thus, this paper reports the investigation of the interface between the electron‐donating organic molecule tetrathianaphthacene (TTN) and prototypical TI Bi2Se3 by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). The deformation of the Fermi surface of the topological surface states as well as the formation of a 2D electron gas state (2DEG) at the interface occurs upon TTN deposition onto Bi2Se3. Confinement of the 2DEG into the surface arises from band‐bending accompanied by electron donation from TTNs to Bi2Se3 according to XPS and UPS. The knowledge obtained in this work shed new light on the understanding of the electronic structure of organic molecules/TI interfaces and open the door to the TI applications via modification by electronic functional organic molecules.
Flexible Electronic Systems on Plastic Substrates and Textiles for Smart Wearable Technologies
Authors: Baeg Kang‐Jun , Lee Jiyoul 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe future era of hyperconnected information technology demands smart wearable devices, which provide ubiquitous human‐oriented service platforms and imperceptible computing with hands‐free and lightweight gadgets. Wearable devices have progressively developed from accessories such as glasses, wrist bands, and watches to embedded types in fibers or textiles, skin tattoos, and even implanted in the user's body. As a crucial component of smart applications, the flexible electronic system should contain embedded active electronic components such as transistors and integrated circuitry for processing data acquired in sensors and transmitting them to wireless communication systems. The substrates of these flexible electronic systems have also expanded from flexible plastic substrates to conformable ones such as fabrics and textiles. Here, recent progresses in flexible electronic systems, composed of transistor‐based circuitry and active matrix built on plastics or textile substrates, with an emphasis on fabrication using the conventional technology for electronic materials, are reviewed. In addition, emerging application areas of smart wearable technologies in a health monitoring system are also presented.