bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Is Individual in Communicating
Authors: Arundale Robert B. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPrior chapters emphasize what is social in human communicating, yet what is social is linked in a yin/yang dialectic with what is individual. Chapter 4 examines what is individual in Communicating & Relating’s account of conjoint co-constituting. Two new assumptive commitments emphasize what is individual in human communicating, as bases for sketching prior psycholinguistic research on both comprehending and producing utterances, and for clarifying Communicating & Relating’s conceptualizations of meaning, action, and context. That background enables framing the Sequential Interpreting Processes and the Recipient Design Processes, from the perspective of the participants, as the individual, psychological processes integral with conjoint co-constituting. Both sets of processes are apparent in examining an episode of everyday talk and conduct.
The Dragon and the Snakes
Authors: Kilcullen David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter lays out the book’s overall thesis: that in the quarter century of western military dominance since the Cold War, adversaries have learned to defeat the west’s military model as pioneered during the 1991 Gulf War. The chapter recounts James Woolsey’s “dragon and snakes” testimony of February 1993, then provides a survey of major developments among nonstate actors such as terrorist groups and state adversaries including Russia, China, Iran, and North Korea. The chapter introduces the concept of liminal strategies, where adversaries (recognizing their inability to compete directly with western militaries) ride the edge of detectability, sidestepping our conventional military strength while doing just enough to achieve their goals without provoking a direct military retaliation.
Woolsey’s Snakes
Authors: Kilcullen David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter applies the evolutionary concepts explained in Chapter 2 to a series of case studies of nonstate adversaries. It explores how specific nonstate adversaries have adapted and evolved since 1993; these include Al Qaeda, Islamic State, Al Qaeda’s Syrian affiliate Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, and the Lebanese Shi’a group Hezbollah. The chapter shows that each of these irregular armed groups, despite differences of ideology, origin, operating environment and structure, are all responding in their own ways to a fitness landscape created by Western dominance of a particular, narrow, technology-centric form of warfare. Their patterns of adaptation indicate the ways in which evolutionary processes identified in the previous chapter have played out in practice.
Liminal Warfare
Authors: Kilcullen David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Russian evolution and adaptation since the Cold War, surveys the post-Soviet military evolution of Russian forces, offers case studies of the Norwegian-Russian border and the Russo-Georgian War of 2008, introduces and analyzes the concept of liminal warfare as practiced by Russia, and discusses the “Gerasimov doctrine,”, reflexive control, and Russian political warfare methods, including those allegedly used during the 2016 US presidential election. It argues that, in recovering from its post-Cold War eclipse of the 1990s, the Russian Federation engaged in a process of adaptation under pressure, developing significantly more capable conventional and nuclear forces (especially after the Five-Day War of 2008 in Georgia) but also evolving a form of warfare, liminal maneuver, designed to offset US conventional dominance.
Conceptual Envelopment
Authors: Kilcullen David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses China’s evolution and adaptation since the Cold War, surveys the evolution of Chinese forces, offers case studies of the Sino-Vietnamese War and the South China Sea, introduces and analyzes the concept of conceptual envelopment as it relates to China, discusses the transformative effect of China’s emergence as a global oceanic and maritime power, and explores the concept of unrestricted warfare and China’s Three Warfares doctrine. It argues that, in the quarter century since 1993, China has learned by watching the West struggle in the post-Cold War era, and has taken advantage of Western preoccupation with terrorism since 2001. The 1991 Gulf War, the 1996 Third Taiwan Strait Crisis, and the 1999 bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade prompted strategists in Beijing to shift from a peacetime, concept-led adaptation process to a wartime, reactive approach that treats the United States as a “pacing threat.”
The Rigveda
Authors: Jamison Stephanie , Brereton Joel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The Ṛgveda is a monumental text in both world religion and world literature; yet it is comparatively little known outside a small band of specialists. The oldest Sanskrit text, composed in the latter half of the second millennium bce, it stands as the foundational text of what will later be called Hinduism. The text consists of over a thousand hymns dedicated to various divinities, composed in sophisticated and often enigmatic poetry. Its range is large—encompassing profound meditations on cosmic enigmas, exuberant tributes to the wonders of the world, ardent praise of the gods and their works, moving and sometimes painful expressions of personal devotion, and penetrating reflections on the ability of mortals to approach and affect the divine and cosmic realms through sacrifice and praise. This guide introduces the text to a wider audience. It provides an overview of the text, its structure, and the process of its composition and collection; treats its purpose and how this purpose is reflected in the contents and structure of the text; gives a sense of the text by quoting verses and complete hymns; situates it in the religious practices of its time; and considers its use and reception in later periods, which saw profound changes in religious practices and beliefs. It will also introduce the literary qualities of the text and the poets’ belief in the role of their poetry in making sense of, and indeed creating, cosmic order and function by pressing the boundaries of language itself.
Historical Context
Authors: Brereton Joel P. , Jamison Stephanie W. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the prehistory of the Indo-Aryan peoples ancestral to those who composed the Ṛgveda. On the basis of shared linguistic and cultural evidence it defends the view that these peoples migrated into northwest South Asia, splitting off from the larger group of Indo-Iranians, a branch of Indo-European, who migrated south and east from the steppes. In particular it takes up the shared heritage of Old Indo-Aryan (Vedic) and Old Iranian (Avestan) language, literature, and religion, specifically comparing the poetry and ritual practices of the Ṛgveda with those found in Avestan, particularly the hymns, called Gāthās (songs), attributed to Zarathustra. It also examines the soma/haoma cult that dominated the ritual practice of both Vedic and Avestan elite populations.
Dating and Authorship
Authors: Brereton Joel P. , Jamison Stephanie W. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates the vexed problem of the dating of the Ṛgveda, which is complicated by the oral nature of the text: because it was composed within an oral tradition, which valued the use and reuse of traditional verbal formulations, it is hard to pinpoint the date when a particular poetic work was crystallized; and because it was transmitted only orally for several millennia, there are no datable manuscripts or inscriptions that can fix the earliest date of composition. The chapter also treats the question of authorship: on the basis of poem-internal evidence as well as on the later index to the Ṛgveda, we can conclude that the thousand or so hymns were composed by a large number of named individual poets, who belong to named poetic lineages or families over several generations.
Social and Political Context
Authors: Brereton Joel P. , Jamison Stephanie W. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
`This chapter describes the way of life of the peoples depicted in the Ṛgveda: mobile pastoralists organized into small family-based groups, which could unite against a common enemy or for a common project, but otherwise existed in relative independence, though they all belonged, and were aware that they belonged, to the larger culturally defined group of Indo-Aryans called Ārya. There is some evidence for social stratification, which in the late R̥gveda acquires the shape of the later four-varṇa system, but there is nothing like the strict caste system of later India. The groups were led by kings (rā́jan-), but what kingship meant is hard to determine. The roles of warrior and priest are crucially important in the Ṛgvedic hymns, but it is not clear whether these were exclusive roles. Due to the nature of our evidence, it is difficult to discern much about the life of non-elite males or of women.
The Way We Are
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Rapson Richard L. , Purvis Jeanette 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
If we are to make informed guesses about the future of love and sex, we need to take an unblinkered look at where we were in the past and where we are today. Maybe then our crystal ball will be less opaque. This chapter starts with the way things are today. The chapter discusses the universality of passionate love and the impact of culture on passionate love. Definitions of passionate love and companionate love, and other definitions of love are provided, along with scales measuring passionate and companionate love. The chapter also discusses cultural differences in arranged marriage and marriage for love, providing examples of each.
The Globalization of Western Love via the Internet
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Rapson Richard L. , Purvis Jeanette 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of passionate love in the West and how it is transforming global identities, not replacing them. The Internet offers new platforms where people can experience love and relationships within local contexts. While Western romantic love is often seen as the ideal and perhaps even as a symbol of modernity itself, billions of people throughout history and across the world experience and express love in different ways. There is not yet a global village for love. Instead, there is a world filled with millions of villages. But the movement is as much toward that homogeneous global village modeled in the West as it is toward variability. Stay tuned for the outcome, as it is yet unknown.
Going, Going, Gone
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Rapson Richard L. , Purvis Jeanette 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Marriage markets have existed since ancient times. Parents in traditional cultures routinely negotiate for the best deal possible. This fact is so taken for granted that when queried about “markets,” parents attempting to arrange such pairings have trouble even understanding the question. How could it be otherwise? In the West, for much of the past two centuries, young Romeos and Juliets have insisted they will marry for love. Is it possible that we are now coming full circle? People on websites are often eminently practical, using blatant metaphors of the marketplace. Advice books talk about selling yourself and creating your brand. They advise men and women to shop around, to realize there are always trade-offs, to do a cost-benefit analysis, and not to settle for damaged goods. Or they advise that it is wise to invest in a relationship before your market value plummets, and try to position yourself to optimize your romantic options, to be aware that there are opportunity costs in committing to the wrong partner. This chapter discusses market considerations in love.
Sexual Behaviors
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Rapson Richard L. , Purvis Jeanette 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In the 21st century we find that sexual motives—beyond procreation, power, love, and pleasure—have multiplied exponentially. Couples (and others) are having sex for revenge, for exercise, to decrease the chance of or to resolve fights, for practice, for stress reduction, for hurt and for hate, as a rite of passage, to get a job, for status, for that part in the movie, to counter boredom, for money, for duty, for erotic discovery, for research, for couples therapy, and for so many more reasons. What this may add up to as we look into the future is that sexual activity will continue to be demystified. As the motives multiply, as the platforms on which sex can be activated and grow larger, for example, on the Web or on pornographic websites or with sex dolls, robots, avatars, and operating systems, both guilt and magic may find their force withering. This chapter discusses various types of contemporary sexual activity and motives and the research on both.
The Hookup Culture
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Rapson Richard L. , Purvis Jeanette 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews current theorizing regarding the impact of cultural, social, and gender factors on young people’s attitudes toward casual sex, one-night stands, hookups, and the like. The chapter also looks at the impact of these variables on the frequency of young people’s sexual fantasies and their desire and willingness to engage in casual sexual activity. Currently, cultural psychologists, feminists, and evolutionary psychologists are engaged in a great debate as to why men and women differ in their enthusiasm for casual sex. Is it because men are more sexual beings, or is it because women who engage in casual sex face more stigma and dangers? As the sexes become more equal in opportunities, will existing gender differences disappear?
From Monogamy to Swingers and Polyamory
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Rapson Richard L. , Purvis Jeanette 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter utilizes a scientific lens to discuss contemporary literature on non-monogamous relationships, from swingers, to polyamorous couples, to open marriages, and everything in between. It also addresses the degree to which such relationships are experienced as infidelity. Analyzing current demographic trends and psychological research, the chapter discusses the impact of these nontraditional sexual partnerships on partners’ sense of jealousy, happiness, and overall relationship satisfaction. The chapter seeks to answer the question of whether are we programmed for monogamy or if it is merely a social construction.
Pornography
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Rapson Richard L. , Purvis Jeanette 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses how developing technology has enabled people to have increasingly realistic virtual sexual encounters and whether these technological advances are actually bringing us closer together or driving us further apart. One is left to wonder that if sexual alternatives such as sex robots and online sex become more and more accessible, many individuals may simply come to prefer this nontraditionally partnered form of sex to the old-fashioned way. The chapter explores whether or not futurists will be correct in their prediction that, by 2050, human-on-robot sex will be more common than human-on-human sex and, if so, if this is necessarily good or bad.
Sex Dolls and Robots
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Rapson Richard L. , Purvis Jeanette 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The process and experience of finding a romantic and sexual mate has been an ongoing source of confusion and frustration for many. While some individuals find it difficult to find a mate who shares their same romantic and sexual preferences, others struggle to find a mate altogether. In fact, as sexual alternatives such as sex robots and online sex become more and more accessible, many individuals may simply come to prefer this nontraditionally partnered form of sex. This preference may already be occurring—futurists predict that by 2050 human-on-robot sex will be more common than human-on-human sex. One is left to ponder, what does this mean for the future of human connection and reproduction? What kind of robot personality will be desired when anyone can have anything they want, for a price? This chapter seeks to answer these questions while demystifying the intersection between technology, sex, and the future of human partnerships.
The End of the Affair
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Rapson Richard L. , Purvis Jeanette 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Today, most people are fairly optimistic about the fate of love. They believe their current love affairs will last forever. Yet, the odds are against a youthful romance deepening into a long and satisfying marriage. This chapter discusses how long passionate love lasts and factors that can play a role in its stability. It reviews the suffering that people sometimes experience after a breakup, including both emotional and physical manifestations and health consequences. The chapter discusses gender differences in dealing with loss, and provides a scale for measuring degrees of loneliness. Some suggestions for starting over in relationships are also offered.
The Future of Love and Sex
Authors: Hatfield Elaine , Rapson Richard L. , Purvis Jeanette 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Yale historian Robin Winks once observed that writing history is “like nailing jelly to the wall.” But, he added, “someone must keep trying.” Trying to describe sweeping historical trends and then to predict future trends is even more difficult. This chapter considers futurists’ predictions as to the social, economic, and behavioral advances we might expect in the next 50 years. The predictions are divided into three categories: technological transformations, economic and practical changes, and cultural alterations in general attitudes. The future of love and sex is discussed in the context of these changes, along with trends in globalization. Since we tend to think technology may be the major driver of change in history, the chapter starts there.
Adolescents on Music
Authors: Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Adolescents on Music foregrounds the voices of 30 American adolescent musicians, ages 12–18. Adolescent singer-songwriters, studio and solo musicians, rappers, composers and arrangers, and band, choir, and orchestra members tell about their musical development and what it is like to make music by themselves and others. Situated in these 30 adolescents’ experiences is a theory of adolescent musical development—a theory that will help music educators support adolescents in their lives. The book is structured in three parts: Part I focuses on “who I am” with an in-depth look at musical identities; Part II explores “the social self” by investigating adolescent experiences of belonging, community, and social identity; Part III looks toward “a future vision” focusing on adolescent perspectives on their future and their advice for music educators. In the last chapter, Parker proposes one philosophy of adolescent music-making. Throughout the book, research from the arts, social and natural sciences, humanities, and education dimensionalize adolescent perspectives. Special features of this book include “Step Back” locations, reflective spaces for the reader to draw connections with adolescents’ experience and their own experiences. At the end of each chapter, the “Wrap Up” allows additional spaces for topics, questions, and possibilities for effective teaching interactions. Between each chapter are “Interludes” written by one or more of the 30 adolescent contributors.
Why Music Matters to Adolescents
Authors: Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 10 proposes one philosophical perspective on why adolescents make music. Using Ellen Dissanayake’s writings, five intersections are described that connect art and the adolescent experience, namely, (1) mutuality, (2) belonging and acceptance, (3) finding and making meaning, (4) acquiring a sense of competence, and (5) elaboration. Each intersection weaves adolescents words and understandings to form a philosophy of adolescent music-making. At the end of the chapter, ritualization is introduced to explain how adolescents make their music-making special. Adolescents tell about annual traditions and special events that evoke powerful memories At the end of the chapter, a figure is presented for realizing relationships between and among music-makers.
Central Asian Insecurities
Authors: Markey Daniel S. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the intersection of Chinese, Russian, and Central Asian interests in the context of China’s expanding Eurasian presence. It introduces a brief history of China’s relations with Central Asia and Russia. It describes how China has deepened its economic ties, especially with respect to the energy (oil and gas) trade and overland transportation infrastructure. It explains how Kazakhstan’s political economy is defined by illiberal strongman rule, patronage politics, and ethnic cleavages influences, and is likely to be influenced by China’s involvement. It describes how China and Russia share similar global aims, not least in resisting aspects of US leadership, which has contributed to the unusually close ties between presidents Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin. However, it also finds that the increasing power asymmetry between China and Russia, along with Moscow’s reduced influence in Central Asia, will likely introduce tensions between them over time.
Our Spirit Is Not Narrow Bigotry
Authors: McClain Linda C. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies how arguments about bigotry, conscience, and legislating morality featured in legislative debate over the Civil Rights Act of 1964, particularly the public accommodations provision (Title II). President Lyndon B. Johnson urged clergy to support the act and help the United States overcome bigotry. Religious leaders testified for and against the law. Lawmakers and witnesses supporting the law insisted that the nation’s conscience demanded that Congress pass a law to end bigotry and racial discrimination. Opponents referred to bigotry in multiple ways: they argued that segregation reflected natural difference and God’s plan, not bigotry; that people had a right to be bigoted; and that the act’s supporters were the real bigots. The chapter concludes with two Supreme Court cases upholding Title II relevant to later constitutional challenges to civil rights laws protecting LGBTQ persons: Heart of Atlanta v. United States and Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises.
Prejudice, Moral Progress, and Not Being on the Wrong Side of History
Authors: McClain Linda C. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that evaluating the arguments the parties made in Loving v. Virginia (1967), the iconic case in which the Supreme Court struck down Virginia’s anti-miscegenation law, aids in understanding puzzles about bigotry. Virginia attempted a modern, sociological defense of its racist law. Loving illustrates the role of generational moral progress in constitutional interpretation: laws justified by appeals to nature, God’s plan for the races, and children’s well-being were repudiated as rooted in racial prejudice, intolerance, and white supremacy. The chapter then considers Loving’s crucial (but contested) role in constitutional challenges to bars on same-sex marriage, first analyzing the successful challenge to Virginia’s defense of marriage law. It then analyzes the majority opinion in Obergefell v. Hodges, holding that same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry; the dissenters argued Loving was inapt. The chapter concludes by discussing the role of moral progress and new insight in constitutional interpretation.