bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
204 Effects of sorghum silage kernel processing on intake and apparent total tract digestibility of beef heifers
Authors: Podversich Federico , Roskopf Sergio , Abdelhadi Leandro , da Silva Gleise Medeiros , Tarnonsky Federico , Fernandez Federico , Sanchez Federico , Batista Dubeux Jose Carlos , Ferraretto Luiz , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of different kernel processors in terms of nutrient digestibility of whole-plant sorghum silage. Grain sorghum (hybrid ADV1250IG, Advanta Seeds, Irving, TX) was harvested at the hard-dough stage with a Class Jaguar 960 and 930 harvesters, switching the kernel processor to generate the forage material for the three treatments: conventionally processed (CONV), unprocessed (UN), and shredlage processed (SHRED). The material was bagged in three 2.7 m bags and allowed to ferment for 1 mo. Twenty-four black Angus heifers (13 ± 1 mo, 267 ± 10.9 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to treatments (8 heifers/treatment) and allocated to individual pens (36 m2) with access to feed and water. Diets were ad libitum sorghum silage from each respective treatment, plus soybean meal top-dressed at 0.5% of BW. After a 15-d adaptation period, feed and feces were collected for 5 d. Feed was offered once daily, and orts were collected the following day. Fecal samples were collected twice daily and apparent total tract digestibility was determined using indigestible NDF as a marker. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using heifer as the experimental unit, and initial BW as a covariate. Dry matter (DM) intake as a percentage of BW (P = 0.09) and NDF digestibility (P = 0.06) tended to differ among treatments, where CONV tended to be lesser than UN (P = 0.08), whereas SHRED was intermediate. Digestibility of DM was affected by treatment (P = 0.05), where UN (71.3%) tended (P = 0.06) to be greater than CONV (67.9%), while SHRED (70.8%) did not differ from any of the treatments (P ≥ 0.12). In conclusion, kernel processing affects nutrient digestibility of sorghum silage. Differences in ruminal kinetics and fermentation parameters, resulting from contrasting particle sizes, grain processing and sorting, may help explain these findings.
189 Evaluation of Hybrid Rye on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, and Efficiency of Net Energy Utilization in Finishing Steers
Authors: Rusche Warren C , Walker Julie , Brattain Rebecca S , Smith Zachary K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Predominately Angus steers (n = 240, initial shrunk BW 404 ± 18.5 kg) were used in a 117d feedlot experiment to evaluate the effect of hybrid rye (KWS Cereals USA, LLC, Champaign, IL; Rye) as a replacement for dry-rolled corn (DRC) on growth performance, carcass traits, and comparative net energy value in diets fed to finishing steers. Rye from a single hybrid (KWS Bono) with an ergot alkaloid concentration of 392 ppb was processed with a roller mill to a processing index (PI) of 78.8 ± 2.29. Four treatments were used in a completely randomized design (n = 6 pens/treatment, 10 steers/pen) where DRC (PI = 86.9 ± 4.19) was replaced by varying proportions of Rye [DRC:Rye, DM Basis (60:0), (40:20), (20:40), and (0:60)]. Liver abscess scores and carcass characteristics were collected at the harvest facility. Carcass-adjusted performance was calculated from HCW/0.625. Performance-adjusted NE was calculated using carcass-adjusted ADG, DMI, and mean equivalent shrunk BW with the comparative NE values for Rye calculated using the replacement technique. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure with pen as the experimental unit. Means were separated using linear and quadratic contrasts. Replacing DRC with Rye linearly decreased (P ≤ 0.01) carcass-adjusted final BW, ADG, DMI and G:F. Feeding Rye linearly decreased HCW and LM area (P ≤ 0.04). Distributions of liver scores and USDA grades for quality and yield were unaffected by treatment (P ≥ 0.09). Using observed performance from d 19 to d 117 (period when steers were on final diet), the estimated replacement NEm and NEg values for Rye were 1.93 and 1.26 Mcal/kg, respectively. Rye can be a suitable feed ingredient in finishing diets for feedlot steers with the optimal inclusion in this experiment at 20% of DM. Complete replacement of DRC with Rye depressed DMI, ADG, and G:F.
184 President Oral Presentation Pick: Supplementation of Angus crossbred steers with avian-derived polyclonal antibody preparations against ruminal methanogenic Archaea alters ruminal fermentation and decreases ex situ methane production
Authors: Garcia-Ascolani Mariana E , Ruiz-Moreno Martin , Schulmeister Tessa M , Tarnonsky Federico , Roskopf Sergio , Podversich Federico , da Silva Gleise Medeiros , Martinez Juan Vargas , Hackmann Timothy J , Batista Dubeux Jose Carlos , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing fourteen ruminally cannulated Angus crossbred steers with polyclonal antibody preparations (PAP) from avian origin against ruminal methanogens Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii Ho (PAP-Ho) and M. ruminantium M1 (PAP-M1). Steers were fed bermudagrass hay ad libitum and 2 kg d-1 of corn gluten feed. A randomized block design was used, with a 3 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, replicated in three periods. Factors were proportions of PAP against Ho and M1 in the mixture (100:0, 50:50, and 0:100 Ho:M1) and level of supplementation of each mixture (3 or 6 mL d-1). Control steers had no PAP supplementation. Steers were adapted to the feeding regimen for 14 d, with no PAP supplementation, followed by a 21-d treatment period. Ruminal fluid (RF) from each steer (experimental unit) was collected before PAP supplementation (h 0) and every 4 h (for a 24-h period) on d 0, 14, and 21 of treatment period for the determination of ruminal fermentation profile. In addition, RF collected at h 0 was individually mixed with McDougall’s Buffer (1:3 ratio) to inoculate serum bottles and polycarbonate tubes for the determination of methane production and in vitro fermentation profile. Treatment means were evaluated by preplanned, non-orthogonal, single-degree-of-freedom contrasts. There was no effect (P ≥ 0.48) of level of inclusion on ex situ methane production (ESMP). When PAP-M1 was used either alone or in combination with PAP-Ho, ESMP decreased (P ≤ 0.05) compared to control. Ex situ ruminal fermentation profile was not different (P ≥ 0.12) across treatments. In vivo molar proportion of propionate tended to be greater (P = 0.10) with supplementation of PAP-M1, alone or combined, compared with control. Polyclonal antibody preparations against ruminal methanogens have the potential to decrease enteric methane emissions.
206 Characterization of the Rumen Bacterial Communities of Grass-fed and Grain-fed Bison Heifers
Authors: Rueda Anlly M Fresno , Griffin Jason , Kruse Carter , St-Pierre Benoit 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The ruminal bacterial environment of the North American bison has remained largely unexplored. The current study aimed to compare the diversity and composition of ruminal bacteria between bison heifers on two different diets. Stomach tubing was used to collect rumen fluid from lifetime grass-fed heifers between 27 and 30 months of age distributed between 2 ranches located in Standing-Butte (n = 17), SD, and Blue-Creek (n = 17), NE, respectively. A second set of samples was collected after the same individuals had been transitioned to a grain-based diet for 100 days. Bacterial composition was determined by Illumina MiSeq (2×300) sequencing of PCR amplicons generated from the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Next-Generation Sequence data was analyzed using a combination of custom Perl scripts, and publicly available software (Mothur v.1.40, RDP classifier and NCBI Blast). Taxonomic analysis identified Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes as the dominant phyla across all samples analyzed. A total of 61,746 and 68,437 species-level Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were identified in grass-fed heifers, in contrast to 15,003 and 23,458 OTUs that were found in the same animals on a grain-based diet. A comparative analysis using the most abundant OTUs from each group was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis sum-rank test. In the Standing Butte heifers, 24 abundant OTUs were found to be different between diets (P &lt; 0.05), including BP_31-10446 (µ grass = 0.3% vs µ grain = 3.2%) and BP_25-00404 (µ grass = 0.4% vs µ grain = 4.1%). In the Blue Creek heifers, 20 of the most abundant OTUs were found to be different between diets (P &lt; 0.05), including BP_18-00869 (µ grass = 1.4% vs µ grain = 0.4%) and BCRC_1-00422 (µ grass = 0.07% vs µ grain = 4.4%). Together, these results indicate that the rumen of the North American bison harbors highly diverse bacterial communities that undergo dramatic changes in response to changes in diet.
207 Effects of increasing dietary metabolizable protein in lightweight beef calves
Authors: Redden Miles D , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to assess the effect of increasing metabolizable protein (MP) supply to lightweight beef steers on total tract digestion, N balance, and performance. The 2016 Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements Model (BCNRM) prediction of MP requirements in lightweight beef steers (less than 250 kg) is limited by available data. Spring-born Angus steers (n = 12; BW = 166 +/- 10.7 kg) were weaned at 97 ± 10 d of age, backgrounded 42 d, implanted with Component TE-IS, stratified by BW, and assigned to one of four treatments in a crossover design with two 19 day periods. Each period included a 12-day adaptation followed by a 6-day collection period of total orts, feces, and urine. Treatment diets were formulated to provide 0.62 (MP1), 0.76 (MP2), 0.89 (MP3), and 1.01 (MP4) kg MP per day. Metabolizable energy was similar across diets (2.14 Mcal/kg). Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS. Dry matter intake was not affected by treatment (P = 0.92) and averaged 5.7 kg per d. Average daily gain (ADG) tended (P = 0.06) to increase quadratically with MP provision with 1.45, 1.72, 1.93, and 1.71 kg per day for MP1, MP2 MP3, and MP4, respectively. Feed efficiency (G:F) also increased quadratically (P = 0.05) at 0.27, 0.32, 0.35, and 0.31 for MP1, MP2 MP3, and MP4, respectively. Greater dietary MP linearly increased (P &lt; 0.01) N intake, N absorption, and urinary N. Fecal N and retained N were not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.56). Apparent organic matter digestibility increased linearly (P ≤ 0.01). Increasing MP resulted in a linear increase in N absorption but a quadratic response for ADG, suggesting MP greater than 0.89 kg per d may exceed MP requirements for steers weighing 166 kg and consuming a 2.14 Mcal/kg diet.
236 Comparison of ultrasound scanned loin eye muscle characteristics and back-fat depth measured in lean muscle selection and control Katahdin sheep flock
Authors: Wuliji Tumen , Baughman Christopher , Epple-Farmer Jessica , Markway Jeremiah , Wilbers Luke , Bax Amy 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Sheep farming is an important enterprise for many farmers in US, and meat is a viable protein resource for human nutrition. However, increasing concern for health aspects of meat consumption has led consumers to demand a higher ratio of lean to fat tissues. Application of ultrasound carcass scanning in meat animal selection and marketing as a performance prediction will enhance the selection efficiency, accuracy and profitability. One hundred and sixty two mixed-age Katahdin ewes were evenly divided into a high lean muscle selection (n = 81) and control (n = 81) flock based on the prescreened ultrasound measures, including loin eye muscle area (LEA), loin eye muscle width (LEW), and depth (LED), and back-fat depth (BFD). The LEA is measured between the 12th and 13th ribs lateral and perpendicular to the vertical column and parallel to rib covering the longissimus dorsi muscle. Live animal measurements were conducted using ultrasound scanner fitted with a 3.5 MHz linear transducer (ExaGo, France) prior to fall breeding schedules. Live weight (LWT), body condition score (BCS) and FAMACHA score (FAM) were recorded. Data were analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS statistics. There was no difference between selection and control flocks for LWT, BCS and FAM; however, LEA, LEW, LED and BFD were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) greater for the lean selection over control flock (Table 1). The correlation coefficients (P &lt; 0.01) were found as moderate (r = 0.6) to high (r = 0.8) among LED, LEA, LEW and BFD, whereas these traits showed lower (r = 0.4) but significant (P &lt; 0.01) correlations with LWT. The results indicate that lean muscle selection in sheep with ultrasound scanning of longissimus muscle characteristics will enhance the production efficiency and genetic gain and facilitate producing a high value meat product.
238 Reproductive and lactation management for year-round ewe milk production with non-traditional dairy breeds
Authors: Kochendoerfer Nikola , Thonney Michael L , Brown Dan L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The ability of Finnsheep x Dorset meat ewes to achieve high milk yields in short and frequent 73-day lactation periods on the STAR accelerated lambing system in a year-round dairy system was tested together with ewe reproductive success. Ewes (n = 53) were managed in 3 groups and enrolled in a triply replicated (for management group) 3′3 Latin square design (3 pens, 3 lactations, 3 diets). Diets (L-SH, M-SH, H-SH) contained 31.6, 36.3, 40.0% aNDFom and 41.3, 37.2, 31.9% NFC. Milk was recorded at each 2X milking, ewes and lambs weighed weekly. Ewes were bred to lamb with 219-day lambing intervals. To facilitate breeding, progesterone CIDRs were employed for 7 days prior to breeding during increasing day-light period breeding months. Individual lactation curves were fitted to 127 evaluated lactations. Lactation parameters were analyzed with a model including Square Number, Pen and Lactation within Square Number, and Diet, with 3 to 6 ewes in each cell of each Latin Square. Ewes offered the M-SH diet produced more (P = 0.03) milk/d (1.40, 1.58, and 1.37 ± 0.07 kg) and higher (P = 0.02) lactation yields (95.8, 109.6, and 93.0 ± 5.29 kg), compared with ewes offered the L-HS or H-SH diets, respectively. Investigating the effect of breeding season (January, March, June, August, and October) on reproductive success, conception rates ranged between 83.3 and 94.1% and were not affected by breeding season. Litter sizes were lower for matings in March and June (P &lt; 0.05) compared to June, August, and October. Average daily gains of lambs raised artificially ranged between 283 and 328 g ± 11.2 g per day and were significantly higher for January-born lambs than for March born lambs (P &lt; 0.001). Both milk production and reproductive success were high for ewes milked year-round in short and frequent lactations.
244 The effect of a high-fiber feeding program for replacement gilts on body weight and composition at breeding
Authors: Gregory Nicole , Farmer Chantal , Friendship Robert , Huber Lee-Anne 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Sixty-three gilts were recruited at 90 days of age to evaluate the effects of a high-fiber gilt development feeding program on body weight and composition at breeding. Gilts (initial BW 50.9 ± 0.9 kg) were housed individually and randomly attributed to one of four feeding programs: [1] commercial diet fed ad libitum (CON), [2] commercial diet fed 10%, or [3] 20% below ad libitum, and [4] a high-fiber diet fed ad libitum (25% more fiber than the commercial diet and energy density reduced by 5%; FIB). Gilts received the feeding program between 90 days of age and breeding at ~190 days of age. Body weight and feed disappearance were determined weekly. Backfat depth was determined at 90, 145 (puberty), 160, and 190 (breeding) days of age. Over the entire experimental period, CON and FIB gilts had greater ADFI (mean of 3.50 ±0.07 kg) compared to 10% (2.95 ± 0.06 kg) and 20% gilts (2.70 ± 0.07kg; P &lt; 0.05). The FIB feeding program reduced total energy and lysine intakes to amounts similar to 10%; both intakes were less than CON but greater than 20% gilts (P &lt; 0.05). The ADG of FIB was less between days 145 (puberty) and 160 of age compared to CON gilts (0.86 vs. 1.09 ± 0.07 kg; P &lt; 0.05). At breeding, FIB and 10% weighed less (146.5 ± 1.6 kg) than CON (152.7 ± 1.6 kg) and more than 20% gilts (138.7 ± 1.5 kg; P &lt; 0.05). The FIB had less backfat than CON at breeding (14.9 vs. 16.7 ± 0.5 mm; P &lt; 0.05), but did not differ from 10% or 20% gilts. In conclusion, the FIB feeding program limited energy intake, growth, and body fatness of gilts at breeding, even though gilts were offered feed ad libitum. Therefore, high-fiber feeding programs could be a practical means to control growth rates of developing gilts in commercial scenarios.
246 Maternal Programming of the Piglet Microbiome from Birth to Weaning
Authors: Law Kayla , Lozinski Brigit , Torres Ivanellis , Hillbrands Adrienne , Nelson Emma , Johnston Lee , Gomez Andres 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate seeding of the piglet microbiome, in the context of maternal programming in pre/perinatal environments. Maternal programming refers to maternal factors that predetermine offspring development and health. We hypothesized that increased sanitation level in maternal environments affects development of piglet fecal and nasal microbiomes, and physiological performance. Six sows were allocated randomly to two treatment groups: farrowing stalls cleaned with (D; n = 3) or without (ND; n = 3) disinfectant. Swabs were collected from stall floors, drinkers and feeders, and from sows’ vaginal, rectal, oral and udder surfaces at d109 of gestation and the day before farrowing. Fecal and nasal swabs were collected from piglets at days: 0 (within 24h of birth), 7, 14, and 21 postpartum. Nine piglets were selected randomly from each sow (n = 27/treatment) for microbiome analyses. DNA was extracted from swabs and the V4 variable region of the 16srRNA bacterial gene was sequenced on the MiSeq platform. Sequence data were analyzed using DADA2 and various packages within the R statistical software. Although environmental microbiomes were different between D and ND stalls (PERMANOVA, R2 = 0.474, P = 0.031) after cleaning, no compositional differences were detected among any D or ND sow samples. However, at d0, ND compared with D piglets exhibited higher gut (Shannon’s H, P = 9.131e-08) and nasal (P = 6.164e-08) alpha diversity. ND piglets also displayed greater nasal bacterial diversity at d21 (P = 0.036), and different gut (R2 = 0.06–0.129, P = 0.001) and nasal (R2 = 0.136–0.196, P = 0.001) microbiome compositions across all timepoints. However, D piglets exhibited higher average birth (P = 3.773e-05) and weaning weights (P = 5.803e-06) compared to ND piglets. These results indicate that sanitation level during farrowing persistently alters swine microbiomes and growth performance.
249 Predicting body weight of finishing pigs using machine and deep learning algorithms
Authors: He Yuqing , Tiezzi Francesco , Maltecca Christian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Understanding and exploiting feeding patterns in swine could allow a reduced feed waste and minimized sorting losses. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the ability to predict whether a pig reached a target weight at finishing by using several algorithms and to compare the prediction using varying amounts of data during the growing period. Data were collected on 655 pigs from 75 to 166 days of age. Pigs were housed with 8 to 15 pigs and a Feed Intake Recording Equipment in each pen. Feed consumption, occupation time, and body weight per visit were recorded when a pig visited the feeder. Lasso Regression (LS), a machine learning algorithm: Random Forest (RF), and a deep learning algorithm: Long-short Term Memory (LSTM) network, were used to forecast whether pigs can reach 129 kg at the finishing stage (159–166 d). Times of visits, a sum of feed consumption, a sum of occupation time in the feeder every day, and age were used as predictors. Data were split into 6 slices by 14 days and used to calibrate the models and their predictive ability was tested with data corresponding to the last 8 days of the study period. The greatest correlation coefficients were 0.799, 0.828, and 0.868 using slice 6 (145–158 d) to train the LS, RF, and LSTM, respectively. The LS and LSTM algorithms had a smaller root mean squared error, 0.863 and 0.895 compared to the RF with 1.375 in the prediction. Overall, LS and LSTM performed best. Predictions using data closest to the finishing stage proved better. This study connects the dynamics of feeding behavior and feed intake data to growth using prediction methods that will hopefully accelerate the mainstream application of electronic feeders in pig production systems.
245 Effect of space allowance, mixing and phase feeding on productive performance and body lesions of grow-finisher pigs in pens with a single wet-dry feeder
Authors: Montoro Jordi Camp , Solà-Oriol David , Muns Ramon , Manzanilla Edgar G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The study aimed to quantify the effect of space allowance (SA), mixing and phase feeding on productive performance and body lesions (BL) as a proxy for aggression in single wet-dry feeder pens during the grow-finisher stage. Pigs were moved as litters to the finisher accommodation at 11 wks of age and assigned in two SA: 0.96 m2/pig (HSA; n = 15 pens; 10 pigs/pen) and 0.78 m2/pig (LSA; n = 15 pens; 13 pigs/pen). Mixing was applied to 5 pens of each SA leading to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. At 15 wks of age, phase feeding was applied to 5 litter pens of each SA leading to another 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: SA and diet (0.82, LD, or 0.95, HD, g/MJ SID Lys:NE). BL were counted at anterior, mid and posterior locations of the body at 12, 16 and 21 wks of age. Pen feed intake and BW were recorded every 2 wks until 21 wks of age. ADG, ADFI and FCR were calculated and analyzed using GLMM with pen as the experimental unit. Model included initial BW, diet or mixing, SA and their interaction as fixed effects. Alpha for determination of significance was 0.05 and trend were identified at 0.10. HD pigs had higher ADG (P = 0.011) and lower FCR (P = 0.005) compared to LD pigs (Table 1). Non-mixed pigs had higher ADG (P = 0.004), ADFI (P = 0.007) and lower FCR (P = 0.079) than mixed pigs (Table 1). LSA pigs had 48.6, 43.6 and 101.3% more BL than HSA pigs at 12, 16 and 21wks of age (P &lt; 0.05; Table 1). Mixing was not a source of variation in BL (P &gt;0.05; Table 1). Mixing and dropping SID lys:NE from 0.95 to 0.82 g/MJ affect growth to a similar extent. An increase on BL in LSA pigs indicates that 0.78 m2/pig is detrimental to animal welfare in wet-dry feeder pens despite following EU legislation.