bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
115 Functionality of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant on ileal phytate degradation in weaned piglets fed diets without inorganic phosphate
Authors: Hardy Rachael , Dersjant-Li Yueming , Christensen Trine , Velayudhan Deepak , Remus Janet C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Microbial phytases are used in animal feed to hydrolyze phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, IP6) and phytate (salt of phytic acid), to improve phosphorus (P) bioavailability. This study evaluated the efficacy of a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant (PhyG) on ileal IP6 degradation in piglets. A positive control diet was formulated based on corn and soybean meal with adequate digestible P (2.9g/kg) and calcium (Ca, 7.0g/kg). A negative control (NC) diet was formulated without inorganic P (1.1 g digestible P/kg), reduced in Ca (5.0 g/kg) with analyzed phytate P of 2.6g/kg. This diet was supplemented with PhyG at 250, 500 and 1,000 FTU/kg. A total of 90 crossed Pietrain x (large White x Landrace) 21-d-old piglets were fed adaptation diets until 42 d old and then assigned to pens (2 pigs/pen and 9 pens/treatment) in a completely randomized block design. Piglets were fed mash diets ad libitum for 28 d, at the end of the study 1 piglet/pen was euthanized for collecting ileal digesta samples for determination of IP6 digestibility, using TiO2 as a marker. Data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA using JMP 14.0 with treatment comparison by Tukey test and dose response by curve fitting. The ileal IP6 content was reduced with increasing phytase dose in a dose dependent manner (Plinear &lt; 0.0001; Pexponential = 0.08). Similarly, the ileal IP6 digestibility increased exponentially (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing phytase dose (49.1% for NC and 89.3% for PhyG at 1,000 FTU/kg). Improved ileal IP6 digestibility is closely related to improved bone ash, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (R2 &gt; 0.91). The in vitro IP6 degradation profile supports these in vivo observations. The results demonstrated that the novel consensus phytase variant is highly efficient in hydrolyzing phytate and increasing the bio-availability of phytate bound P in piglets fed diets without inorganic phosphate.
123 President Oral Presentation Pick: Identification of correlated metabolomic and microbiomic responses that connect dietary energy level with pig growth
Authors: Xie Yun , Song Yajian , Urriola Pedro E , Blavi Laia , Stein Hans H , Perez Victor G , Li Wenting , Chen Chi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Corn, soybean meal, DDGS and extracted lipids are common staple ingredients in swine feed. Purpose-based proportioning of these ingredients in the formulation can achieve distinct levels of net energy (NE) and amino acids (AA), as well as fiber and micronutrients, in feed. In this study, diets were formulated using a 2 × 2 factorial design on NE and AA, in which the diet with high AA (HAA) had more soybean meal than the diet with low AA (LAA), while the diet with high NE (HNE) had more choice white grease and less DDGS than the diet with low net energy (LNE). Total 160 pigs (4 pigs/pen) were fed for 90 days under a three-phase feeding program. In each phase, 4 groups of pigs (10 pens/group) were fed four respective diets of HNE+HAA, HNE+LAA, LNE+HAA, and LNE+LAA. On day 90, body weights were recorded to calculate ADG, and cecal digesta were collected for LC-MS-based metabolomic analysis and 16S RNA sequencing-based microbiomic analysis. The one-way ANOWA of ADG data showed that ADG was increased by NE (p &lt; 0.05), but not by AA. Multivariate analysis (MVA) of metabolomics and microbiomics data also showed that NE, but not AA, caused apparent changes in the metabolome and microbiome of cecal digesta. The metabolites and microbes connecting NE level with ADG, including citrulline, hexadecenoic acid, Bacteroides stercoris, and Ruminococcus bromii, were identified through examining the markers that separate HNE and LNE feedings in the MVA models of cecal metabolome and microbiome as well as the markers that were significantly correlated with ADG in the Pearson correlation analysis. Overall, the results from this study revealed specific metabolomic and microbiomic changes associated with dietary NE level and growth performance, which could serve as a foundation for further analysis on the metabolic and prebiotic functions of feed ingredients.
124 Butyric acid and derivatives: In vitro effects on barrier integrity of porcine intestinal epithelial cells quantified by transepithelial electrical resistance
Authors: Kovanda Lauren L , Hejna Monika , Liu Yanhong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Intestinal barrier function in vitro is quantified by the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) across epithelial cell monolayers due to polarization and expression of tight junction proteins. The objective of the current study was to measure the TEER of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) treated with butyric acid, sodium butyrate, monobutyrin and tributyrin. MTT assays were performed for each compound to determine cell viability and appropriate treatment doses. Butyric acid and tributyrin treatments were: 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mM. Monobutyrin and sodium butyrate doses were: 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 mM. Cells were seeded at 5 × 105 cells/mL into 12-well plates on Corning transwell inserts. Cells were cultured for 4 to 5 days (until all wells had TEER close to 1000 Ωcm2) and were then treated with organic acids. Each compound was tested in a randomized complete block design with 10 replicates. TEER was measured in Ωcm2 using a Millicell ERS-2 voltohmmeter at 0 h (before treatment) and at 24, 48, and 72 h post-treatment. All data were analyzed by PROC MIXED of SAS. Butyric acid linearly enhanced (P &lt; 0.001) TEER of IPEC-J2 dose-dependently, with the highest TEER observed at doses of 1 and 2 mM at each time point. Sodium butyrate did not impact TEER at h 24, but linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) TEER at h 48 and 72. Treatment of monobutyrin linearly improved (P &lt; 0.001) TEER at h 24, 48, and 72, with the highest TEER observed at the dose of 8 mM. Tributyrin had the tendency to improve (P &lt; 0.10) TEER at h 48 and 72 when the highest dose was applied. Results of the current in vitro study indicate that butyric acid and its derivatives may improve intestinal barrier function of pigs, which requires verification in vivo.
132 Performance response of the grow-finish pig (38 to 142 kg) fed different levels of tryptophan:lysine in diets containing 40% dry distiller grains with solubles
Authors: Clizer David A , Cline Paul , Frederick Brent , Samuel Ryan S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Dried distiller grains with solubles (DDGS) is a popular protein source in grow-finish swine diets to replace soybean meal. An experiment was conducted at the South Dakota State University commercial swine research facility to determine the effect of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys ratio in grow-finish swine diets containing 40% DDGS compared to a standard corn-soybean meal diet. A total of 1,170 pigs (38.6 ± 0.2 kg initial BW) were utilized in a 98-d trial (9 pens per treatment). Pens of pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 DDGS dietary treatments providing SID Trp at 15, 18, 21, and 24% of Lys or a corn-soybean meal diet (18%). Diets were isocaloric, with lysine at 100% of the requirement. From d 0 to 82, increasing Trp:Lys ratio in DDGS diets improved (P &lt; 0.01) BW, ADG, and ADFI with no effect on F:G. Pigs fed the corn-soybean meal diet had greater (P &lt; 0.01) BW, ADG, ADFI, and F:G compared to the DDGS diets with the exception of the ADFI of the 24% Trp:Lys treatment. From d 82 to 98, increasing SID Trp:Lys in DDGS diets had no effect on performance. Overall (d 0 to 98), increasing SID Trp:Lys in DDGS diets increased (P &lt; 0.02) final BW and ADG, but pigs failed to perform to the same degree as the corn-soybean meal diet. Increasing SID Trp:Lys in DDGS diets resulted in an increase in hot carcass weight (P &lt; 0.01); however, diets containing DDGS had decreased (P &lt; 0.02) hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, percent lean, and loin depth compared to pigs fed the corn-soybean meal diet. These results indicate that increasing the SID Trp:Lys in diets containing 40% DDGS improved performance in early grow-finish phases with no effect in late finishing, but performance was inferior to standard corn-soybean meal diets.
157 Spectroscopic analysis of tissues collected from male goats differing in genetic propensity to consume juniper
Authors: Tolleson Douglas R , Garza Nick , Hollingsworth Kaylee , Diaz Jose M , Welsh Thomas H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Juniper (Juniperus spp.) foliage is consumed by free-ranging goats in the southwestern US. Junipers contain monoterpenes which have toxicological and pharmacological effects. We sampled 20 male Spanish goats (Capra hircus; 10 young [2-year-old] and 10 old [3-5-year-old]) from a herd selected for their propensity to consume a high (estimated breeding value [EBV] = 13.01 ± 0.20) or low (EBV = -14.76 ± 0.48) proportion of juniper in the diet to determine the ability of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in detecting physico-chemical differences in animal tissues. Heart (ventricle; interior and exterior surfaces), liver (caudate lobe), and muscle (longissimus dorsi) samples as well as an entire kidney and testicle, were collected at harvest (n = 5 of each age [i.e. length of exposure to monoterpenes] and juniper EBV combination). Tissue samples were stored in whirl-pac bags at -20o C and later thawed to ~24o C for NIRS analysis. Spectra (400–2500 nm) were obtained with an ASD Field Spec using a contact probe directly through the whirl-pac sample bag. Principal component and partial least squares regression procedures were accomplished in SAS; P &lt; 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Both age (RSQ, 0.2 to 0.6; P &lt; 0.05) and juniper EBV (RSQ, 0.2 to 0.65; P &lt; 0.05) were correlated with near infrared (NIR) spectral characteristics. Propensity to consume juniper was most strongly correlated with NIR spectra in testicular tissue (RSQ = 0.65, MSE = 0.25, P &lt; 0.01), and least strongly correlated in the heart interior surface (RSQ = 0.21, MSE = 0.21, P &lt; 0.05). Spectral correlations with propensity to consume juniper were stronger in tissues from old (RSQ ~ 0.68) than young (RSQ ~ 0.52) goats, especially in liver, kidney, muscle, and testicle. Physico-chemical differences in goat tissues were affected by genetic propensity to consume juniper, and these were detected by NIRS.
376 Awardee Talk: Consequences of Heat Stress During Late Gestation for the Dairy Cow and Her Calf
Authors: Dahl Geoffrey 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As global temperatures continue to rise, heat stress emerges as a growing threat to animal productivity and well-being. Because of their high feed intake and metabolic heat production, dairy cows are particularly vulnerable to heat stress and the complications of that environmental insult. A significant knowledge base exists around the impact of heat stress during lactation, but more recent emphasis about impacts on the dry cow, and by extension on the developing fetus, have yielded new insights to inform management of heat stress throughout the production cycle. Heat stress at dry-off slows involution and reduces mammary cell proliferation as parturition approaches. Immune responses, both innate and acquired, are reduced with heat stress and can persist into lactation. Calves whose dams experience heat stress late in gestation have lower birthweights, poorer passive transfer and altered carbohydrate metabolism relative to calves from cooled dams. Calves from heat-stressed dams leave the herd at a higher rate before puberty compared with those from cooled dams, and thus fewer complete the first lactation. More importantly, in utero heat stress causes epigenetic changes in methylation patterns of liver and mammary tissue, and those differences are associated with yield reductions that are transferred through at least two generations, producing a drag on animal performance long after the initial in utero insult. Therefore, appropriate management of heat stress in the dry cow is critical to optimize performance of the cow and calf.
164 Effect of trenbolone acetate, melengestrol acetate, and ractopamine hydrochloride on growth performance of growing beef cattle
Authors: Ribeiro Gabriel O , Hünerberg Martin , Ominski Kim , Larney Francis J , McAllister Tim A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of trenbolone acetate + estradiol implants (TBA), melengestrol acetate (MGA), and ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) on the performance of beef cattle fed barley grain/corn silage diets. Beef cattle (279 ± 10.1 kg) were used in a complete randomized 4-yr study (yr 1, 2, n = 120 heifers and 80 steers; yr 3, 4, n = 120 heifers and 120 steers). Cattle were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to 4 pens/treatment/yr. Treatments were 1) control heifers [no growth promoters (GP)], 2) TBA implanted heifers, 3) MGA heifers, 4) control steers (no GP), and 5) TBA implanted steers (yrs 1 to 4), and included a sixth treatment 6) TBA implanted + RAC steers for yrs 3 and 4. Cattle were fed for a similar duration (262 d ± 8) in all treatments. TBA increased the DMI of steers and heifers (P &lt; 0.001) compared to controls (9.52 vs. 8.73 kg DM/d). MGA did not affect DMI (P = 0.41); however, TBA+RAC steers had grater DMI (P = 0.02; 9.91 vs. 9.58 kg DM/d) compared to TBA steers. Compared to controls, TBA heifers had greater ADG (P &lt; 0.001; 1.45 vs. 1.29 kg), G:F (P &lt; 0.001; 0.157 vs. 0.149), and carcass weight (P &lt; 0.001; 390 vs. 360 kg). TBA also increased steers ADG (P &lt; 0.001; 1.70 vs. 1.41 kg), G:F (P &lt; 0.001; 0.174 vs. 0.161), and carcass weight (P &lt; 0.001; 425 vs. 389 kg). Compared to control heifers, MGA increased (P &lt; 0.01) ADG, G:F, and carcass weight by 8.1%, 7.0%, and 4.7%, respectively. The ADG and carcass weight of TBA+RAC steers increased (P &lt; 0.01) by 5.6% and 3.2%, respectively with no effect (P = 0.87) on G:F compared to TBA steers. This 4-yr study demonstrates the consistent positive impact of conventional growth-enhancing technologies.
383 Harnessing the Power of Computer Vision System to Improve Management Decisions in Livestock Operations
Authors: Dorea Joao R , Bresolin Tiago , Ferreira Rafael E P , Pereira Luiz Gustavo R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In livestock operations, systematically monitoring animal body weight, biometric body measurements, animal behavior, feed bunk, and other complex phenotypes is unfeasible due to labor, costs, and animal stress. Applications of computer vision are growing in importance in livestock systems due to their ability to generate real-time, non-invasive, and accurate animal-level information. Such technology has emerged as a powerful tool to predict animal identification, body weight, biometric measurements, complex behavioral traits, and feed bunk score. However, the development of a computer vision system requires sophisticated statistical and computational approaches for efficient data management and appropriate data mining, as it involves massive datasets. The objective of this talk is to provide an overview of how computer vision systems can be an effective tool to integrate animal-level information and to create predictive modeling for precise management decisions. We will discuss some of the challenges, applications, and potentials of computer vision systems in livestock, and some examples to be presented include: (1) monitoring animal growth and behavior; (2) automated feed bunk management; (3) individual animal recognition; and (4) particle size distribution in total mixed ration. The development of computer vision technologies will potentially have a major impact in the livestock industry by predicting real-time and accurate phenotypes, which, in the future, could be used to improve farm management decisions, breeding programs, and to build optimal data-driven interventions.
381 Smart Farming for Extensive Grazing Ruminant Production Systems
Authors: Greenwood Paul L , Kardailsky Igor , Badgery Warwick B , Bishop-Hurley Gregory J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Smart farming for extensive grazing systems includes applications linking environment and supply-chain, including metrics for climate, soils, pastures, animals and animal products to enhance management, optimization and predictions. Technological developments for remote monitoring in extensive systems have varied in their success and remain limited in uptake, and include: In-field, fixed-device monitoring of livestock numbers, water, photosynthesis and greenhouse gas emissions; body composition and physiology assessments using devices fixed to handling facilities; ground- or aerial-based livestock, water, pasture, invasive weeds and/or soil monitoring using photogrammetry or technologies including LiDAR; multi-channel, satellite-based spectrometry coupled with weather and soil grids to model and predict pasture biomass components; automated in-field liveweight measurement and drafting; virtual fencing; on- and in-animal devices to monitor location, activity, behaviors and physiology; GPS to monitor asset and personnel location. These technologies target productivity, efficiency, health and welfare of ruminants, including genetic improvement, and more efficient, sustainable resource use, including soils, pastures and water, to improve individual ruminants and grazing systems. We have developed and validated technologies for remote, in-field determination of animal behaviors, pasture characteristics including availability and disappearance mapping for calibration and validation of satellite images, and pasture intake under varying grazing conditions. Examples of our R&D include experimental on-animal sensor devices to classify and monitor behaviors in extensive systems, and development of a GrazingApp linking satellite imagery, weather and soil information to model and predict animal production. Development of these technologies has required analytical methods for big data, including machine learning and artificial intelligence. These and other applications that function in near to real-time are enhanced by management and aggregation of enormous amounts of data generated by sensors and other devices into useful metrics before transmission using wireless networks. These metrics are the basis for data-driven management decisions that reduce risk and enhance profit for grazing enterprises.
224 A method for estimating the target for protein energy retention in sheep
Authors: Dougherty Holland C , Oddy Hutton , Evered Mark , Oltjen James W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Target protein mass at maturity is a common “attractor” used in animal models to derive components of animal growth. This target muscle protein at maturity, M*, is used as a driver of a model of animal growth and body composition with pools representing muscle and visceral protein; where viscera is heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, reticulorumen and gastrointestinal tract; and muscle is non-visceral protein. This M* term then drives changes in protein mass and heat production, based on literature data stating that heat production scales linearly with protein mass but not liveweight. This led us to adopt a modelling approach where energy utilization is directly related to protein content of the animal, and energy not lost as heat or deposited as protein is fat. To maintain continuity with existing feeding systems we estimate M* from Standard Reference Weight (SRW) as follows: M* (kJ) = SRW * SHRINK * (1-FMAT) * (MUSC) * (CPM)* 23800. Where SRW is standard reference weight (kg), SHRINK is the ratio of empty body to live weight (0.86), FMAT is proportion of fat in the empty body at maturity (0.30), MUSC is the proportion of empty body protein that is in muscle (0.85), CPM is the crude protein content of fat-free muscle at maturity (0.21), and 23800 is the energetic content (kJ) of a kilogram of crude protein. Values for SHRINK, FMAT, MUSC and CPM were derived from a synthesis of our own experimental data and the literature. For sheep, these values show M* to be: M* (kJ) = SRW * 0.86* (1-0.3) * 0.85 * 0.21 *23800 = SRW * 2557. This method allows for use of existing knowledge regarding standard reference weight and other parameters in estimating target muscle mass at maturity, as part of a model of body composition and performance in ruminants.
219 Developing country specific enteric methane emission factor of the South Korean dairy cattle production using the 2019 refined IPCC Tier 2 methodology
Authors: Kim Tae Hoon , Ibidhi Ridha , Lee Yoo-Gyung , Lee Hyun.June , Kim Kyoung Hoon 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Dairy cattle farming was identified as an important source of enteric methane (CH4) emissions. In order to contribute to the improvement of the national greenhouse gas emission inventory, this work aims to develop emission factors (EF) for CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation in dairy cattle in South Korea. Information on dairy cattle herd characteristics, diet and management practices specific to the Korean dairy cattle population were gathered. EF was estimated according to the 2019 refinement to the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) using the Tier 2 approach. Three animal subcategories were considered: milking cows (650 kg body weight, BW), heifers 1~2 years (473 kg BW) and growing animals &lt; 1 year (167 kg BW). The estimated enteric CH4 EFs for milking cows, heifers 1~2 years, growing animal &lt; 1 year, were 139, 83 and 33 kg/head/year, respectively. South Korea adopted the Tier 1 default enteric CH4 EFs for GHG inventory reporting from the North America region. Compared with the generic Tier 1 default EF of 138 kg CH4/head/year proposed by the 2019 refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for high milking cows, our suggested value is quite similar (139 kg CH4/ head/year). While enteric CH4 EFs values were 23% higher and 49% lower for heifers and growing animals &lt; one year than Tier 1 default EFs values, respectively. In addition, enteric CH4 EF is highly correlated with the level of milk production, feed intake and digestibility and methane conversion factor (%Ym). The outcome of this study underscores the importance of obtaining country-specific EF to estimate national enteric CH4 emissions. Thus, this work is a step forward in the revision of dairy cattle enteric CH4 EF and can further support assessment of mitigation strategies in South Korean livestock farming systems.