bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postseismic Deformation Following the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Detected by ALOS-2/PALSAR-2
Authors: Hashimoto Manabu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
I have been conducting a study of postseismic deformation following the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake using ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 acquired till 2018. I apply ionospheric correction to interferograms of ALOS-2/PALSAR-2. L-band SAR gives us high coherence enough to reveal surface deformation even in vegetated or mountainous area for pairs of images acquired more than 2 years. Postseismic deformation following the Kumamoto earthquake exceeds 10 cm during two years at some spots in and around Kumamoto city and Aso caldera. Westward motion of ~6 cm/yr was dominant on the southeast side of the Hinagu fault, while westward shift was detected on both side of the Futagawa fault. The area of latter deformation seems to have correlation with distribution of pyroclastic flow deposits. Significant uplift was found around the eastern Futagawa fault and on the southwestern frank of Aso caldera, whose rate reaches 4 cm/yr. There are sharp changes across several coseismic surface ruptures such as Futagawa, Hinagu, and Idenokuchi faults. Rapid subsidence between Futagawa and Idenokuchi faults also found. It is confirmed that local subsidence continued along the Suizenji fault, which newly appeared during the mainshock in Kumamoto City. Subsidence with westward shift of up to 4 cm/yr was also found in Aso caldera.Time constant of postseismic decay ranges from 1 month to 600 days at selected points, but that postseismic deformation during the first epochs or two are dominant at point in the Kumamoto Plain. This result suggests multiple source of deformation. Westward motion around the Hinagu fault may be explained with right lateral afterslip on the shallow part of this fault. Subsidence along the Suizenji fault can be attributed to normal faulting on dipping westward. Deformation around the Hinagu and Idenokuchi faults cannot be explained with right-lateral afterslip of Futagawa fault, which requires other sources. Deformation in northern part of Aso caldera might be the result of right lateral afterslip on a possible buried fault.
Prognostic impact of the prognostic nutritional index in cases of resected oral squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study
Authors: Abe Atsushi , Hayashi Hiroki , Ishihama Takanori , Furuta Hiroshi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: The systemic inflammatory response and nutritional status of patients with malignant tumors are related to postoperative results. We examined the usefulness of the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) as a prognostic tool in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma who underwent radical surgery. Methods: From 2008 to 2019, 102 patients (73 males, 29 females; age, 65.6 ± 9.8 years) who visited our hospital and underwent surgical therapy were included in this study. The endpoint was the total survival period, and the evaluation markers included the lymphocyte count and albumin level in peripheral blood obtained 4 weeks preoperatively, age, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking history, site of the tumor, pathological stage, and surgery status. The PNI was calculated using serum albumin levels and the peripheral blood lymphocyte count. The relationship between the PNI and patient characteristics were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to evaluate the survival rate. The survival periods were compared using the log-rank method. We evaluated the prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in a logistic regression model.Results: The tumor sites included the maxilla (n = 12), buccal mucosa (n = 11), mandible (n = 17), floor of the mouth (n = 9), and tongue (n = 53). The number of patients with stage I, II, III, and IV oral cancers was 28 (27.5%), 34 (27.5%), 26 (33.3%), and 14 (13.7%), respectively. During the observation period, 21 patients died of head and neck cancer. The optimal cut-off PNI value was 42.9, according to the receiver operating characteristic analysis. The proportion of patients with a short OS was lower in those with PNI higher than 42.9, and the 5-year OS in patients with PNI higher and lower than the cut-off value was 62.3% and 86.0%, respectively (P = 0.0105).Conclusions: The OS of patients with PNI < 42.9 was lower than that of patients with PNI ≥ 42.9. The PNI, which is a preoperative head-to-foot inflammatory marker, can help in estimating the prognosis of oral cancer.
Machine learning and geostatistical approaches for estimating aboveground biomass in Chinese subtropical forests
Authors: Su Huiyi , Shen Wenjuan , Wang Jingrui , Ali Arshad , Li Mingshi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Aboveground biomass (AGB) is a fundamental indicator of forest ecosystem productivity and health and hence plays an essential role in evaluating forest carbon reserves and supporting the development of targeted forest management plans.Methods: Here, we proposed a random forest/co-kriging framework that integrates the strengths of machine learning and geostatistical approaches to improve the mapping accuracies of AGB in northern Guangdong province of China. We used Landsat time-series observations, Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data, and National Forest Inventory (NFI) plot measurements, to generate the forest AGB maps at three time points (1992, 2002, and 2010) showing the spatio-temporal dynamics of AGB in the subtropical forests in Guangdong, China.Results: The proposed model was capable of mapping forest AGB using spectral, textural, topographical variables and the radar backscatter coefficients in an effective and reliable manner. The root mean square error of the plot-level AGB validation was between 15.62 and 53.78 (t/ha), the mean absolute error ranged from 6.54 to 32.32 t/ha, the bias ranged from -2.14 to 1.07 t/ha, and the relative improvement over the random forest algorithm was between 3.8% and 17.7%. The largest coefficient of determination (0.81) and the smallest mean absolute error (6.54 t/ha) were observed in the 1992 AGB map. The spectral saturation effect was minimized by adding the PALSAR data to the modeling variable set in 2010. By adding elevation as a covariable, the co-kriging outperformed the ordinary kriging method for the prediction of the AGB residuals, because co-kriging resulted in better interpolation results in the valleys and plains of the study area.Conclusions: Validation of the three AGB maps with an independent dataset indicated that the random forest/co-kriging performed best for AGB prediction, followed by random forest coupled with ordinary kriging (random forest/ordinary kriging), and the random forest model. The proposed random forest/co-kriging framework provides an accurate and reliable method for AGB mapping in subtropical forest regions with complex topography. The resulting AGB maps are suitable for the targeted development of forest management actions to promote carbon sequestration and sustainable forest management in the context of climate change.
Role of tumor cell senescence in non-professional phagocytosis and cell-in-cell structure formation
Authors: Gottwald Dorian , Putz Florian , Hohmann Nora , Büttner-Herold Maike , Hecht Markus , Fietkau Rainer , Distel Luitpold 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Non-professional phagocytosis is usually triggered by stimuli such as necrotic cell death. In tumor therapy, the tumors often disappear slowly and only long time after the end of therapy. Here, tumor therapy inactivates the cells by inducing senescence. Therefore, study focused whether senescence is a stimulus for non-professional phagocytosis or whether senescent cells themselves phagocytize non-professionally. Results: Senescence was induced in cell lines by camptothecin and a phagocytosis assay was performed. In tissue of a cohort of 192 rectal cancer patients senescence and non-professional phagocytosis was studied by anti-histone H3K9me3 and anti-E-cadherin staining. Senescent fibroblasts and pancreas carcinoma cells phagocytize necrotic cells but are not phagocytized. In the tissue of rectal carcinoma, senescent cells can phagocytize and can be phagocytized. A high number of senescent cells and, at the same time, high numbers of non-professional phagocytizing cells in the rectal carcinoma tissue lead to an extremely unfavorable prognosis regarding overall survival. Conclusion: Senescent cells can be non-professionally phagocytized and at the same time they can non-professionally phagocytize in vivo. In vitro experiments indicate that it is unlikely that senescence is a strong trigger for non-professional phagocytosis. Combined high rates of non-professional phagocytosis and high rates of senescence are an extremely poor prognostic factor for overall survival.
Specialty Career Preferences among Final Year Medical Students at the School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Uganda
Authors: Kuteesa Job , Musiime Victor , Munabi Ian G. , Mubuuke Aloysius G. , Opoka Robert , Mukunya David , Kiguli Sarah 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Uganda has an imbalanced distribution of the health workforce, which may be influenced by the specialty career preferences of medical students. In spite of this, there is inadequate literature concerning the factors influencing specialty career preferences. We aimed to determine the specialty career preferences and the factors influencing the preferences among fifth year medical students in the School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences (MakCHS). Methods: A sequential explanatory mixed methods study design with a descriptive cross-sectional study followed by a qualitative study was used. A total of 135 final year medical students in MakCHS were recruited using consecutive sampling. Self-administered questionnaires and three focus group discussions were conducted. Quantitative data was analysed in STATA version 13 (StataCorp, College Station, Tx, USA) using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and logistic regression. Qualitative data was analysed in NVIVO version 12 (QRS International, Cambridge, MA) using content analysis.Results: Of 135 students 91 (67.4%) were male and their median age was 24 years (IQR: 24, 26). As a first choice, the most preferred specialty career was obstetrics and gynecology (34/135, 25.2%), followed by surgery (27/135, 20.0%), pediatrics (18/135, 13.3%) and internal medicine (17/135, 12.6%). Non-established specialties such as anesthesia and Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) were not selected as a first choice by any student. Female students had 63% less odds of selecting surgical related specialties compared to males (aOR=0.37, 95%CI: 0.17-0.84). The focus group discussions highlighted controlled lifestyle, assurance of a good life through better financial remuneration and inspirational specialists as facilitators for specialty preference. Bad experience during the clinical rotations, lack of career guidance plus perceived poor and miserable specialists were highlighted as barriers to specialty preference.Conclusion. Obstetrics and Gynecology, Surgery, Pediatrics and Internal Medicine are well-established disciplines, which were dominantly preferred. Females were less likely to select surgical disciplines given the perceived effects on lifestyle by these disciplines for example interruption of family life. Therefore, a need to formulate career guidance and mentorship programs is required, to attract students to the neglected disciplines.
Eye gaze differences in school scenes between preschool children and adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder and those with typical development&nbsp;
Authors: Ishizaki Yuko , Higuchi Takahiro , Yanagimoto Yoshitoki , Kobayashi Hodaka , Noritake Atsushi , Nakamura Kae , Kaneko Kazunari 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may experience difficulty adapting to daily life in a preschool or school setting and are likely to develop psychosomatic symptoms. For a better understanding of the difficulties experienced daily by preschool children and adolescents with ASD, this study investigated differences in eye gaze behavior in the classroom environment between children with ASD and those with typical development (TD).Methods: The study evaluated 30 children with ASD and 49 children with TD. Participants were presented with images of a human face in a classroom setting. While they gazed at specific regions of visual stimuli, eye tracking was used with an iView X system to evaluate and compare the duration of gaze time between the two groups.Results: Compared with children with TD, children with ASD spent less time gazing at the eyes of the human face and the object to which the teacher pointed in the classroom image. Preschool children with no classroom experience and adolescents with TD spent the same amount of time looking at the human eyes and the object to which the teacher pointed in the classroom image.Conclusion: Children with ASD did not look at the human eyes in the facial image or the object pointed to in the classroom image, which may indicate their inability to analyze situations, understand instruction in a classroom, or act appropriately in a group. It is suggested that this gaze behavior of children with ASD causes social maladaptation and psychosomatic symptoms. A therapeutic approach that focuses on joint attention is desirable for improving the ability of children with ASD to adapt to the social environment.
Evaluation of 06-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase expression in children and adolescent pituitary adenoma
Authors: Shen Xueming , Yang Yakun , Yang Zuocheng , Liu Ning , Qi Xueling , Xu Hongqi , Yan Changxiang , Han Song 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
BackgroundTemozolomide can be used in the treatment of pituitary adenoma. Its efficacy can be evaluated by the expression of 06-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). However, the previous study population was mainly adult. This study was the first to evaluate the expression of MGMT in children and adolescents with pituitary adenomas.MethodsThe clinical features and biological characteristics of 38 cases of pituitary adenoma in children and adolescents were analyzed retrospectively. The expression of MGMT, Ki-67, p53 was marked by immunohistochemical staining.ResultsIn this cohort, the expression of MGMT protein is 16/38 (42.11%). The low expression rate of MGMT in children and adolescent somatotroph adenomas was only 11.11%, which was much lower than that of adults. Ki-67 expression range of 1% -10%（mean 4.24 ± 2.71%）. The positive rate of p53 was 22/38 (57.89%). The statistical analysis showed that the expression of MGMT was related to the diameter of the tumor (P=0.01), the diameter of the tumor was large, and the expression of MGMT was high. The expression of MGMT was not associated with age, sex, tumor type, invasiveness, texture, apoplexy, recurrence, and expression of p53 and Ki-67.ConclusionSomatotroph adenomas, large-diameter children and adolescent pituitary adenomas may be not suitable for temozolomide treatment. To determine whether temozolomide responds to salvage therapy in children and adolescents with pituitary adenomas, MGMT expression should be assessed in all pituitary adenomas, the time span between specimen collection and temozolomide treatment needs to be considered because of the instability of MGMT protein expression.
Weighted gene coexpression network analysis-based identification of key modules and hub genes associated with drought sensitivity in rice&nbsp;
Authors: Yu Baiyang , Liu Jianbin , Wu Di , Liu Ying , Cen Weijian , Wang Shaokui , Li Rongbai , Luo Jijing 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Drought stress is an adverse factor with deleterious effects on several aspects of rice growth. However, the mechanism underlying drought resistance in rice remains unclear. To understand the molecular mechanism of the drought response in rice, drought-sensitive CSSL (Chromosome Single-substitution Segment Line) PY6 was used to map QTLs of sensitive phenotypes and to reveal the impact of the QTLs on transcriptional profiling. Results: The QTL dss-1 was mapped onto the short arm of chromosome 1 of rice. According to transcriptomic analysis, the identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) exhibited a downregulated pattern and were mainly enriched in photosynthesis-related GO terms, indicating that photosynthesis was greatly inhibited under drought. Further, according to weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), specific gene modules (designating a group of genes with a similar expression pattern) were strongly correlated with H2O2 (4 modules) and MDA (3 modules), respectively. Likewise, GO analysis revealed that the photosynthesis-related GO terms were consistently overrepresented in H2O2-correlated modules. Functional annotation of the differentially expressed hub genes (DEHGs) in the H2O2 and MDA-correlated modules revealed cross-talk between abiotic and biotic stress responses for these genes, which were annotated as encoding WRKYs and PR family proteins, were notably differentially expressed between PY6 and PR403.Conclusions: We speculated that drought-induced photosynthetic inhibition leads to H2O2 and MDA accumulation, which can then trigger the reprogramming of the rice transcriptome, including the hub genes involved in ROS scavenging, to prevent oxidative stress damage. Our results shed light on and provide deep insight into the drought resistance mechanism in rice.
Advancing Health Equity in Cancer Care: The Lived Experiences of Poverty and Access to Lung Cancer Screening.
Authors: Sayani Ambreen , Vahabi Mandana , O’Brien Mary Ann , Liu Geoffrey , Hwang Stephen , Selby Peter , Nicholson Erika , Giuliani Meredith , Eng Lawson , Lofters Aisha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Individuals living with low income are more likely to smoke, have a higher risk of lung cancer, and are less likely to participate in preventative healthcare (i.e., low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for lung cancer screening), leading to equity concerns. To inform the delivery of an organized pilot lung cancer screening program in Ontario, we sought to contextualize the lived experiences of poverty and the choice to participate in lung cancer screening. Methods: At three Toronto academic primary-care clinics, high-risk screen-eligible patients who chose or declined LDCT screening were consented; sociodemographic data was collected. Qualitative interviews were conducted. Theoretical thematic analysis was used to organize, describe and interpret the data using the morphogenetic approach as a guiding theoretical lens.Results: Eight participants chose to undergo screening; ten did not. From interviews, we identified three themes: Pathways of disadvantage (social trajectories of events that influence lung-cancer risk and health-seeking behavior), lung-cancer risk and early detection (upstream factors that shape smoking behaviour and lung-cancer screening choices), and safe spaces of care (care that is free of bias, conflict, criticism, or potentially threatening actions, ideas or conversations). We illuminate how ‘choice’ is contextual to the availability of material resources such as income and housing, and how ‘choice’ is influenced by having access to spaces of care that are free of judgement and personal bias.Conclusion: Underserved populations will require multiprong interventions that work at the individual, system and structural level to reduce inequities in lung-cancer risk and access to healthcare services such as cancer screening.
A Home-Based, Post-Discharge Early Intervention Program Promotes Motor Development and Physical Growth in the Early Preterm Infants: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Fan Juan , Wang Jianhui , Zhang Xianhong , He Ruiyun , He Shasha , Yang Mei , Shen Yujie , Tao Xiaojun , Zhou Mei , Gao Xiong , Hu Lijun 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Early intervention (EI) has been believed to improve the neurodevelopment of early preterm infants. However, its implementation in medical settings is time-consuming and resource-intensive, which limits its extensive use. In 2018, the Chinese Eugenics Association developed a home-based, post-discharge EI program. This study aims at evaluating the effect of this EI program on neurodevelopment and physical growth of early preterm infants through a prospective, partially blinded, randomized controlled trial, and a subsequent open phase. Methods: A total of 73 infants born at 28+0～31+6 weeks’ gestation with postmenstrual age of 36+0～39+6weeks were randomly allocated to the first early intervention, then standard care (EI-SC) group (37 infants), and the first standard care, then early intervention (SC-EI) group (36infants). Another 33 infants were retrospectively recruited as the reference group. The test of infant motor performance (TIMP) was the primary outcome, while development quotient (DQ) and anthropometric measures, including weight, length, and head circumference, were the secondary outcome. The assessment was carried out at the baseline (T0), termination of the randomized controlled trial (T1), and termination of the open phase (T2), respectively. Results: During the randomized controlled trial, the EI-SC group had significantly higher delta change (T1-T0) than the SC-EI group in TIMP and anthropometric measures (p<0.05), while no difference in DQ was noted between groups (p>0.05). In terms of the delta change from T2 to T0, there was no significant difference in all outcomes between the EI-SC group and SC-EI group (p>0.05). At the endpoint of T2, the EI-SC and SC-EI group had similar TIMP and anthropometric measures, but much higher than the reference group. Conclusions: These findings demonstrated that a home-based, post-discharge EI program in this study was a practical approach to promote motor development and physical growth in early preterm infants. Trial Registration: CHICTR, CTR1900028330, registered December 19, 2019, https:// http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=45706