bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The stabilization role of police spending in a neo‐Keynesian economy with credit market imperfections
Authors: Jia Pengfei , Lim King Yoong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMotivated by a seemingly persistent “twin‐high” phenomenon in Latin America, we present a novel theoretical framework that has linkages between three institutions (education, criminal justice, and credit) to study policy‐pertinent research questions with regards to whether police spending has the potential to serve as an unconventional policy tool for macroeconomic management. Based on a stylized parameterization, we find formal and illegal human capital to share common cyclical properties, which can be "decoupled" under a rule‐based regime to police spending. This nonetheless comes at a cost of a greater propagation of the credit friction‐induced financial accelerator effect.
Distributed Rural Proofing – An Essential Tool for the Future of Rural Development?
Authors: Nordberg Kenneth 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCurrent rural proofing models are criticised for the inability to perceive detailed and varying local circumstances and the inability to pay attention to dynamics, to changing circumstances and the potential for change. The concept of rural proofing is discussed in this article, along with examples of proofing models in different countries. The deficiencies of the models are addressed using the concepts spatial justice and social innovation, which in combination allow for perceiving essential factors connected to geography and the varying capability of places. Two case studies are used for demonstrating the importance of these factors when judging centralising reforms. Together, the theoretical discussion and the case studies inform the construction of a new model for rural proofing, more relevant to rural development.
Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella and generic Escherichia coli isolated from surface water samples used for recreation and a source of drinking water in southwestern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Kadykalo Stefanie , Thomas Janis , Parmley E. Jane , Pintar Katarina , Fleury Manon 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the aquatic environment represents an important means of introduction and dissemination of resistance genes, and presence of resistant pathogens in surface waters may pose a public health concern to recreational and drinking water users. The purpose of this study was to explore antimicrobial resistance patterns in water samples collected from the Grand River watershed (southwestern Ontario, Canada) to describe the composition, trends and potential risks of AMR in the aquatic environment. As part of FoodNet Canada and the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS), stream water samples were collected bi‐weekly from sampling sites within the Grand River watershed in the Waterloo, Ontario sentinel site and tested for the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella spp. (2005–2013) and generic Escherichia coli (2012–2013). Of all samples tested, 16% of Salmonella and 22% of E. coli isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, including three Salmonella isolates and two E. coli isolates that were resistant to Category I antimicrobials, which are classified as very high importance for the treatment of serious bacterial infections in humans. The greatest proportion of resistant E. coli isolates were observed from the river site upstream of the drinking water intake, while the greatest proportion of resistant Salmonella isolates were from sites upstream in the watershed, and at one recreational water site. Salmonella resistance trends remained fairly stable between 2007 and 2013, with the exception of streptomycin and tetracycline which increased in 2010 and 2013. Continued surveillance of antimicrobial resistance patterns and exploration of risk factor data will allow for a better understanding of resistance transmission in the aquatic environment.
Joint Estimation of Direction-Dependent Velocity and Damage Location of CFRP
Authors: Shao Yongsheng , Zeng Liang , Lin Jing 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUltrasonic phased array (UPA) provides a powerful tool for nondestructive testing (NDT) of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP). By the aid of full matrix capture (FMC) technique, the optimum resolution of anisotropic CFRP inspection could be achieved by the total focusing method (TFM). The directional dependence of ultrasonic velocity is one of the biggest challenges due to the anisotropy of CFRP. The objective of this research is to establish a joint method to estimate direction-dependent velocity and damage location of CFRP. To obtain group velocity without prior knowledge of neither theoretical calculation nor experimental determination, a limited angle range of the anisotropic velocity is first obtained by backwall reflection method (BRM), which is then extended by analyzing the relation between the time delay of backwall and side drilled hole (SDH) reflection. The effectiveness of the proposed method is experimentally demonstrated with UPA imaging of SDH in composite laminates.
Quantifying the cost of in-kind contributions to a multidonor-funded health research capacity-building programme: the case of the Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa
Authors: Fonn Sharon , Hu Jia , Igumbor Jude Ofuzinim , Gatoto Duncan , Muula Adamson , Ezeh Alex 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionThere are significant investments in health research capacity development in the ‘global-south’. The monetary value of contributions from institutions running these programmes is not known.MethodsUsing the Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa (CARTA) as a case study we estimate in-kind contributions made by consortium members. We measured unpaid hours of labour contributed by consortium members and converted this to full-time equivalents. We assigned a monetary value to the time contributed by staff based on salaries by seniority and region. We estimated the monetary value of the contribution made by the African institutions that hosted CARTA events by comparing the difference in cost between university-hosted events with those held in commercial venues. We calculated the foregone overhead costs associated with hosting the CARTA secretariat. We excluded many costs where data were difficult to verify.ResultsAnnually, CARTA member institutions committed a minimum of 4.3 full-time staff equivalents that are not funded by the grants. CARTA’s annual in-kind contribution represents at least 20% of total annual donor expenditure. African institutions accounted for 82.9% of the in-kind labour contribution and 91.6% of total in-kind contribution.ConclusionThe consortium’s institutions and academic and non-academic staff make significant contributions to ensure the effective implementation of donor-funded programmes. This is not unique to CARTA. These contributions are usually not counted, often not recognised at institutional level nor remunerated through grants. Knowing these costs would allow for sustainability appraisals and cost-benefit assessments. This paper offers a method of how to measure these contributions and begins a discussion around this.
Clinical outcomes among individuals with a first episode psychosis attending Butabika National Mental Referral Hospital in Uganda: a longitudinal cohort study. A study protocol for a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Akena Dickens , Semeere Aggrey , Kadama Philippa , Mwesiga Emanuel , Basangwa David , Nakku Juliet , Nakasujja Noeline 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionPsychotic disorders significantly contribute to high morbidity and mortality. In high-income countries, the predictors of mortality, relapse and barriers to care among patients with first episode psychoses (FEP) have been studied as a means of tailoring interventions to improve patient outcomes. However, little has been done to document relapse rates and their predictors in patients with FEP in low resourced, high disease burdened sub-Saharan Africa.ObjectiveWe shall estimate the rates of relapse of psychotic symptoms and the factors that predict them in patients with FEP over 4 years.Methods and analysisWe will assemble a cohort of patients with an FEP seen at the Butabika National Mental Referral Hospital in Kampala over a 4-year period. Participants will be adults (≥18 years old), who have received a diagnosis of a psychosis according to the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Instrument (M.I.N.I.), with a demonstrable resolution of active symptoms following the use of antipsychotic medications, and deemed clinically stable for a discharge by the healthcare practitioner. All participants will be required to provide written informed consent. Trained research assistants will collect Demographic and clinical parameters, age of onset of symptoms, diagnostic data using the M.I.N.I., physical examination data, symptom severity, level of social and occupational functioning and household income, during the 4-year study period. We will conduct a verbal audit in the event of loss of life. We shall perform survival analysis using the Aalen-Johansen estimator, and describe the population characteristics by demographics, social and economic strata using simple proportions.Ethics and disseminationAll participants will provide written informed consent. Ethical approvals for the study have been obtained from the Makerere University School of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee and the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology. Findings will be published in peer reviewed journals
Translation and psychometric evaluation of the German version of the Organisational Readiness for Implementing Change measure (ORIC): a cross-sectional study
Authors: Lindig Anja , Hahlweg Pola , Christalle Eva , Scholl Isabelle 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesTo translate the Organisational Readiness for Implementing Change measure into German and assess its psychometric properties.DesignCross-sectional psychometric study based on secondary analysis of baseline data from a shared decision-making implementation study.SettingThree departments within one academic cancer centre in Hamburg, Germany.ParticipantsFor comprehensibility assessment of the translated ORIC version, we conducted cognitive interviews with healthcare professionals (HCPs, n=11). Afterwards, HCPs (n=230) filled out the measure.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe original English version of the ORIC was translated into German using a team translation protocol. Based on comprehensibility assessment via cognitive interviews with HCPs, the translated version was revised. We analysed acceptance (completion rate), factorial structure (exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), model fit), item characteristics (item difficulties, corrected item-total correlations, inter-item correlations) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s α).ResultsTranslation and cognitive testing of the German ORIC was successful except for item 10, which showed low comprehensibility as part of content validity in cognitive interviews. Completion rate was >97%. EFA and CFA provided a one-factorial structure. Item difficulties ranged between 55.98 and 65.32, corrected item-total-correlation ranged between 0.665 and 0.774, inter-item correlations ranged between 0.434 and 0.723 and Cronbach’s α was 0.93.ConclusionsThe German ORIC is a reliable measure with high completion rates and satisfying psychometric properties. A one-factorial structure of the German ORIC was confirmed. Item 10 showed limited comprehensibility and therefore reduces content validity of the measure. The German ORIC can be used to analyse organisational readiness for change as a precursor for implementation success of various interventions.
Study protocol of OncoTolk: an observational study on communication problems in language-mediated consultations with migrant oncology patients in Flanders (Belgium)
Authors: Krystallidou Demi , Vaes Lena , Devisch Ignaas , Wens Johan , Pype Peter 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionEffective doctor–patient communication in oncology settings can be challenging due to the complexity of the cancer disease trajectory. The challenges can become greater when doctors and patients do not share a common language and need to rely on language mediators. The aim of this study is to provide evidence-based recommendations for healthcare professionals, patients and language mediators on how to interact with each other during language-mediated consultations in oncology settings.Methods and analysisA systematic review of the literature on communication problems in monolingual and multilingual oncology settings will be conducted. Thirty language-mediated consultations with Turkish-speaking or Arabic-speaking cancer patients, language mediators and Dutch-speaking oncologists/haematologists will be video-recorded in three urban hospitals in Flanders, Belgium. All participants will be interviewed immediately after the consultation and 2 weeks after it by means of video-stimulated recall. Multimodal interaction analysis will be combined with qualitative content analysis to allow for the identification of communication practices when communication problems occur.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the following ethics committees: Ghent University Hospital, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp Hospitals Network (ZNA). Results will be published via (inter)national peer-reviewed journals and the findings of the study will be communicated using a comprehensive dissemination strategy aimed at healthcare professionals, patients and language mediators.
Mapping the global evidence on nutrition transition: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Singh Jessica Emily , Illner Anne-Kathrin , Dokova Klara , Usheva Natalya , Kostadinova Todorka , Aleksandrova Krasimira 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionNutrition transition has emerged as an important concept in health research used to describe shifts in dietary consumption and energy expenditure that coincide with economic, demographic and epidemiological changes at a population level. Better understanding of the shifts in dietary patterns across populations and their drivers could possibly hold the key to prevention of diet-related disease risk. An increasing number of studies have reported on nutrition transition in populations around the world, however, global evidence has not been summarised.ObjectiveThis scoping review is aimed to identify, explore and map the literature on nutrition transition with a specific focus on dietary changes in populations across the world. The review would allow better clarification around the concept of nutrition transition, classification of published studies and provide a framework for further research.Methods and analysisThe scoping review will be designed based on the methodology by Arksey and O’Malley, refined by Levac et al. and developed in conjunction with guidance on conducting systematic scoping reviews by Peters et al. The main research question addressed by the scoping review will be: ‘What is the evidence on nutrition transition defined based on dietary changes reported in general adult population across the world?’ Electronic databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science), grey literature sources and the reference lists of key studies will be searched to identify studies appropriate for inclusion in the review. Two reviewers will independently screen all abstracts and full-text studies for inclusion. Data will be abstracted into tables and logically organised according to items addressed in the specific research questions.Ethics and disseminationDissemination of results will be sought through a peer-reviewed publication, conference presentations and stakeholder meetings. The data used are from publicly available secondary sources, so no ethical review would be required for this study.
INTERGROWTH-21st Project international INTER-NDA standards for child development at 2 years of age: an international prospective population-based study
Authors: Fernandes Michelle , Villar José , Stein Alan , Staines Urias Eleonora , Garza Cutberto , Victora Cesar G , Barros Fernando C , Bertino Enrico , Purwar Manorama , Carvalho Maria , Giuliani Francesca , Wulff Katharina , Abubakar Amina A , Kihara Michael , Cheikh Ismail Leila , Aranzeta Luis , Albernaz Elaine , Kunnawar Naina , Di Nicola Paola , Ochieng Roseline , Sandells Tamsin , Savini Sandy , Temple Sophie , Murray Elizabeth , Ohuma Eric O , Gravett Michael G , Pang Ruyan , Jaffer Yasmine A , Noble Julia Alison , Winsey Adele , Lambert Ann , Papageorghiou Aris T , Bhutta Zulfiqar , Kennedy Stephen 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesTo describe the construction of the international INTERGROWTH-21st Neurodevelopment Assessment (INTER-NDA) standards for child development at 2 years by reporting the cognitive, language, motor and behaviour outcomes in optimally healthy and nourished children in the INTERGROWTH-21st Project.DesignPopulation-based cohort study, the INTERGROWTH-21st Project.SettingBrazil, India, Italy, Kenya and the UK.Participants1181 children prospectively recruited from early fetal life according to the prescriptive WHO approach, and confirmed to be at low risk of adverse perinatal and postnatal outcomes.Primary measuresScaled INTER-NDA domain scores for cognition, language, fine and gross motor skills and behaviour; vision outcomes measured on the Cardiff tests; attentional problems and emotional reactivity measured on the respective subscales of the preschool Child Behaviour Checklist; and the age of acquisition of the WHO gross motor milestones.ResultsScaled INTER-NDA domain scores are presented as centiles, which were constructed according to the prescriptive WHO approach and excluded children born preterm and those with significant postnatal/neurological morbidity. For all domains, except negative behaviour, higher scores reflect better outcomes and the threshold for normality was defined as ≥10th centile. For the INTER-NDA’s cognitive, fine motor, gross motor, language and positive behaviour domains these are ≥38.5, ≥25.7, ≥51.7, ≥17.8 and ≥51.4, respectively. The threshold for normality for the INTER-NDA’s negative behaviour domain is ≤50.0, that is, ≤90th centile. At 22–30 months of age, the cohort overlapped with the WHO motor milestone centiles, showed low postnatal morbidity (<10%), and vision outcomes, attentional problems and emotional reactivity scores within the respective normative ranges.ConclusionsFrom this large, healthy and well-nourished, international cohort, we have constructed, using the WHO prescriptive methodology, international INTER-NDA standards for child development at 2 years of age. Standards, rather than references, are recommended for population-level screening and the identification of children at risk of adverse outcomes.
Youth Mental Health Tracker: protocol to establish a longitudinal cohort and research database for young people attending Australian mental health services
Authors: Rohleder Cathrin , Song Yun Ju Christine , Crouse Jacob J , Davenport Tracey A , Iorfino Frank , Hamilton Blake , Zmicerevska Natalia , Nichles Alissa , Carpenter Joanne S , Tickell Ashleigh M , Wilson Chloe , Cross Shane P , Guastella Adam J , Koethe Dagmar , Leweke F Markus , Scott Elizabeth M , Hickie Ian B 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionMental disorders are a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide. Much of the burden of mental ill-health is mediated by early onset, comorbidities with physical health conditions and chronicity of the illnesses. This study aims to track the early period of mental disorders among young people presenting to Australian mental health services to facilitate more streamlined transdiagnostic processes, highly personalised and measurement-based care, secondary prevention and enhanced long-term outcomes.Methods and analysisRecruitment to this large-scale, multisite, prospective, transdiagnostic, longitudinal clinical cohort study (‘Youth Mental Health Tracker’) will be offered to all young people between the ages of 12 and 30 years presenting to participating services with proficiency in English and no history of intellectual disability. Young people will be tracked over 3 years with standardised assessments at baseline and 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months. Assessments will include self-report and clinician-administered measures, covering five key domains including: (1) social and occupational function; (2) self-harm, suicidal thoughts and behaviour; (3) alcohol or other substance misuse; (4) physical health; and (5) illness type, clinical stage and trajectory. Data collection will be facilitated by the use of health information technology. The data will be used to: (1) determine prospectively the course of multidimensional functional outcomes, based on the differential impact of demographics, medication, psychological interventions and other key potentially modifiable moderator variables and (2) map pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical illness trajectories to determine transition rates of young people to more severe illness forms.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been reviewed and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Sydney Local Health District (2019/ETH00469). All data will be non-identifiable, and research findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and scientific conference presentations.
Predictors and triggers of incivility within healthcare teams: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Keller Sandra , Yule Steven , Zagarese Vivian , Henrickson Parker Sarah 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesTo explore predictors and triggers of incivility in medical teams, defined as behaviours that violate norms of respect but whose intent to harm is ambiguous.DesignSystematic literature review of quantitative and qualitative empirical studies.Data sourcesDatabase searches according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline in Medline, CINHAL, PsychInfo, Web of Science and Embase up to January 2020.Eligibility criteriaOriginal empirical quantitative and qualitative studies focusing on predictors and triggers of incivilities in hospital healthcare teams, excluding psychiatric care.Data extraction and synthesisOf the 1397 publications screened, 53 were included (44 quantitative and 9 qualitative studies); publication date ranged from 2002 to January 2020.ResultsBased on the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI) scores, the quality of the quantitative studies were relatively low overall (mean MERSQI score of 9.93), but quality of studies increased with publication year (r=0.52; p<0.001). Initiators of incivility were consistently described as having a difficult personality, yet few studies investigated their other characteristics and motivations. Results were mostly inconsistent regarding individual characteristics of targets of incivilities (eg, age, gender, ethnicity), but less experienced healthcare professionals were more exposed to incivility. In most studies, participants reported experiencing incivilities mainly within their own professional discipline (eg, nurse to nurse) rather than across disciplines (eg, physician to nurse). Evidence of specific medical specialties particularly affected by incivility was poor, with surgery as one of the most cited uncivil specialties. Finally, situational and cultural predictors of higher incivility levels included high workload, communication or coordination issues, patient safety concerns, lack of support and poor leadership.ConclusionsAlthough a wide range of predictors and triggers of incivilities are reported in the literature, identifying characteristics of initiators and the targets of incivilities yielded inconsistent results. The use of diverse and high-quality methods is needed to explore the dynamic nature of situational and cultural triggers of incivility.