bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extraction of Light Filth from Corn- and Rice-Based Ready-to-Eat Breakfast Cereals and Corn-Based Snack Foods
Authors: Dent Russell G , Roaf Andree L , Brickey Paris M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Collaborative results are presented on a proposed method for light filth extraction from corn- and rice-based ready-to-eat breakfast cereals and corn-based snack foods. Samples are digested with hydrochloric acid, followed by wet sieving on a No. 230 mesh plain weave sieve. Sieve retainings are boiled in 40% isopropanol and filth is extracted in either a Kilborn funnel or a trap flask. Average per cent recoveries of spiked elytral fragments and rodent hairs were 91.0 and 80.0% (using trap flask) and 86.1 and 81.7 (using Kilborn funnel), respectively. The method is recommended for adoption as official first action.
Cautionary Note Concerning Color Stability in Reineckate Salt Analyses
Authors: More Carl A , Kenner C T 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The absorbance of solutions of reineckate salts in acetone or in aqueous acetone varies with time. Procedures should be modified so that absorbance measurements are made as soon as possible after dissolving the salt and so that the time lapse between solution and measurement is uniform for all samples and standards . The effect of time and temperature of precipitation on the absorbance of the reineckate salts of betaine, choline chloride, and homatropine methylbromide is shown.
Ochratoxins A and B Confirmation by Microbiological Assay Using Bacillus cereus mycoides
Authors: Broce Domiciano , Grodner Robert M , Killebrew Rosamond L , Bonner Frances L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
TLC identification of presumptive ochratoxins A and B can be supplemented with overnight results obtained by a single and rapid bioassay of these toxins, using Bacillus cereus mycoides LSU as the test organism. Furthermore, this bioassay can provide an accurate quantitative estimation of ochratoxins. The calculated coefficient of variation was 5.9%. The optimal medium, conditions, and ochratoxin concentrations for this assay are suggested. This test is sensitive to as little as 1.5 and 3.0 µg ochratoxins A and B, respectively.
Methodology for Chlorinated Aromatics in Fats, Oils, and Fatty Acids
Authors: Ress John , Higginbotham G R , Firestone David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The official first action electron capture GLC (EC-GLC) method for chick edema factors (polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins) has been reviewed. This general procedure, which was collaboratively studied in 1967, has undergone several minor modifications which result in better recoveries of polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and increased specificity in interpretation of the gas chromatographic results. The EC-GLC method can be used as a screening test or, where a typical pattern of GLC peaks is obtained, as a preliminary test, but confirmatory tests are needed to demonstrate structure and toxicity of polychlorodibenzo-pdioxins. Preliminary work with combined GLC-mass spectrometry indicated that this technique might provide a suitable test, if adequate sample cleanup can be accomplished. A chicken embryo assay has been developed to the point where toxicity can be observed 3–5 days after injection of eggs. A preliminary procedure has been developed for isolation and gas chromatography of chlorophenols in fats and fatty acids. Polychlorophenols have been found to be precursors of chlorodibenzo-pdioxins. A nonspecific microbiological test for chlorophenols, employing Bacillus megaterium, was evaluated. Chlorophenols were found to produce uniformly graded growth inhibition of the test organism in the range 1–100 µg.
Collaborative Study of Methods for Determination of Ronnel in Feeds and Mineral Mixtures
Authors: Gehrt Albert J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A GLC method (electron capture detector) for ronnel in cattle feeds at the 0.040% level and a UV method for ronnel in mineral mixtures (1–40% ronnel) were studied by 9 collaborators. Ronnel is extracted from feed by shaking with acetone, followed by direct GLC measurement. The method is simple and rapid and the electron capture detector is much more sensitive and gives cleaner ronnel measurements than the flame ionization detector used last year. Agreement between laboratories was good; coefficients of variation were 7.7, 7.1, 11.1% with ronnel recoveries of 95–100%. Analyses of feed samples after storage (several months) showed decreases in ronnel, found to be due to partial ronnel binding. Ronnel is extracted from minerals with methanol, followed by UV measurement. The coefficient of variation was 5.4%. The Associate Referee recommends that the mineral method be adopted as official final action and that the feed method be continued as official first action for 1 more year. An investigation of the binding effect is continuing.
Subsidiary Colors in FD&C Green No. 3
Authors: Stein Charles 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The principal subsidiary colors in commercial FD&C Green No. 3 are identified. There are 2 principal subsidiary colors; one color is formed by the loss of one sulfonic acid group from FD&C Green No. 3 and the second color is formed by the loss of one sulfonated benzyl group from FD&C Green No. 3.
Analysis and Chemical Confirmation of Patulin in Grains
Authors: Pohland A E , Allen R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method is described for the quantitative estimation of patulin in corn, wheat, rye, oats, and sorghum. The procedure involves extraction of the grain with acetonitrile-hexane ( 4 + 1 ) followed by further cleanup through preparative TLC. The patulin concentration is estimated using quantitative TLC on Mallinckrodt 7GF fluorescent plates by comparison with a pure patulin standard. The lower limit of detection in corn by this method is about 40 μg/kg. A chemical confirmatory test involving formation of the phenylhydrazone derivative is described.
Stability Studies with Patulin
Authors: Pohland A E , Allen R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chemical stability of patulin in a variety of foods and feeds in various solvents and in the presence of SO2 in water was investigated spectrophotometrically. Patulin was found to be completely stable in apple juice and dry corn; however, in wet corn, Durham wheat, and sorghum and in the presence of SO2 in water, patulin was observed to be unstable. Patulin was completely stable over long periods of time in chloroform, benzene, and methylene chloride, but slow decomposition was noted in methanol and water.
Detection of Clostridium botulinum and Its Toxin in Food. I. Detection of Clostridium botulinum Type E in Smoked Fish
Authors: Kautter Donald A , Lilly Timothy 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
One mg trypsin/ml is incorporated into an enrichment medium to improve the detection of Clostridium botulinum type E. The procedure was evaluated using smoked whitefish chubs as well as other kinds of smoked fish inoculated with small numbers of spores of C. botulinum types A, B, and E. A greater number of positives was obtained for all smoked fish inoculated with type E spores when this medium was used for enrichment. In addition, by the use of this medium at 26°C for 5 days, proteolytic C. botulinum types A and B can also be detected. Collaborative study is recommended.
Detection of Wheat Grains Contaminated with Urine
Authors: Thrasher Joel J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The official method for urine-contaminated grains, 36.109, has an inherent weakness because of the lack of total contact between the test object and the test paper. The modified method virtually eliminates this weakness by embedding the grain in a soft agar containing urease and bro mo thymol blue; the sensitivity is about 2.5 μg urea distributed over a grain of wheat. This is comparable or slightly better than that for 36.109; however, the chances of detection of random spots is better than the AOAC method because of the total contact of the test object with the test medium.
Determination of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid in Apples, Cherries, Onions, and Pineapple Pulp
Authors: Bache Carl A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method for the determination of the growth regulator, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid in apples, cherries, onions, and pineapple pulp is described. The samples are mascerated and extracted with methanol. The residue is methylated under acid conditions and analyzed by gas chromatography with a alkali thermionic detector. Recovery data are presented at 0.1 and 0.12 ppm. The method is sensitive to about 0.05 ppm.
Analysis of p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE Pesticide Residues by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Biros Francis J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been utilized for semiquantitative analysis and confirmation of mixtures of p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE. Several known mixtures have been analyzed as well as pesticide residues isolated from human adipose tissue of an occupationally exposed individual and animal liver tissue from rats dosed with p,p’-DDT. The relative error found for the mole fractions of p,p’-DDT and p,p’-DDE in standard mixtures of these materials ranged from 0.5 to 4.1%, depending on the relative concentrations of pesticides present. Gas chromatographic analyses performed on the tissue extracts by electron capture and electrical conductivity detection agreed well with the results obtained by nuclear magnetic resonance.
Cyclodiene Chemistry. IV. Assignment of Configuration of Two Nonachlors via Synthesis and Derivatization
Authors: Cochrane W P , Forbes M , Chau A S Y 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The configuration of nonachlor, mp 128- 130°C, was elucidated, from both the structure of its dehydrochlorinated product and the synthesis of stereoisomeric nonachlor, as possessing a l-exo,2-endo,3-exo (i.e., trans-nonachlor) chlorine arrangement in the cyclopentane ring. Dehydrochlorination of transnonachlor yields 1,2-dichlorochlordene, the structure of which was established by specific allylic dechlorination to 2-chlorochlordene. Further confirmation was obtained by conversion to l-keto-2-chlorochlordene. An alternative synthesis of this chloroketone from 1-ketochlordene is described. An isomeric nonachlor, mp 214-215°C, with the l-exo,2-exo, 3-exo (i.e., cis-nonachlor) chlorine arrangement was prepared from a heptachlor chlorohydrin of known configuration. Dehydrochlorination of cis-nonachlor gave 1,3-dichlorochlordene. The reactions of these 2 nonachlors with base is discussed with reference to cisand trans-chlordane.
Chromatographic Separation and Spectrophotometric Analysis of a Multicomponent Drug Formulation Containing Methylene Blue
Authors: Woodson Albert L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Methylene blue, methenamine, phenyl salicylate, benzoic acid, atropine sulfate, and hyoscyamine are separated by chromatographic procedures. Assays are described for each component. Phenyl salicylate, benzoic acid, atropine, and hyoscyamine are isolated by partitition chromatography on acid- and base-Celite columns. These isolated components are quantitated by ultraviolet spectrophotometry (phenyl salicylate and benzoic acid) and visible spectrophotometry (total alkaloids as atropine sulfate). Methenamine is separated and quantitated by GLC on a column of 6% Carbowax 20M on 80–100 mesh Gas Chrom Q. Methylene blue is quantitated by visible spectrophotometry without prior separation. The data obtained with a synthetic mixture and 3 commercial samples are presented.
Methods for Some Alkaloids, Barbiturates, and Combinations. I. Review of Selected Methods and Development of an Ion Exchange Method for Ephedrine Sulfate or Amphetamine Sulfate Alone or Combined with Barbiturates and Antihistamines
Authors: Smith Donald J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Procedures such as steam distillation and partition, column, and ion exchange chromatographic techniques are reviewed for the separation and isolation of selected alkaloids, barbiturates, and combinations; acid titration, colorimetry, and UV spectrophotometry were the usual determination techniques. An ion exchange method, involving both a cation and an anion exchange column, was developed for combinations of amines and barbiturates: amphetamine sulfate or ephedrine sulfate alone or combined with barbital sodium or phenobarbital and pyrilamine maleate, methylpyrilene HCl, or tripelennamine citrate. Preliminary studies with laboratory-prepared and commercial preparations showed good recoveries, with no interference from the commonly used excipients.
Dye Binding Method for Protein Content of Dairy Products
Authors: Sherbon J W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Udy dye binding method for protein in milk has been under collaborative study since 1965. The test is based on the formation of an insoluble complex between Acid Orange 12 (C.I. 15970) and basic amino acid residues of the protein. A known amount of dye is added to the sample, the complex is removed, and the excess dye is measured by colorimetry. The amount of protein in the original sample is calculated from the amount of dye used in complex formation. In previous reports, it was reported that the interlaboratory coefficient of variation is 1% or less, i.e., 0.03% protein in the sample. The coefficient of variation for the Kjeldahl method is 3%. Suitable analytical control is achieved through optical determination of dye concentration in the reagents and by testing known milks. Mercuric chloride is a suitable sample preservative, but potassium dichromate decolorizes the dye. It is recommended that this method be adopted as official final action for determining protein contents of fluid milk, half-and-half, nonfat dry milk, ice cream mix, chocolate drink, and buttermilk.
Comparison of Florisil and ChromAR Sheet Cleanup Procedures on Spinach Extracts for Multiple Chlorinated Pesticide Residues Analysis
Authors: Beasley Thomas H , Ziegler Howard W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An improved cleanup procedure for fresh spinach extracts, using silicic acid-glass fiber sheet, was compared directly with the activated Florisil column procedure. The new cleanup method requires about one-half the time necessary for the Florisil column method. The pesticide concentrates were analyzed by quantitative GLC, using a 2’ column of OV–17 and a 90Sr detector. Recovery experiments on 100 g samples fortified with 4 major chlorinated pesticides showed the 2 methods to be comparable.
Volatility of Technical Chlordane: An Alternative Approach for Quantitative Measurement of Residues
Authors: Thompson Don W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Volatility studies on technical chlordane under normal laboratory conditions of temperature and fluorescent lighting indicate that only the contribution of trans- and cis-chlordane to the total mixture remains fairly constant. Using this approach, an alternative method of calculation has been evaluated for chlordane residues. Calculation of residues by comparison of GLC peaks for total trans- and cischlordane results in values within ±5% of those calculated from the total area, after correction for a uniform high bias.
Quantitative Determination of Chromium in Triphenylmethane Color Additives by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Moten Lueangier 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Trace amounts of chromium (0–60 ppm) in triphenylmethane color additives can be determined rapidly and precisely by atomic absorption techniques on a 5% aqueous solution of the color additive. The effect was determined of several sample-to-sample variations in composition that would be encountered in the routine analysis of these color additives for chromium by atomic absorption. The data show that it should be possible to determine chromium in these color additives at 5 ppm by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Detection of Mold Contamination in Corn by Optical Measurements
Authors: Birth Gerald S , Johnson Robert M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A nondestructive technique has been developed for detecting mold contamination in individual kernels of corn by fluorometry based on the fact that the fluorescence from the kernel is quenched or reduced on mold-contaminated corn. Four optical properties (total fluorescence and the spectral characteristics of fluorescence, transmittance, and reflectance) were measured in an exploratory test. The test samples consisted of 10 mold-contaminated (slight to severe contamination) and 10 sound corn kernels. The optical measurements were compared to determine which technique would be most effective in distinguishing between sound and mold-contaminated corn. The best criterion of mold contamination in corn kernels was the ratio between 2 measurements of the fluoresced energy (at 442 and 607 nm). The results indicated that the contaminated kernels could be distinguished from the sound ones with less than 5% error.
Determination of Vanadium by Neutron Activation Analysis at Nanogram Levels to Formulate a Low-Vanadium Diet
Authors: Lambert J P F , Simpson R E , Mohr H E , Hopkins L L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Neutron activation analysis for vandium is very sensitive if it is combined with a rapid and efficient chemical separation. A postirradiation solvent extraction with N-phenylbenzohydroxamic acid reagent was evaluated by adding known amounts of vanadium to water. When 3.2 to 80 ng were added, the recovery ranged from 97 to 104%. The counting error at the 95% confidence level varied from 10% for 3.2 ng to less than 2% for 80 ng. The time of separation, interferences, and chemical yield which influence sensitivity are discussed. From data obtained in an animal diet survey, a low-vanadium diet with 14 ppb of vanadium was formulated.
Determination of Zinc in Stock and Mixed Feeds by EDTA Extraction and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Authors: Tuŝl Jax 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Zinc was extracted from various stock and mixed feeds by EDTA and then determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The EDTA extraction was found to be almost as effective as the standard HNO3-HCIO4 digestion, but it was easier and more rapid. The method was preferable to dry ashing because considerable losses of zinc often occur in the latter method when animal feeds are analyzed.
Studies on the Analysis of Hexachlorobenzene Residues in Foodstuffs
Authors: Taylor Ian S , Keenan F P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Analysis of HCB residues in the parts per billion range in cereals is hampered by interference from grain lipids. In fatty foods, analysis using solvent countercurrent extraction is made difficult by unfavorable distribution. HCB is not readily separated from other pesticides by GLC. These difficulties are discussed and partly resolved. Procedures are suggested for the extraction, steam distillation, and alkaline degradation of HCB as possible solutions to the analysis of HCB residues.
A Method for Detection of Aflatoxins B1 and B2 in Toasted Cottonseed Meal
Authors: Yin Lillian , Campbell A D , Stoloff Leonard 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The detection limit for aflatoxins B1 and B2 in toasted cottonseed meal by the presently accepted analytical method is about 1000 μg/kg. A procedure that reduces the limit to about 5 μg/kg is described. The sample is extracted with aqueous acetonitrile and n-hexane. Interferences are removed from the acetonitrile phase of the extract by precipitation with lead acetate, liquid-liquid partition with water/acetonitrile-chloroform, and silica gel column chromatography. Aflatoxins B1 and B2 in the extract can be separated from the residual interfering fluorescent materials by two-dimensional TLC. This procedure is qualitative only and is capable of detecting aflatoxin B1 or B2 in toasted cottonseed meal contaminated with amounts down to 5 gg/kg of either aflatoxin. Loss of aflatoxin B1 on toasting naturally contaminated cottonseed is observed. When toasting is carried out at 180-185°C for 3 hr, almost complete loss of aflatoxin B1 and partial loss of aflatoxin B2 are observed by means of the procedure described.
Modification of the Assay for Neomycin in Feeds
Authors: Williams B J , Wornick R C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The AOAC method for the microbiological assay for neomycin in feeds was modified by preparing the base and seed agar to contain 0.05M tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffer at pH 8.0 and deleting the addition of the calcium chloride. A 3-fold increase in sensitivity and a dramatic increase in zone definition and clarity resulted. Non-buffered plating medium is acidified in situ by the fermentative activities of the assay microorganism. It is believed that the buffered medium improved the assay by resisting the in situ changes in pH. It is recommended that the modification be subjected to collaborative study.
Colorimetric Determination of Carbaryl in Wettable Formulations
Authors: Vonesch Eugenio E , de Riveros Maria H C K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid colorimetric method is described for the determination of carbaryl in technical products and wettable formulations, based on the reaction of carbaryl with diazotized 2,5-dichloroaniline. This reaction is sensitive to 0.1 μg, with a detection limit of 0.2 ppm. Recoveries of pure carbaryl were excellent and analyses of technical products were reproducible.
Behavior of Chlorinated Naphthalenes in Analytical Methods for Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Authors: Armour Judith A , Burke Jerry A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chlorinated naphthalenes are industrial chemicals with properties similar to those of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB); they are recovered from foods by analytical methods for multiple residues of organochlorine pesticides. The chlorinated naphthalenes may interfere with the gas chromatographic determination of several organochlorine pesticides. A silicic acid column chromatographic method previously developed to separate PCB from organochlorine pesticide residues, particulary DDT and its analogs, also separates chlorinated naphthalenes from the pesticides and permits GLC determination without interference.
Determination of Mercury in Food Products and Biological Fluids by Aeration and Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Authors: Thorpe Virginia A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper describes a simple, rapid modification of a method developed at the Fisheries Research Board of Canada for determining mercury in fish and other food products. Wet digestion and flameless techniques of atomic absorption spectrophotometry are used. Replicate analyses on different days showed good precision and samples spiked with known amounts of mercury showed adequate recovery.
Determination of Pure Color in Commercial Samples of D&C Red No. 30
Authors: Hobin Nancy Kay 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper describes the preparation of a pure sample of D&C Red No. 30 (6,6′-dichloro-4,4′-dimethyl-[Δ2,2′(3H 3H′)-bibenzo[b]-thiophene]-3,3′-dione), the determination of the spectrophotometric properties of solutions of the purified sample in xylene, and the modification of a procedure previously described by Stein and Freeman. The modification is considered an improvement, since it requires less time per analysis.
Steam Distillation Technique for the Analysis of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Technical 2,4,5-T
Authors: Storherr R W , Watts R R , Gardner A M , Osgood T 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Technical 2,4,5-T formulations may contain 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin as a contaminant. A method is described in which the tetrachlorodioxin is separated from technical components by steam distillation and analyzed by microcoulometric GLC.
Quantitative Determination of Sorbic Acid in Cheddar Cheese by Gas-Liquid Chromatography
Authors: LaCroix D E , Wong N P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid method is described for the extraction and quantitative determination of sorbic acid in Cheddar cheese. Cheddar cheese is impregnated onto a Celite 545 column, extracted with acetonitrile, and analyzed for sorbic acid by gas-liquid chromatography, using a 7.5% ethylene glycol adipate + 2% H3PO4 column. Average recovery values for known amounts of sorbic acid were 107%.