bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HAEMOGLOBIN KÖLN IN A JEWISH FAMILY
Authors: Hällén J. , Charlesworth Deborah , Lehmann H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA Jewish boy with haemolytic anaemia has been studied. His father and probably also his paternal grandfather had haemolytic anaemia. The haemolysis could be assigned to haemoglobin Köln, which constituted a part of the boy's haemoglobin. This haemoglobinopathy has not hitherto been reported in a Jewish family.
FATTY LIVER IN DIABETES
Authors: Wasastjerna C. , Reissell P. , Karjalainen J. , Ekelund P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCytological liver specimens from 100 diabetics have been stained by the May‐Grünwald‐Giemsa method, and with oil red O. Satisfactory smears were obtained in 91 cases. Fatty liver was found in 48%, and vacuolated nuclei in 57%. A close correlation was found between obesity and fatty liver, and some correlation between the serum triglyceride level and fatty liver. The serum cholesterol level did not correlate with the incidence of fatty liver. This was commoner in maturity‐onset diabetes than in young insulin‐treated diabetics. Nuclear vacuolation was commoner in fatty‐liver than in normal liver cells. Application of the fine‐needle aspiration biopsy technique, together with staining of the smears with oil red O, was found to be a useful method for study of the incidence of fatty liver.
ADRENERGIC α‐ AND β‐RECEPTORS IN CORONARY VESSELS IN MAN
Authors: Andersson Rolf , Holmberg Stig , Svedmyr Nils , Åberg Gunnar 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe occurrence of adrenergic receptors has been investigated in vitro in isolated human coronary vessels from a newly dead 30‐year‐old man. Both noradrenaline and adrenaline easily contracted the originally atonic coronary vessels. This contraction was strengthened after blockade of the β‐receptors with a specific adrenergic β‐blocker (sotalol, MJ 1999). The contraction increased with the dosage and was completely blocked by an adrenergic α‐blocker (dibenamine). Adrenaline had a somewhat stronger contracting effect than noradrenaline. The contraction was stronger in larger coronary vessels (diameter 2 mm) than in small (diameter 0.5 mm). On coronary vessels contracted by addition of potassium chloride to a final concentration of 13 μmoles/ml, both noradrenaline and adrenaline (1.7 × 10–7 g/ml) produced relaxation, the effect of adrenaline being somewhat stronger. After adrenergic β‐blockade this relaxing effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline was completely blocked. The occurrence of both α‐ and β‐receptors has thus been shown in human coronary vessels.
CLINICAL STUDIES ON A SWEDISH MATERIAL OF PSEUDOXANTHOMA ELASTICUM
Authors: Ålinder Inger , Boström Harry 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA study of 27 cases of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) has been made from the point of view of internal medicine. This disease is hereditary and is characterized by typical manifestations of the eyes, skin, mucous membranes and cardiovascular system. Twelve patients died at the time of the investigation, two of malignant diseases, one of gastrointestinal bleeding, and nine of cardiocerebrovascular diseases. All the 15 living patients had typical skin lesions which caused only cosmetic discomfort. In most cases these skin lesions were the first symptom of the disease. Angioid streaks were found in all the patients, nearly all of whom had impairment of vision which had mostly occurred about 20 years later than the skin lesions. The patients with impaired vision also showed different degrees of macular and peripapillary atrophy and retinal‐pigment proliferation. Manifestations of cardiocerebrovascular disease appeared in many of the patients; these symptoms were recognized somewhat later than the eye lesions, but in some cases they had occurred at an early age. Gastrointestinal bleedings occurred in four patients, in one of whom they proved fatal. No characteristic abnormalities were found in the extensive laboratory survey.
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF ADIPOSE TISSUE IN MALE NORWEGIANS WITH MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Kirkeby Knut , Nitter‐Hauge Sigurd , Bjerkedal Inger 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGas‐chromatographic studies of the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue specimens have been carried our in 70 urban men with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and in a control group comprising 25 healthy men of comparable age. Only subjects living free of dietary instructions were included in the study. Samples of adipose tissue obtained from patients with infarction who had had known coronary heart disease (CHD) for at least one year contained significantly higher mean linoleic acid than samples from patients with no history of previous heart disease or from healthy subjects. The difference between mean linoleic acid content in the two latter groups was also statistically significant, with the lowest values found in patients with infarction but without known previous CHD.Diet is assumed to be the dominant factor responsible for the discrepancy in fatty acid composition. Patients with known CHD have probably been more assiduous in following recent widespread nutrional advice recommending increased intake of polyunsaturated fats than the population as a whole.Male Norwegians living in urban areas exhibited almost the same adipose tissue fatty acid patterns as the inhabitants of countries with high incidence of CHD.
EVALUATION OF THE FUNCTIONAL IMPORTANCE OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC OBLITERATIONS IN THE AORTO‐ILIAC ARTERY BY PRESSURE/FLOW MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Lorentsen E. , Hoel B. L. , Hol R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractArterial BP has been measured indirectly in the arm and intraarterially in the common femoral or external iliac artery of 23 patients with atherosclerosis obliterans and 2 patients with normal arteries. Blood flow in calf at rest and during reactive hyperemia has been measured by the use of venous occlusion plethysmography. The results of the pressure/flow measurements have been correlated to arteriographic findings. A systolic BP more than 10 mmHg lower in the common femoral or iliac artery than in the arm at rest and/or during reactive hyperemia was found to indicate atherosclerotic irregularities of functional importance. The results were found to be more informative if the ratio pressure drop/peak flow (“stenosis index”) could be calculated. A “stenosis index” of more than 2 was found in patients with serious changes in the aorto‐iliac arteries. The pressure measurements performed were found to give valuable information for the decision where to operate in cases of combined aorto‐iliac and femoropopliteal obliterations. They may be made in connection with the arteriography as a supplement to the radiologic examination.
PLASMA LIPID AND LIPOPROTEIN LEVELS IN A DANISH POPULATION
Authors: Dyerberg Jørn , Hjørne Niels 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA study of the plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations has been carried out in 373 persons (179 women and 194 men) including 56 obese persons (24 women and 32 men) and 26 women treated with sex hormones, mainly for contraceptive purposes. The technique for quantitative lipoprotein electrophoresis described by the authors in previous papers was used. The technique was compared with other methods and found reliable. Increasing lipid and lipoprotein level with age was demonstrated; but while this increase continued in women, the increase in men ceased at about the age of 45. The levels of triglycerides and pre‐β‐lipoproteins were found to be higher in men than in women, while phospholipids and α‐lipoproteins were higher in women. Cholesterol and β‐lipoproteins were higher in women aged 11–20 years and over 50 years than in men in the corresponding age groups. Higher levels of triglycerides and pre‐β‐lipoproteins were found in obese than in non‐obese persons regardless of sex. An observation not described before was a lower α‐lipoprotein concentration in obese than in non‐obese women. No significant influence of contraceptive sex hormone intake on the lipid and lipoprotein levels could be demonstrated.
MUSCLE AND LIVER SERUM ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS GIVEN ALCOHOL ON A DIET POOR IN CARBOHYDRATES
Authors: Hed Ragnar , Nygren Arne , Sundblad Lars 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn order to elucidate the importance of a short‐age of carbohydrates in the food for the occurrence of alcoholic muscle disease, muscle and liver enzymes (LDH isoenzymes, GOT, GPT and CPK) have been assayed in the serum of six healthy volunteers after alcohol ingestion on a diet poor in carbohydrates (group I). Twelve healthy subjects fed the carbohydrate‐poor diet without alcohol addition (group II) and six other subjects given alcohol when on the average Swedish diet (group III) served as controls. In the group given alcohol in addition to the carbohydrate‐poor diet an increase of LDH‐1 and LDH‐2 was observed. No other noticeable enzyme increases were registered. It is concluded that a lack of carbohydrate may be a factor involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic myopathy.
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
Authors: Böttiger L. E. , Westerholm B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAn analysis of 126 cases of drug‐induced thrombocytopenia shows that oral diuretics (52 cases) and quinine/quinidine drugs (26 cases) are the entirely predominant causes. Drug‐induced thrombocytopenia has a favourable prognosis, and remission occurs usually within 1–2 weeks; 70% of the cases are women. The incidence of thrombocytopenia after 50 years of age, both that which is definitely drug‐induced and that due to other causes, is markedly parallel to the consumption of a group of potential thrombocytopenia‐inducing drugs, oral diuretics. The risk of thrombocytopenia through the use of oral diuretics may be calculated at 1 case/15 000 users, equal for men and women, but with rising risk at higher ages.
Strong amorphous carbon prepared by spark‐plasma sintering C60
Authors: Wu Yingju , Zhang Shuangshuang , Liang Zitai , Wang Xiaoyu , Ma Mengdong , Luo Kun , Zhang Yang , He Julong , Yu Dongli , Xu Bo , Zhao Zhisheng , Tian Yongjun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe phase transition of fullerene C60 under high pressure and high temperature has been widely studied, but the research on the spark‐plasma sintering of C60 is limited, and the mechanical properties of synthesized materials are still unknown. In this study, a series of amorphous carbon materials were synthesized by spark‐plasma sintering fullerene C60 at different temperatures. The structural characterizations showed that they were composed of multi‐graphene fragments with different sizes, curvatures, and ordering degrees. The densities of the synthesized amorphous carbons were 1.3‐1.4 g/cm3, which were lower than the values for graphite, but the mechanical properties were excellent. The highest compressive strength, indentation hardness, and elastic recovery of the amorphous carbons synthesized at different temperatures could reach up to ~1.25 GPa, ~3.8 GPa, and ~85.5%, respectively, which are far better than the values for commercial isotropic graphite materials.
Linear dielectric thermodynamics: A new universal law for optical, dielectric constants
Authors: Burns S. J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe thermodynamics of linear dielectric are formally developed to explore the isothermal and adiabatic temperature‐pressure dependence of dielectric constants. The refractive index of optical materials is widely measured in the literature: it is both temperature and pressure dependent. The argument to establish the dielectric constant's isentropic temperature dependence is a thermodynamic one and is thus applicable to all physical models that describe electron clouds and electronic resonances within materials. The isentropic slope of the displacement field vs the electric field at all temperatures is described by an adiabatic dielectric constant in an energy‐per‐unit mass system. This slope is shown through the electronic part of the entropy to be unstable at high temperatures due to the change in the curvature of the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant. The electronic entropy contribution for optical, thermo‐electro materials has negative heat capacities which are unacceptable. The dielectric constant's temperature and pressure dependence is predicted to be only dependent on the specific volume so isentropes are always positive. A new universal form for the dielectric constant follows from this hypothesis: the dielectric constant is proportional to the square root of the specific volume for fully dense solids.
Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases in Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease: A gain or a loss?
Authors: Zhang Han , Zhou Zhong‐Wei , Sun Litao 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCharcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most common inherited neurodegenerative disorders with an increasing number of CMT‐associated variants identified as causative factors, however, there has been no effective therapy for CMT to date. Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases (aaRS) are essential enzymes in translation by charging amino acids onto their cognate tRNAs during protein synthesis. Dominant monoallelic variants of aaRSs have been largely implicated in CMT. Some aaRSs variants affect enzymatic activity, demonstrating a loss‐of‐function property. In contrast, loss of aminoacylation activity is neither necessary nor sufficient for some aaRSs variants to cause CMT. Instead, accumulating evidence from CMT patient samples, animal genetic studies or protein conformational analysis has pinpointed toxic gain‐of‐function of aaRSs variants in CMT, suggesting complicated mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of CMT. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in studies on CMT‐linked aaRSs, with a particular focus on their functions. The current challenges, future direction and the promising candidates for potential treatment of CMT are also discussed.
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The experience of school‐aged children with hospitalisation
Authors: Loureiro Fernanda Manuela , Antunes Ana Vanessa dos Reis Ameixa , Pelander Tiina , Charepe Zaida Borges 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAims and objectivesThis study intended to contribute to the improvement of nursing care for both children and their parents and aimed to identify the best and worst experiences of school‐aged children during hospitalisation.BackgroundChild hospitalisation has traditionally been studied from the parent's perspective, but studies in which the child is the subject are scarce and mainly focus on to the hospitalisation experiences.DesignA cross‐sectional, observational and descriptive exploratory design was used, and STROBE reporting guidelines were followed.MethodsA paper survey was applied by the primary researcher within a 3 months period to 252 children. It presented two open‐ended statements: ‘In my opinion the best thing about the hospital is …’ and ‘In my opinion the worst thing about the hospital is…’. The study was submitted and approved by the national data protection commission and also by the ethics committees of each of the six institutions where the study was undertaken. Informed consent was also obtained from children and parents.ResultsAnswers were analysed through content analysis. Five categories were identified for each of the open‐ended statements. Children identified ‘people’, ‘physical environment’, ‘activities’, ‘outcomes’ and ‘food’ as best experiences. The worst experiences included: ‘feelings’, ‘activities’, ‘food’, ‘environment’ and ‘outcomes’.ConclusionsThe results allowed the identification of the children's most valued aspects of hospitalisation.Relevance to Clinical PracticeThe results should be considered by healthcare professionals in order to make the hospitalisation experience more positive from the perspective of the school‐aged children.
Comparison of the effects of 7.2% hypertonic saline and 20% mannitol on electrolyte and acid‐base variables in dogs with suspected intracranial hypertension
Authors: Hoehne Sabrina N. , Yozova Ivayla D. , Vidondo Beatriz , Adamik Katja N. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundHyperosmolar agents frequently are used to decrease intracranial pressure but their effects on electrolyte and acid‐base variables have not been prospectively investigated.ObjectivesCompare duration and magnitude of changes in electrolyte and acid‐base variables after hyperosmolar treatment.AnimalsTwenty‐eight client‐owned dogs with intracranial hypertension caused by various pathologies.MethodsProspective, randomized, nonblinded, experimental cohort study. Fifteen dogs received a single dose (4 mL/kg) of 7.2% hypertonic saline (HTS), 13 dogs received 20% mannitol (MAN) 1 g/kg IV. Electrolyte and acid‐base variables were measured before (T0), and 5 (T5), 60 (T60), and 120 (T120) minutes after administration. Variables were compared between treatments and among time points within treatment groups.ResultsMean plasma sodium and chloride concentrations were higher after HTS than MAN at T5 (158 vs 141 mEq/L; 126 vs 109 mEq/L) and significant differences were maintained at all time points. After HTS, plasma sodium and chloride concentrations remained increased from T0 at all time points. After MAN, plasma sodium and chloride concentrations decreased at T5, but these changes were not maintained at T60 and T120. Plasma potassium concentration was lower at T5 after HTS compared with T0 (3.6 vs 3.9 mEq/L) and compared to MAN (3.6 vs 4.1 mEq/L). At T60 and T120, plasma ionized calcium concentration was lower after HTS than MAN (1.2 vs 1.3 mmol/L). No significant differences were found in acid‐base variables between treatments.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAt the administered dose, dogs receiving HTS showed sustained increases in plasma sodium and chloride concentrations, whereas dogs receiving MAN showed transient decreases. Future studies should assess the effects of multiple doses of hyperosmolar agents on electrolyte and acid‐base variables.
An Understanding of (Mis)Understanders: Exploring the Underlying Mechanisms of Concept Learning Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Versteeg Marjolein , Hafkemeijer Anne , de Beaufort Arnout Jan , Steendijk Paul 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTObtaining adequate understanding of scientific concepts is considered challenging due to learners' misconceptions about natural phenomena. Misconceptions may coexist with scientific knowledge in the brain. Therefore, misconceptions must be cognitively inhibited in order to select the scientific knowledge. There is, however, lack of substantial neuroscientific evidence supporting this hypothesis. In this study, we sought for this evidence by investigating medical students who solved a cardiovascular conceptual problem in a magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Brain activation was compared between understanders who had the scientific knowledge, and misunderstanders who held a misconception. No significant activation was found in brain areas related to cognitive inhibition in understanders compared with misunderstanders. Therefore, we could not confirm the idea that cognitive inhibition is involved in overcoming a misconception. Instead, we found that the putamen was significantly activated in misunderstanders compared with understanders, suggesting a role for episodic memory in learners holding a misconception.
Gene expression during larval caste determination and differentiation in intermediately eusocial bumblebees, and a comparative analysis with advanced eusocial honeybees
Authors: Collins David H. , Wirén Anders , Labédan Marjorie , Smith Michael , Prince David C. , Mohorianu Irina , Dalmay Tamas , Bourke Andrew F. G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe queen‐worker caste system of eusocial insects represents a prime example of developmental polyphenism (environmentally‐induced phenotypic polymorphism) and is intrinsic to the evolution of advanced eusociality. However, the comparative molecular basis of larval caste determination and subsequent differentiation in the eusocial Hymenoptera remains poorly known. To address this issue within bees, we profiled caste‐associated gene expression in female larvae of the intermediately eusocial bumblebee Bombus terrestris. In B. terrestris, female larvae experience a queen‐dependent period during which their caste fate as adults is determined followed by a nutrition‐sensitive period also potentially affecting caste fate but for which the evidence is weaker. We used mRNA‐seq and qRT‐PCR validation to isolate genes differentially expressed between each caste pathway in larvae at developmental stages before and after each of these periods. We show that differences in gene expression between caste pathways are small in totipotent larvae, then peak after the queen‐dependent period. Relatively few novel (i.e., taxonomically‐restricted) genes were differentially expressed between castes, though novel genes were significantly enriched in late‐instar larvae in the worker pathway. We compared sets of caste‐associated genes in B. terrestris with those reported from the advanced eusocial honeybee, Apis mellifera, and found significant but relatively low levels of overlap of gene lists between the two species. These results suggest both the existence of low numbers of shared toolkit genes and substantial divergence in caste‐associated genes between Bombus and the advanced eusocial Apis since their last common eusocial ancestor.
Linking nutrient sensing and gene expression in Plasmodium falciparum blood‐stage parasites
Authors: Kumar Manish , Skillman Kristen , Duraisingh Manoj T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMalaria is one of the most life‐threatening infectious diseases worldwide, caused by infection of humans with parasites of the genus Plasmodium. The complex life cycle of Plasmodium parasites is shared between two hosts, with infection of multiple cell types, and the parasite needs to adapt for survival and transmission through significantly different metabolic environments. Within the blood‐stage alone, parasites encounter changing levels of key nutrients, including sugars, amino acids, and lipids, due to differences in host dietary nutrition, cellular tropism, and pathogenesis. In this review, we consider the mechanisms that the most lethal of malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum, uses to sense nutrient levels and elicit changes in gene expression during blood‐stage infections. These changes are brought about by several metabolic intermediates and their corresponding sensor proteins. Sensing of distinct nutritional signals can drive P. falciparum to alter the key blood‐stage processes of proliferation, antigenic variation, and transmission.
A puzzle about fickleness
Authors: Woodard Elise 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper, I motivate a puzzle about epistemic rationality. On the one hand, there seems to be something problematic about frequently changing your mind. On the other hand, changing your mind once is often permissible. Why do one‐off changes of mind seem rationally permissible, even admirable, while constant changes seem quintessentially irrational? The puzzle of fickleness is to explain this asymmetry. To solve the puzzle, I propose and defend the Ratifiable Reasoning Account. According to this solution, as agents redeliberate, they gain two types of evidence. First, they gain inductive evidence that they will not stably settle their belief. Second, this inductive evidence affords higher‐order evidence that they are unreliable at assessing the matter at hand. The fact that fickle agents gain this higher‐order evidence explains why fickleness can be epistemically—not just practically—irrational. In addition to solving the puzzle, my account captures a wide range of contextual factors that are relevant for our judgments.