bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TRICHOME AND ARTEMISININ REGULATOR 2 positively regulates trichome development and artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua
Authors: Zhou Zheng , Tan Hexin , Li Qi , Li Qing , Wang Yun , Bu Qitao , Li Yaoxin , Wu Yu , Chen Wansheng , Zhang Lei 
Published: June 2020

Summary

Glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) are regarded as biofactories for synthesizing, storing, and secreting artemisinin. It is necessary to figure out the initiation and development regulatory mechanism of GSTs to cultivate high‐yielding Artemisia annua.

Here, we identified an MYB transcription factor, AaTAR2, from bioinformatics analysis of the A. annua genome database and Arabidopsis trichome development‐related genes. AaTAR2 is mainly expressed in young leaves and located in the nucleus. Repression and overexpression of AaTAR2 resulted in a decrease and increase, respectively, in the GSTs numbers, leaf biomass, and the artemisinin content in transgenic plants. Furthermore, the morphological characteristics changed obviously in trichomes, suggesting AaTAR2 plays a key role in trichome formation.

In addition, the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes and total flavonoid content increased dramatically in AaTAR2‐overexpressing transgenic plants. Owing to flavonoids possibly counteracting emerging resistance to artemisinin in Plasmodium species, AaTAR2 is a potential target to improve the effect of artemisinin in clinical therapy.

Taken together, AaTAR2 positively regulates trichome development and artemisinin and flavonoid biosynthesis. A better understanding of this ‘multiple functions’ transcription factor may enable enhanced artemisinin and flavonoids yield. AaTAR2 is a potential breeding target for cultivating high‐quality A. annua.
Can natural gene drives be part of future fungal pathogen control strategies in plants?
Authors: Gardiner Donald M. , Rusu Anca , Barrett Luke , Hunter Gavin C. , Kazan Kemal 
Published: June 2020

Summary

Globally, fungal pathogens cause enormous crop losses and current control practices are not always effective, economical or environmentally sustainable. Tools enabling genetic management of wild pathogen populations could potentially solve many problems associated with plant diseases.

A natural gene drive from a heterologous species can be used in the globally important cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum to remove pathogenic traits from contained populations of the fungus. The gene drive element became fixed in a freely crossing population in only three generations.

Repeat‐induced point mutation (RIP), a natural genome defence mechanism in fungi that causes C to T mutations during meiosis in highly similar sequences, may be useful to recall the gene drive following release, should a failsafe mechanism be required.

We propose that gene drive technology is a potential tool to control plant pathogens once its efficacy is demonstrated under natural settings.
‘Where are they now’? A survey of former oral surgery trainees
Authors: Gormley M. , Ali S. , French K. , Wilson G. , Stagnell S. , Bailey E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionThis study aimed to gather demographic data from the oral surgery workforce who have experienced a formal training pathway, their current roles, commitments, competencies and how they believe oral surgery training could be improved.MethodsA 22‐question online survey was developed and distributed to 70 former oral surgery trainees. Trainee details were retrospectively obtained using the British Association of Oral Surgeons (BAOS) Consultants and Senior Trainers (CAST) group mailing list and the oral surgery trainee mailing list and potential participants were invited via email.ResultsSix participants reported not having had formal training and were excluded, resulting in a 47% response rate. The majority (78%) of former oral surgery trainees appear to spend most of their working week in hospital practice, with 63% in oral surgery consultant or honorary consultant positions. Participants reported a mean average of five WTE oral surgery sessions working for the NHS and one WTE private session. Oral surgeons have a broad remit of roles and responsibilities including teaching and training, policy making, research, leadership and management. Respondents suggested improvements for any future oral surgery specialty curriculum, including more leadership and management training to ensure trainees are well prepared for senior posts.ConclusionOverall, this survey demonstrates the broad and diverse skills of the oral surgery workforce. The majority of former oral surgery trainees currently hold consultant level positions and are mainly based in hospital practice. This study also demonstrated that a large proportion of the oral surgery workforce commitment is to the public sector and education.
Oral Bisphosphonate Therapy for Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Six Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Trials
Authors: Ying Zhi‐min , Hu Bin , Yan Shi‐gui 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness and safety of oral bisphosphonates in increasing bone mineral density (BMD), reducing fractures, and improving clinical function in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI).MethodsStudies were eligible for inclusion if they were randomized controlled trials of directly comparing oral bisphosphonate therapy with placebo‐group in OI patients. Data synthesis regarding to bone mineral density as measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA), decreased fracture incidence, change in biochemical markers of bone and mineral metabolism, bone histology, growth, bone pain, quality of life, and others were assessed, and meta‐analysis done when possible.ResultsFrom 98 potential references and six randomized controlled studies a total of 263 participants receiving oral bisphosphonates and 143 placebo treatments contributed data to meta‐analysis. Pooled meta‐analysis of three studies suggested that there was significant difference between bisphosphonate treated group and placebo in number of patients with at least one fracture (mean difference 0.53, 95% confidence interval 0.32–0.89, P = 0.02). Pooled meta‐analysis of two studies suggested that significant difference was noted between bisphosphonate treated group and placebo in mean percentage change in spine BMD (T‐score) (mean difference 28.43, 95% confidence interval 7.09‐49.77, P = 0.009). The similar effect was shown in the term of mean change (Z‐score) in spine BMD.ConclusionsSignificant improvement in lumbar areal BMD in patients affected with OI has been shown when treated with oral bisphosphonates, even though only a small population was enrolled. We cannot draw a definite conclusion that the increase in BMD can be translated into fracture reduction and clinical functional improvement. The optimal method, dose, type, initiation, and duration of oral bisphosphonates therapy still remains unclear. Well‐designed, adequately‐powered, placebo‐controlled RCTs investigating the effects of oral bisphosphonates on fractures reduction and improvement in quality of life in both children and adults are studied here.
Oldest fossil ciliates from the Cryogenian glacial interlude reinterpreted as possible red algal spores
Authors: Cohen Phoebe A. , Vizcaíno Maoli , Anderson Ross P. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Cryogenian Period experienced two long lived global glaciations known as Snowball Earths. While these events were dramatic, eukaryotic life persisted through them, and fossil evidence shows that eukaryotes thrived during the c. 30‐million‐year interlude between the glaciations. Carbonate successions have become an important taphonomic window for this interval. One of the most notable examples is the c. 662–635 Ma Taishir Formation (Tsagaan Olom Group, Zavkhan Terrane, Mongolia) which has yielded a number of eukaryotic fossil taxa. Here, we examine more closely the morphology and taxonomic affinity of some of these Taishir fossils previously interpreted as remains of ciliate tintinnid loricae (purportedly the oldest fossil ciliates). New morphological and ultrastructural analyses indicate that these fossils are not ciliate tintinnids. Instead, we propose a new interpretation: that they are algal reproductive structures related to coeval macroscopic organic warty sheets described as putative red algae. We report the first occurrence of these fossils in the earliest Ediacaran Ol Formation, indicating that this taxon persisted through the Marinoan Snowball Earth. A new interpretation of these fossils as putative red algal spores has broad implications for our understanding of biodiversity in the Neoproterozoic Era, specifically during the Cryogenian Period, and for the antiquity of ciliates.
Caregiver anxiety and the association with acute postoperative pain in children undergoing elective ambulatory surgery in a lower‐middle‐income country setting
Authors: Knoetze Reynard , Lachman Anusha , Moxley Karis , Chetty Sean 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground and aimsModerate to severe postoperative pain complicates surgeries performed on children in upper‐income countries. The successful management of postoperative pain in children requires a biopsychosocial approach. Situational anxiety and anxiety disorders among caregivers influence a child's perioperative experience. This study aims to determine whether there is an association between caregiver's preoperative anxiety and children's postoperative pain in a lower‐middle‐income country (LMIC) setting.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional, descriptive study, we recruited 76 children aged 4‐12 years, undergoing elective ambulatory tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy. Primary caregivers completed validated measures of anxiety (the Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI] and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale [K10]) prior to the children undergoing surgery. Postoperative pain was measured using the Wong‐Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale 4 hours after surgery.ResultsCaregiver anxiety was found in 31.7% of participants using the K10 and in 42.1% using the BAI. Moderate to severe postoperative pain was reported by 51% of children. There was a statistically significant correlation of moderate strength between anxiety scores of caregivers and children's self‐reported postoperative pain scores (r = .47 for K10, r = .44 for BAI, P < .001 for both). Two median quantile regression models confirmed that K10 was positively associated with caregiver anxiety (WBFS) with slope = 0.16 and pseudo R2 = 0.25 (P = .002, 95CI: 0.06‐0.26) as was BAI with slope = 0.12 and pseudo R2 = 0.22 (P = .013 95CI: 0.03‐0.22).ConclusionsThis study showed that preoperative caregiver anxiety is significantly associated with postoperative pain in children undergoing elective, ambulatory surgery in a LMIC setting (correlation of moderate strength). Interventions aimed at reducing caregiver anxiety should become an important component of the biopsychosocial management of postoperative pain in children.
Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose on avocado fruit in Mexico: Current status
Authors: Fuentes‐Aragón Dionicio , Silva‐Rojas Hilda V. , Guarnaccia Vladimiro , Mora‐Aguilera José A. , Aranda‐Ocampo Sergio , Bautista‐Martínez Néstor , Téliz‐Ortíz Daniel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractColletotrichum species cause anthracnose disease in tropical and subtropical fruit crops worldwide. Mexico is the main producer and exporter of avocado (Persea americana) globally and has yearly outbreaks of anthracnose on this crop. However, which specific Colletotrichum spp. cause these outbreaks in avocado‐producing regions remain uncertain; thus, the objective of the present study was to identify the species responsible. A survey performed in six production regions of Mexico yielded 232 isolates, from which a subset of 104 strains was selected based on morphological characteristics and origin. This subset was sequenced and haplotypes were analysed in the gapdh partial gene. Finally, 31 strains were identified through multilocus phylogenetic analyses using the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region and six loci. This study revealed the presence of two species previously reported in Mexico (C. karsti and C. godetiae), three novel records in Mexico (C. siamense, C. fioriniae, and C. cigarro), four novel records on avocado (C. chrysophilum, C. jiangxiense, C. tropicale, and C. nymphaeae), and two novel lineages (Colletotrichum sp. 1 and Colletotrichum sp. 2). C. siamense was the most prevalent, while the species reported for the first time on avocado, including the novel lineages, were the least prevalent. C. karsti was the most widespread (four regions), followed by C. siamense, C. jiangxiense, and C. chrysophilum (three regions). Pathogenicity tests showed that all species caused anthracnose on avocado fruit. These findings will be useful for improving the management of avocado anthracnose outbreaks in Mexico.
Moulting in the grow‐out of farmed shrimp: a review
Authors: Lemos Daniel , Weissman Delphine 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe importance of moulting for growth in farmed shrimp is reviewed in relation to the physiological cycle, induction triggers, behavioural and compositional changes, elements for successful moulting and potential strategies for moulting management. Successful ecdysis is also dependent on pond water quality, health and nutritional status. The stages in the moulting cycle are as follows: premoult, the preparation period for moulting that comprises the longest period in the cycle and includes accumulation of nutrient reserves; post‐moult, short and crucial stage for shrimp recovery after moulting; and intermoult, when feeding is continuous and most of growth occurs. The ecdysis is very rapid and mainly dependent on suitable physiological status of individuals. Up to 10% of the whole shrimp moulting cycle may rely on body nutrient reserves, once feeding is decreased or ceased (premoult and post‐moult). Moulting is started by hormonal increments in haemolymph, 20‐hydroxyecdysone and methyl farnesoate, which are found similar in insects. Beyond health and nutrition, proper environmental conditions such as good water quality are essential for successful moulting, hardening of exoskeleton and rapid growth. Moulting prediction and management may result in significant feed savings in pond farming and potential effects of, for example, moon phases and stressors have to be further considered. The complex nature of moulting in shrimp, including different sorts of endocrine regulation and environmental stimuli, suggests it is difficult to be precisely controlled in farmed populations. Moulting physiology of shrimp is discussed in relation to some farming practices.
Uncertainty, institutions and regulatory responses to emerging technologies: CRISPR Gene editing in the US and the EU (2012–2019)
Authors: Asquer Alberto , Krachkovskaya Inna 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study aims to improve theoretical accounts of regulatory responses to emerging technologies by proposing a model of regulatory development, which incorporates a role for types of uncertainty and for existing regulatory institutions. Differently from existing theories of regulatory development, the model proposed here posits a sequence of cyclical activities where regulatory responses arise in incremental fashion out of efforts to make sense of emerging technologies and to ponder the applicability of existing regulatory tools. The model is discussed on the basis of the comparison between regulatory responses to the emergence of CRISPR gene editing in the US and the EU in the period 2012–2019. The comparison between the two cases suggests how regulatory responses to emerging technologies are affected by expectations of future technological and regulatory developments and by existing regulatory institutions.
Racial microaggressions: Bridging psychology and sociology and future research considerations
Authors: Domínguez Silvia , Embrick David G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article reviews racial microaggressions, specifically psychology and sociology's historical trajectory in informing existing literatures and disciplines, in its connections to meso and macro levels of systemic racism. In doing so, we contend that a sociological understanding of racial microaggressions presents opportunities to better understand the cumulative and deleterious effects of racial violence on racialized groups. Furthermore, we argue that beyond bridging the disciplines of psychology and sociology to allow for more interdisciplinary analyses of racial microaggressions will help to move conversations in ways that more meaningfully capture the monstrosity of white supremacy and its cumulative deleterious effects of daily racial terrorism at all levels of society.
Reflectance confocal microscopy in actinic keratosis—Comparison of efficacy between cryotherapy protocols
Authors: Mota Amanda Nascimento Cavalleiro Macedo , De Carvalho Nathalie , Pellacani Giovanni , de Faria Paula Carolina Pessanha , Melo Daniel Fernandes , Pineiro‐Maceira Juan Manuel , Barcaui Carlos Baptista 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundActinic keratosis (AK) incidence is increasing. Due to the risk of progression to squamous cell carcinoma, early detection and treatment are essential. The method stated in the European Consensus is cryotherapy, but there is no standard protocol defined for better results.ObjectivesTo compare two different cryotherapy protocols for AK using reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) as a noninvasive imaging method for evaluation.MethodsA self‐controlled clinical trial was proposed to compare the efficacy of cryotherapy in two different application protocols. Grade II AKs in the forearms were submitted to freezing and thawing time of 10 seconds for 1 cycle (group A) or 2 cycles (group B). At baseline and 4 weeks after treatment, the same dermatologists assessed RCM evaluation (thickness of horny layer, parakeratosis, dyskeratosis, atypia in spinous layer, fibrosis, and presence of inflammatory cells in epidermis and dermis).ResultsWe examined 24 AK lesions in each group. Statistical evaluation of the results evidenced superior response after 2 cycles of cryotherapy in parakeratosis and number of inflammatory cells in epidermis.ConclusionBoth protocols are effective in clearing clinical AK. Two cycles are not generating more side effects (fibrosis) and could reduce the risk of recurrence (better “clearance” of parakeratosis).
Stereophotogrammetry to reveal age‐related changes of labial morphology among Chinese women aging from 20 to 60
Authors: Chong Yuming , Dong Ruijia , Liu Xinyu , Wang Xiaojun , Yu Nanze , Long Xiao 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe lip is of important aesthetic value and highly subjected to aging. Collecting anthropometric baseline data and understanding age‐related changes of labial morphology can help with diagnosis of deformity, assessment of aging, and planning of cosmetic procedures. Many studies have focused on Caucasians, while there is a lack of anthropometric data on Chinese women.MethodsA total of 169 women were enrolled in this cross‐sectional study and divided into four consecutive age groups. Linear distances, angles, and surface area data were obtained via stereophotogrammetry. Intergroup comparisons between different age groups were performed to find age‐related differences.ResultsLip width significantly increased with age while philtrum width seemed to show no obvious change. Cutaneous upper and lower lip height increased, lengthening the lip in the vertical dimension. Decrease of upper vermilion height and changes in angles indicated that aging process shortened the upper vermilion and flattened the vermilion border. Surface area also showed age‐related changes. Intergroup comparison showed no statistical significance in most variables between 20s and 30s or 30s and 40s, while age‐related changes in some variables were significant between 40s and 50s.ConclusionThis study provided anthropometric data of labial morphology across a wide age range. Aging process affected a variety of labial anthropometric variables. Age‐related changes accelerated after 40 among Chinese women.
Arabidopsis plants expressing only the redox‐regulated Rca‐α isoform have constrained photosynthesis and plant growth
Authors: Kim Sang Yeol , Stessman Dan J. , Wright David A. , Spalding Martin H. , Huber Steven C. , Ort Donald R. 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARYRubisco activase (Rca) facilitates the release of sugar‐phosphate inhibitors from the active sites of Rubisco and thereby plays a central role in initiating and sustaining Rubisco activation. In Arabidopsis, alternative splicing of a single Rca gene results in two Rca isoforms, Rca‐α and Rca‐β. Redox modulation of Rca‐α regulates the function of Rca‐α and Rca‐β acting together to control Rubisco activation. Although Arabidopsis Rca‐α alone less effectively activates Rubisco in vitro, it is not known how CO2 assimilation and plant growth are impacted. Here, we show that two independent transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing Rca‐α in the absence of Rca‐β (‘Rca‐α only’ lines) grew more slowly in various light conditions, especially under low light or fluctuating light intensity, and in a short day photoperiod compared to wildtype. Photosynthetic induction was slower in the Rca‐α only lines, and they maintained a lower rate of CO2 assimilation during both photoperiod types. Our findings suggest Rca oligomers composed of Rca‐α only are less effective in initiating and sustaining the activation of Rubisco than when Rca‐β is also present. Currently there are no examples of any plant species that naturally express Rca‐α only but numerous examples of species expressing Rca‐β only. That Rca‐α exists in most plant species, including many C3 and C4 food and bioenergy crops, implies its presence is adaptive under some circumstances.
TERMINAL FLOWER‐1/CENTRORADIALIS inhibits tuberisation via protein interaction with the tuberigen activation complex
Authors: Zhang Xing , Campbell Raymond , Ducreux Laurence J. M. , Morris Jennifer , Hedley Pete E. , Mellado‐Ortega Elena , Roberts Alison G. , Stephens Jennifer , Bryan Glenn J. , Torrance Lesley , Chapman Sean N. , Prat Salomé , Taylor Mark A. 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARYPotato tuber formation is a secondary developmental programme by which cells in the subapical stolon region divide and radially expand to further differentiate into starch‐accumulating parenchyma. Although some details of the molecular pathway that signals tuberisation are known, important gaps in our knowledge persist. Here, the role of a member of the TERMINAL FLOWER 1/CENTRORADIALIS gene family (termed StCEN) in the negative control of tuberisation is demonstrated for what is thought to be the first time. It is shown that reduced expression of StCEN accelerates tuber formation whereas transgenic lines overexpressing this gene display delayed tuberisation and reduced tuber yield. Protein–protein interaction studies (yeast two‐hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation) demonstrate that StCEN binds components of the recently described tuberigen activation complex. Using transient transactivation assays, we show that the StSP6A tuberisation signal is an activation target of the tuberigen activation complex, and that co‐expression of StCEN blocks activation of the StSP6A gene by StFD‐Like‐1. Transcriptomic analysis of transgenic lines misexpressing StCEN identifies early transcriptional events in tuber formation. These results demonstrate that StCEN suppresses tuberisation by directly antagonising the function of StSP6A in stolons, identifying StCEN as a breeding marker to improve tuber initiation and yield through the selection of genotypes with reduced StCEN expression.