bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creating Revolutionary Justice
Authors: Rendle Matthew 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The first chapter provides the foundation for the rest of the book by charting the establishment of revolutionary justice. Although the Bolsheviks had a clear sense of the role of law in society and a clear desire to oversee legal reform, they did not have a coherent plan on exactly what they would do. Consequently, the new system emerged steadily through the year after October with the development of tribunals shaped by the Bolsheviks’ experiences of early trials and the intensifying civil war. This chapter examines the decrees that outlined the official role of tribunals, explores the experiences of the early trials, and looks at how tribunals started to operate in practice, both nationally and locally. It examines various reforms of the tribunal system and various types of tribunals, including press tribunals, provincial tribunals, and the Supreme Tribunal. From the start, tribunals were pitted against the secret police, the Cheka, and this too shaped how tribunals took shape. By late 1918, however, tribunals were firmly in place, with a structure that only changed minimally thereafter and a distinct role alongside the Cheka.
Conclusion
Authors: Rendle Matthew 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Conclusion outlines the various assessments of the impact and role of tribunals during the civil war. Starting with contemporary publications celebrating the important role of law as a revolutionary and transformative tool, it moves on to later Soviet and post-Soviet assessments. Noting that tribunals did not conform to easy stereotypes, the conclusion then summarizes the chapters before revisiting the key themes discussed in the Introduction in light of the subsequent discussion, arguing for the importance of law in revolutions and for the significance of a form of law in the Russian Revolution and civil war—revolutionary tribunals—that operated at the intersection of law and violence. It finishes by exploring the legacy of revolutionary tribunals for the later terror and show trials in Russia and its impact on the relationship between state and society where such practices must have added to the tensions and grievances emerging from Russia’s brutal civil war.
The Prosperity Gospel, Humanity, and the Problem of Judgement
Authors: Robbins Joel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe prosperity gospel is a type of Christianity that is currently popular in many parts of the world, but it is also a form of the faith that is difficult for anthropologists to accept on its own terms, since it often seems so obviously to be captive to globally dominant economic ideologies. It is also a kind of Christianity that many theologians find difficult to embrace. This chapter brings anthropology and theology together by looking at the contrasting ways in which the two disciplines reckon with their discomfort with a form of Christianity that is compelling to millions of people. It argues that anthropologists can learn new things about their own fundamental theoretical commitments by examining this contrast from the point of view of theological anthropology and the principled ways that theologians make judgements about the lives of others such as prosperity gospel Christians.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The introduction commences with a ‘detour’ into the history of landscape art and the picturesque, suggesting ways that this mode pre-empted what may seem like more modern ideas about the interference between perception and representation. This discussion is folded into a brief account of the so-called ‘spatial turn’ and the interventions of theorists including Doreen Massey and Marc Augé, establishing an immediate context for the work of Keiller, Sebald, and Sinclair. Suggesting a twin heritage of the ‘English Journey’ on the one hand and the French Surrealists and Situationists on the other, the introduction then offers the tension between amant and amateur as a way of characterizing the balance of exotic/everyday, plan/coincidence, and high-brow/low-brow in these figures’ work. It considers the role of pedestrianism and melancholia before closing with a discussion of Walter Benjamin and Gustave Doré’s ‘New Zealander’.
The Universal Model
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates the making of Vietnam’s 2013 Constitution. Compared with previous experience in Vietnam and with the experience in the other four socialist countries, the 2013 experience features the local adherence to universal norms in the process and substance of socialist constitutional change. This model of socialist constitutional change is, therefore, characterized as the universal model. The adherence to these universal norms informs and legitimatizes the process of the constitution-making. But, the global norms are contextualized by their intricate interaction with socialist, local elements: the party’s reformist program, legislature’s constituent power, party’s control of participation, and the party’s control of international involvement. Procedurally, the interplay of global and socialist factors results in a more open national constitutional dialogue and a less authoritarian paradigm of constitutional imposition. The three aspects of dissonance (internal to the socialist constitution of Vietnam, between the socialist constitutional ideals and external Vietnamese reality, and between the socialist and global constitutional norms) result in the pragmatic incorporation of universal ideas, principles, and institutions into the socialist Constitution of Vietnam, e.g. people’s constituent power, limited power, and human rights.
The Integration Model
Authors: Bui Ngoc Son 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
On December 8, 2015, the National Assembly of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (LPDR) (or Laos) approved a new Constitution, replacing the 2003 one. This chapter focuses on that constitutional replacement through amendment. It demonstrates that Laos introduces progressive constitutional change—notably, the redefinition of the position, structure, and functions of state institutions, including the imposition of term limits on executive power holders; strengthened commitment to a market economy; new commitments to human rights protection, judicial independence, and adversarial trials; and the creation of new institutions, namely, the local people’s councils, the state audit, and the election committee—to facilitate the improvement of the socialist constitutional system which in turn promotes the improvement of the material well-being of the living conditions of the Lao multi-ethnic people. The adherence to the integration of the Lao multi-ethnic people legitimatizes the process and substance of constitutional change in this country. The Lao story, therefore, indicates the integration model of socialist constitutional change.
The Big House
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
For centuries, Britain’s religious life benefited from the patronage of local grandees: in rural areas major landowners were obliged by custom and by law to support the churches, and in the growing towns and cities of the nineteenth century industrialists performed a similar role. Those social obligations collapsed abruptly in the early twentieth century with the decline of the Big House, the amalgamation of local firms into national and then international companies, the growth of democracy, and the rise of the welfare state. The personally religious wealthy continued to fund religion, but the breaking of local ties released those of little faith from any obligation to promote Christianity. That change seriously weakened the churches.
Migrant Christians and Pentecostalism in London
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Religion remains relevant in secular societies when ethnic minority churches provide an accepting community for immigrants. This chapter discusses the socially adaptive roles of the Catholic Church for Irish immigrants in the first half of the twentieth century, the West Indian churches in the 1960s, and the West African Pentecostal churches that have grown in London and the south-east since the 1980s. Although similar in their social conservatism, West Indian and West African Pentecostalists differ in their attitudes to wealth. The West Indians used their Puritan ethics to encourage the self-discipline and frugality characteristic of the respectable working class. The West African churches are much more influenced by the ‘health and wealth’ gospel that argues that donating to the church will magically produce material benefits.
Creation, Action, and Sabbath
Authors: Cheetham David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
What is the kind of action that a creational theology might endorse? The chapter sets up a contrast between strongly activist liberative views and a more sabbatical mood. Consideration is given to the work of Paul Knitter who has engaged extensively with the theme of creation for interfaith dialogue. However, contra Knitter, it is suggested that the quotidian is the arena par excellence for the practical sense because it happens to be the most common aspects of our lives. However, what kinds of praxis come into view? It is proposed that human work and activity (the vita activa) might be a form of creational soteriology. Finally, the chapter asks: What is the mood of a creational theology of religions? Our basic claim is that the underlying attitude generated by a turn to creation, and the ground for relations between creatures, is rest or Sabbath.
Creation, Sacrament, and Liturgy
Authors: Cheetham David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this chapter we seek to extend the themes in the previous chapters in a more practical direction by considering liturgy, ritual, and embodiment in the immanent sphere. If we consider the world as a sacrament, and ‘form-making’ to be an ontological feature of the imago dei, then is the stage set for the shared making of rituals and symbols? That is, can a ritualized immanent sphere play host to interreligious meetings, and how does a complex ‘gothic’ space open up new territory? Can liturgy by improvised in the midst of particular moments and events? The chapter considers the advantages of rich liturgies for providing new opportunities for engagement.
Towards a Creational Theology of Religions
Authors: Cheetham David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The final chapter will draw on the elements from the foregoing chapters in order to outline a possible creational theology of religions. Underpinning the constructive enterprise will be the doctrine that has pervaded the book’s key reflections: creatio ex nihilo. The chapter will attempt to redirect into the context of creation and createdness some of the common philosophical and theological themes in debates on religious plurality. This is an exercise in philosophical theology rather than pure philosophy. The Sabbath is at the heart of a creational interfaith spirituality. Wisdom and blessing is cross-cultural and is the profound aspect that gives creation its ‘depth’ and vivifies the immanent. The creation, through its gifted creativity, wisdom, and worship, exceeds human and religious boundaries.
Particle Detectors
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The book describes the fundamentals of particle detectors in their different forms as well as their applications, presenting the abundant material as clearly as possible and as deeply as needed for a thorough understanding. The target group for the book are both, students who want to get an introduction or wish to deepen their knowledge on the subject as well as lecturers and researchers who intend to extent their expertise. The book is also suited as a preparation for instrumental work in nuclear, particle and astroparticle physics and in many other fields (addressed in chapter 2). The detection of elementary particles, nuclei and high-energetic electromagnetic radiation, in this book commonly designated as ‘particles’, proceeds through interactions of the particles with matter. A detector records signals originating from the interactions occurring in or near the detector and (in general) feeds them into an electronic data acquisition system. The book describes the various steps in this process, beginning with the relevant interactions with matter, then proceeding to their exploitation for different detector types like tracking detectors, detectors for particle identification, detectors for energy measurements, detectors in astroparticle experiments, and ending with a discussion of signal processing and data acquisition. Besides the introductory and overview chapters (chapters 1 and 2), the book is divided into five subject areas: – fundamentals (chapters 3 to 5), – detection of tracks of charged particles (chapters 6 to 9), – phenomena and methods mainly applied for particle identification (chapters 10 to 14), – energy measurement (accelerator and non-accelerator experiments) (chapters 15, 16), – electronics and data acquisition (chapters 17 and 18). Comprehensive lists of literature, keywords and abbreviations can be found at the end of the book.
Overview, history and concepts
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The progress in nuclear and particle physics is based on the development of detectors that allow us to observe particles and radiation. This chapter gives an historic overview of the development and the employment of detectors. It is pointed out how this led to scientific discoveries and how, on the other hand, the developments in other fields, in particular in electronics, widened the potential of today’s detectors. Examples of typical detector concepts for experiments in particle and astroparticle physics are given and applications in other areas are pointed out. In a short section the ‘natural units’ (ℏ = c = 1), often used in particle physics, are defined and relativistic particle kinematics is introduced. The chapter finishes with an overview of the content of the book.
Particle identification
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The identity of a particle is fixed by its mass, lifetime and quantum numbers such as charge, spin, parity and flavour. A particle’s identity can be inferred by observing its interactions in matter, as for example the shower development of an electron or a photon, the specific energy loss of charged particles, the emission of radiation by a particle or the penetration capability of a muon. The mass of a particle can be determined by measurements of specific energy loss, time-of-flight or Cherenkov radiation when combined with a momentum measurement. High energy electrons can be separated from heavier particles through transition radiation. For particles which decay in the detector the mass can often be kinematically reconstructed from the decay products and the lifetime can be determined by the reconstruction of secondary vertices.
Trigger and data acquisition systems
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The quantities measured by detectors are generally analogue signals or rates which are, with few exemptions, available in electronic form and which one usually wants to further process with computers. This chapter describes the interfaces between the detector-near electronics (see chapter 17) and a computer or a computer system. In order to limit the transfer rates of the interfaces and the capacities of storage media to the necessary, the interesting events are usually selected by triggers. Data acquisition and triggering are therefore closely connected and have to be coordinated. The capabilities of data acquisition and processing have grown with high speed and will presumably further grow following the developments in computers, networks and consumer electronics. In the framework of this book only a limited inside into these developments can be given.
Moving Coin
Authors: Oppitz-Trotman George 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Early modern itinerant theatre was associated with prodigality, debt, and economic malaise. Witnesses to the success of the English Comedians comment routinely on the heaps of coins they took with them out of the city. Permanent or semi-permanent theatre-houses arose in Germany not merely in appreciation of the English Comedians, but as a means of regulating and acquiring the money spent by citizenry on their entertainments. Focusing in particular on the English clown’s involvement in discourses of prodigality, and his representation in popular art as a dissolute figure conniving in national depredations, this chapter also shows how the finances of the English Comedians depended on early money markets, emerging financial instruments, patronage, and credit. It offers an original account of the economics involved in long-distance theatre, comparing the foreign troupes to joint-stock companies and exploring what their theatre was actually worth to them in the long run.
American Writers and World War I
Authors: Rennie David A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Recent scholarship has uncovered a spectrum of sociopolitical categories of World War I experience represented in American literature. American Writers and World War I resituates this collective focus on the multifaceted nature of war experience, by considering writers as idiosyncratic individuals—rather than as members of a particular constituency of identity. Looking at texts produced throughout the careers of Edith Wharton, Ellen La Motte, Mary Borden, Thomas Boyd, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Laurence Stallings, and Ernest Hemingway, David Rennie argues that authors’ war writing continuously evolved in response to the unfolding developments of their careers and personalities. War writing was implicated in, and influenced by, wider cultural forces such as governmental censorship, the publishing business, advertising, and the Hollywood film industry. Studying the lives of individual authors and the environments in which they worked reveals that writers did not demonstrate static, unvarying attitudes to the war, and that their depictions of it were repeatedly shaped by the practicalities of authorship. Rennie discusses the importance of American cultural and literary precedents, which offered writers means of assessing the war, and argues that even authors’ hallmark “anti-war” works are in fact characterized by an awareness of the war’s nuanced effects on society and individuals.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Authors: Rennie David A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter overviews how Fitzgerald’s war writing was refracted through his evolution as a writer, from The Side of Paradise—his chaotic and immature debut novel—through his experimentations with naturalism in The Beautiful and Damned, to the ambiguous portrayal he gives of World War I in The Great Gatsby. Tender Is the Night, while more stylistically mature than Fitzgerald’s first novel, I argue, revisits many of the representational strategies explored in his debut. Like Boyd, Fitzgerald’s World War I-related projects were caught up in his commercially necessitated magazine fiction and spells in Hollywood.
The Invisible Grabbing Hand
Authors: Lawreniuk Sabina , Parsons Laurie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the translocal nature of agriculture and land use. Introducing a translocal ecology lens, it examines the hitherto largely unexplored linkages between land grabs, natural resource depletion, labour migration and translocal mobility, demonstrating how the socio-economic processes associated with translocal livelihoods engender changing patterns of land use that are key factors in state and corporate land acquisition. Moreover, as mass migration changes the nature of the rural economy, those excluded from or unable to access the modern sector are changing their use of non-farm resources in turn, leading to degradation of fish stocks and non-timber forestry products. Finally, the role of translocal livelihoods and economic processes in agri-business and mining will be explored, in order to highlight how large scale ecological changes disproportionately impact the translocal poor.
Introduction
Authors: Collier Richard S 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This introduction explains what the book is about and introduces the main themes. It states that the first part of the book is based on a case study—cum-ex, which has involved hundreds of banks, the tax systems of many countries, and resulting losses for the states concerned amounting to tens of billions of euros. It then notes that the book sets out to explain why banks recurrently exploit tax systems using complex financial products and techniques. The book seeks to achieve this goal by carefully presenting in Part I the range of financial instruments and the evolution of the complex structures that were utilized in cum-ex to exploit (on an industrial basis) a flaw in the system. The discussion in Part II of the book will seek to examine the wider relevance of cum-ex and explain the forces that create and incentivize the use of such trading structures. It will consider the systemic implications of cases like cum-ex and explain why such cases are very likely to recur in future.
Conclusions
Authors: Collier Richard S 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter assesses the central policy issues that are raised by the discussion in this book and explores possible directions to address them. It draws out three major themes that emerge from the discussion so far. These themes relate to (1) particularities of the banking business landscape and the tax rules for financial markets and products, (2) the nature and consequences of systemic complexity, and (3) the failure of governance and control mechanisms. Collectively, the themes explain not merely the recurrence of misconduct by banks in relation to tax systems, but they also support the starker conclusion that, in the absence of significant change, it is practically inevitable that misconduct of the sort seen in cum-ex will continue to occur.
Are there Natural Rights? The Sceptical Critique and Rights before 1776
Authors: Biggar Nigel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter takes the set of objections comprising the critique of natural rights, which is offered by the Sceptical Tradition that runs from Edmund Burke to Onora O’Neill, and tests it against rights-talk in the late medieval and early modern periods. Such rights-talk occurs in the early fourteenth-century ‘Franciscan Controversy’, William of Ockham’s resistance to the assertion of papal power, Francisco de Vitoria’s critique of Spanish incursions into the Americas, Protestant justifications of resistance to the Holy Roman Emperor or Catholic monarchs, and Hugo Grotius’ discussion of punishment. The conclusion of the testing is that pre-modern discussions tend to confirm the objections of the Sceptical Tradition. Aquinas and Beza prefer to speak of liberties that are right according to natural moral law rather than of natural rights as such, because they fear the presumptuousness and imprudence that natural rights-talk encourages. When pre-moderns do resort to natural rights-talk, they often use it as shorthand for talk of a legal right that natural morality justifies. And when they do clearly assert natural rights outside of civil society and apart from international law, those rights only make sense in terms of unreasonable and inconsistent assumptions and apart from considerations of social and political circumstance.