bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the origin and dispersal of cultivated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
Authors: Ribera Arnau , van Treuren Rob , Kik Chris , Bai Yuling , Wolters Anne-Marie A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSpinach (Spinacia oleraceaL.) is an economically important crop that is cultivated and consumed worldwide. Spinach is interfertile with the wild speciesS. tetrandraSteven ex M. Bieb. andS. turkestanicaIljin that therefore are presumed to include the most likely crop ancestor. Here we studied variation in 60 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) previously identified inS. oleraceato address the issue of crop ancestry and domestication region. For this purpose we investigated 95 accessions, including 54 spinach landraces from a wide geographic area in Europe and Asia and 16S. tetrandraand 25S. turkestanicapopulations of which the majority had only recently become available. Compared toS. tetrandrasubstantially higher levels of amplification success and higher levels of variation were detected forS. turkestanica, indicating thatS. oleraceais genetically closer toS. turkestanicathan toS. tetrandra. Our phylogenetic and population structure analysis supported the conclusion thatS. turkestanicais the most likely ancestor of cultivated spinach. In addition, these analyses revealed a group ofS. oleracealandraces from Eastern and Southern Asia with a strong genetic resemblance toS. turkestanica. This group includes landraces from Afghanistan and Pakistan, which are part of the native distribution range ofS. turkestanica. The domestication of spinach may therefore have occurred more eastwards than generally assumed. Furthermore, our study provides support for the hypothesis that after domestication, spinach was introduced into China via Nepal. Additional collecting of spinach landraces is recommended in order to allow the more precise reconstruction of the crop migration routes.
Parental Licensing as Harm Reduction
Authors: Shields Liam 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this paper, I will argue that some prominent objections to parental licensing rely on dubious claims about the existence of a very stringent, if not indefeasible, right to parent, which would be violated by licensing. I claim that attaching such stringency to the right only makes sense if we make a number of idealising assumptions. Otherwise, it is deeply implausible. Instead, I argue that we should evaluate parental licensing policies in much the same way we would harm reduction policies. By adopting this critical perspective, we can see that there are powerful, but quite different, reasons to be cautious about parental licensing relating to our ability to minimize the harmful effects of mass-parenting in a world of minimal surveillance and intervention.
IRAK4 Deficiency Presenting with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis and HHV6 Reactivation
Authors: Nishimura Shiho , Kobayashi Yoshiyuki , Ohnishi Hidenori , Moriya Kunihiko , Tsumura Miyuki , Sakata Sonoko , Mizoguchi Yoko , Takada Hidetoshi , Kato Zenichiro , Sancho-Shimizu Vanessa , Picard Capucine , Irani Sarosh R. , Ohara Osamu , Casanova Jean-Laurent , Puel Anne , Ishikawa Nobutsune , Okada Satoshi , Kobayashi Masao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIRAK4 deficiency is an inborn error of immunity predisposing patients to invasive pyogenic infections. Currently, there is no established simple assay that enables precise characterization of IRAK4 mutant alleles in isolation. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune condition that is characterized by psychiatric symptoms, involuntary movement, seizures, autonomic dysfunction, and central hypoventilation. It typically occurs in adult females associated with tumors. Only a few infantile cases with anti-NMDAR encephalitis have been so far reported. We identified a 10-month-old boy with IRAK4 deficiency presenting with anti-NMDAR encephalitis and human herpes virus 6 (HHV6) reactivation. The diagnosis of IRAK4 deficiency was confirmed by the identification of compound heterozygous mutations c.29_30delAT (p.Y10Cfs*9) and c.35G>C (p.R12P) in the IRAK4 gene, low levels of IRAK4 protein expression in peripheral blood, and defective fibroblastic cell responses to TLR and IL-1 (TIR) agonist. We established a novel NF-κB reporter assay using IRAK4-null HEK293T, which enabled the precise evaluation of IRAK4 mutations. Using this system, we confirmed that both novel mutations identified in the patient are deleterious. Our study provides a new simple and reliable method to analyze IRAK4 mutant alleles. It also suggests the possible link between inborn errors of immunity and early onset anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
Carsharing-facilitating neighbourhood choice: a mixed logit model
Authors: Wang Juan , Dane Gamze Z. , Timmermans Harry J. P. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCarsharing-facilitating neighbourhood is an emerging concept in urban development that combines carsharing, sustainable transportation-residential planning, and attractive housing to reduce private car use and improve neighbourhood quality. To investigate residents’ preferences for such neighbourhoods, a stated choice experiment was designed that systematically varied attributes of carsharing-facilitating neighbourhoods to elicit their utility for people with a particular socio-demographic profile. The survey was conducted among residents who currently live in densely populated urban areas in The Netherlands. In total, 610 valid responses were obtained for analysis. To derive the utility of carsharing-facilitating neighbourhoods of a particular profile, a mixed logit model was estimated. Results indicate that the utility of a carsharing-facilitating neighbourhood primarily depends on carsharing cost, required carsharing booking time, green space density, housing costs, housing type, housing size and housing building year. Besides, the utility varies with socio-demographic characteristics, such as age, household composition, net monthly income, work status and education level. The estimated results can help policymakers and real estate developers understand the contribution of particular factors to the utility of carsharing-facilitating neighbourhoods, and determine target groups to develop implementation strategies.
“Human Habitation or Economic Life of their Own”: The Definition of Features Between History, Technology and the Law
Authors: Faccio Sondra 
Published: October 2020

AbstractArticle 121(3) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) establishes the regime of geographical features. It distinguishes the island from rocks, by defining the former as a naturally formed area of land, surrounded by water, which is above water at high tide; the latter as features ‘which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own.’ The nature of the feature impacts on the sovereign rights recognized to the coastal States: if the feature is qualified as an island, it entitles the coastal State to 200 miles of exclusive economic zone and continental shelf, with undisputed right of exclusive exploitation of natural resources located within the area. By contrast, if the feature is qualified as a rock, the coastal State is only entitled to the territorial sea. Article 121(3) of UNCLOS and the formula ‘rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own’ have been subject to substantive interpretation for the first time by an international tribunal in The South China Sea Arbitration (Philippines v. China) Award. Starting from this Award, the present paper explores further the requisites of ‘human habitation or economic life’ and discusses what value shall be attributed to the technological development vis à vis historical excursus. The paper will review relevant States’ practice, scholarly works and tribunals’ decisions in the field and discuss how far (if any) could technological means go to support a feature’s capacity.
Meta-User2Vec model for addressing the user and item cold-start problem in recommender systems
Authors: Misztal-Radecka Joanna , Indurkhya Bipin , Smywiński-Pohl Aleksander 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe cold-start scenario is a critical problem for recommendation systems, especially in dynamically changing domains such as online news services. In this research, we aim at addressing the cold-start situation by adapting an unsupervised neural User2Vec method to represent new users and articles in a multidimensional space. Toward this goal, we propose an extension of the Doc2Vec model that is capable of representing users with unknown history by building embeddings of their metadata labels along with item representations. We evaluate our proposed approach with respect to different parameter configurations on three real-world recommendation datasets with different characteristics. Our results show that this approach may be applied as an efficient alternative to the factorization machine-based method when the user and item metadata are used and hence can be applied in the cold-start scenario for both new users and new items. Additionally, as our solution represents the user and item labels in the same vector space, we can analyze the spatial relations among these labels to reveal latent interest features of the audience groups as well as possible data biases and disparities.
Toward interprofessional team training for surgeons and anesthesiologists using virtual reality
Authors: Chheang Vuthea , Fischer Virve , Buggenhagen Holger , Huber Tobias , Huettl Florentine , Kneist Werner , Preim Bernhard , Saalfeld Patrick , Hansen Christian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
In this work, a virtual environment for interprofessional team training in laparoscopic surgery is proposed. Our objective is to provide a tool to train and improve intraoperative communication between anesthesiologists and surgeons during laparoscopic procedures.

Methods
An anesthesia simulation software and laparoscopic simulation software are combined within a multi-user virtual reality (VR) environment. Furthermore, two medical training scenarios for communication training between anesthesiologists and surgeons are proposed and evaluated. Testing was conducted and social presence was measured. In addition, clinical feedback from experts was collected by following a think-aloud protocol and through structured interviews.

Results
Our prototype is assessed as a reasonable basis for training and extensive clinical evaluation. Furthermore, the results of testing revealed a high degree of exhilaration and social presence of the involved physicians. Valuable insights were gained from the interviews and the think-aloud protocol with the experts of anesthesia and surgery that showed the feasibility of team training in VR, the usefulness of the system for medical training, and current limitations.

Conclusion
The proposed VR prototype provides a new basis for interprofessional team training in surgery. It engages the training of problem-based communication during surgery and might open new directions for operating room training.
Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Appears to Be Effective and Safe as a Part of Multimodal Analgesia in Bariatric Surgery: a Meta-analysis and Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Földi Mária , Soós Alexandra , Hegyi Péter , Kiss Szabolcs , Szakács Zsolt , Solymár Margit , Pétervári Erika , Balaskó Márta , Kusza Krzysztof , Molnár Zsolt 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Pain after bariatric surgery can prolong recovery. This patient group is highly susceptible to opioid-related side effects. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery guidelines strongly recommend the administration of multimodal medications to reduce narcotic consumption. However, the role of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (USG-TAP) block in multimodal analgesia of weight loss surgeries remains controversial.

Materials and Methods
A systematic search was performed in four databases for studies published up to September 2019. We considered randomized controlled trials that assessed the efficacy of perioperative USG-TAP block as a part of multimodal analgesia in patients with laparoscopic bariatric surgery.

Results
Eight studies (525 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled analysis showed lower pain scores with USG-TAP block at every evaluated time point and lower opioid requirement in the USG-TAP block group (weighted mean difference (WMD) = − 7.59 mg; 95% CI − 9.86, − 5.39; p < 0.001). Time to ambulate was shorter with USG-TAP block (WMD = − 2.22 h; 95% CI − 3.89, − 0.56; p = 0.009). This intervention also seemed to be safe: only three non-severe complications with USG-TAP block were reported in the included studies.

Conclusion
Our results may support the incorporation of USG-TAP block into multimodal analgesia regimens of ERAS protocols for bariatric surgery.
Ostdeutsche Identität(en) im Wandel? Perspektiven für Intra- und Interkohortenvergleiche
Authors: Vogel Lars , Leser Julia 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag analysiert ostdeutsche Identitätsbildungsprozesse bei jungen Erwachsenen im Jahr 2004 und rund zehn Jahre später. Empirische Basis ist ein Intra- und Interkohortenvergleich der Befunde von drei qualitativen Studien basierend auf Leitfadeninterviews und Gruppendiskussionen. Dieser diachrone Vergleich zeigt partielle Kontinuitäten in den Identitätskonstruktionen der ostdeutschen Befragten: Die wahrgenommene Abwertung Ostdeutschlands bildet weiterhin den zentralen Ausgangspunkt der Identifizierung als ostdeutsch und die Reaktionen darauf sind ebenso weiterhin heterogen. Diese Heterogenität wird zu einer Typologie verdichtet: Manche Ostdeutsche zielen auf eine Aufwertung ihrer kollektiven Identität durch Umdeutung und beziehen sich dabei auf kollektivistische Werte oder die gelungene Bewältigung der Systemtransformation. Andere lehnen die Identifikation als ostdeutsch und die Klassifizierung in Ost und West als überholt und illegitim ab. Allerdings lässt der nach 1990 geborene Teil dieser Gruppe zusätzlich individuelle Strategien instrumenteller Identitätsbildung erkennen. Diese Heterogenität ostdeutscher Identität(en) kann auf Kohortenunterschiede und soziale Merkmale der Probanden zurückgeführt werden. Zugleich wird der Einfluss des Forschungsdesigns und insbesondere der Fallauswahl der einbezogenen Studien auf die Ergebnisse methodologisch diskutiert. Die Befunde dienen damit als Ausgangspunkte für zukünftige Intra- und Interkohortenvergleiche, in denen die individuellen und methodischen Einflussfaktoren für Identitätsbildungsprozesse stärker berücksichtigt werden sollten.
Field methods of a near-bed suspended sediment experiment in the Yangtze River, China
Authors: Shu Caiwen , Tan Guangming , Lv Yiwei , Xu Quanxi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUsing experimental data of near-bed suspended sediment concentrations at five typical hydrometric stations of the Three Gorges Reservoir at the early reserving stage, the differences were investigated between the common method and improved method during flood seasons and non-flood seasons. The impact of taking measurements below 0.2 times the water depth on the results was discussed. The results show that the average discharges and velocities at each station calculated by the common method were slightly larger than those calculated by the improved method. Regarding the suspended sediment concentration at each station, the errors in the reservoir and downstream channels in dynamic equilibrium state were small, and the largest errors occurred where the river bed was strongly scoured in the downstream reach below the large dam. There was no significant relationship between water discharge and flow velocity, and the missed measurement phenomenon also occurred. The sediment discharge error was affected by the suspended sediment concentration, implying that errors usually occurred in channels with serious erosion during flood seasons. The correction coefficients (R2) of sediment discharge at each station were given during the experiment, which showed that the sediment discharges at the hydrometric stations where a large amount of sediment transport occurred near the river bottom, needed to be modified. Furthermore, the test methods proposed in this study were applied to calculate the sediment discharges of three rivers, and the results indicate that this method can narrow the gap between bathymetric comparisons and sediment load measurements.
Better, Virtually: the Past, Present, and Future of Virtual Reality Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Authors: Lindner Philip 
Published: October 2020

AbstractVirtual reality (VR) is an immersive technology capable of creating a powerful, perceptual illusion of being present in a virtual environment. VR technology has been used in cognitive behavior therapy since the 1990s and accumulated an impressive evidence base, yet with the recent release of consumer VR platforms came a true paradigm shift in the capabilities and scalability of VR for mental health. This narrative review summarizes the past, present, and future of the field, including milestone studies and discussions on the clinical potential of alternative embodiment, gamification, avatar therapists, virtual gatherings, immersive storytelling, and more. Although the future is hard to predict, clinical VR has and will continue to be inherently intertwined with what are now rapid developments in technology, presenting both challenges and exciting opportunities to do what is not possible in the real world.
Leveraging Digital Intelligence for Community Well-Being
Authors: Narayan Rumy 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe world of information is mediated by digital technologies, and the growing influence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on society, through its involvement in everyday life, is likely to present issues with lasting consequences. In the context of improving community well-being using AI, the knowledge, insights, and impressions or analysis required for activating such improvement necessitate a frame of reference. This frame needs to take into account how well-being is understood within the current paradigm of technological innovation as a driver of economic growth. The evaluation of well-being, often defined as an individual’s cognitive and affective assessment of life, takes into account emotional reaction to events based on how satisfaction and fulfillment are discerned. It is a dynamic concept that involves subjective, social, and psychological dimensions, along with a state of being where human needs are met and one can act meaningfully, thus highlighting a relational element underlying social and community well-being. Transitions from a predominantly industrial society towards one that is information-led demand a strategic social design for AI. This article evaluates how well-being is understood within the current paradigm to offer a framework for leveraging AI for community well-being.
Modest International Law: COVID-19, International Legal Responses, and Depoliticization
Authors: Quintana Francisco-José , Uriburu Justina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this Essay, we analyze two sets of international legal responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: the academic discussion on state responsibility; and the deployment of international law as a tool for resistance. We argue that both approaches made significant contributions but concealed the role of the discipline in the production of the conditions that led to the pandemic and its unequal impact. These interventions reflect a “modest international law”; an understanding of the discipline that hinders change and is ethically weak. We contend that repoliticization can help reclaim international law's ambition and responsibility.
“Lest We Should Sleep”: COVID-19 and Human Rights
Authors: Bennoune Karima 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAny meaningful human rights law approach to COVID-19 must be holistic and recognize the breadth of the challenges to both economic, social, and cultural rights, and civil and political rights. It must be grounded in the threat posed by the disease but also address responses to it, and implicate a wide range of state and nonstate actors. Such an analysis should offer a positive vision of effective global reaction, and counter attempts to hijack rights to oppose legitimate pandemic measures.
The Pandemic Paradox in International Law
Authors: Danchin Peter G. , Farrall Jeremy , Rana Shruti , Saunders Imogen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis Essay examines a series of paradoxes that have rendered the international legal order's mechanisms for collective action powerless precisely when they are needed most to fight COVID-19. The “patriotism paradox” is that disengagement from the international legal order weakens rather than strengthens state sovereignty. The “border paradox” is that securing domestic populations by excluding noncitizens, in the absence of accompanying regulatory mechanisms to secure adherence to internal health measures, accelerates viral spread among citizens. The “equality paradox” is that while pandemics pose an equal threat to all people, their impacts compound existing inequalities.
Understanding viral shedding of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Review of current literature
Authors: Fontana Lauren M. , Villamagna Angela Holly , Sikka Monica K. , McGregor Jessina C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has significant implications for hospital infection prevention and control, discharge management, and public health. We reviewed available literature to reach an evidenced-based consensus on the expected duration of viral shedding.Design:We queried 4 scholarly repositories and search engines for studies reporting SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding dynamics by PCR and/or culture available through September 8, 2020. We calculated the pooled median duration of viral RNA shedding from respiratory and fecal sources.Results:The review included 77 studies on SARS-CoV-2. All studies reported PCR-based testing and 12 also included viral culture data. Among 28 studies, the overall pooled median duration of RNA shedding from respiratory sources was 18.4 days (95% CI, 15.5–21.3; I2 = 98.87%; P < .01). When stratified by disease severity, the pooled median duration of viral RNA shedding from respiratory sources was 19.8 days (95% CI, 16.2–23.5; I2 = 96.42%; P < .01) among severely ill patients and 17.2 days (95% CI, 14.0–20.5; I2 = 95.64%; P < .01) in mild-to-moderate illness. Viral RNA was detected up to 92 days after symptom onset. Viable virus was isolated by culture from −6 to 20 days relative to symptom onset.Conclusions:SARS-COV-2 RNA shedding can be prolonged, yet high heterogeneity exists. Detection of viral RNA may not correlate with infectivity since available viral culture data suggests shorter durations of shedding of viable virus. Additional data are needed to determine the duration of shedding of viable virus and the implications for risk of transmission.