bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects on developmental outcomes after cesarean birth versus vaginal birth in Chinese children aged 1–59 months: a cross-sectional community-based survey
Authors: Zhou Hong , Ding Yuan , Yang Yuning , Zou Siyu , Qu Xueqi , Wang Anqi , Wang Xi , Huang Yue , Li Xintong , Huang Xiaona , Wang Yan 
Published: October 2019

Objective
It is controversial whether the mode of delivery is associated with developmental outcome, and little was known about growth and development of cesarean children in poor rural areas in China. We aim to measure the development of both cesarean and vaginal-delivered children by Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) and explore the association between mode of delivery and developmental outcome in poor rural areas in China.

Methods
Data were collected from a cross-sectional community-based survey, which recruited 1,755 vaginal delivered and cesarean children ages 1 to 59 months in eight counties of China. Caregivers of those children completed the Chinese version of ASQ-3 (ASQ-C) while physical examination andquestionnaires on socio-demographic and neonatal characteristics were conducted. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to measure the association between developmental delay and mode of delivery as well as each socio-demographic factor, respectively, after adjusting other socio-demographic characteristics.

Results
The prevalence of suspected overall developmental delay was 23.4% in the cesarean group, compared with 21.3% in the vaginal delivered group, yet without statistical difference (p < 0.05). Developmental delay was also not significantly different between cesarean and vaginal delivered group in five ASQ domains of communication (7.7% vs. 7.8%, p = 0.949), fine motor (7.0% vs. 6.1%, p = 0.538), gross motor (8.5% vs. 6.4%, p = 0.154), problem solving (7.2% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.722) and personal social (8.0% vs. 7.9%, p = 0.960).

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that cesarean delivery does not increase or decrease the risk of suspected developmental in children delay as compared with vaginal delivery.
Variation of Macronutrients in the Stover of Maize Varieties Grown in Western Kenya
Authors: A. C. Peter Echessa 
Published: October 2019

Large scale agricultural activities in Kenya include maize growing. Farmers plant different varieties of the species Zea mays. Though seed companies provide seeds based on altitudes, maturing periods and yield predictability, it remains the prerogative of the farmer to make choice. Yields from small scale farms are declining at every harvest despite Governments efforts to provide fertilizers at subsidized prices. Though soil acidity levels could be an accounting factor, the maize varieties planted differ in the amounts of macronutrients they remove from soils and yet next seasons’ fertilizer application is uniform. The study sought to determine and compare levels nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and calcium in stover of maize varieties grown in Lugari, western Kenya. This was with view to inform on macronutrient removal by the different maize varieties. It too was to enable farmers speculate on the possible methods of biomass disposal for some of the methods like burning the stover either as fuel or clearance ignores the need to have an approach that would enable recycling and certainly depletes the soil. Stratified random sampling of both cobs and stalks from farmers in Lugari, western Kenya was done. The samples were dried, milled before wet digestion. The digests were subjected to laboratory analysis using standard AOAC procedures viz avis nitrogen (Kjeldahl’s method), phosphorous (Ascorbic acid method) and both potassium and calcium (Flame photometry) to establish levels of macronutrients. It was established that maize stalks of any given variety had higher levels macronutrients compared to cobs of the same variety. It was too observed that for both stalks and cobs there was significant differences (p< 0.05) between varieties in all macronutrients except phosphorous. The stover from varieties DK, H6213, H614 and pioneer had significantly higher levels than varieties H500, H505, H513 and oduma. It is hoped that the results of this study not only informs of levels of macronutrients retained by the maize stover but also provides basis for sensitization on method of biomass disposal to minimize soil degradation.
Comparing the Efficacy of Topical Metformin and Placebo in the Treatment of Melasma: A Randomized, Double-blind, Clinical Trial
Authors: Ali Mapar Mohammad , Hemmati Ali Asghar , Namdari Ghazal 
Published: October 2019

Introduction: Generally affecting women, melasma is the acquired disorder of hyperpigmentation, and researches are still ongoing to find an effective, fast, and low-side-effect drug treating this disease. The present study is aimed at comparing the efficacy of topical metformin and placebo in the treatment of melasma.
Methods: Sixty patients with melasma were treated in placebo and topical metformin recipient groups in a double-blind clinical trial. In addition to the demographic and laboratory findings of patients before and after the intervention, the MASI Score of patients in weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the study and then one month after the study were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software.
Results: The mean age of the studied patients was 35.25 ± 7.11 years. No significant difference was observed between the phenotypes (P= .49) and the type of melasma (P= .63) in the two groups. The mean MASI score of patients at the time of being included in the study in the placebo group was 10.47 ± 3.08; and in the metformin group, it was 11.93 ± 4.64 (P = .16). Compared to the beginning of the study, the MASI scores were significantly decreased in both groups of placebo (P = .00) and metformin (P = .00) one month after the end of the study; nevertheless, no statistically significant difference was observed between the MASI Scores of two groups in any of the study periods (P > .05).
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that metformin cream significantly declines the patients’ MASI score and does not have any effect on patients’ laboratory markers. Of course, no significant difference was observed between the MASI scores of the patients receiving metformin and the placebo group; however, the MASI score decrease trend continued until the 12th week; while in the placebo group, no significant decrease was seen after eight weeks.
Growth‐stage‐dependent regulation of conjugation
Authors: Sysoeva Tatyana A. , Kim Youlim , Rodriguez Jonathan , Lopatkin Allison J. , You Lingchong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPlasmid conjugation is a driving force behind the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. While problematic for medical purposes, conjugation can be used for delivery of target genes in microbial communities, for example, for bioremediation. Physiological state of the host bacterial cell strongly affects the transfer of the prototypic F‐plasmid of Escherichia coli, but it remains unclear whether such modulation is wide‐spread. We tested a broad range of Enterobacteriaceae conjugative plasmids for their sensitivity to the growth stage of the donors and identified three distinct regulation types. As many of the “domesticated” conjugative plasmids have been considered de‐regulated, we tested transfer of conjugative plasmids from clinical E. coli strains and found that they undergo growth‐stage regulation, similar to the F plasmid. We identified that transcription regulation is behind the transfer modulation. The observed diversity of conjugation regulation can be used in engineering bacterial communities to spread and maintain genes of interest.
Old friends and friendly fire: Pregnancy, hookworm infection, and anemia among tropical horticulturalists
Authors: Anderson Amy S. , Trumble Benjamin C. , Hové Carmen , Kraft Thomas S. , Kaplan Hillard , Gurven Michael , Blackwell Aaron D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectivesDespite public health concerns about hookworm infection in pregnancy, little is known about immune profiles associated with hookworm (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale) infection during pregnancy. Fetal tolerance requirements may constrain maternal immune response to hookworm, thereby increasing susceptibility to new infections or increasing hemoglobin loss. To explore this possibility, we study systemic immune response and hemoglobin levels in a natural fertility population with endemic helminthic infection.MethodsWe used Bayesian multilevel models to analyze mixed longitudinal data on hemoglobin, hookworm infection, reproductive state, eosinophils, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) to examine the effects of pregnancy and hookworm infection on nonspecific inflammation, cellular parasite response, and hemoglobin among 612 Tsimane women aged 15‐45 (1016 observations).ResultsPregnancy is associated with lower eosinophil counts and lower eosinophil response to hookworm, particularly during the second and third trimesters. Both hookworm and pregnancy are associated with higher ESR, with evidence for an interaction between the two causing further increases in the first trimester. Pregnancy is moderately associated with higher odds of hookworm infection (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 0.83 to 1.83). Pregnancy and hookworm both decrease hemoglobin and may interact to accentuate this effect in the first‐trimester of pregnancy (Interaction: β: −0.30 g/dL; CI: −0.870 to 0.24).ConclusionsOur findings are consistent with a possible trade‐off between hookworm immunity and successful pregnancy, and with the suggestion that hookworm and pregnancy may have synergistic effects, particularly in the first trimester.
Baseline mucus cytokines predict 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test results after endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Chowdhury Naweed I. , Li Ping , Chandra Rakesh K. , Turner Justin H. 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundMucus cytokines have been linked to baseline metrics of quality of life and olfactory function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, their potential utility in predicting postoperative outcomes has not been assessed. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the role of mucus cytokines in predicting 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcomes Test (SNOT‐22) scores after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in a prospective cohort of CRS patients.MethodsOne hundred forty‐seven patients with CRS electing surgical therapy were enrolled in a longitudinal cohort study. Mucus was collected intraoperatively from the middle meatus and tested for interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐2, ‐4, ‐5, ‐6, ‐7,‐ 8, ‐9, ‐10, ‐12, ‐13, ‐17A, and ‐21; tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α; interferon‐γ; eotaxin; and RANTES (regulated‐on‐activation, normal T‐cell expressed and secreted) expression using a multiplex flow‐cytometric bead assay. Sixty‐two patients were followed postoperatively (average, 10.2 months) with baseline and follow‐up SNOT‐22 surveys. Stepwise multivariate linear regression was used to model relationships between baseline cytokines, phenotype, and average postoperative SNOT‐22 total and domain scores. A machine learning approach using a random forest algorithm was also used to investigate potential nonlinear relationships.ResultsIL‐5 was an independent predictor of postoperative total SNOT‐22 improvement (β = −8.8, p < 0.0001), whereas IL‐2 levels predicted postoperative worsening (β = 6.97, p = 0.0015). Similar relationships were also seen for postoperative SNOT‐22 domain scores. The overall model was also noted to be significant fit for the data (adjusted R2 = 0.398, p < 0.0001). The random forest model similarly identified IL‐5, TNF‐α, IL‐13, and IL‐2 as major predictors of postoperative SNOT‐22 scores.ConclusionMucus cytokine profiles may help identify CRS patients who are likely to obtain postoperative improvement after ESS.
Electric Black Holes in a Model of Nonlinear Electrodynamics
Authors: Mazharimousavi S. Habib , Halilsoy Mustafa 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe electric counterpart of the magnetic black hole solution found in nonlinear electrodynamics (NED) is presented. The electric field emerges regular and confined whereas the spacetime which satisfies all the energy conditions is singular. Our result is in conformation with a theorem proved before about the existence of regular electric black holes. The thermal properties of the black hole including the first law, Smarr's formula, and the thermal stability are investigated. This provides a chance to compare the electric and magnetic types of black holes in a particular model of NED.
Irinotecan‐induced gastrointestinal damage impairs the absorption of dabigatran etexilate
Authors: Hattori Tomoki , Imaoka Ayuko , Akiyoshi Takeshi , Ohtani Hisakazu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIrinotecan causes serious gastrointestinal damage. Dabigatran etexilate (DABE), an oral anticoagulant and substrate of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), is poorly absorbed and exhibits low bioavailability in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of irinotecan‐induced gastrointestinal damage on the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of DABE. Irinotecan was administered intravenously to rats for 4 days to induce gastrointestinal damage. To investigate the PK profile of dabigatran (DAB), an active moiety of DABE, DABE was administered orally on day 5, and then DAB was administered intravenously on day 6. To evaluate the PD profile of DAB, the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was measured. The protein expression level of intestinal P‐gp was evaluated. In the irinotecan‐treated rats, the area under the concentration–time curve of DAB after the oral administration of DABE and the bioavailability of DABE were decreased significantly. The APTT ratio also decreased, suggesting that the impaired efficacy of DABE was attributable to a reduction in its bioavailability. The expression of intestinal P‐gp was higher in the irinotecan‐treated rats. Taking into consideration the histological damage caused to the intestinal epithelium, both the increased P‐gp expression and the reduced passive diffusion were considered to be responsible for the reduction in the bioavailability of DABE.
Multiple dose treatment reduces cyclophosphamide‐induced ovarian follicular loss in mice
Authors: Athira Vadakkepurath Raj , Saranya Madathiparambil Karthikeyan , Shivanandappa Thimmappa , Yajurvedi Hanumant Narasinhacharya 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis study compares the effects of single dose and multiple dose treatment of cyclophosphamide (CP) on oxidative stress‐mediated follicular damage in mouse ovary. In the first experiment, adult female mice were administered with a single dose of CP (100 mg/kg body weight/mouse) and autopsied 72 hr after treatment. In the second experiment, adult female mice were injected with multiple doses of CP (40 mg/kg body weight/day/mouse for 10 consecutive days) and sacrificed on Day 11. There was a 58, 48, 53, and 51% loss of primordial, primary, preantral, and antral follicles, respectively, following the administration of a single dose of CP, whereas, multiple dose of CP caused only 35% reduction in primordial follicles coupled with 28, 23, and 38%, loss of primary, preantral, and antral follicles, respectively. There was a decrease in activities of the ovarian antioxidant enzymes and increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations following single dose CP, whereas multiple dose treatment caused an increase in activities of these enzymes and decrease in ROS and MDA concentrations. The serum concentration of estradiol was significantly decreased following single or multiple dose treatment. The ovarian damage caused by a single high dose of CP administration is higher than that by multiple doses of smaller amount, though the total amount of CP administered was higher with multiple treatment. The results of the current study reveal the benefit of metronomic chemotherapy in cancer treatment, for its effectiveness in reducing ovarian toxicity, a major side effect in young female patients.
Cryptococcosis with ocular and central nervous system involvement in a 3‐year‐old dog
Authors: Barbry Jean‐Baptiste , Poinsard Anne Sophie , Gomes Eymeric , Durand Alexane , Balland Olivier 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTo date, cryptococcosis remains sporadic in Europe, and this is a case of canine cryptococcosis with ocular and CNS involvement in continental Europe with identification of the organism on cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) cytology and description of the clinical and MRI features, and outcome.
Comparison of Ethylation at External Surface and Internal Cavity of H‐MCM‐22 Zeolite from Theoretical Calculations
Authors: Du Yu‐Jue , Wang Chuan‐Ming , Yang Guang , Yang Wei‐Min 
Published: October 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusionUnderstanding and optimizing structure of active sites is of significance in zeolite catalysis. Benzene ethylation is an industrially important process catalyzed by H‐MCM‐22 zeolite; while the active sites still remain elusive. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate the benzene ethylation at two different types of Brønsted acid sites (BAS) in H‐MCM‐22 zeolite, namely the internal cavity (IC) acid site and the external surface (ES) acid site. Both the stepwise and concerted pathways were addressed. The comparison of the calculated energetics of two pathways indicates that the benzene ethylation reaction primarily proceeds via the concerted pathway at both the IC and ES acid sites of H‐MCM‐22. The calculated overall Gibbs free energies at reaction condition (473 K and 3.5 MPa) on the IC and ES acid sites are 90 and 86 kJ/mol, with the rate constants of 1.20 × 103 and 2.92 × 103 s–1, respectively. It indicates that benzene ethylation could occur both on the IC and ES acid sites, with the catalytic activity of IC acid site being slightly lower than that of ES acid site. Furthermore, we theoretically reveal that the acid strength at the ES site is slightly weaker than that at the IC site via the frequency shift after the adsorption of CO. The differences in dispersion interaction between ES and IC sites are also quantified by the adsorption of base molecules with different sizes. The calculated results in this work demonstrate that the acid sites at the external surface of H‐MCM‐22 zeolites are suitable for benzene ethylation to produce ethylbenzene, providing theoretical implications for tailoring the distribution of active sites in H‐MCM‐22 zeolite.
Visible‐Light‐Mediated C(sp3)–H Thiocarbonylation for Thiolactam Preparation with Potassium Sulfide
Authors: Tan Wei , Wang Cuihong , Jiang Xuefeng 
Published: October 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusionWe report herein a protocol for thiolactam preparation with potassium sulfide via visible‐light‐mediated C(sp3)–H thiocarbonylation, in which polysulfide dianions and radical anions generated from potassium sulfide were the key active species. A variety of thiolactams were straightforward established under mild conditions. Moreover, it was successfully applied to structural modification of tetrahydroberberine.
Subregional differences in GABAA receptor subunit expression in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of sedentary versus physically active rats
Authors: Mueller Patrick J. , Fyk‐Kolodziej Bozena E. , Azar Toni A. , Llewellyn‐Smith Ida J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNeurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) regulate blood pressure through direct projections to spinal sympathetic preganglionic neurons. Only some RVLM neurons are active under resting conditions due to significant, tonic inhibition by gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). Withdrawal of GABAA receptor‐mediated inhibition of the RVLM increases sympathetic outflow and blood pressure substantially, providing a mechanism by which the RVLM could contribute chronically to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, we tested the hypothesis that sedentary conditions, a major risk factor for CVD, increase GABAA receptors in RVLM, including its rostral extension (RVLMRE), both of which contain bulbospinal catecholamine (C1) and non‐C1 neurons. We examined GABAA receptor subunits GABAAα1 and GABAAα2 in the RVLM/RVLMRE of sedentary or physically active (10–12 weeks of wheel running) rats. Western blot analyses indicated that sedentary rats had lower expression of GABAAα1 and GABAAα2 subunits in RVLM but only GABAAα2 was lower in the RVLMRE of sedentary rats. Sedentary rats had significantly reduced expression of the chloride transporter, KCC2, suggesting less effective GABA‐mediated inhibition compared to active rats. Retrograde tracing plus triple‐label immunofluorescence identified fewer bulbospinal non‐C1 neurons immunoreactive for GABAAα1 but a higher percentage of bulbospinal C1 neurons immunoreactive for GABAAα1 in sedentary animals. Sedentary conditions did not significantly affect the number of bulbospinal C1 or non‐C1 neurons immunoreactive for GABAAα2. These results suggest a complex interplay between GABAA receptor expression by spinally projecting C1 and non‐C1 neurons and sedentary versus physically active conditions. They also provide plausible mechanisms for both enhanced sympathoexcitatory and sympathoinhibitory responses following sedentary conditions.
Augmented reality for botulinum toxin injection
Authors: Kim HyoJoon , Jeong SangHui , Seo JiHyeon , Park InSeok , Ko Hoon , Moon Seong Yong 
Published: October 2019

SummaryAugmented‐reality (AR) devices allow physicians to incorporate data visualization into diagnostic and treatment procedures to improve work efficiency and safety and reduce cost. They are also used to enhance surgical training. In this study, we implemented an AR application for Botox injections using a face recognition algorithm based on deep learning, and we evaluated the recognition accuracy of this application using 27 participants. The accuracy was around 3 mm for all parts of the facial region. The method of increasing surgical efficiency with AR is accurate enough to be used for surgery and provides great potential for further development.
Boosting Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis over Metallic Nickel Sites through Synergistic Coupling with Vanadium Sesquioxide
Authors: Zhang Xin Yu , Yuan Haiyang , Mao Fangxin , Wen Chun Fang , Zheng Li Rong , Liu Peng Fei , Yang Hua Gui 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFor renewable and sustainable energy, developing cut‐price and high‐efficiency electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by alkaline water electrolysis is of paramount importance. In this study, a compound electrocatalyst composed of nickel–vanadium sesquioxide nanoparticles supported on porous nickel foam (Ni‐V2O3/NF) is found to exhibit electrocatalytic performance towards HER that is superior to that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst, with nearly zero onset overpotential, an extremely low overpotential of 25 mV to obtain a current density of −10 mA cm−2, a Tafel slope of 58 mV dec−1, and a good durability for 24 h in 1.0 mKOH. Theoretical calculations reveal that the presence of V2O3optimizes the electronic structure of active Ni components and continuously accelerates the dissociation of water molecules, which in turn improves the HER kinetics. The present work will advance the development of highly efficient nanocomposite electrocatalysts for alkaline water electrocatalysis.