bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of the Health-Related Felt Stigma and Concealment Questionnaire
Authors: Laird Kelsey T , Smith Craig A , Hollon Steven D , Walker Lynn S 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveStigma is associated with many health conditions, including chronic pain. Research on health-related stigma is limited by the lack of validated instruments that distinguish among various stigma-related constructs. We aimed to develop and validate such a measure for pediatric functional abdominal pain (FAP). Felt stigma (FS) was defined as comprising both perceived and internalized stigma. Stigma concealment (SC) was defined as efforts by stigmatized individuals to prevent others from learning of their condition.MethodsUsing a theory-driven approach, we adapted items from existing self-report measures of stigma to construct the health-related FS and Concealment Questionnaire (FSC-Q). Patients with FAP (N = 179, ages 11–17) completed the preliminary FSC-Q and health-related measures hypothesized to be associated with stigma. Cognitive interviewing and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) informed the final version of the measure.ResultsEFA identified a 2-factor model comprised of FS and SC. The FS and SC scales exhibited good internal consistency and construct validity. Consistent with study hypotheses, both factors were significantly associated with anxiety, depression, pain catastrophizing, pain threat, physical symptoms, and pain interference/disability. Higher FS was associated with higher mental healthcare utilization. The subset of participants meeting criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) reported higher FS and SC compared with those without IBS.ConclusionThe FSC-Q may help advance research on health-related stigma in FAP and other chronic health conditions by allowing for assessment of distinct stigma-related constructs.
Update onCandida krusei, a potential multidrug-resistant pathogen
Authors: Jamiu A T , Albertyn J , Sebolai O M , Pohl C H 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAlthough Candida albicans remains the main cause of candidiasis, in recent years a significant number of infections has been attributed to non-albicans Candida (NAC) species, including Candida krusei. This epidemiological change can be partly explained by the increased resistance of NAC species to antifungal drugs. C. krusei is a diploid, dimorphic ascomycetous yeast that inhabits the mucosal membrane of healthy individuals. However, this yeast can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients, with hematologic malignancy patients and those using prolonged azole prophylaxis being at higher risk. Fungal infections are usually treated with five major classes of antifungal agents which include azoles, echinocandins, polyenes, allylamines, and nucleoside analogues. Fluconazole, an azole, is the most commonly used antifungal drug due to its low host toxicity, high water solubility, and high bioavailability. However, C. krusei possesses intrinsic resistance to this drug while also rapidly developing acquired resistance to other antifungal drugs. The mechanisms of antifungal resistance of this yeast involve the alteration and overexpression of drug target, reduction in intracellular drug concentration and development of a bypass pathway. Antifungal resistance menace coupled with the paucity of the antifungal arsenal as well as challenges involved in antifungal drug development, partly due to the eukaryotic nature of both fungi and humans, have left researchers to exploit alternative therapies. Here we briefly review our current knowledge of the biology, pathophysiology and epidemiology of a potential multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen, C. krusei, while also discussing the mechanisms of drug resistance of Candida species and alternative therapeutic approaches.
Multiphase outflows in post-starburst E+A galaxies - II. A direct connection between the neutral and ionized outflow phases
Authors: Baron Dalya , Netzer Hagai , Davies Ric I , Xavier Prochaska J 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Post-starburst E+A galaxies are systems that hosted a powerful starburst that was quenched abruptly. Simulations suggest that these systems provide the missing link between major merger ULIRGs and red and dead ellipticals, where AGN feedback is responsible for the expulsion or destruction of the molecular gas. However, many details remain unresolved and little is known about AGN-driven winds in this short-lived phase. We present spatially resolved IFU spectroscopy with MUSE/VLT of SDSS J124754.95-033738.6, a post-starburst E+A galaxy with a recent starburst that started 70 Myr ago and ended 30 Myr ago, with a peak SFR of $\sim 150\, \mathrm{M_{\odot }\,yr^{ -1}}$. We detect disturbed gas throughout the entire field of view, suggesting triggering by a minor merger. We detect fast-moving multiphased gas clouds, embedded in a double-cone face-on outflow, which are traced by ionized emission lines and neutral NaID emission and absorption lines. We find remarkable similarities between the kinematics, spatial extents, and line luminosities of the ionized and neutral gas phases, and propose a model in which they are part of the same outflowing clouds, which are exposed to both stellar and AGN radiation. Our photoionization model provides consistent ionized line ratios, NaID absorption optical depths and EWs, and dust reddening. Using the model, we estimate, for the first time, the neutral-to-ionized gas mass ratio (about 20), the sodium neutral fraction, and the size of the outflowing clouds. This is one of the best ever observed direct connections between the neutral and ionized outflow phases in AGN.
A global view on the colliding-wind binary WR 147
Authors: Zhekov Svetozar A , Petrov Blagovest V , Tomov Toma V , Pessev Peter 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We present results from a global view on the colliding-wind binary WR 147. We analysed new optical spectra of WR 147 obtained with the Gran Telescopio Canarias and archive spectra from the Hubble Space Telescope by making use of modern atmosphere models accounting for optically thin clumping. We adopted a grid-modelling approach to derive some basic physical characteristics of both stellar components in WR 147. For the currently accepted distance of 630 pc to WR 147, the values of mass-loss rate derived from modelling its optical spectra are in acceptable correspondence with that from modelling its X-ray emission. However, they give a lower radio flux than observed. A plausible solution for this problem could be the volume filling factor at large distances from the star (radio-formation region) being smaller than that close to the star (optical-formation region). Adopting this, the model can match well both optical and thermal radio emission from WR 147. The global view on the colliding-wind binary WR 147 thus shows that its observational properties in different spectral domains can be explained in a self-consistent physical picture.
A minimum reporting standard for multiple sequence alignments
Authors: Wong Thomas K F , Kalyaanamoorthy Subha , Meusemann Karen , Yeates David K , Misof Bernhard , Jermiin Lars S 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Multiple sequence alignments (MSAs) play a pivotal role in studies of molecular sequence data, but nobody has developed a minimum reporting standard (MRS) to quantify the completeness of MSAs in terms of completely specified nucleotides or amino acids. We present an MRS that relies on four simple completeness metrics. The metrics are implemented in AliStat, a program developed to support the MRS. A survey of published MSAs illustrates the benefits and unprecedented transparency offered by the MRS.
A Primer on Human Brain Organoids for the Neurosurgeon
Authors: Blue Rachel , Miranda Stephen P , Gu Ben Jiahe , Chen H Isaac 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Human brain organoids emerged in 2013 as a technology that, unlike prior in Vitro neural models, recapitulates brain development with a high degree of spatial and temporal fidelity. As the platform matured with more accurate reproduction of cerebral architecture, brain organoids became increasingly valuable for studying both normal cortical neurogenesis and a variety of congenital human brain disorders. While the majority of research utilizing human brain organoids has been in the realm of basic science, clinical applications are forthcoming. These present and future translational efforts have the potential to make a considerable impact on the field of neurosurgery. For example, glioma organoids are already being used to study tumor biology and drug responses, and adaptation for the investigation of other neurosurgery-relevant diseases is underway. Moreover, organoids are being explored as a structured neural substrate for repairing brain circuitry. Thus, we believe it is important for our field to be aware and have an accurate understanding of this emerging technology. In this review, we describe the key characteristics of human brain organoids, review their relevant translational applications, and discuss the ethical implications of their use through a neurosurgical lens.
Contralateral Interhemispheric Approach for Resection of A Meningioma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Hendricks Benjamin K , Spetzler Robert F 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The contralateral interhemispheric approach is utilized to provide the surgeon with a favorable trajectory for approaching lesions projecting contralaterally from the midline falcine dura. The contralateral approach also requires a less rigid retraction than other approaches, which is paramount when manipulating the eloquent cortex of the paracentral lobule. This patient had a large laterally projecting falcine meningioma. This case demonstrates well the effect that gravity has on the tumor, pulling the tumor medially into the surgeon's view and making the surgical approach ideal for this lesion. The lesion was removed en bloc with the falcine dura, and postoperative imaging demonstrated a gross total resection. The patient gave informed consent for surgery and video recording. Institutional review board approval was deemed unnecessary. Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
From Written Record to Bureaucratic Mind: Imagining a Criminal Record*
Authors: McGlynn Margaret 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In 1518 the chief justice of King’s Bench initiated an attempt to track successful claims of benefit of clergy on the assize circuits to ensure that laymen could make such claims only once, as mandated by a statute dating from 1490. By doing so he was the first to attempt to create a criminal record in England, where an individual felon’s crimes were recorded with the expectation that an earlier crime would have implications for the punishment of a subsequent one. Both this attempt and a later statutory attempt in 1543 were largely unsuccessful, however. They failed, not because of principled opposition or even inertia, but because the well-established bureaucratic structures of the early Tudor period struggled to keep up with the bureaucratic imagination of those who sought to reform or extend the reach of government. The failed attempt to construct a criminal record demonstrates that as the development of print changed information cultures, and the policies of the Tudors led to an intensification of governance, legal records remained profoundly limited by the intellectual and administrative structures within which they operated. Masters of the gathering of information, Tudor governors struggled to adapt old documents to new purposes or to manage information dynamically.
Interrater Reliability of Muscle Ultrasonography Image Acquisition by Physical Therapists in Patients Who Have or Who Survived Critical Illness
Authors: Mayer Kirby P , Dhar Sanjay , Cassity Evan , Denham Aaron , England Johnny , Morris Peter E , Dupont-Versteegden Esther E 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
Previous studies have demonstrated that muscle ultrasound (US) can be reliably performed at the patient bedside by novice assessors with minimal training. The primary objective of this study was to determine the interrater reliability of muscle US image acquisition by physical therapists and physical therapist students. Secondarily, this study was designed to elucidate the process for training physical therapists to perform peripheral skeletal muscle US.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional observational study. Four novices and 1 expert participated in the study. Novice sonographers engaged in a structured training program prior to implementation. US images were obtained on the biceps brachii, quadriceps femoris, and tibialis anterior muscles in 3 groups: patients in the intensive care unit, patients on the hospital ward, and participants in the outpatient gym who were healthy. Reliability of image acquisition was analyzed compared with the expert sonographer.

Results
Intraclass correlation coefficient values ranged from 0.76 to 0.97 with an average for all raters and all muscles of 0.903, indicating excellent reliability of image acquisition. In general, the experienced physical therapist had higher or similar intraclass correlation coefficient values compared with the physical therapist students in relation to the expert sonographer.

Conclusions
Excellent interrater reliability for US was observed regardless of the level of experience, severity of patient illness, or patient setting. These findings indicate that the use of muscle US by physical therapists can accurately capture reliable images in patients with a range of illness severity and different clinical practice settings across the continuum of care.

Impact
Physical therapists can utilize US to obtain images to assess muscle morphology.

Lay Summary
Physical therapists can use noninvasive US as an imaging tool to assess the size and quality of peripheral skeletal muscle. This study demonstrates that physical therapists can receive training to reliably obtain muscle images in patients admitted to the intensive care unit who may be at risk for muscle wasting and may benefit from early rehabilitation.
Unclear Signals, Uncertain Prospects: The Labor Market Consequences of Freelancing in the New Economy
Authors: Mai Quan D 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe advent of various types of contingent jobs complicates selection criteria for full-time employment. While previous studies analyzed the penalties associated with other forms of contingent work, the labor market consequences of freelancing have been overlooked. I argue that freelancing works have features of both “good” and “bad” jobs, transcend the demarcation between “primary” and “secondary” sectors implied by segmentation theorists, and thus embed uncertainty around their categorization and meaning. Drawing on the “signal clarity” concept from management scholarship, I extend existing sociological works on employer perceptions of candidates by proposing a model to theorize how a history of freelancing affects workers’ prospects at the hiring stage. I present results from two interrelated studies. First, I use a field experiment that involves submitting nearly 12,000 fictitious resumes to analyze the causal effect of a freelancing work history on the likelihood of getting callbacks. The experiment reveals that freelancing decreases workers’ odds of securing full-time employment by about 30 percent. Second, I use data from 42 in-depth interviews with hiring officers to illustrate two mechanisms that could account for that observed effect. Interview data demonstrate that freelancing sends decidedly unclear competence signals: employers are hesitant to hire freelancers not because these candidates lack skills but because verifying these skills is difficult. Freelancing also sends clearer and negative commitment signals. This study sheds new lights on labor market segmentation theory and deepens our understanding of how nonstandard work operates as a vehicle for inequality in the new economy.
A Trio of Risk Factors for Childhood Sexual Abuse: Investigating Exposure to Parental Domestic Violence, Parental Addiction, and Parental Mental Illness as Correlates of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Fuller-Thomson Esme , Agbeyaka Senyo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTargeted screening for sexual abuse is needed for social workers to accurately identify those at risk. Drawing on a cumulative disadvantage framework, this study investigates how parental addictions, parental mental illness, and exposure to domestic violence, both individually and cumulatively, are associated with childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Two waves of regionally representative data were analyzed. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted using the 2010 Brief Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) (n = 9,241 men, n = 13,627 women) and replicated using the 2012 BRFSS (n = 11,656 men, n = 18,145 women). The 2010 data indicated that 8.5 percent of men who had endured all three childhood adversities reported that they had experienced CSA, compared with 0.6 percent of men who did not experience any of these adversities. Levels of CSA for women in 2010 were 28.7 percent for those experiencing all three risk indicators, and 2.1 percent for women with no risk indicators. Results were similar in the BRFSS 2012. Those with two or more risk factors had between five- and eightfold higher odds of CSA. Social workers may be able to decrease false positives if they screen for CSA based on the presence of two or more risk factors.
History Matters: Racialized Motherhoods and Neoliberalism
Authors: Toft Jessica 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNeoliberal political reasoning is remaking the state’s democratic character and its governing rules to reflect those of the market. The most prominent legislative example, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, dictates work requirements, time limits, and monitoring and sanctioning of clients. Through such policies, the primary aims of government assistance changed from aiding needy citizens to transforming individuals into paid workers, regardless of continued poverty or care obligations. Although scholarship of related policy and governance tools has grown, less study has centered on understanding the historic events and ways in which race-based, gendered, and poverty narratives facilitated adoption of such austere policies. This article compares circumstances of African American and White mothers in the United States from the Revolutionary War to the postwelfare era. It describes what neoliberalism is, discusses the role of ideological discourses in policy and governance, presents the history and historical racialized portrayals of White and African American motherhood during this period, and analyzes the differential impact of ideological discourses using a lens of intersectionality. The conclusion discusses how discriminatory discourses subvert a democratic ethos for all and suggests ways for social workers to contest the impacts of neoliberalism.
The Influence of High Flow Nasal Cannulae on the Outcomes of Severe Respiratory Disease in Children Admitted to a Regional Hospital in South Africa
Authors: Richards Mark , Le Roux David , Cooke Louise , Argent Andrew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In settings where access to paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) facilities is constrained and transfer capacity is limited, High Flow Nasal Cannulae (HFNC) might fill an important service gap. The aim of this study was to document the effect of HFNC on the outcomes of children admitted with severe respiratory disease at a regional hospital without a PICU in Cape Town, South Africa. It is a 4-year retrospective analysis documenting two periods of 2 years each, one before (2013–15) and one after (2016–18) the initiation of HFNC use. Patients were between the ages of 2 months and 13 years and had been admitted to a paediatric ward. Outcomes were defined by the need for transfer to a tertiary hospital, the need for invasive ventilation and death. There were 90 instances of HFNC use with a significant reduction in the number of children who were transferred (59 vs. 31), invasively ventilated (20 vs. 6, p ≤ 0.01) and who died (3 vs. 0, p = 0.02). Before HFNC implementation, there was also a significantly greater proportion of transferred children who remained on low flow nasal cannulae (15 vs. 2, p ≤ 0.001) at the tertiary hospital. Children who failed HFNC use tended to do this within a day of initiation (Median 11 vs. 60 h for success, p ≤ 0.001). There were no complications related to its use. We believe that in our setting the utilization of HFNC has helped to timeously and accurately identify children needing to be transferred and may mitigate against severe respiratory disease progression.
An Introduction to Causal Diagrams for Anesthesiology Research
Authors: Gaskell Amy L. , Sleigh Jamie W. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Making good decisions in the era of Big Data requires a sophisticated approach to causality. We are acutely aware that association ≠ causation, yet untangling the two remains one of our greatest challenges. This realization has stimulated a Causal Revolution in epidemiology, and the lessons learned are highly relevant to anesthesia research. This article introduces readers to directed acyclic graphs; a cornerstone of modern causal inference techniques. These diagrams provide a robust framework to address sources of bias and discover causal effects. We use the topical question of whether anesthetic technique (total intravenous anesthesia vs. volatile) affects outcome after cancer surgery as a basis for a series of example directed acyclic graphs, which demonstrate how variables can be chosen to statistically control confounding and other sources of bias. We also illustrate how controlling for the wrong variables can introduce, rather than eliminate, bias; and how directed acyclic graphs can help us diagnose this problem.
This is a rapidly evolving field, and we cover only the most basic elements. The true promise of these techniques is that it may become possible to make robust statements about causation from observational studies—without the expense and artificiality of randomized controlled trials.
Serum Apelin and Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Levels in Patients With Exfoliation Syndrome or Exfoliative Glaucoma
Authors: Bezci Aygun Figen , Kocabeyoglu Sibel , Irkec Murat , Dikmen Zeliha Gunnur , Umaroglu M. Mutlu , Konstas Anastasios G.P. 
Published: April 2020

Précis:
Apelin and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) concentrations, affecting the nitric oxide pathway, were different in the patient group compared with the control subjects. These 2 molecules may have potential effects in vascular pathologies and their possible role in predisposition to vascular comorbidities in exfoliation syndrome (XFS) or exfoliative glaucoma (XFG).

Purpose:
To evaluate apelin and ADMA levels in serum samples from patients with XFS or XFG compared with healthy control subjects.

Methods:
Serum ADMA and apelin concentrations were evaluated from 36 and 32 XFS patients; 27 and 24 XFG patients; and 34 and 30 healthy controls, respectively. Subjects without systemic disease (including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, obesity) were included in the study and body mass index was calculated in all participants. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to determine serum apelin and ADMA concentrations. Independent sample t test, χ2 test, analysis of variance test, and Pearson test were used for statistical analysis.

Results:
Mean serum apelin levels of XFG, XFS, and control group were 1063.3±373.4, 1196.7±433.7, and 1343.3±405.1 ng/mL, respectively. Patients with XFG demonstrated significantly lower level of apelin versus controls (P=0.034). Mean serum ADMA concentration was significantly greater in XFS subjects (2.05±0.98 µmol/L) compared with normal controls (1.57±0.58 µmol/L) (P=0.042). No association was detected between ADMA and apelin concentrations and age, sex, and body mass index for both XFS and XFG groups.

Conclusions:
Significant alterations in serum levels of apelin and ADMA may suggest potential effects in vascular pathologies and a possible role in predisposition to vascular comorbidities in XFS/XFG.