bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulated earnings security: the relationship between employment protection and unemployment scarring over the Great Recession
Authors: Gonalons-Pons Pilar , Gangl Markus 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Great Recession raised the concern that employment protective institutions that are effective during macroeconomic stability might become counterproductive under growing macroeconomic volatility. We study this question by examining the relationship between employment protection legislation (EPL) and unemployment scars on earnings in 21 countries during the period surrounding the Great Recession. We use harmonized work history data for 21 countries from 2004 to 2014 and combine propensity score matching and multilevel-regression to estimate how earnings losses due to unemployment vary with the strength of labor market regulation and over changing macroeconomic conditions. We find that unemployment scarring is lower in contexts with robust employment protection, both under positive and negative macroeconomic environments. We also show that economic downturns intensify unemployment scarring significantly more in countries with weak EPL, largely because long-term unemployment is more strongly penalized. Taken together, our study finds that the positive effects of employment protection for workers remain robust during economic downturns.
A 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 11 (KCS11) homolog from Malania oleifera synthesizes nervonic acid in plants rich in 11Z-eicosenoic acid
Authors: Li Zhuowei , Ma Shijie , Song Huan , Yang Zheng , Zhao Cuizhu , Taylor David , Zhang Meng 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Nervonic acid (24:1) is a major component in nerve and brain tissues and it has important applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. Malania oleifera seeds contain about 40% nervonic acid. However, the mechanism of nervonic acid biosynthesis and accumulation in seeds of this endangered tree species remains unknown. In this study, developmental changes in fatty acid composition within embryos and their pericarps were investigated. Nervonic acid proportions steadily increased in developing embryos but 24:1 was not detected in pericarps at any stage. Two 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) homologs have been isolated from M. oleifera developing seeds by homologous cloning methods. Both KCSs are expressed in developing embryos but not detected in pericarps. Based on a phylogenetic analysis, these two KCSs were named as MoKCS4 and MoKCS11. Seed-specific expression of the MoKCS11 in Arabidopsis thaliana led to about 5% nervonic acid accumulation, while expression of the MoKCS4 did not show an obvious change in fatty acid composition. It is noteworthy that the transformation of the same MoKCS11 construct into two Brassica napus cultivars with high erucic acid did not produce the expected accumulation of nervonic acid, although expression of MoKCS11 was detected in the developing embryos of transgenic lines. In contrast, overexpression of MoKCS11 results in similar level of nervonic acid accumulation in camelina, a species which contains a similar level of 11Z-eicosenoic acid as does Arabidopsis thaliana. Taken together, the MoKCS11 may have a substrate preference for 11Z-eicosenoic acid, but not for erucic acid, in planta.
Molecular phylogeny of the limacoid snail family Dyakiidae in Southeast Asia, with the description of a new genus and species
Authors: Jirapatrasilp Parin , Tongkerd Piyoros , Jeratthitikul Ekgachai , Liew Thor-Seng , Pholyotha Arthit , Sutcharit Chirasak , Panha Somsak 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMembers of the terrestrial snail family Dyakiidae from Southeast Asia show a distinct geographical distribution pattern and possess different degrees of complexity in their amatorial organ gland. This study is the first molecular phylogeny of ten of the 12 genera in this family, performed to provide insights into the origin of Dyakiidae and the evolution of their shells and amatorial organ gland structure. A new genus and new species, Pseudoquantula lenticularis Jirapatrasilp & Panha gen. & sp. nov., was uncovered based on its distinct morphological characters and molecular divergence. All other genera were retrieved as monophyletic except for Dyakia. Mainland Southeast Asia was inferred to be the ancestral range of the Dyakiidae, and the lineages then dispersed to and diversified in Borneo. Cladistic analysis showed that all 14 morphological characters used in this study were homoplastic. These results disagree with the previous amatorial organ transformation series, in which neither Pseudoplecta nor Quantula was ancestral to the other genera. The enigmatic genus Pseudoplecta, which lacks an amatorial organ gland, exhibited secondary loss.
Complete Genome Sequence Data of Tumorigenic Rhizobium vitis Strain VAT03-9, a Causal Agent of Grapevine Crown Gall Disease
Authors: Noutoshi Yoshiteru , Toyoda Atsushi , Ishii Tomoya , Saito Kirara , Watanabe Megumi , Kawaguchi Akira 
Published: October 2020

Rhizobium vitis strain VAT03-9 (MAFF 211676) is a causal agent of crown gall disease in grapevine. It is one of the pathogenic strains of R. vitis isolated from graft unions of grapevine in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. Inoculation tests verified its virulence for gall formation on grapevine, tomato, and sunflower. It harbors tumor-inducing plasmid. Here, we present the complete genome sequence with annotation of R. vitis VAR03-9 obtained by assembling reads from PacBio and Illumina-sequencers. This genome sequence should be useful for the analyses of pathogenicity and evolutionary lineage of the pathogens of crown gall disease. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Lessons From the First Decade of the Native American Summer Research Internship at the University of Utah
Authors: Holsti Maija , Clark Edward B. , Fisher Simon , Hawkins Sam , Keenan Heather , Just Steven , Lee Jaymus , Napia Ed , Rodriguez Jose E. , Taylor Franci , White Richard , Willie Scott , Byington Carrie L. 
Published: October 2020

Problem
American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations are facing multiple health crises, including limited access to care, high rates of chronic disease, and early mortality that is far worse than other underrepresented minorities in the United States. According to the Association of American Indian Physicians, AI/AN people represent 2.0% of the U.S. population but only 0.2% of medical students and 0.1% of full-time faculty at MD-granting institutions. Increasing the number of AI/AN clinicians and scientists is one strategy to improve health outcomes in the AI/AN population and address these crises.

Approach
In 2010, the University of Utah partnered with research, cultural, and professional mentors to create a 10-week summer Native American Research Internship (NARI) program for AI/AN college students across the United States who are interested in pursuing biomedical careers. NARI attracts and supports AI/AN students by offering mentored summer research internships in an innovative, culturally aware framework that adapts to observed challenges to optimize educational experiences and support biomedical career aspirations.

Outcomes
During the first decade of the NARI program, 128 students from 22 U.S. states, representing 46 tribal nations and 57 colleges and universities, participated. Of those 128 students, 113 (88%) have completed a bachelor’s degree and the remaining 15 (12%) are currently working toward a bachelor’s degree. No NARI student has dropped out of college. Twenty-six (20%) NARI alumni have matriculated to medical school and 30 (23%) to graduate school. Eight (6%) participants have completed medical school, and 3 (2%) are pursuing a PhD in science. An additional 36 (28%) have gained employment in biomedical research fields.

Next Steps
The NARI program has increased the participation of AI/AN students in medicine and the biomedical sciences. The innovative, culturally aware, and adaptive framework is a model for other programs for AI/AN students and students in other underrepresented communities.
Spinal anesthesia for ambulatory surgery: current controversies and concerns
Authors: Stewart Jesse , Gasanova Irina , Joshi Girish P. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review
General anesthesia is a popular choice for ambulatory surgery. Spinal anesthesia is often avoided because of perceived delays due to time required to administer it and prolonged onset, as well as concerns of delayed offset, which may delay recovery and discharge home. However, the reports of improved outcomes in hospitalized patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty have renewed the interest in spinal anesthesia. This review article critically assesses the role of spinal anesthesia in comparison with fast-track general anesthesia for the outpatient setting.

Recent findings
The purported benefits of spinal anesthesia include avoidance of airway manipulation and the adverse effects of drugs used to provide general anesthesia, improved postoperative pain, and reduced postoperative opioid requirements. Improved postoperative outcomes after spinal anesthesia in hospitalized patients may not apply to the outpatient population that tends to be relatively healthier. Also, it is unclear if spinal anesthesia is superior to fast-track general anesthesia techniques, which includes avoidance of benzodiazepine premedication, avoidance of deep anesthesia, use of an opioid-sparing approach, and minimization of neuromuscular blocking agents with appropriate reversal of residual paralysis.

Summary
The benefits of spinal anesthesia in the outpatient setting remain questionable at best. Further studies should seek clarification of these goals and outcomes.
Barriers and Facilitators to Early Rehabilitation in the ICU: A Theory Driven Delphi Study
Authors: Cuthbertson Brian H. , Goddard Shannon L. , Lorencatto Fabiana , Koo Ellen , Rose Louise , Fan Eddy , Kho Michelle E. , Needham Dale M. , Rubenfeld Gordon D. , Francis Jill J. 
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
There is conflicting evidence for the effectiveness of early rehabilitation in the intensive care and marked variation in rates of implementation in practice. We aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to early rehabilitation in mechanically ventilated patients and their relevance to practice, as perceived by key ICU clinicians across North America.

Design:
A Delphi study using the Theoretical Domains Framework, consisting of an initial qualitative round and subsequent quantitative rounds, was conducted to gather clinician agreement and perceived importance of barriers and facilitators to early rehabilitation. The survey included questions on the range of individual, sociocultural, and broader organizational influence on behaviors.

Setting:
Clinical practice in North America.

Subjects:
Four clinician groups (intensive care physicians, nurses, therapists, and respiratory therapists).

Interventions:
A three-round Delphi study.

Measurements and Main Results:
Fifty of 74 (67%) of invited clinicians completed the study. Agreement and consensus with Delphi survey items were high in both rounds within and between professional groups. Agreement was highest for items related to the domain “Beliefs about Consequences” (e.g., mortality reduction) and lowest for items related to the domain “Behavioral Regulation” (e.g., team discussion of barriers). Beliefs expressed about improved mortality and improvements in a variety of other long-term outcomes were not consistent with the current evidence base. Individual agreement scores changed very little from Round 2 to Round 3 of the Delphi, suggesting stability of beliefs and existing consensus.

Conclusions:
This study identified a wide range of beliefs about early rehabilitation that may influence provider behavior and the success and appropriateness of further implementation. The apparent inconsistency between the optimism of stakeholders regarding mortality reductions and a low level of implementation reported elsewhere represent the most major challenge to future implementation success. Other foci for future implementation work include planning, barriers, feedback, and education of staff.
Improved Oxygenation After Prone Positioning May Be a Predictor of Survival in Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome*
Authors: Lee Hong Yeul , Cho Jaeyoung , Kwak Nakwon , Choi Sun Mi , Lee Jinwoo , Park Young Sik , Lee Chang-Hoon , Yoo Chul-Gyu , Kim Young Whan , Lee Sang-Min 
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
Prone position ventilation improves oxygenation and reduces the mortality of patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, there is limited evidence about which patients would gain most survival benefit from prone positioning. Herein, we investigated whether the improvement in oxygenation after prone positioning is associated with survival and aimed to identify patients who will gain most survival benefit from prone positioning in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Design:
A retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Medical ICU at a tertiary academic hospital between 2014 and 2020.

Patients:
Adult patients receiving prone positioning for moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
The main outcomes were ICU and 28-day mortality. A total of 116 patients receiving prone positioning were included, of whom 45 (38.8%) were ICU survivors. Although there was no difference in Pao
2:Fio
2 ratio before the first prone session between ICU survivors and nonsurvivors, ICU survivors had a higher Pao
2:Fio
2 ratio after prone positioning than nonsurvivors, with significant between-group difference (p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the percentage change in the Pao
2:Fio
2 ratio between the baseline and 8–12 hours after the first prone positioning to predict ICU mortality was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.80–0.94), with an optimal cutoff value of 53.5% (sensitivity, 91.5%; specificity, 73.3%). Prone responders were defined as an increase in Pao
2:Fio
2 ratio of greater than or equal to 53.5%. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, prone responders (hazard ratio, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.05–0.25), immunocompromised condition (hazard ratio, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.15–4.03), and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (hazard ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06–1.27) were significantly associated with 28-day mortality.

Conclusions:
The Pao
2:Fio
2 ratio after the first prone positioning differed significantly between ICU survivors and nonsurvivors. The improvement in oxygenation after the first prone positioning was a significant predictor of survival in patients with moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Fluid Overload and Mortality in Adult Critical Care Patients—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies*
Authors: Messmer Anna S. , Zingg Carina , Müller Martin , Gerber Joel Loic , Schefold Joerg Christian , Pfortmueller Carmen Andrea 
Published: October 2020

Objective:
Fluid administration in combination with the increase in vasopermeability induced by critical illness often results in significant fluid overload in critically ill patients. Recent research indicates that mortality is increased in patients who have received large volumes of fluids. We have systematically reviewed and synthesized the evidence on fluid overload and mortality in critically ill patients and have performed a meta-analysis of available data from observational studies.

Data Sources:
A systematic search was performed on PubMed, EmBase, and the Cochrane Library databases.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:
All studies were eligible that investigated the impact of fluid overload (defined by weight gain > 5%) or positive cumulative fluid balance on mortality in adult critical care patients. We excluded animal studies and trials in pediatric populations (age < 16 years old), pregnant women, noncritically ill patients, very specific subpopulations of critically ill patients, and on early goal-directed therapy. Randomized controlled trials were only evaluated in the section on systematic review. Assessment followed the Cochrane/meta-analysis of observational trials in epidemiology guidelines for systematic reviews.

Data Synthesis:
A total of 31 observational and three randomized controlled trials including 31,076 ICU patients met the inclusion criteria. Only observational studies were included in the meta-analysis. Fluid overload and cumulative fluid balance were both associated with pooled mortality: after 3 days of ICU stay, adjusted relative risk for fluid overload was 8.83 (95% CI, 4.03–19.33), and for cumulative fluid balance 2.15 (95% CI, 1.51–3.07), at any time point, adjusted relative risk for fluid overload was 2.79 (95% CI, 1.55–5.00) and 1.39 (95% CI, 1.15–1.69) for cumulative fluid balance. Fluid overload was associated with mortality in patients with both acute kidney injury (adjusted relative risk, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.75–2.98) and surgery (adjusted relative risk, 6.17; 95% CI, 4.81–7.97). Cumulative fluid balance was linked to mortality in patients with sepsis (adjusted relative risk, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.39–1.98), acute kidney injury (adjusted relative risk, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.30–5.30), and respiratory failure (adjusted relative risk, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.03–1.43). The risk of mortality increased by a factor of 1.19 (95% CI, 1.11–1.28) per liter increase in positive fluid balance.

Conclusions:
This systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies reporting adjusted risk estimates suggests that fluid overload and positive cumulative fluid balance are associated with increased mortality in a general population and defined subgroups of critically ill patients.
Adverse drug reactions: five historical scandals
Authors: Horwitz Henrik , Gotfredsen Ditte Resendal , Christoffersen Thea 
Published: September 2020

Summary
It is estimated that eight percentage of all acute medical admissions are due to adverse drug reactions, and three percentage of all approved new medical entities are later withdrawn from the market due to safety issues. Adverse drug reactions are of public health concern and this paper reviews five selected adverse drug reaction scandals that all caused significant stir and had a huge impact on our way of thinking, drug development and legislation.
Combination of the Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Sildenafil and Milrinone Induces Cardioprotection With Various Conditioning Strategies
Authors: Torregroza Carolin , Maas Kitti , Feige Katharina , Raupach Annika , Stroethoff Martin , Heinen André , Hollmann Markus W. , Huhn Ragnar 
Published: October 2020

Abstract:
Ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning are strong measures preserving the heart against ischemia–reperfusion injury in experimental setting but are too invasive and impractical for clinical routine. The cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning can be imitated pharmacologically, for example, with the phosphodiesterase inhibitors sildenafil and milrinone. We hypothesize that sildenafil-induced preconditioning is concentration dependent and further that a combined treatment of “nonprotective” versus “protective” concentrations of sildenafil and milrinone leads to a significant infarct size reduction. Experiments were performed on isolated hearts of male Wistar rats, randomized into 12 groups, mounted onto a Langendorff system, and perfused with Krebs–Henseleit buffer. All hearts underwent 33 minutes ischemia and 60 minutes of reperfusion. For determination of a concentration-dependent effect of sildenafil, hearts were perfused with increasing concentrations of sildenafil (0.1–1 µM) over 10 minutes before ischemia. In a second series of experiments, hearts were treated with 0.3 µM sildenafil or 1 µM milrinone as the “protective” concentrations. A higher concentration of respective drugs did not further reduce infarct size. In addition, a combination of “protective” and “nonprotective” concentrations of sildenafil and milrinone was applied. Sildenafil and milrinone in lower concentrations led to significant infarct size reduction, whereas combining both substances in cardioprotective concentrations did not enhance this effect. Sildenafil in a concentration of 0.3 µM induces myocardial protection. Furthermore, treatment with sildenafil and milrinone in lower concentrations had an equally strong cardioprotective effect regarding infarct size reduction compared with the administration of “protective” concentrations.
Hospitalization in South African Adolescents With Perinatally Acquired HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Frigati Lisa J. , Brown Karryn , Cotton Mark F. , Myer Landon , Zar Heather J. 
Published: October 2020

Background:
Little is known about hospitalization in African adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV+ adolescents). We described the incidence and causes of hospitalization in participants enrolled in the Cape Town Adolescent Antiretroviral Cohort in South Africa.

Methods:
Data collected from July 2013 to October 2018 from PHIV+ and HIV− adolescents were analyzed. Participants were assessed every 6 months and data on intercurrent hospitalization were abstracted. Causes of hospitalizations were classified according to ICD-10 codes. Descriptive statistics, time-to-event analysis and Poisson regression were used to describe causes and incidence and to determine incidence rate ratios for factors associated with hospitalization.

Results:
Five hundred fifteen PHIV+ and 109 HIV− participants had a median follow-up of 4.1 years [interquartile range (IQR): 3.7–4.6]. At enrollment HIV+ participants had a median duration of ART of 7.6 years (IQR: 4.6–9.2), median CD4 count of 713 cells/mm3 (IQR: 561.0–957.5) and 387 (75%) had a viral load <50 copies/mL. There were 149 hospital admissions over 64 months. Crude incidence rates for hospitalization were 6.6 [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.7–7.8] and 2.2 (95% CI: 1.2–4.3) per 100-person-years (P = <0.01) in HIV + and HIV−, respectively. Ninety of 149 (60%) admissions in HIV+ participants were classified as non-infectious, 36/149 (24%) were infectious and 23/149 (16%) were “other HIV-related” or “unknown.” Older age (15–19 years) and maintaining a CD4 >500 cells/cm3 were associated with decreased risk of hospitalization: adjusted incidence rate ratios of 0.61 (CI: 0.44–0.86, P = <0.01) and 0.68 (CI: 0.49–0.94, P = 0.02), respectively.

Conclusions:
PHIV+ adolescents had a high incidence of hospitalization despite ART. Strategies addressing infectious and non-infectious morbidity must be strengthened.
When pain becomes uncontrollable: an experimental analysis of the impact of instructions on pain-control attempts
Authors: Kissi Ama , Hughes Sean , Van Ryckeghem Dimitri , De Houwer Jan , Crombez Geert 
Published: October 2020

Abstract:
Under some conditions, people persist in their attempts to control their pain even when no such control is possible. Theory suggests that such pain-control attempts arise from actual pain experiences. Across 3 experiments we examined how (1) losing control over pain and (2) instructions concerning pain, moderated pain-control attempts. In each experiment, participants completed a learning task. Before the task, one group of participants received instructions outlining a strategy through which they could control pain, whereas another group had to develop such a strategy through trial-and-error learning. During the first half of the task, the pain-control instructions allowed participants to successfully control pain, whereas during the second half of the task, this was no longer the case. Instead, participants lost control over pain because of an unannounced change in the learning task. Results indicated that when participants lost control over pain, they generally stuck to the previously effective pain-control strategy, and that this tendency was larger if they received instructions from others than when they developed a strategy by themselves. These findings suggest that when pain is no longer controllable, very persistent pain-control attempts might be the result of adherence to previously effective pain-control instructions.