bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clubs and Associations
Authors: Eckhardt Benedikt 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of associations in Greek cities under Roman rule. While associations had been known in Greek cities long before the Roman conquest, changes in their nomenclature, their public activities, and their internal structure can be observed from the late 1st century bc onwards. The chapter explores the possibility of relating some of these changes, such as the rise of professional associations or the increased autonomy of some civic institutions, to Roman legislation on collegia. Rather than assuming either direct enforcement of these laws or their complete irrelevance in the East, the chapter builds on the available evidence to demonstrate the opportunities provided by the Roman framework to ambitious individuals and cities. Continuities and deliberate non-engagement with the Roman order also come into view.
Slavery and the Polis
Authors: Dalla Rosa Alberto 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Slaves were virtually everywhere in the ancient Greek city and the coming of Roman rule did not change that. Sources are abundant, but they often give an unsatisfactory picture of this very diverse phenomenon. After a presentation of the problems posed by the surviving sources, this chapter provides a survey of the different facets of slavery in the civic context. Many were the ways through which one could become a slave: war, capture by pirates, exposure as an infant, and even self-enslavement. Civic and Roman authorities actively pursued fugitive slaves in order to return them to their legitimate owners. Further topics are the role of public slaves in the everyday functioning of the city, the economic activities of slaves, and the different degrees of participation of slaves in civic religion. An overview of attested manumission practices and of the place of freed slaves in the city closes the chapter.
Literary Sources for Greek Cities of the Roman Empire
Authors: Bowie Ewen 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the chief literary texts that transmit information about the political and cultural life of Greek cities in the Roman Empire, noting where their information is especially important for understanding civic life. After sketching, with examples, the scanty contribution of narrative histories and imperial biographies, it gives pride of place to Philostratus’ Lives of the sophists, adding some sentences about his largely fictional In honour of Apollonius. It then deploys speeches of two of his sophists. Dio of Prusa addresses on their political behaviour Rhodes and Alexandria on the one hand, several Bithynian cities on the other. Pliny’s Letters then amplify understanding of Bithynian politics and civic mismanagement. The leaner harvest from Plutarch is contrasted. There follow reviews of the monument-focused Periegesis of Pausanias; of the satirical essays and dialogues of Lucian; of the speeches of Aristides on Smyrna, before and after its earthquake, and on concord between cities; and of his Sacred Tales’ account of his securing immunity from public office.
Oracles and the City
Authors: Lesgourgues Manfred 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the place of oracles in the religious and political life of Greek cities under the Roman Empire. It first shows for what reasons and in what ways cities resorted to oracular inquiries and why the epigraphic habits of the time make it difficult to maintain the usual distinction between public and private consultations of oracles. It then explores the relations that a polis could have with the oracular sanctuaries. This is achieved first from a local point of view, and then on a regional and imperial scale, stressing how those shrines were an important instrument of those cities’ soft power. Finally, it looks at the way in which oracular pronouncements themselves, old and new, were inscribed on stone and publicly displayed in cities, whether to give authority to religious norms or politic decisions, to invoke them in public debate, or to reinforce the political and religious identity of the city.
Sparta and the Peloponnese
Authors: Balzat Jean-Sébastien 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of the history of the Peloponnese, with an emphasis on Sparta, from the early 2nd century bc to the mid-2nd century ad. This chronological scope is challenging as the late Hellenistic and Roman Imperial periods differ so radically in terms of documentation and historical issues. The thread this chapter follows is the analysis of the group of men who dominated the cities of the region throughout these four centuries. This runs from the inception of pro-Roman views in the late Hellenistic period to the pursuit for some of a Roman senatorial career in the 2nd century ad. Through their eyes, this chapter explores how Roman military campaigns, Roman administration, Roman patronage and perceptions, the imperial cult, and the spread of the civitas Romana influenced the vitality of the Greek polis model in one of the most venerable regions of the Greek world.
Epilogue
Authors: Pont Anne-Valérie 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Focusing on the cities of Asia Minor, this chapter discusses their evolution throughout the second part of the 3rd century ad, the Tetrarchy, and the reign of Constantine. Facing military threats from the 250s until the 270s, the cities overcame them using the institutional frame and ideology of polis culture. Yet, the most competitive aspects of this culture recede. The establishment of Constantinople as a new capital after a preliminary transformation of Nicomedia in the 280s, the increase in career opportunities outside of the civic hierarchies which began with the Tetrarchy, as well as the effects of religious and imperial administrative policies at the beginning of the 4th century, led to a new situation. While civic culture continued to be articulated through traditional media and conservative vocabulary in northern Africa during the 4th century, this chapter concludes that such was not the case in the Greek cities under examination.
Music, Mind, and Body after Merleau-Ponty
Authors: De Souza Jonathan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Music raises questions about mind-body relations. Sometimes, it seems to intensify bodily activity and awareness; other times, it seems to transcend the physical realm. This chapter considers the musical implications of René Descartes’s mind-body dualism and Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s embodied phenomenology. It reviews their general theories of mind and body—and also their claims about music. For Descartes, mind and body are separate, listening to a melody involves a kind of rational calculation, and music-related movement is merely mechanical. For Merleau-Ponty, by contrast, mind and body are inseparable and situated in the world, and holistic, intentional movement contributes to listening, musical performance, and musical knowledge. The chapter shows how their perspectives on embodiment support distinct accounts of musical experience and the ontology of music. In addition, because significant musical illustrations and metaphors appear throughout Descartes’s and Merleau-Ponty’s work, it argues that music offers conceptual resources for their theories of mind and body.
Use of tenofovir-based PrEP among pregnant women in South Africa
Authors: Matthews Lynn T. , Bruxvoort Katia J. , Jaggernath Manjeetha , Kriel Yolandie , Smith Patricia M. , Haberer Jessica E. , Bassler John , Bennett Kara , Psaros Christina , Bangsberg David R. , Hurwitz Kathleen Wirth , Smit Jennifer A. 
Published: December 2024

Objective:
We developed Healthy Families-PrEP to support perinatal women to use HIV prevention strategies.

Design:
Single arm study to evaluate PrEP use among pregnant women exposed to the intervention.

Methods:
We offered safer conception counselling including TDF/FTC as PrEP with adherence support (Healthy Families-PrEP) for women planning for pregnancy in South Africa with a partner with HIV or unknown serostatus. Women completed pregnancy and HIV testing quarterly and were followed for one year or until pregnancy end. For those initiating PrEP, electronic pillcap data and plasma were collected. We described PrEP adherence by proportion of days with pillcap openings and proportion of women with detected (≥10ng/mL) plasma tenofovir.

Results:
From November 2017 to January 2020, 326 women with median age 24 (IQR: 22–27) years enrolled. Partner HIV-serostatus was unknown by 316 (97%). Over 3,204 person-months of follow-up, 56 women became pregnant. Twenty-six women used PrEP during pregnancy and opened pillcaps on a mean of 53.1% (95% CI 46.9–59.3%) of days. Plasma tenofovir was detected among 25.0%, 15.4%, and 12.5% of women providing samples during months 0–3, 4–6, and 7–9. No HIV seroconversions were observed.

Conclusions:
We observed low pregnancy incidence. Counselling may have encouraged delayed pregnancy plans; some women may have exaggerated pregnancy plans to enroll. About half of pregnant women used PrEP and took over half of doses by pillcap. Fewer than 25% had tenofovir detected, likely reflecting pregnancy-related pharmacokinetics and adherence challenges. High interest in pregnancy PrEP use highlights the need to optimize adherence support and prevention choice.
Incorporating Augmented Reality Patients Into Online Trauma Training to Support Mental Model Development
Authors: Mansour Lauren , Sushereba Christen , San Miguel Christopher E. , Militello Laura G. , Allen Theodore T. , Patterson Emily S. 
Published: December 2024

Introduction
Medical students find translating lessons from traditional lectures to caring for trauma patients challenging. We assess whether adding video-based virtual flashcards and videos of augmented reality-based trauma patients in an online learning environment improves performance.

Methods
We performed a between-subject experimental study. Thirty-five medical students were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups. The control group viewed a traditional online lecture. The experimental group viewed the same online lecture and received virtual flashcard training. Each virtual flashcard consisted of a video of a virtual patient, and examination questions about diagnoses, treatment, and disposition. The experimental group also viewed a video of a physician coach providing an expert assessment of the virtual patient. Simulation-based assessment was used to measure performance and knowledge. The evaluation consisted of the following 3 scenarios: a video of a simulated patient followed by multiple-choice questions, a free-text examination, and the writing of a Subjective, Objective, Assessment and Plan note. Differences in performance for 3 measures (diagnoses, therapeutic interventions, and disposition) were assessed for pre-post change in accuracy. For these 3 measures, we used a binary logistic regression model. We assessed perceptions of performance and the training experience with a survey.

Results
The training intervention statistically significantly improved accuracy for diagnosis (P = 0.01) and self-reported performance (P < 0.01) compared with the control group. The themes for the experience were engaging, innovative, and valuing the expert's assessment, with 17 of 19 positive statements.

Conclusions
Adding virtual flashcards to traditional training significantly improved diagnostic accuracy while being engaging and innovative.
External Validation of the ISGPS Complexity Grading System for Minimally Invasive Pancreatoduodenectomy
Authors: Napoli Niccolò , Donisi Greta , Kauffmann Emanuele F. , Ginesini Michael , Abu Hilal Mohammad , Baiocchi Gianluca , Bracale Umberto , Brolese Alberto , Butturini Giovanni , Coppola Roberto , Coratti Andrea , Valle Raffaele Dalla , Di Benedetto Fabrizio , Ercolani Giorgio , Ferrari Giovanni , Garulli Gianluca , Jovine Elio , Mazzola Michele , Memeo Riccardo , Molino Carlo , Moraldi Luca , Morelli Luca , Salvia Roberto , Tebala Giovanni D. , Tondolo Vincenzo , Troisi Roberto Ivan , Viola Massimo Giuseppe , Vivarelli Marco , Zerbi Alessandro , Boggi Ugo 
Published: December 2024

Objective:
To validate the ISGPS complexity grading system for minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy (MIPD).

Background:
Although concerns about patient safety persist, MIPD is gaining popularity. The ISGPS recently introduced a difficulty grading system to improve patient selection by aligning procedural complexity with surgeon and center expertise.

Methods:
Data from MIPD cases reported in the IGOMIPS registry (October 2019–February 2024) were analyzed, with severe postoperative complications as the primary outcome. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for complications.

Results:
Of the 771 MIPD cases, 426 (55.3%) were analyzed. A pancreatic duct size ≤3 mm was the only significant risk factor for severe complications (OR=2.22, P=0.0001). Most cases (n=255; 59.9%) were classified as grade C complexity, whereas 22 (5.1%) were classified as grade A. Severe postoperative complications increased with complexity (grade A, 31.8%; grade B, 36.3%; grade C, 48.6%; P=0.0091). For grade A complexity, the outcomes were consistent across surgeons and centers. Grade B outcomes were similar between grade B and C centers but superior to grade A centers. In grade C cases, outcomes were comparable between grade A and B centers, with improvements at grade C centers. Grade A ISGPS experience correlated strongly with mismatches between planned and performed procedures (grade A, 15.0%; grade B, 3.0%; grade C, 3.1%; P<0.0001), including total pancreatectomy (grade A, 11.5%; grade B, 1.2%; grade C, 3.1%; P=0.0005).

Conclusions:
The ISGPS complexity grading system effectively predicted MIPD outcomes, supporting better patient selection and alignment of complexity with surgical expertise.
At the Scrub Sink: Evaluation of Ureteric Patency During Cystoscopy
Authors: El-Nashar Sherif A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
At the scrub sink, we discussed the best ways to evaluate for ureteric patency during cystoscopy. For decades, surgeons have been using intravenous indigo carmine for evaluating ureteric patency. Ten years ago, a shortage of indigo carmine halted production. In response to the shortage of indigo carmine, surgeons went into action, developing alternative strategies that are evidence-based and cost-effective. The shortage is over now; the lessons we learned as a subspeciality can help us address the next challenge.
Experimental Warming Alters Nitrogen Cycle in a Humid Tropical Forest Warming Alters N Cycle in Tropical Forest
Authors: Bartz Parker M. , Reed Sasha C. , Grullón-Penkova Iana F. , Cavaleri Molly A. , Shahid Saima , Wood Tana E. , Bachelot Benedicte 
Published: December 2024

SummaryHumid tropical forests typically contain high soil nitrogen (N), supporting rapid rates of primary productivity and recovery from disturbances. Nitrogen fixation is regulated by microbial communities, which can be free-living in the soil and leaf litter (asymbiotic) or in symbioses with plants.To investigate how warming affects asymbiotic and symbiotic components of the N cycle, we analyzed soil and leaf litter samples as well as annual seedling census data from an experimental warming field site in Puerto Rico.16S andnifHsequencing revealed that warming significantly altered bacterial composition. Asymbiotic N fixation rates were 55% greater in soil (0.004 nmol N2/g/hr) and 525% greater (0.217 nmol N2/g/hr) in leaf litter from warmed compared to ambient plots. This increase in fixation was associated with changes in the N-fixing bacterial community. Under warming, N fixers experienced a 4.4-fold increase in growth rate compared to non-fixers, yet competition with neighboring N fixers eventually reduced N fixer growth. Seedling growth, especially of N fixers, initially increased following hurricane disturbances before declining.Together, our findings suggest that warming increases the flux of N from the atmosphere into this tropical forest, driving changes in both microbial and tree dynamics.
Voxel-wise or Region-wise Nuisance Regression for Functional Connectivity Analyses: Does it matter?
Authors: Muganga Tobias , Sasse Leonard , Larabi Daouia I. , Nieto Nicolás , Caspers Julian , Eickhoff Simon B. , Patil Kaustubh R. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractRemoval of nuisance signals (such as motion) from the BOLD time series is an important aspect of preprocessing to obtain meaningful resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC). The nuisance signals are commonly removed using denoising procedures at the finest resolution, i.e. the voxel time series. Typically the voxel-wise time series are then aggregated into predefined regions or parcels to obtain a rs-FC matrix as the correlation between pairs of regional time series. Computational efficiency can be improved by denoising the aggregated regional time series instead of the voxel time series. However, a comprehensive comparison of the effects of denoising on these two resolutions is missing.In this study, we systematically investigate the effects of denoising at different time series resolutions (voxel- and region-level) in 370 unrelated subjects from the HCP-YA dataset. Alongside the time series resolution, we considered additional factors such as aggregation method (Meanandfirst eigenvariate[EV]) and parcellation granularity (100, 400, and 1,000 regions). To assess the effect of those choices on the utility of the resulting whole-brain rs-FC, we evaluated the individual specificity (fingerprinting) and the capacity to predict age and three cognitive scores.Our findings show generally equal or better performance for region-level denoising with notable differences depending on the aggregation method. Using mean aggregation yielded equal individual specificity and prediction performance for voxel- and region-level denoising. When EV was employed for aggregation, the individual specificity of voxel-level denoising was reduced compared to region-level denoising. Increasing parcellation granularity generally improved individual specificity. For the prediction of age and cognitive test scores, only fluid intelligence indicated worse performance for voxel-level denoising in the case of aggregating with theEV.Based on these results, we recommend the adoption of region-level denoising for brain-behavior investigations when using mean aggregation. This approach offers equal individual specificity and prediction capacity with reduced computational resources for the analysis of rs-FC patterns.
In vitroactivity of imipenem/relebactam alone and in combination against cystic fibrosis isolates ofMycobacterium abscessus
Authors: Sanders Madeline , Shinde Aditi , Kim Sun Woo , Quach Eric , Beringer Paul 
Published: December 2024

AbstractBackgroundMycobacterium abscessuscomplex (MABSC) is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that causes chronic, difficult-to-treat pulmonary infections, particularly in people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF), leading to rapid lung function decline, morbidity, and mortality. Effective treatment is particularly challenging due to the pathogen’s resistance mechanisms and the need for prolonged multidrug therapy, which is often hindered by poor clinical outcomes, highlighting the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies.Imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam (IMI/REL), a novel β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combination, demonstratesin vitroactivity against resistant MABSC strains and effective pulmonary penetration. Prior literature indicates synergistic activity of imipenem with various antibiotics againstM. abscessus.MethodsThis study aims to evaluate thein vitroactivity of IMI/REL, alone and in combination with other antibiotics, against MABSC clinical isolates from PwCF (n=28). Susceptibility and synergy were assessed using broth microdilution and checkerboard assays. Extracellular and intracellular time-kill assays were performed to evaluate bactericidal activity of synergistic two- and three-drug combinations.ResultsIMI/REL demonstrated potentin vitroactivity against clinical MABSC isolates, exhibiting substantial synergy with cefuroxime, cefdinir, amoxicillin, and cefoxitin. Rifabutin, azithromycin, moxifloxacin, clofazimine, minocycline, and omadacycline also demonstrated additive effects with IMI/REL. Extracellular time-kill assays identified IMI/REL+cefoxitin+rifabutin/moxifloxacin as the most effective combinations. Rifabutin demonstrated the highest intracellular killing activity, with combination regimens involving moxifloxacin+rifabutin/omadacycline/azithromycin resulting in greater reductions in bacterial load.ConclusionThese findings suggest that IMI/REL may offer a significant advancement in the management of MABSC infections in PwCF. The promising efficacy of multidrug regimens combining IMI/REL with agents like cefoxitin, azithromycin, moxifloxacin, rifabutin, and omadacycline highlights potential therapeutic strategies.
Study on the value of isolation and extraction of pathological positive cells to improve the detection rate:control trial
Authors: Luo JianQuan , Yang JiaCheng 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVEThe density of pathological positive cells was calculated by flow cytometry, and the target cells were isolated and extracted to improve the detection rate.DESIGNa case-control study.SETTINGHematology Department of HospitalPARTICIPANTSSelected from MDS 33 cases, 17 cases of malignant tumors, 29 cases of lupus erythematosus, 4 cases of plasmodium falciparum disease, a total of 76 cases as positive blood specimens.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURESDesign Research group (group I) : Flow cytometry was used to analyze and calculate the density of various cell types, and then cell separation solution was used to accurately separate and extract target cells of the same density by adjusting the gradient of two different densities, that is, to collect pathologically positive blood cells of the same density. A control group (group II) was established: the whole blood samples of the same patient were compared and analyzed by direct push-film observation.RESULTSAs shown in Figure 2AB-3AB-4AB-5AB, A large number of positive abnormal cells were extracted from group I, which improved the accuracy and specificity of diagnosis. In the control group (group II), only a few positive abnormal cells were found, which was very easy to misdiagnose and miss diagnosis. Data are analyzed from Table 3. According to the statistical results of group I, the positive detection rates were MDS=76%, malignant tumor cells =53%, lupus erythematosus cells =62%, Plasmodium falciparum =75%. In the control group (group II), the positive detection rate was MDS=27%, malignant tumor cells =11%, lupus erythematosus cells =33%, Plasmodium falciparum =25%. Chi-square test was used to compare the mean value of independent samples between groups, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).CONCLUSIONSThe density of pathologically positive blood cells can be measured by flow cytometry according to the specimens that need to be reviewed by microscopy as indicated by blood routine, and the target cells extracted can be accurately separated, that is, the same density of pathologically positive blood cells can be collected. Combined with the gold standard method of artificial microscopy, the detection rate was significantly improved, and the occurrence of misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis was reduced. For the difference in cell density of various forms in different types of specimens, it only needs to be distinguished from normal cell density, and abnormal pathological positive cells can be accurately extracted, which can help diagnose the positive detection rate of diseases, which is of great significance and value