bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complexity of interruptions: Evidence supporting a non‐interruption‐based theory
Authors: Brazzolotto Paul , Michael George A. 
Published: June 2020

Interruptions are known to be pervasive and harmful for concentration. It is also known that many factors can influence their effect, such as the complexity of the interrupting task. Less, however, is known about the processes underlying the resumption of the primary task, especially if the interrupting task is complex. Many hypotheses have been proposed but, as yet, it has not been possible to distinguish between their various qualities. In the current study, we carried out two experiments in which we manipulated the complexity of the interrupting task (either simple or complex) and the time between the end of the interrupting task and the resumption of the primary task (i.e., a break). Results showed that complex interrupting tasks led to longer resumption lags (RL) when there was no break, as has already been shown many times. However, while RL after simple interrupting tasks did not change as the break before resumption lengthened up to 1,500 ms, those after complex interrupting tasks decreased. Moreover, after a break of 3,000 ms, RL were longer overall. These results can only support the hypothesis based on task‐switching theories, but not hypotheses derived from interruption‐based models. Our findings therefore provide empirical evidence in support of explanations of complexity effects and the implications for research and application are discussed.
Ordinal patterns in long‐range dependent time series
Authors: Betken Annika , Buchsteiner Jannis , Dehling Herold , Münker Ines , Schnurr Alexander , Woerner Jeannette H.C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe analyze the ordinal structure of long‐range dependent time series. To this end, we use so called ordinal patterns which describe the relative position of consecutive data points. We provide two estimators for the probabilities of ordinal patterns and prove limit theorems in different settings, namely stationarity and (less restrictive) stationary increments. In the second setting, we encounter a Rosenblatt distribution in the limit. We prove more general limit theorems for functions with Hermite rank 1 and 2. We derive the limit distribution for an estimation of the Hurst parameter H if it is higher than 3/4. Thus, our theorems complement results for lower values of H which can be found in the literature. Finally, we provide some simulations that illustrate our theoretical results.
Lessons from SARS‐CoV‐2 screening in a Brazilian organ transplant unit
Authors: de Sandes‐Freitas Tainá Veras , Canito Brasil Ivelise Regina , Oliveira Sales Maria Luiza de Mattos Brito , Studart e Neves Lunguinho Marina Seixas , Pimentel Ítalo Rossy Sousa , Josino da Costa Lucianna Auxi Teixeira , Esmeraldo Ronaldo de Matos 
Published: June 2020

AbstractProtecting immunosuppressed patients during infectious disease outbreaks is crucial. During this novel coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, preserving “clean areas” in hospitals assisting organ transplant recipients is key to protect them and to preserve transplantation activity. Evidence suggests that asymptomatic carriers might transmit the SARS‐CoV‐2, challenging the implementation of transmission preventive strategies. We report a single‐center experience using universal SARS‐CoV‐2 screening for all inpatients and newly admitted patients to an Organ Transplant Unit located in a region with significantly high community‐based transmission.
Efficacy and safety of chronic antimicrobial suppression therapy for left ventricular assist device driveline infections: A single‐center descriptive experience
Authors: Radcliffe Christopher , Doilicho Natnael , Niu Yu Si , Grant Matthew 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundDriveline infection (DLI) is the most common left ventricular assist device (LVAD) infectious complication. Short‐term antimicrobial therapy and local debridement are the cornerstones of management for these infections, but the use of chronic antimicrobial suppression (CAS) therapy is not well characterized.MethodsTo better characterize the efficacy of CAS therapy, we performed a retrospective review of all patients (N = 219) receiving care at our tertiary transplant center with continuous‐flow LVADs placed between August 2007 and July 2019.ResultsA total of 24 patients were identified as having received CAS therapy as treatment for DLIs. The mean age was 56 years, 50% were female, and chronic kidney disease affected 63% of patients. Staphylococcus aureus accounted for half of all initial DLIs, and the mean length of CAS therapy was 486 days (range 48‐2287 days). All patients received per os regimens as suppression therapy. Adverse events impacted 5 of 24 patients (0.43 events per 1000 days). Overall, the use of CAS therapy led to successful outcomes in 50% of patients and 29% experienced treatment failures. The remaining patients experienced stable symptoms. Relapses were the most common cause of treatment failure, and three patients experienced reinfections while on CAS therapy.ConclusionsOur study suggests that CAS therapy for DLIs can be well tolerated, and future studies are needed to determine which patients merit suppression.
Environmental relative humidity affects Schirmer tear test results in normal dogs
Authors: Yoon Angela , Liu Chin‐Chi , Carter Renee T. , Lewin Andrew C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effects of environmental temperature and relative humidity on tear test results in dogs.Animals studied22 normal dogs.ProceduresRoutine Schirmer tear tests (STT1) and phenol red thread tests (PRTT) were administered to normal dogs in four environmental conditions with different relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T). Environmental conditions (mean ± SD) included the following: normal indoor (RH = 49 ± 4%, T = 72 ± 2°F), outdoor (RH = 62 ± 11%, T = 85 ± 6°F), indoor high humidity (RH = 85 ± 6%, T = 71 ± 1°F), and indoor low humidity (RH = 39 ± 2%, T = 76 ± 1°F). ANCOVA models were used to assess for significant associations between tear test readings and RH/T (P < .05).ResultsA significant, direct positive relationship between RH and STT1 results was detected (y = 0.04909*X + 19.11, P = .006) but not between T and STT1. There was no significant relationship between PRTT and RH or T.ConclusionsThese results suggest that STT1 but not PRTT is affected by RH and that T does not influence STT1 or PRTT results in normal dogs. RH is unlikely, however, to cause clinically significant effects on STT1 readings in normal dogs when performed in average indoor conditions. Future studies should investigate the influence of RH on STT1 readings obtained in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
Experimental Study of Flexible Electrohydrodynamic Conduction Pumping for Electronics Cooling
Authors: O'Connor Nathaniel J. , Castaneda Alexander J. , Christidis Pavolas N. , Vayas Tobar Nicolas , Talmor Michal , Yagoobi Jamal 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
As modern-day electronics develop, electronic devices become smaller, more powerful, and are expected to operate in more diverse configurations. However, the thermal control systems that help these devices maintain stable operation must advance as well to meet the demands. One such demand is the advent of flexible electronics for wearable technology, medical applications, and biology-inspired mechanisms. This paper presents the design and performance characteristics of flexible electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pumps, based on EHD conduction pumping technology in macro- and mesoscales. Unlike mechanical pumps, EHD conduction pumps have no moving parts, can be easily adjusted to the microscale, and have been shown to generate and control the flow of refrigerants for electronics cooling applications. However, these pumping devices have only been previously tested in rigid configurations unsuitable for use with flexible electronics. In this work, for the first time, the net flow generated by flexible EHD conduction pumps is measured on a flat plane in various configurations. In this study, the results show that the flexible EHD conduction pumps are capable of generating significant flow velocities in all size scales considered in this study, with and without bending. This study also proves the viability of screen printing as a manufacturing method for these pumps. The selection of working fluid for EHD conduction pumping is also a topic of discussion. Novec Engineered Fluids have been a popular choice for EHD pumping; however, long-term testing has shown that some Novec fluids degrade over time.
Mechanical and Tribological Studies of SU-8 Composites Filled With UHMWPE and Gum Acacia Under Dry and Bovine Serum Albumin Lubricated Conditions
Authors: Hirwani Jaswant K. , Sinha Sujeet K. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
SU-8 polymer was mixed with ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) particles in various weight percentages (wt%) to make composites. Uniform distribution of filler material was confirmed by optical microscopy imaging. Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed the formation of fibrillar structure of UHMWPE which helped bind UHMWPE particles with SU-8 matrix. Gum acacia made a coating on the UHMWPE particles and helped in binding with the matrix. The compressive Young’s modulus and strength of the composites were found to decrease with UHMWPE filler addition. The composites were tested in ball-on-disk tribometer using 12 mm diameter stainless steel (grade 304) ball under a normal load of 20 N and sliding speed of 32 mm/s. SU-8 with 25 wt% of UHMWPE showed coefficient of friction of 0.1 and specific wear-rate of 6.27 × 10−5 mm3/Nm which were 52% and 61%, respectively, lower in comparison with those of bulk UHMWPE tested in aqueous solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Adding 10 wt% of gum acacia to the SU-8/UHMWPE composite had beneficial effects on the wear-rate as the specific wear-rate of this hybrid composite further dropped to 4.6 × 10−5 mm3/Nm which was 71% lower than that of bulk UHMWPE.
Upscaling Reservoir Rock Porosity by Fractal Dimension Using Three-Dimensional Micro-Computed Tomography and Two-Dimensional Scanning Electron Microscope Images
Authors: Munawar Muhammad Jawad , Vega Sandra , Lin Chengyan , Alsuwaidi Mohammad , Ahsan Naveed , Bhakta Ritesh Ramesh 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Scaling porosity of sedimentary rocks from the scale of measurement to the scale of interest is still a challenge. Upscaling of porosity can assist to accurately predict other petrophysical properties of rock at multiple scales. In this study, we use the two-dimensional (2D) scanning electron microscope (SEM) and three-dimensional (3D) X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) image to upscale porosity from the image scale to the core plug scale. A systematic imaging plan is deployed to capture rock properties of a carbonate and a sandstone sample, which are sensitive to the fractal nature of these rocks. Image analysis records wider pore spectrum (0.12–50 µm) in the carbonate sample than in sandstone (0.12–30 µm). The fractal dimensions are also higher in the carbonate than in the sandstone sample. Median, volume-weighted average of pore radius, and fractal dimensions derived from the image analysis are used as inputs in this equation. The results of the present study using this equation yielded to the best results on a resolution of 2.5 µm/voxel in the sandstone and 2.01 µm/voxel resolution in the carbonate sample for 3D micro-CT images, where fractal-scaling porosity matches well with the porosity measured at the core plug scale. The 2D SEM images provided a good estimation of porosity in the sandstone sample, where micro-CT imaging techniques could not capture the full pore spectrum. The fractal porosity equation showed promising results and offers a potential alternative way to estimate porosity when there are no routine core measurements available.
A Sustainable Trigeneration System for Residential Applications
Authors: Abu-Rayash Azzam , Dincer Ibrahim 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper features the integration of two renewable energy sources, making a new trigeneration system for residential applications. The system is primarily powered by solar photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) along with geothermal energy. This trigeneration system consists of a ground source heat pump, solar system, high-grade and low-grade heat exchangers, a heat pump system, and a water storage tank (WST). The objective of this system is to provide the main commodities for residential use including domestic hot water (DHW), electricity, and space heating. The system is analyzed energetically and exergetically using thermodynamic-based concepts. The overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the proposed system are found to be 86.9% and 74.7%, respectively. In addition, the energy and exergy efficiencies of the PVT system are obtained to be 57.91% and 34.19%, respectively. The exergy destructions at the high-grade heat exchanger and the water storage tank add up to 36.9 kW, which makes up 80% of the total exergy destruction of the system. Additionally, parametric studies are conducted to evaluate the degree of impact that various important parameters have on the overall system performance.
Loss in Axial Compressor Bleed Systems
Authors: Grimshaw S. D. , Brind J. , Pullan G. , Seki R. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Loss in axial compressor bleed systems is quantified and the loss mechanisms are identified to determine how efficiency can be improved. For a given bleed air pressure requirement, reducing bleed system loss allows air to be bled from further upstream in the compressor, with benefits for the thermodynamic cycle. A definition of isentropic efficiency, which includes bleed flow is used to account for this. Two cases with similar bleed systems are studied: a low-speed, single-stage research compressor, and a large industrial gas turbine high-pressure compressor. A new method for characterizing bleed system loss is introduced, using research compressor test results as a demonstration case. A loss coefficient is defined for a control volume including only flow passing through the bleed system. The coefficient takes a measured value of 95% bleed system inlet dynamic head and is shown to be a weak function of compressor operating point and bleed rate, varying by ±2.2% over all tested conditions. This loss coefficient is the correct nondimensional metric for quantifying and comparing bleed system performance. Computations of the research compressor and industrial gas turbine compressor identify the loss mechanisms in the bleed system flow. In both cases, approximately two-thirds of total loss is due to shearing of a high-velocity jet at the rear face of the bleed slot, one-quarter is due to mixing in the plenum chamber, and the remainder occurs in the off-take duct. Therefore, the main objective of a designer should be to diffuse the flow within the bleed slot. A redesigned bleed slot geometry is presented that achieves this objective and reduces the loss coefficient by 31%.
Relationships between sites of abdominal pain and the organs involved: a prospective observational study
Authors: Yamashita Shun , Tago Masaki , Katsuki Naoko E , Nishi Tomoyo M , Yamashita Shu-ichi 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesAbdominal pain is one of the most frequent chief complaints in primary care settings. The aim of the present study was to determine the positive likelihood ratios (PLRs) and negative likelihood ratios (NLRs) of the relationships between the sites of abdominal pain and the organs involved.DesignProspective observational study.SettingA single tertiary centre, a university hospital in Japan.ParticipantsA total of 2591 new outpatients visited the Department of General Medicine at a university hospital from April 2017 to March 2018. Of these, 326 patients aged ≥20 years with abdominal pain were enrolled.ResultsSites of abdominal pain were classified into 11 categories including nine different abdominal sections, ‘generalised abdomen’ and ‘site-indeterminate’. The PLRs between ‘right subcostal’ and ‘liver and biliary tract’; between ‘right subcostal’ and ‘musculoskeletal’ ; between ‘epigastric’ and ‘oesophagus, stomach and duodenum’; between ‘right or left flank’ and ‘urinary tract’; between ‘left flank’ and ‘dermatological’; and between ‘mid-lower’ and ‘intestinal’ ranged from 2.17 to 4.14. The PLRs between ‘epigastric’ and ‘urinary tract’; between ‘mid-lower’ and ‘liver and biliary tract’; between ‘periumbilical’ and ‘urinary tract’; and between ‘generalised abdomen’ and ‘oesophagus, stomach and duodenum’ were low, ranging from 0.17 to 0.25. The NLR ranged from 0.5 to 1.5, excluding the relationship between ‘left flank’ and ‘dermatological’.ConclusionThe presence of pain at right subcostal, epigastric, right or left flank and mid-lower sites might be useful for identifying the organs involved. Additionally, the presence of pain at mid-lower, epigastric, periumbilical and generalised abdominal sites might be helpful for denying the involvement of some organs. Some sites of abdominal pain can be indicative of the organs involved.Trial registration numberUMIN000037686
Disturbing medical findings in war-related traumatic amputation patients: a clinical descriptive study from Gaza
Authors: Heszlein-Lossius Hanne Edoy , Ismail Anas , Al-Borno Yahya , Shaqqoura Samar , Skaik Nashwa , Hinnawi Iman Al , Matar Mahmoud , Gilbert Mads 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to explore possible long-term negative health effects of injuries sustained by modern weaponry.SettingThe study was conducted in Gaza’s main hospital, Al-Shifa Hospital.ParticipantsDuring the last 10 to 15 years, thousands of civilian Palestinians in Gaza have survived numerous military incursions, but with war-related traumatic injuries caused by explosive weapons. It is unclear to which extent the injuries sustained by such modern weaponry may increase survivors’ risks of negative long-term health effects and serious illness. We have reported mechanisms and severity of injury, demographics and psychosocial status among 254 Palestinian patients in Gaza with war-related extremity amputations. Among the same amputees, subgroups of patients presented a variety of alarming symptoms and findings. 94 patients received further diagnostic clinical exploration, radiology imaging and clinical chemistry laboratory tests at the main clinical centre in Gaza, the Al-Shifa Hospital.ResultsNine out of ten of the referred patients were young (median 31.5 years) males (88/94, 92.6%). Ultrasound imaging revealed that 19 of 90 patients (20%) had fatty liver infiltration, 3 patients had lung nodules and 10 patients had lung atelectasis on chest CT. Twelve had remaining shrapnel(s) in the chest, five patients had shrapnel(s) in the abdomen and one in the scrotum. We found shrapnel(s) in the amputation stumps of 26 patient’s amputated limbs, while 8 patients had shrapnel in the non-amputated limb. Three patients had liver lesions. Nineteen patients had elevated liver enzymes, 32 patients had elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and 12 were anaemic. Two patients tested positive for hepatitis C virus and three were positive for hepatitis B virus (HBV). One of the 19 patients with fatty liver tested positive for HBV. Two of the patients with fatty liver infiltration had elevated glycatedhaemoglobin levels and confirmed diabetes mellitus type II.ConclusionNearly half (44, 8%) had remaining metal fragments from explosives of unknown composition harboured in various parts of their bodies. All patients identified with lesions and nodules are being followed up locally. As of now, we cannot anticipate the long-term health consequences of living with metal residuals from modern explosive weapons embedded in body organs and tissue.
Electronic cigarette use among university students aged 18–24 years in New Zealand: results of a 2018 national cross-sectional survey
Authors: Wamamili Ben , Wallace-Bell Mark , Richardson Ann , Grace Randolph C , Coope Pat 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesTo examine electronic cigarette use, reasons for use and perceptions of harm among university students.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingUniversity students across New Zealand.MethodsWe analysed data from a 2018 cross-sectional survey of university students, weighted to account for undersampling and oversampling by gender and university size. χ2 tests were used to compare e-cigarette use, reasons for use and perceptions of harm by age, gender, ethnicity and cigarette smoking.ParticipantsThe sample comprised 1476 students: 62.3% aged 18–20 years, 37.7% aged 21–24 years; 38.6% male, 61.4% female; 7.9% Māori and 92.1% non-Māori.Results40.5% of respondents (95% CI 37.9 to 43.1) reported ever, 6.1% (4.9–7.4) current and 1.7% (1.1–2.5) daily use. Regardless of frequency, 11.5% of vapers had vaped daily for ≥1 month, 70.2% of whom used nicotine-containing devices; 80.8% reported not vaping in indoor and 73.8% in outdoor smoke-free spaces. Among ever vapers, curiosity (67.4%), enjoyment (14.4%) and quitting (2.4%) were common reasons for vaping. 76.1% (73.4–78.7) of respondents believed e-cigarettes were less harmful than cigarettes.More males than females reported vaping (ever, current, daily and daily for ≥1 month), nicotine use and belief that e-cigarettes were less harmful than cigarettes. More participants aged 18–20 years reported not vaping in outdoor smoke-free spaces, vaping out of curiosity and belief that e-cigarettes were less harmful than cigarettes, while more participants aged 21–24 years vaped daily for ≥1 month and for enjoyment. More Māori than non-Māori ever vaped. More cigarette smokers than non-smokers vaped (ever, current, daily and daily for ≥1 month), used nicotine and vaped to quit, while more non-smokers did not vape in smoke-free spaces and vaped out of curiosity.ConclusionsOur results suggest high prevalence of e-cigarette ever and current use, particularly among males and smokers. Many vaped out of curiosity and perceived e-cigarettes as less harmful than cigarettes.