bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishing the Therapeutic Index of Fluid Resuscitation in the Septic Patient: A Narrative Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Reynolds Paul M. , Wells Lauren , MacLaren Robert , Scoular Sarah K. 
Published: January 2020

This comprehensive review comparatively evaluates the safety and benefits of parenteral fluids used in resuscitation with a focus on sepsis. It also provides a random‐effects meta‐analysis of studies comparing restrictive resuscitation and usual care in sepsis with the primary outcome of mortality. In the septic patient, fluid therapy remains a complex interplay between fluid compartments in the body, the integrity of the endothelial barrier, and the inflammatory tone of the patient. Recent data have emerged describing the pharmacokinetics of fluid resuscitation that can be affected by the factors just listed, as well as mean arterial pressure, rate of infusion, volume of fluid infusate, nature of the fluid, and drug interactions. Fluid overload in sepsis has been associated with vasodilation, kidney injury, and increased mortality. Restrictive resuscitation after the initial septic insult is an emerging practice. Our search strategy of Medline databases revealed six randomized studies with 706 patients that examined restrictive resuscitation in sepsis. Results of this meta‐analysis demonstrated no differences in mortality with restrictive resuscitation compared with usual care (30.6% vs 37.8%; risk ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.66–1.05, respectively) but was limited by the small number of studies and larger quantities of pre‐randomization fluids.Another approach to address fluid overload is active (diuresis) de‐resuscitation strategies that may shorten the need for mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit length of stay. Data suggest that colloids may confer mortality benefit over saline in the most severely ill septic patients. Compared with isotonic saline, balanced resuscitation fluids are associated with a lower incidence of acute kidney injury and mortality. The benefits of balanced resuscitation fluids are most evident when higher volumes of fluids are used for sepsis. Clinicians should consider these pharmacotherapeutic factors when selecting a fluid, its quantity, and rate of infusion.
A transition program to adult health services for teenagers receiving long‐term home mechanical ventilation: A longitudinal qualitative study
Authors: Dale Craig M. , Carbone Sarah , Amin Reshma , Amaria Khushnuma , Varadi Robert , Goldstein Roger S. , Rose Louise 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveAdolescents receiving long‐term home mechanical ventilation (HMV) who survive into adulthood must transition to adult health care services. Lack of transition readiness is reported to result in poor health outcomes. The objective of this study is to explore longitudinally the pediatric‐to‐adult health care transition experience involving a transition program for adolescents receiving HMV including transition readiness, barriers, facilitators, and modifiable features.DesignA prospective qualitative longitudinal interview study of adolescent and family caregiver dyads recruited through a pediatric‐to‐adult HMV transition program jointly established by two collaborating health centers: The Hospital for Sick Children and West Park Healthcare Centre in Toronto, Canada. Eligible dyads were interviewed at three time points: pretransition, transition, and 12‐months posttransition. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using directed content analysis methods.ResultsVentilator‐assisted adolescents (VAAs) and caregiver participants perceived a lack of transition readiness in their ability to manage health communication and coordination across multiple adult providers. Transition facilitators included early transition discussion, opportunities for VAAs to speak directly with HMV providers during appointments, receipt of print informational materials regarding adult services, and a joint pediatric‐adult team handover meeting. Modifiable transition barriers included lack of other specialist referrals, insufficient information about adult homecare service funding, and limited involvement of family doctors. Unresolved transition barriers resulted in perceptions of service fragmentation.ConclusionsAlthough the pediatric‐to‐adult HMV transition program conferred benefits service fragmentation was perceived. Transition barriers may be overcome through early planning and staged transition with all specialists, community providers, and the family and adolescent working in collaboration.
Hyperspectral remote sensing to detect leafminer‐induced stress in bok choy and spinach according to fertilizer regime and timing
Authors: Nguyen Hoang DD , Nansen Christian 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDDetection and diagnosis of emerging arthropod outbreaks in horticultural glasshouse crops, such as bok choy and spinach, is both important and challenging. A major challenge is to accurately detect and diagnose arthropod outbreaks in growing crops (changes in canopy size, structure, and composition), and when crops are grown under three fertilization regimes. Day‐time remote sensing inside glasshouses is highly sensitive to inconsistent lighting, spectral scattering, and shadows casted by glasshouse structures. To avoid these issues, a unique feature of this study was that hyperspectral remote sensing data were acquired after sunset with an active light source. As part of this study, we describe a comprehensive approach to performance assessment of classification algorithms based on hyperspectral remote sensing data.RESULTSBased on average hyperspectral remote sensing profiles from individual crop plants, none of the 31 individual spectral bands showed consistent significant response to leafminer infestation and non‐significant response to fertilizer regime. Multi‐band classification algorithms were subjected to a comprehensive performance assessment to quantify risks of model over‐fitting and low repeatability of classification algorithms. The performance assessment of classification algorithms addresses the important ‘bias‐variance trade‐off’. Truly independent validation (training and validation data sets being separated over time) revealed that leafminer infestation could be detected with >99% accuracy in both bok choy and spinach.CONCLUSIONWe conclude that detailed hyperspectral profiles (not single spectral bands) can accurately detect and diagnose leafminer infestation over time and across fertilizer regimes. Hyperspectral remote sensing data acquisition at night with an active light source has the potential to enable arthropod infestations in glasshouse‐grown crops, such as, bok choy and spinach. In addition, we conclude that effective use and deployment of hyperspectral remote sensing requires thorough performance assessments of classification algorithms, and we propose an analytical performance method to address this important matter. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Screening, identification and application of soil bacteria with nematicidal activity against root‐knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on tomato
Authors: Liu Guangying , Lin Xu , Xu Shuangyu , Liu Guang , Liu Feng , Mu Wei 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDRoot‐knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are soilborne pathogens that can cause great damage to and economic loss of crops globally. Owing to the high toxicity of chemicals toward humans and the environment, the use of biocontrol bacteria, a promising method for controlling root‐knot nematodes, has gained attention.RESULTSTo screen novel bacterial strains for their ability to control root‐knot nematodes, 106 bacterial strains were isolated from soil. Eight of the obtained isolates exhibited satisfactory nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita at 2‐fold dilutions (approximately 3 × 1012 CFU mL−1) after 12 h of exposure. Based on their physiological, biochemical and molecular (16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequences) characteristics, the eight strains were identified as Bacillus halotolerans, B. kochii, B. oceanisediminis, B. pumilus, B. toyonensis, B. cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and B. pseudomycoides. In greenhouse and field experiments, the eight isolates suppressed M. incognita up to 69.96% compared to the control. Additionally, the yield of tomato increased 1.4–26.1% over that of the control.CONCLUSIONThe strains of B. halotolerans DDWA, B. kochii DDWB, B. oceanisediminis DDWC and B. pseudomycoides JNC have potential to control M. incognita, which has not been previously reported. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Ageing strategically: On migration, care, and diversity in later life
Authors: Sampaio Dora 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper discusses how different groups of older migrants originating in the Global North and Global South converge in the Portuguese islands of the Azores—a microcosm of global migration and a site of inscribed healthcare inequalities—where they strategically maximise the economic and social capital accumulated over the life course to achieve a better life (style). Drawing on the concepts of “strategic switching” and “geographic arbitrage,” the paper extends these debates to the domains of ageing and care. Based on qualitative research with three groups of ageing migrants—lifestyle, return, and ageing‐in‐place labour migrants—the paper shows how different groups of older migrants perform their agency and employ creative strategies to attain better ageing care, in other words, to age strategically. The paper ultimately reveals the centrality of practices of geographic arbitrage and the use of a strategic lens to mobility over the life course in order to achieve a more comfortable older age.
Ternary chalcogenides XGaS2 (X = Ag or Cu) for photocatalytic hydrogen generation from water splitting under irradiation of visible light
Authors: Liu Yu‐Liang , Yang Chuan‐Lu , Wang Mei‐Shan , Ma Xiao‐Guang , Yi You‐Gen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTernary chalcogenide silver gallium sulfide (AgGaS2), which has an orthorhombic structure, was already synthesized. However, the feasibility of using the crystal for hydrogen production through photocatalytic water splitting has not been explored. Here, we systematically investigated the structural, electronic, optical, and transport properties of XGaS2 (X = Ag or Cu) with orthorhombic structure by using the first principles calculations. The band alignments indicate that all calculated absolute potentials of the valence and conduction band edges met the requirement of photocatalytic water splitting reaction. The presence of 2.64 and 2.56 eV direct band energy gaps and obvious optical absorption within the visible light range imply that XGaS2 can correspond to solar light. Moreover, the large electron mobility and the obvious differences between electron mobility and hole mobility were identified in XGaS2 structures, which is beneficial to the photocatalytic performance of the water splitting reaction. The present findings can provide a helpful reference for developing novel photocatalytic materials with XGaS2 for hydrogen generation from water splitting under irradiation of visible light.
Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared study of the effects of citrate on the adsorption of phosphate at the hematite surface
Authors: Barreto Matheus S. C. , Elzinga Evert J. , Alleoni Luis R. F. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCarboxylic acids affect the retention and solubility of phosphate in soils and rhizospheres, but spectroscopic studies addressing the mechanisms involved are scarce. Here, we used in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to study the mechanisms of adsorption of orthophosphate and citric acid onto hematite in binary and ternary systems at pH 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5. In binary systems, phosphate adsorbed as a mixture of two inner‐sphere species assigned as monodentate and bridging complexes, with the fraction of bridging species increasing with decreasing pH. Citrate coordinated to the hematite surface through the carboxylate groups, which consisted of a mixture of inner‐sphere complexes and either noncoordinated or outer‐sphere complexes, with inner‐sphere complexation becoming more important at lower pH. Introduction of citrate into pre‐equilibrated phosphate–hematite systems induced desorption of both the monodentate and bridging phosphate species, with competitive effects increasing with decreasing pH. At pH 5.5 and 6.5, the bridging complexes were mobilized to a larger extent than initially present on the surface, indicating preferential desorption. Similarly, pre‐equilibration of hematite with citrate preferentially inhibited the formation of the bridging phosphate surface complexes. Their relatively strong susceptibility to interference by citrate suggests that the bridging phosphate species are protonated monodentate complexes engaged in hydrogen bonding to adjacent surface sites. The results of this study refine our understanding of the mechanisms of phosphate retention at Fe‐oxide mineral surfaces and demonstrate that carboxylic acids may affect not only phosphate solubility but also the speciation of phosphate associated with Fe‐oxides in soil and rhizosphere environments.
Versatile Macroscale Concentration Gradients of Nanoparticles in Soft Nanocomposites
Authors: Taladriz‐Blanco Patricia , Rothen‐Rutishauser Barbara , Petri‐Fink Alke , Balog Sandor 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNanocomposite materials benefit from the diverse physicochemical properties featured by nanoparticles, and the presence of nanoparticle concentration gradients can lend functions to macroscopic materials beyond the realm of classical nanocomposites. It is shown here that linearity and time‐shift invariance obtained via the synergism of two independent physical phenomena—translational self‐diffusion and shear‐driven dispersion—may give access to an exceptionally high degree of flexibility in the design of scalable and programmable long‐range concentration gradients of nanoparticles in solidifiable liquid matrices.
Population Genomics of Transitions to Selfing in Brassicaceae Model Systems
Authors: Mattila Tiina M. , Laenen Benjamin , Slotte Tanja 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMany plants harbor complex mechanisms that promote outcrossing and efficient pollen transfer. These include floral adaptations as well as genetic mechanisms, such as molecular self-incompatibility (SI) systems. The maintenance of such systems over long evolutionary timescales suggests that outcrossing is favorable over a broad range of conditions. Conversely, SI has repeatedly been lost, often in association with transitions to self-fertilization (selfing). This transition is favored when the short-term advantages of selfing outweigh the costs, primarily inbreeding depression. The transition to selfing is expected to have major effects on population genetic variation and adaptive potential, as well as on genome evolution. In the Brassicaceae, many studies on the population genetic, gene regulatory, and genomic effects of selfing have centered on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the crucifer genus Capsella. The accumulation of population genomics datasets have allowed detailed investigation of where, when and how the transition to selfing occurred. Future studies will take advantage of the development of population genetics theory on the impact of selfing, especially regarding positive selection. Furthermore, investigation of systems including recent transitions to selfing, mixed mating populations and/or multiple independent replicates of the same transition will facilitate dissecting the effects of mating system variation from processes driven by demography.
Neurospora from Natural Populations: Population Genomics Insights into the Life History of a Model Microbial Eukaryote
Authors: Gladieux Pierre , De Bellis Fabien , Hann-Soden Christopher , Svedberg Jesper , Johannesson Hanna , Taylor John W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe ascomycete filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa played a historic role in experimental biology and became a model system for genetic research. Stimulated by a systematic effort to collect wild strains initiated by Stanford geneticist David Perkins, the genus Neurospora has also become a basic model for the study of evolutionary processes, speciation, and population biology. In this chapter, we will first trace the history that brought Neurospora into the era of population genomics. We will then cover the major contributions of population genomic investigations using Neurospora to our understanding of microbial biogeography and speciation, and review recent work using population genomics and genome-wide association mapping that illustrates the unique potential of Neurospora as a model for identifying the genetic basis of (potentially adaptive) phenotypes in filamentous fungi. The advent of population genomics has contributed to firmly establish Neurospora as a complete model system and we hope our review will entice biologists to include Neurospora in their research.
Population Genomics on the Fly: Recent Advances in Drosophila
Authors: Haudry Annabelle , Laurent Stefan , Kapun Martin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDrosophila melanogaster, a small dipteran of African origin, represents one of the best-studied model organisms. Early work in this system has uniquely shed light on the basic principles of genetics and resulted in a versatile collection of genetic tools that allow to uncover mechanistic links between genotype and phenotype. Moreover, given its worldwide distribution in diverse habitats and its moderate genome-size,Drosophilahas proven very powerful for population genetics inference and was one of the first eukaryotes whose genome was fully sequenced. In this book chapter, we provide a brief historical overview of research inDrosophilaand then focus on recent advances during the genomic era. After describing different types and sources of genomic data, we discuss mechanisms of neutral evolution including the demographic history ofDrosophilaand the effects of recombination and biased gene conversion. Then, we review recent advances in detecting genome-wide signals of selection, such as soft and hard selective sweeps. We further provide a brief introduction to background selection, selection of noncoding DNA and codon usage and focus on the role of structural variants, such as transposable elements and chromosomal inversions, during the adaptive process. Finally, we discuss how genomic data helps to dissect neutral and adaptive evolutionary mechanisms that shape genetic and phenotypic variation in natural populations along environmental gradients. In summary, this book chapter serves as a starting point toDrosophilapopulation genomics and provides an introduction to the system and an overview to data sources, important population genetic concepts and recent advances in the field.
Avian Population Genomics Taking Off: Latest Findings and Future Prospects
Authors: Delmore Kira E. , Liedvogel Miriam 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBirds are one of the most recognizable and diverse groups of organisms on earth. This group has played an important role in many fields, including the development of methods in behavioral ecology and evolutionary theory. The use of population genomics took off following the advent of high-throughput sequencing in various taxa. Several features of avian genomes make them particularly amenable for work in this field, including their nucleated red blood cells permitting easy DNA extraction and small, compact genomes. We review the latest findings in the population genomics of birds here, emphasizing questions related to behavior, ecology, evolution, and conservation. Additionally, we include insights in trait mapping and the ability to obtain accurate estimates of important summary statistics for conservation (e.g., genetic diversity and inbreeding). We highlight roadblocks that will need to be overcome in order to advance work on the population genomics of birds and prospects for future work. Roadblocks include the assembly of more contiguous reference genomes using long-reads and optical mapping. Prospects include the integration of population genomics with additional fields (e.g., landscape genetics, phylogeography, and genomic mapping) along with studies beyond genetic variants (e.g., epigenetics).
Population Genomics of the House Mouse and the Brown Rat
Authors: Ullrich Kristian K. , Tautz Diethard 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMice (Mus musculus) and rats (Rattus norvegicus) have long served as model systems for biomedical research. However, they are also excellent models for studying the evolution of populations, subspecies, and species. Within the past million years, they have spread in various waves across large parts of the globe, with the most recent spread in the wake of human civilization. They have developed into commensal species, but have also been able to colonize extreme environments on islands free of human civilization. Given that ample genomic and genetic resources are available for these species, they have thus also become ideal mammalian systems for evolutionary studies on adaptation and speciation, particularly in the combination with the rapid developments in population genomics. The chapter provides an overview of the systems and their history, as well as of available resources.
Data Management and Summary Statistics with PLINK
Authors: Chang Christopher C. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPLINK is a versatile program which supports data management, quality control, and common statistical computations on matrices of genomic variant calls, in a computationally efficient manner. In population genomics, it is frequently used to take care of the “basics,” so they do not need to be reimplemented when a new type of analysis needs to be performed on such a matrix. I describe several of these basic operations, and discuss uses and pitfalls.
polyDFE: Inferring the Distribution of Fitness Effects and Properties of Beneficial Mutations from Polymorphism Data
Authors: Tataru Paula , Bataillon Thomas 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe possible evolutionary trajectories a population can follow is determined by the fitness effects of new mutations. Their relative frequencies are best specified through a distribution of fitness effects (DFE) that spans deleterious, neutral, and beneficial mutations. As such, the DFE is key to several aspects of the evolution of a population, and particularly the rate of adaptive molecular evolution (α). Inference of DFE from patterns of polymorphism and divergence has been a longstanding goal of evolutionary genetics. provides a flexible statistical framework to estimate the DFE and α from site frequency spectrum (SFS) data. Several probability distributions can be fitted to the data to model the DFE. The method also jointly estimates a series of nuisance parameters that model the effect of unknown demography as well data imperfections, in particular possible errors in polarizing SNPs. This chapter is organized as a tutorial for . We start by briefly reviewing the concept of DFE, α, and the principles underlying the method, and then provide an example using central chimpanzees data (Tataru et al., Genetics 207(3):1103–1119, 2017; Bataillon et al., Genome Biol Evol 7(4):1122–1132, 2015) to guide the user through the different steps of an analysis: formatting the data as input to , fitting different models, obtaining estimates of parameters uncertainty and performing statistical tests, as well as model averaging procedures to obtain robust estimates of model parameters.