bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
164 The effects of energy and lasalocid supplementation on forage intake and energetics of cattle grazing wheat pasture
Authors: Pickett Autumn T , Kegley Elizabeth , Beck Paul A , Gunter Stacey A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Cattle grazing wheat have the potential to gain BW exceptionally well, but excessive nitrogen intake results in increased excretion and increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Supplemental grain with the addition of an ionophore given to ruminants grazing wheat is a potential practice for producers to increase nitrogen efficiency while decreasing GHG emissions. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to quantify the effects of energy and lasalocid supplementation on nutrient intake, respiratory gas fluxes, and performance of grazing cattle. Heifers (n = 18) were used in a 49-d experiment that consisted of two 21-d blocks with 7 d between them (initial BW=311±17.3 kg and 339±16.7 kg, Block 1 and 2, respectively). Heifers were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 treatments; no supplement (Control, n = 6), 2.95 kg control feed/d (Energy, n = 6), or 2.95 kg feed with lasalocid/d (Lasalocid, n = 6). Cattle grazed an 8.1-ha paddock of winter wheat and had access to a GreenFeed system used to quantify the respiratory gas fluxes (CH4, CO2, and O2). Cattle were weighed on d 0 and 21 of each block, on d 15 to 21 cattle were gathered every 12 h and fecal samples were collected. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED in SAS. Methane emissions were not affected (P = 0.58) by treatment, but supplemented cattle had greater (P = 0.04) CO2 emissions and O2 consumption (P = 0.03). Hence, ADG tended to be greater for supplemented cattle (P= 0.09) compared to Control (1.22 and 1.00 kg, respectively); but no effect (P = 0.88) was observed for the Lasalocid. Fecal output was greater for supplemented cattle (P &lt; 0.01), but forage intake was lower (P &lt; 0.01) and nutrient intake was higher (P &lt; 0.01) for supplemented cattle compared to Control. Supplemented cattle had lower forage intake with greater CO2 emissions and O2 consumption, but the Lasalocid did not affect any parameter.
44 Effect of Quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) extract inclusion in a high roughage diet upon in vitro gas production
Authors: Batista Luiz Fernando Dias , Rivera Madeline E , Norris Aaron B , Adams Jordan , Cracco Roberta , Jackson Morgan , Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The utilization of natural plant secondary compounds as feed additives in animal nutrition has been extensively studied because of their ability to modify digestive and metabolic functions. Condensed tannin (CT) supplementation can potentially alter ruminal fermentation, and mitigate methane (CH4) emissions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of quebracho CT extract (QT; Schinopsis balansae) within a roughage-based diet on overall fermentability and CH4 production utilizing the in vitro gas production technique (IVGP). Twenty rumen cannulated steers (227 ± 19 kg) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (n=4): QT at 0, 1, 2, and 3% of DM (QT0, QT1, QT2, and QT3). A roughage-based diet containing 88% bermudagrass hay and 12% concentrate was fed daily at 2.1% of shrunk body weight. The animals were adapted to the basal diet for 24-d then introduced to predetermined treatments for 35d. Rumen inoculum was collected weekly from each steer to perform the incubations. Two hundred milligrams of air-dried base diet were incubated for 48-h with a composite rumen inoculum for each treatment over 5 wk. Kinetic analysis of cumulative 48h gas production was performed using Gasfit. Measurements of CH4 were performed via gas chromatography and digested residue was determined post-incubation. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model. Total gas production was higher for QT0 compared to QT1 and QT3 (P = 0.001), but not different from QT2 (P = 0.554). The fractional rate of gas production was higher for QT2 compared to QT0 (P = 0.011). First and second pool gas production decreased linearly as QT inclusion increased (P = 0.042 and 0.010, respectively). There was no dietary effect in ivNDFD (P = 0.567). However, there was a linear tendency to decrease CH4 production with the addition of QT (P=0.071) likely due to changes in the microbial population.
49 Effects of in-vitro digestibility in cannulated steers when supplemented different levels of glycerol
Authors: Gutierrez Noheli , Boyd Jamie A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate effects of increasing concentration of food grade glycerol on rumen environment and nutrient digestibility. Three ruminally cannulated Jersey steers were used in this study. The study was conducted from March to May 2019. Experimental design was a 3x3 Latin square with a 2wk adjustment period followed by a 1wk collection period. Diet was coastal bermudagrass hay based. Different forage types were introduced in the incubation process to evaluate digestibility. Glycerol was administered once a day at 0, 15, or 20% of DMI (dry matter intake). dNDF (digestible NDF) and dDM (digestible dry matter) was determined using an ANKOM Daisy II incubator inoculated with 200g fresh rumen fluid and incubated for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h at 39°C. Each vessel contained ground forage samples in filter bags in triplicate. After incubation, filter bags were rinsed with cold water and dried for 24h in a 55°C forced air oven. Data were analyzed using the Proc MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4. There was no difference dNDF in effect of different levels of glycerol between forage types by diet. But a numerical tendency was observed that dNDF was decreased at 20% inclusion rates in comparison to 0 and 15% inclusion of glycerol in the diet. Neither steer nor run was significantly different in the study. However as expected digestibility over time was significantly different (P &lt; 0.001). A significant increase was observed in DMI with the increased levels of glycerol in the diet (P = 0.003), both the 15% and 20% levels of glycerol increased in DMI in comparison to the control (0%). It appears based on these study results that digestibility may be inhibited, as levels of dietary glycerol increase in the diet and more work needs to be done to find the optimal level of glycerol supplementation.
188 Voluntary individual intake and performance of mature cows compared to primiparous heifers consuming a low quality forage
Authors: Holder Amanda , Andresen Claire , Gross Megan A , Moehlenpah Alexi , Lalman David L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study investigated production and efficiency of Angus first-calf heifers and mature cows. During late lactation (January through April), cow/calf pairs were provided abundant bermudagrass hay and 2.5 kg of dried distiller’s grains with solubles daily. Milk yield and composition was determined monthly using a milking machine. After weaning, forty-three Angus 2-yr-old heifers (n = 22) and cows (n = 21) were assigned to one of five pens according to their dry matter intake EPD. Each pen was equipped with two SmartFeed individual intake units adapted with a hay basket. Cows had ad libitum access to long stem prairie hay (CP = 5.7%, NDF = 66.4, TDN = 54%). Cows were provided 1 kg corn and 1 kg cotton seed meal daily. Performance variables were analyzed with a mixed model including pen as a random variable and age the fixed variable. Following a 14-day adaptation period, individual cow forage intake was measured for 45 days. There was a positive phenotypic correlation (r = 0.40, P &lt; .01) between residual average daily gain EPD and average study-period BCS on trial. Mature cows consumed 1.9 kg more forage daily (P = 0.05) than heifers although there was no difference when expressed as a percent of BW (2.0%; P &gt; .78). There was no difference in the amount of time spent in feeders between heifers and cows (4.6 hrs, P &gt; 0.59) nor average body condition score (5.1, P &gt; .86). Cows produced more milk per unit of body weight (P &lt; .01) and had greater residual feed intake and calf weaning weight (kg) compared to heifers (0.63 and 211.6 vs -0.45 and 189.3; P &lt; 0.04). Heifers consumed similar amount of forage per unit of BW, spent the same amount of time in feeders and were more efficient in weight gain while consuming low quality forage.
41 Effect of grazing cotton crop residue versus Bermudagrass on performance and economic parameters in late gestation beef cows
Authors: Davis Dylan B , Hernandez Shane r , Stewart Lawton 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The residual lint, seed, and leaf remaining after cotton harvest was evaluated as a feedstuff to reduce the amount of hay fed to beef cows during early winter. A study was conducted utilizing 36 crossbred Angus cross cows (BW 491.04 kg) in late gestation. Cows were stratified by weight and randomly assigned to one of four groups, and each group was assigned to one of two treatments: Bermudagrass hay (Cynodon dactylon) (HAY), or cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) crop residue + Bermudagrass hay (COTTON). All cattle remained on their respective treatments for 30 d, and BW were recorded before and after the feeding period. Hand-grab samples were collected of cotton residue in each field to quantify residue available at the beginning of grazing. Available residue in the cotton groups were 783.17 kg/acre and 911.13 kg/acre. Core samples were collected from each bale of a single lot of hay. The same lot of hay was used for both treatments. Hay was offered ad libitum for the HAY treatment, and hay was offered to the COTTON treatment, starting on d 19. A completely randomized design was used and data were analyzed using a one way analysis of variance. The CP, NDF, and ADF values for hay and cotton residue were 12.3, 62, and 37%, and 23.5, 66, and 57%, respectively. Average daily gain (1.02 and 0.60 kg) and average weight change (34.5 and 20.4 kg) were higher (P &lt; 0.003) for HAY compared to COTTON cows; however, their subsequent calving and breeding performance in the herd were not affected. Average daily hay disappearance for COTTON (5.90 kg/hd) was lower (P &lt; 0.02) compared to HAY (17.19 kg/hd). Overall daily hay cost per head was lower (P &lt; 0.01) for COTTON compared to HAY ($0.65 and $1.89, respectively). These data show that grazing cotton crop residue can reduce feed cost in late gestation beef cows.
190 Winter vs. year-round supplementation of mature beef cows on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of steer progeny
Authors: Palmer Elizabeth , Vedovatto Marcelo , Ranches Juliana , Gouvea Vinicius , Oliveira Rhaiza , Poore Matt H , Arthington John , Vendramini Joao , Moriel Philipe 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of year-round supplementation of molasses/urea or wheat middlings-based range cubes to mature cows on subsequent feedlot growth, immunity, and carcass characteristics of their steer progeny. On d 0, 82 mature Brangus cows were stratified by BW and BCS (433 ± 47 kg; 4.6 ± 0.77) and randomly allocated into 1 of 6 bahiagrass pastures (13–14 cows/pasture). Treatments were randomly assigned to 2 pastures/treatment and consisted of supplementation with molasses/urea during winter (MOL-W), or year-round supplementation with molasses/urea (MOL-Y) or range cubes (CUB-Y). Supplements were isocaloric and isonitrogenous (75% TDN, 20% CP; DM basis) and offered at a total yearly supplement DM amount of 272 kg/cow. On d 423, all calves were weaned, and 33 steers were randomly selected for the feedlot phase. Steers were penned based on cow prepartum pasture distribution and managed similarly until slaughter (d 661). Data were analyzed as complete randomized design using MIXED procedure of SAS, pasture as the experimental unit, treatment as fixed effect, and pasture(treatment) and steer(pasture) as random effects. Dry matter intake did not differ (P ≥ 0.70), but MOL-Y and MOL-W steers had greater (P = 0.05) overall ADG vs. CUB-Y steers. Plasma haptoglobin concentrations tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for CUB-Y vs. MOL-W, and intermediate for MOL-Y. Serum titers against bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 and parainfluenza-3, hot carcass weight, REA, and YG did not differ (P ≥ 0.16) among treatments, but back fat thickness was greater (P = 0.03) for MOL-W vs. MOL-Y and CUB-Y. The percentage of carcasses grading Choice did not differ (P = 0.35) among treatments, but more carcasses tended (P = 0.08) to grade low Choice for MOL-W vs. CUB-Y and MOL-Y. Therefore, providing molasses/urea supplementation to mature beef cows during winter only or year-round increased steer post-weaning feedlot performance and carcass quality compared to steers born from cows offered year-round supplementation with range cubes.
51 Effects of acclimation on cattle response to humans while being handled
Authors: Hemphill Corban H , Reuter Ryan R , Neel James P , Goodman Laura 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of previous human interaction on the behavior of beef cows while they are being handled. To achieve this, 84 F-1 Angus x Brahman cows were randomly assigned to one of two human interaction treatments. The positive human-animal interaction group (P) was subjected to daily contact with a herdsman (on foot) for 15 minutes and was fed supplement by the herdsman. The control group (N) was checked daily and fed from a vehicle, with no direct human interaction. Each acclimation procedure was replicated in 2 pastures/herds (n = 16 to 26 cows in each herd). During routine processing times for these herds (d 0, 256, and 317), herds were gathered from their pastures and temperament was assessed. Chute and alley scores were assigned to individual animals by the same trained observer and ranged from 1 (calm) to 5 (aggressive). Chute exit velocity was also measured. Temperament variables were evaluated with ANOVA as a split plot with acclimation procedure in the whole plots and pasture as the whole-plot experimental unit, and processing time in the split plot. Neither human interaction (P = 0.99) nor time (P = 0.13) affected chute exit velocity. Chute score increased through time (P = 0.01) but was not affected by human interaction (P = 0.70). Alley score was not affected by human interaction (P = 0.32) or time (P = 0.81). Neither time nor the specific type of human acclimation we implemented affected cattle temperament, indicating other traits may be more important. Alternatively, different acclimation procedures may be more effective to improve cattle temperament.
38 Effect of Breed on Dairy Calf Vigor from Birth to Preweaning
Authors: Meza Michelle P , Turner Caitlin M , Powers Chad M , Sexten Andrea K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
There is a stigma in the dairy industry that Brown Swiss calves are not as quick to stand and nurse following birth compared to other dairy breeds. The objective of this study is to determine if Brown Swiss calves are less vigorous at birth and if this affects their health status and early calf growth compared with the dairy industry’s most prominent breed, the Holstein. All calves (n = 25) were scored shortly after birth using a modified Apgar scoring system used for infants. Thirteen parameters divided into 5 categories were evaluated to determine overall vigor of each calf. These included visual scores for meconium staining and swelling of the head; initial mobility scores for time to lift head, time to stand, and ear position; general responsiveness scores included strength of the suckling reflex, head shake in response to straw in nasal cavity, tongue withdrawal when pinched, and eye reflex; oxygenation score for mucus membrane color; rates scores included heart rate, respiration rate, and temperature. In addition to the vigor scoring, a weight was taken at birth and 2 weeks post calving. Jugular blood samples were collected at birth, 24 hours later, and at 2 weeks of age, and serum was stored for later analysis of haptoglobin and IgG concentration. Vigor scores and weight data were analyzed by breed using the mixed procedure in SAS. The vigor score for suckling reflex was lower (P = 0.04) for Brown Swiss calves (1.69, n = 12) than Holstein calves (2.39, n = 13). A weakened suckling reflex can lead to more challenges when consuming colostrum. Early colostrum intake is vital to obtaining passive immunity and maintaining health status in young calves. All other vigor scores collected for the Brown Swiss and Holstein calves did not differ (P &gt; 0.05).
167 The effects of fly control strategies on fly abundance, fly avoidance behaviors, and performance in feedlot bulls and steers
Authors: McNeff Courtney , Talley Justin , Robison Colton A , Wilson Blake K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to examine the effects of fly control strategies on fly abundance, fly avoidance behaviors, and animal performance in a feedlot setting. Angus bulls (n = 64; BW = 281 ± 36.2 kg) and steers (n = 36; BW = 475 ± 40.4 kg) were blocked by sex and BW and assigned to 1 of 4 experimental treatments in a randomized complete block design (7 pens/treatment; 4 bulls/pen; 3 steers/pen). Treatments included: control (CON; no fly control), abamectin and piperonyl butoxide insecticide tags (FT; XP820®, Y-Tex Corporation, Cody, WY), permethrin and piperonyl butoxide pour on (PO; Permectrin® CDS, Bayer Animal Health, Shawnee Mission, KS), or a garlic-powder top dress (GR) administered at 0.28 g • -1 animal • -1d. The experiment was conducted between June and September. Horn and stable fly abundance (FA) and fly avoidance behaviors (FAB; i.e. tail-flicks, stomping, head-tossing) were recorded by trained personnel. Both FA and FAB were recorded once/wk on days with similar temperatures, humidity, wind speed, and without precipitation based on Oklahoma Mesonet data (Stillwater site). There was a tendency for a treatment × time interaction for horn FA with differences in treatments occurring at wk 1, 2, 8, and 14. There was no treatment × time interaction for stable FA or FAB, however both were affected by time (P &lt; 0.001). There were no differences in final BW (P = 0.34), overall ADG (P = 0.30), overall DMI (P = 0.53), or overall G:F (P = 0.39). There was a tendency (P ≤ 0.10) for GR to have decreased BW on d 28 and decreased ADG from d 0 to 28 compared with FT and PO. There was also a tendency (P = 0.09) for decreased DMI from d 0 to 56 for GR compared to CON and FT. Overall FA was less than expected (mean = 1 to 17 flies/animal) throughout the experiment and overall animal performance was unaffected by fly control strategy.
148 The effect of bunk preference on performance, intake, and efficiency of feedlot steers using an automated individual feeding system
Authors: Pierce Kaitlyn N , Reuter Ryan R , Robison Colton A , Wilson Blake K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Automatic feeding systems are being used more frequently to understand individual cattle behavior and intake variation when cattle are group housed. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate if bunk preference exists, and if so, how bunk preference affects performance, intake, or efficiency of feedlot steers. Angus steers (n = 123; initial BW = 293 ± 33.8 kg) were blocked by BW and sire and assigned to 1 of 4 pens, each containing 6 automated feed bunks (Insentec RIC; Hokofarm Group, Marknesse, Netherlands), in a randomized complete block design. Steers were fed a common diet and free to consume feed from any bunk within the pen without restriction. A steer’s preferred bunk was defined as the bunk from which the most feed was consumed. In any week, 80% of steers consumed less than 29% of that week’s total feed intake from the preferred bunk, indicating no strong preference for a specific bunk. The maximum weekly feed intake consumed from a preferred bunk was 57%. Further, the percentage of intake from the preferred bunk did not affect overall ADG, feed intake, or G:F (P &gt; 0.64). These results suggest that a few steers may have a relatively strong preference for a specific feed bunk; however, this preference was not associated with performance, intake, or efficiency. Researchers can design experiments (at a stocking density of 5 steers per bunk) that restrict or alter an individual animal’s access to any specific bunk, because such access, or lack of access, does not alter the animal’s performance or feed intake.
150 The effect of competition for an automated supplement feeder on supplement intake behavior of stocker steers
Authors: Husz Taylor C , Goad Carla , Reuter Ryan R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine the effect of competition for a feeding space at an automated supplement feeder on supplement intake behavior. A 2 yr study was conducted; each yr, 128 mixed-breed beef steers (n = 256, initial BW = 245 ± 27.5 kg) were randomly assigned to 8 paddocks. One paddock each yr (n = 16 steers) was selected to have continuous access to the feeder for the duration of the 16 wk trial; this paddock was designated the “tester” paddock. The automated feeder had 4 feeding stations that dispensed supplement after eligible animal’s RFID tags were read by the electronics of the feeder. Steers were limited to 0.50 kg supplement/d. Weekly, additional paddocks were commingled with the tester paddock to increase competition for the feeder. This resulted in a stocking density from 4 to 32 steers per feeding station. For yr 2, one feeding station was disabled, resulting in a stocking density of 5.3 to 42.7 steers per feeding station. Approximately 31% of the steers did not voluntarily use the feeder; therefore, effective competition was less than the study design. Mean weekly supplement intake and GPS location were recorded for steers in the tester paddock. Additionally, pedometer data were collected in yr 2. Weekly mean supplement intake and time spent near the feeder were regressed on actual feeder stocking density with yr as a random variable; wk was the experimental unit (n = 16 wk). Tester steers consumed an average of 0.27 kg supplement/d. Competition for a feeding station numerically reduced (P = 0.01) supplement intake by 5 g/d per steer of additional competition. Steers spent 4.4% of the time within 15 m of the feeder regardless of competition (P = 0.54). As competition increased, steers took more steps (P &lt; 0.01). These data illustrate that in environments similar to this experiment, the feeder can be stocked with at least 20 animals per feeding station with minimal effects on supplement intake.
192 Towards Year-Round Grazing in the Southeastern U.S
Authors: Pent Gabe J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Winter feeds costs for small ruminants exceeds 50% of the total cost of most small ruminant production systems in the Southeastern U.S. Keeping these feed costs low is one of the most effective and time-tested ways to improve farm profitability. While maintaining an appropriate stocking rate will be critical for sustaining long-term farm productivity, a suite of other management practices is available to assist in this objective. Installing appropriate fence and watering system infrastructure for managing grazing will be critical for improving harvest efficiency and stockpiling forages for utilization when forage growth is limited. Filling gaps in forage production may also be achieved through the strategic use of a number of forage species, including warm-season or cool-season forages and annual or perennial forages. Managing stored forages appropriately during storing and feeding will help minimize feed losses, while producing quality hay will reduce the need for supplementary feeds. With the adoption of these proven practices, sheep and goat production may be optimized by allowing them to harvest their own feed almost year-round in the Southeastern U.S.