bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Covid-19 and Crisis-Prompted Distance Education in Sweden
Authors: Bergdahl Nina , Nouri Jalal 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study represents the first research effort to explore the transition from traditional teaching into distance teaching in Swedish schools enforced by covid-19. Governments made gradual and injudicious decisions to impede the spread of the pandemic (covid-19) in 2020. The enactment of new measures affected critical societal functions and included travel restrictions, closing of borders, school closures and lockdowns of entire countries worldwide. Social distancing became the new reality for many, and for many teachers and students, the school closure prompted a rapid transition from traditional to distance education. This study aims to capture the early stages of that transition. We distributed a questionnaire to teachers’ (n = 153) to gain insights into teacher and school preparedness, plans to deliver distance education, and teachers’ experience when making this transition. Results show that the school preparedness was mainly related to technical aspects, and that teachers lack pedagogical strategies needed in the emerging learning landscape of distance education. Findings reveal four distinct pedagogical activities central for distance education in a crisis, and many challenges faced during the transition. While preparedness to ensure continuity of education was halting, schools and teachers worked with tremendous effort to overcome the challenges. Results expand on previous findings on school closure during virus outbreaks and may in the short-term support teachers and school leaders in making informed decisions during the shift into distance education. The study may also inform the development of preparedness plans for schools, and offers a historical documentation.
Effects of Basicity and Al2O3 Content on the Chemistry of Phases in Iron Ore Sinter Containing ZnO
Authors: Park Junwoo , Rajavaram Ramaraghavulu , Suh In-Kook , Jeon Jiwon , Son Sanghan , Lee Joonho 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The effects of basicity and Al2O3 content on the chemistry of phases in iron ore sinter containing ZnO were investigated by Rietveld analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Bulk composition analysis was carried out using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and wet-chemical analysis. The composition of each phase was investigated using a scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM-EDX). It was found that ZnO exists in the franklinite and the silicoferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA) phases. With increasing ZnO content, the phase fraction of the franklinite increased, while the fraction of SFCA slightly increased. When ZnO content was fixed at 1 wt pct and basicity increased, the fraction of franklinite decreased and that of SFCA increased. Here, the solubility of ZnO in the SFCA increased. As the Al2O3 content increased, the fraction of franklinite decreased and that of SFCA increased, while ZnO content in the SFCA did not change significantly.
A Comparative Study of Different Administrations of Nebulized Hyaluronic Acid After Endoscopic Endonasal Surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Abbate Vincenzo , Iaconetta Giorgio , Maglitto Fabio , Improta Giovanni , Romano Antonio , Bonavolontà Paola , Seidita Francesco , Califano Luigi , Dell’Aversana Orabona Giovanni 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHyaluronic Acid (HA) plays many roles in wound healing in general, through different mechanisms. Several authors reported the effectiveness of hyaluronic acid in promoting mucosal healing and reducing discomfort for patients after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Different methods for HA nasal administration have been reported. The aim of our study has been to evaluate the efficacy of the administration of nebulized HA through a nasal douche compared with its administration through a nasal spray with patients undergoing ESS for chronic rhinosinusitis. From January 2013 to January 2019 a prospective clinical trial was carried out in our hospital with 163 patients who had undergone ESS for chronic rhinosinusitis. The sample was divided into three groups according to the method of administration of HA. Our study confirm the efficacy of the administration of nebulized HA through nasal douche in post-operative care (6.5% vs 4.5%). The most relevant data regards the nasal dryness sign: the data revealed an unexpected percentage of worsening of that sign at time T3 (p = 0.049) particularly evident in the patients treated with HA through nasal douche compared to whom the nasal spray device was prescribed (4% vs 1%). Further studies are needed to identify the best means of administration of HA, which would satisfy the requirements for efficacy in terms of the results and, at the same time, patient compliance.
Reproductive decision-making in the context of hereditary cancer: the effects of an online decision aid on informed decision-making
Authors: Reumkens Kelly , Tummers Marly H. E. , Severijns Yil , Gietel-Habets Joyce J. G. , van Kuijk Sander M. J. , Aalfs Cora M. , van Asperen Christi J. , Ausems Margreet G. E. M. , Collée Margriet , Dommering Charlotte J. , Kets Marleen , van der Kolk Lizet E. , Oosterwijk Jan C. , Tjan-Heijnen Vivianne C. G. , van der Weijden Trudy , de Die-Smulders Christine E. M. , van Osch Liesbeth A. D. M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIndividuals having a genetic predisposition to cancer and their partners face challenging decisions regarding their wish to have children. This study aimed to determine the effects of an online decision aid to support couples in making an informed decision regarding their reproductive options. A nationwide pretest-posttest study was conducted in the Netherlands among 131 participants between November 2016 and May 2018. Couples were eligible for participation if one partner had a pathogenic variant predisposing for an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome. Participants completed a questionnaire before use (T0), and at 3 months (T3) after use of the decision aid to assess the primary outcome measure informed decision-making, and the secondary outcome measures decisional conflict, knowledge, realistic expectations, level of deliberation, and decision self-efficacy. T0–T3 comparisons show an overall positive effect for all outcome measures (allps < 0.05; knowledge (ES = − 1.05), decisional conflict (ES = 0.99), participants’ decision self-efficacy (ES = −0.55), level of deliberation (ES = − 0.50), and realistic expectations (ES = − 0.44). Informed decision-making increased over time and 58.0% of the participants made an informed reproductive decision at T3. The online decision aid seems to be an appropriate tool to complement standard reproductive counseling to support our target group in making an informed reproductive decision. Use of the decision aid may lessen the negative psychological impact of decision-making on couples’ daily life and wellbeing.
The Italian mobile surgical units in the Great War: the modernity of the past
Authors: Vergani Contardo , Venturi Marco 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMedical services in WWI had to face enormous new problems: masses of wounded, most with devastating wounds from artillery splinters, often involving body cavities, and always contaminated. Tetanus, gas gangrene, wound infections were common and often fatal. Abdominal wounds were especially a problem: upon entering the war the commanders of all medical services ordered to avoid surgery, based on dismal experiences of previous wars. Surgical community divided into non-operative and operative treatment supporters. The problem seemed mainly organizational, as the wounded were rescued after many hours and treated by non-specialist doctors, in inadequate frontline settings or evacuated back with further delay of treatment. During initial neutrality, Italian Academics closely followed the debate, with different positions. Many courses and publications on war surgery flourished. Among the interventionists, Baldo Rossi, to provide a setting adequate to major operations close to the frontline, with trained surgeons and adequate instruments, realized for the Milano Red Cross three fully equipped, mobile surgical hospitals mounted on trucks, with an operating cabin-tent, with warming, illumination and sterilizing devices, post-operative tents and a radiological unit. Chiefs of the army approved the project and implemented seven similar units, called army surgical ambulances, each run by a distinguished surgeon. Epic history and challenges of the mobile units at the frontline, brilliant results achieved on war wounds and epidemics are described. After the war they were considered among the most significant novelties of military medical services. Parallels with present scenarios in war and peace are outlined.
Elastic-plastic-brittle transitions of potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystals: characterization by nanoindentation
Authors: Zhang Yong , Hou Ning , Zhang Liang-Chi , Wang Qi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPotassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals are widely used in laser ignition facilities as optical switching and frequency conversion components. These crystals are soft, brittle, and sensitive to external conditions (e.g., humidity, temperature, and applied stress). Hence, conventional characterization methods, such as transmission electron microscopy, cannot be used to study the mechanisms of material deformation. Nevertheless, understanding the mechanism of plastic-brittle transition in KDP crystals is important to prevent the fracture damage during the machining process. This study explores the plastic deformation and brittle fracture mechanisms of KDP crystals through nanoindentation experiments and theoretical calculations. The results show that dislocation nucleation and propagation are the main mechanisms of plastic deformation in KDP crystals, and dislocation pileup leads to brittle fracture during nanoindentation. Nanoindentation experiments using various indenters indicate that the external stress fields influence the plastic deformation of KDP crystals, and plastic deformation and brittle fracture are related to the material’s anisotropy. However, the effect of loading rate on the KDP crystal deformation is practically negligible. The results of this research provide important information on reducing machining-induced damage and further improving the optical performance of KDP crystal components.
Diagnosis and Management of Fetal Ductus Arteriosus Constriction
Authors: Chugh Bindiya D. , Makam Adinarayana 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe ductus arteriosus is an important structure in the fetal circulation. It connects the pulmonary artery to the arch of the aorta distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery and carries most of the right ventricular output. Patency of the ductus arteriosus is maintained by factors like prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide and low oxygen tension of the blood. With the advent of ultrasonography and Spectral Doppler, many cases of ductal constriction have been reported. It can be idiopathic but is usually secondary to the use of medication like NSAIDs, isoxsuprine, fluoxetine and also some particular foods rich in polyphenol like herbal teas, dark chocolate, berries and coffee. Idiopathic ductal constriction is a rare finding. Ductus arteriosus constriction occurs largely due to inhibition of the prostaglandin synthetase pathway as the ductus arteriosus becomes more sensitive to prostaglandin inhibitors in later gestation. It is, therefore, more commonly seen in the 3rd trimester. Because of fetal hyperdynamic compromise, it results in tricuspid regurgitation, right ventricular hypertrophy and ultimately right ventricular failure, hydrops, pulmonary hypertension and even intrauterine fetal death. We present a series of ductus arteriosus constriction, of which 3 cases were associated with tricuspid regurgitation, 1 case with right sided dominance of the heart and 1 case with moderate to severe right ventricular hypertrophy. Mild cases require close fetal monitoring and severe cases may need urgent delivery. Postnatal prognosis seems to be good in cases of ductal constriction associated with right heart abnormalities as right heart abnormalities resolve in a couple of weeks, although pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular failure are major concerns. Preventive measures include avoiding the use of NSAIDs and other medications especially in the 3rd trimester and changes in maternal dietary habits.
Amiodaron-induzierte Thyreopathien
Authors: Trummer Christian , Theiler-Schwetz Verena , Pilz Stefan 
Published: September 2020

ZusammenfassungAmiodaron ist ein Klasse III-Antiarrhythmikum mit einem breiten Spektrum von Wirkungen auf die Schilddrüse, wodurch sowohl eine Schilddrüsenunterfunktion als auch eine Schilddrüsenüberfunktion entstehen kann. Dies ist zum einen durch den sehr hohen Jodgehalt von Amiodaron und zum anderen durch das mögliche Auslösen einer destruktiven Thyreoiditis zu erklären. Eine Amiodaron-induzierte Hypothyreose (AIH) wird wie auch sonst üblich mit Levothyroxin behandelt, ein Absetzen von Amiodaron ist deshalb nicht notwendig. Bei der Amiodaron-induzierten Thyreotoxikose (AIT) werden zwei Formen unterschieden: Die AIT 1 entsteht durch den Jodexzess bei Amiodarontherapie auf dem Boden eines Morbus Basedow oder einer Schilddrüsenautonomie, die AIT 2 stellt eine destruktive Thyreoiditis dar. Diese Unterscheidung ist bei der Diagnostik von großer Bedeutung, da je nach Subtyp eine unterschiedliche Erstlinientherapie begonnen wird. Die AIT 1 wird zunächst mit Thionamiden (± Natriumperchlorat) behandelt, PatientInnen mit AIT 2 erhalten zu Beginn Glukokortikoide. Falls eine genaue Einteilung in einen der beiden Subtypen nicht möglich ist (Mischtypen/undefinierte Typen), kann zunächst das Ansprechen auf Thionamide getestet werden oder von Beginn an eine Kombinationstherapie mit Glukokortikoiden erfolgen. Amiodaron muss insbesondere bei milden Fällen einer AIT 2 nicht abgesetzt werden, bei AIT 1 sollte ein Absetzen erwogen werden. In Notfällen sowie bei kritisch kranken PatientInnen kann auch eine Thyreoidektomie erfolgen.
A Multi-layered Psychological-Based Reference Model for Citizen Need Assessment Using AI-Powered Models
Authors: Alharthi Rajwa , El Saddik Abdulmotaleb 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe propose an automatic, low-cost, large-scale, nonintrusive human need recognition framework that utilized a multi-layered psychological-based reference model and designed with different modules including data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction and contextualization module. The reference model comprises several classification and regression models to identify human psychological needs, measure their satisfaction levels, evaluate their surrounding environment around different life aspects during any subjective event or towards emerging topics at any time, and in any location, using their publicly available social media content. We evaluate the predictive powers of various textual, psychological, semantic, lexicon-based and Twitter-specific features. To provide benchmark results, we compare and evaluate the performance of diverse machine learning algorithms. Our results confirm the effectiveness of the developed reference model. The framework is used to recognize citizen needs in response to the New Zealand terror attacks which occurred on March 15th, 2019.
Web Conferencing Facilitation Within Problem-Based Learning Biomedical Engineering Courses
Authors: Arena Sara L. , Lee Yong W. , Verbridge Scott S. , Muelenaer Andre , VandeVord Pamela J. , Arena Christopher B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractProblem-based learning (PBL) has been effectively used within BME education, though there are several challenges in its implementation within courses with larger enrollments. Furthermore, the sudden transition to online learning from the COVID-19 pandemic introduced additional challenges in creating a similar PBL experience in an online environment. Online constrained PBL was implemented through asynchronous modules and synchronous web conferencing with rotating facilitators. Overall, facilitators perceived web conferencing facilitation to be similar to in-person, but noted that students were more easily “hidden” or distracted. Students did not comment on web conferencing facilitation specifically, but indicated the transition to online PBL was smooth. Course instructors identified that a fully synchronous delivery as well as modifications of Group Meeting Minutes assignments as potential modifications for future offerings. Future work will aim to address the perceptions and effectiveness of web conferencing facilitation for PBL courses within an undergraduate BME curriculum, as web conferencing could prove to be another significant breakthrough in addressing challenges of problem-based learning courses.
Unwanted Attention: Swiss Multinationals and the Creation of International Corporate Guidelines in the 1970s
Authors: Pitteloud Sabine 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDuring the last decade, we have seen an increased opposition to globalization. Within this wave of criticism, firms and more specifically multinational corporations have been major targets, accused of multiple wrongdoings, such as social dumping, fiscal evasion, job cuts, trade deficits, abuses of power, and environmental damages. In many respects, this debate echoes the one that took place during the 1970s with respect to oil shocks, de-industrialization, and imperialism. At that time, several international organizations, such as the OECD, ECOSOC, ILO, and the European Community started to address the issue of multinationals and international investments, and advocated for the creation of guidelines to regulate their activities. The following paper explores the reactions of Swiss multinationals to these attempts, as well as their strategies for protecting their latitude in conducting business. Relying on archival material of the Swiss Union of Commerce and Industry and of the Federal Archives, this paper shows how the biggest companies in the pharmaceutical, machine, and food processing industries—all of them still being global players —decided to create a task force to deal with these emerging regulations at the international level.
Survey to determine the relative importance of clinical factors used to make empiric antibiotic decisions
Authors: Kim Casey , Szymczak Julia E. , Schnellinger Erin M. , Herman David J. , Kennedy Leigh A. , Talati Naasha J. , Hamilton Keith W. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA cross-sectional survey study of inpatient prescribers in a university health system was performed to assess the importance they place on different clinical risk factors when making empiric antibiotic decisions. Our findings show that these clinical risk factors were weighted differently based on the clinical scenario and the type of prescriber.
Intravital damage to the body ofDickinsonia(Metazoa of the late Ediacaran)
Authors: Ivantsov Andrey , Zakrevskaya Maria , Nagovitsyn Aleksey , Krasnova Anna , Bobrovskiy Ilya , Luzhnaya (Serezhnikova) Ekaterina 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSeveral specimens ofDickinsoniacf.D.menneri, originating from a single burial event at the Lyamtsa locality of the late Ediacaran (Vendian) in the southeastern White Sea area, Russia, represent deviations from normal morphology: a reduction in the total length of the body; the loss of portions of the body; various deformations of the transverse elements, called isomers; and splitting of the longitudinal axis with the formation of two posterior ends. It is assumed that these deformations were formed as a result of non-lethal damage, which occurred long before the burial event, and the response ofDickinsoniato them. The progress of the regeneration process at the damaged areas, and especially its deviations, indicates that the growth zone was located at the posterior end of theDickinsoniabody. The cause of non-lethal damage toDickinsoniacould not be established, but the local distribution of deformed specimens preserved in the same burial event alongside cyanobacterial colonies, and the presence of weak deformations, expressed only in shortening of the length of some isomers, lead to the conclusion that damage resulted from short episodes of physicochemical impact, rather than occasional attacks by a hypothetical macrophage.
Single-seed cascades on clustered networks
Authors: McSweeney John K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe consider a dynamic network cascade process developed by Duncan Watts applied to a class of random networks, developed independently by Newman and Miller, which allows a specified amount of clustering (short loops). We adapt existing methods for locally tree-like networks to formulate an appropriate two-type branching process to describe the spread of a cascade started with a single active node and obtain a fixed-point equation to implicitly express the extinction probability of such a cascade. In so doing, we also recover a formula that has appeared in various forms in works by Hackett et al. and Miller which provides a threshold condition for certain extinction of the cascade. We find that clustering impedes cascade propagation for networks of low average degree by reducing the connectivity of the network, but for networks with high average degree, the presence of small cycles makes cascades more likely.
Restricted v. unrestricted oral intake in high output end-jejunostomy patients referred to reconstructive surgery
Authors: Sobocki Jacek , Zaczek Zuzanna , Jurczak Paulina , Lachowicz Karolina , Kunecki Marek , Groszek Patrycja , Majewska Krystyna , Panczyk Mariusz , Forbes Alastair 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe major complication of end jejunostomy is excessive fluid and electrolyte loss through the stoma, leading to hypovolaemia and dyselectrolytaemia within days and malnutrition within weeks. The aim was to compare the results of two nutritional approaches: unrestricted and restricted oral intake in patients with end jejunostomy commencing home parenteral nutrition (HPN) in terms of liver and renal biochemical markers and time to reconstructive bowel surgery with correlation to stoma output. Twenty patients with stabilised high output end-jejunostomy were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of ten patients with oral intake restricted to keep stomal output under 1000 ml. Group B consisted of ten patients with unrestricted oral intake. The following parameters were evaluated over 6 months: stomal output, self-estimation of general condition, body weight gain, plasma bilirubin and creatinine, number of hospitalisations prior to reconstructive surgery, the frequency of ostomy bag emptying, feelings of hunger and thirst in the daytime, and the time to reconstructive surgery. Stoma losses were compensated by parenteral supply. In group B, lower quality of life was observed, reflected by weakness, permanent feelings of hunger and thirst and the need for night-time emptying of the stoma bag. Patients in group B developed more complications and required more time to prepare for surgery. One death occurred in group B due to renal insufficiency followed by septic complications. Restricted oral intake seems to be more effective for prevention of HPN-related complications and shortening of time to surgery. Unrestricted oral intake appears to provoke uncontrolled losses of energy and protein, inhibiting weight gain.