bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic background for moderate resistance against fusarium head blight among winter wheat developed in the Forrest Steppe of Ukraine
Authors: Karelov A. V. , Kozub N. A. , Kucheriavy I. I. , Sozinova O. I. , Sozinov I. O. , Riabchun V. K. , Blume Ya. B. 
Published: October 2020

Aim. The aim of the work was to evaluate the genetic background of resistance to Fusarium head blight in common winter wheat cultivars based on the allelic state of the TDF_076_2D gene conferring tolerance against Fusarium graminearum Schwabe and F. culmorum (W.G.Sm.) Sacc. fungi. Methods. We studied 91 winter common wheat cultivars developed in the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of NAS of Ukraine. A silica-based commercial kit was used for DNA extraction. For the allelic state detection, the INDEL1 marker co-segregating with the TDF_076_2D gene was used. Results. The frequency of the resistance allele according to the marker for the gene conferring moderate resistance to the Fusarium fungi made up 0.802. Conclusions. The majority of the common wheat cultivars from the studied sample carry the resistance allele of the gene of interest. The data obtained are consistent with the results of previous research for the wider sample of the winter and spring common wheat cultivars. The cultivars with confirmed resistance allele might show lower infection level in the field and serve as a source of the gene in marker assisted selection.
Keywords: common wheat, disease resistance genes, Fusarium head blight, molecular markers.
Radiation-induced modification of secondary metabolites contents in plants of Salvia officinalis L. and Silybum marianum L.
Authors: Pchelovska S. A. , Litvinov S. V. , Shylina Yu. V. , Zhuk V. V. , Lystvan K. V. , Salivon A. G. , Tonkal L. V. 
Published: October 2020

Aim. Long-term studies of the effect of sublethal doses of pre-sowing low-LET ionizing radiation on seeds have demonstrated the effectiveness of radiation biotechnology to stimulate the accumulation of pharmaceutically valuable secondary metabolites in medicinal raw materials of a number of common medicinal plants in Ukraine. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of radiation technology in the case of seeds of Salvia officinalis L. and Silybum marianum L. Methods. X-ray irradiation of seeds at doses up to 50 Gy, spectrophotometric analysis of water-ethanol extracts, fluorescence microscopy of leaf epidermis were used. Results. Doses of pre-sowing X-ray irradiation were selected which maximally stimulate both the increase of biomass of medicinal raw materials and the accumulation of secondary metabolites. In particular for Salvia officinalis L. doses are 5 Gy and 20 Gy, for Silybum marianum L. are 10 Gy and 20 Gy. Conclusions. It is recommended to use two stimulating doses at the same time, as the result of exposure depends essentially on the physiological status of the seeds, growing conditions, varietal characteristics. Increasing the content of flavonoids and phenols in medicinal raw materials has been shown to be a reliable and reproducible marker of stimulating of rosemary acid accumulation in Salvia officinalis leaves.
Keywords: radiation-induced stimulation, Salvia officinalis, Silybum marianum, rosemary acid, silibinin.
Creation of a genetic vector carrying a synthesis bacterial protein gene CAS9 for plant genome editing
Authors: Hnatiuk I. S. , Varchenko O. I. , Parii M. F. , Symonenko Yu. V. 
Published: October 2020

Aim. To create a genetic construct carrying the bacterial protein Cas9 gene, the reporter β-glucuronidase gus gene, as well as the marker phosphinotricin-N-acetyltransferase bar gene for plant genome editing. Methods. Molecular-biological, biotechnological, microbiological and bioinformatic methods were used in the study; Golden Gate molecular cloning method was used to create genetic constructs. Results. The genetic construct pSPE2053 which carries the Cas9 endonuclease gene, the gus and bar genes was created; the assembly correctness of all vector elements was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction; the construct was transferred to Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells; β-glucuronidase gene expression was verified by histochemical analysis after Nicotiana rustica L transient genetic transformation. Conclusions. The created genetic construct can be used to edit the plant genome for both stable and transient genetic transformation to accumulate recombinant Cas9 protein. The guide RNA sequences may be subsequently transferred into such plants using either stable or transient genetic transformation or traditional crossing methods.
Keywords: cloning, genetic construction, gus and bar genes, Cas9 endonuclease protein, transient expression.
Protein status of winter wheat cell lines with combined tolerace to abiotic stresses
Authors: Sergeeva L. E. , Dykun M. O. , Bronnikova L. I. 
Published: October 2020

Aim. Winter wheat cell lines were selected on medium with the addition of lethal doses of Cd2+ cations. Those variants demonstrated stable growth under osmotic stress pressure. The aim of the investigation was the estimation of cell protein status during cultivation under various conditions. Methods. Cd-resistant cell lines of winter wheat (cv. Favoritka) were cultivated under normal conditions and on cultural media with addition of lethal doses of manitol or Cd2+ (stresses I, II). From calli tissues crude protein matter was obtained and detected by Laemmli system electrophoresis. Results. Cd-resistant winter cell lines showed stable growth under any abiotic stress pressure. Electrophoregrams demonstrated peculiar features of some protein fraction accumulation that correlated with the age of cultures and type of stress agent. Conclusions. There were no decrease of total protein pools in calli tissues during cell cultivation under any (manitol, Cd2+) lethal stress pressure. The quantitative accumulation of some protein fractions were correlated with the type of stress agent. This event was especially manifested in variants, cultivated on media with manitol addition. Protein status of Cd-resistant cell lines of winter wheat is the reflection of their combined stress tolerance.
Keywords: winter wheat, cell selection, cadmium ions, osmotic stress, tolerant cell line, protein.
Modern technologies of increasing the tolerance of in vitro cultured plants to ex vitro conditions
Authors: Hrytsak L. R. , Drobyk N. M. 
Published: October 2020

Aim. To analyze the experience of Ukrainian and foreign scientists on technologies to increase the adaptive potential of cultivated in vitro plants to ex vitro conditions. Results. Modern acclimatization technologies are mainly aimed at improving the methods of adaptation of planting material of in vitro collections to ex vitro conditions. Much less attention is paid to technologies to increase plant resilience at the stage of their multiplication and growth in vitro. Integration and systematization of research results of a large number of scientists is allowed to describe the main strategies and methodological techniques, which implementation can significantly increase the adaptive potential of in vitro plants. Conclusions. Optimization of physical and chemical conditions of plant cultivation in vitro can induce changes in their phenotype, intensity of photosynthetic reactions, water balance, which increases the adaptive potential of plants and facilitates the process of their acclimatization to ex vitro conditions.
Key words: in vitro plants, acclimatization to ex vitro conditions, adaptive potential, technology.
Elevernes trivsel og mentale sundhed
Authors: Wistoft Karen 
Published: October 2020

På basis af et survey for elever og forældre vedrørende nødundervisningen under coronakrisen sætter denne artikel fokus på, hvordan coronakrisen påvirkede elevernes trivsel og mentale sundhed, hvilke bekymringer de selv og forældrene havde, og hvordan begge parter håndterede skolelukningerne.
Næsten alle børnene savnede vennerne, skolen og fritiden, og knap en femtedel følte sig ensomme. Dels blev den fysiske kontakt med vennerne stærkt reduceret, dels var mange af børnene usikre på deres egen læring, hvilket kan hænge sammen med, at de arbejdede alene og ikke havde samme grad af kontakt til lærerne som normalt. Samtidig udtrykte også en del af forældrene bekymring for deres børns læring og trivsel og for deres helbred og mentale trivsel.
Herudover kan der identificeres en sammenhæng mellem elevernes vurdering af deres mentale sundhed og graden af kontakt med lærere og kammerater samt forældrenes vurdering af hverdagen. Der er ligeledes en sammenhæng mellem børns ensomhedsfølelse og forældrenes grad af bekymring; de børn, der føler sig mest ensomme, er også de børn, som har de mest bekymrede forældre.
Endelig spiller både alder, køn og socioøkonomisk baggrund ind: Således vurderer elever, hvis forældre har lav socioøkonomisk status, i undersøgelsen deres egen mentale sundhed lavere end øvrige elever.
Production and Quality Evaluation of Yogurts from Composites of Powdered Cow Milk, Soy Milk and Cornstarch
Authors: Obiora C. U. , Igwe E. C. , Udeagha E. C. , Orjiakor S. N. , Anarado C. S. 
Published: October 2020

This research was carried out to evaluate the appropriate levels of substitution of powdered cow milk with soy milk and cornstarch needed to produce yoghurt, evaluating its quality and potential for acceptance. Powdered cow milk was substituted with soymilk and cornstarch up to 30% to produce yogurt and market sample yogurt was used as control. Each composite blend milk samples was homogenized, pasteurized at 75°C for 5 min, cooled and inoculated with a mixed freeze-dried starter culture containing strains of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus at 45°C, fermented for 6 h and cooled to 4˚C. The proximate, chemical, microbial, functional and sensory evaluation of the composite yogurt samples was determined. The yogurt samples were coded ACS-1 to ACS-13 where ACS-13 represent control. The result of the proximate analysis showed that moisture content ranged from 82.04 – 88.71%, protein ranged 2.05 – 6.48%, fat ranged from 2.14 – 3.62%, carbohydrate ranged from 4.30 – 9.91% and ash content ranged from 0.53 – 1.48%. The pH ranged from 3.73 – 4.82. For microbial evaluation, the total viable bacteria count ranged from 1.90x107 – 11.60x107, total coliform count ranged from 0.50x107 – 3.90x107. For chemical and functional evaluation, the total solids ranged from 11.28 – 16.96%, titratable acidity ranged from 0.30 – 1.80%, syneresis ranged from 0.00 – 28.33%, water absorption capacity ranged from 0.00 – 75.53% and apparent viscosity ranged from 1337- 4863 cP. For sensory evaluation, yogurt produced with 100% powdered milk (ACS-1) was the most preferred while yogurt sample produced with 50% powdered milk, 30% cornstarch and 20% soy milk (ACS-10) was the least preferred among other yogurt samples. This study revealed the mix ratios of powdered cow milk, soy milk and cornstarch that were acceptable in accordance with yogurt standard and the extent the quality of yogurt was generally accepted with the use of processing adjuncts (soymilk and cornstarch).
Sexuality Education; Needed but Disputable?
Authors: Wahba Mamdouh M 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAs they grow up, adolescents need and require age‐appropriate and culturally sensitive sexuality education in order to provide them with the knowledge and skills to navigate safely through the critical phase of adolescence. However, many young people in many parts of the world are inadequately prepared to make proper decisions and choices. A large number of them lack the accurate knowledge and proper skills to adopt a safe and healthy lifestyle, including sexual practices.Findings from a review of literature concerning sexuality education programs across the globe indicate that there has been persistent and wide debate around this issue in many communities. The controversy is mainly due to the sociocultural sensitivity of issues of sexuality and a lack of political will to address this subject.Certain actions are suggested to be taken during the design and implementation of the sexual education programs that could soften the sensitivities around the issue and make them more appealing to all stakeholders, to ensure that no one is left behind.Key ConceptsYoung people need and have the right to be provided with adequate and accurate sexual and reproductive health information and skills.Providing young people with information and skills has been proved to have substantial positive impact on their health, development and well‐being.Most of the abiding concepts for sexuality education stemmed from the Program of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo 1994 which was endorsed by 178 countries.People are not the same. They share many characteristics but differ widely in many others; particularly the cultural beliefs, trends and practices.In many parts of the world, sexuality remains a taboo, a shameful and indecent issue not to be discussed in public or with young people. Therefore, the term sexuality education is not tolerated by policymakers, parents, teachers and the whole community in many societies.School‐based sexuality education is the most cost‐effective approach to reach a large number of young people and provide them with age‐appropriate information and skills in a safe and trusted environment.There are major differences among the various school‐based sexuality education programs in the diverse global community; these are advanced in some countries and altogether nonexistent in others.All international declarations and recommendations emphasise that sexuality education should be culturally appropriate, respecting diversity and addressing the real needs of young people.Currently, many young people around the world are unable to access the sexual and reproductive health information they need to know or to acquire the skills they have the right to obtain. This should emphasise the need to develop a different strategy and new procedures for the design, promotion and implementation of school‐based sexuality and reproductive health education programs.
History ofHelicobacter pyloriand Human: An Intimate Story of Pathogen–Host Relationship
Authors: Waskito Langgeng Agung , Miftahussurur Muhammad , Yamaoka Yoshio 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe history ofHelicobacter pyloriis a fascinating story from its discovery which changed the paradigm of gastric as a sterile environment and the gastroduodenal diseases to the fact that it is now infecting about half of the human population. Besides the interesting medical aspect,H. pylorialso had a unique feature as high recombination and mutation rate, yet exceptionally well‐structured population genetics. In addition, evolutionary relationship with the host had been started at least ∼100 000 years ago and accompanied human migration from Africa to the Pacific. Recent discovery of ‘The Iceman’H. pylorisuggested the second introduction of the bacterium in Europe, which is at least ∼5 300 years old. Tracing of the human–H. pyloriassociation within the past 500 years after colonial expansion showed thatH. pylorihad more dynamic recombination than its host, yet maintained similarity to its host, suggesting a very intimate relationship between the host and its pathogen.Key ConceptsThe history ofHelicobacter pyloriis a fascinating story from its discovery which changed the paradigm of gastric as a sterile environment and the gastroduodenal diseases to the fact that it is now infecting about half of the human population.H. pylorihad a unique feature as high recombination and mutation rate, yet exceptionally well‐structured population genetics.Evolutionary relationship with the host had been started at least ∼100 000 years ago and accompanied human migration from Africa to the Pacific.With the increasing number of genomes available forH. pylori, finer resolution human–pathogen relationship could be traced in the past 500 years after the colonial expansion.H. pylorihad more dynamic recombination than its host, yet maintained similarity to its host, suggesting a very intimate relationship between the host and its pathogen.
Evolutionary Origin of Nocturnality in Birds
Authors: Wu Yonghua 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe diel activity patterns of living animals are observable, whereas knowing about those patterns in ancestral or extinct animals remains a challenge. Differences in the diel activity patterns of animals may have led to morphological and genetic differences in their visual systems. Recent developments in reconstructing the traits of ancestral animals offer the opportunity to improve our knowledge of the diel activity patterns of ancestral animals. One of the most important findings is the nocturnality of the common ancestors of living birds. Accumulating evidence based on morphological, behavioural and molecular data suggest the potential importance of nocturnality in their early evolution. The nocturnality of birds may be traced back to theropod dinosaurs and ancestral archosaurs. The possible long‐term history of nocturnality of these diapsid lineages, which parallels that of synapsid lineages (e.g. ancestral mammals), may have facilitated the evolution of mammal‐like characters (e.g. endothermy) in birds.Key ConceptsDiel activity patterns are basic features of animal behaviour, and knowledge of the diel activity patterns of animals is important for understanding their evolutionary history.Living birds widely show at least some form of partial nocturnal activities during their life cycles.The common ancestor of living birds may have engaged in considerable nocturnal activities.There may have been a long evolutionary history of nocturnality in diapsid lineages, paralleling that found in synapsid lineages (e.g. ancestral mammals).Nocturnality may have shaped the evolution of diapsid lineages (e.g. birds).
Body Size Evolution in Crocodylians and Their Extinct Relatives
Authors: Godoy Pedro L , Turner Alan H 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCrocodylians are currently facing evolutionary decline. This is evinced by the rich fossil record of their extinct relatives, crocodylomorphs, which show not only significantly higher levels of biodiversity in the past but also remarkable morphological disparity and higher ecological diversity. In terms of body size, crocodylians are mostly large animals (>2 m), especially when compared to other extant reptiles. In contrast, extinct crocodylomorphs exhibited a 10‐fold range in body sizes, with early terrestrial forms often quite small. Recent research has shed new light on the tempo and mode of crocodylomorph body size evolution, demonstrating a close relationship with ecology, in which physiological constraints contribute to the larger sizes of marine species. Abiotic environmental factors can also play an important role within individual subgroups. Crocodylians, for instance, have been experiencing an average size increase during Cenozoic, which seems to be related to a long‐term process of global cooling.Key ConceptsAlthough Crocodylia is currently a depauperate group, the fossil record of its closest extinct relatives, crocodylomorphs, can provide important evidence to answer major evolutionary questions, such as on extinction and diversity loss.Crocodylomorph body size has varied significantly over time, as well as between subgroups, ranging from relatively small (<1 m) to gigantic (>10 m) species.Crocodylomorph body size evolution is not consistent with an overall trend towards large or smaller sizes through time; instead, multiple shifts to different evolutionary regimes can explain the observed body size values.Climate alone cannot explain the evolution of body size in all crocodylomorphs, but some environmental factors had stronger influence on individual subgroups.The usually larger sizes of aquatic and marine crocodylomorphs can be explained by physiological constraints associated with thermoregulation and lung capacity when under the water.A strong correlation between temperature and body size found for members of the crown‐group (Crocodylia) indicates that species became larger on average as the world became cooler during the Cenozoic.
Phylogeny Reconstruction
Authors: Irisarri Iker 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPhylogenies provide the necessary comparative framework to study biological problems from an evolutionary perspective. Molecular phylogenies reconstructed with probabilistic methods (i.e. maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) are the most popular because they enable statistical inference from a potentially large number of characters (sequences). The main steps to infer phylogenies from sets of homologous sequences using probabilistic methods include sequence masking, multiple sequence alignment, trimming and phylogenetic inference under the concatenation or coalescent approaches. Commonly used software is listed. Given the increasing use of genomic data, I comment on the specifics of phylogenomics and emphasise the importance of data quality and systematic error assessment. Understanding the properties and assumptions, strengths and limitations of available phylogenetic methods is essential for adequately selecting inference methods and for correctly interpreting their results.Key ConceptsPhylogenies are hypotheses of the evolutionary history of organisms (or their sequences).Phylogenetic trees are essential for comparative studies in ecology and evolution.Probabilistic phylogenetic methods provide a statistical framework for estimating historical patterns, inferring parameters of evolutionary processes and testing of hypotheses.Coalescent methods that account for gene tree discordance are an alternative to data concatenation.Phylogenomics provides an increased resolving power but might require especial attention to data quality and systematic error.Mixture models can increase data fit and reduce some systematic errors.
Molecular Phylogeny Reconstruction
Authors: Battistuzzi Fabia U , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMolecular phylogenetics deals with the inference of evolutionary relationships among individuals, populations, species and higher taxonomic entities using molecular data. By modelling patterns of molecular change in protein and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences over time, scientists now routinely reconstruct evolutionary histories of species and evaluate confidence levels of the inferences. Many different approaches to estimate phylogenies exist and comparisons among results are key to determine the robustness of the inference. Molecular phylogenetic inferences have been not only supportive of traditional phylogenies but also instrumental in resolving some difficult questions regarding branching orders within many evolutionary lineages. Because of the vast and growing databases of molecular sequence information, this area promises to be an important key to understanding the history and relationships of all life forms on this planet.Key ConceptsMolecular data are a powerful source of information to reconstruct relationships among individuals, populations, species and higher taxonomic groups.Large‐scale sequencing projects are providing enormous amounts of molecular data to reconstruct detailed phylogenetic trees.Reconstructing phylogenetic trees is a multistep process that requires the identification of homologous sequences, their alignment and finally the reconstruction of lineage relationships.Evaluating the accuracy of phylogenetic trees is fundamental. This is achieved by comparing the phylogenies obtained by different approaches and also the statistical significance (e.g. bootstrap support values) of each phylogeny.Phylogenetic approaches vary in their accuracy based on evolutionary processes, substitution models, rate variation and other biological factors that are intrinsic to each species.