bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in sport-related concussion for female and male athletes in comparable collegiate sports: a study from the NCAA-DoD Concussion Assessment, Research and Education (CARE) Consortium
Authors: Master Christina L , Katz Barry P , Arbogast Kristy B , McCrea Michael A , McAllister Thomas W , Pasquina Paul F , Lapradd Michelle , Zhou Wenxian , Broglio Steven P 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesTo examine sex differences in sport-related concussion (SRC) across comparable sports.MethodsProspective cohort of collegiate athletes enrolled between 2014 and 2017 in the Concussion Assessment, Research and Education Consortium study.ResultsAmong 1071 concussions (females=615; 57.4%), there was no difference in recovery (median days to full return to play) (females=13.5 (IQR 9.0, 23.1) vs males=11.8 (IQR 8.1, 19.0), p=0.96). In subgroup analyses, female recovery was longer in contact (females=12.7 days (IQR 8.8, 21.4) vs males=11.0 days (IQR 7.9, 16.2), p=0.0021), while male recovery was longer in limited contact sports (males=16.9 days (IQR 9.7, 101.7) vs females=13.8 days (IQR 9.1, 22.0), p<0.0001). There was no overall difference in recovery among Division I schools (females=13.7 (IQR 9.0, 23.1) vs males=12.2 (IQR 8.2 19.7), p=0.5), but females had longer recovery at the Division II/III levels (females=13.0 (IQR 9.2, 22.7) vs males=10.6 (IQR 8.1, 13.9), p=0.0048).ConclusionOverall, no difference in recovery between sexes across comparable women’s and men’s sports in this collegiate cohort was found. However, females in contact and males in limited contact sports experienced longer recovery times, while females had longer recovery times at the Division II/III level. These disparate outcomes indicate that, while intrinsic biological sex differences in concussion recovery may exist, important, modifiable extrinsic factors may play a role in concussion outcomes.
Paediatric emergencies and related mortality in Nicaragua: results from a multi-site paediatric emergency registry
Authors: Bressan Silvia , Da Dalt Liviana , Chamorro Miriam , Abarca Raquel , Azzolina Danila , Gregori Dario , Sereni Fabio , Montini Giovanni , Tognoni Gianni 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundWe aim to describe the characteristics and outcomes of the severe spectrum of paediatric emergency visits using a multi-site registry developed as part of an international cooperation project.MethodsThis observational registry-based study presented descriptive statistics of clinical and outcome data on urgent-emergency paediatric visits from 7 Nicaraguan hospitals, including the national referral paediatric hospital, between January and December 2017. Extensive piloting to ensure data collection feasibility, sustainability and accuracy was carried out in 2016 with substantial input and feedback from local stakeholders.ResultsOverall, 3521 visits of patients <15 years of age, of whom two-thirds <5 years, met predefined inclusion criteria of urgent-emergency visits. Respiratory (1619/3498; 46%), gastrointestinal (407/3498; 12%) and neurological (368/3498; 11%) complaints were the most common symptoms. Malnutrition was reported in 18% (610/3448) of presentations. Mortality was 7% (233/3521); 52% (120/233) of deaths occurred in the <1-year subgroup; 32% (71/3521) of deaths occurred within the first 24 hours of presentation. The most common immediate causes of death were septic shock (99/233; 43%), respiratory failure (58/233; 25%) and raised intracranial pressure (24/233; 10%).ConclusionsThe mortality rate of urgent-emergency paediatric visits in Nicaragua is high, with younger children being most at risk and the majority of deaths being eventually caused by septic shock or respiratory failure. Our data provide useful information for the development of a Paediatric Emergency Care network to help direct training efforts, resources and logistic/organisational interventions to improve children’s health in an emergency setting in Nicaragua.
Ionic conductivity of monohydroxy alcohol liquids doped with known probe ions and analysis of the liquid structure
Authors: Lu Gui-Hua , Wang Li-Na , Zhao Xing-Yu , He Yu-Fen , Huang Yi-Neng 
Published: December 2020

The specific values of the conductivity [Formula: see text] and its variation with temperature [Formula: see text] of 2-pentanol and 2-methyl-1-pentanol liquids doped with different concentrations of NaI (abbreviated as 2PEN-[Formula: see text]NaI and 2M1PEN-[Formula: see text]NaI, respectively) ([Formula: see text], 1% and 5%) are measured by the commercial equipment. The results show that whether NaI is doped or not, [Formula: see text] of 2PEN-[Formula: see text]NaI and 2M1PEN-[Formula: see text]NaI all have a conductivity peak in the range of 300–350 K different from that of typical glass-formers of small molecules. In addition, [Formula: see text] goes up with increasing [Formula: see text], and the temperature corresponding to [Formula: see text] maximum increases with rising NaI content. Moreover, there is a nonlinear behavior of [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text], i.e., with rising [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] decreases at low-temperatures, but increases at high-temperatures. Moreover, the liquid structure and its variation with [Formula: see text] are further analyzed based on the ionic conductivity.
Securing Applications against Side-channel Attacks through Resource Access Veto
Authors: Osman Tousif , Mannan Mohammad , Hengartner Urs , Youssef Amr 
Published: December 2020

Apps on modern mobile operating systems can access various system resources with, or without, an explicit user permission. Although the OS generally maintains strict separation between apps, an app can still get access to another app’s private information, such as the user input, through numerous side-channels. For example, keystrokes and swipe gestures from a victim app can be inferred indirectly from the accelerometer or gyroscope output, allowing a zero-permission app to learn sensitive inputs such as passwords from the victim’s app. Current mobile OSes allow an app to defend itself in such situations only in some exceptional cases—e.g., by blocking screenshot captures in Android.

In this article, we propose a general mechanism for apps to defend themselves from any unwanted implicit or explicit interference from other concurrently running apps. Our AppVeto solution enables an app developer to easily configure an app’s requirements for a
safe
environment; a foreground app can request the OS to
disallow
access—i.e., to enable veto powers—to selected side-channel-prone resources to
all
other running apps for a certain (short) duration, e.g., no access to the accelerometer during password input. In a sense, we enable a finer-grained access control policy than the current runtime permission model. We implement AppVeto on Android using the Xposed framework and Procedure Linkage Table hooking techniques, without changing Android APIs. Furthermore, we show that AppVeto imposes negligible overhead, while being effective against several well-known side-channel attacks—implemented via
both
Android Java and/or Native APIs.
(Invited) Growth of Self-Ordered Porous Anodic Oxide Nanomaterials By Coupled Ion Migration and Viscous Flow
Authors: Mishra Pratyush , Hebert Kurt 
Published: December 2020

Porous anodic oxide (PAO) films are self-organized porous oxide nanomaterials formed by electrochemical oxidation. PAO includes porous anodic alumina and TiO2 nanotube layers. These films eventually evolve into a hexagonally-ordered array of parallel cylindrical pores or nanotubes of order 100 nm diameter, with a characteristic interpore spacing that scales directly with the cell voltage.
We explore the roles of mechanical stress and oxide flow in self-ordering, through a modeling analysis of stress-driven viscous flow of oxide (1). The model is based on coupled viscous flow of oxide and stress- and electric field-driven migration of metal and oxygen ions (2). Stress at the film interfaces is generated by ion-transfer processes and relaxed by viscous flow, resulting in layers with elevated compressive or tensile stress within a few nm of the interfaces (3,4). Experimental evidence for these layers has been found from in situ stress measurements (5,6). We present linear stability analysis incorporating the surface stress boundary conditions in the coupled oxide flow-electrical migration model of Houser and Hebert (2).
For porous alumina, the calculations reveal self-organized pattern formation with steady-state pore spacing-voltage scaling ratios that compare favorably to those found experimentally (1). The scaling ratios are independent of oxide viscosity or uncertainties in the values of any other model parameters. The stress driving oxide flow arises at the oxide-solution interface due to strong electrolyte anion adsorption, which blocks direct oxide deposition on the surface itself. New results for TiO2 nanotube layers are presented. Near-surface stress is not present in TiO2 nanotube layers (6); instead, compressive stress driving flow arises at the metal-oxide interface from the volume change upon conversion of metal to oxide.
REFERENCES

P. Mishra and K. R. Hebert, Electrochim. Acta, 340, 135879 (2020).

J. E. Houser and K. R. Hebert, Nature Mater., 8, 415 (2009).

K. R. Hebert, P. Mishra, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, E737 (2018).

K. R. Hebert, P. Mishra, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, E744 (2018).

Ö. Ö. Çapraz, P. Shrotriya, P. Skeldon, G. E. Thompson, K. R. Hebert, Electrochim. Acta, 167, 404 (2015).

Q. Dou, P. Shrotriya, W. F. Li, K. R. Hebert, Electrochim. Acta, 292, 676 (2018).

Q. Dou, P. Shrotriya, W. F. Li, K. R. Hebert, Electrochim. Acta, 295, 418 (2019).
Electrochemical Behavior of Salt Film and Its Role in Pit Growth
Authors: Li Tianshu , Scully John R. , Frankel Gerald S. 
Published: December 2020

In a recently published series of papers for pitting corrosion,1-5 a new concept of maximum pit dissolution current density, i
diss,max, was proposed to establish a unifying framework for pit growth stability. This framework provides an opportunity to revisit several key topics of this field and generates new insights to interpret the previous observations in a self-consistent way. In this work, the unifying framework is further expanded to establish a mathematical model describing the electrochemical behavior of salt film after it precipitates, i.e. the situation when i
diss,max > i
lim. It can be mathematically shown that the main function of a salt film during diffusion-controlled pit growth is to accommodate the extra potential of (E
max - E
sat) by regulating its thickness to adjust the actual potential at the pit surface to E
sat, thus restricting the anodic dissolution current density at the diffusion-limited value.4 The salt film will respond to any changes of the applied potential, temperature, pit depth, and perforation radius of the pit cover. In addition, an analytical model is proposed for salt film growth based on ion transport, in which the film grows at the metal/film interface and dissolves at film/solution interface. Any disturbance causing a difference in growth and dissolution rates will trigger a self-regulating process that will, in turn, bring the pitting system back to steady state.

Acknowledgments: This work was supported as part of the Center for Performance and Design of Nuclear Waste Forms and Containers, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences under Award # DE-SC0016584.
Reference

G. S. Frankel, T. Li, and J. R. Scully, Journal of the Electrochemical Society,
164 (4), C180-C181 (2017).

T. Li, J. R. Scully, and G. S. Frankel, Journal of The Electrochemical Society,
165 (9), C484-C491 (2018).

T. Li, J. R. Scully, and G. S. Frankel, Journal of The Electrochemical Society,
165 (11), C762-C770 (2018).

T. Li, J. R. Scully, and G. S. Frankel, Journal of The Electrochemical Society,
166 (6), C115-C124 (2019).

T. Li, J. R. Scully, and G. S. Frankel, Journal of The Electrochemical Society,
166 (11), C3341-C3354 (2019).
(Keynote) Actual Pore Morphology of Anodic Alumina Films: Straight or Branching?
Authors: Ono Sachiko 
Published: December 2020

Anodic oxide film on aluminum has attracted attention as a starting structure for nanomaterials because of its nano-sized straight tube shape. In this case, a straight pore of the films formed in oxalic acid electrolyte or sulfuric acid electrolyte is generally used. On the other hand, a film with a branched pore structure, like a chromic acid film, is used for practical aluminum materials such as aircraft alloy containing silicon and copper. This is because the branching action of the pores has the effect of suppressing the inhibition of uniform film growth due to the non-uniform base composition of the alloy material. Although the branched structure of the chromic acid film is considered to be unique as anodic film, it has been revealed that when the solubility of the electrolyte is low, the pore branching often appears accompanied by minute dielectric breakdown [1, 2].
Recently, however, the authors found that by performing detailed TEM observation of the pore wall of anodic films, considerable branching of the pores occurred even when electrolysis was performed at 40 V in oxalic acid electrolyte, which is the self-ordering condition. The branching of the pores stops at the early stage of the process and remains as traces in the pore walls as radial fine pores. When the subsequent anodic oxidation continues, these radial micropores disappear due to chemical dissolution reaction of the oxide to the electrolyte. In this study, the actual morphology and controlling factors of pore branching in not only chromic acid electrolyte, but also of pore branching found in films formed by other typical anodizing electrolytes such as sulfuric acid, oxalic acid and phosphoric acid will be reported.
[1] S. Ono, S. Chiaki, T. Sato, J. Surf. Finish. Soc. Jpn, 26, 456 (1975) DOI:10.4139/sfj1950.26.456
[2] S. Ono, T. Kawaguchi, H. Ichinose, Y. Ishida, N. Masuko, J. Surf. Finish. Soc. Jpn, 40, 1361 (1989) DOI:10.4139/sfj.40.1361
Binary Aluminium-Lanthanoid Material Libraries Studied in a Combinatorial Approach
Authors: Hassel Achim Walter 
Published: December 2020

Aluminium and the f-elements following the element lanthanum, the so called lanthanoids have in common to be trivalent in their oxides. Exceptions are found for near f0, f7 and f14 electron configurations. Due to the large mismatch between the atomic radii of aluminium and the lanthanoids the latter ones cause a significant lattice distortion in their binary alloys. The unprecendented chance of basic understanding comes from the fact that the stepwise addition of f electrons in an inner shell cause a charge shielding of the nucleus, resulting in a valence electron shell contraction. In this study combinatorial alloys of aluminium and various lanthanoids where prepared by cosputtering in material libraries. A subsequent SEDX characterisation yields a full compositional map and also other physical data such as electron microscopic imaging and XRD mapping provided information about each single composition. The scanning droplet cell microscope was then employed to perform a comprehensive electrochemical characterisation including OCP, EIS and CV on each single alloy. Due to the large atomic ratio mismatch significant amorphisation was found in a lot of cases. Those flat glassy alloys provide surprisingly low corrosion rates indicating crystallinity itself as well as high energy grain boundaries are prone to a simplified corrosion attack.
In an attempt to complement the experimental approaches a fundamental theoretical attempt is introduced that allows computing Pourbaix diagrams of these alloys in various electrolytes. Finally the two methods are summarized in a principal high throughput method for a drastically accelerated material evaluation approach.
Asymptotic Reduction Methods for the Parameter Estimation and Simulation of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Brosa Planella Ferran , Widanage Widanalage Dhammika 
Published: December 2020

Physics-based battery models are a very powerful tool to study batteries as they provide insight on the internal states, such as the concentrations or potentials. However, these models are very complex and running them is computationally expensive, which makes them not suitable for many applications such as parameter estimation and battery control. Therefore, we need to reduce these models to others of lower complexity but that still retain most of the prediction capabilities.
Asymptotic methods provide tools to reduce the models in a systematic way, keeping track of the validity and accuracy of the reduced model. These asymptotically reduced models present the advantage over ad hoc reductions that the reduced model is consistent with the full model and that we can check if the reduced model is valid in a given parameter set before even solving the model. This is especially useful in complex models with a lot of parameters, such as the Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) model.
Here we present an asymptotic model reduction for the particular applications of parameterisation and battery control. This reduction allows us to derive specific simple models with the complexity of the Single Particle Model (SPM) which, for a given application or operating conditions, capture the most relevant features of the full model. We first derive a reduced coupled thermal-electrochemical model and we parameterise it for a commercial cylindrical cell (LG M50). The complexity of this model makes it suitable for control applications. Then, we show how we can use asymptotically reduced models to determine some of the parameters of the model from experimental measurements of Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT). This method ensures that the parameters obtained are consistent with the DFN model, and highlights the limitations and possible extensions of the technique.
Pre-Lithiation of Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Lu Wenquan , Qin Yan , Trask Stephen E. , Dunlop Alison R , Jansen Andrew N. 
Published: December 2020

Silicon monoxide (SiO), as an anode for lithium ion batteries (LIB), offers a specific capacity of 1750 mAh/g and a volumetric capacity of 1547 Wh/L,[1] which is less than Si, but still a significant improvement from the current commercial graphite anode, which has a specific capacity of 350 mAh/g and a volumetric capacity of 719 Wh/L. Compared to Si, SiO offers much more stable cycling, and is therefore the more practical material for near-future applications. The drawback of SiO is the large capacity loss observed in the initial cycles. The 1st cycle coulombic efficiency of silicon monoxide is usually lower than 70% due to the parasitic reactions between lithium and the oxide.
To address the problem, prelithiation reagents can be added to either anode or cathode electrodes to compensate for the lithium loss caused by the irreversible reactions. However, dead weight left by the pre-lithiation agent adversely affects the energy density of LIB. Electrochemical pre-lithiation will only put the lithium ions into the anode and leaves no other compound behind, which is considered an ideal prelithiation method. In addition, the electrochemical pre-lithiation on the anode has the potential to be compatible with the existing roll-to-roll manufacturing line and could be immediately applicable to the current state-of-the-art LIB anodes.
In this work, we conducted the electrochemical pre-lithiation of large size graphite and SiO anode electrodes in pouch cells to prove the concept. After pre-lithiation, no damage and handling issues were encountered during subsequent cleaning, drying, cell fabrication, and testing. Good electrochemical performance of the pre-lithiated graphite and SiO electrodes were obtained in both half cells and full cells. According to calculation, the pre-lithiation speed is challenging and needs to be addressed to match roll-to-roll electrode coating speed. Additionally, electrochemical pre-lithiation on graphite powder was attempted and results will be discussed.

Acknowledgements:

We gratefully acknowledge the support from Peter Faguy at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE) Vehicle Technologies Office. This work is conducted under the Cell Analysis, Modeling, and Prototyping (CAMP) Facility at Argonne National Laboratory. Argonne National Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Laboratory operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
[1] Obrovac, M. N.; Chevrier, V. L., Alloy Negative Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries. Chemical Reviews 2014, 114 (23), 11444-11502.
(Invited) In Operando and in Situ techniques for Intercalation Compounds in Li-Ion and All-Solid-State Batteries
Authors: Zaghib Karim , Zhu Wen , Kaboli Shirin , Demers Hendrix , Trudeau Michel , Paolella Andrea , Guerfi Abdelbast , Julien Christian M , Mauger Alain , Armand Michel , Goodenough John Bannister 
Published: December 2020

We will present the results and supporting video files of several in operando techniques used to study lithium-ion and solid-state batteries, such as in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in
situ Raman spectroscopy, in situ X-ray diffraction and in situ UV visible. These studies help understand several mechanisms, including volume expansion of anodes such as Si (300%), lithium metal (20%), graphite (10%) and LTO (0%). They are also used to measure the thickness of the anode, cathode and electrolyte through the charge/discharge cycle. The mechanism of lithium dendrite was also studied and its details will be presented.
Blend-based solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) lithium-sulfur cells were studied in operando using two techniques: SEM and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-vis). During the operation of these cells, extensive polysulfide dissolution in the solid polymer electrolyte (cross-linked polyethylene oxide) leads to the formation of a catholyte. A clear micrograph of the thick passivation layer on the sulfur-rich anode and the decreased SPE thickness due to cycling confirmed the failure mechanism: capacity decays by reducing the amount of active material and by contributing to a charge-inhibiting mechanism called polysulfide shuttle. The formation of elemental sulfur is clearly visible in real time during the charge process beyond 2.3 V. The non-destructive in operando UV-vis study also showed the presence of characteristic absorption peaks evolving with cycling, demonstrating the accumulation of various polysulfide species, and the predominant formation of S4
2- and of S6
2- during discharge and charge, respectively. This finding implies that the charge and discharge reactions are not completely reversible and proceed along different pathways.