bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Voxel Model-Based Process-Planning Method for Five-Axis Machining of Complicated Parts
Authors: Li Yamin , Tang Kai , Zeng Long 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a new process planning method for five-axis machining, which is particularly suitable for parts with complex features or weak structures. First, we represent the in-process workpiece as a voxel model. Facilitated by the voxel representation, a scalar field called subtraction field is then established between the blank surface and the part surface, whose value at any voxel identifies its removal sequence. This subtraction field helps identify a sequence of intermediate machining layers, which are always accessible to the tool and are free of self-intersection and the layer redundancy problem as suffered, respectively, by the traditional offset layering method and the morphing method. Iso-planar collision-free five-axis tool paths are then determined on the interface surfaces of these machining layers. In addition, to mitigate the deformation of the in-process workpiece and avoid potential dynamic problems such as chattering, we also propose a new machining strategy of alternating between the roughing and finishing operations, which is able to achieve a much higher stiffness of the in-process workpiece. Ample experiments in both computer simulation and physical cutting are performed, and the experimental results convincingly confirm the advantages of our method.
Effect of Laser Parameters on Microstructure and Fracture Properties of Repaired Cracks with Micro/Nano Material Addition
Authors: Jiang Wei , Li Yinyin , Fang Guanglei , Guo FengLei 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Compact tension specimens with prefabricated cracks are repaired by laser with micro/nano materials added at the crack tip. Different combinations of laser parameters, i.e., laser power, laser spot diameter and heating time, were applied to investigate their effects on the microstructures and fracture properties of repaired specimens. J-integrals were calculated according to the digital image correlation (DIC) measurements, and microstructures were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). When suitable laser parameters were used, homogeneous and compact equiaxed grains with no cracks, pores, and agglomeration are observed in the repaired layer, and the J-integral of repaired specimens is approximately 20% less than that of unrepaired specimen. The paper reveals relations among laser parameters, J-integrals, and microstructures, and provides a guideline for the selection of laser repair parameters.
Thermally Mediated Double Emulsion Breakup in Bifurcating Bi-Layer Microchannel
Authors: Ren Yong , Chan Yue , Yang Can , Wang Jing 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we report the breakup dynamics of double emulsion droplets, as they flow through the bifurcating junction in bi-layer microchannel. Two cases have been investigated: the first involves double emulsion with core of water and shell of silicone oil with constant interfacial tension, this case shows that breakup dynamics of double emulsion can be demarcated into three regimes when the thermal effect is not dominant; whilst the second involves double emulsion with core of water and shell of dodecanoic acid where the thermocapillarity effect arises from change of interfacial tension subject to temperature variations. As demonstrated in the case, the Marangoni stress induced by the thermocapillary effect plays an important role in controlling the stability and release kinetics of double emulsion when flowing through complex microstructures. Our work will inspire novel applications, including droplet fission and actuation controlled by Marangoni flow via thermal mediation.
New FGD Developments in Europe
Authors: Licata Anthony , Schuettenhelm Wolfgang , Kubisa Ryszard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In Europe over the past 40 years there has been considerable social, regulatory, and economic pressures to manage solid waste in a manner that is beneficial to mankind. There have been many successful programs to minimize waste, recycle and reuse waste through energy conversion. As part of the energy conversion process strict air emissions emission standards have been adopted for waste-to-energy plants.
Differences in Rotational Kinetics and Kinematics for Professional Baseball Pitchers With Higher Versus Lower Pitch Velocities
Authors: Luera Micheal J. , Dowling Brittany , Muddle Tyler W.D. , Jenkins Nathaniel D.M. 
Published: March 2020

Pitch velocity (PV) is important for pitching success, and the pelvis and trunk likely influence pitch performance. The purposes of this study were to examine the differences in pelvis and trunk kinetics and kinematics in professional baseball pitchers who throw at lower versus higher velocities (HVPs) and to examine the relationships among pelvis and trunk kinetics and kinematics and PV during each phase of the pitch delivery. The pitch velocity, pelvis and trunk peak angular velocities, kinetic energies and torques, and elbow and shoulder loads were compared among HVPs (n = 71; PV ≥ 40.2 m/s) and lower velocities pitchers (n = 78; PV < 39.8 m/s), as were trunk and pelvis rotation, flexion, and obliquity among 7 phases of the pitching delivery. Relationships among the kinetic and kinematic variables and PVs were examined. Higher velocity pitchers achieved greater upper trunk rotation at hand separation (+7.2°,P < .001) and elbow extension (+5.81°,P = .002) and were able to generate greater upper trunk angular velocities (+36.6 m/s,P = .01) compared with lower velocity pitcher. Trunk angular velocity (r = .29) and upper trunk rotation at hand separation (r = .18) and foot contact (r = .17) were weakly related to PV. Therefore, HVPs rotate their upper trunk to a greater degree during the early phases of the pitching motion and subsequently generate greater trunk angular velocities and PV.
A Longitudinal Examination of the Relations Between Moral Disengagement and Antisocial Behavior in Sport
Authors: Boardley Ian David , Matosic Doris , Bruner Mark William 
Published: March 2020

Moral disengagement (MD) has been positively associated with antisocial behavior (AB) in sport. However, the longitudinal associations between MD and AB are unexamined to date. Adopting a three-wave cross-lagged panel design, the authors examined the reciprocal relations between MD and two forms of AB (i.e., toward opponents and teammates) across a competitive season with a sample of 407 team-sport athletes (Mage = 15.7 years) from Canada. Using structural equation modeling, the authors found strong positive autoregressive effects for MD and both forms of AB across both time periods. They also identified strong positive synchronous correlations between MD and both types of AB at each time point. Finally, cross-lagged effects were only found between MD and AB toward opponents; effects from MD to AB toward opponents were stronger than the reciprocal effects. These findings contribute important knowledge on the regulation of AB in sport.
Health and social care-associated harm amongst vulnerable children in primary care: mixed methods analysis of national safety reports
Authors: Omar Adhnan , Rees Philippa , Cooper Alison , Evans Huw , Williams Huw , Hibbert Peter , Makeham Meredith , Parry Gareth , Donaldson Liam , Edwards Adrian , Carson-Stevens Andrew 
Published: March 2020

PurposePatient safety failures are recognised as a global threat to public health, yet remain a leading cause of death internationally. Vulnerable children are inversely more in need of high-quality primary health and social-care but little is known about the quality of care received. Using national patient safety data, this study aimed to characterise primary care-related safety incidents among vulnerable children.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional mixed methods study of a national database of patient safety incident reports occurring in primary care settings. Free-text incident reports were coded to describe incident types, contributory factors, harm severity and incident outcomes. Subsequent thematic analyses of a purposive sample of reports was undertaken to understand factors underpinning problem areas.ResultsOf 1183 reports identified, 572 (48%) described harm to vulnerable children. Sociodemographic analysis showed that included children had child protection-related (517, 44%); social (353, 30%); psychological (189, 16%) or physical (124, 11%) vulnerabilities. Priority safety issues included: poor recognition of needs and subsequent provision of adequate care; insufficient provider access to accurate information about vulnerable children, and delayed referrals between providers.ConclusionThis is the first national study using incident report data to explore unsafe care amongst vulnerable children. Several system failures affecting vulnerable children are highlighted, many of which pose internationally recognised challenges to providers aiming to deliver safe care to this at-risk cohort. We encourage healthcare organisations globally to build on our findings and explore the safety and reliability of their healthcare systems, in order to sustainably mitigate harm to vulnerable children.
Associations between stopping prescriptions for opioids, length of opioid treatment, and overdose or suicide deaths in US veterans: observational evaluation
Authors: Oliva Elizabeth M , Bowe Thomas , Manhapra Ajay , Kertesz Stefan , Hah Jennifer M , Henderson Patricia , Robinson Amy , Paik Meenah , Sandbrink Friedhelm , Gordon Adam J , Trafton Jodie A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objective
To examine the associations between stopping treatment with opioids, length of treatment, and death from overdose or suicide in the Veterans Health Administration.

Design
Observational evaluation.

Setting
Veterans Health Administration.

Participants
1 394 102 patients in the Veterans Health Administration with an outpatient prescription for an opioid analgesic from fiscal year 2013 to the end of fiscal year 2014 (1 October 2012 to 30 September 2014).

Main outcome measures
A multivariable Cox non-proportional hazards regression model examined death from overdose or suicide, with the interaction of time varying opioid cessation by length of treatment (≤30, 31-90, 91-400, and >400 days) as the main covariates. Stopping treatment with opioids was measured as the time when a patient was estimated to have no prescription for opioids, up to the end of the next fiscal year (2014) or the patient’s death.

Results

2887 deaths from overdose or suicide were found. The incidence of stopping opioid treatment was 57.4% (n
=
799 668) overall, and based on length of opioid treatment was 32.0% (≤30 days), 8.7% (31-90 days), 22.7% (91-400 days), and 36.6% (>400 days). The interaction between stopping treatment with opioids and length of treatment was significant (P<0.001); stopping treatment was associated with an increased risk of death from overdose or suicide regardless of the length of treatment, with the risk increasing the longer patients were treated. Hazard ratios for patients who stopped opioid treatment (with reference values for all other covariates) were 1.67 (≤30 days), 2.80 (31-90 days), 3.95 (91-400 days), and 6.77 (>400 days). Descriptive life table data suggested that death rates for overdose or suicide increased immediately after starting or stopping treatment with opioids, with the incidence decreasing over about three to 12 months.

Conclusions
Patients were at greater risk of death from overdose or suicide after stopping opioid treatment, with an increase in the risk the longer patients had been treated before stopping. Descriptive data suggested that starting treatment with opioids was also a risk period. Strategies to mitigate the risk in these periods are not currently a focus of guidelines for long term use of opioids. The associations observed cannot be assumed to be causal; the context in which opioid prescriptions were started and stopped might contribute to risk and was not investigated. Safer prescribing of opioids should take a broader view on patient safety and mitigate the risk from the patient’s perspective. Factors to address are those that place patients at risk for overdose or suicide after beginning and stopping opioid treatment, especially in the first three months.
Do employer-sponsored health insurance schemes affect the utilisation of medically trained providers and out-of-pocket payments among ready-made garment workers? A case–control study in Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Sayem , Sarker Abdur Razzaque , Sultana Marufa , Roth Felix , Mahumud Rashidul Alam , Kamruzzaman Md , Hasan Md Zahid , Mirelman Andrew J. , Islam Ziaul , Niessen Louis W. , Rehnberg Clas , Khan AK Azad , Gyr Niklaus , Khan Jahangir A.M. 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveWe estimated the effect of an employer-sponsored health insurance (ESHI) scheme on healthcare utilisation of medically trained providers and reduction of out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure among ready-made garment (RMG) workers.DesignWe used a case–control study design with cross-sectional preintervention and postintervention surveys.SettingsThe study was conducted among workers of seven purposively selected RMG factories in Shafipur, Gazipur in Bangladesh.ParticipantsIn total, 1924 RMG workers (480 from the insured and 482 from the uninsured, in each period) were surveyed from insured and uninsured RMG factories, respectively, in the preintervention (October 2013) and postintervention (April 2015) period.InterventionsWe tested the effect of a pilot ESHI scheme which was implemented for 1 year.Outcome measuresThe outcome measures were utilisation of medically trained providers and reduction of OOP expenditure among RMG workers. We estimated difference-in-difference (DiD) and applied two-part regression model to measure the association between healthcare utilisation, OOP payments and ESHI scheme membership while controlling for the socioeconomic characteristics of workers.ResultsThe ESHI scheme increased healthcare utilisation of medically trained providers by 26.1% (DiD=26.1; p<0.01) among insured workers compared with uninsured workers. While accounting for covariates, the effect on utilisation significantly reduced to 18.4% (p<0.05). The DiD estimate showed that OOP expenditure among insured workers decreased by −3700 Bangladeshi taka and -1100 Bangladeshi taka compared with uninsured workers when using healthcare services from medically trained providers or all provider respectively, although not significant. The multiple two-part models also reported similar results.ConclusionThe ESHI scheme significantly increased utilisation of medically trained providers among RMG workers. However, it has no significant effect on OOP expenditure. It can be recommended that an educational intervention be provided to RMG workers to improve their healthcare-seeking behaviours and increase their utilisation of ESHI-designated healthcare providers while keeping OOP payments low.
Epidemiological study of a developmentally and culturally sensitive preschool intervention to improve school readiness of children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Deyessa Negussie , Webb Simon , Duku Eric , Garland Ann , Fish Irving , Janus Magdalena , Desta Menelik 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundEarly childhood is a dynamic period of physical, psychosocial and cognitive development, where age appropriate intervention during the preschool years influences psychosocial, behavioural and academic achievement of children. This study evaluated the impact of a comprehensive preschool intervention on psychosocial, cognitive and behavioural school preparedness among children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsEmploying a cluster-sampling design, 150 preschool children who received the basic preschool curriculum (non-intervention) were compared with 100 randomly selected children who received a comprehensive preschool curriculum (intervention) using the Early Development Instrument (EDI) in five domains. Sample t-tests compared means of domain scores. Binary logistic regression analysed proportions of vulnerability in domains and overall.ResultThere were no group differences in gender, age, special need status or child’s first language. Intervention children had higher domain scores on social competence (mean difference 0.67 (SE=0.26)), emotional maturity (mean difference 0.77 (SE=0.29)), language and cognitive development (mean difference 0.67 (SE=0.40)), communication and general knowledge (mean difference 0.82 (SE=0.34)). Accounting for confounding variables, intervention children had a lower chance of overall vulnerability to domain problems (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.38; 95% CI 0.13 to 1.15), language and cognitive development (AOR=0.21; 95% CI 0.03 to 1.64), and social competence (AOR=0.20; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.45).ConclusionThe comprehensive intervention was associated with better outcomes on early childhood development across four domains. It is recommended to extend this programme to other areas of Ethiopia, where children do not have appropriate school preparation, to reduce risk of school dropout, negative personal and societal outcomes.
Individual-level and area-level socioeconomic inequalities in hearing impairment among Chinese adults: a population-based study
Authors: Luo Yanan , Gao Jiamin , Zheng Xiaoying 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundIt is unclear whether individual-level and area-level socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with hearing impairment (HI). This study determines an association of individual SES, area SES and their interaction with HI among working-aged adults.MethodsData were obtained from the large, population-based sample of the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability, a cross-sectional study conducted in China. A total of 1 333 528 participants aged 25–59 years were included. HI was measured by pure-tone audiometry (PTA) and audiologists further ascertained for a final diagnosis. Individual SES was defined as a summed of z-scored of education level and household income per capita, and area SES was calculated as a summed of z-scored of county-level income per capita, high school rate, poverty rate and rate of upper-class occupation. Multilevel logistic regression was used.ResultsIndividual and area SES were associated with HI among Chinese working-aged adults. A 1-SD increase in individual SES was associated with decreased risk of HI (OR=0.3, 95% CI: 0.3 to 0.3). Area SES was positively related to HI (OR=1.2, 95%CI: 1.2 to 1.3). The cross-level interaction on individual and area SES was significantly associated with HI, indicating that among those who lived in higher SES areas, participants with lower SES had a greater likelihood to develop HI.ConclusionsSignificant individual and area socioeconomic inequalities were observed in HI among Chinese working-aged adults. Lower SES adults who resided in prosperous areas may face more deprivation on hearing health than those with higher SES.
Work-related adverse respiratory health outcomes at a machine manufacturing facility with a cluster of bronchiolitis, alveolar ductitis and emphysema (BADE)
Authors: Cummings Kristin J , Stanton Marcia L , Kreiss Kathleen , Boylstein Randy J , Park Ju-Hyeong , Cox-Ganser Jean M , Virji M Abbas , Edwards Nicole T , Segal Leopoldo N , Blaser Martin J , Weissman David N , Nett Randall J 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesFour machine manufacturing facility workers had a novel occupational lung disease of uncertain aetiology characterised by lymphocytic bronchiolitis, alveolar ductitis and emphysema (BADE). We aimed to evaluate current workers’ respiratory health in relation to job category and relative exposure to endotoxin, which is aerosolised from in-use metalworking fluid.MethodsWe offered a questionnaire and spirometry at baseline and 3.5 year follow-up. Endotoxin exposures were quantified for 16 production and non-production job groups. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) decline ≥10% was considered excessive. We examined SMRs compared with US adults, adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for health outcomes by endotoxin exposure tertiles and predictors of excessive FEV1decline.ResultsAmong 388 (89%) baseline participants, SMRs were elevated for wheeze (2.5 (95% CI 2.1 to 3.0)), but not obstruction (0.5 (95% CI 0.3 to 1.1)). Mean endotoxin exposures (range: 0.09–28.4 EU/m3) were highest for machine shop jobs. Higher exposure was associated with exertional dyspnea (aPR=2.8 (95% CI 1.4 to 5.7)), but not lung function. Of 250 (64%) follow-up participants, 11 (4%) had excessive FEV1decline (range: 403–2074 mL); 10 worked in production. Wheeze (aPR=3.6 (95% CI 1.1 to 12.1)) and medium (1.3–7.5 EU/m3) endotoxin exposure (aPR=10.5 (95% CI 1.3 to 83.1)) at baseline were associated with excessive decline. One production worker with excessive decline had BADE on subsequent lung biopsy.ConclusionsLung function loss and BADE were associated with production work. Relationships with relative endotoxin exposure indicate work-related adverse respiratory health outcomes beyond the sentinel disease cluster, including an incident BADE case. Until causative factors and effective preventive strategies for BADE are determined, exposure minimisation and medical surveillance of affected workforces are recommended.
Conformal invariance versus Weyl invariance
Authors: Alvarez Enrique , Anero Jesus , Santos-Garcia Raquel 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe most general Lagrangian describing spin 2 particles in flat spacetime and containing operators up to (mass) dimension 6 is carefully analyzed, determining the precise conditions for it to be invariant under linearized (transverse) diffeomorphisms, linearized Weyl rescalings, and conformal transformations.
Prospect for constraining holographic dark energy with gravitational wave standard sirens from the Einstein Telescope
Authors: Zhang Jing-Fei , Dong Hong-Yan , Qi Jing-Zhao , Zhang Xin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe study the holographic dark energy (HDE) model by using the future gravitational wave (GW) standard siren data observed from the Einstein Telescope (ET) in this work. We simulate 1000 GW standard siren data based on a 10-year observation of the ET to make this analysis. We find that all the cosmological parameters in the HDE model can be tremendously improved by including the GW standard siren data in the cosmological fit. The GW data combined with the current cosmic microwave background anisotropies, baryon acoustic oscillations, and type Ia supernovae data will measure the cosmological parameters $$\Omega _{\mathrm{m}}$$Ωm, $$H_0$$H0, and c in the HDE model to be at the accuracies of 1.28%, 0.59%, and 3.69%, respectively. A comparison with the cosmological constant model and the constant-w dark energy model shows that, compared to the standard model, the parameter degeneracies will be broken more thoroughly in a dynamical dark energy model. We find that the GW data alone can provide a fairly good measurement for $$H_0$$H0, but for other cosmological parameters the GW data alone can only provide rather weak measurements. However, due to the fact that the parameter degeneracies can be broken by the GW data, the standard sirens can play an essential role in improving the parameter estimation.
Thermodynamic geometry of AdS black holes and black holes in a cavity
Authors: Wang Peng , Wu Houwen , Yang Haitang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe thermodynamic geometry has been proved to be quite useful in understanding the microscopic structure of black holes. We investigate the phase structure, thermodynamic geometry and critical behavior of a Reissner–Nordstrom-AdS black hole and a Reissner–Nordstrom black hole in a cavity, which can reach equilibrium in a canonical ensemble. Although the phase structure and critical behavior of both cases show striking resemblance, we find that there exist significant differences between the thermodynamic geometry of these two cases. Our results imply that there may be a connection between the black hole microstates and its boundary condition.