bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The metalinguistics of offence in (British) English
Authors: Culpeper Jonathan , Haugh Michael 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Offence is a central concept in impoliteness, aggression and conflict research, yet has received only passing
mention in definitions of impoliteness and related concepts. Janicki (2017) argues that
impoliteness and language aggression scholars are needlessly worried about definitions. We use Janicki’s (2017) work as a springboard into a discussion of definitions of impolite or taboo language, airing
potential problems and suggesting that the study of metalanguage offers at least a partial solution. We report a study of the
metalanguage of offence in British English, and briefly examine whether there are any differences in Australian English,
using SketchEngine to interrogate data in the two-billion word Oxford English Corpus. In so doing, we tease out different uses of
the term offensive, and show that concepts such as offence are coloured by the specific linguistic and
cultural contexts in which they appear. We conclude that while corpus-based metalinguistic analyses cannot completely eliminate
the problem of definitional infinite regress, they do, however, offer an empirically grounded way of defining words that allows us
to move beyond the intuitions of individual researchers.
Racial and Geographic Disparities in Endocrine Therapy Adherence Among Younger Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Heiney Sue P. , Truman Samantha , Babatunde Oluwole A. , Felder Tisha M. , Eberth Jan M. , Crouch Elizabeth , Wickersham Karen E. , Adams Swann Arp 
Published: April 2020

Objectives:
African American (AA) women with breast cancer (BrCA) have higher mortality than any other race. Differential mortality has been attributed to nonadherence to endocrine therapy (ET). ET can lower the risk of dying by one third; yet 50% to 75% of all women are nonadherent to ET. Despite the wealth of research examining adherence to ET, understanding which groups of women at risk for poor adherence is not well established. The aim of this investigation was to describe ET adherence by race and geographic location among a cohort of younger BrCA survivors.

Materials and Methods:
Cancer registry records were linked to administrative data from Medicaid and a private insurance plan in South Carolina. Inclusion criteria included: European American (EA) or AA race, 3 years of continuous enrollment in the insurance plan after diagnosis, and BrCA diagnosis between 2002 and 2010. Adherence was measured by computing a medication possession ratio (MPR) based upon refill service dates and the number of pills dispensed. Adjusted least squared means were calculated by racial and geographic group using analysis of covariance methods.

Results:
The average MPR for EA women was significantly higher at 96% compared with 92% for AA women (P<0.01). After adjustment for years on hormone therapy, age, and number of pharmacies utilized, rural AA women had an average MPR of 90% compared with 95% for EA women (P<0.01).

Conclusions:
AA women residing in rural areas demonstrate significantly lower adherence compared with their EA counterparts. Interventions are needed to improve adherence that may ameliorate AA mortality disparities.
Comparative Pharmacodynamics Study of 3 Different Botulinum Toxin Type A Preparations in Mice
Authors: Kwak Seongsung , Kang Won-ho , Rhee Chang-Hoon , Yang Gi-Hyeok , Cruz Deu John M. 
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUND
A new complexing protein-free botulinum toxin Type A (CBoNT) with the same mechanism of action as the botulinum toxin complex onabotulinumtoxinA (OBoNT) and complexing protein-free incobotulinumtoxinA (IBoNT) was recently developed.

OBJECTIVE
To compare the local paresis and chemodenervation efficacy of 3 different botulinum toxin Type A preparations in mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Efficacy and duration of action of CBoNT, OBoNT, and IBoNT after a single intramuscular injection to the right gastrocnemius was evaluated by digit abduction score (DAS) and compound muscle action potential (CMAP) assays.

RESULTS
Mouse DAS and CMAP responses were comparable between CBoNT and OBoNT, indicating similar paresis and chemodenervation efficacy, as well as duration of action. Both botulinum toxins showed significantly higher efficacy and longer duration of action than IBoNT. Similarly, mean DAS potency of CBoNT (ED50: 3.85 ± 0.34 U/kg) and OBoNT (ED50: 4.13 ± 0.07 U/kg) were significantly higher compared with IBoNT (ED50: 6.70 ± 0.83 U/kg).

CONCLUSION
CBoNT displays the same efficacy as OBoNT as shown by their comparable chemodenervation and local paretic effects, and demonstrates superior efficacy and duration of action compared with IBoNT. Likewise, CBoNT has comparable DAS potency to OBoNT and is superior to IBoNT.
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Appraising Efficacy and Safety of Vernakalant for Cardioversion of Recent-Onset Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Ma Wenfang , Guo Xiying , Wang Qixian , Sun Guihu , Wang Jie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract:
Vernakalant is a novel, relatively atrial-selective antiarrhythmic agent. Despite its good efficacy profile and rapid onset of action, there was still controversial evidence regarding vernakalant-related adverse events. We searched PubMed and Embase for studies that compared intravenous vernakalant with placebo or antiarrhythmic agents in patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) lasting no more than 7 days. Efficacy and safety outcomes were the treatment-induced cardioversion rate within 90 minutes and adverse events after first exposure to study drug respectively. Nine randomized controlled trials enrolling 1296 patients were analyzed. Quantitative synthesis showed that vernakalant was superior to placebo for cardioversion of recent-onset AF within 90 minutes [49.7% vs. 6.2%, risk ratio (RR) 8.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.35–12.36, P < 0.00001], and it did not achieve statistical significance in cardioversion when vernakalant was compared with ibutilide (62.4% vs. 47.3%, RR 1.32, 95% CI 1.00–1.73, P = 0.05). As for safety assessment, no significant differences were found in occurring serious adverse events (9.9% vs. 10.4%, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.67–1.25, P = 0.57) and hypotension (5.3% vs. 3.3%, RR 1.53, 95% CI 0.86–2.73, P = 0.15) between vernakalant and comparator (either placebo, ibutilide, or amiodarone). There were trends that patients receiving vernakalant experienced more drug discontinuation (2.5% vs. 1.0%, RR 2.21, 95% CI 0.96–5.11, P = 0.06) and less any ventricular tachycardia (6.1% vs. 8.1%, RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.49–1.00, P = 0.05) than those receiving comparator, but the differences were not statistically significant. Furthermore, vernakalant was associated with a higher risk of bradycardia in comparison with comparator (6.3% vs. 1.1%, RR 4.04, 95% CI 1.67–9.75, P = 0.002). Vernakalant is effective in converting recent-onset AF to sinus rhythm rapidly, while significantly more bradycardia events are related to vernakalant in our meta-analysis.
Race is not prognostic in unfavorable prostate cancer: an NCDB analysis
Authors: Kodiyan Joyson , Ashamalla Mark , Guirguis Adel , Ashamalla Hani 
Published: April 2020

Introduction:
It is commonly held that race serves as a significant prognosticator in prostate cancer. We sought to analyze whether race impacted overall survival (OS) of men receiving standard of care treatment.

Materials and Methods:
All data was obtained from the NCDB (National Cancer Database) and initially contained 1,294,126 cases of prostate cancer diagnosed between 2004 and 2013. Patients were excluded if they had metastatic or nodal disease, received chemotherapy, or had noninvasive disease. Patients were grouped into 2 cohorts as per NCCN (National Comprehensive Cancer Network) criteria: favorable risk and unfavorable risk. All patients received risk-appropriate radiation therapy or surgery, and were subsequently analyzed. Black and white men were also matched 1:1 within each risk cohort using propensity scores, and multivariate analysis was conducted on these matched cohorts.

Results:
The final cohort 77,448 patients. Median follow-up 58.7 months (range, 48–143.5). In the favorable risk cohort, white men had superior OS compared with black men, 77.63% versus 80.57% at 10 years (hazard ratio, 0.644; 95% confidence interval, 0.536–0.773; P<0.001). In the unfavorable cohort, race was not a significant prognostic factor for OS on unmatched analysis; 10-year survival 73.6% and 71.3% (hazard ratio, 0.941; 95% confidence interval, 0.848–1.044; P=0.249), and significant interaction existed with age. Results were unchanged in propensity score matched cohorts.

Conclusion:
The prognostic value of race-related biological differences of prostate cancer may hold less value in higher risk disease than is commonly believed.
Clinical Value of Serum Amyloid-A Protein, High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein-A1 in the Diagnosis and Follow-up of Neonatal Sepsis
Authors: Bourika Vasiliki , Hantzi Eugenia , Michos Athanasios , Margeli Alexandra , Papassotiriou Ioannis , Siahanidou Tania 
Published: April 2020

Background:
To evaluate the performance of serum amyloid-A (SAA), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein-A1 (Apo-A1) levels in the identification and monitoring of neonatal sepsis.

Methods:
This prospective study included 113 full-term septic neonates (postnatal age 4–28 days) admitted to the Special Care Neonatal Unit of a University Hospital from January 1, 2016, to April 30, 2019, and 68 healthy neonates (controls). Blood samples were drawn serially in septic neonates at enrollment and on days 1, 3 and 7, and once in controls, for SAA, HDL-C and Apo-A1 determination.

Results:
At enrollment, SAA levels were significantly higher in septic neonates in comparison with controls (median 50.7 vs. 3.5 mg/L; P < 0.0001); HDL-C and Apo-A1 levels were significantly lower in patients than in controls (P < 0.001 and P < 0.006, respectively). SAA levels were higher in culture-positive compared with culture-negative sepsis (median 202.0 vs. 14.2 mg/L; P < 0.0001). HDL-C and Apo-A1 levels did not differ significantly between culture-positive and culture-negative sepsis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of SAA levels at enrollment resulted in significant areas under the curve (AUC) for detecting sepsis {AUC = 0.929 [95% confidence interval: 0.885–0.973]; P < 0.0001} and also for discriminating between culture-positive and culture-negative sepsis [AUC = 0.933 (95% confidence interval: 0.882–0.984); P < 0.0001]. The combination of HDL-C and Apo-A1 with SAA increased its diagnostic performance. Furthermore, serial SAA levels following enrollment could indicate clinical response in septic neonates.

Conclusions:
SAA seems to be a useful biomarker for identification and monitoring of neonatal sepsis, and also for discriminating between culture-positive and culture-negative sepsis. HDL-C and Apo-A1 could be used as complementary markers.
Cone Beam Computerized Tomography Dacryocystography (CBCT DCG) for the Evaluation of Lacrimal Drainage System Dysfunction
Authors: Karlin Justin N. , Mustak Hamzah , Gupta Adit , Ramos Regina , Rootman Daniel B. 
Published: April 2020

Purpose:
Lacrimal outflow imaging has been limited in clinical practice due to a combination of modality limitations and efficacy of clinical testing. Cone beam computed tomography dacryocystography (CBCT DCG) has certain advantages over other modalities that may enhance clinical utility. This study was intended to understand the relationships between symptoms, syringing and CBCT DCG in a population of patients presenting with tearing.

Methods:
Cross-sectional cohort study of adult patients undergoing both CBCT DCG and clinical probing and irrigation. Concordance analysis between symptoms, clinical examination, and CBCT DCG was performed at baseline and postoperatively in patients who were treated with dacryocystorhinostomy.

Results:
CBCT DCG findings correlate fairly well with probing/irrigation (Cohen kappa = 0.376). Excluding cases of canalicular obstruction identified by either method, the correlation between CBCT DCG and probing/irrigation was moderately improved (Cohen kappa = 0.488). There was no statistically significant difference in correlation with patient symptoms between CBCT DCG and probing/irrigation (p = 0.877). Fifteen patients (17 lacrimal systems) patients underwent endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) surgery. Ten demonstrated absence of symptoms 90 days postoperatively, 3 endorsed continued tearing and 2 were lost to follow up. All 3 who demonstrated continued tearing, demonstrated canalicular obstruction on CBCT DCG which was not initially detected on probing/irrigation.

Conclusions:
CBCT DCG correlates moderately well with probing and irrigation, as well as patient symptoms. This technology may assist in identification of functional/anatomic canalicular obstruction.
A Clinical Nurse Specialist–Led Emergency Department Naloxone Distribution Program
Authors: Mullennix Stephanie C. , Iseler Jackeline , Kwiatkowski Gregory M. , McCann-Spry Lisa , Skinner Jeffrey , Kuhl Nicholas , VanDePol Eric Keith , Poland Cara Anne 
Published: April 2020

Purpose
This article describes the implementation of a clinical nurse specialist–led emergency department overdose education and naloxone distribution program. The program's purpose is to increase naloxone availability to reduce opiate overdose mortality rates within the local community.

Description of Program
The program distributes naloxone kits to patients in the emergency department after an opioid overdose. The kits are designed to help recipients prevent, recognize, and respond to an opioid overdose.

Outcome
The program, which includes naloxone take-home kits and clinical guidelines outlining a standard of care for naloxone distribution and coprescribing, was successfully implemented across 11 emergency departments within an integrated health system. More than 250 kits were dispensed within the first year of program implementation along with an online patient education video that received more than 1600 views. In 2017, the county reported an opioid-related overdose death rate of 16.5 (per 100 000 residents). From January 2018 to June 2019, the opioid-related death rate per 100 000 residents was reported at 9.6.

Conclusion
Although emergency department naloxone distribution programs are feasible in the acute care setting, it was critical for clinical nurse specialists to enlist an interdisciplinary team and engage executive leadership to ensure program success. For others considering such a program, early consideration should be given to determining financial support and evaluating the compliance and regulatory aspects of dispensing medications from emergency settings.
Evolving options for the treatment of cluster headache
Authors: Villar-Martinez Maria Dolores , Chan Calvin , Goadsby Peter J. 
Published: April 2020

Purpose of review
Cluster headache is a neurological disorder that patients consider the most severe pain they experience. Recognizing new treatments provides opportunities to advance current management.

Recent findings
In contrast to the classic treatments, new options narrow in on the therapeutic target and are better tolerated. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway blockade with monoclonal antibodies (MABs), specifically the CGRP MAB galcanezumab, represents an important advance for episodic cluster headache, reducing the number of attacks during a bout. Neuromodulation strategies aimed at anatomical structures involved in the pathophysiology of cluster headache, such as the sphenopalatine ganglion and the vagus nerve, have proved effective in reducing the pain intensity and the number of attacks, and also to be safe and well tolerated.

Summary
Our understanding of the pathophysiology of cluster headache and its management continues to grow. Novel treatments have appeared from research, such as neuromodulation and CGRP monoclonal antibodies. Nonetheless, chronic cluster headache and designing trials that select the correct sham in evaluating devices remain challenging.
Can machine-learning methods really help predict suicide?
Authors: McHugh Catherine M. , Large Matthew M. 
Published: April 2020

Purpose of review
In recent years there has been interest in the use of machine learning in suicide research in reaction to the failure of traditional statistical methods to produce clinically useful models of future suicide. The current review summarizes recent prediction studies in the suicide literature including those using machine learning approaches to understand what value these novel approaches add.

Recent findings
Studies using machine learning to predict suicide deaths report area under the curve that are only modestly greater than, and sensitivities that are equal to, those reported in studies using more conventional predictive methods. Positive predictive value remains around 1% among the cohort studies with a base rate that was not inflated by case–control methodology.

Summary
Machine learning or artificial intelligence may afford opportunities in mental health research and in the clinical care of suicidal patients. However, application of such techniques should be carefully considered to avoid repeating the mistakes of existing methodologies. Prediction studies using machine-learning methods have yet to make a major contribution to our understanding of the field and are unproven as clinically useful tools.
Estimating the presymptomatic transmission of COVID19 using incubation period and serial interval data
Authors: Zhang Weituo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe estimated the fraction and timing of presymptomatic transmissions of COVID19 with mathematical models combining the available data of the incubation period and serial interval. We found that up to 79.7% transmissions could be presymptomatic among the imported cases in China outside Wuhan. The average timing of presymptomatic transmissions is 3.8 days (SD = 6.1) before the symptom onset, which is much earlier than previously assumed.
Development and Validation of a Diagnostic Nomogram to Predict COVID-19 Pneumonia
Authors: Wang Zhiyi , Weng Jie , Li Zhongwang , Hou Ruonan , Zhou Lebin , Ye Hua , Chen Ying , Yang Ting , Chen Daqing , Wang Liang , Liu Xiaodong , Shen Xian , Jin Shengwei 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundThe COVID-19 virus is an emerging virus rapidly spread worldwide This study aimed to establish an effective diagnostic nomogram for suspected COVID-19 pneumonia patients.METHODSWe used the LASSO aggression and multivariable logistic regression methods to explore the predictive factors associated with COVID-19 pneumonia, and established the diagnostic nomogram for COVID-19 pneumonia using multivariable regression. This diagnostic nomogram was assessed by the internal and external validation data set. Further, we plotted decision curves and clinical impact curve to evaluate the clinical usefulness of this diagnostic nomogram.RESULTSThe predictive factors including the epidemiological history, wedge- shaped or fan-shaped lesion parallel to or near the pleura, bilateral lower lobes, ground glass opacities, crazy paving pattern and white blood cell (WBC) count were contained in the nomogram. In the primary cohort, the C-statistic for predicting the probability of the COVID-19 pneumonia was 0.967, even higher than the C-statistic (0.961) in initial viral nucleic acid nomogram which was established using the univariable regression. The C-statistic was 0.848 in external validation cohort. Good calibration curves were observed for the prediction probability in the internal validation and external validation cohort. The nomogram both performed well in terms of discrimination and calibration. Moreover, decision curve and clinical impact curve were also beneficial for COVID- 19 pneumonia patients.CONCLUSIONOur nomogram can be used to predict COVID-19 pneumonia accurately and favourably.
Coordinate based meta-analysis: new clustering algorithm, and inclusion of region of interest studies
Authors: Tench Christopher R 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThere are many methods of conducting coordinate based meta-analysis (CBMA) of neuroimaging studies that have tested a common hypothesis. Results are always clusters indicating anatomical regions that are significantly related to the hypothesis. There are limitations such as most methods necessitating the use of conservative family wise error control scheme and the inability to analyse region of interest (ROI) studies, which can be overcome by cluster-wise, rather than voxel-wise, analysis. The false discovery rate error control scheme is a less conservative option suitable for cluster-wise analysis and has the advantage that an easily interpretable error rate is estimated. Furthermore, cluster-wise analysis makes it possible to analyse ROI studies, expanding the pool of data sources. Here a new clustering algorithm for coordinate based analyses is detailed, along with implementation details for ROI studies.
Pacific Biosciences long reads-based genome sequencing data from a widespread bee fungal parasite,Nosema ceranae
Authors: Chen Huazhi , Zhang Wende , Du Yu , Fan Xiaoxue , Wang Jie , Jiang Haibin , Fan Yuanchan , Zhu Zhiwei , Xiong Cuiling , Zheng Yanzhen , Chen Dafu , Guo Rui 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTNosema ceranaeis a widespread fungal parasite that infects both adult honeybee and honeybee larvae, leading to microsporidiosis, which seriously affects bee health and apicultural industry. In this article, genome sequencing of clean spores ofN. ceranaewas conducted using third-generation Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) single molecule real time (SMRT) sequencing technology. In total, 152671 subreads were obtained after quality control of raw reads from PacBio SMRT sequencing, with a N50 and average length of 14422 bp and 11310 bp, respectively. Additionally, the length distribution of subreads was from 10000 bp to more than 50000 bp. Nineteen scaffords with a total length of 7354221 bp were assembled, and the N50, N90 and maximum scafford length were 728543 bp, 198795 bp and 1917792 bp, respectively. The GC content was 25.97%. Furthermore, by integration of genes predicted fromde novoand homology-based methods, 3112N. ceranaegenes were finally assembled, with a total length of 2730179 bp and mean length of 877.31 bp. In addition, the total length and mean length of exons were 2657637 bp and 854 bp, respectively; and the total length and mean length of introns were 72542 bp and 23.31 bp, respectively. The genome sequencing data documented here will give deep insights into the molecular biology ofN. ceranae, facilitate exploration of genes and pathways associated with toxin factors and infection-related factors, and benefit research on comparative genomics and phylogenetic diversity ofNosemaspecies.