bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automatic CT Quantification of Coronavirus Disease 2019 pneumonia: An international collaborative development, validation, and clinical implication
Authors: Yoo Seung-Jin , Qi Xiaolong , Inui Shohei , Park Sang Joon , Kim Hyungjin , Jeong Yeon Joo , Lee Kyung Hee , Lee Young Kyung , Lee Bae Young , Kim Jin Yong , Jin Kwang Nam , Lim Jae-Kwang , Kim Yun-Hyeon , Kim Ki Beom , Jiang Zicheng , Shao Chuxiao , Lei Junqiang , Zou Shengqiang , Pan Hongqiu , Gu Ye , Zhang Guo , Goo Jin Mo , Yoon Soon Ho 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Objectives We aimed to develop and validate the automatic quantification of COVID-19 pneumonia on CT images. Methods This retrospective study included 176 chest CT scans of 131 COVID-19 patients from 13 Korean and Chinese institutions. Two experienced radiologists semi-automatically drew pneumonia, preparing 49,830 positive and negative CT slices to develop the 2D U-Net for segmenting pneumonia. The 2D U-Net was distributed as downloadable software. External validation for quantifications’ accuracy was performed using Japanese, Italian, Radiopaedia, Chinese datasets. Primary measures for the accuracy of the network were correlation coefficients for extent (%) and weight (g) of pneumonia. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the clinical implication of the extent and weight regarding the presence of symptoms in the Japanese dataset and the occurrence of composite outcome in the Spanish dataset. Results In the internal validation dataset, the intraclass correlation coefficients between the 2D U-Net and reference values for the extent and weight were 0.990 and 0.993, respectively. In the Japanese dataset, the Pearson correlation coefficients between the U-Net outcomes and visual CT severity scores were 0.908 and 0.899, respectively. In the other external validation datasets, the intraclass correlation coefficients between the U-Net and reference values were between 0.951-0.970 (extent) and between 0.970-0.995 (weight), respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, the extent and weight of pneumonia were independently associated with symptoms (OR, 4.142 and 4.434; p=.013 and .009, respectively), and poor prognosis (OR, 7.446 and 4.677; p=.004 and .029, respectively).Conclusions CT extent and weight of COVID-19 pneumonia were automatically quantifiable and independently associated with symptoms and prognosis.
The impact of previous history of bariatric surgery on outcome of Covid-19: A nationwide medico-administrative French study.
Authors: Iannelli Antonio , Bouam Samir , Schneck Anne-Sophie , Frey Sébastien , Gugenheim Jean , Alifano Marco 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose: To determine the risk of invasive mechanical ventilation and death in obese individuals with history of bariatric surgery compared to standard ones admitted for Covid-19 infection.Methods: Nationwide retrospective observational study based on electronic health data. 4 248 253 individuals aged 15 to 75 years with a diagnosis of obesity were included. All obese inpatients, undergoing bariatric surgery or not, recorded during a hospital stay by the French National Health Insurance were followed, during a mean observation time of 5.43 ± 2.93 years. This exposition was bariatric surgery (n=389,671) including adjustable gastric banding, sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass versus no bariatric surgery (n=3,858,582). The primary outcome was Covid-19 related death and the secondary outcome was the need for invasive mechanical ventilation.Results: 8 286 (0.2%) obese individuals were admitted for Covid-19 infection between January 1st and May 15th 2020 with a diagnosis of Covid-19 infection. 541 (0.14%) had a history of bariatric surgery and 7,745 (0.2%) did not. Invasive mechanical ventilation was necessary in 14.54% of patients and death occurred in 13.58% of cases. The need for an invasive mechanical ventilation and death occurred in 7% and 3.5% in the bariatric surgery group versus 15% and 14.2% in the non-bariatric surgery group, respectively (both p<0.0001). After a logistic regression, the risk of invasive mechanical ventilation significantly increased with age being higher in the age class 61-75, male gender, and hypertension, whereas bariatric surgery showed an independent protective effect. Mortality was independently associated with increasing age, male gender, known history of heart failure, cancer, and diabetes, whereas BS was in favor with a protective effect. Conclusion: This nationwide administrative study showed that bariatric surgery is independently associated with a reduced risk of death and invasive mechanical ventilation in obese individuals with Covid-19 infection.
A natural food preservative peptide Nisin can interact with the 2019-nCoV spike protein receptor ACE2
Authors: Bhattacharya Rajarshi , Mitra Suranjita , Mandal Sukhendu , Biswas Swadesh R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Objective: Food grade antibacterial peptides like nisin remain a primary focus of research for decades for their multi-faceted therapeutic and industrial applications. Nisin, a food grade peptide synthesized by lactic acid bacteria has been examined for its probable interaction with the human ACE2 (hACE2) receptor, the site where spike protein of 2019-nCoV binds.Methods: To address the issue, molecular interaction of eight variants of nisin peptides with hACE2 was investigated by in-silico homology modeling and docking.Results: Docking analyses revealed that among all the nisin variants, nisin Z and nisin H showed a significant binding affinity towards hACE2. Furthermore, the affinity is even higher than that of the RBD (receptor binding domain) of the 2019-nCoV spike protein.Conclusion: The study unravels for the first time that nisin, an antibacterial peptide used globally as a safe natural food preservative, has the potential to bind to hACE2, the target site for the new corona virus 2019-nCoV. As nisin being used globally as safer preservative in the food industry, it could be a potential alternative to control the ongoing pandemic COVID-19 by the impairment of interaction of spike protein along with the hACE2 receptor. However, further experimental validation is necessary to determine its doses and mechanistic application to check the competition of nisin and spike protein of 2019-nCoV for accessing the human.
Health anxiety and attentional bias toward virus-related stimuli during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Cannito Loreta , Crosta Adolfo Di , Palumbo Rocco , Ceccato Irene , Anzani Stefano , Malva Pasquale La , Palumbo Riccardo , Domenico Alberto Di 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
After the COVID-19 worldwide spread, evidence suggested a vast diffusion of negative consequences on people's mental health. Together with depression and sleep difficulties, anxiety symptoms seem to be the most diffused clinical outcome. The current contribution aimed to examine attentional bias for virus-related stimuli in people varying in their degree of health anxiety (HA). Consistent with previous literature, it was hypothesized that higher HA would predict attentional bias, tested using a visual dot-probe task, to virus-related stimuli. Participants were 132 Italian individuals that participated in the study during the lockdown phase in Italy. Results indicated that the HA level predicts attentional bias toward virus-related objects. This relationship is double mediated by the belief of contagion and by the consequences of contagion as assessed through a recent questionnaire developed to measure the fear for COVID-19. These findings, indicative of attentional bias for virus-related cues, are discussed in the context of cognitive-behavioral conceptualizations of anxiety suggesting a risk for a loop effect. Future research directions are outlined.
Non-statutory Rulemaking and the Rule of Law: towards a ‘Law of Rules’?
Authors: Jenart Cedric , De Somer Stéphanie 
Published: July 2020

In various European legal systems, autonomous public bodies and private actors are increasingly invested with rulemaking powers. The phenomenon is usually assessed through the looking glass of the democracy principle, because these actors have a weaker electoral connection to the People than other (non-statutory) rule makers such as e.g. the Government and its ministers. What is still largely missing from legal scholarship is an analysis of how the rule of law, and more specifically legal certainty, is safeguarded when private actors and autonomous public bodies receive rulemaking powers. This contribution reveals that the rules and practices applied by these actors sometimes lead to higher degrees of legal certainty than those in place for central administrations. Hence, these ‘non-politically-accountable actors’ offer inspiration for the development of an overarching Law of Rules that can further the Rule of Law for all non-statutory rulemaking.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Protein-AgNPs from the Stem of Nicotiana Tabacum
Authors: Sharma Yash , Srivastava Nidhi , Bala Kumud 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Stems of Nicotiana tabacum have secondary metabolites with antimicrobial
and antioxidant properties. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic
properties of synthesized silver nanoparticles (Protein-AgNPs) in an isolated protein mixture from
stems.

Methodology:
A N. tabacum protein mixture was used for the formation of silver nanoparticles by
the bioreduction method. Characterization of Protein – AgNPs was completed using UV-Vis spectroscopy,
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM). Therapeutic properties of Protein-AgNPs were evident with antimicrobial
and antioxidant activities. The antimicrobial activity of Protein-AgNPs was determined by the agar
well diffusion and broth diffusion methods. The mode of action of Protein-AgNPs was determined
by the cellular membrane leakage assay. Antioxidant activities of Protein-AgNPs were quantified
by Superoxide Dismutase activity (SOD), Catalase activity (Cat), Glutathione S Transferase activity
(GST), Glutathione Content (GSH) and lipid peroxidation.

Results:
The synthesized Protein-AgNPs were less than 100nm as characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy,
DLS, AFM and SEM. Antimicrobial activity was observed against both Gram positive
and Gram negative bacteria, revealing maximum antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus
and Acinetobacter baumannii (p value ≤ 0.05) as determined by the agar well diffusion
method and the broth dilution method. The mode of action is likely to be cellular membrane damage,
because protein and nucleic acid leakage was significant in treated cells. The antioxidant activities
of Protein-AgNPs were higher than purified proteins as determined by Superoxide Dismutase
activity (SOD), Catalase activity (Cat), Glutathione Stransferase activity (GST), Glutathione content
(GSH) and lipid peroxidation.

Conclusion:
Synthesized silver nanoparticles from a tobacco stem protein mixture can be utilized
as a herbal remedy or as a nano-drug delivery system against diseases such microbial pathogens.
GC/MS Profile and In-Vitro α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Essential Oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh Collected from (Erbil) Iraq
Authors: Ahamad Javed , Uthirapathy Subasini 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh is abundantly found in Erbil, Iraq and
commonly used as an antispasmodic and antipyretic remedy for treating respiratory tract diseases.
The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of E. camaldulensis in achieving glucose
homeostasis through the inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme using in-vitro model and also determine
the chemical composition of essential oil by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy
(GC/MS).

Methods:
The chemical composition of E. camaldulensis essential oil by was determined by
GC/MS and its antidiabetic activity was assessed through inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme in in-
-vitro models.

Results:
The essential oil yielded 40 chemical constituents amounting to 98.55%. The major constituents
of essential oil of E. camaldulensis leaf were 1,8-cineole (28.4%), isocaryophyllene oxide
(8.4%), β-ocimene (7.9%), α-farnesene (7.9%), globulol (7.3%), terpinen-4-ol (7.6%), isophytol
(3.6%), viridiflorol (3.2%), p-cymen-3-ol (3.1%) and α-bisabolol (1.2%). The essential oil of E.
camaldulensis showed concentration-dependent inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme and the inhibition
ranged from 75.38±2.09 to 6.08±1.89% for concentration 100 to 3.125 μg/mL. The α-glucosidase
inhibition of E. camaldulensis (IC50 value 16.7±2.61 μg/mL) was found almost comparable
with standard drug acarbose (IC50 value 12.04±3.17 μg/mL).

Conclusion:
The result of this study concluded E. camaldulensis essential oil as having 1,8-cineole,
isocaryophyllene oxide and β-ocimene as major constituents; the study findings also confirm
the traditional claim of its use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Major CYP450 Polymorphism among Saudi Patients
Authors: Almeman Ahmad A. 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) contributes to a huge collection of medicinal products'
Phase I metabolization. We aimed to summarize and investigate the current evidence regarding
the frequency of CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and MDR1 in Saudi Arabia.

Methods:
A computerized search in four databases was done using the relevant keywords. The screening
process was done in two steps; title and abstract screening and full-text screening. Data of demographic
and characteristics of included studies and patients were extracted and tabulated.

Results:
Ten studies were eligible for our criteria and were included in this systematic review. The age
of participants ranged between 17-65 years. Only two subjects showed PM phenotype of CYP2C19 in
the Saudi population. The most frequent alleles were CYP2C19*1 (62.9%), CYP2C19*2 (11.2%-32%),
and CYP2C19*17 (25.7%). The CYP2C19m1was observed in 97 cases of extensive metabolizing (EM)
phenotype CYP2C19. Concerning the CYP2C9, the most frequent alleles were CYP2C9*1 and
CYP2C9*2, and the most frequent genotype was CYP2C9*1*1. The CYP2D6*41 allele and C1236T
MDR1 were the most frequent allele in this population.

Conclusion:
The current evidence suggests that Saudi resembled European in the frequency of
CYP2C19, Caucasians in both the incidence of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19m1, and the absence of
CYP2C19m2. The CYP2D6*41 allele frequency in Saudi is relatively high. We recommend further research
to evaluate the basic and clinical relevance of gene polymorphism in such ethnicity.
Early Psychosis: Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Beck Nataly S. , Lean Melanie L. , Hardy Kate V. , Ballon Jacob S. 
Published: July 2020

Background:
The typical age of onset for psychotic disorders is concurrent with the typical
age of enrollment in higher education. College and graduate students often experience new academic
and social demands that may leave them vulnerable to substance use and mental health problems,
including the initial onset of a psychotic episode.

Objective:
To provide a current overview of the guidelines and literature for the diagnosis and treatment
of early psychosis with special consideration for the college and graduate student population in
the United States. To highlight areas of need and provide recommendations for clinicians who work
at educational institutions and their health services, along with general psychiatrists and psychologists
who work with post-secondary education populations, to help close the treatment gap.

Method:
A review of interventions and best practice for the treatment of early psychosis in college
students was conducted, informed by the authors’ current experience as clinicians working with this
population at a university in the United States.

Results:
Thorough psychiatric interviews and screening tools can help in the early identification of
individuals at clinical high risk for, and at the first onset of, psychosis. Coordinated specialty care
services are the gold standard for early psychosis and include psychotherapy interventions (such as
cognitive behavioral therapy and individual resiliency training), as well as support for a student to
return to school or work. Individuals experiencing a first episode of psychosis, in general, respond
better to lower doses of antipsychotics and may also experience more adverse effects.

Conclusion:
Return to a high level of functioning is possible in many cases of early psychosis, with
early identification and treatment essential.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Conde Pascual Elena 
Published: July 2020

En Latinoamérica, teniendo en cuenta el número de patentes registradas y las publicaciones científicas en revistas reconocidas, Colombia se ubica en el sexto en lugar, después de Brasil, México, Argentina, Chile y Venezuela. El más elevado número de publicaciones corresponde a las ciencias exactas, las ciencias agrarias y las ciencias sociales. Igualmente se pub lica, aunque en menor medida, en áreas como la lingüística, las letras y las artes. Durante las dos últimas décadas, el estado colombiano ha realizado esfuerzos considerables por el impulso de la investigación y el desarrollo tecnológico del país, llevándose a cabo políticas encaminadas a consolidar la formación científica y tecnológica a través de la financiación de proyectos, creación de grupos de investigación, y cooperación y convenios con diferentes instituciones y países. Las Universidades públicas parecen ser las principales impulsoras en el país con respecto a la producción científica y desde las privadas se están realizando las labores propias para para dar a conocer la
producción científica y académica a los profesores, estudiantes y profesionales del área y de esta manera propiciar el desarrollo de la profesión.
Biased Sampling and Causal Estimation of Health-Related Information: Laboratory-Based Experimental Research
Authors: Moreno-Fernández María Manuela , Matute Helena 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundThe internet is a relevant source of health-related information. The huge amount of information available on the internet forces users to engage in an active process of information selection. Previous research conducted in the field of experimental psychology showed that information selection itself may promote the development of erroneous beliefs, even if the information collected does not.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the relationship between information searching strategy (ie, which cues are used to guide information retrieval) and causal inferences about health while controlling for the effect of additional information features.MethodsWe adapted a standard laboratory task that has previously been used in research on contingency learning to mimic an information searching situation. Participants (N=193) were asked to gather information to determine whether a fictitious drug caused an allergic reaction. They collected individual pieces of evidence in order to support or reject the causal relationship between the two events by inspecting individual cases in which the drug was or was not used or in which the allergic reaction appeared or not. Thus, one group (cause group, n=105) was allowed to sample information based on the potential cause, whereas a second group (effect group, n=88) was allowed to sample information based on the effect. Although participants could select which medical records they wanted to check—cases in which the medicine was used or not (in the cause group) or cases in which the effect appeared or not (in the effect group)—they all received similar evidence that indicated the absence of a causal link between the drug and the reaction. After observing 40 cases, they estimated the drug–allergic reaction causal relationship.ResultsParticipants used different strategies for collecting information. In some cases, participants displayed a biased sampling strategy compatible with positive testing, that is, they required a high proportion of evidence in which the drug was administered (in the cause group) or in which the allergic reaction appeared (in the effect group). Biased strategies produced an overrepresentation of certain pieces of evidence at the detriment of the representation of others, which was associated with the accuracy of causal inferences. Thus, how the information was collected (sampling strategy) demonstrated a significant effect on causal inferences (F1,185=32.53, P<.001, η2p=0.15) suggesting that inferences of the causal relationship between events are related to how the information is gathered.ConclusionsMistaken beliefs about health may arise from accurate pieces of information partially because of the way in which information is collected. Patient or person autonomy in gathering health information through the internet, for instance, may contribute to the development of false beliefs from accurate pieces of information because search strategies can be biased.
Digital Tools to Ameliorate Psychological Symptoms Associated With COVID-19: Scoping Review
Authors: Zhang Melvyn , Smith Helen Elizabeth 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundIn the four months after the discovery of the index case of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), several studies highlighted the psychological impact of COVID-19 on frontline health care workers and on members of the general public. It is evident from these studies that individuals experienced elevated levels of anxiety and depression in the acute phase, when they first became aware of the pandemic, and that the psychological distress persisted into subsequent weeks. It is becoming apparent that technological tools such as SMS text messages, web-based interventions, mobile interventions, and conversational agents can help ameliorate psychological distress in the workplace and in society. To our knowledge, there are few publications describing how digital tools have been used to ameliorate psychological symptoms among individuals.ObjectiveThe aim of this review was to identify existing SMS text message, web-based, mobile, and conversational agents that the general public can access to ameliorate the psychological symptoms they are experiencing during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsTo identify digital tools that were published specifically for COVID-19, a search was performed in the PubMed and MEDLINE databases from the inception of the databases through June 17, 2020. The following search strings were used: “NCOV OR 2019-nCoV OR SARS-CoV-2 OR Coronavirus OR COVID19 OR COVID” and “mHealth OR eHealth OR text”. Another search was conducted in PubMed and MEDLINE to identify existing digital tools for depression and anxiety disorders. A web-based search engine (Google) was used to identify if the cited web-based interventions could be accessed. A mobile app search engine, App Annie, was used to determine if the identified mobile apps were commercially available. Results: A total of 6 studies were identified. Of the 6 identified web-based interventions, 5 websites (83%) could be accessed. Of the 32 identified mobile interventions, 7 apps (22%) could be accessed. Of the 7 identified conversational agents, only 2 (29%) could be accessed.ResultsA total of 6 studies were identified. Of the 6 identified web-based interventions, 5 websites (83%) could be accessed. Of the 32 identified mobile interventions, 7 apps (22%) could be accessed. Of the 7 identified conversational agents, only 2 (29%) could be accessed.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant psychological distress. Digital tools that are commercially available may be useful for at-risk individuals or individuals with pre-existing psychiatric symptoms.