bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blunderbuss: Ocular and Orbital Injuries Due to Muzzle-Loading Firearms
Authors: De Niear Matthew A. , Law James J. , Breazzano Mark P. , Mawn Louise A. 
Published: May 2020

Purpose:
Injury to the eye and/or orbital and adnexal structures associated with antiquated muzzle-loading firearms has not, to our knowledge, been characterized with the exception of a single case report.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review of 7 patients treated at Vanderbilt University Medical Center from 2003 to 2017 who sustained traumatic injuries to the ocular and/or orbital structures secondary to the discharge of muzzle-loading firearms. The study was approved by the Vanderbilt Institutional Review Board.

Results:
In 6/7 cases, injuries occurred secondary to the muzzle-loading firearm exploding due to dysfunction or misuse. Foreign material deriving from the firearm was retained in 3/7 patients. Initial examination of the orbit and adnexa revealed 5/7 individuals sustaining orbital fractures and 6/7 with facial lacerations (including 2 with eyelid lacerations); none had evidence of a lacrimal duct injury. Three patients suffered globe injuries (1 closed-globe and 2 open-globe). Visual acuity at last follow-up was ≥20/20 in 12/14 eyes examined. Surgical intervention was required in the treatment of 4/7 individuals (including 3/7 requiring intervention for sustained orbital fractures). No individuals were wearing eye protection at the time of injury. All individuals survived their injuries.

Conclusions:
The operation of muzzle-loading firearms poses a unique risk of injury to the operator. The resultant injuries in this case series were primarily due to the explosion of the firearm, which subsequently appear similar to orbital and ocular blast injuries caused by explosive weapons. Orbital injuries and more potentially more devastating ocular injuries may have been prevented by protective eyewear.
The Impact of Diabetes Status on Presenteeism in Japan
Authors: Mori Takahiro , Nagata Tomohisa , Nagata Masako , Otani Makoto , Fujino Yoshihisa , Mori Koji 
Published: May 2020

Objective:
This study aimed to investigate the impact of diabetes status on presenteeism in companies in Japan.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among workers aged 40 years or older. Using medical examination results and health insurance claims data, participants were classified as normal, borderline, or diabetic. The diabetic group was further classified as untreated or treated. The Quantity and Quality (QQ) method was used as an evaluation index of presenteeism. Logistic regression analysis was performed to predict presenteeism loss.

Results:
Data on 13,292 people were analyzed. Presenteeism loss was significantly higher in the diabetic group versus the normal group. The untreated group did not differ from the normal group, but presenteeism loss was significantly higher in the treated group.

Conclusions:
Presenteeism loss may occur among diabetic workers in Japan and can be caused by diabetes treatment.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Grace Kathleen 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Lung injury associated with vaping has recently become a national concern and challenge, especially with our vulnerable youth population. This article offers a vaping primer: What is vaping? What are the effects of vaping and how does the lung injury present? How are vaping products marketed? What regulations are being considered or have been put into place? Lastly, a case study is reviewed, depicting a clinical scenario.
Distress Concealment and Depression Symptoms in a National Sample of Canadian Men
Authors: Cox Daniel W. , Ogrodniczuk John S. , Oliffe John L. , Kealy David , Rice Simon M. , Kahn Jeffrey H. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Men's tendency to conceal their distress has been linked with increased depressive symptoms. Although interpersonal connectedness has been associated with distress concealment and depression, it is unclear how connectedness mediates this association. The aim of the present study was to examine the mediating effects of feeling understood and loneliness—two facets of interpersonal connectedness—in the association between distress concealment and depressive symptoms in men. A sample of 530 Canadian men was selected based on age- and region-stratification that reflects the national population. Participants completed measures of depression symptoms, distress concealment, loneliness, and feeling understood. Mediation analyses were conducted. Results supported a sequential mediation model: concealing distress was associated with not feeling understood, not feeling understood was associated with loneliness, and loneliness was associated with depressive symptoms. These findings shed light on how distress concealment is associated with depressive symptoms among men. Implications for practice and theory are discussed.
Psychosocial Reactions to Plagues in the Cultural History of Medicine
Authors: Wigand Moritz E. , Becker Thomas , Steger Florian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The aim of this work is to elucidate psychosocial reactions to plagues by analyzing three landmark descriptions from different eras: Thucydides' description of the plague of Athens (430 bc) in The History of the Peloponnesian War, Giovanni Boccaccio's description of the plague in Florence (1348) in The Decameron, and Albert Camus' description in The Plague (1947). Using a narrative inquiry, we found psychosocial reactions to be complex and ambivalent and could discern several coping strategies. We propose that this knowledge can help psychiatrists and other healthcare professionals during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Poor Agreement but Good Predictive Value Between Automated and Manual QTc Intervals in Pediatric Emergency Department Electrocardiograms
Authors: Hoffman Robert J. , Alansari Khalid 
Published: May 2020

Objectives
QTc interval is significant because prolongation may lead to ventricular dysrhythmia. Computerized electrocardiogram machines typically measure QT interval length and, using an algorithm assessment of multiple leads, calculate a QTc value. Manual measurement of the QT interval used to calculate the QTc value is more time-consuming but potentially more accurate. In this study, we compare the automated QTc calculation with the QTc value calculated using manual QT measurements.

Methods
We prospectively obtained 350 resting 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) in children aged 2 to 14 years in an academic pediatric emergency department. Manual measurement of the QT interval was performed and the QTc was calculated using the 2 most commonly used correction methods, Bazzet and Fridericia formulas. The paired values were used to perform a Bland-Altman analysis and create a receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results
Bland-Altman analysis determined that QT-automated and QTc-Bazett had an average difference of 3.8 milliseconds, with a standard deviation of 86 milliseconds (95% confidence interval = −161 to 176). An automated QTc value of 455 milliseconds was sensitive to detect manual QTc values of greater than 480 milliseconds.

Conclusions
In children with resting ECGs, there is a poor agreement between the automated QTc produced by a computerized electrocardiogram and the QTc value obtained using manual QT measurement. Statistically and clinically relevant discrepancy between the automated QTc and QTc values calculated after manual QT measurement was present. Automated QTc values may be used as a screening tool to detect prolonged QTc, but for accurate determination of QTc, manual measurement is necessary.
Neurocognitive Impairment in Bipolar Disorder and Associated Factors: Using Population-based Norms and a Strict Criterion for Impairment Definition
Authors: Sarmento Stella Maria de Sá , Bittencourt Lorna , de Mendonça Filho Euclides José , Abreu Neander , Tavares de Lacerda Acioly Luiz , Miranda-Scippa Ângela 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Cognitive impairment is often identified in individuals with bipolar disorder and is associated with their functional impairment. However, there is controversy surrounding potential classification methods for impairment in cognitive measures.

Objective:
To examine the proportion of cognitive measures indicating impairment of attention, processing speed, memory, visuoconstructional abilities, and executive functions in individuals with bipolar disorder type I (euthymic) and healthy controls, using a strict criterion for defining impairment.

Methods:
We gave 43 individuals with bipolar disorder type I and 17 healthy controls a comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological assessment. All scores were standardized using means and standard deviations according to age. Impaired performance in all cognitive measures was determined using a distribution-based threshold of z=±1645. The effects of the sociodemographic and clinical variables on cognitive performance were examined using multiple stepwise backward regression analyses.

Results:
Clinically significant cognitive impairment was observed more frequently in the bipolar disorder group, compared to controls, on all measures. From participant factors, we found that level of education and number of manic episodes predicted variation in more cognitive measure scores.

Discussion:
The use of population-based norms to standardize cognitive measures, and a strict criterion to define cognitive impairment, in individuals with bipolar disorder type 1 and healthy controls resulted in a prevalence of impairment in cognitive domains’ frequencies of deficits that fell within the ranges previously reported in meta-analyses.

Conclusions:
Clinically introducing population norms and a stringent cognitive impairment criterion can facilitate more accurate measures of cognitive impairment in individuals with bipolar disorder.
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Veteran Postacute Care: Implications of Cut Scores
Authors: Tolle Kathryn , Montgomery Valencia , Gradwohl Brian , Spencer Robert , Stelmokas Julija 
Published: May 2020

Background:
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is often used for cognitive screening across health care settings, especially in rehabilitation centers, where assessment and treatment of cognitive function is considered key for successful multidisciplinary treatment. Although the original MoCA validation study suggested a cut score of <26 to identify cognitive impairment, recent studies have suggested that lower cut scores should be applied.

Objectives:
To examine the percentage of positive screens for cognitive impairment using the MoCA in a veteran postacute care (PAC) rehabilitation setting and to identify the most accurate MoCA cut score based on criterion neuropsychological measures.

Methods:
We obtained data from 81 veterans with diverse medical diagnoses who had completed the MoCA during their admission to a PAC unit. A convenience subsample of 50 veterans had also completed four criterion neuropsychological measures.

Results:
Depending on the cut score used, the percentage of individuals classified as impaired based on MoCA performance varied widely, ranging from 6.2% to 92.6%. When predicting performance using a more comprehensive battery of criterion neuropsychological tests, we identified <22 as the most accurate MoCA cut score to identify a clinically relevant level of impairment and <24 to identify milder cognitive impairment.

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that a MoCA cut score of <26 carries a risk of misdiagnosis of cognitive impairment, and scores in the range of <22 to <24 are more reliable for identifying cognitive impairment.
Seizure Detection: Interreader Agreement and Detection Algorithm Assessments Using a Large Dataset
Authors: Scheuer Mark L. , Wilson Scott B. , Antony Arun , Ghearing Gena , Urban Alexandra , Bagić Anto I. 
Published: May 2020

Purpose:
To compare the seizure detection performance of three expert humans and two computer algorithms in a large set of epilepsy monitoring unit EEG recordings.

Methods:
One hundred twenty prolonged EEGs, 100 containing clinically reported EEG-evident seizures, were evaluated. Seizures were marked by the experts and algorithms. Pairwise sensitivity and false-positive rates were calculated for each human–human and algorithm–human pair. Differences in human pairwise performance were calculated and compared with the range of algorithm versus human performance differences as a type of statistical modified Turing test.

Results:
A total of 411 individual seizure events were marked by the experts in 2,805 hours of EEG. Mean, pairwise human sensitivities and false-positive rates were 84.9%, 73.7%, and 72.5%, and 1.0, 0.4, and 1.0/day, respectively. Only the Persyst 14 algorithm was comparable with humans—78.2% and 1.0/day. Evaluation of pairwise differences in sensitivity and false-positive rate demonstrated that Persyst 14 met statistical noninferiority criteria compared with the expert humans.

Conclusions:
Evaluating typical prolonged EEG recordings, human experts had a modest level of agreement in seizure marking and low false-positive rates. The Persyst 14 algorithm was statistically noninferior to the humans. For the first time, a seizure detection algorithm and human experts performed similarly.
Generalized mathematical model of cancer heterogeneity
Authors: Naito Motohiko 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe number of reports on mathematical modeling related to oncology is increasing with advances in oncology. Even though the field of oncology has developed significantly over the years, oncology-related experiments remain limited in their ability to examine cancer. To overcome this limitation, in this study, a stochastic process was incorporated into conventional cancer growth properties to obtain a generalized mathematical model of cancer growth. Further, an expression for the violation of symmetry by cancer clones that leads to cancer heterogeneity was derived by solving a stochastic differential equation. Monte Carlo simulations of the solution to the derived equation validate the theories formulated in this study. These findings are expected to provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of cancer growth, with Monte Carlo simulation having the potential of being a useful tool for oncologists.
Cumulative incidence and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in New York
Authors: Rosenberg Eli S. , Tesoriero James M. , Rosenthal Elizabeth M. , Chung Rakkoo , Barranco Meredith A. , Styer Linda M. , Parker Monica M. , Leung Shu-Yin John , Morne Johanne E. , Greene Danielle , Holtgrave David R. , Hoefer Dina , Kumar Jessica , Udo Tomoko , Hutton Brad , Zucker Howard A. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTImportanceNew York State (NYS) is an epicenter of the United States’ COVID-19 epidemic. Reliable estimates of cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the population are critical to tracking the extent of transmission and informing policies, but US data are lacking, in part because societal closure complicates study conduct.ObjectiveTo estimate the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and percent of infections diagnosed in New York State, overall and by region, age, sex, and race and ethnicity.DesignStatewide cross-sectional seroprevalence study, conducted April 19-28, 2020.SettingGrocery stores (n=99) located in 26 counties throughout NYS, which were essential businesses that remained open during a period of societal closure and attract a heterogenous clientele.ParticipantsConvenience sample of patrons ≥18 years and residing in New York State, recruited consecutively upon entering stores and via an in-store flyer.ExposuresRegion (New York City, Westchester/Rockland, Long Island, Rest of New York State), age, sex, race and ethnicity.Main OutcomesPrimary outcome: cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, based on dry-blood spot (DBS) SARS-CoV-2 antibody reactivity; secondary outcome: percent of infections diagnosed.ResultsAmong 15,101 adults with suitable DBS specimens, 1,887 (12.5%) were reactive using a validated SARS-CoV-2 IgG microsphere immunoassay (sensitivity 87.9%, specificity 99.75%). Following post-stratification weighting on region, sex, age, and race and ethnicity and adjustment for assay characteristics, estimated cumulative incidence through March 29 was 14.0% (95% CI: 13.3-14.7%), corresponding to 2,139,300 (95% CI: 2,035,800-2,242,800) infection-experienced adults. Cumulative incidence was higher among Hispanic/Latino (29.2%, 95% CI: 27.2-31.2%), non-Hispanic black/African American (20.2% 95% CI, 18.1-22.3%), and non-Hispanic Asian (12.4%, 95% CI: 9.4-15.4%) adults than non-Hispanic white adults (8.1%, 95% CI: 7.4-8.7%, p<.0001). Cumulative incidence was highest in New York City (NYC) 22.7% (95% CI: 21.5%-24.0). Dividing diagnoses reported to NYS by estimated infection-experienced adults, an estimated 8.9% (95% CI: 8.4-9.3%) of infections were diagnosed, with those ≥55 years most likely to be diagnosed (11.3%, 95% CI: 10.4-12.2%).Conclusions and RelevanceOver 2 million adults were infected through late March 2020, with substantial variations by subpopulations. As this remains below herd immunity thresholds, monitoring, testing, and contact tracing remain essential public health strategies.
HIV Diversity Considerations in the Application of the Intact Proviral DNA Assay (IPDA)
Authors: Kinloch Natalie N. , Ren Yanqin , Alberto Winiffer D. Conce , Dong Winnie , Khadka Pragya , Huang Szu Han , Mota Talia M. , Wilson Andrew , Shahid Aniqa , Kirkby Don , Harris Marianne , Kovacs Colin , Benko Erika , Ostrowski Mario A. , Del Rio Estrada Perla M. , Wimpelberg Avery , Cannon Christopher , Hardy W. David , MacLaren Lynsay , Goldstein Harris , Brumme Chanson J. , Lee Guinevere Q. , Lynch Rebecca M. , Brumme Zabrina L. , Jones R. Brad 
Published: May 2020

Opening Paragraph (serves as abstract for submission) and BodyThe Intact Proviral DNA Assay (IPDA) was developed to address the critical need for a precise and scalable method for intact HIV reservoir quantification1. This duplexed droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay simultaneously targets the HIV Packaging Signal (Ψ) and the Rev Responsive Element (RRE) within Envelope (env) to distinguish genomically intact proviruses against a large background of defective ones2. The IPDA requires less time, resources, and biological material than the gold standard for replication-competent HIV reservoir measurement, the Quantitative Viral Outgrowth Assay (QVOA)3, and is being adopted in research and clinical studies4–7. In our cohort of HIV-1 subtype B-infected individuals from North America however, the IPDA yielded a 28% failure rate due to HIV polymorphism. We further demonstrate that within-host HIV diversity can lead the IPDA to underestimate intact HIV reservoir size, which could negatively impact clinical trial results interpretation. While the IPDA represents an important methodological advance, HIV diversity should be addressed before its widespread adoption.
Observation of female-male mounting in the carrion crow
Authors: Wascher Claudia A.F. , Hillemann Friederike 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn the biological sciences, sexual behaviours in non-human animals are traditionally investigated in the context of reproduction and direct fitness benefits. While the evolutionary functions of non-conceptive sexual behaviours (‘socio-sexual’) remain less well explored, these interactions and displays have been suggested to be important for shaping and maintaining social relationships. Here, we report an observation of a captive female carrion crow,Corvus corone corone, mounting her co-housed male partner. We highlight the importance of more systematic research and discussions of rarely observed behaviours in social evolution research, including considerations for behaviours that transcend binary or heteronormative frameworks, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of non-conceptive socio-sexual behaviours.
Tissue failure propagation as mediated by circulatory flow
Authors: Uppal G. , Bahcecioglu G. , Zorlutuna P. , Can Vural D. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTAging is driven by subcellular processes that are relatively well-understood. However the qualitative mechanisms and quantitative dynamics of how these micro-level failures cascade to a macro-level catastrophe in a tissue or organs remain largely unexplored. Here we experimentally and theoretically study how cell failure propagates in a synthetic tissue in the presence of advective flow. We argue that cells secrete cooperative factors, thereby forming a network of interdependence governed by diffusion and flow, which fails with a propagating front parallel to advective circulation.SIGNIFICANCEMortality rates typically increase for complex organisms as they age. This leads us to suggest that aging depends on interactions between cells. As cells become damaged, the effect propagates to other cells, eventually leading to a systemic catastrophe. Yet it is unclear how this failure dynamically propagates. Here we present experiments with synthetic tissues and analogous analytical models to investigate the dynamics of failure propagation. Our main contribution is a detailed investigation of failure propagation when interactions are mediated by advective flow. We find analytical expressions for when a pronounced propagation occurs, its velocity, and acceleration in terms of system parameters.
Kinetic Membrane Model of Outer Hair Cells
Authors: Iwasa K. H. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe effectiveness of outer hair cells (OHCs) in amplifying the motion of the organ of Corti, and thereby contributing to the sensitivity of mammalian hearing, depends on the mechanical power output of these cells. Electromechanical coupling in OHCs, which enables these cells to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, has been analyzed in detail using isolated cells using primarily static membrane models. In the preceding reports, mechanical output of OHC was evaluated by developing a kinetic theory based on a simplified onedimensional (1D) model for OHCs. Here such a kinetic description of OHCs is extended by using the membrane model, which has been used for analyzing in vitro experiments. The present theory predicts, for systems without inertial load, that elastic load enhances positive shift of voltage dependence of the membrane capacitance due to turgor pressure. For systems with inertia, mechanical power output also depends on turgor pressure. The maximal power output is, however, similar to the previous prediction of up to ∼10 fW based on the 1D model.Statement of SignificanceThis paper is an attempt for developing a physical model to clarify the mechanism of outer hair cells in performing their role as an amplifier in mammalian hearing. Specifically, this paper extends a static model of these cells into a dynamic one to evaluate mechanical power production, which is essential for the function of these cells. It clarifies the assumptions essential for a previous phenomenological theory, a 1-D model. In addition, it describes the effect of turgor pressure on mechanical power generation.