bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are there sex differences in intelligence?
Authors: Deary Ian J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
‘Are there sex differences in intelligence?’ considers the data sets from the Scottish Mental Survey of 1932, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from 1979, and the Cognitive Abilities Test 3 sample from 2001–3. All three studies show that there is little evidence of any average difference in intelligence between boys and girls, or young adults. However, for overall general intelligence, there are slightly more girls than boys in these samples around the average scores, and proportionately more males than females at the higher and lower extremes. Among the cognitive domains, a different pattern occurred for verbal reasoning: there were more girls at the higher scores.
What are the contributions of environments and genes to intelligence differences?
Authors: Deary Ian J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
‘What are the contributions of environments and genes to intelligence differences?’ asks whether genetic inheritance and the environments people experience affect intelligence differences. Researchers use two main resources to answer this question: twins and samples of DNA. Studies of identical and non-identical twins are used to show the contributions of genes, shared environment, and non-shared environment to people’s differences in traits. Twin studies tell us that by adulthood, about two-thirds of intelligence differences are caused by how people vary in their genetic inheritance, and that both shared and non-shared environments make significant contributions to intelligence differences. The introduction of genome-wide association studies in 2011 has provided a new method of estimating the heritability of intelligence.
Are smarter people faster?
Authors: Deary Ian J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A long-standing idea is that people who do well on intelligence tests might be better at some basic psychological processes, such as mental speed, which is also called processing speed. Smarter people might have faster brains, and their intelligence might follow from that. ‘Are smarter people faster?’ considers the West of Scotland Twenty-07 study, which reported on the correlation between reaction time and intelligence, and the Lothian Birth Cohort of 1936, which measured processing speed using inspection time. These studies show medium to strong levels of correlation between choice reaction time and general intelligence and that people with higher intelligence tended to make more correct decisions about the inspection time stimuli.
Does intelligence matter for health and longer life?
Authors: Deary Ian J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The new field of cognitive epidemiology looks at whether intelligence tests might have some predictive power in health, and even for death. ‘Does intelligence matter for good health and long life?’ discusses the results of various studies that link the results of intelligence tests at age 11 with medical records in later life. The results show that there is a robust association between higher intelligence test scores in early life and living longer, and having a lower risk of dying from several causes. They also show that, on average, people with higher childhood intelligence have a lower risk of developing various illnesses and are more likely to adopt healthier behaviours as adults.
Do psychologists agree about intelligence differences?
Authors: Deary Ian J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In 1994, The Bell Curve by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray was published. It provoked the Western world and the psychological research community into turmoil over the impact that mental ability differences have on people’s destinies. The American Psychological Association (APA) decided that they had a responsibility to put on record some findings about human intelligence differences that attracted broad consensus among psychologists. ‘Do psychologists agree about intelligence differences?’ discusses the report that was drawn up by the APA Task Force, which addressed conceptions of intelligence, intelligence tests and their correlates, the genetic and environmental contributions to intelligence, and group differences in intelligence. The conclusions presented some challenges for future research.
Wind power
Authors: Jelley Nick 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
‘Wind power’ focuses on wind-based power and its potential as a renewable energy source. Single wind turbines, both large and small, can be used to provide power to homes or a community. Wind turbines for large power generation are usually deployed in wind farms, which are arrays of turbines. These are located in regions where the wind conditions are good, such as exposed ridges, high-altitude plains, mountain passes, coastal areas, and out at sea. Wind power produces essentially no global warming nor any pollution; only a small amount of associated carbon dioxide emissions from the fossil fuels used in the construction and operation of the wind farms. And it takes less than a year for a wind farm to generate the same amount of energy used in its manufacture. The sharp fall in the cost of electricity from wind farms, corresponding to a 20 per cent learning rate over the last decade, is such that onshore wind farms have now achieved cost competitiveness (grid-parity) with fossil-fuel-fired generators. By 2050, it is estimated that about a seventh of the world’s energy demand could be met by wind power.
Decarbonizing heat and transport
Authors: Jelley Nick 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
‘Decarbonizing heat and transport’ describes methods for decarbonizing heat and transport. Using renewable electricity directly to produce heat, as in an electric oven, is currently more expensive than burning gas, or other fossil fuels, to generate heat. Capturing the carbon dioxide emissions from existing industrial processes is difficult, and the chapter addresses the challenges of meeting the large heat demand with renewable electricity, particularly for industrial processes that require high temperatures, such as in the manufacture of steel and cement. There, using electricity to produce combustible fuels (power-to-gas), such as hydrogen, could be effective. For heating buildings, electrically driven heat pumps are promising. Transportation also presents challenges. While the performance of electric cars is good, currently the main hurdle to switching is their cost. However, battery costs are falling fast, and new and traditional car manufacturers are already investing a considerable amount of money in developing electric cars. For heavy transport, fuel cells and power from ammonia are being considered.
Genetic dissection of the shoot and root ionomes of Brassica napus grown with contrasting phosphate supplies
Authors: Wang Wei , Ding Guangda , White Philip J , Wang Meng , Zou Jun , Xu Fangsen , Hammond John P , Shi Lei 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsMineral elements have many essential and beneficial functions in plants. Phosphorus (P) deficiency can result in changes in the ionomes of plant organs. The aims of this study were to characterize the effects of P supply on the ionomes of shoots and roots, and to identify chromosomal quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for shoot and root ionomic traits, as well as those affecting the partitioning of mineral elements between shoot and root in Brassica napus grown with contrasting P supplies.MethodsShoot and root concentrations of 11 mineral elements (B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S and Zn) were investigated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in a Brassica napus double haploid population grown at an optimal (OP) and a low phosphorus supply (LP) in an agar system. Shoot, root and plant contents, and the partitioning of mineral elements between shoot and root were calculated.Key ResultsThe tissue concentrations of B, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P and Zn were reduced by P starvation, while the concentration of Fe was increased by P starvation in the BnaTNDH population. A total of 133 and 123 QTLs for shoot and root ionomic traits were identified at OP and LP, respectively. A major QTL cluster on chromosome C07 had a significant effect on shoot Mg and S concentrations at LP and was narrowed down to a 2.1 Mb region using an advanced backcross population.ConclusionsThe tissue concentration and partitioning of each mineral element was affected differently by P starvation. There was a significant difference in mineral element composition between shoots and roots. Identification of the genes underlying these QTLs will enhance our understanding of processes affecting the uptake and partitioning of mineral elements in Brassica napus.
Leaf cuticle analyses: implications for the existence of cutan/non-ester cutin and its biosynthetic origin
Authors: Leide Jana , Nierop Klaas G J , Deininger Ann-Christin , Staiger Simona , Riederer Markus , de Leeuw Jan W 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background and Aims
The cuticle of a limited number of plant species contains cutan, a chemically highly resistant biopolymer. As yet, the biosynthesis of cutan is not fully understood. Attempting to further unravel the origin of cutan, we analysed the chemical composition of enzymatically isolated cuticular membranes of Agave americana leaves.

Methods
Cuticular waxes were extracted with organic solvents. Subsequently, the dewaxed cuticular membrane was depolymerized by acid-catalysed transesterification yielding cutin monomers and cutan, a non-hydrolysable, cuticular membrane residue. The cutan matrix was analysed by thermal extraction, flash pyrolysis and thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation to elucidate the monomeric composition and deduce a putative biosynthetic origin.

Key Results
According to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses, the cuticular waxes of A. americana contained primarily very-long-chain alkanoic acids and primary alkanols dominated by C32, whereas the cutin biopolyester of A. americana mainly consisted of 9,10-epoxy ω-hydroxy and 9,10,ω-trihydroxy C18 alkanoic acids. The main aliphatic cutan monomers were alkanoic acids, primary alkanols, ω-hydroxy alkanoic acids and alkane-α,ω-diols ranging predominantly from C28 to C34 and maximizing at C32. Minor contributions of benzene-1,3,5-triol and derivatives suggested that these aromatic moieties form the polymeric core of cutan, to which the aliphatic moieties are linked via ester and possibly ether bonds.

Conclusions
High similarity of aliphatic moieties in the cutan and the cuticular wax component indicated a common biosynthetic origin. In order to exclude species-specific peculiarities of A. americana and to place our results in a broader context, cuticular waxes, cutin and cutan of Clivia miniata, Ficus elastica and Prunus laurocerasus leaves were also investigated. A detailed comparison showed compositional and structural differences, indicated that cutan was only found in leaves of perennial evergreen A. americana and C. miniata, and made clear that the phenomenon of cutan is possibly less present in plant species than suggested in the literature.
Cooperation of genes in HPV16 E6/E7-dependent cervicovaginal carcinogenesis trackable by endoscopy and independent of exogenous estrogens or carcinogens
Authors: Böttinger Paula , Schreiber Karin , Hyjek Elizabeth , Krausz Thomas , Spiotto Michael T , Steiner Madeline , Idel Christian , Booras Heather , Beck-Engeser Gabriele , Riederer Jessie , Willimsky Gerald , Wolf Steven P , Karrison Theodore , Jensen Elizabeth , Weichselbaum Ralph R , Nakamura Yusuke , Yew Poh Yin , Lambert Paul F , Kurita Takeshi , Kiyotani Kazuma , Leisegang Matthias , Schreiber Hans 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is necessary but insufficient for progression of epithelial cells from dysplasia to carcinoma-in situ (CIS) to invasive cancer. The combination of mutant cellular and viral oncogenes that regulate progression of cervical cancer (CC) remains unclear. Using combinations of HPV16 E6/E7 (E+), mutant Kras (mKras) (K+) and/or loss of Pten (P−/−), we generated autochthonous models of CC without exogenous estrogen, carcinogen or promoters. Furthermore, intravaginal instillation of adenoCre virus enabled focal activation of the oncogenes/inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene. In P+/+ mice, E6/E7 alone (P+/+E+K−) failed to cause premalignant changes, while mKras alone (P+/+E−K+) caused persistent mucosal abnormalities in about one-third of mice, but no cancers. To develop cancer, P+/+ mice needed both E6/E7 and mKras expression. Longitudinal endoscopies of P+/+E+K+ mice predicted carcinoma development by detection of mucosal lesions, found on an average of 23 weeks prior to death, unlike longitudinal quantitative PCRs of vaginal lavage samples from the same mice. Endoscopy revealed that individual mice differed widely in the time required for mucosal lesions to appear after adenoCre and in the time required for these lesions to progress to cancer. These cancers developed in the transition zone that extends, unlike in women, from the murine cervix to the distal vagina. The P−/−E+K+ genotype led to precipitous cancer development within a few weeks and E6/E7-independent cancer development occurred in the P−/−E−K+ genotype. In the P−/−E+K− genotype, mice only developed CIS. Thus, distinct combinations of viral and cellular oncogenes are involved in distinct steps in cervical carcinogenesis.
Pilot testing of CO2 capture from a coal-fired power plant—Part 2: Results from 1-MWe pilot tests
Authors: Sjostrom Sharon , Senior Constance 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Using a 1-MWe slipstream pilot plant, solid-sorbent-based post-combustion CO2 capture was tested at a coal-fired power plant. Results from pilot testing were used to develop a preliminary full-scale commercial design. The sorbent selected for pilot-scale evaluation during this project consisted of an ion-exchange resin that incorporated amines covalently bonded to the substrate. A unique temperature-swing-absorption (TSA) process was developed that incorporated a three-stage fluidized-bed adsorber integrated with a single-stage fluidized-bed regenerator. Overall, following start-up and commissioning challenges that are often associated with first-of-a-kind pilots, the pilot plant operated as designed and expected, with a few key exceptions. The two primary exceptions were associated with: (i) handling characteristics of the sorbent, which were sufficiently different at operating temperature than at ambient temperature when design specifications were established with lab-scale testing; and (ii) CO2 adsorption in the transport line between the regenerator and adsorber that preloaded the sorbent with CO2 prior to entering the adsorber. Results from the pilot programme demonstrate that solid-sorbent-based post-combustion capture can be utilized to achieve 90% CO2 capture from coal-fired power plants.
Integration of Eye-Centered and Landmark-Centered Codes in Frontal Eye Field Gaze Responses
Authors: Bharmauria Vishal , Sajad Amirsaman , Li Jirui , Yan Xiaogang , Wang Hongying , Crawford John Douglas 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The visual system is thought to separate egocentric and allocentric representations, but behavioral experiments show that these codes are optimally integrated to influence goal-directed movements. To test if frontal cortex participates in this integration, we recorded primate frontal eye field activity during a cue-conflict memory delay saccade task. To dissociate egocentric and allocentric coordinates, we surreptitiously shifted a visual landmark during the delay period, causing saccades to deviate by 37% in the same direction. To assess the cellular mechanisms, we fit neural response fields against an egocentric (eye-centered target-to-gaze) continuum, and an allocentric shift (eye-to-landmark-centered) continuum. Initial visual responses best-fit target position. Motor responses (after the landmark shift) predicted future gaze position but embedded within the motor code was a 29% shift toward allocentric coordinates. This shift appeared transiently in memory-related visuomotor activity, and then reappeared in motor activity before saccades. Notably, fits along the egocentric and allocentric shift continua were initially independent, but became correlated across neurons just before the motor burst. Overall, these results implicate frontal cortex in the integration of egocentric and allocentric visual information for goal-directed action, and demonstrate the cell-specific, temporal progression of signal multiplexing for this process in the gaze system.
Evaluation of the Accuracy of 99DOTS, a Novel Cellphone-based Strategy for Monitoring Adherence to Tuberculosis Medications: Comparison of DigitalAdherence Data With Urine Isoniazid Testing
Authors: Thomas Beena E , Kumar J Vignesh , Chiranjeevi M , Shah Daksha , Khandewale Amit , Thiruvengadam Kannan , Haberer Jessica E , Mayer Kenneth H , Subbaraman Ramnath 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
99DOTS is a cellphone-based strategy for monitoring tuberculosis medication adherence. In a sample of 597 Indian patients with tuberculosis, we compared 99DOTS’ adherence assessments against results of urine isoniazid tests collected during unannounced home visits. 99DOTS had suboptimal accuracy for measuring adherence, partly due to poor patient engagement with 99DOTS.
Vulnerable plaques and patients: state-of-the-art
Authors: Tomaniak Mariusz , Katagiri Yuki , Modolo Rodrigo , de Silva Ranil , Khamis Ramzi Y , Bourantas Christos V , Torii Ryo , Wentzel Jolanda J , Gijsen Frank J H , van Soest Gijs , Stone Peter H , West Nick E J , Maehara Akiko , Lerman Amir , van der Steen Antonius F W , Lüscher Thomas F , Virmani Renu , Koenig Wolfgang , Stone Gregg W , Muller James E , Wijns William , Serruys Patrick W , Onuma Yoshinobu 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Despite advanced understanding of the biology of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Progress has been challenging as half of the individuals who suffer sudden cardiac death do not experience premonitory symptoms. Furthermore, it is well-recognized that also a plaque that does not cause a haemodynamically significant stenosis can trigger a sudden cardiac event, yet the majority of ruptured or eroded plaques remain clinically silent. In the past 30 years since the term ‘vulnerable plaque’ was introduced, there have been major advances in the understanding of plaque pathogenesis and pathophysiology, shifting from pursuing features of ‘vulnerability’ of a specific lesion to the more comprehensive goal of identifying patient ‘cardiovascular vulnerability’. It has been also recognized that aside a thin-capped, lipid-rich plaque associated with plaque rupture, acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are also caused by plaque erosion underlying between 25% and 60% of ACS nowadays, by calcified nodule or by functional coronary alterations. While there have been advances in preventive strategies and in pharmacotherapy, with improved agents to reduce cholesterol, thrombosis, and inflammation, events continue to occur in patients receiving optimal medical treatment. Although at present the positive predictive value of imaging precursors of the culprit plaques remains too low for clinical relevance, improving coronary plaque imaging may be instrumental in guiding pharmacotherapy intensity and could facilitate optimal allocation of novel, more aggressive, and costly treatment strategies. Recent technical and diagnostic advances justify continuation of interdisciplinary research efforts to improve cardiovascular prognosis by both systemic and ‘local’ diagnostics and therapies. The present state-of-the-art document aims to present and critically appraise the latest evidence, developments, and future perspectives in detection, prevention, and treatment of ‘high-risk’ plaques occurring in ‘vulnerable’ patients.
Estonia advances on SDG achievement by tackling high alcohol consumption through a multi-pronged approach
Authors: Täht Triinu , Köhler Kristina , Ohov Elen , Menne Bettina , Zambon Francesco , Nemer Leda 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Estonia has implemented a comprehensive, multipronged approach to the reduction of alcohol consumption in the population, comprising a series of successful policy responses. The Estonian alcohol strategy (2014) builds on the Global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol and the European action plan to reduce the harmful use of alcohol 2012–2010. It aims to decrease the overall yearly consumption of alcohol among the adult population to less than 8 litres of absolute alcohol per capita. Gathering support across society from a range of stakeholders, including policy-makers, researchers, parents and advocates, has been one of the key elements in the implementation of the policy. High-level political commitment and strategic timing of efforts have maintained the issue of alcohol control on the political agenda and in the public’s mind.
Individual and regional determinants of long-term care expenditure in Japan: evidence from national long-term care claims
Authors: Jin Xueying , Mori Takahiro , Sato Mikiya , Watanabe Taeko , Noguchi Haruko , Tamiya Nanako 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Japan, with the oldest population in the world, faces a financial challenge caused by rising long-term care (LTC) expenditure. For policymakers to address this, it is important that we have a better understanding of how individual and regional characteristics affect LTC expenditure.

Methods
We linked national LTC insurance (LTCI) claim data, covering the entire population who used LTCI services in Japan, with municipality data on an individual level. Individuals 65 years and older (n=3 876 068) who had used LTCI benefits at least once in the fiscal year (FY) 2016 were included. We examined the associations of individual and municipality characteristics regarding supply and demand of healthcare with the LTC expenditures on facility care, home and community care, and total care (the sum of both types of care), after adjusting for regional differences in LTC extra charges.

Results
The following variables were associated with higher total expenditure; at the individual level: female, a higher care-need level, a lower income (0% co-payments) or a facility service user; at the municipality level: municipalities locating in metropolitan areas, with a higher proportion of single elderly households, more doctors per 1000 citizens, more nursing homes per 100 000 LTC benefit users or more outpatient medical spending per citizen ≥75 years old.

Conclusions
As we are able to identify several individual and municipality characteristics associated with higher LTC expenditure in Japan, the study offers insights into dealing with the rapidly growing LTC expenditure.