bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anomalous fluctuations and selective extinction in primordial replicators: a ‘struggle for life’ at the origin of biological homochirality
Authors: Longo Savino , Chincoli Miriana Carmela , Micca Longo Gaia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe prevalent presence of a single chiral variant of molecules in live organisms is one of the most distinctive signs of life as a global phenomenon. One of the greatest ambitions of biochemistry and astrobiology is to provide an explanation of this predominance. Several mechanisms were proposed in the past, from the propagation of chirality from a homo-chiral substrate to the amplification of effects associated with electro-weak interactions. Here, a different scenario is proposed: anomalous fluctuations associated with a self-replication scenario can lead to the selective extinction of primordial organisms using one of two enantiomers as an enzyme. These fluctuations arise spontaneously under very general conditions. The idea is based on three key points: (a) the simulation of early biological processes as a ‘board game’; (b) the presence of large fluctuations during an autocatalytic process; (c) the presence of a limited source of chemical energy, inducing a form of competition in a primordial replicator population. In order to demonstrate this mechanism, a computational model is developed, describing the ‘struggle for life’ of two different kinds of primordial replicators on a ‘chessboard’ with periodic boundary conditions; each replicator employs enzymes of different chirality on a non-chiral substrate, thereby with no selective advantage. The replication occurs randomly and with a fixed probability, providing that a sufficient amount of chemical energy is locally available. For the first time, our model includes the local balance of chemical energy in a molecular form on the substrate. The correlation between the chemical energy and the local populations is shown. Results clearly show that strong fluctuations in the number of individuals of each species and subsequent selective extinction events of one of the two species are observed. These studies may contribute to shed light on the most mysterious phase transition that occurred during the biochemical evolution of our planet.
Service evaluation of a sole-session psychoeducational intervention to improve caregivers’ key illness beliefs after first episode psychosis (FEP)
Authors: Hazell Cassie M. , Lyons Natasha , Onwumere Juliana , Schulz Joerg , Glover Naomi , Whittaker Sarah , Chu Man Lai , Floyd Caroline , Brown Lucy , James Gareth , Afshardazegan Roya , Seneviratne Saal , Rahim Shireen , Souray Jonathan , Raune David 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Carers of people experiencing a first episode of psychosis are at an increased risk of developing their own physical and mental health problems. Psychoeducation has been found to improve carer wellbeing and reduce distress. However, few psychoeducation interventions have considered the resource constraints on mental health services and the impact that these can have on the implementation of any such interventions. The present service evaluation aimed to evaluate an abbreviated version (sole session) of a previously tested psychoeducation intervention (three sessions) that targets less adaptive illness beliefs (n = 17). Pre–post effect sizes reveal that all of the carers’ illness beliefs changed in the desired direction, with four out of the 10 illness beliefs associated with large to moderate improvements. When compared with the outcomes obtained in our evaluation of the more intensive, three-session version of the intervention, the between-group effects largely favoured the three-session version but were mostly small. Moderate to large effects in favour of the three-session version were found for two of the 10 illness beliefs. These findings support the further investigation of the sole session psychoeducation intervention as part of a randomised controlled trial.

Key learning aims

(1)
To evaluate the impact of a sole-session psychoeducation intervention on illness beliefs.

(2)
To compare the outcomes of the sole-session psychoeducation intervention to the previous, more intensive (three-session) version of the same intervention.

(3)
To consider the value of research approaches to evaluating psychoeducation interventions for carers of people with psychosis.
The Effectiveness of Interventions Aimed at Improving Well-Being and Resilience to Stress in First Responders
Authors: Wild Jennifer , El-Salahi Shama , Esposti Michelle Degli 
Published: July 2020

Abstract. First responders are routinely exposed to traumatic critical incidents, placing them at higher risk for developing stress-related psychopathology and associated health problems than the general population. Interventions which could improve resilience to stress may help to protect the health of this high risk population. We systematically reviewed such interventions for first responders to determine which ones work and why. We searched the Cochrane and Campbell Collaboration Library, EMBASE, IBSS, Medline, PILOTS, PubMed, PsycINFO, and SCOPUS from January 1, 1980 to June 28, 2018 for randomized and quasi-randomized controlled studies aiming to improve well-being, resilience, or stress management for police, ambulance, fire, or search and rescue workers using non-pharmacological interventions. Data were extracted from published reports and obtained from authors. Within- and between-group effect sizes were calculated for mental and physical health outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias Tool. The initial search identified 3,816 studies, 13 of which were eligible for analysis ( n = 634 cases, n = 628 controls). Six studies demonstrated intervention-related improvements. However, risk of bias was mostly unclear or high. Within-group intervention effect sizes ranged from −0.82 (95% CI [−1.48, −0.17]) to 2.71 [1.99, 3.42] and between-group intervention effect sizes ranged from −0.73 [−1.25, −0.21] to 1.47 [0.94, 2.01], depending on the outcome. Largest effects were seen for interventions that targeted modifiable risk factors for trauma-related psychiatric disorders. Targeting modifiable predictors of trauma-related psychiatric disorders through training may protect the health of first responders who routinely face trauma in their line of work.
A Global Classification of Astronomical Tide Asymmetry and Periodicity Using Statistical and Cluster Analysis
Authors: Núñez P. , Castanedo S. , Medina R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTidal asymmetry plays a key role in the behavior of estuaries. Positive and negative asymmetries are associated with flood‐ and ebb‐dominated estuaries, respectively. Asymmetry arises from both the interaction among the main tidal constituents and the harmonics generated when tide propagates in shallow waters. Most previous research focuses on the deformation of the tide within estuaries; however, ocean tide may show asymmetry at the estuary entrance, which implies that the boundary condition is already deformed. This fact has important implications for tide propagation, estuarine transport processes, and flow exchanges between estuaries and open oceans. In this study, the global astronomical tide is classified according to its asymmetry and periodicity. The objective is to provide a guiding framework of representative astronomical tide types (ATtypes) on a worldwide scale to be used as a reference for further research on the transport of substances in estuaries. The applied methodology is based on the use of the TPXO9‐atlas global barotropic tidal solution and detailed statistical analysis. Probability density functions of the tidal elevation time derivative and the tidal form factor were extracted from TPXO9‐atlas with a spatial resolution ranging from 1/6° to 1/30°. The K‐means algorithm was applied to these parameters, and 25 representativeATtypeswere identified. The classification was validated with 757 worldwide tide gauge records. The results show that 11.3% of coastal areas show negative asymmetries, 11.3% positive asymmetries, while symmetric tides dominate 77.4% of coastal areas. In these areas, estuaries can show asymmetries exclusively dependent on overtides and compound tides generated during inland propagation without being externally conditioned.
Translation of the shortened dental arch research into clinical practice: a stakeholder mapping approach
Authors: Khan Saadika B. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Aim
To identify key participants that can ensure implementation of the SDA or PRDA as a prosthodontic management option using a stakeholder mapping approach.

Methods
A stakeholder mapping approach is employed which is a strategic method to identify, rate the importance of input and the influence, highlighting how clinical implementation can be ensured. A stakeholder map was used as the research tool. Stakeholders were classified according to their level of influence in either assisting with change or obstructing progress as well as the impact of their input within the dental organization and the broader South African environment.

Results
Several stakeholders were identified and were classified in two ways: Primary or secondary and according to their affiliation with the organization where change needs to occur. Initially, a lecture on the shortened dental arch was included in 4th year of undergraduate study, after consultation with the head of the department. This was abandoned as students misunderstood the use of the concept related to clinical requirements; thus, the location of where this concept must be taught, was reconsidered. The role of other key stakeholders that could effect change was also highlighted with this approach.

Conclusion
This strategic analysis allowed identification of key stakeholders and their roles that can assist with implementation of the SDA or PRDA, some of whom should be addressed further to ensure alignment of practices to health policies.

Key points

Knowledge translation consists of multiple stages from design to implementation which includes diffusion, dissemination (such as publishing) and implementation of evidence into clinical practice (application of concepts or procedures to improve patient care).

Only quality research, as stipulated on the evidence pyramid, can be used to change curricula and clinical practices.

The strategic approach with stakeholder mapping allows identification of key stakeholders in prosthodontics (knowledge brokers or communities of practice) that have the interest and influence to change curricula and clinical practice; including a combined approach with researchers which may enable easier application of quality care to patients.
Neonatal genetics of gene expression reveal potential origins of autoimmune and allergic disease risk
Authors: Huang Qin Qin , Tang Howard H. F. , Teo Shu Mei , Mok Danny , Ritchie Scott C. , Nath Artika P. , Brozynska Marta , Salim Agus , Bakshi Andrew , Holt Barbara J. , Khor Chiea Chuen , Sly Peter D. , Holt Patrick G. , Holt Kathryn E. , Inouye Michael 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChronic immune-mediated diseases of adulthood often originate in early childhood. To investigate genetic associations between neonatal immunity and disease, we map expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in resting myeloid cells and CD4+T cells from cord blood samples, as well as in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation, respectively.Cis-eQTLs are largely specific to cell type or stimulation, and 31% and 52% of genes withcis-eQTLs have response eQTLs (reQTLs) in myeloid cells and T cells, respectively. We identifiedcisregulatory factors acting as mediators oftranseffects. There is extensive colocalisation between condition-specific neonatalcis-eQTLs and variants associated with immune-mediated diseases, in particularCTSHhad widespread colocalisation across diseases. Mendelian randomisation shows causal neonatal gene expression effects on disease risk forBTN3A2,HLA-Cand others. Our study elucidates the genetics of gene expression in neonatal immune cells, and aetiological origins of autoimmune and allergic diseases.
On the natural spatio-temporal heterogeneity of South Pacific nitrous oxide
Authors: Babbin Andrew R. , Boles Elisabeth L. , Mühle Jens , Weiss Ray F. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas and ozone depleting substance, but its natural sources, especially marine emissions, are poorly constrained. Localized high concentrations have been observed in the oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) of the tropical Pacific but the impacts of El Niño cycles on this key source region are unknown. Here we show atmospheric monitoring station measurements in Samoa combined with atmospheric back-trajectories provide novel information on N2O variability across the South Pacific. Remarkable elevations in Samoan concentrations are obtained in air parcels that pass over the OMZ. The data further reveal that average concentrations of these OMZ air parcels are augmented during La Niña and decrease sharply during El Niño. The observed natural spatial heterogeneities and temporal dynamics in marine N2O emissions can confound attempts to develop future projections of this climatically active gas as low oxygen zones are predicted to expand and El Niño cycles change.
Mechanisms of microtubule dynamics and force generation examined with computational modeling and electron cryotomography
Authors: Gudimchuk Nikita B. , Ulyanov Evgeni V. , O’Toole Eileen , Page Cynthia L. , Vinogradov Dmitrii S. , Morgan Garry , Li Gabriella , Moore Jeffrey K. , Szczesna Ewa , Roll-Mecak Antonina , Ataullakhanov Fazoil I. , Richard McIntosh J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMicrotubules are dynamic tubulin polymers responsible for many cellular processes, including the capture and segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. In contrast to textbook models of tubulin self-assembly, we have recently demonstrated that microtubules elongate by addition of bent guanosine triphosphate tubulin to the tips of curving protofilaments. Here we explore this mechanism of microtubule growth using Brownian dynamics modeling and electron cryotomography. The previously described flaring shapes of growing microtubule tips are remarkably consistent under various assembly conditions, including different tubulin concentrations, the presence or absence of a polymerization catalyst or tubulin-binding drugs. Simulations indicate that development of substantial forces during microtubule growth and shortening requires a high activation energy barrier in lateral tubulin-tubulin interactions. Modeling offers a mechanism to explain kinetochore coupling to growing microtubule tips under assisting force, and it predicts a load-dependent acceleration of microtubule assembly, providing a role for the flared morphology of growing microtubule ends.
Plasma levels of DPP4 activity and sDPP4 are dissociated from inflammation in mice and humans
Authors: Baggio Laurie L. , Varin Elodie M. , Koehler Jacqueline A. , Cao Xiemin , Lokhnygina Yuliya , Stevens Susanna R. , Holman Rury R. , Drucker Daniel J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) modulates inflammation by enzymatic cleavage of immunoregulatory peptides and through its soluble form (sDPP4) that directly engages immune cells. Here we examine whether reduction of DPP4 activity alters inflammation. Prolonged DPP4 inhibition increases plasma levels of sDPP4, and induces sDPP4 expression in lymphocyte-enriched organs in mice. Bone marrow transplantation experiments identify hematopoietic cells as the predominant source of plasma sDPP4 following catalytic DPP4 inhibition. Surprisingly, systemic DPP4 inhibition increases plasma levels of inflammatory markers in regular chow-fed but not in high fat-fed mice. Plasma levels of sDPP4 and biomarkers of inflammation are lower in metformin-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease, yet exhibit considerable inter-individual variation. Sitagliptin therapy for 12 months reduces DPP4 activity yet does not increase markers of inflammation or levels of sDPP4. Collectively our findings dissociate levels of DPP4 enzyme activity, sDPP4 and biomarkers of inflammation in mice and humans.
Origin and function of the yolk sac in primate embryogenesis
Authors: Ross Connor , Boroviak Thorsten E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHuman embryogenesis is hallmarked by two phases of yolk sac development. The primate hypoblast gives rise to a transient primary yolk sac, which is rapidly superseded by a secondary yolk sac during gastrulation. Moreover, primate embryos form extraembryonic mesoderm prior to gastrulation, in contrast to mouse. The function of the primary yolk sac and the origin of extraembryonic mesoderm remain unclear. Here, we hypothesise that the hypoblast-derived primary yolk sac serves as a source for early extraembryonic mesoderm, which is supplemented with mesoderm from the gastrulating embryo. We discuss the intricate relationship between the yolk sac and the primate embryo and highlight the pivotal role of the yolk sac as a multifunctional hub for haematopoiesis, germ cell development and nutritional supply.
3D-3D topotactic transformation in aluminophosphate molecular sieves and its implication in new zeolite structure generation
Authors: Huang Zhehao , Seo Seungwan , Shin Jiho , Wang Bin , Bell Robert G. , Hong Suk Bong , Zou Xiaodong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractZeolites have unique pore structures of molecular dimensions and tunable compositions, making them ideal for shape selective catalysis and separation. However, targeted synthesis of zeolites with new pore structures and compositions remains a key challenge. Here, we propose an approach based on a unique 3D-3D topotactic transformation, which takes advantage of weak bonding in zeolites. This is inspired by the structure transformation of PST-5, a new aluminophosphate molecular sieve, to PST-6 by calcination. The structure of nano-sized PST-5 crystals is determined by 3D electron diffraction. We find that the 3D-3D topotactic transformation involves two types of building units where penta- or hexa-coordinated Al is present. We apply this approach to several other zeolite systems and predict a series of new zeolite structures that would be synthetically feasible. This method provides a concept for the synthesis of targeted zeolites, especially those which may not be feasible by conventional methods.
Higher-order quantum spin Hall effect in a photonic crystal
Authors: Xie Biye , Su Guangxu , Wang Hong-Fei , Liu Feng , Hu Lumang , Yu Si-Yuan , Zhan Peng , Lu Ming-Hui , Wang Zhenlin , Chen Yan-Feng 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe quantum spin Hall effect lays the foundation for the topologically protected manipulation of waves, but is restricted to one-dimensional-lower boundaries of systems and hence limits the diversity and integration of topological photonic devices. Recently, the conventional bulk-boundary correspondence of band topology has been extended to higher-order cases that enable explorations of topological states with codimensions larger than one such as hinge and corner states. Here, we demonstrate a higher-order quantum spin Hall effect in a two-dimensional photonic crystal. Owing to the non-trivial higher-order topology and the pseudospin-pseudospin coupling, we observe a directional localization of photons at corners with opposite pseudospin polarizations through pseudospin-momentum-locked edge waves, resembling the quantum spin Hall effect in a higher-order manner. Our work inspires an unprecedented route to transport and trap spinful waves, supporting potential applications in topological photonic devices such as spinful topological lasers and chiral quantum emitters.
Study of Kyasanur forest disease viremia, antibody kinetics, and virus infection in target organs of Macaca radiata
Authors: Patil Dilip R. , Yadav Pragya D. , Shete Anita , Chaubal Gouri , Mohandas Sreelekshmy , Sahay Rima R. , Jain Rajlaxmi , Mote Chandrashekhar , Kumar Sandeep , Kaushal Himanshu , Kore Pravin , Patil Savita , Majumdar Triparna , Fulari Siddharam , Suryawanshi Annasaheb , Kadam Manoj , Pardeshi Prachi G. , Lakra Rajen , Sarkale Prasad , Mourya Devendra T. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe present manuscript deals with experimental infections of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) to study disease progression for better insights into the Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) pathogenesis and transmission. Experimentally, 10 monkeys were inoculated with KFD virus (KFDV) (high or low dose) and were regularly monitored and sampled for various body fluids and tissues at preset time points. We found that only 2 out of the 10 animals showed marked clinical signs becoming moribund, both in the low dose group, even though viremia, virus shedding in the secretions and excretions were evident in all inoculated monkeys. Anti-KFDV immunoglobulin (Ig)M antibody response was observed around a week after inoculation and anti-KFDV IgG antibody response after two weeks. Anaemia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, monocytosis, increase in average clotting time, and reduction in the serum protein levels were evident. The virus could be re-isolated from the skin during the viremic period. The persistence of viral RNA in the gastrointestinal tract and lymph nodes was seen up to 53 and 81 days respectively. Neuro-invasion was observed only in moribund macaques. Re-challenge with the virus after 21 days of initial inoculation in a monkey did not result in virus shedding or immune response boosting.
Variability of a natural hydrocarbon seep and its connection to the ocean surface
Authors: Razaz Mahdi , Di Iorio Daniela , Wang Binbin , Daneshgar Asl Samira , Thurnherr Andreas M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNatural hydrocarbon seeps are ubiquitous along continental margins. Despite their significance, we lack a basic understanding of the long-term temporal variability of seep dynamics, including bubble size, rise velocity, composition, and upwelling and entrainment processes. The shortcoming makes it difficult to constrain the global estimates of oil and gas entering the marine environment. Here we report on a multi-method approach based on optical, acoustic, satellite remote sensing, and simulations, to connect the characteristics of a hydrocarbon seep in the Gulf of Mexico to its footprint on the sea surface. Using an in-situ camera, bubble dynamics at the source were measured every 6 h over 153 days and the integrated total hydrocarbon release volume was estimated as 53 m3. The vertical velocity was acoustically measured at 20 m above bed (mab) and found to be approximately 40% less than the dispersed-phase at the source, indicating that the measured values are reflecting the plume continuous-phase flow. Numerical simulations predict that the oily bubbles with diameters larger than 8 mm reach the surface with a small footprint, i.e. forming an oil slick origin, deflection of which with wind and surface current leads to the formation of an oil slick on the surface. Nineteen SAR images are used to estimate the oil seepage rate from GC600 for 2017 giving an average discharge of 14.4 cm3/s.