bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protecting Farm Workers
Authors: Martin Philip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
UN agencies develop conventions and recommendations to improve protections for farm workers, governments enact and enforce protective labor laws, and unions and NGOs have developed a variety of strategies to help farm workers. The results are mixed. There are fewer children under 18 employed in agriculture, and almost none employed as hired workers on large export-oriented farms. The major UN labor agency, the ILO, is increasingly aspirational, recommending ever higher labor-protection goals even as many workers lack basic protections, although the ILO played a key role in Bangladeshi garments and Thai seafood to persuade those governments to do more to protect workers in order to preserve jobs in export industries. Trafficking and forced labor raise other issues, including the extent of the problem and the best remedies. Governments, unions, and NGOs are seeking the most effective and durable protection strategies.
Buyers, Consumers, and Farm Workers
Authors: Martin Philip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Could buyers of labor-intensive fruits and vegetables do more to protect farm workers? In many rich countries, fewer than five supermarket chains account for most fresh produce sales, giving enormous power to a relative handful of produce buyers if they elect to purchase only from farms that comply with labor laws. The food-safety model shows that buyers can change supplier practices. After contaminated produce sickened and killed consumers and reduced demand and grower prices, major farming associations developed and tested best practices to minimize contamination that were later incorporated into law, so that both private-sector buyers and government agencies enforce food safety protocols. The alternatives to government and buyers, such as NGOs that certify compliant farmers fee, cover a very small share of the fresh produce consumed in rich countries.
Contracting without Meaning
Authors: Siraganian Lisa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
How do you know what a corporate person is really intending, whoever exactly that person is? This chapter explores a set of initial answers to this question in philosophies of intention like Elizabeth Anscombe’s, in historical political cartoons of the corporation, in legal theories of contracts, and in Frank Norris’s The Octopus, the influential novel about the railroad colossus known as the Southern Pacific. Together, they fill out the problem of collective social intention both as it was understood around the turn of the twentieth century and how it developed subsequently. Although older accounts of contract appeal to intention (“a meeting of minds”), the corporate form’s lack of inner life and composite quality made such a mind-meeting odd to envision. The difficulty of knowing a corporate person’s meaning raised knotty issues of interpretation, and political cartoons provided a popular attempt to work through these issues. Other thinkers, including law professor Ernst Freund and Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., resolved these problems in their theories of corporate contracts, which introduced a larger concern of how to interpret any of a corporation’s signs. This issue occupied philosophers like Charles Sanders Peirce, and later scholars of contracts such as Arthur Corbin. Ultimately, an attempt to resolve a particular problem of corporate contracts led to a semiological theory committed to the simple literality of signs, in order to negotiate how to live with collective beings without obvious or singular minds.
Incoherent Corporate Speech
Authors: Siraganian Lisa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
F. Scott Fitzgerald imagines corporate marriage proposals as a promising thought experiment to think through the fundamental incoherence of what was eventually to be known as corporate speech after the U.S. Supreme Court case Citizens United (2010). His autobiographical and underappreciated meditations on the film industry, The Love of the Last Tycoon (1940) and The Pat Hobby Stories (1940–1), tease out corporate expression’s difficulties and possibilities—complications that are typically overlooked in contemporary discussions of corporate speech. In Tycoon, Fitzgerald’s Hollywood executive producer imagines that he can “buy” what is in his screenwriter’s “mind.” His understanding of speech articulates Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.’s theory of contractual meaning and economist Ronald Coase’s literalization of “the marketplace of ideas,” anticipating the Supreme Court’s reasoning in Citizens United. But when that tycoon’s lover treats her multiple Dear John letters to him in the same literal manner—as automatic, repetitive, and commodified—the tycoon senses the flaws in his account of language. After examining Citizens United and related precedents struggling to conceptualize corporate speech, this chapter argues that Fitzgerald’s focus on the problem of repeated action reveals a basic incoherence in theories of corporate speech. Conceiving of ideas as brain content that can be bought and sold, Tycoon’s corporate executive unwittingly stumbles on the essentially impoverished nature of corporate speech as repetitive but not meaningful. Decades before corporate speech had First Amendment protections, Fitzgerald’s late fiction imagined and represented its potential problems.
Emergent Corporate Mind
Authors: Siraganian Lisa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A lively debate over “corporate mind” materialized in legal, philosophical, and political scientific guises throughout the first decades of the twentieth century. Legal theorists such as Harold Laski, Jethro Brown, and Frederic Maitland sought to ascribe intentions to mindful corporations to understand why corporations acted as they did and to treat them accordingly; theorists like Morris Cohen, John Salmond, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. thought this tactic made no sense. This chapter examines their dispute to argue that Gertrude Stein’s conceptualizing of groups of artists proposed representational solutions both similar to and ultimately divergent from these conceptions of corporate minds. A radical reading of Stein’s revolutionary prose poem, G.M.P. (1912), is offered, supported by archival manuscript evidence. That text ponders the difference between a publicly traded corporation, with its repetitive daily “life” exposed to anyone with a ticker-tape machine, and the creations of a group of painters and poets. Abstracting the art collectivity and giving the movement a name (“G.M.P.”) more typical of publicly traded companies on a stock exchange, Stein registers its divergence from a crowd, a corporate collective, or an individual. Like business entities, aesthetic movements possess emergent properties that are more than the sum of their artist parts; yet art’s immortality differs from a corporation’s life in perpetuity. Offering context for the period’s corporate ideas from various disciplines—political science, jurisprudence, philosophy, psychology—this chapter catches writers thinking through how a corporate group imagines and creates.
Invisible Corporate Man
Authors: Siraganian Lisa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Reconstruction era Fourteenth Amendment (1868) has long been the primary U.S. statutory source for corporate personhood. But for nearly fifty years the story of the rise of corporate personhood rights entwined with the fraught story of legal personhood for African Americans was effectively ignored. This chapter fills a gap in legal and cultural scholarship to begin to address this blind spot, first by analyzing the period’s jurisprudence of the “corporation sole” (a corporation of one person) in contrast to that of African American persons. Drawing together case analysis, discussions of legal formalism, and interpretations of two major novels—George Schuyler’s satirical Black No More (1931) and Ralph Ellison’s acclaimed Invisible Man (1952)—this chapter depicts the legal and literary effects of a half-century’s misconstruing of the Fourteenth Amendment, in which “any person” was defined not to mean any married woman, child, and/or African American person, but, rather, any corporate or white male person. To imagine a less racist world, Schuyler hypothesizes African American rights and freedoms secured by the abstract corporate form and a new scientific technology protected by the laws of intellectual property. Later, Ellison provides a powerful and very different critique of state-sanctioned personhood as irretrievably debased because it is abstract. Both authors expose and challenge through satire and fantasy the obscene, unmentionable inequality between reduced rights for African Americans and human rights for corporate persons.
The Changing Legal Patterns of Anglo-African Relations (1807–40)
Authors: Van Hulle Inge 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 discusses how, during the first decades of the nineteenth century, the use and creation of legal instruments by British imperial agents in West Africa received a first substantial Western reorientation by the increased resort to treaties. British presence increased in a mostly unplanned and haphazard way and was not geared towards creating a land-based empire but to enlarging Britain’s commercial and humanitarian influence in the region. This development went hand in hand with the introduction of new Western-inspired treaty clauses and the pro-British interpretation of traditional rights and obligations. The first experiments were made with instruments that would become characteristic of Britain’s legal strategies in West Africa: treaties of protection, extraterritoriality, mediation, and coercion.
Benevolent Aggression and Exemplary Violence in West Africa
Authors: Van Hulle Inge 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 addresses the hitherto neglected topic of colonial war and use of force in West Africa prior to the end of the nineteenth century. It discusses various instances in which force was used in order to acquire or consolidate control by bolstering and enforcing existing legal techniques. Specific attention is awarded to the justifications that underpinned the use of coercive measures and the excessive and exemplary nature of the violence used against African communities. Aggression was presented as having a benevolent character as the justifications to resort to force started from the premise that the British Empire and its representatives were magnanimous and that violence was used for the betterment of the African. Justifications entailed arguments that hinged on so-called racialized necessity, the furthering of a ‘humanitarian agenda’ or were styled as legitimate responses to African wrong-doings.
Conclusion
Authors: Van Hulle Inge 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The conclusion revisits the key findings of the previous chapters. The first half of the nineteenth century was a period of increased British presence in West Africa and one in which traditional normative commercial patterns with African polities were challenged through the introduction of new legal techniques and the re-interpretation of old ones. Such experimentation with legal techniques was often haphazard, improvisational, and a process of trial and error which escaped the control of the metropole and in which local protagonists took centre-stage. International legal discourse was characteristically open-ended, which allowed imperial protagonists to apply legal norms as much as possible to the benefit of varied imperial objectives. These findings paints a vastly different and more nuanced picture of British empire-building that has traditionally relied on a limited set of sources and particularly on the discourse of late nineteenth-century legal scholars.
The Cultural Deindustrialization of New York
Authors: Clark Shannan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines New York’s publishing and broadcasting sectors, which underwent significant deindustrialization during the postwar period. Even as intellectuals and social commentators heralded the rising tide of affluence, supposedly epitomized by white-collar workers engaged in cultural production, in fact tens of thousands employed in the city’s culture industries experienced considerable economic insecurity and inequality. The production of primetime television entertainment largely left the city for Southern California during the 1950s, and attempts during the 1960s at revitalizing New York as a production center were unsuccessful. The structural crisis of the city’s print media led to the closing of multiple daily newspapers during the mid-1960s, followed a few years later by major magazines like Life. Although a new wave of feminist activists combatted workplace discrimination as well as sexist media content, the weakened position of unions and the more general economic retrenchment of the 1970s limited their gains.
Content and the Fittingness of Emotion
Authors: Ballard Brian Scott 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMany philosophers of emotion, whether perceptual or cognitive theorists, have claimed that emotions represent evaluative properties. This is often supported by an appeal to the fittingness of emotion: that emotions can be fitting shows they represent evaluative properties. In this paper, however, I argue that this inference is much too fast. In fact, no aspect of the rational assessment of emotion directly supports the claim that emotions represent evaluative properties. This inference can, however, be matured into an inference to the best explanation. But this requires coming to terms with a significant emerging rival, the attitudinal theory of emotion. In this paper, I show how this can be accomplished and the inference from fittingness to content saved.
Risk of solid cancers overall and by subtypes in patients with psoriatic arthritis treated with TNF inhibitors – a Nordic cohort study
Authors: Hellgren Karin , Ballegaard Christine , Delcoigne Bénédicte , Cordtz René , Nordström Dan , Aaltonen Kalle , Gudbjornsson Bjorn , Love Thorvardur Jon , Aarrestad Provan Sella , Sexton Joe , Zobbe Kristian , Kristensen Lars Erik , Askling Johan , Dreyer Lene 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate whether TNF inhibitors (TNFi) are associated with increased risk of solid cancer in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

Methods
From the Nordic clinical rheumatology registers (CRR) here: SRQ/ARTIS (Sweden), DANBIO (Denmark), NOR-DMARD (Norway), ROB-FIN (Finland) and ICEBIO (Iceland) we identified PsA patients who started a first TNFi 2001–2017 (n = 9655). We identified patients with PsA not treated with biologics from (i) the CRR (n = 14 809) and (ii) the national patient registers (PR, n = 31 350). By linkage to the national cancer registers, we collected information on incident solid cancer overall and for eight cancer types. We used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratio (HR) with 95% CI of cancer (per country and pooled) in TNFi-exposed vs biologics-naïve, adjusting for age, sex, calendar period, comorbidities and disease activity. We also assessed standardized incidence ratios (SIR) in TNFi-exposed PsA vs the general population (GP).

Results
We identified 296 solid cancers among the TNFi-exposed PsA patients (55 850 person-years); the pooled adjusted HR for solid cancer overall was 1.0 (0.9–1.2) for TNFi-exposed vs biologics-naïve PsA from the CRR, and 0.8 (0.7–1.0) vs biologics-naïve PsA from the PRs. There were no significantly increased risks for any of the cancer types under study. The pooled SIR of solid cancer overall in TNFi treated PsA vs GP was 1.0 (0.9–1.1).

Conclusion
In this large cohort study from five Nordic countries, we found no increased risk of solid cancer in TNFi-treated PsA patients, neither for solid cancer overall nor for eight common cancer types.
Financial Media, Price Discovery, and Merger Arbitrage*
Authors: Buehlmaier Matthias M M , Zechner Josef 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Using merger announcements and applying methods from computational linguistics we find strong evidence that stock prices underreact to information in financial media. A one standard deviation increase in the media-implied probability of merger completion increases the subsequent 12-day return of a long-short merger strategy by 1.2 percentage points. Filtering out the 28% of announced deals with the lowest media-implied completion probability increases the annualized alpha from merger arbitrage by 9.3 percentage points. Our results are particularly pronounced when high-yield spreads are large and on days when only few merger deals are announced.
The Legacy of Recurrent Introgression during the Radiation of Hares
Authors: Ferreira Mafalda S , Jones Matthew R , Callahan Colin M , Farelo Liliana , Tolesa Zelalem , Suchentrunk Franz , Boursot Pierre , Mills L Scott , Alves Paulo C , Good Jeffrey M , Melo-Ferreira José 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHybridization may often be an important source of adaptive variation, but the extent and long-term impacts of introgression have seldom been evaluated in the phylogenetic context of a radiation. Hares (Lepus) represent a widespread mammalian radiation of 32 extant species characterized by striking ecological adaptations and recurrent admixture. To understand the relevance of introgressive hybridization during the diversification of Lepus, we analyzed whole exome sequences (61.7 Mb) from 15 species of hares (1–4 individuals per species), spanning the global distribution of the genus, and two outgroups. We used a coalescent framework to infer species relationships and divergence times, despite extensive genealogical discordance. We found high levels of allele sharing among species and show that this reflects extensive incomplete lineage sorting and temporally layered hybridization. Our results revealed recurrent introgression at all stages along the Lepus radiation, including recent gene flow between extant species since the last glacial maximum but also pervasive ancient introgression occurring since near the origin of the hare lineages. We show that ancient hybridization between northern hemisphere species has resulted in shared variation of potential adaptive relevance to highly seasonal environments, including genes involved in circadian rhythm regulation, pigmentation, and thermoregulation. Our results illustrate how the genetic legacy of ancestral hybridization may persist across a radiation, leaving a long-lasting signature of shared genetic variation that may contribute to adaptation. [Adaptation; ancient introgression; hybridization; Lepus; phylogenomics.]
Evolution and Regulation of a Large Effector Family of Pyricularia oryzae
Authors: Ebbole Daniel J. , Chen Meilian , Zhong Zhenhui , Farmer Nicholas , Zheng Wenhui , Han Yijuan , Lu Guodong , Wang Zonghua 
Published: November 2020

Plant pathogen effectors play important roles in parasitism, including countering plant immunity. However, investigations of the emergence and diversification of fungal effectors across host-adapted populations has been limited. We previously identified a gene encoding a suppressor of plant cell death in Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae). Here, we report the gene is one of a 21-member gene family and we characterize sequence diversity in different populations. Within the rice pathogen population, nucleotide diversity is low, however; the majority of gene family members display presence-absence polymorphism or other null alleles. Gene family allelic diversity is greater between host-adapted populations and, thus, we named them host-adapted genes (HAGs). Multiple copies of HAGs were found in some genome assemblies and sequence divergence between the alleles in two cases suggested they were the result of repeat-induced point mutagenesis. Transfer of family members between populations and novel HAG haplotypes resulting from apparent recombination were observed. HAG family transcripts were induced in planta and a subset of HAGs are dependent on a key regulator of pathogenesis, PMK1. We also found differential intron splicing for some HAGs that would prevent ex planta protein expression. For some genes, spliced transcript was expressed in antiphase with an overlapping antisense transcript. Characterization of HAG expression patterns and allelic diversity reveal novel mechanisms for HAG regulation and mechanisms generating sequence diversity and novel allele combinations. This evidence of strong in planta–specific expression and selection operating on the HAG family is suggestive of a role in parasitism. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Inflammation and hematopoietic stem cells aging
Authors: He Hanqing , Wang Jianwei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) replenish all lineages of blood cells throughout the lifespan. During aging, the repopulation capacity of HSCs declined, and aged HSCs display a tendency for myeloid differentiation. Several intrinsic and extrinsic factors have been identified to promote HSCs aging. In this review, we focus on the contribution of aging-associated inflammation in provoking HSCs aging and discuss the future research direction of inflammation and HSC aging.
Early ventricular contraction in children with primary hypertension relates to left ventricular mass
Authors: Gu Haotian , Singh Cheentan , Li Ye , Simpson John , Chowienczyk Phil , Sinha Manish D. 
Published: November 2020

Aims:
In hypertensive adults, first-phase ejection fraction (EF1), a measure of early ventricular contraction is reduced and associated with prolonged systolic contraction and diastolic dysfunction. Whether this is true in children with primary hypertension is unknown.

Methods:
Echocardiography was performed in 47 normotensive and 81 hypertensive children. Hypertensive children were stratified according to tertiles of LVMi (g/m2.7). EF1 was calculated from the fraction of LV volume ejected up to the time of peak aortic flow. E/e’ was used as a measure of diastolic function. Myocardial wall stress (MWS) was calculated in a subsample of children from LV volumes and central aortic pressure. Time to onset of relaxation (TOR) was defined as time to peak MWS over ejection time.

Results:
Normotensive and hypertensive children were of similar age. Hypertensive children in tertiles 2 and 3 of LVMi had higher BMI z-score than normotensives. EF1 was significantly increased in hypertensive children in tertile 1 compared with normotensive children (P < 0.001), whereas in those in tertile 3, it was significantly lower than in normotensive children (P < 0.001). EF1 was negatively associated with LVMi (β = −0.505, P < 0.001), LVM (β = −0.531, P = 0.001) and E/e’ ratio (β = −0.409, P < 0.001); in children who had MWS measured, TOR was negatively associated with EF1 (β = −0.303, P = 0.007) and positively associated with E/e’ (β = 0.459, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
EF1 is preserved or enhanced in hypertensive children with similar LVMi to normotensive children but is increasingly reduced in those with greater LVMi. This reduction of EF1 is associated with prolonged myocardial wall stress and reduced diastolic function.