bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of bile acids on the growth and global gene expression profiles in Akkermansia muciniphila
Authors: Hagi Tatsuro , Geerlings Sharon Y. , Nijsse Bart , Belzer Clara 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Akkermansia muciniphila is a prominent member of the gut microbiota and the organism gets exposed to bile acids within this niche. Several gut bacteria have bile response genes to metabolize bile acids or an ability to change their membrane structure to prevent membrane damage from bile acids. To understand the response to bile acids and how A. muciniphila can persist in the gut, we studied the effect of bile acids and individual bile salts on growth. In addition, the change in gene expression under ox-bile condition was studied. The growth of A. muciniphila was inhibited by ox-bile and the bile salts mixture. Individual bile salts have differential effects on the growth. Although most bile salts inhibited the growth of A. muciniphila, an increased growth was observed under culture conditions with sodium deoxycholate. Zaragozic acid A, which is a squalene synthase inhibitor leading to changes in the membrane structure, increased the susceptibility of A. muciniphila to bile acids. Transcriptome analysis showed that gene clusters associated with an ABC transporter and RND transporter were upregulated in the presence of ox-bile. In contrast, a gene cluster containing a potassium transporter was downregulated. Membrane transporter inhibitors also decreased the tolerance to bile acids of A. muciniphila. Our results indicated that membrane transporters and the squalene-associated membrane structure could be major bile response systems required for bile tolerance in A. muciniphila.

Key points
• The growth of Akkermansia muciniphila was inhibited by most bile salts.
• Sodium deoxycholate increased the growth of A. muciniphila.
• The genes encoding transporters and hopanoid synthesis were upregulated by ox-bile.
• The inhibitors of transporters and hopanoid synthesis reduced ox-bile tolerance.
Development of a double monoclonal antibody–based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting canine distemper virus
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Xu Gang , Zhang Lu , Zhao Jiakai , Ji Pinpin , Li Yaning , Liu Baoyuan , Zhang Jingfei , Zhao Qin , Sun Yani , Zhou En-Min 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection causes mass mortality in diverse carnivore species. For effective virus surveillance, rapid and sensitive assays are needed to detect CDV in field samples. In this study, after BABL/c mice were immunized with recombinant CDV-fusion (F) protein, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against recombinant CDV-F protein (designated 1A5, 1A6, and 7D5) were produced using traditional hybridoma cell technology. Next, capture antibody (1A6, 800 ng/well) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)–conjugated detection antibody (HRP-7D5, 1:100, 500 ng/well) were used in a double monoclonal antibody–based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for CDV detection after optimization of both mAb amounts per well using a checkerboard titration test. Based on sandwich ELISA test results for 120 known CDV-negative samples, the cutoff value for a positive result was set to an OD450 nm value ≥ 0.196. As compared with test results obtained from commercial immune colloidal gold test strips, the low limits of detection for the two assays were revealed to be 100 TCID50 per 100 μL. In addition, the sandwich ELISA agreed 100% and 96.4% with commercial immune colloidal gold test strips when testing serum and stool samples. The sandwich ELISA assay provided statistically similar CDV detection. Thus, the sandwich ELISA developed here to detect CDV in fecal and serum samples provided good sensitivity, high specificity, and good reproducibility and should serve as an ideal method for large-scale surveillance of CDV infections in carnivores.

Key points
• Three CDV mAbs that recognized different epitopes and bound to virion were generated.
• The sandwich ELISA based mAbs to detect CDV in fecal and serum samples was developed.
• The sandwich ELISA is an ideal method for detecting CDV infections in the field.
“What are you going to do, Protest the Wind?”: Community Perceptions of Emergent and Worsening Coastal Erosion from the Remote Bering Sea Community of St. Paul, Alaska
Authors: Tran Jessica , Divine Lauren M. , Heffner Leanna R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe state of Alaska is experiencing increased coastal erosion due to climatic changes that threaten shoreline, infrastructure, and Alaska Native ways of life. While several Alaska Native villages have been impacted by severe erosion, additional communities face burgeoning erosion concerns. St. Paul, a remote island located in the Bering Sea, Alaska, and home to ~450 Unangan, or Aleut, residents, is experiencing relatively new erosion and associated flooding issues. This study aimed to inform St. Paul’s erosion monitoring and climate adaptation strategies by documenting community perceptions of coastal erosion as an ecological and social threat within a broader context of multiple established climate stressors. We interviewed 21 residents to answer: (1) what are the community’s perceptions of erosion on St. Paul in the context of the island’s other environmental concerns?; (2) do current perceptions of erosion affect how local governing and management entities address erosion impacts?; and (3) how does erosion relate to and impact Unangan cultural traditions and heritage? Residents identified six locations of primary concern, owing to how erosion of those areas impact their culture, subsistence practices, and sense of place. We suggest methods in which local entities can better support proactive climate adaptation and mitigation measures and utilize resources for community-driven adaption planning. By documenting perspectives in Indigenous communities on emergent climate impacts, as well as perceptions of adaptation planning and implementation, it can establish the foundation for more collaborative, culturally relevant, and successful community-driven climate adaptation planning.
Analysis of the impact of adherence to guidelines and expert advice in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Kasprzak A. , Nachtkamp K. , Kondakci M. , Schroeder T. , Kobbe G. , Kündgen A. , Kaivers J. , Rautenberg C. , Haas R. , Gattermann N. , Bonadies N. , Germing U. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe European Leukemia Net (ELN) guidelines for treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) connect heterogeneous MDS subgroups with a number of therapeutic options ranging from best supportive care to allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). However, it is currently unknown whether adherence to guideline recommendations translates into improved survival. The sizeable database of the Duesseldorf MDS Registry allowed us to address this question. We first performed a retrospective analysis including 1698 patients (cohort 1) to whom we retrospectively applied the ELN guidelines. We compared patients treated according to the guidelines with patients who deviated from it, either because they received a certain treatment though it was not recommended or because they did not receive that treatment despite being eligible. We also performed a prospective study with 381 patients (cohort 2) who were seen in our department and received guideline-based expert advice. Again, we compared the impact of subsequent guideline-adherent versus non-adherent treatment. For the majority of treatment options (best supportive care, lenalidomide, hypomethylating agents, low-dose chemotherapy, and intensive chemotherapy), we found that adherence to the ELN guidelines did not improve survival in cohort 1. The same was true when patient management was prospectively enhanced through guideline-based treatment advice given by MDS experts (cohort 2). The only exceptions were alloSCT and iron chelation (ICT). Patients receiving ICT and alloSCT as recommended fared significantly better than those who were eligible but received other treatment. Our analysis underscores the limited survival impact of most MDS therapies and suggests to pursue alloSCT in all suitable candidates.
Acute viral bronchiolitis as a cause of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Ghazaly Marwa M. H. , Abu Faddan Nagla H. , Raafat Duaa M. , Mohammed Nagwa A. , Nadel Simon 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC) published pediatric-specific guidelines for the definition, management, and research in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS). Acute viral bronchiolitis (AVB) remains one of the leading causes of admission to PICU. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of AVB. We aimed to evaluate the incidence of PARDS in AVB and identify the risk of RSV as a trigger pathogen for PARDS. This study is a retrospective single-center observational cohort study including children < 2 years of age admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit at St Mary’s Hospital, London, and presented with AVB in 3 years (2016–2018). Clinical and demographic data was collected; PALICC criteria were applied to define PARDS. Data was expressed as median (IQR range); non-parametric tests were used. In this study, 144 infants with acute viral bronchiolitis were admitted to PICU in the study period. Thirty-nine infants fulfilled criteria of PARDS with RSV as the most common virus identified. Bacterial infection was identified as a risk factor for development of PARDS in infants with AVB.Conclusion: AVB is an important cause of PARDS in infants. RSV is associated with a higher risk of PARDS in AVB. Bacterial co-infection is a significant risk factor for development of PARDS in AVB.

What is Known:• Bronchiolitis is a common cause of respiratory failure in children under 2 years.• ARDS is a common cause of PICU admission.

What is New:• Evaluation of bronchiolitis as a cause of PARDS according to the PALLIC criteria.• Evaluation of different viruses’ outcome in PARDS especially RSV as a commonest cause of AVB.
Regeneration of the flatworm Prosthiostomum siphunculus (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes)
Authors: Schadt Tamara , Prantl Veronika , Grosbusch Alexandra L , Bertemes Philip , Egger Bernhard 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFueled by the discovery of head regeneration in triclads (planarians) two and a half centuries ago, flatworms have been the focus of regeneration research. But not all flatworms can regenerate equally well and to obtain a better picture of the characteristics and evolution of regeneration in flatworms other than planarians, the regeneration capacity and stem cell dynamics during regeneration in the flatworm order Polycladida are studied. Here, we show that as long as the brain remained at least partially intact, the polyclad Prosthiostomum siphunculus was able to regenerate submarginal eyes, cerebral eyes, pharynx, intestine and sucker. In the complete absence of the brain only wound closure was observed but no regeneration of missing organs. Amputated parts of the brain could not be regenerated. The overall regeneration capacity of P. siphunculus is a good fit for category III after a recently established system, in which most polyclads are currently classified. Intact animals showed proliferating cells in front of the brain which is an exception compared with most of the other free-living flatworms that have been observed so far. Proliferating cells could be found within the regeneration blastema, similar to all other flatworm taxa except triclads. No proliferation was observed in epidermis and pharynx. In pulse-chase experiments, the chased cells were found in all regenerated tissues and thereby shown to differentiate and migrate to replace the structures lost upon amputation.
Effect of whole-body vibration on freezing and flexibility in Parkinson’s disease—a pilot study
Authors: Dincher Andrea , Becker Paula , Wydra Georg 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Symptoms are treated by medication, physio-, exercise, and occupational therapy. Alternative methods have been used in exercise therapy for a few years now. The effect of whole-body vibration as an alternative training method has been investigated for several symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Since freezing and flexibility have not yet been investigated, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different frequencies of application for these two symptoms.

Methods
Patients were randomly assigned to a frequency (6, 12, or 18 Hz) or the control group. Before and after the treatment of 5 × 60 s with a rest of 60 s each, the Sit and Reach test (flexibility) and the 360° turn test (freezing) were performed.

Results
Only the Sit and Reach test showed a significant improvement at 18 Hz (improvement from − 5.75 to − 1.89 cm, F(3,30) = 5.98**). At 360° turn, no significant differences were found. Weak to high effect sizes (standardized mean differences) were determined for the different frequencies, both for the Sit and Reach (from .01 to .64) and for the 360° turn (from − .72 to − 1.25). The highest effect size is observed for 18 Hz and the lowest for 6 Hz.

Conclusions
Higher frequencies seem to be more effective than lower ones. Freezing, age, and gender also seem to play a role. Therefore, this should be investigated in further studies.
Entropic-Based Separation of Diastereomers: Size-Exclusion Chromatography with Online Viscometry and Refractometry Detection for Analysis of Blends of Mannose and Galactose Methyl-α-pyranosides at “Ideal” Size-Exclusion Conditions
Authors: Striegel André M. , Trainoff Steven P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe separation of carbohydrate diastereomers by an ideal size-exclusion mechanism, i.e., in the absence of enthalpic contributions to the separation, can be considered one of the grand challenges in chromatography: Can a difference in the location of a single axial hydroxy group on a pyranose ring (e.g., the axial OH being located on carbon 2 versus on carbon 4 of the ring) sufficiently affect the solution conformational entropy of a monosaccharide in a manner which allows for members of a diastereomeric pair to be separated from each other by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)? Previous attempts at answering this question, for aqueous solutions, have been thwarted by the mutarotation of sugars in water. Here, the matter is addressed by employing the non-mutarotating methyl-α-pyranosides of d-mannose and d-galactose. We show for the first time, using SEC columns, the entropically driven separation of members of this diastereomeric pair, at a resolution of 1.2–1.3 and with only a 0.4–1% change in solute distribution coefficient over a 25 °C range, thereby demonstrating the ideality of the separation. It is also shown how the newest generation of online viscometer allows for improved sensitivity, thereby extending the range of this so-called molar-mass-sensitive detector into the monomeric regime. Detector multidimensionality is showcased via the synergism of online viscometry and refractometry, which combine to measure the intrinsic viscosity and viscometric radius of the sugars continually across the elution profiles of each diastereomer, methyl-α-d-mannopyranoside and methyl-α-d-galactopyranoside.
Inducible morphological defense in Daphnia pulex: food quantity effects revised
Authors: Klintworth Sandra , von Elert Eric 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn aquatic systems, organisms largely rely on chemical cues to perceive information about the presence of predators or prey.Daphniarecognize the presence of the predatory larvae ofChaoborusvia a chemical cue, emitted by the larvae, a so-called kairomone. Upon recognition, neckteeth, an alteration of the carapace, are induced inDaphniathat reduce predation rates ofChaoborus. Neckteeth induction was often reported to entail costs. In a previous study, food quantity affected the level of neckteeth induction, with stronger neckteeth induction at low food concentrations and weak induction at high food concentrations. However, reducing neckteeth induction at high food quantities seems to be maladaptive and not in accordance with the concept that inducible defenses are associated with costs.Here, we hypothesized that weaker neckteeth induction at high food concentrations is caused by increased bacterial degradation of the kairomone. More specifically, we assume that higher algal food concentration is associated with higher bacterial abundances, which degrade the kairomone during the experiment. We tested our hypothesis by treating food algae with antibiotics before providing them as food toDaphnia. Antibiotics reduced bacterial abundances at high and low food concentrations. Reduced bacterial abundances at high food concentrations led to the same level of neckteeth induction as at low food concentrations. A linear regression revealed a significant correlation of neckteeth induction to bacterial abundances. We therefore conclude that differences in neckteeth induction at different food concentrations are not caused by the food quantity effects but by differences in bacterial degradation of the kairomone.
Writing a Novel with Roma Primary School Children: Tensions in Disrupting Aetonormativity
Authors: Dobson Tom , Stephenson Lisa , De Arede Ana 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStory Makers Press (SMP) is a University-based publisher which co-constructs stories with under-represented groups of children in order to diversify representation in children’s literature and disrupt the way adult perceptions of normality pattern children’s literature (aetonormativity). In this paper we analyse six drama and creative writing workshops run by SMP with Czech and Slovak Roma children from an inner city primary school in the north of England to co-construct a story about climate change. Our analysis identifies how in developing the story, the children were often reluctant to draw upon their funds of knowledge relating to their Roma backgrounds, instead Westernising their protagonists and settings. We also explore how the children disrupt aetonormativity by interweaving magical elements into realistic narrative about climate change in order to establish a genre of magical realism. Finally, we identify how this genre of magical realism is problematic when considering stereotypical depictions of Roma characters in children’s literature and how changes were made to our story in light of a critical race theory reading of the first draft. As well as helping SMP to refine its processes, this analysis suggests that minority groups such as Roma need to be able to draw upon more literary representations of Roma in order to shape their creative outputs and that the curriculum needs to focus on developing children’s critical responses to the representation of minority ethnic groups in children’s literature.
One Instructional Sequence Fits all? A Conceptual Analysis of the Applicability of Concreteness Fading in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, and Biology Education
Authors: Kokkonen Tommi , Schalk Lennart 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo help students acquire mathematics and science knowledge and competencies, educators typically use multiple external representations (MERs). There has been considerable interest in examining ways to present, sequence, and combine MERs. One prominent approach is the concreteness fading sequence, which posits that instruction should start with concrete representations and progress stepwise to representations that are more idealized. Various researchers have suggested that concreteness fading is a broadly applicable instructional approach. In this theoretical paper, we conceptually analyze examples of concreteness fading in the domains of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology and discuss its generalizability. We frame the analysis by defining and describing MERs and their use in educational settings. Then, we draw from theories of analogical and relational reasoning to scrutinize the possible cognitive processes related to learning with MERs. Our analysis suggests that concreteness fading may not be as generalizable as has been suggested. Two main reasons for this are discussed: (1) the types of representations and the relations between them differ across different domains, and (2) the instructional goals between domains and subsequent roles of the representations vary.
Growth and welfare in mixed health system financing with physician dual practice in a developing economy: a case of Indonesia
Authors: Alpaslan Barış , Lim King Yoong , Song Yan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBased on Indonesia’s hybrid BPJS Kesehatan health system, we analyze for welfare-optimal government financing strategy in an economy with a mixed health system using an endogenous growth framework with physician dual practice. We find the model solution to produce two vastly different regimes in terms of policy implications: a “high” public-sector congestion regime as in the benchmark case of Indonesia, and a “low” public-sector congestion, high capacity regime. In the former, welfare-optimal health financing strategy appears to be promoting private health service. In contrast, in the low-congestion, high capacity regime, a welfare-optimal strategy is to do the opposite of increasing government physician wage at the expense of private health subsidy. These results highlight the importance of developing a benchmarking system that measures the actual degree of congestion faced by the public health service in a developing economy, as it ultimately would influence the optimal health financing strategy to be pursued.
Model for estimating activity coefficients in binary and ternary ionic surfactant solutions
Authors: Calderón Silvia M. , Malila Jussi , Prisle Nønne L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe introduce the CMC based Ionic Surfactant Activity model (CISA) to calculate activity coefficients in ternary aqueous solutions of an ionic surfactant and an inorganic salt. The surfactant can be either anionic or cationic and in the present development, the surfactant and inorganic salts share a common counterion. CISA incorporates micellization into the Pitzer–Debye–Hückel (PDH) framework for activities of mixed electrolyte solutions. To reduce computing requirements, a parametrization of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) is used to estimate the degree of micellization instead of explicit equilibrium calculations. For both binary and ternary systems, CISA only requires binary experimentally-based parameters to describe water–ion interactions and temperature–composition dependency of the CMC. The CISA model is intended in particular for atmospheric applications, where higher-order solution interaction parameters are typically not constrained by experiments and the description must be reliable across a wide range of compositions. We evaluate the model against experimental activity data for binary aqueous solutions of ionic surfactants sodium octanoate and sodium decanoate, as common components of atmospheric aerosols, and sodium dodecylsulfate, the most commonly used model compound for atmospheric surfactants. Capabilities of the CISA model to describe ternary systems are tested for the water–sodium decanoate–sodium chloride system, a common surrogate for marine background cloud condensation nuclei and to our knowledge the only atmospherically relevant system for which ternary activity data is available. For these systems, CISA is able to provide continuous predictions of activity coefficients both below and above CMC and in all cases gives an improved description of the water activity above the CMC, compared to the alternative model of Burchfield and Wolley [J. Phys. Chem., 88(10), 2149–2155 (1984)]. The water activity is a key parameter governing the formation and equilibrium growth of cloud droplets. The CISA model can be extended from the current form to include the effect of other inorganic salts with the existing database of binary PDH parameters and using appropriate mixing rules to account for ion specificity in the micellization process.