bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of lifestyle patterns and their association with adiposity in children aged 5–12 years
Authors: D'Souza Ninoshka J. , Kuswara Konsita , Zheng Miaobing , Leech Rebecca , Downing Katherine L. , Lioret Sandrine , Campbell Karen J. , Hesketh Kylie D. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryDiet, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep are typically examined independently with childhood adiposity; however, their combined influence remains uncertain. This review aims to systematically summarize evidence on the clustering of these behaviours through lifestyle patterns and evaluate associations with adiposity in children aged 5–12 years. Search strategies were run in six databases. Twenty‐eight papers met the inclusion criteria, six of which included all four behaviours. A range of lifestyle patterns were identified (healthy, unhealthy and mixed). Mixed patterns were most frequently reported. Unhealthy patterns comprising low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour were also frequently observed. Mixed patterns comprising healthy diets, low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour were more commonly seen in girls, whereas boys were more physically active, similarly sedentary and had unhealthier diets. Children from lower socio‐economic backgrounds tended to more frequently display unhealthy patterns. Unhealthy lifestyle patterns were more often associated with adiposity risk than healthy and mixed patterns. With few studies including all four behaviours, it is difficult to establish a clear picture of their interplay and associations with adiposity. Nonetheless, reliance on lifestyle patterns is likely more beneficial than individual behaviours in targeting adiposity and improving understanding of how these behaviours influence health.
Physical activity interventions promoted in the Arabic‐speaking region: A review of the current literature
Authors: Benajiba Nada , Mahrous Lana , Janah Kaoutar , Alqabbani Samiah F. , Chavarria Enmanuel A. , Aboul‐Enein Basil H. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe Arabic‐speaking region suffers from insufficient levels of physical activity (PA). Assessing the effectiveness of PA interventions presents a scientifically evaluated method to reduce and prevent the current high burden of noncommunicable diseases affecting this region. This review examined implemented PA interventions and corresponding measured health outcomes in this region. The review was limited to studies prior to January 2020 using nine electronic academic databases. Only intervention‐focused articles incorporating PA as the primary intervention or as a component of a multibehavioural intervention were included. Thirty‐nine PA intervention studies were identified. Published PA interventions were implemented among 50% of the countries in the region. Seventy percent of the studies were conducted in the Gulf region and 25% in North Africa. A third of the studies was designed for children and adolescents. Accordingly, 40% of interventions were for patients living with comorbidities. Seventy percent of the studies included PA as part of a multidisciplinary intervention. Most studies included body mass index as an outcome parameter. Significant improvement (P < .05) in measured health outcomes was seen in 97% of studies. Thorough analysis includes social and culturally congruent aspects of the PA interventions and discussion of resultant health outcomes. This information furthers the understanding of effective PA interventions that can be adapted to target sedentary lifestyle behaviours in this region.
Clinical factors associated with baseline history of atrial fibrillation and subsequent clinical outcomes following initial implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator placement
Authors: Giancaterino Shaun , Nishimura Marin , Birgersdotter‐Green Ulrika , Hoffmayer Kurt S. , Han Frederick T. , Raissi Farshad , Ho Gordon , Krummen David , Feld Gregory K. , Hsu Jonathan C. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) is frequently present in patients with heart failure (HF) and an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD). This study aims to identify clinical factors associated with a baseline history of AF in ICD recipients, and compares subsequent clinical outcomes in those with and without a baseline history of AF.MethodsWe studied 566 consecutive first‐time ICD recipients at an academic center between 2011 and 2018. Logistic regression multivariable analyses were used to identify clinical factors associated with a baseline history of AF at the time of ICD implant. Cox‐proportional hazard regression models were constructed for multivariate analysis to examine associations between a baseline history of AF with subsequent clinical outcomes, including ICD therapies, HF readmission, and all‐cause mortality.ResultsOf all patients, 201 (36%) had a baseline history of AF at the time of ICD implant. In multivariate analyses, clinical factors associated with a baseline history of AF included hypertension, valvular heart disease, body weight, PR interval, and serum creatinine level. After multivariate adjustment for potential confounders, a baseline history of AF was associated with an increased risk of anti‐tachycardia pacing (HR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.19‐2.85, P = .006), appropriate ICD shocks (HR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.05‐3.09, P = .032), and inappropriate ICD shocks (HR = 3.72, 95% CI = 1.7‐7.77, P = .0001), but not other adverse outcomes.ConclusionAmong first‐time ICD recipients, specific clinical characteristics were associated with a baseline history of AF at the time of ICD implant. After adjustment for potential confounders, a baseline history of AF was associated with a higher risk of all ICD therapies in follow‐up.
Antibody combinations for optimized staining of macrophages in human lung tumours
Authors: Frafjord Astri , Skarshaug Renate , Hammarström Clara , Stankovic Branislava , Dorg Linda T. , Aamodt Henrik , Woldbæk Per Reidar , Helland Åslaug , Brustugun Odd Terje , Øynebråten Inger , Corthay Alexandre 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe analysis of tumour‐associated macrophages (TAMs) has a high potential to predict cancer recurrence and response to immunotherapy. However, the heterogeneity of TAMs poses a challenge for quantitative and qualitative measurements. Here, we critically evaluated by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry two commonly used pan‐macrophage markers (CD14 and CD68) as well as some suggested markers for tumour‐promoting M2 macrophages (CD163, CD204, CD206 and CD209) in human non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tumour, non‐cancerous lung tissue and blood were investigated. For immunohistochemistry, CD68 was confirmed to be a useful pan‐macrophage marker although careful selection of antibody was found to be critical. The widely used anti‐CD68 antibody clone KP‐1 stains both macrophages and neutrophils, which is problematic for TAM quantification because lung tumours contain many neutrophils. For TAM counting in tumour sections, we recommend combined labelling of CD68 with a cell membrane marker such as CD14, CD163 or CD206. In flow cytometry, the commonly used combination of CD14 and HLA‐DR was found to not be optimal because some TAMs do not express CD14. Instead, combined staining of CD68 and HLA‐DR is preferable to gate all TAMs. Concerning macrophage phenotypic markers, the scavenger receptor CD163 was found to be expressed by a substantial fraction (50%‐86%) of TAMs with a large patient‐to‐patient variation. Approximately 50% of TAMs were positive for CD206. Surprisingly, there was no clear overlap between CD163 and CD206 positivity, and three distinct TAM sub‐populations were identified in NSCLC tumours: CD163+CD206+, CD163+CD206− and CD163−CD206−. This work should help develop macrophage‐based prognostic tools for cancer.
Health effects of active commuting to work: The available evidence before GISMO
Authors: Schäfer Christine , Mayr Barbara , Fernandez La Puente de Battre Maria Dolores , Reich Bernhard , Schmied Christian , Loidl Martin , Niederseer David , Niebauer Josef 
Published: April 2020

Sedentary lifestyle is a major modifiable risk factor for many chronic diseases. Global guidelines recommend for maintaining health in adults, at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity of physical activity throughout the week, but compliance is insufficient and health problems arise. One obvious way to overcome this is to integrate physical activity into the daily routine for example by active commuting to work. Scientific evidence, however, is scarce and therefore we set out to perform this systematic review of the available literature to improve understanding of the efficiency of active commuting initiatives on health. Literature searches were performed in PubMed and Cochrane database. Altogether, 37 studies were screened. Thereof, eight publications were reviewed, which included 555 participants. The mean study duration of the reviewed research was 36 ± 26 (8‐72) weeks. Overall, active commuting in previously untrained subjects of both sexes significantly improved exercise capacity, maximal power, blood pressure, lipid parameters including cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein, and waist circumference. Improvement was independent of the type of active commuting. Despite relatively few studies that were previously performed, this review revealed that active commuting has health beneficial effects comparable to those of moderate exercise training.
Prospects of Agrarian Populism and Food Sovereignty Movement in Post‐Socialist Romania
Authors: Hajdu Anna , Mamonova Natalia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractProgressive agrarian populism and food sovereignty have recently been discussed as having the potential to erode the right‐wing populist agitation that is currently widespread in rural areas. However, these ideas are unpopular in post‐socialist Eastern Europe. This paper studies the Romanian ‘new peasant’ movement ‘Eco Ruralis’ – a member organisation of La Vía Campesina. It argues that there is a critical mismatch between the progressive objectives of Eco Ruralis and the main worries of villagers in Romania. It also demonstrates the ways in which communist legacies influence societal attitudes towards capitalism and socialism, making the adoption of La Vía Campesina’s anti‐capitalist and pro‐socialist ideologies problematic. Finally, it shows that the concept of ‘food sovereignty’ can be misleading, as this concept is alien to the Romanian countryside. Instead, we reveal that other sustainable practices, such as seed sovereignty, are more culturally appropriate and may play an important role in eroding right‐wing sentiments in the countryside.
Empirical perspectives on English as a lingua franca (ELF) grammar
Authors: Laitinen Mikko 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article focuses on grammatical variation in English as a lingua franca (ELF). Calling for more systematic corpus studies, it presents three empirical perspectives that broaden and deepen the study of grammatical variability in ELF. These approaches focus on tracing how ongoing grammatical change in core and emergent modal auxiliaries is adopted in ELF. The empirical evidence is drawn from various ELF corpora that cover multiple genres. Utilizing the quantitative paradigm and building on corpus‐based variationist methods, the three perspectives highlight and call for more studies (1) in which the object of study consists of broad grammatical categories and which compare quantitative patterns between ELF and other types of Englishes, (2) that combine quantitative methods with close‐up qualitative analyses, and (3) that investigate probabilistic constraints in ELF grammar. The results show that ELF is shaped by the same natural evolutionary processes that affect the established varieties.
Vandal Glass Heat Distribution and the Effect of Glass Gap Adjustments in Outdoor Digital Display Components
Authors: Kim Jeho , Michael Brown J. , Joshi Yogendra , O'Connor Kevin , Diaz Marcos , Zhang Zhuomin , Yang Peiyan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The use of computational fluid dynamics/heat transfer (CFD/HT) software has become common in exploring the thermal and hydrodynamic behavior of many electronic products. Well-designed CFD/HT models are very valuable for driving the product design, but accurate models can be difficult to develop in some cases for a practical use. In CFD/HT modeling of outdoor digital displays, both the surrounding ambient temperature and solar irradiance are the major contributors to temperature rise, but most software packages are limited in simulating solar irradiance through semitransparent materials and multiple surfaces. In this study, a methodology to replace the solar irradiance with a power that should be imposed on the sun-exposed exterior glass (vandal glass) is described. As outdoor digital displays face harsher thermal challenges compared to the displays that are deployed indoors, it is necessary to come up with a display design that can best benefit from the cooling effect. There are numerous parameters that can be adjusted to optimize the display in terms of its thermal performance but in particular, this study explores the effect of adjusting the gap distance between the vandal glass and the liquid crystal display (LCD) to see how the maximum LCD temperature and fan performance are influenced.
Systematical and Numerical Investigations on InGaN-Based Green Light-Emitting Diodes: Si-Doped Quantum Barriers, Engineered p-Electron Blocking Layer and AlGaN/GaN Structured p-Type Region
Authors: Li Tie , Cao Guan-Long , Xie Hong-Juan , Wang Jing-Qin , Zhang Zi-Hui 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Here, we numerically prove that the severe polarization-induced electric field in the active region for [0001]-oriented InGaN-based green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is reduced when heavily Si-doped GaN quantum barriers are adopted. However, the electron injection is accordingly sacrificed for the insufficient confinement capability of the p-type electron blocking layer (p-EBL). Hence, p-EBL structures with/without gradient AlN alloys are discussed to reduce the electron leakage, and the importance of the positive sheet polarization charges at the interface between the last quantum barrier (LQB) and the p-EBL on affecting the blocking barrier height for electrons is especially highlighted. Moreover, we also suggest utilizing specially designed p-AlGaN/p-GaN structure instead of p-GaN structure to serve as the p-type hole supplier, which is able to increase the kinetic energy of holes, thus assisting holes to overcome the energy band barrier height in p-EBL and increasing the hole concentration within the quantum wells.
Puberty could regulate the effects of outdoor time on refractive development in Chinese children and adolescents
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Cheng Tianyu , Zhang Bo , Xiong Shuyu , Zhao Huijuan , Li Qiangqiang , He Xiangui 
Published: April 2020

AimTo explore the impact of puberty on refractive development and its interaction with outdoor time in children and adolescents.MethodsIn this 2-year observational study, students aged 7–13 years were selected with cluster sampling. All participants underwent cycloplegic refraction and axial length measurements once every year. Information of related factors was acquired through proper questionnaire or inquiry. The level of testosterone/estradiol was detected from the saliva of the subjects using the ELISA kit. Multiple linear regression and generalised estimating equation (GEE) were used to analyse the relationship among puberty, outdoor activities and refractive indicators.ResultsA total of 776 children and adolescents were included, with an average baseline age of 9.64±1.54 years and 53.6% boys. There were 350 myopes (55.2% of the 634 cyclopleged subjects) at baseline. There was a significant difference in the mean axial length changes and outdoor time among different puberty groups (for axial length: p=0.017, for outdoor time: p=0.015). Myopic parents, less outdoor time and more changes in estradiol were associated with greater changes in axial length and spherical equivalent (SE) (axial length changes: parental myopia β=0.230, outdoor time β=−0.250, changes in estradiol β=0.261; SE changes: parental myopia β=−0.267, outdoor time β=0.256, changes in estradiol β=−0.297). In the GEE model, the interaction between outdoor time and puberty was significantly associated with axial length (p=0.024, β=1.199).ConclusionsThis study implies puberty may play a regulating role on the relationship between outdoor time and refractive development among Chinese children and adolescents, which provides clues for in-depth mechanism interpretation and efficient intervention strategies.
Frequent attendances at emergency departments in England
Authors: Greenfield Geva , Blair Mitch , Aylin Paul P , Saxena Sonia , Majeed Azeem , Hoffman Maurice , Bottle Alex 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundA small proportion of patients referred to as ‘frequent attenders’ account for a large proportion of hospital activity such as ED attendances and admissions. There is a lack of recent, national estimates of the volume of frequent ED attenders. We aimed to estimate the volume and age distribution of frequent ED attenders in English hospitals.MethodWe included all attendances at all major EDs across England in the financial year 2016–2017. Patients who attended three times or more were classified as frequent attenders. We used a logistic regression model to predict the odds of being a frequent attender by age group.Results14 829 519 attendances were made by 10 062 847 patients who attended at least once. 73.5% of ED attenders attended once and accounted for 49.8% of the total ED attendances. 9.5% of ED attenders attended three times or more; they accounted for 27.1% of the ED attendances. While only 1.2% attended six times or more, their contribution was 7.6% of the total attendances. Infants and adults aged over 80 years were significantly more likely to be frequent attenders than adults aged 30–59 years (OR=2.11, 95% CI 2.09 to 2.13, OR=2.22, 95% CI 2.20 to 2.23, respectively). The likelihood of hospital admission rose steeply with the number of attendances a patient had.ConclusionOne in 10 patients attending the ED are frequent attenders and account for over a quarter of attendances. Emergency care systems should consider better ways of reorganising health services to meet the needs of patients who attend EDs frequently.
Do JUUL and e-cigarette flavours change risk perceptions of adolescents? Evidence from a national survey
Authors: Strombotne Kiersten , Buckell John , Sindelar Jody L 
Published: April 2020

IntroductionUse of JUULs and e-cigarettes is growing rapidly, particularly among adolescents. Research suggests that flavours may increase the appeal of these products, but little is known about how flavours influence perception. We examined whether youth perceptions about the health risks of JUULs and e-cigarettes vary with flavours.MethodsWe conducted a national survey in 2018 of 1610 high-school students aged 14–18 who had ever heard of either JUULs or e-cigarettes. Respondents were asked to rate the lung cancer risk, the harm of second-hand vapour, potential for addiction and healthiness of differently flavoured JUUL and e-cigarette products. We investigated the relationship among flavour, risk perception and socio-demographic information.ResultsWe found that risk perceptions for both JUULs and e-cigarettes differ significantly by flavour type. Youths perceive fruit flavours to be less likely to lead to lung cancer (−0.909 (0.065)), have harmful second-hand vapour (−0.933 (0.060)) and be more addictive (1.104 (0.094)) relative to tobacco flavours. Candy, menthol/mint and alcohol flavours show similar patterns of risk association, although the magnitude is slightly smaller than for fruit flavours.ConclusionsYouths believe that flavours are related to the health risks of both JUULs and e-cigarettes despite the fact that these differences in risk by flavour have not been scientifically or systematically established. A policy concern is that misperceptions based on flavour may result in increased vaping by youths. The findings from this study support the assertion that banning fruit, menthol or mint and sweet flavours could reduce the appeal of JUULs and e-cigarettes to youth, with concomitant health protections.
Safety and Tolerability of Bintrafusp Alfa, a Bifunctional Fusion Protein Targeting TGFβ and PD-L1, in Asian Patients with Pretreated Recurrent or Refractory Gastric Cancer
Authors: Kang Yoon-Koo , Bang Yung-Jue , Kondo Shunsuke , Chung Hyun Cheol , Muro Kei , Dussault Isabelle , Helwig Christoph , Osada Motonobu , Doi Toshihiko 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Purpose:
Patients with advanced gastric/gastroesophageal junction cancer (GC/GEJC) have limited treatment options after first-line therapy. Bintrafusp alfa is a first-in-class bifunctional fusion protein composed of the extracellular domain of the TGFβRII receptor (a TGFβ “trap”) fused to a human IgG1 antibody against programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), potentially offering a new treatment approach for these patients. We report results for bintrafusp alfa in GC/GEJC.

Patients and Methods:
Asian patients with recurrent GC/GEJC for whom standard therapy does not exist or for whom standard therapy has failed enrolled in this expansion cohort of an ongoing phase I trial and received bintrafusp alfa 1,200 mg once every 2 weeks until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or withdrawal. The primary objective was to assess safety/tolerability.

Results:
By July 23, 2018, 31 heavily pretreated patients received bintrafusp alfa for a median of 10.1 weeks; 3 patients remained on treatment. Six patients (19%) experienced grade 3 treatment-related adverse events (AE); no grade 4 events occurred. One on-treatment death occurred (sudden death); rupture of a preexisting thoracic aortic aneurysm was the suspected cause. Ten patients (32%) had immune-related AEs. The confirmed objective response rate per independent review committee was 16%; disease control rate was 26%. Median duration of response was 8.7 months (range, 2.4–12.4+). Responses occurred irrespective of PD-L1 expression or microsatellite instability status and appeared to correlate with high tumor TGFB1 levels.

Conclusions:
In this first evaluation in Asian patients with heavily pretreated advanced GC/GEJC, bintrafusp alfa demonstrated a manageable safety profile and clinical activity.