bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unconfined shock experiments: A pilot study into the shock‐induced melting and devolatilization of calcite
Authors: Hörz Friedrich , Cintala Mark J. , Thomas‐Keprta Kathie L. , Ross Daniel K. , Clemett Simon J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe shocked calcite in an unconfined environment by launching small marble cylinders at 0.8–5.5 km s−1 into aluminum or copper plates, producing shock stresses between 5 and 79 GPa. The resulting 5–20 mm craters contained intimately mixed clastic and molten projectile residues over the entire pressure range, with melting commencing already at 5 GPa. Stoichiometrically pure calcite melts were not observed as all melts contained target metal. Some of these residues were distinctly depleted in CO2 and some contained even tiny CaO crystals, thus illustrating partial to complete loss of CO2. We interpret a thin seam of finely crystalline calcite to be the product of back reactions between CaO and CO2. The amount of carbonate residue in these craters, especially those at low velocities (<2 km s−1), is dramatically less than that of silicate impactors in similar cratering experiments, and we suggest that this is due to substantial outgassing of CO2. Similarly, the volume of carbonate melts relative to the volume of limestone or dolomite in many terrestrial crater structures seems insignificant as well, as is the volume of carbonate melt compared to the volume of impact melts derived from silicates. These volume considerations suggest that volatilization of CO2 is the dominant process in carbonate‐containing targets. Because we have difficulties in explaining naturally occurring calcite melts by shock processes in dolomite‐dominated targets, we speculate—essentially via process of elimination—that such carbonate melt blebs might be condensation products from an impact‐produced vapor cloud.
The Influence of Belief in Offender Redeemability and Decision‐Making Competence on Receptivity to Restorative Justice
Authors: Paul Gregory D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRestorative justice (RJ) processes offer a way to address multifaceted harms caused by wrongdoing. Yet, questions remain about people’s attitudes toward restorative processes such as victim–offender conferences (VOCs) and the factors that influence those attitudes. This study examined whether beliefs about youth and adult redeemability and decision‐making competence influence perceptions of justice outcomes, VOC effectiveness, VOC appropriateness, VOC support, and VOC participation willingness. Analysis of survey data gathered from 207 participants through Amazon MTurk suggests that perceived redeemability and to a lesser extent decision‐making competence significantly shape outcome‐ and process‐related beliefs and evaluations. Namely, the more people believe that offenders are redeemable, the more they are likely to support restorative outcomes, perceive VOCs to be effective and appropriate, support the use of VOCs, and be willing to participate in a VOC. The study’s findings are useful for potentially shaping people’s understanding of and support for RJ.
Does a two‐minute mini‐fluid challenge predict fluid responsiveness in pediatric patients under general anesthesia?
Authors: Zorio Violette , Lebreton Thibault , Desgranges François-Pierrick , Bochaton Thomas , Desebbe Olivier , Chassard Dominique , Jacquet-Lagrèze Matthias , Lilot Marc 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundVery little evidence for predictive markers of fluid responsiveness has been reported in children as compared to adults. The impact of hypovolemia or hypervolemia on morbidity has driven interest in the fluid challenge titration strategy.AimThe objective of this study was to explore the ability of a 3 mL kg−1 mini‐fluid challenge over 2 minutes to predict fluid responsiveness in children under controlled ventilation.MethodsChildren scheduled for surgery under general anesthesia were included and received a fluid challenge of 15 mL kg−1 of crystalloid prior to incision administered over 10 minutes in two steps: 3 mL kg−1 over 2 minutes then 12 mL kg−1 over 8 minutes. Fluid responsiveness was defined as a change of ≥10% in cardiac output estimated by left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral (VTI) as measured by transthoracic ultrasound before and after the fluid challenge of 15 mL kg−1.ResultsOf the 55 patients included in the analysis, 43 were fluid responders. The increase in the VTI after the mini‐fluid challenge (ΔVTIminiFC) predicted fluid responsiveness with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.77; 95% CI (0.63‐0.87), P = .004. Considering the least significant change which was 7.9%; 95% CI (6‐10), the threshold was 8% with a sensitivity of 53%; 95% CI (38‐68); and a specificity of 77%; 95% CI (54‐100).ConclusionΔVTIminiFC weakly predicted the effects of a fluid challenge of 15 mL kg−1 of crystalloid in anesthetized children under controlled mechanical ventilation.
Quantifying the Economic Impact of Hydraulic Fracturing Proppant Selection in Light of Occupational Exposure Risk and Functional Requirements
Authors: Agrawal Sidharth , Gernand Jeremy M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSelection of an effective and economic proppant material for hydraulic fracturing is an important design choice to optimize the production of oil and natural gas. Proppants are made of silica (quartz sand), alumina, resin‐coated silica, ceramics, and others. These materials can be toxic to varying degrees and lead to health problems in the employees handling them primarily due to inhalation exposure. Proppants are selected based on grain size, shape, strength, and cost. Current use is dominated by crystalline silica—the proppant that also has the greatest hazard as an inhalation toxin. Existing research describes the effect of silica on human health, but little research has been done to determine the risk‐reduction and social‐cost‐effectiveness associated with using alternative proppants in light of the health risks. This study quantifies the relative risks or benefits to human health by the use of these proppants through an economic analysis considering the health‐related economic impact and its technical attributes. Results show that the use of each ton of silica proppant results in $123 of external costs from fatalities and nonfatal illness arising due to exposure to silica for a crew handing 60,000 tons of proppants. If these health‐related externalities were incorporated into the cost, silica proppant could be economically replaced by less harmful, more expensive alternatives for hydraulic fracturing crews handling less than 60,000 tons of proppant each year.
Characterization of the Rapanui mass‐transport deposit and the basal shear zone: Mount Messenger Formation, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand
Authors: Cardona Sebastian , Wood Lesli J. , Dugan Brandon , Jobe Zane , Strachan Lorna J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSubmarine mass‐transport deposits are important in many ancient and modern basins. Mass‐transport deposits can play a significant role in exploration as reservoir, seal or source units. Although seismic data has advanced the knowledge about these deposits, more outcrop studies are needed to better understand gravity mass flows and predict the properties of their resultant deposits. It is proposed that sufficiently well‐exposed outcrops of mass‐transport deposits can be divided into three strain‐dominant morphodomains: headwall, translational and toe. The outcrops of the Rapanui mass‐transport deposit, part of the Lower Mount Messenger Formation in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand, are exposed along a ca 4 km transect in coastal cliffs that enable the identification of the three morphodomains. The aim of this study is to characterize the stratigraphic and sedimentological nature of the Miocene‐age Rapanui mass‐transport deposit outcrops and the evolution of its basal shear zone. The basal shear zone of a mass‐transport deposit is defined as the stratal zone formed in the interface between the overriding mass flow and the underlying in situ deposits or sea floor. Accordingly, the deformation structures in the Rapanui mass‐transport deposit and the basal shear zone were documented in an established spatial framework. Traditional methodologies were used to characterize the sedimentology of the Rapanui mass‐transport deposit. Data collected from intrafolial folds, rafted blocks and samples from the Rapanui mass‐transport deposit were used to investigate strain and matrix texture evolution, estimate palaeoflow direction, and calculate yield strength and overpressure at time of deposition. Additionally, a one‐dimensional numerical model was used to test sedimentation‐driven overpressure as probable trigger. This work demonstrates that the basal shear zone, as well as the matrix texture of a mass‐transport deposit, can vary spatially as sediments from underlying deposits are entrained during shear‐derived mixing. This phenomenon can impact the seal potential of mass‐transport deposits and their interaction with fluids in the subsurface.
The bright and dark sides of motivation as predictors of enjoyment, intention, and exercise persistence
Authors: Rodrigues Filipe , Teixeira Diogo Santos , Neiva Henrique Pereira , Cid Luís , Monteiro Diogo 
Published: December 2019

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to examine the bright and dark sides of motivation, based on self‐determination theory, as predictors of enjoyment, intention to continue exercising, and exercise persistence. In addition, we analyzed the mediation role of each variable and tested the model invariance between male and female exercisers.MethodsA total of 575 gym exercisers (female = 230) aged between 18 and 65 years (M = 34.07; SD = 11.47) participated in this study. All participants had at least 6 months of regular exercise practice; exercise frequency of the participants ranged from 2 to 7 sessions per week (M = 3.52; SD = 1.28) and training sessions lasted approximately 30 and 120 minutes (M = 61.54; SD = 17.64). Participants completed a multisection questionnaire assessing interpersonal behaviors, basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration, behavioral regulations, enjoyment, and intentions to continue exercising. Exercise persistence was assessed 6 months after initial assessment using gym computer system attendance records. Several analyses, namely, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling, serial mediation analysis, and structural invariance testing, were performed to increase theoretical and empirical knowledge.ResultsPositive associations were observed among the bright side of motivation, enjoyment, intention to continue exercising, and persistence. On the other hand, the dark side of motivation was negatively associated with the bright side constructs, enjoyment, intention, and exercise persistence. Both measurement [χ2(370) = 1496.708, χ2/df = 4.05; B‐S P < .001, CFI = 0.907, TLI = 0.901, SRMR = 0.056, RMSEA = 0.073 (CI 90% = 0.063, 0.083)] and structural models [χ2(393) = 2484.994, χ2/df = 6.323; B‐S P < .001, CFI = 0.908, TLI = 0.900, SRMR = 0.075, RMSEA = 0.071 (CI 90% = 0.067, 0.075)] displayed acceptable fit to the data. The results also showed that basic psychological needs satisfaction, autonomous motivation, enjoyment, and intention to continue exercising were significant mediators. However, enjoyment had the highest effect on exercise persistence. In addition, structural model invariance was confirmed between male and female exercisers.ConclusionMotivational determinants have implications for predicting emotional, cognitive, and behavior‐related outcomes. Individuals should perceive exercise instructors as supportive and exercising as a fun activity to endorse long‐term exercise persistence.
Repeated measurements of facial skin characteristics using the Janus‐Ⅲ measurement system
Authors: Leem Sangseob , Chang Junghwa , Kim Yunkwan , Shin Joong‐Gon , Song Hae Jung , Lee Seo‐Gyeong , Yoo Suji , Lee Jinyong , Myoung Joonoh , Park Sun Gyoo , Kang Nae Gyu 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundFor personalized skin care, noninvasive quantitative methods to evaluate facial skin characteristics are important. Janus‐III is one of the most widely used imaging analysis devices in the skin care industry in Korea. Janus‐III generates values for a range of skin characteristics. Due to the convenience of obtaining results for a variety of skin characteristics in a single measurement, the use of Janus‐III in cosmetic stores and research institutes has been recently increasing. However, the consistency of skin measurements of Janus‐III has not been elucidated yet.Materials and MethodsIn this study, we repeated skin measurements three times for 70 different subjects and compared each numerical value in order to assess the consistency of the Janus‐III. For this purpose, we compared between‐sample distances and within‐sample distances.ResultsWe found important patterns for future analyses in terms of consistency. First, the average values of skin measurement categories were more reliable than individual part values of facial segments. Second, center part values such as forehead and nose were more reliable than side part values such as left and right part segments.ConclusionIf researchers who use Janus‐III for studies of facial characteristics analyze average and center part values first, they can obtain relatively reliable patterns of facial skin characteristics.
A suspected septic transfusion reaction associated with posttransfusion contamination of a platelet pool by vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium
Authors: Drews Steven J. , Lesley Peter , Detsky Michael E. , Distefano Lanis , Ilagan Cesario , Mehta Sangeeta , McGeer Allison , Shehata Nadine , Skeate Robert , Ramirez‐Arcos Sandra 
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUNDVancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE) are antibiotic‐resistant organisms associated with both colonization and serious life‐threatening infection in health care settings. Contamination of platelet concentrates (PCs) with Enterococcus can result in transfusion‐transmitted infection.CASE PRESENTATIONThis report describes the investigation of a septic transfusion case involving a 27‐year‐old male patient with relapsed acute leukemia who was transfused with a 5‐day‐old buffy coat PC pool and developed fever and rigors.DISCUSSIONMicrobiology testing and pulse‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was done on patient blood cultures obtained from peripheral and central lines. Microbiology and molecular testing were also performed on the remaining posttransfusion PC pool, which was refrigerated for 24 hours before microbiology testing. Red blood cell (RBC) and plasma units associated with the implicated PCs were screened for microbial contamination. Patient blood cultures obtained from peripheral and central lines yielded vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium. Gram stain of a sample from the platelet pool was negative but coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus (CNST) and VRE were isolated on culture. Antibiotic sensitivity and PFGE profiles of several VRE isolates from the patient before and after transfusion, and the PC pool, revealed that all were closely related. Associated RBC and plasma components tested negative for microbial contamination.CONCLUSIONSMicrobiological and molecular investigations showed a relationship between VRE isolated from the patient before and after transfusion, and therefore it is postulated that a patient‐to‐PC retrograde contamination (from either blood or skin) occurred. As the CNST isolated from the PC pool was not isolated from patient samples, its implication in the transfusion event is unknown.
Occult otitis media in dogs with chronic otitis externa – magnetic resonance imaging and association with otoscopic and cytological findings
Authors: Lorek Andrea , Dennis Ruth , van Dijk Jan , Bannoehr Jeanette 
Published: December 2019

BackgroundIdentification of perpetuating factors, such as otitis media (OM), is important for the successful management of canine chronic otitis externa (OE).Hypothesis/ObjectivesOccult OM can occur in cases of chronic OE; a focused magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination is a useful tool in their management.AnimalsOne hundred twenty one client‐owned dogs presented for investigation and treatment of chronic OE between 2009 and 2018.Methods and materialsMixed retrospective (74 dogs) and prospective (47 dogs) study of chronic OE cases without neurological signs, describing the MRI, otoscopic and cytological findings; comparing cases with and without MRI evidence of OM.ResultsA total of 123 MRI studies were analysed (two dogs scanned twice). A short, focused MRI scan allowed detection of inflammation of the mucosal bulla lining as well as excellent discrimination between avascular material and vascularised soft tissue in the tympanic cavity. OM was found in 41 of 197 (21%) ears with chronic otitis externa. On otoscopy, the tympanic membrane was intact in six of 41 ears (15%), ruptured in 16 of 41 (39%) and not visible in 14 of 41 (34%) [no data in five of 41 (12%)]. Analysis of cytological findings showed that the presence of rods was only associated with an increased likelihood of OM when found together with inflammatory cells.Conclusions and clinical importanceOccult OM is a not uncommon finding on MRI of dogs with chronic OE. A targeted MRI study (“bulla mini‐scan”) may be useful as part of the clinical investigations.
A New Three-Dimensional Moving Timoshenko Beam Element for Moving Load Problem Analysis
Authors: Xu Yan , Zhu Weidong , Fan Wei , Yang Caijing , Zhang Weihua 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A new three-dimensional moving Timoshenko beam element is developed for dynamic analysis of a moving load problem with a very long beam structure. The beam has small deformations and rotations, and bending, shear, and torsional deformations of the beam are considered. Since the dynamic responses of the beam are concentrated on a small region around the moving load and most of the long beam is at rest, owing to the damping effect, the beam is truncated with a finite length. A control volume that is attached to the moving load is introduced, which encloses the truncated beam, and a reference coordinate system is established on the left end of the truncated beam. The arbitrary Lagrangian–Euler method is used to describe the relationship of the position of a particle on the beam between the reference coordinate system and the global coordinate system. The truncated beam is spatially discretized using the current beam elements. Governing equations of a moving element are derived using Lagrange’s equations. While the whole beam needs to be discretized in the finite element method or modeled in the modal superposition method (MSM), only the truncated beam is discretized in the current formulation, which greatly reduces degrees-of-freedom and increases the efficiency. Furthermore, the efficiency of the present beam element is independent of the moving load speed, and the critical or supercritical speed range of the moving load can be analyzed through the present method. After the validation of the current formulation, a dynamic analysis of three-dimensional train–track interaction with a non-ballasted track is conducted. Results are in excellent agreement with those from the commercial software simpack where the MSM is used, and the calculation time of the current formulation is one-third of that of simpack. The current beam element is accurate and more efficient than the MSM for moving load problems of long three-dimensional beams. The derivation of the current beam element is straightforward, and the beam element can be easily extended for various other moving load problems.
A New Sampling Approach for the Multi-Scale Design of Metallic Materials
Authors: Acar Pinar 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We present a new sampling method for the multi-scale design of polycrystalline materials, which improves the computational time efficiency compared to the existing computational approaches. The solution strategy aims to find microstructure designs that optimize component-scale mechanical properties. The microstructure is represented with a probabilistic texture descriptor that quantifies the volume fractions of different crystallographic orientations. However, the original microstructure design space is high-dimensional and thus optimization in this domain is not favorable. Instead, we generate property closures, which are the reduced spaces of volume-averaged material properties that are computed in terms of the microstructural texture descriptors. We observe that the traditional design approaches which are based on sampling in the original microstructure space and sampling on the property closure are inefficient as they lead to highly concentrated design samples in the solution space. Therefore, we introduce a new sampling method in the property closure, which creates simplexes using the triangulation of the property hull and then generating samples for each simplex. Example problems include the optimization of Galfenol and α-titanium microstructures to improve non-linear material properties. The new sampling approach is shown to obtain better solutions while decreasing the required computational time compared to the previous microstructure design methods.
A Strongly Coupled Finite Difference Method–Finite Element Method Model for Two-Dimensional Elastohydrodynamically Lubricated Contact
Authors: Peterson Wyatt , Russell Thomas , Sadeghi Farshid , Berhan Michael Tekletsion 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a partitioned strongly coupled fluid–solid interaction (FSI) model to solve the 2D elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubrication problem. The FSI model passes information between a control volume finite-difference discretized Reynolds equation and abaqus finite element (fe) software to solve for the fluid pressure and elastic deformation within heavily loaded lubricated contacts. Pressure and film thickness results obtained from the FSI model under a variety of load and speed conditions were corroborated with open published results. The results are in excellent agreement. Details of the model developed for this investigation are presented with a focus on the simultaneous solution of the Reynolds equation, load balance, and the coupling of the solid abaqus fe with the finite-difference fluid (Reynolds) model. The coupled FSI model developed for this investigation provides the critical venue needed to investigate many important tribological phenomena such as plasticity, subsurface stress, and damage. The current FSI model was used to explore and demonstrate the efficacy of the model to investigate the effects of microstructure inhomogeneity, material fatigue damage, and surface features on heavily loaded lubricated contacts as can be found in a wide range of industrial, automotive, and aeronautical drive systems.