bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modification of the surface of steel 3Kh2V8F by application B-Al-coatings by methods of thermal-chemical treatment and electron-beam processing
Authors: Mishigdorzhiyn U L , Ulakhanov N S , Milonov A S , Semenov A P 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe development of new protective coatings is of great fundamental and applied importance for increasing operational properties of surface layers in machine parts, increasing their durability and expanding their functionality. The study is devoted to the creation of coatings based on boron and aluminum on the surface of alloyed steel using a method, combining diffusion saturation (DS) and subsequent electron beam processing (EBP). DS was carried out in saturating pastes based on boron carbide and aluminum at temperature of 1050 °C for 2 hours. As a result of processing, a diffusion layer with thickness of up to (5.6-5.8) × 102μm and complex structure with depth-heterogeneous composition was formed on the steel surface. The subsequent EBP led to a complete transformation of the primary diffusion layer and an increase in its thickness to 103μm. XRD analysis showed significant differences in composition before and after EBP: after EBP tungsten borides (WB, W2B9) and iron (Fe2B) were detected. In addition, it was determined that the distribution of microhardness and elemental composition (B, Al, W) over the depth of the layer after EBP have a more favorable profile without significant fluctuations compared to the sample after DS.
Heat treatment mode optimization of dissimilar weld joints of EP517 steel to 36NKhTYu alloy
Authors: Terentyev E V , Yu Marchenkov A , Goncharov A L , Sliva A P , Borodavkina K T 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The paper presents the results of a heat treatment impact on the weld metal hardness of EP517 steel to 36NKhTYu alloy dissimilar welded joints. Aging curves for the weld metal in the temperature range from 600°C to 750°C and with an aging time of up to 64 hours are performed. Metallographic researches of weld metal and heat-affected zone (HAZ) are carried out. It was established that the greatest increase of hardness is reached after the exposure for 32 hours at 650°C and after the exposure for 16 hours at 700°C. It was found that after the aging with the specified conditions, weld metal hardness increases by 36% (60 HV) in comparison with its hardness after welding. The microstructure research showed that the decomposition fraction of supersaturated solution in HAZ of 36NKhTYu alloy significantly depends on the temperature and reaches its ultimate value after the aging at a temperature of 700°C.
Current trends in the development of logistics professional discourse terminology
Authors: Bylina E E , Skopintseva T A , Sludneva L V , Yurkovskaya E A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The article focuses on the study of logistics professional discourse terminology. The study revealed the tendency towards simplification of the morphological and syntactic structure of logistics terms, discovered new productive patterns for abbreviating logistics terms, found out that the existing problem of terminological homonymy of abbreviations could be solved through applying new patterns for creating abbreviations.
About control of a neuron as an elementary unit of multilayer artificial neural networks with variable signal conductivity
Authors: Dovgerd I A , Dovgerd G A , Ignatenkov A V , Olshansky A M , Lysikov M G , Rozenberg E N 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe report is devoted to a possibility of a control of each Hopfield’s neuron as an elementary unit of the neural network with variable signal conductivity used for transport scheduling tasks. It is set that direct control of the neuron is impossible in terms of initial data available for initializing the neural network. Also the result of some control algorithms based on statistical computations and signals dynamic is described below.
A functional approach to the analysis of technological processes of using thermal radiation in the process of repairing insulation of electric locomotive equipment
Authors: Dulsky E Y , Ivanov P Y , Khudonogov A M , Khudonogov I A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The article provides an analysis of the interaction of the system “Emitter – Environment – Material” in the drying and hardening of the insulation of electrical equipment of electric locomotives, taking into account the intended purpose of the process. The structural-logical diagram of technological processes of using thermal radiation during repair of insulation materials of windings of power equipment of electric locomotives is presented. This structural and logical diagram indicates the need for an individual approach to the analysis of the system elements’ interaction in the process of using heat radiation for the polymerization of impregnating materials for hardening. It is necessary to comply with the parameters of the maximum permissible temperature and heating rate not only for isolation of this class of heat resistance but also for an impregnating material, depending on which losses in the medium depend. A simplified approach to the analysis of the interaction process of the “System” elements in the mathematical model is proposed. The basis of this model is the relationship between the dose of irradiation of polymer insulation with thermal radiation and the expected results on the characteristics and properties of electrical insulating materials.
Diagnostics of high-voltage insulation of the railway transport overhead system by the method of spaced antennas
Authors: Kutsenko S M , Klimov N N 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The growth in freight traffic transported throughout the entire network of Russian Railways, and in the Eastern Polygon in particular, is constantly growing, so an increase in train traffic reduces the time for technological work at railway infrastructure facilities. Consequently, it is necessary to develop methods for assessing the state of infrastructure facilities virtually without using “track possession”. In this regard, the article proposes to improve the existing remote method for diagnosing high-voltage insulation of the overhead system (registration of ultraviolet and thermal radiation with a special device), enhancing it with additional measurement. The proposed solution is to assess the state of high-voltage insulation by measuring electromagnetic radiation, which will increase the accuracy of diagnostics. As for a technological solution – to record a signal (partial discharges and surface partial discharges) with three antennas (induction electrometric converters), it is aimed at improving the accuracy of localization of a faulty string of insulators.
Reconfiguration of intelligent electrical distribution networks of railways
Authors: Tretyakov E A , Cheremisin V T , Golovnev G E 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Digitalization of the power supply system and the introduction of sources of distributed generation based on renewable energy create new conditions for improving the efficiency of transport and distribution of electric energy. In normal operation, the 35/10 (6) kV distribution electric networks of railways have an open-ended structure and are partitioned in such a way as to be able to connect a group of substations to another power source in emergency or repair modes. Existing technologies for managing modes in these electrical networks do not imply the possibility of changing their topology to ensure the tasks of reducing overload and electricity losses in the pace of processes of change in demand for electricity in normal modes. As a rule, at present, the task of reconfiguring the electrical network arises when normal conditions are restored after accidents, when lines are overloaded, and if necessary, electrical equipment needs to be repaired according to the n-1 criterion, while optimizing the modes. The most important task of increasing the transmission capacity of distribution grids can be solved by reconfiguring them at the pace of changing the demand for electricity in normal conditions, without resorting to expensive reconstruction and increasing the installed capacity of electrical installations and lines. An algorithm for reconfiguring the electrical network has been developed to increase its capacity based on solving problems of optimizing normal modes (static reconfiguration) and minimizing power consumption without calculating steady-state modes in the pace of electricity demand changes (dynamic reconfiguration).To ensure the admissibility of the modes of distribution electric networks, approaches to managing the supply of active (based on renewable sources) and reactive capacities and the demand of active consumers have been proposed. There are the results of the implementation of dynamic reconfiguration for the test circuitry without taking into account the power supply and demand management of active consumers, indicating the validity of the proposed approaches to improving the capacity of the electrical network
Development of methods and models of computer-aided design of security system against information threats for aviation-instrument-making
Authors: Trushnikov V E , Baranova N N , Grishin M V 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The article discusses the problems of existing methods of computer-aided design for protecting confidential information of design enterprises of the tool manufacturing industry. The method is described on the basis of a modular, unified approach to security systems. A simulation model of information security threats was developed for the instrument design engineering bureau.
Preparation of wide optical spectrum and high antireflection MgF2 thin film with SF6 as reactive gas
Authors: Zhao Changjiang , Ma Chao , Liu Juncheng , Liu Zhigang , Chen Yan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In order to suppress F-deficiency, SF6 was added into the working gas Ar2 as the reaction gas to deposit MgF2 thin film on quartz glass substrate with radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering, and the effects of working pressure on the chemical compositions, microstructure and property of MgF2 thin film were investigated. The results show that with the working pressure increase from 1.0 to 2.5 Pa, the atomic ratio of F: Mg decreased continuously, and reached 2.02 at 2.0 Pa, very close to the ideal stoichiometric ratio of 2:1; the crystallinity of MgF2 film improved first then decreased, and finally changed into amorphous state; the particles’ profile of MgF2 film became clearer and their size increased significantly at first, but finally their profile became blurred. The refractive index of MgF2 film decreased first and then increased, and got the lowest value at 2.0 Pa, 1.384, almost equal to that of MgF2 bulk crystal. The transmittance of the coated glass within 300–1100 nm (hereinafter referred to as the transmittance of the thin film) increased first and then decreased. The transmittance of all films was higher than that of the bare glass substrate (93.2%), that is to say, all films had antireflection effect. The film transmittance reached 94.99% at 2.0 Pa, higher than that of the bare glass substrate by 1.79%, and higher than the simulated value calculated with G-Solver software by about 0.5%.
A unified ILP framework for core ancestral genome reconstruction problems
Authors: Avdeyev Pavel , Alexeev Nikita , Rong Yongwu , Alekseyev Max A 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMotivationOne of the key computational problems in comparative genomics is the reconstruction of genomes of ancestral species based on genomes of extant species. Since most dramatic changes in genomic architectures are caused by genome rearrangements, this problem is often posed as minimization of the number of genome rearrangements between extant and ancestral genomes. The basic case of three given genomes is known as the genome median problem. Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) represent yet another type of dramatic evolutionary events and inspire the reconstruction of preduplicated ancestral genomes, referred to as the genome halving problem. Generalization of WGDs to whole-genome multiplication events leads to the genome aliquoting problem.ResultsIn this study, we propose polynomial-size integer linear programming (ILP) formulations for the aforementioned problems. We further obtain such formulations for the restricted and conserved versions of the median and halving problems, which have been recently introduced to improve biological relevance of the solutions. Extensive evaluation of solutions to the different ILP problems demonstrates their good accuracy. Furthermore, since the ILP formulations for the conserved versions have linear size, they provide a novel practical approach to ancestral genome reconstruction, which combines the advantages of homology- and rearrangements-based methods.Availability and implementationCode and data are available in https://github.com/AvdeevPavel/ILP-WGD-reconstructor.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Epidemiology, Disposition, and Treatment of Ambulatory Veterans With Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Authors: Rhoads Jamie L W , Willson Tina M , Sutton Jesse D , Spivak Emily S , Samore Matthew H , Stevens Vanessa W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Most skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are managed in the outpatient setting, but data are lacking on treatment patterns outside the emergency department (ED). Available data suggest that there is poor adherence to SSTI treatment guidelines.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of Veterans diagnosed with SSTIs in the ED or outpatient clinics from 1 January 2005 through 30 June 2018. The incidence of SSTIs over time was modeled using Poisson regression using robust standard errors. Antibiotic selection and incision and drainage (I&D) were described and compared between ambulatory settings. Anti–methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) antibiotic use was compared to SSTI treatment guidelines.

Results
There were 1 740 992 incident SSTIs in 1 156 725 patients during the study period. The incidence of SSTIs significantly decreased from 4.58 per 1000 patient-years in 2005 to 3.27 per 1000 patient-years in 2018 (P &lt; .001). There were lower rates of β-lactam prescribing (32.5% vs 51.7%) in the ED compared to primary care (PC), and higher rates of anti-MRSA therapy (51.4% vs 35.1%) in the ED compared to PC. The I&D rate in the ED was 8.1% compared to 2.6% in PC. Antibiotic regimens without MRSA activity were prescribed in 24.9% of purulent SSTIs. Anti-MRSA antibiotics were prescribed in 40.1% of nonpurulent SSTIs.

Conclusions
We found a decrease in the incidence of SSTIs in the outpatient setting over time. Treatment of SSTIs varied depending on the presenting ambulatory location. There is poor adherence to guidelines in regard to use of anti-MRSA therapies. Further study is needed to understand the impact of guideline nonadherence on patient outcomes.
Estimating the Effect of Healthcare-Associated Infections on Excess Length of Hospital Stay Using Inverse Probability–Weighted Survival Curves
Authors: Pouwels Koen B , Vansteelandt Stijn , Batra Rahul , Edgeworth Jonathan , Wordsworth Sarah , Robotham Julie V ,   Improving the uptake and SusTainability of Effective interventions to promote Prudent antibiotic Use and Primary care (STEP-UP) Team, Anyanwu Philip E , Borek Aleksandra , Bright Nicole , Buchanan James , Butler Christopher , Campbell Anne , Costelloe Ceire , Hayhoe Benedict , Holmes Alison , Hopkins Susan , Majeed Azeem , McLeod Monsey , Moore Michael , Morrell Liz , Pouwels Koen B , Robotham Julie V , Roope Laurence S J , Tonkin-Crine Sarah , Walker Ann Sarah , Wordsworth Sarah , Zalevski Anna 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Studies estimating excess length of stay (LOS) attributable to nosocomial infections have failed to address time-varying confounding, likely leading to overestimation of their impact. We present a methodology based on inverse probability–weighted survival curves to address this limitation.

Methods
A case study focusing on intensive care unit–acquired bacteremia using data from 2 general intensive care units (ICUs) from 2 London teaching hospitals were used to illustrate the methodology. The area under the curve of a conventional Kaplan-Meier curve applied to the observed data was compared with that of an inverse probability–weighted Kaplan-Meier curve applied after treating bacteremia as censoring events. Weights were based on the daily probability of acquiring bacteremia. The difference between the observed average LOS and the average LOS that would be observed if all bacteremia cases could be prevented was multiplied by the number of admitted patients to obtain the total excess LOS.

Results
The estimated total number of extra ICU days caused by 666 bacteremia cases was estimated at 2453 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1803–3103) days. The excess number of days was overestimated when ignoring time-varying confounding (2845 [95% CI, 2276–3415]) or when completely ignoring confounding (2838 [95% CI, 2101–3575]).

Conclusions
ICU-acquired bacteremia was associated with a substantial excess LOS. Wider adoption of inverse probability–weighted survival curves or alternative techniques that address time-varying confounding could lead to better informed decision making around nosocomial infections and other time-dependent exposures.
Pericardial adipose tissue, cardiac structures, and cardiovascular risk factors in school-age children
Authors: Toemen Liza , Santos Susana , Roest Arno A W , Vernooij Meike W , Helbing Willem A , Gaillard Romy , Jaddoe Vincent W V 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Aims
We examined the associations of pericardial adipose tissue with cardiac structures and cardiovascular risk factors in children.

Methods and results
We performed a cross-sectional analysis in a population-based cohort study among 2892 children aged 10 years (2404 normal weight and 488 overweight/obese). Pericardial adipose tissue mass was estimated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and indexed on height3. Left ventricular mass (LVM) and left ventricular mass-to-volume ratio (LMVR) were estimated by cardiac MRI. Cardiovascular risk factors included android adipose tissue percentage obtained by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, blood pressure and glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triglycerides concentrations. Adverse outcomes were defined as values above the 75 percentile. Median pericardial adipose tissue index was 3.6 (95% range 1.6–7.1) among normal weight and 4.7 (95% range 2.0–8.9) among overweight children. A one standard deviation (1 SD) higher pericardial adipose tissue index was associated with higher LMVR [0.06 standard deviation scores, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02–0.09], increased odds of high android adipose tissue [odd ratio (OR) 2.08, 95% CI 1.89–2.29], high insulin concentrations (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06–1.30), an atherogenic lipid profile (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.11–1.33), and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.36–1.79). Pericardial adipose tissue index was not associated with LVM, blood pressure, and glucose concentrations. The associations showed largely the same directions but tended to be weaker among normal weight than among overweight children.

Conclusion
Pericardial adipose tissue is associated with cardiac adaptations and cardiovascular risk factors already in childhood in both normal weight and overweight children.
Crustal and uppermost mantle shear wave velocity structure beneath the Middle East from surface wave tomography
Authors: Kaviani Ayoub , Paul Anne , Moradi Ali , Mai Paul Martin , Pilia Simone , Boschi Lapo , Rümpker Georg , Lu Yang , Tang Zheng , Sandvol Eric 
Published: February 2020

SUMMARY
We have constructed a 3-D shear wave velocity (Vs) model for the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the Middle East using Rayleigh wave records obtained from ambient-noise cross-correlations and regional earthquakes. We combined one decade of data collected from 852 permanent and temporary broad-band stations in the region to calculate group-velocity dispersion curves. A compilation of &gt;54 000 ray paths provides reliable group-velocity measurements for periods between 2 and 150 s. Path-averaged group velocities calculated at different periods were inverted for 2-D group-velocity maps. To overcome the problem of heterogeneous ray coverage, we used an adaptive grid parametrization for the group-velocity tomographic inversion. We then sample the period-dependent group-velocity field at each cell of a predefined grid to generate 1-D group-velocity dispersion curves, which are subsequently inverted for 1-D Vs models beneath each cell and combined to approximate the 3-D Vs structure of the area. The Vs model shows low velocities at shallow depths (5–10 km) beneath the Mesopotamian foredeep, South Caspian Basin, eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea, in coincidence with deep sedimentary basins. Shallow high-velocity anomalies are observed in regions such as the Arabian Shield, Anatolian Plateau and Central Iran, which are dominated by widespread magmatic exposures. In the 10–20 km depth range, we find evidence for a band of high velocities (&gt;4.0 km s–1) along the southern Red Sea and Arabian Shield, indicating the presence of upper mantle rocks. Our 3-D velocity model exhibits high velocities in the depth range of 30–50 km beneath western Arabia, eastern Mediterranean, Central Iranian Block, South Caspian Basin and the Black Sea, possibly indicating a relatively thin crust. In contrast, the Zagros mountain range, the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic zone in western central Iran, the easternmost Anatolian plateau and Lesser Caucasus are characterized by low velocities at these depths. Some of these anomalies may be related to thick crustal roots that support the high topography of these regions. In the upper mantle depth range, high-velocity anomalies are obtained beneath the Arabian Platform, southern Zagros, Persian Gulf and the eastern Mediterranean, in contrast to low velocities beneath the Red Sea, Arabian Shield, Afar depression, eastern Turkey and Lut Block in eastern Iran. Our Vs model may be used as a new reference crustal model for the Middle East in a broad range of future studies.
Analyzing Stress as a Multivariate Phenotype
Authors: Telemeco Rory S , Gangloff Eric J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The stress phenotype is multivariate. Recent advances have broadened our understanding beyond characterizing the stress response in a single dimension. Simultaneously, the toolbox available to ecophysiologists has expanded greatly in recent years, allowing the measurement of multiple biomarkers from an individual at a single point in time. Yet these advances—in our conceptual understanding and available methodologies—have not yet been combined in a unifying multivariate statistical framework. Here, we offer a brief review of the multivariate stress phenotype and describe a general statistical approach for analysis using nonparametric multivariate analysis of variance with residual randomization in permutation procedures (RRPP) implemented using the “RRPP” package in R. We also provide an example illustrating the novel insights that can be gained from a holistic multivariate approach to stress and provide a tutorial for how we analyzed these data, including annotated R code and a guide to interpretation of outputs (Online Appendix 1). We hope that this statistical methodology will provide a quantitative framework facilitating the unification of our theoretical understanding and empirical observations into a quantitative, multivariate theory of stress.