bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Paleolithic range contraction, admixture and long‐distance dispersal on genetic gradients of modern humans in Asia
Authors: Branco Catarina , Ray Nicolas , Currat Mathias , Arenas Miguel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCavalli‐Sforza and coauthors originally explored the genetic variation of modern humans throughout the world and observed an overall east‐west genetic gradient in Asia. However, the specific environmental and population genetics processes causing this gradient were not formally investigated and promoted discussion in recent studies. Here we studied the influence of diverse environmental and population genetics processes on Asian genetic gradients and identified which could have produced the observed gradient. To do so, we performed extensive spatially‐explicit computer simulations of genetic data under the following scenarios: (a) variable levels of admixture between Paleolithic and Neolithic populations, (b) migration through long‐distance dispersal (LDD), (c) Paleolithic range contraction induced by the last glacial maximum (LGM), and (d) Neolithic range expansions from one or two geographic origins (the Fertile Crescent and the Yangzi and Yellow River Basins). Next, we estimated genetic gradients from the simulated data and we found that they were sensible to the analysed processes, especially to the range contraction induced by LGM and to the number of Neolithic expansions. Some scenarios were compatible with the observed east‐west genetic gradient, such as the Paleolithic expansion with a range contraction induced by the LGM or two Neolithic range expansions from both the east and the west. In general, LDD increased the variance of genetic gradients among simulations. We interpreted the obtained gradients as a consequence of both allele surfing caused by range expansions and isolation by distance along the vast east‐west geographic axis of this continent.
Optimizing surveillance and management of emerald ash borer in urban environments
Authors: Bushaj Sabah , Büyüktahtakın İ. Esra , Yemshanov Denys , Haight Robert G. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEmerald ash borer (EAB), a wood‐boring insect native to Asia, was discovered near Detroit in 2002 and has spread and killed millions of ash trees throughout the eastern United States and Canada. EAB causes severe damage in urban areas where it kills high‐value ash trees that shade streets, homes, and parks and costs homeowners and local governments millions of dollars for treatment, removal, and replacement of infested trees. We present a multistage, stochastic, mixed‐integer programming model to help decision‐makers maximize the public benefits of preserving healthy ash trees in an urban environment. The model allocates resources to surveillance of the ash population and subsequent treatment and removal of infested trees over time. We explore the multistage dynamics of an EAB outbreak with a dispersal mechanism and apply the optimization model to explore surveillance, treatment, and removal options to manage an EAB outbreak in Winnipeg, a city of Manitoba, Canada.Recommendation to Resource ManagersOur approach demonstrates that timely detection and early response are critical factors for maximizing the number of healthy trees in urban areas affected by the pest outbreak.Treatment of the infested trees is most effective when done at the earliest stage of infestation. Treating asymptomatic trees at the earliest stages of infestation provides higher net benefits than tree removal or no‐treatment options.Our analysis suggests the use of branch sampling as a more accurate method than the use of sticky traps to detect the infested asymptomatic trees, which enables treating and removing more infested trees at the early stages of infestation.Our results also emphasize the importance of allocating a sufficient budget for tree removal to manage emerald ash borer infestations in urban environments. Tree removal becomes a less useful option in small‐budget solutions where the optimal policy is to spend most of the budget on treatments.
Positron emission tomography evaluation of oxime countermeasures in live rats using the tracer O‐(2‐[18F]fluoroethyl)‐O‐(p‐nitrophenyl)methylphosphonate [18F]‐VXS
Authors: Hayes Thomas R. , Blecha Joseph E. , Chao Chih‐Kai , Huynh Tony L. , VanBrocklin Henry F. , Zinn Kurt R. , Taylor Palmer W. , Gerdes John M. , Thompson Charles M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOxime antidotes regenerate organophosphate‐inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Although they share a common mechanism of AChE reactivation, the rate and amount of oxime that enters the brain are critical to the efficacy, a process linked to the oxime structure and charge. Using a platform based on the organophosphate [18F]‐VXS as a positron emission tomography tracer for active AChE, the in vivo distribution of [18F]‐VXS was evaluated after an LD50 dose (250 μg/kg) of the organophosphate paraoxon (POX) and following oximes as antidotes. Rats given [18F]‐VXS tracer alone had significantly higher radioactivity (two‐ to threefold) in the heart and lung than rats given LD50 POX at 20 or 60 min prior to [18F]‐VXS. When rats were given LD50 POX followed by 2‐PAM (cationic), RS194b (ionizable), or monoisonitrosoacetone (MINA) (neutral), central nervous system (CNS) radioactivity returned to levels at or above untreated naive rats (no POX), whereas CNS radioactivity did not increase in rats given the dication oximes HI‐6 or MMB‐4. MINA showed a significant, pairwise increase in CNS brain radioactivity compared with POX‐treated rats. This new in vivo dynamic platform using [18F]‐VXS tracer measures and quantifies peripheral and CNS relative changes in AChE availability after POX exposure and is suitable for comparing oxime delivery and AChE reactivation in rats.
Anesthetic concerns for pediatric patients in the era of COVID‐19
Authors: Soneru Codruta N. , Nunez Karyn , Petersen Timothy R. , Lock Richard 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAfter a novel human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), was reported in China in December 2019, the disease quickly reached pandemic level. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreak constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The caseload has increased exponentially, with WHO reporting 182 000 global cases by March 17, 2020, and over 2.6 million by 23 April. The clinical situation is complex, with children presenting different clinical features compared to adults. Several articles with recommendations on the anesthetic management of adult patients with COVID‐19 have been published, but no specific recommendations for pediatric anesthesiologists have been made yet. This article addresses specific concerns for the anesthetic management of the pediatric population with COVID‐19.
Pediatric psoriasis and association with cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Phan Kevin , Lee Geoffrey , Fischer Gayle 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesThere is an increasing volume of evidence which supports the link between psoriasis and cardiometabolic risk including obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and myocardial infarction. Although one‐third to one‐half of psoriasis cases start during childhood, it is unclear whether childhood psoriasis is similarly associated with a cardiometabolic risk profile.MethodsElectronic database searches were performed to identify studies comparing the proportion of pediatric psoriasis cases with controls in terms of dichotomous outcomes including the proportion of patients with overweight BMI, obese BMI, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, ischemic heart disease, or heart failure; continuous outcomes recorded include BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol.ResultsA statistically significant association was found between pediatric psoriasis and overweight/obesity as well as waist:height ratio >0.5, in addition to metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and cardiac ischemia and failure. The association with obesity is dependent on the severity of disease, where moderate‐severe psoriasis patients have higher odds of obesity compared to mild psoriasis.ConclusionsOur systematic review and pooled meta‐analysis demonstrate a significant association between childhood psoriasis and obesity, central adiposity, and other cardiometabolic comorbidities. Clinicians should consider the assessment of comorbidities in children with psoriasis, which may allow for early lifestyle interventions and education.
Antibody‐mediated rejection with the presence of glomerular crescents in a pediatric kidney transplant recipient: A case report
Authors: Karava Vasiliki , Gakiopoulou Hara , Zampetoglou Argyroula , Marinaki Smaragdi , Havaki Sofia , Bitsori Maria , Stefanidis Constantinos J. , Mitsioni Andromach 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGlomerular crescents in kidney transplantation are indicative of severe glomerular injury and constitute a hallmark of RPGN. Their concurrence with ABMR has been rarely described only in adult patients. We report a case of 10‐year‐old boy with compound heterozygous Fin‐major Finnish‐type congenital nephrotic syndrome, who had received a deceased‐donor kidney transplant 5 years before onset of acute kidney injury and nephrotic range proteinuria without hematuria. Kidney allograft biopsy illustrated 6 glomeruli with global sclerosis and 6 with remarkable circumferential or segmental cellular crescents. Negative glomerular immunofluorescence for immune‐complex deposits and the absence of serum ANCA eliminated the presence of immune‐mediated and ANCA‐positive pauci‐immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. Diagnosis of ABMR was based on the high levels of HLA class II DSA and the histological evidence of glomerulitis, peritubular capillaritis, and acute tubular injury with positive linear peritubular capillary C4d staining. The patient despite plasmapheresis and enhanced immunosuppressive treatment progressed to end‐stage renal disease. We conclude that glomerular crescents may represent a finding of AMBR and possibly a marker of poor allograft prognosis in pediatric patients.
Use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer persons: Implications for public health nursing
Authors: Blackwell Christopher W. , López Castillo Humberto 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSmoking and rates of tobacco abuse remain higher in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) persons. There has been very little scholarly inquiry about the emerging trend of use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; e.g., vaping and eCigarettes [eCigs]) in LGBTQ populations. The purpose of this article is to: (a) explore the most recent prevalence data regarding smoking and tobacco abuse in LGBTQ persons, (b) reveal strategies the tobacco industry has historically used in marketing their products to the LGBTQ community, (c) review data from the few studies evaluating use of ENDS in LGBTQ persons, (d) provide evidence‐based methods public health nurses can employ to discourage use of ENDS in LGBTQ persons by addressing two identified causes of ENDS use in LGBTQ populations (harassment/discrimination in LGBTQ youth and binge drinking in LGBTQ adults), and (5) encourage cessation among those already using ENDS.
Public health nurses’ experiences during the H1N1/09 response
Authors: Devereaux Alana , McPherson Christine , Etowa Josephine 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveH1N1/09 was the first pandemic flu ever responded to with mass vaccinations. Public health nurses (PHNs) were pivotal in implementing the H1N1/09 vaccination clinics. With the ongoing threat of pandemic influenza and other viral outbreaks, much can be learned from these PHNs’ H1N1/09 experiences. This study's purpose was to explore PHNs’ experiences in the H1N1/09 mass vaccination clinics. Design and Sample: In a qualitative interpretive description, 23 PHNs (16 immunizers, seven supervisors) who worked in a large Canadian municipal public health agency, participated in semistructured interviews.ResultsThree overarching themes were identified. ‘Anticipating an Emergency’ discusses participants’ experiences learning about the pandemic response and their role preparation. ‘Surviving the Chaos’ reflects the challenges of the clinics, particularly during the first few hectic weeks of the response. ‘Persevering Over Time’ encompasses participants’ experiences as they became familiar with clinics’ operations and their own responsibilities.ConclusionsParticipants’ experiences have implications for future public health pandemic planning and research. Key recommendations include to communicate with PHNs in a timely manner about their clinic roles, and to provide PHNs with appropriate training to optimize clinics’ operations. This will help support PHNs in their roles to protect the public and provide quality population care.
Fiscal Responses toCOVID‐19: Evidence from Local Governments and Nonprofits
Authors: Maher Craig S. , Hoang Trang , Hindery Anne 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe rate of expansion and the breadth of COVID‐19 caught the world by surprise. From the perspective of nonprofit and public entities responsible for service provision, this pandemic is also unprecedented. The authors offer a RISE framework for navigating the fiscal effects of COVID‐19 and rely on recent surveys to assess the response strategies of local governments and nonprofit organizations. They find that many nonprofits were hit fastest and hardest by the pandemic and that local governments are, essentially, trying to figure out their financial condition moving into the next budget cycle.
Lost in the flood?: Agency responsiveness to mass comment campaigns in administrative rulemaking
Authors: Balla Steven J. , Beck Alexander R. , Meehan Elizabeth , Prasad Aryamala 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article examines agency responsiveness to mass comment campaigns – collections of identical and near‐duplicate comments sponsored by organizations and submitted by group members and supporters – in administrative rulemaking in the United States. Focusing on 1,049 mass comment campaigns that occurred during 22 Environmental Protection Agency rulemakings between 2012 and 2017, the article develops and assesses expectations regarding responsiveness to campaigns relative to comments submitted outside of campaigns. The analysis demonstrates that, procedurally, the agency references mass comment campaigns in its responses to comments, but cites campaigns at lower rates than other comments. In terms of outcomes, the agency's regulations are generally not consistent with changes requested in comments, a lack of association that holds especially for mass comment campaigns. These patterns suggest that legal imperatives trump political considerations in conditioning agency responsiveness, given that mass comment campaigns – relative to other comments – generally contain little “relevant matter.”
Global burden of sleep‐disordered breathing and its implications
Authors: Lyons M. Melanie , Bhatt Nitin Y. , Pack Allan I. , Magalang Ulysses J. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTOne‐seventh of the world's adult population, or approximately one billion people, are estimated to have OSA. Over the past four decades, obesity, the main risk factor for OSA, has risen in striking proportion worldwide. In the past 5 years, the WHO estimates global obesity to affect almost two billion adults. A second major risk factor for OSA is advanced age. As the prevalence of the ageing population and obesity increases, the vulnerability towards having OSA increases. In addition to these traditional OSA risk factors, studies of the global population reveal select contributing features and phenotypes, including extreme phenotypes and symptom clusters that deserve further examination. Untreated OSA is associated with significant comorbidities and mortality. These represent a tremendous threat to the individual and global health. Beyond the personal toll, the economic costs of OSA are far‐reaching, affecting the individual, family and society directly and indirectly, in terms of productivity and public safety. A better understanding of the pathophysiology, individual and ethnic similarities and differences is needed to better facilitate management of this chronic disease. In some countries, measures of the OSA disease burden are sparse. As the global burden of OSA and its associated comorbidities are projected to further increase, the infrastructure to diagnose and manage OSA will need to adapt. The use of novel approaches (electronic health records and artificial intelligence) to stratify risk, diagnose and affect treatment are necessary. Together, a unified multi‐disciplinary, multi‐organizational, global approach will be needed to manage this disease.
A Flexible Framework for Hypothesis Testing in High Dimensions
Authors: Javanmard Adel , Lee Jason D. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryHypothesis testing in the linear regression model is a fundamental statistical problem. We consider linear regression in the high dimensional regime where the number of parameters exceeds the number of samples (p &gt; n). To make informative inference, we assume that the model is approximately sparse, i.e. the effect of covariates on the response can be well approximated by conditioning on a relatively small number of covariates whose identities are unknown. We develop a framework for testing very general hypotheses regarding the model parameters. Our framework encompasses testing whether the parameter lies in a convex cone, testing the signal strength, and testing arbitrary functionals of the parameter. We show that the procedure proposed controls the type I error, and we also analyse the power of the procedure. Our numerical experiments confirm our theoretical findings and demonstrate that we control the false positive rate (type I error) near the nominal level and have high power. By duality between hypotheses testing and confidence intervals, the framework proposed can be used to obtain valid confidence intervals for various functionals of the model parameters. For linear functionals, the length of confidence intervals is shown to be minimax rate optimal.
Different responses of soil CO2 and N2O emissions to simulated N deposition in forests with divergent N transformation characteristics
Authors: Song Lei , Zhang Jinbo , Jin Guangze 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCO2 and N2O are important greenhouse gases that are related to soil mineralization–immobilization turnover and nitrification. To explore the responses of CO2 and N2O emissions to N deposition in forests with different N transformation characteristics, CO2 and N2O fluxes were measured in two NH4NO3 fertilized plots. One plot was in a temperate pine plantation in Heilongjiang Liangshui National Nature Reserve (LS) with slow and minimally coupled mineralization–immobilization turnover and a high nitrification rate. The other plot was in a subtropical bamboo forest in the Fujian Daiyun Mountain National Nature Reserve (DY) in China with rapid and coupled mineralization–immobilization turnover but a low nitrification rate. The results showed that CO2 emissions in the DY with a high mineralization rate were greater than those in the LS. Cumulative CO2 emissions were significantly enhanced by N addition in DY, but in LS, they were not affected. The mean N2O fluxes in the control were 0.010 and 0.008 mg N m−2 hr−1 for LS and DY, respectively. High N addition stimulated N2O emissions in both LS and DY, but the response ratio for N2O flux in LS (8.6) was larger than that in DY (2.9). These results suggested that soils with rapid and coupled mineralization–immobilization turnover are beneficial to CO2 emissions and their positive response to N deposition. A high nitrification rate contributed to high N2O emissions and the sensitive response of N2O emissions to N deposition.
Mesophyll CO2 conductance and leakiness are not responsive to short‐ and long‐term soil water limitations in the C4 plant Sorghum bicolor
Authors: Sonawane Balasaheb V. , Cousins Asaph B. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryBreeding economically important C4 crops for enhanced whole‐plant water‐use efficiency (WUEplant) is needed for sustainable agriculture. WUEplant is a complex trait and an efficient phenotyping method that reports on components of WUEplant, such as intrinsic water‐use efficiency (WUEi, the rate of leaf CO2 assimilation relative to water loss via stomatal conductance), is needed. In C4 plants, theoretical models suggest that leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13C), when the efficiency of the CO2‐concentrating mechanism (leakiness, ϕ) remains constant, can be used to screen for WUEi. The limited information about how ϕ responds to water limitations confines the application of δ13C for WUEi screening of C4 crops. The current research aimed to test the response of ϕ to short‐ or long‐term moderate water limitations, and the relationship of δ13C with WUEi and WUEplant, by addressing potential mesophyll CO2 conductance (gm) and biochemical limitations in the C4 plant Sorghum bicolor. We demonstrate that gm and ϕ are not responsive to short‐ or long‐term water limitations. Additionally, δ13C was not correlated with gas‐exchange estimates of WUEi under short‐ and long‐term water limitations, but showed a significant negative relationship with WUEplant. The observed association between the δ13C and WUEplant suggests an intrinsic link of δ13C with WUEi in this C4 plant, and can potentially be used as a screening tool for WUEplant in sorghum.
Effect of attentional focus levels on spontaneous eyeblink rate in horses
Authors: Cherry Rose L. , Adair Henry S. , Chen Thomas , Hendrix Diane V. H. , Ward Daniel A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveSpontaneous eyeblink rate (SEBR) is inversely proportional to the level of attentional focus in humans. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of attentional focus on SEBR in horses.ProceduresTwenty client‐owned horses (2.5‐23 years of age, five mares, 15 geldings) were evaluated. A GoPro HERO5 Session™ video recorder was attached to the halter and directed toward the eyes. Horses were acclimated for two hours before study commencement. Horses were filmed in five scenarios requiring different levels of attention: alone in a stall ("stall"), stall with an observer ("person"), standing in an arena ("stand"), walking in an arena ("walk"), and trotting in arena ("trot"). Each of the five scenarios was filmed for ten minutes. Video recordings were reviewed, and SEBR (incomplete, complete, and total blinks) was measured for both eyes in each scenario.ResultsThe median (25%,75%) total SEBRs (blinks/min) were as follows: STALL: OD‐16.6 (12.4, 24.3), OS‐18.8 (11.5, 26.9); PERSON: OD‐17.7 (14.6, 24.2), OS‐17.4 (13.9, 24.4); STAND: OD‐18.7 (15.1, 24.4), OS‐19.4 (16.2, 24.7); WALK: OD‐40.1 (34.1, 44.8), OS‐40.6 (33.8, 44.7); and TROT: OD‐39.7 (30.3, 44.6), OS‐39.4 (28.6, 45.0). The total SEBRs at walk and trot were significantly greater than SEBR in stationary scenarios.ConclusionsDespite requiring increased levels of attentional focus, activities involving motion caused increased SEBR in horses. We hypothesize the need for additional tear distribution due to tear evaporation (associated with air movement over the corneas) prevailed over the level of attentional focus to increase the SEBR.